bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prenatal radiation exposure leads to higher-order telencephalic dysfunctions in adult mice that coincide with reduced synaptic plasticity and cerebral hypersynchrony
Authors: Craeghs Livine , Callaerts-Vegh Zsuzsanna , Verslegers Mieke , Van der Jeugd Ann , Govaerts Kristof , Dresselaers Tom , Wogensen Elise , Verreet Tine , Moons Lieve , Benotmane Mohammed A , Himmelreich Uwe , D’Hooge Rudi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Higher-order telencephalic circuitry has been suggested to be especially vulnerable to irradiation or other developmentally toxic impact. This report details the adult effects of prenatal irradiation at a sensitive time point on clinically relevant brain functions controlled by telencephalic regions, hippocampus (HPC), and prefrontal cortex (PFC). Pregnant C57Bl6/J mice were whole-body irradiated at embryonic day 11 (start of neurogenesis) with X-ray intensities of 0.0, 0.5, or 1.0 Gy. Female offspring completed a broad test battery of HPC-/PFC-controlled tasks that included cognitive performance, fear extinction, exploratory, and depression-like behaviors. We examined neural functions that are mechanistically related to these behavioral and cognitive changes, such as hippocampal field potentials and long-term potentiation, functional brain connectivity (by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging), and expression of HPC vesicular neurotransmitter transporters (by immunohistochemical quantification). Prenatally exposed mice displayed several higher-order dysfunctions, such as decreased nychthemeral activity, working memory defects, delayed extinction of threat-evoked response suppression as well as indications of perseverative behavior. Electrophysiological examination indicated impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Prenatal irradiation also induced cerebral hypersynchrony and increased the number of glutamatergic HPC terminals. These changes in brain connectivity and plasticity could mechanistically underlie the irradiation-induced defects in higher telencephalic functions.
Immune cells in cardiac homeostasis and disease: emerging insights from novel technologies
Authors: Steffens Sabine , Nahrendorf Matthias , Madonna Rosalinda 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The increasing use of single-cell immune profiling and advanced microscopic imaging technologies has deepened our understanding of the cardiac immune system, confirming that the heart contains a broad repertoire of innate and adaptive immune cells. Leucocytes found in the healthy heart participate in essential functions to preserve cardiac homeostasis, not only by defending against pathogens but also by maintaining normal organ function. In pathophysiological conditions, cardiac inflammation is implicated in healing responses after ischaemic or non-ischaemic cardiac injury. The aim of this review is to provide a concise overview of novel methodological advancements to the non-expert readership and summarize novel findings on immune cell heterogeneity and functions in cardiac disease with a focus on myocardial infarction as a prototypic example. In addition, we will briefly discuss how biological sex modulate the cardiac immune response. Finally, we will highlight emerging concepts for novel therapeutic applications, such as targeting immunometabolism and nanomedicine.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of left atrial appendage occlusion in patients with atrial fibrillation and contraindication to oral anticoagulation
Authors: Labori Frida , Persson Josefine , Bonander Carl , Jood Katarina , Svensson Mikael 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Aims
This study aims to estimate the cost-effectiveness of percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) compared to standard stroke prevention care for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and contraindication to oral anticoagulation (OAC) in a Swedish healthcare and public sector perspective.

Methods and results
We used a combined decision tree and cohort Markov model to estimate costs and quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) over a lifetime horizon with LAAO compared to standard of care where the treatment effect is based on a recent meta-analysis. According to our analysis, LAAO gives more QALYs than standard of care (7.11 vs. 6.12). Furthermore, LAAO treatment is related to the first-year cost of 14 984 Euro (EUR) and higher average healthcare costs over the lifetime by about 4010 EUR, which gives an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of LAAO vs. standard of care at 4047 EUR per gained QALY. From a public sector perspective, LAAO reduces average costs due to substantial reductions in long-term care and, thus, implies that LAAO is dominant from a public sector perspective (lower average costs and better health outcomes).

Conclusion
From both Swedish healthcare and public sector perspectives, LAAO can be considered cost-effective compared to standard of care for individuals with AF and contraindication to OAC. However, these results must be confirmed in health economic evaluations alongside the ongoing randomized clinical trials.

Key Question
Is left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) cost-effective for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and contraindication to oral anticoagulation (OAC) compared to the standard of care from a Swedish healthcare and public sector perspective?

Key Finding
LAAO is associated with lower cost than the standard of care from a public sector perspective and an incremental cost of 4010 Euro from a healthcare perspective. Furthermore, LAAO is related to better health outcomes than the standard of care.

Take Home Message
Treatment with LAAO among individuals with AF and contraindication to OAC can be considered as cost-effective compared to the standard of care from a Swedish healthcare and public sector perspective.
Indigenous microbial communities in heavy oil show a threshold response to salinity
Authors: Voskuhl Lisa , Akbari Ali , Müller Hubert , Pannekens Mark , Brusilova Darya , Dyksma Stefan , Haque Shirin , Graupner Nadine , Dunthorn Micah , Meckenstock Rainer U , Brauer Verena S 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Microbial degradation influences the quality of oil resources. The environmental factors that shape the composition of oil microbial communities are largely unknown because most samples from oil fields are impacted by anthropogenic oil production, perturbing the native ecosystem with exogenous fluids and microorganisms. We investigated the relationship between formation water geochemistry and microbial community composition in undisturbed oil samples. We isolated 43 microliter-sized water droplets naturally enclosed in the heavy oil of the Pitch Lake, Trinidad and Tobago. The water chemistry and microbial community composition within the same water droplet were determined by ion chromatography and 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, respectively. The results revealed a high variability in ion concentrations and community composition between water droplets. Microbial community composition was mostly affected by the chloride concentration, which ranged from freshwater to brackish-sea water. Remarkably, microbial communities did not respond gradually to increasing chloride concentration but showed a sudden change to less diverse and uneven communities when exceeding a chloride concentration of 57.3 mM. The results reveal a threshold-regulated response of microbial communities to salinity, offering new insights into the microbial ecology of oil reservoirs.
Compensatory Connections? Living Alone, Loneliness, and the Buffering Role of Social Connection Among Older American and European Adults
Authors: Schafer Markus H , Sun Haosen , Lee Jin A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The growth of solo living has important implications for the rising “loneliness epidemic” among older adults. This study considered whether 2 forms of social connectedness—extra-household core discussion networks and social participation—buffer the loneliness associated with living alone.

Method
Our study used data from 2 surveys (National Social Life, Health, and Aging Project; Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe) encompassing 20 developed Western countries in 2009/2010 and 2015/2016 (n = 110,817). Harmonizing measures across data sets, we estimated survey-specific and pooled longitudinal regression models with interaction terms.

Results
High levels of social connectedness only moderately buffered the loneliness associated with living alone in later life. Findings were largely consistent across regions of Europe and the United States, though the buffering patterns were most robustly identified for widowed solo dwellers.

Discussion
Extra-household connections are partial compensators, but do not seem to fully replace the ready companionship afforded by residential copresence in later life. Future research is needed to understand whether the efficacy of compensatory connections differs by gender, race/ethnicity, and across more diverse global regions.
Transfer learning: improving neural network based prediction of earthquake ground shaking for an area with insufficient training data
Authors: Jozinović Dario , Lomax Anthony , Štajduhar Ivan , Michelini Alberto 
Published: November 2021

SUMMARYIn a recent study, we showed that convolutional neural networks (CNNs) applied to network seismic traces can be used for rapid prediction of earthquake peak ground motion intensity measures (IMs) at distant stations using only recordings from stations near the epicentre. The predictions are made without any previous knowledge concerning the earthquake location and magnitude. This approach differs significantly from the standard procedure adopted by earthquake early warning systems that rely on location and magnitude information. In the previous study, we used 10 s, raw, multistation (39 stations) waveforms for the 2016 earthquake sequence in central Italy for 915 M ≥ 3.0 events (CI data set). The CI data set has a large number of spatially concentrated earthquakes and a dense network of stations. In this work, we applied the same CNN model to an area of central western Italy. In our initial application of the technique, we used a data set consisting of 266 M ≥ 3.0 earthquakes recorded by 39 stations. We found that the CNN model trained using this smaller-sized data set performed worse compared to the results presented in the previously published study. To counter the lack of data, we explored the adoption of ‘transfer learning’ (TL) methodologies using two approaches: first, by using a pre-trained model built on the CI data set and, next, by using a pre-trained model built on a different (seismological) problem that has a larger data set available for training. We show that the use of TL improves the results in terms of outliers, bias and variability of the residuals between predicted and true IM values. We also demonstrate that adding knowledge of station relative positions as an additional layer in the neural network improves the results. The improvements achieved through the experiments were demonstrated by the reduction of the number of outliers by 5 per cent, the residuals R median by 39 per cent and their standard deviation by 11 per cent.
A generalized inverse DEA model for firm restructuring based on value efficiency
Authors: Gerami Javad , Mozaffari Mohammad Reza , Wanke Peter F , Correa Henrique L 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We present a novel general inverse data envelopment analysis model for assessing the restructuring of decision-making units (DMUs) while observing predetermined value efficiency targets, under two distinct scenarios: merger and acquisitions and split. By considering the set of efficient DMUs as the Decision Maker’s set of Most Preferred Solutions, virtual new units with desired targets for value efficiency scores and input and output levels can be computed. The innovations of this paper are threefold. First, a comparison between the proposed value efficiency and previous technical efficiency approaches reveals improvement in the estimation of restructured input/output levels. Second, the proposed approach is capable of handling the decision-maker’s preferences during restructuring. Third, an algorithm to determine the worst case-scenario for restructuring is presented. An applied case study in banking operations is presented to illustrate the validity and applicability of the proposed method.
Prevalence of colistin heteroresistance in carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and association with clinical outcomes in patients: an observational study
Authors: Howard-Anderson Jessica , Davis Michelle , Page Alexander M , Bower Chris W , Smith Gillian , Jacob Jesse T , Andersson Dan I , Weiss David S , Satola Sarah W 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To describe the prevalence of colistin heteroresistance in carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (CRPA) and evaluate the association with clinical outcomes.

Methods
Colistin heteroresistance was evaluated in CRPA isolates collected from patients without cystic fibrosis in Atlanta, Georgia, USA using two definitions: HR1, growth at 4 and 8 mg/L of colistin at a frequency ≥1 × 10−6 the main population; and HR2, growth at a colistin concentration ≥8× the MIC of the main population at a frequency ≥1 × 10−7. A modified population analysis profile (mPAP) technique was compared with reference PAP for detecting heteroresistance. For adults hospitalized at the time of or within 1 week of CRPA culture, multivariable logistic regression estimated the association between heteroresistance and 90 day mortality.

Results
Of 143 colistin-susceptible CRPA isolates, 8 (6%) met the HR1 definition and 37 (26%) met the HR2 definition. Compared with the reference PAP, mPAP had a sensitivity and specificity of 50% and 100% for HR1 and 32% and 99% for HR2. Of 82 hospitalized patients, 45 (56%) were male and the median age was 63 years (IQR 49–73). Heteroresistance was not associated with 90 day mortality using HR1 (0% in heteroresistant versus 22% in non-heteroresistant group; P = 0.6) or HR2 (12% in heteroresistant versus 24% in non-heteroresistant group; P = 0.4; adjusted OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.2–3.4).

Conclusions
Colistin heteroresistance was identified in up to 26% of patients with CRPA in our sample, although the prevalence varied depending on the definition. We did not observe an apparent association between colistin heteroresistance and 90 day mortality.
A Coordinated Sampling and Identification Methodology for Larval Parasitoids of Spotted-Wing Drosophila
Authors: Abram Paul K , Wang Xingeng , Hueppelsheuser Tracy , Franklin Michelle T , Daane Kent M , Lee Jana C , Lue Chia-Hua , Girod Pierre , Carrillo Juli , Wong Warren H L , Kula Robert R , Gates Michael W , Hogg Brian N , Moffat Chandra E , Hoelmer Kim A , Sial Ashfaq A , Buffington Matthew L 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We provide recommendations for sampling and identification of introduced larval parasitoids of spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae). These parasitoids are either under consideration for importation (aka classical) biological control introductions, or their adventive (presumed to have been accidentally introduced) populations have recently been discovered in North America and Europe. Within the context of the ecology of D. suzukii and its parasitoids, we discuss advantages and disadvantages of estimating larval parasitism levels using different methods, including naturally collected fruit samples and sentinel baits. For most situations, we recommend repeated sampling of naturally occurring fruit rather than using sentinel baits to monitor seasonal dynamics of host plant–Drosophila–parasitoid associations. We describe how to separate Drosophilidae puparia from host fruit material in order to accurately estimate parasitism levels and establish host–parasitoid associations. We provide instructions for identification of emerging parasitoids and include a key to the common families of parasitoids of D. suzukii. We anticipate that the guidelines for methodology and interpretation of results that we provide here will form the basis for a large, multi-research team sampling effort in the coming years to characterize the biological control and nontarget impacts of accidentally and intentionally introduced larval parasitoids of D. suzukii in several regions of the world.
Effect of Irrigation on the Control of Red Imported Fire Ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) by Water-Resistant and Standard Fire Ant Baits
Authors: Oi David H , Atchison Rachel A , Chuzel Gerald , Chen Jian , Henke Jennifer A , Weeks Ronald D 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Buren), is an invasive pest of agricultural, urban, and natural areas. It is also considered a public health pest due to its painful stings. While it can be efficiently controlled by commercially available fire ant baits formulated with a corn-grit carrier, rain or irrigation is thought to degrade the carrier, compromising bait effectiveness. This study assessed the effect of irrigation on the efficacy of water-resistant and standard fire ant bait formulations, by comparing worker number, brood volume, and queen survivorship after access to water-soaked baits and to irrigated, bait-treated sod. In initial testing, wetted water-resistant and standard baits reduced fire ant colonies less than dry baits, both when baits were given to colonies directly and when colonies were given access to baits broadcasted (i.e., scattered) atop sod. Comparisons of the efficacy of piled versus broadcast applications of water-resistant and standard baits revealed reductions of &gt;88% in adults and brood and no surviving queens for all bait treatments. This result was unexpected because piled baits were hypothesized to be better protected from irrigation than broadcast bait applications. In a field study, irrigated water-resistant and standard baits caused similar and significantly higher reductions in fire ant foraging activity relative to an untreated control. These results indicated that both the water-resistant and standard fire ant bait provided significant fire ant reductions even after irrigation.
Afferent System Overview
Authors: English Stephen W. , Benarroch Eduardo E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The afferent, or sensory, systems include visual, auditory, somatosensory, and interoceptive (ie, pain, temperature, and visceral sensation) inputs to the central nervous system. This chapter briefly reviews principles of transduction, relay, and processing of sensory information. The dorsal column–medial lemniscal system is reviewed in more detail. However, pain, vision, olfaction, and hearing are reviewed in subsequent chapters. Sensory transduction refers to the transformation of a stimulus into an electric signal. This process involves several distinct families of cation channels and associated receptor types.
Basal Ganglia
Authors: Ali Farwa , Benarroch Eduardo E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The basal ganglia are a group of nuclei that are involved in motor, cognitive, and behavioral circuits and are especially important in motor program selection and motor learning. The key components of the basal ganglia and their circuitry include the striatum (putamen, caudate nucleus, and nucleus accumbens), globus pallidus (GP), subthalamic nucleus (STN), substantia nigra, pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN), and parts of the thalamus and cortex. The basal ganglia have parallel motor, oculomotor, associative, and limbic circuits. This chapter reviews the anatomy and circuitry of the basal ganglia.
Neuropharmacology
Authors: Crepeau Amy Z. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Medications used in the treatment of nervous system disorders typically modulate neurotransmitter function or action potential propagation and alter neurologic function. This chapter reviews the principles of pharmacokinetics, the major targets for drug action to provide a basis for understanding how medications exert their action, and disease-specific treatments. An understanding of the pharmacokinetic principles of neurologic medications is important for prescribing and ordering medication. Multiple routes of administration, including intravenous, sublingual, intramuscular, subcutaneous, rectal, oral, and transdermal, are available for delivery of neurologic medications.
Evoked Potentials
Authors: Matt Hoffman E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Evoked potentials provide a noninvasive, sensitive, and quantitative way to assess the functional integrity of the somatosensory, auditory, and visual pathways. The basic principle of evoked potentials is to apply a stimulus (sensory, auditory, or visual) in a controlled manner to create a volley of depolarization and repolarization. This stimulus volley ascends through the peripheral and central sensory, auditory, or visual pathways and can be recorded as the signals pass underneath recording electrodes. The generated evoked potential waveforms can represent either a traveling wave of depolarization in white matter or a stationary depolarization within gray matter. The use of somatosensory and brainstem auditory evoked potentials for outpatients has decreased in the past decades as the quality and availability of neuroimaging have improved; however, their use has had a resurgence in electrophysiologic monitoring and mapping of surgical cases involving the spine, posterior fossa, and supratentorial lesions, for which they are now a part of the standard of care.
Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Makhlouf Ahmed T. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric syndromes in the United States. About 29% of adults will receive a diagnosis of an anxiety disorder during their lifetime, and almost one-fifth of adults have symptoms of anxiety in any given year. Globally, anxiety disorders are responsible for 10% of the disability-adjusted life years for all psychiatric and neurologic disorders, second only to major depressive disorder.
Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Kolla Bhanuprakash , Hocker Sara E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Substance use disorders are chronic, relapsing illnesses that are associated with serious medical, economic, and social consequences. Substance use disorders are associated with loss of control over the amount of substance used, continued use despite negative consequences, preoccupation with use, and dysphoria during abstinence. In heavy and long-term users, abrupt cessation or reduction in substance use results in substance-specific withdrawal syndrome. Risk of substance use disorders is influenced by genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors.
Neurorehabilitation
Authors: Schultz Billie A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Physical medicine and rehabilitation—physiatry—is the medical specialty focusing on the restoration of functional status of patients with musculoskeletal, nervous system, or congenital disorders. The World Health Organization defined disability and created the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health. With this classification, a physiatrist addresses the 3 domains of disability: impairment, activity limitation, and restricted participation.
Status Epilepticus
Authors: Hawkes Maximiliano A. , Hocker Sara E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a medical and neurologic emergency defined as persistent seizure activity lasting more than 5 minutes or recurrent seizures without recovery of consciousness in between. When seizures persist despite adequate doses of first- and second-line antiepileptic agents, the condition is called refractory SE. Super-refractory SE occurs when seizure activity continues or recurs 24 hours after the initiation of therapy with anesthetic agents.