bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute injury or illness related to the inhalation of vaping aerosols among children and adolescents across Canada: A cross-sectional survey of Canadian paediatricians
Authors: Zutrauen Sarah , Do Minh T , Ghandour Lina , Moore-Hepburn Charlotte , Beno Suzanne , Richmond Sarah A , Chadi Nicholas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundVaping prevalence rates have increased among Canadian youth. Evidence suggests that vaping poses signiﬁcant health risks to children and adolescents.ObjectivesThe objectives of the study were to investigate epidemiological characteristics of acute injury/illness cases due to the inhalation of vaping aerosols among children and adolescents across Canada and to explore factors contributing to severe cases.MethodsData from the 2019 Canadian Paediatric Surveillance Program cross-sectional survey on vaping-related injury/illness were used. Analyses focused on injury/illness cases (n=71) among children and adolescents aged 0 to 17 years who presented to participating paediatricians for a harm related to the inhalation of vaping aerosols. We conducted descriptive analyses and performed logistic regression to explore associations between severe presentations requiring hospitalization or intensive care unit (ICU) admission and selected case characteristics.ResultsOf the 71 reported injury/illness cases related to inhalation of vaping aerosols, 56% of patients were male, and 68% were aged 15 to 17 years. Nicotine vaping was reported in 42% of cases, and cannabis vaping in 24%. Fifty-four per cent presented with respiratory distress, 18% with symptoms of nicotine toxicity, and 41% required hospitalization and/or admission to the ICU. Cases presenting with respiratory distress were more likely to be hospitalized/admitted to the ICU (odds ratio [OR]=5.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.76 to 16.39).ConclusionsThe inhalation of vaping aerosols among children and adolescents may contribute to acute injury/illness. Clear associations between study variables and severe cases could not be established due to a small sample size. Additional research is needed to determine predictors and preventable risk factors of severe vaping-related injuries.
Macrophage‐derived extracellular vesicles regulates USP5‐mediated HDAC2/NRF2 axis to ameliorate inflammatory pain
Authors: Qu Yao , Xu Yunhe , Jiang Yuncheng , Yu Dehai , Jiang Xi , Zhao Ling 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEmerging research has highlighted the capacity of microRNA‐23a‐3p (miR‐23a‐3p) to alleviate inflammatory pain. However, the molecular mechanism by which miR‐23a‐3p attenuates inflammatory pain is yet to be fully understood. Hence, the current study aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which miR‐23a‐3p influences inflammatory pain. Bioinformatics was initially performed to predict the inflammatory pain related downstream targets of miR‐23a‐3p in macrophage‐derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). An animal inflammatory pain model was established using Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA). The miR‐23a‐3p expression was downregulated in the microglia of CFA‐induced mice, after which the inflammatory factors were determined by ELISA. FISH and immunofluorescence were performed to analyze the co‐localization of miR‐23a‐3p and microglia. Interestingly, miR‐23a‐3p was transported to the microglia via M2 macrophage‐EVs, which elevated the mechanical allodynia and the thermal hyperalgesia thresholds in mice model. The miR‐23a‐3p downstream target, USP5, was found to stabilize HDAC2 via deubiquitination to promote its expression while inhibiting the expression of NRF2. Taken together, the key findings of the current study demonstrate that macrophage‐derived EVs containing miR‐23a‐3p regulates the HDAC2/NRF2 axis by decreasing USP5 expression to alleviate inflammatory pain, which may provide novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of inflammatory pain.
The Characteristics and Risk Factors of Very Asymmetric Keratoconus
Authors: Nakao Gen , Koh Shizuka , Inoue Ryota , Maeno Sayo , Maeda Naoyuki , Nishida Kohji 
Published: August 2021

Purpose:
To characterize very asymmetric keratoconus (KC) in terms of clinical demographics and risk factors in the Japanese population.

Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of patients with very asymmetric KC attending a university hospital. Patients with very asymmetric KC had defined clinical KC in one eye and normal topography in the fellow eye. All patients completed a questionnaire on potential risk factors (family history of KC, atopy, asthma, allergy, heart disease, sleep apnea, Down syndrome, eye rubbing, prone sleep position, and dominant hand). These data were compared with those of patients with clinical or topographic KC in both eyes. Subgroup analysis of very asymmetric KC eyes were performed based on the KC status: mild and severe.

Results:
We retrospectively investigated 66 patients with very asymmetric KC and 505 patients with KC. Patients reported eye rubbing (53%–56%), allergy (62%–63%), and atopy (28%–29%) in both groups. There was no significant difference in terms of risk factors between the two groups. Approximately half of the 66 patients with very asymmetric KC had KC eyes ipsilateral to the dominant hand. Subgroup analysis of very asymmetric KC showed that atopy and asthma were more frequent in the mild KC group than in the severe KC group. Forty-four of 60 patients (73.3%) were using corneal, rigid, gas-permeable contact lenses (corneal GPs) for the KC eye, of which 30 patients (68.2%) were also using a corneal GP for the fellow eye.

Conclusions:
The patient-reported frequency of eye rubbing, allergy, and atopy were similar between KC and very asymmetric KC. Furthermore, we found no association between hand dominance and KC laterality.
Salivary Hyalinizing Clear Cell Carcinoma: Report of a Genetically Confirmed Pediatric Case and Review of the Literature
Authors: Palsgrove Doreen N. , Wilson Patrick A. , Oliai Bahram R. , Bishop Justin A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Hyalinizing clear cell carcinoma (HCCC) is a rare but well-recognized low-grade salivary gland malignancy. In addition to being a morphologically distinct neoplasm with cords and nests of predominantly clear cells in hyalinized fibrous stroma, it harbors a characteristic EWSR1 gene rearrangement that can be readily exploited as a diagnostic marker to help distinguish it from other salivary gland tumors with overlapping histomorphology. We herein report a pediatric case of salivary HCCC arising in the oral cavity of an 11-year-old girl. The tumor cells contained moderate amounts of eosinophilic to clear cytoplasm and hyperchromatic nuclei. The stroma was notable for a biphasic spatial arrangement alternating between fibrocellular regions and hyalinized basement membrane–like areas immediately adjacent to tumor cell nests. By immunohistochemistry, the tumor was positive for p40 and negative for SOX10, S100 protein, and smooth muscle actin. Fluorescence in situ hybridization was positive for an EWSR1 chromosomal rearrangement. This is the first reported, molecularly confirmed pediatric case of HCCC. It further expands the diagnostic age range of HCCC to include the pediatric population and highlights the potential risk of misdiagnosis.
Extreme precision in rhythmic interaction is enabled by role-optimized sensorimotor coupling: analysis and modelling of West African drum ensemble music
Authors: Jacoby Nori , Polak Rainer , London Justin 
Published: August 2021

Human social interactions often involve carefully synchronized behaviours. Musical performance in particular features precise timing and depends on the differentiation and coordination of musical/social roles. Here, we study the influence of musical/social roles, individual musicians and different ensembles on rhythmic synchronization in Malian drum ensemble music, which features synchronization accuracy near the limits of human performance. We analysed 72 recordings of the same piece performed by four trios, in which two drummers in each trio systematically switched roles (lead versus accompaniment). Musical role, rather than individual or group differences, is the main factor influencing synchronization accuracy. Using linear causal modelling, we found a consistent pattern of bi-directional couplings between players, in which the direction and strength of rhythmic adaptation is asymmetrically distributed across musical roles. This differs from notions of musical leadership, which assume that ensemble synchronization relies predominantly on a single dominant personality and/or musical role. We then ran simulations that varied the direction and strength of sensorimotor coupling and found that the coupling pattern used by the Malian musicians affords nearly optimal synchronization. More broadly, our study showcases the importance of ecologically valid and culturally diverse studies of human behaviour.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology’.
Cross-frequency coupling explains the preference for simple ratios in rhythmic behaviour and the relative stability across non-synchronous patterns
Authors: Dotov Dobromir , Trainor Laurel J. 
Published: August 2021

Rhythms are important for understanding coordinated behaviours in ecological systems. The repetitive nature of rhythms affords prediction, planning of movements and coordination of processes within and between individuals. A major challenge is to understand complex forms of coordination when they differ from complete synchronization. By expressing phase as ratio of a cycle, we adapted levels of the Farey tree as a metric of complexity mapped to the range between in-phase and anti-phase synchronization. In a bimanual tapping task, this revealed an increase of variability with ratio complexity, a range of hidden and unstable yet measurable modes, and a rank-frequency scaling law across these modes. We use the phase-attractive circle map to propose an interpretation of these findings in terms of hierarchical cross-frequency coupling (CFC). We also consider the tendency for small-integer attractors in the single-hand repeated tapping of three-interval rhythms reported in the literature. The phase-attractive circle map has wider basins of attractions for such ratios. This work motivates the question whether CFC intrinsic to neural dynamics implements low-level priors for timing and coordination and thus becomes involved in phenomena as diverse as attractor states in bimanual coordination and the cross-cultural tendency for musical rhythms to have simple interval ratios.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘Synchrony and rhythm interaction: from the brain to behavioural ecology’.
Treatment with Soluble CD24 Attenuates COVID-19-Associated Systemic Immunopathology
Authors: Song No-Joon , Allen Carter , Vilgelm Anna E. , Riesenberg Brian P. , Weller Kevin P. , Reynolds Kelsi , Chakravarthy Karthik B. , Kumar Amrendra , Khatiwada Aastha , Sun Zequn , Ma Anjun , Chang Yuzhou , Yusuf Mohamed , Li Anqi , Zeng Cong , Evans John P. , Bucci Donna , Gunasena Manuja , Xu Menglin , Liyanage Namal P.M. , Bolyard Chelsea , Velegraki Maria , Liu Shan-Lu , Ma Qin , Devenport Martin , Liu Yang , Zheng Pan , Malvestutto Carlos D. , Chung Dongjun , Li Zihai 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDSARS-CoV-2 causes COVID-19 through direct lysis of infected lung epithelial cells, which releases damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) and induces a pro-inflammatory cytokine milieu causing systemic inflammation. Anti-viral and anti-inflammatory agents have shown limited therapeutic efficacy. Soluble CD24 (CD24Fc) is able to blunt the broad inflammatory response induced by DAMPs in multiple models. A recent randomized phase III trial evaluating the impact of CD24Fc in patients with severe COVID-19 demonstrated encouraging clinical efficacy.METHODSWe studied peripheral blood samples obtained from patients enrolled at a single institution in the SAC-COVID trial (NCT04317040) collected before and after treatment with CD24Fc or placebo. We performed high dimensional spectral flow cytometry analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and measured the levels of a broad array of cytokines and chemokines. A systems analytical approach was used to discern the impact of CD24Fc treatment on immune homeostasis in patients with COVID-19.FINDINGSTwenty-two patients were enrolled, and the clinical characteristics from the CD24Fc vs. placebo groups were matched. Using high-content spectral flow cytometry and network-level analysis, we found systemic hyper-activation of multiple cellular compartments in the placebo group, including CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, and CD56+ NK cells. By contrast, CD24Fc-treated patients demonstrated blunted systemic inflammation, with a return to homeostasis in both NK and T cells within days without compromising the ability of patients to mount an effective anti-Spike protein antibody response. A single dose of CD24Fc significantly attenuated induction of the systemic cytokine response, including expression of IL-10 and IL-15, and diminished the coexpression and network connectivity among extensive circulating inflammatory cytokines, the parameters associated with COVID-19 disease severity.INTERPRETATIONOur data demonstrates that CD24Fc treatment rapidly down-modulates systemic inflammation and restores immune homeostasis in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals, supporting further development of CD24Fc as a novel therapeutic against severe COVID-19.FUNDINGNIH
Comparative study of protein aggregation propensity and mutation tolerance between naked mole-rat and mouse
Authors: Besse Savandara , Poujol Raphaël , Hussin Julie G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe molecular mechanisms of aging and life expectancy have been studied in model organisms with short lifespans. However, long-lived species may provide insights into successful strategies of healthy aging, potentially opening the door for novel therapeutic interventions in age-related diseases. Notably, naked mole-rats, the longest-lived rodent, present attenuated aging phenotypes in comparison to mice. Their resistance toward oxidative stress has been proposed as one hallmark of their healthy aging, suggesting their ability to maintain cell homeostasis, and specifically their protein homeostasis. To identify the general principles behind their protein homeostasis robustness, we compared the aggregation propensity and mutation tolerance of naked mole-rat and mouse orthologous proteins. Our analysis showed no proteome-wide differential effects in aggregation propensity and mutation tolerance between these species, but several subsets of proteins with a significant difference in aggregation propensity. We found an enrichment of proteins with higher aggregation propensity in naked mole-rat involved the inflammasome complex, and in nucleic acid binding. On the other hand, proteins with lower aggregation propensity in naked mole-rat have a significantly higher mutation tolerance compared to the rest of the proteins. Among them, we identified proteins known to be associated with neurodegenerative and age-related diseases. These findings highlight the intriguing hypothesis about the capacity of the naked mole-rat proteome to delay aging through its proteomic intrinsic architecture.Significance statementThe molecular mechanisms behind naked mole-rat longevity are still poorly understood. Here, we address how the proteome architecture can help delay the onset of aging in naked mole-rat by studying properties that modulate protein aggregation. We identify ∼1,000 proteins with significant differences in aggregation propensity and mutation tolerance involved in processes known to be dysfunctional during aging. These findings highlight how evolutionary adaptations in protein aggregation in distinct biological processes could explain naked mole-rat longevity.
Recovery of high quality metagenome–assembled genomes from full–scale activated sludge microbial communities in a tropical climate using longitudinal metagenome sampling
Authors: Haryono Mindia A. S. , Law Ying Yu , Arumugam Krithika , Liew Larry C.-W. , Nguyen Thi Quynh Ngoc , Drautz-Moses Daniela I. , Schuster Stephan C. , Wuertz Stefan , Williams Rohan B. H. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAnalysis of metagenome data based on the recovery of draft genomes (so called metagenome–assembled genomes, or MAG) have assumed an increasingly central role in microbiome research in recent years. Microbial communities underpinning the operation of wastewater treatment plants are particularly challenging targets for MAG analysis due to their high ecological complexity, and remain important, albeit understudied, microbial communities that play a key role in mediating interactions between human and natural ecosystems. In this paper, we consider strategies for recovery of MAG sequence from time series metagenome surveys of full–scale activated sludge microbial communities. We generate MAG catalogues from this set of data using several different strategies, including the use of multiple individual sample assemblies, two variations on multi–sample co–assembly and a recently published MAG recovery workflow using deep learning. We obtain a total of just under 9,100 draft genomes, which collapse to around 3,100 non–redundant genomic clusters. We examine the strengths and weaknesses of these approaches in relation to MAG yield and quality, showing the co-assembly offers clear advantages over single–sample assembly. Around 1000 MAGs were candidates for being considered high quality, based on single–copy marker gene occurrence statistics, however only 58 MAG formally meet the MIMAG criteria for being high quality draft genomes. These findings carry broader implications for performing genome–resolved metagenomics on highly complex communities, the design and implementation of genome recoverability strategies, MAG decontamination and the search for better binning methodology.
Serological and Molecular Investigation of Foot and Mouth Disease Virus and other animal pathogens at the Interface of Akagera National Park and Surrounding Cattle Farms between 2017 and 2020
Authors: Udahemuka Jean Claude , Aboge Gabriel , Obiero George , Angelique Ingabire , Beeton Natasha , Uwibambe Evodie , Lebea Phiyani 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundFoot-and-Mouth Disease Virus (FMDV) is a positive-sense RNA virus of the family of the picornaviridæ and responsible for the disease with the highest economic impact, the Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD). FMD is endemic in Rwanda but there are gaps in knowing the seroprevalence and molecular epidemiology. This study reports the FMD seroprevalence and molecular characterization of FMDV in Eastern Rwanda. Surveillance in FMDV wild reservoirs, the African buffaloes, was also carried out revealing the presence of other pathogens and commensals.ResultsThe overall seroprevalence of FMD in the study area is at 9.36% in cattle and 2.65% in goats. We detected FMDV using molecular diagnostic tools such as RT-PCR and RT-LAMP and the phylogenetic analysis of the obtained sequences revealed the presence of serotype SAT 2, lineage II. Sequencing of oropharyngeal fluids collected from African buffaloes revealed the presence of several pathogens and commensals but no FMDV was detected in buffaloes.The plethora of pathogens identified from the buffalo gut gives an idea of the health challenges faced by cattle keepers in Eastern Rwanda due to possible cross infectivity on wildlife-domestic animals interface regions.ConclusionsWe recommend further studies to focus on sampling more African buffaloes since the number sampled was statistically insignificant to conclusively exclude the presence or absence of FMDV in Eastern Rwanda buffaloes. The use of RT-PCR alongside RT-LAMP demonstrates that the latter can be adopted in endemic areas such as Rwanda to fill in the gaps in terms of molecular diagnostics. The identification of lineage II of SAT 2 in Rwanda for the first time shows that the pools as previously established are not static over time.
Active anaerobic methane oxidation and sulfur disproportionation in the deep terrestrial subsurface
Authors: Bell Emma , Lamminmäki Tiina , Alneberg Johannes , Qian Chen , Xiong Weili , Hettich Robert L. , Frutschi Manon , Bernier-Latmani Rizlan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMicrobial life is widespread in the terrestrial subsurface and present down to several kilometers depth, but the energy sources that fuel metabolism in deep oligotrophic and anoxic environments remain unclear. In the deep crystalline bedrock of the Fennoscandian Shield at Olkiluoto, Finland, opposing gradients of abiotic methane and ancient seawater-derived sulfate create a terrestrial sulfate-methane transition zone (SMTZ). We used chemical and isotopic data coupled to genome-resolved metaproteogenomics to demonstrate active life and, for the first time, provide direct evidence of active anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in a deep terrestrial bedrock. Proteins from Methanoperedens (formerly ANME-2d) are readily identifiable despite the low abundance (≤1%) of this genus and confirm the occurrence of AOM. This finding is supported by 13C-depleted dissolved inorganic carbon. Proteins from Desulfocapsaceae and Desulfurivibrionaceae, in addition to 34S-enriched sulfate, suggest that these organisms use inorganic sulfur compounds as both electron donor and acceptor. Zerovalent sulfur in the groundwater may derive from abiotic rock interactions, or from a non-obligate syntrophy with Methanoperedens, potentially linking methane and sulfur cycles in Olkiluoto groundwater. Finally, putative episymbionts from the candidate phyla radiation (CPR) and DPANN archaea represented a significant diversity in the groundwater (26/84 genomes) with roles in sulfur and carbon cycling. Our results highlight AOM and sulfur disproportionation as active metabolisms and show that methane and sulfur fuel microbial activity in the deep terrestrial subsurface.Significance StatementThe deep terrestrial subsurface remains an environment in which there is limited understanding of the extant microbial metabolisms, despite its reported large contribution to the overall biomass on Earth. It is much less well studied than deep marine sediments. We show that microorganisms in the subsurface are active, and that methane and sulfur provide fuel in the oligotrophic and anoxic subsurface. We also uncover taxonomically and metabolically diverse ultra-small organisms that interact with larger host cells through surface attachment (episymbiosis). Methane and sulfur are commonly reported in terrestrial crystalline bedrock environments worldwide and the latter cover a significant proportion of the Earth’s surface. Thus, methane- and sulfur-dependent microbial metabolisms have the potential to be widespread in the terrestrial deep biosphere.