bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards a Trustworthy Semantics-Based Language Framework via Proof Generation
Authors: Chen Xiaohong , Lin Zhengyao , Trinh Minh-Thai , Roşu Grigore 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe pursue the vision of anideal language framework, where programming language designers only need to define the formalsyntaxandsemanticsof their languages, and all language tools are automatically generated by the framework. Due to the complexity of such a language framework, it is a big challenge to ensure its trustworthiness and to establish the correctness of the autogenerated language tools. In this paper, we propose an innovative approach based onproof generation. The key idea is to generate proof objects as correctness certificates for each individual task that the language tools conduct, on a case-by-case basis, and use a trustworthy proof checker to check the proof objects. This way, we avoid formally verifying the entire framework, which is practically impossible, and thus can make the language framework bothpracticalandtrustworthy. As a first step, we formalize program execution as mathematical proofs and generate their complete proof objects. The experimental result shows that the performance of our proof object generation and proof checking is very promising.
Runtime Monitors for Markov Decision Processes
Authors: Junges Sebastian , Torfah Hazem , Seshia Sanjit A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe investigate the problem of monitoring partially observable systems with nondeterministic and probabilistic dynamics. In such systems, every state may be associated with a risk, e.g., the probability of an imminent crash. During runtime, we obtain partial information about the system state in form of observations. The monitor uses this information to estimate the risk of the (unobservable) current system state. Our results are threefold. First, we show that extensions of state estimation approaches do not scale due the combination of nondeterminism and probabilities. While exploiting a geometric interpretation of the state estimates improves the practical runtime, this cannot prevent an exponential memory blowup. Second, we present a tractable algorithm based on model checking conditional reachability probabilities. Third, we provide prototypical implementations and manifest the applicability of our algorithms to a range of benchmarks. The results highlight the possibilities and boundaries of our novel algorithms.
Enforcing Almost-Sure Reachability in POMDPs
Authors: Junges Sebastian , Jansen Nils , Seshia Sanjit A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPartially-Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDPs) are a well-known stochastic model for sequential decision making under limited information. We consider the EXPTIME-hard problem of synthesising policies that almost-surely reach some goal state without ever visiting a bad state. In particular, we are interested in computing the winning region, that is, the set of system configurations from which a policy exists that satisfies the reachability specification. A direct application of such a winning region is the safe exploration of POMDPs by, for instance, restricting the behavior of a reinforcement learning agent to the region. We present two algorithms: A novel SAT-based iterative approach and a decision-diagram based alternative. The empirical evaluation demonstrates the feasibility and efficacy of the approaches.
Gillian, Part II: Real-World Verification for JavaScript and C
Authors: Maksimović Petar , Ayoun Sacha-Élie , Santos José Fragoso , Gardner Philippa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe introduce verification based on separation logic to Gillian, a multi-language platform for the development of symbolic analysis tools which is parametric on the memory model of the target language. Our work develops a methodology for constructing compositional memory models for Gillian, leading to a unified presentation of the JavaScript and C memory models. We verify the JavaScript and C implementations of the AWS Encryption SDK message header deserialisation module, specifically designing common abstractions used for both verification tasks, and find two bugs in the JavaScript and three bugs in the C implementation.
JavaSMT 3: Interacting with SMT Solvers in Java
Authors: Baier Daniel , Beyer Dirk , Friedberger Karlheinz 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSatisfiability Modulo Theories (SMT) is an enabling technology with many applications, especially in computer-aided verification. Due to advances in research and strong demand for solvers, there are many SMT solvers available. Since different implementations have different strengths, it is often desirable to be able to substitute one solver by another. Unfortunately, the solvers have vastly different APIs and it is not easy to switch to a different solver (lock-in effect). To tackle this problem, we developed JavaSMT, which is a solver-independent framework that unifies the API for using a set of SMT solvers. This paper describes version 3 of JavaSMT, which now supports eight SMT solvers and offers a simpler build and update process. Our feature comparisons and experiments show that different SMT solvers significantly differ in terms of feature support and performance characteristics. A unifying Java API for SMT solvers is important to make the SMT technology accessible for software developers. Similar APIs exist for other programming languages.
Vector dark matter from split SU(2) gauge bosons
Authors: Hu Zexi , Cai Chengfeng , Tang Yi-Lei , Yu Zhao-Huan , Zhang Hong-Hao 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We propose a vector dark matter model with an exotic dark SU(2) gauge group. Two Higgs triplets are introduced to spontaneously break the symmetry. All of the dark gauge bosons become massive, and the lightest one is a viable vector DM candidate. Its stability is guaranteed by a remaining Z2 symmetry. We study the parameter space constrained by the Higgs measurement data, the dark matter relic density, and direct and indirect detection experiments. We find numerous parameter points satisfying all the constraints, and they could be further tested in future experiments. Similar methodology can be used to construct vector dark matter models from an arbitrary SO(N) gauge group.
Quantum radiation of a collapsing shell in three-dimensional AdS spacetime revisited
Authors: Eom Hwajin , Kim Wontae 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In three-dimensional AdS space, we consider the gravitational collapse of dust shell and then investigate the quantum radiation from the collapsing shell by employing the functional Schrödinger formalism. In the formation of the BTZ black hole, the interior geometry of the shell can be chosen as either the massless black hole or the global AdS space. In the incipient black hole limit, we obtain the wave function exactly from the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for a massless scalar field. Then, we show that the occupation number of excited states can be written by analytic expressions, and the radiation temperature is in agreement with the Hawking temperature, irrespective of the specific choice of the interior geometries.
A Justified Plan Graph Analysis of Social Housing in Mexico (1974–2019): Spatial Transformations and Social Implications
Authors: Elizondo Lucia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSpace Syntax researchers have asserted that the spatial configuration of the planning of a work of architecture, such as a house, reflects how social properties are inscribed in its design. In social housing, the social inscriptions through space, which promote a particular way of dwelling, are not initially determined by the inhabitants. However, through appropriation, inhabitants mold the space to their liking, challenging preconceived ways of dwelling. Therefore, this research aims to determine what kinds of social structures the spatial configuration of social housing are promoting and how the inhabitants' transformations have altered the spatial experience. Mexico's housing sector developed from a “welfare approach” in the nineteen seventies and eighties to a “market rationale” since the nineties. During this time, different dwelling perspectives were inscribed in the spatial configuration of the homes. Using the justified plan graph (JPG) method, six social housing dwellings from these two time periods, Welfare State and market rationale, are spatially analyzed, both in their original design and in the resulting design from their inhabitant's modifications. Graph analysis is used in this paper for providing spatial insights into social housing design and its users' transformations, while pointing to further research needs.
The Mixed Scalar Curvature of Almost-Product Metric-Affine Manifolds, II
Authors: Rovenski Vladimir , Zawadzki Tomasz 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe continue our study of the mixed Einstein–Hilbert action as a functional of a pseudo-Riemannian metric and a linear connection. Its geometrical part is the total mixed scalar curvature on a smooth manifold endowed with a distribution or a foliation. We develop variational formulas for quantities of extrinsic geometry of a distribution on a metric-affine space and use them to derive Euler–Lagrange equations (which in the case of space-time are analogous to those in Einstein–Cartan theory) and to characterize critical points of this action on vacuum space-time. Together with arbitrary variations of metric and connection, we consider also variations that partially preserve the metric, e.g., along the distribution, and also variations among distinguished classes of connections (e.g., statistical and metric compatible, and this is expressed in terms of restrictions on contorsion tensor). One of Euler–Lagrange equations of the mixed Einstein–Hilbert action is an analog of the Cartan spin connection equation, and the other can be presented in the form similar to the Einstein equation, with Ricci curvature replaced by the new Ricci type tensor. This tensor generally has a complicated form, but is given in the paper explicitly for variations among semi-symmetric connections.
Administration of a VEGFR‑2-specific MRI contrast agent to assess orthodontic tooth movement
Authors: Schröder Agnes , Seyler Lisa , Hofmann Elisabeth , Gölz Lina , Jantsch Jonathan , Proff Peter , Bäuerle Tobias , Kirschneck Christian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
It is thought that orthodontic forces initially reduce periodontal blood flow during orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) via tissue compression with cells responding to concomitant oxygen deprivation with expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) triggering angiogenesis via binding to its receptor VEGFR‑2. To test this hypothesis, we performed a pilot study to establish a protocol for molecular magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of rat jaws administering a VEGFR-2-specific contrast agent.

Methods
Mesial OTM of a first upper left rat molar was initiated in one male Fischer 344 rat 4 days prior to MRI by insertion of an elastic band between the first and second upper molars with the contralateral side left untreated (internal control). T1-weighted MRI sequences including dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) were recorded before and after administration of a molecular VEGFR‑2 MRI marker with a 7 T MRI dedicated for small animal use.

Results
After injection of anti-VEGFR2-albumin-gadolinium-DTPA, volume enhancement on T1-weighted images was increased at the OTM side distally of the moved first upper molar (M1) compared to the control side, whereas the T1 relaxation time was reduced on the OTM side. DCE-MRI resulted in an increased area under the curve (AUC), whereas time-to-peak (TTP) and washout rate were reduced during OTM distally of the moved M1 compared to the contralateral side.

Conclusions
OTM resulted in uptake of the VEGFR-2-specific MRI contrast agent in tension areas of the periodontal ligament. The imaging protocol presented here is useful for the assessment of VEGFR‑2 expression in tension areas of the periodontal ligament in vivo.
Nicht-Cholera-Vibrionen – derzeit noch seltene, aber wachsende Infektionsgefahr in Nord- und Ostsee
Authors: Brehm Thomas Theo , Dupke Susann , Hauk Gerhard , Fickenscher Helmut , Rohde Holger , Berneking Laura 
Published: July 2021

ZusammenfassungHintergrundNicht-Cholera-Vibrionen nehmen im Rahmen des Klimawandels eine zunehmende Bedeutung als humane Pathogene ein, da die Prävalenz dieser Erreger im Meereswasser entscheidend von der Wassertemperatur abhängt. In den letzten Jahren konnten während der Sommermonate wiederholt größere Infektionsausbrüche in gemäßigten Klimazonen beobachtet werden.Ziel der ArbeitInformation einer breiten ärztlichen Leserschaft über potenziell lebensbedrohliche Krankheitsbilder, die durch Infektionen mit Nicht-Cholera-Vibrionen ausgelöst werden.Material und MethodenÜbersicht über aktuelle Literatur zu Infektionen mit Nicht-Cholera-Vibrionen im Allgemeinen und zur epidemiologischen Situation in Deutschland im Speziellen.ErgebnisseNicht-Cholera-Vibrionen verursachen vorwiegend Wund- und Ohrinfektionen nach Kontakt mit kontaminiertem Meereswasser sowie Gastroenteritiden nach dem Konsum nicht ausreichend gegarter Meerestiere. Da bis März 2020 keine Meldepflicht für diese Erreger in Deutschland bestand, muss von einer hohen Dunkelziffer ausgegangen werden. Immunsupprimierte sowie chronisch erkrankte Menschen haben ein deutlich erhöhtes Risiko für schwere Krankheitsverläufe. Schon bei klinischem Verdacht sollte eine kalkulierte antiinfektive Therapie erfolgen und bei Wundinfektionen eine chirurgische Sanierung erwogen werden.DiskussionAufgrund des fortschreitenden Klimawandels muss in den kommenden Jahren mit dem vermehrten Auftreten von Infektionen mit Nicht-Cholera-Vibrionen gerechnet werden. Ärzte sollten über diese potenziell lebensbedrohlichen Erkrankungen informiert sein, um Patienten einer entsprechenden Diagnostik und Behandlung zuzuführen.
How Communities of Marine Stramenopiles Varied with Environmental and Biological Variables in the Subtropical Northwestern Pacific Ocean
Authors: Lin Yun-Chi , Chin Chien-Pang , Yang Jinny Wu , Chiang Kuo-Ping , Hsieh Chih-hao , Gong Gwo-Ching , Shih Chi-Yu , Chen Szu-Ying 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMArine STramenopiles (MASTs) have been recognized as parts of heterotrophic protists and contribute substantially to protist abundances in the ocean. However, little is known about their spatiotemporal variations with respect to environmental and biological factors. The objectives of this study are to use canonical correspondence analysis to investigate how MASTs communities are shaped by environmental variables, and co-occurrence networks to examine their potential interactions with prokaryotic communities. Our dataset came from the southern East China Sea (sECS) in the subtropical northwestern Pacific, and involved 14 cruises along a coastal-oceanic transect, each of which sampled surface water from 4 to 7 stations. MASTs communities were revealed by metabarcoding of 18S rDNA V4 region. Most notably, MAST-9 had a high representation in warm waters in terms of read number and diversity. Subclades of MAST-9C and -9D showed slightly different niches, with MAST-9D dominating in more coastal waters where concentrations of nitrite and Synechococcus were higher. MAST-1C was a common component of colder water during spring. Overall, canonical correspondence analysis showed that MASTs communities were significantly influenced by temperature, nitrite and Synechococcus concentrations. The co-occurrence networks showed that certain other minor prokaryotic taxa can influence MAST communities. This study provides insight into how MASTs communities varied with environmental and biological variables.
GmFULa improves soybean yield by enhancing carbon assimilation without altering flowering time or maturity
Authors: Yue Yanlei , Sun Shi , Li Jiawen , Yu Haidong , Wu Hongxia , Sun Baiquan , Li Tao , Han Tianfu , Jiang Bingjun 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Key message
GmFULa improved soybean yield by enhancing carbon assimilation. Meanwhile, different from known yield-related genes, it did not alter flowering time or maturity.

Abstract
Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) is highly demanded by a continuously growing human population. However, increasing soybean yield is a major challenge. FRUITFULL (FUL), a MADS-box transcription factor, plays important roles in multiple developmental processes, especially fruit and pod development, which are crucial for soybean yield formation. However, the functions of its homologs in soybean are not clear. Here, through haplotype analysis, we found that one haplotype of the soybean homolog GmFULa (GmFULa-H02) is dominant in cultivated soybeans, suggesting that GmFULa-H02 was highly selected during domestication and varietal improvement of soybean. Interestingly, transgenic overexpression of GmFULa enhanced vegetative growth with more biomass accumulated and ultimately increased the yield but without affecting the plant height or changing the flowering time and maturity, indicating that it enhances the efficiency of dry matter accumulation. It also promoted the yield factors like branch number, pod number and 100-seed weight, which ultimately increased the yield. It increased the palisade tissue cell number and the chlorophyll content to promote photosynthesis and increase the soluble sugar content in leaves and fresh seeds. Furthermore, GmFULa were found to be sublocalized in the nucleus and positively regulate sucrose synthases (SUSs) and sucrose transporters (SUTs) by binding with the conserved CArG boxes in their promoters. Overall, these results showed GmFULa promotes the capacity of assimilation and the transport of the resultant assimilates to increase yield, and provided insights into the link between GmFULa and sucrose synthesis with transport-related molecular pathways that control seed yield.
Robotic radical prostatectomy: difficult to start, fast to improve? Influence of surgical experience in robotic and open radical prostatectomy
Authors: Baunacke Martin , Azawia Awab , Huber Johannes , Groeben Christer , Thomas Christian , Borkowetz Angelika 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The assistance of robotic systems raises the concern of whether there is an improved learning in robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) compared to open retropubic radical prostatectomy (ORP).

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed data from 1438 patients who underwent ORP (n = 735) or RARP (n = 703). For each procedure, the level of experience of three different surgeons was summarized. Perioperative and pathological parameters reflecting surgical performance were compared between both learning curves. RARP data were influenced by new introduction of the robotic system.

Results
The median patient age at surgery was 66 years (IQR 42–80). Patients in the RARP group were younger (p < 0.001) and had a lower oncological risk (p < 0.001). Inexperienced RARP surgeons had a higher pT2-PSM rate and lower lymph node yield (13.8 ± 4.7 vs. 14.7 ± 4.8; p = 0.03) than inexperienced ORP surgeons. After 100 procedures, RARP and ORP surgeons had the same pT2-PSM rate (8% vs. 8%; p = 0.8) and lymph node yield (15.4 ± 5.4 vs. 15.4 ± 5.1; p = 1.0). In multivariate analysis for ORP, surgical inexperience (≤ 100 cases) was an independent predictor of a longer operating time (OR 9.0; p < 0.001) and higher amount of blood loss (OR 2.9; p < 0.001). For RARP, surgical inexperience (≤ 100 cases) was a predictor of a longer operating time (OR 3.9; p < 0.001), higher amount of blood loss (OR 1.9; p = 0.004), higher pT2-PSM rate (OR 1.6; p = 0.03), and lower lymph node yield (OR 0.6; p = 0.001).

Conclusions
Surgical experience has a relevant impact on perioperative and pathological parameters RARP has a higher initial pT2-PSM rate and lower lymph node yield than ORP. This is relevant for patient selection for novice teaching in RARP.
Model-based intelligent user interface adaptation: challenges and future directions
Authors: Abrahão Silvia , Insfran Emilio , Sluÿters Arthur , Vanderdonckt Jean 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAdapting the user interface of a software system to the requirements of the context of use continues to be a major challenge, particularly when users become more demanding in terms of adaptation quality. A considerable number of methods have, over the past three decades, provided some form of modelling with which to support user interface adaptation. There is, however, a crucial issue as regards in analysing the concepts, the underlying knowledge, and the user experience afforded by these methods as regards comparing their benefits and shortcomings. These methods are so numerous that positioning a new method in the state of the art is challenging. This paper, therefore, defines a conceptual reference framework for intelligent user interface adaptation containing a set of conceptual adaptation properties that are useful for model-based user interface adaptation. The objective of this set of properties is to understand any method, to compare various methods and to generate new ideas for adaptation. We also analyse the opportunities that machine learning techniques could provide for data processing and analysis in this context, and identify some open challenges in order to guarantee an appropriate user experience for end-users. The relevant literature and our experience in research and industrial collaboration have been used as the basis on which to propose future directions in which these challenges can be addressed.
Dispersal and spatiotemporal distribution of Protapion fulvipes in white clover fields: implications for pest management
Authors: Hederström Veronica , Nyabuga Franklin N. , Anderbrant Olle , Svensson Glenn P. , Rundlöf Maj , Lankinen Åsa , Larsson Mattias C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractYield loss caused by insect pests remains a substantial problem in agriculture. Chemical control, with potential negative effects on non-target organisms, is still the main tool for pest management. For pest species with limited dispersal capacity, rotation of the crop in time and space has potential as an alternative management measure. This is particularly important in organic farming, where most agrochemicals are prohibited, but also relevant as a complementary pest management strategy in conventional agriculture. Clover is an important crop used for animal feed and as green manure; however, seed-eating weevils can severely limit the seed yield. We hypothesized that the previous year’s clover seed fields constitute the major sources of weevil pests. Consequently, a greater distance to, and a smaller pest load from, this source should reduce the number of weevils colonizing the new seed fields. To map population dynamics and dispersal range ofProtapion fulvipes,an economically important seed weevil specialized on white clover, we conducted field studies over four years in 45 white clover seed fields. We found thatP. fulvipesoverwinters close to its source field and disperses to new fields in early spring the following year. Pest abundance increased with pest load in the previous year’s seed field, but decreased by 68% per km distance to the previous year’s field. Thus, separation of seed production fields between years by 2–3 km would create a spatiotemporal pest management tool to reduce the pest infestation below the estimated economic injury level.