bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exige-stential leadership: exploring the limits of leadership in a crisis
Authors: Stoten David William 
Published: February 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore how leadership can better respond to a crisis. It aims to integrate ideas from existentialism into a discussion of how leadership could develop and provoke debate.Design/methodology/approachA review of the literature on leadership, crisis management and existentialism was adopted for the preferred research methodology.FindingsThis paper identified a gap in the literature on leadership in an exigency and offered an alternative to the technical-rationalist conceptions of leadership behaviour.Practical implicationsReference is made to the benefits of counselling for leaders following a crisis.Originality/valueThis paper is an original contribution to the work on leadership. Through the concept of exige-stential leadership, this paper integrates ideas taken from existentialist philosophy, to provide a new way of conceptualising leadership in an exigency.
Evaluation of the COVID-19 regulations in the Visegrad group
Authors: Urbanovics Anna , Sasvári Péter , Teleki Bálint 
Published: February 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the legal and political background of COVID-19 related measures introduced during the first wave of the pandemic in the Visegrad Group. These countries introduced measures within the state of emergency that may be violation against the values of the European Union, such as the rule of law.

Design/methodology/approach
A mixed approach methodology is used. Firstly, the examined countries are analysed and compared from the aspect of constructional law and political science in the form of case studies. Then, empirical research is conducted based on social media analysis limited to Twitter contents.

Findings
The authors found that, however, in every analysed country, the measures challenge the European values these are not expressed in the social media equally. While Slovakia is displayed from a cooperative aspect, the Czech Republic has a few critics. Poland and Hungary have a biased, negative reputation filled with heavy critics.

Research limitations/implications
The limitation of this paper lies in the empirical research, as social media analysis was conducted based on keyword search and within a defined time scope.

Practical implications
Findings help decision-makers concentrate on and modify their communication concerning the extraordinary regulations during a worldwide crisis, such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Social implications
The feedback of social media users analysed is valuable for politicians and government officials as well.

Originality/value
The socio-political impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have not been elaborated in the literature yet with respect to the V4 countries. The V4-countries are a special entity as an intergovernmental platform within the EU, whose reputation as democracies is rather heterogeneous.
Effects of plant hydraulic traits on the flammability of live fine canopy fuels
Authors: Scarff Fiona R. , Lenz Tanja , Richards Anna E. , Zanne Amy E. , Wright Ian J. , Westoby Mark 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Plant species vary in how they regulate moisture and this has implications for their flammability during wildfires. We explored how fuel moisture is shaped by variation within five hydraulic traits: saturated moisture content, cell wall rigidity, cell solute potential, symplastic water fraction and tissue capacitance.

Using pressure–volume curves, we measured these hydraulic traits in twigs and distal shoots (i.e. twigs + leaves) in 62 plant species across four wooded communities in south‐eastern Australia. Moisture content of fine fuels was then estimated for circumstances typical of fire weather. These projections were made assuming that under the hot, dry, windy conditions typical of large wildfires, leaves and fine twigs would function at internal water pressures close to wilting point (i.e. turgor loss point, TLP). The effect of different moisture contents at TLP on ignition time was then modelled using a fully mechanistic, finite element model of biomass ignition based on standard principles of physical chemistry.

We also measured predawn water potential, an indication of plant access to soil water that is influenced by root architecture. These data were used to model how root traits influence fuel moisture and ignition time.

Most variation among species in fuel moisture under fire weather conditions arose from differences in saturated moisture content (3.4‐ to 3.6‐fold variation). Twig capacitance was also an important driver of fuel moisture under these weather conditions (1.9‐ to 2.2‐fold variation in moisture content). A suite of other leaf and root traits influencing how much shoots dry out as they approach wilting point each contributed 1.0‐ to 1.6‐fold variation in projected fuel moisture during fire weather. Fuel moisture variation in turn drove variation in flammability by modifying predicted ignition time.

Two main life‐history types in fire‐prone habitats are obligate seeders and resprouters. There were no significant differences between these species groups in estimated fuel moisture during fire weather, nor in any measured hydraulic traits.

Live fuel moisture is an important determinant of wildfire activity. Our data show that variation in tissue saturated moisture content among co‐occurring species represents an important ecological store of variation in flammability in the study communities.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Revealing environmentally driven population dynamics of an Arctic diatom using a novel microsatellite PoolSeq barcoding approach
Authors: Wolf Klara K. E. , Hoppe Clara J. M. , Leese Florian , Weiss Martina , Rost Björn , Neuhaus Stefan , Gross Thilo , Kühne Nancy , John Uwe 
Published: February 2021

SummaryEcological stability under environmental change is determined by both interspecific and intraspecific processes. Particularly for planktonic microorganisms, it is challenging to follow intraspecific dynamics over space and time. We propose a new method, microsatellite PoolSeq barcoding (MPB), for tracing allele frequency changes in protist populations. We successfully applied this method to experimental community incubations and field samples of the diatom Thalassiosira hyalina from the Arctic, a rapidly changing ecosystem. Validation of the method found compelling accuracy in comparison with established genotyping approaches within different diversity contexts. In experimental and environmental samples, we show that MPB can detect meaningful patterns of population dynamics, resolving allelic stability and shifts within a key diatom species in response to experimental treatments as well as different bloom phases and years. Through our novel MPB approach, we produced a large dataset of populations at different time‐points and locations with comparably little effort. Results like this can add insights into the roles of selection and plasticity in natural protist populations under stable experimental but also variable field conditions. Especially for organisms where genotype sampling remains challenging, MPB holds great potential to efficiently resolve eco‐evolutionary dynamics and to assess the mechanisms and limits of resilience to environmental stressors.
Fission–fusion dynamics of a pelagic delphinid in the arctic: the white‐beaked dolphin (Lagenorhynchus albirostris)
Authors: BERTULLI Chiara G. , RASMUSSEN Marianne H. , ROSSO Massimiliano 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDelphinids exhibit great variability in their social structures. It is therefore important to document lesser known species, in extreme changing habitats, to compare and contrast mechanisms driving sociality. Here, we describe the first long‐term assessment of social structure of white‐beaked dolphins (Lagenorhynchus albirostris) using a compiled version of SOCPROG 2.8 and an 11‐year photo‐identification dataset (2002–2013) collected from whale‐watching vessels at 2 sites (Faxaflói and Skjálfandi bays) off Iceland. We identified a total of 487 dolphins which are suggested to be part of an open population as shown by the discovery curve obtained analyzing photo‐id data. The social analyses were restricted to 35 adults which were sighted on ≥5 different days. The mean residency time of white‐beaked dolphins in our 2 study areas was of 95 days (SE = 35.63; 95% CI: 23–171), with the “migration‐full interchange” model best describing movements of dolphins in and out of our 2 study sites. Social differentiation in this population was high (Likelihood: S = 0.87, SE = 0.04; r = 0.31, SE = 0.03) indicating diverse, non‐random social relationships. Temporal associations best fit the model of “casual acquaintances” against the standardized lagged association rates with the majority of white‐beaked dolphin associations being short‐term, but with a few long‐term across years. Testing for preferred companionship, long‐term associations are favored over short‐term. In this study, associations among white‐beaked dolphins are short‐term but with desirably long‐term associations fitting into a society with fission–fusion dynamics. This information expands the latitudinal range for which social structure has been described for oceanic dolphin species.
Community‐based population monitoring for large baleen whales: the case study of Bryde's whale in Beibu Gulf of China
Authors: ZHANG Yaoyao , CHEN Mo , CHEN Mao , HAN Yi , HAO Yujiang , WANG Kexiong , MEI Zhigang , WANG Ding 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCitizen science is a popular method for the long‐term monitoring of the distribution of wild animals. The application of these methods in different species and environments still poses challenges, especially for aquatic animals. In this study, we investigated the distribution of the Bryde's whale (Balaenoptera edeni) in the Beibu Gulf of China by using scientific boat‐based surveys and citizen science approaches using 2 different methods of data collection. First, we built our mobile app (Whale Guard) and installed it on fishermen's phones. Second, we used a popular instant messaging app (WeChat) to create an online fisherman community. We found that the mobile phone app collected far fewer reports (5 reports) than the online community group (42 reports, P < 0.01). By using a variety of incentives, we maintained the fisherman's community's activity without significant user loss (P < 0.01). We also found that the locations collected by social media applications in this study were consistent with observations from scientific boat‐based transect surveys. The sightings distribution of Bryde's whales differed from those in previous surveys in that they were present across larger areas. Social media apps reported that 69% of reports was confirmed by more than one person, whereas Whale Guard reports were much lower (0, P <0.001). Community‐based citizen science can greatly contribute to the long‐term monitoring of Bryde's whales, and it has successfully overcome the challenges of data accessibility, accuracy, and fragmentation. Our study shows how to appropriately use citizen science in different community groups and community‐based approaches make them useful for large baleen whale surveys.
The Geological Significance of the Deformation and Geochronology of the Xiaotian–Mozitan Shear Zone in the Dabie Orogenic Belt (East‐Central China)
Authors: HUANG Peng , SONG Chuanzhong , XIAO Wenjiao , LI Jiahao , ZHOU Kefa , WANG Jinlin , NIJIATI Abuduxun , LI Zhenwei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Xiaotian–Mozitan Shear Zone (XMSZ) is the boundary of the Dabie High‐grade Metamorphic Complex (DHMC) and the North Huaiyang Tectonic Belt. It was deformed in ductile conditions with a top‐to‐NW/WNW movement. Geothermometers applied to mineral parageneses in mylonites of the shear zone give a temperature range of 623–691°C for the predeformation and 515–568°C for the syndeformation, respectively, which indicates a retrograde process of evolution. A few groups of zircon U‐Pb ages were obtained from undeformed granitic veins and different types of deformed rocks in the zone. Zircons from the felsic ultramylonites are all magmatic, producing a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 754 ± 8.1 Ma, which indicates the time of magmatic activities caused by rifting in the Neoproterozoic. Zircons from the granitic veins, cutting into the mylonites, are also of magmatic origin, producing a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 130 ± 2.5 Ma, which represents the time of regional magmatic activity in the Cretaceous. Zircons from the mylonitic gneisses are of anatectic‐metamorphic origins and are characterized by a core‐mantle interior texture, which yielded several populations of ages including the Neoproterozoic ages with a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 762 ± 18 Ma, similar to that of the felsic ultramylonites and the Early Cretaceous ages with a weighted mean 206Pb/238U age of 143 ± 1.8 Ma, indicating the anatectic metamorphism in the Dabie Orogenic Belt (DOB). Based on integrated analysis of the structure, thermal conditions of ductile deformation and the contact relations of the dated rocks, the activation time of the Xiaotian–Mozitan Shear Zone is constrained between ∼143 Ma and 130 Ma, during which the DOB was undergoing a transition in tectonic regime from compression to extension. Therefore, the deformation and evolution of this shear zone plays an instrumental role in fully understanding this process. This research also inclines us to the interpretation of it as an extensional detachment, with regard to the tectonic properties of the shear zone. It may also be part of a continental scale extension in the background of the North China Block's cratonic destruction, dominated by the subduction and roll‐back of the Paleo‐Pacific plate, but more detailed work is needed in order to unravel its complicated development.
Do dual purchasers behave differently? An analysis of purchasing data for households that buy both alcohol and tobacco in the United Kingdom
Authors: Wilson Luke B. , Angus Colin , Pryce Robert , Holmes John , Brennan Alan , Gillespie Duncan 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTBackground and AimsDual purchasers of alcohol and tobacco are at increased health risk from the interacting health impacts of alcohol and tobacco use. They are also at financial risk from exposure to the dual financial cost of policies that increase alcohol and tobacco prices. Understanding whose alcohol and tobacco use exposes them to these health and financial risks is important for understanding the inequality impacts of control policies. This study explores the extent to which household spending on alcohol and tobacco combined varies between socio‐economic groups and compares this with results for households which purchase only one of the commodities.DesignCross‐sectional analysis of household‐level alcohol and tobacco purchasing data.SettingUnited Kingdom, 2012–17.Participants/CasesA total of 26 021 households.MeasurementsWe analysed transaction‐level data from individual 14‐day spending diaries in the Living Cost and Food Survey (LCFS). We used this to calculate expenditure, volumes of alcohol and tobacco purchased, and the price paid per unit of alcohol (1 unit = 8 g) and per stick of tobacco. This was compared with equivalized total expenditure and quintiles of equivalized household income. Prices were calibrated and pack sizes were imputed using empirical sales data from Nielsen/CGA to correct for reporting bias.FindingsDual purchasing households spent [95% confidence interval] more on alcohol and more on tobacco than their single‐purchasing counterparts. In general, lower‐income households spent less on both alcohol and tobacco than higher‐income households. Furthermore, dual purchasing households in the lowest income group were most exposed to potential increases in price than were other income groups, with (CI = 12.41–13.15%) of their total household budget spent on alcohol and tobacco.ConclusionsDual purchasers of alcohol and tobacco in the United Kingdom appear to be concentrated evenly among income groups. However, dual purchasers may experience particularly large effects from pricing policies, as they spend a substantially higher proportion of their overall household expenditure on alcohol and tobacco than do households that purchase only one of the commodities.
Societal development and the alcohol‐attributable burden of disease
Authors: Shield Kevin D. , Rehm Jürgen 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimThis study aimed to examine if there is an interaction between alcohol use and human development in terms of their associations with alcohol‐attributable health harms.DesignStatistical modelling of global country‐ and region‐specific data from 2016.SettingGlobal.Participants/CasesThe units of the analyses were countries (n = 180) and regions (n = 4) based on their Human Development Index (HDI).MeasurementsAlcohol‐attributable harms [deaths, years of life lost (YLL), years lived with disability (YLD) and disability‐adjusted life years (DALYs) lost] and risk relations were based on a recent study using World Health Organization (WHO) estimates for 2016. Human development was measured using the HDI, a summary score of life expectancy, education and gross national income from the United Nations Development Programme. Interactions between HDI and adult per‐capita consumption (APC) affecting alcohol‐attributable harms were assessed using likelihood ratio tests. Differences in alcohol‐attributable harms per litre of APC between HDI groups were assessed using regression analyses and a reference group of low HDI.FindingsAPC is associated with alcohol‐attributable deaths, YLL, YLDs and DALYs lost, while HDI is associated with alcohol‐attributable deaths, YLL and DALYs lost. Statistical analyses indicated there is an interaction between HDI and APC in their associations with alcohol‐attributable deaths, YLL and DALYs lost per 100 000 people. The alcohol‐attributable burden was highest in low HDI countries, with 11.65 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 10.75, 12.40] deaths and 495.61 (95% CI = 461.83, 569.23) DALYs lost per 100 000 people per litre of APC, and lowest in very high HDI countries, with 4.15 (95% CI = 2.46, 5.71) deaths and 200.31 (95% CI = 122.78, 265.10) DALYs lost per 100 000 people per litre of APC. However, no statistical differences between low and very high HDI groupings for these burdens were observed.ConclusionsThere appears to be an interaction between the Human Development Index and alcohol use in their associations with alcohol‐attributable deaths, years of life lost and disability‐adjusted life years lost but not with alcohol‐attributable years lived with disability. Alcohol appears to have a stronger harmful impact per litre of alcohol consumed in lesser developed countries than in developed countries.
Immunohistochemical study on the expressions of neuropeptides in the superficial and deep gland of the third eyelid of pigs
Authors: Księżarczyk Marlena M. , Arciszewski Marcin B. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe superficial gland of the third eyelid (SGTE) and deep gland of the third eyelid (DGTE) are classified as accessory lacrimal glands. The aim of the present study was to immunohistochemically investigate the expression of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), dopamine beta‐hydroxylase (DβH), substance P (SP), galanin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating peptide (PACAP), somatostatin and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) in the porcine SGTE and DGTE. We demonstrated the distribution patterns of VIP, DβH, SP, NPY and galanin in the nerve fibres in the SGTE and DGTE. None of somatostatin‐, PACAP‐ and CGRP‐immunoreactive (IR) nerve fibres were found in the SGTE and DGTE. The majority of VIP‐ and DβH‐IR nerves fibres were found near to glandular acini, tubules, secretory ducts and blood vessels in the SGTE and DGTE. VIP‐IR nerve fibres were found in external connective tissue in SGTE and DGTE and only in interlobular connective tissue in the SGTE. DβH‐IR nerve fibres were found in interlobular and external connective tissue in the DGTE but not in the SGTE. Single galanin‐, SP‐ and NPY‐IR nerve fibres were observed in close proximity to acini and tubules in the SGTE and DGTE. Single galanin‐, SP‐, NPY‐IR nerve fibres were found in close proximity to the secretory ducts in the DGTE, however only SP‐IR nerve fibres were found near to the secretory ducts in SGTE. In conclusion, our research aims to highlight some aspects of SGTE and DGTE innervation in pigs and may also be a source of basic knowledge for further studies.
Genetics background of β‐thalassemia (3.5 kb deletion) in Southern Thailand: Haplotype analysis using novel reverse dot blot hybridization
Authors: Tepakhan Wanicha , Srewaradachpisal Korntip , Kanjanaopas Sataron , Jomoui Wittaya 
Published: February 2021

Abstractβ‐thalassemia (β‐thal) (3.5 kb deletion or NC_000011.10:g.5224302‐5227791del3490bp) is a common mutation in southern Thailand. This study aimed to determine genetic diversity in subjects with β‐thal (3.5 kb deletion) alleles and to ascertain the origin of this mutation using haplotype and phylogenetic analysis. The study was carried out on members of the southern Thai population, including 45 normal individuals, 116 heterozygous β‐thal (3.5 kb deletion) and one homozygous β‐thal (3.5 kb deletion). The 5′‐haplotype in β‐globin gene cluster was examined using newly developed reverse dot blot hybridization (RDB) and compared with polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP). The results showed 100% concordance between the haplotype patterns of these two methods. From a total of 324 chromosomes, nine haplotypes were segregated. Haplotype H2 (+ – – – –) was the predominant haplotype observed in all 118 β‐thal (3.5 kb deletion) chromosomes, which revealed a single origin. The phylogenetic tree demonstrated that β‐thal (3.5 kb deletion) has an older genetic defect in this region. Moreover, the developed RDB is simple, less time‐consuming, inexpensive, and does not restriction enzyme digestion.
Role of nanostructures in allergy: Diagnostics, treatments and safety
Authors: Mayorga Cristobalina , Perez‐Inestrosa Ezequiel , Rojo Javier , Ferrer Marta , Montañez Maria Isabel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNanotechnology is science, engineering and technology conducted at the nanoscale, which is about 1–100 nm. It has led to the development of nanomaterials, which behave very differently from materials with larger scales and can have a wide range of applications in biomedicine. The physical and chemical properties of materials of such small compounds depend mainly on the size, shape, composition and functionalization of the system. Nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, liposomes, polymers, dendrimers and nanogels, among others, can be nanoengineeried for controlling all parameters, including their functionalization with ligands, which provide the desired interaction with the immunological system, that is dendritic cell receptors to activate and/or modulate the response, as well as specific IgE, or effector cell receptors. However, undesired issues related to toxicity and hypersensitivity responses can also happen and would need evaluation. There are wide panels of accessible structures, and controlling their physico‐chemical properties would permit obtaining safer and more efficient compounds for clinical applications goals, either in diagnosis or treatment. The application of dendrimeric antigens, nanoallergens and nanoparticles in allergy diagnosis is very promising since it can improve sensitivity by increasing specific IgE binding, mimicking carrier proteins or enhancing signal detection. Additionally, in the case of immunotherapy, glycodendrimers, liposomes, polymers and nanoparticles have shown interest, behaving as platforms of allergenic structures, adjuvants or protectors of allergen from degradation or having a depot capacity. Taken together, the application of nanotechnology to allergy shows promising facts facing important goals related to the improvement of diagnosis as well as specific immunotherapy.