bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phonological acquisition of Brazilian Portuguese: Ages of customary production, acquisition and mastery
Authors: Ceron Marizete Ilha , Simoni Simone Nicolini De , Keske‐Soares Márcia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackground AimsTo describe typical phonological development of Brazilian Portuguese (BP)‐speaking children, considering the following parameters: age of customary production, acquisition and mastery.Methods & ProceduresData were collected from 857 children aged between 3 years and 8 years 11 months with typical language and speech development. The sample was grouped into 6‐month age bands. The data were analysed using one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Games–Howell post‐hoc tests.Outcomes & ResultsStops (/p, b, t, d, k, g/), nasals (/m, n, ɲ/) and some fricatives (/f, v, s, z/) were mastered before the age of 3 years (age of mastery). The age of acquisition for phonemes /ʃ, ʒ/ was 3;6, though both were only mastered at 4;0 years. The liquid /l/ was acquired at 3;0 and mastered at age 3;6, while /x/ was acquired and mastered at age 3;6. The phoneme /ʎ/ was acquired at 7;0 and mastered at age 8;6. The tap /ɾ/ was acquired between the ages of 4;0 and 4;6, and mastered at 4;6. In coda position, /n, l/ were acquired at 3;0, while /s/ was mastered at 4;6 and /ɾ/ between 4;6 and 5;0 years. Clusters involving /ɾ/ were acquired at 6;0, while those with /l/ were acquired between the ages of 6;6 and 7;0.Conclusions & ImplicationsThis study presented acquisition for consonants in BP and can be used as a reference for the assessment of developmental speech disorders. In this study, stops and nasals were acquired first, followed by fricatives and, lastly, liquids. This finding is corroborated by previous studies in BP and other languages.What this paper addsWhat is already known on the subjectWhat this paper adds to existing knowledgeWhat are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work?
Evidence for the effect of brief exposure to food, but not learning interference, on maze solving in desert ants
Authors: GILAD Tomer , DORFMAN Arik , SUBACH Aziz , LIBBRECHT Romain , FOITZIK Susanne , SCHARF Inon 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTheories of forgetting highlight 2 active mechanisms through which animals forget prior knowledge by reciprocal disruption of memories. According to “proactive interference,” information learned previously interferes with the acquisition of new information, whereas “retroactive interference” suggests that newly gathered information interferes with already existing information. Our goal was to examine the possible effect of both mechanisms in the desert ant Cataglyphis niger, which does not use pheromone recruitment, when learning spatial information while searching for food in a maze. Our experiment indicated that neither proactive nor retroactive interference took place in this system although this awaits confirmation with individual‐level learning assays. Rather, the ants’ persistence or readiness to search for food grew with successive runs in the maze. Elevated persistence led to more ant workers arriving at the food when retested a day later, even if the maze was shifted between runs. We support this finding in a second experiment, where ant workers reached the food reward at the maze end in higher numbers after encountering food in the maze entry compared to a treatment, in which food was present only at the maze end. This result suggests that spatial learning and search persistence are 2 parallel behavioral mechanisms, both assisting foraging ants. We suggest that their relative contribution should depend on habitat complexity.
Characterizing autistic traits in treatment‐seeking young adults with substance use disorders
Authors: McKowen James , Woodward Diana , Yule Amy M. , DiSalvo Maura , Rao Vinod , Greenbaum Julia , Joshi Gagan , Wilens Timothy E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesRecent work highlights an increase in the overlap of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and substance use disorder (SUD). Little is known about the presence of ASD symptoms in SUD‐treatment‐seeking populations.MethodsThe informant‐rated Social Responsiveness Scale‐2 (SRS‐2) was completed at intake to an outpatient SUD clinic for youth aged 16–26 (N = 69). Comparisons were made between those with elevated SRS‐2 scores on demographic, psychiatric, and substance use variables.ResultsParents of sixty‐nine patients with SUD completed the SRS‐2. Fourteen (20%) (average age 18.7 ± 2.5) had elevated SRS‐2 Total T‐scores (≥66) and 55 (average age 18.1 ± 2.8) had non‐clinical SRS‐2 Total T‐scores. There were few differences between groups; however, those with elevated SRS‐2 Total T‐scores were more likely to have a stimulant use disorder (odds ratio [OR] = 7.59, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.77, 101.88; p = 0.05) or an opioid use disorder (OR = 5.02, 95% CI = 0.59, 43.27; p = 0.08) than patients with normal SRS‐2 Total T‐scores as well as alcohol use in the week prior to intake.Discussion and ConclusionsA significant proportion of treatment‐seeking SUD outpatients suffer from clinically elevated autistic traits. These findings highlight the importance of assessing for autistic traits in SUD treatment settings yet additional research is needed to determine if these findings are specific to the presence of ASD or secondary to sequelae of specific SUD presentations.Scientific SignificanceThis study is, to our knowledge, the first to have examined the prevalence, morbidity, or clinical characteristics, associated with ASD symptoms in a SUD‐specific population.
The price of cage‐free eggs: Social cost of Proposition 12 in California
Authors: Oh Sohae Eve , Vukina Tomislav 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn November 2018, California passed the so‐called Proposition 12 that completely bans selling eggs produced in any type of cages by the end of 2021. The objective of this study is to estimate the welfare effects of Proposition 12 in a partial equilibrium setup where both the supply and the demand side of the market are simultaneously modeled. Our estimates show that the implementation of Proposition 12 would result in welfare losses for both buyers and sellers of eggs in California. The state‐level expected annual welfare loss to households amounts to $72 million, whereas the industry level losses at the retail level amount to 18% of their original quasi profits.
Effects of microclimate on bolete species richness and biomass in a Northern Benin woodland
Authors: Badou Sylvestre A. , Houdanon Roel D. , Tchan Kassim I. , Olou Boris A. , Yorou Nourou S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractStudies examining the role of abiotic variables on fructification sequences of ectomycorrhizal symbionts (boletes), the extent and direction of these effects are quite rare in Africa. In the current study, we assessed the effects of microclimate on the distribution and productivity of boletes in Benin. Nine permanent plots of 2500 m2 each split into 25 subplots of 100 m2 were installed in three different vegetation types. The first vegetation type is dominated by Isoberlinia doka, the second by Isoberlinia tomentosa and the third by Uapaca togoensis. Abiotic variables, including soil temperature, air temperature, air relative humidity and soil moisture, were recorded every 30 min from June to October. Each plot was surveyed twice a week during the mushroom season over 3 years (2015, 2016 and 2017) to record the abundance and the fresh biomass. The effects of microclimate on boletes productivity were evaluated using generalised linear mixed models in R. Boletes give the largest natural production in July and the lowest in October. Only soil moisture has a significant negative influence on the abundance (p > 0.05). The fruiting periods of boletes are known according to the variability of the microclimatic parameters and the vegetation.
Obstacles to regulating the private sector: The case of Korean long‐term care
Authors: Jung Chang Lyul , Walker Alan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper examines the attempts to improve public accountability in the private‐led Korean Long‐Term Care (LTC) insurance system, illustrating their characteristics and limitations. Korea introduced universal LTC insurance in 2008, but with the purposeful exclusion of public provision, for‐profit providers were able to take part without regulation, which caused problems such as low‐quality services and widespread corruption. In response, the government tried to improve public accountability through various regulations such as new accounting/finance rules, but when such regulations had negative effects on their profits, they were met with stout resistance from providers. This case study of Korean LTC insurance illustrates the difficulty of implementing regulations to improve public accountability in a private welfare system.
Concentration–response relationships of dolutegravir and efavirenz with weight change after starting antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Griesel Rulan , Kawuma Aida N. , Wasmann Roeland , Sokhela Simiso , Akpomiemie Godspower , Venter W. D. Francois , Wiesner Lubbe , Denti Paolo , Sinxadi Phumla , Maartens Gary 
Published: December 2021

Dolutegravir is associated with more weight gain than efavirenz in people starting antiretroviral therapy (ART). We investigated the concentration–response relationships of efavirenz and dolutegravir with weight gain. We determined concentration–response relationships of dolutegravir and efavirenz (both combined with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine) with changes in weight and fat distribution, derived from dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry scans, in a nested study of ART‐naïve participants from a randomised controlled trial. Pharmacokinetic parameters used in analyses were efavirenz mid‐dosing interval concentrations and estimated dolutegravir area under the concentration–time curve using a population pharmacokinetic model developed in the study population. Study outcomes were percentage changes from baseline to week 48 in weight, and visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue mass. Pharmacokinetic data were available for 158 and 233 participants in the efavirenz arm and dolutegravir arms respectively; 57.0% were women. On multivariable linear regression there were independent negative associations between efavirenz concentrations and changes in both weight (P < .001) and subcutaneous adipose tissue mass (P = .002). Estimated dolutegravir area under the concentration–time curve up to 24 hours was not associated with change in weight (P = .109) but was negatively associated with change in visceral adipose tissue mass (P = .025). We found an independent negative concentration–response relationship between efavirenz concentrations and weight change in ART‐naïve participants. Dolutegravir concentrations were not independently associated with weight change. These findings suggest that weight gain differences between efavirenz and dolutegravir are driven by efavirenz toxicity impairing weight gain rather than by off‐target effects of dolutegravir causing weight gain.
Population‐based randomized trial of screening for clinically significant prostate cancer ProScreen: a pilot study
Authors: Rannikko Antti , Leht Mare , Mirtti Tuomas , Kenttämies Anu , Tolonen Teemu , Rinta‐Kiikka Irina , Kilpeläinen Tuomas P. , Natunen Kari , Lilja Hans , Lehtimäki Terho , Raitanen Jani , Kujala Paula , Ronkainen Johanna , Matikainen Mika , Petas Anssi , Taari Kimmo , Tammela Teuvo , Auvinen Anssi 
Published: December 2021

ObjectivesTo evaluate the feasibility of a population‐based screening trial using prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), a kallikrein panel and multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) aimed at minimizing overdiagnosis, while retaining mortality benefit.Patients and MethodsFeasibility of the screening algorithm was evaluated in terms of participation, screening test results and cancer detection. A random sample of 400 men aged 65 years was identified from the population registry and invited for screening with three stepwise tests (PSA, kallikrein panel and MRI). Men with PSA levels ≥3 ng/mL were further tested with the kallikrein panel, and those with positive findings (risk >7.5%) were referred for prostate MRI. Men with positive MRI (Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System [PI‐RADS] score 3–5) had targeted biopsies only. Men with negative MRI, but PSA density ≥0.15 underwent systematic biopsies.ResultsOf the 399 men invited, 158 (40%) participated and 27 had PSA levels ≥3 ng/mL (7% of the invited and 17% of the participants). Of these, 22 had a positive kallikrein panel (6% of the invited and 81% of the PSA‐positive men). Finally, 10 men (3% of the invited and 45% of 4Kscore [kallikrein panel]‐positive) had a suspicious MRI finding (PI‐RADS score ≥3) and five were diagnosed with a clinically significant prostate cancer (Gleason Grade Group [GG] ≥2) at fusion biopsy (3% of the participants), with two GG 1 cases (1%). Additional testing (kallikrein panel and MRI) after PSA reduced biopsies by 56%.ConclusionThe findings constitute proof of principle for our screening protocol, as we achieved a substantial detection rate for clinically significant cancer with few clinically insignificant cases. Participation, however, was suboptimal.
The boss is not always right: Norwegian preschoolers do not selectively endorse the testimony of a novel dominant agent
Authors: Fonn Erik Kjos , Zahl Joakim Haugane , Thomsen Lotte 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTheories of cultural evolution posit that cues of competence‐based prestige, rather than formidability‐based dominance, should guide culturally transmitted learning, but recent work suggested that French and Kaqchikel Guatamalan preschoolers place their epistemic trust in dominant others. In contrast, this study shows that 249 three‐ to six‐year‐olds (116 girls, tested between 2016 and 2018 across metropolitan locations with varying ethnic composition and socioeconomic status) randomly endorsed the word‐labels of dominant and subordinate agents in the egalitarian culture of Norway, using stimuli which solicit dominance inferences among infants and manipulating anonymity across studies to control for egalitarian desirability bias. A meta‐analysis estimated that 48% endorsed the dominant's testimony. This demonstrates that the tendency to endorse the epistemic claims of dominant individuals does not emerge reliably in early childhood.
Pathogenic “germline” variants associated with myeloproliferative disorders in apparently normal individuals: Inherited or acquired genetic alterations?
Authors: Veitia Reiner A. , Innan Hideki 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMyeloproliferative syndromes (MPS) are hematologic malignancies due to the expansion of an abnormal hematopoietic stem cell. They include chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) and non‐CML MPS such as polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia and primary myelofibrosis. The latter are distinguished by somatic pathogenic variants affecting JAK2, CALR, or MPL genes. Apparent germline pathogenic variants have been reported in the general population. Here, we found that two gnomAD data‐sets report more homozygotes than expected for the JAK2 c.1849G > T(Val617Phe) variant. We propose that somatic gene conversion can explain the presence of those unexpected homozygotes in normal populations. Consistently, homozygous individuals are older than 65 years. We also found a lower‐than‐expected frequency of the JAK2 variant in younger individuals suggesting that somatic mutation can underlie its presence in (at least some) heterozygotes. Regarding pathogenic variants in MPL and CALR, they are also present in the gnomAD data‐sets explored. However, we cannot conclude that such seemingly germline variants are in fact somatic alterations. These results suggest that apparently normal individuals bearing MPS‐related variants can be subclinical/undiagnosed MPS cases of somatic origin. It would be interesting to assess the hematologic phenotype of such individuals and the presence of the relevant variants in other tissues.
Life‐history research with children: Extending and enriching the approach
Authors: Hargreaves Eleanore 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article explores the life‐history research approach, outlining its key aims and traditions. It suggests that what is often missing from life‐history research is the inclusion of young children as life‐history participants. This paper considers some innovative means for constructing children's life‐histories across 5 years of their primary schooling in Britain. These include interviews based on activities, games, role‐play, pictures and filming, and photography. The article concludes by narrating a short life‐history of one child who is a participant in our life‐history study of 23 ‘lower‐attaining’ children. To close, I consider the critical role of life‐history research in highlighting social injustice.
Redo ileocolic resection in Crohn's disease – does time passed since previous surgery matter?
Authors: Freund Michael R. , Kent Ilan , Horesh Nir , Smith Timothy , Wexner Steven D. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimSurgical resection for Crohn's disease (CD) remains noncurative, therefore recurrence is a significant problem. Although numerous factors affecting surgical outcomes in redo ileocolic resection have been previously described, no study has considered the relation between the interval of time from initial ileocolic resection to the redo procedure and its effect on surgical outcomes. The aim of this study was to explore this relationship.MethodA retrospective review of all adult patients undergoing redo ileocolic resection for CD between 2011 to 2020 was conducted. Patients were divided into two groups based on time from initial ileocolic resection. Patients operated within 10 years of their initial surgery (≤10 years) were assigned to the early group, while patients operated >10 years after initial surgery were allocated to the late group. Primary outcome was the 30‐day postoperative major complication rate.ResultsFifty‐eight patients underwent redo ileocolic resection, 24 in the early group and 34 in the late group. Apart from older median age in the late group (56 vs. 46.5 years, p = 0.026), the groups were similar for patient factors, disease site and behaviour, use of immune‐suppressing medication and procedural factors. Significant differences in 30‐day postoperative morbidity included longer length of stay (6 vs. 5 days, p = 0.035), a higher major complication rate (23.5% vs. 4.1%, p = 0.04) and higher readmission rate (26.4% vs. 4.1%, p = 0.035) in the late group. The overall complication rate remained nonsignificant (37.5% vs. 61.8%, p = 0.1).ConclusionsRedo ileocolic resection, when performed >10 years from the initial ileocolic resection, may be associated with increased morbidity, specifically higher rates of major postoperative complications, a longer length of stay and more readmissions.
Board meetings dynamics and information diffusion
Authors: Bonini Stefano , Lagasio Valentina 
Published: December 2021

AbstractResearch Question/IssueThis paper provides novel evidence on the dynamics of board meetings and the economic value of their decisions. We exploit a unique regulatory requirement of the Italian Stock Exchange that mandates the publication of board meeting minutes when the board votes on “price sensitive” matters to analyze detailed data about directors' participation, discussions, voting, and the dissemination of their decisions to the market.Research Findings/InsightsIn a large, multiyear sample of board meeting minutes, we show previously unavailable patterns of board meetings participation and discussion and highlight the moderating role of key governance mechanisms that shed novel light on the effectiveness of boards. Looking at the economic value of board meetings, we document significant delays in the diffusion of information in the market that may be indicative of information leakage.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsWe contribute to the theoretical discussion about the role of boards. Our results are consistent with a supervisory approach model of boards where consensus is high and dissent is costly. However, they cast doubt on the efficacy of boards as a counterbalancing mechanism to the power of executives.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsBoards have grown in size and become increasingly complex. This study documents the actual discussion, participation, and voting dynamics of board meetings and provides evidence on the diffusion of information to market participants, which is valuable in the design of efficient corporate governance mechanisms.
Agroecology, Supply Chains, and COVID‐19: Lessons on Food System Transitions from Ecuador
Authors: Lyall Angus , Vallejo Fernanda , Colloredo‐Mansfeld Rudi , Havice Elizabeth 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn cities, agroecological food consumption is often identified as an exclusive, middle‐class practice. In this article, we examine changes in agroecological food circuits in urban Ecuador, amid COVID‐19 breakdowns in conventional food systems. Through interviews with farmers, government officials, and NGO workers in 2020 and 2021, our research identifies three sets of experiences with distinct implications for agroecological transitions. First, some agroecological circuits could no longer function due to regulations on food circulation that favored the corporate food sector. Second, some circuits temporarily expanded to reach more urban middle‐class consumers, using online platforms and government infrastructures. Third, urban collectives and neighborhood organizations re‐appropriated urban spaces – from cultural centers to city streets – to facilitate the circulation of agroecological foods in low‐income sectors. We highlight the spatial and social ‘re‐localization’ practices of these urban groups that challenge the hegemony of conventional food circuits, as they drive agroecological food consumption beyond the middle‐class.
Perception of the coronavirus pandemic by patients with atopic dermatitis – Results from the TREATgermany registry
Authors: Helmert Claudia , Siegels Doreen , Haufe Eva , Abraham Susanne , Heratizadeh Annice , Kleinheinz Andreas , Harder Inken , Schäkel Knut , Effendy Isaak , Wollenberg Andreas , Sticherling Michael , Stahl Maren , Worm Margitta , Schwichtenberg Uwe , Schwarz Beate , Rossbacher Jens , Buck Philipp Marcel , Schenck Florian , Werfel Thomas , Weidinger Stephan , Schmitt Jochen ,   the TREATgermany Study Team
Published: December 2021

SummaryBackgroundTREATgermany, a registry for patients with moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD), established an additional questionnaire in spring 2020 to investigate the effects of the coronavirus pandemic on the daily life of patients with AD.Material and MethodsA questionnaire was used to analyze general information regarding a patient’s experience of the coronavirus pandemic and, using the Inventory of Life‐Changing Events, the resulting personal burden. To analyze possible associations between disease severity (EASI score, oSCORAD, IGA, PGA, POEM), quality of life (DLQI) and personal burden, t‐tests, analyses of variance and correlations were evaluated, controlled for sex and age.Results58 % (n = 233) of the included 400 registry patients reported high burden scores caused by the coronavirus pandemic, regardless of an actual infection. Men showed significantly higher burden scores than women, and younger than older respondents (both P = 0.03). There were no differences in burden scores related to the physician’s assessment of disease severity. However, patients with higher quality of life impairments and higher disease severity perceived the burden of the coronavirus pandemic as less severe (DLQI P = 0.019, PGA P = 0.044).ConclusionsOur data show that registry patients considered the coronavirus pandemic as a life‐changing event and perceived the burden differently. This should be taken into account in the treatment of patients with moderate to severe AD as well as in further studies.