bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural Breaks in an Endogenous Growth Model
Authors: Cogley Timothy , Jovanovic Boyan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We study the effects of parameter uncertainty prompted by structural breaks. In our model, agents respond differently to uncertainty prompted by regime shifts in shock processes than they react to comparable perceived increases in shock volatility. The magnitude of the response to an increase in uncertainty about TFP associated with a structural break is greater than that of a response to a comparable perceived rise in volatility. This is because lifetime utility varies more when shocks shift beliefs and perceived wealth.
Spatial Equilibrium, Search Frictions, and Dynamic Efficiency in the Taxi Industry
Authors: Buchholz Nicholas 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article analyses the dynamic spatial equilibrium of taxicabs and shows how common taxi regulations lead to substantial inefficiencies as a result of search frictions and mis-allocation. To analyse the role of regulation on frictions and efficiency, I pose a dynamic model of spatial search and matching between taxis and passengers. Using a comprehensive dataset of New York City yellow medallion taxis, I use this model to compute the equilibrium spatial distribution of vacant taxis and estimate intraday demand given price and medallion regulations. My estimates show that the weekday New York market achieves about $\$$5.7 million in daily welfare or about $\$$27 per trip, but an additional 53 thousand customers fail to find cabs due to search frictions. Counterfactual analysis shows that implementing simple tariff pricing changes can enhance allocative efficiency and expand the market, offering daily consumer surplus gains of up to $\$$227 thousand and up to 49 thousand additional daily taxi-passenger matches, a similar magnitude to the gain in matches generated by adopting a perfect static matching technology.
BASDAI cut-off values corresponding to ASDAS cut-off values
Authors: Kwon Oh Chan , Park Min-Chan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
To determine cut-off values of BASDAI that can discriminate the four disease activity states (inactive disease, moderate disease activity, high disease activity and very high disease activity), separated by the validated Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) cut-off values (1.3, 2.1 and 3.5).

Methods
We included 333 patients with axial SpA whose data on BASDAI and ASDAS-CRP were available. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to determine the BASDAI cut-off values that best corresponded to ASDAS-CRP cut-off values. The degree of agreement between disease activity states based on the BASDAI and ASDAS-CRP cut-off values was assessed using weighted kappa.

Results
Of the total 333 patients, 52 (15.6%), 190 (57.1%), 76 (22.8%) and 15 (4.5%) patients had inactive disease, moderate disease activity, high disease activity and very high disease activity, respectively, according to the ASDAS-CRP. Receiver operating characteristic analyses revealed that the BASDAI values 1.9 [area under the curve (AUC) 0.948; 95% CI 0.922, 0.974], 3.5 (AUC 0.926; 95% CI 0.887, 0.966) and 4.9 (AUC 0.917; 95% CI 0.837, 0.996) best corresponded to the ASDAS-CRP values 1.3, 2.1 and 3.5, respectively. The degree of agreement between disease activity states based on the BASDAI and ASDAS-CRP cut-off values was good (weighted kappa: 0.724, P &lt;0.001).

Conclusion
The BASDAI values 1.9, 3.5 and 4.9 corresponded to the ASDAS-CRP values 1.3, 2.1 and 3.5, respectively. These cut-off values could be useful in clinical studies and real-world practice for determining disease activity status when ASDAS-CRP is unavailable.
Brain Activity During Antisaccades to Faces in Adolescence
Authors: Afyouni Alia , Geringswald Franziska , Nazarian Bruno , Grosbras Marie-Helene 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCognitive control and social perception both change during adolescence, but little is known of the interaction of these 2 processes. We aimed to characterize developmental changes in brain activity related to the influence of a social stimulus on cognitive control and more specifically on inhibitory control. Children (age 8–11, n = 19), adolescents (age 12–17, n = 20), and adults (age 24–40, n = 19) performed an antisaccade task with either faces or cars as visual stimuli, during functional magnetic resonance brain imaging. We replicate the finding of the engagement of the core oculomotor and face perception brain regions in all age-groups, with increased involvement of frontoparietal oculomotor regions and fusiform face regions with age. The antisaccade-related activity was modulated by stimulus category significantly only in adolescents. This interaction was observed mainly in occipitotemporal regions as well as in supplementary motor cortex and postcentral gyrus. These results indicate a special treatment of social stimuli during adolescence.
Mammalian birnaviruses identified in pigs infected by classical swine fever virus
Authors: Yang Zhe , He Biao , Lu Zongji , Mi Shijiang , Jiang Jianfeng , Liu Zhongdi , Tu Changchun , Gong Wenjie 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Currently, the Birnaviridae family contains four genera with all members identified from birds, fishes, and insects only. The present study reports a novel birnavirus unexpectedly identified from classical swine fever virus-infected pigs by viral metagenomic analysis, which is, therefore, named as porcine birnavirus (PBRV). Follow-up reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) screening of archived tissues of diseased pigs identified 16 PBRV strains from nine provinces/autonomous regions in China spanning 21 years (1998–2019), and the viral loads of PBRV in clinical samples were 105.08–107.95 genome copies per 0.1 g tissue, showing the replication of PBRVs in the pigs. Genome-based sequence comparison showed that PBRVs are genetically distant from existing members within the Birnaviridae family with 45.8–61.6 per cent and 46.2–63.2 per cent nucleotide sequence similarities in segments A and B, respectively, and the relatively closed viruses are avibirnavirus strains. In addition, indels of 57, 5, and 18 amino acid residues occurred in 16, 2, and 7 locations of the PBRV polyprotein and VP5 and VP1 proteins, respectively, as compared to the reference avibirnaviruses. Phylogenetic analysis showed that PBRVs formed an independent genotype separated from four other genera, which could be classified into two or three subgenotypes (PBRV-A1-2 and PBRV-B1-3) based on the nucleotide sequences of full preVP2 and VP1 genes, respectively. All results showed that PBRV represents a novel porcine virus species, which constitutes the first mammalian birnavirus taxon, thereby naming as Mambirnavirus genus is proposed.
A Qualitative Study on the Experience and Training Needs of ICU Nurses for Incontinence-Associated Dermatitis
Authors: Zhang Yu , Zhang Peng , Liu Jun-E , Gao Fengli 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
To explore the experience of incontinence-associated dermatitis (IAD) as perceived by nurses, obstacles in the nursing process, and need for IAD training and management.

METHODS
This single-setting descriptive qualitative study was conducted from June 5, 2018, to June 22, 2018. Ten nurses working in the respiratory ICU of a local hospital participated in semistructured interviews. The content analysis method was used to analyze, summarize, and refine the interview data.

RESULTS
The experience of ICU nurses with IAD can be divided into four types: nursing based on experiential knowledge, seeking self-improvement, disunity of cleaning methods and wiping skills, and postponement of nursing care because of priority allocation. Obstacles in the nursing process include a lack of relevant nursing knowledge and awareness, as well as the medical supplies needed. The goals of training and management include establishing IAD preventive nursing procedures, providing IAD care products, enhancing the practicality of training content and diversifying training methods, and establishing an information system to assist nurses caring for patients with IAD.

CONCLUSIONS
The knowledge and behavior of ICU nurses regarding IAD need to be improved. Training and management are imperative. Facilities and nurse managers should actively seek solutions to stated obstacles, formulate training methods suitable for clinical needs, and promote the standardization of nursing for IAD.
Cement-augmented dynamic hip screw (DHS) to manage intertrochanteric fractures (ITFs) in the elderly: a prospective case series
Authors: El-Senbsy Alaa M. , Khalifa Ahmed A. , Tammam Hamdy , Said El Sayed , Refae Hesham 
Published: September 2021

Background:
The purpose of this study was to report early results in managing intertrochanteric fractures (ITF) in an elderly patient cohort using a cement augmented dynamic hip screw (DHS) by a relatively easy technique with cheap instruments available in any operative room.

Methods:
In this prospective study, 25 patients aged 70 yr or more who were diagnosed with ITF were included. Conventional DHS instruments were used for fixation. An endotracheal tube, and a disposable 50-cc plastic syringe with a nozzle were used to inject low viscosity polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) bone cement inside the lag screw tract to obtain cement augmentation.

Results:
After an average follow-up of 8.3±2.1 mo, 20 patients (11 women and nine men) with a mean age of 76.9±5.8 yr were available for assessment. Sixteen patients were classified as AO/Orthopaedic Trauma Association (AO/OTA) type 31-A2, and four were classified as AO/OTA 31-A1. The average operative time was 70.3±9.5 min. All patients achieved radiographic fracture union by the last follow-up with an average tip apex distance of 21.8±1.9 mm. the average functional outcome according to the Salvati and Wilson scoring system was 27.4±5.9; 80% of the patients scored excellent and good. No complications were reported to the cement augmentation technique particularly lag screw cut out, implant failure, and femoral head avascular necrosis.

Conclusions:
Managing ITFs in elderly patients using a cement-augmented DHS revealed an acceptable functional and radiographic outcome with the use of a relatively easy, inexpensive, and safe technique.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Five-year follow-up of endoscopic resection of symptomatic os trigonum: a prospective interventional cohort study of a possible cause of ankle and big toe pain
Authors: Rakha Mohamed , Sallam Asser 
Published: September 2021

Background:
The authors aimed to evaluate the functional outcomes of endoscopic resection and debridement of symptomatic os trigonum and associated inflammatory changes including the flexor hallucis longus (FHL) pathologies.

Methods:
A prospective interventional study was conducted including 28 patients with 32 symptomatic os trigonum in the period from January 2010 to March 2016. The mean age of patients was 23.6 yr (range, 12 to 45 yr). All patients completed a minimum follow-up of 5 yr. Outcomes were assessed by the 100-mm visual analogue scale (VAS), American Orthopedic Foot and Ankle Society score (AOFAS), and the postoperative complication rate.

Results:
Endoscopic examination revealed tibiotalar and subtalar hypertrophic synovitis in 14/32 and 13/32 patients, respectively. A small bony prominence encroached upon the FHL in 3/32 patients, 18/32 patients had FHL tenosynovitis, and the FHL tendon was constricted at its entry point into the tarsal tunnel requiring release of the flexor retinaculum in one patient. The mean AOFAS and the VAS scores significantly improved at final follow-up. The degree of improvement of AOFAS and the VAS scores was greater for the posterior ankle impingement group than the os trigonum fracture group. All patients experienced no major complications.

Conclusions:
Posterior endoscopic excision of a symptomatic os trigonum is safe, feasible, and has excellent results in patients with various sporting or occupational activities. The degree of improvement is greater for patients without os trigonum fracture.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Applications and Error Ratios of Calibration Techniques in EOS, Orthoroentgenogram, and Teleoroentgenogram for Length Measurement: A Comparative Study
Authors: Asma Ali , Nichols Louise Reid , Ulusaloglu Armagan C. , Kazmi Faaiza , Rogers Kenneth J. , Drozdowski Barbara , Bowen James Richard 
Published: September 2021

Background:
Accurate length measurements of extremity bones are essential in treating limb deformities and length discrepancies in children.

Objective:
This study aimed to determine errors in common techniques used to measure lower limb lengths in children.

Methods:
Precision and instrument errors in length measurements were studied utilizing electro-optical system (EOS), orthoroentgenogram, and teleoroentgenogram The goal was to measure a 70-cm metallic rod phantom (average length of the lower extremity of a 10-year-old boy in the 50th percentile) in 3 phases. In Phase 1, the length measurements were performed in an EOS unit with internal calibrations, a magball/magstrip in various scan positions, and measurement with TraumaCAD software. In Phase 2, the measurements were repeated utilizing a single radiation “shot” teleoroentgenogram. In Phase 3, an orthoroentgenogram was utilized with a radiopaque ruler reference. The reliability and validity of measurements were calibrated by 4 physicians (a radiologist, senior orthopaedic attending, and 2 orthopaedic fellows).

Results:
EOS measurements utilizing internal references had excellent accuracy (for a 700-mm real length, magnification error (ME)] of 0.09%. Teleoroentgenogram with a magball reference and measurements performed with automatic calibration by TraumaCAD program results in ME of 1.83% with insignificant intraobserver/interobserver difference. Teleoroentgenogram with a magball or magstrip reference measured manually showed that the magball has higher intraobserver/interobserver variance than magstrip, with a 6.60 and 0.33-mm SD, respectively. The length by manual measurement utilizing the magstrip has ME of 2.21%. Orthoroentgenogram is accurate with ME of 0.26%, but does not allow anatomical analysis and is also radiation-costly.

Conclusion:
EOS and orthoroentgenogram are very accurate for length measurements. Teleoroentgenogram is less accurate in measuring length; however, addition of an external reference (magball, magstrip) placed lateral to the target improves accuracy. Automatic calibration with computer-based analysis of the external reference improves the accuracy more than manual calibration. If manual calibration is utilized, the length measurement is less accurate with the magball than the magstrip.

Level of Evidence:
Level II—comparative in vitro study.
Cardiovascular toxicity of contemporary antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Vos Alinda G. , Venter W.D.F. 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
HIV treatment has evolved since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in the 1990s. Earlier treatment strategies, and the introduction of integrase inhibitors in preferred first-line ART have fundamentally changed cardiovascular side effects due to HIV infection and ART. This review provides an update on cardiovascular toxicity of contemporary ART.

Recent findings
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, including heart failure, is still increased in people living with HIV (PLWH). Exposure to older antiretrovirals, including stavudine and zidovudine, still impact on CVD risk through persistent changes in body fat distribution years after discontinuation. Protease inhibitors (PI) and efavirenz have associated metabolic disturbances and increased risk of CVD, although use is decreasing worldwide. Integrase inhibitors and CCR5 antagonists seem to have negligible immediate CVD toxicity. Weight gain on newer antiretrovirals including integrase inhibitors is a reason for concern.

Summary
CVD risk should be monitored carefully in PLWH who were exposed to first generation ART, efavirenz or to PIs. Registries should capture ART use and CVD events to stay informed on actual clinical risk in the current era of rapid initiation on integrase inhibitor-based ART.
Hand grip strength and health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women: a national population-based study
Authors: Hong Yun Soo , Kim Hoon 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective:
Muscle strength progressively decreases after menopause. Hand grip strength (HGS) reflects overall muscle strength and may be associated with health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We aimed to assess the association between HGS and HRQoL in postmenopausal women.

Methods:
We used nationally representative data on 6,059 postmenopausal women from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2014-2018). HGS was determined as the maximum value in kilograms (kg) achieved using either hand. HRQoL was estimated using the European Quality of Life Questionnaire-Five Dimensions (EQ-5D) questionnaire. The prevalence ratios of having moderate/severe problems on the EQ-5D were evaluated with adjustment for covariates using complex survey analysis.

Results:
The prevalence of having a problem in at least one of the HRQoL dimensions among postmenopausal women was 43.6%. Compared with participants with the lowest quintile of HGS, women in the highest quintile had a significantly lower prevalence of moderate/severe problems in most dimensions (fully adjusted prevalence ratios [95% confidence intervals]; 0.73 [0.60-0.89], 0.45 [0.28-0.72], 0.52 [0.38-0.71], 0.74 [0.63-0.87], and 0.91 [0.70-1.18] for mobility, self-care, usual activity, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression, respectively). The associations between HGS and EQ-5D index were stronger among the participants who were older (65-79 y), had a higher body mass index (≥ 25.0 kg/m2), had low physical activity, had a longer duration since menopause (≥ 10 y), and had a chronic disease.

Conclusions:
Higher HGS was associated with a lower prevalence of moderate/severe problems in each dimension of the EQ-5D in postmenopausal women. These associations were more apparent in individuals who were older, had higher body mass index, or had a chronic disease.
Identifying the different subtypes in menopausal symptoms among middle-aged women in China: a latent class analysis
Authors: Zhao Di , Lv Gaorong , Zhang Yunxue , Xie Zihui , Wang Qing , Zhou Miao , Li Ping 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective:
Many studies have focused on the severity and prevalence of menopausal symptoms among middle-aged women, which are limited by heterogeneity and diversity of subtypes. Subtyping facilitates the adaptation to prevention and clinical intervention strategies that target women. To determine the existence of significant subgroups of women with similar menopausal symptoms, a person-centered approach was used to identify potential profiles of women during the menopausal transition. In addition, we aimed to examine the association between latent subtypes and individual factors.

Methods:
This cross-sectional study included 797 middle-aged women, aged 40 to 60 years, who were recruited from Shandong Province, China, between December 2017 and August 2018. We identified the subtypes in menopausal symptoms by performing a latent class analysis according to the self-reported Menopause Rating Scale and evaluated the robustness of our identified subtypes using a sensitivity analysis. Multinomial logistic regression was performed to explore the association between emergent latent subtypes and sociodemographic, clinical, and psychosocial characteristics.

Results:
The mean age of participants was 49.83 ± 5.05 years. (1) Four potential classes were identified in middle-aged women: “severe symptoms” (14.9%), “dominant sleep-emotion symptoms” (31.4%), “physical/mental exhaustion symptoms” (32.5%), and “no symptoms” (21.2%). The four classes were also verified using a sensitivity analysis according to age and menopause status subgroups, which revealed the robust subtypes of menopausal symptoms. (2) The odds ratio of neuroticism, chronic diseases, and gynecological diseases were significantly higher for the “severe symptoms,” “dominant sleep-emotion symptoms,” and “physical/mental exhaustion symptoms” classes, compared to the “no symptoms” class, while the odds ratio of mindfulness and social support were lower.

Conclusions:
A person-centered approach for middle-aged women could address the unmet need to understand the heterogeneity of menopausal symptoms. Subtyping facilitates the identification of the potential causes of menopausal symptoms and the development of personalized interventions.

Video Summary:

http://links.lww.com/MENO/A830.
Rat Models of Partial-body Irradiation with Bone Marrow-sparing (Leg-out PBI) Designed for FDA Approval of Countermeasures for Mitigation of Acute and Delayed Injuries by Radiation
Authors: Fish Brian L. , MacVittie Thomas J. , Gao Feng , Narayanan Jayashree , Gasperetti Tracy , Scholler Dana , Sheinin Yuri , Himburg Heather A. , Hart Barry , Medhora Meetha 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The goal of this study was to develop rat models of partial body irradiation with bone-marrow sparing (leg-out PBI) to test medical countermeasures (MCM) of both acute radiation syndrome (ARS) and delayed effects of acute radiation exposure (DEARE) under the FDA animal rule. The leg-out PBI models were developed in female and male WAG/RijCmcr rats at doses of 12.5–14.5 Gy. Rats received supportive care consisting of fluids and antibiotics. Gastrointestinal ARS (GI-ARS) was assessed by lethality to d 7 and diarrhea scoring to d 10. Differential blood counts were analyzed between d 1–42 for the natural history of hematopoietic ARS (H-ARS). Lethality and breathing intervals (BI) were measured between d 28–110 to assess delayed injury to the lung (L-DEARE). Kidney injury (K-DEARE) was evaluated by measuring elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) between d 90–180. The LD50/30, including both lethality from GI-ARS and H-ARS, for female and male rats are 14.0 Gy and 13.5 Gy, respectively, while the LD50/7 for only GI-ARS are 14.3 Gy and 13.6 Gy, respectively. The all-cause mortalities, including ARS and L-DEARE, through 120 d (LD50/120) are 13.5 Gy and 12.9 Gy, respectively. Secondary end points confirmed occurrence of four distinct sequelae representing GI, hematopoietic, lung, and kidney toxicities after leg-out PBI. Adult rat models of leg-out PBI showed the acute and long-term sequelae of radiation damage that has been reported in human radiation exposure case studies. Sex-specific differences were observed in the DRR between females and males. These rat models are among the most useful for the development and approval of countermeasures for mitigation of radiation injuries under the FDA animal rule.