bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE IMPACT OF THE 2017 TAX ACT ON CERTAIN PERSONAL INJURY PLAINTIFFS
Authors: Polsky Gregg 
Published: May 2021

The 2017 Tax Act was the most sweeping federal tax legislation in over a generation. While many of its reforms, from dramatically lowering the corporate tax rate to altering the international tax rules, have already received significant attention, comparatively little attention has been paid to the 2017 Tax Act’s effects on personal injury plaintiffs. This Article explores those impacts.
The 2017 Tax Act added a new provision that indirectly affects plaintiffs who allege sexual harassment or abuse. The new provision disallows the defendants’ deductions if the parties enter into a nondisclosure agreement. While targeted at defendants, the provision likely unwittingly harms plaintiffs by reducing settlement offers. The provision also suffers from a host of ambiguities that the Treasury Department and Internal Revenue Service will need to resolve.
The 2017 Tax Act also eliminated so-called miscellaneous itemized deductions. In certain types of personal injury claims, such as defamation or emotional distress, this development causes the plaintiff to be taxed on the full settlement amount even if, as is often the case, one-third or more of the settlement is paid as a contingent fee to the plaintiff’s attorney. Legislative or administrative action is required to remedy this patent unfairness.
Making the Case for Equity Pedagogy
Authors: Thomas Margaret 
Published: May 2021

This colloquy, by graduate-student-led collective Project Spectrum, attempts to map out existing discussions around inclusion and equity in music academia, with a specific focus on identifying and analyzing the structures in academia that work against minoritized and historically excluded scholars.
Margaret Thomas takes us into the undergraduate music theory classroom, addressing one of the entry points into the music academia pipeline. Thomas proposes two educational theories to make our classrooms more inclusive: universal design for learning (UDL) and equity pedagogy. More importantly, she calls for music pedagogues to be proactive and to address the structural inequities that shape a student’s engagement in and out of the classroom.
Restatements of Statutory Law: The Curious Case of the Restatement of Copyright
Authors: Balganesh Shyamkrishna , Menell Peter S. 
Published: May 2021

For nearly a century, the American Law Institute’s (ALI) Restatements of the Law have played an important role in the American legal system. And in all of this time, they refrained from restating areas of law dominated by a uniform statute despite the proliferation and growing importance of such statutes, especially at the federal level. This omission was deliberate and in recognition of the fundamentally different nature of the judicial role and of lawmaking in areas governed by detailed statutes compared to areas governed by the common law. Then in 2015, without much deliberation, the ALI embarked on the task of restating U.S. copyright law, an area dominated by a detailed federal statute. In so doing, the ALI ignored not just calls to revisit the form and method of its traditional Restatements projects but also the extensive history of the deep mismatch between the Restatements and statutory domains that has informed the working of the enterprise over the course of the last century.
This Article explores the analytical and historical foundations of that mismatch and shows how the Restatement of Copyright reinforces the need to tailor a methodological template and perspective that is sensitive to the nature of statutory interpretation. It explains why perfunctory extension of the common law Restatement model to copyright law produces incoherent, misleading, and seemingly biased results that risk undermining the legitimacy of the eventual product. Finally, the Article explains how the mismatch between the two is capable of being remedied by a series of modest—yet significant—changes, which could allow the project to serve as a template for future statutory Restatements. These include: emphasizing the centrality of the statutory text and relevant interpretive sources, adopting crucial perspectival differences between incremental lawmaking and statutory interpretation, and highlighting the unique legislative process through which the statute was developed.
Retelling Copyright: The Contributions of the Restatement of Copyright Law
Authors: Fromer Jeanne C. , Silbey Jessica 
Published: May 2021

The provisions at issue in the draft Restatement of Copyright Law on which ALI membership will vote at ALI’s upcoming annual meeting are central to copyright doctrine and have been the subject of numerous court decisions over the past several decades of technological and industry change: originality, fixation, categories of copyrightable subject matter, the idea-expression distinction, and authorship and ownership. This abundance of legal activity on copyright law demonstrates the value to the profession of this project retelling copyright. In contrast to the dramatic criticism of this Restatement project alleging political capture or illegitimate law reform, the draft’s provisions are routine and straightforward. They will surprise no one and are almost boring in their adherence to and synthesis of the copyright statute and judicial interpretations of it. Far from being radical or ill-advised, the Restatement of Copyright Law is a reasonable and welcome addition to the work of the ALI.
Part I of this Article situates the current Restatement of Copyright Law in the historical context of other ALI projects, drawing parallels in their purposes, processes, and political tensions. Part II describes the controversy over a “retelling” of copyright law as misguided insofar as it fails to account for the practice of interpretation as part of the practice of law that is constrained by professional standards. Part III describes the analysis and exposition of the provisions of the draft portions of the Restatement of Copyright Law presented to the ALI membership for discussion and vote this year as unremarkable but also beneficial, achieving the ALI’s goals of clarification and simplification of the sprawling federal case law interpreting and applying the 1976 Copyright Act.
COVID-19 in Senegal
Authors: Bertram Sydney 
Published: May 2021

While many academics and popular journalists have recently addressed historical epidemics in the context of COVID-19, much of this literature concerns the history of former colonial powers rather than the history of formerly colonized states. This review finds that the French colonial regime frequently used disease as a means to exert increased political power over the people of the Senegal. Primary sources, analyses of colonialism and disease in Senegal, and current popular media reveal that post-colonial successes in managing epidemic disease, when contrasted with colonial-era racialization of rampant disease, is likely shaping the Senegalese government’s response to the COVID-19 pandemic.
Workplace Violence Experienced by Nursing Staff at a Tertiary Hospital in Urban Nepal
Authors: Dhamala Bimala , Bhattarai Prithutam , Sharma Chandrakala , Thapa Shyam 
Published: May 2021

Background: Healthcare workplaces are prone to the occurrence of violence of varying types and degrees. This study assessed the prevalence of violence experienced by nursing staff at a tertiary hospital in urban Nepal.
Methods: A self-administered, cross-sectional survey was distributed to the entire nursing staff (N=146) currently working at a large teaching hospital in Kathmandu. The types of violence ascertained included verbal abuse, general harassment, physical assault, and sexual violence. Descriptive and logistic regression were applied to the data analysis.
Results: General harassment was the second most commonly experienced; 44% reported having experienced it any time in the past; and 28% reported to have experienced it in the last 12 months. Overall, 68% of all the respondents reported having experienced any type of violence, and 47% reported having experienced it any time in the last 12 months. Compared to single nurses/respondents, married nurses were particularly more likely to experience violence.
Conclusion: Development of workplace standards, orientation for all staff members, and the establishment of an effective monitoring and enforcement system are needed to minimize workplace violence at the study site, and most likely elsewhere in Nepal as well.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Environmental Management and Sustainable Development, Vol. 10 No. 2
Authors: Young Jenny 
Published: May 2021

Environmental Management and Sustainable Development (EMSD) would like to thank the following reviewers for reviewing manuscripts from February 1, 2021, to May 1, 2021. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Many authors, regardless of whether EMSD publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Macrothink Institute appreciates the following reviewers’ rigorous and conscientious efforts for this journal. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review during this period. Adriano Magliocco, University of Genoa, ItalyChristiane do Nascimento Monte, Universidade Federal Fluminense, BrazilDaniel Garraín, Public Research Center for Energy, Environment and Technology, SpainElham Mohamed, National Research Centre, EgyptFarhaoui Mohamed, National Office of Electricity and Drinking Water, MoroccoGandhi Escajadillo Toledo, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, PeruGiacomo Chiesa, Politecnico di Torino, ItalyHayssam Mohamed Ali, King Saud University, EgyptHebin Lin, International Environmental Management Services Ltd (IEMS), USAJoão Fernando Pereira Gomes, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, PortugueseKhan R. Rahaman, Khulna University, BangladeshMona M. Amin Abdel-Fatah, National Research Center in Egypt, EgyptPankaj Maheshwari, College of Engineering, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USATateda Masafumi, Toyama Prefectural University, Japan
Decentraal rekenkameronderzoek in Nederland: een overzicht
Authors: Peters Klaartje , van Zuydam Sabine 
Published: May 2021

Research of decentralized audit offices in the Netherlands: an overview
Dutch municipalities and provinces have been obliged to have an audit office or audit office function for about 20 years. How does the audit office work nowadays and what contribution does it make to decentralized administration? That is the question at the center of this article. To this end, the authors list the available knowledge about audit offices or committees and present the results of their own analysis of 982 audit reports from 234 audit offices or committees from 308 Dutch municipalities. The audit office or committee has been institutionalized in the vast majority of municipalities and in all provinces. Council members are increasingly less likely to (also) be members of this board and the output has increased slightly from approximately one to an average of one and a half surveys per year. Where initially mainly business management-oriented subjects were examined, some broadening to more policy-related themes has taken place. Municipal councilors are quite satisfied with their audit office or committee. At the same time, the actual social effects of policy are rarely measured in audit institutions. Moreover, council members make little use of audit reports in controlling the municipal board, and audit offices or committees also add little to their framework-setting role. Little is known about the extent to which the research of the audit offices makes a more objective contribution to the administration and strengthening of the functioning of the municipal council, which is also a theme for future research.
Rechtmatigheid onderzocht
Authors: Kok Arjan 
Published: May 2021

Regularity investigated
Since 2003, decentralized audit offices in the Netherlands have been authorized to investigate the regularity of the administration conducted. The definition of ‘regularity’ and the scope of the regularity investigation is not described in the law or in the literature. In this article, a regularity investigation is defined as ‘testing whether the administration has complied with applicable law’. That applicable law consists of written and unwritten rules of law, and case law. Audit offices examine regularity less often than efficiency and effectiveness. However, they have started researching it more often than in the past, according to this article. Of the administrative audit office reports in 2019, 42% contained a regularity finding, conclusion or recommendation. Accountants also investigate the regularity. They do this in the context of the annual audit and limit themselves to financial regularity. The regularity audit carried out by decentralized audit offices is broader. In addition to written legal rules, it also focuses on unwritten legal rules and case law, it is not limited to financial subjects and the investigation period can be longer than one reporting year. The findings and conclusions of the audit offices regarding the lawful unlawful actions of the administration concern the consequences for citizens and companies and the consequences for the efficiency and effectiveness of the administration’s actions.
Rechtmatigheid en decentrale rekenkamers: een beschouwing
Authors: van der Bij Jan 
Published: May 2021

Regularity and decentralized audit offices: a consideration
This article focuses on the regularity audit carried out by decentralized audit offices in the Netherlands. Decentralized audit institutions have been given a limited task assignment from the legislator for this type of research. It was expressly not the intention that the audit office repeats the (financial) regularity audit done by the accountant, nor was the decentralized audit office given a role in the so-called indemnity procedure. The decentralized audit office’s role is primarily to carry out a system test of regularity. A positive side effect of this limited task assignment has been that decentralized audit institutions have not started to practice regularity audits as a separate activity. Monitoring the relationship between regularity, efficiency and effectiveness can protect an audit office from pitfalls. While this working method is maintained, new opportunities will arise for decentralized audit institutions. The accountant will soon no longer have primacy in assessing (financial) regularity, but the municipal and provincial Executive will instead report directly to the municipal and provincial council in an annex to the annual accounts. The accountant will continue to monitor whether what is stated in this annex about regularity is correct and complete. This offers new possibilities for the decentralized court of auditors to assist the council in its monitoring and contextualizing role, and in forming an opinion on regularity.
Cardiological complications in the course of influenza and COVID-19
Authors: Dąbrowski Rafał 
Published: May 2021

Cardiac complications associated with the acute or chronic form of influenza and COVID-19 infection occur in < 10% of cases. They may affect pericardium, myocardium or coronary arteries which finally results in heart failure or in case of pericarditis – fluid in the pericardium and tamponade risk. A relationship has been demonstrated between influenza epidemics and an increased incidence of acute coronary syndromes. An important complication of influenza infection may be myocarditis and subsequent heart failure. Arrhythmias, in various forms and with varying degrees of severity, can occur at any stage of the disease. The possibility of sudden deaths in the course of influenza virus infection has been reported. The treatment of a patient with cardiovascular involvement should be multidirectional: causal, symptomatic and prophylactic in the aspect of heart failure prevention. The knowledge about cardiovascular complications in the course of SARS-CoV-2 infection is increasing. Despite the possibility of using antiviral drugs in treatment, prevention by vaccination still remains the most effective therapeutic method.
La guerra de sexos en las comedias románticas de Howard Hawks: La fiera de mi niña (Brining Up Baby, 1938), Luna Nueva (His Girl Friday, 1940), La novia era él (I was a Male War Bride, 1949) y Su juego favorito (Man´s favorite Sport, 1964)
Authors: Montesinos Ladrón de Guevara Begoña 
Published: May 2021

Howard Hawks, plantea el enfrentamiento entre los sexos en buena parte de su filmografía. Comedias románticas, western o cine de aventuras comparten esta guerra de sexos que se inicia con una antipatia mutua entre los protagonistas que va evolucionando a medida que la pareja se ve inmersa en sus aventuras para transformarse en amistad, atracción, y finalmente amor. Cuatro de sus comedias La fiera de mi niña (Brining Up Baby, 1938), Luna Nueva (His Girl Friday, 1940), La novia era él ( I Was a Male War Bride, 1949) y Su juego favorito (Man´s Favorite Sport, 1964) plantean la guerra de sexos a través de una inversión de roles sexuales; mujer-activo /varón-pasivo que finalmente revierte a modelos más tradicionales.
El ocaso de un gremio: San Eloy de Santiago de Compostela en el siglo XIX
Authors: Pérez Varela Ana 
Published: May 2021

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo la reconstrucción de la historia del gremio de San Eloy de Santiago de Compostela en el siglo XIX, tema sobre el que todavía no existe ningún estudio. La metodología de nuestra investigación se ha centrado en primer lugar en analizar la bibliografía publicada sobre la desintegración del sistema gremial en España, motivada por el paradigma filosófico de la Ilustración y la liberalización del trabajo. Para aplicarlo al caso de Compostela y en concreto a los plateros, el segundo paso fue el vaciado de los libros consistoriales y las matrículas industriales del Archivo Histórico Universitario de Santiago, fuentes complementadas por los Anuarios de Comercio de la Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid. Todo ello nos ha permitido conocer el estado de las relaciones entre el moribundo gremio y el Concejo durante el ochocientos, establecer las marcas y marcadores de la ciudad, ubicar la zona de obradores de plateros dentro de la urbe y rescatar del olvido una interesante nómina de artesanos que se resistieron a aceptar la pérdida de sus privilegios protegiendo su legado artesanal.
Teratological changes in postembryos of Eratigena atrica obtained by the application of alternating temperatures on spider embryos
Authors: Napiórkowska Teresa , Templin Julita , Napiórkowski Paweł 
Published: May 2021

Spider embryonic development depends on several factors, including temperature. Under optimum thermal conditions embryogenesis proceeds undisturbed and embryo mortality is low. On the other hand, dramatic shifts in incubation temperature may cause a range of developmental defects in embryos. It has been confirmed in numerous laboratory experiments that abrupt temperature changes can be a powerful teratogenic factor. Changes in the external structure are frequently reflected in the internal anatomy, and above all, in the central nervous system. In the present teratological study, by exposing spider embryos to the temperatures of 14 °C and 32 °C, changed every 12 hours for the first 10 days of their development, we obtained 74 postembryos of Eratigena atrica with body deformities such as oligomely, heterosymely, schistomely, bicephaly, complex anomalies and others. We selected six spiders to describe and analyze their morphological changes. In one case, that of a spider affected by polymely (the presence of a supernumerary appendage) combined with heterosymely (the fusion of walking legs), we also focused on the structure of the central nervous system. The analysis indicated that this complex anomaly was accompanied by only one change in the central nervous system: the presence of a supernumerary neuropil. Since no fusion of walking leg neuropils was observed, it was concluded that, in this instance, there was no relationship between the fusion of legs and the structure of the central nervous system.
AVALIAÇÃO DA ATIVIDADE ANTIFÚNGICA DE FOLHAS DE CINAMOMO (Melia azedarach) SOBRE FUNGOS FITOPATOGÊNICOS VISANDO UMA ALTERNATIVA AOS AGROTÓXICOS
Authors: Martins Jade Ayres Barbedo , Siqueira Junior César Luis 
Published: May 2021

Compostos bioativos de origem vegetal têm sido largamente estudados por serem fontes naturais de substâncias antifúngicas. No presente trabalho, utilizou-se um extrato hidroetanólico para extrair compostos bioativos de folhas de plantas de Melia azedarach. A atividade antifúngica do extrato de M. azedarach foi então testada contra três fungos fitopatogênicos: Fusarium solani, Fusarium oxysporum e Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, este último, muito conhecido por ser causador de antracnose em frutos de mamão (Carica papaya L.) no período pós-colheita. O extrato hidroetanólico exibiu forte potencial inibitório sobre o crescimento micelial do F. oxysporum reduzindo em 85 % seu desenvolvimento. Essa inibição é corroborada pela mudança morfológica causada nos micélios fúngicos pela adição de 100 ppm do extrato. Foi observada ainda, uma redução de 44% do crescimento do F. solani, na presença do extrato. Apesar da leve inibição provocada pelo extrato no desenvolvimento do fungo C. gloeosporioides (14 %), quando aplicado nos frutos, o extrato confere a redução do desenvolvimento de sintomas da antracnose mantendo a qualidade visual dos frutos testados. Os resultados obtidos nesse trabalho corroboram a ideia de uso de compostos extraídos de plantas como uma alternativa sustentável à aplicação de agrotóxicos promovendo o barateamento do processo de controle de pragas e patógenos no cultivo, além de constituir uma forma de controle menos agressiva ao ambiente.
Effects of Government Actions on Safety and Security Perceptions of International Students during COVID-19 Pandemic in China
Authors: Yu Shi , Munthali George N. Chidimbah , Xuelian Wu , Kudzala John Feston 
Published: May 2021

Introduction: International students’ safety and security matters as they are migrants and foreigners belonging to a special minority group of people that need to be protected each and every time based on diplomatic ties on international endeavors. This study examines the effects of government actions in regards to safety and security perceptions of international students in Hubei Province, China during COVID-19 Pandemic.
Materials and Methods: A cross- sectional survey design was conducted in March 2020 involving 13 different universities in Hubei province of China. Data was collected through an online Microsoft questionnaire which was sent to selected universities that were purposively and conveniently sampled.
Results: 300 questionnaires were received out of 392, representing a response rate of 76.5%. Majority of the respondents were in the age group of <30 years representing 92.3%, almost 96% were single. 79% were undergraduate students, and among these, 64% had stayed in China for over 2 years. It was also revealed that more than half (51.7%) were Christians and more than one third (37%) were muslims. There was a positive correlation between social distance measures and safety and security perceptions while no correlation was found between information dissemination and safety and security perception. Lastly, students were materially supported with their respective authorities and that the political will was good.
Conclusion: The actions of the government especially through the social distance measures have proved to positively increase international students’ safety and security perceptions. Further, authorities tried to facilitate material and social support to the students. We recommend authorities to continue putting the safety and security of international students at their heart as demonstrated in China.