bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wood anatomy of the crown lineages in Proteoideae (Proteaceae): implications for evolution and adaptive value of bordered pits in imperforate tracheary elements
Authors: Stepanova A V , Akinlabi F M , Sebiloane K , Van Wyk B-E , Oskolski A A 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs Proteaceae subfamily Proteoideae are richly represented in the Cape Floristic Region of southern Africa and in south-western Australia, it is a convenient group for comparative studies of evolution and adaptation of plants in widely separated areas with a Mediterranean-type climate. Although species of Proteoideae attract considerable attention of researchers, the structural diversity of wood in this group remains under-explored. The wood structure of 51 species of 14 African and Australian genera of Proteoideae (Proteaceae) has been studied. These taxa are uniform in their wood structure; the diversity patterns are more related to plant stature, climatic factors and fire-survival strategies than to the taxonomy or phylogeny of the subfamily. Increases in length and diameter of fibres and diameter of pits in fibre walls are associated with a shift from a semi-arid winter-dry climate to a milder climate with winter rainfall. These trends may imply the transition from non-conducting imperforate tracheary elements to conducting elements in Mediterranean-type climatic regions. This presumable gain of hydraulic function of imperforate tracheary elements could be explained by adaptation to freeze–thaw stress during the late Quaternary, at least in the Cape Region. Vessel grouping shows no correlations with climatic factors. The seeders have a higher vessel frequency and narrower and lower rays than sprouters. We hypothesize that the larger rays in overground stems of sprouters serve as the sites of epicormic buds that provide for resprouting after fire or other damage. The occurrence of sclerified cells and/or irregularly arranged (occasionally circular) tracheary elements in broad rays of some species are thought to be responses to excessive sucrose transport in secondary phloem.
Olfaction inAnophelesmosquitoes
Authors: Konopka Joanna K , Task Darya , Afify Ali , Raji Joshua , Deibel Katelynn , Maguire Sarah , Lawrence Randy , Potter Christopher J 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs vectors of disease, mosquitoes are a global threat to human health. The Anopheles mosquito is the deadliest mosquito species as the insect vector of the malaria-causing parasite, which kills hundreds of thousands every year. These mosquitoes are reliant on their sense of smell (olfaction) to guide most of their behaviors, and a better understanding of Anopheles olfaction identifies opportunities for reducing the spread of malaria. This review takes a detailed look at Anopheles olfaction. We explore a range of topics from chemosensory receptors, olfactory neurons, and sensory appendages to behaviors guided by olfaction (including host-seeking, foraging, oviposition, and mating), to vector management strategies that target mosquito olfaction. We identify many research areas that remain to be addressed.
Medium-Term Outcomes in Severely to Critically Ill Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Infection
Authors: Gautam Nandan , Madathil Shyam , Tahani Natascia , Bolton Shaun , Parekh Dhruv , Stockley James , Goyal Shraddha , Qureshi Hannah , Yasmin Sadhika , Cooper Brendan G , Short Jennifer , Geberhiwot Tarekegn 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
The medium- and long-term effects of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection on survivors are unknown. In the current study, we assessed the medium-term effects of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on survivors of severe disease.

Methods
This is a retrospective, case series of 200 patients hospitalized across 3 large Birmingham hospitals with severe-to-critical COVID-19 infection 4–7 months from disease onset. Patients underwent comprehensive clinical, laboratory, imaging, lung function tests (LFTs), and quality of life and cognitive assessments.

Results
At 4–7 months after disease onset, 63.2% of patients reported persistent breathlessness; 53.5%, significant fatigue; 37.5%, reduced mobility; and 36.8% pain. Serum markers of inflammation and organ injuries that persisted at hospital discharge had normalized on follow-up, indicating no sustained immune response causing chronic maladaptive inflammation. Chest radiographs showed complete resolution in 82.8%, and significant improvement or no change in 17.2%. LFTs revealed gas transfer abnormalities in 80.0% and abnormal spirometric values in 37.6% of patients. Compared with patients who did not experience breathlessness, those who did had significantly higher incidences of comorbid conditions and residual chest radiographic and LFT abnormalities (P &lt; .01 to all). For all parameters assessed and persisting symptoms there were no significant differences between patients in hospital wards and those in intensive treatment units. All patients reported a significantly reduced quality of life in all domains of the EQ-5D-5L quality-of-life measures.

Conclusions
A significant proportion of severely ill patients with COVID-19 still experience symptoms of breathlessness, fatigue, pain, reduced mobility, depression and reduced quality of life 4–7 months after disease onset. Symptomatic patients tend to have more residual chest radiographic and LFT abnormalities.
Accelerometer-derived physical activity and risk of atrial fibrillation
Authors: Khurshid Shaan , Weng Lu-Chen , Al-Alusi Mostafa A , Halford Jennifer L , Haimovich Julian S , Benjamin Emelia J , Trinquart Ludovic , Ellinor Patrick T , McManus David D , Lubitz Steven A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Aims
Physical activity may be an important modifiable risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF), but associations have been variable and generally based on self-reported activity.

Methods and results
We analysed 93 669 participants of the UK Biobank prospective cohort study without prevalent AF who wore a wrist-based accelerometer for 1 week. We categorized whether measured activity met the standard recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology, American Heart Association, and World Health Organization [moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) ≥150 min/week]. We tested associations between guideline-adherent activity and incident AF (primary) and stroke (secondary) using Cox proportional hazards models adjusted for age, sex, and each component of the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology AF (CHARGE-AF) risk score. We also assessed correlation between accelerometer-derived and self-reported activity. The mean age was 62 ± 8 years and 57% were women. Over a median of 5.2 years, 2338 incident AF events occurred. In multivariable adjusted models, guideline-adherent activity was associated with lower risks of AF [hazard ratio (HR) 0.82, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.75–0.89; incidence 3.5/1000 person-years, 95% CI 3.3–3.8 vs. 6.5/1000 person-years, 95% CI 6.1–6.8] and stroke (HR 0.76, 95% CI 0.64–0.90; incidence 1.0/1000 person-years, 95% CI 0.9–1.1 vs. 1.8/1000 person-years, 95% CI 1.6–2.0). Correlation between accelerometer-derived and self-reported MVPA was weak (Spearman r = 0.16, 95% CI 0.16–0.17). Self-reported activity was not associated with incident AF or stroke.

Conclusions
Greater accelerometer-derived physical activity is associated with lower risks of AF and stroke. Future preventive efforts to reduce AF risk may be most effective when targeting adherence to objective activity thresholds.
High-fat diet–induced activation of SGK1 promotes Alzheimer’s disease–associated tau pathology
Authors: Elahi Montasir , Motoi Yumiko , Shimonaka Shotaro , Ishida Yoko , Hioki Hiroyuki , Takanashi Masashi , Ishiguro Koichi , Imai Yuzuru , Hattori Nobutaka 
Published: April 2021

AbstractType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has long been considered a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). However, the molecular links between T2DM and AD remain obscure. Here, we reported that serum-/glucocorticoid-regulated kinase 1 (SGK1) is activated by administering a chronic high-fat diet (HFD), which increases the risk of T2DM, and thus promotes Tau pathology via the phosphorylation of tau at Ser214 and the activation of a key tau kinase, namely, GSK-3ß, forming SGK1-GSK-3ß-tau complex. SGK1 was activated under conditions of elevated glucocorticoid and hyperglycemia associated with HFD, but not of fatty acid–mediated insulin resistance. Elevated expression of SGK1 in the mouse hippocampus led to neurodegeneration and impairments in learning and memory. Upregulation and activation of SGK1, SGK1-GSK-3ß-tau complex were also observed in the hippocampi of AD cases. Our results suggest that SGK1 is a key modifier of tau pathology in AD, linking AD to corticosteroid effects and T2DM.
Deep Learning for Reintegrating Biology
Authors: Müller Rolf , Han Jin-Ping , Chandrasekaran Sriram , Bogdan Paul 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The goal of this vision paper is to investigate the possible role that advanced machine learning techniques, especially deep learning (DL), could play in the reintegration of various biological disciplines. To achieve this goal, a series of operational, but admittedly very simplistic, conceptualizations have been introduced: Life has been taken as a multidimensional phenomenon that inhabits three physical dimensions (time, space, and scale) and biological research as establishing connection between different points in the domain of life. Each of these points hence denotes a position in time, space, and scale at which a life phenomenon of interest takes place. Using these conceptualizations, fragmentation of biology can be seen as the result of too few and especially too short-ranged connections. Reintegrating biology could then be accomplished by establishing more, longer ranged connections. DL methods appear to be very well suited for addressing this particular need at this particular time. Notwithstanding the numerous unsubstantiated claims regarding the capabilities of AI, DL networks represent a major advance in the ability to find complex relationships inside large data sets that would have not been accessible with traditional data analytic methods or to a human observer. In addition, ongoing advances in the automation of taking measurements from phenomena on all levels of biological organization continue to increase the number of large quantitative data sets that are available. These increasingly common data sets could serve as anchor points for making long-range connections by virtue of DL. However, connections within the domain of life are likely to be structured in a highly nonuniform fashion and hence it is necessary to develop methods, for example, theoretical, computational, and experimental, to determine linkage of biological data sets most likely to provide useful insights on a biological problem using DL. Finally, specific DL approaches and architectures should be developed to match the needs of reintegrating biology.
The Role of the Tail or Lack Thereof in the Evolution of Tetrapod Aquatic Propulsion
Authors: Fish Frank E , Rybczynski Natalia , Lauder George V , Duff Christina M 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSecondary aquatic vertebrates exhibit a diversity of swimming modes that use paired limbs and/or the tail. Various secondarily aquatic tetrapod clades, including amphibians, reptiles, and mammals use transverse undulations or oscillations of the tail for swimming. These movements have often been classified according to a kinematic gradient that was established for fishes but may not be appropriate to describe the swimming motions of tetrapods. To understand the evolution of movements and design of the tail in aquatic tetrapods, we categorize the types of tails used for swimming and examine swimming kinematics and hydrodynamics. From a foundation of a narrow, elongate ancestral tail, the tails used for swimming by aquatic tetrapods are classified as tapered, keeled, paddle, and lunate. Tail undulations are associated with tapered, keeled, and paddle tails for a diversity of taxa. Propulsive undulatory waves move down the tail with increasing amplitude toward the tail tip, while moving posteriorly at a velocity faster than the anterior motion of the body indicating that the tail is used for thrust generation. Aquatic propulsion is associated with the transfer of momentum to the water from the swimming movements of the tail, particularly at the trailing edge. The addition of transverse extensions and flattening of the tail increases the mass of water accelerated posteriorly and affects vorticity shed into the wake for more aquatically adapted animals. Digital Particle Image Velocimetry reveals that the differences were exhibited in the vortex wake between the morphological and kinematic extremes of the alligator with a tapering undulating tail and the dolphin with oscillating wing-like flukes that generate thrust. In addition to exploring the relationship between the shape of undulating tails and the swimming performance across aquatic tetrapods, the role of tail reduction or loss of a tail in aquatic-tetrapod swimming was also explored. For aquatic tetrapods, the reduction would have been due to factors including locomotor and defensive specializations and phylogenetic and physiological constraints. Possession of a thrust-generating tail for swimming, or lack thereof, guided various lineages of secondarily aquatic vertebrates into different evolutionary trajectories for effective aquatic propulsion (i.e., speed, efficiency, and acceleration).
The Degenerate Tale of Ascidian Tails
Authors: Fodor Alexander C A , Powers Megan M , Andrykovich Kristin , Liu Jiatai , Lowe Elijah K , Brown C Titus , Di Gregorio Anna , Stolfi Alberto , Swalla Billie J 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAscidians are invertebrate chordates, with swimming chordate tadpole larvae that have distinct heads and tails. The head contains the small brain, sensory organs, including the ocellus (light) and otolith (gravity) and the presumptive endoderm, while the tail has a notochord surrounded by muscle cells and a dorsal nerve cord. One of the chordate features is a post-anal tail. Ascidian tadpoles are nonfeeding, and their tails are critical for larval locomotion. After hatching the larvae swim up toward light and are carried by the tide and ocean currents. When competent to settle, ascidian tadpole larvae swim down, away from light, to settle and metamorphose into a sessile adult. Tunicates are classified as chordates because of their chordate tadpole larvae; in contrast, the sessile adult has a U-shaped gut and very derived body plan, looking nothing like a chordate. There is one group of ascidians, the Molgulidae, where many species are known to have tailless larvae. The Swalla Lab has been studying the evolution of tailless ascidian larvae in this clade for over 30 years and has shown that tailless larvae have evolved independently several times in this clade. Comparison of the genomes of two closely related species, the tailed Molgula oculata and tailless Molgula occulta reveals much synteny, but there have been multiple insertions and deletions that have disrupted larval genes in the tailless species. Genomics and transcriptomics have previously shown that there are pseudogenes expressed in the tailless embryos, suggesting that the partial rescue of tailed features in their hybrid larvae is due to the expression of intact genes from the tailed parent. Yet surprisingly, we find that the notochord gene regulatory network is mostly intact in the tailless M. occulta, although the notochord does not converge and extend and remains as an aggregate of cells we call the “notoball.” We expect that eventually many of the larval gene networks will become evolutionarily lost in tailless ascidians and the larval body plan abandoned, with eggs developing directly into an adult. Here we review the current evolutionary and developmental evidence on how the molgulids lost their tails.
The transport of images method: computing all zeros of harmonic mappings by continuation
Authors: Sète Olivier , Zur Jan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe present a continuation method to compute all zeros of a harmonic mapping $\,f$ in the complex plane. Our method works without any prior knowledge of the number of zeros or their approximate location. We start by computing all solutions of $f(z) = \eta $ with $\lvert \eta \rvert{}$ sufficiently large and then track all solutions as $\eta $ tends to $0$ to finally obtain all zeros of $f$. Using theoretical results on harmonic mappings we analyze where and how the number of solutions of $f(z) = \eta $ changes and incorporate this into the method. We prove that our method is guaranteed to compute all zeros, as long as none of them is singular. In our numerical examples the method always terminates with the correct number of zeros, is very fast compared to general purpose root finders and is highly accurate in terms of the residual. An easy-to-use MATLAB implementation is freely available online.
Always Available, Always Attached: A Relational Perspective on the Effects of Mobile Phones and Social Media on Subjective Well-Being
Authors: Taylor Samuel Hardman , Bazarova Natalya N 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this study, we examine the effects of the near-constant use of digital media in everyday life on well-being in the context of close relationships. Building on media multiplexity and attachment perspectives, we argue that communication over a dyad’s media ecosystem, including face-to-face, text messaging, cellphone calls, e-mail, and instant messaging, creates connected availability. Connected availability is the perception that a partner is at a continuous (digital) arm’s reach offering protection and security. Using longitudinal dyadic data of cohabitating romantic partners, we track the effects of media multiplexity on well-being by factoring in both partners’ perspectives to untangle the security offered through partner’s availability from the stress of maintaining one’s own constant availability to a partner. The results support salutary effects of media use on well-being because of increased connected availability, with limited evidence for adverse impacts of maintaining constant availability with a close partner.
The always-on, always-available nature of digital life means almost constant connection and availability between romantic partners, family members, and close friends. Being tethered to one another can give people a sense of security, while simultaneously causing more stress. In this article, we find that keeping a romantic partner constantly within a (digital) arm’s reach promotes better well-being for oneself. In addition, keeping a romantic partner always available also predicted better well-being for the romantic partner. Further, the analysis did not show added stress for the partner.
Neonicotinoid Exposures that Stimulate Predatory Stink Bug, Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Reproduction Do Not Inhibit Its Behavior
Authors: Rix R R , Cutler G C 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Exposure to sublethal amounts of pesticide can compromise life-history traits and behavior of natural enemies thereby reducing their effectiveness as predators. However, sublethal exposures to pesticides and other stressors may also stimulate insects, a dose–response phenomenon known as hormesis. We previously reported stimulatory effects on reproduction in the beneficial insect predator Podisus maculiventris (Say) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) following exposure to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid. Here we examined whether these same treatments stimulated behavior and/or predation of P. maculiventris. Stimulation of some behaviors occurred at a reproductively hormetic concentration and two additional sublethal concentrations, depending upon bioassay design and sex. We observed no substantial inhibition of behavior or predation at a reproductively hormetic concentration, demonstrating that reproductive fitness in P. maculiventris may be stimulated without compromising behaviors important in its effectiveness as a natural enemy.
The significance of biopsy scar excision at the time of skin- or nipple-sparing mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction
Authors: Ozaki Yuri , Yoshimura Akiyo , Sawaki Masataka , Hattori Masaya , Kotani Haruru , Adachi Yayoi , Kataoka Ayumi , Sugino Kayoko , Horisawa Nanae , Endo Yuka , Nozawa Kazuki , Sakamoto Shoko , Takatsuka Daiki , Okumura Seiko , Maruyama Yoko , Iwata Hiroji 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Neoplastic seeding (NS) can occur after tissue biopsy, which is a clinical issue especially in mastectomy with immediate reconstruction. This is because postoperative radiation is not usually given and local recurrence of preserved skin flap may increase. The purpose of this study is to investigate the importance of preoperative evaluation of NS and the validity of biopsy scar excision.

Patients and methods
We retrospectively analysed 174 cases of mastectomy with immediate breast reconstruction. The primary endpoint is the frequency of clinical and pathological NS and the secondary endpoint is the problem of excision of needle biopsy site.

Results
Three cases (1.7%) had preoperative clinical findings of NS. Pathological examination revealed NS in all three cases. Biopsy scars could be excised in 115 cases among 171 cases without clinical NS. Pathological NS was found in 1 of 66 (1.5%) cases of which pathological examination was performed. Biopsy scars could not be excised in the remaining 56 cases: the biopsy scar could not be identified in 41 cases, and there was concern about a decrease in flap blood flow after excision in 15 cases. In 12 of these 15 cases, the scars were close to the skin incision; excision of these scars might have triggered skin necrosis between the incision and the biopsy scar excision site. No postoperative complications were observed.

Conclusions
It is important to preoperatively evaluate clinical NS, and biopsy scars should be excised in clinical NS cases. Even in cases without clinical NS, biopsy scar excision should be considered. It is also important to perform a biopsy in consideration of the incision design for reconstructive surgery.
Angiofibromatoid histiosarcoma of the pulmonary artery
Authors: Farag James , McNamara Nicholas , Yan Tristan D 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We describe the surgical management of a rare pulmonary angiomatoid fibrous histiosarcoma (AFH). A 62-year-old lady presented with shortness of breath and found to have a large left main pulmonary artery defect that was positron emission tomography-avid.
Following discussion in a thoracic multidisciplinary team meeting it was deemed unsafe to biopsy considering its intravascular position. The patient proceeded to theatre for a left pneumonectomy. She was successfully discharged home by Day 7. On follow-up the patient is well, and free of malignancy.
AFH is an incredibly rare form of sarcoma, and in particular in the thoracic region. We have demonstrated successful oncological resection of a rare intravascular lesion in the pulmonary artery.