bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcriptome analysis reveals the mechanism of improving erect-plant-type peanut yield by single-seeding precision sowing
Authors: Yang Sha , Zhang Jialei , Geng Yun , Tang Zhaohui , Wang Jianguo , Guo Feng , Meng Jingjing , Wang Quan , Wan Shubo , Li Xinguo 
Published: February 2021

Background
In China, double-seed (DS) sowing (i.e., sowing two seeds per hole) has been conventionally performed towards the erect-plant-type peanuts to increase the low germination rate due to poor seed preservation conditions. However, the corresponding within-hole plant competition usually limits the subsequent plant growth and the final yield. We developed a high-yield cultivation system of single-seed (SS) precision sowing to solve this paradox, saving 20% of seeds and increasing yields by more than 10% relative to the conventional DS sowing.

Methods
To explore the mechanisms of these two different cropping patterns in peanut yields, we conducted transcriptomic and physiological comparisons in the seeding plant leaf and root tissues between SS precision sowing and standard DS sowing treatments.

Results
After assembly, each library contained an average of 43 million reads and generated a total of 523,800, 338 clean reads. After GO and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analysis, we found the key genes for biotic and abiotic stress showed higher expression in roots of plants grown under the SS precision sowing treatment, including genes encoding disease resistance, oxidation-reduction, hormone related, and stress response transcription factors and signaling regulation proteins. In particular, the resveratrol synthesis genes related to stress and disease resistance appeared induced in roots under the SS sowing treatment.

Conclusion
These data indicated that Aspergillus flavus resistance and stress tolerance in roots under SS precision sowing were enhanced compared with roots under the DS sowing treatment. This work benefits the development of underground pods and thus increasing peanut yields.
It’s all about time: precision and accuracy of Emotiv event-marking for ERP research
Authors: Williams Nikolas S. , McArthur Genevieve M. , Badcock Nicholas A. 
Published: February 2021

Background
The use of consumer-grade electroencephalography (EEG) systems for research purposes has become more prevalent. In event-related potential (ERP) research, it is critical that these systems have precise and accurate timing. The aim of the current study was to investigate the timing reliability of event-marking solutions used with Emotiv commercial EEG systems.

Method
We conducted three experiments. In Experiment 1 we established a jitter threshold (i.e. the point at which jitter made an event-marking method unreliable). To do this, we introduced statistical noise to the temporal position of event-marks of a pre-existing ERP dataset (recorded with a research-grade system, Neuroscan SynAmps2 at 1,000 Hz using parallel-port event-marking) and calculated the level at which the waveform peaks differed statistically from the original waveform. In Experiment 2 we established a method to identify ‘true’ events (i.e. when an event should appear in the EEG data). We did this by inserting 1,000 events into Neuroscan data using a custom-built event-marking system, the ‘Airmarker’, which marks events by triggering voltage spikes in two EEG channels. We used the lag between Airmarker events and events generated by Neuroscan as a reference for comparisons in Experiment 3. In Experiment 3 we measured the precision and accuracy of three types of Emotiv event-marking by generating 1,000 events, 1 s apart. We measured precision as the variability (standard deviation in ms) of Emotiv events and accuracy as the mean difference between Emotiv events and true events. The three triggering methods we tested were: (1) Parallel-port-generated TTL triggers; (2) Arduino-generated TTL triggers; and (3) Serial-port triggers. In Methods 1 and 2 we used an auxiliary device, Emotiv Extender, to incorporate triggers into the EEG data. We tested these event-marking methods across three configurations of Emotiv EEG systems: (1) Emotiv EPOC+ sampling at 128 Hz; (2) Emotiv EPOC+ sampling at 256 Hz; and (3) Emotiv EPOC Flex sampling at 128 Hz.

Results
In Experiment 1 we found that the smaller P1 and N1 peaks were attenuated at lower levels of jitter relative to the larger P2 peak (21 ms, 16 ms, and 45 ms for P1, N1, and P2, respectively). In Experiment 2, we found an average lag of 30.96 ms for Airmarker events relative to Neuroscan events. In Experiment 3, we found some lag in all configurations. However, all configurations exhibited precision of less than a single sample, with serial-port-marking the most precise when paired with EPOC+ sampling at 256 Hz.

Conclusion
All Emotiv event-marking methods and configurations that we tested were precise enough for ERP research as the precision of each method would provide ERP waveforms statistically equivalent to a research-standard system. Though all systems exhibited some level of inaccuracy, researchers could easily account for these during data processing.
University EFL Students’ Perceptions toward Globalization of English and its Effect on their Pragmatic Competence
Authors: M. Abu Al-Sha'r Awatif 
Published: February 2021

This study highlights EFL university students’ perceptions toward using English as a global language and on its effect on their pragmatic competence through using global English approach. The rationale of conducting this study stemmed from the incredible involvement of this generation into technological innovations via English. The participants 66 undergraduate students were randomly selected from the English Language Department at Al-al-Bayt University in Jordan during the second semester in2019/2020. They were divided into two groups: Experimental 35 and control 31.Two instruments were developed: A questionnaire of 37 items, to measure the degree of the participants’ attitudes toward global English, and a pre-posttest to check the effect of global English approach on the students' pragmatic competence. Validity of the two instruments was ascertained. The results revealed that the students’ attitudes toward using global English were highly appreciated. The findings embedded that there were statistically significant differences at (a=0.05) between the aspects of pragmatic competence of complementing from one side and between expressing opinion and offering help from the other side in favor of complementing. It was also proved that there were statistically significant differences at (a=0.05) between the aspects of complaining from one side and between expressing opinion and offering help from the other side in favor of complaining. These results could be attributed to the effect of using global English approach. The researcher suggested some relevant recommendations.
Effects of Climate Variability on Crop Yield and its Implications for Smallholder Farmers and Precision Agriculture in Guinea Savanna of Nigeria
Authors: Sule I. M. , Ibrahim I. , Mayaki J. , Saidu S. 
Published: February 2021

This study aimed to examine the effects of climate variability on annual crop yield at smallholder farmers’ level in the Guinea Savanna Region of Nigeria, using Niger State as a case study. Climate data (rainfall and maximum temperature) for a period of 38 years (1971-2008) was acquired from National Cereals Research Institute, Bida and Nigeria Meteorological Agency, while crop yield data was acquired from Niger State Agricultural Mechanization Development Authority (NAMDA). Focused Group Discussions (FGDs) were undertaken in 18 communities in six local government areas in Niger State spread across the three agricultural zones in the State to validate the impact of climate change and variability. The climate data was analyzed with the aid of charts. Results showed a generally rising trend in both temperature and rainfall across the State. It shows that rainfall is not only more variable, but its onset and cessation patterns have shifted and its occurrence very inconsistent. Linear relationships between climatic variables and the major crops showed moderate to strong positive and negative relationships. However, when crop yields were regressed with the climate variables, only maize (.032), bambara groundnut (.029) and groundnut (.007) were very significant at .05 confidence level (95%). The policy implication of this finding is the need to provide the farmers with local climate information and the need for vigorous pursuance of the development of high yield crop varieties better suited to changing climate conditions in the Guinea Savanna ecological zone by research institutes and other relevant agencies.
QUANTIFICAÇÃO DE GASES DE EFEITO ESTUFA EM ATERRO SANITÁRIO NO MUNICÍPIO DE CUIABÁ
Authors: Pinto Jr Osvaldo Borges , Lima Ana Eveline Mendonça Mourato 
Published: February 2021

<p>A disposição do lixo no Brasil, onde o uso de “lixões” ainda é muito comum, é um dos graves problemas ambientais. A emissão de gases produzidos pela decomposição anaeróbia da matéria orgânica pode ser uma ameaça ao ambiente local causando danos à vegetação, gerando odores desagradáveis, oferecendo ainda riscos de explosão. Este estudo objetivou avaliar as emissões de dióxido de carbono (CO<sub>2</sub>) e metano (CH<sub>4</sub>) no Aterro Sanitário no Município de Cuiabá, utilizando câmaras estáticas. Avaliou três pontos de amostragem com diferentes tempos de deposição de resíduos. Os valores anuais de CO<sub>2</sub> foram: no ponto A (deposição recente), 19,02 μg CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>; no ponto B (deposição intermediária), 4,36 μg CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> e, no ponto C (deposição com maior tempo), 2,59 μg CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>. A concentração de CH<sub>4</sub> no ponto A foi 3,89 μg CH<sub>4</sub> m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> e 0,12 e 0,25 μg CH<sub>4</sub> m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup> nos pontos B e C, respectivamente. Os resultados de CO<sub>2</sub> e CH<sub>4</sub> tiveram comportamentos semelhantes, houve aumento das concentrações. O estudo concluiu que fluxo de gases é dependente do tempo de deposição de resíduos e que, de acordo com esse tempo de deposição, a compactação do solo atua como limitador na emissão de GEE.</p><p> </p><p align="center">QUANTIFICATION OF GREENHOUSE GASES IN LANDFILL IN CUIABÁ CITY</p><p>The disposal of garbage in Brazil is one of the serious environmental problems where the use of "dumps" is still very common. The emission of gases produced by the anaerobic decomposition of organic matter can be a threat to the local environment, causing damage to vegetation, generating unpleasant odors, also offering risks of explosion. This study objective evaluated emissions of Carbon Dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and Methane (CH<sub>4</sub>) in landfill in the Cuiabá city, using static chambers. Three sampling points under different waste deposition times were evaluated. The annual flow of CO<sub>2</sub> at point A (recent deposition) was 19.02 μg CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>, at point B (intermediate), it was 4.36 μg CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>, and at point C (deposition with longer time) was 2.59 μg CO<sub>2</sub> m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1</sup>. The concentration of CH<sub>4</sub> at point A was 3.89 μg CH<sub>4</sub> m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>- </sup>and 0.12 and 0.25 μg CH<sub>4</sub> m<sup>-2</sup> h<sup>-1 </sup>respectively at points B and C. The results of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub>, have similar behavior, occurring increase of concentrations. It concluded that gas flow is dependent on the time of waste deposition, and according to the time of deposition, the soil compaction performances as a limiting factor in GHG emissions.</p>
O jovem Engels: vida e obra
Authors: Dantas da Costa Jales 
Published: February 2021

<div class="OutlineElement Ltr BCX0 SCXW92997742"><p class="Paragraph SCXW92997742 BCX0"><span class="TextRun SCXW92997742 BCX0" lang="PT-BR" xml:lang="PT-BR" data-contrast="none">Resumo: O presente artigo analisa a trajetória de vida e obra do jovem Engels. A seu modo, ele também passou por um complexo processo de amadurecimento intelectual e de práxis revolucionária até libertar-se por completo de suas concepções idealistas, adotar definitivamente uma posição materialista e de defesa do comunismo proletário. A tarefa de reconstrução histórica se faz mais do que oportuna neste ano de 2020, não apenas pelas comemorações em torno do bicentenário de seu nascimento, mas também pela necessidade de resgatar sua memória histórica, seus muitos ensinamentos e seu resoluto compromisso desde a mais tenra juventude em enterrar toda a iniquidade e a barbárie produzidas pelo modo de produção capitalista. </span><span class="EOP SCXW92997742 BCX0" data-ccp-props="{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335551550&quot;:6,&quot;335551620&quot;:6,&quot;335559739&quot;:160,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}"> </span></p></div>
Resenha: Horacio Tarcus - La biblia del proletariado. Traductores y editores de El Capital en el mundo hispanohablante
Authors: Petronzelli Daniel Lucio 
Published: February 2021

<p>O presente trabalho é uma resenha do livro <em>La biblia del proletariado. </em><em>Traductores y editores de El Capital en el mundo hispanohablante</em>, de Horacio Tarcus. Tendo como fio condutor a série das diferentes traduções de <strong>O Capital </strong>para a língua espanhola, a exposição assinala, seguindo as indicações do mencionado intelectual argentino, para as diversas personagens que compõem essa história: intelectuais, editores, casas editoriais, partidos e movimentos políticos. A história das traduções de <strong>O Capital</strong> é, sobretudo, uma história política e social. </p><p><strong><em>Palavras-chave: </em></strong>Karl Marx; O Capital; História política e social; Recepção; Língua espanhola.</p><p> </p>
Rapid Synthesis of Various Electrocatalysts on Ni Foam Using a Universal and Facile Induction Heating Method for Efficient Water Splitting
Authors: Xiong Guowei , Chen Yuke , Zhou Ziqian , Liu Fan , Liu Xiaoyu , Yang Linjing , Liu Qilu , Sang Yuanhua , Liu Hong , Zhang Xiaoli , Jia Jin , Zhou Weijia 
Published: February 2021

AbstractElectrocatalytic water splitting for the production of hydrogen proves to be effective and available. In general, the thermal radiation synthesis usually involves a slow heating and cooling process. Here, a high‐frequency induction heating (IH) is employed to rapidly prepare various self‐supported electrocatalysts grown on Ni foam (NF) in liquid‐ and gas‐phase within 1–3 min. The NF not only serves as an in situ heating medium, but also as a growth substrate. The as‐synthesized Ni nanoparticles anchored on MoO2 nanowires supported on NF (Ni‐MoO2/NF‐IH) enable catalysis of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), showing a low overpotential of −39 mV (10 mA cm−2) and maintaining the stability of 12 h in alkaline condition. Moreover, the NiFe layered double hydroxide (NiFe LDH/NF‐IH) is also synthesized via IH and affords outstanding oxygen evolution reaction (OER) activity with an overpotential of 246 mV (10 mA cm−2). The Ni‐MoO2/NF‐IH and NiFe LDH/NF‐IH are assembled to construct a two‐electrode system, where a small cell voltage of ≈1.50 V enables a current density of 10 mA cm−2. More importantly, this IH method is also available to rapidly synthesize other freestanding electrocatalysts on NF, such as transition metal hydroxides and metal nitrides.
A General Carboxylate‐Assisted Approach to Boost the ORR Performance of ZIF‐Derived Fe/N/C Catalysts for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Li Yuyang , Zhang Pengyang , Wan Liyang , Zheng Yanping , Qu Ximing , Zhang Haikun , Wang Yuesheng , Zaghib Karim , Yuan Jiayin , Sun Shuhui , Wang Yucheng , Zhou Zhiyou , Sun Shigang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAn Fe/N/C catalyst derived from the pyrolysis of metal–organic frameworks, for example, a zeolitic‐imidazolate‐framework‐8 (ZIF‐8), has been regarded as one of the most promising non‐precious metal catalysts toward oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, its ORR mass activity is still much inferior to that of Pt, partly because of the lack of general and efficient synthetic strategies. Herein, a general carboxylate‐assisted strategy that dramatically enhances the ORR mass activity of ZIF‐derived Fe/N/C catalysts is reported. The carboxylate is found to promote the formation of Fe/N/C catalysts with denser accessible active sites and entangled carbon nanotubes, as well as a higher mesoporosity. These structural advantages make the carboxylate‐assisted Fe/N/C catalysts show a 2–10 fold higher ORR mass activity than the common carboxylate‐free one in various cases. When applied in H2–O2 PEMFCs, the active acetate‐assisted Fe/N/C catalyst generates a peak power density of 1.33 W cm−2, a new record of peak power density for a H2–O2 PEMFC with non‐Pt ORR catalysts.
Strategies in Structure and Electrolyte Design for High‐Performance Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Qin Kaiqiang , Holguin Kathryn , Mohammadiroudbari Motahareh , Huang Jinghao , Kim Eric Young Sam , Hall Rosemary , Luo Chao 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLithium metal is the “holy grail” anode for next‐generation high‐energy rechargeable batteries due to its high capacity and lowest redox potential among all reported anodes. However, the practical application of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) is hindered by safety concerns arising from uncontrollable Li dendrite growth and infinite volume change during the lithium plating and stripping process. The formation of stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and the construction of robust 3D porous current collectors are effective approaches to overcoming the challenges of Li metal anode and promoting the practical application of LMBs. In this review, four strategies in structure and electrolyte design for high‐performance Li metal anode, including surface coating, porous current collector, liquid electrolyte, and solid‐state electrolyte are summarized. The challenges, opportunities, perspectives on future directions, and outlook for practical applications of Li metal anode, are also discussed.
Robust Superomniphobic Micro‐Hyperbola Structures Formed by Capillary Wrapping of a Photocurable Liquid around Micropillars
Authors: Kim Jaekyoung , Ryu Yerin , Kim Chi Hyung , Heo Seong Gil , Yoo Kee‐Youn , Yoon Hyunsik 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSuperomniphobic surfaces inspired by nature have been studied for decades. Recently, the development of liquid‐repelling surfaces has moved from the fabrication of artificial structures to real applications that address friction associated with clothes, paper, and skin. To have superoleophobicity, re‐entrant structures such as mushrooms or inverse trapezoids have been suggested. However they can be mechanically fragile, especially under shear stress, because the bottom region is narrow. Here, a facile method to obtain new re‐entrant structures is proposed, namely, micro‐hyperbola structures, by wetting a photocurable viscous liquid around micropillars by capillary force. It is demonstrated that the formation of the hyperbola structures depends on the spacing ratio between micropillars, and the formation mechanism is explained with a simple model. The micro‐hyperbola structure demonstrates robust omniphobicity even after rubbing and abrasion tests. The advantage of the wide fabrication range and the robust superoleophobicity of micro‐hyperbola structures enable the uses in practical superomniphobic applications that undergo shear forces.
Tumor‐Targeting Cholesterol‐Decorated DNA Nanoflowers for Intracellular Ratiometric Aptasensing
Authors: Kim Nayoung , Kim Eunjung , Kim Hyemin , Thomas Michael R. , Najer Adrian , Stevens Molly M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractProbing endogenous molecular profiles is of fundamental importance to understand cellular function and processes. Despite the promise of programmable nucleic‐acid‐based aptasensors across the breadth of biomolecular detection, target‐responsive aptasensors enabling intracellular detection are as of yet infrequently realized. Several challenges remain, including the difficulties in quantification/normalization of quencher‐based intensiometric signals, stability issues of the probe architecture, and complex sensor operations often necessitating extensive structural modeling. Here, the biomimetic crystallization‐empowered self‐assembly of a tumor‐targetable DNA–inorganic hybrid nanocomposite aptasensor is presented, which enables Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET)‐based quantitative interpretation of changes in the cellular target abundance. Leveraging the design programmability and high‐throughput fabrication of rolling circle amplification‐driven DNA nanoarchitecture, this designer platform offers a method to self‐assemble a robust nanosensor from a multifunctionality‐encoded template that includes a cell‐targeting aptamer, a ratiometric aptasensor, and a cholesterol‐decorating element. Taking prostate cancer cells and intracellular adenosine triphosphate molecules as a model system, a synergistic effect in the targeted delivery by cholesterol and aptamers, and the feasibility of quantitative intracellular aptasensing are demonstrated. It is envisioned that this approach provides a highly generalizable strategy across wide‐ranging target systems toward a biologically deliverable nanosensor that enables quantitative monitoring of the abundance of endogenous biomolecules.
Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogels with Broad‐Range Tunable Mechanical Properties via the Hofmeister Effect
Authors: Wu Shuwang , Hua Mutian , Alsaid Yousif , Du Yingjie , Ma Yanfei , Zhao Yusen , Lo Chiao‐Yueh , Wang Canran , Wu Dong , Yao Bowen , Strzalka Joseph , Zhou Hua , Zhu Xinyuan , He Ximin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHydrogels, exhibiting wide applications in soft robotics, tissue engineering, implantable electronics, etc., often require sophisticately tailoring of the hydrogel mechanical properties to meet specific demands. For examples, soft robotics necessitates tough hydrogels; stem cell culturing demands various tissue‐matching modulus; and neuron probes desire dynamically tunable modulus. Herein, a strategy to broadly alter the mechanical properties of hydrogels reversibly via tuning the aggregation states of the polymer chains by ions based on the Hofmeister effect is reported. An ultratough poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel as an exemplary material (toughness 150 ± 20 MJ m−3), which surpasses synthetic polymers like poly(dimethylsiloxane), synthetic rubber, and natural spider silk is fabricated. With various ions, the hydrogel's various mechanical properties are continuously and reversibly in situ modulated over a large window: tensile strength from 50 ± 9 kPa to 15 ± 1 MPa, toughness from 0.0167 ± 0.003 to 150 ± 20 MJ m−3, elongation from 300 ± 100% to 2100 ± 300%, and modulus from 24 ± 2 to 2500 ± 140 kPa. Importantly, the ions serve as gelation triggers and property modulators only, not necessarily required to remain in the gel, maintaining the high biocompatibility of PVA without excess ions. This strategy, enabling high mechanical performance and broad dynamic tunability, presents a universal platform for broad applications from biomedicine to wearable electronics.