bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why Is Only Type 1 Electrocardiogram Diagnostic of Brugada Syndrome? Mechanistic Insights From Computer Modeling
Authors: Zhang Zhaoyang , Chen Peng-Sheng , Weiss James N. , Qu Zhilin 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Three types of characteristic ST-segment elevation are associated with Brugada syndrome but only type 1 is diagnostic. Why only type 1 ECG is diagnostic remains unanswered.

Methods:

Computer simulations were performed in single cells, 1-dimensional cables, and 2-dimensional tissues to investigate the effects of the peak and late components of the transient outward potassium current (I
to
), sodium current, and L-type calcium current (I
Ca,L
) as well as other potassium currents on the genesis of ECG morphologies and phase 2 reentry (P2R).

Results:

Although a sufficiently large peak I
to
was required to result in the type 1 ECG pattern and P2R, increasing the late component of I
to
converted type 1 ECG to type 2 ECG and suppressed P2R. Increasing the peak I
to
promoted spiral wave breakup, potentiating the transition from tachycardia to fibrillation, but increasing the late I
to
prevented spiral wave breakup by flattening the action potential duration restitution and preventing P2R. A sufficiently large I
Ca,L
conductance was needed for P2R to occur, but once above the critical conductance, blocking I
Ca,L
promoted P2R. However, selectively blocking the window and late components of I
Ca,L
suppressed P2R, countering the effect of the late I
to
. Blocking either the peak or late components of sodium current promoted P2R, with the late sodium current blockade having the larger effect. As expected, increasing other potassium currents potentiated P2R, with ATP-sensitive potassium current exhibiting a larger effect than rapid and slow component of the delayed rectifier potassium current.

Conclusions:

The peak I
to
promotes type 1 ECG and P2R, whereas the late I
to
converts type 1 ECG to type 2 ECG and suppresses P2R. Blocking the peak I
Ca,L
and either the peak or the late sodium current promotes P2R, whereas blocking the window and late I
Ca,L
suppresses P2R. These results provide important insights into the mechanisms of arrhythmogenesis and potential therapeutic targets for treatment of Brugada syndrome.

Graphic Abstract:
A graphic abstract is available for this article.
The Problem of State Violence
Authors: Butler Paul 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
When violence occurs, the state has an obligation to respond to and reduce the impacts of it; yet often the state originates, or at least contributes to, the violence. This may occur in a variety of ways, including through the use of force by police, pretrial incarceration at local jails, long periods of incarceration in prisons, or abuse and neglect of people who are incarcerated. This essay explores the role of the state in responding to violence and how it should contribute to reducing violence in communities, as well as in its own operations. Finally, it explores what the future of collaboration between state actors and the community looks like and offers examples of successful power-sharing and co-producing of safety between the state and the public.
Public Health Approaches to Reducing Community Gun Violence
Authors: Webster Daniel W. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Successful public health efforts are data-driven, focused on unhealthy or unsafe environments as well as risky behaviors, and often intentional about reforming systems that are unjust and harm public safety. While laws and their enforcement can be important to advance public health and safety, including reducing gun violence, minimizing harms of exposure to the criminal justice system is also important. Research demonstrates that appropriately targeted efforts that invest in and support individuals and neighborhoods at greatest risk for involvement in gun violence can be successful in saving lives and reaping impressive return on investment.
Seeing Guns to See Urban Violence: Racial Inequality & Neighborhood Context
Authors: Hureau David M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Guns are central to the comprehension of the racial inequalities in neighborhood violence. This may sound simple when presented so plainly. However, its significance derives from the limited consideration that the neighborhood research paradigm has given guns: they are typically conceived of as a background condition of disadvantaged neighborhoods where violence is concentrated. Instead, I argue that guns belong at the forefront of neighborhood analyses of violence. Employing the logic and language of the ecological approach, I maintain that guns must be considered as mechanisms of neighborhood violence, with the unequal distribution of guns serving as a critical link between neighborhood structural conditions and rates of violence. Furthermore, I make the case that American gun policy should be understood as a set of macrostructural forces that represent a historic and persistent source of disadvantage in poor Black neighborhoods.
The Effects of Violence on Communities: The Violence Matrix as a Tool for
Advancing More Just Policies
Authors: Richie Beth E. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this essay, I illustrate how discussions of the effects of violence on communities are enhanced by the use of a critical framework that links various microvariables with macro-institutional processes. Drawing upon my work on the issue of violent victimization toward African American women and how conventional justice policies have failed to bring effective remedy in situations of extreme danger and degradation, I argue that a broader conceptual framework is required to fully understand the profound and persistent impact that violence has on individuals embedded in communities that are experiencing the most adverse social injustices. I use my work as a case in point to illustrate how complex community dynamics, ineffective institutional responses, and broader societal forces of systemic violence intersect to further the impact of individual victimization. In the end, I argue that understanding the impact of all forms of violence would be better served by a more intersectional and critical interdisciplinary framework.
Due Process & the Theater of Racial Degradation: The Evolving Notion of
Pretrial Punishment in the Criminal Courts
Authors: Van Cleve Nicole Gonzalez 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Most theorists assume that the criminal courts are neutral arbiters of justice, protected by the Constitution, the rule of law, and court records. This essay challenges those assumptions and examines the courts as a place of punitive excess and the normalization of racial abuse and punishment. The essay explains the historic origins of these trends and examines how the categories of “hardened” and “marginal” defendants began to assume racialized meanings with the emergence of mass incarceration. This transformed the criminal courts into a type of public theater for racial degradation. These public performances or “racial degradation ceremonies” occur within the discretionary practices and cultural norms of mostly White courtroom professionals as they efficiently manage the disposition of cases in the everyday practice of law. I link these historical findings to a recent study of the largest unified criminal court system in the United States–Cook County, Chicago–and discuss court watching programs as an intervention for accountability and oversight of our courts and its legal professionals.
On Institutional Democratization and Reflexive Resistance: A Conversation with Andrea Fraser
Authors: Hulsey John 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this conversation, Andrea Fraser discusses her recent book, 2016 in Money, Museums, and Politics, which considers the imbricated relationships between plutocracy, political power, and cultural institutions in the United States. She discusses the 2016 election of Donald J. Trump and the rise of right-wing populism; the history of private philanthropy and museum patronage; recent activist campaigns demanding the resignation of museum trustees, such as Warren B. Kanders at the Whitney Museum of American Art; and the concept of “reflexive resistance.”
Iʿrāb… à théologie variable ?
Authors: Binaghi Francesco 
Published: December 2021

Résumé
Dans le sillage des débats autour de l’iʿrāb, cet article s’intéresse aux positions de ces grammairiens qui, à l’intérieur même de la tradition grammaticale arabe, se sont explicitement opposés à la théorie de l’iʿrāb. En étudiant en particulier les propos de Quṭrub (m. 206/821), d’Ibn Ǧinnī (m. 392/1002) et d’Ibn Maḍāʾ (m. 592/1196), il s’efforcera de montrer que les critiques de ces auteurs ne relèvent pas, au premier chef, de raisons linguistiques. L’article souligne comment l’iʿrāb, ayant pris une position centrale dans les théories grammaticales et dans les idées sur la langue arabe au point de devenir un vrai credo, peut finir par concurrencer des croyances d’ordre théologique et, lorsque les prémisses conceptuelles de son fonctionnement ne sont plus compatibles avec ces dernières, la théorie de l’iʿrāb est alors rejetée tant sur le plan théologique que grammatical.
The International Court of Justice as a “Shortcut” to Identifying Custom
Authors: Nicholson Rowan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A frequently used shortcut to identifying rules of customary international law is to rely on statements by the International Court of Justice instead of conducting a more cumbersome investigation of state practice and opinio iuris. The purpose of this article is to consider when the Court’s statements align or may come to align with customary rules and, consequently, to what extent this shortcut is justified. Its value is in systematically exploring ideas that international lawyers may already have internalised; it may also help students of the subject to understand why reliance is placed on judicial decisions. Often, the Court simply elucidates pre-existing customary rules. But examples such as Factory at Chorzów, Fisheries, and Reservations to the Genocide Convention suggest that an additional or alternative justification for the shortcut may be stronger. This is the tendency of states to endorse or “ratify” statements by the Court through subsequent practice and opinio iuris.
No Provision Left Behind – Law of the Sea Convention’s Dispute Settlement System and Obligations Erga Omnes
Authors: Fasia Eirini-Erasmia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The article argues that the Law of the Sea Convention’s (LOSC) dispute settlement system (DSS) is attuned only to certain types of disputes (bilateral) and does not allow for the effective enforcement of obligations erga omnes reflected in the Convention. Mechanisms established to address enforcement of communitarian norms specifically are scarce in international law and the traditional bilateral structure of adjudicatory dispute settlement circumscribes the ability of states to act as advocates of the international community to which obligations erga omnes are owed. The article identifies the obligations erga omnes reflected in the LOSC and assesses the extent to which its dispute settlement framework is suited to address their breach. It is submitted that some of the community interest obligations of the LOSC are “left behind” by the function of the system itself.
The “Struggle” to Dissolve the Kosovo Specialist Chambers in The Hague: Stuck between Constitutional Text and Mission to Pursue Justice
Authors: Puka Avni , Korenica Fisnik 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Kosovo Specialist Chambers (KSC) manifest the first effort of the European Union to participate in an international criminal law project by running a hybrid criminal tribunal, vested with jurisdiction to investigate the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe’s Marty Report. The KSC is entrusted with a mandate originating in a number of legal instruments. A “termination clause” is also present in the Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo. The Specialist Constitutional Chamber has recently ruled on an amendment discreetly activating the termination of the KSC. The Chamber’s decision outlawing “the amendment” manifests an attempt to reinforce the constitutive nature of the EU’s proprietorship over the KSC, attaching to it an international personality detached from that of Kosovo. The decision contends that the “power to dissolve” the KSC is basically vested with the EU, and Kosovo’s internal law cannot affect that relationship unilaterally. The article argues that the strong adherence of the Chamber’s decision on fundamental rights is an attempt to expose the victim-rights-centered mission of the KSC, clearly leaning towards a legitimacy rather than a legalistic exercise. The article concludes that the decision will have ample effect on the EU’s responsibility over the KSC, the nature of the “power to dissolve”, and the KSC’s mission in the European fundamental rights landscape in general.
What Were the Processes and Outcomes of Offering Shared Reading as an Intervention for Veterans in Prison?
Authors: Baverstock Alison , Boorman Elaine , Morgan-Armstrong Corin , Jenkins Leanne , Morgan Helen 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The charity Reading Force encourages Forces families to read together in order to build social, emotional, and mental well-being and offset the impact of the changes and separations routine in military life. They distribute reading scrapbooks and free books and encourage families to work on them together. It was suggested that a version of the project might usefully be developed for veterans in prison, whose families experience many of the same issues. Scrapbook Dads was developed for veterans housed in the Endeavour Wing at Parc Prison, South Wales. The materials were adapted for use by prisoners and their families. They had just been distributed when the pandemic struck, visiting and social/educational activities were cancelled, and the prison went into lockdown. With the materials readily available, the project was heavily used by prison staff to seek to maintain prisoner morale and support family connectivity. This paper charts the process, comments on what was learned, and makes recommendations for how shared reading can be used in prisons in future.
The Infinite Pleasure of Reading
Authors: Nadal Jordi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Irene Vallejo11 has perfectly demonstrated the accuracy of Nuccio Ordine’s thesis on the usefulness of the useless. In a screenobsessed world that often destroys our serenity and the pleasure to be found in slowness, this wonderful author has found a direct line to the relevance of the ancient world and, by extension, to the world of books and many of the things they do to make life worth living. Kant distinguished between what has a price – and what has dignity.
L’urbanisation, entre la déviance et l’éthique
Authors: Ramazani Bishwende Augustin , Alberto Tello Carlos 
Published: December 2021

Résumé
Deux études de cas de villes très étalées (Kinshasa et Mexico) illustrent mieux la question de l’urbanisation de grandes villes du point de vue de la déviance et de l’éthique. À travers une analyse méthodologique de faits concrets nous parlons de l’espace urbain comme probable conducteur de la ségrégation sociale. L’article considère qu’il faudrait gérer la déviance le mieux possible, parce qu’elle travaille contre toute initiative d’éthique et de développement durable. Une discussion indique que sans une approche sociale, sans des politiques urbaines justes; des espaces de ségrégation sociale continueront d’exister avec des fortes conséquences sur l’étalement urbain et la qualité de vie (qdv) et la qualité d’un lieu (qdl) des populations. Pour mieux gérer cette situation, l’accent est mis sur le principe du développement durable afin de remédier aux problèmes de la déviance. L’article conclut qu’une nouvelle configuration urbaine beaucoup plus éthique serait plus bénéfique aux populations et aux nombreuses villes du monde dans l’avenir.
Ṣàngó’s Incest, Oxala’s Equanimity and the Permanence of African Myth-Legends in Atlantic Yorùbá Dramaturgy
Authors: Adeniyi Emmanuel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article discusses the permanence of Yorùbá myth-legends in Atlantic Yorùbá dramaturgy. The dramaturgy is conceived as a genre of Atlantic Yorùbá literature produced by the scions of Yorùbá slaves in the New World and some òrìṣà worshippers in the Americas who claim an affiliative relationship with continental Yorùbá. I argue in favour of a myth-legend taxonomy of oral prose narratives as against the Western classification of traditional tales into myth, legend and folktale. Yorùbá traditional tales, also called pataki by the Atlantic Yorùbá, are dubbed myth-legends due to the shared features of myths and legends immanent in them. The article examines these traditional tales, drawing insights from psychoanalytic and postcolonial models to foreground the Ọbàtálá–Jesus parallelism, primeval rivalry between Ṣàngó and Ògún, and the paraphilia of certain Yorùbá hero-gods. It affirms the Euhemerisation of these deities to accentuate their apotheosis and possession of human attributes.
La colpa del bevitore: iṯm e riǧs nelle interpretazioni classiche e moderne dei passi relativi al ḫamr nel Corano e nella Sunna
Authors: Capezzone Leonardo 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In contemporary Muslim world, wine and its condemnation have acquired a particular importance in the processes of re-Islamisation. Compared to the classical period, the referential value – in terms of Muslim identity and belonging to the Islamic community – of the term ḫamr has taken a restrictive meaning. This article deals with the intellectual production related to the Islamic interdiction of wine. Firstly, it examines the evidence in the Qurʾān, its exegesis, and the canonical traditions, and then in Sunni and Shiite traditions. It privileges a permanent form of normative reference to the sense of revelation, found as much in the classical period as in the modern one. It is within this permanence, and with a sort of “sampling technique”, that this study aims at evaluating the cultural change at the turn of the contemporary period. It examines the works of authors such as al-Ṭabarī, Rašīd Riḍà, Sayyid Quṭb, al-Buḫārī, al-Kulaynī, Ibn Taymiyyah, Muḥammad Šalṭūṭ and ʿAbd al-Wahhāb ʿAbd al-Salām Ṭawīlah.
Un rapporto di Ferigo Foscari, Bailo veneto a Costantinopoli nel 1795: “l’Arsenale dei Dardanelli”
Authors: İşler Didem 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The report of Bailo Ferigo Foscari dated April 10, 1795, protect in the Venetian State Archive today, includes an unpublished architectural drawing about the renovation of Gallipoli Shipyard that with its strategic location and production capacity one of the most important naval bases of the Ottoman Empire. The drawing, which is among the “Senato Dispacci Costantinopoli” documents that not only provides contributions to the history studies by shedding light on the political and military developments of the periods in terms of Venetian-Ottoman relations in archival studies, but also is an extremely valuable evidence that contributes to the art and architectural history as a visually documenting the Gallipoli shipyard, which has not survived to the present day.
Bibliophilia: the Passion of Ming Dynasty Private Book Collectors
Authors: Ng Ashton 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), book collecting evolved from an elite pastime into a widespread obsession. ‘Bibliophilia’—the passionate love for books—drove many book collectors to exhaust their fortunes or even trade their concubines for books. As books became indispensable towards gaining respectability in Chinese society, scholars, merchants, and landowners ensured that their residences were thoroughly infused with the prestigious “fragrance of books”. Some literati even regarded book collecting as a man’s most important undertaking in life. Ming private book collectors broke away from tradition and made their private collections available for others to view, exchange, or copy, greatly promoting the circulation of books. Through their incredible attention to the collection, classification, storage, and proofreading of books, Ming bibliophiles contributed enormously to the preservation and transmission of Chinese culture.
Rain Drop Size Distributions Estimated from NOAA Snow-Level Radar Data
Authors: Johnston Paul E. , Williams Christopher R. , White Allen B. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Using NOAA’s S-band High-Power Snow-Level Radar (HPSLR), a technique for estimating the rain drop size distribution (DSD) above the radar is presented. This technique assumes the DSD can be described by a four parameter, generalized gamma distribution (GGD). Using the radar’s measured average Doppler velocity spectrum and a value (assumed, measured, or estimated) of the vertical air motion w, an estimate of the GGD is obtained. Four different methods can be used to obtain w. One method that estimates a mean mass-weighted raindrop diameter Dm from the measured reflectivity Z produces realistic DSDs compared to prior literature examples. These estimated DSDs provide evidence that the radar can retrieve the smaller drop sizes constituting the “drizzle” mode part of the DSD. This estimation technique was applied to 19 h of observations from Hankins, North Carolina. Results support the concept that DSDs can be modeled using GGDs with a limited range of parameters. Further work is needed to validate the described technique for estimating DSDs in more varied precipitation types and to verify the vertical air motion estimates.
Radiomics and stacking regression model for measuring bone mineral density using abdominal computed tomography
Authors: Dai Hong , Wang Yutao , Fu Randi , Ye Sijia , He Xiuchao , Luo Shuying , Jin Wei 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundMeasurement of bone mineral density (BMD) is the most important method to diagnose osteoporosis. However, current BMD measurement is always performed after a fracture has occurred.PurposeTo explore whether a radiomic model based on abdominal computed tomography (CT) can predict the BMD of lumbar vertebrae.Material and MethodsA total of 245 patients who underwent both dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and abdominal CT examination (training cohort, n = 196; validation cohort, n = 49) were included in our retrospective study. In total, 1218 image features were extracted from abdominal CT images for each patient. Combined with clinical information, three steps including least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression were used to select key features. A two-tier stacking regression model with multi-algorithm fusion was used for BMD prediction, which can integrate the advantages of linear model and non-linear model. The prediction results of this model were compared with those using a single regressor. The degree-of-freedom adjusted coefficient of determination (Adjusted-R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE) were used to evaluate the regression performance.ResultsCompared with other regression methods, the two-tier stacking regression model has a higher regression performance, with Adjusted-R2, RMSE, and MAE of 0.830, 0.077, and 0.06, respectively. Pearson correlation analysis and Bland–Altman analysis showed that the BMD predicted by the model had a high correlation with the DXA results (r = 0.932, difference = −0.01 ± 0.1412 mg/cm2).ConclusionUsing radiomics, the BMD of lumbar vertebrae could be predicted from abdominal CT images.