bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Current understanding on the Cambrian Explosion: questions and answers
Authors: Zhang Xingliang , Shu Degan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Cambrian Explosion by nature is a three-phased explosion of animal body plans alongside episodic biomineralization, pulsed change of generic diversity, body size variation, and progressive increase of ecosystem complexity. The Cambrian was a time of crown groups nested by numbers of stem groups with a high-rank taxonomy of Linnaean system (classes and above). Some stem groups temporarily succeeded while others were ephemeral and underrepresented by few taxa. The high number of stem groups in the early history of animals is a major reason for morphological gaps across phyla that we see today. Most phylum-level clades achieved their maximal disparity (or morphological breadth) during the time interval close to their first appearance in the fossil record during the early Cambrian, whereas others, principally arthropods and chordates, exhibit a progressive exploration of morphospace in subsequent Phanerozoic. The overall envelope of metazoan morphospace occupation was already broad in the early Cambrian though it did not reach maximal disparity nor has diminished significantly as a consequence of extinction since the Cambrian. Intrinsic and extrinsic causes were extensively discussed but they are merely prerequisites for the Cambrian Explosion. Without the molecular evolution, there could be no Cambrian Explosion. However, the developmental system is alone insufficient to explain Cambrian Explosion. Time-equivalent environmental changes were often considered as extrinsic causes, but the time coincidence is also insufficient to establish causality. Like any other evolutionary event, it is the ecology that make the Cambrian Explosion possible though ecological processes failed to cause a burst of new body plans in the subsequent evolutionary radiations. The Cambrian Explosion is a polythetic event in natural history and manifested in many aspects. No simple, single cause can explain the entire phenomenon.
Importance of Preserved Tricuspid Valve Function for Effective Soft Robotic Augmentation of the Right Ventricle in Cases of Elevated Pulmonary Artery Pressure
Authors: Wamala Isaac , Payne Christopher J. , Saeed Mossab Y. , Bautista-Salinas Daniel , Van Story David , Thalhofer Thomas , Staffa Steven J. , Ghelani Sunil J. , del Nido Pedro J. , Walsh Conor J. , Vasilyev Nikolay V. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
In clinical practice, many patients with right heart failure (RHF) have elevated pulmonary artery pressures and increased afterload on the right ventricle (RV). In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of RV augmentation using a soft robotic right ventricular assist device (SRVAD), in cases of increased RV afterload.

Methods
In nine Yorkshire swine of 65–80 kg, a pulmonary artery band was placed to cause RHF and maintained in place to simulate an ongoing elevated afterload on the RV. The SRVAD was actuated in synchrony with the ventricle to augment native RV output for up to one hour. Hemodynamic parameters during SRVAD actuation were compared to baseline and RHF levels.

Results
Median RV cardiac index (CI) was 1.43 (IQR, 1.37–1.80) L/min/m2 and 1.26 (IQR 1.05–1.57) L/min/m2 at first and second baseline. Upon PA banding RV CI fell to a median of 0.79 (IQR 0.63–1.04) L/min/m2. Device actuation improved RV CI to a median of 0.87 (IQR 0.78–1.01), 0.85 (IQR 0.64–1.59) and 1.11 (IQR 0.67–1.48) L/min/m2 at 5 min (p = 0.114), 30 min (p = 0.013) and 60 (p = 0.033) minutes respectively. Statistical GEE analysis showed that lower grade of tricuspid regurgitation at time of RHF (p = 0.046), a lower diastolic pressure at RHF (p = 0.019) and lower mean arterial pressure at RHF (p = 0.024) were significantly associated with higher SRVAD effectiveness.

Conclusions
Short-term augmentation of RV function using SRVAD is feasible even in cases of elevated RV afterload. Moderate or severe tricuspid regurgitation were associated with reduced device effectiveness.
Solving the strong-correlation problem in materials
Authors: Pavarini Eva 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article is a short introduction to the modern computational techniques used to tackle the many-body problem in materials. The aim is to present the basic ideas, using simple examples to illustrate strengths and weaknesses of each method. We will start from density-functional theory (DFT) and the Kohn–Sham construction—the standard computational tools for performing electronic structure calculations. Leaving the realm of rigorous density-functional theory, we will discuss the established practice of adopting the Kohn–Sham Hamiltonian as approximate model. After recalling the triumphs of the Kohn–Sham description, we will stress the fundamental reasons of its failure for strongly-correlated compounds, and discuss the strategies adopted to overcome the problem. The article will then focus on the most effective method so far, the DFT+DMFT technique and its extensions. Achievements, open issues and possible future developments will be reviewed. The key differences between dynamical (DFT+DMFT) and static (DFT+U) mean-field methods will be elucidated. In the conclusion, we will assess the apparent dichotomy between first-principles and model-based techniques, emphasizing the common ground that in fact they share.
Assessing the Economic Structure, Climate Change and Decarbonisation in Europe
Authors: Giannakis Elias , Zittis George 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAnthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions coming mainly from fossil fuel combustion for energy use are causing air temperature increases resulting in climate change. This study employs an environmentally extended input–output model to conduct an economy-wide assessment of GHG emissions in the European Union (EU). Model results indicate that the assumed growth of economic activity by 2030 will lead to a large increase in GHG emissions by 89%, assuming no technological change and no additional policy mitigation efforts. The electricity sector and agriculture create the highest direct and indirect GHG emissions per unit of economic output across the 27 EU member states (EU-27); for every 1-million-euro-increase in the final demand for the products and services of the electricity sector and agriculture, 2198 and 1410 additional tons of GHG emit, respectively. Regional climate projections under a low-decarbonisation pathway (RCP8.5), in accordance with our economic analysis, indicate a further increase of regional warming, combined with pronounced changes in the hydrological cycle. Contrariwise, following a strong mitigation pathway (RCP2.6) will result in warming levels lower than 1.5 °C with respect to the 1986–2005 reference period. Our findings reveal the importance of both direct and indirect contribution of economic sectors in the generation of GHG emissions, taking into consideration the size of the sectors and the assumed growth rates. The design and implementation of sectoral emission reduction policies from the perspective of the whole production supply chain can effectively contribute to GHG emission reduction commitments.
SIRT7 is a deacetylase of N4-acetylcytidine on ribosomal RNA
Authors: Xu Chenzhong , Zhang Jin , Zhang Jie , Liu Baohua 
Published: July 2021

AbstractN-acetyltransferase 10 catalyzes RNA N4-acetylcytidine (ac4C) modifications and thus regulates RNA stability and translation efficiency. However, the deacetylase for ac4C is unknown. SIRT7 was initially identified as an NAD+-dependent protein deacetylase and plays essential roles in genome stability, circadian rhythms, metabolism, and aging. In this study, we identified SIRT7 as a deacetylase of the ac4C of ribosomal (r)RNA for the first time and found it to be NAD+-independent. Our data highlight the important role of SIRT7 in rRNA ac4C modification and suggest an additional epitranscriptional regulation of aging.
Study design, general characteristics of participants, and preliminary findings from the metabolome, microbiome, and dietary salt intervention study (MetaSalt)
Authors: Ruan Zengliang , Li Jianxin , Liu Fangchao , Cao Jie , Chen Shufeng , Chen Jichun , Huang Keyong , Wang Yaqin , Li Hongfan , Wang Yan , Xue Zhongyu , Wang Laiyuan , Huang Jianfeng , Gu Dongfeng , Lu Xiangfeng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundHigh sodium intake is an important risk factor for hypertension and cardiovascular disease. However, the association between gut microbiota composition and metabolomic profiles with dietary sodium intake and blood pressure (BP) is not well‐understood. The metabolome, microbiome, and dietary salt intervention (MetaSalt) study aimed to investigate microbial and metabolomic profiles related to dietary sodium intake and BP regulation.MethodsThis family‐based intervention study was conducted in four communities across three provinces in rural northern China in 2019. Probands with untreated prehypertension or stage‐1 hypertension were identified through community‐based BP screening, and family members including siblings, offspring, spouses, and parents were subsequently included. All participants participated in a 3‐day baseline examination with usual diet consumption, followed by a 10‐day low‐salt diet (3 g/d of salt or 51.3 mmol/d of sodium) and a 10‐day high‐salt diet (18 g/d of salt or 307.8 mmol/d of sodium). Differences in mean BP levels were compared according to the intervention phases using a paired Student's t‐test.ResultsA total of 528 participants were included in this study, with a mean age of 48.1 years, 36.7% of whom were male, 76.8% had a middle school (69.7%) or higher (7.1%) diploma, 23.4% had a history of smoking, and 24.4% were current drinkers. The mean arterial pressure at baseline was 97.2 ± 10.5 mm Hg for all participants, and significantly decreased during the low‐salt intervention (93.8 ± 9.3, P < 0.0001) and subsequently increased during the high‐salt intervention (96.4 ± 10.0, P < 0.0001).ConclusionsOur dietary salt intervention study has successfully recruited participants and will facilitate to evaluate the effects of gut microbiota and metabolites on BP regulation in response to sodium burden, which will provide important evidence for investigating the underlying mechanisms in the development of hypertension and subsequent cardiovascular diseases.Trial registrationThe study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry database (ChiCTR1900025171).
Centralized registry for COVID-19 research recruitment: Design, development, implementation, and preliminary results
Authors: Peeler Anna , Miller Hailey , Ogungbe Oluwabunmi , Lewis Land Cassia , Martinez Liz , Guerrero Vazquez Monica , Carey Scott , Murli Sumati , Singleton Megan , Lacanienta Cyd , Gleason Kelly , Ford Daniel , Himmelfarb Cheryl R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background:
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had substantial global morbidity and mortality. Clinical research related to prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of COVID-19 is a top priority. Effective and efficient recruitment is challenging even without added constraints of a global pandemic. Recruitment registries offer a potential solution to slow or difficult recruitment.

Objectives:
The purpose of this paper is to describe the design and implementation of a digital research recruitment registry to optimize awareness and participant enrollment for COVID-19-related research in Baltimore and to report preliminary results.

Methods:
Planning began in March 2020, and the registry launched in July 2020. The primary recruitment mechanisms include electronic medical record data, postcards distributed at testing sites, and digital advertising campaigns. Following consent in a Research Electronic Data Capture survey, participants answer questions related to COVID-19 exposure, testing, and willingness to participate in research. Branching logic presents participants with studies they might be eligible for.

Results:
As of March 24, 2021, 9010 participants have enrolled, and 64.2% are female, 80.6% are White, 9.4% are Black or African American, and 6% are Hispanic or Latino. Phone outreach has had the highest response rate (13.1%), followed by email (11.9%), text (11.4%), and patient portal message (9.4%). Eleven study teams have utilized the registry, and 4596 matches have been made between study teams and interested volunteers.

Conclusion:
Effective and efficient recruitment strategies are more important now than ever due to the time-limited nature of COVID-19 research. Pilot efforts have been successful in connecting interested participants with recruiting study teams.
A comparative cross-sectional assessment of statistical knowledge of faculty across five health science disciplines
Authors: Hayat Matthew J. , Schwartz Todd A. , Kim MyoungJin , Ali Syeda Zahra , Jiroutek Michael R. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroduction:The purpose of this study was to compare statistical knowledge of health science faculty across accredited schools of dentistry, medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and public health.Methods:A probability sample of schools was selected, and all faculty at each selected school were invited to participate in an online statistical knowledge assessment that covered fundamental topics including randomization, study design, statistical power, confidence intervals, multiple testing, standard error, regression outcome, and odds ratio.Results:A total of 708 faculty from 102 schools participated. The overall response rate was 6.5%. Most (94.2%) faculty reported reading the peer-reviewed health-related literature. Respondents answered 66.2% of questions correctly across all questions and disciplines. Public health had the highest performance (80.7%) and dentistry the lowest (53.3%).Conclusions:Knowledge of statistics is essential for critically evaluating evidence and understanding the health literature. These study results identify a gap in knowledge by educators tasked with training the next generation of health science professionals. Recommendations for addressing this gap are provided.
Recent progress of laboratory astrophysics with intense lasers
Authors: Takabe Hideaki , Kuramitsu Yasuhiro 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Thanks to a rapid progress of high-power lasers since the birth of laser by T. H. Maiman in 1960, intense lasers have been developed mainly for studying the scientific feasibility of laser fusion. Inertial confinement fusion with an intense laser has attracted attention as a new future energy source after two oil crises in the 1970s and 1980s. From the beginning, the most challenging physics is known to be the hydrodynamic instability to realize the spherical implosion to achieve more than 1000 times the solid density. Many studies have been performed theoretically and experimentally on the hydrodynamic instability and resultant turbulent mixing of compressible fluids. During such activities in the laboratory, the explosion of supernova SN1987A was observed in the sky on 23 February 1987. The X-ray satellites have revealed that the hydrodynamic instability is a key issue to understand the physics of supernova explosion. After collaboration between laser plasma researchers and astrophysicists, the laboratory astrophysics with intense lasers was proposed and promoted around the end of the 1990s. The original subject was mainly related to hydrodynamic instabilities. However, after two decades of laboratory astrophysics research, we can now find a diversity of research topics. It has been demonstrated theoretically and experimentally that a variety of nonlinear physics of collisionless plasmas can be studied in laser ablation plasmas in the last decade. In the present paper, we shed light on the recent 10 topics studied intensively in laboratory experiments. A brief review is given by citing recent papers. Then, modeling cosmic-ray acceleration with lasers is reviewed in a following session as a special topic to be the future main topic in laboratory astrophysics research.
High glucose induces apoptosis, glycogen accumulation and suppresses protein synthesis in muscle cells of olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: Liu Jiahuan , Pan Mingzhu , Huang Dong , Wu Jing , Liu Yue , Guo Yanlin , Zhang Wenbing , Mai Kangsen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe effect and the mechanism of high glucose on fish muscle cells are not fully understood. In the present study, muscle cells of olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) were treated with high glucose (33 mM) in vitro. Cells were incubated in three kinds of medium containing 5 mM glucose, 5 mM glucose and 28 mM mannitol (as an isotonic contrast) or 33 mM glucose named the Control group, the Mannitol group and the high glucose (HG) group, respectively. Results showed that high glucose increased the ADP:ATP ratio and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), induced the release of cytochrome C (CytC) and cell apoptosis. High glucose also led to cell glycogen accumulation by increasing the glucose uptake ability and affecting the mRNA expressions of glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase. Meanwhile, it activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), inhibited the activity of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway and the expressions of myogenic regulatory factors (MRF). The expressions of myostatin-1 (mstn-1) and E3 ubiquitin ligases including muscle RING-finger protein 1 (murf-1) and muscle atrophy F-box protein (mafbx) were also increased by the high glucose treatment. No difference was found between the Mannitol group and the Control group. These results demonstrate that high glucose has the effects of inducing apoptosis, increasing glycogen accumulation and inhibiting protein synthesis on muscle cells of olive flounder. The mitochondria-mediated apoptotic signalling pathway, AMPK and mTOR pathways participated in these biological effects.
Dietary flavonoid patterns and prostate cancer: evidence from a Mexican population-based case–control study
Authors: Galván-Portillo Marcia , Vázquez-Salas Ruth Argelia , Hernández-Pérez Jesús Gibran , Blanco-Muñoz Julia , López-Carrillo Lizbeth , Torres-Sánchez Luisa 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFlavonoids are a broad group of bioactive compounds with anticarcinogenic effects on the prostate that have been scarcely evaluated in Latin American populations. Our objective was to evaluate the association between dietary patterns of flavonoid intake and prostate cancer (PC) in a population-based case–control study carried out in Mexico City. Based on a semi-quantitative FFQ with a frame reference of 3 years before diagnosis or interview, we used an updated database for estimating the daily intake (mg/d) of flavones, flavonols and flavanols for 395 confirmed incident PC cases and 797 population controls matched by age (± 5 years). Histological PC differentiation was evaluated using the Gleason score at diagnosis. Flavonoid dietary intake patterns (FDIP) were determined through principal component analysis, and their association with PC was estimated using logistic regression models. Three FDIP were identified: gallate pattern (GP) characterised by (–)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate, (–)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate and (+)-gallocatechin; luteolin pattern (LP) characterised by luteolin and (–)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate; and a mixed pattern (MP) that included (+)-catechin, (–)-epicatechin and quercetin. A higher GP (ORT3 v.T1 = 0·47; 95 % CI 0·33, 0·66) and LP intake (ORT3 v. T1 = 0·39; 95 % CI 0·27, 0·59) were associated with a decreased PC likelihood. In contrast, a higher MP intake (ORT3 v. T1 = 2·32; 95 % CI 1·67, 3·23) increased PC likelihood. The possible differential and synergistic anticarcinogenic role of flavonoid compounds in PC deserves further study.
Association between diet quality in adolescence and adulthood and knee symptoms in adulthood: a 25-year cohort study
Authors: Meng Tao , Wilson Johanna , Venn Alison , Cicuttini Flavia , March Lyn , Cross Marita , Dwyer Terence , Blizzard Leigh , Jones Graeme , Laslett Laura , Antony Benny , Ding Changhai 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe aimed to describe associations between diet quality in adolescence and adulthood and knee symptoms in adulthood. Two hundred seventy-five participants had adolescent diet measurements, 399 had adult diet measurements and 240 had diet measurements in both time points. Diet quality was assessed by Dietary Guidelines Index (DGI), reflecting adherence to Australian Dietary Guidelines. Knee symptoms were collected using Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). Data were analysed using zero-inflated negative binomial regressions. The overall adolescent DGI was not associated with adult knee symptoms, although lower intake of discretionary foods (e.g. cream, alcohol, bacon and cake) in adolescence was associated with lower pain (mean ratio (MR) 0·96) and dysfunction (MR 0·94). The overall adult DGI was not associated with knee symptoms; however, limiting saturated fat was associated with lower WOMAC (Pain: MR 0·93; stiffness: MR 0·93; dysfunction: MR 0·91), drinking water was associated with lower stiffness (MR 0·90) and fruit intake was associated with lower dysfunction (MR 0·90). Higher DGI for dairy products in adulthood was associated with higher WOMAC (Pain: MR 1·07; stiffness: MR 1·13; dysfunction: MR 1·11). Additionally, the score increases from adolescence to adulthood were not associated with adult knee symptoms, except for associations between score increase in limiting saturated fat and lower stiffness (MR 0·89) and between score increase in fruit intake and lower dysfunction (MR 0·92). In conclusion, the overall diet quality in adolescence and adulthood was not associated with knee symptoms in adulthood. However, some diet components may affect later knee symptoms.
The association of energy and macronutrient intake with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease and dementia: findings from 120 963 women and men in the UK Biobank
Authors: McKenzie Briar L. , Harris Katie , Peters Sanne A. E. , Webster Jacqui , Woodward Mark 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the association between individual and combinations of macronutrients with premature death, CVD and dementia. Sex differences were investigated. Data were utilised from a prospective cohort of 120 963 individuals (57 % women) within the UK Biobank, who completed ≥ two 24-h diet recalls. The associations of macronutrients, as percentages of total energy intake, with outcomes were investigated. Combinations of macronutrients were defined using k-means cluster analysis, with clusters explored in association with outcomes. There was a higher risk of death with high carbohydrate intake (hazard ratios (HR), 95 % CI upper v. lowest third 1·13 (1·03, 1·23)), yet a lower risk with higher intakes of protein (upper v. lowest third 0·82 (0·76, 0·89)). There was a lower risk of CVD with moderate intakes (middle v. lowest third) of energy and protein (sub distribution HR (SHR), 0·87 (0·79, 0·97) and 0·87 (0·79, 0·96), respectively). There was a lower risk of dementia with moderate energy intake (SHR 0·71 (0·52, 0·96)). Sex differences were identified. The dietary cluster characterised by low carbohydrate, low fat and high protein was associated with a lower risk of death (HR 0·84 (0·76, 0·93)) compared with the reference cluster and a lower risk of CVD for men (SHR 0·83 (0·71, 0·97)). Given that associations were evident, both as single macronutrients and for combinations with other macronutrients for death, and for CVD in men, we suggest that the biggest benefit from diet-related policy and interventions will be when combinations of macronutrients are targeted.