bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trivial, Interesting, or Overselling? The Microbiome and “What It Means to Be Human”
Authors: Parke Emily C 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Discussions of microbiome research increasingly refer to the microbiome's impact on what it means to be human. These claims are rarely carefully explained or justified. Given the increasing importance of microbiome research across the life sciences, philosophy, and the public sphere, it is worth exercising more care in these discussions. This article offers a guide for doing so. There are many different ways to interpret the details of ambiguous claims about the microbiome and what it means to be human. I discuss some possible interpretations and show how the resulting claims can range from trivial to suggestive of interesting research to controversial and overhyped. I recommend greater caution and clarity in ongoing discussions of microbiome research and its implications.
Internal co-seismic displacement and strain changes inside a homogeneous spherical Earth
Authors: Dong Jie , Cheng Pengfei , Wen Hanjiang , Sun Wenke 
Published: January 2021

SUMMARYIn this study, we devised a new set of analytical foundation solutions to compute the internal co-seismic displacement and strain changes caused by four independent point sources (strike-slip, dip-slip, horizontal tensile and vertical tensile) inside a homogeneous spherical earth model. Our model provides constraints on the deformation properties at depth and reveals that the internal co-seismic deformation is larger than that on the surface. The deformation near the source is convergent with our formulae. For the internal deformation at radial section plane, the patterns of horizontal displacements ${u_\theta },{u_\phi }$ and strain changes ${e_{{ rr}}},{e_{\theta \theta }},{e_{\phi \phi }},{e_{\theta \phi }}$ caused by strike-slip and tensile sources appear symmetric at the equidistance above and below the source. Their amplitudes are not identical but with a small discrepancy actually. Unlike these, the patterns of radial displacements ${u_r}$ for strike-slip and tensile sources exhibit point symmetry with the equidistance from the source. Also, the corresponding amplitudes are slightly different. The displacements ${u_\theta },{u_\phi }$ and strain changes ${e_{{ rr}}},{e_{\theta \theta }},{e_{\phi \phi }},{e_{\theta \phi }}$ caused by dip-slip also show the same properties as ${u_{ r}}$ of the strike-slip source. The magnitudes of the displacements and strain changes depend on the source types. The curvature effect on the near-field surface deformations is small, and it increases with the studied depth. However, for the far-field deformation caused by the strike-slip source (ds = 20 km), the curvature effect can be as large as 77 per cent when the epicentral distance approximates to 1778 km.
Direct inversion of surface wave dispersion data with multiple-grid parametrizations and its application to a dense array in Chao Lake, eastern China
Authors: Luo Song , Yao Huajian , Wang Jiannan , Wang Kangdong , Liu Bin 
Published: January 2021

SUMMARY
The direct surface wave tomography has become an efficient tool in imaging 3-D shallow Earth structure. However, some fundamental problems still exist in selecting the grids to parametrize the model space. This study proposes to implement a model parametrization approach with multiple grids to the direct surface wave tomography. These multiple grids represent several overlapping collocated grids with the same or different grid spacings, such as staggered grids, multiscale grids and multiscale-staggered grids. At each iteration, direct inversion is applied to each individual set of collocated grids to invert for the shear wave velocity (Vs) model; the models are then projected onto a set of predefined base grids (usually the finest grids) using 3-D B-spline interpolation. At the end of each iteration, we average the Vs models of all sets of collocated grids to obtain the average 3-D Vs model, which is then used as the initial model for the next iteration. The properties of this approach are explored by applying it to a newly deployed dense array in Chao Lake (CL), eastern China. Synthetic and field data tests demonstrate that the method using multiple grids recovers anomaly patterns better than that using the individual set of collocated grids, though it does not necessarily achieve the smallest traveltime residual. We then obtain a high-resolution 3-D shallow crustal Vs model beneath the CL. The 3-D Vs model reveals two prominent features: (1) a stripe-like structural pattern of velocity variations, where the Hefei basin and eastern CL display low-velocity anomalies while the Tanlu fault zone (TFZ), Zhangbaling uplift and Yinping mountain present high-velocity anomalies and (2) north-shifted low-velocity anomalies beneath the eastern CL as depths go shallow. The shallow Vs features are consistent well with the local geological units and topography. We suggest that the two main features could be associated with the multistage tectonic activities of the Tanlu fault. The multiple-grid scheme proposed in this study could be conveniently extended to other 3-D direct inversion approaches in the near future.
Deliberative engagement methods on health care priority-setting in a rural South African community
Authors: Tugendhaft Aviva , Hofman Karen , Danis Marion , Kahn Kathleen , Erzse Agnes , Twine Rhian , Gold Marthe , Christofides Nicola 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPublic engagement in priority-setting for health is increasingly recognized as a means to ensure more ethical, inclusive and legitimate decision-making processes, especially in the context of Universal Health Coverage where demands outweigh the available resources and difficult decisions need to be made. Deliberative approaches are often viewed as especially useful in considering social values and balancing trade-offs, however, implementation of deliberative engagement tools for priority-setting is scant, especially in low- and middle-income settings. In order to address this gap, we implemented a context-specific public deliberation tool in a rural community in South Africa to determine priorities for a health services package. Qualitative data were analysed from seven group deliberations using the engagement tool. The analysis focused on understanding the deliberative process, what the participants prioritized, the reasons for these selections and how negotiations took place within the groups. The deliberations demonstrated that the groups often considered curative services to be more important than primary prevention which related to the perceived lack of efficacy of existing health education and prevention programmes in leading to behaviour change. The groups engaged deeply with trade-offs between costly treatment options for HIV/AIDS and those for non-communicable disease. Barriers to healthcare access were considered especially important by all groups and some priorities included investing in more mobile clinics. This study demonstrates that deliberative engagement methods can be successful in helping communities balance trade-offs and in eliciting social values around health priorities. The findings from such deliberations, alongside other evidence and broader ethical considerations, have the potential to inform decision-making with regard to health policy design and implementation.
Does Institutional Proliferation Undermine Cooperation? Theory and Evidence from Climate Change
Authors: Rowan Sam S 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGlobal politics has undergone a tremendous institutional proliferation, yet many questions remain about why states join these new institutions and whether they support cooperation. I build on existing work to develop a general theory of state participation in dense institutional environments that also helps to explain cooperative outcomes. I argue that states may be dissatisfied when cooperation proceeds either too slowly or too quickly and that these two types of dissatisfaction motivate opposing participation behaviors. Deepeners are states that are dissatisfied with the slow pace of cooperation and join institutions to support cooperation, while fragmenters are states dissatisfied with the quick pace and join institutions to undermine cooperation. I evaluate my argument using new data on sixty-three climate institutions and states’ greenhouse gas mitigation targets in the Paris Agreement on Climate Change. I find that membership in climate institutions designed to facilitate implementation is associated with more ambitious targets, while membership in general is unrelated to targets.
Intramuscular abdominal hibernoma: case report of a rare tumour and a review of the literature
Authors: Baghaie Hooman , Chan Erick , Francisco Sewwandi , Rasheed Haroon , Puhalla Harald 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Hibernoma is a rare benign tumour that was first described by Merkel in 1906. It arises from remnants of brown fat and has a differential diagnosis of lipoma and liposarcoma. This is a case report of a 31-year-old male with a slow-growing mass in the left flank that produced constant pain radiating to the groin. Computerised tomography localised the mass within the external oblique muscle, which showed some heterogeneity and low attenuation. The mass appeared hypodense to muscle on T1 and hyperdense to muscle on T2 weighted magnetic resonance images. Prominent vascularity of the mass was noted. Finally, the lesion was found to be a ‘typical’ hibernoma on core-needle biopsy. It was surgically resected with a cuff of muscle. He recovered without complication, and there is no clinical evidence of recurrence at 6 months.
Incarcerated sigmoid large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma in an inguinal hernia
Authors: Gerosa Martino , Incarbone Niccolò , Di Fratta Emanuele , Mari Giulio Maria , Guttadauro Angelo , Cioffi Ugo , Maggioni Dario 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Large-cell neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs) of the colon are extremely rare aggressive tumors. A 79-year-old man presented at our hospital for muco-hematic diarrhea, weight loss and incarcerated hernia in his left groin. Colonoscopy revealed sigmoid stenosis. Computed tomography confirmed an incarcerated hernia containing sigmoid mass and massive abdominal adenopathy. In absence of colonic obstruction, the patient underwent elective palliative sigmoid resection and colostomy by laparoscopic approach, and direct hernia repair through inguinal access. Histopathological examination revealed a large cells sigmoid NEC. We report the first case of large-cell neuroendocrine colon cancer incarcerated in an inguinal hernia. Due to the advanced stage, we have performed a palliative laparoscopic resection in order to reduce surgical trauma, confirm pre-operative results and minimize post-operative complications, and direct hernia repair through inguinal access.
Vegetation cover and plant diversity on cold climate green roofs
Authors: Lönnqvist Joel , Blecken Godecke-Tobias , Viklander Maria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Both vegetation abundance and community composition play important roles in functions of green roofs (e.g. stormwater retention, habitat provision, aesthetic appearance). However, green roofs’ vegetation, and hence their functions, can change significantly over time. More understanding of these changes is required, particularly in cold climates. Therefore, this study investigated vascular plant covers and species compositions on 41 roof sections located in Sweden’s subarctic and continental climate zones. For the roof sections with a known originally intended vascular plant composition (n = 32), on average 24 ± 9% of the intended species were detected in surveys, and unintended species accounted for 69 ± 3% of the species found. However, most colonizing species formed sparse cover on the roofs. Thus, they may make less contributions to green roofs’ potential functionalities related to vegetation density (e.g. social perception, effectiveness in stormwater management and thermal performance) than the intended vegetation. The intended species dominated plant cover (93 ± 3%) and Sedum acre (58 ± 36% cover) was the most commonly detected species and as found in previous studies, substrate depth was positively related to both plant cover and species richness. Contrary to a hypothesis, the roofs’ vascular plant cover was not related to species richness but was significantly and negatively correlated with moss cover. The results highlight the importance of substrate depth for both plant abundance and species diversity and show that even in a cold climate, colonizing unintended species can strongly contribute to green roofs’ species richness.
Design and engineering of artificial metalloproteins: from de novo metal coordination to catalysis
Authors: Klein Andreas S , Zeymer Cathleen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Metalloproteins are essential to sustain life. Natural evolution optimized them for intricate structural, regulatory and catalytic functions that cannot be fulfilled by either a protein or a metal ion alone. In order to understand this synergy and the complex design principles behind the natural systems, simpler mimics were engineered from the bottom up by installing de novo metal sites in either natural or fully designed, artificial protein scaffolds. This review focuses on key challenges associated with this approach. We discuss how proteins can be equipped with binding sites that provide an optimal coordination environment for a metal cofactor of choice, which can be a single metal ion or a complex multinuclear cluster. Furthermore, we highlight recent studies in which artificial metalloproteins were engineered towards new functions, including electron transfer and catalysis. In this context, the powerful combination of de novo protein design and directed evolution is emphasized for metalloenzyme development.
Worldvolume approach to the tempered Lefschetz thimble method
Authors: Fukuma Masafumi , Matsumoto Nobuyuki 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
As a solution towards the numerical sign problem, we propose a novel hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm, in which molecular dynamics is performed on a continuum set of integration surfaces foliated by the antiholomorphic gradient flow (“the worldvolume of an integration surface”). This is an extension of the tempered Lefschetz thimble method (TLTM) and solves the sign and multimodal problems simultaneously, as the original TLTM does. Furthermore, in this new algorithm, one no longer needs to compute the Jacobian of the gradient flow in generating a configuration, and only needs to evaluate its phase upon measurement. To demonstrate that this algorithm works correctly, we apply the algorithm to a chiral random matrix model, for which the complex Langevin method is known not to work.
A Unified Approach to the Arens Regularity and Related Problems for a Class of Banach Algebras Associated with Locally Compact Groups
Authors: Lau Anthony to-Ming , Ülger Ali 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Based on Katznelson–Tzafriri Theorem on power bounded operators, we prove in this paper a theorem, which applies to the most of the classical Banach algebras of harmonic analysis associated with locally compact groups, to deal with the problems when a given Banach algebra A is Arens regular and when A is an ideal in its bidual. In the second part of the paper, we study the topological center of the bidual of a class of Banach algebras with a multiplier bounded approximate identity.
House of Cards: Informal Housing Markets and Precarious Pathways to Homeownership in Baltimore
Authors: Jang-Trettien Christine 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Homeownership is often tied to cultural conceptions of model citizenship, yet African Americans have long faced structural barriers to owning a home. Credit discrimination has often constrained black homeownership. However, missing from accounts of race, credit, and homeownership is how people purchase homes without mortgages. Through an analysis of public deed and mortgage records in Baltimore, I show that informal housing transactions – unregulated transfers outside of the mortgage market – are primarily located within majority-black neighborhoods. Using data from interviews with 336 homeowners, renters, and real estate investors, I show that informal markets put buyers in a uniquely vulnerable position. The exchange process in informal markets often consists of buyer and seller, with no third-party actor providing oversight to the transaction. Consequently, homebuyers face uncertainty over legal title and the value of the home, making it impossible to make informed decisions about the costs and benefits of homeownership at the time of purchase. Those who purchased from out-of-network real estate investors faced the harshest consequences, with sellers often structuring contracts to disadvantage consumers. Recent reports show that millions have purchased homes without institutional credit. It is worth examining how unregulated housing markets in neighborhoods of concentrated disadvantage contribute to racial inequalities.
Surgical Release of Gluteal Fibrosis in Children Results in Sustained Benefit at 5-Year Follow-up
Authors: Reilly Amanda L. , Owori Francis R. , Obaikol Ruth , Asige Elizabeth , Aluka Harriet , Penny Norgrove , Olupot Robert , Sabatini Coleen S. 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Gluteal fibrosis (GF) is a fibrotic infiltration of the gluteal muscles resulting in functionally limiting contracture of the hips and is associated with injections of medications into the gluteal muscles. It has been reported in numerous countries throughout the world. This study assesses the 5-year postoperative range of motion (ROM) and functional outcomes for Ugandan children who underwent surgical release of GF.

Methods:
A retrospective cohort study of children who underwent release of GF in 2013 at Kumi Hospital in Eastern Uganda. Functional outcomes, hip ROM, and scar satisfaction data were collected for all patients residing within 40 km of the hospital.

Results:
One hundred eighteen children ages 4 to 16 at the time of surgery were treated with surgical release of GF in 2013 at Kumi Hospital. Of those 118, 89 were included in this study (79.5%). The remaining 29 were lost to follow-up or lived outside the study’s radius. Detailed preoperative ROM and functional data were available for 53 of the 89 patients. In comparison with preoperative assessment, all patients postoperatively reported ability to run normally (P<0.001), sit upright in a chair (P<0.001), sit while eating (P<0.001), and attend the entire day of school (P<0.001). Passive hip flexion (P<0.001) improved when compared with preoperative measurements. In all, 85.2% (n=75) of patients reported satisfaction with scar appearance as “ok,” “good,” or “excellent” 29.2% (n=26) of patients reported back or hip complaints.

Conclusions:
Overall, the 5-year postoperative outcomes suggest that surgical release of GF improves ROM and functional quality of life with sustained effect.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—case series.
The Relationship Between Heart Rate and Body Temperature in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Broman Marcus E. , Vincent Jean-Louis , Ronco Claudio , Hansson Fredrik , Bell Max 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVE:
The presence of tachycardia in critically ill patients is frequently used as an indication of severity of illness and to guide treatment decisions but can be influenced by body temperature, thus confounding its interpretation. There are few data available on the relationship between body temperature and heart rate in critically ill patients.

DESIGN:
Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data.

SETTING:
Mixed medical-surgical university hospital ICU.

PATIENTS:
All patients admitted to the ICU between November 2006 and August 2019.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Body temperature was recorded in the electronic medical records at least hourly, from invasive measurements (esophageal probe, indwelling urinary catheter, pulse contour cardiac output monitoring system, or pulmonary artery catheter) or manual tympanic recordings. Heart rate was monitored continuously and hourly values were recorded in the electronic medical record. Change in heart rate with change in body temperature was assessed by extracting pairs of simultaneous body temperature and corresponding heart rate measurements from the electronic medical record: 472,941 simultaneous pairs were obtained from the 9,046 patients admitted during the study period. Each 1°C increase in body temperature between 32.0°C and 42.0°C was associated with an 8.35 beats/min increase in heart rate. Crude linear regression showed an r
2 of 0.855 between body temperature and heart rate. Heart rate increased more in females than in males (9.46 vs 7.24 beats/min for each 1°C, p < 0.0001); this relationship was not affected by age or adrenergic drugs. The increase in heart rate was related to the severity of organ dysfunction.

CONCLUSIONS:
Increase in body temperature is associated with a linear increase in heart rate of 9.46 beats/min/°C in female and 7.24 beats/min/°C in male patients. These observations will help to correctly interpret heart rate values at different body temperatures and enable more accurate evaluation of other factors associated with tachycardia.
Racial Disparities in Readmissions Following Initial Hospitalization for Sepsis
Authors: Lizza Bryan D. , Betthauser Kevin D. , Juang Paul H. , Hampton Nicholas B. , Lyons Patrick G. , Kollef Marin H. , Micek Scott T. 
Published: January 2021

OBJECTIVES:
To assess whether Black race is associated with a higher rate of all-cause readmission compared with White race following community-onset sepsis.

DESIGN:
Retrospective cohort study.

SETTING:
One-thousand three-hundred bed urban academic medical centers.

PATIENTS:
Three-thousand three-hundred ninety patients hospitalized with community-onset sepsis between January 1, 2010, and December 31, 2017.

INTERVENTIONS:
Community-onset sepsis was defined as patients admitted through the emergency department with an International Classification of Disease, ninth revision, Clinical Modification code for either severe sepsis (995.92) or septic shock (785.52). Beginning in 2015, we used International Classification of Disease, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification codes R65.20 (severe sepsis) and R65.21 (septic shock). We excluded those individuals hospitalized at another acute care facility that were transferred to our facility. Race was abstracted electronically, and patients who expired or self-identified as a race other than Black or White race were excluded. Patients who experienced a subsequent hospitalization at our facility were considered to be readmitted.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Compared with White race, Black race demonstrated a significantly higher rate of all-cause readmission (60.8% vs 71.1%; p < 0.001), including a higher rate of readmission for sepsis (14.0% vs 19.8%; p < 0.001). Black patients also resided in zip codes with a lower median household income and were more likely to use public insurance compared with White race. Similar rates of comorbid diseases and disease burden were observed between the two groups, but vasopressors were less likely to be administered to Black patients. Multivariable analysis showed that Black race was associated with a 50% increased odds (odds ratio, 1.52, 99% CI, 1.25–1.84) in all-cause readmission risk compared with White race.

CONCLUSIONS:
Black race was associated with a higher rate of all-cause and sepsis readmission, possibly as a result of unaddressed health disparities, compared with White race. Programs addressing healthcare disparities should use readmission as another marker of equity.