bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in serum interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 levels and liver stiffness among chronic hepatitis C Egyptian patients in response to directly acting antiviral agents
Authors: El-Nahaas Saeed M. , Rady Normeen Hany , Malek Shimaa , Serag Khaled 
Published: January 2021

Background
Interferon-γ inducible protein-10 (IP-10) is chemokine biomarker of liver inflammation, elevated in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection.

Aims
Investigating if changes in serum IP-10 levels in response to directly acting antiviral agents (DAAs) treatment for chronic HCV patients are paralleled by changes in liver stiffness measurements (LSM), and assessing role of using serum IP-10 as a noninvasive accurate method to predict changes in hepatic necro-inflammation and fibrosis.

Material and methods
A prospective observational study included 92 Egyptian chronic HCV patients, who received treatment with sofosbuvir with daclatasvir regimen. Patients were classified into two groups; group I (53 patients) with non to mild significant liver fibrosis (F0–F1), and group II (39 patients) with significant to advanced liver fibrosis (F2–F4). Fibroscan and serum IP-10 were assessed pretreatment and 3 months after end of treatment.

Results
All patients achieved SVR. Both IP-10 and LSM showed significant decline after treatment in both groups. No significant correlation was found between changes in LSM and IP-10. IP-10 detected liver cirrhosis at cut off level of 17.8 pg/ml, with 75% sensitivity and 73.86% specificity, with area under the curve = 0.66, however, IP-10 had no statistical significance in detecting advanced fibrosis.

Conclusion
IP-10 might be of significance as a noninvasive predictor of liver cirrhosis. IP-10 significant decline post-DAAs treatment in chronic HCV genotype IV infected patients reflects significant improvement in fibrosis stage and hepatic necro-inflammation in response to treatment. No significant correlation was detected in the changes of both IP-10 and LSM.
The prevalence of sessile serrated lesion in the colorectum and its relationship to synchronous colorectal advanced neoplasia: a systemic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Shiu Sz-Iuan , Kashida Hiroshi , Komeda Yoriaki 
Published: January 2021

Background
The aim of this systemic review and meta-analysis was to evaluate the prevalence of sessile serrated lesion (SSL) and its relationship to synchronous colorectal advanced neoplasia.

Materials and methods
Comprehensive, computerized research was performed on PubMed and published from 1 January 2010 to 6 July 2018 which searched relevant articles without any language limitations. Clinical trials were included in the narrative systemic review if they matched the following inclusion criteria: (1) published as a case-controlled study, cohort study or cross-sectional study; (2) defined objectively for diagnosis of SSL within the studies; (3) addressed the prevalence and characteristics of SSL. Within these trials, if they met additional criteria involving the reported outcome of risk regarding advanced neoplasia in relation to SSL, they were enrolled into meta-analysis.

Results
Forty-one trials were enrolled for the systematic review, with a total of eight analyzed for the meta-analysis. The prevalence of all SSL ranged from 0.038 to 20.23% and the prevalence by pooled analysis was 2.7%. In a subgroup analysis, the overall prevalence of SSL during the periods of 2010–2014 and 2015–2018 was shown to be 2.7 and 2.8%, respectively. We calculated the pooled data on the cancer risk of SSL and the risk of synchronous advanced neoplasia in patients with SSL made available from the eight trials, which resulted in a pooled odds ratio of 3.53 (95% confidence interval 2.39–5.20, I
2 = 4%, P = 0.40).

Conclusion
In this systemic review, SSL was found to be associated with an increased risk of synchronous advanced neoplasia in the colorectum.
Innovations in urolithiasis management
Authors: Veser Julian , Jahrreiss Victoria , Seitz Christian 
Published: January 2021

Purpose of review
This review provides a forecast about ongoing developments in the management of urolithiasis with a potential to challenge the current standard of care. We therefore emphasized innovative technology, which might be considered still experimental in the daily clinic or needs further clinical validation, but harbors the great potential to become a game changer for future stone management.

Recent findings
Especially in the endoscopic stone treatment, we observed a multitude of groundbreaking technical innovations, which changed our treatment algorithms over the last decades. Some of this technology already found its way into daily practice. Others like artificial intelligence, burst wave lithotripsy, smart laser systems or gene therapy may not be standardized yet, but have the potential to further revolutionize current practice. Besides those technical features, we included innovations in prevention and diagnostics, as well as patient expectations and patient satisfaction into the analysis. A proper metaphylaxis and patient communication seems to be essential for a long-lasting treatment success.

Summary
The combination of technical innovations, improved stone metaphylaxis and proper patient communication presents the cornerstone of future kidney stone management.
Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of Button Battery Ingestion in Childhood
Authors: Mubarak Amani , Benninga Marc A. , Broekaert Ilse , Dolinsek Jernej , Homan Matjaž , Mas Emmanuel , Miele Erasmo , Pienar Corina , Thapar Nikhil , Thomson Mike , Tzivinikos Christos , de Ridder Lissy 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTButton batteries (BB) remain a health hazard to children as ingestion might lead to life‐threatening complications, especially if the battery is impacted in the esophagus. Worldwide initiatives have been set up in order to prevent and also timely diagnose and manage BB ingestions. A European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) task force for BB ingestions has been founded, which aimed to contribute to reducing the health risks related to this event. It is important to focus on the European setting, next to other worldwide initiatives, to develop and implement effective management strategies. As one of the first initiatives of the ESPGHAN task force, this ESPGHAN position paper has been written. The literature is summarized, and prevention strategies are discussed focusing on some controversial topics. An algorithm for the diagnosis and management of BB ingestions is presented and compared to previous guidelines (NASPGHAN, National Poison Center). In agreement with earlier guidelines, immediate localization of the BB is important and in case of esophageal impaction, the BB should be removed instantly (preferably <2 hours). Honey and sucralfate can be considered in ingestions ⩽12 hours while waiting for endoscopic removal but should not delay it. In case of delayed diagnosis (first confirmation of the BB on X‐ray >12 hours after ingestion or time point of removal >12 hours after ingestion) and esophageal impaction the guideline suggests to perform a CT scan in order to evaluate for vascular injury before removing the battery. In delayed diagnosis, even if the battery has passed the esophagus, endoscopy to screen for esophageal damage and a CT scan to rule out vascular injury should be considered even in asymptomatic children. In asymptomatic patients with early diagnosis (⩽12 hours after ingestion) and position of the BB beyond the esophagus, one can monitor with repeat X‐ray (if not already evacuated in stool) in 7 to 14 days, which is different from previous guidelines where repeat X‐ray and removal is recommended after 2–4 days and is also based on age. Finally, prevention strategies are discussed in this paper.
Genetic Enteropathies Linked to Epithelial Structural Abnormalities and Enteroendocrine Deficiency
Authors: Caralli Morgane , Roman Celine , Coste Marie‐Edith , Roquelaure Bertrand , Buffat Christophe , Bourgeois Patrice , Badens Catherine , Fabre Alexandre 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTObjectives:Congenital diarrhea and enteropathies linked to epithelial structural abnormalities constitute 3 different rare diseases: the tufting enteropathies (TE; EPCAM and SPINT2 mutations), microvillous inclusion disease (MVID; MYO5B and STX3 mutations), and tricho‐hepato‐enteric syndrome (THE; TTC37 and SKIV2L mutations). Moreover, enteroendocrine deficiencies (ED; PCSK1 and NEUROG3 mutations) share common clinical characteristics with TE, THE, and MVID in that the treatment requires, in most cases, long‐term parenteral nutrition. Although numerous cases have been reported in the literature, aggregated data on morbidity and mortality are missing owing to the rarity of the diseases.Methods:We performed a systematic review of all published cases and retrieved 86 articles describing 323 patients (164 boys and 135 girls).Results:The mortality rate was 20.28%, with a median age at death of 13.5 months (range 0–228 months); the mortality risk was 30.8/1000 person‐year; in half of the cases, death was caused by infections. Parenteral nutrition was required in 95.4% of patients and weaning off from parenteral nutrition was achieved in 29.35% at a median age of 23 months (range 3.3–276 months). The patients with ED linked to PCSK1 were nearly all weaned at a median age of 14 months, but most of the patients became overweight. MVID patients with MYO5B mutations were most often born preterm. ED linked to NEUROG3 mutation and THE patients usually presented with intrauterine growth retardation.Conclusions:This review presents data from 323 patients with congenital diarrhea linked to EPCAM TE, SPINT2 TE, TTC37 THE, SKIV2L THE, MYO5B MVID, STX3 MVID, NEUROG3 ED, and PCSK1 ED mutations.
Distribution of clinical Candida species and their susceptibility to antifungal agents
Authors: Tumer Seray , Bayraktar Mehmet , Öztürk Ali 
Published: January 2021

Background:
The incidence of fungal infections, especially by Candida species, has increased in recent years. This study was designed to isolate and identify Candida species from various clinical samples, and to examine their susceptibility to antifungal agents.

Methods:
A total of 175 Candida species were isolated from different clinical samples, and were identified using germ tube test, Cornmeal agar, and API C 20 AUX and VITEK 2 Compact Systems. Antifungal susceptibility of these isolates was determined using ATB Fungus 3 strip and VITEK 2 antifungal susceptibility cards. The results of these two methods were comparatively assessed.

Results:
A total of 175 Candida strains were isolated from 114 (65.1%) urine, 42 (24%) blood, eight (4.6%) sputum, seven (4%) endotracheal, and four (2.3%) wound samples. Of isolated Candida species, 102 (58.2%) were Candida albicans, 31 (17.6%) Candida tropicalis, 17 (9.6%) Candida parapsilosis, 13 (7.4%) Candida glabrata, three (1.8%) Candida kefyr, three (1.8%) Candida krusei, two (1.2%) Candida lusitaniae, and one (0.6%) Candida famata. By VITEK 2 antifungal susceptibility cards, the overall resistance rates were 0.6% to each of amphotericin B and 5-flucytosine, and 1.8% to fluconazole. In ATB Fungus 3 strip, the resistance (1.8%) was observed only to fulconazole. All isolates were uniformly susceptible to voriconazole in both methods.

Conclusion:
Valuable information and data on distribution and susceptibility of Candida strains were obtained. These data may be valuable from epidemiological point of view as well as for proper and optimal therapy of Candida infections in our region (Şanliurfa, Turkey).
The Risk of Congenital Anomalies by Fertility Treatment Modality
Authors: Chung Esther H. , Harris Benjamin S. , Muasher Suheil J. , Kuller Jeffrey A. 
Published: January 2021

Importance
Up to 4% of all births in developed nations involve assisted reproductive technology (ART), along with other fertility treatment modalities. Thus, ART pregnancies constitute an important epidemiologic population with a known increased risk of congenital anomalies. In this review, we summarize current fertility treatment modalities and their associated risk of congenital anomalies.

Objective
To review the risk of birth defects among pregnancies conceived with ART and other fertility treatments.

Evidence Acquisition
Articles were obtained from PubMed and the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and American Society of Reproductive Medicine committee opinions.

Results
In vitro fertilization has been associated with a 25% to 50% increased risk of birth defects, including abnormalities of these organ systems: cardiovascular (25%–40% of anomalies), genitourinary (10%–60%), gastrointestinal (10%–20%), and musculoskeletal (10%–35%). Although the data are mixed, intracytoplasmic sperm injection has also been found to be associated with an increased risk of defects, particularly hypospadias, when compared with conventional in vitro fertilization. The risk among fresh versus frozen cycles and cleavage stage versus blastocyst transfers remains uncertain. There appears to be no significant added risk with preimplantation genetic testing, although more studies are needed. Ovulation induction with oral agents appears safe and not associated with an increased risk of anomalies. Oocyte cryopreservation also appears safe, but the data are still limited, requiring future investigation.

Conclusions and Relevance
While the relative risk of birth defects among ART pregnancies is increased when compared with spontaneous conceptions, the absolute risk remains low. There are no standard screening recommendations for ART pregnancies. Per the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, patients who have undergone ART should be counseled regarding the risk of birth defects and available antenatal evaluation, including fetal echocardiogram and detailed ultrasound evaluation.

Target Audience
Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians.

Learning Objectives
Following completion of this CME article, readers should be better able to assess risk factors for birth defects among individuals undergoing fertility treatment; explain available antenatal screening modalities for detection of common birth defects associated with ART; and identify available resources and recommendations on risk factors for birth defects associated with infertility treatment.
The Usefulness of 4 Immunoperoxidase Stains Applied to Urinary Cytology Samples in the Pathologic Stage of Urothelial Carcinoma: A Study With Histologic Correlation
Authors: Alabiad Mohamed Ali , Elderey Mohamed S. , Shalaby Amany Mohamed , Nosery Yousef , Gobran Mai Ahmed 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Currently, the golden rule for the diagnosis of urothelial carcinoma is biopsy and cystoscopy, unfortionally both are costly, invasive, and uncomfortable. While most urothelial cancers are noninvasive at presentation, it is necessary to find a highly sensitive, noninvasive way to diagnose in its earlier stages, Cytology with immunostaining is a noninvasive, reliable method that might play a role in detecting the earlier stages before its progression and accurate correlation with different stages of these tumors.

Aim:
This study aimed to reach an accurate level in the staging of urothelial carcinoma using CD44, ProExC, Laminin, and Fascin on urinary cytology.

Design:
We include a total of 180 urinary cytology specimens with their surgical biopsies’ counterparts, the staging of the surgical specimens were done according to AJCC2017TNM classification, while their counterpart urinary samples were centrifuged and the sediment was used for H&E and immunocytochemical staining with CD44, ProExC, Laminin, and Fascin.

Results:
The diagnosis of Ta-stage tumors was done according to the following immunohistochemical (IHC) profile [positive (+ve) CD44, negative (−ve) proExC, −ve Laminin, and −ve Fascin] with 100% sensitivity, 100% specificity. The diagnosis of Tis stage tumors was done according to IHC profile [−ve CD44, +ve proExC, −ve Laminin, and −ve Fascin] with 100% sensitivity, 93% specificity. The diagnosis of T1 stage tumors according to IHC profile [−ve CD44, +ve proExC, +ve Laminin, and −ve Fascin] with 100% sensitivity, 97% specificity, The diagnosis of T2 and T3 stage tumors was done according to IHC profile [−ve CD44, +ve proExC, +ve Laminin and weak to moderate +ve Fascin] with 100% sensitivity, 92% specificity, while the diagnosis of T4 stage tumors according to the IHC profile [−ve CD44, +ve proExC, +ve Laminin, and intense +ve Fascin] with 100% sensitivity, 100% specificity.

Conclusion:
Using (CD44, ProExC, Laminin, and Fascin) on urinary cytology is a simple, reliable, and noninvasive method for the staging of urothelial carcinoma with 99% total accuracy.
“Holding the City's Feet to the Fire”: Lessons Learned From Oakland's Implementation of Measure HH Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Tax
Authors: Asada Yuka , Chriqui Jamie F. , Pipito Andrea A. , Taher Sabira , Powell Lisa M. 
Published: January 2021

Context:
Sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB) taxes offer a promising public health strategy to decrease consumption of sugary beverages. To date, 7 US cities have successfully implemented SSB taxes; however, only a few studies have examined adoption and implementation processes.

Objectives:
To describe public health and policy lessons learned during the first 2.5 years of implementation of the Oakland, California, penny-per-ounce SSB tax, Measure HH.

Design:
A mixed-methods, longitudinal, qualitative case study was conducted using a combination of key informant interviews with implementation stakeholders as well as analyses of archival documents and media documents from 2016 to 2019. Interviews were digitally recorded and professionally transcribed. Interview transcripts, archival documents, and media documents were analyzed by 3 coders using Atlas.ti v8. Analyses employed principles of constant comparative analysis to identify themes related to lessons learned.

Setting:
Oakland, California.

Participants:
Key informants (n = 15), archival documents (n = 43), and media documents (n = 90).

Intervention:
Oakland, California's SSB tax (Measure HH).

Results:
Implementation lessons included both success stories and challenges. Successes included contracting a third-party tax administrator to support tax collection and education; leveraging a pro-tax coalition to counteract industry attacks and to protect tax revenue; and offering “quick win” funding to support local needs. Challenges were associated with implementing a “general” tax versus a “special” tax; the lack of explicit revenue allocation in the ordinance to support city-level implementation and oversight; and, the original ordinance language for tax application to distributors.

Conclusions:
The study offers a range of recommendations—derived from lessons learned over several years of implementation—to policy makers and advocates engaged in SSB tax adoption and implementation efforts in their jurisdictions. SSB tax implementation requires sufficient agency administrative capacity and a strong pro-tax coalition that engages local community organizations to respond to public health needs.
Epidemiology of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Howard Frederick M. , Olopade Olufunmilayo I. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer accounted for 12% of breast cancers diagnosed in the United States from 2012 to 2016, with a 5-year survival 8% to 16% lower than hormone receptor–positive disease. However, preventive and screening strategies remain tailored to the demographics of less lethal luminal cancers. This review examines the ethnic, genetic, and modifiable risk factors associated with triple-negative breast cancer, which providers must recognize to address the societal disparities of this deadly disease. Most notable is that triple-negative cancers disproportionately affect African American women and carriers of germline BRCA and PALB2 mutations. Even controlling for treatment delays, stage, and socioeconomic factors, African Americans with triple-negative breast cancer remain nearly twice as likely to die of their disease. To level the playing field, we must integrate genomic predictors of disease and epidemiologic characteristics of molecular breast cancer subtypes to provide personalized risk assessment, screening, and treatment for each patient.
Obesity and Energy Balance Considerations in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Berger Elizabeth R. , Iyengar Neil M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Obesity is an increasingly prevalent state of energy imbalance that contributes to breast cancer risk and outcomes. The effects of obesity differ by breast cancer subtype and menopause. While most studies have focused on postmenopausal hormone receptor–positive disease, less is known about the relationship between obesity and triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). Here we will review the observations linking obesity to TNBC, the socioeconomic disparities that contribute to obesity-related TNBC, and putative biologic mechanisms. Finally, we will consider the impact of obesity on surgical and medical treatment of TNBC and novel strategies to improve energy balance after cancer diagnosis.
Worldwide relative smoking prevalence among people living with and without HIV
Authors: Johnston Peter I. , Wright Shanie W. , Orr Martin , Pearce Fiona A. , Stevens John W. , Hubbard Richard B. , Collini Paul J. 
Published: January 2021

Objective and design:
People living with HIV (PLH) suffer disproportionately from the chronic diseases exacerbated by smoking tobacco. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to establish the relative prevalence of smoking among PLH.

Methods:
We included observational studies reporting current smoking rates among PLH and comparators without HIV. We searched Medline, EMBASE, LILACS and SciELO from inception to 31 August 2019. We excluded studies that recruited participants with smoking related illness. We used a random effects model to estimate the odds ratio for current smoking in PLH and people without HIV. We used the Newcastle--Ottawa scale to assess methodological bias. We performed subgroup analysis based on sex and WHO region. We quantified heterogeneity with meta-regression and predictive distributions. PROSPERO registration:CRD42016052608.

Results:
We identified 6116 studies and included 37. Of 111 258 PLH compared with 10 961 217 HIV-negative participants pooled odds of smoking were 1.64 [(95% confidence interval, 95% CI: 1.45–1.85) (95% prediction interval: 0.66–4.10, I
2 = 98.1%)]. Odds for men and women living with HIV were 1.68 [(95% CI: 1.44–1.95) (95% prediction interval: 0.71–3.98, I
2 = 91.1%)] and 2.16 [(95% CI: 1.77–2.63) (95% prediction interval: 0.92–5.07, I
2 = 81.7%)] respectively.

Conclusion:
PLH are more likely to be smokers than people without HIV. This finding was true in subgroup analyses of men, women and in four of five WHO regions from which data were available. Meta-regression did not explain heterogeneity, which we attribute to the diversity of PLH populations worldwide. Smoking is a barrier to PLH achieving parity in life expectancy and an important covariate in studies of HIV-associated multimorbidity.