bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population structure and evolution of resistance to acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibitors inAmaranthus tuberculatusin Italy
Authors: Milani Andrea , Lutz Ulrich , Galla Giulio , Scarabel Laura , Weigel Detlef , Sattin Maurizio 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDBefore 2010,Amaranthus tuberculatus(Moq.) J. D. Sauer was barely known to farmers and stakeholders in Italy. Since then, several populations resistant to acetolactate synthase (ALS)‐inhibiting herbicides have been collected. In most populations, a known target site resistance‐endowing mutation was found, a Trp to Leu substitution at position 574 of theALSgene, but it was unclear whether they had evolved resistance independently or not. The aims of the work were (i) to elucidate the population structure of Italian ALS‐resistantA. tuberculatuspopulations, and (ii) to analyze theALShaplotypes of the various populations to determine whether resistance arose multiple times independently.RESULTSIn order to determine the population structure of eightA. tuberculatuspopulations, eight previously described microsatellite loci were used. Two ancestors were found: three populations derived from one, and five from the other. In the 4‐kbALSregion of the genome, including the 2‐kb coding region, 389 single nucleotide polymorphisms were found.In silicohaplotype estimation was used to reconstruct the sequence of three distinct haplotypes carrying the Trp574Leu mutation. In addition, no mutation was found in 83% of plants of a single population.CONCLUSIONS(i) Resistance must have arisen independently at least three times; (ii) at least one population was already resistant to ALS inhibitors when introduced in Italy; (iii) a single haplotype with a Trp574Leu mutation was shared among six populations, probably because of broad seed dispersal; and (iv) one population likely evolved nontarget site ALS inhibitors resistance.© 2021 The Authors.Pest Management Sciencepublished by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
A DFT study of structural and thermal properties of 2D layers
Authors: Majid Abdul , Kanwal Hajra , Khan Salah Ud‐Din , Ahmad Ashfaq 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) materials are known to owe exceptional properties which are prerequisites for the future applications. Despite significant efforts and unprecedented achievements to realize resourceful beyond‐graphene 2D materials, the comprehensive knowledge on such materials is lacking due to which several device grade applications are still in pipeline. This work was carried out with motivation to investigate the thermal stability of contemporary 2D monolayered materials including graphene, borophene, aluminene, germanene, BN, SiC and MoS2 using Molecular Dynamics simulations. The thermal broadening, bond breakage and bond formation for the slabs are analyzed on the basis of radial distribution function (RDF). It is found that several materials out of the list are capable to withstand high temperatures depicting the essential thermal stability. The values of thermal stability of the materials were compared by plotting the temperature and energy curves whereas phase transition temperature and heat capacity of the slabs were found by taking germanene as benchmark. The phase transition temperatures are found as 4510 K, 2273 K, 933 K, 1670 K, 3246 K, 4050 K, and 1460 K for graphene, borophene, aluminene, germanene, BN, SiC, and MoS2 respectively.
Density functional study of atoms spatially confined inside a hard sphere
Authors: Majumdar Sangita , Roy Amlan K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAn atom placed inside a cavity of finite dimension offers many interesting features, and thus has been a topic of great current activity. This work proposes a density functional approach to pursue both ground and excited states of a multi‐electron atom under a spherically impenetrable enclosure. The radial Kohn‐Sham (KS) equation has been solved by invoking a physically motivated work‐function‐based exchange potential, which offers near‐Hartree‐Fock‐quality results. Accurate numerical eigenfunctions and eigenvalues are obtained through a generalized pseudospectral method (GPS) fulfilling the Dirichlet boundary condition. Two correlation functionals, viz., (i) simple, parametrized local Wigner‐type, and (ii) gradient‐ and Laplacian‐dependent non‐local Lee‐Yang‐Parr (LYP) functionals are adopted to analyze the electron correlation effects. Preliminary exploratory results are offered for ground states of He‐isoelectronic series (Z = 2 − 4), as well as Li and Be atom. Several low‐lying singly excited states of He atom are also reported. These are compared with available literature results–which offers excellent agreement. Radial densities as well as expectation values are also provided. The performance of correlation energy functionals are discussed critically. In essence, this presents a simple, accurate scheme for studying atomic systems inside a hard spherical box within the rubric of KS density functional theory.
First‐principles exploration of MgTi2O5 and MgV2O5 for CO2 capture and conversion
Authors: Kang Sung Gu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFirst‐principles calculations were done to reveal the properties of MgTi2O5 and MgV2O5 for CO2 capture. The highest temperatures of MgTi2O5 and MgV2O5 for CO2 capture at different partial pressures (i.e., 0.1, 1, and 10 bar) were determined. CO2 was absorbed at higher temperatures by MgV2O5 than by MgTi2O5 at each partial pressure. Furthermore, the electronic properties of V‐doped MgTi2O5 were theoretically examined to assess its potential use for photocatalytic CO2 conversion. The electronic properties of MgTi2O5 were found to be changed after V doping. Specifically, the band gap of MgTi2O5 was 2.75 eV and that of V‐doped MgTi2O5 in the spin‐up (down) channel was 0.48 (2.73 eV), showing the band gap decrease upon V doping.
Diffuse alveolar haemorrhage due to pheochromocytoma crisis
Authors: Shijubou Naoki , Sumi Toshiyuki , Kamada Koki , Yamada Yuichi , Nakata Hisashi , Chiba Hirofumi 
Published: February 2021

Key messageClinicians should be aware that interstitial shadows with extreme hypertension should be considered as indicators for diffuse alveolar haemorrhage due to pheochromocytoma crisis.
Sampled‐parameter dependent stabilization for linear parameter varying systems with asynchronous parameter sampling
Authors: Han Seungyong , Lee Sangmoon 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a new sampled‐data stabilization method for linear parameter‐varying (LPV) systems with asynchronous parameter sampling. A sampled‐parameter‐dependent controller is designed by considering the sampling of parameters as well as that of states. Based on a newly proposed sampled‐parameter‐dependent looped‐functional (SPDLF), a relaxed linear matrix inequality (LMI) condition in the parameterized stabilization criteria is derived by considering the deviation bound between the continuous‐time parameter of the plant and the sampled parameter. Finally, numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Global robust output regulation of a class of MIMO nonlinear systems by nonlinear internal model control
Authors: Ping Zhaowu , Li Yaoyi , Huang Yunzhi , Lu Jun‐Guo , Wang Hai 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRecently, the global robust output regulation problem for a class of uncertain multi‐input multi‐output (MIMO) nonlinear systems which may not have well‐defined relative degree and are subject to a nonlinear exosystem has been studied based on a constructive nonlinear internal model. However, the proposed nonlinear internal model‐based control law is applicable to the case where the exogenous signals are reference input and/or measurable disturbance rather than unmeasurable disturbance. For this reason, this paper further studies the same control problem based on a general nonlinear internal model independent of the exogenous signal. It is shown that this control problem can be converted into a global robust stabilization problem of a more complicated MIMO nonlinear system with various uncertainties and well solved by a recursive state feedback controller design. Thus our approach applies to a broader class of output regulation problem of MIMO nonlinear systems.
Quantized stabilization for switched affine systems with event‐triggered mechanism
Authors: Xu Xiaozeng , Li Yang , Zhang Hongbin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article is mainly concerned with quantized stabilization for switched affine systems with the periodic event‐triggered mechanism. By considering the effect of the event‐triggered scheme, a mathematical model for a closed‐loop control system with quantization is constructed. Theorems for main results are developed to guarantee the practical stability of the desired equilibrium point by using Lyapunov stability theory and linear matrix inequality techniques. Based on the derived sufficient conditions in theorems, the state feedback gains together with a switching function are presented in an explicit form. At last, a numerical example is proposed to illustrate our approach.
Signal Origin of Electrochemical Strain Microscopy and Link to Local Chemical Distribution in Solid State Electrolytes
Authors: Schön Nino , Schierholz Roland , Jesse Stephen , Yu Shicheng , Eichel Rüdiger‐A. , Balke Nina , Hausen Florian 
Published: February 2021

AbstractElectrochemical strain microscopy (ESM) is a distinguished method to characterize Li‐ion mobility in energy materials with extremely high spatial resolution. The exact origin of the cantilever deflection when the technique is applied on solid state electrolytes (SSEs) is currently discussed in the literature. Understanding local properties and influences on ion mobility in SSEs is of utmost importance to improve such materials for next generation batteries. Here, the exact signal formation process of ESM when applied on sodium super ionic conductor (NASICON)‐type SSE containing Na‐ and Li‐ions is investigated. Changes in the dielectric properties, which are linked to the local chemical composition, are found to be responsible for the observed contrast in the deflection of the cantilever instead of a physical volume change as a result of Vegard´s Law. The cantilever response is strongly reduced in areas of high sodium content which is attributed to a reduction of the tip‐sample capacitance in comparison to areas with high lithium content. This is the first time a direct link between electrostatic forces in contact mode and local chemical information is demonstrated on SSEs. The results open up new possibilities in information gain since dielectric properties are sensitive to subtle changes in local chemical composition.
Population genetics and genome‐wide association studies provide insights into the influence of selective breeding on genetic variation in lettuce
Authors: Park Sunchung , Kumar Pawan , Shi Ainong , Mou Beiquan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGenetic diversity is an important resource in
crop breeding to improve cultivars with desirable traits. Selective breeding can lead to a reduction of genetic diversity. However, our understanding on this subject remains limited in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) can provide a reduced version of the genome as a cost‐effective method to identify genetic variants across the genome. We genotyped a diverse set of 441 lettuce accessions using the GBS method. Phylogenetic and population genetic analyses indicated substantial genetic divergence among four horticultural types of lettuce: butterhead, crisphead, leaf, and romaine. Genetic‐diversity estimates between and within the four types indicated that the crisphead type was the most differentiated from other types, whereas its population was the most homogenous with the slowest linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay among the four types. These results suggested that crisphead lettuces had relatively less genetic variation across the genome as well as low gene flow from other types. We identified putative selective sweep regions that showed low genetic variation in the crisphead type. Genome‐wide association study (GWAS) and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses provided evidence that these genomic regions were, in part, associated with delayed bolting, implicating the positive selection of delayed bolting in reducing variation. Our findings enhance the current understanding of genetic diversity and the impacts of selective breeding on patterning genetic variation in lettuce.
Modeling first order additive × additive epistasis improves accuracy of genomic prediction for sclerotinia stem rot resistance in canola
Authors: Derbyshire Mark C , Khentry Yuphin , Severn‐Ellis Anita , Mwape Virginia , Saad Nur Shuhadah Mohd , Newman Toby E , Taiwo Akeem , Regmi Roshan , Buchwaldt Lone , Denton‐Giles Matthew , Batley Jacqueline , Kamphuis Lars G 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum infects hundreds of plant species including many crops. Resistance to this pathogen in canola (Brassica napus L. subsp. napus) is controlled by numerous quantitative trait loci (QTL). For such polygenic traits, genomic prediction may be useful for breeding as it can capture many QTL at once while also considering nonadditive genetic effects. Here, we test application of common regression models to genomic prediction of S. sclerotiorum resistance in canola in a diverse panel of 218 plants genotyped at 24,634 loci. Disease resistance was scored by infection with an aggressive isolate and monitoring over 3 wk. We found that including first‐order additive × additive epistasis in linear mixed models (LMMs) improved accuracy of breeding value estimation between 3 and 40%, depending on method of assessment, and correlation between phenotypes and predicted total genetic values by 14%. Bayesian models performed similarly to or worse than genomic relationship matrix‐based models for estimating breeding values or overall phenotypes from genetic values. Bayesian ridge regression, which is most similar to the genomic relationship matrix‐based approach in the amount of shrinkage it applies to marker effects, was the most accurate of this family of models. This confirms several studies indicating the highly polygenic nature of sclerotinia stem rot resistance. Overall, our results highlight the use of simple epistasis terms for prediction of breeding values and total genetic values for a complex disease resistance phenotype in canola.
Getting in touch with your senses: Mechanisms specifying sensory interneurons in the dorsal spinal cord
Authors: Gupta Sandeep , Butler Samantha J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe spinal cord is functionally and anatomically divided into ventrally derived motor circuits and dorsally derived somatosensory circuits. Sensory stimuli originating either at the periphery of the body, or internally, are relayed to the dorsal spinal cord where they are processed by distinct classes of sensory dorsal interneurons (dIs). dIs convey sensory information, such as pain, heat or itch, either to the brain, and/or to the motor circuits to initiate the appropriate response. They also regulate the intensity of sensory information and are the major target for the opioid analgesics. While the developmental mechanisms directing ventral and dorsal cell fates have been hypothesized to be similar, more recent research has suggested that dI fates are specified by novel mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss the molecular events that specify dorsal neuronal patterning in the spinal cord, thereby generating diverse dI identities. We will then discuss how this molecular understanding has led to the development of robust stem cell methods to derive multiple spinal cell types, including the dIs, and the implication of these studies for treating spinal cord injuries and neurodegenerative diseases.This article is categorized under:Neurological Diseases > Stem Cells and Development
Introduction
Authors: Pastoors Andreas , Lenssen-Erz Tilman 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis book explains that after long periods of prehistoric research in which the importance of the archaeological as well as the natural context of rock art has been constantly underestimated, research has now begun to take this context into focus for documentation, analysis, interpretation and understanding. Human footprints are prominent among the long-time under-researched features of the context in caves with rock art. In order to compensate for this neglect an innovative research program has been established several years ago that focuses on the merging of indigenous knowledge and western archaeological science for the benefit of both sides. The book composes first the methodological diversity in the analysis of human tracks. Here major representatives of anthropological, statistical and traditional approaches feature the multi-layered methods available for the analysis of human tracks. It second compiles case studies from around the globe of prehistoric human. For the first time the most important sites which have been found worldwide are published in a single publication. The third focus of this book is on first hand experiences of researchers with indigenous tracking experts from around the globe, expounding on how archaeological science can benefit from the ancestral knowledge.
Tracking with Batek Hunter-Gatherers of Malaysia
Authors: Lye Tuck-Po 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTropical hunting studies that focus on tracking – how signs are interpreted – are rarely done if at all. This paper provides a preliminary sketch of the tracking strategies and knowledge of Batek of Malaysia. Studies of hunter-gatherer tracking rely heavily on Liebenberg’s carefully observed documentation of San tracking, enriched by his own scientific expertise in faunal behavior. Of the three levels of tracking he mentions, simple tracking is unreliable for the Batek, simply because of the nature of tropical forests. The default mode is systematic tracking, carefully gathering information, and piecing together a multisensorial picture of where prey is to be found. Their visual, auditory, and olfactory acuity is exceptional and so is their vocabulary for expressing these states. Tracking for Batek is not limited to the interpretation of tracks, or, rather, the notion of tracks needs to be broadened, to include tracks that cannot be seen, but can be heard and smelt. Tracking is about multisensory engagement in the needs of the moment and deploying the skills to decide what is and is not relevant information. It is about performance.
Trackers’ Consensual Talk: Precise Data for Archaeology
Authors: Biesele Megan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper is based on ethnographic research with Ju|’hoan San in Botswana starting in 1970 and on translation and transcription work with Ju|’hoan San trackers from Namibia who travelled to the Caves du Volp in the French Pyrenees in 2013 to do archaeological work. The Tracking in Caves project, headed by German archaeologists Andreas Pastoors and Tilman Lenssen-Erz, was investigating fossilized human footprints in the caves dating back to around 17,000 calBP. The paper discusses three main verbal formats that can provide useful information to the archaeology of tracking: (1) narrative in the form of folktales and other oral forms referring to animal behaviour, (2) talk in the form of accounts of actual hunts, and (3) consensual discussion in the form of deliberations among trackers as they seek to gain many types of information from tracks. The paper outlines how the trackers and the archaeologists, after an initial period of misunderstanding and miscommunication, mutually learned from each other and eventually bonded on the basis of the scientific method. It does so by drawing on evidence from narrative, talk, and consensual discussion. By investigating verbal data provided by People’s Science, the Tracking in Caves project shows us that skill in tracking, using the tools of egalitarian communication and based on extensive environmental knowledge, has been an enabling feature of the long human story.
Walking Together: Ways of Collaboration in Western-Indigenous Research on Footprints
Authors: Zwischenberger Hannah 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA combination of western analytical methods with experience-based indigenous methods of tracking can be a chance to get closer to individuals of past times. In such collaborative research projects, different western and indigenous knowledge systems meet. These are characterized in more detail below. This chapter examines the question of how respectful and mutually beneficial cooperation is possible against the background of different epistemologies. Recommendations for practical action in collaborative projects are summarized in an ethics guide and an interview guide, and alternative forms of writing and publication are proposed.
Experimental Re-creation of the Depositional Context in Which Late Pleistocene Tracks Were Found on the Pacific Coast of Canada
Authors: McLaren Duncan , Mackie Quentin , Fedje Daryl 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTo better understand the depositional context of Late Pleistocene human tracks found at archaeology site EjTa-4 on Calvert Island, on the Pacific Coast of Canada, we present here the results of an experiment designed to recreate the conditions by which these tracks were formed, preserved and then revealed through excavation. Based on radiocarbon ages on small twigs and the analysis of sediments and microfossils, the interpretation of the site formation processes relate that the tracks were impressed into a clayey soil substrate just above the high tide line between 13,317 and 12,633 calBP. The features were subsequently encapsulated by black sand, which washed over the tracks from the nearby intertidal zone during a storm event. To test this interpretation, we enlisted the aid of high school student volunteers to recreate the conditions by which the tracks were formed. A clayey substrate was prepared in a laboratory setting at the University of Victoria and a few plant macrofossils were placed on top it. This was followed by having the students create tracks in the clay, which were then covered with a layer of sand. Upon excavation of these experimental tracks, we found that they had a very similar character to those found in the field, including the pressing of macrofossils into the clay by the weight of the track maker. These results support the interpretation and chronological assessment of the depositional events that occurred during late Pleistocene times at archaeology site EjTa-4.
Optimization-Based Control of Microgrids for Ancillary Services Provision and Islanded Operation
Authors: La Bella Alessio 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe ongoing environmental crisis is pushing the electrical sector towards a radical transformation, as the wide diffusion of renewable sources requires the power system to be more distributed, cooperative, and flexible, being each portion of the grid now able to produce and absorb power. This poses much more coordination challenges with respect to the traditional centralized system, largely sustained by fully controllable fossil-based power plants. In this context, microgrids, i.e. intelligent small-scale grids equipped with distributed energy resources and smart loads, are considered as the fundamental bricks of this future paradigm. This is due to the opportunity of coordinating co-located sources and loads, and to the microgrids extreme flexibility, as they can be operated either connected to the main grid or in islanded mode. The contribution of this doctoral research consists in the design of dedicated control architectures for ensuring the efficient and secure operation of microgrids in these two modes, characterized by different challenges and opportunities.