bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil strength enhancement by adding of fly ash
Authors: Krishna P.V.V.S.S.R. , Swetha G. , Sukesh Chandana 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Fly ash is an industry development and also freely available so we intend to apply it. This paper deals with the experimental have a look at on development of homes of expansive soil via fly ash replacement. Soil pattern used on this task is an expansive soil that is collected from Bachupally, By engaging in diverse assessments like plastic restriction, liquid limit, free swell index, unconfined compressive test (UCC) and California bearing ratio (CBR) we came to know that the soil sample is weak in shear, bearing and plasticity hence we repeated those experiments by replacing the soil sample with fly ash in various percentages like 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% and came to know that the soil properties are improved at 30% replacement like max dry density increased by 5.5%,plasticity index decreased by 25.4% and CBR value increased by 200%.
Studies on the Seismic Behaviour of Setback Building
Authors: Selwyn Babu J. , Rex J. , Bhanu Prakash K. , Raju V S P 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Setback is kind of anomaly (irregularity) which can inductee various kinds irregularities for example, mathematical, mass or firmness anomalies and this along vertical side. The current examination is restricted to fortified cement outlined structures intended for seismic burdens (DL, LL and EL). The seismic conduct of G+10, G+15, G+20 and G+25 structures with and without misfortunes were contemplated. The models we re examined utilizing Response Spectrum technique in ETABS. The impact of Setback is contemplated considering the boundaries, for example, storey displacements, storey floats & storey shears are correlated with the structure without a setback.
Influence of heat treatment on interfacial microstructure of cast Babbitt /carbon steel bimetallic materials
Authors: Ramadan Mohamed , Fathy Naglaa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Bimetallic material has been extensively employed as an advanced functional material in different industrial applications for its unique physical and mechanical properties. Bi-metallic material can be fabricated by bonding of similar and dissimilar materials. Variety of physical and chemical properties, such as wettability, reactivity, phase transformation, as well as thermal properties must be compatible to bond each other. The results showed that bonding interface area of heat treated Babbitt/steel bimetal using tinning mixture of flux+ Sn was improved by 9%. Otherwise, bonding interface area of heat treated Babbitt/steel bimetal using tinning mixture of flux + Sn + glycerol and, flux +Sn + petroleum jelly was improved by 93% and 70% respectively. For all used tinning conditions, the interface thickness layer increase with heat treatment process of Babbitt/steel bimetal.
Experimental and Simulation Study of Heat Transfer During Metal Melting
Authors: Hari Chandra B P , Dinesh P A , Sumukh K S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Melting of metals, during a casting process involves an enormous amount of heat transfer from source to the raw material. Study of heat transfer, although helps in optimum utilization of power, practically it is a very difficult task owing to high temperatures. This paper reports an attempt to perform computer aided analysis of heat transfer/temperature distribution in an Electrical Resistance Furnace (ERF) and experimental validation of the same. Several novel techniques were used to serve the purpose. Lead, with a melting point of 327 ºC was used for simulation and experimental validation. The experimentation involves the placement of thermocouples in planned locations in the furnace, in the crucible and within the metal during the melting process. On similar lines, monitoring points were considered during the computational technique. The simulation was carried out using ANSYS’s Icepack module. The results indicate the suitability of the software-based computational/simulation technique for the melting process with an error of up to 20%, depending on the location of the thermocouples/monitoring points. The correlation of experimental vs. simulated values was very high in metal (R2=0.990 to 0.995) and lower (R2=0.635 to 0.666) in air.
Tribological and mechanical investigation of coir-silk reinforced polypropylene based matrix composites.
Authors: Vinay Kumar D , Nanjundaswamy C. , Sachit T.S. , Mohan N 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Silane treated natural fibers such as silk, coconut coir is reinforced into the polypropylene (PP) with a varying weight fraction of fibers and matrixes are developed in twin screw extruder at a constant temperature followed by the hot compression molding. Totally three different weight percentage of the polymer composites are developed. Such as silk fiber reinforced composites (S-PP), coir fiber reinforced composites (C-PP) and silk along with coir fiber reinforced composites (S-C-PP). The developed composites are then subjected to various tests. The water absorption capabilities of the all three composites are investigated. The composites are tending to abrasive wear test as per the ASTM standards. Design of experiments L-9 orthogonal array was introduced to identify the optimal wear condition of the composites developed. From the results it is observed that the tricholo vinyl silane chemical treatment to the coir and silk fibers enhances the tribo-mechanical properties of the fiber reinforced polymer composites. Also, the wear life of the composites was increased by 35% and water absorption capability increased by 42%. The scanning electron microscopy helped in identifying the impact of wear test over the surface of the composites at higher magnifications. The detailed surface morphology was executed in order to identify the behavior of the composites upon application of load.
Comparative dielectric study of binary mixtures of clove and cinnamon oil
Authors: Khan Mohammad Shafi , Chandel Vishal Singh , Singh Satyendra Pratap 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The present paper deals with the dielectric study (dielectric constant, dielectric loss) of two medicinal oils, cinnamon and clove oil and their binary mixtures at different temperatures and frequencies. HP 4194A impedance gain/phase analyzer and temperature controller (Julabo, model number F-25, microprocessor controlled) were used for determination of dielectric parameters and maintaining the temperature of pure oils their binary mixtures.
Durability studies on Geopolymer Mortar Cubes and their Impact Strength characteristics of Geopolymer Ferrocement Panels
Authors: Magudeaswaran P , Palanisamy M. , Prakash Akula , Srikanth T 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Ferrocement, a thin element, is cast-off as a structural construction as well as a repair material. In this investigation, geopolymer ferrocement panels was made by using ingredients such as fine aggregate, fly ash, water, and the binder solution. The binder solution consists of a combination of Sodium hydroxide and Sodium silicate solution in the ratio of 1:2.5. In this experiment setup, the size of the ferrocement panel adopted was 250mm x 250mm x 30mm. The optimum water/ binder ratio of 0.416 was selected in this experiment. The water/binder ratio is the ratio of solution (NaOH, Na2SiO and water) to fly ash. Two techniques of curing such as heat curing and ambient curing were adopted for this study. The slabs were cast with different types of meshes with single layer, double layers, and triple layers. The different meshes used were square woven, square welded and expanded metal mesh. The impact of different type of meshes and number of layers, preliminary energy absorption, ultimate energy absorption and ductility index were studied. The purpose of the present study is to examine the performance of fly ash based geopolymer ferrocement panels under impact loading and durability tests are conducted out in geopolymer cubes and this study concludes that ferrocement will certainly be one of the best structural alternatives for RCC in the future.
Comparative analysis of deflection in a bimetal
Authors: Jaya Kumar R K , Ashokkumar T , Sivakumar P 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A Bimetal is a combination of two different metals, which is employed in electrical appliances as a circuit breaker to prevent the overflow of current. The primary objective of this work is to examine the deflection produced in the bimetal component, due to electro-thermal load induced when the current flows through it. Copper and stainless steel are the most widely used metals having different coefficient of linear thermal expansion were taken as a bimetal composition and the same has been compared with Stainless steel and Aluminum. Modeling and analysis of the bimetal component, with different amperes, has been done using ANSYS and resulted stainless steel - Aluminium combination were shown higher deflection during the Analysis.
Synthesis and characterzation of graphite based shape memory polymers
Authors: Ranganatha Swamy MK , Mallik U S , Udayakumar V 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Shape memory polymers are the class of materials which regains its shape up on external stimulus like heat, magnetic field, light etc. these polymers have got wide range of applications in biomedical and automobile industries. There are many researches going on about the shape memory polymers and it is better than other smart materials in some characteristics. This paper covers about the strength of the polymer after adding graphite to the polymer. The addition of graphite would gradually increase the characteristics of the polymer. These polymers are flexible and have less strength. The primary idea of improving the characteristics was to increase the strength of the polymer. We have added graphite to peg based polymer which has increased the hardness significantly. Many tests were conducted on the graphite-based shape memory polymer like tensile test, hardness test and dynamic mechanical analysis, it was observed that the characteristics were enhanced by adding graphite to the polymer.
Overview on second & third order resonant switch mode power converter for variable input voltage applications
Authors: Eldho Reshma P , Ragasudha C P , Chhabra Anchal 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
DC-DC converters have wide applications in the field of battery charger, distributed generation, power supplies and so on. There are various isolated and non-isolated topologies available which has to be chosen based on the size, cost , weight, application, power range and duty of the converter. Due to increasing applicability of DC-DC converters, it is essential to enhance the efficiency, controllability and output regulation to a step ahead. Resonant converters at high frequency has gained attention in the market to a large scale due to its low size and weight. With the developing enthusiasm for this subject, it is essential to have a detailed review to sum up and update a unique reference about the soft switching configurations for better performance of the converter. The paper provides a brief overview in two and three element soft switching configurations. Moreover, The current technologies evolved in the field of resonant converters are also briefed for wide input voltage applications.
Water absorption and soil burial degradation of Poly (lactic) acid (PLA)/Oil palm fibres (OPF) composite.
Authors: Hapizi Norsuriati , Mohamed Rahmah 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
: This research investigated the biodegradation of cellulose based PLA with oil palm composites on two sizes of fibre (0.25mm and 1.0mm). Poly (lactic acid) (PLA) was blended with oil palm fibre using twin screw extrusion technique.The use of oil palm can enhance the biodegradability of PLA since it is compostable under soil burial and easier absorb by water before disintegration for a few weeks. PLA was found to be biodegradable but rather slow in compostability unless at high temperature and humidity. In this study,the biodegradation rate was tested using soil burial and water absorption test. The samples were buried in soil and tested in aqueous water for specific duration at different pH. The higher the fibre content of 25%, the higher the weight loss and water absorption through soil burial and water absorption testing respectively . For soil burial testing, tsample PLA OPF 25% higher weight loss of 3.7% were found for sample fiber size 1.0mm as compared to 1.6% (0.25mm). While for water absorption testing, sample has different behaviour at pH 5.5, 7 and 8. The higher the fibre content, the higher water and soil burial weight loss. For bigger fibre sizes of1.0 mm, higher water absorption and mass loss reading were observed.
A statistical study of factors affecting natural biovinegar fermentation from pineapple peel waste
Authors: Selvanathan Yashini , Masngut Nasratun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The objective of this work was to screen and evaluate the significant parameter which affected the natural fermentation of pineapple biovinegar. In this work, peel waste from local breed pineapple (Royal Pepina) was fermented naturally to produce an aromatic biovinegar. Full factorial design of Design Expert® was used to develop a random experimental run in which six parameters were screened off. They were the fermentation temperature (27 – 50 °C), fermentation time (5 – 28 days), fermentation condition (anaerobic and aerobic), the addition of glucose (0 – 7 %), the addition of yeast (0 – 0.3 %), and peel waste condition (slurry & juice). Three parameters were identified as significant factors, which were the condition of fermentation, fermentation temperature, and addition of glucose. The ANOVA of the model was statistically significant with R2
of 0.9948. The pineapple biovinegar produced in this work contained 3.18 % reducing sugar, 1.03 % ethanol, 3.03 % acid, 0.61 % acetic acid, 1.43 mg equi. AA/100mL ascorbic acid, pH of 3.16, 4.0 % sucrose, 8.0 °Brix total soluble solid, and 82.06 % DPPH free-radical scavenging activity of antioxidant in biovinegar. This result stood second highest after apple cider biovinegar when compared to commercially available biovinegar.
Effects of different processing parameters on the semisolid microstructure of Al6061 produced by a direct thermal method
Authors: Tajudin M. F. M. , Ahmad A. H. , Rashidi M. M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The effect of different processing parameters consist of pouring temperature and holding time on the semisolid microstructure of Al6061 feedstock billet produced by direct thermal method has been investigated in the present paper. In this experimental works, molten aluminium alloy 6061 was poured into a thin cylindrical copper mould at a constant temperature of 660 °C and held at different holding times of 20 s, 40 s, and 60 s. After it reached the desired holding time, the copper mould was then quenched into room temperature water. The microstructure formation of feedstock billets was characterized after the feedstock billets were taken out from the mould. Results show that, due to the rapid cooling condition of the molten 6061 inside the copper mould, more globular microstructures were obtained. The sample produced with a pouring temperature of 660 °C and holding time of 20 s, globular microstructure were apparent. Simultaneously, the sample with a pouring temperature of 660 °C and a holding time of 20 s produced smaller grain size than the sample with a pouring temperature of 660 °C and a holding time of 40 s and 60 s. Based on the results, the globular microstructures were superior at a shorter holding time, which allowed them to be quenched faster into room temperature water. The results from this experimental works suggest that the DTM feedstock billet globular microstructure formation merely depended on the heat convection of the molten alloy out from the copper mould. The faster heat convection out from the molten alloy which retarded the formation of dendritic microstructure thus transformed it into a globular microstructure for semisolid metal processing.
Extraction of FAME from fish waste by using modified soxhlet method
Authors: Mat Yasin N H , Ahmad N A N , Mohd Hanapi M F 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The number of fish waste has increased rapidly over the time. Most of discards composed of head, tail and internal organs are considered to be worthless. In this research, fish waste from Pangasius Hypopthalmus (Patin fish) was being used as the raw material to produce fish oil. Therefore, the objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of different ratio solid to solvent (1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5), temperature (70, 75, 80, 85 and 90 °C) and mixing time (1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 hours) on production of fish oil and to analyze the amount of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) in the fish oil. Sample preparation was being made by choosing solid fat from internal organ of Patin fish. Modified Soxhlet method was used to extract the fish oil from fish waste and ethanol as the solvent. FAME from extracted fish oil was analyze by using Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GCMS). The result showed that the highest yield of oil being produced was 59.92 ± 0.926 % at the temperature of 85 °C with 1:2 of ratio solid to solvent and 5 hours of mixing time. Besides, the extracted fish oil for sample 3 contained the highest amount of FAME which is 0.4016 mg/g with majority amount of saturated fatty acid.
Comparison Of Natural Adsorbent For Emulsified Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Najib Razali Mohd , Alhammadi Aseel , Musa Musfafikri , Khairul Nizam Mohd , Ermafiqka Anuar Amira 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Oil emulsion is often generated from machining industries, such as computer numerically controlled (CNC) machines and palm oil mill effluent (POME). The current study presents the adsorption strategy in treating the waste emulsion from CNC machines and POME using activated carbon, corncob, and rice husk. To evaluate the adsorbent performance, a jar test apparatus was used with the addition of the adsorbents for treating waste emulsion at the mixing rate of 100 rpm, mixing time of 30 min, and room temperature. The collected wastewater samples were characterised and analysed for chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), oil and grease (O&G), and total suspended solids (TSS). Five dosages of activated carbon, corncob, and rice husk were used in the study (i.e., 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 wt. %) with the control (0 wt. %). The study showed that rice husk and activated carbon managed to reduce pollutants in the emulsified wastewater. Thus, rice husk and activated carbon are suitable for treating industrial waste emulsion.
Inclusion of users’ material experience in sustainable product design: Case study of bio-based food packaging
Authors: Bak S K , Sakundarini N , Chin C M M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A user’s feeling plays a significant part in determining the success of a product design. This is because emotionally attractive design can arouse interest from a user and be able to meet his or her expectation during consumption. Nevertheless, it is hard to measure, evaluate and analyse this feeling since there is a discrepancy occurs between different user’s evaluation and lack of feasible process to be carried out. This paper presents a study on bio-based materials characterization based on users’ perception in the context of sustainable design, specifically for food packaging design. The aims of this study are to investigate the relationship of bio-based material’s characteristics and the user’s perception and develop a guideline for designers to integrate affective values into conceptual design and explore its linkage with material selection. The research approach breaks into two stages which are development of survey instrument and computer-based tool. Two surveys were carried out to obtain the affective values and the feelings evoked by the participants when they are presented with visual and tactile stimuli of the materials. Semantic differential scale and one sample t-test were used to perform the evaluation and analysis of the results. Based on the survey, significant affective values for each of bio-based materials can be identified as follow: sugar cane and starch-based materials is perceived as an eco-friendly material. Wood, paper, and palm leaf is perceived as natural material. PLA as elegant material and bamboo as strong material. This study’s quantitative method shows in detail the variation of users’ perception in terms of cognitive and affective and provide a useful proposed guideline that is applicable in any product design which involves with users’ emotional experience.
Engineering properties of irradiated waste polyethylene terephthalate (WPET) modified asphaltic concrete mixtures using the modified dry method
Authors: Usman Aliyu , Santhanasamy Rickey , Sutanto Muslich H , Zoorob Salah E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The large quantity of WPET production is causing adverse effects on the environment. A common approach to reusing these wastes is through recycling as aggregates in asphalt concrete (AC) mixes. However, because of the use of regular WPET in AC blends, some discrepancies in the mechanical properties were recorded. One way of dealing with this is to utilize gamma radiation on the WPET. This study mainly concentrates on the irradiation, volumetric, and Marshall parameters. The regular and irradiated WPET utilized in this research were in granules shape retained on BS sieve size 3.35mm, which would substitute natural aggregates of equal size by volume at four different WPET percentages, 0, 1, 3, and 5% by total aggregate weight. This study’s findings showed that aggregate substitution up to 5% enhanced most of the characteristics of the asphalt mixture considered when compared with the control mix. Based on the effect of irradiation on the WPET, it was noticed that mixes containing irradiated WPET showed a better output in terms of the engineering properties than those incorporating regular WPET.
Oil viscosity effects on lubricant oil film behaviour under minimum quantity lubrication
Authors: Zamiruddin N E H , Sani A S A , Rosli N 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Minimum Quantity Lubrication is a great alternative to flood coolant in many perspective such as economic perspective, safety and health perspective and others. In addition, natural biodegradable oils have been widely used as lubricant oil to meet the environmental-friendly machining environment. The study of lubricant oil fundamental nature during MQL machining is highly important to really identify how the lubricant oil behaviour does affects the lubricating process. Nevertheless, the study is still scarce probably due to the complexity of experimental setup and the natural flow of the lubricant oil cannot be disrupted during the machining operation. To cater this issue, the behaviour of MQL lubricant oil was investigated so a non-intrusive method called as Laser-induced Fluorescence method is applied onto Al6061 workpiece .This research was operated by different oil viscosity represented by different oil type i.e. mixed esters oil, sunflower oil, olive oil and calophyllum inophyllum oil to analyse the lubricant oil film thickness. Overall study showed that, the average of lubricant oil film thickness were significantly decreased as the oil viscosity increased affected by the spreadability of lubricant oil onto the milled surface. At all conditions for oil viscosities, the lubricant oil film showed similar downturn trend due to rise up of built-up edge formation and chips accumulation towards the milling point. Hence, the effects of MQL system parameter on the machining performance has been clarified in details through the observation on the MQL lubricant behaviour.