bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of Annual Secondary Lung Cancer Deaths Using Various Adjuvant Breast Radiotherapy Techniques for Early-Stage Cancers
Authors: Pignol Jean-Philippe , Hoekstra Nienke , Wilke Derek , Dahn Hannah , Nolan Maureen , Vicini Frank 
Published: August 2021

PurposeSecondary lung cancer (SLC) can offset the benefit of adjuvant breast radiotherapy (RT), and risks compound sharply after 25 to 30 years. We hypothesized that SLC risk is mainly an issue for early-stage breast cancer, and that lives could be saved using different RT techniques.Patients and MethodsThe SEER database was used to extract breast patient age, stage survival, and radiotherapy utilization over time and per stage and to assess the factors associated with increased SLC risk with a multivariable competing risk Cox model. The number of SLC was calculated using the BEIR model modified with patient survival, age, and use of RT from the SEER database. Stage distribution and number of new breast cancer cases were obtained from the NAACCR. Mean lung dose for various irradiation techniques was obtained from measurement or literature.ResultsOut of the 765,697 non-metastatic breast cancers in the SEER database from 1988 to 2012, 49.8% received RT. RT significantly increased the SLC risk for longer follow-up (HR=1.58), early stage including DCIS, stage I and IIA (HR = 1.11), and younger age (HR=1.061) (all p&lt;0.001). More advanced stages did not have significantly increased risk. In 2019, 104,743 early-stage breast patients received radiotherapy, and an estimated 3,413 will develop SLC (3.25%) leading to an excess of 2,900 deaths (2.77%). VMAT would reduce this mortality by 9.9%, hypofractionation 26 Gy in five fractions by 38.8%, a prone technique by 70.3%, 3D-CRT APBI by 43.3%, HDR brachytherapy by 71.1%, LDR by 80.7%, and robotic 4π APBI by 85.2%.ConclusionsSLC after breast RT remains a clinically significant issue for early-stage breast cancers. This mortality could be significantly reduced using a prone technique or APBI.
Using Buck's Fascia as an Integral Covering in Urethroplasty to Restore the Anatomical Structure of the Penis in One-Stage Hypospadias Repair: A Multicenter Chinese Study Comprising 1,386 Surgeries
Authors: Zhang Yin , Chao Min , Zhang Wei-ping , Tang Yun-man , Chen Hai-chen , Zhang Kai-ping , Lu Ru-gang , Zhang Xian-sheng , Lou Dong-hua 
Published: August 2021

Objectives: The objective of the study is to investigate the feasibility and efficacy of urethroplasty with a Buck's fascia integral-covering technique (BFIC) to wrap and restore the normal anatomical structure of the penis in one-stage hypospadias surgery.Methods: One-stage surgeries for hypospadias management were performed using BFIC from January 2016 to September 2020 at four high-volume medical centers in China. The technique integrates Buck's fascia with glans wings to mobilize and wrap the urethra and restore penile anatomical relationships. The clinical data, postoperative follow-up data, and complications were recorded, and the results were analyzed.Results: A total of 1,386 patients were included in the study: 1,260 cases of primary hypospadias and 126 cases of re-operations; distal in 382 cases (27.6%), mid-shaft in 639 (46.1%), proximal in 365 (26.3%); tubularized incised plate (TIP) in 748 cases, inlay-graft in 124, onlay-graft in 49, Mathieu in 28, free-tube graft urethroplasty in 406, and 31 of hybrid procedures. One thousand one hundred forty-two patients (82.4%) were found to have penile curvature (&gt;10°) after artificial erection and all corrected by dorsal plication/s or transection of the urethra plate (UP) simultaneously. The median followed-up time was 27 months (6–62). A total of 143 (10.3%) complications were recorded: 114 (9.0%) in the primary operations and 29 (23%) in the re-operations, 15 (3.9%) in distal hypospadias, 61 (9.5%) in mid-shaft, and 67 (18.4%) in proximal. The complication rate in UP preservation and transection was 10.1 and 10.8%, respectively. Of all case complications, there were 73 (5.2%) of fistula, 10 (0.6%) of dehiscence, 22 (1.6%) of meatal stenosis, 21 (1.5%) of stricture, 6 (0.7%) of diverticulum, and resident curvature in 11 cases (1.2%). The overall complication rate in TIP and free-tube procedure was 9.8 and 9.9%, respectively, and fistula occurred in primary TIP of 33 cases (4.9%).Conclusions: Buck's fascia with the glans can be used as an integral covering technique in one-stage distal to proximal hypospadias and primary or re-operative hypospadias repair. It is safe, feasible, and effective for the repair of hypospadias.
The Relationship Between Technology Use and Problem Technology Use and Potential Psychosocial Mechanisms: Population-Based Telephone Survey in Community Adults During COVID-19
Authors: Yang Xue , Yip Benjamin H. K. , Lee Eric K. P. , Zhang Dexing , Wong Samuel Y. S. 
Published: August 2021

Background:Although digital technology enables people to stay connected during COVID-19, protracted periods of isolation, crisis-induced stress, and technology-based activity may intensify problem technology use (PTU), such as social media addiction (SMA) and Internet gaming disorder (IGD).Objective:This study aimed to characterize the patterns and levels of SMA and IGD during COVID-19 in the general population of Hong Kong. We also tested the associations between prolonged use of social media/Internet games and SMA/IGD and the mediation effects of psychosocial statuses (i.e., loneliness, boredom, and post-traumatic stress) on these associations.Methods:A population-based random telephone survey was conducted in community adults in May 2020; 658 social media users and 177 Internet gamers were identified. A structured questionnaire, including the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorder IGD Symptoms Checklist, the Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Scale, Multidimensional State Boredom Scale, and the De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale, was used. Time spent on social media and Internet games during and before COVID-19 was also asked.Results:There were 66.2–81.8% increases in time use of social media or Internet games during COVID-19 compared to pre-COVID-19 self-reported information of the participants. The estimated IGD prevalence rate in the gamers based on the sample weighted to the age distribution and gender ratio of the Hong Kong population was 9.7%, higher than that of pre-COVID-19 research. Age, marital status, education levels, time use of social media, COVID-19-related post-traumatic stress, boredom, and emotional loneliness were significantly associated with SMA, while time spent on Internet games, boredom, and emotional loneliness was significantly associated with IGD. Boredom positively mediated the associations between time spent on social media/Internet games and SMA/IGD, whereas social loneliness negatively mediated the association between time spent on social media and SMA.Conclusion:These findings highlight the concern of prolonged use of digital platforms during COVID-19 and its role as a “double-edged sword” for psychosocial wellbeing and behavioral health during COVID-19. It also highlights a need to monitor and prevent PTU in the general public. The observed psychosocial mechanisms are modifiable and can inform the design of evidence-based prevention programs for PTU.
Real-World Functioning in Patients With Schizophrenia: Beyond Negative and Cognitive Symptoms
Authors: García-Portilla María Paz , García-Álvarez Leticia , González-Blanco Leticia , Dal Santo Francesco , Bobes-Bascarán Teresa , Martínez-Cao Clara , García-Fernández Ainoa , Sáiz Pilar A. , Bobes Julio 
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Interest in the idea of recovery for certain patients with schizophrenia has been growing over the last decade. Improving symptomatology and functioning is crucial for achieving this. Our study aims to identify those factors that substantially contribute to real-world functioning in these patients.Methods: We carried out a cross-sectional study in stable outpatients with schizophrenia on maintenance antipsychotic monotherapy. Patients: We studied 144 outpatients with schizophrenia (DSM-IV-TR criteria) meeting the following criteria: (1) 18–65 years of age; (2) being clinically stable for at least the previous three months; (3) on maintenance antipsychotic monotherapy (prescriptions ≤ 10 mg olanzapine, ≤200 mg quetiapine, or ≤100 mg levomepromazine as hypnotics were also allowed); and (4) written informed consent. Assessment: We collected information on demographic and clinical variables by using an ad hoc questionnaire. For psychopathology, we employed the Spanish versions of the following psychometric instruments: the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS-Sp), and the Calgary Depression Scale (CDS). In addition, cognitive domains were assessed using the Verbal Fluency Test (VFT), the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST), and the Trail Making Test, parts A and B (TMT-A and TMT-B). Finally, we employed the Spanish versions of the University of California San Diego Performance-based Skills Assessment (Sp-UPSA) and the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) for assessing functional capacity and real-world functioning, respectively. Statistical analysis: A forward stepwise regression was conducted by entering those variables significantly associated with PSP total score into the univariate analyses (Student's t-test, ANOVA with Duncan's post-hoc test, or bivariate Pearson correlation).Results: A total of 144 patients; mean age 40 years, 64% males, mean length of illness 12.4 years, PSP total score 54.3. The final model was a significant predictor of real-world functioning [F(7, 131) = 36.371, p &lt; 0.001] and explained 66.0% of the variance. Variables retained in the model: BNSS-Sp abulia, asociality, and blunted affect, PANSS general psychopathology, Sp-UPSA transportation, TMT-B, and heart rate.Conclusion: Our model will contribute to a more efficient and personalized daily clinical practice by assigning specific interventions to each patient based on specific impaired factors in order to improve functioning.
Study Protocol of a School-Based Randomized Controlled Trial to Promote Cycling to School Among Students in Germany Using Intervention Mapping: The ACTS Project
Authors: Schönbach Dorothea M. I. , Chillón Palma , Marques Adilson , Peralta Miguel , Demetriou Yolanda 
Published: August 2021

Background: Despite a high rate of bicycle ownership, the prevalence of cycling to school among children and adolescents in Germany has been constantly low. Cycling to school can contribute to meeting the physical activity recommendations, which the majority of children and adolescents in Germany do not meet.Methods: By using intervention mapping, this study protocol describes the systematic planning process of a school-based intervention in Germany aimed to increase the number of days on which students cycle to school and to increase their physical activity levels. To make sure that the intervention will match the needs of students, we conducted a concept mapping study investigating what students need to cycle to school, as perceived by students, parents, and teachers. The logic model of change was based on an integration of the self–determination theory and the social–ecological model. We structured our intervention as two phases, a preparatory phase with weekly components for and a practical phase with a daily repeated component of the targeted behavior. In the 8-week preparatory phase, teachers, parents, and peers will be involved. The content of the 12-week practical phase will involve peers only and was considered promising based on the findings from a systematic review that we conducted to identify the effective strategies of school-based interventions to promote cycling to school among children and adolescents. Overall, our intervention includes 27 behavior change techniques. A researcher, student assistants, teachers, and other collaborators will implement the intervention; a whole-of-school approach with components performed before, during, and after school was chosen. As a study design, we decided to draft a two-arm three-level cluster randomized controlled trial. Both the effect and process evaluation were prepared. In the first instance, approximately 250 students of 12–15 years of age from grade 7 or 8, who attend a secondary school of intermediate or high educational level located in (sub)urban regions in Southern Germany, will pilot the intervention.Discussion: We expect to provide an effective and sustainable intervention for students, which gives insights into the mechanisms of change concerning the behavior of cycling to school and its influence on physical activity levels.
Polyphenols Content and In Vitro α-Glycosidase Activity of Different Italian Monofloral Honeys, and Their Effect on Selected Pathogenic and Probiotic Bacteria
Authors: Fratianni Florinda , Ombra Maria Neve , d’Acierno Antonio , Caputo Lucia , Amato Giuseppe , De Feo Vincenzo , Coppola Raffaele , Nazzaro Filomena 
Published: August 2021

We evaluated the polyphenol content and the α-glucosidase activity exhibited by different monofloral honeys of Italian origin. Their capacity to act on different pathogenic (Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus) as well as probiotic bacteria (Lacticaseibacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus gasseri, and Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus) was also assessed. Total polyphenols varied between 110.46 μg/g of fresh product (rhododendron honey) and 552.29 μg/g of fresh product (strawberry tree honey). Such result did not correspond to a parallel inhibitory α-glycosidase activity that, in each case was never higher than 33 μg/mL. Honeys were differently capable to fight the biofilm formation of the pathogens (inhibition up to 93.27%); they inhibited the in vitro adhesive process (inhibition up to 84.27%), and acted on mature biofilm (with values up to 76.64%). Their effect on bacterial metabolism was different too. Honeys were ineffective to inhibit E. coli mature biofilm nor to act on its metabolism. The action of the honey on probiotic strains seemed almost always stimulate their growth. Thus, these monofloral honeys might exhibit effects on human health and act positively as prebiotics.
Implementation of Mini-FLOTAC in Routine Diagnosis of Coccidia and Helminth Infections in Domestic and Exotic Birds
Authors: Lozano João , Almeida Cristina , Victório Ana Cláudia , Melo Pedro , Rodrigues João Paulo , Rinaldi Laura , Cringoli Giuseppe , Gomes Lídia , Oliveira Manuela , Paz-Silva Adolfo , Madeira de Carvalho Luís 
Published: August 2021

Mini-FLOTAC (MF) has recently been proposed for the fecal quantification of gastrointestinal (GI) parasites in birds due to its higher sensitivity and precision in comparison with the McMaster method. The current research aimed to test the use of MF in routine diagnosis of coccidia and helminth infections in several domestic and exotic bird collections in Portugal. Between July 2020 and April 2021, a total of 142 fecal samples from organic layers, peacocks and ratites were collected in four Portuguese bird collections and processed using MF and fecal cultures to identify and calculate GI parasite shedding and prevalence. The McMaster method was also used to compare the shedding levels obtained for both quantitative techniques. MF’s relative sensitivity and specificity were also assessed, using McMaster as the reference technique. The implementation of MF resulted in an average Eimeria spp. shedding higher in peacocks from bird collection 2 (502 OPG), followed by peacocks from collection 1 (107 OPG) and organic layers (24 OPG) and peacocks from collection 3 (9 OPG). Peacocks were also positive for Capillaria spp., Trichostrongylus tenuis and Strongyloides pavonis, whereas ostriches and emus were infected by L. douglassii. The MF protocol for exotic animals and the McMaster method did not differ significantly for each parasitic agent and bird species, and MF achieved relative sensitivities and specificities higher than 70% for Galliform Eimeria spp., peacock helminths and ratites’ L. douglassii infections. Higher L. douglassii EPG values were identified using the MF protocol for exotic species (2 g of feces/38 mL of sucrose solution), followed by McMaster 2/28, MF 5/45 and MF 2/18. The use of MF allowed for obtaining different intestinal parasitic populations in several bird species and locations, and MF 2/38 is globally proposed as the most suitable protocol for bird fecal samples as an alternative to the McMaster method in the diagnosis of avian intestinal parasitic infections.
Implementación de un programa piloto “Escuela Segura” en la Universidad Tecnológica del Valle de Toluca
Authors: Rivera-Ramírez Fabiola , Torres-Hamdan Yamel Zabdi , Duarte-Troche María Del Carmen , García-Aguilar Marco Antonio 
Published: August 2021

Los desastres naturales y la violencia se han incrementado en el mundo, siendo la comunidad universitaria vulnerable a estas dos condiciones. Una manera de proteger y salvaguardar a los jóvenes es la educación en temas de emergencias y gestión integral del riesgo.
Se trata de un estudio cuasiexperimental, descriptivo y transversal con el objetivo de realizar un estudio piloto del programa “Escuela Segura” en la comunidad estudiantil de la Universidad del Valle de Toluca utilizando como herramienta videos de diversos temas de emergencias y gestión integral del riesgo en formato Pecha-Kucha. Se capacitaron 393 estudiantes de las diferentes carreras de la universidad, y se compararon los promedios obtenidos pre y post capacitación mediante la U de Mann-Whitney y entre carreras con la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis.
Todas las carreras que se imparten en esta casa de estudios mostraron una diferencia significativa en el conocimiento pre y post capacitación, con 7.28 ± 1.41 y 8.56 ± 1.02, respectivamente (p < 0.001). La carrera que más aprendió fue la de Mecatrónica y la de Mantenimiento Industrial.
La educación en primeros auxilios y en gestión integral del riesgo debería ser universal y para todos los niveles de educación. El programa piloto Escuela segura, dirigido a la enseñanza de estos mediante la técnica Pecha-kucha, permite que los estudiantes universitarios adquieran los conocimientos y se generé la confianza y seguridad para dar un tratamiento inicial mientras el servicio de atención prehospitalaria acude a atender la emergencia. Por otra parte, saber que hacer antes, durante y después de un desastre beneficia a la comunidad tanto universitaria como en su entorno a construir ciudades resilientes, además de ser ellos, portadores y replicadores del mismo.
Sonbahar ve ilkbahar ekimlerinin haşhaşın (Papaver somniferum L.) verim ve morfin içeriği üzerine etkisi
Authors: Ayhan Aytuğ Emrah , Yıldırım Mehmet Uğur 
Published: August 2021

Amaç: Bu çalışma, Uşak ili ekolojik şartlarında sonbahar ve ilkbahar alternatif ekim zamanlarının haşhaşın (Papaver somniferum L.) verim ve verim kriterlerine etkisinin belirlenmesi amacıyla 2017/2018 ve 2018/2019 üretim yıllarında Uşak İli Koyunbeyli köyünde, çiftçi tarlasında iki yıllık olarak yürütülmüştür.Yöntem ve Bulgular: Çalışmada, “Ofis 3” haşhaş çeşidi materyal olarak kullanılmıştır. Deneme, tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre, üç tekerrürlü olarak kurulmuştur. Çalışmada, bitki boyu, bitki başına kapsül sayısı, kapsül boyu, kapsül eni, kapsül verimi, tohum verimi ve morfin oranı incelenmiştir. Morfin oranı (%) dışında incelenen diğer tüm özelliklerde her iki yılda da sonbahar ekiminde en yüksek değerler elde edilmiştir. Sonbahar ekimine alternatif olarak düşünülen şubat başında ve ortasında yapılan ilkbahar ekimlerinde morfin oranları yüksek çıkmış ancak ölçümü yapılan diğer karakterlerin(bitki boyu, bitki başına kapsül sayısı, kapsül boyu ve eni, kapsül verimi, tohum verimi) yüksek oranda olumsuz etkilendikleri tespit edilmiştir. Mart başı ve ortasında yapılan ekimlerde ise verim alınamamıştır. Haşhaş kapsüllerindeki morfin oranı sonbahar ekiminde %1.07-1.17, ilkbahar ekiminde %1.29-1.46 arasında değişim göstermiştir. Her iki yıl da elde edilen kapsül verimi ve tohum verimi sonbahar ekiminde sırası ile 105.28-107.11 ve 112.61-116.78 kg da-1, ilkbaharda ekiminde sırası ile 17.55-21.67 ve 15.10-15.77 kg da-1 bulunmuştur.Genel Yorum: Çalışmada, sonbahar ekimine alternatif olabilecek ekim döneminin 1 Şubat ile 15 Şubat tarihleri arasında olabileceği, ancak belirtilen tarihlerdeki verim ve verim kriterlerinin sonbahar ekimine göre belirgin bir şekilde daha düşük olduğu tespit edilmiştir.Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Meteorolojik parametrelerin ortalama iklim değerlerinden sapma göstermesi her iki yılda da özellikle de ilkbahar ekiminde haşhaş gelişimini ciddi oranda olumsuz etkilemiştir. İlerleyen yıllarda küresel ısınmanın etkilerini daha fazla göreceğimiz düşünüldüğünde haşhaşın yalnızca sonbaharda ekimi tavsiye edilebilir.
The Lightweaver Framework for Nonlocal Thermal Equilibrium Radiative Transfer in Python
Authors: Osborne Christopher M. J. , Milić Ivan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Tools for computing detailed optically thick spectral line profiles out of local thermodynamic equilibrium have always been focused on speed, due to the large computational effort involved. With the Lightweaver framework, we have produced a more flexible, modular toolkit for building custom tools in a high-level language, Python, without sacrificing speed against the current state of the art. The goal of providing a more flexible method for constructing these complex simulations is to decrease the barrier to entry and allow more rapid exploration of the field. In this paper we present an overview of the theory of optically thick nonlocal thermodynamic equilibrium radiative transfer, the numerical methods implemented in Lightweaver including the problems of time-dependent populations and charge-conservation, as well as an overview of the components most users will interact with, to demonstrate their flexibility.
Scaling of Turbulent Viscosity and Resistivity: Extracting a Scale-dependent Turbulent Magnetic Prandtl Number
Authors: Bian Xin , Shang Jessica K. , Blackman Eric G. , Collins Gilbert W. , Aluie Hussein 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Turbulent viscosity ν

t
and resistivity η

t
are perhaps the simplest models for turbulent transport of angular momentum and magnetic fields, respectively. The associated turbulent magnetic Prandtl number Pr
t
≡ ν

t
/η

t
has been well recognized to determine the final magnetic configuration of accretion disks. Here, we present an approach to determining these “effective transport” coefficients acting at different length scales using coarse-graining and recent results on decoupled kinetic and magnetic energy cascades. By analyzing the kinetic and magnetic energy cascades from a suite of high-resolution simulations, we show that our definitions of ν

t
, η

t
, and Pr
t
have power-law scalings in the “decoupled range.” We observe that Pr
t
≈ 1–2 at the smallest inertial-inductive scales, increasing to ≈5 at the largest scales. However, based on physical considerations, our analysis suggests that Pr
t
has to become scale independent and of order unity in the decoupled range at sufficiently high Reynolds numbers (or grid resolution) and that the power-law scaling exponents of velocity and magnetic spectra become equal. In addition to implications for astrophysical systems, the scale-dependent turbulent transport coefficients offer a guide for large-eddy simulation modeling.