bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The end of the beginning?
Authors: Allen John R. , Hodges F. Ben , Lindley-French Julian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
What are the specific lessons of Europe’s contemporary history for its future defence and how does history illuminate the challenges of such a defence? From D-Day to the creation and development of NATO, the importance of sufficient and legitimate military power has been at the heart of credible defence and deterrence. Innovation and technology allied to strategic responsibility have been key to maintaining the unity of effort and purpose vital to upholding and expanding Europe’s freedoms. Ultimately, for Europe’s defence to be credible to its citizens as well as adversaries and allies, there must be a tight bond between defence, power, and leadership allied to structures that magnify security and defence, such as NATO and the EU. There must also be a demonstrable sharing of equitable burdens without which any defence effort withers and dies over time.
Rethinking the Islamic Republican Canon
Authors: Shams Fatemeh 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The opening chapter tackles the problematic aspects of literary canonization, with specific reference to the complex process of literary de-canonization and re-canonization in the wake of 1979 revolution. It introduces, for the first time, the work and lives of two generations of poets who belong to the Islamic Republic’s canon of poetry, their approach to, and relationship with, the Persian poetic tradition. The reader thus begins the book grounded in the foundations of a poetic trend in modern Iran that was sponsored and promoted by the establishment following the 1979 revolution. While introducing the ‘key figures’ of the Islamic Republic’s official canon of poetry, the chapter throws light on the complex and multilayered process of reshaping the pre-revolutionary poetry canon in years preceding and following the 1979 revolution
A War to Remember (2)
Authors: Shams Fatemeh 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
As the war continued, and the death toll grew, some official poets began to engage with the conflict through greater degrees of realism. This chapter examines this aspect, and the ensuing complications in the relationship between poetry and the state, to present a nuanced, more complex portrait of the diversity of official war poetry. By drawing on other war literary traditions, such as English poetry during the First World War, this chapter aims to shed light on the ways in which the official poets of the Islamic Republic symbolized their emotional responses to war, depravation and trauma.
Inventing a Courtly Tradition
Authors: Shams Fatemeh 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The final chapter of this book aims to theorize the current dialectics of conformist poetry and power in Iran. By focusing on the ceremonial aspects of this relationship, the chapter introduces and analyzes the annual poetry nights established by the new leader, Ali Khamenei, whose ascension into power has been marked by ongoing episodes of political anxiety and ideological instability. Official poetry under Khamenei has been brought into the center of state operations; this chapter explores the reasons behind this, and the ways in which its ideological importance has been cemented by the current political administration in Iran. The chapter brings the book to a close by arguing that Khamenei’s plight for political legitimacy has been one of the main factors behind his strategy of inventing a new poetic tradition.
Origins and Telos
Authors: Larsen Signe Rehling 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Why do states federate? This chapter argues that states constitute federal unions because they are incapable of maintaining their own political autonomy and existence. The main reasons for this are a military threat or because the states need to govern and have access to larger internal markets. In order to perpetuate the political autonomy of its Member States, a federation is therefore concerned with defence and/or economic government. After WWII, with the collapse of the fascist experiments and the decline of the European maritime empires, most European states were faced with a long overdue crisis and were incapable of securing their most basic aims. European integration is an integral part of the post-WWII reconstitution of Europe and a response to this crisis. Proposals for both ‘defence federation’ and ‘economic federation’ were launched after WWII; only the latter was successfully established with the Treaty of Rome.
Introduction
Authors: Perrone Nicolás M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The role of the business leaders, bankers, and lawyers who promoted investment treaties and ISDS in the post-World War II period remains controversial. The introductory chapter argues that these norm entrepreneurs and their professional associations created a legal imagination about foreign investment relations which remains alive and well in both international investment law and ISDS awards. Their contribution to the progressive development of the law consisted of ideas as much as practice, particularly the way in which they collated their ideas into a vision of foreign investment relations. The chapter introduces the main features of this legal imagination, including the relevance of certain interpretations of property and contracts. It claims that grasping this imagination calls for a transnational law method, and concludes with an overview of the book.
Framing the Question
Authors: Schapiro Tamar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, I frame my question. My explicandum is the moment in which you are inclined, but not thereby determined, to φ. I call this “the moment of drama.” I want to know what challenges and opportunities we are faced with, in this moment. My question arises out of a distinctive philosophical method, one that differs from the standard method in philosophy of mind and action. The standard method asks, “what happens when someone acts?” My method, which is inspired by Kant, asks, “what am I doing, insofar as I am acting?” I explain how this method leads me to take the moment of drama as my explicandum. Finally, I preview three features of the relation between inclination and will that characterize this moment: being inclined to φ is a non-voluntary condition that exerts asymmetric pressure on the will, while also playing a deliberative role.
The Brute Force View
Authors: Schapiro Tamar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, I consider a conception of inclination that haunts the theory of action. It is alluded to in metaphors, but it is almost never defended systematically. This “brute force view” holds that our relation to our inclinations is analogous to our relation to external, brute forces. The intuitive appeal of this view is that it seems to capture two features of the way our inclinations influence us: they exert asymmetric pressure on us, and they are non-voluntary. But it does not capture a third feature, namely the deliberative role inclinations play. I claim further that upon closer inspection, the brute force view does not, in fact, adequately capture the first two features. The reason is that the brute force view makes inclinations external to us, in the wrong way. It makes being inclined to φ too unlike φ-ing.
The Inner Animal View
Authors: Schapiro Tamar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, I put forward the core of my “inner animal” view. When you are inclined but not determined to φ, you are relating to a part of yourself that has already determined itself to φ. This part of you as the structure of a creature of instinct. I find a suggestion of this view in Kant’s idea that what necessitates the arbitrium brutum merely affects the arbitrium sensitivum liberum. I develop the idea by relying on Korsgaard’s conception of animal agency. When you are in the moment of drama, I claim, part of you is already active, under the guidance of the instinctive part of your mind, while the rest of you has not yet determined itself to act. You are “drawn out of yourself.” I then address initial worries about my view, namely that it is objectionably dualistic, metaphorical, or biological.
The Role of ‘Fundamental Attunement’ in The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics
Authors: Cykowski Beth 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter proceeds chronologically through the lectures and examines Heidegger’s analysis in Part One of The Fundamental Concepts of Metaphysics of the ‘fundamental attunement’ of ‘profound boredom’, which he regards as the contemporary optic through which all metaphysics occurs, including that of the human/animal distinction. The chapter introduces Heidegger’s argument that the concept of a metaphysical abyss between human and animal is the expression of a deep-seated inherited prejudice concerning a division between ‘life’ and ‘spirit’. This division is crystallised in the work of contemporary philosophers of culture, including Oswald Spengler, Ludwig Klages, Max Scheler, and Leopold Ziegler, all of whom Heidegger regards as ‘spokespeople’ of the contemporary epoch. The chapter examines Heidegger’s engagement with these thinkers, followed by his conclusion that their work signals a profound boredom gripping the age.
Public Authority Liability in Hungary
Authors: Berkes Lilla 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In Hungary, government liability in tort was affected by the constitutional change that occurred after 1989. A new provision clearly stating government liability replaced the old one. A public body that acts unlawfully and causes damages to others is thus liable in tort, just like any private individual would be. Moreover, judicial review is no longer conceived as an extraordinary remedy. However, substantively, the basic premise is not that illegality in itself will give rise to damages liability, especially when the administration exercises discretionary powers. Moreover, the claimant must bring an administrative appeal before a judicial remedy is available. These appeals have been partially reshaped by the new Administrative Procedure Act (2018), which is important also for the procedural requirements it sets out with regard to the discharge of administrative functions and powers. Both EU law and the European Convention on Human Rights are increasingly relevant in this respect.
The Liability of Public Administration
Authors: Cortese Fulvio 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
At the end of the nineteenth century, Italian courts constructed government liability in narrow terms, excluding it whenever government took acts of imperium. Article 28 of the Constitution deviates from that line of cases, because it lays down two principles: first, that the officials and employees of public bodies are directly liable for acts committed in violation of rights and, second, that in such cases civil liability extends to public bodies. Concretely, the standard governing the non-contractual liability of public bodies is influenced by the rules of the Civil Code. Liability can thus be based on the existence of a breach of existing legal rules, including procedural constraints on the exercise of administrative powers. For example, the unlawful issuing of a building permit gives rise to liability. However, when public authorities exercise real discretion, issues of liability will be treated differently. And, unlike other legal systems, such issues often fall within the competence of administrative courts.
International Courts in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Caserta Salvatore 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter presents the main theoretical and methodological issues of the book. In terms of theory, the chapter explains that the book relies on the concept of de facto authority, according to which international courts become authoritative and powerful when their rulings are endorsed by relevant audiences in their practices. To complement this approach, the chapter explains that the book proposes five original analytical markers, which are central for analysing and explaining the social processes through which international courts, in general, and regional economic courts, in particular, gain or lose de facto authority. These are: (i) the nature of the political environment surrounding them; (ii) the timing of their institutional founding; (iii) the material and/or abstract interests of the agents interacting with them; (iv) the fundamental support of different social groups relating to them; and (v) the societal embeddedness in their operational context.
The Extended Foundation of the Central American Court of Justice between Pacification and Globalisation
Authors: Caserta Salvatore 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter deals with the extended process of creation of the Central American Court of Justice (CACJ) arguing that, similar to the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), the Court is also the institutional crystallisation of the different movements that characterised the Central American legal field over time. One of the movements leading to the creation of the CACJ is highlighted in the literature on the proliferation of international courts (ICs), according to which the Court is an EU-style regional economic court whose aim is to enforce the policies of the Central American Integration System (SICA). The other movement, pursued by more local elites, is concerned with the long-lasting project of pacifying and democratising the region by legal and judicial means. In addition to examining the dynamics at play during this extended foundation, this chapter also looks at the window of opportunity that led to the creation of the Court, which was found in the Esquipulas I and II peace negotiations and the need to strengthen economic integration at the end of the Cold War.
The effects of the BAILAMOS Dance Program on hippocampal volume in older Latinos: a randomized controlled pilot study
Authors: Guzman Jacqueline , Aguiñaga Susan , Balbim Guilherme M , Lamar Melissa , Marques Isabela G , Marquez David X 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Hippocampal atrophy is associated with cognitive decline. Physical activity (PA) can reverse the hippocampal loss. This study investigated the effects of the 4 month BAILAMOS dance program on hippocampal volume and self-reported PA in Latinos. Participants were randomized to the BAILAMOS dance program or waitlist control group (N = 14, n = 10 intervention, n = 4 waitlist, 67 ± 6.1 years old, 70% female). Hippocampal volumes were derived from Magnetic Resonance Imaging whole-brain T1-weighted images. Participants self-reported PA through the Community Healthy Activities Model Program for Seniors Physical Activity Questionnaire for older adults. There were no statistically significant changes in hippocampal volume preintervention to postintervention (F[1, 8] = .077, p = .79, d = .05) and no associations between PA change and hippocampal volume (F[4, 13] = .71, p = .61). However, dance participants self-reported more PA (d = .54) compared to the control. These findings demonstrate that the BAILAMOS dance program did not decrease hippocampal atrophy; however, it increased self-reported PA. Future studies should include longer and more cognitively demanding interventions to determine whether dance can reduce cognitive decline through hippocampal changes.
ATP5B promotes the metastasis and growth of gastric cancer by activating the FAK/AKT/MMP2 pathway
Authors: Wang Xufeng , Chang Xinyu , He Changyu , Fan Zhiyuan , Yu Zhenjia , Yu Beiqin , Wu Xiongyan , Hou Junyi , Li Jianfang , Su Liping , Liu Bingya , Zhu Zhenggang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAdenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the tumor microenvironment serves a vital role during tumor progression. ATP synthase F1 β subunit (ATP5B) is one of the most important subunits of ATP synthase and increases cellular ATP levels. ATP5B reportedly participates in carcinogenesis in several tumors. However, the regulatory mechanisms of ATP5B remain poorly understood in gastric cancer (GC). Here, we determined that high ATP5B expression in tumor tissues of GC is positively correlated with age, the tumor size, the TNM stage, lymph node metastasis, and patients’ poor prognosis. The overexpression of ATP5B in GC cells elevated the cellular ATP content and promoted migration, invasion and proliferation. The levels of MMP2 expression, phosphorylated FAK, and phosphorylated AKT were increased after ATP5B overexpression in GC cells. Additionally, ATP5B overexpression increased the extracellular ATP level through the secretion of intracellular ATP and activated the FAK/AKT/MMP2 signaling pathway. ATP5B‐induced downstream pathway activation was induced through the plasma membrane P2X7 receptor. Inhibitors of P2X7, FAK, AKT, and MMP2 suppressed the proliferative, migratory, and invasive capabilities of GC cells. In conclusion, our experiments indicate that ATP5B contributes to tumor progression of GC via FAK/AKT/MMP2 pathway. ATP5B, therefore, may be a biomarker of poor prognosis and a potential therapeutic target for GC.
ArfGAP1 acts as a GTPase‐activating protein for human ADP‐ribosylation factor‐like 1 protein
Authors: Feng Hsiang‐Pu , Cheng Hsiao‐Yun , Hsiao Ting‐Feng , Lin Tai‐Wei , Hsu Jia‐Wei , Huang Lien‐Hung , Yu Chia‐Jung 
Published: March 2021

AbstractADP‐ribosylation factors (Arfs) and Arf‐like (Arl) GTPases are key regulators of intracellular vesicle trafficking and Golgi structure. Both Arf and Arl proteins cycle between active GTP‐bound and inactive GDP‐bound forms, where guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) regulate the exchange of GDP for GTP, whereas GTPase‐activating proteins (GAPs) promote the hydrolysis of bound GTP. Human Arl1 is located at the trans‐Golgi network (TGN) and regulates the function and structure of the Golgi complex. However, neither GEFs nor GAPs for human Arl1 have been identified. Here, we report that ArfGAP1, an Arf1 GAP, can promote GTP hydrolysis of Arl1. We show that ArfGAP1 directly interacts with GTP‐bound Arl1 and exhibits GAP activity toward Arl1 in vitro. Exogenous expression of ArfGAP1, but not ArfGAP2 and ArfGAP3, causes dissociation of endogenous Arl1 from the TGN. In addition, GAP activity‐deficient ArfGAP1 fails to regulate the Golgi localization of Arl1. Using an activity pull‐down assay, we demonstrated that ArfGAP1 regulates the levels of Arl1‐GTP in cells expressing ArfGAP1‐myc or with ArfGAP1 knockdown. Finally, we observed that, similar to expression of putative active Arl1 (Arl1QL), ArfGAP1 knockdown impairs endosome‐to‐TGN retrograde transport of the Shiga toxin B‐subunit. Thus, our findings support the idea that ArfGAP1 acts as an Arl1 GAP to regulate the function of Arl1 in vesicle trafficking at the TGN.
Lb2Cas12a and its engineered variants mediate genome editing in human cells
Authors: Liu Xiaoyu , Lin Li , Tang Lianchao , Xie Haihua , Gu Lingkai , Lv Xiujuan , Liu Changbao , Zhao Junzhao , Deng Ruzhi , Liu Yong , Qu Jia , Gu Feng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCas12a‐mediated targeted genome engineering strategies have enabled a broad range of research and clinical applications. However, the limited target‐selection spectrum and low activity/fidelity remain a bottleneck for its widespread application in precision site‐specific human genome editing. Therefore, there exists an acute need to identify novel Cas12a nucleases with improved features for genome editing. By screening a range of candidate Cas12a nucleases, here we demonstrate that Lb2Cas12a possesses genome editing activity in human cells and it has greater flexibility in PAM (5ʹ‐BYYV‐3ʹ) selection. Furthermore, we engineered Lb2Cas12a to generate variants (Lb2Cas12a‐RVR and Lb2Cas12a‐RR), which greatly expands the target‐selection spectrum. Our study illustrated that Lb2Cas12a could be harnessed as additional genome editing tool for the manipulation of human genome.
Downregulation of miR‐497‐5p prevents liver ischemia‐reperfusion injury in association with MED1/TIMP‐2 axis and the NF‐κB pathway
Authors: Wu Kun , Tao Guoquan , Xu Ting , An Yuanyuan , Yu Xiangyou , Wang Yi , Wang Shaochuang , Guo Wen , Ma Long 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLiver ischemia‐reperfusion (I/R) injury is a common clinical pathological phenomenon, which is accompanied by the occurrence in liver transplantation. However, the underlying mechanism is not yet fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play an important role in liver I/R injury. Therefore, the study of miRNAs function will contribute a new biological marker diagnosis of liver I/R injury. This study aims to evaluate effects of miR‐497‐5p in liver I/R injury in mice. The related regulatory factors of miR‐497‐5p in liver I/R injury were predicted by bioinformatics analysis. Vascular occlusion was performed to establish the liver I/R injury animal models. Hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) was performed to establish the in vitro models. Hematoxylin‐eosin (HE) staining was conducted to assess liver injury. The inflammatory factors were evaluated by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Flow cytometry was adopted to assess the cell apoptosis. The expression of miR‐497b‐5p was increased in liver I/R injury. Knockdown of miR‐497b‐5p inhibited the production of inflammatory factors and cell apoptosis. Overexpression of mediator complex subunit 1 (MED1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 2 (TIMP2) inhibited cell apoptosis to alleviate liver I/R injury. miR‐497b‐5p could activate the nuclear factor kappa‐B (NF‐κB) pathway by inhibiting the MED1/TIMP‐2 axis to promote liver I/R injury. This study may provide a new strategy for the treatment of liver I/R injury.
The “Matrisome” reveals the characterization of skin keloid microenvironment
Authors: Zhang Shikun , Liu Binghui , Wang Wenjuan , Lv Luye , Gao Dunqin , Chai Mi , Li Mansheng , Wu Zhihong , Zhu Yunping , Ma Jie , Leng Ling 
Published: March 2021

AbstractKeloids are fibroproliferative dermal tumors of unknown origin that are characterized by the overabundant accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components. The mechanism of keloid formation has remained unclear because of a poor understanding of its molecular basis. In this study, the dermal ECM components of keloids were identified and the pathological features of keloid formation were characterized using large‐scale quantitative proteomic analyses of decellularized keloid biomatrix scaffolds. We identified a total of 267 dermal core ECM and ECM‐associated proteins that were differentially expressed between patients with keloids and healthy controls. Skin mechanical properties and biological processes including protease activity, wound healing, and adhesion were disordered in keloids. The integrated network analysis of the upregulated ECM proteins revealed multiple signaling pathways involved in these processes that may lead to keloid formation. Our findings may improve the scientific basis of keloid treatment and provide new ideas for the establishment of keloid models.