bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hedgehog signaling controls mouth opening in the amphioxus
Authors: Hu Guangwei , Li Guang , Wang Yiquan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe left-sided position of the mouth in amphioxus larvae has fascinated researchers for a long time. Despite the fundamental importance of mouth development in the amphioxus, the molecular regulation of its development is almost unknown. In our previous study, we showed thatHhmutation in the amphioxus leads to no mouth opening, indicating a requirement of Hh signaling for amphioxus mouth formation. Nevertheless, since theHhmutant also exhibits defects in early left-right (LR) patterning, it remains currently unknown whether the loss of mouth opening is affected directly by Hh deficiency or a secondary effect of its influence on LR establishment.ResultsWe demonstrated that knockout of theSmogene, another key component of the Hh signaling pathway, in the amphioxus resulted in the absence of mouth opening, but caused no effects on LR asymmetry development. Upregulation of Hh signaling led to a dramatic increase in mouth size. The inability ofSmomutation to affect LR development is due toSmo’s high maternal expression in amphioxus eggs and cleavage-stage embryos. InSmomutants,Pou4andPax2/5/8expression at the primordial oral site is not altered before mouth opening.ConclusionsBased on these results and our previous study, we conclude that Hh signal is necessary for amphioxus mouth formation and that the Hh-mediated regulation of mouth development is specific to the mouth. Our data suggest that Hh signaling regulates mouth formation in the amphioxus in a similar way as that in vertebrates, indicating the conserved role of Hh signaling in mouth formation.
Enterococcus faecium are associated with the modification of gut microbiota and shrimp post-larvae survival
Authors: Du Shicong , Chen Wei , Yao Zhiyuan , Huang Xiaolin , Chen Chen , Guo Haipeng , Zhang Demin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Probiotics are widely used to promote host health. Compared to mammals and terrestrial invertebrates, little is known the role of probiotics in aquatic invertebrates. In this study, eighteen tanks with eight hundred of shrimp post-larvae individuals each were randomly grouped into three groups, one is shrimps administered with E. faecium as probiotic (Tre) and others are shrimps without probiotic-treatment (CK1: blank control, CK2: medium control). We investigated the correlations between a kind of commercial Enterococcus faecium (E. faecium) powder and microbiota composition with function potentials in shrimp post-larvae gut.

Results
We sequenced the 16S rRNA gene (V4) of gut samples to assess diversity and composition of the shrimp gut microbiome and used differential abundance and Tax4Fun2 analyses to identify the differences of taxonomy and predicted function between different treatment groups. The ingested probiotic bacteria (E. faecium) were tracked in gut microbiota of Tre and the shrimps here showed the best growth performance especially in survival ratio (SR). The distribution of SR across samples was similar to that in PCoA plot based on Bray-Curits and two subgroups generated (SL: SR < 70%, SH: SR ≥ 70%). The gut microbiota structure and predicted function were correlated with both treatment and SR, and SR was a far more important factor driving taxonomic and functional differences than treatment. Both Tre and SH showed a low and uneven community species and shorted phylogenetic distance. We detected a shift in composition profile at phylum and genus level and further identified ten OTUs as relevant taxa that both closely associated with treatment and SR. The partial least squares path model further supported the important role of relevant taxa related to shrimp survival ratio.

Conclusions
Overall, we found gut microbiota correlated to both shrimp survival and ingested probiotic bacteria (E. faecium). These correlations should not be dismissed without merit and will uncover a promising strategy for developing novel probiotics through certain consortium of gut microbiota.
The need for the fractional operators
Authors: Abdel-Rehim E. A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this review paper, I focus on presenting the reasons of extending the partial differential equations to space-time fractional differential equations. I believe that extending any partial differential equations or any system of equations to fractional systems without giving concrete reasons has no sense. The experiments agrees with the theoretical studies on extending the first order-time derivative to time-fractional derivative. The simulations of some processes also agrees with the theory of continuous time random walks for extending the second-order space fractional derivative to the Riesz–Feller fractional operators. For this aim, I give a condense review the theory of Brownian motion, Langevin equations, diffusion processes and the continuous time random walk. Some partial differential equations that are successfully extended to space-time-fractional differential equations are also presented.
The effectiveness of tele-rehabilitation on improvement of daily living activities in children with cerebral palsy: narrative review
Authors: Tamboosi Mohammad E. , Al-Khathami Safeer S. , El-Shamy Shamekh M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Aim
To investigate the effectiveness of tele-rehabilitation for children diagnosed with unilateral cerebral palsy.

Method
The design of this study is a narrative review. An electronic search was conducted for studies that related to tele-rehabilitation using the following databases: CINAHL, PubMed, MEDLINE, OTSeeker, and PEDro. The data extracted were analyzed by evaluating them according to the key results, limitations, suitability of the methods used to the initial hypothesis, interpretation of the results, and impact of the conclusions in the field.

Results
Out of 139 studies, 3 studies met the inclusion criteria. Further, manual searches of the references of included studies identified 2 more relevant studies. The interventions applied in those studies were web-based multi-modal therapy program using Move-it-to-improve-it (Mitii™), home-based hand-arm bimanual intensive therapy (H-HABIT), and lower-extremity functional training (LIFT). The outcomes were executive functions, occupational performance, activity capacity, dexterity, quality of bimanual hand-use, functional goals, gait capacity, and performance.

Conclusion
Tele-rehabilitation is effective in improving the functions of the upper and lower extremities in daily living activities for children with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP), aged between 2 to 18 years old, classified to levels I and II in GMFCS and levels I, II, and III in MACS. Webcam and good internet connection are essential requirements to conduct tele-rehabilitation. Children need to be contacted weekly via phone or e-mail for further follow-ups. Additionally, tele-rehabilitation may be considered one of the intervention strategies for patients who live in rural areas.
Development of a Hypoparathyroid Male Rodent Model for Testing Delayed-Clearance PTH Molecules
Authors: Ramezanipour Narjes , Esfahani Sayyed Hamid Zarkesh , Eastell Richard , Newell-Price John , Trevitt Graham , Ross Richard J , Wilkinson Ian R 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Context
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) replacement is a promising approach in the management of hypoparathyroidism but long-acting analogues need to be developed. To date, animal models for testing PTH required parathyroidectomy by surgery. We have developed a nonsurgical rodent hypoparathyroid model and tested a delayed-clearance PTH molecule (DC-PTH).

Objective
The aim of this study was to use cinacalcet to suppress calcium levels in normal rats and to reverse these effects with the administration of PTH or PTH analogues

Methods
Male Wistar rats were gavaged with either 30 mg/kg cinacalcet-HCl (cinacalcet) or vehicle only. Animals were then dosed with either single or repeated subcutaneous doses of PTH 1-34 or a DC-PTH at 20 nmol/kg. Control animals received vehicle only. Serum samples were analyzed for ionized calcium (iCa), phosphate, PTH, and DC-PTH. A pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) model was built for cinacalcet, PTH 1-34, and DC-PTH using Phoenix64.

Results
Cinacalcet reduced iCa levels between 2 and 24 hours, returning to baseline by 72 hours post dose with nadir at 8 hours (analysis of variance P &lt; .001), associated with a fall in rat PTH. For phosphate there was a variable biphasic response. Single-dose PTH abrogated the cinacalcet-induced fall in iCa for up to 2 hours. DC-PTH prevented the fall in iCa from 4 hours post dose and gave a prolonged response, with iCa levels quicker to return to baseline than controls. DC-PTH has a half-life of 11.5 hours, approximately 44 times longer than human PTH 1-34. The PK-PD models defined the reproducible effect of cinacalcet on iCa and that DC-PTH had prolonged biological activity.

Conclusion
The administration of cinacalcet provides a robust and reproducible nonsurgical animal model of hypoparathyroidism. DC-PTH holds promise for the treatment of hypoparathyroidism in the future.
Efficacy and safety of suprachoroidal triamcinolone acetonide in cases of resistant diabetic macular edema
Authors: Tayyab Haroon , Ahmed Chaudhry Nasir , Sadiq Muhammad Ali Ayaz 
Published: December 2021

Objective: To evaluate the safety and efficacy of Suprachoroidal Triamcinolone Acetonide (SCTA) injection in patients with treatment resistant Diabetic Macular Edema (DME).
Methods: This was a prospective non randomized interventional study conducted in the vitreoretinal department of Al Ehsan Welfare Eye Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan from March 2018 to September 2018. A total of 24 eyes of 24 patients were included. Baseline Best Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA), Intra Ocular Pressure (IOP) and Central Subfield Thickness (CST) was recorded. After SCTA, patient was followed up at one and three months and same clinical parameters were recorded again and results analyzed.
Results: Out of 24 patients, 11(45.83%) were males and 13(54.16%) were females. Mean pre injection CST was 636.5 ± 200.11 um. Mean pre injection BCVA was 0.8 ± 0.24 on ETDRS chart. Mean post injection CST at one and three months was 304.54 ± 67.43 and 302.66 ± 66.93 um. Mean post injection BCVA at one and three months was 0.47 ± 0.3 and 0.45 ± 0.27 on ETDRS chart. The results were statistically significant for pre and post injection CST at both one and three months (p-value < 0.00001). Pre and post injection BCVA was also statistically significant (p-value < 0.05).
Conclusion: Preliminary evidence suggests that SCTA is well tolerated and may help in improving functional and structural outcomes of treatment resistant DME.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.2.1194
How to cite this:Tayyab H, Ahmed CN, Sadiq MAA. Efficacy and safety of suprachoroidal triamcinolone acetonide in cases of resistant diabetic macular edema. Pak J Med Sci. 2020;36(2):42-47. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.36.2.1194
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Possessing Polynesians: The Science of Settler Colonial Whiteness in Hawai‘i and Oceania, Maile Arvin (2019)
Authors: Beus Yifen 
Published: December 2021

Review of: Possessing Polynesians: The Science of Settler Colonial Whiteness in Hawai‘i and Oceania, Maile Arvin (2019)
Durham: Duke University Press, 328 pp.,
ISBN 978 1 47800 633 6 (pbk), US$27.95
The New Zealand Wars: Ngā Pakanga o Aotearoa, Vincent O’Malley (2019)
Authors: Smith Hinekura 
Published: December 2021

Review of: The New Zealand Wars: Ngā Pakanga o Aotearoa, Vincent O’Malley (2019)
Wellington: Bridget Williams Books, 272 pp.,
ISBN 978 1 98854 599 8 (pbk), NZ$39.99
Histomorphometric study of the soleus muscle under conditions of modeling of spinal cord contusion injury: experimental morphological study
Authors: Filimonova Galina Nikolaevna , Kubrak Nadezhda Vladimirovna , Krasnov Vitaly Viktorovich , Ryabykh Sergey Olegovich 
Published: December 2021

Objective. To conduct a morphometric analysis of the soleus muscle of rats after moderate spinal cord contusion injury.Material and Methods. Experiments were performed on female Wistar rats aged 8–12 months, weighing 270–320 g. Animals of the experimental group (n = 25) underwent laminectomy at the T9 level under general anesthesia and modeling of spinal contusion injury of moderate severity. Intact rats constituted the control group (n = 10). Euthanasia was performed on the 5th, 15th, 30th, 60th, 90th, and 180th days of the experiment. Paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and Masson, the diameters of muscle fibers were determined by computer morphometry, and histograms of their distribution were obtained.Results. In the soleus muscle, the signs of reversible reparative processes prevailed in response to neurotrophic damage. It was evidenced by a local increase in the diversity of myocyte diameters and the loss of polygonality of their profiles, focal destruction of muscle fibers, activation of the connective tissue component, disorganization of some intramuscular nerve conductors, and vascular fibrosis of perimysium. Nevertheless, the histostructure of an intact muscle prevailed in the course of the experiment, which was confirmed by the data of morphometric analysis. All histograms of the distribution of the muscle fiber diameters are unimodal with a mode in the range of 30–41 μm. On the 180th day, the maximum myocyte diameters in the histogram of the left limb muscle belonged to the range of 21–30 μm, which was typical for histograms in the intact group.Conclusion. The nature of the plastic reorganization of the soleus muscle when neurotrophic control is impaired indicates compensatory regeneration of muscle tissue by the type of restitution, which opens up the possibility of predicting the rehabilitation period. It is advisable to take this into account when developing medical and social programs and therapeutic measures, where the most important role is played by superficial neuromuscular and functional electrical stimulation.
Factors influencing the development of recurrence and continued growth of primary extramedullary tumors removed using Nd:YAG laser
Authors: Eliseenko Ivan Alexeevich , Struts Sergey Grigorievich , Lukinov Vitaliy Leonidovich , Stupak Vyacheslav Vladimirovich 
Published: December 2021

Objective. To assess the significance of clinical factors of extramedullary tumors and new methods of their resection as potential predictors of their recurrence and continued growth.Material and Methods. The long-term results of removal of primary extramedullary tumors in 412 patients operated on in 1998–2014 were analyzed comparing the use of standard methods of microsurgical technique for tumor removal (277 patients) and of those with additional use of neodymium laser radiation (135 patients).Results. The use of laser technologies for resection of extramedullary tumors can significantly reduce the number of their recurrences and continued growth, along with other clinical factors is a significant prognostic indicator in determining the nature of the disease course and can be a predictor of their occurrence. The most reliable clinical factors determining the prognosis of a decrease in the incidence of recurrences and continued growth when using laser techniques of surgical resection were repeated operations (p = 0.002), the presence of ependymomas of the cone and cauda equina (p = 0.017), operations for primary tumors in the thoracic spine (p = 0.039) and extramedullary tumors with Grade I anaplasia (p = 0.007). An increase in the number of these conditions was associated with operations on the cervical spine (p = 0.027), the presence of a tumor with Grade II anaplasia (p = 0.007), and a primary extramedullary tumor involving more than three vertebrae (p = 0.017).Conclusion. The use of the laser is indicated for reoperations when removing neoplasms, that have arisen as a result of recurrence or continued growth of extramedullary tumors of any level and length after removal of primary neoplasms with a Grade I malignancy confirmed by intraoperative cytological examination involving no more than three vertebrae in the thoracic, lumbar and sacral spine and during resection of ependymomas with extramedullary growth.
Correlation of dietary intake and physical activity with nutritional status, body composition and hand grip strength in elderly
Authors: Murbawani Etisa Adi , Subagio Hertanto Wahyu , Puruhita Niken , Probosari Enny , Candra Aryu 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT Background: Increased life expectancy has both positive and negative impacts. Elderly group are prone to nutritional issues and body function disorder such as sarcopenia. Factors including dietary intake and physical activity are contributors of sarcopenia.Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation of dietary intake and physical activity with nutritional status, body composition and hand grip strength (HGS) in elderly.Materials and Methods: The study was held on July-October 2020 at the Panti Wredha Dharma Bakti Surakarta. This was a cross-sectional study of 54 elderly subjects. Subjects were selected by purposive sampling method. The data included height was measured using microtoise, while weight and body composition was measured using Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer (BIA). Dietary intake was obtained through comstock observation. Physical activity was measured by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Hand grip strength values was measured by hand grip dynamometer. Data normality analyzed by Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Bivariate test analyzed by Rank Spearman test.Results: Energy, carbohydrate and fat intake had no correlation with nutritional status, total body fat percentage, subcutaneous fat percentage and skeletal muscle mass percentage (p value > 0.05), but there was a relationship between energy (p value = 0.33), carbohydrate (p value = 0.016) and fat intake (p value = 0.047) with visceral fat percentage. Physical activity had relation with nutritional status (p = 0.048) but had no relationship with total body fat percentage, visceral fat percentage, subcutaneous fat percentage and skeletal muscle mass percentage. Protein intake also had no relationship with HGS value (p value> 0.05).Conclusions: Dietary intake only correlated with visceral fat percentage, but had no correlation with other body composition parameters. Physical activity correlated with nutritional status, but had no correlation with all of body composition parameters. Protein intake also had no correlation with HGS.
Struktur Komunitas Vegetasi Mangrove Di Pesisir Pantai Kepulauan Karimunjawa
Authors: Ulyah Faradis , Hastuti Endah Dwi , Prihastanti Ema 
Published: December 2021

Mangrove merupakan tumbuhan yang berada di wilayah intertidal pesisir laut. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis struktur vegetasi mangrove (frekuensi, kerapatan, dominan) dan karakteristik habitatnya (kualitas lingkungan) di kawasan pesisir pantai kepulauan Karimunjawa. Penelitian dilakukan pada Desember 2019 di 3 stasiun dengan metode plot bertingkat, masing-masing stasiun dibuat 3 transek yang berukuran 10m x 10m (pohon), 5m x 5m (pancang), dan 2m x 2m (semai). Hasil penelitian ditemukan 7 jenis mangrove yaitu Rhizophora stylosa, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora apiculata, Ceriops tagal, Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, dan Ceriops decandra. Indeks nilai penting tumbuhan mangrove pada strata pohon, pancang, dan semai paling tinggi adalah Rhizopora stylosa (244,77%), (163,03%), dan (157,96%). Nilai kerapatan Rhizopora stylosa tingkat pohon, tingkat pancang dan semai yaitu (2.500-10.100 ind/ha), (10.400-48.400 ind/ha), dan (97.500-280.000 ind/ha). Kondisi lingkungan di sekitar kawasan mangrove yaitu rata-rata suhu (28,75%), pasir (10,75%), lanau (51,46%/), lempung (37,79%), salinitas (26,60%), pH (7,26), DO (3,28 mg/L), N total tanah (0,24%), P total tanah (120,49 ppm), C Organik tanah (2,10%), N total air (0,28%), P total air (0,27 mg/L), C Organik air (1,56 mg/L).ABSTRACTMangroves are a plant that are found in the intertidal area of marine coastal environments. The study aim to analyze structure of mangrove vegetation (frequency, density, and dominance) and the mangrove habitat (environmental condition) in Coastal Coast Karimunjawa Island. The research was conducted in December 2019 at the three stations using the stratified plot method, and one stations divided three observation transects sized 10m x 10m (trees), 5m x 5m (saplings), and 2m x 2m (seedlings). The result of the study found seven mangroves species were Rhizophora stylosa, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora apiculata, Ceriops tagal, Excoecaria agallocha, Lumnitzera racemosa, and Ceriops decandra. The highest value index of mangroves for trees, saplings and seedlings is the highest Rhizopora stylosa (244,77%), (163,03%), and (157,96%). Density value Rhizopora stylosa in tree level, saplings, and seedlings were (2.500-10.100 ind/ha), (10.400-48.400 ind/ha), dan (97.500-280.000 ind/ha). The environmental conditions around the mangrove area are average temperature (28,75%), sand (10,75%), silt (51,46%/), clay (37,79%), salinity (26,60%), pH (7,26), Dissolved Oxygen (3,28 mg/L), N total land (0,24%), P total land (120,49 ppm), C Organic land (2,10%), N total water (0,28%), P total water (0,27 mg/L), C Organic water (1,56 mg/L).
In vitro antifungal potential of surfactin isolated from rhizospheric Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner 1915 against maize (Zea mays L.) fungal phytopathogen Fusarium graminearum Schwabe
Authors: KHAN Muddasir , SALMAN Muhammad , SHAH Syed Hussain , ISRAR Muhammad 
Published: December 2021

Fusarium graminearum fungus cause significant loss in maize (Zea mays L.) and other cereal crops all over the world. The usage of chemical agents cause severe environmental problems. Bacillus species and other plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPR) play key role in biopesticide development. A wide range of environmentally safe antimicrobial agents are already being manufactured. The current investigation was focused on exploring the antifungal activity of Bacillus thuringiensis lipopeptide surfactin against fungal phytopathogen Fusarium graminearum. B. thuringensis was isolated from the rhizosphere of maize crop and cultivated to produce lipopeptides. Surfactin was identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) from the extract at 210 nm, retention time 3-5 minutes and the obtained peaks area was 3.990. The growth of F. graminearum was successfully inhibited by surfactin at different concentrations. Among these, 80 % concentration showed the highest zone of inhibition in comparison to 60 %, 40 % and 20 % concentrations (p < 0.005), respectively. The current study concludes B. thuringensis lipopeptide surfactin has a high potential to inhibit the growth of F. graminearum.