bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial stewardship in rural and remote primary health care: a narrative review
Authors: Yau Jun Wern , Thor Sze Mun , Tsai Danny , Speare Tobias , Rissel Chris 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Antimicrobial resistance is an emerging problem worldwide and poses a significant threat to human health. Antimicrobial stewardship programmes are being implemented in health systems globally, primarily in hospitals, to address the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance. Despite the significance of primary health care services in providing health care to communities, antimicrobial stewardship programmes are not well established in this sector, especially in rural and remote settings. This narrative review aims to identify in rural and remote primary health care settings the (1) correlation of antimicrobial resistance with antibiotic prescribing and volume of antibiotic use, (2) appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing, (3) risk factors associated with inappropriate use/prescribing of antibiotics, and (4) effective antimicrobial stewardship strategies.

Methods
The international literature was searched for English only articles between 2000 and 2020 using specified keywords. Seven electronic databases were searched: Scopus, Cochrane, Embase, CINAHL, PubMed, Ovid Medline and Ovid Emcare. Publication screening and analysis were conducted using Joanna Briggs Institute systematic review tools.

Results
Fifty-one eligible articles were identified. Inappropriate and excessive antimicrobial prescribing and use directly led to increases in antimicrobial resistance. Increasing rurality of practice is associated with disproportionally higher rates of inappropriate prescribing compared to those in metropolitan areas. Physician knowledge, attitude and behaviour play important roles in mediating antimicrobial prescribing, with strong intrinsic and extrinsic influences including patient factors. Antimicrobial stewardship strategies in rural and remote primary health care settings focus on health care provider and patient education, clinician support systems, utility of antimicrobial resistance surveillance, and policy changes. Results of these interventions were generally positive with decreased antimicrobial resistance rates and improved appropriateness of antimicrobial prescribing.

Conclusions
Inappropriate prescribing and excessive use of antimicrobials are an important contributor to the increasing resistance towards antimicrobial agents particularly in rural and remote primary health care. Antimicrobial stewardship programmes in the form of education, clinical support, surveillance, and policies have been mostly successful in reducing prescribing rates and inappropriate prescriptions. The narrative review highlighted the need for longer interventions to assess changes in antimicrobial resistance rates. The review also identified a lack of differentiation between rural and remote contexts and Indigenous health was inadequately addressed. Future research should have a greater focus on effective interventional components and patient perspectives.
No changes in dietary intake after quitting smoking; a prospective study in Switzerland
Authors: Patriota Pollyanna , Guessous Idris , Marques-Vidal Pedro 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
After quitting smoking, quitters frequently increase their weight and change their dietary intake. Still, most studies on the topic are over 20 years old and focused on few dietary markers. We analysed the changes in weight and dietary intake after quitting smoking using a large panel of dietary markers.

Methods
Prospective study including 5064 participants, 169 of whom (3.3%) quitted during a median follow-up of 5 years. Dietary intake was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire. Participants were excluded if they lacked dietary data or reported extreme total energy intakes (TEI) < 850 or > 4000 kcal/day.

Results
Data from 128 participants (43.8% women, aged 56.0 ± 10.0 years) were used. After quitting smoking, mean weight increased 2.1 ± 0.7 kg; the majority (58%) of the participants gained over 1 kg, and only 7.1% were on a diet to reduce their weight. Total protein intake increased from (median [interquartile range]) 14.4 [12.9–16.4] to 15.1 [13.4–17.9] % of total energy intake (TEI), p = 0.008, while animal protein intake increased from 9.7 [8.0–12.1] to 10.8 [8.5–13.5] %TEI, p = 0.011. Fish intake increased from 27 [17–45] to 37 [19–55] g/day, p = 0.016 and dairy intake decreased from 177 [94–288] to 150 [77–243] g/day, p = 0.009. No other changes were found. Among the 68 (53%) participants who reported time since quitting, quitting for <=1 year led to a decreased consumption of fruits, while the opposite was found for participants who quit for longer than one year. No associations were found between weight or dietary changes and time since quitting.

Conclusions
People who quit smoking tend to gain weight, do not significantly change their dietary intake, and seem to make little effort to prevent weight gain. Systematic dietary support should be provided to all smokers wishing to quit.
Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody among individuals aged above 15 years and residing in congregate settings in Dire Dawa city administration, Ethiopia
Authors: Shaweno Tamrat , Abdulhamid Ibrahim , Bezabih Lemlem , Teshome Daniel , Derese Behailu , Tafesse Hiwot , Shaweno Debebe 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Determining the extent of seropositivity of SARS-CoV-2 antibody has the potential to guide prevention and control efforts. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibody among individuals aged above15 years and residing in the congregate settings of Dire Dawa city administration, Ethiopia.

Method
We analyzed COVID-19 seroprevalence data on 684 individuals from a community based cross-sectional survey conducted among individuals aged above 15 years and residing in congregate settings in Dire Dawa from June 15 to July 30, 2020. Data were collected using interview and blood sample collection. Participants were asked about demographic characteristics, COVID-19 symptoms, and their practice of preventive measures. Seroprevalence was determined using SARS-CoV-2 IgG test. Bivariate and multivariate multilevel mixed effects logistic regression model was fitted and statistical significance was set at p value < 0.05.

Result
The estimated SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was 3.2% (95 % CI 2.0–4.8) in the study region with no differences by age and sex but considerable differences were observed by self-reported practice of COVID-19 preventive measures. The cluster effect is not significant (P = 0.396) which has suggested no evidence of heterogeneity in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among the clusters. The odds of SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence were higher for individuals who were employed and work by moving from home to work area (AOR; 9.73 95% CI 2.51, 37.68), reported of not wearing facemasks when leaving home (AOR; 6.4 95% CI 2.30, 17.66) and did not practice physical distancing measures (AOR; 10 95% CI 3.01, 33.20) compared to their counterparts, respectively. Our estimated seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 among participants who reported not to have practiced social distancing measures was 12.8 (95% CI, 7.0, 19) and 1.5 (95% CI, 0.5, 2.5) among those who reported of practicing them. More than 80% of study participants reported of implementing infection prevention measures (face masks and physical distancing recommendations).

Conclusion
The detected SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among the study participants was low at the time of the survey indicating higher proportion of population yet to be infected. COVID-19 preventive measures were associated with reduced seroprevalence and should be promoted to avoid transmission to the uninfected majority.
Epidemic of plague amidst COVID-19 in Madagascar: efforts, challenges, and recommendations
Authors: Aborode Abdullahi Tunde , dos Santos Costa Ana Carla , Mohan Anmol , Goyal Samarth , Rabiu Aishat Temitope , Tsagkaris Christos , Uwishema Olivier , Outani Oumaima , Ahmad Shoaib , Essar Mohammad Yasir 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe plague has been wreaking havoc on people in Madagascar with the COVID-19 pandemic. Madagascar’s healthcare sector is striving to respond to COVID-19 in the face of a plague outbreak that has created a new strain on the country’s public health system. The goal and activities of the gradual epidemic of plague in Madagascar during COVID-19 are described in this research. In order to contain the plague and the COVID-19 pandemic in this country, we have suggested long-term recommendations that can help to contain the outbreak so that it may spread to non-endemic areas.
Coevolution of global brachiopod palaeobiogeography and tectonopalaeogeography during the Carboniferous
Authors: Li Ning , Wang Cheng-Wen , Zong Pu , Mao Yong-Qin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe global brachiopod palaeobiogeography of the Mississippian is divided into three realms, six regions, and eight provinces, while that of the Pennsylvanian is divided into three realms, six regions, and nine provinces. On this basis, we examined coevolutionary relationships between brachiopod palaeobiogeography and tectonopalaeogeography using a comparative approach spanning the Carboniferous. The appearance of the Boreal Realm in the Mississippian was closely related to movements of the northern plates into middle–high latitudes. From the Mississippian to the Pennsylvanian, the palaeobiogeography of Australia transitioned from the Tethys Realm to the Gondwana Realm, which is related to the southward movement of eastern Gondwana from middle to high southern latitudes. The transition of the Yukon–Pechora area from the Tethys Realm to the Boreal Realm was associated with the northward movement of Laurussia, whose northern margin entered middle–high northern latitudes then. The formation of the six palaeobiogeographic regions of Mississippian and Pennsylvanian brachiopods was directly related to “continental barriers”, which resulted in the geographical isolation of each region. The barriers resulted from the configurations of Siberia, Gondwana, and Laurussia, which supported the Boreal, Tethys, and Gondwana realms, respectively. During the late Late Devonian–Early Mississippian, the Rheic seaway closed and North America (from Laurussia) joined with South America and Africa (from Gondwana), such that the function of “continental barriers” was strengthened and the differentiation of eastern and western regions of the Tethys Realm became more distinct. In the Barents Ocean tectonic domain during the Pennsylvanian, the brachiopods on the northern margin of the Barents Ocean formed the Verkhoyansk–Taymyr Province, while those on the southern margin formed the Yukon–Pechora Province. The Mongolia–Okhotsk Province was formed by brachiopods of the Mongolia–Okhotsk Ocean tectonic domain. The Northern Margin of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean Province and the Southern Margin of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean Province were formed, respectively, by brachiopods on the northern and southern margins of the Palaeo-Tethys Ocean tectonic domain. South China and Southeast Asia were dissociated from the major continental blocks mentioned above, and formed the South China Province.
Learning from the past: inequalities and discrimination in psychiatry's chequered history
Authors: Hilton Claire , Freudenthal Robert 
Published: July 2021

SummaryThe Royal College of Psychiatrists’ antiquarian book collection originated from the library of psychiatrist Daniel Hack Tuke (1827–1895). A proposal to name the collection after him led us to investigate aspects of his life and work, particularly related to his attitudes concerning race, gender and homosexuality. We juxtaposed his ideas with those of some of his contemporaries. We cannot separate psychiatrists, past or present, from the societal and scientific context that shapes their professional understanding and standards. However, changes in language, knowledge, values and other sociocultural factors over time can affect how we perceive our forebears and how future generations of psychiatrists may perceive us.
Association of Fatigue and Outcomes in Advanced Cancer: An Analysis of Four SWOG Treatment Trials
Authors: Mo Julia , Darke Amy K. , Guthrie Katherine A. , Sloan Jeff A. , Unger Joseph M. , Hershman Dawn L. , O'Rourke Mark , Bakitas Marie , Krouse Robert S. 
Published: July 2021

PURPOSE: Patient-reported outcomes may be associated with cancer outcomes. We evaluated clinically significant fatigue (CSF), overall survival, adverse events (AEs), and quality of life (QOL) during cancer treatment. METHODS: We compared outcomes in four phase II or III chemotherapy trials, two advanced non–small-cell lung cancer and two advanced hormone-refractory prostate cancer, with or without baseline CSF. CSF was defined as a rating of two or greater on the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy fatigue question or a European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire—Core 30 fatigue symptom score of 50% or greater. Survival was compared according to CSF using Kaplan-Meier estimates and Cox regression models. Differences in AE rates by CSF were assessed via chi-squared tests, and QOL changes from baseline to 3 months via linear regression. RESULTS: Of 1,994 participants, 1,907 (median age 69 years, range: 32-91) had complete baseline QOL survey data, with 52% reporting CSF at baseline. For the two hormone-refractory prostate cancer studies, baseline CSF was associated with higher mortality rates, with adjusted hazard ratios of (95% CI, P value) 1.32 (1.13 to 1.55, P < .001) and 1.31 (1.02 to 1.67, P = .03) and with increased incidence of grade 3-5 constitutional (16.5% v 9.4%, P = .002; 13.9% v 6.3%, P = .002) and neurologic (11.7% v 6.1%, P = .006; 9.0% v 3.9%, P = .01) AEs, respectively. Baseline CSF was associated with a higher mortality rate in one non–small-cell lung cancer study: hazard ratio 1.44 and 1.04 to 2.00, P = .03. CONCLUSION: Oncology trial participants with baseline CSF had poorer survival and experienced more AEs than participants without CSF. This indicates fatigue as an important baseline prognostic factor in oncology treatment trials.
Hypothalamic-Pituitary Autoimmunity and Related Impairment of Hormone Secretions in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
Authors: De Bellis Annamaria , Bellastella Giuseppe , Pernice Vlenia , Cirillo Paolo , Longo Miriam , Maio Antonietta , Scappaticcio Lorenzo , Maiorino Maria Ida , Bellastella Antonio , Esposito Katherine , Montoya José G 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Context
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a severe chronic illness that reduces the quality of life. A potential role of neuroendocrine autoimmune dysfunction has been hypothesized.

Objective
This work aims to investigate the occurrence of antipituitary (APA) and antihypothalamic (AHA) antibodies and possible related hypothalamic/pituitary dysfunctions in ME/CSF patients.

Methods
This is a case-control study conducted in a university hospital setting (Stanford, California, USA; and Naples, Italy). Thirty women with ME/CSF (group 1) diagnosed according to Fukuda, Canadian, and Institute of Medicine criteria, at Stanford University, were enrolled and compared with 25 age-matched healthy controls. APA and AHA were detected by immunofluorescence; moreover, we investigated hormonal secretions of anterior pituitary and respective target glands. APA and AHA titers both were assessed and the prevalence of pituitary hormone deficiencies was also investigated.

Results
Patients in group 1 showed a high prevalence of AHA (33%) and APA (56%) and significantly lower levels of adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)/cortisol, and growth hormone (GH) peak/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) vs controls (all AHA/APA negative). Patients in group 1A (13 patients positive at high titers, ≥ 1:32) showed ACTH/cortisol and GH peak/IGF-1 levels significantly lower and more severe forms of ME/CFS with respect to patients in group 1B (7 positive at middle/low titers, 1:16-1:8) and 1C (10 antibody-negative patients).

Conclusion
Both AHA and/or APA at high titers were associated with hypothalamic/pituitary dysfunction, suggesting that hypothalamic/pituitary autoimmunity may play an important role in the manifestations of ME/CFS, especially in its more severe forms.
Genome-wide Association Study of Estradiol Levels and the Causal Effect of Estradiol on Bone Mineral Density
Authors: Schmitz Daniel , Ek Weronica E , Berggren Elin , Höglund Julia , Karlsson Torgny , Johansson Åsa 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Context
Estradiol is the primary female sex hormone and plays an important role for skeletal health in both sexes. Several enzymes are involved in estradiol metabolism, but few genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been performed to characterize the genetic contribution to variation in estrogen levels.

Objective
Identify genetic loci affecting estradiol levels and estimate causal effect of estradiol on bone mineral density (BMD).

Design
We performed GWAS for estradiol in males (n = 147 690) and females (n = 163 985) from UK Biobank. Estradiol was analyzed as a binary phenotype above/below detection limit (175 pmol/L). We further estimated the causal effect of estradiol on BMD using Mendelian randomization.

Results
We identified 14 independent loci associated (P &lt; 5 × 10−8) with estradiol levels in males, of which 1 (CYP3A7) was genome-wide and 7 nominally (P &lt; 0.05) significant in females. In addition, 1 female-specific locus was identified. Most loci contain functionally relevant genes that have not been discussed in relation to estradiol levels in previous GWAS (eg, SRD5A2, which encodes a steroid 5-alpha reductase that is involved in processing androgens, and UGT3A1 and UGT2B7, which encode enzymes likely to be involved in estradiol elimination). The allele that tags the O blood group at the ABO locus was associated with higher estradiol levels. We identified a causal effect of high estradiol levels on increased BMD in both males (P = 1.58 × 10−11) and females (P = 7.48 × 10−6).

Conclusion
Our findings further support the importance of the body’s own estrogen to maintain skeletal health in males and in females.
The relationship between working environment and quality of nursing care: an integrative literature review
Authors: Amaliyah Eli , Tukimin Sansuwito 
Published: July 2021

Background/Aims There is evidence that work environment is positively related to quality of care in different healthcare professions, but the nature of this relationship needs further exploration. This study aimed to synthesise the evidence about the relationship between work environment and quality of care in nursing. Methods An integrative literature search was conducted to identify articles and studies investigating work environment and quality of care in nursing. Studies that were published between January 2000 and February 2020 in PubMed and EBSCOhost databases were included in the review. Results A total of 12 studies were included in the final analysis, of which four used an explicit theoretical framework to guide their research. Sample sizes were generally large. Work environmental was classified as consisting of physical, psychological, environmental and organisational factors. Most studies reported a direct positive correlation between work environment and quality of nursing care. Only one study found that work environment indirectly influenced quality of care through job satisfaction and burnout. Conclusions There is clear evidence that the quality of care delivered by nurses is influenced by the work environment. Particularly important factors were support from management and adequate staffing. To improve quality of care, healthcare leaders should focus on improving the work environment.
PARP-1 inhibition attenuates the inflammatory response in the cartilage of a rat model of osteoarthritis
Authors: Liu Zili , Wang Honglin , Wang Shaoqian , Gao Jie , Niu Lei 
Published: July 2021

Aims Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitor has been reported to attenuate inflammatory response in rat models of inflammation. This study was designed to investigate the effect of PARP signalling in osteoarthritis (OA) cartilage inflammatory response in an OA rat model. Methods The OA model was established by anterior cruciate ligament transection with medial meniscectomy in Wistar rats. The poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1) shRNA (short hairpin (sh)-PARP-1) and negative control shRNA (sh-NC) were delivered using a lentiviral vector and were intra-articularly injected into rats after surgery. The weight-bearing distribution of the hind limbs and the knee joint width were measured every two weeks. The expression levels of PARP-1, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in cartilage were determined using real-time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blot. The serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results PARP-1 expression level significantly increased in the cartilage of the established OA rat model. sh-PARP-1 treatment suppressed PARP-1 levels, decreased the Δ Force (the difference between the weight on ipsilateral limb and contralateral limb) and the knee joint width, inhibited cartilage matrix catabolic enzymes, and ameliorated OA cartilage degradation and attenuated inflammatory response. Conclusion PARP-1 inhibition attenuates OA cartilage inflammatory response in the OA rat model. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(7):401–410.