bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recognizing a Public Health Crisis
Authors: Braxton Gordon 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
There is an epidemic of violence in America, but boys are trained to sit on the sidelines. This chapter introduces the reader to key definitions, such as sexual violence, as well as key concepts, such as consent and rape culture. It provides the scope of the identified violence and situates sexual violence as a public health concern. The chapter further explains why boys and men should care about this violence even though they are trained to ignore it. Boys, after all, know survivors and are survivors themselves in many cases. Boys are also positioned to reach other boys who possess problematic attitudes and behaviors. All violent men were once boys learning the ways of the world. Taken altogether, this chapter inspires readers to hold overdue conversations with boys about how they can help.
Becoming an Active Bystander
Authors: Braxton Gordon 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
If most men are nonviolent, why do they not stop violence around them from occurring? Chapter 8 introduces readers to the vibrant field of bystander intervention. Readers will learn the key tenets of bystander intervention strategies as well as their strengths and weaknesses. Most importantly, readers will gain an appreciation for the barriers that prevent boys from interrupting violence that they observe and strategize about how to overcome those barriers. The chapter also discusses whether jokes and “locker room talk” are worthy of interruption. Chapter 8 closes by identifying how boys can help survivors of sexual violence who disclose to them.
The Populist Moment
Authors: Carrión Julio F. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter unpacks the populist moment by paying close attention to two main mechanisms that explain the reproduction of populism in power: electoral validation and the aggrandizement of executive power by eliminating institutional checks and balances and reducing societal accountability. The chapter shows how populist presidents found electoral validation for their radical institutional change by winning key referendums and immediate reelection. All these legitimizing elections have one important commonality: despite valid complaints about the lack of a level playing field, contenders did not dispute their outcome. The chapter also examines the different mechanisms populist presidents use to transfer political power in their favor: the gaining of new presidential powers; the subordination of state institutions, in particular the judiciary and the legislature; and the reduction of societal accountability by curtailing freedom of expression and association. These processes are examined in four cases of unconstrained populism in power.
Blame It on Sex
Authors: Wisman Jon D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the ultimate driver of competition—sexual selection, the root biological force generating inequality. Like other animals, humans must solve the ecological problems necessary for survival and reproduction. Everyone exists only because their ancestors were successful in doing just that. They were the most successfully competitive in using the resources available in their environments to survive and reproduce. As humans have culturally evolved, what has enabled humans to stand out in their competition for mates has varied according to the prevailing politically determined social institutions. These institutions set the incentive structure, providing guidance as to what kinds of behavior gain high status. High status is sexually attractive. Over history, the sources of status have varied. Individuals have achieved high status by being the best hunters and gatherers, the best warriors, the most cooperative, the most generous, and, since the rise of the state, the wealthiest and most politically powerful.
The State, Civilization, and Extreme Inequality
Authors: Wisman Jon D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Agriculture set the preconditions for metallurgy and sophisticated military organization, facilitating the rise of the state and civilization about 5,500 years ago. Whereas earlier stone weapons, available to all, served to preclude the formation of elites and inequality, expensive metal weapons, superior organizational skills, and ideology enabled elites to subjugate all others and extract their surplus, leaving the latter with bare subsistence. This elite formed the state, that social agency with a comparative advantage in violence. Social hierarchy became hereditary and increasingly rigid, and inequality became extreme. Elites gained highly disproportionate sexual access to women, often enclosed in harems. Understandably, rulers would strive to appease potential internal usurpers by protecting their property rights and ability to extract surplus from their subordinates. Until the rise of capitalism and a bourgeoisie in Western Europe, this appeasement of potential usurpers and elites generally precluded robust and sustainable economic dynamism.
The Body of Light in Renaissance England
Authors: Cox Simon 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter engages with the first Anglophone attestations of the term “subtle body.” It appears first in the contentious correspondence between Thomas Hobbes and Rene Descartes between whom there was some disagreement over who plagiarized the idea from whom. Most of the chapter is taken up with the Cambridge Platonists who came in their wake, who formulated complex philosophical and mythological views of the Neoplatonic vehicles of the soul, now under the English name “subtle body.” It ends with Lady Anne Conway, who fuses the Platonism of the Cambridge group with Kabbalah to create a new form of spiritual monism. This chapter is significantly about how the subtle body concept was employed by Renaissance Platonists arguing against the reductive materialism of Cartesian mechanical philosophy.
The Dream of a Republic
Authors: Hawley Michael C. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Cicero is one of the most influential political philosophers in history. This chapter illustrates how little scholars have explored Cicero’s role in shaping intellectual developments after the Renaissance. It argues that the height of Cicero’s posthumous influence may be the early modern period, in which liberalism first emerges as a coherent doctrine. It sets up the central theoretical problem: how can one reconcile a commitment to universal moral laws with the belief that the people are the ultimate authority in their political community, and what is the place of liberty in a society grounded in those two commitments? It suggests that Cicero’s ideas played a central role in shaping the development of a tradition focused on these questions. Finally, this chapter outlines the rest of the book.
Cicero
Authors: Hawley Michael C. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Cicero’s republican political philosophy. It argues that Cicero’s political thought has two fundamental principles. First, Cicero argues that there are universally applicable moral duties—the natural law—that are binding on everyone always. These principles have their basis in humans’ nature as rational beings. Second, he argues that a legitimate regime will recognize the people as the ultimate source of authority. No political regime can be just without resting on this basis. But these two principles threaten to come into conflict whenever the people’s will contradicts natural law. The chapter examines Cicero’s attempt to mediate this conflict. It also explores Cicero’s conceptions of liberty, justice, property, and empire, all of which emerge out of the relationship between the claims of natural law and popular sovereignty.
Machiavelli’s Commonwealth without Justice
Authors: Hawley Michael C. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the fundamental divergence between the republican visions of Cicero and those of Niccolò Machiavelli. It demonstrates that Machiavelli does not share Cicero’s vision for a just commonwealth and should not be considered an heir to his strain of republican thought. The chapter also argues that Machiavelli moves further away from what would later become known as liberalism. He rejects the Ciceronian account of natural law, and his regime leaves no room for rights, consent, or the constitutional limitations on power that characterize Cicero’s thought. Machiavelli represents a failed challenge to the Ciceronian tradition. The chapter challenges long-standing accounts of Machiavelli’s place in the history of political thought.
State Department Controls on Exports of Defense Articles and Defense Services
Authors: Hirschhorn Eric L. , Egan Brian J. , Krauland Edward J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 covers U.S. government controls on exports, reexports, and transfers of “U.S.-origin” goods, software, and technology, and the provision of services, that are military in nature. These are governed principally by the Arms Export Control Act of 1976 and the International Traffic in Arms Regulations (ITAR), which are administered by the State Department’s Directorate of Defense Trade Controls (DDTC). The chapter explains: which items are subject to the ITAR; the basis and criteria for the ITAR’s restrictions; the requirement to register with DDTC if you export or manufacture items subject to the ITAR or if you are involved in other activities regulated by the ITAR; how to determine whether your product or technology is covered and, if so, whether you will need a license to export or reexport it; how to get a license if one is required; how to clear and document the actual export; the potential penalties for violating the rules; and reporting requirements related to political contributions, fees, and commissions paid in connection with certain sales, . The chapter also explains how the ITAR relate to the regulatory regimes covered in other parts of the book.
The Transformative Effects of Military Intervention on Grand Strategy
Authors: Lissner Rebecca 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops the first systematic theory—the informational theory of strategic adjustment—to explain why military interventions can be crucibles of grand strategy. It argues that, by prosecuting a military intervention, states glean rich and rare information about adversaries’ capabilities and intentions, as well as their own military power and cost tolerance. The uniquely costly nature of warfighting renders this data particularly credible. Amidst background conditions of intense interstate competition and pervasive uncertainty, states face strong incentives to reassess their grand strategies in light of this new information. This process of grand strategic updating begins with a reassessment of the strategic assumptions directly tested on the battlefield, but it doesn’t end there. Indeed, the grand strategic effects of military interventions are far-reaching because information conveyed via warfighting is widely extrapolated to related strategic assessments.
“I Am ________”
Authors: Lane Joel A , Cor Deanna N. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Many developmental tasks of emerging adulthood involve identify formation. Trying to develop a sense of self can be challenging, given the many aspects of identity. For certain students, having membership in multiple identity groups means competing values, traditions, and practices. This chapter first provides an overview of social identity theory, including attention to the development of identity through an interpersonal lens and through an intergroup lens. Then, it identifies how emerging adults learn about themselves and develop confidence and the ways and means through which they find their motivation. Guiding questions help readers apply this information to their work with emerging adults in higher education.
“We Got In!”
Authors: Reed-Fitzke Kayla , Watters Elizabeth R 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Emerging adults rely on family, friends, and others in their personal networks to aid in making decisions. Parents are heavily involved in the lives of their children, ensuring that they have all of the supports or advantages in place to become successful. This chapter focuses on the continued importance and impact of the family, particularly parental figures, for emerging adults in higher education. An overview of seminal interdisciplinary theories is provided, along with a discussion of contrasting parental behaviors and their consequences. Special attention is given to first-generation students and those who lack parental support. A case study and reflection questions help readers apply the chapter’s content so that emerging adults can foster developmentally appropriate supportive relationships.
“I Took a Screenshot”
Authors: Swanson Joan A. , Buskirk-Cohen Allison A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
There is a common assumption that today’s college students do not know a world without phones, screens, and online platforms specifically designed for connecting and sharing every facet of daily living. While college students use technologies on a daily basis, its use is contextualized between academic and nonacademic use. This chapter focuses on the technology experiences of today’s emerging adults, both in and out of the higher education classroom. It discusses how technology impacts sense of self, relationships, mental health, and learning. A case study and guiding questions facilitate application of the material and help readers understand the impact of technological experiences (or lack thereof) on emerging adults.
“^^ KWIM? BRB”
Authors: Rowan-Kenyon Heather T. , McCready Adam M , Alemán Ana M. Martínez , Yarri Allison 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Whereas reading and writing mechanics were foci of former generations, finding ways to incorporate digital literacy and comprehension is equally important today. Exploring when and how to use abbreviated forms of communication in academic and professional settings is also a valuable skill for today’s learners. This chapter examines how emerging adults communicate differently than previous generations and the influences on their communication capabilities. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic is discussed as well. The authors present information about adapting to student communication styles and platforms. The case study and guiding questions offer concrete guidance on how to apply the chapter content to better support student success.
“You’re My Person”
Authors: Hoang Thuha (Ha) , Caillouet Lindsey (Ellen) 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Belonging can involve social acceptance, feelings of professor pedagogical caring, and a sense of university belonging. This chapter seeks to help readers understand the complex and dynamic relationship process, drawing from a variety of contemporary sources and contextual factors. The transition to new relationships is discussed, with particular consideration of the difficulties students from underrepresented populations face. The authors provide information on how to promote relationships across the institution through an analysis of the critical roles played by parents, peers, faculty members, and others in higher education. The case study and guiding questions help readers understand how to foster a sense of belonging at multiple levels.
“I’ve Never Had to Do This on My Own”
Authors: Correa Kevin , Symonds Sylvia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Receiving an acceptance letter to college can be both exciting and daunting for many students. For some, attending college has been an expectation since birth, but for others they will be the first in their family to attend. This chapter identifies ways to support emerging adults, including advising, mentoring, and coaching as they transition to the college campus and remain to complete their studies. Additional information on the challenges faced by first-generation college students is provided as well. The case study describes the First-Year Success (FYS) Center at Arizona State University. Guiding questions help readers consider how they might increase student retention and success at their own institutions.
“Guiding My Success”
Authors: Nelson Larry J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter seeks to bridge the disconnect between those who study the development of emerging adults and those who work with them in the context of higher education. It provides an overview of the developmental research on emerging adults and focuses on how to leverage their development for success. It examines closely how the traits of emerging adults (self-focus, instability, identity explorations, feeling in-between, and a sense of possibilities) can be viewed as strengths and provide an opportunity to successfully transition into adult roles. The chapter emphasizes taking a long view when educating students and explains the importance of doing so. Finally, next steps and recommendations are articulated in hopes of fostering a holistic view of supporting students.
Exploring Communities of Faith
Authors: Krause Neal M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Many researchers focus primarily on the frequency of church attendance when they study the religion-and-health relationship. The many shortcomings of this strategy are discussed in this chapter. A plea is made for focusing on communities of faith instead. Four issues involving communities of faith are examined: (1) a preliminary working definition of communities of faith is provided; (2) because communities of faith constitute a vast conceptual domain, a good deal of this chapter is spent on identifying the key characteristics of communities of faith and explaining how they arise and are maintained; (3) in an effort to move the literature forward, a detailed research plan for devising measures of communities of faith is presented; and (4) a submodel is provided that further illuminates the relationship between religious identities and communities of faith.
Conclusions
Authors: Krause Neal M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Five issues are examined in this summary chapter: (1) the major challenges that were encountered in writing his volume are reviewed and the solutions to them are identified, (2) further advice and encouragement are given to emerging scholars who wish to study religion and health, (3) the implications of the insights in this volume for the development of interventions are discussed next, (4) the author’s research agenda in the coming years is summarized, and (5) deeper and more philosophical issues that were encountered in writing this volume are identified with the goal of specifying the major insights about a scholarly life that were learned in the process.
Introduction
Authors: Drijvers Jan Willem 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Introduction offers a survey of the primary non-Christian and Christian sources available for a reconstruction of the short reign of Jovian. The most important source obviously is Book 25 of Res Gestae of the pagan Ammianus Marcellinus. He presents a gloomy picture of the person and reign of Jovian in order to save the image of his hero and Jovian’s predecessor, Julian (the Apostate). From Edward Gibbon onward, modern scholarship has adopted this unfavorable image that presents Jovian’s reign as a meaningless period between the emperorship of Julian (361–363) and the rule of the Valentinians (364–378). However, Jovian’s rule was vital for the sustenance of imperial leadership after Julian’s disastrous Persian military campaign and religious policies, both of which caused considerable upheaval. Jovian’s reign was a return to the norms of the pre-Julianic period and brought back stability to the Roman empire. For an emperor who ruled such a short time, the Christian Jovian had an unexpected and surprising afterlife. The second part of the book discusses Jovian’s “Nachleben” in the so-called Syriac Julian Romance, a text of historical fiction that has rarely been studied and is largely unknown to historians of the late Roman period.
Ruling the Empire
Authors: Drijvers Jan Willem 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Jovian, who had been elevated to imperial status in Persia, soon after his treaty with Shapur II started to secure his position as emperor. Like any ruler, Jovian was aware of the fact that his authority depended not only on his authoritative position as emperor, but also on how his imperial power was presented and perceived. A variety of visual, literary, and other media, such as coins, inscriptions, legislation, panegyrics, and official ceremonies, were available to help in publicizing an emperor’s supremacy and legitimacy as ruler. This chapter focuses on how Jovian established his rule by using the media of coinage, legislation, and inscriptions, as well as Themistius’s oration in honor of his first consulship. Ideologically he clearly distinguished himself from the regime of Julian by connecting himself to Constantius II and especially by anchoring himself in the imperial tradition of Constantine the Great. The chapter also discusses practical matters of imperial administration and the nomination of officials, and very importantly, how Jovian secured the western provinces of the empire, in particular Gaul, by sending various envoys, among them his father-in-law Lucillianus and the later emperor Valentinian. Jovian’s imperial administration relied for the most part on military and civil officials that had already been nominated under Constantius II and Julian.
Religious Policy
Authors: Drijvers Jan Willem 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A Roman emperor in late antiquity had to deal not only with military, administrative, and communicative matters, but also with the complex religious affairs of the time. Jovian was a Christian, and he made a clean break with Julian’s pro-pagan measures and returned to the religious policy of Constantine and Constantius II. He did not, however, issue anti-pagan measures. Jovian may have been in favor of Nicene Christianity if we can believe Athanasius’s letter addressed to him, as well as the Petitiones Arianorum. This set of four petitions to Jovian have been preserved among the apologetical writings of Athanasius and should therefore be treated with caution. In general, Jovian seems to have taken no sides in the various christological conflicts and debates of his time. He propagated religious tolerance as is evident from Themistius’s consular oration. Whether he issued a law of religious tolerance, as Themistius seems to suggest, remains in doubt. Regulating religion, dealing with dogmatic issues, or taking a position himself in religious conflicts seem not to have been among Jovian’s primary concerns.
Death
Authors: Drijvers Jan Willem 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
After having reigned for almost eight months Jovian passed away in his sleep in Dadastana. Although murder has been suggested, he most likely died of toxic fumes coming from the recently plastered walls of his bedroom, from the burning of a great amount of charcoal which most likely resulted in carbon monoxide poisoning, or from a combination of the two. He left behind his wife Charito and baby son Varronianus. His remains were deposited in the imperial mausoleum of the Church of the Holy Apostles in Constantinople.