bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non-thermal Sunyaev–Zeldovich signal from radio galaxy lobes
Authors: Acharya Sandeep Kumar , Majumdar Subhabrata , Nath Biman B 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Energetic electrons in the lobes of radio galaxies make them potential sources for not only radio and X-rays but also Sunyaev–Zeldovich (SZ) distortions in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation. Previous works have discussed the energetics of radio galaxy lobes, but assuming thermal SZ effect, coming from the non-thermal electron population. We use an improved evolutionary model for radio galaxy lobes to estimate the observed parameters such as the radio luminosity and intensity of SZ-distortions at the redshifts of observation. We, further, quantify the effects of various relevant physical parameters of the radio galaxies, such as the jet power, the time-scale over which the jet is active, the evolutionary time-scale for the lobe, etc. on the observed parameters. For current SZ observations towards galaxy clusters, we find that the non-thermal SZ distortions from radio lobes embedded in galaxy clusters can be non-negligible compared to the amount of thermal SZ distortion from the intracluster medium and, hence, cannot be neglected. We show that small and young (and preferably residing in a cluster environment) radio galaxies offer better prospects for the detection of the non-thermal SZ signal from these sources. We further discuss the limits on different physical parameters for some sources for which SZ effect has been either detected or upper limits are available. The evolutionary models enable us to obtain limits, previously unavailable, on the low energy cut-off of electron spectrum (pmin ∼ 1–2) in order to explain the recent non-thermal SZ detection. Finally, we discuss how future CMB experiments, which would cover higher frequency bands (&gt;400 GHz), may provide clear signatures for non-thermal SZ effect.
GG Carinae: discovery of orbital-phase-dependent 1.583-day periodicities in the B[e] supergiant binary
Authors: Porter Augustus , Blundell Katherine , Podsiadlowski Philipp , Lee Steven 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
GG Carinae (GG Car) is a binary whose primary component is a B[e] supergiant. Using photometric data from the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), All Sky Automated Survey (ASAS), Optical Monitoring Camera (OMC), and All Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae (ASAS-SN), and spectroscopic data from the Global Jet Watch to study visible He i, Fe ii, and Si ii emission lines, we investigate the short-period variations that are exhibited in GG Car. We find a hitherto neglected periodicity of 1.583156 ± 0.0002 d that is present in both its photometry and the radial velocities of its emission lines, alongside variability at the well-established ∼31-d orbital period. We find that the amplitudes of the shorter period variations in both photometry and some of the emission lines are modulated by the orbital phase of the binary, such that the short-period variations have largest amplitudes when the binary is at periastron. There are no significant changes in the phases of the short-period variations over the orbital period. We investigate potential causes of the 1.583-d variability, and find that the observed period agrees well with the expected period of the l = 2 f-mode of the primary given its mass and radius. We propose that the primary is periodically pulled out of hydrostatic equilibrium by the quadrupolar tidal forces when the components are near periastron in the binary’s eccentric orbit (e = 0.5) and the primary almost fills its Roche lobe. This causes an oscillation at the l = 2 f-mode frequency that is damped as the distance between the components increases.
Suppressed heat conductivity in the intracluster medium: implications for the magneto-thermal instability
Authors: Berlok Thomas , Quataert Eliot , Pessah Martin E , Pfrommer Christoph 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
In the outskirts of the intracluster medium (ICM) in galaxy clusters, the temperature decreases with radius. Due to the weakly collisional nature of the plasma, these regions are susceptible to the magneto-thermal instability (MTI), which can sustain turbulence and provide turbulent pressure support in the ICM. This instability arises due to heat conduction directed along the magnetic field, with a heat conductivity which is normally assumed to be given by the Spitzer value. Recent numerical studies of the ion mirror and the electron whistler instability using particle-in-cell codes have shown that microscale instabilities can lead to a reduced value for the heat conductivity in the ICM. This could in turn influence the efficiency with which the MTI drives turbulence. In this paper, we investigate the influence of reduced heat transport on the non-linear evolution of the MTI. We study plane-parallel, initially static atmospheres and employ a subgrid model that mimics the influence of the mirror instability on the heat conductivity. We use this subgrid model to assess the effect of microscales on the large-scale dynamics of the ICM. We find that the non-linear saturation of the MTI is surprisingly robust in our simulations. Over a factor of ∼103 in the thermal-to-magnetic pressure ratio and collisionality, we find at most modest changes to the saturation of the MTI with respect to reference simulations where heat transport is unsuppressed.
Eukaryote specific RNA and protein features facilitate assembly and catalysis of H/ACA snoRNPs
Authors: Trucks Sven , Hanspach Gerd , Hengesbach Martin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
H/ACA Box ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) play a major role in modification of rRNA and snRNA, catalyzing the sequence specific pseudouridylation in eukaryotes and archaea. This enzymatic reaction takes place on a substrate RNA recruited via base pairing to an internal loop of the snoRNA. Eukaryotic snoRNPs contain the four proteins Nop10, Cbf5, Gar1 and Nhp2, with Cbf5 as the catalytic subunit. In contrast to archaeal H/ACA RNPs, eukaryotic snoRNPs contain several conserved features in both the snoRNA as well as the protein components. Here, we reconstituted the eukaryotic H/ACA RNP containing snR81 as a guide RNA in vitro and report on the effects of these eukaryote specific features on complex assembly and enzymatic activity. We compare their contribution to pseudouridylation activity for stand-alone hairpins versus the bipartite RNP. Using single molecule FRET spectroscopy, we investigated the role of the different eukaryote-specific proteins and domains on RNA folding and complex assembly, and assessed binding of substrate RNA to the RNP. Interestingly, we found diverging effects for the two hairpins of snR81, suggesting hairpin-specific requirements for folding and RNP formation. Our results for the first time allow assessing interactions between the individual hairpin RNPs in the context of the full, bipartite snoRNP.
Study design and baseline characteristics of patients on dialysis in the ASCEND-D trial
Authors: Singh Ajay K , Blackorby Allison , Cizman Borut , Carroll Kevin , Cobitz Alexander R , Davies Rich , Jha Vivekanand , Johansen Kirsten L , Lopes Renato D , Kler Lata , Macdougall Iain C , McMurray John J V , Meadowcroft Amy M , Obrador Gregorio T , Perkovic Vlado , Solomon Scott , Wanner Christoph , Waikar Sushrut S , Wheeler David C , Wiecek Andrzej 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
The Anemia Studies in chronic kidney disease (CKD): Erythropoiesis via a Novel prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor Daprodustat-Dialysis (ASCEND-D) trial will test the hypothesis that daprodustat is noninferior to comparator epoetin alfa or darbepoetin alfa for two co-primary endpoints: hemoglobin (Hb) efficacy and cardiovascular (CV) safety.

Methods
We report the trial design, key demographic, clinical and laboratory findings, and baseline therapies of 2964 patients randomized in the open-label (sponsor-blinded) active-controlled, parallel-group, randomized ASCEND-D clinical trial. We also compare baseline characteristics of ASCEND-D patients with patients who are on dialysis (CKD G5D) enrolled in other large CV outcome trials (CVOTs) and in the most relevant registries.

Results
The median age of patients was 58 years, 43% were female; 67% were White and 16% were Black. The median Hb at baseline was 10.4 g/dL. Among randomized patients, 89% were receiving hemodialysis and 11% peritoneal dialysis. Among key comorbidities, 42% reported a history of diabetes mellitus and 45% a history of CV disease. Median blood pressure was 134/74 mmHg. The median weekly dose of epoetin was 5751 units. Intravenous and oral iron uses were noted in 64 and 11% of patients, respectively. Baseline demographics were similar to patients with CKD G5D enrolled in other CVOTs and renal patient registries.

Conclusions
ASCEND-D will evaluate the efficacy and safety of daprodustat compared with epoetin alfa or darbepoetin alfa in the treatment of patients with anemia with CKD G5D.
This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02879305. EudraCT Number: 2016-000541-31; Sponsor Protocol Number: 200807.
Quantification of Outdoor Tobacco Smoke Exposure at Outdoor Smoking Facilities
Authors: Kim YoonJee , Lee Kiyoung 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Introduction
The implementation of indoor smoke-free policy has compelled smokers to go outdoors to smoke. Outdoor smoking facilities were installed to designate outdoor smoking area. The purposes of the study were to identify factors of outdoor tobacco smoke (OTS) around open type outdoor smoking facility and to compare the OTS exposure by the type of outdoor smoking facility.

Methods
Outdoor concentrations of particulate matter smaller than 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter (PM2.5) were measured at 3 different distances (0, 1, and 3 m) from the entrance of the open-type outdoor smoking facility with a simulated smoking source. For field measurements, PM2.5 concentrations of inside and outside of 33 operating outdoor smoking facilities were simultaneously measured for 30 min.

Results
For the smoking simulation, the outside PM2.5 concentrations and the peak occurrence rates increased significantly as the number of cigarettes smoked increased, the distance from the entrance decreased, and the wind speed increased (p &lt; .0001). For the field measurement, the inside PM2.5 concentration of the outdoor smoking facilities varied significantly by types of the outdoor smoking facility (p = 0.022). The outside PM2.5 concentrations were not significantly different by types of outdoor smoking facility.

Conclusions
OTS in an open type outdoor smoking facility were detected at 3 m away from the entrance of the smoking facility. Outdoor smoking facility should have a buffer zone to reduce OTS exposure of pedestrians. Many smokers were observed outside of the outdoor smoking facility not inside. Management and education of smokers to smoke inside the facility is needed.

Implications
The study showed the effects of the outdoor smoking facility. Outdoor smoking facility should be installed with a sufficient buffer zone. Closed or semi-enclosed outdoor smoking facilities should not be installed. It could be used as a base data to set an outdoor smoking area on the populated area such as the city center and to establish an installation location of an outdoor smoking facility in the designated outdoor smoking area.
Microsurgical Resection of a Chiasmatic Cavernoma: 3-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Campero Alvaro , Casas-Parera Ignacio , Villalonga Juan F , Baldoncini Matías 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
According to reports from the literature,
1,2
depending on the location where cavernomas appear, range from the very common locations to unusual. Cavernous malformations arising from the optic nerve and chiasm are rare, with only few cases reported to date.
3-5

We present a case of a 28-yr-old man who suddenly started with sever visual loss in the right eye and homonymous lateral hemianopia in the left eye. Because of the acute symptomatology, a brain MRI was immediately performed in order to diagnose the etiology. The MRI showed a chiasmatic mass with right extension, heterogeneous on T1 and T2 sequences, without enhancement after gadolinium. The surgery was carried out a week after the diagnosis. A right pterional transsylvian approach was performed and the cavernoma was resected with microsurgical maneuvers, preserving the optic nerve fibers, chiasm, and optic tract.
The patient evolved favorably, improving the visual deficit in the postoperative period as can be observed in the postoperative visual field study 7 mo after the surgery.
The patient signed an informed consent for the procedure and agreed with the use of his images and surgical video for research and academic purposes.
Our surgical case emphasizes the importance of a prompt diagnosis and surgery for chiasmatic cavernomas
3
associated to visual loss, providing early decompression of the optic apparatus and improvement of the visual field defects after surgery.
The War Beat, Pacific
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima and Nagasaki, a group of highly courageous correspondents covered America’s war against Japan. Based on a wealth of previously untapped primary sources, War Beat, Pacific provides the first comprehensive account of what these reporters witnessed, what they were allowed to publish, and how their reports shaped the home front’s perception of some of the most pivotal battles in American history. In a dramatic and fast-paced narrative, the book takes us from MacArthur’s doomed defense on the Philippines and the navy’s overly strict censorship policy at the time of Midway through the bloody battles on Guadalcanal, New Guinea, Tarawa, Saipan, Leyte and Luzon, Iwo Jima and Okinawa, detailing the cooperation, as well as conflict, between the media and the military as they grappled with the enduring problem of limiting a free press during a period of extreme crisis. At the heart of this book are the brave, sometimes tragic stories of reporters like Clark Lee and Vern Haugland of the Associated Press, Byron Darnton and Tillman Durdin of the New York Times, Stanley Johnston and Al Noderer of the Chicago Tribune, George Weller of the Chicago Daily News, Keith Wheeler of the Chicago Times, and Robert Sherrod of Time magazine. Twenty-three correspondents died while reporting on the Pacific War. Many more sustained serious wounds. War Beat, Pacific shows how both the casualties and the survivors deserve to be remembered as America’s golden generation of journalists.
Introduction
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Pacific War was particularly difficult for the media to cover. The long distances, the terrible weather, the tendency of Douglas MacArthur and Ernest King to prioritize operational security, especially during the defeats of 1941 and 1942, and media bosses in the United States who focused more on Europe than Asia all meant that the fighting in the Pacific was often shrouded from the American public. The situation did not start to improve until 1943 and 1944, as US forces took the offensive, and the army and navy engaged in a dynamic rivalry to grab the biggest share of the headlines. But while the war continued in Europe, even major battles like those fought on Saipan and Okinawa were often buried on the inside pages.
Fiasco in the Philippines
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Douglas MacArthur was determined to control how the media portrayed his efforts to defend the Philippines. On occasion, this meant encouraging reporters to strike an upbeat tone in order to persuade Washington to send him reinforcements, but for the most part, it resulted in another act of concealment. MacArthur was keen to cover up the extent of the catastrophe that befell his air force on Clark Field at the start of the campaign. He also wanted to deny the Japanese operational information as his forces retreated to the Bataan peninsula. In the chaos of defeat, his command often lacked the capacity to censor and communicate long stories written by the group of highly competitive reporters who remained on Bataan. Not until these correspondents managed to evacuate to Australia in April did the home front become aware of the extent of the defeat in the Philippines.
The New Guinea Gang
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
MacArthur struggled to tell the story of his early battles in New Guinea. Accreditation procedures and censorship policies were initially chaotic. Flying from Australia to the New Guinea front was extremely hazardous. Vern Haugland was lucky to survive this journey in August. Byron Darnton became a victim of a friendly-fire incident two months later. Often, no more than two reporters managed to report from the Buna front at any one time, and they faced numerous problems trying to communicate their stories to America. MacArthur tried to step into this vacuum, but his overoptimistic and egocentric communiqués increasingly alienated reporters.
Dress Rehearsal in New Guinea
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
As MacArthur went on the offensive in 1943, his relationship with the press underwent a perceptible shift. He still tended to exaggerate successes, most notably in the aftermath of the Battle of the Bismarck Sea in March. He also demonstrated a ruthless desire to consign other actors to the margins, including Australian troops and the units under William Halsey’s command. And he frequently placed himself at the center of events, most visibly by appearing on the beach on invasion day. Yet he also made a variety of practical changes that gave reporters access to the string of amphibious assaults launched in 1943 and 1944. These improvements ultimately helped to generate a more positive press for his campaign to liberate New Guinea, the essential precursor of MacArthur’s return to the Philippines.
The CBI
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Although generals and reporters in the Pacific complained that their campaigns were being neglected at home, the China-India-Burma theater was to many Americans the real backwater. The media had done a good job covering the searing defeat in Burma in 1942, but for the next two years it showed little interest in Joseph Stilwell’s efforts to revamp his complex command, build up supply dumps in India, and turn the Chinese troops in India into a new force. Media interest started to grow when Stilwell launched an offensive in 1944, with reporters devoting most of their attention to the exploits of Merrill’s Marauders, but then the censors clamped down hard on the stalemate at Myitkyina. By October 1944, Stilwell had created so many enemies in the theater that Roosevelt decided to relieve him just days before the presidential election.
Flying the Flag
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
With MacArthur’s return to the Philippines grabbing the headlines, the navy made renewed efforts to publicize its battles in the central Pacific. Photojournalists were the biggest beneficiaries, with access to a new laboratory on Guam and fewer censorship rules. During the bloody battle on Iwo Jima, these improvements reaped a large reward, with the prompt publication of Joe Rosenthal’s famous picture of the flag raising on the top of Mount Suribachi. During the next campaign, on Okinawa, the correspondents struggled to achieve the same impact. Ernie Pyle, the most prominent of them, fell to an enemy bullet, while the survivors initially had to compete for front-page space with the end of the war in Europe.
Toward Tokyo Bay
Authors: Casey Steven 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Okinawa received much more media attention from mid-May, after the German surrender. The censors also relaxed restrictions on reporting the kamikaze story, which reinforced the growing sense on the home front that the Pacific War was particularly brutal and bloody. As Harry Truman, the new president, looked for ways to end it, attention shifted to the air war. The air force happily publicized its incendiary bombing of Tokyo, followed by the destruction of the five largest cities in Japan. Even before the atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, such carnage drew little protest across America.
Power
Authors: Ungemah Joe 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter replays the Stanford Prison Experiment by Philip Zimbardo, going into detail about how the arbitrary assignment of guard and prisoner roles led to some of the most sadistic behavior witnessed in a laboratory environment. The study demonstrated how behavioral scripts are put in motion, where people conform to social stereotypes and role expectations as driven by power and influence differentials. The experiment is juxtaposed against the 2016 Academy Awards, where indirect forms of power resulted in a lack of minority nominations, bringing to light a multitude of signs pointing to indirect discrimination. The outcry led to a commitment to both overhaul membership in the academy and improve the mechanics of the awards process. Implications for the workplace extend to diversity and inclusion practices and policies to safeguard against harassment and bullying.
Intent
Authors: Ungemah Joe 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter recounts the experience of a Chinese couple who attempted to find accommodation and food as they traveled up and down the Pacific Coast in 1934. Despite owners saying that they would refuse the travelers, the couple was received in all but one of the 251 guest houses and restaurants, demonstrating a disconnect between intention and action when people are confronted face to face with the target of their discrimination. Fast-forward to 2016, and Airbnb is struggling to address discrimination within its network of properties, where potential guests were declined service based purely on ethnicity, made possible by the distance created by technology. Recent research involving the gay and transgender communities shows how attitudes can be more closely aligned to behavior. By engaging in deep conversation, making personal connections, and evoking empathy, change is possible.
Obedience
Authors: Ungemah Joe 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the life and work of Stanley Milgrim, who created an electrical shock box to see how far the average person would go to appease an authority figure. In his study, the majority of participants followed instructions to the end, putting aside their own reservations about what was ethical and right. Milgrim discovered that obedience could be expected in situations with a legitimate authority figure, established obligations, worthy goals, vague ethical guidelines, limited time to contemplate, and binary decisions. Seeing that these same traits characterize the traditional workplace, questions are raised about whether the average employee can overcome pressures against whistle-blowing and hold their organization accountable for unethical behavior.
Conflict
Authors: Ungemah Joe 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of Sherif’s Robbers Cave experiment, where a group of boys were invited to a false summer camp to experience group dynamics in action. Split into two groups, conflict was purposely created and dispelled across a series of coordinated events, highlighting just how hardwired group designations are in the human psyche. The chapter continues by looking at The Troubles of Northern Ireland through the lens of social identity theory, which explains how social mobility, group categorization, and self-esteem influence the pervasiveness of group conflict. Together, these examples demonstrate that the creation of superordinate goals, blurring of social lines, and reducing the importance of group differentiators can have a marked impact on prejudice and unite people of different backgrounds.