bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulation and Experimental study on IMS (Injection Molded Solder) bumping with expanded resist patterning for reinforcement of fine-pitch capability
Authors: Miyazawa Risa , Nakamura Eiji , Marushima Chinami , Aoki Toyohiro , Hisada Takashi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Injection Molded Solder (IMS) process has been developed as one of the advanced micro-bumps forming techniques. This paper presents a novel IMS process utilizing a double-layer resist patterning with expanded opening for the reduction of required injection pressure. It consists of upper resist layer with larger opening diameter than lower resist opening. With this configuration, necessary injection pressure is adjusted to upper resist size, while lower layer determines the position and the size of fabricated bump. Furthermore, two different types of resist opening shape, an isolated opening and connected opening are proposed and evaluated in this study from both simulation and experimental perspective. For simulation, CFD analysis is performed to demonstrate the behavior of liquid molten solder flow and its bump forming process. It is revealed that solder bump was successfully formed in accordance with theoretical bump size in both designs. However, the result indicates that insufficient non-wetting property of resist material could lead solder bridging between adjacent bumps in connected design. Experiment is also conducted using the novel resist structure with the dimension correlated to the simulation model which has lower resist diameter of 10 μm, upper resist diameter of 15 μm, and the pitch of 20 μm. IMS is operated and it is confirmed that the uniform bumps can be favorably formed without any defects.
Methods to Reduce the Hierarchy of Interconnections in Electronic System
Authors: Hu Dyi-Chung , Ho James 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the era of AI, 5G, big data, and autonomous driving, those applications all require a high bandwidth low latency data computing. Traditional electronic packaging structures are classified into many levels and each level are connected by solders or cables. These many levels of structures cause system performance degradation. Hence structure solutions of 2.5D, 2.1D, 2.3D and 2.0D with multi-chip packaging are needed for high performance computing system. Currently 2.5D is the HPC standard structure, however the cost and size limitation of 2.5D drive users to seek alternative solutions. The structure of 2.0D, 2.1D and 2.3D offer less solder and TXVs are emerging as contenders to fill the requirement of large substrate size and fine line requirements in the future. Among them 2.0D structure shows great potential. Three 2.0D test vehicles have been built to evaluate fine pitch assembly, reliability and structure enhancement. The results show 2.0D structure has great potential to be a HPC solution of the near future.
Electrical Performance and Robustness of Ultrathin High-Density Carbon Nanofiber Capacitors on Silicon, Alumina and Glass Substrate Materials
Authors: Andersson R. , Bylund M. , Desmaris V. , Kabir S. , Krause S. , Marknäs V. , Passalacqua E. , Saleem A.M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe demonstrate the feasibility of implementing carbon nano fiber based metal-insulator-metal (CNFMIM) capacitors on different substrates such as glass, alumina and silicon for use as integrated or discrete passive components on chips or interposers. The effects of biasing voltage and high operating temperatures on the performance of the devices are also investigated. Capacitance densities of 300 nF/mm2 are demonstrated on all substrates at a device thickness of only 5 μm. The manufactured capacitors feature ESR values at or below 100 mΩ, ESL below 15 pH and show little change in capacitance density when subjected to biasing voltage below breakdown and temperatures up to 150°C, making them a promising candidate for both integrated and discrete miniaturized electronic components for future technology.
The effect of Cu target pad roughness on the growth mode and void formation in electroless Cu films
Authors: Bernhard Tobias , Zarwell Sebastian , Steinhäuser Edith , Kempa Stefan , Brüning Frank 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The effect of the Cu-target pad roughness on the growth mode of electroless Cu from two different Cu baths was investigated. Bath A having a cyanide based-, and bath B a non-cyanide based stabilizer system. Both baths are commonly used in the PCB-industry. In case of bath B two growth modes are observed for an average roughness higher than Ra=300 nm of the target pad. One mode is a copying of the subjacent Cu-substrate morphology, while the other mode forms spherical grains (Cu-nodules) mostly at the exposed sites of the substrate crystals. These Cu-nodules have typically a radius comparable to the plated electroless Cu thickness and contain a high density of nano voids at the base of these features. The related void formation seems relevant to weaken the overall Cu/Cu/Cu-interconnection in the blind micro via. Interestingly, the tendency to form nodules with increasing Cu-base roughness is widely suppressed for the cyanide based bath A, where the deposit is nodule free up to a target pad roughness of Ra=1000 nm.
Two-Layer Solder Resist Film with Low Young’s Modulus for High Reliability
Authors: Chou YingHsuan , Okamoto Daichi , Miyabe Hidekazu 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we reveal the development of a novel two-layer Solder Resist (SR) film with low young’s modulus which consists of low young’s modulus layer that possesses excellent adhesion to substrate and thermal resistance layer which is composed of resins with high thermal resistance and great toughness. This novel two-layer SR film exhibits superior resolution and crack resistance. Furthermore, the amount of warpage is extremely low. In general, the material with low young’s modulus and high elongation is caused from weak cross-link density, resulting in poor thermal resistance and delamination which occurs when mounting at high temperature. Herein, we can inhibit delamination successfully by this new two-layer structure film with superior thermal resistance.
The Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) of conventional SR for FC-BGA is 35 ppm, and modulus is 4.5 GPa, whereas, this advanced two-layer SR film exhibits CTE of 66 ppm, and modulus of 2.3 GPa.
In order to compare the crack resistance between conventional SR and newly developed two-layer SR film, the film was laminated on BGA substrate (substrate size is 50 mm × 50 mm), patterned by photolithography and cured, and then, 25 mm × 25 mm chip was mounted on a BGA substrate by flip-chip bonder. Conducting thermal cycle test (TCT) and observing the number of cracks after 1000 cycles of TCT. The crack occurrence frequency of the conventional SR is 65 %, whereas that of the new two-layer SR film is 4 %. We proved clearly that high CTE and low young’s modulus demonstrate overwhelmingly high crack resistance. Besides, high resolution of this newly developed two-layer film enabled the formation of SR opening (SRO) as small as 40 μm. From the above results, the newly developed two-layer SR film with low young’s modulus is beneficial for the next generation high-density package, especially for the outermost layer of FC-BGA packages and interposers that require higher reliability.
Evaluation of Use and Outcomes of Heparins in Acute Deep Venous Thrombosis Treatment at Khartoum State Hospitals
Authors: Abdalla Mohammed Tajeldin , Hassan Abelwahab , Yousef Bashir Alsiddig 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) considered a common emergent condition with life-threatening complications that require rapid intervention with an effective antithrombotic drug regimen; for that, this study was conducted. The current study aimed to evaluate the use and outcomes of heparins in treating acute DVT at selected hospitals in Khartoum state.

Methods:
A descriptive retrospective, hospital-based study was conducted in different hospitals at Khartoum state from July 2016 to July 2017. The sample size was 147 participants. Data were collected using a well-designed data collection form and analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences.

Results:
A total of 147 DVT patients were included, most of them (77.6%) were females, and 49.8% of them were old and aged more than 60 years. The patients with a past medical history of major surgery were represented 27.9%. Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) were the most prescribed drugs (74.1%), of which enoxaparin at a dose of 6000 IU twice per day is the most frequently prescribed in 32% of the patients. LMWHs were shown to achieve their therapeutic goal of activated partial thromboplastin time earlier compared with unfractionated heparin (UFH). Enoxaparin 6000 IU twice daily was the most suitable regimen, since it achieved its therapeutic goal within 3 days and maintained it for up to 5 days. 86.1% of the patients were discharged to their homes, whereas 12.9% were dead, and the percentage of death increased with advanced age.

Conclusions:
Past medical history of major surgery and advanced age were the major risk factors of DVT. LMWHs are the most frequently used drugs and were more effective than UFH, and enoxaparin 6000 IU twice per day was the most suitable regimen as a fixed dose for adults.
A Cross-Sectional Study to Determine the Prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reﬂux in Children with Persistent Cough and Wheezing
Authors: Praveen P N  , Kushvanth K N  , Ashish Mallige  
Published: January 2021

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) occurs in more than two-thirds of otherwise healthy infants and is the topic of discussion with pediatricians at one-quarter of all routine 6-month infant visits. GER is considered a normal physiologic process that occurs several times a day in healthy infants, children, and adults. GER is generally associated with transient relaxations of the lower esophageal sphincter independent of swallowing, which permits gastric contents to enter the esophagus. The Objective to find out the prevalence of GER in children with cough and wheezing and its associated factors. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done at A tertiary care hospital at the Institute of Naval Medicine, INHS, Mumbai from August 2016 to December 2017. A total of 30 study subjects Aged between the age of one to twelve years with persistent cough and wheezing lasting for more than three months despite treatment were included for the study. Results: The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in our study was 63.3%.The logistic regression analysis showed that Age, Height, Weight, BMI, duration of cough, Duration of asthma were not significantly associated with Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) (p>0.05). Conclusion: GER seems to have a high prevalence in children with chronic cough. However, no definite recommendations can be made regarding the management of such cases from our study.
The Choice of Medical Care Price Index: Implications for Life Care Plan Valuations
Authors: Gaughan Patrick , Luporini Viviane 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study examines the importance of using appropriate inflation measures in the estimation of a life care plan value. Using data from 1989 through 2018, we compare medical inflation rates measured by the Consumer Price Index Medical (CPI Medical) and the Personal Consumption Expenditures Health (PCE Health) price index while discussing the reasons why the indices differ. We also explain why certain policymakers favor the Personal Consumption Expenditure (PCE) over the Consumer Price Index (CPI). In demonstrating how the value of life care plans can differ based upon the use of either of these indices we applied 10-year historical arithmetic averages of both indices to a large hypothetical life care plan. Our calculations indicate that using the CPI versus the PCE results in a difference that is 7.5 times the initial value of the plan, after accumulation of nominal annual values that are undiscounted to present value. We also show how the difference between using the CPI Medical versus the PCE Health increases over time, implying that using one price index or the other will have a greater impact on life care plan values the longer the projection period. Our analysis shows that experts should consider the use of PCE indices when valuing life care plans.
Analisis Media Online sebagai Sumber Informasi Wisatawan Australia dalam Mendapatkan Informasi Virus Corona di Bali
Authors: Permana I Putu Hendika 
Published: January 2021

Tujuan: Penelitan ini bertujuan untuk mencari media yang menjadi sumber informasi wisatawan Australia yang mencari informasi tentang virus corona di Bali. Australia merupakan negara pengunjung Bali tertinggi menurut disparda pemerintah provinsi Bali tahun 2019. Dalam upaya pemulihan industri pariwisata dapat memanfaatkan teknologi informasi sebagai media dalam menyebarkan informasi.
Metode penelitian: Metode penelitian menggunakan metode analisis kualitatif dengan melakukan observasi terhadap 100 artikel pada mesin pencari.
Temuan: Hasil penelitian menemukan 80 website dari 11 negara sebagai sumber informasi yang tampil pada mesin pencari. Media tersebut digunakan pemangku kepentingan untuk mengupayakan peningkatan citra positif Bali.
Implikasi: Implikasi praktis dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menyajikan daftar media online yang dapat digunakan untuk melakukan publikasi konten positif dan menarik. Publikasi diperlukan agar dapat meningkatkan keinginan masyarakat Australia untuk berkunjung ke Bali sebagai wisatawan.
Efecto de la rehabilitación pulmonar sobre la función respiratoria y la capacidad de ejercicio en personas con enfermedad pulmonar crónica
Authors: Heyden-López Franklin , Muñoz-Rojas Derby 
Published: January 2021

Justificación y objetivo: los problemas pulmonares crónicos son una de las principales causas dediscapacidad en las personas adultas mayores. Estas enfermedades afectan negativamente la calidad de vida y la capacidad funcional de las personas, debido a la interacción entre el proceso normal de envejecimiento y la fisiopatología. Sin embargo, los programas de rehabilitación pulmonar parecen ser una opción terapéutica efectiva para tratar esta problemática. A pesar de esto, en Costa Rica no es una posibilidad disponible en todos los centros de salud y existe limitada evidencia sobre su efectividad. Este estudio intenta identificar el efecto de un programa de rehabilitación pulmonar sobre la función respiratoria y la capacidad de ejercicio de personas adultas mayores con enfermedad pulmonar crónica.Métodos: se realizó un análisis retrospectivo del efecto de un programa de ejercicio físico sobre la función respiratoria y la capacidad de ejercicio en 53 personas adultas con enfermedad pulmonar crónica. Los datos fueron recolectados en el Hospital Nacional de Geriatría y Gerontología-Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social, de personas que participaron en el programa entre enero 2012 y diciembre 2017.Resultados: hubo mejoras estadísticamente significativas en la función respiratoria (p<0,001) y la capacidad de ejercicio (p<0,001) de los sujetos, luego de participar en el programa.
Conclusión: el programa de rehabilitación pulmonar mejoró la función respiratoria y la capacidad de ejercicio.
Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar dengan Pendekatan Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) Mata Pelajaran PKn pada Siswa Kelas V SD Negeri 1 Jereweh
Authors: Muhammad Saleh  
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan hasil belajar siswa kelas V SDN 1 Jereweh pada mata pelajaran PKn dengan pendekatan Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) .
Penelitian in merupakan penelitian tindakan kelas. Subjek penelitian ini adalah kelas V SDN 1 Jereweh dengan jumlah siswa 26 orang. Penelitian ini berlangsung dalam tiga siklus dan masing-masing terdiri dari 4 tahapan yaitu perencanaan, kegiatan dan pengamatan, repleksi dan revisi pelaksanaan . Teknik pengumpulan data dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi dan tes formatif.
Hasil penelitian tindakan kelas dengan menerapkan pendekatan Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) menunjukkan bahwa hasil belajar PKn siswa mengalami peningkatan. Hal tersebut ditunjukkan dengan peningkatan nilai rata kelas yaitu pada saat siklus 1 persentase ketuntasan 34,61% pada siklus 2 persentase ketuntasan 69,23%, dan pada siklus 3 persentase ketuntasan 100 %, sedangkan ketuntasan maksimal yang tuntas meningkat 34,62 % dari siklus 1 ke siklus 2, dan dari siklus 2 ke siklus 3 sebanyak 30,77 %.
Pengaruh Media Vidio Pembelajaran terhadap Hasil Pembelajaran Tematik pada Siswa Kelas VI SD Negeri Kejawat Kecamatan Brang Rea Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat
Authors: Faridah  
Published: January 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan media vidio pembelajaran terhadap hasil pembelajaran tematik di SD Negeri Kejawat Kecamatan Brang Rea Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat tahun pelajaran 2019/2020. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dalam 2 siklus dengan 1 kali pertemuan tiap siklus. Subjek penelitian adalah guru dan siswa kelas VI SD Negeri Kejawat Kecamatan Brang Rea Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat tahun pelajaran 2019/2020 dengan jumlah siswa sebanyak 5 orang. Data dikumpulkan dengan teknik tes dan non tes. Analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif kuantitatif dan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan menggunakan media video pembelajaran dapat meningkatkan hasil pembelajaran tematik Tema 2 (Persatuan dalam Perbedaan) di Kelas VI SD Negeri Kejawat Kecamatan Brang Rea Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat yaitu: (1) Keterampilan guru melalui penggunaan media vido pembelajaran meningkat. Peningkatan keterampilan guru sebesar 18,73% dari 72,93% pada siklus I dengan kategori baik menjadi 91,66% pada siklus II dengan kategori sangat baik.(2)Aktivitas siswa melalui penggunaan media vido pembelajaran meningkat. Peningkatan aktivitas siswa sebesar 13,47% dari 68,33% dengan kategori baik pada siklus I menjadi 81,80% pada siklus II dengan kategori sangat baik. (3)Hasil belajar siswa melalui penerapan media vido pembelajaran meningkat. Ketuntasan siswa meningkat 60% dari 40% pada akhir siklus I menjadi 100% pada akhir siklus II. Data tersebut telah mencapai indikator keberhasilan yang ditetapkan yaitu sebesar 80%.
Peningkatan Kinerja Guru dalam Melaksanakan Penilaian Berbasis Kelas melalui Penerapan Supervisi Akademik upaya Peningkatan Capaian Mutu Sekolah di SDN Tambak Sari
Authors: Utari Sri 
Published: January 2021

Tujuan dari penelitian tindakan sekolah (PTS) ini adalah untuk mengetahui sejauh mana pembinaan kepala sekolah melalui supervisi akademik dalam meningkatkan kinerja guru melaksanakan penilaian berbasis kelas. Dalam penelitian tindakan sekolah (PTS) ini dilakukan dalam 3 siklus dengan tiap tahapnya yaitu perencanaan, pelaksanaan, pengamatan dan refleksi. Dari hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa 1). Pembinaan kepala sekolah sebagai upaya meningkatkan kinerja guru dalam melaksanakan penilaian berbasis kelas melalui supervisi akademik menunjukan peningkatan pada tiap-tiap putaran (Siklus). 2). Aktivitas dalam kegiatan pembinaan menunjukan bahwa seluruh guru dapat meningkatkan kinerjanya dengan baik dalam setiap aspek. 3). Peningkatan mutu sekolah oleh kepala sekolah melalui melalui supervisi akademik ini menunjukan peningkatan pada tiap-tiap putarannya. 4). Aktivitas guru menunjukan bahwa kegiatan pembinaan supervisi akademik bermanfaat dan dapat membantu guru untuk lebih mudah memahami konsep peran dan fungsi guru sehingga peningkatan capaian mutu sekolah dapat berjalan baik, dan dengan demikian peningkatan capaian mutu sekolah dapat ditingkatkan
Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Kurikulum 2013 Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini di Taman Kanak-Kanak se-Ciputat
Authors: Hayati Miratul , Lestari Masroro Diah Wahyu , Rahayuni Chikita 
Published: January 2021

Curriculum 2013 (K.13) PAUD is developed systematically to fullfil the development needs of children through the development of potential, character and knowledge. This can be seen in the Standards for the Level of Achievement of Children (STPPA), Ministerial Regulation (Permen) 146 of 2014, and Guidelines for Early Childhood Character Education. The policy contained in K.13 PAUD also has the most important position in regulating all activities in the school. This study aims to examine the complete structure of the contents of the Daily Learning Implementation Plan (RPPH) made by educators which will be assessed through the Teacher Skills Assessment Tool (APKG) format based on the 2013 Early Childhood Education Curriculum (K.13 PAUD), which is carried out on 15 Kindergarten group A and group B in the Ciputat region. The results obtained from this study present the lowest percentage seen in the ability of educators to formulate and compile indicators of core competencies, learning objectives, and to plan scientific activities. This shows that there are still many schools that have not followed the procedures for making RPPH based on the implementation guidelines of K.13 PAUD.
The friagem event in the central Amazon and its influence on micrometeorological variables and atmospheric chemistry
Authors: Camarinha-Neto Guilherme F. , Cohen Julia C. P. , Dias-Júnior Cléo Q. , Sörgel Matthias , Cattanio José Henrique , Araújo Alessandro , Wolff Stefan , Kuhn Paulo A. F. , Souza Rodrigo A. F. , Rizzo Luciana V. , Artaxo Paulo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. In the period
between 9 and 11 July 2014, a friagem event reached the Amazon region.
On 11 July, the southwest flow related to the friagem
converged with the easterly winds in the central Amazon. The interaction between these two distinct air masses
formed a convection band, which intensified over the Manaus region and the Amazon Tall Tower Observatory (ATTO) site. The
satellite images show the evolution of convective activity on 11 July, which led to 21 mm of precipitation at
the ATTO site. Moreover, the arrival of the friagem caused a sudden drop in temperature and a predominance of southerly
winds, which could be seen in Porto Velho between 7 and 8 July and in Manaus and the ATTO site from 9 to
11 July. The results of ERA-Interim reanalysis and Brazilian developments on the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System
(BRAMS) simulations show that this friagem event coming from the southwest, carries a mass of air with higher O3
and NO2 mixing ratios and lower CO mixing ratio compared to the air masses
present in the central Amazon. At Lake Balbina, the friagem intensifies the local circulations, such as the breeze phenomena.
In the Manaus region and at the ATTO site, the main effects of the friagem event are a decrease in the incoming solar radiation
(due to intense cloud formation), a large temperature drop and a distinct change in surface O3 and CO2
mixing ratios. As the cold air of the friagem was just in the lower
500 m the most probable cause of this change is that
a cold pool above the forest prevented vertical mixing causing accumulation of CO2 from respiration and very
low O3 mixing ratio due to photochemistry reduction and limited mixing within the boundary layer.