Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: An Overview of National and International Guidelines
Authors: Tsakiridis Ioannis , Giouleka Sonia , Arvanitaki Alexandra , Giannakoulas George , Papazisis Georgios , Mamopoulos Apostolos , Athanasiadis Apostolos , Dagklis Themistoklis 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Importance
Gestational hypertension and preeclampsia are leading causes of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality worldwide. Τhe lack of effective screening and management policies appears to be one of the main reasons.

Objective
The aim of this study was to review and compare recommendations from published guidelines on these common pregnancy complications.

Evidence Acquisition
A descriptive review of guidelines from the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, the Society of Obstetric Medicine of Australia and New Zealand, the International Society of Hypertension, the International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy, the European Society of Cardiology, the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics, the Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists of Canada, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology, the World Health Organization, and the US Preventive Services Task Force on gestational hypertension and preeclampsia was carried out.

Results
There is an overall agreement that, in case of suspected preeclampsia or new-onset hypertension, blood and urine tests should be carried out, including dipstick test for proteinuria, whereas placental growth factor–based testing is only recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence and the European Society of Cardiology. In addition, there is a consensus on the recommendations for the medical treatment of severe and nonsevere hypertension, the management of preeclampsia, the appropriate timing of delivery, the optimal method of anesthesia and the mode of delivery, the administration of antenatal corticosteroids and the use of magnesium sulfate for the treatment of eclamptic seizures, the prevention of eclampsia in cases of severe preeclampsia, and the neuroprotection of preterm neonates. The reviewed guidelines also state that, based on maternal risk factors, pregnant women identified to be at high risk for preeclampsia should receive low-dose aspirin starting ideally in the first trimester until labor or 36 to 37 weeks of gestation, although the recommended dose varies between 75 and 162 mg/d. Moreover, most guidelines recommend calcium supplementation for the prevention of preeclampsia and discourage the use of other agents. However, controversy exists regarding the definition and the optimal screening method for preeclampsia, the need for treating mild hypertension, the blood pressure treatment targets, and the postnatal blood pressure monitoring.

Conclusions
The development and implementation of consistent international protocols will allow clinicians to adopt effective universal screening, as well as preventive and management strategies with the intention of improving maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Target Audience
Obstetricians and gynecologists, family physicians

Learning Objectives
After participating in this activity, the physician should be better able to define gestational hypertension and preeclampsia; identify the risk factors and explain available screening methods for preeclampsia; and describe the recommended antenatal, intrapartum, and postnatal care of women with gestational hypertension or preeclampsia.