bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Market Gardening as a Livelihood Strategy: a Case Study of Rural-Urban Migrants in Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysia
Authors:   , Wong Sarah 
Published: November 2021

<p>This research investigates the role market gardening plays in the livelihood strategies of rural-urban migrants. It contributes to the literature on market gardening, livelihood strategies and migration by positioning market gardening as a highly flexible and adaptable mechanism for managing the rural-urban transition among households with few labour alternatives. Such perspective elevates market gardening from simply being a land use category to being an active instrument in the management of rural-urban migration processes. The expanding urban centre of Kapit, Sarawak, Malaysia is used as a case study of a rapidly expanding small town in a predominantly rural domain. Market gardening emerges as an important source of income for both individuals and households as rural-urban migrants negotiate the transition between farming and urban settlement. Many rural-urban migrants adopt market gardening or associated market selling as their first employment in urban centres. First generation migrants often have low off-farm skills which limit their ability to take on alternative occupations. While a rise in market gardening activity is enabled by a growth in demand for fresh vegetables, in the context of Sarawak it is also heavily influenced by the involvement of the state that actively encourages participation, provides advice to farmers and offers subsidies. The expansion of roads from rural to urban areas also plays an important role in improving market gardeners access to urban markets, as well as their access to material inputs. At the same time, increased access has heightened competition by attracting new entrants to urban vegetable markets. Interviews with 10 sellers and 30 market gardeners from Kapit were conducted in 2004. In contrast to market gardening in larger centres documented in the literature, this small isolated town case identifies market gardeners as typically middle-aged, rural-urban migrant women with limited education and employment skills other than subsistence farming. Market gardening and associated selling is adopted because they are unable to acquire alternative employment to support their household and children’s education. As such, market gardening in the urban setting is a logical extension of the woman’s role as the primary farmer in rural areas.</p>
The High Temperature Synthesis of Transition Metal Oxo-Carboxylate Polynuclear Complexes
Authors:   , Taylor Jonathan 
Published: November 2021

<p>Oxo-carboxylate polynuclear complexes contain more than one metal ion bridged by oxo and carboxylate bridges. One method of synthesis for these complexes is the so called high temperature synthesis where a solid precursor is heated at a temperature between 200 - 500 ºC. This research has shown that thermal analytical techniques, EGA-MS and TGA, are an effective way of determining the processes that are occurring at different temperatures during the heating. Thermal analysis may also be used to determine the optimal temperature at which to perform the high temperatures synthesis. From the thermal analysis of different compounds used in the high temperature synthesis, it is observed that the product is influenced by the carboxylate ligand and the metal ions present in the precursor. Factors such as the anion, solvent of crystallisation or nuclearity of the complex are seen to have no influence on product formation at higher temperatures. It is proposed that a precursor whose corresponding acid of bridging carboxylate has a low boiling point will require a lower synthesis temperature to form complexes of the same nuclearity and structure than precursors with carboxylate ligands whose acid has a higher boiling point.</p>
Controversies in Counselling: Re-thinking Therapy’s Ethical Base
Authors:   , Cornforth Sue 
Published: November 2021

<p>This is a theoretical thesis about ethical counselling/psychotherapy. Its aim is to re-think some of the many problems that beset the “psy” professions, by addressing some of therapy’s foundational assumptions. It takes the view that these are still expressed in five ethical principles: autonomy, fidelity, justice, non-maleficence and beneficence. It considers this re-thinking a prerequisite to the development of “just” practice in the twenty-first century. Counselling/psychotherapy is still an emerging profession and contains many contradictions and unanswered questions. The thesis begins by foregrounding the ambiguous relationship of therapy to social justice and to the global environment. It describes the range of internal disruptions and discrepancies which the profession contains. It then presents ethical commitment as the uniting factor, and as the topic of study for the rest of the thesis. The re-thinking draws on a variety of poststructural tools and reviews literature throughout. It takes a discursive approach, drawing in particular on a framework suggested by Foucault in 1968. Each of chapters three to seven focuses on one of the five ethical principles. Each principle is subjected to both a meta-analysis, which locates it within wider discursive contexts and a micro-analysis, which tracks its expression in various versions of the New Zealand Association of Counsellors’ ethical codes. This re-thinking seeks to foreground other “truths” that may have been excluded. The thesis finds that various controversies play a distracting role in a discourse that struggles to exclude immanent relationship with “other things”, including the planet. It finds that therapy continues to play out traditional and oppositional philosophical themes. It finds that morality, expressed rationally as ethics, suffers an erasure. It becomes mis-represented. The thesis ends by proposing a theory of materiality that bridges the gap between discourse analysis and identity politics. It concludes that ethical therapy would do better to free itself from reason’s stranglehold. It calls for an emphasis on dialogic community and the honouring of irrational relationship with the natural environment.</p>
Forensic DNA Profiling of Bacterial Communities in Soil
Authors:   , Parkinson Rachel 
Published: November 2021

<p>Soil is frequently encountered as trace evidence in forensic science case-work, but because of the limitations of current analytical techniques, this evidence is rarely utilised. A technique has been developed that allows comparisons of soil samples to be made, based on molecular analysis of the bacterial communities living in the soil. This project assesses the practicality of using this technique, known as 16S rDNA T-RFLP community profiling, for forensic soil analysis, by refining the basic methodology and performing a preliminary evaluation of its reproducibility and utility. Initial difficulties associated with generating profiles from soil samples have been overcome through methodology improvement, and the technique has been found to be effective for generating simple, visual profiles that clearly demonstrate differences between soil samples. Soil bacterial community DNA profiling is likely to be a powerful yet simple forensic tool, providing the ability to routinely use soil as associative evidence. The potential for using the same technology to develop a time since death or post mortem interval (PMI) estimation tool was also investigated. This study monitored the changes in the soil bacterial community beneath decomposing human cadavers and pig carcasses and showed that community change is dynamic and progressive. These changes are caused by fluctuations in specific bacterial species populations that are able to utilise organic breakdown products released from the body over time. Release of the body’s natural microflora into the underlying soil may also contribute to an altered bacterial community. This project has demonstrated that the soil microbial community clearly changes over the course of decomposition, and potential exists for development of a PMI estimation tool based on soil bacterial community succession.</p>
Contact Clinical Tutor's Experience of Working With Bachelor of Nursing Students in Clinical Practice
Authors:   , Bride Ann 
Published: November 2021

<p>The aim of this qualitative study was to explore four contract clinical tutors’ perceptions of their role in facilitating Bachelor of Nursing students’ learning in the practice setting of the health sector in New Zealand. Participants were asked to share their personal experiences including the positive aspects and the difficulties and challenges they encountered when working with students. Contract clinical tutors, are employed because of their clinical experience and expertise to enable students to apply the knowledge learned in theory and the professional competencies learned in the laboratory into the reality of clinical practice. This requires that clinical tutors be familiar with the curriculum so their role as supervisor, teacher, facilitator, guide and mentor can assist the student in fulfilling their learning requirements when in clinical practice. They are not, however, involved in the development or the teaching of the theoretical component of the programme. The difficulties and challenges identified by the contract clinical tutors in this study, resulted in discussion concerning strategies that could be adopted by the faculty to support clinical tutors in their role of ensuring the students receive the best possible learning opportunities when assigned to the clinical areas. Focus group interviews were chosen as a means of collecting data from four registered nurses currently or previously employed as contract clinical tutors to work with students from an undergraduate degree programme at a small polytechnic. A two-hour focus group interview was held as a means of uncovering the shared thoughts and experiences of participants. A second focus group interview was conducted to qualify information and elaborate on some issues. From the data collected a number of recommendations were identified which if adopted by polytechnics will enhance quality teaching by contract clinical tutors.</p>
Pushing the Boundaries: Relationships With Adolescents
Authors:   , McLean Julia Margaret 
Published: November 2021

<p>Therapeutic relationships are central to mental health nursing. The nurse's role in maintaining professional yet therapeutic boundaries within this relationship can be challenging. When therapeutic boundaries are breeched within the nurse adolescent relationship the adolescent's safety within this relationship is compromised. There is currently limited literature on how nurses are managing professional boundaries in relationships with adolescents in this setting. The adolescent's nature is to push boundaries; therefore the nurse needs to be acutely aware of this boundary pushing in everyday practice settings. For the safety of the adolescent and the nurse it is vital the nurse understands her role in managing the professional boundary. This thesis explores, through the use of narrative inquiry, four adolescent mental health nurses' experiences of assessing, understanding and maintaining therapeutic boundaries with adolescents in a mental health setting in New Zealand. The unique and specific implications for adolescent mental health nursing are discussed. Three key themes emerged from the analysis and findings: the importance of the nurse clarifying his/her role; the learning that occurs throughout the practice journey; and the role of the nurse in keeping the adolescent and the nurse safe. These findings highlight the importance of clinical supervision and open communication with senior nurses and mentors, which assist the nurse in monitoring practice. When nurses do not have sufficient knowledge of the fundamental principles of adolescent mental health nursing; such as knowledge and skills in both adolescent development and psychodynamic nursing, they are at risk of boundary crossings. Recommendations from this research include more emphasis on psychodynamic nursing principles in nursing education and nursing practice. There is a need for specialised education for nurses in child and adolescent mental health nursing. Nursing entry to practice programmes for new graduate nurses working in mental health, could assist in providing this. There is a call for further research into therapeutic relationships and professional boundaries in this complex nursing specialty.</p>
Weaving the Contemporary Position of Maatauranga Maaori Within Nursing Practice
Authors:   , Taiaroa Helen 
Published: November 2021

<p>While the values and beliefs of health care for Maaori are perceived to be consistent with those which Maaori are embedded in, the outcomes developed from a Western worldview, has fallen short of this expectation. This thesis explores the customary kaupapa of Maatauranga Maaori or Maaori knowledge, which is the appropriate technique to determine how health care should be maintained by and for Maaori. The research highlights the need to meld these kaupapa with that of a contemporary Maaori viewpoint, to focus more on a deeper enhancement of these kaupapa, and develop an understanding of the social, cultural, educational, political and economic contexts these concepts have on Maaori as a people. This research identified six Maaori registered women nurses, who willingly volunteered to share their experiences regarding Maatauranga Maaori and its importance to their nursing practice. Over a period of one year, in-depth conversations unfolded and produced data on what Maatauranga Maaori involves and how the six participants in the study believe it influences their nursing practices. All are currently practicing nurses within various health settings such as psychiatric and comprehensive nursing, and all wish to be known by their given names. From the inception of this study, the focus was to introduce Maatauranga Maaori as the epistemological framework of choice. Inclusive will be life-stories - oral stories - as the method by which value and insight are added to the progress of this research study. The findings of this research indicate that a collection of key kaupapa, namely whakapapa, whanaungatanga, te reo Maaori, wairuatanga, tuurangawaewae, manaakitanga and rangatiratanga are crucial to the health and wellbeing of Maaori as a people. These kaupapa enable Maaori to determine and strengthen our worldview, which in turn reflects the concept of being Maaori thereby contributing to the health and status of their whaanau, hapuu and iwi. The findings support the view that there is a substantial collection of kaupapa, which are inherent in Maatauranga Maaori as being able to provide a framework for theoretical research. These kaupapa will provide a framework for nursing practice and educational curricula that will develop and maintain nursing standards to meet the needs of Maaori.</p>
Coal Pyrolysis Distribution
Authors:   , Paea Sione 
Published: November 2021

<p>Coal pyrolysis is a complex process involving a large number of chemical reactions. The most accurate and up to date approach to modeling coal pyrolysis is to adopt the Distributed Activation Energy Model (DAEM) in which the reactions are assumed to consist of a set of irreversible first-order reactions that have different activation energies and a constant frequency factor. The differences in the activation energies have usually been represented by a Gaussian distribution. This thesis firstly compares the Simple First Order Reaction Model (SFOR) with the Distributed Activation Energy Model (DAEM), to explore why the DAEM may be a more appropriate approach to modeling coal pyrolysis. The second part of the thesis uses the inverse problem approach together with the smoothing function (iterative method) to provide an improved estimate of the underlying distribution in the wide distribution case of the DAEM. The present method significantly minimizes the error due to differencing and smoothes the chopped off parts on the underlying distribution curve.</p>
A Framework for the Collection, Retention and Use of Human Body Parts
Authors:   , Thomas Cordelia Mary 
Published: November 2021

<p>Organ transplantation and biotechnological research depend on the availability of body parts, which necessitates the willing involvement of the public. The rapid development of biotechnology has led to a search for an adequate decision-making framework for the acquisition, retention and utilisation of body parts. It has also lead to disquiet about the commercialisation of research with the source being the only participant who is unable to benefit financially. In developing such a framework it is necessary to conceptualise the nature of the interest that individuals have in their bodies. The principle of autonomy may form a basis for structuring decision-making and weighing conflicting principles. As a society we value autonomy in the sense that a competent adult may make decisions about his or her own health care. The concept is that of an individual separated from others by a wall of rights. This may be of assistance as a basis for formulating competing rights, but this must then be mediated with reference to other principles. In this context this thesis applies the concepts of property interests to the human body. The purpose of this research is to consider selected bioethical issues in an attempt to formulate a principled approach to issues of consent and control over the body and its component parts. It argues that a living person should have a property interest in excised body parts during life. There should also be a property interest in the cadaver that arises at the point of death, which can be passed to the deceased's personal representative, who would be required to deal with the cadaver in accord with the previous instructions of the deceased. However, it does not argue that there are property interests in entire living persons. It does not suggest that property alone is adequate to resolve the issues, but that it should operate alongside existing concepts such as autonomy, informed consent and privacy. It proposes draft legislation to illustrate the operation of the suggested medico-legal framework. It recognises that any framework should be respectful of Maori cultural values, in light of the special position of Maori as tangata whenua, as expressed in the Treaty of Waitangi. It argues that the framework allows Maori the freedom to choose collective or individualistic decision-making, in recognition of the diversity of values within the Maori population. In addition, it considers areas where public policy might determine that the free disposition of this property interest should be restricted to protect vulnerable persons, such as incompetent persons and living organ donors.</p>
Suppression of the Immune Response Against Tuberculosis by Natural T Regulatory Cells
Authors:   , Quinn Kylie Margaret 
Published: November 2021

<p>The causative agents of Tuberculosis (Tb), Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis, subvert a number of host immune mechanisms to promote persistence of infection in the human host. Infection with these immunoevasive pathogens is estimated to cause 1.8 million deaths per year. The only Tb vaccine currently available is an attenuated form of M. bovis, called bacille Calmette Guerin (BCG), and its efficacy is highly variable. Thus, development of more effective vaccine strategies for Tb is of significant importance. Host-derived natural CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells (Tregs) suppress host immune responses and prevent autoimmunity. However, Tregs can also interfere with protective immune responses against chronic infections or with the protective efficacy of vaccines. There is speculation that mycobacteria exploit the suppressive activity of Tregs to permit persistence in the host and that Treg activity also diminishes the protective efficacy of the BCG vaccine. Therefore, to explore the role of Tregs in anti-mycobacterial immunity, I first optimised a protocol to inactivate Tregs in vivo in a murine model, through administration of anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody. In addition, I developed a novel plasmid DNA replicon vaccine against Tb to aid with the assessment of the effect of Tregs on Tb vaccines. I hypothesised that inactivating Tregs in vivo prior to mycobacterial infection would enhance acute immune responses that are thought to be protective under current dogma and thereby enhance bacterial clearance. Enhanced immune responses were observed but, contrary to the hypothesis, inactivation of Tregs did not alter bacterial numbers in the lung. I also hypothesised that inactivating Tregs in vivo prior to live BCG or DNA vaccination would enhance primary and secondary immune responses that are thought to be protective against Tb infection and thereby enhance the protective efficacies of the vaccines. Enhanced vaccine-induced immune responses and accelerated secondary immune responses were observed for the BCG vaccine. However, Treg inactivation did not alter the protective efficacy of the BCG vaccine, and preliminary data suggests Treg inactivation may in fact decrease the protective efficacy of one plasmid DNA vaccine tested. In summary, this thesis illustrates that inactivating natural Tregs does not enhance protection from mycobacterial infection. This implies that inactivation of natural Tregs cannot be used in a therapeutic setting to enhance treatment or vaccination approaches for Tb. More importantly, Treg inactivation enhances immune responses that current dogma regard as protective against Tb infection, but does not correspondingly enhance protection. As a result of this disparity, this thesis questions the validity of measures that are commonly used as immune correlates of protection for Tb vaccine design. Ultimately, the development of more accurate immune correlates of protection for Tb will permit targeted design of more effective Tb vaccination strategies.</p>
A Consistent Geological-Seismological Model For Earthquake Occurrence in New Zealand
Authors:   , Stock Christian 
Published: November 2021

<p>For the development of earthquake occurrence models, historical earthquake catalogues and compilations of mapped, active faults are often used. The goal of this study is to develop new methodologies for the generation of an earthquake occurrence model for New Zealand that is consistent with both data sets. For the construction of a seismological earthquake occurrence model based on the historical earthquake record, 'adaptive kernel estimation' has been used in this study. Based on this method a technique has been introduced to filter temporal sequences (e.g. aftershocks). Finally, a test has been developed for comparing different earthquake occurrence models. It has been found that the adaptive kernel estimation with temporal sequence filtering gives the best joint fit between the earthquake catalogue and the earthquake occurrence model, and between two earthquake occurrence models obtained from data from two independent time intervals. For the development of a geological earthquake occurrence model based on fault information, earthquake source relationships (i.e. rupture length versus rupture width scaling) have been revised. It has been found that large dip-slip and strike-slip earthquakes scale differently. Using these source relationships a dynamic stochastic fault model has been introduced. Whereas earthquake hazard studies often do not allow individual fault segments to produce compound ruptures, this model allows the linking of fault segments by chance. The moment release of simulated fault ruptures has been compared with the theoretical deformation along the plate boundary. When comparing the seismological and the geological earthquake occurrence model, it has been found that a 'good' occurrence model for large dip-slip earthquakes is given by the seismological occurrence model using the Gutenberg-Richter magnitude frequency distribution. In contrast, regions dominated by long strike-slip faults produce large earthquakes but not many small earthquakes and the occurrence of earthquakes on such faults should be inferred from the dynamic fault model.</p>