bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Single-Dose Versus Multidose Metronidazole by Select Clinical Factors for the Treatment of Trichomonas vaginalis in Women
Authors: Muzny Christina A. , Mena Leandro A. , Lillis Rebecca A. , Schmidt Norine , Martin David H. , Kissinger Patricia 
Published: October 2021

Background
In a randomized controlled trial of 2 g (single-dose) metronidazole (MTZ) versus 500 mg twice daily for 7 days (multidose) for Trichomonas vaginalis treatment, multidose was superior. We examined if the effect was similar by select clinical factors to determine if treatment recommendations could be targeted.

Methods
The primary outcome was T. vaginalis repeat infection at test-of-cure (TOC) 4 weeks after completion of therapy. Analyses were stratified by T. vaginalis history, baseline genital symptoms, and concurrent diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis (BV) per Nugent score at baseline.

Results
Women who returned for TOC (n = 540) were included. At baseline, 52.9% had a self-reported history of T. vaginalis; 79.3%, genital symptoms; 5.8%, a gonorrhea diagnosis; and 47.5%, BV. During follow-up, 97.4% took all MTZ as instructed and 34.5% had interval condomless sex with a baseline partner. At TOC, 14.8% tested positive for T. vaginalis. In stratified analysis, women randomized to single-dose MTZ had a higher rate of TOC T. vaginalis positivity than those randomized to multidose if they were symptomatic at baseline (21.4% vs. 10.8%, P = 0.003) or had a reported history of T. vaginalis (24.1% vs. 12.6%, P = 0.01). Test-of-cure T. vaginalis positivity was higher for women receiving a single dose (18.9%) versus multidose (10.8%), irrespective of baseline BV status (P > 0.06). In multivariable analysis, only a history of T. vaginalis and single-dose MTZ were independently associated with a positive TOC for T. vaginalis.

Conclusions
Although multidose MTZ is recommended for all women with T. vaginalis, it is especially important for women with a T. vaginalis history and, given high posttreatment infection rates, a TOC should be performed.
Testing for Sexually Transmitted Infection Using Wet and Dry Self-Collected Brush Samples Among Women in Mombasa, Kenya
Authors: Grabert Brigid K. , Islam Jessica Y. , Kabare Emmanuel , Vielot Nadja A. , Waweru Wairimu , Mandaliya Kishor , Shafi Juma , Adala Lucy , McClelland R. Scott , Smith Jennifer S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We compared detection of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and Trichomonas vaginalis using dry and wet self-collected samples using brushes among females who engage in sex work in Mombasa, Kenya. Detection of T. vaginalis and N. gonorrhoeae in dry and wet samples was similar, but C. trachomatis detection in dry samples appeared lower.
Limited Risk Compensation Among Women Who Inject Drugs: Results From the Project Sexual Health Equity Preexposure Prophylaxis Demonstration Study in Philadelphia
Authors: Tran Nguyen K. , Van Der Pol Barbara , Shrestha Roman , Bazzi Angela R. , Bellamy Scarlett L. , Sherman Susan G. , Roth Alexis M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The impact of preexposure prophylaxis uptake on sexual and injection-related behaviors among women who inject drugs is poorly understood. Over 24 weeks, preexposure prophylaxis uptake among women who inject drugs was associated with increased sharing of injection equipment but not syringes and no changes in condomless sex, providing limited evidence of risk compensation in this vulnerable population.
Interrater Reliability of the Pediatric Asthma Score
Authors: Gardiner Michael A. , Wilkinson Matthew H. 
Published: October 2021

Objectives
The aim of this study was to determine the interrater reliability (IRR) of the Pediatric Asthma Score (PAS) and to evaluate the discriminative performance of this score to predict the need for hospital admission among children with acute asthma.

Methods
A secondary analysis of prospective data was performed to compare triage nurse and study personnel PAS scores among children aged 6 to 18 years presenting to the emergency department with acute asthma. The IRR was determined by calculation of weighted Cohen κ with differences evaluated by Wilcoxon ranked pairs. Receiver operating characteristic curves were created to evaluate the predictive ability of PAS to determine the need for hospital admission.

Results
One hundred one subjects were evaluated by both study personnel and a triage nurse with PAS score recorded. The IRR of the total PAS score was determined to be moderate (κ = 0.57) and acceptable, although lower than previously reported. Individual components of the PAS score demonstrated fair to substantial agreement. Receiver operating characteristic analysis demonstrated total PAS at emergency department triage to have poor test characteristics in predicting the need for hospital admission, whether PAS was determined by study personnel, triage nurse, or an average score (area under the curve, 0.62–0.65).

Conclusions
In this study, total PAS score demonstrated a moderate and acceptable level of IRR with a poor discriminative ability to determine the need for hospital admission at the time of ED triage.
Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Deformed Noses in Patients With Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Wang Binqing , Zhang Zeya , Xu Meng , Deng Haixia , Wang Zhiyan , Song Tao 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Multiple surgeries for patients with cleft lip and palate may be required to repair secondary deformities after the completion of cleft repair. This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the three-dimensional nasal morphology in patients with unilateral cleft palate who underwent cleft lip and palate repair but did not undergo terminal nasal repair. PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Data, and SINOMED databases were searched from inception until December 2020. Studies involving patients ages ≥6 years with cleft lip and palate who did not undergo terminal nasal repair were included. Quantitative data were obtained through three-dimensional evaluation. Mean weighted effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals, heterogeneities, and publication biases were assessed using raw data obtained from 13 studies. In general, patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate had a significantly wider nose; shorter bridge length and nasal height; larger forehead-nose angle, nasal tip angle, and alar slope angle; and smaller nasolabial angle. The number of studies that included patients with unilateral cleft lip, unilateral cleft lip and alveolus, and unclassified deformities was limited, and their results were similar to those involving patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate. Patients with unilateral cleft tend to have short, flat, and wide noses. Nasal tip elevation and alar base adduction should be prioritized during terminal nasal repair to achieve more normalized cleft-side nostrils.
Downregulation of lncRNA GAS5 prevents mitochondrial apoptosis and hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in neonatal rats through the microRNA-128-3p/Bax/Akt/GSK-3β axis
Authors: Wang Li , Zhang Zhe , Wang Haibin 
Published: October 2021

Objective
Hypoxic/ischemic brain damage (HIBD) results in increased neonatal mortality and serious neurologic morbidity. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are shown as essential modulators of various neurological diseases. Here, we determined the mechanisms of lncRNA GAS5 in mitochondrial apoptosis in HIBD rats.

Methods
The HIBD neonatal rat model was established and treated with shRNA-GAS5 or antagomir miR-128-3p. The morphological changes and apoptosis rate were observed by histological staining. Expressions of GAS5, miR-128-3p, and Bax mRNA in brain tissues of HIBD neonatal rats were determined. The binding relationships between GAS5 and miR-128-3p, and miR-128-3p and Bax were confirmed by dual-luciferase assay. Subsequently, the mitochondrial membrane potential and apoptosis-related factors in brain tissues of HIBD neonatal rats were detected. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression of Akt/GSK3β pathway-associated proteins.

Results
The neurons in the brain tissue of HIBD neonatal rats decreased with disordered arrangement, and showed vacuolization and nuclear pyknosis, obvious brain damage, increased neuronal apoptosis, and enhanced mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Downregulated miR-128-3p and upregulated GAS5 and Bax mRNA were found in HIBD neonatal rats. There were binding relationships between GAS5 and miR-128-3p, and miR-128-3p and Bax mRNA. Inhibition of lncRNA GAS5 in HIBD neonatal rats suppressed mitochondrial apoptosis. miR-128-3p knockdown annulled the inhibitory effect of inhibiting lncRNA GAS5 on mitochondrial apoptosis. Silencing GAS5 increased the phosphorylation levels of Akt and GSK3β.

Conclusion
Downregulation of lncRNA GAS5 prevents mitochondrial apoptosis in neonatal HIBD rats by regulating the miR-128-3p/Bax/Akt/GSK-3β axis.
Factors affecting nurses’ duty to care during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Shin Hyerine , Kim Kyung hee , Kim Ji-su , Kwak Yeun-hee 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough the demand for nursing care in disaster situations has grown, there has been a lack of discussion on nurses’ duty to care in these situations.AimThis study aimed to examine South Korean nurses’ duty to care during the COVID-19 crisis and identify factors influencing the same.Research designThis was a cross-sectional descriptive research study, using a structured online questionnaire.Participants and research contextKorean registered nurses (n = 342) in a clinical setting were recruited. Participants responded to a demographic questionnaire and the Nash Duty to Care Scale. After excluding missing values, data from 320 nurses were analyzed.FindingsOlder age and working at a general hospital increased nurses’ duty to care. Being male, higher education level, and working at a general hospital increased perceived risk. Older age, more clinical career experience, a master’s degree or above, and working at a higher-level hospital increased nurses’ confidence in their employer. Older age and higher monthly wage increased perceived obligation. Older age, job position, 3–7 years of clinical experience, working at the internal medicine department, and working at the tertiary hospital were factors associated with increased professional preparedness. Age was a factor influencing all dimensions of duty to care, except perceived risk. Clinical career influenced both confidence in employer and professional preparedness.ConclusionGiven the lack of research on nurses’ duty to care, this study expands the scope of nursing research. In the future, more active research on nurses’ duty to care should be conducted.
Predictors of treatment outcomes with Auto-titrating CPAP therapy in adults with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Fashanu Olabimpe S , Quan Stuart F 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo determine factors that predict OSA therapy outcomes with auto-titrating positive airway pressure (APAP).MethodsWe sequentially grouped patients from a retrospective cohort based on APAP efficacy (sufficiently vs. insufficiently treated; insufficiently treatment defined as residual AHI of ≥ 5); therapy adherence (compliant vs. non-compliant, non-compliance defined as < 70% usage for ≥ 4 hours/night); and therapy outcomes (optimal vs non-optimal (non-optimal outcomes defined as non-compliant and insufficiently treated). We subsequently compared each group.ResultsThe insufficiently treated were older (68.4 ± 12.5 vs. 60.4 ± 13.1 years, p < 0.01) and had lower BMI (31.9 ± 6.3 vs.37.9 ± 9.1 kg/m2, p < 0.01). They had higher baseline central apnea indices (CAI), longer leaks, higher peak pressures and were less compliant.The non-compliant were younger (61.1 ± 12.6 vs. 65.5 ± 13.2 years, p = 0.03) and comprised more females (56.1 vs. 43.9%, p = 0.04). The leak duration per usage hour was higher in the non-compliant (13.9 ± 42.1 vs. 1.83 ± 3.53 minutes/hour, p < 0.01). The non-optimally treated had lower BMI, longer leaks and shorter nightly usage.Following multivariate analysis, the aforementioned variables except age were predictive of higher residual AHI, while age and gender predicted compliance.ConclusionsVarious demographic and clinical factors were predictive of treatment efficacy and adherence. Overall, lower BMI, longer leaks and shorter nightly usage predicted poor therapy outcomes.
Assessment of Agaricus bisporus Mushroom as Protective Agent Against Ultraviolet Exposure
Authors: Hwang Chae Yeon , Halim Yuniwaty , Sugata Marcelia , Rosa Dela , Wijaya Sherlyn Putri , Steven Eden 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMushrooms are versatile materials with applications including but not limited to food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. In this work, the potential of the common button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, as a protective agent against ultraviolet exposure was assessed. The assessment was done by investigating the radical scavenging activity, sun protecting capability, and tyrosinase inhibiting properties of Agaricus bisporus ethanolic extract. The extraction was carried out using absolute ethanol as its solvent at low to room temperatures. The bioactive components of the ethanolic extract were analysed for its phenolic and flavonoid contents quantitatively, while other phytochemical agents were analysed qualitatively. The Agaricus bisporus ethanolic extract was found exhibit varying degree of activity in all of the assessment. We found low radical scavenging ability with %RSA IC50 of ∼5456 μg/mL, low to moderate sun protecting factor of ∼5.355 at 5000 ppm concentration, and high tyrosinase inhibition property with IC50 of ∼2 μg/mL. The high tyrosinase inhibition property was found to correlate with relatively high total phenolic content of ∼1143 mg GAE/100g for Agaricus bisporus and the presence of terpenoid in the ethanolic extract.
Social mixing patterns in the UK following the relaxation of COVID-19 pandemic restrictions: a cross-sectional online survey
Authors: Bridgen Jessica RE , Jewell Chris P , Read Jonathan M 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundSince 23 March 2020, social distancing measures have been implemented in the UK to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission. We conducted a cross-sectional survey to quantify and characterize non-household contact and to identify the effect of shielding and isolating on contact patterns.MethodsThrough an online questionnaire, the CoCoNet study measured daily interactions and mobility of 5143 participants between 28 July and 14 August 2020. Negative binomial regression modelling identified participant characteristics associated with contact rates.ResultsThe mean rate of non-household contacts per person was 2.9 d-1. Participants attending a workplace (adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) 3.33, 95%CI 3.02 to 3.66), self-employed (aIRR 1.63, 95%CI 1.43 to 1.87) or working in healthcare (aIRR 5.10, 95%CI 4.29 to 6.10) reported significantly higher non-household contact rates than those working from home. Participants self-isolating as a precaution or following Test and Trace instructions had a lower non-household contact rate than those not self-isolating (aIRR 0.58, 95%CI 0.43 to 0.79). We found limited evidence that those shielding had reduced non-household contacts compared to non-shielders.ConclusionThe daily rate of non-household interactions remains lower than pre-pandemic levels, suggesting continued adherence to social distancing guidelines. Individuals attending a workplace in-person or employed as healthcare professionals were less likely to maintain social distance and had a higher non-household contact rate, possibly increasing their infection risk. Shielding and self-isolating individuals required greater support to enable them to follow the government guidelines and reduce non-household contact and therefore their risk of infection.Summary boxWhat is already known on this subject?The introduction of social distancing guidelines in March 2020 reduced social contact rates in the UK.Evidence of low levels of adherence to self-isolation.What does this study add?This study provides quantitative insight into the social mixing patterns in the UK at the beginning of the second wave of SARS-CoV2 infection.Healthcare professionals and individuals attending their workplace in-person were less able to follow social distancing guidelines and made more contact with people outside their household than those working from home.Shielding individuals did not make fewer non-household contacts than those not shielding.
Aligning staffing schedules with testing and isolation strategies reduces the risk of COVID-19 outbreaks in carceral and other congregate settings: A simulation study
Authors: Hoover Christopher M. , Skaff Nicholas K. , Blumberg Seth , Fukunaga Rena 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCOVID-19 outbreaks in congregate settings remain a serious threat to the health of disproportionately affected populations such as people experiencing incarceration or homelessness, the elderly, and essential workers. An individual-based model accounting for individual infectiousness over time, staff work schedules, and testing and isolation schedules was developed to simulate community transmission of SARS-CoV-2 to staff in a congregate facility and subsequent transmission within the facility that could cause an outbreak. Systematic testing strategies in which staff are tested on the first day of their workweek were found to prevent up to 16% more transmission events than testing strategies unrelated to staff schedules. Testing staff at the beginning of their workweek, implementing timely isolation following testing, limiting test turnaround time, and increasing test frequency in high transmission scenarios can supplement additional mitigation measures to aid outbreak prevention in congregate settings.Article summary lineAligning routine testing with work schedules among staff in carceral facilities and other congregate settings can enhance the early detection and isolation of COVID-19 cases, limiting the potential for staff to inadvertently trigger outbreaks in high-risk settings.
Conjugative transfer of naturally occurring plasmids in Mycolicibacterium sp
Authors: Morgado Sergio , Vicente Ana Carolina 
Published: October 2021

AbstractConjugation is considered the main horizontal gene transfer (HGT) mechanism in bacterial adaptation and evolution. In the Mycobacteriaceae family, Mycolicibacterium smegmatis has been used as the model organism for the conjugative transfer of hybrid plasmids. However, the natural conjugation process in any bacteria would involve the transfer of naturally occurring plasmids. Currently, there is a gap in this regard in relation to this abundant environmental genus of Mycobacteriaceae. Here, we performed conjugation experiments between wild Mycolicibacterium sp. strains involving naturally occurring plasmids (sizes of 21 and 274 kb), and interestingly, evidence of conjugative transfer was obtained. Thus, it is likely that conjugation occurs in Mycolicibacterium in the natural environment, representing a source of diversification and evolution in this genus of bacteria.
Single-cell transcriptional analysis of the immune tumour microenvironment during myeloma disease evolution
Authors: Croucher Danielle C. , Richards Laura M. , Waller Daniel , Li Zhihua , Huang Xian Fang , Chesi Marta , Bergsagel P. Leif , Sebag Michael , Pugh Trevor J. , Trudel Suzanne 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMultiple myeloma is universally preceded by a premalignant disease state. However, efforts to develop preventative therapeutic strategies are hindered by an incomplete understanding of the immune mechanisms associated with progression. Using single-cell RNA-sequencing, we profiled 104,880 cells derived from the bone marrow of Vκ*MYC mice across the myeloma progression spectrum, of which 97,720 were identified as non-malignant cells of the tumour microenvironment. Analysis of the non-malignant cells comprising the immune microenvironment identified mechanisms associated with disease progression in innate and adaptive immune cell populations. This included activation of IL-17 signaling in myeloid cells from precursor mice, accompanied by upregulation of Il6 gene expression in basophils. In the T/Natural killer cell compartment, we identified Tox-expressing CD8+ T cells enriched in the tumour microenvironment of mice with overt disease, with co-expression of LAG3 and PD-1, as well as elevated T cell exhaustion signatures in mice with early disease. We subsequently showed that early intervention with combinatorial blockade of LAG3 and PD-1 using neutralizing monoclonal antibodies delayed tumor progression and improved survival of Vκ*MYC mice. Together, this work provides insight into the biology of myeloma evolution and nominates a treatment strategy for early disease.
Inactivation of SARS Coronavirus 2 and COVID-19 patient samples for contemporary immunology and metabolomics studies
Authors: Eddins Devon J. , Bassit Leda , Chandler Joshua D. , Haddad Natalie S. , Musall Katie L. , Yang Junkai , Kosters Astrid , Dobosh Brian S. , Hernández Mindy R. , Ramonell Richard P. , Tirouvanziam Rabindra M. , Lee F. Eun-Hyung , Zandi Keivan , Schinazi Raymond F. , Ghosn Eliver E.B. 
Published: October 2021

SummaryIn late 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged from Wuhan, China spurring the Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic that has resulted in over 219 million confirmed cases and nearly 4.6 million deaths worldwide. Intensive research efforts ensued to constrain SARS-CoV-2 and reduce COVID-19 disease burden. Due to the severity of this disease, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and World Health Organization (WHO) recommend that manipulation of active viral cultures of SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory secretions from COVID-19 patients be performed in biosafety level 3 (BSL3) containment laboratories. Therefore, it is imperative to develop viral inactivation procedures that permit samples to be transferred and manipulated at lower containment levels (i.e., BSL2), and maintain the fidelity of downstream assays to expedite the development of medical countermeasures (MCMs). We demonstrate optimal conditions for complete viral inactivation following fixation of infected cells with paraformaldehyde solution or other commonly-used branded reagents for flow cytometry, UVC inactivation in sera and respiratory secretions for protein and antibody detection assays, heat inactivation following cDNA amplification of single-cell emulsions for droplet-based single-cell mRNA sequencing applications, and extraction with an organic solvent for metabolomic studies. Thus, we provide a suite of protocols for viral inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 patient samples for downstream contemporary immunology assays that facilitate sample transfer to BSL2, providing a conceptual framework for rapid initiation of high-fidelity research as the COVID-19 pandemic continues.