bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De jureproperty rights and state capacity: evidence from land specification in the Boer Republics
Authors: Dimitruk Kara , Du Plessis Sophia , Du Plessis Stan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe examine the development ofde jureproperty rights to land by assessing how accurately governments recorded borders of property. We use surveys of farm parcels from two historical states, the Republic of the Orange Free State (OFS) and the South African Republic (ZAR), which are in modern-day South Africa, and employ a descriptive analysis to infer how accurately maps represent parcels of property. We argue that differences in state administrative capacity explains differences in map accuracy and therefore the provision ofde jureproperty rights to land. We find that maps of farms in the ZAR, which had lower administrative capacity, tend to be less accurate than maps of farms in the OFS. Comparisons with military maps compiled under a different administration provide evidence that the costs incurred from previous administrations can limit future attempts to accurately record property. The analysis shows how state administrative capacity can facilitate (or hinder) the provision of property rights to land.
Statistical features of persistence and long memory in mortality data
Authors: Peters Gareth W. , Yan Hongxuan , Chan Jennifer 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Understanding core statistical properties and data features in mortality data are fundamental to the development of machine learning methods for demographic and actuarial applications of mortality projection. The study of statistical features in such data forms the basis for classification, regression and forecasting tasks. In particular, the understanding of key statistical structure in such data can aid in improving accuracy in undertaking mortality projection and forecasting when constructing life tables. The ability to accurately forecast mortality is a critical aspect for the study of demography, life insurance product design and pricing, pension planning and insurance-based decision risk management. Though many stylised facts of mortality data have been discussed in the literature, we provide evidence for a novel statistical feature that is pervasive in mortality data at a national level that is as yet unexplored. In this regard, we demonstrate in this work a strong evidence for the existence of long memory features in mortality data, and second that such long memory structures display multifractality as a statistical feature that can act as a discriminator of mortality dynamics by age, gender and country. To achieve this, we first outline the way in which we choose to represent the persistence of long memory from an estimator perspective. We make a natural link between a class of long memory features and an attribute of stochastic processes based on fractional Brownian motion. This allows us to use well established estimators for the Hurst exponent to then robustly and accurately study the long memory features of mortality data. We then introduce to mortality analysis the notion from data science known as multifractality. This allows us to study the long memory persistence features of mortality data on different timescales. We demonstrate its accuracy for sample sizes commensurate with national-level age term structure historical mortality records. A series of synthetic studies as well a comprehensive analysis of real mortality death count data are studied in order to demonstrate the pervasiveness of long memory structures in mortality data, both mono-fractal and multifractal functional features are verified to be present as stylised facts of national-level mortality data for most countries and most age groups by gender. We conclude by demonstrating how such features can be used in kernel clustering and mortality model forecasting to improve these actuarial applications.
Design and analysis of 3D-printed hybrid couplers for D-band applications
Authors: Lomakin K. , Klein L. , Gold G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis work focuses on the impact of the build orientation on additively manufactured waveguide-based hybrid couplers for D-band frequency range and relates it to other sources of uncertainty within the overall manufacturing process and measurement instrumentation for the D-band frequency range. The designed specimens are first printed from UV curable photopolymer resin and subsequently metal coated by an electroless silver plating process, which in turn is improved by making use of the slotted waveguide approach. Although the requirements toward geometrical precision to achieve phase errors below 10° are in an order of 0.1 mm, a desktop grade DLP printer is utilized in this work in order to point out the prospects and limitations of additive manufacturing. Furthermore, waveguide paths with bends are part of the model and their impact on the measured attenuation is estimated explicitly.Despite this narrow field of tolerances, one specimen could have been realized, which achieves a measured output magnitude imbalance of 0.7 dB over the frequency range from 120 to 155 GHz while at the same time exhibiting a phase deviation of only <10° from the desired 90°. With these demonstrated results, the proposed approach provides suitability for future applications in the D-band frequency range.
Constraining Fault Friction and Stability With Fluid‐Injection Field Experiments
Authors: Larochelle Stacy , Lapusta Nadia , Ampuero Jean‐Paul , Cappa Frédéric 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWhile the notion that injecting fluids into the subsurface can reactivate faults by reducing frictional resistance is well established, the ensuing evolution of the slip is still poorly understood. What controls whether the induced slip remains stable and confined to the fluid‐affected zone or accelerates into a runaway earthquake? Are there observable indicators of the propensity to earthquakes before they happen? Here, we investigate these questions by modeling a unique fluid‐injection experiment on a natural fault with laboratory‐derived friction laws. We show that a range of fault models with diverging stability with sustained injection reproduce the slip measured during pressurization. Upon depressurization, however, the most unstable scenario departs from the observations, suggesting that the fault is relatively stable. The models could be further distinguished with optimized depressurization tests or spatially distributed monitoring. Our findings indicate that avoiding injection near low‐residual‐friction faults and depressurizing during slip acceleration could help prevent large‐scale earthquakes.
The Effects of 180 years of Aging on the Physical and Seismic Properties of Partially Saturated Sands
Authors: Wright Vanshan , Hornbach Matthew 
Published: May 2021

AbstractConstraining how the physical properties and seismic responses of recently deposited sands change with time is important for understanding earthquake site response, subsurface fluid flow, and early stages of lithification. Currently, however, there is no detailed (cm‐scale) assessment of how sand's physical properties and associated seismic velocities evolve over the first two centuries after deposition. Here, we integrate sedimentation rates with seismic velocity and sediment physical properties data to assess how the vadose zone sands at Port Royal Beach, Jamaica, change within 180 years after deposition. We show that compressional and shear wave velocities increase with sediment age, whereas porosity, grain size, sorting, mineralogy, and cementation fraction remain relatively unchanged during the same period. Rock physics models (constrained by the measured physical properties) predict constant seismic velocities at all sites regardless of sediment age, though misfits between modeled and observed velocities increase with sediment age. We explain these misfits by proposing that shallow sands undergo microstructural grain reorganization that leads to a more uniform distribution of grain contact forces with time. Our results imply that beach sands undergo a previously undocumented lithification process that occurs before compaction.
High‐Temperature VIS‐IR Spectroscopy of NH4‐Phyllosilicates
Authors: De Angelis S. , Ferrari M. , De Sanctis M. C. , Ammannito E. , Raponi A. , Ciarniello M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAmmonium phyllosilicates have been identified on the dwarf planet Ceres, thanks to infrared telescopic and orbital data from the Dawn mission, by means of the 3.06 μm spectral feature. Nevertheless, it is not known which ammonium‐bearing phyllosilicate species are present, nor the thermal processing they underwent throughout Ceres history. Identifying the NH4+‐hosting mineral species is important for deciphering Ceres’ surface mineralogy, which provides a link to its interior and putative different evolutionary pathways. Ammoniated species can have formed in the presence of water/ammonia‐rich fluids in different conditions in the interior of the planet; in case of an exogenous outer Solar System origin, they can have undergone heating at depth. In this work, we study the visible‐infrared spectra of several NH4‐treated/untreated phyllosilicates in the range 0.35–5 μm, acquired in vacuum and at temperatures between 298 and 723 K. Previously NH4‐phyllosilicates have been mostly studied at ambient condition, preventing the characterization of the NH4+ band at 3.06 μm, due to overlapping bands of water. With this new set of measurements, we investigate how the NH4‐phyllosilicates spectra are modified when the mineral’s water is lost, and which temperature is the limit for the releasing of NH4+. We present the first high‐temperatures/high vacuum 3‐μm reflectance spectra of ammonium phyllosilicates. Our measurements indicate that Mg‐phyllosilicates are the best candidates for the ammonium‐bearing species. Moreover, the almost complete disappearing of NH4+ absorption feature at ∼3.06 μm for ammoniated phyllosilicates heated at the highest temperatures indicates that such species on Ceres could not have experienced temperatures higher than 623 K.
Divergent Response of Vegetation Growth to Soil Water Availability in Dry and Wet Periods Over Central Asia
Authors: Zhang Wen , Li Yang , Wu Xiuchen , Chen Yunhao , Chen Anping , Schwalm Christopher R. , Kimball John S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractVegetation growth is interactively controlled by hydrothermal conditions and the associated biophysiological changes. These factors have experienced dramatic changes over the past decades in Central Asia, where vegetation growth is primarily constrained by soil water availability. However, we have limited understanding of the time scales and the underlying drivers for the responses of vegetation growth to variations in soil water availability between wet and dry periods. Here, we explored the response of vegetation growth to decadal‐scale hydroclimatic variations in wet versus dry periods, during 1992–2015, using remote sensing retrievals of normalized difference vegetation index and multiple climate factors. We discovered divergent responses of vegetation growth to soil water availability, measured by soil moisture content (SM), between wet and dry periods, with spatiotemporally intensified correlation to SM in the dry period. We revealed a unanimous 1‐month time lag in the response of vegetation growth to SM in the dry period, contrary to much longer time lags and a more spatially heterogeneous response in the wet period. The divergent vegetation responses to SM can be largely explained by the variations in hydroclimatic conditions and spring phenology. The intensified vegetation growth‐SM response in the dry period was strongly associated with increased temperature and vapor pressure deficit. Earlier spring phenology exerts a crucial role in mediating the relationship between vegetation growth and SM in the dry period. The complicated interactions between vegetation phenology and hydroclimatic variations should be explicitly considered in predicting regional vegetation growth under a warmer and drier climate regime in water‐stressed regions.
The Relative Importance of Phytoplankton Light Absorption and Ecosystem Complexity in an Earth System Model
Authors: Asselot Rémy , Lunkeit Frank , Holden Philip B. , Hense Inga 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe investigate the relative importance of ecosystem complexity and phytoplankton light absorption for climate studies. While the complexity of Earth System models (ESMs) with respect to marine biota has increased over the past years, the relative importance of biological processes in driving climate‐relevant mechanisms such as the biological carbon pump and phytoplankton light absorption is still unknown. The climate effects of these mechanisms have been studied separately, but not together. To shed light on the role of biologically mediated feedbacks, we performed different model experiments with the EcoGENIE ESM. The model experiments have been conducted with and without phytoplankton light absorption and with two or 12 plankton functional types. For a robust comparison, all simulations are tuned to have the same primary production. Our model experiments show that phytoplankton light absorption changes ocean physics and biogeochemistry. Higher sea surface temperature decreases the solubility of CO2 which in turn increases the atmospheric CO2 concentration, and finally the atmospheric temperature rises by 0.45°C. An increase in ecosystem complexity increases the export production of particulate organic carbon but decreases the amount of dissolved organic matter. These changes in the marine carbon cycling, however, hardly reduces the atmospheric CO2 concentrations and slightly decreases the atmospheric temperature by 0.034°C. Overall we show that phytoplankton light absorption has a higher impact on the carbon cycle and on the climate system than a more detailed representation of the marine biota.
Using Chemical Affinities to Understand Disequilibrium Textures of Plagioclase Preserved in Magmatic Systems
Authors: Huggins Ellyn G. , Ruprecht Philipp , Ghiorso Mark S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractVolcanic textures are strongly related to magma ascent histories. Degassing of a volatile‐rich magma can drive plagioclase microlite growth on eruptive timescales, but such growth can be inhibited when ascent is sufficiently fast. Thus, the absence of microlites is used to determine the minimum ascent rates. However, open‐system processes, such as magma recharge, prior to decompression can also suppress microlite growth, possibly extending the timescales for ascent. Here, we explore the trade‐offs between degassing‐driven growth and reheating‐driven suppression of microlite formation. We develop a quantitative model on the basis of the chemical affinity that accounts for disequilibrium driving crystal growth or dissolution. We test decompression scenarios to understand how net‐crystallization varies with different pressure‐temperature ascent histories for the 2008 Chaitén eruption. Degassing‐driven growth and reheating‐driven dissolution are balanced for ascent rates of 0.002–0.006 MPa/s (∼0.08–0.25 m/s) from 200 MPa storage depth and reheating by 50 °C–70 °C, significantly reducing the minimum ascent rates.
MAVEN Survey of Magnetic Flux Rope Properties in the Martian Ionosphere: Comparison With Three Types of Formation Mechanisms
Authors: Bowers C. F. , Slavin J. A. , DiBraccio G. A. , Poh G. , Hara T. , Xu S. , Brain D. A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFlux ropes are a magnetic field phenomenon characterized by a filament of twisted, helical magnetic field around an axial core. They form in the Martian ionosphere via three distinct mechanisms: Boundary wave instabilities (BWI), external reconnection (ER) between the interplanetary magnetic field and the crustal anomalies, and internal reconnection (IR) of the crustal anomalies themselves. We have identified 121 magnetic flux ropes (FR) from 1900 orbits using plasma and magnetic field measurements measured by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft, and separate FR into categories based on formation mechanism by analyzing electron signatures. We find evidence for flux ropes formed via BWI, ER, and IR mechanisms which comprise 9%, 34%, and 57% of our data‐set, respectively. FR formed via different mechanisms exhibit differences in location and force‐free radius, indicating the formation mechanism of a FR impacts their influence on the Martian plasma environment.
Cold Pools Observed by Uncrewed Surface Vehicles in the Central and Eastern Tropical Pacific
Authors: Wills Samantha M. , Cronin Meghan F. , Zhang Dongxiao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNew in situ observations collected by Saildrones, a novel uncrewed surface vehicle (USV), are used to investigate atmospheric cold pools during three 6‐month missions to the central and eastern (∼140°W–125°W) tropical Pacific. Cold pool fronts in the atmospheric boundary layer are identified by a −1.5°C air temperature drop occurring in 10 min or less. While cold pool events were observed in the central Pacific as far north as 30°N and within the equatorial band, the majority of observed cold pools occurred within the convective, low‐wind shear environment of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Composite time series analysis of measurements during the 382 cold pool events reveals new insights on high‐frequency variations in air temperature, wind speed, humidity, pressure, and sea surface temperature and salinity associated with cold pool fronts. The results highlight the unique capabilities of Saildrone USVs to resolve small spatial and temporal scales of variability over observationally sparse ocean regions.
Energy Modulations of Magnetospheric Ions Induced by Foreshock Transient‐Driven Ultralow‐Frequency Waves
Authors: Wang Boyi , Zhang Hui , Liu Zhiyang , Liu Terry , Li Xingyu , Angelopoulos Vassilis 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAlthough foreshock transients can generate strong magnetospheric Pc5 ultralow‐frequency (ULF) waves, whether they can modulate the energy of magnetospheric ions is still poorly understood. In this study, we analyze the strong magnetospheric ion energy modulations in a foreshock transient event on October 30, 2008, based on the magnetospheric observations by the time history of events and macroscale interactions during substorms A and D in the prenoon sector. ULF wave‐induced drift accelerated the cold ions up to ∼10 keV and the enhanced ion fluxes have wave‐like patterns. There is another portion of enhanced ion fluxes from ∼0.8 to ∼10 keV but with strong energy dispersions in this event. By comparing the observations and the theoretical prediction, we for the first time found that the drift‐bounce resonances played a major role in modulating the energy of those ions with energy dispersions, during the interactions between the ions and the foreshock transient‐driven Pc5 ULF wave with growing and damping effects.
Second allogeneic transplants for multiple myeloma: a report from the EBMT Chronic Malignancies Working Party
Authors: Hayden Patrick J. , Eikema Dirk-Jan , de Wreede Liesbeth C. , Koster Linda , Kröger Nicolaus , Einsele Hermann , Minnema Monique , Dominietto Alida , Potter Michael , Passweg Jacob , Bermúdez Arancha , Nguyen-quoc Stephanie , Platzbecker Uwe , Tischer Johanna , Ciceri Fabio , Veelken Joan Hendrik , Ljungman Per , Schaap Nicolaas , Forcade Edouard , Carella Angelo Michele , Gandemer Virginie , Arcese William , Bloor Adrian , Olivieri Attilio , Vincent Laure , Beksac Meral , Schönland Stefan , Yakoub-Agha Ibrahim 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe EBMT Chronic Malignancies Working Party performed a retrospective analysis of 215 patients who underwent a second allo-HCT for myeloma between 1994 and 2017, 159 for relapse and 56 for graft failure. In the relapse group, overall survival (OS) was 38% (30–46%) at 2 years and 25% (17–32%) at 5 years. Patients who had a HLA-identical sibling (HLAid-Sib) donor for their first and second transplants had superior OS (5 year OS: HLAid-Sib/HLAid-Sib: 35% (24–46%); Others 9% (0–17%), p < 0.001). There was a significantly higher incidence of acute grade II-IV GvHD in those patients who had also developed GvHD following their initial HLA-identical sibling allo-HCT (HLAid-Sib/HLAid-Sib: 50% (33–67%); Other 22% (8–36%), p = 0.03). More as opposed to fewer than 2 years between transplants was associated with superior 5-yr OS (31% (21–40%) vs. 10% (1–20%), P = 0.005). On multivariate analysis, consecutive HLA-identical sibling donor transplants conferred a significant OS advantage (0.4 (0.24–0.67), p < 0.001). In the graft failure group, OS was 41% at 2 years. In summary, a second allo-HCT using a HLA-identical sibling donor, if available, provides the best transplant outcomes for relapsed myeloma in this setting.
Knockout RAGE alleviates cardiac fibrosis through repressing endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) mediated by autophagy
Authors: Zhang Lu , He Jiaqi , Wang Junyan , Liu Jing , Chen Zixin , Deng Bo , Wei Lan , Wu Hanqin , Liang Birong , Li Huan , Huang Yusheng , Lu Lu , Yang Zhongqi , Xian Shaoxiang , Wang Lingjun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEndothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has been shown to contribute to cardiac fibrosis and heart failure (HF). Recent studies have demonstrated that EndMT is regulated by autophagy, and we previously showed suppression of excessive autophagy and alleviation of cardiac fibrosis in HF mice with inactivated receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Thus, we investigated whether reduced cardiac fibrosis due to RAGE knockout occurred by inhibiting EndMT mediated by excessive autophagy. We found a decrease in endothelial cells (CD31+/VE-Cadherin+) and an increase in cells co-expressing CD31 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA, myofibroblast marker) at 8 weeks in heart tissue of mice subjected to transverse aortic constriction (TAC), which implied EndMT. Knockout RAGE decreased EndMT accompanied by decreased expression of autophagy-related proteins (LC3BII/I and Beclin 1), and alleviated cardiac fibrosis and improved cardiac function in TAC mice. Moreover, 3-methyladenine (3-MA) and chloroquine (CQ), inhibitors of autophagy, attenuated EndMT, and cardiac fibrosis in TAC mice. Importantly, EndMT induced by AGEs could be blocked by autophagy inhibitor in vivo and in vitro. These results suggested that AGEs/RAGE-autophagy-EndMT axis involved in the development of cardiac fibrosis and knockout RAGE ameliorated cardiac fibrosis through decreasing EndMT regulated by autophagy, which could be a promising therapeutic strategy for HF.