bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A survey on experimental elicitation of creativity in economics
Authors: Attanasi Giuseppe , Chessa Michela , Gil-Gallen Sara , Llerena Patrick 
Published: September 2021

The interplay between individual creative ability and the way to enhance it is an issue with tremendous potential for economic analysis. In this survey, we delve into the issue by focusing on the methodological advantages of economic experiments. We provide a review of the literature in experimental economics on creativity, identifying seven main objects of study. Namely, the impact on creativity of: (1) low vs. high monetary incentives, (2) the interplay of monetary incentives and creativity tasks, (3) within-group competition, (4) within-group cooperation, (5) cultural factors, (6) non-monetary social incentives, and (7) strategic behavior. We also classify the studies in our review according to key features of standard experimental procedures in economics, such as the type of creative task, the way it is assessed, and the specific subject pool. This multidimensional comparison allows us to conclude that the current lack of robust findings on the determinants of creativity in economics might be due to the absence of comparable experimental studies under the same experimental conditions. Our review also highlights the crucial role of previous research on creativity in the psychological literature in shaping procedures of elicitation of creativity in experimental economics.JEL classification: C91, C92, D91, O31.
Pneumatisation Patterns of the Frontal Sinus in Adult Nigerians
Authors: Ominde Beryl Shitandi , Igbigbi Patrick S. 
Published: September 2021

Introduction:
The varying pneumatisation patterns of the frontal sinus (FS) can be utilised in the forensic identification of human remains. This study aimed at determining the pneumatisation patterns of the FS of adult Nigerians.

Materials and Methods:
This descriptive cross-sectional retrospective study was carried out at the radiology department of a tertiary hospital in Nigeria following ethical approval. Brain computed tomography images of 336 patients (199 males and 137 females) aged ≥20 years were utilised. Images with facial and sinonasal pathologies were excluded from this study. The FS was evaluated and classified as either absent, bilateral or triple. The existence of complete or partial septa was noted, and the roof was categorised as either smooth or scalloped. Data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23. The frequencies of each variant were presented in percentages. A Chi-square test was used to evaluate gender differences. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
Bilateral FS was seen in 244 (72.6%) patients. This was followed by triple FS (48, 14.3%) and aplasia (44, 13.1%). The prevalence of partial septa was 197 (58.6%), with a significantly higher prevalence in males (149, 74.9%) than in females (48, 35.0%) (P = 0.017). The scalloped roof of the FS was more frequent (226, 67.3%) than the smooth FS roof (110, 32.7%), although both showed statistically significant gender differences (P = 0.021, 0.028).

Conclusion:
The scalloped roof and partial septa of the FS showed sexual dimorphism. Hence, their accuracy in sex prediction may be explored in our population.
Comparative Evaluation of Three Different Ultrasonic Liquid on Microorganisms in Dental Aerosols
Authors: Mehta Rupal , Kathad Sejal , Girdhar Gaurav , Bhakkad Sushmita , Patel Chandni , Joshi Surabhi , Kumar Santosh , Irfan Mohammed 
Published: September 2021

Introduction:
Transmission of diseases has become very common in modern dentistry. This happens mainly due to aerosol production by handpieces and ultrasonic scalers. Aerosol and splatter are terms typically used in dentistry in relation to the microbiological risk of nosocomial transmission. Hence, in order to prevent this, we can use certain chemical agents in the water supply line to prevent the spread of diseases. The objective of this study is to assess the effect of chlorhexidine (CHX) and povidone-iodine (PVI) on the microorganisms in dental aerosols in comparison with distilled water.

Materials and Methods:
A total of thirty patients were included in this study. They were randomly assigned into three groups of 10 each. Group 1 (Control group): ultrasonic scaling with distilled water, Group 2 (test group): ultrasonic scaling with 2% povidone-iodine, and Group 3 (test group): ultrasonic scaling with 0.12% CHX. Three blood agar plates were kept at a distance of 0.4 m away on either side of the patient and 2 m behind the patient's mouth during ultrasonic scaling. On the patient, ultrasonic scaling is executed for 20 min with a universal tip. Blood agar plates were used to collect the gravitometric settling of dental aerosols, followed by a colony-counting procedure with the help of a microbiologist.

Results:
The results demonstrated no significant number of colony-forming unit (CFU) were detected at baseline. It is found that Group 3 (CHX gluconate) showed effective CFU reduction (29.2 ± 1.47 CFU) compared to distilled water (126.5 ± 24.02CFU) and povidone-iodine (70.1 ± 2.13 CFU). More CFU was found on blood agar plates which were kept on the right side in all the groups. The results obtained were statistically significant (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
CHX is more effective in reducing dental aerosols compared to povidone-iodine, and distilled water in this povidone-iodine is also better than distilled water.
COVID-19, Health Care and Self-Medication Issues in Resource-Limited Settings
Authors: Sefah Israel Abebrese , Essah Darius Obeng , Haque Mainul , Opanga Sylvia A , Kumar Santosh , Chikowe Ibrahim , Kibuule Dan , Rampamba Enos M , Kalungia Aubrey C , Thi Phuong Thuy Nguyen , Saleem Zikria , Markovic-Pekovic Vanda , Kurdi Amanj , Godman Brian 
Published: September 2021

Introduction and Objectives:
There have been concerns with the level of misinformation regarding coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and its treatment, drug shortages, as well as increased use and prices of anti-malarials, antibiotics and hygiene products during the recent pandemic. Community pharmacists can play a significant role in disease prevention and treatment in the fight against COVID-19 including providing hygiene information and medicine availability across Africa and generally. Consequently, there is a need to review the role of community pharmacists in preventing unintended consequences during any pandemic as well as the impact of COVID-19 on the demand, availability and prices of suggested medicines for its management.

Materials and Methods:
Multiple approaches involving a qualitative review of the management of COVID-19 across countries coupled with a pilot study in Ghana among six purposely selected community pharmacists during the early stages of the pandemic assessing patterns of demand, availability and prices of medicines suggested for the management of COVID-19. Alongside this, pharmacists' future role enhancing appropriate medicine use in Ghana and wider combined with the help of senior level co-authors.

Results:
The majority (five out of six) of pharmacists in Ghana reported increased demand for hydroxychloroquine, antibiotics and vitamins as immune boosters resulting in shortages with price increases particularly for anti-malarials.

Conclusion:
The global lockdown had impacted on the supply and prices of medicines in Ghana similar to other countries. Community pharmacists can play a key role with encouraging safe medicine use, reducing self-purchasing of medicines and planning workflows during future pandemics including vaccinations. They can also help address potential misinformation and its consequences as well as the unintended consequences of pandemics including better management of non-communicable diseases.
Clinical characteristics, outcomes, & mortality in pregnant women with COVID-19 in Maharashtra, India
Authors: Gajbhiye Rahul K. , Mahajan Niraj N. , Waghmare Rakesh B. , Zala Sarika , Chaaithanya Itta Krishna , Kuppusamy Periyasamy , Bhurke Aishwarya V. , Pious Merlin , Surve Suchitra , Modi Deepak N. , Mahale Smita D. 
Published: September 2021

Background & objectives:
The PregCovid registry was established to document the clinical presentations, pregnancy outcomes and mortality of pregnant and post-partum women with COVID-19.

Methods:
The PregCovid registry prospectively collects information in near-real time on pregnant and post-partum women with a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 from 19 medical colleges across the State of Maharashtra, India. Data of 4203 pregnant women collected during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (March 2020-January 2021) was analyzed.

Results:
There were 3213 live births, 77 miscarriages and 834 undelivered pregnancies. The proportion of pregnancy/foetal loss including stillbirths was six per cent. Five hundred and thirty-four women (13%) were symptomatic, of which 382 (72%) had mild, 112 (21%) had moderate, and 40 (7.5%) had severe disease. The most common complication was preterm delivery (528, 16.3%) and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (328, 10.1%). A total of 158 (3.8%) pregnant and post-partum women required intensive care, of which 152 (96%) were due to COVID-19 related complications. The overall case fatality rate (CFR) in pregnant and post-partum women with COVID-19 was 0.8 per cent (34/4203). Higher CFR was observed in Pune (9/853, 1.1%), Marathwada (4/351, 1.1%) regions as compared to Vidarbha (9/1155, 0.8%), Mumbai Metropolitan (11/1684, 0.7%), and Khandesh (1/160, 0.6%) regions. Comorbidities of anaemia, tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus were associated with maternal deaths.

Interpretation & conclusions:
The study demonstrates the adverse outcomes including severe COVID-19 disease, pregnancy loss and maternal death in women with COVID-19 in Maharashtra, India.
Metal ions release in children with stainless steel crowns and banded space maintainers
Authors: Aboshanady Nora M.M. , El-Hosary Amina M. , El Horany Hemat E. 
Published: September 2021

Aims
This work aimed to assess the salivary and urinary levels of nickel and chromium ions in children with stainless steel crowns and band and loop space maintainers.

Settings and design
The study was conducted as a clinical trial. The clinical part was carried out at Pediatric Dentistry Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Tanta University and the laboratory work was carried out at Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University.

Patients and methods
Sixty children of both sexes aged between 5 and 8 years old were included in the study. The selected children were divided into two groups; group 1 included 30 children received stainless steel crowns and group 2 included 30 children received band and loop space maintainers. Salivary and urinary samples were collected from the participating children at the beginning of the study and then after 1 week, 2 weeks, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months and 9 months of receiving the appliances. The samples were prepared and analyzed for measuring nickel and chromium ions release using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.

Statistical analysis used
All test statistics were performed using the SPSS software statistical package and the significance was set at P value less than or equal to 0.001.

Results
Salivary metal ions release reached its peak on the first week then diminished with time and urinary release increased on the first week, nearly remained stable till the first month then it decreased with time. Ions levels were higher in urine than in saliva with statistically significant differences. The release is slightly higher in group 2 but without statistically significant differences between both groups.

Conclusions
The maximum levels of released ions were significantly below their average dietary intake levels and did not reach their upper tolerable intake levels.
Josephson Effect in MgB2/Pd/Nb Trilayer Josephson Junctions
Authors: Malisa Anayesu B 
Published: September 2021

This paper reports fabrication techniques and results of MgB2/Pd/Nb trilayer Josephson junctions. The MgB2 bottom electrode was co-evaporated by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) technique from both magnesium and boron sources at a low substrate temperature ~ 300 °C, while the interlayer and the top niobium electrode (Pd/Nb bilayer) were deposited ex-situ using RF sputtering. The junctions exhibited and Josephson effect as well as a modulation of the critical current in a magnetic field applied in a direction normal to the junction plane. Fractional and integer Shapiro steps were observed at voltages corresponding to the frequency of the applied microwave radiation field. The products of the junctions compare well with the previously reported values. The results suggest that it should be possible to fabricate all-MgB2 and MgB2 as one of the electrodes Superconductor/Normal/Superconductor (SNS), Superconductor/Insulator/Superconductor (SIS) or even Superconductor/Ferromagnet/Superconductor (SFS) tunnel junctions with interesting characteristics and for various applications.
Keywords: MgB2; all-MgB2; Josephson Tunnel junctions; trilayer devices; Niobium
Mineral Liberation: A Case Study for Buzwagi Gold Mine
Authors: Wikedzi Alphonce , Leißner Thomas 
Published: September 2021

Buzwagi Gold Mine (BGM) process plant was designed such that, after secondary grinding, gold and copper are recovered by flotation. However, the flotation circuit had been inefficient, and as a result, cyanidation of flotation tailings is currently conducted to improve gold recovery. The inefficient flotation is suspected to be due to mineralogical variations of ores treated. Hence, mineral liberation characteristics of three ore blends treated by BGM were investigated by automated Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) whereby five fractions (i.e. -1 +0.5 mm, -0.5 +0.25 mm, -0.25 +0.125 mm, -0.125 +0.063 mm and -0.063 mm) were used. It was found that pyrite-pyrrhotite is the major valuable phase and the host of gold. Furthermore, pyrite-pyrrhotite was liberated at relatively coarse size (i.e. approx. 200-400 µm). Additionally, quartz, feldspar, muscovite and biotite-chlorite were the main gangue phases. Pyrite-pyrrhotite grain size distribution was coarser than most gangue minerals in the ore blends, indicating that most of the milling energy was lost in grinding of gangue phases. Since gold host phase (pyrite-pyrrhotite) was liberated at coarser sizes, it was concluded that the efficiency of gravity circuit could not be affected. However, the flotation process will still require finer feed (i.e. ≤ 125 µm) for its efficiency.
Keywords: Mineral liberation; Gold ore blends; Flotation Performance; Pyrite-pyrrhotite; Automated Mineralogy
Serological Analyses of Human Brucellosis in Ngara and Kibondo Districts, Tanzania
Authors: Katandukila Jestina V , Chuhila Yeremia J , Chibwana Fred D 
Published: September 2021

Brucellosis, a zoonotic disease transmitted by Brucella species, is transmitted to humans from infected animals through handling dairy products like milk, blood, and semen. Although some human communities in Tanzania live close to livestock, the status of human brucellosis in Ngara and Kibondo Districts in Kagera and Kigoma regions, respectively, is poorly understood. As such, the present study aimed to investigate the status of human brucellosis in north-western Tanzania, particularly Ngara and Kibondo Districts, where the risk of contracting zoonotic diseases, including brucellosis, is high due to the abundance of livestock. Among the screened sera (n = 450), the prevalence was 13.11% with an incidence rate of 6.22% in 581,378 population size intimating that the risk is alarming. Brucellosis patients admitted in dispensaries and other lower health facilities ranged from 6% to 26%, while those admitted in hospitals ranged from 4% to 14% indicating that communities prefer primary health facilities to hospitals when they show symptoms of brucellosis. The present study has also revealed that communities engaged in slaughtering, milking, skinning and helpers during births of livestock are at high risk of acquiring Brucella spp. because the odds ratios’ of these activities range between 1.583 and 8.400. Therefore, awareness and education should be enhanced by veterinary officers and associated stakeholders. A comprehensive study of brucellosis using molecular techniques to reveal species-specific in north-western Tanzania is highly recommended.
Keywords: brucellosis; prevalence; incidence; risk factors; serum
Effects of Climate Changes on Water Resources: A Case of Mindu Dam in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
Authors: Melchioly Simon R 
Published: September 2021

This paper presents the findings of the research conducted in Morogoro Municipality, central Tanzania. The main objective of the research was to assess the climate change impacts on water resources, taking the Mindu Dam as the case study. The study methodology involved collection, processing and analysis of both primary and secondary data. Data collection involved acquisition of Dam water level data, climate data, and Landsat 8 satellite imagery. Research findings showed that the maximum air temperature increased at a rate of 0.045% on a span of 30 years, while rainfall has been decreasing with time. Also there has been a decreasing trend of water level in the Mindu Dam such that the coefficient of determination (R2) appeared to be very small (0.95%). The area also has witnessed an increasing trend in wind speed (R2 = 63.4%) for the period 2014 to 2019. The results showed coefficient of determination (R2) for water production/supply of only 1.58%, while for water demand the coefficient of determination was R2 = 77.13%. Findings on the changes in surface area covered by the Mindu Dam reservoir due to climate change impacts showed that for the period of 19 years, the Mindu Dam reservoir surface area decreased by 0.57%.
Keywords: Climate change; water resources; Mindu Dam; land use change
Spatial Modelling for Cholera Incidence Rates in Morogoro Municipality, Tanzania
Authors: Ngereza Caroline , Katapa Rosalia S. , Mniachi Ali R. 
Published: September 2021

Spatial modelling was conducted to examine community factors associated with cholera incidence rates in Morogoro Municipality. The study employed both secondary (cholera cases) and primary (geographic coordinates of community risk factors) data. Spatial lag model was applied in examining association between the variables. All wards of Morogoro Municipality were considered in the study to capture their variations because cholera cases have a tendency to be clustered. Results indicated that market density, distance to the market and distance to the dumpster are significant factors associated with cholera incidence rates in the wards (p < 0.05). Geographically weighted Poisson model was used to show the variations of those factors between the wards in Municipality. A statistically significant positive association of cholera incidence rates; and market density was only found in Mazimbu ward (p < 0.05) and distance from the community to the dumpster was found in Kihonda, Kingolwira, Bigwa, Kichangani, Kilakala and Boma wards (p < 0.001) and some wards at the centre of the municipality which are Mji Mkuu and Kingo (p < 0.05). A statistically significant negative association of cholera incidence rates and distance from the centre of the community to the market was found in Kihonda, Kingolwira and Kichangani (p < 0.001) and Bigwa wards (p < 0.05). Therefore, measures taken to control and prevent cholera disease should base on the variations of the risk factors found in the Municipal wards.
Keywords: Cholera incidence rate; Spatial lag regression model; Community risk factor; Geographically weighted Poisson model
Analysis and Performance Evaluation of Entropic Thresholding Image Processing Techniques for Electrical Capacitance Tomography Measurement System
Authors: Nombo Josiah , Mwambela Alfred , Kisngiri Michael 
Published: September 2021

To improve image quality generated from the electrical capacitance tomography measurement system, the use of entropic thresholding techniques is investigated in this article. Based on the analysis of the principle of Electrical Capacitance Tomography (ECT) image reconstruction and entropic thresholding, various algorithms have been proposed for easy extraction of quantitative information from tomograms generated from the ECT system. Experiments indicate that proposed algorithms can provide high-quality images at no or minimum computational cost. It is easier to implement and integrate with classical algorithms such as Linear Back Projection, Singular value decomposition, Tikhonov regularization, and Landweber. Entropic thresholding techniques present a feasible and effective way toward the industrial utilization of ECT measurement systems.
Keywords: Electrical Capacitance Tomography; Inverse Problem; Image Reconstruction; Entropic Thresholding
Professionalitet — new essence and old meanings
Authors: Blinov V. I. , Kurteeva L. N. 
Published: September 2021

Research is devoted to a new strategic initiative for the development of secondary vocational education "Professionalitet". This initiative is declared as a new level of education in colleges and contains approaches and principles for updating the content of vocational education, intensifying the development of professional educational organizations and reducing the duration of training.A retrospective analysis of the history of secondary vocational education revealed the predisposition of this level of education to rejection and change in the semantic connotations of the levels of vocational education in different historical periods. The process of development is often presented as a struggle of emerging new entities with old meanings, which inevitably continue to function in the minds of people. Historical retrospective knowledge gives us the opportunity to optimize our views on the inevitable new and the obsolete old.Presents the characteristics of the project "Professionalitet". The analysis of the socio-economic reasons for the creation of professionalism allows us to speak about its objective necessity, and the presented structure of the new level of education gives an answer to the question-due to what the training period will be reduced. Special attention is paid to the risks and problems that will have to be faced when implementing this project.