bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feasibility study on the development of fly ash bricks utilizing vermicompost as an alternate material for M sand
Authors: Venkadesh K. S. Ajay , Kumar K. Harish , Hariharan B. , Arumugam A. , Kumar A. Nithish , Priya P. Karthigai , Vanitha S. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Raw materials requirement is foremost necessary in construction sector. Due to the increase in construction activities, the raw material utilization is also increased, which may lead to depletion of the resources. The usage of M sand also increases day by day. On the other side, waste disposal is posing a major threat to environment and human health. This paper shows the investigation carried out in manufacturing fly ash bricks made by utilizing vermicompost as an alternative material for M sand, the physical and chemical properties of M sand and vermicompost are studied and they seem to be the same. In this study, an attempt is made to check the feasibility of replacement of vermicompost for M sand in brick making. The brick specimens are casted as per the mix proportions and they are tested for strength and durability at the age of 28 days. It has been identified that the vermicompost replacement at 5% and 10%, the compressive strength of the brick is 7.90 and 7.31% respectively, which is found to be nearer to the strength of the control specimen and the water absorption for all the mixes of the brick casted were below 20% as per IS code. Inclusion of vermicompost in the fly ash bricks will tend to reduce the use of M sand.
A survey of microearthquake activity along the San Andreas fault from Carrizo Plains to Lake Hughes
Authors: Carlson R. , Kanamori H. , McNally K. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
An array of moveable seismographic trailers was deployed at three sites along the northern section of the “Big Bend” in the San Andreas fault in southern California. The three sites monitored were the Carrizo Plains, Frazier Park, and Lake Hughes areas. Effective observation times at each site ranged from 38 to 69 days. The microearthquake activity rates observed were 0.3 events/day, 3.0 events/day, and 1.9 events/day, respectively, based on the number of located events plus the number of unlocated events with S-P ≦ 3.0 sec. The majority of the activity does not appear to be directly associated with the San Andreas fault. A comparison of the activity rates observed in this study with the results of a survey conducted in the same areas by Brune and Allen (1967), indicates more than an order of magnitude increase in activity rate in the Lake Hughes area and nearly the same levels of activity at the Carrizo Plains and Frazier Park sites.
Attenuation of intensities in Iran
Authors: Chandra Umesh , McWhorter James G. , Nowroozi Ali A. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The isoseismal maps for twelve earthquakes in different parts of Iran were analyzed to study the attenuation of intensities with distance. The attenuation is quite sensitive to the selection of epicentral intensities, I0, for the earthquakes considered. A graphical method presented in this paper provides a consistent basis for the estimation of epicentral intensities, for different earthquakes, from the intensity-distance plot. The attenuation relations were derived by using an iterative least squares fit procedure, wherein an initial approximate estimate of epicentral intensity for each earthquake is successively improved. The isoseismal maps for a number of earthquakes are elongated in the direction of local structural trend/causative faults. Therefore, three different attenuation relations were derived.
I ( R ) = I 0 + 6.453 − 0.00121 R − 4.960 log ⁡ ( R + 20 ) R &lt; 120 km average attenuation I ( R ) = I 0 + 4.824 − 0.00548 R − 3.708 log ⁡ ( R + 20 ) R &lt; 160 km parallel to the isoseismals I ( R ) = I 0 + 8.729 − 0.01158 R − 6.709 log ⁡ ( R + 20 ) R &lt; 110 km transverse to the isoseismals
where I(R) is the intensity at a distance R (km) from the epicenter.
The average attenuation of intensities in Iran is slightly more rapid than the San Andreas province attenuation.
A comparison of the seismicity of three regions of the Eastern U.S.
Authors: Chinnery Michael A. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Frequency-intensity data from the Southeastern U.S., Central Mississippi Valley, and Southern New England are compared. They are all quite parallel to one another and consistent with a slope of about 0.57. There is no evidence for the existence of upper bounds to maximum epicentral intensity in these data sets. Linear extrapolation of the frequency-intensity data to intensities of X leads to expected probabilities for the occurrence of large earthquakes. The largest events which have occurred in these three regions are consistent with these probabilities.
The horse canyon earthquake of August 2, 1975—Two-stage stress-release process in a strike-slip earthquake
Authors: Hartzell Stephen , Brune James N. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
A moderate strike-slip earthquake (ML = 4.8) occurred on the San Jacinto fault system about 60 km northwest of the Salton Sea on August 2, 1975. Analysis of main shock and aftershock data suggest that stress release during this earthquake took place in two stages. During one stage faulting occurred over a relatively small source area (source radius of ∼0.5 km), with a rapid dislocaton rate (rise time ∼0.1 sec), possibly associated with an asperity on the fault. During the second stage of faulting, the rupture front grew, but at a much slower rate (rise time ∼10 sec), to a final source radius of ∼1.0 km. The above model explains the larger moment estimate based on 20-sec surface waves compared to shorter period body-wave estimates, and also the apparent increase in source dimension with time. The model allows for large stress drops over small source dimensions, but when averaged over the final extent of the rupture plane, stress drops are much lower. The rupture of the asperity is characterized by a moment of 6.5 × 1022 dyne-cm and a stress drop of about 225 bars. The total moment is about 3.0 × 1023 dyne-cm with an averaged stress drop over the fault plane of approximately 90 bars and a dislocation of 25 cm. Observations similar to the ones reported on here have been noted for other earthquakes with a wide range of magnitudes, including: a few large earthquakes in Japan, the 1971 San Fernando earthquake and some of its aftershocks, the 1975 Oroville earthquake, and some swarm events in the Imperial Valley. These observations suggest that a two-stage rupture mechanism may be a fairly common occurrence in shallow faulting and may reflect possible large variations in stress over a length scale of kilometers within the crust.
Reflection and transmission of obliquely incident Rayleigh waves at a vertical discontinuity between two welded quarter-spaces
Authors: Chen Thomas C. , Alsop Leonard E. 
Published: September 2021

abstractWe use an approximate method to study the reflection and transmission of obliquely incident Rayleigh waves on a vertical boundary between two welded quarter-spaces. For two media with a phase velocity ratio of 1.16 our calculation shows that the transmitted energy follows a reciprocity relation and decreases from near 100 per cent at normal incidence to 50 per cent at about 40°. The reflected energy is less than 1 per cent for angles of reflection less than 40°. When the Rayleigh wave impinges upon the less rigid medium, the reflected energy decreases as the angle of incidence increases; whereas for incidence at the more rigid medium, the reflected energy decreases at first, and then it increases as the angle of incidence increases. Since boundary conditions on the free surface are not taken into account by our method, diffraction effects are ignored. The effect of neglecting the free surface requirement is difficult to quantify, but we believe that it is small since the calcualted and experimental results agree well at normal incidence.
A semi-empirical approach to prediction of long-period ground motions from great earthquakes
Authors: Kanamori Hiroo 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Predictability of long-period (1 sec or longer) ground motions generated by long strike-slip earthquakes such as the 1906 San Francisco and the 1857 Fort Tejon earthquakes, is investigated. Most large earthquakes are complex multiple events at this period range, and the resulting ground motion may be synthesized by convolving the ground motions of the individual event with the source function that describes the space-time history of the multiple shock sequence. Since it is not possible to predict deterministically the complexity of the rupture propagation, a semi-empirical approach was taken. For the ground motion from the individual events, the displacement records observed for the 1968 Borrego Mountain, California, earthquake were used after correcting for the distance and the radiation pattern. These records which were used as an empirical Green's function for the individual events were superposed, with some randomness, to produce ground motions resulting from a large earthquake. The models were constrained by gross seismological data at three periods. At 1 sec they are constrained by the observed upper bound of the local magnitude (ML = 714), and, at about 10 sec, by the upper bound of the seismic moment of the individual event of multiple shocks (5 × 1026 dyne-cm). At very long periods, the models have the correct total seismic moment. The results obtained for a model of the 1857 earthquake indicate that: (1) the velocity response spectra of ground motions in the near-field are nearly flat at about 50 cm/sec over the period range from 1 to 10 sec under normal conditions; (2) under certain circumstances they can be as large as 150 cm/sec; (3) the maximum duration of the ground motion is 6 min. These results are considered reasonable because they satisfy all the seismological constraints currently available over a wide period range.
Seismic waves from finite faults in layered media
Authors: Abramovici F. , Gal-Ezer J. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The time-dependent solution for a multipolar source in a structure consisting of a homogeneous layer over a homogeneous half-space is obtained as a sum of generalized rays. Numerical seismograms are calculated for a horizontal strikeslip and a horizontal dip-slip for a point-source, a finite line-source, and a finite two-dimensional source in the form of a rectangle. For comparison, the displacements in a homogeneous space and half-space are also calculated.
The seismograms for finite sources are similar to those for a point-source but show less conspicuous phases, the arriving pulses being wider and less sharp.
Study of the characteristics of strong-motion Fourier spectra on bedrock
Authors: Ishida Katsuhiko 
Published: September 2021

abstract
In order to qualitatively study the Fourier spectral characteristics of strong-motion earthquake records on bedrock, the Fourier spectra of 17 accelerograms (4.3 ≦ M ≦ 7.1), which were recorded in Japan, are analyzed. The shear-wave velocities (Vs) for these records of the sites are as follows: site A1, Vs = 1.3 km/sec and site B1, Vs = 1.6 km/sec. The acceleration spectra on bedrock are estimated by statistically analyzing the above 17 accelerograms. Method of least-square is used to obtain the amplitude of the Fourier spectrum (amplitude = a + b · T) between period 0.1 sec and Tm sec (where Tm = 100.39M−1.7 sec). The distribution of coefficient {b} is investigated. As a result of this investigation, the confidence interval for the population mean of {b} is established.
The result of this investigation suggests that the averaged Fourier amplitude spectra on bedrock can be considered to flat statistically during the above period range. This quantitative result agrees well with the characteristics of theoretical spectra calculated by propagating fault model. The period Tm and the corner frequency (Savage, 1972) also agree well for magnitude ≧6.0.
Kanai (1957), in his study on the characteristics of spectra on bedrock, concluded that the velocity spectrum seemed to be flat. However, he had computed the velocity spectrum from the response of a single degree of freedom system. His conclusions agree quite well with the results of this study.
From this paper, it can be concluded that the shape of the averaged spectra on bedrock should be flat during periods 0.1 sec and Tm sec [for magnitude &lt; 6.0, the corner frequency (Savage, 1972) should be replaced with Tm]. In other words, the results indicate that the averaged Fourier spectra of accelerograms observed at a given site should be similar to the transfer function of that site. Hence, the site dependent spectra proposed by many investigators (Housner, 1952; Newmark et al., 1973; Seed et al., 1974; Kiremidjian and Shah, 1978) represent the transfer function of the site.
Assesment of relationship between perceived stress and knowledge among oral health care workers during COVID-19 pandemic: A cross- sectional study
Authors: Jain Vaibhav , Singh Randhir , Sarkar Abir 
Published: September 2021

The lack of knowledge and stress towards COVID-19 can lead to unfavorable dentist’s attitude towards the practice making them reluctant and fearful in dental operatory. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to assess the knowledge, attitude and perceived stress among dental practitioners during current COVID-19 outbreak. : In this study, a total of 459 dental practitioners involving both general practitioners and specialists from different types of practice completed a questionnaire for assessment of knowledge and attitude towards COVID-19 and stress perceived by them. The association of perceived stress for gender, age, designation and type of practice was analyzed using Chi-square tests with Statistical significance set at 5% level. total of 459 individuals participated in study with 51.0% males and 49.0% females, of them 54.7% were specialists and 45.31% general dental practitioners, working at different types of practices. More than 90% were aware of mode of transmission and were following current guidelines. Similar results were observed for attitude towards COVID-19. Majority of participants had total PSS scores in the study sample ranged from 0-38, with total mean scores of 17.08 (±7.8), Men demonstrated significantly lower values PSS scores when compared to females (p&#60;0.05), similar results were observed for age. Covid-19 pandemic has led to increased level of stress among dental practitioner’s despite of possessing high level of knowledge and positive attitude.
Comparitive evaluation of BMI & academic performance in ECC & non ECC 3-6 yr old school going children
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Kaur Gangandeep , Vaidehi Amba , Kishore Avinash , Asif Anaba , Joshi Mitul 
Published: September 2021

To study the association between ECC, IQ & health in Sri ganganagar, Rajasthan. to assess BMI & academic performance in ECC & Non ECC 3-6yr old school going children in Sri ganganagar, Rajasthan. A total of 300 children were evaluated and oral examination was done using BMI scale – CDC (Centers for disease control and prevention), Weight scale- Unificare company Height scale – 200 cm Roll Ruller wall Mounted Height Stadiometer, Academic performance grade as per school record & Dentition status for caries assessment was conducted using dmf index of WHO form 1997. . A total of 300 school going children were selected from Sri ganganagar, Rajasthan of which 150 were having ECC & 150 Non ECC in the age groups of 3, 4, 5 and 6 years. Correlation between the ECC & Academic performance is stated.
The Hiddenness Argument
Authors: Schellenberg J. L. 
Published: September 2021

* This is a fragment of J. L. Schellenberg’s paper “Divine Hiddenness and Human Philosophy” originally published in Adam Green and Eleonore Stump (eds.), Hidden Divinity and Religious Belief (Cambridge: CUP 2015), 23–25, 28. Reprinted by permission of the author
ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ВИКЛАДАННЯ УКРАЇНСЬКОЇ МОРФЕМІКИ ТА СЛОВОТВОРУ ІНОЗЕМНИМ СТУДЕНТАМ ТЕХНІЧНИХ ЗАКЛАДІВ ВИЩОЇ ОСВІТИ
Authors: СТЕПАНЮК Галина Миколаївна , ДУМАНСЬКА Лариса Борисівна 
Published: September 2021

Метою статті є спроба розглянути прикладний аспект методики викладання української морфеміки та словотвору іноземним студентам технічних закладів вищої освіти під час опанування ними наукового стилю мовлення. Вибір теми дослідження зумовлено практичними потребами вищої школи, що перебуває в стані пошуку ефективних методик викладання української мови як іноземної. Незважаючи на певну кількість наукових праць, присвячених дослідженню різних аспектів викладання українського словотвору як перспективного способу засвоєння мови й розширення лексичного запасу іноземних студентів, треба констатувати, що поза увагою в науковій літературі залишився аспект, пов’язаний з викладанням словотвору різним цільовим аудиторіям. Об’єктом дослідження стала навчально-методична література з вивчення української мови як іноземної, застосовувана в закладах вищої освіти технічного спрямування. Предметом дослідження є навчальні завдання з української морфеміки та словотвору. Аналіз досліджуваного матеріалу здійснено переважно описовим методом, який реалізовано способами класифікації, лінгвістичного спостереження над застосуванням засобів та способів українського словотвору. У статті проаналізовані методичні принципи, покладені в основу розгляду цього аспекту, та запропонована послідовність застосування різноманітних вправ, що дозволяють розширити лексичний запас іноземних студентів і полегшити розуміння ними семантико-дериваційних процесів, притаманних науково-технічному різновиду наукового стилю української мови. Таким чином, дослідження дозволило сформулювати висновки про те, що вивчення словотвору на заняттях з мови в іноземній аудиторії, що отримує освіту за технічним спрямуванням, має дещо відрізнятися від роботи гуманітаріїв над цим аспектом. Зібраний та опрацьований матеріал сприятиме вдосконаленню навчального процесу з вивчення української мови іноземними громадянами, що навчаються в технічних закладах вищої освіти. Результатом цього дослідження в майбутньому може бути узагальнення базових засобів словотворення, притаманних науково-технічному різновиду наукового стилю української мови.
AGENDA INTERNACIONAL DE TRABALHO DECENTE: avanços no diálogo social no Brasil e no Chile
Authors: Leite Letícia Mourad Lobo , Cacciamali Maria Cristina 
Published: September 2021

O objetivo deste estudo é verificar se houve avanços na promoção do diálogo socialem decorrência das políticas desenvolvidas a partir das Agendas de Trabalho Decente executadas no Brasil e no Chile no período de 2006 a 2016. Primeiramente, o artigo apresenta os conceitos de trabalho decente e diálogo social, elaborados pela Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT), assim comoa pesquisa empírica das experiências de cada país. Conclui recomendando a necessidade de institucionalização dos espaços tripartites com plano de ação e recursos próprios. DECENT INTERNATIONAL WORK AGENDA: advances in social dialogue in Brazil and ChileAbstractThe objective of this study is to verify whether there have been advances in the promotion of social dialogue as a result of the policies developed in the Decent Work Agendas carried out in Brazil and Chile in the period from 2006 to 2016. The first part explains the concepts of decent work and social dialogue, developed by the International Labor Organization (ILO), as well as empirical research on the experiences of each country. It concludes by recommending the need to institutionalize tripartite spaces with their own action plan and resources.Keywords: Social Dialogue. Public Policies. Labor Relations.
POLÍTICA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO NO BRASIL: rumos da produção do conhecimento sob o domínio do capital
Authors: Alves Moisés Henrique Zeferino , Sá Kátia Oliver de , Vilas Bôas Junior Jaildo Calda dos Santos 
Published: September 2021

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar o processo de desenvolvimento da política nacional de pós-graduação no Brasil, considerando uma análise dos planos nacionais de pós-graduação (PNPG), sobretudo no que diz respeito aos principais objetivos e diretrizesAnalisa, ainda, cinco PNPG, através do método de análise imanente,buscando a relação entre a lógica interna dos documentos e seus determinantes históricos. Constata que a realidade em que se coloca a produção do conhecimento tem nexos e relações com a Política Nacional de Pós-graduação presente nos PNPG, que traçam os rumos da produção do conhecimento em direção à valorização do capital e com o modo de produção capitalista em sua fase imperialista.POSTGRADUATE POLICY IN BRAZIL: directions for the production of knowledge under the control of capital Abstract This article aims to analyze the development process of the national postgraduate policy in Brazil, considering an analysis of the national postgraduate plans (PNPG), especially with regard to the main objectives and guidelines. Analyzes the five PNPGs, using the immanent analysis method, looking for the relationship between the internal logic of documents and their historical determinants. It was found that the reality in which the production of knowledge is placed has links and relations with the National Postgraduate Policy present in the PNPGs, which trace the paths of knowledge production towards capital appreciation and with the capitalist production mode in its imperialist phase. Keywords: Postgraduate policy. National postgraduate plans. Knowledge production
​Seed Replacement Rate and Management of Wheat Seed in Amritsar District of Punjab
Authors: Singh Ikraj , Kaur Lavleen , Kamboj Vipan , . Astha , Singh Amanpreet 
Published: September 2021

Background: Seed is the starting point of agriculture and dictates ultimate productivity of other inputs. Quality seed of improved varieties is an important basic unit for enhancing productivity of any crop species. As the quality deteriorates during subsequent generations, the old must be replaced with fresh lots of quality seeds. The present study was an attempt to analyze the source, SRR and management of wheat seed in Amritsar district of Punjab. Methods: The current study was conducted on primary data collected from 120 farmers during the agricultural year 2019-20. The data was analyzed using simple tabular analysis and other suitable statistical techniques. Result: The study found that the most preferred source of seed was institutional sources from which 45.83 per cent of the seed was procured from these agencies. The second most preferred source was self-retained by the farmers as 43.70 per cent farmer’s preferred self-retained seeds. Only small farmers and medium farmers procured wheat seed from fellow farmers, relatives and friends. This source was preferred by small and medium farmers as seed is available free of cost and no immediate cash payment was charged by fellow farmers or relatives. Seed replacement rate was found to be 49.94 per cent for wheat crop in Amritsar district of Punjab. The study found that minimum attention was paid at post storage of wheat seed (2.50 per cent) whereas maximum attention was paid in the field (48.83 per cent) during wheat seed production. The main determinants of purity and quality of wheat seed were past experience of the farmer, repute of the institution, tag of certification agency and advice of known person. Seed replacement rate (SSR) for wheat was less for small farmers in the study area which can be increased by giving incentives to farmers for using certified seeds. These incentives can be in the form of higher price of produce to the small farmers. Maximum farmers used self-retained seed foe the next season and they paid minimum attention to the storage of seed which lead to deterioration in the quality of seed. Farmers should be educated to use scientific methods in the storage of seeds.