bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moving underground for urban regeneration – Design challenges and cost assessment for the proposed undergrounding of Poseidonos av.
Authors: Poulidi N , Benardos A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The evolution in underground construction has led to the development of many large-scale underground projects in which essential infrastructure are placed, and though this facilitating the preservation or even the reclamation of valuable surface space. A part of these underground structures is the subsurface transformation of road networks, aiming either at the better traffic regulation, or at the rehabilitation of the surface urban setting. However, special design requirements are needed along with the accurate costing of the proposed solution that would finally assess the feasibility of the project. The paper deals with the proposed underground relocation of a section of the Poseidonos av., a major coastal highway in Athens, as part of the greater urban regeneration that is going to take place in the Hellinikon area. The design of the 1.47 km underground section is proposed to be implemented as a cut-and-cover top down development that will inflict minimal traffic intervention during construction. Also, all proposed surface arrangements and configurations are presented, designed to ensure efficient transit to all users of the road and the surface area. Finally, the design details are used to draw accurate assessments of the required cost and time of the project that will completely transform the area and actually further boost the integration of the Hellinikon development project in the surrounding area.
The design and construction of a large composite subway station in limited space: An exemplary application of OCUE method in Xuzhou, China
Authors: He Junzuo , Liao Shaoming , Gong Zhiqun , Tang Cong , Liu Mengbo , Li Yang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Due to the compact space and high utilization demands, the construction of large underground subway transfer station in urban area, like Pengcheng Square station in Xuzhou, China, was confronted with various obstacles, such as nearby surface and subsurface structures, heavy road traffic, and clay-rock mixed ground conditions. Based on careful investigations to all surrounding limitations, an innovative composite station form and its corresponding construction method, open cutting with underground excavation (OCUE) method, were introduced. The construction performance of this method has been confirmed by field monitoring. The main findings from the research include: (1) Sophisticated design and construction is essential for satisfying the expected functions of the station, minimizing the influence on the heavy traffic and sensitive structures in adjacent, as well as tackling the adversities of the clay-rock mixed strata; (2) Supported by the OCUE method, composite form of subway station was delicately designed to maximize the utilization of limited space, it comprised of open cutting part, underground excavation part and half-covered excavation part; (3) The implementation of OCUE method was successful with little influence on the surrounding traffic and buildings. Experiences obtained from this project can provide effective reference for similar cases.
Development of urban public spaces using urban underground spaces: a new method to improve quality of life (QOL) in Tehran metropolis
Authors: Safaee Mohammad Mahdi , Nematipour Narges 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOnce Tehran was an enchanting city garden with abundant green lands at Alborz mountain range. Now it has changed into a metropolis with many problems as a result of losing a lot of gardens, farms, and green spaces. Tehran is the capital of Iran with a population around 13 million people daytime and 8.5 million people night-time. Its area is about 730 square kilometres and in terms of population density, it is ranked 25th in the list of most populous cities. Due to the lack of public spaces required, Tehran metropolis has faced serious challenges to create a sense of life satisfaction in the residents. Due to population density and numerous amount of mass housing and high land prices, the development of public spaces required by the city has become more difficult. Therefore, one of the ways to develop such spaces is to use underground surfaces and combine them with existing surfaces on the ground. How to properly correlate and interact between the development of urban public spaces, urban underground spaces and improving Tehran metropolis citizens’ quality of life and provide solutions for it, is the main issue of this research.
Integration of 3D models of structures and geological composition as an underground infrastructure model
Authors: Hakoda Toshiaki , Nishiyama Syoichi , Omori Takaki , Okumura Tadahiko , Narusawa Mamoru , Yabuki Nobuyoshi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
To develop three-dimensional (3D) models as examples of the infrastructure model concept which would be useful for the operation and maintenance or design and construction of underground facilities we integrated 3D models of the geological composition, the structure and the lifeline facilities (water supply and sewerage system, city gas line, electrical power and communication lines) for the underground mall named ESCA in Nagoya City, Japan. In addition to the above 3D models, 3D structural models of tunnels of the underground railway passing underneath ESCA are developed based on as-built drawings in cooperation with the transportation authority of Nagoya City, and settlements occurred by that construction are visualized in 3D models from a record of the construction of tunnels of that subway. ESCA built out a 3D data platform with browser software for daily maintenance and planning of modification work of the underground mall.
Study on the distribution of sulfur-bearing formations in the Sichuan Basin and its damage to tunnel engineering
Authors: Su Peidong , Zhao Yi , Xu Zhengxuan , Du Yuben , Qiu Peng , Wang Dong , Li Yougui 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The sulfur-bearing formations in the Sichuan Basin are widely distributed, whose harmful gases have caused serious threat to tunnel engineering. Based on the existing data collected, the research shows that the main sulfur-bearing formations in the Sichuan Basin include the Triassic Leikoupo Formation, Jialingjiang Formation, and Feixianguan Formation, the Permian Longtan Formation, the Carboniferous Huanglong Formation, the Silurian, the Cambrian and the Sinian. Sulfur-containing gas is closely related to the active degree of tectonic movement in the area where it is located, and is mainly manifested in three aspects: the generation, migration and storage of sulfur-containing gas. According to the tectonic distribution, depth and concentration of the Sichuan basin, the hazard grade of the sulfur-bearing strata in the basin was classified. The Permian Longtan Formation and the Carboniferous Huanglong Formation can be divided into Level IV sulfur-containing strata. The Triassic Leikoupo Formation, Jialingjiang Formation, Feixianguan Formation, and the Silurian strata can be divided into Level III sulfur-containing strata, meanwhile the Cambrian and Sinian strata can be divided into Grade II. The result of sulphur-bearing strata hazard classification was applied to the Yuelongmen Tunnel of Chenglan Railway, and the on-site inspection results were consistent with the application analysis results.
Cost benefit analysis of the Athens metro line 3 expansion project
Authors: Sourouvali N , Benardos A , Mavrikos A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Metro projects have become an essential infrastructure of modern large metropolitan areas worldwide, as they provide fast, reliable and efficient transportation services, promoting overall mobility, environmental stewardship and economic vitality. In order to assist the decision-making process of pursuing such high cost underground infrastructure, its assessment should not only be based in a purely financial evaluation. On the contrary, the implementation of a comprehensive social cost-benefit analysis incorporating the monetary values of the environmental and social benefits of underground transit systems is an important element to highlight latent qualities. The paper presents an ex-post cost benefit analysis focusing on the last segment of the Athens metro line 3 expansion, from Egaleo to Ag. Marina station. This section has been developed from 2007 and was put in service in 2014. The analysis incorporates actual cost figures from the construction period as well as the operational cost of the segment during the first years of operation. The project is assessed on the grounds of an investment plan using the social NPV and social IRR criteria. The results point out that the project is not feasible if benchmarked against purely financial criteria. Nevertheless, the introduction of the monetary values attained by the social and environmental benefits that the project brings, renders the whole development desirable and beneficial from a cost-benefit analysis standpoint.
Prediction of blast-induced ground vibrations with the use of artificial neural networks. A case study in Greece.
Authors: Xenios Z , Benardos A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Creating models, capable of making accurate predictions of the Peak Particle Velocity (PPV) after a blast, is always one of the researchers’ most important goals. The use of such prediction can assist in assessing the intensity of the blast vibrations and more importantly in designing the whole blasting phase so as to mitigate potential problems to nearby structures. Main aim of this paper is to demonstrate the capabilities of artificial intelligence applications in geotechnology and more specifically to assess PPV and the characteristics of the blast wave attenuation in an underground construction case study in Greece, using multilayer feed forward artificial neural networks (ANNs). The results showed that the forecasting ability of the developed ANNs was, in almost every case, more accurate than the ones given by the use of traditional empirical formulas, as benchmarked using Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) and coefficient correlation (R). In this manner, the ANNs proved to be a reliable and accurate method to assess PPV from underground blasting and once trained they become an efficient off-the-shelf tool to assist engineers both in the blast design and in the mitigation of blast wave induced problems.
Underground heat mine – potential for large scale production and storage of thermal energy
Authors: Ahonen L , Hietava J , Korhonen K , Martinkauppi A , Piipponen K 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We have studied possibilities to utilize the 1.4 km deep Pyhäsalmi mine as a source of geothermal energy. Measured thermal conductivities of the Precambrian (1.9 Ga) crystalline bedrock hosting the massive Cu-Zn sulphide deposit vary between 2.5 and 3.5 W/m·K, depending on the rock type, and the bedrock temperature increases with depth by 12–14 K/km. The design concept for heat utilization studied in this project is based on an underground borehole field exchanging heat between the bedrock and the water circulation loop, which then transfers thermal energy to the heat pumps. In the borehole heat exchanger (BHE) performance evaluations, we focused on a coaxial configuration, in which formation water circulates down in contact with borehole wall and returns inside a pipe. The borehole field modelled has a hemispherical geometry, so that all boreholes start from a central hall at the bottom of the mine (where the temperature is 21 °C) and would be directed radially outwards. Our reference case consists of 136 boreholes having length of 300 m, thus covering a rock volume of 57 million cubic meters. Simulations indicate that this BHE fields can sustain heating power of 1 MW for at least 44 years, but the average temperature of the borehole field would decrease by about 10 degrees. Thermal power can be increased substantially by increasing the borehole density, but the lifetime of the BHE field decreases.
Could ground heat and geothermal energy be the answer to climate change prevention and energy demand?
Authors: Vähäaho Ilkka 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Global warming has caused and will continue to cause an increasing amount of extreme weather phenomena. Science has shown that the risks for irreversible and catastrophic changes will rise considerably if the climate warms up by more than 1.5 or even 2 degrees Celsius. The City of Helsinki bears its responsibility in mitigating climate change. The aim is to make Helsinki carbon neutral by 2035. The operating environment of energy produced by ground heat wells is changing in Finland – recently the interest in boring large energy well fields and deeper energy wells has increased considerably. There are two types of geothermal energy wells: wells based on a closed loop system and EGS wells, operating with the help of a network of clefts in the bedrock. EGS power stations are always associated with an earthquake risk, as they alter the stress state in the bedrock. The traditional ground heat wells are currently more cost-effective in Finland than the geothermal energy wells when their construction costs are compared with the value of the energy generated by them. The construction costs of geothermal energy solutions will most likely decrease along with future mass production. Geothermal energy wells will also bring many benefits compared with ground heat wells. In terms of underground construction, it is better to have fewer boreholes. Unlike traditional ground heat wells, geothermal energy will never run short over the years. The energy production of ground heat wells is typically calculated for a period of 20 to 50 years. Cooling also known as recharging will increase the lifespan of a ground heat system for some decades. The energy production of a two-kilometre deep geothermal energy well in the bedrock of Helsinki has been modelled for the next 1,000 years. The energy production of a two-kilometre deep geothermal energy well will initially reach 800 MWh annually and still be as high as 640 MWh annually after 1,000 years. Helsinki also aims to utilise renewable energy on a regional basis, and not only for individual building lots. Our intention is to integrate the utilisation of ground heat and geothermal energy as part of land-use planning. The pilot sites will include both new production and complementary development. This work is part of the background research for the Helsinki Underground Master Plan 2021.
Construction of Underground Service Tunnels as Part of Disaster Management
Authors: Suzuki Nanami , Shirane Tetsuya , Morimura Taira , Nitta Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Japan is one of the most earthquake-prone countries in the world. The Great East Japan Earthquake that struck on March 11, 2011 devastated a vast area centered on three prefectures in the Tohoku region (Fukushima, Miyagi, and Iwate), and there is said to be a more than 70% probability of a magnitude 7 earthquake striking Tokyo—the nation’s capital—within the next 30 years.
Under these circumstances, various measures are being considered for application to a range of facilities, transportation systems, and infrastructure in Japan in order to protect people’s lives and—at the very least—reduce damage in the event of an earthquake, but in reality no one can image the kind of situation that would unfold should an earthquake actually occur.
Sandwiched between Tokyo Station and the Imperial Palace in the center of Tokyo, the Otemachi, Marunouchi, and Yurakucho districts (known colloquially as the “Daimaruyu” area) comprise one huge business district where there is a concentration of representative Japanese companies—including major banks, trading companies, and newspapers—and Japan offices of foreign corporations. In addition to protecting human life, this area potentially faces another serious challenge in the event of a major earthquake—preventing disruption to the businesses operating within it.
In order to be able to do this, strengthening and redundancy of infrastructure such as energy, water, and heating and cooling systems are required. In order to achieve this strengthening and redundancy of energy, water, and heating/cooling infrastructure, utility and service tunnels for installing energy, water, and air-conditioning supply pipes are currently being constructed at a depth of 20–30 meters below ground in the Daimaruyu area. This paper provides an overview of the significance and purpose of this service tunnel construction as well as the project content.
Cavern fire safety – overview of requirements and pragmatic solutions in Hong Kong
Authors: Kwan Julian SH , Tsang Leslie WH , Ng Fred , Cheuk Johnny , Au Gary 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Hong Kong’s steep hilly terrain limits the growth of surface urban areas. In response to the society’s needs for land to support social and economic developments, the Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region is actively exploring the use of caverns as one of the innovative measures to supplement Hong Kong’s land resources. The development of cavern space is an attractive option to meet the land demand not only for “not-in-my-backyard” (nimby) type public utilities but also for a wide spectrum of uses including commercial, industrial and community type facilities. The development of cavern fire safety design in Hong Kong evolved from the first cavern project in around 1980s. The design guideline “Guide to Fire Safety Design for Caverns” was jointly established by Building Authority and Fire Services Department in 1994, by referring to overseas and local experience consolidated in the Study of the Potential Use of Underground Space (SPUN) in 1990. This guideline however was developed with a focus on caverns for use by low population public utilities such as sewage treatment works and water service reservoirs where the fire load is generally localised, closely controlled and relatively low. Whereas, other prescriptive fire safety guidelines commonly adopted in the Code of Practice for Fire Safety in Buildings 2011 (FS Code) and the Codes of Practice for Minimum Fire Service Installations and Equipment and Inspection, Testing and Maintenance of Installations and Equipment (FSI Code) were developed for typical surface buildings only. The existing fire design guidelines are found to be not fully compatible with the recent expanding spectrum of cavern usage in Hong Kong. Each cavern development type has its unique site setting and fire safety characteristics under the proposed usage (e.g. government facilities, industrial and commercial facilities like concrete batching/rock processing/asphalt production plants, data centres, logistics/warehouse facilities, etc.). Strictly following the prescriptive fire safety requirements and the design guidelines for typical buildings to these usages in cavern will pose immense technical issues/challenges to cavern projects and could also lead to unwarranted impacts on their functional operations. A more coherent fire safety design approach for new cavern projects is therefore needed to facilitate project proponents to plan cavern projects in the future. This paper provides an overview of fire safety issues for cavern development, and also discusses the practical solutions in formulating the associated fire safety strategies which have been adopted in the latest cavern projects in Hong Kong, covering the technical issues on fire resisting construction, means of escape, means of access for firefighting and smoke management.
A literature review of medical support in cave rescue and confined space medicine – implications in urban underground space development.
Authors: Goh J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective: To conduct a literature review and knowledge synthesis of medical support in cave rescue and confined space medicine (CSM), thereby, extrapolating the knowledge gained from cave rescue and CSM to consequence management in Urban Underground Space (UUS) development. Methodology: A review of current medical literature was conducted. Data sources: Search engines utilized include PubMed, Medline, Cochrane Library, Science Direct and Google Scholar. Results and Recommendations: The synthesized knowledge based on available literature was extrapolated to application during consequence management in UUS development. Conclusion: As underground urbanization progresses to create sustainable habitats for the world’s increasing population, city planners need to consider the need for consequence management in UUS. The knowledge and experience gleaned a posteriori from cave rescue and CSM should be utilised to optimize the planning of emergency response in an urban underground environment.
Behaviour of an underground metro station for different constitutive models - A study on the influence of Mohr-Coulomb and other advanced constitutive models using PLAXIS 2D for the proposed Chennai Metro Rail Phase 2 project
Authors: Kumar Pitchumani N , Kanchuboyina Ganesh Deepak , Anjana R K , Bugga Sai Krishna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Phase 2 of the proposed Chennai Metro Rail Project contains underground stations of depths below ground varying from 20m for a 2 level station to 32m for a 4 level station. Diaphragm walls have been chosen for the purpose of earth retention during construction stage and also to be a part of the permanent structure. The centre part of the stations is constructed using top-down methodology and the ends of the station which are used for the purpose of TBM launching and retrieval activities are constructed using either bottom-up or top-down methodologies. The behaviour of the part of the station constructed using top down sequence will be different from the part constructed using bottom up sequence. The current study focusses on the comparison of the influence of the various constitutive models available in the FEM software package PLAXIS 2D such as the basic Mohr-Coulomb model and advanced models such as Hardening soil model and Hardening soil small strain stiffness (HSS) models on the bending moments, shear forces of the diaphragm walls, ground deformations, strut forces etc. This comparative study has been performed on both the top-down and bottom-up sequences and for the different ground conditions along the proposed second phase metro rail alignment in Chennai region of India.
Diagnostics of condition of soil lying in the foundation of sewer collectors and metro tunnels by crosshole sounding method in urban underground space
Authors: Arkhipov Aleksei 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Non-destructive geophysical crosshole sounding method can be used to control and monitoring the condition of natural and improved soils. This work studies the application of the crosshole sounding method to determine the condition of soils lying in the foundations of sewer collectors and tunnels. The investigation uses crosshole sounding apparatus APZ-1 developed by LLC “Geodiagnostika”. The study considered the results of crosshole sounding of soils at the site of the reconstruction of the Church of The Icon of the Mother of God “Joy of All Who Sorrow” and on the section of buried metro tunnels between “Lesnaya” and “Ploschad Muzhestva” stations in St. Petersburg (Russia). The author postulates that crosshole sounding provides the most accurate information about the foundation soils for making a decision on strengthening them for trouble-free operation of sewer collectors and tunnels.