bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-Wavenumber Raman Analysis
Authors: Yang Shan 
Published: November 2021

Raman spectra are molecule specific, and their peaks in the fingerprint region (200-2000 cm−1) are often sufficient for material identification. High-wavenumber signals (> 2000 cm−1) are rare in inorganic material but rich in organic materials containing light hydrogen atoms. Reports on high-wavenumber (HW) Raman signals are far less than fingerprint signals. This could be partially attributed to the difficulty obtaining HW Raman signals, especially from biological materials containing fluorescent proteins. The development and the availability of InGaAs array and the near-infrared (NIR) laser enabled the acquisition of distinct HW Raman from bio-materials. In this chapter, we will introduce recent applications of HW Raman spectroscopy on different materials, especially on biological tissues. Raman instrumentation based on multiple lasers or multiple spectrometers will also be discussed.
Small-Size Biogas Technology Applications for Rural Areas in the Context of Developing Countries
Authors: Pilloni Martina , Abu Hamed Tareq 
Published: November 2021

The world’s rural population surpasses the three billion people mainly located in Africa and Asia; roughly half the global population lives in the countryside. Access to modern fuels is a challenge for rural people compared to their urban counterparts, which can easily access infrastructures and commercial energy. In developing countries rural populations commonly depend on traditional biomass for cooking and heating. A key strategy in tackling the energy needs of those rural populations is to advance their energy ladder from the inefficient, traditional domestic burn of biomass, organic waste, and animal manure. Governments and non-governmental institutions have supported small biogas digesters in rural areas, mainly in Asia, South America, and Africa, over the last 50 years. This chapter reviews the literature to offer an overview of experimental and theoretical evidence regarding the characteristics of design, construction material, feedstock, and operation parameters that made anaerobic digestion in small digesters a valuable source. Small-scale rural biogas digesters can generate environmental, health, and social benefits to rural areas with a net positive impact on energy access. Remarkable improvement in living standards was achieved with small inputs of the methane, produced via anaerobic digestion; however, challenges associated with lack of technical skills, awareness, and education remain and obstruct biogas’ full potential in rural areas, mainly in developing countries.
Remote education in times of pandemic: the experience of the Colégio La Salle Carmo de Caxias do Sul/RS
Authors: Ramos Roberto Carlos , Mincato Marina Camargo , Boek Kassiana 
Published: November 2021

Neste texto apresenta-se uma análise do ensino remoto desenvolvido pela equipe de professores e coordenação pedagógica do Colégio La Salle Carmo de Caxias do Sul/RS, durante a pandemia do Covid-19, no ano de 2020. A metodologia utilizada foi a abordagem qualitativa, exploratória, com base num estudo de caso. Os principais resultados foram observados a partir de mudanças no pensar, agir e aprender dos professores ao longo do ano letivo. Concluiu-se que é possível manter um modelo de ensino remoto e híbrido - novas formas de ensinar, gestão de processos e pessoas, uso de metodologias ativas no ensino remoto, ambientes digitais atraentes - se a escola contar com equipe disponível e flexível às mudanças e a trabalhar juntos aos estudantes, desafiando-os a serem autônomos e protagonistas de uma aprendizagem rica e estimulante.
Improvement of nuclear facilities DNP3 protocol data transmission security using super encryption BRC4 in SCADA systems
Authors: Riyadi Eko Hadiyono , Putra Agfianto Eko , Priyambodo Tri Kuntoro 
Published: November 2021

Background
Data transmissions using the DNP3 protocol over the internet in SCADA systems are vulnerable to interruption, interception, fabrication, and modification through man-in-the-middle (MITM) attacks. This research aims to improve the security of DNP3 data transmissions and protect them from MITM attacks.

Methods
This research describes a proposed new method of improving DNP3 security by introducing BRC4 encryption. This combines Beaufort encryption, in which plain text is encrypted by applying a poly-alphabetic substitution code based on the Beaufort table by subtracting keys in plain text, and RC4 encryption, a stream cipher with a variable-length key algorithm. This research contributes to improving the security of data transmission and accelerating key generation.

Results
Tests are carried out by key space analysis, correlation coefficient analysis, information entropy analysis, visual analysis, and time complexity analysis.The results show that to secure encryption processes from brute force attacks, a key of at least 16 characters is necessary. IL data correlation values were IL1 = −0.010, IL2 = 0.006, and IL3 = 0.001, respectively, indicating that the proposed method (BRC4) is better than the Beaufort or RC4 methods in isolation. Meanwhile, the information entropy values from IL data are IL1 = 7.84, IL2 = 7.98, and IL3 = 7.99, respectively, likewise indicating that the proposed method is better than the Beaufort or RC4 methods in isolation. Both results also show that the proposed method is secure from MITM attacks. Visual analysis, using a histogram, shows that ciphertext is more significantly distributed than plaintext, and thus secure from MITM attacks. The time complexity analysis results show that the proposed method algorithm is categorized as linear complexity.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN REWARD DAN CONSEQUENCES TERHADAP MOTIVASI BELAJAR MURID KELAS IV DALAM KERANGKA PENDIDIKAN KRISTEN
Authors: Widyastuti Dian Kusuma , Subekti Iman 
Published: November 2021

penghargaan dan consequences atau konsekuensi kepada murid-muridnya. Guru hanya terfokus pada pemberian nilai atau skor ketika murid telah menyelesaikan penilaiannya. Pemberian reward dan consequences memiliki peranan yang sangat penting dalam proses pembelajaran para murid sehingga alangkah baiknya jika pemberian reward dan consequences dilakukan oleh guru dalam setiap interaksi selama berada di sekolah khususnya pada saat pembelajaran di kelas.
Penelitian ini berfokus pada pemberian reward dan consequences dalam kerangka Pendidikan Kristen. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian reward terhadap motivasi belajar, pemberian consequences terhadap motivasi belajar, serta pengaruh pemberian reward dan consequences secara bersamaan terhadap motivasi belajar dan seberapa besar pengaruhnya.
Hasil analisis data berdasarkan uji pengaruh menunjukkan adanya pengaruh pada pemberian reward terhadap motivasi belajar murid yaitu sebesar 21,2%. Pengaruh pemberian consequences terhadap motivasi belajar murid sebesar 23,9%. Sedangkan ketika pemberian reward dan consequences diberikan secara bersama-sama kepada murid maka pengaruhnya terhadap motivasi belajar murid sebesar 30,3% dengan persamaan regresinya Y = 21,737 + 0,272 X1 + 0,345 X2 yang berarti bahwa jika reward dan consequences naik satu-satuan maka masing-masing naik sebesar 0,272 dan 0,345. Kesimpulan penelitian ini adalah pemberian reward dan consequences secara bersama-sama berpengaruh terhadap motivasi belajar murid dan pengaruhnya lebih besar.
Cluster Fragments in Amorphous Phosphorus and their Evolution under Pressure
Authors: Zhou Yuxing , Kirkpatrick William , Deringer Volker L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAmorphous phosphorus (a‐P) has long attracted interest because of its complex atomic structure, and more recently as an anode material for batteries. However, accurately describing and understanding a‐P at the atomistic level remains a challenge. Here, it is shown that large‐scale molecular‐dynamics simulations, enabled by a machine‐learning (ML)‐based interatomic potential for phosphorus, can give new insights into the atomic structure of a‐P and how this structure changes under pressure. The structural model so obtained contains abundant five‐membered rings, as well as more complex seven‐ and eight‐atom clusters. Changes in the simulated first sharp diffraction peak during compression and decompression indicate a hysteresis in the recovery of medium‐range order. An analysis of cluster fragments, large rings, and voids suggests that moderate pressure (up to about 5 GPa) does not break the connectivity of clusters, but higher pressure does. The work provides a starting point for further computational studies of the structure and properties of a‐P, and more generally it exemplifies how ML‐driven modeling can accelerate the understanding of disordered functional materials.
Chiral Iron Complexes in Asymmetric Organic Transformations
Authors: Fusi Giovanni Maria , Gazzola Silvia , Piarulli Umberto 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTransition metal chiral catalysts can feature metal stereocenters in different coordination geometries. In the case of iron, both octahedral and tetrahedral geometries possessing a chirotopic iron atom have been synthesized and tested in stereoselective organic transformations. The configurational stability of these complexes, which in some cases is hampered by decomplexation and recomplexation of labile ligands, is achieved by the use of multidentate ligands in octahedral complexes, and of cyclopentadienyl anions (half sandwich complexes) in the case of tetrahedral structures. The use of octahedral iron complexes featuring configurationally stable iron stereocenters is reviewed in highly enantioselective reductions (hydrogenation and transfer hydrogenation of ketones) and oxidations (cis‐dihydroxylation of alkenes, epoxidation, sulfoxidation), while the use tetradentate iron complexes is described in C−C bond‐forming reactions and reductions.magnified image
Spatial and temporal patterns of consumption of animal‐source foods in Tanzania
Authors: Wang Ping , Tran Nhuong , Enahoro Dolapo , Chan Chin Yee , Shikuku Kelvin Mashisia , Rich Karl M. , Byrd Kendra , Thilsted Shakuntala H. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAnimal‐source foods (ASF) are an important source of nutrients in many developing countries. However, there is limited information on the demand for ASF and the factors influencing their consumption. This study assessed spatial and temporal patterns of ASF consumption in Tanzania using data from a nationally representative household survey. Price and expenditure elasticities of ASF demand were estimated by applying a censored Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) model. Results showed a 30% increase in weekly household expenditure on ASF from USD 3.02 in 2008 to USD 3.94 in 2014. The likelihood of a household purchasing ASF was 4.5 percentage points higher in urban compared to rural areas. With the exception of dried fish, the expenditure elasticity of ASF demand was positive and statistically significant. Expenditure and own‐price elasticities were largest for chicken and lowest for dried fish. The responsiveness of ASF demand to own‐price changes was higher in rural than urban areas in all cases. The findings imply that public policies that either raise household incomes or lower ASF prices have the potential to increase the consumption of ASF and consequently improve food and nutrition security in Tanzania. [EconLit Citations: C33, D12, Q18].
A review of the conservation status of seasonal Nothobranchius fishes (Teleostei: Cyprinodontiformes), a genus with a high level of threat, inhabiting ephemeral wetland habitats in Africa
Authors: Nagy Béla , Watters Brian R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

The small and colourful Nothobranchius fishes inhabit ephemeral habitats in freshwater wetlands of Africa and have extreme life‐history adaptations that allow their eggs to survive the periodic drying up of the seasonal natural habitats. They are subject to high levels of threat, with 72% of the 94 assessed species falling into one of the threatened Red List categories, as a consequence of habitat degradation of seasonal wetlands. There is, therefore, a need to conserve ephemeral waters for species that rely on the seasonality of habitats.
Extinction risk factors for all species of the genus were entirely reworked with IUCN Red List assessments, whereas first‐time assessments were established for species that had previously not been evaluated. These fishes complete their seasonal life cycle in ephemeral natural habitats and this makes them highly vulnerable, as such wetland habitats are often degraded owing to multiple interacting human‐induced stressors and threats, including cultivation of wetlands for agriculture, abstraction of water, expansion of urban areas and pollution load.
A fine‐scale classification scheme based on habitat type was used for each site to identify ecological characteristics and the pattern of threats. The classification scheme is based on a primary subdivision of natural habitats compared with those modified by human activities, with further subdivision within the two fundamental groupings. Out of the 478 analysed habitat site observations by the authors, 46% were affected by human activities.
Recommended conservation actions include: conducting surveys to better understand habitat trends and threats; establishing protected areas and effectively allocating resources to preserve wetland habitats; managing protection of the structural integrity of the habitats throughout the seasonal phases of wet and dry seasons; and raising awareness of the importance of healthy wetland systems and the value of the unique seasonal freshwater biodiversity.
Solvent‐Assisted Synthesis of Supramolecular‐Assembled Graphitic Carbon Nitride for Visible Light Induced Hydrogen Evolution – A Review
Authors: Dolai Susmita , Bhunia Susanta Kumar , Kluson Petr , Stavarek Petr , Pittermannova Anna 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMany graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4)‐based photocatalysts have attracted a significant interest because of the unique arrangement of carbon and nitrogen atoms. Changeable morphologies with tunable bandgap of g‐C3N4 materials were used in many applications including batteries, photovoltaics, photocatalysts, sensors, etc. This review focuses on the recent progress in the solvent assisted supramolecular‐assembled carbon nitride preparation for visible light induced hydrogen evolution from water. The synthesis involves tailoring the supramolecular assembly from different monomers followed by calcination. Different types of non‐covalent interactions between the monomers have been explained. In addition, the crucial role of solvent has been re‐counted in terms of the alteration of the structural morphology of assemblies. The mechanistic pathways of interaction in the formation of supramolecular assemblies have been also documented by molecular dynamics simulation. Finally, visible light triggered hydrogen evolution has been demonstrated along with discussion on challenges and future research direction.
Improved hard fusion methods for enhancing detection and energy efficiency in cognitive radio networks
Authors: Murugan Suganthi Sumi , Ramaswamy Shunmugavel Ganesh 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCognitive radio (CR) is a smart innovation in wireless industry, to resolve the issues of spectrum scarcity and underutilization. In this article, detection performance of majority rule is improved further by modifying the minimum number of justifiable local decisions required. A weight based improved hard fusion technique is proposed to enhance the detection performance. A weight factor is provided to the sensed results of the secondary users (SUs) based on their position from primary user (PU) and signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) value. A pipelined frame structure is proposed for combining sensing and reporting durations of users, nearer to PU. This increases duration of data transmission. Finally, a relay assistance method is proposed. Users with low residual energy are provided relay assistance with relay users (RUs), to prevent from running out of energy. With improved Majority fusion, 86.93% increase in detection is obtained at SNR of (−10 to −1) dB for false alarm of 0.2. There is about 24.30%, 38.10%, and 79.56% increase in detection for weight based AND, OR, and majority fusion respectively at false alarm of 0.2. In addition to detection performance, energy consumption, and throughput analysis of the proposed methods are performed to determine the achieved energy efficiency (EE).
Repurposing hyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated channels as a novel therapy for breast cancer
Authors: Mok Ka‐Chun , Tsoi Ho , Man Ellen PS , Leung Man‐Hong , Chau Ka Man , Wong Lai‐San , Chan Wing‐Lok , Chan Sum‐Yin , Luk Mai‐Yee , Chan Jessie Y.W. , Leung Jackie K.M. , Chan Yolanda H.Y. , Batalha Sellma , Lau Virginia , Siu David C.W. , Lee Terence K.W. , Gong Chun , Khoo Ui‐Soon 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHyperpolarization‐activated cyclic nucleotide‐gated (HCN) channels are members of the voltage‐gated cation channel family known to be expressed in the heart and central nervous system. Ivabradine, a small molecule HCN channel‐blocker, is FDA‐approved for clinical use as a heart rate‐reducing agent. We found that HCN2 and HCN3 are overexpressed in breast cancer cells compared with normal breast epithelia, and the high expression of HCN2 and HCN3 is associated with poorer survival in breast cancer patients. Inhibition of HCN by Ivabradine or by RNAi, aborted breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro and suppressed tumour growth in patient‐derived tumour xenograft models established from triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) tissues, with no evident side‐effects on the mice. Transcriptome‐wide analysis showed enrichment for cholesterol metabolism and biosynthesis as well as lipid metabolism pathways associated with ER‐stress following Ivabradine treatment. Mechanistic studies confirmed that HCN inhibition leads to ER‐stress, in part due to disturbed Ca2+ homeostasis, which subsequently triggered the apoptosis cascade. More importantly, we investigated the synergistic effect of Ivabradine and paclitaxel on TNBC and confirmed that both drugs acted synergistically in vitro through ER‐stress to amplify signals for caspase activation. Combination therapy could suppress tumour growth of xenografts at much lower doses for both drugs. In summary, our study identified a new molecular target with potential for being developed into targeted therapy, providing scientific grounds for initiating clinical trials for a new treatment regimen of combining HCN inhibition with chemotherapy.
Micro‐CT reconstruction reveals the colony pattern regulations of four dominant reef‐building corals
Authors: Li Yixin , Liao Xin , Bi Kun , Han Tingyu , Chen Junyuan , Lu Jing , He Chunpeng , Lu Zuhong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractColonies are the basic geometric building blocks of coral reefs. However, the forming regulations of both colonies and reefs are still not understood adequately. Therefore, in this study, we reconstructed 25 samples using high‐resolution micro‐computed tomography to investigate coral growth patterns and parameters. Our skeleton and canal reconstructions revealed the characteristics of different coral species, and we further visualized the growth axes and growth rings to understand the coral growth directions. We drew a skeleton grayscale map and calculated the coral skeleton void ratios to ascertain the skeletal diversity, devising a method to quantify coral growth. On the basis of the three‐dimensional (3D) reconstructions and growth parameters, we investigated the growth strategies of different coral species. This research increases the breadth of knowledge on how reef‐building corals grow their colonies, providing information on reef‐forming regulations. The data in this paper contain a large amount of coral growth information, which can be used in further research on reef‐forming patterns under different conditions. The method used in this study can also be applied to animals with porous skeletons.
Cardiovascular outcomes after cardiac resynchronization therapy in cardiac amyloidosis
Authors: Fischer Kilian , Lellouche Nicolas , Damy Thibaud , Martins Raphaël , Clementy Nicolas , Bisson Arnaud , Lesaffre François , Espinosa Madeline , Garcia Rodrigue , Degand Bruno , Serzian Guillaume , Jourda François , Huttin Olivier , Guichard Jean‐Baptiste , Devilliers Hervé , Eicher Jean‐Christophe , Laurent Gabriel , Guenancia Charles 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimsCardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is highly effective in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) patients with impaired left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left bundle block branch. In cardiac amyloidosis (CA) patients, left ventricular dysfunction and conduction defects are common, but the potential of CRT to improve cardiac remodelling and survival in this particular setting remains undefined. We investigated cardiovascular outcomes in CA patients after CRT implantation in terms of CRT echocardiographic response and major cardiovascular events (MACEs).Methods and resultsOur retrospective study included 47 CA patients implanted with CRT devices from January 2012 to February 2020, in nine French university hospitals (77 ± 6 years old, baseline LVEF 30 ± 8%) compared with propensity‐matched (1:1 for age, LVEF at implantation, and CRT indication) DCM patients with a CRT device. CA patients had lower rates of CRT response (absolute delta LVEF ≥ 10%) compared with DCM patients (36% vs. 70%, P = 0.002). After multivariate Cox analysis, CA was independently associated with MACE (hospitalization for heart failure/cardiovascular death) [hazard ratio (HR) 3.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.85–7.54, P < 0.001], along with the absence of CRT response (HR 3.01, 95% CI 1.56–5.79, P = 0.001). The presence of echocardiographic CRT response (absolute delta LVEF ≥ 10%) was the only predictive factor of MACE‐free survival in CA patients (HR 0.36, 95% CI 0.15–0.86, P = 0.002).ConclusionCompared with a matched cohort of DCM patients, CA patients had a lower rate of CRT response and consequently a worse cardiovascular prognosis after CRT implantation. However, CRT could be beneficial even in CA patients given that CRT response was associated with better cardiac outcomes in this population.
Organocalcium Complex‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenative Coupling of Hydrosilanes with Terminal Alkynes
Authors: Liu Ruixin , Liu Xiaojuan , Cheng Tanyu , Chen Yaofeng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAlkynylsilanes are an important class of organic compounds and dehydrogenative coupling of hydrosilanes with terminal alkynes provides a convenient and simple route to alkynylsilanes. On the other hand, calcium is an abundant, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly element and using organocalcium complexes as catalytic reagents in organic synthesis recently attracted increasing attentions. Here we report an organocalcium complex‐catalyzed dehydrogenative coupling of hydrosilanes with terminal alkynes. With a calcium alkyl complex [LCaCH2SiMe3] (L=[MeC(NDipp)CHC(tBu)NCH2CH2N(Me)CH2CH2NMe2]−, Dipp=2,6‐(iPr)2C6H3) as the catalyst, the reactions of n‐HexSiH3 with terminal alkynes provide trialkynylsilanes and those of Et2SiH2 with terminal alkynes give monoalkynylsilanes efficiently.