bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revising the Effects of Local and Remote Atmospheric Forcing on the Atlantic Jet and Western Alboran Gyre Dynamics
Authors: Bolado‐Penagos M. , Sala I. , Gomiz‐Pascual J. J. , Romero‐Cózar J. , González‐Fernández D. , Reyes‐Pérez J. , Vázquez A. , Bruno M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe main objective of the present study is to gain insight into the response of the Atlantic Jet (AJ) to the atmospheric forcing, in order to understand the hydrodynamic processes behind its disconnection from the Western Alboran Gyre (WAG) and the eastward displacement of the latter. An analysis was carried out based on observations of high frequency radar (HFR) derived currents and sea level, numerical model simulations and satellite imagery, with particular focus on the events of intense and endured easterlies. Among the main factors that characterize the atmospheric forcing linked to intense and persistent easterly wind events, the conjugation of the direct local wind forcing effect on the Atlantic Inflow (AI) on the eastern side of the Strait of Gibraltar and the response of the coastal waters in the northwestern (NW) corner of the Alboran Sea to the wind forcing over the Alboran Sea are of particular interest. In addition, the effect of the elevation surges in the Strait coming from the western Mediterranean Sea on reducing the AI intensity must be taken into account. These surges appear in coincidence with the establishment of persistent and intense easterlies over the Alboran Sea. The alteration of the AJ‐WAG system in response to this forcing causes important changes in the phytoplankton distributions in the Alboran Sea. After the events of persistent and intense easterlies the phytoplankton accumulations in the NW Alboran Sea are displaced offshore and the phytoplankton transported with the AJ is injected toward the central zone of the WAG.
Validation and Calibration of Nadir SWH Products From CFOSAT and HY‐2B With Satellites and In Situ Observations
Authors: Li Xiuzhong , Xu Ying , Liu Baochang , Lin Wenming , He Yijun , Liu Jianqiang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe China France Oceanography Satellite (CFOSAT) and Haiyang‐2B (HY‐2B) satellites were successively launched in China on the 29th and 25th of October 2018, respectively. HY‐2 B carries the second Chinese radar altimeter along with three other microwave sensors, whereas CFOSAT contains the first Surface Waves Investigation and Monitoring (SWIM) instrument and a fan beam rotating scatterometer. As missions for measuring the dynamic marine environment, both satellites can measure the nadir significant wave height (SWH). For data obtained from a newly launched satellite to be utilized with confidence, the quality of SWH from the two satellites requires validation. In this study, the HY‐2B altimeter and CFOSAT nadir SWHs have been validated against the National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoys and the Jason‐3 altimeter SWH data, respectively, which resulted in CFOSAT nadir SWH having the best accuracy and HY‐2B having the best precision. The SWHs of the two missions are also calibrated by Jason‐3 and NDBC buoys. Following calibration, the root mean square error (RMSE) of CFOSAT and HY‐2B are 0.21 and 0.27 m, respectively, when compared to Jason‐3, and 0.23 and 0.30 m, respectively, compared to the buoys. Our results show that the two missions can provide good‐quality SWH and can be relied upon as a new data resource of global SWH.
An Overview of Atmospheric Features Over the Western North Atlantic Ocean and North American East Coast—Part 2: Circulation, Boundary Layer, and Clouds
Authors: Painemal David , Corral Andrea F. , Sorooshian Armin , Brunke Michael A. , Chellappan Seethala , Afzali Gorooh Vesta , Ham Seung‐Hee , O'Neill Larry , Smith William L. , Tselioudis George , Wang Hailong , Zeng Xubin , Zuidema Paquita 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Western North Atlantic Ocean (WNAO) is a complex land‐ocean‐atmosphere system that experiences a broad range of atmospheric phenomena, which in turn drive unique aerosol transport pathways, cloud morphologies, and boundary layer variability. This work, Part 2 of a 2‐part paper series, provides an overview of the atmospheric circulation, boundary layer variability, three‐dimensional cloud structure, and precipitation over the WNAO; the companion paper (Part 1) focused on chemical characterization of aerosols, gases, and wet deposition. Seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and sea surface temperature explain a clear transition in cloud morphologies from small shallow cumulus clouds, convective clouds, and tropical storms in summer, to stratus/stratocumulus and multilayer cloud systems associated with winter storms. Synoptic variability in cloud fields is estimated using satellite‐based weather states, and the role of postfrontal conditions (cold‐air outbreaks) in the development of stratiform clouds is further analyzed. Precipitation is persistent over the ocean, with a regional peak over the Gulf Stream path, where offshore sea surface temperature gradients are large and surface fluxes reach a regional peak. Satellite data show a clear annual cycle in cloud droplet number concentration with maxima (minima) along the coast in winter (summer), suggesting a marked annual cycle in aerosol‐cloud interactions. Compared with satellite cloud retrievals, four climate models qualitatively reproduce the annual cycle in cloud cover and liquid water path, but with large discrepancies across models, especially in the extratropics. The paper concludes with a summary of outstanding issues and recommendations for future work.
Persistent Increases in Nighttime Heat Stress From Urban Expansion Despite Heat Island Mitigation
Authors: Huang Kangning , Lee Xuhui , Stone Brian , Knievel Jason , Bell Michelle L. , Seto Karen C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUrban areas generally have higher near‐surface air temperature and lower air humidity than rural areas. Little is known about how heat stress, the combined effect of high air temperature and high humidity on human physiology, will be affected by future urban land expansion. Here we use a mesoscale numerical weather prediction model to examine the effects of urban land expansion from 2000 to 2050 on heat stress (measured as wet‐bulb globe temperature, WBGT) in the urban areas of China, India, and Nigeria, which are projected to account for one‐third of global urban population growth through 2050. Our results show that urban expansion slightly reduces heat stress during the day (∼0.2°C) but substantially intensifies it at night, by ∼1°C on average and by up to 2–3°C in five mega‐urban regions (MURs). These effects exist with or without climate change induced by rising concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Installing cool roofs—an urban heat island mitigation measures—can reduce the daytime WBGT by 0.5–1°C, partially offsetting the heat stress conditions caused by GHG‐induced climate change. However, even with cool roofs, the nighttime WBGTs are higher by 0.3–0.9°C over the whole countries studied, and by 1–2°C in the MURs under the urban expansion scenario, compared to the situation in which urban areas remain unchanged. These results show that future urban expansion and heat island mitigation can result in potential daytime benefits but also persistent nighttime risks.
Improved Simulations of Global Black Carbon Distributions by Modifying Wet Scavenging Processes in Convective and Mixed‐Phase Clouds
Authors: Liu Mingxu , Matsui Hitoshi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn‐cloud wet scavenging dominates the wet removal of aerosols in the atmosphere, but is not well represented in climate models. Aircraft measurements of black carbon (BC) concentrations suggest that models commonly overestimate BC concentrations in the upper troposphere of the tropics by more than one order of magnitude but underestimate BC burdens in polar latitudes. In this study, we improved the in‐cloud wet scavenging parameterizations for convective clouds and mixed‐phase clouds to better characterize BC abundances in the remote atmosphere (remote oceans and polar regions) with a global model, CAM5‐ATRAS2. The modified wet scavenging processes in the model achieved a more realistic simulation of BC concentrations over both the tropics and the Arctic. The new, unified scheme for vertical transport and wet removal during deep convection generally reproduced the observed low mixing ratios (about 0.1 ng kg−1) of BC in the middle and upper troposphere over the tropics, and the Wegener–Bergeron–Findeisen process (WBF) lowered the wet removal efficiency of BC from mixed‐phase clouds and consequently increased BC burdens in the Arctic by about a factor of 2. The BC direct radiative forcings increased by 20% globally (from 0.26 to 0.31 W m−2), and more importantly by a factor of 2 in the Arctic (from 0.09 to 0.18 W m−2). Our results indicated that good agreement between modeled and observed BC concentrations could be obtained in the remote atmosphere without requiring the relatively short global BC lifetime (∼4 days) suggested by previous studies.
Influence of Large‐Scale Circulation Patterns on Compound Dry and Hot Events in China
Authors: Wu Xinying , Hao Zengchao , Hao Fanghua , Zhang Xuan , Singh Vijay P. , Sun Cheng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCompound weather and climate events, which may cause devastating impacts on economic and social development, have become major threats in the twenty‐first century, especially to countries with complex climate and terrain like China. A better understanding of the driving factors of compound weather and climate events is essential for reducing their impacts, which remains overall lacking. In this study, we evaluate the potential influence of large‐scale circulation patterns on compound dry and hot events (CDHEs) during summer for the period 1921–2016 in mainland China using the composite analysis. Furthermore, the logistic regression model and correlation analysis are also used to confirm the result. The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation is found to affect CDHEs for about 18.52% of mainland China, followed by North Atlantic Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation accounting for about 14.64% and 12.96%, respectively. El Niño–Southern Oscillation affects CDHEs for small areas (about 5.27%). In general, regions with significant impacts of these indices from the three methods are overall consistent (mainly shown in northern parts of mainland China) with relatively larger areas estimated from the correlation analysis. These results are expected to be helpful for understanding occurrences of CDHEs and mitigating their negative impacts in China.
On the Effect of Magnetospheric Shielding on the Lunar Hydrogen Cycle
Authors: Tucker O. J. , Farrell W. M. , Poppe A. R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe global distribution of surficial hydroxyl on the Moon is hypothesized to be derived from the implantation of solar wind protons. As the Moon traverses the geomagnetic tail, it is generally shielded from the solar wind; therefore, the concentration of hydrogen is expected to decrease during full Moon. A Monte Carlo approach is used to model the diffusion of implanted hydrogen atoms in the regolith as they form metastable bonds with O atoms, and the subsequent degassing of H2 into the exosphere. We quantify the expected change in the surface OH and the H2 exosphere using averaged SW proton flux obtained from the Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence, and Electrodynamics of the Moon's Interaction with the Sun (ARTEMIS) measurements. At lunar local noon, there is a small difference <∼10 ppm between the surface concentrations in the tail compared to out. However, the cumulative effect of traversing the magnetotail is a surface concentration depleted by ∼60 ppm for a region of the surface that spends most of its time in the lunar wake (waning gibbous to waxing crescent) on the nightside during time periods when Moon is exposed to unperturbed solar wind. The H2 exosphere decreased by approximately an order of magnitude while in the magnetotail due to the decreased proton flux. The model results are consistent with preliminary exospheric observations obtained by both the (Lyman Alpha Mapping Project on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter) LAMP observations and mass spectrometer measurements by the Chandrayaan‐I Altitudinal Composition Explorer (CHACE).
An Evolving Understanding of Enigmatic Large Ripples on Mars
Authors: Lapôtre Mathieu G. A. , Ewing Ryan C. , Lamb Michael P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTwo scales of ripples form in fine sand on Mars. The larger ripples were proposed to have an equilibrium size set by an aerodynamic process, making them larger under thinner atmospheres and distinct from smaller impact ripples. Sullivan et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020JE006485) show that large ripples can develop in a numerical model due to Mars’ low atmospheric pressure. Although their proposed growth‐limiting mechanism is consistent with an aerodynamic process, they argue that the ripples in their model are simply large versions of impact ripples, not a separate class of ripples. Here, we explore this debate by synthesizing recent advances in large‐ripple formation (including initiation and subsequent evolution to equilibrium). Although significant knowledge gaps remain, it is clear that large Martian ripples in well sorted sand are larger under thinner atmospheres, and thus remain a powerful paleoclimate indicator.
A Parameterization of Turbulent Dissipation and Pressure Damping Time Scales in Stably Stratified Inversions, and its Effects on Low Clouds in Global Simulations
Authors: Guo Zhun , Griffin Brian M. , Domke Steffen , Larson Vincent E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIt is difficult for coarse‐resolution global models of the atmosphere to accurately simulate the observed distribution of low clouds. In particular, it is difficult for moist turbulence closure models to simulate sufficiently bright near‐coastal stratocumulus (Sc) without simulating overly bright marine shallow cumuli (Cu). To parameterize bright Sc, a turbulence parameterization must damp the turbulent fluxes of heat and moisture above cloud top in order to prevent excessive entrainment of dry air into cloud top. To parameterize dim shallow Cu, the subgrid variances of temperature and moisture must remain large, in order to permit partial cloudiness. However, damping the fluxes but not the variances just above cloud top is difficult if a parameterization uses a single “master” time scale to damp both. In nature, the above‐cloud fluxes are damped by pressure fluctuations, whereas scalar variances are damped by a different process, namely, turbulent dissipation. In a stably stratified inversion above cloud, pressure damping is large but turbulent dissipation is small. To avoid this problem, a multitime scale parameterization for damping has been developed. The damping parameterization has been implemented in a global model and evaluated. The parameterization is capable of dimming shallow Cu while producing adequately bright Sc.
Estimation of the carrier frequencies and proportions of potential patients by detecting causative gene variants associated with autosomal recessive bone dysplasia using a whole-genome reference panel of Japanese individuals
Authors: Nagaoka Shinichi , Yamaguchi-Kabata Yumi , Shiga Naomi , Tachibana Masahito , Yasuda Jun , Tadaka Shu , Tamiya Gen , Fuse Nobuo , Kinoshita Kengo , Kure Shigeo , Murotsuki Jun , Yamamoto Masayuki , Yaegashi Nobuo , Sugawara Junichi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBone dysplasias are a group of rare hereditary diseases, with up to 436 disease types. Perinatal diagnosis is clinically important for adequate personalized management and counseling. There are no reports focused on pathogenic variants of bone dysplasias in the general population. In this study, we focused on autosomal recessive bone dysplasias. We identified pathogenic variants using whole-genome reference panel data from 3552 Japanese individuals. For the first time, we were able to estimate the carrier frequencies and the proportions of potential patients. For autosomal recessive bone dysplasias, we detected 198 pathogenic variants of 54 causative genes. We estimated the variant carrier frequencies and the proportions of potential patients with variants associated with four clinically important bone dysplasias: osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), hypophosphatasia (HPP), asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia (ATD), and Ellis–van Creveld syndrome (EvC). The proportions of potential patients with OI, ATD, and EvC based on pathogenic variants classified as “pathogenic” and “likely pathogenic” by InterVar were closer to the reported incidence rates in Japanese subjects. Furthermore, the proportions of potential patients with HPP variants classified as “pathogenic” and “likely pathogenic” in InterVar and “pathogenic” in ClinVar were closer to the reported incidence rates. For bone dysplasia, the findings of this study will provide a better understanding of the variant types and frequencies in the Japanese general population, and should be useful for clinical diagnosis, genetic counseling, and personalized medicine.
Irreversibility in dynamical phases and transitions
Authors: Seara Daniel S. , Machta Benjamin B. , Murrell Michael P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLiving and non-living active matter consumes energy at the microscopic scale to drive emergent, macroscopic behavior including traveling waves and coherent oscillations. Recent work has characterized non-equilibrium systems by their total energy dissipation, but little has been said about how dissipation manifests in distinct spatiotemporal patterns. We introduce a measure of irreversibility we term the entropy production factor to quantify how time reversal symmetry is broken in field theories across scales. We use this scalar, dimensionless function to characterize a dynamical phase transition in simulations of the Brusselator, a prototypical biochemically motivated non-linear oscillator. We measure the total energetic cost of establishing synchronized biochemical oscillations while simultaneously quantifying the distribution of irreversibility across spatiotemporal frequencies.
Cell culture NAIL-MS allows insight into human tRNA and rRNA modification dynamics in vivo
Authors: Heiss Matthias , Hagelskamp Felix , Marchand Virginie , Motorin Yuri , Kellner Stefanie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRecently, studies about RNA modification dynamics in human RNAs are among the most controversially discussed. As a main reason, we identified the unavailability of a technique which allows the investigation of the temporal processing of RNA transcripts. Here, we present nucleic acid isotope labeling coupled mass spectrometry (NAIL-MS) for efficient, monoisotopic stable isotope labeling in both RNA and DNA in standard cell culture. We design pulse chase experiments and study the temporal placement of modified nucleosides in tRNAPhe and 18S rRNA. In existing RNAs, we observe a time-dependent constant loss of modified nucleosides which is masked by post-transcriptional methylation mechanisms and thus undetectable without NAIL-MS. During alkylation stress, NAIL-MS reveals an adaptation of tRNA modifications in new transcripts but not existing ones. Overall, we present a fast and reliable stable isotope labeling strategy which allows in-depth study of RNA modification dynamics in human cell culture.
Temporal changes in global soil respiration since 1987
Authors: Lei Jiesi , Guo Xue , Zeng Yufei , Zhou Jizhong , Gao Qun , Yang Yunfeng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAs the second-largest terrestrial carbon (C) flux, soil respiration (RS) has been stimulated by climate warming. However, the magnitude and dynamics of such stimulations of soil respiration are highly uncertain at the global scale, undermining our confidence in future climate projections. Here, we present an analysis of globalRSobservations from 1987–2016.RSincreased (P < 0.001) at a rate of 27.66 g C m−2 yr−2(equivalent to 0.161 Pg C yr−2) in 1987–1999 globally but became unchanged in 2000–2016, which were related to complex temporal variations of temperature anomalies and soil C stocks. However, global heterotrophic respiration (Rh) derived from microbial decomposition of soil C increased in 1987–2016 (P < 0.001), suggesting accumulated soil C losses. Given the warmest years on records after 2015, our modeling analysis shows a possible resuscitation of globalRSrise. This study of naturally occurring shifts inRSover recent decades has provided invaluable insights for designing more effective policies addressing future climate challenges.
High-pressure phase diagrams of FeSe1−xTex: correlation between suppressed nematicity and enhanced superconductivity
Authors: Mukasa K. , Matsuura K. , Qiu M. , Saito M. , Sugimura Y. , Ishida K. , Otani M. , Onishi Y. , Mizukami Y. , Hashimoto K. , Gouchi J. , Kumai R. , Uwatoko Y. , Shibauchi T. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe interplay among magnetism, electronic nematicity, and superconductivity is the key issue in strongly correlated materials including iron-based, cuprate, and heavy-fermion superconductors. Magnetic fluctuations have been widely discussed as a pairing mechanism of unconventional superconductivity, but recent theory predicts that quantum fluctuations of nematic order may also promote high-temperature superconductivity. This has been studied in FeSe1−xSx superconductors exhibiting nonmagnetic nematic and pressure-induced antiferromagnetic orders, but its abrupt suppression of superconductivity at the nematic end point leaves the nematic-fluctuation driven superconductivity unconfirmed. Here we report on systematic studies of high-pressure phase diagrams up to 8 GPa in high-quality single crystals of FeSe1−xTex. When Te composition x(Te) becomes larger than 0.1, the high-pressure magnetic order disappears, whereas the pressure-induced superconducting dome near the nematic end point is continuously found up to x(Te) ≈ 0.5. In contrast to FeSe1−xSx, enhanced superconductivity in FeSe1−xTex does not correlate with magnetism but with the suppression of nematicity, highlighting the paramount role of nonmagnetic nematic fluctuations for high-temperature superconductivity in this system.
The p63 C-terminus is essential for murine oocyte integrity
Authors: Lena Anna Maria , Rossi Valerio , Osterburg Susanne , Smirnov Artem , Osterburg Christian , Tuppi Marcel , Cappello Angela , Amelio Ivano , Dötsch Volker , De Felici Massimo , Klinger Francesca Gioia , Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli Margherita , Valensise Herbert , Melino Gerry , Candi Eleonora 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe transcription factor p63 mediates distinct cellular responses, primarily regulating epithelial and oocyte biology. In addition to the two amino terminal isoforms, TAp63 and ΔNp63, the 3’-end of p63 mRNA undergoes tissue-specific alternative splicing that leads to several isoforms, including p63α, p63β and p63γ. To investigate in vivo how the different isoforms fulfil distinct functions at the cellular and developmental levels, we developed a mouse model replacing the p63α with p63β by deletion of exon 13 in the Trp63 gene. Here, we report that whereas in two organs physiologically expressing p63α, such as thymus and skin, no abnormalities are detected, total infertility is evident in heterozygous female mice. A sharp reduction in the number of primary oocytes during the first week after birth occurs as a consequence of the enhanced expression of the pro-apoptotic transcriptional targets Puma and Noxa by the tetrameric, constitutively active, TAp63β isoform. Hence, these mice show a condition of ovary dysfunction, resembling human primary ovary insufficiency. Our results show that the p63 C-terminus is essential in TAp63α-expressing primary oocytes to control cell death in vivo, expanding the current understanding of human primary ovarian insufficiency.