bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human interventions in a bifurcating river system: Numerical investigation and uncertainty assessment
Authors: Gensen Matthijs R. A. , Warmink Jord J. , Huthoff Fredrik , Hulscher Suzanne J. M. H. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn bifurcating rivers, an intervention aimed at flood risk reduction may trigger a change in discharge distribution and thus influence water levels throughout the entire river system. This article aims at assessing the impact of interventions on system‐wide water levels, explicitly accounting for a range of discharges and model parameter uncertainty. An idealized 1D model with dimensions of the bifurcating Dutch Rhine River is used. The results show that an unwanted increase in water levels downstream of the intervention occurs due to an increased discharge if a single intervention is implemented in a distributary. This effect can be counteracted by implementing a second intervention that balances the hydraulic effect of the first intervention at the bifurcation. However, unwanted water level increases still occur at other discharges. Furthermore, while interventions may reduce local water‐level‐uncertainty, it appears that uncertainty in discharge distribution is not reduced. This implies that flooding probabilities cannot be reduced throughout the entire river system by the implementation of interventions in upstream reaches. Concluding, for intervention design in a bifurcating river, it is important to consider the entire river system and explicitly account for a range of discharge conditions to avoid unwanted water level increases throughout the river system.
Petrochronology of high‐pressure granulite facies rocks from Southern Brasília Orogen, SE Brazil: Combining quantitative compositional mapping, single‐element thermometry and geochronology
Authors: Fumes Regiane Andrade , Luvizotto George Luiz , Moraes Renato , Lanari Pierre , Valeriano Claudio de Morisson , Zack Thomas , Caddick Mark J. , Simões Luiz Sergio Amarante 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe use a combination of several in situ techniques to assess the P‐T‐t path of high‐pressure granulites from the Passos Nappe in the Southern Brasília Orogen (SE Brazil). Quantitative element mapping and single‐element thermometers (Zr‐in‐rutile and Ti‐in‐quartz) are coupled with P‐T pseudosections and monazite and rutile dating. Compositional and temperature maps, based on cathodoluminescence mapping and in situ analyses of Ti‐in‐quartz, are presented as a novel approach to evaluate crystallization temperature. The studied rocks have a pelitic protolith and record a peak pressure assemblage of garnet + kyanite + rutile + K‐feldspar + quartz + melt ± plagioclase that formed at ~830°C and 1.2 GPa. Retrograde conditions of ~560°C and 0.6 GPa are determined based on the grossular content of garnet and the crystallization of biotite and ilmenite. Metamorphic peak conditions occurred ca. 635 Ma, according to monazite dating, with a younger date of ca. 615 Ma associated with later kyanite crystallization. Rutile ages of ca. 590 Ma are linked to the late retrograde stage (at ~600°C). Results show that the distribution of Ti‐in‐quartz is heterogeneous, decreasing in abundance towards the rim of crystals, though the higher temperatures constrained with Ti‐in‐quartz thermometry are broadly consistent with peak conditions. The peak pressure conditions are consistent with continental collision setting in the Southern Brasília Orogen and were followed by an early cooling/decompression stage and then by a slow cooling during exhumation and transport to shallower crustal levels.
Hospital work environment, nurse staffing and missed care in Chile: A cross‐sectional observational study
Authors: Simonetti Marta , Cerón Consuelo , Galiano Alejandra , Lake Eileen T. , Aiken Linda H. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAims and ObjectivesTo characterise the problem of missed nursing care in Chilean hospitals and to test associations with hospital organisational variables.BackgroundMissed nursing care is a common problem in different countries, but it has not been studied in Chile.DesignMultihospital cross‐sectional study (Supplementary file 1: STROBE guideline).MethodsStudy population of 45 adult high‐complexity hospitals and 1853 registered nurses (RN) working on medical‐surgical units. Primary data were collected through a nurse survey. Nurses reported, out of a list of nursing care activities, the ones left undone during their last shift. The main independent variables were the work environment, measured through the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index, patient‐to‐nurse ratios and RN skillmix. Adjusted logistic regression analyses were used to test associations, accounting for clustering of nurses working in the same hospital.ResultsThe hospital response rate was 88.9% and, for nurses, 88.1%. The mean patient‐to‐nurse ratio was 14.5 (range 6–23). The average skillmix was 31% RN. Eighty‐six percent of nurses missed at least one activity. The activities most frequently missed included patient education, comforting patients and surveillance. The adjusted model showed a significant association between the work environment, staffing ratios and missed care. The RN skillmix was not associated.ConclusionsMissed care is highly prevalent problem in Chilean hospitals. Clinical activities were the least missed. It is necessary to improve work environments and reduce the number of patients per nurse to improve the safety and quality of care.Relevance for clinical practiceThe study results are relevant since they provide new data to Chile. Better work environments and adequate human resources are modifiable factors that can be addressed from a managerial perspective, with low‐cost strategies to effectively reduce missed care and improve safety and quality.
Macrotyloma axillare ‘Java’ and Crotalaria spp. combined with biocontrol agents for the management of Meloidogyne javanica in soybean
Authors: Miamoto Angélica , Calandrelli Angélica , Rinaldi Luanna Karoline , Silva Monique Thiara Rodrigues e , Mioranza Thaísa Muriel , Santana‐Gomes Simone de Melo , Dias‐Arieira Cláudia Regina 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the effects of crop rotation with Macrotyloma axillare ‘Java’, Crotalaria spectabilis and Crotalaria ochroleuca combined with green manure application or biological treatment, on the control of Meloidogyne javanica in soybean. An initial greenhouse study was conducted in a 4 × 2 factorial design, with four rotation crops (M. axillare ‘Java’, C. spectabilis, C. ochroleuca and soybean) in the presence and absence of green manure. A second greenhouse study was carried out using a 4 × 5 factorial design, with four rotation crops and five biocontrol treatments (Pochonia chlamydosporia, Purpureocillium lilacinum + Trichoderma harzianum, Bacillus methylotrophicus, Bacillus subtilis + Bacillus licheniformis and untreated control). Both experiments consisted of two independent trials (Trials 1 and 2) conducted at different times of the year. The experimental field soil was infested by growing soybean infected with M. javanica for 50 days prior to the assays. Then, seeds of rotation crops were sown and biocontrols applied. Rotation crops were removed 70 days after sowing, and soybean seeds were sown immediately afterwards. Total nematodes, nematode per gram of root and soil biological activity were assessed 60 days after soybean sowing. In the first study, all rotation systems and green manure treatments reduced M. javanica population. In the second study, all biological treatments were effective, except B. methylotrophicus and M. axillare ‘Java’ combined with P. chlamydosporia in Trial 1 and C. spectabilis combined with P. lilacinum +T. harzianum in Trial 2. Macrotyloma axillare ‘Java’ combined with B. methylotrophicus and C. spectabilis combined with B. subtilis +B. licheniformis resulted in higher soil metabolic activity. The association of biological control agents with crop rotation generally did not present additive effects in the reduction in M. javanica populations, except for one combination of M. axillare ‘Java’ with B. subtilis +B. lichneniformis.
Computed tomographic staging of dogs with anal sac adenocarcinoma
Authors: Sutton D. R. , Hernon T. , Hezzell M. J. , Meakin L. B. , Gould S. M. , Bradley K. J. , Major A. C. 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesTo describe the CT appearance of anal sac adenocarcinoma lesions in a population of dogs including the relations between primary tumour, and locoregional and distant metastasis.Materials and MethodsRetrospective review of dogs with confirmed anal sac adenocarcinoma and available CT images of the thorax, abdomen and pelvis.ResultsA population of 70 dogs were included in the study. No association was found between anal sac mass size and presence or absence of iliosacral lymph node enlargement. The prevalence of local metastatic disease characterised by iliosacral lymphadenomegaly in this study was 71%, with pulmonary metastases identified in 11% of cases. There were no cases of distant pulmonary metastasis without concurrent locoregional lymphadenomegaly.Clinical SignificanceIn our population of dogs local metastatic spread of anal sac adenocarcinoma was common, with a relatively low prevalence of pulmonary metastasis. The study demonstrates the importance of thorough rectal examination and/or imaging to assess the iliosacral lymph centre in this disease irrespective of the size of the anal sac mass.
Automated fact‐checking: A survey
Authors: Zeng Xia , Abumansour Amani S. , Zubiaga Arkaitz 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAs online false information continues to grow, automated fact‐checking has gained an increasing amount of attention in recent years. Researchers in the field of Natural Language Processing (NLP) have contributed to the task by building fact‐checking datasets, devising automated fact‐checking pipelines and proposing NLP methods to further research in the development of different components. This article reviews relevant research on automated fact‐checking covering both the claim detection and claim validation components.
Is myopia prevalence related to outdoor green space?
Authors: Peng Brian An , Naduvilath Thomas John , Flitcroft Daniel Ian , Jong Monica 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPurposeRapid urbanisation and lifestyle changes have been associated with a huge increase in myopia across many parts of the world. There is strong evidence that environmental factors including time outdoors and urbanisation can influence the development of myopia, particularly in school‐aged children. The aim of this study is to determine whether there is a relationship between the prevalence of myopia and the amount of vegetation/green spaces across different regions of the world, as a risk factor for myopia development.MethodsThe prevalence of myopia in the 15 to 19‐year age group in Australia, Brazil, China, Finland, India, Iran, Japan, Oman, Singapore, South Africa and the UK was obtained from a meta‐analysis by Holdenet al. Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used to quantify green space exposure based on Landsat 7 Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) satellite data. Green space was measured in locations specific to 15 studies that reported myopia prevalence. Simple linear regression was used to analyse yearly data, and a mixed effects model was applied to assess the significance of green space when study was a random effect.ResultsMyopia prevalence increases significantly when green space was <−0.2, but the effect was less apparent for values >−0.1. When a mixed effects model was used, the effect of green space was found to be significantly associated with myopia prevalence (p = 0.05).ConclusionsThere was evidence of a weak but significant non‐linear relationship between myopia and green space, with the effect most apparent at low levels of green space. A larger data sample, along with further investigations into the utilisation of green spaces, are required to understand whether increasing the amount of green space can reduce myopia incidence and progression impact.
Mining of quantitative trait loci and candidate genes for seed size and shape across multiple environments in soybean (Glycine max)
Authors: Sun Yaqian , Tian Rui , Shao Zhenqi , Chen Shiliang , Zhang Hua , Jin Yuan , Li Wenlong , Kong Youbin , Du Hui , Li Xihuan , Zhang Caiying 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSeed size and shape are important characteristics in soybean breeding, whereas the genetic basis are still unknown, which constrains the improvement of related traits. In view of this, one recombinant inbred line population was assessed for six related traits under four environments. In total, 10 QTLs controlling the related traits were identified, and five were detected across at least two environments, which located on chromosomes 2, 4, 6, 13, and 16 with phenotypic variation explained (PVE) 3.6% to 9.4%. Among them, qSS‐02 and qSS‐16 were identified to control four and five related traits with pleiotropic effects on chromosomes 2 and 16 across three and two environments, respectively. Meanwhile, qSS‐04 was detected to control all of the six related traits on chromosome 4 under four environments with PVEs 4.5% to 9.4%. Furthermore, the candidate genes, that is, Glyma.04G055100 (big grain protein) and Glyma.13G068500 (cytochrome P450), were screened out for their different expressions between population parents at different seed growth and developmental stages. Thus, these results could provide novel insights for the genetic basis of seed size and shape in soybean.
A grape breeding programme using different Vitis species
Authors: Atak Arif , Şen Abdulbaki 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntensive breeding programmes have been carried out to obtain high‐quality seedless grape cultivars. Seedless grape cultivars were used as pollinizer parents, but the number of hybrid seeds and the viability of the seed obtained could differ greatly. In this study, carried out over 3 years, the results obtained from crossing with some pollinizer cultivars belonging to different Vitis species were compared. Maternal cultivars that do not need emasculation (male sterile) and emasculated cultivars were also compared. Evaluations were based on the total number of hybrid seeds and the proportion of viable seeds. In addition, the effects of various treatments on the rates of germination of the hybrid seed were compared. Although the female parents (with female flower structure) produced more seed than did hermaphrodite mothers in 2019, different results were obtained in cross‐breeding studies in 2018 and 2020. Cold stratification was very effective in increasing germination by breaking dormancy of the hybrid seed. In addition, after treatment of cold moist storage (cold stratification), keeping the seed in distilled water overnight before planting increased germination. Although large numbers of seeds were produced by the genotype 86/1 and the cultivar ‘Beyaz Çavuş’, both of which do not require emasculation, many of these seeds did not germinate. Crosses with the cultivar ‘Red Globe’ as the maternal parent produced large numbers of viable seeds and high germination rates.
Comparison of chlorhexidine impregnated dressing and standard dressing for the prevention of central‐line associated blood stream infection and colonization in critically ill pediatric patients: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Duyu Muhterem , Karakaya Zeynep , Yazici Pinar , Yavuz Senanur , Yersel Nihal Meryem , Tascilar Melike Orkide , Firat Nazim , Bozkurt Ozlem , Caglar Mocan Yasemin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to compare chlorhexidine gluconate (CHG)‐impregnated dressing and standard dressing with respect to the frequency of central‐line‐associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), catheter‐related bloodstream infection, primary bloodstream infection, and catheter colonization in critically ill pediatric patients with short‐term central venous catheters.MethodsChildren who were admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary institution between May 2018 and December 2019 and received placement of a short‐term central venous catheter were included in this single‐center randomized controlled trial. Patients were grouped according to the type of catheter fixation applied.ResultsA total of 307 patients (151 CHG‐impregnated dressing, 156 standard dressing), with 307 catheters (amounting to a collective total of 4,993 catheter days), were included in the study. The CHG‐impregnated dressing did not significantly decrease the incidence of CLABSI (6.36 vs 7.59 per 1,000 catheter days; hazard ratio (HR): 0.93, P = 0.76), catheter related bloodstream infection (3.82 vs 4.18 per 1,000 catheter days; HR: 0.98; P = 0.98), and primary bloodstream infection (2.54 vs 3.42 catheter days; HR: 0.79; P = 0.67). The CHG‐impregnated dressing significantly decreased the incidence of catheter colonization (3.82 vs 7.59 per 1,000 catheter days; HR: 0.40; P = 0.04). In both groups, the most frequent microorganisms isolated in CLABSI or catheter colonization were Gram‐positive bacteria (the majority were coagulase‐negative staphylococci).ConclusionsThe use of CHG‐impregnated dressing does not decrease CLABSI incidence in critically ill pediatric patients but it significantly reduced catheter colonization. Coagulase‐negative staphylococci were the most common microorganisms causing CLABSI or catheter colonization.
Knowledge by constraint
Authors: Holguín Ben 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis paper considers some puzzling knowledge ascriptions and argues that they present prima facie counterexamples to credence, belief, and justification conditions on knowledge, as well as to many of the standard meta‐semantic assumptions about the context‐sensitivity of ‘know’. It argues that these ascriptions provide new evidence in favor of contextualist theories of knowledge—in particular those that take the interpretation of ‘know’ to be sensitive to the mechanisms of constraint.
1‐Aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid stimulates tomato pollen tube growth independently of ethylene receptors
Authors: Althiab‐Almasaud Rasha , Sallanon Huguette , Chang Caren , Chervin Christian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe plant hormone ethylene plays vital roles in plant development, including pollen tube (PT) growth. Many studies have used the ethylene precursor, 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC), as a tool to trigger ethylene signaling. Several studies have suggested that ACC can act as a signal molecule independently of ethylene, inducing responses that are distinct from those induced by ethylene. In this study, we confirmed that ethylene receptor function is essential for promoting PT growth in tomato, but interestingly, we discovered that ACC itself can act as a signal that also promotes PT growth. Exogenous ACC stimulated PT growth even when ethylene perception was inhibited either chemically by treating with 1‐methylcyclopropene (1‐MCP) or genetically by using the ethylene‐insensitive Never Ripe (NR) mutant. Treatment with aminoethoxyvinylglycine, which reduces endogenous ACC levels, led to a reduction of PT growth, even in the NR mutants. Furthermore, GUS activity driven by an EIN3 Binding Site promoter (EBS:GUS transgene) was triggered by ACC in the presence of 1‐MCP. Taken together, these results suggest that ACC signaling can bypass the ethylene receptor step to stimulate PT growth and EBS driven gene expression.
Understanding poverty dynamics and vulnerability in Tanzania: 2012–2018
Authors: Aikaeli Jehovaness , Garcés‐Urzainqui David , Mdadila Kenneth 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe study poverty dynamics and vulnerability in Tanzania between 2012 and 2018 using synthetic panel methods. Under the surface of apparent stability in aggregate poverty rates, and despite robust economic growth, households experienced strong fluctuations in consumption levels during this period: 12.5% of the population remained in persistent poverty, a further 30% experienced transient poverty, and one of five Tanzanians above the poverty line in 2012 was poor 6 years later. Education and employment in the nonfarm sector are particularly effective at shielding households from poverty, while rural and large households with many children are most likely to slip into poverty. Considerable differences exist between less‐deprived areas such as Dar es Salaam or Kilimanjaro and regions in the northwest, where persistent poverty is especially high. Looking ahead to the impact of COVID‐19, those households least prepared to take preventive measures against the virus suffer from more adverse poverty dynamics, while those involved in the sectors taking the hardest economic hit from the pandemic start from a better pre‐pandemic situation. This suggests that novel policies that specifically support this ‘new vulnerable’ need to be combined with redoubled efforts to address the structural causes of poverty and vulnerability.
The Policy of Evidence
Authors: Tuzet Giovanni 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEpistemic and practical interests are often in conflict. This also occurs in institutional settings such as the legal one. Rule 407 of the U.S. Federal Rules of Evidence is an example of that because it sacrifices some epistemic interests in favour of practical ones. It is the rule on subsequent remedial measures (SRM), which is mainly designed to answer a practical concern (reducing accidents) instead of the epistemic one of getting some evidence to find out whether the defendant was negligent or whether there was a defect in a product. Some commentators and courts think that the rationale of the rule is more complex and deserves a more careful discussion, as this paper shows. Additionally, this paper discusses a modification proposal (from categorical ban of SRM evidence to case‐by‐case decision) and develops some theoretical considerations, in the spirit of philosophical pragmatism, on the best way to conceptualize the problem addressed. The idea is to see such conflicts as conflicts of goals and to explain them in terms of the incompatible desires that we happen to have.
CCR‐NB‐LRR proteins MdRNL2 and MdRNL6 interact physically to confer broad‐spectrum fungal resistance in apple (Malus × domestica)
Authors: Zhang Qiulei , Wang Yuanhua , Wei Haiyang , Fan Wenqi , Xu Chaoran , Li Tianzhong 
Published: October 2021

SUMMARYApple leaf spot, a disease caused by Alternaria alternata f. sp. mali and other fungal species, leads to severe defoliation and results in tremendous losses to the apple (Malus × domestica) industry in China. We previously identified three RPW8, nucleotide‐binding, and leucine‐rich repeat domain CCR‐NB‐LRR proteins (RNLs), named MdRNL1, MdRNL2, and MdRNL3, that contribute to Alternaria leaf spot (ALT1) resistance in apple. However, the role of NB‐LRR proteins in resistance to fungal diseases in apple remains poorly understood. We therefore used MdRNL1/2/3 as baits to screen ALT1‐inoculated leaves for interacting proteins and identified only MdRNL6 (another RNL) as an interactor of MdRNL2. Protein interaction assays demonstrated that MdRNL2 and MdRNL6 interact through their NB‐ARC domains. Transient expression assays in apple indicated that complexes containing both MdRNL2 and MdRNL6 are necessary for resistance to Alternaria leaf spot. Intriguingly, the same complexes were also required to confer resistance to Glomerella leaf spot and Marssonina leaf spot in transient expression assays. Furthermore, stable transgenic apple plants with suppressed expression of MdRNL6 showed hypersensitivity to Alternaria leaf spot, Glomerella leaf spot, and Marssonina leaf spot; these effects were similar to the effects of suppressing MdRNL2 expression in transgenic apple plantlets. The identification of these novel broad‐spectrum fungal resistance genes will facilitate breeding for fungal disease resistance in apple.