bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
93 Effects of a Functional Oils Blend on Intestinal Health and Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Moita Vitor Hugo C , Duarte Marcos Elias , Kim Sung Woo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study was to investigate the role of castor oil and cashew nutshell liquid (functional oil blend, FOB) on intestinal health and growth performance of nursery pigs and to determine an optimal supplemental level. Newly weaned pigs (20 barrows and 20 gilts at 25 d of age, 7.02 ± 0.58 kg BW) were randomly allotted to 5 treatments in a RCBD and fed in 2 phases (13 and 21 d respectively) with increasing levels (0, 0.050, 0.075, 0.100, and 0.150%) of FOB. Growth performance was measured by each phase. Titanium dioxide (0.4%) was added to phase 2 diets as an indigestible marker to measure AID. On d 34, all pigs were euthanized to collect jejunum to measure immune status, oxidative stress status, microbiota, morphology, and crypt cell proliferation. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed of SAS. Supplementation of FOB did not affect the overall growth performance. Supplementation of FOB tended to decrease (P = 0.064) the concentration of jejunal protein carbonyl (3.11 to 2.45 nmol/protein) and tended to increase villus height (P = 0.098, 401 to 453 μm) and crypt depth (P = 0.070, 86 to 99 μm). Increasing FOB reduced (P &lt; 0.05) relative abundance of Helicobacteraceae (46.8 to 21.0%) and increased (P &lt; 0.05) relative abundance of Prevotellaceae (7.9 to 13.1%), Burkholderiaceae (6.3 to 10.8%) and Pseudomonadaceae (0.1 to 1.0%), and increased (P &lt; 0.05) alpha diversity of the jejunal mucosa-associated microbiota at the family level (Chao1 index 42.8 to 56.8%). In conclusion, FOB showed potential benefits on intestinal health of nursery pigs by increasing beneficial and reducing harmful bacteria reducing oxidative damages in the jejunal mucosa, and by enhancing villus structure, whereas without affecting the growth performance. The FOB at a range of 0.050% to 0.150% provided the most benefit for nursery pigs.
97 Formulating to Fermentable Protein Can Affect the Health and Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Faris Richard , May Sabrina , Ebarb Sara , Xue Pengcheng , Newcomb Mark D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of fermentable protein (FP) on pig health and performance. FP is defined as the difference in ATTD CP and AID CP on a total CP basis. In experiment 1, 1,449 pigs (~19 d of age; initial BW = 5.9 ± 0.2 kg, 16 reps/trt, 22–23 pigs/pen) were blocked by pen location and randomly assigned to one of 4 treatments with FP levels of 1.36, 1.26, 1.16, and 1.06 in phase 1 (d 0–11) and phase 2 (d 11–20.5). FP was decreased primarily through the addition of soy protein concentrate (SPC) and the reduction of soybean meal (SBM). In experiment 2, 144 pigs (~21 d of age; initial BW = 4.7 ± 0.7 kg, 8 reps/trt, 3 pigs/pen) were blocked by weight and randomly allotted to one of 6 treatments with FP levels of 1.30, 1.24, 1.20, 1.15, 1.11, and 1.07 for phase 1 (d 0–7) and 1.22, 1.17, 1.13, 1.08, 1.03, and 0.99 for phase 2 (d 7–21). FP was decreased through the incremental replacement of soybean meal with hydrothermal mechanical processed (HTM) SBM. For both experiments, performance data was analyzed as a general linear model. Mortality and removal (M&R) and stool quality were analyzed as generalized linear mixed models, with a binomial or multinomial distribution, respectively. For experiment 1 (Table 1), the reduction in FP with SPC increased ADFI, decreased gain:feed, and reduced the probability of M&R from trial. For experiment 2 (Table 2), reduction of FP with HTM SBM linearly increased ADG, gain:feed, and probability of visually observing a more normal stool. A quadratic effect of reducing FP was also detected for ADG and ADFI. In conclusion, these two experiments highlight that reducing diet FP can influence health and performance of pigs.
126 Impact of Elevating Feed Amounts in Late Gestation on Sow and Litter Performance
Authors: Portal Ximena A Paz , Rosero David , Carter Scott D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of elevating feed amounts during late gestation on the performance of sows and their pigs during lactation. A total of 419 individually-housed sows were used. Sows were balanced by parity (P2 –P10) and body condition score (BCS, 1–5) on d 90 of gestation to 2 treatments [Control or bump-feeding (BP)]. Within each treatment, sows were fed a common gestation diet according to their body condition: (thin, BCS &lt; 3 = 2.7 kg/day; ideal BCS 3 = 2 kg/day; fat, BCS &gt; 3 = 1.6 kg/day). For sows allotted to BP, feed intake was increased by 0.91 kg/d on d 90. Data were analyzed for main effects of treatment and within body condition category. Bump-feeding decreased lactation ADFI of ideal sows (P = 0.015; 6.53 and 5.99 kg, for control and BP, respectively), but not of thin (P = 0.122, 6.05 and 6.80 kg) or fat sows (P = 0.136, 5.79 and 6.78 kg). The number of still-born pigs decreased when thin (P = 0.005, 1.63 and 0.93 pigs for control and bump-feeding) and fat sows (P = 0.133, 1.74 and 1.13 pigs) were BP. However, this was not observed for ideal sows (P = 0.779, 1.28 and 1.27 pigs). Moreover, piglet birth weight (measured in a subsample of 55 litters) improved with BP (P = 0.048; 1.36 vs 1.55 kg, for control and BP, respectively). The impact of BP on birth weight was more evident for fat sows (P = 0.08, 1.25 and 1.61 kg). This resulted in a greater proportion of small pigs (&lt; 3.63 kg) at weaning in litters from fat sows that were not BP (P = 0.019; 7.41 vs 0%, for control and BP, respectively). In conclusion, elevating feed amounts in late gestation did not improve the performance of ideal sows but it positively impacted the performance of thin and fat lactating sows.
121 Statistical Analysis Method Counts for Sow Count Data Responses
Authors: Faris Richard , Paton Neil 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Several statistical analysis methods are typically employed to analyze sow reproductive count data. The research objective was to compare analysis methods of pig birth counts to determine their robustness in identifying simulated treatment differences. Counts of stillborn (SB), born alive (BA) and sow parity differences were simulated using descriptive statistics from a sow farm. Different scenarios were tested: 1) Effect of a 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 percentage point change in treatment difference in SB and BA and, 2) Replicates of 20 to 200 experimental units (EU) in increments of 20 sows; yielding 40 total scenarios. For each scenario, sow observations were simulated 1000 times over. Random sub-setting was used to create a random effect of parity in each dataset as follows: 20% Parity 1, 50% Parity 2–4, and 30% Parity 5+ sows. Each simulated scenario was analyzed as: 1) General linear model (GLM) with raw counts of number of SB or BA as the response variable, 2) GLM with the ratio of BA or SB to total born as the response variable, and 3) Generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) with a binomial distribution of SB or BA as events and total born as trials. Across the EU replicate range, gross performance of models was compared by measuring area under the curve (AUC) with EU as abscissa and the probability of the simulation being P &lt; 0.05 as ordinate. Simulation results are provided in Table 1. The GLMM has elevated probability of detecting true treatment differences over both GLM models for SB and BA. For BA analysis, the GLM Model 1 the probability of detecting true differences is greatly reduced vs. the other two models. This research indicates that deploying GLMM in analyses is a more effective and improved method to detect true differences in sow count data.
137 Evaluation of Narasin Inclusion Level on the Growth Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Growing-finishing Pigs
Authors: Puls Christopher L , Arentson Roger , Peterson Beau A , Silva Gustavo , Knopf Brandon , Ritter Matthew J , Steidinger Mark , Carr Scott N 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Two studies were conducted to evaluate narasin inclusion level on the growth performance and carcass characteristics of growing-finishing pigs. The studies were carried out using a randomized complete block design with three narasin levels: 0 vs. 15 vs. 20 mg/kg. Study 1 (2,232 pigs) was carried out over a fixed time of 85 days from 33.4 ± 1.7 kg to 117.0 ± 2.6 kg. Study 2 (1,125 pigs) was carried out over a fixed time of 113 days from 28.0 ± 2.2 kg to 124.4 ± 6.0 kg. All pigs were fed diets that met or exceeded nutrient recommendations of growing-finishing pigs (NRC, 2012). Pigs were offered ad libitum access to feed and water throughout the study and weighed on day 0, 28, 56, and 84. Feed additions and feed remaining in the feeder at the time of pig weighing was recorded. Due to disruptions at the slaughter facility, carcass data were not collected on Study 1. For Study 2, pigs were sent for slaughter over five weeks, with the heaviest 20% of each pen being sent for slaughter each week. At slaughter, hot carcass weight was collected. Compared to controls, feeding 15 mg/kg narasin increased (P &lt; 0.05) final body weight (1.2 kg and 1.4 kg for Study 1 and 2, respectively), increased (P &lt; 0.05) hot carcass weight (1.3 kg), and tended (P = 0.07) to improve carcass yield (0.3 percentage units). Feeding 20 mg/kg narasin increased (P &lt; 0.05) overall G:F compared to controls (1.5% and 1.9% for Study 1 and 2, respectively). There were limited differences between the 15 and 20 mg/kg narasin levels. The results of this study confirm improvements in growth performance and carcass characteristics from feeding narasin to growing-finishing pigs. The outcomes of feeding 20 mg/kg narasin were unexpected and warrant further research.
138 Effects of Increasing Soybean Meal in Corn-based Diets on Growth Performance of Late-finishing Pigs
Authors: Holen Julia P , Goodband Robert D , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increasing levels of soybean meal (SBM) replacing feed grade amino acids in corn or corn-dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS)-based diets on growth performance of late finishing pigs. In both experiments, there were 22 to 27 pigs per pen and 14 pens per treatment. Average length of the experiments was 35 (Exp. 1) and 29 days (Exp. 2). Diets were balanced to contain 0.70% SID Lys and 2,667 or 2,610 kcal NE/kg for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Minimum amino acid ratios relative to Lys were: Ile, 55; Met&Cys, 60; Thr, 65; Trp, 19.5, and Val, 70. Dietary crude protein ranged from 10.1 to 15.2 for Exp. 1 and 13.6 to 19.4 for Exp. 2. The statistical model considered fixed effects of treatment, linear and quadratic contrasts, and random effect of block. In Exp.1, 1,793 pigs (L337×1050, PIC; initially 104.9 ± 1.4 kg) were fed corn-based diets and pens of pigs were assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with increasing SBM from 5 to 20%. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed (G:F) increased (linear; P &lt; 0.05) as SBM increased with the greatest improvement observed as SBM increased from 5 to 8.75%, with little improvement thereafter. In Exp. 2, 1,827 pigs (L337×1050, PIC; initially 97.9 ± 1.1 kg) were used in a similar study as Exp. 1, but all diets contained 25% DDGS and SBM levels increased from 0 to 16%. Overall, G:F and final bodyweight of pigs marginally improved (linear and quadratic, respectively; P &lt; 0.10) as SBM increased, with the greatest performance observed when diets contained 8% SBM. These results suggest that increasing SBM up to 8% at the expense of feed grade amino acids in corn or corn-DDGS-based diets improved ADG or G:F in late-finishing pigs.
194 Efficacy of a Multicarbohydrase Containing Alpha-galactosidase in Lactating Sows: Impact on Progeny Weight and Uniformity
Authors: Kitt Steve J , Adhikari Roshan , Bertram Mark J , Petersen Grant I , Moya Sara Llamas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Modern lactating sows are under high energetic demand due to increasing prolificity. Significant body weight (BW) losses during lactation may impair sows’ reproductive life and longevity, and the readiness for weaning of the offspring. This study aimed at evaluating the impact of a multicarbohydrase containing alpha-galactosidase (CAG; AlphaGal™280P, Kerry) on a low energy dense lactation diet. Two-hundred and eight sows (218 ± 25.2kg) were blocked by parity and BW to one of 4 treatments, in which a corn-soybean meal diet was formulated to have graded levels of added fat (0, 1.5% and 3%) to titrate an energy density model (T1–T3). T4 replicated the 0% added fat formulation with CAG supplementation at 250 g/MT. Sows were weighed individually on entry, post-farrow (by calculation) and at weaning. Daily feed intakes (ADFI) were used for calculation of sow feed conversion ratio (FCR). Litter performance was characterized at birth, and size was standardized within 24h of farrow and within treatment to ensure uniform litter sizes (LS). Average wean weight (WWt) and pre-weaning mortality were determined. Litter weight distribution was also evaluated via individually weighed piglets, with consideration for pigs &lt; 4.1kg BW. Data were analyzed as a RCBD, using sow as the experimental unit, treatment as the main effect, and standardized average weight and LS as covariates where appropriate. CAG tended to increase sow ADFI (P &lt; 0.10) and yielded significant improvements in sow FCR (P &lt; 0.01), comparable to T3. Although CAG group had lower standardized LS (P &lt; 0.001), WWt was higher and equivalent to T3 upon use of standardized LS as a covariate. CAG tended to reduce the proportion of light pigs within the litter, when compared to T1. CAG improved the efficiency of sows, while increasing WWt of the offspring, suggesting an improvement in nutrient digestion and/or post absorption metabolic efficiency from typical lactation diets.
214 Effects of Reducing Digestible Lysine and Tryptophan to Lysine Ratio on Growth Performance of Grow-finish Pigs
Authors: Russi Andres Tolosa , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Steck Craig , Wolfe Matt 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Due to packing plant closures or slow-downs, many producers needed to examine ways to reduce average daily gain (ADG) of finishing pigs. Therefore, a total of 1,080 pigs (L337 × 1050, PIC; initially 32.0 kg) were used in a 119-d trial to evaluate the effects of reducing dietary standardized ileal digestibility (SID) Lys and SID Trp:Lys ratio to slow growth of finishing pigs in a commercial setting. Pigs were randomly allotted in weight blocks to 1 of 4 dietary regimens with 27 pigs/pen and 10 replications/regimen. Pigs were fed a control regimen (100% of the estimated SID Lys requirement for pigs in this facility) formulated to contain 1.10, 1.01, 0.91, 0.83, 0.79, 0.71 and 0.67% SID Lys from 32 to 42, 42 to 51, 51 to 72, 72 to 85, 85 to 97, 97 to 112, and, 112 to 130 kg, respectively. Two other regimens contained 90 or 80% of the Lys estimate. These 3 regimes were formulated to a SID Trp:Lys ratio of 19% except for the last dietary phase that contained 17% SID Trp:Lys ratio. The fourth regimen contained 80% of the SID Lys estimate with 16% SID Trp:Lys in all phases. The statistical model included fixed effects of treatment, random effect of block, linear and quadratic effects of SID Lys and pairwise comparison of the two 80% treatments. Overall, decreasing SID Lys decreased (linear, P &lt; 0.01) ADG and final body weight (BW) and tended (P &lt; 0.10) to decrease gain:feed ratio (G:F). Reducing the Trp:Lys ratio decreased (P = 0.014) ADG and final BW compared to pigs fed diets with 80% SID Lys with higher SID Trp:Lys. In summary, decreasing SID Lys reduced ADG and feeding a reduced SID Trp:Lys ratio resulted in a further decrease in ADG of grow-finish pigs.
183 Effects of Protein Supplementation on the Gut Bacterial Community Composition of Hybrid Striped Bass, Morone Chrysops X M. Saxatilis
Authors: Fowler Emily , St-Pierre Benoit , Poudel Prakash , White Brandon , Brown Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Plant-based protein ingredients have become an attractive substitute for traditional animal sources in the aquaculture feed industry. However, inclusion in carnivorous fish diets is limited due to reduced digestibility, presence of anti-nutritional factors, and increased risk of digestive tract inflammation. To gain further insight on the adaptation of the fish digestive tract environment to plant-based protein sources, intestinal bacterial communities from Hybrid Striped Bass, Morone chrysops x M. saxatilis, fed diets supplemented with different protein sources were compared. Data were generated by Illumina MiSeq 2X300 sequencing of PCR generated amplicons targeting the V1–V3 regions of the 16S rRNA gene. A comparative analysis using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test identified 17 highly represented species-level Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs) that differed in abundance across dietary treatments (P &lt; 0.05). Notably, OTU SD_McMs-0001 was at its highest abundance in samples from individuals fed poultry-fishmeal (PFM; 47.61% ± 0.92%) and plant protein-based (PP; 43.13% ± 1.76%) diets, while it was found in much lower abundance in the non-supplemented control diet samples (B; 4.29% ± 0.92%). It was predicted to be a novel species of the family Peptostreptococcaceae based on its limited 16S rRNA gene sequence identity to its closest valid relative (Peptostreptococcus russellii, 91%). In contrast, three Proteobacteria-affiliated OTUs (SD_McMs-0002, SD_McMs-0003, and SD_McMs-0004) were most highly represented in B diet samples, with averages of 30.28%, 27.22%, and 13.54%, respectively. They were in much lower abundance in the PFM and PP samples, with averages ranging between 0.18% and 4.82%, respectively. Based on 16S rRNA sequence comparisons, they were predicted to be strains of Plesiomonas shigelloides (99%), Ralstonia pickettii (99%) and Sphingomonas elodea (99%), respectively. These results indicate that protein supplementation affects gut bacterial community composition of Hybrid Striped Bass, but that the type of protein used has minimal or no detectable impact.
245 Evaluation of Cellulose in Diets with and Without Added Zno on Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: Chance Jenna A , Tokach Mike D , Calderon Hilda I , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , Goodband Robert D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A total of 1,296 pigs (PIC L337×1050; initially 4.8 kg) were used in a 42-d study to evaluate cellulose in diets with and without pharmacological levels of Zn on nursery pig performance. Our hypothesis was that added fiber (cellulose) may provide more benefit in diets without ZnO. Pens were assigned to 1 of 4 dietary treatments in a RCBD by BW with 27 pigs/pen and 12 pens/treatment. Dietary treatments were arranged in a 2×2 factorial with main effects of cellulose (0 vs 1%; J. Rettenmaier USA, Schoolcraft, MI) and Zn (200 vs. 3,000 mg/kg in phase 1 and 110 vs. 2,000 mg/kg in phase 2). Treatment diets were formulated in two phases fed from d 0 to 7 and 7 to 21 with a common diet fed from d 21 to 42 post-weaning. Pig weights and feed disappearance were collected weekly to determine ADG, ADFI, and G:F. On d 16 or 17, fecal samples were collected from 3 pigs/pen to determine fecal DM, and all pens were visually evaluated for fecal consistency. There were no Zn×cellulose interactions. For the experimental and overall period, pigs fed diets containing added Zn had increased (P &lt; 0.001) ADG, ADFI, G:F and BW while those that were fed cellulose had decreased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG. For fecal dry matter, there was no evidence for difference (P &gt;0.10) between any of the treatments but those fed added ZnO had visually firmer feces as evidenced by lower (P &lt; 0.001) fecal scores. When fed a common diet from d 21 to 42, pigs previously fed added ZnO had increased (P &lt; 0.001) ADG (502 vs. 523 g/d) and ADFI (697 vs. 734 g/d). In conclusion, there were no interactive effects between added cellulose and Zn; however, cellulose reduced ADG while the inclusion of pharmacological levels of Zn improved all growth criteria.
248 Impact of Adding a Stimbiotic or Sugar Beet Pulp to Nursery Pig Diets on Growth Performance and Individual Injections
Authors: Merriman Laura A , Wilcock Pete , Cordero Gustavo , Haberl Ben 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Utilizing different dietary fiber sources has been studied in piglets to help mitigate post-weaning diarrhea and improve post-weaning performance. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of adding sugar beet pulp or a stimbiotic (Signis; AB Vista) on nursery pig performance. Barrows (n = 216; average initial BW = 5.1kg) were randomly allotted to one of three dietary treatments and fed a 4 phase feeding program; 1) Control (Con), Insoluble/Soluble fibre ratio (I/S), P1; 4.47, P2; 5.84, P3; 5.82, P4; 7.08. 2) High Soluble (HS) with sugar beet pulp added at 5% (P1 and P2) and 2.5% (P3 and P4) giving the following I/S ratio; P1; 2.63, P2; 2.91, P3; 5.02 and P4; 5.42. 3) Control plus stimbiotic added at 100 g/t (SIG). Pen weight and feed disappearance were recorded weekly to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Fecal score was visually ranked by pen daily from wean to 35 days. Blanket water medications were not provided. Instead, individual pigs that needed treatment were identified and injected with individual antibiotic interventions, and the number of interventions per pig was recorded. Performance data were submitted to ANOVA using JMP with mean separation by Tukey test and a contingency analysis was used to compare antibiotic injections. At day 14, pigs had a Rotavirus A and B challenge. Addition of HS or SIG reduced (P &lt; 0.05) individual antibiotic treatments by 56 and 32% compared to the CON, respectively. No differences were observed in scour scores or overall ADG. Overall intake was greater (P &lt; 0.01) in HS (0.560 kg) than CON (0.491 kg) or SIG (0.492 kg). Pigs fed SIG (0.671) had a better (P = 0.011) G:F over SBP (0.602), with CON (0.649) being intermediate. In conclusion, HS increased intake where stimbiotic improved feed efficiency, and both decreased antibiotic treatments.