bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of nucleic acid amplification testing for rapid detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex among U.S. tuberculosis patients from 2011‒2017
Authors: Kumar Varsha , Dalton Tracy L , Armstrong Lori R , Whitesell Amy , Li Rongxia , Starks Angela M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Nucleic acid amplification (NAA) tests rapidly detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex directly from clinical specimens, providing valuable results for those evaluated for tuberculosis.

Methods
We analyzed characteristics of cases with NAA testing performed, compared cases with positive and negative NAA test results, and calculated turnaround time and time-to-treatment for all verified cases reported to the National Tuberculosis Surveillance System in the United States during 2011–2017.

Results
Among 67,082 verified tuberculosis cases with NAA testing information, 30,820 (45.9%) were reported as not having a NAA test performed; the proportion without NAA testing declined annually, from 60.5% in 2011 to 33.6% in 2017. Of 67,082 verified cases, 27,912 (41.6%) had positive, 8,215 (12.2%) had negative, and 135 (0.2%) had indeterminate NAA test results. Among the 33,937 cases with an acid-fast-bacilli–smear-positive result, 70.9% (24,093) had a NAA test performed; 38.0% (11,490) of the 30,244 with an acid-fast-bacilli–smear-negative result had a NAA test performed. Although sputum was the most common specimen type tested, 79.8% (7,023 of 8,804) of non-sputum specimen types had a positive NAA test result. Overall, 63.7% of cases with laboratory testing had NAA test results reported &lt;6 days following specimen collection; for 13,891 cases not yet on treatment, median time-to-treatment after the laboratory report date was 2 days.

Conclusions
Our analyses demonstrate increased NAA test utilization between 2011 and 2017. However, a large proportion of cases did not have a NAA test performed, reflecting challenges in broader uptake, suggesting an opportunity to expand use of this diagnostic methodology.
Circulation of Type 2 Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus in China in 2018–2019
Authors: Zhao Hehe , Ma Xiaozhen , Tang Haishu , Zhang Yong , Chen Na , Kaisaier Wusiman , Wang Qi , Wang Cheng , Zhu Shuangli , Qi Qi , Liu Yu , Ma Qianli , Yang Qing , Li Junhan , Wang Dongyan , Li Xiaolei , Xiao Jinbo , Zhu Hui , Xu Wenbo , Tong Wenbin , Yan Dongmei 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
China implemented the globally synchronized switch from trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (tOPV) to bivalent OPV (bOPV) on May 1, 2016. During April 2018 to May 2019, the first outbreak caused by type 2 circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus (cVDPV2) after the switch occurred in Xinjiang and Sichuan, China.
Methods. We performed sequence analysis of VP1 and the whole genome to determine the genomic characteristics of type 2 cVDPVs, and carried out coverage surveys to assess the risk of viral propagation. Surveillance for environment and acute flaccid paralysis was intensified to enhance case ascertainment.
Results. Comparison of the complete genomes between early (Xinjiang strain) and late strains (Sichuan strains) revealed that recombination pattern and reverse mutation of attenuation sites had been fixed early, but the mutations of the neutralizing antigenic sites were introduced over the circulation. The Markov Chain Monte Carlo tree showed that the cVDPV2 initial infection was April 2016, earlier than the switch. So, we speculated that the cVDPV2 was originated from tOPV recipients and spread among children with a low level of immunity against the type 2.

Conclusions
The detection of this outbreak combined acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) surveillance with environmental surveillance (ES) indicates that ES should be expanded geographically to further complement AFP surveillance.
Early Outcome of Endoscopic Third Ventriculostomy With Choroid Plexus Cauterization Versus Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt as Primary Treatment of Hydrocephalus in Children With Myelomeningocele: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Adebayo Bamidele Oludele , Kanu Okezie Obasi , Bankole Olufemi B , Ojo Omotayo Abimbola , Adetunmbi Babatunde , Morgan Eghosa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Myelomeningocele is associated with hydrocephalus in 35% to 90% of cases. Hydrocephalus is usually treated with insertion of ventriculoperitoneal shunt; however, there is growing evidence that endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) with choroid plexus cauterization (CPC) is an alternative.

OBJECTIVE
To compare the success rate and morbidity of ETV with CPC and ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) as the primary treatment of hydrocephalus in patients with myelomeningocele.

METHODS
A prospective study from January 2016 to February 2019, involving 46 patients with myelomeningocele who developed hydrocephalus after repair in a tertiary hospital in southwestern Nigeria. Biodata and preoperative features of hydrocephalus were documented. ETV + CPC or VPS was done using standard operative techniques. Patients were followed up monthly for 6 mo.

RESULTS
There were 23 patients in the ETV + CPC arm and 22 patients in the VPS arm. Morbidities were cerebrospinal fluid leak, 8.3% in the ETV + CPC arm and 4.5% in the VPS arm, wound dehiscence, 13.6% in the VPS arm, none in the ETV + CPC arm. At 6-mo follow-up, success rate for ETV + CPC was 60.9% and 59.1% for VPS, P = .9.

CONCLUSION
ETV + CPC had similar success rate with VPS at 6 mo with lower morbidity. ETV + CPC should be considered a viable alternative when treating patients with myelomeningocele and hydrocephalus.
Qlone®: A Simple Method to Create 360-Degree Photogrammetry-Based 3-Dimensional Model of Cadaveric Specimens
Authors: Gurses Muhammet Enes , Gungor Abuzer , Hanalioglu Sahin , Yaltirik Cumhur Kaan , Postuk Hasan Cagri , Berker Mustafa , Türe Uğur 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Human cadavers are an essential component of anatomy education. However, access to cadaveric specimens and laboratory facilities is limited in most parts of the world. Hence, new innovative approaches and accessible technologies are much needed to enhance anatomy training.

OBJECTIVE
To provide a practical method for 3-dimensional (3D) visualization of cadaveric specimens to maximize the utility of these precious educational materials.

METHODS
Embalmed cadaveric specimens (cerebrum, brain stem, and cerebellum) were used. The 3D models of cadaveric specimens were built by merging multiple 2-dimensional photographs. Pictures were taken with standard mobile devices (smartphone and tablet). A photogrammetry program (Qlone®, 2017-2020, EyeCue Vision Technologies Ltd, Yokneam, Israel), an all-in-one 3D scanning and augmented reality technology, was then used to convert the images into an integrated 3D model.

RESULTS
High-resolution 360-degree 3D models of the cadaveric specimens were obtained. These models could be rotated and moved freely on different planes, and viewed from different angles with varying magnifications. Advanced editing options and the possibility for export to virtual- or augmented-reality simulation allowed for better visualization.

CONCLUSION
This inexpensive, simple, and accessible method for creating 360-degree 3D cadaveric models can enhance training in neuroanatomy and allow for a highly realistic surgical simulation environment for neurosurgeons worldwide.
Governments: Acting in the Public Interest
Authors: Gordon Deborah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 examines the role governments play when it comes to oil and gas. It argues that there are serious challenges to global climate governance and that national affiliations matter—when countries keep good company, they are more likely to be more aligned with climate goals under the Paris Agreement. The chapter surveys various countries as to their national climate leadership prospects. These are parsed out into three categories: (1) possible acts to follow (Canada, Norway, Australia, and California); (2) where greater government action is possible (United States, other US states, Mexico and Brazil, the Middle East, Alberta, and Japan); and (3) where the greatest climate risks lie (Nigeria, Russia, Venezuela, Taymyr, India, and China). The chapter concludes with the reality that it is local communities that pay the price for oil and gas climate inaction and discusses several examples where public sector innovations could pay off as governments strive to build back better.
Moving Forward: Oil and Gas Climate Solutions
Authors: Gordon Deborah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The concluding chapter summarizes specific oil and gas solutions for each actor in the previous three chapters. It argues that four guiding principles need to guide next steps: (1) the public has a right to know, (2) prices should reflect true social costs, (3) industry must be responsible for all supply-side greenhouse gases, and (4) policymakers should place supply-side oil and gas on a safe climate path. In pursuing new pathways, the chapter lays out what policymakers can do, what industry can do, and what civil society can do. In all there are thirty-four solutions laid out—what the chapter calls the sum of 2 percent solutions. Each of these checks at least one of the aforementioned guiding principles. The book concludes on an optimistic tone discussing the end game for managing abundant petroleum in a warming world.
Corporate Strategy: Overview and Future Challenges
Authors: Chang Sea-Jin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a brief historical overview of corporate strategy and highlights avenues for future research. Prior works on corporate strategy, represented by diversification strategy, find that corporate strategy indeed matters for firm performance. Prior works in corporate strategy, however, focused mostly on the contemporaneous sharing of resources across businesses, employed rough measures for resources, and suffered from data and methodological constraints. The chapter outlines several areas for the future direction of corporate strategy research, calling for new theoretical angles, a more dynamic approach, better measures and methodology, attention to internal coordination costs and control systems, and expansion to more diverse institutional environments. In sum, corporate strategy remains an exciting area for future research with ever more interesting new phenomena and changes in external environments to study, which will be crucial to generating important insights for managers.
Industry Emergence: A Markets and Enterprise Perspective
Authors: Agarwal Rajshree , Kim Seojin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
By taking the perspective of markets and enterprise, this chapter synthesizes an extensive body of research on industry emergence, embodying diverse sets of theoretical lenses, levels of analysis, methodologies, and contexts. The chapter delves into temporal patterns of industry emergence and the role of key actors and underlying mechanisms of knowledge building in this process. In doing so, the text highlights human enterprise as a critical microfoundation of industry emergence, with a focus on heterogeneous capabilities of founding/management teams and team formation. The synthesized insights identify critical theoretical puzzles for future research. The chapter proposes an ambitious research agenda that incorporates motivations into human capital of industry emergence and entrepreneurship, extends focus on product champions and intrapreneurs, examines the role of institutional conditions, and investigates industry emergence in developing country contexts.
Management of Innovation and Knowledge Sharing
Authors: Howard Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Strategic management research provides a strong foundation to explain how new knowledge is developed and shared within and between organizations. Through this effort, management scholars have offered valuable insights in areas such as absorptive capacity, knowledge recombination, and the emergence of innovation networks and ecosystems. This chapter proposes exploring the evolution of this work and the prospects for future research by examining three important themes: the socially constructed nature of knowledge, the ever increasing trend toward knowledge complexity, and the emergence of machine learning as a vital tool for technological innovation. This field has a tremendous opportunity to adapt and improve our theories by reconsidering the traditional roles and boundaries of organizations, while employing new methods of analysis that are better suited to this changing landscape. Strategic management scholars may then play an important role in highlighting the path for social benefit through the creation and sharing of knowledge.
Artificial Intelligence in Strategizing: Prospects and Challenges
Authors: Krogh Georg von , Ben-Menahem Shiko M. , Shrestha Yash Raj 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Recent developments in the theory and research on artificial intelligence (AI) hold great promises as well as challenges for the strategist’s core activities and conduct of strategic processes. These promises and challenges require the strategy field to both reevaluate some of the principal assumptions and implications of strategizing. This chapter takes stock of research on AI applied to strategizing and illustrates what we believe are key questions for future research on the strategy-AI nexus. The chapter discusses the potential of AI in two stages in the strategy process: strategic analysis and formulation, as well as strategy implementation. The aim of this chapter is to engage strategy scholars in advancing AI-related research on strategizing.
Defensive Medicine
Authors: Saks Michael J. , Landsman Stephan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
“Defensive Medicine: A Response to the Legal Response?” discusses the origins, meaning, purposes, and uncertain existence of defensive medicine. The concept has been most useful for those promoting changes in the law to economically benefit the healthcare industry. In the span of several decades, healthcare providers reversed their stance on whether or not they practice defensively. Why would providers commit defensive medicine? Why would they admit to practices that are universally seen as unethical, illegal (fraud), and unsound medical practice? Different types of empirical research have tried to determine whether defensive medicine occurs and, if so, its extent, cost, and effects on patients: physician self-report surveys, clinical scenario surveys, and multivariate analyses of real-world data. The chapter explores the possibility that defensive practices mostly occur in those situations where considerable uncertainty about diagnosis exists and the risk of serious harm is great if the patient is not treated correctly.
Old Norse Mythology and Learned Medieval Speculation
Authors: Lindow John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the myths survived the conversion to Christianity primarily because of two medieval intellectual theories, demonization (the gods had just been minions of Satan) and euhemerism (the gods had originally been actual human beings whom later generations had come to venerate, thus making them into historical figures acting in a “learned prehistory”). I trace the operation of these notions, especially the latter, in the Gesta Danorum of Saxo Grammaticus and the Edda of Snorri Sturluson. In addition, I consider other factors that might have helped the myths to survive: their entertainment value; ties to artefacts and the physical landscape; their value as intellectual paradigms; and especially their value in enabling scholars and poets to understand the tropes of the older poetry.
Old Norse Mythology and Ideology (and Entertainment)
Authors: Lindow John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
According an argument by Georges Dumézil, Ideological use of the mythology may go back to Indo-European times, and it certainly goes back to Viking and medieval Scandinavia, where a “ruler ideology” can be discerned within it. In early modern Denmark and Sweden, the mythology served to create great national pasts, and later it served the needs of national romanticism in Scandinavia and Germany. Later still it was appropriated and twisted by Nazi ideology and that of white supremacy. After WWII, leading fiction writers produced works inspired by it, such as Villy Sørensen (Ragnarøk, 1988) and A. S. Byatt (Ragnarök: The End of the Gods, 2011), who related eschatological themes to the world in which we live, and Neil Gaiman’s American Gods (2001) pits the old gods against the new “gods” of technology. Within pop culture the mythology reflects dominant social notions, and even the wonderful Danish cartoon series Valhalla (1979-2009) may be seen as exemplifying Danish values.
The Sacred in the Everyday
Authors: Cline Erin M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
An appreciation for the sacred, including a deep sense of reverence, awe, and solemnity concerning particular things and people, is expressed throughout the Analects in its discussion of a rich variety of experiences, virtues, and practices that are regarded as special, distinctive, or set apart from other things, and yet very much a part of our daily lives. This chapter focuses on everyday activities that are not directly or primarily related to spirits or spiritual entities or forces, but which are clearly sacred. It explores the virtues of ritual propriety and filial piety, the concept of de (“moral power”), and the virtues of humility and gratitude in the Analects. It goes on to examine the presentation of Kongzi as an exemplar in the text.
Particular Issues and Interpretations
Authors: Cline Erin M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Analects contains only scattered references to women and competing schools of thought, but these passages are worthy of close study. This chapter examines what the Analects says about women, and questions traditional understandings of Nanzi in 6.28, arguing that recent scholarship on women in sacred texts from other traditions, such as Mary Magdalene in the Bible, can assist us in our study of such passages. It then explores how the earliest critics of the Analects responded to Kongzi’s teachings, showing how he was as a catalyst for a variety of views in early China. It also examines some of the ways the Analects continues to be influential today as a sacred text, through practices at Confucian temples, popular writings and television programs, widely shared beliefs and practices, and changing laws and policies.
The Meaning of Life Through Israeli Eyes
Authors: Doron Eyal 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Daily life experience in Israel is characterized by day-to-day tension and absence of calm. Despite this situation Israel consistently achieves high ranking on the World Happiness Index. On the other hand, Israel is also ranked high among the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) in its poverty rate and in income inequality. This is but one example of the many paradoxes Israeli reality reflects. How does Israeli society, typified by social and economic gaps, enable the majority of its citizens to achieve a fulfilling, meaningful, and happy life? This chapter suggests that the “Startup Nation” of Israel provides its citizens with deep sense of worth and significance through a “special compensation mechanism” that connects each Israeli to its Jewish past, its “start-up nation” present, and the unique Israeli free-spirit and self-expression. This enables the average Israeli who observes the extraordinarily successful few to have a profound and unique sense of meaning. The connection between this “compensation mechanism” and the growth of Israeli innovation and creativity is also discussed.
Yearning for Meaning
Authors: Lebel Udi , Ben-Gal Tzlil 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses collective memory challenges in the “new wars” and post-heroic warfare era by looking at a unique community: families of civilians who were murdered in terror attacks in Israel. To obtain the resource that they value most—national meaning for their loss and trauma—families of terror victims did not ask to establish a unique or separate victimized identity for themselves, but rather to be perceived as an inseparable part of the “Families of Israeli casualties of war,” a community recognized by the Israeli public as holding a meta-frame that grants them national meaning, leading to the perception of their loved ones as having died during productive operational action. The authors wish to contribute to a further related perspective: collective memory, victimology, and death studies, and to specifically discuss the efforts of new communities to demand recognition of their sacrifice, thus enabling them to ascribe meaning to their trauma by reframing the death and loss of their loved ones from a personal framing to a national one.
Cultural Scripts, Personal Meaning, and Ethno-Class Identities Among Jews in Israel
Authors: Shoshana Avihu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the relationship between cultural scripts and the subjective meanings for individuals in everyday life. This relationship will be examined relative to ethnic and class identities in light of the hierarchical cultural order in Israel, which includes two master-groups: Mizrahim (Jews of Arab origin) and Ashkenazim (Jews of European-American origin). Against this backdrop, in-depth interviews were conducted on the relationship between ethnic and class identities among Mizrahim from three groups: Mizrahim from a low socioeconomic class, Mizrahim who have experienced socioeconomic mobility, and Mizrahim born to families of high socioeconomic class. Research findings show that while Mizrahim of low socioeconomic class hold strong ethnic identities (and weak class identities), Mizrahim of the other two groups prefer to dissociate themselves from ethnic identities and favor identities that are perceived as “transparent.” The discussion section exposes the relationships between specific cultural scripts and the phenomenology of individuals.
Transcending Locality
Authors: Pagis Michal 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the rising popularity of Buddhist meditation in Israel and the self-identity that bodily based mindfulness offers its practitioners. Based on extended ethnographic fieldwork among Israeli practitioners of vipassana meditation, this chapter illustrates how in periods characterized by doubt and uncertainty, Israelis find in meditation an embodied anchor for selfhood which substitutes dependency on the social world. Through meditation practice, Israelis recede into the body, temporarily liberating the self from local social embeddedness. Yet, at the same time, this same withdrawal to the body produces universal, humanistic-based identifications. The chapter detects four dimensions in the attempt to transcend local social context: an ideological rejection of particularism, the meditation center as a space without a place, the distancing of social roles and identities in vipassana practice, and a connection to humanity at large through loving-kindness. In meditation experience, considered by practitioners as the most personal, “private” withdrawal into the self, Israeli vipassana practitioners find a universal anchor that transcends social locality.