bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent advancements in LC‐MS based analysis of biotoxins: Present and future challenges
Authors: Panda Debabrata , Dash Bisnu P. , Manickam Sivakumar , Boczkaj Grzegorz 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThere has been a rising concern regarding the harmful impact of biotoxins, source of origin, and the determination of the specific type of toxin. With numerous reports on their extensive spread, biotoxins pose a critical challenge to figure out their parent groups, metabolites, and concentration. In that aspect, liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) based analysis paves the way for its accurate identification and quantification. The biotoxins are ideally categorized as phytotoxins, mycotoxins, shellfish‐toxins, ciguatoxins, cyanotoxins, and bacterial toxins such as tetrodotoxins. Considering the diverse nature of biotoxins, both low‐resolution mass spectrometry (LRMS) and high‐resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods have been implemented for their detection. The sample preparation strategy for complex matrix usually includes “QuEChERS” extraction or solid‐phase extraction coupled with homogenization and centrifugation. For targeted analysis of biotoxins, the LRMS consisting of a tandem mass spectrometer operating in multiple reaction monitoring mode has been widely implemented. With the help of the reference standard, most of the toxins were accurately quantified. At the same time, the suspect screening and nontarget screening approach are facilitated by the HRMS platforms during the absence of reference standards. Significant progress has also been made in sampling device employment, utilizing novel sample preparation strategies, synthesizing toxin standards, employing hybrid MS platforms, and the associated data interpretation. This critical review attempts to elucidate the progress in LC‐MS based analysis in the determination of biotoxins while pointing out major challenges and suggestions for future development.
Challenges in Implementing Exclusive Human Milk Diet to Extremely Low‐Birth‐Weight Infants in a Level III Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Bushati Charity , Chan Belinda , Harmeson Owen Alisha , Woodbury Anne , Yang Michelle , Fung Camille , Lechtenberg Ellen , Rigby Marilyn , Baserga Mariana 
Published: February 2021

AbstractProblem: Extremely low‐birth‐weight (ELBW) infants require fortification of human milk (HM) to prevent growth failure. Bovine milk–based fortifiers (BOV‐f) may be associated with feeding intolerance and necrotizing enterocolitis. Evidence suggests that an exclusive HM diet (EHMD) using HM‐based fortifier (HM‐f) may improve these outcomes. Intervention: EHMD was introduced as a quality improvement project to improve feeding tolerance in ELBW infants. Method: Implementation included establishing EHMD feeding protocol and growth monitoring. We compared infants receiving HM with BOV‐f (n = 49) with infants receiving an EHMD (n = 15). The primary outcome was a reduction of no oral intake days due to feeding intolerance. Results: The EHMD cohort had a more advanced GA (28 vs 26 weeks; P = .03), more males (66.7% vs 42.9%; P = .02), and higher incidence of SGA (40.0% vs 18.4%; P = .16) compared with the HM‐f group. The EHMD cohort had fewer days with no oral intake (2 vs 5; P < .005), which is insignificant when adjusted for small for gestational age (SGA) (P = .26). The EHMD cohort vs. the HM‐f cohort had a significant decrease in weight and length z‐scores from birth to discharge (−1.09 vs −0.26 [P = .002]; −1.76 vs −0.83 [P = .02]). Inadequate weight gain persisted after adjustment for SGA. Interventions were performed to increase caloric intake and institute milk preparation changes. Conclusion: EHMD improved feeding tolerance in our ELBW infants. Observed growth failure might be skewed by SGA prevalence. We highlight that implementation of EHMD requires close growth assessment, especially for SGA infants.
Primiparous women's knowledge and satisfaction based on their attendance at childbirth preparation classes
Authors: Hassanzadeh Robab , Abbas‐Alizadeh Fatemeh , Meedya Shahla , Mohammad‐Alizadeh‐Charandabi Sakineh , Mirghafourvand Mojgan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimTo compare primiparous women's childbirth knowledge and their satisfaction with the childbirth preparation classes between regular and irregular attenders.DesignA cross‐sectional study.MethodThis study was conducted on 136 primiparous pregnant women attending health centres in Tabriz, Iran. Women's knowledge on childbirth and their satisfaction with childbirth preparation classes were measured by using reliable tools via interviews. An independent t test was applied to compare women's knowledge and satisfaction scores between regular and irregular attenders.ResultsThe mean score of knowledge was significantly higher among women who were regular attenders compared to irregular attenders (p < .001). Although there were no significant differences in total satisfaction score between the women (p = .342), women with regular attendance reported that childbirth preparation classes reduced their anxiety about labour.ConclusionsRegular attendance at childbirth preparation classes is associated with higher women's knowledge and lower feelings of anxiety regarding labour and birth.
To zoom or not to zoom: The impact of rural broadband on online learning
Authors: Boerngen Maria A. , Rickard Justin W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn the midst of the 2020 global health crisis, universities have been forced to alter teaching modalities. Much of this alteration involves increased use of the internet as a teaching tool in a variety of capacities. The evolving higher education landscape has resulted in many university faculty members reevaluating basic teaching concepts such as content delivery formats. These include delivering content either synchronously or asynchronously. Although existing literature examines the effectiveness of both synchronous and asynchronous delivery, very little exists pertaining to the role of internet access in higher education, even as rural America falls behind in broadband access. This accessibility increases in importance as more courses are taught online, with the digital divide introducing barriers for many rural students. As faculty work to maintain their own personal teaching styles while being cognizant of student needs, it is important to evaluate content delivery as a function of rural broadband availability.
Resting Energy Expenditure: From Cellular to Whole‐Body Level, a Mechanistic Historical Perspective
Authors: Heymsfield Steven B. , Smith Brooke , Dahle Jared , Kennedy Samantha , Fearnbach Nicole , Thomas Diana M. , Bosy‐Westphal Anja , Müller Manfred J. 
Published: February 2021

The basis of heat generated by the human body has been a source of speculation and research for more than 2,000 years. Basal heat production, now usually referred to as resting energy expenditure (REE), is currently recognized as deriving from biochemical reactions at subcellular and cellular levels that are expressed in the energy expended by the body’s 78 organs and tissues. These organs and tissues, and the 11 systems to which they belong, influence body size and shape. Connecting these subcellular‐/cellular‐level reactions to organs and tissues, and then on to body size and shape, provides a comprehensive understanding of individual differences in REE, a contemporary topic of interest in obesity research and clinical practice. This review critically examines these linkages, their association with widely used statistical and physiological REE prediction formulas, and often‐unappreciated aspects of measuring basal heat production in humans.
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Sex Differences in Insulin Sensitivity are Related to Muscle Tissue Acylcarnitine But Not Subcellular Lipid Distribution
Authors: Broussard Josiane L. , Perreault Leigh , Macias Emily , Newsom Sean A. , Harrison Kathleen , Bui Hai Hoang , Milligan Paul , Roth Kenneth D. , Nemkov Travis , D’Alessandro Angelo , Brozinick Joseph T. , Bergman Bryan C. 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveSex differences in insulin sensitivity are present throughout the life‐span, with men having a higher prevalence of insulin resistance and diabetes compared with women. Differences in lean mass, fat mass, and fat distribution—particularly ectopic fat—have all been postulated to contribute to the sexual dimorphism in diabetes risk. Emerging data suggest ectopic lipid composition and subcellular localization are most relevant; however, it is not known whether they explain sex differences in obesity‐induced insulin resistance.MethodsTo address this gap, this study evaluated insulin sensitivity and subcellular localization of intramuscular triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, and sphingolipids as well as muscle acylcarnitines and serum lipidomics in people with obesity.ResultsInsulin sensitivity was significantly lower in men (P < 0.05); however, no sex differences were found in localization of intramuscular triacylglycerol, diacylglycerol, or sphingolipids in skeletal muscle. In contrast, men had higher total muscle acylcarnitine (P < 0.05) and long‐chain muscle acylcarnitine (P < 0.05), which were related to lower insulin sensitivity (r = −0.42, P < 0.05). Men also displayed higher serum ceramide (P = 0.05) and lysophosphatidylcholine (P < 0.01).ConclusionsThese data reveal novel sex‐specific associations between lipid species involved in the coupling of mitochondrial fatty acid transport, β‐oxidation, and tricarboxylic acid cycle flux that may provide therapeutic targets to improve insulin sensitivity.
Family resilience and childhood obesity among children exposed to adverse childhood experiences in a national survey
Authors: Heerman William J. , Samuels Lauren R. , González Peña Tavia , van Wyk Chelsea , Mayberry Lindsay S. , Lounds Taylor Julie , Martin Nina C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) contribute to poor overall health among children with obesity. This study evaluated how one potential protective factor—family resilience—affects the association between ACEs and childhood obesity.MethodsThis analysis was a secondary analysis of the 2016–2018 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH), a repeated cross‐sectional survey based on parent report. Nine ACEs were queried. Family resilience was assessed with four items (potential range 0–12). The primary outcome was child weight status. Multivariable ordinal logistic regression was used, adjusting for potential confounders and the interaction between ACEs and family resilience.ResultsFor 49,365 children ages 10–17, the median number of ACEs was 1 (IQR 0, 2), the median family resilience score was 10 (IQR 8,12), 15.3% of children had overweight, and 15.4% of children had obesity. Among the 51.3% of children who experienced one or more ACEs, higher family resilience scores attenuated the odds of being in a higher weight category. This pattern was not observed in children with zero ACEs.ConclusionsIn the 2016–2018 NSCH, children ages 10–17 who were exposed to ACEs had higher rates of overweight and obesity, the odds of which may be reduced when children also have higher family resilience.
Response criteria for intraocular retinoblastoma: RB‐RECIST
Authors: Berry Jesse L. , Munier Francis L. , Gallie Brenda L. , Polski Ashley , Shah Sona , Shields Carol L. , Gombos Dan S. , Ruchalski Kathleen , Stathopoulos Christina , Shah Rachana , Jubran Rima , Kim Jonathan W. , Mruthyunjaya Prithvi , Marr Brian P. , Wilson Matthew W. , Brennan Rachel C. , Chantada Guillermo L. , Chintagumpala Murali M. , Murphree A. Linn 
Published: February 2021

AbstractStandardized guidelines for assessing tumor response to therapy are essential for designing and conducting clinical trials. The Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors (RECIST) provide radiological standards for assessment of solid tumors. However, no such guidelines exist for the evaluation of intraocular cancer, and ocular oncology clinical trials have largely relied on indirect measures of therapeutic response—such as progression‐free survival—to evaluate the efficacy of treatment agents. Herein, we propose specific criteria for evaluating treatment response of retinoblastoma, the most common pediatric intraocular cancer, and emphasize a multimodal imaging approach for comprehensive assessment of retinoblastoma tumors in clinical trials.
Aerosol transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 by children and adults during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Moschovis Peter P. , Yonker Lael M. , Shah Jhill , Singh Dilpreet , Demokritou Philip , Kinane T. Bernard 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) can be transmitted via respiratory droplets, aerosols, and to a lesser extent, fomites. Defining the factors driving infectivity and transmission is critical for infection control and containment of this pandemic. We outline the major methods of transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2, focusing on aerosol transmission. We review principles of aerosol science and discuss their implications for mitigating the spread of SARS‐CoV‐2 among children and adults.
Evaluating the role of insecticidal seed treatment and refuge for managing soybean aphid virulence
Authors: Esquivel Carlos J , Canas Luis A , Tilmon Kelley , Michel Andy P 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDManaging insect virulence can extend the durability of host‐plant resistant crops. Genetically modified resistant crops continue to be successful because of insect‐resistant management strategies that delay resistance such as multiple toxins and a susceptible refuge. These strategies may also be useful for host‐plant resistant crops, but more research is needed on their applicability. We investigated the interaction between a susceptible refuge and an insecticidal seed treatment to manage virulence in the soybean aphid. We tested four scenarios of an insecticidal seed treatment (plus an untreated control) in a microcosm containing 25% aphid‐susceptible (refuge) and 75% aphid‐resistant soybeans. Independent cohorts of plants were infested every week with avirulent and virulent aphids at equal frequencies. We used a molecular marker to estimate the change in virulence frequency across different plant maturities (from 7 to 42 days after planting).RESULTSThe presence of an insecticidal seed treatment on either the susceptible or resistant soybean decreased the overall population size of the soybean aphid. However, the insecticidal seed treatment impacted both virulent and avirulent aphids similarly, and only altered frequencies in favor of virulence when the sole susceptible plant (i.e., refuge) was treated.CONCLUSIONUnder our experimental conditions, the frequency of avirulent aphids persisted with the use of a refuge. Although an insecticidal seed treatment decreased the overall aphid population size, it did not appear to benefit virulence management.© 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Spaces of well‐being and regional settlement: International migrants and the rural idyll
Authors: Klocker Natascha , Hodge Paul , Dun Olivia , Crosbie Eliza , Dufty‐Jones Rae , McMichael Celia , Block Karen , Piper Margaret , Musoni Emmanuel , Ford Lynda , Jordan Carly , Radford David 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRegionalisation is a hallmark of Australia's approach to international migration, reflecting governments' growing concern with where new arrivals live. Residence in regional Australia is encouraged (mandated, for some visas) in response to urban population pressures alongside rural population and economic decline. Parallel to regionally focused visa schemes exists a pattern of voluntary urban‐to‐rural migration among some international migrants. Such secondary mobility counters the policy logic that international migrants only live outside cities when required to do so. This paper explores 18 African migrants' motivations for ‘urban flight’: Australian cities have failed to sustain their well‐being and they consider rural life a remedy. Their preference for rural locations is not purely instrumental, it is shaped by deep‐seated affective connections. Given the challenges of regional population retention, settlement policies should be recalibrated to support the aspirations of international migrants who feel an affinity for rural places, rather than compelling the rural settlement of others who do not.
Morus nigra L. extract prolongs survival of rats with hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Hooshmand Sara , Mahdinezhad Mohammad Reza , Taraz Jamshidi Shirin , Soukhtanloo Mohammad , Mirzavi Farshad , Iranshahi Mehrdad , Hasanpour Maedeh , Ghorbani Ahmad 
Published: February 2021

Morus nigra is a rich source of anthocyanins, phytochemicals that have anticancer effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of M. nigra extract (MNE) on diethylnitrosamine (DEN)‐induced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Male Sprague–Dawley rats were assigned into four groups (n = 10): control, DEN, and DEN +100 or 400 mg/kg of MNE. After 4 months, the DEN group showed a significant mortality rate, hepatic lipid peroxidation, dysplastic nodules in the cirrhotic liver, and an increase of blood bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Also, the body weight gain, blood albumin and glucose, liver antioxidant capacity (thiol groups), and some hematological parameters (RBC, hematocrit, hemoglobin, and platelet) were significantly decreased in the DEN group. MNE significantly increased survival, reduced the size of HCC nodules, improved liver oxidant/antioxidant status, and prevented the above‐mentioned changes in the blood (except ALP, glucose, and platelet). Quantitative real‐time PCR showed that MNE decreased the expression of Wnt4 and β‐catenin, while had no significant effect on PI3K, Akt, and PTEN expression. The MNE did not exhibit antiproliferative activity against HepG2 liver cancer cells. In conclusion, MNE exhibits a hepatoprotective effect through inhibiting oxidative stress and Wnt4/β‐catenin pathway and therefore prolongs the survival of rats with HCC.
Development of an inverse low‐temperature plasma ionization source for liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Brecht Dominik , Uteschil Florian , Schmitz Oliver J. 
Published: February 2021

RationaleAn argon inverse low‐temperature plasma (iLTP) ionization source for liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry was developed. The iLTP is constructed from simple chromatographic supply materials and is implemented into an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) source replacing the APCI discharge needle electrode. The newly developed ion source was coupled to an ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) system.MethodsThe argon iLTP was characterized by optical emission spectroscopy. The soft ionization of selected standards was also demonstrated by direct infusion experiments. In addition to the use of argon as the discharge gas, helium, synthetic air, and oxygen were used, which were tested for their performance using testosterone and vitamin D3.ResultsSpectroscopic measurements of the argon plasma were conducted, demonstrating the main emission band of argon metastables with corresponding energies of 11.53 eV and 11.72 eV. Infusion experiments indicate a gentle ionization by iLTP, e.g. caffeine, testosterone, reserpine, vitamin D3, and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3, which resulted in the corresponding protonated molecules. The splitless coupling with UHPLC (possible flow rates >1000 μL min−1) shows promising results in interday repeatability (n = 10) for the substances with a relative standard deviation of less than 5% and limits of detection for caffeine, testosterone, reserpine, vitamin D3, and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 of 10 ng L−1, 50 ng L−1, 500 ng L−1, 5 μg L−1, and 5 μg L−1, respectively.ConclusionsThe argon iLTP ion source presented in this work shows promising approaches in the field of ionization of small organic molecules. The mechanism related to the discharge gas argon has not been elucidated so far and further investigations are needed. The iLTP ion source shows a very good performance with UHPLC coupling, even at increased flow rates. It could be shown that an argon iLTP can compete with the helium dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) preferred in the literature, making it a more economical choice.
P‐6.2: A Defect Defense Approach of Integrated Database Based on Over‐Etched Defect
Authors: Yang Cheng Yu , Zhou Xingdong 
Published: February 2021

The aluminum line overetched defect might be called as undercut PR Hole, etc by different manufacturers. The defect of this case study mainly shows a hole found on the aluminum line after stripper process but there is no any tracable symptom before the ending of dry etch process. That is, it seems no means to prevent or to found the root cause.A defect defense approach via cleanroom air quality database based integrated with TFT manufacturing processes air sampling characteristics of manufacturing chemicals cleanroom circulation and air flow pattern is proposed to demostrate how to figure out the root cause of aluminum line overetched defect, which found after stripper.Via the aid of proposed approach, the analysis shows the defect arises from the cross contamination between photo PVD and stripper process and the cross contamination comes from manufacturing layout cleanroom circulation and air flow pattern.
The measurable angular distribution of $$ {\Lambda}_b^0\to {\Lambda}_c^{+}\left(\to {\Lambda}^0{\pi}^{+}\right){\tau}^{-}\left(\to {\pi}^{-}{v}_{\tau}\right){\overline{v}}_{\tau } $$ decay
Authors: Hu Quan-Yi , Li Xin-Qiang , Yang Ya-Dong , Zheng Dong-Hui 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In $$ {\Lambda}_b^0\to {\Lambda}_c^{+}\left(\to {\Lambda}^0{\pi}^{+}\right){\tau}^{-}{\overline{v}}_{\tau } $$

Λ
b
0

→

Λ
c
+

→

Λ
0

π
+

τ
−

v
¯

τ

decay, the solid angle of the final-state particle τ− cannot be determined precisely since the decay products of the τ− include an undetected ντ. Therefore, the angular distribution of this decay cannot be measured. In this work, we construct a measurable angular distribution by considering the subsequent decay τ−→ π−ντ. The full cascade decay is $$ {\Lambda}_b^0\to {\Lambda}_c^{+}\left(\to {\Lambda}^0{\pi}^{+}\right){\tau}^{-}\left(\to {\pi}^{-}{v}_{\tau}\right){\overline{v}}_{\tau } $$

Λ
b
0

→

Λ
c
+

→

Λ
0

π
+

τ
−

→

π
−

v
τ

v
¯

τ

. The three-momenta of the final-state particles Λ0, π+, and π− can be measured. Considering all Lorentz structures of the new physics (NP) effective operators and an unpolarized initial Λb state, the five-fold differential angular distribution can be expressed in terms of ten angular observables $$ {\mathcal{K}}_i\left({q}^2,{E}_{\pi}\right) $$

K
i

q
2

E
π

. By integrating over some of the five kinematic parameters, we define a number of observables, such as the Λc spin polarization $$ {P}_{\Lambda_c}\left({q}^2\right) $$

P

Λ
c

q
2

and the forward-backward asymmetry of π− meson AFB(q2), both of which can be represented by the angular observables $$ {\hat{\mathcal{K}}}_i\left({q}^2\right) $$

K
̂

i

q
2

. We provide numerical results for the entire set of the angular observables $$ {\hat{\mathcal{K}}}_i\left({q}^2\right) $$

K
̂

i

q
2

and $$ {\hat{\mathcal{K}}}_i $$

K
̂

i

both within the Standard Model and in some NP scenarios, which are a variety of best-fit solutions in seven different NP hypotheses. We find that the NP which can resolve the anomalies in $$ \overline{B}\to {D}^{\left(\ast \right)}{\tau}^{-}{\overline{v}}_{\tau } $$

B
¯

→

D

∗

τ
−

v
¯

τ

decays has obvious effects on the angular observables $$ {\hat{\mathcal{K}}}_i\left({q}^2\right) $$

K
̂

i

q
2

, except $$ {\hat{\mathcal{K}}}_{1 ss}\left({q}^2\right) $$

K
̂

1
ss

q
2

and $$ {\hat{\mathcal{K}}}_{1 cc}\left({q}^2\right) $$

K
̂

1
cc

q
2

.