bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sucrose and sweet taste
Authors: Harrison Denise , Yamada Janet , Bueno Mariana 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Abundant published evidence demonstrates the pain-reducing effects of sweet solutions in human infants and animals. Analgesic effects persist up to around 1 year of age in human infants, though there is less research to support analgesic effects in older infants and, for the existing research, effects are more moderate than seen in the neonatal period. Though the exact mechanisms are unclear, analgesic effects are believed to be due to the relationship between sweet taste and the endogenous opiate system. Based on the extensive evidence to support sweet solutions, their use can be recommended prior to commonly performed short-lasting minor painful procedures in newborn and young infants. Despite extensive research, knowledge gaps and controversies remain relating to the mechanisms of analgesia; the effectiveness and safety of sweet solutions when given over prolonged periods to preterm and sick infants; the effectiveness in sick infants receiving concomitant analgesics; and the effectiveness in children older than 12 months of age.
Cannabis
Authors: Ware Mark A. , Pitt Rebecca , Ingelmo Pablo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
There is relatively little evidence around the role of cannabis and cannabinoids in the treatment of pediatric pain, leading to a reliance on limited adult research that may or may not be relevant. In this chapter, we discuss the science behind cannabinoid receptors, current indications for cannabis and cannabinoid use and associated risks, evolving evidence around their use in pain medicine, and particular considerations of treatment in children. We present a hypothetical clinical scenario to more clearly set the stage for addressing these considerations in adolescents. Finally, we discuss important points for researchers and clinicians to examine as they weigh the risk and benefit of treatment in a world where cannabis and its derivatives are available, evidence-based, and sought-after options for various conditions related to pediatric chronic pain.
Psychosocial interventions for pediatric pain management
Authors: Uhl Kristen , Wright Laura A. , Coakley Rachael M. , Logan Deirdre E. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is the most commonly researched and empirically supported psychotherapy treatment for the management of pediatric pain. CBT is a brief, goal-oriented psychotherapy treatment using a hands-on, practical problem-solving approach. It is based on the concept that thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are causally interrelated. This chapter offers an overview of CBT and its application to pain management, describes specific cognitive behavior strategies commonly used for pediatric acute and chronic pain problems, presents the empirical evidence supporting these approaches, and highlights key considerations and emerging directions in the use of CBT and related treatments for pediatric pain.
Complementary therapy in pediatric pain
Authors: Martin Sarah R. , Zeltzer Lonnie K. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
There is increasing pediatric use of complementary therapies, especially for pediatric pain. This chapter reviews the key literature on studies that pertain to the use of complementary therapy in pediatric pain management. Though limited evidence exists for many complementary therapy modalities, initial evidence is promising. Currently, the strongest evidence supports the use of hypnotherapy, which will have its own chapter, and biofeedback for headaches. Acupuncture research is growing, but there are few well-designed studies in children. Most data indicate that complementary therapy use is safe in children when administered by a trained practitioner using good clinical judgment (e.g., avoiding massage in children aversive to touch).
Efficient exploration and calibration of a semi-analytical model of galaxy formation with deep learning
Authors: Elliott Edward J , Baugh Carlton M , Lacey Cedric G 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We implement a sample-efficient method for rapid and accurate emulation of semi-analytical galaxy formation models over a wide range of model outputs. We use ensembled deep learning algorithms to produce a fast emulator of an updated version of the galform model from a small number of training examples. We use the emulator to explore the model’s parameter space, and apply sensitivity analysis techniques to better understand the relative importance of the model parameters. We uncover key tensions between observational data sets by applying a heuristic weighting scheme in a Markov chain Monte Carlo framework and exploring the effects of requiring improved fits to certain data sets relative to others. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this method can be used to successfully calibrate the model parameters to a comprehensive list of observational constraints. In doing so, we re-discover previous galform fits in an automatic and transparent way, and discover an improved fit by applying a heavier weighting to the fit to the metallicities of early-type galaxies. The deep learning emulator requires a fraction of the model evaluations needed in similar emulation approaches, achieving an out-of-sample mean absolute error at the knee of the K-band luminosity function of 0.06 dex with less than 1000 model evaluations. We demonstrate that this is an extremely efficient, inexpensive, and transparent way to explore multidimensional parameter spaces, and can be applied more widely beyond semi-analytical galaxy formation models.
The ASKAP-EMU Early Science Project: 888 MHz radio continuum survey of the Large Magellanic Cloud
Authors: Pennock Clara M , van Loon Jacco Th , Filipović Miroslav D , Andernach Heinz , Haberl Frank , Kothes Roland , Lenc Emil , Rudnick Lawrence , White Sarah V , Agliozzo Claudia , Antón Sonia , Bojičić Ivan , Bomans Dominik J , Collier Jordan D , Crawford Evan J , Hopkins Andrew M , Jeganathan Kanapathippillai , Kavanagh Patrick J , Koribalski Bärbel S , Leahy Denis , Maggi Pierre , Maitra Chandreyee , Marvil Josh , Michałowski Michał J , Norris Ray P , Oliveira Joana M , Payne Jeffrey L , Sano Hidetoshi , Sasaki Manami , Staveley-Smith Lister , Vardoulaki Eleni 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We present an analysis of a new 120 deg2 radio continuum image of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) at 888 MHz with a bandwidth of 288 MHz and beam size of 13${_{.}^{\prime\prime}}$9 × 12${_{.}^{\prime\prime}}$1 from the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder processed as part of the Evolutionary Map of the Universe survey. The median root mean squared noise is 58 $\mu$Jy beam−1. We present a catalogue of 54 612 sources, divided over a Gold list (30 866 sources) complete down to 0.5 mJy uniformly across the field, a Silver list (22 080 sources) reaching down to &lt;0.2 mJy, and a Bronze list (1666 sources) of visually inspected sources in areas of high noise and/or near bright complex emission. We discuss detections of planetary nebulae and their radio luminosity function, young stellar objects showing a correlation between radio luminosity and gas temperature, novae and X-ray binaries in the LMC, and active stars in the Galactic foreground that may become a significant population below this flux level. We present examples of diffuse emission in the LMC (H ii regions, supernova remnants, bubbles) and distant galaxies showcasing spectacular interaction between jets and intracluster medium. Among 14 333 infrared counterparts of the predominantly background radio source population, we find that star-forming galaxies become more prominent below 3 mJy compared to active galactic nuclei. We combine the new 888 MHz data with archival Australia Telescope Compact Array data at 1.4 GHz to determine spectral indices; the vast majority display synchrotron emission but flatter spectra occur too. We argue that the most extreme spectral index values are due to variability.
Do galaxies die? Different views from simulations and observations in the local Universe
Authors: Corcho-Caballero Pablo , Ascasibar Yago , Scannapieco Cecilia 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
For years, the extragalactic community has divided galaxies in two distinct populations. One of them, featuring blue colours, is actively forming stars, while the other is made up of ‘red-and-dead’ objects with negligible star formation. Yet, are these galaxies really dead? Here, we would like to highlight that, as previously reported by several independent groups, state-of-the-art cosmological numerical simulations (EAGLE, IllustrisTNG, MAGNETICUM, and SIMBA) predict the existence of a large number of quenched galaxies that have not formed any star over the last few Gyr. In contrast, observational measurements of large galaxy samples in the nearby Universe (GAMA, SDSS) suggest that even the most passive systems still form stars at some residual level close to sSFR ∼ 10−12 yr−1. Unfortunately, extremely low star formation poses a challenge for both approaches. We conclude that, at present, the fraction of truly dead galaxies is still an important open question that must be addressed in order to understand galaxy formation and evolution.
The stellar mass – physical effective radius relation for dwarf galaxies in low-density environments
Authors: Prole D J 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTThe scaling relation between stellar mass (M*) and physical effective radius (re) has been well studied using wide spectroscopic surveys. However, these surveys suffer from severe surface brightness incompleteness in the dwarf galaxy regime, where the relation is poorly constrained. In this study, I use a Bayesian empirical model to constrain the power-law exponent β of the M*–re relation for late-type dwarfs ($10^{7} \le$M*/M⊙$\le 10^{9}$) using a sample of 188 isolated low surface brightness (LSB) galaxies, accounting for observational incompleteness. Surprisingly, the best-fitting model (β = 0.40 ± 0.07) indicates that the relation is significantly steeper than would be expected from extrapolating canonical models into the dwarf galaxy regime. Nevertheless, the best fitting M*–re relation closely follows the distribution of known dwarf galaxies. These results indicate that extrapolated canonical models overpredict the number of large dwarf (i.e. LSB) galaxies, including ultra-diffuse galaxies (UDGs), explaining why they are overproduced by some semi-analytic models. The best-fitting model also constrains the power-law exponent of the physical size distribution of UDGs to $n\mathrm{[dex^{-1}]}\propto r_{\mathrm{ e}}^{3.54\pm 0.33}$, consistent to within 1σ of the corresponding value in cluster environments and with the theoretical scenario in which UDGs occupy the high-spin tail of the normal dwarf galaxy population.
Monitoring Insect Transposable Elements in Large Double-Stranded DNA Viruses Reveals Host-to-Virus and Virus-to-Virus Transposition
Authors: Loiseau Vincent , Peccoud Jean , Bouzar Clémence , Guillier Sandra , Fan Jiangbin , Gueli Alletti Gianpiero , Meignin Carine , Herniou Elisabeth A , Federici Brian A , Wennmann Jörg T , Jehle Johannes A , Cordaux Richard , Gilbert Clément 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe mechanisms by which transposable elements (TEs) can be horizontally transferred between animals are unknown, but viruses are possible candidate vectors. Here, we surveyed the presence of host-derived TEs in viral genomes in 35 deep sequencing data sets produced from 11 host–virus systems, encompassing nine arthropod host species (five lepidopterans, two dipterans, and two crustaceans) and six different double-stranded (ds) DNA viruses (four baculoviruses and two iridoviruses). We found evidence of viral-borne TEs in 14 data sets, with frequencies of viral genomes carrying a TE ranging from 0.01% to 26.33% for baculoviruses and from 0.45% to 7.36% for iridoviruses. The analysis of viral populations separated by a single replication cycle revealed that viral-borne TEs originating from an initial host species can be retrieved after viral replication in another host species, sometimes at higher frequencies. Furthermore, we detected a strong increase in the number of integrations in a viral population for a TE absent from the hosts’ genomes, indicating that this TE has undergone intense transposition within the viral population. Finally, we provide evidence that many TEs found integrated in viral genomes (15/41) have been horizontally transferred in insects. Altogether, our results indicate that multiple large dsDNA viruses have the capacity to shuttle TEs in insects and they underline the potential of viruses to act as vectors of horizontal transfer of TEs. Furthermore, the finding that TEs can transpose between viral genomes of a viral species sets viruses as possible new niches in which TEs can persist and evolve.
A small-molecule chemical interface for molecular programs
Authors: Shenshin Vasily A , Lescanne Camille , Gines Guillaume , Rondelez Yannick 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn vitro molecular circuits, based on DNA-programmable chemistries, can perform an increasing range of high-level functions, such as molecular level computation, image or chemical pattern recognition and pattern generation. Most reported demonstrations, however, can only accept nucleic acids as input signals. Real-world applications of these programmable chemistries critically depend on strategies to interface them with a variety of non-DNA inputs, in particular small biologically relevant chemicals. We introduce here a general strategy to interface DNA-based circuits with non-DNA signals, based on input-translating modules. These translating modules contain a DNA response part and an allosteric protein sensing part, and use a simple design that renders them fully tunable and modular. They can be repurposed to either transmit or invert the response associated with the presence of a given input. By combining these translating-modules with robust and leak-free amplification motifs, we build sensing circuits that provide a fluorescent quantitative time-response to the concentration of their small-molecule input, with good specificity and sensitivity. The programmability of the DNA layer can be leveraged to perform DNA based signal processing operations, which we demonstrate here with logical inversion, signal modulation and a classification task on two inputs. The DNA circuits are also compatible with standard biochemical conditions, and we show the one-pot detection of an enzyme through its native metabolic activity. We anticipate that this sensitive small-molecule-to-DNA conversion strategy will play a critical role in the future applications of molecular-level circuitry.
iTARGEX analysis of yeast deletome reveals novel regulators of transcriptional buffering in S phase and protein turnover
Authors: Huang Jia-Hsin , Liao You-Rou , Lin Tzu-Chieh , Tsai Cheng-Hung , Lai Wei-Yun , Chou Yang-Kai , Leu Jun-Yi , Tsai Huai-Kuang , Kao Cheng-Fu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntegrating omics data with quantification of biological traits provides unparalleled opportunities for discovery of genetic regulators by in silico inference. However, current approaches to analyze genetic-perturbation screens are limited by their reliance on annotation libraries for prioritization of hits and subsequent targeted experimentation. Here, we present iTARGEX (identification of Trait-Associated Regulatory Genes via mixture regression using EXpectation maximization), an association framework with no requirement of a priori knowledge of gene function. After creating this tool, we used it to test associations between gene expression profiles and two biological traits in single-gene deletion budding yeast mutants, including transcription homeostasis during S phase and global protein turnover. For each trait, we discovered novel regulators without prior functional annotations. The functional effects of the novel candidates were then validated experimentally, providing solid evidence for their roles in the respective traits. Hence, we conclude that iTARGEX can reliably identify novel factors involved in given biological traits. As such, it is capable of converting genome-wide observations into causal gene function predictions. Further application of iTARGEX in other contexts is expected to facilitate the discovery of new regulators and provide observations for novel mechanistic hypotheses regarding different biological traits and phenotypes.
Distinct difference in tumor-infiltrating immune cells between Wilms’ tumor gene 1 peptide vaccine and anti-programmed cell death-1 antibody therapies
Authors: Yokota Chisato , Nakata Jun , Takano Koji , Nakajima Hiroko , Hayashibara Hiromu , Minagawa Hikaru , Chiba Yasuyoshi , Hirayama Ryuichi , Kijima Noriyuki , Kinoshita Manabu , Hashii Yoshiko , Tsuboi Akihiro , Oka Yoshihiro , Oji Yusuke , Kumanogoh Atsushi , Sugiyama Haruo , Kagawa Naoki , Kishima Haruhiko 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Wilms’ tumor gene 1 (WT1) peptide vaccine and anti-programmed cell death-1 (anti-PD-1) antibody are expected as immunotherapies to improve the clinical outcome of glioblastoma. The aims of this study were to clarify how each immunotherapy affects tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TIIs) and to determine whether the combination of these two therapies could synergistically work.

Methods
Mice were transplanted with WT1 and programmed cell death-ligand 1 doubly expressing glioblastoma cells into brain followed by treatment with WT1 peptide vaccine, anti-PD-1 antibody, or the combination of the two, and survival of each therapy was compared. CD45+ cells were positively selected as TIIs from the brains with tumors, and TIIs were compared between WT1 peptide vaccine and anti-PD-1 antibody therapies.

Results
Most mice seemed to be cured by the combination therapy with WT1 peptide vaccine and anti-PD-1 antibody, which was much better survival than each monotherapy. A large number of CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, and NK cells including WT1-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells infiltrated into the glioblastoma in WT1 peptide vaccine-treated mice. On the other hand, the number of TIIs did not increase, but instead PD-1 molecule expression was decreased on the majority of the tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T cells in the anti-PD-1 antibody-treated mice.

Conclusion
Our results clearly demonstrated that WT1 peptide vaccine and anti-PD-1 antibody therapies worked in the different steps of cancer-immunity cycle and that the combination of the two therapies could work synergistically against glioblastoma.
Regulatory Approaches and Implementation of Minimally Addictive Combusted Products
Authors: Hatsukami Dorothy K , Xu Dongqun , Ferris Wayne Geoffrey 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Introduction
A joint meeting was held by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Convention Secretariat of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control to examine the potential effects of a regulatory policy to reduce nicotine in cigarettes to minimally addictive levels. This paper reviews the feasibility of and approaches to implementing a nicotine product standard.

Methods
Prior WHO reports on this topic were consulted and a systematic review of the scientific literature was conducted. The paper was reviewed by the participants at the aforementioned meeting and their feedback was incorporated.

Results
The nicotine dose most likely to consistently reduce smoking behavior and dependence is ≤0.4 mg nicotine/g tobacco. An immediate rather than a gradual nicotine reduction approach appears to be more beneficial. Smokers are likely to seek nicotine from alternate sources (e.g., nicotine replacement therapies, e-cigarettes) or potentially, the illegal market. As such, the availability of alternative products, as well as strong policies against illegal markets, can potentially mitigate unintended consequences. An effectively reduced nicotine regulation must be imbedded in a comprehensive and strong tobacco control program that includes public education and surveillance. Barriers and challenges to implementing a nicotine product standard exist, particularly in low-capacity countries.

Conclusions
Not all countries will have the capacity to implement a regulation to reduce nicotine in cigarettes (and preferably other combusted tobacco products) to minimally addictive levels. However, for the countries that choose to implement it, such a policy could potentially dramatically reduce the burden of tobacco use.

Implications for tobacco regulatory science
Article 9 of the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control provides signatory governments the authority to implement a product standard for reducing nicotine in tobacco products to minimally addictive levels. This product standard has the potential to result in a dramatic reduction in cigarette and other combusted tobacco use and therefore, smoking-caused mortality and morbidity. This article describes the growing scientific evidence to support nicotine regulation in cigarettes, potential regulatory approaches and describes the infrastructure and tobacco control policies needed to implement a reduced nicotine product standard.
Reporting Treatment Fidelity in Behavioral Tobacco Treatment Clinical Trials: Scoping Review and Measurement Recommendations
Authors: Salloum Ramzi G , Rojewski Alana M , Piper Megan E , Blalock Janice A , Borrelli Belinda , Boyce Lindsay M , Minnix Jennifer A , Dogar Omara , Tomko Rachel L , Jorenby Douglas E , Kotsen Chris , Ostroff Jamie S 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Adoption of rigorous standards for reporting treatment fidelity is essential for advancing discovery, validation, and implementation of behavioral treatments. Whereas the NIH Behavior Change Consortium (BCC) developed an assessment tool to assess the quality of reporting and monitoring of treatment fidelity across health behavior change interventions, it has not yet been applied specifically to treatment fidelity in behavioral tobacco treatment trials.

Aims and Methods
We conducted a scoping review of peer-reviewed, clinical trials of behavioral adult tobacco treatment interventions published in English between 2006 and 2018. Using the BCC treatment fidelity checklist, articles were coded for the presence or absence of various treatment fidelity strategies within each of 5 domains: Design, Training, Delivery, Receipt, and Enactment. Eligible articles (N = 755) were coded by two independent coders.

Results
The proportion of reporting strategies varied within the fidelity domains, ranging from 5.2% to 96.3% in Design, 1.9% to 24.9% in Training, 2.6% to 32.3% in Delivery, 5.2% to 44.3% in Receipt, and 6.7% to 43.2% in Enactment. The mean proportion of adherence to treatment fidelity strategies within each domain was: Design (68%), Training (14%), Delivery (15%), Receipt (16%), and Enactment (25%). Only 11 studies achieved ≥80% reporting across &gt;1 fidelity domain. There was no evidence for improvement in fidelity reporting across the 13-year time frame from the initial BCC publication to the present.

Conclusions
These findings illustrate the lack of consistency in fidelity reporting in tobacco treatment trials and underscore the challenges faced in evaluating rigor and reproducibility, as well as interpretation and dissemination of findings. Recommendations are made for improving fidelity reporting in tobacco treatment trials.

Implications
The SRNT Treatment Research Network sponsored a scoping review to summarize the current state of reporting treatment fidelity and make recommendations for best practices in reporting fidelity in tobacco treatment trials. The review identified a lack of consistency in fidelity reporting, illustrating the challenges faced in evaluating rigor, and reproducibility, as well as interpretation and dissemination of findings.