bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extension of the ζ‐method for calculating deflections of two‐way slabs based on linear elastic finite element analysis
Authors: Tošić Nikola , Pecić Nenad , Poliotti Mauro , Marí Antonio , Torres Lluis , Dragaš Jelena 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDeflections are among the most complex aspects of reinforced concrete behavior. Furthermore, deflection control is increasingly a governing criterion in design, especially in the case of two‐way members such as flat slabs or edge‐supported slabs. However, simple and theoretically sound and adequately verified methods for calculating deflections of two‐way reinforced concrete members have been lacking. Therefore, in this study, a novel method is proposed for deflection control of two‐way slabs. The method is an extension of the ζ‐method (as defined by Eurocode 2 and the fib Model Code 2010) of interpolating deflections between the uncracked and fully cracked state. As a basis, the method uses elastic deflections that are obtained through linear elastic analyses in finite element software. The elastic deflection is then adequately transformed based on the properties of a representative section, to account for cracking, shrinkage and creep according to a modified version of the ζ‐method. Finally, the method is validated against available experimental results from literature, obtaining satisfactory precision and accuracy. The method proposed in this study aims at providing an easy‐to‐use tool for designers carrying out deflection control of two‐way reinforced concrete slabs.
Impact of condensed silica fume on splitting tensile strength and brittleness of high strength self‐compacting concrete
Authors: Wang Qing , Yao Boyu , He Jianqiang , He Xixi , Ho J. C. M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSelf‐compacting concrete (SCC) is a type of concrete that can consolidate itself without external compaction. High‐strength SCC (HS‐SCC) is becoming more popular having a very broad range of application in Civil Engineering, such as piles, columns of tall buildings and piers for long‐span bridges. However, HS‐SCC is very brittle that limits its application above. To this, present study aims at mitigating the brittleness of HS‐SCC having a fixed water/binder ratio of 0.30 and binder content of 500 kg/m3 by blending cement with condensed silica fume (CSF). The percentage of CSF that replaced cement was 0–15% by weight. Apart from measuring the brittleness, mechanical property such as splitting tensile and compressive strength, as well as fresh property, such as slump flow, V‐funnel time, and L‐box passing ability was also obtained. The experimental results indicated that 10% replacement of cement by CSF could effectively decrease the brittleness of HS‐SCC and simultaneously increase the 28‐day compressive strength. On the other hand, the slump flow of concrete decreased as the content of CSF increased, but nonetheless was able to maintain at above 600 mm, which is a commonly accepted criteria for SCC. Lastly, scanning electron microscope figures showed that the microstructure of concrete and hydration morphology were enhanced by CSF particle.
Advancing hydrological process understanding from long‐term resistivity monitoring systems
Authors: Slater Lee , Binley Andrew 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMonitoring subsurface flow and transport processes over a wide range of spatiotemporal scales remains one of the greatest challenges in hydrology. Electrical geophysical techniques have been implemented to noninvasively investigate a broad range of subsurface hydrological processes. Recent advances in instrumentation and interpretational tools highlight the emerging opportunities to adopt long‐term resistivity monitoring (LTRM) to improve understanding of flow and transport processes operating over monthly to decadal timescales that are not adequately captured in short‐term monitoring data sets and are temporally aliased in data sets constructed from occasional reoccupation of a study site. The emergence of LTRM as a robust tool in hydrology represents a paradigm shift in geophysical data acquisition and analysis, with resistivity monitoring now evolving into a hydrological decision support technology. We describe the theoretical basis for adopting LTRM for noninvasive monitoring of hydrological state variables over multiple spatial scales and with higher temporal resolution than achieved from periodic reoccupation of a field site. Instrumentation developments facilitating autonomous data acquisition at off the grid field sites are discussed, along with advances in data processing that enhance the hydrological information content inherent in LTRM data sets. Case studies from a diverse range of hydrology subdisciplines highlight the largely untapped potential for LTRM to provide information beyond the reach of established hydrology tools. Future opportunities and challenges relating to the more widespread adoption of LTRM, including addressing inherent uncertainty in resistivity interpretation, upscaling, computational, and modeling needs are critically discussed.This article is categorized under:
Science of Water (WCAA)
Sulfate transport mutants affect hydrogen sulfide and sulfite production during alcoholic fermentation
Authors: Walker Michelle E. , Zhang Jin , Sumby Krista M. , Lee Andrea , Houlès Anne , Li Sijing , Jiranek Vladimir 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHydrogen sulfide is a common wine fault, with a rotten‐egg odour, which is directly related to yeast metabolism in response to nitrogen and sulfur availability. In grape juice, sulfate is the most abundant inorganic sulfur compound, which is taken up by yeast through two high‐affinity sulfate transporters, Sul1p and Sul2p, and a low affinity transporter, Soa1p. Sulfate contributes to H2S production under nitrogen limitation, by being reduced via the Sulfur Assimilation Pathway (SAP). Therefore, yeast strains with limited H2S are highly desirable. We report on the use of toxic analogues of sulfate following ethyl methane sulfate treatment, to isolate six wine yeast mutants that produce no or reduced H2S and SO2 during fermentation in synthetic and natural juice. Four amino acid substitutions (A99V, G380R, N588K and E856K) in Sul1p were found in all strains except D25‐1 which had heterozygous alleles. Two changes were also identified in Sul2p (L268S and A470T). The Sul1p (G380R) and Sul2p (A470T) mutations were chosen for further investigation as these residues are conserved amongst SLC26 membrane proteins (including sulfate permeases). The mutations were introduced into EC1118 using Crispr cas9 technology and shown to reduce accumulation of H2S and do not result in increased SO2 production during fermentation of model medium (chemically defined grape juice) or Riesling juice. The Sul1p (G380R) and Sul2p (A470T) mutations are newly reported as causal mutations. Our findings contribute to knowledge of the genetic basis of H2S production as well as the potential use of these strains for winemaking and in yeast breeding programmes.
Gauge/gravity dual dynamics for the strongly coupled sector of composite Higgs models
Authors: Erdmenger Johanna , Evans Nick , Porod Werner , Rigatos Konstantinos S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A holographic model of chiral symmetry breaking is used to study the dynamics plus the meson and baryon spectrum of the underlying strong dynamics in composite Higgs models. The model is inspired by top-down D-brane constructions. We introduce this model by applying it to Nf = 2 QCD. We compute meson masses, decay constants and the nucleon mass. The spectrum is improved by including higher dimensional operators to reflect the UV physics of QCD. Moving to composite Higgs models, we impose perturbative running for the anomalous dimension of the quark condensate in a variety of theories with varying number of colors and flavours. We compare our results in detail to lattice simulations for the following theories: SU(2) gauge theory with two Dirac fundamentals; Sp(4) gauge theory with fundamental and sextet matter; and SU(4) gauge theory with fundamental and sextet quarks. In each case, the holographic results are encouraging since they are close to lattice results for masses and decay constants. Moreover, our models allow us to compute additional observables not yet computed on the lattice, to relax the quenched approximation and move to the precise fermion content of more realistic composite Higgs models not possible on the lattice. We also provide a new holographic description of the top partners including their masses and structure functions. With the addition of higher dimension operators, we show the top Yukawa coupling can be made of order one, to generate the observed top mass. Finally, we predict the spectrum for the full set of models with top partners proposed by Ferretti and Karateev.
Discreteness and integrality in Conformal Field Theory
Authors: Kaidi Justin , Perlmutter Eric 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Various observables in compact CFTs are required to obey positivity, discreteness, and integrality. Positivity forms the crux of the conformal bootstrap, but understanding of the abstract implications of discreteness and integrality for the space of CFTs is lacking. We systematically study these constraints in two-dimensional, non-holomorphic CFTs, making use of two main mathematical results. First, we prove a theorem constraining the behavior near the cusp of integral, vector-valued modular functions. Second, we explicitly construct non-factorizable, non-holomorphic cuspidal functions satisfying discreteness and integrality, and prove the non-existence of such functions once positivity is added. Application of these results yields several bootstrap-type bounds on OPE data of both rational and irrational CFTs, including some powerful bounds for theories with conformal manifolds, as well as insights into questions of spectral determinacy. We prove that in rational CFT, the spectrum of operator twists $$ t\ge \frac{c}{12} $$
t
≥

c
12

is uniquely determined by its complement. Likewise, we argue that in generic CFTs, the spectrum of operator dimensions $$ \Delta >\frac{c-1}{12} $$
Δ
>

c
−
1

12

is uniquely determined by its complement, absent fine-tuning in a sense we articulate. Finally, we discuss implications for black hole physics and the (non-)uniqueness of a possible ensemble interpretation of AdS3 gravity.
Sterblichkeit bei Sepsis und septischem Schock in Deutschland. Ergebnisse eines systematischen Reviews mit Metaanalyse
Authors: Bauer Michael , Groesdonk Heinrich Volker , Preissing Franziska , Dickmann Petra , Vogelmann Tobias , Gerlach Herwig 
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Verschiedene Autoren diskutieren, ob fehlende Qualitätsinitiativen und Behandlungsstandards in Deutschland im internationalen Vergleich zu höherer Sterblichkeit bei Sepsis und septischem Schock führen könnten. Dem gegenüber steht eine international anerkannte intensivmedizinische Versorgung in Deutschland, z. B. während der COVID-19-Pandemie.

Ziel der Arbeit
Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Sterblichkeit bei Sepsis und septischem Schock in Deutschland zu ermitteln und mit anderen Industrienationen zu vergleichen.

Material und Methoden
In eine systematischen Literaturrecherche wurden alle zwischen 2009 und 2020 veröffentlichten Interventions- und Beobachtungsstudien aus den Datenbanken PubMed und Cochrane Library eingeschlossen. Die 30- und 90-Tages-Sterblichkeit bei Sepsis und septischem Schock wurde in einer Metaanalyse mittels „Random-effects“-Modells gepoolt.

Ergebnisse
Insgesamt wurden 134 Studien in die Meta-Analyse eingeschlossen. Die 30-Tages-Sterblichkeit bei Sepsis betrug in Deutschland 26,50 % (95 %-KI: 19,86–33,15 %), in Europa (ohne Deutschland) 23,85 % (95%-KI: 20,49–27,21 %) und in Nordamerika 19,58 % (95%-KI: 14,03–25,14 %). Die 30-Tages-Sterblichkeit bei septischem Schock betrug 30,48 % (95 %-KI: 29,30–31,67 %), 34,57 % (95 %-KI: 33,51–35,64 %) bzw. 33,69 % (95 %-KI: 31,51–35,86 %). Die 90-Tages-Sterblichkeit bei septischem Schock betrug 38,78 % (95 %-KI: 32,70–44,86 %), 41,90 % (95 %-KI: 38,88–44,91 %) beziehungsweise 34,41 % (95 %-KI: 25,66–43,16 %).

Diskussion
Es ergaben sich somit keine Anhaltspunkte dafür, dass die Sterblichkeit bei Sepsis/septischem Schock im internationalen Vergleich in Deutschland erhöht ist.
3 Jahre Cannabis als Medizin – Zwischenergebnisse der Cannabisbegleiterhebung
Authors: Schmidt-Wolf Gabriele , Cremer-Schaeffer Peter 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungIn Deutschland sind Ärztinnen und Ärzte, die Cannabisarzneimittel zulasten der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung verschreiben, verpflichtet, an einer bis zum 31.03.2022 laufenden nichtinterventionellen Begleiterhebung zur Anwendung dieser Cannabisarzneimittel teilzunehmen.Zum Zeitpunkt der Zwischenauswertung am 11.05.2020 lagen 10.010 vollständige Datensätze vor. Am häufigsten wurden Schmerzen (73 %) als primär therapierte Symptomatik genannt, gefolgt von Spastik (10 %) sowie Anorexie/Wasting (6 %). Verordnet wurden in 65 % der Fälle Dronabinol (z. B. als Rezeptur oder Marinol® [AbbVie, IL, USA]), in 18 % Cannabisblüten, in 13 % Sativex® (GW Pharma, Cambridge, UK), in 0,3 % Nabilon (z. B. Canemes® [AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals AG, Wien, Österreich]) und in 4 % (mit zunehmender Tendenz) Cannabisextrakt. Die Fallzahl von 6485 Fällen erlaubt bei Dronabinol bereits die Auswertung von Subgruppen hinsichtlich der therapeutischen Wirksamkeit. Für Cannabis typische Nebenwirkungen, wie Müdigkeit, Schwindel, Schläfrigkeit, Übelkeit und Mundtrockenheit, traten bei der Verwendung aller Cannabisarzneimittel auf und sind bereits aus den Fachinformationen der cannabisbasierten Fertigarzneimittel bekannt. Potenziell schwerwiegende Nebenwirkungen wie Depression, Suizidgedanken, Wahnvorstellungen, Halluzinationen, Dissoziation und Sinnestäuschungen sind in jeweils mehr als einem von 1000 Fällen gemeldet worden.Mit Cannabisblüten behandelte Personen sind deutlich jünger und weisen einen erheblich höheren Männeranteil auf. Sie werden häufiger hausärztlich behandelt (Allgemeinmedizin, innere Medizin), weichen häufiger von den üblicherweise behandelten Diagnosen (Schmerz, Spastik und Anorexie/Wasting) ab und verfügen über mehr Vorerfahrungen mit Cannabis. Das in der Begleiterhebung bestehende Underreporting betrifft diese Fallgruppe am stärksten.
Relaxed gradient projection algorithm for constrained node-based shape optimization
Authors: Antonau Ihar , Hojjat Majid , Bletzinger Kai-Uwe 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn node-based shape optimization, there are a vast amount of design parameters, and the objectives, as well as the physical constraints, are non-linear in state and design. Robust optimization algorithms are required. The methods of feasible directions are widely used in practical optimization problems and know to be quite robust. A subclass of these methods is the gradient projection method. It is an active-set method, it can be used with equality and non-equality constraints, and it has gained significant popularity for its intuitive implementation. One significant issue around efficiency is that the algorithm may suffer from zigzagging behavior while it follows non-linear design boundaries. In this work, we propose a modification to Rosen’s gradient projection algorithm. It includes the efficient techniques to damp the zigzagging behavior of the original algorithm while following the non-linear design boundaries, thus improving the performance of the method.
Suitability of sugar, amino acid, and inorganic ion compositions to distinguish fir and spruce honey
Authors: Shaaban Basel , Seeburger Victoria , Schroeder Annette , Lohaus Gertrud 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHoneydew honey is produced by bees from excretions of plant-feeding insects, such as aphids and scale insects. Honeydew on conifers, like fir (Abies alba) or spruce (Picea abies), is produced by different species of the genera Cinara and Physokermes. This means that honeydew honey can stem from different botanical as well as zoological origins, but so far it is not possible to clearly distinguish the different types of honeys. In the attempt to identify distinguishing markers, 19 sugars, 25 amino acids and 9 inorganic ions were quantified in three groups of honeydew honey (fir/Cinara, spruce/Cinara and spruce/Physokermes) with 20 honey samples each. It could be demonstrated that the contents of isomaltose, raffinose, erlose, two undefined oligosaccharides, several amino acids, sulfate, and phosphate differed significantly between the three groups of honey. Furthermore, multivariate analyses resulted in a separation of spruce/Physokermes honey from spruce- or fir/Cinara honey due to its higher contents of phosphate, sulfate, erlose and two undefined oligosaccharides. Moreover, the amino acid composition and the isomaltose as well as the raffinose contents proved useful in the distinction between fir/Cinara and spruce/Cinara honey. In sum, the contents of sugars, amino acids, and inorganic ions in German fir and spruce honeys provide useful information about the botanical and zoological origin of honeydew honeys.
Trading Locality for Time: Certifiable Randomness from Low-Depth Circuits
Authors: Coudron Matthew , Stark Jalex , Vidick Thomas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe generation of certifiable randomness is the most fundamental information-theoretic task that meaningfully separates quantum devices from their classical counterparts. We propose a protocol for exponential certified randomness expansion using a single quantum device. The protocol calls for the device to implement a simple quantum circuit of constant depth on a 2D lattice of qubits. The output of the circuit can be verified classically in linear time, and is guaranteed to contain a polynomial number of certified random bits assuming that the device used to generate the output operated using a (classical or quantum) circuit of sub-logarithmic depth. This assumption contrasts with the locality assumption used for randomness certification based on Bell inequality violation and more recent proposals for randomness certification based on computational assumptions. Furthermore, to demonstrate randomness generation it is sufficient for a device to sample from the ideal output distribution within constant statistical distance. Our procedure is inspired by recent work of Bravyi et al. (Science 362(6412):308–311, 2018), who introduced a relational problem that can be solved by a constant-depth quantum circuit, but provably cannot be solved by any classical circuit of sub-logarithmic depth. We develop the discovery of Bravyi et al. into a framework for robust randomness expansion. Our results lead to a new proposal for a demonstrated quantum advantage that has some advantages compared to existing proposals. First, our proposal does not rest on any complexity-theoretic conjectures, but relies on the physical assumption that the adversarial device being tested implements a circuit of sub-logarithmic depth. Second, success on our task can be easily verified in classical linear time. Finally, our task is more noise-tolerant than most other existing proposals that can only tolerate multiplicative error, or require additional conjectures from complexity theory; in contrast, we are able to allow a small constant additive error in total variation distance between the sampled and ideal distributions.
Deep learning-based auto-delineation of gross tumour volumes and involved nodes in PET/CT images of head and neck cancer patients
Authors: Moe Yngve Mardal , Groendahl Aurora Rosvoll , Tomic Oliver , Dale Einar , Malinen Eirik , Futsaether Cecilia Marie 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Identification and delineation of the gross tumour and malignant nodal volume (GTV) in medical images are vital in radiotherapy. We assessed the applicability of convolutional neural networks (CNNs) for fully automatic delineation of the GTV from FDG-PET/CT images of patients with head and neck cancer (HNC). CNN models were compared to manual GTV delineations made by experienced specialists. New structure-based performance metrics were introduced to enable in-depth assessment of auto-delineation of multiple malignant structures in individual patients.

Methods
U-Net CNN models were trained and evaluated on images and manual GTV delineations from 197 HNC patients. The dataset was split into training, validation and test cohorts (n= 142, n = 15 and n = 40, respectively). The Dice score, surface distance metrics and the new structure-based metrics were used for model evaluation. Additionally, auto-delineations were manually assessed by an oncologist for 15 randomly selected patients in the test cohort.

Results
The mean Dice scores of the auto-delineations were 55%, 69% and 71% for the CT-based, PET-based and PET/CT-based CNN models, respectively. The PET signal was essential for delineating all structures. Models based on PET/CT images identified 86% of the true GTV structures, whereas models built solely on CT images identified only 55% of the true structures. The oncologist reported very high-quality auto-delineations for 14 out of the 15 randomly selected patients.

Conclusions
CNNs provided high-quality auto-delineations for HNC using multimodality PET/CT. The introduced structure-wise evaluation metrics provided valuable information on CNN model strengths and weaknesses for multi-structure auto-delineation.
The Effect of Conflict on Obstetric and Non‐Obstetric Surgical Needs and Operative Mortality in Fragile States
Authors: Rahman Arifeen S. , Chao Tiffany E. , Trelles Miguel , Dominguez Lynette , Mupenda Jerome , Kasonga Cheride , Akemani Clemence , Kondo Kalla Moussa , Chu Kathryn M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundMédecins Sans Frontières (MSF) provides surgical care in fragile states, which are more vulnerable to conflict. The primary objective of this study was to compare the indications for operative intervention in surgical projects in fragile states during periods of active conflict (CON) and non‐conflict (NON‐CON). In addition, risk factors for non‐obstetric and obstetric operative mortality were identified.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of MSF surgical projects in fragile states January 1, 2008–December 31, 2017. Variables considered in the analysis include age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiology physical status, emergency status, re‐intervention status, indication for surgical intervention, and conflict/non‐conflict time period.ResultsThere were 30 surgical projects in 13 fragile states with 87,968 surgical interventions in 68,667 patients. Obstetric needs were the most common indication for surgical intervention (n = 28,060, 31.9%) but were more common during NON‐CON (n = 23,142, 35.7%) compared to CON periods (n = 4,918, 21.2%, p < 0.001). Trauma was more common during CON (42.0%) compared to NON‐CON (23.0%) periods (p < 0.001). Non‐obstetric operative mortality was similar during CON (0.2%) compared to NON‐CON (0.2%, p = 0.920), but obstetric operative mortality was higher (0.5%) during CON compared to NON‐CON (0.2%, p < 0.001) periods. Risk factors for obstetric and non‐obstetric mortality included age ≥ 30 years, ASA greater than 1, and emergency intervention.ConclusionHumanitarian surgeons working in fragile states should be prepared to treat a range of surgical needs including trauma and obstetrics during conflict and non‐conflict periods. The mortality in obstetric patients was higher during conflict periods, and further research to understand ways to protect this vulnerable group is needed.