bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Africa and the Shaping of International Human Rights
Authors: Nault Derrick M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Africa throughout its postcolonial history has been plagued by human rights abuses ranging from intolerance of political dissent to heinous crimes such as genocide. Some observers consequently have gone so far as to suggest that human rights are a concept alien to African cultures. The International Criminal Court (ICC)’s focus on Africa in recent years has reinforced the region’s reputation as a hotspot for human rights violations. But despite Africa’s notoriety concerning human rights, Africa and the Shaping of International Human Rights argues that the continent has been pivotal for helping shape contemporary human rights norms and practices. Challenging prevailing Eurocentric interpretations of human rights’ origins and evolution, it demonstrates that from the colonial era to the present Africa’s peoples have drawn attention to and prompted novel ways of thinking about human rights through their encounters with the world at large. Beginning with the depredations of King Leopold II in the Congo Free State in the 1880s and ending with the ICC’s current activities in Africa, it reveals how African events, personalities, groups, and nations have influenced the trajectory of human rights history in intriguing and critical ways, in the end enlarging and universalizing a major discourse of our time.
The Perils of ‘Progress’
Authors: Nault Derrick M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter Two, building on the insights of the German American political theorist Hannah Arendt, examines the African colonial origins of Nazi atrocities that led to the issuing of such documents as the Nuremberg Principles and Genocide Convention. It shows that Nazi racial beliefs, hardly a product of the 1930s or 40s, emerged from nineteenth-century theories of race and progress that were tested and refined in Africa. Highlighting the plight of blacks in South Africa and Nama and Herero in German South-West Africa, it further demonstrates that the concentration camp as an instrument of dehumanization and death was first perfected in southern Africa and later inspired Nazi proponents of genocide. As to why colonial Africa’s significance for World War II atrocities has largely gone unrecognized, the chapter discusses key events and social processes that gave rise to obfuscations and omissions in global historical memory.
J. M. Synge
Authors: Hewitt Seán 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This is a complete study of the works of the Irish playwright, travel writer, and poet J. M. Synge (1871–1909). A key and controversial figure in the Irish Literary Revival, and specifically in the Abbey Theatre, Synge’s career was short but dynamic. Moving from an early Romanticism, through Decadence, and on to a combative, protesting modernism, the development of Synge’s drama was propelled by his contentious relationship with the Irish politics of his time. This book is a full and timely reappraisal of Synge’s works, exploring both the prose and the drama through an in-depth study of Synge’s archive. Rather than looking at Synge’s work in relation to any distinct subject, this study examines Synge’s aesthetic and philosophical values, and charts the challenges posed to them as the impetus behind his reluctant movement into a more modernist mode of writing. Along the way, the book sheds new and often surprising light on Synge’s interests in occultism, pantheism, socialism, Darwinism, modernization, and even his late satirical engagement with eugenics. One of its key innovations is the use of Synge’s diaries, letters, and notebooks to trace his reading and to map the influences buried in his work, calling for them to be read afresh. Not only does this book reconsider each of Synge’s major works, along with many unfinished or archival pieces, it also explores the contested relationship between Revivalism and modernism, modernism and politics, and modernism and Romanticism.
Introduction
Authors: Hewitt Seán 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The introduction outlines Synge’s main aesthetic, philosophical and spiritual values, drawing on archival material and early texts to emphasise the importance of a connection to, and harmony with, nature. Guiding the reader through the critical heritage on Synge, and the emergence of a political Synge in criticism, it also explores the culture of the Irish Revival in relationship to modernity. It also outlines key themes for the book: Synge’s engagement with mysticism, socialism, modernisation, Irish nationalism and European literature. The introduction positions Synge as a writer who was a Romantic in temperament, but a modernist in practice.
The Wicklow Essays
Authors: Hewitt Seán 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the essays Synge wrote and revised over a decade (1898–1908) during his travels in Wicklow. Beginning with a discussion of Synge’s engagement with natural history, and his simultaneous engagement with positivistic science and works on spiritualism and mysticism, the chapter firstly argues that Synge’s religious sense was pantheistic and worked to reconcile his belief in evolutionary science with a sense of the numinous. Drawing on ecocritical scholarship, the chapter reads Synge’s essays alongside his contemporary reading of evolutionary theorists such as Henry Drummond, T. H. Huxley, and Darwin, and writers who applied evolutionary thought to anthropology and sociology, such as James Frazer and Herbert Spencer. By showing that Synge worked to ‘re-enchant’ nature, emphasizing close connection with the physical world as the principal source of spiritual experience, and by placing this alongside the occult knowledge explored in the previous chapter, Chapter 2 shows that Synge’s view of nature is essentially mystical. Synge’s contribution to little magazines is used to trace the development of his work, showing how the illustrations chosen for his article ‘The Last Fortress of the Celt’ work to compound Synge’s presentation of the Irish peasant as a member of the global primitive. Finally, this is shown to have a socialistic dimension through Synge’s writings about forms of labour, in which the vagrant figure, through the rejection of the unequal exchange of time and capital, is freed into a sort of religious state which Synge then associates with the opposition between ‘vigorous’ and Decadent art.
‘From the Congested Districts’
Authors: Hewitt Seán 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
While travelling in the ‘Congested Districts’ of Mayo and Connemara with Jack Yeats in early summer 1905, on commission for The Manchester Guardian, Synge wrote a short vignette which he later added to the fourth part of his as-yet-unpublished prose narrative, The Aran Islands. The vignette in question takes the form of an inserted ‘set piece’ in which a crow is found trying to smash a golf ball. Here, the manuscript reveals the effects of the Guardian commission in confirming Synge’s oppositions to modernization in the west of Ireland and in prompting an increasing irony towards his earlier Romanticism. Taking this ‘set piece’ as its starting point, this chapter mobilizes Synge’s reading in socialism, and his correspondence and drafts for the Guardian commission, to demonstrate the writer’s socialist proclivities and to chart their nuances. Drawing on the earlier chapters of the book, this chapter shows that Synge’s socialism is rooted in nature and mystical experience, and in thought patterns borrowed from Spencerian evolutionism: he opposes modernization when it takes on a homogenizing form which he perceives as anti-nature. By showing that for Synge the aesthetic is politicized, and the political aestheticized, this chapter also registers a recalibrated Synge, evolving a more modernist response to his own notoriety. It concludes by positing the revision of his subsequent article, ‘The People of the Glens’, as a measure of an increasingly ironic sensibility, leading into the elaborate ironical, political structures of his final completed play, The Playboy of the Western World.
Conclusion
Authors: Hewitt Seán 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Returning to Synge’s first completed play, the Conclusion shows that despite its clunky construction and heavy-handed didacticism, When the Moon Has Set (1900–3) contains the kernels of many of the concerns traced throughout this book. When the Moon Has Set illustrates Synge’s basic values before they were politicized, and thus acts in this Conclusion as an apt comparison by which to judge the increasing modernism of Synge’s work after his pantheism, mysticism, and socialism were mobilized and ironized by the Revival and its concomitant pressures. Touching on Synge’s final uncompleted play, Deirdre of the Sorrows, the conclusion suggests that the trajectory traced in this book does not find a satisfactory conclusion in this work, which Synge himself admitted might be too removed from real social and political concerns to be successful. It was, for him, both his final play and a new departure, and suffered from the pressure of the adverse reaction to The Playboy of the Western World. Finally, by tracing the afterlives of Synge in writers such as W. B. Yeats, Ezra Pound, Djuna Barnes, and Flann O’Brien, the book closes by suggesting the new ways in which our understanding of modernism and Revivalism (and the relationship between the two) can be reconfigured in the light of Synge’s work, positing Synge not only as an early leftist modernist but also as a writer of radical literary and political potential.
Introduction: Media Behaviors; or The New Messages of Old Media
Authors: Goode Mike 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Based on the proposition that new media uses of literary texts often respond to ways that texts were already about their relationship to media, the chapter develops a methodology that relies on the specificity of a text’s medial afterlife to open avenues of inquiry into the text’s significance in earlier historical contexts and media ecologies. The chapter contends that the vehicles for how a text culturally persists include the contingent relationship the text bears to media, a contingency memorialized in how it hypermedially uses, refers to, and comments on its lack of immediacy. The chapter previews the book’s findings when its new method of historicist reception study is applied to specific medial afterlives of William Blake’s, Walter Scott’s, and Jane Austen’s writings. It also explains how its methodology relies on Gilles Deleuze’s concept of the virtual substrate present in any reality, an idea whose Romantic antecedent is the notion of “capabilities.”
The Joy of Looking
Authors: Goode Mike 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The chapter locates the subversive political potential of Blake’s art not in its cultivation of an audience elite enough to rise to the challenge of the sublime but in its viral medial appeals to audiences’ heterogeneous tastes for beauty. Individual Blake pictures have long tended to circulate apart from the composite, multi-media art to which they are supposedly integral. The chapter argues that this tendency activates formal potentials in the art. Blake worked at a time when aesthetic philosophers conceived of aesthetic experience, particularly of “the beautiful,” as an organic legislative force. The chapter argues for the potential radicalism of Blake’s multi-media art for its own age—and for others—on the grounds that it turns “the beautiful” into a legislative force designed to activate and exploit the disintegrated, heterogeneous wants of the populations that experience it.
Epilogue
Authors: Goode Mike 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The epilogue contends that the book’s methodology politically challenges canons by taking seriously the media commentaries and medial savviness of genres and texts that tend to be denigrated as “derivative” on account of their secondary relationship to canonical texts. It then proposes that the markedly different medial afterlives that Walter Scott’s novels and Jane Austen’s novels have enjoyed in film and in fanfiction derive in part from differences in historical consciousness that their respective fictions promote. Whereas fanfiction has been medially hailed by Austen’s novels, Scott’s novels survive in the project of living history museums. The epilogue concludes with a reading of William Blake’s proverb “As the plow follows words, so God rewards prayers.”
Conclusions
Authors: Celati Marta 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The final section sums up the main innovative findings of this whole study. It points out how starting from the second half of the fifteenth century the development of a ‘thematic genre’ of literature on conspiracies was influenced by, but at the same time contributed to, the phenomenon of the literary fashioning of the profile of the ideal ruler, who now corresponded to the figure of a princeps. This literature also contributed to the creation of a new language and symbology of power through the multifunctional reworking of the classical legacy. This evolution culminated in Machiavelli’s attention to the issue of political plots in this work, with an approach that proves to be partly inspired by the previous cultural horizon, but already prominently projected towards an utterly new conceptual world. This analysis, besides providing a missing chapter on the background of Machiavelli’s work, more generally, underlines the significant contribution made by the humanist tradition, through its various literary expressions, to the development of modern political theories and to the history of our culture.
Non-Identity Theodicy
Authors: Vitale Vince R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops Non-Identity Theodicy—that is, theodicy primarily claiming that our existence as the individuals we are depends on God’s policy of evil and suffering allowance. Non-Identity Theodicy suggests that God allows evil in order to create and love the specific individuals who come to exist. This theodicy is unique because the justifying good recommended is neither harm-aversion nor pure benefit. It is not a good that betters the lives of individual human persons (for they would not exist otherwise), but it is the individual human persons themselves. In order to aim successfully at the creation of particular individuals, however, God would need a control of history so complete that it might be argued to be inconsistent with beliefs about human free will that are important to some theologies. In order to avoid this problem, a second version of Non-Identity Theodicy is constructed. This version considers whether God’s justifying motivation could be a desire for beings of our type, even if it could not be a desire for particular individuals. It is suggested that God would be interested in loving those he creates under various descriptions (e.g., biological, psychological, and narrative descriptions) and that a horror-prone environment is necessary for us to be the type of being we are under these descriptions. This second version of Non-Identity Theodicy allows some version of Non-Identity Theodicy to be available to the theist regardless of her views about the existence and nature of human free will.
The Good of Life
Authors: Vitale Vince R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the implications of Non-Identity Theodicy for divine morality. This requires assessing the extent to which the moral status of a harm inducing action can be affected by the fact that the persons harmed by the action in question would not have existed had that action not been performed. It is argued (against some influential assumptions in the ethics of procreation literature) that the good of a worthwhile human life (lived by someone who otherwise would not have existed) has unique justificatory power, and further that the good of a God-given human life (lived by someone who otherwise would not have existed) has justificatory power great enough to depict God as not violating moral obligations to human persons by his policy of evil allowance. These arguments are aided by an analogy between divine creation and human procreation. Reflection on the morality of human procreation implies, it is suggested, that it is not always wrong to create people in an environment in which you know they will suffer seriously. Further, it is argued that if you think voluntary human procreation is in general morally permissible, you have even more reason to think that divine creation and sustenance is morally permissible; conversely, if you think it would be immoral for God to create and sustain our universe, then you have even more reason to think voluntary human procreation is in general immoral. It is concluded that Non-Identity Theodicy reasonably can be taken to be successful.
International parliamentary institutions
Authors: Schimmelfennig Frank , Winzen Thomas , Lenz Tobias , Rocabert Jofre , Crasnic Loriana , Gherasimov Cristina , Lipps Jana , Mumford Densua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the universe of international parliamentary institutions (IPIs): their attributes, their historical development, their regional variation and their organizational features. It shows that, while the first IPI dates from the nineteenth century, IPIs have only emerged in larger numbers after World War II and in particular during the post-Cold War period. In addition, IPIs have become increasingly affiliated with IOs. The chapter further assesses the autonomy and authority of IPIs. Whereas IPIs have retained or gained considerable organizational autonomy, their authority and capacity to affect the constitutional and policy decisions of international organizations as well as appointments of international officials have remained weak. The descriptive analysis thus provides detailed evidence for the rise of IPIs in numbers, but not in powers, and thus motivates the research puzzle of the study.
Introduction
Authors: Shepherd Joshua 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the introduction the book’s central themes are introduced. Agents are often considered special, in that agents actively do things. Non-agents, by contrast, are zones of mere passivity. The aim of this book is to offer a perspective on agency that allows agency to stand out as special when compared to non-agentive systems. This perspective will be developed by way of interlinked explanations of the basic building blocks of agency, as well as its exemplary instances. Novel accounts of several key phenomena are developed: control over behavior, non-deviant causation, intentional action, skill, and knowledgeable action. Along the way the role of planning, practical reasoning, belief, and knowledge receive thorough discussion.
Approaches to Democracy
Authors: Saward Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a critique of the current state of play in the study of democracy. It aims to pinpoint both strengths and limitations of current theories and approaches. A broad range of approaches is covered: the discourse of ‘models of democracy’; the conception of ‘liberal democracy’ that prevails in the comparative study of democratic states and democratization; the deliberative model; normative political philosophy approaches; the world of ‘democratic innovations’, including direct and participative innovations; and recent ‘pragmatic’ and problem-driven approaches. The chapter identifies through these critiques a set of lessons to carry forward, including key points about embracing plurality and the role of experimentation in rethinking democracy.
Design Thinking for Democracy
Authors: Saward Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter recounts the key features of design thinking that can, and should, have an impact on our thinking about designing democracy. The expansion of ‘design thinking’ and ‘design studies’ in recent years is examined in some detail to draw out promising insights for work on democracy. Designers today are turning attention to systems design, rather than focusing exclusively on material artefacts. After looking at the limitations of current democratic theory invocations of ‘design’, the chapter unpacks the meanings of design. From discussion of central features of design—its character and scope, functions and purposes, and modes of reasoning—the chapter concludes with a summary of the main implications for democratic thinking.
Design in Practice
Authors: Saward Michael 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter pulls together the different forms of rationale for the democratic design framework, and offers a detailed summary of its core components and their provenance. This summary includes a practical step-by-step guide to democratic design, from definition of the specific political challenge at hand to consideration of the life of specific democratic designs or models. The bulk of the chapter sets out an illustrative case study of the application of the framework and its guide, focused on democratic challenges and change in the United Kingdom in the light of the principles of equality, resources, citizen engagement, and citizen participation.
Quo vadis and Ancient Rome in the United States, 1896–1905
Authors: Scodel Ruth 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The immense success of Quo vadis in the United States prompted widespread interest in both its most interesting character, Petronius, and in its account of the reign of Nero. Although Sienkiewicz mentions the Satyricon only briefly, in the period following the novel’s appearance new translations of the Cena Trimalchionis were published, along with editions intended for students of Latin, despite the Satyricon’s earlier reputation as decadent and its association with pornography. Sienkiewicz’s sympathetic portrayal of Petronius was probably responsible for making this reception of the Cena possible. The general educated public was also concerned about the historical basis of Quo vadis. Readers who found the novel too sensational, as many did, not surprisingly also questioned its historical accuracy. Debates about the novel also show the complex influence of Gibbon’s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, which accepts Tacitus’s account of Nero’s persecution, but more generally argues that Christian accounts of persecutions are exaggerated. American critics of Quo vadis applied Gibbon’s arguments about Diocletian’s persecution to Nero’s. Academics who provided expert guidance seem uncritical compared to ancient historians today: while they point out that Tacitus did not have personal knowledge of Nero’s reign, they do not consider his sources or methods.