bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review on cutting fluids used in machining processes
Authors: Singh Jasjeevan , Gill Simranpreet Singh , Dogra Manu , Singh Rupinder 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Cutting fluids provide cooling at the cutting tool and on the surface of work piece, lubricate the tool-workpiece interface and evacuate chips from the cutting zone in the machining processes. The primary reason for using cutting fluid is to reduce the temperature at cutting zone and friction wear either through cooling or lubrication. To maximize the efficiency of cutting fluids in machining processes the knowledge of machining conditions and cutting fluid types are critically important. However, misemploy of the cutting fluid and non efficient method of disposal can raise health issues and environmental impact. In this paper, an attempt has been made to provide overview of cutting fluids type, cooling techniques and main alternatives as dry machining, cryogenic cooling, minimum quantity lubrication and hybrid cooling minimizing use of cutting fluids. The inclusion of solid lubricants, nano fluids in lubrication/cooling techniques results in increase in the productivity of the process due to reduction in friction and heat at the cutting zone. The cutting parameters and type of tools utilized by various researchers have been summed up and introduced in this paper to provide useful information to various researcher works.
Ultrasonic standing wave chamber for engineering microstructures of water- and lipid-based materials
Authors: Valoppi Fabio , Salmi Ari , Ratilainen Miika , Puranen Tuomas , Tommiska Oskari , Hyvönen Jere , Heikkilä Jesse , Haeggström Edward 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Ability to control the structure of water- and lipid-based materials is important when tailoring their mechanical, thermal, and sensory properties in e.g. food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and chemical applications. We present an approach for organizing solid particle dispersions and lipid crystals during their formation using ultrasonic standing waves (US-SW). We designed and built a chamber to apply US-SW to water- and lipid-based samples, control their cooling rates, and observe the processes in real time using optical microscopy. As an example, we demonstrated that this process is applicable during the crystallization of saturated fat, the formation of oleogels, and sucrose crystals dispersions. The results indicate ability to control crystalline microstructures in static and dynamic temperature conditions.
Carry on caring: infected females maintain their parental care despite high mortality
Authors: Ratz Tom , Monteith Katy M , Vale Pedro F , Smiseth Per T 
Published: March 2021

AbstractParental care is a key component of an organism’s reproductive strategy that is thought to trade-off with allocation toward immunity. Yet, it is unclear how caring parents respond to pathogens: do infected parents reduce care as a sickness behavior or simply from being ill or do they prioritize their offspring by maintaining high levels of care? To address this issue, we investigated the consequences of infection by the pathogen Serratia marcescens on mortality, time spent providing care, reproductive output, and expression of immune genes of female parents in the burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides. We compared untreated control females with infected females that were inoculated with live bacteria, immune-challenged females that were inoculated with heat-killed bacteria, and injured females that were injected with buffer. We found that infected and immune-challenged females changed their immune gene expression and that infected females suffered increased mortality. Nevertheless, infected and immune-challenged females maintained their normal level of care and reproductive output. There was thus no evidence that infection led to either a decrease or an increase in parental care or reproductive output. Our results show that parental care, which is generally highly flexible, can remain remarkably robust and consistent despite the elevated mortality caused by infection by pathogens. Overall, these findings suggest that infected females maintain a high level of parental care, a strategy that may ensure that offspring receive the necessary amount of care but that might be detrimental to the parents’ own survival or that may even facilitate disease transmission to offspring.
Proximal aortic aneurysms: correlation of maximum aortic diameter and aortic wall thickness
Authors: Haunschild Josephina , Barnard Sarah Jane , Misfeld Martin , Saeed Diyar , Davierwala Piroze , Leontyev Sergey , Mende Meinhard , Borger Michael A , Etz Christian D 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The goal of therapy of proximal aortic aneurysms is to prevent an aortic catastrophe, e.g. acute dissection or rupture. The decision to intervene is currently based on maximum aortic diameter complemented by known risk factors like bicuspid aortic valve, positive family history or rapid growth rate. When applying Laplace’s law, wall tension is determined by pressure × radius divided by aortic wall thickness. Because current imaging modalities lack precision, wall thickness is currently neglected. The purpose of our study was therefore to correlate maximum aortic diameter with aortic wall thickness and known indices for adverse aortic events.

METHODS
Aortic samples from 292 patients were collected during cardiac surgery, of whom 158 presented with a bicuspid aortic valve and 134, with a tricuspid aortic valve. Aortic specimens were obtained during the operation and stored in 4% formaldehyde. Histological staining and analysis were performed to determine the thickness of the aortic wall.

RESULTS
Patients were 62 ± 13 years old at the time of the operation; 77% were men. The mean aortic dimensions were 44 mm, 41 mm and 51 mm at the aortic root, sinotubular junction and ascending aorta, respectively. Aortic valve stenosis was the most frequent (49%) valvular dysfunction, followed by aortic valve regurgitation (33%) and combined dysfunction (10%). The maximum aortic diameter at the ascending level did not correlate with the thickness of the media (R = 0.07) or the intima (R = 0.28) at the convex sample site. There was also no correlation of the ascending aortic diameter with age (R = −0.18) or body surface area (R = 0.07). The thickness of the intima (r = 0.31) and the media (R = 0.035) did not correlate with the Svensson index of aortic risk. Similarly, there was a low (R = 0.29) or absent (R = −0.04) correlation between the aortic size index and the intima or media thickness, respectively. There was a similar relationship of median thickness of the intima in the 4 aortic height index risk categories (P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
Aortic diameter and conventional indices of aortic risk do not correlate with aortic wall thickness. Other indices may be required in order to identify patients at high risk for aortic complications.
Assessing the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure and impoverishment from out-of-pocket payments and their determinants in Bangladesh: evidence from the nationwide Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016
Authors: Ahmed Sayem , Ahmed Mohammad Wahid , Hasan Md Zahid , Mehdi Gazi Golam , Islam Ziaul , Rehnberg Clas , Niessen Louis W , Khan Jahangir A M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Out-of-pocket (OOP) payments for healthcare have been increasing steadily in Bangladesh, which deteriorates the financial risk protection of many households.

Methods
We aimed to investigate the incidence of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and impoverishment from OOP payments and their determinants. We employed nationally representative Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2016 data with a sample of 46 076 households. A household that made OOP payments of &gt;10% of its total or 40% of its non-food expenditure was considered to be facing CHE. We estimated the impoverishment using both national and international poverty lines. Multiple logistic models were employed to identify the determinants of CHE and impoverishment.

Results
The incidence of CHE was estimated as 24.6% and 10.9% using 10% of the total and 40% of non-food expenditure as thresholds, respectively, and these were concentrated among the poor. About 4.5% of the population (8.61 million) fell into poverty during 2016. Utilization of private facilities, the presence of older people, chronic illness and geographical location were the main determinants of both CHE and impoverishment.

Conclusion
The financial hardship due to OOP payments was high and it should be reduced by regulating the private health sector and covering the care of older people and chronic illness by prepayment-financing mechanisms.
Policy School Deans Want It All: Results of a Survey of APSIA Deans and Top-50 Political Science Department Chairs on Hiring and Promotion
Authors: Desch Michael C , Goldgeier James , Petrova Ana K , Peh Kimberly 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
How do intellectual leaders of professional schools of international affairs, whose institutions primarily educate and train master's students for careers in government, the non-governmental sector, and the private sector, differ from academic administrators in disciplinary departments, whose primary raison d’être is producing the next generation of scholars whose primary task is to conduct basic research, in terms of how they see the academic enterprise and their expectations of faculty research and writing? The results of our recent survey of deans of the Association of Professional Schools of International Affairs (APSIA), the leading professional body for international relations-oriented policy schools, and chairs of Top-50 political science departments, reveal some predictable differences but also some surprising overlap. Specifically, we find a clear convergence between disciplinary departments and APSIA schools on the core requirements for promotion and tenure: Peer-reviewed publications in high-impact scholarly journals and leading university presses. But rather than relax demands for other activities by their faculty as they hold them to the expectations of their disciplines, APSIA deans still expect significant policy and broader public engagement from them. In other words, policy schools’ faculties face a greater array of professional demands than their disciplinary colleagues. APSIA schools simultaneously embrace the disciplinary criteria for excellence and still try to maintain a close policy focus as they seek to bridge the gap between these two worlds. How feasible this effort will turn out to be hinges on whether policy school faculty can indeed do it all.
Using nursing notes to improve clinical outcome prediction in intensive care patients: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Huang Kexin , Gray Tamryn F , Romero-Brufau Santiago , Tulsky James A , Lindvall Charlotta 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective
Electronic health record documentation by intensive care unit (ICU) clinicians may predict patient outcomes. However, it is unclear whether physician and nursing notes differ in their ability to predict short-term ICU prognosis. We aimed to investigate and compare the ability of physician and nursing notes, written in the first 48 hours of admission, to predict ICU length of stay and mortality using 3 analytical methods.

Materials and Methods
This was a retrospective cohort study with split sampling for model training and testing. We included patients ≥18 years of age admitted to the ICU at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center in Boston, Massachusetts, from 2008 to 2012. Physician or nursing notes generated within the first 48 hours of admission were used with standard machine learning methods to predict outcomes.

Results
For the primary outcome of composite score of ICU length of stay ≥7 days or in-hospital mortality, the gradient boosting model had better performance than the logistic regression and random forest models. Nursing and physician notes achieved area under the curves (AUCs) of 0.826 and 0.796, respectively, with even better predictive power when combined (AUC, 0.839).

Discussion
Models using only nursing notes more accurately predicted short-term prognosis than did models using only physician notes, but in combination, the models achieved the greatest accuracy in prediction.

Conclusions
Our findings demonstrate that statistical models derived from text analysis in the first 48 hours of ICU admission can predict patient outcomes. Physicians’ and nurses’ notes are both uniquely important in mortality prediction and combining these notes can produce a better predictive model.
Metaplastic breast cancer with chondroid differentiation—case report and literature review
Authors: Leite Cláudia , Dias Nuno , Oliveira Domingos , Mesquita Pinto Rita , Cortez Vaz Francisco 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMetaplastic breast cancer (MBC) comprises less than 1% of all breast cancers, and it is defined by a mixture of adenocarcinoma plus mesenchymal and epithelial components. It is more common in older and black female patients. It has a larger size and faster growth, and it is frequently node-negative and triple-negative when compared with invasive ductal carcinoma. The authors report the case of a 72-year-old female patient, presenting with a breast lump, whose biopsy revealed a probable MBC with chondroid differentiation. She underwent a breast conservative surgery (BCS) and axillary sentinel lymph node dissection (SLND). The pathological report was concordant with the biopsy, and the patient was proposed to chemoradiotherapy. Despite its rarity and more severe features at diagnosis, BCS plus SLND plus radiotherapy should be offered to these patients, associated with chemotherapy. Chondroid differentiation is the rarest of all histological subtypes.
Effectiveness of web-based and mobile health interventions designed to enhance adherence to physical activity for people with inflammatory arthritis: a systematic review
Authors: Sekhon Mandeep , White Claire , Godfrey Emma , Amirova Aliya , Revenäs Åsa , King Sinead , Pedro Joshua , Quailey Jamaal , Bearne Lindsay 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this systematic review was to assess the evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies for the effectiveness of digital interventions designed to enhance adherence to physical activity (PA) for people with inflammatory arthritis and describe the intervention content using established coding criteria.MethodsSix electronic databases were searched for published and unpublished studies. Independent data extraction and quality assessment (Cochrane risk of bias II or ROBINS-I) were conducted by two reviewers. The primary outcome was self-reported adherence to PA post-intervention. Secondary outcomes included self-reported adherence to PA at other time points, level of PA or engagement with intervention at any follow-up time point. Intervention content was assessed using the Consensus on Exercise Reporting Template and the Behaviour Change Techniques Taxonomy version 1.ResultsFrom 11 136 citations, four moderate risk of bias studies (three RCTs and one cohort study) including 1160 participants with RA or JIA were identified. Owing to heterogeneity of outcomes, a narrative synthesis was conducted. Only one RCT reported a small between-group difference in adherence to PA [mean difference (95% CI) −0.46 (−0.82, −0.09)] in favour of the intervention. There were no between-group differences in any secondary outcomes. Interventions included between 3 and 11 behaviour change techniques but provided minimal information on exercise prescription.ConclusionThere is currently limited moderate-quality evidence available to provide confident evaluation of the effect of web-based and mobile health interventions on adherence to PA or level of PA post-intervention in people with inflammatory arthritis.
β-blocker prescription is associated with lower cumulative risk of knee osteoarthritis and knee pain consultations in primary care: a propensity score–matched cohort study
Authors: Nakafero Georgina , Grainge Matthew J , Valdes Ana M , Townsend Nick , D. Mallen Christian  , Zhang Weiya , Doherty Michael , Mamas Mamas , Abhishek Abhishek  
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To examine the association between β-blocker prescription and first primary-care consultation for knee OA, hip OA, knee pain and hip pain.

Methods
Data source: Clinical Practice Research Datalink. Participants aged ≥40 years in receipt of new oral β-blocker prescriptions were propensity score (PS) matched to an unexposed control. Cox proportional hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% CIs were calculated, and adjusted for non-osteoporotic fractures, number of primary-care consultations for knee or hip injury, and, the number of primary-care consultations, out-patient referrals and hospitalizations in the 12 months preceding cohort entry. Analysis was stratified according to β-blocker class and for commonly prescribed drugs. P &lt; 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
A total of 111 718 β-blocker–exposed participants were 1:1 PS matched to unexposed controls. β-blocker prescription was associated with reduced cumulative risk of knee OA, knee pain, and hip pain consultations [with a HR (95% CI) of 0.90 (0.83, 0.98), 0.88 (0.83, 0.92) and 0.85 (0.79, 0.90), respectively]. Propranolol and atenolol were associated with a lower incidence of knee OA and knee pain consultations with a HR of between 0.78 and 0.91. β-blockers were associated with reduced incidence of consultation for large-joint lower-limb OA/pain as a composite outcome, defined as the earliest of knee OA, knee pain, hip OA or a hip pain consultation [with a HR (95% CI) of 0.87 (0.84, 0.90)].

Conclusion
Commonly used β-blockers have analgesic properties for musculoskeletal pain. Atenolol might be a therapeutic option for OA and cardiovascular co-morbidities in which β-blockers are indicated, while propranolol may be suitable for people with co-morbid anxiety. A confirmatory randomized controlled trial is needed before clinical practice is changed.
Identification of Dose-Dependent DNA Damage and Repair Responses From Subchronic Exposure to 1,4-Dioxane in Mice Using a Systems Analysis Approach
Authors: Charkoftaki Georgia , Golla Jaya Prakash , Santos-Neto Alvaro , Orlicky David J , Garcia-Milian Rolando , Chen Ying , Rattray Nicholas J W , Cai Yuping , Wang Yewei , Shearn Colin T , Mironova Varvara , Wang Yensheng , Johnson Caroline H , Thompson David C , Vasiliou Vasilis 
Published: March 2021

Abstract1,4-Dioxane (1,4-DX) is an environmental contaminant found in drinking water throughout the United States. Although it is a suspected liver carcinogen, there is no federal or state maximum contaminant level for 1,4-DX in drinking water. Very little is known about the mechanisms by which this chemical elicits liver carcinogenicity. In the present study, female BDF-1 mice were exposed to 1,4-DX (0, 50, 500, and 5,000mg/L) in their drinking water for 1 or 4 weeks, to explore the toxic effects. Histopathological studies and a multi-omics approach (transcriptomics and metabolomics) were performed to investigate potential mechanisms of toxicity. Immunohistochemical analysis of the liver revealed increased H2AXγ-positive hepatocytes (a marker of DNA double-strand breaks), and an expansion of precholangiocytes (reflecting both DNA damage and repair mechanisms) after exposure. Liver transcriptomics revealed 1,4-DX-induced perturbations in signaling pathways predicted to impact the oxidative stress response, detoxification, and DNA damage. Liver, kidney, feces, and urine metabolomic profiling revealed no effect of 1,4-DX exposure, and bile acid quantification in liver and feces similarly showed no effect of exposure. We speculate that the results may be reflective of DNA damage being counterbalanced by the repair response, with the net result being a null overall effect on the systemic biochemistry of the exposed mice. Our results show a novel approach for the investigation of environmental chemicals that do not elicit cell death but have activated the repair systems in response to 1,4-DX exposure.
Transplanted hepatocytes rescue mice in acetaminophen‐induced acute liver failure through paracrine signals for hepatic ATM and STAT3 pathways
Authors: Viswanathan Preeti , Sharma Yogeshwar , Jaber Fadi‐Luc , Tchaikovskaya Tatyana , Gupta Sanjeev 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAcute liver failure constitutes a devastating condition that needs novel cell and molecular therapies. To elicit synergisms in cell types of therapeutic interest, we studied hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial in mice with acetaminophen‐induced acute liver failure. The context of regenerative signals was examined by transplants in peritoneal cavity because it possesses considerable capacity and allows soluble signals to enter the systemic circulation. Whereas transplanted hepatocytes and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells engrafted in peritoneal cavity, only the former could rescue mice in liver failure by improving injury outcomes, activating hepatic DNA damage repair, and inducing liver regeneration. The cytokines secreted by donor hepatocytes or liver sinusoidal endothelial cells differed and in hepatocytes from mice undergoing acetaminophen toxicity major cytokines were even rendered deficient (eg, G‐CSF, VEGF, and others). Significantly, recapitulating hepatotoxicity‐related DNA damage response in cultured cells identified impairments in ATM and JAK/STAT3 intersections since replacing cytokines produced less from injured hepatocytes restored these pathways to avoid acetaminophen hepatotoxicity. Similarly, hepatocyte transplantation in acute liver failure restored ATM and JAK/STAT3 pathways to advance DNA damage/repair and liver regeneration. The unexpected identification of novel hepatic G‐CSF receptor expression following injury allowed paradigmatic studies of G‐CSF supplementation to confirm the centrality of this paracrine ATM and STAT3 intersection. Remarkably, DNA damage/repair and hepatic regeneration directed by G‐CSF concerned rebalancing of regulatory gene networks overseeing inflammation, metabolism, and cell viability. We conclude that healthy donor hepatocytes offer templates for generating specialized cell types to replace metabolic functions and regenerative factors in liver failure.