bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cmentarz na bośniacko-hercegowińskim pograniczu kulturowym. Analiza struktury tuzlańskiego cmentarza Trnovac
Authors: Bolewska Iga 
Published: July 2021

The Cemetery on the Cultural Borderland of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Analysis of the Structure of Trnovac Cemetery in TuzlaThis article presents an analysis of the tombstones in the Trnovac cemetery of Tuzla, Bosnia and Herzegovina. The studied area was characterized with an emphasis on the features of the local cultural borderland and the history of the city. The text also includes the description of the study and its results. The aim of the presented analysis was to indicate departures from the expected state which result from the characteristics of this borderland, and to attempt to explain them. The importance of the cemetery as a source of information was also emphasized. Cmentarz na bośniacko-hercegowińskim pograniczu kulturowym. Analiza struktury tuzlańskiego cmentarza TrnovacW niniejszym artykule zaprezentowano analizę nagrobków znajdujących się na tuzlańskim cmentarzu Trnovac w Bośni i Hercegowinie. Scharakteryzowano badany obszar, kładąc nacisk na cechy lokalnego pogranicza kulturowego i historii miasta, przedstawiono opis badania i jego wyniki. Celem analizy było ukazanie odstępstw od oczekiwanego stanu, wynikających ze specyfiki pogranicza, oraz podjęcie próby ich wyjaśnienia. Podkreślono także wagę cmentarza jako źródła informacji.
Geniusze, kosmici i dinozaury. Nieoczywiste związki nauk ścisłych i humanistycznych
Authors: Mętrak Maciej , Ćwiek-Rogalska Karolina 
Published: July 2021

Geniuses, Aliens and Dinosaurs. Unobvious Associations Between the Sciences and the HumanitiesIntroduction to the vol. 17th of Adeptus Geniusze, kosmici i dinozaury. Nieoczywiste związki nauk ścisłych i humanistycznychWstęp do numeru 17 „Adeptusa”
Gadoteridol-enhanced MRI of the breast: can contrast agent injection rate impact background parenchymal enhancement?
Authors: Marzocca Flaminia , Moffa Giuliana , Landi Valerio Nispi , Panzironi Giovanna , Kirchin Miles A , Pediconi Federica , Galati Francesca 
Published: July 2021

Background Normal background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) is a dynamic parameter affected by multiple factors. Purpose To determine whether contrast agent injection rate affects the degree of BPE in women undergoing breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Material and Methods A total of 85 patients included in our prospective study randomly received 0.1 mmol/kg gadoteridol at a rate of 3 mL/s (group A; n = 46) or 2 mL/s (group B; n = 39). Breast MRI was performed at 3T using a standard protocol including postcontrast axial 3D GRE T1-weighted sequences. Two expert breast radiologists, blinded to clinical and radiological information, independently quantified BPE on early postcontrast subtracted images, assigning a score of 1–4. Mean comparison and regression analysis were performed to assess the influence of injection rate on BPE. Results Groups were homogeneous in terms of age and final BI-RADS score. The mean BPE score was significantly lower among patients in group A (mean of two readers: 1.36 vs. 1.90; P < 0.01) with 70%–72% of patients assigned a BPE score of 1, compared with 36%–38% of patients in group B. Lower BPE scores were noted with the higher flow rate in subgroup analyses of both pre- and postmenopausal women, although the effect was more evident in premenopausal women. Regression analysis confirmed that the likelihood of a BPE 1 score was significantly increased with a higher flow rate ( P < 0.01). The inter-reader agreement was excellent (0.83). Conclusion A higher contrast agent injection flow rate (3 mL/s) during breast MRI significantly reduces the degree of BPE, potentially allowing improved diagnostic accuracy by reducing false-positive and false-negative findings.
Vortex breakdown mechanics of a laminar confined swirling flow with large expansion ratio using a non-uniform finite difference approximation
Authors: Granados-Ortiz F-J , Rodríguez-Tembleque L , Ortega-Casanova J 
Published: July 2021

Abrupt expansions are a very frequent geometry in mechanical engineering systems, i.e. in combustion chambers, valves, heat exchangers or impinging cooling devices. However, despite the large number of devices that use this geometry, the expanded flow behaviour still needs further research to understand and predict the full system performance. This paper presents the application of the non-uniform finite difference approximation method developed in Sanmiguel et al. for the numerical characterisation of a confined swirling laminar jet discharging with a large expansion ratio. This investigation can be considered an extension of previous work by Revuelta, but now a swirling flow is generated by a rotating pipe upstream the expansion. The structures found when a fully-developed rotating Hagen-Poiseuille flow discharges into a much larger pipe section are summarised in a bifurcation diagram, whose coordinates are the Reynolds number of the jet ( Rej) and the swirl parameter ( L), for which the time-dependent, axisymmetric and incompressible Navier-Stokes equations are integrated numerically. For values of the jet Reynolds number below 200, there is a critical value of the swirl parameter above which stable vortex breakdown appears. For values of the Reynolds number above 200, three different behaviours are observed, and each performance appears for a critical value of the swirl parameter. When increasing the swirl parameter from zero, the flow becomes axisymmetrically unstable, showing an oscillatory behaviour. If further increasing the swirl intensity, the oscillatory flow coexists with a vortex breakdown bubble and, finally, a steady vortex breakdown is reached. The expansion ratio ε considered in all the simulations is 1[Formula: see text]. In previous literature, the exactness of the limiting critical Rej and L values that define these behaviours has been found to be influenced by the variability in the inlet profile conditions, which affects the expanded flow. This enhances the importance in the present investigation to accurately simulate the discharge pipe inlet profiles.
Evaluation of Bivalirudin as the Primary Anticoagulant in Patients Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation for SARS-CoV-2–Associated Acute Respiratory Failure
Authors: Bissell Brittany D. , Gabbard Taylor , Sheridan Erica A. , Baz Maher A. , Davis George A. , Ather Ayesha 
Published: July 2021

Background Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) is a potential option for the management of severe acute respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19. Conflicting the use of this therapy is the known coagulopathy within COVID-19, leading to an incidence of venous thrombotic events of 25% to 49%. To date, limited guidance is available on optimal anticoagulation strategies in this population. Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utilization of a pharmacist-driven bivalirudin dosing protocol for anticoagulation in the setting of ECMO for COVID-19–associated respiratory failure. Methods This was a single-center retrospective chart review over a 9-month period of patients receiving bivalirudin while on ECMO. All patients with acute respiratory failure requiring ECMO with a positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction were included. Bivalirudin was dosed via aPTT monitoring after a starting dose of 0.2 or 0.3 mg/kg/h. Results There were 33 patients included in this study, all receiving mechanical ventilation. The most common starting dose of bivalirudin was 0.2 mg/kg/h, with an average time to therapeutic range of 20 hours. Compared to previous reports, rates of bleeding were low at 15.1%, and 6.1% of patients developed a new venous thromboembolic event while on ECMO. ECMO survival was 51.5%, with an ICU mortality rate of 48.5%. Conclusion and Relevance In the first published report of its use within this population, bivalirudin was found to be a viable choice for anticoagulation in those patients on ECMO for severe respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19.
Ultrasonic monitoring of stress and cracks of the 1/3 scale mock-up of nuclear reactor concrete containment structure
Authors: Xue Qi , Larose Eric , Moreau Ludovic , Thery Romain , Abraham Odile , Henault Jean-Marie 
Published: July 2021

To evaluate the stress level and damage of a reinforced concrete containment wall (similar to those used in nuclear power plants) and its reaction to pressure variations, we conducted successive ultrasonic experiments on the exterior surface of the containment wall in the gusset area for three consecutive years (2017, 2018 and 2019). During each experiment, the pressure inside the containment wall increased gradually from 0 MPa to 0.43 MPa and then decreased back to 0 MPa. From the analysis of the ultrasonic coda waves obtained in the multiple scattering regime (80–220 kHz), we performed Coda Wave Interferometry to calculate the apparent velocity changes in the structure (denoted by dV/ V a) and Coda Wave Decorrelation (DC) measurements to produce 3D cartographies of stress and crack distribution. From three source–receiver pairs, located at the top, middle and bottom of the experimental region, we observe that coda waves dilate, shrink and remain almost unchanged, respectively. This corresponds to the decreasing, increasing and invariant pressure inside the concrete. The comparison of 3 years’ results demonstrates that the variation of dV/ V a and DC under the same pressure test increases through the years, which indicates the progressive deterioration and ageing of the concrete. From a large collection of source–receiver pairs at different times, the spatial–temporal variations of dV/ V a and DC are then used to produce a map of the structural velocity and scattering changes, respectively. We observe a decreasing velocity on the top part and an increasing in the middle one, which is in line with the dV/ V a analysis. The reconstructed scattering changes (or structural changes) highlight the active region during the inflation–deflation procedure, corresponding to the opening and closing (and sometimes the development) of cracks. The larger magnitude in 2019 than in 2017 indicates the increasing damage in the concrete.
Prognostic Value of Bleeding in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Fan Xin , Han He , Sun Zhiyu , Zhang Liwen , Chen Gong , Mzee Said Abdulrahman Salim , Yang Hanqing , Chen Jixiang 
Published: July 2021

Background: Gastrointestinal bleeding is the most common clinical manifestation of gastrointestinal stromal tumor. It is of great significance to the prognosis of patients. But the results are controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between gastrointestinal bleeding and clinical prognosis in patients with GIST. Methods: A systematic literature search was performed in Pumbed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, ClinicalTrials.gov , CNKI, VIP and wanfang databases with the pattern of unlimited languages. 12 studies with 2781 individuals were included in the final analysis. The overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival/disease-free survival (RFS/DFS) and related factors affecting bleeding in patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) were extracted. Hazard ratio (HR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were used for in the meta-analysis. Results: A total of 12 articles were included in the study, including 2781 patients with GIST, including 845 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. The OS of GIST patients with gastrointestinal bleeding was significantly worse (HR = 2.54, 95% CI = 1.13-5.73, P = 0.025). But there was no significant difference in RFS between gastrointestinal bleeding patients and non-bleeding patients (HR = 1.35, 95% CI = 0.70-2.61, P = 0.371). Further analysis of the related factors of GI bleeding in GIST patients was observed, besides the aging factor (HR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.69-1.50, P = 0.929), Small intestinal stromal tumor (HR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.41-0.76, P < 0.001), tumor diameter ≥ 5 cm (HR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.20-3.63, P = 0.009), Mitotic index ≥ 5/50 HPF (HR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.11-2.49, P = 0.014) and tumor rupture (HR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.0-3.82, P = 0.026) all increased the risk of GI bleeding in patients with GIST. Conclusions: The OS of GIST patients with GI bleeding was worse than non-GI bleeding, but had no significant effect on RFS. Nevertheless the aging factor, the location of GIST in the small intestine, tumor diameter ≥ 5 cm, Mitotic index ≥ 5/50 HPF and tumor rupture all increased the risk of GI bleeding in patients with GIST.
Effect of Forearm Position on Glenohumeral External Rotation Measurements in Baseball Players
Authors: Kibler W. Ben , Sciascia Aaron , Pike John Stuart Mattison , Howell Michael , Wilk Kevin E. 
Published: July 2021

Background: Alterations in glenohumeral internal rotation (GIR), glenohumeral external rotation (GER), and the total arc of motion (TAM) have been linked with increased injury risk in the shoulder and elbow. These motions have been routinely measured with the forearm in neutral rotation (GIRN, GERN, TAMN). GER capacity appears to be especially important. The throwing motion, however, requires forearm pronation as GER occurs to achieve optimal cocking (GERP). No previous studies have evaluated GERP to determine GER capacity or pronated TAM (TAMP) values. Hypothesis: There would be significant differences between GERN and TAMN and between GERP and TAMP. Study Design: Cross-sectional. Level of Evidence: Level 3. Methods: Sixty asymptomatic male Minor League Baseball players (32 pitchers, 28 position players) participated in the study and were tested on the first day of spring training. Passive range of motion measurements were recorded using a long-arm bubble goniometer for GIRN, GERN, and GERP on both arms. TAM was calculated separately as the sum of internal and external rotational measurements under neutral and pronated conditions. Results: Within pitchers and position players, all measurements were statistically reduced for the throwing arm ( P ≤ 0.03) except for GERN of the pitchers. GERP measures were significantly less than GERN for both arms of each group ( P < 0.01): pitchers throwing arm +11.8°/nonthrowing arm +4.8°, position players throwing arm = +8.6°/nonthrowing arm +4.0°. Conclusion: The forearm position of pronation, which appears to be mediated by tightness of the biceps, decreases GER capacity and TAM. GER and TAM should be calculated in neutral and pronated positions, considering that 80% of the players have a demonstrated difference between 8° and 12°. Clinical Relevance: Measurement of GERP more accurately reflects the GER required in throwing, allows better quantification of the motion capacity necessary to withstand the loads in throwing, and may suggest interventions for at risk athletes.
Effect of switching glatiramer acetate formulation from 20 mg daily to 40 mg three times weekly on immune function in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Ito Kouichi , Ito Naoko , Yadav Sudhir K , Suresh Shradha , Lin Yong , Dhib-Jalbut Suhayl 
Published: July 2021

Background Many RRMS patients who had been treated for over 20 years with GA 20 mg/ml daily (GA20) switched to 40 mg/ml three times-a-week (GA40) to reduce injection-related adverse events. Although GA40 is as effective as GA20 in reducing annualized relapse rate and MRI activity, it remains unknown how switching to GA40 from GA20 affects the development of pathogenic and regulatory immune cells. Objective To investigate the difference in immunological parameters in response to GA20 and GA40 treatments. Methods We analyzed five pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-23, IL-12, IL-18, TNF-α), and three anti-inflammatory/regulatory cytokines (IL-10, IL-13, and IL-27) in serum. In addition, we analyzed six cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-17A, GM-CSF, IL-10, IL-6, and IL-27) in cultured PBMC supernatants. The development of Th1, Th17, Foxp3 Tregs, M1-like, and M2-like macrophages were examined by flow cytometry. Samples were analyzed before and 12 months post switching to GA40 or GA20. Results Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were comparable between the GA40 and GA20 groups. Development of Th1, Th17, M1-like macrophages, M2-like macrophages, and Foxp3 Tregs was also comparable between the two groups. Conclusions The immunological parameters measured in RRMS patients treated with GA40 three times weekly are largely comparable to those given daily GA20 treatment.
Association between lung function and future risks of diabetes, asthma, myocardial infarction, hypertension and all-cause mortality
Authors: Shah Chintal H. , Reed Robert M. , Liang Yulan , Zafari Zafar 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundWhile forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) is a hallmark of disease progression in chronic obstructive lung diseases, little is known about the relationship between baseline FEV1and future risks of other medical conditions.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the association between baseline FEV1and future risks of diabetes, asthma, myocardial infarction, hypertension and all-cause mortality.MethodsWe used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and its Epidemiological Follow-Up Study. Our data provided longitudinal follow-up of the original cohort for up to 12 years. We used two competing risks approaches, the cause-specific hazard model and the Fine–Gray sub-distribution hazard model, to measure the associations between baseline FEV1and future risks of the outcomes of interest. All models were adjusted for major confounding factors.ResultsThe final sample included 3020 participants (mean±sdbaseline age 44.64±13.44 years). In the cause-specific hazard model, for every per cent increase in the baseline per cent predicted FEV1, the hazard of the event reduced by 2.5% (HR 0.975; 95% CI 0.958–0.994) for diabetes, 4.3% (HR 0.957; 95% CI 0.932–0.983) for asthma and 1.8% (HR 0.982; 95% CI 0.971–0.992) for all-cause mortality. There was no statistically significant association between baseline per cent predicted FEV1and future risks of myocardial infarction (HR 0.987; 95% CI 0.970–1.004) and hypertension (HR 0.998; 95% CI 0.992–1.005). Consistent results were observed for the Fine–Gray sub-distribution hazard model.ConclusionOur data suggest that lower per cent predicted FEV1values at baseline were significantly associated with higher future risks of diabetes, asthma and all-cause mortality.
Cospeciation of coronavirus and paramyxovirus with their bat hosts in the same geographical areas
Authors: Liang Jie , Zhu Chunchao , Zhang Libiao 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Bat-borne viruses are relatively host specific. We hypothesize that this host specificity is due to coevolution of the viruses with their hosts. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the coevolution of coronavirus and paramyxovirus with their bat hosts. Published nucleotide sequences of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene of 60 coronavirus strains identified from 37 bat species, the RNA polymerase large (L) gene of 36 paramyxovirus strains from 29 bat species, and the cytochrome B (cytB) gene of 35 bat species were analyzed for coevolution signals. Each coevolution signal detected was tested and verified by global-fit cophylogenic analysis using software ParaFit, PACo, and eMPRess.

Results
Significant coevolution signals were detected in coronaviruses and paramyxoviruses and their bat hosts, and closely related bat hosts were found to carry closely related viruses.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that paramyxovirus and coronavirus coevolve with their hosts.
Putative genes in alkaloid biosynthesis identified in Dendrobium officinale by correlating the contents of major bioactive metabolites with genes expression between Protocorm-like bodies and leaves
Authors: Wang Zhaojian , Jiang Weimin , Liu Yingying , Meng Xiaoxi , Su Xinglong , Cao Mengyang , Wu Liping , Yu Nianjun , Xing Shihai , Peng Daiyin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Dendrobium officinale, an endangered Chinese herb, possesses extensive therapeutic effects and contains bioactive ingredients such as major polysaccharides, alkaloids, and minimal flavonoids. We first obtained the protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) of this plant through tissue culture in order to determine the distribution of the main secondary metabolites in each organelle and the PLBs. We then analyzed the correlation between gene expression level from comparative transcriptome sequencing and metabolite content in different organs to identify putative genes encoding enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of polysaccharides, alkaloids, and flavonoids.

Results
We used seeds as explants for protocorm induction and PLB propagation of D. officinale. The optimal medium formula for PLB propagation was 1/2 MS + α-NAA 0.5 mg·L− 1 + 6-BA 1.0 mg·L− 1 + 2, 4-D 1.5–2.0 mg·L− 1 + potato juice 100 g·L− 1. Stems, PLBs and leaves of D. officinale had the highest content of polysaccharides, alkaloids and flavonoids, respectively. Naringenin was only produced in stem; however, PLBs with high alkaloid content can replace other organs producing alkaloids. The hot water extraction method outperformed the ultrasound-assisted extraction method for extracting polysaccharides from D. officinale. A comparative transcriptome analysis of PLBs and leaves of D. officinale revealed differential expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in polysaccharide, alkaloid and flavonoid biosynthetic pathways. Putative genes encoding enzymes involved in these biosynthetic pathways were identified. Notably, we identified genes encoding the alkaloid biosynthesis enzymes strictosidine β-D-Glucosidase, geissoschizine synthase and vinorine synthase in D. officinale.

Conclusions
The identification of candidate genes encoding enzymes involved in metabolite biosynthesis will help to explore and protect this endangered species and facilitate further analysis of the molecular mechanism of secondary metabolite biosynthesis in D. officinale.