bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurship and Innovation of Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises in China
Authors: Chen Jin , Wang Liying 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The long-term gradual recovery of the world economy has provided a good international environment for entrepreneurship and innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). With the continuous deepening of reforms and policies such as “Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation” and “Internet Plus,” unprecedented policy dividends have benefited SMEs’ entrepreneurship and innovation. In particular, the new round of opening up, led by “The Belt and Road” construction, will stimulate more external demand, which will provide good opportunities for the development of SMEs. With the current weak foundation for the recovery of the world economy, there are still many uncertainties. The problem of insufficient and imbalanced domestic economic development is still outstanding, and economic development still faces many difficulties and challenges. Overall, the international and domestic environment faced by China’s SMEs is improving.
System Reform, Competition, and Innovation in China
Authors: Zhang Weiying 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
China’s economic reform and openness have promoted innovation through intensifying competition. A cross-regional analysis shows that innovations in terms of research and development intensity, patents, and sales of new products are all positively and significantly correlated with the degree of marketization, share of private ownership, and foreign investments. However, China is far away from an innovative economy. The high growth of the past four decades is mainly a result of improvement in allocative efficiency driven by entrepreneurial arbitrage. As the potential of pure allocative efficiency is exhausting, future growth will be more and more dependent on entrepreneurial innovation. For Chinese entrepreneurs to be really innovative and for China to be a real innovative country, abolishing the dominance of the state sector and putting the government under law are urgently called for.
The Role of Clusters in the Development of Innovation Capabilities in China
Authors: Li Tuoyu , Wei Jiang 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Industrial clusters have long been recognized as important elements of an innovation system and are very prevalent in China. While they can be important forces for development, they do not always contribute to innovative results. This chapter will look specifically at the development of clusters in China, the forces facilitating their success and their contribution to the economy, and the long-term enhancement of innovation capability. By presenting a conceptual framework combining determinants and elements of a cluster innovation system, this chapter aims to contribute to the theoretical construct in order to capture the main features and relationships of a cluster innovation system.
China’s Science-Based Innovation and Technology Transfer in the Global Context
Authors: Li Jizhen , Yin Ximing , Shen Subrina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Science-based innovation in universities and diffusion through university-industry linkages are the keys to strengthening national innovation capability, especially for emerging markets. This chapter provides a critical overview of China’s innovation and technology transfer between the university and industry in the context of globalization and the new industrial revolution. By doing this, the chapter attempts to provide critical insights for relevant stakeholders—whether they be researchers, innovators, entrepreneurs, government officials, investors, or international organizations—in China’s development, innovation, and technology transfer. The chapter illustrates three aspects related to China’s innovation and technology transfer in comparison with other major players in the field. Then it further analyzes the drivers and challenges of China’s science-based innovation and university technology transfer for understanding the future of China’s innovation and technology transfer.
Science Parks and High-Tech Zones
Authors: Walcott Susan M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Science parks were envisioned as an economic development institution from their inception, designed to provide employment that is particularly geared toward a highly educated labor force. Funds generally come from government sources at the early stage. The intention of science park development is to jump-start businesses that could benefit from research generated by a nearby university or research institution. This chapter reviews the development of science parks and high-technology zones in China with a focus on their impact on regional and national innovation. Discussion includes the industrial and technological focus of such zones, the relevance of specialization, and issues of effective implementation.
China’s International Migration: Status and Characteristics
Authors: Wang Huiyao 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of China’s role in global migration flows, as both one of the largest sources of international migrants and an increasingly popular destination for work, travel, or study. The chapter reviews key trends related to China’s outbound and inbound migration, including geographical distribution, citizenship and visa issues, employment, and other forms of migration. It also summarizes relevant policy and institutional developments, including the recent creation of China’s National Immigration Administration. Finally, the chapter outlines a series of measures to improve migration governance, raise global talent competitiveness, and enhance international cooperation on migration. It is proposed that China play a larger international role in this field and promote a more person-centered approach to global migration governance.
Chinese Outward Foreign Direct Investments and Innovation
Authors: Amendolagine Vito , Fu Xiaolan , Rabellotti Roberta 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Pursuing the “Go Global” strategy launched in 1999, China has recently become one of the major outbound investors worldwide. In the first stage, Chinese outward foreign direct investments (OFDIs) were directed to developing countries, mainly driven by resource-seeking motives; afterward, they started targeting advanced economies, searching for new markets and new technologies. This chapter provides some descriptive evidence of dynamic trends and spatial/sectoral distribution of the Chinese OFDIs that are more likely to affect investors’ innovation capabilities: greenfield investments in research and development activities and cross-border acquisitions of medium-high-tech companies located in technologically advanced countries. Moreover, it discusses the impact of such OFDIs by providing a critical review of the existing literature about the moderating factors that enhance the chances of positive outcomes and the learning mechanisms though which investors source new knowledge from foreign subsidiaries. It concludes with suggestions for future research.
International Innovation Collaboration in China
Authors: Chen Kaihua , Feng Ze , Fu Xiaolan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
At present, China is in the critical period of economic growth transformation and structural adjustment. Strengthening international innovation cooperation is becoming extremely important. However, there are distinctive characteristics of international innovation collaboration that differ from domestic research collaboration, so that international innovation collaboration meets more challenges compared with other kinds of research collaboration. This chapter attempts to analyze China’s international innovation cooperation from a more macro level. Combining theory with practice, the chapter analyzes the necessity of international innovation cooperation, China’s practice and experience, and the status quo of China’s international cooperation. The chapter provides suggestions for solving the problems existing in the present stage. It also collates and forecasts the future research areas of international innovation cooperation.
The Puzzle of the Underdog’s Victory
Authors: Li Peter Ping , Zhou Shihao , Yang Monsol Zhengyin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Traditionally, Chinese companies have been viewed as underdogs in global competition, but many Chinese latecomers have actually caught up and become major players in the global market in the past decade. This begs the question about this puzzle. Based on the authors’ case evidence, the central theme of this chapter is that many successful corporate underdogs share a pattern with two salient features. First, these firms tend to have stretch goals, that is, seemingly impossible goals given their available capabilities. Second, such firms tend to behave in a way similar to the notion of bricolage in terms of “making do by applying combinations of the resources at hand to new problems and opportunities.” By focusing on the question of how stretch goals and exploratory bricolage work together in the context of China, this chapter identifies the bricolage pattern with both theoretical and practical implications for both scholars and practitioners within and beyond China.
Facing the Future of China’s Science and Technology Development
Authors: Pan Jiaofeng , Chen Guanghua , Lu Xiao 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
China’s scientific and technological strength is in a critical period of transition, from quantitative accumulation to a qualitative leap, and from point breakthroughs to system-wide capacity improvement. China has formulated the “Three-Step” strategic goal of scientific and technological innovation leadership. This chapter introduces eight socioeconomic foundations and strategic systems for supporting China’s science and technology innovation. These are sustainable energy and resources, advanced materials and intelligent green manufacturing, ubiquitous information network, ecologically high-value agriculture and bioindustry, universal healthcare, ecological and environmental conservation and development, space and ocean, and national and public security. China is committed to promoting the modernization of science and technology governance capabilities, improving the science and technology decision-making consultation mechanism, re-engineering the science and technology plan management system, optimizing scientific research projects and funding systems, promoting the open sharing of scientific and technological resources, and creating a deeply integrated open innovation environment.
Conclusion
Authors: Fu Xiaolan , McKern Bruce , Chen Jin , Yin Ximing 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Handbook of China Innovation, through the contributions of more than sixty leading scholars in the field of China innovation and development studies, attempts to provide a contemporary, authoritative, and critical assessment of the current state of knowledge on the topic of innovation in China. This concluding section, summarizes the main findings of this Handbook, based on the insights from each of the chapters and addresses the question of whether China will become a global innovation superpower. It considers China’s past, present, and future innovation prospects from the perspectives of macroeconomic policy, institutions, microeconomic policies, and managerial initiatives, considering the roles played by both the state and the private sectors and by both domestic and international actors.
China’s Science and Technology Progress through the Lens of Patenting
Authors: Jefferson Gary H. , Jiang Renai 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses China’s science and technology (S&T) progress through the lens of the patenting literature in the context of China. In particular, after presenting an overview of China’s patent production over the past twenty-five years, it investigates the following questions: What accounts for China’s patent surge? What are the implications of the surge for patent quality? Does the nature of the patenting reveal China’s S&T direction and comparative advantage? How has the international sector affected China’s patent production? What has been the role of the government—the central, provincial, and local governments—in shaping patent production? And finally, how heterogeneous is China’s regional patent production; are patenting capabilities diffusing across China?
Hedge Funds and Herding Behavior
Authors: Kellard Neil M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines whether hedge funds herd, how this herding occurs, and any potential market wide effects. Bringing together the mainstream finance literature and that from a more management and sociological perspective, it is shown that hedge funds herd, although there is some evidence this is less than other large institutional investors. Mechanistically, such consensus trades occur because hedge firms communicate within tight knit clusters of trusted and smart managers, who share and analyze trading positions together. This industry structure is a function of the hyper decision-making environment faced by hedge fund managers, coupled with a desire for legitimization and to maintain reputation. Finally, note that hedge fund herding can have market wide effects either directly via network risk and indirectly, as follower institutional investors amplify hedge fund trading patterns.
A Review of Hedge Fund Activism: Impact on Shareholders vs. Stakeholders
Authors: Aslan Hadiye 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the growing empirical literature on shareholder activism by hedge funds, summarizing the sources and nature of the activist data and examining the evidence on target firm outcomes. Target firms do not exist in a vacuum, however; they have industry competitors, suppliers, customers, debtholders, and employees. Hedge fund activists often demand a reformulation of the target firm’s product market strategy to enhance its ability to earn inframarginal profits. This positive strategic effect may be especially significant for target firms that are economically distressed and facing predatory moves from deep-pocketed rival firms to induce exit. The putative significant effects of hedge fund activism on targets should generate spillover effects on their stakeholders. The chapter considers these spillover effects in a number of well-defined categories: industry rivals, customers, suppliers, debtholders, and employees.
The Lost Decade for Hedge Funds: Three Threats
Authors: McCahery Joseph A. , de Roode F. Alexander 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The last decade has challenged the paradigm of the hedge fund industry as a unique performer. In this chapter three main factors are identified that have affected the operation of hedge funds: competition from mutual funds, the market environment, and tighter regulation. Recent trends in the financial industry have moved asset managers closer to hedge funds by introducing similar underlying strategies, such as liquid alternative funds, to directly compete with hedge funds. Such strategies can achieve performance similar to that of hedge funds, thus introducing more competition for hedge funds. Moreover, it is shown that several hedge fund styles that have traditionally worked well in crisis times—even in the last decade—are also strategies that can be replicated by liquid alternatives. Together with tighter regulation and a strong market environment, these developments continue to put pressure on the hedge fund industry. The chapter’s empirical findings add to the existing debate on the performance of hedge funds and the direct competition from liquid alternatives.
Tissue-specific transcriptomics reveal functional differences in floral development
Authors: Yang Hailong , Nukunya Kate , Ding Queying , Thompson Beth E 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Flowers are produced by floral meristems, groups of stem cells that give rise to floral organs. In grasses, including the major cereal crops, flowers (florets) are contained in spikelets, which contain one to many florets, depending on the species. Importantly, not all grass florets are developmentally equivalent, and one or more florets are often sterile or abort in each spikelet. Members of the Andropogoneae tribe, including maize (Zea mays), produce spikelets with two florets; the upper and lower florets are usually dimorphic, and the lower floret is greatly reduced compared to the upper floret. In maize ears, early development appears identical in both florets but the lower floret ultimately aborts. To gain insight into the functional differences between florets with different fates, we used laser capture microdissection coupled with RNA-sequencing to globally examine gene expression in upper and lower floral meristems in maize. Differentially expressed genes were involved in hormone regulation, cell wall, sugar, and energy homeostasis. Furthermore, cell wall modifications and sugar accumulation differed between the upper and lower florets. Finally, we identified a boundary domain between upper and lower florets, which we hypothesize is important for floral meristem activity. We propose a model in which growth is suppressed in the lower floret by limiting sugar availability and upregulating genes involved in growth repression. This growth repression module may also regulate floret fertility in other grasses and potentially be modulated to engineer more productive cereal crops.
Measuring the derivative using surfaces
Authors: Wangberg Aaron , Gire Elizabeth , Dray Tevian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Students need a robust understanding of the derivative for upper-division mathematics and science courses, including thinking about derivatives as ratios of small changes in multivariable and vector contexts. In Raising Calculus to the Surface activities, multivariable calculus students collaboratively discover properties of derivatives by using tangible tools to solve context-rich problems. In this paper, we present examples of student reasoning about derivatives during the first of a sequence of three Raising Calculus activities. In this sequence, students work collaboratively on dry-erasable surfaces (tangible graphs of functions of two variables) using an inclinometer, a tool that can measure derivatives in any direction on the surfaces, to invent procedures to determine derivatives in any direction. Since students are not given algebraic expressions for the underlying functions, they must coordinate conceptual and geometric notions of derivatives, building on their understandings from introductory differential calculus. We discuss examples of student reasoning that demonstrate how the activity supports student realization of the need to define a path, attend to direction and the orientation of the coordinate axes and recognize covariation between related quantities. This first activity enables students to initially recognize the ratio of small changes approach to derivatives. We briefly describe how students utilize the ratio of small changes approach in subsequent activities as they measure partial derivatives on surfaces (using an inclinometer) and on contour maps.
Pragmatic Approach to Neuraxial Anesthesia in Obstetric Patients With Disorders of the Vertebral Column, Spinal Cord, and Neuromuscular System
Authors: Walsh E. , Zhang Yi. , Madden H. , Lehrich J. , Leffert L. 
Published: November 2021

(Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2021;46:258–267)
Approximately 40% of women of childbearing age are affected by vertebral column, spinal cord, and neuromuscular system disorders and conditions, raising questions about neuraxial anesthesia safety and efficacy for labor analgesia and obstetric surgical anesthesia. As research regarding how to approach neuraxial anesthesia during care is limited, the aim of this review is to familiarize anesthesiologists with anatomy, present available data, and empower physicians to use a pragmatic approach to neuraxial anesthesia.
Regional Anesthesia for Labor, Operative Vaginal Delivery and Cesarean Delivery: A Narrative Review
Authors: Sultan P. , Sultan E. , Carvalho B. 
Published: November 2021

(Anaesthesia. 2021;76(suppl 1):136–147)
Intrapartum and postpartum pain management is important to recovery from childbirth regardless of mode of delivery. While multimodal analgesia is often the first choice in cesarean delivery (CD), it may not always be suitable for all patients. As the availability of ultrasound grows, regional anesthesia may play a larger role in obstetric anesthesia. This narrative review aims to describe the current clinical applicability of regional nerve blocks for intrapartum analgesia for and recovery following CD. When possible, intrapartum nerve blocks are compared with placebo, systemic opioids and neuraxial techniques. Comparisons are made in terms of opioid consumption, pain scores, time to first analgesic use, quality of recovery scores, and incidence of adverse events.
COVID-19 and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: An N95 Respirator Mask May not be Adequate
Authors: Wong P. , Ong S.G. , Lim W.Y. 
Published: November 2021

(Br J Anaesth. 2020;125:e319–e322. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2020.05.008. PMID: 32425209)
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has a 3.1% fatality rate and is spread primarily through droplets and contact. Anesthetists working in hospitals may perform procedures and provide care involving the respiratory system [eg, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), airway management, intubation, chest compression, and face mask ventilation], which increases their risk of viral infection and death. To help mitigate these adverse outcomes, the European Resuscitation Council has prioritized staff safety and recommends that personal protective equipment (PPE) is worn by rescuers performing CPR. The minimum PPE recommendation includes a respirator mask (FFP2 or N95 respirator mask if FFP3 is not available).
Storage Conditions of Oxytocin in a Tropical Climate in a Low-income Country
Authors: de Vries E.L. , van Tetering A.A.C. , van der Hout M.B. , Derijks L.J.J. , Sseguya S.P. , Namagembe . , Byamugisha J. , Oei S.G. 
Published: November 2021

(Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021;154:44–48. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.13505)
As postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) has severe maternal outcomes and accounts for almost 20% of maternal deaths in low-income countries, decreasing the risk of PPH is critical. One way to help prevent the incidence of PPH is administering oxytocin immediately following delivery and repeating the dose as needed. Oxytocin degrades at increased temperatures, so storing it at temperatures between (2 and 8°C) is recommended, yet optimal storage conditions can be difficult in tropical, low-income countries. This study aims to establish oxytocin storage conditions in a tropical climate within a low-income country.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea is Associated With Adverse Maternal Outcomes Using a United States Multistate Database Cohort, 2007-2014
Authors: Lui B. , Burey L. , Ma X. , Kjaer K. , Abramovitz S.E. , White R.S. 
Published: November 2021

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2021;45:74–82)
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) often goes undiagnosed in reproductive-age women, affecting approximately one in ten. Due to physiological changes during pregnancy, OSA may begin or be worsened in the peripartum period. OSA is associated with higher risk of adverse events including postoperative hypoxemia and intensive care unit transfer. While some studies have linked OSA to adverse maternal outcomes, findings have been inconsistent and larger studies are needed. This study aimed to explore the association between OSA and maternal outcomes using a large US cohort.