bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Age and Atomoxetine on Olfactory Perception and Learning and Underlying Plasticity Mechanisms in Rats
Authors: Abu‐Labdeh Ruhuf , Omoluabi Tamunotonye , Yuan Qi 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTThe locus coeruleus (LC) plays a vital role in cognitive function through norepinephrine release. Impaired LC neuronal health and function is linked to cognitive decline during ageing and Alzheimer's disease. This study investigates age‐related alterations in olfactory detection and discrimination learning, along with its reversal, in Long–Evans rats, and examines the effects of atomoxetine (ATM), a norepinephrine uptake inhibitor, on these processes. Adult (6–9 months) and aged (22–24 months) Long–Evans rats underwent odour detection threshold experiments with saline and two doses of ATM (0.3 and 1 mg/kg). Reward‐based odour discrimination learning included simple, difficult and reversal learning tasks. LC neuron density, dopamine beta‐hydroxylase and norepinephrine transporter expression in the piriform cortex (PC) and orbitofrontal cortex were measured. Reversal learning and olfactory threat extinction were used to measure behavioural flexibility. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting were used to analyse phosphorylated cAMP response element binding protein (pCREB) and cFos expression and ex vivo electrophysiology assessed long‐term depression (LTD) in the PC. Whereas adult and aged cohorts showed similar odour detection and discrimination learning, fewer aged rats acquired reversal learning successfully. ATM improved reward‐based odour discrimination in adults but hindered learning reversal. A delayed CREB phosphorylation in the posterior PC associated with atomoxetine administration possibly underlies learning enhancement. ATM resulted in less freezing behaviour in a threat conditioning and extinction paradigm at moderate, but not at higher doses. ATM administration ex vivo prevented PC LTD. These findings highlight the intricate effects of atomoxetine, influenced by target structures, and suggest potential interactions with other neurotransmitters. Our results contribute to understanding the impact of ageing and norepinephrine enhancers on cognitive processes.
Reforming the EU budget, a prerequisite for future enlargements?
Authors: Vitrey Anne , Mornon Afonso Aurélien 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis article contributes to the ongoing debate on EU budget reform. It proposes a revision of Articles 311 and 312 TFEU in advance of any future enlargements. The reform proposed by the authors is based on four pillars. First, the EU needs to reduce the pressure from and reliance on national budgets by the allocation of new own resources coupled with hybrid and off‐budget instruments. Second, there is a need to adapt the Multiannual Financial Framework to rebalance traditional priorities like the Common Agricultural Policy and Cohesion with emerging political priorities such as sustainability, digitalisation or defense. Third, the European Parliament's role in budgetary decision‐making process needs to be strengthened by modifying the Multi Financial Framework calendar to align it with the Parliament's legislative term and by enshrining the mid‐term review in the treaties. Finally, the use of budgetary conditionality should be extended to ensure sound financial management.
Manual versus reciprocating endodontic debridement of equine cheek teeth: Micro‐computed tomography findings
Authors: Korsós Szabolcs A. , Kibleur Pierre , Josipovic Iván , Boone Matthieu , Vlaminck Lieven 
Published: December 2024

AbstractBackgroundIn orthograde endodontic treatments, different methods are available to debride the pulp canals of endodontically compromised equine cheek teeth, but their efficacy is unknown.ObjectivesTo explore and compare the efficacy and anatomical changes caused by manual versus reciprocating filing techniques in equine cheek teeth, to explore the presence of instrumentation mishaps described in human dentistry and to explore anatomical complexities of the pulp cavity that often remain uninstrumented using microcomputed tomography (μCT).Study designEx‐vivo randomised experiments.MethodsTwenty‐two extracted healthy equine cheek teeth were randomised into two groups: debridement with nickel‐titanium (Ni‐Ti) manual H‐files and debridement with Ni‐Ti reciprocating K‐files. All canals of all teeth were instrumented by a single clinician and μCT scans made before and after instrumentation were digitally analysed to compare the change in pulp volume, loss of dental material, percentages of instrumented pulp canal wall at three levels, instrumentation times and instrumentation mishaps between both techniques. The data were analysed using either an Independent samples T‐test or Mann–Whitney U‐test with p < 0.05 denoting a statistically significant difference.ResultsThe use of reciprocating files resulted in a statistically significant advantage at apical levels when it comes to the percentage of instrumented root canal surface (p < 0.01; reciprocating mean 12% ± 6; manual mean 3% ± 3). No other significant differences were found between the methods. Instrumentation mishaps were detected in this study and were equally distributed between the two groups. Frequently uninstrumented regions consisted of intercanal communications, root canal branches, narrow corners of pulp canals and branches of pulp horns.Main limitationsConvenience sample, use of healthy cheek teeth, ex vivo debridement.ConclusionsThe debridement efficacy in equine cheek teeth is generally poor with a slight apical advantage using reciprocating instruments. Instrumentation mishaps should be kept in mind when performing endodontic procedures in the equine patient.
Population‐Level Habitat Breadth Varies With Richness in Reef Fishes
Authors: Granot Itai , Kulbicki Michel , Vigliola Laurent , Belmaker Jonathan 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTAimIt has been hypothesised that niche breadth decreases with richness due to interactions, such as competition, forcing species to specialise. This hypothesis has been tested at the community‐level using species‐level niche breadth estimates. However, evidence for changes in niche‐breath among populations of the same species are scant. Our aim was to examine the niche breadth to richness relationship within species, which is crucial for understanding the role of interactions, as opposed to large‐scale climate, in altering realised niche breadth.LocationThe Pacific Ocean.Time Period1988–2015.Major Taxa StudiedFishes.MethodsWe focus on reef fishes along a large‐scale richness gradient not accompanied by marked environmental changes. Fishes were surveyed in four distinct habitats, which allow to estimate habitat‐breadth for each population. We calculated habitat‐breadth across multiple populations of 154 species, and tested how habitat‐breadth varied with richness. We further tested the effect of traits and trait‐distinctiveness on the richness‐sensitivity of habitat‐breadth.ResultsHabitat‐breadth varied with species traits, with larger species more commonly habitat generalists while schooling and planktivorous species more commonly habitat specialists. Importantly, habitat‐breadth was negatively correlated with richness for 109 out of the 154 species, and, across all species, the relationship was highly significant. We found some support that species with distinct traits displayed less sensitivity of habitat‐breadth to richness, but the relationship was dependent on the type of trait‐distinctiveness index used.ConclusionsThis is the first large‐scale evidence that population‐level habitat‐breadth changes with richness. Results suggest that the realised niche is population‐specific and that niche breadth is reduced in high‐diversity settings where more intense interactions, such as competition, are expected. This implies that populations, specifically in species rich areas, do not use their entire fundamental niche. Therefore, the ability to predict habitat preferences response to global changes based on current habitat associations, without accounting for species interactions, may be limited.
How to Encourage the Public to Help People With Dementia in the Community: A Scoping Review
Authors: Zhi Shengze , Li Runze , Fang Shuyan , Gao Shizheng , Song Dongpo , Wu Yifan , Zhong Qiqing , Jin Changxu , Zhang Yuan , Song Haitao , Sun Jiao 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundIn a response to the lack of public awareness of dementia, ‘ageing in place’ and ‘dementia‐friendly community’ policies have been proposed, and a number of relevant studies have been carried out.AimTo map the evidence of public help for people with dementia in the community.DesignA scoping review.MethodsA comprehensive search of nine databases was conducted to find studies from the inception of the databases to January 2024. We developed our inclusion criteria to identify studies about public help for people with dementia in the community. Data from included studies were charted (purposively designed template) and narrated synthesis in relation to the study's research questions.ResultsOf 34 studies included, we found that difficult situations were encountered by people with dementia after developing cognitive, behavioural and psychological symptoms. We identified three types of helping behaviour, namely, formal planned, informal planned and spontaneous helping behaviour, which were influenced by general demographic characteristics, knowledge, attitudes, responsibilities and understanding. Fourteen studies proposed interventions to promote public help for people with dementia in the community, covering three categories of teaching, practical and web‐based methods.ConclusionsIt is necessary to develop a systematic intervention to promote public helping behaviour according to the characteristics of people with dementia and the modifiable influencing factors of helping behaviour.Patient or Public ContributionNo patient or public contribution. This is a Scoping Review.
Cathepsin B Modulates Alzheimer's Disease Pathology Through SAPK/JNK Signals Following Administration of Porphyromonas gingivalis‐Derived Outer Membrane Vesicles
Authors: Jiang Muzhou , Ge Ziming , Yin Shoucheng , Liu Yanqing , Gao Hanyu , Lu Lijie , Wang Hongyan , Li Chen , Ni Junjun , Pan Yaping , Lin Li 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTAim

Porphyromonas gingivalis
, a consensus periodontal pathogen, is thought to be involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression, and
P. gingivalis
‐derived outer membrane vesicles (PgOMVs) are a key toxic factor in inducing AD pathology. This study aimed to clarify the regulatory mechanism underlying the PgOMV‐induced AD‐like phenotype.Materials and MethodsWe intraperitoneally injected PgOMVs into the periphery of wild‐type and CatB knockout mice for 4 or 8 weeks to assess the effect of CatB on PgOMV‐induced AD pathology. Mice were evaluated for cognitive change, tau phosphorylation, microglial activation, neuroinflammation and synapse loss. Microglial and primary neuron culture were prepared to verify the in vivo results.ResultsCatB deficiency significantly alleviated PgOMV‐induced cognitive dysfunction, microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation, tau hyperphosphorylation and synapse loss. Subsequent transcriptomic analysis, immunofluorescence and immunoblotting suggested that CatB modulates microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation through stress‐activated protein kinases (SAPK)/Jun amino‐terminal kinases (JNK) signals after administration of PgOMVs, which in turn regulates neuronal tau phosphorylation and synapse loss in a SAPK/JNK‐dependent manner.ConclusionOur study unveils a previously unknown role of CatB in regulating PgOMV‐induced AD pathology.
The First Report of Cod Gill Poxvirus in Gills of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.) Suffering From Cardiorespiratory Disease
Authors: Gjessing Mona C. , Tengs Torstein , Nilsen Hanne , Mohammad Saima , Weli Simon C. 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTAtlantic cod farming experiences renewed growth in Norway, and increased awareness is essential to address emerging diseases in this species. There are few reports on gill diseases in cod, and to date, no viral gill infections of cod have been documented. In this study, we collected samples from three sequential time points in summer 2023 from farmed cod suffering from cardiorespiratory disease. We document severe heart and gill pathology, and a novel double‐strand DNA virus was discovered in the gills. Through comprehensive genetic characterisation and comparative sequence analysis, this virus was classified as a new species in the genus Poxvirus, designated cod gill poxvirus (CGPV). We demonstrate disease causality with severe gill lesions as shown by histopathology and RNA scope in situ hybridisation, and poxvirus particles were identified in gill epithelial cells by transmission electron microscopy. Further, another gill pathogen not previously described in cod, Candidatus. Branchiomonas cysticola, was identified by pcr and in situ hybridisation. Our findings provide strong evidence for poxvirus in Atlantic cod and underscore the imminent threat posed to Atlantic cod farm industry.
Long‐Term Prognostic Factors for Patients Aged 80 and Older With Superficial Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Undergoing Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection
Authors: Suzuki Yugo , Kikuchi Daisuke , Ohashi Kenichi , Hoteya Shu 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTBackground and AimEndoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an acceptable treatment for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) even in elderly patients. However, studies on the prognostic factors in very elderly patients are limited. Therefore, we aimed to explore the prognostic factors affecting overall survival (OS) in patients aged ≥ 80 with superficial ESCC who underwent ESD.MethodsThis study included 155 patients aged ≥ 80 who underwent ESD for superficial ESCC. Clinicopathological findings and long‐term outcomes were examined. The prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and geriatric nutritional index (GNRI) were used to assess pre‐treatment nutritional status.ResultsTwenty‐nine patients (18.7%) were aged ≥ 85. Thirty‐five (22.6%) and 61 (39.4%) patients had a GNRI < 92 and PNI < 45, respectively. Metastatic relapse was observed in five cases, four (80%) of which resulted in death due to the primary disease. The median OS of all patients was 86 months. Although factors specifically associated with disease‐specific survival were not identified, GNRI, PNI, comorbidity, and physical status were associated with OS. In multivariate analysis, age ≥ 85 years (p = 0.03), GNRI (p < 0.01), and PNI (p < 0.01) remained factors associated with OS. Patients aged ≥ 85 with either GNRI ≥ 92 or PNI ≥ 45 had a median OS of 106 months, whereas those aged ≥ 85 with GNRI < 92 had a median OS of 12 months.ConclusionsGNRI and PNI are important indicators for assessing the suitability of ESD in elderly patients aged ≥ 80. These indices can help predict OS and guide clinical decision‐making for this patient population.
Impact of dyslipidemia and lipid‐lowering therapy with statins in patients with neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Faggiano Antongiulio , Russo Flaminia , Zamponi Virginia , Sesti Franz , Puliani Giulia , Modica Roberta , Malandrino Pasqualino , Ferraù Francesco , Rinzivillo Maria , Di Muzio Marco , Di Simone Emanuele , Panattoni Nicolò , Dolce Pasquale , Lauretta Rosa , Di Iasi Gianfranco , Prinzi Antonio , Alessi Ylenia , Feola Tiziana , Mazzilli Rossella , Appetecchia Marialuisa , Giannetta Elisa , Panzuto Francesco , Colao Annamaria 
Published: December 2024

AbstractDyslipidemia is a potential unfavorable prognostic factor in neuroendocrine tumors (NETs); conversely, statins proved to have antiproliferative effects in NET cell lines and could be a helpful therapeutic strategy for these patients. The main objective of this observational cohort retrospective study is to explore the associations between dyslipidemia and NET progression and evaluate the potential influence of statins in this context. 393 patients with histologically confirmed gastroenteropancreatic or bronchopulmonary NETs from six Italian centres didicated to NET diagnosis and therapy were included. The cohort included 123 patients with dyslipidemia, 81 of which were taking statins. Clinicopathological data, including patient demographics, tumor characteristics, and treatment details as well as the prevalence, timing of dyslipidemia and hypolipemic therapy were collected. The main outcome measure used is progression‐free survival (PFS). Among the 393 patients, 123 (31.3%) had dyslipidemia. Statins were used by 81 (65.8%) dyslipidemic patients, mostly atorvastatin. Median PFS was 87 months overall, 124 months in non‐dyslipidemic patients, and 72 months in dyslipidemic patients (p = .268). Dyslipidemic patients on statins had a significantly better median PFS (108 months) than those not on statins (26 months; p = .024). Recurrence‐free survival (RFS) was also evaluated, but no significant differences were found. In conclusion, while PFS was lower in dyslipidemic patients compared to non‐dyslipidemic patients, the difference was not statistically significant. Statin therapy was associated with improved PFS among dyslipidemic patients, suggesting a potential antiproliferative effect of statins in NETs. These findings warrant further investigation to substantiate the role of statins in the management of NETs.
Aligned, competing, and blurred: Gender and family attitudes in East Asia
Authors: Han Sang Won , Oh Eunsil 
Published: December 2024

AbstractObjectiveThis study explores the complexity of how gender and family attitudes relate to each other in East Asia, paying particular attention to heterogeneity and the impact of cognitive structures.BackgroundRecent work on gender and family attitudes across post‐industrial societies has shown a rise in the complexity of attitudinal configurations. However, no systematic analysis has been conducted to explore variations in attitudinal configurations and cognitive structures. This study aims to fill this gap.MethodData from the 2012 Gender Module of the International Social Survey Programme were used to conduct a relational class analysis to measure relationships and networks among gender and family attitudes in China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan (N = 8,007).ResultsAnalysis revealed three cognitive structures: aligned, competing, and blurred. The aligned structure represents a cognitively unified belief system. The competing structure identifies beliefs that are in conflict, with a network of attitudes that is partitioned into family versus work. The last group comprises those who cognitively have blurred boundaries across different domains of gender, work, and family. Notably, competing and blurred cognitive structures are characterized by lower life satisfaction and fertility intentions than those with an aligned structure. Further analysis demonstrated that all three groupings exist in China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan but vary in prevalence.ConclusionThe findings shed new light on the complex interplay of gender and family attitudes in East Asia and provide valuable insights into the heterogeneous cognitive structures of attitudes and the consequences of holding unstructured and dissonant attitudinal structures.
“I Need the Shade”: Experiences and Perceptions of Elementary School Children During Recess in Hot Weather
Authors: Poulos Allison , Albaloul Omar , Min Hyungsik , Kulinna Pamela Hodges 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundFew studies have investigated how heat impacts play from the perspective of children. The purpose of this study was to explore children's experiences of recess play during high temperatures.MethodsWe used the draw‐and‐tell method to retrospectively explore the experiences of recess during hot weather among students (N = 38) between the ages of 5–12 attending four elementary schools in one school district in Arizona (United States). Students were asked to imagine themselves at recess on a hot day, select their preferred playground picture (shaded or unshaded), draw a picture of themselves in the playground, and explain their drawings. Drawings and narrations were analyzed using content analysis and constant comparative methods.ResultsMost students (89%) selected the playground picture with shade. Four themes describing students' experiences were found: (a) discomfort, (b) self‐awareness of heat affecting health and safety, (c) influence of heat on play and physical activity, and (d) adaptive strategies for managing heat during recess.ConclusionsStudents are aware that playing outside in the heat has the potential to negatively impact their health and adapt their play to occur in the shade.Implications for School Health Policy, Practice, and EquityOutdoor school play spaces should increase access to shade.
Females in Corporate Business: Do Ownership and Homophily Matter in the Context of Tax Avoidance?
Authors: Baatwah Saeed Rabea , Hussainey Khaled , Bajaher Mohammed 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTThis study revisits the evidence on the role of females in corporate outcomes by investigating the impact of female shareholders and their interactions with female directors on tax avoidance. We build our investigation on gender socialization and homophily theories and on data from an emerging market, Oman, for the period 2012–2019. Our fixed‐effects regressions reveal that female shareholders are associated with lower tax avoidance. We also find that female shareholders and directors on the board interact to significantly reduce tax avoidance practices. In an additional analysis, we find that the effect of female shareholders is more pronounced in firms with low‐quality audit committees and nonreligious CEOs. Interestingly, we also observe that female shareholders improve the quality of financial reports, consequently reducing tax avoidance. The main findings were verified using various robustness tests including alternative measures and research designs. The novelty of this study is that it provides innocent evidence on the role of female shareholders and their interaction with other females in firm tax activities.