bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technological, physico‐chemical and sensory changes during cowpea processing into shô basi, a couscous‐like product from Sahelian Africa
Authors: Timitey Aboubacar , Adinsi Laurent , Madodé Yann Eméric , Cissé Fatimata , Akissoé Noël , Hounhouigan Djidjoho Joseph 
Published: July 2021

AbstractShô basi is a traditional Sahelian couscous‐like product obtained essentially by dehulling and milling white cowpeas, granulating the moistened resulting flour, steaming, and sun‐drying the obtained granules. To comply with market demand and ensure continuous production year‐round, processors are simplifying and shortening the dehulling step. From full wet dehulling, they moved to partial dry elimination of cowpea hulls. Such a practice could have an impact on the comprehensive quality of shô basi. Therefore, this study evaluated the effect of the unit operations on physico‐chemical and sensory traits of cowpea during shô basi production. Six productions of couscous including full dehulling (FD) or partial dehulling (PD) methods were carried out. Production yield, color, proximate composition, phenolic compounds, degree of disintegration, and swelling were determined. Thereafter, the sensory traits of both shô basi were assessed. Although FD induced a higher dry matter loss than partial dehulling, the overall yield of shô basi production was not affected (p < 0.05) by the method of dehulling implemented. The intermediate and end products from FD showed brighter cream color than those from PD. Irrespective of processing method, cowpea processing into shô basi affected significantly (p < 0.05) protein, fiber, and polyphenol contents. In comparison with PD method, shô basi from FD variant had the lowest fat, mineral, and fiber contents. However, sensory traits of high quality of shô basi were preferentially associated to shô basi from FD method. Thus, this dehulling method should be promoted among consumers and thereby led to increased profitability of shô basi production and trading.
Diatom frustules with different silica contents affect copepod grazing due to differences in the nanoscale mechanical properties
Authors: Xu Huo , Shi Zhiyuan , Zhang Xiaodong , Pang Mengwen , Pan Ke , Liu Hongbin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe silica frustules of diatom are regarded as an important physical defense against predation. While the biogenic silica content of diatoms is a major factor controlling the ingestion rate of copepods, how it affects the three‐dimensional structure and the mechanical properties of the frustules, and consequently copepod grazing, has not been studied. In this study, the diatoms Thalassiosira weissflogii and Amphora coffeaeformis were grown under different light intensities to manipulate their cellular biogenic silica contents. This manipulation generated diatom cells with distinct nano‐structures and mechanical strengths. The diatoms were then fed to the copepod Paracalanus pravus to test the effect of biogenic silica contents on copepod feeding. We demonstrated that the copepods preferred the low‐silica cells of T. weissflogii, but showed a preference for the high‐silica cells of A. coffeaeformis. Atomic force microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses revealed that the chemical composition and mechanical properties of diatom frustules varied with silica contents. High silica containing T. weissflogii had higher frustule elasticity and hardness. In contrast, A. coffeaeformis containing more biogenic silica had lower frustule elasticity but silica level had little effect on the hardness of the frustule. Our results indicate that the nano‐structure and chemical properties of the frustules determine the mechanical strength of the diatom frustules. This nanoscale study improves our understanding of the relationship between diatom biogenic silica content and copepod grazing in marine planktonic food webs.
Quantitative assessment of the long‐term efficacy and safety of a 1064‐nm picosecond laser with fractionated microlens array in the treatment of enlarged pores in Asians: A case‐control study
Authors: Palawisuth Siriwan , Manuskiatti Woraphong , Apinuntham Chalermkwan , Wanitphakdeedecha Rungsima , Cembrano Kathryn Anne G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundEnlarged facial pores are one of the common skin signs of photoaging that patients seek treatment for. However, objective data and long‐term assessment on the efficacy and safety of therapeutic procedures for this condition are limited.ObjectiveTo objectively evaluate the efficacy and safety of a 1064‐nm picosecond laser with microlens array (MLA) for pore tightening.MethodsTwenty‐five patients with enlarged pores received three treatments with a 1064‐nm picosecond laser coupled with MLA at 4‐week intervals. Patients were evaluated using objective (measurement of pore volume using three‐dimensional photography) and subjective (clinical evaluation by two blinded dermatologists) assessments at baseline and at the 1‐, 3‐, and 6‐month follow‐ups. Adverse effects were also recorded during each visit.ResultsAfter three treatments, there was a significant reduction of pore size from baseline (p < 0.001). The improvement in pore size appearance significantly continued from the 1‐month to the 6‐month follow‐up visits (p = 0.013). The total average pore size was 1.15652 ± 0.614322 and 0.8087 ± 0.50515 at baseline and at 6 months after the final treatment, respectively, resulting in an average of 30% reduction in pore size. No cases of dyspigmentation, textural alteration, or scarring were documented.ConclusionFractional 1064‐nm picosecond laser appears to be effective and safe for reducing pore size in Asians with minimal transient side effects.
A laser platform incorporating a novel 524 nm laser pumped by a commercial hair removal laser effectively treats facial redness and lower‐extremity spider veins
Authors: Bernstein Eric F. , Bhawalkar Jayant D. , Shang Xiaoming , Qiu Jinze , Basilavecchio Lisa D. , Plugis Jessica M. , Wang Jennifer Y. , Hsia James C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesTreatment of vascular lesions is one of the main applications of cutaneous laser technology, while the other is laser hair removal. We present here a vascular laser pumped by a commercial hair removal laser.Study Design/Materials and MethodsA novel 524 nm vascular laser was designed using a 755 nm hair removal laser as a pumping source. This 524 nm vascular laser was used to treat facial redness and leg telangiectasias in 24 subjects. Four treatments were administered to the face at 4–6‐week intervals and final photographs were taken 8 weeks following the final treatment, while two treatments were administered to lower‐extremity spider veins at 2‐month intervals with follow‐up photographs 3 months following the final treatment. Blinded analysis of digital images was performed by two physicians not involved in the study.ResultsBlinded evaluation of digital photographs revealed an average improvement score of 3.3 ± 1.7 (mean ± SEM) on a 0–10 scale for removing facial redness (p < 0.001), representing a 33% improvement. Leg veins improved an average of 51% corresponding to a score of 5.1 ± 2.0 (p < 0.001). Side effects were mild and limited to erythema, purpura, edema, and one instance of mild hyperpigmentation.ConclusionsThis novel 524 nm laser is safe and effective for treating vascularity on the face and legs, and proves the ability to create a laser platform incorporating a hair removal laser which then can be used as a pumping source for the attached vascular laser module.
Selecting disease‐modifying medications in 5q spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Cartwright Michael S. , Upadhya Suraj 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSpinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is an inherited lower motor neuron disease. SMA occurs secondary to alterations in the survival motor neuron 1 gene (SMN1), which is the main driver of SMN protein production. The severity of the disease is determined by the number of copies of theSMN2gene, which is a homolog toSMN1but not as efficient in protein production. Three medications have recently been approved for the treatment of SMA. Nusinersen is an intrathecal antisense oligonucleotide that altersSMN2pre‐mRNA, onasemnogene abeparvovec‐xioi is an intravenousSMN1gene replacement therapy, and risdiplam is an oral small molecule splicing modifier ofSMN2. No head‐to‐head studies have been conducted comparing these medications, so selection of one of these medications for an individual with SMA can be challenging. In this article we outline the efficacy, safety, and other pertinent factors to consider when selecting a therapy for an individual with SMA. The age of the individual and comorbidities, such as liver or kidney disease, help guide treatment choices. All three of these medications are efficacious, and early initiation is critical for obtaining the best outcomes.
The effect on precision and T1 bias comparing two flip angles when estimating muscle fat infiltration using fat‐referenced chemical shift‐encoded imaging
Authors: Karlsson Anette , Peolsson Anneli , Romu Thobias , Dahlqvist Leinhard Olof , Spetz Holm Anna‐Clara , Thorell Sofia , West Janne , Borga Magnus 
Published: July 2021

Investigation of the effect on accuracy and precision of different parameter settings is important for quantitative MRI. The purpose of this study was to investigate T1 bias and precision for muscle fat infiltration (MFI) measurements using fat‐referenced chemical shift MFI measurements at flip angles of 5° and 10°. The fat‐referenced measurements were compared with fat fractions, which is a more commonly used measure of MFI. This retrospective study was performed on data from a clinical intervention study including 40 postmenopausal women. Test and retest images were acquired with a 3‐T scanner using four‐point 3D spoiled gradient multiecho acquisition. Postprocessing included T2* correction and fat‐referenced calibration, where the fat signal was calibrated using adipose tissue as reference. The mean MFI was calculated in six different muscle regions using both the fat‐referenced fat signal and the fat fraction, defined as the fat signal divided by the sum of the fat and water signals. Both methods used the same fat and water images as input. The variance of the difference between mean MFI from test and retest was used as the measure of precision. The signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) characteristics were analyzed by measuring the full width at half maximum (FWHM) of the fat signal distribution. There was no difference in the mean MFI at different flip angles for the fat‐referenced technique (p = 0.66), while the measured fat fractions were 3.3 percentage points larger for 10° compared with 5° (p < 0.001). No significant difference in the precision was found in any of the muscles analyzed. However, the FWHM of the fat signal distribution was significantly (p = 0.01) lower at 10°. This strenghtens the hypothesis that fat‐referenced MFI is insensitive to flip angle‐induced T1 bias in CSE‐MRI, enabling usage of a higher and more SNR‐effective flip angle. The lower FWHM in fat‐referenced MFI at 10° indicates that high flip angle acquisition is advantageous even although no significant differences in precision were observed comparing 5° and 10°.
Comparative study of the microstructure of solid rubber from Ficus carica and Hevea brasiliensis
Authors: Yokota‐Imai Saki , Chida Shinsuke , Suzuki Takehiro , Dohmae Naoshi , Gotoh Takeshi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNatural rubber from Hevea brasiliensis (Hb) is known to have a characteristic network structure, with branch points formed by minor nonrubber components such as proteins and phospholipids that connect the major rubber component, cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene chains. However, the structure of solid rubber from Ficus carica (Fc) is not well known. In this study, we examined the microstructure and protein composition of solid rubber from Fc. Transmission electron microscopy analysis of Fc solid rubber revealed that the nonrubber components formed a nonuniform framework in the rubber matrix, and that many rubber particles were fused together. We determined that ficin, a cysteine endoproteolytic protease, was a major protein in the Fc rubber. It appears that ficin degrades the proteins associated with rubber particles rather than acting as a protein connecting the cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene chains in Fc rubber. We also found that a macrogel fraction, which separated after the dissolution of Hb solid rubber in toluene, was absent in the Fc solid rubber. These results suggest that there are no proteinous branch points in Fc rubber. Furthermore, size exclusion chromatography with multiangle light scattering (SEC‐MALS) analysis of the transesterified rubber demonstrated that no branch points composed of phospholipids were involved in Fc rubber. On the basis of our results, we propose a microstructure for the rubber particles in Fc solid rubber and discuss the relationship between the microstructure and the structure of the rubber chains within it.
Extended application of deep learning combined with 2DCOS: Study on origin identification in the medicinal plant of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis
Authors: Yue Jia Qi , Huang Heng Yu , Wang Yuan Zhong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionMedicinal plants are very important to human health, and ensuring their quality and rapid evaluation are the current research concerns. Deep learning has a strong ability in recognition. This study extended it to the identification of medicinal plants from the perspective of spectrum.ObjectiveIn order to realise the rapid identification and provide a reference for the selection of high‐quality resources of medicinal plants, a combination of deep learning and two‐dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) was proposed.MethodsFor the first time, Fourier transform mid‐infrared (FT‐MIR) and near‐infrared (NIR) spectroscopy 2DCOS images combined with residual neural network (ResNet) was used for the origin identification of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis. In total 1593 samples were collected and 12821 2DCOS images were drawn. The climate of different origins was briefly analysed.ResultsThe xishuangbanna, puer, lincang, honghe and wenshan are the five regions with more ecological advantages. The synchronous 2DCOS models of FT‐MIR and NIR could realise origin identification with the accuracy of 100%. The synchronous images were suitable for the identification of medicinal plants with complex systems. The full band, feature band and different contour models had no big difference in distinguishing ability, so they were not the key factors affecting the discrimination results.ConclusionThe ResNet models established were stable, reliable, and robust, which not only solved the problem of origin identification, expanded the application field of deep learning, but also provided practical reference for the related research of other medicinal plants.
Time‐varying FMEA method based on interval‐valued spherical fuzzy theory
Authors: Zhou Xinda , Chen Chuanhai , Tian Hailong , Wang Liding , Yang Zhaojun , Yang Haiji 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a time‐varying failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) method based on interval‐valued spherical fuzzy theory, which not only improves the limitations in evaluating, weighting, and ranking but also considers the effect of time change. The process of distinguishing time changes enables the FMEA to have dynamic recognition capability, enabling it to identify critical failure modes more accurately. The interval‐valued spherical fuzzy theory is used to deal with the uncertainty of intuitionistic linguistic evaluations. The advantages of two traditional approaches are combined to improve the weight determined method. Risk factors are divided into subjective and objective types. In the subjective risk factors, which are severity (S) and detection (D), the consistency of judgment is used as the acceptance standard. In the objective risk factors, which are occurrence (O), the time‐varying characteristics are considered. The occurrence in a certain period is expressed as the integral of failure intensity in the time period. Interval‐valued spherical fuzzy exponential risk priority number is proposed as the criterion for measuring the priority of failure modes. The effectiveness of the proposed method is verified using an example of spindle.
“Quite ironic that even I became a natural scientist”: Students' imagined identity trajectories in the Figured World of Higher Education Biology
Authors: Günter Katerina P. , Gullberg Annica , Ahnesjö Ingrid 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStudying biology entails negotiating knowledges, identities, and what paths, more or less well‐trodden, to follow. Knowledges, identities, and paths within the very practices of science are fundamentally gendered and it is, therefore, critical to recognize when exploring students' learning and participation in natural sciences. Even though students' numbers in undergraduate Higher Education Biology are female‐biased, it does not mean that gendered processes are absent. In this study, we focus on early undergraduate biology students' identity work at a Swedish university, analyzing 55 study motivation texts discursively. Embedded in a Figured Worlds framework, we explore how students imagined and authored themselves in(to) the Figured World of Higher Education Biology along two imagined identity trajectories, the Straight Biology Path and the Backpacking Biology Path. While the first and numerically dominant imagined trajectory entails typical stories of a scientific child striving toward a research career, the latter recognizes broad interests and biology competences to be collected in a backpack for transdisciplinary use. Students imagining the Backpacking Biology Path authored themselves in relation to and explicitly not as having a linear trajectory, which positions the Straight Biology Path as dominant and culturally recognized. Our findings reveal gendered myths about science practices present in Higher Education Biology, yet also contested through alternative imaginaries. We, thereby, show that it is crucial for Higher Biology and Science Education to be aware of how students imagine their trajectories and how they negotiate masculine norms of science to create spaces for diverse and alternative identity trajectories.
PDMA: Probabilistic service migration approach for delay‐aware and mobility‐aware mobile edge computing
Authors: Xu Minxian , Zhou Qiheng , Wu Huaming , Lin Weiwei , Ye Kejiang , Xu Chengzhong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAs a key technology in the 5G era, mobile edge computing (MEC) has developed rapidly in recent years. MEC aims to reduce the service delay of mobile users, while alleviating the processing pressure on the core network. MEC can be regarded as an extension of cloud computing on the user side, which can deploy edge servers and bring computing resources closer to mobile users, and provide more efficient interactions. However, due to the user's dynamic mobility, the distance between the user and the edge server will change dynamically, which may cause fluctuations in Quality of Service. Therefore, when a mobile user moves in the MEC environment, certain approaches are needed to schedule services deployed on the edge server to ensure the user experience. In this article, we model service scheduling in MEC scenarios and propose a delay‐aware and mobility‐aware service management approach based on concise probabilistic methods. This approach has low computational complexity and can effectively reduce service delay and migration costs. Furthermore, we conduct experiments by utilizing multiple realistic datasets and use iFogSim to evaluate the performance of the algorithm. The results show that our proposed approach can optimize the performance on service delay, with 8%–20% improvement and reduce the migration cost by more than 75% compared with baselines during the rush hours.
Bonding and Activation of N2 in Molybdenum(0) Complexes Supported by Tripod Ligands with Phospholane End Groups
Authors: Pfeil Mareike , Engesser Tobias A. , Krahmer Jan , Näther Christian , Tuczek Felix 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTripod ligands with a neopentyl backbone and one (trpd‐1 pln), two (trpd‐2 pln) or three (trpd‐3 pln) phospholane end groups are synthesized and used for the synthesis of MoX3 (X=Cl, Br, I) complexes supported by these ligands. NaxHg reduction of [MoBr3(trpd‐3 pln)], in the presence of N2 and the bidentate coligand dppm leads to the molybdenum(0) mono(dinitrogen) complex [Mo(N2)(trpd‐3 pln)(dppm)] with a moderately activated N2 ligand. An attempt to further increase the activation by using dmpm as coligand leads to a mixture containing desired [Mo(N2)(trpd‐3 pln)(dmpm)], but also the bis(dinitrogen) complex [Mo(N2)2(κ2‐trpd‐3 pln)2] and the homoleptic complex [Mo(trpd‐3 pln)2]. Protonation of [Mo(N2)(trpd‐3 pln)(dppm)] with [H(OEt2)2][Al{OC(CF3)3}4] generates the hydrazido(2‐) complex [Mo(NNH2)(trpd‐3 pln)(dppm)][Al{OC(CF3)3}4]2.
Shared Physical Custody and Child Maintenance Arrangements: A Comparative Analysis of 13 Countries Using a Model Family Approach
Authors: Hakovirta Mia , Skinner Christine 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis book chapter provides new insights to the question of how child maintenance policies have responded to changing post separation family arrangements and most specifically shared physical custody (SPC). We analyse how SPC is implemented and how it operates in child maintenance policies in 13 countries: Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Iceland, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, Sweden, the UK and the U.S. The comparative analysis is based on vignette questionnaire collected in 2017. There are differences in how countries have acknowledged and recognized shared physical custody in their child maintenance policies. It varies from complete annulment of obligations, to some countries making finer grained adjustments to reduce child maintenance obligations and yet others’ making no changes as a result of shared physical custody, with the paying parent still having to provide the full amount of child maintenance. It seems there is no standard practice and nor do the different arrangements map easily onto child maintenance scheme typology. The latter is surprising, as it might have been expected that similarly structured child maintenance schemes would treat shared physical custody in similar ways. This variability demonstrates a lack of coherence across child maintenance policies on how to deal with this phenomenon of greater gender equality in post-separation parenting arrangements.
A European Model for Harmonizing the Law on Parental Responsibilities: The Family Law Persepctive
Authors: Boele-Woelki Katharina 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSince 2001 the academic Commission on European Family Law (CEFL) has drafted Principles of European Family Law that are thought to be most suitable for the harmonization of family law within Europe. The CEFL Principles are non-binding rules. They can be considered to be a model law which national legislators can take into account.This contribution explains methodological aspects of the drafting process of the Principles on Parental Responsibilities. It informs about the huge amount of international and European instruments. Although each of these instruments only addresses some specific aspects of the law regarding parental responsibilities, they collectively built the general framework which to a considerable extent has also determined the national systems in Europe. Before focussing on the concept of parental responsibilities, as well as on those Principles which specifically address the situation upon divorce and separation of the parents (joint and sole exercise, (dis-)agreement on exercise, residence of the child, relocation, maintenance of personal relationships, hearing of the child, representing the child), information about the structure of the Principles is provided. Finally, more than 10 years after the publication of the Parental Responsibilities Principles it makes sense to take stock and explore how they have been perceived.