bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Respiratory cytology in malignant lung disease – The thoracic oncologist’s perspective
Authors: Veale Niki , Succony Laura , Rassl Doris M. , Rintoul Robert C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRespiratory cytology continues to play a central role in the diagnosis and staging of thoracic malignancy, although over time indications have changed. Historically, sputum cytology and endobronchial brushings and washings figured prominently, but with the advent of endobronchial and endoscopic ultrasound much greater emphasis is placed on fine needle aspirates from lymph nodes. The advent of targeted sequencing panels for genomic profiling to identify driver mutations and PD‐L1 directed immunotherapy means that there is a need to extract increasing amounts of diagnostic and predictive information from ever smaller amounts of diagnostic material. Recent work has demonstrated that cytology samples are well suited to delivering the information required, but in order to understand the limitations of clinical and laboratory techniques, a close working relationship between pathologist and thoracic oncologist is needed to optimise sample procurement and utilisation.
Historical decrease in agricultural landscape diversity is associated with shifts in bumble bee species occurrence
Authors: Hemberger Jeremy , Crossley Michael S. , Gratton Claudio 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAgricultural intensification is a key suspect among putative drivers of recent insect declines, but an explicit link between historical change in agricultural land cover and insect occurrence is lacking. Determining whether agriculture impacts beneficial insects (e.g. pollinators), is crucial to enhancing agricultural sustainability. Here, we combine large spatiotemporal sets of historical bumble bee and agricultural records to show that increasing cropland extent and decreasing crop richness were associated with declines in over 50% of bumble bee species in the agriculturally intensive Midwest, USA. Critically, we found that high crop diversity was associated with a higher occurrence of many species pre‐1950 even in agriculturally dominated areas, but that current agricultural landscapes are devoid of high crop diversity. Our findings suggest that insect conservation and agricultural production may be compatible, with increasing on‐farm and landscape‐level crop diversity predicted to have positive effects on bumble bees.
Seasonal spatial dynamics of butterfly migration
Authors: Chowdhury Shawan , Zalucki Myron P. , Amano Tatsuya , Woodworth Bradley K. , Venegas‐Li Ruben , Fuller Richard A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the seasonal movements of migratory species underpins ecological studies. Several hundred butterfly species show migratory behaviour, yet the spatial pattern of these migrations is poorly understood. We developed climatic niche models for 405 migratory butterfly species globally to estimate patterns of seasonal movement and the distribution of seasonal habitat suitability. We found strong seasonal variation in habitat suitability for most migratory butterflies with >75% of pixels within their distributions showing seasonal switching in predicted occupancy for 85% of species. The greatest rate of seasonal switching occurred in the tropics. Several species showed extreme range fluctuations between seasons, exceeding 10‐fold for 53 species (13%) and more than 100‐fold for nine species (2%), suggesting that such species may be at elevated extinction risk. Our results can be used to search for the ecological processes that underpin migration in insects, as well as to design conservation interventions for declining migratory insects.
Sparring dynamics and individual laterality in male South African giraffes
Authors: Granweiler Jessica , Thorley Jack , Rotics Shay 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSparring by male giraffes has been commonly reported since its first description in 1958 and is believed to play a role in establishing male dominance hierarchies. However, despite being often documented, quantitative investigations of sparring behaviour are currently lacking. Here, we investigate the factors affecting the frequency, duration and intensity of sparring bouts in a population of giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis giraffa living on a private fenced reserve in Limpopo, South Africa. We show that sparring bouts were most frequently observed in young adults, and between males that were more evenly matched in size. Sparring bouts between males of similar body size were also characterised by being of high intensity and of short duration. Taken together, these results support the suggestion that sparring functions principally to provide maturing males a means of testing their competitive ability without escalating to full‐scale fights. Additionally, mature bulls intervened on young adults possibly to disable any winner effect achieved by the latter, with the most dominant bull being responsible for the majority of interventions. For the first time, we also show that individuals displayed strong laterality when engaged in sparring: individuals consistently preferred delivering blows from either their left or right side, and these preferences dictated the orientation of sparring bouts (whether head‐to‐head or head‐to‐tail). Lastly, we show that sparring displayed a seasonal peak which coincided with the onset of the wet season and possibly reflected the increased aggregation of males at this time. A more nuanced understanding of how social and environmental factors shape interactions among individuals, such as sparring, will improve our understanding and management of this charismatic animal.
Investor awareness or information asymmetry? Wikipedia and IPO underpricing
Authors: Boulton Thomas , Francis Bill B. , Shohfi Thomas , Xin Daqi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe use the presence of a Wikipedia article for initial public offering (IPO) firms to test theories of information asymmetry and investor awareness. Although we find limited support for the former, our results provide strong support for theories of investor awareness. Specifically, IPO firms with a Wikipedia article exhibit significantly higher underpricing and offer price revisions than do IPO firms without a Wikipedia article. Investor awareness has positive long‐term effects, including greater analyst following and institutional ownership for up to 3 years after the offering. The effect is robust to firm‐specific Google search volume, news coverage, retail trading intensity, social media activity, propensity score matching, and an instrumental variable approach.
Effective leadership practices in language immersion programs
Authors: Baldwin Leslie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article presents findings of a larger research project regarding effective leadership practices in language immersion programs. The purpose of this study was to discover actions, knowledge, and skills that immersion leaders of successful programs exhibit. Using a basic qualitative model, immersion leaders, teachers, and parents at three schools were interviewed. The findings indicate that the immersion leader must establish a positive culture through building trust, building community with parents and teachers, and showing commitment to the program. In addition, the leader must provide program and teacher support in a variety of ways, including the provision of professional development, differentiated professional development for international teachers, resources, and leadership opportunities. Finally, effective immersion leaders must possess specific knowledge and skills to lead a successful immersion program, including program knowledge, advocacy skills, and the ability to apply a shared leadership model. Immersion leaders can learn from the applications for practice in their respective settings.
A process tracing study of the dynamic patterns of boredom in an online L3 course of German during COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Yazdanmehr Elham , Elahi Shirvan Majid , Saghafi Khatereh 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMotivated by the present dominance of online education worldwide during the COVID‐19 pandemic, the present study employed a process‐tracing approach to explore the causal mechanisms of boredom in an online L3 learning. The present case study was done on an adult learner of German and analyzed her accounts of experiencing boredom throughout a whole semester, 13 sessions in length. The trajectory of boredom throughout the course showed that the beginning of the course was the most boring though the learner continued to experience boredom until the end of the semester. Among the theoretical explanations of boredom, under‐stimulation, low perceived control over tasks and attention deficit were found to be the most dominant until the end of the course. Among the nontheoretical explanations of boredom, user‐unfriendly requirements of online learning prevailed mostly in the beginning of the course until the middle but they were found to be less influential in the end of the course. The process tracing approach showed to be effective in unpacking the black box of the causal mechanisms involved in the boredom experienced in the online L3 learning. Suggestions were made on how to make an online language course less boring and more communicative, which seems essential today due to the unrivaled use of online education during the pandemic.
An Automated System for MeasuringIn SituK–Ar Ages
Authors: Solé Jesús 
Published: June 2021

A completely automated system for measuringin situK–Ar ages using laser ablation for argon extraction and potassium measurement, and mass spectrometry for argon determination is described. The system consists of a laser system, an optical spectrometer, a vacuum line, a noble gas mass spectrometer and control software. The automated prototype was designed with ease of use in mind, specifically planned for dating many samples at low cost and reasonable precision. This instrumentation can perform one hundred K–Ar analyses every 24 h with the current setup, including blanks, reference materials and unknowns. Measurement results for the reference materials HDB‐1 biotite, GL‐O glauconite, LP‐6 biotite, Mica‐Mg phlogopite, Alder Creek sanidine and two tektites (moldavite and indochinite) are presented. It is shown that very different sample matrices require specific calibrations. Uncomplicated sample preparation, fast analytical times and uncertainties typically below 5% (1 standard deviation), depending on the age and potassium content, are the hallmarks of the system, which is suitable for many exploratory geology applications (e.g. geological mapping, mineral provenance and dating of drill cores).
THE ROLE OF GENDER IN EMPLOYMENT POLARIZATION
Authors: Cerina Fabio , Moro Alessio , Rendall Michelle 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe document that U.S. employment polarization in the 1980–2017 period is largely generated by women. In addition, we provide evidence that the increase of employment shares at the bottom of the skill distribution is generated in market sectors producing services representing home production substitutes. We use a calibrated macroeconomic model to show that a rising skill premium induces high‐skilled women to participate more in the labor market, reduce home working hours, and demand more home substitutes in the market, thus fostering a rise in employment shares at the bottom of the skill distribution. Counterfactual experiments suggest that without the large increase in the skill premium of high‐skilled women, employment polarization would have been substantially reduced, and changes of employment shares at the bottom of the distribution would have been negative.
Preparation of microwave‐processed oil‐free potato snacks with assorted natural flavours: Application of advanced chemometrics
Authors: Sridhar Kandi , Dikkala Praveen Kumar , Yadla Aruna Kumari , Shaik Rizwana , Jeepalem Yaswanth , Dhoolipalla Venkata Bhanu Prakash , Sodadasi Vinay 
Published: June 2021

SummaryGenerally, potato chips are produced by deep‐fat frying with 35%–40% oil in the final product, which is considered unhealthy. Therefore, we attempted to prepare microwave‐processed oil‐free potato snacks, fat‐free alternative for potato chips, assorted with natural flavours (tomato, mint and pepper) and evaluated their proximate composition, microbiological analysis and sensory evaluation coupled with advanced chemometrics. The proximate analysis revealed the presence of carbohydrates (53–58 g/100 g), energy (190–214 kcal/100 g) and negligible fat (≤0.15%) with a microbial load of 2.50–9 CFU/100 g. Samples assorted with mint and tomato flavours received higher sensory scores (7.65–8.80) for all sensory attributes compared with control (6.61–7.55). From the chemometric analysis, the high similarities in samples assorted with mint and tomato flavours confirmed by principal component analysis loadings of 0.69 and 0.71, respectively, and hierarchical clustering (cluster 1 with 2 sub‐clusters). Therefore, the microwave processing can be a suitable technique to produce oil‐free potato snacks with natural flavourings while preserving their quality attributes.
Technological properties and selected safety aspects of different cuts of organic and conventional pork
Authors: Latoch Agnieszka , Wójciak Karolina M. , Popek Stanisław , Rohn Sascha , Halagarda Michał 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThe present study aimed at evaluating and comparing technological quality and selected safety aspects of commercial organic and conventional pork cuts. The technological value was determined on the basis of pH value, centrifugation loss, cooking loss, drip loss, colour parameters (as measured with L*a*b* system), total heme pigments and total heme iron. The meat safety was verified based on the content of nitrate, nitrite, cadmium, lead, total microbial count, number of Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella. The results indicated that organic meat had higher content of heme pigments and heme iron than conventional meat. The rearing system had no effect on the lightness. The organic loins and shoulders were redder and yellower than conventional ones. Neither organic nor conventional meat cuts were contaminated by pathogenic bacteria and nitrite/nitrate residues. Legal requirements concerning cadmium content were met for all the tested samples, whereas concerning lead only for organic loins.
Systematic review of medical education on spirituality
Authors: Wenham John , Best Megan , Kissane David W. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundSpirituality is a fundamental dimension of our human nature that impacts on medical care and yet is relatively neglected by medical education courses in Australia.AimThis systematic review was conducted to assess the curriculum content currently used to develop medical student understanding of, and engagement with, spirituality in the context of patient care.MethodsStudies published in English from 2010 to the review date were included in order to focus on the most recent curricula. Studies included medical students in undergraduate or postgraduate programmes, doctors in resident training programmes and registrars. Interventions considered for inclusion were curriculum modules on communication skills in spirituality, spiritual needs assessments and holistic care planning. Six databases, including PubMed, Scopus, PsycINFO, Embase, Medline and CINAHL, were searched electronically using the following keywords and MeSH search terms: ‘medical students’, ‘doctor‘, ‘physician’, ‘spirituality’, ‘spiritual care’, ‘religion’, ‘education’, ‘history taking’ and ‘communication skills training’ from 2010 to 2020.ResultsFor 342 articles, three researchers screened the titles and abstracts; disagreements were resolved by discussion. Full‐text articles were assessed for eligibility based on study and report characteristics; 17 papers were included in the analysis. Curriculum content of each study was reviewed. The following key features were employed frequently: chaplain shadowing, communications skills training, self‐reflection, examining evidence and relationship building.ConclusionThis review has determined the core content, aims and objectives to guide construction of spirituality curricula in Australian medical education.
Glycaemic outcomes in Australasian children and adults with type 1 diabetes: failure to meet targets across the age spectrum
Authors: Holmes‐Walker D. Jane , Abraham Mary B. , Chee Melissa , Jones Timothy W. ,   Australasian Diabetes Data Network (ADDN) Study Group
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe goal of therapy in type 1 diabetes (T1D) is to achieve optimal glycaemic targets and reduce complications. Robust data representing glycaemic outcomes across the lifespan are lacking in Australasia.AimsTo examine contemporary glycaemic outcomes and rate of use of diabetes technologies in Australasian people with T1D.MethodsCross‐sectional analysis of de‐identified data from 18 diabetes centres maintained in the Australasian Diabetes Data Network registry during 2019. Glycaemia was measured using glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c). The proportion of people with T1D achieving the international HbA1c target of <53 mmol/mol (7%) was calculated. Rates of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) use were determined.ResultsA total of 7988 individuals with T1D with 30 575 visits were recorded in the registry. The median (interquartile range) age was 15.3 (10.0) years and diabetes duration was 5.7 (9.4) years with 49% on multiple daily injections (MDI) and 36% on CSII. The mean HbA1c for the whole cohort was 66 mmol/mol (8.2%). HbA1c increased with age, from 60 mmol/mol (7.6%) in children <10 years, increasing during adolescence and peaking at 73 mmol/mol (8.8%) in the 20–25 years age group. The HbA1c target of <53 mmol/mol (7%) was met in 18% of children and 13% of adults. HbA1c was lower on CSII as compared with those on MDI (P < 0.0001).ConclusionsOnly a minority of children and adults achieve the recommended glycaemic goals despite access to specialist care in major diabetes centres. There is a need to identify factors that improve glycaemic outcomes.
The effect of mandala colouring on anxiety in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients: A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Khademi Fatemeh , Rassouli Maryam , Rafiei Fatemeh , Moayedi Siamak , Torres Mercedes , Marzban Negin , Haji Ensieh , Golitaleb Mohamad 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCOVID‐19 significantly affects patients' mental health, triggering a wide range of psychological disorders, including anxiety. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of mandala colouring on the anxiety of hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. In this randomized controlled clinical trial, 70 hospitalized patients with COVID‐19 were randomly divided between the intervention and control groups. Standard care was provided for both groups. The intervention group spent 30 min/day for six consecutive days performing mandala colouring. Patient anxiety was measured prior and subsequent to the intervention in both groups using the Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory. Data were analysed using SPSS software version 25. The mean anxiety score was not significantly different between the two groups before the intervention (P = 0.08). Subsequent to the intervention, the mean anxiety score in the intervention and control groups was 44.05 ± 4.67 and 67.85 ± 6.25, respectively, indicating a statistically significant (P = 0.0001) decrease in the anxiety measured among the intervention group as compared with that of the control group. The results of this study show that 30 min of mandala colouring daily is an effective strategy for reducing anxiety in hospitalized COVID‐19 patients. Mandala colouring can complement routine treatment and provides a non‐pharmaceutical option for decreasing patient anxiety.
Mistranslation can promote the exploration of alternative evolutionary trajectories in enzyme evolution
Authors: Zheng Jia , Bratulic Sinisa , Lischer Heidi E. L. , Wagner Andreas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDarwinian evolution preferentially follows mutational pathways whose individual steps increase fitness. Alternative pathways with mutational steps that do not increase fitness are less accessible. Here, we show that mistranslation, the erroneous incorporation of amino acids into nascent proteins, can increase the accessibility of such alternative pathways and, ultimately, of high fitness genotypes. We subject populations of the beta‐lactamase TEM‐1 to directed evolution in Escherichia coli under both low‐ and high‐mistranslation rates, selecting for high activity on the antibiotic cefotaxime. Under low mistranslation rates, different evolving TEM‐1 populations ascend the same high cefotaxime‐resistance peak, which requires three canonical DNA mutations. In contrast, under high mistranslation rates they ascend three different high cefotaxime‐resistance genotypes, which leads to higher genotypic diversity among populations. We experimentally reconstruct the adaptive DNA mutations and the potential evolutionary paths to these high cefotaxime‐resistance genotypes. This reconstruction shows that some of the DNA mutations do not change fitness under low mistranslation, but cause a significant increase in fitness under high‐mistranslation, which helps increase the accessibility of different high cefotaxime‐resistance genotypes. In addition, these mutations form a network of pairwise epistatic interactions that leads to mutually exclusive evolutionary trajectories towards different high cefotaxime‐resistance genotypes. Our observations demonstrate that protein mistranslation and the phenotypic mutations it causes can alter the evolutionary exploration of fitness landscapes and reduce the predictability of evolution.
Phenolics and carotenoids recovery from agroindustrial mango waste using microwave‐assisted extraction: Extraction and modeling
Authors: Vélez‐Erazo Eliana Marcela , Pasquel‐Reátegui José Luis , Dorronsoro‐Guerrero Oscar Humberto , Martínez‐Correa Hugo Alexander 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe main objective of this work was to extract antioxidant compounds from by‐products from the mango processing industry by means of microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE). For this, two steps were proposed, first, a kinetics modeling, and then a Box–Behnken design to study the effect of the variables time, power and ethanol concentration on the responses: total extraction yield (TEY), total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoids content (TFC), and total carotenoids content (TCC). In the kinetics study, all models described a high correlation with the experimental data from bioactive compounds extraction from mango peel. Among these, the two‐site mathematical model better described the experimental data (R2 > 95%). Optimization results using response surface methodology have shown great adjustments to the quadratic models for TPC, TFC, and TCC; showing that the Box–Behnken design for this subject of research can be of great use when it does not comply with the technical conditions to realize a central design.Practical ApplicationsThe present study focused on the mathematical modeling of microwave‐assisted extraction of bio‐compounds from industrial mango peel by‐products. Modeling tools such as kinetics studies or response surface methodologies allow the optimization of extraction and process cost reduction. Extracts were obtained at high yield regarding phenolics, flavonoids, and carotenoids content, with high antioxidant activity. These results show that extracts with high antioxidant properties may be applicable in a wide range of foods.