bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic field and activity phenomena of the K2 dwarf V471 Tau
Authors: Zaire B , Donati J-F , Klein B 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We analyse spectropolarimetric data of the pre-cataclysmic variable binary system V471 Tau obtained with ESPaDOnS at the Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope in two observational campaigns (in 2004 November/December and 2005 December). Using Zeeman–Doppler imaging, we reconstruct the distribution of brightness map and large-scale magnetic field of the K2 dwarf at both epochs, as well as the amount of differential rotation by which surface maps are sheared. We detect significant fluctuations in the surface shear between the two campaigns. It goes from about twice the solar differential rotation rate to less than the solar value in a 1-yr interval. We conclude that the differential rotation fluctuations obtained for the K2 dwarf resemble those detected on the single-star analogue AB Dor, although even larger amplitudes of variation are seen in the K2 dwarf of V471 Tau. Finally, we show that the differential rotation results obtained in this work do not favour an Applegate mechanism operating in the V471 Tau system, at least in its standard form, but leave room for explaining the observed orbital period fluctuations with exotic forms of similar phenomena based on dynamo processes operating within the convective zone of the K2 star.
Ly α as a tracer of cosmic reionization in the SPHINX radiation-hydrodynamics cosmological simulation
Authors: Garel Thibault , Blaizot Jérémy , Rosdahl Joakim , Michel-Dansac Léo , Haehnelt Martin G , Katz Harley , Kimm Taysun , Verhamme Anne 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe Ly α emission line is one of the most promising probes of cosmic reionization but isolating the signature of a change in the ionization state of the intergalactic medium (IGM) is challenging because of intrinsic evolution and internal radiation transfer effects. We present the first study of the evolution of Ly α emitters (LAE) during the epoch of reionization based on a full radiation-hydrodynamics cosmological simulation that is able to capture both the large-scale process of reionization and the small-scale properties of galaxies. We predict the Ly α emission of galaxies in the 103 cMpc3sphinx simulation at 6 ≤ z ≤ 9 by computing the full Ly α radiation transfer from interstellar medium (ISM) to IGM scales. sphinx is able to reproduce many observational constraints such as the UV/Ly α luminosity functions and stellar mass functions at z ≳ 6 for the dynamical range probed by our simulation (M1500 ≳ −18, LLy α ≲ 1042 erg s−1, M⋆ ≲ 109 M⊙). As intrinsic Ly α emission and internal Ly α escape fractions barely evolve from z = 6–9, the observed suppression of Ly α luminosities with increasing redshift is fully attributed to IGM absorption. For most observable galaxies (M1500 ≲ −16), the Ly α line profiles are slightly shifted to the red due to internal radiative transfer effects that mitigates the effect of IGM absorption. Overall, the enhanced Ly α suppression during reionization traces the IGM neutral fraction $x_{{\rm H\, {i}}}$ well, but the predicted amplitude of this reduction is a strong function of the Ly α peak shift, which is set at ISM/circumgalactic medium scales. We find that a large number of LAEs could be detectable in very deep surveys during reionization when $x_{{\rm H\, {i}}}$ is still $\approx 50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$.
Solution structure(s) of trinucleosomes from contrast variation SAXS
Authors: Mauney Alexander W , Muthurajan Uma M , Luger Karolin , Pollack Lois 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Nucleosomes in all eukaryotic cells are organized into higher order structures that facilitate genome compaction. Visualizing these organized structures is an important step in understanding how genomic DNA is efficiently stored yet remains accessible to information-processing machinery. Arrays of linked nucleosomes serve as useful models for understanding how the properties of both DNA and protein partners affect their arrangement. A number of important questions are also associated with understanding how the spacings between nucleosomes are affected by the histone proteins, chromatin remodelers, or other chromatin-associated protein partners. Contrast variation small angle X-ray scattering (CVSAXS) reports the DNA conformation within protein-DNA complexes and here is applied to measure the conformation(s) of trinucleosomes in solution, with specific sensitivity to the distance between and relative orientation of linked nucleosomes. These data are interpreted in conjunction with DNA models that account for its sequence dependent mechanical properties, and Monte-Carlo techniques that generate realistic structures for comparison with measured scattering profiles. In solution, trinucleosomes segregate into two dominant populations, with the flanking nucleosomes stacked or nearly equilaterally separated, e.g. with roughly equal distance between all pairs of nucleosomes. These populations are consistent with previously observed magnesium-dependent structures of trinucleosomes with shorter linkers.
miRTargetLink 2.0—interactive miRNA target gene and target pathway networks
Authors: Kern Fabian , Aparicio-Puerta Ernesto , Li Yongping , Fehlmann Tobias , Kehl Tim , Wagner Viktoria , Ray Kamalika , Ludwig Nicole , Lenhof Hans-Peter , Meese Eckart , Keller Andreas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhich genes, gene sets or pathways are regulated by certain miRNAs? Which miRNAs regulate a particular target gene or target pathway in a certain physiological context? Answering such common research questions can be time consuming and labor intensive. Especially for researchers without computational experience, the integration of different data sources, selection of the right parameters and concise visualization can be demanding. A comprehensive analysis should be central to present adequate answers to complex biological questions. With miRTargetLink 2.0, we develop an all-in-one solution for human, mouse and rat miRNA networks. Users input in the unidirectional search mode either a single gene, gene set or gene pathway, alternatively a single miRNA, a set of miRNAs or an miRNA pathway. Moreover, genes and miRNAs can jointly be provided to the tool in the bidirectional search mode. For the selected entities, interaction graphs are generated from different data sources and dynamically presented. Connected application programming interfaces (APIs) to the tailored enrichment tools miEAA and GeneTrail facilitate downstream analysis of pathways and context-annotated categories of network nodes. MiRTargetLink 2.0 is freely accessible at https://www.ccb.uni-saarland.de/mirtargetlink2.
Revealed preference analysis and bounded rationality
Authors: Tipoe Eileen , Adams Abi , Crawford Ian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The principle of revealed preference is the backbone of structural empirical work on consumer demand. It focuses on what we can learn about the processes by which economic agents make decisions, using observed choices and minimal auxiliary assumptions. Classical revealed preference methods assume that choices and preferences are stable and consistent, but many studies have found violations of these assumptions both in consumer data and experimental settings. Recent research effort extends far beyond the axiomatic characterization of neoclassical choice models. New behavioural theories explain these violations in a theoretically founded way, considering data consistency and preference recoverability for a wide class of behavioural models. This article reviews some of the themes emerging from the recent literature.
Genetic data and niche differences suggest that disjunct populations ofDiglossa brunneiventrisare not sister lineages
Authors: Gutiérrez-Zuluaga Ana M , González-Quevedo Catalina , Oswald Jessica A , Terrill Ryan S , Pérez-Emán Jorge L , Parra Juan L 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDisjunct distributions within a species are of great interest in systematics and biogeography. This separation can function as a barrier to gene flow when the distance among populations exceeds the dispersal capacity of individuals, and depending on the duration of the barrier, it may eventually lead to speciation. Here, we describe patterns of geographic differentiation of 2 disjunct populations of Diglossa brunneiventris separated by ~1,000 km along the Andes. Diglossa brunneiventris vuilleumieri is isolated in northern Colombia, while Diglossa brunneiventris brunneiventris has a seemingly continuous distribution across Peru, Bolivia, and Chile. We sequenced mitochondrial and nuclear DNA of the 2 D. brunneiventris subspecies to evaluate whether they form a monophyletic clade, while including the other 3 species within the carbonaria complex (D. gloriosa, D. humeralis, and D. carbonaria). We also constructed ecological niche models for each D. brunneiventris subspecies to compare their climatic niches. We found that when using all available molecular data, the 2 D. brunneiventris subspecies are not sister lineages. In fact, each subspecies is more closely related to other species in the carbonaria complex. Our niche modeling analyses showed that the subspecies are occupying almost entirely different climatic niches. An additional and not expected result was that the carbonaria complex might encompass more cryptic species than previously considered. We suggest reevaluating the taxonomic status of these brunneiventris populations, especially the northern subspecies, given its highly restricted range and potential threatened status.
Hidden Spaces of Empire: Italian Colonists in Nineteenth-Century Peru
Authors: Riall Lucy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Among the clichés in modern European history, one of the most common is of Italy as ‘the least of the Great Powers’, unable to punch above its weight in the international arena and classed as a ‘latecomer’ to imperial conquest. In this article, I suggest instead that historians have been looking in the wrong place, and in the wrong period, for evidence of Italian ambition. By concentrating on territorial acquisitions in Africa, they are assessing only a small, relatively unproductive and arguably atypical slice of Italy’s global presence. I argue that even before national unification, and long before acquiring a formal Empire, Italy built a global influence structured by the activities of overseas migrants. Yet, despite the recent ‘turn’ to global history and the stress on diversity in colonial experience, the chronology and geography of the European nation-state still shape our understanding of nineteenth-century Empire. Looking at the hugely successful Italian colony in Peru, at both its commercial and scientific interests and at a violent attempt to establish a settler colony in Chanchamayo, in the Peruvian Amazon, I argue that this Italian world was driven not a nation state but relied instead on a common culture, a culture that was created by a capacity for local assimilation, by Catholic notions of civilisation and by ideas of white racial superiority. Modern imperialism was shaped as much by ‘lesser’ powers, often before – or without – the nation-state, and in continuity with the practices of the early-modern period. Moreover, mundane migrants could be the most successful empire-builders. I conclude with a call to take note of the full and diverse range of nineteenth-century colonial activities, and not to assume the primacy of formal Empires in the period of ‘High Imperialism.’
Exploring the Contribution and Relationship to Policing and Community Safety of Volunteer Street Patrols
Authors: Westall Adam 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe pluralized policing landscape now widely involves volunteers and the voluntary sector. Volunteer street patrols (VSPs) are individuals who walk the streets of cities and towns at night. Their actions include helping those in need through acts of care, compassion, and prevention. Numerous implications exist for the volunteers who participate in this form of voluntary action, including the level to which volunteers contribute and intervene, the functions they perform within contemporary policing, and the challenges of developing and maintaining relationships with the police and other emergency services. This article argues that VSPs offer a unique and welcomed source of support to the police, providing functions the police are unable to perform. The relationship provides validity, accountability, and opportunity for the volunteers. Over reliance, increased responsibilization and challenges for volunteers delivering policing services highlight tensions in the relationship, which in turn create opportunities to develop meaningful partnerships.
Averting a public health crisis in England’s coastal communities: a call for public health research and policy
Authors: Asthana Sheena , Gibson Alex 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Coastal communities have received little attention in the public health literature, perhaps because our mental maps tend to associate socio-economic deprivation and health inequalities with inner cities. Mapping a range of key health indicators at small area level, this paper reveals a distinct core-periphery pattern in disease prevalence, with coastal communities experiencing a high burden of ill health across almost all conditions included in the Quality and Outcomes Framework dataset. Other sources suggest poor outcomes for children and young people living in coastal areas. Low rates of participation in higher education contrast with high rates of hospitalisation for self-harm, alcohol and substance use. Reflecting a shift in the distribution of children living in poverty since the 1990s, this may be an early indicator of a future public health crisis in these communities. Exploring reasons for the health challenges facing the periphery, this perspective piece calls for more public health research that can accommodate the complex and interlinked problems facing coastal communities and a more concerted effort to align public health with economic, education, local government and transport policies at the national level.
The Effects of a Targeted Financial Constraint on the Housing Market
Authors: Han Lu , Lutz Chandler , Sand Benjamin , Stacey Derek 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe study how financial constraints affect the housing market by exploiting a regulatory change that increases the down payment requirement for homes selling for $\$$1M or more. Using Toronto data, we find that the policy causes excess bunching of homes listed at $\$$1M and heightened bidding intensity for these homes, but only a muted response in sales. While difficult to reconcile in a frictionless market, these findings are consistent with the implications derived from an equilibrium search model with auctions and financial constraints. Our analysis points to the importance of designing macroprudential policies that recognize the strategic responses of market participants.
Selecting Directors Using Machine Learning
Authors: Erel Isil , Stern Léa H , Tan Chenhao , Weisbach Michael S 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCan algorithms assist firms in their decisions on nominating corporate directors? Directors predicted by algorithms to perform poorly indeed do perform poorly compared to a realistic pool of candidates in out-of-sample tests. Predictably bad directors are more likely to be male, accumulate more directorships, and have larger networks than the directors the algorithm would recommend in their place. Companies with weaker governance structures are more likely to nominate them. Our results suggest that machine learning holds promise for understanding the process by which governance structures are chosen and has potential to help real-world firms improve their governance.
ESTIMATION OF THE ORGAN AND EFFECTIVE DOSE TO PATIENTS UNDERGOING MEDICAL DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY EXAMINATIONS IN SAUDI ARABIA
Authors: Ababneh Zaid Q , Almusallam Moayed , Alfajri Ibrahim , Ababneh Anas M , Aljarrah Khaled M , Tries Mark A , Al Anazi Nawaf 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Quantifying the radiological risk from diagnostic radiography is essential for patients’ safety. Effective dose is considered the best quantity to determine the stochastic risk associated with the radiological examinations. Therefore, the present work investigated organ and effective dose for adult patients in the most common type of X-ray examinations, such as the chest (PA/LAT), abdomen (AP) and lumbar spine (AP/LAT) projections. The PCXMC version 2 Monte Carlo program was used to estimate the organ and effective dose for 547 patients who underwent a radiographic examination at the King Abdulaziz Hospital, Saudi Arabia. The results showed wide variation in organ doses. The largest organ dose in each X-ray examination were 2.72 mGy for the spleen in the lumbar spine (LAT), 1.98 mGy for the urinary bladder in the lumbar spine (AP), 0.40 mGy for the spleen in the chest (PA), 0.11 mGy for the kidney in the chest (LAT) and 1.78 mGy for the testicles in the abdomen (AP) examinations. Values for the effective dose were estimated for each investigated X-ray examination, and the results were compared with the published values available in the literature. The obtained values for effective dose were relatively lower than those reported by the European Commission and the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation for the same examinations. The results presented here will help establish a database that will be useful for future comparisons and monitoring in radiographic procedures.
Duration of Untreated Psychosis in First-Episode Psychosis is not Associated With Common Genetic Variants for Major Psychiatric Conditions: Results From the Multi-Center EU-GEI Study
Authors: Ajnakina Olesya , Rodriguez Victoria , Quattrone Diego , di Forti Marta , Vassos Evangelos , Arango Celso , Berardi Domenico , Bernardo Miguel , Bobes Julio , de Haan Lieuwe , Del-Ben Cristina Marta , Gayer-Anderson Charlotte , Jongsma Hannah E , Lasalvia Antonio , Tosato Sarah , Llorca Pierre-Michel , Menezes Paulo Rossi , Rutten Bart P , Santos Jose Luis , Sanjuán Julio , Selten Jean-Paul , Szöke Andrei , Tarricone Ilaria , D’Andrea Giuseppe , Richards Alexander , Tortelli Andrea , Velthorst Eva , Jones Peter B , Arrojo Romero Manuel , La Cascia Caterina , Kirkbride James B , van Os Jim , O’Donovan Mick , Murray Robin M ,   EU-GEI WP2 Group
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is associated with clinical outcomes in people with a diagnosis of first-episode psychosis (FEP), but factors associated with length of DUP are still poorly understood. Aiming to obtain insights into the possible biological impact on DUP, we report genetic analyses of a large multi-center phenotypically well-defined sample encompassing individuals with a diagnosis of FEP recruited from 6 countries spanning 17 research sites, as part of the European Network of National Schizophrenia Networks Studying Gene-Environment Interactions (EU-GEI) study. Genetic propensity was measured using polygenic scores for schizophrenia (SZ-PGS), bipolar disorder (BD-PGS), major depressive disorder (MDD-PGS), and intelligence (IQ-PGS), which were calculated based on the results from the most recent genome-wide association meta-analyses. Following imputation for missing data and log transformation of DUP to handle skewedness, the association between DUP and polygenic scores (PGS), adjusting for important confounders, was investigated with multivariable linear regression models. The sample comprised 619 individuals with a diagnosis of FEP disorders with a median age at first contact of 29.0 years (interquartile range [IQR] = 22.0–38.0). The median length of DUP in the sample was 10.1 weeks (IQR = 3.8–30.8). One SD increases in SZ-PGS, BD-PGS, MDD-PGS or IQ-PGS were not significantly associated with the length of DUP. Our results suggest that genetic variation does not contribute to the DUP in patients with a diagnosis of FEP disorders.
The “New Father” Between Ideals and Practices: New Masculinity Ideology, Gender Role Attitudes, and Fathers’ Involvement in Childcare
Authors: Offer Shira , Kaplan Danny 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCurrent research demonstrates a gap between widely shared ideals of new fatherhood and men’s limited participation in childcare. Previous studies treat gender attitudes primarily in terms of work and family roles. In contrast, this study centers on perceptions of masculinity as a broader cultural-ideological construct. Specifically, it focuses on “new masculinity ideology,” a previously unexplored masculinity perspective associated with values such as authenticity, emotional expressivity, and holistic self-awareness. Using a sample of around 1,400 employed fathers in the United States drawn from the AmeriSpeak Panel conducted by the National Opinion Research Center, we examined how identification with new masculinity relates to gender role attitudes and three childcare involvement outcomes. Results from moderation analyses based on the computation of simple slopes show that new masculinity played an important role in emotional engagement and parental responsibility but not in routine care. New masculinity moderated the association between father involvement attitudes and childcare outcomes, suggesting that fathers who endorse this ideology are more likely to act in ways that are congruent with their inner beliefs. The breadwinning role appeared to remain important. This study highlights the ways in which the often confounded images of the “new man” and “new father” are conceptually distinct.
Genetic diversity of avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J): toward a unified phylogenetic classification and nomenclature system
Authors: Deng Qiaomu , Li Min , He Chengwei , Lu Qiaoe , Gao Yanli , Li Qiuhong , Shi Mengya , Wang Peikun , Wei Ping 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Avian leukosis virus subgroup J (ALV-J) has infected a variety of birds, causing major economic losses in China. Understanding the comprehensive criteria of classification and nomenclature of ALV-J would be useful for the investigation of the viral evolution and also for the prevention and control of this infection. An in-depth analysis of the genetic diversity of ALV-J was performed in the present study. Four hundred and seventy-five sequences of the gp85 gene, including thirteen of avian endogenous retrovirus designated ev/J and 462 of ALV-J, were used in the phylogenetic and the evolutionary distance analysis for this classification. The study identified that the current ALV-J strains were divided into two first-order clades (Clades 1 and 2) and three second-order clades (Clades 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3). The current Chinese ALV-J strains are predominantly in Clade 1.3, and the Chinese and Egyptian chicken flocks have been facing the emerging Clade 2 viruses. This system pioneers the classification efforts for ALV-J, which uses Pilot tree for rapid classification of the new isolates and also the addition of possible new clades. The proposed unified classification system will facilitate future studies of ALV-J epidemiology and genetic evolution and of the comparison of sequences obtained across the world.