bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SLOW QUASIKINETIC CHANGES IN WATER-LACTOSE COMPLEXES DURING STORAGE
Authors: MOROZOVA M. A. , KOLDINA A. M. , MAKSIMOVA T. V. , MARUKHLENKO A. V. , ZLATSKY I. A. , SYROESHKIN A. V. 
Published: January 2021

Objective: To investigate kinetic changes in the spectral characteristics by Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) of water-lactose complexes (SMC), derived during the manufacturing process of the drug, containing release-active forms of antibodies.
Methods: lactose monohydrate substance, saturated with release-active forms of affinity-purified polyclonal rabbit antibodies to recombinant human interferon-gamma (RA forms of Abs); tablets produced from this substance by direct compression after the addition of excipients (microcrystalline cellulose, magnesium stearate). Powdered and tableted placebo samples saturated with technologically processed water or phosphate-buffered saline, as well as with intact ethanol were used as control. Kinetic changes in SMC were studied using an Agilent Cary 630 FTIR spectrophotometer with a diamond ATR accessory (Agilent Technologies, USA). We used the method of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDX-7000 Shimadzu energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer) to track changes in the fluorescence signal at certain wavelengths. The range of measured elements–11Na-92U.
Results: Control of some technological characteristics of the obtained active substance (moisture, flowability) and dosage form (mean mass, disintegration rate) was used as indirect indicators of quality, but they did not allow reliably distinguishing intact lactose from the saturated one. Long-period oscillations on FTIR spectra were characteristic for all types of samples; oscillations occur at approximately two-week intervals; S/N indices were more stable for samples of RA forms of Abs than for placebo samples. On some days, the substance saturated with RA forms of Abs significantly differed from the intact lactose powder. The kinetics of the X-ray fluorescence intensity at certain wavelengths indicates the possibility of a periodic cooperative trigger transition of the system. Reversible conformational transitions are observed for powders on the 30th and 130th days (Kα 3.313 keV). For tablets at Kα 3.313 keV and Kα 1.740 keV small changes were visualized on those days (100–110th day) when hysteresis phenomena were recorded in the IR spectra of these samples.
Conclusion: As a result, the evidence for a long-period dramatic conformational mobility of the water-lactose complex was obtained. Based on the data on the semiannual kinetics of IR spectra, a universal criterion for the identity of lactose powder saturated with RA forms of Abs was obtained. Also, it was confirmed that the lactose conformation state was changed by saturation with RA forms of Abs.
PRONIOSOMAL GEL MEDIATED TRANSDERMAL DELIVERY OF GLIBENCLAMIDE AND ATENOLOL COMBINATION: EXVIVO AND PHARMACODYNAMIC STUDIES
Authors: ANITHA P. , SATYANARAYANA S. V. 
Published: January 2021

Objective: The objective of the present work was to develop an optimized dosage form for treating comorbidity in combination and evaluate it for its pharmacodynamic performance in male Wistar albino rats.
Methods: Transdermal proniosomal gel for Combination of Glibenclamide (GLB) and Atenolol (ATN) was developed and optimized by Box Behnken design. This optimized combinational proniosomal gel (OCPG), which was selected by a point prediction method, was evaluated for its ex vivo, skin irritation studies and pharmacodynamic activities of both drugs in rats in comparison with its oral therapy.
Results: The ex-vivo permeation behavior through different skins was studied and the findings were also confirmed by the values of the steady-state flux (Jss). The OCPG observed an increase of more than twice in the cumulative amount of impregnated drugs compared to pure drug films. The study on skin irritation revealed the non-irritability of the developed OCPG applied. OCPG significantly showed sustained hypoglycemic activity in rats (p<0.001), when compared to orally treat animals up to 24 h. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) lowering effect of OCPG was found to be significant (p<0.02), when compared to orally treat rats up to 24 h. However, the reduction was slow and sustained in the case of OPCG where a significant response was observed in the performed studies.
Conclusion: Overall, the results show that controlled release GLB and ATN proniosomes offer a useful and promising transdermal delivery system. Henceforth this may be an achievement in treating the diabetic hypertensive patient.
Report of Clinical Audit for Prevention and Improvement of Bedsore in Southwest Iran
Authors: Pazyar Nader , Fatemi Nasrin , Mirzai Nosrat , Jahangir Mohammad , Rasooli Farahnaz , Attarzadeh Shahrzad 
Published: January 2021

Objective: Pressure ulcer is areas of necrosis caused by external pressure on bony prominences with a prevalence of 10-22%.
Methods: This study was conducted to improve prevention and care of bedsore by clinical audit at Ahvaz Golestan Hospital. We included hospitalized patients at the risk of bedsore in general, special and emergency units at Ahvaz Golestan Hospital during a 6-month period. In accordance to the clinical audit cycle, the current situation was assessed by observation and consultation. After finding weakness points, proper interventions were implemented based on NICE guidelines for bedsore. Subsequently, another audit was performed to assess the effectiveness of intervention.
Results: Comparison of results before and after intervention showed an increase in all studied variables. The changes in studied variables are listed as following: bedsore reduction (p=0.001), patients' assessment during the first 6 hours of hospitalization (p=0.008), assessment of external pressure (p=0.001), change position (p=0.001), care standards (p=0.170) and skin friction (p=0.001). The highest increase was seen in change position (p=0.001) and the lowest increase was seen in maintaining adequate skin hygiene (p=0.360).
Conclusions: Clinical audit led to improvement of prevention and treatment quality of bedsore and also formulation and implementation of standards of care.
Factors affecting psychological problems in primary caregivers of People with Multiple Sclerosis: a qualitative study
Authors: Sadeghi Bita , Estebsari Fatemeh , Rassouli Maryam , Ebadi Abbas 
Published: January 2021

Objectives: The present research aimed to explore factors affecting psychological problems among primary caregivers of individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (PCIMS).
Methods: The present qualitative research employed a content analysis approach and was conducted in Isfahan, Iran in 2018-19. The participants were selected through purposive sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted to explore psychological problems involved in providing care to MS patients and the factors affecting them with 8 patients, 10 caregivers and 3 healthcare providers. Conventional content analysis was used to analyze the data.
Results: The acquired data were put in 4 main categories of â€œisolation and lonelinessâ€, â€œcaregiverâ€™s concernsâ€, â€œfrustration and hopelessnessâ€ and â€œDisruption in the family foundationâ€, each with certain sub-categories.
Conclusion: The present results can be helpful to manage psychological disorders and the underlying factors of PCIMS. Thus, healthcare providers and policy-makers should consider these areas and make special attempts to improve the performance and conditions of these caregivers to maximize the quality of care provided.
Comparison the Sedation Effect and Satisfaction of Two Combinations, Dexmedetomidine and Fentanyl with Midazolam and Fentanyl, in Patients Undergoing Bronchoscopy
Authors: Kamali Alireza , Sarkhosh Sepideh , Kazemizadeh Hosein 
Published: January 2021

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare sedative effects of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl with midazolam and fentanyl in patients undergoing bronchoscopy.
Methods: This study was a double-blind randomized clinical trial that was performed on 92 patients who referred to Amir al Momenin Hospital in Arak for bronchoscopy and underwent ASA 1 or 2 underlying grading procedure. Patients were randomly divided into two groups of dexmedetomidine and fentanyl (D) midazolam and fentanyl (M). Primary vital signs including hypertension and arterial oxygen saturation were monitored and recorded. Then all patients were injected with 2 Î¼g / kg fentanyl as a painkiller and after 3 minutes 30 Î¼g dexmedetomidine in syringe with code A and midazolam 3 mg in syringe with code B were injected to patients by an anesthesiologist. Then the two groups were compared in terms of pain at injection, conscious relaxation, satisfaction of operation, recovery time, hypotension and arterial oxygen saturation and drug side effects and data were analyzed by using statistical tests.
Results: There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of mean age and sex distribution. According to the results of this study, there was no significant difference between the two groups in mean blood pressure (P-value = 0.6) and mean heart rate (P-value = 0.4) at the time of bronchoscopy, but at 5 and 10 minutes after bronchoscopy there was a significant difference, mean blood pressure and heart rate were significantly lower in dexmedetomidine group.
Conclusion: Both dexmedetomidine and midazolam drug groups contributed to the development of stable and sedative hemodynamics and satisfaction in patients undergoing bronchoscopy, however, the dexmedetomidine and fentanyl group showed a significant decrease in blood pressure and heart rate compared to midazolam and fentanyl and a weaker decrease in arterial oxygen saturation, and patients with bronchoscopy were more satisfied in the dexmedetomidine group.
Air Polishing and CHX Effects in Addition to Subgingival Ultrasonic Instrumentation on Clinical Periodontal Parameters: A Randomised Clinical Trial
Authors: Caygur Ayse 
Published: January 2021

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the efficacy of using glycine powder air-polishing (GPAP) or antiseptics (CHX) adjunctively to scaling and root planing (SRP) in the treatment of periodontitis.
Methods: In this trial, ninety patients (between 28-80 years old) who had at least three teeth with 3 to 7- mm periodontal pockets, were Ä±ncluded from the Department of Periodontology. The patients were divided into three groups randomly. In the control group ultrasonic instrumentation was performed with distilled water and hand instrumentation, in the CHX group ultrasonic instrumentation was performed with CHX and hand instrumentation, in the GPAP group in addition to SRP with ultrasonic performed with distilled water and hand instrumentation, GPAP was performed for 10â€‰seconds per periodontal pocket using a Perio-Flow device. All treatments were performed in one session.
Resuls: The scores of plaque index(PI),gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), bleeding on probing (BOP) and clinical attachement level (CAL) were decreased in all groups after 1 month and the results were statistically significant in intergoup comparisions. PI and CAL scores were statistically significant in intragroup comparisions in GPAP group. Altough GI, PD and BOP scores were lower in the GPAP group than CHX and control group, the differences after 1 month were not statistically significant.
Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, it was seen that SRP was effective alone in the treatment of periodontitis. However, using a CHX with ultrasonic devices has little beneficial effects on periodontal parameters when compared with control and GPAP groups. GPAP groups was found more effectively in PI and CAL scores.
Hiring Auditors with a Part II Quality Control Report: An Opportunity for Increased Earnings Management or Lower Audit Fees?
Authors: Eutsler Jared , Holderness D. Kip , Jones Megan M. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The Public Company Accounting Oversight Board's (PCAOB) Part II inspection reports, which disclose systemic quality control issues that auditors fail to remediate, signal poor audit quality for triennially inspected audit firms. Auditors that receive a Part II inspection report typically experience a decrease in clients, which demonstrates a general demand for audit quality. However, some companies hire auditors that receive Part II inspection reports. We examine potential reasons for hiring these audit firms. We find that relative to companies that switch to auditors without Part II reports, companies that switch to auditors with Part II reports have higher discretionary accruals in the first fiscal year after the switch, which indicates lower audit quality and a heightened risk for future fraud. We find no difference in audit fees. Our results suggest that PCAOB Part II inspection reports may signal low-quality auditors to companies that desire low-quality audits.
Data Availability: Data are available from the public sources cited in the text.
Glucose Control
Authors: Graham Timothy P. , Marks Erich N. , Sebranek Joshua J. , Coursin Douglas B. 
Published: January 2021

Patients with diabetes mellitus routinely require management in the adult intensive care unit (ICU). These patients have increased morbidity, mortality, hospital length of stay, cost of care, and frequency of hospital and ICU admission. Glucose control in these patients presents challenges for the clinician. In the critically ill, hyperglycemia does not occur exclusively in patients with diabetes or prediabetes but may be related to stress-induced hyperglycemia or iatrogenic causes. Hyperglycemia can contribute to decreased wound healing and immune function and a host of cellular and molecular dysfunctions and has been linked to increased hospital mortality. Hypoglycemia in the ICU is associated with patients with preexisting diabetes, those receiving insulin and other medications, and septic individuals, among others. Insulin therapy is the mainstay of glucose management in the critically ill. ICU practitioners should be aware that point-of-care glucose meters are not as accurate as core laboratory results. Finally, both hypoglycemia and wide fluctuations in blood glucose during critical illness are also associated with increased mortality, although clear cause-and-effect relationships have not been established.
This review contains 1 figure, 8 tables, and 71 references.
Key words: Diabetes mellitus, glucose measurement, glucose targets, hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia, insulin
Operative Vaginal Delivery
Authors: Cigna Sarah T , Keller Jennifer Mendillo , Gaba Nancy 
Published: January 2021

The history of operative vaginal delivery dates back to 1500 B.C. In modern practice, the use of obstetrical forceps to achieve a vaginal delivery has been steadily declining. However, there has been a movement to revive this skill as a means for avoiding a cesarean delivery. Although the use of forceps and vacuum devices to assist in vaginal delivery can be extremely helpful in expediting delivery in emergency and other indicated situations, there are potentially serious complications for both the mother and fetus that must be addressed during the informed consent process. The operator must also be well versed in forceps and vacuum technique to prevent these complications from occurring. This involves training during residency and afterward to teach and practice skills. Appropriate candidate selection and proper technique for forceps and vacuum deliveries are crucial for optimizing safety for the patients while providing an alternative to a cesarean delivery.
This review contains 12 figures, 7 tables and 36 references
Keywords: forceps, vacuum, operative delivery, history of, complications, technique, tutorial
Patient with Chronic Pelvic Pain from Endometriosis
Authors: Cheng Jianguo , Cho Yoon-Jeong 
Published: January 2021

Endometriosis, a chronic and progressive condition characterized by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus, accounts for about one third of the cases of chronic pelvic pain in women. Pain in endometriosis may be due to nociceptive, inflammatory, and/or neu­ropathic mechanisms. The clinical presentation is often variable between patients, and diagnostic laparoscopy for visualization and biopsy of lesions is the gold standard for diagnosis. The treatment may consist of two elements: chronic pelvic pain itself as a diagnosis and endometriosis as a disease. Hormonal therapy is used to reduce the amount of estrogen and hence reduce symptoms such as pelvic pain and dysmenorrhea. In patients with severe endometriosis, surgical removal of lesions, adhesions, and cysts and restoration of pelvic anatomy may be preferred. Both hormonal and surgical treatments have been shown to be effective in decreasing pain symptoms associated with endometriosis. A variety of analgesics, including nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, opioids, tricyclic antidepressants, dual reuptake inhibitors of serotonin and norepinephrine, and antiepileptic drugs, have been used to ameliorate pain in endometriosis, with varying degrees of success. In patients with persistent symptoms, interventional pain management procedures may be performed to target the visceral and somatic organs and their innervations. Infertility is the most common complication of endometriosis. Between 10 and 20% of women with endometriosis have recurrence of the disease regardless of the treatment they receive. The recurrence of pain may be due to remodeling of the central nervous system, the role of the reproductive tract in reactivating pain, and incomplete removal or recurrence of lesions.
This review contains 2 tables and 52 references
Key words: chronic abdominal pain, chronic pelvic pain, dyschezia, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, endometrioma, endometriosis, hormonal therapy, infertility, retrograde menstruation, visceral pain
Sero-epidemiological Study of Toxoplasma gondii among Pregnant Women in Akre City
Authors: Shukri Saadi Hogir Mohammed , Jumaa Ahmed Ahmed 
Published: January 2021

Recently has been observed globally that toxoplasmosis disease was caused by Toxoplasma gondii and generally its asymptomatic infection in people except pregnant women. Many previous studies were suggested this pathogen transmits by ingesting of undercooked or raw meat contaminated with the oocytes of this parasite. The study aimed to show the seroreactivity of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies among pregnant women and to evaluate association of studied risk factors with infected cases. ELISA technique used for detection of anti-toxoplasma specific IgG and IgM antibodies. A biography form interview for participant was performed to estimate between the risk factors and toxoplasmosis. The present study was carried out from the beginning of October 2018 to the end of March 2019 and included 90 pregnant women visited Akre general hospital. Out of 90 tested samples, 49 (54.46%) and 4 (4.44%) were positive for IgG and IgM respectively. According to residency factor, pregnant women from villages had higher percentages of IgG (57.14%) and IgM (4.08%) than those lived in the city which were recorded 0% and 48.48%of IgM and IgG respectively. A high percentage of IgG (65.64%) and IgM (7.27%) were found among pregnant women with history of miscarriage. Seropositivity for both IgG (61.90 %) and IgM (9.52%) was higher among pregnant women who had cats compared to those without cat. Seroprevalence of IgM and IgG was 9.67% and 54.83% among population who had undercooked meat, while 1.69% and 59.23% were positive for IgM and IgG respectively, in those well cooked meat meal. Highest positive percentage of IgG (77.77%) was recorded at ages 40-50 years while the lowest rate was (40%) at ages <20 year. Through a seropositive reaction was found that age groups as a possible risk factor by ELISA IgG in which risk increased by rising of age categories. Significant correlation was detected between consumption of undercooked meat and cases positive for IgM. It revealed the association between third trimester and cases with positive IgM. In the conclusion, toxoplasmosis is widespread in the area which requires raising awareness among pregnant women to decrease T. gondii infection and subsequently minimize possibilities of congenital transmission.
Paradigma Kualitatif sebagai Landasan Berpikir Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan
Authors: Pratama Febri Fajar , Mutia Dhian 
Published: January 2021

This article is a study that discusses and examines the concept of qualitative research paradigms in the realm of Citizenship Education science which has been dominated by the tradition of positivistic. The conception of truth which is the subject of a paradigm is reviewed through the perspective of the philosophy of science, from the ontological, epistemological and axiological point of view using the method of literature review. Citizenship Education as a scientific discipline that studies humans as material for study today is still much influenced by positivistic traditions that are identical with numbers and statistics. Citizenship Education experiences an epistemological crisis in terms of theory, but in essence, Citizenship Education aims to create good citizens, so that the need for theory as a result of the tradition of paradigmatic thinking which emphasize qualitative approach is very crucial.---------------------- Artikel ini merupakan studi untuk memahami dan mengkaji konsep paradigma penelitian kualitatif dalam ranah keilmuan Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan yang selama ini didominasi oleh tradisi positivistik. Konsepsi mengenai kebenaran yang menjadi bahasan paradigma ditinjau melalui sudut pandang filosofis ilmu pengetahuan, yakni dari segi ontologis, epistimologis dan aksiologis dengan menggunakan metode studi literatur. Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan sebagai disiplin ilmu yang mempelajari manusia sebagai bahan kajiannya saat ini masih banyak dipengaruhi tradisi positivistik yang identik dengan angka dan statistika. Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan mengalami krisis epistimologis dalam segi teori, padahal hakikatnya, Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan bertujuan untuk terwujudnya warga negara yang baik, sehingga kebutuhan teori sebagai hasil dari tradisi berpikir paradigmatik yang menekankan pendekatan kualitatif sangat krusial.
Differences and Similarities between Coaching, Instructional and Educational Leadership Styles
Authors: Daučianskaitė Agnė , Žydžiūnaitė Vilma 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
Leadership is part of the educational process, nevertheless, it has not been fully surveyed. Successful teaching and good results usually depend on an educator, as well as on the way s/he organizes the educational process. There are a lot of various educators who organize the educational process in a different way. As a result of that, three prevailing leadership styles appear - coaching, instructional and educational. In the scientific literature, it is possible to find a huge amount of information about these three styles, however, little research has been carried on the comparison of differences and similarities between them. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to derive and compare parameters (criteria) in leadership, distinguishing and summarizing their differences and similarities in tables.

Purpose:
The purpose of the paper is to compare the particular leadership styles according to formulated original parameters (criteria).

Methods:
In the paper, the method of a comparative literature review is applied.

Conclusion:
Comparing leadership styles, coaching leadership is focused on helping the learner and the improvement of the educational process; instructional leadership aims for effective and academic teaching when the educator is the leader; while educational leadership is focused on distributing education when the teacher, student and school environment are involved in the educational process.