bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dental microwear texture gradients in guinea pigs reveal that material properties of the diet affect chewing behaviour
Authors: Winkler Daniela E. , Clauss Marcus , Rölle Maximilian , Schulz-Kornas Ellen , Codron Daryl , Kaiser Thomas M. , Tütken Thomas 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Dental microwear texture analysis (DMTA) is widely used for diet inferences in extant and extinct vertebrates. Often, a reference tooth position is analysed in extant specimens, while isolated teeth are lumped together in fossil datasets. It is therefore important to test whether dental microwear texture (DMT) is tooth position specific and, if so, what causes the differences in wear. Here, we present results from controlled feeding experiments with 72 guinea pigs, which received either fresh or dried natural plant diets of different phytolith content (lucerne, grass, bamboo) or pelleted diets with and without mineral abrasives (frequently encountered by herbivorous mammals in natural habitats). We tested for gradients in dental microwear texture along the upper cheek tooth row. Regardless of abrasive content, guinea pigs on pelleted diets displayed an increase in surface roughness along the tooth row, indicating that posterior tooth positions experience more wear compared with anterior teeth. Guinea pigs feedings on plants of low phytolith content and low abrasiveness (fresh and dry lucerne, fresh grass) showed almost no DMT differences between tooth positions, while individuals feeding on more abrasive plants (dry grass, fresh and dry bamboo) showed a gradient of decreasing surface roughness along the tooth row. We suggest that plant feeding involves continuous intake and comminution by grinding, resulting in posterior tooth positions mainly processing food already partly comminuted and moistened. Pelleted diets require crushing, which exerts higher loads, especially on posterior tooth positions, where bite forces are highest. These differences in chewing behaviour result in opposing wear gradients for plant versus pelleted diets.
Effects of experimental increase in insulin-like growth factor 1 on feather growth rate, moult intensity and feather quality in a passerine bird
Authors: Lendvai Ádám Z. , Tóth Zsófia , Mahr Katharina , Osváth Gergely , Vogel-Kindgen Sarah , Gander Bruno A. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Moulting is a crucial, yet often overlooked life-history stage in many animals, when they renew their integumental structures. This life-history stage is an energetically demanding somatic growth event that has particular importance in birds because feathers play a crucial role in flight, insulation and communication. Somatic growth processes are regulated by the evolutionarily conserved peptide hormone insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). However, the role of IGF-1 in feather growth remains unknown. In this study, we captured 41 juvenile free-living bearded reedlings (Panurus biarmicus) that had started their first complete moult and brought them into captivity. Then, we manipulated their circulating IGF-1 levels using poly-(lactic-co-glycolid acid) microparticles (microspheres) that provide a sustained release of IGF-1. The treatment increased IGF-1 levels but did not affect the feather growth rate. However, 2 weeks after the treatment, birds in the increased IGF-1 group were moulting more feathers simultaneously than the controls and were at a more advanced stage of moult. Birds with experimentally increased IGF-1 levels had better quality feathers (measured by a lower number of fault bars) than the controls. These results suggest that an increase in IGF-1 does not speed up feather growth, but may alter moult intensity by initiating the renewal of several feathers simultaneously. This may shorten the overall moulting time but may imply costs in terms of IGF-1-induced oxidative stress.
Participation in a randomised controlled trial (RCT) of metformin in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM): pregnant women’s perceptions and experiences of the decision-making process
Authors: Wallace Sinead , Houghton Catherine , Dunne Fidelma 
Published: June 2021

Background: Research in pregnancy and childbirth is required to advance healthcare needs for this population. Fears around potential fetal risk and the history of drug scandals renders it an area of research that is somewhat neglected. Due to the growing medical complexities facing pregnant women, efforts have been made in recent times to recognise the ethical importance of including this population in clinical research. Although clinical trials are becoming more common in pregnancy, recruitment of this population remains difficult with a common assumption that pregnant women would be reluctant to participate in clinical trials. This study set out to explore pregnant women’s perspectives and experiences of the decision-making process to participate in a randomised controlled trial of metformin in gestational diabetes mellitus (the EMERGE clinical trial). Methods: This study employed a qualitative descriptive design with thematic analysis. Data were collected by conducting individual semi-structured interviews (n=11) with participants (n=9) and decliners (n=2) of the EMERGE clinical trial. Results: The main findings reveal that a significant perception of personal benefit from participation was the biggest influence on women’s decisions to participate. Concerns about the impact of gestational diabetes on their pregnancies, the option of a favourable intervention treatment, a low perception of risk associated with the trial and the opportunity to help medical research appeared to have significantly influenced their decision. Receiving detailed information, personal interactions with the study team, a perception of voluntariness in participation and accessibility of the trial positively impacted on women’s decisions to participate. Conclusions: Personal contact during recruitment, presenting clear and thorough trial information, providing previous participant testimonials, and facilitating women to participate in clinical trials are all important strategies when trying to enhance recruitment in pregnancy trials. Further research on pregnant women declining participation in clinical trials is needed.
Single-cell multi-omics analysis reveals IFN-driven alterations in T lymphocytes and natural killer cells in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Trzupek Dominik , Lee Mercede , Hamey Fiona , Wicker Linda S. , Todd John A. , Ferreira Ricardo C. 
Published: June 2021

Background: The characterisation of the peripheral immune system in the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) at the single-cell level has been limited by the reduced sensitivity of current whole-transcriptomic technologies. Here we employ a targeted single-cell multi-omics approach, combining protein and mRNA quantification, to generate a high-resolution map of the T lymphocyte and natural killer (NK) cell populations in blood from SLE patients. Methods: We designed a custom panel to quantify the transcription of 534 genes in parallel with the expression of 51 surface protein targets using the BD Rhapsody AbSeq single-cell system. We applied this technology to profile 20,656 T and NK cells isolated from peripheral blood from an SLE patient with a type I interferon (IFN)-induced gene expression signature (IFNhi), and an age- and sex- matched IFNlow SLE patient and healthy donor. Results: We confirmed the presence of a rare cytotoxic CD4+ T cell (CTL) subset, which was exclusively present in the IFNhi patient. Furthermore, we identified additional alterations consistent with increased immune activation in this patient, most notably a shift towards terminally differentiated CD57+ CD8+ T cell and CD16+ NKdim phenotypes, and the presence of a subset of recently-activated naïve CD4+ T cells. Conclusions: Our results identify IFN-driven changes in the composition and phenotype of T and NK cells that are consistent with a systemic immune activation within the IFNhi patient, and underscore the added resolving power of this multi-omics approach to identify rare immune subsets. Consequently, we were able to find evidence for novel cellular peripheral biomarkers of SLE disease activity, including a subpopulation of CD57+ CD4+ CTLs.
Resin-retained bridges: ten tips for success and an update on all-ceramic designs
Authors: Barraclough Olivia , Dennis Thomas , Patel Jaymit 
Published: June 2021

Resin-retained bridges RRBs are a conservative and minimally invasive means of tooth replacement. The complex nature of planning for RRBs can be overlooked and may subsequently lead to poor outcomes. With ceramic RRBs gaining popularity, discussion surrounding how their preparation differs from that of conventional RRBs is imperative. This article provides an update on ceramic RRBs and highlights some tips for the general practitioner to improve the aesthetics and longevity of their bridges. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Tips to improve the aesthetics and longevity of bridges carried out in general practice are provided.
Sustainable oral healthcare and the environment: challenges
Authors: Mulligan Steven , Smith Lucy , Martin Nicolas 
Published: June 2021

Oral healthcare has an environmental impact that is specific to the profession and is currently unsustainable. This impact results in unwanted and difficult-to-manage waste, carbon emissions and other environmental impacts that contribute to climate change. Contributions to this pollution come from the supply chain that provides the required materials and sundries, patient and staff commuting/travelling, direct patient care, the use and end-of-life management of restorative materials and single-use plastics (SUPs) such as personal protective equipment (PPE). This article explores these various contributors to pollution arising from oral healthcare. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The provision of oral healthcare has an environmental impact that requires consideration and action in order to become sustainable.
Atomic transitions for adaptive optics
Authors: Yang Rui , Hellemeier Joschua , Hickson Paul 
Published: June 2021

Adaptive optics systems using sodium laser guide stars are widely
employed at major astronomical observatories. It is natural to ask
whether other atomic species might offer advantages. In this paper, we
review all abundant atoms and ions in the upper atmosphere, including
Na, Fe,

M

g

+

,

S

i

+

,

C

a

+

, and K and also the non-metallic
species N,

N

+

, O, and H, considering their
potential for adaptive optics. Return fluxes for all transitions that
can be excited using either one or two wavelengths were computed. We
also considered multi-wavelength emission, comparing the performance
of different transitions for polychromatic laser guide star (PLGS)
adaptive optics. We find that of all the mesospheric metals, Na is the
most suitable for both monochromatic laser guide stars and PLGSs,
providing about six times more return flux than the best transitions
in Fe. For high-altitude observatories, excitation at 330 nm in Na
should give the highest PLGS performance. Atomic O, N, and

N

+

have strong transitions and very high
abundances in the mesosphere. This makes them potential candidates for
the generation of intense laser guide stars by amplified spontaneous
emission, if a suitable excitation process can be demonstrated. Direct
excitation by CW lasers is impractical, as all transitions from the
ground state are beyond the atmospheric cutoff. Nevertheless, it may
be possible using high-power pulsed lasers.
High-spectral-resolution lidar for measuring tropospheric temperature profiles by means of Rayleigh–Brillouin scattering
Authors: Xu Jiaqi , Witschas Benjamin , Kabelka Pau Gomez , Liang Kun 
Published: June 2021

A novel high-spectral-resolution lidar receiver based on a Fizeau interferometer and a photomultiplier tube array for tropospheric temperature profiling is introduced. Compared to other temperature lidars, an imaging approach is used to resolve the entire Rayleigh–Brillouin (RB) spectrum without applying frequency scanning techniques. The functionality of the system is demonstrated by means of a nighttime measurement. Atmospheric temperature is retrieved from 4.0 km to 9.2 km by analyzing the measured RB spectra with the Tenti S6 line shape model. The systematic error of the retrieved temperatures is determined to be smaller than 3 K, and the corresponding random error varies between 1.7 K (4.0 km) and 2.3 K (9.2 km) for an observation time of 5 min and a vertical resolution of 0.3 km. Considering the short averaging time and the stable arrangement of the system, the suggested approach is also attractive for future airborne applications.
Sub-bandgap absorption and photo-response of molybdenum heavily doped black silicon fabricated by a femtosecond laser
Authors: Yang Yang , Zhao Ji-Hong , Li Chao , Chen Qi-Dai , Chen Zhan-Guo , Sun Hong-Bo 
Published: June 2021

Molybdenum (Mo)-doped black silicon (Si) is obtained by using femtosecond laser irradiation. The concentration of Mo atoms at the depth from 10 to 200 nm has exceeded

10

19

c
m

−
3

. In contrast, the carrier concentration in the Mo-doped layer is lower than

10

15

c
m

−
3

. The surface morphologies with ripple and conical spike microstructures are formed by changing the pulsed laser fluences. The Mo-doped Si samples exhibit a sub-bandgap (

1100

∼

2500

n
m

) absorptance of more than 60% at a wavelength of 1310 nm. A Mo-doped Si photodetector is made, and the responsivity of the device for 1310 nm is up to 76 mA/W at a

−

10

V

bias.
Planar GeSn lateral p-i-n resonant-cavity-enhanced photodetectors for short-wave infrared integrated photonics
Authors: Chang Chen-Yang , Bansal Radhika , Lee Kuo-Chih , Sun Greg , Soref Richard , Cheng H. H. , Chang Guo-En 
Published: June 2021

We report normal-incidence planar GeSn resonant-cavity-enhanced photodetectors (RCE-PDs) with a lateralp-i-nhomojunction configuration on a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) platform for short-wave infrared (SWIR) integrated photonics. The buried oxide of the SOI platform and the depositedSiO2layer serve as the bottom and top reflectors, respectively, creating a vertical cavity for enhancing the optical responsivity. The planarp-i-ndiode structure is favorable for complementary-metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible, large-scale integration. With the bandgap reduction enabled by the 4.2% Sn incorporation into the GeSn active layer, the photodetection range extends to 1960 nm. The promising results demonstrate that the developed planar GeSn RCE-PDs are potential candidates for SWIR integrated photonics.
Self-starting triple-wavelength vector dark soliton with a bismuth-doped fiber saturable absorber
Authors: Zhang Pei , Nizamani Bilal , Najm Mustafa Mohammed , Dimyati Kaharudin , Yasin Moh , Harun Sulaiman Wadi 
Published: June 2021

We report on the generation of a triple-wavelength vector dark soliton in an all-fiber ring cavity of erbium-doped fiber laser mode-locked with a bismuth-doped fiber saturable absorber. The formation of the triple-wavelength vector dark soliton is due to the cross-phase coupling derived from the cavity birefringence. The mode-locked laser operated at a 1.89 MHz repetition rate with a 335 ns pulse width, and its robustness is confirmed.
Kilowatt level Raman amplifier based on 100  µm core diameter multimode GRIN fiber with M2 = 1.6
Authors: Fan Chenchen , Xiao Hu , Yao Tianfu , Xu Jiangming , Chen Yizhu , Leng Jinyong , Zhou Pu 
Published: June 2021

In this Letter, we demonstrate a high-power Raman fiber amplifier with excellent beam quality based on graded-index fiber. The Yb-doped fiber laser (YDFL) and bandwidth-tunable amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) source are employed as the pump source to compare the laser performance separately. When the ASE with a bandwidth of 8 nm is employed, a maximum power of 943 W at 1130 nm is achieved, which is twice that pumped by YDFL. The beam quality factor

M

2

at maximum output power is 1.6, with a brightness enhancement (BE) factor of 27. To the best of our knowledge, this is the best beam quality and BE factor based on pure Raman gain with output power of over 100 W.
Network pharmacology and molecular docking study on the mechanism of colorectal cancer treatment using Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang
Authors: Jin Jingyun , Chen Bin , Zhan Xiangyang , Zhou Zhiyi , Liu Hui , Dong Yun 
Published: June 2021

Background and objective
We aimed to predict the targets and signal pathways of Xiao-Chai-Hu-Tang (XCHT) in the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC) based on network pharmacology, just as well as to further analyze its anti-CRC material basis and mechanism of action.

Methods
We adopted Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database (TCMSP) and Traditional Chinese Medicine Integrated Database (TCMID) databases to screen the active ingredients and potential targets of XCHT. CRC-related targets were retrieved by analyzing published microarray data (accession number GSE110224) from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The common targets were used to construct the “herb-active ingredient-target” network using the Cytoscape 3.8.0 software. Next, we constructed and analyzed protein-to-protein interaction (PPI) using BisoGenet and CytoNCA plug-in in Cytoscape. We then performed Gene Ontology (GO) functional and the Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses of target genes using the R package of clusterProfiler. Furthermore, we used the AutoDock Tools software to conduct molecular docking studies on the active ingredients and key targets to verify the network pharmacological analysis results.

Results
We identified a total of 71 active XCHT ingredients and 20 potential anti-CRC targets. The network analysis revealed quercetin, stigmasterol, kaempferol, baicalein, and acacetin as potential key compounds, and PTGS2, NR3C2, CA2, and MMP1 as potential key targets. The active ingredients of XCHT interacted with most CRC disease targets. We showed that XCHT’s therapeutic effect was attributed to its synergistic action (multi-compound, multi-target, and multi-pathway). Our GO enrichment analysis showed 46 GO entries, including 20 biological processes, 6 cellular components, and 20 molecular functions. We identified 11 KEGG signaling pathways, including the IL-17, TNF, Toll-like receptor, and NF-kappa B signaling pathways. Our results showed that XCHT could play a role in CRC treatment by regulating different signaling pathways. The molecular docking experiment confirmed the correlation between five core compounds (quercetin, stigmasterol, kaempferol, baicalein, and acacetin) just as well as PTGS2, NR3C2, CA2, and MMP1.

Conclusion
In this study, we described the potential active ingredients, possible targets, and key biological pathways responsible for the efficacy of XCHT in CRC treatment, providing a theoretical basis for further research.
Physiotherapy and related management for childhood obesity: A systematic scoping review
Authors: Truong Kim , Park Sandra , Tsiros Margarita D. , Milne Nikki 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionDespite targeted efforts globally to address childhood overweight/obesity, it remains poorly understood and challenging to manage. Physiotherapists have the potential to manage children with obesity as they are experts in movement and physical activity. However, their role remains unclear due to a lack of physiotherapy-specific guidelines. This scoping review aims to explore existing literature, critically appraising and synthesising findings to guide physiotherapists in the evidence-based management of childhood overweight/obesity.MethodA scoping review was conducted, including literature up to May 2020. A review protocol exists on Open Science Framework athttps://osf.io/fap8g/. Four databases were accessed including PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Medline via OVID, with grey literature searched through google via “file:pdf”. A descriptive synthesis was undertaken to explore the impact of existing interventions and their efficacy.ResultsFrom the initial capture of 1871 articles, 263 intervention-based articles were included. Interventions included qualitative focused physical activity, quantitative focused physical activity and multicomponent interventions. Various outcome measures were utilised including health-, performance- and behaviour-related outcomes. The general trend for physiotherapy involvement with children who are obese appears to favour: 1) multicomponent interventions, implementing more than one component with environmental modification and parental involvement and 2) quantitative physical activity interventions, focusing on the quantity of bodily movement. These approaches most consistently demonstrated desirable changes across behavioural and health-related outcome measures for multicomponent and quantitative physical activity interventions respectively.ConclusionWhen managing children with obesity, physiotherapists should consider multicomponent approaches and increasing the quantity of physical activity, given consistent improvements in various obesity-related outcomes. Such approaches are well suited to the scope of physiotherapists and their expertise in physical activity prescription for the management of childhood obesity. Future research should examine the effect of motor skill interventions and consider the role of environmental modification/parental involvement as factors contributing to intervention success.
As Instituições de Ensino Superior e seus interlocutores quanto à percepção nas ações extensionistas
Authors: Diniz Leopoldina Francimar Amorim Coelho , Sousa Geida Maria Cavalcanti de , Souza Dennis Marinho Oliveira Ramalho de 
Published: June 2021

As informações da extensão universitária no mundo estão registradas desde o começo do século XIX na Inglaterra. No Brasil, a extensão universitária ganha maior destaque a partir da segunda metade dos anos 1960. Ao longo desse tempo, a educação universitária percebeu a importância da indissociabilidade entre ensino, pesquisa e extensão, fundamentada no conhecimento de concepções, fundamentos, bases conceituais, possíveis impactos e mudanças resultantes das ações extensionistas. Este estudo de revisão sistemática pretendeu analisar produções da literatura nacional e internacional, referentes às práticas extensionistas nas universidades públicas e privadas, contemplando artigos e dissertações no período compreendido entre 2012 a 2019. Como aporte, foram feitas buscas nas bases de dados na SciELO, Google Acadêmico e no Portal de Periódicos da CAPES, priorizando estudos com aplicação de instrumentos para as análises. Foram selecionados 28 publicações, permanecendo oito artigos e duas dissertações. Os resultados apontam a extensão como impactante na interação universidade/comunidade, contribuindo para uma educação libertadora e transformando o contexto social. Assim, as avaliações institucionais dessas ações demandam um olhar mais aprofundado acerca da percepção desses envolvidos com relação à extensão. Nessa perspectiva, o acompanhamento torna-se um meio de suma importância para se alcançar os objetivos propostos.