bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Inclusive Finance to Significantly Scale Climate Change Adaptation
Authors: Wild Robert , Egaru Moses , Ellis-Jones Mark , Bugembe Barbara Nakangu , Mohamed Ahmed , Ngigi Obadiah , Ogwok Gertrude , Roberts Jules , Kutegeka Sophie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractReversing land degradation and achieving ecosystem restoration and management are routes to climate change adaptation and mitigation. The financial resources to achieve this are increasingly available. A major challenge is the absence of scalable mechanisms that can incentivize rapid change for rural communities at the decade-long time scale needed to respond to the climate emergency. Despite moves toward inclusive green finance (IGF), a major structural gap remains between the funding available and the unbankable small-scale producers who are stewards of ecosystems. This paper reports on inclusive finance that can help fill this gap and incentivizes improved ecosystem stewardship, productivity, and wealth creation. A key feature is the concept of eco-credit to build ecosystem management and restorative behaviors into loan terms. Eco-credit provides an approach for overcoming income inequality within communities to enhance the community-level ecosystem governance and stewardship. The paper discusses the experience of implementing the Community Environment Conservation Fund (CECF) over a 8-year-period from 2012. The CECF addresses the unbankable 80% of community members who cannot access commercial loans, has c. 20,000 users in Uganda and pilots in Malawi, Kenya, and Tanzania. The model is contextualized alongside complementary mechanisms that can also incentivize improved ecosystem governance as well as engage and align communities, government, development partners, and the private sector. This complementary infrastructure includes commercial eco-credit as exemplified by the Climate Smart Lending Platform, and the community finance of the Village Savings and Loans Associations (VSLA) model upon which CECF builds. The paper describes the technologies and climate finance necessary for significant scale-up.
German Public Administration: Background and Key Issues
Authors: Kuhlmann Sabine , Proeller Isabella , Schimanke Dieter , Ziekow Jan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe international community of public administration and administrative sciences shows a great interest in the basic features of the German administrative system. The German public administration with its formative decentralisation (called: administrative federalism) is regarded as a prime example of multilevel governance and strong local self-government. Furthermore, over the past decades, the traditional profile of the German administrative system has significantly been reshaped and remoulded through reforms, processes of modernisation and the transformation process in East Germany. Studies on the German administrative system should focus especially on

key institutional features of public administration;

changing relationships between public administration, society and the private sector;

administrative reforms at different levels of the federal system; and

new challenges and modernisation approaches, such as digitalisation, open government and better regulation.

The publication is following this structure in four parts with 22 chapters.
Politics and Administration in Germany
Authors: Jann Werner , Veit Sylvia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAlthough German bureaucracy is typically categorised as Weberian, a clear distinction between politics and administration has never been a defining characteristic of the German political-administrative system. Many close interrelations and interactions between elected politicians and appointed civil servants can be observed at all levels of administration. Higher-ranking civil servants in Germany are used to and generally appreciate the functional politicisation of their jobs, that is their close involvement in all stages of the policy process, from policy formation, goal definition, negotiation within and outside government to the implementation and evaluation of policies. For top positions, therefore, a class of ‘political civil servants’ is a special feature of the German system, and obtaining ‘political craft’ has become an important part of the learning and job experience of higher-ranking civil servants.
Control and Accountability: Administrative Courts and Courts of Audit
Authors: Mehde Veith 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe control of the administration by administrative courts follows very particular rules. Two elements of the German system stand out: first, the intensive type of control which makes the scope for independent administrative decision-making an exception. Second, the quite strict restrictions on locus standi. The development of administrative law by the courts and its application by the administration are an elementary part of the German legalistic tradition. The courts of audit at all levels of government also play an independent role. They can control the proper as well as the efficient use of funds from the respective budgets. While there is no enforcement mechanism, the publication of the findings certainly leads to pressure to comply.
Civil Service and Public Employment
Authors: Reichard Christoph , Schröter Eckhard 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe German system of public sector employment (including civil servants and public employees) qualifies as a classical European continental civil service model moulded in traditional forms of a Weberian bureaucracy. Its features include a career-based employment system with entry based on levels of formal qualification. Coordinated by legal frames and centralised collective bargaining, the civil service is, at the same time, decentralised and flexible enough to accommodate regional differences and societal changes. In comparison, the civil service system stands out for its high degrees of professionalism and legal fairness with low levels of corruption or cronyism.
Digital Transformation of the German State
Authors: Mergel Ines 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDigital transformation of the German public sector is embedded in a large-scale reform focussing on digitalisation and de-bureaucratisation of public services. By 2022, 575 public services will have been digitised. Digitalisation is, however, a contested topic in Germany: modernisation efforts have been stalled resulting in backlogs and the delay of IT consolidation of outdated legacy systems. At the same time, however, innovation pockets are emerging across all levels of government. The chapter first provides an overview of the legal basis of digital transformation, centralised and decentralised organisational embeddedness of administrative responsibilities and then highlights insights into selected implementation cases.
Europeanisation and German Public Administration
Authors: Hofmann Hans 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses how public administration in Germany is influenced by the making and implementation of law by the organs of the European Union (EU). Although the public administrations of the EU Member States are, in principle, responsible for enforcing the laws made by the EU, the EU’s influence on the public administration of Germany as EU Member State is constantly growing. This is true, not only of those areas in which the Member States have transferred to the EU the authority to make laws, but increasingly also of those areas in which the Member States have retained such authority. At the same time, however, there is no systematic codification of the law on administrative procedures at European level and no system of legal remedy for Union citizens equivalent to those at national level.
Federal Administration
Authors: Fleischer Julia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe federal administration is significantly small (around 10 percent of all public employees). This speciality of the German administrative system is based on the division of responsibilities: the central (federal) level drafts and adopts most of the laws and public programmes, and the state level (together with the municipal level) implements them. The administration of the federal level comprises the ministries, subordinated agencies for special and selected operational tasks (e.g. the authorisation of drugs, information security and registration of refugees) in distinct administrative sectors (e.g. foreign service, armed forces and federal police). The capacity for preparing and monitoring government bills and statutory instruments is well developed. Moreover, the instruments and tools of coordination are exemplary compared with other countries, although the recent digital turn has been adopted less advanced than elsewhere.
Local Self-Government and Administration
Authors: Ruge Kay , Ritgen Klaus 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter describes the variety and levels of local self-government bodies in Germany. It portrays that local authorities (municipalities, cities and counties) are responsible for performing both their own tasks and large parts of federal andLandlaws (the communal administrations and especially their so-called double head function: local self-government and lowest level of state administration). The local authorities mainly differentiate themselves from federal and regional authorities by the mandates of their elected representative bodies (municipal council, city council and county council). The head of a local administration (mayor or county commissioner) is also usually directly elected by the citizens.
Micrometeorological Methods for Greenhouse Gas Measurement
Authors: Zaman M. , Kleineidam K. , Bakken L. , Berendt J. , Bracken C. , Butterbach-Bahl K. , Cai Z. , Chang S. X. , Clough T. , Dawar K. , Ding W. X. , Dörsch P. , dos Reis Martins M. , Eckhardt C. , Fiedler S. , Frosch T. , Goopy J. , Görres C.-M. , Gupta A. , Henjes S. , Hofmann M. E. G. , Horn M. A. , Jahangir M. M. R. , Jansen-Willems A. , Lenhart K. , Heng L. , Lewicka-Szczebak D. , Lucic G. , Merbold L. , Mohn J. , Molstad L. , Moser G. , Murphy P. , Sanz-Cobena A. , Šimek M. , Urquiaga S. , Well R. , Wrage-Mönnig N. , Zaman S. , Zhang J. , Müller C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMicrometeorological techniques are useful if greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from larger areas (i.e. entire fields) should be integrated. The theory and the various techniques such as flux-gradient, aerodynamic, and Bowen ratio as well as Eddy correlation methods are described and discussed. Alternative methods also used are Eddy correlation, mass balance techniques, and tracer-based methods. The analytical techniques with current state-of-the-art approaches as well as the calculation procedures are presented.
A Study of Some of the World’s Most Innovative Universities
Authors: Al-Youbi Abdulrahman Obaid , Zahed Adnan Hamza Mohammad , Nahas Mahmoud Nadim , Hegazy Ahmad Abousree 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines in detail a study of the top twenty most innovative universities in the world according to Table 10.1007/978-3-030-59694-1_6. A study of one university of each country, whose name was not included among the top twenty universities, is also added. The first-ranked university in each country which none of its universities were ranked among the top twenty is selected, and its details described the same way as that of the top twenty universities. The ranking of the added universities is: 31, 35, 44, 55, 57, 62, and 63. This study is shown below.
Statistics of Patents of the World’s Most Innovative Universities
Authors: Al-Youbi Abdulrahman Obaid , Zahed Adnan Hamza Mohammad , Nahas Mahmoud Nadim , Hegazy Ahmad Abousree 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPatents are the significant factor in ranking universities in terms of innovation. Therefore, in this chapter, we are presenting statistics on patents of different ranked universities in order to encourage other universities to enter the ranking if they work on registering patents. We are especially drawing the attention to the percentage of the number of registered patents in comparison with the number of patents submitted by universities, as we notice that this percentage is lower than 50% for a lot of American universities while it is higher for Asian universities.
Oral Care that Supports Healthy Lives as a Case Study of the Kumamoto Earthquake
Authors: Hiramatsu Michikazu , Ohta Hideto 
Published: January 2021

AbstractImmediately after the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake in 1995 and the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, pneumonia outbreak among the elderly increased the rate of fatalities. What caused this? To use lessons learned during the large-scale disaster, specialists concerned with the field of dentistry began to take action using new perspectives. Consequently, they noticed the importance of giving care to the entire oral cavity as well as the teeth. Based on reports from a dentist and a dental hygienist who tackled the oral care of the Kumamoto Earthquake victims in 2016, their methods of effective health care following a disaster is presented in this paper. We also propose a preventative medical activity that can be conducted sustainably for anyone, not just medical personnel.
Experiences of University Student Volunteer Activities to Revitalize the Area Affected by the Kumamoto Earthquake
Authors: Jeong Yukyong , Hiramatsu Michikazu , Qian Kun 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to clarify the situation and issues of volunteer activities through the example of the students’ voluntary activities after the Kumamoto earthquake. In the case study, we described the volunteer activities of Tokai University students starting from the time immediately after the Kumamoto Earthquake, and the revitalization activities they conducted in the disaster area. We focused on how the motivations and actions of university students are changing over time. The students of the Faculty of Agriculture of Tokai University established a student volunteer group called Aso Fukkoheno Michi which means “Path for Revitalization of Aso”. The group is currently working on the revitalization of Minami-aso Village, with a particular focus on developing the sustainability of the Kurokawa area. With this intention, members of Aso Fukkoheno Michi started to tell the story of Minami-aso Village to visitors. Through this storytelling activity, the students are able to convey their own experiences of the disaster to visitors. From the survey conducted among student volunteers, we learned about the effective ways in which the students undertook such activities. However, we identified problems faced by the volunteers regarding the continuation of their efforts in the future, and regarding maintaining their involvement with the local community.
Attempt to Develop High-Value Rice in the Shimojin District, Mashiki Town, Kumamoto Prefecture: Transition Into Sustainable Local Community Using Disaster Recovery from the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes as a Branding Strategy
Authors: Tanaka Wataru , Itsukushima Rei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, we report the case of a co-design project undertaken in the Shimojin district that was severely damaged by the 2016 Kumamoto Earthquakes. We, IDS3, and local residents have not only attempted to recover the aforementioned district from the damages it suffered due to the earthquakes but also unite its entire community, which is currently suffering from population decline and aging. To supplement its local agriculture, we initiated the co-design project as a means to promote rice branding by adding value by utilizing the biodiversity in the district and transforming the district’s rice paddy fields into eco-friendly paddy systems. We were involved with the project since the consensus building phase owing to our co-design experience with regard to restoration planning at disaster restoration sites and knowledge about the district. We primarily conducted our research in three fields: (1) design of the recovery plan of eco-friendly paddy fields and agricultural ditches, (2) consensus formation for rice branding, (3) exploration of eco-friendly farming method suitable for the region under study.
How Can We Develop a Co-design, Co-production, and Co-delivery Process Toward a Sustainable Local Society? Comparative Study on Transdisciplinary Research Projects
Authors: Hanamatsu Yasunori , Fujiwara Takahiro , Onda Nariaki , Sato Tatsuro , Yamashita Tomomi , Yokota Fumihiko 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter will introduce the results of a comparative, interdisciplinary joint research on transdisciplinary research (TD), conducted by three social science researchers and three natural science researchers who work at the Decision Science Center for a Sustainable Society, Kyushu University (Institute of Decision Science for a Sustainable Society, Kyushu University, IDS3). Since the beginning of IDS3’s Future Earth project, or before the project became a global research program, all of us had engaged with TD research in our own local fields and disciplines, to solve local social problems while interacting with various social stakeholders. Our disciplines include public health, forest management, natural regeneration in paddy fields, small hydropower generation, local governance, and tourism promotion. While sharing the results of our TD projects among ourselves, we found some common questions and problem perspectives on Future Earth, mainly from the point of view of social science. In this chapter, we will present the outcome of our comparative joint research, including our common questions, perspectives, and problem setting on Future Earth and TD research. Then, we will propose some hypothetical indicators for the conditions and requirements for achieving successful “co-design/co-production/co-delivery.”
Co-design, Co-production, and Co-evaluation Processes for a Mobile Health Check-Up Research Project in Jaipur, India: A Case Study of the Portable Health Clinic, 2016–2020
Authors: Yokota Fumihiko , Biyani Manish , Islam Rafiqul , Ahmed Ashir , Nishikitani Mariko , Kikuchi Kimiyo , Izukura Rieko , Nohara Yasunobu , Nakashima Naoki 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter summarizes the co-design, co-production, and co-evaluation processes of a mobile health check-up research project in Jaipur, India, from March 2016 to June 2020. It is the continuation of our previous paper which was published in November 2018 at Sustainability. The main focus of this chapter is to describe the processes of co-production, co-implementation, and co-evaluation research activities after November 2018. To accomplish this, all documents and materials related to the research processes of co-design, co-production, and co-evaluation were thoroughly reviewed, including minutes from meetings, consultations, workshops, trainings, presentation slides, pictures, and reports. After reviewing the past 4 year’s research process, the road map of a sustainable mobile health check-up project in India was proposed.
Sustainability of Micro Hydropower Generation in a Traditional Community of Indonesia
Authors: Sato Tatsuro , Ide Jun’ichiro 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOver 3 years, we undertook a micro hydropower (MHP) project in the Ciptagelar village, West Java, to improve the understanding and implementation of sustainable operations and management of MHP generation in remote rural areas, where the primary industry is farming and thus monetary incomes are low. First, we describe in this paper the history of setting up the research agenda to be tackled with the cooperation of governmental and nongovernmental stakeholders. Second, we report the current status of MHP plants and the related issues obtained through fieldwork and model simulations, in the context of culture, traditions, and society in the village. Finally, we propose guidelines to solve the issues and present the lessons learned and things scientists should pay attention to when proceeding with transdisciplinary research projects in remote rural areas. Through fieldwork and model simulations, we revealed issues related to budgeting and techniques for maintaining and operating MHP plants. We found that the village had difficulty in securing funds for repairing broken intake weirs, though it had funds to cover the general maintenance of the MHP plants. We also found that the intake weirs were vulnerable to large floods and that no accomplished technicians were available to operate MHP plants in the village properly. To solve these issues, we need to find ways to reinforce the intake weirs using local materials and increase monetary incomes by creating new industries based on the MHP generation while considering the cultural and traditional backgrounds of the remote rural areas.
Sustainable Community Co-development Through Collaboration of Science and Society: Comparison of Success and Failure Cases on Tsushima Island
Authors: Hanamatsu Yasunori , Yamashita Tomomi , Tokunaga Shota 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines how science can co-produce with local communities and what kind of roles it can play for local revitalization in one of the border islands of Japan, Tsushima (Nagasaki Prefecture). Currently, depopulation, declining birthrate, and aging population are accelerating in local regions all over Japan, and the management and survival of local communities is becoming “unsustainable.” Therefore, it has become a major issue on how to build a sustainable local community around Japan, and various efforts have already been made everywhere. Under these circumstances, the case of Tsushima is a practical case study of transdisciplinary research to develop a sustainable local community. This is also one of the Future Earth research which is based on the “co-design, co-production, and co-delivery between science and society.” This chapter will introduce two cases in Tsushima islands, and then, from the perspective of TD research, emphasize the importance of the role of coordinator, social sensitivity to local needs and realities, priority, problem framing, and scale setting.
Theoretical Models as a Tool to Derive Management Strategies for Sustainable Natural Resource Management
Authors: Lee Joung-Hun 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBiodiversity hot spots cannot be preserved successfully unless human activities such as illegal logging and grazing are properly controlled and cooperation is achieved among resource users to reduce anthropogenic impacts. We explore strategies for sustainable use of common resources by studying resource users’ behaviors together with resource dynamics, because ecological and social factors are known to interact strongly. By showing three systems dealing with the risk of illegal logging, grazing pressure, and increasing catching effort respectively, we show the advantages of a mathematical model as a management tool.
Understanding and Analyzing the Characteristics of the Third Place in Urban Design: A Methodology for Discrete and Continuous Data in Environmental Design
Authors: Lee Namju 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWith a rapid development of data-driven technologies, many opportunities have arisen to understand and characterize urban contexts. This paper addresses the methodology to understand a place in urban settings through the lens of third places and motility based on the walkable distance. To capture and process third-place data, fetched from Google Places, based on a given location, this paper discuses two data structures and process of discrete and continuous data. Representation of third places in a specific location of a city is characterized by representative queries. Its identified chart as a perspective of understanding a designated area could compare with other charts in different places. This method allows us to distinguish the constitution of third places based on the distance among places, enabling us to develop design strategies to differentiate or accord the sites based on mobility. The goal is to set up a method to process, interpolate, and visualize discrete and continuous urban data with representative queries of third places based on distance.