bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Investigation of Gesture Kinematics in Evolving Manual Languages in the Lab
Authors: Pouw Wim , Dingemanse Mark , Motamedi Yasamin , Özyürek Aslı 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSilent gestures consist of complex multi‐articulatory movements but are now primarily studied through categorical coding of the referential gesture content. The relation of categorical linguistic content with continuous kinematics is therefore poorly understood. Here, we reanalyzed the video data from a gestural evolution experiment (Motamedi, Schouwstra, Smith, Culbertson, & Kirby, 2019), which showed increases in the systematicity of gesture content over time. We applied computer vision techniques to quantify the kinematics of the original data. Our kinematic analyses demonstrated that gestures become more efficient and less complex in their kinematics over generations of learners. We further detect the systematicity of gesture form on the level of thegesture kinematic interrelations, which directly scales with the systematicity obtained on semantic coding of the gestures. Thus, from continuous kinematics alone, we can tap into linguistic aspects that were previously only approachable through categorical coding of meaning. Finally, going beyond issues of systematicity, we show how unique gesture kinematic dialects emerged over generations as isolated chains of participants gradually diverged over iterations from other chains. We, thereby, conclude that gestures can come to embody the linguistic system at the level of interrelationships between communicative tokens, which should calibrate our theories about form and linguistic content.
Semantic Similarity of Alternatives Fostered by Conversational Negation
Authors: Capuano Francesca , Dudschig Carolin , Günther Fritz , Kaup Barbara 
Published: July 2021

AbstractConversational negation often behaves differently from negation as a logical operator: when rejecting a state of affairs, it does not present all members of the complement set as equally plausible alternatives, but it rather suggests some of them as more plausible than others (e.g., “This is not a dog, it is a wolf/*screwdriver”). Entities that are semantically similar to a negated entity tend to be judged as better alternatives (Kruszewski et al., 2016). In fact, Kruszewski et al. (2016) show that the cosine similarity scores between the distributional semantics representations of a negated noun and its potential alternatives are highly correlated with the negated noun‐alternatives human plausibility ratings. In a series of cloze tasks, we show that negation likewise restricts the production of plausible alternatives to similar entities. Furthermore, completions to negative sentences appear to be even more restricted than completions to an affirmative conjunctive context, hinting at a peculiarity of negation.
Turkish language validity and reliability of the Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test and its comparison with other scales
Authors: Harbiyeli Deniz Ongel , Gemicioglu Bilun , Vehid Hayriye Ertem , Bousquet Jean , Fonseca João A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesPatients with asthma often suffer from concomitant allergic rhinitis (AR). The Control of Allergic Rhinitis and Asthma Test (CARAT) is a validated tool to assess asthma and rhinitis multimorbidity. Turkish language validity and reliability of CARAT and its compatibility with other scales were evaluated in the study.MethodsPatients with asthma and concomitant AR were tested with CARAT. Pulmonary function tests, Asthma Control Test (ACT), Assessment Tool for Asthma (ATA) questionnaire and visual analogue scale (VAS) were also used at the same day. With the VAS, patients determined their rhinitis symptom levels, and asthma specialist determined the rhinitis and asthma control levels separately. These questionnaires were repeated in 14 ± 2 days.ResultsThree quarters (77%) of the 100 patients were female (mean age 46.5 years). The mean CARAT score was 19.6 ± 7.2. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the Turkish version of the CARAT scale was 0.83, showing a high level of internal consistency. Test–retest reliability coefficient was determined as r = 0.98 (p < 0.001). The Kaiser–Meyer–Olkin coefficient of the CARAT scale was 0.79. The p value of the Bartlett test was <0.001. ACT, ATA and VAS expert scales were correlated with CARAT total score (0.577 ≤ r ≤ 0.871). The CARAT scale did not show statistically significant difference according to gender, education, working status, smoking status, presence of polyps and multiple allergen sensitivity (p > 0.05).ConclusionThe Turkish version of the CARAT is a reliable alternative tool for physicians in determining disease control in adult patients with asthma and AR.
Structure, function and connectivity fingerprints of the frontal eye field versus the inferior frontal junction: A comprehensive comparison
Authors: Bedini Marco , Baldauf Daniel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe human prefrontal cortex contains two prominent areas, the frontal eye field and the inferior frontal junction, that are crucially involved in the orchestrating functions of attention, working memory and cognitive control. Motivated by comparative evidence in non‐human primates, we review the human neuroimaging literature, suggesting that the functions of these regions can be clearly dissociated. We found remarkable differences in how these regions relate to sensory domains and visual topography, top‐down and bottom‐up spatial attention, spatial versus non‐spatial (i.e., feature‐ and object‐based) attention and working memory and, finally, the multiple‐demand system. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies using multivariate pattern analysis reveal the selectivity of the frontal eye field and inferior frontal junction to spatial and non‐spatial information, respectively. The analysis of functional and effective connectivity provides evidence of the modulation of the activity in downstream visual areas from the frontal eye field and inferior frontal junction and sheds light on their reciprocal influences. We therefore suggest that future studies should aim at disentangling more explicitly the role of these regions in the control of spatial and non‐spatial selection. We propose that the analysis of the structural and functional connectivity (i.e., the connectivity fingerprints) of the frontal eye field and inferior frontal junction may be used to further characterize their involvement in a spatial (‘where’) and a non‐spatial (‘what’) network, respectively, highlighting segregated brain networks that allow biasing visual selection and working memory performance to support goal‐driven behaviour.
Neuronal correlates of the subjective experience of attention
Authors: Whitmarsh Stephen , Gitton Christophe , Jousmäki Veikko , Sackur Jérôme , Tallon‐Baudry Catherine 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe effect of top–down attention on stimulus‐evoked responses and alpha oscillations and the association between arousal and pupil diameter are well established. However, the relationship between these indices, and their contribution to the subjective experience of attention, remains largely unknown. Participants performed a sustained (10–30 s) attention task in which rare (10%) targets were detected within continuous tactile stimulation (16 Hz). Trials were followed by attention ratings on an 8‐point visual scale. Attention ratings correlated negatively with contralateral somatosensory alpha power and positively with pupil diameter. The effect of pupil diameter on attention ratings extended into the following trial, reflecting a sustained aspect of attention related to vigilance. The effect of alpha power did not carry over to the next trial and furthermore mediated the association between pupil diameter and attention ratings. Variations in steady‐state amplitude reflected stimulus processing under the influence of alpha oscillations but were only weakly related to subjective ratings of attention. Together, our results show that both alpha power and pupil diameter are reflected in the subjective experience of attention, albeit on different time spans, while continuous stimulus processing might not contribute to the experience of attention.
The contribution of diet to the dramatic reduction of the 2013 year class of Gulf of Alaska walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus)
Authors: Lamb Jesse F. , Kimmel David G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA survey‐based time series (2001–2019) showed that age‐0 walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus) occurred in very high abundances in 2013 compared with other years; however, recruitment of the 2013 year class to age‐1 was lower than average. Diet composition of age‐0 fish was examined from the 2013 year class to assess the potential impact of the consumed prey on walleye pollock. High abundances of smaller age‐0 fish were found at stations southwest of the Shumagin Islands compared with low abundances of larger fish found surrounding Kodiak Island. Fish in the southwest region showed a higher intake of low‐quality food items such as pteropods and larvaceans compared with fish in the northwest region that had consumed mostly higher quality prey such as large copepods and euphausiids. Even though no significant differences were found in fish condition between regions overall, spatial differences in fish weight were found after accounting for sample day of year. Prey‐specific Index of Relative Importance analysis showed southwest region fish had consumed a larger diversity of taxa, whereas fish from the rest of study area primarily consumed large copepods and euphausiids. These results suggest that high abundances of smaller pollock found in the southwestern part of the study region consumed a higher percentage of low‐quality, lipid‐poor prey taxa, which likely contributed to reduced overwinter survival and increased mortality.
Increased mortality of tropical tree seedlings during the extreme 2015–16 El Niño
Authors: Browne Luke , Markesteijn Lars , Engelbrecht Bettina M. J. , Jones F. Andrew , Lewis Owen T. , Manzané‐Pinzón Eric , Wright S. Joseph , Comita Liza S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAs extreme climate events are predicted to become more frequent because of global climate change, understanding their impacts on natural systems is crucial. Tropical forests are vulnerable to droughts associated with extreme El Niño events. However, little is known about how tropical seedling communities respond to El Niño–related droughts, even though patterns of seedling survival shape future forest structure and diversity. Using long‐term data from eight tropical moist forests spanning a rainfall gradient in central Panama, we show that community‐wide seedling mortality increased by 11% during the extreme 2015–16 El Niño, with mortality increasing most in drought‐sensitive species and in wetter forests. These results indicate that severe El Niño–related droughts influence understory dynamics in tropical forests, with effects varying both within and across sites. Our findings suggest that predicted increases in the frequency of extreme El Niño events will alter tropical plant communities through their effects on early life stages.
Clinical attributes and treatment characteristics are associated with work productivity and activity impairment in people with severe haemophilia A
Authors: O’Hara Jamie , Noone Declan , Jain Mohit , Pedra Gabriel , Landis Sarah , Hawes Charles , Burke Tom , Camp Charlotte 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionFew studies have examined the real‐world impact of haemophilia on daily activities and work productivity in people with severe haemophilia A (PWSHA).AimTo determine clinical attributes and treatment characteristics associated with impairment in daily activities and work among PWSHA using the patient‐reported Work Productivity and Activity Impairment‐General Health Questionnaire (WPAI‐GH).MethodsPWSHA were asked to complete the WPAI‐GH as part of the Cost of Haemophilia in Europe: A Socioeconomic Survey (CHESS) study. Outcomes were determined for activity impairment (AI), absenteeism, presenteeism and overall work productivity loss (WPL). Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were used to evaluate the association between these outcomes and clinical and treatment attributes.ResultsOverall, 376 participants completed the AI element of WPAI‐GH; 175 were employed and thus also reported on work impact. Mean ± standard deviation scores were as follows: AI = 34.2% ± 25.8%; absenteeism = 0.06% ±0.2%; presenteeism = 26.8% ± 22.4%; WPL = 28.6% ± 24.0%. Increased AI and WPL were associated with high haemophilia‐related morbidity, measured both as chronic pain (p < .001 for both) and joint synovitis (AI: p <0.001; WPL: p = .017). In descriptive and multivariate analyses, lifelong prophylaxis was associated with reduced AI (p < .001 and p = .031, respectively); high therapy adherence was associated with reduced AI (p = .001 and p = .012, respectively) and with reduced WPL (p < .001 and p = .012, respectively).ConclusionThe WPAI‐GH identified haemophilia‐related morbidity and treatment characteristics, including therapy regimen and adherence, as key attributes impacting functional impairment and work contributions of PWSHA. Early prophylactic intervention and greater adherence to therapy may lead to lower AI and WPL in PWSHA.
A decision aid to support family carers of people living with dementia towards the end‐of‐life: Coproduction process, outcome and reflections
Authors: Davies Nathan , Sampson Elizabeth L. , West Emily , DeSouza Tanisha , Manthorpe Jill , Moore Kirsten , Walters Kate , Dening Karen Harrison , Ward Jane , Rait Greta 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundFamily carers of people living with dementia often need support with making decisions about care. Many find end‐of‐life care decisions particularly difficult. The aim of this article is to present an evidence‐ and theoretical‐based process for developing a decision aid to support family carers of people with dementia towards the end‐of‐life.MethodsFollowing a systematic process, we developed a decision aid using coproduction methods and matrices to synthesize data from a systematic review and qualitative interviews with people living with dementia and family carers. Data were presented to coproduction workshops of people living with dementia, family carers, practitioners and professionals. Development was guided by the Ottawa Decision Support Framework and a modified Interprofessional Shared Decision‐Making model.ResultsThe decision aid covers four decision areas: (1) changes in care; (2) eating and drinking difficulties; (3) everyday well‐being; and (4) healthcare, tests and medication. We present an interactive decision aid, using a variety of approaches including written text, Frequently Asked Questions, top tips and illustrative quotes from people living with dementia and family carers.ConclusionThis is the first decision aid that focusses on multiple decisions towards the end‐of‐life in dementia care. The process offers a template for others to develop decision aids or similar interventions, and how to include people living with dementia in coproduction.Patient or Public ContributionFamily carers provided feedback on data collection, data analysis and the decision aid, and one is a coauthor. People living with dementia and family carers were integral to the coproduction workshops.
Research‐ and health‐related youth advisory groups in Canada: An environmental scan with stakeholder interviews
Authors: Chan Michelle , Scott Shannon D. , Campbell Alyson , Elliott Sarah A. , Brooks Hannah , Hartling Lisa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundEngaging youth throughout the research process improves research quality and outcomes. Youth advisory groups provide one way for youth to express their opinions on relevant issues.ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify research‐ and health‐related youth advisory groups (‘groups’) in Canada and understand the best practices of these groups.MethodsGoogle searches and supplementary methods were used to identify relevant groups in Canada. Group information was extracted from websites or through interviews with key informants.ResultsWe identified 40 groups. Groups were commonly part of a hospital/healthcare facility, nonprofit/health organization or research group. The majority focused on a specific content area, most commonly, mental health. Over half the groups advised on health services. Members' ages ranged from 9 to 35 years. The number of members ranged from 5 to 130. Interviews (n = 12) identified seven categories relating to group practices: (a) group purpose/objectives, (b) group development, (c) group operations, (d) group structure, (e) adult involvement, (f) membership and recruitment and (g) group access. Challenges and facilitators to the success of groups were described within the following themes: (a) retaining engagement, (b) creating a safe environment and (c) putting youth in positions of influence. Advice and recommendations were provided regarding the development of a new group.ConclusionThis study provides a comprehensive overview of research‐ and health‐related youth advisory groups in Canada. This information can be used to identify groups that stakeholders could access as well as inform the development of a new group.Patient or Public ContributionYouth advisory group representatives were interviewed as part of the study.
Nicotine in electronic cigarette fluid: importation pathways to unequal harm
Authors: Morgan Jody , Jones Alison , Kelso Celine 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Australian Government recently walked away from changes to the importation of nicotine‐containing electronic cigarette fluids, originally due to come into force on 1 January 2021. Additionally, the Therapeutic Goods Administration is in the process of rescheduling nicotine for use in e‐fluids. We are concerned that the 270 000 daily vapers in Australia will purchase high concentrations of nicotine (≥100 mg/mL) for mixing with nicotine‐free locally purchased e‐fluids, which is a pathway of increased relative harm. We would like to see regulation of these products to limit the maximum concentration of nicotine, ensure appropriate child‐resistant containers and compulsory labelling for all nicotine‐containing e‐fluid bottles.
Monolithic ZrB2‐based UHTCs using polymer‐derived Si(Zr,B)CN as sintering aid
Authors: Feng Bo , Fetzer Ann‐Katrin , Ulrich Anke Silvia , Christian Galetz Mathias , Kleebe Hans‐Joachim , Ionescu Emanuel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the present work, dense ZrB2‐based monoliths were produced via hot‐pressing of ZrB2 powders coated with amorphous polymer‐derived SiCN, SiZrCN, or SiZrBCN at relatively moderate temperatures (i.e., 1800℃). Thus, ZrB2 particles were embedded in polymer‐derived ceramic shell were realized by coating their surface with the corresponding polymeric precursors (polysilazane, Zr‐modified polysilazane, Zr‐ and B‐modified polysilazane, as for SiCN, SiZrCN, and SiZrBCN; respectively), followed by cross‐linking at 200℃ and pyrolysis at 1100℃ in Ar atmosphere. The obtained monolithic samples were carefully characterized concerning their phase composition and microstructure. Typically, the densified samples exhibit a homogeneous microstructure consisting of ZrB2 grains and a multi‐phasic polymer‐derived ceramic grain boundary phase (β‐SiC, t‐BCN, ZrO2, and ZrC). The prepared monoliths exhibited fair hardness values, that is, 12.5, 14.2, and 13.3 GPa for ZrB2/SiCN, ZrB2/SiZrCN, and ZrB2/SiZrBCN.
Undemocratic Climate Protests
Authors: Garcia‐Gibson Francisco 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTClimate change activists sometimes engage in protests that exert coercion on governments, businesses, and citizens, instead of protests that just attempt to persuade them. I argue that these coercive protests are sometimes undemocratic, despite recent attempts in the literature to describe them as democratic. Coercive climate protests do not always improve deliberative decision‐making, and they are a means of exerting control over official decisions that is not available to all affected. I then claim that the fact that some of these protests are undemocratic is not a decisive objection against them. Climate change poses such an extremely serious threat to basic rights worldwide – risking hundreds of millions of lives – that people's right to democracy is outweighed when infringing it is a necessary means for achieving climate change mitigation.
How people with intellectual and developmental disabilities on collaborative research teams use technology: A rapid scoping review
Authors: Hwang I‐Ting , Hallock Taye M. , Schwartz Ariel E. , Roth Stephanie , Pfeiffer Beth , Kramer Jessica M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe conducted a rapid scoping review to identify how inclusive research teams use technology during the research process that could support remote collaboration during public health emergencies like the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodWe searched three databases and conducted a hand search. Two independent reviewers screened 1498 abstracts and titles for inclusion criteria; 81 full text articles were further reviewed; 47 were included. We extracted information about each type of technology, categorised technology used during the research process, and documented described accommodations.ResultsWe identified 47 articles and 94 examples of technologies used by people with intellectual and developmental disabilities throughout the research process: team formation and team function (38), data collection (19), data analysis (17) and dissemination (20).ConclusionsTechnology use by team members with intellectual and developmental disabilities demonstrates promise for remote research collaborations during public health and climate emergencies and teams with members living in diverse locations.
Arthropod food webs associated with cotton: Does Bt cotton mediate community stress?
Authors: Luz Carlos Eduardo Almeida , Zuim Vitor , Oliveira Andréa Aparecida Santos , dos Santos Patrícia de Jesus , Campos Karolayne Lopes , Haro Marcelo Mendes , Vivan Lúcia Madalena , Bastos Cristina Schetino , Guedes Raul Narciso Carvalho 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe advent of genetically modified crops expressing insecticidal proteins of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) revolutionized the management of insect pest species. Nonetheless, such disruption does not come free from controversies and concerns. The quick spread of Bt resistance in targeted pest species is an example, and the impact in non‐targeted arthropod species is another. The former is a continuous focus of attention, while the latter faces knowledge gaps and methodological shortcomings particularly when arthropod communities are concerned. If Bt crops such as cotton are aimed at drastically reducing a key community component, such as targeted caterpillars in the Neotropical region, a significant community‐level impact is expected and deserves assessment. However, the subject is neglected with existing studies focusing on arthropod assemblages or low‐level taxa compromising their resolution. Thus, food web analysis was used here to assess the short‐term impact of Bt cotton on the associated arthropod community in a Neotropical scenario. Bt cotton and related non‐Bt cotton were cultivated for two years, and the arthropods were sampled using sweep net and whole plant collections throughout the cotton phenological cycle. The gathered data were used to build (plant–consumer–predator) trivariate networks using food web analysis. Thirty‐six arthropod species were sampled with the prevalence of whiteflies, cotton aphids, boll weevils and green leafhoppers, the main pest species in the region. Cotton genotype and cultivation year significantly affected the abundance and diversity of the associated arthropod assemblage (Fapp ≥ 2.86, p < 0.01). However, the Bt cotton‐associated food webs were similar to those of the non‐Bt cotton, indicating no significant impact of this technology on arthropod food webs. This result would be welcome, if it not indicating that Bt cotton did not provide a significant control of the main target pest species of the crop raising questions on the usefulness of the technology in the area.