bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the ferrofluid lubricated exponential squeeze film-bearings
Authors: Shah Rajesh C. , Patel Dilip B. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Based on the ferrohydrodynamic theory by R. E. Rosensweig and continuity equation, ferrofluid (FF) lubricated different exponential squeeze film-bearing designs are studied. Since uniform magnetic field does not effect on the performance of the bearing design system, variable form of magnetic field is considered to control FF flow behaviour. Expressions for pressure and load-carrying capacity are obtained by the methods of averaged inertia and regular perturbation. Results for dimensionless load-carrying capacity are calculated and compared. Some comparisons are also made with the previous study. Results show the significant contribution of FF on the designed problem.
Electron density of a nanohoop [2]rotaxane based on invariom refinement
Authors: Luger Peter , Dittrich Birger 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Rotaxanes as well as catenanes are known as potential building blocks of molecular machines. The nanohoop [2]rotaxane investigated is composed of a macrocycle derived from a [6]cycloparaphenylene (CCP, designated as a carbon nanohoop), where one of the six para-linked phenyl rings is replaced by a 2,6-substituted pyridyl ring. This macrocycle is mechanically interlocked with a thread, a linear rod-shaped diyne fragment sitting in the cavity of the macrocycle. Two bulky 3,5-di-t-butyl-phenyl rests as end groups keep the thread fixed. The interplay between macrocycle and thread was examined by means of the electron density distribution (EDD) obtained by application of the invariom formalism, relying on X-ray diffraction data collected earlier. The so-obtained EDD was subjected to topological analysis using the QTAIM formalism. Moreover, molecular Hirshfeld and electrostatic potential (ESP) surfaces were calculated. The 73 C–C bonds were analysed in terms of bond topological properties. For the 46 single and the 22 aromatic bonds, the analysis gave average bond orders of 1.03 and 1.61. The five C–C bonds in the diyne fragment can clearly be distinguished into three types: formal triple bonds with bond orders above 3.0, arene bonds with bond orders of 1.6 and finally bond orders of 1.3 in the adjacent C–C bonds, which indicate a considerable electron delocalization in this fragment. Mapping the ED onto the Hirshfeld surfaces of the macrocycle and the thread does not show strong signals. This shows that in between the molecules only weak non-covalent interactions are present. The electrostatic potentials (ESPs) were mapped onto molecular EDD isosurfaces. For all phenyl rings, small regions of negative ESP are visible on the delocalized π systems. A potential gradient between the mostly positive ESP of the macrocycle and the diyne region of the thread exist, which can be considered the dominant force to hold this rotaxane together.
Compounds of the types Pn(pyS)3 (Pn = P, As, Bi; pyS: pyridine-2-thiolate) and Sb(pyS)
x
Ph3–x
(x = 3–1); molecular structures and electronic situations of the Pn atoms
Authors: Wächtler Erik , Gericke Robert , Block Theresa , Gerke Birgit , Pöttgen Rainer , Wagler Jörg 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The compounds Pn(pyS)3 (Pn = P, As, Sb, Bi) were synthesized from the respective chloride (Pn = P, As, Sb) or nitrate (Bi), pyridine-2-thiol (pySH) and triethylamine (NEt3) as a supporting base in THF (P, Sb), CHCl3 (As) or methanol (Bi). Sb(pyS)3 was also obtained from the reaction of SbCl3 with LipyS (prepared in situ) in methanol. The compounds Sb(pyS)2Ph and Sb(pyS)Ph2 were prepared in a one-pot reaction starting from SbCl3 and SbPh3 (1:1 ratio). Upon Cl/pyS substitution, the resulting reaction mixture allows for a facile separation of the products in hot hexane. P(pyS)3 and As(pyS)3 crystallize isostructurally to the reported structure of Sb(pyS)3 with κ-S-bound pyS ligands. These crystal structures feature close Pn···Pn contacts which are most pronounced for the arsenic derivative. Bi(pyS)3 adopts a different molecular structure in the solid state, which features two chelating (κ
2-S,N-pyS) ligands and a κ-S-bound ligand. The presence of N→Bi interactions between the nitrogen atom of the κ-S-pyS ligand and the Bi atom of another molecule renders this structure a polymer chain along the crystallographic b axis with Bi⋅⋅⋅Bi van-der-Waals contacts. The structures of this set of Pn(pyS)3 compounds were also studied in solution using 1H NMR spectroscopy, revealing equivalent pyS ligands in discrete Pn(pyS)3 molecules. The molecular structure of Sb(pyS)Ph2 was optimized by quantum chemical methods, and a comparison with the structures reported for the other Sb/pyS/Ph combinations reveals Sb(pyS)2Ph to feature the strongest Sb···N interactions with the κ-S-pyS ligand. The results of 1H NMR spectroscopic investigations of the compounds Sb(pyS)
x
Ph3–x
(x = 3–0) suggest the Ph protons in ortho position to be incorporated into intramolecular C–H···S contacts for x = 2 and 1. Natural localized molecular orbital (NLMO) calculations were employed in order to gain insights into the electronic situations of the Pn atoms and Pn–R bonds (R = S, C), especially for the effects caused by formal substitution of Pn in the compounds Pn(pyS)3 and the ligand patterns in the compounds Sb(pyS)
x
Ph3–x
(x = 3–0). For the latter series of compounds, the electronic situation of the Sb atom was further studied by 121Sb Mössbauer spectroscopy, providing a correlation between the calculated electron density at Sb [ρ(0)] and the experimentally observed isomer shift δ. The missing link between group 15 and group 13 metal compounds of the type M(pyS)3, compound Al(pyS)3, was synthesized in this work. In the solid state (confirmed crystallographically), the mer isomer of this tris-chelate complex with distorted octahedral Al coordination sphere was found. This coordination mode was confirmed for the solution state (CDCl3) by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy at T = −40 °C.
Effective removal of tetracycline from water by batch method using activated carbon, magnetic carbon nanocomposite, and membrane hybrid technology
Authors: Wahab Muhammad , Zahoor Muhammad , Salman Syed Muhammad , Naz Sumaira 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this study two adsorbents (activated carbon; AC and magnetic activated carbon; MCN) were prepared from Dalbergia sissoo sawdust and used as potential adsorbents for the removal of tetracycline (TC) from water. Both the adsorbents were characterized by instrumental techniques like energy dispersive x-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), x-ray diffraction (XRD), surface area analyzer and thermal gravimetric/Differential thermal analysis (TG/DTA). The effect of antibiotic initial concentration, contact-time, pH, adsorbent-dose, and temperature were evaluated to determine optimum adsorption conditions. The optimum TC concentration for both AC and MCN was 120 mg/L while optimum time of saturation for both adsorbents was 120 min. The optimum pH determined was five while optimum adsorbent dose was 0.1 g. The adsorption isothermal data of both sets of experiments was best explained by Langmuir model. The kinetic data was well explained by pseudo-second order kinetics model. The ΔH° (enthalpy change) and ΔSo (entropy change) were; −14.989 and 25.174 kJ/mol for AC and −11.628 and 51.302 kJ/mol for MCN respectively. The values of Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) calculated for AC were 7.36, −7.99, −7.36, −7.61, and −8.12 kJ/mol while for MCN these were −15.02, −15.53, −16.05, −16.56, and −17.07 kJ/mol corresponding to temperatures; 298, 303, 313, 323, and 333 K. To control fouling in ultra-filtration, nano-filtration, and reverse osmosis membranes caused by TC, and both adsorbents, a continuous stirred reactor was connected in series with membrane pilot plant. The improvement brought about by both adsorbent in parameters like % retention and permeate flux was also evaluated. Comparatively, better improvement was brought about in % retention and permeates flux by MCN.
Vegetable and fruit market wastes as an appropriate source for biogas production via anaerobic digestion process
Authors: Alikhan Omid Mohammad , Khoramnejadian Shahrzad , Khezri Seyed Mostafa 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Urban waste management is a critical issue in today’s world. On the other hand, energy supply is a significant need, especially from renewable sources. In this paper, an efficient method is studied for the production of biogas from vegetable and fruit market wastes. A comprehensive study is presented on the production of methane in biogas from vegetable and fruit market wastes. For this purpose, a reactor was designed and vegetable and fruit market wastes were used as feed of the reactor for biogas production. For supplying the moisture during the gas formation, the feed was mixed with distilled water in 1:1 ratio. The mean cell residence time was set at 25 days. The results showed an intense sensitivity of the microorganism to the pH of the reactor. In acidic media, the produced biogas was very lower than neutral and slightly basic media. In addition, the percentage of the methane in the biogas showed to be increased by increasing pH from 6.3 to 7.6.
Impacts of Fixed-End and Flexible Boundary Conditions on Seismic Response of Shallow Foundations on Saturated Sand in 1-g Shaking Table Tests
Authors: Jafarian Y. , Esmaeilpour P. , Shojaeemehr S. , Taghavizade H. , Rouhi S. , McCartney J. S. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A key consideration in physical modeling of seismic problems in geotechnical engineering is the impact of the model container boundaries on the soil layer response. The container boundaries may alter the stress-strain behavior from free-field conditions through the possible reflection of incident shear waves and generation of P-waves within the soil layers. In this study, 1-g shaking table experiments were performed to evaluate the impacts of container boundary conditions on the response of saturated loose sand layers subjected to harmonic base motions (1) in a free-field condition, (2) with a shallow foundation, and (3) with a shallow foundation supporting a single degree of freedom superstructure. The sand layers were formed in a newly fabricated laminar shear container that can be converted to a rigid box by adding elements to the end walls. Acceleration, excess pore water pressure, and settlement measurements demonstrate that the rigidity of the container boundaries can have a major impact on seismic behavior of the models. In particular, the observed permanent settlement of the foundations increased by 58–115 % in the soil models with fixed-end (or rigid) boundaries compared with those in soil models with flexible conditions. This was attributed to nonuniformity of strains near the fixed-end container boundaries and a higher level of energy trapped inside the model. Furthermore, higher spectral accelerations were captured in tests with fixed-end boundary conditions compared with those with flexible boundary conditions. Scaling issues associated with 1-g shaking table testing were also discussed.
New Physical Model to Study Tunnels in Squeezing Clay-Rich Rocks
Authors: Arora Ketan , Gutierrez Marte , Hedayat Ahmadreza 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Squeezing ground conditions in tunnels are often associated with rock mineralogy, strength, ductility, excavation sequence, and the magnitude of in situ stresses. Numerous methodologies and empirical correlations have been proposed in the past to determine the level of ground squeezing conditions in tunnels, but most of them are problem specific and limited in scope. This paper presents a fundamental study of tunnel squeezing using a novel experimental approach to simulate tunnel boring machine (TBM) excavation in squeezing ground conditions. The proposed experimental setup employs a cubical specimen of synthetic mudstone, with each dimension being 300 mm and the six faces subjected to a true-triaxial state of stress, with different magnitudes of principal stresses and stress levels that correspond to realistic in situ conditions. A miniature TBM was designed, fabricated, and used to excavate a tunnel into the host rock (specimen) while the rock was subjected to a true-triaxial state of stress. Embedded strain gauges and acoustic emission sensors, which were coupled on the surface of the rock specimen, were also used to monitor the tunnel’s response during the excavation stage. The results from the experiment confirmed the capability of the physical model to provide a better understanding of tunnel squeezing and to delineate the damage and the deformation that occurs during instant stress release and creep behavior of rock around the tunnel boundary during tunnel excavation.
Sistema de numeración aimara: una revisión para su reconstrucción
Authors: Bizarro Wilfredo , Vilca Apaza Henry Mark , Sucari Wilson 
Published: January 2021

En este trabajo se revisó la literatura del sistema de numeración aimara, su historia, coexistencias y análisis con respecto a diversas culturas y lenguas, considerando sus tipos, principios y características. En base a ello, se procede a su reconstrucción original del sistema de numeración de la lengua aimara, ya que existen antecedentes y evidencias para afirmar que es un sistema posicional oral, regular, en base decimal, con auxiliar quinaria, además de aditivo y multiplicativo. Se encontró que la raíz primitiva, el número cinco sería qallqu; base originaria al que siguen por adición los demás números: maya ‘1’, paya ‘2’, kimsa ‘3’, pusi ‘4’, qallqu ‘5’, maqallqu (maya qallqu ‘1 + 5’), paqallqu (paya qallqu ‘2 + 5’), kimsaqallqu (kimsa qallqu ‘3 + 5’) y pusiqallqu (pusi qallqu ‘4 + 5’), y tunka ‘10’, en función a ella se forman un orden maravillosamente precisa, perfecta desde la interpretación intercultural, lingüística, etnomatemática y matemática.
Yüksek frekanslı tinnitusu olan hastalarda serum lipid profili
Authors: UYSAL Bayram Ali , KUMBUL Yusuf Çağdaş , SİVRİCE Mehmet Emre , AKIN Vural 
Published: January 2021

Amaç: Hiperkolesteroleminin; işitme kaybı, tinnitus gibi iç kulak bozukluklarına yol açtığını destekleyen çalışmalar mevcuttur. Bu çalışmada lipid profili düzeylerinin yüksek frekanslı tinnitus üzerine olan etkisini araştırmayı amaçladık.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Kulak Burun Boğaz polikliniğine Ekim 2017 – Mayıs 2020 tarihleri arasında tinnitus şikayeti ile başvuran hastalara saf ses odyometrisi, tinnitus pitch eşleme ve tinnitus loudness eşleme testleri uygulandı. Yüksek frekanslarda (2, 4 ve 6 kHz) tinnitus tespit edilen ve lipid paneli bakılmış hastalardan tinnitus grubu oluşturuldu. Kontrol grubu ise kardiyoloji polikliniğine rutin muayene için başvuran hastalardan oluşturuldu. Tinnitus grubu ile kontrol grubunun lipid profili karşılaştırılarak analiz edildi.
Bulgular: Gruplar arasında cinsiyet ve yaş açısından istatistiksel fark yoktu. İki grubun HDL-K, LDL-K, trigliserit ve total kolesterol ortalamaları karşılaştırıldığında LDL-K, trigliserit ve total kolesterol arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark tespit edildi. HDL-K için istatistiksel olarak anlamlı fark yoktu. Tinnitus şiddeti ile HDL-K, LDL-K, trigliserit ve total kolesterol değerleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı korelasyon bulunamadı.
Sonuç: Yüksek frekanslarda tinnitus gelişimi için, LDL-K ve trigliserit düzeyi artışı risk faktörüdür. Lipid parametrelerinin düzeyi ile tinnitus şiddeti arasında ise korelasyon izlenmemiştir. Yüksek frekanslı tinnitus tespit edilen hastaların lipid profili rutin olarak incelenmelidir.
Endometriozisli hastaların ektopik ve ötopik dokularında glycodelin A mRNA ekspresyonlarının belirlenmesi
Authors: RASULOVA Khayala , PEHLİVAN Melek , AKBEROVA Aygün , KIZILDAĞ Sefa 
Published: January 2021

Amaç: Çalışmamızda endometriozisli kadınların sağlıklı bireylere göre sekresyon ve proliferasyon evrelerinde, ektopik ve ötopik endometrium dokularının Glikodelin A mRNA ekspresyon seviyeleri incelenmiştir.
Gereç ve Yöntem: Laparaskopi ve laparatomi sırasında tanı alan ve histopatolojik olarak tanısı doğrulanan endometriozisli 19 hasta ve 7 kontrol grubu çalışmaya dahil edildi (26-45 yaş). Endometriozisli kadınların sekresyon ve proliferasyon evrelerinde alınan ektopik ve ötopik endometrium dokuları ile kontrol grubu endometrium dokularından RNA izolasyonları gerçekleştirildikten sonra cDNA’ya çevrildi. Glikodelin A ekspresyon düzeyleri gerçek zamanlı polimeraz zincir reaksiyonu kullanılarak değerlendirildi.
Bulgular: Sekretuar ve proliferasyon fazda olan endometriozisli hastaların kontrole göre olan ötopik ve ektopik dokularında Glikodelin A ekspresyon düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu gözlendi. Ektopik sekretuar fazda olan hastaların Glikodelin A seviyesi, ötopik hastadakilere göre artış gösterdi. Hastalarda proliferasyon fazlarındaki Glikodelin A seviyesi ötopik hastalar ile kıyaslandığında bazı hastalarda ekspresyonun düştüğü saptandı.
Tartışma: Endometriozis’te Glikodelin A geninin sekretuar ve proliferatif fazda ekspresyonsinin yüksek olması ve ektopik sekretuar fazda olan hastaların Glikodelin A seviyesinin, ötopik hastadakilere göre artış göstermesi, Glikodelin A geninin değerlendirilmesinin hastalığın tanısının konulması aşamasında yönlendirici olabileceğini göstermektedir.
Evaluation of prevalence, demographic characteristics, associated risk factors and effects of enteral nutrition products in children with primary malnutrition
Authors: BARUTÇU Adnan , BARUTÇU Saliha 
Published: January 2021

Purpose: The present study aims to evaluate the prevalence, demographic characteristics, associated risk factors and effects of enteral nutrition products in malnourished children.
Materials and Methods: A total of 229 pediatric outpatients aged 1-18 years with primary malnutrition related growth failure and prescribed with hypercaloric enteral feeding regimen were included. A total of 73 healthy children with normal growth served as the control group. Anthropometric measurements included height (cm), weight (kg), body mass index (kg/m2), height for age Z score and weight for age Z score.
Results: When the malnourished patients were compared with the control group; patients were aged younger and associated with higher likelihood of having a birth weight >3001 , shorter duration of breastfeeding, lower number of siblings, family with lower monthly income and illiterate mothers. In the malnourished group, height, weight, body mass index and height for age and weight for age Z scores improved significantly during 3rd month and 6th month as compared with baseline scores, regardless of gender, sibling number, maternal education and monthly income level.
Conclusion: Our findings show the efficacy and tolerability of 6-month high-calorie enteral nutritional support given to children with primary malnutrition, regardless of initial symptoms and socio-economic risk factors.
Investigating the prolongation of blood transfusion frequency in thalassemic children by omega 3 fatty acid and protein supplementations through milk
Authors: Kumar Amol , Doshi Preeti , Dahiphale Ramdas , Chaudhary Ansh , Chaudhary Bhupendra 
Published: January 2021

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Thalassemia is an inherited genetic hemoglobin disorder wherein, afflicted child is born when both parents are carriers for defective alpha or beta hemoglobin gene. The thalassemias are the most common genetic disorder on a worldwide basis. The requirement of frequent blood transfusions in these patients pose a substantial burden on the health care system.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A prospective observational study was conducted across 6 months (July 2018-December 2018) in a tertiary care hospital, Pune. The present study included 30 registered patient &amp; their past 6 months record of blood transfusion (esp frequency), previous hemoglobin levels, height &amp; weight. All these parameters were compared 6 months after supplementation with Omega 3 fatty Acids &amp; proteins.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Total 16 of 28 patient showed that the average durations between two blood transfusions was increased by minimum 01 day to a maximum of 5 days. The average number of blood bag required was less than required blood bags in the period of pre supplementation. 20 of 28 patients showed a rise in hemoglobin level from a range of 0.5 to 1.2 gm/dl. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions: </strong>In a country like India, with the high frequency of hemoglobinopathies, causing increased burden on the society, it is necessary to control the incidence by effective steps. Low cost and easily administered supplementation by omega 3 fatty acid and proteins may reduce the requirement of repeated blood transfusion along with increase in hemoglobin level. Implementation of carrier screening program offering genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis followed by selective termination of affected cases would help in preventing the disease.</p>
Perception towards national health insurance scheme among enrollees of central Terai: a qualitative study
Authors: Thapa Sailendra , Acharya Puspa , Mishra Durga Khadka 
Published: January 2021

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Out of Pocket Expenditure has always been a primary means of financing health care service in Nepal. National Health Insurance Scheme ensures universal health coverage by addressing the unregulated out-of-pocket spending and providing quality of health service.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among the enrollees of the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) in Bharatpur Metropolitan City of Chitwan district. Focused Group Discussions were conducted among enrollees to assess the perception towards National Health Insurance Scheme. The qualitative data were analyzed as thematic analysis technique. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Perception towards National Health Insurance Scheme was categorized as perceived quality of care, perceived benefit and provider’s behavior. Respondents were fully satisfied with the premium charge. Availability of drugs was improved but the waiting time and the process of registration was lengthy and full of jargons. Most of the participants perceived that due to less number of service providers or due to inability of allocating separate provider for ensured persons, the consultation time was very less which further affects the quality of care. Enrollment Assistants were considered as primary source of information regarding the NHIS.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Long waiting time, difficulty during registration and less number of service providers remain challenge to receive quality of care under NHIS. Participants perceived that the benefit package under affordable premium charge is in favor of them. Addressing these factors in expansion of this program in other district might leads for success of this scheme.</p><p align="center"> </p>