bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Copper‐Catalyzed Arylation of Olefins Using a Novel N,N‐Bidentate TRAM‐Based Ligand: Application in Synthesis of Functionalized Triarylmethanes[]**
Authors: Hosseini Raziyeh , Ranjbar‐Karimi Reza , Mohammadiannejad Kazem 
Published: September 2021

Abstract3,3′‐((phenylmethylene)bis(4‐methoxy‐3,1‐phenylene))dipyridine L was used as a novel N,N‐bidentate triarylmethane‐based ligand in Mizoroki‐Heck reactions. This air and moisture stable ligand was identified as a useful alternative to the commonly used phosphine ligands. The in‐situ generated complex of L with Cu(OAc)2showed excellent activity in cross coupling of aldehydes with olefins and a selected library of formylated olefins was prepared in high yields. The Friedel‐Crafts alkylation of arenes with the derived olefins catalyzed by Fe(OTs)3was also employed for the preparation of functionalized triarylmethanes. This alternative method offers several important advantages including mild reaction conditions, short reaction times, high yields, simple work‐up procedure, and broad substrate scope.
Synthesis of Arylfurans by Organic‐Solvent‐Free Method Using Phosphoric Acid as a Solvent and Catalyst
Authors: Ajibola Ibrahim Yusuf , Ai Liankun , Li Baolin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPhosphoric acid when being used as a solvent readily catalysed the cyclization reaction of 1,4‐dicarbonyl compounds to furnish a broad range of arylfuran compounds using the Paal‐Knorr furan synthetic method. The advantages of this synthetic method include an organic‐solvent‐free system, cheap and recyclable catalyst, easy experimental setup under air, short reaction time, wide substrate scope, broad functional group tolerance, eminent atom economy and excellent yields. The recovered acidic catalyst could be reused many times without significant loss in the catalytic activity. The photophysical properties of some selected arylfurans were examined in dilute solution. We found that most of the arylfurans emit in deep blue or violet region with moderate to high absolute quantum yields.
Did video gaming expansion boost municipal revenues in Illinois?
Authors: Wagner Gary A. , Walker Douglas M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOne supposed benefit of authorizing video gaming terminals (VGTs) outside of casinos is to improve the fiscal health of local governments. Illinois passed the Video Gaming Act in 2009, enabling individual municipalities to allow VGTs. To date, the machines have generated $400 million in municipal tax revenues and $2 billion for the state. We use a difference‐in‐differences strategy that adjusts for staggered adoption to isolate the causal effect of VGTs on municipal revenues. We find that VGTs displace other local taxable retail, leaving total municipal revenues unchanged. The video gaming act merely reallocated economic activity and did little to improve municipal finances.
Recent progress in multi‐scale modeling and simulation of flow and solute transport in porous media
Authors: Yang Xiaofan , Sun Haoran , Yang Yurong , Liu Yuanyuan , Li Xiaoyan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe heterogeneity and multi‐scale characteristics of porous media (such as soil aquifers) bring a series of uncertainties in studying flow and solute transport. In particular, the mathematical representation of these physical processes at different temporal and spatial scales, that is, the constitutive equations and parameters, is largely varied, which creates grand challenges in multi‐scale modeling and numerical simulation of flow and solute transport in porous media. In recent years, we acknowledge that at‐scale models and simulations have been greatly progressed, which means that at each individual scale, the transport phenomena, numerical methods, and solvers have been developed and utilized at different levels. However, the long‐standing problem, scale coupling between the pore‐ and Darcy‐scale in porous media, has not been well resolved. In this review, we present an overview and classification of the current multi‐scale models, aiming to understand small‐scale flow and solute transport processes when/where needed in a larger system. This review begins with a brief introduction of the pore‐ and Darcy‐scale theories. Two groups of multi‐scale models that are state‐of‐the‐art, based on the Darcy–Brinkman–Stokes equation and the domain decomposition method, respectively, are explained in the context of research progress in model theory, numerical algorithms, and applications. Future research perspectives and challenges are also discussed from both modeling and application points of view. This review is expected to provide a fundamental understanding of flow and solute transport in porous media and concept of developing multi‐scale models to bridge the gaps between processes in adjacent scales.This article is categorized under:
Science of Water > Water Quality
Science of Water > Methods
Science of Water > Hydrological Processes
Effects of light and water disturbance on the growth of Microcystis aeruginosa and the release of algal toxins
Authors: Xu Shaofeng , Zhang Lingyue , Lin Kaizong , Bai Miao , Wang Yue , Xu Mengyao , Zhang Minglu , Zhang Can , Shi Yun , Zhou He 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEutrophication of water constitutes a serious threat to global water quality. Light intensity and water disturbance are important factors affecting the growth of algae and the release of algal toxins. In this study, algal growth indicators, algal enzyme systems, and algal toxin release in Microcystis aeruginosa under different light intensities and water disturbances were determined. The results showed that 2500 lx and 120 rpm were the optimal conditions for the growth of M. aeruginosa. The growth of algal cells was inhibited by high light intensity and high water disturbance. However, the optimal conditions for algal growth were not favorable conditions for the release of algal toxin. The highest concentration of microcystin‐LR (MC‐LR), observed at 4500 lx and 80 rpm, was 198.1 μg/L, whereas the highest single cell toxin production reached up to 10.49 × 10−9 μg/cell at 7000 lx and 120 rpm. Redundancy analysis results showed that the concentration of MC‐LR was positively correlated with algal cell density and antioxidant enzyme activities (superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, and malondialdehyde [MDA]) and negatively correlated with the total nitrogen and total phosphorus consumption rates and MDA. Single cell toxin production was negatively correlated with algal cell density and antioxidant enzyme activity but positively correlated with MDA content.Practitioner Points

There was an optimal water disturbance condition for algae growth affected by the light intensity.
Optimal conditions for algae cell growth are not necessarily the optimal conditions for algal toxin release.
Enzyme indicators have correlation with the release of algae toxins and the growth of algae cells.
Monitoring Tasks in Aerospace
Authors: Pant Shashank , Sharif Khodaei Zahra , Droubi Mohamad Ghazi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractApproximately up to one-fifth of the direct operating cost of a commercial civilian fixed-wing aircraft is projected to be due to inspection and maintenance alone. Managing aircraft health with minimal human intervention and technologies that can perform continuous or on-demand monitoring/evaluation of aircraft components without having to take the aircraft out of service can have a significant impact on increasing availability while reducing maintenance cost. The ambition of these monitoring technologies is to shift aircraft maintenance practice from planned maintenance (PM), where the aircraft is taken out of service for scheduled inspection/maintenance, to condition-based maintenance (CBM), where aircraft is taken out of service only when maintenance is required, while maintaining the required levels of safety. Structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques can play a vital role in progressing towards CBM practice. Therefore, this chapter aims to provide the reader with a brief overview of the different SHM techniques and their use, as well as, challenges in implementing them for aircraft applications.
Strain Monitoring
Authors: Vanlanduit Steve , Sorgente Mario , Zadeh Aydin R. , Güemes Alfredo , Faisal Nadimul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the use of strain sensors for structural health monitoring. Compared to acceleration-based sensors, strain sensors can measure the deformation of a structure at very low frequencies (up to DC) and enable the measurement of ultrasonic responses. Many existing SHM methods make use of strain measurement data. Furthermore, strain sensors can be easily integrated in (aircraft) structures. This chapter discusses the working principle of traditional strain gauges (Sect. 8.1) and different types of optical fiber sensors (Sect. 8.2). The installation requirements of strain sensors and the required hardware for reading out sensors are provided. We will also give an overview of the advantages and the limitations of commonly used strain sensors. Finally, we will present an overview of the applications of strain sensors for structural health monitoring in the aeronautics field.
Einleitung
Authors: Kenner Steve 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungPolitische Bildung ist Unterrichtsfach, Unterrichtsprinzip, Querschnittsaufgabe der schulischen und außerschulischen Bildung, Bildungsauftrag und wesentlicher Bestandteil unserer Demokratie, denn „Demokratie ist die einzige staatlich verfasste Gesellschaftsordnung, die gelernt werden muss – früh, im Kindergarten, aber auch im hohen Alter“. Damit meint der Soziologe Oskar Negt nicht, oder zumindest nicht nur das bestehende politische System, die parlamentarische Demokratie mit all ihren Facetten. Negt betont Demokratie vielmehr als Lebensform ohne dabei den Begriff zu entpolitisieren.
Runcaciguat, a novel soluble guanylate cyclase activator, shows renoprotection in hypertensive, diabetic, and metabolic preclinical models of chronic kidney disease
Authors: Bénardeau Agnès , Kahnert Antje , Schomber Tibor , Meyer Jutta , Pavkovic Mira , Kretschmer Axel , Lawrenz Bettina , Hartmann Elke , Mathar Ilka , Hueser Joerg , Kraehling Jan R. , Eitner Frank , Hahn Michael G. , Stasch Johannes-Peter , Sandner Peter 
Published: September 2021

AbstractChronic kidney diseaQueryse (CKD) is associated with oxidative stress which can interrupt the nitric oxide (NO)/soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC) signaling and decrease cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) production. Low cGMP concentrations can cause kidney damage and progression of CKD. The novel sGC activator runcaciguat targets the oxidized and heme-free form of sGC, restoring cGMP production under oxidative stress. The purpose of this study is to investigate if runcaciguat could provide an effective treatment for CKD. Runcaciguat was used for the treatment not only in rat CKD models with different etiologies and comorbidities, namely of hypertensive rats, the renin transgenic (RenTG) rat, and angiotensin-supplemented (ANG-SD) rat, but also in rats with diabetic and metabolic CKD, the Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rat. The treatment duration was 2 to 42 weeks and runcaciguat was applied orally in doses from 1 to 10 mg/kg/bid. In these different rat CKD models, runcaciguat significantly reduced proteinuria (urinary protein to creatinine ratio; uPCR). These effects were also significant at doses which did not or only moderately decrease systemic blood pressure. Moreover, runcaciguat significantly decreased kidney injury biomarkers and attenuated morphological kidney damages. In RenTG rats, runcaciguat improved survival rates and markers of heart injury. These data demonstrate that the sGC activator runcaciguat exhibits cardio-renal protection at doses which did not reduce blood pressure and was effective in hypertensive as well as diabetic and metabolic CKD models. These data, therefore, suggest that runcaciguat, with its specific mode of action, represents an efficient treatment approach for CKD and associated CV diseases.
Graphical abstract
Magnitude, Scale, and Dynamics of the 2020 Mei-yu Rains and Floods over China
Authors: Volonté Ambrogio , Muetzelfeldt Mark , Schiemann Reinhard , Turner Andrew G. , Klingaman Nicholas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLarge parts of East and South Asia were affected by heavy precipitation and flooding during early summer 2020. This study provides both a statistical and dynamical characterization of rains and floods affecting the Yangtze River Basin (YRB). By aggregating daily and monthly precipitation over river basins across Asia, it is shown that the YRB is one of the areas that was particularly affected. June and July 2020 rainfall was higher than in the previous 20 years, and the YRB experienced anomalously high rainfall across most of its sub-basins. YRB discharge also attained levels not seen since 1998/1999. An automated method detecting the daily position of the East Asian Summer Monsoon Front (EASMF) is applied to show that the anomalously high YRB precipitation was associated with a halted northward progression of the EASMF and prolonged mei-yu conditions over the YRB lasting more than one month. Two 5-day heavy-precipitation episodes (12−16 June and 4−8 July 2020) are selected from this period for dynamical characterization, including Lagrangian trajectory analysis. Particular attention is devoted to the dynamics of the airstreams converging at the EASMF. Both episodes display heavy precipitation and convergence of monsoonal and subtropical air masses. However, clear differences are identified in the upper-level flow pattern, substantially affecting the balance of airmass advection towards the EASMF. This study contextualizes heavy precipitation in Asia in summer 2020 and showcases several analysis tools developed by the authors for the study of such events.
Bone mineral density in high-level endurance runners: Part B—genotype-dependent characteristics
Authors: Herbert A. J. , Williams A. G. , Lockey S. J. , Erskine R. M. , Sale C. , Hennis P. J. , Day S. H. , Stebbings G. K. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeInter-individual variability in bone mineral density (BMD) exists within and between endurance runners and non-athletes, probably in part due to differing genetic profiles. Certainty is lacking, however, regarding which genetic variants may contribute to BMD in endurance runners and if specific genotypes are sensitive to environmental factors, such as mechanical loading via training.MethodTen single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified from previous genome-wide and/or candidate gene association studies that have a functional effect on bone physiology. The aims of this study were to investigate (1) associations between genotype at those 10 SNPs and bone phenotypes in high-level endurance runners, and (2) interactions between genotype and athlete status on bone phenotypes.ResultsFemale runners withP2RX7rs3751143 AA genotype had 4% higher total-body BMD and 5% higher leg BMD than AC + CC genotypes. Male runners withWNT16rs3801387 AA genotype had 14% lower lumbar spine BMD than AA genotype non-athletes, whilst AG + GG genotype runners also had 5% higher leg BMD than AG + GG genotype non-athletes.ConclusionWe report novel associations betweenP2RX7rs3751143 genotype and BMD in female runners, whilst differences in BMD between male runners and non-athletes with the sameWNT16rs3801387 genotype existed, highlighting a potential genetic interaction with factors common in endurance runners, such as high levels of mechanical loading. These findings contribute to our knowledge of the genetic associations with BMD and improve our understanding of why some runners have lower BMD than others.
Analysis of sex-based differences in energy substrate utilization during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise
Authors: Cano Antonella , Ventura Lucia , Martinez Gianluca , Cugusi Lucia , Caria Marcello , Deriu Franca , Manca Andrea 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To explore sex-based differences in energy substrate utilization during moderate-intensity aerobic exercise; to identify the underpinning candidate physiological mechanisms.

Methods
Three databases were searched from inception to August 2020. Pertinent studies quantifying the utilization of substrates during moderate aerobic exercise in healthy men and reproductive-age women were considered. Studies conducted on sedentary/recreationally active and athletic populations were included and analyzed separately.

Results
Thirty-five studies entered the meta-analysis (21 in sedentary/recreationally active, 14 in athletic populations). Compared to women, the respiratory exchange ratio was significantly higher both in sedentary (mean difference, MD: + 0.03; p < 0.00001) and athletic men (MD: + 0.02; p < 0.0001). Greater carbohydrate oxidation was observed both in sedentary (standardized MD, SMD: 0.53; p = 0.006) and athletic men (SMD: 1.24; p < 0.00001). Regarding lipid substrates, sedentary men oxidized less fat than women (SMD: − 0.77; p = 0.0002), while no sex-based differences in fat oxidation were observed in athletes (SMD: 0.06; p = 0.77). Paucity of data prevented robust meta-analyses for protein sources. Sex hormones and different adrenergic activation were the most cited mechanisms to discuss sex-based differences.

Conclusions
Meta-analyses confirmed that men display greater reliance on carbohydrates while women rely more on lipids to sustain moderate aerobic exercise. The latter finding was not confirmed in athletes, a novel aspect of the present study. Mechanistically driven research is needed to further dissect the physiological underpinnings of sex differences in substrate utilization during aerobic exercise, especially for proteins, which are still less investigated than other substrates.
Effects of corners in surface superconductivity
Authors: Correggi Michele , Giacomelli Emanuela L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe study the Ginzburg–Landau functional describing an extreme type-II superconductor wire with cross section with finitely many corners at the boundary. We derive the ground state energy asymptotics up to o(1) errors in the surface superconductivity regime, i.e., between the second and third critical fields. We show that, compared to the case of smooth domains, each corner provides an additional contribution of order $$ {\mathcal {O}}(1) $$

O
(
1
)

depending on the corner opening angle. The corner energy is in turn obtained from an implicit model problem in an infinite wedge-like domain with fixed magnetic field. We also prove that such an auxiliary problem is well-posed and its ground state energy bounded and, finally, state a conjecture about its explicit dependence on the opening angle of the sector.
Thinning decreased soil respiration differently in two dryland Mediterranean forests with contrasted soil temperature and humidity regimes
Authors: Bautista Inmaculada , Lidón Antonio , Lull Cristina , González-Sanchis María , del Campo Antonio D. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe effects of a thinning treatment on soil respiration (Rs) were analysed in two dryland forest types with a Mediterranean climate in east Spain: a dry subhumid holm oak forest (Quercus ilex subsp. ballota) in La Hunde; a semiarid postfire regenerated Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis) forest in Sierra Calderona. Two twin plots were established at each site: one was thinned and the other was the control. Rs, soil humidity and temperature were measured regularly in the field at nine points per plot distributed into three blocks along the slope for 3 years at HU and for 2 years at CA after forest treatment. Soil heterotrophic activity was measured in laboratory on soil samples obtained bimonthly from December 2012 to June 2013 at the HU site. Seasonal Rs distribution gave low values in winter, began to increase in spring before lowering as soil dried in summer. This scenario indicates that with a semiarid climate, soil respiration is controlled by both soil humidity and soil temperature. Throughout the study period, the mean Rs value in the HU C plot was 13% higher than at HU T, and was 26% higher at CA C than the corresponding CA T plot value, being the differences significantly higher in control plots during active growing periods. Soil microclimatic variables explain the biggest proportion of variability for Rs: soil temperature explained 24.1% of total variability for Rs in the dry subhumid forest; soil humidity accounted for 24.6% of total variability for Rs in the semiarid forest. As Mediterranean climates are characterised by wide interannual variability, Rs showed considerable variability over the years, which can mask the effect caused by thinning treatment.
Responsible Management-as-Practice: Mobilizing a Posthumanist Approach
Authors: Gherardi Silvia , Laasch Oliver 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe emerging field of responsible management (RM) studies the integration of sustainability, responsibility, and ethics in managerial practices. Therefore, turning to practice theories for the study of RM appears to hold great promise of conceptual and methodological contribution. We propose a posthumanist practice approach for studying RM-as-practice. Managerial practices are conceived as the agencement of heterogeneous elements (humans, nonhumans, more-than-humans, materials, and discourses) that achieve agency in their being interconnected. Thus, RM is understood as processual, relational, emergent, and sociomaterial. We contribute a framework for the empirical study of RM-as-practice on the basis of three sensitizing concepts: situatedness, sociomateriality, and textures. We further discuss the implications of understanding responsibility as response-ability, an engaged practice for relating to the other and the RM researcher’s role as internal to the practice agencement under study, thus, opening the debate on our own response-ability.
Approaches to teaching in higher education: the perspective of network analysis using the revised approaches to teaching inventory
Authors: Mladenovici Velibor , Ilie Marian D. , Maricuțoiu Laurențiu P. , Iancu Daniel E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOver time, the academics’ approaches to teaching (i.e., content- or learning-focused approach) were intensively studied. Traditionally, studies estimated the shared variance between the items that describe a behavioral pattern (i.e., the psychometric approach), defined as a learning- or content-focused approach to teaching. In this study, we used a different perspective (i.e., network analysis) to investigate academics’ approaches to teaching. We aimed to bring in new insights regarding the interactions between the elements that define academics’ approaches to teaching. We used the Revised Approaches to Teaching Inventory to collect responses from 705 academics (63.97% female) from six Romanian universities. The main results indicated that academics’ conceptions about the subject matter are central to their preferences concerning the adoption of a content-focused or a learning-focused approach to teaching. The estimated network is stable across different sub-samples defined by the academic disciplines, class size, academics’ gender, and teaching experience. We highlighted the implications of these findings for research and teaching practice in higher education. Also, several recommendations for developing pedagogical training programs for academics were suggested. In particular, this study brings valuable insights for addressing academics’ conception about the subject matter and suggests that this could be a new topic for pedagogical training programs dedicated to university teachers.