bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Photocatalytic Oxidative Coupling of Benzyl Alcohol and Benzylamine for Imine Synthesis Using Immobilized Cs3Bi2Br9 Perovskite
Authors: Lopes Joana C. , Peñas‐Garzón Manuel , Sampaio Maria J. , Silva Cláudia G. , Faria Joaquim L. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe oxidative cross‐coupling of benzyl alcohol (BA) and benzylamine (BZA) is employed for the production of the corresponding imine, N‐benzylidenebenzylamine (BZI), under visible light irradiation (light‐emitting diodes (LE with λmax = 417 nm) and mild reaction conditions. The cesium bismuth halide perovskites (Cs2Bi3Br9, CBB) are synthesized by a one‐step solution process as a sustainable alternative for the widely used Pb‐halide perovskites. The CBB photocatalyst is immobilized on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) structure designed explicitly for three‐dimensional (3D) printing to operate in both batch and continuous modes to overcome the need for a final catalyst separation step. The complete conversion of BZA and BA is achieved after 1 h, yielding 70% of BZI in basic medium operating in batch mode. Comparable results are found between the suspended and immobilized catalysts for imine production. Additionally, continuous production of BZI is successfully achieved using immobilized CBB, with a maximum yield of 0.35 mm of BZI after a 2 h reaction. The supported CBB perovskites demonstrate high stability after multiple uses. Finally, a comprehensive photocatalytic pathway for cross‐coupling BZA with BA is proposed.
Shifting C2H2/CO2 Adsorption and Separation in Pillar‐Layered Metal–Organic Frameworks Finely‐Regulated by Molecular Rotation
Authors: Yang Li‐Qiu , Wang Ying , Yuan Wen‐Yu , Zhai Quan‐Guo 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe efficient separation of C₂H₂/CO₂ mixture is crucial for industrial applications. A promising strategy is proposed herein to fine‐tune the C₂H₂/CO2 adsorption and separation by pillar‐layered metal–organic framework (MOF) adsorbents via molecular rotation. Keeping the same ultramicroporous architecture, three Zn‐X‐TRZ (TRZ = 1,2,4‐triazole) adsorbents are prepared with X‐pillar rotors varying from 9,10‐anthracenedicarboxylic acid (ADC), 1,4‐naphthalenedicarboxylic acid (NDC) to 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylic acid (BDC). Remarkably, the introduction of the largest ADC rotors enables Zn‐ADC‐TRZ with superior C₂H₂‐selective thermodynamic‐separation ability (highest heat of adsorption and IAST selectivity values) but poor dynamic‐separation performance caused by steric hindrance. Conversely, Zn‐BDC‐TRZ with the smallest rotors exhibit moderate CO₂‐selective thermodynamic‐separation ability, but excellent CO2/C₂H₂ dynamic‐separation ability with high‐purity C₂H₂ produced at 298 K (>99.5% obtained from 70% C₂H₂ mixture and >99.95% from 90% C₂H₂ mixture). In contrast, Zn‐NDC‐TRZ with medium NDC rotors shows comparable interactions and steric hindrance with C₂H₂ and CO₂, making both the thermodynamic and dynamic C₂H₂/CO₂ separation are unfavorable. Overall, controllable adsorption of C₂H₂ and CO2 is successfully achieved and shifted from C2H2‐selective to CO₂‐selective separation regulated by the pillared molecular rotation within pillar‐layered MOFs, providing a useful route for practical gas adsorbent exploration.
Recent Progress in Balancing the Activity, Durability, and Low Ir Content for Ir‐Based Oxygen Evolution Reaction Electrocatalysts in Acidic Media
Authors: Wang Huimin , Li Xinyi , Zhang Guozhu , Gu Zihan , Chen Hao , Wei Guanghua , Shen Shuiyun , Cheng Junfang , Zhang Junliang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractProton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolysis faces challenges associated with high overpotential and acidic environments, which pose significant hurdles in developing highly active and durable electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Ir‐based nanomaterials are considered promising OER catalysts for PEM due to their favorable intrinsic activity and stability under acidic conditions. However, their high cost and limited availability pose significant limitations. Consequently, numerous studies have emerged aimed at reducing iridium content while maintaining high activity and durability. Furthermore, the research on the OER mechanism of Ir‐based catalysts has garnered widespread attention due to differing views among researchers. The recent progress in balancing activity, durability, and low iridium content in Ir‐based catalysts is summarized in this review, with a particular focus on the effects of catalyst morphology, heteroatom doping, substrate introduction, and novel structure development on catalyst performance from four perspectives. Additionally, the recent mechanistic studies on Ir‐based OER catalysts is discussed, and both theoretical and experimental approaches is summarized to elucidate the Ir‐based OER mechanism. Finally, the perspectives on the challenges and future developments of Ir‐based OER catalysts is presented.
Modulating Oxygen Reduction Activity in Chalcogenophene‐Incorporated Organic Electrocatalysts through Main‐Group Element Engineering
Authors: Cheng Shuqi , Wang Binbin , Chen Hongni , Zhao Zijie , Xing Yali , Xia Yanzhi , Long Xiaojing 
Published: December 2024

AbstractOrganic small molecules (OSMs) with well‐defined structures are crucial integral components of cathode catalysts for fuel cells. Despite the acknowledged potential of heteroatom doping to enhance the catalytic performance of metal‐free carbon‐based catalysts, there exists a notable gap in conducting molecular structure and catalytic activity, particularly under the premise of maintaining a constant molecular skeleton and with a clear molecular structure. Herein, the charge distribution is modulated by introducing different chalcogens into the same molecular skeleton through main‐group engineering. Among these OSMs, the Se‐containing small molecule OSM‐Se combined with carbonized calcium alginate exhibits a notable quasi‐four‐electron‐transfer oxygen reduction reaction pathway, displaying a superior half‐wave potential (E1/2) of 0.73 V, accompanied by outstanding electrochemical stability. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that Se‐containing small molecules can enhance the capabilities of catalysts in adsorbing and dissociating oxygen molecules, and contribute to reducing the reaction barrier of the oxygen reduction reaction. This study presents a straightforward yet highly effective approach for metal‐free carbon‐based OSM electrocatalysts.
Intrinsic Coexistence of Miscibility and Segregation in Gold–Silver Nanoalloys
Authors: Moreira Murilo , Cottancin Emmanuel , Pellarin Michel , Roiban Lucian , Masenelli‐Varlot Karine , Ugarte Daniel , Rodrigues Varlei , Hillenkamp Matthias 
Published: December 2024

AbstractBimetallic nanoparticles are used in numerous applications in catalysis, plasmonics or fuel cell technology. The addition of the second metal to the nanoparticles allows enhancing and fine‐tuning their properties by choosing their composition, size, shape and environment. However, the crucial additional parameter of chemical structure within the particle is difficult to predict and access experimentally, even though segregated core–shell structures and random alloys can have drastically different physicochemical properties. This is highlighted by the vast literature on the most studied bimetallic system, gold‐silver, for which the controversy on whether gold and silver are miscible on the nanoscale or segregate persists. Here, these contradictions are solved by determining quantitatively the coexistence of an alloyed core and a 1–2 nm thick shell with gradual silver enrichment as the chemical ground state structure. Chemical reactions with the environment and meta‐stable structures are furthermore identified as responsible for the contradictions in the literature. This method is applicable to other multi‐metallic systems, provides benchmark input for theoretical models, and forms the basis for studying chemical rearrangements under reactive conditions in catalysis.
Solar‐Driven Sulfide Oxidation Paired With CO2 Reduction Based on Vacancies Engineering of Copper Selenide
Authors: Wang Zhongke , Zhang Qixing , Wang Jin , He Han , Pan Sanjiang , Zhao Ying , Zhang Xiaodan 
Published: December 2024

AbstractPhotovoltaic‐driven electrochemical (PV‐EC) carbon dioxide reduction (CO2R) coupled with sulfide oxidation (SOR) can efficiently convert the solar energy into chemical energy, expanding its applications. However, developing low‐cost electrocatalysts that exhibit high selectivity and efficiency for both CO2R and SOR remains a challenge. Herein, a bifunctional copper selenide catalyst is developed with copper vacancies (v‐CuSe2) for the CO2R‐SOR. The Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 62.4% for methane at −200 mA cm−2 is achieved in the cathodic CO2R. In a two‐electrode CO2R‐SOR system with 16 h of long‐term operation at a current density of 200 mA cm−2, an average Faradaic efficiency of 57.2% for methane and 97.7% for sulfur powder generation is achieved at cathode and anode, respectively. Compared to the coupling of CO2R with oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the energy efficiency (EE) of the CO2R‐SOR system can be increased to 22.9%. The mechanism study has found that the synergistic effect of copper vacancies and introduced Se significantly enhances the selectivity toward methane. Driven by silicon solar cells, a solar‐to‐methane conversion efficiency of 2% is achieved.
A Serious Game Approach to Introduce the Code Review Practice
Authors: Ardic Baris , Tuzun Eray 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTCode review is a widely utilized practice that focuses on improving code via manual inspections. However, this practice is not addressed adequately in a typical software engineering curriculum. We aim to help address the code review practice knowledge gap between the software engineering curricula and the industry with a serious game approach. We determine our learning objectives around the introduction of the code review process. To realize these objectives, we design, build, and test the serious game. We then conduct three case studies with a total of 280 students. We evaluated the results by comparing the student's knowledge and confidence about code review before and after case studies, as well as evaluating how they performed in code review quizzes and game levels themselves. Our analysis indicates that students had a positive experience during gameplay, and an in‐depth examination suggests that playing the game also enhanced their knowledge. We conclude that the game had a positive impact on introducing the code review process. This study represents a step taken toward moving code review education from industry starting positions to higher education. The game and its auxiliary materials are available online.
A Strategy for Mitigating Lattice Stress and Enhancing Cycle Stability Through Modulating Transition Metal Redox Sequence
Authors: Ma Yushan , Wang Jinkun , Tang Xincun , Wang Li , He Xiangming 
Published: December 2024

AbstractModifying the redox properties of transition metals within layered cathode materials represents a pivotal approach in the pursuit of high‐performance cathode materials. The recent research has revealed a novel finding: the introduction of Mg2+ into LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 leads to a shift in the oxidation sequence of transition metals during lithium extraction, with Co3+ supplanting Ni2+ as the primary oxidized species during the initial stages of lithium extraction. This alteration in the lattice constants and volume, among other structural parameters, serves to mitigate lattice stress during the charging and discharging cycles. The abundance of Co4+ during the early stages of lithium extraction effectively curtails structural alterations and the dissolution of transition metal ions, thereby bolstering the material's cyclability. This effect is attributed to the enhanced Ni─O bond strength imparted by Mg2+ doping, which, in concert with Co3+, stabilizes the Li─O structure at the outset of lithium extraction, conferring a thermodynamic advantage to Co3+ for preferential oxidation. The exploration of the underlying mechanism of this induced effect and its influence on electrochemical performance holds the potential to offer fresh perspectives for the design of materials with exceptional cycle stability.
All Weather‐Usable Wearable Dual Energy Harvester for Outdoor Sustainable Operation
Authors: Jung Yeongju , Ahn Jiyong , Kim Ji‐Seok , Bang Junhyuk , Kim Minwoo , Jeong Seongmin , Lee Jinwoo , Han Seonggeun , Oh Il‐Kwon , Ko Seung Hwan 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTSustainable power sources for outdoor wearable electronics are essential for the continuous operation of wearable devices. However, the current lack of engineering design that can harvest energy regardless of weather conditions presents a significant challenge. In this regard, this study introduces a wearable, breathable all‐weather usable dual energy harvester (AWuDEH) that can seamlessly generate electrical energy regardless of weather conditions. In this study, the AWuDEH integrated with the thermoelectric generator and the droplet‐based electricity generator is demonstrated. The AWuDEH, especially engineered with a bi‐functional top substrate for radiative cooling and electrification, achieves sustainable energy harvesting outdoors, thereby addressing the conventional challenge associated with the necessity for separate energy harvesters tailored to outdoor usage contingent on weather conditions. The device reaches a maximum power output of 14.6 µW cm−2 under simulated sunny conditions and generates a much more enhanced thermoelectric power of 74.78 µW cm−2 and a droplet‐based electric power of 256.25 mW m−2 in rainy conditions. As proof, this study developed self‐powered wearable electronics capable of acquiring physiological signals in simulated outdoor scenarios. This study presents a promising advancement in wearable technology, offering a potent solution for sustainable energy harvesting independent of weather conditions.
Application of Cleaner Production in Esmeralda Corp's Wastewater Treatment Plant
Authors: Salazar Nelson León 
Published: December 2024

ABSTRACTCurrently, industrial wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) have not been studied with respect to cleaner production strategies as opposed to the productive sector. The objective was to evaluate the application of production strategies in the WWTP processes over a period of 4 years. For this purpose, the methodology recommended by UNIDO was used. The results indicated that throughout the life cycle they have been satisfactory, due to the implementation of activated sludge technology and ultrafiltration membranes to obtain quality water for irrigation of green areas, compliance with the Environmental Quality Standard, removing more than 99% of BOD and COD. The average savings are equivalent to 410,625 m3, having a positive impact on stakeholders, as well as a CO2 reduction of 143.71 t CO2/year. Finally, it complies with the Sustainable Development Goals, contributing value to society.
Investigation of growth behavior for rice sprout during heterotrophic cultivation and the potential for high‐density cultivation
Authors: Ishikawa Daitaro , Kotani Hiroaki , Tamate Haruka , Nakai Ran , Tsukada Yoshihiro , Fujii Tomoyuki 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe efficient production of useful substances in plant factories is very attractive to secure the nutrition for human health in the future. The aim of this study was to investigate the growth behavior of rice sprouts to establish a high‐density production system for plant factories. To clarify the material balance during the growth of sprout of brown rice, a single individual of rice was cultivated in vitro. The weight of the sample and the oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the test tube were measured, with bioactivity indices being calculated. The contribution of growth respiration was confirmed based on the growth, oxygen uptake, and carbon dioxide evolution rates. The specific growth rates and oxygen concentrations all increased during the 60‐ to 80‐h period. The decrease in the specific oxygen uptake rate and carbon dioxide evaluation rate generally corresponded to the 90‐ to 160‐h period. These results suggest that the physiological state of rice sprouts can be evaluated using bioactivity indices obtained from individual cultivation systems. A trial application for the high‐density heterotrophic cultivation of rice sprouts was performed using the developed container. The growth productivity of rice sprouts cultivated in containers was similar to that of individual test tubes. These results showed the new value of crop cultivation by the plant factory.
Variations in medicare reimbursements among surgical oncologists who are US versus international medical graduates
Authors: Mehdi Khan Muhammad Muntazir , Altaf Abdullah , Khalil Mujtaba , Iyer Sidharth , Thamachack Razeen , Shahid Abdul Hadi , Rashid Zayed , Pawlik Timothy M. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIntroductionWe sought to assess the variations in practice metrics and billing practices among US Medical Graduates (USMGs) and International Medical Graduates (IMGs) in surgical oncology who serve a fee‐for‐service population.MethodsMedicaid Services Medicare fee‐for‐service provider utilization and payment files were used to obtain publicly available data between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2021. Comparisons were conducted using the t‐test for parametric variables and Wilcoxon rank‐sum for nonparametric variables.ResultsA total of 952 surgical oncologists (IMGs: n = 102 [10.7%]) were included in the analytic cohort. The average risk score among beneficiaries treated by IMGs was higher than USMGs (1.70 [0.04] vs. 1.46 [0.02], p < 0.001) and IMGs also had a higher total number of unique codes (47.0 [IQR: 36.0–69.0] vs. 38.0 [IQR: 24.0–60.0], p < 0.05). IMG surgical oncologists had higher payment‐per‐service amounts ($236.56 [10.34] vs. $196.20 [$2.65]; p < 0.05), charge‐per‐service amounts ($1242.48 [$83.14] vs. $1014.89 [$26.13]; p < 0.05), and higher total submitted charges ($400,373.26 [$342,978.45] vs. $360,020.29 [$523,675.91]; p < 0.05). IMGs provided a higher percentage of procedural services (34.1% vs. 27.9%; p < 0.001) and treatment services (2.1% vs. 1.9%; p < 0.001) versus USMGs. Female surgical oncologists, particularly female IMGS, billed lower annual mean Medicare charges (female IMGS: $295,383 vs. male IMGs: $424,407 vs. female USMGs: $294,168 vs. male USMGs: $414,543; p < 0.001).ConclusionsIMGs provided more procedural services, cared for patients with a higher average risk score, and performed a greater variety of procedures compared with USMGs. Consequently, IMGs had higher mean annual charges, payment‐per‐service, and charge‐per‐service amounts.
From Chemical Analysis to Analytical Chemistry in Germany, 1790–1862
Authors: Ramberg Peter J. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThe phrase “chemical analysis” has historically had two meanings: first, the long-standing, traditional definition of decomposing substances into their simpler, possibly ultimate, components and, second, the development of methods for identifying the proximate components contained in unknown mixtures and materials. The second meaning straddles the elusive border between theoretical and applied chemistry and has been present since antiquity. However, by the mid-nineteenth century, this second meaning of “chemical analysis” had become established as a new area of chemistry called “analytical chemistry.” Based on searches of key phrases using Google Ngrams and within digital texts, this essay traces the appearance of key concepts in analytical chemistry in German textbooks between the late eighteenth century and the appearance of Karl Fresenius’ Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie in 1862. It argues that analytical chemistry had become a subdiscipline by the middle of the nineteenth century and has the characteristics of a second-order activity, characterized by its focus on devising trustworthy and reliable techniques for the identification of unknown substances.
The Dark Side of Sunthesis? Fraud and Substitution in Graeco-Roman Pharmacology
Authors: Totelin Laurence 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis paper examines one specific aspect of the compounding—sunthesis in Greek—of remedies in ancient pharmacy, namely the substitution of one or several of the ingredients stipulated in the original recipe. This aspect has both positive and negative facets. The positive is the art of substitution, which should theoretically rely on sufficient knowledge of the powers of ingredients to replace like for like. The negative facet is the implication of the potential for fraud or adulteration, which led to the development of tests to determine the authenticity of a given preparation or its ingredients. The paper examines the boundary between substitution and fraud and assesses the roles that these two phenomena played in the development of ancient pharmacy.
Chymistry Goes Further: Sensible Principiata and Things Themselves Over the Longue Durée
Authors: Klein Joel A. 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis paper historicizes a constellation of interrelated ideas regarding the chymical principles as they developed and became resilient fixtures within a major chymical tradition. Focusing primarily on German chymists, several of whom have eluded sustained historical interest, it explores how experimental analysis was generally thought to produce sensible chymical principles, often conceived as principiata: bodies produced by combining or mixing fundamental elements or principles. These principiata allowed for the establishment of hierarchies of increasingly complex compounds and helped to define the most fundamental components of matter. Chymists’ ability to separate tangible substances that were believed to be fundamental was considered so central to the chymical enterprise that it came to define or delimit chymistry itself and was often used to attack groups perceived as overly speculative or less empirical. This chymical tradition, which included Paracelsus as well as figures such as Andreas Libavius, Daniel Sennert, and Georg Ernst Stahl, significantly influenced later chemistry. Its approach to hierarchies of combinatorial principles was integral to the concept of chemical compounds and the delineation of chemistry as an autonomous discipline.
Philosophical Methods of Analysis and Synthesis from Medieval Scholasticism to Descartes and Hobbes
Authors: Hattab Helen 
Published: December 2024

AbstractDrawing on scholarship that traces the medieval appropriation of ancient methods of analysis and synthesis, I demonstrate that the intermingling of differing senses of analysis and synthesis, resolution, and composition predates the early moderns. Section 5.1 maps out five distinct ancient senses of resolution and composition and illustrates that several are conflated in the works of St. Thomas Aquinas, whose philosophy witnessed a resurgence with the rise of the Jesuit order in the sixteenth century. Section 5.2 examines how earlier methods of analysis and synthesis were taken up and developed by scholastic logicians influential in Descartes’ and Hobbes’ contexts. Sections 5.3 and 5.4 clarify Descartes’ and Hobbes’ claims about philosophical analysis and synthesis in light of this background. I demonstrate that the incoherencies generated by linking their philosophical methods solely to Zabarella’s regressus may be resolved by reinterpreting these claims in their wider context. The question as to whether/how their own and prior philosophical methods of analysis and synthesis shape the methodical procedures that Descartes and Hobbes employ to tackle scientific problems is shelved, but the philosophical texts examined indicate that they need not be directly connected.