bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
People with mild PD have impaired force production in all lower limb muscle groups: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Salmon Renee , Preston Elisabeth , Mahendran Niruthikha , Flynn Allyson , Ada Louise 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundPower is reduced in people with Parkinson's disease as a consequence of bradykinesia, but it is not clear whether reduced power is also due to a deficit in force production. The aim of this study was to quantify force production in all major lower limb muscle groups in people with PD during the “on” phase after medication, compared with aged‐matched neurologically normal control participants.MethodDesign: A cross‐sectional study was undertaken.ParticipantsThirty ambulatory people with PD and 24 neurologically normal controls.Outcome measuresIsometric force production of the hip flexors and extensors, hip adductors and abductors, hip internal rotators and external rotators, knee flexors and extensors, ankle dorsiflexors and plantarflexors, ankle invertors and evertors using hand‐held dynamometry.ResultsThere was a significant deficit in force production in participants with PD in all lower limb muscle groups tested, compared with control participants. On average, force production of participants with PD was 78% (range 67%–87%) of control participants, despite participants with PD regularly participating in exercise, being measured during their “on” phase after medication and having normal walking ability. The most severely affected muscle groups were the hip adductors (67%) and ankle plantarflexors (68%).ConclusionPeople with PD have a significant loss of force production in all lower limb muscle groups compared with age‐matched neurologically‐normal controls.Implications for Physiotherapy PracticeClinicians should regularly assess the strength of all lower limb muscle groups, regardless of participation in physical activity, responsiveness to levodopa medication and walking ability.
Randomized greedy algorithm for independent sets in regular uniform hypergraphs with large girth
Authors: Nie Jiaxi , Verstraëte Jacques 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we consider a randomized greedy algorithm for independent sets in r‐uniform d‐regular hypergraphs G on n vertices with girth g. By analyzing the expected size of the independent sets generated by this algorithm, we show that , where converges to 0 as g → ∞ for fixed d and r, and f(d, r) is determined by a differential equation. This extends earlier results of Garmarnik and Goldberg for graphs [8]. We also prove that when applying this algorithm to uniform linear hypergraphs with bounded degree, the size of the independent sets generated by this algorithm concentrate around the mean asymptotically almost surely.
Development of Methodologies for the Chemical Quality Control of Zircon, A Precursor for Zirconium Production
Authors: Jayabun Sk. , Sengupta Arijit 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMethodologies have been developed for the chemical quality control of zircon mineral by EDXRF and D.C.Arc carrier distillation technique. EDXRF technique was found to be preferred for major and minor constituents including non‐metal analytes, while D.C.Arc carrier distillation OES was found to be good for minor and trace metallic constituents including low Z elements. A comparative evaluation of the analytical performance (detection limit, sensitivity, precision, linear dynamic range) was performed. A multipoint standardization was carried out using the base material of 1 : 1 SiO2 : ZrO2 powder mixture to establish calibration curves for the analytes after identification of interference free and the best performed emission and X‐ray analytical lines. In zircon sample, Si, Zr and Y were found to be present as major constituent, with Ga, Ca, Ru, Rh, Fe, Mn, Mg, I, S as minor and Zn, Cr, Sn, Li as trace constituents. The total uncertainty of the EDXRF measurements was evaluated. The statistical t‐test analysis was carried out for 10 degrees of freedom with 95 % confidence interval. The experimentally obtained t‐values were found to be lower compared to the corresponding tcri value revealing the reliability of the measurements. Elemental distributions of the analytes were also investigated using five different zircon samples.
Copper‐Functionalized Silica‐Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for an Efficient Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reaction
Authors: Sonei Samin , Taghavi Faezeh , Khojastehnezhad Amir , Gholizadeh Mostafa 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this study, a new, efficient and inexpensive strategy has been developed based on the heterogeneous copper catalyst for the synthesis of different biaryl compoundsviathe Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction. In this respect, the core@shell modified Fe3O4@SiO2magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) has been prepared by immobilization of aminoguanidine and then the copper (II) ion into the surface of magnetic nanoparticles. After full characterization of the prepared catalyst by various technique such as TEM, SEM, EDX, TGA, XRD, VSM, ICP and FT‐IR, its catalytic activity has been investigated in the synthesis of different biarly compounds through the Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction. Interestingly, similar to Pd‐based catalysts, this new heterogeneous Cu‐based catalyst can catalyze the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction in solvent free condition with good to excellent yields. Besides, this heterogeneous nano copper catalyst was able to separate from the reaction mixture by easy separation procedures and can reuse more than six runs.
Synthesis of New Chiral Triazoles Linked 1,5‐Benzodiazepine Conjugates via Copper‐Catalyzed 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reaction
Authors: Haouas Amel , Mtiraoui Hasan , Bouzayani Nadia , Ibrahim Sana , Marque Sylvain , Hajji Melek , Bel‐Hadj‐Tahar Radhouane , Msaddek Moncef 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA simple synthesis of 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles linked‐1,5‐benzodiazepinones was performed via a Cu(I)‐catalyzed 1,3‐dipolar alkyne‐azide coupling reaction (CuAAC). A new chiral 1,5‐benzodiazepine conjugates moiety containing alkyne spacers is designed and used as dipoles to give the access to the target cycloadducts with high yields. Both chiral center and freeze conformations allow to reach important diastereoselectivity from 70 up to 100 %.
Carbon‐Supported Single‐Atom Catalysts for Formic Acid Oxidation and Oxygen Reduction Reactions
Authors: Han Ali , Zhang Zedong , Yang Jiarui , Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe commercialization of fuel cells, especially for direct formic acid fuel cells (DFAFCs) and proton‐exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs), is significantly restrained by the high cost, poor stability, and sluggish kinetics of platinum group metals (PGM) catalysts for both the anodic formic acid oxidation reaction (FAOR) and the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Currently, it has confronted with challenges, including exploring highly active, cost‐effective, and stable catalysts to replace PGM for DFAFCs and PEMFCs. Recently, the increasing investigation has been focused on the single‐atom catalysts (SACs) to enhance the catalytic performance owing to the maximum atom utilization and highly exposed active sites. The aim of this review is to present the recent research activities on carbon supported SACs. At the beginning of the review, metal‐based SACs supported on different carbon supports, and the typical characterization methods are introduced. Subsequently, recent advances in metal‐based SACs for FAOR and ORR catalysis are scientifically summarized. Particularly, some representative metal‐based SACs for ORR activity are further exemplified with a deeper understanding of structure‐activity relationships. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of SACs are prospected, such as the mechanism understanding and commercial applications.
Nuclearity and Host Effects of Carbon‐Supported Platinum Catalysts for Dibromomethane Hydrodebromination
Authors: Saadun Ali J. , Kaiser Selina K. , Ruiz‐Ferrando Andrea , Pablo‐García Sergio , Büchele Simon , Fako Edvin , López Núria , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe identification of the active sites and the derivation of structure‐performance relationships are central for the development of high‐performance heterogeneous catalysts. Here, a platform of platinum nanostructures, ranging from single atoms to nanoparticles of ≈4 nm supported on activated‐ and N‐doped carbon (AC and NC), is employed to systematically assess nuclearity and host effects on the activity, selectivity, and stability in dibromomethane hydrodebromination, a key step in bromine‐mediated methane functionalization processes. For this purpose, catalytic evaluation is coupled to in‐depth characterization, kinetic analysis, and mechanistic studies based on density functional theory. Remarkably, the single atom catalysts achieve exceptional selectivity toward CH3Br (up to 98%) when compared to nanoparticles and any previously reported system. Furthermore, the results reveal unparalleled specific activity over 1.3–2.3 nm‐sized platinum nanoparticles, which also exhibit the highest stability. Additionally, host effects are found to markedly affect the catalytic performance. Specifically, on NC, the activity and CH3Br selectivity are enhanced, but significant fouling occurs. On the other hand, AC‐supported platinum nanostructures deactivate due to sintering and bromination. Simulations and kinetic fingerprints demonstrate that the observed reactivity patterns are governed by the H2 dissociation abilities of the catalysts and the availability of surface H‐atoms.
Availability modeling in redundant OpenStack private clouds
Authors: Faraji Shoyari Mahsa , Ataie Ehsan , Entezari‐Maleki Reza , Movaghar Ali 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn cloud computing services, high availability is one of the quality of service requirements which is necessary to maintain customer confidence. High availability systems can be built by applying redundant nodes and multiple clusters in order to cope with software and hardware failures. Due to cloud computing complexity, dependability analysis of the cloud may require combining state‐based and nonstate‐based modeling techniques. This article proposes a hierarchical model combining reliability block diagrams and continuous time Markov chains to evaluate the availability of OpenStack private clouds, by considering different scenarios. The steady‐state availability, downtime, and cost are used as measures to compare different scenarios studied in the article. The heterogeneous workloads are considered in the proposed models by varying the number of CPUs requested by each customer. Both hardware and software failure rates of OpenStack components used in the model are collected via setting up a real OpenStack environment applying redundancy techniques. Results obtained from the proposed models emphasize the positive impact of redundancy on availability and downtime. Considering the tradeoff between availability and cost, system providers can choose an appropriate scenario for a specific purpose.
Structural rearrangements in wheat (1BS)–rye (1RS) recombinant chromosomes affect gene dosage and root length
Authors: Gabay Gilad , Zhang Junli , Burguener German Federico , Howell Tyson , Wang Hanchao , Fahima Tzion , Lukaszewski Adam , Moriconi Jorge Ignacio , Santa Maria Guillermo Esteban , Dubcovsky Jorge 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGood understanding of the genes controlling root development is required to engineer root systems better adapted to different soil types. In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), the 1RS.1BL wheat–rye (Secale cereale L.) translocation has been associated with improved drought tolerance and a large root system. However, an isogenic line carrying an interstitial segment from wheat chromosome arm 1BS in the distal region of the 1RS arm (1RSRW) showed reduced grain yield and shorter roots both in the field and in hydroponic cultures relative to isogenic lines with the complete 1RS arm. In this study, we used exome capture to characterize 1RSRW and its parental lines T‐9 and 1B+40. We show that 1RSRW has a 7.0 Mb duplicated 1RS region and a 4.8 Mb 1BS insertion colinear with the 1RS duplication, resulting in triplicated genes. Lines homozygous for 1RSRW have short seminal roots, while lines heterozygous for this chromosome have roots of intermediate length. By contrast, near‐isogenic lines carrying only the 1BS distal region or the 1RS‐1BS duplication have long seminal roots similar to 1RS, suggesting a limited effect of the 1BS genes. These results suggest that the dosage of duplicated 1RS genes is critical for seminal root length. An induced deletion encompassing 38 orthologous wheat and rye duplicated genes restored root length and confirmed the importance of gene dosage in the short‐root phenotype. We explored the expression profiles and functional annotation of these genes and discuss their potential as candidate genes for the regulation of seminal root length in wheat.
Competing‐risks model for prediction of small‐for‐gestational‐age neonate from estimated fetal weight at 19–24 weeks' gestation
Authors: Papastefanou I. , Nowacka U. , Syngelaki A. , Dragoi V. , Karamanis G. , Wright D. , Nicolaides K. H. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo develop further a new competing‐risks model for the prediction of a small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) neonate, by including second‐trimester ultrasonographic estimated fetal weight (EFW).MethodsThis was a prospective observational study in 96 678 women with singleton pregnancy undergoing routine ultrasound examination at 19–24 weeks' gestation. All pregnancies had ultrasound biometry assessment, and EFW was calculated according to the Hadlock formula. We refitted in this large dataset a previously described competing‐risks model for the joint distribution of gestational age (GA) at delivery and birth‐weight Z‐score, according to maternal demographic characteristics and medical history, to obtain the prior distribution. The continuous likelihood of the EFW was fitted conditionally to GA at delivery and birth‐weight Z‐score and modified the prior distribution, according to Bayes' theorem, to obtain individualized distributions for GA at delivery and birth‐weight Z‐score and therefore patient‐specific risks for any cut‐offs for GA at delivery and birth‐weight Z‐score. We assessed the discriminative ability of the model for predicting SGA with, without or independently of pre‐eclampsia occurrence. A calibration study was carried out. Performance of screening was evaluated for SGA defined according to the Fetal Medicine Foundation birth‐weight charts.ResultsThe distribution of EFW, conditional to both GA at delivery and birth‐weight Z‐score, was best described by a regression model. For earlier gestations, the association between EFW and birth weight was steeper. The prediction of SGA by maternal factors and EFW improved for increasing degree of prematurity and greater severity of smallness but not for coexistence of pre‐eclampsia. Screening by maternal factors predicted 31%, 34% and 39% of SGA neonates with birth weight < 10th percentile delivered at ≥ 37, < 37 and < 30 weeks' gestation, respectively, at a 10% false‐positive rate, and, after addition of EFW, these rates increased to 38%, 43% and 59%, respectively; the respective rates for birth weight < 3rd percentile were 43%, 50% and 64%. The addition of EFW improved the calibration of the model.ConclusionIn the competing‐risks model for prediction of SGA, the performance of screening by maternal characteristics and medical history is improved by the addition of second‐trimester EFW. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Co-production: Learning from Contexts
Authors: Vincent Katharine , Steynor Anna , McClure Alice , Visman Emma , Waagsaether Katinka Lund , Carter Suzanne , Mittal Neha 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGiven that climate change is a complex, systemic risk, addressing it requires new knowledge. One way of generating such new knowledge is through co-production, or collaborative development by a range of stakeholders with diverse backgrounds embedded in trans-disciplinary processes. This chapter reflects on emerging experiences of co-producing decision-relevant climate information to enable climate-resilient planning and adaptation to climate change in Africa. It outlines principles that have emerged and evolved through experiential learning from a wide range of co-production processes in Africa. It also uses case study experience from various contexts to highlight some of the more contextual challenges to co-production such as trust, power and knowledge systems and institutional factors (mandates, roles and incentives) and illustrates ways that trans-disciplinary co-production has addressed these challenges to mainstream a response to the climate challenge.
High Stakes Decisions Under Uncertainty: Dams, Development and Climate Change in the Rufiji River Basin
Authors: Siderius Christian , Geressu Robel , Todd Martin C. , Kolusu Seshagiri Rao , Harou Julien J. , Kashaigili Japhet J. , Conway Declan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe need to stress test designs and decisions about major infrastructure under climate change conditions is increasingly being recognised. This chapter explores new ways to understand and—if possible—reduce the uncertainty in climate information to enable its use in assessing decisions that have consequences across the water, energy, food and environment sectors. It outlines an approach, applied in the Rufiji River Basin in Tanzania, that addresses uncertainty in climate model projections by weighting them according to different skill metrics; how well the models simulate important climate features. The impact of different weighting approaches on two river basin performance indicators (hydropower generation and environmental flows) is assessed, providing an indication of the reliability of infrastructure investments, including a major proposed dam under different climate model projections. The chapter ends with a reflection on the operational context for applying such approaches and some of the steps taken to address challenges and to engage stakeholders.
Integrating Climate Risks into Strategic Urban Planning in Lusaka, Zambia
Authors: Taylor Anna , Siame Gilbert , Mwalukanga Brenda 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores opportunities provided by strategic urban planning to mainstream climate risk considerations into the development decisions of city governments. It does so by describing the ways in which the climate-related information co-produced within the Future Resilience of African Cities and Lands (FRACTAL) project was integrated into the preparation of the Lusaka City Council Strategic Plan 2017–21. The chapter concludes by presenting four lessons emerging from the efforts at integrating climate information into the strategic planning process in Lusaka, Zambia: Lesson (1) Trust and relationships are key to sharing data and information needed to build a compelling case for managing climate risks; Lesson (2) Enable a variety of stakeholders to engage with climate information; Lesson (3) There needs to be an enabling legal, policy and financing framework; Lesson (4) Prepare to meet resistance; skilled intermediaries and city exchange visits help.
Supporting Climate-Resilient Planning at National and District Levels: A Pathway to Multi-stakeholder Decision-Making in Uganda
Authors: Cornforth Rosalind J. , Petty Celia , Walker Grady 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIf rural adaptation is to be effective, then it cannot take the form of prescriptive actions determined by outsiders and subsequently imposed upon rural communities. Our focus in this chapter is to reflect on the effectiveness of rural adaptation in the context of food security and agriculture in Uganda and provide insight into a way forward using learning from the HyCRISTAL project rural pilot. We critically explore the boundaries of ‘adaptation’ and ‘resilience’ as policy responses to climate change in poor rural communities through the interdisciplinary use of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, including innovative visual methods and action research. We identify some of the limits to building adaptive communities and explore potential solutions for enabling informed decision-making for rural adaptation that are linked to investment in sustainable development. We highlight the importance of multi-stakeholder approaches and the generation of a ‘knowledge ecosystem’ that combines physical and social science methods and data to generate context-specific information to inform decision-making.
Perioperative Kardioprotektion – „From bench to bedside“
Authors: Torregroza Carolin , Roth Sebastian , Feige Katharina , Lurati Buse Giovanna , Hollmann Markus W. , Huhn Ragnar 
Published: January 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Ziel der perioperativen Kardioprotektion ist es, die Auswirkungen eines Ischämie- und Reperfusionsschadens zu minimieren. Aus anästhesiologischer Sicht spielt dieser Aspekt insbesondere in der Herzchirurgie bei Patienten mit Einsatz der Herz-Lungen-Maschine, aber auch allgemein bei längerfristigen hypotensiven Phasen oder perioperativen ischämischen Ereignissen im nichtkardiochirurgischen Setting eine wichtige Rolle. Im Laufe der letzten Jahre konnten diverse pharmakologische sowie nichtpharmakologische Strategien der Kardioprotektion identifiziert werden. Die Ergebnisse von Studien an isoliertem Gewebe sowie von tierexperimentellen In-vivo-Studien sind vielversprechend. Eine Translation dieser kardioprotektiven Strategien in die klinische Praxis ist bislang jedoch nicht gelungen. Große klinische Studien konnten keine signifikante Verbesserung des Outcome der Patienten zeigen.

Ziel der Arbeit
Dieser Übersichtsartikel gibt einen Überblick über die aktuelle experimentelle Evidenz pharmakologischer und nichtpharmakologischer Kardioprotektion. Außerdem sollen mögliche Gründe für die limitierte Translation diskutiert werden. Schließlich werden Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, wie der Schritt „from bench to bedside“ in Zukunft doch noch gelingen könnte.

Material und Methoden
Narrative Übersichtsarbeit.

Ergebnisse und Diskussion
Trotz der vielversprechenden präklinischen experimentellen Ansätze zum Thema Kardioprotektion besteht nach wie vor eine große Diskrepanz zu den Ergebnissen aus großen klinischen Studien in der perioperativen Phase. Mögliche Gründe für die limitierte Translation könnten insbesondere Komorbiditäten und Komedikationen, die Wahl des Anästhesieverfahrens, aber auch die Wahl des Studiendesigns sein. Eine sorgfältige Studienplanung mit Berücksichtigung der genannten Probleme sowie ein simultaner Einsatz mehrerer kardioprotektiver Strategien mit dem Ziel eines additiven bzw. synergistischen Effekts stellen mögliche Ansätze für die Zukunft dar.