bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Robust ecological analysis of camera trap data labelled by a machine learning model
Authors: Whytock Robin C. , Świeżewski Jędrzej , Zwerts Joeri A. , Bara‐Słupski Tadeusz , Koumba Pambo Aurélie Flore , Rogala Marek , Bahaa‐el‐din Laila , Boekee Kelly , Brittain Stephanie , Cardoso Anabelle W. , Henschel Philipp , Lehmann David , Momboua Brice , Kiebou Opepa Cisquet , Orbell Christopher , Pitman Ross T. , Robinson Hugh S. , Abernethy Katharine A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Ecological data are collected over vast geographic areas using digital sensors such as camera traps and bioacoustic recorders. Camera traps have become the standard method for surveying many terrestrial mammals and birds, but camera trap arrays often generate millions of images that are time‐consuming to label. This causes significant latency between data collection and subsequent inference, which impedes conservation at a time of ecological crisis. Machine learning algorithms have been developed to improve the speed of labelling camera trap data, but it is uncertain how the outputs of these models can be used in ecological analyses without secondary validation by a human.

Here, we present our approach to developing, testing and applying a machine learning model to camera trap data for the purpose of achieving fully automated ecological analyses. As a case‐study, we built a model to classify 26 Central African forest mammal and bird species (or groups). The model generalizes to new spatially and temporally independent data (n = 227 camera stations, n = 23,868 images), and outperforms humans in several respects (e.g. detecting ‘invisible’ animals). We demonstrate how ecologists can evaluate a machine learning model's precision and accuracy in an ecological context by comparing species richness, activity patterns (n = 4 species tested) and occupancy (n = 4 species tested) derived from machine learning labels with the same estimates derived from expert labels.

Results show that fully automated species labels can be equivalent to expert labels when calculating species richness, activity patterns (n = 4 species tested) and estimating occupancy (n = 3 of 4 species tested) in a large, completely out‐of‐sample test dataset. Simple thresholding using the Softmax values (i.e. excluding ‘uncertain’ labels) improved the model's performance when calculating activity patterns and estimating occupancy but did not improve estimates of species richness.

We conclude that, with adequate testing and evaluation in an ecological context, a machine learning model can generate labels for direct use in ecological analyses without the need for manual validation. We provide the user‐community with a multi‐platform, multi‐language graphical user interface that can be used to run our model offline.
A meta‐analysis of the relationship between parental death in childhood and subsequent psychiatric disorder
Authors: McKay Michael T. , Cannon Mary , Healy Colm , Syer Sarah , O’Donnell Laurie , Clarke Mary C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo systematically review evidence for an association between parental death in childhood, and the subsequent development of an anxiety, affective or psychotic disorder.MethodsElectronic databases (Scopus, Medline (for Ovid), EMBASE and PsychINFO) were searched for peer‐reviewed, cohort studies in the English language. Meta‐analyses were performed for studies reporting hazard ratios, incidence rate ratios and odds ratios. Two studies reported risk ratios, and these were included in an overall pool of odds, risk and incidence rate ratios. Sensitivity analyses were performed (removal of one study at a time) for all meta‐analyses, and study quality assessed using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale.ResultsFifteen studies were retained, and where required, data were averaged in advance of pooling. Significant results were observed in studies reporting hazard ratios (k = 4, 1.48 [95% CI = 1.32–1.66]), incidence rate ratios (k = 3, 1.37 [95% CI = 1.01–1.85]), but not odds ratios (k = 4, 0.87 [95% CI = 0.72, 1.05]). However, the overall pooled effect (using odds, incidence rate and risk ratios) was statistically significant (k = 9, 1.22 [95% CI = 1.03–1.44]).ConclusionOverall, the evidence suggests that there is a positive association between the death of a parent before age 18, and the subsequent development of an anxiety, affective or psychotic disorder. The lack of a significant pooled effect in studies reporting results as odds ratios is likely an artefact of study design.LimitationsData were clustered in four countries making generalizability uncertain. Studies adjusted for a variety of possible confounders, and follow‐up after death varied considerably.
Age‐related height loss and health‐related quality of life in a nationwide Korean survey
Authors: Hwang In Cheol , Ahn Hong Yup 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveThis study examined the association between self‐reported height loss and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) among Korean adults older than 50 years.MethodsAnalyses were based on pooled cross‐sectional data from 6,123 participants over 50 years of age in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2008 and 2011. HRQoL was measured using the EuroQol five‐dimensional (EQ‐5D) instrument. Height loss was calculated as the difference between the recalled tallest height in participants’ past and their currently measured height.ResultsThe inverse association between height loss and HRQoL was dose‐dependent and strongest for mobility and usual activity dimensions. Fully adjusted EQ‐5D index scores were lower in the height‐loss group than in the no height‐loss group, and these trends were most notable among men or participants with co‐morbid conditions.ConclusionHeight loss is associated with poor HRQoL among Korean adults.
Congenital melanocytic naevi: An up‐to‐date overview
Authors: Farabi Banu , Akay Bengu Nisa , Goldust Mohamad , Wollina Uwe , Atak Mehmet Fatih , Rao Babar 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCongenital melanocytic naevi are hamartomas of the neuroectoderm caused by genetic mosaicism. Congenital melanocytic naevi are seen in 1‐6% of all live births and commonly classified based on the projected size in adults. Congenital melanocytic naevi appear in different colours, shapes, and sizes, and occasionally present with complications. In this review, we sought to evaluate congenital melanocytic naevi, their clinical, dermatoscopic, and reflectance confocal microscopic features, behavioural pattern over time, new trends in classification, underlying genetic factors and their influence on clinical manifestations and management, associated risks, complications, magnetic resonance imaging findings and their management in the light of recent literature.
Personalised music for residents with dementia in an Australian rural aged‐care setting
Authors: Kuot Abraham , Barton Elsa , Tiri Grace , McKinlay Trevor , Greenhill Jennene , Isaac Vivian 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivePersonalised music reportedly has a positive effect on behaviour and mood in people living with dementia. This intervention has not been conducted in low‐resourced or rural aged‐care settings. We evaluated the effect of a non–therapist‐led personalised music listening intervention on residents with dementia and workplace culture in a rural aged‐care facility in South Australia.DesignQualitative pilot study.SettingRural aged‐care home in South Australia.ParticipantsTen residents with dementia and 15 aged‐care staff participated in this study.InterventionsTen residents participated in an 8‐week music program. Four focus groups were conducted with aged‐care staff post‐intervention. A thematic analysis was used to identify emerging themes.Main outcome measurePersonalised music positively influenced resident's behaviour and well‐being, social interaction and the workplace environment and culture, and served as a useful tool for personalised care.ResultsThree themes emerged: quality of life, personalised care and better aged‐care environment. Personalised music positively influenced resident's behaviour and well‐being, social interaction and the workplace environment and culture, and served as a useful tool for personalised care.ConclusionPersonalised music program is an effective, low‐cost intervention to improve quality of life and personalised care of residents living with dementia, staff well‐being, and a workplace and culture in low‐resourced or rural aged‐care settings.
Clinical presentation and management of food protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome in 113 Swedish children
Authors: Ullberg Josefin , Fech‐Bormann Mareike , Fagerberg Ulrika L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundFood protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES) is a non‐IgE‐mediated food allergy causing severe acute gastrointestinal symptoms and lethargy, mainly affecting infants and young children. There are geographic variations in its clinical features. This study aimed to describe the clinical characteristics and management of FPIES in Swedish children.MethodsThe study included children who presented with acute FPIES during 2008–2017. All Swedish pediatric departments (n = 32) were invited to report their known patients. Data were collected through chart reviews and interviews with parents.ResultsEighteen pediatric departments contributed, and 113 patients were included. Most had a family history of atopy (74%), and 51% had an atopic disease. Common trigger foods were cow's milk (26%), fish (25%), oat (22%), and rice (8%). Most patients (85%) reacted to a single food. The median age at first reaction was 3.9 months for cow's milk and 6.0 months for other foods (p < 0.001, range 1.0 month to 9 years). Repetitive vomiting (100%), lethargy (86%), and pallor (61%) were common symptoms; 40% had diarrhea. Sixty percent visited the emergency department, and 27% of all patients were hospitalized. Most patients were diagnosed clinically (81%). Specific IgE for the trigger food was positive in 4/89 tested patients (4%), and skin prick test for the trigger food was positive in 1/53 tested patients (2%).ConclusionsIn our Swedish study of 113 children, cow's milk, fish, and oat were the commonest trigger foods. Most patients reacted to a single food, and IgE sensitization was rare.
Glycemic benefits with adherence to testosterone therapy in men with hypogonadism and type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Jenkins Craig R. , Rittel Alex , Sturdivant Rodney X. , Wan Jen , Clerc Philip G. , Manning Evan , Jenkins Lydia M. , Wardian Jana L. , Graybill Sky D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundWhile previous studies have demonstrated testosterone's beneficial effects on glycemic control in men with hypogonadism and Type 2 Diabetes, the extent to which these improvements are observed based on the degree of treatment adherence has been unclear.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effects of long‐term testosterone therapy in A1C levels in men with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and hypogonadism, controlling for BMI, pre‐treatment A1C, and age among different testosterone therapy adherence groups.Materials and methodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of 1737 men with diabetes and hypogonadism on testosterone therapy for 5 years of data from 2008–2018, isolating A1C, lipid panels, and BMI results for analysis. Subjects were categorized into adherence groups based on quartiles of the proportion of days covered (> 75% of days, 51–75% of days, 26–50% of days and 0–25% of days), with >75% of days covered considered adherent to therapy.ResultsPre‐treatment median A1C was 6.8%. Post‐treatment median A1C was 7.1%. The adherent group, >75%, was the only group notable for a decrease in A1C, with a median decrease of −0.2 (p = 0.0022). BMI improvement was associated with improved post‐treatment A1C (p = 0.007). When controlling for BMI, age, and pre‐treatment A1C, the >75% adherence group was associated with improved post‐treatment A1C (p < 0.001).DiscussionWhen controlling for all studied variables, testosterone adherence was associated with improved post‐treatment A1C. The higher the initial A1C at the initiation of therapy, the higher the potential for lowering the patient's A1C with >75% adherence. Further, all groups showed some reduction in BMI, which may indicate that testosterone therapy may affect A1C independent of weight loss.ConclusionEven when controlling for improved BMI, pre‐treatment A1C, and age, testosterone positively impacted glycemic control in diabetes patients with hypogonadism, with the most benefit noted in those most adherent to therapy (>75%).
Effect of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during the second half of pregnancy on fetal growth and hemodynamics: A prospective study
Authors: Rizzo Giuseppe , Mappa Ilenia , Maqina Pavjola , Bitsadze Victoria , Khizroeva Jamilya , Makatsarya Alexander , D’Antonio Francesco 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionOur objective was to compare the fetal growth velocity and fetal hemodynamics in pregnancies complicated and in those not complicated by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection.Material and methodsProspective case‐control study of consecutive pregnancies complicated by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection during the second half of pregnancy matched with unaffected women. The z scores of head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur length, and estimated fetal weight were compared between the two groups. Fetal growth was assessed by analyzing the growth velocity of head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur length, and estimated fetal weight between the second‐ and third‐trimester scans. Similarly, changes in the pulsatility index of uterine, umbilical, and middle cerebral arteries, and their ratios were compared between the two study groups.ResultsForty‐nine consecutive pregnancies complicated, and 98 not complicated, by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection were included. General baseline and pregnancy characteristics were similar between pregnant women with and those without SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. There was no difference in head circumference, abdominal circumference, femur length, and estimated fetal weight z scores between pregnancies complicated and those not complicated by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection at both the second‐ and third‐trimester scans. Likewise, there was no difference in the growth velocity of all these body parameters between the two study groups. Finally, there was no difference in the pulsatility index of both maternal and fetal Doppler scans throughout gestation between the two groups.ConclusionsPregnancies complicated by SARS‐CoV‐2 infection are not at higher risk of developing fetal growth restriction through impaired placental function. The findings from this study do not support a policy of increased fetal surveillance in these women.
Cooperative conversion and communalization: Closely observed interactions between the material and the mental
Authors: Charmettant Hervé , Renou Yvan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractVarious authors, including Elinor Ostrom, have shown that the legal form of a cooperative has many of the characteristics of a Common. Here we focus on cooperative conversion, through which conventional enterprises become labor‐managed firms (LMFs), viewing it dynamically as a communalization process. These processes are addressed in the light of a field survey carried out in France, looking at six firms involved in cooperative conversion. The changes entailed are two‐dimensional, both material and mental. This is visible, for example, when finding the capital to mount an LMF: members of the workforce must draw on their own funds; they must also believe in the project. Through our empirical observations we highlight the obstacles in the way of forming an LMF. In particular participants must undertake a work of negotiation hinging on stakes marked by the two, largely inseparable dimensions. Ultimately we query the ethic brought into play in the collective action of constituting a Common. Specifically, individuals must contribute to a collective action underpinned by principles of self‐governance, or commoning, the rock on which the Common rests. A key finding of our study is to demonstrate that a Common can only be successfully created if the constituent processes are consistent with the overall goal. In other words the manner in which we travel is inseparable from our final destination; otherwise we shall surely lose our way.
Recruitment prediction for multicenter clinical trials based on a hierarchical Poisson–gamma model: Asymptotic analysis and improved intervals
Authors: Mountain Rachael , Sherlock Chris 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe analyze predictions of future recruitment to a multicenter clinical trial based on a maximum‐likelihood fitting of a commonly used hierarchical Poisson–gamma model for recruitments at individual centers. We consider the asymptotic accuracy of quantile predictions in the limit as the number of recruitment centers grows large and find that, in an important sense, the accuracy of the quantiles does not improve as the number of centers increases. When predicting the number of further recruits in an additional time period, the accuracy degrades as the ratio of the additional time to the census time increases, whereas when predicting the amount of additional time to recruit a further patients, the accuracy degrades as the ratio of to the number recruited up to the census period increases. Our analysis suggests an improved quantile predictor. Simulation studies verify that the predicted pattern holds for typical recruitment scenarios in clinical trials and verify the much improved coverage properties of prediction intervals obtained from our quantile predictor. In the process of extending the applicability of our methodology, we show that in terms of the accuracy of all integer moments it is always better to approximate the sum of independent gamma random variables by a single gamma random variable matched on the first two moments than by the moment‐matched Gaussian available from the central limit theorem.
Genome‐wide DNA methylation analysis along the progression of gastric marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) type
Authors: Dugge Rucha , Wagener Rabea , Mӧller Peter , Barth Thomas F. E. 
Published: February 2021

SummaryExtra‐nodal marginal zone B‐cell lymphoma (MZBL) of mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue is an indolent lymphoma mostly affecting the gastrointestinal tract. The lymphoma initially has small‐cell morphology (SC‐MZBL) and often arises in the background of Helicobacter pylori‐induced gastritis. In some cases, a clonal malignant progression to large‐cell morphology (LC‐MZBL) is observed. Here, we studied the DNA methylation profile of 30 gastric MZBLs along their progression. Genome‐wide DNA methylation profiling, identified 7698 significantly differentially methylated loci during gastric MZBL progression (σ/σmax ≥0·4, q ≤ 0·001). LC‐MZBL showed hypermethylation in comparison to SC‐MZBL with an enrichment of regions involved in transcriptional regulation. In conclusion, our present data show that the morphological distinction between SC‐ and LC‐MZBL is reflected by characteristic DNA methylation profiles.
Low participation in preventative health measures in a cohort of liver transplant recipients: A cross‐sectional analysis
Authors: Low Elizabeth S. L. , Gow Paul J. , Testro Adam , Sinclair Marie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundDespite high rates of infection and malignancy post‐solid organ transplant, there are little data on patient participation in preventative health care.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional survey of post‐liver transplant patients to evaluate insight into transplant‐associated infective and neoplastic risks, and receipt of vaccination and cancer surveillance in accordance with Australian and local institution‐specific guidelines. Descriptive analyses were used to assess characteristics potentially influencing adherence.ResultsOf 219 patients surveyed, adherence to bowel cancer surveillance was significantly reduced in those distant from transplantation compared with those recently transplanted (95.8% if transplanted ≤ 5 years ago vs. 68.3% if transplanted > 5 years ago, P < .001). Skin cancer surveillance participation with annual physician‐directed examination was low (42.9%), particularly in younger patients (29.5% in < 50yo vs. 48.1% in ≥ 50yo, P = .01), who were also less adherent to vaccination recommendations (72.1% in < 50yo vs. 87.3% in ≥ 50yo, P = .008).ConclusionsThis is the first analysis of preventative healthcare participation in a cohort of Australian liver transplant recipients, revealing concerning adherence to bowel and skin cancer surveillance recommendations. Major interventions to avoid preventable disease in this high‐risk cohort are warranted.
Mortality, viral clearance, and other clinical outcomes of hydroxychloroquine in COVID‐19 patients: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Kashour Zakariya , Kashour Tarek , Gerberi Danielle , Tleyjeh Imad M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMany meta‐analyses have been published about the efficacy of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Most of them included observational studies, and few have assessed HCQ as a prophylaxis or evaluated its safety profile. We searched multiple databases and preprint servers for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that assessed HCQ for the treatment or prevention of COVID‐19. We summarized the effect of HCQ on mortality, viral clearance, and other clinical outcomes. Out of 768 papers screened, 21 RCTs with a total of 14,138 patients were included. A total of 9 inpatient and 3 outpatient RCTs assessed mortality in 8596 patients with a pooled risk difference of 0.01 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.00–0.03, I2 = 1%, p = 0.07). Six studies assessed viral clearance at 7 days with a pooled risk ratio (RR) of 1.11 (95% CI 0.86–1.42, I2 = 61%, p = 0.44) and 5 studies at 14 days with a pooled RR of 0.96 (95% CI 0.89–1.04, I2 = 0%, p = 0.34). Several trials showed no significant effect of HCQ on other clinical outcomes and. Five prevention RCTs with 5012 patients found no effect of HCQ on the risk of acquiring COVID‐19. Thirteen trials showed that HCQ was associated with increased risk of adverse events. We observed, with high level of certainty of evidence, that HCQ is not effective in reducing mortality in patients with COVID‐19. Lower certainty evidence also suggests that HCQ neither improves viral clearance and other clinical outcomes, nor prevents COVID‐19 infection in patients with high‐risk exposure. HCQ is associated with an increased rate of adverse events.