bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Giving the Public in Public Administration Its Due
Authors: Frederickson H George 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This is the second of four Last Lectures delivered by George Frederickson before his death in 2020. In “Giving the Public in Public Administration Its Due,” Frederickson explores the changing, if not dissolving boundaries between the public and private sectors. He admonishes us to be more careful in our understanding and articulation of the meaning of “public” and the extent to which this matters for future theory building as well as practice.
Inquiry, Not Science, as the Source of Secularization in Higher Education
Authors: Evans John H 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe traditional claim in the literature on religion and science is that exposure to science leads to secularity because the claims about the natural world in the two systems are incompatible. More recently, research has narrowed this claim and shown that conflict over knowledge in the USA is primarily limited to one religion—conservative Protestantism—and only to a few fact claims. In this paper, I test this claim using longitudinal data from matched surveys taken in students’ first and fourth year of university. I find no evidence that the science is more secularizing than nonscience. I then turn to a distinction in university majors long used by sociologists of education—between majors focused on inquiry versus those focused on applying knowledge—and find that majors focused on inquiry are more likely to secularize than those focused on application. I interpret this to mean that learning to inquire secularizes.
Introgression and Species Delimitation in the Longear Sunfish Lepomis megalotis (Teleostei: Percomorpha: Centrarchidae)
Authors: Kim Daemin , Bauer Bruce H , Near Thomas J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Introgression and hybridization are major impediments to genomic-based species delimitation because many implementations of the multispecies coalescent framework assume no gene flow among species. The sunfish genus Lepomis, one of the world’s most popular groups of freshwater sport fish, has a complicated taxonomic history. The results of ddRAD phylogenomic analyses do not provide support for the current taxonomy that recognizes two species, Lepomis megalotis and Lepomis peltastes, in the L. megalotis complex. Instead, evidence from phylogenomics and phenotype warrants recognizing six relatively ancient evolutionary lineages in the complex. The introgressed and hybridizing populations in the L. megalotis complex are localized and appear to be the result of secondary contact or rare hybridization events between nonsister species. Segregating admixed populations from our multispecies coalescent analyses identifies six species with moderate to high genealogical divergence, whereas including admixed populations drives all but one lineage below the species threshold of genealogical divergence. Segregation of admixed individuals also helps reveal phenotypic distinctiveness among the six species in morphological traits used by ichthyologists to discover and delimit species over the last two centuries. Our protocols allow for the identification and accommodation of hybridization and introgression in species delimitation. Genomic-based species delimitation validated with multiple lines of evidence provides a path towards the discovery of new biodiversity and resolving long-standing taxonomic problems.[ddRAD; genealogical divergence index; hybridization; integrative species delimitation; phylogeny; secondary contact; systematics; taxonomy.]
Acute Kidney Injury in Hospitalized Children with COVID19
Authors: Chopra Sanya , Saha Abhijeet , Kumar Virendra , Thakur Archana , Pemde Harish , Kapoor Dipti , Ray Sandip , Das Aditi , Pandit Kaveri , Gulati Anu , Sharma Ankita Goel , Singh Preeti , Sodani Ravitanya 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Acute kidney injury (AKI) has been recognized as a significant risk factor for mortality among adults with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection.

Aim
The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and risk factors for AKI and mortality in children with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID19) from a resource-limited setting.

Methods
Cross-sectional analysis of laboratory confirmed COVID19 children admitted from 1 March to 30 November 2020 in a tertiary care hospital in New Delhi, India was done. Clinical features and associated comorbidities of COVID19 were noted. Baseline serum creatinine (height-independent Hoste’s equation) and peak serum creatinine were used for staging of AKI by the 2012 Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes serum creatinine criteria. Univariate analysis and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis were used to compare the overall outcome in the AKI vs. the non-AKI group.

Results
A total of 64 810 children between 1 month and 18 years visited the hospital; 3412 were tested for suspected COVID19, 295 tested positive and 105 (54% boys) were hospitalized. Twenty-four hospitalized children (22.8%) developed AKI; 8 in Stage 1 (33.3%), 7 in Stage 2 (29.2%) and 9 in Stage 3 (37.5%) respectively. Overall, three patients received KRT. Highest reported mortality was (66.6%) in AKI Stage 3. Risk factors for AKI included associated sepsis (OR 95% CI, 1.22-9.43, p &lt; 0.01), nephrotic syndrome (OR 95% CI, 1.13-115.5, p &lt; 0.01), vasopressor support (OR 3.59, 95% CI, 1.37–9.40, p value&lt; 0.007), shock at presentation (OR 2.98, 95% CI, 1.16–7.60, p value 0.01) and mechanical ventilation (OR 2.64, 95% CI, 1.04–6.71, p value&lt; 0.03). Mortality (25.71%) was higher in the AKI group (OR 95% CI, 1.14-8.35, p &lt; 0.023) with shock (OR 45.92; 95% CI, 3.44–612.0, p value &lt;0.004) and ventilation (OR 46.24; 95% CI, 1.6–1333.0 p value&lt; 0.02) as significant risk factors for mortality.

Conclusion
AKI is an important modifiable risk factor for mortality in children with COVID19 in a resource-limited setting. Our study supports the strengthening of kidney replacement therapy and its timely initiation to reduce the progression of AKI and thus mortality in children.
Snake Bite Management: A Scoping Review of the Literature
Authors: Russell Jeffrey J. , Schoenbrunner Anna , Janis Jeffrey E. 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Around the world, snake bite envenomation remains an underreported human health hazard. Envenomation can cause local and systemic complications, especially when there is a lack of antivenom availability. Although there are established guidelines regarding snake bite management acute care, there is a paucity of data regarding surgical intervention and the plastic surgeon’s role treating this unique patient population.

Methods:
A review was conducted identifying relevant published articles involving snake bite management and treatment in PubMed and EMBASE.

Results:
One hundred ten articles were identified and 77 met inclusion criteria. Snake bite envenomation can result in complications that are dependent upon a variety of variables. The literature has shown the best field treatment to be timely transportation to the nearest medical facility, along with antivenom administration. The cytotoxic, hemotoxic, and neurotoxic effects of venom can cause a variety of local soft tissue and systemic complications. Surgical interventions such as fasciotomies, wound debridements, skin grafts, and tissue flaps may be necessary in these patients to optimize functional and aesthetic outcomes. Disparities in access to care in resource limited settings are discussed.

Conclusions:
Global health disparities and insufficient antivenom distribution create an inequality of care in snake bite patients. Plastic surgeons have an important role in managing acute and chronic complications of snake bite envenomations that can lead to improved patient outcomes.
Safety of Silk-elastin Sponges in Patients with Chronic Skin Ulcers: A Phase I/II, Single-center, Open-label, Single-arm Clinical Trial
Authors: Noda Kazuo , Kawai Katsuya , Matsuura Yoshitaka , Ito-Ihara Toshiko , Amino Yoko , Ushimaru Mika , Kinoshita Akemi , Tada Harue , Abe Hiroyasu , Morita Satoshi , Shimizu Akira , Tsuge Itaru , Sakamoto Michiharu , Morimoto Naoki 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Although traditional wound dressings such as collagen scaffolds promote granulation tissue formation, the efficacy of these dressings in chronic wounds is limited because of high susceptibility to bacterial growth. Biomaterials that can be applied to chronic wounds should have an anti-bacterial function. We previously reported that administering a silk-elastin solution that forms moisturizing hydrogels to wound surfaces of diabetic mice reduced bacterial growth and promoted granulation tissue formation compared with control or carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogels. We hypothesized that silk-elastin promotes wound healing in human chronic wounds by suppressing bacterial growth.

Methods:
An open-label, clinical case series was conducted with a prospective, single-arm design at Kyoto University Hospital in Kyoto, Japan. In this study, 6 patients with chronic skin ulcers of any origin (2 < ulcer area (cm2) < 25) on their lower extremities were included; patients with critical ischemia were excluded. Silk-elastin sponges were applied and covered with a polyurethane film without changing the dressing for 14 days. Inflammation triggered treatment discontinuation due to fear of infection. The primary study endpoint was adverse events, including inflammation and infection.

Results:
Poor hydrogel formation, possibly due to continuous exudation, was observed. No serious adverse events were noted. Two patients discontinued treatment on day 6 and day 7, respectively, due to inflammation, but they were not infected. The other 4 patients completed the 14-day silk-elastin sponge treatment without infection.

Conclusion:
Silk-elastin sponge is safe for chronic skin ulcers, and its ability to promote wound healing should be determined by confirmatory clinical trials.
Interleukin-33 modulates lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory response in rat primary astrocytes
Authors: Liu Jing , Jiang Sha-Sha , Huang Si-Jian , Nite Weibuzi , Ren Fei , Yan Jian-Qin , Luo Jian-Gang 
Published: April 2021

Astrocytes have a crucial role in the modulation of the neuroinflammatory response. However, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be fully defined. Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is constitutively expressed in astrocytes, which has been found to orchestrate inflammatory responses in a large variety of immune-mediated and inflammatory diseases of the nervous system. Thus, the purpose of this study was to elucidate the potential effect of IL-33 in the regulation of inflammatory response in primary cultured astrocytes. We investigated the role of IL-33 in the regulation of inflammatory responses in the lipopolysaccharide-stimulated astrocytes. This study utilized lentiviral short hairpin RNA vectors to target IL-33 (LV-shIL-33) for gene silencing. After lipopolysaccharide stimulation, the expression levels of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), as well as the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways, were evaluated to elucidate the mechanisms related to the contributions of IL-33 to the inflammatory response in astrocytes. We found that the expression IL-33 has increased in rat primary cultured astrocytes after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Administration of LV-shIL-33 knocked down the expression of IL-33 and markedly reduced the overexpression of spinal IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and attenuated the activation of ERK and NF-κB/p65. This study shows that IL-33 participates in regulating inflammatory responses in primary cultured astrocytes, which might provide additional targets for controlling inflammatory responses following neurological diseases.
See Video abstract, http://links.lww.com/WNR/A627.
Previously infected vaccinees broadly neutralize SARS-CoV-2 variants
Authors: Leier Hans C. , Bates Timothy A. , Lyski Zoe L. , McBride Savannah K. , X. Lee David , Coulter Felicity J. , Goodman James R. , Lu Zhengchun , Curlin Marcel E. , Messer William B. , Tafesse Fikadu G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe compared the serum neutralizing antibody titers before and after two doses of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine in ten individuals who recovered from SARS-CoV-2 infection prior to vaccination to 20 individuals with no history of infection, against clinical isolates of B.1.1.7, B.1.351, P.1, and the original SARS-CoV-2 virus. Vaccination boosted pre-existing levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 spike antibodies 10-fold in previously infected individuals, but not to levels significantly higher than those of uninfected vaccinees. However, neutralizing antibody titers increased in previously infected vaccinees relative to uninfected vaccinees against every variant tested: 5.2-fold against B.1.1.7, 6.5-fold against B.1.351, 4.3-fold against P.1, and 3.4-fold against original SARS-CoV-2. Our study indicates that a first-generation COVID-19 vaccine provides broad protection from SARS-CoV-2variants in individuals with previous infection.
Determinants of Obesity in West Africa: A Systematic Review
Authors: Agyemang Kingsley , Pokhrel Subhash , Victor Christina , Anokye Nana Kwame 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesObesity prevalence is increasing in West Africa. This study explores obesity determinants in West Africa to inform policy.MethodsScopus, Web of Science and PsycINFO were searched for relevant papers from March to April 2020. The search strategy included combinations of key words specific to each database. Eligibility criteria included studies on obesity determinants conducted in West Africa, and involving participants aged eighteen years and above. The quality of the studies was appraised using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality checklist. Data was synthesized qualitatively.ResultsSixty-three (63) papers were selected. Majority of the studies originated from Ghana (n=22) and Nigeria (n=19). All included studies used cross-sectional study design. In all, 36 determinants were identified, of which 20 were demographic, socio-economic, lifestyle and biological factors, and sixteen 16 were environmental factors, like physical proximity to fast food outlets. Increasing age (OR=0.09, 95% CI= 0.12 to 65.91) and being a woman (OR=1.38, 95% CI=1.18 to 55.40) were the common determinants of obesity in West Africa.ConclusionObesity in West Africa is determined by complex multi-faceted factors. There is an urgent need for robust engagement with wider stakeholder groups to develop obesity prevention and control policies in West Africa.
Loss of lamin-B1 and defective nuclear morphology are hallmarks of astrocyte senescencein vitroand in the aging human hippocampus
Authors: Matias Isadora , Diniz Luan Pereira , Damico Isabella Vivarini , da Silva Neves Laís , Bergamo Araujo Ana Paula , Vargas Gabriele , Leite Renata E. P. , Suemoto Claudia K. , Nitrini Ricardo , Jacob-Filho Wilson , Grinberg Lea T. , Hol Elly M. , Middeldorp Jinte , Alcantara Gomes Flávia Carvalho 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe increase in senescent cells in tissues, including the brain, is a general feature of normal aging and age-related pathologies. Senescent cells exhibit a specific phenotype, which includes an altered nuclear morphology and transcriptomic changes. Astrocytes undergo senescencein vitroand in age-associated neurodegenerative diseases, but little is known about whether this process also occurs in physiological aging. Here, we investigated astrocyte senescencein vitro, in old mouse brains and inpost-mortemhuman brain tissue of elderly. We identified a significant loss of lamin-B1, a major component of the nuclear lamina, as a hallmark of senescent astrocytes. We showed a severe reduction of lamin-B1 in the dentate gyrus of aged mice, including in hippocampal astrocytes, and in the granular cell layer of the hippocampus ofpost-mortemhuman tissue from non-demented elderly. Interestingly, the lamin-B1 reduction was associated with nuclear deformations, represented by an increased incidence of invaginated nuclei and loss of nuclear circularity in senescent astrocytesin vitroand in the aging human hippocampus. In conclusion, our findings show that reduction of lamin-B1 is a conserved hallmark of astrocyte aging, as well as shed light on significant defects in nuclear lamina structure, which may impact astrocyte function during human aging.
Direct observation of adaptive tracking on ecological timescales inDrosophila
Authors: Rudman Seth M. , Greenblum Sharon I. , Rajpurohit Subhash , Betancourt Nicolas J. , Hanna Jinjoo , Tilk Susanne , Yokoyama Tuya , Petrov Dmitri A. , Schmidt Paul 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDirect observation of evolution in response to natural environmental change can resolve fundamental questions about adaptation including its pace, temporal dynamics, and underlying phenotypic and genomic architecture. We tracked evolution of fitness-associated phenotypes and allele frequencies genome-wide in ten replicate field populations ofDrosophila melanogasterover ten generations from summer to late fall. Adaptation was evident over each sampling interval (1-4 generations) with exceptionally rapid phenotypic adaptation and large allele frequency shifts at many independent loci. The direction and basis of the adaptive response shifted repeatedly over time, consistent with the action of strong and rapidly fluctuating selection. Overall, we find clear phenotypic and genomic evidence of adaptive tracking occurring contemporaneously with environmental change, demonstrating the temporally dynamic nature of adaptation.One sentence summaryRapid environmental change drives continuous phenotypic and polygenic adaptation, demonstrating the temporal dynamism of adaptation.
Soluble adenylyl cyclase inhibition prevents human sperm functions essential for fertilization
Authors: Balbach Melanie , Ghanem Lubna , Rossetti Thomas , Kaur Navpreet , Ritagliati Carla , Ferreira Jacob , Krapf Dario , Molina Lis C Puga , Santi Celia Maria , Hansen Jan Niklas , Wachten Dagmar , Fushimi Makoto , Meinke Peter T. , Buck Jochen , Levin Lonny R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSoluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC: ADCY10) is essential for activating dormant sperm. Studies of freshly dissected mouse sperm identified sAC as needed for initiating capacitation and activating motility. We now use an improved sAC inhibitor, TDI-10229, for a comprehensive analysis of sAC function in human sperm. Unlike dissected mouse sperm, human sperm are collected post-ejaculation, after sAC activity has already been stimulated. Even in ejaculated human sperm, TDI-10229 interrupts stimulated motility and capacitation, and it prevents acrosome reaction in capacitated sperm. At present, there are no non-hormonal, pharmacological methods for contraception. Because sAC activity is required post-ejaculation at multiple points during the sperm’s journey to fertilize the oocyte, sAC inhibitors define candidates for non-hormonal, on-demand contraceptives suitable for delivery via intravaginal devices in females.
TReNCo: Topologically associating domain (TAD) aware regulatory network construction
Authors: Bennett Christopher , Amin Viren , Kim Daehwan , Cobanoglu Murat , Malladi Venkat 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThere has long been a desire to understand, describe, and model gene regulatory networks controlling numerous biologically meaningful processes like differentiation. Despite many notable improvements to models over the years, many models do not accurately capture subtle biological and chemical characteristics of the cell such as high-order chromatin domains of the chromosomes. Topologically Associated Domains (TAD) are one of these genomic regions that are enriched for contacts within themselves. Here we present TAD-aware Regulatory Network Construction or TReNCo, a memory-lean method utilizing epigenetic marks of enhancer and promoter activity, and gene expression to create context-specific transcription factor-gene regulatory networks. TReNCo utilizes common assay’s, ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, and TAD boundaries as a hard cutoff, instead of distance based, to efficiently create context-specific TF-gene regulatory networks. We used TReNCo to define the enhancer landscape and identify transcription factors (TFs) that drive the cardiac development of the mouse. Our results show that we are able to build specialized adjacency regulatory network graphs containing biologically relevant connections and time dependent dynamics.
RFRSN: Improving protein fold recognition by siamese network
Authors: Han Ke , Liu Yan , Yu Dong-Jun 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTProtein fold recognition is the key to study protein structure and function. As a representative pattern recognition task, there are two main categories of approaches to improve the protein fold recognition performance: 1) extracting more discriminative descriptors, and 2) designing more effective distance metrics. The existing protein fold recognition approaches focus on the first category to finding a robust and discriminative descriptor to represent each protein sequence as a compact feature vector, where different protein sequence is expected to be separated as much as possible in the fold space. These methods have brought huge improvements to the task of protein fold recognition. However, so far, little attention has been paid to the second category. In this paper, we focus not only on the first category, but also on the second point that how to measure the similarity between two proteins more effectively. First, we employ deep convolutional neural network techniques to extract the discriminative fold-specific features from the potential protein residue-residue relationship, we name it SSAfold. On the other hand, due to different feature representation usually subject to varying distributions, the measurement of similarity needs to vary according to different feature distributions. Before, almost all protein fold recognition methods perform the same metrics strategy on all the protein feature ignoring the differences in feature distribution. This paper presents a new protein fold recognition by employing siamese network, we named it PFRSN. The objective of PFRSN is to learns a set of hierarchical nonlinear transformations to project protein pairs into the same fold feature subspace to ensure the distance between positive protein pairs is reduced and that of negative protein pairs is enlarged as much as possible. The experimental results show that the results of SSAfold and PFRSN are highly competitive.
Exogenous attention generalizes location transfer of perceptual learning in adults with amblyopia
Authors: Roberts Mariel , Carrasco Marisa 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARYVisual perceptual learning (VPL) is a behavioral manifestation of brain neuroplasticity. However, its practical effectiveness is limited because improvements are often specific to the trained conditions and require significant time and effort. It is critical to understand the conditions that promote learning and transfer. Covert endogenous (voluntary) and exogenous (involuntary) spatial attention help overcome VPL location specificity in neurotypical adults, but whether they also do so for people with atypical visual development is unknown. This is the first study to investigate the role of exogenous attention during VPL in adults with amblyopia, an ideal population given their asymmetrically developed, but highly plastic, visual cortex. Here we show that training on a discrimination task leads to improvements in foveal contrast sensitivity, acuity, and stereoacuity. Remarkably, exogenous attention helps generalize learning beyond trained spatial locations. Our findings reveal that attention can enhance the effectiveness of perceptual learning during rehabilitation of visual disorders.