bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between exenatide use and incidence of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Zhou Bo , Zissimopoulos Julie , Nadeem Hasan , Crane Matthew A. , Goldman Dana , Romley John A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionRecent developments suggest that insulin‐sensitizing agents used to treat type II diabetes (T2DM) may also prove useful in reducing the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The objective of this study is to analyze the association between exenatide use among Medicare beneficiaries with T2DM and the incidence of AD.MethodsWe performed a retrospective cohort analysis on claims data from a 20% random sample of Medicare beneficiaries with T2DM from 2007 to 2013 (n = 342,608). We compared rates of incident AD between 2009 and 2013 according to exenatide use in 2007–2008, measured by the number of 30‐day‐equivalent fills. We adjusted for demographics, comorbidities, and use of other drugs. Unmeasured confounding was assessed with an instrumental variables approach.ResultsThe sample was mostly female (65%), White (76%), and 74 years old on average. Exenatide users were more likely to be male (38% vs. 35%), White (87% vs. 76%), and younger (by 4.2 years) than non‐users. Each additional 30‐day‐equivalent claim was associated with a 2.4% relative reduction in incidence (odds ratio 0.976; 95% confidence interval 0.963–0.989; P < .001). There was no evidence of unmeasured confounding.DiscussionExenatide use is associated with a reduced incidence of AD among Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older with T2DM. The association shown in this study warrants consideration by clinicians prescribing insulin sensitizing agents to patients.
Effect of maternal age on cardiac adaptation in pregnancy
Authors: Ling H. Z. , Garcia Jara P. , Nicolaides K. H. , Kametas N. A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo compare longitudinal maternal hemodynamic changes throughout gestation between different age groups.MethodsThis was a prospective longitudinal study assessing maternal hemodynamics using a bioreactance technique at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6, 19 + 0 to 24 + 0, 30 + 0 to 34 + 0 and 35 + 0 to 37 + 0 weeks' gestation. Women were divided into four groups according to maternal age at the first visit at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks: Group 1, < 25.0 years; Group 2, 25.0–30.0 years; Group 3, 30.1–34.9 years; and Group 4, ≥ 35.0 years. A multilevel linear mixed‐effects model was performed to compare the repeat measurements of hemodynamic variables, correcting for demographics, medical and obstetric history, pregnancy complications, maternal age and gestational‐age window.ResultsThe study population included 254 women in Group 1, 442 in Group 2, 618 in Group 3 and 475 in Group 4. Younger women (Group 1) had the highest cardiac output (CO) and lowest peripheral vascular resistance (PVR), and older women (Group 4) had the lowest CO and highest PVR throughout pregnancy. The higher CO seen in younger women was achieved through an increase in heart rate alone and not with a concomitant rise in stroke volume. Although the youngest age group demonstrated an apparently more favorable hemodynamic profile, it had the highest incidence of a small‐for‐gestational‐age neonate. There was no significant difference between the groups in the incidence of pre‐eclampsia.ConclusionAge‐specific differences in maternal hemodynamic adaptation do not explain the differences in the incidence of a small‐for‐gestational‐age neonate between age groups. © 2021 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Effects of AHLs inhibitors and exogenous AHLs on the stability and activity of Anammox granules at low temperatures
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhang Lin‐hua , Sun Peng , He Jie‐ya , Li Jun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study investigated the relationship between acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs)‐based quorum sensing (QS) and the properties of Anammox granular sludge at low temperatures (11–23°C). Results indicated that adding different concentrations of AHLs inhibitors reduced the content of N‐hexanoyl‐dl‐homoserine lactone (C6‐HSL) and N‐octanoyl‐dl‐homoserinelactone (C8‐HSL) in Anammox granules on different degrees at different operation temperatures, which led to the deterioration of granules stability and activity. The important role of endogenous C6‐HSL and C8‐HSL signals in maintaining Anammox granular sludge stability and activity in low‐temperature conditions was revealed. In addition, in the process of reducing operation temperatures, another type of AHL signal (N‐(3‐oxooctanoyl)‐l‐homoserine lactone, 3OC8‐HSL) was released by Anammox granules. The effects of exogenous C8‐HSL on the strength, average diameter, and density of Anammox granules were closely related to the operation temperature. When the operation temperature ranged from 11°C to 16°C, the stability of granules could be significantly improved by exogenous C8‐HSL. In addition, the addition of C6‐HSL and 3OC8‐HSL promoted the activity of Anammox granules when the operation temperatures of the reactors were 11–23°C. This study proposed a novel approach to improve the properties of Anammox granules at low temperatures from the perspective of QS.Practitioner points

Endogenous AHLs played an important role in maintaining the activity and stability of Anammox granules at 11–23°C.
Exogenous C8‐HSL improved the granules stability at the low temperature of 11–16°C.
Exogenous C6‐HSL or 3OC8‐HSL promoted the granules activity at 11–23°C.
Supply a novel way to improve the Anammox granules performance at low temperatures.
Legal and Ontological Pluralism: Recognising Rivers as More-Than-Human Entities
Authors: Parsons Meg , Fisher Karen , Crease Roa Petra 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe explore the ways in which the formal recognition (to some extent) of Indigenous knowledge systems within environmental governance and the role of reconcilition in achieving environmental justice. We examine whether recent agreements between the New Zealand Crown (Crown) and Māori tribal groups (iwi), known as Treaty ‘settlements’, to establish shared co-governance and management over rivers encapsulate and are capable of achieving environmental justice for Māori. We draw on schoalrship on legal and ontological pluralism to consider questions of how to remedy environmental injustice and what reconciliation between Indigenous and non-Indigenous peoples means in settler societies. Rather than seek to provide a singular definition of Indigenous environmental justice (IEJ), we instead examine how Indigenous peoples in Aotearoa New Zealand and other colonial societies are engaged in efforts to negotiate with and challenge the colonial legal orders, develop their laws, policies, and governance frameworks to achieve justice within the freshwater realm.
Pharmacotherapy in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Rao Latha P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe field of pharmacology has always fascinated medical professionals—the ability to cure a disease by prescribing medicine is very tempting. Medical and surgical specialties benefit from the correct use of drugs, and oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS) is no exception. Antibiotics, analgesics, and anti-inflammatory drugs are among commonly prescribed medicines in a maxillofacial surgical practice. Umpteen number of literature studies are available on the usage of these medicines in maxillofacial surgery. A review of literature is attempted in this chapter to reach a consensus in matters pertaining to these drugs. The task was in no way an easy one as no two studies compared the same group of medicines or similar pharmacological properties. The key facts, which have emerged from this literature search, have been projected in this chapter.
Management of Impacted Third Molars
Authors: Varghese George 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThird molar impactions is one of the commonest minor oral surgical procedures in the realm of the oral and maxillofacial surgeon. Many basic principles of minor oral surgery have to be applied in a logical manner to attain a good healing. The assessment, clinical and radiographic evaluation plays an important role in selecting the right technique to ensure good results. This chapter aims to go through the basics of third molar impactions in a sequential way to guide the clinician to take the right decisions.
Maxillary Sinusitis
Authors: Ganesan Kandasamy , Rathod Neelam 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMaxillary sinusitis is a debilitating condition for patients due to the proximity of this anatomical structure to the dentition, oropharynx and orbital cavity and thus of paramount consideration for the oral and maxillofacial clinician. The etiopathology, when not due to oral antral communication and thus often secondary to an upper respiratory tract infection, can be multifactorial. It is the result of a detailed clinical assessment with appropriate investigations that an accurate diagnosis attained. Management of symptoms is the first course of action and provides the greatest perceived relief for the patient. Surgical management has multidisciplinary overlap and each specialism should work in harmony in their respective fortes for an optimum outcome. This chapter provides a detailed overview of the pathophysiology, clinical presentation and management of patients presenting with suspected maxillary sinusitis in the absence of oral antral communication.
Reactive Lesions of Oro-Maxillofacial Region
Authors: Gali Raja Sekhar 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA plethora of pathologies occurs in the skeletal and soft tissues of the oro-facial region that are reactive. These arise as a result of chronic low-grade inflammation, trauma, hormonal influence and other causes. Varied types of clinical, radiological and histological presentations are often associated with these lesions that pose a diagnostic dilemma to the clinician. This chapter describes in detail the common reactive lesions of the maxillofacial region with an emphasis on correlating the clinical and investigational findings to arrive at the correct diagnosis and provide appropriate treatment.
Vascular Anomalies of the Oro-Maxillofacial Region
Authors: Nair Sanjiv , Shroff Sunil S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractVascular anomalies is a diverse group of disorders involving the vasculature (arteries,veins and lymphatics). These lesions in the head and neck can present since birth or later in life causing functional, cosmetic and bleeding problems. They can sometimes co-exist with a wide array of other pathologies and components of various syndromes. The different types, classifications, clinical features, imaging characteristics, treatment options and complications will be discussed in detail, with accordance to guidelines and principles in current literature. The author has designed a widely accepted anatomical classification for surgical management of these complex lesions, which is discussed in depth. Tailoring therapy depending on the anomaly is the key to successful treatment. Hemangiomas tend to proliferate and then involute , hence treated with systemic medication or alternate therapy for residual lesions. Vascular Malformations essentially would require aggressive management with surgery or embolisation and surgery. The concept of ‘corset suturing’ is explained and described, which is thought to be the ideal management for large venous malformations.
Medicolegal Issues in Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Paul George , Rai Manjunath 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEvery profession is governed by a set of rules and regulations, and the same applies to the field of maxillofacial surgery. The young surgeon must therefore be aware of what legal requirements he/she must fulfil while practising the profession. Maxillofacial surgery is a challenging field that straddles both medicine and surgery, and therefore surgeons must be very aware of the legal scope of this field. Record keeping such as the informed consent and procedure notes are important legal requirements and must be maintained to provide legal proof of service and respect patient’s rights Maxillofacial surgeons play an important role as expert witnesses in cases of violence that have affected the head and neck region. In addition to all these legal requirements, the maxillofacial surgeon is also extremely vulnerable to civil or criminal litigation in the form of negligence. Surgeons must be aware of their duties and rights. They must also be familiar with legal issues like negligence and how to deal with it.
Research and Publishing in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Authors: Dimitroulis George 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe have all been too quick to make up our minds and too slow to change them. In Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, our opinions are slaves to our prior experience. Ignorant confidence is what defined early Surgery as there was a distinct lack of interest in proving and promoting what was effective. The “God complex” among early Surgeons meant that what they thought was true did not need scientific evidence. It is only in more recent times that Surgical practice has embraced evidence to guard against rumour, bias, misconceptions and misunderstandings. Indeed, just in the last few decades we have witnessed the gradual evolution of Surgery from eminence-based practice, the idea that senior experienced Surgeons held all the knowledge, to evidence-based practice, where fair tests are employed to compare one treatment against the other in order to find what works best. History has taught us that clinical research leads to reforms in the practice of Surgery while basic research leads to revolutions in Medicine.
Obstructive Salivary Gland Disease and Sialendoscopy
Authors: Bachalli Prithvi S. , Moorthy Aditya 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObstructive salivary pathologies most commonly manifest as salivary stones (sialoliths), mucous plugs and sometimes due to narrowing of the duct (stricture/stenosis). Saliva produced by salivary glands flows into oral cavity by means of ducts. Blockage of these ducts due to the reasons mentioned above leads to sialadenitis (inflammation).Sialendoscopy is a minimally invasive technique to manage salivary duct pathologies, including sialolithiasis, sialadenitis & strictures. It is fast becoming the investigating procedure of choice for such conditions.In the last 25 years, Sialoendoscopy has gradually seen a rise in popularity for diagnostic and therapeutic means of dealing with obstructive salivary gland pathologies.
Fractures of the Mandible
Authors: Rai Anshul 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFracture of Mandible is the most common occurrence in comparison to any other bone of the maxillofacial region. Various classifications are put forward which are helpful in diagnosing the mandible fracture. This chapter focuses on the general and clinical examination of the maxillofacial region which helps in clinical diagnosis, different radiographic techniques, various approaches, emergency as well as surgical management and outcome with various modalities of treatment.
Panfacial Fractures
Authors: Gadre Kiran S. , Kumar Balasubramanya , Gadre Divya P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMost panfacial fractures occur with concomitant injuries to other organs. Management of panfacial fractures is challenging and requires proper planning and sequencing along with adequate knowledge of its anatomy and management.. Airway, breathing, circulation, disability and exposure (ABCDE) always remain the primary care in any trauma setting. Maxillofacial surgeons play a key role in initial stabilisation of fractures, control of local hemorrharage to facial areas and estlabishment of definitive airway in special situations. Definitive treatment is usually done after stabilisation of the patient and systematic evaluation of all systemic injuries. Panfacial fractures demand a lot more planning towards their management. The understanding of same is described in this chapter, in a methododical manner starting from the philosophy, indications, clinical findings to its management in adults and children including the commonly seen complications. This should give the reader adequate knowledge to learn from the authors experiences and comprehensively be able to manage these injuries after having achieved a level of experience and excellence in maxillofacial surgery.
Temporomandibular Joint Dislocation
Authors: Krishnakumar Raja V. B. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTemporomandibular joint dislocation is one of the most common disorders affecting the temporomandibular joint. Sometimes it may be severe that it affects the daily activities of a person. Numerous treatment methods have been described in the literature with varying ranges of success. It is important to have a good knowledge about all the management techniques available so that it can be selected based upon the etiology of the condition.
Diagnosis and Planning in Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Reyneke Johan P. , Ferretti Carlo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe clinical evaluation of the face is the most important aspect of evaluating patients with dentofacial deformities. The clinical examination is the primary determinant in making a diagnosis and developing a treatment plan. The basic treatment goals are: establishment of orofacial function, ensure stability of results, achieve facial esthetics and to consider the patency of the airway. The systematic clinical examination is divided into five basic evaluations: the frontal view, the profile view, three quarter view, an occlusal assessment and the temporomandibular joint evaluation. The clinical diagnosis is then confirmed with special investigations such as panoramic, lateral and anteroposterior cephalometric radiographs and other investigations as required. A dental, skeletal and soft tissue problem list is then noted and orthodontic and surgical solutions integrated into a final treatment plan. A cephalometric radiographic tracing or a 3D virtual treatment planning system is finally used to measure the planned surgical movements and to visualize the expected treatment results.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
Authors: Menon Suresh 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition that occurs due to aberrations in the oropharyngeal anatomy and the upper airway dilator muscle physiology with neurocognitive and cardiovascular sequelae. The mandibular-maxillary complex as the causative factor entails the maxillofacial surgeon to diagnose and treat the case when present, using the different treatment modalities available in the armamentarium.
Alveolar Bone Grafting
Authors: Muthusubramanian Veerabahu , Harish Kalarikkal Mukundan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAlveolar Bone Grafting is a clinical procedure which is performed to maintain the integrity of the alveolar arch in cleft patients. This clinical procedure helps in facilitating eruption of canine and lateral incisors. This chapter discusses the normal anatomy of alveolus, significance of cleft alveolus, surgical steps to ensure separation of a well-defined oral and nasal layer, donor sites for bone grafting, harvesting techniques and final closure of the alveolar cleft. In addition, this chapter further highlights the recent developments in the field of bone regeneration.
Modern Management of Craniosynostosis
Authors: Koppel David , Grant Jaime 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter aims to outline to the reader the various forms of craniosynostosis (premature fusion of cranial sutures) and their management. It covers the pertinent aspects important in the assessment and management of these patients and provides an overview of the surgical procedures available, the indications for these and a guide as to how, and when, to implement them.
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Diagnosis and Treatment Planning
Authors: Deshmukh Vijay , Shekar Kishore 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe incidence of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is on the rise. Association with tobacco and alcohol is well established. Transformation rates in premalignant lesions and conditions vary in the available literature. Oral cancer in other parts of the world has different etiology in contrast to Indian oral cancer. Because of this Indian OSCC may require different parameters for treatment than that of the other oral cancer. Its prognosis also may not be comparable to others.
Access Surgeries and Osteotomies for the Maxillofacial Region
Authors: Ethunandan Madan G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAppropriate access to the craniomaxillofacial region is an essential pre-requisite to perform any procedure. The complex anatomy, adjacent vital structures and the aesthetically sensitive area makes the design and execution of access procedures extremely important. In this chapter, the relevant anatomy and essential steps in performing the various access procedures are described in detail. The indications for the individual procedures, algorithms for progressive access, possible alternatives and top tips are also highlighted.The principle aim of access is to aid appropriate exposure and visualisation of the area. The access procedure should enable identification and protection of critical structures, safe resection of the tumour, should not compromise healing and aid reconstruction, allow modification if required, and result in acceptable scars. The excellent blood supply in the craniofacial region allows a wide range soft tissue and bone flaps to be designed, provided one recognises and respects the relevant anatomy.
On the Square Root of a Bell Matrix
Authors: Merlini Donatella 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn the context of Riordan arrays, the problem of determining the square root of a Bell matrix $$R={\mathcal {R}}(f(t)/t,\ f(t))$$

R
=
R
(
f
(
t
)
/
t
,

f
(
t
)
)

defined by a formal power series $$f(t)=\sum _{k \ge 0}f_kt^k$$

f

(
t
)

=

∑

k
≥
0

f
k

t
k

with $$f(0)=f_0=0$$

f

(
0
)

=

f
0

=
0

is presented. It is proved that if $$f^\prime (0)=1$$

f
′

(
0
)

=
1

and $$f^{\prime \prime }(0)\ne 0$$

f
″

(
0
)

≠
0

then there exists another Bell matrix $$H={\mathcal {R}}(h(t)/t,\ h(t))$$

H
=
R
(
h
(
t
)
/
t
,

h
(
t
)
)

such that $$H*H=R;$$

H

∗
H
=
R
;

in particular, function h(t) is univocally determined by a symbolic computational method which in many situations allows to find the function in closed form. Moreover, it is shown that function h(t) is related to the solution of Schröder’s equation. We also compute a Riordan involution related to this kind of matrices.