bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On local and integrated stress-tensor commutators
Authors: Besken Mert , de Boer Jan , Mathys Grégoire 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We discuss some general aspects of commutators of local operators in Lorentzian CFTs, which can be obtained from a suitable analytic continuation of the Euclidean operator product expansion (OPE). Commutators only make sense as distributions, and care has to be taken to extract the right distribution from the OPE. We provide explicit computations in two and four-dimensional CFTs, focusing mainly on commutators of components of the stress-tensor. We rederive several familiar results, such as the canonical commutation relations of free field theory, the local form of the Poincaré algebra, and the Virasoro algebra of two-dimensional CFT. We then consider commutators of light-ray operators built from the stress-tensor. Using simplifying features of the light sheet limit in four-dimensional CFT we provide a direct computation of the BMS algebra formed by a specific set of light-ray operators in theories with no light scalar conformal primaries. In four-dimensional CFT we define a new infinite set of light-ray operators constructed from the stress-tensor, which all have well-defined matrix elements. These are a direct generalization of the two-dimensional Virasoro light-ray operators that are obtained from a conformal embedding of Minkowski space in the Lorentzian cylinder. They obey Hermiticity conditions similar to their two-dimensional analogues, and also share the property that a semi-infinite subset annihilates the vacuum.
Sawyer-type inequalities for Lorentz spaces
Authors: Pérez Carlos , Roure-Perdices Eduard 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Hardy-Littlewood maximal operator M satisfies the classical Sawyer-type estimate $$\begin{aligned} \left\| \frac{Mf}{v}\right\| _{L^{1,\infty }(uv)} \le C_{u,v} \Vert f \Vert _{L^{1}(u)}, \end{aligned}$$

Mf

v

L

1
,
∞

(
u
v
)

≤

C

u
,
v

‖
f
‖

L
1

(
u
)

,

where $$u\in A_1$$

u
∈

A
1

and $$uv\in A_{\infty }$$

u
v
∈

A
∞

. We prove a novel extension of this result to the general restricted weak type case. That is, for $$p>1$$

p
>
1

, $$u\in A_p^{{\mathcal {R}}}$$

u
∈

A
p
R

, and $$uv^p \in A_\infty $$

u

v
p

∈

A
∞

, $$\begin{aligned} \left\| \frac{Mf}{v}\right\| _{L^{p,\infty }(uv^p)} \le C_{u,v} \Vert f \Vert _{L^{p,1}(u)}. \end{aligned}$$

Mf

v

L

p
,
∞

(
u

v
p

)

≤

C

u
,
v

‖
f
‖

L

p
,
1

(
u
)

.

From these estimates, we deduce new weighted restricted weak type bounds and Sawyer-type inequalities for the m-fold product of Hardy-Littlewood maximal operators. We also present an innovative technique that allows us to transfer such estimates to a large class of multi-variable operators, including m-linear Calderón-Zygmund operators, avoiding the $$A_\infty $$

A
∞

extrapolation theorem and producing many estimates that have not appeared in the literature before. In particular, we obtain a new characterization of $$A_p^{{\mathcal {R}}}$$

A
p
R

. Furthermore, we introduce the class of weights that characterizes the restricted weak type bounds for the multi(sub)linear maximal operator $${\mathcal {M}}$$
M
, denoted by $$A_{\mathbf {P}}^{{\mathcal {R}}}$$

A

P

R

, establish analogous bounds for sparse operators and m-linear Calderón-Zygmund operators, and study the corresponding multi-variable Sawyer-type inequalities for such operators and weights. Our results combine mixed restricted weak type norm inequalities, $$A_p^{{\mathcal {R}}}$$

A
p
R

and $$A_{\mathbf {P}}^{{\mathcal {R}}}$$

A

P

R

weights, and Lorentz spaces.
Development and certification of a reference material for zearalenone in maize germ oil
Authors: Riedel Juliane , Recknagel Sebastian , Sassenroth Diana , Mauch Tatjana , Buttler Sabine , Sommerfeld Thomas , Penk Sibylle , Koch Matthias 
Published: July 2021

AbstractZearalenone (ZEN), an estrogenic mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium fungi, is a common contaminant of cereal-based food worldwide. Due to frequent occurrences associated with high levels of ZEN, maize oil is a particular source of exposure. Although a European maximum level for ZEN in maize oil exists according to Commission Regulation (EC) No. 1126/2007 along with a newly developed international standard method for analysis, certified reference materials (CRM) are still not available. To overcome this lack, the first CRM for the determination of ZEN in contaminated maize germ oil (ERM®-BC715) was developed in the frame of a European Reference Materials (ERM®) project according to the requirements of ISO Guide 35. The whole process of CRM development including preparation, homogeneity and stability studies, and value assignment is presented. The assignment of the certified mass fraction was based upon an in-house study using high-performance liquid chromatography isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry. Simultaneously, to support the in-house certification study, an interlaboratory comparison study was conducted with 13 expert laboratories using different analytical methods. The certified mass fraction and expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of ERM®-BC715 (362 ± 22) μg kg−1 ZEN are traceable to the SI. This reference material is intended for analytical quality control and contributes to the improvement of consumer protection and food safety.
Graphical abstract
Molecular Evolution of Tooth-Related Genes Provides New Insights into Dietary Adaptations of Mammals
Authors: Mu Yuan , Tian Ran , Xiao Linlin , Sun Di , Zhang Zepeng , Xu Shixia , Yang Guang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMammals have evolved different tooth phenotypes that are hypothesized to be associated with feeding habits. However, the genetic basis for the linkage has not been well explored. In this study, we investigated 13 tooth-related genes, including seven enamel-related genes (AMELX,AMBN,ENAM,AMTN,ODAM,KLK4andMMP20) and six dentin-related genes (DSPP,COL1A1,DMP1,IBSP,MEPEandSPP1), from 63 mammals to determine their evolutionary history. Our results showed that different evolutionary histories have evolved among divergent feeding habits in mammals. There was stronger positive selection for eight genes (ENAM,AMTN,ODAM,KLK4,DSPP,DMP1,COL1A1,MEPE) in herbivore lineages. In addition,AMELX,AMBN,ENAM,AMTN,MMP20andCOL1A1underwent accelerated evolution in herbivores. While relatively strong positive selection was detected inIBSP,SPP1, andDSPP, accelerated evolution was only detected forMEPEandSPP1genes among the carnivorous lineages. We found positive selection onAMBNandENAMgenes for omnivorous primates in the catarrhini clade. Interestingly, a significantly positive association between the evolutionary rate ofENAM,ODAM,KLK4,MMP20and the average enamel thickness was found in primates. Additionally, we found molecular convergence in some amino acid sites of tooth-related genes among the lineages whose feeding habit are similar. The positive selection of related genes might promote the formation and bio-mineralization of tooth enamel and dentin, which would make the tooth structure stronger. Our results revealed that mammalian tooth-related genes have experienced variable evolutionary histories, which provide some new insights into the molecular basis of dietary adaptation in mammals.
Presentation of dizziness in individuals with chronic otitis media: data from the multinational collaborative COMQ-12 study
Authors: Tailor Bhavesh V. , Phillips John S. , Nunney Ian , Yung Matthew W. , Doruk Can , Kara Hakan , Kong Taehoon , Quaranta Nicola , Peñaranda Augusto , Bernardeschi Daniele , Dai Chunfu , Kania Romain , Denoyelle Françoise , Tono Tetsuya 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeIn chronic otitis media (COM), disease chronicity and severity of middle ear inflammation may influence the development of inner ear deficits, increasing the risk of vestibular impairment. This secondary analysis of the multinational collaborative Chronic Otitis Media Questionnaire-12 (COMQ-12) dataset sought to determine the prevalence of vestibular symptoms in patients with COM and identify associated disease-related characteristics.MethodsAdult patients with a diagnosis of COM in outpatient settings at nine otology referral centers across eight countries were included. We investigated the presence of vestibular symptoms (dizziness and/or disequilibrium) using participant responses to item 6 of a native version of the COMQ-12. Audiometric data and otoscopic assessment were also recorded.ResultsThis analysis included 477 participants suffering from COM, with 56.2% (n = 268) reporting at least mild inconvenience related to dizziness or disequilibrium. There was a significant association between air conduction thresholds in the worse hearing ear and presence of dizziness [adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 1.01; 95% CI 1.00–1.02;p = 0.0177]. Study participants in European countries (AOR 1.53; 95% CI 1.03–2.28;p = 0.0344) and Colombia (AOR 2.48; 95% CI 1.25–4.92;p = 0.0096) were more likely to report dizziness than participants in Asian countries. However, ear discharge and cholesteatoma showed no association with dizziness in the adjusted analyses.ConclusionVestibular symptoms contribute to burden of disease in patients with COM and associates with hearing disability in the worse hearing ear. Geographical variation in presentation of dizziness may reflect financial barriers to treatment or cultural differences in how patients reflect on their health state.
Real-time cognitive performance and positive symptom expression in schizophrenia
Authors: Dupuy Maud , Abdallah Majd , Swendsen Joel , N’Kaoua Bernard , Chanraud Sandra , Schweitzer Pierre , Fatseas Melina , Serre Fuschia , Barse Elodie , Auriacombe Marc , Misdrahi David 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDeficits in cognitive functions are frequent in schizophrenia and are often conceptualized as stable characteristics of this disorder. However, cognitive capacities may fluctuate over the course of a day and it is unknown if such variation may be linked to the dynamic expression of psychotic symptoms. This investigation used Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to provide mobile tests of cognitive functions and positive symptoms in real time. Thirty-three individuals with schizophrenia completed five EMA assessments per day for a one-week period that included real-time assessments of cognitive performance and psychotic symptoms. A subsample of patients and 31 healthy controls also completed a functional MRI examination. Relative to each individual’s average score, moments of worsened cognitive performance on the mobile tests were associated with an increased probability of positive symptom occurrence over subsequent hours of the day (coef = 0.06, p < 0.05), adjusting for the presence of psychotic symptoms at the moment of mobile test administration. These prospective associations varied as a function of graph theory indices in MRI analyses. These findings demonstrate that cognitive performance is prospectively linked to psychotic symptom expression in daily life, and that underlying brain markers may be observed in the Executive Control Network. While the potential causal nature of this association remains to be investigated, our results offer promising prospects for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms of symptom expression in schizophrenia.
On the effect of the inlet configuration for anaerobic digester mixing
Authors: Dabiri Soroush , Sappl Johannes , Kumar Prashant , Meister Michael , Rauch Wolfgang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSludge recirculation mixing in anaerobic digesters is essential for the stable operation of the digestion process. While often neglected, the configuration of the sludge inlet has a substantial influence on the efficiency of the mixing process. The fluid is either injected directly into the enclosed fluid domain or splashes onto the free surface of the slurry flow. In this paper, the aim was to investigate the effect of the inlet configuration by means of computational fluid dynamics—using ANSYS Fluent. Single-phase and multi-phase models are applied for a submerged and splashing inlet, respectively. To reduce the high computational demand, we also develop surrogate single-phase models for the splashing inlet. The digester mixing is analyzed by comparing velocity contours, velocity profiles, mixing time and dead volume. The non-Newtonian characteristics of the sludge is considered, and a $$k-\varepsilon $$

k
-
ε

model is employed for obtaining turbulence closure. Our method is validated by means of a previous study on the same geometry. Applying a submerged inlet configuration, the resulting dead volume in the tank is estimated around 80 times lower than for the case of a splashing inlet. Additionally, by emulating the multi-phase model for splashing inlet configurations with a single-phase one, the simulation clock time reduced to 15%.
Using human pose information for handgun detection
Authors: Velasco-Mata Alberto , Ruiz-Santaquiteria Jesus , Vallez Noelia , Deniz Oscar 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFast automatic handgun detection can be very useful to avoid or mitigate risks in public spaces. Detectors based on deep learning methods have been proposed in the literature to trigger an alarm if a handgun is detected in the image. However, those detectors are solely based on the weapon appearance on the image. In this work, we propose to combine the detector with the individual’s pose information in order to improve overall performance. To this end, a model that integrates grayscale images from the output of the handgun detector and heatmap-like images that represent pose is proposed. The results show an improvement over the original handgun detector. The proposed network provides a maximum improvement of a 17.5% in AP of the proposed combinational model over the baseline handgun detector.
Work absenteeism and disability associated with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis in the USA—a retrospective study of claims data from 2009 TO 2020
Authors: Orbai A. M. , Reddy S. M. , Dennis N. , Villacorta R. , Peterson S. , Mesana L. , Chakravarty S. D. , Lin I. , Karyekar C. S. , Wang Y. , Pacou M. , Walsh J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objectives
To compare work absenteeism and short-term disability among adults with psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis (PsA), versus controls in the USA.

Methods
Adults eligible for work absenteeism and/or short-term disability benefits between 1/1/2009 and 4/30/2020 were screened in the IBM® MarketScan® Commercial and Health and Productivity Management Databases. The following groups were defined: (1) psoriasis: ≥ 2 psoriasis diagnoses ≥ 30 days apart and no PsA diagnoses; (2) PsA: ≥ 2 PsA diagnoses ≥ 30 days apart; (3) control: absence of psoriasis and PsA diagnoses. Controls were matched to psoriasis and PsA patients based on age, gender, index year, and comorbidities. Non-recreational work absences and sick leaves were evaluated in absentee-eligible patients, and short-term disability was evaluated in short-term disability-eligible patients. Costs (in 2019 USD) associated with each type of work absence were evaluated.

Results
4261 psoriasis and 616 PsA absentee-eligible and 25,213 psoriasis and 3480 PsA short-term disability-eligible patients were matched to controls. Average non-recreational work absence costs were $1681, $1657, and $1217 for the PsA, psoriasis, and control group, respectively. Compared with psoriasis patients and controls, more PsA patients had sick leaves after 1 year (56.2% versus 55.6% and 41.5%, p < 0.0001). Similarly, short-term disability was more frequent in PsA patients than psoriasis patients and controls at year one (8.8% versus 5.6% and 4.7%, p < 0.0001) and corresponding costs were higher ($605, $406, and $335 on average, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion
Annual work absenteeism and short-term disability were consistently greater among patients with PsA and psoriasis than controls, highlighting the substantial economic burden of psoriatic disease.

Key points• Patients with PsA had greater short-term disability compared with patients with psoriasis and patients with neither psoriasis nor PsA.• Patients with PsA and patients with psoriasis incurred greater non-recreational work absences and sick leaves than patients with neither psoriasis nor PsA.
Prognostic value of programmed death-ligand 1 status in Japanese patients with renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Uemura Motohide , Nakaigawa Noboru , Sassa Naoto , Tatsugami Katsunori , Harada Kenichi , Yamasaki Toshinari , Matsubara Nobuaki , Yoshimoto Takuya , Nakagawa Yuki , Fukuyama Tamaki , Oya Mototsugu , Shinohara Nobuo , Uemura Hirotsugu , Tsuzuki Toyonori 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) positivity is associated with poor prognosis in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Because the prognostic impact and effect of confounding factors are less known, we investigated the prognostic significance of PD-L1 expression in Japanese patients with recurrent/metastatic RCC who started systemic therapy in 2010–2015.

Methods
This multicenter, retrospective study recruited patients from 29 Japanese study sites who had prior systemic therapy for RCC (November 2018 to April 2019) and stored formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded primary lesion samples. The primary outcome was overall survival (OS) by PD-L1 expression. Secondary outcomes included OS in subgroups and duration of first- and second-line therapies by PD-L1 expression. OS distributions were estimated using Kaplan–Meier methodology.

Results
PD-L1 expression (on immune cells [IC] ≥ 1%) was observed in 315/770 (40.9%) patients. PD-L1 positivity was more prevalent in patients with poor risk per both Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center [MSKCC] and International Metastatic RCC Database Consortium, and high-risk pathological features (higher clinical stage, nuclear grade and sarcomatoid features). Median OS for PD-L1–positive patients was 30.9 months (95% CI 25.5–35.7) versus 37.5 months (95% CI 34.0–42.6) for PD-L1–negative patients (HR 1.04 [90% CI 0.89–1.22, p = 0.65]; stratified by MSKCC risk and liver metastases). Propensity score weight (PSW)-adjusted OS was similar between PD-L1–positive and –negative patients (median 34.4 versus 31.5 months; estimated PSW-adjusted HR 0.986).

Conclusions
This study suggests PD-L1 status was not an independent prognostic factor in recurrent/metastatic RCC during the study period because PD-L1 positivity was associated with poor prognostic factors, especially MSKCC risk status.
Increased gene expression variability in BRCA1-associated and basal-like breast tumours
Authors: Wiggins George A. R. , Black Michael A. , Dunbier Anita , Morley-Bunker Arthur E. ,   kConFab Investigators, Pearson John F. , Walker Logan C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Inherited variants in the cancer susceptibility genes, BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for up to 5% of breast cancers. Multiple gene expression studies have analysed gene expression patterns that maybe associated with BRCA12 pathogenic variant status; however, results from these studies lack consensus. These studies have focused on the differences in population means to identified genes associated with BRCA1/2-carriers with little consideration for gene expression variability, which is also under genetic control and is a feature of cellular function.

Methods
We measured differential gene expression variability in three of the largest familial breast cancer datasets and a 2116 breast cancer meta-cohort. Additionally, we used RNA in situ hybridisation to confirm expression variability of EN1 in an independent cohort of more than 500 breast tumours.

Results
BRCA1-associated breast tumours exhibited a 22.8% (95% CI 22.3–23.2) increase in transcriptome-wide gene expression variability compared to BRCAx tumours. Additionally, 40 genes were associated with BRCA1-related breast cancers that had ChIP-seq data suggestive of enriched EZH2 binding. Of these, two genes (EN1 and IGF2BP3) were significantly variable in both BRCA1-associated and basal-like breast tumours. RNA in situ analysis of EN1 supported a significant (p = 6.3 × 10−04) increase in expression variability in BRCA1-associated breast tumours.

Conclusion
Our novel results describe a state of increased gene expression variability in BRCA1-related and basal-like breast tumours. Furthermore, genes with increased variability may be driven by changes in DNA occupancy of epigenetic effectors. The variation in gene expression is replicable and led to the identification of novel associations between genes and disease phenotypes.
Is it ‘cancer prevention’ or ‘risk reduction’? #Wordsmatter
Authors: Walker Desiree A. H. , Terry Mary Beth 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this commentary, we examine whether we should reconsider the widespread use of the words ‘cancer prevention’ and replace them with the words ‘cancer risk reduction’. Our recommendation is because ‘risk reduction’ more accurately reflects what we know from cancer research, but more importantly recognizes the confusion and potential harm to patients from the inaccurate use of the words ‘cancer prevention’.
Exposure radius of a local coal mine in an Arctic coastal system; correlation between PAHs and mercury as a marker for a local mercury source
Authors: Steenhuisen Frits , van den Heuvel-Greve Martine 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMercury in the Arctic originates from emissions and releases at lower latitudes and, to a lesser extent, from local and regional sources. The relationship between mercury (Hg) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment can be applied as an indicator of the mercury source. This research examines the Hg contamination gradient from a land-based coal mine to the surrounding coastal environment to quantify the impact of local sources. Total mercury and PAH (Σ14PAH) were measured in terrestrial and marine sediments as well as in marine biota. Samples were collected at the mine and two reference sites. Mercury and Σ14PAH concentrations in samples collected at the mine site were significantly higher than those at the reference sites. This was also found in the biota samples, although less pronounced. This work addresses the complexities of interpreting data concerning very low contaminant levels in a relatively pristine environment. A clear correlation between PAH and Hg concentration in sediment was found, although a large number of samples had levels below detection limits. PAH profiles, hierarchical clustering, and molecular diagnostic ratios provided further insight into the origin of PAHs and Hg, showing that signatures in sediments from the nearest reference site were more similar to the mine, which was not the case for the other reference site. The observed exposure radius from the mine was small and diluted from land to water to marine biota. Due to low contamination levels and variable PAH profiles, marine biota was less suitable for tracing the exposure radius for this local land-based Hg source. With an expected increase in mobility and availability of contaminants in the warming Arctic, changes in input of PAHs and Hg from land-based sources to the marine system need close monitoring.
Graphical abstract
Can Machine Learning Provide Understanding? How Cosmologists Use Machine Learning to Understand Observations of the Universe
Authors: Meskhidze Helen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe increasing precision of observations of the large-scale structure of the universe has created a problem for simulators: running the simulations necessary to interpret these observations has become impractical. Simulators have thus turned to machine learning (ML) algorithms instead. Though ML decreases computational expense, one might be worried about the use of ML for scientific investigations: How can algorithms that have repeatedly been described as black-boxes deliver scientific understanding? In this paper, I investigate how cosmologists employ ML, arguing that in this context, ML algorithms should not be considered black-boxes and can deliver genuine scientific understanding. Accordingly, understanding the methodological role of ML algorithms is crucial to understanding the types of questions they are capable of, and ought to be responsible for, answering.