bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementation of holistic review into emergency medicine residency application screening to improve recruitment of underrepresented in medicine applicants
Authors: Sungar W. Gannon , Angerhofer Christy , McCormick Taylor , Zimmer Shanta , Druck Jeff , Kaplan Bonnie , Ward‐Gaines Jacqueline 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionIncreasing the diversity of the emergency medicine (EM) workforce is imperative, with more diverse teams showing improved patient care and increased innovation. Holistic review, adapted from the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC), focuses on screening applicants with a balanced method, valuing their experiences, attributes, and academic metrics equally. A core tenet to holistic review is that diversity is essential to excellence.ObjectiveImplementation of holistic review into the residency application screening process is effective at improving exposure to underrepresented in medicine (URiM) applicants.MethodsAfter adjustment of our residency application screening rubric, improving our balance across the experience, attributes, and metrics domains, we conducted a retrospective cohort study comparing the representation of URiM applicants invited to interview, interviewed, and ranked by composite score compared to our previous primarily metric‐based process.ResultsA total of 8,343 applicants were included in the study. Following implementation of holistic review, we saw an increase in the absolute percent of URiM applicants invited to interview (+11%, 95% confidence interview [CI] = 6.9% to 15.4%, p < 0.01), interviewed (+7.9%, 95% CI = 3.6% to 12.2%, p < 0.01), and represented in the top 75 through top 200 cutpoints based on composite score rank. The mean composite score for URiM applicants increased significantly compared to non‐URiM applicants (+9.7, 95% CI = 8.2 to 11.2, p < 0.01 vs. +4.7, 95% CI = 3.5 to 5.9, p < 0.01).ConclusionHolistic review can be used as a systematic and equitable tool to increase the exposure and recruitment of URiM applicants in EM training programs.
Helping the learner to deal with microaggressions in the workplace: Individual, programmatic, and institutional‐level responses
Authors: Miller Danielle T. , Chen Esther H. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMicroaggressions are frequently experienced by learners in the workplace and can create a hostile learning environment. Many faculty educators lack formal training in supporting their learners after incidents of microaggressions. Supervising faculty should be able to recognize and respond to microaggressions against trainees in the clinical environment. In this commentary, we will briefly review the definition of microaggressions, summarize the impact of microaggressions on trainees, provide a framework for managing microaggressions on an individual level when the patient offends the learner, and highlight strategies to mitigate microaggressions on a programmatic and institutional level.
Planning for diverse, equitable, inclusive research in health professions education: An integral thread in the ARMED MedEd research course
Authors: Coates Wendy C. , Yarris Lalena M. , Smith Teresa Y. ,   the Emergency Medicine Health Professions Education Research Consortium (EMPERC)
Published: September 2021

AbstractRacism in medicine affects patients, trainees, and practitioners and contributes to health care inequities. An effective strategy to actively oppose the structural racism ingrained in the fabric of medicine is to intentionally and systematically address diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) in medical education and research. As part of ARMED MedEd, a new longitudinal cohort course in advanced research methods in medical education, sponsored by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, the leadership team deliberately included a nested DEI curriculum. The goal of the DEI curriculum is to reduce bias in development, recruitment, and implementation of education research studies to promote equity and inclusion in medical education, research, and ultimately, patient care. A team of medical educators with expertise in DEI developed curricular elements focusing on DEI in education research. The two major components are a didactic curriculum (including implicit bias training) to teach researchers to consider equity as they design studies and a consultative service to refine research protocols to address lingering unintended bias. A dedicated focus on DEI can be incorporated into an advanced education research methodology course to raise awareness and provide tools to avoid bias in research design and implementation of interventions. Over time, the network of education researchers who are trained in DEI awareness will grow and provide equitable offerings to their learners to mitigate health inequities.
The predictive utility of the 22‐item sino‐nasal outcome test (SNOT‐22): A scoping review
Authors: Liu Matthew , Liu Jeremy , Weitzel Erik K. , Chen Philip G. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe 22‐item sino‐nasal outcome test (SNOT‐22) is a widely used and powerful patient‐reported outcomes measure for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). More recently; however, the SNOT‐22 has been evaluated as a predictive tool for multiple conditions. The objective of this scoping review is to investigate the extent to which SNOT‐22 is used in this manner and present this information in a way useful for clinicians.MethodsA systematic search of PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science was performed. Studies that evaluated SNOT‐22s predictive utility were considered for eligibility in this scoping review.ResultsA total of 39 studies met eligibility. The SNOT‐22 was found to be used as a predictive tool in three broad categories: (1) to predict a diagnosis, (2) to predict an outcome of an intervention, and (3) to predict a patient treatment preference. Thirteen studies were included in the diagnosis category, which made up ten different individual predictions. Twenty‐four studies were included in the outcomes category and investigated 17 different individual predictions. Finally, two studies were included in the patient preferences category, which together made one prediction.ConclusionsThe SNOT‐22 is a versatile tool that has the potential to be used in predicting various diagnoses, outcomes, and patient preferences. However, care must be taken in applying these predictions to clinical practice, as further research must be done in validating these predictions based on SNOT‐22 responses.
The use of LiDAR in reconstructing the pre‐World War II landscapes of abandoned mountain villages in southern Poland
Authors: Affek Andrzej N. , Wolski Jacek , Latocha Agnieszka , Zachwatowicz Maria , Wieczorek Małgorzata 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe cessation of most human activities resulting from post‐World War II expulsions and forced displacements in Central Europe triggered massive land cover transformation in mountainous areas. However, many pre‐War traces of past landscapes have survived—imprinted in microtopography—in permanently abandoned villages. Currently, they constitute unique cultural heritage of communities no longer in existence. Our main goal was therefore to reconstruct a lost cultural landscape of mountain villages abandoned after World War II (WWII). The case study area comprised three such villages located in southern Poland, two in the Carpathians and one in the Sudetes. We used the national airborne light detection and ranging (LiDAR) dataset combined with archival cadastral maps and field survey to detect man‐made microtopographic features related to past boundaries, road network, agriculture and buildings and to interpret them in the landscape context. We demonstrated that the pre‐War human footprint left in relief was shaped largely by past landownership divisions, land use and environmental constraints (related to lithology, soils and topography). Our secondary goal was to assess the value and application opportunities of LiDAR in reconstructing past landscapes. We showed that 38–70% of non‐natural parcel boundaries and 65–79% of roads marked on mid‐19th‐century cadastral maps are still detectable using LiDAR. Therefore, we argue that the past landscape pattern, originating in late Middle Ages and subsequently transformed prior to WWII, remains well preserved in the relief and that LiDAR is an effective tool to reconstruct a past landscape of mountain villages abandoned after WWII. We also confirmed that customized LiDAR visualizations are more informative than ready‐to‐use shaded digital elevation models (DEMs), in particular when integrated with cadastral and field‐based data. We conclude that the greatest advantage of LiDAR is the capacity to provide a landscape context for isolated traces of past human activity, allowing for the reconstruction of entire spatial patterns and interrelationships developed by past societies.
Anti‐swing control and trajectory planning of quadrotor suspended payload system with variable length cable
Authors: Yang Yunxiao , Zhang Dong , Xi Houyin , Zhang Guoqing 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDifferent from the quadrotor suspended payload system with fixed length cable, the system with variable length cable can load and unload cargoes more efficiently under many conditions. This paper presents a method of modeling, control, and trajectory planning for a quadrotor suspended payload system with variable length cable. In order to effectively reduce the swing of the slung payload under the quadrotor, a coupled dynamic model and an integral backstepping control scheme for the system are designed, and a basic trajectory planning is carried out. The presented coupled dynamic model is composed of two parts, one is the dynamic equation of the quadrotor with payload pull, and the other is the dynamic model of the payload pendulum angles with variable length cable related with quadrotor flight acceleration. Meanwhile, the interaction forces between them are calculated. Based on the coupled dynamic model of the system, a cascade control scheme with trajectory planning is designed. The attitude and position control loop of the system adopt the integral backstepping algorithm to solve the reliable flight of quadrotor with slung payload. At the same time, the flight trajectories are generated by trajectory planning as the reference input of the control system, which can further reduce the payload swing. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can realize stable and reliable flight of the quadrotor and limit the pendulum angles within the desired range to reduce the payload swing.
Equalizing bias in eliciting attribute weights in multiattribute decision‐making: experimental research
Authors: Rezaei Jafar , Arab Alireza , Mehregan Mohammadreza 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOne of the most important steps in formulating and solving a multiattribute decision‐making (MADM) problem is weighting the attributes. Most existing weighting methods are based on judgments by experts/decision‐makers, which are prone to several cognitive biases, making it necessary to examine these biases in MADM weighting methods and develop debiasing strategies. This study uses experimental analysis to look at equalizing bias—one of the main cognitive biases, where decision‐makers tend to assign the same weight to different attributes—in MADM methods. More specifically, we look at AHP (analytic hierarchy process), BWM (best‐worst method), PA (point allocation), SMART (simple multiattribute rating technique), and Swing methods under two structuring formats, hierarchical and non‐hierarchical. To empirically examine the existence of equalizing bias in these methods, we formulate several hypotheses, which are tested using a public transportation mode selection problem among 146 university students. The results indicate that AHP and BWM have less equalizing bias than SMART, Swing, and PA, and that the hierarchical problem structuring leads to a reduction in the equalizing bias in all five methods and that such a reduction significantly varies among the methods. Our findings prove some debiasing strategies suggested in existing literature, which could be used by real decision‐makers (when selecting a method) as well as researchers (when developing new methods).
Penalized joint generalized estimating equations for longitudinal binary data
Authors: Huang Youjun , Pan Jianxin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn statistical research, variable selection and feature extraction are a typical issue. Variable selection in linear models has been fully developed, while it has received relatively little attention for longitudinal data. Since a longitudinal study involves within‐subject correlations, the likelihood function of discrete longitudinal responses generally cannot be expressed in analytically closed form, and standard variable selection methods cannot be directly applied. As an alternative, the penalized generalized estimating equation (PGEE) is helpful but very likely results in incorrect variable selection if the working correlation matrix is misspecified. In many circumstances, the within‐subject correlations are of interest and need to be modeled together with the mean. For longitudinal binary data, it becomes more challenging because the within‐subject correlation coefficients have the so‐called Fréchet–Hoeffding upper bound. In this paper, we proposed smoothly clipped absolute deviation (SCAD)‐based and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)‐based penalized joint generalized estimating equation (PJGEE) methods to simultaneously model the mean and correlations for longitudinal binary data, together with variable selection in the mean model. The estimated correlation coefficients satisfy the upper bound constraints. Simulation studies under different scenarios are made to assess the performance of the proposed method. Compared to existing PGEE methods that specify a working correlation matrix for longitudinal binary data, the proposed PJGEE method works much better in terms of variable selection consistency and parameter estimation accuracy. A real data set on Clinical Global Impression is analyzed for illustration.
A comparative analysis of recombinant Fab and full‐length antibody production in Chinese hamster ovary cells
Authors: Hussain Hirra , Patel Tulshi , Ozanne Angelica M. S. , Vito Davide , Ellis Mark , Hinchliffe Matthew , Humphreys David P. , Stephens Paul E. , Sweeney Bernie , White James , Dickson Alan J. , Smales Christopher M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMonoclonal antibodies are the leading class of biopharmaceuticals in terms of numbers approved for therapeutic purposes. Antigen‐binding fragments (Fab) are also used as biotherapeutics and used widely in research applications. The dominant expression systems for full‐length antibodies are mammalian cell‐based, whereas for Fab molecules the preference has been an expression in bacterial systems. However, advances in CHO and downstream technologies make mammalian systems an equally viable option for small‐ and large‐scale Fab production. Using a panel of full‐length IgG antibodies and their corresponding Fab pair with different antigen specificities, we investigated the impact of the IgG and Fab molecule format on production from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and assessed the cellular capability to process and produce these formats. The full‐length antibody format resulted in the recovery of fewer mini‐pools posttransfection when compared to the corresponding Fab fragment format that could be interpreted as indicative of a greater overall burden on cells. Antibody‐producing cell pools that did recover were subsequently able to achieve higher volumetric protein yields (mg/L) and specific productivity than the corresponding Fab pools. Importantly, when the actual molecules produced per cell of a given format was considered (as opposed to mass), CHO cells produced a greater number of Fab molecules per cell than obtained with the corresponding IgG, suggesting that cells were more efficient at making the smaller Fab molecule. Analysis of cell pools showed that gene copy number was not correlated to the subsequent protein production. The amount of mRNA correlated with secreted Fab production but not IgG, whereby posttranscriptional processes act to limit antibody production. In summary, we provide the first comparative description of how full‐length IgG and Fab antibody formats impact on the outcomes of a cell line construction process and identify potential limitations in their production that could be targeted for engineering increases in the efficiency in the manufacture of these recombinant antibody formats.
A comprehensive review of the “supracondylar process” with translation of Adachi
Authors: Jenkins Skyler , Iwanaga Joe , Loukas Marios , Dumont Aaron S. , Tubbs R. Shane 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe supracondylar process is a nonpathological projection from the distal humerus that in some patients, can result in compression of regional neurovascular structures, for example, median nerve. Since the first description of the supracondylar process in 1818, it has also been a focus of anthropological study because of its possible relevance to human origins and relationships to other species. Although its overall incidence is low, it is more common in races of European descent. It is particularly interesting for anatomists and anthropologists, but knowledge of its anatomical relationships and effect on pathological processes helps in the diagnosis and treatment of supracondylar process syndrome. One of the most detailed descriptions of this variant process stems from the work of Buntaro Adachi. Herein, a translation of his findings is provided and a review of the supracondylar process and its potential pathological presentations presented.
Chemical Constituents and Biological Properties of Genus Doronicum (Asteraceae)
Authors: Badalamenti Natale , Modica Aurora , Ilardi Vincenzo , Bruno Maurizio 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe genus Doronicum, belonging to tribe Senecioneae (Fam. Asteraceae), is found mainly in the Asia, Europe and North Africa. This genus of plant has always been used in traditional medicinal treatments due to the many biological properties shown such as killing parasitic worms and for relieving constipation, as well as to improve heart health, to alleviate pain and inflammation, to treat insect bites, etc. According to the World Flora the genus Doronicum contains 39 subordinate taxa.[1–3] The purpose of this article, which covers data published from 1970 to 2021 with more than 110 articles, aims to carry out a complete and critical review of the Doronicum genus, examining traditional uses and reporting the antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory and antitumor activity shown from crude extracts or essential oils, and from single isolated compounds. Furthermore, critical considerations of the published data have been highlighted by comparing them with the results obtained from species of other genus belonging to the Asteraceae family.
One Scaffold, Different Organelle Sensors: pH‐Activable Fluorescent Probes for Targeting Live Microglial Cell Organelles**
Authors: Jethava Krupal P. , Prakash Priya , Manchanda Palak , Arora Harshit , Chopra Gaurav 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTargeting live cell organelles is essential for imaging, understanding, and controlling specific biochemical processes. Typically, fluorescent probes with distinct structural scaffolds are used to target specific cell organelles. Here, we have designed a modular one‐step synthetic strategy using a common reaction intermediate to develop new lysosomal, mitochondrial, and nucleus‐targeting pH‐activable fluorescent probes that are all based on a single boron dipyrromethane scaffold. The divergent cell organelle targeting was achieved by synthesizing probes with specific functional group changes to the central scaffold resulting in differential fluorescence and pKa. Specifically, we show that the functional group transformation of the same scaffold influences cellular localization and specificity of pH‐activable fluorescent probes in live primary microglial cells with pKa values ranging from ∼3.2–6.0. We introduce a structure‐organelle‐relationship (SOR) framework to target nuclei (NucShine), lysosomes (LysoShine), and mitochondria (MitoShine) in live microglia. This work will result in future applications of SOR beyond imaging to target and control organelle‐specific biochemical processes in disease‐specific models.
Alkali Depolymerization of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) in a Quasi‐solid‐solid Kneading Reaction
Authors: Biermann Lars , Quast David , Brepohl Esther , Eichert Carsten , Scholl Stephan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe alkaline depolymerization reaction of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) under quasi‐solvent‐free conditions was investigated. This is a new approach for recycling PET waste to its monomer building blocks: terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol. The influence of base particle size, reaction temperature, and rotational speed of the employed laboratory kneader on terephthalic acid yield in the quasi‐solid‐solid reaction was investigated. PET is depolymerized almost quantitatively in a reaction time of 5 min at moderate reaction temperatures, with intense mixing affecting the yield of terephthalic acid. The quality of the terephthalic acid monomer, assessed by color index measurements, indicated that the reaction temperature primarily influences the color index of the monomer. By balancing terephthalic acid yield versus color index, optimum reaction conditions were proposed.
Togni‐II Reagent Mediated Selective Hydrotrifluoromethylation and Hydrothiolation of Alkenes†
Authors: Teng Shuang , Meng Lingkui , Xu Bingbing , Tu Guangsheng , Wu Peng , Liao Zhiwen , Tan Yulin , Guo Jian , Zeng Jing , Wan Qian 
Published: September 2021

Main observation and conclusionBased on the redox reactions of Togni‐II reagent and thiols, a thiol‐tuned selective functionalization of unactivated olefins was disclosed. In combination with aryl thiols, stoichiometric amount of Togni‐II reagent prompted a hydrotrifluoromethylation of alkenes, in which, aryl thiols played as reductant and hydrogen source; while by utilization of alkyl thiols, catalytic amount of Togni‐II reagent initiated thiol‐ene and thiol‐yne reactions. The reported applications are characterized by their operational simplicity and wide functional group tolerance.