bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bridging Topological Results and Thin-Walled Frame Structures Considering Manufacturability
Authors: Bai Jiantao , Zhao Yanfang , Meng Guangwei , Zuo Wenjie 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Topology optimization has been intensively studied and extensively applied in engineering design. However, the optimized results often take the form of a solid frame structure; hence, it is difficult to apply the topological results in the design of a thin-walled frame structure. Therefore, this paper proposes a novel bridging method to transform the topological results into a lightweight thin-walled frame structure while satisfying the stiffness and manufacturing requirements. First, the optimized topological results are obtained using the classical topology optimization method, which is smoothed to reduce structural complexity. Then, the initial thin-walled frame structure is created by referring to the smoothed topological results, in which the thin-walled cross section is designed according to the mechanical properties and manufacturing requirements. Furthermore, the size and shape of the thin-walled frame structure is optimized to minimize mass with the stiffness and manufacturing constraints. Finally, numerical examples demonstrate that the proposed method can reasonably design an optimized thin-walled frame structure from the topological results.
Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Quasi-Static System Level Behavior of Planetary Gear Sets
Authors: Ryali Lokaditya , Verma Abhishek , Hong Isaac , Talbot David , Zhu Farong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This study presents a unique experimental methodology that synchronously measures various quasi-static responses of a simple four-planet planetary gear set, namely, planet load sharing, overall transmission error (OTE), and floating sun gear orbits. Strain gauges mounted directly on the planet pins were used to monitor the load shared among the planets, which is a crucial design criterion for durability and performance. High-precision optical encoders were used to measure the OTE of the gear set to explore its diagnostic value in identifying system errors. Radial motions of the floating sun gear, which are critical to the self-centering and load sharing behavior of the gear set, were monitored using magnetic proximity probes. The influence of various design parameters and operating conditions such as planet mesh phasing, carrier pin position errors, gear tooth modifications, and input torque on the system’s response will be investigated by performing an extensive set of experiments in a repeatable and accurate manner. Finally, these experimental results will be recreated theoretically using the static planetary load distribution model of Hu et al. (2018, “A Load Distribution Model for Planetary Gear Sets,” ASME J. Mech. Des., 140(5), p. 53302) to not only validate the model but also comprehend the measured behavior.
Reduced Endurance Capacity and Suboptimal Energy Availability in Top-Level Female Cyclists
Authors: Barreto Gabriel , de Oliveira Luana Farias , Saito Tiemi , Klosterhoff Rafael , Perim Pedro , Dolan Eimear , Pereira Rosa Maria R. , Campos-Ferraz Patrícia , Lima Fernanda R. , Saunders Bryan 
Published: February 2021

Purpose: Women’s professional cycling has grown in popularity, and this increase is also apparent in Brazil, which has increased its female cycling calendar in recent years. The aim of this observational study was to (1) determine training and competition loads of a top-level Brazilian female cycling team, (2) evaluate nutrition and clinical health, and (3) measure whether exercise capacity changed throughout the season. Methods: Training and competition data were collected over the season using global positioning system monitors, while laboratory-based physiological and performance measures (incremental cycling test, 30-s Wingate, 4-km time trial) and clinical and nutritional analyses were performed at time points throughout the season. Results: Total distance covered over the year was 11,124 (2895) km (7382–14,698 km). Endurance capacity was reduced over the season (P = .005) but not anaerobic power (all P > .05). Nutrition and stress markers remained largely unchanged throughout the season, although there were some individual fluctuations in some measures, and testosterone concentration was low for some. Median estimated energy availability ranged between 32.3 and 56.8 kcal·kgLBM−1·d−1 during training and 26.4 and 53.8 kcal·kgLBM−1·d−1 during competition. Percentage of training spent in optimal estimated energy availability was generally low, with 3 athletes spending <35% within the optimal intake. Conclusions: Substantial training and competition loads of the monitored professional Brazilian female cyclists may have reduced exercise capacity toward the end of the season, indicative of a grueling yearlong schedule. Several athletes may have had suboptimal energy availability during the season, potentially affecting testosterone concentration. These data demonstrate the difficulties in maintaining optimal nutrition, health, and performance throughout a season in professional female cycling and highlight the need for quality sport-science support for this type of top-level athlete.
Cambrian magmatic flare-up, central Tibet: Magma mixing in proto-Tethyan arc along north Gondwanan margin
Authors: Hu Pei-yuan , Zhai Qing-guo , Cawood Peter A. , Zhao Guo-chun , Wang Jun , Tang Yue , Zhu Zhi-cai , Wang Wei , Wu Hao 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAccompanying Gondwana assembly, widespread but diachronous Ediacaran–early Paleozoic magmatism of uncertain origin occurred along the supercontinent's proto-Tethyan margin. We report new geochemical, isotopic, and geochronological data for Cambrian magmatic rocks (ca. 500 Ma) from the Gondwana-derived North Lhasa terrane, located in the present-day central Tibetan Plateau. The magmatic rocks are composed of basalts, gabbros, quartz monzonites, granitoids (with mafic microgranular enclaves), and rhyolites. Nd-Hf isotopic and whole-rock geochemical data indicate that these rocks were probably generated by mixing of mantle-derived mafic and crust-derived felsic melts. The mantle end-member volumes of mafic, intermediate, and felsic rocks are ∼75%–100%, 50%–60%, and 0–30%, respectively. Integration of our new data with previous studies suggests that the North Lhasa terrane experienced long-term magmatism through the Ediacaran to Ordovician (ca. 572–483 Ma), with a magmatic flare-up at ca. 500 Ma. This magmatism, in combination with other Ediacaran–early Paleozoic magmatism along the proto-Tethyan margin, was related to an Andean-type arc, with the magmatic flare-up event related to detachment of the oceanic slab following collisional accretion of Asian microcontinental fragments to northern Gondwana. Diachroneity of the proto-Tethyan arc system along the northern Gondwanan margin (ca. 581–531 Ma along the Arabian margin and ca. 512–429 Ma along the Indian-Australian margin) may have been linked to orogenesis within Gondwana. The North Lhasa terrane was probably involved in both Arabian and Indian-Australian proto-Tethyan Andean-type orogens, based on its paleogeographic location at the northern end of the East African orogen.
Cost of neonatal abstinence syndrome: an economic analysis of English national data held in the National Neonatal Research Database
Authors: Rees Philippa , Carter Ben , Gale Chris , Petrou Stavros , Botting Beverley , Sutcliffe Alastair G 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveTo determine the incidence of neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) across neonatal units, explore healthcare utilisation and estimate the direct cost to the NHS.DesignPopulation cohort study.SettingNHS neonatal units, using data held in the National Neonatal Research Database.ParticipantsInfants born between 2012 and 2017, admitted to a neonatal unit in England, receiving a diagnosis of NAS (n=6411).Main outcome measuresIncidence, direct annual cost of care (£, 2016–2017 prices), duration of neonatal unit stay (discharge HR), predicted additional cost of care, and odds of receiving pharmacotherapy.ResultsOf 524 334 infants admitted during the study period, 6411 had NAS. The incidence (1.6/1000 live births) increased between 2012 and 2017 (β=0.07, 95% CI (0 to 0.14)) accounting for 12/1000 admissions and 23/1000 cot days nationally. The direct cost of care was £62 646 661 over the study period. Almost half of infants received pharmacotherapy (n=2631; 49%) and their time-to-discharge was significantly longer (median 18.2 vs 5.1 days; adjusted HR (aHR) 0.16, 95% CI (0.15 to 0.17)). Time-to-discharge was longer for formula-fed infants (aHR 0.73 (0.66 to 0.81)) and those discharged to foster care (aHR 0.77 (0.72 to 0.82)). The greatest predictor of additional care costs was receipt of pharmacotherapy (additional mean adjusted cost of £8420 per infant).ConclusionsThis population study highlights the substantial cot usage and economic costs of caring for infants with NAS on neonatal units. A shift in how healthcare systems provide routine care for NAS could benefit infants and families while alleviating the burden on services.
Hypotension in Preterm Infants (HIP) randomised trial
Authors: Dempsey Eugene M , Barrington Keith J , Marlow Neil , O'Donnell Colm Patrick Finbarr , Miletin Jan , Naulaers Gunnar , Cheung Po-Yin , Corcoran John David , EL-Khuffash Afif Faisal , Boylan Geraldine B , Livingstone Vicki , Pons Gerard , Macko Jozef , Van Laere David , Wiedermannova Hana , Straňák Zbyněk 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveTo determine whether restricting the use of inotrope after diagnosis of low blood pressure (BP) in the first 72 hours of life affects survival without significant brain injury at 36 weeks of postmenstrual age (PMA) in infants born before 28 weeks of gestation.DesignDouble-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial. Caregivers were masked to group assignment.Setting10 sites across Europe and Canada.ParticipantsInfants born before 28 weeks of gestation were eligible if they had an invasive mean BP less than their gestational age that persisted for ≥15 min in the first 72 hours of life and a cerebral ultrasound free of significant (≥ grade 3) intraventricular haemorrhage.InterventionParticipants were randomly assigned to saline bolus followed by either a dopamine infusion (standard management) or placebo (5% dextrose) infusion (restrictive management).Primary outcomeSurvival to 36 weeks of PMA without severe brain injury.ResultsThe trial terminated early due to significant enrolment issues (7.7% of planned recruitment). 58 infants were enrolled between February 2015 and September 2017. The two groups were well matched for baseline variables. In the standard group, 18/29 (62%) achieved the primary outcome compared with 20/29 (69%) in the restrictive group (p=0.58). Additional treatments for low BP were used less frequently in the standard arm (11/29 (38%) vs 19/29 (66%), p=0.038).ConclusionThough this study lacked power, we did not detect major differences in clinical outcomes between standard or restrictive approach to treatment. These results will inform future studies in this area.Trial registration numberNCT01482559, EudraCT 2010-023988-17.
Development and implementation of a cardiac resynchronisation therapy care pathway: improved process and reduced resource use
Authors: van Stipdonk Antonius Martinus Wilhelmus , Schretlen Stijn , Dohmen Wim , Brunner-LaRocca Hans-Peter , Knackstedt Christian , Vernooy Kevin 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundCardiac resynchronisation therapy (CRT) requires intensive, complex and multidisciplinary care to maximize the clinical benefit. In current practice this is typically a task for highly specialised physicians. We report on a novel multidisciplinary, standardised CRT care pathway (CRT-CPW). Experienced clinicians developed a CPW with simple and broadly applicable aids based on clinical evidence and identified shortcomings in the current CRT care. The resulting CPW was implemented at the Maastricht University Medical Center, aiming at a transfer from heterogeneous physician-led care to standardized nurse-led care.MethodsTwo CRT patient cohorts were compared in this analysis. The benchmarked usual care cohort (2012–2014, 122 patients) was compared with the CRT-CPW cohort (2015–2017, 115 patients). The primary outcomes were process-related: number of physician consultations, nurse consultations, length of stay (LOS) at implantation and total hospitalisation days during 1-year follow-up, and referral-to-treatment time. Clinical outcomes were assessed to adress non-inferiority of quality of care.ResultsPatients in the CRT-CPW cohort consulted nurses and technicians significantly more often than patients in the usual care cohort (2.4±1.5 vs 1.7±2.0, p<0.0001 and 4.3±2.5 vs 3.7±1.5, p=0.063, respectively). Patients with CRT-CPW consulted physicians significantly less often (1.7±1.4 vs 2.6±2.1, p<0.001). Referral to treatment time was significantly reduced in the CRT-CPW group (23.6±18.4 vs 37.0±26.3 days, p=0.002). LOS at implantation and total hospitalisation days were significantly reduced in the CRT-CPW group (1.1±1.2 vs 1.5±0.7 days, p<0.0001 and 2.4±4.8 vs 4.8±9.3, p<0.0001, respectively). Clinical outcome analyses showed no significant difference in 12-month all-cause mortality and heart failure hospitalisations.ConclusionThe introduction of a novel CRT-CPW resulted in a successful transition of physician-led to nurse-led care, with a significantly reduced resource use and equal clinical outcomes. Future evaluations will focus on impact on outcomes versus costs, to evaluate cost-effectiveness of the CRT-CPW.
Realist analysis of streaming interventions in emergency departments
Authors: Anwar Mohammed Rashidul , Rowe Brian H , Metge Colleen , Star Noah D , Aboud Zaid , Kreindler Sara Adi 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundSeveral of the many emergency department (ED) interventions intended to address the complex problem of (over)crowding are based on the principle ofstreaming: directing different groups of patients to different processes of care. Although the theoretical basis of streaming is robust, evidence on the effectiveness of these interventions remains inconclusive.MethodsThis qualitative research, grounded in the population-capacity-process model, sought to determine how, why and under what conditions streaming interventions may be effective. Data came from a broader study exploring patient flow strategies across Western Canada through in-depth interviews with managers at all levels. We undertook realist analysis of interview data from the 98 participants who discussed relevant interventions (fast-track/minor treatment areas, rapid assessment zones, diverse short-stay units), focusing on their explanations of initiatives’ perceived outcomes.ResultsEssential features of streaming interventions included separation of designated populations (population), provision of dedicated space and resources (capacity) and rapid cycle time (process). These features supported key mechanisms of impact: patients wait only for services they need; patient variability is reduced; lag time between steps is eliminated; and provider attitude change promotes prompt discharge. Conversely, reported failures usually involved neglect of one of these dimensions during intervention design and/or implementation. Participants also identified important contextual barriers to success, notably lack of outflow sites and demand outstripping capacity. Nonetheless, failure was more commonly attributed to intervention flaws than to context factors.ConclusionsWhile streaming interventions have the potential to reduce crowding, a theory-based intervention relies on its implementers’ adherence to the theory. Streaming interventions cannot be expected to yield the desired results if operationalised in a manner incongruent with the theory on which they are supposedly based.
Effect of xylanase and live yeast supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut microbiome diversity of pigs
Authors: Lu H. , Yan H. , O’Neill H.M. Masey , Bradley C.L. , Bedford M.R. , Wilcock P. , Nakatsu C.H. , Adeola O. , Ajuwon K.M. 
Published: February 2021

Effect of xylanase (Xyl) and live yeast (LY) supplementation on gut microbiome composition, growth performance, and nutrient digestibility of weanling pigs was determined. A total of 180 weanling pigs were assigned to five treatments from weaning to market. Treatments were designated based on whether Xyl, LY, or their combination were fed in the first 2 wk postweaning or thereafter until finishing at day 141 postweaning. Treatments were (days 1–15; days 15–141): control–control, control–Xyl, Xyl–Xyl, LY–Xyl, Xyl + LY–Xyl. Xylanase was added at 16 000 BXU·kg−1 and LY at 1 kg·t−1. Pigs fed with LY and LY + Xyl from days 0–15 had greater body weight and average daily gain at day 15 compared with control (P < 0.05). Glucose transporter 2 mRNA was higher in LY and LY + Xyl groups on day 15 compared with control (P < 0.05). Xylanase supplementation from week 2 postweaning increased apparent total tract nutrient digestibility of gross energy, nitrogen, and phosphorus on day 43. Live yeast with or without Xyl improved growth performance in the first 2 wk after weaning; Xyl + LY–Xyl and control–Xyl groups had improved overall feed efficiency. In conclusion, LY and Xyl supplementation improved performance of weanling pigs in the first 2 wk after weaning with no effects on long-term growth performance.
Factors Controlling Shale Reservoirs and Development Potential Evaluation: A Case Study
Authors: Luo Chao , Lin Hun , Peng Yujiao , Qu Hai , Huang Xiaojie , Yin Nanxin , Liu Wei , Gao Xuanbo 
Published: February 2021

The shale of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation is an important gas-producing layer for shale gas development in southern China. This set of shale reservoir characteristics and shale gas development potential provide an important foundation for shale gas development. This study takes wellblock XN111 in the Sichuan Basin, China, as an example and uses X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), isothermal adsorption, and other techniques to analyze the shale reservoir characteristics of the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation. The results show that the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation was deposited in a deep-water shelf environment. During this period, carbonaceous shale and siliceous shale characterized by a high brittle mineral content (

quartz
>
40

wt
.
%

,

carbonate

mineral
>
10

wt
.
%

) and a low clay mineral content (<30 wt.%, mainly illite) were widely deposited throughout the region. The total organic carbon (TOC) content reaches up to 6.07 wt.%, with an average of 2.66 wt.%. The vitrinite reflectance is 1.6–2.28%, with an average of 2.05%. The methane adsorption capacity is 0.84–4.69 m3/t, with an average of 2.92 m3/t. Pores and fractures are developed in the shale reservoirs. The main reservoir space is composed of connected mesopores with an average porosity of 4.78%. The characteristics and development potential of the shale reservoirs in the Lower Silurian Longmaxi Formation are controlled by the following factors: (1) the widespread deep-water shelf deposition in wellblock XN111 was a favorable environment for the development of high-quality shale reservoirs with a cumulative thickness of up to 50 m; (2) the high TOC content enabled the shale reservoir to have a high free gas content and a high adsorptive gas storage capacity; and (3) the shale’s high maturity or over maturity is conducive to the development of pores and fractures in the organic matter, which effectively improves the storage capacity of the shale reservoirs. The reservoir characteristic index was constructed using the high-quality shale’s thickness, gas content, TOC, fracture density, and clay content. Using production data from shale gas wells in adjacent blocks, a mathematical relationship was established between the Estimated Ultimate Recovery (EUR) of a single well and the Reservoir Characteristics Index (Rci). The EUR of a single well in wellblock XN111 was estimated.
Associations of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor or Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Use with Colorectal Cancer Risk in the Women's Health Initiative
Authors: Brasky Theodore M. , Flores Katrina F. , Larson Joseph C. , Newton Alison M. , Shadyab Aladdin H. , Watanabe Jonathan H. , Lane Dorothy S. , Thomson Cynthia A. , LaCroix Andrea Z. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background:
Use of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) has been postulated to reduce cancer risk by inhibition of tumor progression, vascularization, and metastasis. The renin–angiotensin system is upregulated in colorectal cancers; however, the association of ACEi and ARB use with colorectal cancer risk is not well understood.

Methods:
The study population was 142,812 Women's Health Initiative participants free of colorectal cancer who reported on ACEi and ARB use at baseline; 2,216 incident colorectal cancers were diagnosed during 10 years of follow-up. Cox regression models estimated adjusted HRs and 95% confidence intervals for associations relative to nonuse among normotensive women, untreated hypertensive women, and hypertensive women treated with other antihypertensive medications.

Results:
HRs among women who used any ACEi or ARB compared with nonuse in the three referent groups ranged between 0.97 and 1.01. Findings were similar for increased ACEi/ARB duration and for medications examined as separate classes or individually.

Conclusions:
In this large prospective study of women, no associations of ACEi or ARB use with colorectal cancer risk were observed.

Impact:
Choice of drug in the large population of aging women who will be prescribed ACEi and ARB should be made without factoring in any benefit on colorectal cancer risk.
Stomach Cancer Incidence and Mortality Trends among Circumpolar Nations
Authors: Simkin Jonathan , Nash Sarah H. , Barchuk Anton , O'Brien David K. , Erickson Anders C. , Hanley Brendan , Hannah Heather , Corriveau Andre , Larsen Inger K. , Skovlund Charlotte Wessel , Larønningen Siri , Dummer Trevor J.B. , Bruce Michael G. , Ogilvie Gina 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background:
Stomach cancer incidence and mortality rates are declining across circumpolar nations, but the burden may not be distributed equally across subpopulations, including Indigenous peoples. Our objective was to examine stomach cancer incidence and mortality trends across circumpolar populations.

Methods:
Cancer incidence and mortality data from 1999–2016 were obtained from the Canadian Cancer Registry, Canadian Vital Statistics, CDC WONDER, NORDCAN, Northwestern Russian cancer registries, and National Cancer Reports. The direct method was used to calculate 10-year rolling age-standardized incidence and mortality rates to the world (WHO 2000–2025) and 2011 Canadian standard populations. Standardized incidence rate ratios (SRR) were calculated. Data were stratified by sex, year, and region. U.S. data were broken down by race [White; American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN)]. Race data were not available from non-U.S. cancer registries.

Results:
Most populations showed declining incidence and mortality rates over time. Incidence rates among Greenland males and females, Alaska AIAN males and females, and Northern Canadian both sexes were elevated compared with regional counterparts and remained stable. The largest male SRR was observed among Alaska AIAN versus Alaska Whites [SRR = 3.82; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 2.71–5.37]. The largest female SRR was observed among Alaska AIAN versus Alaska Whites (SRR = 4.10; 95% CI, 2.62–6.43).

Conclusions:
Despite stomach cancer incidence and mortality rates declining overall, some northern and Indigenous populations experience elevated and stable incidence and mortality rates.

Impact:
There is a need to address disparities observed among circumpolar subpopulations. Given similarities in incidence, mortality, and risk factor prevalence across circumpolar regions, addressing disparities could benefit from coordinated international action.