bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonthermal processes in hot accretion flows onto supermassive black holes: An inhomogeneous model
Authors: Gutiérrez E. M. , Vieyro F. L. , Romero G. E. 
Published: February 2021

Context.Many low-redshift active galactic nuclei harbor a supermassive black hole accreting matter at low or medium rates. At such rates, the accretion flow usually consists of a cold optically thick disk, plus a hot, low density, collisionless corona. In the latter component, charged particles can be accelerated to high energies by various mechanisms.Aims.We aim to investigate, in detail, nonthermal processes in hot accretion flows onto supermassive black holes, covering a wide range of accretion rates and luminosities.Methods.We developed a model consisting of a thin Shakura-Sunyaev disk plus an inner hot accretion flow or corona, modeled as a radiatively inefficient accretion flow, where nonthermal processes take place. We solved the transport equations for relativistic particles and estimated the spectral energy distributions resulting from nonthermal interactions between the various particle species and the fields in the source.Results.We covered a variety of scenarios, from low accretion rates up to 10% of the Eddington limit, and identified the relevant cooling mechanisms in each case. The presence of hadrons in the hot flow is decisive for the spectral shape, giving rise to secondary particles and gamma-ray cascades. We applied our model to the source IC 4329A, confirming earlier results which showed evidence of nonthermal particles in the corona.
Behandlungsevaluation in der stationären Psychiatrie: Transdiagnostische Faktoren als Korrelate des Behandlungsergebnisses
Authors: Wyssen Andrea , Balsiger Nora , Djurdjevic Arabela , Munsch Simone , Trier Stephan 
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung
Ziel Eine stationäre psychiatrisch-psychotherapeutische Behandlung wurde in einem naturalistischen Setting im Sinne der Effectiveness-Forschung evaluiert. Transdiagnostische Faktoren wurden als Korrelate des Behandlungsergebnisses untersucht.
Methoden Die Datenerhebung mit Selbstberichtsfragebogen fand zum Eintritts- und Austrittszeitpunkt statt. Die Patientenpopulation (N = 378) bestand aus Frauen und Männern (16–80 Jahre; M = 40,4; SD = 15,8) mit Primärdiagnosen einer depressiven, Angst- oder Essstörung. Die durchschnittliche Behandlungsdauer betrug 8,2 Wochen (SD = 3,8). Primäre Ergebnisvariablen waren die Symptomausprägung und das psychosoziale Funktionsniveau. Als transdiagnostische Korrelate wurden Selbstwert, Selbstwirksamkeitserwartung und Emotionsregulation in die Regressionsanalysen einbezogen.
Ergebnisse Die Veränderung der transdiagnostischen Faktoren erklärte einen signifikanten Anteil der Varianz am Behandlungsergebnis auf (Varianzaufklärung: 8–27 % Selbstwirksamkeit, 23–42 % Selbstwert, 10–26 % Emotionsregulation).
Diskussion/Schlussfolgerung Diese Studie zeigt, dass die Evaluation der Wirksamkeit von Behandlungen in einem naturalistischen klinischen Setting praktikabel ist. Transdiagnostisch bedeutsame Faktoren klärten störungsübergreifend einen substanziellen Teil der statistischen Varianz am Behandlungsergebnis auf. Aussagen über Kausalität sind anhand des vorliegenden Studiendesigns zwar nicht möglich, dennoch unterstreichen die Ergebnisse die Relevanz störungsübergreifender Trainings (z. B. der Emotionsregulation) zur Verbesserung der Wirksamkeit von Behandlungsansätzen.
The effect of train-the-colonoscopy-trainer course on colonoscopy quality indicators
Authors: Hoff Geir , Botteri Edoardo , Huppertz-Hauss Gert , Kvamme Jan Magnus , Holme Øyvind , Aabakken Lars , Dahler Stein , Medhus Asle W. , Blomgren Ingrid , Sandvei Per , Darre-Næss Ole , Kjellevold Øystein , Seip Birgitte 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background Systematic training in colonoscopy is highly recommended; however, we have limited knowledge of the effects of “training-the-colonoscopy-trainer” (TCT) courses. Using a national quality register on colonoscopy performance, we aimed to evaluate the effects of TCT participation on defined quality indicators.
Methods This observational study compared quality indicators (pain, cecal intubation, and polyp detection) between centers participating versus not participating in a TCT course. Nonparticipating centers were assigned a pseudoparticipating year to match their participating counterparts. Results were compared between first year after and the year before TCT (pseudo)participation. Time trends up to 5 years after TCT (pseudo)participation were also compared. Generalized estimating equation models, adjusted for age, sex, and bowel cleansing, were used.
Results 11 participating and 11 nonparticipating centers contributed 18 555 and 10 730 colonoscopies, respectively. In participating centers, there was a significant increase in detection of polyps ≥ 5 mm, from 26.4 % to 29.2 % (P = 0.035), and reduction in moderate/severe pain experienced by women, from 38.2 % to 33.6 % (P = 0.043); no significant changes were found in nonparticipating centers. Over 5 years, 20 participating and 18 nonparticipating centers contributed 85 691 and 41 569 colonoscopies, respectively. In participating centers, polyp detection rate increased linearly (P = 0.003), and pain decreased linearly in women (P = 0.004). Nonparticipating centers did not show any significant time trend during the study period.
Conclusions Participation in a TCT course improved polyp detection rates and reduced pain experienced by women. These effects were maintained during a 5-year follow-up.
Sex-specific Association of Antipsychotic-induced Weight Gain and Treatment Response for Antipsychotic-Naive First Episode Schizophrenia Patients: A Prospective 8-week Longitudinal Study
Authors: Shi Hui , Guan Xiao Ni , Liu Dian Ying , Zhu Lin , Wu Zhi Wei , Luo Guo Zhi , Wang Jun , Xiu Mei Hong , Zhang Xiang Yang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackground Patients with antipsychotic-naïve first-episode (ANFE) schizophrenia (SZ) can help clarify many confounding factors in determining sex differences in antipsychotic drug induced weight gain and its association with symptom improvement.Methods This 8-week longitudinal trial of ANFE patients with SZ enrolled 526 patients and 313 healthy controls. We evaluated bodyweight and the efficacy of antipsychotics on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) at baseline and at the end of week 8.Results Males and females after treatment showed no sex difference in weight gain, BMI increase, and percentage of weight gain. However, at baseline, male patients had more positive symptoms than female patients, and decreases in positive symptoms, general psychopathology, and total PANSS scores were less in male than female patients. Adjusting for confounding factors using multiple linear regression confirmed that weight gain was significantly associated with these decreases in PANSS symptoms only in men not women.Conclusions The relationship between weight gain and symptom reduction after 8 weeks of antipsychotic treatment exists only in male patients with ANFE SZ and not in female patients.
Zusammenhang zwischen Stresserleben und Stressverhalten – gemessen mit dem Differenziellen Stress Inventar und Burnout-Symptomatik im MBI
Authors: Thielmann Beatrice , Zavgorodnii Igor , Böckelmann Irina 
Published: February 2021

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie war es, den Zusammenhang zwischen den unterschiedlichen DSI-Kategorien und DSI-Typen des Stresserlebens und -verhaltens zum Burnout zu ermitteln.
Methodik Es wurde 185 Probanden das Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) und das Differenzielle Stress Inventar (DSI) vorgelegt. Daraus resultierend erfolgte eine Einteilung in DSI-Typen, um die Ausprägung der Dimensionen „Emotionale Erschöpfung“, „Zynismus/Depersonalisierung“ und „Leistungsfähigkeit“ aus dem MBI zu vergleichen.
Ergebnisse Verschiedene Typen des Stressverhaltens zeigen Unterschiede in den Burnout-Dimensionen. Nur 4 Probanden (2,2 %) hatten eine ausgeprägte Burnout-Symptomatik. Der DSI-Typ II ist besonders gefährdet, eine Burnout-Symptomatik zu entwickeln.
Schlussfolgerungen Personen mit verschiedenen Ausprägungen von Stressauslösern und Stressmanifestation sowie Copingstrategien bzw. Risiken der Stressstabilisierung haben unterschiedlich starke Ausprägungen der MBI-Dimensionen und somit unterschiedliche Risiken für Burnout. Erkenntnisse über den DSI-Typ könnten bei Vorschlägen für Präventionsmaßnahmen zur Vermeidung der Beeinträchtigung psychischer Gesundheit einbezogen werden.
Behandlungsstrategien bei oromandibulärer Dystonie
Authors: Yoshida Kazuya 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungEine oromandibuläre Dystonie ist charakterisiert durch unwillkürliche tonische oder klonische Spasmen der Kau- und / oder Zungenmuskulatur bzw. der Muskeln im stomatognathen System. Sie wird oft fälschlicherweise als kraniomandibuläre Dysfunktion oder psychiatrische Erkrankung diagnostiziert. Aufgrund der klinischen Bilder wird die oromandibuläre Dystonie in 6 Subtypen (Kieferschluss-, Kieferöffnungs-, Zungen-, Kieferdeviations-, Kieferprotrusions-, und Lippendystonie) eingeteilt. Es gibt verschiedene Behandlungsmethoden, z. B. Injektion von Botulinum-Toxin, Muskelafferenzblockierung (Injektionen von Lidocain und Äthanol in die Kau- oder Zungenmuskulatur zur Blockierung der Afferenzen der Muskelspindeln), Aufbissschiene und chirurgische Eingriffe (Coronoidotomie). In vielen Fällen können aufgrund des Subtyps die Symptome durch eine Kombination dieser Methoden erfolgreich behandelt werden. In diesem Leitthema werden spezielle Therapieempfehlungen für jeden Subtyp beschrieben. Eine genaue Diagnose und Behandlung einer oromandibulären Dystonie erfordert umfassende Kenntnisse und Fähigkeiten sowohl in der Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie als auch in der Neurologie. Daher ist die Zusammenarbeit zwischen diesen Abteilungen sehr wichtig.
Special Situations in the Management of Diverticular Disease
Authors: Wood Elizabeth H. , Sigman Michael M. , Hayden Dana M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDiverticular disease affects a large percentage of the US population, affecting over 30% among those older than 45 years old. It is responsible for ∼300,000 hospitalizations per year in the United States and can lead to serious complications such as hemorrhage, obstruction, abscess, fistulae, or bowel perforation.2 It is an extremely common reason for emergency room and outpatient visits and evaluations by general and colorectal surgeons. In the US, patients usually present with sigmoid diverticulitis in the setting of a normal immune system so surgeons will follow well-established practice guidelines for treatment. However, there may be special circumstances in which the management of diverticulitis is not as straightforward. In this article, we will address patients who present with multifocal disease, giant colonic diverticulum, right-sided diverticulitis, and diverticulitis in the setting of immunosuppression and hopefully provide guidance for treatment in these special circumstances.
Safety and Accuracy of Ultrasound-guided Burr Hole Brain Abscess Aspiration
Authors: Allouch Hassan , Kassem Majed El Sayed , Behnke-Mursch Julianne , Mursch Kay 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background Ultrasound-guided burr hole biopsies or catheter placements are quick and safe procedures. The use of these procedures for treatment of brain abscesses has been reported, but larger series are missing. The aim of our study was to evaluate the accuracy and safety of the methods.
Patients Twenty-five brain abscess aspirations in 17 patients were analyzed. Fourteen procedures were performed to evacuate abscesses in eloquent regions; another 3 were located deeply in the cerebellar hemispheres.
Results In all the procedures, a histopathologic diagnosis could be established. Only one transient deterioration of a hemiparesis occurred; other operative complications were not observed. Six patients needed more than one operation due to a relapse of the abscess. Two out of three cerebellar abscesses could be cured with one aspiration. Thirteen patients had an excellent outcome, and 2 remained severely disabled. One patient died from cerebritis and another from a neoplasm. In every procedure, a proper visualization of the abscess and monitoring of the penetration and aspiration could easily be performed.
Conclusion Ultrasound-guided burr hole aspiration is minimally invasive, quick, and has a very low complication rate. It offers the advantage to adapt to intraoperatively changing anatomy. The rate of recurrence is not lower than in other treatment modalities.
COVID-19: The Dentists’ Perceived Impact on the Dental Practice
Authors: Amato Alessandra , Ciacci Carolina , Martina Stefano , Caggiano Mario , Amato Massimo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objectives The present study aimed to investigate the dentists’ knowledge of the risks from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, and how it will impact their practice.
Materials and Methods An ad hoc self-administered anonymous questionnaire was submitted to Italian dentists.
Statistical Analysis Differences in rates were calculated using the chi-square test. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05.
Results A total of 849 dentists fully completed the survey. Eighty-eight per cent of Italian dentists are worried about the health of their families, with no difference in high-risk (red zone) and low-risk (orange zone) regions. About 86% of professionals report some income loss and 94% fear a drop in patients after the quarantine phase, with the dentists working the red zone claiming a greater economic loss and fearing a reduced practice after the end of the lockdown.

Discussion A large majority of the Italian dentists appears to be aware of the need for changes in their dental practices by planning specific sterilization processes between appointments, testing patients for SARS-CoV-2 serology, asking patients not to be accompanied, and reducing the number of visits per day.
Conclusion The survey expresses the serious concern of the dentists for the pandemic’s effects on their profession.
The Short-Term Effect of Active Skeletonized Sutural Distractor Appliance on Temporomandibular Joint Morphology of Class III Malocclusion Subjects
Authors: Huqh Mohamed Zahoor Ul , Hassan Rozita , Rahman Roselinda Abdul , Yusof Asilah , Narmada Ida Bagus , Ahmad Wan Muhamad Amir W 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the short-term effect of active skeletonized sutural distractor (ASSD) appliance on temporomandibular joint morphology of class III malocclusion subjects.Materials and Methods This was a prospective interventional study. Cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) images of 22 patients were taken before and after treatment by using Planmeca Promax 3D CBCT machine version 2.9.2 (Planmeca OY Helsinki, Finland). The condylar width, height, length, roof of glenoid fossa thickness, and all joint spaces were measured. The condylar position was determined based on Pullinger and Hollander formula. The condylar shape was determined as per Kinzinger et al. The condylar volume was calculated by using Mimics software (Materialize, Belgium).Statistical Analysis Data analysis was performed by using SPSS software version 24. Wilcoxon paired signed-rank test was used to compare the difference in temporomandibular joint morphology and condylar volume between pre- and post-treatment measurements. Chi-square test was used to compare the condylar position and shape.Results The superior (p = 0.000 on the right side, p = 0.005 on the left side) and posterior joint spaces (p = 0.000 on both sides) were decreased after the treatment, respectively. The condyles were rotated upward and backward, thereby increasing the anterior joint spaces (p = 0.000 on both sides) after the treatment. The condylar volume increases after treatment, but no significant differences were observed (p = 0.903 on the right side, p = 0.062 on the left side).Conclusion The significant changes were observed in joint spaces. The condyles were more anteriorly placed before treatment. Condylar position and shape alter in response to ASSD treatment. The condylar volume did not show any significant change.
In Vitro Enamel Remineralization Efficacy of Calcium Silicate-Sodium Phosphate-Fluoride Salts versus NovaMin Bioactive Glass, Following Tooth Whitening
Authors: El-Damanhoury Hatem M. , Elsahn Nesrine A. , Sheela Soumya , Bastaty Talal 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to evaluate the effect of in-office bleaching on the enamel surface and the efficacy of calcium silicate-sodium phosphate-fluoride salt (CS) and NovaMin bioactive glass (NM) dentifrice in remineralizing bleached enamel.
Materials and Methods Forty extracted premolars were sectioned mesio-distally, and the facial and lingual enamel were flattened and polished. The samples were equally divided into nonbleached and bleached with 38% hydrogen peroxide (HP). Each group was further divided according to the remineralization protocol (n = 10); no remineralization treatment (nontreated), CS, or NM, applied for 3 minutes two times/day for 7 days, or CS combined with NR-5 boosting serum (CS+NR-5) applied for 3 minutes once/day for 3 days. The average Knoop hardness number (KHN) and surface roughness (utilizing atomic force microscopy) were measured. Surface topography/elemental analysis was analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray analysis. All the tests were performed at baseline, after bleaching, and following each remineralization protocol. Data were statistically analyzed by two-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni post hoc multiple comparison tests (α = 0.05).
Results HP significantly reduced KHN and increased roughness (p < 0.05). All remineralization materials increased the hardness and reduced the surface roughness after bleaching except NM, which demonstrated significantly increased roughness (p < 0.05). Ca/P ratio decreased after bleaching (p < 0.05), and following treatment, CS and CS+NR-5 exhibited higher remineralization capacity in comparison to NM (p < 0.05).
Conclusion Although none of the material tested was able to reverse the negative effect of high-concentration in-office HP on enamel completely, the remineralization efficacy of CS and CS+NR-5 was superior to that of NM.
Risk Factors, Pattern and Outcome of Motorcycle-associated Head Injury in Sokoto: An Analysis of 184 Cases
Authors: Obanife Henry Olayere , Ismail Nasiru Jinjiri , Lasseini Ali , Shehu Bello B. , Otorkpa Ega J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background Road traffic accident (RTA) is the eighth leading cause of death worldwide. Motorcycle-associated head injury is the leading cause of road traffic associated morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Even though the incidence and mortality of head injury from motor cycle crash is on the increase in developing countries, especially in the African continent, most of the studies published in the literature on this subject matter took place in the developed Western countries.
Materials and Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of data from patients managed in our institution between December 2014 and November 2016.
Results One hundred and eighty-four patients were analyzed. None of the patients used safety helmet for protection. The mean age was 27.6 ± 17.2 years with male female ratio of 6.7:1. Lone crash by cyclists and collisions accounted for 66.8% and 33.1% of the cases, respectively. Passengers and riders comprised 75% of the patients, while 25% were vulnerable pedestrians. The most frequently abused substance by the patients was tramadol (65.52%). Severe head injury and pupillary abnormality were found in 23.9% and 45.5% of the patients, respectively. Cranial CT scan showed abnormalities in 40.2% of the patients. Surgery was done in 28.3% of the patients with mortality rate of 20.7%.
Conclusions The use of motorcycle as a mean of transportation has caused significant negative impact on the society. Young people, who constitute the workforce, are majorly affected, and this invariably leads to a serious economic burden on the concerned families and communities.
Chemokine CCL5 promotes robust optic nerve regeneration and mediates many of the effects of CNTF gene therapy
Authors: Xie Lili , Yin Yuqin , Benowitz Larry 
Published: February 2021

SignificanceCNTF is a leading therapeutic candidate for glaucoma and other ocular diseases and is widely used experimentally to promote axon regeneration after optic nerve injury. Paradoxically, whereas CNTF gene therapy is neuroprotective for retinal ganglion cells and promotes considerable regeneration following optic nerve injury, recombinant CNTF has little effect. We show that CNTF gene therapy exacerbates the inflammatory reaction to virally mediated gene therapy, leading to widespread expression of chemokine CCL5. Blocking CCL5 signaling abrogates most neuroprotective and axon-promoting effects of CNTF gene therapy, whereas recombinant CCL5 largely mimics the beneficial effects of CNTF gene therapy. Thus, this study identifies a potent, previously unknown agent for optic nerve regeneration and raises general questions about interpreting results of gene therapy studies.
Generating tumor-selective conditionally active biologic anti-CTLA4 antibodies via protein-associated chemical switches
Authors: Chang Hwai Wen , Frey Gerhard , Liu Haizhen , Xing Charles , Steinman Lawrence , Boyle William J. , Short Jay M. 
Published: February 2021

Significance
On-target, off-tumor toxicity of anti-CTLA4 checkpoint inhibitors leads to severe adverse events, restricting therapeutic efficacy. We engineered anti-CTLA4 antibodies and generated a new class of antibodies referred to as conditionally active biologic (CAB) antibodies using physiological chemicals (bicarbonate, hydrogen sulfide) as protein-associated chemical switches (PaCS) to reduce binding under normal physiological conditions, while maintaining binding in the tumor. PaCS add a new dimension to drug discovery. PaCS can be applied to a variety of targets and drug formats, improving safety, increasing the number of targets, allowing the development of new therapies, and enhancing the tolerability of existing therapeutics. The PaCS mechanism can be used to tune the binding activity for disease-related microenvironments, including cancer, infection, inflammation, and cellular senescence.
Devices of alignment
Authors: Gao Hua 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Mandarin resultative connective suoyi ‘so’ and adversative connective dan(shi) ‘but’ are found to preface interviewer (IR) questions regularly in Chinese TV news interviews. This study draws on a conversational analysis (CA)-oriented micro-analytical approach and examines the form, placement and function of the two connective-prefaced questions. The findings show that IRs employ, on the one hand, a turn-initial suoyi to preface a declarative, alone or followed by a question tag that invokes a prior interviewee (IE) opinion, and, on the other, a turn-initial dan(shi) to preface either a wh-question or a yes/no question and bring forth a point of contrast and transition for questioning. Both questions not only encode IRs’ epistemic stance, but also display their alignment to IEs’ prior talk in different ways.