bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Boosting Unassisted Alkaline Solar Water Splitting Using Silicon Photocathode with TiO2 Nanorods Decorated by Edge‐Rich MoS2 Nanoplates
Authors: Jun Sang Eon , Hong Seung‐Pyo , Choi Seokhoon , Kim Changyeon , Ji Su Geun , Park Ik Jae , Lee Sol A , Yang Jin Wook , Lee Tae Hyung , Sohn Woonbae , Kim Jin Young , Jang Ho Won 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTo construct a highly efficient photoelectrochemical tandem device with silicon photocathode operating in alkaline conditions, it is desirable to develop stable and active catalysts which enable the photocathode to reliably perform under an alkaline environment. With nanostructured passivation layer and edge‐exposed transition metal disulfides, silicon photocathode provides new opportunities for achieving unbiased alkaline solar water splitting. Here, the TiO2 nanorod arrays decorated by edge‐rich MoS2 nanoplates are elaborately synthesized and deposited on p‐Si. The vertically aligned TiO2 nanorods fully stabilize the Si surface and improve anti‐reflectance. Moreover, MoS2 nanoplates with exposed edge sites provide catalytically active regions resulting in the kinetically favored hydrogen evolution under an alkaline environment. Interfacial energy band bending between p‐Si and catalyst layers facilitates the transport of photogenerated electrons under steady‐state illumination. Consequently, the MoS2 nanoplates/TiO2 nanorods/p‐Si photocathode exhibits significantly improved photoelectrochemical‐hydrogen evolution reaction (PEC‐HER) performance in alkaline media with a high photocurrent density of 10 mA cm−2 at 0 V versus RHE and high stability. By integrating rationally designed photocathode with earth‐abundant Fe60(NiCo)30Cr10 anode and perovskite/Si tandem photovoltaic cell, an unassisted alkaline solar water splitting is accomplished with a current density of 5.4 mA cm−2 corresponding to 6.6% solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiency, which is the highest among p‐Si photocathodes.
Informational value of challenging an incumbent prosecutor
Authors: McCannon Bryan C. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPopular elections are used to select prosecutors in most U.S. states. It has been questioned whether voters have the knowledge or incentive to identify quality individuals. In 2011, New York State instituted a series of salary increases for judges. Prosecutors' salaries are tied to judicial compensation by law so that an exogenous shock arose. I develop a simple asymmetric information model where a better informed insider can choose to contest the incumbent. Theory predicts that if voters are updating beliefs in a sophisticated manner, then in equilibrium there is not a change in the rate at which incumbents are challenged. When they are challenged, though, incumbents receive more electoral support. Results from the quasi‐natural experiment are consistent with the theory. The incumbent's vote margin grows by ~6 percentage points after the salary increase and the probability an incumbent wins a contested re‐election increases by 33%.
Designing an inquiry‐based learning system: Innovating in research praxis to transform science–policy–practice relations for sustainable development
Authors: Ison Ray L. , Collins Kevin B. , Iaquinto Ben L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWhen designers of activities concerned with the dissemination of research findings pursue their practice all too often, the linear model is implicitly or explicitly the default position. This paper uses the lens of praxis (theory‐informed practical action) to offer a shift in possibility away from reliance on the linear model of innovation to a second‐order modality of research practice more suited to sustainable development goal (SDG) implementation. Whilst second‐order modalities of knowledge production, necessary to enact sustainability transitions and transformative praxis, are emerging many lack purposefully designed modes of praxis and are limited in their considerations regarding enactment and performativity. We report on the testing and evaluation of a purpose‐driven design of a ‘learning system’ within the Australian urban‐water sector to enact a ‘systemic inquiry’ capable of generating social learning. Changes in understanding and/or practices by those who participated were achieved, thus satisfying key criteria for initiating but not necessarily sustaining social learning. The praxis innovation described is suited to situations best framed as uncertain, complex and contested. The positive outcomes of the enacted ‘learning system’ support the case for more investment in action‐oriented research to support innovation in the field of second‐order systems praxis.
Inadvertent irreversible closure of arterial duct following therapeutic use of transplacental indomethacin in a fetus with severe Ebstein's anomaly and circular shunt
Authors: Gill K. , Arbic N. , Seed M. , Honjo O. , Ryan G. , Jaeggi E. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTWe report on a fetal case of Ebstein's anomaly with severe tricuspid regurgitation, functional pulmonary atresia and progressive circular shunting (CS) across a widely patent ductus arteriosus (DA) and regurgitant pulmonary valve, contributing to significant systemic hypoperfusion. To mitigate the extent of CS and allow the pregnancy to continue, maternal non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID) therapy with indomethacin was started at 33 + 5 weeks to induce DA constriction. Rather than achieving the desired narrowing of the DA, the treatment led to its complete closure and only minimal antegrade flow across the pulmonary valve. While closure of the DA resulted in the anticipated improvement in fetal hemodynamics, at birth, the child was at risk of severe hypoxemia and its consequences due to the lack of adequate pulmonary perfusion. Reduction and eventual discontinuation of the NSAID treatment did not result in DA reopening. Our experience illustrates the risk of unintended irreversible DA closure when NSAIDs are used to treat CS. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Applied anatomy of the skull in the Arabian horse: A computed tomographic, cross‐sectional, volumetric and morphometric study
Authors: Goodarzi Nader , Zehtabvar Omid , Tohidifar Mohsen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study was conducted to present a comprehensive and integrative computed tomography (CT) – anatomical cross sections atlas of skull, volumetric properties of the paranasal sinuses, and morphometric values for surface cranial nerves in the adult Arabian horse. Ten heads of Arabian horse breed were used. The different structures in the nasal, oral and cranial cavities were determined and labelled in the anatomical sections and their corresponding CT scan images. Three paranasal sinuses namely maxillary, conchofrontal and sphenopalatine sinuses were identified in the CT scan images. The caudal maxillary sinus was the largest paranasal sinus with 131.93 ± 7.67 cm3 volume and the sphenopalatine sinus 13.3 ± 1.2 cm3 volume was the smallest one. The infraorbital foramen was located 4.16 ± 0.18 cm and 4.70 ± 0.35 cm far away from the most rostral point of the facial crest and alveolar root, respectively. The mean distance between the mental foramen and most lateral incisive tooth was 3.12 ± 0.29 cm. These results including present CT scan‐cross‐sectional atlas, paranasal sinuses volume and morphometric properties would be applicable in practice for more precise diagnosis of head lesions and blocking the surface terminal branches of the cranial nerves during surgical operations in this valuable horse's breed.
Coupled inversion of hydraulic and self‐potential data from transient outflow experiments to estimate soil petrophysical properties
Authors: Xie Jing , Cui Yian , Niu Qifei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHydraulicproperties of soils could play an important role in affecting the partitioning of precipitation in the critical zone. In addition to traditional approaches, in the last two decades, many geophysical methods have been used to aid the hydrologic characterization and measurement of geological materials. In particular, the self‐potential (SP) method shows great potential in these hydrogeophysical applications. The objective of this study is to evaluate whether the addition of SP data can improve the estimation of hydraulic properties of soils in an outflow experiment. A stochastic, coupled hydrogeophysical inversion was developed, in which the governing equations were solved using the finite volume method and the parameter estimation was conducted using a Bayesian approach associated with the Markov chain Monte Carlo technique. The results show that the addition of SP data in the inversion could reduce the uncertainty related to the estimated hydraulic parameters of soils and the length of the associated 95% confidence interval can be shortened by ∼1/3. It is also shown that the electrical properties of soils at saturated and unsaturated conditions may also be estimated from the outflow experiment when SP data are available. Compared with hydraulic parameters, the accuracy of the estimated electrical properties is slightly lower. Among them, the saturated streaming potential coupling coefficientCsathas the highest accuracy and lowest uncertainty sinceCsatdirectly influences the magnitude of SP signals. The accuracy of other electrical parameters is lower than that ofCsat(and hydraulic parameters), and the associated uncertainty can be one order of magnitude larger.
Investigations on the Solubility of Sn4‐Cluster Compounds in Liquid Ammonia
Authors: Klein Wilhelm , Benda Christian B. , Henneberger Thomas , Witzel Benedikt J. L. , Fässler Thomas F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBy using different transition metal containing precursors and liquid ammonia as solvent, single crystals of Sn44‐ cluster containing ammoniates were grown, and three new compounds have been characterized by single crystal structure determination. K4Sn4 ⋅ 8 NH3 (1) (P63, a=13.0370(6) Å and c=39.0889(11) Å) has been obtained by dissolving a precursor with the nominal composition “KRuSn4” in liquid ammonia, and Rb2Na2Sn4 ⋅ 4.8 NH3 (2) (Pc, a=9.4005(3) Å, b=15.3663(6) Å, c=12.7312(6) Å, β=94.675(3)°) from a similar solution of “Rb9Na9Co16Sn24“. 1 represents the last missing ammoniate of the A4Sn4 compounds with heavier alkali metal cations. K6[OH]2[Sn4] ⋅ 5 NH3 (3) was crystallized from solutions of the binary Zintl phase K12Sn17 in presence of AuPPh3Cl and cryptand[2.2.2] (P21/c, a=10.3655(1) Å, b=12.7489(2) Å, c=16.9137(3) Å, β=103.212(2)°), and is the Sn44‐ cluster compound that appears to be stable in presence of the highest amount of hydroxide so far.
Introduction
Authors: Villiger Daniel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn August 2017, the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) was launching a campaign by means of which passengers should gain more attention for additional trains during rush hour. Between 6 a.m. and 8 a.m. employees dressed with a fox tail and fox ears had to walk around on platforms with posters that indicated when and where the additional trains leave. The idea of the SBB was that passengers who use these additional trains are sly foxes and vixens because these trains are less crowded than the normal ones.
Defining Different Forms of Discrimination
Authors: Villiger Daniel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs we have seen in the introduction, when we talk about discrimination, we normally talk about a certain kind of behaviour. If we treat a person or group differently compared to another person or group, this means that we behave differently depending on who our counterpart is. Therefore, dissecting discrimination implies dissecting the ways we behave in. The tool of analysis used in this dissertation in order to investigate and explain behaviour is decision theory.
How Do We Get Our Beliefs for Statistical Discrimination?
Authors: Villiger Daniel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFrom a decision theoretical perspective, there is one major question that the concept of statistical discrimination raises: When is it rational to have a certain belief and use it for statistical discrimination and when not? By definition, the correctness of a statistical difference between two or more groups regarding some characteristic is not a requirement for statistical discrimination (Lippert-Rasmussen, 2014). You also discriminate statistically if the difference and / or its relevance does not actually exist but you believe it to exist. But what defines the boundary between a rational and an irrational belief then?
Reassembling Discrimination
Authors: Villiger Daniel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn the last three parts of the dissertation, we have dissected discrimination. First of all, we said that two requirements have to be fulfilled in order that an act is discriminatory: (1) In the decision situation, there has to be a differentiation between two or more things/people. (2) At least one of these things/people has to be treated in a systematically different way compared to the other things/people.
Monodromy methods for torus conformal blocks and entanglement entropy at large central charge
Authors: Gerbershagen Marius 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We compute the entanglement entropy in a two dimensional conformal field theory at finite size and finite temperature in the large central charge limit via the replica trick. We first generalize the known monodromy method for the calculation of conformal blocks on the plane to the torus. Then, we derive a monodromy method for the zero-point conformal blocks of the replica partition function. We explain the differences between the two monodromy methods before applying them to the calculation of the entanglement entropy. We find that the contribution of the vacuum exchange dominates the entanglement entropy for a large class of CFTs, leading to universal results in agreement with holographic predictions from the RT formula. Moreover, we determine in which regime the replica partition function agrees with a correlation function of local twist operators on the torus.
Higgs-boson production in top-quark fragmentation
Authors: Brancaccio Colomba , Czakon Michał , Generet Terry , Krämer Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We compute the fragmentation functions for the production of a Higgs boson at $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
($$ {y}_t^2 $$

y
t
2

αs). As part of this calculation, the relevant splitting functions are also derived at the same perturbative order. Our results can be used to compute differential cross sections with arbitrary top-quark and Higgs-boson masses from massless calculations. They can also be used to resum logarithms of the form ln(pT/m) at large transverse momentum pT to next-to-leading-logarithmic accuracy by solving the DGLAP equations.
Shifted quiver Yangians and representations from BPS crystals
Authors: Galakhov Dmitry , Li Wei , Yamazaki Masahito 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We introduce a class of new algebras, the shifted quiver Yangians, as the BPS algebras for type IIA string theory on general toric Calabi-Yau three-folds. We construct representations of the shifted quiver Yangian from general subcrystals of the canonical crystal. We derive our results via equivariant localization for supersymmetric quiver quantum mechanics for various framed quivers, where the framings are determined by the shape of the subcrystals.Our results unify many known BPS state counting problems, including open BPS counting, non-compact D4-branes, and wall crossing phenomena, simply as different representations of the shifted quiver Yangians. Furthermore, most of our representations seem to be new, and this suggests the existence of a zoo of BPS state counting problems yet to be studied in detail.
Spectral walls in multifield kink dynamics
Authors: Adam C. , Oles K. , Romanczukiewicz T. , Wereszczynski A. , Zakrzewski W. J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We show that spectral walls are common phenomena in the dynamics of kinks in (1+1) dimensions. They occur in models based on two or more scalar fields with a nonempty Bogomol’nyi-Prasad-Sommerfield (BPS) sector, hosting two zero modes, where they are one of the main factors governing the soliton dynamics. We also show that spectral walls appear as singularities of the dynamical vibrational moduli space.
Symmetry breaking at high temperatures in large N gauge theories
Authors: Chaudhuri Soumyadeep , Rabinovici Eliezer 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Considering marginally relevant and relevant deformations of the weakly coupled (3 + 1)-dimensional large N conformal gauge theories introduced in [1], we study the patterns of phase transitions in these systems that lead to a symmetry-broken phase in the high temperature limit. These deformations involve only the scalar fields in the models. The marginally relevant deformations are obtained by varying certain double trace quartic couplings between the scalar fields. The relevant deformations, on the other hand, are obtained by adding masses to the scalar fields while keeping all the couplings frozen at their fixed point values. At the N → ∞ limit, the RG flows triggered by these deformations approach the aforementioned weakly coupled CFTs in the UV regime. These UV fixed points lie on a conformal manifold with the shape of a circle in the space of couplings. As shown in [1], in certain parameter regimes a subset of points on this manifold exhibits thermal order characterized by the spontaneous breaking of a global ℤ2 or U(1) symmetry and Higgsing of a subset of gauge bosons at all nonzero temperatures. We show that the RG flows triggered by the marginally relevant deformations lead to a weakly coupled IR fixed point which lacks the thermal order. Thus, the systems defined by these RG flows undergo a transition from a disordered phase at low temperatures to an ordered phase at high temperatures. This provides examples of both inverse symmetry breaking and symmetry nonrestoration. For the relevant deformations, we demonstrate that a variety of phase transitions are possible depending on the signs and magnitudes of the squares of the masses added to the scalar fields. Using thermal perturbation theory, we derive the approximate values of the critical temperatures for all these phase transitions. All the results are obtained at the N → ∞ limit. Most of them are found in a reliable weak coupling regime and for others we present qualitative arguments.
Lonely Planets and Lightweight Asteroids: A Statistical Mechanics Model for the Planetary Problem
Authors: Pinzari Gabriella , Scoppola Benedetto , Troiani Alessio 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this paper we propose a notion of stability, which we call $$\varepsilon -N$$

ε
-
N

-stability, for systems of particles interacting via Newton’s gravitational potential, and orbiting a much bigger object. For these systems the usual thermodynamical stability condition, ensuring the possibility to perform the thermodynamical limit, fails, but one can use as relevant parameter the maximum number of particles N that guarantees the $$\varepsilon -N$$

ε
-
N

-stability. With some judicious but not particularly optimized estimates, borrowed from the classical theory of equilibrium statistical mechanics, we show that our model has a good fit with the data observed in the Solar System, and it gives a reasonable interpretation of some of its global properties.
Long-time behavior of solutions to a fourth-order nonlinear Schrödinger equation with critical nonlinearity
Authors: Okamoto Mamoru , Uriya Kota 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe consider the long-time behavior of solutions to a fourth-order nonlinear Schrödinger (NLS) equation with a derivative nonlinearity. By using the method of testing by wave packets, we construct an approximate solution and show that the solution for the fourth-order NLS has the same decay estimate for linear solutions. We prove that the self-similar solution is the leading part of the asymptotic behavior.
Evolution of a hydrothermal ore-forming system recorded by sulfide mineral chemistry: a case study from the Plaka Pb–Zn–Ag Deposit, Lavrion, Greece
Authors: Frenzel Max , Voudouris Panagiotis , Cook Nigel J. , Ciobanu Cristiana L. , Gilbert Sarah , Wade Benjamin P. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLaser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry and electron-probe microanalysis were used to investigate the trace-element contents of sphalerite, chalcopyrite and pyrite from the Plaka Pb–Zn–Ag deposit. Using petrographic observations, the analytical results could be linked to the temporal evolution of the Plaka ore-forming system. Sphalerite chemistry reliably records the temperature andfS2evolution of the system, with estimated formation temperatures reproducing the microthermometric results from previous fluid-inclusion studies. Chalcopyrite chemistry also shows systematic variations over time, particularly for Cd, Co, Ge, In, Sn and Zn concentrations. Measurable pyrite was only found in association with early high-temperature mineralisation, and no clear trends could therefore be identified. We note, however, that As and Se contents in pyrite are consistent with formation temperatures estimated from co-existing sphalerite. Statistical analysis of the sphalerite data allowed us to identify the dominant geological controls on its trace-element content. The three investigated factors temperature,fS2, and sample location account for > 80% of the observed variance in Mn, Fe, Co, Ga, Ge, In, Sb and Hg concentrations, and > 60% of the observed variance in Cd and Sn concentrations. Only for Cu and Ag concentrations is the explained variance < 50%. A similarly detailed analysis was not possible for chalcopyrite and pyrite. Nevertheless, comparison of the results for all three investigated minerals indicates that there are some systematic variations across the deposit which may be explained by local differences in fluid composition.
Automatic high fidelity foot contact location and timing for elite sprinting
Authors: Evans Murray , Colyer Steffi , Salo Aki , Cosker Darren 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMaking accurate measurements of human body motions using only passive, non-interfering sensors such as video is a difficult task with a wide range of applications throughout biomechanics, health, sports and entertainment. The rise of machine learning-based human pose estimation has allowed for impressive performance gains, but machine learning-based systems require large datasets which might not be practical for niche applications. As such, it may be necessary to adapt systems trained for more general-purpose goals, but this might require a sacrifice in accuracy when compared with systems specifically developed for the application. This paper proposes two approaches to measuring a sprinter’s foot-ground contact locations and timing (step length and step frequency), a task which requires high accuracy. The first approach is a learning-free system based on occupancy maps. The second approach is a multi-camera 3D fusion of a state-of-the-art machine learning-based human pose estimation model. Both systems use the same underlying multi-camera system. The experiments show the learning-free computer vision algorithm to provide foot timing to better than 1 frame at 180 fps, and step length accurate to 7 mm, while the system based on pose estimation achieves timing better than 1.5 frames at 180 fps, and step length estimates accurate to 20 mm.