bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the contribution of synthetic fungicides to cereal plant health and CO2reduction targets against the backdrop of the increasingly complex regulatory environment in Europe
Authors: Bryson Rosie 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe global COVID pandemic has impacted the world in ways and at a scale that few could have predicted, with many industries severely disrupted. Despite this, crops were sown and harvested, food was produced and agriculture continued to function, albeit it with many logistical challenges. Plant health lies at the heart of preventing crop losses through a combination of varietal resistance and agronomic practices. In the case of foliar plant diseases in wheat, varietal resistance plays a key role, but the use of synthetic fungicides is essential to minimize crop losses. European arable production faces a dilemma: how to contribute and maintain global food supplies but at the same time decrease emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs), reduce inputs potentially harmful to biodiversity, society and the environment while ensuring no more land is brought into production. Throughout history, major disruptions in society have led to big steps in agricultural innovation. Presently, the major disruptive forces in Europe are not just a result of the COVID pandemic but the increasingly urgent need to address climate change. Within the European Green Deal, the Farm‐to‐Fork strategy is in place to help achieve climate neutrality by 2050, aiming for a reduction of GHG emissions of 55% by 2030. To achieve this, there will need to be a major adjustment to how food is produced, a realignment in plant health strategies and accelerated innovation across the agricultural sector. This paper aims to evaluate how synthetic fungicides presently contribute to plant health (mainly wheat) and food production as well as the management of GHG emissions. In addition, it explores the future challenges and prospects for their positive contribution in achieving global food security alongside emerging innovative technologies.
Heterogeneous impact of import competition on firm organisation: Evidence from Japanese firm‐level data
Authors: Matsuura Toshiyuki 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study empirically investigates the effect of import competition on within‐firm employment reorganisation using a Japanese firm‐level dataset covering the period of 1997–2014. Moreover, this study examines whether the import competition against low‐income countries leads to a shift from a manufacturing activity to non‐manufacturing activity, such as headquarters’ services, wholesale, retail or R&D. Furthermore, this study explored the heterogeneity of the impacts of import competition according to firm size. Findings reveal that competition from Chinese imports induces manufacturing firms to increase the share of service workers, particularly workers that engage in wholesale, retail and other service activities.
A Comparative Analysis of Exhaust Gas Temperature Based on Machine Learning Models for Aviation Applications
Authors: Atasoy Vehbi Emrah , Suzer Ahmet Esat , Ekici Selcuk 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe main objective of this study is to investigate elaborately the relationship between exhaust gas temperature (EGT) and various operational parameters specific to aero-engine for the cruise phase. EGT prediction is performed based on different models, including deep learning (DL) and support vector machine (SVM), using a set of historical flight data, more than 1300. In order to achieve this goal, the EGT is taken as the output parameter while the most key variables for the EGT prediction are taken as the input parameters to the models. Several statistical goodness tests, namely root-mean-square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and coefficient of determination (R2), are conducted to make a fair comparison between the efficiency and performance of each model that is developed based on Matrix Laboratory (matlab) and R code. The relative importance for the altitude (ALT) parameter of 11.89% has the highest value while the lowest relatively importance parameter is vibration (VIB) of 5.00%. EGT variation for the actual data is in the range of 459.05 and 607.32 °C. It is observed that the EGT variation of DL and SVM ranges from 457.09 to 604.52 and from 454.64 to 603.23 °C, respectively. Furthermore, the prediction error for DL and SVM fluctuates between a minimum of −21.61 to a maximum of 22.50 °C and a minimum of −13.34 to a maximum of 12.44 °C, respectively. In the light of the statistical test results, it is concluded that the DL model with RMSE of 4.3922, MAE of 3.3981, and R2 of 0.9834 shows more excellent ability in predicting EGT than the SVM model with RMSE of 5.5212, MAE of 4.0527, and R2 of 0.9712. This study may effectively be applied to different aircraft types as a useful roadmap for academic and industrial researchers in this sort of application and it shed the light on optimizing performance for a specific aircraft by thermodynamic methods.
Microflow-Enhanced Bubble Dynamics Along With Gradient Porous Surfaces
Authors: Lin Cheng-Hui , Won Yoonjin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Boiling heat transfer has been a popular topic for decades because of its ability to remove a significant amount of thermal energy while maintaining a low wall superheat during the liquid phase change. Such boiling mechanisms can be tailored by engineering new boiling substrates through surface wettability modification and/or microscale feature installation. Here, we create new types of heterogeneous boiling surfaces that integrate vertical gradient micropores on macroscale fins by using a template-free electrodeposition method. The gradient morphology and corresponding gradient wettability simultaneously enable bubble nucleation on the top pores and capillary wicking through the bottom pores. With these unique wetting characteristics, we find that the gradient pores installed at the trench bottom demonstrate the most significant boiling enhancement in critical heat flux and heat transfer coefficients by 160% and 600%, respectively. This enhancement can be attributed to the microflow-enhanced nature of bubble departures around the fins while isolating bubble nucleation and liquid supply through gradient pores. These results provide fundamental insights into boiling mechanisms using porous media and the potential for future works that can optimize the design of multidimensional heterogeneous surfaces to engineer flow patterns and boiling mechanisms accordingly.
Neural Network Soft Sensors for Gasoline Engine Exhaust Emission Estimation
Authors: Tan Qingyuan , Han Xiaoye , Zheng Ming , Tjong Jimi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWorldwide research and development programs aim to reduce harmful emissions from transportation vehicles. Soft sensors have shown great potentials to reduce cost and improve onboard diagnosis for vehicle emission control. In this work, two sets of soft sensors are proposed to predict the emissions and exhaust heat flux of a gasoline engine. Extensive steady-state measurement points over the entire engine operating conditions are collected for model training and validation, and the locally linear model tree learning method is adopted. The CO, NOx, hydrocarbon, exhaust temperature, and exhaust heat flux are estimated by the soft sensors under steady-state conditions. Training of CO, exhaust temperature, and exhaust heat flux models has achieved high model accuracy over the entire engine map. Local models are developed for NOx and HC emissions to improve model performance at different engine operating speed/load conditions, especially in the low emission zone. Model validation has shown correlation coefficients ranging 0.983 ∼ 0.999
Study on Local Sub-Cooling Boiling in the Vertical Upward Pipe
Authors: Liu Meng-Meng , Zhang Zhen , Yang Xing-Tuan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the heat transfer pipes of nuclear reactors with complex mass and heat exchange, there exists phenomenon of local sub-cooling boiling. Based on the Eulerian two-fluid model, this paper studied the local sub-cooling boiling phenomenon in the vertical upward pipe at a pressure of 4.5MPa. Firstly, a closed sub-cooling boiling model was built to make comparison with the existing experimental results of Bartolomei, the result of which is in great agreement with the experimental data. What’s more, the parameters of the experimental working conditions were expanded, it helped to analyze data that could not be directly measured in the experiment. The physical mechanism behind data distribution law mainly included the influence of the wall bubble departure diameter, the wall bubble departure frequency, and nucleation density. It is found that the RPI model has a good predictive ability for the liquid temperature field. The nucleation density model corresponding to KI combined with the wall departure diameter model KI can well predict the distribution of the void fractions in the pipe. Finally, the influence on heat and mass transfer of heating power along the pipe was analyzed.
This paper put forward suggestions for the modification of the sub-cooling boiling model to help it predict the distribution of bubbles in the main flow region more precise.
A 3D Numerical Simulation on Heat Transfer Behavior in Eagle ID1 In-Pile Test Using Finite Volume Particle Method
Authors: Zhang Ting , Morita Koji , Liu Xiaoxing , Liu Wei , Kamiyama Kenji 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The EAGLE in-pile ID1 test was performed by Japan Atomic Energy Agency to demonstrate the effectiveness of fuel discharge from a fuel subassembly with an inner duct structure during a core disruptive accident in a sodium-cooled fast reactor. The experimental results suggested that early duct wall failure observed in the test was initiated by high heat flux from the molten pool of fuel and steel mixture, and the post-test numerical calculation and analyses showed that the high thermal load may be enhanced effectively by molten steel with a rather high thermal conductivity. In this study, to overcome weakness in conventional fluid-dynamic calculations, we adopted a fully 3D Lagrangian approach based on the finite volume particle method to analyze the mechanisms of heat transfer from the molten pool to the duct wall in the ID1 test. A series of behaviors representing pin disruption, molten pool formation, as well as the mixing and separation of molten steel and fuel in the pool was simulated to investigate their effects on molten pool-to-duct wall heat transfer. The present 3D particle-based simulation, which moderated some inherent defects in our previous 2D calculations, clarified that direct contact of the solid fuel with nuclear heat and liquid steel near the duct wall can expose the duct wall to a large thermal load, which led to the duct wall failure in the experiment.
Effect of Annealing Temperature on Dislocation Loop Absorption And Evolution in Fe by Molecular Dynamics Study
Authors: Lin Pandong , Nie Junfeng , Liu Meidan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
As the basic material in reactor pressure vessel (RPV), Fe endures amounts of irradiation in the entire lifetime. Many irradiation defects such as dislocation loop are generated which affect the macroscopic mechanical properties. In this paper, we use the molecular dynamics method to investigate the effect of annealing temperature on dislocation loop absorption and evolution. The annealing process contains four steps: At first, the temperature increases from room temperature (300K) to annealing temperature. The annealing temperature is set as 600K, 700K, 800K, 900K and 1000K respectively. Then the system maintains at annealing temperature for adequate time to evolve. After that, the temperature recovers to room temperature. Finally, the system evolves at room temperature to get the final configuration. The diameters of 1/2 &lt;111&gt; and &lt;100&gt; dislocation loop are 5.1 nm and 1.2 nm, respectively. The dimension of simulation cell is defined as 29.6nm × 20.2nm × 21.0nm with 1080455 atoms. Based on annealing simulation, we could obtain and analyze the microstructure evolution of dislocation loop. Apart from that, we also investigate the effect of annealing rate (4.29 K/ps, 6.00 K/ps, 10.00 K/ps and 30.00 K/ps) on the number of defect atoms and dislocation length during annealing process. Here under periodic boundary conditions the system is allowed to relax in all three directions independently. Results show that temperature has significant impact on the absorption and evolution of dislocation loop. However, temperature can improve the maximum values of defect atoms and accelerate absorption process from stage II to stage I when temperature is 900 K and 1000 K. In contrast, annealing rate has negligible impact on whether the number of defect atoms or dislocation length during the absorption and evolution of dislocation loop. These results are meaning for understanding the temperature effect on dislocation loop.
Frequency of Plug/Slug Bubbles in Horizontal Air-Water Two-Phase Flow
Authors: Kong Ran , Kim Seungjin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The current work performs air-water experiments in three different pipe sizes of 38 mm, 51mm, and 102 mm to investigate the frequencies of plug and slug bubbles in horizontal flows. The local four-sensor conductivity probe is used to establish experimental data for large elongated bubbles. The investigated conditions focus on a relatively high superficial liquid velocity region (1.0 m/s ≤ jf ≤ 4.0 m/s), where limited experimental data are available in the literature. The investigated superficial gas velocity (jg) ranges from 0.19 m/s to 3.0 m/s. In total, 19 conditions are studied. To identify the elongated plugs and slugs, the local four-sensor conductivity probe is located near the top wall. Based on the flow visualization study, the stable plug and slug bubbles cannot be shorter than a pipe diameter. Therefore, a chord length greater than a pipe size is used as a criterion to pick up the elongated plug and slug bubbles. Using the obtained data, the frequencies of plug and slug bubbles are analyzed. For the investigated conditions, the Strouhal number (St) ranges from 0.03 to 1.68, while the St of the existing data in the literature are generally below 0.1. It is found that the frequency of elongated bubbles increases as jf increases, but first increases then decreases as jg increases. This indicates that large elongated bubbles start to coalesce once jg reaches a certain value. This threshold has a higher value of jg than the plug to slug transition point. In addition, the frequency decreases as pipe size increases. The existing correlations in the literature are evaluated using the newly collected data. It is found that the St number-based correlations can predict the data with higher accuracy. New correlations are developed using the new data and they can predict the frequency with an absolute average percentage difference of ±20%.
Preliminary Transient Analysis for LBE-Cooled Fast Reactor BLESS-D
Authors: Xing Mian , Li Linsen , Zheng Gang , Wen Junlang , Liu Chunyuan , Yee Yeoh Eing , Luo Zhen , Sun Peidong , Feng Jinjun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Lead-cooled fast reactor is one of the fourth-generation nuclear energy systems, which has great development potential due to good neutronic, thermal-hydraulic characteristics and inherent safety. The lead and bismuth eutectic alloy (LBE) cooled fast reactor BLESS-D (Breeding Lead-Based Economical Safe System) is a small fast reactor developed by the State Power Investment Corporation Research Institute (SPICRI). It is designed as a multi-purpose integrated small reactor system with the characteristics of small power, compact size and inherent safety. In the future, it could be used for electricity consumption for remote areas, polar expedition, island development and etc.
The conceptual design of BLESS-D is described in this paper, including the design criteria, safety features, main parameters and main components. The thermal power of BLESS-D is 300 MW. It is a pool-style reactor with LBE as the coolant, equipped with 8 helical tube steam generators and 4 primary pumps. The safety system consists of passive Decay Heat Removal System (DHR) and RVACS (Reactor Vessel Air Cooling System) outside the reactor vessel. For the preliminary transient analysis, the primary system and secondary boundary of BLESS-D is modeled with SNAP/TRACE. And the steady state simulation results are compared with the design values which shows good agreement. After that, the transient accidents under different conditions are studied to evaluate the feasibility and safety of the current design. In this paper, the results of Unprotected Transient Over Power (UTOP), Unprotected Loss Of Flow (ULOF), and Unprotected Loss Of Heat Sink (ULOHS) are discussed which shows that the current safety system design is sufficient to ensure the reactor safety although some optimizations are still needed.
Development of Digital Twins of PWR Steam Generators: Description of Two Maintenance-Oriented Use Cases
Authors: Deri Enrico , Varé Christophe , Wintergerst Matthieu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Physical modelling computation, virtual reality, instrumentation and data analysis have shown great progress in the past years. Thus, the integration of all these disciplines in one unique tool seems now achievable. Within this frame, this communication aims at discussing the extension of the Digital Twin concept to the PWR Steam Generators.
Operating steam generators communicate some information on their health status during inspection outages, and some other during operation. As, generally speaking, a SG fully satisfies its role of safely produce steam, the goal of an in-service DT is to optimize both the maintenance and the operation, namely: provide the best preparation for next outages, avoid SG-caused unscheduled outages and obtain the best performances.
Some general features are outlined with respect to the different roles of Digital Twins both in design and operation. Then the vision of the R&D Division of EDF Company is given for the developed Steam Generators Digital Twin.
Two use cases are presented focusing on maintenance. The first one is about chemical cleaning schedule including how the Digital Twin contributes to the prediction of shell side deposit, and the second one is about periodic hydraulic test preparedness, including how the digital twin contributes to the prediction of crack sizes.
Experimental Study on Measurement of Annular Flow Film Thickness in Vertical Narrow Rectangular Channel
Authors: Liu Antai , Gu Haifeng , Zhu Fuqiang , Yan Changqi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
As a key physical parameter in annular flow, liquid film thickness is crucial to study the behavior characteristics about gas-liquid interface under annular flow conditions. In this study, the narrow rectangular channel is taken as the research object, and air-water were used as the media to conduct annular flow experiments under atmospheric pressure. The cross-sectional area of the narrow rectangular channel is 70mm × 2mm. The PCB liquid film sensor can realize multi-point measurement of liquid film thickness. A total of 10 × 16 measuring points are arranged in rows and columns on the surface of the channel, with a spatial resolution of 4.4mm × 4.4mm and a measurement speed of 1000 frames per second. The results show the fluctuation of liquid film is dominated by the ripple wave at low superficial liquid velocity. The frequency distribution of film thickness becomes sharper because of the increase of gas flow, i.e. the interfacial surface becomes smoother. The liquid film will become thinner with the increase of gas flow, but the effect is reduced when the gas flow reaches a certain value. The liquid film will thicken and the number of disturbance waves will increase as the increase of the liquid flow.
Study on Dehumidification of Carbon Materials Based on Thermogravimetry
Authors: Yan Da , Shen Kaiyue , Guo Yicheng , Yin Huaqiang , He Xuedong , Ma Tao 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The high temperature gas cooled reactor contains a lot of carbon materials. Graphite IG-110 and boron-containing carbon (BC) are the main carbon materials. Carbon material is a porous medium, it will absorb water and other impurities. Carbon materials react with these impurities at high temperatures in HTGR. In order to reduce the corrosion of impurities on carbon materials, the HTGR core must be dehumidified before it operats. In this paper, the dehumidification of HTGR is taken as the research background. On the one hand, microscopic geometric parameters such as pore size distribution, porosity and total pore surface area of carbon materials are measured through mercury injection experiments. These parameters are the key parameters to study the macroscopic properties of materials. On the other hand, the research group transformed the original laboratory equipment into a thermogravimetric analysis device for large samples. The modified equipment can widen the volume and mass range of samples in TG experiment. In the experiment, the temperature-mass relationship of carbon materials was measured based on thermogravimetry. Six temperature points were set in the experiment. When the mass change rate of the specimen within ten minutes was less than 0.0003%, the heating furnace temperature was adjusted to the next temperature point. Finally, the mass curves of graphite IG-110 and boron-containing carbon (BC) with temperature were obtained. The results showed that boron-containing carbon (BC) could precipitate some moisture at all temperatures, while graphite IG-110 could not precipitate any moisture at 100°C.
Investigation on Solidification Behavior of Deposited Metal by GTAW With ERNiCrFe-13 Wire
Authors: Guo Xiao , Xu Kai , Lv Xiaochun , Chen Peiyin , Chen Bo , Huo Shubin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
ERNiCrFe-13 was developed based on ERNiCrFe-7A with Nb and Mo addition with the aim of further improving ductility dip cracking. In addition, solidification cracking susceptibility may increase against a wide solidification temperature range due to Nb and Mo segregation. In this study, the solidification behavior of the deposited metal via gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) with an experimental ERNiCrFe-13 wire was investigated using JMatPro solidification calculations, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis, in situ observations by laser confocal scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Both Nb and Mo exhibited segregation toward the liquid phase during solidification, while Fe showed opposite tendency according to the calculated partition coefficients k at the initial solidification stage. The k based on both the solidification calculation and EDS tests showed that Nb had a stronger segregation tendency than Mo. The solidification temperature range (STR) tested by DSC was significantly narrower than the predicted STR, which can be attributed to the overestimated segregation based on the Scheil model. The in-situ observation results showed that the relationship between the liquid phase area fraction f and temperature T followed the Avrami equation well. The solidification process included three stages: initial nucleation stage, rapid growing-up stage, and final solidification stage with rates of 0.015 s−1, 0.15 s−1, and 0.015 s−1, respectively.