bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Article 21—Alternative Dispute Resolution Procedure
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter deals with the alternative dispute resolution procedure outlined in Article 21 of the copyright order in Europe, Directive 2019/790. It examines disputes concerning the transparency obligation and the contract adjustment mechanism that may be applied for a voluntary, alternative dispute resolution procedure. It also refers to Member States that are required to ensure that representative organisations of authors and performers may initiate dispute resolution procedures at the specific request of one or more authors or performers. The chapter explains why authors and performers are often reluctant to enforce their rights against their contractual partners before a court or tribunal. It looks at the task of Member States to provide for an alternative dispute resolution procedure that addresses claims by authors and performers, or by their representatives on their behalf, related to obligations of transparency and the contract adjustment mechanism.
Article 24—Amendments to Directives 96/9/EC and 2001/29/EC
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter cites Article 24 of the European copyright directive in the Digital Single Market, Directive 2019/790, which begins with an amendment of Directive 96/9/EC on the legal protection of databases. It looks at the replacement of Article 6 of Directive 96/9/EC, which deals with the use of data for the sole purpose of illustration for teaching or scientific research. It also mentions the revision of Article 9 that covers the extraction for the purposes of illustration for teaching or scientific research, which is indicated and justified by a non-commercial purpose. The chapter highlights the amendment of Directive 2001/29/EC on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society. It discusses the changes in Article 5 of Directive 2001/29/EC, which outlines specific acts of reproduction that are made by publicly accessible libraries, educational establishments, museums, or archives.
Article 27—Transitional Provision
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers the transitional provision in Article 27 of the copyright order in Europe, Directive 2019/790. It stresses that agreements for the licence or transfer of rights of authors and performers will be subject to the transparency obligation set out in Article 19 of the directive. The agreements will be undertaken by the legislation on transparency obligation on 7 June 2022. Article 19 is aimed at strengthening the contractual position of authors and performers and contributing to the realization of one of the key objectives of Directive 2019/790. The provisions outlined in the transparency obligation intends to achieve a fair marketplace.
Article 31—Entry into Force
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter includes the dates of the entry into force of the European copyright directive, Directive 2019/790. It points out that this Directive will be implemented on the twentieth day following the date of its publication in the Official Journal of the European Union. The Directive was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 17 May 2020 and entered into force on 7 June 2019. The chapter also mentions that Directive 2019/790 took effect on 7 June 2019 and was published in the Official Journal of the European Union on 17 May 2020.
Article 32—Addressees
Authors: Rosati Eleonora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter clarifies that the 2019 EU Directive on copyright in the Digital Single Market, Directive 2019/790 is addressed to the Member States. It reviews the obligations under the Directive that arise on the day that it enters into force, but national transpositions will take place by 7 June 2021. It also points out that countries that are Member States of the EU or a part of the EEA will be bound to transpose Directive 2019/790 into their own laws. The chapter mentions countries that become Member States or join the EEA after 7 June 2021 that are required to comply with the entire acquis. It discusses the task of Members States to apply Directive 2019/790 for their accession to the EU or EEA.
Dodona and the Concept of Local Scripts
Authors: Johnston Alan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews the evidence for writing in the north-west area of the Greek-speaking world with particular relevance to the script(s) used, and attempts to compare the evidence with that from other parts of that world, notably the perhaps politically similar Thessalian region. The main body of evidence is that of the lead sheets inscribed with questions put to the oracular sanctuary of Zeus at Dodona. The approximately 900 texts which display epichoric lettering suggest some rethinking of the notion of a local script at Dodona. Literacy at the site, at least for the cult personnel, included the regular acceptance of varieties of letter forms, a situation not to be found in the clear usage of 'fixed' alphabets in most Greek poleis. Texts from across the Pindos range, from Thessaly, show far greater alphabetic uniformity.
Boiotian Inscriptions in Epichoric Script
Authors: Papazarkadas Nikolaos 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides a critical presentation of the most important Boeotian inscriptions in epichoric script published since the revision of Local Scripts in 1990. It allows us to follow the development of Boeotian epigraphy from the Archaic period well into the early fourth century bc. Several new inscriptions supplement information derived from the literary sources; one in particular spectacularly vindicates the good faith of Herodotus. Archaeologically, such texts have allowed the identification of major ancient sites. Epigraphically, they display a remarkable uniformity that allows us to talk of a Boeotian koine. Historically, they challenge established ideas of limited literacy. Recent finds also unequivocally demonstrate that the Boeotian script was still being used well into the fourth century and approximately down to the period of the so-called Theban hegemony. An appendix provides the editio princeps of a funerary epigram inscribed in epichoric script.
Introduction to Communication Systems
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the subject of the book, defines the main terms in communication systems that will be used in the book, and presents the objectives of the book. It also presents classifications of signals and systems, and theoretical concepts related to the signal conversions in the time domain that will be used in subsequent chapters. The signals are classified using various criteria, including periodicity and symmetry, continuity and discreteness, power and energy properties, randomness, and physical realizability of signals. Analogue-to digital and digital-to-analogue conversions and their places and importance in the processing of signals in relation to their application in communication systems are briefly explained. The final section returns back to the definition of the signals related to the continuity and discreteness in time and their values, due to the importance of distinguishing them in the theoretical analysis and design of digital and discrete communication systems.
Discrete Bandpass Modulation Methods
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents mathematical models of discrete baseband and bandpass communication systems based on binary phase-shift keying, quaternary phase-shift keying, frequency-shift keying, and quadrature amplitude modulation. The operation of intermediate-frequency systems where all processing is performed in the discrete-time domain are presented. The systems are deduced as special cases from a generic system structure that is based on the application of orthonormal basis functions. The block schematics of systems are uniquely presented using mathematical operators. Detailed derivatives are presented for signals in the discrete-time domain at the vital points of the system’s structure, using the concepts of both discrete stochastic and discrete deterministic signal processing. The vital characteristics of the discrete system and its blocks are expressed in terms of amplitude spectral density, autocorrelation functions, power and energy spectral densities, and bit error probability.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and Code Division Multiple Access Systems
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 presents modern multi-user and multicarrier communication systems based on code division multiple access technology and orthogonal frequency division multiple access technology. Analogue, digital, and discrete orthogonal frequency division multiple access systems are presented separately and then inter-related from theoretical and practical points of view. A precise mathematical model of discrete baseband and intermediate-frequency blocks is presented, including procedures for signal mapping and the discrete Fourier transform, and then related to the model of an analogue radiofrequency block to make the whole orthogonal frequency division multiple access system. The basic theory of binary and non-binary code division multiple access systems operation is presented. To support deeper theoretical understanding of the design and operation of a code division multiple access system, one project in the supplementary material demonstrates the mathematical modelling, simulation, and design of this system in field-programmable gate array technology and presents the development tools required.
Deterministic Continuous-Time Signals and Systems
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Due to the importance of the concept of independent variable modification, the definition of linear-time-invariant system, and their implications for discrete-time signal processing, Chapter 11 presents basic deterministic continuous-time signals and systems. These signals, expressed in the form of functions and functionals such as the Dirac delta function, are used throughout the book for deterministic and stochastic signal analysis, in both the continuous-time and the discrete-time domains. The definition of the autocorrelation function, and an explanation of the convolution procedure in linear-time-invariant systems, are presented in detail, due to their importance in communication systems analysis and synthesis. A linear modification of the independent continuous variable is presented for specific cases, like time shift, time reversal, and time and amplitude scaling.
Theory of the Design, and Operation of Digital Filters
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 16 present the theoretical basis for digital filters, including issues related to their design. The basic characteristics and structures of finite impulse response and infinite impulse response filters are presented and discussed. In addition, the ideal and practical transfer characteristics of the digital filters are defined. The basic advantage of finite impulse response filters is that they can be designed to have an exact linear phase. However, infinite impulse response filters are generally more efficient computationally. The methods for filters design and related algorithms, which are based on the bilinear transformation method, windowed Fourier series, and algorithms based on iterative optimization, are also presented.
Target Centred Virtue Ethics
Authors: Swanton Christine 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Virtue ethics in its contemporary manifestation is dominated by neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics primarily developed by Rosalind Hursthouse. This version of eudaimonistic virtue ethics was groundbreaking but by now has been subject to considerable critical attention. The time is ripe for new developments and alternatives. The target centred virtue ethics proposed in this book (TVE) is opposed to orthodox virtue ethics in two major ways. First, it rejects the ‘natural goodness’ metaphysics of neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics owed to Philippa Foot in favour of a ‘hermeneutic ontology’ of ethics inspired by the Continental tradition and McDowell. Second, it rejects the well-known ‘qualified agent’ account of right action made famous by Hursthouse in favour of a target-centred framework for assessing rightness of acts. The target-centred view, introduced in Virtue Ethics: A Pluralistic View (VEP), is much more developed in TVE with discussions of Dancy’s particularism, default reasons and thick concepts, codifiability, and its relation to the Doctrine of the mean (suitably interpreted). TVE retains the pluralism of VEP but develops it further in relation to a pluralistic account of practical reason. Besides the pluralism TVE develops other substantive positions including the view that target centred virtue ethics is developmental, suitably embedded in an environmental ethics of “dwelling”; and incorporates a concept of differentiated virtue to allow for roles, narrativity, cultural and historical location, and stage of life.
Locating Expert Impressions
Authors: Chudnoff Elijah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The category of expert impressions includes expert perceptions and expert intuitions. This category does not fit easily into the standard classification of expertise into perceptual, cognitive, or motor. This chapter argues that there are independent reasons to prefer an alternative system for classifying expertise with reference to which expert impressions stand out as a natural class. The argument is based on empirical considerations suggesting that the traditional category of cognitive expertise is disunified: some kinds of cognitive expertise are more like perceptual expertise; other kinds of cognitive expertise are more like motor expertise.
Integration or Self-Sufficiency?
Authors: Garcia Calvo Angela 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter explores Spain’s and Korea’s strategies from the perspective of the automotive industry. The chapter contrasts Spain’s integrational approach, with Korea’s emphasis on self-sufficiency and the development of local technological capabilities. These two strategies are linked to the development of competitive automotive industries with very different structures. Spain’s configuration is characterized by a predominance of foreign invested firms, whereas Korea’s is defined by the presence of a local, market-dominant automaker, HMC. The chapter proceeds as follows. After the introduction, section 5.2 describes the structure of the automotive industry and the challenges that late industrializing economies faced in establishing competitive automakers. Sections 5.3 and 5.4 analyze the emergence and evolution of the Spanish and Korean automotive sectors and discuss the outcomes as the industry continues to transform. Section 5.5 reintegrates the material and paves the way for the concluding section of the book.
‘Modern’ Farming and the Transformation of Livelihoods in Rural Tanzania
Authors: Snyder Katherine A. , Sulle Emmanuel , Massay Deodatus A. , Petro Anselmi , Qamara Paschal , Brockington Dan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on smallholder agriculture and livelihoods in north-central Tanzania. It traces changes in agricultural production and asset ownership in one community over a twenty-eight-year period. Over this period, national development policies and agriculture programmes have moved from socialism to neoliberal approaches. Using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods, we explore how farmers have responded to these shifts in the wider political-economic context and how these responses have shaped their livelihoods and ideas about farming and wealth. This case study clearly debunks the idea that rural farmers are slow to respond to ‘modern’ farming methods or that smallholder farming is stagnant and cannot reduce poverty. While changes overall are very positive in this rural community, challenges remain as land sizes are small and markets often unreliable. This research cautions against a shift in emphasis to large-scale farming as a strategy for national development. It suggests instead that increased investment in supporting smallholder farming is critical for addressing poverty and rural well-being.
Improved Livelihoods on Less Land
Authors: Birch-Thomsen Torben , Friis-Hansen Esbern 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter traces the changing economic history of two villages from their status as frontier settlements with abundant land in the 1950s, to poor farming areas ill-endowed with infrastructure, to more prosperous settlements benefitting from commercialized tomato cultivation and good road connections to the regional capital. The wealth is visible in the larger number of higher-quality houses which are being constructed. There are also changes in local perceptions of what wealth and poverty mean. Finally the chapter presents different sorts of strategies which capture the ways in which residents have responded to the opportunities and circumstances around them.
The Role of Technology in Supporting the Education of Community Health Workers and their Leaders
Authors: Panjabi Raj , Long Lesley-Anne , Bailey Michael , Conteh Magnus 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Community health workers (CHWs) often represent the first point of contact for many individuals in low-income countries accessing health services. Unfortunately, due to the low quality of care, outcomes for many people are unpredictable. Although the causes for poor quality of care are multifaceted, one obvious cause is that many CHWs are undertrained. Given the scope of the problem and the lack of resources available to solve it, governments and donor organizations are looking at digital technologies to help address problems such as access to services, health worker training, and decision-making. Access to and understanding of educational content can be improved by combining classroom education with distance learning to create a blended learning approach. Furthermore, by integrating the educational experience offered to CHWs through technology with related support services such as data collection, logistics management and AI-based decision support, governments can compensate for the quality of care gap.
Diagnosis and assessment
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The first step in the treatment of ADHD is making the correct diagnosis. Only when it is known that a child has ADHD and that all other possible causes of child’s problems have been excluded, can a proper treatment programme be devised. The best person to make the diagnosis is a specialist paediatrician with an interest and expertise in developmental and learning difficulties in children. Educational psychologists also play a vital role in the process by which ADHD is diagnosed. This chapter outlines diagnosis and assessment of ADHD, including the history, examination, psychometric testing (intelligence, academic achievement, other abilities), special investigations, and formulation of a management plan.
Medicines—general principles
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
All the medicines used to treat ADHD aim to normalize the amount of neurotransmitter in the frontal lobes of the brain. Each child with ADHD needs medication that is selected with care and based on several considerations. Medicine can potentially reduce many difficulties experienced by children with ADHD, although some may not need medication. This chapter discusses medicines in the treatment of ADHD, including how they work, how to find the right medicine for a particular child and aspects of ADHD that are helped by medicines (learning, behaviour, social skills, emotional state). It also covers the place of medicine in the treatment of ADHD, treatment of ADHD without medication, and how to explain the role of medications to a child.
Administrative Procedure and Judicial Review in the United Kingdom
Authors: Nason Sarah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on administrative procedure and judicial review in the United Kingdom. Initially, it should be stressed that administrative law is different across the UK due to devolution. The UK Supreme Court generally acts as a final court of harmonizing case-law principles. As the UK constitution is uncodified, the existence of constitutional provisions concerning judicial review remains somewhat controversial, but the necessity of judicial review is thought to be required by the rule of law. The scope of judicial review is generally governed by judicial precedent. Under section 84 of the Criminal Justice and Courts Act 2015, the High Court must refuse to grant a remedy 'if it appears to the court to be highly likely that the outcome for the applicant would not have been substantially different if the conduct complained of had not occurred'. In general, there is no right on judicial review to claim damages for losses caused by unlawful administrative actions. It is usually only possible to receive damages in judicial review claims if there is another established cause of action, separate to the ground for judicial review.
EU Countries and the UK
Authors: Andenas Mads 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter compares European Union countries to the United Kingdom. It aims at ascertaining not so much whether a common core exists but how it is shaped and evolves, also in response to influences by supranational legal orders. EU countries do not adhere to one model. Administrative law is subject to rapid development, and even countries that share many structures and general features do not develop at the same speed or in the same direction. In the UK, there is no specialized administrative court jurisdiction. There is one general court system that deals with civil, criminal, and administrative cases; but there are many administrative tribunals and appeals tribunals. Nearly all the EU countries have a specialised administrative court system, and the majority has a constitutional court. The chapter considers the perceived divide between civil law countries and the common law in the UK, in the light of the relationship between national law and EU and European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) law. It also looks at the four main features of the legal systems selected for comparison: the constitutional relevance of judicial review; the limitations of judicial review; procedural errors or omissions; and annulment and damages.
Judicial Oversight of Procedural Fairness and Propriety in Europe: Diversity Within Commonality
Authors: della Cananea Giacinto 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the common and distinctive elements that emerge from the comparative analysis of legal systems, in terms of commonality and diversity in administrative law. It begins by outlining the main institutional features of the legal systems selected for the comparison, with an initial focus on the idea of a 'divide' between civil law and common law. The two important features of the legal systems examined in this book include judicial independence and judicial specialization. The chapter then discusses the procedural requirements at the heart of the factual analysis. It concludes by reflecting on the relevance and significance of this analysis for the general enquiry concerning the common core of European administrative laws.