bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial–temporal variations in biosonar activity of Yangtze finless porpoise in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River and its correlation with underwater noise: Are quieter non‐shipping branches the remaining shelters?
Authors: Zhou Lu , Chen Xu , Duan Peng‐Xiang , Wang Ding , Wang Zhi‐Tao , Wang Ke‐Xiong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractYangtze finless porpoise (YFP) is Critically Endangered, It relies on its biological sonar sensing system for important life activities. The rapid development of the Yangtze valley has brought busy shipping, which has resulted in increased noise.Two locations on the shipping channel and non‐shipping branch were selected. Passive acoustic monitoring was used to record the biosonar signals of porpoises and underwater noise. The number of click trains, echolocation encounters, buzzes and buzz ratios were counted and the root mean square sound pressure level of noise was calculated in five diel phases.A non‐parametric test was used to analyse the differences among different phases and between different locations. The aim of the study was to detect the spatial and temporal variations in the biosonar activity of YFPs and underwater noise between non‐shipping and shipping channels, and to provide scientific advice for YFP conservation.Significant spatial and temporal patterns were observed both in biosonar activity and noise. Average biosonar activity, including click trains, buzzes, buzz ratio and echolocation encounters, was higher in the non‐shipping channel than in the shipping channel, whereas the noise level was higher in the shipping channel than in the non‐shipping channel.In the non‐shipping channel, the buzz numbers and buzz ratios, indicators of porpoise feeding activity, were higher at night than during the day while the noise level was higher during the day than at night.These findings may be associated with the noise avoidance strategies of YFPs to adapt to the busy shipping on the Yangtze River. Maintaining the non‐shipping status of some branches of the Yangtze River can provide more shelters for the YFPs. Strengthening the measures for banning navigation at night or reducing the vessel speed at night throughout the entire year would improve the YFPs’ feeding success.
Identification of an MGST2 gene and analysis of its function in antioxidant processes in Apis cerana cerana
Authors: Zhao Guangdong , Zhao Wenchun , Cui Xuepei , Xu Baohua , Liu Qingxin , Li Han , Guo Xingqi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMGST2 is a member of the MAPEG superfamily, which participates in LTC4 synthesis and plays important roles in the regulation of the oxidative stress pathway and some diseases. Here, we isolated a previously uncharacterized gene in Apis cerana cerana named AccMGST2 by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. The biological characteristics of AccMGST2 were analyzed by bioinformatics. The amino acid sequence similarity between AccMGST2 and AmMGST2 of Apis mellifera reached 96.08%. The expression characteristics of AccMGST2 were explored in several tissues. The quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction results showed that the AccMGST2 gene was highly expressed in the head and muscle and that AccMGST2 expression responded to oxidative stress caused by different abiotic stresses. AccMGST2 was silenced using RNA interference, which decreased the expression levels of some MAPK and antioxidant genes. Therefore, we conclude that AccMGST2 is involved in the regulation of oxidative stress in A. cerana cerana.
Late‐Stage Alkylation of Heterocycles Using N‐(Acyloxy)phthalimides
Authors: Parida Sushanta Kumar , Hota Sudhir Kumar , Kumar Raushan , Murarka Sandip 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSynthetic methods enabling late‐stage modification of heterocycles hold tremendous importance in the pharmaceutical and agrochemical industry and drug discovery. Accordingly, efficient, functional group tolerant and selective late‐stage alkylation of valuable molecular entities is of enormous significance and well‐acknowledged in medicinal chemistry. Radical alkylation of heteroarenes employing carboxylic acids as the alkyl radical precursor represents one of the most direct ways of C−H functionalizations of heterocycles. Recently, the field has undergone a revolutionary development especially with regard to the generation of alkyl radicals under much milder conditions. In this regard N‐(acyloxy)phthalimides (NHPI esters) have emerged as a suitable precursor of a diverse set of alkyl radicals allowing formal C−H alkylation of not only N‐heteroarenes but a diverse set of non‐aromatic heterocycles under visible light photocatalysis or electrochemical conditions. This review delineates all these discoveries and provides readers a comprehensive overview of this rapidly expanding field.
Design and application of a tire slip energy control scheme based on optimal guaranteed cost theory for four‐in‐wheel drive electric vehicles
Authors: Li Hewei , Zhao Bin , Yu WeiBo , Xu Nan , Guo KongHui 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this paper, vehicle stability with time‐varying tire cornering stiffness and tire slip energy torque distribution is investigated for four‐in‐wheel motor drive electric vehicles thanks to the control flexibility. On the issue of tire slip energy, a scheme of “semi‐empirical tire slip energy model” is proposed and analyzed. In this scheme, the hierarchical control method is used to reduce tire slip energy and improve vehicle stability. In the outer loop controller, cost control is designed based on optimal guaranteed cost theory, which is compared with the traditional linear quadratic regulator. The integrated control method of active front steering and direct yaw moment control is evaluated and studied from the cost perspective by norm‐bounded uncertainty. Finally, the simulation results verify that the control framework considering time‐varying uncertainty has significant advantages under the condition of high‐friction coefficient single‐lane change and low‐friction coefficient slalom change. Compared with the linear quadratic regulator and the minimization of tire slip energy control, the control framework with optimal guaranteed cost can achieve smaller sideslip angle; meanwhile, it can save more tire slip energy.
A life‐table analysis of the intrauterine fate of malformed human embryos and fetuses
Authors: Shiota Kohei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundVarious malformations are frequently encountered in spontaneously aborted embryos and fetuses. Thus, spontaneous abortion appears to be a screening device for abnormal conceptuses (“teratothanasia”). However, the prevalence rate of abnormal conceptuses at each gestational stage is unknown and the true picture of prenatal natural selection remains to be elucidated.MethodsAn in utero life‐table of normal and malformed human conceptuses was constructed utilizing the data for human embryos and fetuses procured after therapeutic abortion and kept in the Kyoto Collection of Human Embryos (N = 21,798).ResultsThe prevalence of external major malformations was estimated to be 9.6% at the start of the fifth week after fertilization and drop to 9.2, 8.5, and 7.5% during the following weeks. The malformation rate decreased to 5.3% by the end of the embryonic period (the eighth week), 2.8% by the 13th week and 1% at term. The prenatal mortality rate of externally malformed conceptuses between the fifth week of gestation and term was 92.8%, whereas the corresponding rate for externally normal embryos was 24.9%. The prenatal mortality rates of embryos with neural tube defects and holoprosencephaly were 96.0 and 99.7%, respectively.ConclusionsAbnormal development occurs frequently early in development and many of the malformed embryos/fetuses die in utero to end in spontaneous abortion. Natural prenatal screening of abnormal conceptuses most likely contributes to reducing the birth of malformed infants.
Vergussbeton – Innovation in der Betoninstandsetzung
Authors: von Daake Henning , Schäffel Patrick 
Published: March 2021

AbstractVergussbetone und ‐mörtel werden bereits seit vielen Jahren sehr erfolgreich im Betonbau eingesetzt. In den vergangenen Jahren hat sich ihr Einsatz vom anfänglichen Vergießen dünner Schichten unter Brückenlagern und Maschinen bis auf den Bereich der Betoninstandsetzung unter schwierigen Randbedingungen erweitert. Aktuelles Regelwerk ist die Vergussbetonrichtlinie des DAfStb 2011 [1], die 2019 [2] aktualisiert wurde. Diese Überarbeitung wurde nun in die Musterverwaltungsvorschrift Technische Baubestimmung aufgenommen und wird in den kommenden Monaten in die Verwaltungsvorschriften Technische Baubestimmungen der Bundesländer übernommen.Der vorliegende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick zur Entwicklung von zementgebundenem Vergussbeton und ‐mörtel. Anschließend wird auf Besonderheiten der Produkte im Vergleich zu herkömmlichem Normalbeton und Mörtel eingegangen. Die folgenden Kapitel beschäftigen sich mit den Aspekten der praktischen Anwendung und innovativen Möglichkeiten der Betoninstandsetzung.
Recent applications of microextraction sample preparation techniques in biological samples analysis
Authors: Daryanavard Seyed Mosayeb , Zolfaghari Hesane , Abdel‐Rehim Abbi , Abdel‐Rehim Mohamed 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAnalysis of biological samples is affected by interfering substances with chemical properties similar to those of the target analytes, such as drugs. Biological samples such as whole blood, plasma, serum, urine and saliva must be properly processed for separation, purification, enrichment and chemical modification to meet the requirements of the analytical instruments. This causes the sample preparation stage to be of undeniable importance in the analysis of such samples through methods such as microextraction techniques. The scope of this review will cover a comprehensive summary of available literature data on microextraction techniques playing a key role for analytical purposes, methods of their implementation in common biological samples, and finally, the most recent examples of application of microextraction techniques in preconcentration of analytes from urine, blood and saliva samples. The objectives and merits of each microextration technique are carefully described in detail with respect to the nature of the biological samples. This review presents the most recent and innovative work published on microextraction application in common biological samples, mostly focused on original studies reported from 2017 to date. The main sections of this review comprise an introduction to the microextraction techniques supported by recent application studies involving quantitative and qualitative results and summaries of the most significant, recently published applications of microextracion methods in biological samples. This article considers recent applications of several microextraction techniques in the field of sample preparation for biological samples including urine, blood and saliva, with consideration for extraction techniques, sample preparation and instrumental detection systems.
Capillary electrophoresis‐based methodology for screening of oligonucleotide aptamers
Authors: Guo Xin , Chen Guan‐Hua 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAs a new molecular recognition element, oligonucleotide aptamer not only has higher affinity and specificity to target molecules, but also has the advantages of wide recognition range, in vitro synthesis and chemical stability compared with conventional antibodies. Since a kind of screening method termed systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) was reported, scientists have extensively researched the methodology of how to highly and efficiently screen out aptamers from a library consisting of a large number of random oligonucleotides. Certainly capillary electrophoresis‐based screening methodologies, including nonequilibrium capillary electrophoresis of equilibrium mixtures, equilibrium capillary electrophoresis of equilibrium mixtures, non‐SELEX, ideal‐filter capillary electrophoresis, capillary transient isotachophoresis, etc., are revolutionary. Compared with conventional SELEX, these capillary electrophoresis‐based methodologies show incomparable advantages such as the single‐round screening of aptamers and increased successful screening rate. Methodology studies on the screening process of aptamers are comprehensively reviewed.
Successful pembrolizumab treatment of microsatellite instability‐high intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma: A case report
Authors: Ikeda Yuki , Ono Michihiro , Ohmori Ginji , Ameda Saki , Yamada Michiko , Abe Tomoyuki , Fujii Shigeyuki , Fujita Miri , Maeda Masahiro 
Published: March 2021

Key Clinical MessageThe tumor reduction effect of pembrolizumab is extremely high compared to standard chemotherapy and might show prolonged survival. Therefore, the MSI status should be examined in patients with cholangiocarcinoma.
CFD analysis of blade coating from a reservoir onto a horizontal substrate using a homogeneous two‐phase model
Authors: Singh Arpan R. , Ormiston Scott J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA two‐phase numerical analysis is performed of two‐dimensional, laminar, liquid flow from a reservoir onto a horizontal, rigid, moving substrate. The homogeneous two‐phase model in commercial CFD code CFX is used to model the liquid plus a region containing both liquid and air near the phase interface and downstream of the blade region. Slow convergence due to surface tension modelling required initialization from intermediate results omitting surface tension. Comparisons made with two previous numerical analyses demonstrate the performance of this approach. For a particular upstream reservoir geometry, the effects of changing the substrate speed and the liquid properties from a Newtonian fluid to a Carreau‐Yasuda non‐Newtonian fluid on the pressure field and the downstream film height are studied. The details of the liquid recirculation in the reservoir and the overall pressure distribution are discussed. New results are presented for the meniscus position and contact angle, which are fully predicted by the two‐phase approach. The meniscus position was strongly influenced by substrate speed and liquid properties, whereas the contact angle did not change significantly with changes in substrate speed and dynamic viscosity for the Newtonian fluid nor with changes in the functional parameters for the non‐Newtonian fluid.
F‐18 FDG PET‐CT for response evaluation in head and neck malignancy: Experience from a tertiary level hospital in south India
Authors: Benjamin Justin , Hephzibah Julie , Shanthly Nylla , Oommen Regi , Mathew David , Pavamani Simon , Rajnikanth Janakiraman 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundHead and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) accounts for 90% of head and neck cancers. There has been no established qualitative system of interpretation for therapy response assessment using PET‐CT for HNSCC.AimTo assess response evaluation of nodal status in post‐treatment PET‐CT scans in HNSCC using a 5‐point Likert scale (Deauville score [DS]).Methods and ResultsRetro‐prospective analysis was performed of the nodal status of pre and post‐RT PET‐CT in patients diagnosed with HNSCC (n = 43) from May 2013 to March 2018. All eligible patients underwent a pre‐RT PET‐CT scan before the start of RT. Another post‐RT PET‐CT scan was performed 12 weeks after the completion of RT. The median time from completion of radiotherapy (RT) to post‐RT PET‐CT was 92 days; 80% of the patients had their post‐RT PET‐CT scan between 77 and 147 days after therapy. Of 43 patients (M/33, F/10, age range 18 to 80 years (median 54 years) selected for the study, good concordance was noted between DS and clinical response in these patients. The change in SUV from pre‐RT PET to post‐RT PET was analyzed using a paired t‐test. The P‐value was found to be statistically significant while comparing pre and post‐RT SUVmax levels showing that RT had significantly reduced the SUVmax levels of the nodes in DS 2‐3 groups whereas the number of patients was too small to allow a reliable calculation in DS 4‐5 groups. It was found that 36/39 patients with DS 1‐3 had no nodal recurrence showing a high NPV of 92.3%. Of the four patients with DS 4‐5, all had active disease showing PPV of 100%. Applying Fisher's exact test, the P‐value was found to be .004.ConclusionDS seems to satisfy the requirements for a simple qualitative method of interpreting PET scans and for identifying patients requiring neck dissection. Consensus regarding qualitative assessment would facilitate standardization of PET reporting in clinical practice and enable comparative multicentric studies
Predicting chemotherapy‐induced menopause using baseline and post‐chemotherapy anti‐Müllerian hormone levels: Results of a pilot study
Authors: Martin Hilary Laura , Ullah Shahid , Abbas Nazim , Scott‐Hoy Alex , Kichenadasse Ganessan , Karapetis Christos Stelios , Roy Amitesh , Sukumaran Shawgi , Ross David M , Khattak Muhammad Adnan , Koczwara Bogda 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundChemotherapy can cause premature menopause which may result in adverse effects such as fertility loss, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease and menopausal symptoms. It is thus very important that women are provided with accurate information regarding their risk of premature menopause as a consequence of proposed chemotherapy. Unfortunately, at present there are no reliable tools which can be applied in clinical practice to estimate the risk of premature menopause in women undergoing chemotherapy, beyond age of the patient and form of chemotherapy utilized.AimThis was a pilot study to determine whether AMH levels pre and during chemotherapy are able to predict for chemotherapy induced menopause, and to assess quality of life and menopausal symptoms.Methods and resultsPremenopausal women between 18 to 45 who were planned to undergo gonadotoxic chemotherapy with curative intent for either breast cancer or haematologic malignancy were recruited from a single centre. AMH, FSH, LH and oestradiol levels were recorded prior to commencement of therapy, during and following completion of chemotherapy. Menstrual status, menopausal symptoms and quality of life data were collected at baseline and during follow‐up. Twenty two women were recruited. The baseline AMH was higher in women who regained menses post‐chemotherapy (median 23.1 vs 9.9 pM (P = .06). Menopausal symptoms were significantly higher at 1 year post diagnosis than at baseline however quality of life was similar.ConclusionAMH may be useful for predicting chemotherapy induced menopause. Further research is still required to determine the place of such testing for patient counselling and management.
Oral and oropharyngeal cancer: Knowledge, attitude and practices among medical and dental practitioners
Authors: Algudaibi Latifa Yousef , AlMeaigel Shahad , AlQahtani Nouf , Shaheen Naila A. , Aboalela Ali 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundOral and oropharyngeal cancer are significant health problems. They are both life‐threatening conditions usually diagnosed at an advanced stage causing survival rates to decline.AimTo assess and compare practices, knowledge and attitude regarding oral and oropharyngeal cancer between dental and medical practitioners.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted to assess knowledge, attitude and practices of oral and oropharyngeal cancer among dental and medical practitioners at King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 360 participants were included in the study using a convenient sampling technique. Participants were approached in their clinics and printed self‐administered questionnaire were handed over to them after signing a written consent form. Frequency distribution and Chi‐Square test were used for the statistical analysis and the level of significance was set at P value of .05 or less.ResultsA total of 174 participants responded. Assessment of oral and oropharyngeal cancer knowledge between dental practitioners and medical practitioners showed comparable results. Regarding practices, a significant difference was seen between medical practitioners and dental practitioners in determining the duration of intra‐oral ulcer to consider urgent referral (P = .006) and in number of referrals made in relation to suspicious oral lesions (P = .002). Moreover, a significant difference (P = .006) was seen between medical practitioners and dental practitioners in determining the duration of intra‐oral ulcer to consider urgent referral.ConclusionMedical and dental practitioners showed areas of differences in practice, attitude and knowledge of oral and oropharyngeal cancer that when addressed would lead to improved survival rates.
The meaning of colors in food packaging: A study of industrialized products sold in Brazil
Authors: Pereira Carla 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCurrently, packaging needs to communicate material and immaterial qualities of food, linked to the satisfaction of nutritional, psychological and cultural needs of consumers. For this, the design builds complex discourses, associating verbal and visual language. In Brazil, with the standardization of packaging formats and the growing variety of products, the importance of color in visual communication has expanded. This research aims to explain the system of color meanings in food packaging sold in Brazil, and demonstrate that the color of designs reflects ideological and cultural concepts of contemporary society. An empirical study was conducted, with a qualitative approach, in which the colors of 612 food packages were analyzed. The analysis tools come from semiology/semiotics. The results show that colors played three semiotic functions: (1) showing the color of the food (iconic function), (2) signaling objective characteristics of the products (indicative function), and (3) representing psychological and cultural qualities (symbolic function). It was found that the system of color meanings in the food packaging is organized based on color attributes (hue, lightness and chroma), through differences and oppositions. It is concluded that, in Brazil, the colors of food packaging reflect the heterogeneity of the consumption groups—such as white for the “healthy” people, black for the “refined”, pink for “women”, green for the “ecological”—and, in this sense, they work as identity markers.
Effect of Moderate Hepatic Impairment on the Pharmacokinetics of Vadadustat, an Oral Hypoxia‐Inducible Factor Prolyl Hydroxylase Inhibitor
Authors: Chavan Ajit , Burke Leontia , Sawant Rishikesh , Navarro‐Gonzales Pamela , Vargo Dennis , Paulson Susan K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractVadadustat is a hypoxia‐inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor in development for the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease. This phase 1, open‐label, parallel‐group, single‐dose study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of 450‐mg vadadustat in adults with moderate hepatic impairment (Child‐Pugh class B) vs those with normal hepatic function. Primary end points were area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) from dosing to last concentration and to infinity, as well as maximum concentration (Cmax); additional pharmacokinetic parameters included time to Cmax (Tmax) and half‐life. Safety and tolerability were also assessed. All enrolled participants (n = 16) completed the study. Demographics were similar in both groups (overall, 100% White; 62.5% female; mean age, 59.2 years). Vadadustat plasma exposure was higher in the moderate hepatic impairment group, whereas maximum concentration was similar between groups. Point estimates of the hepatic impairment : normal geometric mean ratios (90% confidence interval) for AUC from dosing to last concentration, AUC from dosing to infinity, and Cmax were 1.05 (0.82‐1.35), 1.06 (0.82‐1.36), and 1.02 (0.79‐1.32), respectively. Mean elimination half‐life was 5.8 and 7.8 hours in the normal and hepatic impairment groups, respectively. Treatment‐emergent adverse events were mostly mild in severity, and vadadustat was generally well tolerated. In conclusion, moderate hepatic impairment did not significantly impact vadadustat systemic exposure, and mild hepatic impairment is unlikely to alter vadadustat exposure.