bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing the dangers of a stay in English and German hospitals for high‐need patients
Authors: Friebel Rocco , Henschke Cornelia , Maynou Laia 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate the risk of an avoidable adverse event for high‐need patients in England and Germany and the causal impact that has on outcomes.Data SourcesWe use administrative, secondary data for all hospital inpatients in 2018. Patient records for the English National Health Service are provided by the Hospital Episode Statistics database and for the German health care system accessed through the Research Data Center of the Federal Statistical Office.Study DesignWe calculated rates of three hospital‐acquired adverse events and their causal impact on mortality and length of stay through propensity score matching and estimation of average treatment effects.Data Collection/Extraction MethodsPatients were identified based on diagnoses codes and translated Patient Safety Indicators developed by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.Principal FindingsFor the average hospital stay, the risk of an adverse event was 5.37% in the English National Health Service and 3.26% in the German health care system. High‐need patients are more likely to experience an adverse event, driven by hospital‐acquired infections (2.06%–4.45%), adverse drug reactions (2.37%–2.49%), and pressure ulcers (2.25%–0.45%). Adverse event risk is particularly high for patients with advancing illnesses (10.50%–27.11%) and the frail elderly (17.75%–28.19%). Compared to the counterfactual, high‐need patients with an adverse event are more likely to die during their hospital stay and experience a longer length of stay.ConclusionsHigh‐need patients are particularly vulnerable with an adverse event risking further deterioration of health status and adding resource use. Our results indicate the need to assess the costs and benefits of a hospital stay, particularly when care could be provided in settings considered less hazardous.
Characterization of the diastaphenazine/izumiphenazine C biosynthetic gene cluster from plant endophyte Streptomyces diastaticus W2
Authors: Dong Junli , He Beibei , Wang Ruinan , Zuo Xiuli , Zhan Rui , Hu Linfang , Li Yiqing , He Jing 
Published: September 2021

SummaryTwo phenazine compounds, diastaphenazine and izumiphenazine C, with complex structures and promising antitumour activity have been isolated from the plant endophytic actinomycete Streptomyces diastaticus W2. Their putative biosynthetic gene cluster (dap) was identified by heterologous expression and gene knockout. There are twenty genes in the dap cluster. dap14‐19 related to shikimic pathway were potentially involved in the precursor chorismic acid biosynthesis, and dapBCDEFG were confirmed to be responsible for the biosynthesis of the dibenzopyrazine ring, the nuclear structure of phenazines. Two transcriptional regulatory genes dapR and dap4 played the positive regulatory roles on the phenazine biosynthetic pathway. Most notably, the dimerization of the dibenzopyrazine ring in diastaphenazine and the loading of the complex side chain in izumiphenazine C could be catalysed by the cyclase homologous gene dap5, suggesting an unusual modification strategy tailoring complex phenazine biosynthesis. Moreover, metabolite analysis of the gene deletion mutant strain S. albus::23C5Δdap2 and substrate assay of the methyltransferase Dap2 clearly revealed the biosynthetic route of the complex side chain in izumiphenazine C.
Capture by hybridization for full‐length barcode‐based eukaryotic and prokaryotic biodiversity inventories of deep sea ecosystems
Authors: Günther Babett , Marre Sophie , Defois Clémence , Merzi Thomas , Blanc Philippe , Peyret Pierre , Arnaud‐Haond Sophie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBiodiversity inventory of marine systems remains limited due to unbalanced access to the three ocean dimensions. The use of environmental DNA (eDNA) for metabarcoding allows fast and effective biodiversity inventory and is forecast as a future biodiversity research and biomonitoring tool. However, in poorly understood ecosystems, eDNA results remain difficult to interpret due to large gaps in reference databases and PCR bias limiting the detection of some major phyla. Here, we aimed to circumvent these limitations by avoiding PCR and recollecting larger DNA fragments to improve assignment of detected taxa through phylogenetic reconstruction. We applied capture by hybridization (CBH) to enrich DNA from deep‐sea sediment samples and compared the results with those obtained through an up‐to‐date metabarcoding PCR‐based approach (MTB). Originally developed for bacterial communities and targeting 16S rDNA, the CBH approach was applied to 18S rDNA to improve the detection of species forming benthic communities of eukaryotes, with a particular focus on metazoans. The results confirmed the possibility of extending CBH to metazoans with two major advantages: (i) CBH revealed a broader spectrum of prokaryotic, eukaryotic, and particularly metazoan diversity, and (ii) CBH allowed much more robust phylogenetic reconstructions of full‐length barcodes with up to 1900 base pairs. This is particularly important for taxa whose assignment is hampered by gaps in reference databases. This study provides a database and probes to apply 18S CBH to diverse marine systems, confirming this promising new tool to improve biodiversity assessments in data‐poor ecosystems such as those in the deep sea.
track2KBA: An R package for identifying important sites for biodiversity from tracking data
Authors: Beal Martin , Oppel Steffen , Handley Jonathan , Pearmain Elizabeth J. , Morera‐Pujol Virginia , Carneiro Ana P. B. , Davies Tammy E. , Phillips Richard A. , Taylor Philip R. , Miller Mark G. R. , Franco Aldina M. A. , Catry Inês , Patrício Ana R. , Regalla Aissa , Staniland Iain , Boyd Charlotte , Catry Paulo , Dias Maria P. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Identifying important sites for biodiversity is vital for conservation and management. However, there is a lack of accessible, easily applied tools that enable practitioners to delineate important sites for highly mobile species using established criteria.

We introduce the R package ‘track2KBA’, a tool to identify important sites at the population level using tracking data from individual animals based on three key steps: (a) identifying individual core areas, (b) assessing population‐level representativeness of the sample and (c) quantifying spatial overlap among individuals and scaling up to the population.

We describe package functionality and exemplify its application using tracking data from three taxa in contrasting environments: a seal, a marine turtle and a migratory land bird.

This tool facilitates the delineation of sites of ecological relevance for diverse taxa and provides output useful for assessing their importance to a population or species, as in the Key Biodiversity Area (KBA) Standard. As such, ‘track2KBA’ can contribute directly to conservation planning at global and regional levels.
Primed for addiction: A critical review of the role of microglia in the neurodevelopmental consequences of adolescent alcohol drinking
Authors: Melbourne Jennifer K. , Chandler Cassie M. , Van Doorn Catherine E. , Bardo Michael T. , Pauly James R. , Peng Hui , Nixon Kimberly 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAlcohol is one of the most widely used recreational substances worldwide, with drinking frequently initiated during adolescence. The developmental state of the adolescent brain makes it vulnerable to initiating alcohol use, often in high doses, and particularly susceptible to alcohol‐induced brain changes. Microglia, the brain parenchymal macrophages, have been implicated in mediating some of these effects, though the role that these cells play in the progression from alcohol drinking to dependence remains unclear. Microglia are uniquely positioned to sense and respond to central nervous system insult, and are now understood to exhibit innate immune memory, or “priming,” altering their future functional responses based on prior exposures. In alcohol use disorders (AUDs), the role of microglia is debated. Whereas microglial activation can be pathogenic, contributing to neuroinflammation, tissue damage, and behavioral changes, or protective, it can also engage protective functions, providing support and mediating the resolution of damage. Understanding the role of microglia in adolescent AUDs is complicated by the fact that microglia are thought to be involved in developmental processes such as synaptic refinement and myelination, which underlie the functional maturation of multiple brain systems in adolescence. Thus, the role microglia play in the impact of alcohol use in adolescence is likely multifaceted. Long‐term sequelae may be due to a failure to recover from EtOH‐induced tissue damage, altered neurodevelopmental trajectories, and/or persistent changes to microglial responsivity and function. Here, we review critically the literature surrounding the effects of alcohol on microglia in models of adolescent alcohol misuse. We attempt to disentangle what is known about microglia from other neuroimmune effectors, to which we apply recent discoveries on the role of microglia in development and plasticity. Considered altogether, these studies challenge assumptions that proinflammatory microglia drive addiction. Alcohol priming microglia and thereby perturbing their homeostatic roles in neurodevelopment, especially during critical periods of plasticity such as adolescence, may have more serious implications for the neuropathogenesis of AUDs in adolescents.
Bioethics of public commenting: Manipulation, data risk, and public participation in E‐Rulemaking
Authors: Beever Jonathan , Taylor Lakelyn E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLittle scholarly attention has been given to the ethics of public commenting as part of the online federal rule‐making process. This essay argues the process of public commenting on federal regulations in the digital era threatens both the integrity of those regulations and the integrity of the individuals they are meant to protect. The ongoing risk is anonymous public commenting is open to manipulation. This risk is particularly salient for eRulemaking with implications for human subjects as was shown in the completed revision process to the Common Rule. Guarding against physical and informational harms requires at least some verification of the identities of public commenters. The burdens of verification access are outweighed by the benefits to authentic participation in e‐Rulemaking.
Children’s screen and problematic media use in the United States before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Eales Lauren , Gillespie Sarah , Alstat Reece A. , Ferguson Gail M. , Carlson Stephanie M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis mixed methods study examined parent‐reported child screen media use before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic by examining 2019–2020 changes in parent perceptions of media, screen media use (SMU), and problematic media use (PMU) in children aged 2–13 years (N = 129; 64 boys, 64 girls, 1 nonbinary; 90.7% White, 4.6% Hispanic/Latino, 0.8% Black, 8.5% multiethnic; primarily middle‐to‐high income). Quantitative analyses showed a significant SMU and PMU increase (medium effect size). There was a steeper increase in PMU among school‐age (older) children. Together, the qualitative and quantitative results suggest that the PMU and SMU increase were influenced by distal, proximal, and maintaining factors including the COVID‐19 pandemic, distance learning, child behaviors, other children, parental mediation, and positive media reinforcement.
To see, not to see or to see poorly: Perceptual quality and guess rate as a function of electroencephalography (EEG) brain activity in an orientation perception task
Authors: Sheldon Sarah S. , Mathewson Kyle E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDetection of visual stimuli fluctuates over time, and these fluctuations have been shown to correlate with time domain evoked activity and frequency‐domain periodic activity. However, it is unclear if these fluctuations are related to a change in guess rate, perceptual quality or both. Here we determined whether the quality of perception randomly varies across trials or is fixed so that the variability is the same. Then we estimated how perceptual quality and guess rate on an orientation perception task relate to electroencephalography (EEG) activity. Response errors were fitted to variable precision models and the standard mixture model to determine whether perceptual quality is from a varying or fixed distribution. Overall, the best fit was the standard mixture model that assumes that response variability can be defined by a fixed distribution. The power and phase of 2–7 Hz post‐target activities were found to vary along with task performance in that more accurate trials had greater power, and the preferred phase differed significantly between accurate and guess trials. Guess rate and σ were significantly lower on trials with high 2‐ to 3‐Hz power than low, and the difference started around 250‐ms post‐target. These effects coincide with changes in the P3 event‐related potential (ERP): There was a more positive deflection in the accurate trials versus guesses. These results suggest that the spread of errors (perceptual quality) can be characterised by a fixed range of values. Where the errors fall within that range is modulated by the post‐target power in the lower‐frequency bands and their analogous ERPs.
Field‐realistic neonicotinoid exposure has sub‐lethal effects on non‐Apis bees: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Siviter Harry , Richman Sarah K. , Muth Felicity 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNeonicotinoid insecticides can have sub‐lethal effects on bees which has led to calls from conservationists for a global ban. In contrast, agrochemical companies argue that neonicotinoids do not harm honeybees at field‐realistic levels. However, the focus on honeybees neglects the potential impact on other bee species. We conducted a meta‐analysis to assess whether field‐realistic neonicotinoid exposure has sub‐lethal effects on non‐Apis bees. We extracted data from 53 papers (212 effects sizes) and found that it largely consisted of two genera: bumblebees (Bombus) and mason bees (Osmia), highlighting a substantial taxonomic knowledge gap. Neonicotinoid exposure negatively affected reproductive output across all bees and impaired bumblebee colony growth and foraging. Neonicotinoids also reduced Bombus, but not Osmia, individual development (growth and body size). Our results suggest that restrictions on neonicotinoids should benefit bee populations and highlight that the current regulatory process does not safeguard pollinators from the unwanted consequences of insecticide use.
Female bird song rates do not covary with population density in a North American species
Authors: Dargis Lorraine , Benedict Lauryn , Najar Nadje A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBird song can vary across space and time or within different social environments. These variations in bird song have historically been considered from the perspective of males, particularly in North American temperate regions. In this study, we explored possible changes in singing behavior by females of a North American species, the canyon wren (Catherpes mexicanus). Male and female canyon wrens sing sex‐specific songs to defend resources. Females rarely sing spontaneously but sing readily when challenged with playback. We sought to determine whether the rarity of spontaneous female song seen in previous studies stems from low population density. In areas with higher population density, female canyon wrens should encounter neighbors and competitors for resources more often, potentially driving up song rates. We examined female song rates both within a single population and compared between two populations, hypothesizing that females with closer neighbors would (1) sing more often without playback and (2) sing with more aggressive features in their songs and behave more aggressively in response to playback. We estimated population density on the ground using nearest‐neighbor distances and verified these with eBird abundance models. We did not find that population density predicted rates of spontaneous song. Most song characters and playback response behaviors also did not vary with local canyon wren abundance. Females from our denser population sang with significantly lower pitch, but we attribute these differences mostly to geographic variation. Although population density is known to drive patterns and rates of male song behavior, it may be less important in determining female song behavior.
Mapping soil microbial residence time at the global scale
Authors: He Liyuan , Xu Xiaofeng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSoil microbes are the fundamental engine for carbon (C) cycling. Microbial residence time (MRT) therefore determines the mineralization of soil organic C, releasing C as heterotrophic respiration and contributing substantially to the C efflux in terrestrial ecosystems. We took use of a comprehensive dataset (2627 data points) and calculated the MRT based on the basal respiration and microbial biomass C. Large variations in MRT were found among biomes, with the largest MRT in boreal forests and grasslands and smallest in natural wetlands. Biogeographic patterns of MRT were found along climate variables (temperature and precipitation), vegetation variables (root C density and net primary productivity), and edaphic factors (soil texture, pH, topsoil porosity, soil C, and total nitrogen). Among environmental factors, edaphic properties dominate the MRT variations. We further mapped the MRT at the global scale with an empirical model. The simulated and observed MRT were highly consistent at plot‐ (R2= .86), site‐ (R2 = .88), and biome‐ (R2 = .99) levels. The global average of MRT was estimated to be 38 (±5) days. A clear latitudinal biogeographic pattern was found for MRT with lower values in tropical regions and higher values in the Arctic. The biome‐ and global‐level estimates of MRT serve as valuable data for parameterizing and benchmarking microbial models.
Long term impact of vonoprazan‐based Helicobacter pylori treatment on gut microbiota and its relation to post‐treatment body weight changes
Authors: Suzuki Sho , Gotoda Takuji , Takano Chika , Horii Toshiki , Sugita Tomomi , Ogura Kanako , Ichijima Ryoji , Kusano Chika , Ikehara Hisatomo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundVonoprazan‐based Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) treatment is highly effective in eradicating the target bacteria; however, its post‐1‐year impact on gut microbiota is unknown. This study evaluated the impact of vonoprazan‐based H. pylori therapy on gut microbiota 1‐year post‐therapy and investigated the relationship between body weight changes and post‐therapy gut microbiota perturbations.Materials and MethodsBetween March and May 2019, 43 patients with H. pylori infections received either vonoprazan/amoxicillin (VA) or vonoprazan/amoxicillin/clarithromycin (VAC) therapy. Fecal samples were collected prior to treatment and 1 year after treatment. The alpha and beta diversities and the bacterial taxa composition ratios were determined using polymerase chain reaction amplification of the V3–V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. The correlation between body weight changes and relative abundances of genera post‐therapy was also analyzed.ResultsAmong the 43 patients, 18 received VA therapy and 21 received VAC therapy. One year after treatment, the alpha diversity was significantly higher in both the treatment groups (p < .001, using observed operational taxonomic units and Chao1 index), and beta diversity was significantly different in both the groups (p = .001, using unweighted UniFrac distance) compared with baseline findings. Significant positive correlations were found between body weight changes and the relative abundances of Coprococcus spp. (p = .037) and Odoribacter spp. (p = .022) post‐therapy.ConclusionVonoprazan‐based H. pylori therapies are associated with long‐term impacts on gut microbiota, including effects on bacterial species richness, and potentially affect metabolism by altering the microbiota. Trial registration number: UMIN000040025.
Migrations internes, envois de fonds et taux d'activité dans l'Inde rurale: analyse à travers le prisme du genre
Authors: KHAN Mohd Imran , BARUAH Ashapurna 
Published: September 2021

RésuméCet article porte sur l'impact des envois de fonds effectués par les migrants internes en Inde sur le taux d'activité des membres du ménage, hommes ou femmes, restés au foyer. Les estimations obtenues par la méthode des variables instrumentales révèlent un effet négatif sur ce taux. Les envois de fonds semblent sans incidence sur l'emploi salarié régulier, mais ils entraînent un recul de l'emploi salarié occasionnel et du travail familial non rémunéré, et une progression de l'activité indépendante, surtout chez les femmes. Ils se traduisent aussi par une forte hausse de la proportion de femmes se consacrant aux tâches domestiques, en dehors du marché du travail.
Sequence determinants as key regulators in gene expression of T cells
Authors: Nicolet Benoit P. , Zandhuis Nordin D. , Lattanzio V. Maria , Wolkers Monika C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractT cell homeostasis, T cell differentiation, and T cell effector function rely on the constant fine‐tuning of gene expression. To alter the T cell state, substantial remodeling of the proteome is required. This remodeling depends on the intricate interplay of regulatory mechanisms, including post‐transcriptional gene regulation. In this review, we discuss how the sequence of a transcript influences these post‐transcriptional events. In particular, we review how sequence determinants such as sequence conservation, GC content, and chemical modifications define the levels of the mRNA and the protein in a T cell. We describe the effect of different forms of alternative splicing on mRNA expression and protein production, and their effect on subcellular localization. In addition, we discuss the role of sequences and structures as binding hubs for miRNAs and RNA‐binding proteins in T cells. The review thus highlights how the intimate interplay of post‐transcriptional mechanisms dictate cellular fate decisions in T cells.
Fracture toughness of 3Y‐TZP ceramic determined by modified SCF method based on femtosecond laser
Authors: Cui Jinping , Gong Zhenyuan , Rao Pinggen , Guan Kang , Zeng Qingfen 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this work, the femtosecond laser was used to replace the traditional indentation to process ultra‐sharp defects on the test bars for the fracture toughness testing of 3 mol% yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (3Y‐TZP) ceramic materials by a modified SCF method. Finite element (FE) analysis shows that the positions of the maximum stress on the crack tip of the two types of defects are almost the same. Thus, the fracture toughness is calculated based on classical beam deflection theory by comparing their stress intensity factors. Results show that the ratio of the stress intensity factors almost keeps constant when the length and depth of the defects are controlled in a certain range. 3Y‐TZP ceramic material is used as a typical material to study fracture toughness for the verification of this method. The fracture toughness of 3Y‐TZP ceramics determined by this method is 4.4 MPa·m1/2 which coincides with the fracture toughness values tested by traditional SCF method, SEPB method, and SEVNB method. This method exhibits an obvious advantage in good high accuracy and operability for reliable fracture toughness testing of structural ceramics with a smaller defect.