bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Normal forms of conditional knowledge bases respecting system P-entailments and signature renamings
Authors: Beierle Christoph , Haldimann Jonas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractConditionals are defeasible rules of the form If A then usually B, and they play a central role in many approaches to nonmonotonic reasoning. Normal forms of conditional knowledge bases consisting of a set of such conditionals are useful to create, process, and compare the knowledge represented by them. In this article, we propose several new normal forms for conditional knowledge bases. Compared to the previously introduced antecedent normal form, the reduced antecedent normal form (RANF) represents conditional knowledge with significantly fewer conditionals by taking nonmonotonic entailments licenced by system P into account. The renaming normal form(ρNF) addresses equivalences among conditional knowledge bases induced by renamings of the underlying signature. Combining the concept of renaming normal form with other normal forms yields the renaming antecedent normal form (ρ ANF) and the renaming reduced antecedent normal form (ρ RANF). For all newly introduced normal forms, we show their key properties regarding, existence, uniqueness, model equivalence, and inferential equivalence, and we develop algorithms transforming every conditional knowledge base into an equivalent knowledge base being in the respective normal form. For the most succinct normal form, the ρ RANF, we present an algorithm KBρra systematically generating knowledge bases over a given signature in ρ RANF. We show that the generated knowledge bases are consistent, pairwise not antecedentwise equivalent, and pairwise not equivalent under signature renaming. Furthermore, the algorithm is complete in the sense that, when taking signature renamings and model equivalence into account, every consistent knowledge base is generated. Observing that normalizing the set of all knowledge bases over a signature Σ to ρ RANF yields exactly the same result as KBρra (Σ), highlights the interrelationship between normal form transformations on the one hand and systematically generating knowledge bases in normal form on the other hand.
Managing the Dollar Over Its Cycles
Authors: Kreicher Lawrence L. , McCauley Robert N. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe United States has ceded to the rest of the world managing the dollar’s value. For a generation, the U.S. authorities have all but withdrawn from the foreign exchange market. Yet the dollar does not float freely as a result of this hands-off U.S. policy. Instead, other authorities manage the dollar exchange rates, albeit separately. These authorities make heavier purchases of dollars in its downswings than in the upswings, damping its decline. Thus, the Fed finds that accommodative monetary policy transmits less to U.S. manufacturing and traded services, and relies on still lower rates to stimulate interest-sensitive housing and auto demand. The current U.S. dollar policy of naming and shaming surplus-running countries accumulating foreign exchange reserves does not seem to work. Three alternatives warrant consideration. First, the U.S. could reinstate its withholding tax on interest income received by non-residents and even add policy criteria to bilateral tax treaties. Second, the U.S. authorities could retaliate by selling dollars against the currencies of dollar-buying jurisdictions running chronic surpluses. However, either the withholding tax or such retaliatory foreign exchange intervention pose huge practical challenges. Third, the U.S. authorities could re-enter the foreign exchange market, making large-scale asset purchases in foreign currency when the dollar rises sharply against its average value. Such a policy would encourage private investment in U.S. traded goods and service production. The challenge is to setex anteforeign exchange intervention rules to guide market participants’ expectations, even positioning them to do the authorities’ work.
Multisensory Exercise Improves Balance in People with Balance Disorders: A Systematic Review
Authors: Zhang Su-lin , Liu Dan , Yu Dong-zhen , Zhu Yu-ting , Xu Wen-chao , Tian E. , Guo Zhao-qi , Shi Hai-bo , Yin Shan-kai , Kong Wei-jia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the effect of multisensory exercise on balance disorders.MethodsPubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were searched to identify eligible studies published before January 1, 2020. Eligible studies included randomized control trials (RCTs), non-randomized studies, case-control studies, and cohort studies. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated using JBI Critical Appraisal Checklists for RCTs and for Quasi-Experimental Studies by two researchers independently. A narrative synthesis of intervention characteristics and health-related outcomes was performed.ResultsA total of 11 non-randomized studies and 9 RCTs were eligible, including 667 participants. The results supported our assumption that multisensory exercise improved balance in people with balance disorders. All of the 20 studies were believed to be of high or moderate quality.ConclusionOur study confirmed that multisensory exercise was effective in improving balance in people with balance disorders. Multisensory exercises could lower the risk of fall and enhance confidence level to improve the quality of life. Further research is needed to investigate the optimal strategy of multisensory exercises and explore the underlying neural and molecular mechanisms of balance improvement brought by multisensory exercises.
Prefrontal and striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptors correlate with fMRI BOLD activation during stopping
Authors: Pfeifer Philippe , Sebastian Alexandra , Buchholz Hans Georg , Kaller Christoph P. , Gründer Gerhard , Fehr Christoph , Schreckenberger Mathias , Tüscher Oliver 
Published: August 2021

AbstractD2-like dopamine receptors in animals and humans have been shown to be linked to impulsive behaviors that are highly relevant for several psychiatric disorders. Here, we investigate the relationship between the fronto-striatal D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability and response inhibition in a selected population of healthy OPRM1 G-allele carriers. Twenty-two participants successively underwent blood-oxygen level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing a stop-signal task and a separate positron emission tomography (PET) scan. Striatal and extrastriatal D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability was measured using the radiotracer [18F]fallypride. Caudate D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability positively correlated with stopping-related fronto-striatal fMRI activation. In addition, right prefrontal D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability correlated positively with stopping-related striatal fMRI BOLD signal. Our study partially replicates previous findings on correlations between striatal D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability and response inhibition in a population selected for its genetic determination of dopamine response to alcohol and as a modulator of impulse control via the endogenous opioid system. We confirm the important role of D2/D3 dopamine receptor availability in the fronto-striatal neural circuit for response inhibition. Moreover, we extend previous findings suggesting that dopamine receptor availability in the right inferior frontal cortex, a crucial region of the stopping network, is also strongly associated with stopping-related striatal fMRI activity in healthy OPRM1 G-allele carriers.
Targeting residual inflammatory risk in coronary disease: to catch a monkey by its tail
Authors: Fiolet A. T. L. , Opstal T. S. J. , Silvis M. J. M. , Cornel J. H. , Mosterd A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPatients with coronary disease remain at high risk for future cardiovascular events, even with optimal risk factor modification, lipid-lowering drugs and antithrombotic regimens. A myriad of inflammatory pathways contribute to progression of the atherosclerotic burden in these patients. Only in the last few years has the inflammatory biology of atherosclerosis translated into clinical therapeutic options. Low-dose colchicine can provide a clinically relevant reduction in the risk for composite and individual major cardiovascular outcomes in patients with acute and chronic coronary syndromes. Among others, its anti-inflammatory effects in atherosclerosis seem to be related to neutrophil recruitment and adhesion, inflammasome inhibition, and morphological changes in platelets and platelet aggregation. Future research is aimed at further elucidating its particular mechanism of action, as well as identifying patients with the highest expected benefit and evaluating efficacy in other vascular beds. These data will help to formulate the role of colchicine and other anti-inflammatory drugs in patients with coronary disease and atherosclerosis in general in the near future.
Establishing a governance threshold in small-scale fisheries to achieve sustainability
Authors: Aguión Alba , Ojea Elena , García-Flórez Lucía , Cruz Teresa , Garmendia Joxe Mikel , Davoult Dominique , Queiroga Henrique , Rivera Antonella , Acuña-Fernández José Luis , Macho Gonzalo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe lack of effective governance is a major concern in small-scale fisheries. The implementation of governance that encompasses the three pillars of sustainability (social, economic, and ecological) is still a worldwide challenge. We examined nine stalked barnacle fisheries (Pollicipes pollicipes) across Southwest Europe to better understand the relationship between governance elements and sustainability. Our results show that nested spatial scales of management, the access structure, co-management, and fisher’s participation in monitoring and surveillance promote sustainability. However, it is not the mere presence of these elements but their level of implementation that drives sustainability. Efforts should be placed in the accomplishment of a minimum combination of local scales of management, access rights through individual quotas, instructive-consultative co-management and functional participation. Surpassing this threshold in future governance structures will start to adequately promote social, economic and ecologically sustainability in small-scale fisheries.
A comprehensive model for cyber risk based on marked point processes and its application to insurance
Authors: Zeller Gabriela , Scherer Matthias 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAfter scrutinizing technical, legal, financial, and actuarial aspects of cyber risk, a new approach for modelling cyber risk using marked point processes is proposed. Key covariates, required to model frequency and severity of cyber claims, are identified. The presented framework explicitly takes into account incidents from malicious untargeted and targeted attacks as well as accidents and failures. The resulting model is able to include the dynamic nature of cyber risk, while capturing accumulation risk in a realistic way. The model is studied with respect to its statistical properties and applied to the pricing of cyber insurance and risk measurement. The results are illustrated in a simulation study.
Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of User-Testing of Health Professionals’ Guidelines to Reduce the Frequency of Intravenous Medicines Administration Errors by Nurses in the United Kingdom: A Probabilistic Model Based on Voriconazole Administration
Authors: Jones Matthew D. , Franklin Bryony Dean , Raynor D. K. , Thom Howard , Watson Margaret C. , Kandiyali Rebecca 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimIn the UK, injectable medicines are often prepared and administered by nurses following the Injectable Medicines Guide (IMG). Our earlier study confirmed a higher frequency of correct administration with user-tested versus standard IMG guidelines. This current study aimed to model the cost-effectiveness of user-testing.MethodsThe costs and cost-effectiveness of user-testing were explored by modifying an existing probabilistic decision-analytic model. The adapted model considered administration of intravenous voriconazole to hospital inpatients by nurses. It included 11 error types, their probability of detection and level of harm. Model inputs (including costs) were derived from our previous study and other published data. Monte Carlo simulation using 20,000 samples (sufficient for convergence) was performed with a 5-year time horizon from the perspective of the 121 NHS trusts and health boards that use the IMG. Sensitivity analyses were undertaken for the risk of a medication error and other sources of uncertainty.ResultsThe net monetary benefit at £20,000/quality-adjusted life year was £3,190,064 (95% credible interval (CrI): −346,709 to 8,480,665), favouring user-testing with a 96% chance of cost-effectiveness. Incremental cost-savings were £240,943 (95% CrI 43,527–491,576), also favouring user-tested guidelines with a 99% chance of cost-saving. The total user testing cost was £6317 (95% CrI 6012–6627). These findings were robust to assumptions about a range of input parameters, but greater uncertainty was seen with a lower medication error risk.ConclusionsUser-testing of injectable medicines guidelines is a low-cost intervention that is highly likely to be cost-effective, especially for high-risk medicines.
Social discount rate: spaces for agreement
Authors: Hayashi Takashi , Lombardi Michele 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe study the problem of aggregating discounted utility preferences into a social discounted utility preference model. We use an axiom capturing a social responsibility of individuals’ attitudes to time, called consensus Pareto. We show that this axiom can provide consistent foundations for welfare judgments. Moreover, in conjunction with the standard axioms of anonymity and continuity, consensus Pareto can help adjudicate some fundamental issues related to the choice of the social discount rate: the society selects the rate through a generalized median voter scheme.
Hatred and trolling detection transliteration framework using hierarchical LSTM in code-mixed social media text
Authors: Shekhar Shashi , Garg Hitendra , Agrawal Rohit , Shivani Shivendra , Sharma Bhisham 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe paper describes the usage of self-learning Hierarchical LSTM technique for classifying hatred and trolling contents in social media code-mixed data. The Hierarchical LSTM-based learning is a novel learning architecture inspired from the neural learning models. The proposed HLSTM model is trained to identify the hatred and trolling words available in social media contents. The proposed HLSTM systems model is equipped with self-learning and predicting mechanism for annotating hatred words in transliteration domain. The Hindi–English data are ordered into Hindi, English, and hatred labels for classification. The mechanism of word embedding and character-embedding features are used here for word representation in the sentence to detect hatred words. The method developed based on HLSTM model helps in recognizing the hatred word context by mining the intention of the user for using that word in the sentence. Wide experiments suggests that the HLSTM-based classification model gives the accuracy of 97.49% when evaluated against the standard parameters like BLSTM, CRF, LR, SVM, Random Forest and Decision Tree models especially when there are some hatred and trolling words in the social media data.
Mediating the Local Oxygen-Bridge Interactions of Oxysalt/Perovskite Interface for Defect Passivation of Perovskite Photovoltaics
Authors: Lin Ze Qing , Lian Hui Jun , Ge Bing , Zhou Ziren , Yuan Haiyang , Hou Yu , Yang Shuang , Yang Hua Gui 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPassivation, as a classical surface treatment technique, has been widely accepted in start-of-the-art perovskite solar cells (PSCs) that can effectively modulate the electronic and chemical property of defective perovskite surface. The discovery of inorganic passivation compounds, such as oxysalts, has largely advanced the efficiency and lifetime of PSCs on account of its favorable electrical property and remarkable inherent stability, but a lack of deep understanding of how its local configuration affects the passivation effectiveness is a huge impediment for future interfacial molecular engineering. Here, we demonstrate the central-atom-dependent-passivation of oxysalt on perovskite surface, in which the central atoms of oxyacid anions dominate the interfacial oxygen-bridge strength. We revealed that the balance of local interactions between the central atoms of oxyacid anions (e.g., N, C, S, P, Si) and the metal cations on perovskite surface (e.g., Pb) generally determines the bond formation at oxysalt/perovskite interface, which can be understood by the bond order conservation principle. Silicate with less electronegative Si central atoms provides strong O-Pb motif and improved passivation effect, delivering a champion efficiency of 17.26% for CsPbI2Br solar cells. Our strategy is also universally effective in improving the device performance of several commonly used perovskite compositions.
Assessment of the RegCM4 Performance in Simulating the Surface Radiation Budget and Hydrologic Balance Variables in South America
Authors: Pareja-Quispe David , Franchito Sergio Henrique , Fernandez Julio Pablo Reyes 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe ability of the Regional Climate Model v4 (RegCM4) to simulate the surface radiation budget and hydrological balance variables over South America have been evaluated. For this purpose, a 34-year long simulation was carried out with the regional climate model RegCM4 over South America on the CORDEX domain. The model is forcing by ERA-Interim reanalysis. The results show that RegCM4 simulates the main patterns of the variables associated with the surface radiation budget and hydrological balance in the four seasons of the year compared to the observations (CLARA2 and CRU/PERSIANN). However, the cloudiness and surface radiation budget variables: Cloud Fraction Cover (CFC), net shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) radiation at surface are overestimated, mainly over the oceans. This is associated with the errors in the CFC due to the deficiency of the model in representing the low-level clouds. Some differences are also noted in the hydrological balance. The intensity and temporal evolution of precipitation, especially in the central and southern Amazon, may be associated with the selected domain, which fails to adequately represent the influence of the adjoining oceans. In northern and northeast parts, the differences are associated with deficiencies of RegCM4 in representing precipitation rates. Although the deficiencies, taking into account that the model is capable to reproduce the general pattern of some important variables of the surface radiation budget and hydrological cycle, it may be a useful tool for climate studies.
Mapping global AI governance: a nascent regime in a fragmented landscape
Authors: Schmitt Lewin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe rapid advances in the development and rollout of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies over the past years have triggered a frenzy of regulatory initiatives at various levels of government and the private sector. This article describes and evaluates the emerging global AI governance architecture and traces the contours of a nascent regime in a fragmented landscape. To do so, it organizes actors and initiatives in a two-by-two matrix, distinguishing between the nature of the driving actor(s) and whether or not their actions take place within the existing governance architecture. Based on this, it provides an overview of key actors and initiatives, highlighting their trajectories and connections. The analysis shows international organizations’ high levels of agency in addressing AI policy and a tendency to address new challenges within existing frameworks. Lastly, it is argued that we are witnessing the first signs of consolidation in this fragmented landscape. The nascent AI regime that emerges is polycentric and fragmented but gravitates around the Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD), which holds considerable epistemic authority and norm-setting power.
Comparing Primary Health-Care Service Delivery Disruptions Across Disasters
Authors: Radcliff Tiffany A. , Chu Karen , Der-Martirosian Claudia , Dobalian Aram 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective:The aim of this study was to compare primary care appointment disruptions around Hurricanes Ike (2008) and Harvey (2017) and identify patterns that indicate differing continuity of primary care or care systems across events.Methods:Primary care appointment records covering 5 wk before and after each storm were identified for Veterans Health Affairs (VA) facilities in the greater Houston and surrounding areas and a comparison group of VA facilities located elsewhere. Appointment disposition percentages were compared within and across storm events to assess care disruptions.Results:For Hurricane Harvey, 14% of primary care appointments were completed during the week of landfall (vs 33% for Hurricane Ike and 69% in comparison clinics), and 49% were completed the following week (vs 58% for Hurricane Ike and 71% for comparison clinics). By the second week after Hurricane Ike and third week after Harvey, the scheduled appointment completion percentage returned to prestorm levels of approximately 60%.Conclusions:There were greater and more persistent care disruptions for Hurricane Harvey relative to Hurricane Ike. As catastrophic emergencies including major natural disasters and infectious disease pandemics become a more recognized threat to primary and preventive care delivery, health-care systems should consider implementing strategies to monitor and ensure primary care appointment continuity.
Identification of pathogens isolated in acute external otitis cases and evaluation of aminoglycoside and quinolone sensitivity
Authors: Orhan Kubat G , Dogan B 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to identify pathogens isolated in acute external otitis cases and determine their distribution according to ages and seasons as well as investigate the susceptibility or resistance to the aminoglycoside and quinolone group antibiotics of which topical forms are available.MethodA total of 168 patients diagnosed with acute external otitis were evaluated retrospectively. Growing bacteria were identified according to the species by conventional methods. Antibiotic susceptibility status was determined for the growing bacteria.ResultsThe most common bacteria detected were pseudomonas group bacteria (38.7 per cent). Resistance to the amikacin group of antibiotics was found to be the lowest and resistance to the ciprofloxacin group of antibiotics was the highest.ConclusionExternal auditory canal cultures should be taken simultaneously with empirical treatment. Seasonal effect and age group should be taken into consideration in the choice of treatment and after questioning about chronic exposure to water. Empirical treatment should then be started.