bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of the clinical nurse specialist as a non-medical prescriber in managing the palliative care needs of individuals with advanced lung cancer
Authors: Osborne Jenny , Kerr Helen 
Published: June 2021

Background: Rapid identification of the palliative care needs of individuals with a diagnosis of advanced lung cancer is crucial to maximise the patient's quality of life by upholding exemplary standards of patient-centred holistic care. The clinical nurse specialist is in an ideal position to contribute to the identification and management of the palliative care needs of individuals with advanced lung cancer through the assessment and timely prescribing of medications to manage distressing symptoms. Aim: This paper reviews and critiques the role of the clinical nurse specialist as an independent non-medical prescriber in the management of palliative symptoms in end-of-life care for patients with advanced lung cancer. Results: Published literature highlights the positive impact the clinical nurse specialist has as a non-medical prescriber in addressing the palliative needs of individuals with lung cancer. However, there are barriers and challenges, and to overcome these, maximising resources and the availability of support is required to ensure the delivery of timely, person-centred care. Conclusion: The clinical nurse specialist as a non-medical prescriber is an evolving role. There are a range of factors that may influence the clinical nurse specialist to confidently and competently undertake this role. These include the perception that there will be an escalation in the workload, concerns about increased accountability and inadequate mentoring for this new role. To incentivise this role, multidisciplinary support is essential in promoting the clinical nurse specialist's confidence for developing this service to individuals with advanced lung cancer.
Characterising end-of-life decision-making of life-sustaining treatment among Japanese nurses
Authors: Shaku Fumio , Yada Yoichi , Tsutsumi Madoka , Kim Woe Sook 
Published: June 2021

Background:Often, nurses are closer to end-of-life (EOL) patients than other medical professionals, due to the time they spend with them at their bedside, which leads them to understand patients' care goals.Aims:To investigate the importance of EOL preferences by examining nurses' EOL decision-making regarding life-sustaining treatment (LST).Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 559 self-reported questionnaires of Japanese nurses were examined. Marital status, age and decision-making regarding LST for themselves were investigated.Findings:Unmarried participants from all age groups had a higher percentage of ‘no preference for LST’ than married groups. Differences between the percentages were higher in the 20s age group. Married participants increasingly preferred to receive no LST as their age increased, unlike single participants.Conclusion:Marital status influences Japanese nurses' EOL decision-making regarding LST. Therefore, it is necessary to consider a patient's marital status to facilitate better decision-making.
About copying a free-space electromagnetic field by an invisible object
Authors: Dolin Lev S. 
Published: June 2021

The structure of a monochromatic electromagnetic field inside a spherical object that does not distort the wave field of external sources outside its surface has been studied using transformation optics methods. It is assumed that the object is made of isotropic materials with equal values of permittivity and permeability and consists of a spherical volume of material with a positive spatially uniform refractive index and an adjacent spherical layer of material with a negative inhomogeneous refractive index (i.e., it is a spherical superlens made of isotropic materials). It is shown that the field inside a sphere with a positive refractive index is the reduced-size copy of the field in which the object was located. This copy contains information about the radiation field of external sources in a spherical free-space volume whose radius depends on the object parameters and can be significantly larger than the radius of the object. It is shown that the copying properties of the object with given dimensions can be fully preserved if its outer layer is made of anisotropic materials.
Understanding the degradation mechanisms of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well UV photodetectors submitted to different current stresses
Authors: Dalapati Pradip , Yamamoto Kosuke , Egawa Takashi , Miyoshi Makoto 
Published: June 2021

The degradation characteristics of InGaN/GaN multiple quantum well (MQW) photodetectors (PDs) stressed at 100 and 200 mA over 480 h are investigated. We have observed that the luminescence intensity, short circuit current density, and open circuit voltage decrease strongly, whereas the leakage current increases intensely due to the constant current stress. The strong activity of the Mg dopant and trap-assisted tunneling under the direct current stress are critical factors in the degradation of InGaN/GaN MQW PDs. Further, the photocurrent spectroscopy results reveal that for 100 mA stress current, the peak value of relative external quantum efficiency (EQE) slightly increases due to the widening of the space–charge region while, for the 200 mA of stress current, the peak value of EQE decreases (

∼

15.4

%

) due to some permanent damages in the active region and/or the metal/semiconductor interface, and the associated resistive effects.
A clinical diabetes risk prediction model for prediabetic women with prior gestational diabetes
Authors: Man Bernice , Schwartz Alan , Pugach Oksana , Xia Yinglin , Gerber Ben 
Published: June 2021

Introduction
Without treatment, prediabetic women with a history of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) are at greater risk for developing type 2 diabetes compared with women without a history of GDM. Both intensive lifestyle intervention and metformin can reduce risk. To predict risk and treatment response, we developed a risk prediction model specifically for women with prior GDM.

Methods
The Diabetes Prevention Program was a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effectiveness of intensive lifestyle intervention, metformin (850mg twice daily), and placebo in preventing diabetes. Data from the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP) was used to conduct a secondary analysis to evaluate 11 baseline clinical variables of 317 women with prediabetes and a self-reported history of GDM to develop a 3-year diabetes risk prediction model using Cox proportional hazards regression. Reduced models were explored and compared with the main model.

Results
Within three years, 82 (25.9%) women developed diabetes. In our parsimonious model using 4 of 11 clinical variables, higher fasting glucose and hemoglobin A1C were each associated with greater risk for diabetes (each hazard ratio approximately 1.4), and there was an interaction between treatment arm and BMI suggesting that metformin was more effective relative to no treatment for BMI ≥ 35kg/m2 than BMI < 30kg/m2. The model had fair discrimination (bias corrected C index = 0.68) and was not significantly different from our main model using 11 clinical variables. The estimated incidence of diabetes without treatment was 37.4%, compared to 20.0% with intensive lifestyle intervention or metformin treatment for women with a prior GDM.

Conclusions
A clinical prediction model was developed for individualized decision making for prediabetes treatment in women with prior GDM.
The prevalence and correlates of pre-diabetes in middle- to older-aged Irish adults using three diagnostic methods
Authors: Junker Kate , Buckley Claire M. , Millar Seán R. , Flynn Sinéad , Harrington Janas M. , Kearney Patricia M. , Perry Ivan J. 
Published: June 2021

Background and objectives
Type 2 diabetes is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide and pre-diabetes is a strong predictor of diabetes development. To date, studies estimating the prevalence of pre-diabetes in the Irish population are sparse and conflicting. Monitoring the prevalence of pre-diabetes and a knowledge of associated factors is required to inform policies and to prevent development of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, this research examined the prevalence and correlates of pre-diabetes in a sample of middle- to older-aged Irish adults using three different methods for diagnosis.

Materials and methods
The Mitchelstown Cohort Rescreen (2016/17) was a follow-up, cross-sectional study of the Mitchelstown Cohort Study (2010/11). 1,378 participants were recruited from a random sample of patients attending a single primary care centre. Pre-diabetes was defined using three diagnostic criteria: American Diabetes Association (ADA) glycated haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) cut-offs between 5.7%–6.4% (39–46 mmol/mol), World Health Organization International Expert Committee (WHO-IEC) HbA1c cut-offs between 6.0%–6.4% (42–46 mmol/mol) and ADA fasting plasma glucose (FPG) cut-offs between 5.6–6.9 mmol/l. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine factors associated with pre-diabetes.

Results
The prevalence of pre-diabetes was found to be 43.9% (95% CI: 41.2%─46.5%), 14.5% (95% CI: 12.7%─16.5%) and 15.8% (95% CI: 13.9%─17.8%) according to HbA1c ADA, HbA1c WHO-IEC and FPG ADA definitions, respectively. Depending on diagnostic method, factors associated with pre-diabetes in univariate analyses included sex, age, marital status, health rating, education and poor diet quality. In multivariable analysis, subjects classified by the FPG ADA pre-diabetes criterion displayed the least optimal metabolic profile defined by overweight and obesity (OR = 2.88, 95% CI: 1.53–5.43), hypertension (OR = 2.27, 95% CI: 1.51–3.40) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations (OR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.07–2.87).

Conclusions
The discordance between prevalence estimates according to method of diagnosis is concerning. A National Diabetes Prevention Programme is currently being developed in Ireland. Monitoring the prevalence of pre-diabetes over time will be important to assess the effectiveness of this programme. This study will inform national decision-makers on which definition of pre-diabetes to use for monitoring purposes.
Impact of Covid-19 on attendances for a 1st episode of reduced fetal movements: A retrospective observational study
Authors: Marques-Fernandez Laia , Sharma Swati , Mannu Una , Chong Hsu Phern 
Published: June 2021

Background
Prior studies have demonstrated an increased stillbirth rate. It was suggested that the COVID-19 pandemic may have impacted on attendances for reduced fetal movements. Thus, we sought to ascertain the impact of the pandemic on attendances for reduced fetal movements (RFM) in our unit, ultrasound provision for reduced fetal movements, and the stillbirth rate.

Methods
This was a single site retrospective cohort study involving all women complaining of a 1st episode of reduced fetal movements between 01/03/2020-30/04/2020 (COVID) to 01/03/2019-30/04/2019 (Pre-COVID). Data were retrieved from computerised hospital records and statistical analyses were performed using GraphPad Prism and SPSS.

Results
22% (179/810) of women presented with a 1st episode of reduced fetal movements Pre-COVID compared to 18% (145/803) during COVID (p = 0.047). Primiparous women were significantly over-represented in this population with a 1.4-fold increase in attendances during COVID (67% vs 48%, p = 0.0005). Neither the total stillbirth rate nor the stillbirth rate amongst women who presented with reduced fetal movements changed during COVID. Ultrasound provision was not impacted by COVID with 95% of the scans performed according to local guidelines, compared to Pre-COVID (74%, p = 0.0001).

Conclusions
There is a significant decrease in 1st attendances for reduced fetal movements during COVID-19 pandemic. Primiparous women were 1.4 times more likely to attend with RFM. Women should be reassured that COVID-19 has not resulted in a decreased provision of care for RFM, and has not impacted on the stillbirth rate.
North Star Ambulatory Assessment changes in ambulant Duchenne boys amenable to skip exons 44, 45, 51, and 53: A 3 year follow up
Authors: Coratti Giorgia , Pane Marika , Brogna Claudia , Ricotti Valeria , Messina Sonia , D’Amico Adele , Bruno Claudio , Vita Gianluca , Berardinelli Angela , Mazzone Elena , Magri Francesca , Ricci Federica , Mongini Tiziana , Battini Roberta , Bello Luca , Pegoraro Elena , Baranello Giovanni , Previtali Stefano C. , Politano Luisa , Comi Giacomo P. , Sansone Valeria A. , Donati Alice , Hogrel Jean Yves , Straub Volker , De Lucia Silvana , Niks Erik , Servais Laurent , De Groot Imelda , Chesshyre Mary , Bertini Enrico , Goemans Nathalie , Muntoni Francesco , Mercuri Eugenio ,   on behalf on the International DMD Group and the iMDEX Consortium
Published: June 2021

Introduction
The aim of this study was to report 36-month longitudinal changes using the North Star Ambulatory Assessment (NSAA) in ambulant patients affected by Duchenne muscular dystrophy amenable to skip exons 44, 45, 51 or 53.

Materials and methods
We included 101 patients, 34 had deletions amenable to skip exon 44, 25 exon 45, 19 exon 51, and 28 exon 53, not recruited in any ongoing clinical trials. Five patients were counted to skip exon 51 and 53 since they had a single deletion of exon 52.

Results
The difference between subgroups (skip 44, 45, 51 and 53) was significant at 12 (p = 0.043), 24 (p = 0.005) and 36 months (p≤0.001).

Discussion
Mutations amenable to skip exons 53 and 51 had lower baseline values and more negative changes than the other subgroups while those amenable to skip exon 44 had higher scores both at baseline and at follow up.

Conclusion
Our results confirm different progression of disease in subgroups of patients with deletions amenable to skip different exons. This information is relevant as current long term clinical trials are using the NSAA in these subgroups of mutations.
II. Kirchliche Zufluchtsorte im Frühmittelalter
Authors: Kasten Brigitte 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Church Spaces for Refugees in Early Medieval Ages. The paper deals with the spatial regulations of asylum. It shows that the spacious area of asylum of Late Antiquity was considerably reduced by many gentile Germanic kings. However, with the increasing Christianisation and the founding of monasteries and regional churches, the ability to grant asylum was extended to these churches, whereas in Late Antiquity in the Western Roman Empire, very likely only the episcopal churches – partly due to the lack of too many other churches – were qualified to grant asylum. In this way, a harmonization between profane and ecclesiastical places of refuge took place for just as “all” churches were (before?) all royal courts and not only the king’s residence were spaces of refuge. In the case of church spaces of refuge, it increasingly became a qualitative requirement that the church building or its parts (altar, gates etc.) had been sanctified by episcopal ordination. The reduction in the size of the asylum area did not initially go hand in hand with an impairment in the right of asylum. The bishop’s (priest’s) obligation to intercede or right to intercede was only levelled under emperor Charlemagne with reference to the competence of any worthy person to intercede.
V. Carl Erdmann – ein deutschbaltischer Provinzialrechtler mit Idealen
Authors: Luts-Sootak Marju 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Carl Erdmann − a German-Baltic provincial lawyer with ideals. Carl Eduard Erdmann (1841–1898), almost forgotten today, produced the most comprehensive work on the private law of the Baltic provinces of the Russian Empire in the late 19th century. With a good reason, he is considered the most outstanding philosophical mind among the Baltic provincial lawyers. His doctrines on the person and ownership in law are deeply rooted not in the modern philosophy of freedom, but in Christian ideals. The person had its ultimate justification in the divine personality. The idea of ownership was to be kept free from individualistic egoism and embedded in the generational continuity of the family. These ideals explain how Erdmann was able to combine his legal technique of German Pandektistik with the pre-modern normative guidelines of Baltic private law codification.
Rechtsgeschichtliche Botschaften aus der Frühgeschichte der Menschheit
Authors: Willoweit Dietmar 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Legal-historical messages from the early history of mankind. Until now, archaeology has only rarely permitted generalizations of a legal-historical nature. The work of Hermann Parzinger, with its worldwide comparison of archaeological finds, now for the first time opens up the possibility of recognizing “laws of motion of early human history”. This includes the ability to cooperate on the basis of contractual agreements and the emergence of hierarchical orders. Evidence of violent conflicts also suggests that there must have been early mechanisms for conflict resolution within social groups.
Transkription ausgewählter Lösungen zu vier Fällen aus: Wilhelm Girtanner: Rechtsfälle zu Puchtas Pandekten, Jena 1852
Authors: Wolter Miriam 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Four selected legal cases from Girtanner’s “Rechtsfälle zu Puchta’s Pandekten”: A transcript. In 1852, the first edition of Wilhelm Girtanner’s casebook “Rechtsfälle zu Puchta’s Pandekten” was published in three volumes. The work contains 480 legal cases for study purposes, interspersed with blank pages that presumably served as a space for students to jot down notes. The following is a selected transcript of such handwritten notes, left in a copy of Girtanner’s book by an unknown writer. These notes help shed some light on a specific approach to analyzing legal cases, namely one that centers conciseness and focusses on an exegesis of the Pandects.
Calidad de vida en adultos jóvenes con TDAH diagnosticados en la adultez: revisión sistemática
Authors: Mazurkiewicz Rodríguez Héctor José , Marcano Beatriz 
Published: June 2021

Objetivo. Describir los estudios actuales sobre calidad de vida en adultos jóvenes con TDAH diagnosticados por primera vez en la adultez o que no recibieron ningún tipo de tratamiento para dicho trastorno. Método. Se realizó una metasíntesis en investigaciones que reportan evidencias teóricas, metodológicas y concluyentes sobre el objeto de estudio, siguiendo recomendaciones de la red Cochrane y la declaración PRISMA. Resultados. Seis documentos seleccionados y analizados de 418 encontrados arrojaron que el TDAH afecta negativamente el bienestar personal, emocional, físico y material del adulto joven sin diagnóstico ni tratamiento durante la etapa infanto-juvenil. La gran mayoría de los adultos jóvenes con TDAH, principalmente aquellos con trastornos comórbidos, tienen una pobre valoración de su calidad de vida.
Prevalencia de hipoacusia neonatal de la población atendida en el Hospital Regional de la Orinoquía, 2018: Estudio de tamizaje Auditivo Neonatal
Authors: Leguizamón Sandra Yaneth , García Agudelo Lorena , Espejo Laiton Henob , Agudelo  Ariza Liliana , Núñez Hernández Gustavo Enrique , Vargas Rodríguez Ledmar Jovanny 
Published: June 2021

Introducción: La hipoacusia neonatal es uno de los defectos sensoriales congénitos más frecuentes en pediatría. La prevalencia varía desde 1 por cada 1000 nacidos vivos en hipoacusia severa y aumenta a 6 por cada 1000 cuando se tiene en cuenta hipoacusia leve, moderada y severa.
Metodología: Se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, donde se incluyeron a los recién nacidos entre el 01 de marzo 2017 a 23 de Julio 2018 en el Hospital Regional de la Orinoquía, a los cuales se les realizó las pruebas auditivas basados en los protocolos nacionales. La base de datos fue registrada en Excel versión2013 y se analizó con el programa estadístico SPSS versión 22.
Resultados: Se tamizaron 3448 que nacieron en el período de estudio. El 51% era varones; 80.3% de la cohorte de estudio procedían de área urbana. El 2% nacieron pretérmino. El 4% de las madres tenían antecedente de aborto. La prevalencia de hipoacusia neonatal fue del 3.53% (IC 95% 2.92 – 4.15).
Conclusiones: La prevalencia de hipoacusia neonatal en recién nacidos en el hospital regional de la Orinoquía fue del 3.53%, donde algunos estaban expuestos a factores de riesgo tales como hospitalización en unidad de cuidados intensivos relacionado con problemas durante el parto, consumo de ototóxicos,infecciones en útero, antecedente familiar de hipoacusia, prematurez, entre otros.
Gender Differences in Absolute and Relative Values of Hand Dynamometer Test with 9 and 10-Year Old Children From the Skopje Region in R.N. Macedonia
Authors: Elezi Abdulla , Elezi Gresa , Gontarev Seryozha , Georgiev Georgi 
Published: June 2021

Background. Handgrip strength test is applied both to adults and children to indicate muscular fitness as well as the nutritional and health status. It differs in adults and adolescents depending on the gender. However, it is not clear whether a difference exists also in children at 9 to 10 years of age, and what are the factors that influence it. The goal of the research was to determine the absolute and relative values of the hand dynamometer test with healthy Macedonian boys and girls aged 9 and 10 from the Skopje region as well as to determine the factors that affect the handgrip strength at that age.
Materials and methods. The research was conducted on a sample of 775 children (boys n = 386; girls n = 389), whereby the following characteristics were measured: handgrip strength, weight, height, body fat percentage, muscle mass percentage and the body mass index (BMI) was calculated. The maximum handgrip strength was measured with a digital Takei TKK 5101 dynamometer.
Results. The research found that there are statistically significant differences in the absolute values obtained in the hand dynamometer test between healthy boys and girls in Macedonia at 9 and 10 years of age. On the basis of the results obtained from the research, one can conclude that the results of the hand dynamometer test are affected by age, gender and body composition.
Conclusion. Based on the increasing predominance of children’s obesity, the present study can provide clinicians and researchers with an insight how body composition influences muscular fitness, and can serve policy-makers to develop gender-specific strategies about body-weight management and promotion of muscular performance among children and adolescents.