bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fine‐scale phylogeography of coastal fishes in the South China Sea: Possible roles of biological traits and geography
Authors: Muto Nozomu , Kakioka Ryo , Ghaffar Mazlan Abd , Quan Nguyen Van , Vilasri Veera , Traifalgar Rex F. M. , Babaran Ricardo P. , Muto Fumihito , Takeshima Hirohiko , Motomura Hiroyuki , Ishikawa Satoshi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimAlthough the underlying biotic and abiotic factors of phylogeographic patterns is an important topic in biogeography, they remain largely unexplored in marine fishes. We empirically investigated the effects of several biological traits on phylogeographic patterns of selected marine fishes. We predict that overall similarity in these traits correlates with similarity in phylogeographic patterns among species, and that genetic diversity and demographic stability are associated with these traits, as well as the local (paleo)environment.LocationFive localities in the South China Sea (SCS).TaxonThirteen species of coastal marine fishes.MethodsPhylogeographic Concordance Factors (PCFs) based on mitochondrial DNA sequences were tested for correlation with similarity based on distribution range, depth of occurrence, habitat preference, salinity tolerance and fecundity among the subset of the focal species. The relationship between phylogeographic patterns and these traits was also qualitatively examined. Bayesian model averaging was used to test the association between these traits and the genetic diversity estimates.ResultsPairwise PCFs of five species across all localities were correlated with pairwise biological similarity, with depth and distribution ranges contributing most to the biological similarity. Nucleotide diversity of Indo‐west Pacific species tended to be greater than that of circumtropical species. Populations showing signs of demographic expansions were concentrated in three localities. A novel concordant population break across six focal species and other marine organisms coincided with the dispersal barrier previously suggested by biophysical dispersal modelling.Main conclusionsAbiotic factors were dominant in controlling phylogeographic patterns, with possible contributions from biotic factors. Depth and distribution ranges, or other eco‐physiological traits underlying these, might have influenced the phylogeographic patterns of several species, presumably coupled with historical vicariance. The geography of local populations relative to the shallow continental shelf may explain the heterogeneous demography. Historical vicariance and contemporary ocean currents have contributed to the concordant population break.
The association between the community SARS exposure and allostatic load among Chinese older adults
Authors: Ye Xin , He Ping 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesPrevious studies have found that severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) was associated with the physical and psychological stress of those infected. However, research is sparse regarding the long‐term health consequence of community SARS exposure for older adults.MethodsUsing data from the 2011 and 2015 China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), we estimated multilevel regression models of allostatic load (AL) in the years after the SARS epidemic among 7735 respondents. Interaction terms between SARS epidemic exposure and social participation or community environment were included to examine potential effects.ResultsWe found that community SARS exposure was associated with greater AL for those who had no social participation. Among those who were in worse community environment, community SARS exposure was strongly related to elevated load in the cardiovascular system. However, for those had social participation and lived in better community environment, community SARS exposure manifested no association with AL years later. Active social participation and better community environment could offset the negative association between SARS exposure and AL.ConclusionsTaken together, these findings helped determine the positive direction of future social efforts and policy decisions to guide the global recovery from the devastating COVID‐19 pandemic.
Endocytic protein Pal1 regulates appressorium formation and is required for full virulence ofMagnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Chen Deng , Hu Hong , He Wenhui , Zhang Shimei , Tang Mengxi , Xiang Shikun , Liu Caiyun , Cai Xuan , Hendy Ahmed , Kamran Muhammad , Liu Hao , Zheng Lu , Huang Junbing , Chen Xiao‐Lin , Xing Junjie 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEndocytosis plays key roles during infection of plant‐pathogenic fungi, but its regulatory mechanisms are still largely unknown. Here, we identified a putative endocytosis‐related gene,PAL1, which was highly expressed in appressorium ofMagnaporthe oryzae, and was found to be important for appressorium formation and maturation. Deletion ofPAL1significantly reduced the virulence ofM. oryzaedue to defects in appressorial penetration and invasive growth in host cells. The Pal1 protein interacted and colocalized with the endocytosis protein Sla1, suggesting it is involved in endocytosis. The Δpal1mutant was significantly reduced in appressorium formation, which was recovered by adding exogenous cAMP and 3‐isobutyl‐1‐methylxanthine (IBMX). Moreover, the phosphorylation level of Pmk1 in Δpal1was also reduced, suggesting Pal1 functions upstream of both the cAMP and Pmk1 signalling pathways. As a consequence, the utilization of glycogen and lipid, appressorial autophagy, actin ring formation, localization of septin proteins, as well as turgor accumulation were all affected in the Δpal1mutant. Taken together, Pal1 regulates cAMP and the Pmk1 signalling pathway for appressorium formation and maturation to facilitate infection ofM. oryzae.
Strategies to enhance pediatric clinical trial participation: A systematic review with narrative synthesis
Authors: McKenzie Paige Leigh , Siegel Dawn H. , Cullen Danielle , Castelo‐Soccio Leslie 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesRecruitment has been identified as a key barrier to conducting pediatric trials. However, no current guidelines have been used for evidence‐based strategies to optimize the recruitment of children. In this review, we identify and codify strategies to enhance pediatric clinical trial participation in the current literature for future study in implementation trials.MethodsSearches were conducted in MEDLINE/PubMed, EMBASE, and Web of Science. Studies were included if they focused on improving recruitment of children <18 years of age into clinical trials and were published prior to December 1, 2020. Data extracted included information on study design, recruitment population, key recruitment strategy recommendations, and motivators and barriers of trial participation.ResultsOut of the 80 included studies, strategies proposed to increase pediatric clinical trial participation were extremely varied in terms of strategy type and level of evidence. None of these studies were pediatric dermatology specific. We categorized strategies into the following groups: protocol development/pre‐trial planning, trial marketing, educational tools, communication strategies, community involvement, incentives, or structural changes.ConclusionsWe identified and codified strategies reported in the literature for increasing pediatric recruitment and found that few are evidence‐based. Investigators should consider incorporating strategies to enhance recruitment in each stage of clinical trial conduct and tailor recruitment techniques to the specific population of interest. While some strategies should be employed broadly, others could benefit from further study in implementation trials to determine their comparative effectiveness in recruiting different groups of children.
English plantain deploys stress tolerance mechanisms at various organization levels across an altitudinal gradient in the Pyrenees
Authors: Morales Melanie , Pasques Ot , Munné‐Bosch Sergi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHigh‐mountain plants must withstand high solar irradiation and low temperatures during winter. Furthermore, climate change is increasing drought events, which pose an additional threat to plants. Here, we studied the stress tolerance mechanisms at various levels of biological organization in English plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.), focusing on photoprotective and antioxidant responses. The response of populations from three different altitudes in the Eastern Pyrenees (1030, 1380, and 1660 m. a.s.l.) was compared during both autumn and winter. Results showed that plants not only suffered from photoinhibition due to very low temperatures at the highest elevation during winter, but also from mild drought stress at the lowest altitude during autumn. Individuals growing at the highest elevation showed reductions in the maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm ratio), which might be caused by the lack of an increased induction of tolerance mechanisms at the highest elevation compared to the intermediate one. Although most leaves died at the highest elevation, plants could withstand stress at the organism level by generating new leaves once the stress ceased. Drought at the lowest elevation during autumn caused mild stress with small decreases in the Fv/Fm ratio, along with an increase in abscisic acid and jasmonic acid content. This study underlines the great capacity of English plantain to adapt to high elevation by activating not only photo‐ and antioxidant protection mechanisms and adjustments in stress‐related phytohormones, but also by fully regenerating its aboveground biomass through renewed growth once the stress has ceased.
In-Situ Fracture Tolerance of the Metatarsals During Quasi-Static Compressive Loading of the Human Foot
Authors: Kalra Mayank , Bahensky Robert , McLachlin Stewart D. , Cronin Duane S. , Chandrashekar Naveen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Accidental foot injuries including metatarsal fractures commonly result from compressive loading. The ability of personal protective equipment to prevent these traumatic injuries depends on the understanding of metatarsal fracture tolerance. However, the in situ fracture tolerance of the metatarsals under direct compressive loading to the foot's dorsal surface remains unexplored, even though the metatarsals are the most commonly fractured bones in the foot. The goal of this study was to quantify the in situ fracture tolerance of the metatarsals under simulated quasi-static compressive loading. Fresh-frozen cadaveric feet (n = 10) were mounted into a testing apparatus to replicate a natural stance and loaded at the midmetatarsals with a cylindrical bar to simulate a crushing-type injury. A 900 N compressive force was initially applied, followed by 225 N successive load increments. Specimens were examined using X-ray imaging between load increments to assess for the presence of metatarsal fractures. Descriptive statistics were conducted for metatarsal fracture force and deformation. Pearson correlation tests were used to quantify the correlation between fracture force with age and body mass index (BMI). The force and deformation at fracture were 1861 ± 642 N (mean ± standard deviation) and 22.6 ± 3.4 mm, respectively. Fracture force was correlated with donor BMI (r = 0.90). Every fractured specimen experienced a transverse fracture in the second metatarsal. New biomechanical data from this study further quantify the metatarsal fracture risk under compressive loading and will help to improve the development and testing of improved personal protective equipment for the foot to avoid catastrophic injury.
Numerical Simulation and Modeling Convention of Unsteady Fluidelastic Forces of Tube Arrays
Authors: Zhang Mingjie , Wang Xu , Øiseth Ole 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a numerical investigation on the unsteady fluidelastic forces of tube arrays. The key focus is on the consistency between the unsteady fluidelastic force model and the quasi-steady model for tube arrays at large reduced flow velocities, as well as comparing two well-known conventions for the unsteady model. Two-dimensional unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) simulations are used to prove that the viscous damping coefficients of Tanaka's convention approach their quasi-steady values as the reduced flow velocity approaches infinity, whereas the hysteretic damping coefficients of Chen's modified convention always approach zero and hence result in low-resolution data plots as the reduced flow velocity becomes large. The nonconstant viscous damping coefficients of Tanaka's experimental data at high reduced flow velocities (which motivated the introduction of Chen's modified convention) might be induced by a systematic identification error in the phase of the fluidelastic force. A row of three flexible cylinders is used as a numerical example to analyze the effect of systematic phase error on the predicted stability boundary of the fluidelastic instability. Although identical fluidelastic forces are simulated by using the two conventions, Tanaka's convention is recommended due to its compatibility with the quasi-steady theory and optimal resolutions of data plots over any range of reduced flow velocities.
A Practical Analysis Framework for Assessment of Printed Circuit Heat Exchangers in High-Temperature Nuclear Service
Authors: Shaw Avinash , Mahajan Heramb P. , Hassan Tasnim 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHEs) have high thermal efficiency because of the numerous minuscule channels. These minuscule channels result in a high thermal exchange area per unit volume, making PCHE a top contender for an intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) in high-temperature reactors. Thousands of minuscule channels make finite element analysis of the PCHE computationally infeasible. A two-dimensional analysis is usually performed for the PCHE core, which cannot simulate the local channel level responses reasonably because of the absence of global constraint influence. At present, there is no analysis technique available in the ASME Code or literature that is computationally efficient and suitable for engineers to estimate PCHE local responses. A novel but practical two-step analysis framework is proposed for performing PCHE analysis. In the first step, the channeled core is replaced by orthotropic solids with similar stiffness to simulate the global thermomechanical elastic responses of the PCHE. In the second step, local submodel analysis with detailed channel geometry and loading is performed using the elastic-perfectly plastic (EPP) material model. The proposed two-step analysis technique provides a unique capability to estimate the channel corner responses to be used for PCHE performance assessment. This study first developed a methodology for calculating the elastic orthotropic properties of the PCHE core. Next, the two-step analysis is performed for a realistic size PCHE core, and different issues observed in the results are scrutinized and resolved. Finally, a practical finite element analysis framework for PCHEs in high-temperature nuclear service is recommended.
Fibrillar Collagen: A Review of the Mechanical Modeling of Strain-Mediated Enzymatic Turnover
Authors: Topol Heiko , Demirkoparan Hasan , Pence Thomas J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCollagen is the most abundant protein in mammals, often serving as the main load bearing constituent in soft tissues. Collagen undergoes continuous remodeling processes in which present collagen degrades, and new collagen is formed and deposited. Experiments find that modestly strained fibrillar collagen is often stabilized to enzymatic degradation, a mechanism that is essential in approaching and maintaining a homeostatic balance in the tissue remodeling process for healthy tissue. At larger strains, this decline in the collagen degradation rate may be reversed. This article reviews different modeling approaches that seek to account for the effect of straining on collagen remodeling, both with respect to collagen amount and to resulting mechanical properties. These models differ in the considered length scale starting from the molecular scale up to the larger continuum scale.
Exploring Female University Athlete Experiences of Coping With Protracted Concussion Symptoms
Authors: Steins Rebecca M. , Bloom Gordon , Caron Jeffrey 
Published: October 2021

Concussions result in a multitude of somatic, cognitive, and/or emotional symptoms as well as physical and behavior changes and disturbances in balance, cognition, and sleep. Moreover, some concussed athletes can experience these symptoms, changes, and disturbances for extended periods of time. This qualitative study explored the coping skills used by five female university athletes who suffered persistent concussion symptoms for more than 6 weeks. Our analysis of the interview data indicated that the athletes used emotion-focused coping strategies, such as avoidance and acceptance, throughout their recovery. In addition, the lack of perceived control over their injuries, a lack of a symptom-specific treatment protocol, and the type of social support they received influenced their coping abilities. These results add to the limited, yet growing, body of literature on the psychology of sport-related concussions, particularly with respect to identifying the types of resources that athletes may use to cope and manage concussion symptoms.
Heuristics in the delivery room
Authors: Singh Manasvini 
Published: October 2021

Decisions about delivery
Heuristics, or simplified decision rules, have been found to influence decision-making in several settings. Singh found that when patients experience a complication during birth either via vaginal or cesarean delivery, their doctors are more likely to switch to the opposite delivery mode for their next patient’s birth (see the Perspective by Li and Colby). There is also evidence that this heuristic may lead to worse patient outcomes. —TSR
Hearing hoofbeats? Think head and neck trauma: a 10-year NTDB analysis of equestrian-related trauma in the USA
Authors: Mutore Kevin , Lim Jiyun , Fofana Demba , Torres-Reveron Annelyn , Skubic Jeffrey J 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveThere is a paucity of evidence about traumatic injuries and their sequelae sustained due to equestrian injuries nationally.MethodsRetrospective study analyzing National Trauma Data Bank data from 2007 to 2016. Variables collected included age, sex, race, payer status, Injury Severity Score (ISS), hospital length of stay, Glasgow Coma Scale, systolic blood pressure (SBP) at presentation, discharge disposition, and mortality. Patient data were analyzed by anatomic region.ResultsThe most frequent type of injury was in the thorax, but head and neck injuries produced the highest mortality. Increased ISS and an SBP of less than 90 mm Hg were also significant predictors of mortality.ConclusionsThe risk of hospital admission from equestrian injuries is higher than football, motor vehicle racing, and skiing. Preventive measures and campaigns should be instituted to highlight safety practices and the use of personal protective equipment while on horseback either for sports, leisure, or work.Level of evidenceLevel IV. Retrospective study.
Slopes: soil erosion
Authors: Boardman John , Poesen Jean , Evans Martin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Significant developments in soil erosion research for the period 1950–2000 are reviewed. The main emphasis is on work in western Europe and North America. We highlight work on process studies in splash, rill and gully erosion. Important developments also occurred in monitoring, measuring and modelling erosion, as well as in recording and understanding rates of erosion. We concentrate on cultivated and bare soils, and have included badlands and peatland erosion in our review.
Compiling with continuations, correctly
Authors: Paraskevopoulou Zoe , Grover Anvay 
Published: October 2021

In this paper we present a novel simulation relation for proving correctness of program transformations that combines syntactic simulations and logical relations. In particular, we establish a new kind of simulation diagram that uses a small-step or big-step semantics in the source language and an untyped, step-indexed logical relation in the target language. Our technique provides a practical solution for proving semantics preservation for transformations that do not preserve reductions in the source language. This is common when transformations generate new binder names, and hence α-conversion must be explicitly accounted for, or when transformations introduce administrative redexes. Our technique does not require reductions in the source language to correspond directly to reductions in the target language. Instead, we enforce a weaker notion of semantic preorder, which suffices to show that semantics are preserved for both whole-program and separate compilation. Because our logical relation is transitive, we can transition between intermediate program states in a small-step fashion and hence the shape of the proof resembles that of a simple small-step simulation.
We use this technique to revisit the semantic correctness of a continuation-passing style (CPS) transformation and we demonstrate how it allows us to overcome well-known complications of this proof related to α-conversion and administrative reductions. In addition, by using a logical relation that is indexed by invariants that relate the resource consumption of two programs, we are able show that the transformation preserves diverging behaviors and that our CPS transformation asymptotically preserves the running time of the source program. Our results are formalized in the Coq proof assistant. Our continuation-passing style transformation is part of the CertiCoq compiler for Gallina, the specification language of Coq.
Translating C to safer Rust
Authors: Emre Mehmet , Schroeder Ryan , Dewey Kyle , Hardekopf Ben 
Published: October 2021

Rust is a relatively new programming language that targets efficient and safe systems-level applications. It includes a sophisticated type system that allows for provable memory- and thread-safety, and is explicitly designed to take the place of unsafe languages such as C and C++ in the coding ecosystem. There is a large existing C and C++ codebase (many of which have been affected by bugs and security vulnerabilities due to unsafety) that would benefit from being rewritten in Rust to remove an entire class of potential bugs. However, porting these applications to Rust manually is a daunting task.
In this paper we investigate the problem of automatically translating C programs into safer Rust programs--that is, Rust programs that improve on the safety guarantees of the original C programs. We conduct an in-depth study into the underlying causes of unsafety in translated programs and the relative impact of fixing each cause. We also describe a novel technique for automatically removing a particular cause of unsafety and evaluate its effectiveness and impact. This paper presents the first empirical study of unsafety in translated Rust programs (as opposed to programs originally written in Rust) and also the first technique for automatically removing causes of unsafety in translated Rust programs.