bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐repeat and four‐repeat tau isoforms form different oligomers
Authors: Shahpasand‐Kroner Hedieh , Portillo Jennifer , Lantz Carter , Seidler Paul M. , Sarafian Natalie , Loo Joseph A. , Bitan Gal 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDifferent tauopathies are characterized by the isoform‐specific composition of the aggregates found in the brain and by structurally distinct tau strains. Although tau oligomers have been implicated as important neurotoxic species, little is known about how the primary structures of the six human tau isoforms affect tau oligomerization because the oligomers are metastable and difficult to analyze. To address this knowledge gap, here, we analyzed the initial oligomers formed by the six tau isoforms in the absence of posttranslational modifications or other manipulations using dot blots probed by an oligomer‐specific antibody, native‐PAGE/western blots, photo‐induced cross‐linking of unmodified proteins, mass‐spectrometry, and ion‐mobility spectroscopy. We found that under these conditions, three‐repeat (3R) isoforms are more prone than four‐repeat (4R) isoforms to form oligomers. We also tested whether known inhibitors of tau aggregation affect its oligomerization using three small molecules representing different classes of tau aggregation inhibitors, Methylene Blue (MB), the molecular tweezer CLR01, and the all‐D peptide TLKIVW, for their ability to inhibit or modulate the oligomerization of the six tau isoforms. Unlike their reported inhibitory effect on tau fibrillation, the inhibitors had little or no effect on the initial oligomerization. Our study provides novel insight into the primary–quaternary structure relationship of human tau and suggests that 3R‐tau oligomers may be an important target for future development of compounds targeting pathological tau assemblies.
The effects of beta‐cypermethrin, chlorbenzuron, chlorothalonil, and pendimethalin onApis mellifera ligusticaandApis cerana ceranalarvae rearedin vitro
Authors: He Qibao , Yang Qing , Liu Qiongqiong , Hu Zhaoyin , Gao Quan , Dong Yongcheng , Xiao Jinjing , Yu Linsheng , Cao Haiqun 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDDeclines in bee populations and diversity have drawn international attention. The long‐term use of chemical pesticides has affected bee behavior and physiology. This study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic exposure to four commonly used chemical pesticides (beta‐cypermethrin, chlorbenzuron, chlorothalonil and pendimethalin) on the growth ofApis mellifera ligusticaandApis cerana ceranalarvae rearedin vitro.RESULTSPesticide type and concentration were the main factors affecting honeybee fitness. Beta‐cypermethrin and chlorbenzuron had chronic toxic effects on bee larvae. They reduced the fitness ofA. m. ligusticaandA. c. ceranaeven at low doses of 323.5 ng g−1for beta‐cypermethrin and 62.6 ng g−1for chlorbenzuron in bee bread. The effects were positively associated with the dietary amounts of pesticides. By contrast, chlorothalonil and pendimethalin exposure did not affect bee larvae despite changes in enzyme activities. Caution is still needed with chlorothalonil, which led to a decrease in harvest adult bee numbers at a high dose (6937.2 ng g−1). Furthermore, a difference in pesticide resistance was observed, suggesting thatA. m. ligusticamay tolerate toxic effects better thanA. c. cerana.CONCLUSIONThis study sheds new light on chronic toxicity in bee larvae exposed to residues in bee bread. The results could guide the scientific and rational use of chemical pesticides to reduce the potential risks toA. m. ligusticaandA. c. cerana. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Variational functionals for excited state saddle points versus traditional Hylleraas–Undheim and McDonald higher “roots,” and a way to instantly improve a lowest state crude approximant
Authors: Bacalis Naoum C. , Xiong Zhuang , Wang Zhen Xin , Karaoulanis Dimitris 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMany chemical reactions occur in excited states, so, we must know their wave functions. But the excited states are saddle points in the wave function space and cannot be located by energy minimization. The reported functional, Ωn, (reducible to a self‐consistent generalized eigenvalue problem, that allows simultaneous treatment with multi‐configuration self‐consistent field ‐ MCSCF) locate the excited states/saddle points with the help of crude approximants of the lower lying states, without demanding any orthogonality to them, whatsoever. Ωn is useful for systems (mainly large) where huge wave functions expansions (that would tend to the exact values) are impracticable, and rather small truncated (but comprehensible) wave functions are needed. Ωn is checked against large wave functions of small atoms and against both large and small wave functions that implement the Hylleraas‐Undheim ‐ McDonald theorem thus locate an energy minimum near, but not the saddle point itself. Various Ωn applications are given.
Risk prediction models for discrete ordinal outcomes: Calibration and the impact of the proportional odds assumption
Authors: Edlinger Michael , van Smeden Maarten , Alber Hannes F , Wanitschek Maria , Van Calster Ben 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCalibration is a vital aspect of the performance of risk prediction models, but research in the context of ordinal outcomes is scarce. This study compared calibration measures for risk models predicting a discrete ordinal outcome, and investigated the impact of the proportional odds assumption on calibration and overfitting. We studied the multinomial, cumulative, adjacent category, continuation ratio, and stereotype logit/logistic models. To assess calibration, we investigated calibration intercepts and slopes, calibration plots, and the estimated calibration index. Using large sample simulations, we studied the performance of models for risk estimation under various conditions, assuming that the true model has either a multinomial logistic form or a cumulative logit proportional odds form. Small sample simulations were used to compare the tendency for overfitting between models. As a case study, we developed models to diagnose the degree of coronary artery disease (five categories) in symptomatic patients. When the true model was multinomial logistic, proportional odds models often yielded poor risk estimates, with calibration slopes deviating considerably from unity even on large model development datasets. The stereotype logistic model improved the calibration slope, but still provided biased risk estimates for individual patients. When the true model had a cumulative logit proportional odds form, multinomial logistic regression provided biased risk estimates, although these biases were modest. Nonproportional odds models require more parameters to be estimated from the data, and hence suffered more from overfitting. Despite larger sample size requirements, we generally recommend multinomial logistic regression for risk prediction modeling of discrete ordinal outcomes.
An experimental examination of the flow of irrelevant information across markets
Authors: Ackert Lucy F. , Kluger Brian D. , Qi Li , Wei Lijia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractOur study uses an experimental method to provide insight into the flow of information across two asset markets that are fully segmented. In our asset markets, two separate sets of participants trade an identical asset in different markets. We then introduce a shock to fundamentals in one market to examine the response of traders in the second market. Because there is no fundamental shock in the second market, we can separate information‐based reactions from responses due to changes in underlying fundamental values. With the separation across markets, we observe whether information relating to a fundamental shock that only affects the shocked market is transmitted to the non‐shocked market. Our evidence suggests that traders in one market are observing behavior in the other contemporaneous market. After an information shock, price efficiency declines but improves by the end of trading.
Simplified methodologies to designate sensitive areas and nitrate vulnerable zones: A case study of Yesilirmak River Basin, Turkey
Authors: Ayaz Selma , Atasoy Aytış Elif , Koyunluoğlu Aynur Şebnem , Kıran Burcu , Beşiktaş Mehmet , Sarıkaya Ömer , Karaaslan Yakup 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe European Union enforces the member states designate sensitive areas and nitrate vulnerable zones according to Water Framework Directive and its daughter directives Nitrates Directive and Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive. The aim of this study is to develop an approach for designation of sensitive areas (SAs) and nitrate vulnerable zones (NVZs) for surface water bodies. SAs are designated with a three‐step approach using initial characterization, physicochemical monitoring, and application of biotic indices. Nitrate concentration data of monitoring stations and the total nitrate loading rates of agriculture were two parameters for the determination of NVZs. This simplified methodology was applied to Yesilirmak River Basin. A total of 42 water bodies (23 river and 19 lake) were specified as SA and 30 water bodies (17 river and 13 lake) were designated as NVZ which constitutes about 63% and 49% of the total drainage area of the basin, respectively. Although the final definition of SAs and NVZs will depend on policies and regulations adopted in Turkey, the study contributed to efforts of Turkish water authorities for the determination of the SAs and NVZs of Turkey.
Microbial community response of the full‐scale MBR system for mixed leachates treatment
Authors: Li Huan , Li Zhiheng , Song Bowen , Gu Zhepei 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn practice, mature landfill leachate and incineration (young) leachate are mixed to improve the biodegradability and enhance biological treatment performance. However, the ratio of mature‐to‐young leachates greatly influences MBR treatment efficiency and microbial community structure. This study investigated the treatment efficiency and microbial community structure of full‐scale MBR systems operated under two mix ratios, mature leachate: young leachate = 7:3 (v/v, denoted as LL) and 3:7 (v/v, denoted as IL). LL group showed lower Cl− and COD concentrations but a higher aromatic organic content comparing to IL group, and the COD and UV254 removals for LL were significantly lower than those for IL by MBR treatment. Microbial community structures were similar in both groups at phylum level, with dominant phyla being Proteobacteria (23.8%–32.3%), Bacteroidetes (15.25%–20.7%), Chloroflexi (10.5%–23.1%), and Patescibacteria (9.9%–13.2%). However, the richness and diversity of LL group were lower, and differences were observed at lower taxonomy levels. Results indicated that salinity mainly changed the structure of microbial community, resulting in greater abundance of salt‐tolerant microbials, while refractory organics affected microbial community structure, and also led to decreased diversity and metabolic activity. Therefore, in mixed leachates biological treatment, a higher young leachate ratio is recommended for better organics removal performance.Practitioner Points

The trade‐off between refractory organics and salinity in mixed leachate treatment should be paid attention.
Refractory organics reduced alpha and functional diversities of microorganisms.
Mixed leachate with a higher young leachate ratio reached a better organic removal.
Motivation and Framework
Authors: Hotori Eiji , Wendschlag Mikael , Giddey Thibaud 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter introduces the concept and a definition of the “formalization” of banking supervision that is examined in this book and outlines the aim and scope of the book. In addition to providing the reader with an overview of the history of banking supervision in eight developed countries (the US, Japan, Sweden, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, France, and the UK), the book presents information regarding the formalization process itself. That process is assessed based on three criteria—bank regulation, supervisory authority, and supervisory activity. This approach is intended to provide more detail than a simple assessment based on banking acts that is common in financial regulation research. The aim of the analysis undertaken in this book is to identify why the history of banking supervision in various countries shares many similarities and yet also displays many differences. In Sect. 1.5, we provide an overview of the historiography of the formalization of banking supervision with a special emphasis on comparative and internationally oriented literature, while the growing body of literature on each of the national cases is discussed in subsequent chapters.
Switzerland: Formalizing Banking Supervision in the Aftermath of a Crisis, Better Late Than Never
Authors: Hotori Eiji , Wendschlag Mikael , Giddey Thibaud 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis chapter deals with the formalization of banking supervision in Switzerland, which occurred throughout the twentieth century in a three-step process. First, between 1914 and 1931, the introduction of formal banking supervision, including a detailed Banking Act enforced by an authority, was discussed but was rejected under the influence of leading bankers. Second, in the aftermath of a severe banking crisis in 1931–1934, the resistance of bankers was undermined and a federal law on commercial banking, featuring the setting up of a new supervision agency, was adopted. Third, until the late 1970s, despite the existence of a legal code and a designated authority, the formalization was still incomplete, because the agency was lacking the formal capacity and resources to guarantee an effective enforcement of financial regulation. During that period (1930s–1970s), policymakers were unable to remove the flaws of the supervisory regime because of the strong preference of the main stakeholders (commercial banks, banking supervisors) for the existing system.
The UK: Financial Globalization and Formalization of Banking Supervision
Authors: Hotori Eiji , Wendschlag Mikael , Giddey Thibaud 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAmong the developed economies, the UK was the latest to formalize banking supervision as we define it in this book. The process began in the mid-1970s following the fringe bank crisis and the simultaneous beginning of international cooperation on banking regulation matters in the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. The crisis led to the reforms of both the Banking Act and the Bank of England Act in 1979—the Bank of England was assigned its first formal duties and responsibilities for banking supervision, and the commercial banks had to meet bank-specific requirements instead of the general corporate law. However, given the reluctance of the Bank of England to conduct banking supervisory activities as well as the Bank’s behavior to stick with the conventional informal “governor’s eyebrow,” we deem the formalization process ongoing until the reforms of 1987. The Banking Act 1987 clarified the Bank of England’s responsibilities and mandate regarding banking supervision, and the Board of Banking Supervision was established as a permanent formal organization to monitor and council the Bank of England on supervisory matters. The UK is an interesting case where the banking supervision remained informal until quite recently—compared to other countries. The formalization process can be explained by the crisis and the international push for harmonized banking regulation.
Algebras, traces, and boundary correlators in $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 4 SYM
Authors: Dedushenko Mykola , Gaiotto Davide 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We study supersymmetric sectors at half-BPS boundaries and interfaces in the 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 super Yang-Mills with the gauge group G, which are described by associative algebras equipped with twisted traces. Such data are in one-to-one correspondence with an infinite set of defect correlation functions. We identify algebras and traces for known boundary conditions. Ward identities expressing the (twisted) periodicity of the trace highly constrain its structure, in many cases allowing for the complete solution. Our main examples in this paper are: the universal enveloping algebra $$ U\left(\mathfrak{g}\right) $$
U

g

with the trace describing the Dirichlet boundary conditions; and the finite W-algebra $$ \mathcal{W}\left(\mathfrak{g},{t}_{+}\right) $$
W

g

t
+

with the trace describing the Nahm pole boundary conditions.
From dS to AdS and back
Authors: Sleight Charlotte , Taronna Massimo 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We describe in more detail the general relation uncovered in our previous work between boundary correlators in de Sitter (dS) and in Euclidean anti-de Sitter (EAdS) space, at any order in perturbation theory. Assuming the Bunch-Davies vacuum at early times, any given diagram contributing to a boundary correlator in dS can be expressed as a linear combination of Witten diagrams for the corresponding process in EAdS, where the relative coefficients are fixed by consistent on-shell factorisation in dS. These coefficients are given by certain sinusoidal factors which account for the change in coefficient of the contact sub-diagrams from EAdS to dS, which we argue encode (perturbative) unitary time evolution in dS. dS boundary correlators with Bunch-Davies initial conditions thus perturbatively have the same singularity structure as their Euclidean AdS counterparts and the identities between them allow to directly import the wealth of techniques, results and understanding from AdS to dS. This includes the Conformal Partial Wave expansion and, by going from single-valued Witten diagrams in EAdS to Lorentzian AdS, the Froissart-Gribov inversion formula. We give a few (among the many possible) applications both at tree and loop level. Such identities between boundary correlators in dS and EAdS are made manifest by the Mellin-Barnes representation of boundary correlators, which we point out is a useful tool in its own right as the analogue of the Fourier transform for the dilatation group. The Mellin-Barnes representation in particular makes manifest factorisation and dispersion formulas for bulk-to-bulk propagators in (EA)dS, which imply Cutkosky cutting rules and dispersion formulas for boundary correlators in (EA)dS. Our results are completely general and in particular apply to any interaction of (integer) spinning fields.
Randomized Signal Processing with Continuous Frames
Authors: Levie Ron , Avron Haim 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper focuses on signal processing tasks in which the signal is transformed from the signal space to a higher dimensional coefficient space (also called phase space) using a continuous frame, processed in the coefficient space, and synthesized to an output signal. We show how to approximate such methods, termed phase space signal processing methods, using a Monte Carlo method. As opposed to standard discretizations of continuous frames, based on sampling discrete frames from the continuous system, the proposed Monte Carlo method is directly a quadrature approximation of the continuous frame. We show that the Monte Carlo method allows working with highly redundant continuous frames, since the number of samples required for a certain accuracy is proportional to the dimension of the signal space, and not to the dimension of the phase space. Moreover, even though the continuous frame is highly redundant, the Monte Carlo samples are spread uniformly, and hence represent the coefficient space more faithfully than standard frame discretizations.
Entwicklung einer Onlineintervention zum Thema Suizidalität – Vermittlung von Wissen und Reduzierung von Suizidstigma
Authors: Dreier Mareike , Ludwig Julia , Baumgardt Johanna , Härter Martin , von dem Knesebeck Olaf , Bock Thomas , Liebherz Sarah 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungBei Suizidalität können die Angst, von anderen stigmatisiert zu werden, sowie Selbststigmatisierung und unzureichende Informationen dazu führen, dass Hilfsangebote weniger oder gar nicht in Anspruch genommen werden. E‑Mental-Health-Interventionen sind eine Möglichkeit, niederschwellig viele Betroffene über die Thematik zu informieren und auf persönliche Hilfsangebote vorzubereiten. Am Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf wurde eine komplexe Intervention entwickelt, gefördert im Rahmen des Förderschwerpunkts „Suizidprävention (A: Entstigmatisierung)“ des Bundesministeriums für Gesundheit. Entwicklung und Inhalte dieser Onlineintervention sollen im vorliegenden Beitrag beschrieben werden.Nach einer repräsentativen Telefonbefragung der deutschen Allgemeinbevölkerung, mit der Wissenslücken und Stigmatisierungstendenzen zum Thema Suizid untersucht wurden, entstand auf Basis eines australischen Suizidpräventionsprojekts und in Zusammenarbeit mit Betroffenen und Angehörigen die Onlineintervention „8 Leben – Erfahrungsberichte und Wissenswertes zum Thema Suizid“. Darin wurden sowohl wissenschaftlich-klinische Fakten rund um das Thema Suizidalität als auch eine gesellschaftlich-kulturelle Perspektive beleuchtet sowie auf Selbsthilfemöglichkeiten und professionelle Hilfsangebote verwiesen. Es wurden Videoerfahrungsberichte von Betroffenen und Angehörigen gezeigt. Aktuell wird das Projekt ausgewertet. Eine Weiterführung ist geplant.In der Intervention werden verschiedene Sichtweisen gezeigt und die Personen, die die Intervention in Anspruch nehmen, werden sowohl auf kognitiver als auch auf emotionaler Ebene angesprochen. Aufgrund der Prävalenz von Suizidalität und der dennoch bestehenden Tabuisierung des Themas scheinen seriöse, evidenzbasierte und niedrigschwellige Präventions- und Informationsangebote besonders relevant.
The Little Auk Alle alle: an ecological indicator of a changing Arctic and a model organism
Authors: Wojczulanis-Jakubas Katarzyna , Jakubas Dariusz , Stempniewicz Lech 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Little AukAlle alleis a small planktivorous auk breeding colonially in the High Arctic. Owing to its large population size and bi-environmental lifestyle, resulting in the large-scale transport of matter from sea to land, the Little Auk is one of the most important components of the marine and terrestrial ecosystems in the Arctic. As a result of globalization, which facilitates access to remote areas of the Earth, a growing number of studies is being dedicated to this endemic Arctic seabird. Research has focussed primarily on the importance of the Little Auk as an ecological indicator reacting to the climatic and oceanological changes that are particularly evident in the Arctic as a result of Arctic amplification (warming is more rapid in the Arctic than in any other region on Earth). Importantly, the species is also used as a model to investigate matter and energy flow through the ecosystem, mate choice, parental care and biological rhythms. Here, we review the natural history of the Little Auk, highlighting studies with the potential to provide answers to universal questions regarding the response of seabirds to climate variability and avian reproductive behaviour, e.g. threshold of foraging flexibility in response to environmental variability, carry-over effects between the breeding and non-breeding periods, the reasons for the transition from bi- to uni-parental care, parental coordination mechanisms.