bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experience and prediction: a metric of hardness for a novel litmus test
Authors: Isaak Nicos , Michael Loizos 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn the past decade, the Winograd schema challenge (WSC) has become a central aspect of the research community as a novel litmus test. Consequently, the WSC has spurred research interest because it can be seen as the means to understand human behavior. In this regard, the development of new techniques has made possible the usage of Winograd schemas in various fields, such as the design of novel forms of CAPTCHAs.Work from the literature that established a baseline for human adult performance on the WSC has shown that not all schemas are the same, meaning that they could potentially be categorized according to their perceived hardness for humans. In this regard, this hardness metric could be used in future challenges or in the WSC CAPTCHA service to differentiate between Winograd schemas.Recent work of ours has shown that this could be achieved via the design of an automated system that is able to output the hardness indexes of Winograd schemas, albeit with limitations regarding the number of schemas it could be applied on. This paper adds to previous research by presenting a new system that is based on machine learning, able to output the hardness of any Winograd schema faster and more accurately than any other previously used method. Our developed system, which works within two different approaches, namely the random forest and deep learning (LSTM-based), is ready to be used as an extension of any other system that aims to differentiate between Winograd schemas, according to their perceived hardness for humans. At the same time, along with our developed system we extend previous work by presenting the results of a large-scale experiment that shows how human performance varies across Winograd schemas.
Characteristics of source location and solar cycle distribution of the strong solar proton events (≥ 1000 pfu) from 1976 to 2018
Authors: Le Gui-Ming , Zhao Ming-Xian , Li Qi , Liu Gui-Ang , Mao Tian , Xu Ping-Guo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We studied the source locations and solar cycle distribution of strong solar proton events (≥ 1000 pfu) measured at the Earth from 1976 to 2018. There were 43 strong solar proton events (SPEs) during this period. 27.9 per cent of the strong SPEs were ground level enhancement (GLE) events. We detect more strong SPEs coming from the western hemisphere. The strong SPEs were distributed in the region of [E90-W90], extreme SPEs (≥10000 pfu) appeared within the longitudinal area from E30 to W75, while the SPEs with peak fluxes ≥ 20000 pfu concentrated in the range from E30 to W30 and were always accompanied by super geomagnetic storms (Dst ≤−250 nT). The northern and southern hemispheres of the Sun have 23 and 20 strong SPEs, respectively. The ranges S0–S19 and N0–N19 have 13 and 11 strong SPEs, respectively. S20–S45 and N20–N45 have 7 and 12 strong SPEs, respectively, indicating that the N-S asymmetry of strong SPEs mainly occurred in the areas with a latitude greater than 20○ of the two hemispheres of the Sun. The statistical results showed that 48.8 per cent, 51.2 per cent, and 76.7 per cent of the strong SPEs appeared during the rising phase, declining phase, and in the period from two years before to the three years after the solar maximum, respectively. The number of strong SPEs during a solar cycle has a poor correlation with the solar cycle size.
Towards modelling ghostly damped Ly αs
Authors: Laloux Brivael , Petitjean Patrick 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We use simple models of the spatial structure of the quasar broad-line region (BLR) to investigate the properties of so-called ghostly damped Ly α (DLA) systems detected in Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) data. These absorbers are characterized by the presence of strong metal lines but no H i Ly α trough is seen in the quasar spectrum indicating that, although the region emitting the quasar continuum is covered by an absorbing cloud, the BLR is only partially covered. One of the models has a spherical geometry, another one is the combination of two wind flows, whereas the third model is a Keplerian disc. The models can reproduce the typical shape of the quasar Ly α emission and different ghostly configurations. We show that the DLA H i column density can be recovered precisely independently of the BLR model used. The size of the absorbing cloud and its distance to the centre of the AGN are correlated. However, it may be possible to disentangle the two using an independent estimate of the radius from the determination of the particle density. Comparison of the model outputs with SDSS data shows that the wind and disc models are more versatile than the spherical one and can be more easily adapted to the observations. For all the systems, we derive log N(H i)(cm−2) &gt; 20.5. With higher quality data, it may be possible to distinguish between the models.
Sub-damped Lyman α systems in the XQ-100 survey – II. Chemical evolution at 2.4 ≤ z ≤ 4.3
Authors: Berg Trystyn A M , Fumagalli Michele , D’Odorico Valentina , Ellison Sara L , López Sebastián , Becker George D , Christensen Lise , Cupani Guido , Denney Kelly D , Sánchez-Ramírez Rubén , Worseck Gábor 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the measured gas-phase metal column densities in 155 sub-damped Ly α systems (subDLAs) with the aim to investigate the contribution of subDLAs to the chemical evolution of the Universe. The sample was identified within the absorber-blind XQ-100 quasar spectroscopic survey over the redshift range 2.4 ≤ zabs ≤ 4.3. Using all available column densities of the ionic species investigated (mainly C iv, Si ii, Mg ii, Si iv, Al ii, Fe ii, C ii, and O i; in order of decreasing detection frequency), we estimate the ionization-corrected gas-phase metallicity of each system using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques to explore a large grid of cloudy ionization models. Without accounting for ionization and dust depletion effects, we find that the H i-weighted gas-phase metallicity evolution of subDLAs is consistent with damped Ly α systems (DLAs). When ionization corrections are included, subDLAs are systematically more metal poor than DLAs (between ≈0.5σ and ≈3σ significance) by up to ≈1.0 dex over the redshift range 3 ≤ zabs ≤ 4.3. The correlation of gas phase [Si/Fe] with metallicity in subDLAs appears to be consistent with that of DLAs, suggesting that the two classes of absorbers have a similar relative dust depletion pattern. As previously seen for Lyman limit systems, the gas phase [C/O] in subDLAs remains constantly solar for all metallicities indicating that both subDLAs and Lyman limit systems could trace carbon-rich ejecta, potentially in circumgalactic environments.
Seeing Like the Sea: A Multispecies History of the Ceylon Pearl Fishery 1800–1925
Authors: Fernando Tamara 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The pearl fishery of Ceylon was a lucrative source of pearls as well as a theatre of colonial power. But instead of narrating a story of abstracted governmentality, this paper dives below the waves, braiding Tamil poetry with scientific material relating to the oyster and state sources concerning fishery administration. Taken together, these unearth a multi-species history of the human relationship to the seas. In the same way that pearl divers’ labour was a mode of knowing nature, so too, natural processes and marine creatures shaped, in turn, the economic, social and cultural worlds at the fishery. This nacreous, layered approach combines natural history, maritime labour and historical ecology to explore the fragile and interlocking balance below the waves which extended beyond humans to the molluscs, sharks, boring sponges and parasitic tapeworms of the Gulf of Mannar. The archive around the pearl fishery advances the animal and ecological histories of the Indian Ocean and also points towards ways of suturing the gulf between Indian and Sri Lankan scholarship.
Two versions of short-term phytoplankton ecophysiology and taxonomic assemblages in the Arctic Ocean’s North Water (Canada, Greenland)
Authors: Joli Nathalie , Lacour Thomas , Freyria Nastasia J , Royer Sarah-Jeanne , Babin Marcel , Lovejoy Connie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Photosynthetic performance in open marine waters is determined by how well phytoplankton species are adapted to their immediate environment and available light. Although there is light for 24 h a day during the Arctic summer, little is known about short-term (h) temporal variability of phytoplankton photosynthetic performance in Arctic waters. To address this, we sampled the North Water (76.5°N) every 4 h over 24 h at two stations on the East and West sides that are influenced by different water masses and current conditions. We specifically investigated phytoplankton pigments, the xanthophyll cycle (XC), which is an indication of photoprotective capacity, and photosynthesis–irradiance (PE) response curves, at the surface and 20 m depth. The photophysiological parameters on the two sides differed along with the taxonomic signal derived from accessory pigments. On both sides, surface XC pigments showed high photoprotection capacity with the dinodinoxanthin–diatoxanthin (DD) and the violaxanthin, antheraxanthin and zeaxanthin cycles correlated with incoming radiation. The PE results showed that communities dominated by small flagellates on the western side performed better compared to diatom dominated communities on the eastern side. We conclude that phytoplankton and photosynthetic capacity differed consistent with known hydrography, with implications for a changing Arctic.
The Liberalization of American Attitudes to Homosexuality and the Impact of Age, Period, and Cohort Effects
Authors: Ekstam David 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Prior analyses of age, period, and cohort effects in American attitudes to homosexuality have resulted in conflicting findings. I show that this is due to insufficient attention to the statistical identification problem facing such analyses. By means of more than four decades worth of survey data and two attitudinal measures taping social tolerance of homosexuality, I demonstrate that the conflicting results of prior research can be explained by differences in the implicit and unsubstantiated assumptions made to ensure model identification. To make up for the lack of attention to these assumptions in prior work, I discuss which age, period, and cohort effects we might expect to see based on prior knowledge about the case at hand, socialization theory, and research on how aging affects outgroup attitudes. On that basis, I also discuss which conclusions about age, period, and cohort effects we can actually draw in the case at hand. On a more general level, this article joins a growing literature that cautions against age-period-cohort analysis that does not give sufficient attention to theoretical expectations and side information when making the identifying assumptions on which the analysis must unavoidably rest.
Sink strength of citrus rootstocks under water deficit
Authors: Silva Simone F , Miranda Marcela T , Costa Vladimir E , Machado Eduardo C , Ribeiro Rafael V 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Carbon allocation between source and sink organs determines plant growth and is influenced by environmental conditions. Under water deficit (WD), plant growth is inhibited before photosynthesis and shoot growth tends to be more sensitive than root growth. However, the modulation of the source–sink relationship by rootstocks remains unsolved in citrus trees under WD. Citrus plants grafted on Rangpur lime are drought tolerant, which may be related to a fine coordination of the source–sink relationship for maintaining root growth. Here, we followed 13C allocation and evaluated physiological responses and growth of Valencia orange trees grafted on three citrus rootstocks (Rangpur lime, Swingle citrumelo and Sunki mandarin) under WD. As compared with plants on Swingle and Sunki rootstocks, ones grafted on Rangpur lime showed higher stomatal sensitivity to the initial variation of water availability and less accumulation of non-structural carbohydrates in roots under WD. High 13C allocation found in Rangpur lime roots indicates this rootstock has high sink demand associated with high root growth under WD. Our data suggest that Rangpur lime rootstock used photoassimilates as sources of energy and carbon skeletons for growing under drought, which is likely related to increases in root respiration. Taken together, our data revealed that carbon supply by leaves and delivery to roots are critical for maintaining root growth and improving drought tolerance, with citrus rootstocks showing differential sink strength under WD.
Development Research at High Geographic Resolution: An Analysis of Night-Lights, Firms, and Poverty in India Using the SHRUG Open Data Platform
Authors: Asher Sam , Lunt Tobias , Matsuura Ryu , Novosad Paul 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The SHRUG is an open data platform describing multidimensional socioeconomic development across 600,000 villages and towns in India. This paper presents three illustrative analyses only possible with high-resolution data. First, it confirms that nighttime lights are highly significant proxies for population, employment, per capita consumption, and electrification at very local levels. However, elasticities between night-lights and these variables are far lower in time series than in cross section, and vary widely across context and level of aggregation. Next, this study shows that the distribution of manufacturing employment across villages follows a power law: the majority of rural Indians have considerably less access to manufacturing employment than is suggested by aggregate data. Third, a poverty mapping exercise explores local heterogeneity in living standards and estimates the potential targeting improvement from allocating programs at the village—rather than at the district—level. The SHRUG can serve as a model for open high-resolution data in developing countries.
When to consider Pneumocystis jirovecii prophylaxis in HIV-negative patients
Authors: Dameron Matthew , Horowitz Mitchell , Gupta Neeraj , Abi Hatem Nathalie 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Clinicians should be aware of the risk of opportunistic infections in patients who are immunocompromised. Opportunistic infections such as Pneumocystis jirovecii commonly are associated with HIV/AIDS, but less commonly considered in patients receiving immunosuppressive and/or immunomodulating therapies. This case report focuses on the management of an opportunistic infection in an HIV-negative patient on immunosuppressive medications for lymphoma and exacerbation of pulmonary fibrosis.
Exposure to point-of-care ultrasound in PA programs before employment
Authors: Smalley Courtney M. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT

Objectives:
Point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) is integral to bedside evaluation of ED patients. This study examines POCUS exposure for physician assistants (PAs) before ED employment.

Methods:
A retrospective cross-sectional survey was distributed electronically to PAs employed in 13 EDs across a healthcare system. Participants were queried on POCUS education during PA training. Findings were reported as percentages of total respondents, using descriptive statistics.

Results:
The response rate was 70.1%. Only 14.9% of respondents received POCUS exposure in PA school. Of those who received training, most (66.7%) received 5 or fewer hours and 94.1% strongly agree or agree that POCUS education should be integrated into PA education.

Conclusion:
In this survey, most PAs practicing in the ED did not receive POCUS education during training. Practice location and year of graduation may contribute to this finding. Healthcare systems should consider additional training for PAs working in EDs to bridge gaps in knowledge.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Vaccination During Pregnancy and Effects in Infants
Authors: Madhi Shabir A. , Polack Fernando P. , Piedra Pedro A. , Munoz Flor M. , Trenholme Adrian A. , Simões Eric A. F. , Swamy Geeta K. , Agrawal Sapeckshita , Ahmed Khatija , August Allison , Baqui Abdullah H. , Calvert Anna , Chen Janice , Cho Iksung , Cotton Mark F. , Cutland Clare L. , Englund Janet A. , Fix Amy , Gonik Bernard , Hammitt Laura , Heath Paul T. , de Jesus Joanne N. , Jones Christine E. , Khalil Asma , Kimberlin David W. , Libster Romina , Llapur Conrado J. , Lucero Marilla , Pérez Marc Gonzalo , Marshall Helen S. , Masenya Masebole S. , Martinón-Torres Federico , Meece Jennifer K. , Nolan Terry M. , Osman Ayman , Perrett Kirsten P. , Plested Joyce S. , Richmond Peter C. , Snape Matthew D. , Shakib Julie H. , Shinde Vivek , Stoney Tanya , Thomas D. Nigel , Tita Alan T. , Varner Michael W. , Vatish Manu , Vrbicky Keith , Wen Judy , Zaman Khalequ , Zar Heather J. , Glenn Gregory M. , Fries Louis F. 
Published: January 2021

(Abstracted from N Engl J Med 2020;383:426–439)
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of hospitalizations of infants with lower respiratory tract infections. In 2015, approximately 3.2 million children younger than 5 years were hospitalized because of RSV-associated lower respiratory infection, and 118,000 died in hospital.
Randomized, Assessor-Blinded Trial Comparing Highly Purified Human Menotropin and Recombinant Follicle-Stimulating Hormone in High Responders Undergoing Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection
Authors: Witz Craig A. , Daftary Gaurang S. , Doody Kevin J. , Park John K. , Seifu Yodit , Yankov Vladimir I. , Heiser Patrick W. 
Published: January 2021

(Abstracted from Fertil Steril 2020;114:321–330)
Advancements in assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs) have led to patient-specific treatment including tailoring gonadotropin dose to ovarian potential. Anti–müllerian hormone (AMH) has demonstrated efficacy as a biomarker for ovarian potential when guiding gonadotropin dosing in ART and has been successfully used to predict likely high responders.
Reverse or Hemi Shoulder Arthroplasty in Proximal Humerus Fractures: A Single-Blinded Prospective Multicenter Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Laas Niels , Engelsma Yde , Hagemans Frans J.A. , Hoelen Max A. , van Deurzen Derek F.P. , Burger Bart J. 
Published: January 2021

Objectives:
To compare outcomes between hemiarthroplasty (HA) and reversed shoulder arthroplasty (RSA) as a treatment for dislocated 3-part and 4-part proximal humerus fractures in the elderly population.

Design:
Prospective multicenter randomized controlled trial.

Setting:
Three Level-1 trauma centers.

Patients/Participants:
This study included 31 patients of which 14 were randomized into the HA group and 17 into the RSA group.

Intervention:
Patients randomized to the HA group were treated with a cemented-stem Aequalis-fracture HA and patients randomized to the RSA group with a cemented-stem Aequalis-fracture RSA.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Primary outcomes consisted of range of motion and constant score. Secondary outcomes were the visual analog scale for pain, DASH score, SF-12 scores, and radiographic outcomes.

Results:
After 6 and 12 months of follow-up, RSA showed a significant higher anterior elevation (105 degrees vs. 80 degrees, P = 0.002 and 110 degrees vs. 90 degrees, P = 0.02, respectively) and constant score (60 vs. 41, P = 0.01 and 51 vs. 32, P = 0.05, respectively) compared with HA. There were no significant differences in external and internal rotation. Also, visual analog scale pain, DASH scores, SF-12 scores, and radiological healing of the tuberosities and heterotopic ossification did not show any significant differences between groups.

Conclusion:
RSA showed significant superior functional outcomes for anterior elevation and constant score compared with HA for dislocated 3-part and 4-part proximal humerus fractures after short-term follow-up.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Trends in male breast cancer mortality: a global overview
Authors: Pizzato Margherita , Carioli Greta , Bertuccio Paola , Malvezzi Matteo , Levi Fabio , Boffetta Paolo , Negri Eva , La Vecchia Carlo 
Published: January 2021

Objectives
Recent trends in male breast cancer have been inadequately studied. We updated mortality trends in selected countries and regions worldwide using most recent available data and we predicted figures for 2020.

Methods
We extracted official death certification data for male breast cancer and population estimates from the WHO and the Pan American Health Organization databases, from 2000 to 2017. We computed age-standardized (world population) death rates for selected countries and regions worldwide. We used joinpoint regression analysis to identify significant changes in trends and to predict death numbers and rates for 2020.

Results
In 2015–2017, Central-Eastern Europe had a rate of 2.85/1 000 000, and Russia of 2.22, ranking among the highest. North-Western and Southern Europe, the European Union as a whole and the USA showed rates ranging between 1.5 and 2.0. Lower rates were observed in most Latin American countries, with values below 1.35/1 000 000, in Australia, 1.22, and Japan, 0.58. Between 2000–2004 and 2015–2017, age-adjusted death rates decreased between 10 and 40% in North-Western Europe, Russia, and the USA, and between 1.5 and 25% in the other areas under study, except Latin America (+0.8%). Except for Central-Eastern Europe, predicted rates for 2020 were favourable.

Conclusion
Advancements in management are likely the main drivers of the favourable trends in male breast cancer death rates over the last decades. Delayed diagnosis and limited access to effective care explain the higher mortality in some areas.
The differential impact of aerobic and isometric handgrip exercise on blood pressure variability and central aortic blood pressure
Authors: Seidel Maximilian , Pagonas Nikolaos , Seibert Felix S. , Bauer Frederic , Rohn Benjamin , Vlatsas Stergios , Mühlberger Dominic , Nina Babel , Westhoff Timm H. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Blood pressure variability and central SBP are independent markers of cardiovascular risk. Data on lifestyle-interventions to reduce these parameters are sparse. The present work reports the differential effects of aerobic vs. isometric handgrip exercise on blood pressure variability and central SBP in a prospective randomized trial.

Methods:
Seventy-five hypertensive patients were randomized to one of the following 12-week programs: isometric handgrip training five times weekly; ‘Sham-handgrip training’ five times weekly; aerobic exercise training (30 min three to five times/week). Blood pressure variability was assessed by the coefficient of variation in 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). Central SBP was measured noninvasively by the SphygmoCor device (AtCor Medical, Australia).

Results:
The aerobic exercise program significantly decreased systolic daytime variability (12.1 ± 2.5 vs. 10.3 ± 2.8, P = 0.04), whereas diastolic daytime blood pressure variability was not significantly altered (P = 0.14). Night-time variability was not significantly affected (P > 0.05). Central SBP was reduced from 145±15 to 134 ± 19 mmHg (P = 0.01). Isometric handgrip and sham-handgrip exercise did not significantly affect blood pressure variability (P > 0.05 each). Isometric exercise tended to reduce central SBP (142 ± 19 to 136 ± 17 mmHg, P = 0.06). ANCOVA revealed significant intergroup differences for the change of daytime SBP and DBP variability (P = 0.048 and 0.047, respectively).

Conclusion:
Aerobic exercise reduces blood pressure variability and central SBP. Isometric handgrip exercise does not reduce blood pressure variability but tends to lower central SBP in this hypertensive population.