bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular phylogeny of Elmidae (Coleoptera: Byrrhoidea) with a focus on Japanese species: implications for intrafamilial classification
Authors: Kobayashi Takuya , Hayashi Masakazu , Kamite Yuuki , Sota Teiji 
Published: June 2021

AbstractElmidae (Coleoptera: Byrrhoidea) comprises diverse groups of specialized aquatic beetles, but the phylogenetic positions of the intrafamilial taxonomic groups remain unclear. We performed phylogenetic analyses of 26 genera and 73 elmid species and subspecies representing four of the five currently recognized tribes from Holarctic region (Japan, Europe and North America) using sequence data from up to 585 ultraconserved elements (UCEs). The UCE‐based phylogenetic trees inferred by both maximum‐likelihood and Bayesian inference methods resolved most of the phylogenetic relationships with high support. Our results indicate that a revised classification for the intrafamilial taxonomic groups in Elmidae is necessary. We also examined the correspondence of the character states of ten adult and larval morphological traits to the phylogeny and identified several traits that are potentially useful for defining intrafamilial taxonomic groups in Elmidae. Based on the molecular phylogeny and morphology of adults and larvae, Gonielmis Sanderson syn. n. and Optioservus Sanderson syn. n. are synonymized with Heterlimnius Hinton. Nomuraelmis Satô syn. n. was also synonymized with Stenelmis Dufour. A revised checklist and an identification key to the species groups are provided for Heterlimnius.
The diversification of termites: Inferences from a complete species‐level phylogeny
Authors: Pie Marcio R. , Carrijo Tiago F. , Caron Fernanda S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTermites play a major role in a variety of ecological processes in tropical and subtropical biomes worldwide, such as decomposition, soil formation and aeration, and nutrient cycling. These important ecosystem services were achieved through their highly complex societies and remarkable adaptations, including the evolution of reproductive division of labour, the acquisition of endosymbionts and the capacity for extensive environmental engineering, yet the causes and consequences of their ecological success are still poorly understood. The goals of our study were (a) to provide the first complete, species‐level phylogeny of all currently recognized termite species by integrating the available genetic and taxonomic data, as well as methods of phylogenetic imputation and divergence time estimation; and (b) to explore variation in speciation rates among termite lineages. We provide the inferred relationships as a set of 1,000 pseudo‐posterior trees, which can be used in future comparative analyses. We demonstrate that speciation rates have been relatively constant throughout the history of termites, with two positive shifts in speciation rates: one at their origin of Euisoptera and the other concordant with evolution of Termitidae. On the other hand, there was no obvious trend towards deceleration in speciation rates for termites as a whole, nor within the most species‐rich families. The provided trees might represent a valuable resource for termite comparative studies by summarizing the available phylogenetic information, while accounting for uncertainty in the inferred topologies.
Embedded Metamaterial Subframe Patch for Increased Power Output of Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters
Authors: Farhangdoust Saman , Georgeson Gary , Ihn Jeong-Beom , Mehrabi Armin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThese days, piezoelectric energy harvesting (PEH) is introduced as one of the clean and renewable energy sources for powering the self-powered sensors utilized for wireless condition monitoring of structures. However, low efficiency is the biggest drawback of PEHs. This paper introduces an innovative embedded metamaterial subframe (MetaSub) patch as a practical solution to address the low throughput limitation of conventional PEHs whose host structure has already been constructed or installed. To evaluate the performance of the embedded MetaSub patch (EMSP), a cantilever beam is considered as the host structure in this study. The EMSP transfers the auxetic behavior to the piezoelectric element (PZT) wherever substituting a regular beam with an auxetic beam is either impracticable or suboptimal. The concept of the EMSP is numerically validated, and the comsol multiphysics software was employed to investigate its performance when a cantilever beam is subjected to different amplitude and frequency. The finite element model results demonstrate that the harvesting power in cases that use the EMSP can be amplified up to 5.5 times compared to a piezoelectric cantilever energy harvester without patch. This paper opens up a great potential of using EMSP for different types of energy harvesting systems in biomedical, acoustics, civil, electrical, aerospace, and mechanical engineering applications.
Optimal Selection of Model Validation Experiments: Guided by Coverage
Authors: Hällqvist Robert , Braun Robert , Eek Magnus , Krus Petter 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Modeling and Simulation (M&S) is seen as a means to mitigate the difficulties associated with increased system complexity, integration, and cross-couplings effects encountered during development of aircraft subsystems. As a consequence, knowledge of model validity is necessary for taking robust and justified design decisions. This paper presents a method for using coverage metrics to formulate an optimal model validation strategy. Three fundamentally different and industrially relevant use-cases are presented. The first use-case entails the successive identification of validation settings, and the second considers the simultaneous identification of n validation settings. The latter of these two use-cases is finally expanded to incorporate a secondary model-based objective to the optimization problem in a third use-case. The approach presented is designed to be scalable and generic to models of industrially relevant complexity. As a result, selecting experiments for validation is done objectively with little required manual effort.
The Influence of Real Gas Radiation on the Stability and Development of Benard Convection in a Two-Dimensional Layer
Authors: Webb B. W. , Solovjov V. P. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The influence of real gas radiation on the thermal and hydrodynamic stability of a two-dimensional layer of radiatively participating H2O and/or CO2 heated from below is investigated. The nongray radiation effects of the two species are treated rigorously using a global spectral approach, the Spectral Line Weighted-sum-of-gray-gases model. The phenomena are explored by solving the full coupled laminar equations of motion, energy, and radiative transfer from the low-Rayleigh number, pure conduction-radiation regime through the onset of buoyancy-induced flow to the developed Bénard convection regime. The evolution of the thermal, hydrodynamic, and radiative heating fields is studied, and the critical Rayleigh number is characterized as a function of participating gas species mole fraction, average layer gas temperature, layer thickness, wall emissivity, and total pressure. It is found that participating radiation in the medium has the effect of stabilizing the layer, delaying transition from a stable conduction regime to buoyancy-induced flow. The development of convective flow and temperature, along with the radiative heating are presented. It is found that the critical Rayleigh number in the radiatively participating gas layer can be more than an order of magnitude higher than the classical convection-only scenario. The onset of instability is found to depend on the species mole fractions, average gas temperature in the layer, wall emissivity, layer thickness, and total pressure. Generally, all other variables being the same, H2O has a greater stabilizing influence on the layer than CO2.
The Self-Paced Submaximal Run Test: Associations With the Graded Exercise Test and Reliability
Authors: Sangan Hannah F. , Hopker James G. , Davison Glen , McLaren Shaun J. 
Published: June 2021

Purpose: To assess the reliability and construct validity of a self-paced, submaximal run test (SRTRPE) for monitoring aerobic fitness. The SRTRPE monitors running velocity (v), heart rate (HRex), and blood lactate concentration (B[La]), during three 3-minute stages prescribed by ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) of 10, 13, and 17. Methods: Forty (14 female) trained endurance runners completed a treadmill graded exercise test for the determination of maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), v at VO2max (vVO2max), and v at 2 mmol·L−1 (vLT1) and 4 mmol·L−1 (vLT2) B[La]. Within 7 days, participants completed the SRTRPE. Convergent validity between the SRTRPE and graded exercise test parameters was assessed through linear regression. Eleven participants completed a further 2 trials of the SRTRPE within a 72-hour period to quantify test–retest reliability. Results: There were large correlations between v at all stages of the SRTRPE and VO2max (r range = .57–.63), vVO2max (.50–.66), and vLT2 (.51–.62), with vRPE 17 displaying the strongest associations (r > .60). Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC3,1) were moderate to high for parameters v (range = .76–.84), HRex (.72–.92), and %HRmax (.64–.89) at all stages of the SRTRPE. The corresponding coefficients of variation were 2.5% to 5.6%. All parameters monitored at intensity RPE 17 displayed the greatest reliability. Conclusions: The SRTRPE was shown to be a valid and reliable test for monitoring parameters associated with aerobic fitness, displaying the potential of this submaximal, time-efficient test to monitor responses to endurance training.
The Collimated Propagation Causes of Astrophysical and Laboratory Jets
Authors: Kalashnikov I. Yu. , Dodin A. V. , Il’ichev I. V. , Krauz V. I. , Chechetkin V. M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The use of Z-pinch facilities makes it possible to carry out well-controlled and diagnosable laboratory experiments to study laboratory jets with scaling parameters close to those of the jets from young stars. This makes it possible to observe processes that are inaccessible to astronomical observations. Such experiments are carried out at the PF-3 facility (“plasma focus,” Kurchatov Institute), in which the emitted plasma emission propagates along the drift chamber through the environment at a distance of one meter. The paper presents the results of experiments with helium, in which a successive release of two ejections was observed. An analysis of these results suggests that after the passage of the first supersonic ejection, a region with a low concentration is formed behind it, the so-called vacuum trace, due to which the subsequent ejection practically does not experience environmental resistance and propagates being collimated. The numerical modeling of the propagation of two ejections presented in the paper confirms this point of view. Using scaling laws and appropriate numerical simulations of astrophysical ejections, it is shown that this effect can also be significant for the jets of young stars.
Impaired grip strength in children with congenital heart disease
Authors: Meyer Michael , Wang Yi , Brudy Leon , Häcker Anna-Luisa , Schulz Thorsten , Weberruss Heidi , Oberhoffer Renate , Ewert Peter , Müller Jan 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesGrip strength is known to be reduced in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD). This study compared grip strength in paediatric patients with CHD with healthy controls and determined a possible association between grip strength and health-related physical fitness (HRPF).MethodsGrip strength and HRPF were assessed in 569 children (12.4 years, 95% CI 12.16 to 12.72; 238 girls) with various CHD and compared with 2551 healthy controls (11.4 years, 95% CI 11.3 to 11.5; 1424 girls). Grip strength was determined as the maximum value of three repetitions with each hand. HRPF was tested by five motor tasks (FITNESSGRAM) and converted into an SD score (z-score).ResultsAfter adjusting for age, sex and weight, children with CHD showed significantly lower grip strength compared with healthy controls (CHD: 20.8 kg, 95% CI 20.4 to 21.2; controls: 24.5 kg, 95% CI 24.3 to 24.8). CHD subgroup analysis also revealed significantly lower grip strength than the controls, with the lowest values in patients with total cavopulmonary connection (19.1, 95% CI 18.0 to 20.2). Children with complex CHD showed the lowest values with 19.8 kg (95% CI 19.2 to 20.4), those with moderate 20.7 kg (95% CI 19.9 to 21.4) and those with simple 22.5 kg (95% CI 21.6 to 23.3), respectively. HRPF was also lower (z-score: −0.46, 95% CI −0.49 to –0.35) compared with healthy controls and poorly associated with grip strength (r=0.21).ConclusionsGrip strength is already reduced in children with CHD and poorly associated with HRPF. This suggests that grip strength and HRPF are different domains and have to be assessed separately.
Mobile health and privacy: cross sectional study
Authors: Tangari Gioacchino , Ikram Muhammad , Ijaz Kiran , Kaafar Mohamed Ali , Berkovsky Shlomo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate whether and what user data are collected by health related mobile applications (mHealth apps), to characterise the privacy conduct of all the available mHealth apps on Google Play, and to gauge the associated risks to privacy.

Design
Cross sectional study

Setting
Health related apps developed for the Android mobile platform, available in the Google Play store in Australia and belonging to the medical and health and fitness categories.

Participants
Users of 20 991 mHealth apps (8074 medical and 12 917 health and fitness found in the Google Play store: in-depth analysis was done on 15 838 apps that did not require a download or subscription fee compared with 8468 baseline non-mHealth apps.

Main outcome measures
Primary outcomes were characterisation of the data collection operations in the apps code and of the data transmissions in the apps traffic; analysis of the primary recipients for each type of user data; presence of adverts and trackers in the app traffic; audit of the app privacy policy and compliance of the privacy conduct with the policy; and analysis of complaints in negative app reviews.

Results
88.0% (n=18 472) of mHealth apps included code that could potentially collect user data. 3.9% (n=616) of apps transmitted user information in their traffic. Most data collection operations in apps code and data transmissions in apps traffic involved external service providers (third parties). The top 50 third parties were responsible for most of the data collection operations in app code and data transmissions in app traffic (68.0% (2140), collectively). 23.0% (724) of user data transmissions occurred on insecure communication protocols. 28.1% (5903) of apps provided no privacy policies, whereas 47.0% (1479) of user data transmissions complied with the privacy policy. 1.3% (3609) of user reviews raised concerns about privacy.

Conclusions
This analysis found serious problems with privacy and inconsistent privacy practices in mHealth apps. Clinicians should be aware of these and articulate them to patients when determining the benefits and risks of mHealth apps.
Barriers to shared decision-making with women of reproductive age affected by a chronic inflammatory disease: a mixed-methods needs assessment of dermatologists and rheumatologists
Authors: Murray Suzanne , Augustyniak Monica , Murase Jenny E , Fischer-Betz Rebecca , Nelson-Piercy Catherine , Peniuta Morgan , Vlaev Ivo 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesThe main study objective was to identify challenges and barriers experienced by dermatologists and rheumatologists when engaging women of reproductive age in shared decision-making (SDM) related to treatment and management of chronic inflammatory disease (CID) before, during and after pregnancy.DesignA mixed-methods study was conducted, employing (1) semistructured interviews, (2) an online survey and (3) triangulation of findings.Participants524 dermatologists and rheumatologists entered the study; 495 completed it; 388 met inclusion criteria for analysis. Participants were included if actively practising in Germany (GER), the UK or the USA; had a minimum 5% caseload of female patients of reproductive age with either axial spondyloarthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis or rheumatoid arthritis; and had experience prescribing biologics.Results48 interviews and 340 surveys were analysed. Interviews underscored dermatologists and rheumatologists’ suboptimal integration of SDM in clinical practice. In the survey, 90% (n=305) did not know about SDM models. A perceived lack of competency counselling patients on pregnancy and family planning was also identified during interviews. Among the survey sample, 44% (n=150) of specialists agreed they preferred leaving pregnancy-related discussions to obstetricians and/or gynaecologists and 57% (n=189) reported having suboptimal skills discussing contraceptive methods with patients. Another finding that emerged from interviews was the perception that all biologics are strictly contraindicated during pregnancy. Suboptimal knowledge was noted among 57% (n=95) of dermatologists and 48% (n=83) of rheumatologists surveyed in that regard, with a statistically significant difference by country among dermatologists (GER: 42% vs UK: 71% vs USA: 57%, p=0.015).ConclusionsThis study identified low levels of knowledge, skill and confidence, as well as attitudinal issues, that explain why SDM is not fully integrated in dermatology and rheumatology clinical practice. Blended-learning interventions are recommended to assist CID specialists in developing effective communication and patient engagement competencies.
Paramedic experiences of providing care in Wales (UK) during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic (PECC-19): a qualitative study using evolved grounded theory
Authors: Rees Nigel , Smythe Lauren , Hogan Chloe , Williams Julia 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo explore paramedic experiences of providing care during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic and develop theory in order to inform future policy and practice.DesignQualitative study using constructivist evolved grounded theory (EGT) methodology. One-to-one semistructured interviews were conducted using a general interview guide. Voice over Internet Protocol was used through Skype.SettingConducted between March 2020 and November 2020 in the Welsh Ambulance Services National Health Services Trust UK which serves a population of three million.ParticipantsParamedics were recruited through a poster circulated by email and social media. Following purposive sampling, 20 Paramedics were enrolled and interviewed.ResultsEmergent categories included: Protect me to protect you, Rapid disruption and adaptation, Trust in communication and information and United in hardship. The Basic Social Process was recognised to involve Tragic Choices, conceptualised through an EGT including Tragic personal and professional choices including concerns over personnel protective equipment (PPE), protecting themselves and their families, impact on mental health and difficult clinical decisions, Tragic organisational choices including decision making support, communication, mental health and well-being and Tragic societal choices involving public shows of support, utilisation and resourcing of health services.ConclusionsRich insights were revealed into paramedic care during the COVID-19 pandemic consistent with other research. This care was provided in the context of competing and conflicting decisions and resources, where Tragic Choices have to be made which may challenge life’s pricelessness. Well-being support, clinical decision making, appropriate PPE and healthcare resourcing are all influenced by choices made before and during the pandemic, and will continue as we recover and plan for future pandemics. The impact of COVID-19 may persist, especially if we fail to learn, if not we risk losing more lives in this and future pandemics and threatening the overwhelming collective effort which united society in hardship when responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic.Trial registration numberIRAS ID: 282 623.
Older medical outliers on surgical wards: impact on 6-month outcomes
Authors: Patry Claire , Perozziello Anne , Pardineille Clio , Aubert Christiane , de Malglaive Pauline , Choquet Christophe , Raynaud-Simon Agathe , Sanchez Manuel 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundMedical patients are on occasion admitted transiently to surgical wards when more appropriate wards are at capacity, potentially leading to suboptimal care. The aim of this study was to compare 6-month outcomes in older adults diagnosed with medical conditions in the ED then admitted inappropriately to surgical wards (defined as outliers), with outcomes in comparable patients admitted to medical wards (controls).MethodsIn a matched cohort study, 100 consecutive medical outliers from the ED aged 75 years and over were matched according to age, sex and diagnosis to 200 controls. Collected data included number of diagnoses reported in acute care, level of patient illness severity, length of stay, mortality and destination of patients discharged from acute care units (home, rehabilitation facility, nursing home or palliative care facility). An assessment was made of patient vital status and living environment (home, nursing home or hospital) at 6 months post-ED admission.ResultsMean age was 85.6 years. The most common ED diagnoses were gait disorders/falls (18%), neurological disorders (17%) and exhaustion (16%). Outliers displayed lower illness severity levels (0.001) and shorter lengths of stay from ED admission to acute care discharge (p=0.040). Subsequent to acute care, outliers were less commonly discharged home (45% vs 59%) and more commonly discharged to rehabilitation facilities (42% vs 28%). At 6 months post-ED admission, multivariable regression analysis showed that outlier status (OR=0.44 (0.25–0.83); p=0.011) and numbers of diagnoses reported in acute care (OR=0.87 (0.76–0.98); p=0.028) were independently associated with lower probability of living at home.ConclusionOutlying of older patients to surgical wards negatively affects their prospects of living at home at 6 months after hospital admission. Older patients hospitalised via the ED are entitled to appropriate medical care.
Use of N-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate (nBCA) for preoperative tumor embolization
Authors: Dossani Rimal H , Waqas Muhammad , Rai Hamid H , Baig Ammad A , Cappuzzo Justin M , Siddiqui Adnan H , Levy Elad I 
Published: June 2021

N-butyl 2-cyanoacrylate (nBCA) is a fast-acting liquid adhesive that polymerizes when it comes in contact with blood anions. We present the principles of nBCA preparation and delivery for tumor embolization of a right convexity meningioma in a patient who presented with a 6-month history of word-finding difficulty and memory loss video 1. Angiography of the middle meningeal artery showed a hairpin turn that was not negotiable with a number of different microwires, including the Synchro-2, Chikai 014 and Balt hybrid 008 wire. Due to the tortuous hairpin turn, the microcatheter position was distal to the tumor blush for the convexity meningioma. Given the distal microcatheter position, we opted for nBCA as the liquid embolic of choice for tumor embolization. The time of polymerization for nBCA may be delayed using glacial acetic acid, which makes nBCA ideal when the microcatheter is in a distal position relative to the target location for embolization. The patient underwent successful embolization using nBCA and was taken for a right frontal craniotomy for resection of the meningioma the next day. The intraoperative blood loss was 100 mL and the postoperative MRI showed gross total resection. The patient had an uncomplicated hospital course and was discharged home on post-procedure day 3.Video 1