bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Later Embryology of Rhodnius prolixus
Authors: Mellanby Helen 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The development of the external features of the embryo from the time at which the germ-layers are laid down until hatching is described. The fate of the embryonic membrane is followed, and the formation of a ‘cuticular’ layer round the whole embryo produced by the glands which result from the modification of the first abdominal appendages (pleuropodia). The central nervous system is produced in a similar manner to that of other insects. Two parallel longitudinal rows of neuroblasts separate from the dermatoblasts and give rise to the longitudinal nerve-cords. In between them is the neural groove, and cells dorsal to the neural groove produce a median cord. Neuroblasts in the protocerebral, antennary, and pre- mandibular segments form the supra-oesophageal nerve-mass, and those in the mandibular, maxillary, and labial the sub- oesophageal mass. At first three thoracic and eight abdominal ganglia are formed. Later concentration occurs, and by 18 days all the ventral ganglia are located in the thorax, the metathoracic ganglia being particularly large. The sympathetic nervous system arises from the dorsal wall of the stomodaeum. The corpus allatum originates as a pair of ectodermal cellmasses which appear to be invaginated from the maxillary segment. The ectodermal invagination to form the tentorium, glands, and spiracular system is described. Oenocytes appear previous to the ectodermal cells producing their cuticular layer. They become more numerous and much smaller after cuticle formation. The fore- and hind-gut develop normally. The Malpighian tubules are developed from ectoderm. The mid-gut arises in three parts, and the yolk becomes restricted to the middle part in the late embryos. From the mesoderm the usual structures are derived. Musculature of limbs and body is of two distinct kinds. The heart, fat-body, and splanchnic muscles are derivatives of the mesoderm. The germ-cells are defined before the germ-band invagi- nates. Later they are to be found, round the coeloms of the posterior abdominal segments. They migrate anteriorly and form complete gonads 10 days before hatching. The structure of the head of Rhodnius supports the orthodox view that the head of insects is composed of six segments. Evidence from the development of Rhodnius suggests that the insect labrum represents a pair of appendages. Time-table of development at 21° C. and 90 per cent, relative humidity.
Internal Anatomy of a Caddis (Hydropsyche colonica)
Authors: Glasgow J. P. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The internal anatomy of both larval and adult Triohoptera has been very little investigated and but fragmentary accounts exist. For the present study the common New Zealand caddis Hydropsyche colonica McL. was selected both on account of its conveniently large size and because it could readily be obtained in large numbers. The internal anatomy of the larva is described in detail and a preliminary account given of the internal anatomy of the adult, together with some notes on metamorphosis.
On New Species of Diatomaceæ, being a Reply to Mr. Kitton’s Remarks
Authors: O’meara Rev. E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In reply to Mr. Kitton’s animadversions on my two papers recently published in the ‘Microscopical Journal,’ I venture to make a few remarks. To resent the temper of his criticisms could subserve no useful purpose, and therefore I refer to it merely to express my sincere regret that the intrinsic value of the remarks should have been depreciated by the tone in which they have been expressed. It is not unnecessary to say that I have been for very many years devoted to the study of the Diatomaceæ of Ireland, and have carefully examined many thousands of gatherings made by me, in all parts of the country and at all seasons, and have never attempted to publish any forms as new until the Arran dredgings of Dr. E. Percival Wright were placed by him in my hands. I do not make this statement of facts for the purpose of arrogating to myself a right to speak on the subject with an authority equal to that which Mr. Kitton has assumed, but of vindicating myself from the charge of being a novice in the matter, and of being affected with the disease usually known as the cacoethes scribendi, which his observations not very graciously suggest.
On certain Butterfly Scales characteristic of Sex
Authors: Wonfor T. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Nearly every one who has worked with the microscope and turned his attention to the scales of insects (especially the Butterfly tribe) has perhaps been struck with the great variety of form to be found not only in different butterflies, but on the under and upper side of the wings of the same insect. If, too, an attempt has been made to find in the “whites “or “blues “the scales described in all works on the Microscope, as found on certain members of each group, he has undoubtedly met with disappointment, especially if he has looked where our standard works tell us they are to be found. Thus, in the case of the azure blue (Polyom- matus argiolus), we meet with instructions tending to mislead ; thus in the ‘Micrographic Dictionary,’ under “Poly-ommatus,” p. 564, we read—” The scales upon the under surface of the wings of P. argiolus and P. argus have been proposed as test objects. They are of two kinds—one resembling in structure the ordinary scales of insects, the other of a battledore form.” Again, under the head of “Pontia,” p. 571 :—” The form and structure of certain scales existing upon the under side of the male is curious.” Now, any inquirer looking, in either case, in the situations named, will undoubtedly not find them, for the simple reason that these particular scales are never found on the under side.
Histological Demonstrations for the Use of the Medical and Veterinary Professions
Authors: Harley George , Brown George T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We ought to have noticed this book earlier, but have put it aside from quarter to quarter in the hope of being able to write such a notice of its contents as its value and importance demands. Press of other matter has, however, prevented this, and we now feel that we ought not to allow another issue to pass without introducing it to our readers. For many years Dr. Harley has been in; the habit of giving a course of physiological demonstrations at University College. “The observation of the facility with which objects were prepared for examination in the presence of the class, and the readiness with which the directions of the demonstrator were comprehended and carried into effect by the students,” suggested to Mr. Brown “the possibility of describing in an intelligible manner the method of instruction which was so successful in practice.” The volume thus commenced by the pupil has been superintended by the master, and a very valuable aid to anatomical research by the use of the microscope has been the result.
Address delivered by the Rev
Authors: Berkeley M. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Few points are of greater significance than those which touch upon the intimate connection of animal and vegetable life. Fresh matter is constantly turning up, most clearly indicating that there are organisms in the vegetable kingdom which cannot be distinguished from animals. The curious observations which showed that the protoplasm of the spores of Botrytis infestans (the potato mould) is at times differentiated, and ultimately resolved into active flagelliferous zoospores, quite undistinguishable from certain infusoria, have met their parallel in a memoir lately published by MM. Famintzin and Boranetzky, respecting a similar differentiation in the gonidia of lichens belonging to the genera Physcia and Cladonia. It is, however, only certain of the gonidia which are so circumstanced; the contents of others simply divide into motionless globules.
The Development of the Serpulid Pomatoceros triqueter L
Authors: Segrove F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The larvae of Pomatoceros triqueter L. were obtained by artificial fertilization and reared through metamorphosis and for several months afterwards. Larval development took three weeks in summer, and about the same time in winter when the temperature was maintained at 65° F. The eggs are small and give rise to typical trochosphere larvae with well-developed prototroch, metatroch, neurotroch, and feeding cilia, a spacious blastocoelic body-cavity and paired protonephridia. A head-vesicle and a conspicuous anal vesicle are also present. The right eye develops before the left. The larva is very active and grows rapidly at the expense of collected food material. Three setigerous segments arise simultaneously; a fourth is added prior to metamorphosis. The lateral collar-folds develop in two capacious pockets which arise by invagination of the body-wall behind the metatroch, the ventral collar-fold by outgrowth of the ventral body-wall. The rudiments of the thoracic membrane appear above the lateral collar-folds. Metamorphosis commences with the shrinkage of the locomotor apparatus, which leads to the exposure of the lateral collar-folds. The larva settles to the bottom and creeps about on its ventral surface by means of the neurotroch. The branchial crown arises as tripartite outgrowths on the sides of the head. The remaining tissues of the head, apart from the cerebral ganglion and eyes, are gradually resorbed. No tissue is thrown off. The neurotroch gradually disappears and is replaced by cilia on the dorsal surface. The worm begins to secrete a calcareous tube. The resorption of the head is completed and the mouth assumes a terminal position surrounded by the branchial crown. A fourth pair of filaments is added to the branchial crown. The dorsal pair of filaments develops into ‘palps’. The third filament on the left side is modified as the opercnhunn ; the remaining filaments develop pinnules. Further segments are added to the trunk. Those first added are of the thoracic type from the beginningThe eighth and succeeding setigers are of the abdominal type. The thoracic membrane gradually extends backwards to the posterior end of the thorax. The thoracic nephridia arise as a single pair of cells which give rise to the dorsal unpaired duct by outgrowth. The influence of the egg on the course of development is discussed. It is suggested: (u) that the small size of the egg is responsible for the active habits and protracted pelagic life of the larva; (b) that the mode of development of the collar is significant in that interference with the locomotor and feeding apparatus is thereby avoided; (c) that the general shrinkage which occurs at metamorphosis is related to a suspension of feeding activity in the period between the degeneration of the larval and the establishment of the adult feeding apparatus. The development of Pomatoceros is compared with that of the Serpulid Psygmobranchus and the Sabellid Branchiomma.
Tegumental Glands in the Cirripedia Thoracica.1
Authors: Thomas H. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the Cirripedia the exo-skeletal integument consists of a thick layer of chitin with a thin superficial layer of cuticle. The cuticle agrees in properties with that of the Decapod Crustacea, and is also secreted by tegumental glands. Unicellular or compound glands, here first described, secrete the cuticle of the outer surface of the peduncle and capitulum; the labial and suboesophageal (‘salivary’) glands secrete that of the surface of the mantle cavity. In the Operculata the labial glands also secrete between moults, the cuticular material serving to entangle excess material which enters the mantle cavity and so assist in its rejection. The restriction of this accessory function to the Operculata may be correlated with their abundance in frequently turbid waters between tide-marks. The cement is identical in properties with the cuticle and the cement glands are regarded as modified tegumental glands. In the Pedunculata all the gland-cells regenerate after secretion. The labial and suboesophageal glands secrete only at the moult, in the other glands some of the cells are always active. In the Operculata secretion is confined to the moult apart from the secretion produced by the labial glands in connexion with rejection of particles. In the Operculata the cells of the cement glands degenerate after secretion, new cells developing from the walls of the duct. The specializations of the tegumental glands are correlated with the sessile habits of the Cirripedia.
The Development of the Pituitary of the Laboratory Mouse
Authors: Kerr T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A description is given of the development of the mouse pituitary, with particular reference to some obscure points in the general embryology of the mammalian gland. The establishment of the neuro-ectodermal union of brain floor and stomodaeal roof precedes the appearance of Rathke’s pouch; its importance and the effects of external and internal factors on pouch formation and closure are discussed. It is considered that the process cannot be entirely due to mechanical influences and differential growth. The nervous lobe forms from a groove in the premammillary lamina which deepens and separates off. Later enlargement of the lobe is due to the reorganization of its cells, the appearance of fibres and a low but steady mitotic activity. The establishment of the lateral lobes and the blood supply, the distribution of mitoses, the development of processes from the proximal into the nervous lobe and other points are recorded.
Morphological observations on the fate of the Lateral Appendix in the embryonic Olfactory Organ of Rana nigromaculata
Authors: Tsui Chi-Lan 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The anlage of the lateral appendix is formed from the dorso-lateral part of the olfactory placode in Rana nigro-maculata Hallowell. The lateral appendix, a blind sac, is formed when the dorsal lumen is differentiated in its anterior part. It increases in dimension as the olfactory placode further develops, but growth stops as soon as the anterior lower sac appears; it begins to degenerate when the medial nasal gland makes its appearance; and completely disappears towards the end of metamorphosis. Histological changes are described.
Monograph of Monera
Authors: Hackel Ernst 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
No nuclei or nucleus-like form could be perceived throughout the entire plasma body of the Protomyxa, nor contractile vesicles, if we understand by these, fixed organs which, although without a differentiated wall, still occupy definite positions in the body. Nevertheless, a great number of vacuoli were dispersed through the body, as well in the central mass as in the thicker branches. These appeared in the form of paler and more circular spots (fig. 11, 11 v) of different sizes, the largest of 0·03 mm. diameter. If one observed the same vacuole for a little time, its dilatation and contraction, and its appearance and disappearance could be distinctly observed. The former as well as the latter occurred very slowly, and required from about two to three minutes in the largest. By contraction the size of the vacuole became smaller and smaller, at last the clear space entir ely vanished; and it appeared as if the yellowish-red plasma had flowed together over it. If the place where the vacuole had vanished was watched, the vacuole would sometimes be seen to reappear slowly in the same place. A paler point appeared which became slowly larger and larger; it often exceeded its former boundary; another time it did not attain to it. But very often the vacuole remained invisible, and instead of this one, one or more new vacuoli appeared in other places, some near and some very distant. Sometimes in the place of a large vanished vacuole appeared a number (ten to twenty) of small vacuoli in the neighbourhood, either irregularly scattered or grouped in a circle over the place of the vanished vacuole. All this shows that the contractile cavities in the body of the Protomyxa are really vacuoli, i. e., wall-less cavities filled with a watery fluid in the middle of the homogeneous sarcode parenchyma, like those which also occur in many Rhizo-poda, Myxomycetæ, &c. They are also not true contractile vesicles such as occur in the true Infusoria (Ciliata),. and in some Amœhæ (e. g., A. quadrilineata). These latter are distinct and permanent organs, no matter whether they can be perceived to have an essential wall or not. True contractile vesicles always occupy precisely the same situations in the body, while the vacuoli appear and disappear here and there in the solid albuminous mass of the plasmaparenchyma. From this definition of vacuoli as distinguished from contractile vesicles it is naturally in no way disputed but that transitional intermediate forms between both occur. On the contrary, I consider it very probable that the contractile vesicles are developed from simple vacuoli phylogenetically (by natural selection).
On the Structure and Relationships of the Simple or Nucleated, and the Compound or Punctate Forms of Thalassicollidæ
Authors: Macdonald John D. , Surgeon Staff 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Having perused Dr. W alii ch’s observations on the Thalassicollidæ in the ‘Annals and Magazine of Natural History ‘for February, 1869, I was induced to review my notes upon this subject, reaching as far back as 1852, the year just subsequent to that in which Professor Huxley’s excellent paper upon Thalassicolla was published; and though I can do little more than follow in his footsteps, yet the little material collected by me, as well as the accompanying figures (which are all original), may be acceptable to the students of the Protozoa. On the authority of Miiller, one of the two forms of Thalassicolla punctata, described by Huxley with great accuracy, has received the name of Sphærozoum, originally applied to something ambiguously described by Meyen, while the other, or that with fenestrated capsules, has been named Collosphæra. It would seem, however, that Thalassicolla nucleata has escaped the criticism of the bibliographers, being retained as the nominal representative of the family. I shall at once proceed to the description of the figures, making such comments as may be suggested in passing.
An electron-microscope study of the cytoplasmic inclusions in the neurones of Locusta migratoria
Authors: Ashhurst Doreen E. , Chapman J. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The cytoplasmic inclusions of the neurones of adult Locusta migratoria have been examined in the electron microscope. The mitochondria are easily recognized by their cristae and outer double membranes. Electron-dense inclusions, also with an outer double membrane but possessing numerous closely spaced internal lamellae in various orientations, are probably small lipochondria. Larger and more diffuse inclusions comprising crescent-shaped aggregates of loosely packed parallel lamellae and vesicles are present; the possible significance of these larger inclusions is discussed. A system of numerous small vesicles distributed throughout the cytoplasm makes up the endoplasmic reticulum.
The effect of temperature variation on the multiplication rate of two strains of Amoeba proteus
Authors: Hawkins Shirley E. , Danielli J. F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The effect of temperature variation on the multiplication rates of two strains of Amoeba proteus and the corresponding heterotransfer strains obtained by transplantation of nuclei between the ‘ parent’ strains, has been studied. The two ‘parent’ strains multiply at a similar rate at 17° C but at different rates at 27° C and 11° C. The multiplication rates of the heterotransfers follow the cytoplasmic ‘parent’ at the low temperature and the nuclear ‘parent’ at the higher temperature.
Technical variations in Koelle’s histochemical method for demonstrating cholinesterase activity
Authors: Naik N. T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Koelle’s histochemical method for demonstrating cholinesterase activity and the literature on its subsequent modifications have been reviewed. Experiments were carried out on the effect on the cholinesterase reaction of formaldehyde fixation, cold storage of tissues, pH of incubation solution, and progressive increase of incubation time. A series of experiments was also carried out in testing the specificity of substrates and selective inhibitors used in the Koelle method. Enzyme reaction was visualized by the ammonium sulphide method. As a result of these experiments the following technical desiderata have been established:
1. Fixation of tissues for 3 h in neutral formaldehyde solution at 4° C preserved the morphology of the tissues without appreciably affecting the histochemical results. Fixation for more than 6 h produced definitive inhibition of cholinesterases, especially AChE, in most tissues.
2. Periods of up to 24 h of cold storage before fixation had no appreciable effect on the cholinesterase reaction.
3. Incubation at pH values between 5· 0 and 6·0 produced neither significant diffusion artifacts nor loss of enzyme activity. Below pH 5 the AChE reaction was affected to a varying extent according to the tissues used.
4. B.W. 284 at a concentration of 5 × 10-5 M and ethopropazine hydrochloride at a concentration of 1 × 10-4 M were found to be suitable selective inhibitors for AChE and ChE respectively.
5. Visualization of results by means of ammonium sulphide method was found to be preferable to phase-contrast microscopy.
The fine structure of the body-wall and the growth of the cuticle in the adult nematode Ascaris lumbricoides
Authors: Watson B. D. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The fine structure of the body-wall in Ascaris lumbricoides was investigated by electron- microscopical techniques. The body-wall is composed of a cuticle, epidermis, and a single layer of muscle cells. The cuticle contains several layers: a superficial membrane, a cortex, the ‘fibrillar layer’, a matrix or homogeneous layer, 3 fibre layers, and a basal lamella. The cortex is divided into a homogeneous, external cortical layer, and a fibrous, internal cortical layer. The ‘fibrillar layer’ is a series of canals which extend from the inner part of the matrix layer to the cortex. The canals have distinct walls but no contents were demonstrated. No fibres or lamellae could, be detected in the matrix layer. The strands of the fibre layers and the basal lamella are formed from fine fibrils, less than 10 mμ in diameter. There is an inner system of canals that links the epidermis with the basal lamella and the fibre layers. The epidermis has a network of fibres, some of which attach the muscle cells to the cuticle. The muscle cell contains myofilaments of 2 types, an array of large filaments about 30 mμ in diameter, each surrounded by a number of smaller filaments about 5 to 7 mμ in diameter. Glycogen occurs in the epidermis and muscle and is identified as granules; there tends to be a clumping together of granules to form deposits about 100 mμ in diameter. External to the sarcolemma lies a connective tissue sheath which contains collagen, probably in the form of fibrillar and particulate material.
The cuticles of young adult Ascaris have a basic structure similar to that of the fully grown worms. During the growth of the adult worm the cuticle increases in volume, and this increase involves all the layers of the cuticle. The homogeneous or matrix layer increases in thickness more rapidly than the fibre layers, and both of these layers grow faster than the cortex. Ribonucleic acid is more abundant in the epidermis of young adults than in the fully grown worms and this is correlated with the development of endoplasmic reticulum and ribosomes. It is suggested that the extensive canal system in the cuticle transports materials to all layers of the cuticle.