bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Student Athletic Therapists' Knowledge of Opioids and Other Pain-Relieving Medications
Authors: Vandertuin Jacqueline , Abdulla Dalya , Lowther Stephanie 
Published: May 2021

ContextIn their role as health care providers, student athletic therapists (SATs) are responsible for the prevention and management of injuries. To fully understand an injury, SATs require knowledge of contributing factors, including medications and their use and misuse. Opioid misuse by athletes to manage pain has been documented in the literature, highlighting the importance of SATs being able to recognize opioid use and misuse. Opioids are known to alleviate pain, to impair cognition, and to have addictive qualities which prevents appropriate assessment and management of injuries.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to understand SATs' knowledge of pain-relieving medication, particularly opioids.DesignQualitative study.SettingSemistructured interview.Patients or Other ParticipantsSATs at an accredited institution in Canada.Data SynthesisData were collected through interviews and transcribed. Themes were developed using triangulation that reflected the dataResultsFour themes were uncovered: (1) SATs had experienced both personal and professional use of opioids, which formulated their current knowledge; (2) SATs lacked appropriate knowledge of pain-relieving medications in general and of the potential consequences of their lack of knowledge; (3) SATs' knowledge stemmed from culture, social media, and news organizations; (4) SATs felt considerable pressure to provide correct information due to their autonomous role with a team.ConclusionsSATs lacked enough knowledge to be able to appropriately recognize and advise athletes on pain-relieving medications, particularly opioids. SATs formulated their knowledge and opinions from sources that were not rooted in research and as such may transfer incorrect information to their athletes. SATs stigmatized athletes who were using pain-relieving medication, which may factor into inappropriate decisions regarding an athlete's care. Finally, SATs carried a significant burden to share correct information with their athletes and did not refer to outside sources (eg, physicians) when they were unsure of the information they were sharing with their athletes.
Comparative Evaluation of Platelet Count in Whole Blood and Injectable Platelet-rich Fibrin
Authors: Nayak Aarati , Naik Sachita Shrikant , Chhatre Aradhana , Bhatt Akanksha , Paradkar Shruti 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background:
Platelets are formed from megakaryocytes and platelets are present in the circulation for 5–7 days. Platelets are essential in hemostasis, vascular integrity, angiogenesis, inflammation, innate immunity, and wound healing. To capitalize on the advantageous qualities of platelets, platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) was developed by centrifuging peripheral blood. A new platelet concentrate has recently been developed, by utilizing lower centrifugation speed. This new platelet concentrate is in an injectable form called injectable PRF (I-PRF).

Aim:
This study intends to quantify and compare the platelets in whole blood (WB) and I-PRF.

Materials and Methods:
The study included ten systemically healthy individuals. Seven milliliter of blood was collected by following standard aseptic protocol. Smears of blood and I-PRF were made and stained by Leishman's stain to confirm the presence of platelets. I-PRF was made by centrifuging 5 ml of blood at 1000 rpm for 3 min at 60 g, which was fed to the automated cell counter unit to count the number of platelets.

Results:
The platelet count in I-PRF was significantly more when compared with that of WB.

Conclusion:
The results of our study suggest that the I-PRF has a richer concentration of platelets when compared to the WB.
Effect of Degree of Conversion of Different Resin Composite Monomers (Methacrylate and Silorane) on Two Caries-Associated Bacteria
Authors: Elsheikh Marwa , Elkady A. S. , Fatah W. Abdel , Musrati Ahmed 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background and Objectives:
The biological response of oral bacteria to dental restorative polymer composites is mediated by the release of unpolymerized residual monomers. The aims of the present study were first, evaluating the effect of composite elutes from methacrylate composite resins and silorane-based composites on two cariogenic bacterial pathogens: Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus acidophilus and second, determination of degree of conversion (DC) of standardized discs made from the low-shrinkage silorane-based composite (FiltekTM P90) resin and methacrylate-based composite resin (FiltekTM Z350XT nanocomposite, FiltekTM Z350 Flow) using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).

Materials and Methods:
Thirty-six composite specimens were prepared for the agar diffusion test and dissolved in a solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide) to attain a suspension, which was used to assess the effect of the residual monomers from methacrylate composite resins and silorane-based composites on the growth of S. mutans and L. acidophilus. To avoid more dilutions of the specimens, the colonies of bacteria were counted by the naked eye. Thirty composite specimens of 2 mm × 6 mm were polymerized for DC test, and the DC was measured using FTIR, also for unpolymerized composite resin.

Results:
The growth of S. mutans bacteria was inhibited when cultured with Filtek Z350 Flow composite resin, while the growth of L. acidophilus bacteria was stimulated by the Filtek Silorane p90 and Filtek Z350 Flow composite resin. The DC test with the Filtek Silorane composite resin showed highest DC (58%), then the Filtek Z350XT (Nanocomposite) (42%) followed by the Filtek Z350 Flow (Flowable) showed lowest (35%).

Conclusions:
Our results demonstrate that composite filling materials have a versatile nature of effect on oral pathogenic bacteria, which could modulate their pathogenesis. Dentists may thus select the appropriate type of composite filling according to the caries susceptibility of patients.
Interfacial Micro Gaps between Dentin Bases and Hard Setting Calcium Hydroxide Liner
Authors: Alawi Rabihah , Lotfy Amal Mohd , Zakaria Amalina , Masudi Sam'an Malik , Muttlib Nor Aidaniza Abdul 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objective:
This study is aimed to investigate interfacial micro gaps between bases and hard setting calcium hydroxide liner.

Materials and Methods:
Twelve sound extracted human maxillary premolars were selected and immersed in 0.1% thymol solution. Samples were subjected to Class I cavity preparations with the width of 2.5 mm buccolingually, 3 mm mesiodistally, and 2 mm depth from the dentinoenamel junction (DEJ). The cavities were lined with hard setting calcium hydroxide lining (Dycal®), (Dentsply, USA) and then divided randomly into two groups. The cavities were restored with smart dentin replacement (SDR®), (Dentsply, Germany) and glass ionomer cement Ketac™ N100 (3M ESPE, USA) for Group 1 and 2, respectively, (n = 6 for each group) up to DEJ level. All samples were then packed with composite resin. Samples were cut longitudinally using a hard tissue cutter (Exact, Japan) and sanded with increasing grit sandpaper (#320, #500, #800, and #1200) for 30 s each and subjected for interfacial micro gaps analysis using scanning electron microscopy.

Results:
There was a significant difference of micro gap formation between two groups of base materials and hard setting calcium hydroxide (Dycal®) (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
Lesser micro gap between Dycal® and SDR® compared to Dycal® and Ketac™ N100 suggested SDR® as a better base material to be used with Dycal® for deep caries management.
Involvement of Children and Adolescents in Dietary Counseling Carried Out by Dental Health Practitioners
Authors: Arrish Wenisa Suliman , Peeran Syed Wali 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective was to assess the extent of involvement of children and adolescents in dietary counseling (DC) performed by dental health practitioners. Two online databases PubMed and ERIC were searched using terms “dietary counselling” AND “children” AND “adolescents” AND “oral health” from 2001 to November 2020. Only two studies reported the involvement of children and adolescents in DC performed by dental health practitioners. Dental practitioners are still not prepared well to do dietary consultations with children and adolescents. Further research should be attempted to find the best ways that guarantee full involvement of children in dietary consultations carried out by dental practitioners.
Pretreatment Body Mass Index and Serum Uric Acid and Albumin Levels as Prognostic Predictors in Patients with Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Chang Wei-Chin , Yang Cheng-Yu , Lin Yu-Chun , Lin Chun-Shu , Kuo Chin-Shan , Li Yu-Hsuan , Chen Yuan-Wu 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is the most frequently found malignant tumor of the oral cavity, and the annual death rate of OSCC patients has been increasing rapidly among the Taiwanese population.

Aim:
The aim of this study is to evaluate if poor nutrition is a potential adverse prognostic factor in patients with OSCC.

Methods:
This cross-sectional study included 322 patients with OSCC who underwent therapeutic surgical treatment in Taiwan. The pretreatment body mass index (BMI) and serum uric acid and albumin levels were measured as common indicators of the nutritional status, and overall survival (OS) was analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method and a Cox regression model.

Results:
The optimal cut-off values were 24.0 kg/m2, 5.05 mg/dL, and 3.85 g/dL for BMI, serum uric acid, and serum albumin, respectively. The multivariate Cox regression analysis indicated lower BMI (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.557, 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.070–2.265; P = 0.021), lower serum uric acid (HR = 1.857, 95% CI: 1.265–2.724; P = 0.002), and lower serum albumin (HR = 2.011, 95% CI: 1.278–3.163; P = 0.003) as independent and significant prognosticators of OS. Advanced stage, depth of invasion of more than 5 mm, and extranodal extension were prognostic predictors of poor OS.

Conclusion:
A lower preoperative BMI and lower serum uric acid and albumin levels are predictors of significantly worse survival among OSCC patients. Maintaining a healthy nutritional status is crucial to improving the survival of patients with oral cancer. The treatment for patients with poor nutritional status should be more aggressive and cautious.
Use of Contact Tracing as a Pivotal Tool to Curb the COVID-19 Transmission in the Urban Part of Western Maharashtra
Authors: Kansara Nikunj Kumar , Yadav Arun Kumar 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
Contact tracing is an essential public health response to infectious disease outbreaks, principally in the early stages of an outbreak when specific treatments are limited. Importation of novel coronavirus (SARS CoV-2) from Hubei province China and elsewhere into the world highlights the need to recognize the power of contact tracing as a preventive measure. This study was performed to estimate the SARS CoV-2 transmission among the contacts of confirmed cases of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19).

Methods:
The present study included data from contact tracing performed on confirmed COVID-19 cases admitted in the tertiary care hospital of western Maharashtra. Contacts were categorized into high-risk and low-risk contacts. Contacts were quarantined in home or institute, and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was done as per the COVID-19 testing strategy. Contacts were admitted once they were RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 positive.

Results:
Out of 471 COVID-19 cases, 104 (22.08%) were females and 367 (77.92%) were males. A total of 2617 contacts were traced with the mean (standard deviation) of 5.56 (8.52). Of these 2617 contacts, 289 (11.04%) contacts became RT-PCR-confirmed positive COVID-19 cases. Out of 471 COVID-19 cases, 271 (46.7) were the contacts of RT-PCR-confirmed COVID-19 cases, and from them, 92 (42.4%) were asymptomatic at the time of admission.

Conclusion:
The contact tracing strategy in India helped to identify a sufficient proportion of infected individuals, and due to that, subsequent spread of the disease could be prevented. However, the complete achievement will depend on the rapid detection of cases and isolation of contacts. With the increasingly large number of cases globally once in between the null period, this strategy can be effectively utilized to contain the spread of disease.
Perception and acceptance of Coronavirus Disease-2019 vaccines among doctors
Authors: Yadav Arun Kumar , Kansara Nikunj Kumar , Nimbhorkar Sonal , Kotwal Atul , Ghosh Subhadeep , Bobdey Saurabh 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
Numerous vaccine candidates are in the race of successful clinical trials in response to the ongoing coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study was conducted to assess the perception and hesitancy among the physicians of major cities of India toward the upcoming COVID-19 vaccine.

Methodology:
A cross-sectional online survey was conducted between November 25, and December 25, 2020, among the frontline physicians, and they were asked if they would get vaccinated as soon as the vaccine is available in the market. Associations between sociodemographic characteristics and acceptance and hesitancy of an upcoming COVID-19 vaccine were analyzed.

Results:
Among 139 respondents who gave consent, the majority was male (121, 83.4%). Seventy-six (54.7%) respondents would like to get vaccinated as soon as the vaccine is available. Fifty-six (40.28%) participants had shown fear against the new vaccines, and self-perceived knowledge about the vaccine was found low (79, 56.83%). The majority of the physicians agreed to get vaccinated once reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction positive or recovered in the past. Self-perceived protection of the new COVID-19 vaccine was high (102, 73.4%), and most physicians thought it safe for humans (89, 64%).

Conclusion:
The acceptance among the physicians positively influences the approval of a COVID-19 vaccine in the general population. Failure to address physicians' hesitancy leaves immunization programs at significant risk of any country.
A report on incidence of COVID-19 among febrile patients attending a malaria clinic
Authors: Guha Subhasish Kamal , Biswas Malabika , Gupta Bishal , Acharya Alisha , Halder Supriya , Saha Bibhuti , Chatterjee Moytrey , Kundu Pratip Kumar , Maji Ardhendu Kumar 
Published: May 2021

Context:
Screening for malaria and coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in all patients with acute febrile illness is necessary in malaria-endemic areas to reduce malaria-related mortality and to prevent the transmission of COVID-19 by isolation.

Aims:
A pilot study was undertaken to determine the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among febrile patients attending a malaria clinic.

Subjects and Methods:
All patients were tested for malaria parasite by examining thick and thin blood smears as well as by rapid malaria antigen tests. COVID-19 was detected by rapid antigen test and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction in patients agreeing to undergo the test.

Results:
Out of 262 patients examined, 66 (25.19%) were positive for Plasmodium vivax, 45 (17.17%) for Plasmodium falciparum (Pf) with a slide positivity rate of 42.40%, and Pf% of 40.50%. Only 29 patients consented for COVID-19 testing along with malaria; of them, 3 (10.34%) were positive for COVID-19 alone and 2 (6.89%) were positive for both COVID-19 and P. vivax with an incidence of 17.24%. A maximum number of patients (196) did not examine for COVID-19 as they did not agree to do the test.

Conclusion:
Diagnosis of COVID-19 among three patients (10.34%) is significant both in terms of identification of cases and to isolate them for preventing transmission in the community. Detection of COVID-19 along with malaria is equally important for their proper management.
L-cysteine whether a nutritional booster or a radical scavenger for Plasmodium
Authors: Sinha Shweta , Gautam C. S. , Sehgal Rakesh 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:

Plasmodium falciparum is the most noxious species among other Plasmodium species that cause malaria. Attention is required to understand more about the pathophysiology and parasite biology to obscure this disease. The fact is, very little is known about the nutritional requirement in sense of carbohydrate, lipid, nucleic acid, and amino acid metabolism that regulate the growth of parasite and out of this, studies related to the metabolism of amino acid are exceptionally limited. Out of several amino acids, L-cysteine is essential for the continuous erythrocytic growth of Plasmodium. However, the exact role of L-cysteine in regulating the growth of Plasmodium is unknown. Here, we tried to investigate how does L-cysteine affects the growth of Plasmodium in in vitro culture, and also the study was aimed to find whether there is a synergism with chloroquine on the Plasmodium growth in vitro.

Materials and Methods:
Parasite inhibition assay based on schizont maturation inhibition following WHO protocol on P. falciparum chloroquine-sensitive strain (MRC-2) was employed to determine IC50 value and drug interaction pattern was shown through fractional inhibitory concentration index.

Results:
Inhibitory effect of L-cysteine hydrochloride on Plasmodium growth was depicted with IC50 1.152 ± 0.287 μg/mL and the most synergistic pattern of interaction was shown with chloroquine.

Conclusions:
The present study anticipates two important findings, firstly inconsistent results from previous findings and secondly, synergistic effect with chloroquine suggests its potency that may be used as an add-on therapy along with chloroquine. However, further study is needed to validate the above findings in vivo models.
Clinical profile of malaria at a tertiary care teaching hospital in North India
Authors: Karoli Ritu , Shakya Shobhit , Gupta Nikhil , Mittal Vineeta , Upadhyay Anil Kumar 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
Despite recent reductions in the overall malaria case incidence, malaria remains an important public health issue. There has been a change in clinical and epidemiological profile of malaria in our country and vivax malaria known to be benign has been reported to cause severe complications. Therefore, the present study was conducted to delineate the clinical profile of malaria, proportion of severity, spectrum of complications, and presence of comorbidities among adult patients admitted at a tertiary health-care center in North India.

Materials and Methods:
This was an observational prospective study conducted in all adult patients (>15 years of age) diagnosed to have Plasmodium vivax malaria, Plasmodium falciparum, and mixed malarial infection at a tertiary care teaching hospital on the basis of peripheral smear or rapid diagnostic tests.

Results:
The study included 295 patients, the most common species was vivax (62%) followed by falciparum (29%) and mixed plasmodium spp. (9%). The mean age of the patients was 34.23 ± 15.7 years, with 64% male and 36% female. Out of all patients, 23% patients had at least one component of severe malaria. Severe anemia (hemoglobin <5 mg/dl), thrombocytopenia (platelet count <1 lac/cmm), and acute kidney injury were significantly greater in patients with P. vivax. Presence of comorbid conditions was observed in a significant proportion (32%) of patients.

Conclusion:
P. vivax is the plasmodium species which is responsible for most of the cases. Its potential to cause life-threatening illness is the cause of concern. The role of comorbid conditions in influencing the clinicaloutcome of malaria should be further explored.
Pantallas, niños y confinamiento en pandemia: ¿debemos limitar su exposición?
Authors: Gavoto Leticia , Terceiro Diego , Terrasa Sergio Adrian 
Published: May 2021

Desde la aparición del cine, hace más de un siglo, hasta la actual invasión de dispositivos móviles, la velocidad en la evolución de las pantallas ha sido exponencial, y se ha acompañado de nuevas formas de consumir medios audiovisuales, de comunicarnos y de administrar nuestro tiempo de ocio. Las aplicaciones han dado un salto desde la computadora de escritorio a los smartphones, lo que facilitó su acceso en cualquier lugar y momento, haciendo que los niños y adolescentes de hoy (generación Z, nativos digitales y neodigitales) tengan más acceso a medios electrónicos que cualquier otra generación previa.
En paralelo, ha crecido la preocupación por el efecto que estas pantallas podrían tener sobre el desarrollo infantil. A partir de los resultados de varias investigaciones, diferentes entidades desarrollaron recomendaciones sobre el uso de pantallas en niños, fijando la mayoría de ellas un límite “seguro” de consumo de dos horas al día. Sin embargo, la evidencia que las respalda es muy débil.
Dada la actual situación de pandemia, que obliga a confinarnos en nuestros hogares, alejados físicamente de otras personas y sin acceso a actividades recreativas en el exterior, la mayoría de estas recomendaciones suenan bastante limitantes y difíciles de cumplir.
Este artículo propone: 1) repasar la información disponible sobre el consumo de pantallas en niños, 2) exponer la evidencia que respalda las actuales recomendaciones de diferentes instituciones respecto de su uso, 3) evaluarla críticamente, visibilizando los vacíos de conocimiento, para jerarquizarlos a la hora de aconsejar sobre crianza a las familias que atendemos.
الرضا الوظيفي وعلاقته بالاستمتاع بالحياة لدى معلمي المرحلة الابتدائية في محافظة البصرة (بحث ميداني)
Authors: Saeed Jassim Al-Asadi Sinan 
Published: May 2021

يسعى البحث الحالي إلى التعرف على العلاقة ذات الدلالة الإحصائية بين الرضا الوظيفي والاستمتاع بالحياة لدى معلمي المرحلة الابتدائية. ومن أجل تحقيق أهداف البحث الحالي فقد اتبع الباحث خطوات المنهج الوصفي الارتباطي. فقد تم تحديد مجتمع البحث بجميع معلمي المرحلة الابتدائية في محافظة البصرة؛ اما عينة البحث فقد تكونت من (200) معلم ومعلمة.
ومن أجل جمع البيانات والمعلومات فقد قام الباحث بإعداد أدوات البحث الحالي واستخراج الخصائص السايكومترية لها من صدق وثبات.
وبعد الاطمئنان إلى أدوات البحث تم تطبيقها على عينة البحث وتم التوصل إلى مجموعة من النتائج منها :

هنالك مستوى عالي من الرضا الوظيفي لدى معلمي المرحلة الابتدائية في محافظة البصرة

هنالك مستوى عالي من الاستمتاع بالحياة لدى معلمي المرحلة الابتدائية في محافظة البصرة

هنالك علاقة ذات دلالة احصائية بين الرضا الوظيفي والاستمتاع بالحياة لدى معلمي المرحلة الابتدائية في محافظة البصرة
Fluid Flow and Genesis of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
Authors: Cathles L. M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hydrothermal ore deposits are formed when metal components precipitate from migrating solutions. The causes of fluid movement are reviewed for several deposit settings: hydrothermal circulation near a mid-ocean ridge spreading center (Cyprus-type massive sulfide deposits), convection associated with intrusives in an island-arc or continental setting (geothermal systems, porphyry copper and uranium vein deposits), and the stratafugic flow of pore fluids from compacting basins (Mississippi Pb-Zn and certain types of sedimentary copper deposits). Attention is focused particularly on the amount of fluid flow that can be produced by various mechanisms, the length of time such flow can persist, the aspects of fluid flow that have practical exploration significance, and the insights fluid flow models provide for deposit genesis. Simple analytic expressions are derived and a diagram is constructed that allow easy estimation of the time required for an instrusion to cool and the amount and rate of hydrothermal circulation produced in the process. Theoretical and field studies are reviewed to obtain an upper bound on the bulk fluid-rock mass ratio produced by natural convective systems. Areas are identified where further work is needed.