bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyberbikes: An Interactive Virtual Environment for the Visualization of Industrial Business Processes
Authors: Gausemeier Jürgen , von Bohuszewicz Oskar , Ebbesmeyer Peter , Grafe Michael 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes CYBERBIKES, a real-time simulation of an enterprise that produces bicycles. The system is designed as a virtual environment. It is based on a realistic 3-D model of an industrial enterprise coupled with the representation and control of production processes. Furthermore, the flow of information like production data is visualized by means of clear metaphors. The user is immersed in the virtual environment by using a head mounted display through which he/she can explore the various departments of the industrial enterprise and learn how information technology influences modern production processes. This system is intended to train students of industrial engineering in the workings of a modern industrial enterprise. It will also be used for research in production technology as well as in the practical study of virtual reality technology.
Virtual Prototyping of Xerographic Components
Authors: Rai Sudhendu , Ramesh Palghat S. , Tan Chak 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes virtual prototyping in the context of the design of xerographic components in printers and copiers. A design example of a corona charging device, namely a corotron is presented. A first principle physics based numerical model of a charging device is described. A case study is presented in which this proprietary numerical model is seamlessly integrated with a commercial CAD system and used to create a virtual prototype of a corotron. Examples of designing and analyzing different geomteries using this virtual prototype are presented and the benefits of this approach are explained.
GA-Based Fuzzy Neural Network for Adaptive Fuzzy Modeling and Control
Authors: Chen Tongjian , Peng Yonghong , Xie Weiqiang , Deng Hongming 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Fuzzy logic theory has provided a model-free tool to develop intelligent control system for complex industrial processes by means of simulating the fuzzy reasoning process of human being. However, the performance of such a control system depends on the knowledge base (control rules and membership functions of fuzzy sets). For the control of complex industrial process in which the dynamic parameters of process is time-varying and non-linear, it is necessary to modify and optimize the knowledge base on-line. Adaptive fuzzy control provides a efficient approach for this objective. In this paper, a new fuzzy neural network (FNN) and an adaptive learning mechanism based on genetic algorithm has been proposed for modeling the fuzzy reasoning process and constructing an efficient adaptive fuzzy control systems. Experiment results show that the FNN is capable of modeling complex functions and simulating fuzzy reasoning process of human being.
A Computational Study of the Interaction of Melting Soil With Moisture Transport in the Native Soil
Authors: Schreiber Will , Kuo John 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The current paper describes a computer model designed to analyze the moisture transport in the unmelted, porous soil neighboring a convecting melt. The time-dependent fluid and heat flow in the soil melt is simulated implicitly using the SIMPLE method generalized to predict viscous fluid motion and heat transfer on boundary-fitted, non-orthogonal coordinates which adapt with time. TOUGH2, a general-purpose computer code for multiphase fluid and heat flow developed by K. Pruess at Lawrence Berkekey Laboratory, has been modified for use on time-adaptive, boundary-fitted coordinates to predict heat transfer, moisture and air transport, and pressure distribution in the porous, unmelted soil. The soil melt model is coupled with the modified TOUGH2 model via an interface (moving boundary) whose shape is determined implicitly with the progression of time.
The computer model’s utility is demonstrated in the present study with a special two-dimensional study. A soil initially at 20°C and partially-saturated with either a 0.2 or 0.5 relative liquid saturation is contained in a box two meters wide by ten meters high with impermeable bottom and sides. The upper surface of the soil is exposed to a 20°C atmosphere to which vapor and air can escape. Computation begins when the soil, which melts at 1700°C, is heated from one side (maintained at constant temperatures ranging from 1700°C to 4000°C). Heat from the hot wall causes the melt to circulate in such a way that the melt interface grows more rapidly at the top of the box than at the bottom. As the upper portion of the melt approaches the impermeable wall it creates a bottle neck for moisture release from the soil’s lower regions. The pressure history of the trapped moisture is examined as a means for predicting the potential for moisture penetration into the melt. The melt’s interface movement and moisture transport in the unmelted, porous soil are also examined.
PAM-OPT™/PAM-SOLID™: Optimization of Transport Vehicle Crash and Safety Design and Forming Processes
Authors: Haug E. , Guyon P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Dynamic simulation solver codes are now extensively used by industry for the design verification of vehicle crashworthiness and for the process simulation of sheet metal forming. The logical next step is to use these by now proven codes for the optimization of the vehicle crash design and of metal forming processes. A step towards this goal has been taken by PSI, and an optimization code, PAM-OPT™, has been written for calling dynamic FE codes of the PAM-SOLID™ family in design and process optimization loops. The code interacts with the user via input, signalling and output files and it calls an interface that interacts with the FE solvers. The paper briefly outlines the properties and various flow charts of the optimizer, depending on single or multiple solvers used in the loop, single or parallel calls and fast solvers. Then the paper reports various applications of PAM-OPT™ in conjunction with the PAM-SFE™, PAM-CRASH™, PAM-SAFE™ and PAM-STAMP™ solvers. An outlook on how to replace the user-written interface with a general keyword-driven interface concludes the paper.
A Decision-Based Approach to Improving Behavior Over Time of Complex Systems
Authors: Bailey Reid , Bras Bert , Allen Janet K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Due to the size and number of interdependencies in a complex system, the resilience of such a system to disturbances is often questionable. In this paper, a case study, an industrial ecosystem in Kalundborg, Denmark, is modeled and investigated with respect to its ability to handle disturbances. Several disturbances are introduced and the robustness through time of production processes to these disturbances is measured and improved with an augmented form of the Robust Concept Exploration Method, in which response surfaces and a multiobjective problem solving tool are utilized. The standard RCEM is augmented to reduce the degree of approximation on which the solution ranges are based. This approach is significantly different from others in that behaviors over time, not instantaneous values, are improved. These behaviors over time are evaluated using multiple time pattern descriptors which characterize relevant features of the behaviors. The simulation model used in this paper is not emphasized as much as the processes used in measuring and improving the behavior over time of a complex system.
A Systematic Topology Optimization Approach for Optimal Stiffener Design
Authors: Luo Jian Hui , Gea Hae Chang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A systematic topology optimization approach is developed to design the optimal stiffener of three dimensional shell/plate structures in static and eigenvalue problems. Optimal stiffener design involves the determination of the best location and orientation. In this paper, the stiffener location problem is solved by a microstructure-based design domain method and the orientation probelm is modeled as an optimal orientation problem of equivalent orthotropic materials, which is solved by a newly developed energy based method. Examples are presented to demonstrate the application of the proposed approach.
A Preference-Based Robust Design Metric
Authors: Iyer Harikumar V. , Krishnamurty Sundar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Robust optimal design can be studied as a problem in decision-making requiring tradeoffs between mean and variance attributes. In this context, this paper views Taguchi’s philosophy based design metrics using signal-to-noise (SN) ratios as empirical applications of decision-making under uncertainty with a priori sets of attribute tradeoff values. Alternatively, this paper presents a more rigorous preference-based design metric using concepts from utility theory to accurately capture designer’s intent and preferences. The use of this design metric as the robust optimal design criterion in a modified TRED (Tradeoffs in Robust Engineering Design) method with an innovative response-surface based iterative design space reduction strategy is presented. The effectiveness of the overall design procedure and the performance of the preference-based design metric are tested with the aid of demonstrative case studies and the results are discussed.
Assembly Planning: A Genetic Approach
Authors: Chen Shiang-Fong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The difficulty of an assembly problem is the inherent complexity of possible solutions. If the most suitable plan is selected after all solutions are found, it will be very time consuming and unrealistic. Motivated by the success of genetic algorithms (GAs) in solving combinatorial and complex problems by examining a small number of possible candidate solutions, GAs are employed to find a near-optimal assembly plan for a general environment. Five genetic operators are used: tree crossover, tree mutation, cut-and-paste, break-and-joint, and reproduction. The fitness function can adapt to different criteria easily. This assembly planner can help an inexperienced technician to find a good solution efficiently. The algorithm has been fully implemented. One example product is given to show the applications and results.
Robust Design Using Fuzzy Numbers
Authors: Arakawa Masao , Yamakawa Hiroshi , Hagiwara Ichiro 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this study, we will propose a new method of robust design, which is formulated by using fuzzy numbers as design variables and parameters. In the past robust design methodology, especially by considering usage of optimization, its basic formulations have been done by stochastic optimization. In those cases, they could not handle the deviation in design variables of both sides of shape or their index for their width, because they were mainly based on normal distribution. In this study, we will compare the formulation of fuzzy optimization and stochastic optimization and clarify the characteristics of the proposed method from differences between formulations. Through those comparisons, we will explain the benefit and suitability of the proposed method to robust design in settings of objective functions, treatments of constraints and benefit of design variables which can treat both sides of index for its deviation.
Using the Design Structure Matrix to Estimate Product Development Time
Authors: Carrascosa Maria , Eppinger Steven D. , Whitney Daniel E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This model estimates the probability of completing a product development process over time. The Design Structure Matrix (DSM) framework is used to capture the information dependencies between tasks using the concepts of Probability of Change and Impact. The model incorporates a stochastic element that represents the likelihood of changes resulting in task iterations.
The model captures the dynamic behavior of a product development process formed by a combination of parallel, serial and coupled tasks. The model relaxes the assumption that coupled tasks take place in a complete parallel or serial iteration. It can be used to compare the development time of the project for different task sequences and overlapping degrees. This tool allows for identification of the leverage points in the system, providing information about the most effective way to reduce development time.
This project was a joint effort with a Hewlett-Packard division, and the observations and practical application presented are based on this field experience.
Agent Support for Design Manufacturability
Authors: Jha Krishna N. , Coen Gary , Morris Andrea , Mytych Ed , Spering Judith 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Designing manufacturable aircraft parts requires satisfying extensive manufacturability constraints early in the design phase, and to quickly propagate the design decisions to the multiple distributed design groups. We have built a multi-agent-based system to provide the desired manufacturability-constraints checking early in the design-process, coordination among the design and analysis groups, the legacy applications, and other resources during the preliminary design (PD) process. A variety of agents are used to model the various design and analysis functionalities. The agent-representation includes a formal representation of the task-structures. One of the agents generates a prototype process plan for the design, and checks the process plan against a repository of processing standards for the manufacturability of the design. A web-based user-interface provides high-level interface to the users. The agents collaborate to produce manufacturable designs.
Concurrent Part and Process Design for Quality Improvement
Authors: Suri Rajiv , Otto Kevin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Concurrent part and process design has been shown to reduce product development time and cost. With modeling support it can also lead to improvements in product quality by providing design engineers with an understanding of manufacturing capability, not in terms of nominal constraints, but in terms of variation. In this paper we outline an approach to concurrent design based on a combination of manufacturing process variation models that we call the Integrated System Model (ISM). The ISM can be used to simultaneously choose combinations of design and manufacturing variables that result in minimal variation for the final product. We explore this approach through an example drawn from sheet metal part manufacturing in the aerospace industry.
Reliability Analysis of Repairable Systems Subject to System Modifications
Authors: Jiang Z. H. , Shu L. H. , Benhabib B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper approaches environmentally conscious design by further developing a reliability model that facilitates design for reuse. Many reliability models are not suitable for describing systems that undergo repairs performed during remanufacture and maintenance because the models do not allow the possibility of system reconfiguration. In this paper, expressions of reliability indices of a model that allows system reconfiguration are developed to enable life-cycle cost estimation for repairable systems. These reliability indices of a population of repairable systems are proven theoretically to reach steady state. The expressions of these indices at steady state are obtained to gain insight into the model behavior, and to facilitate life-cycle cost estimation.
ISO 14000 and Activity-Based Life-Cycle Assessment in Environmentally Conscious Design and Manufacturing: A Comparison
Authors: Emblemsvåg Jan , Bras Bert 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
As a part of the new ISO 14000 environmental management standard, standards for conducting Life-Cycle Assessments (LCAs) are proposed. In this paper we compare these standards to Activity-Based LCA by using a toy manufacturer called WagonHo!, Inc. as an implementation test case. In this case study, both economical and environmental assessments are made of the product- and process designs. Because the ISO 14000 LCA does not incorporate costing methods, we have used Variable Costing combined with standard times. Activity-Based LCA, on the other hand, combines an Activity-Based Costing (ABC) like method and activity-based environmental impact assessment methods into a single method. The ISO 14000 and Activity-Based LCA are compared with respect to assessment accuracy and how well they indicate areas in need of redesign. Due to the need of short-term survival caused by a severe negative economic result, we will mainly look at process design and market strategies, because product design is a more long-term effort. It is shown that in this case, Activity-Based LCA is superior to ISO 14000 based LCA — possibly in most situations.
Design of an Isotropic Compliance Mechanism for Off-Axis Peg-in-Hole Insertion
Authors: Sathirakul Korntham , Sturges Robert H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Assembly sequences may require part grasp poses that differ from the implicit assembly insertion axis of RCC-type devices. Since favorable compliant responses accrue only for the insertion axis engineered into the RCC, such “off-axis” poses may obviate its use. The fundamental issue is the creation of an effective compliance that is isotropic in a plane normal to the insertion axis, irrespective of the location of the mechanism. This paper addresses the design of alternative compliant devices, especially an RRR spherical mechanism suitable for industrial application. General compliance requirements are established, mechanism kinematics are developed, and design equations are presented. A laboratory model is described that embodies the desireable features of zero friction, zero backlash, and isotropic stiffness for off-axis assembly tasks.
What Is a Manufacturing Interaction?
Authors: Faheem W. , Hayes C. C. , Castaño J. F. , Gaines D. M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this work we make a distinction between feature interactions and manufacturing interactions. These two terms are usually used interchangeably because feature and manufacturing interactions often occur together, but not always. However, we feel that it is important to make a distinction between feature interactions which result from volumetric intersections of features presenting difficulties for features extractors, and manufacturing interactions which occur when two manufacturing operations interfere with each other’s execution, and present a problem to the process planner. By separating these definitions it allows us to focus separately on each phenomena. In this paper our focus is on manufacturing interactions. We present a non-exhaustive catalog of common manufacturing interaction types in CNC machining, and discuss how they result in precedence constraints in the manufacturing plan.
Double Quaternions for Motion Interpolation
Authors: Ge Q. J. , Varshney Amitabh , Menon Jai P. , Chang Chu-Fei 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the concept of double quaternions, an extension of quaternions, and shows how they can be used for effective three-dimensional motion interpolation. Motion interpolation using double quaternions has several advantages over the method of interpolating rotation and translation independently and then combining the results. First, double quaternions provide a conceptual framework that allows one to handle rotational and translational components in a unified manner. Second, results obtained by using double quaternions are coordinate frame invariant. Third, double quaternions allow a natural way to tradeoff robustness against accuracy. Fourth, double quaternions, being a straightforward extension of quaternions, can be integrated into several existing systems that currently use quaternions with translational components, with a only small coding effort.
Spatial Incompatibility: Part Interaction and Tolerance Allocation in Configuration Design
Authors: Söderberg Rikard , Johannesson Hans L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes how function-means modeling techniques and spatial coupling analysis can be used in early design stages to increase robustness and knowledge about geometrical sensitivity of an assembly design. By incorporating spatial constraint decomposition in function-means modeling, overall spatial constraints may be broken down into nominal dimensions and tolerances for geometrical features. The analysis is carried out at the very early design stages, before CAD models are created and when only simple sketches exist. By documenting all information about functional requirements, design parameters and constraints in a hierarchically decomposed function-means structure, spatial couplings and overall sensitivities may be detected and alternative, less sensitive, concept solutions may be developed. Analyses of functional and constraint couplings increases the knowledge of and understanding for the geometrical sensitivity of a complex assembly design. This knowledge and understanding then serves as a base for tolerance allocation, where tolerances are to be allocated in the most functional and cost effective way.
Preliminary Vehicle Structure Design: An Industrial Application of Imprecision in Engineering Design
Authors: Scott Michael J. , Antonsson Erik K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Method of Imprecision, or MoI, is a formal method for incorporating imprecise information into a design process. This methodology has been exercised on a problem in preliminary vehicle structure design in collaboration with VW Wolfsburg. Results show that the method is useful in trading off multiple conflicting attributes, including styling preferences and engineering requirements.
A Process Management Strategy for Re-Design: An Anchoring Adjustment Approach
Authors: Dixon Lisa A. , Colton Jonathan S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Preceding research on the re-design process focused on the development and verification of an Anchoring and Adjustment design process model. Compared to the existing, predominantly top-down, models, this new model was tailored specifically to describe designers’ approaches to re-design tasks. Building upon that work, this paper presents an evaluation of a re-design process strategy that is based on the key elements identified in the Anchoring and Adjustment model (a general pattern for re-design activities and two evaluation metrics). The overall goal was to formulate an efficient and effective process management strategy unique to re-design activities. Data were collected from three industry re-design projects for the evaluation. First, an analysis of the data confirmed that the pattern of design activities and evaluation metrics used by the company’s designers could be mapped onto those that comprise the Anchoring and Adjustment model. Second, the analysis of the data suggested that with additional formalization — based on an anchoring and adjustment approach — the company’s current process management technique could provide more accurate feedback to the designers for the more efficient and effective management of their re-design processes. One of the industry case studies is detailed to illustrate the research results and conclusions.