bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pollen Morphology of Six Indonesian Begonia (Begoniaceae) Species
Authors: Siregar Hartutiningsih M. , Sudarmono . , Witono Joko Ridho , Wawangningrum Hary 
Published: May 2021

Aims: This study aims to determine pollen morphological differences in six Indonesian Begonia species.
Study Design: All fresh pollen grain of six Indonesian Begonia species were collected using a standard method and observed at SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) Laboratory.
Place and Duration of Study: The pollen is collected from Bogor Botanic Gardens, then observed using an SEM in The Museum Zoologicum Laboratory, Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), on August 2018.
Methodology: The results of SEM pollen ultrastructure observations were analyzed descriptively by describing images of size, P/E index, aperture, endoaperture, and ornamentation of pollen. The size of pollen morphology is calculated based on the length of the polar axis and the equatorial axis on a micrometer scale. Determination of the shape of pollen can be determined by comparing the length of the polar axis with the equatorial axis.
Results: All species examined share common pollen grain characters, i.e. isopolar and three zonocolporate. The longest polar axis (P) and equatorial diameter (E) presented by B. puspitae, whereas the shortest of P is shown by B. kudoensis and the shortest of E by B. sudjanae. Only B. hooveriana has prolate – perprolate aperture, whereas other species perprolate. Endoaperture types of B. puspitae, B. sudjanae, and B. hooveriana is lalongate, while the other species is lolongate. The coarsely striate ornamentation forms are presented by B. holosericeoides and B. natunaensis, whereas other species has fine striate ornamentation.
Conclusion: The size, P/E index, aperture, endoaperture, and ornamentation of pollen are not useful for section classification of six Indonesian Begonia species. Pollen morphology should be incorporated to other characters, such as morphological, cytological, and molecular characters for making delimitation of Begonia species.
Occurrence of Soil-transmitted Helminths from Selected Dumpsites and Farmlands in Calabar, Nigeria
Authors: Imalele Edema Enogiomwan , Offiong Effanga Emmanuel , Ukam Usang Anok , Urimaneh Aramushu Willington , Utibe Henshaw Victoria 
Published: May 2021

Aims: The present study investigated the prevalence and intensity of soil-transmitted helminth contamination in dumpsite and farmland soils in Calabar, Cross River State, Nigeria.
Methodology: Soil samples were randomly collected from selected dumpsites and farmlands from July to December 2019. 200 soil samples (100 samples each from dumpsites and farmland) were collected. Soil samples were analysed using Zinc sulphate flotation technique whereas soil nematode extraction for hookworm and Strongyloides larvae was carried out using the modified Baermann technique.
Results: Of the 200 soil samples examined, 131 (65.5%) were positive for ova/larvae of one or more parasites. Dumpsite soils were highly contaminated with ova/larvae of soil-transmitted helminths than farmland soils with a prevalence of 79% (n=79) and 52% (n=52) respectively (P=.02). Farmlands had the highest mean intensity (6.75±1.88) of contamination with ova/larvae of soil-transmitted helminths compared to dumpsite soils (1.68±0.14). Ascaris lumbricoides recorded the highest occurrence (35.5%) (P=.003) in soil samples examined. A. lumbricoides (40%) and Trichuris trichiura (6%) contamination was higher in dumpsite soils, while Strongyloides stercoralis larvae (34%) and hookworm (10%) contamination was higher in farmland soils. Dumpsite soils recorded the highest number of parasites (84%) in the wet season, while farmland soils recorded the highest number of parasites (92%) in the dry season (P=.11). Generally, parasitic ova/larvae were more prevalent in the dry season (91%) than in the wet season (73%) (P=.33). S. stercoralis (33%) was more prevalent in the wet season followed while A. lumbricoides (43%) recorded highest occurrence in the dry season.
Conclusion: This study revealed the potential health risk of contracting soil-transmitted helminth parasites in soils around farmlands and dumpsites in Calabar, Nigeria. It is therefore important that a combination of sanitation and health education be put in place for effective control of soil-transmitted helminths.
Clone x Tester Crosses on Compatibility Level of Sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas L.)
Authors: Indriani Febria C. , Restuono Joko , Rahajeng Wiwit , Iswanto Rudi , Sundari Titik , Soehendi Rudy , Harnowo Didik , Baliadi Yuliantoro , Mejaya Made J. 
Published: May 2021

Evaluation of compatibility on sweetpotato is very important to determine the crossing parents to increase the compatibility of controlled cross-pollination. This research was aimed to study the level of compatibility in controlled cross-pollination based on percentage of normal seedlings obtained from crosses. The research was conducted at Kendalpayak Experimental Station of ILETRI, Malang, Indonesia then followed by breaking seed dormancy and germination of seeds obtained. The genetic materials used were 17 accessions with high yielding potential and 3 accessions as tester for crossing. The results showed that there were differences in the compatibility levels of crossing combination and their compatibilities as male or female parents. Clone C-011 (Tester 2) was the most compatible as male parent, while clone C-141, C-007 and C-131 were the most compatible as female parents. Clone C-127 (Tester 3) was the most compatible as both male and female parents. Clone C-001 (Tester 1) could not be used as female parent due to high incompatibility.This compatible clone information is very useful in determining of both controlled crosses and open crosses in sweet potato in order to increase the breeding efficiency.
Performance of Double Hybrid of Silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) Fed on Leaf Raised under Different Fertilizer Schedules
Authors: Nazim Naveena , Mir M. R. , Baqual M. F. , Noor-ul-Din . , Akther Farida , Mir S. A. , Qayoom Sameera 
Published: May 2021

Aim: The present study was aimed to see the performance of silk worm (Bombyx mori L.) double hybrid fed on leaf raised through splitting the recommended dose of chemical fertilizers.
Study Design: Completely Randomized Design (CRD).
Place and Duration of Study: College of Temperate Sericulture (CoTS) Mirgund, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K), during 2017 and 2018.
Methodology: The present investigation was carried out at the experimental farm of College of Temperate Sericulture-Mirgund. Goshoerami a popular variety of mulberry in the region was used for the study. Disease free layings (dfl’s) of the popular double hybrid were obtained from the Germplasm Bank maintained at College of Temperate Sericulture (CoTS) Mirgund. These dfl’s were incubated, brushed and reared up to 3rd instar en masse following the standard rearing procedure. After 3rd moult, 3 replications of 100 larvae in each treatment were maintained. Different larval and Cocoon parameters were recorded during the course of experimentation. Standard procedure was followed to record observations. The data was compiled and analyzed.
Results: T11 recorded the shortest values for total larval and fifth instar larval duration being statistically at par with treatments/ fertilizer schedules T12, T9, T10, T3, T4, T1, T2 and T7. Weight of ten mature larvae was recorded higher in treatment T14 being statistically at par with treatments T13, T16 and T15 respectively. Cocoon yield per 10,000 larvae by number was recorded highest In T14 treatment, which was recorded statistically at par with treatments T13 and T16 respectively. Cocoon yield by weight was more in treatment T14 being at par with treatments T13 and T16. Pupation rate was found higher in treatment T14 being at par treatment T13.
Conclusion: Double hybrid performed better under parameters like- total as well as fifth instar larval duration in case of fertilizer schedule - T11 (N3P2K1), while as in case of larval weight, cocoon yield by number and by weight and pupation rate, the hybrid performed better under T14 (N4P1K2) fertilizer Schedule.
Comparative Evaluation of Cleaning Efficacy of Three Different Single File Systems: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Choudhary Deebah 
Published: May 2021

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate the canal cleaning efficacy of these three file systems using scanning electron microscopy.
Place and Duration of Study: The study was conducted in the Department of Conservative dentistry and Endodontics, Institute of Dental Sciences Sehora, between October 2020 and December 2020.
Materials and Methods: Access cavity preparation was performed on sixty extracted human mandibular premolar teeth and working length was determined. The samples were randomly divided into three groups (n=20) depending upon the file system used i.e. Group 1 (Reciproc Blue), Group 2 (Waveone Gold) and Group 3 (F360). Samples were split into two halves by creating longitudinal grooves on the buccal and lingual surfaces. The samples were sputter-coated with gold and examined under scanning electron microscope at 5000X. The dentinal wall of root canal at coronal, middle and apical thirds of each sample were evaluated for the presence of determining the canal cleanliness and then analyzed using a five-score index.
Results: The results of this study revealed that Group 1 (Reciproc Blue) exhibited better cleaning efficacy than samples of Group 2 (WaveOne Gold) and Group 3 (F360) at different locations in the canal i.e. coronal, middle and apical. The mean debris present was highest in coronal area for both group 2 and group 3 i.e. 2.1 and least was seen in apical area of group 1 i.e. 0.3. (p<0.05)
Conclusion: Reciproc Blue single-file showed highest cleaning efficacy followed by Waveone Gold and F360. Reciproc file also showed effective cleaning in the apical third of the canal.
A Three-part Broken Interlocking Femoral Nail: Novel Technique of Removal and Review of Literature
Authors: Raviraj A. , Sugumar K. Abhishek , Maalepati Vidyasagar , Shivareddy H. A. , Anand Ashish 
Published: May 2021

A segmentally broken (three part) interlocking femoral nail with broken interlocking screw can be challenging to remove. We describe a novel technique for extraction of an unusual two level broken cannulated anterograde femoral nail to treat the delayed union with exchange nailing. This is the first reported case of a three-part broken intramedullary interlocking nail with broken distal locking screws, where the broken hardware was removed without opening the facture site or the knee. This technique is simple and does not require specialized equipment. The surgical technique and review of literature is presented.
The Association between Smartphone usage and General Health in Adult Cancer Patients: A Study of the Turkish Population during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Oven Bala Basak , Nanah Abdel Rahman , Kalyenci Nursena , Celik Umay , Celik Serkan , Emirzeoglu Levent 
Published: May 2021

Aim: The aim of this study is to determine the effect of smartphone screen time on general health status of adult patients with cancer compared to healthy participants in a Turkish population amidst the COVID-19 pandemic.
Materials and Methods: 146 participants took part in this study, 81 of them were cancer patients. The mean screen time throughout their last week was obtained from the smartphones of all participants. The health status of participants was analyzed via the General Health Survey (GHS) which was a self-reported questionnaire including 12 items rated on a Likert scale. The relationship between screen time and GHS score and related factors for participants was compared.
Results: The median screen time and GHS of participants were 180 minutes (10-945) and 13.5 (4-28), respectively. After screen time was categorized in respect to the mean of 180 minutes, A younger age (p=0.007), higher educational status (p=0.03), and early-stage disease (p=0.03) were each associated with increased screen time. Cancer stage had a correlation with GHS (add p value and correlation coefficient). While educational level was positively related with screen time (r=0.216, p=0.009), age (r=-0.471, p<0.001) and cancer stage (r=-0.332, p=0.03) were negatively correlated. Screen time was not found to be associated with GHS scores in both cancer patients and healthy participants.
Conclusion: Although smartphone usage has been increasing secondary to the dependence on social networks and increasing in-person restrictions, it did not affect the mental wellbeing among patients with cancer nor healthy participants.
Backside Chippings Improvement through Wafer Dicing Parameter Optimization and Understanding the Anistropic Silicon Properties
Authors: Agudon Aiza Marie E. , Bacquian Bryan Christian S. 
Published: May 2021

Semiconductor Companies and Industries soar high as the trend for electronic gadgets and devices increases. Transition from “manual” to “fully automatic” application is one of the advantages why consumer adapt to changes and prefer electronic devices as one of daily answers. Individuals who admire these electronic devices often ask how they are made.
As we look inside each device, we can notice interconnected microchips commonly called IC (Integrated Circuit). These are specially prepared silicon wafers where integrated circuit are developed. Commonly, each device is composed of numerous microchips depending on the design and functionality
IC production is processed from “front-end” to “back-end” assembly. Front-end assembly includes wafer fabrication where electrical circuitry is prepared and integrated to every single silicon wafers. Back-end assembly covers processing the wafer by cutting into smaller individual and independent components called “dice”. Each dice will be placed into Leadframe, bonded with wires prior encapsulating with mold compounds. After molding, each IC will be cut through a process called singulation. Afterwards, all molded units are subjected for functional testing.
Dice is central to each IC; it is where miniature transistor, resistor and capacitor are integrated to form complex small circuitry in microchips.
Pre-assembly (Pre-assy) stations have the first hand prior to all succeeding stations. Live wafers are primary direct materials processed in these stations. Robust work instruction and parameter must be practiced during handling and processing to avoid gross rejection and possible work-related defects.
The paper is all about the challenges to resolve and improved the backside chippings in 280um wafer thickness in mechanical dicing saw. The conventional Mechanical dicing process induce a lot of mechanical stress and vibration during the cutting process which oftentimes lead to backside chipping and die crack issues. However, backside chippings can mitigate with proper selection of parameter settings and understand the silicon wafer properties.
Therapeutic Role of Ginger (Zingiber officinale) - A Review
Authors: Kausar Tahreem , Anwar Sadaf , Hanan Entesar , Yaseen Mifftha , Aboelnaga Shimaa M. H. , Azad Z. R. Azaz Ahmad 
Published: May 2021

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a common kitchen spice that belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. It is rich in phytochemistry that is promoting health benefits. It is used as a home remedy to support the common cold, headaches, and pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiemetic, antiulcer, and anti-cancer, antiplatelet, anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering activities. Gingerols are key ingredients found in ginger that convert into zingerone, shogaol, and parasols, giving flavor and odor. Zingerone and shogaol are present in limited quantities in fresh ginger and more in dried or extracted goods. Especially 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol are pharmacological properties that are effective in antipyretic, analgesic, and hypotensive. The present review is about different therapeutic properties of ginger, including antioxidant properties, anti-diabetic properties, anti-cancer properties etc.
Diabetes Mellitus with Silent Myocardial Ischemia: A Single-Center Cross-Sectional Study of Karachi, Pakistan
Authors: Siddiq Muhammad Zohaib , Memon Shahid Hussain , Ali Anwar , Almas Tabassum , Razzaq Atiya , Ahmed Farhan 
Published: May 2021

Background: Previous studies have established the fact that diabetic patients are predominantly inclined towards silent myocardial infarction (SMI). The objective of the present study is to determine the incidence of SMI in diabetes mellitus (DM) patients.
Methodology: In this cross-sectional study, patient data was gathered on a predesigned proforma regarding the detailed history of dyspnea, DM and its duration, chest pain either present or not. Those patients who had normal ECG labeled negative for SMI, while those who had either ST-segment elevation or ST-segment deviation on resting ECG were positive for SMI. Study was conducted at the National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases (NICVD) Karachi- Pakistan.
Results: The mean age of the enrolled patients was 54.21±8.65 (40-70) years. Out of 210, majority were female (51.90%).Overall, 94(44.76%) patients were obese, 122(58.09%) were hypertensive, 90(42.85%) had dyslipidemia and 98(46.66%) diabetic patients were smokers. There were 93 (44.3%) DM patients who had SMI. Moreover, 109(51.90%) patients had a family history of myocardial ischemia.
Conclusion: The SMI incidence among diabetic patients was found higher in local population. It is proposed that diabetic patients with demonstrated cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy must be screened for the manifestation of SMI.
Comparing the Rate of Perineal Tears with and Without Episiotomy in Primigravida Women
Authors: Neelam . , Batool Kiran , Kadir Sadia , Fatima Kaneez , Nadeem Afshan , Durani Tahira Afzal 
Published: May 2021

Objective: To compare the frequency of perineal tears (3rd and 4th degree) with and without episiotomy in primigravida women.
Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at peoples Medical College Hospital (PMCH) Nawabshah.
Duration of Study: Six month from March 2015 to September 2015.
Study Design: Randomized control trial.
Subject and Methods: In this study 322 primigravida women with singleton pregnancy and cephalic presentation were included. The patients were kept in labour room till the second stage of labour. The patients were divided into two groups equally. In Groups-A, right mediolateral episiotomy was performed after infiltration with local anaesthesia at the time of crowing. The Group B in which episiotomy was not given. After delivery, patients were examined for extension of episiotomy in Group A and 3rd and 4th degree perineal tear in both groups.
Results: Mean age was 27.83±6.27 years in group A and 27.60±4.93 years in group B (p=0.724). Mean gestational age was 38.17±1.25 weeks was in group A and 38.11±119 weeks in group B (p=0.644). The rate of 3rd and 4th degree perineal tear was significantly higher in group A as compare to group B [60.87% vs. 47.83% p=0.019] and [39.13% vs. 26.09% p=0.013] respectively.
Conclusion: Episiotomy was found to be an important risk factor for extension of the perineal tear. It should be practiced only where it is indicated like rigid perineum, any instrumental delivery and shoulder dystocia.
Association between Working Memory and Obesity among Secondary School Children
Authors: Christina S. Dorcas , Sangeetha A. , Kumaresan M. , Varadharaju B. , Hemachandrika C. 
Published: May 2021

Introduction: Obesity is not just a term but a threat faced by the younger generation. It affects the vital systems of our body and very importantly impairs the cognitive functions of our brain. Lack of exercise, lethargy, increased usage of electronic gadgets is some of the notable reasons for childhood obesity. This study has been designed to find out how obesity is playing a role in a child’s short term memory skills.
Materials and Methods: A Cross sectional epidemiological study was conducted among 125 secondary school children from random urban south Indian population. The students were asked to fill in their general details along with height, weight, hip circumference, waist circumference and asked to play a set of matching games and put in their score to measure working memory.
Results: Association between corresponding memory task scores and BMI indicates a strong negative correlation (r = -.008) and (r = -.07).
Conclusion: The present results therefore indicate that there is an association between obesity and poorer working memory performance in secondary school children. Therefore to conclude, the extent to which children are physically active is influenced by a multiple and interrelated factors. Addressing physical inactivity and its contribution to childhood overweight obesity requires a broad and holistic approach.
A Review on Chemical Composition, Biosynthesis of Steviol Glycosides, Application, Cultivation, and Phytochemical Screening of Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni
Authors: Gunasena Mylange Dona Kasundi Mekhala , Sachinthanie Senarath Rathnayaka Mudiyanselage Uththara , Senarath Wathuge Thamara Priyanthi Sandun Kumari 
Published: May 2021

Aims: Stevia rebaudiana which is commonly known as sweet leaf herb is used to extract non caloric sweet steviol glycosides. Thus based on available reports about its chemical composition, biosynthesis of steviol glycosides, application, cultivation, and phytochemical screening an attempt has been made to review to Stevia rebaudiana in context of its medicinal and pharmaceutical importance.
Methodology: Literature search have been done in the web using google scholar, PubMed as search platform. More than two-thirds of the references are within 15 years.
Results: According to the literature search S. rebaudiana leaves contain non caloric steviol glycosides and pharmaceutically important other phytochemicals. Miccropropagation is the best propagation method to overcome difficulties in conventional propagation methods.
Conclusion: It is concluded that in vitro cultures has potential to extract important phytochemicals used in various pharmaceutical, food (flavoring agents, food additives) and perfume industries.