bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Debonding of orthodontic appliance changes salivary physicochemical properties and favors regression of active caries lesions: A 13‐week follow‐up study
Authors: Cardoso Andreia Alves , de Sousa Emerson Tavares , Steiner‐Oliveira Carolina , Nobre‐dos‐Santos Marinês 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimThis prospective cohort study aimed to investigate whether orthodontic appliance removal (OAR) combined with caries‐preventive strategies and fluoride varnish treatments alters salivary physicochemical properties, changes the activity of carbonic anhydrase VI (CA VIACT) and α‐amylase (α‐AMLACT), and favors the regression of active caries lesions (ACL).DesignTwenty‐two individuals aged between 13 and 24 years were assessed for the presence of visible biofilm, daily sugar exposure, caries activity, salivary flow rate (SFR), pH, buffering capacity (BC), and CA VIACT and α‐AMLACT activity at baseline, and 1, 5, and 13 weeks after OAR. Variables were assessed using repeated‐measures analysis of variance, Cochran's Q and McNemar's test, and Pearson's correlation.ResultsWe observed a significant decrease in the number of ACL at the 5‐week (29% reduction) and 13‐week follow‐ups (58% reduction). At the 5‐ and 13‐week follow‐ups, the percentage of visible biofilm and sugar exposure decreased, whereas the salivary pH and α‐AMLACT activity significantly increased. BC and CA VIACT remained unchanged throughout the follow‐up.ConclusionOAR combined with caries‐preventive strategies and fluoride varnish treatments favored the regression of ACL and increased salivary pH and α‐AMLACT activity, whereas BC and CA VIACT remained stable.
Pharmacological interventions for periorificial (perioral) dermatitis in children and adults: a systematic review
Authors: Gray N.A. , Tod B. , Rohwer A. , Fincham L. , Visser W.I. , McCaul M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe plethora of pharmacologic treatments used for periorificial dermatitis (POD) makes clinical decision‐making challenging. The objectives of this review were to assess the efficacy and safety of pharmacological interventions for POD in children and adults. The search was performed on 2 February 2021 and included seven databases and trial registries, with no date or language restrictions Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessments were performed independently and in duplicate by two authors, in accordance with a prespecified protocol. Meta‐analyses were performed and reported in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Where meta‐analysis was not possible, a narrative synthesis was performed and reported in accordance with SWiM guidelines. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Eleven studies representing 733 participants were included. Oral tetracycline may improve physician‐reported severity of POD from day 20 onwards (low certainty evidence). Adverse effects may include abdominal discomfort, facial dryness and pruritus. Pimecrolimus cream may improve physician‐reported severity slightly after 4 weeks of treatment (MD −0.49, 95% CI −1.02 to 0.04, n = 164, low certainty evidence). Adverse effects may include erythema, herpes simplex virus infection, burning and pruritus. Azelaic acid gel may result in no change in either physician‐ or patient‐reported severity after 6 weeks of treatment. The evidence is very uncertain about the effect of praziquantel ointment on physician‐reported severity and skin‐related quality of life after 4 weeks of treatment. The evidence is also very uncertain about the effect of topical clindamycin/benzoyl peroxide on physician‐reported severity. The body of evidence to inform treatment of POD currently consists of low and very low certainty evidence for important outcomes. Well‐designed trials are needed to further investigate treatment options. Data are required for children and from low‐middle income countries to improve external validity. Future trials should also include adequate post‐treatment follow‐up and standardized outcome measures.
An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine Simian Varicella Virus antibody titers in infected rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Gray Wayne L. , Wichman Grant , Das Arpita , Traina‐Dorge Vicki 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundSimian varicella virus (SVV) is a primate herpesvirus that causes a natural varicella‐like disease in Old World monkeys and may cause epizootics in facilities housing nonhuman primates. SVV infection of nonhuman primates is used as an experimental model to investigate varicella pathogenesis and to develop antiviral strategies.MethodsAn indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to detect SVV antibodies in infected rhesus macaque monkeys.ResultsAn ELISA determined SVV antibody titers following experimental infection. SVV IgG was detected by day 14 post‐infection and remained elevated for at least 84 days.ConclusionsThe SVV ELISA is a safe and rapid approach to confirm SVV seropositivity and to determine SVV antibody titers in naturally and experimentally SVV‐infected monkeys. In addition to being a useful diagnostic assay to rapidly confirm acute disease or past SVV infection, the SVV ELISA is a valuable epidemiological tool to determine the incidence of SVV in non‐human primate facilities.
The majority of brain palmitic acid is maintained by lipogenesis from dietary sugars and is augmented in mice fed low palmitic acid levels from birth
Authors: Smith Mackenzie E. , Cisbani Giulia , Metherel Adam H. , Bazinet Richard P. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPreviously, results from studies investigating if brain palmitic acid (16:0; PAM) was maintained by either dietary uptake or de novo lipogenesis (DNL) varied. Here, we utilize naturally occurring carbon isotope ratios (13C/12C; δ13C) to uncover the origin of brain PAM. Additionally, we explored brain and liver fatty acid concentration, brain metabolomics, and behavior. BALB/c dams were equilibrated onto either a low PAM diet (LP; <2%) or high PAM diet (HP; >95%) prior to producing one generation of offspring. Offspring stayed on the respective diet of the dam until 15‐weeks of age, at which time the Open Field test was conducted, prior to euthanasia and tissue lipid extraction. Although liver PAM was lower in mice fed the LP diet, as well as female mice, brain PAM was not affected by diet or sex. Across mice of either sex on both diets, brain 13C‐PAM revealed compared to dietary uptake, DNL from dietary sugars contributed 68.8%–79.5% and 46.6%–58.0% to the total brain PAM pool by both peripheral and local brain DNL, and local brain DNL alone, respectively. DNL was augmented in mice fed the LP diet, and the ability to up‐regulate DNL in the liver or the brain depended on sex. Anxiety‐like behaviors were decreased in mice fed the LP diet and were correlated with markers of LP diet consumption including increased liver 13C‐PAM, warranting further investigation. Altogether, our results indicate that DNL from dietary sugars is a compensatory mechanism to maintain brain PAM in response to the LP diet.

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A thermal adaptation landscape related to virulence in Mucor irregularis transcriptional profiles
Authors: Zhang Meijie , Liang Guanzhao , Dong Jiacheng , Zheng Hailin , Mei Huan , Zha Fuxing , Liu Weida 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectivesOur study aimed to better understand the different thermal adaptation in Mucor irregularis (M. irregularis) strains under high temperature and the involved virulence‐related genes, and to offer more appropriate explanation for the diverse pathogenicity of M. irregularis in human infections.MethodsM. irregularis isolates were incubated at 30 and 35°C for Illumina HiSeq technology (RNA‐seq), as well as the virulence difference detected through Galleria mellonella infection models. We verified their transcriptional profile with RT‐PCR and analysed differentially expressed genes with GO and KEGG annotations.ResultsAll 25 isolates formed the biggest colonies at 28°C and did not grow at 37°C, while were differently inhibited at 22 and 35°C. Six selected M. irregularis displayed virulence in sync with their growth condition at high temperature. From the outcomes of RNA‐seq, a total of 1559 differentially expressed genes (FC ≥ 2, FDR < 0.05) were obtained, of which 1021 genes were upregulated, and 538 genes were downregulated. Cell wall structure genes related to Ras‐like and GH16 proteins, influx‐efflux pumps consist of transmembrane proteins as ABC and MFS proteins, and metabolic genes as DGKɛ and Hsfs, seem to be essential in thermal adaptation and virulence of M. irregularis.ConclusionWe found some common genes expressed at high temperature, while some others specifically related to M. irregularis isolates with different virulence and thermal adaptation. Further research of genes involved in the pathogenic process is needed for the development of potential targeted antifungal.
Cerebral oximetry: a developing tool for monitoring cerebral oxygenation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Authors: Huppert Elise L. , Parnia Sam 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDespite improvements in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), survival and neurologic recovery after cardiac arrest remain very poor because of the impact of severe ischemia and subsequent reperfusion injury. As the likelihood of survival and favorable neurologic outcome decreases with increasing severity of ischemia during CPR, developing methods to measure the magnitude of ischemia during resuscitation, particularly cerebral ischemia, is critical for improving overall outcomes. Cerebral oximetry, which measures regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rSO2) by near‐infrared spectroscopy, has emerged as a potentially beneficial marker of cerebral ischemia during CPR. In numerous preclinical and clinical studies, higher rSO2during CPR has been associated with improved cardiac arrest survival and neurologic outcome. In this narrative review, we summarize the scientific rationale and validation of cerebral oximetry across populations and pathophysiologic states, discuss the evidence surrounding its use to predict return of spontaneous circulation, rearrest, and neurologic outcome, and provide suggestions for incorporation of cerebral oximetry into CPR practice.
How does purchasing power in OPEC countries respond to oil price periodic shocks? Fresh evidence from Quantile ARDL specification
Authors: Omoke Philip Chimobi , Uche Emmanuel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study provides new insights on the dynamics of oil price shocks and purchasing power (PP) in the top six OPEC economies using the Quantile ARDL modelling technique. Notably, previous studies were largely silent about the impact of oil price periodic shocks on PP. To fill this gap, we used quarterly data of oil prices and PP from 1990Q1 to 2019Q4 drawn from relevant data hosts. Empirical evidence reveals that the effects of oil price shocks vary across the distributions of PP in all the countries. Equally, there is evidence of long‐run asymmetric pass‐through from oil prices to PP in Saudi Arabia, whereas, short‐run asymmetric effects were recorded in Nigeria, and UAE. Also, evidence indicates that PP in Saudi Arabia, Nigeria and Angola experience a sharp decline in response to persistent oil price shocks. Additionally, PP in UAE and Algeria witnessed momentary boosts only at quantiles above the mean; however, it fizzles out thereafter. In Kuwait, there is evidence of short‐run boost without corresponding long‐run effects. The findings of this study have important policy implications.
New insights into segmental vitiligo: A clinical and immunological comparison with nonsegmental vitiligo
Authors: Xu Xinya , Jiang Min , Zhang Chengfeng , Qiao Zhuhui , Liu Wenjie , Le Yan , Wu Jiaqiang , Ma Wenjuan , Xiang Leihong Flora 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe overlaps between segmental vitiligo (SV) and nonsegmental vitiligo (NSV) suggest the underlying features of SV, which may be helpful for treating SV. In this study, 379 vitiligo patients were recruited and divided into SV (33.2%), mild‐to‐moderate NSV (M‐NSV, affected body affected area [BSA] ≤10%, 34.0%), and severe NSV (S‐NSV, affected BSA >10%, 32.7%) groups. Demographics and clinical data were collected through in‐person interviews. The disease activity, progression, and prognosis were assessed through 6 months’ follow‐up. Serum cytokines profile and tissue‐infiltrating immune cells were measured by ELISA assay and immunofluorescence, respectively. The SV exhibited lower rates of autoimmune comorbidities and recurrence than the S‐NSV, but performed similar to the M‐NSV. Moreover, the disease activity, progression, serum cytokines profile, and tissue‐infiltrating Th/c1 cells in the active SV and M‐NSV were comparable, but differed significantly from those of the active S‐NSV. The clinical and immunological similarities between SV and M‐NSV presented a deeper autoimmune understanding of SV. Additionally, a classification of active vitiligo according to disease extent may be more clinically meaningful than subtypes for guiding immunomodulatory treatment.
Oral tofacitinib for the treatment of alopecia areata in pediatric patients
Authors: Kibbie Jon , Kines Kelsey , Norris David , Dunnick Cory A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlopecia areata (AA) is characterized by the loss of hair, often in well‐demarcated areas. While the pathogenesis of AA is not entirely understood, it is known that CD8 T cell‐mediated destruction of the hair follicle occurs. There are no curative therapies for AA, although several therapies have been utilized with variable results. Oral tofacitinib, a JAK inhibitor, has been demonstrated to be efficacious and well tolerated in the treatment of adult AA. However, few studies have examined the clinical efficacy and tolerability of oral tofacitinib in the treatment of pediatric AA.ObjectiveTo summarize the clinical outcomes of pediatric patients with AA treated with oral tofacitinib at the University of Colorado Hospital Dermatology Clinic.MethodsThis is a retrospective case series conducted at the University of Colorado Hospital Dermatology Clinic. We included patients with a diagnosis of AA who were 18 years old or younger at the initiation of tofacitinib therapy. Demographics, treatment response, and adverse events were collected from electronic medical records.ResultsEleven patients (seven females, four males) with AA presented to the University of Colorado Hospital Dermatology Clinic who were between the ages of 8 and 18 years. Eight patients (72.7%) experienced hair regrowth with oral tofacitinib, while three patients (27.3%) experienced minimal to no hair regrowth. There were no serious adverse events recorded in the study population during the observed treatment period.ConclusionsOral tofacitinib was clinically effective in the majority our of patients and well tolerated.
Exogenous acral pigmentation secondary to beetle exposure
Authors: Arredondo Montero Javier , Román Moleón Marina , Sarmiento María del Carmen , Antona Giuseppa , Miguel‐Ferrero Miriam , Martín‐Calvo Nerea 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe present a 5‐year‐old girl who accidentally crushed an insect of the coleoptera family walking barefoot and secondarily developed an exogenous acral pigmentation. The lesions resolved spontaneously within a few weeks. Proper identification of the insect and a detailed physical examination were key to avoiding unnecessary invasive diagnostic tests.
Short information: Bacterial meningitis in very low birthweight infants in Korea from 2013–2016
Authors: Jung Yu Jin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundNeonatal bacterial meningitis (BM) has an incidence of 0.2–0.4 per 1,000 births and a mortality rate of 20–25%. Data from the Korean Neonatal Network (KNN) were evaluated to study the incidence, mortality, and risk factors associated with BM in very‐low‐birthweight (VLBW; <1,500 g) infants.MethodsWe analyzed KNN data from 2013–2016 collected from 70 neonatal units.ResultsThe incidence of BM in VLBW infants was 40 out of 8,263 (0.5%). The 40 infants with BM had a mean gestational age of 27.1 ± 2.0 weeks and a mean birthweight of 1,036.8 ± 220.0 g. Mean age at diagnosis was 51.5 ± 38.3 days (range, 1–171). Infants with BM were divided into two groups: Group 1 (onset age ≤ 28 days) and Group 2 (onset age > 28 days). Coagulase‐negative Staphylococcus (CONS) was the most common pathogen underlying meningitis in 11 of 40 cases (28%). BM co‐occurred with bacteremia in 14 of 40) of cases (35%); bacteremia was significantly more common in Group 1 than Group 2 (P < 0.05). Seizure and intraventricular hemorrhage (≥grade 3) were significantly more prevalent in Group 2 than Group 1 (P < 0.05). The mortality rate of infants with BM was 4 out of 40 (10%), which was significantly lower than that of VLBW infants without BM (1,152/8,223, [14%]; P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe incidence of BM in VLBW infants was high, but the mortality rate was low. CONS was the most common pathogen of BM in VLBW infants.
Mistimed malaria parasites re‐synchronize with host feeding‐fasting rhythms by shortening the duration of intra‐erythrocytic development
Authors: O’Donnell Aidan J. , Greischar Megan A. , Reece Sarah E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimsMalaria parasites exhibit daily rhythms in the intra‐erythrocytic development cycle (IDC) that underpins asexual replication in the blood. The IDC schedule is aligned with the timing of host feeding‐fasting rhythms. When the IDC schedule is perturbed to become mismatched to host rhythms, it readily reschedules but it is not known how.MethodsWe intensively follow four groups of infections that have different temporal alignments between host rhythms and the IDC schedule for 10 days, before and after the peak in asexual densities. We compare how the duration, synchrony and timing of the IDC differs between parasites in control infections and those forced to reschedule by 12 hours and ask whether the density of parasites affects the rescheduling process.Results and conclusionsOur experiments reveal parasites shorten the IDC duration by 2–3 hours to become realigned to host feeding‐fasting rhythms with 5–6 days, in a density‐independent manner. Furthermore, parasites are able to reschedule without significant fitness costs for them or their hosts. Understanding the extent of, and limits on, plasticity in the IDC schedule may reveal targets for novel interventions, such as drugs to disrupt IDC regulation and preventing IDC dormancy conferring tolerance to existing drugs.
Effect of exercise on serum neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin concentration in racehorses
Authors: Flick Marnie , Vinther Anne M. L. , Jacobsen Stine , Berg Lise C. , Gimeno Marina , Verwilghen Denis , Howden Wade , Averay Kate , van Galen Gaby 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSerum neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (sNGAL) is a marker of renal injury, and its concentrations are affected by inflammation. Therefore, it could serve as a useful biomarker of disease or fitness in high‐level competition. However, it has not yet been determined if sNGAL concentrations are affected by exercise. The aim of this study was to determine whether concentrations of equine sNGAL were affected by 1000 m galloping as the form of exercise used in the study. Pre‐ and post‐gallop sNGAL, serum amyloid A, and creatinine concentrations were evaluated in 14 healthy Thoroughbred racehorses. The results showed that short, high‐intensity exercise did not significantly affect sNGAL concentrations in healthy horses (P = .42), and no significant difference was found in either creatinine or serum amyloid A before and after galloping (P > .05). Therefore, it was determined that sNGAL was not influenced by the type of exercise used in the study and could have the potential to be used as a routine laboratory screening tool in horses even after strenuous exercise. Future research should clarify its use in a larger population and a broader range of equine sport disciplines, including endurance‐related exercise.
Vitamin D levels in hospice in-patients
Authors: Lovell Pippa , Bullen Kathryn 
Published: November 2021

ObjectiveSerum 25-hydroxyvitamin D was obtained alongside routine blood tests in all suitable patients admitted to the St Cuthbert’s Hospice Inpatient Unit for a period of 12 months. Supplementation was offered to exclude vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency as a contributor to the complex pain and symptom profile of our patients.MethodsDuring admission, and alongside routine blood tests, a serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D test was requested for suitable patients. Supplementation was offered to patients with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D less than 50 nmol/L.ResultsThis audit identified that 79.73% of patients assessed had a 25-hydroxyvitamin D level less than 50 nmol/L and were therefore insufficient or deficient in vitamin D. The results of the audit were discussed within the clinical team at the hospice and guidance changed to obtain serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in all suitable patients. A reaudit highlighted that some patients were missed from testing and therefore reminders were sent to the clinical team.ConclusionsMost patients admitted to St Cuthbert’s Hospice had either insufficient or deficient levels of vitamin D. It seems reasonable for all suitable palliative care patients to have their vitamin D level checked and to be started on a suitable dose of vitamin D replacement therapy.
Scalarized Einstein–Maxwell-scalar black holes in a cavity
Authors: Yao Feiyu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we study the spontaneous scalarization of Reissner–Nordström (RN) black holes enclosed by a cavity in an Einstein–Maxwell-scalar (EMS) model with non-minimal couplings between the scalar and Maxwell fields. In this model, scalar-free RN black holes in a cavity may induce scalarized black holes due to the presence of a tachyonic instability of the scalar field near the event horizon. We calculate numerically the black hole solutions, and investigate the domain of existence, perturbative stability against spherical perturbations and phase structure. The scalarized solutions are always thermodynamically preferred over RN black holes in a cavity. In addition, a reentrant phase transition, composed of a zeroth-order phase transition and a second-order one, occurs for large enough electric charge Q.