bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Central Equatorial Pacific Cooling During the Last Glacial Maximum
Authors: Monteagudo Minda Moriah , Lynch‐Stieglitz Jean , Marchitto Thomas M. , Schmidt Matthew W. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEstablishing tropical sea surface temperature (SST) during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) is important for constraining equilibrium climate sensitivity to radiative forcing. Until now, there has been little data from the central equatorial Pacific in global compilations, with foraminiferal assemblage‐based estimates suggesting the region was within 1°C of modern temperatures during the LGM. This is in stark contrast to multi‐proxy evidence from the eastern and western Pacific and model simulations which support larger cooling. Here we present the first estimates of glacial SST in the central equatorial Pacific from Mg/Ca in Globigerinoides ruber. Our results show that the central Pacific cooled by about 2.0°C during the LGM, in contrast with previous global compilations but in agreement with models. Our data support a larger magnitude of tropical LGM cooling, and thus a larger equilibrium climate sensitivity, than previous studies which relied on foraminiferal assemblages in the central tropical Pacific.
Consistent Large‐Scale Response of Hourly Extreme Precipitation to Temperature Variation Over Land
Authors: Ali Haider , Fowler Hayley J. , Lenderink Geert , Lewis Elizabeth , Pritchard David 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHourly precipitation extremes can intensify with temperature at higher rates than expected from thermodynamic increases explained by the Clausius‐Clapeyron (CC) relationship (∼6.5%/K), but local scaling with surface air temperature is highly variable. Here we use daily dew point temperature, a direct proxy of absolute humidity, to estimate at‐gauge local scaling across six macro‐regions for a global data set of over 7,000 hourly precipitation gauges. We find scaling rates from CC to 2 × CC at more than 60% of gauges, peaking in the tropics at a median rate of ∼1.5CC. Moreover, regional scaling rates show surprisingly universal behavior at around CC, with higher scaling in Europe. Importantly for impacts, hourly scaling is persistently higher than scaling for daily extreme precipitation. Our results indicate greater consistency in global scaling than previous work, usually at or above CC, with positive scaling in the (sub)tropics. This demonstrates the relevance of DPT scaling to understanding future changes.
Statistics and Forecasting of Aftershocks During the 2019 Ridgecrest, California, Earthquake Sequence
Authors: Shcherbakov Robert 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe 2019 Ridgecrest, California, earthquake sequence represents a complex pattern of seismicity that is characterized by the occurrence of a well‐defined foreshock sequence followed by a mainshock and subsequent aftershocks. In this study, a detailed statistical analysis of the sequence is performed. Particularly, the parametric modeling of the frequency‐magnitude statistics and the earthquake occurrence rate is carried out. It is shown that the clustering of earthquakes plays an important role during the evolution of this sequence. In addition, the problem of constraining the magnitude of the largest expected aftershocks to occur during the evolution of the sequence is addressed. In order to do this, two approaches are considered. The first one is based on the extreme value theory, whereas the second one uses the Bayesian predictive framework. The latter approach has allowed to incorporate the complex earthquake clustering through the Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) process and the uncertainties associated with the model parameters into the computation of the corresponding probabilities. The results indicate that the inclusion of the foreshock sequence into the analysis produces higher probabilities for the occurrence of the largest expected aftershocks after the M7.1 mainshock compared to the approach based on the extreme value distribution combined with the Omori‐Utsu formula for the earthquake rate. Several statistical tests are applied to verify the forecast.
A Soil Moisture‐Dependent Model to Simulate Water Table Depth and Proportions of Surface and Subsurface Runoff and Its Validation at the Basin Scale
Authors: Lv Meizhao , Yang Zong‐Liang , Xu Zhongfeng , Dan Li , Lv Meixia , Zheng Hui 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn land surface models, the ability to simulate runoff is a good diagnostic for the hydrological cycle and other surface parameterizations; however, the partitioning of total runoff into surface and subsurface runoff shows considerable uncertainties. The interaction between soil moisture and groundwater plays an important role in simulating the surface and subsurface runoff. Specific yield (Sy) is widely used to calculate water table depths, in which the error comes mainly from uncertainty in determining the Sy value. This study developed a new soil moisture‐dependent model (SMD‐model) to improve the simulations of water table depths and partitioning total runoff into subsurface and surface components. The validations against observations and the Community Noah Land Surface Model with MultiParameterization Options (Noah‐MP) in three basins indicate that the SMD‐model can simulate a realistic and stable water table series, which shows the detailed variations of observed water tables, avoiding the uncertainties in determining Sy; and it can generate accurate proportions of surface and subsurface runoff. However, when Sy is used to calculate the water table depth, keeping other processes the same as in the SMD‐model, it produces a series of smoother and deeper water tables, and underestimates the proportion of subsurface runoff to total runoff by 24%–28%. Noah‐MP captures the overall variation of observed water tables and overestimates the proportion of subsurface runoff by 20%–33%. This study can provide relatively accurate estimations of water tables and surface and subsurface runoff, and benefit the study of land‐atmosphere interactions.
BATF2 prevents glioblastoma multiforme progression by inhibiting recruitment of myeloid-derived suppressor cells
Authors: Zhang Xin , Liu Yi , Dai Lei , Shi Gang , Deng Jie , Luo Qiang , Xie Qian , Cheng Lin , Li Chunlei , Lin Yi , Wang Qingnan , Fan Ping , Zhang Hantao , Su Xiaolan , Zhang Shuang , Yang Yang , Hu Xun , Gong Qiyong , Yu Dechao , Zheng Lei , Deng Hongxin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe basic leucine zipper ATF-like transcription factor 2 (BATF2) has been implicated in inflammatory responses and anti-tumour effects. Little, however, is known regarding its extracellular role in maintaining a non-supportive cancer microenvironment. Here, we show that BATF2 inhibits glioma growth and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) recruitment. Interestingly, extracellular vesicles (EVs) from BATF2-overexpressing glioma cell lines (BATF2-EVs) inhibited MDSCs chemotaxis in vitro. Moreover, BATF2 inhibited intracellular SDF-1α and contributes to decreased SDF-1α in EVs. In addition, BATF2 downregulation-induced MDSCs recruitment were reversed by blocking SDF-1α/CXCR4 signalling upon AMD3100 treatment. Specifically, detection of EVs in 24 pairs of gliomas and healthy donors at different stages revealed that the abundance of BATF2-positive EVs in plasma (BATF2+plEVs) can distinguish stage III–IV glioma from stage I–II glioma and healthy donors. Taken together, our study identified novel regulatory functions of BATF2 in regulating MDSCs recruitment, providing a prognostic value in terms of the number of BATF2+plEVs in glioma stage.
Ultra-narrow-bandwidth graphene quantum dots for superresolved spectral and spatial sensing
Authors: Wang Zhen , Dong Xuezhe , Zhou Shuyun , Xie Zheng , Zalevsky Zeev 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNarrow-bandwidth luminescent materials are already used in optoelectronic devices, superresolution, lasers, imaging, and sensing. The new-generation carbon fluorescence nanomaterials—carbon dots—have attracted considerable attention due to their advantages, such as simple operation, environmental friendliness, and good photoelectric performance. In this work, two narrower-bandwidth (21 and 30 nm) emission graphene quantum dots with long-wavelength fluorescence were successfully prepared by a one-step method, and their photoluminescence (PL) peaks were at 683 and 667 nm, respectively. These red-emitting graphene quantum dots were characterized by excitation wavelength dependence of the fluorescence lifetimes, and they were successfully applied to spectral and spatial superresolved sensing. Here, we proposed to develop an infrared spectroscopic sensing configuration based on two narrow-bandwidth-emission graphene quantum dots. The advantage of the method used is that spectroscopic information was extracted without using a spectrometer, and two narrow-bandwidth-emission graphene quantum dots were simultaneously excited to achieve spatial separation through the unique temporal “signatures” of the two types of graphene quantum dots. The spatial separation localization errors of the graphene quantum dots (GQDs-Sn and GQDs-OH) were 1 pixel (10 nm) and 3 pixels (30 nm), respectively. The method could also be adjusted for nanoscope-related applications in which spatial superresolved sensing was achieved.
Cellular Heterogeneity–Adjusted cLonal Methylation (CHALM) improves prediction of gene expression
Authors: Xu Jianfeng , Shi Jiejun , Cui Xiaodong , Cui Ya , Li Jingyi Jessica , Goel Ajay , Chen Xi , Issa Jean-Pierre , Su Jianzhong , Li Wei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPromoter DNA methylation is a well-established mechanism of transcription repression, though its global correlation with gene expression is weak. This weak correlation can be attributed to the failure of current methylation quantification methods to consider the heterogeneity among sequenced bulk cells. Here, we introduce Cell Heterogeneity–Adjusted cLonal Methylation (CHALM) as a methylation quantification method. CHALM improves understanding of the functional consequences of DNA methylation, including its correlations with gene expression and H3K4me3. When applied to different methylation datasets, the CHALM method enables detection of differentially methylated genes that exhibit distinct biological functions supporting underlying mechanisms.
Carbon nanotube-reduced graphene oxide fiber with high torsional strength from rheological hierarchy control
Authors: Eom Wonsik , Lee Eunsong , Lee Sang Hoon , Sung Tae Hyun , Clancy Adam J. , Lee Won Jun , Han Tae Hee 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHigh torsional strength fibers are of practical interest for applications such as artificial muscles, electric generators, and actuators. Herein, we maximize torsional strength by understanding, measuring, and overcoming rheological thresholds of nanocarbon (nanotube/graphene oxide) dopes. The formed fibers show enhanced structure across multiple length scales, modified hierarchy, and improved mechanical properties. In particular, the torsional properties were examined, with high shear strength (914 MPa) attributed to nanotubes but magnified by their structure, intercalating graphene sheets. This design approach has the potential to realize the hierarchical dimensional hybrids, and may also be useful to build the effective network structure of heterogeneous materials.
Adhesion-mediated heterogeneous actin organization governs apoptotic cell extrusion
Authors: Le Anh Phuong , Rupprecht Jean-François , Mège René-Marc , Toyama Yusuke , Lim Chwee Teck , Ladoux Benoît 
Published: January 2021

AbstractApoptotic extrusion is crucial in maintaining epithelial homeostasis. Current literature supports that epithelia respond to extrusion by forming a supracellular actomyosin purse-string in the neighbors. However, whether other actin structures could contribute to extrusion and how forces generated by these structures can be integrated are unknown. Here, we found that during extrusion, a heterogeneous actin network composed of lamellipodia protrusions and discontinuous actomyosin cables, was reorganized in the neighboring cells. The early presence of basal lamellipodia protrusion participated in both basal sealing of the extrusion site and orienting the actomyosin purse-string. The co-existence of these two mechanisms is determined by the interplay between the cell-cell and cell-substrate adhesions. A theoretical model integrates these cellular mechanosensitive components to explain why a dual-mode mechanism, which combines lamellipodia protrusion and purse-string contractility, leads to more efficient extrusion than a single-mode mechanism. In this work, we provide mechanistic insight into extrusion, an essential epithelial homeostasis process.
Non-volatile optical switch of resistance in photoferroelectric tunnel junctions
Authors: Long Xiao , Tan Huan , Sánchez Florencio , Fina Ignasi , Fontcuberta Josep 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn the quest for energy efficient and fast memory elements, optically controlled ferroelectric memories are promising candidates. Here, we show that, by taking advantage of the imprint electric field existing in the nanometric BaTiO3 films and their photovoltaic response at visible light, the polarization of suitably written domains can be reversed under illumination. We exploit this effect to trigger and measure the associate change of resistance in tunnel devices. We show that engineering the device structure by inserting an auxiliary dielectric layer, the electroresistance increases by a factor near 2 × 103%, and a robust electric and optic cycling of the device can be obtained mimicking the operation of a memory device under dual control of light and electric fields.
Plasmon-driven nanowire actuators for on-chip manipulation
Authors: Linghu Shuangyi , Gu Zhaoqi , Lu Jinsheng , Fang Wei , Yang Zongyin , Yu Huakang , Li Zhiyuan , Zhu Runlin , Peng Jian , Zhan Qiwen , Zhuang Songlin , Gu Min , Gu Fuxing 
Published: January 2021

AbstractChemically synthesized metal nanowires are promising building blocks for next-generation photonic integrated circuits, but technological implementation in monolithic integration will be severely hampered by the lack of controllable and precise manipulation approaches, due to the strong adhesion of nanowires to substrates in non-liquid environments. Here, we demonstrate this obstacle can be removed by our proposed earthworm-like peristaltic crawling motion mechanism, based on the synergistic expansion, friction, and contraction in plasmon-driven metal nanowires in non-liquid environments. The evanescently excited surface plasmon greatly enhances the heating effect in metal nanowires, thereby generating surface acoustic waves to drive the nanowires crawling along silica microfibres. Advantages include sub-nanometer positioning accuracy, low actuation power, and self-parallel parking. We further demonstrate on-chip manipulations including transporting, positioning, orientation, and sorting, with on-situ operation, high selectivity, and great versatility. Our work paves the way to realize full co-integration of various functionalized photonic components on single chips.
Phosphorylation-induced changes in the PDZ domain of Dishevelled 3
Authors: Jurásek Miroslav , Kumar Jitender , Paclíková Petra , Kumari Alka , Tripsianes Konstantinos , Bryja Vítězslav , Vácha Robert 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe PDZ domain of Dishevelled 3 protein belongs to a highly abundant protein recognition motif which typically binds short C-terminal peptides. The affinity of the PDZ towards the peptides could be fine-tuned by a variety of post-translation modifications including phosphorylation. However, how phosphorylations affect the PDZ structure and its interactions with ligands remains elusive. Combining molecular dynamics simulations, NMR titration, and biological experiments, we explored the role of previously reported phosphorylation sites and their mimetics in the Dishevelled PDZ domain. Our observations suggest three major roles for phosphorylations: (1) acting as an on/off PDZ binding switch, (2) allosterically affecting the binding groove, and (3) influencing the secondary binding site. Our simulations indicated that mimetics had similar but weaker effects, and the effects of distinct sites were non-additive. This study provides insight into the Dishevelled regulation by PDZ phosphorylation. Furthermore, the observed effects could be used to elucidate the regulation mechanisms in other PDZ domains.
Estimating density limits for walking pedestrians keeping a safe interpersonal distancing
Authors: Echeverría-Huarte I. , Garcimartín A. , Hidalgo R. C. , Martín-Gómez C. , Zuriguel I. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWith people trying to keep a safe distance from others due to the COVID-19 outbreak, the way in which pedestrians walk has completely changed since the pandemic broke out1,2. In this work, laboratory experiments demonstrate the effect of several variables—such as the pedestrian density, the walking speed and the prescribed safety distance—on the interpersonal distance established when people move within relatively dense crowds. Notably, we observe that the density should not be higher than 0.16 pedestrians per square meter (around 6 m2 per pedestrian) in order to guarantee an interpersonal distance of 1 m. Although the extrapolation of our findings to other more realistic scenarios is not straightforward, they can be used as a first approach to establish density restrictions in urban and architectonic spaces based on scientific evidence.
Hotspot generation for unique identification with nanomaterials
Authors: Abdelazim Nema M. , Fong Matthew J. , McGrath Thomas , Woodhead Christopher S. , Al-Saymari Furat , Bagci Ibrahim E. , Jones Alex T. , Wang Xintai , Young Robert J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNanoscale variations in the structure and composition of an object are an enticing basis for verifying its identity, due to the physical complexity of attempting to reproduce such a system. The biggest practical challenge for nanoscale authentication lies in producing a system that can be assessed with a facile measurement. Here, a system is presented in which InP/ZnS quantum dots (QDs) are randomly distributed on a surface of an aluminium-coated substrate with gold nanoparticles (Au NPs). Variations in the local arrangement of the QDs and NPs is shown to lead to interactions between them, which can suppress or enhance fluorescence from the QDs. This position-dependent interaction can be mapped, allowing intensity, emission dynamics, and/or wavelength variations to be used to uniquely identify a specific sample at the nanoscale with a far-field optical measurement. This demonstration could pave the way to producing robust anti-counterfeiting devices.
Carvacrol exhibits rapid bactericidal activity against Streptococcus pyogenes through cell membrane damage
Authors: Wijesundara Niluni M. , Lee Song F. , Cheng Zhenyu , Davidson Ross , Rupasinghe H. P. Vasantha 
Published: January 2021

AbstractStreptococcus pyogenes is an important human pathogen worldwide. The identification of natural antibacterial phytochemicals has renewed interest due to the current scarcity of antibiotic development. Carvacrol is a monoterpenoid found in herbs. We evaluated carvacrol alone and combined with selected antibiotics against four strains of S. pyogenes in vitro. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of carvacrol against S. pyogenes were 125 µg/mL (0.53 mM) and 250 µg/mL (1.05 mM), respectively. Kill curve results showed that carvacrol exhibits instantaneous bactericidal activity against S. pyogenes. We also demonstrated the potential mechanism of action of carvacrol through compromising the cell membrane integrity. Carvacrol induced membrane integrity changes leading to leakage of cytoplasmic content such as lactate dehydrogenase enzymes and nucleic acids. We further confirmed dose-dependent rupturing of cells and cell deaths using transmission electron microscopy. The chequerboard assay results showed that carvacrol possesses an additive-synergistic effect with clindamycin or penicillin. Carvacrol alone, combined with clindamycin or penicillin, can be used as a safe and efficacious natural health product for managing streptococcal pharyngitis.
Evaluation metrics and validation of presence-only species distribution models based on distributional maps with varying coverage
Authors: Konowalik Kamil , Nosol Agata 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe examine how different datasets, including georeferenced hardcopy maps of different extents and georeferenced herbarium specimens (spanning the range from 100 to 85,000 km2) influence ecological niche modeling. We check 13 of the available environmental niche modeling algorithms, using 30 metrics to score their validity and evaluate which are useful for the selection of the best model. The validation is made using an independent dataset comprised of presences and absences collected in a range-wide field survey of Carpathian endemic plantLeucanthemum rotundifolium(Compositae). Our analysis of models’ predictive performances indicates that almost all datasets may be used for the construction of a species distributional range. Both very local and very general datasets can produce useful predictions, which may be more detailed than the original ranges. Results also highlight the possibility of using the data from manually georeferenced archival sources in reconstructions aimed at establishing species’ ecological niches. We discuss possible applications of those data and associated problems. For the evaluation of models, we suggest employing AUC, MAE, and Bias. We show an example of how AUC and MAE may be combined to select the model with the best performance.