bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multimodal Image Analysis of Apparent Brain Age Identifies Physical Fitness as Predictor of Brain Maintenance
Authors: Dunås Tora , Wåhlin Anders , Nyberg Lars , Boraxbekk Carl-Johan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMaintaining a youthful brain structure and function throughout life may be the single most important determinant of successful cognitive aging. In this study, we addressed heterogeneity in brain aging by making image-based brain age predictions and relating the brain age prediction gap (BAPG) to cognitive change in aging. Structural, functional, and diffusion MRI scans from 351 participants were used to train and evaluate 5 single-modal and 4 multimodal prediction models, based on 7 regression methods. The models were compared on mean absolute error and whether they were related to physical fitness and cognitive ability, measured both currently and longitudinally, as well as study attrition and years of education. Multimodal prediction models performed at a similar level as single-modal models, and the choice of regression method did not significantly affect the results. Correlation with the BAPG was found for current physical fitness, current cognitive ability, and study attrition. Correlations were also found for retrospective physical fitness, measured 10 years prior to imaging, and slope for cognitive ability during a period of 15 years. The results suggest that maintaining a high physical fitness throughout life contributes to brain maintenance and preserved cognitive ability.
Characteristics ofSalmonellaRecovered From Stools of Children Enrolled in the Global Enteric Multicenter Study
Authors: Kasumba Irene N , Pulford Caisey V , Perez-Sepulveda Blanca M , Sen Sunil , Sayed Nurulla , Permala-Booth Jasnehta , Livio Sofie , Heavens Darren , Low Ross , Hall Neil , Roose Anna , Powell Helen , Farag Tamer , Panchalingham Sandra , Berkeley Lynette , Nasrin Dilruba , Blackwelder William C , Wu Yukun , Tamboura Boubou , Sanogo Doh , Onwuchekwa Uma , Sow Samba O , Ochieng John B , Omore Richard , Oundo Joseph O , Breiman Robert F , Mintz Eric D , O’Reilly Ciara E , Antonio Martin , Saha Debasish , Hossain M Jahangir , Mandomando Inacio , Bassat Quique , Alonso Pedro L , Ramamurthy T , Sur Dipika , Qureshi Shahida , Zaidi Anita K M , Hossain Anowar , Faruque Abu S G , Nataro James P , Kotloff Karen L , Levine Myron M , Hinton Jay C D , Tennant Sharon M 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe Global Enteric Multicenter Study (GEMS) determined the etiologic agents of moderate-to-severe diarrhea (MSD) in children under 5 years old in Africa and Asia. Here, we describe the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of nontyphoidal Salmonella (NTS) serovars in GEMS and examine the phylogenetics of Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 isolates.MethodsSalmonella isolated from children with MSD or diarrhea-free controls were identified by classical clinical microbiology and serotyped using antisera and/or whole-genome sequence data. We evaluated antimicrobial susceptibility using the Kirby-Bauer disk-diffusion method. Salmonella Typhimurium sequence types were determined using multi-locus sequence typing, and whole-genome sequencing was performed to assess the phylogeny of ST313.ResultsOf 370 Salmonella-positive individuals, 190 (51.4%) were MSD cases and 180 (48.6%) were diarrhea-free controls. The most frequent Salmonella serovars identified were Salmonella Typhimurium, serogroup O:8 (C2-C3), serogroup O:6,7 (C1), Salmonella Paratyphi B Java, and serogroup O:4 (B). The prevalence of NTS was low but similar across sites, regardless of age, and was similar among both cases and controls except in Kenya, where Salmonella Typhimurium was more commonly associated with cases than controls. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these Salmonella Typhimurium isolates, all ST313, were highly genetically related to isolates from controls. Generally, Salmonella isolates from Asia were resistant to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone, but African isolates were susceptible to these antibiotics.ConclusionsOur data confirm that NTS is prevalent, albeit at low levels, in Africa and South Asia. Our findings provide further evidence that multidrug-resistant Salmonella Typhimurium ST313 can be carried asymptomatically by humans in sub-Saharan Africa.
Normal Times? (Pluri-)Temporality in Everyday Life in Imperial Germany around 1900
Authors: Rothauge Caroline 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
On an international level, temporal standardization was increasingly discussed in the last third of the nineteenth century, but how exactly it was defined and implemented in everyday life in late Imperial Germany has awaited investigation. This article comprises three examples that show how administrative attempts to denominate and institutionalize certain homogeneous concepts of time were dealt with in Germany on a practical basis around 1900. Drawing on both archival material and printed sources, the first example analyses temporal semantics in the public sphere and explains the boom in ‘normal’ times; the second example looks at how distributing normal time signals became a trade and, thus, a contested service; and the last example focuses on discussions and conflicts around the introduction of unified working times, especially in the industrial firm Siemens & Halske. The findings presented in this article show that, initially, introducing abstract concepts of normal times in different sectors of life paradoxically did not standardize the ways people understood and used time but rather further pluralized them. Thus, the processes of regulating and reforming pluritemporality in Imperial Germany were far from complete by the end of the century. The article offers a perspective on contemporaries as actors involved in a complex plurality of modernization efforts and projects, including temporal (self-)definitions and arrangements. By historicizing ‘time’ proper in late Imperial Germany, it contributes to the temporal turn, since it provides empirical evidence about how today’s standard time regimes emerged.
Density of States and Delocalization for Discrete Magnetic Random Schrödinger Operators
Authors: Becker Simon , Han Rui 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We study discrete magnetic random Schrödinger operators on the square and honeycomb lattice. For the non-random magnetic operator on the hexagonal lattice with any rational magnetic flux, we show that the middle two dispersion surfaces exhibit Dirac cones. We then derive an asymptotic expansion for the density of states on the honeycomb lattice for oscillations of arbitrary rational magnetic flux. This allows us, as a corollary, to rigorously study the quantum Hall effect and conclude dynamical delocalization close to the conical point under disorder. We obtain similar results for the discrete random Schrödinger operator on the $\mathbb Z^2$-lattice with weak magnetic fields, close to the bottom and top of its spectrum.
Factors influencing decision making for implementing e-health in light of the COVID-19 outbreak in Gulf Cooperation Council countries
Authors: Al-Anezi Fahad M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Electronic health (e-health) approaches such as telemedicine, mobile health, virtual healthcare and electronic health records are considered to be effective in increasing access to healthcare services, reducing operational costs and improving the quality of healthcare services during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, a pandemic resulting from the spread of a novel coronavirus discovered in December 2019. In this context, the aim of this study was to identify the most important factors influencing decision making on the implementation of e-health in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) member states (Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates), which are in the process of digitizing healthcare services.

Methods
This study reviewed the literature to identify the important factors influencing decision making on e-health. In addition, a questionnaire-based survey was conducted in order to identify the most important criteria to be considered in decision making on e-health. The survey link was forwarded to 978 healthcare practitioners and 42 experts (purposive sampling), from which a final sample of 892 (864 practitioners and 28 experts) was achieved, reflecting a response rate of 87.45%.

Results
Of the 44 factors identified under seven themes (strategic, quality, management, technology, function characteristics, economic, sociocultural and demographic factors), 22 factors were identified to be the most important criteria.

Conclusions
Findings from this study suggest that decision making in relation to e-health is a complex process that requires consideration of various factors. It was also found that attention should be paid to sociocultural and demographic factors, which may need to be considered in increasing healthcare access during the COVID-19 outbreak.
A hot mini-Neptune in the radius valley orbiting solar analogue HD 110113
Authors: Osborn H P , Armstrong D J , Adibekyan V , Collins K A , Delgado-Mena E , Howell S B , Hellier C , King G W , Lillo-Box J , Nielsen L D , Otegi J F , Santos N C , Ziegler C , Anderson D R , Briceño C , Burke C , Bayliss D , Barrado D , Bryant E M , Brown D J A , Barros S C C , Bouchy F , Caldwell D A , Conti D M , Díaz R F , Dragomir D , Deleuil M , Demangeon O D S , Dorn C , Daylan T , Figueira P , Helled R , Hoyer S , Jenkins J M , Jensen E L N , Latham D W , Law N , Louie D R , Mann A W , Osborn A , Pollacco D L , Rodriguez D R , Rackham B V , Ricker G , Scott N J , Sousa S G , Seager S , Stassun K G , Smith J C , Strøm P , Udry S , Villaseñor J , Vanderspek R , West R , Wheatley P J , Winn J N 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We report the discovery of HD 110113 b (TESS object of interest-755.01), a transiting mini-Neptune exoplanet on a 2.5-d orbit around the solar-analogue HD 110113 (Teff = 5730 K). Using TESS photometry and High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher (HARPS) radial velocities gathered by the NCORES program, we find that HD 110113 b has a radius of 2.05 ± 0.12  R⊕ and a mass of 4.55 ± 0.62  M⊕. The resulting density of $2.90^{+0.75}_{-0.59}$  g cm−3 is significantly lower than would be expected from a pure-rock world; therefore HD 110113 b must be a mini-Neptune with a significant volatile atmosphere. The high incident flux places it within the so-called radius valley; however, HD 110113 b was able to hold on to a substantial (0.1–1 per cent) H–He atmosphere over its ∼4 Gyr lifetime. Through a novel simultaneous Gaussian process fit to multiple activity indicators, we were also able to fit for the strong stellar rotation signal with period 20.8 ± 1.2  d from the RVs and confirm an additional non-transiting planet, HD 110113 c, which has a mass of 10.5 ± 1.2  M⊕ and a period of $6.744^{+0.008}_{-0.009}$  d.
Were Ancestral Proteins Less Specific?
Authors: Wheeler Lucas C , Harms Michael J 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Some have hypothesized that ancestral proteins were, on average, less specific than their descendants. If true, this would provide a universal axis along which to organize protein evolution and suggests that reconstructed ancestral proteins may be uniquely powerful tools for protein engineering. Ancestral sequence reconstruction studies are one line of evidence used to support this hypothesis. Previously, we performed such a study, investigating the evolution of peptide-binding specificity for the paralogs S100A5 and S100A6. The modern proteins appeared more specific than their last common ancestor (ancA5/A6), as each paralog bound a subset of the peptides bound by ancA5/A6. In this study, we revisit this transition, using quantitative phage display to measure the interactions of 30,533 random peptides with human S100A5, S100A6, and ancA5/A6. This unbiased screen reveals a different picture. While S100A5 and S100A6 do indeed bind to a subset of the peptides recognized by ancA5/A6, they also acquired new peptide partners outside of the set recognized by ancA5/A6. Our previous work showed that ancA5/A6 had lower specificity than its descendants when measured against biological targets; our new work shows that ancA5/A6 has similar specificity to the modern proteins when measured against a random set of peptide targets. This demonstrates that altered biological specificity does not necessarily indicate altered intrinsic specificity, and sounds a cautionary note for using ancestral reconstruction studies with biological targets as a means to infer global evolutionary trends in specificity.
Probiotics supplementation in patients with colorectal cancer: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Dikeocha Ifeoma Julieth , Al-Kabsi Abdelkodose Mohammed , Eid Eltayeb E M , Hussin Salasawati , Alshawsh Mohammed Abdullah 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Context
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of cancer deaths. Recently, much attention has been given to the microbiome and probiotics as preventive and therapeutic approaches to CRC and the mechanisms involved.

Objectives
To interpret the findings of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of probiotics relative to patients with CRC and to outline challenges of and future directions for using probiotics in the management and prevention of CRC.

Data sources
Web of Science, PubMed, ProQuest, Wile,y and Scopus databases were searched systematically from January 17–20, 2020, in accordance with PRISMA guidelines.

Study selection
Primacy RCTs that reported the effects of administration to patients with CRC of a probiotic vs a placebo were eligible to be included.

Data Extraction
The studies were screened and selected independently by 2 authors on the basis of prespecified inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data extraction and risk-of-bias assessment were also performed independently by 2 authors.

Results
A total of 23 RCTs were eligible for inclusion. Probiotics supplementation in patients with CRC improved their quality of life, enhanced gut microbiota diversity, reduced postoperative infection complications, and inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokine production. The use of certain probiotics in patients with CRC also reduced the side effects of chemotherapy, improved the outcomes of surgery, shortened hospital stays, and decreased the risk of death. Bifidobacteria and Lactobacillus were the common probiotics used across all studies.

Conclusion
Probiotics have beneficial effects in patients with CRC regardless of the stage of cancer. There is an opportunity for probiotics to be used in mainstream health care as a therapy in the fight against CRC, especially in early stages; however, larger clinical trialsof selected or a cocktail of probiotics are needed to confirm the efficacy, dosage, and interactions with chemotherapeutics agents.

Systematic Review Registration
PROSPERO registration no. CRD42020166865.
What Price Are We Willing to Pay for the Dream of Equal Justice?†
Authors: Higgins Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The injustices wrought by unequal access to the legal system pose a direct threat to the rule of law, yet such injustices are widespread in England and elsewhere. Lawyers regularly criticise governments for a lack of funding for the legal system, but the private market for delivering legal services receives much less scrutiny. A private market for legal resources is antithetical to equal justice because it makes the outcome of cases turn on arbitrary factors such as wealth. The solution, according to Wilmot-Smith in his book Equal Justice, is to socialise the allocation of legal services so that the rich cannot buy the best lawyers, and to prevent them from contracting out of this public system by making private arbitrations unenforceable. This review article argues that Wilmot-Smith’s thesis is persuasive, but there might also be second-best solutions that could deliver greater legal equality at lower cost.
Rebuilding public trust: a clarified response to COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy predicament
Authors: Cordero Dalmacito A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
As the world welcomes the availability and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines, coupled with it is the ‘hesitant’ predicament of some Filipinos to get vaccinated because of the confusing information regarding its efficacy. With this, the government needs to build up public trust to assure a successful vaccination program. A recent study suggested that a more ‘localized’ public education and role-modeling from public officials and health authorities can help in building public trust. However, this needs a lot of clarification if applied in the current situation where education is fully executed online. The problem now lies in the country’s poor internet connectivity which greatly affects the online setup. This study then proposes that a house-to-house massive information campaign by local health care personnel which is led by a medical doctor to ensure a credible explanation of the entire procedure. In the same way, the idea of public officials as role-models seemed to be ineffective since there were already casualties linked to the vaccine. A consistent transparent approach is suggested in lieu of this which can prepare the country for a more defensive strategy to fight the pandemic.
Land Rezoning and Structural Transformation in Rural India: Evidence from the Industrial Areas Program
Authors: Blakeslee David , Chaurey Ritam , Fishman Ram , Malik Samreen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Zoning laws that restrict rural land to agricultural production pose an important institutional barrier to industrial development. We study the effects of the Industrial Areas (IA) program in Karnataka, India, which rezoned agricultural land for industrial use, but without the economic incentives common with other place-based policies. We find that the program caused a large increase in firm creation and employment in villages overlapping the IAs. Moreover, the surrounding areas experienced spillover effects, with workers shifting from agricultural to non-agricultural employment, and entrepreneurs establishing numerous small-scale service sector and agricultural firms.
Use of Biomarkers to Identify Acute Kidney Injury to Help Detect Sepsis in Patients With Infection
Authors: Kellum John A. , Artigas Antonio , Gunnerson Kyle J. , Honore Patrick M. , Kampf J. Patrick , Kwan Thomas , McPherson Paul , Nguyen H. Bryant , Rimmelé Thomas , Shapiro Nathan I. , Shi Jing , Vincent Jean-Louis , Chawla Lakhmir S. 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVES:
Although early recognition of sepsis is vital to improving outcomes, the diagnosis may be missed or delayed in many patients. Acute kidney injury is one of the most common organ failures in patients with sepsis but may not be apparent on presentation. Novel biomarkers for acute kidney injury might improve organ failure recognition and facilitate earlier sepsis care.

DESIGN:
Retrospective, international, Sapphire study.

SETTING:
Academic Medical Center.

PATIENTS:
Adults admitted to the ICU without evidence of acute kidney injury at time of enrollment.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
We stratified patients enrolled in the Sapphire study into three groups—those with a clinical diagnosis of sepsis (n = 216), those with infection without sepsis (n = 120), and those without infection (n = 387) at enrollment. We then examined 30-day mortality stratified by acute kidney injury within each group. Finally, we determined the operating characteristics for kidney stress markers (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2) × (insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7) for prediction of acute kidney injury as a sepsis-defining organ failure in patients with infection without a clinical diagnosis of sepsis at enrollment. Combining all groups, 30-day mortality was 23% for patients who developed stage 2–3 acute kidney injury within the first 3 days compared with 14% without stage 2–3 acute kidney injury. However, this difference was greatest in the infection without sepsis group (34% vs 11%; odds ratio, 4.09; 95% CI, 1.53–11.12; p = 0.005). Using a (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2) × (insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7) cutoff of 2.0 units, 14 patients (11.7%), in the infection/no sepsis group, tested positive of which 10 (71.4%) developed stage 2–3 acute kidney injury. The positive test result occurred a median of 19 hours (interquartile range, 0.8–34.0 hr) before acute kidney injury manifested by serum creatinine or urine output. Similar results were obtained using a cutoff of 1.0 for any stage of acute kidney injury.

CONCLUSIONS:
Use of the urinary (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2) × (insulin-like growth factor binding protein 7) test could identify acute kidney injury in patients with infection, possibly helping to detect sepsis, nearly a day before acute kidney injury is apparent by clinical criteria.
Primary Cutaneous B-Cell Lymphoma Complicated by Clonal T-Cell Populations: A Diagnostic Dilemma
Authors: Symes Emily , Dominiak Nicole 
Published: January 2021

Abstract:
Cutaneous lymphomas, both B-cell and T-cell, are not uncommonly seen in the skin, but those lymphomas exhibiting clonality for both B-cell and T-cell populations are scarce. Characterization of dual receptor rearrangement as primary composite lymphoma versus primary lymphoma with reactionary response is complex and often a challenge that goes unrecognized. In this study, we report a unique case of T-cell gene rearrangement positivity complicating the diagnosis of primary cutaneous low-grade B-cell lymphoma along with a review of reported cases containing dual receptor rearrangement to identify trends among final diagnostic decisions. As one might guess, for cutaneous lymphomas presenting with clonality for both T-cell and B-cell receptors, diagnosis can be difficult and confusing because the differential is broad. The literature suggests the majority of these cases may be cutaneous composite lymphomas. However, immunohistochemical, clinical, and histomorphologic features must all be assessed for an accurate diagnosis, which is critical for proper prognosis and therapy.
Acupoint Catgut Embedding as Adjunctive Therapy for Patients With Gallstones
Authors: Duan Junyi , Chen Xin , Wang Yixing , Zhao Gang , Li Jing , Gao Yi , Zhang Jinyuan , Wang Xiangrui , Liao Lijun , Chen Yuelai 
Published: January 2021

Aims of This Study:
A randomized clinical trial was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of acupoint catgut embedding (ACE) as adjunctive therapy to tauroursodeoxycholic acid (TUDCA) therapy on gallbladder emptying and clinical symptoms in patients with gallstone disease.

Materials and Methods:
Between August 2018 and January 2019, 70 patients with gallstones in our hospital were enrolled in this prospective clinical trial. All the patients were randomly divided into the ACE group (ACE+TUDCA treatment for 8 wk) and the Sham group (Sham ACE+TUDCA treatment for 8 wk). In the ACE group, all the patients were nightly given ACE every 2 weeks, and in 2 groups, every patient took TUDCA 500 mg at bedtime. The parameters about gallbladder emptying were detected by ultrasound before and after the treatment, and the clinical symptom scores were recorded at the same time points.

Results:
A total of 63 patients with gallstone disease were included in our study, with 33 patients in the ACE group and 30 patients in the Sham group. In the ACE group, the empty volume (EV) and gallbladder ejection fraction (GBEF) were improved after treatment (P<0.05). Almost every symptom score (except symptom 7, P=0.15) and total score were decreased (P<0.05). In the Sham group, the symptom 1, 2, 4, 5 scores, and total score were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Moreover, the residual volume in the ACE group was significantly lower than in the Sham group (P=0.008). The EV and GBEF in the ACE group were higher than that in the Sham group (P<0.05). The score of symptom 6 in the ACE group was lower than that in the Sham group (P=0.008).

Conclusion:
ACE therapy could more effectively improve the gallbladder emptying with a shorter treatment course. Therefore, ACE+TUDCA therapy might be a time-saving treatment for gallstones.