bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Willingness to Pay for Cider Products: Results of a Survey on Habits and Consumption Behavior
Authors: Le Fur Eric , Outreville J. François 
Published: October 2021

Purpose The objective of the paper is to investigate the impact of habits and consumption behavior on the willingness to pay (WTP) for cider by surveying young consumers. Method The analysis is based on a questionnaire distributed to a group of 433 French business students from December 2017 to January 2018. Specifically, the questionnaire is designed to test whether young consumers would pay a premium price or not for quality ciders with respect to a traditional sweet cider with similar characteristics. We are modelling the premium that consumers are willing to pay for an organic cider, a farmer cider and rosé cider. To accommodate the feature of a significant proportion of zero or negative premiums in dependent variables, the Heckman two-stage estimation procedure is performed. Results Results show that the young generation consider cider as a cheap, festive and non-organic beverage and is willing to pay a premium for quality ciders like specifically rosé and farmer ciders. Conclusion The results from this research have useful implications not only for the cider market but also in the understanding of the characteristics of competitive beverages that young consumers may prefer and value.
Performance Analysis and Trade Strategy Indonesia-MERCOSURE
Authors: Hastuti Siregar  , Wibowo  , Anda Nugroho  , Dea Amanda  
Published: October 2021

Indonesia has established various cooperative relationships with Latin American countries. Various efforts to explore Indonesia's cooperation with other countries have been continuously done, especially with MERCOSUR founding countries (Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay) as a potential market for Indonesian export products. The objectives of this study are (1) identifying the trade performance between Indonesia and MERCOSUR countries; (2) analyzing factors affecting Indonesia’s export to MERCOSUR countries; and (3) formulating strategies for trade cooperation between Indonesia and MERCOSUR countries. The analytical methods used are Qualitative Descriptive Analysis, Gravity Model, and SWOT Analysis. The results show that the value of Indonesia's exports and imports to MERCOSUR countries is still small compared to other competing countries. Import tariffs imposed by MERCOSUR countries on Indonesia's main export products are still relatively high, on the contrary, import tariffs imposed by Indonesia on MERCOSUR's main products are relatively low. Indonesia's exports to MERCOSUR countries are positively and significantly affected by the GDP of MERCOSUR countries. The recommendations for Indonesia-MERCOSUR trade cooperation strategies are: (1) optimizing Indonesia's ability to meet the MERCOSUR market, especially for palm oil, rubber, auto parts, artificial fibers, footwear, coconuts, and tobacco; (2) increasing cooperation intensity in Free Trade Area (FTA) form; (3) improving tariff structure and non-tariff barriers; and (4) strengthening the economic diplomacy.
Morfologi Mutan Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) Hasil Iradiasi Sinar Gamma Pada Cekaman Kering
Authors: Harianja Desima Natalia , Karti P D M H , Prihantoro I 
Published: October 2021

Alfalfa in dry stress conditions cannot grow optimally. Drought inhibits growth and reduces alfalfa production in many cultivation systems. Plants breeding with gamma-ray irradiation and in vitro selection using PEG found somaclonal variants adapted to grow well in drought conditions. This study aims to determine the type of mutation with the best morphology in dry stress conditions. Alfalfa mutants resulting from gamma irradiation were sub-cultured in vitro. Alfalfa mutants cultured in PEG medium, according to treatments. This experiment used completely randomized factorial design with 2 factors, namely the gamma-ray irradiation doses (0 Gy, 100 Gy, 200 Gy, 300 Gy, 400 and 500 Gy), and PEG concentrations (5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% ). The variables observed were viability, plant height, number of leaves, wet weight, medium shrinkage, leaf wilting, and leaf color. The results showed that the gamma-irradiated mutant had a better (p<0.05) morphology than the control (0 Gy) in the face of dry stress conditions. Combination of 500 Gy and 20% PEG concentration resulted the best type of mutant. Key words: alfalfa, in vitro, gamma rays, PEG
Some Pathological Study of Experimental Infection of Blastocystis hominis in Mice
Authors: AL-Taee E. H. 
Published: October 2021

Blastocystis hominis isolated from patients suffering from diarrhea patients (56) in number visited two hospital in Baghdad were cultured on liver infusion broth to infecting laboratory animals. Albino mice (4-6) wks in age were infected with Blastocystis hominis by inculcation and after the appearance of clinical signs (weakness, diarrhea) the mice were killed and pathological studies were done on organs like intestine, stomach and liver, the lesion showed desquamation of mucosa, severe infiltration of inflammatory cells specially around the parasite, this lesion was more severe in large intestine from the other organs.
The parasite was seen in liver cells and appeared with different stages of growth and replication causing vaculation and necrosis in the hepatocyte.
Diuretic effects of aqueous extract of Olive Leaves (Olea europea) in adult male rats.
Authors: Abdullah B. N. , Khudiar K. K. , Toma B. S. 
Published: October 2021

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of aqueous extract of olive leaves (Olea europea) on kidney functions. Eighteen adult male rats
three equal groups placed individually in were randomly divided in to metabolic cages and were handled as follows: group (C) served as control group; rats in group (T1) were intubated (90 mg/kg B.W.) of aqueous extract of
group T2 were intubated (0.8 mg/kg B.W.) of olive leaves and rats in ammuretic. Blood and urine samples were collected after 24 hours of
significant increase in urinary output intubation. The results showed a
ions and potassium urinary sodium increase in an
by accompanied concentration in the olive leaves treated group only. Creatinine clearance (as an
for glomerular filtration rate) increased significantly in both treated index groups, it is concluded that olive leaves extract may cause its diuretic effect by. increasing the glomerulor filtration rate.
Some anatomical aspects of Cardiac and roots of large blood vessels in one humped camel (Camelus dromadarius)
Authors: Merhish Shaker M. 
Published: October 2021

This study use 40 specimens for one humped camel heart at the age 6 - 8 years and the specimens with their large arteries and vein roots without any harm.
They have been washed and cleaned from blood and injected with latex added to it pink carmine dye (pigment).
Arterial branches that feed the one humped camel heart had been studied. It proved that the heart shape in the one humped camel is wide at it's base and narrow at it's apex. The heart locate in thoracic cavity in inclinaing to the left. The ratio of heart weight to the body is 1.27% and the average heart weight 4810 gram and - that the average weight of the heart in the she camel
this refereed to that the heart weight in 4010 gram and the male 4902 gram male is larger. this study showed that right corronary artery in the camel is big while the left corronary artery in domestic animals is small .
We concluded from this study the artery branches collateral always grown from coronary artery and in a more condense that in horses, cows and sheep and veins where vena zygys disappear and the large heart artery and middle artery end at the corronary artery sinus where arterial and venal branches inter to right atrium. It is similar in cows and horses and that the papillary muscle of the heart is supplied by right and left corronary arteries in one humped camel.
The importance of calcium in the immunity of the body in chickens
Authors: Al-Azawi Tahani S. S. 
Published: October 2021

Blood samples were obtained from clinically normal Fawbro chicks in order to study age – related blood changes in lymphocytes, globulin and calcium percentage. A total of 30 Fawbro chicks were kept from the first day of hatching till the fifty sixth day in one room and were fed on commercial starter and finisher rations. Two blood samples were taken from jegular or wing vein every week. One sample was used for total and differential leukocytic count, the other sample was used for serum isolation to estimate total protein, globulin and calcium amount, total plasma calcium estimation.
The results of this study provide an important reference and appear to be the first set of published data for the age – related blood values concerned with immunity in chickens. The important role of calcium in immunity is also reported and discussed here for the first time.
The role of melatonin in maintenance of immunological internal environment
Authors: Al-Azawi T. S. S. , Injidi Majid H. , Rh,adi A. K. J. , Habib A. A.W. 
Published: October 2021

Melatonin hormone secretes from the pineal gland during dark period. This study was designed to investigate the effect of daily melatonin administration to chicks on some physiological parameters A total of fifty fawbro chicks of one day old were divided into two groups. The first group was given melatonin orally at a dose of 12ug/100g body weight daily for eight weeks and the other group was used as a control. During this experimental work the following parameters were studied. Daily feed and water intake, body temperature before and after melatonin administration with a general observation of chick's behaviour. Blood samples were collected weekly to study some parameters (total red blood cells, hemoglobin content, packed cell volume and differential leukocytic count).
The results showed that, melatonin caused a drop of body temperature with relaxation and sleeping of chicks up to three hours after its administration. This period was accompanied by depression of feed and water intake. Total RBCs count, Hb, PCV, and lymphocytes were significantly increased with a decrease in heterophil / lymphocyte ratio.
In conclusion, results of this investigation indicate that melatonin causes calming and sleeping of chicks and improves their feed conversion ratio.These results appear to be the first indication that melatonin does play an important role in immunity and improvement of blood picture. These effects were suggested to be due to the immuno – enhancing and anti-stress actio melatonin.
Forensik Router untuk Mendeteksi Flooding Attack Menggunakan Metode Live Forensic
Authors: Pradhana Ilman , Riadi Imam , Prayudi Yudi 
Published: October 2021

Teknologi informasi di era saat ini menunjukkan perkembangan yang pesat khususnya dalam bidang komputer berbasis jaringan. Di sisi lain, terdapat beberapa oknum-oknum tertentu yang menyalahgunakan teknologi tersebut salah satunya dengan melakukan serangan pada jaringan komputer. Router merupakan perangkat jaringan yang dapat membuat jaringan lokal bisa terhubung ke jaringan public. Router seringkali menjadi target serangan, hal ini dikarenakan Router menjadi jalur lalu lintas pengiriman data. Flooding Attack merupakan salah satu serangan pada jaringan komputer. Serangan yang dilakukan bertujuan membanjiri lalu lintas data pada jaringan sehingga dapat menyebabkan jaringan menjadi down (lumpuh) diakibatkan kelebihan beban. Untuk mendeteksi Flooding Attack diperlukan beberapa alat seperti Winbox yang digunakan untuk mendapatkan Log Activity, Log Traffics dan Ip Address serta Wireshark sebagai alat untuk mencari informasi yang terdapat pada Log Traffic yang dapat digunakan sebagai bukti digital dengan menggunakan metode Live Forensics. Dalam penelitian ini, informasi yang akan digali adalah Log Activity, Log Traffics dan IP Address. Untuk memperoleh informasi tersebut, maka dilakukan beberapa simulasi serangan pada Router. Dari simulasi yang dilakukan terjadi peningkatan signifikan pada lalulintas jaringan Router serta penggunaan sumber daya yang juga meningkat. Adapun output dari penelitian ini yaitu menemukan dan menarik data-data penting yang merupakan bukti digital berupa Log Activity serta Log Traffic. Informasi yang diperoleh pada file log tersebut yaitu ditemukan adanya IP Address yang terdeteksi melakukan serangan yaitu IP Address 192.168.2.252. Beberapa informasi yang terdapat pada log file yang telah ditarik juga dapat dijadikan sebagai barang bukti dalam persidangan.
Procesos da historiografía literaria galega
Para un debate crítico
Authors: Casas Arturo 
Published: October 2021

Galician literary historiography shows links and ruptures that refer to the cultural history of Galicia itself and to the sequence of historical events that have delineated the social, economic and political development of the country since the nineteenth century. These coordinates comprise a series of processes, including the elaboration and propagation of ideologies aimed at achieving a way out of political subalternity and oriented towards the horizon of national emancipation. Those events and these processes also marked the connection of Galicia with modernity and the dynamics of historical change. As a result of the above, this book analyses critically the institutionalization processes of the history of Galician literature – with special emphasis on historiographic models such as that of Said Armesto, Carvalho Calero, Méndez Ferrín and others – and indicates the need to undertake a productive methodological innovation of the discipline in heuristic, organic and discursive terms. It further argues that this update should pay attention to substantive theoretical debates, not exclusively of specific cultural coordinates, such as Galician ones or any others that could be considered. Among these, the cooperation between history and sociology, the intellection of literary facts as historical facts, the review of the link between literary history and nation, the public uses of literary history, and the inquiry of discursive choices that promote a less self-indulgent and predictable historiography. This essentially involved a challenge, that of permanent dialogue with some of the most powerful critical reinterpretations of the Galician historiographic tradition and with alternative models constituted from feminist thought, postcolonial theories, the sociology of the literary field or the systemic theories of culture, as well as with the contributions made from a post-national understanding of the literary phenomenon.
A GRAPE VARIETIES RESISTANCE TO LOW WINTER TEMPERATURES
Authors: Nen'ko N. I. , Kiseleva G. K. , Il'ina I. A. , Zaporozhets N. M. , Sokolova V. V. 
Published: October 2021

In the conditions of frequently repeated in recent years, temperature fluctuations in the Anao-Taman zone of the Krasnodar region, where the main areas of grape plantings are concentrated, the resistance issues of grapes to low temperatures of the winter period are particularly relevant, since sharp differences in the air temperature in the autumn-winter period contribute to the decrease in winter resistance Grape vines. The article presents the results of the assessment of physiological biochemical changes, which are a fundamental adaptive reaction of plants associated with the frost resistance of grapes of various ecological and geographical origin: Dostoyny, Krasnostop, Kristall, Vostorg, Aligote, Zarif. As a result of research in grape varieties, Krasnostop, Crystal, Vostorg was revealed to maximize kidney hydrogen decreased (by 11.7-15.3%) and increased accumulation of water-soluble sugars (at 2.67-3.29 times) in comparison with other studied varieties, What speaks of their larger resistance to low temperatures. The variety of the Vostorg was discovered an increase in the content of proline by 40.5 times, indicating its active participation in the formation of a protective response to low temperatures. In all studied grape varieties have a closer connection between the kidney hydrogen and the content of soluble sugars in the core than with the content of the proline. Of all varieties, the waters of the grape vines, the content of soluble sugars and proline, the varieties of the Krasnostop, Crystal, Vostorg are allocated as the most resistant to low temperatures in the conditions of the Anao Taman zone of the Krasnodar Territory, which makes it possible to conclude the possibility of their use in the selection process in quality sources of frost resistance.
Assessment of T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 in COVID-19 convalescents and vaccinated subjects, using TigraTest<sup>®</sup> SARS-CoV-2 ELISPOT kit
Authors: Poteryaev D. A. , Abbasova S. G. , Ignatyeva P. E. , Strizhakova O. M. , Kolesnik S. V. , Khamitov R. A. 
Published: October 2021

With the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, a number of molecular-based tests have been developed to diagnose SARS-CoV-2 infection. However, numerous available serological tests lack sufficient sensitivity or specificity. They do not detect specific antibodies in a significant proportion of patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19. There is evidence that some convalescents have a relatively short-lived humoral immunity. In contrast, a number of publications have shown that T-cell response to human coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-1, MERS, and SARS-CoV-2, can be strong and long-term. Assessment of T-cell immunity to SARS-CoV-2 is important not only for stratification of risks and identification of potentially protected populations with immunity acquired as a result of previous infection, but also for determining immunogenicity and potential efficacy of vaccines under development. The existing methods of quantitative or semi-quantitative assessment of specific T-cell response are mainly used in scientific research and are not standardised. The aim of the study was to develop and verify experimentally a test kit to be used in a standardised procedure for in vitro determination of T-cells specific to SARS-CoV-2 antigens, in human peripheral blood. Materials and methods: the TigraTest® SARS-CoV-2 kit developed by GENERIUM, which determines the number of T-cells secreting interferon gamma in vitro, was tested in the study. Samples of venous blood of volunteers from three different groups were analysed in the study: presumably healthy volunteers; COVID-19 convalescents; individuals vaccinated against SARS-CoV-2. Results: the authors developed the TigraTest® SARS-CoV-2 kit for in vitro determination of T-cells specific to SARS-CoV-2 antigens in human peripheral blood, demonstrated its specificity and performed preliminary assessment of its sensitivity. The study analysed the range and magnitude of the T-cell response in convalescent and vaccinated individuals. A pronounced T-cell response was also shown in some individuals with no symptoms or with unconfirmed diagnosis. It was discovered that the mean T-cell response to peptides of the spike protein (S-protein) was higher in the vaccinated individuals than in the convalescent patients. A correlation was determined between the severity of the disease and the level of T-cell response. Specific contributions of various groups of antigens to the T-cell response after COVID-19 infection were also determined. Conclusions: the TigraTest® SARS-CoV-2 kit is a specific and sensitive tool for the assessment of T-cell immunity to the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which can also be used for vaccinated individuals. The kit may be used in clinical practice for comprehensive assessment of immunity to SARS-CoV-2.
Sexually Transmitted Infections in A Tertiary Hospital of Kathmandu: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Paudel Sushil , Parajuli Niraj , Dahal Sudip , Paudel Sudarshan 
Published: October 2021

Introduction: Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are the diseases that are transmitted by sexual contact if a partner is infected with agent known to cause infection of genitalia. This group of diseases pose a huge public health problem. This study aims to provide an insight on the prevalence of STIs in a tertiary care center dedicated to civil servants.
Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study. All patients diagnosed with STI in a dermatology out-patient of Civil Service Hospital, a tertiary care hospital situated in Kathmandu over a period of two years from January 1 2018 to December 30 2019 were included in the study. The diagnosis was made by clinical and laboratory investigations.
Results: The total number 157 cases of STIs were enrolled in this study, of which 119 (75.8%) were males and 38(24.2%) were females. The mean age of patients was 27.8±8.8 years, ranging from 15 to 60 years. Seventy three (46.5%) patients were married, while 81 (51.6%) patients were unmarried. Unmarried males were significantly more vulnerable to acquire STIs (p=0.005). Males were having significantly more premarital or extramarital sexual exposures as compared to females (p<0.001). The most common presentation was condyloma acuminata in 84(53.5%) patients. Consistent use of condom was reported only in 3 (2.5%) males and 1 (2.6%) females in this study. No association was noted between the education level attained to the practice of safe sexual methods (p=0.535).
Conclusion: The proportion of males was higher than females in our study which might be due to the reluctances of female to see doctor for sexual problems. The level of education did not seem to make people aware of practicing safe sex. Sexual education seems must in all level of education.
The Effects of Age Factor on Learning English Language: A Case Study of Sudanese Private and Public Secondary Schools in Khartoum State, Sudan
Authors: Alhaj Ali Albashir Mohammed , Ali Dina Ali Abdalla , Ahmed Majda Babiker , Alian Eman Mahmoud Ibrahim 
Published: October 2021

The current paper aims at studying the age factor in Sudanese public schools and private schools where the starting age differs in both. Also, it aims at finding out whether the late or early starting of learning English language influences the learner's acquisition to language. Moreover, the study aims at showing the difference between learners of English language in private schools and learners in public schools. The tools used for data collection were questionnaire for EFL Sudanese teachers and a test for Sudanese secondary school students. The research was conducted with a total of 30 male students attending Sudanese public schools and private schools. By using the mixed-method research approaches, the findings revealed that most respondents agree that the early learners are better than late ones, that is to say that students of private schools who start learning English at an early age had better mastery of English than those of public-school students who start at a late age. Finally, the study recommended that investigating the effects of age factor on learning English language is a very important phenomenon and may apply in other countries such Egypt, Saudi Arabia etc. This study is the first of its kind to investigate the effects of age factor on learning English language, particularly, in the context of Arab countries.