bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Semiotics of Love
Authors: Danesi Marcel 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Rituals, symbols, art forms, and narratives devoted to celebrating and reflecting upon the meanings of romantic love have existed throughout time and across cultural spaces. Deciphering those meanings concerns semiotics, the science of interpretation. This chapter deals with the meanings of love as they present themselves in diverse representational forms across the world in order to understand what they tell us about love as a universal emotional phenomenon. The practices, symbols, and cultural texts derived from the feelings evoked by romantic love suggest, clearly, that it is more than a reaction to sexual instincts and urges. This is perhaps why love-based traditions have brought about social revolutions and have had effects on how we have evolved psychologically and culturally. The actual biological source of love remains a mystery, but we can unravel its raison d’être somewhat by understanding why it is so meaningful for all of us.
Sexuality and Translation: Rewriting Identities and Desires
Authors: Santaemilia José 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a panorama of research on sexuality and translation, a promising field of research still underexamined. Two directions are identified: the translation of sexuality and the sexualization of translation. The cooperation between disciplines has generated a number of new areas of study, including erotic/pornographic translation, (self)censorship in translation, and gay/queer translation. These promising lines of inquiry are briefly presented, and a few examples of analyses are added. Though much more work is needed, the critical alliance of translation and sexuality seems to be offering valuable insights into the ideological construction of a given society, particularly into the endless (re)writings of sexual identities, desires, and pleasures. Whether they will constitute a proper interdiscipline—in terms of a common focus or methodologies—remains to be seen.
Mediated Discourse Analysis in Language and Sexuality Research
Authors: Jones Rodney H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines some of the main theoretical principles and analytical procedures of mediated discourse analysis and illustrates how they can be applied to studies of language and sexuality. Where mediated discourse analysis differs from other approaches to language and sexuality is its focus on the concrete social actions that people take in their lives, like putting on a condom or sharing a dick pic. The approach asks how language and other cultural tools that people have available to them make these actions possible, and, how through their actions, people reproduce or “technologize” these cultural tools so that they can be taken up and used in future actions. Sexuality emerges through a process of making our bodies (and parts of our bodies) meaningful in the ongoing negotiation of mediated actions through processes of entextualization, appropriation, and recontextualization.
Introduction
Authors: Richmond Oliver P. , Visoka Gëzim 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter offers an overview of the key concepts and themes covered in the Handbook. The first section explores how peacebuilding, statebuilding, and peace formation are conceived in different international relations approaches and social science disciplines, offering an overview of the conceptual bedrock of major theories and approaches. The second section situates these approaches among other major global issues to illustrate their global, regional, and local resonance. The third section disaggregates key themes in peacebuilding and statebuilding studies. Finally, the fourth section looks at key features of postliberal peace and peace formation processes both in theory and in practice.
Pacifism in International Relations
Authors: Jackson Richard 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to explore the contribution of pacifism to international relations (IR), and in particular to demonstrate its relevance to discussions around peacebuilding, statebuilding, and peace formation. The chapter argues that despite its currently subjugated status within IR, as a form of theory rooted in a real-world critique of violence and its effects and in the historical practices of peacemaking and nonviolent resistance, pacifism is ideally placed to offer insights and suggestions for both practitioners and theorists of peacebuilding. The chapter begins by explaining what pacifism is, its main types and approaches, and offers a brief outline of the history and legacy of pacifism in IR, some of the main objections to pacifism, and some answers given by pacifists to these criticisms. The chapter goes on to explore what pacifism can contribute to IR by way of, first, a critique of violence, power, and just war theory and, second, positive contributions to discussions of power and agency, security, civilian protection, peacebuilding, statebuilding, and peace formation. The chapter makes the case that pacifism is a credible and insightful approach to IR that should be taken far more seriously than it is. Moreover, the current historical juncture provides an ideal moment for the return of pacifism to IR, although there are a number of serious challenges it will first have to surmount.
Rising Powers and Peacebuilding
Authors: Kenkel Kai Michael 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Over the past two decades, a number of states have risen to take on substantial roles in peacebuilding efforts across the globe. China, Brazil, India, South Africa, and Turkey, among others, have become major players in their regions and beyond. This chapter analyzes how peacebuilding serves as the locus for these states to contest the rules underpinning the international order and to stake their claim to influence. These states have to date worked within the dominant liberal paradigm rather than revamping it; thus they have brought significant improvements in legitimacy and efficacy through their domestic experiences. The chapter identifies the commonalities that Southern rising powers apply to peacebuilding, as well as divergent characteristics that hamper its spread. It provides a definition of this class of states apt for analyzing their peace policies and crystallizes elements of a Southern-based rising-power contribution to global peace. Examples are given of how these states have sought to multilateralize their cooperation and act consistently within the United Nations. The analysis then takes a closer look at the practices of Brazil and India, two major rising powers from the Global South.
Peace, Intervention, and State Fragility
Authors: Lemay-Hébert Nicolas 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between discourses of state fragility and peacebuilding and statebuilding interventions. The chapter covers two different (yet compatible) discourses of state fragility and intervention. The first one is grounded in the modern episteme, based on a dichotomy between strong and weak states through state rankings and fragile states listings that legitimize intervention in these weak states. The second one is an emerging discourse on risk and resilience, with more fluid understandings of fragility that go beyond the dichotomy of strong versus weak states, but also opens up new interventionary possibilities for international actors. The chapter takes stock of these discourses, emphasizing commonalities and divergences between them, as well as the repercussions for the peacebuilding and statebuilding practice and academic literature.
Terrorism and Peacebuilding
Authors: Tellidis Ioannis 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between terrorism studies and the practice(s) of counterterrorism, and peace studies and the practice(s) of peacebuilding. The chapter seeks to uncover the political implications of the conceptualizations of both “terrorism” and “peace” in order to evaluate how peace was sought (or not) to be built in terrorist conflicts. A brief chronology of long-established approaches in each field uncovers the basic deficiencies in approaches to these two concepts by both academics and practitioners, resulting in a shared definition of objectives: counterterrorism’s preoccupation with the annihilation of terrorists, and peacebuilding’s anxiety with domination and imposition; as a consequence, both of these fail to provide anything other than a victor’s peace. The emergence of more critical approaches in both fields has begun to rectify those understandings, but more daring epistemological and methodological steps need to be undertaken. The chapter concludes by identifying some of the obstacles and limitations facing these more recent approaches and tries to identify the scope of future research.
Peacekeeping
Authors: Pugh Michael 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
International peacekeeping after the Second World War began as a modest means of subduing conflicts between states and grew in importance, partly to facilitate processes of decolonization. This analysis pays particular attention to the concept of peacekeeping and its evolution in the light of conflict within states, the majority of which had achieved sovereign independence from imperial rule in the years after 1939. Paradoxically, former colonies came to dominate force contributions to UN operations. Another aspect explored is the aspiration for peacekeeping to require “robust” mandates against terrorism or counterinsurgency and for protecting civilians. By the 2000s peacekeeping formed the keystone of a UN integrated crisis management “architecture” to support peacebuilding and neoliberal economic development. The chapter contends that while peacekeeping had undoubtedly secured many lives, its relationship to peacebuilding broadly sustained asymmetries and inequalities in the global system.
Power-Sharing in Divided Societies
Authors: Doyle John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Peacebuilding—in one form or another—is likely to persist for the duration of a liberal world order. Power-sharing models of government as a contribution to peacemaking have dominated constitutional design since the mid-1990s, but they remain highly contested. Consociational power-sharing offers a means to move beyond armed conflict acceptable to political actors, for whom a return to hegemonic majoritarianism is unacceptable and a hope of conflict transformation too distant. Critics claim that it locks in divided identities and prevents other options emerging. This chapter argues that the causal impact of power-sharing in cases such as Bosnia and Herzegovina, compared to other features of these conflicts, such as excessive canonization, is not clear-cut and that in other situations, such as Northern Ireland, the outcomes are more positive. Basing each cycle of power-sharing executive formation on the results of the previous election rather than historic balances of power or population can facilitate internal electoral competition within political communities and the emergence of new parties outside of the traditional political divisions. It could also facilitate other forms of representation, such as gender quotas. The external influences on power-sharing and international intervention are not well explored, and engaging with the “local turn” in peacemaking could allow a better understanding of the positive and negative factors in the interaction between external support and local agency.
Democratization and Peacebuilding
Authors: Zürcher Christoph 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Major peacebuilding missions seek not only to end wars but also to build institutions for democratic governance. But while peacebuilding is often successful in ending wars, it rarely leads to democratic postwar regimes. Only two host countries of major peacebuilding missions since 1989 became liberal democracies, and only seven met the more lenient standard of electoral democracies. Elites in postwar countries rarely demand democracy because the adoption costs are too high. Democratization is often perceived as a security risk, and as a threat to the prevailing patronage system on which political elites in many postwar countries rely. Adoption costs are low only when democratization is linked to a war for independence or when democracy is seen as a way out of a stalemate. Peacebuilders rarely use their leverage over local elites in order to push for democratic reforms because they prioritize stability over democratic reforms, Also, they depend on local elites for carrying out their programs and very rarely apply conditionality. As a result, democratization within peacebuilding mission rarely leads to more democratic regimes.
Foreign Aid and Peacebuilding
Authors: Gisselquist Rachel M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Foreign aid is a core component of peacebuilding and among the largest external financial flows to fragile states and conflict-affected areas. Nevertheless, troubling critiques have been raised about its overall impact and effectiveness. Some of the most troubling speak to whether it has succeeded even to do no harm. These important critiques notwithstanding, aid has also played a positive role in many countries. Given that improving aid for peacebuilding is a clear priority for global development, building a base of knowledge that informs better aid interventions is a priority for future research. It is important to better understand not only what has not worked but also what has worked, why, and the likely transferability of findings to other contexts. This chapter begins with consideration of the role of aid in conflict-affected societies and the ways in which aid may support peacebuilding. It then turns to why aid may not realize such positive impact, including the challenges of aid effectiveness in weak states and key (unintended) negative impacts on public accountability, state capabilities, and violence. It discusses how to improve aid impact and effectiveness, focusing on issues of context, local ownership, and building state capabilities.
Religion and Peacebuilding
Authors: Brewer John D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between religion and politics through the lens of religious peacebuilding. Instead of asking the usual question of what happens to politics when it is infused with religion, it explores what happens to religion when it becomes politicized. Politicized religion distorts the meaning and practice of religion, one consequence of which is to constrain the potential for religious peacebuilding. Instead of becoming part of the solution in conflict transformation, politicized religion becomes part of the problem. The chapter goes on to discuss the far greater role religion has played in transitional justice.
Hybrid Political Orders and Customary Peace
Authors: Boege Volker 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Flowing from a critique of liberal peacebuilding-as-statebuilding, this chapter builds a case for acknowledging the significance of customary or “traditional” forms of governance and peace in hybrid political orders. Situated in the context of the local and ethnographic turn in peacebuilding studies, its focus is on the customary “local local”—the societal networks, institutions, and actors that shape peace and order for large sections of the populace in many postcolonial countries, beyond the realm of state, market economy, and civil society. It is demonstrated that customary peace, grounded in indigenous concepts of reconciliation and customary law, is an integral dimension of today’s hybrid political orders, and that while it is itself imbued with hybridity it in turn permeates these hybrid orders. Taking customary peace seriously and engaging with it would have fundamental implications for the wider debate about, and the praxis of, peacebuilding and statebuilding.
Emancipatory Peace
Authors: Visoka Gëzim 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The quest for emancipation remains an aspirational project in critical peace and conflict studies. Recently, however, new proposals for emancipatory peace have emerged in conflict-affected societies. This chapter gives an overview of different visions of emancipatory peace and examines their key features. Whereas, for the proponents of liberal peace, local subjects need to be freed from the local practices, identities, habits, and structures that have caused violent conflict in the first place, critical scholars focus their emancipatory project on the importance of not only tackling the root causes of conflict but also unmaking the negative legacies of liberal peacebuilding’s failed attempts to resolve the tier-one suppressive structures. The first part of the chapter briefly outlines the significance of emancipation for different strands of critical theory. The tensions between deconstructive and reconstructive modes of critique will be examined to shed light on the extent to which critical theory can contribute to the development of emancipatory knowledge for social and political change. The discussion then surveys the early critiques of liberal peacebuilding and outlines some of the emerging visions of what emancipatory peace would look like in conflict-affected societies. Finally, the chapter traces some of the critiques of and responses to the visions of an emancipatory peace, and it concludes by exploring the limits of existing work in critical peace and conflict studies and exploring ideas for a future direction.
Protection of Civilians
Authors: Kilroy Walt 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The protection of civilians was first included the mandate of a UN peacekeeping operation in 1999, and has since become a standard item on the list of tasks for integrated missions. The wording of the mandates has also become more ambitious, and force is not only permitted but has been used in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in tackling armed groups that were preying on civilians. Protecting civilians from direct physical violence is not simply a military matter, and it includes promoting political processes and improving the human rights environment. But the possibility of UN peacekeepers using force is a further step in the fundamental changes seen in peace operations since they began as a cautious, neutral presence where peace was already in place. Protecting civilians goes to the heart of peacekeeping, with very real dilemmas on whether and how to act. There can be significant consequences for civilians and conflict dynamics, whatever decisions are made.
Ethnographic Peace Research
Authors: Millar Gearoid 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to ethnographic peace research (EPR) and an argument in favor of its use as a key methodological extension of the recent turn to the local in peace and conflict studies. EPR is primarily an attempt to promote a forceful and rigorous research agenda that centralizes local experiences, perceptions, concepts, and understandings within research regarding conflict, violence, and peace. The original contribution here is the delineation of EPR into three different forms, described as its evaluative, scholarly, and active registers. As described, each of these has different goals and target audiences and demands different depths of analysis and levels of reflection. This new typology therefore identifies the benefits of EPR when applied in response to different demands, conducted for different purposes, and with different audiences in mind.
The Evolving State of the State in International Political Economy
Authors: Ba Heather 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Three established conceptions of the nation-state have a long and well-established tradition in the field of International Political Economy (IPE), each aligning with a major research paradigm within IPE or the broader field of international relations: realism, open economy politics, and constructivism. A fourth, emerging, research paradigm called the “New Interdependence Approach” or the “Political Economy of Complex Interdependence” offers a promising new conceptualization of the nation-state that encompasses the best insights offered by traditional paradigms. This article reviews the evolution of scholarly thinking about the nation-state within the field of IPE and proposes a new, more encompassing conception of the nation-state as a cross-section of the international political economy multiplex.
Non-Governmental Organizations
Authors: Bloodgood Elizabeth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Research on non-governmental organizations (NGOs, often international NGOs, or INGOs) has advanced over the last several decades from demonstrating that NGOs matter in shaping economic development and foreign aid to examining the potential for NGOs to advocate for new rights, set standards for environmental protections, and establish alternative economic arrangements in international relations. The study of NGOs as organizations has opened their potential as interest groups as well as economic actors in their own rights. Moving forward, new data and new theory is needed to fully develop International Political Economy (IPE) understandings of NGO motives, intentions, strategies, and power in global governance.
Development Policy
Authors: Huh Seung-Uk , Winters Matthew S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A variety of policies implemented by the wealthy countries of the world can have an impact on economic development in poor countries. We argue that the field of international political economy has underinvested in studying the determinants of non-foreign-aid policies that affect development. We review literature from a set of eight policy areas where there are identifiable development consequences and discuss the findings of the International Political Economy (IPE) literature with regard to policy origins, changes, and consequences. We find a consistent role of non-governmental organization (NGO) pressure on wealthy-country governments in bringing about pro-development policies, although we also identify instances where pro-development policies originate in domestic and strategic interests. Overall, we argue that there is significant space for additional exploration through a development lens of how policies come into being in the wealthy countries of the world.
Christology and Revelation
Authors: Narcisse Gilbert 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
From the outset Christianity had a proper name in its signature: Christ. Christians are the disciples of Christ, those who gain reward from the Revelation done in and through Christ. From the New Testament to the Second Vatican Council, this Christian identity is expressed in terms of fullness. Christ is the fullness, or plenitude, of Revelation: ‘full of grace and truth’ (John 1:14). Thus, understanding the bond between Christology and Revelation comes down to grasping this fullness and the correlation between the fullness of Revelation and the fullness of Christ.