bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advances in Midland Basin Expand Boundaries of CO2 EOR in Marginal Pay Areas
Authors: Feder Judy 
Published: August 2021

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper SPE 200460, “A Case Study of SACROC CO2 Flooding in Marginal Pay Regions: Improving Asset Performance,” by John Kalteyer, SPE, Kinder Morgan, prepared for the 2020 SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference, originally scheduled to be held in Tulsa, 18–22 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
As one of the first fields in the world to use carbon dioxide (CO2) in enhanced oil recovery (EOR), the Scurry Area Canyon Reef Operators Committee (SACROC) unit of the Kelly-Snyder field in the Midland Basin of Texas provides a unique opportunity to study, learn from, and improve upon the development of CO2 flood technology. The complete paper reviews the history of EOR at SACROC, discusses changes in theory over time, and provides a look at the field’s future.

Field Overview and Development History
The first six pages of the paper discuss the field’s location, geology, and development before June 2000, when Kinder Morgan acquired the SACROC unit and took over as operator. Between initial gas injection in 1972 and 2000, approximately 1 TCF of CO2 had been injected into the Canyon Reef reservoir. Since 2000, cumulative CO2 injection has sur-passed 7 TCF and yielded cumulative EOR of over 180 million bbl.
The reservoir is a primarily limestone reef complex containing an estimated original oil in place (OOIP) of just under 3 billion bbl. The reservoir ranges from 200 ft gross thickness in the south to 900 ft in the north, where the limestone matrix averages 8% porosity and 20-md permeability. The Canyon Reef structure is divided into four major intervals, of which the Upper Canyon zone provides the highest-quality pay.
The field was discovered in 1948 at a pressure of 3,122 psi. By late 1950, 1,600 production wells had been drilled and the reservoir pressure plummeted, settling as low as 1,700 psi. Waterflooding begun in 1954 enabled the field to continue producing for nearly 20 years, at which time the operators deter-mined that another recovery mechanism would be needed to maximize recovery and reach additional areas of the field. The complete paper discusses
various CO2 injection programs that were developed and applied—including a true tertiary response from a miscible CO2 flood in 1981—along with their outcomes.

Acquisition and CO2-Injection Redevelopment
In June 2000 Kinder Morgan acquired the SACROC Unit and took over as operator. Approximately 6.7 billion bbl of water and 1.3 TCF of CO2 had been injected across the unit to that date, but the daily oil rate of 8,700 B/D was approaching the field’s economic limit. An estimated 40% of the OOIP had been produced through the combination of recovery methods that each previous operator had used. Expanding on the conclusions of its immediate predecessor, the operator initiated large-scale CO2-flood redevelopment in a selection of project areas. These redevelopments were based on several key distinctions differentiating them from previous injection operations.
Joint Optimization of Well Completions and Controls for CO2 Use and Storage
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: August 2021

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 200316, “Joint Optimization of Well Completions and Controls for CO2 Enhanced Oil Recovery and Storage,” by Bailian Chen, SPE, and Rajesh Pawar, Los Alamos National Laboratory, prepared for the 2020 SPE Improved Oil Recovery Conference, originally scheduled to be held in Tulsa 18–22 April. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Carbon dioxide (CO2) storage through CO2 enhanced oil recovery (EOR) has been considered an option for larger-scale deployment of CO2 storage because of the economic benefits of oil recovery, 45Q tax credits, and the use of existing infrastructure. The complete paper investigates how optimal reservoir management and operation strategies can be used to optimize both CO2 storage and oil recovery. Results of the authors’ study showed that joint optimization of well completions and well controls can achieve a higher final net present value (NPV) than that obtained from the optimization of well controls only.

Introduction
In CO2 EOR associated with storage processes, poorly designed well-operating conditions or completions can lead to low oil recovery factors and suboptimal CO2 storage. Co-optimization of oil production and CO2 storage has been recognized as a feasible technique to maximize benefit in terms of oil production and CO2 storage tax credit.
To the best of the authors’ knowledge, settings for well completions have not been considered as optimization variables in a CO2 EOR and storage co-optimization process. The objective of this study is to conduct joint optimization of well completions and controls [well rates or bottomhole pressures (BHP)] that maximize life-cycle NPV in CO2 EOR and storage processes and demonstrate the superiority of joint optimization over well-control-only optimization.

Optimization Problem
In this study, the optimization problem considered is the joint optimization of well completions and well controls for a CO2 EOR and storage process. The mathematical process behind this determination is detailed in the complete paper.
The optimization problem was focused on jointly estimating the well completions (i.e., fraction of injection/production well perforations in each reservoir layer) and CO2 injection and oil-production controls that maximize NPV in a CO2 EOR and storage operation. The authors used a newly developed stochastic simplex approximate gradient algorithm to solve the optimization problem. The performance of the joint optimization approach was compared with the performance of the well-control-only optimization approach. In addition, the performance of the co-optimization of CO2 storage and oil-recovery approach was compared with that of the maximization of only-CO2-storage and only-oil-recovery approaches.
Prediction of High-Pressure/High-Temperature Rheological Properties of Drilling Fluids from the Viscosity Data Measured on a Coaxial Cylinder Viscometer
Authors: Gautam Sidharth , Guria Chandan , Gope Laldeep 
Published: August 2021

SummaryDetermining the rheology of drilling fluid under subsurface conditions—that is, pressure &gt; 103.4 MPa (15,000 psi) and temperature &gt; 450 K (350°F)—is very important for safe and trouble-free drilling operations of high-pressure/high-temperature (HP/HT) wells. As the severity of HP/HT wells increases, it is challenging to measure downhole rheology accurately. In the absence of rheology measurement tools under HP/HT conditions, it is essential to develop an accurate rheological model under extreme conditions. In this study, temperature- and pressure-dependence rheology of drilling fluids [i.e., shear viscosity, apparent viscosity (AV), and plastic viscosity (PV)] are predicted at HP/HT conditions using the fundamental momentum transport mechanism (i.e., kinetic theory) of liquids. Drilling fluid properties (e.g., density, thermal decomposition temperature, and isothermal compressibility), and Fann® 35 Viscometer (Fann Instrument Corporation, Houston, USA) readings at surface conditions, are the only input parameters for the proposed HP/HT shear viscosity model. The proposed model has been tested using 26 different types of HP/HT drilling fluids, including water, formate, oil, and synthetic oil as base fluids. The detailed error and the sensitivity analysis have been performed to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed model and yield comparative results. The proposed model is quite simple and may be applied to accurately predict the rheology of numerous drilling fluids. In the absence of subsurface rheology under HP/HT conditions, the proposed viscosity model may be used as a reliable soft-sensor tool for the online monitoring and control of rheology under downhole conditions while drilling HP/HT wells.
Application of the Delayed Royalty Framework for Onshore Petroleum Investment in Nigeria
Authors: Egede Frank , Ogolo Oghenerume , Anochie Victor , Danmadami Amina , Ajibade Zephaniah 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Nigeria uses the concessionary petroleum fiscal system for onshore investment in the country where the ownership of the hydrocarbon resources belongs to the contractor's. The government then gets her revenue through payment of royalties and taxes. A fixed royalty rate of 20% is specified for onshore petroleum investment in the country. This kind of royalty payment system is regressive in nature and affects the sustainability of E&P firms during period of low oil price. This research considered the incorporation of a delayed royalty framework into the concessionary petroleum fiscal system in Nigeria. Two economic models were built to evaluate upstream petroleum investment in Nigeria onshore environment using the spreadsheet modeling technique. The delayed royalty framework was incorporated into one of the model. The delay in royalty payment was made as a function of the time it takes the contractor to recoup his capital before payment of royalty and taxes. Oil price was varied in the model between $30-$90/bbl to see the impact of the delay in royalty payment on the sustainability of the investment under the delayed royalty framework. It was observed that the delayed royalty framework made the contractor to recoup his capital early during the life of the investment. It also increased the contractor's revenue which will help to increase the sustainability of the investment during period of low oil price.
Tracing ovarian follicles growth in vitro by three-dimensional culture system
Authors: Zhang Yan , Feng Xie'an , Zhang Shuo , Zhang Hua 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In female mammals, the basic reproductive unit in the ovaries is the follicle, which is composed by the oocyte and surrounding somatic granulosa cells (GCs). The development of follicles is a highly programed progress and is regulated by both the paracrine and endocrine factors. To culture the follicle in vitro, various approaches were established in different groups including the 2-dimensional culture and 3-dimensional culture. In this study, we improved a three-dimensional Matrigel system to culture the mouse follicles from secondary stage. In this system, the 3D culture guaranteed spherical structures of the follicles, which was utilized to trace the difference of growth dynamics of follicles in mutant and wild type females.
Business Strategy, Market Power and Stock Price Crash Risk: Evidence from China
Authors: Safi Adnan , Chen Yingying , Qayyum Abdul , Wahab Salman 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Business strategies play a vital role in a firm’s success but, if not properly executed, can lead to financial irregularities and mispricing, influencing the firm’s performance and leading to stock price crash risk. The present study examines the impact of a firm’s business strategy and market power on stock price crash risk. Following Miles and Snow’s (2003) model, we classify Chinese firms listed on the Shenzhen and Shanghai stock exchanges into defenders (conservative) and prospectors’ (aggressive) business strategies over a period of 2006–2019. We employed industry and year fixed effects regression to show that prospectors who follow aggressive strategies are more prone to stock price crash risk than defenders who follow conservative strategies. Additionally, we show that firms with high market power also contribute to increased stock price crash risk. Our results are also robust to alternative control variables and different statistical models like the two-stage least squares method.
Mechanosensitive recruitment of stator units promotes binding of the response regulator CheY-P to the flagellar motor
Authors: Antani Jyot , Gupta Rachit , Lee Annie , Rhee Kathy , Manson Michael , Lele Pushkar 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Reversible switching of the bacterial flagellar motor between clockwise (CW) and counterclockwise (CCW) rotation is necessary for chemotaxis, which enables cells to swim towards favorable chemical habitats. Increase in the viscous resistance to the rotation of the motor (mechanical load) inhibits switching. However, cells must maintain homeostasis in switching to navigate within environments of different viscosities. The mechanism by which the cell maintains optimal chemotactic function under varying loads is not understood. Here, we show that the flagellar motor allosterically controls the binding affinity of the chemotaxis response regulator, CheY-P, to the flagellar switch complex by modulating the mechanical forces acting on the rotor. Mechanosensitive CheY-P binding compensates for the load-induced loss of switching by precisely adapting the switch response to a mechanical stimulus. The interplay between mechanical forces and CheY-P binding tunes the chemotactic function to match the load. This adaptive response of the chemotaxis output to mechanical stimuli resembles the proprioceptive feedback in the neuromuscular systems of insects and vertebrates.
Trauma and Psychosis: A Qualitative Study Exploring the Perspectives of People with Psychosis
Authors: Campodonico Carolina , Varese Filippo , Berry Katherine 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background

Despite experiencing high rates of trauma and trauma-related conditions, people with psychosis are seldomly asked about possible traumatic events. While there are some barriers to discussing trauma in clinical services, research has shown that disclosure is not only possible but also beneficial to both psychotic and traumatic symptoms. The current study is the first to evaluate service users’ perception of the influence of trauma on the development and maintenance of their psychotic symptoms as well as their views on how their life and mental health have been affected by traumatic events and their disclosure (or lack of).
Methods

Eleven participants with experiences of psychosis and trauma took part in semi-structured interviews.
Results

Consistently with previous literature, our participants reported high rates of interpersonal trauma but had rarely had the opportunity to discuss any of these events. Using thematic analysis, we identified three major themes that have important implications for healthcare: factors that facilitate or hinder talking about trauma; consequences of talking or not; and relationship between trauma and psychosis. Participants generally benefited from talking about trauma and concerningly often associated the prolonged lack of opportunities to discuss traumatic events with negative feelings towards the self and with a deterioration of their mental health. Participants also recognised direct links between past traumas and the content and characteristics of their psychotic experiences.
Conclusions

Our findings highlight the importance, as perceived by service users, of discussing trauma and looking at psychosis through a “trauma lens”. These results stress the need to systematically assessing trauma history and traumatic symptoms in psychosis and might potentially help to overcome clinicians’ worries about discussing trauma with service users. Our findings underscore the need to change current practice and implement trauma-informed approaches to understand clients’ difficulties and provide support.
Low Contrast Enhancement Technique for Color Images using Interval-Valued Intuitionistic Fuzzy Sets with Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization
Authors: Jebadass J Reegan , Balasubramaniam P 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This work introduces a program to enhance images taken in low light. Fuzzy set theory is creating a significant shift in image processing. Interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IVIFS) based on intuitionistic fuzzy sets constructed from fuzzy sets are used to enhance images taken in low light. In the proposed method, first the given low light image is fuzzified by normal fuzzification. Then the fuzzified image is converted to an interval-valued intuitionistic fuzzy image. This image will be proposed enhanced image after applying the contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE). The experimental results reveal that the proposed method gives better results when compared with other existing methods like histogram equalization (HE), CLAHE, brightness preserving dynamic fuzzy histogram equalization (BPDFHE), histogram specification approach (HSA). Based on the performance analysis like entropy and correlation coefficient (CC), the proposed method gives better results.Mathematics Subject Classification (2010) 68U10 · 94D05
Right Out of The Gate: The Genomics of Lessepsian Invaders in The Vicinity of The Suez Canal
Authors: Azzurro Ernesto , Nourigat Mathilde , Cohn Francesca , Souissi Jamila Ben , Bernardi Giacomo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Lessepsian fishes, entering the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal, have showed so far little genetic structure, but notable exceptions suggest the importance of life-history factors that may influence their patterns of spatial genetic variation. In this study, by sampling two invasive fishes with different life histories (the rabbitfish Siganus rivulatus and the filefish Stephanolepis diaspros ), we looked at evidence of population structure and selection at the boundary between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean (the Suez Canal), using thousands of molecular markers. Results illustrate two divergent patterns of genetic patterns, with little genetic structure in S. rivulatus and strong population structure in S. diaspros, even at such small spatial scale. We discuss differences in ecological characteristics between the two species to account for such differences. In addition, we report that in the face of both high ( S. rivulatus ) and low ( S. diaspros ) gene flow, loci under selection were uncovered, and some protein coding genes were identified as being involved with osmoregulation, which seems to be an important feature of individuals crossing the salinity-variable Suez Canal. The presence of genes under selection in populations near the Suez Canal supports the idea that selection may be active and essential for successful invasions right out of the gate.
"Living in Hell": Experiences of Iranian Families Living with Patients with Schizophrenia
Authors: Molavi Parviz , Sadeghieh-Ahary Saeid , Rezaeian Mohsen , Taghizadeh Elmira , Nasiri Elhameh , Karimollahi Mansoureh 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: In addition to bearing on the patients and public, schizophrenia has a tremendous impact on families and caregivers. Its negative consequence has been studied as a burden. In this study, by doing qualitative analysis, we examined the experiences of Iranian families within the Ardabil, Iran, living with patients with schizophrenia. Method: This research was a qualitative study, and data collection was done through an in-depth, unstructured interview. Twenty family members of patients with schizophrenia were interviewed, and data were analyzed by the conventional qualitative content analysis. Results: The major themes of the interviews were classified into 3-level codes. Six subthemes were found in the experiences of patients with schizophrenia families, namely stigma, sense of shame, isolation, need for support, and lack of awareness, and poor quality of life, which were combined and classified into one main category named "living in hell".Conclusions: The findings showed that schizophrenia has an impressive negative effect on the families' welfare; thus, it highlights the necessity to provide interventions to help them adapt to this disorder. The results also highlight that caring is more demanding for families of long-term disease patients.
Current Status and Risk Factors of Complications Associated with Central Venous Catheterization in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Li JingMei , Zhang JiaFei , Feng Bo , Wang ChunHui , Wang MeiLing 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: The objective of this study was to evaluate incidence and influencing factors of complications related to central venous catheters (CVCs) in the Pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) of Xi'an Children's Hospital.Methods: We analyzed the complications of all children that had CVCs and were hospitalized between June 2020 to February 2021. A total of 334 CVCs were inserted in 310 children.Results: We noted 102 (30.54%) CVCs-related complications. Complications related to CVCs insertion were infection of catheter (13.17%) and malposition of catheter (8.38%), occlusion of CVCs (2.99%), accidental removal (0.6%), puncture site exudate (4.79%), central venous thrombosis (0.6%). Infection mainly due to Staphylococcus epidermidis. 88 cases (24.55%) of CVCs were extubated due to complications. Analysis of the frequency of maintenance-related complications except for center vein thrombosis showed no differences between the jugular, femoral and subclavian vein access (P > 0.05). It was found that the duration of the catheterization use was critical for the occurrence of CVCs-related infections, puncture site exudate, occlusion (P < 0.05). Suture-off, bleeding of insertion site, and the maximum channels of intravenous infusion in patients were dominant risk factors of catheter-related complications. Conclusion: The risk factors of complications during catheter indwelling are suture-off, bleeding of insertion site and the maximum channels of intravenous infusion in patients. Therefore, strict aseptic operation in various operations, control of the infusion channel, effective fixation of the central venous catheter, reduce the malposition and pull of the catheter, and reduce the infiltration of blood at the puncture point, are particularly important to prevent the complications related to the central venous catheter.
Profiling the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA Interaction Network in the Submandibular Gland of Diabetic Mice
Authors: Shi Xijin , Liu Huimin , Li Li , Zhang Yan , Cong Xin , Liu Limei , Wu Li-Liing , Xiang Ruo-lan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: Hyposalivation is one of the common symptoms of diabetes. Although long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have recently been reported to play important roles in the pathogenesis of diabetes, the role of lncRNAs in diabetes-induced hyposalivation remains unknown. Methods: The present study aimed to explore the function of lncRNA-microRNA-mRNA regulatory network in the submandibular gland (SMGs) under the context of diabetes. LncRNA expression profile of the SMGs was analyzed using microarray technology. Differentially expressed lncRNAs were confirmed using real-time quantitative PCR. Bioinformatics analyses were performed, and Coding-non-coding gene co-expression (CNC) and competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks were constructed to explore the potential mechanisms of diabetes-induced hyposalivation. Results: A total of 1,273 differentially expressed lncRNAs (536 up-regulated and 737 downregulated) were identified in the SMGs tissues of db/db mice. CNC and ceRNA network analyses were performed based on five differentially expressed lncRNAs validated by real-time quantitative PCR. Gene Ontology analysis of target genes of CNC network revealed that “calcium ion binding” was a highly enriched molecular function. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis of target genes of ceRNA network revealed that the “mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway” was significantly enriched. Conclusions: On the whole, the findings of the present study may provide insight into the possible mechanism of diabetes-induced hyposalivation.