bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolved galactic superwinds reconstructed around their host galaxies at z &gt; 3
Authors: Chen Mandy C , Chen Hsiao-Wen , Gronke Max , Rauch Michael , Broadhurst Tom 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a detailed analysis of two giant Lyman-alpha (Ly α) arcs detected near galaxies at z = 3.038 and z = 3.754 lensed by the massive cluster MACS 1206−0847 (z = 0.44). The Ly α nebulae revealed in deep MUSE observations exhibit a double-peaked profile with a dominant red peak, indicating expansion/outflowing motions. One of the arcs stretches over 1 arcmin around the cluster Einstein radius, resolving the velocity field of the line-emitting gas on kpc scales around three star-forming galaxies of 0.3–$1.6\, L_*$ at z = 3.038. The second arc spans 15 arcsec in size, roughly centred around two low-mass Ly α emitters of $\approx 0.03\, L_*$ at z = 3.754. All three galaxies in the z = 3.038 group exhibit prominent damped Ly α absorption (DLA) and several metal absorption lines, in addition to nebular emission lines such as $\hbox{He ii}$$\lambda \, 1640$ and C iii]λλ1906, 1908. Extended Ly α emission appears to emerge from star-forming regions with suppressed surface brightness at the centre of each galaxy. Significant spatial variations in the Ly α line profile are observed which, when unaccounted for in the integrated line, leads to biased constraints for the underlying gas kinematics. The observed spatial variations indicate the presence of a steep velocity gradient in a continuous flow of high column density gas from star-forming regions into a low-density halo environment. A detailed inspection of available galaxy spectra shows no evidence of AGN activity in the galaxies, and the observed Ly α signals are primarily explained by resonant scattering. The study presented in this paper shows that spatially resolved imaging spectroscopy provides the most detailed insights yet into the kinematics of galactic superwinds associated with star-forming galaxies.
A Chandra survey of z ≥ 4.5 quasars
Authors: Li Jiang-Tao , Wang Feige , Yang Jinyi , Bregman Joel N , Fan Xiaohui , Zhang Yuchen 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
X-ray observations provide a unique probe of the accretion disc corona of supermassive black holes (SMBHs). In this paper, we present a uniform Chandra X-ray data analysis of a sample of 152 z ≥ 4.5 quasars. We firmly detect 46 quasars of this sample in 0.5–2 keV above 3σ and calculate the upper limits of the X-ray flux of the remaining. We also estimate the power-law photon index of the X-ray spectrum of 31 quasars. 24 of our sample quasars are detected in the FIRST or NVSS radio surveys; all of them are radio-loud. We statistically compare the X-ray properties of our z ≥ 4.5 quasars to other X-ray samples of active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at different redshifts. The relation between the rest-frame X-ray luminosity and other quasar parameters, such as the bolometric luminosity, UV luminosity, or SMBH mass, shows large scatters. These large scatters can be attributed to the narrow luminosity range at the highest redshift, the large measurement error based on relatively poor X-ray data, and the inclusion of radio-loud quasars in the sample. The LX–LUV relationship is significantly sublinear. We do not find a significant redshift evolution of the LX–LUV relation, expressed either in the slope of this relation, or the departure of individual AGNs from the best-fitting αOX–LUV relation (ΔαOX). The median value of the X-ray photon index is Γ ≈ 1.79, which does not show redshift evolution from z = 0 to z ∼ 7. The X-ray and UV properties of the most distant quasars could potentially be used as a standard candle to constrain cosmological models. The large scatter of our sample on the Hubble diagram highlights the importance of future large unbiased deep X-ray and radio surveys in using quasars in cosmological studies.
Observational signatures of eccentric Jupiters inside gas cavities in protoplanetary discs
Authors: Baruteau Clément , Wafflard-Fernandez Gaylor , Le Gal Romane , Debras Florian , Carmona Andrés , Fuente Asunción , Rivière-Marichalar Pablo 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Predicting how a young planet shapes the gas and dust emission of its parent disc is key to constraining the presence of unseen planets in protoplanetary disc observations. We investigate the case of a 2 Jupiter-mass planet that becomes eccentric after migrating into a low-density gas cavity in its parent disc. 2D hydrodynamical simulations are performed and post-processed by 3D radiative transfer calculations. In our disc model, the planet eccentricity reaches ∼0.25, which induces strong asymmetries in the gas density inside the cavity. These asymmetries are enhanced by photodissociation and form large-scale asymmetries in 12CO J=3→2 integrated intensity maps. They are shown to be detectable for an angular resolution and a noise level similar to those achieved in ALMA observations. Furthermore, the planet eccentricity renders the gas inside the cavity eccentric, which manifests as a narrowing, stretching and twisting of iso-velocity contours in velocity maps of 12CO J=3→2. The planet eccentricity does not, however, give rise to detectable signatures in 13CO and C18O J=3→2 inside the cavity because of low column densities. Outside the cavity, the gas maintains near-circular orbits, and the vertically extended optically thick CO emission displays a four-lobed pattern in integrated intensity maps for disc inclinations $\gtrsim$30○. The lack of large and small dust inside the cavity in our model further implies that synthetic images of the continuum emission in the sub-millimetre, and of polarized scattered light in the near-infrared, do not show significant differences when the planet is eccentric or still circular inside the cavity.
From starburst to quiescence: post-starburst galaxies and their large-scale clustering over cosmic time
Authors: Wilkinson Aaron , Almaini Omar , Wild Vivienne , Maltby David , Hartley William G , Simpson Chris , Rowlands Kate 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the first study of the large-scale clustering of post-starburst (PSB) galaxies in the high-redshift Universe (0.5 &lt; z &lt; 3.0). We select ∼4000 PSB galaxies photometrically, the largest high-redshift sample of this kind, from two deep large-scale near-infrared surveys: the UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey Data Release 11 and the Cosmic Evolution Survey. Using angular cross-correlation techniques, we estimate the halo masses for this large sample of PSB galaxies and compare them with quiescent and star-forming galaxies selected in the same fields. We find that low-mass, low-redshift (0.5 &lt; z &lt; 1.0) PSB galaxies preferentially reside in very high mass dark matter haloes (Mhalo &gt; 1014 M⊙), suggesting that they are likely to be infalling satellite galaxies in cluster-like environments. High-mass PSB galaxies are more weakly clustered at low redshifts, but they reside in higher mass haloes with increasing look-back time, suggesting strong redshift-dependent halo downsizing. These key results are consistent with previous results, suggesting that two main channels are responsible for the rapid quenching of galaxies. While high-redshift (z &gt; 1) galaxies appear to be quenched by secular feedback mechanisms, processes associated with dense environments are likely to be the key driver of rapid quenching in the low-redshift Universe (z &lt; 1). Finally, we show that the clustering of photometrically selected PSBs is consistent with them being direct descendants of highly dust-enshrouded submillimetre galaxies, providing tantalizing evidence for the oft-speculated evolutionary pathway from starburst to quiescence.
Compton scattering in the optically thick uniform spherical corona around the neutron star in an X-ray binary in two conditions
Authors: Shi ChangSheng 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We consider the Compton scattering in the optically thick uniform spherical corona around a neutron star in an X-ray binary. In the scattering, the low energy seed photons (0.1 ∼ 2.5 keV) are scattered in low energy electrons (2.5 ∼ 10 keV) in the corona in two conditions, i.e. initial seed photons are scattered in a whole corona and scattered in every layer of the corona that are supposed to be divided into many layers. When the same number of input seed photons, the same corona parameters, and the same energy distribution of all photons in the two conditions are considered, the approximately same number of output photons can be obtained, which means that there is approximately a transform invariance of layering the Comptonized corona. Thus the scattering in the layers of a multilayered corona is approximately equal to the scattering in the whole corona by dividing the whole corona into several layers. It means that Compton scattering for the initial seed photons scattered in a whole optically thick spherical corona with uniformly distributed electrons also can be considered as that the multiple Compton scatterings take place in the layers of a multilayered corona in order approximately, which can be used to explore some physical process in one part of a corona.
Vice and Virtue in Sikh Ethics
Authors: Singh Keshav 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn recent years, there has been increasing interest in analytic philosophy that engages with non-Western philosophical traditions, including South Asian religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. However, thus far, there has been (to my knowledge) no engagement with Sikhism, despite its status as a major world religion with a rich philosophical tradition. This paper is an attempt to get a start at analytic philosophical engagement with Sikh philosophy. My focus is on Sikh ethics, and in particular on the theory of vice and virtue that can be gleaned from Sikh scripture. According to this theory, the five major vices have a unified source in the vice of haumai. Haumai is a kind of false conception of oneself as singularly important, and correspondingly, a false conception of the world as revolving around oneself, as a world of objects there for one’s use. Vice, then, comes down to the failure to recognize the importance of others. The corresponding picture of virtue is that virtue consists in a recognition of the importance of others, through the recognition of an ultimate reality on which all are One. After reconstructing the Sikh theory of vice and virtue, I conclude with some comparative remarks on Sikh and Western ethics.
No validity without a theory—a critical look at subjective measures of consciousness
Authors: Skóra Zuzanna , Del Pin Simon Hviid , Derda Monika , Koculak Marcin , Rutiku Renate , Wierzchoń Michał 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Michel (The mismeasure of consciousness: a problem of coordination for the perceptual awareness scale. Philos Sci 2019;86:1239–49) claims that the Perceptual Awareness Scale (PAS) faces the problem of coordination (also known as validity). We argue that his claim holds only under certain theoretical assumptions which need to be made explicit as these are likely not in line with the PAS proponents’ standpoint. We also call for terminological clarity, an example being the usage of ‘levels’ of consciousness. Precise terminology combined with an explicit reference to the chosen theoretical perspective is necessary conditions for making progress in consciousness research and the development of consciousness theories.
Pilot Randomized Clinical Trial of a Text Messaging-Based Intervention for Smoking Cessation Among Young People Experiencing Homelessness
Authors: Tucker Joan S , Linnemayr Sebastian , Pedersen Eric R , Shadel William G , Zutshi Rushil , DeYoreo Maria , Cabreros Irineo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Smoking rates are alarmingly high among young people experiencing homelessness (YEH), yet there are no evidence-based cessation programs for this population. This paper presents results from a pilot evaluation of a text messaging-based smoking cessation treatment, as an adjunct to brief group cessation counseling, to improve abstinence rates among 18–25-year-old smokers experiencing homelessness. The goal of this study was to estimate effect sizes for a larger trial and it was not powered to detect group differences.

Aims and Methods
YEH smokers who had a working cell phone with them at recruitment were randomized to receive a group counseling session, nicotine patches, and written material on quitting (n = 37) or a similar program that also included a 6-week automated text messaging intervention (TMI) to provide ongoing support for quitting (n = 40). Smoking outcomes were evaluated through a 90-day follow-up.

Results
Seven-day point prevalence abstinence at 90-day follow-up was higher in the TMI condition than standard condition (17.50% vs. 8.11%, respectively; Cohen’s h = .37); however, the 90-day continuous abstinence rate was not statistically different from zero in either condition. Reductions in the number of days smoked in the past 30 days from baseline to follow-up were greater in the TMI condition than the standard condition (−14.24 vs. −8.62, respectively; Cohen’s d = .49).

Conclusions
Adding a 6-week TMI support to a brief group counseling and pharmacotherapy protocol holds promise for smoking reduction and abstinence among YEH smokers. Results indicate that further development and evaluation of the TMI in this population is warranted.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT03874585. Registered March 14, 2019, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/record/NCT03874585.

Implications
This is the first study to evaluate the feasibility of using a text messaging-based intervention (TMI) for behavior change with 18–25 year olds experiencing homelessness, and more specifically, the first to test a TMI to provide ongoing support for smoking cessation. Small to medium effect sizes for the TMI are promising in terms of implementing a TMI using participants’ own cell phones, as well as the efficacy of this approach as an adjunct to standard care (brief group counseling and pharmacotherapy) for smoking cessation among YEH.
E-Cigarette Advertising in the UK: A Content Analysis of Traditional and Social Media Advertising to Observe Compliance with Current Regulations
Authors: Stead Martine , Ford Allison , Angus Kathryn , MacKintosh Anne Marie , Purves Richard , Mitchell Danielle 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
The advertising of e-cigarettes in the UK is regulated through the revised EU Tobacco Products Directive and the Tobacco and Related Products Regulations, with further rules set out in the Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) Committees of Advertising (CAP) Code. Focusing on the ASA CAP Code Rules, we examined e-cigarette advertising regulation compliance in traditional advertising channels and on social media.

Methods
We conducted a content analysis of UK e-cigarette and related product advertising using a randomly selected sample (n = 130) of advertising in traditional channels and on Instagram which appeared between January and December 2019. All ads were independently double-coded to assess compliance with each CAP Code Rule.

Results
In traditional channels, our sample of advertising had largely good compliance. Only very small numbers of these ads appeared to be clearly in breach of any of the ASA rules (5% were in breach of Rule 22.7; 2% of Rule 22.9; and 1% of Rule 22.10). In contrast, we judged that all of the Instagram sample (n = 30) was in breach of Rule 22.12. For some rules, it was not possible to make definitive judgments about compliance, given uncertainty regarding how a rule should be interpreted and applied.

Conclusions
We found overall good compliance for advertising in traditional channels, but assessed all of our social media advertising samples was in breach of regulations. Current guidance on e-cigarette advertising could be improved to facilitate e-cigarette advertising assessment and regulation. It would be beneficial to bring consumer perspectives into the assessment of regulation compliance.

Implications
The regulation of e-cigarette advertising is a global concern. The UK Government has a statutory obligation to review the Tobacco and Related Products Regulations by May 2021. This study assessed compliance with current UK e-cigarette advertising regulations on placement and content. We identified areas where greater clarity is needed and outlined implications for future regulation.
Seasonal variation of growth and reproduction of the subarctic krill species, Thysanoessa raschii, driven by environmental conditions in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence
Authors: Cope Laurie Emma , Plourde Stéphane , Winkler Gesche 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study was to quantify somatic growth and reproduction of Thysanoessa raschii in response to environmental conditions in the St. Lawrence Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence, Canada. We sampled between 2010 and 2016 from spring to late summer and incubated individuals. Fresh molts were collected daily and measured to calculate the growth increment following the instantaneous growth rate method while eggs were counted daily. Our results showed a seasonal pattern of somatic growth and reproduction driven by temperature and chl. a concentration with a decrease in somatic growth in August when egg production was maximal, suggesting a trade-off. Functional relationship analyses revealed a narrow optimal temperature window for somatic growth with maximum temperatures observed between 1.2 and 2.0°C in the cold intermediate layer (50–150 m). Maximum egg production was observed at temperatures between 3.8 and 5.7°C in the surface layer (0–50 m). A required minimum concentration of chl. a of 9 mg.m−3 for somatic growth was observed. For egg production, the minimum observed was integrated chl. a (0–50 m) of 80 mg.m−2. We also observed the importance of optimal conditions lasting for one to 3 weeks to support biological processes in T. raschii.
HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90 proteins and YODA regulate main body axis formation during early embryogenesis
Authors: Samakovli Despina , Tichá Tereza , Vavrdová Tereza , Závorková Natálie , Pecinka Ales , Ovečka Miroslav , Šamaj Jozef 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The YODA (YDA) kinase pathway is intimately associated with the control of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) embryo development, but little is known regarding its regulators. Using genetic analysis, HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN 90 (HSP90) proteins emerge as potent regulators of YDA in the process of embryo development and patterning. This study is focused on the characterization and quantification of early embryonal traits of single and double hsp90 and yda mutants. HSP90s genetic interactions with YDA affected the downstream signaling pathway to control the development of both basal and apical cell lineage of embryo. Our results demonstrate that the spatiotemporal expression of WUSCHEL-RELATED HOMEOBOX 8 (WOX8) and WOX2 is changed when function of HSP90s or YDA is impaired, suggesting their essential role in the cell fate determination and possible link to auxin signaling during early embryo development. Hence, HSP90s together with YDA signaling cascade affect transcriptional networks shaping the early embryo development.
The function of glutaredoxin GRXS15 is required for lipoyl-dependent dehydrogenases in mitochondria
Authors: Moseler Anna , Kruse Inga , Maclean Andrew E , Pedroletti Luca , Franceschetti Marina , Wagner Stephan , Wehler Regina , Fischer-Schrader Katrin , Poschet Gernot , Wirtz Markus , Dörmann Peter , Hildebrandt Tatjana M , Hell Rüdiger , Schwarzländer Markus , Balk Janneke , Meyer Andreas J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Iron–sulfur (Fe–S) clusters are ubiquitous cofactors in all life and are used in a wide array of diverse biological processes, including electron transfer chains and several metabolic pathways. Biosynthesis machineries for Fe–S clusters exist in plastids, the cytosol, and mitochondria. A single monothiol glutaredoxin (GRX) is involved in Fe–S cluster assembly in mitochondria of yeast and mammals. In plants, the role of the mitochondrial homolog GRXS15 has only partially been characterized. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) grxs15 null mutants are not viable, but mutants complemented with the variant GRXS15 K83A develop with a dwarf phenotype similar to the knockdown line GRXS15amiR. In an in-depth metabolic analysis of the variant and knockdown GRXS15 lines, we show that most Fe–S cluster-dependent processes are not affected, including biotin biosynthesis, molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis, the electron transport chain, and aconitase in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. Instead, we observed an increase in most TCA cycle intermediates and amino acids, especially pyruvate, glycine, and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs). Additionally, we found an accumulation of branched-chain α-keto acids (BCKAs), the first degradation products resulting from transamination of BCAAs. In wild-type plants, pyruvate, glycine, and BCKAs are all metabolized through decarboxylation by mitochondrial lipoyl cofactor (LC)-dependent dehydrogenase complexes. These enzyme complexes are very abundant, comprising a major sink for LC. Because biosynthesis of LC depends on continuous Fe–S cluster supply to lipoyl synthase, this could explain why LC-dependent processes are most sensitive to restricted Fe–S supply in grxs15 mutants.
Classical phenotyping and deep learning concur on genetic control of stomatal density and area in sorghum
Authors: Bheemanahalli Raju , Wang Chaoxin , Bashir Elfadil , Chiluwal Anuj , Pokharel Meghnath , Perumal Ramasamy , Moghimi Naghmeh , Ostmeyer Troy , Caragea Doina , Jagadish S.V. Krishna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Stomatal density (SD) and stomatal complex area (SCA) are important traits that regulate gas exchange and abiotic stress response in plants. Despite sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) adaptation to arid conditions, the genetic potential of stomata-related traits remains unexplored due to challenges in available phenotyping methods. Hence, identifying loci that control stomatal traits is fundamental to designing strategies to breed sorghum with optimized stomatal regulation. We implemented both classical and deep learning methods to characterize genetic diversity in 311 grain sorghum accessions for stomatal traits at two different field environments. Nearly 12,000 images collected from abaxial (Ab) and adaxial (Ad) leaf surfaces revealed substantial variation in stomatal traits. Our study demonstrated significant accuracy between manual and deep learning methods in predicting SD and SCA. In sorghum, SD was 32%–39% greater on the Ab versus the Ad surface, while SCA on the Ab surface was 2%–5% smaller than on the Ad surface. Genome-Wide Association Study identified 71 genetic loci (38 were environment-specific) with significant genotype to phenotype associations for stomatal traits. Putative causal genes underlying the phenotypic variation were identified. Accessions with similar SCA but carrying contrasting haplotypes for SD were tested for stomatal conductance and carbon assimilation under field conditions. Our findings provide a foundation for further studies on the genetic and molecular mechanisms controlling stomata patterning and regulation in sorghum. An integrated physiological, deep learning, and genomic approach allowed us to unravel the genetic control of natural variation in stomata traits in sorghum, which can be applied to other plants.