bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beyond Repression and Resistance: Worker agency and corporatism in occupied Nanjing
Authors: HOWARD JOSHUA H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the aftermath of the Nanjing Massacre, one way in which Wang Jingwei's Reorganized National Government sought to impose social order was to implement a corporatist labour strategy. Inspired by European fascist theory and building on the pre-war Nationalist-Government labour legislation, corporatism sought to prevent union autonomy, stifle class-based sentiment, and undermine the pursuit of class interests whether on the part of capitalists or of workers. It aimed to ensure government control and loyalty to the state, and promote production. An analysis of approximately 50 records of labour–capital disputes mediated by theShehui yundong zhidao weiyuanhui(Social Movement Guidance Committee) during the early 1940s suggests that the Wang regime carved out a sphere autonomous from Japanese oversight and exerted state control over commercial associations and artisans employed in the handicraft sector. Even so, worker actions show that workers did not trust corporatism to provide social unity. Contrary to much of the Chinese historiography on occupied Nanjing that emphasizes either social repression or resistance, one finds that state authorities in most cases granted trade unions’ economic demands for higher wages. The state provided workers with a modicum of agency while pressuring commercial associations to accept worker demands. In response to inflation and to preserve their breadwinner status, male artisans actively participated in the arbitration process. Workers’ agency did not reflect an endorsement of Wang Jingwei's regime or of corporatism. It was a tacit form of consent as a means of survival.
No Gestapo: J. Edgar Hoover's world-wide intelligence service and the limits of bureaucratic autonomy in the national security state
Authors: Blain Harry 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHow powerful are national security bureaucrats? In the United States, they seem to be more than mere administrators, while remaining subordinate to elected politicians. However, despite a rich literature in American political development on bureaucratic autonomy across a variety of policy areas, national security remains undertheorized. Although the origins and evolution of the national security bureaucracy have received substantial scholarly attention, the individuals within this bureaucracy have not. In this article, I examine a case study of how one of these individuals bluntly ran up against the limits of his power. After the Second World War, J. Edgar Hoover's plans for a “World-Wide Intelligence Service” were swiftly shot down by the Truman administration, which adopted a sharp distinction between domestic and global intelligence instead. I pin this abject defeat on three interrelated factors: the resistance of President Truman, the array of bureaucratic competitors emerging from the Second World War, and deep aversion among key decision makers to the prospect of an “American gestapo.” While tracing this historical narrative, I also challenge accounts of Hoover as a near-omnipotent Washington operator, question the extent to which war empowers national security bureaucrats, and foreground the role of analogies in shaping the national security state.
The Effect of Partisan Representation at Different Levels of Government on Satisfaction with Democracy in the United States
Authors: VanDusky-Allen Julie , Utych Stephen M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we analyze how variations in partisan representation across different levels of government influence Americans’ satisfaction with the democracy in the United States. We conduct two survey experiments and analyze data from the 2016 American National Election Study postelection survey. We find that Americans are the most satisfied with democracy when their most preferred party controls both the federal and their respective state governments. However, we also find that even if an individual’s least preferred party only controls one level of government, they are still more satisfied with democracy than if their most preferred party controls no levels of government. These findings suggest that competition in elections across both the national and state government, where winning and losing alternates between the two parties, may have positive outcomes for attitudes toward democracy.
Diagnosis of Large‐Scale, Low‐Frequency Sea Level Variability in the Northeast Pacific Ocean
Authors: Zhu Yingli , Mitchum Gary T. , Thompson Philip R. , Lagerloef Gary S.E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEarlier studies in the Northeast Pacific (NEP) suggest that the local and remote sea level responses are important for the large‐scale, low‐frequency sea level variability, but the relative importance of the two processes remains unclear. In this study, we develop a novel sea level model driven by wind, buoyancy and eddy forcing to examine their relative roles in the NEP. Based on the new model, a diagnostic equation for sea level that is an alternative to the conventional method of characteristics is formed. The wind, buoyancy and eddy forcing account for the sea level variability in different regions. Sea level variability is primarily controlled by the wind forcing in the central to the northeast of the NEP, by the local buoyancy forcing in the southeast region between 210°E and 230°E, and by the eddy forcing in the southwest of the NEP. In addition, the diagnosis demonstrates that the local sea level response is more important than the remote response over most of the NEP, while the remote sea level response could play an important role in the southwest portion of the NEP.
A Pore‐Scale Investigation of Mineral Precipitation Driven Diffusivity Change at the Column‐Scale
Authors: Deng H. , Tournassat C. , Molins S. , Claret F. , Steefel C. I. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMineral precipitation affects the pore structure and thus transport properties of porous media. In this study, we investigated the pore‐scale dynamics of precipitation in diffusion controlled systems and the resulting impacts on the effective diffusivity, using a micro‐continuum reactive transport model. Forty two‐dimensional pore structures representing both idealized and realistic geometries were simulated with consideration of different precipitation scenarios and rates. A homogeneous nucleation scenario reproduced patterns observed in previous experimental study showing mixing‐induced precipitation, and a surface growth scenario captured the pattern for mineral precipitation on a substrate with the same or similar mineral structures. In all cases, local precipitation resulted in the reduction in the average porosity of the domain (Φ) until the cessation of diffusive transport and the termination of precipitation. The minimum porosity reached was referred to as the critical porosity (Φc). The effective diffusivity (Deff) decreased with Φ and dropped sharply to effectively zero, that is, the critical effective diffusivity (Deffc), as Φc was reached. These pore‐scale dynamics can be captured by a revised relationship that explicitly considers the critical porosity and the corresponding effective diffusivity, and the pre‐exponential coefficient and the exponent of the relationship varied with initial pore structure and the precipitation kinetics. Overall, the homogeneous nucleation scenario results in systematically larger Φc and coefficients that give rise to a sharper decrease in diffusivity as Φc is approached, compared to the surface growth scenario. The revised relationship was also implemented at continuum scale and used to examine column scale diffusivity change and reactions.
Pharmacological modulation of AMPA receptors rescues specific impairments in social behavior associated with the A350V Iqsec2 mutation
Authors: Jabarin Renad , Levy Nina , Abergel Yasmin , Berman Joshua H. , Zag Amir , Netser Shai , Levy Andrew P. , Wagner Shlomo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this study we tested the hypothesis that pharmacological modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission could rescue behavioral deficits exhibited by mice carrying a specific mutation in the Iqsec2 gene. The IQSEC2 protein plays a key role in glutamatergic synapses and mutations in the IQSEC2 gene are a frequent cause of neurodevelopmental disorders. We have recently reported on the molecular pathophysiology of one such mutation A350V and demonstrated that this mutation downregulates AMPA type glutamatergic receptors (AMPAR) in A350V mice. Here we sought to identify behavioral deficits in A350V mice and hypothesized that we could rescue these deficits by PF-4778574, a positive AMPAR modulator. Using a battery of social behavioral tasks, we found that A350V Iqsec2 mice exhibit specific deficits in sex preference and emotional state preference behaviors as well as in vocalizations when encountering a female mouse. The social discrimination deficits, but not the impaired vocalization, were rescued with a single dose of PF-4778574. We conclude that social behavior deficits associated with the A350V Iqsec2 mutation may be rescued by enhancing AMPAR mediated synaptic transmission.
Tgf-β1 transcriptionally promotes 90K expression: possible implications for cancer progression
Authors: Grassadonia Antonino , Graziano Vincenzo , Pagotto Sara , Veronese Angelo , Giuliani Cesidio , Marchisio Marco , Lanuti Paola , De Tursi Michele , D’Egidio Maurizia , Di Marino Pietro , Brocco Davide , Vici Patrizia , De Lellis Laura , Cama Alessandro , Natoli Clara , Tinari Nicola 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe 90K protein, also known as Mac-2 BP or LGALS3BP, can activate the immune response in part by increasing major histocompatibility (MHC) class I levels. In studies on a non-immune cell model, the rat FRTL-5 cell line, we observed that transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1, like γ-interferon (IFN), increased 90K levels, despite its immunosuppressive functions and the ability to decrease MHC class I. To explain this paradoxical result, we investigated the mechanisms involved in the TGF-β1 regulation of 90K expression with the aim to demonstrate that TGF-β1 utilizes different molecular pathways to regulate the two genes. We found that TGF-β1 was able to increase the binding of Upstream Stimulatory Factors, USF1 and USF2, to an E-box element, CANNTG, at −1926 to −1921 bp, upstream of the interferon response element (IRE) in the 90K promoter. Thyrotropin (TSH) suppressed constitutive and γ-IFN-induced 90K expression by decreasing USF binding to the E-box. TGF-β1 was able to overcome TSH suppression at the transcriptional level by increasing USF binding to the E-box. We suggest that the ability of TGF-β1 to increase 90K did not result in an increase in MHC class I because of a separate suppressive action of TGF-β1 directly on the MHC class I gene. We propose that the increased levels of 90K may play a role, rather than in immune response, in the context of the TGF-β1-induced changing of the cellular microenvironment that predisposes to cell motility and cancer progression. Consistently, analyzing the publicly available cancer patient data sets cBioPortal, we found that 90K expression directly correlated with TGF-β1 and USFs and that high levels of 90K were significantly associated with increased mortality in patients affected by different types of cancer.
Non-additive microbial community responses to environmental complexity
Authors: Pacheco Alan R. , Osborne Melisa L. , Segrè Daniel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEnvironmental composition is a major, though poorly understood, determinant of microbiome dynamics. Here we ask whether general principles govern how microbial community growth yield and diversity scale with an increasing number of environmental molecules. By assembling hundreds of synthetic consortia in vitro, we find that growth yield can remain constant or increase in a non-additive manner with environmental complexity. Conversely, taxonomic diversity is often much lower than expected. To better understand these deviations, we formulate metrics for epistatic interactions between environments and use them to compare our results to communities simulated with experimentally-parametrized consumer resource models. We find that key metabolic and ecological factors, including species similarity, degree of specialization, and metabolic interactions, modulate the observed non-additivity and govern the response of communities to combinations of resource pools. Our results demonstrate that environmental complexity alone is not sufficient for maintaining community diversity, and provide practical guidance for designing and controlling microbial ecosystems.
Leveraging community mortality indicators to infer COVID-19 mortality and transmission dynamics in Damascus, Syria
Authors: Watson Oliver J. , Alhaffar Mervat , Mehchy Zaki , Whittaker Charles , Akil Zack , Brazeau Nicholas F. , Cuomo-Dannenburg Gina , Hamlet Arran , Thompson Hayley A. , Baguelin Marc , FitzJohn Richard G. , Knock Edward , Lees John A. , Whittles Lilith K. , Mellan Thomas , Winskill Peter ,   Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team, Bhatt Samir , Djaafara Bimandra A. , Donnelly Christl A. , Flaxman Seth , Gaythorpe Katy A. M. , Imai Natsuko , Jauneikaite Elita , Laydon Daniel J. , Mishra Swapnil , Unwin H. Juliette T. , Verity Robert , Howard Natasha , Clapham Hannah , Checchi Francesco , Ferguson Neil , Ghani Azra , Beals Emma , Walker Patrick 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in substantial mortality worldwide. However, to date, countries in the Middle East and Africa have reported considerably lower mortality rates than in Europe and the Americas. Motivated by reports of an overwhelmed health system, we estimate the likely under-ascertainment of COVID-19 mortality in Damascus, Syria. Using all-cause mortality data, we fit a mathematical model of COVID-19 transmission to reported mortality, estimating that 1.25% of COVID-19 deaths (sensitivity range 1.00% – 3.00%) have been reported as of 2 September 2020. By 2 September, we estimate that 4,380 (95% CI: 3,250 – 5,550) COVID-19 deaths in Damascus may have been missed, with 39.0% (95% CI: 32.5% – 45.0%) of the population in Damascus estimated to have been infected. Accounting for under-ascertainment corroborates reports of exceeded hospital bed capacity and is validated by community-uploaded obituary notifications, which confirm extensive unreported mortality in Damascus.
Photoactivatable metabolic warheads enable precise and safe ablation of target cells in vivo
Authors: Benson Sam , de Moliner Fabio , Fernandez Antonio , Kuru Erkin , Asiimwe Nicholas L. , Lee Jun-Seok , Hamilton Lloyd , Sieger Dirk , Bravo Isabel R. , Elliot Abigail M. , Feng Yi , Vendrell Marc 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPhotoactivatable molecules enable ablation of malignant cells under the control of light, yet current agents can be ineffective at early stages of disease when target cells are similar to healthy surrounding tissues. In this work, we describe a chemical platform based on amino-substituted benzoselenadiazoles to build photoactivatable probes that mimic native metabolites as indicators of disease onset and progression. Through a series of synthetic derivatives, we have identified the key chemical groups in the benzoselenadiazole scaffold responsible for its photodynamic activity, and subsequently designed photosensitive metabolic warheads to target cells associated with various diseases, including bacterial infections and cancer. We demonstrate that versatile benzoselenadiazole metabolites can selectively kill pathogenic cells - but not healthy cells - with high precision after exposure to non-toxic visible light, reducing any potential side effects in vivo. This chemical platform provides powerful tools to exploit cellular metabolic signatures for safer therapeutic and surgical approaches.
Mitochondrion-specific dendritic lipopeptide liposomes for targeted sub-cellular delivery
Authors: Jiang Lei , Zhou Sensen , Zhang Xiaoke , Li Cheng , Ji Shilu , Mao Hui , Jiang Xiqun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe mitochondrion is an important sub-cellular organelle responsible for the cellular energetic source and processes. Owing to its unique sensitivity to heat and reactive oxygen species, the mitochondrion is an appropriate target for photothermal and photodynamic treatment for cancer. However, targeted delivery of therapeutics to mitochondria remains a great challenge due to their location in the sub-cellular compartment and complexity of the intracellular environment. Herein, we report a class of the mitochondrion-targeted liposomal delivery platform consisting of a guanidinium-based dendritic peptide moiety mimicking mitochondrion protein transmembrane signaling to exert mitochondrion-targeted delivery with pH sensitive and charge-reversible functions to enhance tumor accumulation and cell penetration. Compared to the current triphenylphosphonium (TPP)-based mitochondrion targeting system, this dendritic lipopeptide (DLP) liposomal delivery platform exhibits about 3.7-fold higher mitochondrion-targeted delivery efficacy. Complete tumor eradication is demonstrated in mice bearing 4T1 mammary tumors after combined photothermal and photodynamic therapies delivered by the reported DLP platform.
Proteomics of protein trafficking by in vivo tissue-specific labeling
Authors: Droujinine Ilia A. , Meyer Amanda S. , Wang Dan , Udeshi Namrata D. , Hu Yanhui , Rocco David , McMahon Jill A. , Yang Rui , Guo JinJin , Mu Luye , Carey Dominique K. , Svinkina Tanya , Zeng Rebecca , Branon Tess , Tabatabai Areya , Bosch Justin A. , Asara John M. , Ting Alice Y. , Carr Steven A. , McMahon Andrew P. , Perrimon Norbert 
Published: April 2021

AbstractConventional approaches to identify secreted factors that regulate homeostasis are limited in their abilities to identify the tissues/cells of origin and destination. We established a platform to identify secreted protein trafficking between organs using an engineered biotin ligase (BirA*G3) that biotinylates, promiscuously, proteins in a subcellular compartment of one tissue. Subsequently, biotinylated proteins are affinity-enriched and identified from distal organs using quantitative mass spectrometry. Applying this approach in Drosophila, we identify 51 muscle-secreted proteins from heads and 269 fat body-secreted proteins from legs/muscles, including CG2145 (human ortholog ENDOU) that binds directly to muscles and promotes activity. In addition, in mice, we identify 291 serum proteins secreted from conditional BirA*G3 embryo stem cell-derived teratomas, including low-abundance proteins with hormonal properties. Our findings indicate that the communication network of secreted proteins is vast. This approach has broad potential across different model systems to identify cell-specific secretomes and mediators of interorgan communication in health or disease.
Poly(fluorenyl aryl piperidinium) membranes and ionomers for anion exchange membrane fuel cells
Authors: Chen Nanjun , Wang Ho Hyun , Kim Sun Pyo , Kim Hae Min , Lee Won Hee , Hu Chuan , Bae Joon Yong , Sim Eun Seob , Chung Yong-Chae , Jang Jue-Hyuk , Yoo Sung Jong , Zhuang Yongbing , Lee Young Moo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLow-cost anion exchange membrane fuel cells have been investigated as a promising alternative to proton exchange membrane fuel cells for the last decade. The major barriers to the viability of anion exchange membrane fuel cells are their unsatisfactory key components—anion exchange ionomers and membranes. Here, we present a series of durable poly(fluorenyl aryl piperidinium) ionomers and membranes where the membranes possess high OH− conductivity of 208 mS cm−1 at 80 °C, low H2 permeability, excellent mechanical properties (84.5 MPa TS), and 2000 h ex-situ durability in 1 M NaOH at 80 °C, while the ionomers have high water vapor permeability and low phenyl adsorption. Based on our rational design of poly(fluorenyl aryl piperidinium) membranes and ionomers, we demonstrate alkaline fuel cell performances of 2.34 W cm−2 in H2-O2 and 1.25 W cm−2 in H2-air (CO2-free) at 80 °C. The present cells can be operated stably under a 0.2 A cm−2 current density for ~200 h.
Metal-free oxidative cross-coupling enabled practical synthesis of atropisomeric QUINOL and its derivatives
Authors: Jiang Peng-Ying , Fan Kai-Fang , Li Shaoyu , Xiang Shao-Hua , Tan Bin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs an important platform molecule, atropisomeric QUINOL plays a crucial role in the development of chiral ligands and catalysts in asymmetric catalysis. However, efficient approaches towards QUINOL remain scarce, and the resulting high production costs greatly impede the related academic research as well as downstream industrial applications. Here we report a direct oxidative cross-coupling reaction between isoquinolines and 2-naphthols, providing a straightforward and scalable route to acquire the privileged QUINOL scaffolds in a metal-free manner. Moreover, a NHC-catalyzed kinetic resolution of QUINOL N-oxides with high selectivity factor is established to access two types of promising axially chiral Lewis base catalysts in optically pure forms. The utility of this methodology is further illustrated by facile transformations of the products into QUINAP, an iconic ligand in asymmetric catalysis.
Tetradiketone macrocycle for divalent aluminium ion batteries
Authors: Yoo Dong-Joo , Heeney Martin , Glöcklhofer Florian , Choi Jang Wook 
Published: April 2021

AbstractContrary to early motivation, the majority of aluminium ion batteries developed to date do not utilise multivalent ion storage; rather, these batteries rely on monovalent complex ions for their main redox reaction. This limitation is somewhat frustrating because the innate advantages of metallic aluminium such as its low cost and high air stability cannot be fully taken advantage of. Here, we report a tetradiketone macrocycle as an aluminium ion battery cathode material that reversibly reacts with divalent (AlCl2+) ions and consequently achieves a high specific capacity of 350 mAh g−1 along with a lifetime of 8000 cycles. The preferred storage of divalent ions over their competing monovalent counterparts can be explained by the relatively unstable discharge state when using monovalent AlCl2+ ions, which exert a moderate resonance effect to stabilise the structure. This study opens an avenue to realise truly multivalent aluminium ion batteries based on organic active materials, by tuning the relative stability of discharged states with carrier ions of different valence states.
Characterization of a strong covalent Th3+–Th3+ bond inside an Ih(7)-C80 fullerene cage
Authors: Zhuang Jiaxin , Morales-Martínez Roser , Zhang Jiangwei , Wang Yaofeng , Yao Yang-Rong , Pei Cuiying , Rodríguez-Fortea Antonio , Wang Shuao , Echegoyen Luis , de Graaf Coen , Poblet Josep M. , Chen Ning 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe nature of the actinide-actinide bonds is of fundamental importance to understand the electronic structure of the 5felements. It has attracted considerable theoretical attention, but little is known experimentally as the synthesis of these chemical bonds remains extremely challenging. Herein, we report a strong covalent Th-Th bond formed between two rarely accessible Th3+ions, stabilized inside a fullerene cage nanocontainer as Th2@Ih(7)-C80. This compound is synthesized using the arc-discharge method and fully characterized using several techniques. The single-crystal X-Ray diffraction analysis determines that the two Th atoms are separated by 3.816 Å. Both experimental and quantum-chemical results show that the two Th atoms have formal charges of +3 and confirm the presence of a strong covalent Th-Th bond insideIh(7)-C80. Moreover, density functional theory and ab initio multireference calculations suggest that the overlap between the 7s/6dhybrid thorium orbitals is so large that the bond still exists at Th-Th separations larger than 6 Å. This work demonstrates the authenticity of covalent actinide metal-metal bonds in a stable compound and deepens our fundamental understanding offelement metal bonds.