bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Free, Compulsory and Secular Education in Australia, 1872-1891
Authors: Grundy Denis 
Published: July 2021

L’instruction élémentaire fut généralisée en Australie sous la direction centralisée de l’État. Ce pouvoir lui fut confié afin qu’il assurât un système scolaire laïque, obligatoire et gratuit. Ainsi fut mis un terme à une ère d’âpre controverse sur la question du subventionnement des écoles confessionnelles par l’État. Au lieu de cela, les parlements coloniaux établirent un système éducatif d’État qui assurait un enseignement primaire public uniforme, conformément à l’opinion populaire selon laquelle l’accès à une scolarité standardisée et laïque était un droit civique fondamental de tout colon. Sur le plan idéologique, on vantait le système d’instruction publique d’État comme une expression de la démocratie populaire.
Cependant, ce système éducatif était dirigé par une inspection rigide et autoritaire, dont les méthodes pédagogiques étaient fondées sur des précédents anglais. Elle reproduisait des méthodes d’enseignement standardisées qui avaient été mises au point en Angleterre pour maîtriser les conflits entre les classes d’une société industrialisée. Or, en Australie ces pratiques consolidèrent au contraire l’ascendant puissant et populaire de la classe moyenne. L’organisation par l’État d’un enseignement efficace était envisagée comme un moyen destiné à faciliter l’amélioration de la position sociale de l’individu. Les écoles de l’État propageaient les vertus de l’individualisme économique; mais le système éducatif en tant que tel était considéré comme un accomplissement politique radical d’un gouvernement populaire. En conséquence, la mise en vigueur de l’obligation scolaire butait sur des problèmes de classe sociale dont l’existence même était niée par l’idéologie du système éducatif. Il en était de même de la gratuité de l’instruction : elle représentait « l’égalité des chances », qui en réalité était faussée par des différences de classe. La capacité de l’État de réagir à ces conditions était limitée par la rigidité de la réglementation bureaucratique que l’on avait établie dans le but de promulguer justement un enseignement efficace.. La rentabilité pédagogique était mesurée par des concours standardisés. La responsabilité des échecs incombait aux élèves ou à leurs parents « négligents ». Les écoles reflétaient les inégalités sociales, sous l’hégémonie de la classe moyenne. Mais la « neutralité » de la part de l’État fut maintenue en raison de l’opinion politique populaire selon laquelle toutes les classes sociales participeraient également aux bienfaits d’une direction étatique de l’instruction publique.
La création de l’enseignement professionnel agricole en France (1848-1880)
Authors: Boulet Michel 
Published: July 2021

In 1848 the French Government introduced the professional teaching of agriculture at three levels, to meet the requirements of agriculture : i) school farms to turn out skilful workers ; ii) regional schools to train principale of farms, owners or farmers ; iii) a national Agronomie Institute to prepare teachers and highly qualified popularisers.
This organisation corresponded with a pattern of agricultural development called the « English model », i.e. an agriculture based on large farms employing wage-earners. In addition teaching was directed to retaining farmers on the land, to prevent them from joining the rising workers’movement. In 1870 the number graduating annually from such agricultural schools was only 390.
To gain the support of farmers the Third French Republic established practical schools for those with a small or medium income and appointed teachers of agriculture in every department of France (the locality administered by a prefect). Thanks to this it became a question of providing courses in agriculture for intending teachers and lectures for farmers. The « English model » was abandoned, the Third Republic sought an agriculture based on millions of individual farm properties, a « country democracy ».
From 1848 to 1880 despite changes in educational policy professional training in agriculture remained secondary. This was because the main element in the evolution of agricultural teaching was a model of agricultural development, not of the education of the worker and citizen.
De l’influence du catholicisme sur les stratégies éducatives des régimes politiques français de 1806 à 1906
Authors: Gerbod Paul 
Published: July 2021

When, in 1806, Napoleon I decided to award a « monopoly of education » to his University it seemed that the historical role of the Catholic Church as guide of education, exercised until the Revolution of 1789, had been definitively ended. But to consider the period 1806 to 1906 is to find that the influence of Catholicism in educational matters remained very important and that successive political administrations have been deeply conscious of the fact.
Généalogie d’une morale
Authors: Crubellier Maurice 
Published: July 2021

Ethics and moral teaching were among the chief concerns of the founders of the French republican schoot in the 1880’s. This morality was to be, in their view, universal and eternal, the only true one ; it was in fact the morality of a given society and time, estabiished during the sixteenth century and subséquently adapted in response to a series of profound economic and cultural transformations. This contribution seeks to note certain éléments in this development, i.e. works which enjoyed great popularity, notably in schools. First, the books of civilité (studied by Norbert Elias), often as booklets sold in towns and the countryside by pedlars and hawkers up to the early nineteenth century. One of the most famous was written by Jean-Baptiste de La Salle for the use of the poor children in his Institut des Frères des Écoles chrétiennes. After the French Revolution, two works acquired great pedagogic fame : the French translation of Benjamin Franklin’s La Science du bonhomme Richard and Laurent de Jussieu’s Simon de Nantua ou Le marchand forain, The latter chiefly praised the simple and sober life, the former the spirit of initiative, both emphasising in particular such values as work, thrift, property, hygiene and sobriety, and submission to Providence. Another book, Francinet by G. Bruno, published in
Structures administratives et politique scolaire dans l’enseignement primaire urbain
Authors: Bousquet Pierre 
Published: July 2021

This paper, taking the example of Paris from 1830 to 1914, aims to show how administrative supervision may have been partly responsible for the educational under-devetopment of a large town. Four stages will be covered. First, in 1833 during the reign of Louis-Philippe, a Central Committee for Primary Instruction was set up for all districts of Paris. It was in fact controlled by leading citizens, now elected local councillors, who carried out a municipal school policy independently of both the University and the local administration. They stood for the method of mutual teaching in an undenominational spirit and ended administrative anarchy. But because of their conservatism the schools supported by the City of Paris remained schools for the very poor, their number was grossly inadequate and teaching methods hardly answered the needs of the population.

Consequently, in 1854, under the Emperor Napoleon III, the management of schools was taken over by the Préfecture where an Academie Inspecter presided over a Primary Instruction Board. Under close supervision from the Prefect, his powers were strictly limited to pedagogical coordination – he had no control over supplies of equipment. This dissemination of authority led to similar flaws, especially from 1860 onwards – too few schools and still more inadequate teaching methods for a very unstable population. In 1868 Octave Gréard planned a pedagogical reform to provide this population with basic skills in a coherent manner.
In 1871 a new central authority for primary teaching was introduced but for the Seine department only. This took over school equipment services and subordinated them to pedagogical initiative in a specialised office called the Central Bureau ; a planning body which brought about centralisation and standardisation in the management of equipment and the development of a hierarchy. However local councillors availed themselves of many opportunities to influence schools so that from 1876 onwards many supported schools became increasingly secularised and from 1880 vocational training was developed. Carriot who replaced Gréard in 1879 even had to resign in 1896.
By the turn of the century the mood changed. Caught between a nationalistic town council and teachers who challenged the authority of headmasters, the new Director, Bedorez, temporised without being able to solve the pressing problems of the status of schoolmasters. On the other hand administrative management became heavy and « imperalistic », pushing pedagogical initiative into the background. As a result primary schools in Paris were threatened by dull routine and anonymity.
Le laïcisme éducatif et l’influence des lois Ferry en Espagne dans le dernier quart du xixe siècle
Authors: Monés Jordi , Pujol-Busquets  
Published: July 2021

This paper raises the question of the influence of the French school System, and other models, on the modem educational structure in Spain. In assessing differences in development the determining role of the Church within the Spanish State is emphasised, and in analysing these there is reference to the social class structure and the social basis of the dominant classes in both States, formed in France by sectors linked to the industrial bourgeoisie and in the case of Spain by an economic oligarchy at whose core the industrialist had little weight.There is an attempt to specify the differences between the level of schooling in both States which became accentuated as the XIXth century advanced. It does not appear that there was an excessive preoccupation with universal education during these years – the social situation of the working class, and peasantry, however numerically important, was not favoured by a policy of universal schooling. As for the ethics of the matter – the secular school was considered highly improper at the time – the attitudes of three groups will be considered : the moderate secularist, the militant secularist and the traditionalist.In relation to the first group, the closest to the ideology of politicians of the Third French Republie, the ideas of the Liberal Party, in power during these years, will be briefly considered ; with particular reference to the influence on liberals and republicans of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza of Madrid, an organisation with a coherent and defined educational policy.In the case of the militant laicists the coexistence of two groups is discerned ; one a socially and politically moderate group, although very aggressive on the religious aspect, the other more ready to compromise in both fields. Social control exercised by the caciques and especially the Church prevented an extension of this movement which was numerically small and limited geographically to Andalusia, the Valencian region, Madrid and especially Catalonia. A characteristic feature of these groups is anticlerical virulence – secularisme was for
Une identité nouvelle pour l’Afrique du Sud
Authors: Bellamy William 
Published: July 2021

L’abolition de l’Apartheid en Afrique du Sud marque une victoire importante pour les idées démocratiques et pacifiques. Cette passation politique est l’aboutissement de plus de dix ans de mobilisation populaire contre les classifications dites chromatiques: « black », « white », « colored ».

Aujourd’hui il subsiste une zone d’ombre sur ces forces antiapartheid. Quel fut le rôle des personnes classées « white » ? Ce livre décrit les trajectoires de trois associations: Black Sash, End Conscription Campaign, Five freedoms Forum. De plus, sont examinées les importantes contributions apportées par les historiens et les artistes. Enfin, l’analyse des symboles d’unité nationale permet de comprendre comment a pu naître une nouvelle identité sud-africaine.
«Экология» как основа формирования дизайна современной элиты
Authors: Gainutdinova Ekaterina V. 
Published: July 2021

Исследование элит в настоящее время приобретает особую актуальность, когда уровень доверия нестабилен по отношению к правящей элите в виду ситуации с пандемией и тех трудностей, которые она спровоцировала. Это ощутимо и применительно к российской элите в ситуации ожидания очередных выборов. Основной посыл к избирателям со стороны правящей элиты обусловлен уровнем доверия, благодаря которому складывается стремление поддержать того или иного кандидата на выборах. Очевидным представляется в данной ситуации то, что только уровень развития личностных качеств, обусловленных духовно-ценностным потенциалом, и их реализация в конкретных поступках может создать предпосылки для доверительного отношения к элите. В этой связи духовно-ценностный потенциал личности формирует понятие «экология», которое направлено на характеристику элит с позиции интерпретации тех ценностей и качеств, которыми они должны обладать в идеальной модели своей деятельности, чтобы исключить неверную интерпретацию данных качеств.
Актуальность заданной тематики обусловлена поиском источников формирования и развития экологии элит.
Цель данной статьи заключается в рассмотрении экологии в основе дизайна современной элиты для того, чтобы в дальнейшем создать структуру тех качеств, которыми должна обладать настоящая элита. Такая необходимость обусловлена отсутствием четких стратегий в формировании идеального образа элиты.
Ability of pharmacy students to assess their learning
Authors: Sharif Suleiman I. , Abduelkarem Abduelmula R. 
Published: July 2021

Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the ability of pharmacy students to assess their learning.
Methods: Without pre-class preparation or access to learning resources, third-year pharmacy students were asked to list in preset templates the important points of topics that were covered two weeks earlier including Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s chorea and Parkinson’s diseases, structure short essay questions guided by these lists and answer them. In the first section, students worked individually while in the second and third sections they worked in groups of four. At the end of each session, students were asked to fill in a pre-piloted ethically approved questionnaire on their perception of the present exercise and learning strategies and examinations.
Results: The majority of participants (n: 51; 85%) were females and with GPAs ranging from 2.5-4. The important points listed by students focused on the aetiology and treatment of the disorders. However, the questions framed by grouped students and their answers were more thorough and well organised. Half of the participants reported the aim of tests was to improve their learning and the majority (93%, 85% and 85%) of students preferred pre-scheduled tests, paper examinations and lectures using PowerPoint presentations respectively. In their reflection on the exercise, most students enjoyed it and found it effective in enhancing their learning.
Conclusion: The present pedagogy enhances learning, writing skills, group collaboration and team spirit. Its application in other classes and topics would strengthen its value in enhancing learning.
BIMBINGAN TEKNIS PENGOLAHAN TELUR ASIN REMPAH PANGGANG PADA PKK RUHUY RAHAYU DESA BENTOK KAMPUNG KECAMATAN BATI – BATI KABUPATEN TANAH LAUT KALIMANTAN SELATAN
Authors: Sugiarti Sugiarti , Fitriani Fitriani , Dharmawati Siti 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Bentok Kampung Village is one of the villages in Bati–Bati District, Tanah Laut Regency, which possessed a considerabke amount of duck population. The villagers who are members of the Ruhuy Rahayu PKK do not know much about innovations in processing duck salted eggs. This activity aims to introduce innovation in preserving duck eggs with the addition of spices. This activity started with theoretical training with classroom methods and hands-on practice carried out by partners under the guidance of the activity promotor team. The enthusiasm of the participants is was quite good which was reflected in the high number of participants and their punctuality of attendance. The attendance level of participants in both the counseling and brainstorming activities reached 90–100% of all PKK members. The roasted salted duck eggs with spices produced have a distinctive taste compared to the ones which were just boiled. The roasted spiced salted roasted egg has a less wet texture and is preferred because it tastes more savory and can last longer because of the reduced water content. Conclusion: participants managed to understand well the entire series of activities and the participation rate of participants was very good with a nearly 100% attendance rate.
Keywords: Processing, Roasted spiced salted eggs, Bentok Kampung Village

ABSTRAK
Desa Bentok Kampung merupakan salah satu desa yang ada di Kecamatan Bati–Bati Kabupaten Tanah Laut dengan populasi itik yang tinggi. Masyarakat Desa Bentok Kampung yang tergabung dalam PKK Ruhuy Rahayu belum banyak mengetahui inovasi dalam pengolahan telur asin itik. Kegiatan ini bertujuan untuk meperkenalkan inovasi pengawetan telur itik dengan penambahan bahan rempah. Kegiatan ini diawali pelatihan teoritis dengan metode kelas dan praktek langsung yang dilaksakanakan oleh mitra dengan bimbingan tim pengusul kegiatan. Antusisme peserta cukup baik yang tercermin dari jumlah dan ketepatan waktu kehadiran yang tinggi. Kehadiran peserta dalam kegiatan penyuluhan dan curah pendapat mencapai 90–100 % dari seluruh anggota PKK. Telur asin itik rempah panggang yang dihasilkan memiliki cita rasa yang khas dibandingkan dengan yang hanya direbus. Telur asin itik rempah panggang memiliki tekstur tidak terlalu basah dan lebih disukai karena rasanya yang lebih gurih dan bisa lebih tahan lama karena adanya pengurangan kadar airnya. Kesimpulan: peserta berhasil memahami dengan baik seluruh rangkaian kegiatan dan tingkat partisipasi peserta sangat baik dengan tingkat kehadiran berkisar 100%.
Kata Kunci: Pengolahan, Telur asin rempah panggang, Desa Bentok Kampung
Manajemen Isu Polres Bangka Dalam Membangun Kepercayaan Publik (Studi Kasus Pengolahan Isu Perlindungan Tambang Timah Ilegal di Kecamatan Riau Silip pada 2019/2020)
Authors: Maulana Saka 
Published: July 2021

Penelian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana manajemen isu yang dilakukan oleh Humas Kepolisian Polres Bangka terkait isu perlindungan atau berkoordinasi dengan penambang mah ilegal di kawasan Sungai Perimping Desa Riau Kecamatan Riau Silip. Penelian ini menggunakan metode penelian kualitaf, yaitu dengan tringulasi data atau penggabungan data hasil penelian dengan mengambil data yang mendukung dan membuang data yang dak mendukung penelian. Hasil penelian menunjukkan bahwa dak adanya oknum anggota Kepolisian Polres Bangka yang memberikan perlindungan dan berkoordinasi dengan penambang mah ilegal di kawasan Sungai Perimping Desa Riau Kecamatan Riau Silip, dan tetap run melakukan penerban dan razia bahkan proses hukum kepada para penambang mah ilegal di kawasan Sungai Perimping. Langkah?langah tersebut merupakan bentuk manajemen isu Polres Bangka dalam membangun kepercayaan publik.
Pengendalian Hama Cylas formicarius pada Tanaman Ubi Jalar (Ipomea batatas L.) Menggunakan Cendawan Entomopatogen Metarhizium sp.
Authors: Manikome Nonice 
Published: July 2021

Cylas formicarius merupakan salah satu hama yang merusak dan mengganggu produksi ubi jalar di Kecamatan Wasile Selatan yang perlu segera diatasi. Dalam hal pengendalian hama dapat dilakukan dengan bioinsektisida yakni memanfaatkan cendawan entomopatogen seperti cendawan Metarhizium sp. Pengendalian hama dengan bioinsektisida merupakan salah satu teknik yang cukup efektif dan ramah lingkungan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dalam Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan 3 faktor yaitu penyemprotan dengan suspensi Metarhizium sp., penyemprotan dengan insektisida kimia bahan aktif karbosulfan, dan kontrol atau tanpa perlakuan insektisida. Hasil pengamatan pada aplikasi Metarhizium sp. ketika umbi dibelah terlihat adanya lubang-lubang kecil bekas gerekan yang tertutup oleh kotoran berwarna hijau dan berbau menyengat. Aplikasi insektisida menyebabkan perubahan morfologis pada larva yakni warna tubuh berubah menjadi kecokelatan dan setelah tiga hari tubuh larva mengering. Hasil analisis menunjukan mortalitas tertinggi ditemukan pada perlakuan insektisida ditemukan pada pengamatan hari kelima (10%)., sedangkan mortalitas tertinggi pada perlakuan Metarhizium sp. ditemukan pada hari kelima (8,5%). Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa cendawan entomopatogen Metarhizium sp. dapat dimanfaatkan untuk mengendalikan hama Cylas formicarius dengan efektif.
ĐÁNH GIÁ KẾT QUẢ ĐIỀU TRỊ GÃY XƯƠNG HÀM DƯỚI TẠI BỆNH VIỆN ĐA KHOA SÀI GÒN
Authors: Kim Khang Huỳnh , Hoàng Linh Nguyễn 
Published: July 2021

Mục tiêu: Đánh giá kết quả bước đầu điều trị gãy xương hàm dưới tại Bệnh viện Đa khoa Sài Gòn. Phương pháp: nghiên cứu tiến cứu mô tả hàng loạt ca trên tất cả bệnh nhân có gãy xương hàm dưới được điều trị tại khoa Ngoại Tổng hợp bệnh viện đa khoa Sài Gòn từ 1/ 6/ 2015 đến tháng 31/5/2020. Kết quả: Tổng cộng có 76 trường hợp gãy xương hàm dưới được chẩn đoán và điều trị. 55,3% có 1 đường gãy. Chấn thương phối hợp thì gãy tầng mặt giữa chiếm 44,2%. Chúng tôi thực hiện 54 trường hợp chỉnh hình xương hàm gò má có sử dụng nẹp vít nhỏ và có kết quả tốt. Khớp cắn đúng sau điều trị với tỷ lệ 92,1% Kết luận: Gãy xương hàm dưới chiếm tỷ lệ cao trong tai nạn giao thông và ẩu đả. Kết quả theo dõi sau phẫu thuật bệnh nhân phục hồi về giải phẫu, chúc năng và thẩm mỹ tốt. Cần nghiên cứu với mẫu lớn và thời gian theo dõi dài để có đánh giá toàn diện.
SO SÁNH ĐỘ BỀN GÃY CỦA COMPOSITE TĂNG CƯỜNG SỢI EVERX POSTERIOR VỚI COMPOSITE TRÁM MỘT KHỐI
Authors: Thu Thủy Nguyễn 
Published: July 2021

Mục tiêu: So sánh độ bền gãy của composite tăng cường sợi everX Posterior và các composite trám một khối SDR, Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, SonicFill. Vật liệu và phương pháp: Nghiên cứu in vitro trên 40 răng cối lớn thứ ba hàm dưới, chia thành 4 nhóm như sau: nhóm 1 (10 răng) trám composite everX posterior, nhóm 2 (10 răng) trám composite SDR, nhóm 3 (10 răng) trám composite SonicFill, nhóm 4 (10 răng) trám composite Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill. Kết quả: Độ bền gãy của các composite everX Posterior, SDR, SonicFill, Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill lần lượt là 2533,5 ± 438,4 (N) ; 2495,7 ± 747,7 (N) ; 2344,0 ± 532,6 (N) ; 2222,4 ± 387,8 (N). Sự khác biệt về độ bền gãy giữa các nhóm thử nghiệm không có ý nghĩa thống kê.Composite tăng cường sợi everX Posterior có tỉ lệ kiểu gãy thuận lợi cao nhất (40 %), kế đến là composite kế đến là SonicFill (20 %), SDR và Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill có tỉ lệ tương đương nhau (10 %). Sự khác biệt về kiểu gãy giữa các nhóm thử nghiệm không có ý nghĩa thống kê. Kết luận: Độ bền gãy và kiểu gãy giữa composite tăng cường sợi everX Posterior và các composite trám một khối SDR, Tetric EvoCeram Bulk Fill, SonicFill không có khác biệt.
ĐÁNH GIÁ KẾT QUẢ PHẪU THUẬT NỘI SOI CẮT TẠO HÌNH SỤN CHÊM RÁCH DO CHẤN THƯƠNG TẠI BỆNH VIỆN HỮU NGHỊ VIỆT ĐỨC
Authors: Đình Toàn Dương , Phương Nam Trần 
Published: July 2021

Từ 7/2019 đến 5/2020 chúng tôi đã tiến hành nghiên cứu trên 48 bệnh nhân rách sụn chêm khớp gối do chấn thương, được điều trị bằng phẫu thuật nội soi cắt tạo hình sụn chêm. Mục tiêu: đánh giá kết quả phẫu thuật nội soi cắt tạo hình sụn chêm rách do chấn thương tại bệnh viện hữu nghị việt đức. Phương pháp nghiên cứu: Thăm khám, chẩn đoán xác định rách sụn chêm độ III, độ IV dưạ trên lâm sàng và dấu hiệu MRI, chỉ định mổ và mổ nội soi cắt tạo hình sụn chêm. Theo dõi, đánh giá kết quả sau mổ dựa theo thang điểm Lysholm và VAS. Kết quả: rất tốt và tốt đạt 89,6%; khá đạt 10,4%. Không có trường hợp nào đạt kết quả trung bình và xấu. Tình trạng đau sau mổ được cải thiện một cách rõ rệt, điểm VAS trung bình sau mổ đạt 1,8 (±1,05). Kết luận: Phẫu thuật nội soi đã giải quyết được cơ bản những tổn thương rách sụn chêm độ III, IV không có khả năng khâu phục hồi. Sau mổ giải quyết được tình trạng đau, kẹt khớp và lấy lại được chức năng khớp gối.