bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Posterior condylar canal dural arteriovenous fistula as a rare cause of glossopharyngeal neuralgia: A case report
Authors: Kim Jae‐Hyun , Lee Chang‐Young 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe symptoms of dural arteriovenous fistula (dAVF) vary according to the location of the fistula and the pattern of venous drainage. Here, we report the case of a patient with a dAVF‐induced glossopharyngeal neuralgia.Case descriptionWe report a case of a patient with right glossopharyngeal neuralgia caused by a posterior condylar canal (PCC) dAVF. The glossopharyngeal neuralgia was accompanied by persistent tinnitus and repetitive right side otalgia, as well as ipsilateral shoulder and throat pain, lasting for about 30 s. However, there were no specific findings on otoscopic examination. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging was performed to determine the cause of the symptoms, and a right PCC dAVF was observed. The dAVF was successfully obliterated using transvenous coil embolization. After embolization, the patient's symptoms were completely resolved.ConclusionAlthough glossopharyngeal neuralgia caused by dAVF is rare, it can present due to intracranial lesions located adjacent to the glossopharyngeal nerve or vagus nerve. Brain MRI is therefore required to identify secondary causes in all patients with glossopharyngeal neuralgia.
Committed to their craft: Understanding the relationship between job crafting and work commitment among faculty in the United States
Authors: McNaughtan Jon , Thacker Russell , Eicke Dustin , Freeman Sydney 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFaculty engage in several institutional activities typically categorised as teaching, research and service. Within those activities there are numerous potential tasks, and research denotes that faculty often bemoan this work which can lead to turnover and lack of commitment. We present the job crafting framework as one way to allow faculty to be active participants in increasing their work commitment. The focus of this analysis was understanding which of the three concepts of job crafting (e.g., task, cognitive and relational) is most associated with work commitment among academic staff, or faculty. Employing a polychoric correlation matrix and confirmatory factor analysis to develop a structural equation model accounting for the relationships between job crafting and work commitment, we utilised a unique data set to answer three research questions. Our sample includes associate and full professors (N = 771) from 20 states in the continental United States. Findings highlight the importance of dissecting the construct of job crafting to better understand work commitment as evidenced by the strong positive relationships between work commitment and the relational and cognitive tenets of the job crafting framework. Implications include the potential for positive work commitment when administrators allow faculty more autonomy to define their work.
Indian child migration in the British Empire
Authors: Mukherjee Sumita 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHistorical scholarship on the colonial child and of child emigration in the British Empire has flourished in recent years, but the South Asian child migrant has not figured in these studies. Meanwhile, studies on global Indian migration in the British Empire are part of an exciting, growing field, but young people are rarely considered. This article discusses the rich and growing historiography on Indian overseas migration in the 19th and early 20th century and tries to locate the Indian child within it. It surveys work on indentured servitude, labour migration and elite travel and considers how the Indian child migrant can be located in historical works and archives. It argues that the historiography would benefit from an explicit thematisation and historicisation of the Indian child in topics such as ship voyages, child labour and education. In surveying this literature, this article argues that there is huge scope for historians of migration, childhood and empire to examine the experience of children who migrated out from the Indian subcontinent to offer deeper insight into social, economic and political change on a global scale and the Indian child migrant's relationship to shifting ideas of race, class, citizenship and nation in this period.
Clinicopathological characteristics and aetiological factors of granulomatous gastritis
Authors: Liang Yuanxin , Cui Shengjie , Polydorides Alexandros D 
Published: July 2021

AimsTo examine the clinicopathological characteristics of granulomatous gastritis (GG) among different aetiologies, particularly Crohn disease (CD), and determine the contribution of Helicobacter pylori and the clinical significance of isolated GG.Methods and resultsWe identified 269 GG cases overall (0.19% prevalence): 220 had an underlying granulomatous disease (CD, sarcoidosis, tuberculosis) and only eight of these (3.6%) had H. pylori, fewer than the 10.3% rate among non‐GG biopsies (P < 0.001). Conversely, among 49 GG cases without known cause (foreign body, undetermined, idiopathic), 13 (26.5%) had H. pylori more than background (P = 0.001). Most patients (n = 185/68.8%) had CD and these were more probably male (P < 0.001), younger (P < 0.001), white (P < 0.001) and had single (P = 0.010), smaller (P = 0.005) and antral (P = 0.027) granulomas amid inflammation (P = 0.005) compared to non‐CD GG cases; younger age was independently associated with CD [P = 0.003; odds ratio (OR) = 1.13, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04–1.22]. Among CD patients, younger age (P = 0.003; OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.01–1.07) and upper gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (P = 0.017; OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.18–5.43) were associated with new (versus established) diagnosis, whereas multiple gastric granulomas (P = 0.003; OR = 4.67, 95% CI = 1.67–13.04) and lack of upper GI symptoms (P < 0.001; OR = 6.75, 95% CI = 2.94–15.49) were associated with lower GI granulomas. Of 86 isolated GG cases (i.e. no prior diagnosis or lower GI granulomas), 51 (59.3%) were eventually diagnosed with CD, and this was independently associated with younger age (P = 0.014; OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.02–1.21) and upper GI symptoms (P = 0.033; OR = 19.27, 95% CI = 1.27–293.31). The positive predictive value of finding isolated GG towards a CD diagnosis in patients aged <30 years was 91%, increasing in males (93%), with single (94%), antral (97%) granulomas or upper GI symptoms (94%).ConclusionsGG does not correlate with H. pylori in patients with granulomatous disease, but may be associated with the organism when such diagnosis is lacking. In CD patients with GG, younger age and upper GI symptoms are associated with a new CD diagnosis, whereas multiple gastric granulomas and lack of upper GI symptoms correlate with lower GI granulomas. GG, including in isolated cases with no prior clinical history or granuloma, probably signifies CD, particularly in younger, male patients or those with single, antral granulomas or upper GI symptoms.
To read or not to read: An extension of the theory of planned behaviour to food label use
Authors: Tian Yan , Yoo Jina H. , Zhou Hui 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study applies the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) with ability constructs integrated to investigating consumers’ food label use intentions. With a national sample of 662 U.S. adults, survey results suggest that food label users score higher in all the TPB predictors than food label non‐users. Furthermore, the study suggests that attitudes, descriptive norms, and nutrition literacy are significant predictors of food label use intentions for both label users and non‐users. Perceived behavioural control (PBC) and reading ability are significant predictors for label users but not non‐users. Nutrition literacy and reading ability moderate the effect of PBC on label users’ intention to continue using food labels. The study adds to earlier work on the application of TPB and the Motivation‐Opportunity‐Abilities model in consumer behaviours. In addition, our findings confirm the important role of nutrition literacy in health‐related choices and have practical implications for nutrition education and campaigns.
Mucocutaneous diseases in the combined antiretroviral therapy era: prevalence and spectrum in HIV seropositive children and adolescents in Durban, South Africa
Authors: Olomukoro Chikodili N. , Dlova Ncoza C. , Sibanda Wilbert , Chateau Antoinette V. , Archary Mohern , Mosam Anisa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundMucocutaneous diseases (MCD) have been commonly described among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected patients before the combined antiretroviral therapy (cART) era. There is limited data on the frequency and type of MCD in the cART era in African children and adolescents. This study aimed to describe the prevalence and spectrum of MCD in South African children and adolescents seropositive for HIV on cART.MethodsA cross‐sectional study of 310 participants aged 0–19 years attending a public sector ART clinic at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa, was conducted. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory information was obtained from the participants and hospital records. Participants were examined. Data were collated and analyzed with SPSS version 23.ResultsMCD were observed in 77.4% of HIV‐infected children. The prevalence was higher among males and adolescents above 16 years old (83.9%). Infectious skin disorders (44.7%) were less common than noninfectious dermatoses (55.3%). More common disorders encountered included generalized pruritus (32.6%), fungal infections (20.9%), and inflammatory (20.4%) and pigmentary (20.4%) skin disorders. Tinea capitis and pedis were the most prevalent fungal infections, while oral candidiasis (0.2%) was the least. Inflammatory skin disorders and dyschromia appeared to be more common than in the pre‐cART era.ConclusionsWhile MCD are still common in HIV‐infected children and adolescents in the cART era, the pattern and types of disorders have changed to a predominance of non‐infectious dermatoses.
Referral and utilization of paediatric bariatric surgery in an academic freestanding children's hospital with dedicated paediatric bariatric programme
Authors: Ogle Sarah B. , Ressalam Julie , Baugh Christine M. , Campbell Eric G. , Kelsey Megan M. , Inge Thomas H. 
Published: July 2021

SummaryObjectiveThis report estimates the percent of medically eligible adolescents who are referred for metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) evaluation or factors associated with referral.MethodsThis cross‐sectional retrospective review evaluated patients aged 13 to 18 years seen between 2017 and 2019 for demographics, insurance status, body mass index (BMI), obesity‐related comorbidities, and compared these data to patients whom had been referred and received MBS.ResultsHalf of the patients (86 411/163137, 53%) between ages of 13 and 18 years identified had BMI documented, of which, 1974 (2.3%) were medically eligible for MBS, 238 (12%) were referred for MBS and 52 (22%) underwent MBS. Females had similar odds of being eligible for MBS [odds ratio (OR) = 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.92‐1.11, P = .9], but greater odds of referral (OR = 1.58, 95% CI 1.13‐2.23, P = .009). Independently, miniorities and patients with public insurance had higher odds of being eligible for MBS, but similar odds of being referred as non‐Hispanic white patients. Black patients with public insurance had greater odds of being referred for MBS (OR = 12.22, 95% CI 2.08‐235.15, P = .022). Patients' multiple comorbidities had greater odds of being referred for MBS (OR = 2.16, 95% CI 1.29‐3.68, P = .004).ConclusionsReferral is barrier for patients medically eligible for MBS; however, this barrier is not uniformly faced by all patients.
Bayesian Models Applied to Cyber Security Anomaly Detection Problems
Authors: Perusquía José A. , Griffin Jim E. , Villa Cristiano 
Published: July 2021

SummaryCyber security is an important concern for all individuals, organisations and governments globally. Cyber attacks have become more sophisticated, frequent and dangerous than ever, and traditional anomaly detection methods have been proved to be less effective when dealing with these new classes of cyber threats. In order to address this, both classical and Bayesian models offer a valid and innovative alternative to the traditional signature‐based methods, motivating the increasing interest in statistical research that it has been observed in recent years. In this review, we provide a description of some typical cyber security challenges, typical types of data and statistical methods, paying special attention to Bayesian approaches for these problems.
Seed weight determination in quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.)
Authors: Gómez María B. , Curti Ramiro N. , Bertero Héctor D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractExpansion into areas outside their centres of origin requires knowledge of quinoa's physiology and its response to the environment concerning the determination of seed yield and its numerical components to facilitate crop management and breeding. The objectives of the current work were to analyse the determination of seed weight (SW) of different quinoa genotypes adapted to temperate climates (Sea‐level type) under a wide range of growth conditions through: (a) the analysis of seed growth rate (SGR) and seed filling duration (SFD) variation, (b) the study of seed's water dynamics, and (c) the analysis of the effect of environmental conditions on SW components and water dynamics. For this, four genotypes were planted under four environments, as a result of the combination of sowing dates and growth conditions (field or greenhouse). Variation in SW was a result of a change in SGR (r2 = .66; p < .001) and not in SFD (r2 = .03; p = .45). Final SW was closely related to maximum seed water content (r2 = .84; p < .0001) achieved around the mid‐seed filling. In relation to climate variables, SWs showed a negative association with temperature in all genotypes. Of the SW components, SGR decreased with increases in temperature while SFD showed no association with it. Source–sink ratio during seed filling did not explain variation in SW, but the analysis of this relationship allowed us to identify the type of limitation experienced during seed filling in the different environments. From the perspective of improvement, breeding schemes should be focused on the increase of the source during seed filling (current or stored resources) in early sowings, and that in the sink (higher seed number) for late sowings.
Drought‐induced increase in catalase activity improves cotton yield when grown under water‐limiting field conditions
Authors: Liu Rui‐Na , Jiao Tian‐Qi , Li Jin , Wang Ai‐Ying , Li Yu‐Xia , Wu Shen‐Jie , Du Li‐Qun , Dijkwel Paul P. , Zhu Jian‐Bo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPlants experiencing abiotic stress can produce excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS), ultimately impacting the crop growth and yield. Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 is a relatively stable active ROS and is mainly scavenged by catalase. In this study, the catalase‐encoding E. coli KatE gene was transferred to cotton plants by Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation. From almost 100 independent transgenic lines, three transgenic lines were identified that did not display a discernible growth and yield phenotype when grown under well‐watered field conditions, but were tolerant to drought under field conditions, resulting in a ~ 25% higher cotton‐seed yield. The three lines were analysed under controlled laboratory conditions to explain the drought‐dependent phenotype: the transgenic lines displayed drought‐inducible EcKatE expression and total catalase activity was only higher than that of the wild type during growth under drought or salinity stress. Furthermore, drought‐induced ectopic EcKatE expression increased total SOD and POD activities, decreased H2O2 levels and improved photosystem II performance and relative water content. The results show that ectopic EcKatE expression displays an advantage during drought stress, without negatively affecting yield during well‐watered field conditions. EcKatE overexpression confers hyper‐resistance to drought in cotton and provides improved cotton‐seed yield under water‐limiting field conditions. And the EcKatE gene might also be a promising drought‐resistant gene for improving other crop varieties.
Recession of BN coatings in SiC/SiC composites through reaction with water vapor
Authors: Collier Virginia E. , Xu Wenbo , McMeeking Robert M. , Zok Frank W. , Begley Matthew R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe mechanical response of ceramic matrix composites depends critically on the slip along the matrix–fiber interface, which is usually achieved with thin coatings on the fibers. Environmental attack of such coatings (enabled by ingress of reactants through matrix cracks) often leads to significant degradation, through the removal of the coating via volatilization and oxidation of exposed SiC surfaces. The extent of the volatilization region extending from the matrix crack plane (i.e., recession length) is strongly coupled to the formation of oxide, which ultimately fills open gaps and arrests further reactions. This paper presents models to quantify these effects over a broad range of environmental conditions, coating thickness, and matrix crack opening. Analytical solutions are presented for the time to close recession gaps via oxidation, and the associated terminal recession lengths obtained near free surfaces. A broad parameter study illustrates that recession behaviors are controlled by a competition between volatilization and oxidation rates. As such, the extent of recession is highly sensitive to water vapor and temperature, providing an explanation for disparate observations of recession under seemingly similar conditions. The extent of recession in the interior of composites is also illustrated, using a straightforward reaction‐transport model. Recession lengths decay rapidly away from the free surface, with the extent of recession penetration scaling with maximum recession at the free surface.
Religious orientations, prototypicality threat, and attitudes toward church–state separation
Authors: Wagoner Joseph A. , VanCuren Serena 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe investigated whether stronger religious fundamentalism predicted negative attitudes toward church–state separation as a consequence of perceiving low in‐group prototypicality (IGP). Across two studies (N = 635), Christians from the United States reported their religious orientations (intrinsic, extrinsic‐personal, extrinsic‐social, fundamentalism) before we measured (or manipulated) their perceptions of IGP. The dependent variables were attitudes toward church–state separation (S1, S2) and attitudes toward religious–national integration (S2). Results showed that stronger religious fundamentalism predicted negative attitudes toward church–state separation. Results also showed that fundamentalists’ negativity toward church–state separation was stronger when Christianity was not perceived as prototypical of America's identity. Religious fundamentalism did not predict attitudes toward church–state separation when perceiving high IGP. Religious fundamentalism predicted support of religious–national integration irrespective of IGP. The results suggest that fundamentalists will oppose the separation of church and state when they perceive their religion is not prototypical of their national identity.
The prognosis and risk factors of baseline high peritoneal transporters on patients with peritoneal dialysis
Authors: Huang Guansen , Wang Yi , Shi Yingfeng , Ma Xiaoyan , Tao Min , Zang Xiujuan , Qi Yinghui , Qiao Cheng , Du Lin , Sheng Lili , Zhuang Shougang , Liu Na 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe relationship between baseline high peritoneal solute transport rate (PSTR) and the prognosis of peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients remains unclear. The present study combined clinical data and basic experiments to investigate the impact of baseline PSTR and the underlying molecular mechanisms. A total of 204 incident CAPD patients from four PD centres in Shanghai between 1 January 2014 and 30 September 2020 were grouped based on a peritoneal equilibration test after the first month of dialysis. Analysed with multivariate Cox and logistic regression models, baseline high PSTR was a significant risk factor for technique failure (AHR 5.70; 95% CI 1.581 to 20.548 p = 0.008). Baseline hyperuricemia was an independent predictor of mortality (AHR 1.006 95%CI 1.003 to 1.008, p < 0.001) and baseline high PSTR (AOR 1.007; 95%CI 1.003 to 1.012; p = 0.020). Since uric acid was closely related to high PSTR and adverse prognosis, the in vitro experiments were performed to explore the underlying mechanisms of which uric acid affected peritoneum. We found hyperuricemia induced epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) of cultured human peritoneal mesothelial cells by activating TGF‐β1/Smad3 signalling pathway and nuclear transcription factors. Conclusively, high baseline PSTR induced by hyperuricaemia through EMT was an important reason of poor outcomes in CAPD patients.
Retrospective nationwide study on the trends in first‐line antidiabetic medication for patients with type 2 diabetes in Japan
Authors: Bouchi Ryotaro , Sugiyama Takehiro , Goto Atsushi , Imai Kenjiro , Ihana‐Sugiyama Noriko , Ohsugi Mitsuru , Yamauchi Toshimasa , Kadowaki Takashi , Ueki Kohjiro 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAims/IntroductionTo investigate the national trend in the prescription of first‐line non‐insulin antidiabetic agents and total medical costs (TMCs) after prescribing the drug in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes.Materials and MethodsUsing the National Database of Health Insurance Claims and Specific Health Check‐ups of Japan covering almost the entire Japanese population, we calculated the proportion of each antidiabetic drug from 2014 to 2017, and determined the factors associated with drug selection. The TMCs in the first year after starting the drugs were calculated, and factors associated with the costs were also determined.ResultsAmong 1,136,723 new users of antidiabetic agents, dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitors were the most prescribed (65.1%), followed by biguanides (15.9%) and sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (7.6%). Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor and biguanide use increased during 2014–2017 (2.2%–11.4% and 13.7%–17.2%, respectively), whereas the others decreased. Biguanides were not prescribed at all in 38.2% of non‐Japan Diabetes Society‐certified facilities. The TMCs were the lowest among those who started with biguanides. Fiscal year, age, sex, facility, number of beds and comorbidities were associated with drug choice and TMCs. There were wide regional variations in the drug choice, but not in the TMCs.ConclusionsUnlike in the USA and Europe, dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor is the most prescribed first‐line medication for type 2 diabetes patients in Japan, while there is a wide variation in the drug choice by facility‐type and prefecture.