bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Managing diabetes in diabetic patients with COVID: where do we start from?
Authors: Avogaro Angelo , Bonora Benedetta , Fadini Gian Paolo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Aims
COVID-19 has and still is sweeping away the national health systems worldwide. In this review, we sought to determine the evidence base proofs on the antidiabetic treatment capable to reduce the risk of COVID-19-related mortality.

Methods
We have performed a systematic search of published articles using PubMed, and EMBASE from March 2020 to March 31st, 2021. We excluded editorials, commentary, letters to the editor, reviews, and studies that did not have mortality as an outcome. For metformin and insulin only, we performed a meta-analysis using Cochrane RevMan 5.2.

Results
Among antidiabetic drugs, metformin was the only drug associated with a reduced risk of mortality. Conversely, insulin appears associated with an increased risk. The other classes of drugs were neutral.

Conclusions
The totality of articles reports retrospective data strongly affected by “channeling bias” so that most of the existing results on each class of drugs are driven by the phenotype of patients likely to receive that specific drug by prescription.
The role of environmental sensitivity in the development of rumination and depressive symptoms in childhood: a longitudinal study
Authors: Lionetti Francesca , Klein Daniel N. , Pastore Massimiliano , Aron Elaine N. , Aron Arthur , Pluess Michael 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSome children are more affected than others by their upbringing due to their increased sensitivity to the environment. More sensitive children are at heightened risk for the development of internalizing problems, particularly when experiencing unsupportive parenting. However, little is known about how the interplay between children’s sensitivity and parenting leads to higher levels of depressive symptoms. In the current study, we investigated the interaction between early parenting and children’s sensitivity on levels of depressive symptomatology in middle childhood, exploring the role of rumination as a possible mediator in a community sample. Participants included 196 USA resident families, from a middle class and mostly European–American background, and their healthy children, followed up from age 3 until 9 and 12 years. Environmental sensitivity was assessed observationally when children were 3 years old. Parenting style was based on parent-report at the age of 3 years. When children were nine, they completed questionnaires on rumination and depressive symptoms (repeated at 12 years). Analyses were run applying a Bayesian approach. Children’s sensitivity interacted with permissive parenting in predicting rumination at age 9. Rumination, in turn, was associated with depressive symptoms at age 9 and, to a lesser extent, at age 12. No relevant interactions emerged for authoritative and authoritarian parenting. Sensitive children may be at heightened risk for internalizing problems when exposed to a permissive parenting style. Permissive parenting was associated with increased ruminative coping strategies in sensitive children which, in turn, predicted higher levels of depression. Hence, rumination emerged as an important cognitive risk factor for the development of depressive symptoms in sensitive children.
Homogeneity of cognitive and behavioural processes underlying the relationship between insomnia and body image disturbance
Authors: Akram Umair , Allen Sarah F. , Stevenson Jodie C. , Lazuras Lambros , Ackroyd Millicent , Chester Jessica , Longden Jessica , Peters Chloe , Irvine Kamila R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSpecific cognitive behavioural mechanisms related to selective attention, situational avoidance and physical appearance are implicated in the development and maintenance of insomnia and negative reinforcement of body image disturbances. Therefore, we examined whether these processes potentially mediate the relationship between insomnia and body image perception. N = 728 participants completed self-reported measures of sleep-associated monitoring, insomnia symptoms, body image disturbance and coping with body image challenges. Symptoms of insomnia and sleep-associated monitoring behaviour were independently related to increased reports of body image disturbance, cognitive distortions of body image, appearance fixing (i.e. altering appearance by covering, camouflaging or correcting the perceived defect), avoidance (i.e. attempt to escape or avert stressful body image situations) and reduced levels of positive rationale acceptance (i.e. acceptance of the challenging event and positive self-care or rationale self-talk about one’s appearance). More crucially, sleep-related monitoring on awakening, cognitive distortion of body image and negative coping strategies related to body image (i.e. appearance fixing, avoidance, rationale acceptance) mediated the relationship between reports of body image disturbance and insomnia symptoms. The current findings expand upon previous research demonstrating consistent relationships between poor sleep and increased dissatisfaction with cutaneous features, by providing novel evidence that body image disturbances are associated with symptoms of insomnia. More crucially, we highlight the role of particular cognitive and behavioural mechanisms pertaining to sleep (i.e. selective attention for physical signs of poor sleep) and body image (i.e. avoidance and rationale acceptance) which may be targeted as part of cognitive behavioural treatments.
Altered capsaicin levels in domesticated chili pepper varieties affect the interaction between a generalist herbivore and its ectoparasitoid
Authors: Chabaane Yosra , Marques Arce Carla , Glauser Gaëtan , Benrey Betty 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPlant domestication has commonly reduced levels of secondary metabolites known to confer resistance against insects. Chili pepper is a special case because the fruits of different varieties have been selected for lower and higher levels of capsaicin, the main compound associated with defence. This may have important consequences for insect herbivores and their natural enemies. Despite the widespread consumption of chili peppers worldwide, the effects of capsaicin on insects are poorly understood. Here, we investigated the effect of capsaicin on a generalist herbivore, Spodoptera latifascia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and its ectoparasitoid, Euplectrus platyhypenae (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Using chili varieties with three pungency levels: non-pungent (Padron), mild (Cayenne) and highly pungent (Habanero), as well as artificial diets spiked with three different levels of synthetic capsaicin, we determined whether higher capsaicin levels negatively affect the performance of these insects. Overall, capsaicin had a negative effect on both herbivore and parasitoid performance, particularly at high concentrations. Caterpillars reared on highly pungent fruits and high-capsaicin diet had longer development time, reduced pupation success, lower adult emergence, but also lower parasitism rates than caterpillars reared on mild or non-capsaicin treatments. In addition, we found that the caterpillars were capable of sequestering capsaicinoids in their haemolymph when fed on the high pungent variety with consequences for parasitoids’ performance and oviposition decisions. These results increase our understanding of the role of capsaicin as a chemical defence against insects and its potential implications for pest management.
Construction of a quality model for machine learning systems
Authors: Siebert Julien , Joeckel Lisa , Heidrich Jens , Trendowicz Adam , Nakamichi Koji , Ohashi Kyoko , Namba Isao , Yamamoto Rieko , Aoyama Mikio 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNowadays, systems containing components based on machine learning (ML) methods are becoming more widespread. In order to ensure the intended behavior of a software system, there are standards that define necessary qualities of the system and its components (such as ISO/IEC 25010). Due to the different nature of ML, we have to re-interpret existing qualities for ML systems or add new ones (such as trustworthiness). We have to be very precise about which quality property is relevant for which entity of interest (such as completeness of training data or correctness of trained model), and how to objectively evaluate adherence to quality requirements. In this article, we present how to systematically construct quality models for ML systems based on an industrial use case. This quality model enables practitioners to specify and assess qualities for ML systems objectively. In addition to the overall construction process described, the main outcomes include a meta-model for specifying quality models for ML systems, reference elements regarding relevant views, entities, quality properties, and measures for ML systems based on existing research, an example instantiation of a quality model for a concrete industrial use case, and lessons learned from applying the construction process. We found that it is crucial to follow a systematic process in order to come up with measurable quality properties that can be evaluated in practice. In the future, we want to learn how the term quality differs between different types of ML systems and come up with reference quality models for evaluating qualities of ML systems.
Haushaltsklima, Alleinleben und gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität während des COVID-19-Lockdowns in Deutschland
Authors: Zurek Marina , Friedmann Luisa , Kempter Emilia , Chaveiro André Silva , Adedeji Adekunle , Metzner Franka 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungHintergrundZur Eindämmung der COVID-19-Pandemie („coronavirus disease 2019“) wurden im Frühjahr 2020 Ausgang und Kontakte in Deutschland stark beschränkt. Studien weltweit lassen die Vermutung zu, dass die krisenbedingt angeordnete soziale Isolierung das Wohlbefinden der betroffenen Menschen signifikant beeinflusst. Um die gesundheitlichen Konsequenzen des Lockdowns verstehen und diesen präventiv begegnen zu können, wurde die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität (gLQ) im Zusammenhang mit der Wohnsituation und dem subjektiv wahrgenommenen Haushaltsklima in diesem Zeitraum untersucht.MethodikEine durch vier Strategien deutschlandweit rekrutierte Stichprobe vonn = 541 Erwachsenen (MW = 34 Jahre; 67 % weiblich) wurde mit standardisierten Instrumenten zu der gLQ und dem Haushaltsklima während des Lockdowns mittels eines Online-Surveys befragt.ErgebnisseIn der Stichprobe wurde im Mittel eine als mäßig einzustufende gLQ während des Lockdowns gefunden, die signifikant durch das subjektiv wahrgenommene Haushaltsklima vorhersagt wurde (p < 0,001). Alleinlebende Teilnehmende meldeten eine signifikant niedrigere gLQ zurück als Teilnehmende, die mit anderen Menschen zusammen in einem Haushalt lebten. Das Haushaltsklima sagte 26 % der Varianz der gLQ vorher; soziodemographische Merkmale klärten einen zusätzlichen Varianzanteil von 5 % auf.DiskussionDie Hinweise dafür, dass ein besser eingeschätztes Haushaltsklima mit einer höheren gLQ während des Lockdowns zusammenhing, betonen die Bedeutung des häuslichen Umfelds. Bei zukünftigen Maßnahmen zur Pandemieeindämmung, die soziale Kontakte einschränken, sollten in der Bevölkerung das Bewusstsein für den Zusammenhang zwischen Wohlbefinden und Haushaltsklima erhöht werden sowie Hilfen für Menschen mit einem konfliktbelasteten häuslichen Umfeld zugänglich bleiben.
The efficacy of interventions to protect crops from raiding elephants
Authors: Montgomery Robert A. , Raupp Jamie , Mukhwana Methodius , Greenleaf Ashley , Mudumba Tutilo , Muruthi Philip 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBoth African elephants (Loxodonta spp.) and the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) across their range come into conflict with people because of their crop-raiding behavior, which presents profound impediments to farmer livelihoods. In response, a series of interventions, designed to reduce elephant crop raiding have been applied. Based on an extensive review of elephant crop-raiding studies published over a 31-year period, we identified four primary categories of interventions including: (i) detection efforts; (ii) preemptive measures; (iii) fencing and trenches; and (iv) deterrent techniques. The interventions reported to be most effective involved chili peppers (i.e., fences, spray, and briquettes) and crop guarding coupled with deterrents. The extent to which these interventions can be applied more widely is unclear as only two studies examined efficacy across sites in more than one country. Thus, future inquiry should evaluate the ability of effective interventions, or indeed a combination of interventions, to be applied across the range of elephants to reduce crop raiding at scale.
Social and Physical Distance/Distancing: A Corpus-Based Analysis of Recent Changes in Usage
Authors: Butler Christopher S. , Simon-Vandenbergen Anne-Marie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSince the outbreak of the Covid-19 pandemic and its dramatic spread in the early months of 2020, the term social distancing has rapidly become a key term in public and private discourse. At the same time, social distance, physical distance and physical distancing have become current in the same context. This paper examines these terms in (samples of) four corpora of British English (BNC, ukWaC, NOW 2019 and NOW 2020), with the following aims: (i) to study the frequency and usage of these phrases in corpora of different kinds, representing texts created both before and during the Covid-19 pandemic; (ii) to determine whether the recent spread of the phrases in the Covid-19 context has entailed any shifts in the collocational profile of the constituent words. By looking at the most frequent collocations over time we establish to what extent the corpora reflect stability and change in patterning and to what extent the external factor of the pandemic outbreak has far reaching consequences for the lexical semantics of the language. The case of social distance/distancing has special relevance to accounts of semantic change through the sudden and radical shifts in the collocational profile of the items concerned.
Use of Slaughterhouse Sludge in the Bioremediation of an Oxyfluorfen-Polluted Soil
Authors: Ávila-Pozo Paloma , Parrado Juan , Caballero Pablo , Díaz-López Marta , Bastida Felipe , Tejada Manuel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe use of organic matter is a highly accepted environmental practice among scientists for the bioremediation of polluted soils. In this manuscript we study under laboratory conditions the bioremediation capacity of a new biostimulant obtained from slaughterhouse sludge in a soil polluted by the oxyfluorfen at a rate of 4 l ha−1 (manufacturer’s rate recommended) over a 90-day period. We determined its effects on dehydrogenase, urease, β-glucosidase and phosphatase activities, the soil microbial community structure and the evolution of the herbicide in soil. Possibly due to the high content of low molecular weight proteins in the biostimulant, the enzymatic activities were stimulated mainly at the beginning of the experiment. Soil biological parameters were inhibited in oxyfluorfen-polluted soil. At the end of the experiment and compared with the control soil, dehydrogenase, urease, β-glucosidase, and phosphatase activities significantly decreased by 47.8%, 50.5%, 36.4%, and 45.5% in the oxyfluorfen-polluted soil. At 5 days into the experiment, the use of the biostimulant in oxyfluorfen-polluted soils decreased soil enzymatic activities and microbial community inhibition. At the end of the incubation period the oxyfluorfen concentration had decreased by 60% in the polluted soil and amended with biostimulants. These results suggested that the use of this biostimulant with higher amounts of low molecular weight proteins and peptides had a positive effect on the remediating oxyfluorfen-polluted soils. Therefore, this study provides the use of a new biostimulant obtained from slaughterhouse sludge by enzymatic hydrolysis processes used in the bioremediation of a soil polluted by the oxyfluorfen herbicide.
On the effect of decoherence on quantum tunnelling
Authors: Klimenko A. Y. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis work proposes a series of quantum experiments that can, at least in principle, allow for examining microscopic mechanisms associated with decoherence. These experiments can be interpreted as a quantum-mechanical version of non-equilibrium mixing between two volumes separated by a thin interface. One of the principal goals of such experiments is in identifying non-equilibrium conditions when time-symmetric laws give way to time-directional, irreversible processes, which are represented by decoherence at the quantum level. The rate of decoherence is suggested to be examined indirectly, with minimal intrusions—this can be achieved by measuring tunnelling rates that, in turn, are affected by decoherence. Decoherence is understood here as a general process that does not involve any significant exchanges of energy and governed by a particular class of the Kraus operators. The present work analyses different regimes of tunnelling in the presence of decoherence and obtains formulae that link the corresponding rates of tunnelling and decoherence under different conditions. It is shown that the effects on tunnelling of intrinsic decoherence and of decoherence due to unitary interactions with the environment are similar but not the same and can be distinguished in experiments.
Technological Advances in Penile Implant Surgery
Authors: Barnard John Taylor , Cakir Omer Onur , Ralph David , Yafi Faysal A 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT

Background
During the last century, surgical management of erectile dysfunction has evolved from an experimental concept to a core treatment modality with widespread use among the men’s health community. Over time, innovations in materials, mechanical design elements, device coatings, and surgical technique have provided patients with low-risk, reliable, and reproducible erectile function with high satisfaction rates.

Aim
To provide a foundation for future innovation by improving understanding of historical penile prosthetics and the rationale behind incremental technological improvements for the contemporary Men’s Health physician.

Methods
Literature review was conducted to generate a comprehensive review of historical technological innovations in penile implant surgery. Companies with FDA approved penile prosthetics in use in the United States were contacted for information regarding technological innovations in the past and future devices in development. A separate literature review was performed to identify any significant future device design elements being tested, even in the ex vivo setting, which may have future clinical applications.

Outcomes
Technological innovations in penile implant surgery were described.

RESULTS
Current options for the prosthetic surgeon include malleable penile prostheses (MPP), self-contained (2-piece) inflatable penile prostheses, and multicomponent (3-piece) inflatable penile prostheses. Current MPPs consist of a synthetic coated solid core which allow for manipulation of the penis for concealability while maintaining sufficient axial rigidity to achieve penetration when desired. Multi-component (3-Piece) IPPs currently include the Coloplast Titan and Boston Scientific/AMS 700 which consist of a fluid reservoir, intrascrotal pump, and intracavernosal cylinders. The devices have undergone numerous design updates to the cylinders, pump, reservoir, tubing, and external coatings to increase reliability and decrease short- and long-term complications.

Clinical Implications
Future innovations in penile prosthetic surgery seek to broaden the indications and applicability to the transgender community and improve both safety and functionality for patient and partner.

Strengths & Limitations
The review is limited primarily to penile prosthetics approved for current or historical clinical use in the United States and may not be representative of the global prosthetic environment. Additionally, the research and development of future innovations, particularly those provided by device manufacturers, is likely limited by non-disclosure to maintain a competitive advantage.

CONCLUSIONS
Penile prosthetic surgery will undoubtedly remain integral to the treatment of erectile dysfunction, and education regarding the current state of technological innovation will empower the prosthetic surgeon and biomedical engineering community to improve contemporary patient care and drive the development of the next generation of implantable penile prosthetics.
Innovative praxis for environmental learning in Canadian faculties of education
Authors: Sims Laura , Inwood Hilary , Elliott Paul , Gerofsky Susan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article explores innovative praxis in Environmental and Sustainability Education (ESE) in four preservice teacher education programmes in Canada. ESE is finding its way into teacher education in a variety of innovative and interdisciplinary ways, as both part of mainstream programmes and in their co-curricular margins. Using a case study approach, each case builds on unique connections to Indigenous education, art education, cultural learning or educational gardening, which supports a variety of differing aspects in relation to ESE. These cases share a common theme of building relationships at the heart of ESE teaching and learning in the mainstream and the margins of the academy. Brought together through a Canadian network of faculty, researchers, policy-makers and community educators that was formed in 2016, these cases demonstrate a deep commitment and imaginative capacity for embedding ESE in Canada’s teacher education systems.
P = W for Lagrangian fibrations and degenerations of hyper-Kähler manifolds
Authors: Harder Andrew , Li Zhiyuan , Shen Junliang , Yin Qizheng 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We identify the perverse filtration of a Lagrangian fibration with the monodromy weight filtration of a maximally unipotent degeneration of compact hyper-Kähler manifolds.
Validation and implementation of group electronic hand hygiene monitoring across twenty-four critical care units
Authors: Leis Jerome A. , Obaidallah Maryam , Williams Victoria , Muller Matthew P , Powis Jeff E. , Johnstone Jennie , Hota Susy , Katz Kevin , Payne Michael , Castellani Lucas , Downing Mark , Mertz Dominik , Ricciuto Daniel R. , Kiss Alex , Cuthbertson Brian H. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectives:An accurate estimate of the average number of hand hygiene opportunities per patient hour (HHO rate) is required to implement group electronic hand hygiene monitoring systems (GEHHMSs). We sought to identify predictors of HHOs to validate and implement a GEHHMS across a network of critical care units.Design:Multicenter, observational study (10 hospitals) followed by quality improvement intervention involving 24 critical care units across 12 hospitals in Ontario, Canada.Methods:Critical care patient beds were randomized to receive 1 hour of continuous direct observation to determine the HHO rate. A Poisson regression model determined unit-level predictors of HHOs. Estimates of average HHO rates across different types of critical care units were derived and used to implement and evaluate use of GEHHMS.Results:During 2,812 hours of observation, we identified 25,417 HHOs. There was significant variability in HHO rate across critical care units. Time of day, day of the week, unit acuity, patient acuity, patient population and use of transmission-based precautions were significantly associated with HHO rate. Using unit-specific estimates of average HHO rate, aggregate HH adherence was 30.0% (1,084,329 of 3,614,908) at baseline with GEHHMS and improved to 38.5% (740,660 of 1,921,656) within 2 months of continuous feedback to units (P < .0001).Conclusions:Unit-specific estimates based on known predictors of HHO rate enabled broad implementation of GEHHMS. Further longitudinal quality improvement efforts using this system are required to assess the impact of GEHHMS on both HH adherence and clinical outcomes within critically ill patient populations.