bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indirectly Detected DNP‐Enhanced 17O NMR Spectroscopy: Observation of Non‐Protonated Near‐Surface Oxygen at Naturally Abundant Silica and Silica‐Alumina
Authors: Kobayashi Takeshi , Pruski Marek 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRecent studies have shown that dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) can be used to detect 17O solid‐state NMR spectra of naturally abundant samples within a reasonable experimental time. Observations using indirect DNP, which relies on 1H mediation in transferring electron hyperpolarization to 17O, are currently limited mostly to hydroxyls. Direct DNP schemes can hyperpolarize non‐protonated oxygen near the radicals; however, they generally offer much lower signal enhancements. In this study, we demonstrate the detection of signals from non‐protonated 17O in materials containing silicon. The sensitivity boost that made the experiment possible originates from three sources: indirect DNP excitation of 29Si via protons, indirect detection of 17O through 29Si nuclei using two‐dimensional 29Si{17O} D‐HMQC, and Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill refocusing of 29Si magnetization during acquisition. This 29Si‐detected scheme enabled, for the first time, 2D 17O−29Si heteronuclear correlation spectroscopy in mesoporous silica and silica‐alumina surfaces at natural abundance. In contrast to the silanols showing motion‐averaged 17O signals, the framework oxygens exhibit unperturbed powder patterns as unambiguous fingerprints of surface sites. Along with hydroxyl oxygens, detection of these moieties will help in gaining more atomistic‐scale insights into surface chemistry.
Electrochemical Recognition of Aromatic Species with Ferrocenylated 1,3,5‐Triazine‐ or 1,3,5‐Triphenylbenzene‐Containing Highly Organized Molecules
Authors: Kosińska Aleksandra I. , Nisiewicz Monika K. , Nowicka Anna M. , Kasprzak Artur 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTwo ferrocenylated organized molecules comprising 1,3,5‐triphenylbenzene (Fc‐1) or 2,4,6‐triphenyl‐1,3,5‐triazine skeletons (Fc‐2) were used for the first time as receptor layers for the electrochemical recognition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. While our group recently reported the synthesis of Fc‐1, herein the facile synthesis of its 2,4,6‐triphenyl‐1,3,5‐triazine‐containing structural analog (Fc‐2) is presented. Although the synthesis of Fc‐2 was found to be challenging, we achieved a very high yield (89 %) under mild conditions using an acid‐catalyzed imine‐bond formation reaction in 1,4‐dioxane:toluene solvent system. Title compounds were comprehensively characterized with various analytical techniques, including spectroscopic (NMR, FT‐IR, FT‐Raman spectroscopy) methods, high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), microscopic (SEM) and electrochemical (CV) analyses. Fc‐1 and Fc‐2 were also used for the construction of the first‐of‐a‐kind recognition layers (electrochemical sensors) dedicated to the recognition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Fully constructed innovative sensors enabled the efficient recognition of analytes since the limit of detection (LOD) values were not higher than 2.9 μM. Comparative studies between the working parameters of electrochemical sensors comprising Fc‐1 or Fc‐2 were also included in this work.
Smart inter‐operable vehicular communication using hybrid IEEE 802.11p, IEEE 802.16d/e technology
Authors: Kandar Debdatta , Dhilip Kumar V. , Nandi Sukumar 
Published: May 2021

SummaryTo leverage the performance of vehicular communication, hybrid dedicated short‐range communications (DSRC) /WiMAX technology plays a major role in today's scenario. By establishing interoperability between DSRC and WiMAX technologies, communications between vehicle‐to‐vehicle (V2V) and vehicle‐to‐infrastructure (V2I) have been achieved in moving conditions. An interesting thing of this work is to ensure a wide range of services in vehicular communication with high‐speed mobility. In this paper, the authors have proposed different communication scenarios, and the performance of the communication system has been explored in those scenarios. The common Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technology in the physical layer of both DSRC and WiMAX has been explored and which helps to establish a bridge between different wireless standards. By resolving the major issues like matching the subcarriers and packet size between transmitter and receiver, authors were able to establish the interoperability in vehicular communication. The concept of subchannelization and padding techniques has been used for the successful implementation of this work. The performance analysis of interoperable vehicular communication has been carried out using NS2 simulation software. The simulation results shows the competency of the hybrid IEEE 802.11p/802.16d/e technology by compared with different communication scenarios.
A retrospective analysis of pleural effusion specimens based on the newly proposed International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology
Authors: Xu Yi , Hu Ai‐Yan , Wang Shou‐Mei , Wang Qian , Pan Yun‐Cui , Zhang Shu‐Hui 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundRecently, the International System for Reporting Serous Fluid Cytopathology (TIS) has been established, with an aim to standardize reporting and guide clinical decision making.MethodsThe cytological and clinicopathological data of pleural effusions were retrieved from the pathology database and electronic medical records. All specimens were evaluated and reclassified in accordance with the TIS recommendations. Finally, the risk of malignancy (ROM) and performance parameters were measured.ResultsA total of 2454 pleural effusion specimens were included, among which 30 (1.2%), 1670 (68.1%), 151 (6.2%), 54 (2.2%) and 549 (22.4%) patients were classified into non‐diagnostic (ND), negative for malignancy (NFM), atypia of undetermined significance (AUS), suspicious for malignancy (SFM) and malignancy (MAL) groups, respectively. The most commonly diagnosed malignancies were lung cancer (48.4%), ovary cancer (10.2%), breast cancer (7.5%), and 21.3% unknown primary site (UPS). Among the 36 UPS patients, the most common site of origin was lung (36.1%), followed by ovary (13.9%) and breast (11.1%) via immunocytochemistry of cell block. The calculated ROM values were 26.7%, 12%, 62.3%, 77.8% and 100% for ND, NFM, AUS, SFM and MAL groups, respectively. When considering MAL as the only positive group, the diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were determined to be 95.2%, 81.9%, 100%, 100% and 93.6%, respectively.ConclusionThe newly proposed TIS is an easy‐to‐master, user‐friendly, and standardized classification system, especially when applying on pleural effusions. An adequate serous sample, application of immunocytochemistry, review of cytomorphological data and past medical history could enhance the accuracy of cytological diagnosis.
Influence of biotic vs abiotic processes on the genesis of non‐marine carbonates along the Cameroon Volcanic Line (Cameroon) and palaeofluid provenance
Authors: Bisse Salomon Bertrant , Ekoko Bokanda Eric , Gerber Jacques , Ekomane Emile , Franchi Fulvio 
Published: May 2021

AbstractContinental spring carbonates are perfect examples of the interaction of biotic and abiotic processes, and they preserve evidence of the velocity of the flow and the chemical composition of the spring water. This study focuses on non‐marine carbonates from fossil and active springs from the Bongongo and Ngol areas along the Cameroon Volcanic Line in South‐West Cameroon. Here, hydrothermal fluids reach the surface giving rise to small thermal springs, with temperatures between 31 and 49°C, and streams creating waterfalls, terracettes and barrage carbonate deposits. Petrographic analyses of these carbonates revealed that they are made up of stacked laminae of fibrous coarse crystals of low‐Mg calcite and laminae of alternate microsparite and micrite. The fibrous coarsely crystalline calcite, often with feather‐like fabric, grows from thin layers of micrite and peloids. Filaments of putative microbial origin are preserved within this peloidal micrite. The laminated microsparite and micrite microfacies is characterised by an intricate mesh of hollow filaments of microbial origin. The long feather‐like crystals of calcite formed in fast‐flowing water where the enhanced CO2 degassing has favoured the precipitation of CaCO3. The laminated micrite and microsparite, on the other hand, are probably formed in ponds where degassing and CO2 removal was lower and the calcite precipitation was fostered by microbial activity. The fast‐forming carbonates show higher Ce contents and very low total rare earth elements, revealing a preferential uptake of Ce with respect to other rare earth elements. This process would explain the positive or null Ce anomaly in continental spring carbonates elsewhere. The geochemical composition of these carbonates can be used as proxy for the characterisation of fluid/rock interactions between the groundwater and the substratum and for the characterisation of the sources of calcium and other elements that constitute tufa and travertines. The samples from Ngol are characterised by light rare earth element enrichment while those from Bongongo are overall enriched in heavy rare earth elements. Carbonates from both localities have a strong positive Eu anomaly (>4), suggesting a contribution from deep‐seated, hydrothermal, crustal fluids in contact with volcanic rocks and the breakdown of plagioclase from the Cameroon Volcanic Line alkali basalts.
American Indian and Alaska Native Enrollment in Clinical Studies in the National Institutes of Health's Intramural Research Program
Authors: Vigil Deionna , Sinaii Ninet , Karp Barbara 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTClinical studies conducted by the National Institutes of Health's Intramural Research Program (NIH‐IRP) provide eligible individuals with access to innovative research treatments that may not otherwise be available. The NIH‐IRP's mission is to include all Americans, including American Indians and Alaska Natives, in its clinical research. This study is the first to provide data about inclusion of American Indians/Alaska Natives in NIH‐IRP clinical studies. We analyzed data from the more than 1,800 NIH‐IRP protocols active in 2014 and 2017. We found that the absolute number of American Indian/Alaska Native enrollees increased between 2014 and 2017 but remained at 1% of all participants, a disproportionately low level. The number of clinical studies that enrolled American Indian/Alaska Native individuals similarly did not change. NIH efforts to expand participation of American Indians/Alaska Natives in clinical studies has often focused on research within their communities or on health needs specific to these groups. Those efforts should expand to include processes and protections for the proportionate and ethical inclusion of American Indians and Alaska Natives who individually enroll in studies that are not specific to American Indians, Alaska Natives, or their tribal nations.
Advance Research Directives: Dementia Researchers' Views on a Prototype Directive and Implementation Strategies
Authors: Ries Nola , Mansfield Elise 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTAdvance research directives (ARDs) enable people to document preferences for future research participation in the event of incapacity. This article reports on interviews with 11 dementia researchers in Australia that focused on the content of a prototype ARD and processes for making and using ARDs. Participants agreed that an ARD template should provide information to explain research and the rationale for making a directive, allow the person to nominate trusted individuals to be involved in future decisions, and record the person's general willingness or unwillingness to be involved in research. Providing a list of various research activities elicits preferences and risk tolerances in more detail. Priority groups for ARD implementation include people with a diagnosis involving progressive cognitive impairment and people interested in research. Researchers and health and legal professionals have a role in promoting ARDs. Our findings suggest that, as a voluntary strategy, ARDs could promote appropriate inclusion in research.
Pyruvate Oxidase Biosensors Based on Glassy Carbon Electrodes Modified with Carbon Nanotubes and Poly(Neutral Red) Synthesized in Ethaline Deep Eutectic Solvent
Authors: Leote Ricardo J. B. , Ghica Mariana E. , Brett Christopher M. A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA novel nanostructured platform for pyruvate oxidase biosensors comprises poly(neutral red) (PNR) prepared by electropolymerization of NR in ethaline deep eutectic solvent (DES) with acid dopant, on a multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Characterization was by cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and morphology was examined by scanning electron microscopy. Ascorbate and H2O2 gave a better response at PNRDES/GCE than at PNRaq/GCE. Biosensors for pyruvate and phosphate, immobilizing pyruvate oxidase onto PNRDES/MWCNT/GCE enabled selective determination of pyruvate and phosphate, with micromolar limits of detection. Pyruvate was determined in onion samples and phosphate in water samples.
The Y‐STR landscape of coastal southeastern Han: Forensic characteristics, haplotype analyses, mutation rates, and population genetics
Authors: Fan Haoliang , Zeng Ying , Wu Weiwei , Liu Hong , Xu Quyi , Du Weian , Hao Honglei , Liu Changhui , Ren Wenyan , Wu Weibin , Chen Ling , Liu Chao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Y‐STR landscape of Coastal Southeastern Han (CSEH) living in Chinese southeast areas (including Guangdong, Fujian, and Zhejiang provinces) is still unclear. We investigated 62 Y‐STR markers in a reasonably large number of 1021 unrelated males and 1027 DNA‐confirmed father‐son pairs to broaden the genetic backgrounds of CSEH. In total, 85 null alleles, 121 off‐ladder alleles, and 95 copy number variants were observed, and 1012 distinct haplotypes were determined with the overall HD and DC values of 0.999974 and 0.9912. We observed 369 mutations in 76 099 meiotic transfers, and the average estimated Y‐STR mutation rate was 4.85 × 10–3 (95% CI, 4.4 × 10–3–5.4 × 10–3). The Spearman correlation analyses indicated that GD values (R2 = 0.6548) and average allele sizes (R2 = 0.5989) have positive correlations with Y‐STR mutation rates. Our RM Y‐STR set including 8 candidate RM Y‐STRs, of which DYS534, DYS630, and DYS713 are new candidates in CSEH, distinguished 18.52% of father–son pairs. This study also clarified the population structures of CSEH which isolated in population‐mixed South China relatively. The strategy, SM Y‐STRs for familial searching and RM Y‐STRs for individual identification regionally, could be applicable based on enough knowledge of the Y‐STR mutability of different populations.
Distributed wind and solar power for grid sustainability and emission reduction
Authors: Noorollahi Younes , Kalantari Amir Shahriar , Saifoddin Amirali , Yousefi Hossein 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article intends to maximize the amount of solar and wind power produced while minimizing the tested network's annual energy loss. It also wants to improve the voltage profile and reduce the dependence on the upstream network. Two types of distributed generation sources, that is, wind DGs and solar DGs, are investigated. In this article, the network loads vary according to the local consumption pattern. This research shows that the optimal utilizing of solar and wind distributed generation sources causes energy loss to decrease by about 43% and 94%, respectively. Besides, the grid will receive 1109.49 GWh of energy from the upstream power grid without distributed generation sources. In contrast, solar and wind generation sources receive only 801.47 and 125.84 GWh, respectively. Additionally, in solar and wind scenarios, micro‐grid sends 71.62 and 102.42 GWh energy to the upstream network. Also, by calculating the emission reduction, it was observed that by installing 465.45 MW of the wind turbine units in the area under consideration, the country's CO2 equivalent is reduced by 754,586 tons, and the country's primary energy is reduced by 263,916 TOE.
Numerical simulations of depressurization‐induced gas production from hydrate reservoirs at site GMGS3‐W19 with different free gas saturations in the northern South China Sea
Authors: Mao Peixiao , Wu Nengyou , Sun Jiaxin , Ning Fulong , Chen Lin , Wan Yizhao , Hu Gaowei , Cao Xinxin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractClass 1 hydrate reservoirs are regarded as the most promising targets for gas production. Previous investigations in the northern South China Sea have proven that the low‐permeability hydrate reservoir at site GMGS3‐W19 is a Class 1 hydrate deposit. However, the dynamic production behaviors of this type of reservoir are not yet fully understood. Here, we report gas recovery from hydrate reservoirs containing underlying free gas layers with different initial gas saturations and investigate the effects of absolute permeability and depressurization pressure on gas production performance. The results show that high initial gas saturation of the underlying free gas layer and low bottom‐hole pressure are advantageous for enhancing the gas production performance. The effects of absolute anisotropic permeability and isotropic permeability on gas recovery from Class 1 hydrate reservoirs are different. For long‐term gas production from this hydrate reservoir with any initial gas saturation, a higher horizontal permeability (permeability anisotropy more than 10) in the hydrate layer is remarkably beneficial to stimulate gas extraction and decrease the amount of produced water replenished by inflows from permeable overlying and underlying sediments. Moreover, the gas production rate is highly consistent with the hydrate dissociation ratio, one of the main factors affecting the gas production performance, in Class 1 hydrate reservoirs with different permeabilities. However, for this type of hydrate reservoir with permeability anisotropy larger than 5, the larger the horizontal permeability in the hydrate layer can form more secondary hydrates. The increment in secondary hydrate formation negatively influences the hydrate dissociation ratio and gas recovery. Thus, it is also significant to weigh the permeability anisotropy of the hydrate layer and the secondary hydrate formation amount during the production progress. These findings can contribute to estimating the gas recovery efficiency in Class 1 hydrate reservoirs and optimizing the production process in similar areas.
Treatment with hypoxia‐mimetics protects cultured rat Schwann cells against oxidative stress‐induced cell death
Authors: David Brian T. , Curtin Jessica J. , Brown Jennifer L. , Coutts David J. C. , Boles Nathan C. , Hill Caitlin E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSchwann cell (SC) grafts promote axon regeneration in the injured spinal cord, but transplant efficacy is diminished by a high death rate in the first 2–3 days postimplantation. Both hypoxic preconditioning and pharmacological induction of the cellular hypoxic response can drive cellular adaptations and improve transplant survival in a number of disease/injury models. Hypoxia‐inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF‐1α), a regulator of the cellular response to hypoxia, is implicated in preconditioning‐associated protection. HIF‐1α cellular levels are regulated by the HIF‐prolyl hydroxylases (HIF‐PHDs). Pharmacological inhibition of the HIF‐PHDs mimics hypoxic preconditioning and provides a method to induce adaptive hypoxic responses without direct exposure to hypoxia. In this study, we show that hypoxia‐mimetics, deferoxamine (DFO) and adaptaquin (AQ), enhance HIF‐1α stability and HIF‐1α target gene expression. Expression profiling of hypoxia‐related genes demonstrates that HIF‐dependent and HIF‐independent expression changes occur. Analyses of transcription factor binding sites identify several candidate transcriptional co‐regulators that vary in SCs along with HIF‐1α. Using an in vitro model system, we show that hypoxia‐mimetics are potent blockers of oxidative stress‐induced death in SCs. In contrast, traditional hypoxic preconditioning was not protective. The robust protection induced by pharmacological preconditioning, particularly with DFO, indicates that pharmacological induction of hypoxic adaptations could be useful for promoting transplanted SC survival. These agents may also be more broadly useful for protecting SCs, as oxidative stress is a major pathway that drives cellular damage in the context of neurological injury and disease, including demyelinating diseases and peripheral neuropathies.
Combination of Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease and Lactate Predicts Death in Patients Treated With Salvage Transjugular Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt for Refractory Variceal Bleeding
Authors: Walter Aurélie , Rudler Marika , Olivas Pol , Moga Lucile , Trépo Eric , Robic Marie Angèle , Ollivier‐Hourmand Isabelle , Baiges Anna , Sutter Olivier , Bouzbib Charlotte , Peron Jean Marie , Le Pennec Vincent , Ganne‐Carrié Nathalie , Garcia‐Pagán Juan Carlos , Mallet Maxime , Larrue Hélène , Dao Thong , Thabut Dominique , Hernández‐Gea Virginia , Nault Jean‐Charles , Bureau Christophe , Allaire Manon ,   on behalf of the Salvage TIPS Group
Published: May 2021

Background and Aims
Data about the prognosis of salvage transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) using covered stents for refractory variceal bleeding caused by portal hypertension are scarce. We aimed to assess survival and to identify predictors of mortality in these patients.

Approach and Results
One hundred sixty‐four patients with cirrhosis from five centers treated with salvage TIPS between 2007 and 2017 were retrospectively divided into a derivation cohort (83 patients) and a validation cohort (81 patients). Comparisons were performed using the Mann‐Whitney and Fischer’s exact test. Six‐week overall survival (OS) was correlated with variables on the day of the TIPS using Kaplan‐Meier curves with log‐rank test and univariate/multivariate analyses using the Cox model. Eighty‐three patients were included in the derivation cohort (male, 78%; age, 55 years, alcohol‐associated cirrhosis, 88%; Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease [MELD], 19 [15‐27]; arterial lactate, 3.7 mmol/L [2.0‐8.3]). Six‐week OS rate was 58%. At multivariate analysis, the MELD score (OR, 1.064; 95% CI, 1.005‐1.126; P = 0.028) and arterial lactate (OR, 1.063; 95% CI, 1.013‐1.114; P = 0.032) were associated with 6‐week OS. Six‐week OS rates were 100% in patients with arterial lactate ≤2.5 mmol/L and MELD score ≤ 15 and 5% in patients with lactate ≥12 mmol/L and/or MELD score ≥ 30. The 81 patients of the validation cohort had similar MELD and arterial lactate level but lower creatinine level (94 vs 106 µmol/L, P = 0.008); 6‐week OS was 67%. Six‐week OS rates were 86% in patients with arterial lactate ≤2.5 mmol/L and MELD score ≤ 15 and 10% for patients with lactate ≥12 mmol/L and/or MELD score ≥ 30. In the overall cohort, rebleeding rate was 15.8% at 6 weeks, and the acute‐on‐chronic liver failure grade (OR, 1.699; 95% CI, 1.056‐1.663; P = 0.040) was independently associated with rebleeding.

Conclusions
After salvage TIPS, 6‐week mortality remains high and can be predicted by MELD score and lactate. Survival rate at 6 weeks was >85% in patients with arterial lactate ≤2.5 mmol/L and MELD score ≤ 15, while mortality was >90% for lactate ≥12 mmol/L and/or MELD score ≥ 30.