bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Broken tone in Leivu CV’V-words
Authors: Teras Pire 
Published: December 2021

Leivu is one of the South Estonian dialects historically spoken in eastern Latvia and influenced by Latvian. One likely influence is broken tone or stød, which was developing in Leivu mainly as a result of the loss of /h/ in first quantity degree words. The aim of this study is to determine what characterises the pronunciation of CV’V-words (lost intervocalic /h/) and differentiates these from CVV-words. Sound durations, F0 and intensity contours of the syllable rhyme were analysed. Vowel duration in CV’V-words tends to be longer than in CVV-words. In CV’V-words, a short drop in intensity can occur between two identical or two different vowels, with the first vowel often being longer than the second one. In some cases, the second vowel in CV’V words was laryngealised. In CV’V-words, an early F0 turning point where F0 starts to fall occurs more consistently than in CVV-words where F0 can also be rising.
Kokkuvõte. Pire Teras: Katketoon leivu CV’V-sõnades. Leivu on üks lõunaeesti murretest, mida räägiti Ida-Lätis ja mida mõjutas läti keel. Üks neist mõjudest on tõenäoliselt katketoon, mis oli tekkimas peamiselt esmavältelistes sõnades /h/ kao tulemusel. Liivi keeleski on katketooni kujunemise üheks põhjuseks peetud just /h/ kadu. Selle töö eesmärk on välja selgitada, mis iseloomustab leivu /h/-kaoliste CV’V-sõnade hääldust ja mis eristab neid kolmandavältelistest CVV-sõnadest. Analüüsiti häälikukestusi, põhitooni- ja intensiivsuskontuure. Vokaalikestus on leivu CV’V-sõnades veidi pikem kui CVV-sõnades. CV’V-sõnades võib toimuda intensiivsuse langus ja tõus või järsk intensiivsuse langus nii kahe ühesuguse kui ka erineva vokaali vahel: esimene vokaal on enamasti kestuselt pikem kui teine. Ka CVV-sõnade hilistekkelistes diftongides on esimene osis sageli pikem kui teine. Mõnel juhul larüngaliseerub CV’V-sõnades silbituuma lõpuosa. Põhitoonikontuuris on CV’V-sõnades palju järjekindlamalt varane pöördepunkt ja langev põhitoon kui CVV-sõnades, kus tuleb ette ka hilise pöördepunktiga tõusvat põhitooni.
Latvian place names and dialects: A relevant source for the exploration of the Vidzeme South Estonian language
Authors: Vaba Lembit 
Published: December 2021

Knowledge about the South Estonian language spoken in the parts of Livonia where Latvian prevailed is based on materials collected from the Leivus residing in Ilzene parish (Lv pagasts) of eastern Vidzeme. Very little language or none at all has been recorded from the South Estonian speakers who are known to have lived in the parishes bordering Ilzene. The article introduces and analyses the works of Latvian place name and dialect researchers focusing on Lejasciems and Kalnamuiža as well as Madona municipality (Lv novads) located in the southeastern corner of Vidzeme where South Estonians have historically lived.
Kokkuvõte. Lembit Vaba: Läti kohanimed ja murded: asjakohane allikas Vidzeme lõunaeesti keele uurimiseks. Teadmised lätikeelsel Liivimaal kõneldud lõunaeesti keelest rajanevad ainestikul, mida on kogutud Vidzeme idaosas Ilzene valla külades elanud leivudelt. Ilzenega piirnevatest valdadest, kus teadaolevalt elas samuti lõunaeestlaste rühmi, on keeleainest talletatud napilt või üldse mitte. Artiklis tutvustatakse ja analüüsitakse neid Läti kohanime- ja murdeuurijate töid, mis on seotud Lejasciemsi, Kalnamuiža ja Vidzeme kagunurga Madona piirkonnaga, kus ajalooliselt on elanud lõunaeestlasi.
Walking with Vigilance: Middleton's Edge in The Triumphs of Truth
Authors: Kaethler Mark 
Published: December 2021

Scholars have frequently regarded Thomas Middleton's mayoral shows as exemplary for their moral dramatic structure. More recently, Tracey Hill has remarked upon their critical edge. Taking Middleton’s first show, The Triumphs of Truth (1613), as its primary focus and drawing upon selections from his other civic writings, this article examines the ways that Middleton's attention to the peripatetic nature of these events establishes a moral and critical reflection that is uniquely captured in the printed books he and other pageant writers saw through to publication. While arguing that this aspect of Middleton’s shows represents his unique contribution to the genre, the essay also explores the influences of Munday and Dekker, whose shows precede Middleton’s. Middleton does not entirely reinvent the genre but instead reminds the mayor and reader to walk with vigilance during both the live and imagined event.
An implementation of Hill cipher and 3x3x3 rubik's cube to enhance communication security
Authors: Nana Nana , Prasetyo Puguh Wahyu 
Published: December 2021

Message security is must be managed seriously. Therefore, to maintain the confidentiality of any message, cryptography is needed. Cryptography is a science that uses mathematics to encrypt and decrypt messages. Cryptography is used as a tool to protect messages, for example, national secrets and strategies.Â The method of this research is qualitative research with a literature review. This research implements a hybrid cryptographic algorithm by combining Hill cipher and 3x3x3 Rubik's cube methods with Python software simulation.
Social distancing practice and associated factors in response to COVID-19 pandemic at West Guji Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2021: A community based cross-sectional study
Authors: Fikrie Anteneh , Amaje Elias , Golicha Wako 
Published: December 2021

Background
Curtailing physical contact between individuals reduces transmission and spread of the disease. Social distancing is an accepted and effective strategy to delay the disease spread and reduce the magnitude of outbreaks of pandemic COVID-19. However, no study quantified social distancing practice and associated factors in the current study area. Therefore, the study aimed to assess social distancing practice and associated factors in response to COVID-19 pandemic in West Guji Zone, Southern Ethiopia, 2020.

Methods and materials
A Community based cross-sectional study design was conducted among randomly selected 410 household members of Bule Hora Town, West Guji Zone. Data were collected by pre-tested interviewer administered structured questionnaire adapted from previous peer reviewed articles. The data were coded and entered in to Epi data version 3.5 and analyzed by SPSS version 23. The bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions analysis was done to identify factors associated with social distancing practice. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval and p value <0.05 were used to declare statistical significance.

Result
Out of 447 planned samples, 410 participants were successfully interviewed and included into final analysis; making the response rate of 91.7%. The median (±IQR) age of study participants was 28(±9) years. In this study, 38.3% [95% CI: 33.5%, 43.1%)] of the study participants have good social distancing practices for the prevention of COVID-19. Age group 26–30 years [AOR = 2.56(95% CI: 1.18–5.54)] and 31–35 years [AOR = 3.57(95%CI: 1.56–8.18)], employed [AOR = 6.10(95%CI: 3.46–10.74)],poor knowledge [AOR = 0.59 (95% CI:0.36–0.95)], negative attitude [AOR = 0.55 (95% CI:0.31–0.95)] and low perceived susceptibility [AOR = 0.33(95%CI: 0.20–0.54)] were significantly associated with good social distancing practice.

Conclusion
Social distancing practice is relatively poor in the study area. The knowledge and attitude level of participants were identified to be the major factors for the observed poor social distancing practice. Sustained efforts to improve awareness and attitudes towards COVID-19 prevention might improve adherence to social distancing practices.
Effect of enterally administered sleep-promoting medication on the intravenous sedative dose and its safety and cost profile in mechanically ventilated patients: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Tsunemitsu Takefumi , Kataoka Yuki , Matsumoto Masaru , Hashimoto Takashi , Suzuki Takao 
Published: December 2021

Background
The clinical effect of enteral administration of sleep-promoting medication (SPM) in mechanically ventilated patients remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between enteral SPM administration and the intravenous sedative dose and examine the safety and cost of enteral SPM administration.

Methods
This single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted in a Japanese tertiary hospital intensive care unit (ICU). The exposure was enteral SPM administration during mechanical ventilation. The outcome was the average daily propofol dose per body weight administered as a continuous sedative during mechanical ventilation. Patients were divided into three groups based on the timing of SPM administration at ICU admission: “administration within 48 hours (early administration [EA]),” “administration after 48 hours (late administration [LA]),” and “no administration (NA).” We used multiple linear regression models.

Results
Of 123 included patients, 37, 50, and 36 patients were assigned to the EA, LA, and NA groups, respectively. The average daily propofol dose per body weight was significantly lower in the EA group than in the LA and NA groups (β -5.13 [95% confidence interval (CI) -8.93 to -1.33] and β -4.51 [95% CI -8.59 to -0.43], respectively). Regarding safety, enteral SPM administration did not increase adverse events, including self-extubation. The total cost of neuroactive drugs tended to be lower in the EA group than in the LA and NA groups.

Conclusions
Early enteral SPM administration reduced the average daily propofol dose per body weight without increasing adverse events.
The association between educational level and multimorbidity among adults in Southeast Asia: A systematic review
Authors: Feng Xiyu , Kelly Matthew , Sarma Haribondhu 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundIn Southeast Asia, the prevalence of multimorbidity is gradually increasing. This paper aimed to investigate the association between educational level and multimorbidity among over 15-years old adults in Southeast Asia.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review of published observational studies. Studies were selected according to eligibility criteria of addressing definition and prevalence of multimorbidity and associations between level of education and multimorbidity in Southeast Asia. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to measure the quality and risk of bias. The methodology has been published in PROSPERO with registered number ID: CRD42021259311.ResultsEighteen studies were included in the data synthesis. The results are presented using narrative synthesis due to the heterogeneity of differences in exposures, outcomes, and methodology. The prevalence of multimorbidity ranged from 1.7% to 72.6% among over 18 years-old adults and from 1.5% to 51.5% among older people (≥ 60 years). There were three association patterns linking between multimorbidity and education in these studies: (1) higher education reducing odds of multimorbidity, (2) higher education increasing odds of multimorbidity and (3) education having no association with multimorbidity. The association between educational attainment and multimorbidity also varies widely across countries. In Singapore, three cross-sectional studies showed that education had no association with multimorbidity among adults. However, in Indonesia, four cross-sectional studies found higher educated persons to have higher odds of multimorbidity among over 40-years-old persons.ConclusionsPublished studies have shown inconsistent associations between education and multimorbidity because of different national contexts and the lack of relevant research in the region concerned. Enhancing objective data collection such as physical examinations would be necessary for studies of the connection between multimorbidity and education. It can be hypothesised that more empirical research would reveal that a sound educational system can help people prevent multimorbidity.
Six new species of Alchemilla series Calycinae (Buser) Rothm. (Rosaceae) from the Caucasus
Authors: Chkalov Andrey V. 
Published: December 2021

Descriptions and illustrations of the key morphological characters for six new species of Alchemilla ser. Calycinae (A. bezengiensis, A. kazbekensis, A. longipedicellata, A. muldaschevii, A. pseudotranscaucasica, A. ptyschensis) are presented. A. bezengiensis (A. aggr. ellenbergiana) differs from related species by hairy stems throughout and/or densely hairy hypanthia, and/or hairy lower leaf surface. A. kazbekensis (A. aggr. dura) is formally close to A. ser. Elatae by having patent indumentum of stems and petioles that differs it from all other Calycinae. A. longipedicellata (A.aggr. abchasica) is distinguished from most members of the aggregate by fewer leaf lobes and/or glabrous hypanthia, from other Calycinae – by numerous teeth of leaf blades and/or slightly dissected leaves. The three last species belong to A. aggr. transcaucasica being quite similar by appearance. A. muldaschevii differs from relatives by having entirely glabrous stems and orbicular upper radical leaves with overlapped basal lobes. A. pseudotranscaucasica, in comparison with others, has evenly hairy leaves beneath and stems hairy throughout, but glabrous hypanthia. A. ptyschensis is distinguished from other species of the aggregate by stems hairy only at the lowermost internode; from other Calycinae – besides the stem indumentum by longer truncate leaf lobes and glabrous at the base main veins of leaf blades.
Removal of thiophene from model oil by polyethylene glycol via forming deep eutectic solvents
Authors: Cui Yingna , Xu Wenqing , Jia Yingping , Li Shenmin , Yin Jingmei 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The removal of organosulfurs from liquid fuel has become a hot issue due to the serious environmental pollution by sulfur oxide gases. In this study, the removal of thiophene from model oil was carried out using polyethylene glycol (PEG). It was found that deep eutectic solvents formed by PEG as hydrogen bond donor and thiophene as hydrogen bond acceptor could efficiently separate thiophene from model oil. The influencing parameters in this process were discussed, such as extraction time, temperature, mass ratio of PEG to oil, and initial sulfur concentration. The results showed that the single extraction efficiency of PEG-200 and PEG-400 could reach up to 89.0% and 97.1% in optimal conditions, respectively. The extraction efficiency as high as 95.7% and 99.9% could be achieved after three extraction cycles. The kinetic equation of the extractive desulfurization was studied by in situ infrared (IR), and the kinetic constant k
1 of PEG-400 and PEG-200 was compared (k
1(PEG-400) > k
1(PEG-200)). The desulfurization mechanism of PEG was studied by IR, 1H NMR spectra, and density functional theory (DFT). The results showed that the hydrogen bond formed between hydroxyl hydrogen in PEG and sulfur atom in thiophene accounted for the high extraction efficiency.
Can sensor-based noise mapping be a proxy of PM and permeability mapping?
Authors: Praticò Filippo Giammaria , Severini Diana , Filianoti Pasquale Giuseppe Fabio 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In recent decades, road infrastructures have been the subject of numerous studies, aimed at ensuring reduced air and acoustic pollution. On the other hand, several studies showed that another important problem is dust load. Indeed, for internal combustion engine (ICEVs) and electric vehicles (EVs), suspended solids, fine particles, heavy metals, nutrients and organic chemicals can lead to a gradual reduction in terms of drainage characteristics, negatively affecting road acoustic characteristics. The purpose of this study is to discuss if sensor-based noise mapping can be a proxy of particulate matter (PM) and permeability mapping. More precisely, the main objective of this study is to discuss conceptual analogies among noise, PM, and permeability mapping. Selected specimens were produced with and without crumb rubber.
The Dialogic Expansion of Garcia’s We: Chronotopes, Ethics, and Politics inThe ExpanseSeries
Authors: Reid Eamon 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPopular culture could be understood as a political battleground where conflicting meanings are inscribed into the “ordinary objects” that constitute that public sphere. This is also true for science fiction television series. This article critically examines how political matters and ethical agencies are represented withinThe Expanse, a series that takes place within a speculative twenty-fourth century milky way. Firstly, I will situateThe Expansewithin its generic “system of reference.” Then, I will illustrate how political matters are represented as conjoined with the ethical. While the ethical refers to actions of persons, politics refers to fictional conceptions of what Tristan Garcia’s termswe-ourselves,understood as conflicting and overlapping conceptions of “we.” The conjunction between the political and the ethical inThe Expanseis spatiotemporal: the characters, the events they are entangled in, and the spaces that connect discrete events develop through fictional and literal time. I argue that the science fictional representations of “we-ourselves,” and the specific spatiotemporal representational capacities of the television series format, can be understood through the application of Mikhail Bakhtin’s concepts of thechronotopeand thedialogic. That is,The Expanse’swe-representations are chronotopic and the refractive rhetoric of television is dialogic.
Black Earth RisingandQueen Sono: A Critical Decolonial Analysis
Authors: Márquez Duarte Fernando David 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this article two series are analyzed:Black Earth Rising(a BBC/Netflix production) andQueen Sono(the first African Netflix original series), shows that are about African realities from an African perspective (Rwanda inBlack Earth Risingand South Africa inQueen Sono). The findings in this article show that both series address social and political issues such as neocolonialism, neoextractivism, internal colonialism, racism, inequality, justice, self-determination, corruption, violence, peace, memory, necropolitics, mental health, and decoloniality. I also argue that the shows could be used as pedagogical tools to raise critical consciousness in a wide public regarding the social and political issues addressed. The research in this article has been conducted with a qualitative methodology, using both shows as case studies and using content analysis and bibliographical research. The analysis of the series is based in the discussion of critical theory and decoloniality approaches and authors, especially from Latin America and Africa. Furthermore, the analysis of popular media (such as series) is a relevant effort to decolonize knowledge, using alternative and non-academic sources to produce and socialize knowledge.
Methodological aspects of snow cover sampling for chemical analysis
Authors: Ianchenko Natalia I. , Kotova Ekaterina I. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
At present there is a steady increase in scientific publications on studying the chemical composition of snow cover. At the same time, there are practically no modern publications on the methods of snow cover sampling for chemical analysis. The rapid development of analytical ways to determine the composition of samples in general justifies the need to improve the methodology of snow cover sampling. Today, researchers use a variety of adapted sampling methods depending on the goal, the geographic location of the study area, and the analyzed component. Each publication contains a rationale for the sampling method used. This article describes the methodology of sampling snow cover to determine its density. Methods of taking snow cover samples to determine its chemical composition most often depend on the chosen practices. The primary systematization of snow cover sampling methods has been carried out. Synthesis of literature reveals some problems, including the need for improved standardized techniques of snow sampling for chemical analysis and for the development of applied instrumentation to address snow geochemistry.
Evaluating the construct validity and internal consistency of the Sickness Questionnaire in a Swedish sample of adults with longstanding pain
Authors: Åström Jenny , Holmström Linda , Karshikoff Bianka , Andreasson Anna , Kemani Mike K. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivesLow-grade inflammation is a possible contributing factor in the development and persistence of chronic primary pain syndromes. Related to inflammatory activity is sickness behavior, a set of behavioral responses including increased pain sensitivity, fatigue, malaise, fever, loss of appetite, as well as depressive behavior and anhedonia. To capture these behavioral responses and their relation to longstanding pain, psychometrically sound self-report questionnaires are needed. The Sickness Questionnaire (SicknessQ) was developed to assess self-reported sickness behavior based on studies on acute immune activation while maintaining relevance for persistent conditions. The aim of the current study was to evaluate aspects of the validity and reliability of the SicknessQ in a Swedish sample of persons with longstanding pain.MethodsAspects of construct validity were evaluated by means of performing a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) (testing structural validity) and by relevant hypothesis testing i.e., that ratings of sickness behavior in combination with other related factors (e.g., depression and anxiety) would be significantly related to ratings of avoidance. Reliability was evaluated by means of analyzing the internal consistency of items.ResultsFollowing the CFA, a non-significant Chi-Square test (χ2[32,N=190] = 42.95, p=0.094) indicated perfect model fit. Also, the relative fit indices supported adequate model fit (CFI = 0.978; TLI = 0.969; RMSEA = 0.0430). Sickness behavior (p<0.0001), depression (p<0.05) and pain duration (p<0.05) significantly contributed to the regression model, explaining 45% of the total variance in avoidance. Internal consistency was adequate, as indicated by a Cronbach’s α value of 0.82 for the entire questionnaire.ConclusionsResults indicate that the SicknessQ has adequate structural validity as well as adequate internal consistency, and is significantly associated with avoidance. The SicknessQ appears to have utility as a self-report questionnaire to assess symptoms of sickness behavior for adults with longstanding pain.
Synthesis of a bifunctional boron-Lewis acid and studies on host-guest chemistry using pyridine and TMPD
Authors: Rudlof Jens , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans-Georg , Mitzel Norbert W. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Based on the previously described bifunctional Lewis acid with a functional distance of the boron functions of 4.918(2) Å, the development of a further bifunctional, boron-containing Lewis acid with a wider functional distance is demonstrated. Again, a stannylated precursor was used and the Lewis-acidic boron functions were introduced by means of tin-boron exchange. The general suitability of this class of compounds for the formation of host-guest-complexes is demonstrated by NMR experiments and by solid-state structures using pyridine and TMPD (N
1,N
1,N
4,N
4-tetramethylbenzene-1,4-diamine) as Lewis basic guests. The influence of traces of moisture on the boron-containing, bifunctional Lewis acids was investigated by the structure elucidation of a decomposition product.