bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community Members and Dentist Perceptions for Oral Treatment Seeking Behavior in an Underprivileged Area: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Moideen Sarah , Tanwir Farzeen , Mazhar Saima , Zaidi Natasha , Kumar Chander , Khalid Arsalan 
Published: December 2021

Background: Antibiotic resistance affects generations. It is a major health issue. Resistance to antibiotics is on the rise globally. The absence of proper regulatory mechanism and free access to pharmaceutical agents have led to self-medication and inappropriate therapeutic and
prophylactic prescription.
Methods: Qualitative in-depth research was conducted using focus group discussions (FGDs) for data collection. The study was conducted in an underprivileged colony in Karachi, Pakistan. Community members and Dentist were part of the focus group discussion.
Results: There were two major themes that emerged from the analysis. ‘Knowledge associated with common oral diseases and their consequences’ and ‘Home remedies and treatment seeking behavior’. The focus group discussions showed that the perceptions of community members and dentists was based on bad oral hygiene, lack of awareness of oral disease outcome and barriers in pursuing treatment by dentist There was a lack of Government healthcare facilities and poor professional attitudes and futile law enforcement regarding medicine dispensing and disposal.
Conclusion: The value of this study is to understand the perceptions and determinants of health seeking behavior and recognize the reasons for use and misuse of antibiotics. There is a great need for Government intervention and inexpensive treatment for the masses.
Sustainable Phosphorus
Authors: Beijer Steven , Slootweg J. Chris 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPhosphorus is a critical element, fulfilling important roles in bio‐, organic‐, and inorganic chemistry. Due to its versatile chemistry, phosphorus‐based chemicals have a wide array of applications in society. Most importantly, phosphorus is an irreplaceable and limiting building block for life. As such, the natural phosphorus cycle has historically set the pace for all life on earth. This all changed with the discovery of phosphorus‐based fertilizer, which has been largely responsible for the spectacular population growth over the previous century. Consequently, society has become highly dependent on these fertilizers for global food security. This comes with two major problems. Phosphate rock, the primary phosphorus resource, is finite and dwindling. While shortages are not imminent, continuation of current practices will eventually make them an inevitability. More pressing, however, is the problem of waste. Much of the phosphorus we use ends up in the environment, which has serious deleterious effects on biodiversity. Anthropogenic activity has thus disrupted the natural phosphorus cycle to such an extent that the word “cycle” is hardly applicable anymore. Clearly, there is pressing need for more sustainable practices. This article provides a holistic view on this important topic.The phosphorus industry relies on two phosphate rock‐processing pathways, based on either elemental white phosphorus or phosphoric acid as primary intermediate. Most fine chemical production relies on white phosphorus, accounting for a few percent of the market. As this process requires high energy investments, it is ideally omitted entirely. Novel synthetic pathways based on phosphoric acid are therefore needed, and notable examples are discussed, more in line with the principles of Green Chemistry. Ideally, chemicals are retained in near‐indefinite closed loops, using waste as resource as advocated by the Circular Economy and Circular Chemistry principles. Hazardous chemicals risking emission to the environment should be substituted where possible, or redesigned to alleviate their potential for harm.The vast majority of phosphate rock is processed to phosphoric acid, easily derivatized, and mostly reserved for the agri‐food sector as fertilizer or animal feed. This sector is highly inefficient, with major losses attributable to agriculture, food production, and consumption, as well as prior mining. Excess phosphorus intake due to animal product consumption exacerbates the problem. To address these issues, an interdisciplinary approach is necessary, involving legislation, education, and international cooperation between the many stakeholders.To truly close the phosphorus cycle, however, phosphorus needs to be recycled from human and animal waste. Many processes based on precipitation, wet and thermochemical treatment have been developed for phosphorus recovery, but value chains are necessary to bridge the gap between recovery and recycling. This requires alignment across stakeholders, favorable economics, and facilitative legislation.
Injury patterns and associated demographics of intimate partner violence in men presenting to U.S. emergency departments
Authors: Khurana Bharti , Hines Denise A. , Johnson Benjamin A. , Bates Elizabeth A. , Graham‐Kevan Nicola , Loder Randall T. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractResearch suggests that there are differences between sexes in physical intimate partner violence (IPV) victimization that could lead to different injury patterns. In addition, research shows that men under‐report their injuries yet may suffer grave consequences. It is, thus, vital to establish physical injury patterns in male IPV victims. A retrospective review of prospectively collected data was performed using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System‐All Injury Program data from 2005 to 2015 for all IPV‐related injuries in both male and female patients. Sex differences by demographics, mechanism, anatomic location, and diagnoses of IPV injuries were analyzed using statistical methods accounting for the weighted stratified nature of the data. IPV accounted for 0.61% of all emergency department visits; 17.2% were in males and 82.8% in females. Male patients were older (36.1% vs. 16.8% over 60 years), more likely to be Black (40.5% vs. 28.8%), sustained more injuries due to cutting (28.1% vs. 3.5%), more lacerations (46.9% vs. 13.0%), more injuries to the upper extremity (25.8% vs. 14.1%), and fewer contusions/abrasions (30.1% vs. 49.0%), compared to female IPV patients (p < .0001). There were also more hospitalizations in men (7.9% vs. 3.7% p = .0002). Knowledge of specific IPV‐related injury characteristics in men will enable healthcare providers to counteract underreporting of IPV.
In‐law psychological aggression and its impacts on women′s health
Authors: Choi Anna Wai‐Man 
Published: December 2021

AbstractConflicts between couples and their parents‐in‐law are a common phenomenon in Chinese families. In this study, in‐law psychological aggression (InPA) victimization and its association with intimate partner violence (IPV), women′s health, and gender role valuation were examined. A household face‐to‐face survey with random sampling was conducted, and a total of 260 married Chinese women with parents‐in‐law were recruited. Among the participants, 11.2% and 43.1% had experienced InPA victimization and IPV victimization, respectively, and 7.3% had experienced both. Women′s daily contact with parents‐in‐law, anxiety symptoms, demand to obey parents‐in‐law, and the low valuation of the male role significantly positively related to InPA victimization, whereas discussions of in‐law conflict with husbands were significantly negatively related to InPA victimization. Therefore, in developing interventions for women experiencing InPA victimization, the role of the husband in InPA victimization and the risk of co‐occurring InPA and IPV should be considered. These findings reflect the need to raise awareness about the influence of culture on gender roles, the harm caused by InPA victimization, and the urgent need to help Chinese women who are experiencing in‐law conflict.
Materials for Silicon Quantum Dots and their Impact on Electron Spin Qubits
Authors: Saraiva Andre , Lim Wee Han , Yang Chih Hwan , Escott Christopher C. , Laucht Arne , Dzurak Andrew S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractQuantum computers have the potential to efficiently solve problems in logistics, drug and material design, finance, and cybersecurity. However, millions of qubits will be necessary for correcting inevitable errors in quantum operations. In this scenario, electron spins in gate‐defined silicon quantum dots are strong contenders for encoding qubits, leveraging the microelectronics industry know‐how for fabricating densely populated chips with nanoscale electrodes. The sophisticated material combinations used in commercially manufactured transistors, however, will have a very different impact on the fragile qubits. Here some key properties of the materials that have a direct impact on qubit performance and variability are reviewed.
3D Printing of Cell‐Laden Microgel‐Based Biphasic Bioink with Heterogeneous Microenvironment for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Fang Yongcong , Guo Yihan , Ji Mengke , Li Binhan , Guo Yujiang , Zhu Jieming , Zhang Ting , Xiong Zhuo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA major challenge in 3D extrusion bioprinting is the limited number of bioink that fulfills the opposing requirements for printability with requisite rheological properties and for functionality with desirable microenvironment. Here, this limitation is addressed by developing a generalizable strategy for formulating a cell‐laden microgel‐based biphasic (MB) bioink. The MB bioink comprises two components, that is, microgels in close‐packed condition providing excellent rheological properties for extrusion bioprinting, and a hydrogel precursor that forms a second polymer network to integrate the microgels together, providing post‐printing structural stability. This strategy enables the effective printing of a range of hydrogels into complex structures with high shape fidelity. The MB bioink offers great mechanical tunability without compromising printability, and hyperelasticity with superb cyclic compression and stretch endurance. Moreover, the microgels and hydrogel precursor of the MB bioink can encapsulate different types of cells, together creating a heterogeneous cellular microenvironment at microscale. It is successfully demonstrated that hepatocytes and endothelial cells with spatial cell patterning by using MB bioink induce the cellular reorganization and vascularization, leading to enhanced hepatic functions. The proposed MB bioink expands the palette of available bioinks and opens numerous opportunities for the biomedical applications such as tissue engineering and soft robotics.
Recent Advances in Delivery Systems for Genetic and Other Novel Vaccines
Authors: Huang Shiqi , Zhu Yining , Zhang Ling , Zhang Zhirong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractVaccination is one of the most successful and cost‐effective prophylactic measures against diseases, especially infectious diseases including smallpox and polio. However, the development of effective prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines for other diseases such as cancer remains challenging. This is often due to the imprecise control of vaccine activity in vivo which leads to insufficient/inappropriate immune responses or short immune memory. The development of new vaccine types in recent decades has created the potential for improving the protective potency against these diseases. Genetic and subunit vaccines are two major categories of these emerging vaccines. Owing to their nature, they rely heavily on delivery systems with various functions, such as effective cargo protection, immunogenicity enhancement, targeted delivery, sustained release of antigens, selective activation of humoral and/or cellular immune responses against specific antigens, and reduced adverse effects. Therefore, vaccine delivery systems may significantly affect the final outcome of genetic and other novel vaccines and are vital for their development. This review introduces these studies based on their research emphasis on functional design or administration route optimization, presents recent progress, and discusses features of new vaccine delivery systems, providing an overview of this field.
Fermi Level Pinning Dependent 2D Semiconductor Devices: Challenges and Prospects
Authors: Liu Xiaochi , Choi Min Sup , Hwang Euyheon , Yoo Won Jong , Sun Jian 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMotivated by the high expectation for efficient electrostatic modulation of charge transport at very low voltages, atomically thin 2D materials with a range of bandgaps are investigated extensively for use in future semiconductor devices. However, researchers face formidable challenges in 2D device processing mainly originated from the out‐of‐plane van der Waals (vdW) structure of ultrathin 2D materials. As major challenges, untunable Schottky barrier height and the corresponding strong Fermi level pinning (FLP) at metal interfaces are observed unexpectedly with 2D vdW materials, giving rise to unmodulated semiconductor polarity, high contact resistance, and lowered device mobility. Here, FLP observed from recently developed 2D semiconductor devices is addressed differently from those observed from conventional semiconductor devices. It is understood that the observed FLP is attributed to inefficient doping into 2D materials, vdW gap present at the metal interface, and hybridized compounds formed under contacting metals. To provide readers with practical guidelines for the design of 2D devices, the impact of FLP occurring in 2D semiconductor devices is further reviewed by exploring various origins responsible for the FLP, effects of FLP on 2D device performances, and methods for improving metallic contact to 2D materials.
Synchrotron X‐ray Spectroscopic Investigations of In‐Situ‐Formed Alloy Anodes for Magnesium Batteries
Authors: Xu Xin , Ye Chao , Chao Dongliang , Chen Biao , Li Huan , Tang Cheng , Zhong Xiongwei , Qiao Shi‐Zhang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMagnesium batteries present high volumetric energy density and dendrite‐free deposition of Mg, drawing wide attention in energy‐storage devices. However, their further development remains stagnated due to relevant interfacial issues between the Mg anode and the electrolyte and sluggish solid‐state diffusion kinetics of Mg2+ ions. Herein, an in situ conversion chemistry to construct a nanostructured Bi anode from bismuth selenide driven by Li+ is proposed. Through the combination of operando synchrotron X‐ray diffraction, ex situ synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, and comprehensive electrochemical tests, it is demonstrated that the nanosize of the in‐situ‐formed Bi crystals contributes to the fast Mg2+ diffusion kinetics and highly efficient Mg–Bi alloingy/de‐alloying. The resultant Bi anodes exhibit superior long‐term cycling stability with over 600 cycles under a high current density of 1.0 A g‐1. This work provides a new approach to construct alloy anode and paves the way for exploring novel electrode materials for magnesium batteries.
Expanding Melt‐Based Electrohydrodynamic Printing of Highly‐Ordered Microfibrous Architectures to Cm‐Height Via In Situ Charge Neutralization
Authors: He Jiankang , Hao Guanzhe , Meng Zijie , Cao Yi , Li Dichen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIt is a great challenge for melt‐based electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printing to fabricate cm‐height microfibrous scaffolds with uniform fiber diameter and highly‐ordered architectures due to inherent charge‐induced fiber repulsion and gradually‐reduced electrical strength. Here, a novel approach is presented that involves incorporating the in situ charge neutralization technique into the melt‐based EHD printing process. The addition of the charge elimination module can efficiently neutralize residual charges inside the EHD‐printed microfibers and minimize fiber–fiber repulsion to ensure precise fiber deposition. Computational simulation indicates that the applied voltage should increase ≈0.15 kV as the printed structure height increases 1 mm to maintain a relatively constant electrical strength. The implementation of these two strategies in melt‐based EHD printing successfully produces highly‐ordered fibrous architectures with a maximum height of 10.01 ± 0.18 mm and a uniform fiber diameter of 17.6 ± 1.3 µm. The resultant microfibrous architectures can guide large‐area cellular alignment in 3D and function as supporting frames to reinforce mechanically‐weak collagen hydrogel for engineering large‐volume cellular constructs. To the authors’ best knowledge, it is the first instance of directly producing cm‐height, highly‐ordered microfibrous architectures via melt‐based EHD printing with in situ charge neutralization and constant electrical strength capabilities for tissue‐engineering applications.
Flexible and Robust Ultrablack Elastomers with a Dual‐Gradient Design for Broadband and Efficient Light Management
Authors: Wei Wanyuan , Li Mengwei , Han Yi , Wu Mengjiao , Yan Jun , Liu Mingjie , Chen Yulan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEngineering flexible broadband light absorbers is crucial to various applications ranging from dark‐level reduction to light harvesting. However, developing solvent free, ultrablack elastomers with high light‐absorption performance and broad absorption band remains a challenge. Here, a class of composite elastomers is fabricated for ultrablack sheet materials. The fabrication process involves a fast photo‐polymerization of acrylates in the presence of gradient deposited polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles. The resultant film shows a dual‐gradient structure (i.e., lower side features lower polymer chain density while higher concentration of deposited PPy). Such structure design critically contributes to the formation of bio‐mimetic, hierarchical surface microstructures for efficient light trapping. As a result, lower side of the film exhibits incident‐light‐angle independent, high light absorptivity of 98.43% at 250–2400 nm. Moreover, flexible and mechanically robust absorbers have been demonstrated to offer versatile solar energy related applications, such as sunlight heater, photoactuator, pattern display, and anticounterfeiting. Rather than tedious processing ways generally used in carbon nanotube forests or plasmonic involved ultrablack materials, dual‐gradient design principle is concise and compatible with polymer thin‐film fabrication process, and applicable to various elastic substrates, thus will provide guidance for fabricating various flexible ultrablack sheet materials and devices in a cost‐effective and large scalable way.
BiCl3‐Mediated Tandem Cyclization of Tryptamine‐Derived Ynamide: Concise Synthesis of Pentacyclic Spiroindolines and Tricyclic Indole Derivatives
Authors: Lin Xiao‐Tong , Zhao Cheng , Wang Da‐Ru , Wu Guang‐Cheng , Chen Guo‐Shu , Chen Shu‐Jie , Ren Hai , Deng Dong‐Sheng , Xu Yi‐Bing , Hu Xiao‐Wei , Liu Yun‐Lin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCatalytic tandem cyclization of ynamides has attracted considerable interest in organic synthesis because of its atom economy in the rapid formation of polycyclic compounds. However, examples on the construction of pentacyclic spiroindolines are quite scarce. Herein, we described a BiCl3‐mediated tandem cyclization reaction of tryptamine‐ynamides, which led to the formation of appealing pentacyclic spiroindoline scaffolds in moderate to excellent yields. In addition, such a reaction can lead to the divergent synthesis of tricyclic indole derivatives with moderate yields by engineering substrate structures. The synthetic utility of this methodology has also been demonstrated by further interesting transformations.magnified image
Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral α‐CF2H Spiro[Indoline‐3,3′‐Thiophene] via Phase‐Transfer Catalyzed Sulfa‐Michael/Michael Domino Reaction
Authors: Deng Yabo , Sun Shuo , Wang Yuqiang , Jia Pengfeng , Li Wenguang , Wang Kairong , Yan Wenjin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAn asymmetric Sulfa‐Michael/Michael domino reaction of (E)‐4‐mercapto‐2‐butenoates with difluoromethyl‐eneoxindoles catalyzed by a quinidine‐derived ammonium salts as phase transfer catalyst has been disclosed. Under mild conditions, a broad range of CF2H‐containing spiro[indoline‐3,3′‐thiophene]s, bearing three adjacent chiral centers including two vicinal spiro quaternary stereocenters, catalysed by only 5 mol% PTC catalyst were obtained in yields of 75–98%, excellent diastereoselectivities (>20:1, in almost all cases) and enantioselectivities of 19–98% in short reaction times (almost less than 20 minutes).magnified image
Together is Better: mRNA Co‐Encapsulation in Lipoplexes is Required to Obtain Ratiometric Co‐Delivery and Protein Expression on the Single Cell Level
Authors: Zhang Heyang , Bussmann Jeroen , Huhnke Florian H. , Devoldere Joke , Minnaert An‐Katrien , Jiskoot Wim , Serwane Friedhelm , Spatz Joachim , Röding Magnus , De Smedt Stefaan C. , Braeckmans Kevin , Remaut Katrien 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLiposomes can efficiently deliver messenger RNA (mRNA) into cells. When mRNA cocktails encoding different proteins are needed, a considerable challenge is to efficiently deliver all mRNAs into the cytosol of each individual cell. In this work, two methods are explored to co‐deliver varying ratiometric doses of mRNA encoding red (R) or green (G) fluorescent proteins and it is found that packaging mRNAs into the same lipoplexes (mingle‐lipoplexes) is crucial to efficiently deliver multiple mRNA types into the cytosol of individual cells according to the pre‐defined ratio. A mixture of lipoplexes containing only one mRNA type (single‐lipoplexes), however, seem to follow the “first come – first serve” principle, resulting in a large variation of R/G uptake and expression levels for individual cells leading to ratiometric dosing only on the population level, but rarely on the single‐cell level. These experimental observations are quantitatively explained by a theoretical framework based on the stochasticity of mRNA uptake in cells and endosomal escape of mingle‐ and single‐lipoplexes, respectively. Furthermore, the findings are confirmed in 3D retinal organoids and zebrafish embryos, where mingle‐lipoplexes outperformed single‐lipoplexes to reliably bring both mRNA types into single cells. This benefits applications that require a strict control of protein expression in individual cells.
Nano‐enabled Tumor Systematic Energy Exhaustion via Zinc (II) Interference Mediated Glycolysis Inhibition and Specific GLUT1 Depletion
Authors: Wu Sixuan , Zhang Kaixiang , Liang Yan , Wei Yongbin , An Jingyi , Wang Yifei , Yang Jiali , Zhang Hongling , Zhang Zhenzhong , Liu Junjie , Shi Jinjin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDespite the promise of tumor starvation therapies, they are often associated with nonspecific and incomplete energy blockade. Here, a novel paradigm of starvation therapy is proposed to synergize the “Zn2+ interference”‐mediated glycolysis inhibition and Zn2+‐activating GLUT1 (Glucose transporter 1) tumor specific depletion for systematic energy exhaustion. It is discovered that ZIF‐8 (zinc imidazolate metal–organic frameworks ) can induce abrupt intracellular Zn2+ elevation preferentially in melanoma cells, and then achieve effective glycolysis blockade through “Zn2+ interference”‐triggered decrease of NAD+ and inactivation of GAPDH, making it a powerful tumor energy nanoinhibitor. Meanwhile, Zn2+‐activating DNAzymes for specifically cleaving GLUT1 mRNA is designed. This DNAzyme can only be activated under intracellular Zn2+ overloading, and then directionally cut off glucose supply, which further restrains the adaptive up‐regulation of glycolytic flux after glycolysis inhibition in tumors. Afterward, DNAzymes are loaded in ZIF‐8 concurrently tethered by hyaluronic acid (HA), constructing a “nanoenabled energy interrupter ”. Such a rational design presents a preferential accumulation tendency to tumor sites due to the active CD44‐targeting mechanisms, specifically achieves remarkable systematic energy exhaustion in melanoma cells, and affords 80.8% in tumor growth suppression without systemic toxicity in vivo. This work verifies a fascinating therapeutic platform enabling ion interference‐inductive starvation strategy for effective tumor therapy.