bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Paradoxes of Quo vadis
Authors: Axer Jerzy 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Both the manner in which Sienkiewicz constructed his vision of ancient Rome and the way it affected contemporary readers appear paradoxical. This chapter presents four examples of these contradictions. The topographical vision of the Eternal City constructed in the novel reflects the perception of a pilgrim tourist visiting it in the late nineteenth century; nevertheless that vision restored the sense of connection held by native Italians with the tradition of Urbs Roma. The characters endowed in the novel with the greatest freedom of movement belong to Sienkiewicz’s world rather than to classical antiquity. As for the historical characters, they are passive and essentially form part of the novel’s mock-up of Neronian Rome. The book turned out to be very attractive to European readers, giving them an impression of genuine contact with their Roman heritage. Yet this effect was achieved by an author who drew upon the tradition of a Latinity imported into Poland and who, in addition, gave a central place to the motif of a Slavic martyr evangelizing her Roman oppressors. Readers who were completely unaware of the slogan ‘Poland, the Christ of Nations’, and understood nothing of the book’s patriotic codes, could nonetheless feel the authenticity of the author’s experience of something that can be called a ‘totalitarian system’. In this way, thanks to a Polish writer, European readers were given a vivid and impressive vision of Nero’s time, told from the point of view of the weak and oppressed. It was a historical and religious vision that seemed more believable than anything the writers of the West could offer them.
Sienkiewicz and the Topography of Ancient Rome
Authors: Ziółkowski Adam 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Sienkiewicz, who in Quo vadis strove to render as accurately as possible the topography of ancient Rome—knowledge of which was increasing dramatically thanks to archaeological finds, especially in the catacombs investigated from 1842 by Giovanni Battista De Rossi—as a rule did not disclose his modern authorities. The only glimpse at the novel’s eruditional aspect is his retort to a charge, repeated in the Polish weekly Słowo after unnamed Roman archaeologists, of having committed an anachronism locating St Peter’s first teaching in Ostrianum, the cemetery founded in the third century, in which he emphasized that some leading Roman archaeologists date it to the first century. Neither party realized that they had different cemeteries in mind. Sienkiewicz’s critic thought that he followed De Rossi’s universally accepted identification of Ostrianum with Coemeterium Maius on Via Nomentana, founded in the third century; yet Sienkiewicz surely identified it with the newly discovered ‘hypogeum of the Acilii’ in the Cemetery of Priscilla on Via Salaria, seemingly datable to the late first century. From whom did he get this identification if its acknowledged author, Orazio Marucchi, five years after the novel’s publication still identified Ostrianum with Coemeterium Maius and was unaware that Sienkiewicz located it in the Cemetery of Priscilla? This chapter tries to find out who may have been Sienkiewicz’s informant and why the location of Ostrianum figuring in Quo vadis published in 1896 was first proposed in a scholarly publication only in 1901, by the archaeologist who a few months before had still held the rival view.
Costumes in Henryk Sienkiewicz’s Quo vadis and their Literary and Painterly Sources
Authors: Skwara Ewa 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Sienkiewicz had to dress the characters of Quo vadis in period garments. Their descriptions rarely appear, but they are highly suggestive of how the author understood ancient Rome and tried to recreate it in his work. Sienkiewicz gives detailed descriptions of costumes only when they concern the most important figures in his novel, or if clothing plays an important role in the plot. The rest of the protagonists are treated as collective characters whose clothing is identified only in terms of togas, stolae, or the robes of the poor. Beside the ubiquitous tunic, other Latin names of clothing primarily indicate the status of characters or are mentioned when Sienkiewicz uses clothes to disguise them. In those cases, the ubiquitous tunic receives an adjectival descriptor of colour or shade, which in the world of Quo vadis has a differentiating function. The names of the characters’ outfits have their origins in Roman literature. The terms introduced in the novel allow for an easy recreation of the author’s reading list, which consists of the basic works of a classical education—Cicero, Suetonius, Plutarch, Pliny, Horace, Propertius, Juvenal, Martial. Sometimes Sienkiewicz mixes his classical terminology with those of ecclesiastical Latin, creating an unintendedly humorous effect. However, the writer’s use of costume colour seems to have been inspired by the paintings of Lawrence Alma-Tadema and Henryk Siemiradzki. This chapter will explore the very close relationship between text and paintings, and utilizes Sienkiewicz’s colour coding to pinpoint some of the images on which he drew.
Comparing the Reception of Quo vadis and Ben-Hur in the United States, 1896–1913
Authors: Solomon Jon 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Shortly after the Boston publisher Little, Brown and Company issued Jeremiah Curtin’s English translation of Henryk Sienkiewicz’s novel Quo Vadis: A Tale of the Time of Nero, it was soon compared in American newspapers to Lew Wallace’s novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ. The plot of Wallace’s novel, published in 1880 and by 1896 the most commercially successful American novel of its generation, concluded before the reign of Nero, so Sienkiewicz’s novel was widely perceived as a chronological sequel or historical comparandum to Ben-Hur. Comparisons ranged from publication announcements to advertising to literary analyses in contemporary newspapers. Similarly, when large-budget dramatic adaptations of both Quo Vadis and Ben-Hur were in development and production during the first decade of the twentieth century, there was a perceived head-to-head competition. This chapter reviews the contrasting backgrounds of the authors—Wallace being an American evangelical, Sienkiewicz a Polish Catholic—and the parallel successes of Quo Vadis and Ben-Hur during this period (mostly before the American premier of Guazzoni’s film) in the arenas of literature, drama, film, and business commerce. Its source material consists mostly of reviews, advertising, and analyses published in contemporary American newspapers.
Introduction
Authors: Gathii James Thuo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This Introduction summarizes the book’s major arguments. The central claim is that Africa’s international courts have important impacts that have so far been underemphasized or entirely ignored. The chapters show that litigation in Africa’s international courts is part of a broader strategy to pursue the agenda of interest groups, litigants, and opposition political parties and politicians. The book shows that by bringing a domestic political dispute to an international court, litigants internationalize their dispute. In so doing, they mobilize law and capitalize on the litigation process to advance and promote their commitment to their ideals and immediate goals. These actors use the opportunity to enforce treaty commitments relating to human rights, the rule of law, and democracy to mobilize against those in control of dominant and authoritarian party regimes and to seek public support. The chapters therefore put the users of Africa’s international courts and their broader strategies at the center of the analysis. In addition, this book takes scholarship on Africa’s international courts a step further through in-depth case studies of how litigation in these international courts impacts political, legal, and social mobilization. It delves into the messy world of legal and political mobilization and the organizational choices made by activists, litigants, and opposition parties who bring litigation before these international courts. The book complements the attention to legal and doctrinal questions as well as the challenges of compliance with decisions of these courts that the first generation of scholarship on Africa’s international courts emphasized.
Sub-Regional Courts as Transitional Justice Mechanisms
Authors: Heinrich Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines cases in the East African Court of Justice (EACJ) arising from the protracted and systemic abuses of human rights in Burundi. It argues that the EACJ’s role in accepting and deciding cases arises in large part from the ongoing conflict and authoritarian governance in Burundi and the absence of transitional justice mechanisms. In so doing, this chapter dovetails with other chapters in this book that show how litigants resort to Africa’s sub-regional courts when national institutions perform sub-optimally in addressing their needs. The cases from Burundi are exceptional examples of resorting to Africa’s sub-regional courts. The EACJ is a powerful transitional justice mechanism by providing a forum for truth and attention to be brought to issues arising from Burundi’s ongoing conflict and authoritarian governance. This chapter also demonstrates how these cases have been used to galvanize resistance outside of Burundi against continued authoritarian rule in Burundi.
Africa’s Sub-Regional Courts as Back-Up Custodians of Constitutional Justice
Authors: Ebobrah Solomon T. , Lando Victor 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that Africa’s international courts are involved in a new supranational constitutionalism that is anchored outside national constitutions. The value of Africa’s international courts, the chapter argues, lies more in their potential to promote constitutional justice in the long term through direct and indirect impact than in delivering individual justice in the short term. The chapter focuses on two courts: the East African Court of Justice (EACJ) and the Community Court of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS Court). The chapter argues that the EACJ has mainly acted as a declaratory human rights court while the ECOWAS Court has operated as a protective (executory) human rights court. The authors argue using cases from the EACJ and the ECOWAS Court that international law as produced in the judgments of international courts can be, and are useful even in the absence of clear compliance. In doing so, the chapter presents the following four roles of sub-regional courts in Africa: flagging violations and acting as early warning systems, expanding the normative and institutional scope and protection of human rights, progressing norm development, and setting the boundaries of acceptable behavior. By emphasizing these roles, the chapter shows that even in the face of apparently low levels of judgment compliance, the impacts of litigation activities before those courts contributes to what it terms constitutional justice.
Backlash Against International Courts in West, East, and Southern Africa
Authors: Alter Karen J. , Gathii James Thuo , Helfer Laurence R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses three credible attempts by African governments to restrict the jurisdiction of three similarly situated sub-regional courts in response to politically controversial rulings. In West Africa, when the Court of the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) upheld allegations of torture by opposition journalists in Gambia, that country’s political leaders sought to restrict the Court’s power to review human rights complaints. The other Member States ultimately defeated Gambia’s proposal. In East Africa, Kenya failed in its efforts to eliminate the East African Court of Justice (EACJ) and to remove some of its judges after a decision challenging an election to a sub-regional legislature. However, the Member States agreed to restructure the EACJ in ways that have significantly affected the Court’s subsequent trajectory. In Southern Africa, after the Southern African Development Community (SADC) Tribunal ruled in favor of white farmers in disputes over land seizures, Zimbabwe prevailed upon SADC Member States to suspend the Tribunal and strip its power to review complaints from private litigants. Variations in the mobilization efforts of community secretariats, civil society groups, and sub-regional parliaments explain why efforts to eliminate the three courts or narrow their jurisdiction were defeated in ECOWAS, scaled back in the EACJ and largely succeeded in the SADC.
A Mind Over Matter
Authors: Zangwill Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Philip W. Anderson (1923–2020) is widely regarded as one of the most accomplished and influential physicists of the second half of the twentieth century. Educated at Harvard, he served during World War II as a radar engineer, and began a thirty-five year career at Bell Laboratories in 1949. He was soon recognized as one of the pre-eminent theoretical physicists in the world, specializing in understanding the collective behavior of the vast number of atoms and electrons in a sample of solid matter. He won a one-third share of the 1977 Nobel Prize for Physics for his discovery of a phenomenon common to all waves in disordered matter called Anderson localization and the development of the Anderson impurity model to study magnetism. At Cambridge and Princeton Universities, Anderson led the way in transforming solid-state physics into the deep, subtle, and coherent discipline known today as condensed matter physics. He developed the concepts of broken symmetry and emergence and championed the concept of complexity as an organizing principle to attack difficult problems inside and outside physics. In 1971, Anderson was the first scientist to challenge the claim of high-energy particle physicists that their work was the most deserving of federal funding. Later, he testified before Congress opposing the Superconducting Super Collider particle accelerator. Anderson was a dominant figure in his field for almost fifty years. At an age when most scientists think about retirement, he made a brilliant contribution to many-electron theory and applied it to a novel class of high-temperature superconductors.
Introduction
Authors: Zangwill Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Anderson’s career and contrasts his speciality, the physics of the very many (solid-state physics), with the areas of physics that tend to appear in popular media—the physics of the very small (particle physics) and the physics of the very distant (astrophysics and cosmology). It compares Anderson’s physics skills to those of a chess grandmaster. The number of pieces (atoms and electrons) is so large that merely knowing the microscopic rules of the game is not enough to gain real understanding. There is a focus on the big ideas Anderson brought to the table—symmetry breaking, emergence, and complexity—and also his great interest in the cultural and political aspects of physics. The goal of the book is to help readers understand the magician-like skills Anderson brought to theoretical physics and the effect these had on his students, coworkers, community, and on scientific enterprise.
A Solid Beginning
Authors: Zangwill Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Anderson chooses a job at Washington State College over a boring-sounding job at Westinghouse. Van Vleck intervenes to arrange an interview with William Shockley at Bell Telephone Laboratories. Anderson declines Washington and accepts a job offer from Shockley in 1949. A short history of Bell Labs follows, including the creation of a Solid-State Physics group after the war to, among other things, seek a replacement for vacuum tubes. A short description of solid-state physics follows. The team of Shockley, John Bardeen, and William Brattain invent the transistor and Shockley alienates everyone. Shockley tells Anderson to work on ferroelectric materials. Anderson dislikes the work but is personally impressed by Shockley as a physicist.
Disorderly Conduct
Authors: Zangwill Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Van Vleck taught his students to follow the data and build simple models to explain that data. Anderson followed this advice when he assumed Charlie Kittel’s old role as the “house theorist” who helped the Bell Labs experimenters working in the field of magnetism. One of these experimenters—George Feher—used magnetic resonance to study silicon crystals “doped” with impurity atoms and found evidence that the wave functions of the extra electrons contributed by the impurity atoms possessed wave functions that were localized in space rather than delocalized. This contradicted the standard theory of electron energy states in semiconductors which predicted that all electron states should be delocalized, even if the impurity atoms were distributed randomly throughout the silicon crystal.
Law in Disorder
Authors: Zangwill Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A formal request by the theorists produces a stand-alone Solid-State Theory Group at Bell Labs. A summer visitor program leads several visiting theorists to conclude that localization occurred in Feher’s samples due to an electrostatic mechanism suggested by Nevill Mott. Anderson develops a theory for localization where the disorder in the positions of the dopants plays a crucial role. Mott champions Anderson’s theory and the Nobel Committee cites it when Anderson wins a share of the 1977 Nobel Prize with Mott and John Van Vleck. David Thouless re-ignites Anderson’s interest in localization and he leads the Gang of Four to develop a novel scaling theory of localization.
The Cantabrigian
Authors: Zangwill Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Anderson spends a sabbatical year at the University of Cambridge. He informs graduate student Brian Josephson about spontaneous symmetry breaking in superconductors and Josephson discovers the effects that bear his name and won him a share of a Nobel Prize. Anderson works in this area and pursues analogies to superfluid helium four. He uses an analogy to his work on superconductivity to suggest a mechanism for mass generation for elementary particles. Peter Higgs generalizes Anderson’s idea and later wins a Nobel Prize for doing so. Anderson spends eight years as a half-time professor at the University of Cambridge. He leads the way to transform solid-state physics into condensed matter physics and does important work on superfluid helium three. He and Joyce buy a vacation home in Port Isaac, Cornwall.
From Emergence to Complexity
Authors: Zangwill Andrew 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Anderson was one of the first scientists to publicly challenge the claim by particle physicists that they deserved the lion’s share of federal funds for accelerators because their work was the most ‘fundamental’. Anderson’s 1972 article “More is Different” challenged this idea and led to the idea of ‘emergence’ as a deep principle of Nature. He and Sam Edwards introduced a model for spin glass behavior and this activity dovetailed with his involvement in helping George Cowan, Murray Gell-Mann, Ken Arrow, and others create the Santa Fe Institute as a venue where complexity was celebrated as an organizing principle to solve difficult many-agent problems.
Experience and Possibility
Authors: Mendola Joseph 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This book is concerned with the ontology of the things that we experience, especially in regard to its modal features. Ontology studies the basic categories of beings, including particulars like chairs, properties like being yellow, and relations like being on. But this book focuses specifically on the ontology of the ordinary objects that our sensory experience seems to reveal, for instance blue cars and green trees. It investigates the colors, shapes, and other concrete properties these familiar objects present in experience, their spatial relations, and whatever beyond their concrete properties and relations is required to constitute them as the specific objects that they seem to be. But there is also another aspect of this topic: modality. Modality concerns what is possible and what is necessary, what could be and what must be. The central novelty of the book is an intense focus on the modal aspect of these experienced particulars and properties, and what it can tell us about modality in general. The proper understanding of such properties and relations and such forms of particularity has many implications regarding what is and is not possible. The reality of these sorts of properties, relations, and particularity would involve in surprising ways not merely what would be hence actual but what would be merely possible. And these phenomena support a novel general conception of modality, of the possible and the necessary, according to which the actual and the possible are locally entwined and involve different types of being.
Partnership as Organisational Law
Authors: Televantos Andreas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows how partnership was able to function as organisational law, in effectively allowing the assets dedicated to the concern to be used primarily for its purposes, but also highlight the fragility of this ‘ringfencing’ effect. The assets settled for the purpose of the business are treated as separate from the assets of the shareholders, and so ‘bonded’ to the business, its disponees, and its creditors, rather than the shareholders. The focus of this chapter is on the extent to which Regency era legal rules allowed asset partitioning of this type, and so allowed what we would today regard as commercially efficient forms of trading. In the Regency era, commercial parties could not usually incorporate, and a sole trader would simply be liable in the same way for any debts he contracted. The chapter also asks whether traders regarded the law of partnership as sufficient to meet their needs, in light of the limitations of its asset partitioning rules.
Ostensible Authority and the Ordinary Course of Business
Authors: Televantos Andreas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter takes a look at cases where a partner, or agent, of a business fraudulently acted for their own benefit, whilst purporting to act on behalf of their trade. It looks at how partners and agents would bind business assets when they were authorised to act or appeared to be acting in the ‘ordinary course of business’. This is because courts determined the effect of unauthorised transactions entered into by agents and partners by looking at the comparative fault of people who became unwittingly involved in a fraudulent transaction. The analysis here has roots in the political economic ideas that reckless trading was responsible for destabilising economy but developed in the court's own precedents to focus on whether the fraudulent party's actions would have appeared suspicious to a reasonable commercial party. It had the side effect of upholding transactions which occurred in the ordinary course of business — in that sense it was commercial efficient and facilitated trade.
The Authority of Trustees and Executors
Authors: Televantos Andreas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the doctrines governing the authority of trustees and executors. It also looks at the extent to which they could bond the assets they managed where they had no authority to do so under the express or implied terms of the trust or will. As in other areas, the courts of equity and law were concerned to protect innocent purchasers by upholding transactions which appeared to take place in the ordinary course of business, and so to facilitate trade. However, in these cases the courts had to balance that concern with a desire to ensure that trusts and wills could continue to play their respective social functions. There was also a recognition that testators and beneficiaries were not responsible for creating the risk of the unauthorised disposition in the same way as partners and principals.