bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The aetiology of educational attainment: A nuclear twin family study into the genetic and environmental influences on school leaving certificates
Authors: Eifler Eike Friederike , Riemann Rainer 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundEducational attainment is connected to many important life outcomes, and the previous research has already focused on identifying its genetic and environmental components. However, most of these studies used twin data only and did not incorporate information from other family members. Twin studies typically decompose the phenotypic variance into genetic, shared, and unique environment components. In this study design, the shared environment component encompasses the influence of parents and the shared environments of twins and siblings independent of parents (e.g., teachers, schools, and peers). The classical twin design (CTD) conflates these influences as part of the shared environment. This shortcoming can be overcome using the nuclear twin family design (NTFD), which enables separation of the parental and shared twin/sibling environmental components.AimsThe aim of this study was to broaden the understanding of the aetiology of educational attainment using the nuclear twin family design to provide a detailed account of the genetic and environmental effects on the type of school leaving certificate.SampleThe data of 1,048 monozygotic and 916 dizygotic same‐sex twins, their biological parents, and non‐twin full biological siblings of the German project TwinLife were used in the nuclear twin family design.MethodsStructural equation modelling (SEM) techniques were used to analyse the variance–covariance patterns of the ordinal outcome variable.ResultsGenetic influences were found to make up around 60% of variance, whilst environmental influences shared by all siblings, educational influences shared by the twins only, and non‐shared environmental influences explained the remaining variance in equal amounts. Environmental transmission from parent to offspring was found to be negligible.ConclusionThrough its advanced design, our study extends the previous work enabling more detailed and robust estimations of sources of variance and contributes to a better understanding of the complex aetiology of educational attainment.
China's Ecological Conservation Redline policy is a new opportunity to meet post‐2020 protected area targets
Authors: Choi Chi‐Yeung , Shi Xu , Shi Jianbin , Gan Xiaojing , Wen Chujun , Zhang Jiawei , Jackson Micha V. , Fuller Richard A. , Gibson Luke 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDesignating protected and conserved areas is a critical component of biodiversity conservation. The 10th Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 2010 set global targets for the areal extent of protected areas (PAs) that were met partially in 2020, yet a new, more ambitious target is needed to halt ongoing global biodiversity loss. China recently introduced a national Ecological Conservation Redline policy, which aims to ensure no net change in land cover and no net loss of biodiversity or degradation of ecosystem services within areas that are critical for maintaining ecological safety and functions. Enacting this policy could achieve ancillary conservation outcomes even where conservation is not the primary objective, thus meeting CBD's definition of “other effective area‐based conservation measures” (OECM). By comparing the Ecological Conservation Redline boundaries with important coastal waterbird sites in China, we found that three times more sites could be conserved under the new redline policy compared to the national nature reserve system alone. This indicates that considering the redline policy approach as a form of OECM is a promising pathway to expand the areal coverage of PAs and conserve biodiversity outside currently designated PAs, providing a model that could be adopted around the world.
International comparison of glycaemic control in people with type 1 diabetes: an update and extension
Authors: Prigge Regina , McKnight John A. , Wild Sarah H. , Haynes Aveni , Jones Timothy W. , Davis Elizabeth A. , Rami‐Merhar Birgit , Fritsch Maria , Prchla Christine , Lavens Astrid , Doggen Kris , Chao Suchsia , Aronson Ronnie , Brown Ruth , Ibfelt Else H. , Svensson Jannet , Young Robert , Warner Justin T. , Robinson Holy , Laatikainen Tiina , Rautiainen Päivi , Delemer Brigitte , Souchon Pierre François , Diallo Alpha M. , Holl Reinhard W. , Schmid Sebastian M. , Raile Klemens , Tigas Stelios , Bargiota Alexandra , Zografou Ioanna , Luk Andrea O. Y. , Chan Juliana C. N. , Dinneen Sean F. , Buckley Claire M. , Kgosidialwa Oratile , Cherubini Valentino , Gesuita Rosaria , Strele Ieva , Pildava Santa , Veeze Henk , Aanstoot Henk‐Jan , Mul Dick , Jefferies Craig , Cooper John G. , Løvaas Karianne Fjeld , Battelino Tadej , Dovc Klemen , Bratina Nataša , Eeg‐Olofsson Katarina , Svensson Ann‐Marie , Gudbjornsdottir Soffia , Globa Evgenia , Zelinska Nataliya 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimsTo update and extend a previous cross‐sectional international comparison of glycaemic control in people with type 1 diabetes.MethodsData were obtained for 520,392 children and adults with type 1 diabetes from 17 population and five clinic‐based data sources in countries or regions between 2016 and 2020. Median HbA1c(IQR) and proportions of individuals with HbA1c < 58 mmol/mol (<7.5%), 58–74 mmol/mol (7.5–8.9%) and ≥75 mmol/mol (≥9.0%) were compared between populations for individuals aged <15, 15–24 and ≥25 years. Logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) of HbA1c < 58 mmol/mol (<7.5%) relative to ≥58 mmol/mol (≥7.5%), stratified and adjusted for sex, age and data source. Where possible, changes in the proportion of individuals in each HbA1c category compared to previous estimates were calculated.ResultsMedian HbA1c varied from 55 to 79 mmol/mol (7.2 to 9.4%) across data sources and age groups so a pooled estimate was deemed inappropriate. OR (95% CI) for HbA1c< 58 mmol/mol (<7.5%) were 0.91 (0.90–0.92) for women compared to men, 1.68 (1.65–1.71) for people aged <15 years and 0.81 (0.79–0.82) aged15–24 years compared to those aged ≥25 years. Differences between populations persisted after adjusting for sex, age and data source. In general, compared to our previous analysis, the proportion of people with an HbA1c < 58 mmol/l (<7.5%) increased and proportions of people with HbA1c≥ 75 mmol/mol (≥9.0%) decreased.ConclusionsGlycaemic control of type 1 diabetes continues to vary substantially between age groups and data sources. While some improvement over time has been observed, glycaemic control remains sub‐optimal for most people with Type 1 diabetes.
A null model for quantifying the geometric effect of habitat subdivision on species diversity
Authors: Deane David C. , Xing Dingliang , Hui Cang , McGeoch Melodie , He Fangliang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimTo derive null models for the expected number of species shared among multiple samples or habitat patches, allowing exploration of the geometric effects of subdivision on species diversity.LocationGlobal.Major taxa studiedPredominantly sessile organisms.MethodsThe occurrence probability of a species in a subdivided area depends on its abundance and spatial pattern over a known habitat extent. The joint probability that two subareas share a species is the product of the probability of species occurrence in each subarea provided that the latter probability is independent. The sum of this probability over all species is the number of species the two subareas share, or zeta diversity of order 2. Generalizing from 2 tomsubareas yields a null model for zeta diversity of orderm. From zeta diversity, many metrics (e.g., beta and gamma diversity) for themhabitat patches can be calculated, revealing the effects of increasing habitat fragmentation.ResultsThe null models show the geometric effects of subdivision depend on patterns of spatial distribution of species within a landscape and evenness of species abundance distribution. For aggregated assemblages, increasing subdivision decreases shared species, increases beta diversity and results in higher total species richness in subdivided habitat than an equal contiguous area.Main conclusionsTo correctly interpret diversity patterns in fragmented habitat the geometric effects of subdivision must be considered. Our models explain why fragmented habitat could have higher diversity than continuous habitat of equal area but predict a threshold patch‐size above which this will not occur (herec. 100 ha). Apparently positive diversity effects of subdivision, including more species in groups of small patches, are probable outcomes of spatial aggregation of assemblages. The shared species null models offer an analytical tool for exploring the geometric effects of subdivision on diversity while controlling for total habitat area.
Food, health, and nutrition in Chinese history
Authors: Smith Hilary A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis essay explores the relationships between food and health in Chinese history, from ancient times to the present. It briefly reviews how historians have written about dietary knowledge in China's past, from a midcentury focus on discoveries that prefigured those of modern nutrition science to a more expansive recent understanding of healthy eating. From there, the piece draws on scholarship from the past 2 decades to highlight the complexity of pre‐modern Chinese ideas about food and its connection to ritual, social order, moral rectitude, pleasure, and physical and emotional well‐being, all of which factored into dietetic prescriptions and prohibitions. Finally, the last section focuses on the modern period. It suggests that while Western foods and nutrition science acquired great prestige in early twentieth‐century China, by the early 21st century both had lost some of their luster, and interest in classical and folk understandings of diet—inflected by the postsocialist political and economic order—was again flourishing.
Diagnostic stability in individuals with autism spectrum disorder: insights from a longitudinal follow‐up study
Authors: Elias Rebecca , Lord Catherine 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundThis longitudinal study of autism symptom trajectories provides unique information that can characterize autism features and diagnostic patterns from childhood to adulthood.MethodsParticipants (n = 155) were part of a longitudinal cohort referred for possible autism where in‐person assessments were completed at ages 2, 3, 5, 9, 19, and 25. Assessors were blinded to previous diagnoses. Based on adult best estimate diagnoses, participants were categorized into one of the four groups: Retained ASD, Lost ASD, Never Had ASD, or Gained ASD Diagnosis. To examine developmental changes in autism symptoms, mixed models indicated the rate of change in ADOS CSS and ADI‐R scores in each diagnostic group.ResultsA subset of participants with VIQ> and <70 were assigned a diagnosis in adulthood that differed from diagnoses earlier in development. Across cognitive levels, the majority of novel diagnoses emerged in adulthood. For those with VIQ > 70, improvements in ADOS CSS over time for the Lost Diagnosis group and worsening in CSS in the Gained Diagnosis group were gradual. Individuals with VIQ > 70 who lost a diagnosis even in adulthood could be distinguished on CSS and ADI‐R scores by age 5 from those who retained their ASD diagnosis. Although most participants with VIQ < 70 saw decreases in autistic symptoms as a whole, changes in autism diagnoses were confounded by disentangling profound intellectual disability as a differential diagnosis or co‐occurrence. Only the Never Had Diagnosis group revealed significant changes in ADOS scores over time, with autism symptoms increasing.ConclusionsAssociated with gradual changes in core features of autism beginning in childhood, diagnoses of autism can shift across development.
Intersectoral collaboration and coordination mechanisms for implementing water fluoridation: Challenges from a case study in Brazil
Authors: Bomfim Rafael Aiello , Watt Richard G. , Frazão Paulo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivesCommunity water fluoridation has been associated with better oral health conditions globally and reduced dental caries. While oral health policies are governed by the health sector agenda, water fluoridation is undertaken by public, private, and mixed public/private companies of the sanitation sector. The first aim of this study was to investigate the degree of intersectoral collaboration, and the second was to investigate how the coordination mechanisms are perceived by the sanitation agents of the sectors involved in water quality management, for the potential establishment of water fluoridation in a central‐west state in Brazil.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with chief sanitation agents from nonprofit, profit, and mixed public/private companies responsible for water quality and fluoridation in a purposive sample. Theoretical frameworks of intersectoral collaboration and coordination mechanisms were used for analysis.ResultsTwelve interviews were conducted. Informal collaboration was identified in the sanitation sector within companies involved in water provision. The main coordination mechanisms were network‐type mechanisms, which involve consultations and knowledge sharing, and market‐type mechanisms, which explore new job opportunities and cost‐effectiveness, especially in water quality measures. Enabling themes (enablers) were identified, such as positive attitude toward including water quality and fluoridation in a collaborative health and sanitation common agenda. Moreover, fluoridation did not meet the regulatory and surveillance agenda at the state level, and until that moment, there was no proposal of the health sector for water fluoridation.ConclusionsPartnership creation, consolidation, and shared mission, especially between health and sanitation sectors, were identified as main challenges for implementing water fluoridation policy.
Confidence in carrying out palliative care among intensive care nurses
Authors: Ko Eunjeong , Lowie Samantha , Ni Ping 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundNurses in intensive care units (ICUs) play a crucial role in providing palliative care. Effective provision of palliative care in the ICU requires nurses' active engagement, yet little is known about the confidence for palliative care that ICU nurses hold in China.AimTo explore confidence in performing palliative care among ICU nurses in China and factors related to nurses' level of confidence.Study designA cross‐sectional design was implemented.MethodsThis study utilized convenience sampling to recruit ICU nurses from nine hospitals in Wuhan, China. Data were collected via an online survey. Multiple regression was conducted to identify the predictors of the ICU nurses' confidence in performing palliative care.ResultsA total of 231 ICU nurses participated in the study, resulting in a response rate of 78% (231/296). Participants reported a relatively low level of confidence for carrying out palliative care (mean score = 2.60 ± 0.53; range = 1‐4). Nurses who had more positive attitudes toward palliative care communication (P < .001), higher levels of formal training on palliative care (P < .001), more years of working as an ICU nurse (P < .05) and those working in integrated ICU (P < .001) showed a higher level of confidence in carrying out palliative care.ConclusionParticipants' lack of confidence in performing palliative care makes for increased challenges, particularly in uncertainty about family assessments, palliative care discussions and lack of palliative care training. Strengthening palliative care curricula in nursing education and professional training is imperative to enhance ICU nurses' confidence.Relevance to clinical practiceStrengthening palliative care education and training, particularly in relation to palliative care communication, is critical. Implementing and tailoring culturally relevant palliative care call for attention to practice and for policy changes in palliative care delivery in China.
Ultraprocessed food consumption and dietary nutrient profiles associated with obesity: A multicountry study of children and adolescents
Authors: Neri Daniela , Steele Eurídice Martínez , Khandpur Neha , Cediel Gustavo , Zapata Maria Elisa , Rauber Fernanda , Marrón‐Ponce Joaquín A. , Machado Priscila , da Costa Louzada Maria Laura , Andrade Giovanna Calixto , Batis Carolina , Babio Nancy , Salas‐Salvadó Jordi , Millett Christopher , Monteiro Carlos Augusto , Levy Renata Bertazzi ,   for the NOVA Multi‐Country Study Group on Ultra‐Processed Foods, Diet Quality and Human Health
Published: December 2021

SummaryThis study assessed associations between ultraprocessed food consumption and dietary nutrient profile linked to obesity in children and adolescents in Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, the United Kingdom, and the United States using nationally representative data collected between 2004 and 2014. Linear regression models were used to evaluate associations between dietary share of ultraprocessed foods (country and age group‐specific quintiles and a 10% share increase) and the energy density of diets and their content of free sugars and fiber. Ultraprocessed foods, defined by the NOVA system, ranged from 18% of total energy intake among preschool children in Colombia to 68% among adolescents in the United Kingdom. In almost all countries and age groups, increases in the dietary share of ultraprocessed foods were associated with increases in energy density and free sugars and decreases in fiber, suggesting that ultraprocessed food consumption is a potential determinant of obesity in children and adolescents. Effective global policy action to address growing ultraprocessed food consumption and childhood obesity is urgently needed.
Engineering of rice varieties with enhanced resistances to both blast and bacterial blight diseases via CRISPR/Cas9
Authors: Zhou Yanbiao , Xu Shichong , Jiang Nan , Zhao Xinhui , Bai Zhenan , Liu Jinling , Yao Wei , Tang Qianying , Xiao Gui , Lv Chao , Wang Kai , Hu Xiaochun , Tan Junjie , Yang Yuanzhu 
Published: December 2021

SummaryRice blast and bacterial blight represent two of major diseases having devastating impact on the yield of rice in most rice‐growing countries. Developments of resistant cultivars are the most economic and effective strategy to control these diseases. Here, we used CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated gene editing to rapidly install mutations in three known broad‐spectrum blast‐resistant genes, Bsr‐d1, Pi21 and ERF922, in an indica thermosensitive genic male sterile (TGMS) rice line Longke638S (LK638S). We obtained transgene‐free homozygous single or triple mutants in T1 generations. While all single and triple mutants showed increased resistance to rice blast compared with wild type, the erf922 mutants displayed the strongest blast resistance similar with triple mutants. Surprisingly, we found that Pi21 or ERF922 single mutants conferred enhanced resistance to most of tested bacterial blight. Both resistances in mutants were attribute to the up‐regulation of SA‐ and JA‐pathway associated genes. Moreover, phenotypic analysis of these single mutants in paddy fields revealed that there were no trade‐offs between resistances and main agricultural traits. Together, our study provides a rapid and effective way to generate rice varieties with resistance to both rice blast and bacterial blight.
Switching biologics in children with psoriasis: Results from the BiPe cohort
Authors: Phan Céline , Beauchet Alain , Reguiai Ziad , Severino‐Freire Maëlla , Mazereeuw‐Hautier Juliette , Bursztejn Anne‐Claire , Barbarot Sébastien , Hadj‐Rabia Smaïl , Girard Céline , Phan Alice , Lacour Jean‐Philippe , Lasek Audrey , Abasq Claire , Brenaut Emilie , Perrussel Marc , Droitcourt Catherine , Mallet Stéphanie , Piram Maryam , Fougerousse Anne‐Claire , Barthélémy Hugues , Balguérie Xavier , Mahé Emmanuel ,   for the Groupe de Recherche de la Société Française de Dermatologie Pédiatrique, the Groupe de Recherche sur le Psoriasis de la Société Française de Dermatologie
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThere is currently little information on switching biologics in pediatric psoriasis.ObjectiveTo evaluate the real‐world clinical practice and safety of switching biologics in the “Biological Treatments for Pediatric Psoriasis” (BiPe) cohort.MethodsData for all 134 patients included in the BiPe cohort were analyzed. A further evaluation of the subpopulation of patients who switched from a first‐line biologic to a second‐line biologic was then conducted. Drug survival rates were also compared between biologics given as first‐line or second‐line agents.ResultsOverall, 29 patients (female: 55%; mean age: 16.6 ± 3.0 years) switched between two biologics. Etanercept (ETN) was the first‐line biologic used in 23 patients: 16 (69.6%) switched to adalimumab (ADA) and seven (30.4%) to ustekinumab (UST). Six patients received first‐line ADA and switched to UST. Loss of efficacy (62.1%), primary inefficacy (20.7%), and parental choice (6.9%) were the main reasons for switching biologics. One (3.4%) of the switches was performed because of adverse events or intolerance. For UST and ADA, the 18‐month drug survival rate did not differ according to whether the agent was given as a first‐line or second‐line biologic (UST: P = .24; ADA: P = .68). No significant differences in drug survival rates were observed between the three different switches (ADA to UST, ETN to ADA, and ETN to UST).ConclusionOur study provided key insights into the real‐life clinical practice of switching biologics in pediatric psoriasis patients. However, more information and guidance on switching biologics in pediatric psoriasis are needed to improve real‐life practice and outcomes.
Do the high‐protein recommendations for athletes set some on a path to kidney injury and dialysis?
Authors: Marinaro Meredith , Alexander Dayna S. , de Waal Desiree 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAthletes and fitness enthusiasts are often encouraged to follow high‐protein diets to optimize muscle protein synthesis, modify body composition, and enhance performance, yet the safety of these higher protein intakes has been debated. Many people with kidney dysfunction are unaware of their condition, and the potential harm of excess protein intake on the kidneys may not be adequately reported in the sports nutrition literature. Studies suggesting that high‐protein intake may be associated with incident kidney disease have led the nephrology community to make conservative recommendations. In contrast, the fitness community suggests that high dietary protein intake is safe and poses no risk of kidney injury. These claims often fail to acknowledge limitations in the internal validity and generalizability of the study results, despite many studies not being adequately powered to support such claims. It is essential to make dietary recommendations that consider the totality of the data and follow the ethical norm of “do no harm.” Studies that evaluate the use of high‐protein diets among athletes must consider the balance of efficacy with safety. While an intervention may be safe in one population, it does not mean that safety can be assumed for all groups.