bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Etude des représentations versus prise en compte des représentations : un apport traditionnel de la philosophie
Authors: Vincent Hubert 
Published: June 2021

« Prendre en compte les représentations » est aujourd’hui une sorte de mots d’ordre de la culture pédagogique. Pourtant, il n’est pas difficile de montrer que ce mot d’ordre s’enracine dans les premiers textes de la tradition philosophique, et principalement chez Platon : la méthode socratique de la « réfutation » en est le développement. Ce retour aux sources permet d’une part de situer cette exigence parmi d’autres, et ce faisant de ne pas tenir ce mot d’ordre pour le seul et unique chemin de l’enseignement, d’autre part d’en limiter les droits plus directement, en faisant sa part à la spontanéité de l’activité. Le philosophe Alain permet cette critique.
Plausibility of a third wave of COVID-19 in India
Authors: Mandal Sandip , Arinaminpathy Nimalan , Bhargava Balram , Panda Samiran 
Published: June 2021

Background & objectives:
In the context of India's ongoing resurgence of COVID-19 (second wave since mid-February 2021, following the subsiding of the first wave in September 2020), there has been increasing speculation on the possibility of a future third wave of infection, posing a burden on the healthcare system. Using simple mathematical models of the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2, this study examined the conditions under which a serious third wave could occur.

Methods:
Using a deterministic, compartmental model of SARS-CoV-2 transmission, four potential mechanisms for a third wave were examined: (i) waning immunity restores previously exposed individuals to a susceptible state, (ii) emergence of a new viral variant that is capable of escaping immunity to previously circulating strains, (iii) emergence of a new viral variant that is more transmissible than the previously circulating strains, and (iv) release of current lockdowns affording fresh opportunities for transmission.

Results:
Immune-mediated mechanisms (waning immunity, or viral evolution for immune escape) are unlikely to drive a severe third wave if acting on their own, unless such mechanisms lead to a complete loss of protection among those previously exposed. Likewise, a new, more transmissible variant would have to exceed a high threshold (R
0>4.5) to cause a third wave on its own. However, plausible mechanisms for a third wave include: (i) a new variant that is more transmissible and at the same time capable of escaping prior immunity, and (ii) lockdowns that are highly effective in limiting transmission and subsequently released. In both cases, any third wave seems unlikely to be as severe as the second wave. Rapid scale-up of vaccination efforts could play an important role in mitigating these and future waves of the disease.

Interpretation & conclusions:
This study demonstrates plausible mechanisms by which a substantial third wave could occur, while also illustrating that it is unlikely for any such resurgence to be as large as the second wave. Model projections are, however, subject to several uncertainties, and it remains important to scale up vaccination coverage to mitigate against any eventuality. Preparedness planning for any potential future wave will benefit by drawing upon the projected numbers based on the present modelling exercise.
Prevalence and risk behaviours of camel brucellosis transmission in the peri-urban dairy basin of Niamey, Niger
Authors: Tanimoun Harouna Mahamadou , Ndour Andrée Prisca Ndjoug , Gagara Haladou , Akakpo Ayayi Justin , Bada-Alambedji Rianatou 
Published: June 2021

Considered as one of the most widespread zoonoses in the world and dangerous for human and animal health, brucellosis has been studied mainly in cattle and small ruminants but rarely in camels. The lack of data in Niger on this pathology in camels has aroused particular interest given the breeding method and the dietary habits of urban and peri-urban consumers. It is in this context that we conducted the first cross-sectional study on camel brucellosis in Niger, in the peri-urban dairy basin of Niamey. The general objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of camel brucellosis and the risk behaviours for its transmission at the animal-human interface. Thus, 275 serum samples and 75 camel milk samples were collected from 20 farms in 11 peri-urban localities of Niamey. The serum samples were analysed by 2 methods, namely the Rose Bengal test and indirect ELISA. The overall seroprevalence obtained with the serum samples was 4%. All 75 milk samples tested by indirect ELISA were negative. In addition, 30 camel farmers were surveyed to assess their knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding brucellosis. The survey revealed that 96.7% of the farmers were not aware of brucellosis, the species affected and the modes of transmission. Most of participants stated that camels were in frequent contact with sheep, goats, cattle, and other species. In case of abortion, the placenta and runt are handled with bare hands and sometimes buried or thrown away. All respondents consumed raw camel milk and stated that the milk sold is not pasteurised. These elements constitute risk behaviours for the transmission of this zoonosis and urgent measures should be taken. However, epidemiological investigations must be carried out continuously in order to monitor the evolution of this major zoonosis and to establish an adapted prophylaxis that takes into account this species, in order to protect the herd but also public health.
Keywords: Camel brucellosis, seroprevalence, lacto-prevalence, KAP study, Niamey-Niger.
Effets du travail du sol et de la fertilisation organo-minérale sur les rendements du mil en zone soudano-sahélienne du Burkina Faso
Authors: Pale Siébou , Barro Albert , Koumbem Mahamoudou , Sere Aïda , Traore Hamidou 
Published: June 2021

Le mil est la deuxième importante céréale cultivée au Burkina Faso après le sorgho. Ces dernières années, les rendements sont en baisse du fait de la pauvreté des sols et des aléas climatiques. Cette étude réalisée en 2018 et 2019 à la Station de Recherches de Saria avait pour objectif d’identifier des technologies de gestion de l’eau et de la fertilisation qui optimisent les rendements du mil. Le dispositif expérimental était un bloc complétement randomisé avec une disposition des traitements en split-plot et trois répétitions où les parcelles principales correspondaient à quatre niveaux de travail du sol et les parcelles secondaires à huit niveaux de fertilisation minérale avec ou sans compost. Les résultats ont montré que l’utilisation du compost plus les engrais minéraux ont permis des gains de 338 à 502 kg ha-1 pour le grain et de 657 à 947 kg ha-1 pour la paille. Le labour a engendré des gains de 266 à 635 kg ha-1 pour le grain et de 381 à 601 kg ha-1 pour la paille. Ces résultats permettent de recommander le labour avec une fertilisation organique et minérale pour optimiser les rendements du mil dans la zone soudano-sahélienne du Burkina Faso.Mots clés : Labour, zaï manuel, billonnage cloisonné, compost, Station de Recherches de Saria

Effects of tillage and organo-mineral fertilization on yields of pearl millet in the Soudano-sahelian zone of Burkina FasoABSTRACTPearl millet is the second important cereal crop cultivated in Burkina Faso after sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. In recent years, farmers failed to achieve good yields because of low productivity resulting from soil poverty and climatic risks. This study was carried out at Saria Research Station in 2018 and 2019 and aimed at finding the best combination of water management techniques and fertilizers to optimize pearl millet yields. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with split plot arrangements of treatments and three replications. The main plot was tillage method with four levels and the sub-plot was fertilization with eight levels consisting of mineral fertilizers with or without compost. Results showed that the addition of compost to mineral fertilizers resulted in yield increases from 338 to 502 kg ha-1 for grain and 657 to 947 kg ha-1 for stover. The use of plough increased grain yield from 266 to 635 kg ha-1 and stover from 381 to 601 kg ha-1. These results indicate that the use of compost plus mineral fertilizers and plough that optimize pearl millet yields can be recommended for pearl millet production in the Sudano-sahelian zone of Burkina Faso.© 2021 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Plough, manual zaï, tied-ridging, compost, Saria Research Station.
Facteurs déterminants l’adoption des mesures de gestion intégrée de la fertilité des sols (GIFS) au nord du Bénin : une application du modèle probit multivarié au cas de producteurs de maïs
Authors: Adekambi Souleïmane A. , Codjovi Jean Eudes A. , Yabi Jacob A. 
Published: June 2021

La baisse du niveau de fertilité des terres cultivables du fait des pratiques agricoles inadaptées, de la déforestation et du changement climatique reste l’une des contraintes majeures de l’agriculture béninoise. Les mesures de Gestion Intégrée de la Fertilité des Sols (GIFS) en sont une des approches de gestion durales des terres à l’échelle des exploitations agricoles. Ainsi, l’étude a fait usage d’un modèle probit multivarié pour identifier les déterminants de l’adoption des mesures de GIFS au sein des exploitations agricoles productrices de maïs au Nord-Bénin. Elle a été conduite sur un échantillon de 100 producteurs de maïs sélectionnés suivant un sondage aléatoire stratifié. Les résultats ont révélé l’existence d’une interdépendance et de complémentarités dans l’adoption des différentes mesures de GIFS. Aussi, la majorité des producteurs de maïs enquêtés préfèrent adopter une combinaison de deux mesures de GIFS (32%) ou de trois mesures (26%). Par ailleurs, la distance du village au champ, l’appartenance à un groupement, le contact avec la vulgarisation, la superficie emblavée en maïs, la taille du cheptel et le nombre d’actifs agricoles restent les principaux facteurs déterminants l’adoption de ces mesures de GIFS par les producteurs.Mots clés : Bénin, changement climatique, gestion durable des terres, Gestion Intégrée de la Fertilité des Sols, pratiques agricoles, probit multivarié.
English title: Adoption of integrated soil fertility management measures in northern Benin: an application of the multivariate probit model to the case of maize producers
The decline in the level of fertility of arable land due to unsuitable agricultural practices, deforestation and climate change remains one of the major constraints of agriculture in Benin. Integrated Soil Fertility Management measures (GIFS) are one of the sustainable land management approaches that have been promoted at the level of farmers’ communities. Thus, the study made use of a multivariate probit model to identify the determinants of the adoption of GIFS measures within maize-producing farms in North Benin. It was carried out on a sample of 100 maize farmers selected following a stratified random survey. The results revealed the existence of interdependence and complementarities in the adoption of different GIFS measures. The majority of maize producers surveyed prefer to adopt a combination of two (32%) or three GIFS measures (26%). In addition, the distance from the village to the field, the membership of a group, the contact with the extension service, the area sown with maize, the size of the herd and the number of agricultural workers were identified as the important factors determining the adoption of these GIFS methods by producers.Keywords: Benin, climate change, sustainable land management, Integrated Soil Fertility Management measures, agricultural practices, multivariate probit.
Production de matières premières et fabrication des médicaments à base de plantes médicinales
Authors: Ouedraogo Salfo , Yoda Jules , Traore Tata Kadiatou , Nitiema Mathieu , Sombie Bavouma C. , Diawara Hermine Zime , Yameogo Josias B.G. , Djande Abdoulaye , Belemnaba Lazare , Kini Félix B. , Ouedraogo Sylvin , Semde Rasmané 
Published: June 2021

Les plantes constituent un réservoir pour les pharmacopées du monde. Plusieurs médicaments importants sont fabriqués à partir des substances actives d’origine végétales. En outre de nombreux médicaments modernes ont été fabriqués à partir de ces matières premières. Les plantes médicinales sont utilisées directement sous forme fraîche, sèche ou transformée, stabilisée, ou extrait ou formulée avec d’autres plantes ou excipients de synthèse. Dans tous les cas, la matière végétale utilisée pour fabriquer la forme posologique doit faire preuve de son efficacité, son innocuité et être de qualité conforme aux exigences de la Pharmacopée Européenne pour les phytomédicaments, garantissant ainsi sa sécurité d’emploi. Pour ce faire, l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) a mis à la disposition des états membres des guides et standards permettant d’harmoniser et de sécuriser leur utilisation. Ainsi de nombreux pays africains ont adopté ces outils après des modifications appropriées pour faire progresser la recherche et le développement (R&D) de médicaments à base de plante. Le but de ce travail était de faire une synthèse des différentes étapes de production, de contrôle qualité et de standardisation des matières premières issues des plantes médicinales et des médicaments à base de plantes médicinales.Mots clés : Pharmacopée, médicaments, médecine traditionnelle, sécurité d’emploi, phytomédicaments.
English title: Production of raw materials and manufacturing of drugs from medicinal plants
Plants are a reservoir for the world's pharmacopoeias. Several important medicines are made from active substances of plant origin. In addition, many modern medicines have been made from these raw materials. Medicinal plants are used directly in fresh, dry or processed, stabilized, or extracted form or formulated with other plants or synthetic excipients. In all cases, the herbal material used to manufacture the dosage form must demonstrate its efficacy, safety and be of a quality that meets the requirements of the European Pharmacopoeia for phytomedicines, thus ensuring its safe use. To this end, the World Health Organization (WHO) has made available to Member States guides and standards to harmonize and secure their use. Thus, many African countries have adopted these tools after appropriate modifications to advance research and development (R&D) of plant-based drugs. The aim of this work was to make a synthesis of the different stages of production, quality control and standardization of raw materials from medicinal plants and herbal medicines.Keywords: Pharmacopoeia, drugs, traditional medicine, safe use, phytomedicines.
Cartographie et quantification de la perte du couvert forestier dans les parcs nationaux du Sud de la République d'Haïti de 1985 à 2018 : rôle des activités agricoles locales
Authors: Salomon Waselin , Sikuzani Yannick Useni , Kouakou Akoua Tamia Madeleine , Barima Yao Sadaiou Sabas , Theodat Jean Marie , Bogaert Jan 
Published: June 2021

En Haïti, les parcs nationaux ont été créés pour préserver les rares massifs forestiers qui sont constamment menacés par l'agriculture et l'élevage. Toutefois, des études scientifiques sur la dynamique paysagère des écosystèmes forestiers des parcs d’Haïti ont reçu peu d’attention. Cette étude a pour objectif de cartographier et quantifier la perte de couverture forestière dans les parcs nationaux naturels de la Forêt des Pins (PNN-FP2), de La-visite (PNN-LV) et de Macaya (PNN-M) de 1985 à 2018. Une analyse diachronique, grâce à la classification supervisée des images Landsat appuyée sur les outils d'analyse de l'écologie du paysage, a été réalisée. Les résultats montrent une dynamique paysagère matérialisée par des pertes du couvert forestier de 56%, 36% et 46% respectivement au sein du PNN-FP2, PNN-LV et PNN-M entre 1985 à 2018, à travers la dissection et la fragmentation des taches par opposition à la dynamique progressive des surfaces agricoles et du sol nu sous-tendue par la création et l'agrégation des taches. Les taux annuels de déforestation, importants entre 1998/1999-2017/2018, ont varié entre -0,09% et -2,72% selon les parcs. Etant donné que les paysages de ces trois parcs nationaux étudiés sont très dynamiques, il est urgent d'adopter une politique de leur conservation soutenue par des mesures de développement socio-économique local.
Mots clés : Couverture forestière, pratiques agricoles, déforestation, ecologie du paysage, aires protégées, Haïti.
Investigation of the Nodularisation Propensity of Calcined Cashew-Nut Shell-Ash in Cast-Iron Melt Graphite
Authors: Sekunowo O.I. , Ugboaja J.O. , Tiamiyu J.A. 
Published: June 2021

Production of ductile iron using ferrosilicon-magnesium master alloy in melt treatment is currently fraught with challenges bothering on cost and availability. In this study the suitability of cashew nut shells ash (CNSA) as a viable alternative to magnesium master alloys employed in the treatment of molten cast iron for enhanced mechanical properties was studied. The carbonized CNSA used varied from 2-10 wt. % to treat different heat batches; CA1-CA5 containing varied amount of CNSA, CaO and FeSi in the molten cast iron. The cast samples were subjected to both mechanical characterisation (tensile, hardness and impact) and microstructural analysis using Instron electromechanical machine, impact tester and scanning electron microscope (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS). Results show that the 8 wt. % CNSA addition demonstrated the best mechanical properties comparable to ASTM A536 ferritic ductile cast iron. Specifically, the 8 wt. % CNSA cast samples exhibited 433 MPa tensile strength, 144HRC hardness and ductility of 14.7%. Contributions to improved mechanical properties may be attributed to the development of sufficient fractions of graphite nodules during melt treatment with CNSA. These outcomes are a boost both to the production of quality ductile irons and a cleaner environment.
Keywords: Nodularisation, ductile-iron, cashew-nut, ferrosilicon-magnesium alloy, mechanical properties
Effects of Polyethylene Terephthalate and Crumb Rubber on Selected Properties of Asphaltic Concrete
Authors: Ola B.T. , Mohammed H. 
Published: June 2021

This study investigated the combined effects of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and crumb rubber (CR) as modifiers on some properties of asphaltic concrete. Asphaltic concrete materials were obtained from a construction site. CR of 9.5 mm size was obtained by sieving, while PET bottles were collected, sorted, washed, dried and shredded by mechanical means. The physical properties of these materials were determined following standard procedure. Bitumen was modified by wet process with PET and characterised. Asphaltic concrete samples with partial replacement of coarse aggregate in the mix with CR were prepared. Samples without modifiers were also prepared as control. These were subjected to Marshall Stability test. The percentage variation for stability and flow between the control and the modified mixes, were 27 % and 0.29 % respectively, while those of the volumetric properties of bulk density, voids filled bitumen (VFB), air voids (VA) and voids in mineral aggregate (VMA) were 0 %, - 0.13 %, 0 % and 0 % respectively. It was concluded that, there was no difference between the flow and volumetric properties of the control and modified mixes.
Keywords: Polyethylene terephthalate, crumb rubber, asphaltic concrete, stability, flow, volumetric parameters
Effect of Extraction Methods and Storage Time on the Yield and Qualities of Neem Seed (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) Oil
Authors: Hussein J.B. , Ilesanmi J.O.Y. , Yahuza H.A. , Nkama I. 
Published: June 2021

The effects of extraction methods and time of storage on the yield and qualities of neem seed oil were investigated. Three extraction methods: cold water, hot water, and n-hexane were used while the extracted oils were stored at room temperature for six months. The yield, chemical properties, qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis of the fresh and stored oils were evaluated at every two-month interval using standard methods. The results showed that n-hexane gave the highest oil yield (62 %), followed by hot water (49 %), and cold water (42 %). The chemical properties ranged as follows; peroxide value: (7.02–25.56, 6.30–26.76 and 8.99–24.16 Meq/kg), saponification value: (133.95–245.26, 114.09–288.09 and 141.11–250.12 mg KOH/g oil), iodine value: (51.69–6.98, 56.73–7.88 and 54.87–9.51 mg/wij’s) and acid value: (18.01–55.99, 11.34–85.12 and 14.62–56.88 mg KOH/g oil) for cold water, hot water, and n-hexane respectively. The qualitative phytochemical analysis indicated the presence of flavonoids, coumarins, terpenoids, triterpenoid, and steroid contents. Conclusively, the extraction methods and storage time affect the yield and qualities of the extracted neem seed oil, while the chemical and phytochemical results revealed that the extracted oils were good for both medical and industrial applications.
Keywords: Neem seeds, oils, extraction methods, storage time, chemical and phytochemical properties
Alcance Normativo del Derecho de Libre Escogencia de Institución Prestadora Del Servicio (Ips) Que Brinden Tratamientos Médicos Sin el Uso de Sangre: Comunidad de Los Testigos De Jehová. Colombia - Desde La Constitución Política del 1991
Authors: Martínez Ruiz Juan Carlos 
Published: June 2021

La comunidad de los Testigos de Jehová es una congregación religiosa que tiene dentro de sus creencias bíblicas, la prohibición del uso de sangre como tratamiento médico, situación que podría presentar una limitación directa a sus derechos fundamentales en el evento de requerir atención medica-hospitalaria y que producto de esta, se ordene únicamente la práctica transfusional sanguínea sin otra alternativa para su mejora, lo que infringiría su conciencia y creencia religiosa. El objetivo de la investigación fue establecer el alcance normativo del derecho de libre escogencia de Institución Prestadora del Servicio que brinde tratamientos médicos sin el uso de sangre a la comunidad de los Testigos de Jehová dentro del ordenamiento jurídico colombiano. De modo tal que, la metodología implementada fue un modelo interpretativo, con una técnica cualitativa y de tipo revisión teórica u observación documental, donde se encontró que existen prácticas médicas alternativas a las transfusiones de sangre, lo que consolida al derecho de libre escogencia como una garantía fundamental para los pacientes testigos de Jehová. Se concluye que, para lograr una garantía real y efectiva del derecho de libre escogencia, se requiere una labor coordinada entre los agentes que intervienen en este problema jurídico: Miembros de los testigos de Jehová, el cuerpo médico y los entes prestadores de salud.
Diseño y Construcción de una Rampa para la Practica de Boccia Bc3
Authors: Ramos Ramos Romario , Ozuna Díaz Jessica 
Published: June 2021

Es indispensable llevar a cabo procesos que tengan como finalidad garantizar que las personas con discapacidad física y mental tengan las oportunidades y recursos necesarios para intervenir íntegramente en la vida normal en sociedad, permitiendo su participación en diferentes actividades, que ayuden y aporten a su bienestar, mejorando su calidad de vida. En ese sentido, el siguiente estudio aplicado, tiene como propósito mostrar un deporte que es poco conocido, que es practicado por personas con discapacidades físicas y mentales. Además, se pretende proporcionar un aporte aporte desde el punto de vista de la tecnología, con el uso de ingeniería y el desarrollo de herramientas como para la práctica de boccia en la categoría bc3. Para tal propósito se plantea la aplicación innovadora en el diseño, construcción y la selección de materiales a utilizar, teniendo en cuenta el peso del paciente para incrementar su práctica.