bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of menstrual cycle phase on exercise performance of high-altitude native women at 3600 m
Authors: Brutsaert Tom D. , Spielvogel Hilde , Caceres Esperanza , Araoz Mauricio , Chatterton Robert T. , Vitzthum Virginia J. 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
At sea level normally menstruating women show increased ventilation (V̇e) and hemodynamic changes due to increased progesterone (P) and estrogen (E2) levels during the mid-luteal (L) compared to the mid-follicular (F) phase of the ovarian cycle. Such changes may affect maximal exercise performance. This repeated-measures, randomized study, conducted at 3600 m, tests the hypothesis that a P-mediated increase in V̇e increases maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) during the L phase relative to the F phase in Bolivian women, either born and raised at high altitude (HA), or resident at HA since early childhood. Subjects (N=30) enrolled in the study were aged 27.7±0.7 years (mean ± s.e.m.) and non-pregnant, non-lactating, relatively sedentary residents of La Paz, Bolivia, who were not using hormonal contraceptives. Mean salivary P levels at the time of the exercise tests were 63.3 pg ml–1 and 22.9 pg ml–1 for the L and F phases, respectively. Subset analyses of submaximal (N=23) and maximal (N=13) exercise responses were conducted only with women showing increased P levels from F to L and, in the latter case, with those also achieving true V̇O2max. Submaximal exercise V̇e and ventilatory equivalents were higher in the L phase (P&lt;0.001). P levels were significantly correlated to the submaximal exercise V̇e (r=0.487, P=0.006). Maximal work output (W) was higher (approximately 5 %) during the L phase (P=0.044), but V̇O2max (l min–1) was unchanged (P=0.063). Post-hoc analyses revealed no significant relationship between changes in P levels and changes in V̇O2max from F to L (P=0.072). In sum, the menstrual cycle phase has relatively modest effects on ventilation, but no effect on V̇O2max of HA native women.
Nitrogen Excretion in Ascidiacea
Authors: Goodbody Ivan 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Ascidians have hitherto been regarded as eliminating their nitrogen in an insoluble form and storing the products either in special vesicles or in blood cells termed nephrocytes. Three species of ascidian have been studied: Ciona intestinalis, Ascidiella aspersa and Molgula manhattensis. Evidence is brought forward to show that these ascidians excrete soluble nitrogen chiefly in the form of ammonia. The quantities of soluble non-protein nitrogen excreted are slightly higher than is found in the filter-feeding molluscs; this is probably due in part to an increased metabolic rate subsequent to transport and handling. Ammonia may form as much as 95% of the total non-protein nitrogen excreted. The methods employed are subject to an error up to 10%.
Escape From Recurring Tactile Stimulation inBranchiomma Vesiculosum
Authors: Krasne Franklin B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe modification of behaviour by experience occurs throughout the Animal Kingdom. This is one of the fundamental facts of animal behaviour and has been the central preoccupation of a vast literature on animal learning, but it cannot be said that there is more than the slightest knowledge of the physiological changes which occur in animals during even the simplest learning process.
The Activity of Single Motor Fibres in Arthropods
Authors: Knights Ann 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Responses to mechanical and electrical stimulation have been investigated in single motor fibres dissected in the caudal nerves of the Australian yabbie Cherax destructor. These are compared with the responses of insect motor neurones. A large proportion of fibres possessed a background discharge which could be accelerated but rarely inhibited on stimulation. Pre-synaptic stimulation re-set the spontaneous rhythm of many of these units. Efferent responses were dependent both on the route and intensity of afferent stimulation varying in type, delay and regularity, and resembled those of crayfish interneurones. Particular emphasis on the effects of the frequency of stimulation demonstrated an enhanced responsiveness of some yabbie units dependent on repetition rate. This was found in relatively few fibres and does not appear as important as in the insect.
The Acid-Base Status of the Blood of the Developing Chick Embryo
Authors: Dawes C. , Simkiss K. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The pH, carbon dioxide tension, bicarbonate and base excess levels of chick embryos have been measured during the period of 11 days of incubation until the 2nd day post hatching. The carbon dioxide tension rises continuously from a value of about 20 mm. Hg on day 11 to a maximum of almost 60 mm. Hg on day 19. The bicarbonate content rises rapidly from the 12th day (16 m-equiv./l.) until the 16th day (33 m-equiv./l.). The pH falls to minimum values on the 13–14th day and the 19th day. These variations are discussed in relation to the physiology of the developing embryo and its acid-base metabolism.
Antennal Cleaning, Arousal and Visual Interneurone Responsiveness in a Locust
Authors: Rowell C. H. Fraser 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTIn unrestrained locusts, in which responsiveness of the descending contralateral movement detector (DCMD) unit fluctuates after the initial habituation, spontaneous or induced antennal cleaning has a very high probability of coinciding with low DCMD responsiveness. First visual stimuli which coincide with cleaning still evoke an undiminished DCMD response, which in turn does not interrupt cleaning; the two are not mutually inhibitory. Their inverse probability of occurrence must derive from a common factors) with reciprocal effects. Lesions to the CNS which decrease sensory input increase the probability of grooming reflexes, similar to antennal cleaning, and decrease the probability of high DCMD responsiveness. The main factor affecting DCMD responsiveness is known to be neural, driven (probably directly) by a variety of sensory inputs. The responsible system thus appears to affect also the otherwise unrelated activity of antennal cleaning. These observations are consistent with the hypothesis of a general arousal system in the insect CNS, deriving from sensory input and influencing several aspects of nervous function and behaviour. Passive movement of the head brings about recovery of DCMD response, due the recruitment of a new peripheral visual pathway. Movement of the head during antennal cleaning does not do this. Proprioceptive reafference therefore plays no role. As the DCMD is not inhibited during cleaning (2), the CNS therefore seems to compensate for the shift on the retina of a familiar stimulus; as first visual responses are high during cleaning, this mechanism does not operate for unfamiliar stimuli. The implications of this are discussed, and it is suggested that the site-specific habituation properties of the afferent pathways to the DCMD could provide an appropriate ‘memory’ for this integration.
Eye movements in Daphnia pulex (De Geer)
Authors: Frost B.J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The various types of eye movement exhibited by the cyclopean eye of Daphnia pulex were studied using high speed motion photography. This rudimentary eye, which consists of only 22 ommatidia, can move through approximately 150° in the sagittal plane and 6o° in the horizontal plane. Four classes of eye movement were found: (1) a high speed tremor at 16 Hz with an amplitude of 3–4°, which resembles physiological nystagmus, (2) a slow rhythmic scanning movement at 4 Hz, and 5–6° amplitude, (3) large fast eye movements similar to saccadic eye movements and (4) optokinetic nystagmus produced by moving striped patterns. Where the fast tremor occurred concurrently with the slow rhythmic scan, a Fourier analysis revealed that the former was the fourth harmonic of the latter.
Homing-Pigeon Vanishing Bearings at Magnetic Anomalies are Not Altered by Bar Magnets
Authors: Walcott Charles 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Keeton (1971, 1972) has shown that pigeons released under overcast skies are often disoriented by bar magnets. When the sun is visible, magnets deflect the average vanishing bearing slightly to the left. Essentially similar results can be obtained with paired coils around the pigeon’s head - a dramatic effect under overcast (Walcott & Green, 1974; Visalberghi & Alieva, 1979) and a small deflexion under sun (Walcott, 1977). Releasing pigeons at magnetic anomalies where the earth’s magnetic field is distorted has a substantial effect even under sunny conditions (Grave, 1965 ; Talkington, 1967; Frei & Wagner, 1976; Wagner, 1976; Walcott, 1978). Since the scatter of pigeon vanishing bearings is significantly correlated with the strength of the anomaly (Walcott, 1978), it seems probable that the distortion of the earth’s magnetic field is causing the effect and not some secondary characteristic of the release site.
Neuromuscular Facilitation in Crayfish: Dependence On Potassium and Strophanthidin
Authors: Ortiz C. Leo , Orkand R. K. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Long-term facilitation (LTF) and short-term facilitation (STF) at excitatory neuromuscular junctions were studied under conditions of varying [K+]0 and with the addition of strophanthidin. The magnitude of LTF varied inversely with [K+]0, while STF was unaffected. Strophanthidin concentrations greater than 10−5 M greatly increased LTF, but not STF. Both LTF and STF were unaffected by large decreases in excitatory junctional potential amplitude produced by the addition of GABA or Mn+2. The results support the hypothesis that LTF is a consequence of Na+ accumulation in presynaptic terminals and behaves independently of STF.
Papaverine-Induced Inhibition of Electrical and Mechanical Activity and Calcium Movements of Rat Ileal Smooth Muscle
Authors: Huddart H. , Saad K. H. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Papaverine, in the concentration range 50–150 µM, inhibited rhythmic spontaneous contraction and caused relaxation of KCl-induced contractures of rat ileal smooth muscle. Spontaneous slow waves and spikes declined at low papaverine concentrations. The normal 45Ca uptake of the ileum was reduced by papaverine. Although papaverine caused only a small inhibition of normal 45Ca efflux from the ileum, it strongly inhibited the KCl-induced stimulation of 45Ca efflux. Calcium uptake by the isolated ileal smooth-muscle microsomal fraction was slightly increased by papaverine, but mitochondrial calcium uptake was unaffected. Ileal smooth muscle incubated in calcium-free media showed little response to either the reintroduction of calcium or KC1 in the presence of papaverine. It is suggested that the inhibitory actions of papaverine on ileal smooth muscle result from a blockade of the calcium influx which triggers the excitation-contraction coupling sequence.
Stereoselective Enhancement of VCD Signals for Intercalation Compounds of Sodium Montmorillonite and Chiral Metal Complexes
Authors: Sato Hisako , Takimoto Kazuyoshi , Yoshida Jun , Yamagishi Akihiko 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectra were recorded for the intercalation compounds of sodium montmorillonite co-adsorbing two kinds of metal complexes, Δ- (or Λ-)[Ru(phen)3]2+ and Λ- (or Δ-)[Ni(phen)3]2+. The complexes were chosen so as to form a pseudo racemate. Notably some of the VCD signals were enhanced in comparison to the samples adsorbing each complex separately. The results were rationalized in terms of the delocalization of vibrational motions over a tightly bound molecular pair in a coherent way. The model of racemic adsorption of [M(II)(phen)3]2+ (M(II) = a divalent metal ion) in the interlayer space of a clay mineral was proposed.
Evaluation of Acromegaly patients with sleep disturbance related symptoms
Authors: Çelik Deniz , Şahin Duyar Sezgi , Aksu Funda , Fırat Selma , Çiftçi Bülent 
Published: April 2021

Background and Objectives: It is known that the prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is increased in acromegaly. Craniofacial anomalies, macroglossia, and thickening of the laryngeal wall caused by the increase in soft tissue in these patients lead to OSA. Also, the increase in growth hormone can trigger central apnea by causing a decrease in respiratory drive. Determining the polysomnographic characteristics of acromegaly patients is important to reveal the effect of these mechanisms.
Methods: The demographic and polysomnographic characteristics of 33 acromegaly patients who underwent polysomnography (PSG) with suspicion of sleep disorders between 2011 and 2018 in the sleep laboratory of our hospital were retrospectively analyzed. One of the patients was excluded from the analysis because PSG was performed in the postoperative period. The remaining 32 patients with active acromegaly were grouped according to their gender and the presence of OSA and compared with statistical methods in terms of polysomnographic and clinical features.
Results: OSA (AHI>5) was detected in 78.1% of 32 active acromegaly patients (18 females, 14 males) who underwent PSG with suspicion of sleep-disordered breathing. Moderate-severe OSA (62.5%) was found in most patients, and there was no difference between the sexes in terms of OSA detection rate and OSA severity. Respiratory events appear to be predominantly obstructive hypopneas. Also, the polysomnographic features of female and male acromegaly patients with OSA were found to be similar. It is seen that the OSA group is similar to the group with simple snoring in terms of body mass index (BMI), but is statistically significantly older (p=0,007). A positive correlation was found between age and AHI in pairwise correlation analysis (r:0,426 p:0,015, respectively).
Conclusion: Considering that the prevalence of OSA in the population is approximately 5%, our results show that the risk of OSA in acromegaly increases, and obstructive pathways are effective in this increase. The probability of OSA occurrence and polysomnographic features between the genders are similar. Although the median BMI of the patients with and without OSA was similar, the median age was higher in the group with OSA, middle-aged acromegaly patients should be evaluated in terms of OSA even if there is no obvious obesity.
doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.4229
How to cite this:Celik D, Duyar SS, Aksu F, Firat S, Ciftci B. Evaluation of Acromegaly patients with sleep disturbance related symptoms. Pak J Med Sci. 2021;37(4):1161-1165. doi: https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.37.4.4229
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Massive Open Online Course (MOOC) Opportunities in Health Education (HE) in a mandatory social isolation context
Authors: Dolores-Maldonado Gandy , Cañari-Casaño Jorge L. , Montero-Romainville Rosalia , Malaga German 
Published: April 2021

Background: Routine care for prevention and health promotion has reduced significantly due to the Covid-19 pandemic and mandatory social isolation measures. In this context, it is necessary to identify and describe Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) that provide opportunities for health education, promotion, and prevention aimed at the general population. The study is a systematic review of MOOCs on health education, health promotion, and prevention for the general population in a pandemic context. Methods: We developed a search for MOOC courses aimed at the general population on health education, health promotion, and prevention in different available MOOC platforms. We executed a descriptive analysis of the main characteristics of the selected MOOCs. Results: There were 117 MOOCs chosen on health education, promotion, and prevention for the general population. Coursera (40.3%) was the platform that offered the highest quantity of MOOCs; more than half of the MOOCs were in English (52.9%). The median (interquartile range) duration of the selected MOOCs was 11 (6–15) hours. The predominant themes were "Health promotion" (43%) and "Food and nutrition" (31%), and the origin was mainly from Europe (37.8%). Conclusions: MOOC offerings in health education are diverse, predominantly in English, of European origin, and in health promotion issues. This study opens an opportunity to multiply initiatives in different territories, considering other languages and topics more akin to each territorial reality, allowing it to be a more equitable learning opportunity in times of pandemic and compulsory social isolation.
Comparing Non-GAAP EPS in Earnings Announcements and Proxy Statements
Authors: Black Dirk E. , Black Ervin L. , Christensen Theodore E. , Gee Kurt H. 
Published: April 2021

We compare non-GAAP earnings per share (EPS) in firms’ annual earnings announcements and proxy statements using hand-collected data from U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission filings. We find that proxies for capital market incentives (contracting incentives) are more highly associated with firms’ disclosure of non-GAAP EPS in annual earnings announcements (proxy statements). However, we find systematic differences in the properties of firms’ non-GAAP earnings and exclusions depending on whether they disclose non-GAAP EPS in both the earnings announcement and the proxy statement. When firms disclose non-GAAP EPS in both documents, we find that non-GAAP EPS is more useful for assessing firm value. Specifically, these firms are more likely to: (1) exclude nonrecurring items, (2) exclude less persistent earnings components, and (3) provide less aggressive non-GAAP EPS. Our results suggest that non-GAAP EPS is higher in quality for investors when disclosed in both the annual earnings announcement and the proxy statement. We provide some of the first large-sample evidence consistent with the use of non-GAAP EPS metrics in both financial reporting and compensation contracting.This paper was accepted by Brian Bushee, accounting.
La reflexión crítica sobre los neuromitos en la educación
Authors: Pallarés-Domínguez Daniel 
Published: April 2021

El progreso de la neuroeducación en los últimos años ha tenido incidencia en la comprensión actual de la educación. Como ciencia interdisciplinar, la neuroeducación ha aportado grandes ventajas sobre la descripción de los correlatos neurales en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje, así como en la detección de los neuromitos. Sin embargo, sus aportaciones no están carentes de una revisión crítica desde la perspectiva filosófica que vaya más allá del cuestionamiento puramente neurocientífico sobre la validez de las evidencias. El objetivo de este artículo es señalar la necesaria aceptación crítica de los resultados de la neuroeducación para evitar un colonialismo neurocientífico como un reto al que la teoría de la educación debe enfrentarse.
Para ello, en primer lugar se justificará la introducción de la neuroeducación en el panorama educativo actual. En segundo lugar, se conceptualizará brevemente la neuroeducación y los neuromitos para poder después, a través de una metodología argumentativa y crítica, incidir en los factores de la aceptación de sus descubrimientos. En tercer lugar, para ejemplificar la aceptación crítica de estos, se analizarán las Inteligencias Múltiples de H. Gardner y su posible consideración como neuromito. Este análisis permitirá observar como no siempre las evidencias neurocientíficas, o falta de estas, son suficientes para considerar una teoría educativa peyorativamente como un neuromito. La discusión radica en la consideración de una falta de evidencia científica desde el diálogo interdisciplinar de la neuroeducación. A pesar del abierto debate sobre su consideración neurocientífica y sobre su utilidad a nivel pedagógico, las Inteligencias Múltiples están en sintonía con las consideraciones de las leyes educativas en los últimos años, las cuales han incidido de manera significativa en las competencias de aprendizaje, y en las metodologías y evaluaciones que comprendan al ser humano desde un punto de vista holístico, abriendo así la puerta al diálogo con otras ciencias.
PROTOTIPE KENDALI MODEL ATAP BERSIRIP OTOMATIS TERMONITORING UNTUK TEMPAT PENGERINGAN BERBASIS SMS GATEWAY DENGAN MODUL GSM(GPRS) SIM800L
Authors: Setiawan Andrew , Supriono Supriono 
Published: April 2021

Permasalahan utama dari proses penjemuran hasil panen pertanian dan proses permindahan hasil panen dari penjemuran ke tempat penyimpanan adalah kondisi cuaca. Kemajuan teknologi nirkabel (wireless) sangat mendukung sebagai sarana monitoring pada proses penjemuran hasil panen pertanian, salah satunya adalah teknologi GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) yang murah dengan jangkauan luas serta media komunikasi dan sarana informasi yang real-time. Penelitian ini bertujuan merancang suatu sistem kendali model atap bersirip otomatis termonitor melalui handphone yang bisa mengendalikan buka atau tutup atap secara manual, dapat juga bekerja secara otomatis terus-menerus dengan membaca parameter-parameter kondisi lingkungan seperti cuaca hujan atau tidak, cuaca cerah tersinari matahari maupun suhu ruang yang disesuaikan >29o. Sistem dirancang menggunakan sensor hujan ( Weather Sensitivity Module ), sensor suhu DHT11, dan sensor cahaya LDR (Light Dependant Resistor) serta motor servo sebagai aktuator dengan menggunakan Arduino sebagai unit pengendali sistem. Sistem dirancang dengan kemampuan untuk menyesuaikan arah sinar matahari (tracking) dengan posisi sirip atap antara 110o,130o,145o dan 175o guna memaksimalkan panas sinar matahari pada proses penjemuran yang dilengkapi dengan modul GSM SIM800L untuk proses monitoring dan kontrol jarak jauh. Keberhasilan penelitian ini sangat bermanfaat di bidang pertanian khususnya penerapan teknologi hasil pertanian.
Effects of Loofah cylindrica extract on learning and memory ability, brain tissue morphology, and immune function of aging mice
Authors: Dong Limin , Liu Chunjie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this study, we aimed to observe the effects of Loofah cylindrica (LC) extract on learning and memory ability, brain tissue morphology, and immune function of aging mice. Kunming mice were selected and randomly divided into a control group, a positive control group, an aging group, and three dose groups. Three dose groups were administered 187.5, 375, and 750 mg/kg of LC extract, respectively. Except for the control group, the mice in any other group were continuously subcutaneously injected d-galactose on the back and neck. Platform tests and Morris water maze (MWM) were adopted to test the learning and memory ability of each group. The brain index, thymus index, and spleen index of each group were determined by the organ-to-body ratio method. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was performed to measure the concentration of cytokines interleukin 2 and interferon gamma and the proliferation activity of T lymphocytes in mouse serum. In addition, the hematoxylin and eosin staining was employed to observe the morphological changes in mouse brain tissues of each group. The results show that the aging group made more errors in the platform test, had longer escape latency, shorter swimming time in the platform quadrant, and fewer platform crossings in the MWM; much fewer brain tissue cells; and smaller brain index, thymus index, and spleen index. The LC extracts (375 and 750 mg/kg) can significantly antagonize the changes in the above indices. It can be concluded that LC extract can improve the learning and memory of aging mice, enhance their immune activity, and delay the aging process.