bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brief intervention of low carbohydrate dietary advice: clinic results and a review of the literature
Authors: Oliver David , Andrews Kim 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
The purpose of the review is to assess the efficacy of a brief intervention of low carbohydrate dietary advice for weight loss in patients with a raised body mass index (BMI) (>25 kg/m2) during routine patient appointments in primary care.

Recent findings
Brief interventions in primary care have been shown to be a valuable tool in supporting patients to make lifestyle changes. Low carbohydrate diets have been successful in helping patients lose weight.
The authors carried out a retrospective observational study based on the electronic records from a single general practitioner surgery with 7,500 patients in Essex, UK. Low carbohydrate dietary advice was given opportunistically to patients with a raised BMI, over an 18 month period, with advice and weights recorded. In total, 774 patients were given low carbohydrate dietary advice. Overall, 1103 kg of weight was lost by 339 patients, there was a median weight loss of 2.5 kg (interquartile range 0.0–6.0 kg) and a mean weight loss of 3.3 kg.

Summary
There is no published literature available assessing the efficacy of brief interventions of low carbohydrate dietary advice. Our clinic results indicate that this may be an effective weight loss tool in primary care.
Nonprofit Hospital Community Benefits
Authors: Santos Tatiane , Lindrooth Richard C. 
Published: July 2021

Background:
Nonprofit hospitals (NFPs) are required to provide community benefits, which have been historically focused on provision of medical care, to keep their tax exemption status. To increase hospital investment in community health, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act required NFPs to conduct community health needs assessments and address identified needs. Some states have leveraged this provision to encourage collaboration between NFPs and local health departments (LHDs) in local health planning.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to examine the association of NFP-LHD collaboration in local health planning targeting drug use, with drug-induced mortality.

Research Design:
We conducted difference-in-differences analyses using drug-induced mortality data from 2009 to 2016, encompassing the first 3 years after NFP-LHD collaboration in local health planning specific to drug use. We evaluated drug-induced mortality in 22 counties in which collaboration was required in comparison with that in 198 control counties. We used data collected from implementation strategy reports by NFPs and combined it with data on hospital characteristics, as well as state-level and county-level factors associated with drug-induced mortality.

Measures:
The primary outcome was county-level drug-induced mortality per 100,000 population.

Results:
Counties, in which NFP-LHD collaboration in local health planning was required and in which NFPs and LHDs jointly prioritized drug use, experienced a deceleration in drug-induced mortality of ~8 deaths per 100,000 population compared with the mortality rate they would have experienced without collaboration.

Conclusions:
Collaboration between NFPs and LHDs to address drug use was associated with a deceleration in drug-induced mortality. Policymakers can leverage community benefit regulation to encourage NFP-LHD collaboration in local health planning.
Learning about Kawasaki disease from COVID-19 and the Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children
Authors: Gorelik Mark 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C) is a novel syndrome that has appeared in the wake of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus -2 pandemic, with features that overlap with Kawasaki disease (KD). As a result, new interest and focus have arisen in KD, and specifically mechanisms of the disease.

Recent findings
A major question in the literature on the nature of MIS-C is if, and how, it may be related to KD. This has been explored using component analysis type studies, as well as other unsupervised analysis, as well as direct comparisons. At present, the answer to this question remains opaque, and several studies have interpreted their findings in opposing ways. Studies seem to suggest some relationship, but that MIS-C and KD are not the same syndrome.

Summary
Study of MIS-C strengthens the likelihood that KD is a postinfectious immune response, and that perhaps multiple infectious agents or viruses underlie the disease. MIS-C and KD, while not the same disease, could plausibly be sibling disorders that fall under a larger syndrome of postacute autoimmune febrile responses to infection, along with Kawasaki shock syndrome.
Making Research Flourish Through ESPGHAN
Authors: Gasparetto Marco , Strisciuglio Caterina , Assa Amit , Gerasimidis Kostantinos , Giachero Federica , Novak Jan , Robinson Philip , Tél Bálint , Zilbauer Matthias , Jenke Andreas 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTRecent research breakthroughs have emerged from applied basic research throughout all scientific areas, including adult and paediatric gastroenterology, hepatology and nutrition (PGHAN). The research landscape within the European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) is also inevitably changing from clinical research to studies involving applied laboratory research. This position paper aims to depict the current status quo of basic science and translational research within ESPGHAN, and to delineate how the society could invest in research in the present and future time. The paper also explores which research areas in the field of PGHAN represent the current and future priorities, and what type of support is needed across the ESPGHAN working groups (WGs) and special interest groups (SIGs) to fulfil their research goals.
Theory of Mind in Somatization and Depression
Authors: Cetin Sahabettin , Sozeri Varma Gulfizar , Toker Ugurlu Tugce , Ozdel Ismail Osman 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Although mentalization is important in somatic symptom disorder (SSD) and major depressive disorder (MDD), it is not fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the relation between somatic and depressive symptoms with mentalization. A total of 48 patients diagnosed with SSD, 50 patients diagnosed with MDD, and 50 healthy individuals, participated the study. The Montgomery-Asperg Depression Scale, Symptom Checklist-90 Revised, and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET) were applied to the participants. The patients with SSD showed significantly the lowest performance of theory of mind. There was no significant difference between MDD and healthy controls. High somatization score was found to be a predictor for low RMET scores (95% confidence interval, −0.339; p = 0.014). Mentalization deficit seems to be associated with somatization rather than depression.
Review: Sport Performance and the Two-visual-system Hypothesis of Vision: Two Pathways but Still Many Questions
Authors: Mann David L. , Fortin-Guichard Daniel , Nakamoto Hiroki 
Published: July 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
The two-visual-system hypothesis (TVSH) provides a framework for understanding the nature of the visual information athletes are likely to rely on during competition. If valid, the framework provides a valuable means of evaluating the likely efficacy of different vision training tools that claim to improve the sport performance of athletes.
The TVSH has been used to explain that many of the existing methods of testing and training vision may be ineffective to improve on-field sport performance. The TVSH suggests that the visual pathway used to control actions on-field may be different—and rely on different visual information—to the pathway often tested and trained off-field. However, the central claims of the TVSH are increasingly questioned, and this has implications for our understanding of vision and sport performance. The aim of this article is to outline the implications of the TVSH for the visual control of actions in sport. We first provide a summary of the TVSH and outline how the visual information used to control actions might differ from that usually tested. Second, we look at the evidence from studies of sports that are (and are not) consistent with the TVSH and the implications they have for training vision. Finally, we take a wider look at the impact of the TVSH on the sport sciences and other complementary theories that hold implications for training vision to improve sport performance.
Feasibility and impact of near-point-of-care integrated tuberculosis/HIV testing in Malawi and Zimbabwe
Authors: Wang Melody , Boeke Caroline E. , Rioja Maria Rosezoil , Maparo Tatenda , Banda Clement , Chavula Chancy , Gunda Andrews , Isaac Jean , Mangwiro Alexio , Mangwendeza Phibeon Munyaradzi , Mtaula Jonathan , Mwase Christopher , Doi Naoko , Peter Trevor , Kandulu James , Simbi Raiva , Khan Shaukat , Sacks Jilian A. 
Published: July 2021

Objectives:
Near-point-of-care (POC) testing for early infant diagnosis (EID) and viral load expedites clinical action and improves outcomes but requires capital investment. We assessed whether excess capacity on existing near-POC devices used for TB diagnosis could be leveraged to increase near-POC HIV molecular testing, termed integrated testing, without compromising TB services.

Design:
Preimplementation/postimplementation studies in 10 health facilities in Malawi and 8 in Zimbabwe.

Methods:
Timeliness of EID and viral load test results and clinical action were compared between centralized and near-POC testing using Somers’ D tests (continuous indicators) and risk ratios (RR, binary indicators); TB testing/treatment rates and timeliness were analyzed preintegration/postintegration.

Results:
With integration, average device utilization increased but did not exceed 55%. Despite the addition of HIV testing, TB test volumes, timeliness, and treatment initiations were maintained. Although few HIV-positive infants were identified, near-POC EID testing improved treatment initiation within 1 month by 57% compared with centralized EID [Malawi RR: 1.57, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.98–2.52], and near-POC viral load testing significantly increased the proportion of patients with elevated viral load receiving clinical action within 1 month (Zimbabwe RR: 5.26, 95% CI 3.38–8.20; Malawi RR: 3.90, 95% CI 2.58–5.91).

Conclusion:
Integrating TB/HIV testing using existing multidisease platforms is feasible and enables increased access to rapid diagnostics without disrupting existing TB services. Our results serve as an example of a novel, efficient implementation model that can increase access to critical testing services across disease silos and should be considered for additional clinical applications.
Brief Report: HIV Diagnoses Among Persons Who Inject Drugs by the Urban-Rural Classification—United States, 2010–2018
Authors: Lyss Sheryl B. , Zhang Tianchi , Oster Alexandra M. 
Published: July 2021

Background:
After many years of decline, HIV diagnoses attributed to injection drug use in the United States increased in 2015, the year of a large outbreak among persons who inject drugs (PWIDs) in Indiana. We assessed trends in HIV diagnoses among PWID across the urban–rural continuum.

Methods:
We conducted national and county-level analyses of diagnoses among persons aged ≥13 years with HIV attributed to injection drug use only and reported to the National HIV Surveillance System through December 2019; county of residence at diagnosis was classified according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Center for Health Statistics Urban–Rural Classification Scheme. National trends for diagnoses occurring during 2010–2014 and 2014–2018 were assessed by the estimated annual percentage change (EAPC). Counties were considered to have an “alert” (ie, an increase above baseline) if the number of 2019 diagnoses among PWID was >2 SDs and >2 diagnoses greater than the mean of annual diagnoses during 2016–2018.

Results:
Nationally, HIV diagnoses among PWID declined 33% during 2010–2014 from 3314 to 2220 (EAPC: −9.7%; 95% confidence interval: −10.8 to −8.6); EAPCs declined significantly in 5 of 6 urban–rural strata. During 2014–2018, diagnoses increased 11% to 2465 (EAPC: 2.4%; 95% confidence interval: 1.1 to 3.8); EAPCs were >0 for all urban–rural strata, although most were nonsignificant. Alerts were detected in 23 counties, representing 5 urban–rural strata.

Conclusions:
Vigilance is needed for increases in HIV among PWID in counties across the urban–rural continuum, particularly those with indicators of increased drug use. Prompt detection, investigation, and response are critical for stemming transmission.
Alveolar echinococcosis: what triggers emergence in North America, Central Europe and Asia?
Authors: Gottstein Bruno , Deplazes Peter 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
Infection with the larval (metacestode) stage of Echinococcus multilocularis causes alveolar echinococcosis (AE), a serious hepatic disorder. The parasite has increased its infection extensity in wildlife and domestic dogs, mainly due to urbanization and spatial extension of wildlife hosts in Europe, Asia as well as North America, resulting in emerging infection risk for humans.

Recent findings
In hyperendemic areas such as Kyrgyzstan and China, ecological and socioeconomic changes have been associated with the unpredictable increase of AE cases. In North America, the appearance of the European-like genotype is of concern. In Europe, the annual increase of human case numbers reached a plateau even in hyperendemic situations. Therefore, we conclude that most of the exposed individuals are resistant to parasite invasion and/or to disease development. Thus, AE develops in a few healthy individuals, but preferentially in immunosuppressed patients.

Summary
In the future, improved diagnostic strategies will allow more precise estimations of transmission routes including the role of food, water and direct dog contact, which should yield improved public health recommendations. Finally, understanding protective innate and acquired immune mechanisms as well as parasite-driven immune-evasion processes will be essential to develop curative therapies in nonoperable patients and, futuristically, appropriate vaccines.
Lip Anthropometry of Healthy Turkish Young Adults
Authors: Bahşi Ilhan , Orhan Mustafa , Kervancioğlu Piraye , Uçar Hadice , Karatepe Şeyma , Sayin Semih 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe lips play an important role in evaluating and recognizing the craniofacial complex and our perception of facial beauty and attractiveness. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthropometric measurements of the lips of Turkish young adults and to look for sexual dimorphism. Anterior view photographs were taken of 100 females and 100 males who volunteered to participate in the study. Seven landmarks were determined, stomion (st), sublabiale (sl), subnasale (sn), labiale superius (ls), labiale inferius (li), crista philtre (cp), and chelion (ch). Then, using these landmarks, lower lip height (st-sl), upper lip height (sn-st), philtrum length (sn-ls), upper vermilion height (ls-st), lower vermilion height (li-st), cutaneous lower lip height (li-sl), philtrum width (cp-cp), and mouth width (ch-ch) were measured. It was observed that there was a statistical difference between genders in the parameters of st-sl, sn-st, sn-ls, li-sl, and ch-ch (P= 0.001, for these parameters). Besides, using these distances, 6 anthropometric ratios (ls-st/li-st, sn-ls/ls-st, li-sl/li-st, sn-st/st-sl, cp-cp/ch-ch, and ls-li/ch-ch) were calculated. Among the ratios investigated, sn-ls/ls-st, li-sl/li-st, and cp-cp/ch-ch were statistically significantly larger in males compared females (P = 0.012,P = 0.002, andP = 0.001, respectively). We believe that the results obtained in this study regarding lip anthropometry will help determine the standard values that can be used for the Turkish population aged 18 to 25.
PRISM: A Novel Human Islet Isolation Technique
Authors: Doppenberg Jason B. , Engelse Marten A. , de Koning Eelco J.P. 
Published: July 2021

Background.
Successful pancreatic islet isolations are a key requirement for islet transplantation in selected patients with type 1 diabetes. However, islet isolation is a technically complex, time-consuming, and manual process. Optimization and simplification of the islet isolation procedure could increase islet yield and quality, require fewer operators, and thus reduce cost.

Methods.
We developed a new, closed system of tissue collection, washing, buffer change, and islet purification termed PancReatic Islet Separation Method (PRISM). In the developmental phase, pump and centrifuge speed was tested using microspheres with a similar size, shape, and density as digested pancreatic tissue. After optimization, PRISM was used to isolate islets from 10 human pancreases.

Results.
Islet equivalents viability (fluorescein diacetate/propidium iodide), morphology, and dynamic glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were evaluated. PRISM could be performed by 1 operator in 1 flow cabinet. A similar islet yield was obtained using PRISM compared to the traditional islet isolation method (431 234 ± 292 833 versus 285 276 ± 197 392 islet equivalents, P = 0.105). PRISM islets had similar morphology and functionality.

Conclusions.
PRISM is a novel islet isolation technique that can significantly improve islet isolation efficiency using fewer operators.
Novel methods of teaching psychiatry to medical and postgraduate students
Authors: Jayaram Mahesh , Shields Greg , Buisman-Pijlman Femke 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
Global burden of mental illness remains at an all-time high and provision of timely good quality care is a challenge globally. Current methods of medical and post-graduate education in psychiatry worldwide have been inadequate in treating those with mental illness. Enormous gaps exist in provision of high-quality teaching, particularly in poorer countries with many having no access to ongoing teaching and training.

Recent findings
Technology and changes to curriculum design have transformed student experiences and highlighted the value of online learning. There are many models to consider from and we describe the development process for these, which also highlight why some can be superior to classroom-based learning. New innovations have significantly enhanced engagement and reach thereby bringing students across the globe into an interconnected community and putting them in touch with world experts. Although some of these options may be expensive, many can be made affordable and accessible.

Summary
It is possible to use innovations in online education to ensure high-quality teaching is available globally. A high touch model may be suitable when resources permit, and otherwise low touch scalable models provide options for increasing reach. Together, these models provide optimism for improving standards of global psychiatric training.
Dyadobacter subterraneus sp. nov., isolated from hydrocarbon-polluted groundwater from an oil refinery in Hungary
Authors: Szabó István , Al-Omari Jafar , Szerdahelyi Gábor Soma , Radó Júlia , Kaszab Edit , Táncsics András , Szoboszlay Sándor , Kriszt Balázs 
Published: July 2021

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strain (UP-52T) was isolated from hydrocarbon-polluted groundwater located near an oil refinery in Tiszaujvaros, Hungary. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the isolate belongs to the genus

Dyadobacter

in the family

Cytophagaceae

. Its closely related species are

Dyadobacter frigoris

(98.00 %),

Dyadobacter koreensis

(97.64 %),

Dyadobacter psychrophilus

(97.57 %),

Dyadobacter ginsengisoli

(97.56 %) and

Dyadobacter psychrotolerans

(97.20 %). The predominant fatty acids are summed feature 3 (C16 : 1
ω7c and/or C16 : 1
ω7c/C16 : 1
ω6c), C15 : 0 iso, C16 : 1
ω5c and C17 : 0 iso 3OH. The predominant respiratory quinone detected in strain UP-52T is quinone MK-7. The dominant polar lipids are glycolipid, phosphoaminolipid, phospholipid and aminolipid. The DNA G+C content is 40.0 mol%. Flexirubin-type pigment was present. Based on these phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic results, UP-52T represents a novel species of the genus

Dyadobacter

, for which the name Dyadobacter subterraneus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is UP-52T (=NCAIM B.02653T=CCM 9030T).
Safety and Immunogenicity of Nanocovax, a SARS-CoV-2 Recombinant Spike Protein Vaccine
Authors: Nguyen Thuy P. , Do Quyet , Phan Lan T. , Dinh Duc V. , Khong Hiep , Hoang Luong V. , Nguyen Thuong V. , Pham Hung N. , Chu Men V. , Nguyen Toan T. , Le Tri M. , Tuyen N.T. , Dinh Thanh T. , Vo Thuong V. , Vu Thao T. , Nguyen Quynh B.P. , Phan Vuong T. , Nguyen Luong V. , Nguyen Giang T. , Tran Phong M. , Nghiem Thuan D. , Tran Tien V. , Nguyen Tien G. , Tran Tuynh Q. , Nguyen Linh T. , Do Anh T. , Nguyen Dung D. , Ho Son A. , Nguyen Viet T. , Pham Dung T. , Tran Hieu B. , Vu Son T. , Tran Su X. , Do Trung M. , Tran Ton , Cao Thang M. , Dao Huy M. , Nguyen Thao T.T. , Doan Uyen Y , Le Vy T.T. , Tran Linh P. , Nguyen Ngoc M. , Nguyen Ngoc T. , Pham Hang T.T. , Nguyen Quan H. , Nguyen Hieu T. , Trinh Hung T. , Nguyen Hang L.K. , Tran Vinh T. , Tran Mai T.N. , Nguyen Truc T.T. , Ha Phat T. , Huynh Hieu T. , Nguyen Khanh D. , Doan Chung C. , Do Si M. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundNanocovax is a recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 subunit vaccine composed of full-length prefusion stabilized recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoproteins (S-2P) and aluminum hydroxide adjuvant.MethodsWe conducted a dose-escalation, open label trial (phase 1) and a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (phase 2) to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of the Nanocovax vaccine (in 25 microgram (mcg), 50 mcg, and 75 mcg doses, aluminum hydroxide adjuvanted). In phase 1, 60 participants received two intramuscular injection of the vaccine following dose-escalation procedure. The primary outcomes were reactogenicity and laboratory tests to evaluate the vaccine safety. In phase 2 which involved in 560 healthy adults, the primary outcomes are vaccine safety; and anti-S IgG antibody response. Secondary outcomes were surrogate virus neutralization, wild-type SARS-CoV-2 neutralization, and T-cell responses by intracellular staining (ICS) for interferon gamma (IFNg). We performed primary analyses at day 35 and day 42.ResultsFor phase 1 study, no serious adverse events (SAE) were observed for all 60 participants. Most adverse events (AE) were grade 1 and disappeared shortly after injection. For phase 2 study, after randomization, 480 participants were assigned to receive the vaccine with adjuvant, and 80 participants were assigned to receive placebo. Reactogenicity was absent or mild in the majority of participants and of short duration (mean, ≤3 days). Unsolicited adverse events were mild in most participants. There were no serious adverse events related to Nanocovax. Regarding the immunogenicity, Nanocovax induced robust anti-S antibody responses. There was no statistical difference in antibody responses among dose strengths on Day 42, in terms of anti S-IgG level and neutralizing antibody titer.ConclusionsUp to 42 days, Nanocovax vaccine was safe, well tolerated and induced robust immune responses. We propose using Nanocovax 25 mcg for Phase 3 to evaluate the vaccine efficacy. (Research funded by Nanogen Pharmaceutical Biotechnology JSC., and the Ministry of Science and Technology of Vietnam;ClinicalTrials.govnumber,NCT04683484.)