bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Designing relational sanctions in buyer–supplier relationships
Authors: Ganuza Juan‐José , Gomez Fernando 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper explores the role of supplier performance measures (scorecards and others) in the internal design of relational contracts. We analyze a simple supplier–buyer repeated interaction in which incentives arise by the threat of terminating the relationship—temporarily or permanently. As the periods with no‐trade reduce the value of the relationship, the optimal relational contract minimizes the equilibrium punishment while preserving the supplier's incentives. We show that making the relational penalties conditional on additional supplier's performance measures increases total surplus. We also provide a rationale for “forgiveness” in relational contracting. The buyer may optimally forgive (decide not to sanction at all or to impose a lesser sanction) the supplier despite a bad outcome when some additional information is positive. We start with a binary performance measure, but we extend our analysis to more complex performance measures such as scorecards. Finally, we rank the scorecards in terms of their informativeness and we characterize the optimal investment in the design and improvement of these performance measures.
Stop routine microscopic urinalysis in hospitalized patients with dipstick abnormalities?
Authors: Shimoni Zvi , Froom Paul , Dusseldorp Nathan , Benbassat Jochanan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundRestricting the performance of microscopic urinalyses only to patients in whom it was specifically requested has been shown to reduce their number in laboratories servicing both inpatients and outpatients.ObjectiveTo determine the effect of such restriction solely in in‐patients in a 400‐bed regional hospital.MethodsIn 2017, we discontinued routine (‘reflex’) microscopic urinalysis for all positive dipstick results, and restricted such testing to in‐patients in whom it was specifically requested by a doctor. We compared the numbers of patients in three internal medicine departments who had a urinalysis over 2‐year periods before and after 2017, and reviewed doctors' complaints.ResultsBefore 2017, more than 80% of all dipstick tested samples had one or more abnormalities that led to a microscopic examination. Discontinuation of reflex microscopy reduced microscopic urinalysis to less than 10% of all patients with dipsticks on admission. Requests for repeat urinalysis decreased from 4.3% to 2.5% and there were no complaints after the change in policy.ConclusionsDiscontinuation of a ‘reflex’ microscopic urinalysis in patients with abnormal dipstick results did not increase repeat urine testing. Doctors apparently felt that the microscopic urinalysis does not have clinical utility in the vast majority of hospitalized adult patients.
Geographical variation in age and growth of the endemic Australian sciaenid Atractoscion atelodus
Authors: Hegarty Anne‐Marie , Stewart John , Gladstone William 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGrowth rates and other age‐related population characteristics are essential parameters underpinning management of a stock. This is the first study to estimate length‐at‐age of Atractoscion atelodus (family Sciaenidae) in New South Wales (NSW), despite the species being exploited since the 1940s. The aim of the current study was to quantify the age‐based biological characteristics of A. atelodus and in particular: (a) validate the use of sagittal otoliths to quantify age; (b) estimate the growth rates and longevity of males and females; (c) examine geographical variation in age and growth; (d) document the age composition in commercial landings and (e) estimate mortality rates. A. atelodus is relatively fast growing, reaching 40 cm fork length (LF) in the first year of life and living to at least 14 years. Growth was significantly different between sexes, with modelled asymptotic lengths of females (L∞ = 84.6 cm LF) greater than males (L∞ = 69.0 cm LF). Growth rates were also significantly different between northern and southern populations. Fish sampled from the southern region were younger and faster growing than those sampled in the northern region, supporting the counter‐gradient growth theory and the influence of upwelling providing greater nutrient and food availability. The commercial fishery was predominantly based on young fish <3 years. with few (c. 5%) greater than 5 years. Fishing mortality estimates (F = 0.42) were similar to natural mortality estimates (M = 0.44). The age‐based parameters estimated in the present study suggest that A. atelodus should be relatively resilient to fishing; nonetheless, the sizes and ages in landings are indicative of a stock heavily fished. The fishery is experiencing truncated age distributions and appears to be largely recruitment driven, increasing susceptibility to overexploitation. Determining geographical differences in growth rates of a population has important implications when considering impacts of anthropogenic drivers such as global warming and overexploitation and is important to determine in managing exploited fish populations.
Direct care nurses’ perceptions of their roles in clinical research: An integrated review of the literature
Authors: Hale Andrea , Barton Brenda , Serino‐Cipoletta Jessica , Sheldon Yvonne , Vessey Judith A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurposeTo review the extant literature relevant to perceptions by direct care nurses toward clinical research endeavors.DesignAn integrative review guided by the socioecological model was conducted.MethodsFive databases were searched to identify relevant peer‐reviewed articles; there was no limitation on publication date.FindingsThe final sample (N = 9) was systematically appraised. Numerous barriers to direct care nurses’ ability to perform study activities on clinical research trials were encountered at all levels: (1) personal—comprehension, education, and training; (2) interpersonal—communication issues within or from the study team, failure to advocate for the patient; (3) organizational—lack of leadership support, knowledge, and time; and (4) community—insufficient guidance and oversight by research‐governing bodies.ConclusionsDirect care nurses report numerous barriers to completing protocol‐administered activities for their patients participating in clinical research. A dearth of robust research exists in describing the reasons for, or persistence of, barriers faced by direct care nurses to assisting with research, and there have been little to no interventions to address them.Clinical relevanceAs translational research evolves and becomes more complex, there is the need to ensure both the care of clinical research participants and the integrity of the research. Direct care nurses are critical to this endeavor, and potential barriers they face may have significant ramifications for the research enterprise. Recognition of these barriers and eventual interventions designed to address them are needed.
Hoechst 33342 as a marker for imaging neurites of Dorsal Root Ganglion in vitro
Authors: Merolli Antonio , Bektas Cemile 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFluorescent markers, generally targeting neurotubules, are used to visualize the radiating crown of growing neurites that is produced by dorsal root ganglion cells in vitro. Hoechst 33342 (2'‐[4‐ethoxyphenyl]‐5‐[4‐methyl‐1‐piperazinyl]‐2,5'‐bi‐1H‐benzimidazole trihydrochloride trihydrate) is a widely used fluorescent DNA marker that stain both live and fixed nuclei. We have recently found that H33342 can visualize the neurites of DRG too, but only when they are fixed in formalin. Images have a good signal‐to‐noise ratio. We noticed that besides H33342 being a specific marker for DNA, it also stains the transmembrane P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) which is involved in the active pump‐out of alien molecules from the cytoplasm; so, H33342 remains associated with P‐gp after fixation. P‐gp is quite ubiquitous in healthy cells and, notably, P‐gp has been detected in DRG of several species as well as in human DRG. The use of H33342 as a staining for neurites of DRG in fixed samples could have a practical value due to its widespread use and its better affordability compared to other fluorescent markers for neurites.
Gender pay gap in the public sector: Evidence from the Canadian Labour Force Survey
Authors: Mueller Richard E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractUsing the merged monthly Labour Force Survey, a variety of techniques are employed to address the pay gap for males and females between four definitions of the public sector and the private sector, as well as the gender pay gap within each of these five sectors. It is found that females tend to have higher public sector wage premiums than their male counterparts when comparing within each gender. The gender wage gap within each sector is positive and favours males, most notably in the private sector. Estimates of any wage premiums at the mean cloud differences along the wage distribution.
Transport changes and COVID‐19: From present impacts to future possibilities
Authors: Conrow Lindsey , Campbell Malcolm , Kingham Simon 
Published: November 2021

AbstractChanges in people's movement and travel behaviour have been apparent in many places during the COVID‐19 pandemic, with differences seen at a range of spatial scales. These changes, occurring as a result of the COVID‐19 ‘natural experiment’, have afforded us an opportunity to reimagine how we might move in our day‐to‐day travels, offering a hopeful glimpse of possibilities for future policy and planning around transport. The nature and scale of changes in movement and transport resulting from the pandemic have shown we can shift travel behaviour with strong policy responses, which is especially important in the concurrent climate change crisis.
Infant gut bacterial community composition and food‐related manifestation of atopy in early childhood
Authors: Joseph Christine LM , Sitarik Alexandra R. , Kim Haejin , Huffnagle Gary , Fujimura Kei , Yong Germaine Jia Min , Levin Albert M. , Zoratti Edward , Lynch Susan , Ownby Dennis R. , Lukacs Nicholas W. , Davidson Brent , Barone Charles , Cole Johnson Christine 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundImmunoglobulin E–mediated food allergy (IgE‐FA) has emerged as a global public health concern. Immune dysregulation is an underlying mechanism for IgE‐FA, caused by “dysbiosis” of the early intestinal microbiota. We investigated the association between infant gut bacterial composition and food‐related atopy at age 3–5 years using a well‐characterized birth cohort.MethodsThe study definition of IgE‐FA to egg, milk, or peanut was based on physician panel retrospective review of clinical and questionnaire data collected from birth through age 3–5 years. Using 16S rRNA sequencing, we profiled the bacterial gut microbiota present in stool specimens collected at 1 and 6 months of age.ResultsOf 447 infants with data for analysis, 44 (9.8%) met physician panel review criteria for IgE‐FA to ≥1 of the three allergens. Among children classified as IgE‐FA at 3–5 years, infant stool samples showed significantly less diversity of the gut microbiota compared with the samples of children classified as no IgE‐FA at age 3–5 years, especially for milk and peanut (all covariate‐adjustedp’s for alpha metrics <.007). Testing of individual operational taxonomic units (OTUs) revealed 6‐month deficiencies in 31 OTUs for IgE‐FA compared with no IgE‐FA, mostly in the ordersLactobacillales,Bacteroidales, andClostridiales.ConclusionsVariations in gut microbial composition in infant stool were associated with a study definition of IgE‐FA at 3–5 years of age. This included evidence of a lack of bacterial diversity, deficiencies in specific OTUs, and delayed microbial maturation. Results support dysbiosis in IgE‐FA pathogenesis.
Culturally and linguistically diverse mothers accessing public health nursing: A narrative review
Authors: Bonakdar Tehrani Mehrnoush , Kemp Lynn , Baird Kelly 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundCulturally and linguistically diverse (CALD) families with young children are less likely to seek out healthcare services in comparison with the mainstream population. A lack of appropriate access and engagement with public health nursing (PHN) service contributes to major health disparities for CALD mothers.AimTo describe and synthesize the available literature on the factors that promote or hinder CALD mothers’ access to and engagement with PHN services and in particular sustained nurse home‐visiting (SNHV) programs. This paper identifies gaps and new areas of needed research inquiry to support best provision of PHN for CALD mothers.MethodA narrative review of the literature was conducted. Databases searched included PubMed, CINAHL, MEDLINE, Cochrane, and Scopus with year of publication between 2000 and 2020.ResultsOf 463 total articles, 12 met inclusion criteria. The key barriers and facilitators identified were grouped in three major themes. These include mother‐related issues, experiences with interpreters, and program and program delivery related issues.DiscussionThe review demonstrates that CALD mothers with limited English proficiency (LEP) are experiencing multiple challenges in accessing and engaging with PHN and SNHV services. More research is needed to understand nurse‐mother‐interpreter relationships and policy and practice issues.
Emission Analysis of Diesel Vehicles in Circumstances of Emission Regulation System Failure: A Case Study
Authors: Kozina Ante , Radica Gojmir , Nižetić Sandro 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Despite the development of other propulsion systems, the internal combustion engines will continue to be an essential element of vehicle propulsion on the road, as the sole source of propulsion or in the hybrid drives. The main challenge for the regulatory bodies is to find suitable strategies to ensure the lowest possible impact on the environment, for new and in use vehicles. This research gives an insight into the issue related to the disproportion of exhaust emissions of diesel-powered vehicles under the conditions of real, in use, vehicle operation with respect to the approved values. Emissions measurements were performed on six different passenger vehicles homologated according to Euro emission standards, with correct and faulty emission control systems. The results obtained show significant increases in defective vehicle’s NOx emissions from 58.2% for Euro 5 vehicles to 78.2% for Euro 4 vehicles and increases of 86% and 227%, respectively, compared to the approved values with Conformity Factor 2.1, CO emissions are increased in the fault case from 197% for Euro 3 to 780% for Euro 5. A guideline is given for the emission control system with respect to its accuracy. The brief analysis of the hybrid powertrain was also elaborated as a future replacement for conventional ICE units, contributing greatly to a cleaner environment. The proposed novel hybrid energy management strategy which included only regenerative braking has given a promising result; NOx emissions are reduced by 45%, consumption and CO2 emissions by 44% and CO emissions by 31%.
Sequential Design Process for Screening and Optimization of Robustness and Reliability Based on Finite Element Analysis and Meta-Modeling
Authors: Brix Nerenst Tim , Ebro Martin , Nielsen Morten , Bhadani Kanishk , Asbjörnsson Gauti , Eifler Tobias , Lau Nielsen Kim 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A new medical device can take years to develop from early concept to product launch. The long development process can be attributed to the severe consequences for the patient if the device malfunctions. As a result, three approaches are often combined to mitigate risks: failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA), simulation and modeling, and physical test programs. Although widely used, all three approaches are generally time consuming and have their shortcomings: The risk probabilities in FMEA’s are often based on educated guesses, even in later development stages as data on the distribution of performance is not available. Physical test programs are often carried out on prototype components from the same batch and, therefore, may not reveal the actual distribution of actual running performance. Finally, simulation and modeling are usually performed on nominal geometry—not accounting for variation—and only provide a safety factor against failure. Thus, the traditional use of safety factors in structural analysis versus the probabilistic approach to risk management presents an obvious misfit. Therefore, the aforementioned three approaches are not ideal for addressing the design engineer’s key question; how should the design be changed to improve robustness and failure rates. The present study builds upon the existing robust and reliability-based design optimization (R2BDO) and adjusts it to address the aforementioned key questions using finite element analysis (FEA). The two main features of the presented framework are screening feasible design concepts early in the embodiment phase and subsequently optimizing the design’s probabilistic performance (i.e., reduce failure rates), while using minimal computational resources. A case study in collaboration with a medical design and manufacturing company demonstrates the new framework. The case study includes FEA contact modeling between two plastic molded components with 12 geometrical variables and optimization based on meta-modeling. The optimization minimizes the failure rate (and improves design robustness) concerning three constraint functions (torque, strain, and contact pressure). Furthermore, the study finds that the new framework significantly improves the component’s performance function (failure rate) with limited computational resources.
SEGMENTATION OF ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING DEFECTS USING U-NET
Authors: Wong Vivian , Ferguson Max , Law Kincho , Lee Yung-Tsun Tina , Witherell Paul 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Additive manufacturing (AM) provides design flexibility and allows rapid fabrications of parts with complex geometries. The presence of internal defects, however, can lead to deficit performance of the fabricated part. X-ray Computed Tomography (XCT) is a non-destructive inspection technique often used for AM parts. Although defects within AM specimens can be identified and segmented by manually thresholding the XCT images, the process can be tedious and inefficient, and the segmentation results can be ambiguous. The variation in the shapes and appearances of defects also poses difficulty in accurately segmenting defects. This paper describes an automatic defect segmentation method using U-Net based deep convolutional neural network (CNN) architectures. Several models of U-Net variants are trained and validated on an AM XCT image dataset containing pores and cracks, achieving a best mean intersection over union (IOU) value of 0.993. Performance of various U-Net models is compared and analyzed. Specific to AM porosity segmentation with XCT images, several techniques in data augmentation and model development are introduced. This work demonstrates that U-Net can be effectively applied for automatic segmentation of AM porosity from XCT images with high accuracy. The method can potentially help improve quality control of AM parts in an industry setting.
New Straightforward Benchmark Solutions for Bending and Free Vibration of Clamped Anisotropic Rectangular Thin Plates
Authors: An Dongqi , Ni Zhuofan , Xu Dian , Li Rui 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study presents new straightforward benchmark solutions for bending and free vibration of clamped anisotropic rectangular thin plates by a double finite integral transform method. Being different from the previous studies that took pure trigonometric functions as the integral kernels, the exponential functions are adopted, and the unknowns to be determined are constituted after the integral transform, which overcomes the difficulty in solving the governing higher-order partial differential equations with odd derivatives with respect to both the in-plane coordinate variables, thus goes beyond the limit of conventional finite integral transforms that are only applicable to isotropic or orthotropic plates. The present study provides an easy-to-implement approach for similar complex problems, extending the scope of finite integral transforms with applications to plate problems. The validity of the method and accuracy of the new solutions that can serve as benchmarks are well confirmed by satisfactory comparison with the numerical solutions.
Enhancing Responses of Lamb Waves to Bias Electric Fields by Flexoelectricity
Authors: Lv Sihao , Yang Wenjun , Deng Qian , Shen Shengping 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this study, responses of Lamb waves to a bias electric field in a nanoplate with the consideration of piezoelectricity, flexoelectricity, and strain gradient elasticity are investigated. First, governing equations and boundary conditions of acoustic waves propagating in bias fields are derived. Then, dispersion equations under a bias electric field are obtained and solved numerically. Numerical solutions indicate that flexoelectricity can enhance the response of Lamb waves to external bias electric fields. It is also found that the competition between flexoelectricity and strain gradient elasticity leads to a complex variation of the voltage sensitivity with respect to the wavelength and frequency of Lamb waves. Our work may provide a way of resolving the contradiction between high sensitivity and miniaturization in the conventional voltage sensors based on surface acoustic waves. The theoretical results can guide a new design of voltage sensors with high sensitivity.
Enhanced Micro-Electric Discharge Machining-Induced Surface Modification on Biomedical Ti-6Al-4V Alloy
Authors: Davis Rahul , Singh Abhishek , Debnath Kishore , Sabino Roberta Maia , Popat Ketul , Soares Paulo , Keshri Anup Kumar , Borgohain Bhaskar 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the midst of a huge demand for high-precision miniaturized medical implants made up of potential biomaterials, the biomedical Ti-6Al-4V alloy meets the uncompromising standards for longevity, biocompatibility, and sterilizability required to interact with living cells in medical settings. This research tailored the existing capabilities of a traditional micro-electric discharge machining (µ-EDM) setup by adding 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 g/l bioactive zinc powder particle concentrations (PPCs) to the dielectric. A copper and brass micro-tool electrode (C-µ-TE and B-µ-TE) was employed in association with each PPC. Experiments were executed using the one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) approach. Machining time and dimensional deviation were chosen as the response variables of Zn powder mixed-micro-EDM (Zn-PM-µ-EDM). According to the analytical findings, the combination of C-µ-TE and 6 g/l Zn PPC achieved 23.52%, 3.29%, and 17.96% lesser machining time, dimensional deviation, and recast layer thickness, respectively, compared to the B-µ-TE. The detailed study of this surface endorsed a significant modification in terms of improved recast layer thickness (26.44 µm), topography (Ra = 743.65 nm), and wettability (contact angle &lt; 90 deg), suggesting its dental application. In addition, the observation of ZnO and TiO in X-ray diffraction and appealing in vitro cytocompatibility encourage the subsequent biological and therapeutic studies to validate the anticipated antiviral activity of the modified Ti-6Al-4V alloy surface against coronavirus (COVID-19).