bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of sugar-sweetened beverage taxes on price, import and sale volumes in an island: interrupted time series analysis
Authors: Teng Andrea M , Genç Murat , Herman Josephine , Signal Louise , Areai Danny , Wilson Nick 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjective:To evaluate the impact of changes in import tariffs on sweetened beverages.Design:Interrupted time series analysis was used to examine sweetened beverage tariff increases of 40–60 % in 2008 and to 75 % in 2012, and an approximately 11 % decrease in 2014 when an excise tax replaced the tariff. Post-tax trends were compared with a counterfactual modelled on the pre-tax trend for: quarterly price of an indicator beverage, monthly beverage import volumes (both 2001–2017) and quarterly sales volumes (2012–2017). In a controlled analysis, taxed beverage imports were compared with a sugary snacks control.Setting:Cook Islands.Participants:NA.Results:In the first year, after the 2008 tariff increase the price of the selected indicator soft drink increased by 7·3 % (95 % CI 6·3 %, 8·3 %) but after the 2012 tariff increase it decreased by 13·9 % (95 % CI –14·9 %, –12·8 %). At the same time, the import volumes of taxed beverages decreased by 13·2 % (95 % CI –38·1 %, 17·8 %) and 2·9 % (95 % CI –41·6 %, 72·5 %), respectively, and decreased by 24·8 % (95 % CI –36·9, –9·8) and 10·2 % (95 % CI –37·1, 37·5) in the controlled analysis. After the 2014 tax decrease, the price of the indicator soft drink decreased by 23·6 % (95 % CI –26·0 %, –21·1 %), sweetened beverage imports increased by 4·5 % (95 % CI –39·5 %, 156·0 %) and sales of full-sugar soft drinks increased by 31 % (95 % CI –21 %, 243 %).Conclusions:The increased import tariffs on sweetened beverages appeared to be effective for reducing import volumes, but this was partly reversed by the reduced tax/tariff in 2014.
Will India's Disengaging Trade Policy Restrict It from Playing a Greater Global Role?
Authors: Palit Amitendu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIndia's ambition of playing a prominent role in regional and global affairs has been particularly visible since the assumption of office by Prime Minister Narendra Modi in May 2014. The ambition has resulted in India's external engagement, abandoning the posturing of non-alignment for a more proactive multi-alignment strategy. Its efforts to engage with major powers such as the US and China, as well as other global middle powers such as Japan, the UK, and Australia, have been positioned on rapid economic progress, enabled by one of the fastest rates of growth among major economies. Attempts to expand global strategic influence, a natural outcome of robust economic expansion, should have seen India pursuing an aggressive outward-oriented external trade policy for increasing its share in global trade. India, though, has shown a marked resistance to open trade, including being reluctant to engage in regional and bilateral trade negotiations. This paper examines the dichotomy between India's desire to play a prominent global role and its aversion to open trade policies. Attributing the inward-looking approach to lack of competitiveness of Indian industry, absence of domestic pro-trade constituencies, and discomfort in negotiating new-generation trade issues, the paper argues India's quest for greater global strategic influence might be adversely affected by its restrictive trade policies.
First Studies of Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere Dynamics Using a Multistatic Specular Meteor Radar Network Over Southern Patagonia
Authors: Conte J. Federico , Chau Jorge L. , Urco Juan M. , Latteck Ralph , Vierinen Juha , Salvador Jacobo O. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis paper presents for the first time results on winds, tides, gradients of horizontal winds, and momentum fluxes at mesosphere and lower thermosphere altitudes over southern Patagonia, one of the most dynamically active regions in the world. For this purpose, measurements provided by SIMONe Argentina are investigated. SIMONe Argentina is a novel multistatic specular meteor radar system that implements a Spread‐spectrum Interferometric Multistatic meteor radar Observing Network (SIMONe) approach, and that has been operating since the end of September 2019. Average counts of more than 30,000 meteor detections per day result in tidal estimates with statistical uncertainties of less than 1 m/s. Thanks to the multistatic configuration, horizontal and vertical gradients of the horizontal winds are obtained, as well as vertical winds free from horizontal divergence contamination. The vertical gradients of both zonal and meridional winds exhibit strong tidal signatures. Mean momentum fluxes are estimated after removing the effects of mean winds using a 4‐h, 8‐km window in time and altitude, respectively. Reasonable statistical uncertainties of the momentum fluxes are obtained after applying a 28‐day averaging. Therefore, the momentum flux estimates presented in this paper represent monthly mean values of waves with periods of 4 h or less, vertical wavelengths shorter than 8 km, and horizontal scales less than 400 km.
Magmatic Processes in the East African Rift System: Insights From a 2015–2020 Sentinel‐1 InSAR Survey
Authors: Albino F. , Biggs J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe East African Rift System (EARS) is composed of around 78 Holocene volcanoes, but relatively little is known about their past and present activity. This lack of information makes it difficult to understand their eruptive cycles, their roles in continental rifting and the threat they pose to the population. Although previous InSAR surveys (1990–2010) showed sign of unrest, the information about the dynamics of the magmatic systems remained limited by low temporal resolution and gaps in the data set. The Sentinel‐1 SAR mission provides open‐access acquisitions every 12 days in Africa and has the potential to produce long‐duration time series for studying volcanic ground deformation at regional scale. Here, we use Sentinel‐1 data to provide InSAR time series along the EARS for the period 2015–2020. We detect 18 ground deformation signals on 14 volcanoes, of which six are located in Afar, six in the Main Ethiopian Rift, and two in the Kenya‐Tanzanian Rift. We detected new episodes of uplift at Tullu Moje (2016) and Suswa (mid‐2018), and enigmatic long‐lived subsidence signals at Gada Ale and Kone. Subsidence signals are related to a variety of mechanisms including the posteruptive evolution of magma reservoirs (e.g., Alu‐Dallafila), the compaction of lava flows (e.g., Nabro), and pore‐pressure changes related to geothermal or hydrothermal activity (e.g., Olkaria). Our results show that ∼20% of the Holocene volcanoes in the EARS deformed during this 5‐years snapshot and demonstrate the diversity of processes occurring.
Saltwater Intrusion in a Mediterranean Delta Under a Changing Climate
Authors: Bellafiore Debora , Ferrarin Christian , Maicu Francesco , Manfè Giorgia , Lorenzetti Giuliano , Umgiesser Georg , Zaggia Luca , Levinson Arnoldo Valle 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSaltwater intrusion (SWI) in deltas, estuaries, and other coastal areas represents a pressing problem affecting the sustainability of freshwater resources. Observations and numerical experiments are used to investigate SWI in the surface waters of the Italian's largest river delta (the Po Delta) under low discharge conditions. The model successfully reproduced the observed salinity variations along main river branches and in the delta lagoons and investigated fresh and saltwater dynamics during the entire summer 2017. The numerical model is used to explore the hydrological response of the delta system to climate change. The relative effect of controlling factors on saltwater penetration, such as sea‐level rise (SLR), air‐sea fluxes, and reduction of river discharge, was evaluated. Results suggest that changes driven by climate and SLR will exacerbate SWI in the surface waters of the Po Delta system. Extent of SWI in the major river branch is projected to increase up to 80% further into the river. Persistence of SWI at the same site is expected to increase 100% longer. Moreover, additional synthetic simulations were used to investigate the sensitivity of SWI to several river discharges and relative SLR values, highlighting the effects of the two factors in the delta. Such results show different combinations of river discharge and relative SLR values that represent possible scenarios, and are important for managing SWI in river‐sea systems affected by both climatic and anthropogenic factors such as discharge changes from dam construction, land use, and irrigation.
Long‐term Trends in Dissolved Organic Matter Composition and Its Relation to Sea Ice in the Canada Basin, Arctic Ocean (2007–2017)
Authors: DeFrancesco C. , Guéguen C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAbsorbance and fluorescence properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) were measured in the upper and lower polar mixed layer (UPML and LPML, respectively) over an 11‐year period (2007–2017) to assess for yearly changes in the quality and quantity of colored and fluorescent DOM (CDOM and FDOM, respectively) in relation with sea ice concentration in central Canada Basin waters. The LPML waters were enriched in CDOM, total dissolved lignin phenols, terrestrial humic‐like C1, and in microbial humic‐like C2 and C7 relative to the UPML waters (p > 0.05). The low ice years (i.e., 2012, 2016–2017) were characterized by lower humic‐like fluorescence intensity (C4 only) and abundances relative to high ice years (i.e., 2007–2011, 2013–2015), likely the result of the preferential photoalteration of humic material when sea ice concentration was reduced. Significant time increases were found in tryptophan‐like C3 in UPML and terrestrially derived humic‐like C4 in LPML, suggesting an increase in the proteinaceous and terrigenous character of FDOM in UPML and LPML during the 11‐year period, respectively. No interannual variation in dissolved organic carbon concentration was found in LPML and UPML. Weak but positive Spearman correlations were found between the humic‐like intensities and abundances, and sea ice concentration in UPML waters, a consequence of reduced photodegradation in ice covered waters. This 11‐year survey provides the first insight into the influence of summer sea ice concentration and river runoff on the quality and quantity of CDOM and FDOM.
Exploring the Roles of Iron and Irradiance in Dynamics of Diatoms and Phaeocystis in the Amundsen Sea Continental Shelf Water
Authors: Kwon Young Shin , La Hyoung Sul , Jung Jinyoung , Lee Sang Heon , Kim Tae‐Wan , Kang Hyoun‐Woo , Lee SangHoon 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Amundsen Sea continental shelf (ACS) water ecosystem is expected to undergo changes since increasing melt rate of glacier and decreasing sea ice extent by global warming would lead to the mitigation of iron and light limitation. We investigated how diatoms and Phaeocystis, two dominant taxa, and primary production in the ACS water would respond to variations in iron and light availabilities by using a 1‐D pelagic ecosystem model. In the model, we added sea ice effects that reduce light penetration and optimized model parameters for diatoms and Phaeocystis. The results from our model showed good agreement with 20‐year observations of Chl‐a as well as the biomass proportion of diatoms and Phaeocystis and nutrient distributions during the growing season. Our model experimental results suggest that the current moderate iron and high light conditions favor the growth of Phaeocystis over diatoms. Moreover, as iron increases, the organic carbon exudation by phytoplankton increases more rapidly than net primary production (NPP), leading to a decline in phytoplankton biomass. On the other hand, irradiance plays a role in controlling NPP in terms of photoinhibition which is reduced by increasing iron. Increases in both iron and irradiance lead to an advance in the timing of the bloom peak (surface Chl‐a maximum) due to increases in phytoplankton carbon loss and photoinhibition. Our results imply that the dominance of Phaeocystis can continue and that the carbon uptake capacity of the ACS in the summer seasons might increase given that iron availability will increase with future climate change.
Using Water Table Depths Inferred From Testate Amoebae to Estimate Holocene Methane Emissions From the Hudson Bay Lowlands, Canada
Authors: Davies M. A. , McLaughlin J. W. , Packalen M. S. , Finkelstein S. A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWetlands are the largest natural source of methane, yet the roles of source region and paleoclimate in explaining the variability in Holocene atmospheric methane concentrations remain poorly constrained. The Hudson Bay Lowlands (HBL) is one of the world's largest continuous peatland regions and a significant source of methane. We present here, using a novel proxy‐based approach, Holocene methane fluxes for the HBL. Paleo‐methane fluxes were quantified based on water table depth (WTD), inferred from testate amoeba assemblages in nine peat records. WTDs were reconstructed using a North American transfer function and were used to estimate paleo‐methane flux through a linear regression model of contemporary growing season methane fluxes and WTDs from 88 sites across the region. Following HBL peatland initiation in the Middle Holocene, total methane flux is closely related to the increasing area of land emerging from below sea level, controlled by rapid rates of glacial isostatic adjustment. In the Late Holocene, rates of uplift slowed, but methane fluxes remained high due to lower evapotranspiration in a wetter and cooler climate. We estimate that 4.8 ± 1.6 Pg C has been released from HBL peatlands to the atmosphere as CH4 over the last 8,000 years, with an average annual methane emission of 1.1 Tg CH4 yr−1 in the Late Holocene. The values estimated here are broadly consistent with those calculated from other independent methods, on modern and Holocene timescales, demonstrating that testate amoeba records provide an effective approach for scaling local processes to regional paleo‐methane emissions.
New Magnetostratigraphic Insights From Iceberg Alley on the Rhythms of Antarctic Climate During the Plio‐Pleistocene
Authors: Reilly Brendan T. , Tauxe Lisa , Brachfeld Stefanie , Raymo Maureen , Bailey Ian , Hemming Sidney , Weber Michael E. , Williams Trevor , Garcia Marga , Guitard Michelle , Martos Yasmina M. , Pérez Lara F. , Zheng Xufeng , Armbrecht Linda , Cardillo Fabricio G. , Du Zhiheng , Fauth Gerson , Glueder Anna , Gutjahr Marcus , Hernández‐Almeida Iván , Hoem Frida S. , Hwang Ji‐Hwan , Iizuka Mutsumi , Kato Yuji , Kenlee Bridget , O’Connell Suzanne , Peck Victoria , Ronge Thomas A. , Seki Osamu , Tripathi Shubham , Warnock Jonathan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractInternational Ocean Discovery Program (IODP) Expedition 382 in the Scotia Sea’s Iceberg Alley recovered among the most continuous and highest resolution stratigraphic records in the Southern Ocean near Antarctica spanning the last 3.3 Myr. Sites drilled in Dove Basin (U1536/U1537) have well‐resolved magnetostratigraphy and a strong imprint of orbital forcing in their lithostratigraphy. All magnetic reversals of the last 3.3 Myr are identified, providing a robust age model independent of orbital tuning. During the Pleistocene, alternation of terrigenous versus diatomaceous facies shows power in the eccentricity and obliquity frequencies comparable to the amplitude modulation of benthic δ18O records. This suggests that variations in Dove Basin lithostratigraphy during the Pleistocene reflect a similar history as globally integrated ice volume at these frequencies. However, power in the precession frequencies over the entire ∼3.3 Myr record does not match the amplitude modulation of benthic δ18O records, suggesting Dove Basin contains a unique record at these frequencies. Comparing the position of magnetic reversals relative to local facies changes in Dove Basin and the same magnetic reversals relative to benthic δ18O at North Atlantic IODP Site U1308, we demonstrate Dove Basin facies change at different times than benthic δ18O during intervals between ∼3 and 1 Ma. These differences are consistent with precession phase shifts and suggest climate signals with a Southern Hemisphere summer insolation phase were recorded around Antarctica. If Dove Basin lithology reflects local Antarctic ice volume changes, these signals could represent ice sheet precession‐paced variations not captured in benthic δ18O during the 41‐kyr world.
Deglacial Ventilation Changes in the Deep Southwest Pacific
Authors: Dai Yuhao , Yu Jimin , A. Rafter Patrick 
Published: January 2021

AbstractProcesses underlying changes in the oceanic carbon storage during the Last Glacial Maximum and the subsequent deglaciation are not fully understood. Here, we present a new high‐resolution radiocarbon reconstruction (expressed as δ14R) at the depth of the modern Lower Circumpolar Deep Water from the Pacific Sector of the Southern Ocean. Our record shows δ14R increases during Heinrich Stadial 1 and the Younger Dryas that agree with the deep‐to‐shallow transfer of old carbon in the Southern Ocean during these two periods. Our record also shows, for the first time, a clear ∼80‰ decline in δ14R during the Antarctic Cold Reversal (ACR), indicating the development of poorly ventilated conditions in the deep Southwest Pacific. These conditions are consistent with the increased Southern Ocean sea‐ice and associated stratification between Upper and Lower Circumpolar Deep Waters. This enhanced stratification in the deep South Pacific possibly facilitated greater carbon storage in the ocean interior during the ACR, effectively limiting oceanic CO2 release and contributing to the atmospheric CO2 plateau as observed in ice cores at that time.
Angular Superresolution Based on A Priori Information
Authors: Lagovsky B. , Samokhin A. , Shestopalov Y. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe results of theoretical studies and mathematical modeling indicate the possibility of obtaining the angular superresolution and its limits by using algebraic methods of imaging. The necessary algorithms are created on the basis of solution to inverse problems. The limiting levels of the achieved angular superresolution are found depending on the signal‐to‐noise ratio for objects of various types. A number of specific advantages of the method are shown as applied to the solution of two‐dimensional problems. Capabilities of the method are illustrated by examples. High performance of the proposed approach allows one to use it in real time when scanning and tracking targets.
Zooplankton carcasses stimulate microbial turnover of allochthonous particulate organic matter
Authors: Neubauer Darshan , Kolmakova Olesya , Woodhouse Jason , Taube Robert , Mangelsdorf Kai , Gladyshev Michail , Premke Katrin , Grossart Hans-Peter 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Carbon turnover in aquatic environments is dependent on biochemical properties of organic matter (OM) and its degradability by the surrounding microbial community. Non-additive interactive effects represent a mechanism where the degradation of biochemically persistent OM is stimulated by the provision of bioavailable OM to the degrading microbial community. Whilst this is well established in terrestrial systems, whether it occurs in aquatic ecosystems remains subject to debate. We hypothesised that OM from zooplankton carcasses can stimulate the degradation of biochemically persistent leaf material, and that this effect is influenced by the daphnia:leaf OM ratio and the complexity of the degrading microbial community. Fresh Daphnia magna carcasses and 13C-labelled maize leaves (Zea mays) were incubated at different ratios (1:1, 1:3 and 1:5) alongside either a complex microbial community (&lt;50 µm) or solely bacteria (&lt;0.8 µm). 13C stable-isotope measurements of CO2 analyses were combined with phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) analysis and DNA sequencing to link metabolic activities, biomass and taxonomic composition of the microbial community. Our experiments indicated a significantly higher respiration of leaf-derived C when daphnia-derived OM was most abundant (i.e. daphnia:leaf OM ratio of 1:1). This process was stronger in a complex microbial community, including eukaryotic microorganisms, than a solely bacterial community. We concluded that non-additive interactive effects were a function of increased C–N chemodiversity and microbial complexity, with the highest net respiration to be expected when chemodiversity is high and the degrading community complex. This study indicates that identifying the interactions and processes of OM degradation is one important key for a deeper understanding of aquatic and thus global carbon cycle.
Cyrius: accurate CYP2D6 genotyping using whole-genome sequencing data
Authors: Chen Xiao , Shen Fei , Gonzaludo Nina , Malhotra Alka , Rogert Cande , Taft Ryan J. , Bentley David R. , Eberle Michael A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractResponsible for the metabolism of ~21% of clinically used drugs, CYP2D6 is a critical component of personalized medicine initiatives. Genotyping CYP2D6 is challenging due to sequence similarity with its pseudogene paralog CYP2D7 and a high number and variety of common structural variants (SVs). Here we describe a novel bioinformatics method, Cyrius, that accurately genotypes CYP2D6 using whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data. We show that Cyrius has superior performance (96.5% concordance with truth genotypes) compared to existing methods (84–86.8%). After implementing the improvements identified from the comparison against the truth data, Cyrius’s accuracy has since been improved to 99.3%. Using Cyrius, we built a haplotype frequency database from 2504 ethnically diverse samples and estimate that SV-containing star alleles are more frequent than previously reported. Cyrius will be an important tool to incorporate pharmacogenomics in WGS-based precision medicine initiatives.
Oxidative stress activates NORAD expression by H3K27ac and promotes oxaliplatin resistance in gastric cancer by enhancing autophagy flux via targeting the miR-433-3p
Authors: Wang Jizhao , Sun Yuchen , Zhang Xing , Cai Hui , Zhang Cheng , Qu Hangying , Liu Lin , Zhang Mingxin , Fu Junke , Zhang Jia , Wang Jiansheng , Zhang Guangjian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOxaliplatin resistance undermines its curative effects on cancer and usually leads to local recurrence. The oxidative stress induced DNA damage repair response is an important mechanism for inducing oxaliplatin resistance by activating autophagy. ELISA is used to detect target genes expression. TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis was used to investigate the potential mechanisms involved in NORAD interactions based on GO analysis. Transwell assays and apoptosis flow cytometry were used for biological function analysis. CCK-8 was used to calculate IC50 and resistance index (RI) values. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, RIP and ChIP assays, and RNA pull-down were used to detect the interaction. Autophagy flux was evaluated using electron microscope and western blotting. Oxidative stress was enhanced by oxaliplatin; and oxaliplatin resistance gastric cancer cell showed lower oxidative stress. TMT labeling showed that NORAD may regulate autophagy flux. NORAD was highly expressed in oxaliplatin-resistant tissues. In vitro experiments indicate that NORAD knockdown decreases the RI (Resistance Index). Oxaliplatin induces oxidative stress and upregulates the expression of NORAD. SGC-7901 shows enhanced oxidative stress than oxaliplatin-resistant cells (SGC-7901-R). NORAD, activated by H3K27ac and CREBBP, enhanced the autophagy flux in SGC-7901-R to suppress the oxidative stress. NORAD binds to miR-433-3p and thereby stabilize the ATG5- ATG12 complex. Our findings illustrate that NORAD, activated by the oxidative stress, can positively regulate ATG5 and ATG12 and enhance the autophagy flux by sponging miR-433-3p. NORAD may be a potential biomarker for predicting oxaliplatin resistance and mediating oxidative stress, and provides therapeutic targets for reversing oxaliplatin resistance.