bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic causal brain circuits during working memory and their functional controllability
Authors: Cai Weidong , Ryali Srikanth , Pasumarthy Ramkrishna , Talasila Viswanath , Menon Vinod 
Published: June 2021

AbstractControl processes associated with working memory play a central role in human cognition, but their underlying dynamic brain circuit mechanisms are poorly understood. Here we use system identification, network science, stability analysis, and control theory to probe functional circuit dynamics during working memory task performance. Our results show that dynamic signaling between distributed brain areas encompassing the salience (SN), fronto-parietal (FPN), and default mode networks can distinguish between working memory load and predict performance. Network analysis of directed causal influences suggests the anterior insula node of the SN and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex node of the FPN are causal outflow and inflow hubs, respectively. Network controllability decreases with working memory load and SN nodes show the highest functional controllability. Our findings reveal dissociable roles of the SN and FPN in systems control and provide novel insights into dynamic circuit mechanisms by which cognitive control circuits operate asymmetrically during cognition.
Non-invasive plasma glycomic and metabolic biomarkers of post-treatment control of HIV
Authors: Giron Leila B. , Palmer Clovis S. , Liu Qin , Yin Xiangfan , Papasavvas Emmanouil , Sharaf Radwa , Etemad Behzad , Damra Mohammad , Goldman Aaron R. , Tang Hsin-Yao , Johnston Rowena , Mounzer Karam , Kostman Jay R. , Tebas Pablo , Landay Alan , Montaner Luis J. , Jacobson Jeffrey M. , Li Jonathan Z. , Abdel-Mohsen Mohamed 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNon-invasive biomarkers that predict HIV remission after antiretroviral therapy (ART) interruption are urgently needed. Such biomarkers can improve the safety of analytic treatment interruption (ATI) and provide mechanistic insights into the host pathways involved in post-ART HIV control. Here we report plasma glycomic and metabolic signatures of time-to-viral-rebound and probability-of-viral-remission using samples from two independent cohorts. These samples include a large number of post-treatment controllers, a rare population demonstrating sustained virologic suppression after ART-cessation. These signatures remain significant after adjusting for key demographic and clinical confounders. We also report mechanistic links between some of these biomarkers and HIV latency reactivation and/or myeloid inflammation in vitro. Finally, machine learning algorithms, based on selected sets of these biomarkers, predict time-to-viral-rebound with 74% capacity and probability-of-viral-remission with 97.5% capacity. In summary, we report non-invasive plasma biomarkers, with potential functional significance, that predict both the duration and probability of HIV remission after treatment interruption.
Terminal uridyltransferase 7 regulates TLR4-triggered inflammation by controlling Regnase-1 mRNA uridylation and degradation
Authors: Lin Chia-Ching , Shen Yi-Ru , Chang Chi-Chih , Guo Xiang-Yi , Young Yun-Yun , Lai Ting-Yu , Yu I-Shing , Lee Chih-Yuan , Chuang Tsung-Hsien , Tsai Hsin-Yue , Hsu Li-Chung 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDifferent levels of regulatory mechanisms, including posttranscriptional regulation, are needed to elaborately regulate inflammatory responses to prevent harmful effects. Terminal uridyltransferase 7 (TUT7) controls RNA stability by adding uridines to its 3′ ends, but its function in innate immune response remains obscure. Here we reveal that TLR4 activation induces TUT7, which in turn selectively regulates the production of a subset of cytokines, including Interleukin 6 (IL-6). TUT7 regulates IL-6 expression by controlling ribonuclease Regnase-1 mRNA (encoded by Zc3h12a gene) stability. Mechanistically, TLR4 activation causes TUT7 to bind directly to the stem-loop structure on Zc3h12a 3′-UTR, thereby promotes Zc3h12a uridylation and degradation. Zc3h12a from LPS-treated TUT7-sufficient macrophages possesses increased oligo-uridylated ends with shorter poly(A) tails, whereas oligo-uridylated Zc3h12a is significantly reduced in Tut7-/- cells after TLR4 activation. Together, our findings reveal the functional role of TUT7 in sculpting TLR4-driven responses by modulating mRNA stability of a selected set of inflammatory mediators.
Spontaneous symmetry breaking of dissipative optical solitons in a two-component Kerr resonator
Authors: Xu Gang , Nielsen Alexander U. , Garbin Bruno , Hill Lewis , Oppo Gian-Luca , Fatome Julien , Murdoch Stuart G. , Coen Stéphane , Erkintalo Miro 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDissipative solitons are self-localized structures that can persist indefinitely in open systems driven out of equilibrium. They play a key role in photonics, underpinning technologies from mode-locked lasers to microresonator optical frequency combs. Here we report on experimental observations of spontaneous symmetry breaking of dissipative optical solitons. Our experiments are performed in a nonlinear optical ring resonator, where dissipative solitons arise in the form of persisting pulses of light known as Kerr cavity solitons. We engineer symmetry between two orthogonal polarization modes of the resonator and show that the solitons of the system can spontaneously break this symmetry, giving rise to two distinct but co-existing vectorial solitons with mirror-like, asymmetric polarization states. We also show that judiciously applied perturbations allow for deterministic switching between the two symmetry-broken dissipative soliton states. Our work delivers fundamental insights at the intersection of multi-mode nonlinear optical resonators, dissipative structures, and spontaneous symmetry breaking, and expands upon our understanding of dissipative solitons in coherently driven Kerr resonators.
Crystal structure of an archaeal CorB magnesium transporter
Authors: Chen Yu Seby , Kozlov Guennadi , Moeller Brandon E. , Rohaim Ahmed , Fakih Rayan , Roux Benoît , Burke John E. , Gehring Kalle 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCNNM/CorB proteins are a broadly conserved family of integral membrane proteins with close to 90,000 protein sequences known. They are associated with Mg2+transport but it is not known if they mediate transport themselves or regulate other transporters. Here, we determine the crystal structure of an archaeal CorB protein in two conformations (apo and Mg2+-ATP bound). The transmembrane DUF21 domain exists in an inward-facing conformation with a Mg2+ion coordinated by a conserved π-helix. In the absence of Mg2+-ATP, the CBS-pair domain adopts an elongated dimeric configuration with previously unobserved domain-domain contacts. Hydrogen-deuterium exchange mass spectrometry, analytical ultracentrifugation, and molecular dynamics experiments support a role of the structural rearrangements in mediating Mg2+-ATP sensing. Lastly, we use an in vitro, liposome-based assay to demonstrate direct Mg2+transport by CorB proteins. These structural and functional insights provide a framework for understanding function of CNNMs in Mg2+transport and associated diseases.
Pangenomics reveals alternative environmental lifestyles among chlamydiae
Authors: Köstlbacher Stephan , Collingro Astrid , Halter Tamara , Schulz Frederik , Jungbluth Sean P. , Horn Matthias 
Published: June 2021

AbstractChlamydiae are highly successful strictly intracellular bacteria associated with diverse eukaryotic hosts. Here we analyzed metagenome-assembled genomes of the “Genomes from Earth’s Microbiomes” initiative from diverse environmental samples, which almost double the known phylogenetic diversity of the phylum and facilitate a highly resolved view at the chlamydial pangenome. Chlamydiae are defined by a relatively large core genome indicative of an intracellular lifestyle, and a highly dynamic accessory genome of environmental lineages. We observe chlamydial lineages that encode enzymes of the reductive tricarboxylic acid cycle and for light-driven ATP synthesis. We show a widespread potential for anaerobic energy generation through pyruvate fermentation or the arginine deiminase pathway, and we add lineages capable of molecular hydrogen production. Genome-informed analysis of environmental distribution revealed lineage-specific niches and a high abundance of chlamydiae in some habitats. Together, our data provide an extended perspective of the variability of chlamydial biology and the ecology of this phylum of intracellular microbes.
The evolution of disgust for pathogen detection and avoidance
Authors: Hlay Jessica K. , Albert Graham , Batres Carlota , Richardson George , Placek Caitlyn , Arnocky Steven , Lieberman Debra , Hodges-Simeon Carolyn R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe behavioral immune system posits that disgust functions to protect animals from pathogen exposure. Therefore, cues of pathogen risk should be a primary driver influencing variation in disgust. Yet, to our knowledge, neither the relationship between current pathogen risk and disgust, nor the correlation between objective and perceived pathogen risk have been addressed using ecologically valid measures in a global sample. The current article reports two studies addressing these gaps. In Study 1, we include a global sample (n = 361) and tested the influence of both perceived pathogen exposure and an objective measure of pathogen risk—local communicable infectious disease mortality rates—on individual differences in pathogen and sexual disgust sensitivities. In Study 2, we first replicate Study 1’s analyses in another large sample (n = 821), targeting four countries (US, Italy, Brazil, and India); we then replaced objective and perceived pathogen risk with variables specific to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. In Study 1, both local infection mortality rates and perceived infection exposure predicted unique variance in pathogen and sexual disgust. In Study 2, we found that perceived infection exposure positively predicted sexual disgust, as predicted. When substituting perceived and objective SARS-CoV-2 risk in our models, perceived risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 positively predicted pathogen and sexual disgust, and state case rates negatively predicted pathogen disgust. Further, in both studies, objective measures of risk (i.e., local infection mortality and SARS-CoV-2 rates) positively correlated with subjective measures of risk (i.e., perceived infection exposure and perceived SARS-CoV-2 risk). Ultimately, these results provide two pieces of foundational evidence for the behavioral immune system: 1) perceptions of pathogen risk accurately assay local, objective mortality risk across countries, and 2) both perceived and objective pathogen risk explain variance in disgust levels.
Discovery of proton hill in the phase space during interactions between ions and electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves
Authors: Shoji Masafumi , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Kistler Lynn M. , Asamura Kazushi , Matsuoka Ayako , Kasaba Yasumasa , Matsuda Shoya , Kasahara Yoshiya , Shinohara Iku 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA study using Arase data gives the first observational evidence that the frequency drift of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves is caused by cyclotron trapping. EMIC emissions play an important role in planetary magnetospheres, causing scattering loss of radiation belt relativistic electrons and energetic protons. EMIC waves frequently show nonlinear signatures that include frequency drift and amplitude enhancements. While nonlinear growth theory has suggested that the frequency change is caused by nonlinear resonant currents owing to cyclotron trapping of the particles, observational evidence for this has been elusive. We survey the wave data observed by Arase from March, 2017 to September 2019, and find the best falling tone emission event, one detected on 11th November, 2017, for the wave particle interaction analysis. Here, we show for the first time direct evidence of the formation of a proton hill in phase space indicating cyclotron trapping. The associated resonance currents and the wave growth of a falling tone EMIC wave are observed coincident with the hill, as theoretically predicted.
An increasing role of pyrethroid-resistant Anopheles funestus in malaria transmission in the Lake Zone, Tanzania
Authors: Matowo Nancy S. , Martin Jackline , Kulkarni Manisha A. , Mosha Jacklin F. , Lukole Eliud , Isaya Gladness , Shirima Boniface , Kaaya Robert , Moyes Catherine , Hancock Penelope A. , Rowland Mark , Manjurano Alphaxard , Mosha Franklin W. , Protopopoff Natacha , Messenger Louisa A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAnopheles funestus is playing an increasing role in malaria transmission in parts of sub-Saharan Africa, where An. gambiae s.s. has been effectively controlled by long-lasting insecticidal nets. We investigated vector population bionomics, insecticide resistance and malaria transmission dynamics in 86 study clusters in North-West Tanzania. An. funestus s.l. represented 94.5% (4740/5016) of all vectors and was responsible for the majority of malaria transmission (96.5%), with a sporozoite rate of 3.4% and average monthly entomological inoculation rate (EIR) of 4.57 per house. Micro-geographical heterogeneity in species composition, abundance and transmission was observed across the study district in relation to key ecological differences between northern and southern clusters, with significantly higher densities, proportions and EIR of An. funestus s.l. collected from the South. An. gambiae s.l. (5.5%) density, principally An. arabiensis (81.1%) and An. gambiae s.s. (18.9%), was much lower and closely correlated with seasonal rainfall. Both An. funestus s.l. and An. gambiae s.l. were similarly resistant to alpha-cypermethrin and permethrin. Overexpression of CYP9K1, CYP6P3, CYP6P4 and CYP6M2 and high L1014S-kdr mutation frequency were detected in An. gambiae s.s. populations. Study findings highlight the urgent need for novel vector control tools to tackle persistent malaria transmission in the Lake Region of Tanzania.
Swarm shedding in networks of self-propelled agents
Authors: Hindes Jason , Edwards Victoria , Kasraie Klimka Szwaykowska , Stantchev George , Schwartz Ira B. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUnderstanding swarm pattern formation is of great interest because it occurs naturally in many physical and biological systems, and has artificial applications in robotics. In both natural and engineered swarms, agent communication is typically local and sparse. This is because, over a limited sensing or communication range, the number of interactions an agent has is much smaller than the total possible number. A central question for self-organizing swarms interacting through sparse networks is whether or not collective motion states can emerge where all agents have coherent and stable dynamics. In this work we introduce the phenomenon of swarm shedding in which weakly-connected agents are ejected from stable milling patterns in self-propelled swarming networks with finite-range interactions. We show that swarm shedding can be localized around a few agents, or delocalized, and entail a simultaneous ejection of all agents in a network. Despite the complexity of milling motion in complex networks, we successfully build mean-field theory that accurately predicts both milling state dynamics and shedding transitions. The latter are described in terms of saddle-node bifurcations that depend on the range of communication, the inter-agent interaction strength, and the network topology.
One-way routes complicate cooperation in migrant crises
Authors: Del Ponte Alessandro , DeScioli Peter , Masiliunas Aidas , Lim Noah 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHow can countries cooperate to shelter migrants? We use experimental economics to study the distinct challenges of cooperation in migrant crises. We designed an economic game, pass the buck, where participants are leaders of countries who decide whether to shelter migrants or pass them to the next country. We examine the difficulties posed by one-way migration and differences in wealth. We find that leaders sheltered migrants less often when they received them first on a one-way route, compared to when everyone received migrants at the same time. Moreover, the first leader became more likely to shelter migrants when the last country could return them to the first. When one country was wealthier, the wealthy leader sheltered more and the other leaders passed more. We discuss the implications for international cooperation in migrant crises.
Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma using grafts from uncontrolled circulatory death donation
Authors: Nutu Anisa , Justo Iago , Marcacuzco Alberto , Caso Óscar , Manrique Alejandro , Calvo Jorge , García-Sesma Álvaro , García-Conde María , Gallego María Santos , Jiménez-Romero Carlos 
Published: June 2021

AbstractControversy exists regarding whether the rate of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) recurrence after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) differs when using livers from donation after controlled circulatory death (DCD) versus livers from donation after brain death (DBD). The aim of this cohort study was to analyze rates of HCC recurrence, patient survival, and graft survival after OLT for HCC, comparing recipients of DBD livers (n = 103) with recipients of uncontrolled DCD livers (uDCD; n = 41). No significant differences in tumor size, tumor number, serum alpha-fetoprotein, proportion of patients within Milan criteria, or pre-OLT bridging therapies were identified between groups, although the waitlist period was significantly shorter in the uDCD group (p = 0.040). HCC recurrence was similar between groups. Patient survival was similar between groups, but graft survival was lower in the uDCD group. Multivariate analysis identified recipient age (p = 0.031), pre-OLT bridging therapy (p = 0.024), and HCC recurrence (p = 0.048) as independent risk factors for patient survival and pre-OLT transarterial chemoembolization (p = 0.045) as the single risk factor for HCC recurrence. In conclusion, similar patient survival and lower graft survival were observed in the uDCD group. However, the use of uDCD livers appears to be justified due to a shorter waitlist time, and lower waitlist dropout and HCC recurrence rates.
Comparative evaluation of tractography-based direct targeting and atlas-based indirect targeting of the ventral intermediate (Vim) nucleus in MRgFUS thalamotomy
Authors: Bruno Federico , Catalucci Alessia , Varrassi Marco , Arrigoni Francesco , Sucapane Patrizia , Cerone Davide , Pistoia Francesca , Torlone Silvia , Tommasino Emanuele , De Santis Luca , Barile Antonio , Ricci Alessandro , Marini Carmine , Splendiani Alessandra , Masciocchi Carlo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTo analyze and compare direct and indirect targeting of the Vim for MRgFUS thalamotomy. We retrospectively evaluated 21 patients who underwent unilateral MRgFUS Vim ablation and required targeting repositioning during the procedures. For each patient, in the three spatial coordinates, we recorded: (i) indirect coordinates; (ii) the coordinates where we clinically observed tremor reduction during the verification stage sonications; (iii) direct coordinates, measured on the dentatorubrothalamic tract (DRTT) at the after postprocessing of DTI data. The agreement between direct and indirect coordinates compared to clinically effective coordinates was evaluated through the Bland–Altman test and intraclass correlation coefficient. The median absolute percentage error was also calculated. Compared to indirect targeting, direct targeting showed inferior error values on the RL and AP coordinates (0.019 vs. 0.079 and 0.207 vs. 0.221, respectively) and higher error values on the SI coordinates (0.263 vs. 0.021). The agreement between measurements was higher for tractography along the AP and SI planes and lower along the RL planes. Indirect atlas-based targeting represents a valid approach for MRgFUS thalamotomy. The direct tractography approach is a valuable aid in assessing the possible deviation of the error in cases where no immediate clinical response is achieved.
Targeted Re-Instruction for Hearing Aid Use and Care Skills
Authors: Alicea Carly C. M. , Doherty Karen A. 
Published: June 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to determine if re-instructing a hearing aid (HA) user on the specific skill(s) they could not successfully perform on the Practical Hearing Aid Skills Test–Revised (PHAST-R) resulted in better HA use and care skills than a traditional fitting method. This is referred to as “targeted re-instruction.” Also, factors that might affect HA use and care skills, including memory function, hearing handicap, and hearing aid–related attitudes, were assessed.MethodThis study was a randomized control trial. Twenty-six new HA users (13 experimental; 13 control) were fit with HAs and provided a standard HA orientation. HA use and care skills were measured immediately following the HA fitting and then again at 4 weeks post-HA fitting. The experimental group was administered the PHAST-R twice during the trial period to identify the HA use and care skills that participants needed re-instruction on.ResultsParticipants in the experimental group maintained their HA use and care skills over the 4-week HA trial period, whereas participants in the control group showed a significant decline. Working memory, hearing handicap, and HA-related attitudes were not found to be correlated with HA use and care skills.ConclusionsParticipants who did not receive targeted re-instruction showed a decline in their HA use and care skills after only 4 weeks of HA use, whereas targeted re-instruction prevented a decline in HA use and care skills. It took an average of less than 10 min to administer the PHAST-R and provide targeted re-instruction, indicating that it would be appropriate to use in a clinical setting.
Neuroaxiale Gabe von Morphin nach Sectio caesarea: ein Update
Authors: Oji-Zurmeyer Julia , Ortner Clemens , Klein Klaus Ulrich , Putz Günther , Jochberger Stefan 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungFür die Behandlung von Schmerzen nach Sectio caesarea (Wundschmerz, Nachwehen) stellt die neuroaxiale Morphingabe in Kombination mit peripher wirkenden Analgetika im angloamerikanischen Raum den Goldstandard dar. Damit kann eine langanhaltende Analgesie (bis zu 24 h) erreicht werden. Dieser Beitrag stellt den aktuellen Wissensstand zu diesem Thema dar und beschreibt die gegenwärtigen Empfehlungen.
Zwanzig Jahre Levosimendan
Authors: Häberle Helene A. 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungVasopressoren kommen besonders in kritischen, nicht selten lebensbedrohlichen Situationen der Anästhesie, Notfall- und Intensivmedizin zum Einsatz. Die Wahl der geeigneten Substanz sowie die Erkennung und Beherrschung möglicher Nebenwirkungen sind von großer Bedeutung. Im folgenden Beitrag sollen daher die klinisch wichtigsten Substanzen vorgestellt und deren pharmakologische Charakteristika beleuchtet werden.