bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutrino emission from the collapse of ∼104 M⊙ Population III supermassive stars
Authors: Nagele Chris , Umeda Hideyuki , Takahashi Koh , Yoshida Takashi , Sumiyoshi Kohsuke 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We calculate the neutrino signal from Population III supermassive star (SMS) collapse using a neutrino transfer code originally developed for core-collapse supernovae and massive star collapse. Using this code, we are able to investigate the SMS mass range thought to undergo neutrino trapping (∼104 M⊙), a mass range which has been neglected by previous works because of the difficulty of neutrino transfer. For models in this mass range, we observe a neutrino sphere with a large radius and low density compared to typical massive star neutrino spheres. We calculate the neutrino light curve emitted from this neutrino sphere. The resulting neutrino luminosity is significantly lower than the results of a previous analytical model. We briefly discuss the possibility of detecting a neutrino burst from an SMS or the neutrino background from many SMSs and conclude that the former is unlikely with current technology, unless the SMS collapse is located as close as 1 Mpc, while the latter is also unlikely even under very generous assumptions. However, the SMS neutrino background is still of interest as it may serve as a source of noise in proposed dark matter direct detection experiments.
Upper limits on the escape fraction of ionizing radiation from galaxies at 2 ≲ z &lt; 6
Authors: Meštrić U , Ryan-Weber E V , Cooke J , Bassett R , Prichard L J , Rafelski M 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
In this work, we investigate upper limits on the global escape fraction of ionizing photons ($f_{\rm esc/global}^{\rm abs}$) from a sample of galaxies probed for Lyman-continuum (LyC) emission characterized as non-LyC and LyC leakers. We present a sample of nine clean non-contaminated (by low-redshift interlopers, CCD problems, and internal reflections of the instrument) galaxies that do not show significant (&gt;3σ) LyC flux in the range 880 &lt; λrest &lt; 910 Å. The nine-galaxy stacked spectrum reveals no significant LyC flux with an upper limit of $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm abs} \le 0.06$. In the next step of our analysis, we join all estimates of $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm abs}$ upper limits derived from different samples of 2 ≲ z &lt; 6 galaxies from the literature reported in last ∼20 yr and include the sample presented in this work. We find the $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm abs}$ upper limit ≤0.084 for the galaxies recognized as non-LyC leakers. After including all known detections from literature $f_{\rm esc/global}^{\rm abs}$ upper limit ≤0.088 for all galaxies examined for LyC flux. Furthermore, $f_{\rm esc}^{\rm abs}$ upper limits for different groups of galaxies indicate that the strongest LyC emitters could be galaxies classified as Lyman α emitters. We also discuss the possible existence of a correlation among the observed flux density ratio $(F_{\nu }^{\mathrm{ LyC}}/F_{\nu }^{\mathrm{ UV}})_{\rm obs}$ and Lyman α equivalent width EW(Lyα), where we confirm the existence of moderately significant correlation among galaxies classified as non-LyC leakers.
NICER, NuSTAR, and Swift follow-up observations of the γ-ray flaring blazar BL Lacertae in 2020 August–October
Authors: D’Ammando F 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
During a period of strong γ-ray flaring activity from BL Lacertae, we organized Swift, Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER), and Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) follow-up observations. The source has been monitored by Swift-XRT (X-ray Telescope) between 2020 August 11 and October 16, showing a variability amplitude of 65, with a flux varying between 1.0 × 10−11 and 65.3 × 10−11 erg cm−2 s−1. On 2020 October 6, Swift-XRT has observed the source during its historical maximum X-ray flux. A softer-when-brighter behaviour has been observed by XRT, suggesting an increasing importance of the synchrotron emission in the X-ray part of the spectrum covered by XRT during this bright state. Rapid variability in soft X-rays has been observed with both the Swift-XRT and NICER observations with a minimum variability time-scale of 60 and 240 s, and a doubling time-scale of 274 and 1008 s, respectively, suggesting very compact emitting regions (1.1 × 1014 and 4.0 × 1014 cm). At hard X-rays, a minimum variability time-scale of ∼5.5 ks has been observed by NuSTAR. We report the first simultaneous NICER and NuSTAR observations of BL Lacertae during 2020 October 11–12. The joint NICER and NuSTAR spectra are well fitted by a broken power law with a significant difference of the photon index below (2.10) and above (1.60) an energy break at ∼2.7 keV, indicating the presence of two different emission components (i.e. synchrotron and inverse Compton) in the broad-band X-ray spectrum. Leaving the total hydrogen column density towards BL Lacertae free to vary, a value of NH,tot = (2.58 ± 0.09) × 1021 cm−2 has been estimated.
Constraining the Milky Way’s ultraviolet-to-infrared SED with Gaussian process regression
Authors: Fielder Catherine E , Newman Jeffrey A , Andrews Brett H , Zasowski Gail , Boardman Nicholas F , Licquia Tim , Masters Karen L , Salim Samir 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Improving our knowledge of global Milky Way (MW) properties is critical for connecting the detailed measurements only possible from within our Galaxy to our understanding of the broader galaxy population. We here train Gaussian process regression (GPR) models on SDSS (Sloan Digital Sky Survey) galaxies to map from galaxy properties (stellar mass, apparent axial ratio, star formation rate, bulge-to-total ratio, disc scale length, and bar vote fraction) to ultraviolet (UV; GALEX FUV/NUV), optical (SDSS ugriz), and infrared (IR; 2MASS JHKs and WISE W1/W2/W3/W4) fluxes and uncertainties. With these models, we estimate the photometric properties of the MW, resulting in a full UV-to-IR spectral energy distribution (SED) as it would be measured externally, viewed face-on. We confirm that the MW lies in the green valley in optical diagnostic diagrams, but show for the first time that the MW is in the star-forming region in standard UV and IR diagnostics – characteristic of the population of red spiral galaxies. Although our GPR method predicts one band at a time, the resulting MW UV–IR SED is consistent with SEDs of local spirals with characteristics broadly similar to the MW, suggesting that these independent predictions can be combined reliably. Our UV–IR SED will be invaluable for reconstructing the MW’s star formation history using the same tools employed for external galaxies, allowing comparisons of results from in situ measurements to those from the methods used for extragalactic objects.
Modelling the insertion of O(1D) into methane on the surface of interstellar ice mantles
Authors: Carder Joshua T , Ochs Wyatt , Herbst Eric 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
The detection of many complex organic molecules (COMs) in interstellar space has sparked the study of their origins. While the formation of COMs detected in hot cores is attributed to photochemistry on warming grain surfaces followed by recombination of radicals and desorption, the formation routes in colder regions are still a debated issue with a number of theories such as cosmic ray bombardment on interstellar ice mantles or non-diffusive surface chemistry. Here, we present another method with reactions involving metastable atomic oxygen in the O(1D) state, which is initially produced by photodissociation of oxygen-containing species in interstellar ices. As a first example, we study the reactions of metastable oxygen atoms and methane in ices to form both formaldehyde and methanol. The reaction is studied incorporating two different surface processes: diffusive and non-diffusive chemistry. The formation of methanol and formaldehyde via metastable oxygen atoms is compared with well-known formation routes of both to understand the O(1D) contributions at different temperatures.
The formation of M101-alike galaxies in the cold dark matter model
Authors: Zhang Dali , Luo Yu , Kang Xi , Qu Han 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
The population of satellite galaxies in a host galaxy is a combination of the cumulative accretion of subhaloes and their associated star formation efficiencies; therefore, the luminosity distribution of satellites provides valuable information of both dark matter properties and star formation physics. Recently, the luminosity function of satellites in nearby Milky Way-mass galaxies has been well measured to satellites as faint as Leo I with MV ∼ −8. In addition to the finding of the diversity in the satellite luminosity functions, it has been noticed that there is a big gap among the magnitude of satellites in some host galaxies, such as M101, where the gap is around 5 in magnitude, noticeably larger than the prediction from the halo abundance matching method. The reason of this gap is still unknown. In this paper, we use a semi-analytical model of galaxy formation, combined with high-resolution N-body simulation, to investigate the probability and origin of such big gap in M101-alike galaxies. We found that, although M101 analogues are very rare with probability of $\sim 0.1\ \mathrm{ to}\ 0.2\,{{\rm per\, cent}}$ in the local universe, their formation is a natural outcome of the cold dark matter model. The gap in magnitude is mainly due to the mass of the accreted subhaloes, not from the stochastic star formation in them. We also found that the gap is correlated with the total satellite mass and host halo mass. By tracing the formation history of M101-type galaxies, we find that they were likely formed after z ∼ 1 due to the newly accreted bright satellites. The gap is not in a stable state, and it will disappear in 7 Gyr due to mergers of bright satellites with the central galaxy.
Periodic activity from fast radio burst FRB180916 explained in the frame of the orbiting asteroid model
Authors: Voisin Guillaume , Mottez Fabrice , Zarka Philippe 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Observation of fast radio bursts (FRBs) are rising very quickly with the advent of specialized instruments and surveys, and it has recently been shown that some of them repeat quasi-periodically. In particular, evidence of a P = 16.35 d period has been reported for FRB 180916.J0158+65. We seek an explanation within the frame of our orbiting asteroid model, whereby FRBs are produced in the plasma wake of asteroids immersed in the wind of a pulsar or a magnetar. We used the data reported by the CHIME/FRB collaboration in order to infer the orbital characteristics of asteroid swarms, and performed parametric studies to explore the possible characteristics of the pulsar, its wind, and of the asteroids, under the constraint that the latter remain dynamically and thermally stable. We found a plausible configuration in which a young pulsar is orbited by a main ∼10−3 M⊙ companion with a period 3P = 49 d, three times longer than the apparent periodicity P. Asteroids responsible for FRBs are located in three dynamical swarms near the L3, L4, and L5 Lagrange points, in a 2:3 orbital resonance akin to the Hildas class of asteroids in the Solar system. In addition, asteroids could be present in the Trojan swarms at the L4 and L5 Lagrange points. Together, these swarms form a carousel that explains the apparent P periodicity and dispersion. We estimated that the presence of at least a few thousand asteroids, of size ∼20 km, is necessary to produce the observed burst rate. We show how radius-to-frequency mapping in the wind and small perturbations by turbulence can suffice to explain downward-drifting sub-pulses, micro-structures, and narrow spectral occupancy.
Resolving dichotomy in compact objects through continuous gravitational waves observation
Authors: Kalita Surajit , Mondal Tushar , Tout Christopher A , Bulik Tomasz , Mukhopadhyay Banibrata 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
More than two dozen soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) and anomalous X-ray pulsars (AXPs) have been detected so far. These are isolated compact objects. Many of them are either found to be associated with supernova remnants or their surface magnetic fields are directly measured, confirming that they are neutron stars (NSs). However, it has been argued that some SGRs and AXPs are highly magnetized white dwarfs (WDs). Meanwhile, the existence of super-Chandrasekhar WDs has remained to be a puzzle. However, not even a single such massive WD has been observed directly. Moreover, some WD pulsars are detected in electromagnetic surveys and some of their masses are still not confirmed. Here, we calculate the signal-to-noise ratio for all these objects, considering different magnetic field configurations and thereby estimate the required time for their detection by various gravitational wave (GW) detectors. For SGRs and AXPs, we show that, if these are NSs, they can hardly be detected by any of the GW detectors, while if they are WDs, big bang Observer (BBO), DECi-hertz Interferometer Gravitational wave Observatory (DECIGO) and Advanced Laser Interferometer Antenna (ALIA) would be able to detect them within a few days to a year of integration, depending on the magnetic field strength and its configuration. Similarly, if a super-Chandrasekhar WD has a dominant toroidal field, we show that even Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) and TianQin would be able to detect it within one year of integration. We also discuss how GWs can confirm the masses of the WD pulsars.
Swift J011511.0-725611: discovery of a rare Be star/white dwarf binary system in the SMC
Authors: Kennea J A , Coe M J , Evans P A , Townsend L J , Campbell Z A , Udalski A 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
We report on the discovery of Swift J011511.0-725611, a rare Be X-ray binary system (BeXRB) with a white dwarf (WD) compact object, in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) by S-CUBED, a weekly X-ray/UV survey of the SMC by the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory. Observations show an approximately 3 month outburst from Swift J011511.0-725611, the first detected by S-CUBED since it began in 2016 June. Swift J011511.0-725611 shows supersoft X-ray emission, indicative of a WD compact object, which is further strengthened by the presence of an 0.871 keV edge, commonly attributed to O viii K-edge in the WD atmosphere. Spectroscopy by South African Large Telescope confirms the Be nature of the companion star, and long term light curve by OGLE finds both the signature of a circumstellar disc in the system at outburst time, and the presence of a 17.4 day periodicity, likely the orbital period of the system. Swift J011511.0-725611 is suggested to be undergoing a Type-II outburst, similar to the previously reported SMC Be white dwarf binary (BeWD), Swift J004427.3-734801. It is likely that the rarity of known BeWD is in part due to the difficulty in detecting such outbursts due to both their rarity, and their relative faintness compared to outbursts in Neutron Star BeXRBs.
The global 21-cm signal of a network of cosmic string wakes
Authors: Hernández Oscar F 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
In previous works, we discussed the 21-cm signature of a single cosmic string wake. However, the 21-cm brightness temperature is influenced by a network of cosmic string wakes, and not one single wake. In this work, we consider the signal from a network of wakes laid down during the matter era. We also improve on the previous calculation of a single wake signature. Finally, we calculate the enhancement of the global 21-cm brightness temperature due to a network of wakes and discuss its affects of the signal measured in the Wouthuysen–Field absorption trough. We estimated that for string tensions between 10−8 and 10−7 there would be between a 10 per cent and a factor of 2 enhancement in the signal.
PS J1721+8842: a gravitationally lensed dual AGN system at redshift 2.37 with two radio components
Authors: Mangat C S , McKean J P , Brilenkov R , Hartley P , Stacey H R , Vegetti S , Wen D 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Dual-Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN) are a natural consequence of the hierarchical structure formation scenario, and can provide an important test of various models for black hole growth. However, due to their rarity and difficulty to find at high redshift, very few confirmed dual-AGN are known at the epoch where galaxy formation peaks. Here we report the discovery of a gravitationally lensed dual-AGN system at redshift 2.37 comprising two optical/IR quasars separated by 6.5 ± 0.6 kpc, and a third compact (Reff = 0.45 ± 0.02 kpc) red galaxy that is offset from one of the quasars by 1.7 ± 0.1 kpc. From Very Large Array imaging at 3 GHz, we detect 600 and 340 pc-scale radio emission that is associated with both quasars. The 1.4 GHz luminosity densities of the radio sources are about 1024.35 W Hz−1, which is consistent with weak jets. However, the low brightness temperature of the emission is also consistent with star-formation at the level of 850 to 1150 M⊙ yr−1. Although this supports the scenario where the AGN and/or star-formation is being triggered through an ongoing triple-merger, a post-merger scenario where two black holes are recoiling is also possible, given that neither has a detected host galaxy.
Chronic E-Cigarette Exposure Alters Human Alveolar Macrophage Morphology and Gene Expression
Authors: Davis Eric S , Ghosh Arunava , Coakley Raymond D , Wrennall Joe A , Lubamba Bob A , Rowell Temperance R , Dang Hong , Pawlak Erica A , Li Quefeng , Alexis Neil E , Ribeiro Carla M P , Tarran Robert 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are lung-resident immune cells that phagocytose inhaled particles and pathogens, and help coordinate the lung’s immune response to infection. Little is known about the impact of chronic e-cigarette use (ie, vaping) on this important pulmonary cell type. Thus, we determined the effect of vaping on AM phenotype and gene expression.

Aims and Methods
We recruited never-smokers, smokers, and e-cigarette users (vapers) and performed research bronchoscopies to isolate AMs from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples and epithelial cells from bronchial brushings. We then performed morphological analyses and used the Nanostring platform to look for changes in gene expression.

Results
AMs obtained from smokers and vapers were phenotypically distinct from those obtained from nonsmokers, and from each other. Immunocytochemistry revealed that vapers AMs had significantly elevated inducible nitric oxide synthase (M1) expression and significantly reduced CD301a (M2) expression compared with nonsmokers or smokers. Vapers’ AMs and bronchial epithelia exhibited unique changes in gene expression compared with nonsmokers or smokers. Moreover, vapers’ AMs were the most affected of all groups and had 124 genes uniquely downregulated. Gene ontology analysis revealed that vapers and smokers had opposing changes in biological processes.

Conclusions
These data indicate that vaping causes unique changes to AMs and bronchial epithelia compared with nonsmokers and smokers which may impact pulmonary host defense.

Implications
These data indicate that normal “healthy” vapers have altered AMs and may be at risk of developing abnormal immune responses to inflammatory stimuli.
Laron syndrome in three female siblings with the development of subclinical hypothyroidism and dyslipidemia in one case: first report of a Syrian family
Authors: Chreitah Ahmad , Hijazia Kheria , Doya Leen Jamel 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Laron syndrome (LS) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by dwarfism and typical facial phenotype. This report is the first to present three cases of Laron syndrome affecting three female siblings from Syria. The index case presented at age of 8.5 years with severe short stature: low level of Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), elevated levels of fasting and post-stimulation growth hormone (GH), consistent with the diagnosis of Laron syndrome. At the age of 9.5 years, she developed non-autoimmune subclinical hypothyroidism treated with Levothyroxine, then she developed dyslipidemia at the age of 11.3 years. Later, we identified two female siblings of the patient with Laron syndrome. Laron syndrome is a rare genetic disease, reporting of new cases of this rare syndrome must encourage pediatricians to develop high clinical suspicion if faced with patients with very short stature and typical facial features.
Colistin neurotoxicity mimicking Guillain-Barré syndrome in a patient with cystic fibrosis: case report and review
Authors: Camargo Celeste , Narula Tathagat , Jackson Daniel A , Padro Teresa , Freeman W David 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an immune-mediated polyneuropathy, which is characterized by areflexia and ascending paresthesia which can progress to a respiratory failure. Certain conditions, such as vasculitis and heavy metal and drug toxicity, may have misleadingly similar clinical presentation to GBS. We describe a case of a patient with cystic fibrosis and intravenous colistin-induced neurotoxicity mimicking GBS. The patient had used inhaled colistin on five occasions with no adverse effects, however, developed symptoms on the second day of intravenous treatment. Overlapping findings between immune-mediated polyneuropathy and drug-induced neurotoxicity include limb paresthesia and decreased reflexes. Perioral tingling, however, is a common presentation of colistin-induced neurotoxicity, and therefore, is an important differentiating factor. Early diagnosis prevents further neurologic decline, extensive unnecessary workup and potentially harmful incorrect management.
Spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma: a rare bleeding occurrence in COVID-19
Authors: Yeoh Whei Chuern , Lee Kee Tat , Zainul Nadiah Hanim , Syed Alwi Sharifah Baizura , Low Lee Lee 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Emerging evidence suggest that COVID-19 is associated with hypercoagulability, predisposing patients to increase risk of thromboembolism. Anticoagulation is not without its risks of bleeding and decision to initiate anticoagulation should be carefully considered with close monitoring. Spontaneous retroperitoneal hematoma is a rare complication, and there are only a few documented reports implicating anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents as a potential cause. We report a 57-year-old gentleman with COVID-19 pneumonia who developed hypotension on Day 10 of illness while on prophylactic anticoagulation. Computed tomography scan of abdomen revealed a large right retroperitoneal and psoas muscle hematoma and he underwent surgical exploration to evacuate the hematoma. His condition improved and was discharged well. Although prophylactic anticoagulation may reduce thrombotic complications in severely ill COVID-19 patients, a high index of suspicion for rare bleeding complications should be maintained if patients become hemodynamically unstable. Early diagnosis and appropriate intervention may improve outcome and prevent mortality.