bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Dawes Review 9: The role of cold gas stripping on the star formation quenching of satellite galaxies
Authors: Cortese L. , Catinella B. , Smith R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOne of the key open questions in extragalactic astronomy is what stops star formation in galaxies. While it is clear that the cold gas reservoir, which fuels the formation of new stars, must be affected first, how this happens and what are the dominant physical mechanisms involved is still a matter of debate. At least for satellite galaxies, it is generally accepted that internal processes alone cannot be responsible for fully quenching their star formation, but that environment should play an important, if not dominant, role. In nearby clusters, we see examples of cold gas being removed from the star-forming discs of galaxies moving through the intracluster medium, but whether active stripping is widespread and/or necessary to halt star formation in satellites, or quenching is just a consequence of the inability of these galaxies to replenish their cold gas reservoirs, remains unclear. In this work, we review the current status of environmental studies of cold gas in star-forming satellites in the local Universe from an observational perspective, focusing on the evidence for a physical link between cold gas stripping and quenching of the star formation. We find that stripping of cold gas is ubiquitous in satellite galaxies in both group and cluster environments. While hydrodynamical mechanisms such as ram pressure are important, the emerging picture across the full range of dark matter halos and stellar masses is a complex one, where different physical mechanisms may act simultaneously and cannot always be easily separated. Most importantly, we show that stripping does not always lead to full quenching, as only a fraction of the cold gas reservoir might be affected at the first pericentre passage. We argue that this is a key point to reconcile apparent tensions between statistical and detailed analyses of satellite galaxies, as well as disagreements between various estimates of quenching timescales. We conclude by highlighting several outstanding questions where we expect to see substantial progress in the coming decades, thanks to the advent of the Square Kilometre Array and its precursors, as well as the next-generation optical and millimeter facilities.
Effects of microbial transglutaminase levels on donkey cheese production
Authors: D'Alessandro Angela Gabriella , Martemucci Giovanni , Faccia Michele 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMicrobial transglutaminase (MTGase) is an enzyme widely used in the dairy sector to improve the functional properties of protein-based products via the formation of a network between protein molecules. The aim of this study involving cheese from the milk of donkeys was to evaluate the effects of treatment with MTGase at the concentrations of 0 (control), 5, 8 and 10 U/g milk protein on the cheese-making process parameters, as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of the resulting cheese. MTGase influenced the time of gel formation from rennet addition (P < 0.05), with a delay at the two highest concentrations, accompanied by a lower (P < 0.01) pH of cheese and the lowest (P < 0.01) loss in cheese weight at 24 h of storage. The highest gel viscosity (P < 0.01) was observed at the highest concentration of the enzyme, reaching the value of 70 mPa⋅sec after 60 min. The chemical composition and color of the cheeses were not significantly affected by the inclusion of MTGase, regardless of the enzyme concentration. These findings may be of relevance in adapting the cheese-making process and might help in the design of new dairy products from donkey's milk.
Lower circulating neuron-specific enolase concentrations in adults and adolescents with severe mental illness
Authors: Andreou Dimitrios , Steen Nils Eiel , Jørgensen Kjetil Nordbø , Smelror Runar Elle , Wedervang-Resell Kirsten , Nerland Stener , Westlye Lars T. , Nærland Terje , Myhre Anne Margrethe , Joa Inge , Reitan Solveig Merete Klæbo , Vaaler Arne , Morken Gunnar , Bøen Erlend , Elvsåshagen Torbjørn , Boye Birgitte , Malt Ulrik Fredrik , Aukrust Pål , Skrede Silje , Kroken Rune Andreas , Johnsen Erik , Djurovic Srdjan , Andreassen Ole A. , Ueland Thor , Agartz Ingrid 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundBoth neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental abnormalities have been suggested to be part of the etiopathology of severe mental illness (SMI). Neuron-specific enolase (NSE), mainly located in the neuronal cytoplasm, may indicate the process as it is upregulated after neuronal injury while a switch from non-neuronal enolase to NSE occurs during neuronal maturation.MethodsWe included 1132 adult patients with SMI [schizophrenia (SZ) or bipolar spectrum disorders], 903 adult healthy controls (HC), 32 adolescent patients with SMI and 67 adolescent HC. Plasma NSE concentrations were measured by enzyme immunoassay. For 842 adults and 85 adolescents, we used total grey matter volume (TGMV) based on T1-weighted magnetic resonance images processed in FreeSurfer v6.0. We explored NSE case-control differences in adults and adolescents separately. To investigate whether putative case-control differences in NSE were TGMV-dependent we controlled for TGMV.ResultsWe found significantly lower NSE concentrations in both adult (p < 0.001) and adolescent patients with SMI (p = 0.007) compared to HC. The results remained significant after controlling for TGMV. Among adults, both patients with SZ spectrum (p < 0.001) and bipolar spectrum disorders (p = 0.005) had lower NSE than HC. In both patient subgroups, lower NSE levels were associated with increased symptom severity. Among adults (p < 0.001) and adolescents (p = 0.040), females had lower NSE concentrations than males.ConclusionWe found lower NSE concentrations in adult and adolescent patients with SMI compared to HC. The results suggest the lack of progressive neuronal injury, and may reflect abnormal neuronal maturation. This provides further support of a neurodevelopmental rather than a neurodegenerative mechanism in SMI.
“Patchy Patriarchy” and the Shifting Fortunes of the CCP's Promise of Gender Equality since 1921
Authors: Evans Harriet 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe CCP's commitment to gender equality since 1921 has produced vast gains in employment and education for countless women while overlooking established gender hierarchies in family life. Long-term research in Beijing reveals that crossing class, sectoral and generational differences, there is an apparent paradox between women's increasing access to education and employment and their abiding attachment to ideas and practices associated with their roles as wives, mothers and daughters-in-law. A reconfigured “patchy” form of patriarchy is sustained by a dominant discourse of gender difference that naturalizes women's association with the domestic sphere. Unprecedented engagements with international feminism after 1995 introduced new approaches to gender equality. Recently, young feminists from diverse backgrounds have launched public protests targeting expectations of women in marriage and family life, marking a contestation of previous articulations of gender equality. Online platforms are flooded with exchanges about women's empowerment in a market environment that grants them considerable leverage to manage their marital and domestic relationships. The focus of this new generation of feminists on social reproduction signifies a radical departure from the classical Marxist principles underpinning earlier approaches to women's emancipation. Nevertheless, a “patchy patriarchy” continues to characterize widely held gender assumptions and expectations, spanning class and sectoral difference.
THE MATRÍCULA DE TRIBUTOS: STYLISTIC AND MATERIAL OBSERVATIONS INTO ITS DATING AND ORIGINAL CONTEXT
Authors: Tejada Jorge Gómez 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis essay considers the possibility that the Matrícula de Tributos was made from a collection of folios that incorporates material from several related documents, some from as early as the eve of the Spanish invasion in 1521, and others from as late as the 1560s. The diverse styles identifiable throughout the manuscript, as well as the many interventions of different kinds in its pages, support this claim. This article further asks whether the Matrícula de Tributos might be the last extant exemplar of a larger group of taxation-related documents that circulated through Mexico on the eve of the Spanish invasion and well into the second half of the sixteenth century. Finally, the essay considers the possibility of placing the Matrícula de Tributos within the context of documents that kept or presented a record of pre-Conquest tributary practices for purposes that may have been as diverse as presenting evidence of past tributary obligations or as a means to assert authority and other political claims among the surviving native elite.
The pulmonary vascular bed in patients with functionally univentricular physiology and a Fontan circulation
Authors: Krimly Ahmed , Jain C. Charles , Egbe Alexander , Alzahrani Ahmed , Al Najashi Khalid , Albert-Brotons Dimpna , Veldtman Gruschen R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFontan palliation represents one of the most remarkable surgical advances in the management of individuals born with functionally univentricular physiology. The operation secures adult survival for all but a few with unfavourable anatomy and/or physiology. Inherent to the physiology is passive transpulmonary blood flow, which produces a vulnerability to adequate filling of the systemic ventricle at rest and during exertion. Similarly, the upstream effects of passive flow in the lungs are venous congestion and venous hypertension, especially marked during physical activity. The pulmonary vascular bed has emerged as a defining character on the stage of Fontan circulatory behaviour and clinical outcomes. Its pharmacologic regulation and anatomic rehabilitation therefore seem important strategic therapeutic targets. This review seeks to delineate the important aspects of pulmonary artery development and maturation in functionally univentricular physiology patients, pulmonary artery biology, pulmonary vascular reserve with exercise, and pulmonary artery morphologic and pharmacologic rehabilitation.
Expecting the unexpected: Code-switching as a facilitatory cue in online sentence processing
Authors: Tomić Aleksandra , Valdés Kroff Jorge R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDespite its prominent use among bilinguals, psycholinguistic studies reported code-switch processing costs (e.g., Meuter & Allport, 1999). This paradox may partly be due to the focus on the code-switch itself instead of its potential subsequent benefits. Motivated by corpus studies on CS patterns and sociopragmatic functions of CS, we asked whether bilinguals use code-switches as a cue to the lexical characteristics of upcoming speech. We report a visual world study testing whether code-switching facilitates the anticipation of lower-frequency words. Results confirm that US Spanish–English bilinguals (n = 30) use minority (Spanish) to majority (English) language code-switches in real-time language processing as a cue that a less frequent word would ensue, as indexed by increased looks at images representing lower- vs. higher-frequency words in the code-switched condition, prior to the target word onset. These results highlight the need to further integrate sociolinguistic and corpus observations into the experimental study of code-switching.
Sweetpotato response to reduced rates of dicamba
Authors: Shankle Mark W. , Harvey Lorin M. , Meyers Stephen L. , Morris Callie J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA field study was conducted in Mississippi to determine the effect of reduced dicamba rates on sweetpotato crop tolerance and storage root yield, simulating off-target movement or sprayer tank contamination. Treatments included a nontreated control and four rates of dicamba [70 g ae ha−1 (1/8×), 35 g ae ha−1 (1/16×), 8.65 g ae ha−1 (1/64×), and 1.09 g ae ha−1 (1/512×)] applied either 3 d before transplanting (DBP) or 1, 3, 5, or 7 wk after transplanting (WAP). An additional treatment consisted of 560 g ae ha−1 (1×) dicamba applied 3 DBP. Crop injury ratings were taken 1, 2, 3, and 4 wk after treatment (WAT). Across application timings, predicted sweetpotato plant injury 1, 2, 3, and 4 WAT increased from 3T to 22%, 3% to 32%, 2% to 58%, and 1% to 64% as dicamba rate increased from 0 to 70 g ha−1 (1/8×), respectively. As dicamba rate increased from 1/512× to 1/8×, predicted No. 1 yield decreased from 127% to 55%, 103% to 69%, 124% to 31%, and 124% to 41% of the nontreated control for applications made 1, 3, 5, and 7 WAP, respectively. Similarly, as dicamba rate increased from 1/512× to 1/8×, predicted marketable yield decreased from 123% to 57%, 107% to 77%, 121% to 44%, and 110% to 53% of the nontreated control for applications made 1, 3, 5, and 7 WAP, respectively. Dicamba residue (5.3 to 14.3 parts per billion) was detected in roots treated with 1/16× or 1/8× dicamba applied 5 or 7 WAP and 1/64× dicamba applied 7 WAP with the highest residue detected in roots harvested from sweetpotato plants treated at 7 WAP. Collectively, care should be taken to avoid sweetpotato exposure to dicamba especially at 1/8× and 1/16× rates during the growing season.
Frequency Considerations in GIC Applications
Authors: Trichtchenko L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGeomagnetically induced currents (GIC) are a phenomenon well known for its negative effects on the operations of power systems. To efficiently mitigate them requires different types of power system modeling, from GIC to alternating current harmonic generation, to three‐dimensional finite element models of transformers. GIC are initiated by variations of the geomagnetic field in the presence of the conductive Earth, that is, the geophysical variables characterized by continuous frequency spectra, making GIC also exhibit continuous spectra. In order to adequately estimate their variations and peak values for mitigation purposes, an analysis is required of how sampling rate and spectral frequency content impact the measured characteristics of GIC and harmonics. The study is based on the geomagnetic measurements and the power network data (i.e., GIC and harmonics) with high sampling rates recorded during two geomagnetic storms, March 31, 2001 and July 26–27, 2004. Availability of data covering both the source and the result of geomagnetic storm impacts on power grid allows (a) analysis of the influence of spectral content on adequate representation of both geomagnetic and geoelectric variations during the intervals with significant increases in GIC and harmonics and (b) identifying the sampling rate sufficient to usefully represent the network response presented as GIC and harmonics variations. In summary, the adequate sampling rate is suggested and the deficiencies associated with undersampling of the geoelectric and GIC variations are identified and discussed.
Southern Ocean Oxygenation Changes Inferred From Redox‐Sensitive Trace Metals Across Marine Isotope Stage 11
Authors: Rohde E. E. , Hayes C. T. , Redmond N. , Glasscock S. K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractChanges in the circulation of the Southern Ocean are known to have impacted global nutrient, heat, and carbon cycles during the glacial and interglacial periods of the late Pleistocene. Proxy‐based records of these changes deserve continued scrutiny as the implications may be important for constraining future change. A record of authigenic uranium from the South Atlantic has been used to infer changes in deep‐sea oxygenation and organic matter export over the past 0.5 million years. Since sedimentary uranium has the possible complication of remobilization, it is prudent to investigate the behavior of other redox‐sensitive trace metals to confidently interpret temporal changes in oxygenation. Focusing here on the exceptionally long interglacial warm period, Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11, we found concurrent authigenic enrichments of uranium (U) and rhenium (Re) throughout MIS 12 to 10, overall supporting prior interpretations of low‐oxygen periods. However, there are differential responses of Re and U to oxygen changes and some evidence of small‐scale Re remobilization, which may involve differences in molecular‐level reduction mechanisms. Peaks in authigenic manganese (Mn) intervening with peaks in Re and U indicate increases in porewater oxygenation which likely relate to increased Antarctic Bottom Water circulation at the onset of MIS11c and during the peak warmth of the interglacial around 400 ka.
780 Thousand Years of Upper‐Crustal Construction at a Melt‐Rich Segment of the Ultraslow Spreading Southwest Indian Ridge 50°28′E
Authors: Chen Jie , Cannat Mathilde , Tao Chunhui , Sauter Daniel , Munschy Marc 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMelt supply at the ultraslow‐spreading Southwest Indian Ridge (SWIR) has been shown to vary from nearly amagmatic, leading to ultramafic seafloor, to magmatically robust, producing fully volcanic seafloor. The center of the SWIR 50°28′E segment represents a magmatically robust endmember. High‐resolution bathymetry and backscatter, near‐bottom magnetic data, and visual observations were acquired to infer spatiotemporal variations in upper‐crustal construction over the past 780 kyr. Tectonic strain inferred from observed faults represents <8% of the total plate divergence during this period. Mapped seafloor and lava morphologies show a prevalence of smooth seafloor and smooth hummocky seafloor (64% mapped area), corresponding to a dominance of high‐effusion‐rate, sheet‐lobate lavas, over hummocky seafloor (29%) that mostly comprises low‐effusion‐rate pillow lavas. This prevalence is most pronounced within a ∼5 km‐long domain at the segment center, while hummocky seafloor prevails to its east and west, indicating a substantial along‐axis decrease in average eruption rate. Across‐axis changes of seafloor morphologies and faulting pattern indicate two successive cycles of upper‐crustal construction. These cycles last ∼300 kyr, interpreted as waxing and waning magmatic phases. During waxing phases, shallow axial melt lenses (AMLs) form beneath the segment center, feeding narrow diking systems that build high‐eruption‐rate smooth domal volcanos. During waning phases, lower frequencies of melt replenishment may cause the AML to become deeper and ultimately disappear. This configuration triggers diking and hummocky‐dominated eruptions over a wider axial domain, with more faults. We propose that modes of upper‐crustal construction at slow and ultraslow mid‐ocean ridges are influenced by melt supply more than spreading rate.
Joint InSAR and Field Constraints on Faulting During the Mw 6.4, July 23, 2020, Nima/Rongma Earthquake in Central Tibet
Authors: Li Kang , Li Yongsheng , Tapponnier Paul , Xu Xiwei , Li Dewen , He Zhongtai 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe accumulation and partitioning of crustal strain in central Tibet remain debated. July 23, 2020, Mw 6.4 earthquake in the Nima region (≈86.864°E/33.144°N) thus provides an opportunity to gain insight into local, ongoing deformation. Here, we use Sentinel‐1 SAR data to assess co‐seismic deformation during that earthquake, and nonlinear/linear inversions to determine the location and geometry of the source and the finite fault slip distribution. The results show that the maximum surface subsidence was ≈25 cm, the causative fault had a ≈N28°E strike and ≈48° dip eastwards, and that the largest normal slip, with a peak of ≈1.5 m, occurred between 5 and 10 km depths. Details of the earthquake surface rupture were derived from a UAV‐based field survey. At three distinct sites, the high‐resolution UAV images revealed discontinuous, ≈N35°E‐trending arrays of fresh en‐echelon cracks and ≤20 cm‐high, free‐faced normal scarps, along a ≈10 km‐long, ≈20 m‐wide zone following the ≈ vertically projected western limit of maximum interferometric synthetic aperture radar slip at depth. These results, consistent with an earthquake intensity distribution based on building damage inspection, show that 2020 earthquake only broke a short segment of the west Yibu Chaka normal fault, along the middle stretch of the 300 km‐long Riganpei Co‐Yibu Chaka‐Jiangai Zangbo fault zone. Regional Coulomb stress changes suggest that larger, Mw 7+ earthquakes should be expected on the geomorphologically more prominent, ≈50 km‐long normal faults bounding the east side of the Yibu Chaka lake pull‐apart, and on the 120 km‐long, sinistral Riganpei‐Co fault to the southwest.
Modification of Lithospheric Mantle by Melts/Fluids With Different Sulfur Fugacities During the Wilson Cycle: Insights From Lesvos and Global Ophiolitic Peridotites
Authors: Xu Yong , Li Danni , Li Dongxu , Dong Guo‐Chen , Pearson D. Graham , Liu Jingao 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Lesvos ophiolite, Greece, was recently identified as an analog to the External Liguride Unit formed at an ocean‐continent‐transition (OCT) setting. To further study the evolutionary history of this body, we analyzed highly siderophile element abundances and Re‐Os isotopic compositions of 14 Lesvos peridotites, in combination with petrology, bulk‐rock major, and trace element geochemistry. Almost all the Lesvos peridotites fall within the field of global OCT and mid‐ocean‐ridge (MOR) peridotites, indicating that these rocks have not experienced subduction‐related processes. The near‐horizontal 187Os/188Os versus Al2O3 trend over a wide range of Al2O3 (0.45–3.66 wt. %) may have been caused by recent melt depletion during rifting and thinning of the Lesvos lithosphere. Combining data from available global ophiolitic peridotites, we find that a large proportion of the more Al‐depleted supra‐subduction‐zone (SSZ) peridotites show lower Os/Ir, higher Pd/Ir and remarkably elevated radiogenic Os relative to other tectonic environments (OCT and MOR). By linking this kind of geochemical evolution to the Wilson Cycle, a complete picture emerges: (a) In the OCT to MOR stages, the extensional rifting environment may lead to mild to moderate melt depletion, followed by, or associated with, infiltration of S‐saturated (high fS2) basaltic magmas; (b) when progressing into the SSZ stage, more extreme degrees of mantle melt depletion may be driven by aqueous fluids in the sub‐arc mantle. During this stage, high‐fO2 slab‐derived fluids and/or S‐undersaturated (low fS2) boninitic magmas may infiltrate the sub‐arc mantle, followed by subsequent S‐saturated forearc basaltic magma infiltration.