bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Continuous Detection of Pb(II) utilizing Chitosan-Graphene Oxide Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensors based on Ag/Au and Au/Ag/Au Nanolayers
Authors: Kamaruddin Nur Hasiba , Azeman Nur Hidayah , Mokhtar Mohd Hadri Hafiz , A Bakar Ahmad Ashrif 
Published: July 2021

This work demonstrates the effect of Ag/Au and Au/Ag/Au nanolayers on the performance of chitosan (CS)-graphene oxide (GO) surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensors for Pb(II) ion detection. The CS-GO SPR sensors are fabricated on a bi-metallic 40 nm Ag/10 nm Au and tri-metallic 10 nm Au/40 nm Ag/10 nm Au nanolayers. The sensors are tested with Pb(II) ion solution of concentrations 0.1 to 5 ppm using SPR spectroscopy. The results show that the CS-GO SPR sensor on the bimetallic Ag/Au gives a gradual shift in SPR angle from 0.1 to 1 ppm and slightly linear from 3 to 5 ppm. Meanwhile, the CS-GO SPR sensor on the tri-metallic Au/Ag/Au nanolayers provides an extended linearity range from 1 to 5 ppm with the highest shift in SPR angle of 1.8o. Additionally, the tri-metallic CS-GO SPR sensor also exhibits the greatest SNR of 0.25 as compared to 0.15 of the one on the bi-metallic nanolayers. Thus, the studies prove that the tri-metallic Au/Ag/Au nanolayer is an effective and simple approach to improve the performance of a CS-GO SPR sensor for Pb(II) ion detection.
Nonlinearity Effect on Multiwavelength fiber laser based on Sagnac loop mirror interferometer
Authors: Sulaiman Abdul Hadi , Najamhuri Nur Maizatul Nadia , Sukor Muhd Amirul Hafizi , Ismail Aiman , Abdullah Fairuz , Jamaludin Md Zaini 
Published: July 2021

This paper demonstrates a multiwavelength fiber laser (MWFL) with erbiumdoped fiber amplifier (EDFA) as gain medium and Sagnac loop mirror interferometer as filter. Stable and flat lasing spectrum was achieved when highly nonlinear fiber (HNLF) was inserted into the laser cavity. The number of lasing lines and extinction ratio (ER) was directly influenced by EDFA gain where at maximum setting, 14 lasing lines with ER of 19 dB were generated. The stable and flat spectrum achieved spanned about 1.6 nm. This is due to the induced intensity dependent loss mechanism in the cavity by adjusting the half-wave plate of the polarization controller in combination with the HNLF. The MWFL output showed peak power variation of about 2.1 dB within 100 minutes of observation time.
Kematian Kristus dan Implementasinya Dalam Kehidupan Kristen Masa Kini
Authors: Umboh Steven Tommy Dalekes 
Published: July 2021

AbstrakSejarah telah mencatat bahwa kematian Kristus selalu menjadi perdebatan khususnya bagi mereka yang meragukan otenistas benarkah Kristus meninggal secara faktual? Walau ada yang meragukan kematian Kristus, namun Alkitab tetap menjadi patokan utama yang harus dipercayai, bahwa kematian-Nya merupakan memiliki bukti keotentikan sejarah maupun secara doktrinal. Bukti kematian Kristus bersifat absolut dengan adanya tanda-tanda yang dikemukakan oleh para penulis Alkitab yang menjadi saksi mata dari peristiwa tersebut. Metode yang digunakan pada tulisan ini adalah metode kualitatif deskriftif dengan pendekatan kepustakaan. Hasil pada uraian artikel mengemukakan kematian Kristus terbingkai secara sistemtis dalam narasi Kitab Suci. Selain itu bukti secara arkeologis dan medis menyatakan hal itu. Implementasi bagi orang percaya dari kematian Kristus agar semakin menunjukkan kehidupan yang berubah melalui buah-buah roh, serta tidak melupakan perintah Allah dalam merealisasikan perintah Amanat Agung.Kata-Kata Kunci: Kematian Kristus, Kitab Suci, Orang KristenAbstractHistory has recorded that christ's death has always been a debate especially for those who doubt whether Christ died factually? Although some doubt christ's death, the Bible remains the main benchmark to be believed, that His death Was evidence of historical authenticity as well as doctrinally. The evidence of Christ's death is absolute with the signs presented by the Bible writers who bear eyewitnesses to the event. The method used in this paper is a descriptive qualitative method with a library approach. The results in the article description suggest christ's death is framed systemically in the Scriptural narrative. In addition archaeological and medical evidence states it. Implementation for believers from christ's death to further demonstrate a life that changes through the fruits of the spirit, and not forgetting god's command in realizing the command of the Great Commission. Key Words: The Death of Christ, Scripture, Christians
Kristus Sebagai Pusat Misi Pendidikan Kristen Untuk Mewujudkan Murid Kristus Dalam Gereja Lokal
Authors: Budiyana Hardi 
Published: July 2021

Abstrak Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan dan mengetahui Misi Pendidikan Kristen dalam Mewujudkan Murid Kristus, yang tentunya Murid Kristus yang memiliki karakter Kristiani dalam jemaat melalui proses pengajaran di gereja lokal. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian bersifat kualitatif dengan cara studi pustaka yakni mengkaji tentang Misi Pendidikan Kristen yang berpusat pada Kristus akan mewujudkan Murid Kristus yang memiliki wewenang untuk membangun karakter jemaat sesuai dengan ajaran iman Kristiani. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan pemahaman bahwa Misi Pendidikan Kristen berperan baik dalam Mewujudkan Murid Kristus yang memiliki pembentukan karakter kristiani dalam jemaat. Oleh karena itu, disarankan agar Para hamba Tuhan dalam hal ini Gembala Jemaat memiliki loyalitas yang tinggi dalam melaksanakan tugas dan tanggung jawab sebagai rekan kerja Allah yang bukan hanya berkotbah semata, tetapi juga menyampaikan pengajaran dengan hasil terwujud adanya murid Kristus yang memiliki karakter Kristiani nyata dalam diri Jemaat, sehingga jemaat mau melibatkan diri dalam pelayanan maupun dalam penginjilan baik dalam gereja maupun di luar gereja. Kata Kunci: Misi Pendidikan Kristen, Murid Kristus, Gereja Lokal. AbstractThis study aims to describe and know the Mission of Christian Education in Realizing Christ's Disciples, which is certainly Christ's Disciples who have Christian character in the congregation through the teaching process in the local church. This research is a qualitative study by means of literature study that examines the mission of Christian Education centered on Christ will realize Christ's Disciples who have the authority to build the character of the church in accordance with the teachings of the Christian faith. The results of this study provide an understanding that the Christian Education Mission plays a good role in realizing Christ's disciples who have the formation of Christian character in the congregation. Therefore, it is recommended that the pastors of the Church of the Church Shepherd have a high loyalty in carrying out their duties and responsibilities as partners of God who not only preach, but also deliver teaching with the results of the realization of disciples of Christ who have a real Christian character in themselves Congregation, so that the congregation wants to be involved in ministry and in evangelizing both in the church and outside the church. Keywords: Christian Education Mission, Christ Disciples, Local Church
Coinfección VIH y COVID 19 en niños: Reporte de Casos
Authors: Banegas Carballo Krisia María , Erazo Karen , Chevez Lourdes Patricia 
Published: July 2021

Honduras reportó sus dos primeros casos de COVID-19 el 11 de marzo del 2020, actualmente reporta un total de 64, 352 casos confirmados con 2,006 fallecidos que estiman una tasa letalidad de 3.1%. La presencia de comorbilidades que debiliten el sistema inmune está asociado a un incremento en la severidad y mortalidad de la enfermedad, es por esto que se ha cuestionado si la infección por virus de inmunodeficiencia humana incrementa el riesgo de contagio y severidad del cuadro de la COVID-19 debido a la presencia de bajo recuento de células CD4. En Honduras para mayo del 2020 se registraron 38,291 casos de VIH acumulados de los cuales 2,086 corresponden a menores de 14 años. En el presente reporte se incluyeron 2 pacientes pediátricos con VIH coinfectados con COVID-19 tratados en el Hospital Nacional Dr. Mario Catarino Rivas (HNMCR) desde el inicio de la pandemia en marzo hasta septiembre del 2020. Ambos pacientes fueron hospitalizados por su estado clínico crítico y la necesidad de apoyo con oxígeno. Ambos pacientes recibían terapia antirretroviral, sin embargo, el paciente numero 2 presentaba mala adherencia y se encontraba con inmunosupresión severa y falleció 2 días posteriores a su ingreso hospitalario. En conclusión, una vez más sigue siendo importante la adherencia al tratamiento antirretroviral en los niños con VIH con el fin de lograr la indetectabilidad en su carga viral mejorando su estado inmunológico, y evitando las infecciones oportunistas asociadas al VIH, así como también respondiendo adecuadamente a cualquier otra enfermedad.
Análisis de las políticas de seguridad ciudadana en El Salvador y su impacto en el incremento de la violencia
Authors: Martínez Reyes Alberto , Navarro Pérez José Javier 
Published: July 2021

Este artículo analiza las políticas de seguridad ciudadana que se han implementado en ElSalvador para combatir a las pandillas. El estudio hace un repaso por los cuatro distintosgobiernos que de 2003 a 2019 han intentado, sin éxito, reducir los altos niveles deviolencia. El artículo indaga en cómo estas políticas han permitido el fortalecimiento delas pandillas, el debilitamiento de la institucionalidad y, principalmente, elrecrudecimiento de la violencia expresada en la tasa de homicidios, que ha hecho de ElSalvador uno de los países más violentos del mundo. Por otra parte, también se hace unabreve exposición sobre el futuro de la política de seguridad ciudadana del gobierno de Nayib Bukele, tomando en consideración el contexto actual marcado por la pandemiaCOVID-19.
Importance of Geology in Cave Mining
Authors: Chitombo Gideon 
Published: July 2021

Editor’s note: The Geology and Mining series, edited by Dan Wood and Jeffrey Hedenquist, is designed to introduce early-career professionals and students to a variety of topics in mineral exploration, development, and mining, in order to provide insight into the many ways in which geoscientists contribute to the mineral industry.

Abstract
Cave mining methods (generically referred to as block caving) are becoming the preferred mass underground mining options for large, regularly shaped mineral deposits that are too deep to mine by open pit. The depth at which caving is initiated has increased over the past few decades, and operational difficulties experienced in these new mines have indicated the need for a much improved geologic and geotechnical understanding of the rock mass, if the low-cost and high-productivity objectives of the method are to be maintained and the mines operated safely. Undercuts (the caving initiation level immediately above the ore extraction level) are now being developed at depths of &gt;1,000 m below surface, with the objective of progressively deepening to 2,000 and, eventually, 3,000 m. Many of the deeper deposits now being mined by caving have lower average metal grades than previously caved at shallower depths and comprise harder and more heterogeneous rock masses, and some are located in higher-stress and higher-temperature environments. As a result, larger caving block heights are required for engineering reasons; mining costs (capital and operating) are also escalating. In these deeper cave mining environments, numerous hazards must be mitigated if safety, productivity, and profitability are not to be adversely affected. Fortunately, potential hazards can be indicated and evaluated during exploration, discovery, and deposit assessment, prior to mine design and planning. Major hazards include rock bursts, air blasts, discontinuous surface subsidence, and inrushes of fines. These hazards are present during all stages of the caving process, from cave establishment (tunnel and underground infrastructure development, drawbell opening, and undercutting) through cave propagation and cave breakthrough to surface, up to and including steady-state production. Improved geologic input into mine design and planning will facilitate recognition and management of these risks, mitigating their consequences.
Geology and Mining: Narrow-Width (Vein) Mining and the Geologist
Authors: Pratt Adrian 
Published: July 2021

Editor’s note: The Geology and Mining series, edited by Dan Wood and Jeffrey Hedenquist, is designed to introduce early-career professionals and students to a variety of topics in mineral exploration, development, and mining, in order to provide insight into the many ways in which geoscientists contribute to the mineral industry.

Abstract
Mining narrow deposits presents a discrete set of additional challenges to those common to most mining. Some challenges arise from the deposit’s width, its geometry—dip and planar continuity—and its interaction with the surrounding rock mass. The geology of the surrounding rock mass and associated physical properties of its geologic units and structures influence the application of mining method and mine design for both surface (open-pit) and underground mining.
Successful mine development is the product of teamwork and depends on the collaboration, coordination, collective experience, and confidence of the team. Above all, it relies on relationships shared by the team members along the value chain. These relationships are extremely important, since miscommunication, misunderstandings, missing data, etc., can result either in lost opportunities to develop a better mine, or will load the project with unnecessary risk.
This article is focused on underground mining of narrow-width deposits (veins) and the role of economic geologists in the definition and development of these deposits. The crucial importance of recognizing potential for value creation early in the life of a narrow-width mine project is highlighted, when an economic geologist is often a project’s key proponent. This role as the key proponent may change as a project progresses toward development, but early geologic contributions provide the foundation for narrow-width mine development.
The Origin of the Porphyry Deposit Name: From Shellfish, Tyrian Purple Dye, and Imperial Rome to the World’s Largest Copper Deposits
Authors: Redwood Stewart D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The porphyry deposit name has a long and fascinating etymological history of over 3,000 years. “Porphyry” is derived from the ancient Greek word porphyra (πoρϕύρα), or purple. It was originally applied to a rare purple dye, Tyrian purple, extracted by the Phoenicians from murex shells. It was later applied to a prized purple porphyritic rock, Imperial Porphyry or Porfido rosso attico, quarried by the Romans from Mons Porphyrites in the Eastern Red Sea hills of Egypt from the first to fifth centuries A.D., and used as a monumental stone in Imperial Rome and Byzantium (Istanbul). The name evolved in the field of igneous petrology to include all rocks with a porphyritic texture, regardless of their color. Mining of the first porphyry copper deposits, which were originally called disseminated or low-grade copper deposits, started in 1905. As a result of the close spatial and genetic relationship to porphyry stocks, they became known as porphyry copper deposits. The term was first used by W. H. Emmons in his 1918 textbook The Principles of Economic Geology, but it was originally used more as an engineering and economic description, as in Parsons’ 1933 book The Porphyry Coppers. It was slow to catch on in the geological literature. It was first used in the title of a paper in Economic Geology in 1947 but did not gain widespread use until the 1970s, following the publication of seminal papers on porphyry models and genesis by Lowell and Guilbert (1970) and Sillitoe (1972, 1973).
Mesozoic Metallogenesis of Peru: A Reality Check on Geodynamic Models
Authors: Shatwell Dave 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Andean Cordillera is generally regarded as the product of easterly subduction of oceanic lithosphere below South America since the Late Triassic, but recent syntheses have challenged this paradigm. In one model, W-dipping oceanic subduction pulls the continent west until it collides with a ribbon continent that now forms the coastal region and Western Cordillera of the Peruvian Andes. A second model involves westerly oceanic subduction until 120 to 100 Ma, without the involvement of a ribbon continent, to explain deep, subducted slabs revealed by mantle tomographic images. Both assume that “Andean-style” E-dipping subduction did not exist during the Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. Another model, also involving mantle tomography, assumes that a back-arc basin opened inboard of the trench between 145 and 100 Ma, displacing the E-dipping subduction zone offshore without changing its polarity.
This article examines the implications of these hypotheses for southern Peruvian metallogenesis during the Mesozoic, when marginal basins opened and closed and were thrust eastward and then were intruded, between 110 and ~50 Ma, by a linear belt of multiple plutons known as the Coastal Batholith. The earliest mineralization in southern Peru is located on the coast and comprises major iron oxide and minor porphyry copper deposits emplaced between 180 and 110 Ma. This was followed by Cu-rich iron oxide copper-gold deposits and a large Zn-rich volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) deposit between 115 and 95 Ma, then minor porphyry Cu deposits at ~80 Ma. A second episode of localized VMS mineralization followed at 70 to 68 Ma, then a group of at least five giant porphyry Cu-Mo deposits in southernmost Peru formed between 62 and 53 Ma.
The conventional model of Andean-style subduction, which explains many features of Mesozoic Andean metallogenesis in terms of changing plate vectors and velocities, is a poor fit with mantle tomographic anomalies that are thought to record the paleopositions of ancient trenches. A ribbon-continent model requires some plutons of the Coastal Batholith to have been separated from others by an ocean basin. West-dipping oceanic subduction does not account for Jurassic mineralization and magmatism in southern Peru. A model involving a back-arc basin that opened inboard of the existing trench, forcing E-dipping subduction to retreat offshore between 145 and 100 Ma, seems to best explain the metallogenic and tomographic data.
Landscape of Current Targeted Therapies for Advanced Colorectal Cancer
Authors: João Pissarra Ana , Abreu Catarina , Mansinho André , Lúcia Costa Ana , Dâmaso Sara , Lobo-Martins Soraia , Martins Marta , Costa Luís 
Published: July 2021

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most frequent and lethal cancer types worldwide. While surgery with chemotherapy and radiotherapy remains the only curative approach for localized CRC, for metastatic disease the therapeutic landscape has significantly evolved over the last years. Development and approval of novel targeted therapies, such as monoclonal antibodies against EGFR and VEGF, have significantly increased the median survival of patients with metastatic disease, with some trials reporting a benefit over 40 months. Increasing accessibility of high throughput sequencing has unraveled several new therapeutic targets. Actionable alterations, such as HER2 overexpression, BRAF mutations, and NTRK fusions, are currently available in metastatic disease, providing significant therapeutic opportunities for these patients, while new emerging agents, as immune checkpoint inhibitors, promise better treatment options in the near future. In this chapter, an overview of established and future CRC targeted therapies in the clinical setting is provided, as well as their mechanism of action, limitations, and future applicability.
Studies on Basic Chromosome Number, Ploidy Level, Chromosomal Association and Configuration and Meiotic Behavior in Mulberry (Morus Spp.)
Authors: Honnegowda Venkatesh Koluru 
Published: July 2021

Mulberry leaves are primary food for silkworm, Bombyx mori L. to feed silkworms and harvest quality silk cocoons. Mulberry belongs to family Moraceae and includes 60 species found distributed in both Hemisphere. In mulberry, chromosome numbers are varies from 2n = 28 to 22n = 308 (Diploid to Decosoploid) with ploidy level x to 22x. Based on chromosome numbers and meiotic behaviors x = 14 has been considered as basic chromosome numbers of the genus. In the present study, two diploids, two uneuploids, two triploids and two teteraploids mulberry varieties were selected for detailed chromosomal numbers and meiotic behaviors belongs to three species, namely Morus indica, Morus alba and Morus latifolia. Varieties, Vishaala and Kosen were diploids with 2n = 2x = 28 chromosomes and varieties Ber-S1 and S13 were uneuploids with 2n = 30 chromosomes belongs Morus indica. Varieties NAO Khurkul and KPG-1 were triploids with 2n = 3x = 42 chromosomes belongs to Moru alba and varieties Kokuso and Icheihei were tetraploids with 2n = 4x = 56 chromosomes. Diploids and uneuploids were showed normal meiosis with high pollen fertility and triploids and teteraploids were showed abnormal meiosis with low pollen fertility, due to virtue of higher ploidy level have been discussed in this chapter.
Structural and immunological characterization of an epitope within the PAN motif of ectodomain I in Babesia bovis apical membrane antigen 1 for vaccine development
Authors: Rittipornlertrak Amarin , Nambooppha Boondarika , Muenthaisong Anucha , Punyapornwithaya Veerasak , Tiwananthagorn Saruda , Chung Yang-Tsung , Tuvshintulga Bumduuren , Sivakumar Thillaiampalam , Yokoyama Naoaki , Sthitmatee Nattawooti 
Published: July 2021

Background
Bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis (B. bovis) has had a significant effect on the mobility and mortality rates of the cattle industry worldwide. Live-attenuated vaccines are currently being used in many endemic countries, but their wide use has been limited for a number of reasons. Although recombinant vaccines have been proposed as an alternative to live vaccines, such vaccines are not commercially available to date. Apical membrane antigen-1 (AMA-1) is one of the leading candidates in the development of a vaccine against diseases caused by apicomplexan parasite species. In Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) AMA-1 (PfAMA-1), several antibodies against epitopes in the plasminogen, apple, and nematode (PAN) motif of PfAMA-1 domain I significantly inhibited parasite growth. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to predict an epitope from the PAN motif of domain I in the B. bovis AMA-1 (BbAMA-1) using a combination of linear and conformational B-cell epitope prediction software. The selected epitope was then bioinformatically analyzed, synthesized as a peptide (sBbAMA-1), and then used to immunize a rabbit. Subsequently, in vitro growth- and the invasion-inhibitory effects of the rabbit antiserum were immunologically characterized.

Results
Our results demonstrated that the predicted BbAMA-1 epitope was located on the surface-exposed α-helix of the PAN motif in domain I at the apex area between residues 181 and 230 with six polymorphic sites. Subsequently, sBbAMA-1 elicited antibodies capable of recognizing the native BbAMA-1 in immunoassays. Furthermore, anti-serum against sBbAMA-1 was immunologically evaluated for its growth- and invasion-inhibitory effects on B. bovis merozoites in vitro. Our results demonstrated that the rabbit anti-sBbAMA-1 serum at a dilution of 1:5 significantly inhibited (p < 0.05) the growth of B. bovis merozoites by approximately 50–70% on days 3 and 4 of cultivation, along with the invasion of merozoites by approximately 60% within 4 h of incubation when compared to the control groups.

Conclusion
Our results indicate that the epitope predicted from the PAN motif of BbAMA-1 domain I is neutralization-sensitive and may serve as a target antigen for vaccine development against bovine babesiosis caused by B. bovis.