bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cleavage of the Egg of Lepidosiren paradoxa.
Authors: E. Miller Agnes 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The process of cleavage in Lepidosiren was first described by Professor Graham Kerr in his paper on the development of the external features of this animal in the ‘Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, vol. cxcii, 1900. Since the date of Professor Kerr’s expedition additional material has become available from which it has been possible to make up a more completely graduated series of segmentation stages. The following paper deals with this material and may be regarded as supplementing Professor Kerr’s paper. In referring to the various stages I use the same numbers as Professor Kerr used in the paper already mentioned and also in his ‘Normentafel’.1
The Genital Organs of Stylaria lacustris, with an account of their Development
Authors: Mehra H. R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
1. The genital organs of Stylaria lacustris are described in detail. The vas deferens opens into the atrium on the anterior face near the opening of the ejaculatory duct and not at the top as described by all the previous authors. The prostate surrounds not only the atrium but also the vas deferens in segment 6.
2. The prostate secretion passes through the atrial epithelium, which consequently hypertrophies and disappears.
3. The development of the genital organs proceeds with great rapidity when the sexual phase appears, which occurs only once a year from the end of September to the beginning of December. There is no long intervening period between the development of the gonads and other genital organs.
4. The order of development seems to be connected with the time or order of their functioning.
5. The gonads are peritoneal in origin. The sperm-sac and ovisac are large portions of the body-cavity enclosed by the extension backwards of septa and respectively.
The yolk-mass is formed by a process of metabolic change in the cytoplasm of some of the ova.
6. The sperm-duct is partly peritoneal in origin and partly an ectodermal invagination. The funnel and the vas deferens rudiments arise by a proliferation of the peritoneal cells on the anterior face of septum , which assumes the form of a deeply staining plate of columnar cells with prominent nuclei. This after the funnel rudiment becomes the sperm-cord and penetrates the septum in front of the ovary, reaching near the body-wall the atrial rudiment, which is soon formed as an ectodermal invagination.
The prostate cells arise from the peritoneum near the ventral body-wall of the sixth segment in the neighbourhood of the atrial rudiment.
7. The rudimentary female funnel, which opens out at the female opening, arises as an outgrowth from the peritoneum at the base of septum .
8. The spermatheca arises as an invagination from the ectoderm. I agree with Bergh that the spermathecae are to be considered as new structures, and not phylogenetically connected with the genital ducts as Gatenby supposes to be the case in Tubifex rivulorum.
9. A few stages obtained showing the development of these organsin Nais elinguis confirm the above observations.
Notes on four Astomatous Ciliates from Oligochaete Worms
Authors: Mackinnon Doris L. , Adam D. Ines 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
If a really satisfactory classification of the astomatous ciliates is ever to be made, it is necessary that many more of the earliest recorded forms should be re-investigated and re-described. This is the object of our present work, and is the excuse for the notes that follow.
On an Ovum of Ornithorhynchus exhibiting Polar Bodies and Polyspermy
Authors: Gatenby J. Brontë , Hill J. P. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Amongst the Monotreme material in the possession of one of us are two large slides of sections of a uterine egg of Ornithorhynchus labelled c, diameter 6·75 mm. (No. 1, August 19, 1901). This particular egg was cut on the sliding microtome, after embedding in Stepanow’s clove-oil celloidin, at the time Wilson and Hill were working up the material for their paper on the development of Ornithorhynchus (1) in the hope that it would exhibit an early phase of cleavage. In this respect the egg proved a disappointment, being unsegmented, and it was put on one side, though it was noted at the time that it was possibly at the stage of polar body formation. We have recently had occasion to re-examine the sections, and though we have had considerable difficulty in interpreting the structural appearances in the region of the germinal disc and have been unable to distinguish either the male and female pronuclei or the cleavage nucleus, we think that the egg is actually at the stage just following the formation of the polar bodies. It is therefore unique and worthy of a brief description. Moreover, the sections, considering the refractory nature of the material, are quite good, the sectional plane coinciding almost perfectly with the vertical or polar axis, and afford a very clear picture of the general structure of the egg and morespecially of the latebra and its relations to the germinal disc, of which no detailed account exists.
On Two Tubes of Polyodontes, and on the Discharge of the Ova in Thelepus
Authors: McIntosh W. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the ‘Annals of Natural History ‘1 1894, some observations were made on the various tubes formed by marine annelids, the structure of many being interesting both in regard to the finished masonry of the tube, its branches at the anterior end, its processes along the surface,, but no tube of Polyodontes had then come under observation or been sufficiently described by any author. In the earlier accounts of Polyodontes little reference was made to the tube, De Quatrefages,2 for instance, mentioning that Polyodontes (Acoetes) Pleei inhabits a tube—analogous to that of many other errant and sedentary annelids—composed of a flexible substance, coriaceous, and resembling wet leather, a description which needs considerable amplification in the case of the remarkable tubes to be alluded to subsequently. In the fine monograph of Eisig,3 again, no reference is made to the tube of Polyodontes, though its secretory apparatus is ably dealt with.
Studies on the Organization and Development of Scorpions
Authors: Pavlovsky E. N. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In this work I have undertaken the study of the different organs of scorpions from the point of view of comparative anatomy. The extensive literature on this subject contains a number of gaps (e. g. the male genital organs have not been investigated in sections), and besides in the majority of works the material is restricted to some species of the genera Buthus or Euscorpius. The necessity of studying the organization of the tropical forms has, however, been felt for a long time. In the present investigations I had two aims in view. In the first place I undertook the re-examination of the structure of some of the most interesting organs of certain representatives of the families Buthidae, Chactidae, and Scorpionidae, on fresh material collected in most cases by myself in Algeria and Tunis (Scorpio maurus, Buthus australis). The collection of material (Buthidae : Buthus caucasiens, Anomalobuthus rickmersi, Liobuthus Kessleri) was continued by me in the summer of 1915 in Russian Turkestan.
Note on Placodes and the Ophthalmic Nerves
Authors: de Beer G. R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
As a result of the recent advance in neurology, various facts relating to the development of cranial nerves have come to acquire additional significance in connexion with function. It has been known for a considerable time that the dorsal roots of the cranial nerves have more than one method of origin. First, there is of course the neural crest, the cells of which give rise to the ganglia of the dorsal roots of the spinal as well as of the cranial nerves. In the Anamnia, in addition, some elements of which the cranial dorsal nerves are composed are derived from two series of ectodermal placodes. The more dorsal of these is the dorso-lateral, the more ventral the epi-branchial series of placodes. These placodes are regions of thickened ectoderm, cells of which proliferate inwards towards the underlying ganglia.
Amoeba proteus: Some new Observations on its Nucleus, Life-history, and Culture
Authors: Taylor Monica 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
When reading over the manuscript of ‘Nuclear Divisions in Amoeba proteus’ (14), a kind office for which, on this casion, I am once more indebted to him, Professor Graham Kerr expressed a wish that I should undertake a more detailed study of the behaviour, during division, of the chromatin blocks described in that paper. At the same time I became interested in a series of publications by Drs. Atkins and Lebour in connexion with hydrogen-ion concentration, two of which (1 and 2), particularly, seemed to open up a useful line for me. Having a large number of pedigree Amoeba cultures, with field-notes of their history extending back to 1916-17, as well as cultures of other micro-organisms, there was plenty of scope for testing the value of this physico-chemical factor in the cultivation of micro-organisms under laboratory conditions. I should like to take this opportunity of thanking the authors for their courteous response to my many inquiries, Dr. Atkins having given me the benefit of his expert advice in matters of a physico-chemical character.
The Development of the Male Genitalia of Homoptera, with Preliminary Remarks on the Nature of these Organs in other Insects
Authors: Singh-Pruthi Hem 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTWhile there exist extensive memoirs on the comparative anatomy of the male genitalia of several insect orders, works dealing with their ontogenetic development are very few, with the consequence that up to now there is practically no unanimous agreement as to the fundamental or basic plan of these organs in the insect kingdom. Zander (119, 120, and 121), in a series of short papers, described the post-embryonic history of the external genital appendages of Hymenoptera, Trichoptera, and Lepidoptera, and came to the conclusion that the ‘penis’ an unpaired median organ in the adult, originates in the young as a pair of appendages which sub sequently fuse with each other along the median line and develop into the single tubular organ found in the imago. Zander, however, did not attempt the homologies of the various genital appendages, and, moreover, as will be shown later, his account of the mode of origin of the above-mentioned pair of appendages is also open to question. Previous to Zander, Verson and Bisson (108) in the case of Bombyx mori, and Michaelis (73) in that of the honey bee, had also shown the origin of the penis from a pair of appendages. Verhoeff (106), Esch erich (34 and 35), &c. pointed out the paired-appendage nature of the penis even in the adult condition in some Thysanura. Christophers (23) and Christophers and Cragg (24) studied the development of the genitalia in Diptera and Cimex (Rhynchota-Heteroptera) respectively, and confirmed the main conclusions of Zander. The account of Cimex alone cannot be said to be representative of the whole order Rhynchota, as this form, apart from being highly specialized, is devoid of—as are all other Heteroptera—the subgenital plates (see below), whose nature is of immense morphological importance, and is still sub judice. Besides, my observations on Idiocerus, belonging to the allied sub-order Homoptera, while in accord with Christophers and Gragg’s findings with regard to the mode of origin of the penis, lend little support to most of their conclusions, and in some points, e. g. history and nature of the associated internal ducts, are at variance with their results.
On the Structure and Development of the Enamel in Mammals
Authors: Jasswoin G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
According to the views of some investigators (v. Ebner 1902, Smrecker 1905, Eklöf 1915, Studnicka 1917, and others) between the enamel prisms there is a substance differing from the latter and known as the cementing substance (‘Kittsubstanz’). Other investigators (Waldeyer 1869, Walkhoff 1903, and others), however, assert that this cementing substance represents nothing else but the cortical layers of prisms which have fused together and, consequently, are immediately adjacent to each other.
Microchemical Tests for Fats, Lipoids, and Vacuoles with special reference to Oogenesis
Authors: Nath Vishwa 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is generally believed by cytologists that fats blacken quickly in osmic acid, whereas lipoids take a much longer time. This view seems to be erroneous, as the time required by osmic acid to blacken a particular sample of fat or lipoid depends entirely on its degree of unsaturation and its previous state of oxidation. Films of a sample of completely hydrogenized fat, with iodine value nil, failed to blacken in osmic acid, even in seven days at 40° 0. Samples of fat, therefore, must exist which actually take longer time to blacken in osmic acid than some highly unsaturated lipoids. It follows, therefore, that a granule in the cell, which goes black in osmic acid in a short period, cannot be identified as true fat unless it also stains intensely in Sudan III and Scharlach R. These fat tests have been employed on eggs of animals representing many groups. In Pheretima, Culex, Dysdercus, Crosso- priza, Plexippus, and the rabbit, the Golgi material can be blackened in short periods of osmication, but it cannot be stained even slightly with Sudan III and Scharlach R during any stage in oogenesis. It must, therefore, be interpreted not as fat but as very highly unsaturated or very little oxidized lipoid. In earlier stages of the oogenesis of Ophiocephalus Rana, Emyda, Gallus, Lucióla, Periplaneta, P al a emo n, and Paratelphusa, the Golgi material does not stain at all with Sudan III and Scharlach R, even though it can be blackened in short periods of osmication. It must again be interpreted, not as fat, but as highly unsaturated or very little oxidized lipoid. At a certain stage in oogenesis these lipoids are converted into fats when they stain brilliantly with Scharlach R and Sudan III. In Rita the Golgi material of early oocytes consists of very nearly fully saturated lipoid, as it does not go black in short periods of osmication, and takes thirty-two days to impregnate in Mann-Kopsch. It does not stain with Sudan III and Scharlach R, but by the time the egg measures 1 mm. it is converted into fat and begins to stain intensely with these dyes. A chart is published recording the reactions of fats, lipoids, and vacuoles to various microchemical tests.
Improved Technique for Non-aseptic Tissue Culture of Helix aspersa, with Notes on Molluscan Cytology
Authors: Brontë Gatenby J. , Hill Joyce C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
By keeping pieces of mantle cavity wall in Hédon Fleig saline it is possible to make cultures which grow out for about five days. After that time the bacteria have increased so enormously that growth is checked, though the cultures will live for several weeks longer in a suspended condition. The main type of cell which grows out is an amoeboid element, identical, it is believed, with the general connective elements of the normal tissue of the snail. Neutral red stains, is segregated, or is deposited in the various categories of cells, in various ways. For example, in spermatocytes it appears almost always inside the Golgi apparatus, thus forming with the dictyosomes a ‘zone de Golgi’ of Parat. In the pulmonary epithelial cells the neutral red at once stains the pre-formed granules which are visible in unstained living cells. These granules are not directly related to the Golgi bodies. In amoebocytes the neutral red appears principally as large segregated globules, anywhere in the cytoplasm. Finally, into the mantle epithelial cells it is difficult to get neutral red, when other cells are already well stained. The only homologous bodies in the cytoplasm of these various categories of cells are the Golgi bodies and mitochondria. In no case has a mitotic figure been found in any Helix culture. Cells suggesting division by amitosis are commonest when the cultures are growing out fastest.
La Spermatogenèse et l’Ovogenèse du Mallophage Goniodes stylifer
Authors: Perrot J. L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTDoncaster et Cannon, dans leur travail sur la spermatogenèse de Pediculus human us, sans arriver à des conclusions précises, posèrent un problème du plus haut intérêt concernant le cycle chromosomique du Poux.
Studies on the Cytology of the Harderian Gland of the Rat
Authors: Duthie E. S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a recent study by the author (1933 a, b) of the secretory process in various gland-cells, it was shown that (a) the secretory granules originated at the base of the cell in relation to the mitochondria, and later moved into the Golgi zone where maturation occurred, and (b) that development of the granules occurred in every case in intra-cellular vacuoles, these vacuoles being also the spaces inside which the vital dyes, Janus green and neutral red, are segregated. The present short study was undertaken, since it was noted that secretion formation in the Harderian gland-cell is different from that of gland-cells included in the former studies, and that in consequence certain points raised in the former work were in this case more clearly demonstrated. The purpose of the paper is then a description of the cytological elements of the gland-cell secretory granules, mitochondria, and Golgi apparatus, and a comparison of these structures with those obtained by vital staining with neutral red and Janus green.
The Golgi Apparatus in the Thyroid Gland of Amphibians, in its relation to Excretion Polarity
Authors: Uhlenhuth Eduard 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In 1923 Nassonov reported observations which suggested that the Golgi apparatus is concerned in the elaboration of the secretion droplets of gland-cells; he therefore concluded that the Golgi apparatus is the secretory organ of the cell.
The Early Development of the Nemertean Cephalothrix rufifrons
Authors: Smith J. E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following account is based on material collected at Ply-mouth. Most of the embryonic and larval stages were obtained in the Spring and Summer of 1932 during which time I was holding the Student Probationership at the Marine Biological Laboratory. In April 1933 I was able to add most of the missing developmental stages.
Development of the Female Genital Ducts in Trichoptera
Authors: Dodson M. E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The object of this investigation is to determine the structure of the female genital ducts, their accessory structures and development in the Trichoptera, and to make a comparison with the structure and development of the female genitalia in Lepidoptera as at present known. The development of the organs in the latter group has been worked out by Jackson on Vanessa io, which, in spite of being a fairly advanced type, bears certain important resemblances to the Trichoptera.
The Autonomic (Enteric) Nervous System of Amphioxus Lanceolatus
Authors: Boeke Prof. Dr. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The present paper contains in a more detailed and better illustrated form the same facts as were described in a short communication in the ‘Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science of Amsterdam’ of the year 1933 (vol. xxxvi, No. 10, December 1933).
The Revision, Systematic Position, and. Origin of Diplodinium (Polyplastron) multi-vesiculatum and Diplodinium (Polyplastron) bubali
Authors: Wertheim P. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Diplodinium (sub-genus Polyplastron) multivesi-culatum (Dogiel and Fedorowa, 1925) undoubtedly is one of the most interesting representatives of the Infusorian family Ophryoscolecidae (which occurs in the stomachs of ruminants), especially from the systematic and phylogenetic standpoint. The origin of this species shows some peculiar causes which are operative in the development of these Infusorian species, but besides that the present treatise points out some new aspects regarding the development of new species in general.
Observations on the Effect of the Ultra-centrifuge on some Free-living Flagellates
Authors: Patten Ruth , Beams Harold W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
When the three species of free-living flagellates employed in this investigation are subjected to the high centrifugal force obtained by the use of the air-driven centrifuge, stratification of the cytoplasmic components and inclusions takes place. This stratification is most noticeable in the chlorophyll-bearing Euglena. The chloroplasts form a belt having on the centrifugal side paramylum and neutral-red bodies, while the clear cytoplasm containing small spherical bodies, probably mitochondria, is at the centripetal pole. This stratification is a temporary process. Complete redistribution of the parts can take place. The orientation of the stratification is not dependent on the morphological polarity of the organism. The heaviest components may occupy the anterior, posterior, or lateral part of the organism. There is no evidence that the bodies which stain intravitally with neutral red are homologous with the Golgi bodies of the metazoa. On the contrary there is some new evidence to support the findings of Baker (1933) that these bodies stainable with neutral red give a metachromatic reaction with Meyer’s methylene-blue method, and are therefore probably identical with volutin. We have reached no satisfactory conclusion regarding what structures represent the Golgi apparatus. The theories put forward by other observers are briefly discussed. Fixatives containing osmic acid show spherical bodies close to the periphery of the organism. They are not moved by the centrifugal force. Short notes are given on the effect of the ultra-centrifuge on Menoidium sp. and on Chilomonas paramecium. As in Euglena the heaviest materials in Menoidium are the paramylum and bodies stainable with neutral red. In Chilomonas starch grains and neutral-red-stainable bodies are displaced to the centrifugal pole. In control specimens of Menoidium there is sometimes a natural stratification to be observed —the paramylum and neutral-red bodies being gathered together usually at the anterior end of the organism.
A Study of the Histology of the Pituitary Gland of the Skate
Authors: Howes N. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The structure of the pituitary of the adult skate is described. This gland shows two distinct regions of growth which can be correlated with increase of size of the animal. The pars anterior can be subdivided into three regions differing by the staining reactions of their constituent cells: (a) an anterior region where deep-purple chromaphil cells are found; (b) a middle, where they are faintly basiphil; and (c) a posterior, where they are mainly acidophil. It is suggested that these regions are homologous with the pars tuberalis, basiphil, and oxyphil areas respectively of the pars anterior of the mammalian pituitary. The oxyphil cells show an iodine-leucobase reaction similar to that given by the oxyphil cells of the ox pituitary. The ventral lobe is a completely separate structure from the pars intermedia, although it may run along the ventral surface of the latter for some distance. The histology of the neuro-intermediate lobe is described.