bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Apresentação: Religiões afro-brasileiras e a expansão das fronteiras: desafios interpretativos sobre a produção do sagrado e das identidades religiosas na contemporaneidade
Authors: Miranda Ana Paula Mendes de , Bahia Joana , Corrêa Roberta de Mello 
Published: January 2021

A organização deste dossiê foi motivada pelo interesse em analisar as especificidades que envolvem a expansão das religiões afro brasileiras em contextos sociopolíticos distintos, bem como os desafios teórico-metodológicos que surgem dessas pesquisas. Interessava-nos debater, a partir de pesquisas empíricas, como as formas de expressão afro-brasileiras são criativamente produzidas e transformadas e compreender suas consequências político-religiosas. Tal perspectiva é fundamental para uma controvérsia acerca de sua permanência e reprodução no cenário contemporâneo brasileiro de ataques e perseguições a essas tradições, bem como problematizar o debate sobre o que seriam essas novas misturas de religiões, com destaque para o papel dos atores religiosos e como suas crenças e comportamentos afetam os contextos sociais estudados.
O Feminejo e o empoderamento narcísico feminino
Authors: Seixas Leonardo Machado de Aguiar 
Published: January 2021

Este artigo tem como objetivo uma análise dialógica da narrativa do feminejo, vertente contemporânea da música sertaneja brasileira feita por mulheres. Para tal, esse estudo busca estabelecer uma relação entre os enunciados narrativos nas canções feminejas e a realidade concreta, identificada nas figuras das intérpretes desse gênero musical e do seu público. O artigo tem como base teórica estudos de Mikhail Bakhtin como sustentação para a ideia depolifonia existente na narrativa femineja; Homi Bhabha, a fim de revelar a tática do hibridismo narrativo realizado pelo feminejo; e Gayatri Spivak como suporte à compreensão da subalternidade da origem e formação do feminejo com relação à música sertaneja.Ainda, esse artigo se vale dos estudos sobre o narcisismo de Christopher Lasch como esteio à descrição e entendimento das subjetividades identificadas na narrativa do feminejo.
Anal Cancer
Authors: Tsao Miriam , Shibata David 
Published: January 2021

This chapter focuses on anal squamous cell carcinoma and its precursor lesions and summarizes the relevant epidemiology, evaluation, and management. Risk factors including human immunodeficiency virus status and sexual practices as well as the role of human papilloma virus in anal cancer pathogenesis are reviewed. Further understanding of the molecular biology of anal cancer will inform future strategies for targeted therapy, and biomarkers such as p16 and p53 may emerge as important prognostic indicators. Anal low-grade or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion histologies are particularly prevalent in at-risk populations, and surgical oncologists should understand the principles that underlie surveillance and management strategies. Finally, the role of chemoradiation and salvage abdominoperineal resection and the options for systemic therapy in the setting of metastatic disease are outlined.

This review contains 10 figures, 5 tables, and 77 references.
Key Words: Anal cancer, Anal HSIL, Anal LSIL, Anal margin cancer, Anal squamous cell, carcinoma, HPV, p16, Perianal cancer
Allograft Liver Biopsy
Authors: Coelho Little Ester , Berenguer Marina 
Published: January 2021

Although not ideal, liver biopsy is the best available method for evaluation of the liver and is considered the gold standard. The most common use of liver biopsies in the posttransplantation setting is for diagnosis of allograft dysfunction presenting with abnormal liver chemistry tests. The causes of allograft dysfunction differ according to time. Early on, preservation and reperfusion injury, infection, donor-related disease, and acute rejection are more common. Later, disease recurrence, de novo disease, and chronic rejection are seen more frequently. A complete history and physical examination are followed by ultrasonography with Doppler. If biliary or vascular causes are suspected, further imaging is performed and stents or surgery planned. If these tests are not diagnostic, a liver biopsy is performed. In addition to diagnosis of allograft dysfunction, protocol liver biopsy can be helpful particularly to diagnose disease recurrence, particularly the immune-mediated diseases, as well as to evaluate the patient for eligibility for immunosuppression minimization and possible withdrawal. Given the risks and cost associated with liver biopsy, several methods are used for evaluation of fibrosis and rejection in the liver allograft. Although very promising, these methods have not been widely validated and are not ready for clinical use.
This review contains 9 figures, 2 tables, and 54 references.
Key Words: biopsy to diagnose allograft liver dysfunction, disease recurrence after liver transplant, immunosuppression withdrawal after liver transplant, liver biopsy to guide immunosuppression minimization, noninvasive methods to evaluate liver allograft, posttransplant diagnostic liver biopsy, preservation and reperfusion injury, protocol liver biopsy after transplant
Hypothyroidism and Thyrotoxicosis
Authors: Ladenson Paul W. 
Published: January 2021

Thyroid disorders are the most common endocrine conditions encountered in clinical practice and can range from clinically obvious to clinically silent. This review provides the definition and epidemiology of the conditions of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Hypothyroidism can be congenital or acquired, and its pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management are presented. The three most common disorders of thyrotoxicosis (diffuse toxic goiter [Graves disease], toxic nodular goiter, and iatrogenic thyrotoxicosis in thyroid hormone–treated patients are addressed, as well as the many diseases in each of these categories. This review also discusses thyroiditis, goiter, thyroid nodules, and thyroid cancer. Tables list the causes of elevated serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels, the etiologic classification of thyrotoxicosis, characteristic features of thyroiditis, and causes of elevated serum total thyroxine levels. Figures show the prevalence of abnormalities in thyroid function tests in different populations, certain forms of hyperthyroidism that result from pathophysiologic activation of the TSH receptor, and inflammation of thyroid tissue in acute thyroiditis.

This review contains 3 figures, 12 tables, and 61 references.
Key Words: Hypothyroidism, Thyrotoxicosis, Thyrotropin, celiac disease, vitiligo, pernicious anemia, Sjögren syndrome, Graves disease, Munchausen syndrome
Posttransplant Complications: Biliary and Vascular
Authors: Coelho Little Ester , Berenguer Marina 
Published: January 2021

Since it was first described, the overall patient and graft survival after liver transplant have improved with advances in immunosuppression and surgical and anesthetic techniques. Despite this improvement, there continues to be both biliary and vascular complications associated with this life-saving operation, which can lead to further procedures, reoperation, and retransplant. Advances in endoscopic and percutaneous techniques have had a significant impact on the perioperative management of posttransplant complications, resulting in a reduction in reoperations and retransplants. Changes in intraoperative management with the use of thrombolytic therapy have allowed for the expansion of the donor pool, allowing the use of donation after cardiac death with increased safety and decreased risk of ischemic biliary tract injury. This article serves to highlight the vascular and biliary complications following transplant, their etiology, diagnosis, and management.
This review contains 9 figures, 1 table, and 33 references.
Key Words: bile leak, biliary stricture, deceased donor liver transplant, donation after brain death (DBD), donation after cardiac death, hepatic artery thrombosis, ischemic cholangiopathy, living donor liver transplant, portal vein thrombosis, thrombolytic therapy, venous outflow obstruction.
Evaluation and Treatment of Pediatric Obesity
Authors: Desai Nirav K , Softic Samir 
Published: January 2021

Obesity is one of the most significant health problems facing children and adolescents. The definition of overweight in children is a body mass index between the 85th and less than 95th percentile, whereas obesity is greater than or equal to the 95th percentile for age and sex. There are multiple comorbidities associated with obesity, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, sleep apnea, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, as well as psychosocial issues.

This review contains 3 figures, 4 tables and 63 references.
Key Words bariatric surgery, metabolic syndrome, obesity treatment, pediatric obesity, weight loss surgery
Oral Health and Nutrition
Authors: Palmer Carole. A. , Cheng Zhangmuge 
Published: January 2021

Oral diseases are among the most prevalent diseases affecting global health. In his report on the crisis in oral disease in America, the Surgeon General warned that one cannot be truly healthy without oral health. Oral health means freedom from all oral health problems; tooth decay (dental caries), periodontal diseases, tooth loss, oral-facial pain, oral cancer and the effects of its treatment, oral infections, craniofacial birth defects and more. The relationships between oral conditions and systemic health and disease are many and synergistic, and most involve dietary and/or systemic nutritional factors. Diet and nutrition can play important roles in the etiology, prevention, and/or management of oral conditions, as they do in overall health and disease. Today, all health professionals and educators need to be aware of and consider oral issues and their possible diet/nutritional implications as a component of optimal health care and education. This review article provides a brief overview of how diet and nutrition impact and are impacted by oral conditions, and offers general guidelines and resources for providing meaningful interventions throughout the life cycle.

This review contains 3 figures, 3 tables, and 57 references
Key Words: biofilm, cariogenic, dental caries, dental plaque, ECC-early childhood caries, lactobacillus, mucositis, non-cariogenic, periodontal disease, Streptococcus mutans
Imaging of the Temporal Bone
Authors: Pruitt Peter 
Published: January 2021

As the structure of the ear is made of little more than cartilage, a limited blood supply, and a thin layer of skin, trauma in this area can easily manifest from a variety of causes. Some common examples of trauma involve laceration, piercing (intentional or otherwise), infection causing chondritis, blunt trauma causing necrosis, rupture of the tympanic membrane, perforation of the ear drum, and acoustic trauma that may result in hearing disorders such as tinnitus and high-frequency hearing loss. Acute hearing loss shows in two forms: conductive hearing loss and sensorineural hearing loss, the latter of which is caused by damage to the anatomic or neurologic structures of the ear dedicated to hearing. Sensorineural hearing loss generally has a poor prognosis and mandates prompt referral to an otolaryngologist.
This review contains 4 figures, 13 tables, and 32 references.
Keywords: Ear, auricular canal, trauma, otitis media, otitis externa, hearing loss, mastoiditis, cerumen, impaction
Treatment of Sternal Wound Infections
Authors: Orgill Dennis P 
Published: January 2021

Sternal wound complications are a serious consequence of cardiac surgery. The use of muscle and/or omental flaps has been particularly important to treat these complications. The pectoralis major muscle is the most commonly used muscle to treat these infections. The greater omentum provides a potential rich source of vascularized tissue. Innovation in sternal union techniques provide surgeons with options to further prevent these complications in high risk patients. These complications remain with substantial morbidity and mortality and a multidisciplinary approach can minimize complications and reduce time in the hospital.
This review contains 4 figures, 2 tables, and 20 references.
Key words: sternum, wound, infection, mediastinitis, pectoralis major, omentum, sternal plates, sternal rewiring
Reconstruction of the Abdominal Wall with Mesh I: Component Separation Techniques
Authors: Ross Samuel W. , Heniford B. Todd , Augenstein Vedra A. 
Published: January 2021

Truly complex hernias which are multiply recurrent, have active infections, loss of domain, presence of stomas, require component separation or panniculectomy, and/or have other exacerbating factors, are truly challenging to manage operatively, and the multidisciplinary operations to repair them have become known collectively as abdominal wall reconstruction (AWR). Component separation techniques and panniculectomy, to name a few, have become commonly used techniques for operative management for complex hernias. Herein, we describe the history and technical aspects of component separation, panniculectomy and other adjunct techniques in abdominal wall reconstruction. In particular, a focus on patient specific clinical outcomes such as hernia recurrence, wound complications, and quality of life has been made in regards to use and types of component separation. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive review of the state of the literature and our recommendations for AWR, for the Plastic, General, and Hernia surgeon alike.
This review contains 7 figures, 1 video, 1 table, and 79 references.
Keywords: ventral hernia repair, incisional hernia, abdominal wall reconstruction. component separation, transversus abdominis release (TAR), surgical site infection, advances in hernia repair, robotic hernia repair, robotic component separation, botulinum toxin
Calvarial and Scalp Reconstruction
Authors: Hanasono Matthew M 
Published: January 2021

Scalp reconstruction involves nearly the entire spectrum of reconstructive surgery, including skin grafting, local flaps, and microvascular free flaps. Additionally, tissue expansion can play important role in maximizing outcomes. In recent years, reconstructive algorithms specific to scalp reconstruction have been developed that consider not only the size of the defect, but the quality of local tissues. Many materials have been used for calvarial reconstruction and most modern alloplasts are as reliable as autologous bone, although each as its own advantages and disadvantages. Simultaneous scalp and calvarial reconstruction is now routinely performed. Remaining challenges include management of wound complications over alloplasts and of the infected cranial bone flap following neurosurgical procedures.
This review contains 15 figures, 5 tables, and 41 references.
Keywords: scalp, calvarium, cranioplasty, free flap, tissue expander, skin graft, bone graft, titanium mesh, methylmethacrylate, polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
Breast Augmentation
Authors: Culbertson Eric J. , Adams Jr William P. 
Published: January 2021

Breast augmentation is a complicated process that goes far beyond placing an implant in a pocket. The implants and techniques of breast augmentation have undergone significant evolution over the past 50 years, and this is now one of the most commonly performed cosmetic procedures worldwide. Advancements in shell barrier technology and silicone form stability have improved implant functional characteristics and mechanical properties. Tissue-based planning uses measurable patient characteristics to match an implant to the patient’s tissue for greater control of the aesthetic result while minimizing complications. The realization of three-dimensional modeling systems allows a more sophisticated approach to implant selection and establishment of patient expectations. Specific surgical techniques, including pocket plane and incision location, ensure ideal implant placement. Optimal patient outcomes are achieved by integrating patient education, implant selection with tissue-based planning, refined surgical technique, and detailed postoperative recovery.
This review contains 12 figures, 6 tables, 1 video, and 74 references.
Key Words: breast augmentation, breast implants, breast implant-associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma, dual plane, capsular contracture, saline implants, silicone implants, tissue-based planning, three-dimensional imaging
Dermatologic Wounds
Authors: Borda Luis J , Kallis Penelope J , Jaller Jose A , Kirsner Robert S 
Published: January 2021

A wound is characterized as a disruption on the epidermis continuity of either skin or mucosa as a result of physical damage or an underlying disease. Dermatologic wounds may be produced by infection, prolonged pressure, malignancy, neuropathy, ischemia, venous insufficiency, inflammatory conditions, drugs, and external causes. The most common etiologies of chronic wounds are venous leg ulcers, diabetic foot ulcers, pressure ulcers, and arterial ulcers. These types of wounds are called typical wounds, whereas wounds that do not belong to this group are called atypical. We present a comprehensive review in which we describe the concept, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of dermatologic wounds.
This review contains 2 figures, 2 tables and 82 references
Key Words: atypical wounds, unusual wounds, chronic wounds, typical wounds, dermatological wounds, wound healing, hard-to-heal wounds, trauma, infection.
Complementary, Alternative, and Integrative Medicine
Authors: Langevin Helene M. 
Published: January 2021

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) refers to a group of diverse medical and health care systems, practices, and products that are not considered to be part of conventional or allopathic medicine. Common CAM practices (e.g., acupuncture, meditation, and therapeutic massage) are gradually becoming incorporated into conventional care in response to patients looking to alternative sources for information and advice about health matters and increased understanding of various CAM methods through evidence-based testing. However, although the claims of some methods are supported with academic research, well-founded concerns remain in many popularized CAM practices regarding the lack of evidence and placebo effects. It is thus imperative for physicians to be comfortable in discussing CAM-related topics with patients and be able to appropriately and informatively guide them in a way that harnesses potential benefits and avoids potential harm. In this review, the major CAM therapies in the United States are examined, including the settings in which they are being used, evidence base status, and efficacy of some of the most commonly used modalities.
This review contains 5 figures, 21 tables, and 123 references.
Keywords: Alternative medicine, complementary medicine, acupuncture, homeopathy, osteopathy, chiropractic, massage therapy, naturopathy
Sleep Well to Be Well: Importance of Healthy Sleep during Medical Training
Authors: Kritikou Ilia , Rosen Ilene 
Published: January 2021

Sleep is vital for our survival and wellness; lack of sleep is associated with significant cognitive, behavioral and physical health consequences, including increased mortality. In resident physicians and other health care providers, scheduled in-house calls, frequent pager/phone calls, and work required during nights are the norm. These phenomena along with the normal pull for work/life balance lead to acute and chronic partial sleep restriction, sleep disruption and circadian misalignment. As is true for the general population, residents are not immune to sleepiness and performance deficits associated with curtailed sleep. Residents are also at risk for metabolic dysregulation, including increased risk of obesity, cardiovascular disease, and mood disturbances that accompany disrupted sleep and circadian misalignment. Initial data suggesting worse patient outcomes when residents work >80 hours weekly, pushed Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) to limit resident duty-hours to 80 weekly, 30 per shift; newer data fail to show improved patient outcomes under the new limited work schedule. Nevertheless, recent studies suggest extended work schedules and circadian misalignment negatively affect well-being of resident physicians, increase risk of motor vehicle accidents. Long-term effects are yet to be determined.Implementing educational programs that foster programmatic, individual responsibility for fatigue management, GME programs and their leadership may mitigate negative consequences on safety and wellness.

This review contains 2 figures, 3 tables, and 36 references.
Keywords: sleep, sleep deprivation, sleepiness, circadian rhythms, residency, health care, patient outcomes, ACGME, wellness
Cognitive Disorders Other than Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Gale Seth A , Daffner Kirk R. 
Published: January 2021

Higher cognitive functions, such as abstract reasoning, complex decision making, and language, are the mental faculties that separate our species from other animals. When these faculties become impaired as a result of neurologic disease, striking and devastating behavioral changes result. Many neurologic diseases are associated with impaired cognition and behavior, and their etiologies are as varied as their clinical presentations. In this review, the focus is on dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), the frontotemporal dementias (FTDs), and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). The review covers the epidemiology and diagnosis of DBB, FTDs, and VCIs, as well as the etiology and genetics. Figures show neuroimaging in DLB, management of DLB, FTLD clinical syndromes, FTLD clinicopathologic correlations: approximate distribution of pathotypes for behavioral-variant FTD and primary progressive aphasia (PPA) variants, PPA-semantic subtype, PPA-logopenic subtype, post-stroke VCI, and subcortical ischemic vascular disease subtype of VCI. Tables list diagnostic criteria for DLB, FTD genetics: gene/protein relationship, clinical syndrome, salient geatures, VCI: clinical and pathologic features of the main subtypes, summary guidance based on VCI prevention studies, and summary guidance based on VCI treatment studies.

This review contains 8 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, and 254 references.
Management of Small Renal Masses
Authors: Lawson Keith A , Finelli Antonio 
Published: January 2021

The rise in incidentally discovered enhancing solid renal tumors has spurred the development of new approaches to managing this unique clinical entity known as the small renal mass (SRM). These approaches are grounded on a better understanding of the natural history of SRM, with the goal to reduce the morbidity associated with their management and avoid overtreatment. In this chapter, we review the body of evidence pertaining to the classification and clinical management of SRMs with respect to diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up. In addition, we discuss the controversies and active areas of development for this rapidly evolving field that strides towards a precision medicine paradigm.

This review contains 6 figures, 6 tables and 63 references
Keywords: Small renal mass, renal cell carcinoma, radical nephrectomy, renal tumor biopsy, active surveillance, natural history, oncocytoma, robotic surgery, partial nephrectomy