bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of intellectual capital on entrepreneurial opportunity recognition among SMEs in the Sultanate of Oman
Authors: Rahman Syed Abidur , Khan Golam Mostafa , AlAbri Salem , Taghizadeh Seyedeh Khadijeh 
Published: February 2021

PurposeThis study aims to investigate the role of the components of intellectual capital (IC) on entrepreneurial opportunity recognition among small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in the Sultanate of Oman. The interrelationships of these components are also examined.Design/methodology/approachThe study used quantitative research methods. Data were collected using structured questionnaires from a sample of 347 respondents from SMEs operating in Oman. Structural equation modeling was employed to examine the hypotheses using partial least square technique.FindingsThe analysis results demonstrate that structural capital, relational capital and spiritual capital have significant relationships with entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. Meanwhile, human capital has no relationship with either entrepreneurial opportunity recognition or spiritual capital. Intriguingly, significant interrelationships are observed among IC's components.Practical implicationsThis study offers useful managerial implications for the related parties: firms, public institutions and other stakeholders. The findings could be a guideline for SME managers/owners to recognize the right entrepreneurial opportunity.Originality/valueTo the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to reveal the relationships between the tripartite model of IC and entrepreneurial opportunity recognition. This study is also the first to test the interrelationship of spiritual capital on other intellectual components.
A leadership model for high-intensity organizational contexts
Authors: Stone Thomas H. , Jawahar I.M. 
Published: February 2021

PurposeThis paper aims to offer a new leadership perspective based on the premise that leader effectiveness depends on the context in which leadership behaviors are enacted.Design/methodology/approachLiterature in the areas of abusive supervision and leadership were reviewed. Using social learning and attribution theories, this study develops propositions regarding the role of perceived abusive supervision in high vs low-intensity organizations.FindingsIn this theoretical account, this paper distinguishes between low and high-intensity work organizational contexts articulating a rationale for conditions appropriate for directive leadership. This paper posits that while directive leadership will be more prevalent in high-intensity contexts, it will be specifically targeted toward poor performers, those with personality characteristics that are tied to poor performance and those engaging in deviant behaviors. This study proposes that outcomes of directive leadership will depend on how it aligns with organizational norms and culture and the causality attributed to such behaviors.Research limitations/implicationsRecent leadership theories focus on nurturing and providing support to followers. This paper posits that such theories are suited to low-intensity organizations. This study offers a counterintuitive perspective in proposing that directive leadership which involves inducing stress, will lead to better outcomes in high-intensity organizational contexts. This paper offers testable propositions and avenues for future research on directive leadership in high-intensity organizational contexts.Practical implicationsBased on the premise that leadership is context-dependent, this study proposes that directive leadership is best suited in high-intensity organizational contexts, which is a novel proposal. Even within these high-intensity contexts, such leadership, this paper proposes will be targeted toward poor performers and employees with characteristics that are tied to poor performance and violation of organizational norms.Social implicationsExamination of the role of directive leadership in high intensity, clan culture organizations may facilitate understanding that effective leadership styles may differ depending upon the organization context.Originality/valueBased on the premise that leadership is context-dependent, this study presents a novel proposal that directive leadership is most suited to high-intensity organizational contexts. Even within these high-intensity contexts, such leadership, this paper posits will be targeted toward poor performers and employees with personality characteristics associated with poor and deviant performance.
COVID-19 pandemic and connectedness across financial markets
Authors: Naeem Muhammad Abubakr , Sehrish Saba , Costa Mabel D. 
Published: February 2021

Purpose
This study aims to estimate the time–frequency connectedness among global financial markets. It draws a comparison between the full sample and the sample during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Design/methodology/approach
The study uses the connectedness framework of Diebold and Yilmaz (2012) and Barunik and Krehlik (2018), both of which consider time and frequency connectedness and show that spillover is specific to not only the time domain but also the frequency (short- and long-run) domain. The analysis also includes pairwise connectedness by making use of network analysis. Daily data on the MSCI World Index, Barclays Bloomberg Global Treasury Index, Oil future, Gold future, Dow Jones World Islamic Index and Bitcoin have been used over the period from May 01, 2013 to July 31, 2020.

Findings
This study finds that cryptocurrency, bond and gold are hedges against both conventional stocks and Islamic stocks on average; however, these are not “safe havens” during an economic crisis, i.e. COVID-19. External shocks, such as COVID-19, strengthen the return connectedness among all six financial markets.

Research limitations/implications
For investors, the study provides important insights that during external shocks such as COVID-19, there is a spillover effect, and investors are unable to hedge risk between conventional stocks and Islamic stocks. These so-called safe haven investment alternatives suffer from the similar negative impact of systemic financial risk. However, during an external shock such as COVID-19, cryptocurrencies, bonds and gold can be used to hedge risk against conventional stocks, Islamic stocks and oil. Moreover, the findings imply that by engaging in momentum trading, active investors can gain short-run benefits before the market processes any new information.

Originality/value
The study contributes to the emergent literature investigating the connectedness among financial markets during the COVID-19 pandemic. It provides evidence that the return connectedness among six global financial markets, namely, conventional stocks, Islamic stocks, bond, oil, gold and cryptocurrency, is extremely strong. From a methodological standpoint, this study finds that COVID-19 pandemic shock has a significant short-run impact on the connectedness among financial markets.
Idealized influence and commitment: a granular approach in understanding leadership
Authors: Afshari Leila 
Published: February 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationships between the idealized influence component of transformational leadership (TL) and employee organizational commitment in two different cultural contexts.Design/methodology/approachData were collected from the members of two manufacturing organizations, one in Australia and one in Iran. Questionnaires were distributed to all levels of the two organizations. In total, 189 completed questionnaires were returned from the two countries, representing a response rate of 56.7%. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe results demonstrated statistically significant relationships between two forms of idealized influence –attributed and behavior – and the employees' organizational commitment in the Iranian sample. However, in the Australian sample, only idealized influence behavior showed a significant impact on employee commitment. Furthermore, the findings showed that identified motivation mediates the relationship between idealized influence behavior and organizational commitment.Practical implicationsThe findings of the current research point to additional ways of increasing identified motivation that, in turn, enhances organizational commitment through leadership practices that are culturally informed. These findings are especially salient in culturally diverse and multinational organizations.Originality/valueThis paper has arrived at a deeper explanation of the processes through which leader behavior can produce employee commitment by clarifying the mediation role of identified motivation between idealized influence behavior and organizational commitment.
Examining the determinants and consequences of financial constraints faced by Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises' owners
Authors: Mittal Vibhuti , Raman T.V. 
Published: February 2021

PurposeThe Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) counter numerous financial obstacles concerning business financing and cash flow management. The study, therefore, intends to examine the level of perceived severity of financial constraints on the business growth of enterprises, in terms of sales, profitability and asset growth. An attempt is made to study the influence of owner and firm attributes as the determinants of financial constraints faced by MSMEs.Design/methodology/approachThe data were collected from MSME owners of Northern India through a self-administered questionnaire. In total, 213 responses were analysed using partial least squares-structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) technique through SmartPLSv2.FindingsThe findings advocate the role of owner and firm attributes in the severity of financial constraints experienced by the MSME owners. Most importantly, the study establishes a strong link between owner and firm attributes and cash flow constraints. Further, the paper confirms the negative influence of financing and cash flow problems on the growth of the firm.Research limitations/implicationsThe evaluation and categorisation of perceived financial challenges into meaningful dimensions generate value to the problematic area of MSME operations. Thus, the findings are useful for the policymakers and researchers to contemplate the financial vulnerability of MSMEs.Originality/valueThe empirical findings of the present study add worth to the limited evidence of the relationship between owner and firm attributes and severity of cash flow constraints faced by the Indian MSME owners.
Dermatological manifestations during COVID‐19 and histological picture: Description of two clinical cases
Authors: Mencarini Paola , Scarabello Alessandra , Del Nonno Franca , Lalle Eleonora , Falasca Laura , Gualano Gina , Nardacci Roberta , Mosti Silvia , Musso Maria , Libertone Raffaella , Di Bari Virginia , Rosati Silvia , Colombo Daniele , Castilletti Concetta , Palmieri Fabrizio 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIt is not yet entirely clear what is the relevance of skin symptoms and what clinical implications are related to their appearance in COVID‐19 patients. We describe two cases of COVID‐19‐associated pneumonia, which presented skin manifestations in advanced stage of illness, when nasopharyngeal swabs became negative for SARS‐CoV‐2. The first case presented erythematous, maculopapular lesions; the second developed petechial, vesicular and blood‐encrusted lesions on the limbs. Histopathology documented perivascular lymphocytic infiltrates, with prevalent CD4+ T‐cells in both patients. The research of SARS‐CoV‐2 in tissues with real time RT‐PCR was negative. Basal keratinocytes displayed C4d deposits in one case, who developed laboratory signs indicative of a procoagulative condition at the same time as the skin rash. Skin manifestations during SARS‐CoV‐2 infection seem to be clinically relevant and further studies are necessary to assess if they are linked to systemic complications, lack of viral clearance or cascades of immune responses induced by the virus, even in patients affected by mild pneumonia.
Nonlinear thresholds in the effects of island area on functional diversity in woody plant communities
Authors: Zhang Aiying , Zheng Shilu , Didham Raphael K. , Holt Robert D. , Yu Mingjian 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Threshold nonlinearities in the relationship between island area and species richness can result in dramatic declines in richness with a seemingly small decline in area near the threshold. What is not known, is whether threshold declines in richness are also accompanied by nonlinear changes in functional trait space and non‐random shifts of trait group composition in response to declining area.

Plant species richness was recorded, and four functional diversity (FD) indices calculated based on 12 traits for 76 tree species in 5,082 plots (5 × 5 m) on 29 islands in the Thousand Island Lake region, Zhejiang, China. We tested for threshold nonlinearities in richness and FD relationships using segmented regression, with randomized resampling using a null model to account for potential sampling artefacts. We clustered tree species into trait groupings based on trait dissimilarity, and used multinomial segmented models to test whether threshold area effects on FD were associated with shifts in trait group composition.

Species richness and three of the four FD indices showed significant threshold nonlinearities with declining island area below a threshold of ca 1.16–6.88 ha. K‐means clustering identified two trait groups, reflecting species at the ‘fast’ versus ’slow’ ends of the trait spectrum. Significant area thresholds in trait group composition were driven by increasing relative richness, but decreasing relative abundance, of species with resource‐conservation traits on islands below the threshold.

Synthesis. We found a threshold collapse in richness on islands below c. 1 ha, resulting in a significant decrease in functional trait space (functional richness) and an increase in the degree of niche differentiation among species in the community (functional divergence) on small islands. Threshold effects were associated with non‐random re‐assembly of trait group composition, favouring the relative richness of species at the ‘slow’ resource‐conservation end of the trait spectrum, but the relative abundance of a few species with ‘fast’ resource‐acquisition traits. These results suggest that disturbance‐driven dynamics potentially drive a functional shift in the ecosystem state at a critical threshold. We show that a minimum critical habitat area is required to maintain functional diversity in woody plant communities.
Is speech and language therapy effective at improving the communication of adults with intellectual disabilities?: A systematic review
Authors: Wood Siȃn , Standen Penny 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundA significant proportion of adults with intellectual disabilities (ID) experience speech, language and communication difficulties which are associated with poor physical and mental health outcomes. Speech and language therapy (SLT) interventions are an important way to address these communication difficulties, yet there is limited available evidence to provide information about the effectiveness of the different approaches used for this heterogeneous group.AimsTo review the evidence available for the effectiveness of SLT interventions aimed at improving communication for adults with ID.Methods & ProceduresA systematic search across relevant databases was performed. Information on methodological details of each relevant study, along with descriptions of the SLT interventions employed, were extracted and the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool (CCAT) was used to assess quality. Findings were discussed in a narrative synthesis grouped by target communication skill.Outcomes & ResultsA total of 10 relevant studies met the inclusion criteria. These were predominantly interventions aimed directly at adults with ID to improve speech, increase augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) use and develop interaction skills, with one study addressing work with carers. The included studies were all rated as low quality. There is weak preliminary evidence that SLT input can improve the communication skills of adults with ID.Conclusions & ImplicationsThere is insufficient evidence to draw strong conclusions about the effectiveness of SLT in this population. Further high‐level evidence across speech, language and communication domains is urgently needed.
What this paper addsWhat is already known on the subject

There is limited evidence for community health interventions used with adults with ID. Previous reviews of SLT interventions found a lack of evidence base for this population. Some areas of SLT practice such as AAC have demonstrated potential benefits and other areas including speech work, social communication skills and training for communication partners have some evidence base for children with ID but there is currently insufficient evidence for adults with ID.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge

The study systematically reviews the current evidence base available when considering the effectiveness of SLT intervention for adults with ID. It provides weak evidence to suggest SLT intervention can improve communication in this population and highlights the need for clinically relevant, robustly designed studies to be undertaken in this field.

What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?

The lack of high‐quality studies with sufficient power to draw conclusions about effectiveness means SLTs are not able to base their intervention choices on firm evidence. There is an urgent need to conduct robust research into the effectiveness of SLT interventions for adults with ID.
Freshwater input drives invasion success of exotic plants in saltmarsh communities
Authors: Geedicke Ina , Manea Anthony , Oldeland Jens , Leishman Michelle R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWhile saltmarsh communities are endangered in many parts of the world due to anthropogenic impact, the risk of invasion by exotic plants is considered to be low because of their saline conditions. However, in urban areas, saltmarshes receive high nutrient freshwater input through stormwater discharge. We tested if invasion of saltmarsh by exotic plant species was facilitated by increased nutrients and reduced salinity associated with urban stormwater input. In a manipulative glasshouse experiment, we grew saltmarsh communities under four treatments: high salinity–low nutrients (control), high salinity–high nutrients, low salinity–low nutrients and low salinity–high nutrients. We then invaded the saltmarsh communities with four common invasive exotic plants. Their survival rates were monitored weekly for seven weeks before final harvesting. All exotic species showed significantly higher survival in the ‘low salinity’ treatment compared to the ‘high salinity’ treatment. There was variability among species, with three of four having low survival rates (0–3%) under ‘high salinity’ conditions, while survival ofProtasparagus aethiopicuswas reduced to only 53–59%. Our findings suggest that under natural conditions of saltmarshes, the establishment of exotic plant seedlings is restricted. Additional freshwater increased the survival of invading exotic species significantly, whereas adding nutrients increased biomass production but not necessarily survival of exotics. However, the results can be highly species dependant as shown by the unexpected salinity tolerance ofP. aethiopicus. Reduction in salinity of saltmarsh due to stormwater input facilitates invasion by exotic plant species that would otherwise be unable to tolerate the highly saline environment.
Temporalities of Resettlement: Date‐Waiting for an American Future in a Bhutanese Refugee Camp in Nepal
Authors: Adhikari Retika 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTNepali‐speaking southern Bhutanese citizens, who resisted cultural homogenization policies of Bhutan in the late 1980s, were expelled from Bhutan and forced to live in United Nations–managed refugee camps in Nepal. After nearly two decades of camp living, Bhutanese refugees found themselves in the middle of a large‐scale resettlement project where the majority would eventually be relocated to the United States. The relocation process put refugees in a unique position to concretely imagine life outside of a protracted camp situation. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with Bhutanese refugees awaiting resettlement, I explore refugee anxieties about their “American futures,” as they prepare for their own travel and learn about resettlement from their relocated friends, relatives, and “cultural orientation” classes. This article extends recent anthropological debates on displacement to show that resettlement for Bhutanese refugees is less about imagining a hopeful future and more about critically apprehending one's marginal position within the US and global labor economy, revealing how disillusionment with resettlement precedes their arrival in the United States. [temporality, uncertainty, futurity, refugee camps, refugee resettlement]
Gang Graffiti as Totemism
Authors: Phillips Susan A. 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTIn Los Angeles and elsewhere in the United States, gangs demonstrate a profound interrelationship between street life, mass incarceration, gang cartographies, and the development of meaning, which together act as a form of totemism. Long used in anthropology, the concept of totemism remains powerful analytically because of its ability to describe how intentional oppositions are hinged to surrounding environments. Gang writing allows members to infuse themselves into neighborhoods by spatializing the tie of sympathy between signature, person, and landscape. Gang totemic practices originate from similarity in form as well as shared history, and from the contradiction of knowing a system is constructed while continuing to treat it as if it were primordial. Showing how social meaning is tied to the built environment contributes to decolonizing discourses by further eroding the binary between nature and culture. When combined with critical frameworks that look at power and inequality, the concept of totemism may be revitalized in a manner that respects local understandings, is distilled to its essential component parts, and gains relevance across wide swaths of ethnographic cases. The framework of totemism enables understanding of how urban environments become a locus of gang sentiment, moving away from simplistic ideas of gang territoriality. [gangs, totemism, prison, graffiti, critical structuralism]
Immobile Global: Christian Globalism at Home in the United States
Authors: Kaell Hillary 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTDrawing on research with Christian child sponsors in the United States, this article explores the everyday techniques that work global commitments into being. It argues that global projects are compelling in how they tack back and forth between states associated with differing scales: the “immensity” of a God's‐eye view and a grounded view of human relatedness. Both are emotive and often embodied forms; however, the former lifts one outside humanness, while the latter seems to deepen connections with people far away. These modes are illustrated through the Christian use of statistical aesthetics and foodways. In the process, this article seeks to undo the persistent assumption that being global is natural to contemporary US evangelicalism. At a broader level, it contributes to a growing body of work that positions “transcendental orientations” (Keane 2015) as integral to the “world‐making” (Tsing 2005) through which people make and imagine global connections, whether they travel or not. [globalization, embodiment, humanitarianism, Christianity, United States]