bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Defining the Product
Authors: Benger Alaluf Yaara 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how the objectives of the nascent holiday resort industry transformed in relation to dynamics of health, pleasure, and social class. It analyses the process of defining holiday as a product by drawing on source material from the different actors in the resort economy, including internal documents of the local corporations, resort publications, travel guides, railway advertising, vacationers’ accounts, and medical literature referring directly to holiday practices. It shows that the emotionally loaded encounter between different social classes at the resort was a core aspect of the shifting practices of holidaymaking from ‘taking the waters’ to commercial amusements, or from health to recreation. In order to comprehend these transformations, the chapter focuses on three watering-places that were among the most popular holiday destinations in Victorian and Edwardian Britain, but which differed in their characteristics: Harrogate—an aristocratic inland spa; Scarborough—a spa and seaside resort with mixed social clientele; and Blackpool—the exemplary working-class seaside town. The chapter concludes by pointing to the impact of the therapeutic rationalization of recreational activities on the resort industry, arguing that the notions of health and pleasure in the history of holidaymaking should not be addressed as opposites, but as interrelated concepts defined and valued within a wider context, namely the relation between leisure, class, gender, scientific expertise, and emotion knowledge.
Constitutional Foundations and the Design of the Austrian Liability of Public Bodies Act
Authors: Storr Stefan , Bayer Kathrin , Bereiter Daniela , Mischensky Luca 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Similarly to other legal systems of continental Europe, the Austrian system has what may be regarded as a general principle of damages liability, although it does not have a wholly separate body of law dealing with damages actions against public authorities. But administrative liability arises if a fault exists and is proven. Moreover, the injured party is required to bring an appeal to the public authority that is potentially liable in tort. The ordinary courts have the competence to inquiry as to whether a rule of law has been infringed and liability has arisen. Included within these rules there are the procedural requirements set out by Austrian courts since the end of the nineteenth century and later codified by legislation, as well as the constraints that emerged more recently.
The EU Institutions Liability between the Member States Principles and the Causality Standards of the EU Court of Justice
Authors: Marchetti Barbara 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Several important features characterize administrative liability within the EU. First and foremost, not only is liability affirmed, but it is also based on the general principles of law common to the laws of the Member States. Second, and consequently, those principles have been defined and refined by EU courts. Third, the mere fact of a serious and manifest infringement of any rule of law may be enough for liability to arise and it is for EU courts to judge about it, without any preliminary appeal. It must be observed that the European administration—functionally intended—does not have the panoply of powers that characterizes national authorities and, in particular, is seldom involved in material activities. However, the exercise of its powers is subject to duties of legality and procedural fairness and propriety.
Hungary, Poland, and Romania
Authors: Cananea Giacinto della 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter compares the respective answers of the Hungarian, Polish, and Romanian systems of administrative liability. It begins by noting that after 1989, all such countries modified their constitutions, which now regulate government liability in tort differently from the past. Not only do they admit government liability, but they also lay down general principles about it, although they variably construct the right to compensation. There are, instead, some relevant differences in their rules concerning administrative procedure. In particular, unlike Hungary and Poland, Romania has no such thing as a procedural code. However, the crucial empirical question is whether the same, or similar solutions are given to the issues raised by the hypothetical cases. Despite the fact that the European Convention on Human Rights influences the three legal systems, not always is the disregard of procedural constraints, such as prior notice and hearing, in itself sufficient to make administrative action unlawful and, thus, to give rise to liability. Sometimes, claimants fail to get redress for wrongful failures to grant licences or exercise a discretion in the issuing of general or individual orders. The reason is not only that administrative authorities enjoy discretionary powers, but also that sometimes the courts seem reluctant to abandon the idea that those who govern cannot be held liable.
The Authority and Power of Regional Economic Courts in Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Caserta Salvatore 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter compares the authority of the Central American Court of Justice (CACJ) and the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) with that of the Andean Tribunal of Justice (ATJ) and the Mercosur Permanent Review Court (PRC) and, in so doing, draws general conclusions about the actors and factors that may be deemed of importance for better understanding the de facto authority of the Latin American and Caribbean Regional Economic Courts (RECs). More specifically, it shows that, similar to the CCJ, the ATJ has been relatively successful in achieving authority, at least in the area of intellectual property (IP) law. This occurred thanks to the Court’s ability to develop a relationship with state and sub-state actors, such as administrative agencies and national judges, which repeatedly filed preliminary rulings on these topics, thus allowing the Court to make a difference in this area of law. The chapter also shows the fluctuations of the authority of the ATJ on classic matters of community law, such as removal of trade barriers and the implementation of the policies of the Andean Community. In contrast, the Mercosur PRC has struggled throughout its history to ensure that it receives a steady flow of cases to rule upon and has been repeatedly criticised by both state and sub-state actors. This final chapter shows that this reality is a symptom of political instability, lack of commitment to regional institutions, authoritarian politics, and struggle to complete the transition to democracy in the Mercosur Member States. Against this background, the chapter draws general theoretical conclusions on the authority of the four RECs in Latin American and the Caribbean.
The Evolving Nature of EU Business Lobbying
Authors: Coen David , Katsaitis Alexander , Vannoni Matia 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines business lobbying in the EU from a historical perspective. Conceptually, it discusses how the EU’s evolution has influenced interest intermediation in Brussels. In doing so, it addresses the increasing authority handed to the European Commission, the growth of European regulatory networks, and multi-level governance; and their influence on business and the strategic choices it makes. From the opposite perspective, it examines the impact that business has had on the EU’s integration, and its policy-making procedures. Empirically, the chapter draws on unique business surveys spanning from the mid-1990s up until today, and a large-N analysis of 12,000 registered organizations on the EU’s transparency register. It also provides a case study on business strategies, focused on the directive on tobacco control. Theoretically, this chapter contributes to discussions on European integration, interest group activity, business lobbying, and governance in the EU.,
Effervescence Accelerators: Barriers to Outsiders in Christian Interaction Rituals
Authors: Draper Scott 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In interaction ritual theory, barriers to outsiders are cues that communicate who is and is not excluded from a ritual. Prior research on religious rituals has established strong support for the hypothesis that barriers promote collective effervescence and social solidarity. Questions remain, though, regarding how this social dynamic impacts the practices, identities, missions, and conflicts of congregations who strive to be inclusive. We conducted microsociological analysis of rituals based on participant-observation and focus groups at six Christian congregations: Jehovah’s Witnesses, Latter-day Saints, Christian Scientists, Brethren, Catholics, and Episcopalians. Barriers were built in all the rituals, bringing congregational distinction through contrast with different types of outsiders. We also observed effervescent moments where barriers were low and inconsequential, suggesting that severe barriers are unnecessary. Rather, the special ritual function of barriers is to provide instant jolts of effervescence, especially when other social dynamics are failing.
The irreducible core of trustee duties in East Asian trusts
Authors: Lee Joyman 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article examines the idea of the “irreducible core” of trustee duties in relation to East Asian trusts. Although the Japanese Trust Act of 2006 has designated many duties as non-core, the extent of reduction is far from certain. This is because regulatory law continues to apply, as well as the court’s policy interest in giving effect to the trust only where this is intended by the parties. The New Zealand Trust Act of 2019, which highlights the centrality of good faith rather than self-denial, clearly identifies the duties which stand at the core of the Japanese and Chinese trusts.
Sex‐specific effects of in vitro fertilization on adult metabolic outcomes and hepatic transcriptome and proteome in mouse
Authors: Narapareddy Laren , Rhon‐Calderon Eric A. , Vrooman Lisa A. , Baeza Josue , Nguyen Duy K. , Mesaros Clementina , Lan Yemin , Garcia Benjamin A. , Schultz Richard M. , Bartolomei Marisa S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlthough in vitro fertilization (IVF) is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes, there is increasing concern about the long‐term and sex‐specific health implications. Augmenting our IVF mouse model to longitudinally investigate metabolic outcomes in offspring from optimal neonatal litter sizes, we found sex‐specific metabolic outcomes in IVF offspring. IVF‐conceived females had higher body weight and cholesterol levels compared to naturally conceived females, whereas IVF‐conceived males had higher levels of triglycerides and insulin, and increased body fat composition. Through adult liver transcriptomics and proteomics, we identified sexually dimorphic dysregulation of the sterol regulatory element‐binding protein (SREBP) pathways that are associated with the sex‐specific phenotypes. We also found that global loss of DNA methylation in placenta was linked to higher cholesterol levels in IVF‐conceived females. Our findings indicate that IVF procedures have long‐lasting sex‐specific effects on metabolic health of offspring and lay the foundation to utilize the placenta as a predictor of long‐term outcomes.
Managing a patient with purple urine bag syndrome
Authors: Letizia Matthew , Tyson Rebecca 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Purple urine bag syndrome most commonly occurs in chronically catheterized patients who develop urinary tract infections. Although this syndrome can cause concern because of the appearance of abnormally colored urine, it is relatively benign. However, if left untreated, purple urine bag syndrome can lead to complications associated with progressive lower urinary tract infections. This article discusses how to identify, diagnose, and treat purple urine bag syndrome.
CE: Nursing Orientation to Data Science and Machine Learning
Authors: O'Brien Roxanne L. , O'Brien Matt W. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT:
Nurses collect, use, and produce data every day in countless ways, such as when assessing and treating patients, performing administrative functions, and engaging in strategic planning in their organizations and communities. These data are aggregated into large data sets in health care systems, public and private databases, and academic research settings. In recent years the machines used in this work (computer hardware) have become increasingly able to analyze large data sets, or “big data,” at high speed. Data scientists use machine learning tools to aid in analyzing this big data, such as data amassed from large numbers of electronic health records. In health care, predictions for patient outcomes has become a focus of research using machine learning. It's important for nurses and nurse administrators to understand how machine learning has changed our ways of thinking about data and turning data into knowledge that can improve patient care. This article provides an orientation to machine learning and data science, offers an understanding of current challenges and opportunities, and describes the nursing implications for nurses in various roles.
Harm Perceptions of E-cigarette Use Among New Zealand Young People: Development of a Questionnaire
Authors: Birch Oliver , Newcombe David , Bullen Chris 
Published: March 2021

Objectives:
E-cigarette use is growing among New Zealand young people, yet their perceptions of the harms of e-cigarette use are unknown. This study aimed to determine domains and specific items for inquiry to inform the creation of a questionnaire assessing the perceptions of harms of e-cigarette use in this group.

Materials and Methods:
An integrative literature review generated a preliminary list of survey items and domains. A Delphi study involving 6 expert academics was undertaken to verify and refine this list. The consensus was facilitated through online, structured communication.

Results:
Previous data collection attempts included items assessing participants’ knowledge of e-cigarettes, their current e-cigarette and cigarette use, and how harmful they perceived e-cigarettes to be relative to cigarettes. The Delphi study refined the initial list of items while contributing additional considerations. A total of 54 items were organized into 7 domains: “E-cigarette Knowledge,” “Cigarette Use,” “E-cigarette Use,” “E-cigarette Relative Harm,” “E-cigarette Promotion,” “Acceptability (E-cigarettes and Cigarettes)”, and (“General Introduction”) items on participants’ identity characteristics (gender, age, ethnicity).

Conclusions:
Each of the items will inform the design of a questionnaire assessing New Zealand young people’s perceptions of the harms of e-cigarette use. Development of these items will involve further literature reviewing, focus groups with end-users, and a pilot study.
Continuous Pectoral Nerve Block Compared With Continuous Thoracic Paravertebral Block and Intravenous Opioid Analgesia for the Postoperative Analgesic Efficacy in Patients Undergoing Modified Radical Mastectomy
Authors: Abu Elyazed Mohamed M. , Mostafa Shaimaa F. 
Published: March 2021

Objectives:
Postoperative pain following mastectomy is often severe and pain management is necessary. We evaluated the analgesic efficacy of continuous pectoral nerve block (PEC) in comparison with that of the continuous thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB) and the intravenous opioid analgesia in patients scheduled for modified radical mastectomy (MRM).

Materials and Methods:
A total of 90 female patients aged 20 to 70 years, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I to III, undergoing unilateral MRM were randomly allocated into 3 groups. All patients received postoperative morphine patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). Continuous TPVB and continuous PECs were added in group II and group III, respectively. Postoperative morphine consumption during the first 48 hours and postoperative visual analog scale were recorded.

Results:
The cumulative morphine consumption in the first 24 hours postoperative was higher in the PCA-M group (27.47±4.95 mg) than that of the TPVB group (8.43±2.67 mg) and PEC group (13.47±3.89 mg) (P<0.001, confidence interval: 16.6-21.5 and 11.6-16.4, respectively). It was significantly higher in the PEC group as compared with the TPVB group (P<0.001, confidence interval: 2.6-7.5). On admission to postanesthesia care unit till 2 hours postoperative, the median visual analog scale score at rest was higher in the PCA-M group than that of the TPVB group (P<0.05) and PEC group (P<0.05) without statistical difference between the TPVB group and PEC group.

Discussion:
Continuous PEC and continuous TPVB reduced the postoperative morphine consumptions as compared with the intravenous opioid analgesia in patients undergoing MRM with greater reduction in TPVB and without increased adverse effects.
Shoulder Balance Following Correction Surgery for Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis
Authors: Moorthy Vikaesh , Goh Graham S. , Guo Chang-Ming , Tan Seang-Beng , Chen John Li-Tat , Soh Reuben Chee Cheong 
Published: March 2021

Study Design:
This is a retrospective study.

Objective:
This study aims to determine (1) when shoulder rebalancing occurs after adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) correction surgery and (2) whether shoulder asymmetry was influenced by the use of pedicle screws or hooks.

Summary of Background Data:
Postoperative shoulder imbalance is an important outcome of AIS correction surgery as it may influence a patient’s appearance and satisfaction.

Materials and Methods:
Seventy AIS patients undergoing AIS correction surgery at a single institution were retrospectively reviewed. Radiographic parameters were measured from anteroposterior x-rays at preoperative, immediate postoperative, 6 months postsurgery, and 12 months postsurgery. Shoulder parameters measured were: radiographic shoulder height (RSH), clavicle angle, coracoid height difference (CHD), and T1 tilt. The Cobb angle of the proximal thoracic curve, major thoracic curve, and thoracolumbar/lumbar curve. The percentage of correction was also calculated.

Results:
Lateral shoulder asymmetry (RSH and CHD) changed significantly from preoperative to up to 6 months postsurgery. T1 tilt, a measure of medial shoulder asymmetry, did not change significantly. Postoperatively, the hook group attained significantly better shoulder balance than the screw group in terms of RSH and CHD up to 12 months postsurgery. However, the percentage correction of the major thoracic curve was significantly greater in the screw group than the hook group (hook: 62.2±18.4% vs. screw: 76.0±16.0%, P=0.007).

Conclusions:
Lateral shoulder rebalancing occurs up to 6 months after surgery. While thoracic pedicle screws offer greater correction of major AIS curves, hook constructs offer better postoperative shoulder symmetry.

Level of Evidence:
III.
Population diversity of cardiovascular outcome trials and real-world patients with diabetes in a Chinese tertiary hospital
Authors: Zhou Yi-Ling , Zhang Yong-Gang , Zhang Rui , Zhou You-Lian , Li Nan , Wang Mi-Ye , Tian Hao-Ming , Li She-Yu 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background:
Recent cardiovascular outcome trials (CVOTs) changed the therapeutic strategy of guidelines for type 2 diabetes. We compared the characteristics of patients from real-world hospital settings with those of participants in recent pragmatic randomized trials.

Methods:
This electronic medical record (EMR)-based retrospective observational study investigated the data of patients with diabetes from inpatient and outpatient settings in West China Hospital of Sichuan University from January 1, 2011, to June 30, 2019. We identified patients meeting the inclusion criteria of a pragmatic randomized trial (EMPA-REG OUTCOME) based on EMRs and compared their baseline characteristics with those of the trial participants. The cutoff for the clinical significance of each characteristic was set as its minimal clinically important difference based on expert consultation.

Results:
We included 48,257 inpatients and 36,857 outpatients with diabetes and found that 8389 (17.4%) inpatients and 2646 (7.2%) outpatients met the inclusion criteria for the EMPA-REG OUTCOME trial. Compared with the trial population, the real-world inpatients meeting the eligibility criteria of the EMPA-REG OUTCOME had similar age, blood pressure, and lipid profiles but comprised of fewer males, metformin users, anti-hypertensive drug users, and aspirin users, and had a lower body mass index. The group of outpatients meeting the eligibility criteria had fewer males, similar age, fewer metformin users, fewer insulin users, fewer anti-hypertensive drug users, and fewer aspirin users compared with the trial population.

Conclusions:
The trial population in EMPA-REG OUTCOME represents only a small portion of patients with diabetes from the inpatient and outpatient departments of a Chinese tertiary medical center. Evidence localization in different clinical settings and validation are essential to enabling extrapolation of the results from CVOTs in patients with diabetes to Chinese clinical practice.
A Study of Botulinum Toxin A for Ultraviolet-Induced Hyperpigmentation: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Vachiramon Vasanop , Kositkuljorn Chaninan , Leerunyakul Kanchana , Rattananukrom Teeraphong , Jurairattanaporn Natthachat 
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND
Ultraviolet (UV) exposure contributes to skin hyperpigmentation. Recently, botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT-A) showed a promising protective effect on UVB-induced hyperpigmentation in both in vitro and animal models.

OBJECTIVE
The study aimed to investigate the preventive effect of BoNT-A against UVB-induced hyperpigmentation in human subjects.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A prospective, double-blinded, randomized controlled trial was performed in 15 healthy participants. Four separate square areas on the abdomen were randomly injected intradermally with different dilutions of BoNT-A (1:2.5, 1:5, 1:7.5) and normal saline (control). Two weeks after injection, hyperpigmented spots were induced by UVB irradiation at the experimental sites. The lightness index and hyperpigmentation scores from blinded physician and participants were evaluated.

RESULTS
Fifteen participants completed the study. One week after UVB irradiation, all BoNT-A-treated sites had a significantly lower degree of hyperpigmentation than the control site in lightness index and hyperpigmentation scores from blinded physician and participants (p < .05). However, no statistically significant difference was observed between different concentrations of BoNT-A. No side effects were observed throughout the study period.

CONCLUSION
Intradermal BoNT-A injection provided a protective effect from UVB-induced hyperpigmentation. It may be used for other hyperpigmentation disorders that are aggravated by UVB.