bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) on California dairies: descriptive and cluster analyses of AMR phenotype of fecal commensal bacteria isolated from adult cows
Authors: Abdelfattah Essam M. , Ekong Pius S. , Okello Emmanuel , Chamchoy Tapakorn , Karle Betsy M. , Black Randi A. , Sheedy David , ElAshmawy Wagdy R. , Williams Deniece R. , Califano Daniela , Tovar Luis Fernando Durán , Ongom Jonathan , Lehenbauer Terry W. , Byrne Barbara A. , Aly Sharif S. 
Published: April 2021

Background
This study describes the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in commensal Escherichia coli and Enterococcus/Streptococcus spp. (ES) isolated from fecal samples of dairy cows and assesses the variation of AMR profiles across regions and seasons following the implementation of the Food and Agricultural Code (FAC) Sections 14400–14408 (formerly known as Senate Bill, SB 27) in California (CA).

Methods
The study was conducted on ten dairies distributed across CA’s three milk sheds: Northern California (NCA), Northern San Joaquin Valley (NSJV), and the Greater Southern California (GSCA). On each study dairy, individual fecal samples were collected from two cohorts of lactating dairy cows during the fall/winter 2018 and spring/summer 2019 seasons. Each cohort comprised of 12 cows per dairy. The fecal samples were collected at enrollment before calving (close-up stage) and then monthly thereafter for four consecutive time points up to 120 days in milk. A total of 2,171 E. coli and 2,158 ES isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the broth microdilution method against a select panel of antimicrobials.

Results
The E. coli isolates showed high resistance to florfenicol (83.31% ± 0.80) and sulphadimethoxine (32.45%), while resistance to ampicillin (1.10% ± 0.21), ceftiofur (1.93% ± 0.29), danofloxacin (4.01% ± 0.42), enrofloxacin (3.31% ± 0.38), gentamicin (0.32% ± 0.12) and neomycin (1.61% ± 0.27) had low resistance proportions. The ES isolates were highly resistant to tildipirosin (50.18% ± 1.10), tilmicosin (48% ± 1.10), tiamulin (42%) and florfenicol (46% ± 1.10), but were minimally resistant to ampicillin (0.23%) and penicillin (0.20%). Multidrug resistance (MDR) (resistance to at least 1 drug in ≥3 antimicrobial classes) was observed in 14.14% of E. coli isolates and 39% of ES isolates. Escherichia coli isolates recovered during winter showed higher MDR prevalence compared to summer isolates (20.33% vs. 8.04%). A higher prevalence of MDR was observed in NSJV (17.29%) and GSCA (15.34%) compared with NCA (10.10%).

Conclusions
Our findings showed high rates of AMR to several drugs that are not labeled for use in lactating dairy cattle 20 months of age or older. Conversely, very low resistance was observed for drugs labeled for use in adult dairy cows, such as cephalosporins and penicillin. Overall, our findings identified important differences in AMR by antimicrobial class, region and season.
Estimating Stress-Strength Model for Weighted Lomax Distribution
Authors: El-Monsef M. M. E. Abd , Marei Ghareeb A. , Kilany N. M. 
Published: April 2021

This paper aims to estimate the stress-strength reliability parameter when and are follow the weighted Lomax (WL) distribution. The behavior of stress-strength parameters and reliability have been studied by using maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimators through the Monte Carlo simulation study which carried out showing satisfactory performance of the estimators obtained. Finally, two real data sets representing waiting times before service of the customers of two banks A and B are fitted using the WL distribution and used to estimate the stress-strength parameters and reliability function.
Antibacterial Effects of Fenugreek, Wheat and Hot Red Pepper Seeds and Their Germs Extract on Inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter cloacae Growth
Authors: Youssef Nesrine H. , Sabra Mayada A. 
Published: April 2021

Aims: The work investigated the effects of plant seeds such as fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.), wheat grains (Triticum aestivum L.), and hot red pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) which are traditionally used as natural food preservatives or at least to minimize the used concentrations of artificial preservative, meantime to serve as antibacterial agents against certain positive and negative gram bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 and Enterobacter cloacae Enk1 LT592256 and the effectiveness of using germinated seeds in reducing bacterial growth.
Study Design: The experiments were designed as one way completely randomized design.
Place and Duration of Study: The experiments were carried out at the Regional Center for Food and Feed (RCFF), Agricultural Research Center, and Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Egypt.
Methodology: The living bacterial cells in each treatment was estimated after 5 days of incubation at 25°C the total viable bacterial counts were determined using the plate count agar method. Microbial numbers in all samples were determined using serial dilutions also, determine the total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, and total phenol contents of the tested seeds and their germs.
Results: Our results demonstrated that the maximum number of S. aureus bacteria in 10-1 on wheat germinated seeds extract at 1000 µl that is 290 CFU and the maximum number of E. cloaceae was 370 CFU was found in wheat non-germinated seeds at 500µl concentration, however, the highly inhibitory concentration of S. aureus 1000 µl was realized using non-germinated red pepper seeds extract (97.9%) and (92.9%) in the case of E. cloaceae bacteria. The maximum inhibition percentage was found with red pepper non-germinated seeds for (S. aureus) it was (97.9%) and for the (E. cloaceae) was (92.9%) under the concentration 1000 µl. The results showed that germs extract was less effective as an antibacterial agent than seed extract. S. aureus was more susceptible than E. cloacae. The use of hot red pepper seeds extracts then fenugreek extract was highly effective in reducing the growth of both the tested bacteria.
Conclusion: Hot pepper and fenugreek extracts can be used as natural alternative preventives to control food poisoning diseases. Non Germinated seeds are most effective against studied bacteria growth.
Programmed Size‐Changeable Nanotheranostic Agents for Enhanced Imaging‐Guided Chemo/Photodynamic Combination Therapy and Fast Elimination
Authors: Cheng Guohui , Zong Wei , Guo Haizhen , Li Fuyan , Zhang Xu , Yu Peng , Ren Fuxin , Zhang Xinlu , Shi Xiaoen , Gao Fei , Chang Jin , Wang Sheng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAn ideal nanotheranostic agent should be able to achieve efficient tumor accumulation, retention, and fast elimination after its theranostic functions exhausts. However, there is an irreconcilable contradiction on optimum sizes for effective tumor retention and fast elimination. Herein, a programmed size‐changeable nanotheranostic agent based on polyprodrug‐modified iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) and aggregation‐induced emission photosensitizer is developed for enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐guided chemo/photodynamic combination therapy. The nano‐sized theranostic agents with an initial diameter of about 90 nm can accumulate in tumor tissue through passive targeting. In the acidic tumor microenvironment, large aggregates of IONPs are formed, realizing enhanced tumor retention and MR signal enhancement. Under the guidance of MRI, light irradiation is applied to the tumor site for triggering the generation of reactive oxygen species and drug release. Moreover, after chemo/photodynamic combination therapy, the large‐sized aggregates are re‐dispersed into small‐sized IONPs for fast elimination, reducing the risk of toxicity caused by long‐term retention. Therefore, this study provides a promising size‐changeable strategy for the development of nanotheranostic agents.
Second‐order sliding mode control of wind turbines to enhance the fault‐ride through capability under unbalanced grid faults
Authors: Tahir Khalfallah , Allaoui Tayeb , Denai Mouloud , Mekhilef Saad , Belfedal Cheikh , Doumi M'hamed 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe integration of wind generation to the grid is growing rapidly across the world. As a result, grid operators have introduced the so‐called grid codes (GC), which nowadays include a range of technical conditions and requirements, which wind generators must fulfill. Among these, the low‐voltage ride through (LVRT) is a requirement for wind turbines to stay connected to the grid and continue to operate during the disturbance. In this study, a control structure, combining inertial kinetic energy storage with a crowbar circuit, is proposed to enhance the ride through capability of a wind turbine generator (WTG) based on a wound‐field synchronous generator (WFSG) under unsymmetrical voltage dips. For the grid‐side converter (GSC), a decoupled double synchronous reference frame (DDSRF) d‐q current controller is used. Furthermore, a second‐order sliding mode controller (SOSMC) with super‐twisting (ST) algorithm is proposed for the GSC and the machine‐side converter (MSC) to improve the response speed and achieve an accurate regulation of the dq‐axis current components simultaneously. The main objectives of the GSC are to achieve a balanced, sinusoidal current and smooth the real and reactive powers to reduce the influence of the negative‐sequence voltage. A series of simulations are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme in improving the LVRT capability of the WFSG‐driven wind turbine and the power quality of the system under unbalanced grid voltage conditions.
Impact of Solvent and Their Contaminants on Pd/C Catalyzed Suzuki‐Miyaura Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: de Lambert de Boisjan Alexandre , Allemann Christophe , Fadini Luca 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe aim of this work was to understand if solvent contaminants can interfere in Suzuki’s cross‐coupling reactions and if it can explain the lack of robustness in industrial processes. For this purpose, several parameters were tested on the industrial model reaction between 2‐bromonaphthalene and phenylboronic acid catalyzed by Pd/C. Best results were obtained using THF as solvent. Traces of the precursors of the used solvents, such as 2,3‐dihydrofurane or maleic anhydride (100–300 ppm related to the solvent) strongly poisoned the reaction, decreasing the conversion significantly. This means that to ensure robust production, solvent quality must be analyzed at the ppm level. Fortunately, addition of triphenylphosphine can circumvent the catalyst poisoning.
Spectral simulation to investigate the effects of nanoparticle diameter and nanolayer on the ferrofluid flow over a slippery rotating disk in the presence of low oscillating magnetic field
Authors: Acharya Nilankush 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article explores the impacts of the solid–liquid interfacial layer and nanoparticle diameter on the unsteady ferrous‐water nanoliquid flow over a spinning disk. The existence of velocity slip is presumed on the disk. Additionally, the low oscillating magnetic field effect is included to extract the hydrothermal consequences of the problem. Shliomis theory has been presented to verbalize the foremost equations of the mentioned flow problem. The similarity transformation renders the dimensionless equations. Spectral quasilinearization technique along with the residual error profile is presented to resolve the converted equations. An adequate number of pictures and tables are portrayed to improve the parametric study of the problem. Several streamlines, isotherms, contour plots, and three‐dimensional figures are presented to disclose the hydrothermal integrity of the nanofluidic transport. Effective magnetization parameter produces 4.67% skin frictional increment. Heat transport declines for nanoparticle diameter but is enhanced for nanolayer conductivity ratio. The presence of an oscillating magnetic field always promotes heat transference as compared with the absence of the oscillating field. The nanolayer conductivity ratio conveys the highest 8.69% heat transport rate, whereas the magnetization factor provides the lowest, 1.79%. It has novel applications in magnetic drug targeting, hard disk scaling, magnetic resonance imaging, spin coating, lubrication, and so forth.
Fluorescent Labelling of Cell Surface Proteins on a Solid Support
Authors: Adler Sean , Motiei Leila , Mankovski Naama , Cohen Hagai , Margulies David 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA method for decorating bacteria with synthetic receptors while they are attached to a solid support is described. This approach involves two steps. First, E. coli expressing a His‐tagged outer membrane protein C (His‐OmpC) are attached to a monolayer of DNA duplexes appended with a tri‐nitrilotriacetic acid (tri‐NTA) group. The remaining His‐tags, which are not involved in the interaction with the monolayer, can then be modified with additional tri‐NTA‐appended duplexes that bear different functionalities. By labelling the surface‐bound bacteria with an oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) appended with a fluorescent dye and by turning off its emission using a complementary, quencher‐bearing strand, we demonstrate the versatility of this approach, as well as a means to modify cell membrane proteins on a solid support using simple self‐assembly processes.
COVID‐19 vaccine acceptance in pregnant women
Authors: Goncu Ayhan Sule , Oluklu Deniz , Atalay Aysegul , Menekse Beser Dilek , Tanacan Atakan , Moraloglu Tekin Ozlem , Sahin Dilek 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine vaccine acceptance and hesitancy attitudes toward coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccines in pregnant women.MethodsThree hundred pregnant women were surveyed face to face with 40 questions. Sociodemographic characteristics, vaccination history, perception of risk for the COVID‐19 pandemic, the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic, and acceptance of and attitude toward future COVID‐19 vaccination were prospectively evaluated.ResultsAmong all participants, 111 (37%) stated their intent to receive the vaccine if it were recommended for pregnant women. Most common refusal reasons were lack of data about COVID‐19 vaccine safety in pregnant populations and possibility of harm to the fetus. There was a weak positive correlation between COVID‐19 vaccine acceptancy and number of school‐age children. Pregnant women in the first trimester expressed higher acceptance of COVID‐19 vaccination than those in the second and third trimesters.ConclusionThe present study reported low acceptance of COVID‐19 vaccination in a sample of pregnant women. Concern about vaccine safety was the major reason for hesitancy. Identifying attitudes among priority groups will be useful for creating vaccination strategies that increase uptake during the current pandemic.
Dual inhibition of MEK1/2 and MEK5 suppresses the EMT/migration axis in triple‐negative breast cancer through FRA‐1 regulation
Authors: Hoang Van T. , Matossian Margarite D. , La Jacqueline , Hoang Kristine , Ucar Deniz A. , Elliott Steven , Burks Hope E. , Wright Thomas D. , Patel Saloni , Bhatt Akshita , Phamduy Theresa , Chrisey Douglas , Buechlein Aaron , Rusch Douglas B. , Nephew Kenneth P. , Anbalagan Murali , Rowan Brian , Cavanaugh Jane E. , Flaherty Patrick T. , Miele Lucio , Collins‐Burow Bridgette M. , Burow Matthew E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTriple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) presents a clinical challenge due to the aggressive nature of the disease and a lack of targeted therapies. Constitutive activation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) pathway has been linked to chemoresistance and metastatic progression through distinct mechanisms, including activation of epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) when cells adopt a motile and invasive phenotype through loss of epithelial markers (CDH1), and acquisition of mesenchymal markers (VIM, CDH2). Although MAPK/ERK1/2 kinase inhibitors (MEKi) are useful antitumor agents in a clinical setting, including the Food and Drug Administration (FDA)‐approved MEK1,2 dual inhibitors cobimetinib and trametinib, there are limitations to their clinical utility, primarily adaptation of the BRAF pathway and ocular toxicities. The MEK5 (HGNC: MAP2K5) pathway has important roles in metastatic progression of various cancer types, including those of the prostate, colon, bone and breast, and elevated levels of ERK5 expression in breast carcinomas are linked to a worse prognoses in TNBC patients. The purpose of this study is to explore MEK5 regulation of the EMT axis and to evaluate a novel pan‐MEK inhibitor on clinically aggressive TNBC cells. Our results show a distinction between the MEK1/2 and MEK5 cascades in maintenance of the mesenchymal phenotype, suggesting that the MEK5 pathway may be necessary and sufficient in EMT regulation while MEK1/2 signaling further sustains the mesenchymal state of TNBC cells. Furthermore, additive effects on MET induction are evident through the inhibition of both MEK1/2 and MEK5. Taken together, these data demonstrate the need for a better understanding of the individual roles of MEK1/2 and MEK5 signaling in breast cancer and provide a rationale for the combined targeting of these pathways to circumvent compensatory signaling and subsequent therapeutic resistance.
Androgen receptor activation decreases proliferation in thyroid cancer cells
Authors: Jones Melanie E. , O'Connell Timmy J. , Zhao Hong , Darzynkiewicz Zgibniew , Gupta Anvita , Buchsbaum Joseph , Shin Edward , Iacob Codrin , Suslina Nina , Moscatello Augustine , Schantz Stimson , Tiwari Raj , Geliebter Jan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe American Cancer Society predicted more than 52 000 new cases of thyroid cancer in 2020, making it the most prevalent endocrine malignancy. Due to the approximately threefold higher incidence of thyroid cancer in women, we hypothesize that androgens and/or androgen receptors play a protective role and that thyroid cancer in men represents an escape from androgen‐mediated cell regulation. The analysis of androgen receptor (AR) expression in patient tissue samples identified a 2.7‐fold reduction in AR expression (p < 0.005) in papillary thyroid cancer compared with matched, normal tissue. An in vitro cell model was developed by stably transfecting AR into 8505C undifferentiated thyroid cancer cells (resulting in clone 84E7). The addition of DHT to the clone 84E7 resulted in AR translocation into the nucleus and a 70% reduction in proliferation, with a shift in the cell cycle toward G1 arrest. RNASeq analysis revealed significant changes in mRNA levels associated with proliferation, cell cycle, and cell cycle regulation. Furthermore, androgen significantly decreased the levels of the G1‐associated cell cycle progression proteins cdc25a CDK6 CDK4 and CDK2 as well as increased the levels of the cell cycle inhibitors, p27 and p21. The data strongly suggest that DHT induces a G1 arrest in androgen‐responsive thyroid cancer cells. Together, these data support our hypothesis that AR/androgen may play a protective, antiproliferative role and are consistent with younger men having a lower incidence of thyroid cancer than women.
Pandemics and education: A historical review
Authors: Spielman Andrew I. , Sunavala‐Dossabhoy Gulshan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMajor pandemics have tremendous effects on society. They precipitated the early decline of the Western Roman Empire and helped spread Christianity. There are countless such examples of infectious diseases altering the course of history. The impact of epidemics on education however is less well documented. This present historical account of the past 800 years looks specifically at how some aspects of education were shaped from the early medieval epidemics such as leprosy and the Black Plague to the Spanish Flu and COVID‐19. Leprosy changed religious education, and the Black Plague may have contributed to the rise of medical schools, hospitals, public health education, and led to the implementation of lazarettos and the quarantine. The smallpox epidemic helped usher in public health education for immunization, while the 1918 Spanish Flu precipitated the rise of education by correspondence, and recently COVID‐19 has catapulted remote digital learning to the forefront of higher education.
Light and scanning electron microscopic study of genus Echinochloa species inhabited in Pakistan
Authors: Shaheen Shabnum , Harun Nidaa , Hussain Khadim , Sharifi‐Rad Javad , Shahid Muhammad Naveed , Ashfaq Muhammad , Sonia Romisha , Ahmad Mushtaq , Khan Farah 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGrass taxonomy is quite problematic and insignificant taxonomic work has been done on Echinochloa with special reference to Pakistan. Therefore, the present study was carried out to provide taxonomic keys for the identification of this genus through microscopic epidermal leaf anatomical parameters. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy were done to delimit the different species. Special structures like hook cells, short and long cells, stomata, macro‐ and micro‐hairs, prickles and silica bodies showed a lot of variation among each species. For instance, E. frumentacea can be distinguished from E. walteri by the presence of macro hairs between the veins. Furthermore, E. crus‐galli can be distinguished from E. frumentacea in terms of macro hair size, that is, 45–60 μm and 20–60 μm, respectively. Similarly, E. colona showed marked variations in terms of prickles abundance from E. frumentacea. Overall results of this research reports valuable qualitative and quantitative diagnostic futures for the genus Echinochloa.
Universal access to genetic counseling for women with epithelial ovarian cancer in Nova Scotia: Evaluating a new collaborative care model
Authors: Warias Ashley , Ferguson Meghan , Chamberlain Erin , Currie Lauren , Snow Nicole , Matheson Kara , Penney Lynette S. , Kieser Katharina 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWomen with pathogenic variants in BRCA1/2 have a significantly increased lifetime risk of breast and ovarian cancers. The availability of genetic testing to identify BRCA1/2 carriers is imperative to disease prevention and treatment. We evaluated the effectiveness of a new collaborative care model in Nova Scotia, involving the integration of genetic counselors into tumor board rounds, reduction in time allotted for initial genetic counseling appointments from 60 to 45 min, and a standardized dictation template, to increase referral rate for genetic counseling. We also assessed the study cohorts’ preferences on timing for genetic testing. A retrospective chart review was performed on all women diagnosed with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) from 2012 to 2017 (N = 386). Pertinent clinical outcomes were categorized and wait times to different nodes of the clinical pathway assessed. A questionnaire was sent to this same cohort of women to identify preference for the timing of genetic testing (n = 103). The chi‐square and Wilcoxon's rank‐sum tests were used to compare demographic and clinical variables pre‐ and post‐care model implementation. We identified a 48.2% (95% CI: 39.4–56.7, p < .001) increase in referral for genetic counseling following implementation of the new care model. Median time from diagnosis to referral decreased by 74.0 days (p < .001) and median time from referral to first appointment by 54.0 days (p < .001). 56.3% of women desired referral at the time of diagnosis. This care model for women newly diagnosed with EOC in Nova Scotia was successful in increasing referral rates for genetic counseling. Majority of women pursued genetic testing following and favored that referral for genetic counseling be made at the time of diagnosis, highlighting the importance for timely access.