bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Freedom Girls
Authors: Apolloni Alexandra M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Freedom Girls: Voicing Femininity in 1960s British Pop shows how the vocal performances of girl singers in 1960s Britain defined—and sometimes defied—ideas about what it meant to be a young woman in the 1960s British pop music scene. The singing and expressive voices of Sandie Shaw, Cilla Black, Millie Small, Dusty Springfield, Lulu, Marianne Faithfull, and P. P. Arnold reveal how vocal sound shapes access to social mobility and, consequently, access to power and musical authority. The book examines how Sandie Shaw and Cilla Black’s ordinary girl personas were tied to whiteness, and in Black’s case to her Liverpool origins. It shows how Dusty Springfield and Jamaican singer Millie Small engaged with the transatlantic sounds of soul and ska, respectively, transforming ideas about musical genre, race, and gender. It reveals how attitudes about sexuality and youth in rock culture shaped the vocal performances of Lulu and Marianne Faithfull, and how P. P. Arnold has re-narrated rock history to center Black women’s vocality. Freedom Girls draws on a broad array of archival sources, including music magazines, fashion and entertainment magazines produced for young women, biographies and interviews, audience research reports, and others to inform analysis of musical recordings (including such songs as “As Tears Go By,” “Son of a Preacher Man,” and others) and performances on television programs such as Ready Steady Go!, Shindig, and other 1960s music shows. These performances reveal the historical and contemporary connections between voice, social mobility, and musical authority and demonstrate how singers used voice to navigate the boundaries of race, class, and gender.
Sounding Like Liverpool
Authors: Apolloni Alexandra M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Cilla Black sang and spoke with a pronounced Liverpool accent. Despite attempts to eliminate it, this quality remained, ultimately becoming a point of identification for listeners. This chapter explores how Black’s voice defied class-marked notions of respectability. Her voice—and persona—were a problem for music critics. Unlike the cool ordinariness embodied by singers like Sandie Shaw, Black communicated a different ordinariness, one rooted in working-class identity, which complicated her position in hip, modern, Swinging London. Her first hit, “Anyone Who Had a Heart,” reveals how this plays out musically. The chapter considers Black in the context of Merseybeat and the ideology of authenticity that characterized rock and roll and places her performances in the context of the mid-1960s boom in popular linguistic and quasi-ethnographic publications purporting to document Liverpool culture. The chapter concludes with reflections on Black’s early TV career and considers how contemporary Liverpool musicians contend with her legacy.
England Meets Jamaica’s Lollipop Girl
Authors: Apolloni Alexandra M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Black Jamaican singer Millie Small’s “My Boy Lollipop” was one of the first global pop hits with origins in Jamaican pop music. British commentators caricatured Small’s Jamaican background while construing her as the ideal ambassador to bring Jamaican pop to white British audiences. This chapter listens to Millie Small’s voice in this context. Despite attempts to diminish her accent, Small’s distinctive voice proved difficult to discipline and its reception reveals how ideas about sonic femininity collide with racist anxiety. The chapter closely attends to the way she sings “My Boy Lollipop,” and the way that Black and white audiences responded to her voice. It then discusses her performance on the iconic Around the Beatles TV special, which allows us to hear her voice in the context of competing discourses of modernity. The chapter concludes by reflecting on one of Small’s later recordings—the antiracist anthem “Enoch Power.”
Race, Self-Invention, and Dusty Springfield’s Voice
Authors: Apolloni Alexandra M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the 1960s, Dusty Springfield’s voice earned her frequent comparisons to African American vocalists. This chapter argues that Springfield’s vocal sound reveals how racialized listening processes operate. It shows how the historical reception of Black singers in Britain, assumptions about how white women sounded, and a pop music scene that cultivated excitement through engagement with racial otherness moved listeners to hear her voice in racialized terms. The chapter begins with discussion of how Springfield’s story of vocal transformation has been told by her biographers. Then, it consider two key collaborations between Springfield and Black artists: the “Sound of Motown,” a special episode of the TV program Ready Steady Go!, and her 1969 album, Dusty in Memphis. Although separated only by five years, the two performances in question construct Springfield’s relationship to race and identity much differently, responding, in part, to political, cultural, and musical changes that occurred during the intervening years.
Prologue
Authors: Irons Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The prologue recounts in detail the lynching of Rubin Stacy in Fort Lauderdale, Florida, on July 19, 1935. An illiterate farm worker with a wife and three-year-old son, Stacy was accused of assaulting a White woman with a penknife in front of her young children. Captured after a three-day manhunt, Stacy was lynched by a racist deputy sheriff and his body riddled with seventeen bullets fired by mob members. No one was charged with his murder, but the lynching prompted an effort by Black leaders and the NAACP to persuade President Franklin Roosevelt to support an antilynching bill in Congress, using as a visual reminder of lynching’s horrors a photo of Stacy’s lifeless body hanging from a pine branch while several White children gaze at it. FDR refused, citing his reliance on racist southern senators for passage of his New Deal programs to combat the Great Depression. The prologue also explores the ancestral roots of Stacy and the family of the woman he was accused of assaulting. Both had ancestors among the early Virginia residents; Stacy’s were Black slaves, and his alleged victim’s were White farmers. The different cultures in which they were raised—one oppressed by the other—made Stacy’s lynching an example of White fear of Black men “violating” their wives and daughters.
“Negroes Plan to Kill All Whites”
Authors: Irons Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter, which covers the first three decades of the twentieth century, begins with an account of the life and career of W. E. B. Du Bois, the most influential Black intellectual and social scientist of that period. A classic insider/outsider in American society, Du Bois earned a Harvard PhD in sociology and wrote a pioneering study of systemic racism in The Philadelphia Negro. He was also an outspoken activist in the Socialist Party and NAACP. Du Bois’s work placed him at the forefront of struggles against racism, especially in northern cities into which 1.5 million southern Blacks moved in the Great Migration, lured by the prospect of steady, well-paid factory jobs. These Black migrants, however, were outnumbered two to one by southern White migrants to those cities, who forced Blacks into ghettos with rundown, overcrowded housing and inferior schools. Tensions between the races intensified after World War I, sparking the “Red Summer” of 1919, with major race riots—instigated by Whites—in Washington, D.C., and Chicago, leaving dozens dead and thousand with burned-out homes. The bloodshed culminated that fall with the massacre of some two hundred Black tenant farmers and their families in the town of Elaine, Arkansas, followed two years later by another massacre, in Tulsa, Oklahoma. The decade of the 1920s offered northern Blacks little respite from the racism that kept them from escaping poverty.
Epilogue
Authors: Irons Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This epilogue, written after the 2020 elections and the inauguration of President Joe Biden, first looks at the refusal of former president Donald Trump to accept his electoral defeat and his incitement of his hard-core supporters to disrupt the counting of electoral votes in the Senate chamber of the Capitol on January 6, 2021. Their violent storming of the Capitol, resulting in five deaths, prompted the Democratic-controlled House of Representatives to impeach Trump for “incitement to insurrection.” However, only seven of fifty GOP senators joined all fifty Democrats to convict Trump, short of the required two-thirds majority of sixty-seven. One major consequence of Biden’s victory was his pledge, in a document entitled “Lift Every Voice: The Biden Plan for Black America,” to focus on “rooting out systemic racism” in American institutions. The epilogue then looks at the impact of Trump’s (and his followers) racism on two major social and political issues: the greater infection, hospitalization, and death rates of Blacks from the coronavirus pandemic, and racial justice and police reform after the death of George Floyd in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in May 2020. Attempting to arrest Floyd, a forty-six-year-old Black man, for allegedly trying to pass a counterfeit $20 bill, Police Officer Derek Chauvin pressed his knee into Floyd’s neck for almost ten minutes while he was handcuffed and prone on the street. The jury verdict in Chauvin’s murder trial, unknown at this writing, will play a significant role in determining how Americans will support, or oppose, programs and policies to “root out systemic racism,” as President Biden has pledged to combat. The reign of White Men’s Law must end.
What Privacy Is
Authors: Richards Neil 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Privacy issues are everywhere in our society, but we struggle with them in part because we lack a clear definition of privacy on which we can agree. Scholars have struggled to define privacy, but lots of concepts in our law, like “free speech” and “equality,” have been protected without clear agreement on a specific definition. Thus, we need not let our hang-ups about privacy’s definitional problem stop us from talking about it and protecting it. The chapter offers a working definition of privacy for the book as “the extent to which human information is neither known nor used. This definition focuses on (1) information privacy rather than other kinds of privacy; (2) information about humans; (3) the use of information rather than its mere collection; and (4) the importance of thinking about information use as a matter of degree rather than a binary on/off state.
A Theory of Privacy as Rules
Authors: Richards Neil 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Target Corporation’s famous use of big data to predict which of its customers were pregnant involved a potent cocktail of behavioral science and data science to influence customers’ behavior without their knowledge. In Target’s case, it sent coupons to pregnant women so as to habituate them into becoming long-term Target customers. Its real lesson is that human information confers the power to control human behavior. Rather than thinking principally about defining privacy, we should think about regulating to protect people from the power that human information confers. This conclusion has four important implications. First, it reveals that privacy is fundamentally about power—power over human beings in society. Second, struggles over “privacy” are really struggles over the rules that constrain the power that human information confers. Third, privacy rules of some sort are inevitable. Fourth, privacy should be thought of in instrumental terms to promote human values.
The Law and Regulation of Medicines and Medical Devices
Authors: Feldschreiber Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This book focuses on the science and regulatory policy and law surrounding the discovery, development, and marketing of new medicines. It reviews consumer protection and intellectual property laws that are applicable to the development and commercialisation of medicinal products. It also provides a deeper understanding of the scientific and technical issues for lawyers and legal issues for those involved with regulatory policy and decision-making, such as senior executives in the pharmaceutical industry. The book covers the European and UK legislation on medicines and healthcare products together with the UK implementing legislation and instruments, and key case law. It discusses the structure and function of the regulatory authorities, applications to carry out clinical trials, intellectual property issues, product liability issues, and litigation.
The European Council as a Transformative Force
Authors: Wessels Wolfgang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The puzzle of my chapter is to explain an astonishing transformation of the European Union over the last 60 years. Faced with dramatic challenges in their international, economic, social, and political environment, the member states, as masters of the treaty, have taken considerable steps to widen, deepen, and broaden their common system. In an unconventional explanation, the chapter argues that the European Council, as the regular summit forum of national and European leaders, generally characterized as the apex of the intergovernmental nature of the EU’s architecture, has been the dynamic driver of this remarkable process. In analysing the specific functions of the European Council as the constitutional architect, I identify a typical four-step pattern in its power of transformation. The result is a fusion of intergovernmental and also strong supranational features which explains a considerable resilience to deep and varied crises.
Incompleteness and Moral Change
Authors: Herman Barbara 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the objectivity and determinacy of moral requirement can be maintained even though the moral habitat system of duties is subject to progressive change and amendment. Like engineering or medicine, it has the structure of a practical science with fundamental laws and values and a deliberative pragmatics for absorbing new knowledge and taking on new tasks. There is no complete or ideal system of duties. A significant upshot of this is that individuals have an imperfect duty to be agents of moral change. They must attend to moral practices and give voice to faults they see. Responding explicitly to a region of concern can have due care priority over unilaterally making things better. It is part of the idea of the moral habitat project to expect moral change as an ongoing collective project of responsiveness to its defining set of moral values.
Phenomenal Conservatism and Its Promises
Authors: McCain Kevin , Moretti Luca 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses Phenomenal Conservatism (PC) and its promises as a theory of epistemic justification. It also explores common objections raised against PC including that it is too liberal, it conflicts with Bayesianism, and it runs afoul of cognitive penetration. It is argued that these common objections fail to pose a genuine threat to PC. Additionally, it is argued that there are a number of benefits provided by the appearance-based approach to epistemic justification championed by PC. As a result, this chapter shows that PC is a good starting point for theorizing about the nature of epistemic justification even though it cannot make good on all of its promises.
The Big Bang
Authors: Copley Jack 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the 1986 Big Bang liberalization of the London Stock Exchange (LSE), which was crucial in transforming the City of London into a truly global financial centre. This policy was the result of a winding institutional process that began in 1979 when the RPC initiated a case against the LSE for non-competitive practices. While Thatcher initially refused to exempt the LSE from this case, things changed following the government’s implementation of its monetarist experiment: MTFS. MTFS was a strategy to discipline the British economy in a depoliticized manner, by locking the government into years of financial stringency. In order for this strategy to be successful, the government had to meet certain monetary targets, which would justify the painful measures. Yet this plan went awry, plunging the economy into a deep recession while the government failed to hit its monetary targets. To prevent the complete presentational collapse of MTFS, the state began to make massive sales of government debt on the LSE as a way to meet the monetary targets. This in turn made it crucially important that the normal functioning of the LSE was not disrupted by a drawn-out court case. The Thatcher government finally decided to exempt the LSE from this investigation in 1983, which began the countdown to the 1986 Big Bang liberalization. The decision that led to the Big Bang was thus, to a significant extent, a desperate attempt to protect MTFS, which had sought to restructure the British economy in line with global competitive pressures.
Politicizing Religion
Authors: Balbier Uta A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter defines Graham’s crusades in the United States, Germany, and the United Kingdom in the 1950s as powerful cultural orchestrations of Cold War culture. It explores the reasons of leading political figures to support Graham, the media discourses that constructed Graham’s image as a cold warrior, and the religious and political worldviews of the religious organizers of the crusades in London, Washington, New York, and Berlin. In doing so, the chapter shows how hopes for genuine re-Christianization, in response to looming secularization, anticommunist fears, and post–World War II national anxieties, as well as spiritual legitimizations for the Cold War conflict, blended in Graham’s campaign work. These anxieties, hopes, and worldviews crisscrossed the Atlantic, allowing Graham and his campaign teams to make a significant contribution to creating an imagined transnational “spiritual Free World.”
Experiencing Religion
Authors: Balbier Uta A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
At each of Graham’s revival meetings a modern, lived, and transnational community of faith formed, connecting believers to past and future crusades. By following the audience to the meetings themselves, this chapter shows how they experienced the “modern” faith that had featured prominently in the contemporary religious debates discussed in Chapter 1. In the complex interplay between the sacred and the profane in the meetings’ orchestration, this faith became tangible. At the revival meetings, relationships formed within the audiences, and through practices such as singing and praying participants contributed to the charging of the spiritual atmosphere that finally climaxed in the altar call. Several aspects of the revival meetings—the presence of international guests, the awareness of prayers being said around the world for those in attendance, and the translation and accessibility of conversation narratives—enhanced the feeling in audiences that they were part of the transnational community of Billy Graham’s followers.
Plate Tectonics
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Plate tectonics, the grand unifying theory of geology, and its relation to the Earth is explained in this chapter. The planet transforms through time by means of the movement of rigid plates carrying the continents riding on the plastic material in the Earth’s upper mantle. Three major plate boundaries are divergent margins, where new ocean floor is being created along mid-ocean ridges and plates separate from one another; convergent margins, where the material is subducted and consumed as different types of plates collide, creating trenches, island arcs or mountain ranges, and transform boundaries; and where plates slide past one another. Besides the three predominant boundaries, hot spots caused by mantle plumes and diffuse boundaries make up additional dynamic forces in tectonics. Beyond these categories, geologists still are learning about tectonics; some boundaries are unknown or speculative. Plate tectonics explains why many of the Earth’s hazards are found where there are. Earthquakes trace many plate margins, as do volcanoes. The area around the Pacific Ocean is called the “Ring of Fire” because of the many volcanoes related to subducting plates. Tectonics accounts for why certain rocks are located where they are; for example, all rock types are found at convergent margins. The theory also predicts where valuable mineral and economic deposits are located.
Biography of the Earth
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The last era in the Phanerozoic Eon, the Cenozoic Era, is detailed in this chapter. The rise and radiation of the mammals occurred during Cenozoic after the devastation wrought by the Chicxulub Asteroid impact at the end of the Mesozoic Era. Ecological resources and niches vacated by the dinosaurs because of the mass extinction were filled by the mammals with concurrent developments in plants. Changes in climate and the mid-Miocene warming happened mid-era, then drying out and opening of grasslands followed by a plunge into ice ages and the Pleistocene extinction event. The late Cenozoic witnessed the development of humankind as the great ice sheets from the Pleistocene started to melt and the climate warm. The planet started to look similar to how it appears to humans today, and the current age of the Earth is the Cenozoic Era, Quaternary Period, Holocene Epoch, Meghalayan Age.
The Earth’s Impact on Life and Life’s Impact on the Earth
Authors: Ervin-Blankenheim Elisabeth 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter weaves together the three threads that make up the fundamental geologic principles: geologic time, plate tectonics, and evolution. The chapter examines their impact on life on the Earth and, in turn, biological life’s imprint on the planet. Each system, or sphere, of the Earth, water, air, solid Earth, and life, are interdependent. At the intersection of these spheres are critical systems, such as soil and the carbon cycle, both of which support life. The current situation on the planet, with diminishing resources and population numbers and changes in climate, are current concerns. The interrelated web of life in response to climate change and implications for the future benefits from a deep-time perspective with geology as a framework. Past hothouse times, tipping points, and understanding how the Earth works as well as the biography of the Earth through the lens of geology, can go far as a guide to future conditions on the planet—to listen to the song of the Earth.