bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behaviour of cranes (family Gruidae) mirrors their phylogenetic relationships
Authors: Nováková Nela , Robovský Jan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
The behavioural repertoire of every species evolved over time and its evolution can be traced through the phylogenetic relationships in distinct groups. Cranes (family Gruidae) represent a small, old, monophyletic group with well-corroborated phylogenetic relationships on the species level, and at the same time they exhibit a complex and well-described behavioural repertoire.

Methods
We therefore investigated the evolution of behavioural traits of cranes in a phylogenetic context using several phylogenetic approaches and two types of trait scoring. The cranes exhibit more than a hundred behavioural displays, almost one third of which may be phylogenetically informative.

Results
More than half of the analysed traits carry a significant phylogenetic signal. The ancestor of cranes already exhibited a quite complex behavioural repertoire, which remained unchanged in Balearicinae but altered greatly in Gruinae, specifically by the shedding of traits rather than their creation. Trait scoring has an influence on results within the Gruinae, primarily in genera Bugeranus and Anthropoides.

Conclusions
Albeit the behavioural traits alone cannot be used for resolving species-level relationships within the Gruidae, when optimized on molecular tree, they can help us to detect interesting evolutionary transformations of behaviour repertoire within Gruiformes. The Limpkin (Aramus guarauna) seems to be the most enigmatic species and should be studied in detail for its behavioural repertoire, which may include some precursors of crane behavioural traits.
Optimisation of CT protocols in PET-CT across different scanner models using different automatic exposure control methods and iterative reconstruction algorithms
Authors: Gould Sarah-May , Mackewn Jane , Chicklore Sugama , Cook Gary J. R. , Mallia Andrew , Pike Lucy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
A significant proportion of the radiation dose from a PET-CT examination is dependent on the CT protocol, which should be optimised for clinical purposes. Matching protocols on different scanners within an imaging centre is important for the consistency of image quality and dose. This paper describes our experience translating low-dose CT protocols between scanner models utilising different automatic exposure control (AEC) methods and reconstruction algorithms.

Methods
The scanners investigated were a newly installed Siemens Biograph mCT PET with 64-slice SOMATOM Definition AS CT using sinogram affirmed iterative reconstruction (SAFIRE) and two GE Discovery 710 PET scanners with 128-slice Optima 660 CT using adaptive statistical reconstruction (ASiR). Following exploratory phantom work, 33 adult patients of various sizes were scanned using the Siemens scanner and matched to patients scanned using our established GE protocol to give 33 patient pairs. A comparison of volumetric CT dose index (CTDIvol) and image noise within these patient pairs informed optimisation, specifically for obese patients. Another matched patient study containing 27 patient pairs was used to confirm protocol matching. Size-specific dose estimates (SSDEs) were calculated for patients in the second cohort. With the acquisition protocol for the Siemens scanner determined, clinicians visually graded the images to identify optimal reconstruction parameters.

Results
In the first matched patient study, the mean percentage difference in CTDIvol for Siemens compared to GE was − 10.7% (range − 41.7 to 50.1%), and the mean percentage difference in noise measured in the patients’ liver was 7.6% (range − 31.0 to 76.8%). In the second matched patient study, the mean percentage difference in CTDIvol for Siemens compared to GE was − 20.5% (range − 43.1 to 1.9%), and the mean percentage difference in noise was 19.8% (range − 27.0 to 146.8%). For these patients, the mean SSDEs for patients scanned on the Siemens and GE scanners were 3.27 (range 2.83 to 4.22) mGy and 4.09 (range 2.81 to 4.82) mGy, respectively. The analysis of the visual grading study indicated no preference for any of the SAFIRE strengths.

Conclusions
Given the different implementations of acquisition parameters and reconstruction algorithms between vendors, careful consideration is required to ensure optimisation and standardisation of protocols.
Characteristics and chemical reactivity of biogenic volatile organic compounds from dominant forest species in the Jing-Jin-Ji area, China
Authors: Lin Ying , Lun Xiaoxiu , Tang Wei , Zhang Zhongzhi , Jing Xiaoxi , Fan Chong , Wang Qiang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) play an essential role in tropospheric atmospheric chemical reactions. There are few studies conducted on BVOCs emission of dominant forest species in the Jing-Jin-Ji area of China. Based on the field survey, forest resources data and the measured standard emission factors, the Guenther model developed in 1993 (G93) was applied in this paper to estimate the emission of BVOCs from several dominant forest species (Platycladus orientalis, Quercus variabilis, Betula platyphylla, Populus tomentosa, Pinus tabuliformis, Robinia pseudoacacia, Ulmus pumila, Salix babylonica and Larix gmelinii) in the Jing-Jin-Ji area in 2017. Then the spatiotemporal emission characteristics and atmospheric chemical reactivity of these species were extensively evaluated.

Results
The results showed that the total annual BVOCs emission was estimated to be 70.8 Gg C·year− 1, consisting 40.5 % (28.7 Gg C·year− 1) of isoprene, 36.0 % (25.5 Gg C·year− 1) of monoterpenes and 23.4 % (16.6 Gg C·year− 1) of other VOCs. The emissions from Platycladus orientalis, Quercus variabilis, Populus tomentosa and Pinus tabulaeformis contributed 56.1 %, 41.2 %, 36.0 % and 31.1 %, respectively. The total BVOCs emission from the Jing-Jin-Ji area accounted for 61.9 % and 1.8 % in summer and winter, respectively. Up to 28.8 % of emission was detected from Chengde followed by Beijing with 24.9 %, that mainly distributed in the Taihang Mountains and the Yanshan Mountains. Additionally, the Robinia pseudoacacia, Populus tomentosa, Quercus variabilis, and Pinus tabulaeformis contributed mainly to BVOCs reaction activity.

Conclusions
The BVOCs emission peaked in summer (June, July, and August) and bottomed out in winter (December, January, and February). Chengde contributed the most, followed by Beijing. Platycladus orientalis, Quercus variabilis, Populus tomentosa, Pinus tabulaeformis and Robinia pseudoacacia represent the primary contributors to BVOCs emission and atmospheric reactivity, hence the planting of these species should be reduced.
Numerical model development to predict the behaviour of infant/neonate crash dummy restrained inside of an incubator under deceleration
Authors: Rabiee A. , Ghasemnejad H. , Hitchins N. , Watson J. , Roberts J. , Khoory M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this paper, advanced finite element (FE) methods are developed to investigate the effect of deceleration on the crash dummy test complied with British Standard Engineering (BS EN 1789). These techniques, which are related to material modelling, joints and contacts, offer an advanced numerical model representing an infant incubator with all complex boundary conditions and design contents. It is shown that the response of an infant incubator is a function of the ratchet straps, the tension on the belts, the belt type and the distance of the belts from the edges of the incubator, which can significantly affect the experienced acceleration, by the infant. The validation process is performed against experimental studies and various case parameters such as crash dummy mass and negative acceleration impulse are discussed in detail. The developed numerical model is capable to predict the behaviour of the crash dummy and the incubator in terms of acceleration, trajectory and kinematics by less than 8% error.
A Cross-Sectional Study of Retired Great British Olympians (Berlin 1936–Sochi 2014): Olympic Career Injuries, Joint Health in Later Life, and Reasons for Retirement from Olympic Sport
Authors: Cooper Dale J. , Batt Mark E. , O’Hanlon Mary S. , Palmer Debbie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
The relationship between Olympic career sport injury and the long-term musculoskeletal health of the elite athlete remains unclear. This study describes the lifetime prevalence of medical attention injuries that occurred during training and/or competition as part of the athlete’s Olympic career, reasons for retirement from Olympic sport, and the point prevalence of pain and osteoarthritis (OA) among retired Great Britain’s (GB) Olympians.

Methods
This cross-sectional study involved distributing a questionnaire to retired GB Olympians who had competed at 36 Olympic Games between Berlin 1936 and Sochi 2014. The questionnaire captured Olympic career injury history (lasting ≥ 1 month), sport exposure, musculoskeletal pain (last 4 weeks), physician-diagnosed OA, and joint replacement. Injury prevalence was calculated for sports with a minimal of 15 respondents. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were estimated in logistic regression for pain, OA, and joint replacement. Models were adjusted for age, sex, BMI, and career duration.

Results
Six hundred fifty (57.8% male; 42.2% female) retired athletes representing 40 sports (29 summer; 11 winter), aged 60.5 years (range 23–97), completed the questionnaire. Overall, 721 injuries (368 athletes) were self-reported equating to a lifetime Olympic career injury prevalence of 56.6%. Injury prevalence was highest in field athletics (81.0%), gymnastics (75.0%), and track athletics (67.7%). Injuries most frequently occurred at the knee (19.0%), lower back (15.4%), and shoulder (11.5%). Of those injured, 19.5% retired from sport due to injury. Pain was most prevalent at the lumbar spine (32.8%), knee (25.3%), and hip (22.5%), and OA at the knee (13.4%), hip (10.4%), and lumbar spine (4.6%). Injury was associated with pain at the hip (aOR 4.88; 95% CI, 1.87–12.72, p = 0.001), knee (aOR 2.35; 95% CI, 1.45–3.81, p = 0.001), and lumbar spine (aOR 2.53; 95% CI, 1.63–3.92, p < 0.001); OA at the hip (aOR 5.97; 95% CI, 1.59–22.47, p = 0.008) and knee (aOR 3.91; 95% CI, 2.21–6.94, p < 0.001); and joint replacement at the hip (aOR 8.71; 95% CI, 2.13–35.63, p = 0.003) and knee (aOR 5.29; 95% CI, 2.39–11.74, p < 0.001).

Conclusion
The lifetime prevalence of Olympic career injury was 56.6%, with those injured more likely to self-report current pain and/or OA at the hip, knee, and lumbar spine and joint replacement at the hip and knee.
Two Philippine Photorhabdus luminescens strains inhibit the in vitro growth of Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, and Colletotrichum spp.
Authors: Alforja Samantha Izabelle R. , Rico Paolo Miguel B. , Caoili Barbara L. , Latina Romnick A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Fungal phytopathogens are one of the leading causes of loss in global food production. Chemical fungicides have always been used to control the phytopathogens to mitigate losses. However, it is widely known that this approach is not sustainable. Thus, it is essential to develop alternative control methods, such as the use of biological control agents.

Results
This study provided a preliminary data on the efficacy of 2 local Photorhabdus strains, associated with Heterorhabditis indica BSDS and H. indica MAP, against selected post-harvest fungal phytopathogens, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, Colletotrichum musae, and another Colletotrichum sp., by measuring their in vitro inhibitory activity. The Photorhabdus strains were isolated from the hemolymph of Ostrinia furnicalis infected with H. indica BSDS and H. indica MAP and grown selectively on NBTA media. Firstly, the bacterial endosymbionts' generic identity was confirmed through colony PCR based on a Photorhabdus Txp40 toxin-specific marker. Species identity was then elucidated through 16s marker-assisted GenBank mining as P. luminescens, sharing 99.51–99.58% similarity with P. luminescens subsp. akhurstii (Accession no. AY278643.1). Anti-fungal activity was observed by the bioassay experiments, using cell-free culture filtrates (CFCs), obtained from P. luminescens tryptic soy broth suspensions (OD600 = 2.0) amended in PDA medium (25%v/v) based on percentage growth inhibition. The CFCs of P. luminescens BSDS showed a significantly higher suppressive activity against Colletotrichum musae, Colletotrichum sp., and Lasiodiplodia theobromae, with 93.18 ± 0.46%, 74.15 ± 0.54%, and 60.51 ± 2.04% growth inhibition, respectively, while the CFC of P. luminescens MAP showed a significantly higher suppressive activity against F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici with 21.87 ± 0.71% growth inhibition.

Conclusions
The results strongly showed that these strains of Photorhabdus can be promising biological control agents against these fungal phytopathogens. Further extensive research is warranted for the development of these promising biofungicides into a practical, economically viable, and environment-friendly control strategy that can be incorporated into any integrated pest management program.
Predicting running time of aerodynamic jobs in HPC system by combining supervised and unsupervised learning method
Authors: Wang Hao , Dai Yi-Qin , Yu Jie , Dong Yong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractImproving resource utilization is an important goal of high-performance computing systems of supercomputing centers. To meet this goal, the job scheduler of high-performance computing systems often uses backfilling scheduling to fill short-time jobs into job gaps at the front of the queue. Backfilling scheduling needs to obtain the running time of the job. In the past, the job running time is usually given by users and often far exceeded the actual running time of the job, which leads to inaccurate backfilling and a waste of computing resources. In particular, when the predicted job running time is lower than the actual time, the damage caused to the utilization of the system’s computing resources becomes more serious. Therefore, the prediction accuracy of the job running time is crucial to the utilization of system resources. The use of machine learning methods can make more accurate predictions of the job running time. Aiming at the parallel application of aerodynamics, we propose a job running time prediction framework SU combining supervised and unsupervised learning and verify it on the real historical data of the high-performance computing systems of China Aerodynamics Research and Development Center (CARDC). The experimental results show that SU has a high prediction accuracy (80.46%) and a low underestimation rate (24.85%).
Flow and heat transfer in a rectangular converging (diverging) channel: new formulation
Authors: Laila Roohi , Marwat Dil Nawaz Khan , Ali Azhar 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a model problem of viscous flow and heat transfer in a rectangular converging (diverging) channel has been investigated.
The governing equations are presented in Cartesian Coordinates and consequently they are simplified and solved with perturbation and numerical methods. Initially, symmetrical solutions of the boundary value problem are found for the upper half of the channel. Later on, these solutions are extended to the lower half and then to the whole channel. The numerical and perturbation solutions are compared and exactly matched with each other for a small value of the parameters involved in the problem. It is also confirmed that the solutions for the converging/diverging channel are independent of the sign of m (the slope). Moreover, the skin friction coefficient and heat transfer at the upper wall are calculated and graphed against the existing parameters in different figures. It is observed that the heat transfer at walls is decreased (increased) with increasing $${c}_{1}$$

c
1

(thermal controlling parameter) for diverging (converging). It is also decreased against Pr (Prandtle number). For $${c}_{1}=0$$

c
1

=
0

, the temperature profiles may be exactly determined from the governing equations and the rate of heat transfer at the upper wall is $$\theta^{\prime } (1) = \frac{m}{{(1 + m^{2} )\tan^{ - 1} m}}$$

θ
′

(
1
)

=

m

(
1
+

m
2

)

tan

-
1

m

. It is confirmed that the skin friction coefficient behaves linearly against Re* (modified Reynolds number) and it is increased with increasing of Re* (changed from negative to positive). Moreover, it is increased asymptotically against m and converges to a constant value i.e. zero.
SARS-CoV-2-associated gastrointestinal and liver diseases: what is known and what is needed to explore
Authors: Sweed Dina , Abdelsameea Eman , Khalifa Esraa A. , Abdallah Heba , Moaz Heba , Moaz Inas , Abdelsattar Shimaa , Abdel-Rahman Nadine , Mosbeh Asmaa , Elmahdy Hussein A. , Sweed Eman 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
The pandemic of COVID19 which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first described in China as an unexplained pneumonia transmitted by respiratory droplets. Gastrointestinal (GI) and liver injury associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection were reported as an early or sole disease manifestation, mainly outside China. The exact mechanism and incidence of GI and liver involvement are not well elucidated.

Main body
We conducted a PubMed search for all articles written in the English language about SARS-CoV-2 affecting the GI and liver. Following data extraction, 590 articles were selected. In addition to respiratory droplets, SARS-CoV-2 may reach the GI system through the fecal-oral route, saliva, and swallowing of nasopharyngeal fluids, while breastmilk and blood transmission were not implicated. Moreover, GI infection may act as a septic focus for viral persistence and transmission to the liver, appendix, and brain. In addition to the direct viral cytopathic effect, the mechanism of injury is multifactorial and is related to genetic and demographic variations. The most frequently reported GI symptoms are diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and bleeding. However, liver infection is generally discovered during laboratory testing or a post-mortem. Radiological imaging is the gold standard in diagnosing COVID-19 patients and contributes to understanding the mechanism of extra-thoracic involvement. Medications should be prescribed with caution, especially in chronic GI and liver patients.

Conclusion
GI manifestations are common in COVID-19 patients. Special care should be paid for high-risk patients, older males, and those with background liver disease.
PSMA Expression in Differentiated Thyroid Cancer: Association with Radioiodine, 18FDG Uptake, and Patient Outcome
Authors: Ciappuccini Renaud , Saguet-Rysanek Virginie , Giffard Florence , Licaj Idlir , Dorbeau Marine , Clarisse Bénédicte , Poulain Laurent , Bardet Stéphane 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Context
Little is known about prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) expression in patients with cervical involvement of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC).

Objective
We investigated PSMA expression in neck persistent/recurrent disease (PRD) using immunohistochemistry and the association with radioiodine (RAI) or 18-fluorodeoxyglucose (18FDG) uptake, and patient outcome.

Design, Setting, and Patients
Data from 44 consecutive DTC patients who underwent neck reoperation from 2006 to 2018 in a comprehensive cancer center.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
Immunostaining was performed with vascular endothelial marker CD31 and PSMA. PSMA expression was quantified using the immunoreactive score (IRS). RAI and 18FDG uptake were assessed before surgery using posttherapeutic RAI scintigraphy and 18FDG positron emission tomography with computed tomography. Mean follow-up after reintervention was 6.5 ± 3.7 years.

Results
Thirty patients (68%) showed at least 1 PSMA-positive lesion (IRS ≥ 2) with similar proportions in RAI-positive and RAI-negative patients (75% vs 66%). In RAI-negative patients, however, the proportion of PSMA-positive disease (79% vs 25%, P &lt; 0.01) and the mean IRS (4.0 vs 1.0, P = 0.01) were higher in 18FDG-positive than in 18FDG-negative patients. Furthermore, mean IRS was higher in patients ≥ 55 years, large primary tumors (&gt;40 mm) or aggressive subtypes, and was correlated with structural disease at last follow-up. Strong PSMA expression (IRS ≥ 9) was associated with shorter progression-free survival (PFS).

Conclusions
Our findings show that PSMA expression was present in two-thirds of patients with neck PRD, that it was related to poor prognostic factors and that very high expression was associated with poorer PFS. This preliminary study may offer new perspectives for the management of RAI-refractory DTC.
PENGARUH PEMBERIAN AJUVAN ASAM FOLAT TERHADAP FUNGSI PERSONAL DAN SOSIAL PASIEN SKIZOFRENIA KRONIK
Authors: Suprapti Rini , Fitrikasari Alifiati , Pudjo Rihadini , Asikin Hang Gunawan , Noerhidajati Elly 
Published: July 2021

Latar Belakang : Hasil pengobatan skizofenia menunjukkan sebanyak 85% mengalami penurunan fungsi. Remisi klinis tidak selalu mengarah pada pemulihan fungsi. Defisiensi folat diidentifikasi sebagai salah satu faktor risiko skizofrenia.Tujuan : Mengetahui manfaat ajuvan asam folat dalam memperbaiki fungsi personal dan sosial pasien skizofrenia kronis.Metode : Penelitian eksperimental dengan desain double blind – randomized controlled trial, pre post test design. Semua subjek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi diambil menurut waktu (consecutive sampling), kemudian secara blok random dikelompokkan dalam kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol. Perlakuan dengan ajuvan asam folat 2 mg / hari selama 4 minggu. Kelompok kontrol mendapatkan anti psikotik dengan plasebo. Anti psikotik yang digunakan tidak sama. PSP diukur sebelum dan sesudah perlakuan. Instrumen penelitian menggunakan kuesioner sosiodemografi dan kuesioner wawancara terstruktur Personal and Social Performance Scale versi Indonesia.Hasil : Terdapat 66 subjek yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi, 2 diantaranya Drop Out karena kejang dan SNM. Uji komparatif karakteristik demografik kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol tidak ada perbedaan bermakna. Terdapat peningkatan skor PSP yang bermakna secara statistik p <0,01 di kedua kelompok dengan peningkatan skor PSP kelompok perlakuan lebih tinggi (p = 0,029).Simpulan : Ajuvan asam folat memperbaiki fungsi sosial dan personal pasien skizofrenia kronis.