bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new, fluorescence-based method for visualizing the pseudopupil and assessing optical acuity in the dark compound eyes of honeybees and other insects
Authors: Rigosi Elisa , Warrant Eric J. , O’Carroll David C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRecent interest in applying novel imaging techniques to infer optical resolution in compound eyes underscores the difficulty of obtaining direct measures of acuity. A widely used technique exploits the principal pseudopupil, a dark spot on the eye surface representing the ommatidial gaze direction and the number of detector units (ommatidia) viewing that gaze direction. However, dark-pigmented eyes, like those of honeybees, lack a visible pseudopupil. Attempts over almost a century to estimate optical acuity in this species are still debated. Here, we developed a method to visualize a stable, reliable pseudopupil by staining the photoreceptors with fluorescent dyes. We validated this method in several species and found it to outperform the dark pseudopupil for this purpose, even in pale eyes, allowing more precise location of the gaze centre. We then applied this method to estimate the sampling resolution in the frontal part of the eye of the honeybee forager. We found a broad frontal acute zone with interommatidial angles below 2° and a minimum interommatidial angle of 1.3°, a broader, sharper frontal acute zone than previously reported. Our study provides a new method to directly measure the sampling resolution in most compound eyes of living animals.
Age-related changes to triceps surae muscle-subtendon interaction dynamics during walking
Authors: Clark William H. , Franz Jason R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPush-off intensity is largely governed by the forces generated by the triceps surae (TS) muscles (gastrocnemius-GAS, soleus-SOL). During walking, the TS muscles undergo different fascicle kinematics and contribute differently to biomechanical subtasks. These differences may be facilitated by the Achilles tendon (AT), which is comprised of subtendons that originate from the TS muscles. We and others have revealed non-uniform displacement patterns within the AT—evidence for sliding between subtendons that may facilitate independent muscle actuation. However, in older adults, we have observed more uniform AT tissue displacements that correlate with reduced push-off intensity. Here, we employed dual-probe ultrasound imaging to investigate TS muscle length change heterogeneity (GAS–SOL) as a determinant of reduced push-off intensity in older adults. Compared to young, older adults walked with more uniform AT tissue displacements and reduced TS muscle length change heterogeneity. These muscle-level differences appeared to negatively impact push-off intensity—evidenced by between-group differences in the extent to which TS muscle length change heterogeneity correlates with mechanical output across walking tasks. Our findings suggest that the capacity for sliding between subtendons may facilitate independent TS muscle actuation in young adults but may restrict that actuation in older adults, likely contributing to reduced push-off intensity.
Contribution of historical herbarium small RNAs to the reconstruction of a cassava mosaic geminivirus evolutionary history
Authors: Rieux Adrien , Campos Paola , Duvermy Arnaud , Scussel Sarah , Martin Darren , Gaudeul Myriam , Lefeuvre Pierre , Becker Nathalie , Lett Jean-Michel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEmerging viral diseases of plants are recognised as a growing threat to global food security. However, little is known about the evolutionary processes and ecological factors underlying the emergence and success of viruses that have caused past epidemics. With technological advances in the field of ancient genomics, it is now possible to sequence historical genomes to provide a better understanding of viral plant disease emergence and pathogen evolutionary history. In this context, herbarium specimens represent a valuable source of dated and preserved material. We report here the first historical genome of a crop pathogen DNA virus, a 90-year-old African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV), reconstructed from small RNA sequences bearing hallmarks of small interfering RNAs. Relative to tip-calibrated dating inferences using only modern data, those performed with the historical genome yielded both molecular evolution rate estimates that were significantly lower, and lineage divergence times that were significantly older. Crucially, divergence times estimated without the historical genome appeared in discordance with both historical disease reports and the existence of the historical genome itself. In conclusion, our study reports an updated time-frame for the history and evolution of ACMV and illustrates how the study of crop viral diseases could benefit from natural history collections.
TKGWV2: an ancient DNA relatedness pipeline for ultra-low coverage whole genome shotgun data
Authors: Fernandes Daniel M. , Cheronet Olivia , Gelabert Pere , Pinhasi Ron 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEstimation of genetically related individuals is playing an increasingly important role in the ancient DNA field. In recent years, the numbers of sequenced individuals from single sites have been increasing, reflecting a growing interest in understanding the familial and social organisation of ancient populations. Although a few different methods have been specifically developed for ancient DNA, namely to tackle issues such as low-coverage homozygous data, they require a 0.1–1× minimum average genomic coverage per analysed pair of individuals. Here we present an updated version of a method that enables estimates of 1st and 2nd-degrees of relatedness with as little as 0.026× average coverage, or around 18,000 SNPs from 1.3 million aligned reads per sample with average length of 62 bp—four times less data than 0.1× coverage at similar read lengths. By using simulated data to estimate false positive error rates, we further show that a threshold even as low as 0.012×, or around 4000 SNPs from 600,000 reads, will always show 1st-degree relationships as related. Lastly, by applying this method to published data, we are able to identify previously undocumented relationships using individuals that had been excluded from prior kinship analysis due to their very low coverage. This methodological improvement has the potential to enable relatedness estimation on ancient whole genome shotgun data during routine low-coverage screening, and therefore improve project management when decisions need to be made on which individuals are to be further sequenced.
Co-infection of SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus causes more severe and prolonged pneumonia in hamsters
Authors: Kinoshita Takaaki , Watanabe Kenichi , Sakurai Yasuteru , Nishi Kodai , Yoshikawa Rokusuke , Yasuda Jiro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is currently a serious public health concern worldwide. Notably, co-infection with other pathogens may worsen the severity of COVID-19 symptoms and increase fatality. Here, we show that co-infection with influenza A virus (IAV) causes more severe body weight loss and more severe and prolonged pneumonia in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters. Each virus can efficiently spread in the lungs without interference by the other. However, in immunohistochemical analyses, SARS-CoV-2 and IAV were not detected at the same sites in the respiratory organs of co-infected hamsters, suggesting that either the two viruses may have different cell tropisms in vivo or each virus may inhibit the infection and/or growth of the other within a cell or adjacent areas in the organs. Furthermore, a significant increase in IL-6 was detected in the sera of hamsters co-infected with SARS-CoV-2 and IAV at 7 and 10 days post-infection, suggesting that IL-6 may be involved in the increased severity of pneumonia. Our results strongly suggest that IAV co-infection with SARS-CoV-2 can have serious health risks and increased caution should be applied in such cases.
Strange invaders increase disturbance and promote generalists in an evolving food web
Authors: Morris Jonathan R. , Allhoff Korinna T. , Valdovinos Fernanda S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe patterns of diet specialization in food webs determine community structure, stability, and function. While specialists are often thought to evolve due to greater efficiency, generalists should have an advantage in systems with high levels of variability. Here we test the generalist-disturbance hypothesis using a dynamic, evolutionary food web model. Species occur along a body size axis with three traits (body size, feeding center, feeding range) that evolve independently and determine interaction strengths. Communities are assembled via ecological and evolutionary processes, where species biomass and persistence are driven by a bioenergetics model. New species are introduced either as mutants similar to parent species in the community or as invaders, with dissimilar traits. We introduced variation into communities by increasing the dissimilarity of invading species across simulations. We found that strange invaders increased the variability of communities which increased both the degree of generalism and the relative persistence of generalist species, indicating that invasion disturbance promotes the evolution of generalist species in food webs.
Worker-dependent gut symbiosis in an ant
Authors: Shimoji Hiroyuki , Itoh Hideomi , Matsuura Yu , Yamashita Rio , Hori Tomoyuki , Hojo Masaru K , Kikuchi Yoshitomo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The hallmark of eusocial insects, honeybees, ants, and termites, is division of labor between reproductive and non-reproductive worker castes. In addition, environmental adaption and ecological dominance are also underpinned by symbiotic associations with beneficial microorganisms. Microbial symbionts are generally considered to be maintained in an insect colony in two alternative ways: shared among all colony members or inherited only by a specific caste. Especially in ants, the reproductive caste plays a crucial role in transmission of the symbionts shared among colony members over generations. Here, we report an exceptional case, the worker-dependent microbiota in an ant, Diacamma cf. indicum from Japan. By collecting almost all the individuals from 22 colonies in the field, we revealed that microbiota of workers is characterized by a single dominant bacterium localized at the hindgut. The bacterium belonging to an unclassified member within the phylum Firmicutes, which is scarce or mostly absent in the reproductive castes. Furthermore, we show that the gut symbiont is acquired at the adult stage. Collectively, our findings strongly suggest that the specific symbiont is maintained by only workers, demonstrating a novel pattern of ant-associated bacterial symbiosis, and thus further our understanding of host-microbe interactions in the light of sociobiology.
Exploring cyclohexane/piperazine-urea motifs for spherical halide (X = Cl−/Br−) recognition: effects on anion coordination, photoluminescence, and morphological tunability
Authors: Basak Megha , Das Asesh , Das Gopal 
Published: October 2021

Two bis-urea receptors bearing aromatic meta-substituted electron-withdrawing groups demonstrated halide-coordination-triggered self-assemblies with contrasting coordination numbers and variation in morphology.
The Acquisition of Acoustic Cues to Onset and Coda Voicing Contrasts by Preschoolers With Hearing Loss
Authors: Bruggeman Laurence , Millasseau Julien , Yuen Ivan , Demuth Katherine 
Published: October 2021

Purpose:

Children with hearing loss (HL), including those with hearing aids (HAs) and cochlear implants (CIs), often have difficulties contrasting words like “

b

each
” versus “

p

each
” and “
do

g

” versus “
do

ck

” due to challenges producing systematic voicing contrasts. Even when acoustic contrasts are present, these may not be perceived as such by others. This can cause miscommunication, leading to poor self-esteem and social isolation. Acoustic evidence is therefore needed to determine if these children have established distinct voicing categories before entering school and if misperceptions are due to a lack of phonological representations or due to a still-maturing implementation system. The findings should help inform more effective early intervention.

Method:
Participants included 14 children with HL (eight HA users, five CI users, and one bimodal) and 20 with normal hearing, all English-speaking preschoolers. In an elicited imitation task, they produced consonant–vowel–consonant minimal pair words that contrasted voicing in word-initial (onset) or word-final (coda) position at all three places of articulation (PoAs).

Results:
Overall, children with HL showed acoustically distinct voicing categories for both onsets and codas at all three PoAs. Contrasts were less systematic for codas than for onsets, as also confirmed by adults' perceptual ratings.

Conclusions:
Preschoolers with HL produce acoustic differences for voiced versus voiceless onsets and codas, indicating distinct phonological representations for both. Nonetheless, codas were less accurately perceived by adult raters, especially when produced by CI users. This suggests a protracted development of the phonetic implementation of codas, where CI users, in particular, may benefit from targeted intervention.
Assessment and analysis of the state management of labor resources as a factor in the development of the mining industry in the region
Authors: Zaruba Natalia , Wolfson Eduard , Vostrikov Konstantin , Nikiforova Olga , Sedelnikova Elena 
Published: October 2021

The subject of the research in this article is to identify the role and importance of public management of labor resources in the region as a factor in the development of the mining industry by improving the level of professionalism of specialists who evaluate and analyze the labor resources of the mining industry. The purpose of the study is to prepare proposals aimed at implementing effective management of the mining industry's labor resources based on the use of modern methods of assessment and analysis. Research methods. The study used comparative and institutional approaches, as well as empirical methods – methods of observation and comparison. Research materials. In the preparation of the scientific article, statistical data were used to characterize the movement of labor and the use of working time, as well as working conditions and the level of injuries in the mining region of the Kemerovo region – Kuzbass. The analysis and eval-uation of the published data were carried out in the study in order to identify management reserves based on the evaluation and analysis of the data obtained. The results obtained can contribute to improving the performance of mining enterprises in attracting qualified personnel and effective management of labor resources. The study shows that only a scientific approach to the application of the functions of management, evaluation and analysis of public management of human resources could be considered as a factor in the development of the mining industry, which requires research attention, since problems can be solved only on the basis of their identification. As such, we have identified an underestimation of the role and importance of a comprehensive analysis and assessment of the problems of public management of human resources in the mining industry. The study showed that the system of human resources management in the mining industry in order to assess and analyze them on the basis of an integrated approach requires the organization and implementation of research related to the identification of correlations of key elements of the management system. The problem of reducing number of trained specialists and the professionalism of personnel remains a well-known problem in the mining industry in the Kemerovo region.
The results of our research were discussed at annual scientific conferences devoted to topical issues of public administration development, including in the mining industry, with the involvement of officials of relevant structures of regional government bodies. In conclusion, it could be noted that the obtained intermediate scientific results of human resource management in the mining sector will significantly contribute to the timely introduction of modern and effective technologies into the practice of public administration.
Functional outcome and health-related quality of life following ipsilateral femoral and acetabular fractures: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Hammad Abdullah Said , Rashed Ramy Ahmed , Abu-Sheasha Ghada , El-Bakoury Ahmed 
Published: October 2021

Introduction: The combination of ipsilateral femoral and acetabular fractures is known in the literature as the “Floating hip injury”. The primary aim of this study is to assess both generic and specific patient-reported outcomes and the factors affecting the quality of life in patients sustaining this injury, while the secondary aim was to assess the injury patterns and the associated complications.Methods: A retrospective study including 27 patients according to specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. EQ5D5L and Oxford hip score (OHS) were used. The mean age was 28 years (±10.1SD) and 21 patients (77.8%) were males. The mean follow-up was 7 years (± 3.1 yearsSD).Results: Median OHS was 46.5 (IQR: 31.5–48). The median EQ5D score was 0.919 (95% CI: 0.601–1). The mean EQ5D index value was 0.679 ± 0.442 (95% CI: 0.492–0.865). In this young cohort of patients, this drop in the mean EQ5D index value has led to a loss of a mean of 2.2 Quality-adjusted Life Years (QALYs). Through multivariate analysis, we found that the quality of life was mainly affected by the occurrence of end-stage arthritis, the presence of non-recovered traumatic sciatic nerve injury, and the occurrence of infection.Conclusions: Our findings show that the quality of life of those patients was significantly affected. These findings can be beneficial in counselling patients sustaining this complex injury and could be helpful in the discussion of the prognosis and in planning postoperative rehabilitation and support.
Umgang mit COVID-19-Ausbruchssituation auf einer nicht invasiven Beatmungsstation
Authors: Schellenberg Mavi , Müller Michael M. 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungPatienten mit COPD haben ein erhöhtes Risiko für schwerwiegende Verläufe einer COVID-19-Erkrankung. Der Ausbruch von COVID-19 auf einer Station für nicht invasive Beatmung (NIV) zeigte darüber hinaus eine hohe Mortalität (32 %) unter COPD-Patienten mit NIV sowie Hinweise für eine verstärkte Infektionsübertragung durch die eingesetzten Therapiegeräte. Maßnahmen zur Prophylaxe und Eindämmung von COVID-19-Infektionen im stationären Setting werden hier aufgeführt.
Herausforderung gastrointestinale Stromatumoren
Authors: Kolligs Frank T. , Reichardt Peter 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungGastrointestinale Stromatumoren sind die häufigsten mesenchymalen Neoplasien des Verdauungstraktes. In lokalisierten Stadien erfolgt eine chirurgische Resektion, je nach Größe und Risikokonstellation begleitet durch eine adjuvante oder neoadjuvante Therapie. Für das metastasierte Stadium stehen heute mehrere Therapielinien zur Verfügung. Die Mutationsanalyse aus dem Tumormaterial ist für die Therapieplanung von zentraler Bedeutung.
A Flexible Approach to the Synthesis of Type II and III Lepadin Alkaloids
Authors: Chen Xiaochuan , Hu Yue , Gu He , Jia Yuanliang , Luo Guiyin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA flexible approach to both type II and III lepadin alkaloids is developed for the first time. A key Diels–Alder reaction based on a novel chiral ketolactone dienophile is employed to obtain the desirable all-cis-trisubstituted cyclohexene with excellent regio- and stereoselectivity. As the subsequent closure of the piperidine ring is devised at the N1 and C2 position via an intramolecular nucleophilic amination, the two stereochemical types of lepadin frameworks with the opposite configuration at C2 can be conveniently accessible from a common intermediate. By the approach, lepadins D, E (type II) and F (type III) are stereo­selectively synthesized from ethyl l-lactate.
Mild Biamidine-Transfer Conditions for the Synthesis of Aliphatic Biguanides
Authors: Bardovskyi Rostyslav , Fabre Marie , Ronco Cyril , Benhida Rachid 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study focuses on the development of new synthetic pathways to monosubstituted biguanides from amines. An exhaustive comparison of the conditions and reagents used for biamidine transfer was performed. New reagents were synthesized and optimized conditions for the synthesis of substituted biguanides under mild conditions were developed. Eventually, two high-yielding and straightforward protocols for the transfer of a biamidine group to various amines are proposed and their scope and limitations have been explored. These conditions include: i) a direct chromatography-free procedure and ii) an eco-friendly procedure in water compatible with bioinspired molecules. They are particularly efficient for the demanding conversion of aliphatic amines.
Base-Mediated Site-Selective Hydroamination of Alkenes
Authors: Li Ping , Lee Boon Chong , Koh Ming Joo , Zhang Xiaoxiang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe present a base-mediated hydroamination protocol, using substoichiometric amounts of a hydrosilane and potassium tert-butoxide­, that operates under mild conditions at 30 °C. Many aryl- and heteroatom-substituted olefins as well as arylamines are tolerated, affording the desired products with complete regioselectivity. Preliminary mechanistic investigations reveal a non-radical pathway for hydroamination. A sequential remote hydroamination strategy involving an initial Fe-catalysed olefin isomerisation followed by our base-mediated hydroamination was also developed to directly access β-arylamines from terminal aliphatic alkenes.
The Role of Perinatal Palliative Care in Fetal Neurology
Authors: Rent Sharla , Lemmon Monica E. , Ellestad Sarah , Bidegain Margarita 
Published: October 2021

Objectives Many serious or life-threatening neurologic conditions are first diagnosed during the fetal period, often following a routine ultrasound or sonographic evaluation after an abnormal aneuploidy screen. Such conditions represent a worrisome or unexpected finding for expectant parents, making the perinatal period a critical time point to engage and empower families encountering complex neurologic clinical scenarios. This review covers the role of perinatal palliative care in these settings.
Study Design This study is a topical review
Results The prenatal identification of structural abnormalities of the brain or spinal cord, radiographic signs of hemorrhage or ischemic injury, or evidence of genetic or metabolic conditions should prompt involvement of a fetal palliative care team. The inherent prognostic uncertainty is challenging for prenatally diagnosed neurologic conditions which have difficult to predict short and long-term outcomes. While many of these conditions lead to the birth of an infant with neurodevelopmental challenges, few result in in utero demise. Palliative care beginning in the perinatal period provides an additional layer of support for families navigating complex decision-making during their pregnancy and provides continuity of care into the newborn period. Palliative care principles can help guide discussions around genetic and other diagnostic testing, fetal surgery, and birth planning. A multidisciplinary team can help support families with decision-making and through bereavement care in the setting of fetal or neonatal death.
Conclusion Early palliative care team involvement can provide a more holistic approach to counseling, facilitate planning, and ensure that a family's goals and wishes are acknowledged throughout an infant's care trajectory.
Key Points