bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Canonical History of the Old Testament Apocrypha
Authors: McDonald Lee Martin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
From ancient times, those Jewish religious writings now regularly identified as “Apocrypha” have had a varied history of meaning and function in the churches and in their scope and presence in Bibles. The term itself has ranges in meaning from hidden and sacred to spurious and rejected. McDonald focuses on history of the recognition of the emergence and change of the meaning of the Apocrypha as well as how these religious texts functioned in the communities that welcomed them as Scripture, or as valued and readable texts for church (“ecclesiastical”) use, but not as sacred Scripture. Their history of use and rejection is best reflected in the Dead Sea Scrolls, the New Testament, Josephus, the Early Church Fathers, ancient canon lists, major manuscripts, translations, and church council decisions.
Technology, Labor, and the Gig Economy
Authors: Woodcock Jamie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the interconnections between technology, labor, and the gig economy. It starts by analyzing the changing context of work, connecting contemporary changes to a historical context. This draws out the ongoing undermining of the employment relationship alongside neoliberal reforms and policies. The chapter then examines the organizational form of platforms, the specific preconditions that shape their implementation, and the overlaps this has with the gig economy. In particular, it focuses on the emergence of two new models of platform work: geographically tethered work like transport and online forms of cloudwork. The chapter concludes by reflecting on the implications of platforms for understanding the changes to work, as well as charting potential new areas for research.
Introduction: Convergences and Divergences in Contemporary Pentateuchal Research
Authors: Baden Joel S. , Stackert Jeffrey 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The field of pentateuchal studies continues to witness an impressive volume of scholarly productivity. Given this robust interest, it is unsurprising that diverse perspectives, approaches, and foci are represented in current scholarship. Newer developments in the broader field of biblical studies are also impacting pentateuchal studies, both being combined with more established research trajectories and offering important correctives to existing research. This essay lays out the most salient points of agreement among contemporary pentateuchal scholars as well as points of persistent disagreement.
Form and Tradition Criticism
Authors: Dozeman Thomas B. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the influence of the history of religions school on the interpretation of the Pentateuch in two important areas of research: (1) the identification of individual oral stories in form criticism; and (2) the attempt to trace the formation of oral stories into larger collections in tradition history. It also discusses the main methodological issues raised by the various approaches surveyed in this chapter.
Positions on Redaction
Authors: Müller Reinhard 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This essay examines the nature of pentateuchal redaction, the various positions that scholars have taken on it across the history of modern biblical studies, and the ways that these theories contribute to larger theories of compositional history. It highlights the manner in which redactional theories have been especially productive among continental European scholars over the past half-century. The essay concludes with a consideration of external, empirical evidence for redaction, especially among the Persian and Hellenistic period witnesses to the Pentateuch.
The Relationship of the Legal Codes
Authors: Stackert Jeffrey 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This essay discusses the major pentateuchal legal collections (the Covenant Code, Priestly Law, Deuteronomic Law, the Holiness Code) and the possible relationships that adhere among them. It also considers different interpretive approaches to these legal materials (juridical, literary), especially as the laws relate to the narratives in which they are embedded. The essay concludes with a discussion of the revisionary methods that later authors employed in their reuse of earlier pentateuchal legislation.
The Identification of Preexilic Material in the Pentateuch
Authors: Polak Frank 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
It is the aim of this chapter to indicate the convergence of the linguistic data and the sociocultural background for many segments in the narratives of the patriarchs and the Exodus, noting the convergence of the cultural hybridity of these narratives that are sometimes close to the Ugaritic epic, and their predominant oral background, as revealed by language usage. Some of the allusions to sociopolitical and geopolitical context dovetail with different periods of the Israelite/Judahite monarchy. Against these features I pointed to the congruence of the language usage of the deuteronomic/ priestly strata and their place in the royal/temple administration. This dialectic interplay of cultural/linguistic contrasts and convergences indicates four main formative stages/strata for pentateuchal literature, to begin with the oral/written, epic stage (ninth/early eighth century).
The Genres of the Pentateuch and Their Social Settings
Authors: Roskop Erisman Angela 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The ability to recognize genres has been central to modern critical study of the Pentateuch since the work of Hermann Gunkel at the turn of the twentieth century. This essay surveys the legal, administrative, and literary genres used in the Pentateuch, offering a sense of its generic complexity. Genres are defined not as the fixed and stable forms used to classify texts, as understood by classic form-critical method, but as idealized cognitive models employed as tools for writing and interpreting texts, an understanding drawn from modern genre theory. Because genres are situated in social contexts, Gunkel saw genre as central to writing a history of Israel’s literature. This essay surveys the limitations of Gunkel’s vision yet identifies a way to reconnect with it and write a more organic literary history, one that may intersect with but also at times challenge the results of source- and redaction-critical methods.
The Pentateuch as “Torah”
Authors: Watts James W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This essay observes that Jewish, Samaritan, and Christian readers engage the same pentateuchal texts, but they name them differently, publish them in different material forms, perform particular liturgical and devotional readings of them, and interpret them distinctively. These differences can be traced historically to four key figures in four pivotal moments: Ezra, Judah Maccabee, Judah haNasi, and Irenaeus. The developments associated with these figures help to account for the distinctive identities of Jews, Samaritans, and Christians.
The Text of the Pentateuch
Authors: White Crawford Sidnie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This essay reconstructs the history of the text of the Pentateuch from the extant evidence available, starting with a brief inscription from the seventh century BCE and ending with the medieval Masoretic Text and Samaritan Pentateuch. It begins with an overview of the available textual evidence. There follows a history of text-critical theories concerning the development of the text of the Pentateuch, finishing with the author’s own reconstruction of that development. Finally, the essay ends with a brief discussion of the relevance of this textual data to the current debate concerning the composition of the Pentateuch.
The Evolution of Human Life Course
Authors: Suman Francesco 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Homo sapiens’ life history pattern possesses both fast and slow components, in a combination that is unique among the extant great apes. One of the issues debated in current evolutionary research is the role played by phenotypic plasticity as a non-genetic means of adaptation to evolutionary challenges. While life history parameters are shaped at a species level by genetic adaptations via natural selection, they remain very sensitive to changes in the environment. Relying on updated evidence and on key explanatory tools of the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (phenotypic plasticity, niche construction, and inclusive inheritance), it is likely that environmentally induced plasticity led the way in human life history evolution, promoting subsequent genetic accommodation. To the extent that culturally transmitted behaviors altered the selective pressures that acted on life history traits across generations during human evolution, a culturally driven plasticity dynamic shaping human life history traits can be identified. Two case studies in particular are discussed: the human adaptations to the domestication of fire and the self-domestication hypothesis.
Exploring the Evolutionary Pathways from Number Sense to Numeracy
Authors: Frank Roslyn M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, four stages are proposed for the evolutionary development of number systems in humans with special emphasis being given to neurocognitive and linguistic aspects of the evolutionary process. The four stages are: 1) number sense—innate quantitative competence without counting and language; 2) transition to syntactic language and counting skills; 3) transition from finger-counting to numeracy; and 4) establishment of a complex numerical lexicon and its notational instantiation. Evidence drawn from the archaeological record as well as contemporary ethnographic research is used to investigate the symbolic reference gap that exists between the two biologically given systems which allow for quantification judgments and those systems that are truly numerical in nature and hence culturally instantiated. The possible key role played by finger-counting, specifically as a bridging mechanism, in this evolutionary process is also highlighted.
Transcending the Rational Symbol System
Authors: Heylighen Francis 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Symbols support the uniquely human capabilities of language, culture, and thinking. Therefore, cognitive scientists have tried to explain intelligence as founded on Rational Symbol Systems (RSS). RSS use syntactical and logical rules to combine discrete symbols into meaningful expressions and inferences. However, these symbols fail to capture continuous, felt experience. The proposed solution is to ground symbols in situated interactions and subsymbolic networks of associations. Historically, different approaches have attempted to overcome the shortcomings of RSS. These include science, by formalizing and operationalizing symbols; philosophy, by critically analyzing the relation between symbols and reality; art, by evoking subjective experiences; and spirituality, by expanding consciousness. Information technologies, such as artificial intelligence, neural networks, simulations and virtual reality, make it possible to integrate their results. That would allow externalizing and controlling creativity and intuition, thus inaugurating an evolutionary transition to a supra-human level of intelligence, the “Global Brain”.
The Aboutness of Language and the Evolution of the Construction-ready Brain
Authors: Arbib Michael A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The chapter presents the hypothesis that early Homo sapiens were language-ready in the sense that they had brains that could have supported language had it already been developed, but were not yet language-using. Informed by data from comparative neuroprimatology, the approach sees protolanguage emerging from complex recognition and imitation of manual skills via biocultural evolution, while cultural evolution alone supported the emergence of language from protolanguage. This approach supports the view that the Homo sapiens language-ready brain had the more general property of being construction-ready, and that this made possible the emergence of drawing and painting through later cultural evolution.
Primate Parents
Authors: Botero Maria 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the author will provide an overview of some of the main areas of research and ideas on the evolution of parenting in human and nonhuman primates, including parenting styles, and parental investment and attachment. The author will situate different approaches in their historical context of origin and analyze their merits and disadvantages. Then, the author will pose two fundamental questions that have changed how we approach the evolutionary history of parenting: “Who is a parent?” and “what is a parent?” The author will provide examples of some of the biases that are present in answers to these two questions, and of how a critical analysis of the traditional theories in the evolution of parenting is transforming the way researchers understand the evolution of parenting in recent years.
Rheumatoid arthritis patients with predominantly tender joints rarely achieve clinical remission despite being in ultrasound remission
Authors: Hammer Hilde Berner , Jensen Hansen Inger Marie , Järvinen Pentti , Leirisalo-Repo Marjatta , Ziegelasch Michael , Agular Birte , Terslev Lene 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Given that subjective variables might reduce remission by composite DAS (CDAS), the main objectives were to explore whether RA patients with mainly tender vs mainly swollen joints had differences in patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs), clinical or US assessments or in achieving remission defined by CDAS or US.

Methods
In a Nordic multicentre study, RA patients initiating tocilizumab were assessed by PROMs, clinical, laboratory and US assessments (36 joints and 4 tendons) at baseline, 4, 12 and 24 weeks. Remission was defined according to clinical disease activity index (CDAI)/Boolean or no Doppler activity present. Tender–swollen joint differences (TSJDs) were calculated. Statistics exploring changes over time/differences between groups included Wilcoxon, Mann–Whitney, Kruskal–Wallis and Spearman tests.

Results
One hundred and ten patients were included [mean (s.d.) age 55.6 (12.1) years, RA duration 8.7 (9.5) years]. All PROMs, clinical, laboratory and US scores decreased during follow-up (P &lt; 0.001). During follow-up, tender joint counts were correlated primarily with PROMs [r = 0.24–0.56 (P &lt; 0.05–0.001)] and swollen joint counts with US synovitis scores [r = 0.33–0.72 (P &lt; 0.05–0.001)]. At 24 weeks, patients with TSJD &gt; 0 had higher PROMs and CDAI (P &lt; 0.05–0.001) but lower US synovitis scores (P &lt; 0.05). Remission by CDAI/Boolean was seen in 26–34% and by Doppler 53%, but only 2–3% of patients with TSJD &gt; 0 achieved CDAI/Boolean remission.

Conclusion
Patients with more tender than swollen joints scored higher on subjective assessments but had less US synovitis. They seldom achieved CDAS remission despite many being in Doppler remission. If patients with predominantly tender joints do not reach CDAS remission, objective assessments of inflammation should be performed.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, https://clinicaltrials.gov/, NCT02046616.
Risk of diverticulitis and gastrointestinal perforation in rheumatoid arthritis treated with tocilizumab compared to rituximab or abatacept
Authors: Rempenault Claire , Lukas Cédric , Combe Bernard , Herrero Astrid , Pane Isabelle , Schaeverbeke Thierry , Wendling Daniel , Pham Thao , Gottenberg Jacques-Eric , Mariette Xavier , Morel Jacques ,   the French Society of Rheumatology and the investigators participating in AIR-PR, ORA and REGATE registries
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objective
To compare the risk of diverticulitis and gastrointestinal perforation (GIP) in RA treated with tocilizumab (TCZ) compared with rituximab (RTX) and abatacept (ABA).

Methods
We conducted a population-based study using three observational French registries on TCZ, RTX and ABA in RA. Using a propensity score approach, we compared the risk of diverticulitis or GIP in these patients.

Results
With inverse probability weighting, there was an increased risk of diverticulitis in TCZ-treated patients compared with RTX- or ABA-treated patients [hazard ratio (HR)=3.1 (95% CI: 1.5, 6.3), P =0.002]. Moreover, patients treated with TCZ had also an increased risk of GIP due to diverticulitis compared with those treated with RTX or ABA [HR=3.8 (1.1–13.6), P =0.04], resulting in an overall increased risk of GIP [HR=2.9 (1.1–7.8), P =0.03], while no significant increased risk of GIP due to any other aetiology was found in TCZ treated patients. Diverticulitis and GIP occurred earlier with TCZ than other drugs after the last perfusion (P =0.01), with atypical clinical presentation (slow transit in 30%, P =0.04) and lower acute-phase reactants at the time of the event (P =0.005).

Conclusion
TCZ for RA was associated with increased odds of diverticulitis as well as GIP due to diverticulitis as compared with RTX and ABA. Our study confirms the increased odds of GIP in patients receiving TCZ, which might be explained by an increased risk of diverticulitis with misleading clinical presentation.
Anakinra in hospitalized non-intubated patients with coronavirus disease 2019: a Systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Barkas Fotios , Filippas-Ntekouan Sebastian , Kosmidou Maria , Liberopoulos Evangelos , Liontos Angelos , Milionis Haralampos 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Acute respiratory distress syndrome and cytokine release syndrome are the major complications of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) associated with increased mortality risk. We performed a meta-analysis to assess the efficacy and safety of anakinra in adult hospitalized non-intubated patients with COVID-19.

Methods
Relevant trials were identified by searching literature until 24 April 2021 using the following terms: anakinra, IL-1, coronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2. Trials evaluating the effect of anakinra on the need for invasive mechanical ventilation and mortality in hospitalized non-intubated patients with COVID-19 were included.

Results
Nine studies (n = 1119) were eligible for inclusion in the present meta-analysis. Their bias risk with reference to the assessed parameters was high. In pooled analyses, anakinra reduced the need for invasive mechanical ventilation (odds ratio (OR): 0.38, 95% CI: 0.17–0.85, P = 0.02, I2 = 67%; six studies, n = 587) and mortality risk (OR: 0.32, 95% CI: 0.23–0.45, P &lt; 0.00001, I2 = 0%; nine studies, n = 1119) compared with standard of care therapy. There were no differences regarding the risk of adverse events, including liver dysfunction (OR: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.48–1.16, P &gt; 0.05, I2 = 28%; five studies, n = 591) and bacteraemia (OR: 1.07, 95% CI: 0.42–2.73, P &gt; 0.05, I2 = 71%; six studies, n = 727).

Conclusions
Available evidence shows that treatment with anakinra reduces both the need for invasive mechanical ventilation and mortality risk of hospitalized non-intubated patients with COVID-19 without increasing the risk of adverse events. Confirmation of efficacy and safety requires randomized placebo-controlled trials.
Precision medicine in autoimmune diseases: fact or fiction
Authors: Toro-Domínguez Daniel , Alarcón-Riquelme Marta E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Much is said about precision medicine, but its real significance and potential are far from certain. Several studies in each of the autoimmune diseases have provided important insights into molecular pathways, but the use of molecular studies, particularly those looking into transcriptome pathways, has seldom approached the possibility of using the data for disease stratification and then for prediction, or for diagnosis. Only the type I IFN signature has been considered for therapeutic purposes, particularly in the case of SLE. This review provides an update on precision medicine, on what can be translated into clinical practice and on what single-cell molecular studies contribute to our knowledge of autoimmune diseases, focusing on a few examples. The main message is that we should try to move from precision medicine of established diseases to preventive medicine in order to predict the development of disease.
The Political Underrepresentation of People with Disabilities in the Japanese Diet
Authors: OKURA Sae 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper examines the political underrepresentation of people with disabilities in the Japanese Diet and the conditions that allow their participation in the body. The paper addresses the following three research questions: (a) how are people with disabilities represented in contemporary Japan and the EU member states, and what are the differences between them?; (b) why have people with disabilities been underrepresented in Japan? and (c) how do candidates with disabilities but lacking typical political careers become members of the Diet? This paper further discusses the electoral system, political parties' attitudes toward people with disabilities, social and community participation of people with disabilities, and political culture as factors that affect minority groups' participation in the Japanese Diet. Key findings: (a) a comparison with EU member states shows that the underrepresentation of people with disabilities in parliamentary bodies is a common issue; (b) people with disabilities are less involved in traditional political communities and society in general, which hampers their participation in the parliament and (c) in the immediate postwar period disabled Diet members were mainly wounded people with typical political careers, but from the 1990s onwards disabled people without typical political careers became Diet members. Moreover, the proportional electoral system and political parties' stronger commitment to include candidates with disabilities facilitated the increase in disabled membership.
Revealing the salt tolerance mechanism of Tamarix hispida by large-scale identification of genes conferring salt tolerance
Authors: Wang Zhibo , He Zihang , Xu Xin , Shi Xinxin , Ji Xiaoyu , Wang Yucheng 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The identification of genes conferring salt tolerance is important to reveal plant salt tolerance mechanisms. Here, we employed yeast expression system combined with high-throughput sequencing to identify genes conferring salt tolerance from Tamarix hispida Willd. A total of 1224 potential genes conferring salt tolerance were identified. Twenty-one genes were randomly selected for functional characterization using transient transformation in T. hispida and stable transformation in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. More than 90% of studied genes are found to confer tolerance to salt stress, indicating that the identified genes are reliable. More than 75% of the identified genes were highly expressed in roots rather than in leaves, suggesting roots play an important role in salt tolerance. The genes belonging to ‘response to stimulus’ were highly accumulated , and these accounted for 32% of the total identified genes. In addition, the processes of ‘protein translation’, ‘osmotic adjustment’, ‘scavenging of free radicals’, ‘photosynthesis, detoxification of cells’, ‘protection of cellular macromolecules’ and ‘maintenance of cellular pH’ play important roles in salt tolerance. This study provides useful information on the salt tolerance mechanism of T. hispida and offers a valuable resource for exploring genes used in salt tolerance breeding.