bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Internalism and Externalism
Authors: Stoltz Jonathan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores in some detail the question of whether Buddhist accounts of knowledge should be regarded as supportive of epistemic internalism or externalism. After unpacking how the distinction between internalism and externalism can or cannot be extended to the Buddhist epistemological context, it is argued that the Buddhist account stands largely in accord with an externalist account of epistemic warrant. The second half of the chapter examines Buddhist claims about whether the determination of a cognition’s knowledge status is intrinsic or extrinsic to a given cognition. Finally, the chapter concludes by arguing that the Buddhist account must be understood to endorse a version of externalism about the constitutive nature of cognitions.
Rock Songs
Authors: Church Joseph 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 brings the discussion of acting and music together in examples of rock songs, some of which musical theatre singers might add to their repertoire. Each song is examined in terms of the important points raised in earlier chapters: lyrical content, form, tone, style, groove, purpose, and historical context. The selections cover the full period of the growth of rock music, from its rock ’n’ roll roots to the present day, encompassing as wide a variety of styles and sub-genres as possible, and explaining common crossovers among styles. Suggestions are offered for performance approaches by musical theatre singers to these and related songs.
Deniable Contact
Authors: Ó Dochartaigh Niall 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Despite the importance of secret negotiations during the Northern Ireland conflict there is no full-length study of the use of back-channels in repeated efforts to end the ‘Troubles’. This book provides a textured account that extends our understanding of the distinctive dynamics of negotiations conducted in secret and the conditions conducive to the negotiated settlement of conflict. It disrupts and challenges some conventional notions about the conflict in Northern Ireland, offering a fresh analysis of the political dynamics and the intra-party struggles that sustained violent conflict and prevented settlement for so long. It draws on theories of negotiation and mediation to understand why efforts to end the conflict through back-channel negotiations repeatedly failed before finally succeeding in the 1990s. It challenges the view that the conflict persisted because of irreconcilable political ideologies and argues that the parties to conflict were much more open to compromise than the often-intransigent public rhetoric suggested. The analysis is founded on a rich store of historical evidence, including the private papers of key Irish republican leaders and British politicians, recently released papers from national archives in Dublin and London, and the papers of Brendan Duddy, the intermediary who acted as the primary contact between the IRA and the British government during key phases of engagement, including papers that have not yet been made publicly available. This documentary evidence, combined with original interviews with politicians, mediators, civil servants, and republicans, allows a vivid picture to emerge of the complex maneuvering at this intersection.
Eudaimonic and Hedonic Well-Being
Authors: Ryff Carol D. , Boylan Jennifer Morozink , Kirsch Julie A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of hedonic and eudaimonic approaches to well-being, both with roots traceable to the ancient Greeks. The authors examine the history of each approach and describe scientific endeavors seeking to translate the ideas to empirical assessment tools. They review how these two varieties of well-being are distributed in the general population by attending to their associations with major demographic factors (age, socioeconomic status, gender, race) as well as the interplay (intersectionality) of such factors. Such information contextualizes what is known about who reports they are or are not experiencing various aspects of well-being. The authors then examine how hedonic and eudaimonic well-being are linked with multiple indicators of health (self-reported, morbidity, mortality, biological systems). There is a paucity of studies that have jointly examined both types of well-being. The authors then draw attention to changing historical conditions and what this means for the future study of well-being and health.
“Positive Biology” and Well-Ordered Science
Authors: Farrelly Colin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Philosophers have long asked profound questions such as “What is knowledge?” and “What is the good life?” Such questions compel us to engage in a deeper level of introspection. The philosophical question contemplated in this chapter is “What constitutes ‘well-ordered science’?” Invoking a virtue epistemological construal of knowledge as “success from ability,” the author argues that the study of pathology must be supplemented by the study of the determinates of exemplary positive phenotypes (e.g., healthy aging and happiness). This requires transcending the limitations of what the author calls “negative biology” and treating “positive biology” as an integral element of well-ordered science. Positive biology can help bring to the fore the importance of understanding the evolutionary and life history of our species, thus helping to provide the intellectual frameworks needed to inspire the development of novel and feasible interventions to improve human health and happiness.
Conclusion
Authors: LiVecche Marc 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The book concludes by acknowledging that while just war realism provides resources for overcoming guilt, it simultaneously recognizes war’s inherent tragedy. Human beings rarely act with absolute purity of intention. It is here that the distinction between moral injury and moral bruising comes back into view. It is entirely likely—possibly even desired—that while warfighters can pass through the battlefield without suffering moral injury, they cannot, in fact, emerge without impact traumas of some kind. Therefore, this conclusion points to the need for social and institutional practices for the moral treatment of returning warfighters.
The Monocle
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A monocle is a single lens contained within a decorated rim and held in place between the brow ridge and the cheekbone or suspended with one hand. They became very popular, starting in the eighteenth century as “quizzing glasses”. A monocle, being only a single lens, can at most correct the vision in one eye at a time. Yet virtually all monocle users require optical correction in both eyes. What good does it do to only correct one side and ignore the other? Wouldn’t this make one’s vision “unequal”? And why was this device so popular with the wealthy and powerful?
Expectations of the Ubiquitous Presidency
Authors: Scacco Joshua M. , Coe Kevin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses journalistic and public expectations of the presidency and its communication. It analyzes news media and public reactions to uncover patterns in how presidents are characterized as “presidential.” The chapter then employs a survey experiment to test how partisanship shapes opinions around acts of presidential communication. It ties the implications to increasing political polarization. The chapter concludes by leveraging national and statewide survey data, including never-before-used measurement approaches, to gain insight into how members of the U.S. population expect presidents to communicate. The cross-sectional survey data, collected in the final weeks of the 2016 presidential campaign and then again during the summer of 2019, include a randomly selected sample of more than 15,000 likely voters across 16 states. The analysis compares the demographic and political factors that influenced standards of presidential communication in the final months of the Obama presidency and at the midpoint of the Trump administration.
The Pleistocene Social Contract
Authors: Sterelny Kim 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
No human now gathers for himself or herself the essential resources for life: food, shelter, clothing and the like. Humans are obligate co-operators, and this has been true for tens of thousands of years; probably much longer. In this regard, humans are very unusual. In the living world more generally, cooperation outside the family is rare. Though it can be very profitable, it is also very risky, as cooperation makes an agent vulnerable to incompetence and cheating. This book presents a new picture of the emergence of cooperation in our lineage, developing through four fairly distinct phases. Our trajectory began from a baseline that was probably fairly similar to living great apes, who cooperate, but in fairly minimal ways. As adults, they rarely depend on others when the outcome really matters. This book suggests that cooperation began to be more important for humans through an initial phase of cooperative foraging generating immediate returns from collective action in small mobile bands. This established in our lineage about 1.8 million years ago, perhaps earlier. Over the rest of the Pleistocene, cooperation became more extended in its social scale, with forms of cooperation between bands gradually establishing, and in spatial and temporal scale too, with various forms of reciprocation becoming important. The final phase was the emergence of cooperation in large scale, hierarchical societies in the Holocene, beginning about 12,000 years ago. This picture is nested in a reading of the archaeological and ethnographic record, and twinned to an account of the gradual elaboration of cultural learning in our lineage, making cooperation both more profitable and more stable.
Political Corruption
Authors: Ceva Emanuela , Ferretti Maria Paola 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This book discusses political corruption and anticorruption as a matter of a public ethics of office. It shows how political corruption is the Trojan horse that undermines public institutions from within via the interrelated action of the officeholders. Even well-designed institutions may go off track if the officeholders fail to uphold by their conduct a public ethics of office accountability. Most current discussions of political corruption and of why it is wrong have concentrated either on explaining and assessing it in terms of an individual’s corrupt character and motives or a dysfunction of institutional procedures. This book brings out the common normative root of these two manifestations of political corruption. It discusses them as instances of the same relationally wrongful practice that consists in an unaccountable use of the power of office by officeholders in public institutions. From this perspective, political corruption is an internal enemy of public institutions that can only be opposed by mobilizing officeholders to engage in answerability practices. In this way, officeholders are responsible for working together to maintain an interactively just institutional system.
A Theory of the Executive Branch
Authors: Cohn Margit 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The executive branch in Western democracies has been handed a virtually impossible task. Expected to ‘imperially’ direct the life of the nation through thick and thin, it is concurrently required to be subservient to legislation meted out by a sovereign parliament. Drawing on a general argument from constitutional theory that prioritizes dispersal of power over concepts of hierarchy, the book argues that the tension between the political dominance of the executive branch and its submission to law is maintained by the adoption of various forms of fuzziness, under which a guise of legality masks the absence of substantive limitation of power. Under this 'internal tension' model, the executive branch is concurrently subservient to law and dominant over it, while concepts of substantive legality are compromised. Drawing on legal and political science research, the book classifies and analyses thirteen forms of fuzziness, ranging from open-ended or semi-written constitutions to unapplied legislation. The study of this unavoidable yet problematic feature of the public sphere is addressed descriptively and normatively. Adding detailed examples from two fields of law, emergency and air-pollution law, in two systems (the UK and the US), the book ends with a call for raising the threshold of judicial review, grounded in theories of participatory and deliberative democracy. This innovative book, concerned with an area that has been surprisingly under-researched on a general level beyond extensive studies of national executives, offers a theoretical foundation that should ground all analyses of the arguably most powerful branch of modern government.
Maintaining the Internal Tension Model
Authors: Cohn Margit 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to an overview of the ways the internal tension model operates to empower the executive branch, simultaneously under law and beyond its confines; the maintenance of the internal tension between the need to grant power and the need to retain a façade of legality, is achieved through practices under which an authorizing rule may present a façade of legality that derives from its binding formal status, while its content or application offer broad options for action (and possible abuse) which conceals a reality of a-legality. Beyond general and philosophical studies of the indeterminacy of law, the scholarship in this context has been conducted under the parallel paths discussed in this chapter (delegation and discretion; ‘soft law’; ‘fuzzy law’; and ‘grey holes’. The second part of the chapter is dedicated to an analysis of thirteen types of such fuzzy/grey legal constructs, organized according to the identity of their generators—the constitution, the legislature, and the executive. The resulting taxonomy of thirteen different forms of fuzziness offers a basis for the next part of this book, dedicated to case-studies of several such fuzzy measures.
The Nature and Use of Unilateral Executive Measures
Authors: Cohn Margit 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Constitutions and constitutional constructs offer executives a repository of fuzzy sources of power which enable unilateral action. This chapter focuses on one of these forms: executive making of (semi)-formal unilateral measures. These orders and edicts have an important edge: on their face, they are ‘lawlike’, and seemingly carry the imprimatur of binding law, even when their legal status is fuzzy. The chapter uses comparative methodology in order to show the strong similarity between such measures as they emerged and continue to be applied in the two systems compared in this book. Orders in Council, Executive Orders and the like, such as the ones brought before the courts in Bancoult and Youngstown, have been at the focus of extensive study; yet to date, such measures, issued in both systems, have never been conjointly discussed. This chapter offers the first comparative analysis. This novel comparative exercise leads to the discovery of a surprising convergence—surprising, if attention is focused on structural regime elements. The findings support two of the main themes advanced in this book: that the emergence and retention of fuzzy legality is an unavoidable feature of the state, despite the ingrained danger it poses to the proper functioning of democracies. A third theme, concerned with the need to constrain fuzziness by robust judicial oversight, is addressed in the last chapter of this book. This chapter also offers new insights on the unclear distinction between constitutional- and statute-derived fuzziness, again, a feature shared by both systems.
Keeping the Internal Tension Under Check
Authors: Cohn Margit 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Concerned with the role of the judiciary as a constraining agent of fuzzy law, the chapter is laid out in two layers. First, in light of the special problems attached to reliance on fuzzy law, it advances arguments that call for enhanced review in this context. Secondly, the chapter joins the ongoing general debate over the role of the judiciary in the shaping of the public sphere. The argument for active review is based both on the principles reflected in the rule of law ideal, and on an argument from governance. Setting judicial review in a framework that seeks to enhance participation, the judiciary, stripped of accusations of supremacy over all other forms of decision-making, operates as an intermediator by offering members of society, especially those who do not have direct access to government corridors, an additional forum for voicing their concerns and thereby contributing to public deliberation over all contested aspects of social and political life.
Relativistic symmetry
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses relativistic symmetry, starting from the Lorentz transformations. Basic notions of group theory are introduced before a more detailed discussion of the Lorentz and Poincaré groups is given. Tensor representations and spinor representations of the Lorentz group are described, although full proofs of the theorems are not given. The chapter ends with the irreducible representations of the Poincaré group. This chapter provides all of the necessary notions for group theory, although it is not intended to replace a textbook on the subject.
Quantum fields in curved spacetime: renormalization
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, which forms the central chapter of Part II, the effective action of quantum matter fields in curved spacetime is formulated in terms of functional integrals. A qualitative, albeit incompletely conclusive, analysis of divergences and renormalization in curved space is given. Both non-covariant and covariant methods of calculations are discussed. Normal coordinates and local momentum representation are used to derive the effective potential. The basic elements of the Schwinger-DeWitt technique are elaborated in detail, resulting in the general formulas for one-loop divergences. The heat-kernel technique is also discussed.
One-loop renormalization in quantum gravity
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the basic methods of one-loop calculations in quantum gravity. Basing its discussion on the general results obtained in chapter 10, it first presents a detailed analysis of the gauge-fixing dependence of one-loop divergences in quantum general relativity and higher-derivative models of quantum gravity. After that, a detailed derivation of divergences in quantum general relativity is given, with the simplest parametrization of the quantum metric and minimal gauge fixing. One-loop divergences in the general (non-conformal) fourth-derivative quantum gravity are then derived in less detail. For a similar calculation in the superrenormalizable polynomial model (superrenormalizable gravity), the chapter just presents and discusses the final result.
The induced gravity approach
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This short chapter includes a general review and analysis of the induced gravity approach. Induced gravity is regarded as one way of resolving the contradiction between renormalizability and the presence of higher-derivative terms in quantum gravity. Following the classical works by Zeldovich and Sakharov, the chapter considers gravity induced from the cut-off and shows that the purely induced version does not provide a satisfactory output. After that, using the results of chapter 12, models of gravity induced from phase transitions in scalar field theory are discussed. The general result is that induced gravity does not resolve the fundamental problem of quantum gravity, owing to the presence of ghosts and their corresponding instabilities. In the last section of this chapter, the cosmological constant problem is discussed as another, equally fundamental problem, which remains unsolved to this day.
Knowledge, Action, and Defeasibility
Authors: Pavese Carlotta 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This essay reviews some motivations for a ‘knowledge-centered psychology’—a psychology where knowledge enters center stage in an explanation of intentional action (Section 8.2). Then it outlines a novel argument for the claim that knowledge is required for intentional action (Section 8.3) and discusses some of its consequences, in particular for the debate on the defeasibility of know-how. Section 8.4 argues that a knowledge-centered psychology motivates the intellectualist view that know-how is a species of know-that. In its more extreme form, the view is committed to an epistemologically substantial claim—i.e., that the epistemic profile of know-how is the same as that of propositional knowledge. Now, it is widely believed that know-that can be defeated by undermining and rebutting defeaters (e.g., Chisholm 1966; Goldman 1986; Pollock and Cruz 1999; Bergmann 2000). If that is correct, one corollary of intellectualism is that the defeasibility of know-how patterns with that of knowledge. A knowledge-centered psychology does predict that, for it predicts that both know-how and knowledge are defeated when one’s ability to intentionally act is defeated. In Section 8.5, by replying to a challenge raised in the recent literature (Carter and Navarro 2018), I argue that this prediction is actually borne out.
Diaspora Entrepreneurs and Contested States
Authors: Koinova Maria 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Why do conflict-generated diasporas mobilize in contentious and non-contentious ways or use mixed strategies of contention? Why do they channel their homeland-oriented goals through host-states, transnational networks, and international organizations? This book develops a theory of socio-spatial positionality and its implications for the individual agency of diaspora entrepreneurs, moving beyond essentialized notions of diasporas as groups. Individual diaspora entrepreneurs operate in transnational social fields affecting their mobilizations beyond dynamics confined to host-states and original home-states. There are four types of diaspora entrepreneurs—Broker, Local, Distant, and Reserved—depending on the relative strength of their socio-spatial linkages to host-land, on the one hand, and original homeland and other global locations, on the other. A two-level typological theory captures nine causal pathways, unravelling how the socio-spatial linkages of these diaspora entrepreneurs interact with external factors: host-land foreign policies, homeland governments, parties, non-state actors, and critical events or limited global influences. Such pathways produce mobilization trajectories with varying levels of contention and methods of channelling homeland-oriented goals. Non-contentious pathways often occur when host-state foreign policies are convergent with the diaspora entrepreneurs’ goals, and when diaspora entrepreneurs can act autonomously. Dual-pronged contention pathways occur quite often, under the influence of homeland governments, non-state actors, and political parties. The most contentious pathway occurs in response to violent critical events in the homeland or adjacent to it fragile states. This book is informed by 300 interviews and a dataset of 146 interviews with diaspora entrepreneurs among the Albanian, Armenian, and Palestinian diasporas in the UK, Germany, France, Netherlands, Sweden, and Switzerland, as well as Kosovo and Armenia in the European neighbourhood.