bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Sailing Hydrofoil Development
Authors: Nigg D. J. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A simple means of controlling vertical stability and pitchpole moment in sail-powered hydrofoil craft is described. The system is self-stabilizing, requires no moving parts, and adds no additional operations to normal small-craft sailing technique. The method has been reduced to practice in a full-scale experimental craft, and shows promise of opening the way for development of a family of ultra-high-speed sailboats. Speeds in excess of twice the velocity of the wind are indicated, or roughly double the speeds attained by modern catamarans in like wind conditions.
Several Recent Rammings Investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board
Authors: Johnson Ralph E. , Katcharian Leon Z. 
Published: January 2021

This paper discusses several recent rammings investigated by the National Transportation Safety Board:the ramming of the U.S. fishing vessel Chickadee by the guided-missile frigate USS Richard L. Page (FFG-5) in the Atlantic Ocean near Virginia Beach, Virginia on April 21,1987;the ramming of the Sidney Lanier Bridge by the Polish bulk carrier Ziemia Bialostocka at Brunswick, Georgia on May 3, 1987;the ramming of the Spanish bulk carrier Urduliz by the aircraft carrier USS Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN 69) at Hampton Roads, Virginia on August 29, 1988; andthe ramming of the French tankship Camargue by the Swedish auto carrier Figaro in the Gulf of Mexico near Galveston, Texas on November 10, 1988.
The paper addresses both crew and ship performance which contributed to these accidents. In addition, the paper discusses the role of the Safety Board in accident investigations, and the safety recommendations issued by the Safety Board as a result of these investigations.
Bulk Carrier Safety
Authors: Frystock Karen , Spencer Jack 
Published: January 2021

During the past ten years, more than 700 crewmen have died as a result of Bulk Carrier casualties. Following a rash of 25 Bulk Carrier losses in 1990 and 1991, The American Bureau of Shipping (ABS), The International Association of Classification Societies (IACS), and various other segments of the marine industry initiated measures in an attempt to correct this situation. During the next several years another 11 Bulk Carrier losses (resulting in the death of 174 crewmen), indicated that these measures, although improving the situation, did not go far enough to solve the problem. A close examination of the vessels involved indicated that the overwhelming majority of the bulk carriers were in excess of 15 years old. While inadequate maintenance and improper loading have been likely contributory factors, it is apparent that present BulkCarrier designs have not matched expectations as these vessels age. At ABS a study to investigate the response of the Bulk Carrier hull structure was undertaken in an attempt to understand the causes of the structural weaknesses which may have contributed to these losses. In applying a first principles approach of using representative and realistic dynamic loads, the critical areas, including hold frames and end brackets, corrugated transverse bulkheads, cross deck structures and fore end structures were studied. This study resulted in the development of a new complete, flexible, and integrated strength criteria for design and assessment of Bulk Carrier hull structures. The approach encompasses:the loading criteria,the strength criteria for minimum scantling requirements, andthe strength assessment procedures incorporating failure criteria dealing with material yielding, buckling/ultimate strength and fatigue.
In this paper, an overview of this new strength standard is presented and the procedures to rectify problem areas unique to bulk carriers are discussed.
Estudo comparativo dos custos da implantação de rede de abastecimento de água no distrito de Luzimangues/TO
Authors: Sardinha Wislley Cardoso , Silva Junior Flavio Vieira da 
Published: January 2021

A água é um dos recursos naturais essenciais à sobrevivência humana, no entanto tem sofrido com problemas como sobrecarga de utilização, em âmbito global e escassez, o que contribui de forma negativa com a disponibilidade do recurso, evidenciando assim, a crise da água. Neste contexto, surge então a necessidade de se gerenciar de maneira eficaz esse recurso que é tão importante e que apresenta inúmeros componentes de incertezas. Um importante objeto do gerenciamento é o tratamento químico pelo qual a água bruta passa para se tornar potável e adequada para o consumo humano, este processo corresponde ao segundo maior custo nas estações de tratamento de água, atrás apenas de despesas envolvendo recursos humanos, materiais e serviços. Neste trabalho buscou-se mostrar, através de revisão bibliográfica, a íntima relação existente entre saneamento básico, meio ambiente e saúde pública. Concluiu-se que o saneamento básico é um fator fundamental, mas não único, para a melhoria da qualidade de vida da população, devendo ser incorporado a um modelo de desenvolvimento que contemple também as questões econômicas e sociais.
COVID-19-Related Mortality across the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: Based on Countries’ Available Data Up to November, 2020
Authors: Ahmad Amar , Mamdouh Heba , Naseri Heba Al- , Hamiz Aisha Al , Heumann Christian , Ali Raghib 
Published: January 2021

Background: The world has endured a high burden of mortality and morbidity due to Covid-19 over the last year. There may be factors that account for differences in mortality rates. The Gulf Corporation Council (GCC) countries share similar cultural identities, socioeconomic conditions, population structure and display similar health-status composition of their population. There is a demand for data on the differentials of the COVID-19 pandemic across all countries. This statistical analysis primarily compared the crude mortality rates, and estimates the relative risk of COVID-19 death rates across the GCC countries using longitudinal study design.
Methods: This statistical analysis used downloaded data from Our World in Data, which was last updated on November 19, 2020. We computed COVID-19 crude mortality rates for the GCC countries individually. We estimated COVID-19 death rates for the GCC countries and compared them to the reference largest country Saudi Arabia. To adjust for most relevant confounding factors for COVID-19 deaths, a Poisson mixed effect regression model was fitted with COVID-19 new cases and the number test per case as fixed effect predictors of COVID-19 deaths.
Results: The estimated relative risk of COVID-19 deaths rates for UAE and Qatar was 0.352 (95% CI: 0.220-0.564, p-value <0.001) and 0.467 (95% CI: 0.287-0.762, p-value = 0.002), respectively, showing 64.8% and 53.3% fewer COVID-19 death rates compared to Saudi Arabia, individually. No statistically significant difference was found between Bahrain, Kuwait and Oman as compared with Saudi Arabia.
Conclusion: The UAE has the lowest COVID-19 death rate among any other GCC countries, followed by Qatar. In addition, the number of tests per case were negatively associated with the number of Covid-19 deaths. Besides, the number of new COCID-19 infections relative to the number of patients correlates with the number of patient deaths.
Standards for the Research and Registration of Drinking Mineral and Mountain Spring Waters in Bulgaria
Authors: Ignatov Ignat 
Published: January 2021

In Bulgaria is observed a great variety of spring waters. They are mineral and mountain spring waters. According to their temperature they can be cold (up to 37 °С), warm (from 37°C to 60 °C) and hot (over 60 °C). This is temperature standard in Bulgaria, European Union.
The mountain spring waters are cold with temperature up to 25 °С.
In Bulgaria for drinking mineral and mountain spring waters are valid Ordinance No 9 / 2001, Official State Gazette, issue 30, and decree No. 178 / 23.07.2004. There are include:

Physicochemical parameters;
Microbiological data;
Radiological study.

The aim of the publication is to show the results regarding Ordinance No. 9 / 2001, Official State Gazette, issue 30, and decree No 178 / 23.07.2004 with research of Nedyalka Valcheva, Trakia University, Stara Zagora. There are also including author research.
By their chemical composition they fall into three categories – low mineralized (up to 2 g/L), moderately mineralized (2 to 15 g/L) and highly mineralized (15 - 30 g/L). According to their chemical composition the mineral waters are divided into sulphate, sulfide, hydrogen carbonate, chloride and carbonic containing waters.
Data Analytic Solution for Heterogeneous Transportation Management Network System: A Case Study of Kwara State, Nigeria
Authors: Kayode A. Aroyehun , Alabi Abdullateef O. , Ganiyat T. Salaudeen 
Published: January 2021

When the transportation system of any States in Nigeria is effective, it positively contributes to effective economy growth and infrastructural facilities; saves stress and generate revenue to the authorities. This is the desire of every ministry of Transportation for State in Nigeria although a number of constraints usually make it not attainable. The transportation system presently operated by the Ministry of Transportation, Kwara was studied and found to be suffering, cumbersome, exploitative and fall short in all standards of a good transportation network system. Therefore this paper seeks to present the results of the research carried out to Big Data Analytic Solution (BDAS) for the management of the transport companies’ network system within Kwara State. The research adopts a transportation frame work design solution, MySQL for data migration and Php framework ‘codeigniter’ for productive server for the full development. The phase testing is carried out and presents the improved version for the improvement in routes schedules, company’s services and driver’s registration and user booking.
The system will serve as open access to heterogeneous communities in Kwara State, Nigeria and make easy booking for passengers, assist communities in management of transportation systems within kwara state, Nigeria.
Comparative Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Supplement on Hepato-renal Damages Induced by Acetaminophen Toxicity in Wistar Rats
Authors: Abaekwume Chukwunyere Ogechi , Kagbo Hope Delesi 
Published: January 2021

Background: Acetaminophen toxicity is one of the widespread causes of both planned and unplanned health related issues in the world today. It is a familiar cause of liver and kidney damage particularly in adolescents and children.
Aims: With the growing focus in the mitigating and therapeutic roles of herbal drugs in toxicity studies, it is perceptible to investigate the comparative, prophylactic and curative effect of the ginger supplement on acetaminophen-induced liver and kidney damage using wistar rats as model. Methodology:
Study Design: Twenty (20) adult male wistar rats weighing185 g-220 g was obtained from animal house of the department of Pharmacology University of Port Harcourt were divided into four groups having five rats each.
Methodology: Twenty adult wistar rats were divided into four (4) groups of five animals each and treated orally as follows: Group A (normal control) received distilled water (7days), group B received 1000mg/kg acetaminophen (APAP) (2 days). Group C Ginger (GINE+APAP) received ginger supplements 500mg/kg respectively one hour before administration of APAP for 7 days, whereas group D received APAP (2 days) followed by 500mg/kg Ginger for 5 days (APAP+GINE). At the end of the experiment, animals from different groups were anaesthesized, blood samples collected, liver and kidney tissues dissected and subjected to different biochemical, antioxidants, and histopathological test.
Statistical: Analysis was done using One Way Anova and Tukey’s Post-hoc Test.
Results: APAP caused significant (P<0.05) decrease in creatinine with significant (P<0.01) increase and decrease in liver enzymes and hepatic catalase levels respectively in relation to normal control. Treatment of rats with the ginger supplements attenuated the elevated liver and kidney biochemistry, histopathological alterations by APAP treatment.
Conclusively: The extracts demonstrated therapeutic ability and the herbal drugs may be more effective when use prophylactically than curatively. Further research work is needed to validate the finding.
Mathematical Model of the Transmission Dynamics of Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19) and Its Control
Authors: William Atokolo , David Omale , Tenuche Bashir Sezuo , Samuel Olayemi Kehinde , Alih Daniel Musa , Johnson Akpa 
Published: January 2021

This work is aimed at formulating a mathematical model for the transmission dynamics and control of corona virus disease in a population. The Disease Free Equilibrium state of the model was determined and shown to be locally asymptotically stable. The Endemic Equilibrium state of the model was also established and proved to be locally asymptotically stable using the trace and determinant method, after which we determined the basic reproduction number ( ) of the model using the next generation method. When ( ), the disease is wiped out of a population, but if ( ), the disease invades such population. Local sensitivity analysis result shows that the rate at which the exposed are quarantined ( ), the rate at which the infected are isolated ( ), the rate at which the quarantined are isolated ( ), and the treatment rate ( ) should be targeted by the control intervention strategies as an increase in the values of these parameters ( and ) will reduce the basic reproduction number ( ) of the COVID-19 and as such will eliminate the disease from the population with time. Numerical simulation of the model shows that the disease will be eradicated with time when enlightenment control measure for the susceptible individuals to observe social distance, frequent use of hand sanitizers, covering of mouth when coughing or sneezing are properly observed. Moreso, increasing the rates at which the suspected and confirmed cases of COVID-19 are quarantined and isolated respectively reduce the spread of the global pandemic.
Composting – A Solution to the Industrial Solid Waste Management
Authors: Malarvizhi C. , Doraisamy P. , Maheswari M. 
Published: January 2021

Environmental pollution is the major problems associated with rapid industrialization, urbanization and rise in living standards for people. Gelatin industry solid waste contains plant nutrients and organic matter, which could enhance the availability of nutrients, enrich the soil organic matter and ultimately increase the crop growth. Hence, the study was conducted to convert gelatin industry solid waste with nutrient-rich materials such as cow dung, poultry waste and coir pith with microbial cultures for the production of nutrient-rich value-added manure. Composting of GISW along with coir pith, cow dung and poultry waste recorded the desirable C/N ratio of 12.4:1 and highest nutrient contents (1.85, 3.85 and 1.24% of N, P and K, respectively). Also, the composted gelatin industry solid waste (CGISW) was subjected to various maturity tests and phytotoxicity assay. The indiscriminate disposal and accumulation of solid wastes generated by gelatin manufacturing industries are the cause for concern. Hence an attempt has been made to convert these gelatin industry solid wastes (GISW) into bio-manure by blending with other organic wastes such as poultry waste, coir pith and cow dung with suitable microorganisms.
Pre-Interventional and Post-Interventional Analysis of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice Regarding Hepatitis B & C among Prison Inmates of Malir Jail, Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Mirza Agha M. Wali , Farhan Syed Ali , Nawab Junaid , Mukhtar Sahrish , Naqvi Shagufta , Ali Syed Sanower , Baig Iqra , Ahmad Mohid , Hussain Wassay 
Published: January 2021

Background: Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C being the most prevalent and preventable infectious disease in Sindh with prison inmates being a major risk group.
Aims: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of this deadly debilitating disease.
Study Design: Interventional Study
Place and Duration of Study: It was performed in Malir Jail, Karachi, Pakistan in which 128 prison inmates participated. The research was done in three phases for the duration of 1 month.
Methodology: In first phase a pre-intervention questionnaire was filled which assessed the basic knowledge regarding hepatitis, its spread and prevention. In the second phase an elaborate audiovisual presentation was given with detailed explanation to all the participants about hepatitis B and hepatitis C. In the third phase a post-intervention questionnaire was filled.
Results: On assessment, the results showed that before intervention prisoners lacked basic knowledge about hepatitis and after the intervention their knowledge and awareness improved significantly with a p-value of <0.001.
Conclusion: It is concluded that prison inmates of Malir jail Karachi lacked basic knowledge of hepatitis B and hepatitis C and with substantial repeated interventions this preventable infectious disease could be prevented.
Assessment of Solid Waste Generation and Management in Eziobodo Community, Imo State, Nigeria
Authors: Ifeanyichukwu Nkeleme Emmanuel , Anosike Nwabueze Micheal , Ikenna Achigbu Onyemaeze 
Published: January 2021

Solid wastes management is a major problem that has reached alarming proportions requiring drastic measures. The increasing difficulty in managing wastes in Nigeria has become one of the most intractable environmental issues. There is unprecedented increase in the rate of wastes generated by the residents. The cardinal aim of the study is to “ascertain the assessment of solid waste management generated in Eziobodo community, Owerri west, Imo state, Nigeria”. To achieve this aim, 140 copies of questionnaires were administered to the residents of Eziobodo community selected at random sampling. Of these, 112 copies of the questionnaire (80.0%) were returned and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Data from the questionnaires were analyzed by simple frequency and presented by percentage. The study revealed among others that: residential buildings accounts for the highest generation source of solid wastes in the community and the solid wastes were predominantly nylon/nylon bags/ nylon sachets; food waste, plastic can/rubbers arranged in their order of severity. Consequently, the effect of the solid waste in the community were; wide and easy spread of disease vectors, soil pollution and easy breed of flies, rats and mosquitoes. Hence the study recommends, sorting of solid waste before dumping, provision of adequate skips and dustbins and ensuring regular collection of wastes. Finally, potential for a sustainable approach to management of solid wastes such as recycling, reuse, energy recovery and waste reduction.
Nutritional Considerations, Lifestyle Changes and Smoking Habits in Geriatric Patients in COVID 19 ERA – Survey Report
Authors: Bali Pragya , Singh Harvinder , Ruthwal Yamini , Bali Aditya , Bali Ashish , Pathania Poonam , Jabeen Farhat 
Published: January 2021

Aim: The main aim of this study is to investigate whether or not there has been a change in the daily dietary patterns of elderly people between the ages of 60 and 80 during the Coronavirus quarantine.
Materials and Methods: An online survey was conducted with questionnaires related to dietary habits and changes done in COVID 19 in elderly patients. An online form was sent with no physical contacts and questions were asked related to dietary habits in age group 60-80 years. Questions were related to Daily diet, Systematic diseases and mental health.
Results: With regards to lifestyle changes during the COVID-19 lockdown, most of the population declares not to have changed its habits. 48% of population has not changed their lifestyle where as 16% has improved their nutritional intake and 36% have witnessed decline their dietary habits during pandemic and lockdown.
Conclusion: The three pillars which should be controlled in COVID 19 times has been taken under and an insight is provided. COVID 19’s peculiarity is it enhances the chronic respiratory ailment in geriatric group hence diet plays an important role.
Evaluation of diffusion‐weighted MRI and geometric distortion on a 0.35T MR‐LINAC at multiple gantry angles
Authors: Lewis Benjamin , Guta Anamaria , Mackey Stacie , Gach H. Michael , Mutic Sasa , Green Olga , Kim Taeho 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDiffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) provides a valuable diagnostic tool for tumor evaluation. Yet, it is difficult to acquire daily MRI data sets in the traditional radiotherapy clinical setting due to patient burden and limited resources. However, integrated MRI radiotherapy treatment systems facilitate daily functional MRI acquisitions like DWI during treatment exams. Before ADC values from MR‐RT systems can be used clinically their reproducibility and accuracy must be quantified. This study used a NIST traceable DWI phantom to verify ADC values acquired on a 0.35 T MR‐LINAC system at multiple gantry angles. A diffusion‐weighted echo planar imaging sequence was used for all image acquisitions, with b‐values of 0, 500, 900, 2000 s/mm2 for the 1.5 T and 3.0 T systems and 0, 200, 500, 800 s/mm2 for the 0.35 T system. Images were acquired at multiple gantry angles on the MR‐LINAC system from 0° to 330° in 30° increments to assess the impact of gantry angle on geometric distortion and ADC values. CT images, and three fiducial markers were used as ground truth for geometric distortion measurements. The distance between fiducial markers increased by as much as 7.2 mm on the MR‐LINAC at gantry angle 60°. ADC values of deionized water vials from the 1.5 T and 3.0 T systems were 8.30 × 10‐6 mm2/s and −0.85 × 10‐6 mm2/s off, respectively, from the expected value of 1127 × 10‐6 mm2/s. The MR‐LINAC system provided an ADC value of the pure water vials that was −116.63 × 10‐6 mm2/s off from the expected value of 1127 × 10‐6 mm2/s. The MR‐LINAC also showed a variation in ADC across all gantry angles of 33.72 × 10‐6 mm2/s and 20.41 × 10‐6 mm2/s for the vials with expected values of 1127 × 10‐6 mm2/s and 248 × 10‐6 mm2/s, respectively. This study showed that variation of the ADC values and geometric information on the 0.35 T MR‐LINAC system was dependent on the gantry angle at acquisition.