bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biostack: Nontoxic Metabolite Detection from Live Tissue
Authors: Strakosas Xenofon , Donahue Mary J. , Hama Adel , Braendlein Marcel , Huerta Miriam , Simon Daniel T. , Berggren Magnus , Malliaras George G. , Owens Roisin M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThere is increasing demand for direct in situ metabolite monitoring from cell cultures and in vivo using implantable devices. Electrochemical biosensors are commonly preferred due to their low‐cost, high sensitivity, and low complexity. Metabolite detection, however, in cultured cells or sensitive tissue is rarely shown. Commonly, glucose sensing occurs indirectly by measuring the concentration of hydrogen peroxide, which is a by‐product of the conversion of glucose by glucose oxidase. However, continuous production of hydrogen peroxide in cell media with high glucose is toxic to adjacent cells or tissue. This challenge is overcome through a novel, stacked enzyme configuration. A primary enzyme is used to provide analyte sensitivity, along with a secondary enzyme which converts H2O2 back to O2. The secondary enzyme is functionalized as the outermost layer of the device. Thus, production of H2O2 remains local to the sensor and its concentration in the extracellular environment does not increase. This “biostack” is integrated with organic electrochemical transistors to demonstrate sensors that monitor glucose concentration in cell cultures in situ. The “biostack” renders the sensors nontoxic for cells and provides highly sensitive and stable detection of metabolites.
Highly Efficient Electrocatalytic N2 Reduction to Ammonia over Metallic 1T Phase of MoS2 Enabled by Active Sites Separation Mechanism
Authors: Liu Ruoqi , Guo Ting , Fei Hao , Wu Zhuangzhi , Wang Dezhi , Liu Fangyang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe 1T phase of MoS2 has been widely reported to be highly active toward the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), which is expected to restrict the competitive nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR). However, in this work, a prototype of active sites separation over 1T‐MoS2 is proposed by DFT calculations that the Mo‐edge and S atoms on the basal plane exhibit different catalytic NRR and HER selectivity, and a new role‐playing synergistic mechanism is also well enabled for the multistep NRR, which is further experimentally confirmed. More importantly, a self‐sacrificial strategy using g‐C3N4 as templates is proposed to synthesize 1T‐MoS2 with an ultrahigh 1T content (75.44%, named as CNMS, representing the composition elements of C, N, Mo, and S), which yields excellent NRR performances with an ammonia formation rate of 71.07 µg h–1 mg–1cat. at −0.5 V versus RHE and a Faradic efficiency of 21.01%. This work provides a promising new orientation of synchronizing the selectivity and activity for the multistep catalytic reactions.
Polymers in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zhang Qing , Huang Qihua , Hao Shu‐Meng , Deng Shuyi , He Qiming , Lin Zhiqun , Yang Yingkui 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) hold great promise as one of the next‐generation power supplies for portable electronics and electric vehicles due to their ultrahigh energy density, cost effectiveness, and environmental benignity. However, their practical application has been impeded owing to the electronic insulation of sulfur and its intermediates, serious shuttle effect, large volume variation, and uncontrollable formation of lithium dendrites. Over the past decades, many pioneering strategies have been developed to address these issues via improving electrodes, electrolytes, separators and binders. Remarkably, polymers can be readily applied to all these aspects due to their structural designability, functional versatility, superior chemical stability and processability. Moreover, their lightweight and rich resource characteristics enable the production of LSBs with high‐volume energy density at low cost. Surprisingly, there have been few reviews on development of polymers in LSBs. Herein, breakthroughs and future perspectives of emerging polymers in LSBs are scrutinized. Significant attention is centered on recent implementation of polymers in each component of LSBs with an emphasis on intrinsic mechanisms underlying their specific functions. The review offers a comprehensive overview of state‐of‐the‐art polymers for LSBs, provides in‐depth insights into addressing key challenges, and affords important resources for researchers working on electrochemical energy systems.
Printed Zinc Paper Batteries
Authors: Yang Peihua , Li Jia , Lee Seok Woo , Fan Hong Jin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPaper electronics offer an environmentally sustainable option for flexible and wearable systems and perfectly fit the available printing technologies for high manufacturing efficiency. As the heart of energy‐consuming devices, paper‐based batteries are required to be compatible with printing processes with high fidelity. Herein, hydrogel reinforced cellulose paper (HCP) is designed to serve as the separator and solid electrolyte for paper batteries. The HCP can sustain higher strain than pristine papers and are biodegradable in natural environment within four weeks. Zinc‐metal (Ni and Mn) batteries printed on the HCP present remarkable volumetric energy density of ≈26 mWh cm–3, and also demonstrate the feature of cuttability and compatibility with flexible circuits and devices. As a result, self‐powered electronic system could be constructed by integrating printed paper batteries with solar cells and light‐emitting diodes. The result highlights the feasibility of hydrogel reinforced paper for ubiquitous flexible and eco‐friendly electronics.
Wide Bandgap Interface Layer Induced Stabilized Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells with Stability over Ten Thousand Hours
Authors: Li Yucheng , Shi Biao , Xu Qiaojing , Yan Lingling , Ren Ningyu , Chen Yongliang , Han Wei , Huang Qian , Zhao Ying , Zhang Xiaodan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe perovskite/silicon tandem solar cell (PK/c‐Si TSC) is a reasonable choice that can break through the efficiency limitations of silicon cells. Here, the p‐i‐n perovskite solar cell is conformally grown by the evaporation–solution combination technique on fully‐textured silicon heterojunction cells to realize two‐terminal PK/c‐Si TSCs. Due to the adverse effect of the residual PbI2 at the bottom of the perovskite bulk on device performance, a thermal‐evaporated CsBr thin layer is introduced between the perovskite layer and the hole transport layer to construct a gradient perovskite absorber for optimized energy level alignment, so as to improve the open‐circuit voltage and fill factor of the device. Finally, the PK/c‐Si tandem cell achieves an efficiency of 27.48% and is stable in nitrogen over 10 000 h.
Recent Advances on Electrolysis for Simultaneous Generation of Valuable Chemicals at both Anode and Cathode
Authors: Li Rui , Xiang Kun , Peng Zhikun , Zou Yuqin , Wang Shuangyin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTo make efficient use of electrical energy in the whole electrocatalysis conversion process, the integrating of anode and cathode reactions plays a vital role. The combination of electrocatalytic anodic oxidation with cathodic reduction can not only maximize the return of energy investment, but also produces value‐added materials on both sides. Herein, in this review, recent advances in co‐electrolysis processes for valuable chemical production are systematically summarized. To be more specific, the popular hydrogen evolution reaction, carbon dioxide reduction reaction, nitrogen reduction reaction as well as nitrate reduction reaction integrated with anodic oxidation reactions to value‐added products, respectively are comprehensively reviewed, and then other paired electrolysis systems (especially for biomass‐based compounds) toward high‐value‐added chemical generation are discussed in detail. This review sheds light on the integration of electrocatalytic reductions and oxidation reactions to develop high‐value substances. To benefit researchers and facilitate the progress in this field, the challenges and future prospects for these integrated reactions are also proposed.
To Fluorinate or Not to Fluorinate in Organic Solar Cells: Achieving a Higher PCE of 15.2% when the Donor Polymer is Halogen‐Free
Authors: Wu Jianglin , Liao Chuang‐Yi , Chen Yao , Jacobberger Robert M. , Huang Wei , Zheng Ding , Tsai Kuen‐Wei , Li Wei‐Long , Lu Zhiyun , Huang Yan , Wasielewski Michael R. , Chang Yi‐Ming , Marks Tobin J. , Facchetti Antonio 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFluorination of the donor and/or acceptor blocks of photoactive semiconducting polymers is a leading strategy to enhance organic solar cell (OSC) performance. Here, the effects are investigated in OSCs using fluorine‐free (TPD‐3) and fluorinated (TPD‐3F) donor polymers, paired with the nonfullerene acceptor Y6. Interestingly and unexpectedly, fluorination negatively affects performance, and fluorine‐free TPD‐3:Y6 OSCs exhibit a far higher power conversion efficiency (PCE = 14.5%) than in the fluorine‐containing TPD‐3F:Y6 blends (PCE = 11.5%). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis indicates that the TPD‐3F:Y6 blends have larger phase domain sizes than TPD‐3:Y6, which reduces exciton dissociation efficiency to 81% for TPD‐3F:Y6 versus 93% for TPD‐3:Y6. Additionally, grazing incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (GIWAXS) reveals that the TPD‐3F:Y6 blends are less textured than those of TPD‐3:Y6, while space‐charge limited currents reveal lower and unbalanced hole/electron mobility in TPD‐3F:Y6 versus TPD‐3:Y6 blends. Charge recombination dynamic, transient absorption, and donor–acceptor miscibility assays additionally support this picture. Furthermore, conventional architecture TPD‐3:Y6 OSCs deliver a PCE of 15.2%, among the highest to date for halogen‐free polymer donor OSCs. Finally, a large‐area (20.4 cm2) TPD‐3:Y6 blend module exhibits an outstanding PCE of 9.31%, one of the highest to date for modules of area >20 cm2.
Strategies for the Analysis of Graphite Electrode Function
Authors: Andersen Henrik Lyder , Djuandhi Lisa , Mittal Uttam , Sharma Neeraj 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSince the commercialization of lithium‐ion batteries, graphite has been the uncontested material of choice as the negative electrode host structure, and it has therefore been pivotal for their ubiquitous adoption and implementation. Despite extensive research efforts dedicated to discovering and developing alternative anode material candidates, no commercially viable successor has so‐far been identified. Simultaneously, the understanding of graphite electrode function is continuously expanding, and new strategies for rationally improving performance are being explored. Here, the key challenges lie in examining the graphitic material, not only in the pure as‐prepared state, but also when formed into an electrode and during electrochemical cycling, i.e., in situ/operando. A multiscale approach is necessary to accurately relate the (de)lithiation/(de)intercalation mechanisms involved to the observed performance. The present review summarizes conventional techniques and highlights recent advances in the analytical methods used for the characterization of graphite‐based electrode structure and function. The discussion is based on examples from key recent work using innovative analytical strategies to obtain novel insight into the evolution in structure, microstructure, electronic structure, surface chemistry/composition, etc. The deeper understanding of material function gained from these innovative approaches may hold the key for the rational design of next‐generation graphite‐based or ‐inspired electrodes.
Closing the Anthropogenic Chemical Carbon Cycle toward a Sustainable Future via CO2 Valorization
Authors: Zhang Jiawei , Sewell Christopher D. , Huang Hongwen , Lin Zhiqun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractConcerns over the massive increase in CO2 emissions induced by overconsumption of fossil fuels have driven the rapid development of CO2 valorization techniques. Carbon capture and utilization (CCU) technology, which emerged as a promising strategy to relieve increasing environmental concerns and create more carbon feedstocks simultaneously, hold great promise to close the anthropogenic chemical carbon cycle. Herein, recent breakthroughs related to the two predominant techniques involved in returning CO2 into a useful state, namely CO2 capture and CO2 conversion are systematically overviewed. Initially, CO2 capture principles, recent advances, as well as future challenges of state‐of‐the‐art absorbents/adsorbents and membrane separation technology are summarized. Furthermore, innovative catalysts related to the CO2 conversion technologies (including thermo‐driven CO2 hydrogenation, photo‐and electrochemical CO2 reduction, and enzymatic CO2 conversion) are discussed, emphasis is focused on the catalytic performance, design principles, and economic efficiency. Finally, a perspective regarding the future research opportunities toward CCU technologies is provided. This review aims to stimulate innovation and accelerate interdisciplinary integrations toward CCU related technologies via a discussion of fundamental mechanisms, recent breakthroughs, current associated difficulties as well as future directions.
Maize productivity response to combined tillage and mulching in coastal saline zones
Authors: Zhang Jishi , Bian Qianqian , Miao Qi , Jiang Xilong , Wang Yunhong , Wang Hongye , Cui Zhenling 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSoil salinization is threatening sustainable crop production in coastal saline regions. An integrated approach with combined tillage and mulching may be more successful than sole management practice (e.g., rotary tillage) for reducing soil salinity and improving crop productivity in coastal saline zones. We conducted a 3‐yr field experiment in maize (Zea mays L.) in the Yellow River Delta. We used four treatments: (a) rotary tillage to 15 cm (RT) (local farmers’ practice), (b) deep tillage to 25‐to‐30‐cm depth followed by RT (DT), (c) flat planting with the application of plastic mulch after DT (DM), and (d) ridge‐furrow planting together with plastic mulching after DT (DMF). These treatments were intended to improve soil properties and maize productivity, while increasing net returns. Grain yields were significantly increased by 18.5–20.9% under DMF and DM, nitrogen partial factor productivity (PFPN) by 18.5–20.8%, and net returns by US$103–124 ha–1, compared with RT. Grain yields with DMF and DM were also improved by 12.7–15.0%, PFPN by 12.8–15.0%, and net returns by $ 39–60 ha–1, compared with DT. Compared with RT, soil electrical conductivity (EC) and Na+ concentration with DMF and DM were reduced by 16.2–75.4% and 19.0–78.2%; EC and Na+ concentration were also reduced by 6.41–64.4% and 11.1–53.7%, compared with DT. These results demonstrate that combined tillage and mulching is an efficient integrated management approach for improving soil properties, promoting maize productivity, and increasing financial benefits in coastal saline zones.
Survey Regarding Gastrointestinal Stoma Construction and Closure in Japan
Authors: Ando Yoshiko , Takahashi Arata , Fujii Makoto , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Kimura Toshimoto , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Tajima Tetsuya , Nishiguchi Yukio , Kakeji Yoshihiro , Miyata Hiroaki , Kitagawa Yuko 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackground and AimIn Japan, the actual number of stoma constructions and stoma closures is not known. The aim of this study was to conduct a survey to determine the number of gastrointestinal stoma constructions and closures in Japan.MethodsEnrolled participants comprised patients undergoing selected gastrointestinal surgeries who were recorded in the National Clinical Database. This database uses the “Common Items for Gastrointestinal Surgeons.” These procedures were formulated by the Japanese Society of Gastroenterological Surgery during 2013–2018.ResultsAccording to the National Clinical Database, a total of 154,323 gastrointestinal stomas were constructed between January 1, 2013 and December 31, 2018. By procedure, there were 78,723 cases of stoma construction, 39,653 of abdominoperineal resection, 2470 total pelvic exenteration procedures, and 33,572 Hartmann's procedures. The ratio of stoma closures to stoma constructions increased annually in patients under 70 y of age but not in older patients. Approximately 35% of total colectomies, 60% of proctocolectomies, and 20% of low anterior resections were accompanied by stoma construction. The number of patients with rectal cancer who underwent colostomy increased gradually during the study period and the number who underwent stoma construction increased among older patients.ConclusionThe number of cases of gastrointestinal stoma construction has increased gradually in Japan, and the proportion of older patients is increasing each year. The purposes and surgical techniques for stoma construction are diverse and are expected to increase in Japan, a super‐aged society.
From heatmaps to structured explanations of image classifiers
Authors: Fuxin Li , Qi Zhongang , Khorram Saeed , Shitole Vivswan , Tadepalli Prasad , Kahng Minsuk , Fern Alan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper summarizes our endeavors in the past few years in terms of explaining image classifiers, with the aim of including negative results and insights we have gained. The paper starts with describing the explainable neural network (XNN), which attempts to extract and visualize several high‐level concepts purely from the deep network, without relying on human linguistic concepts. This helps users understand network classifications that are less intuitive and substantially improves user performance on a difficult fine‐grained classification task of discriminating among different species of seagulls. Realizing that an important missing piece is a reliable heatmap visualization tool, we have developed integrated‐gradient optimized saliency (I‐GOS) and iGOS++ utilizing integrated gradients to avoid local optima in heatmap generation, which improved the performance across all resolutions. During the development of those visualizations, we realized that for a significant number of images, the classifier has multiple different paths to reach a confident prediction. This has led to our recent development of structured attention graphs, an approach that utilizes beam search to locate multiple coarse heatmaps for a single image, and compactly visualizes a set of heatmaps by capturing how different combinations of image regions impact the confidence of a classifier. Through the research process, we have learned much about insights in building deep network explanations, the existence and frequency of multiple explanations, and various tricks of the trade that make explanations work. In this paper, we attempt to share those insights and opinions with the readers with the hope that some of them will be informative for future researchers on explainable deep learning.
Identification and functional study of FOXC1 variants in Chinese families with glaucoma
Authors: Wang Xinyao , Liu Xiangyuan , Li Yuying , Yang Bo , Sun Xuejiao , Yang Peng , Zhong Zilin , Chen Jianjun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to identify the disease‐causing gene of three Chinese families with glaucoma. Whole exome sequencing was performed on the probands and detected three different variants (c.405C>A (p.Cys135Ter), c.851G>T (p.Ser284Ile), and c.392C>T (p.Ser131Leu)) in FOXC1 as a causative gene of glaucoma, and Sanger sequencing was performed for verification and cosegregation analysis. Three in silico tools all predicted these two missense variants to be probably disease‐causing. Western blot analysis, immunofluorescence, and dual‐luciferase assay were further used to evaluate the effect of FOXC1 missense variants, and demonstrated that the two variants resulted in decreased transactivation activity of FOXC1 although the variants had no effect on the protein amount and the nucleus subcellar localization of FOXC1 compared with the wild type, which implies that both of two variants may be probably pathogenic. In this study, we reported two novel FOXC1 variants as well as a reported variant and the phenotypes associated to these variants, which expands the spectrum and relevant phenotypes of FOXC1 variants. Additionally, the functional analysis of FOXC1 variants provides further insight into the possible pathogenesis of anterior segment anomaly related to FOXC1.
Advances in assessment of hypermobility‐related disorders
Authors: Simmonds Jane V. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThere has been increasing recognition in recent years of the prevalence and impact of symptoms which extend beyond the musculoskeletal system on the lives of people with hypermobility‐related disorders. This has led researchers to develop more comprehensive assessment tools to help direct and monitor treatment. This article presents some of the latest assessment and diagnostic developments and their implications for practice from a physical therapy perspective.
Fascial thickness and stiffness in hypermobile Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome
Authors: Wang Tina J. , Stecco Antonio 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThere is a high prevalence of myofascial pain in people with hypermobile Ehlers‐Danlos Syndrome (hEDS). The fascial origin of pain may correspond to changes in the extracellular matrix. The objective of this study was to investigate structural changes in fascia in hEDS. A series of 65 patients were examined prospectively—26 with hEDS, and 39 subjects with chronic neck, knee, or back pain without hEDS. The deep fascia of the sternocleidomastoid, iliotibial tract, and iliac fascia were examined with B‐mode ultrasound and strain elastography, and the thicknesses were measured. Stiffness (strain index) was measured semi‐quantitatively using elastography comparing fascia to muscle. Differences between groups were compared using one‐way analysis of variance. hEDS subjects had a higher mean thickness in the deep fascia of the sternocleidomastoid compared with non‐hEDS subjects. There was no significant difference in thickness of the iliac fascia and iliotibial tract between groups. Non‐hEDS subjects with pain had a higher strain index (more softening of the fascia with relative stiffening of the muscle) compared with hEDS subjects and non‐hEDS subjects without back or knee pain. In myofascial pain, softening of the fascia may occur from increase in extracellular matrix content and relative increase in stiffness of the muscle; this change is not as pronounced in hEDS.