bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive investigation of the Galilean moon, Io, by tracing mass and energy flows
Authors: Thomas N. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIo is the most volcanically-active object in the solar system. The moon ejects a tonne per second of sulphur-rich gases that fill the vast magnetosphere of Jupiter and drives million-amp electrical currents that excite strong auroral emissions. We present the case for including a detailed study of Io within Voyage 2050 either as a standalone mission or as a contribution to a NASA New Frontiers mission, possibly within a Solar System theme centred around current evolutionary or dynamical processes. A comprehensive investigation will provide answers to many outstanding questions and will simultaneously provide information on processes that have formed the landscapes of several other objects in the past. A mission investigating Io will also study processes that have shaped the Earth, Moon, terrestrial planets, outer planet moons, and potentially extrasolar planets. The aim would be simple – tracing the mass and energy flows in the Io-Jupiter system.
Presentism and times as propositions
Authors: Banfi Luca , Deasy Daniel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSomePresentists—according to whomeverything is present—identify instants of time with propositions of a certain kind. However, the view that times are propositions seems to be at odds with Presentism: if there are times then there arepasttimes, and therefore things that are past; but how could there be things that are past if everything is present? In this paper, we describe the Presentist view that times are propositions (Sect. 2); we set out the argument that Presentism is incompatible with the view that times are propositions (Sect. 3); and then we describe three possible responses to that argument on behalf of Presentists who identify times with propositions (Sect. 4). We argue that each of these responses comes with significant costs. Finally, we describe a fourth possible response—according to which times are irreducibly higher-order entities—which appears to avoid the costs of the other three (Sect. 5). We also describe and respond to two objections to the higher-order strategy (Sect. 6).
Risk factors of uterine contraction after ureteroscopy in pregnant women with renal colic
Authors: Li Chunjing , Guo Liwen , Luo Mi , Guo Mingjuan , Li Jierong , Zhang Shilin , Liu Guoqing 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Ureteroscopy is widely applied in pregnant women with renal colic, but such patients are easy to experience uterine contraction after surgery. There are many factors which may affect uterine contraction, this study aims to explore the risk factors of uterine contraction triggered by ureteroscopy in pregnant women with renal colic.

Methods
One hundred and one pregnant women were retrospectively analyzed, the patients were hospitalized because of severe renal colic. All patients received ureteroscopy during which double J catheters were inserted into ureters for drainage. Patients received other medical treatments individually according to their condition and uterine contractions were detected by EHG within 12 h after operation. Patients were classified as group A (uterine contraction) and group B (no uterine contraction) according to the presence or absence of continuously regular uterine contraction. Clinical characteristics were collected for further analysis, including history of childbirth, anesthesia method, application of phloroglucinol or not, operation time, Oxygen inhalation or not, pain relief or not after surgery, systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) occurred or not. A binary logistic regression analysis model was established to explore whether such clinical characteristics were relevant to uterine contraction after ureteroscopy.

Results
Continuously regular uterine contraction presented in 46 pregnant women within 12 h after ureteroscopy, making the incidence of uterine contraction as high as 45.54%. The presence of uterine contraction was related to the following factors(P < 0.05): history of childbirth (primipara versus multipara)(OR 6.593, 95% CI 2.231–19.490), operation time (each quarter additional) (OR 2.385, 95% CI 1.342–4.238), application of phloroglucinol (yes versus not) (OR 6.959, 95% CI 1.416–34.194), pain relief after surgery(yes versus not)(OR 6.707, 95% CI 1.978–22.738), SIRS occurred after surgery (yes versus not) (OR 0.099, 95% CI 0.014–0.713).

Conclusion
Continuously regular uterine contraction is easy to occur within 12 h after ureteroscopy in pregnant women. SIRS occurred after surgery is a risk factor for uterine contraction; on the contrary, no history of childbirth, shorter operation time, application of phloroglucinol, pain relief after surgery are protective factors.
Phytoremediation Potential of Native Herbaceous Plant Species Growing on a Paradigmatic Brownfield Site
Authors: Matanzas N. , Afif E. , Díaz T. E. , Gallego J. R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPhytomanagement techniques using native species allow the recovery of contaminated soils at low cost and circumvent the ecological risks associated with the use of non-native species. In this context, a paradigmatic brownfield megasite highly contaminated by As and Pb was sampled in order to analyze soil–plant interactions and identify plant species with phytoremediation potential. A survey was first carried out in a 20-ha area to obtain an inventory of species growing spontaneously throughout the site. We then performed another survey in the most polluted sub-area (1 ha) within the site. Pseudototal concentrations of contaminants in the soil, aerial parts of the plants, and roots were measured by ICP-MS. A detailed habitat classification was done, and a specific index of coverage was applied by means of a 1-year quadrat study in various sampling stations. Results converged in the selection of six herbaceous species (Dysphania botrys, Lotus corniculatus, Lotus hispidus, Plantago lanceolata, Trifolium repens, Medicago lupulina). All of these plants are fast-growing, thereby making them suitable for use in phytostabilization strategies. Furthermore, they are all easy to grow and propagate and are generally self-sustaining. All six plants showed accumulation factors below 1, thus revealing them as pseudomethallophytes and excluders. However, L. hispidus and M. lupulina showed translocation capacity and are considered worthy of further study.
Achtsamkeit in der Schule (AISCHU) – Evaluation der Weiterbildung für Lehrkräfte zur Stressreduktion
Authors: Kraft Jana , Kaltwasser Vera , Kohls Niko 
Published: July 2021

ZusammenfassungHintergrundPositive Effekte von achtsamkeitsbasierten Programmen im Kontext Schule wurden bereits vielfältig belegt. Das in dieser Studie evaluierte Konzept Achtsamkeit in der Schule (AISCHU) richtet sich an Lehrkräfte und SchülerInnen und soll deren Stresswahrnehmung und Selbstregulationsfähigkeit schulen. Im Fokus dieser explorativen Studie steht erstmals der präventive Nutzen der AISCHU-Weiterbildung für Lehrkräfte und deren psychische Gesundheit.MethodikEtablierte Messinstrumente bezüglich Stresserleben (PSQ), Burn-out-Gefährdung („Tedium measure“ (TM)), Wohlbefinden (WHO-5) und Achtsamkeit (FFA, MAAS) wurden im Prä-Post-Vergleich eingesetzt. Die Daten beziehen sich auf 36 Lehrkräfte unterschiedlicher Schulformen.ErgebnisseEs ergaben sich hinsichtlich aller untersuchten Messgrößen signifikante Verbesserungen mit z. T. großen Effektstärken.SchlussfolgerungIn dieser explorativen Pilotstudie zu AISCHU für Lehrkräfte konnten erstmals vielversprechende Hinweise auf die Wirksamkeit im Sinne von Stressreduzierung, Burn-out-Risikominimierung sowie Verbesserung der Lebensqualität bei belasteten LehrerInnen beobachtet werden.
What can intraspecific trait variability tell us about fungal communities and adaptations?
Authors: Krah Franz-Sebastian , Bässler Claus 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAnalyses of species functional traits are suitable to better understand the coexistence of species in a given environment. Trait information can be applied to investigate diversity patterns along environmental gradients and subsequently to predict and mitigate threats associated with climate change and land use. Species traits are used to calculate community trait means, which can be related to environmental gradients. However, while species traits can provide insights into the mechanisms underlying community assembly, they can lead to erroneous inferences if mean trait values are used. An alternative is to incorporate intraspecific trait variability (ITV) into calculating the community trait means. This approach gains increasing acceptance in plant studies. For macrofungi, functional traits have recently been applied to examine their community ecology but, to our knowledge, ITV has yet to be incorporated within the framework of community trait means. Here, we present a conceptual summary of the use of ITV to investigate the community ecology of macrofungi, including the underlying ecological theory. Inferences regarding community trait means with or without the inclusion of ITV along environmental gradients are compared. Finally, an existing study is reconsidered to highlight the variety of possible outcomes when ITV is considered. We hope this Opinion will increase awareness of the potential for within-species trait variability and its importance for statistical inferences, interpretations, and predictions of the mechanisms structuring communities of macro- and other fungi.
Modulation of ACE-2 mRNA by inflammatory cytokines in human thyroid cells: a pilot study
Authors: Coperchini Francesca , Ricci Gianluca , Croce Laura , Denegri Marco , Ruggiero Rubina , Villani Laura , Magri Flavia , Chiovato Luca , Rotondi Mario 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Angiotensin-converting-enzyme-2 (ACE-2) was demonstrated to be the receptor for cellular entry of SARS-CoV-2. ACE-2 mRNA was identified in several human tissues and recently also in thyroid cells in vitro.

Purpose
Aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of pro-inflammatory cytokines on the ACE-2 mRNA levels in human thyroid cells in primary cultures.

Methods
Primary thyroid cell cultures were treated with IFN-γ and TNF-α alone or in combination for 24 h. ACE-2 mRNA levels were measured by RT-PCR. As a control, the levels of IFN-γ inducible chemokine (CXCL10) were measured in the respective cell culture supernatants.

Results
The mean levels of ACE-2 mRNA increased after treatment with IFN-γ and TNF-α in all the thyroid cell preparations, while the combination treatment did not consistently synergically increase ACE-2-mRNA. At difference, CXCL10 was consistently increased by IFN-γ and synergically further increased by the combination treatment with IFN-γ + TNF-α, with respect to IFN-γ alone.

Conclusions
The results of the present study show that IFN-γ and, to a lesser extent TNF-α consistently increase ACE-2 mRNA levels in NHT primary cultures. More interestingly, the combined stimulation (proven to be effective according to the synergic effect registered for CXCL10) produces different responses in terms of ACE-2 mRNA modulation. These results would suggest that elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines could facilitate the entering of the virus in cells by further increasing ACE-2 expression and/or account for the different degree of severity of SARS-COV-2 infection. This hypothesis deserves to be confirmed by further specific studies.
W246G Mutant ELOVL4 Impairs Synaptic Plasticity in Parallel and Climbing Fibers and Causes Motor Defects in a Rat Model of SCA34
Authors: Nagaraja Raghavendra Y. , Sherry David M. , Fessler Jennifer L. , Stiles Megan A. , Li Feng , Multani Karanpreet , Orock Albert , Ahmad Mohiuddin , Brush Richard S. , Anderson Robert E. , Agbaga Martin-Paul , Deák Ferenc 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSpinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by ataxia and cerebellar atrophy. A number of different mutations gives rise to different types of SCA with characteristic ages of onset, symptomatology, and rates of progression. SCA type 34 (SCA34) is caused by mutations in ELOVL4 (ELOngation of Very Long-chain fatty acids 4), a fatty acid elongase essential for biosynthesis of Very Long Chain Saturated and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (VLC-SFA and VLC-PUFA, resp., ≥28 carbons), which have important functions in the brain, skin, retina, Meibomian glands, testes, and sperm. We generated a rat model of SCA34 by knock-in of the SCA34-causing 736T>G (p.W246G) ELOVL4 mutation. Rats carrying the mutation developed impaired motor deficits by 2 months of age. To understand the mechanism of these motor deficits, we performed electrophysiological studies using cerebellar slices from rats homozygous for W246G mutant ELOVL4 and found marked reduction of long-term potentiation at parallel fiber synapses and long-term depression at climbing fiber synapses onto Purkinje cells. Neuroanatomical analysis of the cerebellum showed normal cytoarchitectural organization with no evidence of degeneration out to 6 months of age. These results point to ELOVL4 as essential for motor function and cerebellar synaptic plasticity. The results further suggest that ataxia in SCA34 patients may arise from a primary impairment of synaptic plasticity and cerebellar network desynchronization before onset of neurodegeneration and progression of the disease at a later age.
APPARILLO: a fully operational and autonomous staring system for LEO debris detection
Authors: Wagner Paul , Clausen Tim 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFor safe operation of active space crafts, the space debris population needs to be continuously scanned, to avoid collisions of active satellites with space debris. Especially the low Earth orbit (LEO) shows higher risks of collisions due to the highest density of orbital debris. Laser ranging stations can deliver highly accurate distance measurements of debris objects allowing precise orbit determination and more effective collision avoidance. However, a laser ranging station needs accurate a priori orbit information to track an orbital object. To detect and track unknown orbital objects in LEO, here, a passive optical staring system is developed for autonomous 24/7 operation. The system is weather-sealed and does not require any service to perform observations. To detect objects, a wide-angle imaging system with 10° field of view equipped with an astronomical CCD camera was designed and set up to continuously observe the sky for LEO objects. The system can monitor and process several passing objects simultaneously without limitations. It automatically starts an observation, processes the images and saves the 2D angular measurements of each object as equatorial coordinates in the TDM standard. This allows subsequent initial orbit determination and handover to a laser tracking system. During campaigns at twilight the system detected up to 36 objects per hour, with high detection efficiencies of LEO objects larger than 1 m3. It is shown that objects as small as 0.1 m3 can be detected and that the estimated precision of the measurements is about 0.05° or 7 × the pixel scale.
Prophylactic cholecystectomy is not mandatory in patients candidate to the resection for small intestine neuroendocrine neoplasms: a propensity score-matched and cost-minimization analysis
Authors: Ingaldi Carlo , Alberici Laura , Ricci Claudio , Campana Davide , Mosconi Cristina , Ambrosini Valentina , Lamberti Giuseppe , Manuzzi Lisa , Minni Francesco , Casadei Riccardo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTo evaluate two competitive strategies in patients undergoing resection of Small-intestine neuroendocrine neoplasms (Si-NEN): prophylactic cholecystectomy (PC) versus On-demand delayed (OC) cholecystectomy. None comparative studies are available. This is a retrospective study based on 247 Si-NENs candidates for the primary tumor resection. Patients were divided into two arms: PC and OC. Propensity score matching was performed, reporting the d value. The primary outcome was the rehospitalization rate for any cause. The secondary endpoints were: the rehospitalization rate for biliary stone disease (BSD), the mean number of rehospitalization (any cause and BSD), the complication rate (all and severe). A P value < 0.05 was considered significant, and the number needed to treat (NNT) < 10 was considered clinically relevant. Before matching, 52 (21.1%) were in the PC arm and 195 (78.9%) in the OC group. The two arms have a sub-optimal balance for age (d = 0.575), symptoms (d = 0.661), ENETS TNM stage (d = 0.661). After matching, we included 52 patients in PC and 104 in OC one. The two groups are well balanced (all d values < 0.5). The rehospitalization rate was similar in the two groups (36% vs 31; P = 0.594; NNT = 21). The rehospitalization rate for BSD was lower in the PC arm than OC one (0% vs 7%) without statistical significance (P = 0.096) and relevance (NNT = 15). The mean number of readmission (any cause and BSD) and the complication rate (all and severe) were similar. PC was not mandatory in patients having Si-NEN and candidates to the resection of primary tumors.
Collateral Damage: Reuse in the Arts and the New Role of Quotation Provisions in Countries with Free Use Provisions After the ECJ’s Pelham, Funke Medien and Spiegel Online Judgments
Authors: Hui Alan , Döhl Frédéric 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article examines the impact of the European Court of Justice’s Pelham decision (C-476/17) on reuse, including appropriation art, borrowing and plagiarism in the arts, especially in music. Insofar, the focus lies on countries that have operated before with broad free use provisions. Specifically, we consider the extent to which EU law permits quotation provisions to fill the gap left by free use limitations, which have been curtailed by the Pelham decision. As we explain, Pelham creates a more restrictive approach to certain unlicensed use of copyright materials in new works of artistic expression, including music appropriation. We present our research in four sections. First, we compare existing national free use and quotation provisions in four states subject to EU law regarding their respective wiggle room for unlicensed yet lawful reuse in the arts. Second, we explore how the ECJ’s interpretation of the InfoSoc quotation exception, particularly in the Pelham, Funke Medien and Spiegel Online judgments, minimises the leeway for reuse in the arts provided by these national quotation provisions, in comparison to free use provisions. (Information Society Directive, 2001/29/EC.) Third, we address possible objections to our position and explain why we believe the consequences of the ECJ decisions cannot be bypassed. (Copyright in the Digital Single Market Directive, (EU) 2019/790.) Finally, in the conclusion, we explore the consequences, including the need for legislative reform.
Stability and Settlement Analysis of a Lightweight Embankment Filled with Waste Tyre Bales over Soft Ground
Authors: Duda Aleksander , Siwowski Tomasz W. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe waste tyre-derived products, including whole tyres, tyre bales, shreds, chips, and crumb rubber, have begun to be used in various geotechnical applications. In particular, the use of tyre bales in the construction of a lightweight embankment on the soft ground has the potential to satisfy the demand for low-cost materials exhibiting such beneficial properties. This paper presents the comparison between the common medium sand-filled embankment and two tyre-baled structures with various granular interlayers: medium sand and rubber aggregate. To assess the efficiency of tyre bale application in soft ground conditions, two subsoils were considered in the study: sandy clay and silty clay. The stability and settlement analysis of embankments, as well as subsoil bearing capacity checking, were performed for all structural cases. Bishop’s limit equilibrium slicing method and the finite element method were used in the embankment and subsoil analysis. The comprehensive testing of tyre bales and filling materials was also carried out to obtain the set of parameters used in both analyses. The comparison allowed qualitatively assessing the effectiveness of using waste tyre bales as a filling of road embankment when founded on soft ground. The analysis revealed that the application of tyre bales generally enhanced the embankment stability, effectively reduced the embankment settlement, and reduced the normal stress in the subsoil. In the tyre-baled embankments, the slip surface is located mostly within the embankment slope, showing good rotational stability, independent of subsoil conditions.
Management and outcome of metastatic pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas: a monocentric experience
Authors: De Filpo G. , Cantini G. , Rastrelli G. , Vannini G. , Ercolino T. , Luconi M. , Mannelli M. , Maggi M. , Canu L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Pheochromocytoma (PHEO) and paraganglioma (PGL) are rare neuroendocrine tumors releasing catecholamines. Metastatic pheochromocytomas/paragangliomas (PPGLs) occur in about 5–26% of cases. To date, the management of patients affected by metastatic disease is a challenge in the absence of guidelines.

Aim
The aim of this study was to evaluate the overall survival (OS) and the progression-free survival (PFS) in metastatic PPGLs.

Methods
Clinical data of 20 patients referred to the Careggi University Hospital (Florence, Italy) were retrospectively collected. Follow-up ranged from 1989 to 2019. Site and size of primary tumor, biochemical activity, genetic analysis and employed therapies were considered. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 27.

Results
Nine PHEOs (45%) and 11 PGLs (55%) were enrolled. Median age at diagnosis was 43.5 years [30–55]. Mean follow-up was 104.6 ± 89.3 months. Catecholamines were released in 70% of cases. An inherited disease was reported in 50% of patients. OS from the initial diagnosis (OSpt) and from the metastatic appearance (OSmtx) were lower in older patients (OSpt p = 0.028; OSmtx p < 0.001), abdominal PGLs (OSpt p = 0.007; OSmtx p = 0.041), larger tumors (OSpt p = 0.008; OSmtx p = 0.025) and sporadic disease (OSpt p = 0.013; OSmtx p = 0.008).

Conclusion
Our data showed that older age at the initial diagnosis, sympathetic extra-adrenal localization, larger tumors and wild-type neoplasms are related to worse prognosis. Notably, the employed therapies do not seem to influence the survival of our patients. At present, effective treatments for metastatic PPGLs are missing and a multidisciplinary approach is indispensably required.
Cosponsoring and Cashing In: US House Members’ Support for Punitive Immigration Policy and Financial Payoffs from the Private Prison Industry
Authors: Morín Jason L. , Torres Rachel , Collingwood Loren 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe private prison industry is a multi-million-dollar industry that has increasingly profited from the detention of undocumented immigrants. As a government contractor, therefore, the industry has a natural interest in government decision making, including legislation that can affect its expansion into immigrant detention. In this article, we examine the relationship between campaign donations made on behalf of the private prison industry and an untested form of position taking—bill cosponsorship—in the US House of Representatives. We hypothesize the private prison industry will reward House members for taking positions that benefit the industry. We also hypothesize the private prison industry will also reward House members who incur greater political risk by taking positions out of sync with the party. To test our hypotheses, we focus on punitive immigration legislation that has the potential to increase the supply of immigrant detainees over the course of eight years. We find support for our second hypothesis, that private prison companies are more likely to reward House Democrats who cosponsor punitive immigration policies even after accounting for possible endogeneity. The findings have important implications regarding the relationship between House members and private interests.