bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Copley Jack 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of financialization, surveys the scholarly literature on this topic, and makes the case for this book’s novel contribution to these debates. It is widely recognized that the world economy has become financialized, yet the role of states in furthering this process has been underexamined. While many accounts point out that states were crucial in propelling financialization through policies of financial liberalization, these accounts tend to argue that the state did so either due to the lobbying power of financial elites and the influence of neoliberal norms or because policymakers were seeking to construct an alternative growth model based on financial accumulation. These two accounts of the role of states in spurring financialization—which can be termed interest-based and ideational explanations and functionalist explanations—fail to capture the reactive and ad hoc nature of the policymaking that resulted in financial liberalization. In the case of Britain, the agenda of financial liberalization in the 1970s and 1980s that propelled the City of London’s ascent was not chiefly driven by lobbying or ideology, nor was it intended to inaugurate a financialized growth model. Instead, by analysing declassified state archives, this book shows that policymakers pursued such policies as short-term measures to navigate through the stagflation crisis of that era. Financial liberalization was deployed in a messy fashion, either to postpone the worst effects of the crisis so as to maintain governing legitimacy, or to enact painful economic restructuring in a manner that shielded the state from political backlash.
The New Testament: A Guide
Authors: Senior Donald 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This work addresses the question of why the New Testament is considered a sacred text by Christians. While sharing some characteristics of an Introduction to the New Testament, this work has a very different purpose. While for many the New Testament is respected as an interesting and influential ancient first-century text, for believing Christians the New Testament bears perennial normative religious authority. After exploring the content, the historical roots, and the complex process that led to the composition of the varied writings contained in the New Testament, this study turns to the fundamental unifying purpose of the New Testament writings as religious proclamations in various literary forms of the inherently transcendent character of Jesus Christ and the implications of that proclamation for the lives and destiny of both individual Christians and the Christian community itself. It is this defining characteristic that underwrites the sacred character of the New Testament for Christians. A key process was the formation of the New Testament canon during the early centuries of the Christian era which certified the normative nature of the New Testament writings and fused them onto the Jewish Scriptures or Old Testament to form the Christian Bible. The study concludes by sketching the evolution and ongoing diversity of New Testament interpretation both in the academy and in the church.
From Jesus to the Writings of the New Testament
Authors: Senior Donald 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
While Jesus is not the author of any of the New Testament writings, the link between the mission and identity of Jesus viewed from the perspective of faith and the content and purpose of the New Testament books is essential for their sacred character from a Christian perspective. This chapter reviews the evolution of the traditions about Jesus in early Christianity, tracking the impact of this tradition on the writings of Paul, on the Four Gospels, and on the Acts of the Apostles and the other New Testament books. The chapter also considers some of the essential elements in the transmission of the New Testament and their writings, including their composition in Greek, the nature of early manuscripts of the New Testament, and the question of translation.
Christian Holiness and the Sacredness of the New Testament
Authors: Senior Donald 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Because of their intense focus on both the earthly and transcendent figure of Jesus as viewed by Christian faith, the New Testament books have a “sacred” character for the community of faith. But like any other proclamation or preaching, these New Testament portrayals of Jesus are not abstract or speculative. The purpose of their proclamation is to compel the recipients of their words to respond to what they hear, to transform their lives, and to discover the path to individual and communal holiness. The goal of this chapter is not to present a full study of New Testament ethics, but to offer enough examples, especially from the Four Gospels and Paul’s writings, to demonstrate that the books of the New Testament anticipate that the Christian readers will discover within these texts guidance on how to live a life of holiness, both individually and as a Christian community.
Compassion, Reasoning, and the Urgency of Healing Divided Societies
Authors: Gopin Marc 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An unprecedented planetary danger faces human civilization and puts its future in question, especially climate catastrophe. There is a vital need for human beings to make better decisions together. These decisions must take place across many cultures and civilizations that have conflicting interests, ambitions, and needs. Thinking together leads to more advanced problem solving. In order to survive and thrive, humans have always had to make decisions informed by two things: (1) a common concern for each other, and (2) a capacity for reasoning that supports sustainable life. We often do this, but we are also capable of mass murder and destruction of life on earth. This is a paradox of mutually exclusive fates, with the negative fate only circumvented through the cultivation of our positive capacities. Our positive capacities for survival require a cultivation of compassion and moral reasoning, what is being introduced in this book as Compassionate Reasoning.
The Applied Ethics and Habits of Compassionate Reasoning
Authors: Gopin Marc 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Questions are more important than answers, since they open the mind and strengthen the imagination. The mind imagines the lives of others, the lives of strangers, and better societies. Compassionate Reasoning focuses on eliciting open questions, relationship building, active listening, and moral debate. Neuroscience demonstrates the essential role of repetition in the cultivation of prosocial neural pathways and habits. Modern education has failed thus far to invest in habits that generate reasoning in the service of compassion. Training in science and technology is only as useful as the compassionate lifestyle that it sustains. Without lifelong compassion education and training, STEM can create monstrous economics and dangerous technology. Compassionate societies are sustainable, whereas selfish societies often self-destruct. The more you give with compassion, the healthier you become. Compassionate Reasoning is a liberation from a selfish worldview, and it opens up the person to a flourishing life of service, health, and wisdom.
Motivation
Authors: Woody Robert H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Although musicians may know what they need to do to improve their skills, it is quite another thing to actually do it. Similarly, it is easy for a teacher to write down a list of exercises to be practiced but much more difficult to get students to carry them out. Although a great many people get involved with music as children and set out to become musicians, relatively few of them achieve a satisfying level of proficiency. Building musical skill necessarily involves effort. A better understanding of motivation may allow musicians to approach the required effort with a positive perspective, so as to keep their musical lives sufficiently rewarding and enjoy the fruits of their labor. This chapter considers the multiple ways that people are effectively motivated toward meaningful achievement in music. It discusses how music is intrinsically motivating, as well as the most important sources of extrinsic motivation. Special attention is given to how young musicians’ beliefs—about music and about themselves—can greatly affect their motivation going forward.
Learning and Remembering Musical Works
Authors: Woody Robert H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Learning pre-existing pieces of music is a very common learning goal, both among vernacular musicians, who learn from recordings, and among those who are formally educated and work from published sheet music provided by a teacher. Whether learning a piece by ear or from notation, the processes of memory involved are very similar. Because the learning of musical works is often a precursor to additional kinds of music making and performance skills, it is important for musicians to understand how human memory works. This chapter explains the processes involved in learning and remembering pieces of music. It describes the various stages and components of memory from the information processing perspective that is common in cognitive psychology. More specifically, the chapter explains how ear musicianship is foundational to other performance skills, including those that use notation. It also shows that the ability to learn and remember musical works can be improved through experience and deliberate practice.
Expressing and Interpreting
Authors: Woody Robert H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Proclamations of the great emotional power of music are etched deep into artistic culture. During great performances, the emotions seem to flow directly from the hearts of musicians. Listeners are not, of course, privy to the hours of work and shaping that performers can devote in preparation. Research has shown that expressive musicians craft the details of sound parameters—timing, loudness, timbre, pitch—to make their music sound alive and human. This chapter shares insights afforded by psychological research on musical expression that can directly assist performing musicians. It explains that the expressive features applied by performers originate from several basic sources related to the structural characteristics of the music they are performing and to their own humanness. The artistic enterprise of interpretation is explained as the selection and combination of expressive ideas applied across an entire piece of music. Musical communication is successfully accomplished when performers—usually through explicit planning and artistic decision-making—stimulate listeners to experience emotions or feelings that match the musicians’ intentions.
The User
Authors: Woody Robert H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
It can be a valuable exercise to examine the familiar with fresh eyes, especially if one’s familiarity with a single musical culture has come at the exclusion of all others. All around the wolrd, music is an important aspect of human culture that functions as much more than a mere diversion or entertainment. Because they use music in their lives in extremely meaningful ways, most people are music “users” in addition to the roles they may more readily identify for themselves—e.g., as performers, teachers, or listeners. This chapter examines musical culture, borrowing from the perspectives of anthropology and ethnomusicology to complement the findings of psychological research. It shows that people’s preferred approach to understanding music reflects an underlying value system. This chapter concludes by advocating for a person-focused approach to music that corresponds the general insight that the psychological perspective offers to musicians.
The Internal World
Authors: Siderits Mark 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Just as some Buddhists deny that the external world is ultimately real, so other Buddhists deny the ultimate reality of consciousness. This chapter examines the debate among different Buddhist schools over the status of cognition. This grows out of a debate over the problem of meta-cognition: if there is no self, then what is it that cognizes cognition? Momentariness and the irreflexivity principle pose obstacles to a satisfactory account. This leads the Yogācāra-Sautrāntika philosophers Dignāga and Dharmakīrti to develop the theory that every cognition is self-cognizing, but that irreflexivity is not violated since noetic and noematic poles of a cognition are non-distinct. Their reflexivity account is challenged by a higher-order thought account developed in the Madhyamaka school. According to this account, cognition is posited as a useful way of explaining bodily and verbal behavior, and so is not to be thought of as ultimately real. There is also some discussion of the difficulty for the reflexivist of explaining the existence of other minds.
The Unhappiness Muse
Authors: Schultz William Todd 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 provides an examination of findings related to the frequency of loss in the lives of artists, and how artists are motivated to shape loss and inner pain into creative products. Loss has been noted in the lives of artists for decades. It comes in the form of death; it comes in other ways, too. The chapter explores questions about the loss–art connection. What is it about loss that mobilizes creativity? What’s the nature of the correlation? Does loss propel art? The author outlines the role of trauma in creativity, with artist examples including Jorge Luis Borges, William Styron, Jack Kerouac, Truman Capote, and Patricia Highsmith.
Evidence Law and Empirical Psychology
Authors: Sevier Justin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Empirical psychology is a natural fit for understanding the law of evidence but is also substantially at odds with it. Since the early twentieth century, researchers have begun applying the insights from experimental psychology to various aspects of courtroom adjudication, including the assumptions underlying the Federal Rules of Evidence and the effects of the rules on litigants and the public. At the same time, the law has struggled with whether and how to incorporate insights from an academic discipline that embodies goals and methodologies that are, in many ways, dramatically different from its own. This chapter unfolds a brief historical account of the relationship between empirical psychology and the law of evidence, specifies the major contributions that psychologists have made to our understanding of evidence law, highlights recent, cutting-edge research, and makes several suggestions for how future research can assist in maintaining the relevance of psychology to sound evidentiary policy.
Epilogue
Authors: Keser Kayaalp Elif 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the material presented in the second and third chapters is contextualized further, and the evidence from urban and rural contexts is treated in combination. This chapter distinguishes between the two periods before and after the Arab conquest, and draws attention to the continuities and changes, in plan types, building materials and techniques, builders, patrons, and architectural sculpture. For the period before the Arab conquest, it discusses the similarities of the church architecture of the region with its counterparts elsewhere in the Empire and points out what is specific to it. It also assesses what we can tell about the identity of the churches in a region where churches were changing hands. The Section ‘After the Arab conquest’ is concerned with the changes in the cities and the rural ṬurʿAbdin. It explores whether, in this period, one could talk about a church architecture specific to the Syrian Orthodox.
Shakespeare and the Comedy of Enchantment
Authors: Cartwright Kent 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Shakespeare and the Comedy of Enchantment explores the encounter between comedy’s rationalizing dimensions and those extra-rational aspects that elude demystification and exert affective power, an encounter between what is explicable and what is inexplicable. In the context of modernist disenchantment, Shakespeare’s comedies showcase the play of wonder and doubt, leaving behind a sense of residual re-enchantment. The argument thus broadens the perspective of studies that align early modern comedy with developments in science and jurisprudence. As the comic action advances, elements of mystery accrue—uncanny coincidences; magical sympathies; inexplicable repetitions; psychic influences; and wonders, fears, and doubts about the meaning of events—all of whose effects linger after reason has apparently answered the play’s questions, leaving an aura of wonder and wondering. Comic enchantment works through certain devices, tropes, and motifs explored in the chapters: magical clowns who introduce non-realistic stop-time moments that alter the action; structural repetitions that suggest mysteriously converging destinies and opaque but providential outcomes; places with differing characteristics that frame encounters between the regulatory and the protean drives in human existence; desires, thoughts, and utterances that manifest comically monstrous realities, including objects and individuals; characters who return from the dead, facilitated by the desires of the living; play-endings that traffic in harmony and dissonance, yet which can make possible the irrational action of forgiveness. These matters are discussed with extensive reference to Renaissance and modern theories of comedy, and with comparisons to Italian and Tudor comedy.
Corporate ESG Profiles and Banking Relationships
Authors: Houston Joel F , Shan Hongyu 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We show that banking relationships promote corporate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) policies. Specifically, banks are more likely to grant loans to borrowers with ESG profiles similar to their own and positively influence the borrower’s subsequent ESG performance. Their influence is more pronounced when (1) banks have significantly better ESG ratings than borrowers and (2) borrowers are bank dependent. We exploit M&A among lenders as a source of quasi-exogenous variation in the lender’s ESG standard to alleviate endogeneity concerns. Overall, our study presents the first evidence on the interplay between responsible bank lending and borrowers’ ESG behavior.
Zao Ren An Shen capsule for insomnia: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Birling Yoann , Zhu Xiaoshu , Avard Nicole , Tannous Caterina , Fahey Paul P , Sarris Jerome , Bensoussan Alan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to test the efficacy and safety of Zao Ren An Shen (ZRAS) capsule, a Chinese herbal medicine product, for the treatment of insomnia.MethodsWe conducted a double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial. After a one-week placebo run-in, a total of 85 people with insomnia were randomly allocated to receive ZRAS or placebo for 4 weeks. The primary outcomes were insomnia severity assessed with the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the number of participants with adverse events (AEs). Secondary outcomes included objective and subjective sleep parameters, psychological status, fatigue level, quality of life, acceptability, and tolerability.ResultsA nonsignificant (p &gt; .05) difference of 0.7 points in ISI in favor of ZRAS capsule was found at the end of the treatment. The number of participants with AEs was not significantly different (p &gt; .05) between the two groups. Except for subjective sleep onset latency, which had a nonsignificant (p &gt; .05) medium effect (Cohen’s d = 0.5), the effects in secondary efficacy outcomes were all small (Cohen’s d &lt; .4) and nonsignificant (p &gt; .05). The acceptability and tolerability were high in the active group.ConclusionsZRAS capsule is safe, acceptable, and tolerable, yet not more effective than placebo in the treatment of insomnia. As previous evidence showed that Chinese herbal medicine was effective for insomnia, these results may be explained by the dose of the product, which was lower than the dose generally used in the clinic.Registration: This clinical trial was registered in Australia New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry (registration number ACTRN12619000140156) under the name “Impact of Zao Ren An Shen (ZRAS) capsule on chronic insomnia patients’ insomnia severity: A randomized-controlled trial” (https://www.anzctr.org.au/Trial/Registration/TrialReview.aspx?id=376730&isReview=true).
Ecological Divergence and the History of Gene Flow in the Nearctic Milksnakes (Lampropeltis triangulumComplex)
Authors: Burbrink Frank T , Bernstein Justin M , Kuhn Arianna , Gehara Marcelo , Ruane Sara 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMany phylogeographic studies on species with large ranges have found genetic–geographic structure associated with changes in habitat and physical barriers preventing or reducing gene flow. These interactions with geographic space, contemporary and historical climate, and biogeographic barriers have complex effects on contemporary population genetic structure and processes of speciation. While allopatric speciation at biogeographic barriers is considered the primary mechanism for generating species, more recently it has been shown that parapatric modes of divergence may be equally or even more common. With genomic data and better modeling capabilities, we can more clearly define causes of speciation in relation to biogeography and migration between lineages, the location of hybrid zones with respect to the ecology of parental lineages, and differential introgression of genes between taxa. Here, we examine the origins of three Nearctic milksnakes (Lampropeltis elapsoides, Lampropeltis triangulum and Lampropeltis gentilis) using genome-scale data to better understand species diversification. Results from artificial neural networks show that a mix of a strong biogeographic barrier, environmental changes, and physical space has affected genetic structure in these taxa. These results underscore conspicuous environmental changes that occur as the sister taxa L. triangulum and L. gentilis diverged near the Great Plains into the forested regions of the Eastern Nearctic. This area has been recognized as a region for turnover for many vertebrate species, but as we show here the contemporary boundary does not isolate these sister species. These two species likely formed in the mid-Pleistocene and have remained partially reproductively isolated over much of this time, showing differential introgression of loci. We also demonstrate that when L. triangulum and L. gentilis are each in contact with the much older L. elapsoides, some limited gene flow has occurred. Given the strong agreement between nuclear and mtDNA genomes, along with estimates of ecological niche, we suggest that all three lineages should continue to be recognized as unique species. Furthermore, this work emphasizes the importance of considering complex modes of divergence and differential allelic introgression over a complex landscape when testing mechanisms of speciation. [Cline; delimitation; Eastern Nearctic; Great Plains; hybrids; introgression; speciation.]