bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information structure and extraclausal expressions
Authors: Pinkster Harm 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 22 deals with various aspects of the pragmatic organization of Latin texts and sentences. A distinction is made between constituents that function as topic or as focus in their clause. In addition constituents can be contrastive or emphatic. Emphasis is often made clear through emphatic particles, which are discussed in detail. Three types of extraclausal constituents are distinguished: themes, settings, and tails. Other extraclausal constituents are curses, interjections, and forms of address.
Empirical and Rational Psychology
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the conceptions of rational and empirical psychology developed in the writings of Kant’s predecessors and in his own pre-critical writings. The views of the following figures are examined in detail: Wolff, Gottsched, Baumgarten, Meier, and the Kant of the ‘L1’ metaphysics lectures. Once this background has been surveyed, the chapter goes on to explore: Kant’s conception of a distinctively pure rational psychology; his science of self-consciousness; and his two contrasting understandings of how rational psychology might be pursued. The chapter argues that Kant’s target in the Paralogisms chapter is an idealized ‘pure’ rational psychology, an aspiring a priori ‘science’ of the soul, whose closest antecedents in the tradition are the views of Baumgarten, on the one hand, and his own views in the ‘L1’ metaphysics lectures, on the other.
The First Paralogism
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses a range of questions relating to the Paralogisms in general and the first Paralogism in particular. In particular it is asked: What is Kant’s notion of a paralogism? and How is transcendental illusion supposed to operate in the first paralogism? The answer to the first of these questions is surprising. Kant understands a paralogism as an argument that has true premises but is ‘false with respect to form’. But, crucially, he understands falsity with respect to form more expansively than as formal invalidity: arguments that are ‘false with respect to form’ include certain informal fallacies, including the fallacy of ignoratio elenchi—a fallacy of overestimation of the strength of one’s proven conclusion. This explains how it could be that the A-edition first paralogism is ‘false with respect to form’ (as a paralogism must, by definition, be) even though it is not in fact an invalid argument.
The Mathematical Antinomies Presented
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The chapter examines Kant’s conception of the phenomenon of ‘antinomy’. It argues that his classification of antinomies is grounded in his trichotomous division of oppositions (into contraries, sub-contraries, and contradictories). According to Kant’s diagnosis, while all the antinomies consist of pairs of propositions that appear to be contradictories, the mathematical antinomies are merely contraries and the dynamical antinomies sub-contraries. The chapter makes a case for the centrality of the phenomenon of antinomy to Kant’s diagnosis of dogmatic speculative metaphysics. The general form of an antinomy is discussed, along with Kant’s notion of infinity. The arguments for the thesis and antithesis position of the first two antinomies are presented in detail.
The Mathematical Antinomies Resolved
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter identifies two lines of resolution in the mathematical antinomies, which lines, it argues, correspond to two traditional ways of attempting to generate counter-examples to the law of excluded middle. One line involves positing an instance of category clash, the other the suggestion that ‘the world’ is a non-referring singular term. The upshot, in either case, is that the thesis and antithesis are not contradictories but merely contraries (and both are false). The chapter criticizes, and then charitably reformulates, Kant’s indirect argument for Transcendental Idealism. It considers why Kant did not seek to resolve the antinomies by arguing that thesis or antithesis are nonsense. Also discussed are: reductio proofs in philosophy (and Kant’s attitude toward them, which is argued to be more sympathetic than is often supposed), regresses ad infinitum and ad indefinitum; the cosmological syllogism; the sceptical representation; the Lambert analogy, the indifferentists; and the comparison with Zeno.
The Ontological Argument
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that Kant’s criticism of the ontological argument is targeted, in the first instance, at Leibniz’s sympathetic revamping of the Cartesian argument. But Kant’s discussion actually contains a suite of objections to the ontological argument, some of them effective against Descartes, others (less successfully) directed against Wolff and Baumgarten, and one—the famous objection that being is not a real predicate—directed exclusively against Leibniz. It argues that this last objection, which appeals to the example of a hundred thalers, succeeds against Leibniz because he is prevented by his stance on the Euthyphro contrast from offering the obvious reply. Kant’s most famous objection is thus an ‘ad hominem’ argument in the original (and now largely forgotten) sense of that term: a perfectly rational argument that does not attack an opponent’s character, but rather uses one of their own commitments against them.
The Regulative Use of the Ideas
Authors: Proops Ian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Kant’s thesis that the Ideas of Pure Reason, and especially the Ideas of God and of the soul, though not admitting of sensible illustration, nonetheless have a valuable employment as so-called ‘regulative principles’. By proceeding as if these Ideas have existent objects we can, he supposes, be fruitfully guided in our natural-scientific inquiries. In particular, by acting as if nature expresses the purposes of a wise and benevolent creator—a being who creates the world through the operation of his faculty of freedom rather than through his essence (by emanation)—we are led to make a range of discoveries that would otherwise not be made. The chapter examines the meaning of the various principles that Kant identifies as regulative principles and explains with concrete examples how following them can promote natural scientific inquiry in a range of fields, including: optics, geology, engineering, geodesy, biology, potamology, and astronomy.
Genetic Architecture of Maize Rind Strength Revealed by the Analysis of Divergently Selected Populations
Authors: Kumar Rohit , Gyawali Abiskar , Morrison Ginnie D , Saski Christopher A , Robertson Daniel J , Cook Douglas D , Tharayil Nishanth , Schaefer Robert J , Beissinger Timothy M , Sekhon Rajandeep S 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe strength of the stalk rind, measured as rind penetrometer resistance (RPR), is an important contributor to stalk lodging resistance. To enhance the genetic architecture of RPR, we combined selection mapping on populations developed by 15 cycles of divergent selection for high and low RPR with time-course transcriptomic and metabolic analyses of the stalks. Divergent selection significantly altered allele frequencies of 3,656 and 3,412 single- nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the high and low RPR populations, respectively. Surprisingly, only 110 (1.56%) SNPs under selection were common in both populations, while the majority (98.4%) were unique to each population. This result indicated that high and low RPR phenotypes are produced by biologically distinct mechanisms. Remarkably, regions harboring lignin and polysaccharide genes were preferentially selected in high and low RPR populations, respectively. The preferential selection was manifested as higher lignification and increased saccharification of the high and low RPR stalks, respectively. The evolution of distinct gene classes according to the direction of selection was unexpected in the context of parallel evolution and demonstrated that selection for a trait, albeit in different directions, does not necessarily act on the same genes. Tricin, a grass-specific monolignol that initiates the incorporation of lignin in the cell walls, emerged as a key determinant of RPR. Integration of selection mapping and transcriptomic analyses with published genetic studies of RPR identified several candidate genes including ZmMYB31, ZmNAC25, ZmMADS1, ZmEXPA2, ZmIAA41 and hk5. These findings provide a foundation for an enhanced understanding of RPR and the improvement of stalk lodging resistance.
Ensuring COVID-19 vaccines for low-income countries
Authors: Corpuz Jeff Clyde G 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Ensuring global access for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccines is key to avoiding severe COVID-19 disease and achieving herd immunity. This correspondence highlights the importance of advocating for effective and safe COVID-19 vaccines for low-income countries while ensuring equitable access to COVID-19 vaccines. Global access to COVID-19 vaccines for the common good is much needed.
THE POTENTIAL TO USE TLD MEASUREMENTS TO VALIDATE THE OCCUPATIONAL RADIATION PROTECTION AT THE DEPARTMENT OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE
Authors: Nilsson Isabelle , Himmelman Jakob , Khan Jehangir , Dalmo Johanna 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Diagnostic examinations in nuclear medicine increase. This can cause a higher radiation burden to the personnel. The aim of this study was to create and apply a method to validate the occupational radiation protection at the Department of Nuclear Medicine using thermoluminescence dosemeters (TLD).
Occupational doses in- and outside of the department and the dose rate distribution around the positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) were validated in terms of Hp(10) using TLD-100. Backscatter correction factors were estimated to implement the TLD measurements on different materials.
After correction for backscatter, the result indicates that doses in- and outside of the department are below recommended values and dose limits. The highest and the lowest dose rate were measured beside the 18F-autoinjector and the PET/CT gantry, respectively.
The method of using TLD gives a good estimate of how the occupational radiation protection performs at the Department of Nuclear Medicine and can thus help in the optimization of radiation protection.
Placental Cord Insertion Distance From the Placental Margin and Its Association With Adverse Perinatal Outcomes
Authors: Bigelow Catherine A. , Robles Brittany N. , Pan Stephanie , Overbey Jessica , Robin Esther , Melamed Alexander , Bianco Angela , Mella Maria Teresa 
Published: May 2021

(Abstracted from Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2020;255:51–55)
Detection of an abnormal placental cord insertion (PCI)—either marginal or velamentous—can be assessed in the midtrimester. Marginal PCIs are defined as occurring at a distance of <2 cm from the placental edge; velamentous PCIs occur when the placental cord inserts into the fetal membrane.
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Reproductive Health Services and Outcomes, 2020
Authors: Sutton Madeline Y. , Anachebe Ngozi F. , Lee Regina , Skanes Heather 
Published: May 2021

(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2021;137(2):225–233)
Racial-ethnic disparities in access and outcomes in the context of women's reproductive health continue to be pervasive in the United States. Contraceptive use, sexually transmitted infection care, human papillomavirus vaccination among younger women aged 18 to 25 years, reproductive cancers, preterm deliveries, and low-birth-weight neonates, as well as maternal morbidity and mortality, continue to have documented disparities.
Longitudinal Milestone Assessment Extending Through Subspecialty Training: The Relationship Between ACGME Internal Medicine Residency Milestones and Subsequent Pulmonary and Critical Care Fellowship Milestones
Authors: Heath Janae K. , Wang Tisha , Santhosh Lekshmi , Denson Joshua L. , Holmboe Eric , Yamazaki Kenji , Clay Alison S. , Carlos W. Graham 
Published: May 2021

Purpose
Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) milestones were implemented across medical subspecialties in 2015. Although milestones were proposed as a longitudinal assessment tool potentially providing opportunities for early implementation of individualized fellowship learning plans, the association of subspecialty fellowship ratings with prior residency ratings remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the relationship between internal medicine (IM) residency milestones and pulmonary and critical care medicine (PCCM) fellowship milestones.

Method
A multicenter retrospective cohort analysis was conducted for all PCCM trainees in ACGME-accredited PCCM fellowship programs, 2017–2018, who had complete prior IM milestone ratings from 2014 to 2017. Only professionalism and interpersonal and communication skills (ICS) were included based on shared anchors between IM and PCCM milestones. Using a generalized estimating equations model, the association of PCCM milestones ≤ 2.5 during the first fellowship year with corresponding IM subcompetencies was assessed at each time point, nested by program. Statistical significance was determined using logistic regression.

Results
The study included 354 unique PCCM fellows. For ICS and professionalism subcompetencies, fellows with higher IM ratings were less likely to obtain PCCM ratings ≤ 2.5 during the first fellowship year. Each ICS subcompetency was significantly associated with future lapses in fellowship (ICS01: β = −0.67, P = .003; ICS02: β = −0.70, P = .001; ICS03: β = −0.60, P = .004) at various residency time points. Similar associations were noted for PROF03 (β = −0.57, P = .007).

Conclusions
Findings demonstrated an association between IM milestone ratings and low milestone ratings during PCCM fellowship. IM trainees with low ratings in several professionalism and ICS subcompetencies were more likely to be rated ≤ 2.5 during the first PCCM fellowship year. This highlights a potential use of longitudinal milestones to target educational gaps at the beginning of PCCM fellowship.
Medication safety in nonoperating room anesthesiology
Authors: Mack Patricia Fogarty 
Published: May 2021

Purpose of review
Medication errors remain a prominent source of medical harm in spite of over 20 years of effort in establishing standardized protocols and procedures, implementing assistive electronic technologies to identify medications and prevent administration errors and in establishing a just culture with regard to reporting events and near misses.

Recent findings
Some of these interventions are even more necessary in the nonstandard environment of a non-operating room anesthesiology (NORA) procedure suite, where the anesthesiologist is often far removed from colleagues, in a dark room, lacking the standard medications commonly found in their operating room. Medication availability in NORA sites may be limited because of lack of standardization or distance from the operating room pharmacy. Proper preparation of medication may be impaired by poor lighting and cramped conditions. Medication administration might be hampered by a lack of infusion pumps or pumps without the proper medication library needed by the anesthesiologist.

Summary
Specific attention must be paid to enhancement of medication safety in NORA sites to overcome additional challenges inherent in the provision of anesthesia care remote from the standard operating room setting.
Perceived Injustice Is Associated With Pain-related Function and Mood in Youth With Acute Musculoskeletal Pain
Authors: Battison Eleanor A.J. , Wilson Anna C. , Holley Amy L. 
Published: May 2021

Objectives:
Perceived injustice (PI), which is one’s appraisal of justice or fairness regarding the pain experience, is an emerging area of interest in pediatric pain research. No previous studies have investigated PI in youth with acute pain. To fill this gap, this study examined (1) associations among PI, pain-related function, and psychological function in treatment-seeking youth with acute musculoskeletal (MSK) pain, and (2) the impact of parent-child PI discordance on children’s pain and psychosocial function.

Materials and Methods:
Participants were youth (aged 11 to 17, 55% male) with acute pain (onset <1 mo) recruited from emergency departments or outpatient clinics and participating parents (102 parent-child dyads). Dyads completed study questionnaires within 1 month of the child’s pain onset.

Results:
Youth-reported PI was significantly correlated with poorer physical and psychosocial quality of life, higher pain catastrophizing, higher fear of pain, increased pain-related disability, and greater depression and anxiety. Furthermore, PI was significantly associated with the physical quality of life, psychosocial quality of life, and pain-related disability. Moreover, discordance in youth and parent ratings of PI was associated with children’s psychological and pain-related function. Specifically, compared with Concordant dyads, youth in the Discordant dyads (youth high PI/parent low PI) reported significantly poorer physical quality of life, psychosocial quality of life, higher pain-related disability, depression, anxiety, and pain catastrophizing.

Discussion:
These findings reveal that PI in youth with acute MSK pain is associated with quality of life and pain-related disability. Furthermore, results highlight the importance of discordance between youth and parent reports of PI on pain-related functioning.
The Relationship Between Disorders of Bone Metabolism and Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lee Ambrose , Hassannia Fatemeh , Bergin Michael J. , Al Zaabi Khalid , Misale Priyanka , Rutka John Alexander 
Published: May 2021

Objectives:
Several studies have reported an association between benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) and bone mineral density or serum vitamin D levels. The aim of this review is to provide further clarification regarding the relationship between BPPV and calcium metabolism.

Design:
PubMed and MEDLINE databases were systematically reviewed to identify all English language papers regarding the relationship between BPPV and the following terms: osteoporosis, osteopenia, bone mineral density, serum vitamin D levels, and bone metabolism.

Results:
Of the 456 identified records, 28 studies were eligible for this review. Most were retrospective studies with inherent limitations and often conflicting results. While the literature is not conclusive, osteoporosis in patients of at least 50 years old appears to have an association with BPPV. Similarly, an association was observed between recurrent BPPV and vitamin D deficiency.

Conclusion:
There is only weak evidence to support the relationship between BPPV and osteoporosis or low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels. Further prospective studies with more robust methodologies are needed to clarify the association between BPPV and disorders of bone metabolism.
Orthopaedic Manifestations of Transverse Myelitis in Children
Authors: Hariharan Arun R. , Choi Joseph H. , Cook Ralph W. , Neal Kevin M. , Rogers Kenneth J. , Shrader M. Wade , Ulusaloglu Armagan C. , Howard Jason J. 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Transverse myelitis (TM) is a rare inflammatory disorder of the spinal cord. It can have a heterogeneous presentation with sensory, motor, and autonomic dysfunction. Neurological sequelae of TM include autonomic dysfunction, motor weakness, and/or spasticity. Studies describing orthopaedic deformities and treatments associated with TM are nonexistent. This purpose of this study was to describe the orthopaedic manifestations of TM in children.

Methods:
A multicenter retrospective review was conducted of patients, 0 to 21 years of age, with TM presenting over a 15-year period at 4 academic children’s hospitals. Those with confirmed diagnosis of TM and referred to an orthopaedic surgeon were included. Demographics, orthopaedic manifestations, operative/nonoperative treatments, and complications were recorded. Descriptive statistics were used for data reporting.

Results:
Of 119 patients identified with TM, 37 saw an orthopaedic surgeon. By etiology, 23 were idiopathic (62%), 10 infectious (27%), 3 (8%) inflammatory/autoimmune, and 1 (3%) vascular. The mean age at diagnosis was 6.7 (SD: 5.5) years and at orthopaedic presentation was 8.4 (SD: 5.2) years. Orthopaedic manifestations included scoliosis in 13 (35%), gait abnormalities in 7 (19%), foot deformities in 7 (19%), upper extremity issues in 7 (19%), symptomatic spasticity in 6 (16%), lower extremity muscle contractures in 6 (16%), fractures in 6 (16%), hip displacement in 3 (8%), pain in 2 (5%), and limb length discrepancy in 2 (5%) patients. Seven children (19%) were seen for establishment of care. In all, 14 (38%) underwent operative intervention, mainly for soft-tissue and scoliosis management. Four patients had baclofen pump placement for spasticity management. Postoperative complications occurred in 36% of cases, most commonly because of infection. Neither topographic pattern nor location of lesion had a significant relationship with need for hip or spine surgery.

Conclusions:
This report describes the orthopaedic manifestations associated with TM in children, nearly 40% of whom required operative intervention(s). Understanding the breadth of musculoskeletal burden incurred in TM can help develop surveillance programs to identify and treat these deformities in a timely manner.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV
Operative Pediatric Hand Infections: A Retrospective Review
Authors: Grome Luke J. , Raj Sarth , Abu-Ghname Amjed , Bell Bryce , Reece Edward M. , Pederson William C. , Koshy John C. 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Infections in the pediatric population are a less well studied topic in hand surgery. Crucial aspects of the management of pediatric hand infections differ from adults, though much of current treatment is generalized from adult care. This study evaluates our clinical experience with regards to the epidemiology, management, and outcomes of pediatric hand infections requiring operative intervention.

Methods:
A 7-year retrospective chart review was performed of all pediatric patients who required operative intervention for hand infections at Texas Children’s Hospital. Clinical information was collected and analyzed, including demographics, infection characteristics, management, and outcomes.

Results:
Fifty-seven patients met the inclusion criteria for our study over the 7-year period. Of these, 7% (n=4) had a pre-existing diagnosis of diabetes mellitus, and 5% (n=3) had a recent history of upper extremity infections. The most common infection was a discrete abscess, whereas urgent/emergent conditions represented 25% (n=14) of infections. Radiographic changes consistent with osteomyelitis were present in over one-quarter of patients (n=13, 23%). The median length of hospital stay was 3 days (95% confidence interval: 3.05-5.05) and the most common pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus (n=33, 58%), with slightly more being methicillin sensitive (MSSA) than resistant (MRSA) (n=19, 33% vs. n=14, 25%). The incidence of reoperation was 12.5% (n=7).

Conclusions:
Hand infections are a common problem in the pediatric population. Cases tend to be associated with accidental trauma and discrete abscesses colonized by MSSA/MRSA. The vast majority of cases require only one operation and a short course of wound care before discharge.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—therapeutic study.