bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resource availability and heterogeneity shape the self‐organisation of regular spatial patterning
Authors: Castillo Vardaro Jessica A. , Bonachela Juan A. , Baker Christopher C. M. , Pinsky Malin L. , Doak Daniel F. , Pringle Robert M. , Tarnita Corina E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractExplaining large‐scale ordered patterns and their effects on ecosystem functioning is a fundamental and controversial challenge in ecology. Here, we coupled empirical and theoretical approaches to explore how competition and spatial heterogeneity govern the regularity of colony dispersion in fungus‐farming termites. Individuals from different colonies fought fiercely, and inter‐nest distances were greater when nests were large and resources scarce—as expected if competition is strong, large colonies require more resources and foraging area scales with resource availability. Building these principles into a model of inter‐colony competition showed that highly ordered patterns emerged under high resource availability and low resource heterogeneity. Analysis of this dynamical model provided novel insights into the mechanisms that modulate pattern regularity and the emergent effects of these patterns on system‐wide productivity. Our results show how environmental context shapes pattern formation by social‐insect ecosystem engineers, which offers one explanation for the marked variability observed across ecosystems.
Xanthotoxin enhances the anticonvulsant potency of levetiracetam and valproate in the 6‐Hz corneal stimulation model in mice
Authors: Zagaja Mirosław , Bryda Jarosław , Szewczyk Aleksandra , Szala‐Rycaj Joanna , Łuszczki Jarogniew J. , Walczak Maria , Kuś Kamil , Andres‐Mach Marta 
Published: July 2021

AbstractXanthotoxin (8‐methoxypsoralen; XANT) is a furanocoumarin that has many biological properties, including antiepileptic activity. This study evaluated the effect of XANT on the ability of classical and novel antiepileptic drugs to prevent seizures evoked by the 6‐Hz corneal stimulation‐induced seizure model, which is thought to be an experimental model of psychomotor (limbic) seizures in humans. XANT (50 mg/kg, administered i.p.) significantly potentiated the anticonvulsant activity of levetiracetam and valproate, decreasing their median effective dose (ED50) values from 19.37 to 2.83 mg/kg (P < 0.01) for levetiracetam and from 92.89 to 44.44 mg/kg (P < 0.05) for valproate. Neither XANT (50 mg/kg) alone nor its combination with the anticonvulsant drugs (at their ED50 values from the 6‐Hz test) affected motor coordination; skeletal muscular strength and long‐term memory, as determined in the chimney; and grip strength and passive avoidance tests, respectively. Measurement of total brain antiepileptic drug concentrations revealed that XANT (50 mg/kg) had no impact on levetiracetam total brain concentrations, indicating the pharmacodynamic nature of interaction between these antiepileptic drugs in the mouse 6‐Hz model. However, XANT (50 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly increased total brain concentrations of valproate (P < 0.01), indicating the pharmacokinetic nature of interactions between drugs. XANT in combination with levetiracetam exerts beneficial anticonvulsant pharmacodynamic interactions in the 6‐Hz mouse psychomotor seizure model.
Fracture analysis of rock reconstruction models based on cooling–solidification annealing algorithms
Authors: Xiao Nan , Zhou Xiaoping , Berto Filippo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDue to the heterogeneity and opacity of rocks, it is difficult to visualize the progressive failure process of rock. A novel cooling–solidification annealing algorithm combined with X‐ray computed tomography technology is proposed to study the mechanical behavior (including fracture behavior) of rocks. In this algorithm, the system is annealed in descending order by scale and is constrained by the current scale. Moreover, the gray phase is introduced into the ordinary two‐phase reconstruction system to form a new three‐phase system. The numerical results show that the proposed method can successfully generate a rock model that is statistically equal to natural rock. The analysis of the rock fracture process shows that the initial internal pores and cracks have an important influence on the cracking evolution and failure mode of rock. The proposed method provides a promising means for understanding the mechanical behavior (including fracture behavior) of rocks.
Widespread regeneration failure in forests of Greater Yellowstone under scenarios of future climate and fire
Authors: Rammer Werner , Braziunas Kristin H. , Hansen Winslow D. , Ratajczak Zak , Westerling Anthony L. , Turner Monica G. , Seidl Rupert 
Published: July 2021

AbstractChanging climate and disturbance regimes are increasingly challenging the resilience of forest ecosystems around the globe. A powerful indicator for the loss of resilience is regeneration failure, that is, the inability of the prevailing tree species to regenerate after disturbance. Regeneration failure can result from the interplay among disturbance changes (e.g., larger and more frequent fires), altered climate conditions (e.g., increased drought), and functional traits (e.g., method of seed dispersal). This complexity makes projections of regeneration failure challenging. Here we applied a novel simulation approach assimilating data‐driven fire projections with vegetation responses from process modeling by means of deep neural networks. We (i) quantified the future probability of regeneration failure; (ii) identified spatial hotspots of regeneration failure; and (iii) assessed how current forest types differ in their ability to regenerate under future climate and fire. We focused on the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (2.9 × 106 ha of forest) in the Rocky Mountains of the USA, which has experienced large wildfires in the past and is expected to undergo drastic changes in climate and fire in the future. We simulated four climate scenarios until 2100 at a fine spatial grain (100 m). Both wildfire activity and unstocked forest area increased substantially throughout the 21st century in all simulated scenarios. By 2100, between 28% and 59% of the forested area failed to regenerate, indicating considerable loss of resilience. Areas disproportionally at risk occurred where fires are not constrained by topography and in valleys aligned with predominant winds. High‐elevation forest types not adapted to fire (i.e., Picea engelmannii–Abies lasiocarpa as well as non‐serotinous Pinus contorta var. latifolia forests) were especially vulnerable to regeneration failure. We conclude that changing climate and fire could exceed the resilience of forests in a substantial portion of Greater Yellowstone, with profound implications for carbon, biodiversity, and recreation.
Conservation with elevated elephant densities sequesters carbon in soils despite losses of woody biomass
Authors: Sandhage‐Hofmann Alexandra , Linstädter Anja , Kindermann Liana , Angombe Simon , Amelung Wulf 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNature conservation and restoration in terrestrial ecosystems is often focused on increasing the numbers of megafauna, expecting them to have positive impacts on ecological self‐regulation processes and biodiversity. In sub‐Saharan Africa, conservation efforts also aspire to protect and enhance biodiversity with particular focus on elephants. However, elephant browsing carries the risk of woody biomass losses. In this context, little is known about how increasing elephant numbers affects carbon stocks in soils, including the subsoils. We hypothesized that (1) increasing numbers of elephants reduce tree biomass, and thus the amount of C stored therein, resulting (2) in a loss of soil organic carbon (SOC). If true, a negative carbon footprint could limit the sustainability of elephant conservation from a global carbon perspective. To test these hypotheses, we selected plots of low, medium, and high elephant densities in two national parks and adjacent conservancies in the Namibian component of the Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Area (KAZA), and quantified carbon storage in both woody vegetation and soils (1 m). Analyses were supplemented by the assessment of soil carbon isotopic composition. We found that increasing elephant densities resulted in a loss of tree carbon storage by 6.4 t ha−1. However, and in contrast to our second hypothesis, SOC stocks increased by 4.7 t ha−1 with increasing elephant densities. These higher SOC stocks were mainly found in the topsoil (0–30 cm) and were largely due to the formation of SOC from woody biomass. A second carbon input source into the soils was megaherbivore dung, which contributed with 0.02–0.323 t C ha−1 year−1 to ecosystem carbon storage in the low and high elephant density plots, respectively. Consequently, increasing elephant density does not necessarily lead to a negative C footprint, as soil carbon sequestration and transient C storage in dung almost compensate for losses in tree biomass.
Antagonistic interaction between biochar and nitrogen addition on soil greenhouse gas fluxes: A global synthesis
Authors: He Yanghui , Yao Yixian , Jia Zhen , Chen Xinyue , Zhou Lingyan , Shao Junjiong , Liu Ruiqiang , Zhou Guiyao , Fu Yuling , Sun Xiaoying , Zhou Xuhui , Bai Shahla Hosseini 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBoth biochar and nitrogen (N) addition have been proposed for enhancing plant productivity and increasing carbon (C) sequestration. Although numerous studies have been conducted to examine responses of soil greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes to biochar or N addition, biochar is often co‐applied with N fertilizer and the interactive effects of the two factors still remain unclear. In this study, we performed a meta‐analysis of manipulative experiments with 267 two‐factor observations to quantify the main and interactive effects of biochar and N addition on soil GHG fluxes at a global scale. Our results showed that biochar addition significantly increased soil CO2 emission by 10.1%, but decreased N2O emission by 14.7%. Meanwhile, N addition increased both soil CO2 and N2O emissions by 11.6% and 288%, respectively. The combination of biochar and N addition also exhibited significant positive effect on CO2 (+18.0%) and N2O (+148%) emissions, but there were non‐significant changes in CH4 fluxes. Consequently, antagonistic interaction between biochar and N addition was observed in soil GHG fluxes and their global warming potential (GWP), except for CH4 uptake showing an additive interaction. This synthesis highlights the importance of the interactive effects between biochar and N addition, providing a quantitative basis to develop sustainable strategies toward widespread application of biochar to preserve cropping system and mitigate climate change.
Highly skilled, yet invisible. The potential of migrant women with a STEMM background in Italy between intersectional barriers and resources
Authors: Bolzani Daniela , Crivellaro Francesca , Grimaldi Rosa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDespite increasing numbers of vacancies for highly skilled jobs in innovative sectors of the economy, highly skilled migrants are often discriminated against despite their qualifications. This discrimination represents a relevant issue, especially for women with a background in male‐dominated and highly regulated fields, such as science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM). We draw on qualitative data collected in Northern Italy from in‐depth interviews and focus groups with women from different countries and STEMM qualifications. Adopting an intersectionality approach, we illuminate the macro‐, organizational‐, and individual‐level barriers that prevent highly skilled migrant women from finding a job that measures up to their qualification level and sector, and we highlight the resources available to them to overcome these barriers. By emphasizing the intersectional ties of being a woman, a migrant, and a STEMM professional, we identify relevant areas for policy intervention to valorize migration in support of innovation and labor outcomes in Italy and in other countries.
Acculturative stress and consumption‐based coping strategies among first‐generation Asian‐Indian immigrants in the United States
Authors: Chakraborty Swagata , Chattaraman Veena 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDespite increasing evidence that first‐generation Asian‐Indian immigrants experience acculturative stress in the United States, there is limited research on their coping strategies for acculturative stress. Based on frameworks of the compensatory consumer behavior model and symbolic self‐completion theory, we proposed a conceptual model delineating the relationships between the predictors and coping behaviors for acculturative stress. Through conducting an online survey (n = 234) with first‐generation Asian‐Indians in the United States, and analyzing the data with structural equation modeling, we evinced that: (a) the first predictor, commitment to ethnic identity positively influences acculturative stress, and the coping behaviors, usage of ethnic symbols and purchase intent for ethnic products; (b) further, acculturative stress partially mediates the relationship between commitment to ethnic identity and purchase intent for ethnic products; (c) the second predictor, ethnic identity self‐discrepancy positively influences acculturative stress and usage of ethnic symbols, whereas, it negatively influences purchase intent for ethnic products; and (d) acculturative stress fully mediates the relationship between ethnic identity self‐discrepancy and purchase intent for ethnic products. Theoretical, marketing, and societal implications of the findings are discussed. Importantly, brands can facilitate long‐term emotional bonds with this population by offering a wider variety of symbolic Indian ethnic products that offer the potential to alleviate or cope with acculturative stress.
Palliative care utilization in calciphylaxis: a single‐center retrospective review of 121 patients (1999–2016)
Authors: Gaster Emily E. , Riemer Christie A. , Aird Jenna L. , King Brian J. , el‐Azhary Rokea A. , Wilson Barbara D. , Strand Jacob J. , Wu Kelly L. , Cleary James F. , Lohse Christine M. , Lehman Julia S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundCalciphylaxis is a debilitating dermatological condition associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Palliative care offers a multidisciplinary approach to addressing symptoms and goals of care in patients with serious medical diagnoses. Involvement of palliative services for calciphylaxis is infrequently reported in the literature. The purpose of this report is to assess rates of palliative and pain consultation for patients with calciphylaxis.MethodsThis is a comprehensive, single‐institution retrospective chart review of 121 eligible patients with a diagnosis of calciphylaxis treated at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, from 1999 to 2016. Inclusion criteria were an indisputable diagnosis of calciphylaxis based on clinical, histopathologic, and radiographic features. One hundred twenty‐one patients met inclusion criteria.ResultsFifty‐one patients (42%) received either a palliative (n = 15) or pain (n = 20) consultation, or both (n = 16). Patients with a palliative care consultation were younger compared with those without (mean ages 57 vs. 62 years, P = 0.046). In 104 patients (86%), psychiatric symptoms were not assessed.ConclusionsIn this cohort of patients with calciphylaxis, the majority do not receive palliative and pain care consultations. Psychiatric complications are inconsistently addressed. These observations highlight practice gaps in the care of patients with calciphylaxis.
International Dermoscopy Society criteria for non‐neoplastic dermatoses (general dermatology): validation for skin of color through a Delphi expert consensus
Authors: Errichetti Enzo , Ankad Balachandra S. , Jha Abhijeet K. , Sonthalia Sidharth , Akay Bengu N. , Bakos Roberto , Bhat Yasmeen J. , Bosseila Manal , Braun Ralph , Cabo Horacio , Cohen Sabban Emilia N. , Chatterjee Manas , Daneshpazhooh Maryam , Jakhar Deepak , Kaliyadan Feroze , Kelati Awatef , Keshavamurthy Vinay , Neema Shekhar , Sadek Ahmed , Salerni Gabriel , Swanson David L. , Tejasvi Trilokraj , Usatine Richard , Lallas Aimilios 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe International Dermoscopy Society (IDS) recently released a set of five basic dermoscopic parameters (vessels, scales, follicular findings, “other structures,” and specific clues) encompassing a total of 31 subitems to standardize the use of dermoscopy in non‐neoplastic dermatoses, yet they have been developed taking into account Caucasian/Asian skin, with consequent possible limitations if used in dark skin.ObjectivesTo validate the abovementioned criteria for the use in dark‐skinned patients (phototypes IV–VI) through an expert consensus.MethodsThe two‐round Delphi method was adopted, with an iterative process consisting of two rounds of email questionnaires. Potential panelists were recruited via e‐mail from all over the world based on their expertise on dermoscopy of non‐neoplastic dermatoses in skin of color.ResultsTwenty‐two panelists took part in the validation process. All of the five originally proposed parameters and subitems reached agreement during the first round, aside from “follicular red dots.” Additionally, during round 1, five new subitems were proposed (perifollicular scales distribution, follicular openings obliteration, broken hairs, eccrine pigmentation, and eccrine ostia obliteration), along with the possibility to change the denomination of parameter 3 (from “follicular findings” to “follicular/eccrine findings”) and split it into two subparameters (“follicular findings” and “eccrine findings”). All such proposals reached agreement during the second round and therefore were included in the final list, for a total of 37 items.ConclusionsAlthough nearly all the dermoscopic criteria originally proposed by the IDS are applicable even to darker phototypes, several additional variables need to be assessed.
Mechanism of colour change of carambola puree by high pressure processing and its effect on flavour and physicochemical properties
Authors: Zhang Sinan , Zheng Chuyao , Zeng Yanxia , Zheng Zhenhong , Yao Xueshuang , Zhao Yadong , Jiang Zhuo 
Published: July 2021

SummaryThe study aimed to investigate the mechanism of the colour change of carambola puree by high pressure processing (HPP), and the effects on its flavour, antioxidant properties and other physicochemical properties. The results showed that the colour change of carambola puree after HPP (200, 400, 600 and 800 MPa, for 15 min at 25 °C) was caused by both the enzymatic browning inhibition and the β‐carotene release promotion. The physical and chemical properties also varied after HPP treatment, in which the potential of hydrogen (pH) value and the total soluble solids decreased with the pressure. With the increase of pressure, the content of total phenols and flavonoids increased to a certain extent, and the antioxidant activity also increased. HPP could destroy the cell structure and form microscopic pores in the tissue, which might cause changes in physical and chemical properties. Compared with untreated samples, HPP could improve the characteristic flavour and quality of the sample itself, and it has a great application prospect in the production of carambola puree.
Wine characterisation according to geographical origin using analysis of mineral elements and rainfall correlation of oxygen isotope values
Authors: Su Yingyue , Zhao Yan , Cui Kexu , Wang Fei , Zhang Jinjie , Zhang Ang 
Published: July 2021

SummaryThe wine industry has developed rapidly; however, wine fraud is a potential risk for consumers. In China, methods for detecting wine authenticity are far from perfect. To reduce the risk of counterfeit wines, Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Mass Spectrometry and Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry were used to geographically classify 104 wines from four major production areas. In this paper, the naturally distributed characteristics of thirty‐eight mineral elements contents and the effect of rainfall on the oxygen isotope values in wine were investigated. The result of δ18O ranged from −13‰ to 7‰. The oxygen isotope of wine water in Northwest China is obviously more positive than that in South China. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) showed 88.5% classification accuracy in training set and 81.7% in the cross‐validation result. An artificial neural network (ANN) model determined origin of the wine with higher accuracy than LDA model. Furthermore, δ18O and Sr/Rb are important recognition elements in ANN, and the accuracy of region recognition can reach 90.9%. Thus, mineral elements and isotope ratios are effective in contributing to wine authenticity control in wine origin.
The clinical characteristics and prognosis of cytogenetically normal AML with single mutations of CEBPA
Authors: Kang Yefang , Chen Xiuhua , Fang Fang , Zhang Lingli , Wang Jiaxuan , Tian Chuchu , Guo Wenzheng , Xu Jing , Ren Huanying , Muyey Daniel Muteb , Tan Yanhong , Xu Zhifang , Wang Hongwei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionCEBPA mutation is a common mutation in normal karyotype AML. CEBPAdm AML has been recognized as a separate entity, but there is still controversy to the prognosis of CEBPAsm patients.MethodsA total of 151 newly diagnosed cytogenetically normal AML patients treated at the Second Hospital Center of Shanxi Medical University from February 2017 to December 2019 were the subjects of the study. According to the number of mutations in the CEBPA gene, the patients were divided into three groups, CEBPAsm, CEBPAdm, and CEBPAwt patients. The clinical characteristics, gene mutations, response, and prognosis were retrospectively compared among the three groups.ResultsCEBPAsm patients had lower hemoglobin values compared to CEBPAdm (P = .049). There was no statistical difference between the CEBPAsm cases and the CEBPAdm cases in the mutation types and the distribution of mutation regions (P > .050). Compared with CEBPAdm, cases with CEBPAsm were more likely associated with multiple other gene mutations (P = .023). Patients with CEBPAdm had a higher CR, ORR, and OS than those CEBPAwt (P < .050). CEBPAsm patients had a similar OS with CEBPAdm and CEBPAwt patients (P = .281). These CEBPAsm patients with VAF<30% had lower OS than the patients with VAF≥30%. FLT3‐ITD mutations could reduce CEBPAsm patients' OS (P = .019).ConclusionOur data first highlighted the impact of CEBPAsm VAF on OS, and the results showed the lower the VAF was, the shorter the OS tended to. The VAF of CEBPAsm could provide specific significance in some extent for the prognosis of patients.
Stripping back the mask: Working conditions on digital labour platforms during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: HOWSON Kelle , USTEK‐SPILDA Funda , BERTOLINI Alessio , HEEKS Richard , FERRARI Fabian , KATTA Srujana , COLE Matthew , AGUERA RENESES Pablo , SALEM Nancy , SUTCLIFFE David , STEWARD Shelly , GRAHAM Mark 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDigital labour platforms have been widely promoted as a solution to the unemployment crisis sparked by the COVID‐19 pandemic. However, the pandemic has also highlighted the vulnerability of gig workers when cast as essential workers. This article examines the COVID‐19 policies of 191 platforms in 43 countries to understand how the crisis has shifted the conventions of the gig economy. Using a typology of “fair platform work”, the authors identify areas of progress in worker protection but also significant shortfalls, including the entrenchment of precarious work as platforms leverage the opportunities arising from the crisis.