bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of a Thermal‐Responsive Dual‐Modal Supramolecular Probe for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Fluorescence Imaging
Authors: Zhou Mi , Li Li , Xie Wensheng , He Zejian , Li Jie 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDual‐modal imaging can integrate the advantages of different imaging technologies, which could improve the accuracy and efficiency of clinical diagnosis. Herein, a novel amphiphilic thermal‐responsive copolymer obtained from three types of monomers, N‐isopropyl acrylamide, 2‐(acetoacetoxy) ethyl methacrylate, and propargyl methacrylate, by RAFT copolymerization, is reported. It can be grafted with β‐cyclodextrin and aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) luminogens tetraphenylethylene by click chemistry and Biginelli reaction. The multifunctional supramolecular polymer (P4) can be constructed by host–guest inclusion between the copolymer and the Gd‐based contrast agent (CA) modified by adamantane [Ad‐(DOTA‐Gd)]. And it can form vesicles with a bilayer structure in aqueous which will enhance the AIE and magnetic resonance imaging effects. As fluorescent thermometer, P4 can enter HeLa cells for intracellular fluorescence imaging (FI) and is sensitive to temperature with detection limit value of 1.5 °C. As magnetic resonance CA, P4 exhibits higher relaxation compared to Magnevist, which can prolong the circulation time in vivo. In addition, Gd3+ in the polymer can be quickly released from the body by disassembly that reduced the biological toxicity. This work introduces new synthetic ideas for dual‐modal probe, which has great potential for clinical diagnostic applications in bioimaging.
Developing Anisotropy in Self‐Assembled Block Copolymers: Methods, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Robertson Mark , Zhou Qingya , Ye Changhuai , Qiang Zhe 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBlock copolymers (BCPs) self‐assembly has continually attracted interest as a means to provide bottom‐up control over nanostructures. While various methods have been demonstrated for efficiently ordering BCP nanodomains, most of them do not generically afford control of nanostructural orientation. For many applications of BCPs, such as energy storage, microelectronics, and separation membranes, alignment of nanodomains is a key requirement for enabling their practical use or enhancing materials performance. This review focuses on summarizing research progress on the development of anisotropy in BCP systems, covering a variety of topics from established aligning techniques, resultant material properties, and the associated applications. Specifically, the significance of aligning nanostructures and the anisotropic properties of BCPs is discussed and highlighted by demonstrating a few promising applications. Finally, the challenges and outlook are presented to further implement aligned BCPs into practical nanotechnological applications, where exciting opportunities exist.
Fruit and Vegetable Consumption is Inversely Associated with Plasma Saturated Fatty Acids at Baseline in Predimed Plus Trial
Authors: Domínguez‐López Inés , Marhuenda‐Muñoz María , Tresserra‐Rimbau Anna , Hernáez Álvaro , Moreno Juan José , Martínez‐González Miguel Ángel , Salas‐Salvadó Jordi , Corella Dolores , Fitó Montserrat , Martínez José Alfredo , Alonso‐Gómez Ángel M. , Wärnberg Julia , Vioque Jesús , Romaguera Dora , López‐Miranda José , Bernal‐Lopez M. Rosa , Lapetra José , Serra‐Majem J. Luís , Bueno‐Cavanillas Aurora , Tur Josep A. , Martín‐Sánchez Vicente , Pintó Xavier , Delgado‐Rodríguez Miguel , Matía‐Martín Pilar , Vidal Josep , Vázquez Clotilde , Daimiel Lidia , Serra‐Mir Mercè , Vázquez‐Ruiz Zenaida , Nishi Stephanie K. , Sorli Jose V. , Castañer Olga , Abete Itziar , Luna Jessica Vaquero , Carabaño‐Moral Rosa , Asencio Alberto , Prohens Lara , Garcia‐Rios Antonio , Casas Rosa , Gomez‐Perez Ana Maria , Santos‐Lozano José Manuel , Razquin Cristina , Martínez María Ángeles , Saiz Carmen , Robledo‐Pastor Vanesa , Zulet María Angeles , Salaverria Itziar , Eguaras Sonia , Babio Nancy , Malcampo Mireia , Ros Emilio , Estruch Ramon , López‐Sabater M. Carmen , Lamuela‐Raventós Rosa M. 
Published: July 2021

ScopePlasma fatty acids (FAs) are associated with the development of cardiovascular diseases and metabolic syndrome. The aim of our study is to assess the relationship between fruit and vegetable (F&V) consumption and plasma FAs and their subtypes.Methods and ResultsPlasma FAs are assessed in a cross‐sectional analysis of a subsample of 240 subjects from the PREDIMED‐Plus study. Participants are categorized into four groups of fruit, vegetable, and fat intake according to the food frequency questionnaire. Plasma FA analysis is performed using gas chromatography. Associations between FAs and F&V consumption are adjusted for age, sex, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), total energy intake, and alcohol consumption. Plasma saturated FAs are lower in groups with high F&V consumption (‐1.20 mg cL−1 [95% CI: [‐2.22, ‐0.18], p‐value = 0.021), especially when fat intake is high (‐1.74 mg cL−1 [95% CI: [‐3.41, ‐0.06], p‐value = 0.042). Total FAs and n‐6 polyunsaturated FAs tend to be lower in high consumers of F&V only in the high‐fat intake groups.ConclusionsF&V consumption is associated with lower plasma saturated FAs when fat intake is high. These findings suggest that F&V consumption may have different associations with plasma FAs depending on their subtype and on the extent of fat intake.
A simplified cascade‐based de‐embedding technique for on‐wafer microwave characterization of thin‐film resistors and transmission lines
Authors: Wei Zhennan , Huang Fengyi , Tang Xusheng , Jiang Nan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA cascade‐based de‐embedding technique is presented for microwave characterization of thin‐film resistors and transmission lines. Parasitic effects of the probe pads, on‐chip interconnects and access via holes can be directly extracted using two devices under test without resorting to any additional Open/Thru dummy structures. The proposed matrix transformation provides a simplified de‐embedding methodology with a high precision similar to the conventional approaches using multiple dummy structures. The validity of the proposed technique has been demonstrated for GaN thin‐film resistors up to 65 GHz.
High‐resolution model‐based material decomposition in dual‐layer flat‐panel CBCT
Authors: Wang Wenying , Ma Yiqun , Tivnan Matthew , Li Junyuan , Gang Grace J. , Zbijewski Wojciech , Lu Minghui , Zhang Jin , Star‐Lack Josh , Colbeth Richard E. , Stayman J. Webster 
Published: July 2021

PurposeSpectral CT uses energy‐dependent measurements that enable material discrimination in addition to reconstruction of structural information. Flat‐panel detectors (FPDs) have been widely used in dedicated and interventional systems to deliver high spatial resolution, volumetric cone‐beam CT (CBCT) in compact and OR‐friendly designs. In this work, we derive a model‐based method that facilitates high‐resolution material decomposition in a spectral CBCT system equipped with a prototype dual‐layer FPD. Through high‐fidelity modeling of multilayer detector, we seek to avoid resolution loss that is present in more traditional processing and decomposition approaches.MethodA physical model for spectral measurements in dual‐layer flat‐panel CBCT is developed including layer‐dependent differences in system geometry, spectral sensitivities, and detector blur (e.g., due to varied scintillator thicknesses). This forward model is integrated into a model‐based material decomposition (MBMD) method based on minimization of a penalized weighted least‐squared (PWLS) objective function. The noise and resolution performance of this approach was compared with traditional projection‐domain decomposition (PDD) and image‐domain decomposition (IDD) approaches as well as one‐step MBMD with lower‐fidelity models that use approximated geometry, projection interpolation, or an idealized system geometry without system blur model. Physical studies using high‐resolution three‐dimensional (3D)‐printed water‐iodine phantoms were conducted to demonstrate the high‐resolution imaging performance of the compared decomposition methods in iodine basis images and synthetic monoenergetic images.ResultsPhysical experiments demonstrate that the MBMD methods incorporating an accurate geometry model can yield higher spatial resolution iodine basis images and synthetic monoenergetic images than PDD and IDD results at the same noise level. MBMD with blur modeling can further improve the spatial‐resolution compared with the decomposition results obtained with IDD, PDD, and MBMD methods with lower‐fidelity models. Using the MBMD without or with blur model can increase the absolute modulation at 1.75 lp/mm by 10% and 22% compared with IDD at the same noise level.ConclusionThe proposed model‐based material decomposition method for a dual‐layer flat‐panel CBCT system has demonstrated an ability to extend high‐resolution performance through sophisticated detector modeling including the layer‐dependent blur. The proposed work has the potential to not only facilitate high‐resolution spectral CT in interventional and dedicated CBCT systems, but may also provide the opportunity to evaluate different flat‐panel design trade‐offs including multilayer FPDs with mismatched geometries, scintillator thicknesses, and spectral sensitivities.
Spirometry‐based reconstruction of real‐time cardiac MRI: Motion control and quantification of heart–lung interactions
Authors: Röwer Lena Maria , Uelwer Tobias , Hußmann Janina , Malik Halima , Eichinger Monika , Voit Dirk , Wielpütz Mark Oliver , Frahm Jens , Harmeling Stefan , Klee Dirk , Pillekamp Frank 
Published: July 2021

PurposeTo test the feasibility of cardiac real‐time MRI in combination with retrospective gating by MR‐compatible spirometry, to improve motion control, and to allow quantification of respiratory‐induced changes during free‐breathing.MethodsCross‐sectional real‐time MRI (1.5T; 30 frames/s) using steady‐state free precession contrast during free‐breathing was combined with MR‐compatible spirometry in healthy adult volunteers (n = 4). Retrospective binning assigned images to classes that were defined by electrocardiogram and spirometry. Left ventricular eccentricity index as an indicator of septal position and ventricular volumes in different respiratory phases were calculated to assess heart–lung interactions.ResultsReal‐time MRI with MR‐compatible spirometry is feasible and well tolerated. Spirometry‐based binning improved motion control significantly. The end‐diastolic epicardial eccentricity index increased significantly during inspiration (1.04 ± 0.04 to 1.19 ± 0.05; P < .05). During inspiration, right ventricular end‐diastolic volume (79 ± 17 mL/m2 to 98 ± 18 mL/m2), stroke volume (41 ± 8 mL/m2 to 59 ± 11 mL/m2) and ejection fraction (53 ± 3% to 60 ± 1%) increased significantly, whereas the end‐systolic volume remained almost unchanged. Left ventricular end‐diastolic volume, left ventricular stroke volume, and left ventricular ejection fraction decreased during inspiration, whereas the left ventricular end‐systolic volume increased. The relationship between stroke volume and end‐diastolic volume (Frank‐Starling relationship) based on changes induced by respiration allowed for a slope estimate of the Frank‐Starling curve to be 0.9 to 1.1.ConclusionReal‐time MRI during free‐breathing combined with MR‐compatible spirometry and retrospective binning improves image stabilization, allows quantitative image analysis, and importantly, offers unique opportunities to judge heart–lung interactions.
Noninvasive assessment of steatosis and viability of cold‐stored human liver grafts by MRI
Authors: Young Liam A. J. , Ceresa Carlo D. L. , Mózes Ferenc E. , Ellis Jane , Valkovič Ladislav , Colling Richard , Coussios Constantin‐C. , Friend Peter J. , Rodgers Christopher T. 
Published: July 2021

PurposeA shortage of suitable donor livers is driving increased use of higher risk livers for transplantation. However, current biomarkers are not sensitive and specific enough to predict posttransplant liver function. This is limiting the expansion of the donor pool. Therefore, better noninvasive tests are required to determine which livers will function following implantation and hence can be safely transplanted. This study assesses the temperature sensitivity of proton density fat fraction and relaxometry parameters and examines their potential for assessment of liver function ex vivo.MethodsSix ex vivo human livers were scanned during static cold storage following normothermic machine perfusion. Proton density fat fraction, T1, T2, andwere measured repeatedly during cooling on ice. Temperature corrections were derived from these measurements for the parameters that showed significant variation with temperature.ResultsStrong linear temperature sensitivities were observed for proton density fat fraction (R2= 0.61,P< .001) and T1(R2= 0.78,P< .001). Temperature correction according to a linear model reduced the coefficient of repeatability in these measurements by 41% and 36%, respectively. No temperature dependence was observed in T2ormeasurements. Comparing livers deemed functional and nonfunctional during normothermic machine perfusion by hemodynamic and biochemical criteria, T1differed significantly: 516 ± 50 ms for functional versus 679 ± 60 ms for nonfunctional,P= .02.ConclusionTemperature correction is essential for robust measurement of proton density fat fraction and T1in cold‐stored human livers. These parameters may provide a noninvasive measure of viability for transplantation.
Coherently strained and dislocation‐free architectured AlGaN/GaN submicron‐sized structures
Authors: Khalilian Maryam , Persson Axel , Lindgren David , Rosén Martin , Lenrick Filip , Colvin Jovana , Ohlsson B. Jonas , Timm Rainer , Wallenberg Reine , Samuelson Lars , Gustafsson Anders 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTo improve the performance and efficiency of Al containing III‐Nitride‐based devices, a number of issues must be addressed, especially the presence and generation of dislocations and other structural defects. The main sources of the dislocations are growth on non‐native substrates and heteroepitaxial growth of lattice‐mismatched layers. We demonstrate the ability to completely avoid structural defects including dislocations in AlxGa1‐xN layers with x up to 0.90 and thicknesses over 100 nm, grown directly on submicron‐sized, flat‐topped GaN platelets. These structures have an excellent homogeneity over an entire array. The GaN platelets were produced by epitaxial growth and reformation of GaN nanowires, effectively blocking the propagation of threading dislocations (TDs) from the underlying substrate. The platelets have a sufficiently small volume to elastically accommodate the strain built up in the architectured AlGaN/GaN heterostructures. Effectively, we have designed a sacrificial nano‐scaled GaN seed, with the ability to be strained by the AlGaN layer grown on top of it. The conditions for the growth of the AlGaN are chosen to avoid the creation of misfit dislocations and other structural defects. These thick and structural defect‐free, submicron‐sized AlGaN/GaN structures may open up a new path for highly efficient electronic and optoelectronic devices. These structures can be used as substrates for light‐emitting diodes and transistors, either as individual devices or arrays in parallel, depending on the need for light output or transistor current.
Working experiences of nurses during the novel coronavirus outbreak: A qualitative study explaining challenges of clinical nursing practice
Authors: Alsolami Fatmah 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimTo explore the clinical working experiences of Saudi nurses during the novel Coronavirus outbreak, identify the challenges and determine how these challenges affect their nursing practice.BackgroundFrom the current experience of working during the novel Coronavirus outbreak, it is statistically significant to identify the challenges that nurses in Saudi Arabia face in their clinical practice and determine how these challenges affected their practice.DesignsA qualitative descriptive study.MethodsAn in‐depth interview with eight Registered Nurses in Saudi Arabia who worked in areas where the novel Coronavirus patients are treated were conducted between 10 and 23 April.ResultsThe following eight major themes were identified from this study: physical exhaustion, fear of infection, providing care with uncertainty, uncomfortable use of personal protective equipment, missed nursing care, prolonged procedures, lack of guidance during the outbreak and lack of managerial support.ConclusionThe results suggest that nurses’ leaders should take active roles in empowering nursing staff. The absence of direct monitoring for nursing performance during their practice compromises patient safety and jeopardises the quality of care through missed nursing care. This study also revealed that nurses who worked during the outbreak need psychological support that can enhance their emotional resilience.
Experiences and needs of home caregivers for enteral nutrition: A systematic review of qualitative research
Authors: Mou Jingjing , Sun Jianan , Zhang Rui , Yang Yang , Yang Wenwen , Zhao Xiaosu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAimsTo systematically identify, evaluate and synthesize the qualitative evidence on enteral nutrition of home caregivers.DesignA qualitative evidence synthesis using the Sandelowski and Barroso methodology.Data SourcesWe reviewed articles from eight databases: CINAHL, Embase, PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, CNKI, Wanfang Data and CSTJ. Qualitative, peer‐reviewed, original studies published in English or Chinese before April 2020 on home caregivers’ experience and needs for enteral nutrition were included. The studies were selected by screening titles, abstracts and full texts, and the quality of each study was assessed by two researchers independently.Review methodsTwo researchers independently used qualitative assessment and review tools for quality assessment and thematic synthesis for data analysis.ResultsThis review included 10 articles. The themes identified included balance the enteral nutrition, the experiences and feelings in practice and the recommendations to meet challenge.ConclusionHome caregivers reported that they played an important role and faced greater pressure. Future studies should establish a systematic and standardized follow‐up schedule to improve home caregivers’ physical and mental health.ImpactThe findings established that home caregivers experienced not only changes in their roles and concerns but also spiritual changes. Home caregivers develop different coping strategies to adapt to enteral nutrition without standardized training and support. Although home caregivers make much account of enteral nutrition and feeding issues, they lack of information and support services. Understanding existing problems from a caregiver's perspective can allow interventions to be more clearly developed and well‐established training standards established in the future.
A positivity‐preserving and energy stable scheme for a quantum diffusion equation
Authors: Huo Xiaokai , Liu Hailiang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe propose a new fully‐discretized finite difference scheme for a quantum diffusion equation, in both one and two dimensions. This is the first fully‐discretized scheme with proven positivity‐preserving and energy stable properties using only standard finite difference discretization. The difficulty in proving the positivity‐preserving property lies in the lack of a maximum principle for fourth order partial differential equations. To overcome this difficulty, we reformulate the scheme as an optimization problem based on a variational structure and use the singular nature of the energy functional near the boundary values to exclude the possibility of non‐positive solutions. The scheme is also shown to be mass conservative and consistent.
One-Step Polymerase Chain Reaction-Free Nanowire-Based Plasma Cell-Free DNA Assay to Detect EML4-ALK Fusion and to Monitor Resistance in Lung Cancer
Authors: Lee Youngjoo , Cho Youngnam , Park Eun Young , Park Seong-Yun , Hwang Kum Hui , Han Ji-Youn 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Next-generation sequencing has mostly been used for genotyping cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in plasma. However, this assay has several clinical limitations. We evaluated the clinical utility of a novel polymerase chain reaction–free nanowire (NW)-based plasma cfDNA assay for detecting ALK fusion and mutations.

Patients, Materials, and Methods
We consecutively enrolled 99 patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer undergoing a fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) test for ALK fusion; ALK-positive (n = 36). The NW-based assay was performed using 50–100 μL of plasma collected at pretreatment and every 8 weeks during ALK inhibitor treatment.

Results
There was high concordance between the NW-based assay and the FISH test for identification of ALK fusion (94.9% with a kappa coefficient value of 0.892, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.799–0.984). There was no difference in the response rate to the first anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibitor between the ALK-positive patients identified by the NW-based assay and by the FISH test (73.5% vs. 72.2%, p = .931). In the ALK variant analysis, variants 1 and 3 subgroups were detected in 27 (75.0%) and 8 (22.2%) patients, respectively. Among 24 patients treated with crizotinib, variant 3 subgroup was associated with worse median overall survival than variant 1 subgroup (36.5 months; 95% CI, 0.09–87.6 vs. 19.8 months; 95% CI, 9.9–not reached, p = .004]. A serial assessment identified that ALK L1196M resistance mutation emerged before radiologic progression during crizotinib treatment.

Conclusion
The newly developed simple NW-based cfDNA assay may be clinically applicable for rapid diagnosis of ALK fusion with its variant forms and early detection of resistance.

Implications for Practice
The authors developed a novel one-step polymerase chain reaction–free nanowire (NW)-based plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) assay. This study evaluated the clinical utility of this novel method for the diagnosis of EML4-ALK fusion in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The NW-based assay and FISH test showed high concordance rate in 99 patients with advanced NSCLC. Serial cfDNA assessment demonstrated this method provided early detection of resistance before radiologic progression during crizotinib treatment. Taken together, plasma cfDNA genotyping by the NW-based cfDNA assay may be useful for the rapid diagnosis of ALK fusion, classifying variants, and early detection of resistance.