bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antecedents of smartphone multitasking: roles of demographics, personalities and motivations
Authors: Chen Xingyu , Wang Yitong , Tao Da , Jiang Ling , Li Shaobo 
Published: January 2021

PurposeSmartphone multitasking behavior has become prevalent in our daily lives, yet factors influencing smartphone multitasking behavior have not been fully investigated. This study aimed to examine the roles of a set of demographic, personality and motivational factors on smartphone multitasking behavior, and how these factors were related to general and application-specific types of smartphone multitasking behavior.Design/methodology/approachA cross-sectional study was conducted in which 2,659 smartphone users were invited to complete an online survey on smartphone multitasking behavior. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used to examine the roles of demographic, personality and motivational factors on smartphone multitasking behavior.FindingsThe results showed that, in general, demographic factors, such as gender, age, occupation status, education and smartphone usage time significantly predicted smartphone multitasking behavior. People characterized by agreeableness, extraversion, neuroticism and openness to experience were more likely to multitask with smartphones. Information seeking, efficiency and habit motivations were identified as major motivational factors for smartphone multitasking behavior. The roles of demographic, personality and motivational factors differed much across varied types of application-specific smartphone multitasking behavior.Originality/valueThis study extends and advances the literature on media multitasking, smartphone multitasking in particular, by identifying a set of demographic, personality and motivational factors as antecedents of smartphone multitasking behavior. In addition, this study revealed the differentiated roles of the above-mentioned factors across varied types of smartphone application usages. The findings provide important implications for practitioners to tailor smartphone applications and services to different target smartphone users and use situations.
Proxy problems: Why a calibration is essential for interpreting quantified changes in energy expenditure from biologging data
Authors: Halsey Lewis G. , Bryce Caleb M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

We do not yet have the means to directly measure the energy expenditure of wild animals, particularly at a high temporal resolution. However, we can instead measure factors that correlate with energy expenditure, such as heart rate or accelerometry, that is, energy expenditure proxies.

To estimate the magnitude of differences in energy expenditure between contexts (such as day and night, or travelling singly vs. in a group), our energy expenditure proxy must be calibrated. However, perhaps because of the logistical challenges of conducting such calibrations and the observation that most calibrations are linear, researchers sometimes interpret the degree of change in energy expenditure between contexts based on uncalibrated proxy data. When doing so, they implicitly assume that the ratio of the proxy values between contexts represents the ratio of energy expenditure values between those contexts.

This approach, however, is usually spurious because unless the relationship between energy expenditure and proxy passes through the origin (i.e. y‐intercept = 0), the ratio of change in the proxy between contexts does not represent the ratio of change in energy expenditure.

We model the error induced when data from an uncalibrated proxy are used to interpret changes in energy expenditure. We also estimate the errors made in published articles that employ this approach, by comparing the claimed change in energy expenditure between two contexts with the change in energy expenditure estimated by applying the best available calibrations now available. As predicted by the models we developed, the apparent size of the error in published articles is related to the relative size of the calibration y‐intercept.

Species‐ and activity‐specific empirical calibrations are the best option for interpreting proxies of energy expenditure. However, for mammals and birds, enough data have been amassed such that energy expenditure can be predicted from measures of heart rate by knowing animal heart mass or even body mass; perhaps a somewhat analogous predictive tool will be available in the future for accelerometry.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Cascading effects of algal warming in a freshwater community
Authors: Tseng Michelle , Di Filippo Carla M. , Fung Madeline , Kim Jihyun O. , Forster Ian P. , Zhou Yilin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Research on the effects of climate warming on ecological communities has focused on how temperature affects resource quantity. However, resource quality is also affected by warming, and changes in resource quality can have meaningful effects on the productivity of higher trophic levels.

Aquatic communities in particular experience temperature‐mediated shifts in resource quality because the nutritional value of algae is highly sensitive to temperature. For example, the production of healthful omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA) by algae often decreases with warming.

Decreased levels of some algal PUFAs with warming have led to the hypothesis that global warming should lead to an overall decrease in productivity in aquatic communities. However, this hypothesis: (a) potentially oversimplifies the relationship between algal PUFAs and temperature, and (b) assumes that the nutritional requirements of consumers are not affected by temperature. Here, we test these assumptions using a freshwater community (Scenedesmus algae, Daphnia zooplankton, Chaoborus insects).

Warming temperatures increased total algal PUFAs, but decreased algal cell size, resulting in no net effect of temperature on PUFA per algal cell. In contrast, quantities of algal neutral lipids decreased with warming. At the consumer level, Daphnia fed 12°C‐reared algae maintained higher population sizes than those fed 20°C or 28°C‐reared algae. However, the effect of algal food type diminished as Daphnia rearing temperature increased. The indirect effects of cold‐reared algae on the growth rate of Chaoborus predators were minor.

These data highlight the importance of investigating the effects of temperature on both resource quality and on the nutritional needs of consumers. Our results suggest that at warmer temperatures, consumer nutritional requirements may be reduced. We caution against broad claims that the negative relationship between some algal PUFAs and temperature should result in overall declines in aquatic productivity with ongoing climate warming.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Diversity begets diversity: Phorophyte and microsite relations of foliicolous lichens in the lowland rain forest at Los Tuxtlas Biosphere Reserve (Veracruz, Mexico)
Authors: Martínez Colín Paola , Lücking Robert , Herrera‐Campos María de los Ángeles 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe analyzed the structure of foliicolous lichen communities in the northernmost lowland forest of the Neotropics, Los Tuxtlas Tropical Biology Station in Veracruz, Mexico, and its dependence on phorophyte and microclimate. Along a 420‐m long transect with 15 equidistant sampling points, within a 10 m radius of each point, we sampled a total 137 phorophytes and 411 leaves. The phorophytes represented 13 species, with diverse leaf traits regarding size, texture, presence of hairs and/or glands, and longevity, including: Astrocaryum mexicanum (Arecaceae), Chamaedorea ernesti‐augustii (Arecaceae), Costus scaber (Costaceae), Guarea glabra (Meliaceae), Heliconia latispatha (Heliconiaceae), Monstera acuminata (Araceae), Myriocarpa longipes (Urticaceae), Piper hispidum (Piperaceae), Poulsenia armata (Moraceae), Pseudolmedia oxyphyllaria (Moraceae), Salacia megistophylla (Celastraceae), Siparuna thecaphora (Siparunaceae) and Syngonium podophyllum (Araceae). NDMS ordination and cluster analysis grouped the phorophytes into hierarchically structured clusters variously correlated with microsite, phorophyte species and foliicolous lichen species richness. Indicator species analysis revealed statistically significant foliicolous lichen species characteristic for terminal clusters and for phorophyte species. We conclude that the principle of “diversity begets diversity” may apply, in that phorophyte diversity influences the diversity of foliicolous lichen communities through the manifestation of subtle phorophyte preferences, best seen in well‐developed communities on leaves with higher longevity. Thus, well‐preserved forest ecosystems, with a higher diversity of suitable phorophytes, will support a higher diversity of foliicolous lichens, a phenomenon that extents to epiphytes in general.
Genetic diversity in natural populations of the endangered Neotropical orchidTelipogon peruvianus
Authors: Martel Carlos , Scopece Giovanni , Cozzolino Salvatore , Ayasse Manfred , Pinheiro Fabio , Cafasso Donata 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTelipogon peruvianusis a highly restricted, sexually deceptive, Neotropical orchid species, endemic to the southern Peruvian Andes. It is only known from two localities, which are affected by anthropogenic disturbance. Here, we investigated whether the restricted distribution ofT. peruvianushas led to low genetic diversity and inbreeding, thus threatening its survival. We isolated 10 novel microsatellite loci specific forT. peruvianus(and that also cross‐amplified in related species) from two adjacent populations. We found that genetic diversity within populations was only moderately reduced, along with some evidence of inbreeding. We found low levels of genetic differentiation, suggesting connectivity by pollen/seed flow between the two populations. Effective population size was comparable to the real number of flowering individuals in the populations and we did not detect the signature of recent bottlenecks. Taken together, these results show that, despite increasing anthropogenic pressure, the two investigated populations ofT. peruvianusstill host valuable genetic diversity that should be preserved through appropriate conservation strategies.
Fungal volatiles emitted by members of the microbiome of desert plants are diverse and capable of promoting plant growth
Authors: Camarena‐Pozos D. A. , Flores‐Núñez V. M. , López M. G. , Partida‐Martínez L. P. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryFungi represent a group of eukaryotic microorganisms that are an important part of the plant microbiome. They produce a vast array of metabolites, including fungal volatile organic compounds (fVOCs). However, the diversity and biological activities of fVOCs emitted by the mycobiota of plants native to arid and semi‐arid environments remain under‐explored. We characterized the chemical diversity of fVOCs produced by 22 representative members of the microbiome of agaves and cacti using SPME‐GC–MS. We further tested the effects of pure compounds on the growth and development of Arabidopsis thaliana and host plants. Members of the Sordariomycetes (nine strains), Eurotiomycetes (three), Dothideomycetes (eight), Saccharomycetes (one) and Mucoromycetes (one) were included in our study. We identified 94 fungal organic volatiles classified into nine chemical classes. Terpenes showed the greatest chemical diversity, followed by alcohols and aliphatic compounds. We discovered that camphene and benzyl benzoate, together with the widely distributed and already tested benzyl alcohol, 2‐phenylethyl alcohol and 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, improved plant growth and development of A. thaliana, Agave tequilana and Agave salmiana. Our studies on the fungal VOCs from desert plants underscore an untapped chemical diversity with promising biotechnological applications.
Narrowversusbroad: sexual dimorphism in the wing form of western European species of the subgenusAvaritia(Culicoides, Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: MUÑOZ‐MUÑOZ Francesc , PAGÈS Nonito , DURAO Ana. F. , ENGLAND Marion , WERNER Doreen , TALAVERA Sandra 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhile wing form is known to differ between males and females of the genusCulicoides, detailed studies of sexual dimorphism are lacking. In this study, we analyze sex‐specific differences in the wing form of 5 species of the subgenusAvaritia, using geometric morphometrics and comparative phylogenetic methods. Our results confirm the existence of marked sexual dimorphism in the wing form of the studied species and reveal for the first time that while there is a shared general pattern of sexual shape dimorphism within the subgenus, sexual size dimorphism, and particular features of sexual shape dimorphism differ among species. Sexual shape dimorphism was found to be poorly associated to size and the evolutionary history of the species. The tight association of sexual shape dimorphism with aspect ratio suggests that the shape of the wing is optimized for the type of flight of each sex, that is, dispersal flight in females versus aerobatic flight in males. Moreover, the fact that interspecific shape differences are greater and more strongly associated to aspect ratio in males than in females might be indicating that in males the selective pressures affecting flight performance characteristics are more heterogeneous and/or stronger than in females among the studied species.
Survey of Salmonella in raw tree nuts at retail in the United States
Authors: Zhang Guodong , Hu Lijun , Luo Yan , Santillana Farakos Sofia M , Johnson Rhoma , Scott Virginia N. , Curry Phillip , Melka David , Brown Eric W. , Strain Errol , Bunning Vincent K. , Musser Steven M. , Hammack Thomas S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe objective of this survey was to estimate the prevalence, contamination level, and genetic diversity of Salmonella in selected raw, shelled tree nuts (Brazil nuts, cashews, hazelnuts, macadamia nuts, pecans, pine nuts, pistachios, and walnuts) at retail markets in the United States. A total of 3,374 samples of eight tree nuts were collected from different types of retail stores and markets nationwide between September 2015 and March 2017. These samples (375 g) were analyzed using a modified FDA's BAM Salmonella culture method. Of the 3,374 samples, 15 (0.44%) (95% confidence interval [CI] [0.25, 0.73]) were culturally confirmed as containing Salmonella; 17 isolates were obtained. Among these isolates, there were 11 serotypes. Salmonella was not detected in Brazil nuts (296), hazelnuts (487), pecans (510), pine nuts (500), and walnuts (498). Salmonella prevalence estimates in cashews (510), macadamia (278), and pistachios (295) were 0.20% (95% CI [<0.01, 1.09]), 2.52% (95% CI [1.02, 5.12]), and 2.37% (95% CI [0.96, 4.83]), respectively. The rates of Salmonella isolation from major/big‐chain supermarkets (1381), small‐chain supermarkets (328), discount/variety/drug stores (1329), and online (336) were 0.29% (95% CI [0.08, 0.74]), 0.30% (95% CI [0.01, 1.69]), 0.45% (95% CI [0.17, 0.98]), and 1.19% (95% CI [0.33, 3.02]), respectively. Salmonella prevalence in organic (530) and conventional (2,844) nuts was not different statistically (P = 0.0601). Of the enumerated samples (15), 80% had Salmonella levels ≤0.0092 most probable number (MPN)/g. The highest contamination level observed was 0.75 MPN/g. The prevalence and contamination levels of Salmonella in the tree nuts analyzed were generally comparable to previous reports. Pulsed‐field gel electrophoresis, serotype, and sequencing data all demonstrated that Salmonella population in nuts is very diverse genetically.Practical ApplicationThe prevalence, contamination level, and genetic diversity of Salmonella in eight types of tree nuts (3,374 samples collected nationwide) revealed in this survey could help the development of mitigation strategies to reduce public health risks associated with consumption of these nuts.
Formulation of a mixed fruit beverage using fuzzy logic optimization of sensory data and designing its batch thermal pasteurization process
Authors: Dhar Rishab , Bhalerao Prasanna P. , Chakraborty Snehasis 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe study aims to formulate a mixed fruit beverage through sensory analysis, and the composition was optimized using a fuzzy logic algorithm. The fuzzy optimization algorithm was developed using a modified Takagi and Sugeno's approach, polynomial mixture modeling, and nonlinear solver engine. The optimized blend consisted of amla juice, pineapple juice, and coconut water in 14.3, 63.0, and 22.7%, respectively. Further, the batch thermal treatment was carried out within 50 to 95 °C for an isothermal holding time of 1 s to 10 min, and pasteurization condition for the beverage was estimated from kinetic modeling. The concept of thermal pulse inactivation due to non‐isothermal heat‐up‐time and cool‐down‐time has been introduced within the process time calculation. From the kinetic study, polyphenoloxidase enzyme appeared to be the most resistant entity towards inactivation among all the natural microbiota and quality deteriorating enzymes. Pasteurization in terms of achieving a 5D reduction of both aerobic mesophilic and yeast‐mold counts was attained over a range of 80 to 95 °C for 10.2 + 1.4 to 3.1 + 2.0 min (1.4 and 2.0 min = heat‐up‐time + cool‐down‐time), respectively. The 90% inactivation of both polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase enzymes was obtained over a range of 90 to 95 °C for 12.8 + 1.7 to 8.4 + 2.0 min, respectively. While obtaining both the microbial and enzyme stability at the isothermal condition of 95 °C for 8.4 min, the corresponding retention in ascorbic acid, total phenolics, and antioxidant capacity were observed as 49.7, 63.0, and 61.4%, respectively.Practical ApplicationIn this work, the formulation of a fruit blend was optimized through an intelligent optimization technique (fuzzy algorithm) applied to the sensory data set. The approach for calculating thermal processing time or pasteurization condition provides a new dimension with better precision. The thermal treatment condition of 95 °C for 10 min can be used for this mixed beverage to achieve both microbial stability (5‐log reduction) and enzyme stability (90% reduction). The presented study can be used as a reference for other similar beverages to achieve a complete process design from basic formulation optimization to thermal (batch‐type) processing conditions.
Dietary and plasma carotenoids are positively associated with alpha diversity in the fecal microbiota of pregnant women
Authors: Schmidt Kristen M. , Haddad Eliot N. , Sugino Kameron Y. , Vevang Karin R. , Peterson Lisa A. , Koratkar Revati , Gross Myron D. , Kerver Jean M. , Comstock Sarah S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBecause microbes use carotenoids as an antioxidant for protection, dietary carotenoids could be associated with gut microbiota composition. We aimed to determine associations among reported carotenoid intake, plasma carotenoid concentrations, and fecal bacterial communities in pregnant women. Pregnant women (n = 27) were enrolled in a two‐arm study designed to assess feasibility of biospecimen collection and delivery of a practical nutrition intervention. Plasma and fecal samples were collected and women were surveyed with a 24‐hr dietary checklist and recalls. Plasma carotenoids were analyzed by HPLC using photodiode array detection. Fecal bacteria were analyzed by 16S rRNA DNA sequencing. Results presented are cross‐sectional from the 36‐week gestational study visit combined across both study arms due to lack of significant differences between intervention and usual care groups (n = 23 women with complete data). Recent intake of carotenoid‐containing foods included carrots, sweet potatoes, mangos, apricots, and/or bell peppers for 48% of women; oranges/orange juice (17%); egg (39%); tomato/tomato‐based sauces (52%); fruits (83%); and vegetables (65%). Average plasma carotenoid concentrations were 6.4 µg/dL α‐carotene (AC), 17.7 µg/dL β‐carotene (BC), 11.4 µg/dL cryptoxanthin, 39.0 µg/dL trans‐lycopene, and 29.8 µg/dL zeaxanthin and lutein. AC and BC concentrations were higher in women who recently consumed foods high in carotenoids. CR concentrations were higher in women who consumed oranges/orange juice. Microbiota α‐diversity positively correlated with AC and BC. Microbiota β‐diversity differed significantly across reported intake of carotenoid containing foods and plasma concentrations of AC. This may reflect an effect of high fiber or improved overall dietary quality, rather than a specific effect of carotenoids.Practical ApplicationLittle is known about the association between the gut microbiome and specific dietary microconstituents, such as carotenoids, especially during pregnancy. This research demonstrates that a carotenoid‐rich diet during pregnancy supports a diverse microbiota, which could be one mechanism by which carotenoids promote health.
Aspergillus fumigatus AR04 obeys Arrhenius' rule in cultivation temperature shifts from 30 to 40°C
Authors: Nieland Susanne , Barig Susann , Salzmann Julian , Gehrau Frauke , Zamani Arief Izzairy , Richter Annabell , Ibrahim Julia , Gräser Yvonne , Ng Chyan Leong , Stahmann Klaus‐Peter 
Published: January 2021

SummaryTo set a benchmark in fungal growth rate, a differential analysis of prototrophic Aspergillus fumigatus AR04 with three ascomycetes applied in > 103 t year‐1 scale was performed, i.e. Ashbya gosspyii (riboflavin), Aspergillus niger (citric acid) and Aspergillus oryzae (food‐processing). While radial colony growth decreased 0.5‐fold when A. gossypii was cultivated at 40°C instead of 28°C, A. fumigatus AR04 responded with 1.7‐fold faster hyphal growth. A. niger and A. oryzae formed colonies at 40°C, but not at 43°C. Moreover, all A. fumigatus strains tested grew even at 49°C. In chemostat experiments, A. fumigatus AR04 reached steady state at a dilution rate of 0.7 h‐1 at 40°C, 120% more than reported for A. gossypii at 28°C. To study mycelial growth rates under unlimited conditions, carbon dioxide increase rates were calculated from concentrations detected online in the exhaust of batch fermentations for 3 h only. All rates calculated suggest that A. fumigatus AR04 approximates Arrhenius’ rule when comparing short cultivations at 30°C with those at 40°C. Linearization of the exponential phase and comparison of the slopes revealed an increase to 192% by the 10°C up‐shift.
Iatrogenic acid‐induced gingival recession during crown cementation: A case report
Authors: Kofina V , An H , Rawal SY 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAccidental contact of various chemicals in dentistry may cause damage to the gingiva. A male patient presented for a full mouth rehabilitation with ceramic crowns. The patient underwent the steps of ceramic crown preparation uneventfully. At the time of crown delivery, cotton rolls were placed in several vestibular areas for isolation. They were regularly changed during different steps of etching and cementation process, which included the use of Multilink Primer B (Ivoclar Vivadent™). On removal of the cotton roll in the area of upper right canine, the gingival tissues appeared blanched and grayish white. The cotton roll was found to have absorbed some etching material in it. As the patient was asymptomatic, he was dismissed. Two weeks later, the patient presented with inflammation and gingival recession in the same area. Initially, he was treated palliatively, and subsequently, he received a connective tissue graft on the upper right canine. This case report showed that acid etching material used during the prosthodontic cementation may have caused a gingival recession, which was successfully treated with tunnel flap and connective tissue graft. Optimal isolation of the operative field should be performed to avoid this problem.