bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hot Plasma in the Magnetotail Lobes Shows Characteristics Consistent With Closed Field Lines Trapped in the Lobes
Authors: Coxon John C. , Fear Robert C. , Reidy Jade A. , Fryer Laura J. , Plank James 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe examine the magnetotail using data from the Hot Ion Analyzer on Cluster 1 during 2001–2009. We develop and utilize an algorithm in order to identify times during which Cluster 1 is in the magnetotail lobe but observes plasma, which is hotter than our expectations of the lobe. We analyze the prevailing Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) conditions for our algorithm and a reference algorithm (with no particle energy criteria) and find that the periods we select are, on average, nT more toward northward IMF. Examining the temperature in the magnetotail for our periods shows that the morphology of the average temperature is consistent with the Milan et al. (2005, https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JA010835) model of a magnetotail structure during northward IMF, in which closed field lines are prevented from convecting to the dayside, causing them and the plasma trapped on them to protrude into the magnetotail lobes. We also find evidence that of our identified periods may be driven by direct entry into the magnetosphere from the solar wind.
Sulfur Constraints on the Carbon Cycle of a Blanket Bog Peatland
Authors: Boothroyd I. M. , Worrall F. , Moody C. S. , Clay G. D. , Abbott G. D. , Rose R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe reduction of sulfate (SO42−) represents an alternative terminal electron acceptor for the oxidation of organic matter in peat soils. The greenhouse gas budget in peatlands will be constrained by how much a peatland can utilize SO42− reduction as an alternative to methanogenesis. Using records of atmospheric deposition and stream chemistry coupled with elemental analysis of peat soil, vegetation, particulate organic matter (POM) and dissolved organic matter (DOM), this study estimated a 23‐years long sulfur (S) budget for a blanket bog‐covered catchment in the North Pennines, England. The study showed that: (a) Atmospheric deposition of total S significantly declined over the study period from 2.4 to 0.5 t S/km2/yr. (b) Long term accumulation of S into deep peat at 1 m depth averaged 127 kg S/km2/yr. (c) Total S fluvial flux peaked as 4.5 t S/km2/yr with an average of 0.7 t S/km2/yr. (d) On average, over 23 years, 0.25 t S/km2/yr were reduced to either mineral sulphides or hydrogen sulphide; however, in eight out of the 23 years the catchment was a net producer of S to the streams of the catchment. At maximum observed, S reduction capacity the peatland was capable of a net removal of 71% of atmospheric S deposition. Allowing for the efficiency of energy transfer in the redox process and the oxidation state of peat organic matter means that for every mole of SO42− reduced, 1.69 moles of CO2 were produced, and an average of 0.47 t C/km2/yr are diverted from methanogenesis.
Forecasting the Probability of Large Rates of Change of the Geomagnetic Field in the UK: Timescales, Horizons, and Thresholds
Authors: Smith A. W. , Forsyth C. , Rae I. J. , Garton T. M. , Bloch T. , Jackman C. M. , Bakrania M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLarge geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) pose a risk to ground based infrastructure such as power networks. Large GICs may be induced when the rate of change of the ground magnetic field is significantly elevated. We assess the ability of three different machine learning model architectures to process the time history of the incoming solar wind and provide a probabilistic forecast as to whether the rate of change of the ground magnetic field will exceed specific high thresholds at a location in the UK. The three models tested represent feed forward, convolutional and recurrent neural networks. We find all three models are reliable and skillful, with Brier skill scores, receiver‐operating characteristic scores and precision‐recall scores of approximately 0.25, 0.95 and 0.45, respectively. When evaluated during two example magnetospheric storms we find that all scores increase significantly, indicating that the models work better during active intervals. The models perform excellently through the majority of the storms, however they do not fully capture the ground response around the initial sudden commencements. We attribute this to the use of propagated solar wind data not allowing the models notice to forecast impulsive phenomenon. Increasing the volume of solar wind data provided to the models does not produce appreciable increases in model performance, possibly due to the fixed model structures and limited training data. However, increasing the horizon of the forecast from 30 min to 3 h increases the performance of the models, presumably as the models need not be as precise about timing.
A Hydrologic Functional Approach for Improving Large‐Sample Hydrology Performance in Poorly Gauged Regions
Authors: Janssen Joseph , Ameli Ali A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHydrologic functions of catchments are intrinsically diverse and defined as the ways catchments partition, store, and drain rainfall and snowmelt. Large‐sample hydrology (LSH) uses existing datasets of catchments to derive generalizable conclusions on hydrologic behaviors. LSH has the potential to synthesize the diversity of catchment hydrologic functions, allowing a robust extrapolation of streamflow generation mechanisms to poorly gauged regions. However, the descriptors of hydrologic functions, required to synthesize and extrapolate, have not been developed in LSH methodologies. This has potentially resulted in unexpectedly small associations between catchments' physical features and streamflow characteristics as well as poor predictability of the shape of streamflow hydrographs, as shown in recent LSH studies. Here, we propose three dimensionless indices—which directly quantify hydrologic functions—based on how interactions between a catchment’s climatic and physical attributes construct catchment functions. Using climatic and physical data as well as long‐term streamflow observations at hundreds of gauged catchments across the United States and Canada, our results depict that the use of interactive functional indices as catchment descriptors improves the performance of LSH methodologies (hierarchical clustering, multivariate regression, and random forests) in identifying hydrologic similarities in shape‐based streamflow signatures among catchments, and in predicting shape‐based streamflow signatures in poorly gauged regions. This research highlights the importance of physical interpretability of LSH models and showcases the development of parsimonious and process‐based catchment‐scale frameworks, allowing the analysis of globally available catchment data to progress the generalizable understanding of catchment hydrologic functions and streamflow generation mechanisms.
Genome-level diversification of eight ancient tea populations in the Guizhou and Yunnan regions identifies candidate genes for core agronomic traits
Authors: Lu Litang , Chen Hufang , Wang Xiaojing , Zhao Yichen , Yao Xinzhuan , Xiong Biao , Deng Yanli , Zhao Degang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe ancient tea plant, as a precious natural resource and source of tea plant genetic diversity, is of great value for studying the evolutionary mechanism, diversification, and domestication of plants. The overall genetic diversity among ancient tea plants and the genetic changes that occurred during natural selection remain poorly understood. Here, we report the genome resequencing of eight different groups consisting of 120 ancient tea plants: six groups from Guizhou Province and two groups from Yunnan Province. Based on the 8,082,370 identified high-quality SNPs, we constructed phylogenetic relationships, assessed population structure, and performed genome-wide association studies (GWAS). Our phylogenetic analysis showed that the 120 ancient tea plants were mainly clustered into three groups and five single branches, which is consistent with the results of principal component analysis (PCA). Ancient tea plants were further divided into seven subpopulations based on genetic structure analysis. Moreover, it was found that the variation in ancient tea plants was not reduced by pressure from the external natural environment or artificial breeding (nonsynonymous/synonymous = 1.05). By integrating GWAS, selection signals, and gene function prediction, four candidate genes were significantly associated with three leaf traits, and two candidate genes were significantly associated with plant type. These candidate genes can be used for further functional characterization and genetic improvement of tea plants.
The effect of galvanization and potassium iodide iontophoresis of the throat and larynx on thyroid parameters: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zwolińska Jolanta , Augustyn Barbara , Baj Katarzyna , Krukowska Jadwiga 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFew studies have assessed the application and side effects of potassium iodide (KI) iontophoresis. Using a double-blinded randomized controlled trial with a 1:1 parallel-group, we investigated the effect of galvanization and the KI iontophoresis in the throat and larynx on three thyroid parameters. A total of 50 healthy volunteers with normal TSH, FT3, and FT4 levels and lacking focal changes in the thyroid ultrasonography were subjected to 10 electrotherapy treatments. The TSH, FT3, and FT4 levels were determined prior to the 10 electrotherapeutic treatments (T1), 2-weeks after treatment (T2) and 6-months after treatment (T3). At T2 and T3, both groups had normal levels of TSH, FT3, and FT4. Regarding the change of TSH, FT3, and FT4 levels between T1 vs. T2 and T1 vs. T3, no significant differences between the galvanization and iontophoresis groups were found. However, both groups had lower levels of all three hormones at T3. Together, these data indicate that KI iontophoresis does not affect thyroid hormone levels in the short- nor long-term. Additional follow-up studies with larger groups are required to better confirm the safety of galvanization and iontophoresis procedures in the pharynx and larynx.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04013308; URL: www.clinicaltrials.gov). Day of first registration 09/07/2019.
Long term prognosis in patients with pulmonary hypertension undergoing catheter ablation for supraventricular tachycardia
Authors: Kamada Hiroyuki , Kaneyama Junji , Inoue Yuko Y. , Noda Takashi , Ueda Nobuhiko , Nakajima Kenzaburo , Kamakura Tsukasa , Wada Mitsuru , Ishibashi Kohei , Yamagata Kenichiro , Miyamoto Koji , Aoki Tatsuo , Ogo Takeshi , Nagase Satoshi , Aiba Takeshi , Satomi Kazuhiro , Kusano Kengo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractVarious forms of supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) occur in patients with severe pulmonary hypertension (PH). Despite the high efficacy of radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFCA) for SVT, insufficient data exist regarding patients with PH. Thirty SVTs in 23 PH patients (age 47 [35–60] years; mean pulmonary artery pressure 44 [32–50] mmHg) were analyzed. Procedural success rate, short- and long-term clinical outcomes, were evaluated during a median follow-up of 5.1 years. Single-procedure success rate was 83%; 94% (17/18) in typical atrial flutter, 73% (8/11) in atrial tachycardia (AT), and 100% (1/1) in atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Antiarrhythmic drugs, serum brain natriuretic peptide levels and number of hospitalizations significantly decreased after RFCA than that before (p = 0.002, 0.04, and 0.002, respectively). Four patients had several procedures. After last RFCA, 12 patients had SVT and 8 patients died. Kaplan–Meier curves showed that patients with SVT after the last RFCA had a lower survival rate compared to those without (p = 0.0297). Multivariate analysis identified any SVT after the last RFCA as significant risk factor of mortality (hazard ratio: 9.31; p = 0.016). RFCA for SVT in patients with PH is feasible and effective in the short-term, but SVT is common during long-term follow-up and associated with lower survival.
Brain tissue oxygenation guided therapy and outcome in non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Gouvea Bogossian Elisa , Diaferia Daniela , Ndieugnou Djangang Narcisse , Menozzi Marco , Vincent Jean-Louis , Talamonti Marta , Dewitte Olivier , Peluso Lorenzo , Barrit Sami , Al Barajraji Mejdeddine , Andre Joachim , Schuind Sophie , Creteur Jacques , Taccone Fabio Silvio 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBrain hypoxia can occur after non-traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), even when levels of intracranial pressure (ICP) remain normal. Brain tissue oxygenation (PbtO2) can be measured as a part of a neurological multimodal neuromonitoring. Low PbtO2 has been associated with poor neurologic recovery. There is scarce data on the impact of PbtO2 guided-therapy on patients’ outcome. This single-center cohort study (June 2014–March 2020) included all patients admitted to the ICU after SAH who required multimodal monitoring. Patients with imminent brain death were excluded. Our primary goal was to assess the impact of PbtO2-guided therapy on neurological outcome. Secondary outcome included the association of brain hypoxia with outcome. Of the 163 patients that underwent ICP monitoring, 62 were monitored with PbtO2 and 54 (87%) had at least one episode of brain hypoxia. In patients that required treatment based on neuromonitoring strategies, PbtO2-guided therapy (OR 0.33 [CI 95% 0.12–0.89]) compared to ICP-guided therapy had a protective effect on neurological outcome at 6 months. In this cohort of SAH patients, PbtO2-guided therapy might be associated with improved long-term neurological outcome, only when compared to ICP-guided therapy.
Clinical validation of optimised RT-LAMP for the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Lim Boon , Ratcliff Jeremy , Nawrot Dorota A. , Yu Yejiong , Sanghani Harshmeena R. , Hsu Chia-Chen , Peto Leon , Evans Simon , Hodgson Susanne H. , Skeva Aikaterini , Adam Maria , Panopoulou Maria , Zois Christos E. , Poncin Katy , Vasudevan Sridhar R. , Dai Siqi , Ren Shuai , Chang Hong , Cui Zhanfeng , Simmonds Peter , Huang Wei E. , Andersson Monique I. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe have optimised a reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 from extracted RNA for clinical application. We improved the stability and reliability of the RT-LAMP assay by the addition of a temperature-dependent switch oligonucleotide to reduce self- or off-target amplification. We then developed freeze-dried master mix for single step RT-LAMP reaction, simplifying the operation for end users and improving long-term storage and transportation. The assay can detect as low as 13 copies of SARS-CoV2 RNA per reaction (25-μL). Cross reactivity with other human coronaviruses was not observed. We have applied the new RT-LAMP assay for testing clinical extracted RNA samples extracted from swabs of 72 patients in the UK and 126 samples from Greece and demonstrated the overall sensitivity of 90.2% (95% CI 83.8–94.7%) and specificity of 92.4% (95% CI 83.2–97.5%). Among 115 positive samples which Ct values were less than 34, the RT-LAMP assay was able to detect 110 of them with 95.6% sensitivity. The specificity was 100% when RNA elution used RNase-free water. The outcome of RT-LAMP can be reported by both colorimetric detection and quantifiable fluorescent reading. Objective measures with a digitized reading data flow would allow for the sharing of results for local or national surveillance.
Microfluidic investigation of the effect of graphene oxide on mechanical properties of cell and actin cytoskeleton networks: experimental and theoretical approaches
Authors: Ghorbani Mohammad , Soleymani Hossein , Hashemzadeh Hadi , Mortezazadeh Saeed , Sedghi Mosslim , Shojaeilangari Seyedehsamaneh , Allahverdi Abdollah , Naderi-Manesh Hossein 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBiomechanical and morphological analysis of the cells is a novel approach for monitoring the environmental features, drugs, and toxic compounds’ effects on cells. Graphene oxide (GO) has a broad range of medical applications such as tissue engineering and drug delivery. However, the effects of GO nanosheets on biological systems have not been completely understood. In this study, we focused on the biophysical characteristics of cells and their changes resulting from the effect of GO nanosheets. The biophysical properties of the cell population were characterized as follows: cell stiffness was calculated by atomic force microscopy, cell motility and invasive properties were characterized in the microfluidic chip in which the cells are able to visualize cell migration at a single-cell level. Intracellular actin was stained to establish a quantitative picture of the intracellular cytoskeleton. In addition, to understand the molecular interaction of GO nanosheets and actin filaments, coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out. Our results showed that GO nanosheets can reduce cell stiffness in MCF7 cells and MDA-MB-231 cell lines and highly inhibited cell migration (39.2%) in MCF-7 and (38.6%) in MDA-MB-231 cell lines through the GO nanosheets-mediated disruption of the intracellular cytoskeleton. In the presence of GO nanosheets, the cell migration of both cell lines, as well as the cell stiffness, significantly decreased. Moreover, after GO nanosheets treatment, the cell actin network dramatically changed. The experimental and theoretical approaches established a quantitative picture of changes in these networks. Our results showed the reduction of the order parameter in actin filaments was 23% in the MCF7 cell line and 20.4% in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. The theoretical studies also showed that the GO nanosheet–actin filaments have stable interaction during MD simulation. Moreover, the 2D free energy plot indicated the GO nanosheet can induce conformational changes in actin filaments. Our findings showed that the GO nanosheets can increase the distance of actin-actin subunits from 3.22 to 3.5 nm and in addition disrupt native contacts between two subunits which lead to separate actin subunits from each other in actin filaments. In this study, the biomechanical characteristics were used to explain the effect of GO nanosheets on cells which presents a novel view of how GO nanosheets can affect the biological properties of cells without cell death. These findings have the potential to be applied in different biomedical applications.
Collective transient ratchet transport induced by many elastically interacting particles
Authors: Manchein Cesar , de Oliveira Tulio M. , Silva Rafael M. da , Beims Marcus W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSeveral dynamical systems in nature can be maintained out-of-equilibrium, either through mutual interaction of particles or by external fields. The particle’s transport and the transient dynamics are landmarking of such systems. While single ratchet systems are genuine candidates to describe unbiased transport, we demonstrate here that coupled ratchets exhibit collective transient ratchet transport. Extensive numerical simulations for up to $$N=1024$$

N
=
1024

elastically interacting ratchets establish the generation of large transient ratchet currents (RCs). The lifetimes of the transient RCs increase with N and decrease with the coupling strength between the ratchets. We demonstrate one peculiar case having a coupling-induced transient RC through the asymmetric destruction of attractors. Results suggest that physical devices built with coupled ratchet systems should present large collective transient transport of particles, whose technological applications are undoubtedly appealing and feasible.
Poor adult nutrition impairs learning and memory in a parasitoid wasp
Authors: Kishani Farahani Hossein , Moghadassi Yasaman , Pierre Jean-Sebastien , Kraus Stéphane , Lihoreau Mathieu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAnimals have evolved cognitive abilities whose impairment can incur dramatic fitness costs. While malnutrition is known to impact brain development and cognitive functions in vertebrates, little is known in insects whose small brain appears particularly vulnerable to environmental stressors. Here, we investigated the influence of diet quality on learning and memory in the parasitoid waspVenturia canescens. Newly emerged adults were exposed for 24 h to either honey, 20% sucrose solution, 10% sucrose solution, or water, before being conditioned in an olfactory associative learning task in which an odor was associated to a host larvae (reward). Honey fed wasps showed 3.5 times higher learning performances and 1.5 times longer memory retention than wasps fed sucrose solutions or water. Poor diets also reduced longevity and fecundity. Our results demonstrate the importance of early adult nutrition for optimal cognitive function in these parasitoid wasps that must quickly develop long-term olfactory memories for searching suitable hosts for their progeny.
Long range synchronization within the enteric nervous system underlies propulsion along the large intestine in mice
Authors: Spencer Nick J. , Travis Lee , Wiklendt Lukasz , Costa Marcello , Hibberd Timothy J. , Brookes Simon J. , Dinning Phil , Hu Hongzhen , Wattchow David A. , Sorensen Julian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHow the Enteric Nervous System (ENS) coordinates propulsion of content along the gastrointestinal (GI)-tract has been a major unresolved issue. We reveal a mechanism that explains how ENS activity underlies propulsion of content along the colon. We used a recently developed high-resolution video imaging approach with concurrent electrophysiological recordings from smooth muscle, during fluid propulsion. Recordings showed pulsatile firing of excitatory and inhibitory neuromuscular inputs not only in proximal colon, but also distal colon, long before the propagating contraction invades the distal region. During propulsion, wavelet analysis revealed increased coherence at ~2 Hz over large distances between the proximal and distal regions. Therefore, during propulsion, synchronous firing of descending inhibitory nerve pathways over long ranges aborally acts to suppress smooth muscle from contracting, counteracting the excitatory nerve pathways over this same region of colon. This delays muscle contraction downstream, ahead of the advancing contraction. The mechanism identified is more complex than expected and vastly different from fluid propulsion along other hollow smooth muscle organs; like lymphatic vessels, portal vein, or ureters, that evolved without intrinsic neurons.