bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Encounter With the Ion and Electron Diffusion Regions at a Flapping and Twisted Tail Current Sheet
Authors: Farrugia C. J. , Rogers A. J. , Torbert R. B. , Genestreti K. J. , Nakamura T. K. M. , Lavraud B. , Montag P. , Egedal J. , Payne D. , Keesee A. , Ahmadi N. , Ergun R. , Reiff P. , Argall M. , Matsui H. , Wilson L. B. , Lugaz N. , Burch J. L. , Russell C. T. , Fuselier S. A. , Dors I. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe analyze data returned by the Magnetospheric Multiscale mission (MMS) constellation during a rapid (∼1.5 s) traversal of a flapping and reconnecting current sheet (CS) in the near‐Earth magnetotail (X ∼−20 RE). The CS was highly tilted, with its normal pointing strongly duskward. Its extreme thinness was confirmed by a curvature analysis of the magnetic field lines. The event was associated with a guide field of 8% of the reconnecting components. From the pitch angle distributions of low‐energy electrons we infer a crossing earthward of the X‐line. Traveling practically normal to the CS, MMS encountered an ion diffusion region (IDR) in which was embedded an electron diffusion region (EDR). IDR signatures included breaking of the ion frozen‐in condition in the presence of Hall B and E fields. EDR signatures included a strong out‐of‐plane current associated with a superAlfvénic electron jet, positive energy transfer, and a temperature anisotropy (Te∥ > Te⊥) which disappeared at the field reversal. Derived scale sizes normal to the CS are: ∼6.9 de (EDR) and ∼0.4 di (IDR; 40 and 100 km). We estimate the average dimensionless reconnection rate as 0.077 ± 0.050. The observations and inferences are supported by particle‐in‐cell (PIC) numerical simulations. We find very good agreement in the reconnection rates. We also discuss the effects of asymmetries in the density, temperature and magnetic field strength on the Hall fields and length of the outflow jets. The event is associated with a substorm onset which began 7 min after the MMS observations.
Variations in the Seismogenic Thickness of East Africa
Authors: Craig T. J. , Jackson J. A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe well‐established variation in the depth of earthquakes along both branches of the East African Rift System offers an opportunity to probe the controls on the depth‐extent of seismogenesis, and the length‐scales over which this may vary. We present an updated compilation of well‐determined earthquake depths from teleseismic and regional seismic data for the East African Rift System, combined with a summary of the depth distribution of smaller‐magnitude microseismicity from 13 local network deployments. Moderate‐to‐large magnitude (Mw > 5) earthquakes, unrelated to the movement of magmatic fluids, beneath Afar, the Main Ethiopian Rift, and the northernmost sections of the Eastern Branch, are confined to the upper crust. Seismicity along the Western Branch, and the southern‐most sections of the Eastern Branch extends deeper, into the lower crust, in places to depths close to the local Moho. Along the Eastern Branch, in northern Tanzania, the transition between these two regimes occurs over a distance of ≤40 km, requiring a change to a higher temperature cutoff for the deeper earthquakes; an effect that must be compositional in origin. This compositional variation in the lower crust is most likely related to the degree of hydration. Earthquakes deep within the lower crust are therefore likely to be a proxy for an anhydrous crustal composition.
Discharge Estimation From Dense Arrays of Pressure Transducers
Authors: Harlan M. E. , Gleason C. J. , Altenau E. H. , Butman D. , Carter T. , Chu V. W. , Cooley S. W. , Dolan W. D. , Durand M. T. , Eidam E. , Fayne J. V. , Feng D. , Ishitsuka Y. , Kuhn C. , Kyzivat E. D. , Langhorst T. , Minear J. T. , Pavelsky T. M. , Peters D. L. , Pietroniro A. , Pitcher L. H. , Smith L. C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn situ river discharge estimation is a critical component of studying rivers. A dominant method for establishing discharge monitoring in situ is a temporary gauge, which uses a rating curve to relate stage to discharge. However, this approach is constrained by cost and the time to develop the stage‐discharge rating curve, as rating curves rely on numerous flow measurements at high and low stages. Here, we offer a novel alternative approach to traditional temporary gauges: estimating Discharge via Arrays of Pressure Transducers (DAPT). DAPT uses a Bayesian discharge algorithm developed for the upcoming Surface Water Ocean Topography satellite (SWOT) to estimate in situ discharge from automated water surface elevation measurements. We conducted sensitivity tests over 4,954 model runs on five gauged rivers and conclude that the DAPT method can robustly reproduce discharge with an average Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) of 0.79 and Kling‐Gupta Efficiency of 0.78. Further, we find that the DAPT method estimates discharge similarly to an idealized temporary gauge created from the same input data (NSE differences of less than 0.1), and that results improve significantly with accurate priors. Finally, we test the DAPT method in nine poorly gauged rivers in a realistic and complex field setting in the Peace‐Athabasca Delta, and show that the DAPT method largely outperforms a temporary gauge in this time and budget constrained setting. We therefore recommend DAPT as an effective tool for in situ discharge estimation in cases where there is not enough time or resources to develop a temporary gauge.
Neurotrophin receptor activation rescues cognitive and synaptic abnormalities caused by hemizygosity of the psychiatric risk gene Cacna1c
Authors: Tigaret Cezar M. , Lin Tzu-Ching E. , Morrell Edward R. , Sykes Lucy , Moon Anna L. , O’Donovan Michael C. , Owen Michael J. , Wilkinson Lawrence S. , Jones Matthew W. , Thomas Kerrie L. , Hall Jeremy 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGenetic variation in CACNA1C, which encodes the alpha-1 subunit of CaV1.2 L-type voltage-gated calcium channels, is strongly linked to risk for psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. To translate genetics to neurobiological mechanisms and rational therapeutic targets, we investigated the impact of mutations of one copy of Cacna1c on rat cognitive, synaptic and circuit phenotypes implicated by patient studies. We show that rats hemizygous for Cacna1c harbour marked impairments in learning to disregard non-salient stimuli, a behavioural change previously associated with psychosis. This behavioural deficit is accompanied by dys-coordinated network oscillations during learning, pathway-selective disruption of hippocampal synaptic plasticity, attenuated Ca2+ signalling in dendritic spines and decreased signalling through the Extracellular-signal Regulated Kinase (ERK) pathway. Activation of the ERK pathway by a small-molecule agonist of TrkB/TrkC neurotrophin receptors rescued both behavioural and synaptic plasticity deficits in Cacna1c+/− rats. These results map a route through which genetic variation in CACNA1C can disrupt experience-dependent synaptic signalling and circuit activity, culminating in cognitive alterations associated with psychiatric disorders. Our findings highlight targeted activation of neurotrophin signalling pathways with BDNF mimetic drugs as a genetically informed therapeutic approach for rescuing behavioural abnormalities in psychiatric disorder.
Recommendations from the European Commission Initiative on Breast Cancer for multigene testing to guide the use of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with early breast cancer, hormone receptor positive, HER-2 negative
Authors: Giorgi Rossi Paolo , Lebeau Annette , Canelo-Aybar Carlos , Saz-Parkinson Zuleika , Quinn Cecily , Langendam Miranda , Mcgarrigle Helen , Warman Sue , Rigau David , Alonso-Coello Pablo , Broeders Mireille , Graewingholt Axel , Posso Margarita , Duffy Stephen , Schünemann Holger J. ,   the ECIBC Contributor Group, Autelitano Mariangela , Borisch Bettina , Castells Xavier , Colzani Edoardo , Daneš Jan , Fitzpatrick Patricia , Giordano Livia , Hofvind Solveig , Ioannidou-Mouzaka Lydia , Knox Susan , Nystrom Lennarth , Parmelli Elena , Perez Elsa , Torresin Alberto , Van Engen Ruben , Van Landsveld-Verhoeven Cary , Young Ken 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
Predicting the risk of recurrence and response to chemotherapy in women with early breast cancer is crucial to optimise adjuvant treatment. Despite the common practice of using multigene tests to predict recurrence, existing recommendations are inconsistent. Our aim was to formulate healthcare recommendations for the question “Should multigene tests be used in women who have early invasive breast cancer, hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative, to guide the use of adjuvant chemotherapy?”

Methods
The European Commission Initiative on Breast Cancer (ECIBC) Guidelines Development Group (GDG), a multidisciplinary guideline panel including experts and three patients, developed recommendations informed by systematic reviews of the evidence. Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Evidence to Decision frameworks were used. Four multigene tests were evaluated: the 21-gene recurrence score (21-RS), the 70-gene signature (70-GS), the PAM50 risk of recurrence score (PAM50-RORS), and the 12-gene molecular score (12-MS).

Results
Five studies (2 marker-based design RCTs, two treatment interaction design RCTs and 1 pooled individual data analysis from observational studies) were included; no eligible studies on PAM50-RORS or 12-MS were identified and the GDG did not formulate recommendations for these tests.

Conclusions
The ECIBC GDG suggests the use of the 21-RS for lymph node-negative women (conditional recommendation, very low certainty of evidence), recognising that benefits are probably larger in women at high risk of recurrence based on clinical characteristics. The ECIBC GDG suggests the use of the 70-GS for women at high clinical risk (conditional recommendation, low certainty of evidence), and recommends not using 70-GS in women at low clinical risk (strong recommendation, low certainty of evidence).
Three‐phase efficient resonant‐pole inverter without auxiliary switches
Authors: Wang Qiang , Wang Youzheng 
Published: February 2021

In order to optimise, the operating efficiency of the three‐phase inverter, a new three‐phase efficient resonant‐pole inverter without auxiliary switches is presented. A set of auxiliary circuits without auxiliary switches is set on each phase bridge arm. When the auxiliary circuit works in the inverter commutation process, the main switch device on the bridge arm can achieve zero‐current turn‐on and zero‐voltage turn‐off, and the efficiency of the inverter can be improved by reducing the switching loss. Furthermore, there are no auxiliary switches in the auxiliary circuit, which is conducive to limiting the hardware cost of the auxiliary circuit and improving the reliability of the inverter. This study analyses the working mode of the circuit and the realisation condition of soft switching. The experimental results on the 3 kW prototype indicate that the switching device is in the state of soft switching, and the efficiency of the prototype at the rated output power is equal to 98.9%, which is more than that of other similar soft‐switching inverters. Consequently, the presented topology is significant for the research and development of efficient three‐phase inverters.
Nephrologische Pflege bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Taylan Christina , Weber Lutz T. 
Published: February 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGPflege in der Kindernephrologie ist komplex und geht weit über rein pflegerische Maßnahmen hinaus. Aus diesem Grund kann Pflege in der Kindernephrologie aber zu einer außerordentlichen beruflichen Zufriedenheit führen. Eine besondere Herausforderung stellt die Beschäftigung mit einer Patientengruppe dar, die einer beeinträchtigenden körperlichen und insbesondere auch psychomentalen Entwicklung unterworfen ist und die über weite Strecken die Betreuung der gesamten Familie einschließt. Die meisten Nierenerkrankungen, die zu einem chronischen Nierenfunktionsverlust führen, sind seltene Erkrankungen. Jeder Patient ist schon allein daher etwas ganz Besonderes. Aus Sicht der Kindernephrologie wäre es sehr wünschenswert, dass die spezifische Ausbildung in der Gesundheits- und Kinderkrankenpflege erhalten bleibt.
Hypertriglyzeridämie mit Pankreatitis
Authors: Klingel Reinhard , Heibges Andreas , Fassbender Cordula 
Published: February 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGInsbesondere die schwere Hypertriglyzeridämie (SHTG) führt zu einem erhöhten Risiko für eine besonders schwer verlaufende Pankreatitis. In der Akutsituation einer SHTG-Pankreatitis müssen die Triglyzeride sehr rasch gesenkt werden, um einen weiteren Organschaden zu verhindern. Mithilfe der therapeutischen Apherese in Form des Plasmaaustausches oder der Doppelfiltrations-Plasmapherese (DFPP) gelingt dies effektiv und sicher. Für Patienten mit rezidivierender SHTG-Pankreatitis kann eine Langzeittherapie mit Apherese zusätzlich zu Diät, Lebensstilmaßnahmen und medikamentöser Therapie ein wichtiges Therapiemodul zur Prävention erneuter Ereignisse sein. In der Schwangerschaft ist jede zweite Pankreatitis durch zu hohe Triglyzeride verursacht. Bei fortbestehender Fettstoffwechselstörung kann die therapeutische Apherese eine Therapieoption sein, um ein solches für den Fötus und die Mutter lebensbedrohliches Ereignis zu verhindern.
Impact of first wave of COVID-19 on outcomes of hospitalization for upper gastrointestinal bleeding in Hong Kong: a population-based study
Authors: Lui Thomas K.L. , Tsui Vivien W.M. , Leung Wai K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background and study aims The COVID-19 pandemic has caused a major disruption in the healthcare system. This study determined the impact of the first wave of COVID-19 on the number and outcome of patients hospitalized for upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) in Hong Kong.
Patients and methods Records of all patients hospitalized for UGIB in Hong Kong public hospitals between October 2018 and June 2020 were retrieved. The number and characteristics of patients hospitalized for UGIB after COVID-19 was compared by autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) model prediction and historical cohort.
Results Since the first local case of COVID-19, there was an initial drop in UGIB hospitalizations (observed 29.8 vs predicted 35.5 per week; P = 0.05) followed by a rebound (39.8 vs 26.7 per week; P < 0.01) with a turning point at week 14 (Petitt’s test, P < 0.001). There was a negative association between the number of COVID-19 cases and the number of patients hospitalized for UGIB (Pearson correlation –0.53, P < 0.001). Patients admitted after the outbreak of COVID-19 had lower hemoglobin (7.5 vs baseline 8.3 g/dL; P < 0.01) and a greater need for blood transfusion (64.5 % vs baseline 50.4 %; P < 0.01), but similar rates of all-cause mortality (6.9 % vs 7.1 %; P = 0.82) and rebleeding (6.7 % vs 5.1 %; P = 0.11). There was also a higher proportion of patients with variceal bleeding (10.5 % vs baseline 5.3 %; P < 0 .01).
Conclusions There was a dynamic change in the number of patients hospitalized for UGIB in Hong Kong during the first wave of the COVID-19 outbreak, with more obvious impact during the initial phase only.
Zephalgien multipragmatisch begegnen
Authors: Jahn Claus 
Published: February 2021

SummaryDie Patientin dieses Fallberichts litt schon seit ihrer Kindheit an Kopfschmerzattacken und war aufgrund ihrer Symptomatik mit 32 Jahren bereits Frührentnerin. In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten hat die Patientin wegen ihres Leidens erfolglos zahlreiche Diagnose-, Analyse und Behandlungsmethoden durchlaufen. Eine Kombination von klassischen Naturheilverfahren mit Milieuveränderung, symptombezogener Medikation, Ausleitung und Ordnungstherapie konnte die Kopfschmerzen der Patientin auf ein deutlich geringeres Maß senken.
Master Series Microsurgery for Residents: Results from a Comprehensive Survey of a Multitudinous Online Course during COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Santamaría Eric , Nahás-Combina Luciano , Altamirano-Arcos Carlos , Vargas-Flores Edgar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background Since COVID-19 emerged, it has significantly affected medical education. Surgical training has been blocked and the learning curve flattened. However, COVID-19 led to the outbreak of multitudinous online courses. Master series: microsurgery for residents (MSMR) has been the most extensive and accessible online nonfee course transmitted so far regarding reconstructive microsurgery. The primary aim of this study was to assess the impact of the MSMR in the surgical community as an international educational tool during pandemic confinement.
Methods A retrospective, observational, analytic, and transversal study was designed. An 11-item survey was sent to all the 1,513 attendees who completed at least 60% of course attendance during 2 days. Descriptive and analytic statistics were performed. The impact was measured by considering answers to questions 6 to 9 and 11 (course usefulness, microsurgery interest increase, desire to pursue a microsurgical career, attendance to in-person conferences, and overall score, respectively).
Results A total of 1,111 (73.4%) of eligible subjects were included. In total, 55.8% were plastic surgery residents. After the course, 98.9% would pursue a career in reconstructive microsurgery, and 45% would stop attending in-person conferences. The overall score of the event was 9.06 ± 0.9 (from 0 to 10) regardless of the current training status.
Conclusion The MSMR was a high impact course and has established a paradigm shift that will lead to an evolution in plastic surgery learning.
Central Venous Catheter-Related Infectious Complications in Pediatric Surgical Patients: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Haldar Rudrashish , Mandelia Ankur , Mishra Prabhaker , Mishra Ashwani , Siddiqui Yousuf 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to estimate the rate of central venous catheter (CVC) colonization and catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) in pediatric surgical patients at our institute and to determine the various risk factors for their occurrence. The electronic medical records of 260 children undergoing surgery with simultaneous CVC insertion were retrospectively reviewed. Data on demographics, primary organ system involved, site of CVC, CVC dwell time, CVC colonization, CRBSI, and organisms isolated on culture were collated, categorized, and analyzed. The rate of CVC colonization and CRBSI was 32.8 per 1,000 catheter days (19.6%) and 17.4 per 1,000 catheter days (10.4%), respectively. Patients with CVC colonization and CRBSI had a significantly higher proportion of patients younger than 1 year of age (p = 0.014). The CVC dwell time was significantly higher in both CVC colonization (7 [5–8] days) and CRBSI (6 [5–9] days) patients (p = 0.005). The frequency of femoral catheterization was significantly higher in patients with CRBSI and CVC colonization (p < 0.001). Coagulase negative staphylococcus was the commonest isolate in CVC infections. Age (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.87; p = 0.009), CVC dwell time (adjusted OR = 1.28; p = 0.003), and femoral CVC (adjusted OR = 9.61; p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for CRBSI. Conclusion: This study reveals important observations regarding the infectious complications of CVC in pediatric surgical patients. The rates of CVC colonization and CRBSI in this study were found to be higher as compared with previously reported rates in Western literature. However, these findings are significant in view of paucity of existing literature in pediatric surgical patients. In our study, higher risk of CRBSI was associated with younger age, increasing CVC dwell time, and femoral venous catheterization. We recommend strict compliance with CVC insertion and maintenance practices and adherence to CVC care bundles to minimize these serious complications.
Nonselective cation permeation in an AMPA-type glutamate receptor
Authors: Biedermann Johann , Braunbeck Sebastian , Plested Andrew J. R. , Sun Han 
Published: February 2021

Significance
AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPARs) make the final step in a relay of excitability from one brain cell to another. The receptor contains an integral ion channel, which, when opened by neurotransmitter, permits sodium and other cations to cross the cell membrane. We investigated permeation of sodium, potassium, and cesium at the atomistic level using a computational molecular dynamics approach and obtained ion transit rates similar to those in wet experiments over tens of microseconds of simulations. We determined that the region selecting between cations is the simplest of any channel of this type. Distinct from ion channels that select single ion species, sodium and potassium remain partly hydrated and have only one major binding site in the channel.
Ferromagnetic liquid droplets with adjustable magnetic properties
Authors: Wu Xuefei , Streubel Robert , Liu Xubo , Kim Paul Y. , Chai Yu , Hu Qin , Wang Dong , Fischer Peter , Russell Thomas P. 
Published: February 2021

Significance
Structured functional liquids combine mechanical versatility of fluids with solid-state properties, such as ferromagnetism, and offer a route to synthesize and control magnetic liquids for adaptive liquid robotics. Studies on these intriguing materials are only in their nascent state, and a profound understanding of the physical state is still lacking. We use hydrodynamics experiments to probe how the magnetization of ferromagnetic liquid droplets, governed by the assembly and jamming of magnetic nanoparticles at liquid–liquid interfaces, and their response to external stimuli can be tuned by chemical, structural, and magnetic means. Our results highlight the leading role of structural short-range order on magnetic properties, which provide a path toward nano-patterning structured liquids.
The gender of dependency theory: women as workers, from neocolonialism in West Africa to the implosion of contemporary capitalism
Authors: Scott Catherine 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Samir Amin’s large body of work affords an opportunity to trace the ways in which he analysed class and gender in the workings of neocolonialism in the aftermath of independence in West Africa and globalisation after the end of the Cold War. Using two key texts, Neo-colonialism in West Africa (1973) and The implosion of contemporary capitalism (2013), this paper traces the way women, gender and dependency theory in Amin’s theoretical framework operate to simultaneously suggest and then foreclose recognition of how gender analysis provides vital, independent perspectives on global inequality.