bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assimilation of satellite data in numerical weather prediction. Part II: Recent years
Authors: Eyre J. R. , Bell W. , Cotton J. , English S. J. , Forsythe M. , Healy S. B. , Pavelin E. G. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDevelopments in the assimilation of satellite data in numerical weather prediction (NWP), from the first experiments in the late 1960s to the present day, are presented in a two‐part review article. This part, Part II, reviews the progress in recent years, from about 2000. It includes summaries of advances in the relevant satellite remote‐sensing technologies and in methods to assimilate observations from these instruments into NWP systems. It also summarises impacts on forecast skill. Continued progress has been made on the assimilation of passive infrared (IR) sounding data and microwave (MW) sounding and imaging data. This has included data from hyperspectral IR sounders, which first became available during this period. Advances in the use of cloud‐affected radiances, from both IR and MW instruments, have been made. In support of this progress, further developments have been made in fast radiative transfer models and in bias correction techniques, and work has continued to improve understanding and representation of observation uncertainties. Continued progress has also been made on the use of wind information from satellites, including atmospheric motion vectors and scatterometer data. A new source of temperature and humidity information, from radio occultation observations, has become available during the period and has been exploited by many NWP centres. The impact of satellite data on NWP accuracy is continually assessed using a range of methods and metrics. Some results from recent Observing System Experiments (OSEs) and Forecast Sensitivity to Observation Impact (FSOI) assessment are presented and other methods are discussed. The role of satellite data in NWP‐based atmospheric reanalysis systems is also described.
Intermediate‐variable‐based Kalman filter for linear time‐varying systems with unknown inputs
Authors: Zhou Jing , Li Tongxiang , Chen Bo , Yu Li 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article proposes a systematic design methodology of unknown input estimation for time‐varying systems in which unknown inputs exist in system dynamic and measurement simultaneously. By introducing intermediate variables, the relationship between unknown inputs and system states is modeled by an intermediate dynamic process, and then a modified Kalman filter is designed to estimate system states and unknown inputs. Moreover, the stability condition is derived such that the mean square error of the intermediate Kalman filter is bounded. An illustrative example is employed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Breathable Artificial Interphase for Dendrite‐Free and Chemo‐Resistive Lithium Metal Anode
Authors: Song Gyujin , Hwang Chihyun , Song Woo‐Jin , Lee Jung Hyun , Lee Sangyeop , Han Dong‐Yeob , Kim Jonghak , Park Hyesung , Song Hyun‐Kon , Park Soojin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA dendrite‐free and chemically stabilized lithium metal anode is required for extending battery life and for the application of high energy density coupled with various cathode systems. However, uneven Li metal growth and the active surface in nature accelerate electrolyte dissipation and surface corrosion, resulting in poor cycle efficiency and various safety issues. Here, the authors suggest a thin artificial interphase using a multifunctional poly(styrene‐b‐butadiene‐b‐styrene) (SBS) copolymer to inhibit the electrochemical/chemical side reaction during cycling. Based on the physical features, hardness, adhesion, and flexibility, the optimized chemical structure of SBS facilitates durable mechanical strength and interphase integrity against repeated Li electrodeposition/dissolution. The effectiveness of the thin polymer film enables high cycle efficiency through the realization of a dendrite‐free structure and a chemo‐resistive surface of Li metal. The versatile anode demonstrates an improvement in the electrochemical properties, paired with diverse cathodes of high‐capacity lithium cobalt oxide (3.5 mAh cm−2) and oxygen for advanced Li metal batteries with high energy density.
Effect of fiber content and stress–strength ratio on the creep of basalt fiber–reinforced alkali‐activated slag concrete
Authors: Zhou Xianyu , Zheng Wenzhong , Zeng Yusheng , Xu Chonghao , Chen Pang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAlkali‐activated materials are increasingly being used in practical applications as potential alternatives to Portland cement. If alkali‐activated slag (AAS) is to be applied to prestressed engineering and large‐size structures, it is necessary to study the creep performance of AAS. Existing studies have found that the creep of AAS concrete is larger than that of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) concrete, and adding fiber is an effective way to overcome this defect. In this study, we investigated the creep of basalt fiber–reinforced AAS (FRAAS) concrete for fiber contents ranging from 0% to 0.9% (by volume) at a stress–strength ratio of 0–0.6. After analyzing the experimental results, it was found that the basalt FRAAS concrete had no obvious linear creep range. It was observed that with an increase in the fiber content, the inhibition effect of fiber on creep became stronger initially and then weaker. The inhibitory effect of fiber on creep was strengthened by the increase in the stress–strength ratio. The creep coefficient showed no obvious change when the fiber content was in the range of 0%–0.9%. Based on the existing OPC concrete creep models, a method for predicting the creep of basalt FRAAS concrete was proposed.
Durability assessment of a tunnel structure with two‐sided chloride ingress—A case study located in a tropical environment
Authors: Cassiani Juan Daniel , Dugarte Margareth , Arteta Carlos A , Kessler Sylvia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractReinforced concrete structures are the backbone of the transportation infrastructure. Their structural safety and functional performance are critical to sustaining a globalized economy. Corrosion of steel reinforcement is typically triggered by chloride contamination and carbonation, becoming a primary factor in reinforced concrete deterioration. This paper presents a durability assessment of a tunnel structure located in a tropical marine environment. The condition assessment included visual examination, crack survey, cover depth measurements, half‐cell potential mapping, and concrete coring. The chloride profiles showed that the tunnel walls are subjected to chloride attack from both surfaces, an unusual finding in the literature. A stochastic approach is implemented to estimate the probability of corrosion initiation for chlorides and carbonation, including an innovative model for two‐sided chloride diffusion. The results indicate that two‐sided chloride exposure significantly reduces the corrosion initiation time.
Defying “those who cannot, teach” and other stereotypes about teachers: Analyzing the Just Because poems written by ELL teacher candidates
Authors: Lee‐Johnson Yin Lam 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study analyzed the Just Because poems written by 57 teacher candidates who would become state‐certified for teaching English language learners (ELLs) in U.S. public schools. The ELL teacher candidates contested and disrupted the stereotypes and assumptions about teachers, and they reaffirmed their professional identities through writing Just Because poems. The theoretical framework stems from Bakhtin’s (1981) heteroglossia, which theorizes the sociocultural contextualities of the multivoicedness of teacher identities and ideologies. The data set includes poems, reflective notes, and blog posts, with a focus on analyzing the Just Because poems. The 57 ELL teacher candidates in the study reexamined stereotypes such as those who cannot, teach and know‐it‐all, and they reaffirmed their identities in the poems. The researcher suggests that teacher preparation programs consider using Just Because poems for teacher candidates to reexamine stereotypes and reaffirm their professional identities.
Opioid use trends in Spain: the case of the island of La Gomera (2016–2019)
Authors: Oliva Alexis , Armas Néstor , Dévora Sandra , Abdala Susana 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This study is an evaluation of prescription opioid use on the island of La Gomera, a mainly rural area, during the period 2016–2019 at various levels. Data were extracted from the wholesalers who supply the community pharmacies at the population level. Prescription opioid use was measured as defined daily doses per 1,000 inhabitants/day (DID) and by the number of units sold per 1,000 inhabitants and year (units sold). This provided an island total of La Gomera’s overall prescription of opioids and its rate of change, as well as differences in prescribing at the municipal and health area level. Tramadol with acetaminophen and tramadol in monotherapy were the most consumed by “units sold” parameter, which accounted for 69.48% and 18.59% of the total. The situation was similar for DID, although with lower percentages, but a significant increase was observed in the use of fentanyl and buprenorphine, around 15% in each case. The balance between the uses of weak or strong opioids was different in La Gomera compared to that of Spain as a whole. In Spain, almost 70% of the prescriptions were for weak opioids compared to 58.67% in La Gomera. Fentanyl was the most used strong opioid (16.10%) followed by tapentadol and buprenorphine, around 5% each, whereas in La Gomera, buprenorphine was the most consumed (15.75%) followed by fentanyl (14.87%) and tapentadol (5.82%). These differences in prescription opioid use are most likely explained by prescriber characteristics, whereas the population age, socioeconomic status, or living in rural/urban area are not decisive determinants.
On two simple virtual Kirchhoff-Love plate elements for isotropic and anisotropic materials
Authors: Wriggers P. , Hudobivnik B. , Allix O. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe virtual element method allows to revisit the construction of Kirchhoff-Love elements because the $$C^1$$

C
1

-continuity condition is much easier to handle in the VEM framework than in the traditional Finite Elements methodology. Here we study the two most simple VEM elements suitable for Kirchhoff-Love plates as stated in Brezzi and Marini (Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 253:455–462, 2013). The formulation contains new ideas and different approaches for the stabilisation needed in a virtual element, including classic and energy stabilisations. An efficient stabilisation is crucial in the case of $$C^1$$

C
1

-continuous elements because the rank deficiency of the stiffness matrix associated to the projected part of the ansatz function is larger than for $$C^0$$

C
0

-continuous elements. This paper aims at providing engineering inside in how to construct simple and efficient virtual plate elements for isotropic and anisotropic materials and at comparing different possibilities for the stabilisation. Different examples and convergence studies discuss and demonstrate the accuracy of the resulting VEM elements. Finally, reduction of virtual plate elements to triangular and quadrilateral elements with 3 and 4 nodes, respectively, yields finite element like plate elements. It will be shown that these $$C^1$$

C
1

-continuous elements can be easily incorporated in legacy codes and demonstrate an efficiency and accuracy that is much higher than provided by traditional finite elements for thin plates.
Accessories in Kaiserstuhl carbonatites and related rocks as accurate and faithful recorders of whole rock age and isotopic composition
Authors: Ghobadi Mahdi , Brey Gerhard P. , Gerdes Axel , Höfer Heidi E. , Keller Jörg 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe accessories perovskite, pyrochlore, zirconolite, calzirtite and melanite from carbonatites and carbonate-rich foidites from the Kaiserstuhl are variously suited for the in situ determination of their U–Pb ages and Sr, Nd- and Hf-isotope ratios by LA-ICP-MS. The 143Nd/144Nd ratios may be determined precisely in all five phases, the 176Hf/177Hf ratios only in calzirtite and the 87Sr/86Sr ratios in perovskites and pyrochlores. The carbonatites and carbonate-rich foidites belong to one of the three magmatic groups that Schleicher et al. (1990) distinguished in the Kaiserstuhl on the basis of their Sr, Nd and Pb isotope ratios. Tephrites, phonolites and essexites (nepheline monzogabbros) form the second and limburgites (nepheline basanites) and olivine nephelinites the third. Our 87Sr/86Sr isotope data from the accessories overlap with the carbonatite and olivine nephelinite fields defined by Schleicher et al. (1990) but exhibit a much narrower range. These and the εNd and εHf values plot along the mantle array in the field of oceanic island basalts relatively close to mid-ocean ridge basalts. Previously reported K–Ar, Ar–Ar and fission track ages for the Kaiserstuhl lie between 16.2 and 17.8 Ma. They stem entirely from the geologically older tephrites, phonolites and essexites. No ages existed so far for the geologically younger carbonatites and carbonate-rich foidites except for one apatite fission track age (15.8 Ma). We obtained precise U–Pb ages for zirconolites and calzirtites of 15.66, respectively 15.5 Ma (± 0.1 2σ) and for pyrochlores of 15.35 ± 0.24 Ma. Only the perovskites from the Badberg soevite yielded a U–P concordia age of 14.56 ± 0.86 Ma while the perovskites from bergalites (haüyne melilitites) only gave 206Pb/238U and 208Pb/232Th ages of 15.26 ± 0.21, respectively, 15.28 ± 0.48 Ma. The main Kaiserstuhl rock types were emplaced over a time span of 1.6 Ma almost 1 million years before the carbonatites and carbonate-rich foidites. These were emplaced within only 0.32 Ma.
Weft Yarn Interlacement Modelling for 3D Profiled Structures
Authors: Spackman George , Brown Louise , Turner Thomas 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCurrently, generation of 3D woven T-joint models with complex weave geometries, using TexGen software, is a manual process. One of the main challenges to automatic generation of these textiles is the order in which the weft yarns interlace within the bifurcation region. This paper will demonstrate a method for predicting the order, based on the pattern draft and the information contained within it such as the direction of weft insertion and the beating action of the loom. The path of the entangling weft yarns and the yarn cross section orientation can then be modelled. Finally, a geometric transformation is applied to simulate the opening of the flanges so that the final model reflects the T-shaped profile.
Does the global activity limitation indicator measure participation restriction? Data from the European Health and Social Integration Survey in Spain
Authors: Cabrero-García Julio , Rico-Juan Juan Ramón , Oliver-Roig Antonio 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The global activity limitation indicator (GALI) is the only internationally agreed and harmonised participation restriction measure. We examine if GALI, as intended, is a reflective measure of the domains of participation; furthermore, we determine the relative importance of these domains. Also, we investigated the consistency of response to GALI by age and gender and compared the performance of GALI with that of self-rated health (SRH).

Methods
We used Spanish data from the European Health and Social Integration Survey and selected adults aged 18 and over (N = 13,568). Data analysis, based on logistic regression models and Shapley value decomposition, were also stratified by age. The predictors of the models were demographic variables and restrictions in participation domains: studies, work, mobility, leisure and social activities, domestic life, and self-care. The GALI and SRH were the response variables.

Results
GALI was strongly associated with all participation domains (e.g. for domestic life, adjusted OR 24.34 (95% CI 18.53–31.97) in adult under 65) and performed differentially with age (e.g. for domestic life, adjusted OR 13.33 (95% CI 10.42–17.03) in adults over 64), but not with gender. The relative importance of domains varied with age (e.g. work was the most important domain for younger and domestic life for older adults). The results with SRH were parallel to those of GALI, but the association of SRH with participation domains was lowest.

Conclusions
GALI reflects well restrictions in multiple participation domains and performs differently with age, probably because older people lower their standard of good functioning.
Methods for modeling the steering wheel torque of a steer-by-wire vehicle
Authors: Heinrich Felix , Kaste Jonas , Kabil Sevsel Gamze , Sanne Michael , Küçükay Ferit , Henze Roman , Axmann Joachim 
Published: December 2021

AbstractUnlike electromechanical steering systems, steer-by-wire systems do not have a mechanical coupling between the wheels and the steering wheel. Therefore, a synthetic steering feel has to be generated to supply the driver with the necessary haptic information. In this paper, the authors analyze two approaches of creating a realistic steering feel. One is a modular approach that uses several measured and estimated input signals to model a steering wheel torque via mathematical functions. The other approach is based on an artificial neural network. It depends on steering and vehicle measurements. Both concepts are optimized and trained, respectively, to best fit a reference steering feel obtained from vehicle measurements. To carry out the analysis, the two approaches are evaluated using a simulation model consisting of a vehicle, a rack actuator, and a steering wheel actuator. The research shows that both concepts are able to adequately model a desired steering feel.
Is Hypoxic/Altitude Training an Important Topic in the Field of Hypoxia?
Authors: Millet Grégoire P. , Burtscher Martin , Burtscher Johannes 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHypoxia is an essential topic in medical or biological sciences. The main aims of the present study were to examine the most important medical articles (i.e., the top 100 most cited) on hypoxia. We examine how the Nobel-prize awarded hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-pathway discovery in the early 1990s has changed the thematic composition of this body of literature, with a special emphasis on the studies linking hypoxia and cancer. We searched Pubmed for articles with the terms #Hypox, #Altitude, or #Mountain in the title that have been published in biomedical journals and ranked the articles on their number of citations in Web of Science. A second search was performed in all journals for articles related to hypoxia and cancer. Strikingly, only 12 of the top-100 most-cited articles on hypoxia and only 3 articles of the top-100 articles related to cancer were published before 1995. Moreover, only 5 articles from prior 1995 reached 1000 citations, while 27 articles published in 1995 or later were cited more than 1000 times, most of them on the HIF-1 pathway. Eighty percent of the top-100 articles were related to the HIF pathway, while there were no articles on the application of hypoxia either for therapeutic use (i.e., hypoxic conditioning in patients) or for performance enhancement (i.e., altitude training in athletes). In conclusion, the early-1990s discovery of the HIF pathway and of its molecular regulation has shifted the focus of hypoxia research towards molecular mechanisms and consequences of tissue hypoxia, most notably in cancer. The importance of studies focusing on clinical and performance applications of systemic hypoxia is relatively lower.
“Because all mothers is not the same”: The development and implementation of an in loco parentis informed consent procedure to enroll adolescent girls and young women to participate in HIV research
Authors: Bonner Courtney Peasant , Fisher Celia B. , Carney Tara , Browne Felicia A. , Gichane Margaret W. , Howard Brittni N. , Turner Leslie , Wechsberg Wendee M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionSouth Africa has one of the highest incidences of HIV among adolescent girls and young women (AGW), ages 15–24, and recent research has focused on developing interventions for HIV prevention. However, the South African National Health Act requires those under 18 years of age to obtain a guardian's permission to participate in research. Limiting research enrolment to AGYW who can obtain guardian consent may lead to non‐representative findings. Therefore, innovative, inclusive consent approaches that protect AGYW from the risks of research are needed.MethodsThis report details the development and implementation of an approach called the in loco parentis (in place of parent) consent procedure. In loco parentis consent provides a vehicle for adolescent participation that protects adolescents from potential social harms. The in loco parentis consent procedure does not seek to obtain independent minor consent but seeks to obtain permission for the minor to participate in research from a trusted adult who is not a minor's parent or legal guardian. This report also qualitatively explores the experiences of 31 AGYW who were recruited into a behavioral HIV prevention study using this method.ResultsFindings suggest that the in loco parentis consent procedure is a feasible and acceptable method to inclusively AGYW in HIV research.ConclusionsThe in loco parentis procedure may provide a more inclusive strategy to recruit AGYW for HIV research to increase the generalizability of findings.
Comparative Perspectives on Specialised Intellectual Property Courts: Understanding Japan's Intellectual Property High Court Through the Lens of the US Federal Circuit
Authors: Tilt David 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article develops a comparative analysis of specialised courts in intellectual property across both Japan and the US. This article considers the IPHC through the lens of the CAFC to investigate the differing institutional impact and illuminate the most pressing issues in Japanese patent law that have emerged as a result of transplanting this specialised court. Rather than a more conventional analysis of the implementation of these institutions, this article focuses instead on a comparative investigation of the soft law elements that have significantly influenced their effectiveness, providing a different insight on the relationship between these institutions and their broader contextual impact.The main findings of the comparative analysis are found in two primary areas – the impact of specialised courts on the consistency and reliability of patent law; and secondly, recommendations regarding the potential reform of Japanese patent law as it relates to the role of the IPHC. In terms of reform, this article analyzes the double-track problem in Japanese patent law and the key role that, with some modification to the court/patent office relationship, the IPHC could play in addressing this issue with a more fundamental realignment of patent law with its Continental history.