bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The face, scalp, and temporal region
Authors: van Gijn Daniel R. , Dunne Jonathan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The face conveys our conscious and subconscious emotions and projects vulnerability in disfigurement. Functionally, the face encompasses the muscles that surround our eyes, nose and mouth, contributing to the sphincters and dilators that allow the fine motor control of our eyelids, nostrils and lips, respectively. The face forms the anterior part of the head medial to the ears and between the hairline superiorly and the chin inferiorly. It comprises everything that lies between what is visible anteriorly and laterally. The face consists of four recognisable tissue planes – skin, a subcutaneous layer of fibroadipose tissue (held responsible for some of the changes of the ageing face), the superficial muscular aponeurotic system and the parotidomasseteric fascia. The scalp forms the soft tissue envelope of the cranial vault. The triad it forms with the forehead anteriorly and the temporal regions laterally should be considered as a continuum rather than three separate entities.
Cardiovascular medicine
Authors: Ntusi Ntobeko , Mayosi Bongani 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Cardiology in resource-poor countries?, Cardiac arrest and advanced life support protocols?, Chest pain?, Shock?, Hypertension?, Angina?, Myocardial infarction?, Cardiac arrhythmias?, Syncope, Heart failure?, Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease?, Infective endocarditis?, Pericardial disease?, Myocarditis, Cardiomyopathies?
Sexually transmitted infections
Authors: Williams Henrietta 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Why are sexually-transmitted infections important??, Syndromic management of sexually-transmitted infections?, Syphilis?, Gonorrhoea?, Chlamydial infections?, Chancroid?, Granuloma inguinale donovanosis?, Trichomoniasis?, Bacterial vaginosis?, Genital herpes?, Candida vaginitis?, Human papillomavirus and genital warts?
I Can Get Fat Where? The Other Types of Fat
Authors: Denton Nathan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the more obscure non-white types of adipose tissue present in the human body. The first and better-known type discussed is brown fat, which contributes to the regulation of body temperature as it burns (excess) calories to generate heat. The second section explores the biology of bone marrow fat, whose enigmatic behaviour in the context of starvation and obesity does little to help define its role. After considering the relationship between bone marrow adipose tissue, bone strength, and overall metabolic health, this chapter concludes by briefly reviewing other, lesser-known types of (white) fat (e.g., epicardial fat) and their potential contribution to human biology.
Other issues of liability
Authors: Smajdor Anna , Herring Jonathan , Wheeler Robert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains when a person can be liable for failing to act. It also explores the concept of vicarious liability whereby a public body or company can be liable for the acts of employees. It also considers the circumstances in which a company can itself be liable for a crime. The chapter addresses the possibility of no fault liability which is used in some jurisdictions.
Situational Awareness: Forecasting Successful Military Medical Teams
Authors: Cruthirds Danette F , Bader-Larsen Karlen S , Hamwey Meghan , Varpio Lara 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Military healthcare providers working in military interprofessional healthcare teams (MIHTs) require situational awareness (SA) to ensure safe and efficacious patient care. This study aimed to explore SA in MIHTs to understand how SA can be reinforced and maintained in MIHTs. The research team set out to answer two questions: “What aspects of individual and team SA are particularly important for MIHTs?” and “How can we enable military healthcare providers to be effective MIHTs members with robust SA?”.

Methods
This study used Grounded Theory methodology collecting perspectives from 30 study participants from various backgrounds, including 11 different healthcare professions from the U.S. Army, Air Force, and Navy. Each study participant had experiences participating in, leading one, or leading many MIHTs. Data were collected in three cycles and analyzed within each cycle until saturation was reached.

Results
Five themes were robustly represented in the data set regarding SA: (1) contextually informed adaptability, (2) readiness, (3) trust, (4) communication, and (5) mission focus.

Conclusions
The urgency often faced by MIHTs brings SA and the principles that underpin SA into sharper focus. The SA themes identified in this research may provide insight into training effectiveness, team strengths and weaknesses, and team performance.
Frequency, etiologies, risk factors, and sequelae of falls among patients with brain metastases: A population- and institutional-level analysis
Authors: Lamba Nayan , Cao Fang , Cagney Daniel N , Catalano Paul J , Haas-Kogan Daphne A , Wen Patrick Y , Aizer Ayal A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
Falls in patients with cancer harbor potential for serious sequelae. Patients with brain metastases (BrM) may be especially susceptible to falls but supporting investigations are lacking. We assessed the frequency, etiologies, risk factors, and sequelae of falls in patients with BrM using 2 data sources.

Methods
We identified 42 648 and 111 patients with BrM utilizing Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)-Medicare data (2008-2016) and Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (BWH/DFCI) institutional data (2015), respectively, and characterized falls in these populations.

Results
Among SEER-Medicare patients, 10 267 (24.1%) experienced a fall that prompted medical evaluation, with cumulative incidences at 3, 6, and 12 months of 18.0%, 24.3%, and 34.1%, respectively. On multivariable Fine/Gray’s regression, older age (≥81 or 76-80 vs 66-70 years, hazard ratio [HR] 1.18 [95% CI, 1.11-1.25], P &lt; .001 and HR 1.10 [95% CI, 1.04-1.17], P &lt; .001, respectively), Charlson comorbidity score of &gt;2 vs 0-2 (HR 1.08 [95% CI, 1.03-1.13], P = .002) and urban residence (HR 1.08 [95% CI, 1.01-1.16], P = .03) were associated with falls. Married status (HR 0.94 [95% CI, 0.90-0.98], P = .004) and Asian vs white race (HR 0.90 [95% CI, 0.81-0.99], P = .03) were associated with reduced fall risk. Identified falls were more common among BWH/DFCI patients (N = 56, 50.4% of cohort), resulting in emergency department visits, hospitalizations, fractures, and intracranial hemorrhage in 33%, 23%, 11%, and 4% of patients, respectively.

Conclusions
Falls are common among patients with BrM, especially older/sicker patients, and can have deleterious consequences. Risk-reduction measures, such as home safety checks, physical therapy, and medication optimization, should be considered in this population.
Effect of PINK1 and Parkin gene silencing on sodium arsenite-induced mitophagy in normal rat liver cells (BRL-3A)
Authors: Hu Ting , Wu Changyan , Jian Wen , Wu Liping , Zuo Peipei , Zeng Qibing , Luo Peng 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
NaAsO2-induced liver damage leads to autophagy, which plays an important role in cell quality control. Mitophagy plays an important role in hepatocyte damage, and PINK1 and Parkin constitute an important pathway in mitophagy. PINK1 selectively degrades abnormal mitochondria, and Parkin can recognize damaged mitochondria. However, the mechanism underlying the involvement of PINK1/Parkin in NaAsO2-induced mitophagy is unclear. Transfection plasmids containing dsRNA were used to interfere with the expression of Parkin in the following groups: the empty plasmid group was established by add the empty plasmid only, the PINK1-knockdown (KD) group was established by adding 5 μg of PINK1 dsRNA and then by adding 10 mM NaAsO2, and the Parkin-KD group was established by adding 5 μg of Parkin dsRNA and then by adding 10 mM NaAsO2. The expression of PINK1 and Parkin in autophagy was detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. The ultrastructures of autophagosomes and mitochondria were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The successful KD of PINK1 and Parkin aggravated the NaAsO2-induced damage to mitophagy. The degeneration of mitochondrial vacuoles and the appearance of autophagosomes were detected in the NaAsO2, NaAsO2 + PINK1-KD and NaAsO2 + Parkin-KD groups. NaAsO2 can induce mitophagy in rat hepatocytes, and the silencing of PINK1 and Parkin can aggravate mitochondrial damage during this process. This study explored the mechanism of NaAsO2-induced mitophagy in BRL-3A cells after PINK1 and Parkin gene silencing.
A Proposal for Addiction and Infectious Diseases Specialist Collaboration to Improve Care for Patients With Opioid Use Disorder and Injection Drug Use-Associated Infective Endocarditis
Authors: Cortes-Penfield Nicolas , Cawcutt Kelly , Alexander Bryan T. , Karre VaKara M. Meyer , Balasanova Alëna A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Patients with injection drug use-associated infective endocarditis and opioid use disorder often receive treatment for the infection that fails to address its underlying cause. People who inject drugs (PWID) and develop serious infections also face disparities in antibiotic management, particularly with regards to use of outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT). We highlight literature on OPAT in PWID challenging the notion that PWID cannot be managed with OPAT. Given that OPAT use amongst PWID and non-PWID yields similar outcomes, we argue that a bias against OPAT use in PWID is unwarranted and may reflect stigma rather than data. We further note the proven value of comprehensive OUD treatment on endocarditis treatment outcomes, which also addresses the potential safety concerns of OPAT in PWID, and propose a treatment model in which Addiction and Infectious Disease specialists collaborate to integrate opioid use disorder treatment into injection drug use-associated infective endocarditis care.
Rinse But Don’t Repeat: Single Application V.A.C. VERAFLO Salvages Infected Breast Prostheses
Authors: Antognoli Lauren E. , Singh Devinder P. , Choudhry Salman , Turcotte Justin , Holton Luther H. 
Published: October 2021

Introduction:
Existing salvage protocols for infected breast prostheses using negative pressure wound therapy with instillation and dwell (NPWTi-d) require multiple returns to the operating room and prolonged length of stay. We present our expedited salvage protocol and discuss outcomes and associated costs savings.

Methods:
Using a retrospective review, we identified 25 consecutive patients (27 breasts) with peri-prosthetic breast infection. Nine patients (10 breasts) underwent removal of infected breast prostheses followed by autologous or staged implant-based reconstruction. Sixteen patients (17 breasts) underwent our single application salvage protocol. A cost analysis was performed comparing the two groups, and an economic model was used to project the cost savings associated with using single application NPWTi-d protocol.

Results:
Fifteen of the 16 patients (94%) who underwent single application NPWTi-d had successful implant salvage. Average duration of NPWTi-d was 2 days, 7 hours, and average length of stay was 4.43 days. Compared to control, patients who received the single application protocol required significantly fewer hospitalizations and office visits. A total savings of $58,275 could have been achieved by using the single application NPWTi-d protocol in the patients who did not undergo NPWTi-d.

Conclusions:
Single application of NPWTi-d is a simple, safe, and cost-effective technique for salvage of breast prostheses, with 94% success rate, even in immunocompromised patients and severe infection. Compared to previous protocols, ours requires fewer trips to the operating room, shorter length of stay, and more permanent implants placed during salvage. Our protocol is also associated with fewer office visits and fewer returns to the operating room.
Routine left atrial appendage occlusion in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a narrative review
Authors: Fatima Rubab , Dhingra Nitish K. , Ribeiro Roberto , Bisleri Gianluigi , Yanagawa Bobby 
Published: November 2021

Purpose of review
New evidence suggests a greater prevalence of protracted postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF) than previously recognized. The left atrial appendage (LAA) is the most common source of embolism in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. In this review, we ask whether there is evidence to support routine LAA occlusion (LAAO) in patients without preexisting atrial fibrillation undergoing cardiac surgery.

Recent findings
Overall, available studies are small, inconsistent and have varying proportions of patients with and without preexisting atrial fibrillation. There is considerable discrepancy with respect to the efficacy of LAAO in reducing the risk of POAF-related stroke. Only one study reported a lower rate of stroke in the LAAO group compared with no LAAO. Two studies included a subgroup analysis of patients that developed POAF and report a significantly higher rate of stroke in patients that developed POAF and did not undergo LAAO. There are three clinical trials ongoing that are investigating prophylactic LAAO in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: ATLAS, LAA-CLOSURE and LAACS-2.

Summary
There is currently insufficient evidence to recommend routine addition of LAAO to lower the risk of postoperative stroke. Ongoing clinical trials will provide important insight into the role of routine LAAO in all patients undergoing cardiac surgery.
Time-Trends of U.S. Occupational Noise Standard Violations by OSHA Region and Industry Type
Authors: Park Sungwon , Park Chang Gi , Hong Oi Saeng 
Published: November 2021

Objective:
We examined time-trends in Occupational Noise Standard violations by OSHA region and industry type over 48 years.

Methods:
Along with descriptive analysis of original data, negative binomial regression and Poisson regression were applied to the analysis of 1972 to 2019 and 1972 to 2012 data, respectively.

Results:
A small annual decrease in violation units over the periods was revealed. The three analyses produced differing timetrends. The manufacturing industry had more violations, and Region 4 had the most violations. Regarding numbers of units, the 10 regions and 2 industries were jointly significant. Some interaction between regions and industry types appeared in both regressions.

Conclusions:
OSHA should specify how many regions report noise violations each year to ensure accurate identification of noise-related health risks to American workers. Further time-trend studies are needed for specific regions and industry types.
Current practices in the management of central airway obstruction
Authors: Ratwani Ankush P. , Davis Andrea , Maldonado Fabien 
Published: November 2021

Purpose of review
Airway obstruction continues to cause substantial pulmonary morbidity and mortality. We present a review of classic, current, and evolving management techniques, highlighting recently published studies on the topic. Recommendations have historically been primarily based on anecdotal experience, case reports, and retrospective studies, but more solid evidence has emerged in the last decade.

Recent findings
Novel endobronchial stents are being developed to mitigate the issues of stent migration, mucus plugging, fracture, and granulation tissue formation. Endobronchial drug delivery has become an active area of translational and clinical research, especially with regards to antineoplastic agents used for malignant airway stenosis. Even classic or updated techniques such as spray cryotherapy, injections of mitomycin-c, and balloon dilation have recently been examined in methodologically sound studies. Finally, recently published data have confirmed that patient breathlessness and quality of life improve significantly with therapeutic airway interventions. A multimodal and multidisciplinary approach to patient care is key to achieving the best outcomes.

Summary
The treatment of central airway stenosis is often multimodal and should focus on patient-centric factors, taking into account risks and benefits of the procedure, operator, and center expertise, and always occur in the context of a multidisciplinary approach. Evidence-based clinical research is increasingly driving patient management.
Management of pneumothorax: an update
Authors: Aragaki-Nakahodo Alejandro 
Published: November 2021

Purpose of review
Pneumothorax is a global health problem. To date, there is still significant variation in the management of pneumothorax. For the past few years, there have been significant developments in the outpatient management of both primary and secondary spontaneous pneumothorax (SSP). We will review the latest evidence for the management of nontraumatic pneumothorax (spontaneous and iatrogenic) to include pneumothorax associated with COVID-19 infection.

Recent findings
Outpatient management of both primary and SSP may be safe and feasible.

Summary
Outpatient management of both primary and SSP should be included in treatment options discussion with patients.
Endobronchial treatment of severe asthma and severe emphysema with hyperinflation
Authors: Garner Justin L. , Shah Pallav L. 
Published: November 2021

Purpose of review
The field of interventional pulmonology has ushered in a wave of innovations for individuals with obstructive airways disease in whom established medical therapies have failed. Leading the charge are bronchial thermoplasty for severe refractory asthma and uni-directional valves for severe emphysema with hyperinflation: both have received regulatory approvals in the United Kingdom and United States. With the commissioning of these novel treatments comes new challenges relating to implementation, positioning within therapeutic algorithms, honing of patient selection, and establishing long-term safety and benefits beyond 5 years.

Recent findings
This review summarises the evidence for their safety and efficacy, predictors of therapeutic response, mechanism(s) of action and emerging data supporting the durability of outcomes out to at least ten years.

Summary
It is anticipated the experience of treating increasing numbers of patients, the adoption of international registries, and ongoing research evaluations will serve to optimise these therapies for future generations of patients.
Lung cancer staging, the established role of bronchoscopy
Authors: Marshall Tanya , Kalanjeri Satish , Almeida Francisco Aecio 
Published: November 2021

Purpose of review
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In the absence of distant metastases, accurate mediastinal nodal staging determines treatment approaches to achieve most favourable outcomes for patients. Mediastinal staging differentiates N0/N1 disease from N2/N3 in surgical candidates. Likewise, presence of nodal involvement in nonsurgical candidates who are being considered for stereotactic body radiation therapy is also critical. This review article seeks to discuss the current options available for mediastinal staging in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), particularly the role of bronchoscopy.

Recent findings
Although several techniques are available to stage the mediastinum, bronchoscopy with EBUS-TBNA with or without EUS-FNA appears to be superior in most clinical situations based on its ability to concomitantly diagnose and stage at once, safety, accessibility to the widest array of lymph node stations, cost and low risk of complications. However, training and experience are required to achieve consistent diagnostic accuracy with EBUS-TBNA.

Summary
EBUS-TBNA with or without EUS-FNA is considered the modality of choice in the diagnosis and staging of NSCLC in both surgical and nonsurgical candidates.
Immunotherapy-based combinations in the first-line treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid features: a systematic review and network meta-analysis
Authors: Quhal Fahad , Mori Keiichiro , Fajkovic Harun , Remzi Mesut , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Schmidinger Manuela 
Published: November 2021

Purpose of review
To perform indirect comparisons of efficacy and safety of first-line immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based combination therapies for renal cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid features (sRCC).

Recent findings
Five trials were included in our network meta-analyses comprising 568 patients. The combinations nivolumab plus ipilimumab and nivolumab plus cabozantinib achieved significant improvement of progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and objective response rates (ORR). Nivolumab plus ipilimumab was associated with the highest likelihood of achieving a complete response. All the included combinations significantly improved PFS and ORR. The combinations of pembrolizumab plus axitinib did not show a statistically significant association with OS. Nivolumab plus cabozantinib had the highest likelihood of improving PFS and OS.

Summary
Our network meta-analysis demonstrates that sRCC are responsive to immune-based combinations. The dual ICI with nivolumab plus ipilimumab improved all efficacy outcomes and achieved the highest complete response rates (CRR). Although the association of nivolumab plus cabozantinib with CRR was not statistically significant, this combination demonstrated the highest likelihood of PFS and OS improvements.
Management of Cervical Ectopic Pregnancies: A Scoping Review
Authors: Fowler Mary Louise , Wang Dongyu , Chia Victoria , Handal-Orefice Roxane , Latortue-Albino Paula , Mulekar Sujata , White Katharine , Perkins Rebecca 
Published: November 2021

(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2021;138(1):33–41)
Cervical ectopic pregnancies represent fewer than 0.1% of all ectopic pregnancies but carry increased risk of significant hemorrhage and long-term reproductive consequences if not managed properly. In part due to the rarity of their occurrence, a standard-of-care protocol for management of cervical ectopic pregnancy (EP) other than hysterectomy does not exist.
Galactorrhea After Nipple-Sparing Mastectomy
Authors: Schusterman M. Asher , Bruce Madeleine K. , Nicholas Kelly , Diego Emilia , La Cruz Carolyn De 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Nipple discharge is a rare but possible occurrence after nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM). This study presents the first case of galactorrhea in a female patient after NSM. Although milky discharge due to physiologic lactation related to pregnancy is more common, galactorrhea is still possible and should be worked up appropriately to ensure that all breast tissue has been removed and that there are no other more worrisome causes.