bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iodine and thyroid status during pregnancy and risk of stillbirth: A population‐based nested case–control study
Authors: Purdue‐Smithe Alexandra C. , Männistö Tuija , Reische Elijah , Kannan Kurunthachalam , Kim Un‐Jung , Suvanto Eila , Surcel Heljä‐Marja , Gissler Mika , Mills James L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPrior research suggests that severe iodine deficiency in pregnancy may be associated with stillbirth. However, the relationship between mild to moderate iodine insufficiency, which is prevalent even in developed countries, and risk of stillbirth is unclear. We thus examined associations of iodine status and risk of stillbirth in a prospective population‐based nested case–control study in Finland, a mild to moderately iodine insufficient population. Stillbirth cases (n = 199) and unaffected controls (n = 249) were randomly selected from among all singleton births in Finland from 2012 to 2013. Serum samples were collected between 10 and 14 weeks gestation and analysed for iodide, thyroglobulin (Tg) and thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH). Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for stillbirth were estimated using logistic regression. After adjusting for maternal age, prepregnancy body mass index, socio‐economic status and other factors, neither high nor low serum iodide was associated with risk of stillbirth (Q1 vs. Q2–Q3 OR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.78–1.09; Q4 vs. Q2–Q3 OR = 0.78; 95% CI = 0.45–1.33). Tg and TSH were also not associated with risk of stillbirth in adjusted models. Maternal iodine status was not associated with stillbirth risk in this mildly to moderately iodine‐deficient population. Tg and TSH, which reflect functional iodine status, were also not associated with stillbirth risk. The lack of associations observed between serum iodide, TSH and Tg and risk of stillbirth is reassuring, given that iodine deficiency in pregnancy is prevalent in developed countries.
Longitudinal Capsulotomy in Hip Arthroscopy: A Safe and Feasible Procedure for Cam‐Type Femoracetabular Impingement
Authors: Yin Qing‐Feng , Wang Long , Liang Tao , Zhao Heng , Wang Xue‐song 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate the surgical security, feasibility, and clinical efficacy of the longitudinal outside‐in capsulotomy in hip arthroscopic treatment for cam‐type femoracetabular impingement (FAI).MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed patients with cam‐type FAI who underwent hip arthroscopy in our institute from January 2018 to June 2019. All hip arthroscopic procedures were performed by one experienced surgeon in the same manner, except the fashions of capsulotomy. Fifty six patients with mean age of 39.1 and mean body mass index (BMI) of 24.5 were categorized into two groups according to the fashions of capsulotomy. Twenty six cases with longitudinal outside‐in capsulotomy were categorized into Group L, and 30 cases with transversal interportal capsulotomy were categorized into Group T as the control group. The demographic parameters were retrieved from medical documents and compared between the two groups. Surgical outcome including overall surgical time, traction time, complications, visual analogue score (VAS), and intraoperative radiation exposure were compared to investigate the security and feasibility. Radiographic assessment, and functional outcome were compared between the two groups to determine the clinical efficacy of the longitudinal capsulotomy.ResultsThere was no significant difference in the demography and duration of follow‐up between the two groups. The overall surgical time demonstrated no significant difference between Group L and Group T (130.8 ± 16.6 min and 134.0 ± 14.7 min, P = 0.490). Significantly decreased traction time was found in Group L (43.2 ± 8.4 min and 62.2 ± 8.6 min, P < 0.001) compared to Group T. The Median of the fluoroscopic shot was 1 and 3 (P < 0.001). No major complications and reoperation were reported in both groups. The case of intraoperative iatrogenic injure was 0 (0%) and 6 (20%) in Group L and Group T respectively (P = 0.035), and the case of postoperative neurapraxia was 0 (0%) and 8 (26.6%) in Group L and Group T respectively (P = 0.017). The Median of postoperative VAS was 2 and 3 in Group L Group T (P = 0.002). The postoperative α angle was 42.3° ± 3.4° and 44.4° ± 3.5° in group L and group T respectively (P = 0.001). The postoperative iHOT‐12 score at final follow‐up was 79.3 ± 6.7 and 77.0 ± 7.9 respectively (P = 0.141).ConclusionLongitudinal outside‐in capsulotomy with less radiation exposure, reduced traction time, and reduced complications could be a safe and feasible procedure in arthroscopic treatment for cam FAI. Its clinical efficacy was not worse compared with traditional interportal capsulotomy in short‐term follow‐up.
Comparison of Early Clinical Results for Femoral Neck System and Cannulated Screws in the Treatment of Unstable Femoral Neck Fractures
Authors: Zhou Xiao‐qiang , Li Zhi‐qiang , Xu Ren‐jie , She Yuan‐shi , Zhang Xiang‐xin , Chen Guang‐xiang , Yu Xiao 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveTo compare early clinical effects of the femoral neck system (FNS) and three cannulated screws for the treatment of patients with unstable femoral neck fractures.MethodsA retrospective analysis with pair matching of 81 patients who received FNS or cannulated screw internal fixation for Pauwels type‐3 femoral neck fracture in our hospital from January 2019 to December 2019 was conducted. Patients who received FNS were the test group, and those who received cannulated screws comprised the control group. Matching requirements were as follows: same sex, similar age, and similar body mass index (BMI). A total of 30 pairs were successfully matched at a 1:1 ratio, including 12 males and 18 females. The average age of the patients in the FNS group was 54.53 ± 6.71 years. In the cannulated screw group, the average age of the patients was 53.14 ± 7.19 years. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospital stay, hospitalization cost, postoperative visual analog scale (VAS) score, time to walking without crutches, Harris score, femoral head necrosis rate, and complication rate were compared between the groups.ResultsPostoperative re‐examination of radiographs showed satisfactory reduction in all patients, and all patients were followed up for 10–22 months. Those in the FNS group had lower postoperative VAS scores, earlier times to walking without crutches, higher Harris scores at the last follow‐up, and lower complication rates (P < 0.05). VAS scores were lower in the FNS group (3.13 ± 1.07 scores) than in the cannulated screw group (3.77 ± 1.04 scores) (P = 0.018). Patients in the FNS group (5.23 ± 1.33 months) recovered to walking without crutches earlier than did those in the cannulated screw group (6.03 ± 1.45 months) (P<0.001). In addition, a statistically higher postoperative Harris score was detected in the FNS group (86.16 ± 7.26) than in the cannulated screw group (82.37 ± 7.52) (P = 0.039). Overall, a higher incidence of complications was observed in the cannulated screw group (9/30) than in the FNS group (2/30) (P = 0.042). However, intraoperative blood loss and hospitalization costs were greater in the FNS group (P < 0.05). Intraoperative blood loss was greater in the FNS group (99.73 ± 4.69) than in the cannulated screw group (30.27 ± 9.04) (P<0.001). In addition, patients in the FNS group (46976 ± 2270 ¥) spent more on hospitalization costs than did those in the cannulated screw group (15626 ± 1732 ¥) (P<0.001). No statistically significant difference in operation time, hospital stay, or femoral head necrosis rate was observed between the two groups (P > 0.05).ConclusionFor patients with unstable femoral neck fractures, FNS has better clinical efficacy than cannulated screws, though it is also more expensive.
Effects of co‐administration of vitamin E and lithium chloride on chronic constriction injury‐induced neuropathy in male Wistar rats: Focus on antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory mechanisms
Authors: Esu Kingsley Dominic , Bakare Ahmed Olalekan , Owoyele Bamidele Victor 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study investigated the antinociceptive effects of co‐administration of lithium chloride (LiCl) and vitamin E (Vit E) on chronic constriction injury (CCI)‐induced peripheral neuropathy in male Wistar rats. It further explored the anti‐inflammatory and neuroprotective properties of LiCl and Vit E, which may be complementary to the antinociceptive effects of the two substances.MethodsThirty‐six male Wistar rats, 190.00 ± 10.00 g of body weight were randomly assigned to 6 experimental groups and administered with normal saline, Vit E, LiCl, or their combination, once daily for 21 days. CCI was used to induce neuropathic pain (NP) and mechanical allodynia was assessed using von Frey filaments and pinprick test. Open field maze (OFM) was used to assess the exploratory behavior. Biochemical parameters were assessed in the dorsal root ganglion after 21 days of treatment.ResultsMechanical allodynia was developed in rats following CCI. Co‐administration of LiCl and Vit E synergistically reduced mechanical hyperalgesia in rats which were significantly different compared with the single administration of either Vit E or LiCl. Combined doses of Vit E and LiCl significantly increases the explorative behavior in the OFM. CCI increased malondialdehyde (MDA), tumor necrotic factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), calcitonin gene‐related polypeptide, calcium ion (Ca2+), and reduced superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Co‐administration of LiCl and Vit E significantly reduced MDA, TNF‐α, but increased SOD compared with ligated control.DiscussionThe findings revealed that the synergistic effects of the co‐administration of Vit E and LiCl in ameliorating NP are mediated by their anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Immune function does not trade‐off with reproductive effort in a semelparous wolf spider with parental care
Authors: Kirschman Lucas J. , Dewey Lindsey , Gregory Andre 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTrade‐offs between negatively associated traits underlie life history evolution. Immune function is often involved in life history trade‐offs, because of the energetic and nutritional costs of mounting and maintaining immune responses. Reproductive strategies exist on a continuum between semelparity and iteroparity. While immune function is often downregulated in semelparous organisms because they do not have to account for future survival or reproduction, those organisms that also provide parental care may retain the strength of immune responses. Wolf spiders (family: Lycosidae) are semelparous yet provide parental and provide a good system to evaluate trade‐offs between immune responses and reproductive effort. We measured encapsulation response and reproductive effort of female wolf spiders from three reproductive classes: nongravid, gravid, and carrying young. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation of the immune responses of female wolf spiders carrying young. We hypothesized femaleT. georgicoladerive the allocate resources to reproduction at the expense of immune function. However, we found reproductive effort had no relationship with encapsulation response in spiders carrying young. There was also no difference in the encapsulation response between reproductive classes. Individual differences in resource acquisition may explain the lack of a relationship between reproductive effort and encapsulation in spiders carrying young. Spiders with larger resource pools have more resources to devote to reproduction and immunity. Maintaining resources to mount immune responses across reproductive stages could also increase the fitness of female wolf spiders because they must survive to carry and disperse the young, which reduces kin competition among spiderlings.
Building anti‐corruption agency collaboration and reputation: Hanging together or separately hanged
Authors: Bautista‐Beauchesne Nicholas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe implementation of preventive anti‐corruption agencies (ACAs) has been a significant public administration regulatory trend of the last two decades. This article endeavors to better understand how preventive ACAs build inter‐agency collaboration and legitimacy. Rather than analyzing ACAs in isolation, this article proposes a novel understanding of autonomy‐building by accounting for the underlying reputational dimension of their broader collaborative environment: ACAs need to strike a delicate equilibrium between defending their organizational uniqueness and effectively collaborating to tackle the complexity of corruption. To achieve this, the article employs a mixed‐methods multiple case study of four preventive ACAs in Quebec (Canada) over the last decade.
The “costs” of voting: The effects of vote‐by‐mail on election administration finance in Colorado
Authors: Lamb Matt 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveIn this article,I ask whether the adoption of vote‐by‐mail (VBM) has resulted in the promised cost reductions. Additionally, I examine the overall determinants of election administration expenditures after the implementation of VBM.MethodsUsing Colorado as a case study, I use county level expenditures to determine the effects of institutional change on election administration finance, as well as other institutional and socio‐demographic determinants on costs.ResultsI find that adopting all‐VBM elections significantly reduced expenditures. Additionally, I find that after VBM was implemented, the primary institutional determinants of expenditures are the proportion of mail‐in ballots received, as well as the number of poll‐workers, and early voting sites. Finally, I find that socio‐demographic characteristics are predictive of expenditures for election administration. Counties with higher income spent less per voter in federal elections. Counties with higher proportions of Latinx voting‐aged populations spent less per voter, even when controlling for turnout.ConclusionThe results strongly indicate that moving to all‐VBM elections can help cash‐strapped counties save money. However, conversion to VBM may not guarantee that expenditures will be spent equitably.
Evaluation of the use of paired modified Wright’s and periodic acid Schiff stains to identify microbial aggregates on cytological smears of dogs with microbial otitis externa and suspected biofilm
Authors: Parnell‐Turner Henrietta , Griffin Craig E. , Rosenkrantz Wayne S. , Kelly Keating M. , Bidot Willie A. 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundMicro‐organisms associated with canine otitis externa (OE) may cause biofilm‐associated infections (BAI). A key component of biofilm is microbial aggregate and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS). Periodic acid Schiff (PAS) can stain polysaccharide EPS in human otitis media with effusion, but this has not been tested in canine OE. There is no cytological definition for microbial aggregate, and definitive methods for identifying BAI in a clinical setting in canine OE have not been defined.ObjectivesTo establish whether PAS stain can identify polysaccharide matrix on cytological smears; and to determine the reproducibility of identification of microbial aggregates within a discrete area of stained matrix, using paired modified Wright’s and PAS‐stained smears.AnimalsForty privately‐owned dogs presenting to a dermatological referral practice.Methods and materialsIn this prospective, cross‐sectional study, three investigators independently and blindly classified 40 paired modified Wright’s–PAS slide sets into groups: aggregate‐associated infection (AAI) and non‐AAI (n = 27); and control (n = 13). Agreement between investigators for presence of AAI was measured using Fleiss’ kappa statistic (FK). Agreement between investigators and dermatologists for presence of AAI upon cytological evaluation, and suspected BAI based on clinical examination, was measured using Cohen’s kappa statistic.ResultsThe matrix was confirmed to stain PAS‐positive. Interinvestigator agreement for AAI was very good using PAS (0.82 FK) and fair using modified‐Wright’s (MW) (0.33 FK). Reproducible cytological features associated with AAI were the presence of: three or more distinct aggregates (0.76 FK); discrete areas of PAS‐positive matrix (0.70 FK); and the presence of high‐density material (0.70 FK) using PAS stain.ConclusionPAS can stain the extracellular matrix on otic smears, and a novel protocol for reproducible identification of cytological features such as microbial aggregates has been established.
Dynamic Stability Research on the Double-Cylinder Turbines Marine Propulsion System With Unsymmetrical Load
Authors: Xu Jianghai , Jiao Chunxiao , Zou Donglin , Ta Na , Rao Zhushi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The double-cylinder turbines' (DCT) propulsion system is widely applied to large-scale ships, while the instability mechanism of the system lacks theoretical and scientific research. Based on gear transmission principle and finite width journal bearings theory, the lateral-torsional-axial model of the system considering multiple nonlinear and time-varying factors is established. The effects of the unsymmetrical load parameters on the stability of the coupled system have been explored and quantified. Results indicate that the phenomenon of instability gradually occurs with the increase of excitation frequency, the decrease of load ratio between the two inputs or the decrease of input load value, and the vibration of the gear pair on the low load side is more severe. Furthermore, the vibration amplitude is related not only to the load parameters but also to the distance between the gear pair and the load input disk. Finally, the influence of the oil whip on the system stability is crucial, especially when the system is in an unstable state. This study puts forward the stability boundary of the DCT propulsion system and provides a theoretical reference for the optimization and adjustment of the load parameters.
Free Response of a Rotational Nonlinear Energy Sink Coupled to a Linear Oscillator: Fractality, Riddling, and Initial-Condition Sensitivity at Intermediate Initial Displacements
Authors: Ding Ke , Pearlstein Arne J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFree response of a rotational nonlinear energy sink (NES) inertially coupled to a linear oscillator is investigated for dimensionless initial rectilinear displacements ranging from just above the smallest amplitude at which nonrotating, harmonically rectilinear motion is unstable absent direct rectilinear damping, up to the next-largest amplitude at which such motion is orbitally stable. With motionless initial conditions (MICs), i.e., initial velocity of the primary mass and initial angular velocity of the NES mass both zero, predicted behavior for two previously investigated combinations of the dimensionless parameters (characterizing rotational damping, and coupling of rectilinear and rotational motions) differs strongly from that found at smaller initial displacements (Ding and Pearlstein, 2021, “Free Response of a Rotational Nonlinear Energy Sink: Complete Dissipation of Initial Energy for Small Initial Rectilinear Displacements,” J. Appl. Mech., 88(1), p. 011005). For both combinations, a wide range of MICs leads to solutions displaying transient chaos and depending sensitively on initial conditions, giving rise to fractality and riddling in the relationship between initial conditions and asymptotic solutions. Absent direct rectilinear damping of the linear oscillator, for one combination of parameters there exists a wide range of MICs with trajectories leading to time-harmonic, orbitally stable “special” solutions with a single amplitude, but no MICs are found for which all initial energy is dissipated. For the other combination, no such special solutions are found, but there exist MICs for which all initial energy is dissipated. With direct rectilinear damping, sensitivity extends to a measure of settling time, which can be extremely sensitive to initial conditions. A statistical approach to this sensitivity is discussed, along with implications for design and implementation.
Measurement of Pure Shear Constitutive Relationship From Torsion Tests Under Quasi-Static, Medium, and High Strain Rate Conditions
Authors: Zhang Longhui , Townsend David , Petrinic Nik , Pellegrino Antonio 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Torsion tests provide important shear stress and shear strain relationships to reveal the fundamental plastic flow response of a material. Bespoke torsion techniques complemented by digital image correlation are developed to accurately measure the shear stress–strain relationship at quasi-static, medium rate 9/s, and high strain rate above 1000/s. The equipment used includes a screw-driven mechanical system, a hydraulic Instron machine and a Campbell thin-walled tube split Hopkinson torsion bar equipped with an ultrahigh-speed camera. A near alpha Ti3Al2.5V alloy was used as a model material in this study. A four-camera digital image system has been constructed to monitor the material deformation and failure during a low rate torsion test, to gain further insight into plastic deformation of the tubular specimen. Shear stress–strain relationship of the Ti3Al2.5V alloy exhibits noticeable strain rate sensitivity. Observations of the strain hardening rate evolution indicate that the hardening capacity of Ti3Al2.5V is both strain and strain rate dependent. High strain rate torsional stress–strain relationship shows lower strain hardening, compared to the response obtained from a shear compression specimen. The present techniques are demonstrated to be suitable for the measurement of pure shear constitutive relationship, including rate sensitivity and failure of the material.
The Use of Zero-Mass Particles in Analytical and Multi-Body Dynamics: Sphere Rolling on An Arbitrary Surface
Authors: Udwadia Firdaus E. , Mogharabin Nami 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Zero-mass particles are, as a rule, never used in analytical dynamics, because they lead to singular mass matrices. However, recent advances in the development of the explicit equations of motion of constrained mechanical systems with singular mass matrices permit their use under certain circumstances. This paper shows that the use of such particles can be very efficacious in some problems in analytical dynamics that have resisted easy, general formulations, and in obtaining the equations of motion for complex multi-body systems. We explore the ease and simplicity that suitably used zero-mass particles can provide in formulating and simulating the equations of motion of a rigid, non-homogeneous sphere rolling under gravity, without slipping, on an arbitrarily prescribed surface. Computational results comparing the significant difference in the motion of a homogeneous sphere and a non-homogeneous sphere rolling down an asymmetric arbitrarily prescribed surface are obtained, along with measures of the accuracy of the computations. While the paper shows the usefulness of zero-mass particles applied to the classical problem of a rolling sphere, the development given is described in a general enough manner to be applicable to numerous other problems in analytical and multi-body dynamics that may have much greater complexity.