bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term field measurements of climate‐induced thaw subsidence above ice wedges on hillslopes, western Arctic Canada
Authors: Burn Christopher R. , Lewkowicz Antoni G. , Wilson M. Alice 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNear‐surface wedges of massive ice commonly outline polygons in tundra lowlands, but such polygons have been difficult to identify on hillslopes because soil movement flattens the ridges and infills the troughs that form beside and above the ice wedges. Over the past three decades, the active layer has thickened near the western Arctic coast of Canada and consequent thawing of ice wedges has been detected by remote sensing for flat terrain but not, generally, on hillslopes. Annual field surveys (1996–2018) at the Illisarvik field site of thaw depth and ground surface elevation show the mean subsidence rate above hillslope ice wedges has been up to 32 mm a−1 since thaw depth reached the ice‐wedge tops in 2007. Annual mean ground temperatures at the site are about −3.0°C beneath late‐winter snow depths characteristic of the ice‐wedge troughs but about −5.3°C under conditions of the intervening polygons. The rate of thaw subsidence is high for natural, subaerial disturbances because meltwater from the ice wedges runs off downslope. The rate is constant, because the thickness of seasonally thawed ground above the ice wedges and the ice content of the ground remain the same while the troughs develop. Observations of changes in surface elevation in northern Banks Island between the late 1970s and 2019 show troughs on hillslopes where none was previously visible. Development of these troughs creates regional thermokarst landscapes, distinct from the widely recognized results of thawing relict glacier ice, that are now widespread over Canada's western Arctic coastlands. Recognition of ice‐wedge occurrence and accelerated thaw subsidence on hillslopes is important in the design of infrastructure proposed for construction in rolling permafrost terrain.
Three‐dimensional investigation of an open‐ and a closed‐system Pingo in northwestern Canada
Authors: Kunz Julius , Kneisel Christof 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe present study presents three‐dimensional investigations of a hydrostatic pingo in the Mackenzie Delta region and a hydraulic pingo in the Ogilvie Mountains and contributes to a better understanding about the internal structures of the two pingo types. A combined approach using quasi‐three‐dimensional electrical resistivity tomography, ground‐penetrating radar and frost probing allowed a clear delineation of frozen and unfrozen areas in the subsurface. At the hydrostatic pingo a massive ice core as well as a surrounding talik could be detected, but the location of the ice core and the talik differs from previous published assumptions. In contrast to acknowledged theory, at our site the massive ice core is not located in the center of the pingo but at the western edge, whereas the eastern flank is underlain by a talik, which surrounds the massive ice core. At the hydraulic pingo, the expected internal structure could be confirmed and the pathway of upwelling water could also be detected. The combined approach of the applied methods represents the first known three‐dimensional geoelectrical investigation of pingos and provides new insights into the internal structure and architecture of the two different pingo types. The chosen approach allows further conclusions on the formation of these permafrost‐affected landforms.
Ethylene fractionator pressure relieving system assessment and modification
Authors: Herink Tomáš , Růžička Martin , Malecký Miroslav , Chládek Zdeněk , Waňousová Simona , Henry Philp A. , Sadowski Robert A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe refinery and petrochemical production facilities process and produce the gaseous and liquid flammable hydrocarbons. Most of the processes are operated under high pressure. In case of any failure, improper design or human mistake there must be autonomous and independent pressure relieving systems activated to release the pressure to the flare systems to protect the equipment against the overpressure, damages and other consequences. The article describes a safety assessment of key process pressure relief valve installation at the Steam Cracker in Litvinov, Czech Republic. The intent of the safety assessments was evaluation the functionality of the process relief valve installation, to ensure the system meets the appropriate recognized and generally acceptable engineering practices and to confirm that the system can be operated safely. The article provides results and recommendations for the Ethylene Fractionator pressure relief valves, pipes, and support modifications as well as results of the relieving scenarios determinations and calculation.
A rapid review of measures to support people in isolation or quarantine during the Covid‐19 pandemic and the effectiveness of such measures
Authors: Cardwell Karen , O’Neill Sinéad M. , Tyner Barrie , Broderick Natasha , O’Brien Kirsty , Smith Susan M. , Harrington Patricia , Ryan Mairin , O’Neill Michelle 
Published: May 2021

​SummaryThis rapid review aimed to identify measures available to support those in isolation or quarantine during the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19) pandemic, and determine their effectiveness in improving adherence to these recommendations and or reducing transmission. The rapid review consisted of two elements, the first was a review of guidance published by national and international agencies relating to measures to support those in isolation (due to case status) or quarantine (due to close contact status) during the Covid‐19 pandemic. Five categories of support measures were identified in the international guidance, they were: Psychological, addiction and safety supports, Essential supplies, Financial aid, Information provision and Enforcement. The second element was a rapid literature review of the effectiveness of measures used to support individuals in isolation or quarantine during any pandemic or epidemic setting, due to respiratory pathogens. A systematic search of published peer‐reviewed articles and nonpeer‐reviewed pre‐prints was undertaken from 1 January 2000 to 26 January 2021. Two Australian publications met the inclusion criteria, both based on data from a survey undertaken during the 2009 H1N1 pandemic. The first reported that 55% of households were fully compliant with quarantine recommendations, and that there was increased compliance reported in households that understood what they were meant to do compared with those who reported that they did not (odds ratio [OR]: 2.27, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.35–3.80). The second reported that access to paid sick and or carer's leave did not predict compliance with quarantine recommendations (OR: 2.07, 95% CI: 0.82–5.23). Neither reported on reduction in transmission.
Solvent Engineering as a Vehicle for High Quality Thin Films of Perovskites and Their Device Fabrication
Authors: Rezaee Ehsan , Zhang Wei , Silva S. Ravi P. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOrganic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have shown a significant growth in power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) during last decade. Progress in device architecture and high‐quality perovskite film fabrication has led to an incredible efficiency over 25% in close to a decade. Developments in solution‐based thin film deposition techniques for perovskite layer preparation in PSCs provide low cost and ease of process for their manufacturing, making them a potential contender in future solar energy harvesting technologies. From small area single solar cells to large area perovskite solar modules, solvents play crucial roles in thin film quality and therefore, the device performance and stability. A comprehensive overview of solvent engineering toward achieving the highest qualities for perovskite light absorbing layers with various compositions and based on different fabrication processes is provided in this review. The mechanisms indicating the essential roles a solvent, or a solvent mixture can play to improve the crystallinity, uniformity, coverage and surface roughness of the perovskite films, are discussed. Finally, the role of solvent engineering in transferring from small area laboratory scale PSC fabrication to large area perovskite film deposition processes is explored.
Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Interact and Interfere with SARS‐CoV‐2 Surface Proteins and Cell Receptors to Inhibit Infectivity
Authors: Unal Mehmet Altay , Bayrakdar Fatma , Nazir Hasan , Besbinar Omur , Gurcan Cansu , Lozano Neus , Arellano Luis M. , Yalcin Süleyman , Panatli Oguzhan , Celik Dogantan , Alkaya Damla , Agan Aydan , Fusco Laura , Suzuk Yildiz Serap , Delogu Lucia Gemma , Akcali Kamil Can , Kostarelos Kostas , Yilmazer Açelya 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNanotechnology can offer a number of options against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) acting both extracellularly and intracellularly to the host cells. Here, the aim is to explore graphene oxide (GO), the most studied 2D nanomaterial in biomedical applications, as a nanoscale platform for interaction with SARS‐CoV‐2. Molecular docking analyses of GO sheets on interaction with three different structures: SARS‐CoV‐2 viral spike (open state – 6VYB or closed state – 6VXX), ACE2 (1R42), and the ACE2‐bound spike complex (6M0J) are performed. GO shows high affinity for the surface of all three structures (6M0J, 6VYB and 6VXX). When binding affinities and involved bonding types are compared, GO interacts more strongly with the spike or ACE2, compared to 6M0J. Infection experiments using infectious viral particles from four different clades as classified by Global Initiative on Sharing all Influenza Data (GISAID), are performed for validation purposes. Thin, biological‐grade GO nanoscale (few hundred nanometers in lateral dimension) sheets are able to significantly reduce copies for three different viral clades. This data has demonstrated that GO sheets have the capacity to interact with SARS‐CoV‐2 surface components and disrupt infectivity even in the presence of any mutations on the viral spike. GO nanosheets are proposed to be further explored as a nanoscale platform for development of antiviral strategies against COVID‐19.
On the comprehension of application programming interface usability in game engines
Authors: Venigalla Akhila Sri Manasa , Chimalakonda Sridhar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractExtensive development of games for various purposes including education and entertainment has resulted in increased development of game engines. Game engines are being used on a large scale as they support and simplify game development to a greater extent. Game developers using game engines are often compelled to use various application programming interfaces (APIs) of game engines in the process of game development. Thus, both quality and ease of development of games are greatly influenced by APIs defined in game engines. Hence, understanding API usability in game engines could greatly help in choosing better game engines among the ones that are available for game development and also could help developers in designing better game engines. In this article, we thus aim to evaluate API usability of 95 publicly available game engine repositories on GitHub, written primarily in C++ programming language. We test API usability of these game engines against the eight structural API usability metrics—AMNOI, AMNCI, AMGI, APXI, APLCI, AESI, ATSI, and ADI. We see this research as a first step toward the direction of improving usability of APIs in game engines. We present the results of the study, which indicate that about 25% of the game engines considered have minimal API usability, with respect to the considered metrics. It was observed that none of the considered repositories have ideal (all metric scores equal to 1) API usability, indicating the need for developers to consider API usability metrics while designing game engines.
Combined soft system methodology and agent‐based simulation for multi‐methodological modelling
Authors: Moumivand Alireza , Azar Adel , Toloie Eshlaghy Abbas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe primary aim of this paper is to explore theoretical and practical aspects of the soft system methodology (SSM) and simulation combination as a multi‐paradigm multi‐methodology approach through action research. The important theoretical findings from a systematic literature review show that previously published researches have mainly applied SSM to structure contents of messy problems and for model building. We identified two types of combination designs: (i) simulation enhancement and (ii) mixed methods. To further investigate the practical aspects of combined methodologies, we apply SSM in the conception phase of agent‐based modelling to an Iranian upstream oil and gas company. We show that a combined model offers the following advantages: It (i) improves our understanding of the problem, (ii) reflects upon the modelling process, (iii) provides learning for interveners and (iv) enables the proposition of technically sound, systematically feasible and culturally desirable agreed solutions for improving the situation.
Perceptual perplexity and parameter parsimony
Authors: Beven Keith J. , Chappell Nick A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article reconsiders the concept of a perceptual model of hydrological processes as the first stage to be considered in developing a procedural model for a particular catchment area. While various perceptual models for experimental catchments have been developed, the concept is not widely used in defining or evaluating catchment models. This is, at least in part, because of the evident complexity possible in a perceptual model and the approximate nature of procedural model structures and parameterizations, particularly where there is a requirement for parameter parsimony. A perceptual model for catchments in Cumbria, North‐West England, is developed as an exemplar and illustrated in terms of time varying distribution functions. Two critical questions are addressed: how can perceptual model hypotheses be tested at scales of interest, and how can constraints then be imposed on the basis of qualitative perceptual knowledge in conditioning predictive models? It is suggested that there is value in perceptual information, particularly in thinking about predicting the impacts of future change and that we still have much to learn about moving from observational and perceptual complexity to parsimonious predictability.This article is categorized under:Science of Water > Hydrological ProcessesScience of Water > Methods
Long noncoding RNAs in bacterial infection
Authors: Schmerer Nils , Schulte Leon N. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractInfectious and inflammatory diseases remain major causes of mortality and morbidity worldwide. To combat bacterial infections, the mammalian immune system employs a myriad of regulators, which secure the effective initiation of inflammatory responses while preventing pathologies due to overshooting immunity. Recently, the human genome has been shown to be pervasively transcribed and to generate thousands of still poorly characterized long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). A growing body of literature suggests that lncRNAs play important roles in the regulatory circuitries controlling innate and adaptive immune responses to bacterial pathogens. This review provides an overview of the roles of lncRNAs in the interaction of human and rodent host cells with bacterial pathogens. Further decoding of the lncRNA networks that underlie pathological inflammation and immune subversion could provide new insights into the host cell mechanisms and microbial strategies that determine the outcome of bacterial infections.This article is categorized under:
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein‐RNA Interactions: Functional Implications
Neutrino lines from DM decay induced by high-scale seesaw interactions
Authors: Coy Rupert , Hambye Thomas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
If the stability of the dark matter (DM) particle is due to an accidental symmetry, nothing prevents UV physics from destabilising it by inducing DM decays suppressed by powers of the UV scale. The seesaw physics, presumably at the origin of neutrino mass, could induce such a decay. We show that if the seesaw scale lies around the usual Weinberg operator scale, the induced DM decay could generically lead to neutrino lines whose intensity is of the order of the present sensitivity of neutrino telescopes. We illustrate this possibility with models in which the DM is made of the gauge boson(s) of an abelian or non-abelian gauge symmetry.
Bootstrapping mixed correlators in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 super Yang-Mills
Authors: Bissi Agnese , Manenti Andrea , Vichi Alessandro 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We perform a numerical bootstrap study of the mixed correlator system containing the half-BPS operators of dimension two and three in $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 Super Yang-Mills. This setup improves on previous works in the literature that only considered single correlators of one or the other operator. We obtain upper bounds on the leading twist in a given representation of the R-symmetry by imposing gaps on the twist of all operators rather than the dimension of a single one. As a result we find a tension between the large N supergravity predictions and the numerical finite N results already at N∼ 100. A few possible solutions are discussed: the extremal spectrum suggests that at large but finite N, in addition to the double trace operators, there exists a second tower of states with smaller dimension. We also obtain new bounds on the dimension of operators which were not accessible with a single correlator setup. Finally we consider bounds on the OPE coefficients of various operators. The results obtained for the OPE coefficient of the lightest scalar singlet show evidences of a two dimensional conformal manifold.
W-infinity symmetry in the quantum hall effect beyond the edge
Authors: Cappelli Andrea , Maffi Lorenzo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The description of chiral quantum incompressible fluids by the W∞ symmetry can be extended from the edge, where it encompasses the conformal field theory approach, to the non-conformal bulk. The two regimes are characterized by excitations with different sizes, energies and momenta within the disk geometry. In particular, the bulk quantities have a finite limit for large droplets. We obtain analytic results for the radial shape of excitations, the edge reconstruction phenomenon and the energy spectrum of density fluctuations in Laughlin states.
Large N gauge theories with a dense spectrum and the weak gravity conjecture
Authors: Agarwal Prarit , Song Jaewon 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We find large N gauge theories containing a large number of operators within a band of low conformal dimensions. One of such examples is the four-dimensional $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 supersymmetric SU(N) gauge theory with one adjoint and a pair of fundamental/anti-fundamental chiral multiplets. This theory flows to a superconformal theory in the infrared upon a superpotential coupling with gauge singlets. The gap in the low-lying spectrum scales as 1/N and the central charges scale as O(N1) contrary to the usual O(N2) scaling of ordinary gauge theory coming from the matrix degree of freedom. We find the AdS version of the Weak Gravity Conjecture (WGC) holds for this theory, although it cannot be holographically dual to supergravity. This supports the validity of WGC in a more general theory of quantum gravity.
The OASI care bundle quality improvement project: lessons learned and future direction
Authors: Jurczuk Magdalena , Bidwell Posy , Gurol-Urganci Ipek , van der Meulen Jan , Sevdalis Nick , Silverton Louise , Thakar Ranee 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRising rates of obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) led to a collaborative effort by the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists (RCOG) and the Royal College of Midwives (RCM) to develop and evaluate the OASI Care Bundle (OASI-CB). The OASI-CB comprises four practices (antenatal discussion about OASI, manual perineal protection, mediolateral episiotomy at 60° from the midline, and systematic examination of the perineum, vagina and ano-rectum after vaginal birth) and was initially implemented as part of a quality improvement (QI) project—“OASI1”—in 16 maternity units across Great Britain. Evaluation of the OASI1 project found that the care bundle reduced OASI rates and identified several barriers and enablers to implementation. This paper summarises the key findings, including strengths, limitations and lessons learned from the OASI1 QI project, and provides rationale for further evaluation of the OASI-CB.
Integrality of Seshadri constants and irreducibility of principal polarizations on products of two isogenous elliptic curves
Authors: Schmidt Maximilian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper we consider the question of when all Seshadri constants on a product of two isogenous elliptic curves $$E_1\times E_2$$

E
1

×

E
2

without complex multiplication are integers. By studying elliptic curves on $$E_1\times E_2$$

E
1

×

E
2

we translate this question into a purely numerical problem expressed by quadratic forms. By solving that problem, we show that all Seshadri constants on $$E_1\times E_2$$

E
1

×

E
2

are integers if and only if the minimal degree of an isogeny $$E_1\rightarrow E_2$$

E
1

→

E
2

equals 1 or 2. Furthermore, this method enables a characterization of irreducible principal polarizations on $$E_1\times E_2$$

E
1

×

E
2

.
Exponential Lower Bound for Berge-Ramsey Problems
Authors: Pálvölgyi Dömötör 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe give an exponential lower bound for the smallest $$N$$
N
such that no matter how we c-color the edges of a complete $$r$$
r
-uniform hypergraph on $$N$$
N
vertices, we can always find a monochromatic Berge-$$K_n$$

K
n

.
Deep mixed ocean volume in the Labrador Sea in HighResMIP models
Authors: Koenigk Torben , Fuentes-Franco Ramon , Meccia Virna L. , Gutjahr Oliver , Jackson Laura C. , New Adrian L. , Ortega Pablo , Roberts Christopher D. , Roberts Malcolm J. , Arsouze Thomas , Iovino Doroteaciro , Moine Marie-Pierre , Sein Dmitry V. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSimulations from seven global coupled climate models performed at high and standard resolution as part of the high resolution model intercomparison project (HighResMIP) are analyzed to study deep ocean mixing in the Labrador Sea and the impact of increased horizontal resolution. The representation of convection varies strongly among models. Compared to observations from ARGO-floats and the EN4 data set, most models substantially overestimate deep convection in the Labrador Sea. In four out of five models, all four using the NEMO-ocean model, increasing the ocean resolution from 1° to 1/4° leads to increased deep mixing in the Labrador Sea. Increasing the atmospheric resolution has a smaller effect than increasing the ocean resolution. Simulated convection in the Labrador Sea is mainly governed by the release of heat from the ocean to the atmosphere and by the vertical stratification of the water masses in the Labrador Sea in late autumn. Models with stronger sub-polar gyre circulation have generally higher surface salinity in the Labrador Sea and a deeper convection. While the high-resolution models show more realistic ocean stratification in the Labrador Sea than the standard resolution models, they generally overestimate the convection. The results indicate that the representation of sub-grid scale mixing processes might be imperfect in the models and contribute to the biases in deep convection. Since in more than half of the models, the Labrador Sea convection is important for the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), this raises questions about the future behavior of the AMOC in the models.