bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engagement in an online library class: using extra credit activities to encourage student interaction
Authors: Foster Kimberly T. 
Published: May 2021

Purpose
Student engagement can be a difficult thing to nurture in an online, asynchronous course. This paper aims to try to encourage a student interaction in such a course, one that additionally is not a requirement for any major or general education plan, the author argues that using extra credit activities can increase student interaction and engagement.

Design/methodology/approach
Students were given the opportunity to complete extra credit activities of several different types for a small number of extra credit points, the total of which was 5% of the students’ grade in the course. Activities included solo activities, such as playing short online information literacy games and collaborative activities that included posting and responding in a discussion forum.

Findings
The results were disappointing; only 2 out of 17 students in the sample completed extra credit activities, and those that did so would have received high grades whether or not they completed extra credit. This may be due to the low number of extra credit points available per activity, lack of motivation and other issues. Further study on this topic could help resolve these issues.

Originality/value
While the results of this study were not what was hoped for, the results and methods may be useful for other instructors of online, for-credit library classes looking for new ways to engage with students.
Les jeux sont faits, rien ne va plus? Has the Tory Party Finally Chosen between Europe and America?
Authors: Bale Tim 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWhen Andrew Gamble's Between Europe and America was published in 2003, the Conservative Party was in deep trouble—a victim, he claimed, of its own success under Margaret Thatcher in destroying ‘the post‐war compromise’ that had kept the United Kingdom together, allowed it to participate, albeit reluctantly, in European integration, and helped it cope with imperial and economic decline. Yet, getting on for two decades later, the party appears to have regained the hegemony that then looked lost. Moreover, by leading the country out of the EU, the Tories seem finally to have made the choice between the two relationships and the two models of political economy that, according to Gamble, they had long attempted, however uneasily, to reconcile. When we look more closely, however, at trade, at foreign and defence policy, and at the Johnson government's economic policies, it looks as if the Conservatives—for all that the majority of their MPs can be classified as Brexiteers, as Atlanticists, as neoliberals, and therefore as Thatcherites—continue to hope (not necessarily irrationally) that they can have their cake and eat it too.
Low life: William Hogarth, visual culture and sociologies of art
Authors: Carrabine Eamonn 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper is an effort to understand Hogarth's unique position in early eighteenth century London, so as to grasp the rich complexity of his work. It begins by tracing two rival competing positions in the sociology of art, derived from Becker and Bourdieu, before taking a closer look at how Hogarth's work conjures up a new vision of the world, providing shape and meaning to the nation's changing understandings of morality, society, and the city. A fundamental transformation in the field of representation appears halfway through the eighteenth century and the interweaving of art theory, national identity, and systems of patronage are at the centre of this dynamic period. It is no accident that in Hogarth's world the main targets are those who seek to transgress their stations in life and cross class barriers. By combining two different sociological approaches to art the study builds a more nuanced picture of the artist and his work.
Voter responses to refugee arrivals: Effects of settlement policy
Authors: FINSERAAS HENNING , STRØM MARTE 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper we leverage a sudden shift in refugee settlement policy to study the electoral consequences of refugee settlements. After the 2013 Norwegian parliamentary election, the newly elected right‐wing government made a concerted effort to spread newly arrived immigrants across the country, with the consequence that some municipalities with limited experience in settling refugees accepted to do so. We propose that such policy changes have political consequences, increasing the salience of immigration issues and shifting voters’ preferences to the right. We further propose that successful refugee integration can move (parts of) the electorate to the left, with stronger political polarization as a possible effect of the policy change. Applying difference‐in‐differences techniques, we find no evidence of unidirectional shifts in voter sentiments, but support for the hypothesis of stronger political polarization.
Time discounting and implications for Chinese farmer responses to an upward trend in precipitation
Authors: Ding Yihong , Balcombe Kelvin , Robinson Elizabeth 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper studies Chinese grape growers’ time discounting and its implications for the adoption of technology that can reduce the negative effects of increasing precipitation. Using primary data collected in Xinjiang Province, we undertook a contingent valuation of rain covers that protect fruit from rain and estimated a discounted utility model using these data. Using a hierarchical Bayesian approach, we find that local grape growers discount the future very heavily, with a discount rate of 0.17 per year, which is almost four times higher than the Chinese market interest rate. Farmers also tend to underestimate the benefits of adopting covers, with their purchase decisions appearing to largely depend on their past actual losses rather than future anticipated losses. These findings have broader implications for policies promoting proactive adaptation in response to likely increased rainfall in the region. Targeting farmers who give lower weight to events far off in the future and understanding that many farmers may tend only to make adoption decisions that have strong short‐term benefits could improve the efficacy of climate policies that target agricultural technologies.
Fentanyl‐related substance scheduling as an effective drug control strategy
Authors: Weedn Victor W. , Elizabeth Zaney Mary , McCord Bruce , Lurie Ira , Baker Andrew 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFentanyl is now the primary driver of the current opioid crisis. Fentanyl and its analogues are subject to the Controlled Substances Act of 1970, the Controlled Substances Analogue Enforcement Act of 1986 (Federal Analogue Act), state laws, international treaties, and the laws of foreign countries. The appearance of novel psychoactive substances led to further legislative developments in scheduling. New fentanyl analogues proliferated in a manner previously unseen since about 2016. Overdose deaths of these fentanyl analogues prompted the Drug Enforcement Administration to reactively emergency schedule each new fentanyl analogue as it appeared. The international community also acted. Finally, on February 6, 2018, a proactive temporary (emergency) class‐wide scheduling of fentanyl‐related substances was implemented based upon the fentanyl core structure to save lives. This action spurred a similar action in China. Fentanyl analogues fell dramatically in the marketplace, despite further increases in fentanyl itself. Congress temporarily extended this scheduling, but it will soon expire. Opposition to permanent class‐wide was lodged due to concerns over law enforcement overreach, inadequate Health and Human Services input, and hindrance of research. This paper reaffirms the importance of a class‐based scheduling strategy while also arguing for increased research of schedule I controlled substances.
Redox‐sensitive transcriptional regulator SoxR directly controls antibiotic production, development and thiol‐oxidative stress response in Streptomyces avermitilis
Authors: Wang Qian , Lu Xiaorui , Yang Haixin , Yan Hao , Wen Ying 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThe redox‐sensitive transcriptional regulator SoxR is conserved in bacteria. Its role in mediating protective response to various oxidative stresses in Escherichia coli and related enteric bacteria has been well established. However, functions and regulatory mechanisms of SoxR in filamentous Streptomyces, which produce half of known antibiotics, are unclear. We report here that SoxR pleiotropically regulates antibiotic production, morphological development, primary metabolism and thiol‐oxidative stress response in industrially important species Streptomyces avermitilis. SoxR stimulated avermectin production by directly activating ave structural genes. Four genes (sav_3956, sav_4018, sav_5665 and sav_7218) that are homologous to targets of S. coelicolor SoxR are targeted by S. avermitilis SoxR. A consensus 18‐nt SoxR‐binding site, 5′‐VSYCNVVMHNKVKDGMGB‐3′, was identified in promoter regions of sav_3956, sav_4018, sav_5665, sav_7218 and target ave genes, leading to prediction of the SoxR regulon and confirmation of 11 new targets involved in development (ftsH), oligomycin A biosynthesis (olmRI), primary metabolism (metB, sav_1623, plcA, nirB, thiG, ndh2), transport (smoE) and regulatory function (sig57, sav_7278). SoxR also directly activated three key developmental genes (amfC, whiB and ftsZ) and promoted resistance of S. avermitilis to thiol‐oxidative stress through activation of target trx and msh genes. Overexpression of soxR notably enhanced antibiotic production in S. avermitilis and S. coelicolor. Our findings expand our limited knowledge of SoxR and will facilitate improvement of methods for antibiotic overproduction in Streptomyces species.
Automated improvement of stickleback reference genome assemblies with Lep‐Anchor software
Authors: Kivikoski Mikko , Rastas Pasi , Löytynoja Ari , Merilä Juha 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe describe an integrative approach to improve contiguity and haploidy of a reference genome assembly and demonstrate its impact with practical examples. With two novel features of Lep‐Anchor software and a combination of dense linkage maps, overlap detection and bridging long reads, we generated an improved assembly of the nine‐spined stickleback (Pungitius pungitius) reference genome. We were able to remove a significant number of haplotypic contigs, detect more genetic variation and improve the contiguity of the genome, especially that of X chromosome. However, improved scaffolding cannot correct for mosaicism of erroneously assembled contigs, demonstrated by a de novo assembly of a 1.6‐Mbp inversion. Qualitatively similar gains were obtained with the genome of three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). Since the utility of genome‐wide sequencing data in biological research depends heavily on the quality of the reference genome, the improved and fully automated approach described here should be helpful in refining reference genome assemblies.
An exploration of assembly strategies and quality metrics on the accuracy of the rewarewa (Knightia excelsa) genome
Authors: McCartney Ann M. , Hilario Elena , Choi Seung‐Sub , Guhlin Joseph , Prebble Jessica M. , Houliston Gary , Buckley Thomas R. , Chagné David 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe used long read sequencing data generated from Knightia excelsa, a nectar‐producing Proteaceae tree endemic to Aotearoa (New Zealand), to explore how sequencing data type, volume and workflows can impact final assembly accuracy and chromosome reconstruction. Establishing a high‐quality genome for this species has specific cultural importance to Māori and commercial importance to honey producers in Aotearoa. Assemblies were produced by five long read assemblers using data subsampled based on read lengths, two polishing strategies and two Hi‐C mapping methods. Our results from subsampling the data by read length showed that each assembler tested performed differently depending on the coverage and the read length of the data. Subsampling highlighted that input data with longer read lengths but perhaps lower coverage constructed more contiguous, kmers and gene‐complete assemblies than short read length input data with higher coverage. The final genome assembly was constructed into 14 pseudochromosomes using an initial flye long read assembly, a racon/medaka/pilon combined polishing strategy, salsa2 and allhic scaffolding, juicebox curation, and Macadamia linkage map validation. We highlighted the importance of developing assembly workflows based on the volume and read length of sequencing data and established a robust set of quality metrics for generating high‐quality assemblies. Scaffolding analyses highlighted that problems found in the initial assemblies could not be resolved accurately by Hi‐C data and that assembly scaffolding was more successful when the underlying contig assembly was of higher accuracy. These findings provide insight into how quality assessment tools can be implemented throughout genome assembly pipelines to inform the de novo reconstruction of a high‐quality genome assembly for nonmodel organisms.
Emergency ambulance demand by older adults from rural and regional Victoria, Australia
Authors: McManamny Tegwyn E. , Dwyer Rosamond , Cantwell Kate , Boyd Leanne , Sheen Jade , Smith Karen , Lowthian Judy A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the demographic profile and clinical case mix of older adults following calls for an emergency ambulance in rural Victoria, Australia.MethodsRetrospective cohort study using ambulance electronic patient care records from rural‐dwelling older adults (≥65 years old) who requested emergency ambulance attendance during 2017.ResultsA total of 84 785 older adults requested emergency ambulance attendance, representing a rate of 278 per 1000 population aged ≥65 years. More than 10% of calls were to residential aged care homes. Medical complaints and trauma accounted for 69% and 18% of attendances, respectively. The predominant cause of trauma was ground‐level falls. Common reasons for call‐outs were for pain (17.5%), respiratory problems (9.7%) and cardiovascular problems (8.5%). Increased demand was associated with increasing age and winter months.ConclusionsOlder adults from rural Victoria have high rates of emergency ambulance attendance and transportation to an emergency department, particularly with increasing age.
The ingenious mast cell: Contemporary insights into mast cell behavior and function
Authors: Dahlin Joakim S. , Maurer Marcus , Metcalfe Dean D. , Pejler Gunnar , Sagi‐Eisenberg Ronit , Nilsson Gunnar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMast cells are (in)famous for their role in allergic diseases, but the physiological and pathophysiological roles of this ingenious cell are still not fully understood. Mast cells are important for homeostasis and surveillance of the human system, recognizing both endogenous and exogenous agents, which induce release of a variety of mediators acting on both immune and non‐immune cells, including nerve cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and epithelial cells. During recent years, clinical and experimental studies on human mast cells, as well as experiments using animal models, have resulted in many discoveries that help decipher the function of mast cells in health and disease. In this review, we focus particularly on new insights into mast cell biology, with a focus on mast cell development, recruitment, heterogeneity, and reactivity. We also highlight the development in our understanding of mast cell‐driven diseases and discuss the development of novel strategies to treat such conditions.
Sialic acid‐binding immunoglobulin‐like lectin (Sigelac)‐15 is a rapidly internalised cell‐surface antigen expressed by acute myeloid leukaemia cells
Authors: Cao Huan , Neerincx Andreas , de Bono Bernard , Lakner Ursula , Huntington Catherine , Elvin John , Gudgin Emma , Pridans Clare , Vickers Mark A. , Huntly Brian , Trowsdale John , Barrow Alexander D. 
Published: May 2021

SummarySialic acid‐binding immunoglobulin‐like lectin (Siglec)‐15 has recently been identified as a critical tumour checkpoint, augmenting the expression and function of programmed death‐ligand 1. We raised a monoclonal antibody, A9E8, specific for Siglec‐15 using phage display. A9E8 stained myeloid leukaemia cell lines and peripheral cluster of differentiation (CD)33+ blasts and CD34+ leukaemia stem cells from patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). By contrast, there was minimal expression on healthy donor leucocytes or CD34+ stem cells from non‐AML donors, suggesting targeting Siglec‐15 may have significant therapeutic advantages over its fellow Siglec CD33. After binding, A9E8 was rapidly internalised (half‐life of 180 s) into K562 cells. Antibodies to Siglec‐15 therefore hold therapeutic potential for AML treatment.
Efficacy of Permacol injection for perianal fistulas in a tertiary referral population: poor outcome in patients with complex fistulas
Authors: Vollebregt Paul F. , Vander Mijnsbrugge Grietje J. , Molenaar Charlotte B. H. , Felt‐Bersma Richelle J. F. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimInjection of Permacol collagen paste can be used as a sphincter‐sparing treatment for perianal fistulas. In a tertiary referral population we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Permacol injection and the clinical and fistula‐related factors associated with recurrence.MethodThis was a retrospective analysis of consecutive patients with perianal fistulas treated with Permacol injection at a specialist centre between June 2015 and April 2019. Endoanal ultrasonography was systematically reanalysed, blinded to treatment outcome. Rectovaginal, anovaginal and Crohn's disease fistulas were excluded. Healed fistulas were defined as absent anal symptoms and a closed external opening on physical examination at a minimum follow‐up of 6 months. Regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with unhealed fistulas.ResultsA total of 90 patients (51 men; median age 45 years) were analysed. Seventy‐two (80.0%) patients had complex perianal fistulas (greater than one‐third sphincter involvement or multiple tracts). After a single Permacol injection, fistulas were healed in 20 (22.2%) patients at 3 months follow‐up and in 18 (20.0%) patients at a median follow‐up of 30 months (interquartile range 17–37). Eight (11.1%) patients with unhealed fistulas had significant improvement in their symptoms. Complex fistulas were significantly associated with unhealed status [OR 3.53 (95% CI 1.12–11.09); p = 0.031]. Twenty patients underwent subsequent Permacol injections, which were successful in six (30.0%) patients after one (n = 3) or two (n = 3) additional injections.ConclusionThis largest study to date in patients with mainly complex perianal fistulas, demonstrated that the efficacy of a single Permacol injection was only 20%. Complex fistulas were associated with a poor outcome.
Price premiums for wildlife‐friendly rice: Insights from Japanese retail data
Authors: Mameno Kota , Kubo Takahiro , Shoji Yasushi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntegrating the benefits associated with biodiversity into market mechanisms can play an important role in conservation practice. Food labeling is a widely used measure that highlights biodiversity conservation benefits to the market. However, few studies have explored the effects of labels on staple agricultural products that are associated with agro‐ecosystem conservation. We evaluated the biodiversity price premium of wildlife‐friendly rice by analyzing data from retail stores in Japan. The results showed a significant positive impact of biodiversity‐relevant labels on rice prices. Specifically, rice with this type of labeling had about 20% price premium as compared with rice that did not. The results also showed that outcome‐based certifications have the potential to work well in the market. The findings highlight the role of conservation marketing in agro‐ecosystem conservation and its potential to help balance biodiversity conservation and food security.
Quota allocation for stocks that span multiple management zones: analysis with a vector autoregressive spatiotemporal model
Authors: Adams Charles F. , Brooks Elizabeth N. , Legault Christopher M. , Barrett Melanie A. , Chevrier David F. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAllocating quotas among stakeholders requires an agreed‐upon formula. If the stock unit spans multiple management jurisdictions, the formula may require updated biomass estimates of the stock's spatial distribution with respect to those jurisdictions. Data for calculating stock biomass often come from fishery‐independent surveys. While stratified random sampling is a common design, strata boundaries may not always align with state or national jurisdictions, requiring post hoc stratification and imputation to calculate area‐specific biomass. The vector autoregressive spatiotemporal (VAST) model was explored as a tool for calculating fish biomass within subareas of a defined stock unit for three different stocks jointly managed by the United States and Canada on Georges Bank in the Northwest Atlantic Ocean. VAST estimated proportions of stock biomass in each nation's waters were compared with an existing allocation algorithm that utilises a loess smooth through the average design‐based swept area biomass from three fishery‐independent surveys. The ability of VAST to impute biomass when no tows occur in a subarea of a survey stratum was demonstrated, as well as the relatively smoother biomass trend compared with design‐based estimates, which may be desirable if the intent is to avoid large inter‐annual swings in allocated quota.
Court performance and citizen attitudes toward fighting corruption
Authors: Barbabela Letícia , Pellicer Miquel , Wegner Eva 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article investigates the relationship between court performance and citizen attitudes toward corruption. We develop a framework inspired by signaling theory that focuses on the need for institutional actors to send credible signals about their commitment against corruption if they seek to engage citizens. We suggest two channels that link court signals to citizen attitudes, an “institutional channel” linking signals to trust in courts and attitudes about state‐driven anti‐corruption measures and a “citizen channel” linking signals to citizen efficacy and norms about bribe paying. We investigate these channels with a survey experiment about a fictional court case in low income areas in South Africa and Tunisia. We find evidence that impartiality and efficiency by courts in corruption cases activate the institutional channel. Our findings suggest that courts can play an important role in the fight against corruption, not just by acting as deterrents but by affecting citizen attitudes toward corruption.
Zirconium diboride laminates for improved damage tolerance at elevated temperatures
Authors: Neuman Eric W. , Wittmaier Connor C. , Fahrenholtz William G. , Hilmas Gregory E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe mechanical response was studied for dense laminates containing layers of ZrB2 (~145 µm) and graphite—10 vol% ZrB2 (~20 µm). Individual layers were formulated by mixing starting powders with thermoplastic polymers and pressing into sheets. Laminates were produced by stacking and warm pressing the sheets, debinding, and hot pressing at 2050°C, 32 MPa, in Ar. The laminates were fractured at temperatures up to 2000°C in Ar. Laminates exhibited room temperature flexure strength of 260 MPa, increasing to 300 MPa at 1600°C, and then decreasing to 160 MPa at 2000°C. Inelastic work of fracture was 0.6 kJ/m2 at room temperature, reached a maximum of 1.3 kJ/m2 at 1400°C, and reverted to linear elastic failure at 2000°C. During fracture, cracks were deflected at the interfaces between the strong ZrB2 layers and the relatively weak C‐ZrB2 layers, which led to an increased inelastic work of fracture by more than an order of magnitude compared to conventional ZrB2 ceramics. This study demonstrated that laminate architectures are a promising approach for improving the damage tolerance of ZrB2‐based ceramics at elevated temperatures.