bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on Clustering and Declustering of Earthquakes
Authors: Zaliapin Ilya , Ben-Zion Yehuda 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Clustering is a fundamental feature of earthquakes that impacts basic and applied analyses of seismicity. Events included in the existing short-duration instrumental catalogs are concentrated strongly within a very small fraction of the space–time volume, which is highly amplified by activity associated with the largest recorded events. The earthquakes that are included in instrumental catalogs are unlikely to be fully representative of the long-term behavior of regional seismicity. We illustrate this and other aspects of space–time earthquake clustering, and propose a quantitative clustering measure based on the receiver operating characteristic diagram. The proposed approach allows eliminating effects of marginal space and time inhomogeneities related to the geometry of the fault network and regionwide changes in earthquake rates, and quantifying coupled space–time variations that include aftershocks, swarms, and other forms of clusters. The proposed measure is used to quantify and compare earthquake clustering in southern California, western United States, central and eastern United States, Alaska, Japan, and epidemic-type aftershock sequence model results. All examined cases show a high degree of coupled space–time clustering, with the marginal space clustering dominating the marginal time clustering. Declustering earthquake catalogs can help clarify long-term aspects of regional seismicity and increase the signal-to-noise ratio of effects that are subtler than the strong clustering signatures. We illustrate how the high coupled space–time clustering can be decreased or removed using a data-adaptive parsimonious nearest-neighbor declustering approach, and emphasize basic unresolved issues on the proper outcome and quality metrics of declustering. At present, declustering remains an exploratory tool, rather than a rigorous optimization problem, and selecting an appropriate declustering method should depend on the data and problem at hand.
Study of the attenuation and azimuthal dependence of seismic-wave propagation in the southeastern United States
Authors: Jones F. B. , Long L. T. , McKee J. H. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The Lg phases on seismograms of earthquakes which have occurred and were recorded in the southeastern United States are used to define the Lg phase amplitude of a zero-magnitude event as a function of distance in the range of 150 to 850 km. A segmented zero-magnitude function is fitted in the least-squares sense to the logarithm of the Lg phase amplitudes following the method of Richter. The resulting zero-magnitude function exhibits a nonuniform decrease with distance which includes zones of slight amplification at multiples of 200 to 250 km. The northeast regional strike of the geologic structures is observed to correlate with increases in the efficiency of propagation of the Lg phase. However, when the data are analyzed for azimuthal dependence within distinct regions, this correlation is observed only for waves propagating through the Folded Appalachians. Propagation in the Coastal Plain is most efficient in a direction perpendicular to the trend of the Folded Appalachians. Also, the Piedmont Province propagation is only slightly more efficient perpendicular to the trend of the Folded Appalachians.
The structure of the outer core from SKS amplitudes and travel times
Authors: Kind R. , Müller G. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Worldwide long-period observations of five deep-focus earthquakes from the Tonga-Fiji region have been studied. Observed amplitude ratios SKS/SKKS and difference travel times of SKS and SKKS have been compared with theoretical values for conventional core models. The correction of observed discrepancies leads to a new model of the outer core with a zone of increased velocities around 3750-km depth. In spite of extensive search for other, significantly different models explaining the observations, none has been found. Our model implies pronounced chemical inhomogeneity of the outer core.
Ground-response maps for Tonopah, Nevada
Authors: Hays Walter W. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Ground-response maps for Tonopah, Nevada, were prepared using ground-motion data from a Nevada Test Site explosion recorded on a 12-station seismic array in Tonopah. These data were used to define 10 frequency-dependent ground-response maps for the period range 0.05 to 2.5 sec. These data were combined with the probabilistic calculation of earthquake ground accelerations on rock sites in the Tonopah area, made in a 1976 study by S. T. Algermissen and D. M. Perkins, in order to give estimates of the ground shaking expected throughout the city in a 50-yr period of time, at the 90 per cent probability level. Although these relative ground-response estimates are based on low-strain data, they provide a preliminary basis for delineating geographic areas with different susceptibilities to earthquake ground shaking until the time that high-strain earthquake ground-motion measurements become available in Tonopah.
Reflection and refraction of SH waves in presence of slip and friction
Authors: Chez Eugene L. , Dundurs J. , Comninou Maria 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The reflection of elastic waves is customarily treated by assuming that the interface neither separates nor slips. This paper considers the reflection of SH waves that are strong enough to break friction between two solids which are pressed together, so that localized slip takes place. It is also assumed that the solids are sheared, which enhances slip in one direction and leads to a global sliding motion. The problem might at first appear as forbidding because of the mixed boundary conditions and the inequalities involved. It is discovered, however, that it can be solved in closed form for angles of incidence that avoid total reflection. The global sliding velocity, the sizes of the slip zones, and the rate at which mechanical energy is dissipated are displayed in terms of the independent variables involving the amplitude of the incident waves, and the applied pressure and shearing tractions.
The foreshock activity of the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, California
Authors: Ishida Mizuho , Kanamori Hiroo 
Published: September 2021

abstractAll of the earthquakes which occurred in the epicentral area of the 1971 San Fernando earthquake during the period from 1960 to 1970 were relocated by using the master-event method. Five events from 1969 to 1970 are located within a small area around the main shock epicenter. This cluster of activity is clearly separated spatially from the activity in the surrounding area, so these five events are considered foreshocks. The wave forms of these foreshocks recorded at Pasadena are, without exception, very complex, yet they are remarkably similar from event to event. The events which occurred in the same area prior to 1969 have less complex wave forms with a greater variation among them. The complexity is most likely the effect of the propagation path. A well located aftershock which occurred in the immediate vicinity of the main shock of the San Fernando earthquake has a wave form similar to that of the foreshocks, which suggests that the foreshocks are also located very close to the main shock. This complexity is probably caused by a structural heterogeneity in the fault zone near the hypocenter. The seismic rays from the foreshocks in the inferred heterogeneous zone are interpreted as multiple-reflected near the source region which yielded the complex wave form. The mechanisms of the five foreshocks are similar to each other but different from either the main shock or the aftershocks, suggesting that the foreshocks originated from a small area of stress concentration where the stress field is locally distorted from the regional field. The number of small events with S-P times between 3.8 to 6 sec recorded at Mt. Wilson each month suggests only a slight increase in activity of small earthquakes near the epicentral area during the 2-month period immediately before the main shock. However, because of our inability to locate these events, the evidence is not definitive. Since the change in the wave forms is definite the present result suggests that detailed analyses of wave forms, spectra, and mechanism can provide a powerful diagnostic method for identifying a foreshock sequence.
Recent seismicity in the San Fernando region and tectonics in the west-central transverse ranges, California
Authors: Hadley David , Kanamori Hiroo 
Published: September 2021

abstractSince the San Fernando earthquake, February 1971, the density of the southern California seismic array has increased by an order of magnitude. The enhanced coverage provides an ideal setting for the study of the long-term seismicity of the San Fernando aftershock zone and adjacent regions. Most of the recent activity within the San Fernando zone has been thrust faulting at depths shallower than and south of the main shock. One event located slightly deeper than and several kilometers north of the main event suggests shear along a flat plane. Transport of the upper block is south. This event is very similar to another deep, ML = 4.5, earthquake 30 km west of San Fernando. If these events are typical of midcrustal deformation, the west-central Transverse Ranges may be a form of decollement. A rapid increase in seismicity (ML ≧ 3.0) in the region south of San Fernando suggests an increase in regional strain that either was contemporaneous with or immediately followed the San Fernando earthquake.
To determine antimicrobial susceptibility and biofilm production among coagulase negative staphylococci at a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Bathala Naga Sri Latha , Sasidhar M , Bai S Kusuma 
Published: September 2021

CoNS are gaining importance due to increase in resistance rates to betalactam antibiotics and multi drug resistance. Although specific virulence factors are not as clearly established, it seems clear that factors such as bacterial polysaccharide components, and ability to form biofilm are involved in attachment and/or persistence of bacteria on foreign materials. Biofilms usually result in persistent infections that cannot be easily resolved with standard antibiotic treatments; therefore, the biofilm formation ability and the resistance to antimicrobial therapy can be intimately related. A prospective cross-sectional study was done on purely isolated CoNS from various clinical samples from both out patients and inpatients. All the test strains were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The ability to produce biofilm was detected by tube adherence method. Among 193 CoNS isolates 156 were from inpatients and 37 were from out patients. Methicillin resistant was seen in 80.31%. Of the total, 40.41% showed moderate biofilm formation by tube adherence method. 23.32% of isolates did not form biofilm. All the isolates from blood samples showed moderate (20/26) and strong (6/26) biofilm formation. Among non biofilm producers 66.67% were MS CoNS isolates and 33.33% were MRCoNS. 94.59% of biofilm producers were MRCoNS and 5.41% were MSCoNS. Production of biofilm was relatively more (1.16) among CoNS isolates of IPD than OPD. As Coagulase negative Staphylocooci are exhibiting multi drug resistance and are able to form biofilm, these organisms causing a major challenge for the physicians. Hence, such problems can be prevented by detection of biofilm producers and appropriate antibiotic doses modification. The issue of antibiotic resistance among CoNS needs to be addressed through a more rational use of existing antibiotics as well as the development of new antimicrobial agents.
Antinuclear antibody patterns by indirect immunofluorescence test: An experience from a rural tertiary health centre of Puducherry, South India
Authors: Ranganathan Udhayasankar , Rangasamy Gopal , Thiyagarajan Mangaiyarkarasi , Shivekar Sunil 
Published: September 2021

Anti-nuclear antibodies (ANA) are known to be associated with autoimmune diseases and most commonly with connective tissue diseases (CTD). Screening for ANA is the first investigation of choice in the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) test using Hep-2 cells has been considered the gold standard method. The prevalence of autoimmune diseases and hence the ANA positivity and ANA IIF patterns differ in various geographical regions. This study was aimed to estimate the ANA positivity rates among patients with suspected or confirmed auto immune diseases and to determine the common ANA IIF patterns in the positive samples.: This is a retrospective study including 235 patients with either clinical suspicion of, or suffering from autoimmune diseases attending a tertiary health care hospital in Puducherry, South India, between November 2018 and April 2020. ANA IIF test (Hep 20-10/ primate liver, Euroimmun, Germany) was performed with 1:100 dilutions of patient serum.The ANA positivity rate was 14.5% (34 out of 235 samples were positive). ANA was positive in 10 (13.3%) males and 24 (15%) females. The mean age of ANA positive patients were 43.4 years.The most common pattern was nucleus fine granular (n=8) followed by cytoplasm fine granular (n=7) and centromere (n=4).A significant ANA positivity rate was found in our study and a detailed clinical study has to be conducted to draw further conclusions.
Depresión en estudiantes universitarios derivada del Covid-19: un modelo de clasificación
Authors: Quintero López Catalina , Gil Vera Victor Daniel 
Published: September 2021

Las estrategias gubernamentales adoptadas a nivel mundial como medida de prevención frente a la emergencia sanitaria generada por el COVID-19, han despertado el interés de la comunidad científica por conocer los efectos de las mismas sobre la salud mental. El objetivo de esta investigación fue desarrollar un modelo de clasificación para pronosticar depresión en estudiantes universitarios por factores de estrés asociados a la pandemia. Se desarrolló un Modelo de Clasificación con Árboles de Decisión (MCAD) a partir de los resultados de una encuesta de percepción con preguntas tipo escala Likert, la cual fue aplicada a una muestra de 833 estudiantes universitarios de diferentes programas académicos de Colombia. La variable dependiente del modelo fue la presencia o ausencia de depresión, y las respuestas de 700 estudiantes se emplearon para el entrenamiento y 133 para la prueba. Se concluye que el MCAD es válido para pronosticar depresión; tuvo una tasa de precisión del 87% en la muestra de prueba. Finalmente, se halló que los factores que más influyen en el desarrollo de estados depresivos en el contexto de la pandemia generada por el COVID-19 en estudiantes universitarios son: estado civil, sexo, edad, problemas educativos e información proveniente de los medios de comunicación.
Dual-Light Photodynamic Therapy Effectively Eliminates Streptococcus Oralis Biofilms
Authors: Hentilä Jessica , Laakamaa Noora , Sorsa Timo , Meurman Jukka , Välimaa Hanna , Nikinmaa Sakari , Kankuri Esko , Tauriainen Tuomas , Pätilä Tommi 
Published: September 2021

Purpose: During cancer treatment, oral mucositis due to radiotherapy or chemotherapy often leads to disruption of the oral mucosa, enabling microbes to invade bloodstream. Viridans streptococcal species are part of the healthy oral microbiota but can be frequently isolated from the blood of neutropenic patients. We have previously shown the antibacterial efficacy of dual-light, the combination of antibacterial blue light (aBL) and indocyanine green photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Methods: Here, we investigated the dual-light antibacterial action against four-day Streptococcus oralis biofilm. In addition, while keeping the total radiant exposure constant at 100J/cm2, we investigated the effect of changing the different relative light energies of aBL and aPDT to the antibacterial potential. Results: The dual-light had a significant antibacterial effect in all the tested combinations. Conclusion: Dual-light can be used as an effective disinfectant against S. oralis biofilm.
Study of the Antibacterial and Antioxidant Capacities of Fixed Oil of Moringa oleifera L. Cultivated in the Southwest of Algeria
Authors: Boulal A. , Ouafiane A. , Oubiri M. , Ladjel S. 
Published: September 2021

Background: Since time immemorial, humans have always been interested in lipids for various uses, namely food, cosmetology, medicine, etc. Many seeds, sources of oils, are increasingly studied for their nutritional and therapeutic properties. Methods: The present study aims to valorize the vegetable oil obtained from the seeds of the Moringa oleifera plant widely cultivated in the southwest of Algeria, using the solid-liquid extraction technique. In addition, the fatty acid analysis of this oil, using the gas chromatography technique. Result: An oil yield of 30.43% was obtained, revealed that it contains ten different compounds. The characterization of the oil obtained (physico-chemical properties such as organoleptic properties, density, viscosity, refractive index) proved to comply with international standards and AFNOR standards. In addition, it turned out that Moringa oleifera oil has a very interesting antioxidant power. However, this oil did not show any antibacterial activity on the strains tested.
Determination of the Best Method of Dehydration of Tropical Fruits to be Incorporated in Gelatin-based Dessert with Unaltered Sensory Qualities
Authors: Perera Poorna 
Published: September 2021

Background: Jelly based desserts are very popular among millions of people worldwide. The main gel forming ingredient used in these products is ‘Gelatin’, which is a complex polysaccharide in their chemical structure. This research study focusses on incorporation of fruit pieces in to the dessert jelly in order to give a novel experience to the consumers. Methods: To determine the best way of incorporating fruit pieces in a commercially available jelly mixture (which is made up of fruit flavour, acid, water, sugar and pectin as the jelling agent), fruit pieces were treated in two ways and compared for the best textural and sensory qualities. First sample constituted unblanched, oven dried fruit pieces in a commercially available jelly mixture and its was compared with a jelly sample with blanched (fruit pieces were pretreated to minimize any possible discolorations and textural changes), osmo air dehydrated and oven dried fruit pieces. Sensory qualities such as texture, mouth feel and flavour of two different samples were gauged through a sensory test. Result: From a sensory test carries out by a panel of 09 sensory panelists it was found that the jelly mixture when incorporated with osmo air dehydrate fruit pieces it did not degrade the texture of the final product as opposed to unblanched dried fruit pieces does. The osmo air dehydrated fruit pieces in the prepared jelly has a texture and an acceptable mouth feel which is closer in texturally to the natural mouth feel and the taste, when they are reconstituted inside the jelly mixture by absorbing the water from the mixture.
Development of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences scientific book publishing system (2001–2010)
Authors: Panchenko A. M. , Timofeeva Yu. V. 
Published: September 2021

The study of scientific book publishing, due to its enormous social and state significance, is an urgent task of modern research. This article is the first to consider the system of scientific book publishing in the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SB RAS) in the period of 2001–2010 thus determining and adding to the history of regional and Russian scientific book publishing. The purpose of the study is to present the development of the system for publishing scientific literature in the SB RAS during this period. The source base of the study is representative: these are numerous documents of the current archives of the Siberian enterprise “Nauka” RAS (Novosibirsk Printing House No. 4) and the Siberian Publishing Company “Nauka” RAS, regulatory acts of the Presidium of SB RAS, Annotated thematic plans for the release of scientific literature for 2002-2010, Publishing houses of SB RAS, materials of the weekly newspaper SB RAS “Science in Siberia” for the same period.The revealed data allow reconstructing the picture of the scientific book publishing system development in SB RAS and its thematic orientation in the first decade of the XXI century. The results obtained show that the prevailing part of published scientific literature – every third edition – during this period was on archeology, history, philology, philosophy, law.The study refined quantitative data on the release of serial publications, revealed the role of the Presidium SB RAS in developing the system of scientific book publishing, expanded the idea of cooperation between SB RAS and SIF “Nauka” RAS.The results obtained provide an opportunity to redefine and assess the evolution of their relationship during the period under review. The continuing decrease in the share of CIF in the total volume of publications of SB RAS can be interpreted as the crisis increase, but the implementation of significant and complex publishing projects speaks for a new paradigm of relations between them: mutually beneficial, effective and promising.
ACE2 Protein-Protein Interaction Networks Reveal Potential Druggable Targets For SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Xia Qiaoxi , Zhou Xiao , Chen Mantong , Lin Ling , Zhao Yan , Zheng Xiaoqi , Peng Zhongte , Huang Meihui , Wang Shaohong , Du Zepeng 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has infected more than 130 million people, killed over 2.3 million so far. Currently, no effective drugs are available to treat this infectious disease, due to limited knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection. ACE2 (angiotensin I converting enzyme 2) has long been identified as the major receptor for coronavirus entry the host cells. Methods: In this study, we constructed the protein-protein interaction networks (PPIN) based on ACE2 and its interacting proteins, considering with the expression alternation and co-expression relationship. The potential drugs targeting the proteins in the PPIN were explored.Results: ACE2 and its interacting proteins AAMP and HRAS are obviously increased, and their PPIN show distinguishing expression patterns during the COVID-19 progression. At least six pathways are activated for the host cell in the response to the virus. Moreover, drug-target networks were built to provide important clues to block ACE2 and its interacting proteins. Except the reported four drugs for ACE2, its interacting protein CALM1 and HRAS are great potentially druggable. We also considered the path initiated from ACE2 to nucleus by cascades of interaction, especially for the transcription factors in the PPIN which are also druggable.Conclusion: In summary, this study provides new insight into the disruption of the biological response to virus mediated by ACE2, but also its cascade interacting proteins when considering of PPIN.