bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hiding
Authors: Cole Allan Hugh 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter details a painful period of hiding the author’s illness from others, meaning before he shared his diagnosis publicly. The author recounts the experience of a strange phone call that a physician’s office in Houston made to his parents in North Carolina looking for him, which led to him lying to his mother about his health status. The author also reflects on his discomfort in a work meeting as he sat beside a colleague who is a neurologist, assuming that he could tell that the author had Parkinson’s. He also shares the experience of affiliating with a movement disorder clinic at Houston Methodist Hospital, where he could know about and participate in clinical trials.
Human Factors of Democracy
Authors: Phelps Charles E. , Madhavan Guru 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter takes a new look at different voting methods, asking not how they work but rather how well they let voters express themselves. The most widely used method in the world (“choose one candidate”) is by far the worst at allowing voters to express themselves. This type of ballot has the vocabulary span of a six-month-old infant. Widely used rank-order ballots are modestly better (about the vocabulary of a two-year-old child) but are still very weak as communication devices. New forms of voting, including range voting and majority judgment (where voters grade the choices), offer vastly more ways for voters to express their true sentiments about the choices offered to them. This chapter also assesses how well voters are likely to understand exactly how voting systems work, possibly affecting their trust of the process.
Blame
Authors: Mitchell Neil J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, evading blame is the incentive to delegate. Retrospectively or prospectively, one delegates to a “fall guy” lower down in the organization to protect oneself from the consequences of one’s actions. Blame is a task that the principal opportunistically allocates the agent when the unanticipated contingency of a whistle-blower appears on the scene and wrongdoing becomes visible. Volkswagen software engineers, hired to write code, were tasked with the blame when the scandal over diesel emissions erupted; Abu Ghraib personnel were blamed for the torture of detainees; and commanders recruited militias rather than regular forces to carry out controversial violence in the French-Indian War, the Irish Civil War, and elsewhere.
Suffrage and Elections
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes Article VII of the Colorado Constitution, which deals with suffrage and elections. Section 1 defines persons entitled to vote as citizens over eighteen who have resided in the state as provided by statute, and it authorizes the general assembly to require registration. In 1893, Colorado was one of the earliest states to include women in the electorate. The chapter relates the history of the issue from its discussion in the constitutional convention. Section 7 gives the General Assembly authority to set dates for general elections except for the date specified in Article X Section 20. Section 8 provides for secret ballots, powers of election officials, and election contests. Section 10 denies the vote to felons during their terms of imprisonment and parole but not after. Section 12 provides for laws governing election contests.
Public Indebtedness
Authors: Collins Richard B. , Oesterle Dale A. , Friedman Lawrence 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses Article XI of the Colorado Constitution, governing public debt. Section 1 prohibits pledging public credit to private interests, and Section 2 forbids public grants to private interests or public purchases of shares in private ventures. Applied to the general assembly, Section 2 overlaps the ban on appropriations to private institutions in Article V, Section 34. Both were substantially undermined when the supreme court created a broad “public purpose” exception to them. Section 3 capped the state’s debt at very low levels. Its original purpose was to keep the state substantially on a cash basis, but its importance was much reduced when the supreme court interpreted it not to apply to revenue bonds, debt repayable only from special funds or by a separate entity, or debt limited to one fiscal year even if renewable. Original Sections 6, 7, and 8 were debt limits on local governments analogous to those imposed on the state by Section 3. A 1970 amendment consolidated the three provisions into current Section 6 covering all local governments and removed local debt ceilings. Article XI’s debt rules should be read together with those imposed in 1992 by Article 10, Section 20.
Introduction
Authors: O’Toole Kit , Womack Kenneth 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The introduction explores the Beatles’ influential role in the development of 20th-century fan behavior and celebratory culture. The authors examine the concept of fandom, while also tracing the history of Beatles fan behaviors across the generations. They also distinguish Beatles fan expression from the behaviors of other central rock acts, such as the Rolling Stones, for instance, whose fan activities are far less profuse and not sustained from one generation to the next in the same manner as those of Beatles fans. The introduction also offers an overview of the anthology’s contents and major subsections.
Magic Circles
Authors: O’Toole Kit 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Despite technological change, two elements of the Beatles fan community remain stable: community and artistic expression. Fans want to communicate with fellow enthusiasts. In addition, fans want to contribute to that community, whether through fan fiction, fanzines, books, online discussion groups, YouTube channels, or podcasts. In the 1960s and 1970s, fans bonded primarily in person at record stores, concerts, and fan conventions. Desktop publishing and personal computers let fans design their own fanzines at lower cost. Then the internet changed how fans network and how they contribute to participatory culture. This chapter examines these trends and how fans today communicate with one another and ensure the Beatles’ legacy among younger generations. A survey of multigenerational fans and an interview with a video blogger further illustrate how fans connect today. Two forms of Henry Jenkins’s participatory culture will be applied to how technology has impacted Beatles fandom: affiliation and expression.
Acting Values in Rock Theatre Songs
Authors: Church Joseph 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the general techniques of acting a song, then turns to the specifics of acting rock songs. The aesthetics of rock-era music and drama and the characters in modern drama are the basis for the guidance of technique. Specific rock character archetypes and emotional content are discussed in terms of their appearance in songs and stories. Crucial to the discussion of creating characters in the theatre are the notions of understanding, ability, conveyance, and rightness, which take on new meaning in a rock context. The chapter concludes with a transcript of the author’s interview with noted rock theatre actor Michael Cerveris.
Singing Rock
Authors: Church Joseph 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the focus is the voice and vocal production. Beginning with a very basic discussion of vocal physiology and the way that sound is produced, the discussion turns to styles of singing and a comparison of “legitimate” and rock vocal production. In rock singing, there are techniques and approaches that differ greatly from traditional means. An examination of them forms much of this chapter, and along with descriptions, exercises are provided to demonstrate and practice these revised performance practices. The importance of text-based and meaning-based singing is stressed throughout, as is the fact that one need not be an accomplished legitimate singer to sing rock. The subject of vocal health and maintenance appears throughout the chapter. There is also a section devoted to the use of vocal microphones on stage. Finally, the vocalisms of various rock singers are analyzed in terms of their usefulness as models for musical theatre performers.
Intimacy
Authors: Qi Xiaoying 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter makes an original contribution to the study of intimacy by showing how third elements unavoidably impact spousal relations. Intimacy between Chinese spouses occurs in the context of an active involvement by third parties in terms of both the permissibility or possibility of intimacy and its complexion. The third element that influences spousal intimacy may take different forms. Three are considered. First, intimacy between a couple is necessarily impacted by family members, through cohabitation or expressive intervention. Second, an extramarital factor impacts the intimacy of spouses differently. Third, an ideological element, typically but not necessarily in the form of religion, may change the dynamics of relations between a couple and the intimacy they share. These third elements may play an ambivalent role, a transformative role, or a supportive role in spousal intimacy.
Measures of Community Well-Being
Authors: VanderWeele Tyler J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A proposal is put forward for a measure of community well-being that can be adapted to numerous specific contexts. The community well-being measure extends beyond simple measures of community satisfaction that are often currently employed. The proposed measure includes items in six domains relevant to community well-being: flourishing individuals, good relationships, proficient leadership, healthy practices, satisfying community, and strong mission. Adaptation of the measure for a variety of contexts is provided so that the proposed approach can be used in nations, cities, neighborhoods, families, workplaces, schools, and religious communities. Discussion covers the complex relationships between individual and community well-being and how measures of community well-being may be useful for tracking and assessment or for reflection purposes, and how it might ultimately be used to improve community well-being.
My Truth or Your Truth?
Authors: Fitzduff Mari 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the nature of beliefs and their relationship to “truth” or “facts.” For many of us, far from our beliefs being “true,” they are actually born out of a particular social context, allied to physiological needs such as a differing neural sensitivity to threats and the greater certainty of belief that a group can provide. Thus beliefs are often what is termed “groupish” rather than necessarily true. The chapter examines why we often rationalize what our gut instincts tell us rather than care too much about fact checking and why and how, once we form our beliefs, we have a tendency to see and find evidence to support them. It also looks at memories (including collective memories), which are also notoriously faulty; that is, our memories often reframe and edit events to create a story that suits what we need to believe today, rather than what is true.
Accultured Norms
Authors: Fitzduff Mari 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the importance of understanding the many cultural differences that exist between different groups and in different contexts around the world. Without a sensitivity to such differences, wars can be lost and positive influences minimized. These differences include the existence of high-context versus low-context societies, differing hierarchical approaches to power and authority, collectivist versus individualist societies, differing emotion expression/recognition, gender differences, differing evidencing of empathy, face preferences, and communication styles. Lack of cultural attunement to these issues can exacerbate misunderstandings and conflicts, unless understood and factored into difficult strategies and dialogues.
The Well-Tempered Spectrometer
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Sir Isaac Newton is the source of our enumeration of the Colors of the Spectrum as seven. It seems that Isaac Newton used a musical scale as an analogy for the spectrum, and we have seven colors to correspond with the seven tones in the scale (exclusive of the final do). But which scale did he use to calculate the characteristic lengths associated with each color (which he would have called the “wavelengths,” had he believed in the wave theory of light)? Technically, there are several possibilities, but the biggest question is whether he opted for a Pythagorean scale, which has discrepancies if carried to several octaves, or a more modern “tempered” scale that is consistent across many octaves.
Brown
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purples and pinks and variations of these colors, which are not part of the spectrum, can be made by combining colors from the blue and the red end of the spectrum. All the other colors – blue, violet, indigo, green, yellow, orange, and red and the transitions between them -- ought to be represented, at some degree of saturation, by the spectrum itself. White, of course, is the combination of all spectal colors, and black is the complete absence of them. But if that’s the case, then where does one find brown on the spectrum? What color is brown? What colors must be combined to produce it?
Deck Prisms and Vault Lights
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Sometime around 1800 sailing ships started using large pieces of glass embedded in the deck to bring much-needed illumination to the “tween decks” region. It was a simple and elegant solution to a common problem. The pieces of glass used were too thick to fracture easily, and they made use of an otherwise unwanted by-product of the glass industry. But why do the reproductions that are now sold in gift stores feature what must have been a rather dangerous downward-protruding sharp point in something that was to be used in the notoriously low-ceilinged lower deck? How did these Deck Prisms develop, and what is their relationship to the similar Vault Lights used in cities around the same time?
Forty-Four Fewer Shades of Gray
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Photographic color test cards having four rows of six squares include a six-square row that has six gradations of gray, including pure white and pure black at the ends. The intervening values are different manifestations of gray, going from lighter to darker. But how are the intervening values selected? What determines how “gray” they are? It turns out that they are not steps of equal change in transmission (or reflection, depending upon the type of chart), nor are they steps of equal change in optical density. The size of the gray “steps” are chosen on a somewhat different scale of values. Who came up with them, and how did they decide which values to use?
Edible Optics
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
What materials can be used to make optical elements – that are transparent and mostly homogeneous -- but which are also edible? Think of this as an exercise in optical engineering with a very odd requirement. Optical designers are often bound by restrictions that require their materials to be transparent in certain regions of the spectrum, or are vacuum-qualified for use in space, or which must function at extreme ntemperatures. This is just a very different requirement. If it seems too outrageous, consider that there can be practical reasons for this requirement. Several edible optical devices have, in fact, already been designed and constructed.
The Best Disinfectant
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
People have known of the effectiveness of sunlight in helping people recover from illness, and early work on bacteria showed that sunlight could indeed kill micro-organisms. The efficacy of sunlight as a germicidal agent was worked into sanitation designs from the turn of the century. Then it was learned that ultraviolet light with wavelengths shorter than those transmitted by the atmosphere were even more effective at killing germs. Recently SODIS—SOlar DISinfection of contaminated water, a very simple process that uses only ordinary sunlight and no shortwave rays—provides a surprisingly effective, low-tech method for killing harmful microorganisms in water. How can this possibly work?
The Claude Lorrain Mirror
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the late 18th century, aesthetes would tour the countryside to view scenes in a device called the Claude Lorrain mirror. The Claude Lorrain mirror was a black convex mirror that was stored in a padded case. Viewers would set up the scene with great care, holding the mirror before them and looking at the scene behind them in reflection, as if arranging the shoot for a photograph. But there was no way that they could subsequently record the scene, since the samera had not yet been invented, and so they only had their memories of the image so carefully created. How did these devices work, and why did people use them?
Trojans under the Influence of Atomism (Epic Winners)
Authors: Gorey Matthew M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines scenes in the Aeneid in which Trojan characters are associated with Lucretian atomic imagery. It argues that atomic imagery is used to portray moments of hesitation, difficulty, and doubt for the poem’s protagonists, when they risk straying from their fated mission to found a new city in Latium. Atomic imagery appears during the sack of Troy in Book 2, during the plague on Crete in Book 3, and in descriptions of Aeneas’ indecision in Books 4, 5, and 8. Atomic imagery serves an important thematic function in these scenes, connecting Aeneas’ confusion to Epicurean cosmology in a way that emphasizes both its randomness and its incompatibility with Rome’s imperial destiny.
Leaks of Classified Information
Authors: Morell Michael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This essay assesses the motivation of leakers, the damage from leaks, and the responsibilities of journalists and the Intelligence Community. The essay argues that leaks generally have nothing to do with government wrongdoing, leakers are rarely motivated by a belief that the public needs to know about government wrongdoing, though leakers often claim to be, and the damage to the security and economy of the country from leaks is tremendous. News organizations should take seriously the potential damage from publication of classified information and should weigh the public good against that potential damage to national security. The Intelligence Community should build relationships with the media based on honesty and trust, so they will be seen as acting in good faith when they ask the media not to publish classified information for security reasons. All leakers should be prosecuted, so there can be an assessment of whether those who claim they acted for the public good actually did so.
Forcing the Better Argument
Authors: Pineda Erin R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter details the outward-facing dynamics of civil disobedience by examining the tactics employed in the 1963 Birmingham Campaign. Though Birmingham is often memorialized as the pinnacle of nonviolent and properly civil disobedience in the United States, the tactics that the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) deployed there trouble the easy distinction between persuasion and coercion, nonviolence and force. Activists in Birmingham described and defended their actions as crisis-generating—what this chapter calls the tactics of disruption and the tactics of disclosure. In a society shaped by white supremacy, black activists knew that they would have to arrest the attention of white citizens—disrupt everyday routines, violate norms of comportment, and involve spectators in a dramatic conflict—in order to create the space for persuasion to do its work. They had to force the better argument.
The Wretched Atom
Authors: Hamblin Jacob Darwin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
After the Second World War, the United States offered a new kind of atom that differed from the bombs that destroyed Hiroshima and Nagasaki. This atom would cure diseases, produce new foods, make deserts bloom, and provide abundant energy for all. It was an atom destined for the formerly colonized, recently occupied, and mostly non-white parts of the world that were dubbed the “wretched of the earth” by Frantz Fanon. The “peaceful atom” had so much propaganda potential that President Dwight Eisenhower used it to distract the world from his plan to test even bigger thermonuclear weapons. His scientists said the peaceful atom would quicken the pulse of nature, speeding nations along the path of economic development and helping them to escape the clutches of disease, famine, and energy shortfalls. That promise became one of the most misunderstood political weapons of the twentieth century. It was adopted by every subsequent US president to exert leverage over other nations’ weapons programs, to corner world markets of uranium and thorium, and to secure petroleum supplies. Other countries embraced it, building reactors and training experts. Atomic promises were embedded in Japan’s postwar recovery, Ghana’s pan-Africanism, Israel’s quest for survival, Pakistan’s brinksmanship with India, and Iran’s pursuit of nuclear independence. As The Wretched Atom shows, promoting civilian atomic energy was an immense gamble, and it was never truly peaceful. American promises ended up exporting violence and peace in equal measure. While the United States promised peace and plenty, it planted the seeds of dependency and set in motion the creation of today’s expanded nuclear club.
Introduction
Authors: Lauve-Moon Katie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with a narrative of gathering at the Nevertheless, She Preached conference. It offers a more personal connection to those experiencing gendered hurdles associated with the stained-glass ceiling, introduces the research setting, and presents the research questions. It also introduces the notion of sexism without sexists and connects this phenomenon to sexist patterns within progressive religious congregations as well as broader society. The chapter presents current national statistics demonstrating women pastors’ underrepresentation in other predominantly Christian denominations as well as the Cooperative Baptist Fellowship specifically, surveys existing research on the stained-glass ceiling, and identifies the gaps in the literature. Finally, this introductory chapter provides a historical overview of the theoretical framework of gender structure. Given that this book is intended for those studying gender as well as religious professionals and churchgoers, time is allowed for dismantling gender essentialism and explaining the concepts of gender, gendered organizations, and gender structure. Additionally, the introduction provides a description of the methodology and the congregations included in the study and concludes with chapter summaries.
The Body
Authors: Lauve-Moon Katie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 illustrates how congregants’ perceptions of women’s bodies prove incongruent with their preferred conceptions of authority and leadership. It then draws on interview data to show how women pastors are simultaneously expected to conceal and accentuate their femininity, are sexualized by male congregants as they engage in leadership tasks, and face organizational expectations about their weight and appearance that are often contradictory. Moreover, this chapter demonstrates how gendered congregational perceptions related to the body create impossible and additional expectations for women pastors that are not applied in the evaluation of male pastors’ performances. Finally, this chapter highlights how women maneuver through these organizational barriers in ways that are perhaps necessary to succeed but ultimately reinforce the inequitable gender structure of these congregations.