bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstructing H i power spectrum with minimal parameters using the dark matter distribution beyond haloes
Authors: Ando Rika , Nishizawa Atsushi J , Shimizu Ikko , Nagamine Kentaro 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Intensity mapping of 21-cm line by several radio telescope experiments will probe the large-scale structure of the Universe in the post-reionization epoch. It requires a theoretical framework of neutral hydrogen (H i) clustering, such as modelling of H i power spectrum for baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) analysis. We propose a new method for reconstructing the H i map from dark matter distribution using N-body simulations. Several studies attempt to compute the H i power spectrum with N-body simulations by pasting H i gas at the dark matter halo centre, assuming the relation between the halo and H i masses. On the other hand, the method proposed in this paper reproduces the H i power spectrum from simulated dark matter distribution truncated at specific scales from the halo centre. With this method, the slope of H i power spectrum is reproduced well at the BAO scales, k &lt; 1 h/Mpc. Furthermore, we find the fluctuation of spin temperature, which is often ignored at the post-reionization epoch, alters the power spectrum of brightness temperature by at most 8 per cent in the power spectrum. Finally, we discuss how our method works by comparing the density profiles of H i and dark matter around the dark matter haloes.
The Geminid meteor shower radiant: a mathematical model
Authors: Ryabova G O 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
The origin of the Geminid meteoroid stream and its parent body the asteroid (3200) Phaethon is still under discussion. The observed bimodal activity profile of the Geminid shower agrees with a cometary scheme of the stream formation. We show that the radiant areas for meteors of different magnitudes may also be used to provide arguments supporting or undermining the cometary hypothesis. We used semi-analytic and numerical models of the stream. The resulting model radiants for meteors of various magnitudes (masses) have peculiar patterns that might be detected in a real shower.
Identification of Sagittarius stream members in angular momentum space with gaussian mixture techniques
Authors: Peñarrubia Jorge , Petersen Michael S 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
This paper uses Gaussian mixture techniques to dissect the Milky Way (MW) stellar halo in angular momentum space. Application to a catalogue of 5389 stars near the plane of the Sagittarius (Sgr) stream with full 6D phase-space coordinates supplied by Gaia EDR3 and SEGUE returns four independent dynamical components. The broadest and most populated corresponds to the smooth MW halo. The narrowest and faintest contains 40 stars of the Orphan stream. We find a component with little or no angular momentum likely associated with the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus substructure. We also identify 925 stars and 7 globular clusters with probabilities $\gt 90{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ to be members of the Sgr stream. Comparison against N-body models shows that some of these members trace the continuation of the leading/trailing tails in the Southern/Northern hemispheres. The new detections span ∼800° on the sky, thus wrapping the Galaxy twice.
Little Evidence the Standard Genetic Code Is Optimized for Resource Conservation
Authors: Rozhoňová Hana , Payne Joshua L 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSelection for resource conservation can shape the coding sequences of organisms living in nutrient-limited environments. Recently, it was proposed that selection for resource conservation, specifically for nitrogen and carbon content, has also shaped the structure of the standard genetic code, such that the missense mutations the code allows tend to cause small increases in the number of nitrogen and carbon atoms in amino acids. Moreover, it was proposed that this optimization is not confounded by known optimizations of the standard genetic code, such as for polar requirement or hydropathy. We challenge these claims. We show the proposed optimization for nitrogen conservation is highly sensitive to choice of null model and the proposed optimization for carbon conservation is confounded by the known conservative nature of the standard genetic code with respect to the molecular volume of amino acids. There is therefore little evidence the standard genetic code is optimized for resource conservation. We discuss our findings in the context of null models of the standard genetic code.
Coevolution between MHC Class I and Antigen-Processing Genes in Salamanders
Authors: Palomar Gemma , Dudek Katarzyna , Migalska Magdalena , Arntzen J W , Ficetola G Francesco , Jelić Dušan , Jockusch Elizabeth , Martínez-Solano Inigo , Matsunami Masatoshi , Shaffer H Bradley , Vörös Judit , Waldman Bruce , Wielstra Ben , Babik Wiesław 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Proteins encoded by antigen-processing genes (APGs) provide major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I (MHC-I) with antigenic peptides. In mammals, polymorphic multigenic MHC-I family is served by monomorphic APGs, whereas in certain nonmammalian species both MHC-I and APGs are polymorphic and coevolve within stable haplotypes. Coevolution was suggested as an ancestral gnathostome feature, presumably enabling only a single highly expressed classical MHC-I gene. In this view coevolution, while optimizing some aspects of adaptive immunity, would also limit its flexibility by preventing the expansion of classical MHC-I into a multigene family. However, some nonmammalian taxa, such as salamanders, have multiple highly expressed MHC-I genes, suggesting either that coevolution is relaxed or that it does not prevent the establishment of multigene MHC-I. To distinguish between these two alternatives, we use salamanders (30 species from 16 genera representing six families) to test, within a comparative framework, a major prediction of the coevolution hypothesis: the positive correlation between MHC-I and APG diversity. We found that MHC-I diversity explained both within-individual and species-wide diversity of two APGs, TAP1 and TAP2, supporting their coevolution with MHC-I, whereas no consistent effect was detected for the other three APGs (PSMB8, PSMB9, and TAPBP). Our results imply that although coevolution occurs in salamanders, it does not preclude the expansion of the MHC-I gene family. Contrary to the previous suggestions, nonmammalian vertebrates thus may be able to accommodate diverse selection pressures with flexibility granted by rapid expansion or contraction of the MHC-I family, while retaining the benefits of coevolution between MHC-I and TAPs.
The genusJorunna(Nudibranchia: Discodorididae) in Europe: a new species and a possible case of incipient speciation
Authors: Neuhaus Jenny , Rauch Cessa , Bakken Torkild , Picton Bernard , Pola Marta , Malaquias Manuel António E 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTTo investigate the conspecificity of different morphotypes of Jorunna tomentosa (Cuvier, 1804) (type species of genus Jorunna Bergh, 1876), we studied specimens sampled from across part of the geographical distribution of the species, using a combination of morphoanatomical characters and molecular phylogenetics. Bayesian and maximum likelihood phylograms were inferred based on the mitochondrial genes cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and 16S ribosomal RNA, and the nuclear gene histone H3. We used the automatic barcode gap discovery method to aid in species delimitation. COI genetic uncorrected p-distances were estimated between and within species. Animals were dissected and the reproductive system, radulae and labial cuticles were examined; scanning electron microscopy was employed to study ultrastructural elements of anatomical characters. The results revealed the presence of a new species (Jorunna artsdatabankia n. sp.) and a possible case of incipient speciation in J. tomentosa with our COI data indicating the presence of two morphoanatomically indistinct lineages that are separated from each other by distances of 3.2–5.0%. The genetic distance between J. artsdatabankia n. sp. and its sister species J. tomentosa was 9.0–12.3%; the former species is characterized by a plain white to yellow background colour with irregularly placed small brown spots, smooth radular teeth and a longer vas deferens, wider vagina and a longer copulatory spine (up to 600 μm longer) than the latter. A diagnostic comparison of all species of European Jorunna is included, as well as a discussion of the assignment of J. lemchei to the genus Gargamella.
Efficacy and safety of TNF-α antagonists and tocilizumab in Takayasu arteritis: multicentre retrospective study of 209 patients
Authors: Mekinian Arsène , Biard Lucie , Dagna Lorenzo , Novikov Pavel , Salvarani Carlo , Espitia Olivier , Sciascia Savino , Michaud Martin , Lambert Marc , Hernández-Rodríguez José , Schleinitz Nicolas , Awisat Abid , Puéchal Xavier , Aouba Achille , Munoz Pons Helene , Smitienko Ilya , Gaultier Jean Baptiste , Le Mouel Edwige , Benhamou Ygal , Perlat Antoinette , Jego Patrick , Goulenok Tiphaine , Sacre Karim , Lioger Bertrand , Hassold Nolan , Broner Jonathan , Dufrost Virginie , Sene Thomas , Seguier Julie , Maurier Francois , Berthier Sabine , Belot Alexandre , Frikha Faten , Denis Guillaume , Audemard-Verger Alexandra , Kone Pault Isabelle , Humbert Sebastien , Woaye-Hune Pascal , Tomelleri Alessandro , Baldissera Elena , Kuwana Masataka , Lo Gullo Alberto , Gaches Francis , Zeminsky Pierre , Galli Elena , Alvarado Moya , Boiardi Luigi , Muratore Francesco , Vautier Mathieu , Campochiaro Corrado , Moiseev Sergey , Cacoub Patrice , Fain Olivier , Saadoun David ,   for the French Takayasu network
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the safety and the efficacy of TNF-α antagonists and tocilizumab in patients with Takayasu arteritis (TAK).MethodsA total of 209 patients with TAK [median age 29 years (interquartile range 7–62)], 186 (89%) females] were included. They received either TNF-α antagonists [n = 132 (63%) with 172 lines; infliximab (n = 109), adalimumab (n = 45), golimumab (n = 8), certolizumab (n = 6) and etanercept (n = 5)] or tocilizumab [n = 77 (37%) with 121 lines; i.v. and s.c. in 95 and 26 cases, respectively].ResultsA complete response at 6 months was evidenced in 101/152 (66%) patients on TNF-α antagonists and 75/107 (70%) patients on tocilizumab. Age ≥30 years [odds ratio 2.09 (95% CI 1.09, 3.99)] was associated with complete response, whereas vascular signs [OR 0.26 (95% CI 0.1, 0.65)], baseline prednisone ≥20 mg/day [OR 0.51 (95% CI 0.28, 0.93)] were negatively associated with the complete response to TNF-α antagonists or tocilizumab. During a median follow-up of 36 months, 103 relapses were noted. Supra-aortic branches and thoracic aorta involvement [HR 2.44 (95% CI 1.06, 5.65) and 3.66 (1.18, 11.4), respectively] and systemic signs at baseline [HR 2.01 (95% CI 1.30, 3.11)] were significantly associated with relapse. The cumulative incidence of treatment discontinuation and relapse were similar in TNF-α antagonists and tocilizumab. Fifty-eight (20%) adverse effects occurred on biologic targeted therapies [37 (21%) on TNF-α antagonists and 21 (17%) on tocilizumab (P = 0.4), respectively].ConclusionThis large multicentre study shows high efficacy of biologic targeted treatments in refractory TAK. Efficacy, relapse and drug retention rate were equivalent with TNF-α antagonists and tocilizumab.
Hispanic Threat and Police Strength in U.S. Municipalities: The Moderating Influences of Nativity and Region
Authors: Holmes Malcolm D , Painter Matthew A 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA key question of research on crime control is whether the level of police strength in cities primarily represents citizens’ collective interest in cutting crime, or whites’ interest in exerting control over minority populations in a racially divided society. Minority threat theories maintain that whites and police authorities seek to protect their interests by mobilizing their political power to enhance police strength in cities with relatively large minority populations. Research testing this hypothesis examines the relationships of percent black and percent Hispanic to the strength of police departments. Studies of blacks support minority threat theories, but the limited research on Hispanics does not. We extend research on Hispanics by incorporating nativity and region into an analysis of cities of 100,000 or more population in 2010. Noteworthy findings include complex interactions involving those predictors. Percent native-born Hispanic has a stronger negative relationship with police strength at higher levels of Hispanic-white residential segregation, but only in southwestern cities. Percent black is associated with increased police strength at higher levels of black-white segregation, but only in non-southwestern cities. These findings indicate that nativity, segregation, and regional context may jointly shape the mobilization of coercive crime control, sometimes in unexpected ways.
In vivoeffects of exposure to Golden trumpetHandroanthus chrysotrichusin mice
Authors: Costa Márcio Tavares , da Silva Goulart Aline , Rocha Kellen Mariane Athaide , Salgueiro Andréia Caroline Fernandes , da Silva Morgana Duarte , Puntel Robson Luiz , Folmer Vanderlei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Golden trumpet Handroanthus chrysotrichus is a tree that presents beneficial health properties against various diseases. Thus, this study aims to verify the toxicity of H. chrysotrichus bark extract, observing the effects of exposure to this extract in mice. For this, mice were separated in groups: saline (sterile solution .9%); H. chrysotrichus crude extract (HCCE) 10; HCCE 50, and HCCE 100 mg. kg−1 (p.o.). We analyzed HCCE effects on acute (single exposure) and subchronic protocol (14 days exposure). After both exposures, acute, and subchronic, we collected samples from blood, brain, liver, and kidney tissues for biochemical evaluation. In addition, after subchronic exposure, we performed behavioral tests. Acute exposure caused an increase of lipid peroxidation in liver tissue. Moreover, we observed a significant carbonyl increase in liver and brain tissues from HCCE 50 mg. kg−1. Kidneys presented carbonyl increase in mice treated with the highest concentration. Besides, creatinine increased in the group of the acute exposure at HCCE 100 mg. kg−1. Total leukocyte count decreased in all concentrations tested. Sub-chronic exposure at HCCE 100 mg. kg−1 caused a decrease in the number of crossing and an increase in its self-grooming frequency in the open field test. In this exposure, the brain and liver had a significant increase in carbonyl levels in all concentrations. We concluded that H. chrysotrichus cause behavioral and biochemical alterations in mice. HCCE primary targets seem to be the liver, kidneys, and white cells.
Prevalence and associated factors of undernutrition among pregnant Sudanese women
Authors: Hassan Bahaeldin , Rayis Duria A , Ahmed Abdel B A , ALhabardi Nadiah , Adam Ishag 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Maternal undernutrition is a global health challenge, and it is associated with significant maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and the factors associated with undernutrition among pregnant women in Sudan.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was carried out in Saad Abuelela Hospital in Khartoum, Sudan, from June to December 2019. Sociodemographic and obstetric characteristics were collected through a questionnaire. Mid-upper arm circumference was measured. Undernutrition was defined as a mid-upper arm circumference of &lt;23 cm. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess the factors associated with maternal undernutrition.

Results
Of 1801 pregnant women, 226 (12.5%) were undernourished. Multivariable analysis revealed that ≤2 antenatal care clinic visits (adjusted OR [AOR]=3.06, 95% CI 1.68 to 5.58) was associated with undernutrition. Age (AOR=0.90, 95% CI 0.87 to 0.94) and haemoglobin levels (AOR=0.81, 95% CI 0.67 to 0.97) were negatively associated with undernutrition. There was no association between parity, education, interpregnancy interval, occupation and maternal undernutrition.

Conclusions
Our findings indicated that 12.5% of the pregnant women in Khartoum were undernourished. More effort and action are need to improve the counselling and future inclusion of a supplemental food supply for undernourished pregnant women.
Courtyard Sisters: Settler Fantasy and Experiment at the International Institute of Los Angeles, 1914–1940
Authors: Dominguez Laura 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article examines the history of the International Institute of Los Angeles, one of dozens of immigrant-serving agencies to open nationwide under the Young Women’s Christian Association (YWCA) during the 1910s. Close reading of this branch reveals how related processes of domestication, democratization, and assimilation of immigrant groups buttressed the settler colonial making of the city. Through a study of the organization’s fieldwork, cultural programs, and architectural footprint, the author argues that the Institute preserved the racial fantasies of Anglo Angelenos with its efforts to Americanize women and girls in a Spanish Colonial Revival space. This article reframes the city’s institutional landscape during the interwar period, showing how social reformers helped maintain and police boundaries of belonging in western metropoles.
I English Language
Authors: Kostadinova Viktorija , Wiemann Marco , Dreschler Gea , Gregersen Sune , Gyuris Beáta , Zhong Ai , Scott Maggie , Anderwald Lieselotte , Hansen Beke , Leuckert Sven , Kraš Tihana , Ting Shawnea Sum Pok , Cogo Ida Parise Alessia , Reber Elisabeth , Ahmed Furzeen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter has fourteen sections: 1. General; 2. History of English Linguistics; 3. Phonetics and Phonology; 4. Morphology; 5. Syntax; 6. Semantics; 7. Lexicography, Lexicology and Lexical Semantics; 8. Onomastics; 9. Dialectology and Sociolinguistics; 10. New Englishes and Creolistics; 11. Second Language Acquisition. 12. English as a Lingua Franca; 13. Pragmatics and Discourse Analysis, 14. Stylistics. Sections 1 and 2 are by Viktorija Kostadinova; section 3 is by Marco Wiemann; sections 4 and 5 are by Gea Dreschler and Sune Gregersen; section 6 is by Beáta Gyuris; section 7 is by Ai Zhong; section 8 is by Maggie Scott; section 9 is by Lieselotte Anderwald; section 10 is by Beke Hansen and Sven Leuckert; section 11 is by Tihana Kraš; section 12 is by Shawnea Sum Pok Ting, Ida Parise, and Alessia Cogo; section 13 is by Elisabeth Reber; section 14 is by Furzeen Ahmed.
Smart Glasses for Radial Arterial Catheterization in Pediatric Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Jang Young-Eun , Cho Sung-Ae , Ji Sang-Hwan , Kim Eun-Hee , Lee Ji-Hyun , Kim Hee-Soo , Kim Jin-Tae 
Published: August 2021

Background
Hand–eye coordination and ergonomics are important for the success of delicate ultrasound-guided medical procedures. These can be improved using smart glasses (head-mounted display) by decreasing the head movement on the ultrasound screen. The hypothesis was that the smart glasses could improve the success rate of ultrasound-guided pediatric radial arterial catheterization.

Methods
This prospective, single-blinded, randomized controlled, single-center study enrolled pediatric patients (n = 116, age less than 2 yr) requiring radial artery cannulation during general anesthesia. The participants were randomized into the ultrasound screen group (control) or the smart glasses group. After inducing general anesthesia, ultrasound-guided radial artery catheterization was performed. The primary outcome was the first-attempt success rate. The secondary outcomes included the first-attempt procedure time, the overall complication rate, and operators’ ergonomic satisfaction (5-point scale).

Results
In total, 116 children were included in the analysis. The smart glasses group had a higher first-attempt success rate than the control group (87.9% [51/58] vs. 72.4% [42/58]; P = 0.036; odds ratio, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.04 to 7.4; absolute risk reduction, –15.5%; 95% CI, −29.8 to −12.8%). The smart glasses group had a shorter first-attempt procedure time (median, 33 s; interquartile range, 23 to 47 s; range, 10 to 141 s) than the control group (median, 43 s; interquartile range, 31 to 67 s; range, 17 to 248 s; P = 0.007). The overall complication rate was lower in the smart glasses group than in the control group (5.2% [3/58] vs. 29.3% [17/58]; P = 0.001; odds ratio, 0.132; 95% CI, 0.036 to 0.48; absolute risk reduction, 24.1%; 95% CI, 11.1 to 37.2%). The proportion of positive ergonomic satisfaction (4 = good or 5 = best) was higher in the smart glasses group than in the control group (65.5% [38/58] vs. 20.7% [12/58]; P <0.001; odds ratio, 7.3; 95% CI, 3.16 to 16.8; absolute risk reduction, –44.8%; 95% CI, –60.9% to –28.8%).

Conclusions
Smart glasses-assisted ultrasound-guided radial artery catheterization improved the first-attempt success rate and ergonomic satisfaction while reducing the first-attempt procedure time and overall complication rates in small pediatric patients.

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Outcomes Associated With Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy in Twin Compared With Singleton Gestations
Authors: Aviram Amir , Berger Howard , Abdulaziz Kasim E. , Barrett Jon F. R. , Murray-Davis Beth , McDonald Sarah D. , Geary Michael , Melamed Nir ,   for DOH-NET (Diabetes, Obesity and Hypertension in Pregnancy Research Network) and SOON (Southern Ontario Obstetrical Network) Investigators
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate whether pregnancy outcomes associated with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in twin pregnancies differ relatively from those in singleton pregnancy.

METHODS:
We conducted a retrospective, population-based cohort study of all women with a liveborn singleton or twin hospital birth in Ontario, Canada, between 2012 and 2019. Data were obtained from the Better Outcomes Registry & Network Ontario. Pregnancy outcomes were compared between women with and without hypertensive disorders of pregnancy in twin gestations, and separately in singleton gestations. Adjusted relative risks (aRRs) and 95% CIs were generated using modified Poisson regression and were compared between twins and singletons using relative risk ratios.

RESULTS:
Overall, 932,218 women met the study criteria, of whom 917,542 (98.4%) and 14,676 (1.6%) had singleton and twin gestations, respectively. The incidence of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy was higher in women with twin compared with singleton gestations (14.4% vs 6.4%, aRR 1.85 [1.76–1.94]). Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were associated with certain adverse outcomes in singleton gestations only and with other adverse outcomes in both the singleton and twin gestations, but the aRR was lower in twins. For example, preterm birth before 37 weeks of gestation (singletons: 15.2% [hypertensive disorders of pregnancy] vs 5.4% [no hypertensive disorders of pregnancy], aRR 2.42; twins: 67.5% [hypertensive disorders of pregnancy] vs 50.4% [no hypertensive disorders of pregnancy], aRR 1.30) and neonatal respiratory morbidity (singletons: 16.3% [hypertensive disorders of pregnancy] vs 8.7% [no hypertensive disorders of pregnancy], aRR 1.50; twins: 39.8% [hypertensive disorders of pregnancy] vs 32.7% [no hypertensive disorders of pregnancy], aRR 1.13). These findings persisted in the subgroups of women with preeclampsia and early-onset preeclampsia.

CONCLUSIONS:
Although the absolute risk of adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes is higher in twin compared with singleton pregnancies, the incremental risk of adverse outcomes associated with hypertensive disorders in twin pregnancies is lower than the incremental risk in singleton pregnancies. These findings may be attributed in part to the higher baseline risk of preterm birth and adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes in twin compared with singleton pregnancies.