bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Biomarkers of Cigarette Smoke Exposure After 6 Days of Switching Exclusively or Partially to Use of the JUUL System with Two Nicotine Concentrations: A Randomized Controlled Confinement Study in Adult Smokers
Authors: Cohen Gal , Goldenson Nicholas I , Bailey Patrick C , Chan Stephanie , Shiffman Saul 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionEvidence suggests that cigarette smokers who switch to electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) reduce their exposure to harmful toxicants and carcinogens. It is unclear if dual-use is associated with decreases in exposure to toxicants.MethodsThis parallel-group confinement study assessed changes in biomarkers of exposure (BOEs) over six days among healthy adult smokers who were randomized into 1 of 11 study groups: eight JUUL-brand System (JUUL) groups (4 JUUL flavors [Virginia Tobacco, Menthol, Mint, Mango] × 2 nicotine concentrations [5.0% or 3.0% by weight]); Dual-Use group used preferred JUUL flavor (5.0% nicotine) and ≤50% usual brand (UB) cigarettes/day; UB Cigarette group and one group abstained from all tobacco/nicotine product use (Abstinence group). Urine and blood analysis assessed changes in primary BOE endpoints (NNAL, 3-HPMA, MHBMA, S-PMA COHb) and secondary BOE endpoints (NNN, HMPMA, CEMA, 1-OHP, O-toluidine, 2-NA, 4-ABP) among 279 adult smokers.ResultsIn JUUL groups, median percent reductions in primary BOEs (Day 6–Baseline) were 90%–≥100% of Abstinence; there were no significant differences between JUUL groups and Abstinence. All reductions in JUUL groups were substantially and statistically significantly greater than reductions in the UB Cigarette group (ps &lt; 0.025). Median reductions in primary BOEs in the Dual-Use group were 43%–55% of Abstinence. Similar results were observed for secondary BOEs.ConclusionThis study suggests that the use of JUUL as a complete or partial substitute (i.e., dual-use with ≥50% reduction in cigarette consumption) for combustible cigarettes can substantially reduce exposure to multiple toxins associated with cigarette smoking.ImplicationsThis study adds to the growing body of evidence supporting the utility of ENDS products as potentially reduced-harm alternatives to cigarettes for adult smokers. Adult smokers who switched completely from cigarette smoking to use of the JUUL System (“JUUL”) in two nicotine concentrations (5.0% and 3.0%) and four flavors significantly reduced their exposure to multiple classes of cigarette-related toxicants. Additionally, smokers who used JUUL and continued smoking but reduced their daily cigarette consumption by ≥50% (dual users) also significantly reduced their toxicant exposure compared to cigarette smoking.
Feminist Epistemology
Authors: Grasswick Heidi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter offers an account of the central issues of feminist epistemology, its historical trajectory, its recent trends, and its relationship to mainstream and social epistemology. Having started out providing critiques of existing epistemological frameworks that seemed ill-equipped to account for the effects of power relations on knowing, feminist epistemologists then began to develop new tools better suited to their goals of understanding how we can know under conditions of oppression and develop the kinds of knowledge required to overcome oppression. The chapter characterizes feminist epistemology as having evolved well beyond concerns of gender alone, such that it is now more accurately conceptualized as broadly investigating how various axes of oppression intersect with each other and affect people’s possibilities for knowing. The chapter identifies three key features of feminist epistemology—situated knowing, interactive knowing, and practical/contextual approaches to epistemology—and argues that these features combine to push feminist epistemology in distinct directions even as the field draws on some recent developments from within nonfeminist epistemology.
Feminist Aesthetics
Authors: Eaton A. W. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter summarizes central issues and themes in feminist philosophical aesthetics in the analytic tradition, although some continental figures are discussed. After introducing the interdisciplinary, intersectional and trans* inclusive approach that feminist aesthetics is starting to take, this essay discusses situatedness, artistic canon formation, humanism vs. gynocentrism, rewriting the philosophical canon, overcoming artworld biases, and the role of the aesthetic in systemic oppression. Specific topics to be discussed include the male gaze, the female nude, the concept of artistic genius, women’s artistic production, the purported universality of correct aesthetic judgment, the sex/gender distinction as it pertains to aesthetics and the arts, and body aesthetics.
Feminist New Materialisms
Authors: Tuana Nancy 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter offers an account of central issues and themes in feminist new materialism, including examples of important contributions to this discussion, as well as current and future directions. The chapter discusses three different sources for the conception of materialism engaged in the feminist new materialisms: (1) attention to materiality in the philosophical traditions of phenomenology and postmodern thought, (2) a turn to the sciences to better understand materiality, and (3) Marxist-inspired conceptions of materiality. The chapter also reflects on the meaning of “new” in feminist new materialism.
Postcolonial and Decolonial Theories
Authors: Ruíz Elena 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an account of central issues and themes in feminist philosophical engagements with postcolonial and decolonial theories, reflection on examples of important contributions to this discussion, and a discussion of current and future directions in anti-colonial feminist philosophy. It focuses on the specific contexts, issues, and lifeworld concerns that ground anti-colonial feminisms in different regions and provides nonfoundational histories and definitions for the purposes of resisting philosophical appropriations of anti-colonial feminisms. It argues that to understand what is postcolonial or decolonial about feminisms requires a focus on women’s material and historical contexts rather than a primary focus on academic genealogies of concepts.
MRI-detected synovitis of the small joints predicts rheumatoid arthritis development in large joint undifferentiated inflammatory arthritis
Authors: Sidhu Navkiran , Wouters Fenne , Niemantsverdriet Ellis , van der Helm-van Mil Annette H M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objectives
New onset undifferentiated large joint inflammatory arthritis can be diagnostically challenging. It is unknown how often these patients progress to RA, and how they can be identified at first presentation. We assessed clinical and serological features associated with RA development in patients with an undifferentiated mono- or oligo-articular large joint arthritis, and with keen interest in whether an MRI of the small joints of the hand and foot would aid diagnosis.

Methods
Leiden Early Arthritis Clinic includes 4018 patients; this prospective study follows 221 consecutively included patients with new onset undifferentiated large joint arthritis. Baseline clinical data and serology were obtained. Forty-five patients had MRIs (hand and foot). MRIs were scored according to the OMERACT RAMRIS. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression were assessed. Test characteristics, predictive values and net reclassification index (NRI) for RA were determined.

Results
Patients mostly presented with knee or ankle mono-arthritis. During the 12 months’ follow-up 17% developed RA. Autoantibody positivity (ACPA and/or RF) and MRI-detected synovitis in hands and feet were independently associated with RA development in multivariable analyses [odds ratio 10.29 (P = 0.014) and 7.88 (P = 0.017), respectively]. Positive predictive value of autoantibodies, MRI-detected synovitis and combination of both features was 63%, 55% and 100%, respectively. The addition of MRI-detected synovitis to autoantibody status improved diagnostic accuracy (NRI 18.1%).

Conclusion
In patients presenting with undifferentiated large joint arthritis, 17% will develop RA. Autoantibody positivity and subclinical synovitis are independent predictors. The data suggest MRI of small joints is beneficial for early identification of RA in large joint arthritis.
ACCURACY OF CT NUMBERS OBTAINED BY DIRA AND MONOENERGETIC PLUS ALGORITHMS IN DUAL-ENERGY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Magnusson Maria , Sandborg Michael , Alm Carlsson Gudrun , Henriksson Lilian , Carlsson Tedgren Åsa , Malusek Alexandr 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Dual-energy computed tomography (CT) can be used in radiotherapy treatment planning for the calculation of absorbed dose distributions. The aim of this work is to evaluate whether there is room for improvement in the accuracy of the Monoenergetic Plus algorithm by Siemens Healthineers. A Siemens SOMATOM Force scanner was used to scan a cylindrical polymethyl methacrylate phantom with four rod-inserts made of different materials. Images were reconstructed using ADMIRE and processed with Monoenergetic Plus. The resulting CT numbers were compared with tabulated values and values simulated by the proof-of-a-concept algorithm DIRA developed by the authors. Both the Monoenergetic Plus and DIRA algorithms performed well; the accuracy of attenuation coefficients was better than about ±1% at the energy of 70 keV. Compared with DIRA, the worse performance of Monoenergetic Plus was caused by its (i) two-material decomposition to iodine and water and (ii) imperfect suppression of the beam hardening artifact in ADMIRE.
Promotion Programs for Women’s Entrepreneurship in Spain: A “Transformational Entrepreneurial Journey”
Authors: Carretero-García Carlota , Serrano-Pascual Amparo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article explores the production of problematization spaces at the intersections between gender and entrepreneurship in Spain based on two complementary analytical procedures. First, from a Bakhtinian perspective, the polyphony of the simultaneous voices concerning entrepreneurship of policy actors involved in entrepreneurship programs has been mapped. Second, the political axioms of entrepreneurship promotion policies that stem from the problematizations of women’s entrepreneurial shortcomings have been analyzed. A monologic discourse on entrepreneurship, as an identity interpellation project, performs the modes of governing gender inequality. This study demonstrates that in these battles to name, much of the conquest for the government of equality is at stake.
Intensive Care Needs and Short-Term Outcome of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C): Experience from North India
Authors: Suresh Kumar Angurana , Awasthi Puspraj , Thakur Ajay , Randhawa Manjinder Singh , Nallasamy Karthi , Kumar Manoj Rohit , Naganur Sanjeev , Kumar Mahendra , Goyal Kapil , Ghosh Arnab , Bansal Arun , Jayashree Muralidharan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To describe the intensive care needs and outcome of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C).

Methodology
This retrospective study was conducted in the pediatric emergency, pediatric intensive care unit (PICUs) and the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) hospital of a tertiary teaching and referral hospital in North India over a period of 5 months (September 2020 to January 2021). Clinical details, laboratory investigations, intensive care needs, treatment and short-term outcome were recorded.

Results
Forty children with median interquartile range age of 7 (5–10) years were enrolled. The common clinical features were fever (97.5%), mucocutaneous involvement (80%), abdominal (72.5%) and respiratory (50%) symptoms. Shock was noted in 80% children. Most cases (85%) required PICU admission where they received nasal prong oxygen (40%), non-invasive (22.5%) and invasive (22.5%) ventilation and vasoactive drug support (72.5%). The confirmation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) exposure was in the form of positive serology (66.7%), reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (10%), and contact with SARS-CoV-2 positive case (12.5%). The common echocardiographic findings included myocardial dysfunction (ejection fraction &lt;55%; 72.5%), and coronary artery dilatation or aneurysm (22.5%). The immunomodulatory treatment included intravenous immunoglobulin (2 g/kg) (100%) and steroids (methylprednisolone 10–30 mg/kg/day for 3–5 days) (85%). Aspirin was used in 80% and heparin (low molecular weight) in 7.5% cases. Two children died (5%) and median duration of PICU and hospital stay in survivors were 5 (2–8) and 7 (4–9) days, respectively. Children with shock showed higher total leucocyte count and higher rates of myocardial dysfunction.

Conclusion
Cardiovascular involvement and shock are predominant features in severe disease. Early diagnosis can be challenging given the overlapping features with other diagnoses. A high index of suspicion is warranted in children with constellation of fever, mucocutaneous, gastrointestinal and cardiovascular involvement alongwith evidence of systemic inflammation and recent or concurrent SARS-CoV-2 infection. The short-term outcome is good with appropriate organ support therapies and immunomodulation.
Lung Architecture in Cuvier's Dwarf Caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus) and the Structural Diversity of the Crocodilian Bronchial Tree
Authors: Schachner Emma R , Richbourg Heather A , Hedrick Brandon P , Diaz Raul E 
Published: June 2021

The discovery of unidirectional airflow patterns in the lungs of numerous sauropsids has renewed interest in the evolution, anatomy, and structural diversity of the respiratory structures in archosaurs. In order to understand the origin and evolution of the crocodilian lung, it is first necessary to map out the bronchial architecture across the crocodilian phylogenetic tree. To this end, we describe the anatomy of the respiratory system of Cuvier's dwarf caiman (Paleosuchus palpebrosus) based upon micro‐computed tomography (uCT) data of the respiratory system in situ (n=4). The lungs were inflated artificially via a syringe, and imaged at total lung capacity. Two P. palpebrosus were artificially deflated via a syringe to an approximate functional residual capacity, and re‐imaged to visualize changes in the bronchial tree and lung position at the end of a hypothetical natural exhalation. For each of the scans, the lung surface and bronchial tree were segmented into surface models in the scientific visualization program Avizo 7.1. Specific measures of the bronchial tree were acquired in the DICOM viewer OsiriX MD for intraspecific comparisons: (1) the distance from the carina to the first three large secondary bronchi; (2) the area of the primary bronchus at the first three large secondary bronchi; and, (3) the area of the ostium of the first three large secondary bronchi. These data were then compared to the same quantitative measures previously acquired from Alligator mississippiensis (n=10), and Crocodylus niloticus (n=3), allowing for interspecific comparisons across Crocodylia. As expected, the shape of the cartilaginous regions of the bronchial tree were unaffected by changes in the inspiratory volume. Overall, the basic bauplan of the bronchial tree of P. palpebrosus is more similar to that of A. mississippiensis with fewer large secondary airways (both medial and dorsobronchi), and fewer small secondary saccular bronchi in the caudal and ventral regions of the lung. Additionally, P. palpebrosus demonstrates a decreased density of the respiratory parenchyma throughout the lung, similar to the hatchling A. mississippiensis and in contrast to the specimens of C. niloticus; however, it is possible that this is due to factors unrelated to anatomy or phylogeny, and could be associated with something else entirely (e.g., environmental conditions).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Role of Jak3 in Kupffer‐cell mediated hepatic steatosis during obesity
Authors: Kumar Narendra , Mishra Jayshree 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundJanus kinase 3 (Jak3), a non‐receptor protein kinase, plays an essential role in hematopoietic cell‐growth and differentiation of intestinal epithelial mucosa. Previously, we have shown that loss of Jak3 exacerbates symptoms of obesity associated metabolic syndrome in a murine model of diet‐induced obesity through compromised intestinal barrier functions and induction of chronic low‐grade inflammation (CLGI). Though, recent studies suggest a strong linkage between CLGI and hepatic steatosis, the genetic regulation of intestinal dysbiosis and their role in hepatic steatosis is not known. In this report, we investigated the tissue‐specific role of Jak3 in maintaining hepatic homeostasis during obesity associated metabolic syndrome.MethodsIn order to test our hypothesis, we used a global Jak3 KO (Jak3−/−) mice model and compared its effect with either the intestinal epithelial specific Jak3 KO (Int Jak3 KO) mice or immune cell specific Jak3 KO (Imm Jak3 KO) mice in a model of diet‐induced obesity. The organs were collected at the end of the study period under aseptic conditions and analyzed using a combination of flowcytometric, confocal microscopy, and western analysis techniques.ResultsOur results show increased susceptibility to obesity associated metabolic syndrome in high‐fat diet treated Jak3−/− mice compared to their co‐housed littermates. Jak3−/− mice showed increased predisposition to CLGI, hepatic steatosis, increased liver to body weight ratio, and hyperglycemia compared to their co‐housed littermate controls. To determine the tissue specific role of Jak3, a high‐degree of association between CLGI and hepatic inflammation in Imm Jak3 KO mice, indicated a prominent role of hematopoietic Jak3 in maintaining Kupffer‐cell mediated hepatic steatosis. A differential flowcytometric assay showed an increased influx of monocytes, but reduced differentiation of residential Kupffer cells in imm Jak3 KO mice compared to its floxed control during diet‐induced obesity. Further, the same group of mice also showed an increased hepatic expression of TLR‐2 and TLR‐4 and a higher IL‐6, IL‐17 and Tnf‐α as compared to the control mice. Together, these results showed that a lack of Jak3 expression in immune cells leads to CLGI and a compromise in the activation of Kupffer cells coupled with increased extravasation of the circulating monocytes into the liver. This could lead to hepatic steatosis in obesity. In addition, we also found an increased Th17 effector function and simultaneous suppression of Treg cell proliferation in the absence of immune cell Jak3, when compared to its control mice, on treatment with HFD.ConclusionCollectively, these results indicate that Jak3 plays a major role in regulating the macrophage based hepatic homeostasis.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Single Dose of Gastrin‐Releasing Peptide mAb 24 Hours Post‐Thoracic Radiation Extends Survival and Reduces Pulmonary Fibrosis in Rhesus Monkey Survivors
Authors: Sunday Mary E , Thakur Priyanka , Dugan Greg , Bourland Daniel , Olson John , Cline J. Mark 
Published: June 2021

Introduction/RationaleFollowing exposure to thoracic radiation (RT), subjects exposed to thoracic radiation (RT) often develop acute inflammatory radiation pneumonitis (RTP) 4–5‐weeks (wks) post‐RT, followed months later by pulmonary fibrosis (RTPF).RT leads to RTP in ~20% of lung cancer patients, many of whom develop RTPF. Our laboratory is studying a novel early host response whereby oxidative stress triggers secretion of gastrin‐releasing peptide (GRP) by oxygen (O2)‐chemosensory pulmonary neuroendocrine cells (PNECs) within 24 hours after RT (post‐RT). In premature baboons exposed to hyperoxia, GRP‐blocking MoAb 2A11 treatment twice a week for 2 weeks abrogated chronic lung disease with fibrosis 10–14d later. In radiation‐sensitive C57L/J mice (L/J), we recently observed that a single dose of moAb 2A11 given IP 24h post‐RT (RT+2A11) abrogates development of RTPF 15 wks later.MethodsTo determine human relevance of GRP blockade to prevent RTPF, we collaborated with Dr. Mark Cline at Wake Forest University to test MoAb 2A11 in their established rhesus macaque (NHP) model of RTPF, giving a single dose of MoAb 2A11 (~5 mg/kg) IV 24h post‐RT.ResultsWe observed several effects of the single dose: First, there was earlier onset of RTP (3–5 wks post‐RT+2A11), compared to RT+PBS (5–8 wks post‐RT+PBS). Second, RT+2A11 NHP had prolonged survival (Fig. 1A): Of 9 RT+PBS animals, 4 died between 2–3 months post‐RT, for an overall survival of 56% to 9 months. Of 3 RT+2A11 NHP, all survived to 9 months. At necropsy, RT+2A11 animals had markedly reduced interstitial collagen deposition assessed by using blinded slides stained with Masson's trichrome (6–8 lung slides per animal, from all 5 lobes): All surviving RT+PBS NHP had advanced interstitial fibrosis (modified Ashcroft score ~7.8/8.0), whereas the 3 RT+2A11 survivors had mild to moderate fibrosis (modified Ashcroft score of 4/8.0) (Fig. 1B, P<0.01). There was no difference between the groups in lesions on CT scans, in total body weight, or in respiratory rate.ConclusionsOne dose of MoAb 2A11 given 24h post‐RT increases animal survival and abrogates interstitial pulmonary fibrosis, supporting potential human relevance of GRP blockade as a treatment to mitigate RTPF following RT exposure, either therapeutic or accidental.Support or Funding Information2016–2019 NIH Centers for Medical Countermeasures Against Radiation (CMCR, RadCCOR). Pilot Project: Sunday M (PI) “Oxygen, Gastrin‐Releasing Peptide, and Radiation‐Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis” to test anti‐GRP mAb 2A11 in a well‐characterized rhesus monkey model of radiation‐induced pulmonary fibrosis. (Duke Program Director: Dr. Nelson Chao)Fig. 1A and 1B as described in abstractThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.