bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A 3D‐Bioprinted Vascularized Glioblastoma‐on‐a‐Chip for Studying the Impact of Simulated Microgravity as a Novel Pre‐Clinical Approach in Brain Tumor Therapy
Authors: Silvani Giulia , Basirun Carin , Wu Hanjie , Mehner Christine , Poole Kate , Bradbury Peta , Chou Joshua 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is one of the most aggressive malignant brain tumors and urgently requires the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this study, an innovative hybrid in vitro vascularized GBM‐on‐a‐chip model is presented as a strategic integration of microfluidics and 3D bioprinting technologies. The system can recreate the compartmentalized brain tumor microenvironment, comprising the functional blood brain barrier (BBB) and the adjacent 3D perivascular tumor niche, by selectively mimicking physiological shear stress and cell–cell, cell–matrix mechanical interaction. The GBM‐on‐a‐chip model was evaluated under simulated microgravity (µG) condition as a form of mechanical unloading showing a significant cell morphological and mechanotransduction response thereby indicating that gravitational forces play an important role in glioblastoma mechanical regulation. The proposed GBM‐on‐a‐chip represents a meaningful biological tool for further research in cancer mechanobiology and pre‐clinical approach in brain tumor therapy.
“Wax On, Wax Off”: In Vivo Imaging of Plant Physiology and Disease with Fourier Transform Infrared Reflectance Microspectroscopy
Authors: Khambatta Karina , Hollings Ashley , Sauzier Georgina , Sanglard Lilian M. V. P. , Klein Annaleise R. , Tobin Mark J. , Vongsvivut Jitraporn , Gibberd Mark R. , Payne Alan D. , Naim Fatima , Hackett Mark J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAnalysis of the epicuticular wax layer on the surface of plant leaves can provide a unique window into plant physiology and responses to environmental stimuli. Well‐established analytical methodologies can quantify epicuticular wax composition, yet few methods are capable of imaging wax distribution in situ or in vivo. Here, the first report of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) reflectance spectroscopic imaging as a non‐destructive, in situ, method to investigate variation in epicuticular wax distribution at 25 µm spatial resolution is presented. The authors demonstrate in vivo imaging of alterations in epicuticular waxes during leaf development and in situ imaging during plant disease or exposure to environmental stressors. It is envisaged that this new analytical capability will enable in vivo studies of plants to provide insights into how the physiology of plants and crops respond to environmental stresses such as disease, soil contamination, drought, soil acidity, and climate change.
Conjugated Porous Polymers: Ground‐Breaking Materials for Solar Energy Conversion
Authors: Barawi Mariam , Collado Laura , Gomez‐Mendoza Miguel , Oropeza Freddy E. , Liras Marta , de la Peña O'Shea Victor A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSolar energy conversion plays a very important role in the transition to a more sustainable energy system. In this sense, so many systems have been proposed to drive artificial photosynthesis, most of them based on inorganic semiconductors, and the achievements performed continue every day. However, most of these systems present well‐known shortcomings as low light absorption, fast charge recombination, and lack of tunability, thus limiting their efficiency. The use of organic polymers in general and conjugated porous polymers (CPPs) in particular, opens the door to a multitude of new possibilities when it comes to design and selection of a suitable photocatalyst. CPPs exhibit improved light harvesting, charge conduction properties, high photochemical stability, and high surface area that make them ideal for photocatalytic applications. Here, the use of CPPs and hybrids as photocatalysts for solar energy conversion in the hydrogen evolution reaction and the CO2 reduction reaction and its use as a photoelectrode are reviewed. The photocatalytic properties are focused upon here. The photophysics related to these applications is also discussed. Finally, a perspective is provided, proposing an in situ and operando characterization methodology that is expected to allow improvements to their optoelectronic properties and thereby their future design and applicability.
Digital restoration of the Wilson‐Leonard 2 Paleoindian skull (~10,000 BP) from central Texas with comparison to other early American and modern crania
Authors: Davis Christopher A. , Profico Antonio , Kappelman John 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesCraniofacial morphology (CFM) is often used to address questions about the biological affinities of the earliest Americans, or Paleoindians, but resolution is complicated in part by a lack of well‐preserved crania. The Wilson‐Leonard 2 (WL‐2) Paleoindian skull from Texas has never been fully analyzed because it is crushed and cannot be physically reconstructed. This study employs a digital restoration for comprehensive assessment and analysis of WL‐2.Materials and methodsHigh‐resolution CT data and geometric morphometrics are used to restore the WL‐2 skull and analyze its morphology using 65 craniometric measurements acquired on the restoration. These data allow for a full morphological description and multivariate (Mahalanobis Distance and Principal Component) comparisons to other Paleoindians and recent populations.ResultsWL‐2 has a long, narrow braincase, and a short, modestly prognathic face. Compared with other Paleoindians, she is individually similar to several skulls from Brazil, but aligns most closely with pooled samples from the US and Mexico. WL‐2 is most similar to recent populations from Europe, Asia, and the Americas, and markedly different to those from Africa and Australia.DiscussionThe overall morphology of WL‐2 and her association with Asians and Europeans align well with trends identified in other CFM analyses. Her affinity to recent Amerindians contrasts with the findings of many previous CFM studies, but is seemingly consistent with molecular analyses suggesting a close relationship between some Paleoindians and modern American Indians. This study demonstrates the potential for using digital anthropological methods to study other Paleoindian crania whose data value is limited by physical destruction and/or deformation.
Colonialism, ethnogenesis, and biogeographic ancestry in the US Southwest
Authors: Hunley Keith , Moes Emily , Edgar Heather , Healy Meghan , Mosley Carmen , Dixon Aurelia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveDifferences between self‐perceived biogeographic ancestry and estimates derived from DNA are potentially informative about the formation of ethnic identities in different sociohistorical contexts. Here, we compared self‐estimates and DNA‐estimates in New Mexico, where notions of shared ancestry and ethnic identity have been shaped by centuries of migration and admixture.Materials and MethodsWe asked 507 New Mexicans of Spanish‐speaking descent (NMS) to list their ethnic identity and to estimate their percentages of European and Native American ancestry. We then compared self‐estimates to estimates derived from 291,917 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and we examined how differences between the estimates varied by ethnic identity.ResultsMost NMS (94%) predicted that they had non‐zero percentages of European and Native American ancestry. Self‐estimates and SNP‐estimates were positively correlated (rEuropean = 0.38, rNative‐American = 0.36, p < 0.001). The correlations belie systematic patterns of underestimation and overestimation based on ethnic identity. NMS with ancestral ties to 20th century immigrants, who identified as Mexican or Mexican American, often underestimated their European ancestry (self‐estimate < SNP‐estimate) and overestimated their Native American ancestry. The pattern was reversed for NMS who emphasized deep connections to colonial New Mexico and identified as Spanish or Spanish American.DiscussionWhile NMS accurately predicted that they had European and Native American ancestry, they predicted ancestry percentages with only moderate accuracy. Differences between self‐estimated and SNP‐estimated ancestry were associated with ethnic identities that were shaped by migration to the region over the past 400 years. We connect ethnic identities and patterns of ancestry estimation to resistance to colonial hegemony and discuss the implications of our results for the construction of ethnic identities, now and in the past.
Plasma proteins, cognitive decline, and 20‐year risk of dementia in the Whitehall II and Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities studies
Authors: Lindbohm Joni V. , Mars Nina , Walker Keenan A. , Singh‐Manoux Archana , Livingston Gill , Brunner Eric J. , Sipilä Pyry N. , Saksela Kalle , Ferrie Jane E. , Lovering Ruth C. , Williams Stephen A. , Hingorani Aroon D. , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Zetterberg Henrik , Kivimäki Mika 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntroductionPlasma proteins affect biological processes and are common drug targets but their role in the development of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias remains unclear. We examined associations between 4953 plasma proteins and cognitive decline and risk of dementia in two cohort studies with 20‐year follow‐ups.MethodsIn the Whitehall II prospective cohort study proteins were measured using SOMAscan technology. Cognitive performance was tested five times over 20 years. Linkage to electronic health records identified incident dementia. The results were replicated in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.ResultsFifteen non‐amyloid/non‐tau–related proteins were associated with cognitive decline and dementia, were consistently identified in both cohorts, and were not explained by known dementia risk factors. Levels of six of the proteins are modifiable by currently approved medications for other conditions.DiscussionThis study identified several plasma proteins in dementia‐free people that are associated with long‐term risk of cognitive decline and dementia.
In situ mechanical reinforcement of polyimine vitrimer via bioinspired crosslink mineralization
Authors: Liang Song , Feng Fan , Jiang Zhengshun , Wang Bingdi , Sun Hang , Lu Guolong , Li Jiayi , Liu Zhenning 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPolyimines (PI) are vitrimer materials with unique Schiff base dynamic covalent chemistry. Various inorganic micro or nano fillers have been used to enhance the mechanical properties of PI materials. Inspired by natural biomineralization, a novel polyimine vitrimer composite is designed and prepared via a one‐pot synthesis. Briefly, diethylenetriamine and glutaraldehyde are used as the monomers of the PI matrix. Then a silica precursor, (3‐aminopropyl)trimethoxy silane is employed to develop silica nanoparticles within the formed PI matrix. The in situ generated silica nanoparticles with amine groups could act as the enhancing fillers and the crosslinkers in the artificial biomineralized silica reinforced polyimine composites. The optimized hybrid materials possessed enhanced mechanical properties, heat‐driven malleability, and limited recycling ability. Notably, the silica content (11.7%) is crucial to the mechanical performance of the PI matrix. This method may help to pave a new avenue on the simple fabrication of hybrid composites.
Tipping the balance: Moving toward school safety while considering student needs
Authors: Rappaport Nancy 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis is a composite narrative about a comprehensive safety assessment for a 7th grade Black adolescent who was referred for assessment because he had made an email threat in which he said that the only way to get attention was to blow up the school. This case illustrates a comprehensive assessment and problem‐solving approach which begins with a safety assessment but also widens the lens to explore how other conflicts and school climate may be impacting the students. This process has the potential to not only help the child and his or her parents but also to motivate educators to improve the climate for learning for the entire school.
Contrasting biodiversity and food web structure of three temporary freshwater habitats in a tropical biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Snoeks Joren M. , Driesen Mario , Porembski Stefan , Aristizábal‐Botero Ángela , Vanschoenwinkel Bram 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

In many biomes, a variety of different small freshwater habitats, such as pools and phytotelmata can occur together in the same habitat matrix. However, both the biodiversity and the functioning of these ecosystems remain poorly known.
Three freshwater habitat types in a tropical West African biodiversity hotspot were studied.
The study demonstrated that animal communities in water‐filled tree holes, temporary ponds and granite rock pools were strongly differentiated with exclusive faunas despite their spatial proximity and similar disturbance in the form of seasonal drought.
In particular, granite rock pools stood out with a high gamma diversity. Rock pools were also functionally different from the other two habitat types. The three habitats had contrasting predator assemblages, a differential reliance on primary production and different concentrations of available nutrients.
The work illustrates that the biodiversity and functions of small temporary freshwater habitats can be strongly differentiated. This shows the unique and potentially complementary roles that these habitats can fulfil in mediating fluxes of energy and nutrients and preserving aquatic biodiversity in landscapes.
Temporary aquatic habitats are typically overlooked in conservation policy and local management plans despite being threatened by habitat transformation. In addition, livestock can threaten savanna ponds, wood exploitation can threaten tree holes, and mining and sediment disruption can threaten rock pools. Hence, better knowledge about the ecological functioning of these ecosystems is vital to the implementation of effective conservation strategies.
Active and Recyclable Gold Metal Nanoparticles Catalyst Supported on Nitrogen‐Doped Mesoporous Carbon for Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde to Cinnamyl Alcohol
Authors: Nagpure Atul S. , Gogoi Pranjal , Chilukuri Satyanarayana V. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSeveral supported gold metal catalysts with different Au nanoparticles sizes were prepared and evaluated for the chemoselective hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde (CA) to cinnamyl alcohol (CAL). To investigate the structure‐activity relationship, stability of catalyst, heterogeneity and recyclability, the structural characteristics of materials and Au catalysts (fresh and spent catalysts) were studied by employing variety of physico‐chemical techniques. The interrelationship among Au nanoparticles size (nm) with turnover frequency (h−1) of Au catalysts has also been explored. Among the various Au catalysts tested, nitrogen‐doped mesoporous carbon (NMC) supported Au catalyst having homogeneously dispersed (78.8%) Au nanoparticles (1.6 nm) synthesized by sol‐immobilization method (Au‐NMC‐SI) demonstrated improved catalytic activity affording 78% CAL selectivity and 94.2% CA conversion without using any promoter. Moreover, Au‐NMC‐SI catalyst exhibited good recyclability and stability. The catalyst synthesis approach described in this investigation opens up a novel strategy for the design of highly efficient metal nano‐catalysts supported on NMC materials.
Interval observer‐based fault tolerant control strategy with fault estimation and compensation
Authors: Shan Yu , Zhu Fanglai 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a new strategy of fault tolerant control (FTC) is proposed for linear system with unknown inputs and actuator faults. First, a reduced‐order observer which can estimate asymptotically the system states is designed. Secondly, an interval observer which is robust to the unknown inputs but sensitive to the actuator faults in a sense of interval estimations of the states is developed for the output variables. So the interval observer is then used as actuator detector. Third, another interval observer which is different from the first one in that it is robust to not only the unknown inputs but also the actuator faults is constructed. Moreover, based on the interval observer, an asymptotical unknown input reconstruction method is proposed. Third, an observer‐based state feedback controller with a fault compensation controller is designed based on H∞ index performance. In our control strategy, the fault detector and robust H∞ state feedback controller are always in active, while the fault estimator and the fault compensation controller is activated only when the fault detector issues an alarm. Finally, a simulation example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of this new control strategy.
A Small‐Molecule Diketopyrrolopyrrole‐Based Dye for in vivo NIR‐IIa Fluorescence Bioimaging
Authors: Yang Zhicheng , Fan Xiaoxiao , Li He , Li Xinsheng , Li Sifan , Zhang Zhiyun , Lin Hui , Qian Jun , Hua Jianli 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOrganic small‐molecule fluorophores with near‐infrared IIa (NIR‐IIa) emission have great potential in pre‐clinical detection and inoperative imaging due to the high‐spatial resolution and deep penetration. However, developments of the NIR‐IIa fluorophores are still facing considerable challenges. In this work, a series of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)‐based fluorophores were designed and synthesized. Subsequently, nanomaterial T25@F127 with significant NIR‐IIa emission properties was rationally prepared by encapsulating DPP‐based fluorophore T25, and was selected for fluorescence angiography and cerebral vascular microscopic imaging with nearly 800 μm penetrating depth and excellent signal‐background ratio of 4.07 and 2.26 (at 250 and 400 μm), respectively. Furthermore, the nanomaterial T25@cRGD with tumor targeting ability can image tiny metastatic tumor on intestine with a small size of 0.3 mm×1.0 mm and high‐spatial resolution (SBR=3.84). This study demonstrates that the nanomaterials which encapsulated T25 behave as excellent NIR‐IIa fluorescence imaging agents and have a great potential for in vivo biological application.
Tonotopic distribution and inferior colliculus projection pattern of inhibitory and excitatory cell types in the lateral superior olive of Mongolian gerbils
Authors: Mellott Jeffrey G. , Dhar Matasha , Mafi Amir , Tokar Nick , Winters Bradley D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSound localization critically relies on brainstem neurons that compare information from the two ears. The conventional role of the lateral superior olive (LSO) is extraction of intensity differences; however, it is increasingly clear that relative timing, especially of transients, is also an important function. Cellular diversity within the LSO that is not well understood may underlie its multiple roles. There are glycinergic inhibitory and glutamatergic excitatory principal neurons in the LSO, however, there is some disagreement regarding their relative distribution and projection pattern. Here we employ in situ hybridization to definitively identify transmitter types combined with retrograde labeling of projections to the inferior colliculus (IC) to address these questions. Excitatory LSO neurons were more numerous (76%) than inhibitory ones. A smaller proportion of inhibitory neurons were IC‐projecting (45% vs. 64% for excitatory) suggesting that inhibitory LSO neurons may have more projections to other regions such the lateral lemniscus or more distributed IC projections. Inhibitory LSO neurons almost exclusively projected ipsilaterally making up a sizeable proportion (41%) of the transmitter type‐labeled ipsilateral IC projection from LSO and exhibited a moderate low frequency bias (10% difference H‐L). Two thirds of excitatory neurons projected contralaterally and had a slight high frequency bias (4%). One third of excitatory LSO neurons projected ipsilaterally to the IC and these cells were strongly biased toward the low frequency limb of the LSO (37%). This projection appears to be species specific in animals with good low frequency hearing suggesting that it may be a specialization for such ability.
Entropy‐Bounded Solutions to the One‐Dimensional Heat Conductive Compressible Navier‐Stokes Equations with Far Field Vacuum
Authors: Li Jinkai , Xin Zhouping 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn the presence of vacuum, the physical entropy for polytropic gases behave singularly, and it is thus a challenge to study its dynamics. It is shown in this paper that the boundedness of the entropy can be propagated up to any finite time provided that the initial vacuum presents only at far fields with sufficiently slow decay of the initial density. More precisely, for the Cauchy problem of the one‐dimensional heat conductive compressible Navier‐Stokes equations, the global well‐posedness of strong solutions and uniform boundedness of the corresponding entropy are established, as long as the initial density vanishes only at far fields with a rate no more than . The main tools of proving the uniform boundedness of the entropy are some singularly weighted energy estimates carefully designed for the heat conductive compressible Navier‐Stokes equations and an elaborate De Giorgi type iteration technique for some classes of degenerate parabolic equations. The De Giorgi–type iterations are carried out to different equations in establishing the lower and upper bounds of the entropy. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Formation of Titanium Nitride, Titanium Carbide, and Silicon Carbide Surfaces by High Power Femtosecond Laser Treatment
Authors: Fedorov Rostislav , Lederle Felix , Li Mingji , Olszok Vinzent , Wöbbeking Karl , Schade Wolfgang , Hübner Eike G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractInvited for this month's cover is the group of Prof. Eike G. Hübner at Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute HHI, Goslar and Clausthal University of Technology, Clausthal‐Zellerfeld, Germany. The cover picture shows a titanium plate, on which the crystal structure (golden circle=Ti, blue circle=O/N/C) of isomorphous TiO, TiN or TiC, respectively, has been engraved by a high‐power high pulse repetition rate femtosecond laser process. The process allows for a fast and spatially resolved surface transformation of titanium to golden TiN, blue TiO/TiO2 or black TiC in an atmosphere of nitrogen, air or ethene/argon. The background represents a typical surface microstructure of these interstitial compounds obtained during this transformation. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cplu.202100118.
Dormancy attributes in sunflower achenes (Helianthus annuusL.): I. Intraspecific variability
Authors: Arata Gonzalo J. , Riveira‐Rubin Mailén A. , Batlla Diego , Rodríguez María Verónica 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCultivated sunflowers (Helianthus annuusL.) display variable degrees of achene dormancy at harvest and persistence during storage, interfering with high‐quality hybrid seed production. Information on intraspecific variability for dormancy among cultivated sunflowers is scarce and was the subject of this work. A set of 21 sunflower genotypes of diverse origins (18 crop and 3 wild) was used for phenotyping dormancy traits. Experimental data included achene and embryo germination at different incubation temperatures, in water or abscisic acid (ABA), and different storage times postharvest. Multivariate analyses produced dormancy groups differing mostly in their patterns for dormancy expression along the thermal range and their dormancy release rate. The observed variability was interpreted as resulting from the overlap of two mechanisms: low temperature‐expressed dormancy (LTED), common to all genotypes; and thermo‐inhibition (TI) at high incubation temperatures, exclusive to some genotypes. Embryo responsiveness to ABA varied among genotypes and was positively related to LTED and TI, supporting that both responses share a common regulatory pathway operating in the embryo. We show that there is considerable intraspecific variability for dormancy attributes among cultivated sunflowers.