bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TÜRK KÜLTÜRÜ DERGİSİNDE TARİH EĞİTİMİ TARTIŞMALARI (1963-1978)
Authors: VURGUN Ahmet , OKUMUŞ Osman 
Published: July 2021

Tarih disiplini, insanlara geçmişle ilgili bilgi sunmasından kaynaklı hemen her dönem değer gören bir alan olmuştur. Sosyal ve siyasi pek çok konu vasıtasıyla insanlar ve toplumlar, yaşadığı değişimleri görme ve geldikleri durumu değerlendirme fırsatı bulmuşlardır. Bu anlamda toplumlarda tarih öğretimine önem verilmiş ve bu dersten bireysel ve toplumsal bir takım faydalar sağlaması beklenmiştir. Dersin insan ve toplum hayatına katkısının verimli bir şekilde arttırılması konusunda da çeşitli alanlarda (sempozyum, dergi, kitap vs.) görüş ve öneriler sunulmuştur. Bu görüş ve önerilerin incelenmesi; dönemin tarih anlayışı, tarih öğretiminin durumu gibi pek çok önemli konu hakkında bilgi birikimini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu kaynaklardan biri dergilerdir. Süreli yayınlar kapsamında olan dergilerin yayınlandığı dönemin temel tartışmalarına ışık tuttuğu söylenebilir. Tarih eğitimi kapsamında yapılan çalışmaları incelemeye olanak sağlayan dergilerden biri Türk Kültürünü Araştırma Enstitüsü tarafından 1962-1980 yılları arasında yayınlanan Türk Kültürü dergisidir.
Türk Kültürü dergisi yayınlandığı dönemde dil, tarih, kültür gibi konularda önemli bilimsel çalışmalar ortaya çıkarmıştır. Ortaya çıkan bu çalışmaların çeşitli alanlara katkı sağlayacak şekilde değerlendirilmesi mümkündür. Bu çalışmada doküman incelemesi yoluyla Türk Kültürü dergisinde yayınlanan tarih eğitimi makaleleri incelenmiş ve bu makalelerdeki temel tartışma alanları tespit edilmeye çalışılmıştır. Böylelikle dergide savunulan ve ortaya konulan düşüncelerin derli toplu bir şekilde sunulması da sağlanmıştır. Dergide tarih eğitimiyle ilgili ilk makalenin 1963 yılında son makalenin ise 1978 yılında kaleme alındığı görülmüştür. Tarih aralığının çok uzun olmaması belirtilen dönemdeki tartışmaların daha açık görülmesini sağlamıştır.
İnceleme sonucunda, makaleler ele aldıkları konu bağlamında gruplandırılmış; Atatürk ve tarih, yükseköğretimde tarih araştırmaları ve öğretimi, ortaöğretimde tarih öğretimi başlıklarına ilişkin bilgiler elde edilmiştir. Çalışmalarda özellikle tarihin öneminden hareketle tarih konularının öğretimi ve içerikle ilgili vurgunun daha yoğun olarak yapıldığı görülmüştür. Özellikle dergi ideolojisi doğrultusunda Atatürk dönemine de atıf yapılarak, milli tarih mevzuu ayrıntılı olarak ortaya konulmuştur. Atatürk ve tarih konusunda; öncelikle Atatürk’ün tarihe olan ilgisinin, tarih görüşünün ve bu dönemde yapılan çalışmaların Cumhuriyetin tarih anlayışını inşa ettiği belirtilmiştir. Yükseköğretimdeki tarih araştırmaları ve öğretimi konusunda gelişen akademik tarihçiliğe bir metod ve disiplin kazandırılması ve verilen tarih eğitiminin niteliğinin arttırılması düşüncesi vurgulanmıştır. Ortaöğretimdeki tarih öğretimi hakkında da mevcut durum resmedildikten sonra müfredatta ve ders kitaplarında milli tarih anlayışının hâkim olması düşüncesi savunulmuştur. Genel olarak; Atatürk’ün tarih anlayışı ve konu hakkındaki çalışmaları, ortaöğretim ve yükseköğretimde tarihin durumu ve yapılması gerekenler üzerine bilgiler sunularak değerlendirilmiştir.
A network perspective on animal welfare
Authors: Rowland T , Pike TW , Burman OHP 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe scientific study of animal welfare involves measuring physiological, behavioural, and/or cognitive variables to infer the welfare state of animals. Such an approach implies these measures are indicators, or reflect, an unmeasured latent variable of welfare state. Drawing inspiration from recent developments in human psychology and psychiatry, in this paper we propose an alternative perspective in the form of a network theory of animal welfare. This theory posits that there is no latent variable; rather, welfare is a network system of causal interactions between and within behavioural, physiological, and cognitive components. We then describe a statistical network modelling approach motivated by network theory, in which welfare-related response variables are associated with each other after controlling for all other variables measured. In three examples using simulated data, we demonstrate how this approach can be used, and the sort of novel insights it can bring. These examples cover a range of species and research questions, which network analysis is well suited to address. We believe a network approach to animal welfare science holds promise for developing our understanding of the concept of animal welfare, as well as producing practical and meaningful information to improve the welfare of animals.
The effect of hutch compass direction on primary heat stress responses in dairy calves in a continental region
Authors: Bakony M , Kiss G , Kovács L , Jurkovich V 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHeat stress reduction in hutch-reared dairy calves is overlooked on most dairy farms. We hypothesised that during summer, the microclimate within hutches is directly affected by compass direction as a result of differences in exposure to solar radiation. On a bright, mid-August day a number of behavioural and physiological heat stress response measures (respiratory rate, body posture, being in the shade or sun) were recorded in 20-min intervals from 0720-1900h on calves housed in hutches with entrances facing all four points of the compass. In conjunction with this, dry bulb (ambient) and black globe temperatures, and wind speed were recorded both inside the plastic hutches and at one sunny site at the exterior. Data were compared in terms of distinct periods of the day (0720-1100, 1120-1500, 1520-1900h). Dry bulb temperatures were higher inside hutches compared to outside while for black globe temperatures the opposite was true. Daily average temperatures and respiratory rates did not differ between hutches facing different compass points. In the morning and afternoon, hutch temperature and calf respiratory rate differed relative to compass point. Calves in east- and north-facing hutches were seen more in the shade than those in south- and west-facing ones. Our conclusion was that in a continental region having hutch entrances face towards the east or north confers some advantages in mitigating severe solar heat load in summer.
Impact of asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infection on the risk of subsequent symptomatic malaria in a longitudinal cohort in Kenya
Authors: Sumner Kelsey M , Mangeni Judith N , Obala Andrew A , Freedman Elizabeth , Abel Lucy , Meshnick Steven R , Edwards Jessie K , Pence Brian W , Prudhomme-O'Meara Wendy , Taylor Steve M 
Published: July 2021

Background:Asymptomatic Plasmodium falciparum infections are common in sub-Saharan Africa, but their effect on subsequent symptomaticity is incompletely understood.Methods:In a 29-month cohort of 268 people in Western Kenya, we investigated the association between asymptomatic P. falciparum and subsequent symptomatic malaria with frailty Cox models.Results:Compared to being uninfected, asymptomatic infections were associated with an increased 1 month likelihood of symptomatic malaria (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 2.61, 95% CI: 2.05 to 3.33), and this association was modified by sex, with females (aHR: 3.71, 95% CI: 2.62 to 5.24) at higher risk for symptomaticity than males (aHR: 1.76, 95% CI: 1.24 to 2.50). This increased symptomatic malaria risk was observed for asymptomatic infections of all densities and in people of all ages. Long-term risk was attenuated but still present in children under age 5 (29-month aHR: 1.38, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.81).Conclusions:In this high-transmission setting, asymptomatic P. falciparum can be quickly followed by symptoms and may be targeted to reduce the incidence of symptomatic illness.Funding:This work was supported by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R21AI126024 to WPO, R01AI146849 to WPO and SMT).
LncRNA NEAT1 regulated diabetic retinal epithelial-mesenchymal transition through regulating miR-204/SOX4 axis
Authors: Yang Yang , Zhou Jing , Li Wei hong , Zhou Zhi xiong , Xia Xiao bo 
Published: July 2021

Aim
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells is the key of the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR), and lncRNA NEAT1 could accelerate EMT in diabetic nephropathy. Meanwhile, as a diabetes susceptibility gene, whether sex-determining region Y-related (SRY) high-mobility group box 4 (SOX4) has relationship with lncRNA NEAT1 in DR remains unclear.

Methods
Firstly, NEAT1, SOX4 and miR-204 were evaluated by qRT-PCR (quantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR) under high glucose condition. Then, cell viability, proliferation, migration and invasion were respectively detected by MTT, BrdU staining, wound healing and transwell assay after NEAT1 knockdown or miR-204 overexpression. Also, the EMT-related proteins were examined by western blot and cell immunofluorescence assay. In order to confirm the relationship between miR-204 and NEAT1 or SOX4, dual luciferase reporter gene assay was conducted. At the same time, the protein levels of SOX4 and EMT-related proteins were investigated by immunohistochemistry in vivo.

Results
High glucose upregulated NEAT1 and SOX4 and downregulated miR-204 in ARPE19 cells. NEAT1 knockdown or miR-204 overexpression inhibited the proliferation and EMT progression of ARPE19 cells induced by high glucose. NEAT1 was identified as a molecular sponge of miR-204 to increase the level of SOX4. The effect of NEAT1 knockdown on the progression of EMT under high glucose condition in ARPE19 cells could be reversed by miR-204 inhibitor. Also, NEAT1 knockdown inhibited retinal EMT in diabetic mice.

Conclusion
NEAT1 regulated the development of EMT in DR through miR-204/SOX4 pathway, which could provide reference for clinical prevention and treatment.
Genome-wide identification of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene family under waterlogging stress in wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: Shen Changwei , Yuan Jingping , Ou Xingqi , Ren Xiujuan , Li Xinhua 
Published: July 2021

Background
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) plays an important role in plant survival under anaerobic conditions. Although some research about ADH in many plants have been carried out, the bioinformatics analysis of the ADH gene family from Triticum aestivum and their response to abiotic stress is unclear.

Methods
A total of 22 ADH genes were identified from the wheat genome, and these genes could be divided into two subfamilies (subfamily I and subfamily II). All TaADH genes belonged to the Medium-chain ADH subfamily. Sequence alignment analysis showed that all TaADH proteins contained a conservative GroES-like domain and Zinc-binding domain. A total of 64 duplicated gene pairs were found, and the Ka/Ks value of these gene pairs was less than 1, which indicated that these genes were relatively conservative and did not change greatly in the process of duplication.

Results
The organizational analysis showed that nine TaADH genes were highly expressed in all organs, and the rest of TaADH genes had tissue specificity. Cis-acting element analysis showed that almost all of the TaADH genes contained an anaerobic response element. The expression levels of ADH gene in waterlogging tolerant and waterlogging sensitive wheat seeds were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). This showed that some key ADH genes were significantly responsive to waterlogging stress at the seed germination stage, and the response of waterlogging tolerant and waterlogging sensitive wheat seeds to waterlogging stress was regulated by different ADH genes. The results may be helpful to further study the function of TaADH genes and to determine the candidate gene for wheat stress resistance breeding.
Performance Evaluation of Diesel Engine Operated High-speed Chaff Cutter
Authors: Beerge Ramesh , Revanth K. , Shukla Prabhakar , Vinayaka . , Basavaraj . 
Published: July 2021

Dairy farming has become one of major sources of income for farmers. To maintain a large dairy farm, fodder must be available in palatable form at every point of time in sufficient quantity. To ensure that the ready fodder is available for cattle, a high-capacity chaff cutter is necessary. A high speed and hogh-capacity chaff cutter procured from the local market and tested for its performance. The machine consisted of a flywheel type cutter head which was mounted on the rectangular platform. The cutter head consisted of three rectangular plain knives fixed 120° apart on a circular disc of 440 ϕ. The feeding assembly was mounted with three feed rollers viz., upper, low, and additional. Chute type feeding mechanism was provided. The machine was operated by a 3.73 kW diesel engine. The ‘v’ belt was provided for power transmission from engine to cutter head with a reduction ratio of 1:0.32. Feed rollers were driven by bevel and spur gears. Short run and long run evaluation of the machine were conducted for napier grass and dry jowar. The variation in length of cut pieces was found to be 8.39% and 5.78% for dry jowar and napier grass, respectively. Quality of cut was calculated and found to be -0.80 for dry jowar and -0.53 for napier grass. The average efficiency of the machine was found to be 86.87% and 88.93% for dry jowar and napier grass, respectively. The average diesel consumption was found to be 0.69 l h-1.
Physiognomies and Strength Investigation of Concrete Part Blended by Wood Ash
Authors: Dash Smruti Saswati , Mishra Siba Prasad , Panda Sagarika 
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Cement during its manufacture emits enormous CO2, and heat to the atmosphere and deteriorate the environment affecting its sustainability. Wood ashes (WA) are the by-products wood based power plants, timber mills as wood dust, barks from forestry, paper industry, and forest fire are simple wastes and are noxious to atmosphere. Present study is investigating the strength and durability of concrete when blended with 0%, 10%, 30%, and 40% wood ash replacing cement to have these wastes effective waste management.
Methodology: The process of investigation is to find the chemical constituents of fly ash, and its suitability to part substitute cement by using X-ray fluorescent spectrometer (XRF), and digital compressive testing machine (CTM) and Universal Testing Machine (UTM) to verify the physical, chemical, and mechanical properties to assess appropriate strength of wood ash blended concrete (WABC).
Results: Strength characteristic at various proportion of mix of (WABC) on testing exhibited decreasing trend on increasing WA percent. The blended concrete exhibited the required compressive strength at 10% addition of WA and after curing for 28days. By utilizing wood ash as cement substitute the environment can be saved from black carbon and further deterioration.
Treating Physician vs Independent Medical Evaluator
Authors: Feinberg Steven D. , Brigham Christopher R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Who is in the better position to evaluate, the treating physician or an independent medical examination (IME) physician? A treating physician has a patient-advocate role because he or she has a doctor-patient relationship with the patient/claimant. Unlike the treating physician, an IME physician does not have a doctor-patient relationship, and can, therefore, provide an impartial evaluation necessary to assess the extent to which the patient/claimant is impaired or disabled from functional activities of daily living.
Mutational analysis reveals potential phosphorylation sites in eukaryotic elongation factor 1A that are important for its activity
Authors: Mateyak Maria K. , He Dongming , Sharma Pragati , Kinzy Terri Goss 
Published: July 2021

Previous studies have suggested that phosphorylation of translation elongation factor 1A (eEF1A) can alter its function, and large‐scale phospho‐proteomic analyses in Saccharomyces cerevisiae have identified 14 eEF1A residues phosphorylated under various conditions. Here, a series of eEF1A mutations at these proposed sites were created and the effects on eEF1A activity were analyzed. The eEF1A‐S53D and eEF1A‐T430D phosphomimetic mutant strains were inviable, while corresponding alanine mutants survived but displayed defects in growth and protein synthesis. The activity of an eEF1A‐S289D mutant was significantly reduced in the absence of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor eEF1Bα and could be restored by an exchange‐deficient form of the protein, suggesting that eEF1Bα promotes eEF1A activity by a mechanism other than nucleotide exchange. Our data show that several of the phosphorylation sites identified by high‐throughput analysis are critical for eEF1A function.
The signal transducer CD24 suppresses the germ cell program and promotes an ectodermal rather than mesodermal cell fate in embryonal carcinomas
Authors: Skowron Margaretha A. , Becker Teresa K. , Kurz Lukas , Jostes Sina , Bremmer Felix , Fronhoffs Florian , Funke Kai , Wakileh Gamal A. , Müller Melanie R. , Burmeister Aaron , Lenz Thomas , Stefanski Anja , Stühler Kai , Petzsch Patrick , Köhrer Karl , Altevogt Peter , Albers Peter , Kristiansen Glen , Schorle Hubert , Nettersheim Daniel 
Published: July 2021

Testicular germ cell tumors (GCTs) are stratified into seminomas and nonseminomas. Seminomas share many histological and molecular features with primordial germ cells, whereas the nonseminoma stem cell population—embryonal carcinoma (EC)—is pluripotent and thus able to differentiate into cells of all three germ layers (teratomas). Furthermore, ECs are capable of differentiating into extra‐embryonic lineages (yolk sac tumors, choriocarcinomas). In this study, we deciphered the molecular and (epi)genetic mechanisms regulating expression of CD24, a highly glycosylated signaling molecule upregulated in many cancers. CD24 is overexpressed in ECs compared with other GCT entities and can be associated with an undifferentiated pluripotent cell fate. We demonstrate that CD24 can be transactivated by the pluripotency factor SOX2, which binds in proximity to the CD24 promoter. In GCTs, CD24 expression is controlled by epigenetic mechanisms, that is, histone acetylation, since CD24 can be induced by the application histone deacetylase inhibitors. Vice versa, CD24 expression is downregulated upon inhibition of histone methyltransferases, E3 ubiquitin ligases, or bromodomain (BRD) proteins. Additionally, three‐dimensional (3D) co‐cultivation of EC cells with microenvironmental cells, such as fibroblasts, and endothelial or immune cells, reduced CD24 expression, suggesting that crosstalk with the somatic microenvironment influences CD24 expression. In a CRISPR/Cas9 deficiency model, we demonstrate that CD24 fulfills a bivalent role in differentiation via regulation of homeobox, and phospho‐ and glycoproteins; that is, it is involved in suppressing the germ cell/spermatogenesis program and mesodermal/endodermal differentiation, while poising the cells for ectodermal differentiation. Finally, blocking CD24 by a monoclonal antibody enhanced sensitivity toward cisplatin in EC cells, including cisplatin‐resistant subclones, highlighting CD24 as a putative target in combination with cisplatin.
An improved method for automated calculation of the water‐equivalent diameter for estimating size‐specific dose in CT
Authors: Anam Choirul , Mahdani Fahmi Rosydiansyah , Dewi Winda Kusuma , Sutanto Heri , Triadyaksa Pandji , Haryanto Freddy , Dougherty Geoff 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study is to propose an algorithm for the automated calculation of water‐equivalent diameter (Dw) and size‐specific dose estimation (SSDE) from clinical computed tomography (CT) images containing one or more substantial body part.MethodsAll CT datasets were retrospectively acquired by the Toshiba Aquilion 128 CT scanner. The proposed algorithm consisted of a contouring stage for the Dw calculation, carried out by taking the six largest objects in the cross‐sectional image of the patient's body, followed by the removal of the CT table depending on the center position (y‐axis) of each object. Validation of the proposed algorithm used images of patients who had undergone chest examination with both arms raised up, one arm placed down and both arms placed down, images of the pelvic region consisting of one substantial object, and images of the lower extremities consisting of two separated areas.ResultsThe proposed algorithm gave the same results for Dw and SSDE as the previous algorithm when images consisted of one substantial body part. However, when images consisted of more than one substantial body part, the new algorithm was able to detect all parts of the patient within the image. The Dw values from the proposed algorithm were 9.5%, 15.4%, and 39.6% greater than the previous algorithm for the chest region with one arm placed down, both arms placed down, and images with two legs, respectively. The SSDE values from the proposed algorithm were 8.2%, 11.2%, and 20.6% lower than the previous algorithm for the same images, respectively.ConclusionsWe have presented an improved algorithm for automated calculation of Dw and SSDE. The proposed algorithm is more general and gives accurate results for both Dw and SSDE whether the CT images contain one or more than one substantial body part.
Experimental implementation of a novel model‐free adaptive fractional‐order sliding mode controller for a flexible‐link manipulator
Authors: Raoufi Mona , Delavari Hadi 
Published: July 2021

SummaryThis paper presents an experimental study of a robust control scheme for a single flexible‐link manipulator. Regarding the nonlinear dynamics of flexible manipulators and vibration problems associated with these robots, this study aims to propose a novel fractional‐order controller for efficient reference tracking, even in the presence of noise and total disturbances. In this regard, the control term is formulated by adopting the intelligent proportional–integral–derivative (PID) (iPID) technique and sliding mode control. As for estimating unknown states of the system, and ensuring that time‐variable disturbances are well‐handled and they do not excite vibrating modes, the generalized proportional integral (GPI) observer is utilized. Then, the adaptive reaching laws are derived along with the Lyapunov stability analysis, and finite‐time convergence of the sliding surface is proven. Finally, well‐trajectory tracking and robustness of the system are illustrated by the experimental results. The effectiveness of the fractional calculus in terms of accuracy, control effort, and vibration suppression is depicted as well.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Diazirines and 15N2‐Diazirines from Ketones, Aldehydes and Derivatives: Development and Mechanistic Insight
Authors: Ibert Quentin , Cauwel Madeleine , Glachet Thomas , Tite Tony , Le Nahenec‐Martel Patricia , Lohier Jean‐François , Renard Pierre‐Yves , Franck Xavier , Reboul Vincent , Sabot Cyrille 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBroad scope one‐pot diazirine synthesis strategies have been developed using two different oxidants depending on the nature of the starting material. In all cases, an inexpensive commercial solution of ammonia (NH3) in methanol (MeOH) was employed, avoiding the difficult use of liquid ammonia. With aliphatic ketones, t‐butyl hypochlorite (t‐BuOCl) was found to be the best oxidant whereas it is preferable to use phenyliodine diacetate (PIDA) with aromatic ketones, aldehydes and imines. The nature of the imine‐protecting group is essential and only t‐butyl imine allowed the synthesis of 15N2‐diazirine with complete 15N incorporation, emphasizing a key trans‐imination step in the reaction mechanism. These methods are operationally simple, and tolerant to most functional groups, providing diazirines with yields ranging from 20 to 99%.magnified image