bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic concepts of radiation emergency medicine
Authors: Lebaron-Jacobs Laurence , Herrera-Reyes Eduardo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Nuclear and radiological accidents are not frequent but may lead to major consequences in the population. For the health systems, the need to handle a large number of victims will probably remain as an exception. However, a high number of affected victims can be expected in some terrorist scenarios. In addition, medical accidents in radiotherapy, fluoroscopy and diagnostic radiology have increased the number of patients with severe radiation injuries considerably, especially in developed countries. Given the increased use of ionising radiation for industrial and medical purposes and new technological applications emerging, the number of accidents may increase in the future. Consequently, the early identification and adequate management of these emergencies is a priority, as well as the need for medical preparedness, requiring knowledge about various emergency scenarios and planning appropriate responses to them before they occur. Unfortunately, medical professionals have a substantial knowledge gap in identifying and treating injured persons affected by ionising radiation. As managing radiation accidents is a very challenging process, exercises must be carried out to organise a well-trained multidisciplinary group of professionals to manage any radiation accident properly. Efforts on a continuously updated guidance system should be developed. In addition, new approaches to foster sustainable interdisciplinary and international cooperative networks on radiation injuries are necessary. Lessons learned from past nuclear and radiological emergencies have significantly contributed to strengthening scientific knowledge and increasing the available medical information on the effects of ionising radiation in the human body. In this context, radiation emergency medicine has emerged as a discipline that contributes to the diagnosis, treatment, medical follow-up and prognosis of persons affected by radiation injuries in a nuclear or a radiological emergency. In this paper, we review some relevant concepts related to the medical preparedness and multidisciplinary response required to attend to persons affected by these emergencies.
Lax matrices for lattice equations which satisfy consistency-around-a-face-centered-cube
Authors: Kels Andrew P 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
There is a recently discovered formulation of the multidimensional consistency integrability condition for lattice equations, called consistency-around-a-face-centered-cube (CAFCC), which is applicable to equations defined on a vertex and its four nearest neighbours on the square lattice. This paper introduces a method of deriving Lax matrices for the equations which satisfy CAFCC. This method gives novel Lax matrices for such equations, which include previously known equations of discrete Toda-, or Laplace-type, as well as newer equations which have only appeared in the context of CAFCC.
Investigation of the uncertainty contributions of the alignment of PTB’s double-ended interferometer by virtual experiments
Authors: Fischedick M , Stavridis M , Bartl G , Elster C 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
High-accuracy length measurements of prismatic bodies (e.g. gauge blocks) are usually performed by means of single-ended interferometers. To perform these measurements, the gauge block must be wrung to a reference plate. The quality of contact affects the measured length and also the wringing process wears down or damages the measuring faces. Furthermore, it limits the use of such interferometers to bodies that are suitable for wringing. PTB’s double-ended interferometer allows high-accuracy length measurements that are traceable to the International System of Units to be performed without a reference plate. However, because the setup of this interferometer is complex and additional optical components are required the alignment process is challenging. Compliance with the defined gauge-block length in ISO 3650 is also challenging, especially for non-perfect shaped gauge blocks. In this work, we develop a precise alignment method for the double-ended interferometer and systematically study the contributions of misalignments to the uncertainty of the measured length. In order to explore the accuracy of the developed procedure and to estimate the size of the uncertainty caused by deviations from perfect gauge block shapes, virtual experiments are carried out using the PTB library SimOptDevice. The virtual experiment is validated by a comparison to experimental data. In addition, theoretical relations are confirmed. Finally, Monte Carlo runs of the virtual experiment are performed to quantitatively explore the size of different sources of uncertainty on the developed alignment method. The results suggest that the developed alignment method is highly accurate and is expected to yield an uncertainty contribution to the final length measurement in the sub-nanometer range.
Completion of the first ITER toroidal field coil in Japan
Authors: Nakamoto M. , Baba T. , Kasai Y. , Sakamoto K. , Shimane H. , Shimizu T. , Saito K. , Nakahira M. , Koizumi N. , Inoue M. , Fujiwara E. , Shichijo T. , Kuno K. , Yamane M. , Hasegawa M. , Luongo C. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The first ITER toroidal field coil (TFC) has been successfully manufactured by the Japanese Domestic Agency in January 2020. The ITER TFCs are the largest Niobium Tin (Nb3Sn) superconducting magnets in the world; each is enclosed in an austenitic stainless-steel case with a height of 16.5 m and total weight is 310 tons (Knaster et al 2008 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
18 495–498). A set of 18 TFCs will be installed around vacuum vessel to function as a plasma confinement magnet system. The responsibility to procure 18 TFCs and 1 spare coil is shared between European Domestic Agency and Japanese Domestic Agency (Bellesia et al 2020 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
30 4202205; Sborchia et al 2008 IEEE Trans. Appl. Supercond.
18 463–466). To hold a common magnetic and geometrical properties among all the TFCs, tight tolerances of sub-millimeter order are defined on each TFC. The fabrication of those massive magnets with such tight tolerances involved some major technical challenges. These technical challenges were solved by pre-assessment and process qualification through some qualification trials. As a result, techniques established to solve those challenges were implemented to the TFC manufacturing, leading to the successful completion of the first TFC. The details are described in the paper.
Risk bounds for quantile trend filtering
Authors: Madrid Padilla Oscar Hernan , Chatterjee Sabyasachi 
Published: September 2021

SummaryWe study quantile trend filtering, a recently proposed method for nonparametric quantile regression, with the goal of generalizing existing risk bounds for the usual trend-filtering estimators that perform mean regression. We study both the penalized and the constrained versions, of order $r \geqslant 1$, of univariate quantile trend filtering. Our results show that both the constrained and the penalized versions of order $r \geqslant 1$ attain the minimax rate up to logarithmic factors, when the $(r-1)$th discrete derivative of the true vector of quantiles belongs to the class of bounded-variation signals. Moreover, we show that if the true vector of quantiles is a discrete spline with a few polynomial pieces, then both versions attain a near-parametric rate of convergence. Corresponding results for the usual trend-filtering estimators are known to hold only when the errors are sub-Gaussian. In contrast, our risk bounds are shown to hold under minimal assumptions on the error variables. In particular, no moment assumptions are needed and our results hold under heavy-tailed errors. Our proof techniques are general, and thus can potentially be used to study other nonparametric quantile regression methods. To illustrate this generality, we employ our proof techniques to obtain new results for multivariate quantile total-variation denoising and high-dimensional quantile linear regression.
South African Children: A Matched Cohort Study of Neurodevelopmental Impairment in Survivors of Invasive Group B Streptococcus Disease Aged 5 to 8 Years
Authors: Harden Lois M , Leahy Shannon , Lala Sanjay G , Paul Proma , Chandna Jaya , Lowick Sarah , Mbatha Sibongile , Jaye Tamara , Laughton Barbara , Ghoor Azra , Sithole Pamela , Msayi Jacqueline , Kumalo Ntombifuthi , Msibi Tshepiso N , Madhi Shabir A , Lawn Joy E , Dangor Ziyaad 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Invasive group B Streptococcus (iGBS) sepsis and meningitis are important causes of child mortality, but studies on neurodevelopmental impairment (NDI) after iGBS are limited. Using Griffiths Mental Development Scales–Extended Revised (GMDS-ER), we described NDI in iGBS survivors and non-iGBS children from South Africa, as part of a 5-country study.

Methods
We identified children aged 5–8 years with a history of iGBS and children with no history of iGBS between October 2019 and January 2021. Children were matched on sex, and birth data (month, year) (matched cohort study). Moderate or Severe NDI was the primary outcome as a composite of GMDS-ER motor, GMDS-ER cognition, hearing, and vision. Secondary outcomes included mild NDI, any emotional-behavioral problems, and GMDS-ER developmental quotients (DQ) calculated by dividing the age equivalent GMDS-ER score by the chronological age.

Results
In total, 160 children (iGBS survivors, 43; non-iGBS, 117) were assessed. Among iGBS survivors 13 (30.2%) had meningitis, and 30 (69.8%) had sepsis. Six (13.9%) iGBS survivors, and 5 (4.3%) non-iGBS children had moderate or severe NDI. Children who survived iGBS were 5.56 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07–28.93; P = .041) times more likely to have moderate or severe NDI at 5–8 years than non-iGBS children. Compared to the non-iGBS children, iGBS meningitis survivors had a significantly lower global median DQ (P &lt; .05), as well as a lower median DQ for the language GMDS-ER subscale and performance GMDS-ER subscale (P &lt; .05).

Conclusions
Children surviving iGBS, particularly meningitis, are more likely to have NDI at 5–8 years compared to non-iGBS children. Further research is required to improve detection and care for at-risk newborns.
Regional Orders, Geopolitics, and the Future of International Law
Authors: Orford Anne 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article argues that the old international law of empires, greater spaces, and regional orders did not disappear with the creation of the United Nations. While revisionist histories of international law have complicated the claim that a Westphalian order of independent states completely replaced a world of more varied political forms in the mid-seventeenth century, international lawyers nonetheless largely accept that such a transformation did take place at some point. The state is treated as the normative political subject of international law, and any move away from the geography of statehood as the foundation of the international legal system is seen as novel, exceptional, or illegal. The narrative that the state has become the primary political subject and spatial form of international law masks the persistence of regional orders as a core feature of the contemporary legal system. This article shows that international lawyers have been engaged in justifying, making sense of, narrating, and assembling regional orders for at least the past century. It explores the rival regionalisms promoted during the inter-war period, the struggles over regional orders during the early decades of decolonization, the expansive vision of regional orders consolidated in the early post-Cold War decades by the United States and its allies, and the regional ambitions of China in the twenty-first century. It analyses how regional orders are assembled and resisted through international law, what values are proclaimed to justify different forms of regional ordering, whose interests are represented, and the relation between grand narratives and technical transactions in that legal work. The article concludes that bringing the concept of regional orders to the foreground can open up a new and timely set of questions about politics, representation, and the future of international law.
Gender Discrimination in Hiring: Evidence from a Cross-National Harmonized Field Experiment
Authors: Birkelund Gunn Elisabeth , Lancee Bram , Larsen Edvard Nergård , Polavieja Javier G , Radl Jonas , Yemane Ruta 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGender discrimination is often regarded as an important driver of women’s disadvantage in the labour market, yet earlier studies show mixed results. However, because different studies employ different research designs, the estimates of discrimination cannot be compared across countries. By utilizing data from the first harmonized comparative field experiment on gender discrimination in hiring in six countries, we can directly compare employers’ callbacks to fictitious male and female applicants. The countries included vary in a number of key institutional, economic, and cultural dimensions, yet we found no sign of discrimination against women. This cross-national finding constitutes an important and robust piece of evidence. Second, we found discrimination against men in Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, and the UK, and no discrimination against men in Norway and the United States. However, in the pooled data the gender gradient hardly differs across countries. Our findings suggest that although employers operate in quite different institutional contexts, they regard female applicants as more suitable for jobs in female-dominated occupations, ceteris paribus, while we find no evidence that they regard male applicants as more suitable anywhere.
Refugees’ Transition from Welfare to Work: A Quasi-Experimental Approach of the Impact of the Neighbourhood Context
Authors: Kristiansen Marcus H , Maas Ineke , Boschman Sanne , Vrooman J Cok 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study analyses the impact of the neighbourhood context on the likelihood that refugees move from social assistance to paid employment. It makes use of Dutch policy that resulted in an exogenous placement of refugees in their first regular housing. This natural quasi-experiment allows us to estimate intent-to-treat effects of initial neighbourhood characteristics on the likelihood of transitioning from welfare to work. We consider the impact of the employment share and the median level of income among natives and co-ethnics, using Dutch longitudinal administrative data and discrete time event-history modelling. Our findings indicate that refugees are more likely to enter the labour market when the neighbourhood’s employment share among natives is higher. A similar effect for employment among co-ethnics is not found. There is also no evidence that the placement of refugees in an area with a higher median income among co-ethnics or natives facilitates the transition from welfare to work.
A health promotion approach to emergency management: effective community engagement strategies from five cases
Authors: Corbin J Hope , Oyene Ukam Ebe , Manoncourt Erma , Onya Hans , Kwamboka Metrine , Amuyunzu-Nyamongo Mary , Sørensen Kristine , Mweemba Oliver , Barry Margaret M , Munodawafa Davison , Bayugo Yolanda V , Huda Qudsia , Moran Tomas , Omoleke Semeeh Akinwale , Spencer-Walters Dayo , Van den Broucke Stephan 
Published: September 2021

SummaryCommunity engagement is crucial for controlling disease outbreak and mitigating natural and industrial disasters. The COVID-19 pandemic has reconfirmed the need to elevate community engagement to build equity, trust and sustained action in future health promotion preparedness strategies. Using the health promotion strategy of strengthening community action enhances the opportunity for better outcomes. There is, therefore, a need to improve our understanding of community engagement practices during crises, scale-up good community engagement initiatives, and improve and sustain people-centered approaches to emergency responses. This paper presents five case studies from the United States, Singapore, Sierra Leone, Kenya and South Africa that demonstrate the potential strengths that can be nurtured to build resilience in local communities to help mitigate the impact of disasters and emergencies. The case studies highlight the importance of co-developing relevant education and communication strategies, amplifying the role of community leaders, empowering community members to achieve shared goals, assessing and adapting to changing contexts, pre-planning and readiness for future emergencies and acknowledgement of historic context.
Predicting next-day discharge via electronic health record access logs
Authors: Zhang Xinmeng , Yan Chao , Malin Bradley A , Patel Mayur B , Chen You 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
Hospital capacity management depends on accurate real-time estimates of hospital-wide discharges. Estimation by a clinician requires an excessively large amount of effort and, even when attempted, accuracy in forecasting next-day patient-level discharge is poor. This study aims to support next-day discharge predictions with machine learning by incorporating electronic health record (EHR) audit log data, a resource that captures EHR users’ granular interactions with patients’ records by communicating various semantics and has been neglected in outcome predictions.

Materials and Methods
This study focused on the EHR data for all adults admitted to Vanderbilt University Medical Center in 2019. We learned multiple advanced models to assess the value that EHR audit log data adds to the daily prediction of discharge likelihood within 24 h and to compare different representation strategies. We applied Shapley additive explanations to identify the most influential types of user-EHR interactions for discharge prediction.

Results
The data include 26 283 inpatient stays, 133 398 patient-day observations, and 819 types of user-EHR interactions. The model using the count of each type of interaction in the recent 24 h and other commonly used features, including demographics and admission diagnoses, achieved the highest area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) curve of 0.921 (95% CI: 0.919–0.923). By contrast, the model lacking user-EHR interactions achieved a worse AUROC of 0.862 (0.860–0.865). In addition, 10 of the 20 (50%) most influential factors were user-EHR interaction features.

Conclusion
EHR audit log data contain rich information such that it can improve hospital-wide discharge predictions.
Identifying Risk Factors That Increase Analgesic Requirements at Discharge Among Patients With Burn Injuries
Authors: Yeung Celine , Kiss Alex , Rehou Sarah , Shahrokhi Shahriar 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Patients with burn injuries require large doses of opioids and gabapentinoids to achieve pain control and are often discharged from hospital with similar amounts. This study aimed to identify patient risk factors that increase analgesic requirements among patients with burn injuries and to determine the relationship between opioid and gabapentinoid use. Patient charts from July 1, 2015 to 2018 were reviewed retrospectively to determine analgesic requirements 24 hours before discharge. Linear mixed regression models were performed to determine patient risk factors (age, gender, history of substance misuse, TBSA of burn, length of stay in hospital, history of psychiatric illness, or surgical treatment) that may increase analgesic requirements. This study found that patients with a history of substance misuse (P = .01) or who were managed surgically (P = .01) required higher doses of opioids at discharge. Similarly, patients who had undergone surgical debridement required more gabapentinoids (P &lt; .001). For every percent increase in TBSA, patients also required 14 mg more gabapentinoids (P = .01). In contrast, older patients (P = .006) and those with a longer hospital stay (P = .009) required fewer amounts of gabapentinoids before discharge. By characterizing factors that increase analgesic requirements at discharge, burn care providers may have a stronger understanding of which patients are at greater risk of developing chronic opioid or gabapentinoid misuse. The quantity and duration of analgesics prescribed at discharge may then be tailored according to these patient specific risk factors.
Proteins identified through predictive metagenomics as potential biomarkers for the detection of microbiologically influenced corrosion
Authors: Pilloni Giovanni , Cao Fang , Ruhmel Megan , Mishra Pooja 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The unpredictability of microbial growth and subsequent localized corrosion of steel can cause significant cost for the oil and gas industry, due to production downtime, repair, and replacement. Despite a long tradition of academic research and industrial experience, microbial corrosion is not yet fully understood and thus not effectively controlled. In particular, biomarkers suitable for diagnosing microbial corrosion which abstain from the detection of the classic signatures of sulfate-reducing bacteria are urgently required. In this study, a natural microbial community was enriched anaerobically with carbon steel coupons and in the presence of a variety of physical and chemical conditions. With the characterization of the microbiome and of its functional properties inferred through predictive metagenomics, a series of proteins were identified as biomarkers in the water phase that could be correlated directly to corrosion. This study provides an opportunity for the further development of a protein-based biomarker approach for effective and reliable microbial corrosion detection and monitoring in the field.
How Do Child ADHD Symptoms and Oppositionality Impact Parent–Child Interactions When Crossing Virtual Roads?
Authors: O’Neal Elizabeth E , Rahimian Pooya , Jiang Yuanyuan , Zhou Shiwen , Nikolas Molly , Kearney Joseph K , Plumert Jodie M 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined how parents and children interact when crossing virtual roads together. We examined (1) whether children’s inattention/hyperactivity and oppositionality and children’s failure to jointly perform the task interfered with parents’ efforts to scaffold children’s road-crossing skill and (2) whether experience with the joint road-crossing task impacted children’s subsequent performance in a solo road-crossing task.MethodsFifty-five 8- to 10-year-old children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and their parents first jointly crossed a lane of traffic in an immersive pedestrian simulator. Children then completed the same road-crossing task alone. Parents completed questionnaires about children’s symptoms of inattention/hyperactivity and oppositionality.ResultsAnalyses of the joint road-crossing task showed that when parents and children crossed different gaps, parents suggested and opposed more gaps and were less likely to use a prospective gap communication strategy (i.e., communicating about a crossable gap prior to its arrival). Crossing different gaps was also associated with increased expressions of negative affect among parents and children and an increase in collisions among children. Children’s level of parent-reported oppositionality also predicted an increase in child defiance and parental redirection of child behavior. Analyses of children’s subsequent crossing performance indicated that parents’ use of a prospective gap communication strategy during the joint road-crossing task predicted selection of larger gaps during the solo crossing task.ConclusionsNot crossing through the same gap and increased levels of child oppositionality interfered with the scaffolding process, potentially informing future parent-based intervention efforts for increasing children’s road-crossing safety.