bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-buckled

3×3

stanene with a topologically nontrivial energy gap
Authors: Song Ye-Heng , Wang Zhi-Wen , Jia Zhen-Yu , Zhu Xin-Yang , Shi Zhi-Qiang , Zhu Li , Yuan Qian-Qian , Shu Da-Jun , Li Shao-Chun 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We demonstrate an efficient way of tuning the atomic buckling in stanene to open a topologically nontrivial energy gap. By tuning the growth kinetics, we obtain an unexpected high-buckled

3

×

3

stanene on the Bi(111) substrate. Scanning tunneling microscopy study combined with density functional theory calculation confirms that the

3

×

3

stanene is a distorted 1 × 1 structure with a high-buckled Sn in every three 1 × 1 unit cells. The high-buckled

3

×

3

stanene favors a large band inversion at the Γ point, and the spin–orbit coupling opens a topologically nontrivial energy gap. This study provides an alternate way to tune the topology of monolayer topological materials.
Anomalous hybridization complementation effect on phonon transport in heterogeneous nanowire cross junction
Authors: Ma Dengke , Zhao Yunshan , Zhang Lifa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Controlling phonon transport via its wave nature in nanostructures can achieve unique properties for various applications. In this paper, thermal conductivity of heterogeneous nano cross junction (hetero-NCJ) is studied through molecular dynamics simulation. It is found that decreasing or increasing the atomic mass of four side wires (SWs) severed as resonators, thermal conductivity of hetero-NCJ is enhanced, which is larger than that of homogeneous NCJ (homo-NCJ). Interestingly, by setting two SWs with larger atomic mass and other two SWs with smaller atomic mass, thermal conductivity of hetero-NCJ is abnormally decreased, which is even smaller than that of homo-NCJ. After further non-equilibrium Green’s function calculations, it is demonstrated that origin of increase is attributed to the hybridization broken induced by unidirectional shift of resonant modes. However, the decrease in thermal conductivity originates from hybridization complementation induced by bidirectional shift of resonant modes, which synergistically blocks phonon transport. This work provides a mechanism for further strengthening resonant hybridization effect and manipulating thermal transport.
Automated image analysis for quantification of materials microstructure evolution
Authors: Ahmed Mansur , Horst Oliver Martin , Obaied Abdulmonem , Steinbach Ingo , Roslyakova Irina 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this work, an automated image analysis procedure for the quantification of microstructure evolution during creep is proposed for evaluating scanning electron microscopy micrographs of a single crystal Ni-based superalloy before and after creep at 950 °C and 350 MPa. scanning electron microscopy-micrographs of γ/γ′ microstructures are transformed into binary images. Image analysis, which involves pixel by pixel classification and feature extraction, is then combined with a supervised machine learning algorithm to improve the binarization and the quality of the results. The binarization of the gray scale images is not always straight forward, especially when the difference in gray levels between the γ-channels and the γ′-phase is small. To optimize feature extraction, we utilized a series of bilateral filters as well as a machine learning algorithm, known as the gradient boosting method, that was used for training and classifying the micrograph pixels. After testing the two methods, the gradient boosting method was identified as the most effective. Subsequently, a Python routine was written and implemented for the automated quantification of the γ′ area fraction and the γ channel width. Our machine learning method is documented and the results of the automatic procedure are discussed based on results which we previously reported in the literature.
Theoretical study of the critical dynamic behaviors for pore collapse in explosive
Authors: Long Yao , Chen Jun 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The shock loading process of porous explosive is simulated by molecular dynamics for different pore diameters and piston velocities. We find that the defect evolution consists of three steps: pore collapse, stress relaxation and hot spot evolution. The critical dynamic behaviors for each step are investigated. First, at the pore collapse process, the shock wave reflected at pore face induces rarefaction waves. Two reflection types are considered: downside face reflection and upside face reflection. The wave reflection equations are derived. Second, at the stress relaxation process, a spherical rebounding wave is obtained. For low spherical radius, the rebounding wave is supersonic; and for high spherical radius, the rebounding wave is sonic. The propagation of rebounding wave is an adiabatic expansion process for hot spot, therefore, the hot spot temperature decreases quickly at this stage. Third, by considering the thermal diffusion and thermal decomposition effects, the hot spot ignition equation is derived, and the critical temperature for ignition is evaluated. A complete physical picture of defect evolution is obtained.
Interlayer exchange couple based reliable and robust 3-input adder design methodology
Authors: Mattela Venkat , Debroy Sanghamitra , Sivasubramani Santhosh , Acharyya Amit 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a novel inter-layer exchange coupled (IEC) based 3-input full adder design methodology is proposed and subsequently the architecture has been implemented on the widely accepted micromagnetic OOMMF platform. The impact of temperature on the IEC coupled full-adder design has been analyzed up to Curie temperature. It was observed that even up to Curie temperature the IEC based adder design was able to operate at sub-50 nm as contrast to dipole coupled adder design which failed at 5 K for sub 50 nm. Simulation results obtained from OOMMF micromagnetic simulator shows, the IEC based adder design was at a lower energy state as compared to the dipole coupled adder indicating a more stable system and as the temperature of the design was increased, the total energy increased resulting in reduced stability. Potential explanation for the thermodynamic stability of IEC model lies in its energetically favored architecture, such that the total energy was lower than its dipole coupled counterparts. IEC architecture demonstrates supremacy in reliability and strength enabling NML to march towards beyond CMOS devices.
Superman vs momentum
Authors: Kızılcık Hasan Şahin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to consider Superman’s acts against impulse–momentum and conservation of momentum principles. Superheroes as fantasy fiction characters attract the attention of not only children and teenagers but also adults. Superheroes can be useful in explaining a phenomenon, as well as overcoming conceptual difficulties that may occur in students. Superman is a superhero who often challenges the impulse–momentum principle and conservation of momentum. Therefore, he may be the best superhero to use when talking about momentum. This context gives educators an opportunity to motivate students.
Study of fluid motion in different configurations and temperatures
Authors: Wadhwa Ajay 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We have investigated the motion of water flow through glass tubes of different shapes by calculating the value of the Reynolds number denoted as

Re

. We know that at a given flow rate the value of

Re

determines the type of flow being classified as laminar, transitional or tubulent. The dependence of

Re

in different configurations of glass tubes as well as on temperature is investigated. The apparatus for the experiment is designed in the undergraduate laboratory and the conventional method of measuring the flow rate using a dye for detecting the type of flow is used.
Head and neck multi-organ segmentation on dual-energy CT using dual pyramid convolutional neural networks
Authors: Wang Tonghe , Lei Yang , Roper Justin , Ghavidel Beth , Beitler Jonathan J , McDonald Mark , Curran Walter J , Liu Tian , Yang Xiaofeng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Organ delineation is crucial to diagnosis and therapy, while it is also labor-intensive and observer-dependent. Dual energy CT (DECT) provides additional image contrast than conventional single energy CT (SECT), which may facilitate automatic organ segmentation. This work aims to develop an automatic multi-organ segmentation approach using deep learning for head-and-neck region on DECT. We proposed a mask scoring regional convolutional neural network (R-CNN) where comprehensive features are firstly learnt from two independent pyramid networks and are then combined via deep attention strategy to highlight the informative ones extracted from both two channels of low and high energy CT. To perform multi-organ segmentation and avoid misclassification, a mask scoring subnetwork was integrated into the Mask R-CNN framework to build the correlation between the class of potential detected organ’s region-of-interest (ROI) and the shape of that organ’s segmentation within that ROI. We evaluated our model on DECT images from 127 head-and-neck cancer patients (66 training, 61 testing) with manual contours of 19 organs as training target and ground truth. For large- and mid-sized organs such as brain and parotid, the proposed method successfully achieved average Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) larger than 0.8. For small-sized organs with very low contrast such as chiasm, cochlea, lens and optic nerves, the DSCs ranged between around 0.5 and 0.8. With the proposed method, using DECT images outperforms using SECT in almost all 19 organs with statistical significance in DSC (p<0.05). Meanwhile, by using the DECT, the proposed method is also significantly superior to a recently developed FCN-based method in most of organs in terms of DSC and the 95th percentile Hausdorff distance. Quantitative results demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed method, the superiority of using DECT to SECT, and the advantage of the proposed R-CNN over FCN on the head-and-neck patient study. The proposed method has the potential to facilitate the current head-and-neck cancer radiation therapy workflow in treatment planning.
A novel magnetorheological fluid damper with a heat insulation function
Authors: Du Chengbin , Zeng Fanang , Liu Bing , Fu Yankai 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A novel magnetorheological fluid (MRF) damper was designed by adding an aluminium foil bubble insulation material with a low thermal conductivity in the cavity between the electromagnetic coil and the MRF to avoid a rapid rise in the temperature of the MRF in the working process of the damper. First, the rheological properties of the MRF at different temperatures were tested by a rheometer, squeezing and stretching tests of the MRF at different temperatures were carried out by a test machine, and the relationship between the dynamic viscosity and the shear stress, squeezing stress, stretching stress and temperature was obtained experimentally. Second, a new type of MRF damper was designed, and a corresponding numerical simulation was carried out to study the effect of this heat insulation on the temperature field and the damping effect under different electromagnetic coil temperatures. The results show that the rate of increase in the MRF temperature in the working area of the damper with the insulation material could be reduced by 57.4% compared to that of the damper without the insulation material. At the same time, the damping force increased greatly. The rate of increase in the rebound force was 12.0% ∼ 40.0%, the rate of increase in the compression force was 11.0% ∼ 39.9%, and the magnitude of increase increased with the frequency, amplitude and temperature. Finally, the damper was experimentally studied, and the numerical simulation results were consistent with the experimental results.
Oxygen out-diffusion in REBCO coated conductor due to heating
Authors: Lu Jun , Xin Yan , Jarvis Brent , Bai Hongyu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Rare earth barium copper oxide (REBCO) coated conductor has emerged as one of the high T
c superconductors suitable for future ultrahigh field superconducting magnet applications. In the design and fabrication of such ultrahigh field REBCO magnets, it is essential to understand the behavior of REBCO coated conductor. The effect of heating on the properties of commercial REBCO coated conductors is very important for many practical reasons. Nevertheless, a comprehensive study on this effect have not yet been presented in the published literature. This work studies a commercial REBCO coated conductor heat-treated at temperatures between 175 °C and 300 °C for various durations. Critical current and lap joint resistivity were measured at 77 K and 4.2 K for the heat-treated samples. We found that critical current degrades with heat treatment time and temperature. This degradation can be described by a one-dimensional oxygen out-diffusion model with a diffusion coefficient of D = 2.5 × 10−6 exp (−1.17eV kT−1) m2 s−1. The heat treatment also causes appreciable increase in joint resistivity. Comprehensive structural and chemical analyses were performed on Cu/Ag/RECBO interfaces by transmission electron microscopy. Our electron energy loss spectroscopy study provided direct evidence of oxygen deficiency in the heat treated REBCO samples. In addition, it is found that the oxygen diffused out of the REBCO layer forms mostly Cu2O at both Ag/REBCO and Cu/Ag interfaces. Cu2O is also observed at grain boundaries of the Ag layer. The oxygen out-diffusion model proposed in this work is used to predict REBCO thermal degradation in several engineering scenarios.
ERO2.0 modelling of nanoscale surface morphology evolution
Authors: Alberti G. , Sala M. , Romazanov J. , Uccello A. , Dellasega D. , Passoni M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Plasma–material interaction (PMI) in tokamaks determines the life-time of first-wall (FW) components. Due to PMI, FW materials are eroded and transported within the device. Erosion is strongly influenced by the original morphology of the component, due to particle redeposition on near surface structures and to the changing of impact angle distributions, which results in an alteration of the sputtering effects. The Monte-Carlo impurity transport code ERO2.0 is capable of modelling the erosion of non-trivial surface morphologies due to plasma irradiation. The surface morphology module was validated against experimental data with satisfactory agreement. In this work, we further progress in the validation of the ERO2.0 capabilities by modelling both numerically generated surfaces as well as real surfaces, generated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements of reference tungsten samples. The former are used to validate ERO2.0 against one of the morphology evolution models present in literature, in order to outline the conditions for reliable code solutions. Modifications induced in AFM-generated surfaces after argon and helium plasma irradiation are compared, showing a similar post-exposure morphology, mostly dominated by surface smoothing. Finally, the ERO2.0 morphology retrieved after He plasma exposure is compared to experimentally-available scanning electron microscopy and AFM measurements of the same surface morphology exposed in the linear plasma device GyM, showing the need for further improvements of the code, while a good agreement between experimental and simulated erosion rate is observed.
Adaptive randomization in a two-stage sequential multiple assignment randomized trial
Authors: Wang Junyao , Wu Liwen , Wahed Abdus S 
Published: April 2021

Summary
Sequential multiple assignment randomized trials (SMARTs) are systematic and efficient media for comparing dynamic treatment regimes (DTRs), where each patient is involved in multiple stages of treatment with the randomization at each stage depending on the patient’s previous treatment history and interim outcomes. Generally, patients enrolled in SMARTs are randomized equally to ethically acceptable treatment options regardless of how effective those treatments were during the previous stages, which results in some undesirable consequences in practice, such as low recruitment, less retention, and lower treatment adherence. In this article, we propose a response-adaptive SMART (RA-SMART) design where the allocation probabilities are imbalanced in favor of more promising treatments based on the accumulated information on treatment efficacy from previous patients and stages. The operating characteristics of the RA-SMART design relative to SMART design, including the consistency and efficiency of estimated response rate under each DTR, the power of identifying the optimal DTR, and the number of patients treated with the optimal and the worst DTRs, are assessed through extensive simulation studies. Some practical suggestions are discussed in the conclusion.
Institutional Persistence: Involvements with Child Protective Services, the Criminal Justice System and Mental Health Services across Childhood, Adolescence and Early Adulthood in Denmark
Authors: Fallesen Peter 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The pairwise overlaps in system involvement between child protective services (CPS), mental health services and the criminal justice system are well-documented. Yet, less is known about how contact to these three systems evolves as children age, and how children’s trajectories through these institutions should be conceptualised. In this article, we use administrative data on the full population of Danish children born 1982–1995 that had contact to at least one of the three systems before turning twenty-one. Theoretically, we argue that children’s trajectories of institutional contacts can be understood as a moral career as suggested by Goffman. Empirically, we study how children move between and are retained within the three systems across childhood. We find that early contact originates with CPS but branch out through both overlap and transitions to the other systems. Further, across age, there are high levels of retention within the systems, and clear gendered dynamics play out as children age. We argue that children’s trajectories across age can be viewed as moving from a position as a subject at risk to a position as subject of risk.
Mouse Anesthesia: The Art and Science
Authors: Navarro Kaela L , Huss Monika , Smith Jennifer C , Sharp Patrick , Marx James O , Pacharinsak Cholawat 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThere is an art and science to performing mouse anesthesia, which is a significant component to animal research. Frequently, anesthesia is one vital step of many over the course of a research project spanning weeks, months, or beyond. It is critical to perform anesthesia according to the approved research protocol using appropriately handled and administered pharmaceutical-grade compounds whenever possible. Sufficient documentation of the anesthetic event and procedure should also be performed to meet the legal, ethical, and research reproducibility obligations. However, this regulatory and documentation process may lead to the use of a few possibly oversimplified anesthetic protocols used for mouse procedures and anesthesia. Although a frequently used anesthetic protocol may work perfectly for each mouse anesthetized, sometimes unexpected complications will arise, and quick adjustments to the anesthetic depth and support provided will be required. As an old saying goes, anesthesia is 99% boredom and 1% sheer terror. The purpose of this review article is to discuss the science of mouse anesthesia together with the art of applying these anesthetic techniques to provide readers with the knowledge needed for successful anesthetic procedures. The authors include experiences in mouse inhalant and injectable anesthesia, peri-anesthetic monitoring, specific procedures, and treating common complications. This article utilizes key points for easy access of important messages and authors’ recommendation based on the authors’ clinical experiences.
Ketogenic Diet Impairment of Mycobacterium ulcerans Growth and Toxin Production and Enhancement of Host Response to Infection in an Experimental Mouse Model
Authors: Foulon Mélanie , Robbe-Saule Marie , Esnault Lucille , Malloci Marine , Mery Anthony , Saint-André Jean-Paul , Croue Anne , Kempf Marie , Homedan Chadi , Marion Estelle , Marsollier Laurent 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Ketogenic diets have been used to treat diverse conditions, and there is growing evidence of their benefits for tissue repair and in inflammatory disease treatment. However, their role in infectious diseases has been little studied. Buruli ulcer (Mycobacterium ulcerans infection) is a chronic infectious disease characterized by large skin ulcerations caused by mycolactone, the major virulence factor of the bacillus. In the current study, we investigated the impact of ketogenic diet on this cutaneous disease in an experimental mouse model. This diet prevented ulceration, by modulating bacterial growth and host inflammatory response. β-hydroxybutyrate, the major ketone body produced during ketogenic diet and diffusing in tissues, impeded M. ulcerans growth and mycolactone production in vitro underlying its potential key role in infection. These results pave the way for the development of new patient management strategies involving shorter courses of treatment and improving wound healing, in line with the major objectives of the World Health Organization.
The in situ formation of molecular and warm ionized gas triggered by hot galactic outflows
Authors: Girichidis Philipp , Naab Thorsten , Walch Stefanie , Berlok Thomas 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Molecular outflows contributing to the matter cycle of star-forming galaxies are now observed in small and large systems at low and high redshift. Their physical origin is still unclear. In most theoretical studies, only warm ionized/neutral and hot gas outflowing from the interstellar medium is generated by star formation. We investigate an in situ H2 formation scenario in the outflow using high-resolution simulations, including non-equilibrium chemistry and self-gravity, of turbulent, warm, and atomic clouds with densities 0.1, 0.5, and $1\, \mathrm{cm}^{-3}$ exposed to a magnetized hot wind. For cloud densities $\gtrsim 0.5\, \mathrm{cm}^{-3}$, a magnetized wind triggers H2 formation before cloud dispersal. Up to 3 per cent of the initial cloud mass can become molecular on $\sim \! 10\, \mathrm{Myr}$ time-scales. The effect is stronger for winds with perpendicular B-fields and intermediate density clouds ($n_\mathrm{c}\sim 0.5\, \mathrm{cm}^{-3}$). Here, H2 formation can be boosted by up to one order of magnitude compared to isolated cooling clouds independent of self-gravity. Self-gravity preserves the densest clouds well past their $\sim \! 15\, \mathrm{Myr}$ cloud crushing time-scales. This model could provide a plausible in situ origin for the observed molecular gas. All simulations form warm ionized gas, which represents an important observable phase. The amount of warm ionized gas is almost independent of the cloud density but solely depends on the magnetic field configuration in the wind. For low-density clouds ($0.1\, \mathrm{cm}^{-3}$), up to 60 per cent of the initially atomic cloud mass can become warm and ionized.