bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of ATM Induces Hypersensitivity to Proton Irradiation by Upregulating Toxic End Joining
Authors: Zhou Qin , Howard Michelle E. , Tu Xinyi , Zhu Qian , Denbeigh Janet M. , Remmes Nicholas B. , Herman Michael G. , Beltran Chris J. , Yuan Jian , Greipp Patricia T. , Boughey Judy C. , Wang Liewei , Johnson Neil , Goetz Matthew P. , Sarkaria Jann N. , Lou Zhenkun , Mutter Robert W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Proton Bragg peak irradiation has a higher ionizing density than conventional photon irradiation or the entrance of the proton beam profile. Whether targeting the DNA damage response (DDR) could enhance vulnerability to the distinct pattern of damage induced by proton Bragg peak irradiation is currently unknown. Here, we performed genetic or pharmacologic manipulation of key DDR elements and evaluated DNA damage signaling, DNA repair, and tumor control in cell lines and xenografts treated with the same physical dose across a radiotherapy linear energy transfer spectrum. Radiotherapy consisted of 6 MV photons and the entrance beam or Bragg peak of a 76.8 MeV spot scanning proton beam. More complex DNA double-strand breaks (DSB) induced by Bragg peak proton irradiation preferentially underwent resection and engaged homologous recombination (HR) machinery. Unexpectedly, the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) inhibitor, AZD0156, but not an inhibitor of ATM and Rad3-related, rendered cells hypersensitive to more densely ionizing proton Bragg peak irradiation. ATM inhibition blocked resection and shunted more DSBs to processing by toxic ligation through nonhomologous end-joining, whereas loss of DNA ligation via XRCC4 or Lig4 knockdown rescued resection and abolished the enhanced Bragg peak cell killing. Proton Bragg peak monotherapy selectively sensitized cell lines and tumor xenografts with inherent HR defects, and the repair defect induced by ATM inhibitor coadministration showed enhanced efficacy in HR-proficient models. In summary, inherent defects in HR or administration of an ATM inhibitor in HR-proficient tumors selectively enhances the relative biological effectiveness of proton Bragg peak irradiation.

Significance:
Coadministration of an ATM inhibitor rewires DNA repair machinery to render cancer cells uniquely hypersensitive to DNA damage induced by the proton Bragg peak, which is characterized by higher density ionization.
See related commentary by Nickoloff, p. 3156
Problématique Pour une Meilleure Gestion Du Mul Tilinguisme Social de Type Afro-Européen en Afrique au Sud du Sahara
Authors: Baka Jean 
Published: February 2021

Planning Policy on afro-european multilingualism in Sub-Saharian Africa
Generally two types of multilinguism are distinguished: individual multilinguism and social multilinguism. This paper has a double aim:
1. The analysis of the solutions designed for the management of social multilinguism in general and afro-european multilinguism in particular.
2. The proposal of a language policy approach, which takes into account ethnic differences, cultural particularities and the importance of languages of mass communication. This approach will allow democratise the education system by an augmentation of school attendance rates, the limitation of failures and school desertion and annihilation of illiteracy and rural exodus.
The approach offered is exemplified by the case of Republic of Congo.
Political Patronage and Political Values: The Developmental Role of Political Patronage and its Impact on Shaping Political Values in Rural Uganda
Authors: Titeca Kristof 
Published: February 2021

Political patronage and political values: The developmental role of political patronage and its impact on shaping political values in rural Uganda.
This article points out the importance of neo-patrimonial theories in understanding local socio-political dynamics. Through the analysis of a case study in Western Uganda, it is firstly shown how within 'formal' state institutions, there is an 'informal' logic of competing political camps. These political camps, and their subsidiary networks of political patronage, have adverse effects for development. Secondly, this system has a profound impact on how people perceive the service-delivery functions of the state: people on the ground do not expect the state to be there for everyone, but only for the people of their 'political camp' or network. Also the role of the state is seen as strongly personalised, as the 'big men' are perceived to have taken over the service provision activities of the state.
Development and Maintenance of The Ethiopian Legal Information Website
Authors: Alemu Getaneh Agegn 
Published: February 2021

Development and Maintenance of the Ethiopian Legal Information Website
Information and Communication Technology in general and the internet in particular have been creating unprecedented opportunities in facilitating and streamlining access to information.
Websites have become a common way of publishing legal information for the public in many countries. In Ethiopia, however, the availability of legal websites has been very limited or non-existent. Except for the constitution, no other basic Ethiopian law has ever been published online. To benefit from the tremendous potentials of the internet, a project was initiated to develop an Ethiopian Legal Information Web Site.
Based on users' requirements obtained from questionnaire analysis, and current paradigms and implications, the Ethiopian Legal Information Website was designed, developed, implemented and maintained The website is an online database of Ethiopian basic laws developed by Mekelle University, Ethiopia, in cooperation with the Non-Western Law Department of Ghent University, Belgium.
Basic laws included on the site at present are the Ethiopian Constitution, Civil Code, Criminal Code, Civil Procedure Code, Criminal Procedure Code, Commercial Code and Family Code. The laws can be viewed and used in full text html, whereas some of the laws including the 2004 Criminal Code, Family Code, FDRE Constitution and the Tigray Regional State Constitution are available in pdf Laws can be searched by keywords using the site search engine. Comments and suggestions from experts and Ethiopian laws users have been collected, hence modifications, improvements and additions have been made to the website. The Ethiopian Legal Information Website was first hosted on the University of Ghent internet server and currently in the Mekelle University server at http://mail.mu.edu.et/~ethiopialaws/
The Ethiopian Legal Information Website has been found to be a useful web portal to access and use the basic Ethiopian laws. The University of Ghent, !LO, the Library of Congress, AUSTLII, WASHLAW, WIKIPEDIA and other major legal web portals make citations in reference to the site. While the website currently contains only the basic laws of the federal government, an action plan is prepared to include regional laws of Ethiopia. Other legal information including amendments to the laws, decisions and legal news will also be included on the site, hence a comprehensive Ethiopian Legal Web Portal will be developed and maintained.
<p align="left"><strong><em>Phalaenopsis putaoensis</em> (Orchidaceae: Epidendroideae, Vandeae), a new species from Kachin State, Myanmar</strong></p>
Authors: AUNG MUNG HTOI , JIN XIAOHUA 
Published: February 2021

Phalaenopsis putaoensis, a new species of Orchidaceae, is described and illustrated from Putao, Kachin State, Myanmar. Phalaenopsis putaoensis is close to Phalaenopsis honghenensis and P. wilsonii but can be easily distinguished from the latter two by having falcate lateral lobes adorned with antennae–like appendages and rhombic middle lobe with wartlike calli on disk. A preliminary assessment of the risk of extinction of this new species is Critically Endangered (CR).
Revision of the Australopapuan and West Pacific species of plain pumpkin-beetles, the Aulacophora indica species-complex (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae)
Authors: REID CHRIS , HALLING LUKE , BEATSON MAX 
Published: February 2021

The ‘plain pumpkin-beetle’, indica species-complex of Aulacophora Chevrolat, 1836, is revised for Australopapua, Timor and the West Pacific. The species-complex is defined and the following eight included species are diagnosed and described: A. abdominalis (Fabricius, 1781); A. barrogae Reid, Halling & Beatson, sp. nov.; A. cornuta Baly, 1879; A. indica (Gmelin, 1790); A. mbabaram Reid, Halling & Beatson, sp. nov.; A. relicta (Boisduval, 1835); A. wallacii Baly, 1886; A. wilsoni Baly, 1888. The three other similar species in the region of interest, A. bicolor (Weber, 1801), A coffeae (Weber, 1801) and A. deplanchei (Perroud & Montrouzier, 1864), are diagnosed from the Aulacophora indica species-complex and a key is provided for all 11 species. New synonyms are noted as follows (senior synonym first): A. abdominalis (Fabricius, 1781) = A. argyrogaster (Montrouzier, 1861) syn. nov., = A. fabricii Baly, 1886 syn. nov., = A. armigera Baly, 1889 syn. nov., = A. aruensis (Weise, 1892) syn. nov., = A. fauveli Beenen, 2008 syn. nov.; A. relicta (Boisduval, 1835) = A. palmerstoni Blackburn, 1888 syn. nov., = A. imberbis Weise, 1916 syn. nov.. Aulacophora relicta (stat. rev.) is revalidated from synonymy with A. abdominalis and A. wilsoni (stat. rev.) is revalidated from synonymy with A. scutellata (Boisduval 1835). Aulacophora flava Olivier, 1808, is not an available species name. The synonymy of A. robusta Duvivier, 1884 with A. cornuta is confirmed. Five species traditionally placed in Aulacophora, Galleruca flaveola Boisduval, 1835, G. punctata Boisduval, 1835, G. scutellata Boisduval, 1835, Galleruca flavescens Montrouzier, 1856 and Galleruca artensis Montrouzier, 1861, are not identifiable to genus or species and are therefore listed as nomina dubia within Galerucinae. The previously designated lectotype of A. abdominalis is shown to be invalid. Neotypes are created for A. abdominalis and A. relicta as both lack original type material. A lectotype is designated for A. palmerstoni. The plain pumpkin-beetle species are distributed as follows: A. barrogae, A. mbabaram, A. relicta and A. wilsoni are endemic to Australia; A. abdominalis is widespread in the southwestern Pacific and Melanesia, west to Timor and east to Niue, but is absent from mainland Australia; A. cornuta is widespread from eastern India to Melanesia as far east as Guadalcanal; A. indica is widespread from India southeast to Timor and northeast to Guam, and adventitious further south and east, but absent from, or not established in, Australia, Fiji, New Caledonia, Niue, Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu; A. wallacii is endemic to Timor. Native hosts are unknown for any species, but A. abdominalis, A. indica, A. relicta and A. wallacii are pests of exotic cucurbit crops.
Assessing Patient Symptoms Due to Nasal Septal Perforation: Development and Validation of the NOSE‐Perf Scale
Authors: Taylor Cullen M. , Bansberg Stephen F. , Marino Michael J. 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveReporting patient symptoms due to nasal septal perforation (NSP) has been hindered by the lack of a validated disease‐specific symptom score. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate an instrument for assessing patient‐reported symptoms related to NSP.Study DesignValidation study.SettingA tertiary care center.MethodsThe Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation (NOSE) scale was used as an initial construct to which 7 nonobstruction questions were added to measure septal perforation symptoms. The proposed NOSE‐Perf instrument was distributed to consecutive patients evaluated for NSP, those with nasal obstruction without NSP, and a control group without rhinologic complaints. Questionnaires were redistributed to the subgroup with NSP prior to treatment of the perforation.ResultsThe study instrument was completed by 31 patients with NSP, 17 with only nasal obstruction, and 22 without rhinologic complaint. Internal consistency was high throughout the entire instrument (Cronbach α = 0.935; 95% CI, 0.905‐0.954). Test‐retest reliability was demonstrated by very strong correlation between questionnaires completed by the same patient at least 1 week apart (r = 0.898, P <. 001). Discriminant validity was confirmed via a receiver operating characteristic (P <. 001, area under the curve = 0.700). The NOSE‐Perf scale was able to distinguish among all 3 study groups (P <. 001) and between NSP and nasal obstruction (P =. 024). When used alone, the NOSE scale could not discriminate between NSP and nasal obstruction (P =. 545).ConclusionsThe NOSE‐Perf scale is a validated and reliable clinical assessment tool that can be applied to adult patients with NSP.
Effect of single dose Erenumab on cortical responses evoked by cutaneous a-delta fibers: A pilot study in migraine patients
Authors: de Tommaso Marina , Delussi Marianna , Gentile Eleonora , Ricci Katia , Quitadamo Silvia Giovanna , Libro Giuseppe 
Published: February 2021

Background Erenumab is a monoclonal antibody against calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors, which showed efficacy in migraine attack prevention. The aims of the present pilot study were to i) evaluate the effect of single dose of Erenumab 70 mg on laser evoked potentials from trigeminal and brachial stimulation in a cohort of migraine patients; ii) correlate the neurophysiological changes with clinical outcome after 3 months’ treatment. Methods Laser evoked potentials were recorded by 61 electroencephalogram channels before (T0), 1 h (T1) and 7 days after (T2) Erenumab 70 mg injection, stimulating the left and right forehead and the right hand. Laser evoked potential control 1 h after the injection served as placebo session. Results Seventeen migraine patients were evaluated. The N1 and N2 component obtained from the right and left trigeminal stimulation diminished in amplitude at T2, compared to T0 and T1 conditions. N2 habituation reduction slightly recovered at T2. Laser evoked potential changes did not correlate with clinical improvement after 3 months of Erenumab treatment. Conclusions A single dose of Erenumab has a mild inhibitory effect on cortical responses evoked from trigeminal cutaneous a-delta fibers. Though this phenomenon was not predictive of the clinical outcome, it confirms a wide representation of calcitonin gene-related peptide receptors on trigeminal afferents.
Cabotegravir-Rilpivirine: The First Complete Long-Acting Injectable Regimen for the Treatment of HIV-1 Infection
Authors: Durham Spencer H. , Chahine Elias B. 
Published: February 2021

Objective: To review the efficacy and safety of cabotegravir (CAB) with rilpivirine (RPV) in the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Data Sources: A literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar (2010 to January 2021) with the search terms cabotegravir and rilpivirine. Other resources included abstracts presented at recent conferences and the manufacturer’s website and prescribing information. Study Selection: All English-language articles of studies assessing the efficacy and safety of CAB with RPV were included. Data Synthesis: The combination of CAB, a new integrase strand transfer inhibitor, and RPV, an established nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, is the first long-acting dual therapy approved for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in adults who have achieved viral suppression on a standard antiretroviral therapy (ART). This regimen demonstrated comparable maintenance of viral suppression evaluated up to 160 weeks, with low rates of virological failure. CAB and RPV are available as suspension given intramuscularly in 2 separate injections every 4 weeks. Common adverse effects include injection site reactions, pyrexia, fatigue, and headache. CAB and RPV are also available as tablets given orally for bridging therapy. Relevance to Patient Care and Clinical Practice: This long-acting dual therapy represents an attractive option with a high barrier to resistance for adults who have achieved viral suppression on standard ART and who prefer monthly injections over daily oral therapy. Conclusions: CAB-RPV is the first complete long-acting injectable that provides a convenient way to maintain viral suppression with no negative effects on renal and bone health and few drug interactions.
The Role and Clinical Effectiveness of Multiline Chemotherapy in Advanced Desmoplastic Small Round Cell Tumor
Authors: Jeong Hyehyun , Hong Yong Sang , Kim Young-Hoon , Kim Chan Wook , Song Si Yeol , Song Joon Seon , Cho Kyung-Ja , Kim Jeong Eun , Ahn Jin-Hee 
Published: February 2021

Background: A multimodal approach is the standard treatment for desmoplastic small round cell tumor (DSRCT); however, many patients are diagnosed with inoperable disease, which leaves chemotherapy as the only treatment option. There are limited data on the effectiveness of palliative chemotherapy, especially when used after first-line treatment. Here, we evaluated the clinical outcomes of patients with DSRCT treated with multiple lines of chemotherapy. Methods: We reviewed medical records of 14 patients with pathologically confirmed DSRCT at Asan Medical Center between 2004 and 2018. Results: The median age at diagnosis was 25, with males comprising 92.9% of patients. All patients had inoperable disease at presentation and received chemotherapy as the initial treatment. Four patients (28.6%) were treated with surgery, and complete resection was achieved in 1 patient. Median overall survival (OS) was 23.9 months, and 1-, 2-, and 3-year survival rates were 92.9%, 48.6%, and 19.5%, respectively. In patients receiving first- (N = 14), second- (N = 10), and third-line (N = 8) chemotherapy, median time-to-progression was 9.9, 3.5, and 2.5 months, respectively, and the disease control rates were 100%, 88.9%, and 75.0%, respectively. Factors associated with longer OS in the univariable analysis were ⩽2 metastatic sites at presentation (27.0 vs 14.7 months; P = .024) and surgery with intended complete resection (43.5 vs 20.1 months; P = .027). Conclusions: Although advanced DSRCT may initially respond to chemotherapy after first-line treatment, the response becomes less durable as the disease progresses. Individualized treatment decisions focused on palliation should be made.
The Efficacy of Labral Reconstruction: A Systematic Review
Authors: Safran Nathan , Rath Ehud , Haviv Barak , Atzmon Ran , Amar Eyal 
Published: February 2021

Background: With a greater understanding of the importance of the acetabular labrum in the function of the hip, labral repair is preferred over debridement. However, in some scenarios, preservation or repair of the labrum is not possible, and labral reconstruction procedures have been growing in popularity as an alternative to labral resection. Purpose: To provide an up-to-date analysis of the literature to determine the overall efficacy of labral reconstruction when compared with labral repair or resection. Study Design: Systematic review; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: PubMed, Embase, and MEDLINE databases were searched for literature regarding labral reconstruction in the hip before July 21, 2020. The results were screened and evaluated by 2 reviewers, and a third reviewer resolved any discrepancies. The final studies were evaluated using the MINORS (Methodological Index for Non-randomized Studies) score. Results: There were 7 comparative studies that fit the inclusion criteria, with 228 hips from 197 patients. The mean follow-up was 34.6 months, and the mean age of all patients was 38.34 years. There were slightly more female patients than male patients (105 vs 92). Arthroscopic reconstruction was performed in 86% of studies (6/7); open surgical techniques, in 14% (1/7). A variety of grafts was used in the reconstructions. The indications for labral reconstruction and outcome measures varied in these publications. Nine patients were lost follow-up, and 6 patients converted to total hip replacement postlabral reconstruction. The assessment of these comparative studies illustrated statistically equivalent results between labral reconstruction and labral repair. Comparisons of labral reconstruction with labral resection also showed statistically equivalent postoperative patient-reported outcome scores; however, the rates of conversion to total hip arthroplasty were significantly higher in the population undergoing resection. Conclusion: The review of current available comparative literature, which consists entirely of level 3 studies, suggests that labral reconstruction does improve postoperative outcomes but does not demonstrate superiority over repair. There may, however, be benefit to performing labral reconstruction over resection owing to the higher rate of conversion to total hip arthroplasty in the labral resection group.
Prediction of Thyroid Hormone Replacement Following Thyroid Lobectomy: A Long‐term Retrospective Study
Authors: Meyer Charles , Anderson Danielle , Dong Zhiqiao , Riddick Jeanelle Braxton , Elrod Marilisa , Ayala Marco 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveFollowing thyroid lobectomy, patients are at risk for hypothyroidism. This study sought to determine the incidence of postlobectomy thyroid hormone replacement as well as predictive risk factors to better counsel patients.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingPatients aged 18 to 75 years treated in a single academic institution who underwent thyroid lobectomy from October 2006 to September 2017.MethodsPatients were followed for an average of 73 months. Demographic data, body mass index, size of removed and remnant lobe, preoperative thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) level, final thyroid pathology, and presence of thyroiditis were collected and analyzed. Risk factors were evaluated with chi‐square analyses, t tests, logistic regression, and Kaplan‐Meier analysis.ResultsOf the 478 patients reviewed, 369 were included in the analysis, 30% of whom eventually required thyroid hormone replacement. More than 39% started therapy >12 months postoperatively, with 90% treated within 36 months. Patient age ≥50 years and preoperative TSH ≥2.5 mIU/L were associated with odds ratios of 2.034 and 3.827, respectively, for thyroid hormone replacement. Malignancy on final pathology demonstrated an odds ratio of 7.76 for hormone replacement. Sex, body mass index, volume of resected and remaining lobes, and weight of resected lobe were not significant predictors.ConclusionNearly a third of patients may ultimately require thyroid hormone replacement. Age at the time of surgery, preoperative TSH, and final pathology are strong, clinically relevant predictors of the need for future thyroid hormone replacement. After lobectomy, patients should have long‐term thyroid function follow‐up to monitor for delayed hypothyroidism.
Frequency of Sexual Intercourse Among the Residents of Bangladesh, India, and Nepal: A Cross-Sectional Web-Based Pilot Study
Authors: Arafat S. M.  Yasir , Kar Sujita Kumar , Sharma Pawan , Alradie-Mohamed Angi , Kabir Russell 
Published: February 2021

Background: Sexual intercourse is one of the important components of well-being, especially in married couples. There is a dearth of baseline research and data regarding the sexual habits of residents in South-East Asia. Objective: We aimed to see the baseline frequency of sexual intercourses among the residents of 3 South Asian countries (Bangladesh, India, and Nepal). Methods: This web-based cross-national, cross-sectional study was done among the residents of Bangladesh, India, and Nepal through Google forms. Married individuals who were living with their spouses were invited to respond to the survey. Results: A total of 120 respondents participated in this survey of which 46.7%, 38.3%, and 15% of respondents were from India, Nepal, and Bangladesh, respectively. The mean of the weekly sexual intercourse was 2.23 (range: 0-8) among the total respondents; 2.70 (range: 0-7) among the Nepalese, 2.32 (range: 0-5) among the Bangladeshis, and 1.82 (range: 0-8) among the Indians. The differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion: This study revealed very baseline and preliminary excerpts of sexual intercourse habit among the residents of 3 South Asian countries. There is a geographical variation in regard to the sexual contacts. Further, large-scale well-designed studies are warranted to explore the behavior.