bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remote Sensing Technologies for Assessing Climate-Smart Criteria in Mountain Forests
Authors: Torresan Chiara , Luyssaert Sebastiaan , Filippa Gianluca , Imangholiloo Mohammad , Gaulton Rachel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMonitoring forest responses to climate-smart forestry (CSF) is necessary to determine whether forest management is on track to contribute to the reduction and/or removal of greenhouse gas emissions and the development of resilient mountain forests. A set of indicators to assess “the smartness” of forests has been previously identified by combining indicators for sustainable forest management with the ecosystem services. Here, we discuss the remote sensing technologies suitable to assess those indicators grouped in forest resources, health and vitality, productivity, biological diversity, and protective functions criteria. Forest cover, growing stock, abiotic, biotic, and human-induced forest damage, and tree composition indicators can be readily assessed by using established remote sensing techniques. The emerging areas of phenotyping will help track genetic resource indicators. No single existing sensor or platform is sufficient on its own to assess all the individual CSF indicators, due to the need to balance fine-scale monitoring and satisfactory coverage at broad scales. The challenge of being successful in assessing the largest number and type of indicators (e.g., soil conditions) is likely to be best tackled through multimode and multifunctional sensors, increasingly coupled with new computational and analytical approaches, such as cloud computing, machine learning, and deep learning.
Economic and Social Perspective of Climate-Smart Forestry: Incentives for Behavioral Change to Climate-Smart Practices in the Long Term
Authors: Gežík Veronika , Brnkaľáková Stanislava , Baštáková Viera , Kluvánková Tatiana 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this volume, the concept of climate-smart forestry (CSF) has been introduced as adaptive forest management and governance to address climate change, fostering resilience and sustainable ecosystem service provision. Adaptive forest management and governance are seen as vital ways to mitigate the present and future impact of climate change on forest. Following this trajectory, we determine the ecosystem services approach as a potential adaptive tool to contribute to CSF. Ecosystem services as public or common goods face the traditional social dilemma of individual versus collective interests, which often generate conflicts, overuse, and resource depletion. This chapter focuses on the ecosystem servicegovernance approach, especially on incentive tools for behavioral change to CSF in the long term, which is a basic precondition for the sustainability of ecosystem integrity and functions, as well as ensuring the continuous delivery of ecosystem goods and services, as per the CSF definition. Payments for ecosystem services (PES) are seen as innovative economic instruments when adding a social dimension by involving local communities and their values to ensure the long-term resilience and adaptation of forest ecosystems to climate change. We argue that tackling climate changeadaptation requires the behavioral change of ecosystem service providers to a collaborative and integrated PES approach, as also emphasized by the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of the Agenda 2030.
Assessing the Economic Impacts of Climate Change on Mountain Forests: A Literature Review
Authors: Bottaro Giorgia , Gatto Paola , Pettenella Davide 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe effects of climate change are increasingly more visible on natural ecosystems. Being mountain forest ecosystems among the most vulnerable and the most affected, they appear to be, at the same time, the most suitable for the assessment of climate change effects on ecosystem services. Assuming this, we review the literature on the economic assessment of climate change impacts on European mountain forests. Initially, the trends in the provision of mountain forest ecosystem services are discussed. We, then, considered the effects on forest structure and tree physiology, these two being strictly associated with the capability of the ecosystem to provide ecosystem services. The results have been grouped into a table that displays the trend, the quality and the quantity of the information found. Subsequently, the main methods that can be employed to assess the economic value of the different ecosystem services have been described. For each method, some implementation examples have been introduced to better understand its functioning. Concluding, the main gaps still existing in literature concerning the effects of climate change on ecosystem services provided by mountain forests have been highlighted. Finally, some more considerations about the existing methods for the economic valuation of ecosystem services have been done.
Review of Policy Instruments for Climate-Smart Mountain Forestry
Authors: Dubova Lenka , Slavikova Lenka , Azevedo João C. , Barstad Johan , Gatto Paola , Lesinski Jerzy , Pettenella Davide , Stokken Roar 
Published: November 2021

AbstractImplementing the Climate-Smart Forestry (CSF) concept into practice requires interaction among key stakeholders, especially forest owners and managers, policymakers (or regulators in general), forest consultants, and forest users. But what could be the most effective policy instruments to achieve climate smartness in mountain forests? Which ones would be the most acceptable for forest owners? And for the local forest communities? Should they be designed and implemented with the use of participatory approaches or rather on a top-down basis? This chapter summarizes key policy instruments structured in three subsequent categories: command-and-control, voluntary market-based instruments, and community cooperation. It provides examples of their functioning in the forestry sector and discusses their suitability for the implementation of climate smart forestry. It appears that there are many policy instruments used with varying degrees of success such as forest concessions or voluntary certification schemes. A wide range of instruments are responding to direct regulation; this has been seen as insufficient to deal with natural hazards and calamities.
The Role of Forests in Climate Change Mitigation: The EU Context
Authors: Vizzarri Matteo , Pilli Roberto , Korosuo Anu , Frate Ludovico , Grassi Giacomo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe European Union (EU) aims at reaching carbon neutrality by 2050. Within the land use, land-use change, and forestry (LULUCF) sector, forestry will contribute to this target with CO2 sink, harvested wood products (HWP), and use of wood for material or energy substitution. Despite the fact that the forest sink currently offsets about 9% of the total EU GHG emissions, evaluating its future mitigation potential is challenging because of the complex interactions between human and natural impacts on forest growth and carbon accumulation. The Regulation (EU) 2018/841 has improved robustness, accuracy, and credibility of the accounting of GHG emissions and removals in the LULUCF sector. For the forest sector, the accounting is based on the Forest Reference Level (FRL), i.e., a projected country-specific value of GHG emissions and removals against which the actual GHG emissions and removals will be compared. The resulting difference will count toward the EU GHG target for the period 2021–2030. Here, we provide an overview of the contribution of forests and HWP to the EU carbon sink for the period 2021–2025 (proposed FRLs) and focus on the contribution of mountain forests to the EU carbon sink, through exploring co-benefits and adverse side effects between climate regulation and other ecosystem services.
Smartforests Canada: A Network of Monitoring Plots for Forest Management Under Environmental Change
Authors: Pappas Christoforos , Bélanger Nicolas , Bergeron Yves , Blarquez Olivier , Chen Han Y. H. , Comeau Philip G. , De Grandpré Louis , Delagrange Sylvain , DesRochers Annie , Diochon Amanda , D’Orangeville Loïc , Drapeau Pierre , Duchesne Louis , Filotas Elise , Gennaretti Fabio , Houle Daniel , Lafleur Benoit , Langor David , Lebel Desrosiers Simon , Lorenzetti Francois , Man Rongzhou , Messier Christian , Girona Miguel Montoro , Nock Charles , Thomas Barb R. , Work Timothy , Kneeshaw Daniel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMonitoring of forest response to gradual environmental changes or abrupt disturbances provides insights into how forested ecosystems operate and allows for quantification of forest health. In this chapter, we provide an overview ofSmartforestsCanada, a national-scale research network consisting of regional investigators who support a wealth of existing and new monitoring sites. The objectives ofSmartforestsare threefold: (1) establish and coordinate a network of high-precision monitoring plots across a 4400 km gradient of environmental and forest conditions, (2) synthesize the collected multivariate observations to examine the effects of global changes on complex above- and belowground forest dynamics and resilience, and (3) analyze the collected data to guide the development of the next-generation forest growth models and inform policy-makers on best forest management and adaptation strategies. We present the methodological framework implemented inSmartforeststo fulfill the aforementioned objectives. We then use an example from a temperate hardwoodSmartforestssite in Quebec to illustrate our approach for climate-smart forestry. We conclude by discussing how information from theSmartforestsnetwork can be integrated with existing data streams, from within Canada and abroad, guiding forest management and the development of climate change adaptation strategies.
Defining Climate-Smart Forestry
Authors: Weatherall Andrew , Nabuurs Gert-Jan , Velikova Violeta , Santopuoli Giovanni , Neroj Bożydar , Bowditch Euan , Temperli Christian , Binder Franz , Ditmarová L’ubica , Jamnická Gabriela , Lesinski Jerzy , Porta Nicola La , Pach Maciej , Panzacchi Pietro , Sarginci Murat , Serengil Yusuf , Tognetti Roberto 
Published: November 2021

AbstractClimate-Smart Forestry (CSF) is a developing concept to help policymakers and practitioners develop focused forestry governance and management to adapt to and mitigate climate change. Within the EU COST Action CA15226, CLIMO (Climate-Smart Forestry in Mountain Regions), a CSF definition was developed considering three main pillars: (1) adaptation to climate change, (2) mitigation of climate change, and (3) the social dimension. Climate mitigation occurs through carbon (C) sequestration by trees, C storage in vegetation and soils, and C substitution by wood. However, present and future climate mitigation depends on the adaptation of trees, woods, and forests to adapt to climate change, which is also driven by societal change.Criteria and Indicators (C & I) can be used to assess the climate smartness of forestry in different conditions, and over time. A suite of C & I that quantify the climate smartness of forestry practices has been developed by experts as guidelines for CSF. This chapter charts the development of this definition, presents initial feedback from forest managers across Europe, and discusses other gaps and uncertainties, as well as potential future perspectives for the further evolution of this concept.
Assessment of Indicators for Climate Smart Management in Mountain Forests
Authors: del Río M. , Pretzsch H. , Bončina A. , Avdagić A. , Bielak K. , Binder F. , Coll L. , Hilmers T. , Höhn M. , Kašanin-Grubin M. , Klopčič M. , Neroj B. , Pfatrisch M. , Stajić B. , Stimm K. , Uhl E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis chapter addresses the concepts and methods to assess quantitative indicators of Climate-Smart Forestry (CSF) at stand and management unit levels. First, the basic concepts for developing a framework for assessing CSF were reviewed. The suitable properties of indicators and methods for normalization, weighting, and aggregation were summarized. The proposed conceptual approach considers the CSF assessment as an adaptive learning process, which integrates scientific knowledge and participatory approaches. Then, climate smart indicators were applied on long-term experimental plots to assess CSF of spruce-fir-beech mixed mountain forest. Redundancy and trade-offs between indicators, as well as their sensitivity to management regimes, were analyzed with the aim of improving the practicability of indicators. At the management unit level, the roles of indicators in the different phases of forest management planning were reviewed. A set of 56 indicators were used to assess their importance for management planning in four European countries. The results indicated that the most relevant indicators differed from the set of Pan-European indicators of sustainable forest management. Finally, we discussed results obtained and future challenges, including the following: (i) how to strengthen indicator selections and CSF assessment at stand level, (ii) the potential integration of CSF indicators into silvicultural guidelines, and (iii) the main challenges for integrating indicators into climate-smart forest planning.
Smart Harvest Operations and Timber Processing for Improved Forest Management
Authors: Picchi G. , Sandak J. , Grigolato S. , Panzacchi P. , Tognetti R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractClimate-smart forestry can be regarded as the evolution of traditional silviculture. As such, it must rely on smart harvesting equipment and techniques for a reliable and effective application. The introduction of sensors and digital information technologies in forest inventories, operation planning, and work execution enables the achievement of the desired results and provides a range of additional opportunities and data. The latter may help to better understand the results of management options on forest health, timber quality, and many other applications. The introduction of intelligent forest machines may multiply the beneficial effect of digital data gathered for forest monitoring and management, resulting in forest harvesting operations being more sustainable in terms of costs and environment. The interaction can be pushed even further by including the timber processing industry, which assesses physical and chemical characteristics of wood with sensors to optimize the transformation process. With the support of an item-level traceability system, the same data could provide a formidable contribution to CSF. The “memory” of wood could support scientists to understand the response of trees to climate-induced stresses and to design accordingly an adaptive silviculture, contributing to forest resilience in the face of future changes due to human-induced climate alteration.
Global Schauder Estimates for the $$\mathbf {p}$$-Laplace System
Authors: Breit D. , Cianchi A. , Diening L. , Schwarzacher S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn optimal first-order global regularity theory, in spaces of functions defined in terms of oscillations, is established for solutions to Dirichlet problems for thep-Laplace equation and system, with the right-hand side in divergence form. The exact mutual dependence among the regularity of the solution, of the datum on the right-hand side, and of the boundary of the domain in these spaces is exhibited. A comprehensive formulation of our results is given in terms of Campanato seminorms. New regularity results in customary function spaces, such as Hölder,$$\text {BMO}$$BMOand$${{\,\mathrm{VMO}\,}}$$VMOspaces, follow as a consequence. Importantly, the conclusions are new even in the linear case when$$p=2$$p=2, and hence the differential operator is the plain Laplacian. Yet in this classical linear setting, our contribution completes and augments the celebrated Schauder theory in Hölder spaces. A distinctive trait of our results is their sharpness, which is demonstrated by a family of apropos examples.
Diophantine approximation as Cosmic Censor for Kerr–AdS black holes
Authors: Kehle Christoph 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to show an unexpected connection between Diophantine approximation and the behavior of waves on black hole interiors with negative cosmological constant $$\Lambda <0$$

Λ
<
0

and explore the consequences of this for the Strong Cosmic Censorship conjecture in general relativity. We study linear scalar perturbations $$\psi $$
ψ
of Kerr–AdS solving $$\Box _g\psi -\frac{2}{3}\Lambda \psi =0$$

□
g

ψ
-

2
3

Λ
ψ
=
0

with reflecting boundary conditions imposed at infinity. Understanding the behavior of $$\psi $$
ψ
at the Cauchy horizon corresponds to a linear analog of the problem of Strong Cosmic Censorship. Our main result shows that if the dimensionless black hole parameters mass $${\mathfrak {m}} = M \sqrt{-\Lambda }$$

m
=
M

-
Λ

and angular momentum $${\mathfrak {a}} = a \sqrt{-\Lambda }$$

a
=
a

-
Λ

satisfy a certain non-Diophantine condition, then perturbations $$\psi $$
ψ
arising from generic smooth initial data blow up $$|\psi |\rightarrow +\infty $$

|
ψ
|
→
+
∞

at the Cauchy horizon. The proof crucially relies on a novel resonance phenomenon between stable trapping on the black hole exterior and the poles of the interior scattering operator that gives rise to a small divisors problem. Our result is in stark contrast to the result on Reissner–Nordström–AdS (Kehle in Commun Math Phys 376(1):145–200, 2020) as well as to previous work on the analogous problem for $$\Lambda \ge 0$$

Λ
≥
0

—in both cases such linear scalar perturbations were shown to remain bounded. As a result of the non-Diophantine condition, the set of parameters $${\mathfrak {m}}, {\mathfrak {a}}$$

m
,
a

for which we show blow-up forms a Baire-generic but Lebesgue-exceptional subset of all parameters below the Hawking–Reall bound. On the other hand, we conjecture that for a set of parameters $${\mathfrak {m}}, {\mathfrak {a}} $$

m
,
a

which is Baire-exceptional but Lebesgue-generic, all linear scalar perturbations remain bounded at the Cauchy horizon $$|\psi |\le C$$

|
ψ
|
≤
C

. This suggests that the validity of the $$C^0$$

C
0

-formulation of Strong Cosmic Censorship for $$\Lambda <0$$

Λ
<
0

may change in a spectacular way according to the notion of genericity imposed.
How shearwaters prey. New insights in foraging behaviour and marine foraging associations using bird-borne video cameras
Authors: Michel Lucie , Cianchetti-Benedetti Marco , Catoni Carlo , Dell’Omo Giacomo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Conventional bio-logging techniques used for ethological studies of seabirds have their limitations when studying detailed behaviours at sea. This study uses animal-borne video cameras to reveal fine-scale behaviours, associations with conspecifics and other species and interactions with fishery vessels during foraging of a Mediterranean seabird. The study was conducted on Scopoli's shearwaters (Calonectris diomedea) breeding in Linosa island (35°51′33″ N; 12°51′34″ E) during summer 2020. Foraging events were video recorded from a seabirds' view with lightweight cameras attached to the birds' back. Foraging always occurred in association with other shearwaters. Competitive events between shearwaters were observed, and their frequency was positively correlated to the number of birds in the foraging aggregation. Associations with tunas and sea turtles have been frequent observations at natural foraging sites. During foraging events, video recordings allowed observations of fine-scale behaviours, which would have remained unnoticed with conventional tracking devices. Foraging events could be categorised by prey type into “natural prey” and “fishery discards”. Analysis of the video footage suggests behavioural differences between the two prey type categories. Those differences suggest that the foraging effort between natural prey and fishery discards consumption can vary, which adds new arguments to the discussion about energy trade-offs and choice of foraging strategy. These observations highlight the importance of combining tracking technologies to obtain a complete picture of the at-sea behaviours of seabirds, which is essential for understanding the impact of foraging strategies and seabird-fishery interactions.

Graphical abstract
Icing the Pain–Ultrasound-Guided Cryoablation of Symptomatic Post-Amputation Stump Neuroma
Authors: von Falck C. , Orgel M. , Wacker F. , Aschoff H. H. , Krettek C. , Ringe K. I. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To assess the feasibility and outcome of ultrasound-guided cryoablation in patients with a sensitized stump neuroma after limb amputation.

Material and Methods
Seven patients (3 females, 4 males; mean age 42 years) were included in this retrospective study. Ultrasound-guided cryoablation of a previously identified painful stump neuroma was performed. Pain was assessed on the visual analogue scale (VAS) and compared before and after cryoablation (Wilcoxon Test). The degree of pain alleviation was correlated with patient age, duration of pain before ablation and time interval between amputation and ablation (Spearman correlation). A p-value less than 0.05 was deemed statistically significant.

Results
Nine cryoablations were performed for 8 neuromas. Technical success was 100%, there were no major complications. Mean follow-up was 27 months. There was a statistically significant decrease of pain from mean 8.3 / 10 (baseline) to 4 /10 (on day one), 2.1 / 10 (at one week) and 3 / 10 (at last follow-up) (p < 0.05). Patient satisfaction with cryoablation treatment was very high (median score 70 / 100).

Conclusion
In our small population observational study, ultrasound-guided cryoablation of a sensitized stump neuroma was effective and safe for pain alleviation with very good long-term results.

Level of Evidence
Level 2, Observational study with dramatic effect
Endoscopic vacuum therapy for the treatment of colorectal leaks — a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kühn Florian , Schardey Josefine , Wirth Ulrich , Schiergens Tobias , Crispin Alexander , Beger Nicola , Andrade Dorian , Drefs Moritz , Zimmermann Petra , Burian Maria , Andrassy Joachim , Werner Jens 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
During the last two decades, vacuum-assisted wound therapy has been successfully transferred to an endoscopic treatment approach of various upper and lower gastrointestinal leaks called endoscopic vacuum therapy (EVT). As mostly small case series are published in this field, the aim of our systematic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of EVT in the treatment of colorectal leaks.

Methods
A systematic search of MEDLINE/PubMed and Cochrane databases was performed using search terms related to EVT and colorectal defects (anastomotic leakage, rectal stump insufficiency) according to the PRISMA guidelines. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), observational studies, and case series published by December 2020 were eligible for inclusion. A meta-analysis was conducted on the success of EVT, stoma reversal rate after EVT as well as procedure-related complications. Statistical interferences were based on pooled estimates from random effects models using DerSimonian-Laird estimator.

Results
Only data from observational studies and case series were available. Twenty-four studies reporting on 690 patients with colorectal defects undergoing EVT were included. The mean rate of success was 81.4% (95% CI: 74.0%–87.1%). The proportion of diverted patients was 76.4% (95% CI: 64.9%–85.0%). The mean rate of ostomy reversal across the studies was 66.7% (95% CI: 58.0%–74.4%). Sixty-four patients were reported with EVT-associated complications, the weighted mean complication rate across the studies was 12.1% (95% CI: 9.7%–15.2%).

Conclusions
Current medical evidence on EVT in patients with colorectal leaks lacks high quality data from RCTs. Based on the data available, EVT can be seen as a feasible treatment option with manageable risks for selected patients with colorectal leaks.