bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactions between dietary flavonoids and the gut microbiome: a comprehensive review
Authors: Baky Mostafa Hassan , Elshahed Mostafa , Wessjohann Ludger , Farag Mohamed A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFlavonoids are natural polyphenol secondary metabolites that are widely produced in planta. Flavonoids are ubiquities in human dietary intake and exhibit a myriad of health benefits. Flavonoids-induced biological activities are strongly influenced by their in situ availability in the human GI tract, as well as the levels of which are modulated by interaction with the gut bacteria. As such, assessing flavonoids–microbiome interactions is considered a key to understand their physiological activities. Here, we review the interaction between the various classes of dietary flavonoids (flavonols, flavones, flavanones, isoflavones, flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins) and gut microbiota. We aim to provide a holistic overview of the nature and identity of flavonoids on diet and highlight how flavonoids chemical structure, metabolism and impact on humans and their microbiomes are interconnected. Emphasis is placed on how flavonoids and their biotransformation products affect gut microbiota population, influence gut homoeostasis and induce measurable physiological changes and biological benefits.
Origin, tectonic environment and age of the Bibole banded iron formations, northwestern Congo Craton, Cameroon: geochemical and geochronological constraints
Authors: Djoukouo Soh Arlette Pulcherie , Ganno Sylvestre , Zhang Lianchang , Soh Tamehe Landry , Wang Changle , Peng Zidong , Tong Xiaoxue , Nzenti Jean Paul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe newly discovered Bibole banded iron formations are located within the Nyong Group at the northwest of the Congo Craton in Cameroon. The Bibole banded iron formations comprise oxide (quartz-magnetite) and mixed oxide-silicate (chlorite-magnetite) facies banded iron formations, which are interbedded with felsic gneiss, phyllite and quartz-chlorite schist. Geochemical studies of the quartz-magnetite banded iron formations and chlorite-magnetite banded iron formations reveal that they are composed of >95 wt % Fe2O3 plus SiO2 and have low concentrations of Al2O3, TiO2 and high field strength elements. This indicates that the Bibole banded iron formations were not significantly contaminated by detrital materials. Post-Archaean Australian Shale–normalized rare earth element and yttrium patterns are characterized by positive La and Y anomalies, a relative depletion of light rare earth elements compared to heavy rare earth elements and positive Eu anomalies (average of 1.86 and 1.15 for the quartz-magnetite banded iron formations and chlorite-magnetite banded iron formations, respectively), suggesting the influence of low-temperature hydrothermal fluids and seawater. The quartz-magnetite banded iron formations display true negative Ce anomalies, while the chlorite-magnetite banded iron formations lack Ce anomalies. Combined with their distinct Eu anomalies consistent with Algoma- and Superior-type banded iron formations, we suggest that the Bibole banded iron formations were deposited under oxic to suboxic conditions in an extensional basin. SIMS U–Pb data indicate that the Bibole banded iron formations were deposited at 2466 Ma and experienced metamorphism and metasomatism at 2078 Ma during the Eburnean/Trans-Amazonian orogeny. Overall, these findings suggest that the studied banded iron formations probably marked the onset of the rise of atmospheric oxygen, also known as the Great Oxidation Event in the Congo Craton.
Investigation of US Cyclospora cayetanensis outbreaks in 2019 and evaluation of an improved Cyclospora genotyping system against 2019 cyclosporiasis outbreak clusters
Authors: Barratt Joel , Houghton Katelyn , Richins Travis , Straily Anne , Threlkel Ryan , Bera Betelehem , Kenneally Jayne , Clemons Brooke , Madison-Antenucci Susan , Cebelinski Elizabeth , Whitney Brooke M. , Kreil Katherine R. , Cama Vitaliano , Arrowood Michael J. , Qvarnstrom Yvonne 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Cyclosporiasis is an illness characterised by watery diarrhoea caused by the food-borne parasite Cyclospora cayetanensis. The increase in annual US cyclosporiasis cases led public health agencies to develop genotyping tools that aid outbreak investigations. A team at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) developed a system based on deep amplicon sequencing and machine learning, for detecting genetically-related clusters of cyclosporiasis to aid epidemiologic investigations. An evaluation of this system during 2018 supported its robustness, indicating that it possessed sufficient utility to warrant further evaluation. However, the earliest version of CDC's system had some limitations from a bioinformatics standpoint. Namely, reliance on proprietary software, the inability to detect novel haplotypes and absence of a strategy to select an appropriate number of discrete genetic clusters would limit the system's future deployment potential. We recently introduced several improvements that address these limitations and the aim of this study was to reassess the system's performance to ensure that the changes introduced had no observable negative impacts. Comparison of epidemiologically-defined cyclosporiasis clusters from 2019 to analogous genetic clusters detected using CDC's improved system reaffirmed its excellent sensitivity (90%) and specificity (99%), and confirmed its high discriminatory power. This C. cayetanensis genotyping system is robust and with ongoing improvement will form the basis of a US-wide C. cayetanensis genotyping network for clinical specimens.
Influence of heavy metals on the occurrence of Antarctic soil microalgae
Authors: Dang Nguk-Ling , Chu Wan-Loy , Yap Kok-Seng Ivan , Kok Yih-Yih , Phang Siew-Moi , Chan Kok-Keong , Convey Peter 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHuman- and animal-impacted sites in Antarctica can be contaminated with heavy metals, as well as areas influenced by underlying geology and naturally occurring minerals. The present study examined the relationship between heavy metal presence and soil microalgal occurrence across a range of human-impacted and undisturbed locations on Signy Island. Microalgae were identified based on cultures that developed after inoculation into an enriched medium. Twenty-nine microalgae representing Cyanobacteria, Bacillariophyta, Chlorophyta and Tribophyta were identified. High levels of As, Ca, Cd, Cu and Zn were detected in Gourlay Peninsula and North Point, both locations hosting dense penguin rookeries. Samples from Berntsen Point, the location of most intense human activity both today and historically, contained high levels of Pb. The contamination factor and pollution load index confirmed that the former locations were polluted by Cd, Cu and Zn, with these being of marine biogenic origin. Variation in the microalgal community was significantly correlated with concentrations of Mn, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cd, Co, Cr and Cu. However, the overall proportion of the total variation contributed by all metals was low (16.11%). Other factors not measured in this study are likely to underlie the majority of the observed variation in microalgal community composition between sampling locations.
Networking 101 for Graduate Students: Building a Bigger Table
Authors: Kim Seo-Young Silvia , Lebovits Hannah , Shugars Sarah 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTAlthough the importance of networking often is emphasized to graduate students, straightforward guidance on how to approach this task is typically reliant on individual advisors who both know and can demystify the discipline’s hidden and informal practices. This article provides concrete, point-by-point tips for both junior scholars and their supporters, building on our experiences in creating an online communication forum for early-career scholars on the job market. Specifically, we suggest a model of community networking focused on robust, cross-rank engagement along dimensions of similar experiences and similar interests. Community networking moves beyond individuals angling to obtain a seat at the table and instead builds a bigger, more inclusive table. Although junior scholars must focus primarily on their research rather than expansive service commitments, community networking is ultimately both a service to the discipline and a fruitful strategy for raising a scholar’s profile and finding coauthors, colleagues, friends, and allies.
The Pandemic and Gender Inequality in Academia
Authors: Kim Eunji , Patterson Shawn 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTHas the pandemic exacerbated gender inequality in academia? We provide real- time evidence by analyzing 1.8 million tweets from approximately 3,000 political scientists, leveraging their use of social media for career advancement. Using automated text analysis and difference-in-differences estimation, we find that although faculty members of both genders were affected by the pandemic, the shift to remote work caused women to tweet less often than their male colleagues about professional accomplishments. We argue that these effects are driven by the increased familial obligations placed on women, as demonstrated by the increase in family-related tweets and the more pronounced effects among junior academics. Our evidence demonstrating the gendered shift in professional visibility during the pandemic provides the opportunity for proactive efforts to address disparities that otherwise may take years to manifest.
Coproduction as Pedagogy: Harnessing Community Data Partnerships for the Classroom
Authors: Pudlo Jason M. , Ellis William C. , Cole Jamie M. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTIncreased computing capacity and the spread of computational knowledge has generated the expectation that organizations and municipalities use large quantities of data to drive decision making. However, municipalities may lack the resources to meaningfully use their data for decision making. Relatedly, political science and public administration programs face the challenge of training students for success in this environment. We believe one remedy is the adoption of coproduction as a pedagogical strategy. This article presents a case study of a partnership between a university research team and a municipal emergency communications center as a demonstration of how coproduction can be harnessed as a teaching tool. Findings from this project were presented at the Southern Political Science Association Annual Meeting, January 8–11, 2020, in San Juan, Puerto Rico.
FRIENDSHIP IS SKIN (COLOR) DEEP
Authors: Santana Emilce 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFriendships between members of different ethnoracial groups can help to reduce prejudice and ease tensions across ethnoracial groups. A large body of literature has explored possible determinants for the formation of these friendships. One unexplored factor is the role of an individual’s skin color in influencing their opportunities to befriend members of other ethnoracial groups. This study seeks to answer two questions: For ethnoracial minorities, how is an individual’s skin color associated with the likelihood that they will engage in a cross-ethnoracial friendship? Does the role of skin color depend on the ethnoracial combination of the two groups that befriend one another? Using waves 1, 2, and 3 of the National Longitudinal Survey of Freshmen and a series of multinomial logit models, the results suggest that the role of skin color is a function of the relative levels of social status of the two ethnoracial groups that befriend one another. I argue that lighter-skinned members of lower status ethnoracial groups have a greater likelihood of having close friendships with members of higher status ethnoracial groups. There is also limited evidence that darker-skinned members of a higher status group, specifically Asians, have a greater likelihood of having close friends from a lower status group.
Potential wheat yield loss due to weeds in the United States and Canada
Authors: Flessner Michael L. , Burke Ian C. , Dille J. Anita , Everman Wesley J. , VanGessel Mark J. , Tidemann Breanne , Manuchehri Misha R. , Soltani Nader , Sikkema Peter H. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractYield losses due to weeds are a major threat to wheat production and economic well-being of farmers in the United States and Canada. The objective of this Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) Weed Loss Committee report is to provide estimates of wheat yield and economic losses due to weeds. Weed scientists provided both weedy (best management practices but no weed control practices) and weed-free (best management practices providing >90% weed control) average yield from replicated research trials in both winter and spring wheat from 2007 to 2017. Winter wheat yield loss estimates ranged from 2.9% to 34.4%, with a weighted average (by production) of 25.6% for the United States, 2.9% for Canada, and 23.4% combined. Based on these yield loss estimates and total production, the potential winter wheat loss due to weeds is 10.5, 0.09, and 10.5 billion kg with a potential loss in value of US$2.19, US$0.19, and US$2.19 billion for the United States, Canada, and combined, respectively. Spring wheat yield loss estimates ranged from 7.9% to 47.0%, with a weighted average (by production) of 33.2% for the United States, 8.0% for Canada, and 19.5% combined. Based on this yield loss estimate and total production, the potential spring wheat loss is 4.8, 1.6, and 6.6 billion kg with a potential loss in value of US$1.14, US$0.37, and US$1.39 billion for the United States, Canada, and combined, respectively. Yield loss in this analysis is greater than some previous estimates, likely indicating an increasing threat from weeds. Climate is affecting yield loss in winter wheat in the Pacific Northwest, with percent yield loss being highest in wheat-fallow systems that receive less than 30 cm of annual precipitation. Continued investment in weed science research for wheat is critical for continued yield protection.
Automatic Identification of Mantle Seismic Phases Using a Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Garcia J. A. , Waszek L. , Tauzin B. , Schmerr N. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTypical seismic waveform data sets comprise hundreds of thousands to millions of records. Compilation is performed by time‐consuming handpicking of phase arrival times, or signal processing algorithms such as cross‐correlation. The latter generally underperform compared to handpicking. However, differences in picking methods creates variations in models and interpretation of Earth's structure. Here, we exploit the pattern recognition capabilities of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). Using a large handpicked data set, we train a CNN model to identify the seismic shear phase SS. This accelerates, automates, and makes consistent data compilation, a task usually completed by visual inspection and influenced by scientists' choices. The CNN model is employed to identify precursors to SS generated by mantle discontinuities. It identifies precursors in stacked and individual seismograms, producing new measurements of the mantle transition zone with quality comparable to handpicked data. This rapid acquisition of high‐quality observations has implications for automation of future seismic tomography studies.
Properties of the Recovery Phase of Extreme Storms
Authors: Choraghe Komal , Raghav Anil , Chakrabarty D. , Kasthurirangan S. , Bijewar N. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA geomagnetic storm is a phenomenon of weakening of Earth's magnetic field from a few hours to several days, which directly or indirectly affects navigation, transportation, communication, power grids, satellite electronics, etc. In general, the duration of the recovery phase is larger. Thus, its cumulative effect is greater than the main phase. Therefore, it is important to understand the physical processes involved during the recovery phase. In this paper, we have studied the recovery phase of 31 extreme geomagnetic storms that occurred from 1990 to 2020. Each storm demonstrates two distinct features of the recovery phase that is, initial fast and later slow recovery phase. During the fast recovery phase, the rate of recovery either linearly or non‐linearly depends on , which has been characterized by an exponential or hyperbolic decay function in various reported studies. In our study, we have noted that the hyperbolic function explains the complete recovery phase of only 11 extreme events. Furthermore, both decay functions fail to explain the late recovery phase of storms. Interestingly, we have found that the rate of recovery during the slow phase shows steady variation (independent to ), that is, . Our analysis suggests that the magnitude of the recovery rate during the late phase is proportional to the magnitude of the storm.
Transient Slow Slip Characteristics of Frictional‐Viscous Subduction Megathrust Shear Zones
Authors: Behr Whitney M. , Gerya Taras V. , Cannizzaro Claudio , Blass Robert 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe deep roots of subduction megathrusts exhibit aseismic slow slip events, commonly accompanied by tectonic tremor. Observations from exhumed rocks suggest this region of the subduction interface is a shear zone with frictional lenses embedded in a viscous matrix. Here, we use numerical models to explore the transient slip characteristics of finite‐width frictional‐viscous megathrust shear zones. Our model utilizes an invariant, continuum‐based, regularized form of rate‐ and state‐dependent friction (RSF) and simulates earthquakes along spontaneously evolving faults embedded in a 2D heterogeneous continuum. The setup includes two elastic plates bounding a viscoelastoplastic shear zone (subduction interface melange) with inclusions (clasts) of varying distributions and viscosity contrasts with respect to the surrounding weaker matrix. The entire shear zone exhibits the same velocity‐weakening RSF parameters, but the lower viscosity matrix has the capacity to switch between RSF and viscous creep as a function of local stress state. Results demonstrate a mechanism in which stress heterogeneity in these shear zones both (a) sets the “speed limit” for earthquake ruptures that nucleate in clasts such that they propagate at slow velocities; and (b) permits the transmission of slow slip from clast to clast, allowing slow ruptures to propagate substantial distances over the model domain. For reasonable input parameters, modeled events have moment‐duration statistics, stress drops, and rupture propagation rates that overlap with some natural slow slip events. These results provide new insights into how geologic observations from ancient analogs of the slow slip source may scale up to match geophysical constraints on modern slow slip phenomena.
A Mélange of Subduction Ages: Constraints on the Timescale of Shear Zone Development and Underplating at the Subduction Interface, Catalina Schist (CA, USA)
Authors: Harvey K. M. , Walker S. , Starr P. G. , Penniston‐Dorland S. C. , Kohn M. J. , Baxter E. F. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe presence of mélange at the subduction interface influences numerous geochemical and geophysical processes. However, the relationship between the timescales of mélange development, deformation, and resultant mass transport is poorly understood. Here, we use Sm‐Nd garnet geochronology to elucidate the timing of peak metamorphism for five garnet amphibolite tectonic blocks from the amphibolite‐facies mélange zone of the Catalina Schist (Santa Catalina Island, CA). Ages range from 108 to 116 Ma and do not appear to correlate with the peak metamorphic temperature recorded by each block (between 640 and 740°C). The lack of correlation between age and peak temperature favors the tectonic mixing model previously proposed for the unit. These ages overlap with previous estimates of 111–114 Ma for peak metamorphism of the mélange zone but are predominately younger than an estimate for the structurally lower coherent amphibolite unit of ca. 115 Ma. White mica 40Ar/39Ar ages from previous studies suggest that the units cooled asynchronously to 400–425°C by 106 to 97 Ma at rates between 18 and 43°C/Ma. Collectively, these results demonstrate that mélange formation occurred over at least 8 Myr from 116 to 108 Ma and was followed by cooling. The structural and chronologic relationship between the mélange zone and underlying lower‐grade units indicates that the cooling occurred in conjunction with an underplating event between 109 and 108 Ma. The age discrepancy between the mélange zone and the underlying coherent amphibolite unit may indicate that the two units were juxtaposed either during or after the underplating event.
Carpathian‐Pannonian Magmatism Database
Authors: Vlasceanu Mihai , Ducea Mihai N. , Luffi Peter , Barla Anca , Seghedi Ioan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA database containing previously published geochronologic, geochemical, and isotopic data on Mesozoic to Quaternary igneous rocks from the Carpathian‐Pannonian region is presented. Georeferenced data making up this database belong mostly to rocks sampled from five magmatic arcs: (a) the South Apuseni Jurassic island arc/backarc province, (b) a small volume mid‐Cretaceous arc of the northernmost South Carpathians, (c) a late Cretaceous arc, locally known as “banatitic,” marking the closure of the Neotethys, (d) a regionally extensive Miocene ignimbrite flare‐up, and (e) the Miocene‐Quaternary collisional arc and associated extension‐related basalts of the Pannonian and Transylvanian basins. The database is anchored by location and ages of various igneous rocks, as well as geochemical and isotopic data, where available. The database is publicly available online (https://osf.io/23kdg/), as well as a Supporting Information S1 attached to this manuscript. We exemplify the utility of the database by calculating paleo crustal thicknesses in the Carpathians as a function of time using well‐calibrated geochemical paleo‐mohometers.
Decomposing the Oxygen Signal in the Ocean Interior: Beyond Decomposing Organic Matter
Authors: Cassar Nicolas , Nicholson David , Khatiwala Samar , Cliff Ellen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn the subsurface ocean, O2 depleted because of organic matter remineralization is generally estimated based on apparent oxygen utilization (AOU). However, AOU is an imperfect measure of oxygen utilization because of O2 air‐sea disequilibrium at the site of deepwater formation. Recent methodological and instrumental advances have paved the way to further deconvolve the processes driving the O2 signature. Using numerical model simulations of the global ocean, we show that the measurements of the dissolved O2/Ar ratio, which so far have been confined to the ocean surface, can provide improved estimates of oxygen utilization, especially in regions where the disequilibrium at the site of deepwater formation is associated with physical processes. We discuss applications of this new approach and implications for the current tracers relying on O2 such as remineralization ratios, respiratory quotients, and preformed nutrients. Finally, we propose a new composite geochemical tracer, combining dissolved O2/Ar and phosphate concentration. Being insensitive to photosynthesis and respiration, the change in this new tracer reflects gas exchange at the air‐sea interface at the sites of deepwater formation.