bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The social costs of health- and climate-related on-road vehicle emissions in the continental United States from 2008 to 2017
Authors: Zelasky Sarah E , Buonocore Jonathan J 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Local and state policymakers have become increasingly interested in developing policies that both reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and improve local air quality, along with public health. Interest in developing transportation-related policies has grown as transportation became the largest contributing sector to GHG emissions in the United States in 2017. Information on current emissions and health impacts, along with trends over time, is helpful to policymakers who are developing strategies to reduce emissions and improve public health, especially in areas with high levels of transportation-related emissions. Here, we provide a comprehensive assessment of the public health and climate social costs of on-road emissions by linking emissions data generated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to reduced complexity models that provide impacts per ton emitted for pollutants which contribute to ambient fine particulate matter, and the social costs of GHG emissions from on-road transportation. For 2017, social costs totaled $184 billion (min: $78 billion; max: $280 billion) for all on-road emissions from the eight health and climate pollutants that we assessed in the continental U.S. (in $2017 USD). Within this total social cost estimate, health pollutants constituted $93 billion of the social costs (min: $52 billion; max: $146 billion), and climate pollutants constituted $91 billion (min: $26 billion; max: $134 billion). The majority of these social costs came from CO2 followed by NO
x
emissions from privately owned individual vehicles in urban counties (CO2 contributed $51 billion and NO
x
contributed $16 billion in social costs from individual vehicles in urban counties). However, it is important to note that not all the attention should be placed solely on individual vehicles. Although the climate social costs of individual vehicle emissions are higher than those from commercial vehicles in urban counties (by two to eight times depending on the climate pollutant), the health social costs of individual vehicle emissions are roughly equal to those from commercial vehicles in urban counties. Regardless of each pollutant’s contributions to the social costs, the highest social benefits from reducing 1 ton of CO2 and its co-pollutants would occur in urban counties, given their high population density.
The experimental analysis of creep and corrosion properties of polymeric tube reinforced by glass, carbon and Kevlar fibers
Authors: Rahmani Kaveh , Wheatley Greg , Sadooghi Ali , Hashemi Seyed Jalal , Babazadeh Jafar 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Polymeric tubes, including epoxy and reinforcing fibers, are widely used in the petroleum and aerospace industries due to their high strength and corrosion resistance. In this study, corrosion and creep properties of resin-based tubes reinforced by Glass fibers (GFR), Carbon fibers (CFR), and Kevlar fibers (KFR) were investigated using tubes made by using a 45-degree unilateral winding method. The highest creep strain was obtained for the CFR equal to 0.7445 and the lowest was obtained for KFR with the Kevlar fibers being severely damaged. The lowest corrosion rate per year was for the CFR sample, equal to 113in/year×1000. The corroded samples were subjected to a tensile test and a 2% improvement in ultimate tensile strength was achieved for GFR. To evaluate the results and the quality of adhesions between fibers and resins, SEM images were taken of the samples.
Physicochemical properties and in vitro osteocompatibility of different titanium surfaces stored in a saline solution
Authors: Tang Kai-Ming , Zhang Wen-Si , Liu Yao , Zhu Wen-Qing , Qiu Jing 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objective. The study aimed to investigate the physicochemical properties of titanium surfaces with different morphologies stored in a saline solution and their effects on osteoblast behavior. Methods. Freshly prepared commercial pure titanium (cp-Ti), acid-etching titanium (SLA-Ti) and nanowire titanium (NW-Ti) were stored in 0.9% and 10% NaCl solutions, and exposure to air and double-distilled water were used as controls. After storage for two weeks, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), optical contact angle instrument, and optical profilometer were used to analyze the micro-morphology, elemental composition of the samples, contact angle and surface roughness. BCA protein kit was used to detect the protein adsorption capacity of the three titanium surfaces under the different storage conditions. MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells were cultured on the titanium surfaces. The proliferation, adhesion, alkaline phosphatase activity, and osteogenic differentiation of MC3T3-E1 cells were assessed using CCK-8, laser confocal microscope (CLSM), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) assay, and western blotting. Results. SEM results indicated that the storage conditions did not affect the micromorphology of the titanium surfaces. The XPS and contact angle determination results suggested that cp-Ti, SLA-Ti, and NW-Ti stored in NaCl solutions showed less carbon contamination, higher hydrophilicity. The roughness results showed that the air groups and 10% NaCl had higher roughness. The protein adsorption capacity of the three titanium surfaces was significantly improved under storage in 0.9% NaCl. The proliferation activity of osteoblasts on the three titanium surfaces was not different from the control groups after storage in 0.9% NaCl solution. However, the results of the in vitro study suggested that the cell adhesion capacity and the expression of ALP and the osteogenic-related proteins Runx2, Osterix, and Osteocalcin improved after storage in 0.9% NaCl solution. Conclusions. The storage of the different types of titanium surfaces in 0.9% NaCl solution could effectively reduce carbon contamination, maintain good hydrophilicity, improve the roughness and make the environment conducive to the differentiation of osteoblasts.
Phase transitions of alkaline-earth metal sulfides under pressure
Authors: Wang Yuefeng , Bergara Aitor , Shao Cancan , Wang Lin , Liang Xiaowei , Wang Linyan , Sun Rongxin , Wei Xudong , Wang Tiansheng , Gao Guoying , Tian Yongjun 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We have systematically explored the crystal structures of alkaline-earth metal sulfides under pressure by using a swarm-intelligence structural prediction method. At low pressures we successfully reproduced their known structures and phase transition sequences. Under high pressure, MgS is predicted to transform from B28 to a β-NbP-type structure at 262 GPa. CaS and SrS present the same phase transition sequence, from B2 to a β-NbP-type structure, while BaS is predicted to transform to a Imma structure. The Imma structure is actually similar to the β-NbP-type structure, as it can be seen as a modulated distortion of the latter structure. The absence of any imaginary phonon mode for the predicted structures suggests that they are dynamically stable. The calculated electronic band structures and density of states reveal that all the predicted phases are metallic, except that MgS is a semiconductor. Subsequent electron-phonon coupling calculations suggest that Imma BaS is a superconductor with a low T

c
of 1.32 K, while β-NbP MgS, CaS and SrS are not superconductors. The current study provides a comprehensive analysis of phase transitions for alkaline-earth metal sulfides up to 300 GPa and might stimulate experimental studies in the future.
Optical properties of Pb0.52Zr0.48TiO3 nanorod arrays: second harmonic generation and multiphoton carrier dynamics
Authors: Mudiyanselage Rathsara R H H , Burton John , Magill Brenden A , McMillan Kiara , Gagliano Gabriella , Morral Ada J , Gyu Kang Min , Kang Han Byul , Priya Shashank , Stanton Christopher J , Khodaparast Giti A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Nonlinear optical properties of poled and unpoled, lead zirconate-titanate (Pb0.52Zr0.48TiO3) nanorod arrays, grown on Pt-coated Si with ∼200 nm diameter and ∼600 nm height, were investigated. Clear signatures of second harmonic generations (SHG), from 490–525 nm (2.38–2.53 eV) at room temperature, were observed. Furthermore, time resolved differential reflectivity measurements were performed to study dynamical properties of photoexcited carriers in the range of 690–1000 nm where multiphoton processes were responsible for the photo-excitations. We compared this excitation scheme, which is sensitive mainly to the surface states, to when the photoexcited energy (∼3.1 eV) was close to the band gap of the nanorods. Our results offer promises for employing these nanostructures in nonlinear photonic applications.
Introducing ‘Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering’
Authors: Indiveri Giacomo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The standard nature of computing is currently being challenged by a range of problems that start to hinder technological progress. One of the strategies being proposed to address some of these problems is to develop novel brain-inspired processing methods and technologies, and apply them to a wide range of application scenarios. This is an extremely challenging endeavor that requires researchers in multiple disciplines to combine their efforts and simultaneously co-design the processing methods, the supporting computing architectures, and their underlying technologies. The journal ‘Neuromorphic Computing and Engineering’ (NCE) has been launched to support this new community in this effort and provide a forum and repository for presenting and discussing its latest advances. Through close collaboration with our colleagues on the editorial team, the scope and characteristics of NCE have been designed to ensure it serves a growing transdisciplinary and dynamic community across academia and industry.
Signaling sickness: the role of recalled sickness behavior and psychosocial factors in shaping communication style
Authors: Shattuck Eric C , Perrotte Jessica K , Daniels Colton L , Xu Xiaohe , Sunil Thankam S 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background and objectives
Active infection results in several outward signs in humans, including visible symptoms, changes in behavior and possible alterations in skin color and gait. A potential adaptive function of these indicators is to signal distress and elicit care from close others. We hypothesized that sickness behavior, a suite of stereotypical changes in mood and behavior, also serves to communicate health status to others. We further hypothesized that such outward signals/cues of health status would vary based on context and sociocultural norms.

Methodology
We explored self-reported, recalled sickness behavior, communication style, demographics and theoretically relevant cultural factors in a large national US sample (n = 1259) using multinomial probit regressions.

Results
In accordance with predictions, relatively few participants were willing to talk or complain about sickness to strangers. Self-reported, recalled sickness behavior was associated with some communication styles but attention received from others was more consistently associated with potential signaling. Several cultural factors, including stoicism and traditional machismo, were also associated with different sickness signaling styles.

Conclusions and implications
These preliminary, self-reported data lend some tentative support to the sickness behavior signaling hypothesis, though experimental or observational support is needed. The role of cultural norms in shaping how such signals are transmitted and received also deserves further attention as they may have important implications for disease transmission.

Lay Summary
Evolutionary medicine hypothesizes that signs and symptoms of infectious disease—including sickness behavior—have adaptive functions, one of which might be to reliably signal one’s health status to others. Our results suggest that evolved signals like these are likely shaped by cultural factors.
Audit culture of human rights as “governmentality”?
Authors: St-Hilaire Maxime 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The sway of audit culture over the field of international human rights law is clear to those familiar with human rights reports and indicators. In his 2019 I•CON Best Paper Prize-winning article, David McGrogan argues that the reason for that controlling influence is found in ineluctable characteristics of the international human rights system. As for its main consequence, he argues that Foucault’s idea of “governmentality” enables us to see that it is the “diametrically opposite effect” to the construction of a homo juridicus. In this short response, I will confine myself to a critical appraisal of the Foucauldian argument for the latter claim.
Monitoring of Fluoride Content in Drinking Water by Ion Chromatography: A Case Study in the Suzhou Urban Area, China
Authors: Shi Qile , Wang Shuya , Zhou Yuxuan , Xu Jingjing 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Both deficient and excessive intake of fluoride can lead to adverse health problems.

Objective
The aim of this study is to investigate the fluoride content in three types of drinking water in Suzhou urban area.

Method
Ion chromatography was employed to conduct the validation of analysis of fluoride ion in water and the method was applied to analyze the concentration of fluoride in 22 drinking water samples, including tap water, purified water, and commercially available bottled water, collected from five municipal districts of Suzhou urban area.

Results
The method was validated in the range of 0.05–2.00 mg/L with good repeatability and accuracy. Results of water analysis indicated that fluoride content in tap water ranged from 0.267 to 0.336 mg/L (average 0.304 mg/L), and the levels of fluoride in purified water and bottled water were 0.068–0.317 mg/L (average 0.134 mg/L) and 0–0.120 mg/L (average 0.080 mg/L), respectively.

Conclusions
The amount of fluoride in all samples analyzed were lower than the limit set for fluoride in drinking water according to the China standard (1.0 mg/L). Low fluoride exposure for the population in the studied area was observed, and the replacement of tap water with purified and bottled water could further aggravate the deficiency of fluoride intake for local residents.

Highlights
The present study is the first to characterize the fluoride content in these three types of drinking water in Suzhou urban area by ion chromatography.
High-Throughput Analysis of Aflatoxins in Cereals, Nuts, and Processed Products Involving Automated Immunoaffinity Cleanup and Inline HPLC–Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Dhanshetty Manisha , Thorat Pooja , Banerjee Kaushik 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
The testing of aflatoxins (AFs) in fresh and processed foods is highly in demand to comply with trade regulations. Consequently, commercial laboratories face huge AF sample loads in food consignments. Worldwide, there is a rising interest in implementing automation to increase sample throughput in AF analysis.

Objective
This study sought to evaluate the performance of an automated cleanup and HPLC analysis system for determination of regulated AFs (B1, B2, G1, G2) in rice, flattened rice, sorghum, raw and processed peanut, almond, peanut butter, and wheat-based cookies.

Methods
The samples were extracted with methanol–water (80:20), diluted with Triton X-100, and subjected to automated analysis, where the cleanup step through immunoaffinity column (IAC) and HPLC–fluorescence analyses (involving postcolumn bromination–derivatization) were performed in 10 and 11 min, respectively. The method was validated in all test matrices at the LOQ and higher levels. The method performance was also evaluated against a conventional workflow where cleanup and HPLC analysis were manually performed.

Results
The LOQ for peanut, sorghum, rice, and flattened rice was 0.125 ng/g, while it was 0.5 ng/g for peanut butter, almond, and wheat-based cookies. In all matrices, the recoveries at LOQ and higher levels were satisfactory. The double-cartridge exchange system completed the analysis of ∼96 injections in 18 h. Each IAC could be reused 15 times without incurring any recovery loss. The automated system provided a better precision (RSD &lt; 9%) than the conventional workflow (RSD = 12–15%).

Conclusions
Because of its high-throughput nature, this method is recommended for routine analysis of AFs.

Highlights
A high-throughput method is reported where cleanup and HPLC analysis of AFs were automatically performed. Each IAC could be used 15 times without any loss of recovery. The method performance was better than the conventional approach and complied with the analytical quality control guidelines.
Multicriteria decision analysis framework for part orientation analysis in additive manufacturing
Authors: Ransikarbum Kasin , Pitakaso Rapeepan , Kim Namhun , Ma Jungmok 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) or three-dimensional printing (3DP) refers to producing objects from digital information layer by layer. Despite recent advancements in AM, process planning in AM has not received much attention compared to subtractive manufacturing. One of the critical process planning issues in AM is deciding part orientation. In this research, the integrative framework of multicriteria decision making for part orientation analysis in AM is investigated. Initially, quantitative data are assessed using the data envelopment analysis (DEA) technique without preferences from a decision maker. In contrast, a decision maker’s preferences are qualitatively analysed using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) technique. Then, the proposed framework combining explicit data as in DEA, implicit preference as in AHP, and linear normalization (LN) technique is used, which reflects both preference and objective data in supporting decision making for 3DP part orientation. Two particular AM technologies, namely Fused Deposition Modelling and Selective Laser Sintering, are used as a case study to illustrate the proposed algorithm, which is further verified with experts to improve process planning for AM.
Assessment of Toxicity Risk of Selected Insecticides Used in Pistachio Ecosystem on Two Egg Parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) of Stink Bugs (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Ranjbar Fateme , Reitz Stuart , Esmaeili Sardary Abbas , Jalali M Amin , Ziaaddini Mahdi , Izadi Hamzeh 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Psix saccharicola (Mani) and Trissolcus semistriatus (Nees) are the most abundant eggs parasitoids of the stink bug, Acrosternum arabicum Wagner, in pistachio orchards and have the potential to contribute to their suppression. However, treatment of orchards with broad-spectrum insecticides may greatly reduce populations of these beneficial natural enemies. Therefore, we conducted risk assessments and evaluated sublethal impacts of two insecticides routinely used in pistachio orchards: the organophosphate fenitrothion and a formulated mixture of the neonicotinoid thiamethoxam and the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin on parasitism success, emergence and sex ratio of P. saccharicola and T. semistriatus. Based on the values of their risk quotients (RQ), which are derived from toxicity data, the two insecticide products would be classified as slightly-to-moderately toxic although an alternative metric, the safety factor (SF), showed them to be highly risky. Assessments of sublethal effects on adult wasps showed that insecticide exposure significantly reduced their ability to successfully parasitize stink bug eggs, and exposure of adult females reduced the emergence, survival, and proportion of females of their progeny, which could disrupt biological control for an extended period of time. Analysis of the decreased emergence and parasitism for P. saccharicola and T. semistriatus in accordance with the standards of the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) indicate that fenitrothion is slightly harmful to both parasitoid species whereas the mixture of thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin is moderately harmful. These findings will be useful for integrating insecticides and egg parasitoids into a comprehensive integrated pest management program for managing stink bugs populations in pistachio orchards.
A Publishing History of A Discourse of Life and Death, Translated by the Countess of Pembroke
Authors: Moore J K 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The short meditation, A discourse of life and death was translated by Mary (Sidney) Herbert, Countess of Pembroke in 1590 from Excellent discours de la vie et de la mort by Philippe de Mornay, seigneur du Plessis-Marly. This article presents the publishing history of Herbert’s translation and how it was adapted twice in the seventeenth century. First, it is found as an incomplete manuscript by ‘T. H. Gent.’ (BL MS Sloane 1037). The manuscript has the correct licence to print, but the wrong author, and was used as setting copy in the print shop of George Eld and Miles Flesher in early 1624. All copies of that edition are now lost. In 1697 Herbert’s translation was revised again as the ‘contemplations’ of Sir John Fenwick before his execution for treason.
Stability of two-fluid partially ionized slow-mode shock fronts
Authors: Snow B , Hillier A 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
A magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) shock front can be unstable to the corrugation instability, which causes a perturbed shock front to become increasingly corrugated with time. An ideal MHD parallel shock (where the velocity and magnetic fields are aligned) is unconditionally unstable to the corrugation instability, whereas the ideal hydrodynamic (HD) counterpart is unconditionally stable. For a partially ionized medium (for example, the solar chromosphere), both HD and MHD species coexist and the stability of the system has not been studied. In this paper, we perform numerical simulations of the corrugation instability in two-fluid partially ionized shock fronts to investigate the stability conditions, and compare the results to HD and MHD simulations. Our simulations consist of an initially steady two-dimensional parallel shock encountering a localized upstream density perturbation. In MHD, this perturbation results in an unstable shock front and the corrugation grows with time. We find that for the two-fluid simulation, the neutral species can act to stabilize the shock front. A parameter study is performed to analyse the conditions under which the shock front is stable and unstable. We find that for very weakly coupled or very strongly coupled partially ionized system the shock front is unstable, as the system tends towards MHD. However, for a finite coupling, we find that the neutrals can stabilize the shock front, and produce new features including shock channels in the neutral species. We derive an equation that relates the stable wavelength range to the ion-neutral and neutral-ion coupling frequencies and the Mach number. Applying this relation to umbral flashes gives an estimated range of stable wavelengths between 0.6 and 56 km.