bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Single-Institution Experience With Standardized Objective and Subjective Scar Evaluation While Undergoing Fractional Ablative Carbon Dioxide Laser Treatment
Authors: Travis Taryn E , Allely Rebekah A , Johnson Laura S , Shupp Jeffrey W 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Laser treatment of burn scar has increased in recent years. Standard components of scar evaluation during laser scar revision have yet to be established. Patients who began laser scar revision from January 2018 to 2020, underwent at least three treatments, and completed evaluations for each treatment were included. Patients underwent fractional ablative carbon dioxide laser scar revision and pre- and postprocedure scar evaluations by a burn rehabilitation therapist, including Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale, Vancouver Scar Scale, our institutional scar comparison scale, durometry, and active range of motion measurements. Twenty-nine patients began laser scar revision and underwent at least three treatments with evaluations before and after each intervention. All patients improved in at least one scar assessment metric after a single laser treatment. After the second and third treatments, all patients improved in at least three scar assessment metrics. Range of motion was the most frequently improved. Durometry significantly improved after the third treatment. Patients and observers showed some agreement in their assessment of scar, but observers rated overall scar scores better than patients. Patients acknowledged substantial scar improvement on our institutional scar comparison scale. Burn scar improves with fractional ablative laser therapy in a range of scar ages and skin types, as early as the first session. Improvements continue as additional sessions are performed. This work suggests baseline evaluation components for patients undergoing laser and a timeline for expected clinical improvements which may inform conversations between patients and providers when considering laser for the symptomatic hypertrophic scar.
Did Secure Communities Lead to Safer Communities? Immigration Enforcement, Crime Deterrence, and Geographical Externalities
Authors: Kang Songman , Song B K 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Secure Communities is a recently introduced immigration enforcement policy in the United States, intended to improve public safety by making it easier to identify and deport criminal immigrants and immigration violators. In this article, we examine the effect of Secure Communities on crime by utilizing the variation in its timing of activation across counties. We extend previous research by exploring potential crime spillovers associated with Secure Communities, in which its activation in one jurisdiction affects crime rates in a neighboring jurisdiction. Estimation results suggest that the activation of Secure Communities influenced crime rates in both the activated area and neighboring areas in important ways. We find that Secure Communities led to a significant crime reduction in the activated area if it is also activated in neighboring areas, but no significant local crime reduction is observed if not activated in neighboring areas. Likewise, its activation is often associated with significant crime spillovers into neighboring areas, but this displacement effect is often completely eliminated if Secure Communities is activated in the neighboring areas as well.
A thermodynamically nonlocal damage model using a surface-residual-based nonlocal stress
Authors: Huang Liyang , Yao Yin 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
In this research, a surface-residual-based nonlocal stress was introduced into nonlocal damage theory to describe the long-range actions among microstructures that were excluded in the definition of Cauchy stress. By using the surface-residual-based nonlocal stress tensor, a thermodynamically consistent nonlocal integral damage model was established to simulate the strain localization behavior for elastic-brittle damage problems. In this model, both the strain and the damage were taken as nonlocal variables in the free energy function, and the integral-type damage constitutive relationships and the evolution equation were derived via thermodynamic laws in order to ensure the self-consistency within the thermodynamic framework. Based on the nonlocal damage formulations using a real nonlocal stress concept, we simulated the strain localization phenomenon in an elastic bar subjected to uniaxial tension. The results showed clear localizing and softening features of strain in the damage zone, and the boundary effects arising from the nonlocal surface residual were illuminated. Furthermore, the strain localization behaviors for different internal characteristic lengths were simulated, through which we found that the characteristic length was comparable to the size of the strain localization zone.
Topical Review: Developmental Framework of Moderators of Family Conflict for Type 1 Diabetes Outcomes
Authors: Campbell MaryJane S , Berg Cynthia A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
To present a developmental framework of family conflict in youth with type 1 diabetes (T1D) that aims to guide future research.

Methods
Developmental and pediatric literature are reviewed to highlight family factors that may modify the degree to which diabetes-related family conflict is related to adolescent health outcomes.

Results
Developmental literature suggests that family conflict is not inherently bad; rather, conflict that arises under optimal conditions (moderate frequency, warm and accepting relationships) can be adaptive for adolescents. However, family conflict is consistently associated with poor disease outcomes in youth with T1D, with few researchers examining specific moderators of these associations. In this topical review, we highlight moderators of family conflict and developmental outcomes identified in adolescents without chronic illness (e.g., cultural factors, parent–child relationship quality, conflict characteristics) and how these moderators may operate for a pediatric chronic illness such as T1D.

Conclusions
Incorporating conceptualizations of family conflict from mainstream developmental research has important implications for future research and intervention adaptations on family conflict in pediatric populations.
Interpolation for intermediate logics via injective nested sequents
Authors: Kuznets Roman , Lellmann Björn 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe introduce a novel, semantically inspired method of constructing nested sequent calculi for propositional intermediate logics. Applying recently developed methods for proving Craig interpolation to these nested sequent calculi, we obtain constructive proofs of the interpolation property for most non-trivial interpolable intermediate logics, as well as Lyndon interpolation for Gödel logic. Finally, we provide a prototype implementation combining proof search and countermodel construction.
Two cases of gastric penetration by fish bones with differing courses
Authors: Masaoka Ryo , Masaoka Rion , Hayashi Kazunori , Suzuki Yuto , Katayama Yasumi , Tamano Masaya 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Most foreign bodies swallowed accidentally are naturally excreted. Gastric penetration by a fish bone is rare due to anatomical and physiological features such as the thick stomach wall, wide lumen and gastric acid. The most common penetration site is the antral region. The clinical course of fish bone penetration of the gastric antrum may differ depending on the direction of penetration. In this report, two cases of gastric perforation by fish bones that followed different courses are presented. One case was treated conservatively with antibiotics alone, and another case was considered for surgery, due to increased hematoma and penetration of the fish bone into the pancreas. However, the patient’s comorbidities were so severe that surgery was not possible, resulting in meticulous follow-up. Diagnostic imaging was important in these cases.
Engaging older adults as advocates for age-friendly, walkable communities: The Senior Change Makers Pilot Study
Authors: Patch Christina M , Conway Terry L , Kerr Jacqueline , Arredondo Elva M , Levy Susan , Spoon Chad , Butte Katie J , Sannidhi Deepa , Millstein Rachel A , Glorioso Danielle , Jeste Dilip V , Sallis James F 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
As the U.S. population ages, communities must adapt to help older adults thrive. Built environment features, like safe sidewalks and crosswalks, provide the foundation for age- and physical activity-friendly communities. Controlled studies are needed to evaluate advocacy training programs that instruct and support seniors to advocate for more walkable neighborhoods. The Senior Change Makers Pilot Study evaluated an advocacy program that taught seniors to evaluate pedestrian environments using the validated MAPS-Mini audit tool, identify barriers, and advocate for improvements. Participants (n = 50) were recruited from four low-income senior housing sites in San Diego, CA, which were randomly assigned to an 8-week advocacy program or physical activity (PA) comparison intervention. Evaluation included surveys, accelerometers to assess PA, and direct observation. Primary outcomes were seniors’ advocacy confidence and skills. Main analyses used repeated measures ANOVAs. Seniors in the advocacy condition (n = 17) increased their advocacy outcome efficacy (p = .03) and knowledge of resources (p = .04) more than seniors in the PA condition (n = 33). Most seniors in the advocacy condition completed a street audit (84%), submitted an advocacy request (79%), or made an advocacy presentation to city staff (58%). Environmental changes included repairs to sidewalks and crosswalks. City staff approved requests for lighting, curb cuts, and crosswalk markings. Seniors’ accelerometer-measured PA did not significantly increase, but self-reported transportation activity increased in the PA condition (p = .04). This study showed the potential of advocacy training to empower seniors to make communities more age- and activity-friendly.
Making large changes or small changes to prevent weight gain in young adulthood: which is preferred and by whom?
Authors: Hayes Jacqueline F , Tate Deborah F , Espeland Mark A , LaRose Jessica Gokee , Gorin Amy A , Lewis Cora E , Jelalian Elissa , Bahnson Judy , Dunsiger Shira I , Wing Rena R ,   Study of Novel Approaches to Weight Gain Prevention (SNAP) Research Group
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Knowledge of participant treatment preferences can inform decision-making regarding treatment dissemination and future participant adoption. To compare participant perceptions of two evidence-based approaches for weight gain prevention in young adults to identify the intervention with the greatest likelihood of adoption. As part of a randomized trial (Study of Novel Approaches to Weight Gain Prevention [SNAP]; n = 599) testing weight gain prevention interventions in young adults (18–35 years), individuals assigned to self-regulation interventions using either large changes or small changes reported on perceived personal effectiveness and difficulty of treatment over 3 years. Treatment satisfaction at 2-year follow-up was also reported. Pre-randomization, participants believed the large change intervention would be more personally effective than the small change intervention, although they also considered it more complex. Older age, lower body mass index (p = 0.056), and desire to maintain versus lose weight predicted greater perceived effectiveness of the small change relative to large change intervention. Over follow-up, the large change intervention was no longer perceived as more effective, but perceived effectiveness aligned with assigned treatment. The small change intervention was rated as less complex than the large change intervention at 4 months, but not at other follow-ups. At study conclusion, participants were largely satisfied with both treatments; however, in the small change intervention, individuals who were not successful at preventing weight gain were less satisfied than individuals who were successful. The large and small change interventions are both appropriate for dissemination with no clear advantages based on the participant perceptions.
Adaptive plasticity in plant traits increases time to hydraulic failure under drought in a foundation tree
Authors: Challis Anthea , Blackman Chris , Ahrens Collin , Medlyn Belinda , Rymer Paul , Tissue David 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The viability of forest trees, in response to climate change-associated drought, will depend on their capacity to survive through genetic adaptation and phenotypic plasticity in drought tolerance traits. Genotypes with enhanced plasticity for drought tolerance (adaptive plasticity) will have a greater ability to persist and delay the onset of hydraulic failure. By examining populations from different climate-origins grown under contrasting soil water availability, we tested for genotype (G), environment (E) and genotype-by-environment (G × E) effects on traits that determine the time it takes for saplings to desiccate from stomatal closure to 88% loss of stem hydraulic conductance (time to hydraulic failure, THF). Specifically, we hypothesized that: (i) THF is dependent on a G × E interaction, with longer THF for warm, dry climate populations in response to chronic water deficit treatment compared with cool, wet populations, and (ii) hydraulic and allometric traits explain the observed patterns in THF. Corymbia calophylla saplings from two populations originating from contrasting climates (warm-dry or cool-wet) were grown under well-watered and chronic soil water deficit treatments in large containers. Hydraulic and allometric traits were measured and then saplings were dried-down to critical levels of drought stress to estimate THF. Significant plasticity was detected in the warm-dry population in response to water-deficit, with enhanced drought tolerance compared with the cool-wet population. Projected leaf area and total plant water storage showed treatment variation, and minimum conductance showed significant population differences driving longer THF in trees from warm-dry origins grown in water-limited conditions. Our findings contribute information on intraspecific variation in key drought traits, including hydraulic and allometric determinants of THF. It highlights the need to quantify adaptive capacity in populations of forest trees in climate change-type drought to improve predictions of forest die-back.
Relation Between Acute Administration of Synthetic Cannabinoids and Induction of Epileptic Seizures
Authors: Nagy Nahla E. , Elhabiby Mahmoud M. , Mohsen Nesreen M. , Ismail Lobna A.B. , Farouk Samar W. 
Published: July 2021

Objectives:
Recently, there has been an obvious increase in the synthetic cannabinoid abuse that can cause severe toxicity and major physical and psychological consequences. Here we have assessed the impacts of synthetic cannabinoids intake on induction of seizures and on electroencephalographic activity, allowing for exploration of one of the physical hazards that might associate synthetic cannabinoids use helping for better management.

Methods:
Forty male patients using synthetic cannabinoids and 40 nonusing males were registered in this work. All individuals were determined via a detailed history of substance use and diagnosed according to International Classification of Diseases version 11 as synthetic cannabinoid use disorders, detailed history of seizures from close relatives who witnessed seizure occurrence and its correlation with the last dose of synthetic cannabinoid use and then investigated by long-term electroencephalograph.

Results:
Seizures were considerably more common in the synthetic cannabinoid using group than in the nonusing group, with the main presenting event in the form of the generalized tonic-clonic seizure. Seizures occurred within 15 minutes of intake in 81.8% of patients. Long-term electroencephalography showed electroencephalographic changes in 45% of cases using synthetic cannabinoids that were statistically more significant than in the nonusing group (2.5%), with the most prominent electroencephalographic change in the form of left frontal focus in 22.5% of cases.

Conclusion:
Synthetic cannabinoid usage has been linked to seizure induction and has been shown to alter electroencephalographic activity.
No Benefit of Deriving Cochlear-Implant Maps From Binaural Temporal-Envelope Sensitivity for Speech Perception or Spatial Hearing Under Single-Sided Deafness
Authors: Dirks Coral E. , Nelson Peggy B. , Oxenham Andrew J. 
Published: July 2021

Objectives:
This study tested whether speech perception and spatial acuity improved in people with single-sided deafness and a cochlear implant (SSD+CI) when the frequency allocation table (FAT) of the CI was adjusted to optimize frequency-dependent sensitivity to binaural disparities.

Design:
Nine SSD+CI listeners with at least 6 months of CI listening experience participated. Individual experimental FATs were created to best match the frequency-to-place mapping across ears using either sensitivity to binaural temporal-envelope disparities or estimated insertion depth. Spatial localization ability was measured, along with speech perception in spatially collocated or separated noise, first with the clinical FATs and then with the experimental FATs acutely and at 2-month intervals for 6 months. Listeners then returned to the clinical FATs and were retested acutely and after 1 month to control for long-term learning effects.

Results:
The experimental FAT varied between listeners, differing by an average of 0.15 octaves from the clinical FAT. No significant differences in performance were observed in any of the measures between the experimental FAT after 6 months and the clinical FAT one month later, and no clear relationship was found between the size of the frequency-allocation shift and perceptual changes.

Conclusion:
Adjusting the FAT to optimize sensitivity to interaural temporal-envelope disparities did not improve localization or speech perception. The clinical frequency-to-place alignment may already be sufficient, given the inherently poor spectral resolution of CIs. Alternatively, other factors, such as temporal misalignment between the two ears, may need to be addressed before any benefits of spectral alignment can be observed.
Antigen-based Rapid Diagnostic Testing or Alternatives for Diagnosis of Symptomatic COVID-19
Authors: Kendall Emily A. , Arinaminpathy Nimalan , Sacks Jilian A. , Manabe Yukari C. , Dittrich Sabine , Schumacher Samuel G. , Dowdy David W. 
Published: July 2021

Background:
SARS-CoV-2 antigen-detection rapid diagnostic tests can diagnose COVID-19 rapidly and at low cost, but lower sensitivity compared with reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has limited clinical adoption.

Methods:
We compared antigen testing, PCR testing, and clinical judgment alone for diagnosing symptomatic COVID-19 in an outpatient setting (10% COVID-19 prevalence among the patients tested, 3-day PCR turnaround) and a hospital setting (40% prevalence, 24-hour PCR turnaround). We simulated transmission from cases and contacts, and relationships between time, viral burden, transmission, and case detection. We compared diagnostic approaches using a measure of net benefit that incorporated both clinical and public health benefits and harms of the intervention.

Results:
In the outpatient setting, we estimated that using antigen testing instead of PCR to test 200 individuals could be equivalent to preventing all symptomatic transmission from one person with COVID-19 (one “transmission-equivalent”). In a hospital, net benefit analysis favored PCR and testing 25 patients with PCR instead of antigen testing achieved one transmission-equivalent of benefit. In both settings, antigen testing was preferable to PCR if PCR turnaround time exceeded 2 days. Both tests provided greater net benefit than management based on clinical judgment alone unless intervention carried minimal harm and was provided equally regardless of diagnostic approach.

Conclusions:
For diagnosis of symptomatic COVID-19, we estimated that the speed of diagnosis with antigen testing is likely to outweigh its lower accuracy compared with PCR, wherever PCR turnaround time is 2 days or longer. This advantage may be even greater if antigen tests are also less expensive.
Implant Loss and Associated Risk Factors following Implant-based Breast Reconstructions
Authors: Blok Yara L. , van Lierop Evelien , Plat Victor D. , Corion Leonard U.M. , Verduijn Pieter S. , Krekel Nicole M.A. 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Implant loss is the most severe complication of implant-based breast reconstructions. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of implant loss and other complications, identify associated risk factors, and create a risk model for implant loss.

Methods:
This was a retrospective cohort study of all patients who underwent a mastectomy, followed by either a two-stage or a direct-to-implant breast reconstruction. Patient variables, operative characteristics, and postoperative complications were obtained from the patient records. A multivariate mixed-effects logistic regression model was used to create a risk model for implant loss.

Results:
A total of 297 implant-based breast reconstructions were evaluated. Overall, the incidence of implant loss was 11.8%. Six risk factors were significantly associated with implant loss: obesity, a bra cup size larger than C, active smoking status, a nipple-preserving procedure, a direct-to-implant reconstruction, and a lower surgeon’s volume. A risk model for implant loss was created, showing a predicted risk of 8.4%–13% in the presence of one risk factor, 21.9%–32.5% in the presence of two, 47.5%–59.3% in the presence of three, and over 78.2% in the presence of four risk factors.

Conclusions:
The incidence of implant loss in this study was 11.8%. Six associated significant risk factors were identified. Our risk model for implant loss revealed that the predicted risk increased over 78.2% when four risk factors were present. This risk model can be used to better inform patients and decrease the risk of implant loss by optimizing surgery using personalized therapy.
Doctority: Plastic Surgery—An Informative Podcast for Applicants to Learn about Plastic Surgery Training Programs
Authors: Stoehr Jenna R. , Hamidian Jahromi Alireza , Gosain Arun K. 
Published: July 2021

Summary:
The COVID-19 pandemic limited the ability of medical students to participate in plastic surgery sub-internships and to attend residency interviews in person during the 2020–2021 match cycle. A podcast and accompanying online directory were created to introduce integrated plastic surgery residency programs to medical students from the perspective of current residents. Since July 2020, a total of 49 plastic surgery residents representing 42 programs have participated in the podcast. Topics of discussion included program logistics, faculty leadership, and aspects of resident lifestyle of interest to medical students and future residency candidates. The podcast has had a total of 5072 downloads (mean 121 downloads per episode). The majority of listeners (90%) were in the United States. Twenty-five plastic surgery applicants who participated in the 2020–2021 National Resident Matching Program match cycle responded to a feedback survey. Listeners reported that the podcast was useful for preparing for interviews, making rank lists, and learning about programs that they otherwise would not have considered. Most listeners (90%) ranked the podcast as one of their top three resources for learning about plastic surgery programs during the application and interview process. Future directions include completion of episodes for all integrated plastic surgery programs and expansion to other surgical subspecialties and plastic surgery fellowships.