bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Concept of “the Establishment” and the Transformation of Political Argument in Britain since 1945
Authors: Middleton Stuart 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article examines the formation and development of the concept of the Establishment in British political argument after its recoining in a celebrated article by the journalist Henry Fairlie in 1955. The author argues that the term “the Establishment” did not have a stable referent but rather acquired a range of possible meanings and uses as part of a new political vocabulary within which the course and significance of recent political and social change was contested, and that ultimately transformed social-democratic and conservative politics in Britain. The article situates the formation of the concept of the Establishment within a prolonged contestation of social and political authority in Britain during the middle of the twentieth century and traces the recoining of the term in conservative political commentary prior to Henry Fairlie's frequently cited 1955 Spectator article. From the late 1950s, it is argued, the concept acquired more distinctively contemporary meanings that enabled its adoption by Harold Wilson during the mid-1960s and its subsequent reappropriation by Margaret Thatcher in the mid-1970s. These usages registered and helped to accomplish fundamental political realignments, the understanding of which depends upon a close analysis of political and social concepts.
The genetics of late maturity alpha-amylase (LMA) in North American spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Liu Chang , Parveen Rehana S. , Revolinski Samuel R. , Garland Campbell Kimberly A. , Pumphrey Michael O. , Steber Camille M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGenetic susceptibility to late maturity alpha-amylase (LMA) in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) results in increased alpha-amylase activity in mature grain when cool conditions occur during late grain maturation. Farmers are forced to sell wheat grain with elevated alpha-amylase at a discount because it has an increased risk of poor end-product quality. This problem can result from either LMA or preharvest sprouting, grain germination on the mother plant when rain occurs before harvest. Whereas preharvest sprouting is a well-understood problem, little is known about the risk LMA poses to North American wheat crops. To examine this, LMA susceptibility was characterized in a panel of 251 North American hard spring wheat lines, representing ten geographical areas. It appears that there is substantial LMA susceptibility in North American wheat since only 27% of the lines showed reproducible LMA resistance following cold-induction experiments. A preliminary genome-wide association study detected six significant marker-trait associations. LMA in North American wheat may result from genetic mechanisms similar to those previously observed in Australian and International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) germplasm since two of the detected QTLs, QLMA.wsu.7B and QLMA.wsu.6B, co-localized with previously reported loci. The Reduced height (Rht) loci also influenced LMA. Elevated alpha-amylase levels were significantly associated with the presence of both wild-type and tall height, rht-B1a and rht-D1a, loci in both cold-treated and untreated samples.
Multi‐Layer Seismic Anisotropy Beneath Greenland
Authors: Nathan Erica M. , Hariharan Anant , Florez Darien , Fischer Karen M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSeismic anisotropy provides insight into past episodes of lithospheric deformation and the orientations of strain in the underlying asthenosphere. The Greenland mantle has played host to a rich history of tectonic processes, including multiple orogenies and plume‐lithosphere interactions. This study presents new measurements of SKS splitting that reveal strong variations in fast polarization direction with back‐azimuth that are consistent across Greenland, including at stations where splitting measurements have not previously been reported. We compared observed fast polarization directions to the predictions of two‐layer models with olivine‐orthopyroxene anisotropy. The family of models that provides acceptable misfits at 95% confidence indicates an upper layer olivine a‐axis azimuth of 222–236°, a lower layer olivine a‐axis azimuth of 114–130°, and non‐zero a‐axis plunges. These models are consistent with an upper layer of lithospheric anisotropy due to Proterozoic and Archean orogenic fabrics, and a lower layer of anisotropy corresponding to either asthenospheric flow aligned approximately parallel to the direction of absolute plate motion and plunging due to lithospheric topography or dipping lithospheric structures created by episodes of paleo‐convergence.
Parker Solar Probe FIELDS Instrument Charging in the Near Sun Environment: Part 1: Computational Model
Authors: Diaz‐Aguado M. F. , Bonnell J. W. , Bale S. D. , Wang J. , Gruntman M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Spacecraft Interaction Plasma Software package (SPIS), a three‐dimension particle in cell (PIC) code, was used to model the Parker Solar Probe (PSP) spacecraft and FIELDS instrument and their interactions with the Solar wind. Our SPIS modeling relied on material properties of new spacecraft materials that we had obtained in previous work. The model was used to find the floating potentials of the spacecraft and FIELDS antennas at different distances from the Sun (from 1AU to 0.046AU). We find the following results: At greater distances from the Sun, the shadowed spacecraft charges negatively while the illuminated Thermal Protection System (TPS) charges positive due to the high resistance of the TPS Alumina shield at low temperatures. As the spacecraft approaches the Sun, the temperature of the TPS increases, the resistance between it and the spacecraft drops, and its photoemission increases, driving the spacecraft more positive. At the same time, an electrostatic barrier forms near the illuminated surface of the TPS and reflects the photoelectrons back leading to negative charging of some surfaces. The FIELDS antennas and shield also see this barrier forming but on a smaller scale. The FIELDS antennas charge positively at all distances modeled when no current bias is applied. Current biasing of the antennas affects their floating potential.
The Brittle‐Ductile Transition in Porous Limestone: Failure Mode, Constitutive Modeling of Inelastic Deformation and Strain Localization
Authors: Baud Patrick , Hall Stephen , Heap Michael J. , Ji Yuntao , Wong Teng‐fong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUnderstanding of the mechanics of the brittle‐ductile transition (BDT) in porous limestone is significantly more challenging than for sandstone because of the lack of consistent acoustic emission activity in limestone, meaning that one must rely on alternative techniques. In this paper, we investigate systematically the failure modes in Indiana limestone using X‐ray microComputed Tomography imaging (μCT) and Digital Volume Correlation (DVC). Our new mechanical data show that the envelope for the onset of shear‐enhanced compaction can be well approximated by an elliptical cap. The DVC analysis revealed the development of shear bands through the BDT, but no evidence of compaction bands. The shear band angles were between 29° and 46° with respect to the maximum principal stress. Compiling these new results with published data on Purbeck and Leitha limestones, we showed that inelastic compaction in each of these dual porosity allochemical limestones was in a good agreement with the normality condition, as defined in plasticity theory. Comparison of the observed failure modes with predictions based on bifurcation analysis showed that the shear band angles are consistently smaller than the theoretical predictions.
The Challenging Depths of Titan's Seas
Authors: Lorenz Ralph D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNew analyses of Cassini radar altimeter data (Poggiali et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006558) measure the 85 m depth and “brackish” (moderately ethane‐poor) composition of Moray Sinus, an estuary at the northern margin of Titan's largest sea, Kraken Mare. No bottom echo was detected on Kraken itself, suggesting it is either very deep, ethane‐rich, or both.
Dynamics of Hyporheic Exchange Flux and Fine Particle Deposition Under Moving Bedforms
Authors: Teitelbaum Yoni , Dallmann Jonathan , Phillips Colin B. , Packman Aaron I. , Schumer Rina , Sund Nicole L. , Hansen Scott K. , Arnon Shai 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDeposition of fine suspended particles can reduce hyporheic exchange flux (HEF), which may result in impairment of various ecological processes. However, the dynamics of fine particle deposition and streambed clogging are still not well understood, especially when the bed is in motion. We conducted flume experiments to study the effects of coupled sand‐clay dynamics on HEF with episodic (pulse) inputs of suspended kaolinite. Three experiments with a mobile sand bed and constant discharge were conducted with repeated injection of suspended kaolinite pulses at fixed concentration increments of 0.16, 0.41, and 0.66 g/L, respectively. HEF and participating porewater volume were assessed using tracer tests. Kaolinite deposition rates were inferred from turbidity measurements while deposition patterns were measured using core samples. We found that fine sediment primarily accumulated within a layer below the bedform scour zone, and that this layer was thicker when kaolinite was added in larger pulses. HEF declined linearly over time as kaolinite accumulated in the bed sediment; an increase of 0.1% kaolinite in the bed led to a decrease in HEF of 26.6 cm/day, regardless of the pulse concentration. However, the same kaolinite increase led to a reduction of 50% in participating pore volume for larger kaolinite pulses, versus only 30% for the smallest pulse. These results indicate that clogging occurs not just during and after high‐flow events, but also under constant flow conditions in which episodic deposition of suspended clay by HEF leads to the formation of a low‐conductivity layer in the bed.
Identifying More Realistic Model Structures by Electrical Conductivity Observations of the Karst Spring
Authors: Chang Yong , Hartmann Andreas , Liu Ling , Jiang Guanghui , Wu Jichun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractElectrical conductivity (EC) of karst spring discharge has always been a fundamental variable to characterize karst systems. However, to incorporate EC into the lumped hydrologic modeling is challenging but has a huge potential since EC observations are widely collected. In this study, we present a new framework to integrate EC into lumped karst hydrological models for model structure identification and parameter uncertainty reduction. Our framework is tested in a small, well‐instrumented karst catchment near Guilin city (China) where EC dynamics are mostly controlled by the dissolution of carbonate rock and dilution by event water. Four karst models with different structures were equipped to consider the linear growth of EC with the carbonate rock dissolution and its mixing within the karst system. Applying a parameter estimation framework that accounts for uncertainty in discharge and EC simulations, we find that all hydrologic models obtain similar performances concerning spring discharge. However, their performances in simulating spring EC strongly differ permitting us to identify the most realistic model out of the four model structures. Our analysis further shows that including EC into parameter estimation reduces parameter uncertainty concerning concentrated flow in the conduits and helps to estimate immobile water storage in the system. Consequently, our new framework to include EC in karst models provides new directions for the more realistic simulation that can easily be transferred to other karst systems where EC dynamics are controlled by rock dissolution and dilution by event water.
Smooth muscle-specific HuR knockout induces defective autophagy and atherosclerosis
Authors: Liu Shanshan , Jiang Xiuxin , Cui Xiuru , Wang Jingjing , Liu Shangming , Li Hongxuan , Yang Jianmin , Zhang Cheng , Zhang Wencheng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHuman antigen R (HuR) is a widespread RNA-binding protein involved in homeostatic regulation and pathological processes in many diseases. Atherosclerosis is the leading cause of cardiovascular disease and acute cardiovascular events. However, the role of HuR in atherosclerosis remains unknown. In this study, mice with smooth muscle-specific HuR knockout (HuRSMKO) were generated to investigate the role of HuR in atherosclerosis. HuR expression was reduced in atherosclerotic plaques. As compared with controls, HuRSMKO mice showed increased plaque burden in the atherosclerotic model. Mechanically, HuR could bind to the mRNAs of adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) α1 and AMPKα2, thus increasing their stability and translation. HuR deficiency reduced p-AMPK and LC3II levels and increased p62 level, thereby resulting in defective autophagy. Finally, pharmacological AMPK activation induced autophagy and suppressed atherosclerosis in HuRSMKO mice. Our findings suggest that smooth muscle HuR has a protective effect against atherosclerosis by increasing AMPK-mediated autophagy.
Cellular FLICE-like inhibitory protein (cFLIP) critically maintains apoptotic resistance in human lens epithelial cells
Authors: Huangfu Jingru , Hao Caili , Wei Zongbo , Wormstone I. Michael , Yan Hong , Fan Xingjun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe present study aims to understand the mechanism of the lens epithelial cell’s strong anti-apoptotic capacity and survival in the mature human lens that, on the one hand, maintains lens transparency over several decades, while on the other hand, increases the risk of posterior capsule opacification (PCO). Here we compared FHL124 cells and HeLa cells, spontaneously immortalized epithelial cell lines derived from the human lens and cervical cancer cells, respectively, of their resistance to TNFα-mediated cell death. TNFα plus cycloheximide (CHX) triggered almost all of HeLa cell death. FHL124 cells, however, were unaffected and able to block caspase-8 activation as well as prevent caspase-3 and PARP-1 cleavage. Interestingly, despite spontaneous NFκB and AP-1 activation and upregulation of multiple cell survival/anti-apoptotic genes in both cell types, only FHL124 cells were able to survive the TNFα challenge. After screening and comparing the cell survival genes, cFLIP was found to be highly expressed in FHL124 cells and substantially upregulated by TNFα stimulation. FHL124 cells with a mild cFLIP knockdown manifested a profound apoptotic response to TNFα stimulus similar to HeLa cells. Most importantly, we confirmed these findings in an ex vivo lens capsular bag culture system. In conclusion, our results show that cFLIP is a critical gene that is regulating lens epithelial cell survival.
A universal method to easily design tough and stretchable hydrogels
Authors: Norioka Chisa , Inamoto Yuino , Hajime Chika , Kawamura Akifumi , Miyata Takashi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHydrogels are flexible materials that have high potential for use in various applications due to their unique properties. However, their applications are greatly restricted by the low mechanical performance caused by high water content and inhomogeneous networks. This paper reports a universal strategy for easily preparing hydrogels that are tough and stretchable without any special structures or complicated processes. Our strategy involves tuning the polymerization conditions to form networks with many polymer chain entanglements to achieve energy dissipation. Tough and stretchable hydrogels can be prepared by free radical polymerization with a high monomer concentration and low cross-linker content to optimize the balance between physical and chemical cross-links by entanglements and covalent bonds, respectively. The strategy of using polymer chain entanglements for energy dissipation allows us to overcome the limitation of low mechanical performance, which leads to the wide practical use of hydrogels.
Adenosine integrates light and sleep signalling for the regulation of circadian timing in mice
Authors: Jagannath Aarti , Varga Norbert , Dallmann Robert , Rando Gianpaolo , Gosselin Pauline , Ebrahimjee Farid , Taylor Lewis , Mosneagu Dragos , Stefaniak Jakub , Walsh Steven , Palumaa Teele , Di Pretoro Simona , Sanghani Harshmeena , Wakaf Zeinab , Churchill Grant C. , Galione Antony , Peirson Stuart N. , Boison Detlev , Brown Steven A. , Foster Russell G. , Vasudevan Sridhar R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe accumulation of adenosine is strongly correlated with the need for sleep and the detection of sleep pressure is antagonised by caffeine. Caffeine also affects the circadian timing system directly and independently of sleep physiology, but how caffeine mediates these effects upon the circadian clock is unclear. Here we identify an adenosine-based regulatory mechanism that allows sleep and circadian processes to interact for the optimisation of sleep/wake timing in mice. Adenosine encodes sleep history and this signal modulates circadian entrainment by light. Pharmacological and genetic approaches demonstrate that adenosine acts upon the circadian clockwork via adenosine A1/A2A receptor signalling through the activation of the Ca2+ -ERK-AP-1 and CREB/CRTC1-CRE pathways to regulate the clock genes Per1 and Per2. We show that these signalling pathways converge upon and inhibit the same pathways activated by light. Thus, circadian entrainment by light is systematically modulated on a daily basis by sleep history. These findings contribute to our understanding of how adenosine integrates signalling from both light and sleep to regulate circadian timing in mice.
Six-fold increase of atmospheric pCO2 during the Permian–Triassic mass extinction
Authors: Wu Yuyang , Chu Daoliang , Tong Jinnan , Song Haijun , Dal Corso Jacopo , Wignall Paul B. , Song Huyue , Du Yong , Cui Ying 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Permian–Triassic mass extinction was marked by a massive release of carbon into the ocean-atmosphere system, evidenced by a sharp negative carbon isotope excursion. Large carbon emissions would have increased atmospheric pCO2 and caused global warming. However, the magnitude of pCO2 changes during the PTME has not yet been estimated. Here, we present a continuous pCO2 record across the PTME reconstructed from high-resolution δ13C of C3 plants from southwestern China. We show that pCO2 increased from 426 +133/−96 ppmv in the latest Permian to 2507 +4764/−1193 ppmv at the PTME within about 75 kyr, and that the reconstructed pCO2 significantly correlates with sea surface temperatures. Mass balance modelling suggests that volcanic CO2 is probably not the only trigger of the carbon cycle perturbation, and that large quantities of 13C-depleted carbon emission from organic matter and methane were likely required during complex interactions with the Siberian Traps volcanism.
Synthetic control over the binding configuration of luminescent sp3-defects in single-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Settele Simon , Berger Felix J. , Lindenthal Sebastian , Zhao Shen , El Yumin Abdurrahman Ali , Zorn Nicolas F. , Asyuda Andika , Zharnikov Michael , Högele Alexander , Zaumseil Jana 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe controlled functionalization of single-walled carbon nanotubes with luminescent sp3-defects has created the potential to employ them as quantum-light sources in the near-infrared. For that, it is crucial to control their spectral diversity. The emission wavelength is determined by the binding configuration of the defects rather than the molecular structure of the attached groups. However, current functionalization methods produce a variety of binding configurations and thus emission wavelengths. We introduce a simple reaction protocol for the creation of only one type of luminescent defect in polymer-sorted (6,5) nanotubes, which is more red-shifted and exhibits longer photoluminescence lifetimes than the commonly obtained binding configurations. We demonstrate single-photon emission at room temperature and expand this functionalization to other polymer-wrapped nanotubes with emission further in the near-infrared. As the selectivity of the reaction with various aniline derivatives depends on the presence of an organic base we propose nucleophilic addition as the reaction mechanism.
SLPI is a critical mediator that controls PTH-induced bone formation
Authors: Morimoto Akito , Kikuta Junichi , Nishikawa Keizo , Sudo Takao , Uenaka Maki , Furuya Masayuki , Hasegawa Tetsuo , Hashimoto Kunihiko , Tsukazaki Hiroyuki , Seno Shigeto , Nakamura Akira , Okuzaki Daisuke , Sugihara Fuminori , Ninomiya Akinori , Yoshimura Takeshi , Takao-Kawabata Ryoko , Matsuda Hideo , Ishii Masaru 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOsteoclastic bone resorption and osteoblastic bone formation/replenishment are closely coupled in bone metabolism. Anabolic parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is commonly used for treating osteoporosis, shifts the balance from osteoclastic to osteoblastic, although it is unclear how these cells are coordinately regulated by PTH. Here, we identify a serine protease inhibitor, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI), as a critical mediator that is involved in the PTH-mediated shift to the osteoblastic phase. Slpi is highly upregulated in osteoblasts by PTH, while genetic ablation of Slpi severely impairs PTH-induced bone formation. Slpi induction in osteoblasts enhances its differentiation, and increases osteoblast–osteoclast contact, thereby suppressing osteoclastic function. Intravital bone imaging reveals that the PTH-mediated association between osteoblasts and osteoclasts is disrupted in the absence of SLPI. Collectively, these results demonstrate that SLPI regulates the communication between osteoblasts and osteoclasts to promote PTH-induced bone anabolism.
Input-specific modulation of murine nucleus accumbens differentially regulates hedonic feeding
Authors: Christoffel Daniel J. , Walsh Jessica J. , Heifets Boris D. , Hoerbelt Paul , Neuner Sophie , Sun Gordon , Ravikumar Vinod K. , Wu Hemmings , Halpern Casey H. , Malenka Robert C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHedonic feeding is driven by the “pleasure” derived from consuming palatable food and occurs in the absence of metabolic need. It plays a critical role in the excessive feeding that underlies obesity. Compared to other pathological motivated behaviors, little is known about the neural circuit mechanisms mediating excessive hedonic feeding. Here, we show that modulation of prefrontal cortex (PFC) and anterior paraventricular thalamus (aPVT) excitatory inputs to the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key node of reward circuitry, has opposing effects on high fat intake in mice. Prolonged high fat intake leads to input- and cell type-specific changes in synaptic strength. Modifying synaptic strength via plasticity protocols, either in an input-specific optogenetic or non-specific electrical manner, causes sustained changes in high fat intake. These results demonstrate that input-specific NAc circuit adaptations occur with repeated exposure to a potent natural reward and suggest that neuromodulatory interventions may be therapeutically useful for individuals with pathologic hedonic feeding.