bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Facets of Job Satisfaction in the National and Socioeconomic Differences in Overall Job Satisfaction
Authors: Tatsuse Takashi , Sekine Michikazu , Yamada Masaaki , Cable Noriko , Chandola Tarani , Marmot Michael G. 
Published: April 2021

Objective:
To explore national and socioeconomic differences in overall job satisfaction, we examined whether those differences can be explained by what job-related factors.

Methods:
Our datasets for this study are from the Whitehall II study and the Japan Civil Servant Study. Of the participants who were 5540 cases, with 3250 people from Great Britain and 2290 from Japan.

Results:
The odds ratio for job dissatisfaction was more than double in Japan compared with Britain. However, after adjusting the related factors—especially the facets of job satisfaction variables—the difference was reversed. Also, regarding the occupational differences, lower occupational grades had lower risks of overall job dissatisfaction, after adjusting for related factors.

Conclusions:
The national and socioeconomic differences in overall job satisfaction were strongly related to facets of job satisfaction rather than job stress factors.
The Forgotten Health-Care Occupations at Risk of Burnout—A Burnout, Job Demand-Control-Support, and Effort-Reward Imbalance Survey
Authors: Sérole Claire , Auclair Candy , Prunet Denis , Charkhabi Morteza , Lesage François-Xavier , Baker Julien S. , Mermillod Martial , Gerbaud Laurent , Dutheil Frédéric 
Published: April 2021

Aims:
We conducted a cross-sectional study on healthcare workers from the University Hospital in Clermont-Ferrand. They received a self-report questionnaire consisting of the Maslach Burnout Inventory, Job Demand Control Support, Effort-Reward Imbalance model, and questions about ethical conflict in order to investigate on burnout.

Results:
We included 1774 workers. Overinvestment was the only factor explaining the increase in emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and the decrease in personal accomplishment. Taking into account the absence of burnout as a reference, overinvestment multiplied the risk of high burnout by 22.0 (5.10 to 94.7).

Conclusion:
Some “forgotten” occupations among healthcare workers are at risk of burnout. Overinvestment was the main factor explaining the increase in the tree dimensions of burnout. Moreover, the two main models of stress at work were highly predictive of burnout.
Efficacy and Safety of Eculizumab for Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Zhou Shuang , Dong Xiu , Chen Chaoyang , Ma Lingyun , Wu Ye , Zhou Ying , Cui Yimin 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Eculizumab is indicated for the treatment of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH). This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of eculizumab in patients with PNH.

Methods:

PubMed, EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov were searched for prospective interventional studies treating PNH with eculizumab. The primary outcome was the change in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) levels, whereas secondary outcomes included the change in hemoglobin (Hb) levels, transfusion rates, and adverse drug events.

Results:
Patients (n=235) from 6 studies were included in this meta-analysis. LDH and Hb levels and transfusion rates decreased significantly at 12, 26 weeks, 12, 15, and >15 months. The most frequent adverse events included nasopharyngitis (effect size [ES]: 0.53; 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.47 to 0.60; P=0.00), headache (ES: 0.47; 95% CI: 0.25 to 0.69; P=0.00), upper respiratory tract infection (ES: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.27 to 0.46; P=0.00), nausea (ES: 0.31; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.38; P=0.00), fatigue, diarrhea, cough, pyrexia, abdominal pain, pain in extremities, and contusion.

Conclusion:
Eculizumab is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for patients with PNH. It is effective at decreasing LDH levels and transfusion rates while increasing Hb levels. Further studies are needed to explore the safety of eculizumab.
Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Combined With Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation on Upper Extremity Motor Function in Patients With Stroke
Authors: Wei Ya-Ying , Koh Chia-Lin , Hsu Miao-Ju , Lo Sing-Kai , Chen Chia-Hsin , Lin Jau-Hong 
Published: April 2021

Objective
The aim of the study was to investigate the treatment effects of transcranial direct current stimulation combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation on the motor function of upper extremity in persons with stroke.

Design
This study was a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial. Twenty-six patients due to stroke onset of more than 6 mos were randomly allocated to three groups: transcranial direct current stimulation combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation group, transcranial direct current stimulation group, or control group. In addition to conventional rehabilitation, all subjects received one of the three protocols in a total of 15 sessions for 3 wks.

Results
A significant difference among the three groups was found for the change scores of the Fugl-Meyer Assessment upper extremity subscale from pretreatment to 1-mo follow-up (P = 0.02), in favor of the transcranial direct current stimulation combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation group. Moreover, the transcranial direct current stimulation combined with neuromuscular electrical stimulation group showed significant within-group improvement on the Fugl-Meyer Assessment upper extremity (from preintervention to postintervention, P = 0.01) and the Action Research Arm Test (from preintervention to postintervention and to 1-mo postintervention, P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively).

Conclusions
This preliminary study reveals that combining transcranial direct current stimulation and neuromuscular electrical stimulation with regular rehabilitation programs may enhance better upper extremity functional improvement than regular rehabilitation programs alone in patients with chronic stroke.
The opioid overdose crisis as a global health challenge
Authors: Krausz R. Michael , Westenberg Jean Nicolas , Ziafat Kimia 
Published: April 2021

Purpose of review
To assess the current state of the opioid overdose crisis along three major axes: drug markets and patterns of use, the effectiveness of systems of care, and international developments.

Recent findings
Overdose is a major contributor to mortality and disability among people who use drugs. The increasing number of opioid overdoses in North America especially is an indication of changing drug markets and failing regional systems of care. Globally, we see three clusters of overdose prevalence: (1) a group of countries led by the United States with historically high rates of opioid overdose, (2) a group of countries with increasing rates within a concerning range, (3) a group with very low rates. The contamination of street drugs, the quality and accessibility of treatment, and the overall system of care all contribute to the prevalence of overdose.

Summary
Drug markets and pattern of consumption in parts of the world are shifting towards contamination and opioids like fentanyl as the drug of choice, which dismantles insufficient and largely ineffective systems of care. Furthermore, outside of North America, more countries like Estonia, Lithuania, Sweden, Finland, and Norway show very concerning numbers. Without a consistent system response, effects will be devastating.
Perceived public health threat a key factor for willingness to get the COVID-19 vaccine in Australia
Authors: Dodd Rachael H , Pickles Kristen , Cvejic Erin , Cornell Samuel , Isautier Jennifer MJ , Copp Tessa , Nickel Brooke , Bonner Carissa , Batcup Carys , Muscat Danielle M , Ayre Julie , McCaffery Kirsten J 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundVaccination rollout against COVID-19 has begun across multiple countries worldwide. Although the vaccine is free, rollout might still be compromised by hesitancy or concerns about COVID-19 vaccines.MethodsWe conducted two online surveys of Australian adults in April (during national lockdown; convenience cross-sectional sample) and November (virtually no cases of COVID-19; nationally representative sample) 2020, prior to vaccine rollout. We asked about intentions to have a potential COVID-19 vaccine (If a COVID-19 vaccine becomes available, I will get it) and free-text responses (November only).ResultsAfter adjustment for differences in sample demographics, the estimated proportion agreeing to a COVID-19 vaccine if it became available in April (n=1146) was 76.2%. In November (n=2034) this was estimated at 71.4% of the sample; additional analyses identified that the variation was driven by differences in perceived public health threat between April and November. Across both surveys, female gender, being younger, having inadequate health literacy and lower education were associated with reluctance to be vaccinated against COVID-19. Lower perceived susceptibility to COVID-19, belief that data on the efficacy of vaccines is ‘largely made up’, having lower confidence in government, and lower perception of COVID-19 as a public health threat, were also associated with reluctance to be vaccinated against COVID-19. The top three reasons for agreeing to vaccinate (November only) were to protect myself and others, moral responsibility, and having no reason not to get it. For those who were indifferent or disagreeing to vaccinate, safety concerns were the top reason, followed by indecision and lack of trust in the vaccine respectively.CONCLUSIONSThese findings highlight some factors related to willingness to accept a COVID-19 vaccine prior to one being available in Australia. Now that the vaccine is being offered, this study identifies key issues that can inform public health messaging to address vaccine hesitancy.HIGHLIGHTSPerceived public health threat is associated with intentions to vaccinateThose believing the efficacy of vaccines is made up were less willing to get vaccinatedTo protect myself and others was the top reason for getting the vaccineSafety concerns was the top reason against getting the vaccine
Longitudinal analysis shows durable and broad immune memory after SARS-CoV-2 infection with persisting antibody responses and memory B and T cells
Authors: Cohen Kristen W. , Linderman Susanne L. , Moodie Zoe , Czartoski Julie , Lai Lilin , Mantus Grace , Norwood Carson , Nyhoff Lindsay E. , Edara Venkata Viswanadh , Floyd Katharine , De Rosa Stephen C. , Ahmed Hasan , Whaley Rachael , Patel Shivan N. , Prigmore Brittany , Lemos Maria P. , Davis Carl W. , Furth Sarah , O’Keefe James , Gharpure Mohini P. , Gunisetty Sivaram , Stephens Kathy A. , Antia Rustom , Zarnitsyna Veronika I. , Stephens David S. , Edupuganti Srilatha , Rouphael Nadine , Anderson Evan J. , Mehta Aneesh K. , Wrammert Jens , Suthar Mehul S. , Ahmed Rafi , Juliana McElrath M. 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARYEnding the COVID-19 pandemic will require long-lived immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Here, we evaluate 254 COVID-19 patients longitudinally up to eight months and find durable broad-based immune responses. SARS-CoV-2 spike binding and neutralizing antibodies exhibit a bi-phasic decay with an extended half-life of >200 days suggesting the generation of longer-lived plasma cells. SARS-CoV-2 infection also boosts antibody titers to SARS-CoV-1 and common betacoronaviruses. In addition, spike-specific IgG+ memory B cells persist, which bodes well for a rapid antibody response upon virus re-exposure or vaccination. Virus-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are polyfunctional and maintained with an estimated half-life of 200 days. Interestingly, CD4+ T cell responses equally target several SARS-CoV-2 proteins, whereas the CD8+ T cell responses preferentially target the nucleoprotein, highlighting the potential importance of including the nucleoprotein in future vaccines. Taken together, these results suggest that broad and effective immunity may persist long-term in recovered COVID-19 patients.
Machine Learning and Prediction of All-Cause Mortality among Chinese Older Adults
Authors: Jin Xurui , Sun Yiyang , Zhu Tinglong , Leng Yu , Guan Shuyi , Zhang Kehan , Li Kangshuo , Niu Zhangming , Wu Chenkai , Zeng Yi , Yao Yao , Yan Lijing L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground and aimMortality risk stratification was vital for targeted intervention. This study aimed at building the prediction model of all-cause mortality among Chinese dwelling elderly with different methods including regression models and machine learning models and to compare the performance of machine learning models with regression model on predicting mortality. Additionally, this study also aimed at ranking the predictors of mortality within different models and comparing the predictive value of different groups of predictors using the model with best performance.MethodWe used data from the 2008 and 2011 waves of Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS). The follow-up of CLHLS was conducted every 2-3 years till 2018. The analysis sample included 2,448 participants. We used totally 117 predictors to build the prediction model for survival including 61 questionnaire, 41 biomarker and 15 genetics predictors. Four models were built (XG-Boost, random survival forest [RSF], Cox regression with all variables and Cox-backward). We used C-index and integrated Brier score to evaluate the performance of those models.ResultsThe XG-Boost model and RSF model shows slightly better predictive performance than Cox models and Cox-backward models based on the C-index and integrated Brier score in predicting surviving. Age, activity of daily living and Mini-Mental State Examination score were identified as the top 3 predictors in the XG-Boost and RSF models. Biomarker and questionnaire predictors have a similar predictive value, while genetic predictors have no addictive predictive value when combined with questionnaire or biomarker predictors.ConclusionIn this work, it is shown that machine learning techniques can be a useful tool for both prediction and its performance sightly outperformed the regression model in predicting survival.
A study of the clearness rate of fetal Sylvian fissure shown on different sections by prenatal ultrasound
Authors: Pingping Xu , Dirong Zhang , Yu Shi , Fengbei Kong , Chunxiao Yao , Ying She , Guoru Wu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the clearness rate of fetal Sylvian fissure revealed by prenatal ultrasonography on trans-cerebellar section and trans-thalamic section, and to provide scientific basis for selecting the best section of prenatal ultrasound to evaluate the developmental parameters related to fetal Sylvian fissure.MethodsThis was a retrospective study. We analyzed all the fetal images on trans-cerebellar section and trans-thalamic section stored in the imaging system who were undergoing grade III prenatal ultrasound examination in our hospital from January 2017 to December 2018. The gestational age was divided into three groups which were 21 to 24 weeks, 25 to 28 weeks and 29 to 32 weeks respectively. The evaluation criteria for the clear appearance of the Sylvian fissure were complete morphology of the Sylvian fissure and clear apical and anteriorly edges of the Sylvian fissure. The results of showing Sylvian fissure clearly were divided into four groups: only on trans-cerebellar section shown clear, only on trans-thalamic section shown clear, both on trans-cerebellar section and trans-thalamic section shown clear, and both on trans-cerebellar section and trans-thalamic section not shown clear. The clearness rate of each group and the total clearness rate of each section were analyzed statistically.ResultsThe clearness rates of showing Sylvian fissure only on trans-cerebellar section were 62.3% at 21 to 24 weeks, 70.1% at 25 to 28 weeks and 63.6% at 29 to 32 weeks. The clearness rates of showing Sylvian fissure only on trans-thalamic section were 11.1% at 21 ∼ 24 weeks, 10.5% at 25 ∼ 28 weeks and 9.1% at 29 ∼ 32 weeks. The clearness rates of showing Sylvian fissure both on trans-cerebellar and trans-thalamic sections were 22.1% at 21 to 24 weeks, 15.0% at 25 to 28 weeks and 13.0% at 29 to 32 weeks. The unclearness rates of showing Sylvian fissure both on trans-cerebellar and trans-thalamic sections were 4.5%at 21 ∼ 24 weeks, 4.4% at 25 ∼ 28 weeks and 14.3% at 29 ∼ 32 weeks. The clearness rate of showing Sylvian fissure on trans-cerebellar section was significantly higher than on trans-thalamic section (P < 0.05). The total clearness rate of showing Sylvian fissure on trans-cerebellar section and trans-thalamic section were 83.1% and 28.3% respectively.ConclusionIn this study, it was suggested that prenatal ultrasound selection of trans-cerebellar section is better than trans-thalamic section in evaluating the developmental parameters related to the Sylvian fissure.
Informing patterns of health and social care utilisation in Irish older people according to the Clinical Frailty Scale
Authors: O’Halloran Aisling M. , Hartley Peter , Moloney David , McGarrigle Christine , Kenny Rose Anne , Romero-Ortuno Roman 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThere is increasing policy interest in the consideration of frailty measures (rather than chronological age alone) to inform a more equitable allocation of health and social care resources in the community. The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) has attracted interest for its simplicity and consideration of multiple relevant geriatric dimensions. However, a criticism of the CFS has been the possible subjectivity in the scoring, bringing the possible danger of lack of scoring consistency across agencies. For that reason, the authors of the CFS published a classification tree method to assist with routine scoring of the CFS.The aim of the present study was to apply the CFS classification tree to data from adults aged 65 and over from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA) and correlate derived CFS categories with patterns of health and social care utilisation in Irish older people assessed in Wave 5 of the study (year 2018). In addition, we explored how CFS categories and states changed over 8 years in TILDA between Wave 1 (2010) and Wave 5.Results showed the following prevalence of CFS categories in Wave 5: 6% ‘very fit’ (CFS1), 36% ‘fit’ (CFS2), 31% ‘managing well’ (CFS3), 16% ‘vulnerable’ (CFS4), 6% ‘mildly frail’ (CFS5), 4% ‘moderately frail’ (CFS6) and 1% ‘severely frail’ (CFS7). No participants were ‘very severely frail’ or ‘terminally ill’. In wave 5, increasing CFS categories had an association with increasing utilisation of hospital and community health services, and increasing hours of formal and informal social care provision. The transitions analyses from Wave 1 to 5 suggested a dynamic picture of CFS transitions, with 2-year probability of transitioning from ‘fit’ (CFS1-3) to ‘vulnerable’ (CFS4), and ‘fit’ to ‘frail’ (CFS5+) at 34% and 6%, respectively. ‘Vulnerable’ and ‘frail’ had a 22% and 17% probability of reversal to ‘fit’ and ‘vulnerable’, respectively.Our results suggest that the CFS classification tree was able to stratify the TILDA population aged 65 and over into subgroups with increasing health and social care needs. The CFS classification tree could be used to aid the allocation of health and social care resources in older people in Ireland, but given the frequency of CFS transitions in the population, it is recommended that CFS status in individuals is reviewed at least every 2 years.
Impact of school-based malaria screening and treatment onP. falciparuminfection and anemia prevalence in two transmission settings in Malawi
Authors: Cohee Lauren M. , Peterson Ingrid , Coalson Jenna E. , Valim Clarissa , Chilombe Moses , Ngwira Andrew , Bauleni Andy , Schaffer-DeRoo Sarah , Seydel Karl B. , Wilson Mark L. , Taylor Terrie E. , Mathanga Don P. , Laufer Miriam K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn areas highly endemic for malaria,Plasmodium falciparum(Pf) infection prevalence peaks in school-age children, adversely affecting their health and education. School-based intermittent preventive treatment reduces this burden, however concerns about cost and widespread use of antimalarial drugs have limited enthusiasm for this approach. School-based screening-and-treatment is an attractive alternative. We conducted a school-based cohort study to evaluate the impact of screening-and-treatment on the prevalence ofPfinfection and anemia in two different transmission settings.MethodsWe screened 704 students in four Malawian primary schools forPfinfection using rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Those testing positive were treated with artemether-lumefantrine. Outcomes werePfinfections detected by microscopy or PCR and anemia after six weeks.ResultsPrevalence of infection by RDT at screening was 37% (range among schools 9-64%). We detected a significant reduction after six weeks in infections by microscopy (adjusted relative reduction (aRR) 47.1%, p<0.0001) and PCR (aRR 23.1%, p<0.0001), but no reduction in anemia. In low, seasonal prevalence areas, sub-patent infections at screening led to persistent infection, but not disease, during follow-up. In high transmission settings, new infections frequently occurred within six weeks after treatment.ConclusionsSchool-based screening-and-treatment reducedPfinfection but not anemia. This approach could be enhanced in low transmission settings by using more sensitive screening tests and in high transmission settings by repeating the intervention or using longer acting drugs.SummaryMalaria screening-and-treatment reducedP. falciparuminfections but not anemia. Because rapid diagnostic tests failed to detect low-density infections, screening tests with higher sensitivity may be needed in low transmission areas where low-density infections make-up a larger proportion of infections.
Estimating the false positive rate of highly automated SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification testing
Authors: Chandler Christopher M. , Bourassa Lori , Mathias Patrick C. , Greninger Alexander L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMolecular testing for infectious diseases is generally both very sensitive and specific. Well-designed PCR primers rarely cross-react with other analytes, and specificities seen during test validation are often 100%. However, analytical specificities measured during validation may not reflect real-world performance across the entire testing process. Here, we use the unique environment of SARS-CoV-2 screening among otherwise well individuals to examine the false positivity rate of high throughput so-called “sample-to-answer” nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) on three commercial assays: the Hologic Panther Fusion®, Hologic Aptima® transcription mediated amplification (TMA), and Roche cobas® 6800. We used repetitive sampling of the same person as the gold standard to determine test specificity rather than retesting of the same sample. We examined 451 people repetitively sampled over 7 months via nasal swab, comprising 7,242 results. During the study period there were twelve positive tests (0.17%) from 9 people. Eight positive tests (0.11%, five individuals) were considered bona fide true positives based on repeat positives or outside testing and epidemiological data. One positive test had no follow-up testing or metadata and could not be adjudicated. Three positive tests (three individuals) did not repeat as positive on a subsequent collection, nor did the original positive specimen test positive on an orthogonal platform. We consider these three tests false positives and estimate the overall false positive rate of high-throughput automated, sample-to-answer NAAT testing to be approximately 0.041% (3/7242). These data help laboratorians, epidemiologists, and regulators understand specificity and positive predictive value associated with high-throughput NAAT testing.