Abstract TMIM-084: PKCα INDUCES TWIST1 PHOSPHORYLATION AT SERINE 144 AND PROMOTES EMT IN OVARIAN CANCER CELLS
Authors: Tedja Roslyn , Roberts Cai , Cardenas Carlos , Alvero Ayesha B. , Pitruzzello Mary , Yang-Hartwich Yang , Glackin Carlotta , Mor Gil G. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
PURPOSE: Metastasis and carcinomatosis remains a major problem in ovarian cancer. Metastasis requires a process known as Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), where by epithelial cancer cells undergo dynamic changes to acquire a mesenchymal and invasive phenotype. Twist1 is a transcription factor with a central role in EMT. We previously showed that in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), Twist1 is constitutively ubiquitinated and targeted for proteasomal degradation and inhibition of Twist degradation is associated with mesenchymal phenotype and chemoresistance. Accordingly, identification of mechanisms that promote EMT by inhibiting the active degradation of Twist1 is critical for prevention of carcinomatosis. In this study, we report the identification of PKCα as a central regulator of Twist1. We identified 11 possible PKCα phosphorylation sites on Twist1. We show that Twist1 is a novel substrate of the kinase PKCα and that PKCα-induced Twist1 phosphorylation abrogates Twist1 ubiquitination leading to its stabilization and consequently EMT.
METHODS: The following cell lines were used: (1) ovarian cancer cells lines OVCAR3 and OVCA432; (2) in-house developed cultures of ovarian cancer cells, R182 and R2615; and (3) HEK293T cells. The effect of constitutively active (PKCαCAT), dominant negative (PKCαDN), and wild-type (wt-PKCα) PKCα on levels of Twist1 were determined by transient transfection using qRT-PCT and western blot analysis. Levels of phosphorylated Twist1 were measured in Twist1 immunoprecipitate-complex using anti-phospho-serine/threonine/tyrosine antibody. The phospho-deficient mutant Twist1 S144A was constructed using QuickChange Site-directed Mutagenesis Kit. PKCα was knocked-out in ovarian cancer cells using CRISPR/Cas9. EMT was induced by treatment with 10 ng/ml TGFβ1 and confirmed molecularly (i.e. loss of epithelial markers E-cadherin, Ck18, Claudin 3 and gain of mesenchymal markers Twist1, N-cadherin, and vimentin). Intra-peritoneal tumors were established by injecting 10 million ovarian cancer cells in athymic nude mice.
RESULTS: Transfection with PKCαCAT(active) resulted in a significant increase in Twist1 protein levels compared to PKCαDN(inactive) or empty vector control in EOC and HEK293T cells. This was not a transcriptional effect (no increase in Twist1 mRNA) but due to increase in the levels of phospho-serine/threonine/tyrosine on Twist1. We identified S144 as the putative PKCα phosphorylation site on Twist1 protein. Whereas wt-Twist1 was readily ubiquitinated when transfected in ovarian cancer cells and HEK293T, the phosphomimic S144D Twist1 demonstrated significantly less ubiquitination. Furthermore, we identified TGFβ1 as an activator of the endogenous PKCα-Twist1 axis in ovarian cancer cells. TGFβ1 is able to: (1) activate PKCα; (2) increase Twist1 protein levels; (3) and induce EMT (spheroid formation). Knock-out of PKCα in ovarian cancer cells abrogated TGFβ1-induced EMT in vitro and inhibit carcinomatosis in vivo in athymic nude mice model.
CONCLUSION: We demonstrate for the first time a TGFβ1-PKCα-Twist1 signaling pathway that specifically targets Twist1 protein for phosphorylation and stabilization. This is a non-classical pathway of TGFβ1 induced EMT. Moreover, we identify S144 on Twist1 as novel and direct PKCα-phosphorylation site that can control Twist1 stability. Given the pleiotropic nature of TGFβ1 signaling, the identification of PKCα as a novel target may aid in the development of better therapeutic modalities that can prevent EMT and curtail metastasis formation in ovarian cancer.
Citation Format: Roslyn Tedja, Cai Roberts, Carlos Cardenas, Ayesha B. Alvero, Mary Pitruzzello, Yang Yang-Hartwich, Carlotta Glackin and Gil G. Mor. PKCα INDUCES TWIST1 PHOSPHORYLATION AT SERINE 144 AND PROMOTES EMT IN OVARIAN CANCER CELLS [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 12th Biennial Ovarian Cancer Research Symposium; Sep 13-15, 2018; Seattle, WA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Clin Cancer Res 2019;25(22 Suppl):Abstract nr TMIM-084.