bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender Issues in Italian Catheterization Laboratories: The Gender‐CATH Study
Authors: Bernelli Chiara , Cerrato Enrico , Ortega Rebecca , Piccaluga Emanuela , Ricottini Elisabetta , Chieffo Alaide , Masiero Giulia , Mattesini Alessio , La Manna Alessio , Musumeci Giuseppe , Tarantini Giuseppe , Mehran Roxana 
Published: February 2021

Background
Women represent an increasing percentage of interventional cardiologists in Italy compared with other countries. However, gaps exist in understanding and adapting to the impact of these changing demographics.

Methods and Results

We performed a national survey to analyze demographics, gender‐based professional difference, needs in terms of catheterization laboratory (Cath‐Lab) abstention, and radiation safety issues in Italian Cath‐Lab settings. A survey supported by the Italian Society of Interventional Cardiology (Società Italiana di Cardiologia Interventistica–Gruppo Italiano di Studi Emodinamici SICI‐GISE) was mailed to all SICI‐GISE members. Categorical data were compared using the χ
2
test.
P
<0.05 was considered significant. There were 326 respondents: 20.2% were <35 years old, and 64.4% had >10 years of Cath‐Lab experience. Notably, 26.4% were women. Workload was not gender‐influenced (women performed “on‐call” duty 69.8% versus men 68.3%;
P
=0.97). Women were more frequently unmarried (22.1% women versus 8.7% men;
P
=0.002) and childless (43.9% versus 56.1%;
P
<0.001). Interestingly, 69.8% of women versus 44.6% of men (
P
<0.001) argued that pregnancy/breastfeeding negatively impacts professional skill development and career advancement. For Cath‐Lab abstention, 38.9% and 69.6% of respondents considered it useful to perform percutaneous coronary intervention robotic simulations and "refresh‐skill" sessions while they were absent or on return to work, respectively, without gender differences. Overall, 80% of respondents described current radioprotection counseling efforts as inadequate and not gender specific. Finally, 26.7% faced some type of job discrimination, a significantly higher proportion of whom were women.

Conclusions
Several gender‐based differences exist or are perceived to exist among interventional cardiologists in Italian Cath‐Labs. Joint strategies addressing Cath‐Lab abstention and radiation exposure education should be developed to promote gender equity in interventional cardiologists.
Associations of Job Strain, Stressful Life Events, and Social Strain With Coronary Heart Disease in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study
Authors: Wang Conglong , Lê‐Scherban Félice , Taylor Jennifer , Salmoirago‐Blotcher Elena , Allison Matthew , Gefen David , Robinson Lucy , Michael Yvonne L. 
Published: February 2021

Background
The association between psychosocial stress and coronary heart disease (CHD) may be stronger in women than men and may differ across types of stressors. In this study, we assessed associations of psychosocial stressors, including job strain, stressful life events, and social strain with the incidence of CHD in women.

Methods and Results

We used longitudinal data from 80 825 WHI‐OS (Women's Health Initiative Observational Study) participants with a mean age of 63.4 years (7.3 years) at baseline. Job strain was assessed through linkage of Standard Occupational Classification codes to the Occupational Information Network. Stressful life events and social strain were assessed via validated self‐reported questionnaires. Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate associations of each stressor with CHD separately and jointly. A total of 3841 (4.8%) women developed CHD during an average of 14.7 years of follow‐up. After adjustment for age, other stressors, job tenure, and socioeconomic factors, high stressful life events score was associated with a 12% increased CHD risk, and high social strain was associated with a 9% increased CHD risk. Job strain was not independently associated with CHD risk, but we observed a statistically significant interaction between job strain and social strain (
P
=0.04), such that among women with high social strain, passive job strain was associated with a 21% increased CHD risk.

Conclusions
High stressful life events and social strain were each associated with higher CHD risk. Job strain and social strain work synergistically to increase CHD risk.
Breast Cancer Promotes Cardiac Dysfunction Through Deregulation of Cardiomyocyte Ca
2+
‐Handling Protein Expression That is Not Reversed by Exercise Training
Authors: da Costa Tassia S. R. , Urias Ursula , Negrao Marcelo V. , Jordão Camila P. , Passos Clévia S. , Gomes‐Santos Igor L. , Salemi Vera Maria C. , Camargo Anamaria A. , Brum Patricia C. , Oliveira Edilamar M. , Hajjar Ludhmila A. , Chammas Roger , Filho Roberto K. , Negrao Carlos E. 
Published: February 2021

Background

Patients treated for breast cancer have a high incidence of cardiovascular complications. In this study, we evaluated the impact of breast cancer on cardiac function and cardiomyocyte Ca
2+
‐handling protein expression. We also investigated whether exercise training (ET) would prevent these potential alterations.

Methods and Results

Transgenic mice with spontaneous breast cancer (mouse mammary tumor virus–polyomavirus middle T antigen [MMTV‐PyMT+], n=15) and littermate mice with no cancer (MMTV‐PyMT−, n=14) were studied. For the ET analysis, MMTV‐PyMT+ were divided into sedentary (n=10) and exercise‐trained (n=12) groups. Cardiac function was evaluated by echocardiography with speckle‐tracking imaging. Exercise tolerance test was conducted on a treadmill. Both studies were performed when the tumor became palpable and when it reached 1 cm
3
. After euthanasia, Ca
2+
‐handling protein expression (Western blot) was evaluated. Exercise capacity was reduced in MMTV‐PyMT+ compared with MMTV‐PyMT− (
P
interaction
=0.031). Longitudinal strain (
P
group
<0.001) and strain rate (
P
group
=0.030) were impaired. Cardiomyocyte phospholamban was increased (
P
=0.011), whereas phospho‐phospholamban and sodium/calcium exchanger were decreased (
P
=0.038 and
P
=0.017, respectively) in MMTV‐PyMT+. No significant difference in sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum calcium 2 ATPase (SERCA2a) was found. SERCA2a/phospholamban ratio was reduced (
P
=0.007). ET was not associated with increased exercise capacity. ET decreased left ventricular end‐systolic diameter (
P
group
=0.038) and end‐diastolic volume (
P
group
=0.026). Other morphological and functional cardiac parameters were not improved by ET in MMTV‐PyMT+. ET did not improve cardiomyocyte Ca
2+
‐handling protein expression.

Conclusions

Breast cancer is associated with decreased exercise capacity and subclinical left ventricular dysfunction in MMTV‐PyMT+, which is at least partly associated with dysregulation of cardiomyocyte Ca
2+
handling. ET did not prevent or reverse these changes.
Developing an Internally Validated Veterans Affairs Women Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score Using Veterans Affairs National Electronic Health Records
Authors: Jeon‐Slaughter Haekyung , Chen Xiaofei , Tsai Shirling , Ramanan Bala , Ebrahimi Ramin 
Published: February 2021

Background
The current American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association women cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk score suboptimally estimates CVD risk for young and minority women in the military. The current study developed an internally validated CVD risk score for women military service members and veterans using the Veterans Affairs (VA) national electronic health records data.

Methods and Results
The study cohort included 69 574 White, Black, and Hispanic women service members and veterans aged 30 to 79 years in 2007 treated in the VA Health Care System between January 1, 2007 and December 31, 2017 (henceforth, VA women). Stratified by race and ethnicity, the new VA women CVD risk model estimated risk coefficients and 10‐year CVD risk using a time‐variant covariate Cox model. Harrell C‐statistics, calibration plots, and net classification index were used to assess accuracy and prognostic performance of the new VA women CVD risk model. The new internally validated VA women CVD risk score performed better in predicting VA women 10‐year atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease risk than the pooled cohort American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association risk score in both accuracy (White Harrell C‐statistics, 70% versus 61%; Black, 68% versus 63%) and prognostic performance (White net classification index, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.26–0.33; Black net classification index, 0.06; 95% CI, 0.03–0.09).

Conclusions
The proposed VA women CVD risk score improves accuracy of the existing American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association CVD risk assessment tool in predicting long‐term CVD risk for VA women, particularly in young and racial/ethnic minority women.
Future-Proofing Capitalism: The Paradox of the Circular Economy for Plastics
Authors: Mah Alice 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe marine plastics crisis sparked a wave of corporate interest in the circular economy, a sustainable business model that aims to eliminate waste in industrial systems through recycling, reduction, reuse, and recovery. Drawing on debates about the role of corporations in global environmental governance, this article examines the rise of the circular economy as a dominant corporate sustainability concept, focusing on the flagship example of the circular economy for plastics. It argues that corporations across the plastics value chain have coordinated their efforts to contain the circular economy policy agenda, while extending their markets through developing risky circular economy technologies. These corporate strategies of containment and proliferation represent attempts to “future-proof” capitalism against existential threats to public legitimacy, masking the implications for environmental justice. The paradox of the circular economy is that it seems to offer radical challenges to linear “take-make-waste” models of industrial capitalism, backed by international legislation, but it does not actually give up on unsustainable growth. We need to tackle the plastics crisis at its root, dramatically reducing the global production of toxic and wasteful plastics.
Classification From Pairwise Similarities/Dissimilarities and Unlabeled Data via Empirical Risk Minimization
Authors: Shimada Takuya , Bao Han , Sato Issei , Sugiyama Masashi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPairwise similarities and dissimilarities between data points are often obtained more easily than full labels of data in real-world classification problems. To make use of such pairwise information, an empirical risk minimization approach has been proposed, where an unbiased estimator of the classification risk is computed from only pairwise similarities and unlabeled data. However, this approach has not yet been able to handle pairwise dissimilarities. Semisupervised clustering methods can incorporate both similarities and dissimilarities into their framework; however, they typically require strong geometrical assumptions on the data distribution such as the manifold assumption, which may cause severe performance deterioration. In this letter, we derive an unbiased estimator of the classification risk based on all of similarities and dissimilarities and unlabeled data. We theoretically establish an estimation error bound and experimentally demonstrate the practical usefulness of our empirical risk minimization method.
Parameter Estimation in Multiple Dynamic Synaptic Coupling Model Using Bayesian Point Process State-Space Modeling Framework
Authors: Amidi Yalda , Nazari Behzad , Sadri Saeid , Yousefi Ali 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIt is of great interest to characterize the spiking activity of individual neurons in a cell ensemble. Many different mechanisms, such as synaptic coupling and the spiking activity of itself and its neighbors, drive a cell's firing properties. Though this is a widely studied modeling problem, there is still room to develop modeling solutions by simplifications embedded in previous models. The first shortcut is that synaptic coupling mechanisms in previous models do not replicate the complex dynamics of the synaptic response. The second is that the number of synaptic connections in these models is an order of magnitude smaller than in an actual neuron. In this research, we push this barrier by incorporating a more accurate model of the synapse and propose a system identification solution that can scale to a network incorporating hundreds of synaptic connections. Although a neuron has hundreds of synaptic connections, only a subset of these connections significantly contributes to its spiking activity. As a result, we assume the synaptic connections are sparse, and to characterize these dynamics, we propose a Bayesian point-process state-space model that lets us incorporate the sparsity of synaptic connections within the regularization technique into our framework. We develop an extended expectation-maximization. algorithm to estimate the free parameters of the proposed model and demonstrate the application of this methodology to the problem of estimating the parameters of many dynamic synaptic connections. We then go through a simulation example consisting of the dynamic synapses across a range of parameter values and show that the model parameters can be estimated using our method. We also show the application of the proposed algorithm in the intracellular data that contains 96 presynaptic connections and assess the estimation accuracy of our method using a combination of goodness-of-fit measures.
Sex differences in response to environmental and social breeding cues in an amphibian
Authors: O’Brien Daniel M. , Silla Aimee J. , Forsythe Patrick S. , Byrne Phillip G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The relative influence of climatic and social factors on sex-specific variation in reproductive behaviour remains poorly understood. Here, we examine the influence of multiple climatic cues in combination with a social cue on the reproductive behaviours of males and females in a terrestrial breeding toadlet (Pseudophryne coriacea). Over a 115-day breeding season, arrival patterns of each sex, and male calling activity, were recorded daily, while climatic variables were logged continuously. Multivariate analysis showed that arrival of males at the breeding site, as well as male nightly calling activity, were most strongly influenced by a climatic variable (rainfall). By contrast, female arrival was strongly correlated with a social variable (male calling activity), with abiotic conditions having no influence, other than a moderate influence of lunar phase (lunar illumination). These results suggest that cues used for breeding are sex specific and provide new evidence that combinations of climatic and social cues can be integrated into breeding decisions.
Neo-Liberalism, State-Capitalism and Ordo-Liberalism: ‘Institutional Economics’ and ‘Constitutional Choices’ in Multilevel Trade Regulation
Authors: Petersmann Ernst-Ulrich , Steinbach Armin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Reforms of international trade and investment law and institutions are hampered by conflicting economic paradigms. For instance, utilitarian Anglo-Saxon neo-liberalism (e.g. promoting self-regulatory market forces privileging the homo economicus), constitutional European ordo-liberalism (e.g. protecting multilevel, constitutional rights and judicial remedies of European Union citizens), and authoritarian state-capitalism (e.g. protecting totalitarian power monopolies of the communist party in China) pursue different legal and institutional designs of trade and investment agreements. Globalization and its transformation of national into transnational public goods (PG s) require extending constitutional and institutional economics to multilevel governance of transnational PG s in order to enhance the wealth of nations. Maintaining the worldwide legal and dispute settlement system of the World Trade Organization (WTO) – and interpreting its regional and national exception clauses broadly in order to reconcile diverse, national and regional institutions of economic integration and of ‘embedded liberalism’ – remains in the interest of all WTO member states.
Assessment of Temperature and Specific Humidity Inversions and Their Relationships in Three Global Reanalysis Products over the Arctic Ocean
Authors: Chang Liang , Wen Shiqiang , Gao Guoping , Han Zhen , Feng Guiping , Zhang Yang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCharacteristics of temperature inversions (TIs) and specific humidity inversions (SHIs) and their relationships in three of the latest global reanalyses—the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Interim Reanalysis (ERA-I), the Japanese 55-year Reanalysis (JRA-55), and the ERA5—are assessed against in situ radiosonde (RS) measurements from two expeditions over the Arctic Ocean. All reanalyses tend to detect many fewer TI and SHI occurrences, together with much less common multiple TIs and SHIs per profile than are seen in the RS data in summer 2008, winter 2015, and spring 2015. The reanalyses generally depict well the relationships among TI characteristics seen in RS data, except for the TIs below 400 m in summer, as well as above 1000 m in summer and winter. The depth is simulated worst by the reanalyses among the SHI characteristics, which may result from its sensitivity to the uncertainties in specific humidity in the reanalyses. The strongest TI per profile in RS data exhibits more robust dependency on surface conditions than the strongest SHI per profile, and the former is better presented by the reanalyses than the latter. Furthermore, all reanalyses have difficulties simulating the relationships between TIs and SHIs, together with the correlations between the simultaneous inversions. The accuracy and vertical resolution in the reanalyses are both important to properly capture occurrence and characteristics of the Arctic inversions. In general, ERA5 performs better than ERA-I and JRA-55 in depicting the relationships among the TIs. However, the representation of SHIs is more challenging than TIs in all reanalyses over the Arctic Ocean.
Role of Diurnal Cycle in the Maritime Continent Barrier Effect on MJO Propagation in an AGCM
Authors: Ajayamohan R. S. , Khouider Boualem , Praveen V. , Majda Andrew J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe barrier effect of the Maritime Continent (MC) in stalling or modifying the propagation characteristics of the MJO is widely accepted. The strong diurnal cycle of convection over the MC is believed to play a dominant role in this regard. This hypothesis is studied here, with the help of a coarse-resolution atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM). The dry dynamical core of the AGCM is coupled to the multicloud parameterization piggybacked with a dynamical bulk boundary layer model. A set of sensitivity experiments is carried out by systematically varying the strength of the MC diurnal flux to assess the impact of the diurnal convective variability on the MJO propagation. The effects of deterministic and stochastic diurnal forcings on MJO characteristics are compared. It is found that the precipitation and zonal wind variance, on the intraseasonal time scales, over the western Pacific region decreases with the increase in diurnal forcing, indicating the blocking of MC precipitation. An increase in precipitation variance over the MC associated with the weakening of precipitation variance over the west Pacific is evident in all experiments. The striking difference between deterministic and stochastic diurnal forcing experiments is that the strength needed for the deterministic case to achieve the same degree of blocking is almost double that of stochastic case. The stochastic diurnal flux over the MC seems to be more detrimental in blocking the MJO propagation. This hints at the notion that the models with inadequate representation of organized convection tend to suffer from the MC-barrier effect.
Land Surface Temperature from GOES-East and GOES-West
Authors: Chen Wen , Pinker Rachel T. , Ma Yingtao , Hulley Glynn , Borbas Eva , Islam Tanvir , Cawse-Nicholson Kerry-A. , Hook Simon , Hain Chris , Basara Jeff 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTLand surface temperature (LST) is an important climate parameter that controls the surface energy budget. For climate applications, information is needed at the global scale with representation of the diurnal cycle. To achieve global coverage there is a need to merge about five independent geostationary (GEO) satellites that have different observing capabilities. An issue of practical importance is the merging of independent satellite observations in areas of overlap. An optimal approach in such areas could eliminate the need for redundant computations by differently viewing satellites. We use a previously developed approach to derive information on LST from GOES-East (GOES-E), modify it for application to GOES-West (GOES-W) and implement it simultaneously across areas of overlap at 5-km spatial resolution. We evaluate the GOES-based LST against in situ observations and an independent MODIS product for the period of 2004–09. The methodology proposed minimizes differences between satellites in areas of overlap. The mean and median values of the differences in monthly mean LST retrieved from GOES-E and GOES-W at 0600 UTC for July are 0.01 and 0.11 K, respectively. Similarly, at 1800 UTC the respective mean and median value of the differences were 0.15 and 1.33 K. These findings can provide guidelines for potential users to decide whether the reported accuracy based on one satellite alone, meets their needs in area of overlap. Since the 6 yr record of LST was produced at hourly time scale, the data are well suited to address scientific issues that require the representation of LST diurnal cycle or the diurnal temperature range (DTR).
Assessing Trends in Fellowship Training Among Otolaryngology Residents: A National Survey Study
Authors: Miller Robert H. , McCrary Hilary Caitlyn , Gurgel Richard K. 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveTo summarize trends in otolaryngology fellowship applications, fellowships selected, and reasons for pursuing a fellowship.Study DesignOne‐page anonymous questionnaire.SettingA survey was completed by examinees at the conclusion of their American Board of Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery oral examination from 2011 to 2019.MethodsData included age, gender, fellowship type, reasons for doing a fellowship, and type of practice that examinees will enter. Spearman correlation and Pearson chi‐square tests were completed.ResultsOver the 8‐year study, 58% of the 2243 responding examinees did fellowships. The most frequently chosen fellowship was facial plastic surgery (25%), followed by pediatric otolaryngology (21%), head and neck surgery (19%), rhinology (13%), laryngology (9%), and neurotology (8%). The 2 most common reasons for doing a fellowship were desire for additional expertise beyond residency training (35%) and intellectual appeal (30%). Over the study period, the number of residents choosing to do a fellowship increased from 45.6% in 2011 to 61.5% in 2019, with a positive correlation between year and number of residents (r = 0.73, P =. 036). When the data were stratified by gender, there were statistically significant differences in fellowship selection (P <. 001), notably with women selecting pediatric otolaryngology at a higher frequency than men (30.9% vs 15.8%).ConclusionThere is a statistically significant increasing trend of otolaryngology residents who choose to undergo further training in fellowship. These data from a large, long‐term study will be valuable in planning for training and workforce needs in the future.