bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenging sheep grazing in orchards: Changes in nutrition, performance, and the health of animals and the effects on the vegetation and soil
Authors: Yoshihara Yu , Miyagawa Yuki , Sakai Masaru 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe proposed a mixture of animal husbandry and fruit tree industry: livestock grazing under an orchard layer to increase agricultural productivity per area and reduce the costs of feed, fertilizer, and weed control. Lambs were reared in‐house for 1 month and then moved to a pear orchard for 1 month of grazing. We recorded the changes in body weight, blood properties (e.g., albumin, cholinesterase, and nonesterified fatty acids), and parasitic infection to compare the in‐housed lambs with the grazing lambs in the orchard. Additionally, we conducted field investigations for changes in vegetation and soil properties before and after grazing. Grazing caused significant increases in body weight, helminth eggs in dung, and soil water retention, and significant decreases in plant biomass, grass digestibility, and soil hardness. In contrast, the nutritional values of the feed, blood properties, and soil chemical properties (e.g., pH, P, N, and C) were not significantly changed after grazing. These results highlighted that the fruit tree industry combined with livestock production would be an acceptable management approach for Japanese agriculture, although further case studies are required.
Grazing impacts on ground beetle (Coleoptera: Carabidae) abundance and diversity on semi‐natural grassland
Authors: Pozsgai Gabor , Quinzo‐Ortega Luis , Littlewood Nick A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Semi‐natural grasslands are commonly managed as a grazing resource for domestic livestock but, due to their unique biodiversity, they are also of conservation interest. Numerous drivers have impacted on the status of these grasslands in recent decades, most importantly changing grazing management strategies. These changes have the potential to affect the biodiversity associated with these habitats, including on some rich invertebrate assemblages. Responses, however, are often dissimilar between different invertebrate taxa.
We investigated the responses of ground beetles to different grazing regimes within a replicated, controlled, long‐term grazing experiment on upland semi‐natural grassland in Scotland.
Although there was substantial overlap of species composition of ground beetle assemblages in different grazing treatments, species richness, abundance and Shannon diversity of ground beetles were significantly lower in ungrazed plots than in plots subject to high‐ or low‐intensity sheep grazing. Ground beetle abundance (but not species richness or diversity) was lower in ungrazed plots compared to those with low‐intensity mixed grazing by sheep and cattle. However, no differences were identified in abundance, species richness or diversity between the three grazed treatments.
Our results suggest that ground beetles may show different responses to grazing compared to responses of some other invertebrate groups and demonstrate the difficulty of attempting to manage grazing to optimise conditions for a wide range of invertebrates.
Central obesity in school‐aged children increases the likelihood of developing paediatric autoimmune diseases
Authors: Räisänen Laura , Lommi Sohvi , Engberg Elina , Kolho Kaija‐Leena , Viljakainen Heli 
Published: October 2021

SummaryBackgroundThe incidences of both paediatric obesity and autoimmune diseases have been increasing, but their relationship with one another is unclear.ObjectiveTo determine whether obesity or particular dietary patterns in school‐aged children are potential risk factors for autoimmune diseases during adolescence.MethodsThis matched case–control study included 525 children, followed up from a median age of 11.3 to 16.7 years. Of them, 105 children received primary autoimmune diagnoses (diabetes, thyroiditis, arthritis, or inflammatory bowel diseases) after baseline and generated the case group. Four children with matching age, sex, and residential area generated the control group of 420 children. At baseline, age‐ and sex‐specific body mass index categories were acquired and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHTR) was calculated. Central obesity was present when WHTR ≥0.5. Dietary patterns were analysed using a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ).ResultsSchool‐aged children with central obesity were 2.11 (OR, 95% CI 1.11–3.98) times more likely to develop autoimmune diseases before age of 19 years than those without central obesity. Being overweight was not related to the onset of these diseases (OR 1.60, 95% CI 0.89–2.87, nor were dietary patterns.ConclusionCentral obesity in school‐aged children was related to the development of autoimmune diseases, while being overweight and dietary patterns were not.
United States nurses' experiences during the COVID‐19 pandemic: A grounded theory
Authors: Kelley Marjorie M. , Zadvinskis Inga M. , Miller Pamela S. , Monturo Cheryl , Norful Allison A. , O’Mathúna Dónal , Roberts Haley , Smith Julia , Tucker Sharon , Zellefrow Cindy , Chipps Esther 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to explore nurses' experiences and perceptions at selected United States (U.S.) healthcare sites during the COVID‐19 pandemic.BackgroundThe COVID‐19 pandemic brought rapid changes to the healthcare community. While a few studies have examined the early pandemic experiences of nurses in China and Europe, nurses' experiences across the United States have remained relatively underexplored.DesignA qualitative study design was used.MethodsUsing a constructivist grounded theory methodology and methods, we conducted eight focus groups across four hospital sites in the eastern, midwestern and western United States. Registered nurses with a minimum of six months' experience working in all clinical specialties were eligible. Forty‐three nurses participated. Data were analysed iteratively using the constant comparative method. The COREQ guidelines supported the work and reporting of this study.ResultsThe nurses experiencing a pandemic (NEXPIC) grounded theory emerged positing associations between four interrelated themes: Challenges, Feelings, Coping and Ethics. Nurses reported Challenges associated with changes in the work environment, community and themselves. They expressed more negative than positive feelings. Nurses coped using self‐care techniques, and teamwork within the healthcare organisation. Moral dilemmas, moral uncertainty, moral distress, moral injury and moral outrage were ethical issues associated with nurses' Challenges during the pandemic. Moral courage was associated with positive Coping.ConclusionsAwareness of frontline nurses' complex and interrelated needs may help healthcare organisations protect their human resources. This new theory provides preliminary theoretical support for future research and interventions to address the needs of frontline nurses.Relevance to clinical practiceNurses face added distress as frontline at‐risk caregivers. Interventions to promote nurses' ability to cope with personal and professional challenges from the pandemic and address ethical issues are needed to protect the nursing workforce. This study offers a new substantive theory that may be used to underpin future interventions.
Evaluation of Marginal and Internal Fit of a CAD/CAM Monolithic Zirconia‐Reinforced Lithium Silicate Porcelain Laminate Veneer System
Authors: Baig Mirza Rustum , Akbar Aqdar A. , Sabti Mohammad Y. , Behbehani Zahra 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the marginal and internal fit of monolithic computer‐aided design/computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) ZLS (Vita Suprinity) glass ceramic porcelain laminate veneers (PLVs), in terms of marginal and internal gap widths, in comparison to monolithic lithium disilicate (LDS) [IPS e.max CAD] CAD/CAM veneers, and, also, to analyze the effect of incisal preparation designs (butt joint and chamfer), on the marginal and internal fit accuracy.Materials and MethodsForty dental stone dies poured from impressions made of two master metal dies with different incisal preparation designs were scanned to produce digital models. Forty ceramic veneers were designed and milled using the virtual models‐10 ZLS butt joint, 10 ZLS chamfer, 10 LDS butt joint, and 10 LDS chamfer. The monolithic ceramic veneers produced were then subjected to marginal and internal gap width evaluation using X‐ray nano‐computed tomography and computerized digital analysis (n = 10). Descriptive analyses of data were performed and the influence of “material” and “preparation design” on the marginal and internal fit of veneers was assessed using 2‐way ANOVA (α = 0.05). Bonferroni post‐hoc multiple comparison tests were used to further analyze the interactions between the material and preparation design after adjusting the α value by Holm‐Bonferroni method (α = 0.01).ResultsMean marginal and internal gaps for ZLS PLVs were 65 ±11 μm and 112 ±14 μm for butt joint, and 100 ±24 μm and 100 ±21 μm for chamfer, respectively. Corresponding values for LDS PLVs were 78 ±25 μm and 114 ±17 μm for butt joint, and 104 ±18 μm and 106 ±7 μm for chamfer. Marginal gap and internal gap differences between ZLS and LDS PLVs were not significant (marginal gap: F = 1.786, p = 0.190; internal gap: F = 0.807, p = 0.375). However, the preparation designs (butt joint and chamfer) differed significantly in terms of marginal gaps (F = 23.797, p = 0.000), but not internal gaps (F = 3.703; p = 0.059).ConclusionsButt joint margins produced better marginal accuracy in terms of marginal gap, compared to chamfers, for ZLS CAD/CAM laminate veneers.
The novel repressor Rce2 competes with Ace3 to regulate cellulase gene expression in the filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei
Authors: Chen Yumeng , Wang Wei , Liu Pei , Lin Aibo , Fan Xingjia , Wu Chuan , Li Ni , Wei Liujing , Wei Dongzhi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is widely used for industrial cellulase production. In T. reesei, cellulase gene expression is tightly controlled by a regulatory network involving multiple transcription factors. Here, we isolated a novel protein, Rce2, using a pull‐down assay and mass spectrometry analysis, from a partial carbon catabolite de‐repression mutant, T. reesei Rut‐C30, cultured under glucose‐repressing conditions. Deletion and overexpression of Rce2 in T. reesei wild‐type QM6a and mutant Rut‐C30 revealed that Rce2 acts as a repressor of cellulase gene expression. DNase I footprinting assays, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Rce2 was located in the nucleus and bound to the consensus sequences 5′‐(T/A)NNNNCCG‐3′ and 5′‐CGGNNNN(T/A)‐3′ in the promoters of cellulase‐related genes to repress their transcription. Additionally, Rce2 antagonized Ace3 binding to the cbh1 promoter to repress its transcription. However, Rce2 was not involved in Cre1‐mediated carbon catabolite repression. These results demonstrate the mechanism through which Rce2 represses the expression of cellulase genes and provide novel insights into the regulatory system of cellulases and methods that can be used for the regulation of gene expression in T. reesei.
Phase‐variable expression of pdcB, a phosphodiesterase, influences sporulation in Clostridioides difficile
Authors: Dhungel Babita Adhikari , Govind Revathi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractClostridioides difficile is the causative agent of antibiotic‐associated diarrhea and is the leading cause of nosocomial infection in developed countries. An increasing number of C. difficile infections are attributed to epidemic strains that produce more toxins and spores. C. difficile spores are the major factor for the transmission and persistence of the organism. Previous studies have identified global regulators that influence sporulation in C. difficile. This study discovers that PdcB, a phosphodiesterase, enhances sporulation in C. difficile strain UK1. Through genetic and biochemical assays, we show that phase‐variable expression of pdcB results in hypo‐ and hyper‐sporulation phenotypes. In the “ON” orientation, the identified promotor is in the right orientation to drive the expression of pdcB. Production of the PdcB phosphodiesterase reduces the intracellular cyclic‐di‐GMP (c‐di‐GMP) concentration, resulting in a hyper‐sporulation phenotype. Loss of PdcB due to the pdcB promoter being in the OFF orientation or mutation of pdcB results in increased c‐di‐GMP levels and a hypo‐sporulation phenotype. Additionally, we demonstrate that CodY binds to the upstream region of pdcB. DNA inversion reorients the CodY binding site so that in the OFF orientation, CodY binds a site that is upstream of the pdcB promoter and can further repress gene expression.
Multifocal contact lens design, not addition power, affects accommodation responses in young adult myopes
Authors: Gifford Kate L , Schmid Katrina L , Collins Josh M , Maher Clare B , Makan Riya , Nguyen Evonne , Parmenter Gemma B , Rolls Bronte M , Zhang Xinyue S , Atchison David A 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPurposeProlonged nearwork has been implicated in myopia progression. Accommodation responses of young‐adult myopes wearing different multifocal contact lenses were compared.MethodsTwenty adults, 18–25 years, with myopia (spherical equivalent refraction −0.50 to −5.50 D, mean −2.1 ± 1.6 D) wore five lens types in random order: Proclear single vision distance (SV), MiSight concentric dual‐focus +2.00 D Add (MS), Biofinity aspheric centre distance +1.50 D Add (CD1) and +2.50 D Add (CD2) (all Coopervision), and NaturalVue aspheric (Visioneering Technologies) (NVue). Using a Grand‐Seiko WAN‐5500 autorefractor with binocular correction and viewing right eye accommodative responses were measured after a 10 min adaptation period at 4.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.33 and 0.25 m distances. Dynamic measurements were taken for 4 s at 6 Hz. Accommodative stimuli and responses were referenced to 4 m (i.e., refraction differences between 4 m and nearer distances). Accommodation lags and refraction instabilities (standard deviations of dynamic responses) were determined. For comparison, results were obtained for an absolute presbyopic eye, where trial lenses counteracted the accommodation stimulus.ResultsFor SV and MS, accommodation responses were similar to the stimulus values. For aspheric lenses CD1, CD2 and NVue, accommodation responses were approximately 1.0 D lower across the stimulus range than with SV and MS, and rates of change were approximately 0.84 D per 1 D stimulus change. MS produced greater refraction instabilities than other lenses. For the presbyope, changes in refraction matched the trial lenses, indicating that corrections due to measurement through the different lenses were not needed.ConclusionReductions in accommodation response occurred in young myopes wearing aspheric multifocal contact lenses independent of the labelled ‘add’ power. The concentric dual‐focus MS lens produced minimal lags but had greater instability than the other lenses. The results indicate that the mechanism of multifocal contact lenses slowing myopia progression is unlikely to be through relaxing accommodation, at least in young adults.
Properties of Orthopaedic Cements Biomechanically Little Affected by Exceptional Use of Liquid Antibiotics
Authors: Sophie Hetzmannseder , Yuhan Chang , Clemens Kittinger , Klaus‐Dieter Kühn 
Published: October 2021

ObjectivesTo specify the concentration of the liquid antibiotics to be added to polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) and its impact on the quality of the spacer is the purpose of this study with liquid clindamycin added to different cements.MethodsIn the present study, eight different cement mixtures were prepared and investigated. In the following, number 1 indicates the references, 2 all cements after liquid clindamycin was added to the liquid cement compound, 3 all cements after liquid clindamycin was added to the cement powder, and 4 all cements after liquid clindamycin was added to the cement dough. After curing, cements were filled into metal moulds and a pressure of 3 bar was maintained for 30 min. Mechanical investigations were carried out according to ISO 5833 (2002) and DIN 53435 (2007). For microbiological tests, standardized cylindrical mouldings (diameter: 25 mm, height: 10 mm) were produced and incubated in 10 ml buffer solution at room temperature for 24 h. All eluates were generated by spreading previously established suspensions of Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Cutibacterium acnes and methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) with a 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard.ResultsApparently, we found that in all investigated cases, the admixture of liquid antibiotic negatively affected the mechanical characteristics of the cement mould. Among the various test groups, the influence on the ISO compression strength and ISO flexural modulus of the investigated test groups was only minimal when liquid clindamycin was added to cement liquid. Compared to admixing of liquid clindamycin into cement powder or dough ISO compression strength and ISO flexural modulus and flexural strength showed the maximum reduction. The efficacy against chosen germs was reduced as well when liquid antibiotic was admixed instead of powder. This admixture of liquid anti‐infective agents resulted in a 234% enhanced elution after 10 days 29 a negative effect on the inhibition zones were detected during the previous period.ConclusionThe admixture of powdery antibiotic is preferable to liquid antibiotics. If no powdery antibiotic is available, we can recommend the admixture of liquid antibiotic to liquid cement prior to dough production in case powdery antibiotics cannot be used. However, we discourage the admixture of liquid antibiotic to cement powder or cement dough during early low viscose phase.
Comparison of Minimally Invasive Fixation of Mid‐Shaft Clavicular Fractures with Threaded Elastic Intramedullary Nail (TEIN) and Elastic Locking Intramedullary Nail (ELIN)
Authors: Ren Liang , Yang Zhiqiang , Wang Yongqing , Basanta Sapkota , Du Bosong , Gao Zhuo , Hao Baoxi , Chen Renhui 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveTo compare the effectiveness of threaded elastic intramedullary nail and elastic locking intradullary nail (ELIN) for mid‐shaft clavicular fractures.MethodsThe clinical data of 47 patients with middle clavicle fracture treated by TEIN and ELIN from August 2017 to March 2019 were analyzed retrospectively. Twenty‐three patients received intramedullary fixation treatment with ELIN, nine males and 14 females, AO/OTA fracture classification type 2A (n = 17) and 2B (n = 6). Twenty‐four patients received intramedullary fixation treatment with TEIN, including nine males and 15 females, AO/OTA classification: type 2A (n = 18) and 2B (n = 6). All patients were anesthetized with ipsilateral cervical plexus block. After internal fixation was removed, the clinical outcomes were assessed and evaluated. The Constant‐Murley score and disabilities of the arm, shoulder and hand questionnaire (DASH) score were compared between the two groups to evaluate the functional status of all patients. The study was done accordingly to the guidelines provided by the ethics committee.ResultsAll patients in the two groups completed the operation successfully and were followed up. In the ELIN group, the operation time was 20.78 ± 7.71 min, intra‐operative blood loss was 13.26 ± 9.72 mL, incision length was 1.60 ± 0.92 cm, internal fixation removal time was 12.86 ± 2.24 weeks, Constant‐Murley score was 99.30 ± 1.36 points and DASH score was 1.43 ± 3.00 points. In the TEIN group, the operation time, intra‐operative blood loss, incision length, internal fixation removal time, Constant‐Murley and DASH scores were 22.83 ± 8.17 min, 22.08 ± 11.22 mL, 2.48 ± 0.84 cm, 15.66 ± 5.58 weeks, 95.79 ± 7.38 point and 6.69 ± 11.55 point respectively. In the ELIN group, four cases developed skin irritation, and the symptoms were relieved after removal of internal fixation. In the TEIN group, one patient's internal fixation broke and had an obvious scar at the incision, but there was no fracture after replacement of internal fixation; withdrawal of TEIN occurred in four patients, the nail did not shift again until the last follow‐up; skin irritation and temporary bursitis occurred in six patients, and the symptoms were relieved after internal fixation was removed. No other conditions were found in the patients, and bony healing was achieved in all patients.ConclusionELIN prevents shortening and malunion of the clavicle, reduces secondary damage to related tissues, and leads to restoration of clavicle length and faster osseous healing.
Relieved Low Back Pain after Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with Both Hip Osteoarthritis and Lumbar Degenerative Disease
Authors: Ran Tian‐fei , Ke Song , Li Jie , Lyu Ming‐rui , Zhou Yuan‐yuan , Zhang Rui , Song Xin , Wang Min 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveTo investigate the relief of low back pain after hip arthroplasty in patients with hip joint and spinal degenerative diseases, and to discuss the effects of unilateral and bilateral hip surgery on the relief of low back pain.MethodsIn this retrospective study, we followed 153 patients (69 males and 84 females, age: 43–88 years) who had undergone total hip arthroplasty (THA) via a posterolateral approach and also suffered from lumbar degenerative diseases in the period of 2009 to 2019. The inclusion criteria were: (i) patients who had been diagnosed with severe hip degenerative disease and also been diagnosed with lumbar degenerative disease; (ii) patients who had undergone THA surgery; and (iii) patients who were retrospectively recruited. The exclusion criteria were: (i) patients who had undergone lumbar fusion or internal fixation surgery; or (ii) patients who had vascular claudication, history of major trauma, diabetic polyneuropathy, lumbar and pelvic infections, tumor diseases; (iii) or patients who had undergone THA because of femoral neck fracture or ankylosing spondylitis. The improvement of hip joint function and the relief of low back pain (LBP) were studied, and the effect of unilateral and bilateral THA on the relief of LBP were discussed. Hip pain and function were evaluated by the Harris Hip Score (HHS), LBP was evaluated by Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and lumbar function was evaluated by the Japanese Orthopaedic Association (JOA) scoring system.ResultsThe average follow‐up time was 44.3 months (24–108 months). All patients recovered smoothly without complications. The LBP VAS of 153 patients decreased from 4.13 ± 1.37 preoperatively to 1.90 ± 1.44 postoperatively. The average HHS increased from 45.33 ± 13.23 preoperatively to 86.44 ± 7.59 postoperatively at the latest follow‐up. According to Japanese Orthopaedic Association scoring system, the proportion of patients with good response to treatment in these 153 patients reached 93.46%. LBP VAS decreased from 4.18 ± 1.38 preoperatively to 1.95 ± 1.49 postoperatively in unilateral group and from 3.94 ± 1.32 preoperatively to 1.73 ± 1.23 postoperatively in bilateral group, respectively. There were only nine patients with persistent or aggravated LBP after operation. Among them, six patients underwent subsequent lumbar surgery (five patients had pain relieved after reoperation and one patient had not) and the other three patients chose conservative treatment for pain.ConclusionTHA can relieve LBP while relieving hip pain and restoring hip function in patients with both hip and lumbar degenerative disease, thus possibly avoiding further spinal surgery.