bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Free/Subsidized Secondary School Education on the Likelihood of Teenage Motherhood
Authors: Muchiri Steve 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSeveral countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including Kenya, have introduced free/subsidized secondary education. This paper examines the role of these free/subsidized education policies on teenage motherhood. To identify the causal effect, I exploit the timing of a national reform in Kenya that eliminated/subsidized secondary school fees using a difference-in-difference estimation design. Using the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), I estimate that the likelihood of teenage motherhood decreased by approximately 5 percentage points after the policy's implementation. This study reiterates that the teenage period is crucial in terms of developing human capital through formal schooling. In most developing countries, parents often determine and fund human capital, which makes household wealth/income a critical factor in human capital accumulation and its intergenerational process. I also highlight positive externalities from educational-centered policies, such as long-term economic growth, poverty reduction, and reduction of social welfare dependency.
Methamphetamine pollution elicits addiction in wild fish
Authors: Horký Pavel , Grabic Roman , Grabicová Kateřina , Brooks Bryan W. , Douda Karel , Slavík Ondřej , Hubená Pavla , Sancho Santos Eugenia M. , Randák Tomáš 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTIllicit drug abuse presents pervasive adverse consequences for human societies around the world. Illicit drug consumption also plays an unexpected role in contamination of aquatic ecosystems that receive wastewater discharges. Here, we show that methamphetamine, considered as one of the most important global health threats, causes addiction and behavior alteration of brown trout Salmo trutta at environmentally relevant concentrations (1 µg l−1). Altered movement behavior and preference for methamphetamine during withdrawal were linked to drug residues in fish brain tissues and accompanied by brain metabolome changes. Our results suggest that emission of illicit drugs into freshwater ecosystems causes addiction in fish and modifies habitat preferences with unexpected adverse consequences of relevance at the individual and population levels. As such, our study identifies transmission of human societal problems to aquatic ecosystems.
A rapid review of the overuse of antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic: lessons learned and recommendations for the future
Authors: Cherry Will , Brown Marielle , Garner Colin 
Published: July 2021

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had severe implications on healthcare systems and the patients affected by this infectious disease. To improve outcomes for patients with COVID-19 and limit future antimicrobial resistance, there is continued urgency to improve our understanding of the rates and causative agents of secondary bacterial infections in patients with COVID‑19, and recognise whether antibiotics are being overused in patients prior to and following COVID-19 diagnosis. This article presents the results of a rapid review comparing reported rates of secondary bacterial infections with rates of antibiotic use in patients with COVID-19 predominantly in a hospital setting, within the context of treatment guidelines and recommendations. The review revealed rates of antibiotic use in patients with COVID-19 of 37–100%, far outweighing rates of secondary bacterial infections which were typically below 20%. There was a lack of consistent reporting of causative microorganisms of secondary infections, and the distinction between bacterially- and virally-induced sepsis was rarely made. Early in the pandemic, healthcare agencies published treatment guidelines recognising the importance of antimicrobial stewardship. However, many are yet to provide updated guidance detailing the most appropriate antibiotics to treat patients with concurrent COVID-19 and secondary bacterial infections in a way which limits the emergence of drug-resistant infections and does not negatively impact patient outcomes. Without significant improvements to the testing and reporting of causative organisms and corresponding updates to antimicrobial treatment guidelines, there is a risk of worsened clinical outcomes and increased burden on healthcare systems from antimicrobial resistance during the remainder of the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.
Fast, precise, and shape-flexible registration of wavefronts
Authors: Berlakovich Nikolaus , Csencsics Ernst , Fuerst Martin , Schitter Georg 
Published: July 2021

A fast and precise algorithm for wavefront reconstruction by the
registration of wavefront segments is presented. If the wavefront
exceeds the sensor aperture or the dynamic range of the sensor, a
Shack–Hartmann sensor can measure only segments of an optical
wavefront. The algorithm registers the wavefront segments in parallel,
where they are simultaneously transformed to minimize their overlap
mismatch for precise reconstruction of the entire wavefront. The
original nonlinear optimization problem is approximated by a convex
optimization problem that can be solved more efficiently. A
simulation-based analysis of the algorithm and a comparison to a
previously proposed parallel registration (PR) algorithm as well as to
the iterative closest point (ICP) algorithm are
presented. It is shown that despite measurement noise,
the algorithm can precisely register plane as well as divergent
wavefronts with root mean square registration errors smaller than
10 nm. Particularly for the divergent wavefront, this enables a
reduction of the registration error by a factor of up to 750 as
compared to the established algorithms. Analysis and comparison to the
ICP and PR algorithm also show that the computation time of the
proposed algorithm can be from one to three orders of magnitude
smaller.
Refined Sellmeier equations for BaGa4S7
Authors: Kato Kiyoshi , Badikov Valeriy V. , Miyata Kentaro , Petrov Valentin 
Published: July 2021

This paper reports refined Sellmeier equations for the biaxial nonlinear crystal

B
a
G
a

4

S

7

that provide a good reproduction of the phase-matching angles for second-harmonic generation (SHG) and sum-frequency generation (SFG) of the mid-IR outputs of Nd:YAG and Ho:YLF laser-pumped optical parametric oscillators (OPOs) and a frequency-doubled

C
O

2

laser in the 0.7584–8.018 µm range. The theoretical results are found to agree with the recent experimental data for 1-µm-pumped optical parametric processes based on

B
a
G
a

4

S

7

beyond 8 µm.
Wide-field grating-prism imaging spectrometer: optical design and implementation
Authors: Wei Lidong , Zhou Jinsong , Li Yacan , Feng Lei , Jing Juanjuan , Yang Lei , Nie Boyang , Xu Li , He Xiaoying 
Published: July 2021

A wide-field imaging spectrometer based on a grating prism is proposed.
The grating and prism parameters are discussed to balance spectral
distortion over the entire band. The design method of the
grating-prism (GP) dispersive module and the catadioptric optics of
the spectrometer are discussed in detail. A high optical speed (F/2.4)
and long slit (29.4 mm) visible and near-infrared design with high
image quality and small distortion is presented. The results show that
the optical performance of the GP imaging spectrometer is excellent.
The tolerance analysis indicates that the GP spectrometer can be
easily manufactured and implemented. The prototype has been tested in
the laboratory and outdoors, and the results confirmed that the design
will be useful in the fields of aeronautics and astronautics.
Robust and easy-to-operate stretched-pulse mode-locked wavelength-swept laser with an all-polarization-maintaining fiber cavity for 10  MHz A-line rate optical coherence tomography
Authors: Joo JongYoon , Kim Tae Shik , Vakoc Benjamin J. , Oh Wang-Yuhl 
Published: July 2021

We demonstrate robust and easy-to-operate stretched-pulse mode-locked laser (SPML) architectures using all-polarization-maintaining fiber laser cavities. Because of the polarization-maintaining construction, the laser performance is unaffected by mechanical perturbation on the cavity fibers. The lasers automatically initiate linear-in-wavenumber sweeps across 100 nm centered at 1290 nm with a 10 MHz repetition rate. OCT imaging with a sensitivity of 98 dB and a single-sided 6 dB coherence length of 2.5 mm is demonstrated. OCT angiography of a mouse brain that visualized three-dimensional cerebral microvasculature over a field of

1.5

m
m

×

1.5

m
m

(398 A-lines × 380 B-scans) at a rate of 5.26 volumes per second is also presented. The robust all-PMF SPML lasers are a turnkey, high-performance source for ultrahigh-speed OCT imaging.
Large-scale true-time-delay remote beamforming with EO frequency combs and multicore fiber
Authors: Zhang Chenbo , Lei Peng , Liu Rongwei , He Bibo , Chen Zhangyuan , Xie Xiaopeng , Hu Weiwei 
Published: July 2021

Optical true-time-delay (OTTD) beamforming is a promising solution to support the ultra-broadband radio access network. However, large-scale antenna arrays set at remote radio units require the OTTD counterpart to have corresponding larger-scale channel numbers. Here, we demonstrate an OTTD remote beamforming network with a record 287 channel number using electro-optic frequency combs and multicore fiber. Our proposed scheme can generate beams for both one-dimensional and two-dimensional antenna arrays. We highlight that using multicore fiber not only increases the channel numbers but also supports remote beamforming. We estimate the long-term stability of this remote beamforming network, and 1-ps-level relative time delay variation in 2 h is obtained when using multicore fiber. It is one order of magnitude better than using parallel single-mode fibers. Thus, highly stable beamforming is achieved. These results pave the way for the application of OTTD beamforming in 5G and beyond networks.
Différences d’espérance de vie sans incapacité dans les départements français
Authors: Crouzet Maude , Carrère Amélie , Laborde Caroline , Breton Didier , Cambois Emmanuelle 
Published: July 2021

Les espérances de vie sans incapacité ainsi que leurs déterminants individuels ont fait l'objet de nombreux travaux, en France comme dans l'ensemble des pays à faible mortalité. En revanche, à l’échelle infra-nationale les études sont très rares, faute d’enquête mesurant les niveaux d’incapacité représentative à cet échelon. Pourtant, à l'instar des écarts infra-nationaux de mortalité déjà démontrés, il y a tout lieu de penser que l'indicateur national d'espérance de vie sans incapacité recouvre d'importantes inégalités territoriales.
En 2014, l’enquête Vie Quotidienne et Santé (VQS) offre la possibilité de calculer, pour la première fois, les niveaux d’incapacité des 60 ans et plus à partir d’un échantillon représentatif à l’échelle départementale. Nous mobilisons les données de cette enquête pour, dans un premier temps, calculer l’espérance de vie sans incapacité dans chacun des 100 départements français, puis, dans un second temps, mettre en lien cet indicateur avec les limitations fonctionnelles rencontrées par la population des 60 ans et plus.
Les premiers résultats mettent en évidence de forts écarts départementaux concernant l’incapacité, selon une géographie proche de celle des écarts de mortalité. Les départements dans lesquels l’espérance de vie sans incapacité est faible se caractérisent par une forte prévalence des limitations fonctionnelles touchant les fonctions physiques.
Culturable fungi associated with the marine shallow-water hydrothermal vent crab Xenograpsus testudinatus at Kueishan Island, Taiwan
Authors: Shaumi Ami , Cheang U-Cheng , Yang Chieh-Yu , Chang Chic-Wei , Guo Sheng-Yu , Yang Chien-Hui , Chan Tin-Yam , Pang Ka-Lai 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Reports on fungi occurring on marine crabs have been mostly related to those causing infections/diseases. To better understand the potential role(s) of fungi associated with marine crabs, this study investigated the culturable diversity of fungi on carapace of the marine shallow-water hydrothermal vent crab Xenograpsus testudinatus collected at Kueishan Island, Taiwan. By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS), 18S and 28S of the rDNA for identification, 12 species of fungi were isolated from 46 individuals of X. testudinatus: Aspergillus penicillioides, Aspergillus versicolor, Candida parapsilosis, Cladosporium cladosporioides, Mycosphaerella sp., Parengyodontium album, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium paxili, Stachylidium bicolor, Zasmidium sp. (Ascomycota), Cystobasidium calyptogenae and Earliella scabrosa (Basidiomycota). With additional data from other published reports, a total of 26 species of fungi (23 Ascomycota, three Basidiomycota) have been recorded from X. testudinatus. Aspergillus is the most speciose genus on the crab, followed by Penicillium and Candida. All but one species (Xylaria arbuscula) had been previously isolated from substrates in the marine environment, although many are typical terrestrial taxa. None of the recorded fungi on X. testudinatus are reported pathogens of crabs, but some have caused diseases of other marine animals. Whether the crab X. testudinatus is a vehicle of marine fungal diseases requires further study.
Effect of geometrical variations on the structural performance of shipping container panels: A parametric study towards a new alternative design
Authors: Widiyanto Ilham , Alwan Faiz Haidar Ahmad , Mubarok Muhammad Arif Husni , Prabowo Aditya Rio , Laksono Fajar Budi , Bahatmaka Aldias , Adiputra Ristiyanto , Smaradhana Dharu Feby 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the field of logistics, containers are indispensable for shipments of large quantities of goods, particularly for exports and imports distributed by land, sea, or air. Therefore, a container must be able to withstand external loads so that goods can safely reach their destination. In this study, seven different models of container skins were developed: general honeycomb, cross honeycomb, square honeycomb, corrugated wall, flat, flat with a single stiffener, and flat with a cross stiffener. Testing was performed using the finite element method. In the static simulation, the best results were obtained by the model with corrugated walls. As the main element and the content of the sandwich panel structure, the core plays a role in increasing the ability of the structure to absorb force, thereby increasing the strength of the material. In the thermal simulation, the best results were obtained by the general honeycomb walls. Vibration simulations also showed that the square honeycomb design was better at absorbing vibration than the other models. Finally, the corrugated model had the best critical load value in the buckling simulation.
América Latina: ¿Un paraíso de la contaminación ambiental?
Authors: Freire-Vinueza Camila , Meneses Karla , Cuesta Gustavo 
Published: July 2021

[Introducción]: El deterioro ambiental a nivel mundial es un tema de constante preocupación que ha desencadenado múltiples esfuerzos por encontrar sus determinantes, como también cuestionamientos del estilo de crecimiento que adoptan los distintos países. [Objetivo]: Evidenciar empíricamente la relación entre la contaminación, el ingreso por persona y la inversión extranjera directa (IED) en América Latina. [Metodología]: Empleando un panel de datos de mínimos cuadrados generalizados factibles (MCGF) anuales desde 1980 al 2015 en 15 países de América Latina, utilizando la teoría de la curva de Kuznets ambiental (CKA) y el paraíso de la contaminación ambiental (PCA). [Resultados]: Se encuentra que mayores niveles de IED están asociados con incrementos de la contaminación, pero esta relación se logra invertir cuando las economías latinoamericanas mejoran su ingreso per cápita por encima de los 10 380 USD, en promedio. [Conclusiones]: Se comprueba la hipótesis de la curva de Kuznets ambiental y hay indicios de que la región latinoamericana es considerada un paraíso de la contaminación ambiental, hallazgos que suman a los esfuerzos para revisar las políticas de atracción de IED en la región.
Modelo institucional de la orientación en el sistema educativo público costarricense
Authors: Gamboa Jiménez Alejandra , Fallas Vargas Manuel Arturo , Ramírez Mora Shirley 
Published: July 2021

This article includes reflections on the disciplinary model of Educational Counseling in the public educational system of Costa Rica, an analysis within the framework of the project Counseling Models from the Viewpoint of the Professional Performance Profile of the Universidad Nacional, Costa Rica, a system highlighted by the diversity of centers, modalities, levels, and the multiple characteristics of the population it assists. Methodologically, the phenomenological design is used, contemplating both interviews with specific people in the context under study and triangulation to interlink empirical data and hiring profiles, for which the use of the tool AtlasTi tool contributed to the organization of the data. It is a conclusion that the institutional model of Educational Counseling in the Ministry of Public Education (MEP, for its acronym in Spanish) is intersected between the jurisprudential scaffolding that shapes the action of the modalities, levels, and specific context of each educational center and the demands of professional practice both for compliance with the technical guidelines issued by MEP and those that arise from emerging disciplinary situations of everyday work.
Fourth-Year Student Reflection of their Learning Process in the English Teaching Major at Universidad Nacional: A Case-Study of their Perception
Authors: Rojas Ugalde Ana , Seravalli Monge Giannina 
Published: July 2021

This research was conducted with a group of 37 senior students from the English Teaching major at Universidad Nacional (UNA) in 2018, as a way of getting some important feedback of their learning process perception in order to improve the study program’s scope and design. The main objective was to recognize the strengths and weaknesses of the major directly from students’ voices to define which areas need improvement as valuable input to be considered in a future curricular redesign that could meet UNA’s standards and professional profiles. The methodological strategy used included interviews and questionnaires, as well as the analysis of theories on language learning and teaching and affective and motivational factors in order to analyze if the content included in the major’s curriculum has fulfilled students’ expectations towards their professional demands. Some of the conclusions show students’ high degree of satisfaction towards the major; however, they mention important weaknesses on evaluation procedures and on content. These findings become a valid starting point to create a future introspective exercise considering some improvements this program should undergo in a future redesign process. This study could be replicated in other university majors that want to improve their own academic offer.
La enseñanza de la ética en Costa Rica
Authors: Solís Vargas Yors Guillermo 
Published: July 2021

The following essay has the main aim of conducting a critical analysis of the teaching of Ethics in Costa Rica. At the beginning, this discipline will be briefly conceptualized. During the development of the topic, some texts and educational programs related to Ethics and its attention during formal educational stages in this country, such as elementary, secondary and higher education, specifically at Universidad Nacional, will be revised and discussed. Finally, the essay will be concluded with a reflection of what was previously analyzed.
Sebastián Plá en primera persona: Diálogo sobre teorías y epistemologías en la enseñanza de la historia
Authors: Plá Pérez Sebastián 
Published: July 2021

In this interview, a conversation is held with Professor Sebastián Plá about his professional career and the epistemological traits of his thinking about pedagogy and specifically history teaching. Regarding the teaching of history, Professor Plá talks about the dimensions of school historical knowledge, the relations between historical narratives and interculturality on curriculum the school curriculum and the need to rethink educational research to reach a more democratic knowledge.
Variability of empathy among dental students. Implications not yet understood in Latin America
Authors: Díaz-Narváez Víctor Patricio , Miranda-Carreño Fanny , Galaz-Guajardo Sebastián , Sepúlveda-Navarro Wilmer , Zúñiga-Mogollones Mario , Calzadilla-Núñez Aracelis , Torres-Martínez Pilar , Reyes-Reyes Alejandro 
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Empathy is a quality that allows dentists to build an intersubjective relationship with their patients, which, among other benefits, contributes to the effectiveness of the treatment.
Objective: To determine whether there is variability in empathy levels between two populations of dental students and to describe theoretically the general implications of this variability for intervention strategies.
Materials and methods: Exploratory cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of 1st-5th year dental students from the Universidad Santiago de Cali, Colombia (n=610; N=647) and the Universidad San Sebastián, Chile (n=535; N=800). In both groups, empathy was measured using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy (S-Version) Scale. Descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) were used for data analysis. Internal consistency of data was estimated using Cronbach's alpha and the intraclass correlation coefficient. A factorial analysis of variance was performed, and three factors were studied: University (U), Course (C), and Sex (S). The statistical significance level used was α<0.05 and β≤0.20.
Results: Differences in empathy level and in some of its three dimensions were observed between students from both universities and among courses (1st-5th year). No differences were found between sexes.
Conclusions: There is variability in empathy levels among dental students from both universities. Thus, the implementation of specific empathy intervention strategies in each dental medicine program offered in Latin America is required to increase empathy levels in this population.
In vitro efficacy of antibiotics against different Borrelia isolates
Authors: Veinović Gorana , Ćakić Sanja , Mihaljica Darko , Sukara Ratko , Ružić–Sabljić Eva , Tomanović Snežana 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the present study, the effectiveness of six antimicrobial agents have been tested against 24 borrelia strains isolated from Ixodes ricinus ticks (11 Borrelia lusitaniae, eight Borrelia afzelii, three Borrelia garinii and two Borrelia valaisiana) and one B. lusitaniae strain isolated from human skin. The minimum inhibitory concentration range of antimicrobial agents was as follows: amoxicillin, 0.125–2 mg/L; doxycycline, 0.125–1 mg/L, ceftriaxone, 0.016–0.063 mg/L; cefuroxime, 0.063–1 mg/L; azithromycin, 0.0017–0.11 mg/L; amikacin 32–512 mg/L. Potentially pathogenic B. lusitaniae and B. valaisiana species were more susceptible to amoxicillin and azithromycin than pathogenic B. afzelii and B. garinii (P < 0.05); B. garinii, B. lusitaniae and B. valaisiana were more susceptible to doxycycline than B. afzelii (P < 0.05) while all species showed same susceptibility to ceftriaxone and cefuroxime (P > 0.05). This study is the first report on in vitro susceptibility of isolates from Serbia to antimicrobial agents and the first report on susceptibility of larger number of isolates of potentially pathogenic species B. lusitaniae. We showed that antimicrobial agents in vitro inhibit growth of borrelia strains very effectively, indicating the potential of their equally beneficial use in the treatment of Lyme borreliosis.