bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acquired ABC-transporter overexpression in cancer cells: transcriptional induction or Darwinian selection?
Authors: Theile Dirk , Wizgall Pauline 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAcquired multidrug resistance (MDR) in tumor diseases has repeatedly been associated with overexpression of ATP-binding cassette transporters (ABC-transporters) such as P-glycoprotein. Both in vitro and in vivo data suggest that these efflux transporters can cause MDR, albeit its actual relevance for clinical chemotherapy unresponsiveness remains uncertain. The overexpression can experimentally be achieved by exposure of tumor cells to cytotoxic drugs. For simplification, the drug-mediated transporter overexpression can be attributed to two opposite mechanisms: First, increased transcription of ABC-transporter genes mediated by nuclear receptors sensing the respective compound. Second, Darwinian selection of sub-clones intrinsically overexpressing drug transporters being capable of extruding the respective drug. To date, there is no definite data indicating which mechanism truly applies or whether there are circumstances promoting either mode of action. This review summarizes experimental evidence for both theories, suggests an algorithm discriminating between these two modes, and finally points out future experimental approaches of research to answer this basic question in cancer pharmacology.
LC-HRMS screening of per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in impregnated paper samples and contaminated soils
Authors: Bugsel Boris , Bauer Rebecca , Herrmann Florian , Maier Martin E. , Zwiener Christian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHigh per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substance (PFAS) concentrations have been detected in agricultural soils in Southwest Germany. Discharges of PFAS-contaminated paper sludge and compost are suspected to be the cause of the contamination. Perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) have been detected also in groundwater, drinking water, and plants in this area. Recently, previously unknown compounds have been identified by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Major contaminants were polyfluorinated dialkylated phosphate esters (diPAPs) and N-ethyl perfluorooctane sulfonamide ethanol–based phosphate diester (diSAmPAP). In this study, HRMS screening for PFAS was applied to 14 soil samples from the contaminated area and 14 impregnated paper samples which were from a similar period than the contamination. The paper samples were characterized by diPAPs (from 4:2/6:2 to 12:2/12:2), fluorotelomer mercapto alkyl phosphates (FTMAPs; 6:2/6:2 to 10:2/10:2), and diSAmPAP. In soil samples, diPAPs and their transformation products (TPs) were the major contaminants, but also FTMAPs, diSAmPAP, and their TPs occurred. The distribution patterns of the carbon chain lengths of the precursor PFAS in soil samples were shown to resemble those in paper samples. This supports the hypothesis that paper sludge is a major source of contamination. The presence of major degradation products like PFCAs, FTSAs, or PFOS and their distribution of carbon chain lengths indicate the activity of biotic or abiotic degradation processes and selective leaching processes from the upper soil horizons.
Graphical abstract
Austausch von Aniridie-IOL gegen individuelle Iris-IOL-Implantate
Authors: Mayer C. , Scharf D. , Khoramnia R. 
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Es können 3 Gruppen an Irisprothesen zur chirurgischen Versorgung von Irisdefekten unterschieden werden: (1) segmentale Irisimplantate, (2) kombinierte Irisblenden-Intraokularlinsen (IOL) und (3) reine Irisimplantate. Die meisten Irisrekonstruktionen gehen zusätzlich mit einer Aphakiekorrektur durch sekundäre Linsenimplantation einher. Auch wenn primäre Ziele die Herstellung einer Pupille sowie die Besserung des Blendungsempfindens, der Kontrastsensitivität und der Sehschärfe sind, spielt das ästhetische Ergebnis eine nicht zu vernachlässigende Rolle.

Ziel der Arbeit
Dargestellt werden funktionelle und ästhetische Ergebnisse nach Austausch von Aniridie-IOL-Implantaten gegen eine individuell angefertigte künstliche Iris in Kombination mit einer IOL.

Material und Methoden
In dieser retrospektiven Studie mit 7 Augen von 7 Patienten wurde eine Irisblenden-IOL (Morcher GmbH, Stuttgart) aus medizinischen Gründen (Subluxation) gegen eine individuell hergestellte künstliche Iris aus Silikon (ArtificialIris, HumanOptics, Erlangen) in Kombination mit einer angenähten IOL ausgetauscht. Die Nachbeobachtungszeit betrug mindestens 3 Monate. Bestkorrigierter Fernvisus (BCVA), Endothelzellzahl (ECC), Komplikationen, Blendungsempfinden, das ästhetische Ergebnis und die Patientenzufriedenheit wurden evaluiert.

Ergebnisse
BCVA und ECC zeigten keine statistisch signifikante Änderung zwischen prä- und postoperativ (p > 0,05). Es zeigte sich eine Dezentrierung des Iris-IOL-Implantats von 0,27 ± 0,19 mm 3 Monate postoperativ. Auf einer visuellen Analogskala (VAS) von 1 bis 10 (1 = gar nicht bis 10 = extrem zufrieden) wurde die Zufriedenheit mit dem Gesamtergebnis mit 8,6 ± 2,5 bewertet. Das subjektive Blendungsempfinden besserte sich auf 5,6 ± 3,5 und die subjektive ästhetische Beeinträchtigung auf 2,4 ± 2,0 auf der VAS (1 = gar nicht bis 10 = extrem stark). Die postoperativen Komplikationen umfassten eine vorübergehende intraokulare Hypotonie in zwei, einen Druckanstieg in zwei, eine Netzhautablösung und eine transiente Glaskörperblutung jeweils in einem Auge. Sechs von sieben Patienten würden den Eingriff wiederholen.

Schlussfolgerung
Im Vergleich zu einem starren Aniridie-IOL-Implantat bietet der Austausch gegen eine individuell angefertigte künstliche Iris in Kombination mit einer IOL neben einem guten funktionellen gleichzeitig auch ein ästhetisch ansprechendes Ergebnis.
Generation of advanced Escher-like spiral tessellations
Authors: Ouyang Peichang , Chung Kwok Wai , Bailey David , Nicolas Alain , Gdawiec Krzysztof 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this paper, using both hand-drawn and computer-drawn graphics, we establish a method to generate advanced Escher-like spiral tessellations. We first give a way to achieve simple spiral tilings of cyclic symmetry. Then, we introduce several conformal mappings to generate three derived spiral tilings. To obtain Escher-like tessellations on the generated tilings, given pre-designed wallpaper motifs, we specify the tessellations’ implementation details. Finally, we exhibit a rich gallery of the generated Escher-like tessellations. According to the proposed method, one can produce a great variety of exotic Escher-like tessellations that have both good aesthetic value and commercial potential.
Early inflammation precedes cardiac fibrosis and heart failure in desmoglein 2 murine model of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Ng K. E. , Delaney P. J. , Thenet D. , Murtough S. , Webb C. M. , Zaman N. , Tsisanova E. , Mastroianni G. , Walker S. L. M. , Westaby J. D. , Pennington D. J. , Pink R. , Kelsell D. P. , Tinker A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe study of a desmoglein 2 murine model of arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy revealed cardiac inflammation as a key early event leading to fibrosis. Arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) is an inherited heart muscle disorder leading to ventricular arrhythmias and heart failure due to abnormalities in the cardiac desmosome. We examined how loss of desmoglein 2 (Dsg2) in the young murine heart leads to development of AC. Apoptosis was an early cellular phenotype, and RNA sequencing analysis revealed early activation of inflammatory-associated pathways in Dsg2-null (Dsg2−/−) hearts at postnatal day 14 (2 weeks) that were absent in the fibrotic heart of adult mice (10 weeks). This included upregulation of iRhom2/ADAM17 and its associated pro-inflammatory cytokines and receptors such as TNFα, IL6R and IL-6. Furthermore, genes linked to specific macrophage populations were also upregulated. This suggests cardiomyocyte stress triggers an early immune response to clear apoptotic cells allowing tissue remodelling later on in the fibrotic heart. Our analysis at the early disease stage suggests cardiac inflammation is an important response and may be one of the mechanisms responsible for AC disease progression.
Kinematic partitioning in the Southern Andes (39° S–46° S) inferred from lineament analysis and reassessment of exhumation rates
Authors: Göllner Paul Leon , Eisermann Jan Oliver , Balbis Catalina , Petrinovic Ivan A. , Riller Ulrich 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Southern Andes are often viewed as a classic example for kinematic partitioning of oblique plate convergence into components of continental margin-parallel strike-slip and transverse shortening. In this regard, the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone, one of Earth’s most prominent intra-arc deformation zones, is believed to be the most important crustal discontinuity in the Southern Andes taking up margin-parallel dextral strike-slip. Recent structural studies, however, are at odds with this simple concept of kinematic partitioning, due to the presence of margin-oblique and a number of other margin-parallel intra-arc deformation zones. However, knowledge on the extent of such zones in the Southern Andes is still limited. Here, we document traces of prominent structural discontinuities (lineaments) from the Southern Andes between 39° S and 46° S. In combination with compiled low-temperature thermochronology data and interpolation of respective exhumation rates, we revisit the issue of kinematic partitioning in the Southern Andes. Exhumation rates are maximal in the central parts of the orogen and discontinuity traces, trending predominantly N–S, WNW–ESE and NE–SW, are distributed across the entire width of the orogen. Notably, discontinuities coincide spatially with large gradients in Neogene exhumation rates and separate crustal domains characterized by uniform exhumation. Collectively, these relationships point to significant components of vertical displacement on these discontinuities, in addition to horizontal displacements known from published structural studies. Our results agree with previously documented Neogene shortening in the Southern Andes and indicate orogen-scale transpression with maximal vertical extrusion of rocks in the center of the transpression zone. The lineament and thermochronology data call into question the traditional view of kinematic partitioning in the Southern Andes, in which deformation is focused on the Liquiñe-Ofqui Fault Zone.
Confounding Ghost Channels and Causality: A New Approach to Causal Information Flows
Authors: Ay Nihat 
Published: July 2021

AbstractInformation theory provides a fundamental framework for the quantification of information flows through channels, formally Markov kernels. However, quantities such as mutual information and conditional mutual information do not necessarily reflect the causal nature of such flows. We argue that this is often the result of conditioning based on σ-algebras that are not associated with the given channels. We propose a version of the (conditional) mutual information based on families of σ-algebras that are coupled with the underlying channel. This leads to filtrations which allow us to prove a corresponding causal chain rule as a basic requirement within the presented approach.
Inhibitors of immune checkpoints—PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4—new opportunities for cancer patients and a new challenge for internists and general practitioners
Authors: Wojtukiewicz Marek Z. , Rek Magdalena M. , Karpowicz Kamil , Górska Maria , Polityńska Barbara , Wojtukiewicz Anna M. , Moniuszko Marcin , Radziwon Piotr , Tucker Stephanie C. , Honn Kenneth V. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe treatment of cancer patients with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) (anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, combined therapy anti-PD-1/PD-L1 with anti-CTLA-4) has without doubt been a significant breakthrough in the field of oncology in recent years and constitutes a major step forward as a novel type of immunotherapy in the treatment of cancer. ICIs have contributed to a significant improvement in the outcome of treatment and prognosis of patients with different types of malignancy. With the expansion of the use of ICIs, it is expected that caregivers will face new challenges, namely, they will have to manage the adverse side effects associated with the use of these drugs. New treatment options pose new challenges not only for oncologists but also for specialists in other clinical fields, including general practitioners (GPs). They also endorse the need for taking a holistic approach to the patient, which is a principle widely recognized in oncology and especially relevant in the case of the expanding use of ICIs, which may give rise to a wide variety of organ complications resulting from treatment. Knowledge and awareness of the spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) will allow doctors to qualify patients for treatment more appropriately, prevent complications, correctly recognize, and ultimately treat them. Additionally, patients with more non-specific symptoms would be expected, in the first instance, to consult their general practitioners, as complications may appear even after the termination of treatment and do not always proceed in line with disease progression. Dealing with any iatrogenic complications, will not only be the remit of oncologists but because of the likelihood that specific organs may be affected, is likely to extend also to specialists in various fields of internal medicine. These specialists, e.g., endocrinologists, dermatologists, pulmonologists, and gastroenterologists, are likely to receive referrals for patients suffering from specific types of adverse events or will be asked to provide care in cases requiring hospitalization of patients with complications in their field of expertise. In view of these considerations, we believe that there is an urgent need for multidisciplinary teamwork in the treatment of cancer patients undergoing immunotherapy and suffering the consequent adverse reactions to treatment.
Understanding shared links and their intentions to meet information needs in modern code review:
Authors: Wang Dong , Xiao Tao , Thongtanunam Patanamon , Kula Raula Gaikovina , Matsumoto Kenichi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCode reviews serve as a quality assurance activity for software teams. Especially for Modern Code Review, sharing a link during a review discussion serves as an effective awareness mechanism where “Code reviews are good FYIs [for your information].”. Although prior work has explored link sharing and the information needs of a code review, the extent to which links are used to properly conduct a review is unknown. In this study, we performed a mixed-method approach to investigate the practice of link sharing and their intentions. First, through a quantitative study of the OpenStack and Qt projects, we identify 19,268 reviews that have 39,686 links to explore the extent to which the links are shared, and analyze a correlation between link sharing and review time. Then in a qualitative study, we manually analyze 1,378 links to understand the role and usefulness of link sharing. Results indicate that internal links are more widely referred to (93% and 80% for the two projects). Importantly, although the majority of the internal links are referencing to reviews, bug reports and source code are also shared in review discussions. The statistical models show that the number of internal links as an explanatory factor does have an increasing relationship with the review time. Finally, we present seven intentions of link sharing, with providing context being the most common intention for sharing links. Based on the findings and a developer survey, we encourage the patch author to provide clear context and explore both internal and external resources, while the review team should continue link sharing activities. Future research directions include the investigation of causality between sharing links and the review process, as well as the potential for tool support.
Edge-enabled Mobile Crowdsensing to Support Effective Rewarding for Data Collection in Pandemic Events
Authors: Foschini Luca , Martuscelli Giuseppe , Montanari Rebecca , Solimando Michele 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSmart cities use Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) to enrich existing public services and to improve citizens’ quality of life. In this scenario, Mobile CrowdSensing (MCS) has become, in the last few years, one of the most prominent paradigms for urban sensing. MCS allow people roaming around with their smart devices to collectively sense, gather, and share data, thus leveraging the possibility to capture the pulse of the city. That can be very helpful in emergency scenarios, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, that require to track the movement of a high number of people to avoid risky situations, such as the formation of crowds. In fact, using mobility traces gathered via MCS, it is possible to detect crowded places and suggest people safer routes/places. In this work, we propose an edge-anabled mobile crowdsensing platform, called ParticipAct, that exploits edge nodes to compute possible dangerous crowd situations and a federated blockchain network to store reward states. Edge nodes are aware of all critical situation in their range and can warn the smartphone client with a smart push notification service that avoids firing too many messages by adapting the warning frequency according to the transport and the specific subarea in which clients are located.
Pessimism and Optimism in the Debate on Climate Change: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Nordgren Anders 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the debate on climate change commentators often express pessimistic or optimistic views. We see this mainly in the media and popular literature, but also in various academic fields. The aim of this paper is to investigate different kinds of pessimistic and optimistic views put forward in this debate and suggest explanations of the diversity of views. The paper concludes that pessimism and optimism may concern, for example, climate change as an unmitigated or poorly mitigated process, mitigation of climate change or specific measures of mitigation. These aspects are important to distinguish, because a person can be pessimist concerning climate change as an unmitigated or poorly mitigated process and optimist concerning mitigation of climate change, and be pessimist concerning one specific mitigation measure and optimist concerning another. It is suggested that the diversity of pessimistic and optimistic views is due to the uncertainty of scientific climate models and the influence of evaluative and ideological assumptions.
Optimization and improvement of a robotics gaze control system using LSTM networks
Authors: Domingo Jaime Duque , Gómez-García-Bermejo Jaime , Zalama Eduardo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGaze control represents an important issue in the interaction between a robot and humans. Specifically, deciding who to pay attention to in a multi-party conversation is one way to improve the naturalness of a robot in human-robot interaction. This control can be carried out by means of two different models that receive the stimuli produced by the participants in an interaction, either an on-center off-surround competitive network or a recurrent neural network. A system based on a competitive neural network is able to decide who to look at with a smooth transition in the focus of attention when significant changes in stimuli occur. An important aspect in this process is the configuration of the different parameters of such neural network. The weights of the different stimuli have to be computed to achieve human-like behavior. This article explains how these weights can be obtained by solving an optimization problem. In addition, a new model using a recurrent neural network with LSTM layers is presented. This model uses the same set of stimuli but does not require its weighting. This new model is easier to train, avoiding manual configurations, and offers promising results in robot gaze control. The experiments carried out and some results are also presented.
Combining EQ-5D-5L items into a level summary score: demonstrating feasibility using non-parametric item response theory using an international dataset
Authors: Feng You-Shan , Jiang Ruixuan , Pickard A. Simon , Kohlmann Thomas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe EQ-5D-5L is a well-established health questionnaire that estimates health utilities by applying preference-based weights. Limited work has been done to examine alternative scoring approaches when utility weights are unavailable or inapplicable. We examined whether the Mokken scaling approach can elucidate 1) if the level summary score is appropriate for the EQ-5D-5L and 2) an interpretation of such a score.MethodsThe R package “mokken” was used to assess monotonicity (scaling coefficients H, automated item selection procedure) and manifest invariant item ordering (MIIO: paired item response functions [IRF], HT). We used a rich dataset (the Multiple Instrument Comparison, MIC) which includes EQ-5D-5L data from six Western countries.ResultsWhile all EQ-5D-5L items demonstrated monotonicity, the anxiety/depression (AD) item had weak scalability (Hi = 0.377). Without AD, scalability improved from Hs = 0.559 to Hs = 0.714. MIIO revealed that the 5 items can be ordered, and the ordering is moderately accurate in the MIC data (HT = 0.463). Excluding AD, HTimproves to 0.743. Results were largely consistent across disease and country subgroups.DiscussionThe 5 items of the EQ-5D-5L form a moderate to strong Mokken scale, enabling persons to be ordered using the level summary score. Item ordering suggests that the lower range of the score represents mainly problems with pain and anxiety/depression, the mid-range indicates additional problems with mobility and usual activities, and middle to higher range of scores reveals additional limitations with self-care. Scalability and item ordering are even stronger when the anxiety/depression item is not included in the scale.
Strategic manipulation in judgment aggregation under higher-level reasoning
Authors: Terzopoulou Zoi , Endriss Ulle 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe analyse the incentives of individuals to misrepresent their truthful judgments when engaged in collective decision-making. Our focus is on scenarios in which individuals reason about the incentives of others before choosing which judgments to report themselves. To this end, we introduce a formal model of strategic behaviour in logic-based judgment aggregation that accounts for such higher-level reasoning as well as the fact that individuals may only have partial information about the truthful judgments and preferences of their peers. We find that every aggregation rule must belong to exactly one of three possible categories: it is either (i) immune to strategic manipulation for every level of reasoning, or (ii) manipulable for every level of reasoning, or (iii) immune to manipulation only for everykth level of reasoning, for some natural number kgreater than 1.