bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The initial impact of COVID‐19 on Australasian sonographers part 2: Changes to sonographic examination protocols and access to personal protective equipment
Authors: Childs Jessie , Maranna Sandhya , Osborne Brooke , Lamb Kathryn , Esterman Adrian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionCOVID‐19 brought with it the requirement for healthcare workers to limit community transmission of the virus as much as possible by limiting patient contact and wearing Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). This study aimed to capture the initial adaptations to sonographic examination protocols within ultrasound departments and sonographer access to PPE.MethodsAn online survey was used to gather data on sonographer reflections of sonographic examination protocol changes seen in their departments and access to PPE between the 11th of March 2020 and the 14th of June 2020.ResultsTo reduce the time sonographers spent with the patients and hence reduce the risk of exposure to COVID‐19, sonographers reported adjustments to sonographic examination protocols including their duration and scheduling. Access to PPE was reported as poor.ConclusionNumerous sonographic examination protocol changes were observed within ultrasound departments in Australasia in the initial response to COVID‐19. Access to PPE was varied along with sonographer feelings around the impact of these changes.
Correlation does not imply agreement: A cautionary tale for researchers and reviewers
Authors: Edwards Christopher , Allen Heather , Chamunyonga Crispen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSonography researchers are often confronted with questions concerning the relationship between measurements acquired in clinical practice. This educational commentary provides clarity on the definition of the terms correlation and agreement. We discuss the statistical tests used to assess correlation and outline some common pitfalls authors fall into when reporting these. We provide examples of the inaccurate use of these tests in the sonography literature and recommend better alternatives for assessing agreement. This review will benefit authors embarking on studies comparing measurements and reviewers considering manuscripts to ensure the methodology used is sufficient to justify the claims. The authors also provide plots created in the R statistical software package, and the supplementary data file supplied can be used and adapted for those wishing to perform similar statistical tests.
Untangling pop: A systems theoretical approach
Authors: Heidingsfelder Markus 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe current scholarly analysis of pop continues to operate within the framework of a power theory that ascribes the subject of investigation a political function. This text seeks an alternative explanation of the phenomenon by assigning pop its own (exclusive) social function. Pop is understood as a self‐substitutive unit, which qualifies it for the status of a function system. The basic structures typical for systems can be demonstrated: function, medium, code, various programmes, the specific communicative operation as well as its reflexive function, and so forth. The present text examines four additional structural elements which Luhmann designates as characteristic of function systems—secondary code, side code, contingency formula and zero methodology—to further refine the concept. Findings: Pop has many features that are characteristic of function systems. It is anything but a sphere of disorder, but has a definite infrastructure.
Selectivity enhancement for the separation of shape‐constrained isomers by particle size‐derived molecular ordering and density in reversed‐phase liquid chromatography
Authors: Mallik Abul K. , Noguchi Hiroki , Rahman Mohammed Mizanur , Takafuji Makoto , Ihara Hirotaka 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to describe the enhancement of molecular‐shape selectivity and grafted polymer characteristics by altering the particle size, pore size, and polymer chains of polymer‐silica hybrid materials used in reversed‐phase liquid chromatography. The poly(octadecyl acrylate‐alt‐N‐octadecylmaleimide)‐grafted silica hybrid materials were prepared with 3 and 5 μm particle size silica, respectively. The alternating copolymerisations were conducted with 3‐mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane‐modified silica via surface‐initiated radical chain transfer reactions. The polymer‐silica hybrid materials were characterised by elemental analyses, diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy, solid‐state 13C and 29Si cross‐polarisation–magic‐angle spinning and suspended‐state 1H NMR spectroscopy. The NMR spectroscopy results revealed that the alkyl chains of 3 μm particle size phase are more ordered than those of 5 μm particle size phase at lower temperatures and vice versa at higher temperatures. After detailed characterisation, the hybrid materials were packed into a stainless‐steel column, and their chromatographic performance with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons was compared. Regardless of the grafting‐density, ordering of the alkyl chains, and column temperature, differences in molecular‐planarity selectivity molecular‐linearity were observed. Aspects of molecular‐shape selectivity were also evaluated using the standard reference material for priority pollutant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Seismic performance of circular hollow concrete columns
Authors: Liang Xiao , Du Chunyu , Zhao Bo , Li Zhongxian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFour circular hollow reinforced concrete columns were tested under quasi‐static reversed lateral loading to investigate their seismic performance. The effects of the wall thickness ratio and confinement configuration on their seismic performance were studied, and the applicability of seismic ductility design requirements on circular hollow concrete columns was examined. The test results showed that circular hollow concrete columns with a single layer of transverse reinforcement presented limited ductility, and their displacement ductility improved as the wall thickness ratio increased. Two layers of transverse reinforcement with crossties allowed circular hollow concrete columns to present excellent seismic performance. However, the column designed with a smaller amount of inner transverse reinforcement presented a better response than the as‐built column with equal amounts of inner and outer transverse reinforcement. In addition, the widely used seismic design requirements on the volumetric ratio of transverse reinforcement seem to be conservative for the ductile design of circular hollow concrete columns.
A Historically Responsive Literacy Model for Reading and Mathematics
Authors: Muhammad Gholnecsar E. , Ortiz Nickolaus A. , Neville Mary L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAccording to data from the National Assessment of Educational Progress, or NAEP, the U.S. educational system has consistently failed Black and Brown children across both reading and mathematics. Educational research has further uncovered the ways that reading and mathematics assessment and curriculum are often biased and culturally and linguistically unresponsive. In this article, we examine traditional reading and mathematics research to determine how Black and Brown children might be better served through historically responsive literacy. We delineate the Historically Responsive Literacy model and its five learning pursuits of identity, skills, intellect, criticality, and joy. Finally, we provide three historically responsive lessons across kindergarten, third, and sixth grade reading and mathematics. It is our hope that this work may help teachers refuse ahistorical curricular frameworks in order to better center our students’ reading and mathematics education within the pursuits of intellect, skills, identity, criticality, and joy.
Comparison ofMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosisinfection in cattle, sheep and goats in the Khuzestan Province of Iran: Results of a preliminary survey
Authors: Pourmahdi Borujeni Mahdi , Haji Hajikolaei Mohammad Rahim , Ghorbanpoor Masoud , Elhaei Sahar Hamzeh , Bagheri Saeed , Roveyshedzadeh Sanaz 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundParatuberculosis or Johne's disease, the chronic infectious granulomatous enteritis of ruminants, is a worldwide infection, which is caused byMycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis(MAP). The most common symptoms of this disease in cattle are loss of milk production, weight loss and diarrhoea, whereas in sheep and goats, the symptoms are emaciation, anorexia and severe disability.ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the seroprevalence of MAP in cattle, sheep and goats in the southwest of Iran.MethodsBlood samples were randomly collected from 530 cattle, 568 sheep and 368 goats in southwest of Iran. Sera were tested by a commercial ELISA kit (ID vet; ID Screen® Paratuberculosis Indirect) for detection of antibodies of MAP.ResultsOverall apparent and true seroprevalence rate of MAP was 6.00% (95% CI: 4.90%–7.30%) and 13.25% (95% CI: 11.55%– 14.95%). Apparent and true seroprevalence of MAP, respectively, was 4.34% (95% CI: 3.88%–6.46%) and 9.19% (95% CI: 6.98%–11.98%) in cattle, 6.87% (95% CI: 5.05%–9.27%) and 15.37% (95% CI: 12.60%–16.60%) in sheep and 7.07% (95% CI: 4.82%–10.18%) and 15.86% (95% CI: 12.41%–20.01%) in goats, respectively. As a result, there was no significant relationship between animal species and MAP infection. Moreover, multivariate logistic regression showed that the infection rate is not associated with age, gender and geographical location in cattle, sheep and goats (P > 0.05).ConclusionThis study confirms that the seroprevalence of MAP is relatively considerable in the cattle, sheep and goats in the southwest of Iran, although in cattle, it is less than goats and sheep. Therefore, preventive and control measures should be considered by animal health authorities and meat and dairy processing units.
Host factors facilitating SARS‐CoV‐2 virus infection and replication in the lungs
Authors: Boutin Sébastien , Hildebrand Dagmar , Boulant Steeve , Kreuter Michael , Rüter Jule , Pallerla Srinivas Reddy , Velavan Thirumalaisamy P. , Nurjadi Dennis 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 is the virus causing the major pandemic facing the world today. Although, SARS-CoV-2 primarily causes lung infection, a variety of symptoms have proven a systemic impact on the body. SARS-CoV-2 has spread in the community quickly infecting humans from all age, ethnicities and gender. However, fatal outcomes have been linked to specific host factors and co-morbidities such as age, hypertension, immuno-deficiencies, chronic lung diseases or metabolic disorders. A major shift in the microbiome of patients suffering of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have also been observed and is linked to a worst outcome of the disease. As many co-morbidities are already known to be associated with a dysbiosis of the microbiome such as hypertension, diabetes and metabolic disorders. Host factors and microbiome changes are believed to be involved as a network in the acquisition of the infection and the development of the diseases. We will review in detail in this manuscript, the immune response toward SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the host factors involved in the facilitation and worsening of the infection. We will also address the impact of COVID-19 on the host’s microbiome and secondary infection which also worsen the disease.
Gesetzliches Hautkrebsscreening in Deutschland
Authors: Girbig G. , Augustin M. , Krensel M. , Andrees V. 
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Im Jahr 2008 wurde in Deutschland das gesetzliche Hautkrebsscreening (gHKS) für gesetzlich Versicherte ab 35 Jahren eingeführt. Primäres Ziel ist es, maligne Veränderungen der Haut frühzeitig zu diagnostizieren, die Mortalität zu reduzieren sowie die Morbidität und Lebensqualität zu verbessern. Obwohl das gHKS vor mehr als einer Dekade eingeführt wurde, wird dieses nur von einem Teil wahrgenommen.

Ziel der Arbeit
Welche Gründe bestehen für die geringe Teilnahmequote am gHKS in der berechtigten Normalbevölkerung?

Methodik
In computergestützten Telefoninterviews mit einer repräsentativen Bevölkerungsstichprobe (N = 1015) gesetzlich Versicherter ab 18 Jahren wurden im Januar 2019 die Einstellung zum Thema Hautkrebs, die Rate der Inanspruchnahme des gHKS sowie die Gründe für die Nichtteilnahme erhoben. Ein Teil der Daten wurde mit vorausgehenden Erhebungen aus den Jahren 2011, 2013 und 2015 verglichen.

Ergebnisse
Unter den 1015 Teilnehmern wurde das Thema Hautkrebs von 40 % als besorgniserregend eingestuft. Zum gHKS waren 75,4 % der Befragten berechtigt. Von diesen hatten 52,6 % bisher noch nie am gHKS teilgenommen. Die Inanspruchnahme nahm im Alter jedoch zu. Ferner war die Nichtteilnehmerquote bei gehobenem Schulabschluss mit 45 % deutlich niedriger als bei niedrigem Schulabschluss mit 58 %. Der Anspruch auf das gHKS war 35 % der Nichtteilnehmer nicht bekannt. Als Grund für die Nichtteilnahme nannten 20 % Zeitmangel, 58 % sahen keine Notwendigkeit, weil sie sich gesund fühlen. Generell hielten aber 91 % aller 1015 Befragten Früherkennungsuntersuchungen für sinnvoll und hatten zu 66 % bereits an anderen Vorsorgeuntersuchungen teilgenommen.

Diskussion
Die mit etwa 50 % geringe Teilnehmerquote am gHKS sowie die abnehmende Besorgnis in der Bevölkerung um das Thema Hautkrebs legen nahe, dass eine weitere, auch risikogruppenorientierte Aufklärung der Bevölkerung über die Relevanz des Themas Hautkrebs notwendig ist.
Gamma oscillations modulate working memory recall precision
Authors: Thompson Lyall , Khuc Janine , Saccani Maria Silvia , Zokaei Nahid , Cappelletti Marinella 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWorking memory (WM)—the ability to keep information in mind for short periods of time—is linked to attention and inhibitory abilities, i.e., the capacity to ignore task-irrelevant information. These abilities have been associated with brain oscillations, especially parietal gamma and alpha bands, but it is yet unknown whether these oscillations also modulate attention and inhibitory abilities. To test this, we compared parietal gamma-transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) to alpha-tACS and to a non-stimulation condition (Sham) in 51 young participants. Stimulation was coupled with a WM task probing memory-based attention and inhibitory abilities by means of probabilistic retrospective cues, including informative (valid), uninformative (invalid) and neutral. Our results show that relative to alpha and sham stimulation, parietal gamma-tACS significantly increased working memory recall precision. Additional post hoc analyses also revealed strong individual variability before and following stimulation; low-baseline performers showed no significant changes in performance following both gamma and alpha-tACS relative to sham. In contrast, in high-baseline performers gamma- (but not alpha) tACS selectively and significantly improved misbinding-feature errors as well as memory precision, particularly in uninformative (invalid) cues which rely more strongly on attentional abilities. We concluded that parietal gamma oscillations, therefore, modulate working memory recall processes, although baseline performance may further influence the effect of stimulation.
Impact of Primary Tumor Resection on Mortality in Patients with Stage IV Colorectal Cancer with Unresectable Metastases: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Kawamura Hidetaka , Ogawa Yusuke , Yamazaki Hajime , Honda Michitaka , Kono Koji , Konno Shinichi , Fukuhara Shunichi , Yamamoto Yosuke 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundPrimary tumor resection (PTR) before commencing systemic chemotherapy in patients with stage IV colorectal cancer and unresectable metastases (mCRC) remains controversial. This study aimed to assess whether PTR before systemic chemotherapy is associated with mortality in mCRC patients, after adjusting for confounding factors, such as the severity of the primary tumor and metastatic lesions.MethodsWe analyzed hospital‐based cancer registries from nine designated cancer hospitals in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. Patients were divided into two groups (PTR and non‐PTR), based on whether PTR was performed as initial therapy for mCRC or not. The primary outcome was all‐cause mortality. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis was performed, and survival estimates were compared using the log‐rank test. Adjusted hazard ratios were calculated using Cox regression to adjust for confounding factors. All tests were two‐sided; P‐values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant.ResultsBetween 2008 and 2015, 616 mCRC patients were included (PTR: 414 [67.2%]; non‐PTR: 202 [32.8%]). The median follow‐up time was 18.0 (interquartile range [IQR]: 8.4–29.7) months, and 492 patients (79.9%) died during the study period. Median overall survival in the PTR and non‐PTR groups was 23.9 (IQR: 12.2–39.9) and 12.3 (IQR: 6.2–23.8) months, respectively (P < 0.001, log‐rank test). PTR was significantly associated with improved overall survival (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.51; 95% confidence interval: 0.42–0.64, P < 0.001).ConclusionsPTR before systemic chemotherapy in patients with mCRC was associated with improved survival.
Near-term regional climate change over Bangladesh
Authors: Choi Yeon-Woo , Campbell Deborah J. , Aldridge John C. , Eltahir Elfatih A. B. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBangladesh stands out as a climate change hot spot due to its unique geography, climate, high population density, and limited adaptation capacity. Mounting evidence suggests that the country is already suffering from the effects of climate change which may get worse without aggressive action. Here, we use an ensemble of high-resolution (10 km) regional climate model simulations to project near-term change in climate extremes, mainly heat waves and intense rainfall, for the period (2021–2050). Near-term climate projections represent a valuable input for designing sound adaptation policies. Our climate projections suggest that heatwaves will become more frequent and severe in Bangladesh under the business-as-usual scenario (RCP8.5). In particular, extremes of wet-bulb temperature (a temperature and humidity metric important in evaluating humid heat stress) in the western part of Bangladesh including Bogra, Ishurdi, and Jessore are likely to exceed the extreme danger threshold (according to U.S. National Weather Service criterion), which has rarely been observed in the current climate. The return periods of extreme heat waves are also significantly shortened across the country. In addition, country-averaged rainfall is projected to increase by about 6% during the summer months, with the largest increases (above 10%) in the eastern mountainous areas, such as Sylhet and Chittagong. Meanwhile, insignificant changes in extreme rainfall are simulated. Our results suggest that Bangladesh is particularly susceptible to climate extremes in the near future, in the form of extreme heat waves over the western part of the country.
The parasitoid Aenasius arizonensis prefers its natural host but can parasitize a nonnatural host in the laboratory: an opportunity for control of a new invasive mealybug
Authors: Huang Jun , Zhi Fuying , Zhang Juan , Li Xiaowei , Lu Yaobin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe absence of natural enemies in newly invaded areas is a key factor in the successful invasion of alien species. Whether a specific parasitoid can be domesticated to attack a nonnatural host that has no reported parasitic enemies in invasive areas remains unclear. Here, we analyzed two invasive mealybugs (PSS-Phenacoccus solenopsis and PSI-Phenacoccus solani) and a specific parasitoid of P. solenopsis (Aenasius arizonensis) to verify this hypothesis under laboratory conditions. A. arizonensis preferred to parasitize PSS, but after 6 h, it also parasitized PSI female adults. The number of visits and parasitism rate was significantly higher for PSS than for PSI. However, the contact time was influenced by the natal host. The chemical volatiles emitted by the two hosts were different and may be an important factor for host choice. Offspring fitness, measured as emergence time, longevity, and hind tibia length, in those emerging from PSS was better in those emerging from PSI, but the emergence rate was higher in the latter. We supposed that A. arizonensis accepts and parasitizes low-quality hosts not because of an "incomplete" evaluation but because it may be more profitable to parasitize than not given circumstances; this may provide an opportunity for the control of a new invasive mealybug in the future.
Sex Differences in Voyeuristic and Exhibitionistic Interests: Exploring the Mediating Roles of Sociosexuality and Sexual Compulsivity from an Evolutionary Perspective
Authors: Thomas Andrew George , Stone Bridie , Bennett Paul , Stewart-Williams Steve , Kennair Leif Edward Ottesen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSociosexuality and sexual compulsivity predict sex differences in voyeuristic interest in the population. In this study, we used a sample of 1113 participants from the UK (46% men) to consider whether sociosexuality and sexual compulsivity interacted to explain these sex differences and whether this relationship extended to the related domain of exhibitionism. In doing so, we tested novel predictions derived from an evolutionary perspective which views voyeuristic and exhibitionistic interest as manifestations of a short-term mating strategy. Participants reported their levels of repulsion toward voyeurism and exhibitionism and their interest in performing such acts under different levels of risk. There were clear sex differences in voyeuristic and exhibitionistic repulsion that were partially mediated by the serial combination of sociosexuality and sexual compulsivity. Examining the sexes separately revealed qualitatively different relationships between sociosexuality and sexual compulsivity when predicting exhibitionistic, but not voyeuristic, repulsion. Combined, sociosexuality and sexual compulsivity also mediated the sex difference in willingness to commit acts of voyeurism, but not exhibitionism, which was equally low for both sexes. The results highlight the role sociosexuality plays in voyeuristic and exhibitionistic interest, which coupled with an evolutionary perspective, may have implications for how we view courtship disorders.
Modern Slavery Disclosure Regulation and Global Supply Chains: Insights from Stakeholder Narratives on the UK Modern Slavery Act
Authors: Islam Muhammad Azizul , Van Staden Chris J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to problematise a particular social transparency and disclosure regulation in the UK, that transcend national boundaries in order to control (modern) slavery in supply chains operating in the developing world. Drawing on notions from the regulatory and sociology literature, i.e. transparency and normativity, and by interviewing anti-slavery activists and experts, this study explores the limitations of the disclosure and transparency requirements of the UK Modern Slavery Act and, more specifically, how anti-slavery activists experience and interpret the new regulations and the regulators’ implementation of the regulation. This research found limited confidence among anti-slavery activists regarding the Act’s call for transparency in relation to the elimination of slavery from global supply chains. The research also found that the limits of the transparency provisions within the Act appear to hinder the attainment of normativity. This study provides new and unique insights into the critical role that social activists play in exposing the lack of corporate transparency and failures of responsibility to protect workers within global supply chains.