bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association of Lifestyle Activities with Functional Brain Connectivity and Relationship to Cognitive Decline among Older Adults
Authors: Soldan Anja , Pettigrew Corinne , Zhu Yuxin , Wang Mei-Cheng , Bilgel Murat , Hou Xirui , Lu Hanzhang , Miller Michael I , Albert Marilyn ,   The BIOCARD Research Team
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study examines the relationship of engagement in different lifestyle activities to connectivity in large-scale functional brain networks, and whether network connectivity modifies cognitive decline, independent of brain amyloid levels. Participants (N = 153, mean age = 69 years, including N = 126 with amyloid imaging) were cognitively normal when they completed resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging, a lifestyle activity questionnaire, and cognitive testing. They were followed with annual cognitive tests up to 5 years (mean = 3.3 years). Linear regressions showed positive relationships between cognitive activity engagement and connectivity within the dorsal attention network, and between physical activity levels and connectivity within the default-mode, limbic, and frontoparietal control networks, and global within-network connectivity. Additionally, higher cognitive and physical activity levels were independently associated with higher network modularity, a measure of functional network specialization. These associations were largely independent of APOE4 genotype, amyloid burden, global brain atrophy, vascular risk, and level of cognitive reserve. Moreover, higher connectivity in the dorsal attention, default-mode, and limbic networks, and greater global connectivity and modularity were associated with reduced cognitive decline, independent of APOE4 genotype and amyloid burden. These findings suggest that changes in functional brain connectivity may be one mechanism by which lifestyle activity engagement reduces cognitive decline.
Longitudinal Methods for Modeling Exposures in Pharmacoepidemiologic Studies in Pregnancy
Authors: Wood Mollie E , Lupattelli Angela , Palmsten Kristin , Bandoli Gretchen , Hurault-Delarue Caroline , Damase-Michel Christine , Chambers Christina D , Nordeng Hedvig M E , van Gelder Marleen M H J 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn many perinatal pharmacoepidemiologic studies, exposure to a medication is classified as “ever exposed” versus “never exposed” within each trimester or even over the entire pregnancy. This approach is often far from real-world exposure patterns, may lead to exposure misclassification, and does not to incorporate important aspects such as dosage, timing of exposure, and treatment duration. Alternative exposure modeling methods can better summarize complex, individual-level medication use trajectories or time-varying exposures from information on medication dosage, gestational timing of use, and frequency of use. We provide an overview of commonly used methods for more refined definitions of real-world exposure to medication use during pregnancy, focusing on the major strengths and limitations of the techniques, including the potential for method-specific biases. Unsupervised clustering methods, including k-means clustering, group-based trajectory models, and hierarchical cluster analysis, are of interest because they enable visual examination of medication use trajectories over time in pregnancy and complex individual-level exposures, as well as providing insight into comedication and drug-switching patterns. Analytical techniques for time-varying exposure methods, such as extended Cox models and Robins’ generalized methods, are useful tools when medication exposure is not static during pregnancy. We propose that where appropriate, combining unsupervised clustering techniques with causal modeling approaches may be a powerful approach to understanding medication safety in pregnancy, and this framework can also be applied in other areas of epidemiology.
Detection of clinically important β-lactamases by using PCR
Authors: Mlynarcik Patrik , Dolejska Monika , Vagnerova Iva , Kutilová Iva , Kolar Milan 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Increasing antimicrobial resistance of nosocomial pathogens is becoming a serious threat to public health. To control the spread of this resistance, it is necessary to detect β-lactamase-producing organisms in the clinical setting. The aims of the study were to design a PCR assay for rapid detection of clinically encountered β-lactamase genes described in Enterobacteriaceae and Gram-negative non-fermenting bacteria. The functionality of proposed primers was verified using eight reference strains and 17 strains from our collection, which contained 29 different β-lactamase genes. PCR products of the test strains were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Sequence analysis was performed using bioinformatics software Geneious. Overall, 67 pairs of primers for detecting 12 members of the class C β-lactamase family, 15 members of class A β-lactamases, six gene families of subclass B1, one member each of subclasses B2, B3 and class D β-lactamases were designed, of which 43 pairs were experimentally tested in vitro. All 29 β-lactamase genes, including 10 oxacillinase subgroups, were correctly identified by PCR. The proposed set of primers should be able to specifically detect 99.7% of analyzed β-lactamase subtypes and more than 79.8% of all described β-lactamase genes.
Movement behaviour and fishery interaction of silky sharks (Carcharhinus falciformis) in the tropical tuna purse seine fishery in the Western Indian Ocean
Authors: Filmalter John D , Bauer Robert K , Forget Fabien , Cowley Paul D , Dagorn Laurent 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The silky shark Carcharhinus falciformis regularly associates with floating objects in the open ocean, resulting in relatively high levels of bycatch in industrial tuna purse seine fisheries using drifting fish aggregating devices (FADs). This bycatch has contributed to concerns regarding the sustainability of this fishery and its impact on silky shark populations. To investigate fishery interactions, movements of 28 silky sharks (86–235 cm TL, mean = 118 cm) fitted with pop-up and archival tags in the western Indian Ocean, between 2010 and 2012, were examined. Monthly overlap between probability surfaces of sharks and two fishery metrics (FAD-tuna catches and FAD positions) were calculated. Vertical habitat use overlapped almost entirely with operational gear depth. Horizontal movements were extensive (3–5024 km) and covered large areas of the western Indian Ocean. Monthly overlap with FAD distributions was consistently high (64.03–100%) highlighting the need for compliance with FAD design regulations to avoid entanglement. Monthly overlap with tuna catches was more variable (8.43–51.83%). The observed movement patterns suggest static spatial management measures would be have limited conservation impact, however dynamic approaches could be appropriate. Limiting fishery activities directly will likely have the greatest conservation outcomes for silky sharks in the purse seine fishery.
Marked Increase in Avidity of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies 7–8 Months After Infection Is Not Diminished in Old Age
Authors: Pichler Daniel , Baumgartner Matthias , Kimpel Janine , Rössler Annika , Riepler Lydia , Bates Katie , Fleischer Verena , von Laer Dorothee , Borena Wegene , Würzner Reinhard 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The kinetics of immunoglobulin G (IgG) avidity maturation during severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection obtained from 217 participants of the Ischgl cohort, Austria, was studied 0.5–1.5 months (baseline) and 7–8 months (follow-up) after infection. The IgG avidity assay, using a modified IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and 5.5 M urea, revealed that old age does not diminish the increase in avidity, detected in all participants positive at both time points, from 18% to 42%. High avidity was associated with a marked residual neutralization capacity in 97.2.% of participants (211/217), which was even higher in the older age group, revealing an important role of avidity assays as easy and cheap surrogate tests for assessing the maturation of the immune system conveying potential protection against further SARS-CoV-2 infections without necessitating expensive and laborious neutralization assays.
Report of the National Institutes of Health SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Therapeutics Summit
Authors: Hall Matthew D , Anderson James M , Anderson Annaliesa , Baker David , Bradner Jay , Brimacombe Kyle R , Campbell Elizabeth A , Corbett Kizzmekia S , Carter Kara , Cherry Sara , Chiang Lillian , Cihlar Tomas , de Wit Emmie , Denison Mark , Disney Matthew , Fletcher Courtney V , Ford-Scheimer Stephanie L , Götte Matthias , Grossman Abigail C , Hayden Frederick G , Hazuda Daria J , Lanteri Charlotte A , Marston Hilary , Mesecar Andrew D , Moore Stephanie , Nwankwo Jennifer O , O’Rear Jules , Painter George , Singh Saikatendu Kumar , Schiffer Celia A , Sheahan Timothy P , Shi Pei-Yong , Smyth Hugh D , Sofia Michael J , Weetall Marla , Weller Sandra K , Whitley Richard , Fauci Anthony S , Austin Christopher P , Collins Francis S , Conley Anthony J , Davis Mindy I 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The NIH Virtual SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Summit, held on 6 November 2020, was organized to provide an overview on the status and challenges in developing antiviral therapeutics for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), including combinations of antivirals. Scientific experts from the public and private sectors convened virtually during a live videocast to discuss severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) targets for drug discovery as well as the preclinical tools needed to develop and evaluate effective small-molecule antivirals. The goals of the Summit were to review the current state of the science, identify unmet research needs, share insights and lessons learned from treating other infectious diseases, identify opportunities for public-private partnerships, and assist the research community in designing and developing antiviral therapeutics. This report includes an overview of therapeutic approaches, individual panel summaries, and a summary of the discussions and perspectives on the challenges ahead for antiviral development.
Consumers Value Effort over Ease When Caring for Close Others
Authors: Garcia-Rada Ximena , Steffel Mary , Williams Elanor F , Norton Michael I 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMany products and services are designed to make caregiving easier, from premade meals for feeding families to robo-cribs that automatically rock babies to sleep. Yet, using these products may come with a cost: consumers may feel they have not exerted enough effort. Nine experiments show that consumers feel like better caregivers when they put more effort into caregiving tasks than when they use effort-reducing products to perform such tasks. The beneficial effect of effort on caregivers’ self-perceptions is driven by the symbolic meaning of caregiving (i.e., the task’s ability to show love) independent of the quality of care provided (i.e., the task’s ability to meet needs) and is most pronounced when expressing symbolic meaning is most important: when caregivers are providing emotional support rather than physical support, when they are caring for another person with whom they have a close relationship, and when there is a relationship norm that investing effort shows love. Finally, this work demonstrates that marketers can make effort-reducing products more appealing by acknowledging caregivers’ efforts rather than emphasizing how these products make caregiving less effortful. Together, these findings expand our current understanding of effort, caregiving, and consumer choice in close relationships.
Prospective observational study of the efficacy of nivolumab in Japanese patients with advanced melanoma (CREATIVE study)
Authors: Yamazaki Naoya , Takenouchi Tatsuya , Nakamura Yasuhiro , Takahashi Akira , Namikawa Kenjiro , Kitano Shigehisa , Fujita Tomonobu , Kubota Kazumi , Yamanaka Takeharu , Kawakami Yutaka 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Nivolumab, the anti-programmed cell death protein 1 antibody, has been approved for advanced melanoma, mainly based on evidence from Western countries. The profile of melanoma differs between Caucasian and Asian patients. This study was performed to obtain post-marketing data of nivolumab in Japanese patients with advanced melanoma.

Methods
This prospective, observational study involved patients with unresectable or metastatic melanoma treated with nivolumab at dosages of 2 mg/kg every 3 weeks or 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks. The primary endpoints were objective response rate and overall survival. The secondary endpoints were progression-free survival and the objective response rate according to immune-related Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours.

Result
Among 124 patients analysed, mucosal melanoma was the most common subtype, followed by acral lentiginous, nodular, superficial spreading and lentigo maligna melanoma. Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumours evaluation showed an objective response rate of 17.7%. The median survival time was 15.93 months, and the 1-year overall survival rate was 66%. Outcomes were not significantly different among melanoma subtypes. Better overall survival and/or progression-free survival but not objective response rate were associated with performance status 0, lower levels of lactate dehydrogenase, C-reactive protein and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio. Patients with immune-related adverse events showed a better objective response rate, 3-month landmark overall survival and progression-free survival than patients without immune-related adverse events.

Conclusion
The objective response rate and median survival time in Japanese patients treated with nivolumab were lower in daily practice than the &gt;30% and &gt;30 months, respectively, seen in global phase III trials. The occurrence of immune-related adverse events may be a predictor for survival and response to treatment with nivolumab.
Standard units for ElectroChromic Shift measurements in plant biology
Authors: Mathiot Charlie , Alric Jean 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The absorbance shift of pigments is proportional to the membrane potential (Δψ) in plants, green algae, and many photosynthetic bacteria. It is currently denoted as ElectroChromic Shift (ECS) at 515–520 nm for plant carotenoids. It is increasingly being used for phenotyping plants for traits related to photosynthesis or chloroplast metabolism because it is a non-invasive technique and also because more instruments are now commercially available from various manufacturers. The ECS technique is currently used to monitor the post-illumination decay of the proton-motive force (pmf), but it has a more general use for quantitative studies on photosynthetic energy transduction. Here we briefly summarize the basic knowledge on ECS, emphasize the full potential of this technique, and propose a quantitative analysis of the photosynthetic performance with the definition of a transmission coefficient for electrons along the photosynthetic chain.
Functions of plant importin β proteins beyond nucleocytoplasmic transport
Authors: Xiong Feng , Groot Edwin P , Zhang Yan , Li Sha 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In eukaryotic cells, nuclear activities are isolated from other cellular functions by the nuclear envelope. Because the nuclear envelope provides a diffusion barrier for macromolecules, a complex nuclear transport machinery has evolved that is highly conserved from yeast to plants and mammals. Among those components, the importin β family is the most important one. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the biological function of importin β family members, including development, reproduction, abiotic stress responses, and plant immunity. In addition to the traditional nuclear transport function, we highlight the new molecular functions of importin β, including protein turnover, miRNA regulation, and signaling. Taken together, our review will provide a systematic view of this versatile protein family in plants.
Illegitimacy under Hindu Law: A Case for its Abandonment
Authors: Gangal Ravi , Pandey Ravi Shankar 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Under Hindu law, while anciently an illegitimate child was not an alien to his kin as under Common law, the position under the codified Hindu law stood altered, likely as a consequence of the English influence during the colonization of India. This paper, critiquing the treatment of illegitimate children under Hindu law traces the historical link between legitimacy and marriage, and its legal and sociological basis. This link has been perpetrated across societies, over time, and through legal and moral media, and has also been justified by sociologists as a means to preserve the society, by preserving its fundamental constituent – a normative family. The Indian State machinery (courts, the government and the legislature) too suffers from an anxiety to protect the normative family (barring notable exceptions), and has been dismissive of any alternative, notwithstanding that the rights of illegitimate children is the collateral damage. Regardless, today this distinction contravenes the constitutional safeguards in India. More importantly, with the acceptance of novel reproductive techniques (such as artificial insemination), and familial setups (same-sex relationships), the sociological basis for the preservation of this distinction has become irrelevant. Accordingly, this paper argues for this distinction to be removed from the statutes, which would benefit all the three stakeholders relevant to the illegitimacy equation, namely, the unwed father, the mother, and the child.
Dynamical and thermal properties of the parsec-scale gases spherically accreted on to low luminous active galactic nuclei
Authors: Sun Han-Wen , Yang Xiao-Hong 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We analytically study the dynamical and thermal properties of the optically thin gases at the parsec-scale when they are spherically accreted on to low luminous active galactic nuclei. The falling gases are irradiated by the central X-ray radiation with the Compton temperature of 5–15 × 107 K. The radiative heating/cooling and the bulge stellar potential in galaxies are taken into account. We analyse the effect of accretion rate, luminosity, gas temperature, and Compton temperature on steady solutions of dynamical and thermal properties. The steady solutions are obviously different from Bondi solution. Compared to our models, the Bondi model underestimates the accretion rate. We give the boundary between thermal stability and instability. The boundary is significantly affected by Compton temperature. When Compton temperature is higher, the falling gases tend to become thermally unstable. When thermal instability takes place in the irradiated gases, the gases become two phases (i.e. hot gases and cool gases) and the hot gases may become outflows. This effect may reduce the accretion rates.
The mass-ratio distribution of tertiary-induced binary black hole mergers
Authors: Su Yubo , Liu Bin , Lai Dong 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Many proposed scenarios for black hole (BH) mergers involve a tertiary companion that induces von Zeipel–Lidov–Kozai (ZLK) eccentricity cycles in the inner binary. An attractive feature of such mechanisms is the enhanced merger probability when the octupole-order effects, also known as the eccentric Kozai mechanism, are important. This can be the case when the tertiary is of comparable mass to the binary components. Since the octupole strength [∝(1 − q)/(1 + q)] increases with decreasing binary mass ratio q, such ZLK-induced mergers favour binaries with smaller mass ratios. We use a combination of numerical and analytical approaches to fully characterize the octupole-enhanced binary BH mergers and provide semi-analytical criteria for efficiently calculating the strength of this enhancement. We show that for hierarchical triples with semimajor axial ratio a/aout ≳ 0.01–0.02, the binary merger fraction can increase by a large factor (up to ∼20) as q decreases from unity to 0.2. The resulting mass-ratio distribution for merging binary BHs produced in this scenario is in tension with the observed distribution obtained by the LIGO/VIRGO collaboration, although significant uncertainties remain about the initial distribution of binary BH masses and mass ratios.
The episodic dust-making Wolf-Rayet star HD 38030 in the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Williams Peredur M , Morrell Nidia I , Boutsia Konstantina , Massey Philip 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Mid-infrared photometry of the Wolf-Rayet star HD 38030 in the Large Magellanic Cloud from the NEOWISE-R mission show it to have undergone a dust-formation episode in 2018 and the dust to have cooled in 2019–20. New spectroscopy with the MagE spectrograph on the Magellan I Baade Telescope in 2019 and 2020 show absorption lines attributable to a companion of type near O9.7III-IV. We found a significant shift in the radial velocity of the C iv λλ5801–12 blend compared with the RVs measured in 1984 and 1993. The results combine to suggest that HD 38030 is a colliding-wind binary having short-lived dust formation episodes, like the Galactic systems WR 140 and WR 19, but at intervals in excess of 20 yr.
Case Report: Emergent Resistance in a Treatment-Naive Person With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Under Bictegravir-Based Therapy
Authors: Chamberlain Nicholas , Mena Leandro , Brock James Benjamin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Few instances of treatment-emergent resistance to bictegravir have been reported in the literature. We describe a case of treatment-emergent resistance to bictegravir in a person recently diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus who developed M184V and R263K mutations while on therapy.
Seasonable Coexistence: Temporality, Health Care and Confessional Relations in Spa,
c
.1648–1740
Authors: Corens Liesbeth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article adds a temporal dimension to our interpretation of confessional relations. While historians are increasingly attuned to the subtleties of space in their interpretation of interconfessional contact, we also need to acknowledge interactions differed according to multiple intersecting calendars and societal rhythms. I use a case study of the watering place of Spa (current-day Belgium) around the turn of the eighteenth century in order to unravel practices of and motivations for confessional coexistence. Spa attracted an internationally and confessionally mixed clientele, capable of living in tranquillity while Europe was only tentatively finding ways to coexist in diversity. In the watering town, on a small scale, the practices of coexistence were put to the test: interim measures and exceptions bracketing out time to engage and exchange, interwoven calendars inspiring varying interactions, and fluctuating priorities challenging narratives of linear chronological progress. Rather than casting Spa as ahead of its time in championing an abstract value of toleration, this article shows how coexistence was built on traditional and charitable duties of healthcare, which would, in turn, give shape to later spa culture.