bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutualism disruption by an invasive ant reduces carbon fixation for a foundational East African ant‐plant
Authors: Milligan Patrick D. , Martin Timothy A. , John Grace P. , Riginos Corinna , Goheen Jacob R. , Carpenter Scott M. , Palmer Todd M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractInvasive ants shape assemblages and interactions of native species, but their effect on fundamental ecological processes is poorly understood. In East Africa, Pheidole megacephala ants have invaded monodominant stands of the ant‐tree Acacia drepanolobium, extirpating native ant defenders and rendering trees vulnerable to canopy damage by vertebrate herbivores. We used experiments and observations to quantify direct and interactive effects of invasive ants and large herbivores on A. drepanolobium photosynthesis over a 2‐year period. Trees that had been invaded for ≥ 5 years exhibited 69% lower whole‐tree photosynthesis during key growing seasons, resulting from interaction between invasive ants and vertebrate herbivores that caused leaf‐ and canopy‐level photosynthesis declines. We also surveyed trees shortly before and after invasion, finding that recent invasion induced only minor changes in leaf physiology. Our results from individual trees likely scale up, highlighting the potential of invasive species to alter ecosystem‐level carbon fixation and other biogeochemical cycles.
Range edges of North American marine species are tracking temperature over decades
Authors: Fredston Alexa , Pinsky Malin , Selden Rebecca L. , Szuwalski Cody , Thorson James T. , Gaines Steven D. , Halpern Benjamin S. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the dynamics of species range edges in the modern era is key to addressing fundamental biogeographic questions about abiotic and biotic drivers of species distributions. Range edges are where colonization and extirpation processes unfold, and so these dynamics are also important to understand for effective natural resource management and conservation. However, few studies to date have analyzed time series of range edge positions in the context of climate change, in part because range edges are difficult to detect. We first quantified positions for 165 range edges of marine fishes and invertebrates from three U.S. continental shelf regions using up to five decades of survey data and a spatiotemporal model to account for sampling and measurement variability. We then analyzed whether those range edges maintained their edge thermal niche—the temperatures found at the range edge position—over time. A large majority of range edges (88%) maintained either summer or winter temperature extremes at the range edge over the study period, and most maintained both (76%), although not all of those range edges shifted in space. However, we also found numerous range edges—particularly poleward edges and edges in the region that experienced the most warming—that did not shift at all, shifted further than predicted by temperature alone, or shifted opposite the direction expected, underscoring the multiplicity of factors that drive changes in range edge positions. This study suggests that range edges of temperate marine species have largely maintained the same edge thermal niche during periods of rapid change and provides a blueprint for testing whether and to what degree species range edges track temperature in general.
The global macroecology of brood size in amphibians reveals a predisposition of low‐fecundity species to extinction
Authors: Pincheira‐Donoso Daniel , Harvey Lilly P. , Cotter Sheena C. , Stark Gavin , Meiri Shai , Hodgson Dave J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimThe diversity of brood size across animal species exceeds the diversity of most other life‐history traits. In some environments, reproductive success increases with brood size, whereas in others it increases with smaller broods. The dominant hypothesis explaining such diversity predicts that selection on brood size varies along climatic gradients, creating latitudinal fecundity patterns. Another hypothesis predicts that diversity in fecundity arises among species adapted to different microhabitats within assemblages. A more recent hypothesis concerned with the consequences of these evolutionary processes in the era of anthropogenic environmental change predicts that low‐fecundity species might fail to recover from demographic collapses caused by rapid environmental alterations, making them more susceptible to extinctions. These hypotheses have been addressed predominantly in endotherms and only rarely in other taxa. Here, we address all three hypotheses in amphibians globally.LocationGlobal.Time periodPresent.Major taxa studiedClass Amphibia.MethodsUsing a dataset spanning 2,045 species from all three amphibian orders, we adopt multiple phylogenetic approaches to investigate the association between brood size and climatic, ecological and phenotypic predictors, and according to species conservation status.ResultsBrood size increases with latitude. This tendency is much stronger in frogs, where temperature seasonality is the dominant driver, whereas salamander fecundity increases towards regions with more constant rainfall. These relationships vary across continents but confirm seasonality as the key driver of fecundity. Ecologically, nesting sites predict brood size in frogs, but not in salamanders. Finally, we show that extinction risk increases consistently with decreasing fecundity across amphibians, whereas body size is a “by‐product” correlate of extinction, given its relationship with fecundity.Main conclusionsClimatic seasonality and microhabitats are primary drivers of fecundity evolution. Our finding that low fecundity increases extinction risk reinforces the need to refocus extinction hypotheses based on a suggested role for body size.
Correction of haemostasis can be reduced to four days for CVAD implantation in severe haemophilia A patients: Data from the PedNet study group
Authors: Minna Koskenvuo , Anne Mäkipernaa , Beatrice Nolan , Rainer Kobelt , Susanna Ranta 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionCentral venous access devices (CVAD) are used to facilitate intravenous treatment with coagulation factor concentrates (CFCs) in haemophilia A (HA). Guidelines for perioperative CFC replacement therapy are based on single centre experiences, and the length of replacement therapy varies.AimThe aim of this study was to evaluate whether haemostasis coverage under four days is as effective and safe as a longer period of haemostatic coverage.MethodsWe identified patients with severe HA without inhibitors or major bleeds within one month of the surgery who received their first CVAD. We compared the CFC consumption and bleeds between children with ≤4 and those who received 5–7 perioperative treatment days including the day of surgery. Bleeds were recorded up to 4 days after the end of perioperative haemostatic coverage.ResultsIn total, 144 children met the eligibility criteria and were included in the study cohort: 34 had received haemostatic coverage for ≤4 days, while 110 had received 5–7 days of haemostatic coverage. One bleed related to the surgery occurred in both groups.ConclusionOverall, the bleeding complications were rare. Haemostatic coverage with CFCs under ≤4 days with elective CVAD insertions was as effective as coverage for ≥5 days.
'A limpet on a ship': Spatio‐temporal dynamics of patient and public involvement in research
Authors: Papoulias Stan (Constantina) , Callard Felicity 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo understand how current funding expectations that applied health research is undertaken in partnership with research institutions, health service providers and other stakeholders may impact on patient and public involvement (PPI).BackgroundWhile there is considerable research on the potential impact of PPI in health research, the processes of embedding PPI in research teams remain understudied. We draw on anthropological research on meetings as sites of production and reproduction of institutional cultures and external contexts to investigate how these functions of meetings may affect the potential contributions of patients, carers and the public in research.MethodsWe present an ethnography of meetings that draws from a larger set of case studies of PPI in applied health research settings. The study draws on ethnographic observations, interviews with team members, analysis of documents and a presentation of preliminary findings through which feedback from informants was gathered.ResultsWe identified four means by which the oversight meetings regulated research and constrained the possibilities for PPI: a logic of ‘deliverables’ and imagined interlocutors, the performance of inclusion, positioning PPI in an ‘elsewhere’ of research, and the use of meetings to embed apprenticeship for junior researchers.ConclusionsPPI is essentially out of sync from the institutional logic of ‘deliverables’ constituting research partnerships. Embedding PPI in research requires challenging this logic.
Predictive score for vesicoureteral reflux in children with a first febrile urinary tract infection
Authors: Lertdumrongluk Kanita , Lertdumrongluk Paungpaga 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo develop a simple score for predicting vesicoureteral reflux after a first febrile urinary tract infection in children.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted for a 12‐year period (January 2008 to December 2019), including patients aged <72 months who underwent renal ultrasonography and voiding cystourethrography after a first febrile urinary tract infection. Patients with a history of antenatal hydronephrosis were excluded. The prediction model and score for vesicoureteral reflux were developed using multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsOut of 260 patients in total (median age 4 months, 172 boys), 41 (16%) had vesicoureteral reflux. The score was based on four independent risk factors, including age >6 months (odds ratio 2.71, 95% confidence interval 1.27–5.76), presence of sepsis (odds ratio 3.44, 95% confidence interval 1.31–9.04), white blood cell count ≥15 000/mm3 (odds ratio 1.83, 95% confidence interval 0.88–3.8) and abnormal renal ultrasonography results (odds ratio 2.08, 95% confidence interval 1–4.31). A lower probability of vesicoureteral reflux (positive likelihood ratio = 0.66; P = 0.001) was found in the low‐risk group (scores 0–2), whereas a higher probability of vesicoureteral reflux (positive likelihood ratio = 2.54; P = 0.001) was found in the high‐risk group (scores 3–5). The predictive ability of the model was 70%.ConclusionsThe scores developed based on the patient characteristics and renal ultrasonography are useful in predicting presence of vesicoureteral reflux after a first febrile urinary tract infection in children and could guide clinicians' decisions to perform additional imaging studies.
Prevalence and predictors of postoperative detrusor underactivity after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy: A prospective observational study
Authors: Hata Junya , Onagi Akifumi , Tanji Ryo , Honda‐Takinami Ruriko , Matsuoka Kanako , Hoshi Seiji , Sato Yuichi , Ogawa Soichiro , Kataoka Masao , Haga Nobuhiro , Kojima Yoshiyuki 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesTo identify the prevalence and predictors of postoperative detrusor underactivity during the early postoperative period after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy.MethodsWe carried out a prospective observational study of 64 patients scheduled for robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy using urodynamic study before and 1 month after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy. Detrusor underactivity was defined as maximum flow rate ≤15 mL/s and detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate ≤25 cmH2O during voiding. Incidences of pre‐ and postoperative detrusor underactivity were assessed, and predictors of postoperative detrusor underactivity were determined using uni‐ and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Factors comprised patient characteristics (age, prostate weight etc.), operative factors (surgical duration, nerve sparing etc.) and preoperative urodynamic study parameters (maximum flow rate, bladder contractile index etc.).ResultsPre‐ and postoperative detrusor underactivity at 1 month after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy were detected in one patient (1.6%) and 24 patients (37.5%), respectively. Univariate analysis selected preoperative maximum flow rate (P = 0.02), detrusor pressure at maximum flow rate (P = 0.04) and bladder contractile index (P < 0.01) as predictors of postoperative detrusor underactivity (odds ratio 0.83, 0.97 and 0.94, respectively). On multivariate analyses, only preoperative bladder contractile index was associated with postoperative detrusor underactivity (P < 0.01; odds ratio 0.94). A cut‐off of 102.8 offered optimal accuracy in receiver operating characteristic analysis. Patient characteristics and operative factors were not significantly associated with postoperative detrusor underactivity.ConclusionsA comparatively high prevalence of postoperative detrusor underactivity is observed in patients at 1 month after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy. Patients with preoperative low bladder contractile index have a higher probability of developing early postoperative detrusor underactivity after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy.
Enhanced hybrid improper ferroelectricity in Fe/Nb cosubstituted Ca3Mn2O7 ceramics
Authors: Chen Bu Hang , Sun Tu Lai , Wei Li Yu , Liu Xiao Qiang , Wen Wen , Tian He , Li Jiang Yu , Chen Xiang Ming 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe prototypical Ruddlesden‐Popper compound Ca3Mn2O7 has been predicted to possess hybrid improper ferroelectricity, where the polarization is induced by the condensation of two oxygen octahedral distortion modes. Nevertheless, it is a big challenge to switch the polarization at room temperature in Ca3Mn2O7 since the presence of intermediate nonpolar Acaa phase generally leads to the complex domain morphology. Here, the effects of Fe/Nb cosubstitution on hybrid improper ferroelectricity in Ca3Mn2O7 are reported, and easy polarization switching at room temperature is achieved in Ca3[Mn0.5(Fe0.5Nb0.5)0.5]2O7. The ferroelectric phase transition occurs directly from I4/mmm to A21am at a temperature far above room temperature without intermediate nonpolar Acaa phase. The distinct transition pathway forms the alternating 180°‐type ferroelectric domains rather than the irregular 90°‐type ferroelastic domains stacked along [001], resulting in easy polarization switching at room temperature. Moreover the enhanced ferroelectric polarization (Pr ~2.0 μC/cm2) is obtained due to the increased anti‐ferrodistortive displacements of Ca cations at A‐site, arising from the larger amplitudes of oxygen octahedral distortions. Chemical pressure is emphasized here for the tunability of phase transition, domain morphology, and ferroelectric characteristics, and it provides a useful approach for designing and creating high‐performance improper ferroelectrics.
Women’s experiences of breech birth and disciplinary power
Authors: Morris Sara , Geraghty Sadie , Sundin Deborah 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimsTo explore women's experiences of breech pregnancy and birth to identify areas in practice for improvement.DesignA descriptive exploratory study was conducted involving 20 women who had experienced a breech birth between 2013 and 2018.MethodsSemi‐structured interviews were audio recorded and transcribed. Transcripts were examined using a free‐form ‘circling and parking’ style of analysis. Foucault's concepts of power/knowledge were utilized to describe existing power relations.ResultsWomen experienced varying degrees of disciplinary power throughout their experiences. Knowledge was used as a means of enforcing disciplinary power by some clinicians and by women to ‘arm’ themselves and ‘fight’ to regain what they perceived as a loss of power and autonomy. Midwives were seen as navigators of a restrictive, medicalized healthcare system.ConclusionBy better understanding the power dynamics which exist as well as the stages women go through when experiencing a breech presentation, there remains the potential to identify areas in practice which need improving, and aid clinicians in better supporting women through what can be a very difficult time.
Supported Voting: A How‐To Guide
Authors: Khorasanee Kasim , Carter Matilda 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article takes as its starting point the moral requirement to include persons with serious cognitive impairments in democratic decision‐making. That said, including such persons poses particular practical challenges to effective democratic participation. Nussbaum has set out the most extensive proposals for inclusion based on a model of guardianship, but we find they fall short due to not suitably respecting and facilitating the subjective decision‐making of impaired persons. Instead, we argue for a model of co‐constitution, whereby aides work within a supported decision‐making paradigm to arrive at political choices in collaboration with impaired persons. To flesh out this model, we propose collaboration be based on three ideal types of interaction – expert, Socratic, and deliberative – designed to accommodate differing degrees and types of cognitive impairments. We further argue that the aide should have a relationship of detached professionalism with the impaired person and therefore should not be the person’s carer. Finally, we conclude that this separation be combined with transparent and regular invigilation of the aide’s decision‐making process to best safeguard the process from abuse or error.
Urban tolerance of birds changes throughout the full annual cycle
Authors: Callaghan Corey T. , Cornwell William K. , Poore Alistair G. B. , Benedetti Yanina , Morelli Federico 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimAs urban areas continue to expand, it is increasingly important to quantify species‐specific responses to urban environments, and how these change across the full annual cycle. Our objective was to quantify urban tolerance for North American birds across the time. We tested (a) whether intra‐annual variability of urban tolerance differed between migrants and residents and (b) whether intra‐annual variability of urban tolerance was phylogenetically conserved. We then assessed how the relationship between ecological and life history traits and urban tolerance differed both across the year and between migrants and residents.LocationNorth America.TaxonBirds.MethodsWe integrated a large citizen science dataset of observations for 237 bird species, remotely sensed VIIRS night‐time lights data, and trait data on each species. We estimate, for each species and each month of the year, a continuous measure of urban tolerance (i.e. the median of their distribution of observations across an urbanization gradient). We then use phylogenetic linear models to assess the relationship between this measure of urban tolerance and various life history and ecological traits.ResultsThere was a distinct drop in the overall urban tolerance scores corresponding with the breeding period; this pattern was more pronounced for migrants compared to residents. Migrants also had greater intra‐annual variability than resident species. We also found that the strength of the relationships between ecological and life history traits and urban tolerance was highly seasonal for most traits considered, and some divergent patterns were noted between migrants and residents.Main conclusionsThe urban tolerance of birds greatly changed throughout the annual cycle, with different patterns for migrants and residents. Compared to residents, migrants showed more intra‐annual variability of urban tolerance with a drop in the average urban tolerance score during the breeding season. Together, our results suggest that urban tolerance is a function of both species and season, and they highlight the importance of considering the dynamic nature of birds' use of urban ecosystems throughout the full annual cycle.
Scanning ion conductance microscopy of live human glomerulus
Authors: Bohovyk Ruslan , Fedoriuk Mykhailo , Isaeva Elena , Shevchuk Andrew , Palygin Oleg , Staruschenko Alexander 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPodocyte damage is a hallmark of glomerular diseases, such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, typically associated with marked albuminuria and progression of renal pathology. Podocyte structural abnormalities and loss are also linked to minimal change disease and more common diabetic kidney disease. Here we applied the first‐time scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) technique to assess the freshly isolated human glomerulus's topology. SICM provides a unique opportunity to evaluate glomerulus podocytes as well as other nephron structural segments with electron microscopy resolution but in live samples. Shown here is the application of the SICM method in the live human glomerulus, which provides proof of principle for future dynamic analysis of membrane morphology and various functional parameters in living cells.
Magnetic resonance imaging as a diagnostic tool for periodontal disease: A prospective study with correlation to standard clinical findings—Is there added value?
Authors: Probst Monika , Burian Egon , Robl Teresa , Weidlich Dominik , Karampinos Dimitrios , Brunner Teresa , Zimmer Claus , Probst Florian Andreas , Folwaczny Matthias 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimTo evaluate the correlation between standard clinical findings, radiographic (OPT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as to assess whether MRI is capable of providing additional information related to the severity and extent of periodontal disease.Methods42 patients with generalized periodontitis received pre‐interventional MRI scans. These were compared to MR images of a periodontal healthy control group (n = 34). The extent of the osseous oedema, detected by MRI, was set in correlation with clinical periodontitis‐associated findings.ResultsA highly significant correlation between bone oedema and clinical testings such as probing depth (p < 0.0001) and bleeding on probing (p < 0.0001) was revealed. The oedema exceeded the extent of demineralized bone. Patients with a positive BOP test showed a 2.51‐fold increase in risk of already having a bone oedema around the respective tooth even if probing depth was ≤3 mm (logistic binary regression analysis, OR 2.51; 95% CI: 1.54–4.11; p < 0.0001).ConclusionMRI findings correlated with standard clinical findings, and MRI was able to depict intraosseous changes before any osseous defect had occurred.
Using national register data to estimate the heritability of periodontitis
Authors: Haworth Simon , Esberg Anders , Kuja‐Halkola Ralf , Lundberg Pernilla , Magnusson Patrik K.E. , Johansson Ingegerd 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimTo identify whether periodontal traits derived from electronic dental records are biologically informative and heritable.Materials and methodsThe study included 11,974 adult twins (aged 30–92 years) in the Swedish Twin Registry. Periodontal records from dental examinations were retrieved from a national register and used to derive continuous measures of periodontal health. A latent class approach was used to derive categorial measures of periodontal status. The correlation patterns in these traits were contrasted in monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs using quantitative genetic models to estimate the heritability of the traits.ResultsFor continuous traits, heritability estimates ranged between 41.5% and 48.3% with the highest estimates for number of missing tooth surfaces and rate of change in number of deep periodontal pockets (≥6 mm). For categorial traits, the latent class approach identified three classes (good periodontal health, mild periodontitis signs and severe signs of periodontitis) and there was a clear difference in the hazard for subsequent tooth loss between these three classes. Despite this, the class allocations were only slightly more heritable than a conventional dichotomous disease definition (45.2% vs. 42.6%).ConclusionsPeriodontitis is a moderately heritable disease. Quantitative periodontal traits derived from electronic records are an attractive target for future genetic association studies.