bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Workflow for high‐resolution phase segmentation of cement clinker from combined BSE image and EDX spectral data
Authors: Jiang Mingze , Rößler Christiane , Wellmann Eva , Klaver Jop , Kleiner Florian , Schmatz Joyce 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBurning of clinker is the most influencing step of cement quality during the production process. Appropriate characterisation for quality control and decision‐making is therefore the critical point to maintain a stable production but also for the development of alternative cements. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in combination with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) delivers spatially resolved phase and chemical information for cement clinker. This data can be used to quantify phase fractions and chemical composition of identified phases.The contribution aims to provide an overview of phase fraction quantification by semi‐automatic phase segmentation using high‐resolution backscattered electron (BSE) images and lower‐resolved EDX element maps. Therefore, a tool for image analysis was developed that uses state‐of‐the‐art algorithms for pixel‐wise image segmentation and labelling in combination with a decision tree that allows searching for specific clinker phases. Results show that this tool can be applied to segment sub‐micron scale clinker phases and to get a quantification of all phase fractions. In addition, statistical evaluation of the data is implemented within the tool to reveal whether the imaged area is representative for all clinker phases.
Risk factors associated with household transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
Authors: Ng David Chun‐Ern , Tan Kah Kee , Chin Ling , Cheng Xiang Lin , Vijayakulasingam Thalitha , Liew Damian Wen Xian , Zainol Abidin Nor Zanariah , Lee Ming Lee , Ganasegeran Kurubaran , Khoo Erwin Jiayuan 
Published: November 2021

AimHouseholds are a significant venue for the transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2. We conducted a study to characterise the transmission dynamics and identify risk factors for household transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 in Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia.MethodsThis retrospective observational study included 185 families of paediatric COVID‐19 cases from 1 February 2020 to 31 December 2020. We identified the index case for each household and gathered the socio‐demographic, epidemiological investigation results and risk factors for household transmission from medical case records. The secondary attack rate was calculated, and logistic regression analyses were used to identify risk factors associated with secondary household transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2.ResultsOf the 848 household contacts, 466 acquired secondary infections, resulting in a secondary attack rate of 55%. The median age of the secondary cases was 12 years. Female household contacts and household contacts who slept in the same room with the index case were significantly associated with increased risk for COVID‐19. Other independent risk factors associated with higher transmission risk in the household included an index case who was symptomatic, a household index case aged greater than 18 years and a male household index case.ConclusionsHigh rates of household transmission of COVID‐19 were found, indicating households were a major setting of transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2. Our data provide insight into the risk factors for household transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 in Malaysia.
Increased reproductive trait diversity, evolutionary history and distinctiveness during the succession of tropical forest
Authors: Romanowski Luciele Leonhardt , Zanata Thais Bastos , Marques Marcia C. M. , Carlucci Marcos Bergmann , Varassin Isabela Galarda 
Published: November 2021

AbstractQuestionsDo old‐growth forests retain more evolutionary history and more reproductive trait diversity along the successional gradient? How similar are the phylogenetic branches and reproductive attributes at each phase? In which succession stages are distinct lineages of trees and shrubs present? Do distinct lineages have distinct traits? Is there a turnover of species, lineages and traits of trees and shrubs along the successional gradient?LocationAtlantic Forest, Reserva Natural Guaricica (25°19′ S, 45°42′ W) and Reserva Natural das Águas (25°21′ S, 48°46′ W), Antonina, Paraná, southern Brazil.MethodsWe assessed the variation of alpha and beta taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic diversities of tree and shrub communities along a successional gradient (phase 1, stand initiation phase, from 0 to 9 years old; phase 2, stem exclusion phase, 10–25 years old; and phase 3, understorey re‐initiation phase, 25–200 years old). We also evaluated the occurrence of distinct lineages and traits related to seed dispersal and pollination.ResultsIn addition to the expected change in species composition, lineages and trait states and values were replaced along the chronosequence, with stronger variation for trees. Old‐growth forests harbor distinct lineages and traits and a greater amount of evolutionary history and functional diversity of reproductive traits. We also found that distinct lineages were those that performed distinct functions.ConclusionsOur study showed that as the succession proceeds, turnover of lineages and traits occurred, with the understorey re‐initiation stage harboring the largest taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional diversity. In addition, understories of the re‐initiation stage are important for the occurrence of distinct lineages, such as magnoliids, and of distinct traits, such as large fruits and seeds, which highlights the importance of conservation of old‐growth forests, and its preservation can prevent the loss of distinct evolutionary histories and functions.
Between democratic structures and illiberal practices in Sinaloa
Authors: Mendez de Hoyos Irma , Domínguez Lizárraga Nancy G. , Sánchez Zazueta Jesús E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article analyzes the quality of democracy in the state of Sinaloa. The objective is to provide an overview of the current status of the democratic dimensions in the state, and to analyze the performance of some democratic institutions and political actors. It detects the illiberal structures and practices that persist and permeate life in Sinaloa in political competition, electoral integrity, political and economic elites, and organized crime. The analysis and evidence presented show an unbalanced evolution among dimensions of democracy, along with a complex juxtaposition of democratic institutional and political changes. There is a permanence, and to some extent, entrenchment, of illiberal practices and structures that allow democratic advances only a limited influence, and that halt or decelerate democratic consolidation in the state.
Continuities and transformations in the democratization process of the political system in Nuevo Leon
Authors: Garza Castillo Mario Alberto , Trak Juan Manuel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article aims to identify the strengths and weaknesses of democracy in Nuevo León, using as a theoretical framework the concept of illiberal structures and practices at the subnational level. First, we describe the sociodemographic characteristics of Nuevo León. Next, we summarize the democratization process in the state. Third, we analyze the evolution of the electoral competition in the state—the law; election results for governors, Congress, and municipalities; and the role of justice in state elections. Fourth, the article considers whether some nonpolitical actors such as economic elites, organized crime, or gender‐based violence influence the democratic process. The fuzzy borders between political and economic elites are the most relevant weakness of democratization in Nuevo León. The cooptation of the public decision‐making process by the business elite may be an illiberal structure or practice in the state.
Heating of carbonaceous materials: Insights into the effects of thermal metamorphism on spectral properties of carbonaceous chondrites and asteroids
Authors: Duan Achen , Wu Yunzhao , Cloutis Edward A. , Yu Jinfei , Li Shaolin , Jiang Yun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCarbonaceous chondrites (CCs) are important materials for understanding the early evolution of the solar system and delivery of organic material to the early Earth. Spectral analysis of CCs can establish the relationship between them and their possible parent asteroids, which helps to determine the surface composition of the asteroid. In this paper, the 0.3–26 μm reflectance spectra of a series of coals ranging from lignite to anthracite (Earth analogs of organic matter contained in CCs), a coal heated to various durations and temperatures, and reflectance spectra of CM2 meteorites were analyzed in conjunction with compositional information to derive spectral–compositional relationships. All types of coals have strong aromatic absorptions (3.28 and 5–6.5 μm) and aliphatic “triplet” absorptions (3.38, 3.41, and 3.48 μm). In contrast, CM2 meteorites have obvious aliphatic absorptions and lack aromatic absorptions. The reason is the weak absorption coefficients of aromatic materials and the overlap with strong OH/H2O absorption. Absorptions in the coal spectra are strongly related to elemental H/C ratio. When the H/C ratio is >0.55, the absorption intensity of an aliphatic increases linearly with the increase of H/C. For heated coal, increasing heating time above 1 h at 450 °C causes the disappearance of the aliphatic “triplet” absorptions. Similarly, heating Murchison meteorite to 400 °C for 1 week causes all the organic absorptions to disappear. This implies that in remote sensing detections, only asteroids (e.g., with CM and CI carbonaceous chondrites compositions) that experienced low thermal metamorphism (<400 °C) are suitable as potential targets for detecting organic compounds using features in the 3–4 µm region.
Peace Is Relative: Qatar and Agreements with Israel
Authors: Admoni Ariel 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe normalization of relations between Israel and the UAE and Bahrain had a major impact on other entities in the Middle East. One of the important players was the Al Thani administration in Qatar. This was the third time Doha needed to respond to a peace treaty with Israel. Every time, Qatar has chosen a different way. In the cases of both the Egypt–Israel peace treaty and the Abraham Accords, Doha objected. In the 1990s, however, the Al Thani regime supported rapprochement with Israel, for two reasons. The first was the opinion of the Palestinian community. The second was due to the objectives of the foreign policy of the emirate. In 1979, Qatar had to suit the norm in the Arab arena, in particular, Saudi Arabia. In 1990, it had to externalize Qatar's status in international affairs. In 2020, it had to ally itself with other Islamic states and organizations that opposed Israel, like Turkey. In order to understand Doha's point of view on the peace agreements, this article examines each one separately, as each has its unique features, causes, and consequences for the negotiations and the way they affected the years that followed. The article then identifies the recurring characteristics of the two earlier processes and their relevance to contemporary politics in the Persian Gulf.
Reciprocal Dependencies: Turkey‐Iran Trade Relations Since the Turn of the 21st Century
Authors: Ozer‐Imer Itir , Kilic Emrullah Can 
Published: November 2021

AbstractInternational trade can be considered a means of sharing the world's wealth and a web that holds countries together. Despite the fact that this web is not strong enough to defy every problem between states, trade has become an important tool for Turkey's rapprochement with its neighbors. In this regard, Turkish‐Iranian trade relations are based on mutual benefits and reciprocal dependency. Despite the two countries’ different political and economic structures and numerous points of controversy, Turkey and Iran have enhanced their economic relations. As a result of increasing and mutually beneficial bilateral trade, both countries have succeeded in confining their differences to minor points of friction.
Will advances in functional renal magnetic resonance imaging translate to the nephrology clinic?
Authors: Rankin Alastair J. , Mayne Kaitlin , Allwood‐Spiers Sarah , Hall Barrientos Pauline , Roditi Giles , Gillis Keith A. , Mark Patrick B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCharacterizing structural and tissue abnormalities of the kidney is fundamental to understanding kidney disease. Functional multi‐parametric renal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive imaging strategy whereby several sequences are employed within a single session to quantify renal perfusion, tissue oxygenation, fibrosis, inflammation, and oedema without using ionizing radiation. In this review, we discuss evidence surrounding its use in several clinical settings including acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, hypertension, polycystic kidney disease and around renal transplantation. Kidney size on MRI is already a validated measure for making therapeutic decisions in the setting of polycystic kidney disease. Functional MRI sequences, T1 mapping and apparent diffusion coefficient, can non‐invasively quantify interstitial fibrosis and so may have a near‐future role in the nephrology clinic to stratify the risk of progressive chronic kidney disease or transplant dysfunction. Beyond this, multi‐parametric MRI may be used diagnostically, for example differentiating inflammatory versus ischaemic causes of renal dysfunction, but this remains to be proven. Changes in MRI properties of kidney parenchyma may be useful surrogate markers to use as end points in clinical trials to assess if drugs prevent renal fibrosis or alter kidney perfusion. Large, multi‐centre studies of functional renal MRI are ongoing which aim to provide definitive answers as to its role in the management of patients with renal dysfunction.
Gilles Deleuze's societies of control: Implications for mental health nursing and coercive community care
Authors: Paradis‐Gagné Etienne , Holmes Dave 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSince the era of deinstitutionalisation, many clinical approaches have emerged to enable the care and treatment of people suffering from mental illness. In recent years, the use of coercive approaches in the community (e.g., outpatient commitment or community treatment orders) has also increased internationally. Although nurses' role regarding these coercive approaches is central and significant, few empirical and theoretical writings have tackled this controversial nursing practice. The purpose of this paper is to analyse coercive nursing care through the lens of French philosopher Gilles Deleuze's concept of ‘societies of control’. Taking up Michel Foucault's work on disciplinary power, Deleuze explores how the move from the striated spaces of closed institutions to the smooth spaces of societies of control took place since the middle of the 20th century. According to Deleuze, the overall objective of ‘societies of control’ is no longer simply to govern deviant behaviour in closed environments (e.g., psychiatric hospitals and prisons) but to ensure a regime of unrelentless surveillance in the open spaces of our communities.
Gingival manifestation of Crohn’s disease in a paediatric patient: A case report
Authors: Giaccaglia Francesca , Tomasin Marco , Angelini Annalisa , Bacci Christian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCrohn's disease (CD) is a complex multisystemic inflammatory disorder and part of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs). About 20% of the subjects affected by IBDs are paediatric patients and 21% of them present extraintestinal manifestations. Among the extraintestinal manifestations of CD, oral manifestations are rather frequent (20–50% of affected people) and can be difficult to identify, being frequently aspecific and not pathognomonic. Their early diagnosis by the dentist is extremely important, because extraintestinal manifestations can precede intestinal symptoms, in all patients but especially in children. The aim of this paper is to report the case of a CD adolescent patient that presented a gingival manifestation.
Ammonium regulates the development of pine roots through hormonal crosstalk and differential expression of transcription factors in the apex
Authors: Ortigosa Francisco , Lobato‐Fernández César , Shikano Hitomi , Ávila Concepción , Taira Shu , Cánovas Francisco M. , Cañas Rafael A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAmmonium is a prominent source of inorganic nitrogen for plant nutrition, but excessive amounts can be toxic for many species. However, most conifers are tolerant to ammonium, a relevant physiological feature of this ancient evolutionary lineage. For a better understanding of the molecular basis of this trait, ammonium‐induced changes in the transcriptome of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) root apex have been determined by laser capture microdissection and RNA sequencing. Ammonium promoted changes in the transcriptional profiles of multiple transcription factors, such as SHORT‐ROOT, and phytohormone‐related transcripts, such as ACO, involved in the development of the root meristem. Nano‐PALDI‐MSI and transcriptomic analyses showed that the distributions of IAA and CKs were altered in the root apex in response to ammonium nutrition. Taken together, the data suggest that this early response is involved in the increased lateral root branching and principal root growth, which characterize the long‐term response to ammonium supply in pine. All these results suggest that ammonium induces changes in the root system architecture through the IAA‐CK‐ET phytohormone crosstalk and transcriptional regulation.
Cadmium‐mediated toxicity in plant cells is associated with the DCD/NRP‐mediated cell death response
Authors: Quadros Iana Pedro Silva , Madeira Nayara Nolasco , Loriato Virgílio Adriano Pereira , Saia Thaina Fernanda Fillietaz , Silva Jéssica Coutinho , Soares Fernanda Aparecida Ferrari , Carvalho José Romário , Reis Pedro Augusto Braga , Fontes Elizabeth P. B. , Clarindo Wellington Ronildo , Fontes Renildes L. F. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCadmium (Cd2+) is highly harmful to plant growth. Although Cd2+ induces programmed cell death (PCD) in plant cells, Cd2+ stress in whole plants during later developmental stages and the mechanism underlying Cd2+‐mediated toxicity are poorly understood. Here, we showed that Cd2+ limits plant growth, causes intense redness in leaf vein, leaf yellowing, and chlorosis during the R1 reproductive stage of soybean (Glycine max). These symptoms were associated with Cd2+‐induced PCD, as Cd2+‐stressed soybean leaves displayed decreased number of nuclei, enhanced cell death, DNA damage, and caspase 1 activity compared to unstressed leaves. Accordingly, Cd2+‐induced NRPs, GmNAC81, GmNAC30 and VPE, the DCD/NRP‐mediated cell death signalling components, which execute PCD via caspase 1‐like VPE activity. Furthermore, overexpression of the positive regulator of this cell death signalling GmNAC81 enhanced sensitivity to Cd2+ stress and intensified the hallmarks of Cd2+‐mediated PCD. GmNAC81 overexpression enhanced Cd2+‐induced H2O2 production, cell death, DNA damage, and caspase‐1‐like VPE expression. Conversely, BiP overexpression negatively regulated the NRPs/GmNACs/VPE signalling module, conferred tolerance to Cd2+ stress and reduced Cd2+‐mediated cell death. Collectively, our data indicate that Cd2+ induces PCD in plants via activation of the NRP/GmNAC/VPE regulatory circuit that links developmentally and stress‐induced cell death.
Molecular cloning and yeast two‐hybrid provide new evidence for unique sporophytic self‐incompatibility system of Corylus
Authors: Hou S. , Zhao T. , Yang Z. , Yang D. , Li Q. , Liang L. , Wang G. , Ma Q. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

The Corylus genus contains several important nut producing species and exhibits sporophytic self‐incompatibility (SSI). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of SSI in Corylus remain largely unknown.

To clarify whether Corylus and Brassica share the same SSI molecular mechanism. We cloned ChaTHL1/2, ChaMLPK, ChaARC1, ChaEX70A1 genes from Ping’ou hybrid hazelnut using RACE techniques and tested the interaction between the ChaARC1 and ChaSRK1/2. We also examined the pistil–pollen interactions using scanning electron microscopy.

We found no differences in the stigma surface within 1 h after compatible or incompatible pollination. Compatible pollen tubes penetrated the stigma surface, while incompatible pollen did not penetrate the stigma 4 h after pollination. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that ChaTHL1/2, ChaMLPK, ChaARC1 and ChaEX70A1 have corresponding functional domains. Quantitative real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) analysis showed that ChaTHL1/2, ChaMLPK, ChaARC1 and ChaEX70A1 were not regularly expressed in compatible or incompatible pollination. Furthermore, the expression patterns of ARC1, THL1/2, MLPK and Exo70A1 were quite distinct between Corylus and Brassica. According to yeast two‐hybrid assays, ChaSRK1/2 did not interact with ChaARC1, confirming that the SRK‐ARC1 signalling pathway implicated in the SSI response of Brassica was not conserved in Corylus.

These results further reinforce the conclusion that, notwithstanding the similarity of the genetic basis, the SSI mechanism of Corylus does not conform in many respects with that of Brassica. Our findings could be helpful to better explore the potential mechanism of SSI system in Corylus.
Evolutionary disruption in the pollination system of Vanilla (Orchidaceae)
Authors: Pansarin E. R. , Ferreira A. W. C. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT

Pollination of the pantropical Vanilla has been linked to melittophily and food deception.

Here we investigated the role of flower traits on the reproduction of Neotropical Vanilla. We also studied the evolution of pollination systems in order to understand the origin of production of flower resources and the diversification of pollinators in this orchid genus. Our study was founded on data of adaptations in flower morphology, production of resources, scent release, pollinators and breeding systems of Vanilla and presenting new data on reproductive biology of V. palmarum. Data on reproductive biology of Vanilla were mapped onto a phylogeny to address our queries on the evolution of pollination systems in this genus.

Vanilla palmarum shows a mixed mating system, with its facultative autogamous flowers being pollinated by hummingbirds. Its yellow flowers are scentless and produces nectar. Mapping of the pollination system onto trees resulted in one origin for bird pollination and at least two origins for autogamy in Vanilla. Nectar secretion has a single origin in the Neotropical thick‐leafed lineage.

Bird pollination of Vanilla is shown for the first time. The origin of ornithophily within a bee‐pollinated clade is supported by flower morphology. Floral transitions to ornithophily have been favoured by the occupation of a distinct niche from that of the other thick‐leafed Vanilla species. Despite its specialized pollination, V. palmarum is autogamous. A mixed mating system can promote reproductive assurance in the case of a decline in pollinator populations, or in areas where pollinator services are irregular or absent.
A burden too big to bear? The effect of experience‐rated disability insurance premiums on firm bankruptcies and employment*
Authors: de Groot Nynke , Koning Pierre 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe study whether experience rating for disability insurance (DI) affects the labor costs of firms and the probability of bankruptcy. The experience rating requires firms to contribute to the DI benefit costs of their workers. We use matched worker–firm data of the Netherlands, where the DI premium of firms is a function of historic disability risks. To measure the effect of experience‐rated premiums, we exploit exogenous changes in the schedule that determines the firms’ DI premiums. We find that higher premiums increase not only labor costs but also the probability of firm bankruptcy. These effects are concentrated on small firms.