bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Great War and International Law: German Justifications of Prevention and Pre-emptive Self-Defence
Authors: Hull Isabel V. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Isabel V. Hull uses the German declarations of war in 1914 to examine three issues: 1) the role of customary international law (CIL) in statesmen’s decision to go to war (using Germany as an example); 2) the assumptions that state actors held a jus ad bellum; and, especially, 3) how they distinguished self-defence, prevention, pre-emption, and aggression. Hull uses not the claims of jurists, but the arguments and actions of civilian and military leaders, i.e. those who actually made the decisions for war. With this, she continues Anuschka Tischer’s and Hendrik Simon’s examination of the question whether there was a transformation of war discourses in (early) modernity that led to overcoming the need to justify war. The chapter confirms that, even as Germany began a ‘preventive war’, the European state consensus held that, on the continent, preventive war was illegal, pre-emptive war was severely restrained, and genuine self-defence – meaning both fending off armed attack against one’s territory, independence, or sovereignty, and defending the treaty-structure that guaranteed the inter-state order – was the only justification for war acceptable to the community of states.
‘What We Are Fighting For’: Democracies’ Justifications of Using Armed Force since the End of the Cold War
Authors: Geis Anna , Wagner Wolfgang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
While this volume’s Part IV is devoted to internal and external oppositions to ‘liberal peace’ in the early and mid-twentieth century, Anna Geis and Wolfgang Wagner introduce Part V by turning to paradoxes of democratic warfare and its justification in the last three decades: Democratic warfare has a strong impact on the development of domestic, regional, and international normative orders and has in a number of cases been conducted without the authorization of the UN Security Council. Drawing on insights of the ‘democratic peace’ scholarship, this chapter investigates justifications offered by democratic governments and members of parliaments after 1990 when seeking to legitimate or to reject a participation in military interventions. Such justification patterns have changed over time during the period of liberal hegemony since they always reflect the interplay between changing domestic constellations of interest and power, hegemonic discourse within the state and the surrounding normative order. The chapter presents empirical research on justifications that democratic actors have brought forward in Western parliaments (with regard to the Gulf War, Kosovo, Iraq War, Afghanistan, and the fight against ‘Daesh’ in Iraq and Syria).
‘We Are Going to War.’ Narratives of Self-Defence and Responsibility in Afghanistan War Documentaries
Authors: Heck Axel , Schlag Gabi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Most chapters in this volume focus on diplomatic and scholarly war discourses. In contrast, Axel Heck and Gabi Schlag take a closer look at cultural representations of war: In this chapter, they show how two documentary films about the Afghanistan war—Restrepo (D: Sebastian Junger/Tim Hetherington, 2010) and its sequel Korengal (D: Sebastian Junger, 2014)—craft justification narratives that reproduce the normativity of a global order based on self-defence and responsibility. These documentaries offer rare opportunities to see how the ‘managers of violence’ act in combat and how they reflect upon the normativity of their doings. Heck and Schlag argue that the experience of those who carry out the ethically and emotionally ambivalent business of war and suffer from the traumatic consequences of violence opens up a new perspective on justification as documentaries like Restrepo and Korengal create a publicly shared imaginary of war. By making these soldiers, their bodies, and emotions visible and giving voice to them, documentary films represent a subjective position that is often neglected and marginalized in IR approaches to the justification of war.
The Administration of Justice
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Japan has a three-tiered court system which is staffed with ‘career judges’ who join the court after completing their training and mostly stay there until retirement. The government launched the ‘justice system reform’ in the mid-1990s. This included the introduction of the law school system of US type and the lay assessor system in criminal procedure. Whether law school system was a success or not is being debated. The positive result of the reform is that the length of civil and criminal procedure has become shorter. This is particularly evident in disputes involving intellectual property. Specialised courts of the second instance on intellectual property was set up and is functioning well.
Family Law and Inheritance
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Family law in Japan has been democratised after the Second World War. There are two recent cases where a provision of the Civil Code (family law part) was found to be unconstitutional for the breach of the equal protection clause of the Constitution. One involved the share of inheritance of illegitimate children, and the other on the prohibition of remarriage for six months for females. The Civil Code was duly amended in 2013. The constitutionality of the requirement that a married spouses share the same family name is still held by the Supreme Court to be constitutional.
Hearing, Seeing, and Hylomorphism
Authors: Charles David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Aristotle, it is argued, defined visual perception and hearing as inextricably psycho-physical, not definable in terms of a purely psychological component and a purely physical one. The relevant capacities, like those involved in tasting, smelling and touching, are defined as essentially goal-directed enmattered capacities. They have to be inextricably psycho-physical in this way to be causes and effects of material processes. If this is correct, Aristotle did not accept that these types of perceiving are to be defined in terms of purely psychological phenomena realized in purely physical states or events. His account of all these types of perception follows the pattern set by his discussion of the emotions and desire and is best understood in terms of the Impure Form Interpretation, as developed in Chapters 1 and 2. It is not a version of the two component account proposed by some interpreters. It is further suggested that his account of visual perception is consistent with a version of direct realism, once his ontology of processes and activities is properly understood.
Aristotle’s Undivided Self
Authors: Charles David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Several arguments are examined which, if convincing, would justify the rejection of Aristotle’s contention that psychological phenomena are, in the sense explained, inextricably psycho-physical. The arguments considered are designed to support the claim that desire, perception, and the emotions have to be defined in terms of two definitionally separate components, one purely psychological, the other purely physical. Several of these arguments were developed by Descartes and subsequent philosophers to set up the mind–body problem that we confront today. These arguments, I suggest, do not compel the rejection of Aristotle’s position, as they rest on assumptions that he would, with good reason, not accept. Indeed, if we are entitled to adopt his position as our starting point, we can effectively undermine the arguments ranged against it. Aristotle, so understood, offers a way to dissolve the mind–body problem we have inherited by challenging the very terms in which it has been formulated. Nor does his approach require us, as some have suggested, to adopt a radically alien, ‘pan psychic’, account of matter. His views constitute an alternative to basic elements of our conventional thinking about psychological phenomena and their place in a material world. They offer, in effect, the resources to dissolve, rather than solve, the mind–body problem we have inherited. Properly understood, they point to a new, and potentially more fruitful, way to study a wide range of psychological phenomena.
Englishness
Authors: Henderson Ailsa , Wyn Jones Richard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
For a topic that until recently was presumed not to exist, English nationalism has transformed into an apparently obvious explanation for the Brexit result in England. Subsequent opinion polls have also raised doubts about the extent of continuing English commitment to the union of the United Kingdom itself. Yet, even as Englishness is apparently reshaping Britain’s place in the world and—perhaps—the state itself, it remains poorly understood, in part because of its unfamiliarity. It has long been assumed that nationalism is a feature of political life in the state’s periphery—Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland—but not its English core. Another barrier to understanding bas been the relative lack of public attitudes data with which to explore the nature of English nationalist sentiment.This book draws on data from a survey vehicle—the Future of England Survey—specially established in 2011 to facilitate the exploration of patterns of national identity in England and their political implications. On the basis of these data, Englishness offers new arguments about the nature and effect of English nationalism on British politics, as well as how Britishness operates in different parts of Britain. Crucially, it demonstrates that English nationalism is emphatically not a rejection of Britain and Britishness. Rather, English nationalism combines a sense of grievance about England’s place within the UK with a fierce commitment to a particular vision of Britain’s past, present, and future. Understanding its Janus-faced nature—both England and Britain, as it were—is key not only to understanding English nationalism, but also to understanding the ways in which it is transforming British politics.
The English on England and the United Kingdom
Authors: Henderson Ailsa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores English attitudes to England and its place within the United Kingdom, attitudes that are strikingly different from those held by that proportion of England’s population that views itself in primarily or exclusively British terms. English identity is strongly linked to what we term ‘devo-anxiety’—namely, a belief that England is not fairly treated in the union as currently constructed. Scottish MPs are perceived to have too much influence and Scottish public spending is perceived to be too high. Also evident is support for the recognition of England as a unit within the UK state. Support for solutions that treat England as an indivisible whole are more popular than options to divide it into regions. English identifiers are also the most ambivalent unionists in England, with a clear majority in favour of Northern Ireland breaking away, and plurality support for Scottish and Welsh independence.
Analysing England
Authors: Henderson Ailsa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Finally, Chapter 8 focuses on the analytical challenges posed by English nationalism. We explore how the academic literature on nationalism helps us better to understand the politicized English identity that has been the subject of the previous chapters, including the relationship between English and British nationalism. We also outline methodological and infrastructural implications of our findings for the future study of ‘British politics’ if we are to take England and Englishness seriously.
Intellectual Property Justification for Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Hilty Reto M , Hoffmann Jörg , Scheuerer Stefan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Against the backdrop of the current discussion of how AI reshapes certain IP paradigms, this chapter reassesses the need for IP protection in AI markets per se. We assess the question of justification of IP rights for both AI as a tool and AI-generated output in light of the very theoretical foundations of IP protection (from both legal embedded deontological and utilitarian economic standpoints). Traditionally, IP protection is granted due to deontological reasoning, according to which a human creator’s personality and efforts have to be protected, and economic reasoning, according to which exclusive rights in intangible goods have to be established in order to remedy market failure in public goods markets. IP ought to serve as a regulatory system of stimulation of creation and innovation using market forces to achieve this goal. Based on the current state of knowledge, however, it seems that specific market implications of the widespread use of most AI applications may have altered the justification for AI-related IP protection in certain cases. Whereas this seems particularly true regarding AI tools, the case for AI outputs may be different.
Foes
Authors: Dean Andrew 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the work of South African novelist J. M. Coetzee, drawing throughout from his archive at the Harry Ransom Center (housed at the University of Texas at Austin). The chapter begins by tracing Coetzee’s long-standing scepticism about whether literary criticism can access the significant knowledge of literature. The author voices his scepticism through different critical idioms. The chapter then continues to examine three of Coetzee’s books in particular—Dusklands, Foe, and Elizabeth Costello. Whereas Coetzee in his earliest fiction sought to integrate critical debates as he understood them, his later work seeks to disorient schematic literary critical discourse. The chapter demonstrates how in these later works Coetzee’s writing intervenes in specific ways into the literary culture in which he was enmeshed, and how these fictions think through the demands made on writers to contribute to political struggles and forms of flourishing. The chapter concludes with an account of how the self-reflexivity of Coetzee’s literary archive itself may be read, asking whether it may be considered another incursion into the author’s reception and the procedures of contemporary criticism more generally.
Introduction
Authors: Lindheim Sara H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The introduction provides an overarching view of the book’s questions, texts, and theoretical concerns. It moves from a concrete detailing of the physical extent of geographical space the Roman empire added in the late Republic and in the Augustan age to a consideration of the effects that such an expansive increase in territory might have on a people’s worldview, relying on theories of cartography and the psychoanalytic theories of Jacques Lacan in conjunction with questions about how Romans conceptualized their world and what light the (no-longer-extant) late first-century bce or early first-century ce map of Agrippa can shed on it. The emphasis of the inquiry is on the subject in Latin elegy (including Catullus) in poems that turn out to be chock full of geographical references. The book traces the different ways in which, and the varying consequences with which, the elegiac subject encounters the space of empire depending on gender in the works of Catullus, Propertius, Tibullus, and Ovid.
Waiting for the Barbarians
Authors: Storey Mark 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The final chapter moves to the future-oriented narratives of American science fiction, broadly conceived as a mode of representation committed to the imagination of alternative lifeworlds. The chapter opens with the Roman fragments of Michael Crichton’s Westworld and the remains of New York City in late nineteenth-century dystopian fiction in order to outline the paradoxical relationship between historical representation and the imagination of an imperial (or decolonized) future. The chapter then moves to its three key writers, Isaac Asimov, Edgar Rice Burroughs, and Samuel R. Delany. While each of them offer quite differently fantastical visions of antiquity’s place in the logics and aesthetics of the future, they all find connections through their employment of the ancient figure of the “barbarian” and its role in imperial philosophies and politics.
Migration
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The political and religious migration to the Pacific Northwest that has continued for forty years has recently picked up speed. In the last few years, media reports have suggested that a significant number of individuals have heeded the call to migrate, driving up local property prices and reprofiling political participation, especially in areas such as the north Idaho panhandle. The strategy of religious migration is gaining momentum, as the values and arguments of the migrants and those who identify with them make an impact on local political and economic life, while being repackaged for a wider audience in publications by a broader coalition of conservative commentators. These believers who are moving to the Pacific Northwest recognize that they have lost the culture war—despite or sometimes even because of the election of Donald Trump—and that another kind of conflict is beginning.
Government
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Driven by new hope, those born-again Protestants who expect to contribute to the long-term reconstruction of the United States of America agree that this renewal will have significant implications for government. This chapter will survey a variety of evangelical responses to recent trends in American government. It will argue that the large pan-denominational and politically pragmatic religious coalitions that dominated an earlier phase of evangelical political engagement have fractured, and have given way to a much more vigorous, variegated, and entrepreneurial evangelical political landscape. These believers are not sure how best to respond to their sense of marginalization, but many among their number are returning to and developing the arguments of earlier Reconstructionists. This chapter will explore the complexity of political thinking among those born-again Protestants who embrace their marginal status in order to propose strategies of survival, resistance, and reconstruction in evangelical America.
The Territorial Contamination of the Blood
Authors: Grosby Steven 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The implicit paradoxical combination of monotheism and monolatry, characteristic of Hebraism, has consequences for law. This chapter discusses the legal anthropology of the territorial kinship found in the Hebrew Bible, by examining the categories of the native of the land, citizen, the alien who resides in the land, and the foreigner. This legal anthropology represents a Hebraic deflection from Christian universalism. The problem of describing that legal anthropology as Hebraism when it appears in the absence of references to the Old Testament, for example, in Frederic Maitland’s Constitutional History of England, is discussed. Finally, a re-examination of the concept of secularization is undertaken, with regards to the law of the land.
Small Fiber Functionality in Patients with Diabetic Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Unal-Cevik Isin , Orhan Diclehan , Acar-Ozen Nazire Pinar , Mamak-Ekinci Elmas Burcu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Diabetic neuropathic pain is associated with small fiber neuropathy. We aimed to assess the functionality of small fibers in patients with diabetes by using a practical method.

Design
Patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), diabetic neuropathic pain (DNP), type II diabetes mellitus without neuropathic pain, and healthy control were included. Axon-reflex flare responses were induced by the intradermal application of capsaicin and histamine at the distal leg. The associated flare characteristics (flare areas and flare intensities) were recorded by using Laser Speckle Contrast Analysis (LASCA). The pain and itch responses were rated while performing LASCA. To verify the structural properties of the small fibers, proximal and distal skin biopsies were performed.

Results
DN4, MNSI, NRS, evoked-burning pain scores, and HbA1c levels were the highest in the DNP group. Compatible with length-dependent neuropathy, the distal skin PGP9.5-positive intraepidermal nerve fiber densities (IENFDs) were the lowest, whereas TRPV1-positive IENFDs were the highest in patients with DNP. The distal leg LASCA data showed hypo-functionality in both patients with IGT and DNP and association with disease severity.

Conclusions
There is an unmet need to practically assess the functionality of small fibers in patients with pain. In this study, a practical and objective method that does not need special expertise for the measurement of the functional properties of small fibers by using axon-flare responses is presented. The LASCA method could potentially facilitate a practical, quick (within 5 minutes), and very early diagnosis of small fiber hypo-functionality in both patients with IGT and DNP.
Genetically proxied morning chronotype was associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer
Authors: Sun Xiaohui , Ye Ding , Jiang Mengting , Qian Yu , Mao Yingying 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectivesObservational epidemiological studies have suggested that chronotype may play a role in the pathogenesis and progression of prostate cancer. However, whether there is a causal association remains unknown. The aim of the present study was to examine the potential causal relationship between chronotype and prostate cancer risk using a Mendelian randomization (MR) design.MethodsA total of 268 single nucleotide polymorphisms associated with chronotype were selected from a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies of 697,828 individuals. The genetic association data for prostate cancer was derived from the Prostate Cancer Association Group to Investigate Cancer-Associated Alterations in the Genome (PRACTICAL) Consortium (79,148 cases and 61,106 controls). Inverse-variance weighted (IVW) method was used as the primary analysis to calculate the causal effect estimates. The weighted-median method, MR-Egger regression, MR-Pleiotropy Residual Sum and Outlier (MR-PRESSO) test, and multivariable MR analyses were applied as sensitivity analysis.ResultsGenetically predicted morningness (scaled to a sleep midpoint of 1 h earlier) had a reduced risk of prostate cancer, with an odds ratio of 0.71 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.54–0.94 by IVW), compared with the eveningness. Similar causal effect estimates were also observed by using the weighted median and MR-PRESSO analyses. In addition, results from the multivariable MR analysis supported the findings from the univariable MR analyses. No indication of horizontal pleiotropy was observed in the MR-Egger analysis (p for intercept = 0.234).ConclusionOur findings provide evidence of a causal protective effect of morning chronotype on the risk of prostate cancer.
Universal Screening for Lynch Syndrome in Uterine Cancer Patients: A Quality Improvement Initiative
Authors: Spinosa Daniel , Acosta Tatiana , Wong Janice , Kurtovic Kelli , Mewshaw Jennifer , Collins Sarah , Kauff Noah , Havrilesky Laura J. , Strickland Kyle C. , Previs Rebecca A. 
Published: April 2021

(Abstracted from Gynecol Oncol 2021;160:169–174)
The Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) recommends systematic clinical screening for Lynch syndrome through immunohistochemistry (IHC) testing of tumors identified in patients younger than 60 years or of any age and a thorough review of personal and family history. Testing targets expression of mismatch repair genes MLH1, MLH2, PMS2, and MSH6 to evaluate microsatellite instability.
Racial Disparities in Mental Health Outcomes Among Women With Early Pregnancy Loss
Authors: Shorter Jade M. , Koelper Nathanael , Sonalkar Sarita , Oquendo Maria A. , Sammel Mary D. , Schreiber Courtney A. 
Published: April 2021

(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2021;137:156–163)
It is estimated that 1 in 4 women will experience a pregnancy loss in her lifetime. The emotional impact of a pregnancy loss in many women is devastating.