bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Application of Artificial Neural Networks to Estimate 21st Century Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Melt
Authors: Sellevold Raymond , Vizcaino Miren 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFuture Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) melt projections are limited by the lack of explicit melt calculations within most global climate models and the high computational cost of dynamical downscaling with regional climate models (RCMs). Here, we train artificial neural networks (ANNs) to obtain relationships between quantities consistently available from global climate model simulations and annually integrated GrIS surface melt. To this end, we train the ANNs with model output from the Community Earth System Model 2.1 (CESM2), which features an interactive surface melt calculation based on a downscaled surface energy balance. We find that ANNs compare well with an independent CESM2 simulation and RCM simulations forced by a CMIP6 subset. The ANNs estimate a melt increase for 2,081–2,100 ranging from 414 275 Gt (SSP1‐2.6) to 1,378 555 Gt (SSP5‐8.5) for the full CMIP6 suite. The primary source of uncertainty throughout the 21st century is the spread of climate model sensitivity.
Strengthening of Basin‐Scale Ocean Currents in Winter Drives Decadal Salinity Decline in the Eastern Arabian Sea
Authors: Varna Midhila , Singh Arvind , Sahoo Deepika , Sengupta Debasis 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObservations show a decreasing trend in sea surface salinity during the winter months in 1990–2010 in the southeastern Arabian Sea. To explain the observed salinity decline, we analyze changes in evaporation and precipitation, surface winds, sea level anomaly, and the transport of low‐salinity water from the Bay of Bengal to the eastern Arabian Sea via westward flow south of Sri Lanka and a northward coastal current. We find a 2–3 fold increase in the influx of low‐salinity water to the eastern Arabian Sea in 1990–2010 associated with strengthening of the Northeast Monsoon Current and the West India Coastal Current. The observed decreasing trend of sea surface salinity in the southeastern Arabian Sea is due to the changes in basin‐scale circulation of the northern Indian Ocean in winter.
Evaluation of Morphodynamic Controls on the Preservation of Fluvial Meander‐Belt Deposits
Authors: Yan N. , Colombera L. , Mountney N. P. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe way river morphodynamics influence the preservation of point‐bar deposits at multiple scales is not fully understood. Employing time‐lapse trajectories of natural rivers, a numerical model is used here to simulate planform evolutions of meander‐belt reaches that embody different transformation behaviors and cutoff processes. Proxies for temporal durations are obtained considering the surface area over which a river migrated and channel migration rates that relate to average channel radius of curvature through constant, monotonic, and non‐monotonic relationships. The preservation of meander‐belt deposits over different timescales is assessed at three architectural hierarchies: (a) pairs and (b) sets of accretion packages, and (c) meander‐belts. Results confirm that sediment preservation decreases in a predictable way with the accumulation time; however, accretion rates decay with time in a way that does not follow the expected power‐law. This is interpreted to reflect the effect of the onset of geomorphic thresholds of channel transformation and cutoff.
Enhanced Super‐Rotation Before and During the 2018 Martian Global Dust Storm
Authors: Rajendran Kylash , Lewis Stephen R. , Holmes James A. , Streeter Paul M. , Fedorova Anna A. , Patel Manish R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSuper‐rotation affects—and is affected by—the distribution of dust in the martian atmosphere. We modeled this interaction during the 2018 global dust storm (GDS) of Mars Year 34 using data assimilation. Super‐rotation increased by a factor of two at the peak of the GDS, as compared to the same period in the previous year which did not feature a GDS. A strong westerly jet formed in the tropical lower atmosphere, with strong easterlies above 60 km, as a result of momentum transport by thermal tides. Enhanced super‐rotation is shown to have commenced 40 sols before the onset of the GDS, due to dust lifting in the southern mid‐latitudes and tropics. The uniform distribution of dust in the tropics resulted in a symmetric Hadley cell with a tropical upwelling branch that could efficiently transport dust vertically; this may have significantly contributed to the rapid expansion of the storm.
On the Physical Settings of Ice Bridge Formation in Nares Strait
Authors: Kirillov S. , Babb D. G. , Komarov A. S. , Dmitrenko I. , Ehn J. K. , Worden E. , Candlish L. , Rysgaard S. , Barber D. G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe ice bridge that forms seasonally across Nares Strait impedes the southward transport of sea ice from the Lincoln Sea to Baffin Bay and contributes to the maintenance of the North Water Polynya. Previous studies have quantified how the bridge affects ice export and highlighted a long term decline in the duration of the bridge; however, the specific mechanism by which the bridge forms has remained unstudied. In this study we first used a mix of satellite imagery to refine the timing of formation for the 16 bridges that formed between 2000 and 2021, and subsequently examine the atmospheric and oceanic forcing around these events. It was found that, on average, the ice bridges formed 3 days earlier than reported in previous studies. In general, the bridges formed during periods of cold air temperatures (less than −15°C), around neap tide, and during a cessation or even reversal in the prevailing north‐northeasterly winds. Specific quantitative criteria of the environmental conditions favorable for bridge formation are presented and discussed. It was shown, however, that the alignment of these conditions does not always lead to the formation of a bridge, indicating that other factors such as ice thickness and landfast ice stability may limit the formation. A comparison of ice freeboard in Kane Basin between winter 2020 (bridge) and 2019 (no bridge) revealed that the ice pack was thinner in 2019, which may have precluded the formation of the bridge. This is critical as the Arctic ice pack continues to thin.
Stable Mercury Isotopes Revealing Photochemical Processes in the Marine Boundary Layer
Authors: Qiu Yue , Gai Pengxue , Yue Fange , Zhang Yuanyuan , He Pengzhen , Kang Hui , Yu Xiawei , Lam Paul K. S. , Chen Jiubin , Xie Zhouqing 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe marine boundary layer (MBL) is an important transportation and reaction zone of atmospheric mercury on Earth. However, the transformation mechanisms of Hg in the MBL remain unclear. In this study, total suspended particle samples were collected in the MBL during two cruises, and the levels of particulate bound mercury (PBM) and mercury isotopes were analyzed. The results showed that (a) continental anthropogenic emissions have limited contribution to PBM in the MBL; (b) PBM likely experienced the oxidation of Hg0 by Br radicals and subsequent adsorption of Hg2+ on to particulate surfaces, as inferred from the significant negative δ202Hg; (c) the Δ199Hg/Δ201Hg ratio of ∼1.0 suggests that PBM underwent photoreduction, which was influenced by organic compounds, and the contribution of photoreduction to the extent of odd‐number mass‐independent fractionation in PBM in the MBL was more significant than that of oxidation triggered by Br atoms. This study provides insights into the photochemical processes influencing mercury in the MBL.
Drainage Reorganization Across the Puna Plateau Margin (NW Argentina): Implications for the Preservation of Orogenic Plateaus
Authors: Seagren E. G. , Schoenbohm L. M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPlanform drainage reorganization is implicated in both the construction and destruction of elevated, low relief orogenic plateaus. The formation of internally drained basins and subsequent sediment infilling may enlarge plateaus, while more erosive rivers at plateau margins dissect these features. Assessing the contradictory role of planform drainage reorganization on the production, preservation, and dissection of orogenic plateaus requires understanding the potential controls on planform drainage changes. Given minimal evidence of major fluvial incision of the Puna Plateau, the Puna margin is an ideal location to elucidate the role of drainage reorganization on plateau preservation. Using local relief, channel elevations, normalized steepness channel index, and geomorphic evidence, we identify patterns of ongoing and paleodrainage reorganization across the Puna margin, and compare these results to potential tectonic, climatic, and lithologic controls. The majority of the modern Puna margin is stable and we find evidence of minor paleo‐divide migration into the plateau interior. We suggest tectonically controlled base level differences across the Puna margin pushed the divide into the plateau interior, until it stabilized at its modern position. However, we also find three examples of major, transient paleo‐divide migration back into the foreland controlled by basin geometry and rock erodibility (i.e., lithology and precipitation gradients) at the basin outlet. Our results emphasize the predominant role of widespread and recent tectonic base level changes and indirect structural controls on patterns of drainage reorganization and the formation and preservation of orogenic plateaus.
Relationship between BMI and alcohol consumption levels in decision making
Authors: Agarwal Khushbu , Demiral Sukru Baris , Manza Peter , Volkow Nora D. , Joseph Paule Valery 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Decision-making deficits in obesity and alcohol use disorder (AUD) may contribute to the choice of immediate rewards despite their long-term deleterious consequences.

Methods
Gambling task functional MRI in Human connectome project (HCP) dataset was used to investigate neural activation differences associated with reward or punishment (a key component of decision-making behavior) in 418 individuals with obesity (high BMI) and without obesity (lean BMI) and either at high (HR) or low (LR) risk of AUD based on their alcohol drinking levels.

Results
Interaction between BMI and alcohol drinking was seen in regions of the default mode network (DMN) and those implicated in self-related processing, memory, and salience attribution. ObesityHR relative to obesityLR also recruited DMN along with primary motor and regions implicated in inattention, negative perception, and uncertain choices, which might facilitate impulsive choices in obesityHR. Furthermore, obesityHR compared to leanHR/leanLR also demonstrated heightened activation in DMN and regions implicated in uncertain decisions.

Conclusions
These results suggest that BMI is an independent variable from that of alcohol drinking levels in neural processing of gambling tasks. Moreover, leanLR relative to leanHR, showed increased activation in motor regions [precentral and superior frontal gyrus] suggestive of worse executive function from excessive alcohol use. Delayed discounting measures failed to distinguish between obesity and high alcohol drinking levels, which as for gambling task results suggests independent negative effects of obesity and chronic alcohol drinking on decision-making. These findings highlight distinct associations of obesity and high-risk alcohol drinking with two key constituents of decision-making behavior.
M6A methylation of DEGS2, a key ceramide-synthesizing enzyme, is involved in colorectal cancer progression through ceramide synthesis
Authors: Guo Wei , Zhang Cuiyu , Feng Panpan , Li Mingying , Wang Xia , Xia Yuan , Chen Dawei , Li Jingxin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractN6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most prevalent RNA epigenetic regulator in cancer. However, the understanding of m6A modification on lipid metabolism regulation in colorectal cancer (CRC) is very limited. Here, we observed that human CRCs exhibited increased m6A mRNA methylation mediated by dysregulation of m6A erasers and readers. By performing methylated RNA-immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) and transcriptomic sequencing (RNA-seq), we identified DEGS2 as a downstream target of m6A dysregulation. Overexpression or knockdown of DEGS2 confirmed the role of DEGS2 in proliferation, invasion and metastasis of CRC both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistic studies identified the specific m6A modification site within DEGS2 mRNA, and mutation of this target site was found to drastically enhance the proliferative and invasive ability of CRC cells in vitro and promote tumorigenicity in vivo. Lipidome analysis showed that lipid metabolism was dysregulated in CRC. Moreover, ceramide synthesis was suppressed due to DEGS2 upregulation mediated by m6A modification in CRC tissues. Our findings highlight that the function of DEGS2 m6A methylation in CRC and extend the understanding of the importance of RNA epigenetics in cancer biology.
Functional strain redundancy and persistent phage infection in Swiss hard cheese starter cultures
Authors: Somerville Vincent , Berthoud Hélène , Schmidt Remo S , Bachmann Hans-Peter , Meng Yi Hélène , Fuchsmann Pascal , von Ah Ueli , Engel Philipp 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Undefined starter cultures are poorly characterized bacterial communities from environmental origin used in cheese making. They are phenotypically stable and have evolved through domestication by repeated propagation in closed and highly controlled environments over centuries. This makes them interesting for understanding eco-evolutionary dynamics governing microbial communities. While cheese starter cultures are known to be dominated by a few bacterial species, little is known about the composition, functional relevance, and temporal dynamics of strain-level diversity. Here, we applied shotgun metagenomics to an important Swiss cheese starter culture and analyzed historical and experimental samples reflecting 82 years of starter culture propagation. We found that the bacterial community is highly stable and dominated by only a few coexisting strains of Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis. Genome sequencing, metabolomics analysis, and co-culturing experiments of 43 isolates show that these strains are functionally redundant, but differ tremendously in their phage resistance potential. Moreover, we identified two highly abundant Streptococcus phages that seem to stably coexist in the community without any negative impact on bacterial growth or strain persistence, and despite the presence of a large and diverse repertoire of matching CRISPR spacers. Our findings show that functionally equivalent strains can coexist in domesticated microbial communities and highlight an important role of bacteria-phage interactions that are different from kill-the-winner dynamics.
Lactate promotes macrophage HMGB1 lactylation, acetylation, and exosomal release in polymicrobial sepsis
Authors: Yang Kun , Fan Min , Wang Xiaohui , Xu Jingjing , Wang Yana , Tu Fei , Gill P. Spencer , Ha Tuanzhu , Liu Li , Williams David L. , Li Chuanfu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHigh circulating levels of lactate and high mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) are associated with the severity and mortality of sepsis. However, it is unclear whether lactate could promote HMGB1 release during sepsis. The present study demonstrated a novel role of lactate in HMGB1 lactylation and acetylation in macrophages during polymicrobial sepsis. We found that macrophages can uptake extracellular lactate via monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) to promote HMGB1 lactylation via a p300/CBP-dependent mechanism. We also observed that lactate stimulates HMGB1 acetylation by Hippo/YAP-mediated suppression of deacetylase SIRT1 and β-arrestin2-mediated recruitment of acetylases p300/CBP to the nucleus via G protein-coupled receptor 81 (GPR81). The lactylated/acetylated HMGB1 is released from macrophages via exosome secretion which increases endothelium permeability. In vivo reduction of lactate production and/or inhibition of GPR81-mediated signaling decreases circulating exosomal HMGB1 levels and improves survival outcome in polymicrobial sepsis. Our results provide the basis for targeting lactate/lactate-associated signaling to combat sepsis.
Referrals from community optometrists to the hospital eye service in Scotland and England
Authors: Shah Rakhee , Edgar David F. , Khatoon Abeeda , Hobby Angharad , Jessa Zahra , Yammouni Robert , Campbell Peter , Soteri Kiki , Beg Amaad , Harsum Steven , Aggarwal Rajesh , Evans Bruce J. W. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Objectives
This audit assesses communication between community optometrists (COs) and hospital eye service (HES) in Scotland and England.

Methods
Optometric referrals and replies were extracted from six practices in Scotland and England. If no reply was found, replies/records were copied from HES records. De-identified referrals, replies and records were audited against established standards, evaluating whether referrals were necessary, accurate and directed to the appropriate professional. The referral rate (RR) and referral reply rate (RRR) were calculated.

Results
From 905 de-identified referrals, RR ranged from 2.6 to 8.7%. From COs’ perspective, the proportion of referrals for which they received replies ranged from 37 to 84% (Scotland) and 26 to 49% (England). A total of 88–96% of referrals (Scotland) and 63–76% (England) were seen in the HES. Adjusting for cases when it is reasonable to expect replies, RRR becomes 45–92% (Scotland) and 38–62% (England) with RRR significantly greater in Scotland (P = 0.015). Replies were copied to patients in 0–21% of cases. Referrals were to the appropriate service and judged necessary in ≥90% of cases in both jurisdictions. Accuracy of referral ranged from 89 to 97% (Scotland) and 81 to 98% (England). The reply addressed the reason for referral in 94–100% of cases (Scotland) and 93–97% (England) and was meaningful in 95–100% (Scotland) and 94–99% (England).

Conclusions
Despite the interdisciplinary joint statement on sharing patient information, this audit highlights variable standard of referrals and deficits in replies to the referring COs, with one exception in Scotland. Replies from HES to COs are important for patient care, benefitting patients and clinicians and minimising unnecessary HES appointments.
Lsm12 is an NAADP receptor and a two-pore channel regulatory protein required for calcium mobilization from acidic organelles
Authors: Zhang Jiyuan , Guan Xin , Shah Kunal , Yan Jiusheng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) is a potent Ca2+-mobilizing second messenger which uniquely mobilizes Ca2+ from acidic endolysosomal organelles. However, the molecular identity of the NAADP receptor remains unknown. Given the necessity of the endolysosomal two-pore channel (TPC1 or TPC2) in NAADP signaling, we performed affinity purification and quantitative proteomic analysis of the interacting proteins of NAADP and TPCs. We identified a Sm-like protein Lsm12 complexed with NAADP, TPC1, and TPC2. Lsm12 directly binds to NAADP via its Lsm domain, colocalizes with TPC2, and mediates the apparent association of NAADP to isolated TPC2 or TPC2-containing membranes. Lsm12 is essential and immediately participates in NAADP-evoked TPC activation and Ca2+ mobilization from acidic stores. These findings reveal a putative RNA-binding protein to function as an NAADP receptor and a TPC regulatory protein and provides a molecular basis for understanding the mechanisms of NAADP signaling.
Arsenene-mediated multiple independently targeted reactive oxygen species burst for cancer therapy
Authors: Kong Na , Zhang Hanjie , Feng Chan , Liu Chuang , Xiao Yufen , Zhang Xingcai , Mei Lin , Kim Jong Seung , Tao Wei , Ji Xiaoyuan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe modulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels is crucial for cellular homeostasis and determination of cellular fate. A sublethal level of ROS sustains cell proliferation, differentiation and promotes tumor metastasis, while a drastic ROS burst directly induces apoptosis. Herein, surface-oxidized arsenene nanosheets (As/AsxOy NSs) with type II heterojunction are fabricated with efficient ·O2− and 1O2 production and glutathione consumption through prolonging the lifetime of photo-excited electron-hole pairs. Moreover, the portion of AsxOy with oxygen vacancies not only catalyzes a Fenton-like reaction, generating ·OH and O2 from H2O2, but also inactivates main anti-oxidants to cut off the “retreat routes” of ROS. After polydopamine (PDA) and cancer cell membrane (M) coating, the engineered As/AsxOy@PDA@M NSs serve as an intelligent theranostic platform with active tumor targeting and long-term blood circulation. Given its narrow-band-gap-enabled in vivo fluorescence imaging properties, As/AsxOy@PDA@M NSs could be applied as an imaging-guided non-invasive and real-time nanomedicine for cancer therapy.
Valence band engineering of GaAsBi for low noise avalanche photodiodes
Authors: Liu Yuchen , Yi Xin , Bailey Nicholas J. , Zhou Zhize , Rockett Thomas B. O. , Lim Leh W. , Tan Chee H. , Richards Robert D. , David John P. R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAvalanche Photodiodes (APDs) are key semiconductor components that amplify weak optical signals via the impact ionization process, but this process’ stochastic nature introduces ‘excess’ noise, limiting the useful signal to noise ratio (or sensitivity) that is practically achievable. The APD material’s electron and hole ionization coefficients (α and β respectively) are critical parameters in this regard, with very disparate values of α and β necessary to minimize this excess noise. Here, the analysis of thirteen complementary p-i-n/n-i-p diodes shows that alloying GaAs with ≤ 5.1 % Bi dramatically reduces β while leaving α virtually unchanged—enabling a 2 to 100-fold enhancement of the GaAs α/β ratio while extending the wavelength beyond 1.1 µm. Such a dramatic change in only β is unseen in any other dilute alloy and is attributed to the Bi-induced increase of the spin-orbit splitting energy (∆so). Valence band engineering in this way offers an attractive route to enable low noise semiconductor APDs to be developed.
Distinct regulation of hippocampal neuroplasticity and ciliary genes by corticosteroid receptors
Authors: Mifsud Karen R. , Kennedy Clare L. M. , Salatino Silvia , Sharma Eshita , Price Emily M. , Haque Samantha N. , Gialeli Andriana , Goss Hannah M. , Panchenko Polina E. , Broxholme John , Engledow Simon , Lockstone Helen , Cordero Llana Oscar , Reul Johannes M. H. M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGlucocorticoid hormones (GCs) — acting through hippocampal mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) and glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) — are critical to physiological regulation and behavioural adaptation. We conducted genome-wide MR and GR ChIP-seq and Ribo-Zero RNA-seq studies on rat hippocampus to elucidate MR- and GR-regulated genes under circadian variation or acute stress. In a subset of genes, these physiological conditions resulted in enhanced MR and/or GR binding to DNA sequences and associated transcriptional changes. Binding of MR at a substantial number of sites however remained unchanged. MR and GR binding occur at overlapping as well as distinct loci. Moreover, although the GC response element (GRE) was the predominant motif, the transcription factor recognition site composition within MR and GR binding peaks show marked differences. Pathway analysis uncovered that MR and GR regulate a substantial number of genes involved in synaptic/neuro-plasticity, cell morphology and development, behavior, and neuropsychiatric disorders. We find that MR, not GR, is the predominant receptor binding to >50 ciliary genes; and that MR function is linked to neuronal differentiation and ciliogenesis in human fetal neuronal progenitor cells. These results show that hippocampal MRs and GRs constitutively and dynamically regulate genomic activities underpinning neuronal plasticity and behavioral adaptation to changing environments.