bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Evans John H. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins by describing the late 19th-century and early 20th-century eugenics debates from which the contemporary human gene editing debate emerged, and it then brings the debate forward to the contemporary technological possibilities. The chapter introduces the slippery slope, which is the theoretical metaphor for the book. Slippery slopes have the most morally virtuous act at the top and, from the perspective of those at the top, the most reprehensible actions at the bottom. People’s positions tend to slide down the slope. The chapter finishes by discussing how strong barriers can be built on the slope to arrest the slide.
The CRISPR Era, the National Academies Report, and the Median Trait Barrier
Authors: Evans John H. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with the discovery of human gene editing, and how the immediate ethical response used the existing weakened barriers. The chapter then turns to a detailed analysis of how an influential report by the National Academies of Science, Engineering, and Medicine advocated taking down the somatic/germline barrier. The replacement barrier proposed by the National Academies is deemed unstable, and in its place this chapter describes a strong barrier located at the median trait in a population. That is, people could modify their children to take them up to the median value on any trait but not above the median. This would satisfy the dominant contemporary value of justice or fairness, which would require the genetically disadvantaged to overcome their disadvantage, but not allow anyone to use genetics to gain advantage over others.
Possible Barriers Further Down the Slope
Authors: Evans John H. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines hypothetical barriers on the slope below where the somatic/germline and disease/enhancement walls once were. The first is the goals of medicine barrier, where any trait that the medical profession defines as a disease could be modified. The second is the family genes barrier, where people would be allowed to modify their children to any set of traits that the parents could in principle produce through sexual reproduction. The third is the boundary of humanity barrier, where any genes from outside of the human species are not allowed. Finally, the liberal eugenics barrier would allow any genetic modification that did not harm someone else.
Institutional Elaboration
Authors: Minett Mark 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Accounts of Altman’s career trajectory tend to efface dynamic intra- and intermedial relationships in favor of presuming the constraint and emergence of norm-breaking expressivity. Industrial filmmaking is paradoxically said to have groomed Altman to be an observational documentarian while also somehow training him in Hollywood’s illusionist norms. Filmed television is taken to be a forum in which Altman’s expressive agency was shackled by the producer-dominated medium’s attenuated version of Hollywood style, inadvertently fueling his later desire to reject Hollywood’s norms. Chapter 5 employs archival material and formal analysis to specify the contingencies of Altman’s industrial contexts and to demonstrate how they actually contributed to his development, steering him toward practice-oriented preferences and providing opportunities to push beyond standard approaches. The manner in which Altman’s elaborative attitude toward institutional norms extends across “Earlier Altman” to “Early Altman” challenges hierarchizing assumptions about the nature and direction of cross-media influence.
The Short Career of the Indian Labour Corps in France
Authors: Singha Radhika 
Published: January 2021

This chapter adds the story of the Indian Labor Corps to the narratives of the various ‘colored’ units brought to France to deal with the manpower crisis which erupted in 1916.The label ‘colored’ or ‘native labor’ justified inferior care and a harsher work and disciplinary regime than that experienced by white labor. The notion was that to ‘work’ natives properly, the managerial regimes peculiar to them also had to be imported into the metropolis. However distinct social and political agendas gave some units or companies more room than others to get acknowledgement for their services. The chapter explores the war experience of the men in the Indian Labor Corps, beginning with their transformation into military property, and the stretched out journey which took them to France and brought them back. Experience also took shape from their engagement with the environments, object -worlds, and orders of time within which they were positioned. By creating suggestive equivalences between themselves and other military personnel, they sought to lift themselves from the status of coolies to that of participants in a common project of war service. At the same time, they indicated that they had not put their persons at the disposal of the state in exactly the same way as the combatant.
Dance Typologies
Authors: Dickason Kathryn 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The opening chapter explores the relationship between medieval biblical interpretation and dance. The Vulgate was the urtext by which medieval authorities developed and justified their ideas concerning dance and its place in Christianity. Biblical glosses, as well as visual representations of the Bible, constructed the archetypes of sinful and holy dancers, thereby creating influential paradigms of Christian dancing bodies. Moreover, these exegetical strategies reveal particular political underpinnings of late medieval theology, including anti-Judaism, sacred kingship, and crusader ideology. The first section examines interpretations of Miriam and her dance of praise. The second section focuses on interpretations of the dancers around the golden calf and their idolatry. The third section explores interpretations of the dance of David, including its foreshadowing of the Passion of Christ and bolstering of the Crusades. The last section scrutinizes interpretations of the dance of Salome through the perspectives of sacrilege and misogyny.
Partnering Divinity
Authors: Dickason Kathryn 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the use of dance in evoking and transmitting ineffable religious experience. While earlier chapters examined group dances performed in public, this chapter turns to more intimate or private performances within the mystic’s imagination. Focusing on female mystics and so-called brides of Christ (including saints, nuns, and beguines) of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, it reveals how these women created a new repertoire of choreography (dance-writing) that privileged the body and the imagination. Mystics’ dance language opened creative and subversive avenues to access the radical alterity of God. The first section analyzes the kinetic content of bridal mysticism. The second section takes a closer look at women’s own writings and the (de)privatization of performance. The choreography of intimacy marked a state of interiority and ecstasy; it manifested the privileged, personalized moment of encounter. The third section presents evidence for the gender politics of certain partnerships, in which women were victims of divine domination.
Dance in the Late Middle Ages
Authors: Dickason Kathryn 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The final chapter documents the demise of sacred dance at the end of the Middle Ages, c.1350–1450. Focusing on dance mania and the dance of death, it shows how dance gradually became associated with decadent and morbid, rather than religious and heavenly, motifs. The first section demonstrates how the choreomania (dance mania) epidemics of France, the Low Countries, and the Rhineland befuddled clerics and tested the limits of legitimate dance. The second section focuses on the danse macabre, or the dance of death, which was seemingly related to the plague. With its penchant for self-transcendence, dance probed the realm of the unknown. By the sixteenth century, the religious tenor of the dance of death movement began to erode. This shift coincided with the professionalization and secularization of courtly dance in the Western world.
America's Scientific Treasures
Authors: Cohen Stephen M. , Cohen Brenda H. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
America’s Scientific Treasures is a comprehensive travel guide, designed for adults, that takes the reader to well-known and lesser-known sites of scientific and technological interest in the United States. The book is divided into nine geographical chapters. Subdivided by states, each chapter is represented by its scientific and technological treasures, including museums, arboretums, zoos, national parks, planetariums, natural or technological points of interest, and the homes of famous scientists. While the book is aimed at adults, many of the sites may also be of interest to teens and younger children. The traveler is provided with essential information, including addresses, telephone numbers, hours of entry, handicapped access, dining facilities, dates open and closed, available public transportation, and websites. Nearly every site included here has been visited by the authors. Although written with scientists in mind, this book is for anyone who likes to travel and visit places of historical and scientific interest. Included are photographs of many sites within each state.
Southwest
Authors: & Cohen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The chapter “Southwest” explains about scientific and technological sites of adult interest in Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Texas, and Utah, including Kitt Peak National Observatory, Fleischmann Planetarium, New Mexico Museum of Natural History, Edison Museum, and Natural History Museum of Utah. The traveler is provided with essential information, including addresses, telephone numbers, hours of entry, handicapped access, dining facilities, dates open and closed, available public transportation, and websites. Nearly every site included here has been visited by the authors. Although written with scientists in mind, this book is for anyone who likes to travel and visit places of historical and scientific interest. Included are photographs of many sites within each state.
Pacific
Authors: & Cohen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The chapter “Pacific” explains about scientific and technological sites of adult interest in Alaska, California, Hawaiʻi, Oregon, and Washington, including the Anchorage Museum, San Diego Air & Space Museum, Pacific Tsunami Museum, Fort Clatsop, and the Museum of Flight. The traveler is provided with essential information, including addresses, telephone numbers, hours of entry, handicapped access, dining facilities, dates open and closed, available public transportation, and websites. Nearly every site included here has been visited by the authors. Although written with scientists in mind, this book is for anyone who likes to travel and visit places of historical and scientific interest. Included are photographs of many sites within each state.
International Humanitarian Law and Its Application in Outer Space
Authors: Steer Cassandra , Stephens Dale 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
International humanitarian law (IHL) is applicable in outer space as a matter of international law, yet there are some challenges when it comes to specific principles and rules. The kinds of weapons that have been and might be used in space are discussed, as well as the ways in which space assets are used with respect to conflicts on Earth. An analysis then follows of the core principles of IHL and how they apply in space: the principles of distinction, proportionality, and precaution in attack. While it is imperative that States recognize the applicability of IHL to all their activities in space that involve conflicts on Earth and/or in space, care must be taken in weighing the traditional principles and their application to this new domain. As the technology that increases warfighting capability advances, so does the imperative to understand the applicable legal framework for the use of such technology.
Diplomacy
Authors: Meyer Paul 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A disturbing trend in the contemporary approaches of States to space security has been the decline in diplomacy and the consideration of diplomatic options to achieve national security goals. The official characterization of outer space as “congested, contested and competitive” has ignored the legacy and potential for “cooperation” in this unique if vulnerable realm. The authority of the foundational Outer Space Treaty of 1967, with its stipulation that space is to be used for “peaceful purposes,” is being eroded by neglect and unilateral assertions that space is a domain for “warfighting.” The champions of space peace will have to become as active as the exponents of space war if a benign environment for space operations is to be preserved for future generations.
Taiwan: Democracy, Technology, and Civil Society
Authors: Chang Wen-Chen , Lin Chun-Yuan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Taiwan’s legal and policy responses to the Covid-19 pandemic. Given Taiwan’s geographical proximity and close economic ties with China, the initial epicentre of coronavirus, it was estimated to be hit hard by the global pandemic. Yet, defying these predictions, Taiwan maintained a considerably low number of confirmed cases and exhibited no sign of community spread. Taiwan’s near-miraculous achievement in controlling the Covid-19 pandemic proved that a democracy can successfully contain the spread of the virus. What this global pandemic reveals is that only a more transparent and responsive government can effectively deal with a public health crisis and other than legal rules, government capacity, the strength of the science and technology sector, and the vitality of civil society and local community are equally—if not more—important in forging a collective effort.
Spread of Information versus Spread of Virus
Authors: Wu Guoguang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates how three Chinese societies—namely, China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong—in their different performances during the first months of the Covid-19 crisis, have revealed how the free or unfree flow of information via mass media and social media critically affects a society’s ability to fight the pandemic. The initial outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 in China is to a great extent attributed to the harsh and often effective governmental censorship of media communication. In contrast, both Taiwan, as a democratic society with a high degree of free flow of information, and Hong Kong, where citizens have residual freedoms—primarily freedom to information—have achieved remarkable effectiveness in containing the spread of Covid-19 in their jurisdictions. Instead of attempting to provide a comprehensive study of the three jurisdictions, this chapter provides a snapshot of the early days of the Covid-19 pandemic in the three cases and serves as a starting point for future research. It also critically reflects on the experience of societies at or near the epicentre of the global crisis in a way that highlights, from a political science perspective, the relevance of information flow to human ability in fighting pandemics and its lessons for the governance of public health emergencies.
Pandemics and Emergency Powers in Asia
Authors: Ramraj Victor V. , Thiruvengadam Arun K. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at emergency powers under Covid-19 in Asia. The ancient Roman model of dictatorship suggests that any legal framework for responding to an emergency has two components: dealing effectively with the threat and preventing abuse. How can these goals best be secured in a pandemic? Within the first few months of the Covid-19 pandemic, it become readily apparent that it posed two kinds of threat. First, it posed a mortal threat to individual and public health arising from a deadly virus that could be transmitted relatively easily through everyday social activities. Second, the efforts of governments to contain its spread inevitably led to a secondary danger as social and economic life was shuttered—the danger of social and political unrest. The chapter considers two dimensions of the governmental response: the formal legal structure under which that response operates and the dynamics of expertise, trust, and responsiveness to feedback that it potentially fosters—or inhibits. It argues that the goal of returning to normal is best served when these two dimensions—the legal framework and the expertise-feedback dynamic—are aligned to enable the society to respond effectively and fairly.
Nationalism, Consolidation, and Rationalization in the Aviation Industry
Authors: Lee Jae Woon , Dy Michelle 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter details how governments, especially in Asia, have supported the airline industry during the Covid-19 crisis. The Covid-19 pandemic has taken a tremendous toll on the global economy, and the airline industry was hit hard by the global crisis. Although the airline industry has always been vulnerable to external shocks such as wars, disease outbreaks, and the 9/11 terrorist attacks, none of them has affected the airline industry to the degree of Covid-19. Indeed, the steep decline in air travel in the early stages of the pandemic, followed by the progressive closure of borders in early 2020, presented the airline industry with an unprecedented existential threat. The chapter then analyzes how Covid-19 changed and will continue to change the industry, outlining three key mega-trends: nationalization, consolidation, and rationalization.
Reset or Revert in the New Climate Normal
Authors: Ghaleigh Navraj Singh , Burrows Louise 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that ambitious climate action should be central to the “new normal” in Asia and that law has an important role in delivering it. From the perspective of climate change policy and law, the Covid-19 catastrophe offers the slim possibility that the world will “build back better,” restoring societies and economies along climate-friendly lines. This approach—resetting—envisages national stimulus packages and allied actions of central banks and financial regulators which are oriented toward economic growth and net-zero emission pathways in the months and years following Covid-19. The alternative narrative—reversion—identifies a recovery trajectory in which policies that are supportive of carbon-intensive pathways push the Paris Agreement targets further out of reach. Components of such recovery packages include unconditional bailouts for the fossil fuel sector and conventional mobility. The chapter then explores the tension between these two approaches in the immediate response to Covid-19, focussing on the coal sector as an emblematic variable in climate change debates.
Southeast Asian Workers in a Just-in-Time Pandemic
Authors: Lansdowne Helen , Lawson James 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the modern just-in-time (JIT) economy, a novel economic context for producing goods—and facilitating pandemics. It examines points where the global economy, Covid-19, and Southeast Asian labour interact. These intersections reveal some important truths both about the JIT economy and about more general consequences of the mobility of humans and their “fellow-travellers.” Southeast Asian workers, whether labouring as migrant workers in Singapore, Malaysia, and Thailand or labouring at home, supply relatively cheap wares for the world. Many experience confined living and working conditions, where disease transmission can accelerate. The chapter then considers some Southeast Asian workers’ experiences in production, care, and transport. It concludes with the often-forgotten material connectedness of humans to other plants and animals. Either inter-species disruption and sudden new interconnections will diminish, or they will pose ongoing challenges to this just-in-time world.
The Audiences for English History in the Early Twelfth Century
Authors: Garnett George 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 attempts to establish who the audience was for the sudden spate of books on the history of England, and about English saints, which appeared from the beginning of the twelfth century. The audience is shown to have been mainly but not exclusively monastic and clerical. There is extensive discussion of the circumstances in which books were read and listened to. Suggestions are made about lay audiences, particularly in the case of Gaimar’s (French) vernacular history of the English, and also about the influence of the lay experience on clerical authors. Geoffrey of Monmouth’s parody of the new genre of historical writing is considered in depth.
The Excavation, Reconstruction, and Fabrication of Old English Law in the Twelfth Century
Authors: Garnett George 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 examines the attempt, parallel with the writing of English history, to preserve and fabricate mainly in Latin pre-Conquest English royal law codes—codes which William I and his successors were said to have endorsed. The first of these compilations of Old English law translated into Latin, dating from the very beginning of the twelfth century, was Quadripartitus. There were also many others, including Tripartita, the Leges Henrici, and the Leges Edwardi Confessoris. The chapter shows that many of these are preserved in manuscripts which also include contemporary works of history; others—most notably for the rest of this book, the codex which ended up sequentially in the hands of Archbishop Matthew Parker and of Sir Edward Coke (BL MS. Add. 49366)—were purely legal. It demonstrates that these authentic and apocryphal collections did not become obsolete with the establishment of new common law procedures in Henry II’s reign, but continued to be treated as foundational of English law. The watchword in this case too was continuity with the pre-Conquest past.
The Conquest in Later Medieval English Law I
Authors: Garnett George 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 begins by demonstrating how the compilations of Old English royal law codes underpinned the great thirteenth-century conspectus of common law known as Bracton. It traces them, and the theme of the Conquest, through subsequent thirteenth-century books of English jurisprudence—specifically Britton, Fleta, and the Mirror of Justices. It examines the role of historical material, particularly ancient charters and Domesday Book, in forensic practice in the thirteenth century and later. There are two particular foci: ‘ancient demesne’ cases, and the Quo warranto inquest, on both of which this discussion throws new light. Much use is made of the recent substantial edition of thirteenth-century Law Reports.