bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rice Recycling: A Simple Strategy to Improve Conidia Production in Solid-State Cultures
Authors: Cando-Narvaez Areli , Méndez-Hernández Jazmín Edith , Loera Octavio 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The aim of this work was to propose a strategy to revalorize the residual rice remaining at the end of a conventional conidia production process in solid-state culture. The proposal involved the reuse of rice in successive cycles of conidia production. As a result, the reuse of rice in successive cycles significantly increased the production and productivity parameters of the fungal strains Trichoderma asperellum Th-Th4 (3) and Metarhizium robertsii Xoch-8.1. Conidia production in T. asperellum Th-Th4 (3) increased from 1.0×109 to 4.9×109 con/gds, while in M. robertsii Xoch-8.1, this parameter increased form 5.7×108 to 3.8×109 con/gds. In addition, this strategy did not affect the viability of the conidia produced using recycled rice relative to the conidia produced using fresh substrate (unrecycled rice). The proposed recycling approach was simple, and completely free of extra -drying, -sterilization, and -reinoculation steps. The technique required minimal operational intervention and thus can be easily adopted by small bio-factories or self-supply units.
Staphylococcal Superantigen-Like Protein 10 (SSL10) induces necroptosis through TNFR1 activation of RIPK3-dependent signal pathways
Authors: Jia Nan , Li Guo , Chen Wanbiao , Wang Chengliang , Chen Ling , Ma Xiaoling , Zhang Xuan , Tao Yue , Zang Jianye , Mo Xi , Hu Jinfeng 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Staphylococcal aureus (S. aureus) infection can lead to a wide range of diseases such as sepsis and pneumonia. Staphylococcal superantigen like (SSL) proteins, specifically expressed by S. aureus, are shown to be involved in immune evasion during S. aureus infection. Here, we show that SSL10, an SSL family protein, exhibits potent cytotoxicity against human cells (HEK 293T and HUVEC) by inducing necroptosis upon binding to its receptor TNFR1 on the cell membrane. After binding, two distinct signaling pathways are activated downstream of TNFR1 in a RIPK3-dependent manner, i.e., the RIPK1-RIPK3-MLKL and RIPK3-CaMKII-mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) pathways. We determined the crystal structure of SSL10 at 1.9 Å resolution and, in conjunction with cytotoxicity analysis of chimeric mutant variants, identified a surface region formed by residues in the N- and C-termini that can potentially serve as the TNFR1 binding site. Knockout of ssl10 in S. aureus profoundly reduced cytotoxicity of culture supernatants, indicating that SSL10 is involved in extracellular cytotoxicity during infection. This study thus provides the first description of cytotoxicity through induction of necroptosis by an SSL protein, and a potential target for clinical treatment of S. aureus-associated diseases.
Aprepitant Inhibits JNK and p38/MAPK to Attenuate Inflammation in Microglia and Suppresses Inflammatory Pain
Authors: Yang Yang , Zhou Wei , Xu Xiuqi , Sang Jiugao , Ge Xianxiu , Wang Fei , Zhang Guangqin , Miao Lin , Deng Xue-Ting 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: Substance P (SP) contributes to the pathogenesis of pain by acting on neurokinin‐1 receptor (NK-1R), specialized sensory neurons that detect noxious stimuli. Aprepitant, an antagonist of NK-1R widely used to treat chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. In this study, we assessed aprepitant’s analgesic effect on inflammatory pain in mice and its mechanism of action in spinal cord.Methods: The excitability of DRG neurons treatment with aprepitant was measured using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. The inflammatory pain model was induced in adult ICR mice by a single dose intraplantar injection of formalin and carrageenan. The mice were treated with aprepitant, and the behavioral tests were measured after the intraperitoneal injection of aprepitant. The morphological changes on inflamed paw tissues were determined by using hematoxylin eosin staining. The mRNA expressions of MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and NF-κBp65 were measured by real-time quantitative PCR analysis. Changes in the protein expression levels were assayed using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Western blotting and immunohistochemistry were used to assay the cell signaling.Results: Aprepitant treatment showed a significantly higher AP threshold in vitro. In vivo, the aprepitant showed a significant anti-inflammatory and analgesia effect in the mice with inflammatory pain. After the administration of aprepitant, the paw tissues inflammatory damage was significantly relived. The mRNA levels of MCP-1, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and NF-κBp65 were down-regulate following aprepitant treatment. Meanwhile, aprepitant significantly suppressed over-expression of proinflammatory cytokines, as well as the phosphorylation of JNK and p38 MAPK in the spinal cord.Conclusions: The present study suggests that the extract of aprepitant attenuates inflammatory pain in mice via suppressing the phosphorylation of JNK and p38, and inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway.
18 F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography Predicts the Function of Tumor Immune Microenvironment in Early Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Kimura Yuri , Sasada Shinsuke , Emi Akiko , Masumoto Norio , Kadoya Takayuki , Arihiro Koji , Okada Morihito 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
BackgroundThe maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) is presumed to visualize not only tumor cells but also active immune cells in the tumor microenvironment based on their glycolysis activity. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between SUVmax on FDG PET/CT and tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) subsets.MethodsFifty-four patients with invasive triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) underwent FDG PET/CT before neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and pre-treatment biopsy specimens were pathologically evaluated. The expression status of CD8, forkhead box P3 (FOXP3), programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) were assessed by immunohistochemistry. The relationship between TIL subsets and SUVmax or pathological complete response (pCR) was investigated.ResultsTILs, CD8, FOXP3, PD-1, and PD-L1 were high in 15 (27.8%), 15 (27.8%), 39 (72.2%), 18 (33.3%), and 26 (48.2%) patients, respectively. SUVmax was significantly correlated with tumor size, Ki-67 labeling index, and CD8/FOXP3 ratio (P = 0.003, P = 0.043, and P = 0.017, respectively). In multiple linear regression analysis, tumor size and CD8/FOXP3 ratio predicted SUVmax (P < 0.001 and P = 0.045, respectively). Seventeen patients (31.5%) achieved a pCR. TILs, CD8/FOXP3 ratio, PD-1, and PD-L1 were significantly correlated with the pCR rate. In multivariate analysis, the CD8/FOXP3 ratio was the only independent predictive factor for pCR (P = 0.010).ConclusionSUVmax on FDG PET/CT was related to tumor biological factors and the immune microenvironment after adjusting for confounding factors in TNBC. FDG uptake was influenced by the CD8/FOXP3 ratio, which predicts pCR after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
An Investigation Into the Presentation of Social Identity in Summit Series With a Discourse Analysis Perspective
Authors: Esmaeeli Fatemeh , Razmjoo S.A. , Valizadeh Mohammadreza 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study was an attempt to determine how social identity is represented in terms of social actors, social actions, and discourse practices. Following a discourse analysis perspective, Summit Series were explored in terms of five variables, namely, social actor representation, social action representation, modality, intertextuality, and idiomatic/metaphoric expressions. After enumerating and tabulating different variables and categories, the data were analyzed. The study revealed the passivation and subjection social actors as being dominant for females and the beneficialization social actors for males. Furthermore, the dominant social actions were found to be cognitive and affective reaction rather than material or semiotic actions. Hence, it was found that the examined textbook is mixed-genre with its focus on the culture of the western countries in which the ethnic groups were either marginalized or manifested as being weird. Likewise, it was revealed that there is more involvement in serious matters for men and trivial, passionate and entertaining matters for females. In fact, the textbook is following the dominant trend in which identity is represented elaborately in a specific way by manipulating various semiotic variables among which social actors, social actions, modality, intertextuality, metaphoric expressions in a particular sociocultural setting and mixed-genre presentation are worth emphasizing.
Optimizing Auditory Input for Foreign Language Learners Through A Verbotonal-Based Dichotic Listening Approach
Authors: Cai Xirui , Lian Andrew , Puakpong Nattaya , Shi Yaoping , Chen Haoqiang , Zeng Yizhen , Ou Jibing , Zheng Wei , Mo Yin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The quality of the physical language signals to which learners are exposed and which result in neurobiological activity leading to perception should be prioritized as it constitutes a variable that is rarely, if ever, considered in language learning. The current study identifies an optimal audio language input signal for Chinese EFL/ESL learners generated by modifying the physical features of language-bearing audio signals. This is achieved by applying the principles of verbotonalism in a dichotic listening context. Low-pass filtered (320 Hz cut-off) and unfiltered speech signals in four different configurations were selectively directed to each hemisphere of the brain through the contralateral ear. The four types of auditory stimuli were: low-pass filtered stimuli in both ears (FL-FR), filtered stimuli in the left ear and unfiltered stimuli in the right ear (FL-R), unfiltered stimuli in the left ear and filtered in the right ear (L-FR), and unfiltered stimuli in both ears (NL-NR). Temporal and spatial neural signatures for the processing of the signals were detected in a combined Event-Related Potential (ERP) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) experiment. Results showed that the FL-R configuration provided optimal auditory language input by actively exploiting left-hemispheric dominance for language processing and right-hemispheric dominance for melodic processing, i.e., each hemisphere was fed the signals that it should be best equipped to process and it actually did so effectively. In addition, the L-FR configuration was identified as entirely non-optimal for language learners. Other outcomes included significant load reduction through exposure to FL-FR signals as well as the confirmation that non-language signals were recognized by the brain and did not trigger any language processing. These various outcomes will necessarily entail further research.
Effects of Enriched Environment on Microglia and Functional White Matter Recovery in Rats with Post stroke Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Guo Yi-Sha , Yuan Mei , Han Yu , Shen Xin-Ya , Gao Zhen-Kun , Bi Xia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: White matter damage is an important contributor to cognitive impairment after stroke. This study was designed to explore the beneficial effects of enriched environment (EE) on white matter recovery and cognitive dysfunction after stroke, and further explore the potential mechanism of EE on white matter recovery from the perspective of microglia and microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Methods: Male SD rats underwent middle cerebral artery occlusion(MCAO) or sham surgery. During the MCAO operation, a laser Doppler blood flow meter was used to monitor the blood flow to ensure the success of the model. At 72 hours after the operation, 3 rats were selected for TTC staining to identify the infarct size. One week after surgery, the rats were randomly assigned into four different groups—MCAO+standard environment (SE), MCAO+enriched environment(EE), Sham+SE and Sham+EE for 4 weeks. At four weeks after MCAO surgery, neurological function deficiency condition and cognitive function were assessed using Longa score and Morris Water Maze prior to euthanasia. The loss or regeneration of myelin was stained with LFB, the expression of myelin regeneration-related protein and microglia protein was quantified by western blot and immunofluorescence, and the level of inflammatory factors was measured by ELISA.Results: EE treatment remarkably decreased the neurological deficit score, ameliorated thecognitive functional deficit in MCAO rats. Furthermore, EE alleviated white matter lesions and demyelination, increased myelin basic protein expression and decreased the number of activated microglia in the hippocampus of MCAO rats. In addition, ELISA analysis indicated that EE decreased the level of IL-1β, IL-6, which further suggests that EE may reduce the level of pro-inflammatory factors by affecting the expression of microglia, provide a benefit physiological environment for myelin recovery, and improve post stroke cognitive impairment.Conclusions: Our results suggest that exposure to EE substantially reduced microglia damage/activation , decreased the level of pro-inflammatory cytokins induced by microglia, protected and promote white matter recovery to improve cognitive function in injured area after stroke. Our findings also indicate exposure to EE is beneficial for patients with white matter impairment characterised by white matter disease-related inflammation.
Expression Profiling of Growth Specific Genes Associated Silk Productivity in Bombyx Mori
Authors: K Ashok Kumar , Dhanaraj Premnath , Muthiah Indiraleka , Gomez Anbu M , Lakkakula Satish 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Silkworm Bombyx mori exhibits wide variability and development attributes. The genetics of yield expression, shown to be of polygenic nature, is poorly studied in silkworm, to identify markers associated with 5 selected yield traits, with two RFLP-derived sequence –tagged site (STS) primers on the genomic DNA of silkworm germplasm stocks of different origin and diverse yield potential. The analysis led to the identification of two markers showing significant association with the yield traits. The markers could classify the stocks according to yield potential, irrespective of their origin. The relevance of the STS primers is discussed in the context of Appling multiple regression models for identifying markers associated with yield expression and stability for molecular breeding work in B. mori for yield improvement.
Social Representations of Breastfeeding in Health Sciences Students: A First Step to Strengthening their Training
Authors: Grover-Baltazar Gabriela Alejandra , Sandoval-Rodríguez Ana , Macedo-Ojeda Gabriela , Chavira-Trujillo Gabriel , Corona-Ortíz Marco Julián , De Alba Martha , Vizmanos Barbara 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
BackgroundBreastfeeding is a complex phenomenon involving biological, affective, and socio-cultural aspects. Its definition is built by a diversity of beliefs, attitudes, traditions, and myths. Being aware of the connection between the biological and socio-cultural concepts into the Social Representations of breastfeeding in health sciences, will allow us to have a better comprehension of their attitudes/behavior towards breastfeeding. Therefore, the objective of this study is to describe the Social Representations on breastfeeding among Mexican health sciences students.MethodsThis study was carried out based on the structuralist approach of the Social Representations Theory. Data collection was done with free-listing questionnaires with a “breastfeeding” as inducer word among nutrition, medical, and nursing undergraduate students (n=124). The analyses used were: similitude of words and of the meanings of words, prototypical and categorical analysis.ResultsThe findings suggest that the structure of the social representation is composed of breastfeeding components (baby, mother and milk), affective (attachment, love and link), biological (nutrition, breasts and health), and socio-cultural elements (taboo, responsibility and economic). Within the nucleus, only instrumental elements are found, whereas in the peripheries, biological, affective, and socio-cultural elements are observed.ConclusionsThe structure of the social representations of breastfeeding in Mexican undergraduate students in health sciences focuses on instrumental aspects, leaving the background elements with more scientific meanings typical of their training. These results, replicated in different contexts, will allow the creation of educational strategies adapted to strengthen the breastfeeding training of health students to improve breastfeeding promotion in the society.
High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses and Epstein-Barr Virus In Breast Cancer In Lebanese Women and Their Association with Tumor Grade: A Molecular and Tissue Microarray Study
Authors: Nagi Karim , Gupta Ishita , Jurdi Nawaf , Jabeen Ayesha , Yasmeen Amber , Batist Gerald , Vranic Semir , Moustafa Ala-Eddin Al 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: High-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are present and can cooperate with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) to initiate and/or enhance the progression of several types of human carcinomas including cervical as well as head and neck; in parallel, it has been recently pointed out that these oncoviruses can be detected in human breast cancers. Thus, we herein explored the presence/co-presence of high-risk HPVs and EBV in breast cancer in Lebanese women.Methods: A cohort of 102 breast cancer samples and 14 normal breast tissues were assessed for the presence of HPVs and EBV. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry analysis in addition to tissue microarray platform were used in this study. Results: We found the presence of HPV in 66/102 (65%) of our samples, while EBV is present in 41/102 (40%) of the cohort. Additionally, our data showed that high-risk HPV types (52, 35, 58, 45, 16 and 51) are the most frequent in breast cancer in Lebanese women. Meanwhile, we report that high-risk HPVs and EBV are co-present in 30/102 (29%) of the samples; more significantly, our results indicate that their co-presence is associated with tumor grade (p = 0.03). Conclusion: Our data revealed that HPVs and EBV are present/co-present in human breast cancer where they can play an important role in its development and/or progression; thus, we believe that further investigations are essential to confirm and elucidate the presence/co-presence of these oncoviruses and the underlying mechanisms of their interaction in breast carcinogenesis.
Lung Shunt Dose With A Planar Versus Spect-CT Images In Planification Of HCC Treatment
Authors: Barquero Raquel , Velasco Javier , Hurtado Antonio , Pérez Berta , Ruano Ricardo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
PURPOSE: The purpose is to investigate the possibility of evaluate the lung shunt fraction LSF with SPECT image in planning with Tc-99m of hepatic HCC treatments with Y-90 microspheres, comparing the results with those obtained with planar images. METHODS: Firstly, for a patient with a predictably high shunt, the 4 planar images are used as in the classic method to determine PLANAR LSF. Second, to determine the SPECT LSF, the SPECT images acquired for planning the therapeutic activity, and therefore centered in the hepatic region, are used. These images does not cover the entire lung but only some slices. Advantage is taken of the fact that the distribution of 99MTc in healthy lung tissue is homogeneous. Then the activity concentration in the lung can be known and the SPECT LSF can be calculated. RESULTS: The values ​​obtained for PLANAR LSF and SPECT LSF are 11% and 28%, respectively. The results for the lung dose Dlung are of 24.50 Gy and 7.92 Gy, respectively. CONCLUSION: In this study, LSF and lung absorbed dose Dlung based in planar static and SPECT/CT images acquired with 99MTc, have been described and compared. The results show a dependence between the absorbed dose in the lung with the LSF according to a rational function f = LSF/(1-LSF). The values of LSF and Dlung obtained with planar method are 2.51 and 3.09 higher than the values obtained with SPECT method, respectively. This is attributed to the differences in the quantification method, especially to the absence of attenuation correction in the planar method. In the LSF values, the difference is direct, but in the case of the Dlung the difference is greater due to covariant dependence of dose with activity and LSF. Practically for the future, the SPECT-CT method is better and will be applied in new patients.
Foot fracture may predict poor patient reported functional outcomes in lower extremity reconstruction of the traumatically injured lower extremity: A case-control study.
Authors: Shauly Orr , Burtt Karen , Gould Daniel , Howell Anna , Badash Ido , Rounds Alexis , Leland Hyuma , Patel Ketan , Carey Joseph 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background A paucity of evidence currently exists regarding factors affecting the success of lower extremity reconstruction at restoring a functional limb. We aim to determine the effect of foot fracture on outcome measures of ambulatory success after lower extremity salvage in a trauma population.Methods A retrospective chart review was performed on 63 patients presenting to an urban level 1 trauma center between 01/2007 and 01/2015 who received soft tissue coverage of a lower extremity traumatic wound. Demographics, injury, and perioperative data were recorded. Patients were administered the Lower Extremity Functional Scale (LEFS) questionnaire via phone. The LEFS is out of 80 possible points. Ambulatory success is measured on a scale of 0 to 4 across 20 activities, with 0 indicating “extreme difficulty or inability to perform activity”, and 4 indicating “no difficulty”. Functional outcomes were compared using a two-tailed two-sample unequal variances t-test.Results This study represents data on the 63 unique patients treated with vascularized flaps whom we attempted to contact. A total of 21 patients completed the LEFS questionnaire, representing an overall response rate of 33%. Responders to the surveys included 4 (19%) patients with foot fractures and 17 (81%) without foot fractures. Average total LEFS scores were significantly lower in patients with foot fractures (23.8 ± 5.9) than in patients without (36.2 ± 19.2) foot fractures (p = 0.04). With respect to the SF36 functional scale, patients with foot fractures paradoxically reported significantly higher measures of physical functioning (81 ± 11) in comparison to those without a foot fracture (59 ± 25) at a p-value of 0.02, and role limitation due to physical health (98 ± 3) versus those with no foot fracture (74 ± 37) at a p-value of 0.02.Conclusion Sustaining a foot fracture during severe traumatic injury that necessitates lower extremity reconstruction may result in significantly decreased ambulatory success scores. Fractures of the foot may predict poor patient reported functional outcomes following lower extremity reconstruction and should be considered as a factor in the pre-operative risk and benefit assessment when deciding whether to attempt reconstruction of the mangled limb.