bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of the early COVID-19 pandemic on outcomes in a rural Ugandan neonatal unit: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Hedstrom Anna , Mubiri Paul , Nyonyintono James , Nakakande Josephine , Magnusson Brooke , Vaughan Madeline , Waiswa Peter , Batra Maneesh 
Published: December 2021

Background
During the early COVID-19 pandemic travel in Uganda was tightly restricted which affected demand for and access to care for pregnant women and small and sick newborns. In this study we describe changes to neonatal outcomes in one rural central Ugandan newborn unit before and during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
We report outcomes from admissions captured in an electronic dataset of a well-established newborn unit before (September 2019 to March 2020) and during the early COVID-19 period (April–September 2020) as well as two seasonally matched periods one year prior. We report excess mortality as the percent change in mortality over what was expected based on seasonal trends.

Findings
The study included 2,494 patients, 567 of whom were admitted during the early COVID-19 period. During the pandemic admissions decreased by 14%. Patients born outside the facility were older on admission than previously (median 1 day of age vs. admission on the day of birth). There was an increase in admissions with birth asphyxia (22% vs. 15% of patients). Mortality was higher during COVID-19 than previously [16% vs. 11%, p = 0.017]. Patients born outside the facility had a relative increase of 55% above seasonal expected mortality (21% vs. 14%, p = 0.028). During this period patients had decreased antenatal care, restricted transport and difficulty with expenses and support. The hospital had difficulty with maternity staffing and supplies. There was significant community and staff fear of COVID-19.

Interpretation
Increased newborn mortality during the early COVID-19 pandemic at this facility was likely attributed to disruptions affecting maternal and newborn demand for, access to and quality of perinatal healthcare. Lockdown conditions and restrictions to public transit were significant barriers to maternal and newborn wellbeing, and require further focus by national and regional health officials.
Automation improves repeatability of retinal oximetry measurements
Authors: Karlsson Robert Arnar , Olafsdottir Olof Birna , Helgadottir Vedis , Belhadj Soumaya , Eliasdottir Thorunn Scheving , Stefansson Einar , Hardarson Sveinn Hakon 
Published: December 2021

PurposeRetinal oximetry is a technique based on spectrophotometry where images are analyzed with software capable of calculating vessel oxygen saturation and vessel diameter. In this study, the effect of automation of measurements of retinal vessel oxygen saturation and vessel diameter is explored.MethodsUntil now, operators have had to choose each vessel segment to be measured explicitly. A new, automatic version of the software automatically selects the vessels once the operator defines a measurement area. Five operators analyzed image pairs from the right eye of 23 healthy subjects with semiautomated retinal oximetry analysis software, Oxymap Analyzer (v2.5.1), and an automated version (v3.0). Inter- and intra-operator variability was investigated using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between oxygen saturation measurements of vessel segments in the same area of the retina.ResultsFor semiautomated saturation measurements, the inter-rater ICC was 0.80 for arterioles and venules. For automated saturation measurements, the inter-rater ICC was 0.97 for arterioles and 0.96 for venules. For semiautomated diameter measurements, the inter-rater ICC was 0.71 for arterioles and venules. For automated diameter measurements the inter-rater ICC was 0.97 for arterioles and 0.95 for venules. The inter-rater ICCs were different (p< 0.01) between the semiautomated and automated version in all instances.ConclusionAutomated measurements of retinal oximetry values are more repeatable compared to measurements where vessels are selected manually.
A multilevel analysis of the social determinants associated with symptoms of acute respiratory infection among preschool age children in Pakistan: A population-based survey
Authors: Deji-Abiodun Oluwafunmilade , Ferrandiz-Mont David , Mishra Vinod , Chiao Chi 
Published: December 2021

Background
As advocated by WHO in “Closing the Health Gap in a Generation”, dramatic differences in child health are closely linked to degrees of social disadvantage, both within and between communities. Nevertheless, research has not examined whether child health inequalities include, but are not confined to, worse acute respiratory infection (ARI) symptoms among the socioeconomic disadvantaged in Pakistan. In addition to such disadvantages as the child’s gender, maternal education, and household poverty, the present study also examined the linkages between the community environment and ARI symptoms among Pakistan children under five. Furthermore, we have assessed gender contingencies related to the aforementioned associations.

Methods
Using data from the nationally representative 2017–2018 Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, a total of 11,908 surviving preschool age children (0–59 months old) living in 561 communities were analyzed. We employed two-level multilevel logistic regressions to model the relationship between ARI symptoms and individual-level and community-level social factors.

Results
The social factors at individual and community levels were found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of the child suffering from ARI symptoms. A particularly higher risk was observed among girls who resided in urban areas (AOR = 1.42; p<0.01) and who had a birth order of three or greater.

Discussions
Our results underscore the need for socioeconomic interventions in Pakistan that are targeted at densely populated households and communities within urban areas, with a particular emphasis on out-migration, in order to improve unequal economic underdevelopment. This could be done by targeting improvements in socio-economic structures, including maternal education.
The relation between the gut microbiome and osteoarthritis: A systematic review of literature
Authors: Chisari Emanuele , Wouthuyzen-Bakker Marjan , Friedrich Alex W. , Parvizi Javad 
Published: December 2021

Background
Along with mechanical and genetic factors, emerging evidence suggests that the presence of low-grade inflammation has a role in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) and seems to be related to the microbiome composition of the gut.

Purpose
To provide evidence whether there is clinical or preclinical evidence of gut-joint axis in the pathogenesis and symptoms of OA.

Methods
An extensive review of the current literature was performed using three different databases. Human, as well as animal studies, were included. The risk of bias was identified using ROBINS and SYRCLE tools, while the quality of evidence was assessed using GRADE and CAMADARES criteria.

Results
A total of nineteen articles were included. Multiple animal studies demonstrated that both obesity, and high-fat and high-sugar diets resulted in a gut dysbiosis status characterized by increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes (F/B) phyla ratio and increased permeability. These changes were associated with increased lipopolysaccharide serum levels, which consequently resulted in synovitis and OA severity. The administration of pre-and probiotics partially reversed this bacterial composition. In addition, in human studies, a decreased amount of gut Bacteroidetes, subsequent increased F/B ratio, have also been observed in OA patients.

Conclusions
Our review confirms preliminary yet sound evidence supporting a gut-joint axis in OA in primarily preclinical models, by showing an association between diet, gut dysbiosis and OA radiological severity and self-reported symptoms. Clinical studies are needed to confirm these findings, and to investigate whether interventions targeting the composition of the microbiome will have a beneficial clinical effect.
Eigenvector centrality defines hierarchy and predicts graduation in therapeutic community units
Authors: Campbell Benjamin , Warren Keith , Weiler Mackenzie , De Leon George 
Published: December 2021

IntroductionTherapeutic communities (TCs) are mutual aid based residential programs for the treatment of substance abuse and criminal behavior. While it is expected that residents will provide feedback to peers, there has been no social network study of the hierarchy through which feedback flows.MethodsData for this study was drawn from clinical records of peer corrections exchanged between TC residents in six units kept over periods of less than two to over eight years. Four of the units served men while two served women. Hierarchy position was measured using eigenvector centrality, on the assumption that residents who were more central in the network of corrections were lower in the hierarchy. It was hypothesized that residents would rise in the hierarchy over time. This was tested using Wilcoxon paired samples tests comparing the mean and maximum eigenvector centrality for time in treatment with those in the last month of treatment. It was also hypothesized that residents who rose higher in the hierarchy were more likely to graduate, the outcome of primary interest. Logistic regression was used to test hierarchy position as a predictor of graduation, controlling for age, race, risk of recidivism as measured by the Level of Services Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) and days spent in the program.ResultsResidents averaged a statistically significantly lower eigenvector centrality in the last month in all units, indicating a rise in the hierarchy over time. Residents with lower maximum and average eigenvector centrality both over the length of treatment and in the last month of treatment were more likely to graduate in four of the six units, those with lower maximum and average eigenvector centrality in the last month but not over the length of treatment were more likely to graduate in one of the six units, while eigenvector centrality did not predict graduation in one unit. However, this last unit was much smaller than the others, which may have influenced the results.ConclusionThese results suggest that TC residents move through a social network hierarchy and that movement through the hierarchy predicts successful graduation.
Die Form des ›Helfens‹ und ihre (Soll-)Bruchstellen
Authors: Ricken Norbert 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
As familiar and self-evident as what is meant by ›helping‹ may seem at first, it is difficult to define ›helping‹ in a precise conceptual way. Against this backdrop, the question of what ›helping‹ is will be taken up and dealt with from a theoretical point of view. The path taken to work out and systematically define the form of helping leads to the discussion of some of the (predetermined) breaking points built into it and to the conclusion that ›helping‹ must be categorically defined differently. Recent anthropological research also suggests this by referring to the social-theoretical embedding of individuals and leaving behind individual-theoretical understandings of isolated individuals who would then enter into a relationship with each other.
Nächstenliebe und Selbstliebe
Authors: Karle Isolde 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The contribution starts anthropologically, following biblical narratives but also modern anthropological research, by assuming that people are fundamentally related to others and that human cultural development is based on fundamentally cooperative processes. Against this background, love of self and love of neighbour are not understood as competing patterns of behaviour; rather, they are mutually dependent. This is confirmed by empirical results with regard to volunteer work, which show that for most volunteers altruism, sociability and self-development do not denote contradictory motives, but rather interpret each other reciprocally.
Helfen und Wohlbefinden aus psychologischer Perspektive
Authors: Luhmann Maike 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Psychological research has long been interested in whether helping can make people happy. This article summarizes empirical evidence and theoretical models on the relationship between helping and well-being. Empirical studies indicate a significant, but weak positive relationship between helping behaviors and well-being. The functional approach and self-determination theory are two theoretical frameworks that are particularly relevant for interdisciplinary investigations of this topic. The article concludes with a discussion of open questions and avenues for future research.
Vom Glück und Unglück des Helfens
Authors: Söding Thomas 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the mirror of the New Testament, helping is an authentic expression of being human. The focus is on the people who need help but should not remain dependent on it. Therefore, empathy and effectiveness are important virtues of helping. Helping makes people happy when it is done out of charity; helping brings misfortune when it becomes a means to an end. The ethos of helping is based on faith in God, who alone is able to save people's lives. This theocentrism relativises human helping and thus justifies the focus on what is humanly possible, but also the hope of transcending these limits, so that no one needs help any more, because all are filled with God's love.
Von der Berufung zum Job?
Authors: Jähnichen Traugott 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In our culture, helping people in need is essentially determined by Christian motivations. This applies not least to the time of the formation phase of the organised social form of diaconal action since the middle of the 19th century. Regardless of the many transformations that have resulted in helping becoming a profession for many people, religious motivations remain formative, but are no longer dominant. However, a latent openness of helping professions to normative, especially Christian semantics can be observed, to which diaconal leadership can be connected.
War die Vermarktlichung der Pflege ein Irrweg?
Authors: Cremer Georg 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Markets in social services are often rejected with the argument that they do not do justice to the special nature of social services. In contrast, this article argues for thinking about how the care market should be organised so that good care can be provided. A productive approach is to use the four steering mechanisms according to J. Le Grand: Trust/motivation, command-and-control, voice and choice/competition. The regulatory debate must clarify how and in which mixes the four steering models are to be used.
Take Care!
Authors: Meier-Gräwe Uta 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The contribution directs attention to the Corona pandemic and its effects on care work with female connotations - paid and unpaid. The focus is on acute needs and requirements as well as the structural problems behind them. Finally, what political changes are needed after our pandemic experiences have shown so clearly that care work, which is predominantly performed by women, is the foundation of the economy and society?
Analysis of the therapeutic benefits of symptomatic slow acting drugs in osteoarthritis: emphasis on structural-modifying action
Authors: Belyaeva I. B. , Mazurov V. I. , Trofimov E. A. 
Published: December 2021

The review presents an analysis of the therapeutic effect in osteoarthritis (OA) of the original complex injectable drug Alflutop (bioactive concentrate of small marine fish), which is one of the most widely used symptomatic slow acting drugs (SYSADOA) in Russia. It stimulates the proliferation of chondrocytes, activates the synthesis of the extracellular matrix by modulating transforming growth factor β (TGFβ), inhibits hyaluronidase, oxidative stress and the activity of extracellular expression of proinflammatory cytokine genes – interleukin (IL) 1β, IL6 and IL8 in vitro.The results of prospective clinical studies are presented, which demonstrate the ability of Alflutop to slow down the X-ray progression of OA of the knee joints (inhibit the narrowing of the joint space, the growth of osteophytes and increase the intra-articular concentration of hyaluronic acid), as well as restore the mobility of the hip joints when it is locally introduced into the zone of pathological changes in the articular lip of the acetabulum. Combined therapy with Alflutop leads to activation of reparative processes and significant clinical improvement in patients with post-traumatic OA, and also slows down the progression of chondrodegeneration according to magnetic resonance imaging. The new Alflutop administration regimen for knee OA (2 ml every other day, №10) can increase patient adherence to therapy.The results of clinical studies presented in the review prove the structural-modifying effect of Alflutop in OA of various localization and substantiate its widespread use in this disease in rheumatological, traumatological and orthopedic practice.
Assessment of spine mobility in patients with ankylosing spondylitis by ultrasound scanning (preliminary data)
Authors: Kurbanmagomedov M. K. , Sakharova K. V. , Demina A. B. , Erdes Sh. F. 
Published: December 2021

Spine involvement in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) resulting in limited mobility requires a search for accurate, quantitatively methods of assessment of the decline of its function and monitoring of its dynamics. One of the promising methods for assessing movements in the spine in AS is ultrasound examination (US).Objective: to determine the relationship between the mobility of the spine measured sonographically, and the activity and functional status of patients with AS.Patients and methods. Spinal ultrasound was performed in 15 patients (10 men and 5 women, mean age 40.8±11.4 years, mean duration of the disease 5.5±3.5 years) with a confirmed diagnosis of AS, admitted to the V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology from April to August 2019. All patients underwent a double examination (at baseline and after 2 weeks) according to a specially developed protocol.Results and discussion. A comparative analysis of the results of sonographic measurements of the distance between the spinous processes of the vertebrae of the studied spine segment at baseline and after 2 weeks revealed a tendency towards an increase in these parameters both in the initial position and during flexion. There was no relationship between age, body mass index, duration of the disease and the distance between the spinous processes in all parts of the spine measured by sonography in initial position and during flexion. Correlation analysis data indicate the presence of a correlation between an increase in the distance between the spinous processes in the cervical and lumbar spine and a decrease in ESR, and i increase in the distance between the spinous processes in the lumbar spine and level of CRP. A weak negative relationship was found between the BASDAI index and the mobility of the spine at the LIV–V level and between sonographic measurements in all segment of the spine and the BASMI index.Conclusion. The sonographic method of determining the mobility of the spine can be recommended in patients with AS, both for initial examination and during follow-up, but it can't substitute the BASMI metrological index. Further research is needed to confirm the findings.
The use of guselkumab in psoriatic arthritis: evidence from real clinical practice
Authors: Nekrasova N. V. , Borovikov Yu. E. , Zadorkina T. G. , Nekrasova P. V. 
Published: December 2021

Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of the joints, spine and enthesis from the group of spondyloarthritis that develops in patients with psoriasis. Guselkumab is a biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drug, an inhibitor of interleukin 23, which has been shown to be effective in the treatment of plaque psoriasis and PsA.Objective: to evaluate the effectiveness of guselkumab treatment in PsA patients.Patients and methods. The study included 16 patients with PsA. All patients received 100 mg of guselkumab subcutaneously at weeks 0, 4, 12, 20. Disease activity and treatment efficacy were assessed at weeks 0, 12 and 24 using the DAS28, ASDAS, BASDAI, DAPSA activity indices, the index of the extent and severity of psoriasis PASI.Results and discussion. During treatment, patients with PsA showed a pronounced positive dynamics of the indices of disease activity and an improvement in the skin condition. Before the treatment with guselkumab, the mean value of the DAS28 index was 4.26±0.64, DAPSA – 37.94±9.45, ASDAS – 2.7±0.65, and BASDAI – 5.49±1.39, after 12 weeks of treatment these indicators decreased to 3.03±0.49; 17.06±4.58; 1.64±0.33 and 3.48±0.66, respectively, and after 24 weeks (after the 4th injection) – to 2.32±0.18; 11.31±2.18; 1.22±0.27 and 2.62±0.78, respectively (p<0.05 for all cases). Before treatment, the average PASI index reached 30.99±15.43, after 12 weeks – 4.55±4.82, and after 24 weeks – 1.05±1.46 (p<0.05). During treatment, a significant improvement in the main manifestations of the disease was noted: regression of peripheral arthritis, spondylitis, and skin rashes.The treatment was well tolerated during the 24 weeks of the study, and no serious adverse events were reported.Conclusion. The data from real clinical practice indicate that guselkumab is highly effective and safe in the treatment of PsA.
Multifactorial model of willingness to get vaccinated in medical students during 3<sup>rd</sup> wave of COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Malygin V. L. , Malygin Ya. V. , Iskandirova A. S. , Pahtusova E. E. , Merkuryeva Yu. A. , Ogarev V. V. , Hudiakov A. V. , Asasian M. A. 
Published: December 2021

Vaccination of the population is the most essential and decisive measure in overcoming the COVID-19 pandemic that has involved the whole world. The vaccination of healthcare workers and medical students who can spread the infection among patients is crucial.Objective: to study the attitude towards vaccination among medical students.Patients and methods. From 18 to 22 June 2021, an anonymous Internet survey of 364 students of medical and technical universities was conducted. The sample included 135 medical students with no immunity to COVID-19 – who had not been ill or vaccinated. Three variants of behavioral strategies related to vaccination were compared: refusal to vaccinate, observation of the situation, consent to vaccination.Results and discussion. The key factors influencing the choice of a behavioral strategy for avoiding vaccination are the belief that COVID-19 infection is not dangerous for young people and that the vaccine is not studied enough. The willingness to get vaccinated is associated with denial of insufficient knowledge about the vaccine, belief in its safety and effectiveness, fear of infecting loved ones. The observer student group is characterized by an intermediate position on vaccination beliefs.Conclusion. To increase the willingness for vaccination, it is necessary, first of all, to spread the information about the vaccine, its safety (inability to cause severe complications, death) and effectiveness in preventing infection, reducing the level of anxiety concerning vaccination. It is also important to spread awareness about the danger of infecting loved ones and increase personal responsibility for the health of their loved ones.