bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Network Perspective on the Relationship Between Moderate to Vigorous Physical Activity and Fundamental Motor Skills in Early Childhood
Authors: Bezerra Thaynã Alves , Bandeira Paulo Felipe Ribeiro , de Souza Filho Anastácio Neco , Clark Cain Craig Truman , Mota Jorge Augusto Pinto Silva , Duncan Michael Joseph , de Lucena Martins Clarice Maria 
Published: May 2021

Background: The relationship between moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and fundamental motor skill (FMS) is inconsistent in early childhood, due to its complex and nonlinear characteristics. This study aimed to analyze the nonlinear relationships between MVPA, FMS, body mass index (BMI), sex, and age in preschoolers. Methods: This cross-sectional study with preschoolers (n = 204; 4.0 [0.8] y old; 99 boys), provided objective physical activity data, FMS assessments, and BMI. The associations between MVPA, FMS, BMI, sex, and age were explored using the network analysis (RStudio and qgraph). Results: Boys were more motor competent than girls in all FMS skills, while girls were more active than boys during the weekend. Older children were less active than their younger peers during these days. MVPA is weak and differently related to each FMS, and the leap skill emerged with the highest betweenness and strength values in the network. Conclusions: For the assessed preschoolers, when considering BMI, age, and sex, the relationships between MVPA and FMS are inconsistent, and leap emerged as the main variable. During early childhood, these variables are connected as part of a complex system in which each skill has a dynamic role within the emerging pattern.
On the Reproductive Diapause in the Predatory Ladybird Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius, 1781) (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae)
Authors: Reznik S. Ya. , Ovchinnikov A. N. , Ovchinnikova A. A. , Bezman-Moseyko O. S. , Belyakova N. A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe ability to enter reproductive diapause was experimentally studied in females of the laboratory population of the predatory ladybirdCheilomenes sexmaculataoriginated from individuals collected in Nepal in a region of subtropical monsoon climate. The experiment included 12 regimes, i.e. combinations of 2 temperatures (20 and 24°C), 3 photoperiods (day lengths of 10, 12, and 14 h), and 2 diets (the green peach aphidMyzus persicaeand eggs of the grain mothSitotroga cerealella).Females with undeveloped ovaries and well developed fat body were considered as diapausing. The proportion of diapausing females was significantly dependent only on the temperature being 0.8% at 24°С and 7.4% at 20°С. Although found in only a small fraction of the studied population, the ability to enter reproductive diapause (as suggested by literature data) was probably an important prerequisite forCh. sexmaculataspread northwards to the temperate zone.
The influence of habitual breaks in sedentary time on cardiovagal baroreflex function
Authors: O’Brien Myles W. , Al-Hinnawi Amera , Wu Yanlin , Petterson Jennifer L. , Shivgulam Madeline E. , Johns Jarrett A. , Frayne Ryan J. , Kimmerly Derek S. 
Published: May 2021

Sedentary time has recently been included in the 24-h activity guidelines. However, the impact of habitual sedentary patterns on autonomic cardiovascular regulation are unclear. We tested the hypothesis that more sedentary time and fewer sedentary breaks were associated with lower cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity. More frequent sedentary breaks, but not total sedentary time, was independently and positively associated with vagally mediated blood pressure control. Breaking up sedentary time could be more important than total sedentary time for cardiovascular health. Novelty: Breaks in sedentary time is an independent predictor of cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity, with more frequent breaks associated with better vagally mediated blood pressure regulation.
Effect of trenbolone acetate, melengestrol acetate, and ractopamine hydrochloride on the growth performance of beef cattle
Authors: Ribeiro Gabriel O. , Terry Stephanie , Hünerberg Martin , Ominski Kim , Larney Francis J. , McAllister Tim A. 
Published: May 2021

The effect of trenbolone acetate + estradiol (TBA) implants, melengestrol acetate (MGA), and ractopamine hydrochloride + TBA (RAC + TBA) on growth performance and carcass characteristics in beef cattle (n = 680; 279 ± 10.1 kg) fed barley grain/corn silage was examined in a 4 yr study (four pens per treatment per year; 262 ± 8 d feeding period). In the first 2 yr, treatments were (1) control heifers (H-CON; no growth promoters), (2) TBA-implanted heifers (H-TBA), (3) MGA heifers (H-MGA), (4) control steers (S-CON; no growth promoters), and (5) TBA-implanted steers (S-TBA). A sixth treatment (6) RAC + TBA steers (RAC + TBA) was included in years 3 and 4. Overall dry matter intake (DMI) of heifers was increased (P < 0.001) by TBA but not MGA. Compared with H-CONs, H-TBA had greater average daily gain (ADG) (P < 0.001), gain to feed ratio (G/F) (P < 0.001), and carcass weight (P < 0.001), whereas S-TBA had increased ADG (P < 0.001), G/F (P< 0.001), and carcass weight (P < 0.001) compared with S-CON. Compared with H-CON, H-MGA had increased (P < 0.01) ADG, G/F, and carcass weight. The RAC + TBA had increased (P < 0.01) ADG and carcass weight (3.2%) but not G/F or DMI compared with S-TBA. This 4 yr study showed a consistent positive impact of growth-enhancing technologies on the performance of Canadian feedlot cattle.
Thermal behavior of a radially deformed black hole spacetime
Authors: Barman Subhajit , Mukherjee Sajal 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the present article, we study the Hawking effect and the bounds on greybody factor in a spacetime with radial deformation. This deformation is expected to carry the imprint of a non-Einsteinian theory of gravity, but shares some of the important characteristics of general relativity (GR). In particular, this radial deformation will restore the asymptotic behavior, and also allows for the separation of the scalar field equation in terms of the angular and radial coordinates – making it suitable to study the Hawking effect and greybody factors. However, the radial deformation would introduce a change in the locations of the horizon, and therefore, the temperature of the Hawking effect naturally alters. In fact, we observe that the deformation parameter has an enhancing effect on both temperature and bounds on the greybody factor, which introduces a useful distinction with the Kerr spacetime. We discuss these effects elaborately, and broadly study the thermal behavior of a radially deformed spacetime.
The Role of Formalism in System Requirements
Authors: Bruel Jean-Michel , Ebersold Sophie , Galinier Florian , Mazzara Manuel , Naumchev Alexandr , Meyer Bertrand 
Published: May 2021

A major determinant of the quality of software systems is the quality of their requirements, which should be both understandable and precise. Most requirements are written in natural language, which is good for understandability but lacks precision.
To make requirements precise, researchers have for years advocated the use of mathematics-based notations and methods, known as “formal.” Many exist, differing in their style, scope, and applicability. The present survey discusses some of the main formal approaches and compares them to informal methods.
The analysis uses a set of nine complementary criteria, such as level of abstraction, tool availability, and traceability support. It classifies the approaches into five categories based on their principal style for specifying requirements: natural-language, semi-formal, automata/graphs, mathematical, and seamless (programming-language-based). It includes examples from all of these categories, altogether 21 different approaches, including for example SysML, Relax, Eiffel, Event-B, and Alloy.
The review discusses a number of open questions, including seamlessness, the role of tools and education, and how to make industrial applications benefit more from the contributions of formal approaches.
Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Nurses Working in the Adult Intensive-Care Unit and Associated Factors towards the Use of Physical Restraint in Federally Administered Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Woldekirkos Lielt Mersha , Jiru Tilahun , Hussien Heyria , Shetie Belayneh 
Published: May 2021

Background. Physical restraint is any chemical or physical involuntary method restricting an individual’s movement, physical activity, or normal access to the body. Physical restraints are prescribed by the physician, but the ICU nurse remains the decision maker responsible in assessing the need, application, and removal of PR on patients in the ICU setting. Objectives. This cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of nurses working in adult ICU and associated factors towards the use of physical restraints in federally administered hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019. Methods. The study was conducted in ICUs of Federal Hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2019. A hospital-based descriptive cross-sectional study design was carried out. By census, a total of 126 nurses were included. The data were checked for their completeness and were entered to EpiData version 4.2 and analyzed using SPSS version 25 software with 95% CI. Also, the Pearson correlation coefficient and binary logistic regression analysis were used to find an association. Result. Majority of nurses was found to be aged between 21 and 30 years, (62.5%) have worked 2–5 years, and (83%) were degree graduates. The nurses’ knowledge score was 6.1 ± 2.6 (50.8%) with possible range 0–11, the attitude score was 14.1 ± 3.1 (64%) with possible range 0–22, and the practice score was 13.9 ± 3.8 (63.18%) with possible range 0–22. Their demographical characteristics such as gender, working year, and education levels were not significantly associated with knowledge, attitudes, and practices (

P

> 0.05). Only age significantly associated with practice. Lack of a written policy or guideline and not being trained on application of physical restraint were significantly associated with knowledge. Also, practice was associated with knowledge and attitude. Conclusion. According to the study, there was a poor level of nurses’ knowledge, proper attitude, and satisfactory practice toward the use of physical restraints.
Single-Cell Characterization of the Immune Microenvironment of Melanoma Brain and Leptomeningeal Metastases
Authors: Smalley Inna , Chen Zhihua , Phadke Manali , Li Jiannong , Yu Xiaoqing , Wyatt Clayton , Evernden Brittany , Messina Jane L. , Sarnaik Amod , Sondak Vernon K. , Zhang Chaomei , Law Vincent , Tran Nam , Etame Arnold , Macaulay Robert J.B. , Eroglu Zeynep , Forsyth Peter A. , Rodriguez Paulo C. , Chen Y. Ann , Smalley Keiran S.M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Purpose:
Melanoma brain metastases (MBM) and leptomeningeal melanoma metastases (LMM) are two different manifestations of melanoma CNS metastasis. Here, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to define the immune landscape of MBM, LMM, and melanoma skin metastases.

Experimental Design:
scRNA-seq was undertaken on 43 patient specimens, including 8 skin metastases, 14 MBM, and 19 serial LMM specimens. Detailed cell type curation was performed, the immune landscapes were mapped, and key results were validated by IHC and flow cytometry. Association analyses were undertaken to identify immune cell subsets correlated with overall survival.

Results:
The LMM microenvironment was characterized by an immune-suppressed T-cell landscape distinct from that of brain and skin metastases. An LMM patient with long-term survival demonstrated an immune repertoire distinct from that of poor survivors and more similar to normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Upon response to PD-1 therapy, this extreme responder showed increased levels of T cells and dendritic cells in their CSF, whereas poor survivors showed little improvement in their T-cell responses. In MBM patients, therapy led to increased immune infiltrate, with similar T-cell transcriptional diversity noted between skin metastases and MBM. A correlation analysis across the entire immune landscape identified the presence of a rare population of dendritic cells (DC3) that was associated with increased overall survival and positively regulated the immune environment through modulation of activated T cells and MHC expression.

Conclusions:
Our study provides the first atlas of two distinct sites of melanoma CNS metastases and defines the immune cell landscape that underlies the biology of this devastating disease.
Nineteen new species of Megaselia Rondani (Diptera, Phoridae) from Denmark
Authors: DISNEY R. HENRY L , BØGGILD ESBEN 
Published: May 2021

Nineteen new species, Megaselia culmenensis n. sp., M. cumrallum n. sp., M. dostrupensis n. sp., M. dravedskovensis n. sp., M. ehmsenae n. sp., M. falloclavis n. sp., M. fayesgadeensis n. sp., M. hobroensis n. sp.,M. hojerensis n. sp., M. jenshjerrildi n. sp., M. kajnisseni n. sp., M. micawberi n. sp., M. munki n. sp., M. neuter n. sp., M. onsildensis n. sp., M. romoensis n. sp., M. simestedensis n. sp., M. svendi n. sp., M. tofteensis n. sp. are described from Denmark. M. cumrallum is also reported from England. M. nigricia Disney & Durska reported from Denmark and its recognition clarified.
Epoxidized polybutadiene rubber as an effective compatibilizer for acrylonitrile butadiene rubber and polybutadiene rubber blend
Authors: Srivastava Vivek K , Basak Ganesh C , Saha Sukdeb , Rao GS Srinivasa , Jasra Raksh Vir 
Published: May 2021

In the present study, epoxidized polybutadiene rubber (EBR; 30 mol% epoxidation) was synthesized using commercial-grade cis-polybutadiene rubber (BR). The EBR was successfully utilized as an effective compatibilizer between two incompatible elastomers, namely polar acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and non-polar polybutadiene rubber (BR). The NBR and BR were blended in varied formulations and studied for morphological and mechanical properties. The observed properties of the blends containing EBR, as a compatibilizer, were compared with analogous blends without EBR. The optimum loading of EBR in NBR/BR formulations was found to be 5 phr (parts per hundred gram of rubber). The significant improvement in various mechanical properties such as tensile strength, tensile modulus, elongation at break and hardness were observed in presence of optimum loading of EBR in NBR/BR blends. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Dynamic Mechanical Analyser (DMA) studies revealed that the compatibility between two incompatible rubbers improved in the presence of EBR. The results observed with EBR-compatibilized blends revealed that EBR can be used as an effective compatibilizer between two incompatible rubbers (NBR and BR).
Objective Measurement of Listening Device Use and Its Relation to Hearing Acuity
Authors: Paping Danique E. , Vroegop Jantien L. , Geleijnse Geert , le Clercq Carlijn M.P. , Koenraads Simone P.C. , van der Schroeff Marc P. 
Published: May 2021

ObjectivesTo examine whether adolescents exceed recommended noise exposure limits when using personal listening devices (PLDs) and to investigate the relationship between objectively measured PLD use and hearing thresholdsStudy DesignCross‐sectional study.SettingThis study was embedded within an ongoing prospective birth cohort study in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Data were collected from May 2017 to September 2019.MethodsA smartphone application was developed to measure daily noise exposure from PLDs. Listening habits were monitored among 314 adolescents with a mean age of 13 years 7 months (SD, 5 months), of whom 51.6% were male. Hearing acuity was measured by pure tone audiometry, and tympanometry was performed in both ears.ResultsWithin the study group, 2.2% adolescents exceeded the recommended daily noise dose (85 dBA as an 8‐hour time‐weighted average) among all days when the application was active and 9.9% when among only the listening days. No significant correlation was found between the daily noise dose from PLDs and pure tone thresholds.ConclusionsThe majority of adolescents exhibited listening habits that could be considered safe. As noise‐induced hearing loss develops slowly over time, it could be that the effects of PLD use on hearing are not evident yet in this young population with a relatively short duration of PLD use.
Three-Dimensional Nasolabial Changes After Nasoalveolar Molding and Primary Lip/Nose Surgery in Infants With Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Mancini Laura , Avinoam Shayna , Grayson Barry H. , Flores Roberto L. , Staffenberg David A. , Shetye Pradip R. 
Published: May 2021

Objective: Utilize 3-dimensional (3D) photography to evaluate the nasolabial changes in infants with bilateral cleft lip and palate (BCLP) who underwent nasoalveolar molding (NAM) and primary reconstructive surgery. Design: This is a retrospective serial longitudinal study of consecutively enrolled infants from September 2012 to July 2016 with BCLP who underwent NAM before primary lip and nose reconstructive surgery. It included infants who had digital 3dMD stereophotogrammetry records at initial presentation (T1), completion of NAM (T2), and 3 weeks following primary repair (T3). Twelve infants fulfilled the inclusion criteria. 3dMD Vultus software was used to orient images and plot 16 nasolabial points with x, y, z coordinates to obtain the linear and angular measurements. Nasal form changes were measured and analyzed between T1 (0.5 months old), T2 (5 months old), and T3 (6 months old). Intraclass correlation coefficient was performed for intrarater reliability. Averaged data from the 3D images was statistically analyzed from T1 to T2 and T2 to T3 with Wilcoxon tests. Unaffected infant norms from the Farkas publication were used as a control sample. Results: After NAM therapy, statistically significant changes in the position of subnasale and labius superius improved nasolabial symmetry. Both retruded after NAM were displaced downward after NAM and surgical correction with respect to soft tissue nasion. The nasal tip’s projection was maintained with NAM and surgical correction. The columella lengthened from 1.4 to 4.71 mm following NAM. Conclusions: There was a significant improvement in the nasolabial anatomy after NAM, and this was further enhanced after primary reconstructive surgery.
Empty onset repairs in the semi-spontaneous speech of Spanish child and adult heritage speakers
Authors: Repiso-Puigdelliura Gemma 
Published: May 2021

Aims: In this study I investigate whether child and adult Spanish heritage speakers (HS) use English-like strategies to repair word-external empty onsets preceded by consonants (e.g., el.#o.so ‘the (male) bear’). That is, I examine whether HS produce glottal phonation at /C#V/ junctures. I also examine whether stress predicts the use of glottal phonation to repair word-external empty onsets. Design: Semi-spontaneous speech was elicited from a group of child HS (10 females (F), six males (M), mean age = 9.44 years, standard deviation ( SD) = 0.69), adult HS (13 F, two M, mean age = 20.6 years, SD = 1.12), adult Spanish speakers in Mexico (six F, four M, mean age = 22.88 years, SD = 1.64), and long-term Mexican immigrants (seven F, two M, mean age = 45.16 years, SD = 9.49, mean age of arrival = 25.33 years, SD = 9.89). Data and analysis: Type of phonation (i.e., glottal or modal) was categorically coded and compared across groups and stress types. Acoustic measures, such as amplitude difference between the first two harmonic (H1*−H2*) and harmonics-to-noise ratio (HNR), were also analyzed to examine gradient group differences. Findings/conclusions: My findings show that child HS and adult HS present higher rates of glottal phonation than Spanish speakers in Mexico. The child HS, but not the adult HS, show higher rates of glottalization than those of long-term immigrants. Lastly, stressed syllables are more often glottalized than unstressed syllables. Originality: In this research I explore connected speech (i.e., word-external empty onsets), an understudied area in heritage language phonology. More specifically, this is the first study that examines empty onset repair strategies in both child and adult HS and analyzes the role of prosodic prominence. Significance and implications: I provide evidence for a greater pressure of the majority language during childhood than during adulthood. My results also show that divergent attainment in heritage language production is conditioned by quality of input.
Incidence of Mild Cognitive Impairment, Conversion to Probable Dementia, and Mortality
Authors: Zhang Yun , Natale Ginny , Clouston Sean 
Published: May 2021

Background: Few studies have jointly estimated incidence of MCI, conversion to probable dementia, and mortality in a nationally representatie sample. Methods: We used data from six waves of the National Health and Aging Trends Study (2011-2016). Multivariable-adjusted multi-state survival models (MSMs) were used to model incidence upon accounting for misclassification. Results: A total of 6,078 eligible NHATS participants were included (average age: 77.49 ± 7.79 years; 58.42% females; 68.99% non-Hispanic white). The incidence of MCI was estimated to be 41.0 [35.5, 47.3]/1,000 person-years (PY). Participants converted to probable dementia at a high rate of 241.3 [189.6, 307.0]/1,000 PY, though a small number also reverted from MCI to cognitively normal. Education was associated with lower incidence of MCI and conversion to probable dementia, but increased mortality in those with MCI. There were also substantial racial and ethnic disparities in the incidence of MCI and dementia. Conclusions: Our results underscore the relatively common incidence of and conversions between MCI and dementia in community-dwelling older Americans and uncover the beneficial impact of education to withstand cognitive impairment before death.