bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expiring Eviction Moratoriums and COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality
Authors: Leifheit Kathryn M , Linton Sabriya L , Raifman Julia , Schwartz Gabriel L , Benfer Emily A , Zimmerman Frederick J , Pollack Craig Evan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and associated economic crisis have placed millions of US households at risk of eviction. Evictions may accelerate COVID-19 transmission by decreasing individuals’ ability to socially distance. We leveraged variation in the expiration of eviction moratoriums in US states to test for associations between evictions and COVID-19 incidence and mortality. The study included 44 US states that instituted eviction moratoriums, followed from March 13 to September 3, 2020. We modeled associations using a difference-in-difference approach with an event-study specification. Negative binomial regression models of cases and deaths included fixed effects for state and week and controlled for time-varying indicators of testing, stay-at-home orders, school closures, and mask mandates. COVID-19 incidence and mortality increased steadily in states after eviction moratoriums expired, and expiration was associated with a doubling of COVID-19 incidence (incidence rate ratio = 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.1, 3.9) and a 5-fold increase in COVID-19 mortality (mortality rate ratio = 5.4; CI: 3.1, 9.3) 16 weeks after moratoriums lapsed. These results imply an estimated 433,700 excess cases (CI: 365,200, 502,200) and 10,700 excess deaths (CI: 8,900, 12,500) nationally by September 3, 2020. The expiration of eviction moratoriums was associated with increased COVID-19 incidence and mortality, supporting the public-health rationale for eviction prevention to limit COVID-19 cases and deaths.
Assays for hyaluronidases and heparanase using nonreducing end fluorophore-labeled hyaluronan and heparan sulfate proteoglycan
Authors: Wu Zhengliang L , Ertelt James M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), such as hyaluronan (HA) and heparan sulfate (HS), are a large group of polysaccharides found in the extracellular matrix and on the cell surface. The turnover of these molecules is controlled by de novo synthesis and catabolism through specific endoglycosidases, which are the keys to our understanding of the homeostasis of GAGs and could hold opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Herein, we describe assays for endoglycosidases using nonreducing end fluorophore-labeled GAGs, in which GAGs were labeled via incorporation of GlcNAz by specific synthases and cycloaddition of alkyne fluorophores and then digested with corresponding endoglycosidases. Assays of various HA-specific hyaluronidases (HYALs), including PH-20 or SPAM1, and HS-specific heparanase (HPSE) are presented. We demonstrated the distinctive pH profiles, substrate specificities and specific activities of these enzymes and provided evidence that both HYAL3 and HYAL4 are authentic hyaluronidases. In addition, while all HYALs are active on high-molecular-weight HA, they are active on low-molecular-weight HA. Subsequently, we defined a new way of measuring the activities of HYALs. Our results indicate that the activities of HYALs must be under strict pH regulation. Our quantitative methods of measuring the activity GAG endoglycosidases could bring the opportunity of designing novel therapeutics by targeting these important enzymes.
Biology Beyond the Classroom: Experiential Learning Through Authentic Research, Design, and Community Engagement
Authors: Hansen Alexandria K , Connors Patrice , Donnelly-Hermosillo Dermot , Full Robert , Hove Alisa , Lanier Hayley , Lent David , Nation Jasmine , Tucker Kimberly Pause , Ward Jennifer , Whitenack Lisa , Zavaleta Erika 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This paper introduces the collection of manuscripts from the symposium, “Biology Beyond the Classroom: Experiential Learning through Authentic Research, Design, and Community Engagement,” presented at the 2021 annual meeting of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. The following papers showcase innovative approaches for engaging undergraduate students in experiential science learning experiences. Specifically, we focus on three high-impact practices that allow students to take their learning outside of the classroom for increased relevance and authenticity: (1) Course-Based Undergraduate Research, (2) Digital Fabrication in Makerspaces, and (3) Service or Community-based Learning Opportunities. Although each topic is unique, all provide an alternative approach to the traditional lecture and have proven effective at appealing to diverse groups of students who are traditionally underrepresented in the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics workforce.
Enumeration of Unicuspidal Curves of Any Degree and Genus on Toric Surfaces
Authors: Ganor Yaniv , Shustin Eugenii 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe enumerate complex curves on toric surfaces of any given degree and genus, having a single cusp and nodes as their singularities, and matching appropriately many point constraints. The solution is obtained via tropical enumerative geometry. The same technique applies to enumeration of real plane cuspidal curves: we show that, for any fixed $r\ge 1$ and $d\ge 2r+3$, there exists a generic real $2r$-dimensional linear family of plane curves of degree $d$ in which the number of real $r$-cuspidal curves is asymptotically comparable with the total number of complex $r$-cuspidal curves in the family, as $d\to \infty $.
Efficacy of phage therapy in pigs: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Desiree Karina , Mosimann Sabrina , Ebner Paul 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLimits on the use and efficacy of various antibiotics coupled with negative consumer perception of the practice have together spurred substantial research into compounds that could reduce the use antibiotics to control bacterial diseases in pigs. Bacteriophages are often among such potential compounds, and various groups have examined the efficacy of bacteriophages or bacteriophage products in limiting transmission or colonization of targeted bacteria. The study presented here provides a systematic review of such studies followed by a meta-analysis of aggregated data produced by each study. The data set was limited to inputs (n = 19; 576 total observations) from studies where: 1) live pigs were inoculated with a known quantity of challenge bacteria; 2) challenged animals were treated with a known quantity of phages; 3) concentrations of the challenge bacteria were measured in different tissues/fluids following phage treatment; and 4) SD (or SE to allow calculation of SD) was reported. Concentrations of challenge bacteria were significantly lower in phage-treated pigs versus challenged but untreated pigs (P &lt; 0.0001; effect size = −1.06 1log10 colony-forming units [CFU]/g). The effect size of phage treatment was significantly greater (P &lt; 0.05) in samples collected 48 to 96 h following phage treatment versus those collected ≤ 24 h following phage treatment. Likewise, effect size of phage treatment was significantly greater in piglets versus market-weight pigs. Across observations, phage treatment effect sizes were greatest (P &lt; 0.01) in fecal samples versus ileal or cecal samples. Taken together, these data indicate that phage treatment can significantly reduce the concentrations of targeted bacteria in pigs; scenarios exist, however, where phage treatment could predictably be more or less effective.
Modification of the Daily Activity Pattern of the Diurnal Triatomine Mepraia spinolai (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Induced by Trypanosoma cruzi (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae) Infection
Authors: Pérez G , Muñoz-San Martín C , Chacón F , Bacigalupo A , Cattan P E , Solís R 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Mepraia spinolai, (Porter) 1934, is a diurnal triatomine endemic to Chile and a wild vector of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, (Chagas) 1909, which causes Chagas disease. Behavioral changes in M. spinolai induced by this parasite have been reported previously, which include detection of a potential host, defecation latency, and some life history traits. In this study we assessed changes in locomotor and daily activity due to infection with T. cruzi. No difference was detected in distance traveled between infected and uninfected individuals. However, the groups differed in their daily activity patterns; infected individuals showed significant reduction of movements during the light phase and concentrated their activity in the dark phase. Uninfected individuals showed no differences in locomotor activity between the phases. The results suggest that T. cruzi induces a displacement in the activity of M. spinolai toward the dark phase of the circadian cycle, which may improve its vector competence.
Is the lack of exploration by Petrobangla hurting Bangladesh? An analysis
Authors: Siddiky Chowdhury Ishrak Ahmed 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A prolonged gas crisis has led to stagnation in Bangladesh’s manufacturing sector, which in turn has lowered the country’s GDP. Although 1000–1500 MW of installed power capacity remains idle, the government has not been able to use this redundant capacity to its advantage. To the dismay of many experts, new gas connections to meet industrial needs have been suspended for the last 8 years. This commentary explores the current exploration status of the natural gas sector in Bangladesh and concludes that the performance of various state-run companies will not be sufficient to meet the energy demands of Bangladesh’s economy.
Trauma, Teams, and Telemedicine: Evaluating Telemedicine and Teamwork in a Mass Casualty Simulation
Authors: Hughes Ashley M , Sonesh Shirley C , Mason Rachel E , Gregory Megan E , Marttos Antonio , Schulman Carl I , Salas Eduardo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Mass casualty events (MASCAL) are on the rise globally. Although natural disasters are often unavoidable, the preparation to respond to unique patient demands in MASCAL can be improved. Utilizing telemedicine can allow for a better response to such disasters by providing access to a virtual team member with necessary specialized expertise. The purpose of this study was to examine the positive and/or negative impacts of telemedicine on teamwork in teams responding to MASCAL events.

Methods
We introduced a telemedical device (DiMobile Care) to Forward Surgical Teams during a MASCAL simulated training event. We assessed teamwork-related attitudes, behaviors, and cognitions during the MASCAL scenario through pre-post surveys and observations of use. Analyses compare users and nonusers of telemedicine and pre-post training differences in teamwork.

Results
We received 50 complete responses to our surveys. Overall, clinicians have positive reactions toward the potential benefits of telemedicine; further, participants report a significant decrease in psychological safety after training, with users rating psychological safety as significantly higher than non-telemedicine users. Neither training nor telemedicine use produced significant changes in cognitive and behavioral-based teamwork. Nonetheless, participants reported perceiving that telemedicine improved leadership and adaptive care plans.

Conclusions
Telemedicine shows promise in connecting Forward Surgical Teams with nuanced surgical expertise without harming quality of care metrics (i.e., teamwork). However, we advise future iterations of DiMobile Care and other telemedical devices to consider contextual features of information flow to ensure favorable use by teams in time-intensive, high-stakes environments, such as MASCAL.
Outcomes of COVID-19-Related ARDS Patients Hospitalized in a Military Field Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Danguy des Déserts Marc , Mathais Quentin , Morvan Jean Baptiste , Rager Gwendoline , Escarment Jacques , Pasquier Pierre 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Little evidence of outcome is available on critically ill Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients hospitalized in a field hospital. Our purpose was to report outcomes of critically ill COVID-19 patients after hospitalization in a field intensive care unit (ICU), established under military tents in a civil–military collaboration.

Methods
All patients with COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) admitted to the Military Health Service Field Intensive Care Unit in Mulhouse (France) between March 24, 2020, and May 7, 2020, were included in the study. Medical history and clinical and laboratory data were collected prospectively. The institutional review board of the French Society Anesthesia and Intensive Care approved the study.

Results
Forty-seven patients were hospitalized (37 men, median age 62 [54-67] years, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score 7 [6-10] points, and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II score 39 [28-50] points) during the 45-day deployment of the field ICU. Median length of stay was 11 [6-15] days and median length of ventilation was 13 [7.5-21] days. At the end of the deployment, 25 (53%) patients went back home, 17 (37%) were still hospitalized, and 4 (9%) died. At hospital discharge, 40 (85%) patients were alive.

Conclusion
In this study, a military field ICU joined a regional civil hospital to manage a large cluster of COVID-19-related ARDS patients in Mulhouse, France. This report illustrates how military teams can support civil authorities in the provision of advanced critical care. Outcomes of patient suggest that this field hospital deployment was an effective adaptation during pandemic conditions.
A National Public Health Workforce to Control COVID-19 and Address Health Disparities in the United States
Authors: Kilmarx Peter H , Long Theodore , Reid Michael J A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A large, well-trained public health workforce is needed to control coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States in the short term and to address other disease burdens and health disparities in the long run. As the public health workforce declined following the 2008 financial crisis, many US jurisdictions struggled to hire a sufficient number of staff for roles initially including testing and contact tracing and more recently for vaccination. Ultimately, COVID-19 control will require a combination of vaccination and rapid investigation, contact tracing, and quarantine to stop chains of transmission. New federal resources for a public health workforce have been made available. With appropriate attention to addressing administrative barriers and ensuring equity, a 21st-century US public health workforce will hasten the control of COVID-19, provide economic relief to individuals and communities, and reduce the burden of other infectious diseases, noncommunicable diseases, and other disease burdens. A long-term commitment to a robust public health workforce is vital to ensuring health security and preparedness for future health threats.
Overlooked Shortcomings of Observational Studies of Interventions in Coronavirus Disease 2019: An Illustrated Review for the Clinician
Authors: Tleyjeh Imad M , Kashour Tarek , Mandrekar Jay , Petitti Diana B 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection across the globe triggered an unprecedented increase in research activities that resulted in an astronomical publication output of observational studies. However, most studies failed to apply fully the necessary methodological techniques that systematically deal with different biases and confounding, which not only limits their scientific merit but may result in harm through misleading information. In this article, we address a few important biases that can seriously threaten the validity of observational studies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We focus on treatment selection bias due to patients’ preference on goals of care, medical futility and disability bias, survivor bias, competing risks, and the misuse of propensity score analysis. We attempt to raise awareness and to help readers assess shortcomings of observational studies of interventions in COVID-19.
Ulnar Artery Access: A Nontraditional Access Site for Diagnostic Cerebral Angiography and Neurointervention: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Dossani Rimal H , Waqas Muhammad , Cappuzzo Justin M , Sonig Ashish , Almayman Faisal , Siddiqui Adnan H , Levy Elad I , Davies Jason M ,   Endovascular Neurosurgery Research Group (ENRG), Arthur Adam , Bain Mark , Bendock Bernard , Binning Mandy Jo , Boulos Alan S , Crowley Webster , Fessler Richard , Grande Andrew , Guterman Lee , Hanel Ricardo , Hoit Daniel , Hopkins L Nelson , Howington Jay , James Robert , Jankowitz Brian , Kan Peter , Khalessi Alex A , Kim Louis , Langer David , Lanzino Giuseppe , Levitt Michael , Levy Elad I , Lopes Demetrius , Mack William , Mericle Robert , Mocco J , Ogilvy Chris , Pandey Aditya , Replogle Robert , Riina Howard , Ringer Andrew , Rodriguez Rafael , Saugaveau Eric , Schirmer Clemens , Siddiqui Adnan H , Spiotta Alex , Sultan Ali , Tawk Rabih , Thomas Ajith , Turner Raymond , Veznedaroglu Erol , Welch Babu , White Jonathan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Transfemoral access has long been the main access site for cerebral angiography and neurointerventional procedures. Radial access is accepted as an alternative to the traditional transfemoral approach. Ulnar access may be undertaken if the radial artery is occluded or small caliber, or when radial artery preservation is needed. The safety and feasibility of ulnar access for neuroangiographic procedures has been demonstrated.
1-3
In this operative video, we demonstrate ulnar artery access in a patient in whom radial artery preservation was desired. We further elaborate on the technical nuances of this access. This nontraditional access site offers the same advantages as radial access, avoiding the need to switch to femoral artery access. A preoperative Allen's test is not necessary. Ultrasound imaging is used to aid in the identification and successful puncture of the ulnar artery. A medial to lateral approach for ulnar artery puncture is advised to avoid injury to the ulnar nerve. Careful application of wrist closure bands avoids hematoma accumulation.
The patient gave informed consent for the procedure and video recording. Institutional review board approval was deemed unnecessary.
Video. © University at Buffalo, May 2021. Used with permission.
Atlanto-Occipital Decompression of Vertebral Artery for a Variant of Bow Hunter's Syndrome: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Khan Nickalus R , Elarjani Turki , Chen Stephanie H , Miskolczi Laszlo , Strasser Sheryl , Morcos Jacques J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Rotational vertebral artery (VA) occlusion syndrome, also known as bow hunter's syndrome, is an uncommon variant of vertebrobasilar insufficiency typically occurring with head rotation.
1-3
The most common presenting symptom is dizziness (76.8%), followed by visual abnormalities and syncope (50.4% and 40.4%, respectively).
2
Osteophytic compression due to spinal spondylosis has been shown to be the most common etiology (46.2%), with other factors, such as a fibrous band, muscular compression, or spinal instability, being documented.
1,2
Treatment is dependent on the level and site of VA compression with anterior, anterolateral, or posterior approaches being described.
1,4
We present the case of a 72-yr-old male with osteophytic compression of the V3 segment of the vertebral artery at the occipital-cervical junction. The patient underwent a C1 hemilaminectomy and removal of osteophytic compression from the occipital-cervical joint. The patient had complete resolution of compression of his vertebral artery on postoperative imaging and remained neurologically intact following the procedure. We review the literature on this topic, the technical nuances of the procedure performed, and review the different treatment modalities available for this rare condition.
1-11

The patient consented to the procedure and to publication of their image.
C4-T3 Replacement Laminoplasty and Microsurgical Resection of Ependymoma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Nguyen Vincent N , Motiwala Mustafa , Ha Larry , Boom Alan D , Boop Frederick A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Spinal ependymomas are the most common intramedullary spinal cord tumors in adults.
1-4
They are benign histologically, and maximum safe surgical resection should be pursued with the goal of maintaining neurological integrity.
4
Spinal ependymoma resections have been described in the operative video literature, including those using techniques of laminoplasty to prevent postlaminectomy kyphosis.
1-3,5
Defining the planes between tumor and normal spinal cord is critical to achieving safe maximum resection.
3
This video will illustrate the microsurgical techniques used in the resection of a large spinal cord ependymoma in a patient who presented with progressive lower extremity paraparesis and incontinence and was found to have a large intradural, intramedullary C4-T3 lesion with a rostral glial tumor cyst. The patient consented to surgical intervention.
The patient was placed prone in MAYFIELD 3-point pin fixation (Integra LifeSciences, Plainsboro Township, New Jersey). Intraoperative neurophysiological electrodes were placed for somatosensory evoked potentials, motor evoked potentials, and D-wave monitoring of corticospinal tracts.
6,7
C3-T4 replacement laminoplasties were performed. A midline dural incision spanning C4-T4 was made. A midline myelotomy preserving the pial venous plexus was performed with a 69 Beaver blade.
2
The attachments of the tumor to the normal white matter of the spinal cord were microsurgically defined, coagulated, and divided. Tumor debulking was performed with an ultrasonic aspirator. Once gross total resection was achieved, the pial edges of the spinal cord were reapproximated. The dura was closed in a watertight fashion. The patient recovered from surgery well with preservation of her motor function with a continued T7 sensory level.
Cryogenian Origin and Subsequent Diversification of the Plant Cell-Wall Enzyme XTH Family
Authors: Shinohara Naoki , Nishitani Kazuhiko 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAll land plants encode large multigene families of xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolases (XTHs), plant-specific enzymes that cleave and reconnect plant cell-wall polysaccharides. Despite the ubiquity of these enzymes, considerable uncertainty remains regarding the evolutionary history of the XTH family. Phylogenomic and comparative analyses in this study traced the non-plant origins of the XTH family to Alphaproteobacteria ExoKs, bacterial enzymes involved in loosening biofilms, rather than Firmicutes licheninases, plant biomass digesting enzymes, as previously supposed. The relevant horizontal gene transfer (HGT) event was mapped to the divergence of non-swimming charophycean algae in the Cryogenian geological period. This HGT event was the likely origin of charophycean EG16-2s, which are putative intermediates between ExoKs and XTHs. Another HGT event in the Cryogenian may have led from EG16-2s or ExoKs to fungal Congo Red Hypersensitive proteins (CRHs) to fungal CRHs, enzymes that cleave and reconnect chitin and glucans in fungal cell walls. This successive transfer of enzyme-encoding genes may have supported the adaptation of plants and fungi to the ancient icy environment by facilitating their sessile lifestyles. Furthermore, several protein evolutionary steps, including coevolution of substrate-interacting residues and putative intra-family gene fusion, occurred in the land plant lineage and drove diversification of the XTH family. At least some of those events correlated with the evolutionary gain of broader substrate specificities, which may have underpinned the expansion of the XTH family by enhancing duplicated gene survival. Together, this study highlights the Precambrian evolution of life and the mode of multigene family expansion in the evolutionary history of the XTH family.