bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PARTIES 'LIABILITY UNDER COPY AGREEMENTS
Authors: Шахаева Фатима Магомедовна 
Published: March 2021

В статье рассматриваются проблемы ответственности сторон по авторским договорам, обосновывается отсутствие в гражданском законодательстве специальных норм об ограниченной ответственности заказчика за неисполнение или ненадлежащее исполнение своих обязанностей по договору авторского заказа.
The article discusses the problems of liability of the parties under copyright agreements, substantiates the absence in civil legislation of special norms on the limited liability of the customer for non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of their obligations under the author's order agreement.
LEGAL AND ETHICAL ASPECTS OF THE APPLICATION OF EUTANASIA
Authors: Едреев Тамерлан Шайх-Магомедович 
Published: March 2021

В данной статье приводятся противоположные позиции и аргументы по вопросам применения эвтаназии, рассматриваются правовые и этические аспекты приме-нения эвтаназии.
This article provides opposing positions and arguments on the use of euthanasia, examines the legal and ethical aspects of the use of euthanasia.
MECHANISMS AND TOOLS OF STIMULATING INNOVATION ACTIVITY IN A REGION
Authors: Кузьмина Лариса Андреевна 
Published: March 2021

Реализации задач, определенных Президентом РФ и направленных на обеспечение устойчивости экономического развития, преодоление технологического отставания и достижение мирового лидерства, обусловливает переход к иной, инновационной модели развития. В статье рассматриваются подходы к формированию такой модели на региональном уровне. Уровень инновационной активности в регионе определяется поддержкой со стороны государства и региональных властей, использующих различные инструменты ее стимулирования.
Implementation of the tasks set by the RF President and aimed at providing for sustainable economic development, overcoming technological lagging and attainment of the global leadership provides conditions for a transition to a different, innovative development model. The article considers several approaches to the formation of this model at the regional levels. The level of innovation activity in the region largely depends on the support offered by the state and regional authorities which use various tools of stimulating this activity.
STUDY OF INFLAMMATORY PROCESSES IN LIVER BIOPTATES IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES
Authors: Скуратовская Дарья Александровна , Комар Александра Андреевна , Вульф Мария Александровна , Хунг ву Кванг , Затолокин Павел Анатольевич , Литвинова Лариса Сергеевна 
Published: March 2021

Эффекты IL11 разнонаправленного характера у пациентов с и без СД 2 типа, и могут реализоваться через классический и тран-сигналинг. Воспалительные процессы при НАЖБП стимулируют апоптоз клеток печени, который сдерживается плазменным IL11 у пациентов с ожирением без сахарного диабета 2 типа.IL11 has multidirectional effects in patients with and without type 2 diabetes. This is done through classic and trans-signaling. Inflammatory processes stimulate liver cell apoptosis in NAFLD. This process is inhibited by plasma IL11 in obese patients without type 2 diabetes mellitus.
ISSUES OF RESTORING SEPARATE RIGHTS OF THE REHABILITATED
Authors: Ганаева Есита Эминовна 
Published: March 2021

В статье рассмотрены вопросы восстановления отдельных прав реабилитированного, процесс восстановления трудовых прав граждан, имеющих право на реабилитацию.
The article considers the issues of restoration of individual rights of the rehabilitated person, the process of restoration of labor rights of citizens who have the right to rehabilitation.
Allocation of resources in working memory: Theoretical and empirical implications for visual search
Authors: Huynh Cong Stanislas , Kerzel Dirk 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRecently, working memory (WM) has been conceptualized as a limited resource, distributed flexibly and strategically between an unlimited number of representations. In addition to improving the precision of representations in WM, the allocation of resources may also shape how these representations act as attentional templates to guide visual search. Here, we reviewed recent evidence in favor of this assumption and proposed three main principles that govern the relationship between WM resources and template-guided visual search. First, the allocation of resources to an attentional template has an effect on visual search, as it may improve the guidance of visual attention, facilitate target recognition, and/or protect the attentional template against interference. Second, the allocation of the largest amount of resources to a representation in WM is not sufficient to give this representation the status of attentional template and thus, the ability to guide visual search. Third, the representation obtaining the status of attentional template, whether at encoding or during maintenance, receives an amount of WM resources proportional to its relevance for visual search. Thus defined, the resource hypothesis of visual search constitutes a parsimonious and powerful framework, which provides new perspectives on previous debates and complements existing models of template-guided visual search.
Three-dimensional Climate Simulations for the Detectability of Proxima Centauri b
Authors: Galuzzo Daniele , Cagnazzo Chiara , Berrilli Francesco , Fierli Federico , Giovannelli Luca 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The discovery of a planet orbiting around Proxima Centauri, the closest star to the Sun, opens new avenues for the remote observations of the atmosphere and surface of an exoplanet, Proxima b. To date, three-dimensional (3D) general circulation models (GCMs) are the best available tools to investigate the properties of the exo-atmospheres, waiting for the next generation of space- and ground-based telescopes. In this work, we use the Planet Simulator (PlaSim), an intermediate-complexity, flexible and fast 3D GCM, suited to handle all the orbital and physical parameters of a planet and to study the dynamics of its atmosphere. Assuming an Earth-like atmosphere and a 1:1 spin/orbit configuration (tidal locking), our simulations of Proxima b are consistent with a dayside open ocean planet with a superrotating atmosphere. Moreover, because of the limited representation of the radiative transfer in PlaSim, we compute the spectrum of the exoplanet with an offline radiative transfer code with a spectral resolution of 1 nm. This spectrum is used to derive the thermal phase curves for different orbital inclination angles. In combination with instrumental detection sensitivities, the different thermal phase curves are used to evaluate observation conditions at ground level (e.g., ELT) or in space (e.g., James Webb Space Telescope (JWST)). We estimated the exposure time to detect the Proxima b (assuming an Earth-like atmosphere) thermal phase curve in the far-IR with JWST with signal-to-noise ratio ≃1. Under the hypothesis of total noise dominated by shot noise, neglecting other possible extra contribution producing a noise floor, the exposure time is equal to 5 hr for each orbital epoch.
Resonances in a Coronal Loop Driven by Torsional Alfvén Waves Propagating from the Photosphere
Authors: Soler Roberto , Terradas Jaume , Oliver Ramón , Ballester José Luis 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
There is increasing evidence that magnetohydrodynamic waves play an important role in the propagation and dissipation of energy in the solar atmosphere. Here we investigate how torsional Alfvén waves driven at the photosphere can transport energy to an overlying coronal magnetic loop and explore their ability to heat the plasma. We consider a coronal loop whose feet are embedded in the partially ionized chromosphere. A broadband driver at the photosphere excites torsional Alfvén waves that propagate upward to the coronal loop. By means of numerical computations under the stationary-state assumption, we study the transmission of wave energy to the loop and the heating associated with ohmic diffusion and ion–neutral collisions. We find that wave transmission to the loop is heavily affected by the presence of cavity resonances when the frequency of the driver matches an eigenfrequency of the loop. A tremendous amount of wave energy is channeled to the coronal loop for those particular frequencies. The transmitted energy surpasses by many orders of magnitude the requirements to balance thermal radiation. However, dissipation is so weak in the coronal plasma that only a tiny percentage of the energy budget is converted into heat, which is not enough to compensate for radiative losses. Most of the energy simply leaks back to the chromosphere. Conversely, dissipation is much more efficient in the lower atmosphere, and wave heating can locally balance a significant fraction of radiation in the chromosphere. We argue that nonlinear effects such as turbulence triggered by the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability should enhance the heating efficiency at coronal heights.
Discovery of a New Redback Millisecond Pulsar Candidate: 4FGL J0940.3–7610
Authors: Swihart Samuel J. , Strader Jay , Aydi Elias , Chomiuk Laura , Dage Kristen C. , Shishkovsky Laura 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We have discovered a new candidate redback millisecond pulsar binary near the center of the error ellipse of the bright unassociated Fermi-LAT γ-ray source 4FGL J0940.3–7610. The candidate counterpart is a variable optical source that also shows faint X-ray emission. Optical photometric and spectroscopic monitoring with the SOAR telescope indicates that the companion is a low-mass star in a 6.5 hr orbit around an invisible primary, showing both ellipsoidal variations and irradiation and consistent with the properties of known redback millisecond pulsar binaries. Given the orbital parameters, preliminary modeling of the optical light curves suggests an edge-on inclination and a low-mass (∼1.2–1.4 M
⊙) neutron star, along with a secondary mass somewhat more massive than the typical ≳0.4 M
⊙. This combination of inclination and secondary properties could make radio eclipses more likely for this system, explaining its previous nondiscovery in radio pulsation searches. Hence, 4FGL J0940.3–7610 may be a strong candidate for a focused search for γ-ray pulsations to enable the future detection of a millisecond pulsar.
Bosquet des malades - Admiration des œuvres de Dieu
Authors: Carthagène Thérèse de 
Published: March 2021

Cet ouvrage présente la première traduction critique en français des deux traités composés par Thérèse de Carthagène à la fin du XVe siècle, le Bosquet des malades et l’Admiration des œuvres de Dieu. Ce sont les plus anciens textes conservés écrits en vernaculaire castillan par une main féminine. Leur contenu frappe par son originalité : le premier est un traité consolatoire dans lequel l’auteure, devenue sourde, valorise la maladie et le handicap ; le second, une œuvre de polémique littéraire dans lequel elle défend son auteurité en tant que femme. Célèbres et bien étudiés depuis les années 1970 dans les sphères académiques hispanophone et anglophone, ils demeurent méconnus dans le monde francophone. Ils sont accompagnés par une introduction qui synthétise la bibliographie foisonnante et apporte quelques éléments de contexte supplémentaires issus de l’examen du seul manuscrit conservé.
The relationship between temperament and behavior in 3–7-year-old children during dental treatment
Authors: Janeshin Atousa , Habibi Mohammmad 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Various factors affect child behavior in different situations such as in a dental clinic. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between temperament and child behavior during routine dental treatment.

Materials and Methods:
The present study is a descriptive-analytic study that included 199 children aged 3–7-years from patients referred to a dental clinic of Guilan University of Medical Sciences in 2017–2018. The Children's Behavior Questionnaire, which is specific to children aged 3–7 years, was used to assess children's dental temperament. Children's behaviors during dental treatment were recorded using Frankl scale. Finally, the data were analyzed by the SPSS-16 statistical software.

Results:
About 47.9% of the samples were female, with a mean temperament score of 4.79 which was significantly higher than males (P < 0.05). Almost 2.4% of children had completely negative behaviors and 2.8% had a completely positive behavior. The mean scores of fear (P = 0.008) and anger (P = 0.004) in children with completely negative behavior were higher than those with completely positive behavior. Moreover, the average scores of inhibitory control (P = 0.003) and perceptual sensitivity (P = 0.001) in completely positive children were higher than completely negative children.

Conclusion:
The results of the present study showed that girls had a better mean score of temperament than boys. The inhibitory control and perceptual sensitivity in completely positive children were significantly higher than negative children. In addition, a higher mean score of fear and anger was observed in completely negative children.
The effect of sodium hypochlorite enamel pretreatment on the shear bond strength of fissure sealant using a resin-modified glass ionomer cement and a fluoride-releasing self-etch resin adhesive
Authors: Mohammadi Najmeh , Karimkhani Ali , Bagheri Rafat , Manton David J. 
Published: March 2021

Background:
The relative high caries risk of pits and fissures highlights the importance of protecting these areas. The aim is to determine the effect of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on the shear bond strength (SBS) of resin-based pit and fissure sealant (RBPFS) material to enamel using resin-modified glass ionomer cement (RMGIC) and fluoride-releasing self-etch resin (FRSE) adhesives.

Materials and Methods:
In this in vitro study extracted third molar teeth without carious lesions or defects were divided into five experimental groups (n = 20). Group A: (Control group) etch (35% phosphoric acid) for 15 s and RBPFS applied. Group B: Etch for 15 s, FRSE and RBPFS applied. Group C: Pretreated with 5% NaOCl and similar steps to Group B. Group D: Etch for 15 s then RMGIC bonding agent and RBPFS applied. Group E: Pretreated with 5% NaOCl and then similar steps to Group D. SBS was determined using a universal testing machine. The tested specimens were examined under a field-emission scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey's tests (P=0.05).

Results:
A statistically significant difference between the test groups was observed; Group C showed the highest SBS mean value (7.52 ± 2.74 MPa) and Group D showed the lowest (4.48 ± 1.81 MPa) (P < 0.001). Pretreatment with NaOCl increased the SBS of fissure sealant when Riva bond LC was used (P = 0.049).

Conclusion:
The use of NaOCl as pretreatment can increase the SBS of RBPFS to enamel using RMGIC adhesive. FRSE adhesive did not show improvement in SBS values using pretreatment.
Protective effect of nanoencapsulated curcumin against boldenone-induced testicular toxicity and oxidative stress in male albino rats
Authors: Aly Mohamed A.S. , El-Sayed El-Shamarka Marwa , Soliman Tarek N. , Elgabry Mahmoud A.E. 
Published: March 2021

Background
Boldenone (BOL) (Equigan) is a synthetic anabolic steroid used mainly by veterinarians to treat and promote horses’ growth. Recently, body builders have started to use it to enhance their physical performance and muscle growth. Equigan is known to induce testicular injury and reduce fertility in males. Current treatments for reduced fertility are very costly. As alternatives, people are investigating naturally occurring bioactive compounds in plants such as curcumin.

Objective
This study was conducted to evaluate the prophylactic antioxidant effects of nanoencapsulated curcumin (NEC) on BOL-induced testicular toxicity and oxidative stress in male albino rats.

Materials and methods
NEC was prepared using a novel freeze-drying method. For their characterization, ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy, and dynamic light scattering were used. Four groups of male rats were used: the first group served as control, the second group received NEC (100 mg/kg orally, once daily), the third group received BOL (5 mg/kg intramascular, once weekly) for 60 days, and BOL and NEC were concurrently administered in the fourth group. Blood was withdrawn from the rats’ retro-orbital veins 24 h after treatment. Animals were euthanized immediately; the epididymal sperm reserve was separated. Then, one testis from each rat was kept at −80°C for determination of oxidative stress indices, and the other was fixed in 10% formalin solution for histopathological investigation.

Results and conclusion
Treatment with BOL resulted in significant reproductive damage caused by increased levels of malondialdehyde and nitric oxide and decreased levels of superoxide dismutase and reduced glutathione. Downregulation of the levels of serum testosterone and reduction in semen quantity, sperm count, and motility were also detected in the BOL group. Histopathological examinations showed severe degenerative changes in the testes. Immunohistochemical examination indicated severe reduction in the proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive spermatogonia in the BOL-treated group as compared with the control. Coadministration of NEC with BOL effectively reduces BOL-induced testicular damage and oxidative stress in male albino rats.
Oculocardiac reflex in phacoemulsification
Authors: Dandekar Prajakta , Mohan Sanil , Baranwal Vinod 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
This study compares the vital parameters and pain experienced during phacoemulsification under peribulbar and topical anesthesia to determine the incidence of OCR.

Methods:
One hundred six patients are enrolled for phacoemulsification in a prospective and randomized study. Fifty-two patients undergo surgery in a peribulbar block (Group PB) and 54 in topical anesthesia (Group TA). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and pulse rate are recorded during a preoperative check-up and at four other steps of surgery. Pain experienced during surgery and on a postoperative day, 5, is graded with a verbal analogue scale. OCR defined as a decrease in pulse rate by greater than 20% is calculated. Chi-square test, Fisher‘s exact test, paired t test and the comparison of means give the statistical analysis. A value of P < 0.05 was taken as significant.

Results:
MAP readings at baseline versus MAP at other steps of surgery show a trend towards rising with a P value of < 0.05 in both groups. Pulse rate measured at all steps of surgery versus baseline pulse rate in Group TA shows P < 0.05. OCR is present in nine patients in peribulbar block verses eleven patients in topical anesthesia with P value of 0.687. The pain scores using verbal analogue scale were higher in Group TA compared with Group PB with a P < 0.0001.

Conclusion:
Oculocardiac reflex can occur during phacoemulsification under both peribulbar block and topical anesthesia, and the difference is not significant.
One-year Profile of Eye Diseases in Infants (PEDI) in secondary (rural) eye care centers in South India
Authors: Jain Mayank , Anjani Pratap , Krishnamurthy Gayatri , Sachdeva Virender , Kekunnaya Ramesh 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
The aim of this study was to report the proportion and patterns of eye diseases observed among infants seen at two rural eye care centers in South India.

Methods:
A retrospective review of case records of infants seen between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2017 at two rural secondary eye care centers attached to L V Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad. Data were collected regarding their demographic profile, the pattern of eye problems observed, management at the facility itself, and need for referrals.

Results:
During this period, a total of 3092 children were seen. Among them, 141 were infants (4.56%, 71 boys: 70 girls, median age: 8 months). Twenty-five percent of infants were less than 6 months of age. The most common eye problem was congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction (n = 76, 53.90%), followed by conjunctivitis (n = 33, 23.40%), retinopathy of prematurity (n = 4, 2.84%) and strabismus (n = 3, 2.13%). One case each of congenital cataract and suspected retinoblastoma were identified. Majority of the cases (58.8%) belonged to the oculoplastic and orbital surgery sub-specialty. Sixteen percent of the infants (n = 23) had sight-threatening eye problems. Twenty percent (n = 28) were referred to tertiary care hospital for further management.

Conclusion:
Profile of eye disease in infants in secondary or rural eye care centers ranged from simple to complex, including sight-threatening diseases. While our study concluded that nearly 4/5th of these eye problems were simple and could be managed by a well-trained comprehensive ophthalmologist, 20% of these cases required a referral to a tertiary care center.
Subjective and objective measures of the patient experience before, during, and after intravitreal anti–vascular endothelial growth factor injections
Authors: Mekala Suresh , Dhoble Pankaja , Vishwaraj CR , Khodifad Ashish M , Hess Olivia M , Lavanya GS 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
To assess patient experience of intravitreal injections using vital-signs, visual-experience, pain-rating and emotional response during intravitreal anti-VEGF injections.

Methods:
A prospective observational study of patient experience of intravitreal anti-VEGF injections done following metrics were collected pre-injection, during injection, and post-injection: pain assessment using visual analog score, fear-response rating, visual-experience questionnaire, and vital-signs.

Results:
A total of one-hundred-and-seventy-four patients undergoing intravitreal anti-VEGF injections for retinal pathologies were included in the study. Mean age was 58.8 ± 10.4 years in <5 injection group (n = 133) and 59.02 ± 9.0 years in ≥5 injection group (n = 41) (P = 0.90).During injection, 90.2% of patients in <5 injection group reported moderate or severe pain compared to 78% of patients in ≥5 injection group. In pre and post-injection phases, mild-to-moderate pain was reported in both groups (P = <0.001). Ninety-two (52.9%) patients reported having a mild frightening experience. There was no statistical significance in patients assessment of fear with respect to age, sex, or number of injections. The Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP) during and following injection ((SBP 171.7 ± 21.1,150.8 ± 16.2) procedures was significantly higher in cases with <5 injections when comparing to cases with >5 injections (SBP 159.7 ± 26.4, 143.2 ± 17.0) (P = 0.003), (P = 0.011). DBP, heart rate, pulse rate measurements were similar among patients in all phases of the study.

Conclusion:
We report a large sample size with comprehensive assessments of the patient experience. Higher pain ratings in the <5 injection group, the increase in the SBP in the pre-and during injection phases, and the overall rating of mild-to-moderate fear during the procedure.