bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leaf Nutrient Concentrations and Dry Biomass of Fig Plants as Modified by the Application of NPK: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Márquez-Guerrero Selenne Yuridia , Figueroa-Viramontes Uriel , Zegbe Jorge A. , Arreola-Ávila Jesús Guadalupe , Cueto-Wong José Antonio , Trejo-Calzada Ricardo 
Published: February 2021

Aims: The effect of a complete NPK matrix on leaf nutrient concentrations and dry biomass of ‘Black Mission’ fig plant organs was tested under an intensive culture system and protected environment.
Study Design: A randomized complete block design with four blocks was employed.
Place and Duration of Study: The experiment was conducted from April to November 2016 at the Campo Experimental La Laguna, located in Matamoros, Coahuila, Mexico. This research station belongs to the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) of Mexico. The experiment was set up under a macro tunnel equipped with a shade mesh with 50% sunlight attenuation.
Methodology: Two-year-old fig plants (cv. ‘Black Mission’) previously propagated from stem cuttings were used. There were three application rates each for N (0, 80, and 160 kg ha-1), P (0, 40 and 80 kg ha-1), and K (0, 80, and 160 kg ha-1) arranged in a balanced factorial matrix of 27 treatments. After harvest, leaf samples were collected to determine nutrient concentrations and they were split into roots, shoots, leaves, and fruit
Results: The greatest total dry biomass was produced by the interaction of 80 kg ha-1 N and 40 kg ha-1 P and yielded the following leaf nutrient concentrations (mean ± SD): N 2.9 ± 0.3%, P 0.11 ± 0.01%, K 2.1 ± 0.4%, Ca 1.4 ± 0.7%, Mg 0.34 ± 0.03%, Fe 166.4 ± 49.5 mg kg-1, Cu 6.3 ± 1.7 mg kg-1, Mn 83.3 ± 20.9 mg kg-1, and Zn 22. 6 ± 3.8 mg kg-1. Application of 80 kg ha-1 N and 40 kg ha-1 P could be suggested for commercial fig production.
Conclusion: Application of 80 kg ha-1 N and 40 kg ha-1 P could be tested under similar commercial production systems; however, the addition of supplemental K deserves further study.
Effect of Continuous 0.5% Ganciclovir Eye Drop Treatment in Secondary Glaucoma Associated with Cytomegalovirus Anterior Uveitis
Authors: Otsuka Takaaki , Yokoyama Katsuhiko , Nakamuro Takako , Sakino Yuji , Nakano Satoko , Kimoto Kenichi , Kubota Toshiaki 
Published: February 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the treatment outcomes of secondary glaucoma caused by cytomegalovirus (CMV)-anterior uveitis (AU) with continuous 0.5% ganciclovir eye drop.
Study Design: Retrospective observational study.
Place and Duration of Study: Department of Ophthalmology, Oita University Hospital, between January 2012 and December 2017.
Methodology: Nineteen eyes of 19 patients with secondary glaucoma associated with CMV-AU diagnosed by a polymerase chain reaction analysis from human aqueous samples were enrolled. They were treated with continuous 4-times-daily topical 0.5% ganciclovir in addition to topical steroids and anti-glaucoma medications. We performed glaucoma surgery for patients with poorly medically controlled intraocular pressure (IOP).
Results: Anterior chamber inflammation and IOP were controlled without systemic ganciclovir or glaucoma surgery during the follow-up period (mean: 59.2±27.0 months) in 9 (47%) eyes. Five (26%) eyes required systemic ganciclovir and ten (53%) eyes required glaucoma surgery. Patients were divided into two groups for the comparison: one group requiring glaucoma surgery and one treated with medication. The mean IOP and number of anti-glaucoma medications at the first visit were significantly higher in the surgery group than in the medication group. The mean number of IOP spikes per year (IOP >30 mmHg) was 1.4±0.9 in the surgery group and 0.4±0.5 in the medication group. The recurrence of anterior chamber inflammation was suppressed in both groups. The cumulative survival rate after glaucoma surgery was 80% at 12 months and 70% at 36 months.
Conclusion: The anterior chamber inflammation and IOP were controlled with continuous 0.5% ganciclovir eye drop treatment in half of the patients with CNV-AU. A high IOP at the first visit and frequent IOP spikes were risk factors for additional glaucoma surgeries.Cytomegalovirus
Verschiedene nachhaltige Kohlenstoffnanopunkte für die freie radikalische Photopolymerisation, die Photo‐ATRP und die Photo‐CuACC Chemie
Authors: Kütahya Ceren , Zhai Yingxiang , Li Shujun , Liu Shouxin , Li Jian , Strehmel Veronika , Chen Zhijun , Strehmel Bernd 
Published: February 2021

AbstractKohlenstoffnanopunkte (CDs), die aus unterschiedlicher Biomasse stammen, besitzen unterschiedliche Reaktivitäten hinsichtlich der Sensibilisierung der Photo‐ATRP‐ und der Photo‐CuAAC‐Reaktion bei Verwendung von sichtbarem Licht. Die radikalische Polymerisation von Tri(propylenglykol)diacrylat zeigte auch eine gute Effizienz bei Verwendung von CDs in Kombination mit einem Iodoniumsalz unter Einsatz von LEDs, die entweder bei 405 nm, 525 nm oder 660 nm emittieren. Photo‐ATRP‐Experimente bestätigten die kontrollierten Polymerisationsbedingungen unter Verwendung von CuII im ppm‐Maßstab, was zu Dispersitäten zwischen 1.06 und 1.10 führte. Die selektive Reaktion der Kettenenden wurde erfolgreich durch Kettenverlängerung und Blockcopolymerisation nachgewiesen, wobei der lebende Charakter der Polymerisation unter Verwendung eines CDs bestätigt wurde, der aus Färberlack (“lac dye”) synthetisiert wurde und olefinische Einheiten in der ursprünglichen Biomasse enthielt. Eine Globalanalyse der zeitaufgelösten Fluoreszenzmessungen zeigte das Auftreten mehrerer emittierender Spezies, die zur Reaktivität der angeregten Zustände beitrugen. Unterschiedliche zytotoxische Antworten wurden von MCF‐10A‐Zellen in einem Durchflusszytometrie‐Assay nachgewiesen (400 μg mL−1). Somit war die Lebensfähigkeit der Zellen im Fall von CD‐2–CD‐5 höher als 80 %, während die von CD‐1 bei etwa 70 % lag.
Zeolite‐Stabilized Di‐ and Tetranuclear Molybdenum Sulfide Clusters Form Stable Catalytic Hydrogenation Sites
Authors: Weindl Roland , Khare Rachit , Kovarik Libor , Jentys Andreas , Reuter Karsten , Shi Hui , Lercher Johannes A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSupercages of faujasite (FAU)‐type zeolites serve as a robust scaffold for stabilizing dinuclear (Mo2S4) and tetranuclear (Mo4S4) molybdenum sulfide clusters. The FAU‐encaged Mo4S4 clusters have a distorted cubane structure similar to the FeMo‐cofactor in nitrogenase. Both clusters possess unpaired electrons on Mo atoms. Additionally, they show identical catalytic activity per sulfide cluster. Their catalytic activity is stable (>150 h) for ethene hydrogenation, while layered MoS2 structures deactivate significantly under the same reaction conditions.
Enantioselective Alkoxycyclization of 1,6‐Enynes with Gold(I)‐Cavitands: Total Synthesis of Mafaicheenamine C
Authors: Martín‐Torres Inmaculada , Ogalla Gala , Yang Jin‐Ming , Rinaldi Antonia , Echavarren Antonio M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractChiral gold(I)‐cavitand complexes have been developed for the enantioselective alkoxycyclization of 1,6‐enynes. This enantioselective cyclization has been applied for the first total synthesis of carbazole alkaloid (+)‐mafaicheenamine C and its enantiomer, establishing its configuration as R. The cavity effect was also evaluated in the cycloisomerization of dienynes. A combination of experiments and theoretical studies demonstrates that the cavity of the gold(I) complexes forces the enynes to adopt constrained conformations, which results in the high observed regio‐ and stereoselectivities.
Distinct Sustainable Carbon Nanodots Enable Free Radical Photopolymerization, Photo‐ATRP and Photo‐CuAAC Chemistry
Authors: Kütahya Ceren , Zhai Yingxiang , Li Shujun , Liu Shouxin , Li Jian , Strehmel Veronika , Chen Zhijun , Strehmel Bernd 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCarbon nanodots (CDs) originating from different biomass result in different activities to sensitize photo‐ATRP and photo‐CuAAC reaction protocols with visible light. Free radical polymerization of tri(propylene glycol)diacrylate also exhibited a good efficiency using CDs in combination with an iodonium salt employing LEDs emitting either at 405 nm, 525 nm or 660 nm. Photo‐ATRP experiments confirmed controlled polymerization conditions using CuII at the ppm scale resulting in dispersities between 1.06 to 1.10. Chain end fidelity was successfully provided by chain extension and block copolymerization additionally approving the living feature of polymerization using a CD synthesized from lac dye comprising olefinic moieties in the originating biomass. By global analysis, time resolved fluorescence measurements indicated the appearance of several emitting species contributing to the reactivity of the excited states. Different cytotoxic response appeared following the answer of MCF‐10A cells in a flow cytometry assay; that is 400 μg mL−1. Thus, cell viability was greater 80 % in the case of CD‐2–CD‐5 while that of CD‐1 was close to 70 %.
The Synthesis and Characterisation of a Molecular Sea‐Serpent: Studies of a {Cr24Cu7} Chain
Authors: Alotaibi Rajeh , Fowler Jonathan M. , Lockyer Selena J. , Timco Grigore A. , Collison David , Schnack Jürgen , Winpenny Richard E. P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA finite chain of thirty‐one paramagnetic centers is reported, synthesized by reaction of hydrated chromium fluoride, copper carbonate and pivalic acid in the presence of 1,4,7,10‐tetrazacyclododecane (cyclen). Magnetic studies show predominantly anti‐ferromagnetic exchange leading to a high density of low‐lying spin states and large saturation field.
Improvement of caffeic acid biotransformation into para‐hydroxybenzoic acid by Candida albicans CI‐24 via gamma irradiation and model‐based optimization
Authors: Singab Raghda Abdelnasser , Elleboudy Nooran Sherif , Elkhatib Walid Faisal , Yassein Mahmoud Abdulmegead , Hassouna Nadia Adelhaleem 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPara‐hydroxybenzoic acid (PHBA) has great potential in biological applications due to its putative antiviral activity against SARS‐CoV‐2 and its antimicrobial activity in the face of the radically increasing number of multidrug‐resistant pathogens. This is in addition to its antimutagenic, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, antiestrogenic, and antiplatelet aggregating activities. In this study, an approximate sixfold increase in the production of PHBA was achieved via biotransformation of caffeic acid by Candida albicans. The improvement was performed in two steps: first, through mutation by gamma irradiation (5 KGy dose), resulting in the recovery of a mutant (CI‐24), which produced approximately triple the amount of PHBA produced by the wild‐type isolate. Then, biotransformation by this mutant was further optimized via response surface methodology model‐based optimization. The maximum PHBA production (7.47 mg/mL) was obtained in a fermentation medium composed of 1% w/v yeast extract as a nitrogen source, with an initial pH of 6.6, incubated at 28 °C at an agitation rate of 250 rpm. To further enhance the performance and economics of the process, cells of the CI‐24 mutant were immobilized in calcium alginate beads and could retain an equivalent biotransformation capacity after three successive biotransformation cycles.
Complexation of an Anthracene‐Triptycene Nanocage Host with Fullerene Guests through CH⋅⋅⋅π Contacts
Authors: Kajiyama Kazuki , Tsurumaki Eiji , Wakamatsu Kan , Fukuhara Gaku , Toyota Shinji 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA bicyclic anthracene macrocycle containing two triptycene units at the bridgehead positions was synthesized by Ni‐mediated coupling of the corresponding precursor as a cage‐shaped aromatic hydrocarbon host. This cage host formed an inclusion complex with C60 or C70 guest in 1 : 1 ratio in solution. The association constants (Ka) determined by the fluorescence titration method were 1.3×104 and 3.3×105 L mol −1 for the C60 and C70 complexes, respectively, at 298 K in toluene. DFT calculations revealed that the guest molecules were included in the middle of the cavity with several CH⋅⋅⋅π contacts. The strong affinity of the cage host for the fullerene guests and the high selectivity toward C70 are discussed on the basis of spectroscopic and structural data.
Late‐stage Rh(II)‐catalyzed Nitrene Transfer for the Synthesis of Guaianolide Analogs with Enhanced Antiproliferative Activity
Authors: Castro Sebastián J. , Padrón José M. , Darses Benjamin , Nicotra Viviana E. , Dauban Philippe 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA set of new guaianolide derivatives (1–9) was obtained from ludartin, achalensolide, and 11,13‐dihydroachalensolide by application of catalytic nitrene transfer reactions. Intermolecular nitrene C(sp3)−H insertions led to the amination of C‐1, C‐2, and C‐10 positions, while alkene aziridination was also observed under these reaction conditions. The antiproliferative activity of natural compounds and their derivatives was evaluated against a panel of human solid tumor cell lines. The results show that an increase in the biological activity was observed following amination at the C‐2 position of Ludartin, thereby demonstrating the interest in late‐stage C−H amination to improve the bioactivity of natural products.
The impact of atmospheric moisture transport on winter Arctic warming: Radiation versus latent heat release
Authors: Hao Mingju , Lin Yanluan , Luo Yong , Nath Reshmita , Zhao Zongci 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAtmospheric moisture transport (AMT) contributes significantly to the recent accelerated Arctic warming. However, the impact of AMT has not been well quantified, not to mention the relative contribution of its impact on microphysical latent heating (LAH) and longwave radiative heating (LWH). A series of Polar‐WRF model experiments with different magnitudes of AMT are conducted to study the response of winter Arctic temperature to AMT variations. Results show that atmospheric precipitable water is very sensitive to AMT variations and thus can define the changes in surface air temperature by altering surface downward longwave radiation. Additionally, because evaporation and sublimation tend to balance the AMT‐induced moisture changes near the surface, LWH in the lower troposphere is determined by downward longwave radiation and thus can be the dominant factor for temperature variations. However, temperature in the mid‐ and upper troposphere is primarily determined by changes in LAH, because the content of ice‐phase cloud aloft is significantly affected by AMT. In addition, the changes in LWH in the mid‐ and upper troposphere are governed by upward longwave radiation, thus offsetting some of the temperature variations. These findings have implications for the attribution of Arctic current warming and the prediction of its future temperature change.
Comparison of Angler Interventions for Smallmouth Bass Experiencing Barotrauma in Catch-and-Release Angling Tournaments
Authors: Elliott Connor W. , Row Alexander J. , Tufts Bruce L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Black bass Micropterus spp. in North America are commonly targeted by recreational anglers who are participating in catch-and-release angling tournaments. In deeper water bodies, Smallmouth Bass M. dolomieu are often caught from depths greater than 6 m and held in a boat’s live well until they are weighed in. Smallmouth Bass that are caught from such depths typically display symptoms of barotrauma, where the swim bladder becomes overinflated and the fish cannot maintain proper orientation. We examined the effects of three common practices that are used by tournament anglers who hold fish that exhibit symptoms of barotrauma: no treatment, weighted fin clips (rubber-coated weighted alligator clips), and fizzing (venting the swim bladder with a hypodermic needle). After receiving a treatment, the Smallmouth Bass were held in experimental live wells for a period of 3 h and their condition was monitored using reflex action mortality predictors. Condition declined for the Smallmouth Bass that received no treatment, whereas both fin clips and fizzing demonstrated improved fish condition. Fizzing was also found to be a more rapid and effective treatment than fin clips. As the weight and capture depth of fish in the control group increased, there was a significant decrease in final condition, as indicated by reflex impairment. For tournaments that hold fish in live wells prior to release, these results demonstrate that interventions shortly after capture can effectively reduce reflex impairment in Smallmouth Bass that experience barotrauma and that fizzing is more effective than fin clips.
Zooarchaeology of Tver Kremlin (12th–18th centuries, Tver, Russia)
Authors: Zinoviev Andrei V. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe paper is focused on the comparative zooarchaeological analysis of one of the Russian medieval strongholds. Animal bones originating from the sediments of the Tver stronghold (Tver Kremlin), accumulated over the period of its existence (12‐18th centuries), are analysed. The composition and nature of the bones of animals from Tver Kremlin correspond in general to those from strongholds of other medieval cities of Russia's forest zone. The basic set of bones and characteristics of animals from the Tver Kremlin are similar to bones and animals from medieval Tver town. At the same time, some features characterize the Tver Kremlin as a status place. The paper provides the first chronological breakdown of the substantial zooarchaeological assemblages from the excavations at Tver.
Structural and functional understanding of the toll‐like receptors
Authors: Asami Jinta , Shimizu Toshiyuki 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRecognition of invading pathogens by the innate immune system is essential to initiate antimicrobial responses and trigger adaptive immunity. This is largely mediated by an array of pattern‐recognition receptor families that are essential for recognizing conserved molecular motifs characteristic of pathogenic microbes. One such family is the Toll‐like receptors (TLRs). Activation of TLRs induces production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons: the former triggers the synthesis of inflammatory mediators which cause fever, pain and other inflammation, and the latter mediates antiviral responses. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in structural elucidation of TLRs in higher eukaryotes. The TLR structures with and without agonist and antagonist have been revealed by X‐ray crystallography and cryo‐electron microscopy studies, demonstrating the activated dimer formation induced by the agonistic ligand and the inhibition mechanism of the antagonistic ligand. Intracellular assembled structures and the TLR‐chaperone complex are also reported. As the structural understanding of TLRs becomes better integrated with biochemical and immunological studies, a more comprehensive picture of their architectural and functional properties will emerge. This review summarizes recent advances in structural biological and mechanistic studies on TLRs.
Impact of AI/Robotics on Human Relations: Co-evolution Through Hybridisation
Authors: Donati Pierpaolo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines how the processes of human enhancement that have been brought about by the digital revolution (including AI and robotics, besides ICTs) have given rise to new social identities and relationships. The central question consists in asking how the Digital Technological Matrix, understood as a cultural code that supports artificial intelligence and related technologies, causes a hybridisation between the human and the non-human, and to what extent such hybridisation promotes or puts human dignity at risk. Hybridisation is defined here as entanglements and interchanges between digital machines, their ways of operating, and human elements in social practices. The issue is not whether AI or robots can assume human-like characteristics, but how they interact with humans and affect their social identities and relationships, thereby generating a new kind of society.
Regulating AI: Considerations that Apply Across Domains
Authors: Kane Angela 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAwareness that AI-based technologies have far outpaced the existing regulatory frameworks have raised challenging questions about how to set limits on the most dangerous developments (lethal autonomous weapons or surveillance bots, for instance). Under the assumption that the robotics industry cannot be relied on to regulate itself, calls for government intervention within the regulatory space—national and international—have multiplied. The various approaches to regulating AI fall into two main categories. A sectoral approach looks to identify the societal risks posed by individual technologies, so that preventive or mitigating strategies can be implemented, on the assumption that the rules applicable to AI, in say the financial industry, would be very different from those relevant to heath care providers. A cross-sectoral approach, by contrast, involves the formulation of rules (whether norms adopted by industrial consensus or laws set down by governmental authority) that, as the name implies, would have application to AI-based technologies in their generality. After surveying some domestic and international initiatives that typify the two approaches, the chapter concludes with a list of 15 recommendations to guide reflection on the promotion of societally beneficial AI.
Foundations of Artificial Intelligence and Effective Universal Induction
Authors: Zimmermann Jörg , Cremers Armin B. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe term Artificial Intelligence was coined in 1956. Since then, this new research area has gone through several cycles of fast progress and periods of apparent stagnation. Today, the field has broadened and deepened significantly, and developed a rich variety of theoretical approaches and frameworks on the one side, and increasingly impressive practical applications on the other side. While a thorough foundation for a general theory of cognitive agents is still missing, there is a line of development within AI research which aims at foundational justifications for the design of cognitive agents, enabling the derivation of theorems characterizing the possibilities and limitations of computational cognitive agents.