bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food environment interactions after migration: a scoping review on low- and middle-income country immigrants in high-income countries
Authors: Berggreen-Clausen Aravinda , Hseing Pha Sai , Mölsted Alvesson Helle , Andersson Agneta , Daivadanam Meena 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjective:To map and characterise the interactions between the food environment and immigrant populations from low- and middle-income countries living in high-income countries.Design:A scoping review was carried out following the framework outlined by Arksey and O’Malley, as well as Levac et al. Peer-reviewed studies in English published between 2007 and 2021 were included. Two reviewers screened and selected the papers according to predefined inclusion criteria and reporting of results follows the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A ‘Best fit’ framework synthesis was carried out using the Analysis Grid for Environments Linked to Obesity (ANGELO) framework.Setting:High-income countries.Participants:Immigrants from low- and middle-income countries.Results:A total of sixty-eight articles were included, primarily based in the USA, as well as Canada, Australia and Europe, with immigrants originating from five regions of the globe. The analysis identified three overarching themes that interconnected different aspects of the food environment in addition to the four themes of the ANGELO framework. They demonstrate that in valuing fresh, healthy and traditional foods, immigrants were compelled to surpass barriers in order to acquire these, though children’s demands, low incomes, time scarcity and mobility influenced the healthiness of the foods acquired.Conclusion:This study brought together evidence on interactions between immigrant populations and the food environment. Immigrants attempted to access fresh, traditional, healthier food, though they faced structural and family-level barriers that impacted the healthiness of the food they acquired. Understanding the food environment and interactions therein is key to proposing interventions and policies that can potentially impact the most vulnerable.
Perceived barriers and facilitators to participating in the North Carolina Healthy Food Small Retailer Program: a mixed-methods examination considering investment effectiveness
Authors: Boys Kathryn A , Haynes-Maslow Lindsey , McGuirt Jared T , Ammerman Alice S , Van Fleet Erin E , Johnson Nevin S , Kelley Casey J , Donadio Victoria E , Fleischhacker Sheila E , Truesdale Kimberly P , Bell Ronny A , Jilcott Pitts Stephanie B 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjective:The North Carolina Legislature appropriated funds in 2016–2019 for the Healthy Food Small Retailer Program (HFSRP), providing small retailers located in food deserts with equipment to stock nutrient-dense foods and beverages. The study aimed to: (1) examine factors facilitating and constraining implementation of, and participation in, the HFSRP from the perspective of storeowners and (2) measure and evaluate the impact and effectiveness of investment in the HFSRP.Design:The current analysis uses both qualitative and quantitative assessments of storeowner perceptions and store outcomes, as well as two innovative measures of policy investment effectiveness. Qualitative semi-structured interviews and descriptive quantitative approaches, including monthly financial reports and activity forms, and end-of-programme evaluations were collected from participating HFSRP storeowners.Setting:Eight corner stores in North Carolina that participated in the two cohorts (2016–2018; 2017–2019) of the HFSRP.Participants:Owners of corner stores participating in the HFSRP.Results:All storeowners reported that the HFSRP benefitted their stores. In addition, the HFSRP had a positive impact on sales across each category of healthy food products. Storeowners reported that benefits would be enhanced with adjustments to programme administration and support. Specific suggestions included additional information regarding which healthy foods and beverages to stock; inventory management; handling of perishable produce; product display; modified reporting requirements and a more efficient process of delivering and maintaining equipment.Conclusions:All storeowners reported several benefits of the HFSRP and would recommend that other storeowners participate. The barriers and challenges they reported inform potential approaches to ensuring success and sustainability of the HFSRP and similar initiatives underway in other jurisdictions.
Noumenal Freedom and Kant’s Modal Antinomy
Authors: Abaci Uygar 
Published: September 2021

AbstractKant states in §76 of the third Critique that the divine intuitive intellect would not represent modal distinctions. Kohl (2015) and Stang (2016) claim that this statement entails that noumena lack modal properties, which, in turn, conflicts with Kant’s attribution of contingency to human noumenal wills. They both propose resolutions to this conflict based on conjectures regarding how God might non-modally represent what our discursive intellects represent as modally determined. I argue that (i) these proposals fail; (ii) the viable resolution consists in recognizing that we modalize human noumenal wills as a merely regulative-practical principle in our judgements of imputation.
Constraining Crustal Properties With Bayesian Joint Inversion of Vertical and Radial Teleseismic P‐Wave Coda Autocorrelations
Authors: Tork Qashqai Mehdi , Saygin Erdinc 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe sensitivity of seismic compressional and shear waves and their velocity ratios to rock lithology, pore fluids, and high‐temperature materials makes these parameters very useful for constraining the physical state of the crust. In this study, we develop a joint inversion approach utilizing both radial and vertical components’ autocorrelations of teleseismic P‐wave coda for imaging the crust by simultaneously characterizing the crustal , , and ratio. Autocorrelations of the radial and vertical components contain P and S waves that are reflected from the subsurface. Therefore, joint inversion of them can account for the variations of both and , and consequently, the ratio. Synthetic inversions show significant improvement in the estimation of these parameters compared to those from the inversion of either, P receiver functions or the autocorrelation of the vertical component. The velocity models inferred from the application of the approach to teleseismic data recorded along a north‐south passive seismic profile (BILBY experiment) in central Australia reveal a distinct pattern of the Moho and the variations across the crustal blocks/domains. The general trend of the Moho structure corresponds well with the change of the reflectivity that can normally be seen at the base of the crust and also with the Moho estimated from previous studies including the deep seismic reflection profiling method. The structure at depths greater than 10 km shows dominant high values beneath locations where the crustal domains interact (e.g., at transition from one domain to another).
Spatial Variations of Slip and Creep Rates Along the Southern and Central Dead Sea Fault and the Carmel–Gilboa Fault System
Authors: Hamiel Yariv , Piatibratova Oksana 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCrustal deformation and seismic activity in the Levant is mainly related to the interplate Dead Sea Fault (DSF) and the intraplate Carmel–Gilboa Fault System (CGFS). In this study, we analyze the interseismic deformation along these fault systems using 23 years of Global Positioning System (GPS) measurements obtained from 209 campaign and 60 continuous stations. This GPS data set is the longest record and the densest data set for the DSF, the CGFS, and the Levant region. We use this data set to investigate the spatial variations of slip and creep rates along the southern and central sections of the DSF and the CGFS. Our inversion model results indicate that part of the tectonic motion is transferred from the DSF to the CGFS. We find that the left‐lateral strike‐slip motion along the DSF decreases in a rate of 0.9 ± 0.4 mm/year, from 4.8 ± 0.3 mm/year south to the intersection with the CGFS to 3.9 ± 0.4 mm/year north to this intersection. Along the CGFS, the left‐lateral strike‐slip motion ranges between ∼0.3 and 0.5 mm/year and the extension rate between ∼0.6 and 0.7 mm/year, indicating a total slip rate vector of 0.8 ± 0.4 mm/year in the DSF direction, in agreement with the reduction of slip rate along the DSF near the intersection with the CGFS. Shallow creep is found along the southern and central sections of the Dead Sea basin and the northern Jordan Valley section of the DSF, with creep rates of 3.4 ± 0.4 and 2.3 ± 0.4 mm/year, respectively. These creeping sections were identified as areas with thick Halite layers at the shallow subsurface. We suggest that shallow creep behavior along the DSF is govern by the presence and mechanical properties of the Halite, which probably allows plastic deformation and the transition to velocity strengthening at the shallow subsurface and promotes creep.
Spatio‐Temporal Analysis of Hypoxia in the Central Basin of Lake Erie of North America
Authors: Xu Wenzhao , Collingsworth Paris D. , Kraus Richard , Minsker Barbara 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe develop a spatio‐temporal geostatistical interpolation framework to estimate hypoxia extent (dissolved oxygen [DO] concentrations below 2 mg/L) with data from a network of DO loggers. The framework uses empirical orthogonal functions and Bayesian kriging to identify the spatially varying temporal pattern and estimate the distribution of hypoxia, including estimation uncertainty. A prototype web application is also developed in R. The framework is applied to analyze spatio‐temporal dynamics of DO in the central basin of Lake Erie in North America using data sampled from a logger network placed on the lake bottom during the summers of 2014, 2015, and 2016. Cross‐validation results demonstrate that the framework is capable of capturing the dynamic nature of bottom hypoxia over offshore areas, but nearshore areas have poor interpolation performance due to the impacts of complex physical processes such as seiche events. The findings showed that in the central basin, hypoxia started to emerge in early August of 2014, while in 2015 and 2016 hypoxia began in July. The peak hypoxia extent occurred in late September 2014, mid‐August 2015, and early September 2016. The prediction error of the overall spatial extent of hypoxia was as large as 25% of the interpolation area based on current logger deployment. Based on the cross‐validation and interpolation error, we suggest placing more loggers in nearshore areas to reduce prediction error near the margins of the hypoxic zone.
Global 3‐D Electrical Conductivity Model of the World Ocean and Marine Sediments
Authors: Grayver Alexander V. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study presents global 3‐D electrical conductivity models of the world ocean and marine sediments. Electrical conductivity of the ocean was calculated by invoking the Equation of State of Seawater (TEOS‐10) with temperature and salinity data retrieved from the World Ocean Atlas and a series of high‐resolution regional ocean climatology data sets. The resolution of the ocean conductivity atlas varies between 0. and 0. globally. The conductivity of marine sediments was estimated by using compaction and thermal gradient models constrained by real observations on a 5‐arc‐minute global marine sediment thickness grid. I present numerical simulations of electromagnetic (EM) induction responses that demonstrate a significant effect of 3‐D electrical conductivity of the ocean and marine sediments on EM responses for a broad range of frequencies. I show that both marine and land‐based surveys designed for subsurface conductivity imaging or Space Weather modeling will benefit from inclusion of more realistic conductivity models of the ocean and seabed sediments.
Charge Exchange Ion Losses in Saturn’s Magnetosphere
Authors: Sontag A. , Clark G. , Kollmann P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhile various source and loss processes have been proposed for ions in Saturn’s magnetosphere, it is not yet well understood what role they play in different regions. In this study, we use a physical model of charge exchange to predict how proton and water group ion intensity profiles evolve over time and compare the results to MIMI/CHEMS measurements collected during the Cassini mission. First, we divide the CHEMS data into inbound and outbound half‐orbit segments, and create intensity profiles for 3–220 keV H+ and W+ ions between 5 and 15 Saturn radii, then using the inbound half‐orbits as initial conditions, we find qualitative similarities between measured and predicted outbound intensity profiles. This result is important because it provides strong evidence that charge exchange is the dominant loss process for these species in this region. The observed rate of charge exchange also presents information on the density of Saturn’s neutral torus. We suggest that data‐model discrepancies in the water group ions may be an indication of a significant presence of ions with the water group mass that are multiply charged.
Association of Auroral Streamers and Bursty Bulk Flows During Different States of the Magnetotail: A Case Study
Authors: Ferdousi Banafsheh , Raeder Joachim , Zesta Eftyhia , Cramer William , Murphy Kyle 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn‐situ measurements in the magnetotail are sparse and limited to single points. On the other hand, there is a broad range of observations, including magnetometers, aurora imagers, and radars, in the ionosphere. Since the nightside ionosphere resembles the magnetotail plasma sheet dynamics projection, it can be used to monitor the tail's dynamics. A proper interpretation of the ionosphere and ground observations necessitates understanding the coupling processes between the ionosphere and the magnetosphere. Here, we use the global magnetohydrodynamic simulation model, OpenGGCM‐CTIM‐RCM, to investigate these coupling processes during periods when the magnetic flux is transported through the tail via narrow fast flow channels, typically called bursty bulk flows (BBFs). We consider three relevant states of the magnetotail: immediately before the substorm's onset, during the expansion of the substorm, and during a steady magnetic convection (SMC) event. The number of flow channels increases, and they penetrate closer to the Earth during SMC. The IMF direction influences fast flows' location but not their orientation in the plasma sheet during this event. However, the dimension of fast flows and streamers do not depend on the IMF conditions and state of the magnetosphere.
Intercalibration of the Plasma Density Measurements in Earth's Topside Ionosphere
Authors: Smirnov Artem , Shprits Yuri , Zhelavskaya Irina , Lühr Hermann , Xiong Chao , Goss Andreas , Prol Fabricio S. , Schmidt Michael , Hoque Mainul , Pedatella Nicholas , Szabó‐Roberts Mátyás 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOver the last 20 years, a large number of instruments have provided plasma density measurements in Earth's topside ionosphere. To utilize all of the collected observations for empirical modeling, it is necessary to ensure that they do not exhibit systematic differences and are adjusted to the same reference frame. In this study, we compare satellite plasma density observations from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC), CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload (CHAMP), Swarm, and Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS) missions. Electron densities retrieved from GRACE K‐Band Ranging (KBR) system, previously shown to be in excellent agreement with incoherent scatter radar (ISR) measurements, are used as a reference. We find that COSMIC radio occultation (RO) densities are highly consistent with GRACE‐KBR observations showing a mean relative difference of <, and therefore no calibration factors between them are necessary. We utilize the outstanding three‐dimensional coverage of the topside ionosphere by the COSMIC mission to perform conjunction analysis with in situ density observations from CHAMP, C/NOFS, and Swarm missions. CHAMP measurements are lower than COSMIC by ∼. Swarm densities are generally lower at daytime and higher at nighttime compared to COSMIC. C/NOFS ion densities agree well with COSMIC, with a relative bias of ∼. The resulting cross‐calibration factors, derived from the probability distribution functions, help to eliminate the systematic leveling differences between the data sets, and allow using these data jointly in a large number of ionospheric applications.
The Signature of Geomagnetic Field External Drivers in Virtual Observatory 30‐day Means Derived From Swarm Data
Authors: Saturnino D. , Pais M. A. , Domingos J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe separation of contributions from different sources in the magnetic field signal measured at satellite altitude is an open challenge. An approach to this problem, using Principal Component Analysis, is here applied to geomagnetic external field series at Virtual Observatories (VOs). These series are computed from an enlarged data set of Swarm data covering all local times and all geomagnetic activity levels between January 2014 and December 2019. For each 30‐day time window, the Equivalent Source Dipole technique is used to reduce all measurements inside a cylinder to one single “observation” at its axis and 500 km altitude. Our results reveal a first principal mode with dipolar geometry and time variation following very closely the RC‐index of geomagnetic activity. They display a resolved second principal mode with annual periodicity and of approximately zonal quadrupolar radial pattern, reminiscent of results in a previous study using VO series from a filtered satellite data set and with lower time resolution. We resort to the recent comprehensive model CM6 to identify a possible source for this second mode. We propose that the dipolar mode is the expression of the magnetospheric ring current dynamics, at 30‐day time resolution, and the quadrupolar mode is the expression of the annual asymmetry between local summer and winter Sq current vortices. Two fainter modes could be related to the equinoctial amplification of Sq vortices and the ionospheric dynamo modulation by nonmigrating tides. We show that a more uniform local time sampling could contribute to better resolve ionospheric structures.
Solar Wind Control of Magnetosheath Jet Formation and Propagation to the Magnetopause
Authors: LaMoury Adrian T. , Hietala Heli , Plaschke Ferdinand , Vuorinen Laura , Eastwood Jonathan P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMagnetosheath jets are localized high‐dynamic pressure pulses originating at Earth's bow shock and propagating earthward through the magnetosheath. Jets can influence magnetospheric dynamics upon impacting the magnetopause; however, many jets dissipate before reaching it. In this study we present a database of 13,096 jets observed by the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms spacecraft from 2008 to 2018, spanning a solar cycle. Each jet is associated with upstream solar wind conditions from OMNI. We statistically examine how solar wind conditions control the likelihood of jets forming at the shock, and the conditions favorable for jets to propagate through the magnetosheath and reach the magnetopause. We see that, for each solar wind quantity, these two effects are separate, but when combined, we find that jets are over 17 times more likely to reach and potentially impact the magnetopause when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) orientation is at a low cone angle, and approximately 8 times more likely during high speed solar wind. Low IMF magnitude, high Alfvén Mach number, and low density approximately double the number of jets at the magnetopause, while and dynamic pressure display no net effect. Due to the strong dependence on wind speed, we infer that jet impact rates may be solar cycle dependent as well as vary during solar wind transients. This is an important step towards forecasting the magnetospheric effects of magnetosheath jets, as it allows for predictions of jet impact rates based on measurements of the upstream solar wind.
Drop of Solar Wind at the End of the 20th Century
Authors: Yermolaev Yuri I. , Lodkina Irina G. , Khokhlachev Alexander A. , Yermolaev Michael Yu. , Riazantseva Maria O. , Rakhmanova Liudmila S. , Borodkova Natalia L. , Sapunova Olga V. , Moskaleva Anastasiia V. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractVariations in the solar wind (SW) parameters with scales of several years are an important characteristic of solar activity and the basis for a long‐term space weather forecast. We examine the behavior of interplanetary parameters over 21–24 solar cycles (SCs) on the basis of the OMNI database (https://spdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/pub/data/omni). Since changes in the parameters can be associated with both changes in the number of different large‐scale types of SW and with variations in the values of these parameters at different phases of the solar cycle and during the transition from one cycle to another, we select the entire study period in accordance with the Catalog of large‐scale SW types for 1976–2019 (see the site http://www.iki.rssi.ru/pub/omni, [Yermolaev, Nikolaeva, et al., 2009, https://doi.org/10.1134/s0010952509020014], which covers the period from 21 to 24 SCs) and in accordance with the phases of the cycles, and average the parameters at selected intervals. In addition to a sharp drop in the number of interplanetary coronal mass ejections and associated sheath types, there is a noticeable drop in the value (by 20%–40%) of plasma parameters and magnetic field in different types of solar wind at the end of the 20th century and a continuation of the fall or persistence at a low level in the 23–24 cycles. Such a drop in the solar wind is apparently associated with a decrease in solar activity and manifests itself in a noticeable decrease in space weather factors.
Small‐Scale Magnetic Structures: Cluster Observations
Authors: Walker Simon N. , Balikhin Michael A. , Gedalin Michael , Canu Patrick , Yearby Keith H. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWithin the inner magnetosphere, the occurrence of plasma waves and/or magnetic field structures plays an important role in the dynamics of the particle populations, accelerating some particles to higher energies while scattering others. The 2013 Cluster Inner Magnetosphere Campaign was designed to investigate this process based on observations made at small separation scales. In addition, it provides an ideal opportunity for the study of small‐scale structures. This paper presents observations of previously unreported small‐scale magnetic field structures and investigates their characteristics and spatial properties. These structures, seen in the STAFF‐SC data set, are characterized by a rotation in the field direction and are observed to have spatial sizes of a few tens of kilometers, with a central core region around 10 km and are probably filamentary current structures. Using a variance analysis, it was determined that the maximum variance direction was close to being perpendicular to the external magnetic field. Based on the size of the central core region the current density is of the order of 10–40 . While they may affect the profile of these structures, data calibration effects were ruled out as their origin.