bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of human respiratory virus epidemics
Authors: Rochman Nash , Wolf Yuri , V. Koonin Eugene 
Published: June 2021

Background: It is often assumed that pathogens evolve towards reduced virulence, but counterexamples abound. Faced with a new pathogen, such as SARS-CoV-2, it is highly desirable to be able to forecast the case fatality rate (CFR) and overall disease burden into the future. Considerable effort has been invested towards the development of a mathematical framework for predicting virulence evolution. Although many approaches accurately recapitulate complex outcomes, most rely on an assumed trade-off between CFR and infection rate. It is often impractical to empirically validate this constraint for human pathogens. Methods: A compartment model with parameters tuning the degree to which symptomatic individuals are isolated and the duration of immunity is constructed and evaluated at both short timescales and at equilibrium (when it exists). Results: We reveal kinetic constraints where the variation of multiple parameters in concert leads to decreased CFR and increased pathogen fitness, whereas independent variation of the parameters decreases pathogen fitness. Smallpox, SARS-CoV-2, and influenza are analyzed as diverse representatives of human respiratory viruses. We show that highly virulent viruses, such as smallpox, are likely often constrained by host behavior, whereas moderately virulent viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2, appear to be typically constrained by the relationship between the duration of immunity and CFR. Conclusions: Evolution of human respiratory epidemics appears to be often kinetically constrained and a reduction in CFR should not be assumed. Our findings imply that, without continued public health intervention, SARS-CoV-2 is likely to continue presenting a substantial disease burden. The existence of a parameter regime admitting endemic equilibrium suggests that herd immunity is unachievable. However, we demonstrate that even partial isolation of symptomatic individuals can have a major effect not only by reducing the number of fatalities in the short term but also by potentially changing the evolutionary trajectory of the virus towards reduced CFR.
Experiences of violence among female and male grade eight learners: baseline findings from the Girls Achieve Power (GAP Year) trial across three South African townships
Authors: Kutywayo Alison , Frade Sasha , Mahuma Tshepo , Naidoo Nicolette P. , Mullick Saiqa 
Published: June 2021

Background: South African adolescents experience disproportionally high rates of violence, with lifelong health, social and economic impacts. Few papers present risk factors associated with experiences of adolescent violence. Methods: A baseline cross-sectional survey was done (April 2017 – Sept 2018) with 3432 grade 8 learners in the Girls Achieve Power (GAP Year) trial from 26 high schools in three townships (Soweto and Tembisa, Gauteng and Khayelitsha, Western Cape). Collected data on lifetime experiences of different types of violence, perpetrators, and place of violence. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression were used to enumerate experiences of, and factors associated with violence. Results: A total of 2383 respondents are included. Most (63.1%) were girls, 81.5% aged 12-14. In total 26% had ever experienced violence, higher among boys (p=<0.001). Physical violence was most common (35.7%), then psychological (21.8%), sexual (13.1%), neglect (10.6%), cyberbullying (7.6%), corporal punishment (6.5%) and economic abuse (4.8%). Boys experienced more physical violence (36.0%); girls experienced more psychological violence (22.2%). Gauteng had double the reports of sexual violence (18.4% vs 7.6%, p<0.001). Violence happened most at school (27.4%), followed by the park (19.8%) or their friends’ home (12.9%). Multivariate analysis showed that boys (aOR 1.57; 95% CV 1.27-1.94; p=0.000), those aged 15-17 years (aOR 1.41; 95% CV 1.07-1.84; p=0.013), those who ever used substances (aOR 1.92; 95% CI 1.54-2.37; p=0.000), and those who sometimes feel worthless (aOR 1.35; 95% CI 1.10-1.64, p=0.003) were at higher odds of ever experiencing violence. Those who had never had sex were less likely to have ever experienced violence (aOR 0.66; 95% CI 0.51-0.83; p=0.001). Conclusion: Urgently need wider adoption, scaling, and sustaining of evidence-based primary violence prevention and structural interventions are required to reduce the high burden of adolescent violence. Stakeholders across the ecological model are needed to tackle harmful cultural norms that perpetuate violence.
Lymphoedema care in the mobile unit: a service evaluation of patient experience and attendance rates
Authors: Gabe-Walters Marie , Thomas Melanie , Noble-Jones Rhian 
Published: June 2021

Background/aims Lymphoedema can be a life-long burden to patients. Value-based lymphoedema services should aim to empower patients and meet expectations of care. This study evaluated the attendance rates and experiences of patients accessing a mobile health unit for lymphoedema care. Methods A questionnaire was shared with all adult patients with lymphoedema at 16 mobile unit clinics in south Wales over 3 months in 2019. Attendance rates and questionnaire data were explored descriptively. Results Out of 417 patients, 175 (37%) participated in the study. Of these, a considerable majority (132/148, 89%) expressed a preference for the mobile unit compared to hospital-based services. Reasons for this preference included ease of access, excellent staff and parking facilities. Non-attendance rates of 8% were observed at the mobile unit. Conclusions Patients favoured attending the mobile unit, suggesting that mobile care is a key aspect of value-based healthcare, allowing services to be planned around patient needs. However, this did not fully resolve the issue of non-attendance. The impact of such community-based services on health outcomes, costs and staff experiences should be explored before widespread adoption is implemented.
Voices from the frontline: the psychological impact and coping mechanisms used by healthcare staff during COVID-19
Authors: Majumder Pallab , Jeve Yadava , Sales Christian P 
Published: June 2021

Background/Aims Healthcare workers have been affected by the physical and psychological consequences of working during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study explored the effects of the pandemic on the psychological wellbeing of UK healthcare workers, as well as the coping mechanisms used and the workplace support that they found helpful. Methods A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to healthcare workers across various settings, including primary care, community services, hospital settings and specialist or tertiary service settings. A convenience sample was used to select the participants. The responses were collected for 1 month at the height of the first wave of COVID-19 in the UK (10 April 2020–10 May 2020). Results were collated and analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software. Results Responses to the questionnaire showed the negative emotional, behavioural and cognitive impact of the pandemic on staff, with many experiencing issues such as anxiety, anger, disrupted sleep and worries about contracting the virus. A concerning number also reported symptoms of severe psychological distress, including depersonalisation, derealisation, self-harm and suicidal thoughts. Practical coping mechanisms were generally preferred. Older, male staff were significantly less likely to reach out for support than their younger and female counterparts. Respondents also expressed a preference for practical support from their employer, such as more managerial support at work, time off and financial incentives. Conclusions The psychological wellbeing of healthcare staff in the UK urgently needs addressing. The results suggest that practical workplace support strategies, such as increased time off and better communication between staff and management, would be most helpful. Future research should focus on implementing these strategies and targeting at-risk demographic groups.
Impacts of and survival adaptations to the COVID-19 pandemic among the hill tribe population of northern Thailand: A qualitative study
Authors: Suratana Soontaree , Tamornpark Ratipark , Apidechkul Tawatchai , Srichan Peeradone , Mulikaburt Thanatchaporn , Wongnuch Pilasinee , Kitchanapaibul Siwarak , Yeemard Fartima , Udplong Anusorn 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundCOVID-19 has exerted a variety of impacts on people, particularly people with limited education living in poor economic settings. This study investigates the impacts of and adaptations to COVID-19 among the hill tribe people of northern Thailand.MethodsA qualitative method was used to elicit information from key informants who lived in a hill tribe village in Mae Fah Laung district, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. Fourteen questions on two issues were used to gather information, and an NVivo program was used to extract the findings.ResultsA total of 57 hill tribe villagers participated, including 36 females and 21 males (mean age of 50.1 years, min = 20 and max = 90). Twenty-seven individuals were Thai Yai, 14 were Yunan Chinese, eight were Akha, and eight were members of other minor tribes. Regarding education and occupation, 30 individuals were illiterate, while 27 had attended different levels of primary school; 40 individuals were unemployed, 13 were employed as daily wage workers and farmers, and the other 4 were attending school. Three age categories were used to assess the impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic: impact of access to the educational system among the young, loss of jobs and family financial problems among the working, and access to medical care for the elderly. Six adaptation stages in response to the COVID-19 crisis were observed among the hill tribe people: shock stage with no prior experience, looking for help from health and other agencies, considering the national lockdown policy, complying with prevention and control measures, reducing stressful situations and following the new normal approach, and addressing suffering points at home and elsewhere.ConclusionsThe COVID-19 pandemic has exerted different impacts on different age categories among the hill tribe population living in remote and border areas. Effective adaptations have been implemented to address the new normal life under the disease, and six adaptation stages have been identified that have helped them survive the greatest threat to humankind today.
Vicarious traumatization in healthcare providers in response to COVID-19 pandemic in Kelantan, Malaysia
Authors: Norhayati Mohd Noor , Che Yusof Ruhana , Azman Mohd Yacob 
Published: June 2021

Background
In the fight against the COVID-19 pandemic, frontline healthcare providers who are engaged in the direct diagnosis, treatment, and care of patients face a high risk of infection yet receive inadequate protection from contamination and minimal support to cope with overwork, frustration, and exhaustion. These problems have created significant psychological and mental health concerns for frontline healthcare providers. This study aimed to compare the levels of vicarious traumatization between frontline and non-frontline healthcare providers in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methodology
All the subjects who met the inclusion criteria were recruited for this comparative cross-sectional study, which was conducted from May to July 2020 in two hospitals in Kelantan, Malaysia. A self-administered questionnaire, namely, the Malay-version Vicarious Traumatization Questionnaire and the Medical Outcome Study Social Support Survey were utilized. A descriptive analysis, independent t-test, and analysis of covariance were performed using SPSS Statistics version 26.

Results
A total of 160 frontline and 146 non-frontline healthcare providers were recruited. Vicarious traumatization was significantly higher among the non-frontline healthcare providers (estimated marginal mean [95% CI]: 79.7 [75.12, 84.30]) compared to the frontline healthcare providers (estimated marginal mean [95% CI]: 74.3 [68.26, 80.37]) after adjusting for sex, duration of employment, and social support.

Conclusion
The level of vicarious traumatization was higher among non-frontline compared to frontline healthcare providers. However, the level of severity may differ from person to person, depending on how they handle their physical, psychological, and mental health. Hence, support from various resources, such as colleagues, family, the general public, and the government, may play an essential role in the mental health of healthcare providers.
“I fought my entire way”: Experiences of declining maternity care services in British Columbia
Authors: Niles P. Mimi , Stoll Kathrin , Wang Jessie J. , Black Stéphanie , Vedam Saraswathi 
Published: June 2021

Background
The 2016 WHO Standards for improving quality of maternal and newborn care in health facilities established patient experience of care as a core indicator of quality. Global health experts have described loss of autonomy and disrespect as mistreatment. Risk of disrespect and abuse is higher when patient and care provider opinions differ, but little is known about service users experiences when declining aspects of their maternity care.

Methods
To address this gap, we present a qualitative content analysis of 1540 written accounts from 892 service users declining or refusing care options throughout childbearing with a large, geographically representative sample (2900) of childbearing women in British Columbia who participated in an online survey with open-ended questions eliciting care experiences.

Findings
Four themes are presented: 1) Contentious interactions: “I fought my entire way”, describing interactions as fraught with tension and recounting stories of “fighting” for the right to refuse a procedure/intervention; 2) Knowledge as control or as power: “like I was a dim girl”, both for providers as keepers of medical knowledge and for clients when they felt knowledgeable about procedures/interventions; 3) Morbid threats: “do you want your baby to die?”, coercion or extreme pressure from providers when clients declined interventions; 4) Compliance as valued: “to be a ‘good client’”, recounting compliance or obedience to medical staff recommendations as valuable social capital but suppressing desire to ask questions or decline care.

Conclusion
We conclude that in situations where a pregnant person declines recommended treatment, or requests treatment that a care provider does not support, tension and strife may ensue. These situations deprioritize and decenter a woman’s autonomy and preferences, leading care providers and the culture of care away from the principles of respect and person-centred care.
Crystal structure of methyl 3-(1H-naphtho[1,8-de][1,3,2]diazaborinin-2(3H)-yl)benzoate, C18H15BN2O2
Authors: Ma Qiang , Miao Zong-Cheng 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
C18H15BN2O2, monolinic, P21/n (no. 14), a = 13.61(2) Å, b = 7.389(11) Å, c = 16.34(2) Å, β = 113.91(2)°, V = 1502(4) Å3, Z = 4, R

gt
(F) = 0.0544, wR

ref
(F
2) = 0.1651, T = 273 K.
Nonprofit Arts Organizations’ Pursuit of Public Interests: The Role of Board Diversity
Authors: Lee Young-Joo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAlthough nonprofit organizations are expected to contribute to public interests, their tax exemption does not necessarily entail serving the broader public. What, then, makes nonprofit organizations orient their work externally, serving the broader public, instead of internally, pursuing private goals? This paper examines this question by studying the link between nonprofits’ board governance, with a specific focus on boards’ racial diversity, and their contribution to public interests. The analysis of the 2015 US Local Arts Agency Census reveals that boards’ racial diversity is closely related with nonprofit arts organizations’ participation in serving the broader public through civic engagement and community development activities. The findings offer insights on how nonprofit boards, which are neither publicly elected nor publicly accountable, can be trusted to attend to broader issues of the public interest.
Breast reconstruction after breast cancer surgery – persistent pain and quality of life 1–8 years after breast reconstruction
Authors: Honkanen Nina , Mustonen Laura , Kalso Eija , Meretoja Tuomo , Harno Hanna 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To assess the long-term outcome of breast reconstructions with special focus on chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) in a larger cohort of breast cancer survivors.

Methods
A cross-sectional study on 121 women with mastectomy and breast reconstruction after mean 2 years 4 months follow up. The mean time from breast reconstruction to the follow-up visit was 4 years 2 months. We studied surveys on pain (Brief Pain Inventory, BPI and Douleur Neuropathique 4, DN4), quality of life (RAND-36 health survey), sleep (insomnia severity questionnaire, ISI), mood (Beck’s Depression Index, BDI; Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS), and a detailed clinical sensory status. Patients were divided into three groups: abdominal flap (Deep inferior epigastric perforator flap, DIEP; Free transverse rectus abdominis flap, fTRAM, and Pedicled transverse rectus abdominis flap, pTRAM), dorsal flap (Latissimus dorsi flap, LD and Thoracodorsal artery perforator flap, TDAP), and other (Transverse myocutaneous gracilis flap, TMG; implant). Clinically meaningful pain was defined ≥ 4/10 on a numeric rating scale (NRS). We used patients’ pain drawings to localize the pain. We assessed preoperative pain NRS from previous data.

Results
106 (87.6%) of the patients did not have clinically meaningful persistent pain. We found no statistically significant difference between different reconstruction types with regards to persistent pain (p=0.40), mood (BDI-II, p=0.41 and HADS A, p=0.54) or sleep (p=0.14), respectively. Preoperative pain prior to breast reconstruction surgery correlated strongly with moderate or severe CPSP.

Conclusions
Moderate to severe CPSP intensity was present in 14% of patients. We found no significant difference in the prevalence of pain across different reconstruction types. Preoperative pain associated significantly with postoperative persistent pain.
Short-Term Effects of Vagus Nerve Stimulation on Learning and Evoked Activity in Auditory Cortex
Authors: Lai Jesyin , David Stephen V. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractChronic vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) has been shown to facilitate learning, but effects of acute VNS on neural coding and behavior remain less well understood. Ferrets implanted with cuff electrodes on the vagus nerve were trained by classical conditioning on an auditory tone frequency-reward association. One tone was associated with reward while another tone was not. Tone frequencies and reward associations were changed every 2 d, requiring learning of a new relationship. When tones were paired with VNS, animals consistently learned the new association within 2 d. When VNS occurred randomly between trials, learning within 2 d was unreliable. In passively listening animals, neural activity in primary auditory cortex (A1) and pupil size were recorded before and after acute VNS-tone pairing. After pairing with a neuron’s best-frequency (BF) tone, responses by a subpopulation of neurons were reduced. VNS paired with an off-BF tone or during intertrial intervals had no effect. The BF-specific reduction in neural responses after VNS remained, even after regressing out changes explained by pupil-indexed arousal. VNS induced brief dilation in the pupil, and the size of this change predicted the magnitude of persistent changes in the neural response. This interaction suggests that fluctuations in neuromodulation associated with arousal gate the long-term VNS effects on neural activity.
Mathematical model of transmembrane potential dynamics of loach early embryogenesis
Authors: Galyk G. V. , Fedorovych Z. Y. , Lychkovsky E. I. , Vorobets Z. D. 
Published: June 2021

Heavy metals in the water environment are known to have a negative effect on the viability of fish in early development. We have discussed the influence of environmental factors on early embryo development from the viewpoint of the correlation adaptometry method. The analysis of time series with the subsequent construction of a mathematical model was used to determine the change in the greatest effect of certain types of ions on the values of the transmembrane potential for prognostic purposes. The membrane potential is accepted as an integral indicator of the state of the embryos. Structures of five elements of the same type were constructed for the time shifts from 0 to 180 minutes. Each element in the system characterizes the value of the transmembrane potential that was measured in a cell incubated in one of the five solutions during early embryo development. Mathematical models describing the cell membrane potential dynamics have been created and studied. It was noted that the transmembrane potential dynamics of embryo cells is dependent on a change in the value of the correlation coefficient between elements of the system. A decrease in the sum of the correlations between individual elements of the system with an increase in the magnitude of the time shift is established. The results of the numerical solutions of the system equations indicated the sequence of changes in the greatest effect of the incubation medium on the value of the membrane potential in cells. The study of the membrane potentials’ dynamics, using the total values of the strength of correlation, confirmed the influence of heavy metals in the incubation medium on the membrane potential of embryo cell in early development.
The synthesis of lipids and proteins in vitro in tissues of Cyprinus carpio infected with Bothriocephalus acheilognathi
Authors: Yuskiv L. L. , Yuskiv I. D. 
Published: June 2021

The problem of the mechanisms of regulation of biochemical processes in carp Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758) tissues and organs caused by infection with Bothriocephalus (Schyzocotyle) acheilognathi (Yamaguti, 1934) at different intensities of invasion remains practically unstudied. The purpose of this study was to dedetrmine the intensity of lipid and protein synthesis in vitro when [6-14C]glucose and [2-14C]lysine are used as their precursor in the tissues of the intestine, hepatopancreas and skeletal muscles of carp. The study was conducted on this-year carp with body weight 14.5–20.5 g, at different invasion rates of the helminth B. acheilognathi, which belongs to the family Bothriocephalidae of the Pseudophyllidae order of the Cestoda class of the Plathelminthes phylum. The examined carp were divided into three groups: 1st group of fish was free from intestinal helminths of B. acheilognathi (control); 2nd group of fish was weakly infected with helminths (intensity of invasion was 1–3 helminths per fish); the 3rd group of fish was highly infected (the invasion intensity was 4 worms and more per fish). Our results showed that in fish infected with the helminth B. acheilognathi in comparison to uninfected, the intensity of lipid synthesis in the intestinal wall, hepatopancreas, skeletal muscle was much lower when [6-14C]glucose was used as a predecessor than when [2-14C]lysine was used as a predecessor. In the examined tissues, significant decrease was observed in the synthesis of reserve lipids (mono-, di- and triacylglycerols) in comparison to the structural (phospholipids and cholesterol), which depends on the intensity of the B. acheilognathi invasion. In the metabolic processes in the wall of the intestine, hepatopancreas, skeletal muscle of this-year carp infectd with B. acheilognathi helminths, under in vitro conditions, [6-14C]glucose was used more than [2-14C]lysine. The intensity of protein synthesis in the intestinal wall, hepatopancreas, skeletal muscles of this-year carp infected with the helminth B. acheilognathi under in vitro conditions increased when [6-14C]glucose was added to the incubation medium, on average 7.1–28.3% and decreased when [2-14C]lysine was added, on average 7.8–25.7%.