bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sternocleidohyoid muscle: an unreported variant of cleidohyoid muscle
Authors: Nayak Satheesha B. , Shetty Surekha D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSternohyoid, sternothyroid, omohyoid, and thyrohyoid muscles are collectively known as infrahyoid muscles. These muscles frequently show variations in their attachments. Here, an extremely rare variant muscle belonging to this group has been presented. During cadaveric dissection for undergraduate medical students, an additional muscle was found between sternohyoid and superior belly of omohyoid muscles bilaterally in a male cadaver aged approximately 70 years. This muscle took its origin from posterior surface of the manubrium sterni, capsule of the sternoclavicular joint and the posterior surface of the medial part of the clavicle. It was inserted to the hyoid bone between the attachments of sternohyoid and superior belly of omohyoid muscles and was supplied by a branch of ansa cervicalis profunda. There is no report on such a muscle in the literature and it could be named as “sternocleidohyoid muscle”. Knowledge of this muscle could be useful in neck surgeries.
Anaesthesia as an influence in tumour progression
Authors: Plücker Jadie , Wirsik Naita M. , Ritter Alina S. , Schmidt Thomas , Weigand Markus A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Tumour growth and the formation of metastases are essential elements in the progression of cancer. The centre of treatment is the surgical resection of primary solid tumours. But even if the tumour can be removed without microscopic residual cells, local recurrences and distant metastases occur and determine the patient’s fate. During the operation, tumour cells are shed from the primary tumour and released into the circulation. These circulating tumour cells might play an important role in the formation of new tumour sites. Therefore, a functional innate and adaptive immune system is essential, especially in this perioperative period. Anaesthesia influences consciousness and pain perception and interacts directly with the immune system and tumour cells.

Methods
Review of the current literature concerning intra- and postoperative anaesthetic decisions and tumour progression.

Results
There are beneficial aspects for patient survival associated with total intravenous anaesthesia, the use of regional anaesthetics and the avoidance of allogeneic red blood cell transfusions. Alternatives such as irradiated intraoperative blood salvage and preoperative iron supplementation may be advantageous in cases where transfusions are limited or not wanted. The immunosuppressive properties of opioids are theoretical, but strong evidence to avoid them does not exist. The application of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis do not impair the patient’s survival and may even have a positive effect on tumour regression.

Conclusion
Anaesthesia does play an important part in the perioperative period in order to improve the cancer-related outcome. Further research is necessary to make more concrete recommendations.
ISSLS prize in basic science 2021: a novel inducible system to regulate transgene expression of TIMP1
Authors: Han Yingchao , Ouyang Zhihua , Wawrose Richard A. , Chen Stephen R. , Hallbaum Maximiliane , Dong Qing , Dando Emily , Tang Ying , Wang Bing , Lee Joon Y. , Shaw Jeremy D. , Kang James D. , Sowa Gwendolyn A. , Vo Nam N. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurposeInflammatory and oxidative stress upregulates matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, leading to intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD). Gene therapy using human tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (hTIMP1) has effectively treated IDD in animal models. However, persistent unregulated transgene expression may have negative side effects. We developed a recombinant adeno-associated viral (AAV) gene vector, AAV-NFκB-hTIMP1, that only expresses the hTIMP1 transgene under conditions of stress.MethodsRabbit disc cells were transfected or transduced with AAV-CMV-hTIMP1, which constitutively expresses hTIMP1, or AAV-NFκB-hTIMP1. Disc cells were selectively treated with IL-1β. NFκB activation was verified by nuclear translocation. hTIMP1 mRNA and protein expression were measured by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively. MMP activity was measured by following cleavage of a fluorogenic substrate.ResultsIL-1β stimulation activated NFκB demonstrating that IL-1β was a surrogate for inflammatory stress. Stimulating AAV-NFκB-hTIMP1 cells with IL-1β increased hTIMP1 expression compared to unstimulated cells. AAV-CMV-hTIMP1 cells demonstrated high levels of hTIMP1 expression regardless of IL-1β stimulation. hTIMP1 expression was comparable between IL-1β stimulated AAV-NFκB-hTIMP1 cells and AAV-CMV-hTIMP1 cells. MMP activity was decreased in AAV-NFκB-hTIMP1 cells compared to baseline levels or cells exposed to IL-1β.ConclusionAAV-NFκB-hTIMP1 is a novel inducible transgene delivery system. NFκB regulatory elements ensure that hTIMP1 expression occurs only with inflammation, which is central to IDD development. Unlike previous inducible systems, the AAV-NFκB-hTIMP1 construct is dependent on endogenous factors, which minimizes potential side effects caused by constitutive transgene overexpression. It also prevents the unnecessary production of transgene products in cells that do not require therapy.
The effect of seaweed extract on tomato plant growth, productivity and soil
Authors: Hussain Hashmath Inayath , Kasinadhuni Naga , Arioli Tony 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of seaweed extract (SWE) made from the brown algaeDurvillaea potatorumandAscophyllum nodosumon plants and soil. The application of SWE to soil growing tomato plants showed dual effects. SWE comprehensively improved tomato plant growth (flower clusters, flower number, fruit number, root length, root and shoot dry weight, SPAD) and increased plant productivity (yield and quality). Similarly, SWE application effected soil biology at the soil root zone by increasing total bacterial count and available soil nitrogen and impacting bacterial community diversity with an increase in certain bacterial families linked to soil health. A broader understanding of the effects of SWE on the plant-soil ecosystem may offer breakthrough approaches for sustainable food production.
The decomposition process in high-purity Al-1.7 at.% Cu alloys with trace elements: preservation of quenched-in vacancies by In, Sn and Pb influencing the $$\theta \, '$$ formation
Authors: Staab Torsten E. M. , Lotter Frank , Mühle Uwe , Elsayed Mohamed , Petschke Danny , Schubert Thomas , Ibrahim Alaa M. , Krause-Rehberg Reinhard , Kieback Bernd 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAluminium-copper alloys of the 2xxx type receive their excellent mechanical properties by the formation of copper-rich precipitates during hardening. Size, distribution and crystal structure of the formed precipitates determine the final strength of those alloys. Adding traces of certain elements, which bind to vacancies, significantly influences the decomposition behaviour, i.e. the diffusion of the copper atoms. For high-purity ternary alloys (Al-1.7 at.% Cu-X), we investigate the interaction of copper and trace element atoms (X=In, Sn, and Pb) with quenched-in vacancies by Positron Annihilation Lifetime Spectroscopy (PALS). By employing Vickers microhardness, Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) we obtain a comprehensive picture of the decomposition process: opposite to predicted binding energies to vacancies by ab-initio calculations we find during ageing at room and elevated temperature a more retarded clustering of copper in the presence of In rather than for Sn additions, while Pb, having the highest predicted binding to vacancies, shows nearly no retarding effect compared to pure Al-Cu. If the latter would be due to a limited solubility of lead, it had to be below 2 ppm. Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) as imaging method complements our findings. Annealing the quenched Al-1.7 at.% Cu-X-alloys containing 100 ppm In or Sn at$$150\,^\circ {\text {C}}$$150∘Cleads to finely distributed$$\theta \, '$$θ′-precipitates on the nanoscale, since due to the trace additions the formation temperature of$$\theta \, '$$θ′is lowered by more than$$100\,^\circ {\text {C}}$$100∘C. According to TEM small agglomerates of trace elements (In, Sn) may support the early nucleation for the$$\theta \, '$$θ′-precipitates.
Mechanisms contributing to hypotension after anesthetic induction with sufentanil, propofol, and rocuronium: a prospective observational study
Authors: Saugel Bernd , Bebert Elisa-Johanna , Briesenick Luisa , Hoppe Phillip , Greiwe Gillis , Yang Dongsheng , Ma Chao , Mascha Edward J. , Sessler Daniel I. , Rogge Dorothea E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIt remains unclear whether reduced myocardial contractility, venous dilation with decreased venous return, or arterial dilation with reduced systemic vascular resistance contribute most to hypotension after induction of general anesthesia. We sought to assess the relative contribution of various hemodynamic mechanisms to hypotension after induction of general anesthesia with sufentanil, propofol, and rocuronium. In this prospective observational study, we continuously recorded hemodynamic variables during anesthetic induction using a finger-cuff method in 92 non-cardiac surgery patients. After sufentanil administration, there was no clinically important change in arterial pressure, but heart rate increased from baseline by 11 (99.89% confidence interval: 7 to 16) bpm (P < 0.001). After administration of propofol, mean arterial pressure decreased by 23 (17 to 28) mmHg and systemic vascular resistance index decreased by 565 (419 to 712) dyn*s*cm−5*m2 (P values < 0.001). Mean arterial pressure was < 65 mmHg in 27 patients (29%). After propofol administration, heart rate returned to baseline, and stroke volume index and cardiac index remained stable. After tracheal intubation, there were no clinically important differences compared to baseline in heart rate, stroke volume index, and cardiac index, but arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance index remained markedly decreased. Anesthetic induction with sufentanil, propofol, and rocuronium reduced arterial pressure and systemic vascular resistance index. Heart rate, stroke volume index, and cardiac index remained stable. Post-induction hypotension therefore appears to result from arterial dilation with reduced systemic vascular resistance rather than venous dilation or reduced myocardial contractility.
Poncelet property and quasi-periodicity of the integrable Boltzmann system
Authors: Felder Giovanni 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe study the motion of a particle in a plane subject to an attractive central force with inverse-square law on one side of a wall at which it is reflected elastically. This model is a special case of a class of systems considered by Boltzmann which was recently shown by Gallavotti and Jauslin to admit a second integral of motion additionally to the energy. By recording the subsequent positions and momenta of the particle as it hits the wall, we obtain a three-dimensional discrete-time dynamical system. We show that this system has the Poncelet property: If for given generic values of the integrals one orbit is periodic, then all orbits for these values are periodic and have the same period. The reason for this is the same as in the case of the Poncelet theorem: The generic level set of the integrals of motion is an elliptic curve, and the Poincaré map is the composition of two involutions with fixed points and is thus the translation by a fixed element. Another consequence of our result is the proof of a conjecture of Gallavotti and Jauslin on the quasi-periodicity of the integrable Boltzmann system, implying the applicability of KAM perturbation theory to the Boltzmann system with weak centrifugal force.
Convergence properties of the Broyden-like method for mixed linear–nonlinear systems of equations
Authors: Mannel Florian 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe consider the Broyden-like method for a nonlinear mapping$F:\mathbb {R}^{n}\rightarrow \mathbb {R}^{n}$F:ℝn→ℝnthat has some affine component functions, using an initial matrixB0that agrees with the Jacobian ofFin the rows that correspond to affine components ofF. We show that in this setting, the iterates belong to an affine subspace and can be viewed as outcome of the Broyden-like method applied to a lower-dimensional mapping$G:\mathbb {R}^{d}\rightarrow \mathbb {R}^{d}$G:ℝd→ℝd, wheredis the dimension of the affine subspace. We use this subspace property to make some small contributions to the decades-old question of whether the Broyden-like matrices converge: First, we observe that the only available result concerning this question cannot be applied if the iterates belong to a subspace because the required uniform linear independence does not hold. By generalizing the notion of uniform linear independence to subspaces, we can extend the available result to this setting. Second, we infer from the extended result that if at most one component ofFis nonlinear while the others are affine and the associatedn− 1 rows of the Jacobian ofFagree with those ofB0, then the Broyden-like matrices converge if the iterates converge; this holds whether the Jacobian at the root is invertible or not. In particular, this is the first time that convergence of the Broyden-like matrices is proven forn> 1, albeit for a special case only. Third, under the additional assumption that the Broyden-like method turns into Broyden’s method after a finite number of iterations, we prove that the convergence order of iterates and matrix updates is bounded from below by$\frac {\sqrt {5}+1}{2}$5+12if the Jacobian at the root is invertible. If the nonlinear component ofFis actually affine, we show finite convergence. We provide high-precision numerical experiments to confirm the results.
The Development of a Multilevel Intervention to Optimise Participant Engagement with an Obesity Prevention Programme Delivered in UK children’s Centres
Authors: Burton Wendy , Sahota Pinki , Twiddy Maureen , Brown Julia , Bryant Maria 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPoor participant engagement threatens the potential impact and cost-effectiveness of public health programmes preventing meaningful evaluation and wider application. Although barriers and levers to engagement with public health programmes are well documented, there is a lack of proven strategies in the literature addressing these. This paper details the development of a participant engagement intervention aimed at promoting enrolment and attendance to a community-based pre-school obesity prevention programme delivered in UK children’s centres; HENRY (Health, Exercise, Nutrition for the Really Young). The Behaviour Change Wheel framework was used to guide the development of the intervention. The findings of a coinciding focused ethnography study identified barriers and levers to engagement with HENRY that informed which behaviours should be targeted within the intervention to promote engagement. A COM-B behavioural analysis was undertaken to identify whether capability, opportunity or motivation would need to be influenced for the target behaviours to occur. APEASE criteria were used to agree on appropriate intervention functions and behaviour change techniques. A multi-level participant engagement intervention was developed to promote adoption of target behaviours that were proposed to promote engagement with HENRY, e.g. ensuring the programme is accurately portrayed when approaching individuals to attend and providing ‘taster’ sessions prior to each programme. At the local authority level, the intervention aimed to increase buy-in with HENRY to increase the level of resource dedicated to engagement efforts. At the centre level, managers were encouraged to widen promotion of the programme and ensure that staff promoted the programme accurately. HENRY facilitators received training to increase engagement during sessions, and parents that had attended HENRY were encouraged to recruit their peers. This paper describes one of the first attempts to develop a theory-based multi-level participant engagement intervention specifically designed to promote recruitment and retention to a community-based obesity prevention programme. Given the challenges to implementing public health programmes with sufficient reach, the process used to develop the intervention serves as an example of how programmes that are already widely commissioned could be optimised to enable greater impact.
Der Eisenstoffwechsel und seine Bedeutung für das Höhentraining
Authors: Neumann Georg , Hottenrott Kuno , Hottenrott Laura 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungEin Eisenmangel und eine katabole Stoffwechsellage behindern die Zunahme des Gesamthämoglobins und damit einen Anstieg der Sauerstofftransportkapazität, sodass die Wirksamkeit des Höhentrainings herabgesetzt ist. Die Eisenhomöostase wird sehr fein durch das hepatische Hormon Hepcidin (HEPC) kontrolliert, welches die Eisenaufnahmefähigkeit der Darmzellen über ein spezielles Protein, dem Ferroportin, kontrolliert. Unter Hypoxie stimuliert das Protein HIF-1 α die Freisetzung des Erythropoitins (EPO). Unzureichende Eisenspeicher und/oder eine Vitamin-B12-Unterversorgung bei Athleten, besonders bei jungen Frauen, sind Wochen vor einem Höhentraining durch eine orale Eisen- und/oder Vitamin-B12-Substitution unter ärztlicher Kontrolle, aufzufüllen. Voraussetzung für eine leistungsfördernde Wirkung des Höhentrainings ist ein mehrmaliger Aufenthalt in mittleren Höhen von 1700 m bis 3000 m. Als Aufenthaltsdauer werden 350 h bis 500 h oder zwei bis drei Wochen empfohlen. Mangelnde Eisenverfügbarkeit und ein Energiedefizit können die Wirksamkeit des Höhentrainings negativ beeinflussen. Liegt aus medizinischer Sicht eine Eisenunterversorgung vor, dann wird zu einer oralen Supplementation vor und während des Höhentrainings geraten. Bei normaler Eisenverfügbarkeit führt die gesteigerte Hämatopoese durch EPO zur Zunahme des Gesamthämoglobins. Die Wirkung des hypoxieinduzierten Hämoglobinanstiegs ist nach dem Höhentraining auf drei bis vier Wochen begrenzt.
The Summer School Oncology Groningen: Improving a Successful International Course by Refining the Old, Maintaining What’s Good
Authors: Boske E. C. E. , Nienhuis P. H. , Hammer C. , Jalving M. , Kruyt F. A. E. , de Vries J. , Roodenburg J. L. N. , Metman M. J. H. , Kruijff S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFor more than two decades, the International Summer School Oncology for Medical Students (ISOMS) has organized a biennial 2-week international summer school program in Groningen, the Netherlands. The summer school aims to increase knowledge about general cancer care, reduce fear of talking to cancer patients, and expose students to cancer-related problems. After 22 years, there was a need to improve the summer school format, the application procedure, and the intensity of the course. Here, we describe and evaluate these and additional changes that were made to the program. Several changes were made to the summer school format. The course was shortened from 10 days to a more intensive 7 days. The scientific program was integrated with the clinical program and students were taught scientific writing and presentation skills. The application process involved a personal video pitch. Importantly, the new summer school format was organized by a committee in which medical students had the lead. To evaluate the changes to the summer school, we conducted knowledge tests and regularly obtained feedback. There was a high overall student satisfaction, with a median score of a 9 out of 10. Students appreciated the interactive sessions and practicals and the scientific program, and were satisfied with the course level. All students had improved test scores. Improvement points highlighted the need for a less packed schedule and more lectures on basic oncology principles, or were related to specific lectures. The student-led innovation and adaptation of the ISOMS has been successful.
Does Religion Affect Perception of Pregnancy Timing among Women Using Contraception?
Authors: Langley Rachael , Bably Morium , Siebens Ryan , Diaz Maria , Brunner Huber Larissa 
Published: February 2021

Background Nearly half of all pregnancies in the U.S. are unintended. Unintended pregnancy refers to a mistimed or unwanted pregnancy. Unwanted and mistimed pregnancies are often distinguished from each other because of the negative social connotations and poorer health outcomes associated with unwanted pregnancies. However, mistimed pregnancies also pose significant economic, societal, and health burdens that necessitate enhanced risk factor identification and prevention efforts. Purpose Religion and religious practices are important to consider as potential risk factors for mistimed pregnancy as over 70% of Americans identify as religious. However, little research exists on the potential religious factors-mistimed pregnancy association. The purpose of this study was to evaluate this association among women using contraception in the U.S. Methods This analysis used National Survey of Family Growth data. Women (n = 2841) self-reported measures of religion, religiosity and pregnancy timing. Logistic regression was used to obtain odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals. Results After adjustment, women who reported currently being Catholic, Protestant, or another religion had statistically significant increased odds of mistimed pregnancy compared to women with no current religious affiliation (Catholic OR = 2.31, Protestant OR = 1.41, Other OR = 2.58). Women who reported that religion was very important or somewhat important had statistically significant increased odds of mistimed pregnancy (Very Important OR = 1.82, Somewhat Important OR = 1.60). More frequent service attendance was associated with statistically significant decreased odds of mistimed pregnancy. Specifically, women who reported attending services 2–3 times a month or 1 or more times per week had nearly half the odds of mistimed pregnancy compared to women who never attended services (OR = 0.54 and OR = 0.51). Conclusions and Implications This study provides insight into the interrelationship of religion as a sociocultural risk factor for mistimed pregnancy and found that while religiously active women had increased odds of mistimed pregnancy, frequency of service attendance was a protective factor against mistimed pregnancy. Given that approximately half of pregnancies in the U.S. are unintended, additional studies are needed to further understand cultural mechanisms that may be important risk factors of unintended pregnancy, and to confirm this study's findings.