bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structures of German Emigration and Remigration: Historical Developments and Demographic Patterns
Authors: Ette Andreas , Erlinghagen Marcel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGermany today is one of the world’s most important countries of immigration but at the same time a country of emigration. During the last three decades, more than 3.3 million German citizens have left the country whereas 2.5 million have returned. Overall, 3.8 million Germans live outside Germany in another country of the OECD. The chapter analyses basic structures of German emigration and remigration. Germany’s development as a country of emigration includes major historical predecessors but also a more recent, slowly increasing level of international mobility of the German population. The geographical pattern of departure from Germany describes emigration as a heterogeneous phenomenon related to urban regions with higher shares of well-qualified people, but also close spatial links, at least with the neighbouring countries in the south and the west. In the long term, Europe has stabilised as the major destination region whereas the Americas, overall, have lost their attraction compared to earlier periods of emigration. Demographically, international mobility is a phenomenon of the younger population in particular and closely related to other transitions within the life course including changes in relationship status. The motives of migration illustrate the close link between economic, but also partnership and family-related reasons to help us understand Germany’s recent experiences with international mobility.
Settlement or Return? The Intended Permanence of Emigration from Germany Across the Life Course
Authors: Ette Andreas , Sauer Lenore , Fauser Margit 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEconomic approaches and socio-cultural integration are still the most prominent frameworks applied to explain return migration and permanent settlement. In contrast to the bulk of literature focusing on established migrations from poorer to richer regions, the contribution analyses the permanence of emigration from economically highly developed countries. Based on a life-course approach, it highlights the interrelations between life-course domains shaping the intentions of German emigrants to settle permanently abroad, planning to return, and those who are still undecided. The analyses are based on the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) surveying recently emigrated German citizens. The results show that almost half of those emigrants intend to return home after living for only a few years abroad, whereas every fifth reports permanent settlement intentions in the destination country. Multinomial logistic regressions demonstrate that the status within individual domains of the life course–particularly economic status, family arrangement, as well as existing social interactions–together with previous migration experiences shape the intended length of the current migration project.
Social Origins of German Emigrants: Maintaining Social Status Through International Mobility?
Authors: Witte Nils , Pollak Reinhard , Ette Andreas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe prospect of upward social mobility is a central motive for international migration. Curiously, the nexus of spatial and social mobility attracted attention only relatively late and existing research on intergenerational social mobility usually concentrates on the constellation within the nation state. This chapter expands on this literature by investigating the intergenerational social mobility of international German migrants from the perspective of the country of origin. First, we focus on the social origin of internationally mobile and non-mobile persons using data from the German Emigration and Remigration Panel Study (GERPS) and the German Socio-Economic Panel (SOEP). How do the two groups differ in their social background? What kinds of capitals do international migrants inherit from their parents? In a second step, this chapter explores the differences in social fluidity between migrants and non-migrants. Does international mobility increase social fluidity? Our findings suggest that German emigrants are positively selected in terms of their social origin. Their parents are more likely to have academic degrees and to belong to the upper service classes compared with non-migrants. Although social fluidity is not significantly higher among emigrants compared with non-migrants, their risk of downward social mobility is significantly reduced.
Exemplarische Anwendung
Authors: Schäfer Philipp 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDas in Kapitel 4 beschriebene methodische Vorgehen ist in diesem Kapitel auf drei exemplarische Metalle – Kupfer, Tantal und Kobalt – angewandt. Die dabei generierten Ergebnisse liefern Antworten zu den Forschungsfragen (1), (2) und (3). Die drei Beispielmetalle sind in den Abschnitten 5.2– 5.4 abgehandelt. Jeder dieser Abschnitte erläutert zu Beginn die Bedeutung des jeweiligen Metalls und gibt eine kurze Beschreibung über die Ermittlung dessen sekundärer Quellen. Danach ist eine kurze Beschreibung der wichtigsten Recyclingverfahren und der darauf aufbauenden Recyclingmodelle gegeben. Die Auswertungen der Recyclingmodelle sind nach dem Status Quo sowie nach Parametervariationen vorgenommen und diskutiert. Ebenso die sind die Massenbilanzen und die Ergebnisse der energetischen Optimierung der KEA beschrieben. Auf eine detaillierte Erläuterung der Ermittlung der Datengrundlage der Modelle und Massenbilanzen ist in diesem Kapitel verzichtet. Diese kann dem Appendix II des elektronischen Zusatzmaterials entnommen werden.
Radiotherapy in nodal oligorecurrent prostate cancer
Authors: Pinkawa Michael , Aebersold Daniel M. , Böhmer Dirk , Flentje Michael , Ghadjar Pirus , Schmidt-Hegemann Nina-Sophie , Höcht Stefan , Hölscher Tobias , Müller Arndt-Christian , Niehoff Peter , Sedlmayer Felix , Wolf Frank , Zamboglou Constantinos , Zips Daniel , Wiegel Thomas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Objective
The current article encompasses a literature review and recommendations for radiotherapy in nodal oligorecurrent prostate cancer.

Materials and methods
A literature review focused on studies comparing metastasis-directed stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) vs. external elective nodal radiotherapy (ENRT) and studies analyzing recurrence patterns after local nodal treatment was performed. The DEGRO Prostate Cancer Expert Panel discussed the results and developed treatment recommendations.

Results
Metastasis-directed radiotherapy results in high local control (often > 90% within a follow-up of 1–2 years) and can be used to improve progression-free survival or defer androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) according to prospective randomized phase II data. Distant progression after involved-node SABR only occurs within a few months in the majority of patients. ENRT improves metastases-free survival rates with increased toxicity in comparison to SABR according to retrospective comparative studies. The majority of nodal recurrences after initial local treatment of pelvic nodal metastasis are detected within the true pelvis and common iliac vessels.

Conclusion
ENRT with or without a boost should be preferred to SABR in pelvic nodal recurrences. In oligometastatic prostate cancer with distant (extrapelvic) nodal recurrences, SABR alone can be performed in selected cases. Application of additional systemic treatments should be based on current guidelines, with ADT as first-line treatment for hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Only in carefully selected patients can radiotherapy be initially used without additional ADT outside of the current standard recommendations. Results of (randomized) prospective studies are needed for definitive recommendations.
Identification and characterisation of tertiary lymphoid organs in human type 1 diabetes
Authors: Korpos Éva , Kadri Nadir , Loismann Sophie , Findeisen Clais R. , Arfuso Frank , Burke George W. , Richardson Sarah J. , Morgan Noel G. , Bogdani Marika , Pugliese Alberto , Sorokin Lydia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAims/hypothesisWe and others previously reported the presence of tertiary lymphoid organs (TLOs) in the pancreas of NOD mice, where they play a role in the development of type 1 diabetes. Our aims here are to investigate whether TLOs are present in the pancreas of individuals with type 1 diabetes and to characterise their distinctive features, in comparison with TLOs present in NOD mouse pancreases, in order to interpret their functional significance.MethodsUsing immunofluorescence confocal microscopy, we examined the extracellular matrix (ECM) and cellular constituents of pancreatic TLOs from individuals with ongoing islet autoimmunity in three distinct clinical settings of type 1 diabetes: at risk of diabetes; at/after diagnosis; and in the transplanted pancreas with recurrent diabetes. Comparisons were made with TLOs from 14-week-old NOD mice, which contain islets exhibiting mild to heavy leucocyte infiltration. We determined the frequency of the TLOs in human type 1diabetes with insulitis and investigated the presence of TLOs in relation to age of onset, disease duration and disease severity.ResultsTLOs were identified in preclinical and clinical settings of human type 1 diabetes. The main characteristics of these TLOs, including the cellular and ECM composition of reticular fibres (RFs), the presence of high endothelial venules and immune cell subtypes detected, were similar to those observed for TLOs from NOD mouse pancreases. Among 21 donors with clinical type 1 diabetes who exhibited insulitis, 12 had TLOs and had developed disease at younger age compared with those lacking TLOs. Compartmentalised TLOs with distinct T cell and B cell zones were detected in donors with short disease duration. Overall, TLOs were mainly associated with insulin-containing islets and their frequency decreased with increasing severity of beta cell loss. Parallel studies in NOD mice further revealed some differences in so far as regulatory T cells were essentially absent from human pancreatic TLOs and CCL21 was not associated with RFs.Conclusions/interpretationWe demonstrate a novel feature of pancreas pathology in type 1 diabetes. TLOs represent a potential site of autoreactive effector T cell generation in islet autoimmunity and our data from mouse and human tissues suggest that they disappear once the destructive process has run its course. Thus, TLOs may be important for type 1 diabetes progression.Graphical abstract
Risk of suicide attempt and suicide in young adult refugees compared to their Swedish-born peers: a register-based cohort study
Authors: Geirsdottir Gerdur , Mittendorfer-Rutz Ellenor , Amin Ridwanul 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Refugees, especially minors, who often have experienced traumatic events, are a vulnerable group regarding poor mental health. Little is known, however, of their risk of suicidal behaviour as young adults. We aimed to investigate the risk of suicidal behaviour for young adult refugees who migrated as minors. The moderating role of education and history of mental disorders in this association was also investigated.

Methods
In this register linkage study, all 19–30-year-old Swedish-born (n = 1,149,855) and refugees (n = 51,098) residing in Sweden on December 31st, 2009 were included. The follow-up period covered 2010–2016. Cox models were used to calculate hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The multivariate models were adjusted for socio-demographic, labour market marginalisation and health-related factors.

Results
Compared to Swedish-born, the risk of suicide attempt was lower for all refugees (HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.70–0.87), and accompanied refugee minors (HR 0.77, 95% CI 0.69–0.87), but estimates did not differ for unaccompanied refugee minors (HR 0.83, 95% CI 0.62–1.10). Low education and previous mental disorders increased the risk of suicide attempt in both refugees and Swedish-born, with lower excess risks in refugees. Findings for suicide were similar to those of suicide attempt.

Conclusion
Young adult refugees have a lower risk of suicidal behaviour than their Swedish-born peers, even if they have low educational level or have mental disorders. Young refugees who entered Sweden unaccompanied do not seem to be equally protected and need specific attention.
A 2D video-analysis scoring system of 90° change of direction technique identifies football players with high knee abduction moment
Authors: Della Villa Francesco , Di Paolo Stefano , Santagati Dario , Della Croce Edoardo , Lopomo Nicola Francesco , Grassi Alberto , Zaffagnini Stefano 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Abnormal joint biomechanics and poor neuromuscular control are modifiable risk factors for Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL) injury. Although 3D motion capture is the gold standard for the biomechanical evaluation of high-speed multidirectional movements, 2D video analysis is a growing-interest alternative because of its higher cost-effectiveness and interpretability. The aim of the present study was to explore the possible association between a 2D evaluation of a 90° change of direction (COD) and the KAM measured with gold standard 3D motion analysis.

Methods
Thirty-four competitive football (soccer) players (age 22.8 ± 4.1, 18 male and 16 females) were enrolled. Each athlete performed a series of pre-planned 90° COD at the maximum speed possible in a laboratory equipped with artificial turf. 3D motion analysis was recorded using 10 stereophotogrammetric cameras, a force platform, and three high-speed cameras. The 2D evaluation was performed through a scoring system based on the video analysis of frontal and sagittal plane joint kinematics. Five scoring criteria were adopted: limb stability (LS), pelvis stability (PS), trunk stability (TS), shock absorption (SA), and movement strategy (MS). For each criterion, a sub-score of 0/2 (non-adequate), 1/2 (partially adequate), or 2/2 (adequate) was attributed to the movement, based on objective measurements. The intra-rater and inter-rater reliability were calculated for each criterion and the total score. The Knee Abduction Moment (KAM) was extracted from the 3D motion analysis and grouped according to the results of the 2D evaluation.

Results
Excellent intra-rater reliability (ICC > 0.88) and good-to-excellent inter-rater reliability (ICC 0.68–0.92) were found. Significantly higher KAM was found for athletes obtaining a 0/2 score compared to those obtaining a 2/2 score in all the sub-criteria and the total score (20–47% higher, p < 0.05). The total score and the LS score showed the best discriminative power between the three groups.

Conclusion
The 2D video-analysis scoring system here described was a simple and effective tool to discriminate athletes with high and low KAM in the assessment of a 90° COD and could be a potential method to identify athletes at high risk of non-contact ACL injury.

Level of evidence
IV.
Perampanel, a potent AMPA receptor antagonist, protects against tetramethylenedisulfotetramine-induced seizures and lethality in mice: comparison with diazepam
Authors: Zolkowska Dorota , Dhir Ashish , Rogawski Michael A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTetramethylenedisulfotetramine (TETS), a noncompetitive GABAA receptor antagonist, is a potent, highly lethal convulsant that is considered to be a chemical threat agent. Here, we assessed the ability of the AMPA receptor antagonist perampanel to protect against TETS-induced seizures and lethality in mice when administered before or after treatment with the toxicant. For comparison, we conducted parallel testing with diazepam, which is a first-line treatment for chemically induced seizures in humans. Pre-treatment of mice with either perampanel (1–4 mg/kg, i.p.) or diazepam (1–5 mg/kg, i.p.) conferred protection in a dose-dependent fashion against tonic seizures and lethality following a dose of TETS (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.) that rapidly induces seizures and death. The ED50 values for protection against mortality were 1.6 mg/kg for perampanel and 2.1 mg/kg for diazepam. Clonic seizures were unaffected by perampanel and only prevented in a minority of animals by high-dose diazepam. Neither treatment prevented myoclonic body twitches. Perampanel and diazepam also conferred protection against tonic seizures and lethality when administered 15 min following a 0.14 mg/kg, i.p., dose of TETS and 5 min following a 0.2 mg/kg, i.p., dose of TETS. Both posttreatments were highly potent at reducing tonic seizures and lethality in animals exposed to the lower dose of TETS whereas greater doses of both treatments were required in animals exposed to the larger dose of TETS. Neither treatment was as effective suppressing clonic seizures. In an experiment where 0.4 mg/kg TETS was administered by oral gavage and the treatment drugs were administered 5 min later, perampanel only partially protected against lethality whereas diazepam produced nearly complete protection. We conclude that perampanel and diazepam protect against TETS-induced tonic seizures and lethality but have less impact on clonic seizures. Both drugs could have utility in the treatment of TETS intoxication but neither eliminates all seizure activity.
FDG PET/CT to detect bone marrow involvement in the initial staging of patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma: results from the prospective, multicenter PETAL and OPTIMAL>60 trials
Authors: Kaddu-Mulindwa Dominic , Altmann Bettina , Held Gerhard , Angel Stephanie , Stilgenbauer Stephan , Thurner Lorenz , Bewarder Moritz , Schwier Maren , Pfreundschuh Michael , Löffler Markus , Menhart Karin , Grosse Jirka , Ziepert Marita , Herrmann Ken , Dührsen Ulrich , Hüttmann Andreas , Barbato Francesco , Poeschel Viola , Hellwig Dirk 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (FDG PET/CT) is the standard for staging aggressive non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). Limited data from prospective studies is available to determine whether initial staging by FDG PET/CT provides treatment-relevant information of bone marrow (BM) involvement (BMI) and thus could spare BM biopsy (BMB).

Methods
Patients from PETAL (NCT00554164) and OPTIMAL>60 (NCT01478542) with aggressive B-cell NHL initially staged by FDG PET/CT and BMB were included in this pooled analysis. The reference standard to confirm BMI included a positive BMB and/or FDG PET/CT confirmed by targeted biopsy, complementary imaging (CT or magnetic resonance imaging), or concurrent disappearance of focal FDG-avid BM lesions with other lymphoma manifestations during immunochemotherapy.

Results
Among 930 patients, BMI was detected by BMB in 85 (prevalence 9%) and by FDG PET/CT in 185 (20%) cases, for a total of 221 cases (24%). All 185 PET-positive cases were true positive, and 709 of 745 PET-negative cases were true negative. For BMB and FDG PET/CT, sensitivity was 38% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 32–45%) and 84% (CI: 78–88%), specificity 100% (CI: 99–100%) and 100% (CI: 99–100%), positive predictive value 100% (CI: 96–100%) and 100% (CI: 98–100%), and negative predictive value 84% (CI: 81–86%) and 95% (CI: 93–97%), respectively. In all of the 36 PET-negative cases with confirmed BMI patients had other adverse factors according to IPI that precluded a change of standard treatment. Thus, the BMB would not have influenced the patient management.

Conclusion
In patients with aggressive B-cell NHL, routine BMB provides no critical staging information compared to FDG PET/CT and could therefore be omitted.

Trial registration
NCT00554164 and NCT01478542
Dosimetry and optimal scan time of [18F]SiTATE-PET/CT in patients with neuroendocrine tumours
Authors: Beyer Leonie , Gosewisch Astrid , Lindner Simon , Völter Friederike , Mittlmeier Lena M. , Tiling Reinhold , Brendel Matthias , Cyran Clemens C. , Unterrainer Marcus , Rübenthaler Johannes , Auernhammer Christoph J. , Spitzweg Christine , Böning Guido , Gildehaus F. J. , Jurkschat Klaus , Wängler Carmen , Wängler Björn , Schirrmacher Ralf , Wenter Vera , Todica Andrei , Bartenstein Peter , Ilhan Harun 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Radiolabelled somatostatin analogues targeting somatostatin receptors (SSR) are well established for combined positron emission tomography/computer tomography (PET/CT) imaging of neuroendocrine tumours (NET). [18F]SiTATE has recently been introduced showing high image quality, promising clinical performance and improved logistics compared to the clinical reference standard 68Ga-DOTA-TOC. Here we present the first dosimetry and optimal scan time analysis.

Methods
Eight NET patients received a [18F]SiTATE-PET/CT (250 ± 66 MBq) with repeated emission scans (10, 30, 60, 120, 180 min after injection). Biodistribution in normal organs and SSR-positive tumour uptake were assessed. Dosimetry estimates for risk organs were determined using a combined linear-monoexponential model, and by applying 18F S-values and reference target masses for the ICRP89 adult male or female (OLINDA 2.0). Tumour-to-background ratios were compared quantitatively and visually between different scan times.

Results
After 1 h, normal organs showed similar tracer uptake with only negligible changes until 3 h post-injection. In contrast, tracer uptake by tumours increased progressively for almost all types of metastases, thus increasing tumour-to-background ratios over time. Dosimetry resulted in a total effective dose of 0.015 ± 0.004 mSv/MBq. Visual evaluation revealed no clinically relevant discrepancies between later scan times, but image quality was rated highest in 60 and 120 min images.

Conclusion
[18F]SiTATE-PET/CT in NET shows overall high tumour-to-background ratios from 60 to 180 min after injection and an effective dose comparable to 68Ga-labelled alternatives. For clinical use of [18F]SiTATE, the best compromise between image quality and tumour-to-background contrast is reached at 120 min, followed by 60 min after injection.
Getting grip in changing environments: the effect of friction anisotropy inversion on robot locomotion
Authors: Tramsen Halvor T. , Heepe Lars , Homchanthanakul Jettanan , Wörgötter Florentin , Gorb Stanislav N. , Manoonpong Poramate 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLegged locomotion of robots can be greatly improved by bioinspired tribological structures and by applying the principles of computational morphology to achieve fast and energy-efficient walking. In a previous research, we mounted shark skin on the belly of a hexapod robot to show that the passive anisotropic friction properties of this structure enhance locomotion efficiency, resulting in a stronger grip on varying walking surfaces. This study builds upon these results by using a previously investigated sawtooth structure as a model surface on a legged robot to systematically examine the influences of different material and surface properties on the resulting friction coefficients and the walking behavior of the robot. By employing different surfaces and by varying the stiffness and orientation of the anisotropic structures, we conclude that with having prior knowledge about the walking environment in combination with the tribological properties of these structures, we can greatly improve the robot’s locomotion efficiency.