bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling and Control of a Translational Robotic Arm
Authors: Wei Bin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to design and model a translational robotic arm that is simple and cheap to manufacture while maintaining good functionality. Once the robotic arm is designed, the control analysis and computer simulation are conducted. When selecting the material used for the parts, the density and strength of are considered. This paper covers the design process, analysis and computer simulation of a robotic arm. The final design is a 4-DOF (degrees of freedom) pick and place robot. This robot has 1 prismatic joint and 3 revolute joints. The arm is designed to be used in multiple applications such as pick and place, car wash, chalkboard erasers, etc. Forward kinematics is used to calculate the end effectors position and orientation based on the positions of each joint. The Lagrange general method is used to come up with the equation of motion. Also, the control method selected for this robot was nonlinear decoupling PD control.
An Innovative Thermal Analysis Model for Continuous Operation of a Solar Collector
Authors: Nokhosteen Arman , Sobhansarbandi Sarvenaz 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Heat pipe evacuated tube solar collectors (HPETCs) are a type of solar collectors widely used in solar water heating (SWH) technologies. In order to optimize the design of SWHs, understanding the heat transfer phenomena in HPETCs is of paramount importance. The complexity of the heat transfer processes involved in modelling a collector’s performance render direct numerical simulations (DNS) computationally cumbersome. In this work, a novel hybrid numerical method is employed in order to simulate the thermal behaviour of HPETCs, both during day and night time operation. This method is comprised of a previously developed resistance network based proper orthogonal decomposition (RNPOD) method for simulation during operation hours were solar irradiation values are greater than zero; after which, an in-house code based on Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has been utilized for simulation when irradiance is zero. This hybrid method is able to reduce simulation time and take into account the ambient working conditions of the collector and therefore, provide an accurate assessment of the temperature distribution inside the collector during the entirety of its operation during a full working cycle. The obtained results of this study are cross-validated with the previous experimental work of the authors, illustrating that the model is able to predict the peripheral temperature distribution with an average error of less than 10%.
Numerical Analysis of Optimal Design Parameters for a Cell Co-Culture Microfluidic Platform With an Integrated Pressure-Controlled Valve
Authors: Ishraq Bari Saif Mohammad , Reis Louis G. , Holland Thomas , Nestorova Gergana G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This study reports the design, fabrication, and a two-dimensional numerical analysis to identify the optimal operating parameters of a novel microfluidic co-culture platform with an integrated pressure-controlled valve. Replica molding using 3D printed PDMS molds were used for the fabrication of the individual components of the device. Alternation of the position of the PDMS hydraulic valve permits individual manipulation of the cellular microenvironment of the two adjacent cell culture chambers (27.5 mm × 35 mm × 10 mm). The mathematical model analyzes the deflection profile of the valve in the vertical direction as a function of several parameters: valve thicknesses, the pressure exerted by the fluid inside the pressure chamber, and PDMS elasticity determined by the ratio of the elastomer base and the curing reagent. The valve understudy requires a deflection of 0.5 mm to completely isolate the two cell chambers. The combination of the optimal design parameters is identified using numerical analysis. Mathematical simulations show that the deflection of the membrane is inversely proportional to the valve membrane thickness and directly proportional to the pressure exerted by the fluid on the valve.
Implications of Statistical Spread to Experimental Analysis in a Novel Miniature Kolsky Bar
Authors: Hannah Thomas , Kraft Reuben H. , Martin Valerie , Ellis Stephen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Kolsky Bar systems are subjected to inherent system error as all measurement devices are. This is especially true in that as the bar diameter decreases, the system becomes more sensitive to errors such as friction and misalignment. In this work we present a technique for identifying and quantifying the error of a Kolsky system. We also present a method of generating statistically significant bounds for Kolsky systems so that anomalous or improperly executed experiments can be quantitatively identified. This method does not rely on the intuition of the experimentalist to identify an anomalous experiment. After presenting our method for error identification, a series of tests are performed on 2024Aluminum alloy samples. A method is then presented where the system error, as well as some error contributed by a variance in sample dimension, are removed from the calculated error related to the stress on the samples. The result shows the effective variance of the sample response is quite high in the elastic loading period, but reduces when plasticity dominates. This is attributed to the presence of high frequency content in the travelling elastic waves which cannot be accurately measured currently, but is effectively damped out when plastic deformation dominates.
Numerical Investigation of High-Speed Oxy-Fuel Pulsed Detonation for Direct Power Extraction
Authors: Karra Shashank K. , Apte Sourabh V. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Oxy-fuel based pulse detonation system can be used for direct power extraction when combined with magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). A space-time conservation element solution element (CE/SE) method is used to investigate the operational envelope of oxy-coal detonations with gaseous methane as a surrogate fuel. The CE/SE method results in a consistent multidimensional formulation for structured/unstructured meshes by providing flux conservation in space and time without the need for complex Riemann solvers to capture solution discontinuities. A modified revised Jones-Lindstedt (JL-R) reaction mechanism accounting for radicals such as O, OH, and H was used as a reduced mechanism to simulate detonation waves from CH4−O2 combustion. The numerical scheme is first verified by comparing predictions with the ZND theory and other published data to show excellent agreement. For shock-induced detonation, the effect of driver shock temperature, pressure, stoichiometric ratio (ϕ) and initial driver shock length, on detonation initiation and propagation was investigated. The simulations accurately predicted detonation velocities, at various ϕ values, compared with available experimental data. The results show that higher gas temperatures and velocities are achieved through oxy-detonations compared to air. The chosen reduced chemical kinetic mechanism, that accounts for radical disassociation, is found to be critical in appropriately limiting heat release during oxy-combustion, thereby predicting detonation temperature and velocity accurately.
Lessons From the Conversion of a Heavy-Duty Compression Ignition Engine to Natural Gas Spark Ignition Operation
Authors: Liu Jinlong , Ulishney Christopher , Dumitrescu Cosmin E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Partial conversion of the large inventory of compression-ignition engines to natural-gas (NG) spark-ignition lean-burn operation can reduce U.S. dependence on imported petroleum and enhance national energy security. This paper describes some of the observations made during such an engine conversion and proposes some solutions to alleviate some of the potential issues. The engine conversion in this study consisted from replacing the diesel injector with a spark plug and adding a port fuel injection system for NG delivery. The results indicated that the retrofitted engine performed reliably at lean-burn conditions, despite the different combustion characteristics compared to conventional SI engines. However, the squish region will trap an important fuel fraction (∼30%) and experience less-optimal burning conditions, hence a slower burning rate. This affected the engine efficiency and increased the unburned hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions. From a combustion point of view, the operation of such converted engines can be optimized by increasing the bowl-to-squish volume ratio, optimizing the piston shape (e.g., by removing the central protrusion and avoiding 90-degree edges inside the bowl). The original compression ratio may also need to be reduced to avoid knocking. Moreover, direct gas injection and/or intake charging will increase the volumetric efficiency, which will benefit engine efficiency and emissions.
An Efficient Galerkin Averaging-Incremental Harmonic Balance Method Based on the Fast Fourier Transform and Tensor Contraction
Authors: Ju R. , Fan W. , Zhu W. D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
An efficient Galerkin averaging-incremental harmonic balance (EGA-IHB) method is developed based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and tensor contraction to increase efficiency and robustness of the IHB method when calculating periodic responses of complex nonlinear systems with non-polynomial nonlinearities. As a semi-analytical method, derivation of formulae and programming are significantly simplified in the EGA-IHB method. The residual vector and Jacobian matrix corresponding to nonlinear terms in the EGA-IHB method are expressed using truncated Fourier series. After calculating Fourier coefficient vectors using the FFT, tensor contraction is used to calculate the Jacobian matrix, which can significantly improve numerical efficiency. Since inaccurate results may be obtained from discrete Fourier transform-based methods when aliasing occurs, the minimal non-aliasing sampling rate is determined for the EGA-IHB method. Performances of the EGA-IHB method are analyzed using several benchmark examples; its accuracy, efficiency, convergence, and robustness are analyzed and compared with several widely used semi-analytical methods. The EGA-IHB method has high efficiency and good robustness for both polynomial and nonpolynomial nonlinearities, and it has considerable advantages over the other methods.
Influence of Complexity, Innovation, Newness and Learning on Project Success in New Development Projects: A Study in Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Beste Carina , Welo Torgeir , Olsson Nils O. E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the execution of product development projects, deviation in time, budget and quality must be avoided. The expectations on these outcomes are high, especially in commodity-type projects, where most of the project content is assumed known upfront. On the other hand, increasingly complex project environments face constantly changes, where shift in scope is more the rule than the exception. In this study, we cluster factors assumed pushing the project boundaries of exploration in terms of innovation, complexity and newness. We pose an initial hypothesis that dealing with unplanned changes, or ‘newness’, has an overall negative outcome on project outcomes, despite the underlying intentions. It is also hypothesized that learning capabilities of the product development team is a major factor for successfully dealing with the dynamics of newness. To test both hypothesizes, we first developed and executed a survey involving 10 manufacturing companies. The participants were asked to rate 25 statements related to innovation, complexity and newness, and their perceived impact on overall project success. The results show a clearly negative correlation between successful projects and newness. To test the second hypothesis, the single statements for ‘newness’ was divided into positive and negative learning. The term ‘negative learning’ is used when stress occurs and therefore knowledge and abilities are not properly developed. Positive learning describes on the other hand if motivation is high and active learning occurs. The results show that newness statements related to positive learning has a positive impact on project outcomes, whereas negative learning has a negative impact on project success.
Entropy-Based Optimization of Helical Fins for Heat Transfer Enhancement Inside Tubes
Authors: Pidaparthi Bharath , Li Peiwen , Missoum Samy 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The design optimization of a tube with internal helical fins is considered from an entropy generation point of view. The primary focus of the article is to study the optimization results based on entropy-based formulations. Specifically, this work compares the optimal design solution obtained through the minimization of total entropy and through the multiobjective optimization of the heat transfer and frictional entropies when considered as two separate objectives. The latter quantities being associated with heat transfer and pressure drops, it is shown that, from a design optimization point of view, it is important to separate both entropies which are conflicting objectives.
Digital Twin for Smart Manufacturing: The Practitioner’s Perspective
Authors: Bärring Maja , Johansson Björn , Shao Goudong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The manufacturing sector is experiencing a technological paradigm shift, where new information technology (IT) concepts can help digitize product design, production systems, and manufacturing processes. One of such concepts is Digital Twin and researchers have made some advancement on both its conceptual development and technological implementations. However, in practice, there are many different definitions of the digital-twin concept. These different definitions have created a lot of confusion for practitioners, especially small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Therefore, the adoption and implementation of the digital-twin concept in manufacturing have been difficult and slow. In this paper, we report our findings from a survey of companies (both large and small) regarding their understanding and acceptance of the digital-twin concept. Five supply-chain companies from discrete manufacturing and one trade organization representing suppliers in the automotive business were interviewed. Their operations have been studied to understand their current digital maturity levels and articulate their needs for digital solutions to stay competitive. This paper presents the results of the research including the viewpoints of these companies in terms of opportunities and challenges for implementing digital twins.
Conversion From Traditional Manufacturing to Digital Manufacturing, an Industry 4.0 Application in Furniture Making
Authors: Xiao Angran , Chen Mason , Gailani Gaffar , Zhang Andy 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The concept of Industry 4.0 was presented to upgrade the manufacturing systems of large enterprises or even countries. Although some implementation paradigms and frameworks for implementation have been developed, only a minute selection suit the special needs and characteristics of small to medium enterprises (SME’s). On the other hand, SME’s account for a significant market share of the economy, and are in great needs to modernize and diversity their manufacturing capabilities in order to remain competitive in today’s marketplace. In this paper, we present a framework for implementing Industry 4.0 in SME’s. As a work in progress, the product customization and manufacturing sections of the aforementioned framework are being implemented, which are being utilized by a local furniture maker for a custom order of wooden bookcases.
Multi-Scale Fatigue Modeling and Design Optimization of Bottom Hole Assemblies in High-DLS Applications
Authors: Li Ke , Karuppoor Srinand , Ossia Sepand 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
To quantify the fatigue strength of bottom hole assembly (BHA) components used in high-bending drilling conditions, a multi-scale approach for fatigue analysis of BHAs was developed, which entails calculations at the BHA scale, the component scale, and the feature scale. At the BHA level, a beam-type model was constructed, with the BHA information and drilling parameters as the input. The calculated shear force, contact force, and bending moment were then used as the loading conditions for the finite element models at the component level, which involves drill collars and threaded connections. A local strain based fatigue damage criterion was thereafter employed to compute the fatigue life at the critical features. Part of the outcome from this multi-scale model is a relation between bending moment and fatigue life, which is inherent for each collar or each connection. This relation can then be used to design a BHA, track the fatigue damage of a BHA during operation, and perform root cause analyses if a fatigue related failure has taken place. The methodology was validated with lab experiments and field practices.
Determination of the Thermal Properties of a PCB by Coupled Numerical and Experimental Approach
Authors: Usul Yener , Özçatalbaş Mustafa 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Increasing demand for usage of electronics intensely in narrow enclosures necessitates accurate thermal analyses to be performed. Conduction based FEM (Finite Element Method) is a common and practical way to examine the thermal behavior of an electronic system. First step to perform a numerical analysis for any system is to set up the correct analysis model. In this paper, a method for obtaining the coefficient of thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity of a PCB which has generally a complex composite layup structure composed of conductive layers, and dielectric layers. In the study, above mentioned properties are obtained performing a simple nondestructive experiment and a numerical analysis. In the method, a small portion of PCB is sandwiched from one side at certain pressure by jaws. A couple of linear temperature profiles are applied to the jaws successively. Unknown values are tuned in the analysis model until the results of FEM analysis and experiment match. The values for the coefficient of thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity which the experiment and numerical analysis results match can be said to be the actual values. From this point on, the PCB whose thermal properties are determined can be analyzed numerically for any desired geometry and boundary condition.
A Novel Training Bike and Camera System to Evaluate Pose of Cyclists
Authors: Garimella Raman , Beyers Koen , Peeters Thomas , Verwulgen Stijn , Sels Seppe , Huysmans Toon 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Aerodynamic drag force can account for up to 90% of the opposing force experienced by a cyclist. Therefore, aerodynamic testing and efficiency is a priority in cycling. An inexpensive method to optimize performance is required. In this study, we evaluate a novel indoor setup as a tool for aerodynamic pose training. The setup consists of a bike, indoor home trainer, camera, and wearable inertial motion sensors. A camera calculates frontal area of the cyclist and the trainer varies resistance to the cyclist by using this as an input. To guide a cyclist to assume an optimal pose, joint angles of the body are an objective metric. To track joint angles, two methods were evaluated: optical (RGB camera for the two-dimensional angles in sagittal plane of 6 joints), and inertial sensors (wearable sensors for three-dimensional angles of 13 joints). One (1) male amateur cyclist was instructed to recreate certain static and dynamic poses on the bike. The inertial sensors provide excellent results (absolute error = 0.28°) for knee joint. Based on linear regression analysis, frontal area can be best predicted (correlation &gt; 0.4) by chest anterior/posterior tilt, pelvis left/right rotation, neck flexion/extension, chest left/right rotation, and chest left/right lateral tilt (p &lt; 0.01).
A New Dynamic Model of a Two-Wheeled Two-Flexible-Beam Inverted Pendulum Robot
Authors: Mehrvarz Amin , Khodaei Mohammad Javad , Clark William , Jalili Nader 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Inverted pendulums are traditional dynamic problems. If an inverted pendulum is used in a moving cart, a new type of exciting issues will appear. One of these problems is two-wheeled inverted pendulum systems. Because of their small size, high performance in quick driving, and their stability with controller, researchers and engineers are interested in them. In this paper, a new configuration of one specific robot is modeled, and its dynamic behavior is analyzed. The proposed model can move in two directions, and with a proper controller can keep its stability during the operation. In this robot, two cantilever beams are on the two-wheeled base, and they are excited by voltages to the attached piezoelectric actuators. The mathematical model of this system is obtained using the extended Hamilton’s Principle. The results show that the governing equations of motion are highly nonlinear and contain several coupled partial differential equations (PDEs). In order to extract the natural modes of the beams, the undamped, unforced equations of motion and boundary conditions of the beams are used. If a limited number of modes (N1 and N2) are selected for each beam, the coupled PDEs will be changed to N1 + N2 + 5 ordinary differential equations (ODEs). These complex equations are solved numerically, and the natural frequencies of the system are extracted. The system is then simulated in both lateral and horizontal plane movements. The simulation shows that the governing equations are correct, and the system is ready for designing a proper controller. It should be mentioned that in the future works, the derived equations will be validated experimentally, and a suitable control strategy will be applied to the system to make it automated and more applicable.
Influence of Process Parameters on the Microstructure, and Geometrical Characteristics of Laser Additive Manufactured (LAM) Titanium Alloy Composite Coatings
Authors: Fatoba O. S. , Lasisi A. M. , Akinlabi S. A. , Akinlabi E. T. , Adediran A. A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The study experimentally investigates the effects of Ytterbium Laser System process parameters on the resultant microstructure of Ti-6Al-4V grade 5 alloy and reinforcement powders. The deposition process was conducted employing a 3 kW (CW) Ytterbium Laser System (YLS-2000-TR) machine, coaxial to the reinforcement powder. The laser scanning speed and power were varied between the intervals of 0.8–1.0 m/min and 900–1000 W. All other parameters kept constant were the rate of gas flow, the spot diameter, and the rate of powder flow. Metallurgical studies were conducted where all the samples microstructure was characterized by employing Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Optical Microscopy (OM). The results showed that a minimum porosity was achieved at high laser power complemented with low powder feed rate. The microstructure formed was dominated by columnar grains and martensitic needle-like structures with a formation of beta phase. It was observed that the microstructure was influenced significantly by the two laser speed modes, and the laser power. The grain size and phase structure were influenced significantly by the laser power; increasing it had resulted in larger grains, and a coarser microstructure. The results also showed that the residual stresses of the optimized specimens were compressive.