Changes in Registered Nurse Employment and Education Capacity during the COVID‐19 Pandemic and the Risk of Future Shortages
Authors: Spetz Joanne 
Published: September 2021

Research ObjectiveDuring the first months of the COVID‐19 pandemic, numerous concerns about the nursing workforce were reported. Nursing education programs have reported that their students were not able to continue their clinical education due to worries about infection risks within hospitals and some have cancelled or reduced entering cohorts. At the same time, anecdotal reports suggested that some RNs near retirement chose to retire early to reduce the risk of infection with SARS‐Cov2. These changes, if true, could undermine the progress made over the past 20 years toward a balanced nursing labor market and lead to shortages of RNs in the near future.Study DesignThis study uses data from two surveys conducted in California to assess the current and future supply of RNs, and to learn how the coronavirus pandemic is affecting this essential workforce. Early data from two surveys have been analyzed to provide a rapid assessment of the workforce: (1) the biennial Survey of California Registered Nurses, and (2) the Board of Registered Nursing Annual Schools Survey. Data from the Survey of California RNs, which is based on a stratified sample of the state's nurses, are weighted to represent the total population of nurses. Analysis methods include tabulating means and frequency distributions for the 2020 surveys and comparing the results to prior years. The data from these surveys are then used in a stock‐and‐flow supply projection model to learn the extent to which RN shortages might emerge in the future.Population StudiedRegistered nurses and nursing education programs in California.Principal FindingsApproximately 2000 RNs responded to the biennial Survey by November 2020. The data indicate that: (1) employment rates of older nurses dropped substantially: 6 percentage points for RNs 60‐64 years old and 10 percentage points for RNs 65 years and older. Employment rates for nurses younger than 30 years also dropped, but not significantly. Employment of nurses 30‐49 years increased approximately 6 percentage points, making up for the decreases of older RNs. Among RNs 55‐64 years old, the percent reporting they intend to retire or leave nursing within two years increased from 11.4% in 2018 to 24.5% in 2020.The survey of RN education programs finds that 16 of California's 147 nursing programs skipped a cohort of students in 2020 and another 18 programs enrolled fewer students than the prior academic year. The estimated decrease in students statewide is approximately 350 ‐ 2.3% of ~15,000 new enrollments in 2018‐2019.ConclusionsAlthough RN enrollments decreased only negligibly, the rapid decrease in employment of older nurses and increase in projected retirements suggest that RN shortages may rapidly emerge.Implications for Policy or PracticeOver the past five years, hospitals have been increasingly uninterested in hiring newly‐graduated nurses, even while reporting shortages of experienced RNs. Hospitals need to rapidly hire newly‐graduated RNs in order to compensate for the rapid outflow of older RNs from the labor supply.