bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nuns and Convents in Colonial Latin America
Authors: Díaz Mónica 
Published: March 2021

Soon after European settlements were established in Latin America, the Catholic Church became the most important colonial institution, extending its power to all aspects of life. Prevalent views on gender among the new settlers and religious authorities, and an environment of religious fervor, fostered the rapid creation of female convents in the urban centers of Mexico and Peru in the mid-16th century, spreading to other areas of the continent later during the colony. Female cloisters were already common in the Iberian Peninsula since the Middle Ages, yet they became more popular after the religious revival of the Counter-Reformation (1545–1648). The Spanish mystic Teresa of Avila (b. 1515–d. 1582) became the model for many women to follow in the Hispanic world. Her reform of the Carmelite order brought even more popularity to the already widespread practice of life in the convent for women of all social classes. Nuns followed a religious rule that emulated the life of the saints and Jesus; they kept a strict schedule that included prayer, spiritual exercises, and physical penitence. The reformed orders would also harvest their food, make their clothes, and take care of housekeeping, while the unreformed cloisters allowed servants and slaves to perform those chores. The nuns who entered the latter convents had to provide a dowry, while nuns in reformed convents lived out of charity. Choosing conventual life was common during this time period. However, their choice was not always informed by religious devotion; many times it responded to social circumstances. The convent became a solution for the increasing number of women of European descent who could not find suitable husbands in the postconquest years in Latin America. Religious and gendered views of the time encouraged the protection of women from the dangers of the world. Women were considered weak and more prone to sin, therefore their enclosure and close supervision by male religious authorities was not only deemed ideal but also necessary; at the same time women were seen as simpleminded and therefore more likely to receive spiritual favors from God. Nuns’ prayers were considered beneficial for those whom they interceded for. Ultimately it became a matter of social and spiritual status for a city to be able to establish a convent. However, convents were not monolithic institutions, and significant differences existed between them depending on the place where they were established, the rule they followed, and the political and economic circumstances of the times.
T. S. Eliot
Authors: Dickey Frances , Banerjee Ria , McVey Christopher , Morgenstern John , Query Patrick , Richards Joshua , Stayer Jayme , Virkar Yates Aakanksha 
Published: March 2021

Poet, dramatist, and critic Thomas Stearns Eliot (b. 1888–d. 1965) won fame for such poems as “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock” (1915), The Waste Land (1922), and “The Hollow Men” (1925), which ushered in and helped define the modernist era of literature. His critical writings also shaped literary taste and study in the 20th century. Born and raised in St. Louis, Missouri, by a Unitarian family with deep roots in American history, he was educated at Harvard and wrote his first significant poems during his year abroad in Paris, 1910–1911. After completing most of the work for a PhD in philosophy, he found himself abroad again during the outbreak of World War I, and he decided to marry an Englishwoman, Vivienne Haigh-Wood, and put down roots in London. His first book of poems, Prufrock and Other Observations (1917), surprised readers with its modern vocabulary, free-verse rhythms, and compelling dramatic voices. While working as a teacher and then a banker, Eliot established himself as an authoritative new voice in literary criticism with essays including “Tradition and the Individual Talent” (1919), “Hamlet” (1919), and “The Metaphysical Poets” (1921). He introduced terms that shaped literary study throughout the 20th century: “impersonality,” “the objective correlative,” and “dissociation of sensibility.” In 1920 he collected his early essays in The Sacred Wood and published another volume of poems, including “Gerontion.” His personal life was not happy; he regretted having married a woman he did not love instead of the American girl he left behind in Massachusetts, Emily Hale (during his lifetime he wrote over one thousand letters to her). Considered his greatest work and probably the most significant poem of the 20th century, The Waste Land (1922) expresses his personal emotional conflict in terms of the larger historical currents of the immediate postwar period: the aftershocks of war, a crisis of faith, changing gender roles, urbanization, and a sense of deracination from the past. Erudite, multilingual, and difficult to read, but also highly charged with feeling, this poem captured the spirit of the interwar era, received more sustained attention than any other literary work in the 20th century, and is known and quoted across the globe. Eliot further distinguished himself by converting to the Anglican church in 1927 and becoming its leading poet and dramatist with his conversion poem Ash-Wednesday (1930), the play Murder in the Cathedral (first performed 1935), and the long lyric sequence Four Quartets (1936–1941). He also became a British citizen, so he can be considered both an American and an English writer. In the 1930s and 1940s he turned more toward drama and engaged with cultural and social debates in his criticism from a Christian perspective. Eliot won the Nobel Prize in literature in 1948.
Shlomo Carlebach
Authors: Ophir Natan 
Published: March 2021

Rabbi Shlomo Carlebach (b. 1925–d. 1994) was a spiritual guide, charismatic religious leader, and influential composer of popular modern Hasidic tunes. Through his musical storytelling, inspirational insights, and personal contacts, he inspired a new form of heartfelt soulful Judaism and became a progenitor of the 20th-century neo-Hasidic renaissance. Born in Berlin on 14 January 1925, he grew up in Baden near Vienna where his father, Rabbi Naphtali Carlebach, served as chief rabbi (1931–1938). Shlomo was named after his paternal grandfather, Rabbi Dr. Shlomo (Salomon) Carlebach (b. 1845–d. 1919), chief rabbi of Lübeck, Germany. Shlomo’s maternal grandfather was Rabbi Dr. Asher (Arthur) Cohn (b. 1885–d. 1926), Chief Rabbi of Basel, Switzerland. Young Shlomo was destined by his parents to continue in the family’s rabbinic calling. With the ominous Nazi rise to power, the Carlebach family fled, eventually arriving in New York on 23 March 1939. Shlomo studied in the Haredi yeshiva high school Mesivta Torah Vodaas until April 1943, and then joined a dozen students who helped Rabbi Aharon Kotler establish the first Haredi full-time Torah-learning yeshiva in Lakewood, New Jersey. Then, in 1949, Shlomo embarked upon a career as the outreach emissary for the Chabad Lubavitch Rebbe. From the home base of his father’s synagogue, Kehillath Jacob, in Manhattan, Shlomo set up the first Hasidic outreach program in America. But by 1955 he had begun charting a unique “outreach” career as a “singing Rabbi.” Highlights of his career include establishing the House of Love and Prayer (HLP) in Haight-Ashbury (1968–1978) and Moshav Meor Modi’in in Israel (1976). He was the featured singer at rallies of the Student Struggle for Soviet Jewry (SSSJ), and his most famous song, “Am Yisrael Chai,” was composed for their protest movement. In 1989, he led the first Jewish music tour in Russia, reaching fifty thousand people in three weeks and inspiring Soviet Jewry. He also visited Poland 1–10 January 1989 with eight concerts in ten days and thus was the first openly religious Jew to perform in Communist Poland after the 1967–1968 wave of anti-Semitism. But in his own eyes, his major achievement was as “Rebbe of the Street-Corner.” His potential constituency could be found in any forlorn corner that he encountered. And since he traveled around the world sharing his utopian vision of love and peace, he assumed a unique role as a charismatic iconoclast rebbe.
Approaching the Interpretation of Discordances in SARS-CoV-2 Testing
Authors: Wontakal Sandeep N , Bortz Robert H , Lin Wen-Hsuan W , Gendlina Inessa , Fox Amy S , Hod Eldad A , Chandran Kartik , Prystowsky Michael B , Weiss Louis M , Spitalnik Steven L 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has upended life throughout the globe. Appropriate emphasis has been placed on developing effective therapies and vaccines to curb the pandemic. While awaiting such countermeasures, mitigation efforts coupled with robust testing remain essential to controlling spread of the disease. In particular, serological testing plays a critical role in providing important diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic information. However, this information is only useful if the results can be accurately interpreted. This pandemic placed clinical testing laboratories and requesting physicians in a precarious position because we are actively learning about the disease and how to interpret serological results. Having developed robust assays to detect antibodies generated against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and serving the hardest-hit areas within the New York City epicenter, we found 3 types of discordances in SARS-CoV-2 test results that challenge interpretation. Using representative clinical vignettes, these interpretation dilemmas are highlighted, along with suggested approaches to resolve such cases.
ESCRT Is a Great Sealer: Non-Endosomal Function of the ESCRT Machinery in Membrane Repair and Autophagy
Authors: Isono Erika 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Components of the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRTs) were first identified in a genetic screen in budding yeast as factors interfering with vacuolar protein sorting. In the last three decades, intensive studies have revealed the subunit composition of ESCRT-0, ESCRT-I, ESCRT-II, ESCRT-III, their structure, the assembling mechanisms and their molecular and physiological functions. In plants, ESCRTs are essential for development, growth and stress responses. ESCRTs are best known for their function in endosomal trafficking, during which they are required for sorting ubiquitylated membrane proteins into intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) of multivesicular endosomes (MVEs). The formation of ILVs requires the function of ESCRT-III, which has been shown to mediate the membrane scission. Although the function of plant ESCRTs has been predominantly discussed in the context of endosomal trafficking, recent studies in other model organisms revealed a versatile role of ESCRTs in diverse cellular events with broad physiological implications. The non-endosomal functions of ESCRTs include cytokinesis, viral budding, autophagy, nuclear envelope reformation and membrane repair, although many of these have not yet been studied in plants. In this review, recent findings on non-endosomal ESCRT functions in plant, yeast and animals are highlighted and discussed.
The Plasticity of Photosystem I
Authors: Hippler Michael , Nelson Nathan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Most of life’s energy comes from sunlight, and thus, photosynthesis underpins the survival of virtually all life forms. The light-driven electron transfer at photosystem I (PSI) is certainly the most important generator of reducing power at the cellular level and thereby largely determines the global amount of enthalpy in living systems (Nelson 2011). The PSI is a light-driven plastocyanin:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, which is embedded into thylakoid membranes of cyanobacteria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic photosynthetic organism. Structural determination of complexes of the photosynthetic machinery is vital for the understanding of its mode of action. Here, we describe new structural and functional insights into PSI and associated light-harvesting proteins, with a focus on the plasticity of PSI.
Lateral root formation and nutrients: nitrogen in the spotlight
Authors: Pélissier Pierre-Mathieu , Motte Hans , Beeckman Tom 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Lateral roots are important to forage for nutrients due to their ability to increase the uptake area of a root system. Hence, it comes as no surprise that lateral root formation is affected by nutrients or nutrient starvation, and as such contributes to the root system plasticity. Understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating root adaptation dynamics toward nutrient availability is useful to optimize plant nutrient use efficiency. There is at present a profound, though still evolving, knowledge on lateral root pathways. Here, we aimed to review the intersection with nutrient signaling pathways to give an update on the regulation of lateral root development by nutrients, with a particular focus on nitrogen. Remarkably, it is for most nutrients not clear how lateral root formation is controlled. Only for nitrogen, one of the most dominant nutrients in the control of lateral root formation, the crosstalk with multiple key signals determining lateral root development is clearly shown. In this update, we first present a general overview of the current knowledge of how nutrients affect lateral root formation, followed by a deeper discussion on how nitrogen signaling pathways act on different lateral root-mediating mechanisms for which multiple recent studies yield insights.
A tobacco ringspot virus-based vector system for gene and microRNA function studies in cucurbits
Authors: Fang Le , Wei Xin-Yu , Liu Ling-Zhi , Zhou Ling-Xi , Tian Yan-Ping , Geng Chao , Li Xiang-Dong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Cucurbits are economically important crops worldwide. The genomic data of many cucurbits are now available. However, functional analyses of cucurbit genes and noncoding RNAs have been impeded because genetic transformation is difficult for many cucurbitaceous plants. Here, we developed a set of tobacco ringspot virus (TRSV)-based vectors for gene and microRNA (miRNA) function studies in cucurbits. A TRSV-based expression vector could simultaneously express GREEN FLUORESCENT PROTEIN (GFP) and heterologous viral suppressors of RNA silencing in TRSV-infected plants, while a TRSV-based gene silencing vector could knock down endogenous genes exemplified by PHYTOENE DESATURASE (PDS) in Cucumis melo, Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis sativus, and Nicotiana benthamiana plants. We also developed a TRSV-based miRNA silencing vector to dissect the functions of endogenous miRNAs. Four representative miRNAs, namely, miR159, miR166, miR172, and miR319, from different cucurbits were inserted into the TRSV vector using a short tandem target mimic strategy and induced characteristic phenotypes in TRSV-miRNA-infected plants. This TRSV-based vector system will facilitate functional genomic studies in cucurbits.
Effects of a multi-strainBacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbial on weanling pig growth performance and nutrient digestibility
Authors: Lewton Jaron R , Woodward Adrienne D , Moser Ronny L , Thelen Kyan M , Moeser Adam J , Trottier Nathalie L , Tempelman Robert J , Rozeboom Dale W 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA study was conducted to evaluate the effects of a multi-strain Bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbial (DFM) on growth performance and apparent nutrient digestibility of nursery pigs. Eighty pigs, of equal number of barrows and gilts (initial body weight: 7.0 ± 0.60 kg), were weaned at 21 ± 1 d and randomly allotted to 1 of the 16 pens, with 5 pigs per pen. Two dietary treatments were implemented, a basal control (CON) and a control plus DFM (CDFM). Both diets were corn, soybean meal, and distillers dried grains based. Diets were fed for 42 d and growth performance measures were recorded weekly. On days 21 and 42 of the experiment, one pig per pen, with equal number of males and females, was randomly selected and euthanized. Digestibility of nitrogen (N), amino acids (AA), and energy were evaluated within the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and ascending and distal colon. Relative to CON, CDFM tended to increase ADG during week 2 (P = 0.08) and significantly increased ADFI during week 2 (P = 0.04) and week 3 (P = 0.02). In addition, CDFM decreased the gain to feed ratio (G:F) during week 6 relative to CON (P = 0.04). Within the jejunum, pigs fed the DFM had greater digestibility of tryptophan (P = 0.04) and cysteine (P = 0.04) and tended to have greater digestibility of lysine (P = 0.07), methionine (P = 0.06), and threonine (P = 0.08), relative to CON. The content pH in the ascending colon did not differ between CDFM and CON. Compared with CON, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy did not differ from CDFM, whereas ATTD of nitrogen of CDFM was lower (P = 0.05). The addition of a multi-strain B. subtilis-based DFM appears to impact growth performance, AA, and N digestibility depending upon the location in the gastrointestinal tract, with primary AA differences occurring within the mid-jejunum.
Students Experience Mass Casualty Nursing From the Patient Perspective in a Simulated Mass Casualty Exercise
Authors: Start Ethan , Culley Joan M. , Tavakoli Abbas , Polyakova-Norwood Vera 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Life-saving response to mass casualty incidents (MCIs) requires education and training. Participation in an MCI full-scale exercise provided nursing students with a rare opportunity to experience a simulated disaster from the patient perspective to better understand the unique issues involved in mass casualty response. This innovative teaching approach enabled students to undergo triage and decontamination as victims of a chemical MCI and participate in a research study. We describe student feedback on this learning experience and the implications of incorporating a full-scale MCI for providing a patient perspective into nursing curricula.
A Systematic Review: Instruments to Measure Educator Retention Concepts
Authors: Tufano Virginia , Dolan Diana Martinez , Willson Pamela 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

AIM
The purpose of this study was to identify quantitative instruments that measure characteristics that support nurse educator education, specifically social support, motivation, and work opportunity.

BACKGROUND
Vacancies in nurse faculty positions have left nursing education unable to increase the number of nurses prepared to enter the workforce.

METHOD
A review of education, nursing, and psychological databases was undertaken to identify reported instruments. Identified instruments were analyzed to match three framework-derived concept categories: social support, internal motivators, and work opportunity. Search terms, retrievals, and quality assessments are discussed; identified instruments are ranked by concept categories.

RESULTS
Of 98 articles retrieved, 85 underwent full review, and 7 met the inclusion criteria. From these reports, 20 unique instruments were identified and analyzed.

CONCLUSIONS
There are quantitative instruments that measure the concepts found in the Nurse Educator Retention Framework.
Strategies to Improve Mother's Own Milk Expression in Black and Hispanic Mothers of Premature Infants
Authors: Cartagena Diana , McGrath Jacqueline M. , Reyna Barbara , Parker Leslie A. , McInnis Joleen 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Mother's own milk (MOM) is the gold standard of nutrition for premature infants. Yet, Hispanic and Black preterm infants are less likely than their White counterparts to receive MOM feedings. Evidence is lacking concerning potential modifiable factors and evidence-based strategies that predict provision of MOM among minority mothers of premature infants.

Purpose:
A review of the literature was conducted to answer the clinical question: “What evidence-based strategies encourage and improve mother's own milk expression in Black and Hispanic mothers of premature infants?”

Methods/Search Strategy:
Multiple databases including PubMed, Cochrane, and CINAHL were searched for articles published in the past 10 years (2010 through May 2020), reporting original research and available in English. Initial search yielded zero articles specifically addressing the impact of lactation interventions on MOM provision in minority mothers. Additional studies were included and reviewed if addressed breastfeeding facilitators and barriers (n = 3) and neonatal intensive care unit breastfeeding support practices (n = 7).

Findings/Results:
Current strategies used to encourage and improve MOM expression in minority mothers are based on or extrapolated from successful strategies developed and tested in predominantly White mothers. However, limited evidence suggests that variation in neonatal intensive care unit breastfeeding support practices may explain (in part) variation in disparities and supports further research in this area.

Implications for Practice:
Neonatal intensive care unit staff should consider implementing scaled up or bundled strategies showing promise in improving MOM milk expression among minorities while taking into consideration the cultural and racial norms influencing breastfeeding decisions and practice.

Implications for Research:
Experimental studies are needed to evaluate the effectiveness of targeted and culturally sensitive lactation support interventions in Hispanic and Black mothers.
Cross-leg Ilizarov limb-salvage technique for management of combined bone and soft-tissue distal tibial defect: a case series
Authors: Fayed Mahmoud M. , Ayad Wael , Awad Mostafa I. , Hayyawi Fahad Abdulazeez , Alkasmazy Hossam H. , Elgalad Hamdy G. , Kotb Ahmed 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Management of concomitant distal tibial bony and soft-tissue defects is still a major challenge for both orthopaedic and plastic surgeons. A cross-leg flap can be used as an alternative solution, particularly when the microsurgical free flap is not a feasible or applicable option. The proposed modified bilateral Ilizarov frame with cross-connection bridges provides stability to the construct and treats both soft-tissue and bone defect.

Methods:
Seven patients presented with combined posttraumatic bone and soft-tissue defects in the distal part of the leg. The defects were managed by cross-leg soft-tissue flap through two-stage procedures. Ilizarov external fixators were used for fixation of both legs to provide stability to the crossing soft-tissue flap and for bone segment transfer to manage bone defects at the same time.

Results:
In all patients, the soft-tissue flaps were successfully taken 3 weeks postoperatively. In six patients, bone segment transfer took 9 to 12 mo to unite. One patient had defects in the distal tibia and talus that needed further ankle fusion after the completion of segment transfer. In one patient, bone marrow injection was used to enhance the union, and residual osteomyelitis and nonunion were the end results in one patient.

Conclusions:
The modified cross-leg Ilizarov technique is shown to be an effective and appropriate method in simultaneous management of combined bone and soft-tissue defects in the distal leg.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.