bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Satellite‐derived NDVI underestimates the advancement of alpine vegetation growth over the past three decades
Authors: Wang Hao , Liu Huiying , Huang Ni , Bi Jian , Ma Xuanlong , Ma Zhiyuan , Shangguan Zijian , Zhao Hongfang , Feng Qisheng , Liang Tiangang , Cao Guangmin , Schmid Bernhard , He Jin‐Sheng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSatellite‐derived normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) data are increasingly relied on to reveal the growth responses of vegetation to climate change, yet the vegetation growth tracking accuracy of these data remains unclear due to a lack of long‐term field data. Here, we adopted a unique field‐measured seasonal aboveground biomass dataset from 1982–2014 to assess the potential of using satellite‐derived NDVI data to match field data in regard to the interannual variability in seasonal vegetation growth in a Tibetan alpine grassland. We revealed that Global Inventory Monitoring and Modeling System (GIMMS) NDVI data captured the advancement of field‐measured vegetation growth throughout the entire study period but not from 2000–2014, while MODIS NDVI data still observed this advancing trend after 2000 to a limited extent. However, satellite‐derived NDVI data consistently underestimated the advancement degree of field‐measured vegetation growth, regardless of whether GIMMS or MODIS NDVI data were considered. We tentatively attribute this underestimation to an increased ratio of grass biomass to forb biomass, which could delay the advancement of NDVI development but not affect that of field‐measured biomass development. Our results suggest that satellite‐derived NDVI data may miss critical responses of vegetation growth to global climate change, potentially due to long‐term shifts in plant community composition.
Shared and distinct brain fMRI response during performance of working memory tasks in adult patients with schizophrenia and major depressive disorder
Authors: Wang Xiuli , Cheng Bochao , Roberts Neil , Wang Song , Luo Ya , Tian Fangfang , Yue Suping 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWorking memory (WM) impairments are common features of psychiatric disorders. A systematic meta‐analysis was performed to determine common and disorder‐specific brain fMRI response during performance of WM tasks in patients with SZ and patients with MDD relative to healthy controls (HC). Thirty‐four published fMRI studies of WM in patients with SZ and 18 published fMRI studies of WM in patients with MDD, including relevant HC, were included in the meta‐analysis. In both SZ and MDD there was common stronger fMRI response in right medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and bilateral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), which are part of the default mode network (DMN). The effects were of greater magnitude in SZ than MDD, especially in prefrontal‐temporal‐cingulate‐striatal‐cerebellar regions. In addition, a disorder‐specific weaker fMRI response was observed in right middle frontal gyrus (MFG) in MDD, relative to HC. For both SZ and MDD a significant correlation was observed between the severity of clinical symptoms and lateralized fMRI response relative to HC. These findings indicate that there may be common and distinct anomalies in brain function underlying deficits in WM in SZ and MDD, which may serve as a potential functional neuroimaging‐based diagnostic biomarker with value in supporting clinical diagnosis, measuring illness severity and assessing the efficacy of treatments for SZ and MDD at the brain level.
Probabilistic mapping of thalamic nuclei and thalamocortical functional connectivity in idiopathic generalised epilepsy
Authors: Chen Yachin , Fallon Nicholas , Kreilkamp Barbara A. K. , Denby Christine , Bracewell Martyn , Das Kumar , Pegg Emily , Mohanraj Rajiv , Marson Anthony G. , Keller Simon S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIt is well established that abnormal thalamocortical systems play an important role in the generation and maintenance of primary generalised seizures. However, it is currently unknown which thalamic nuclei and how nuclear‐specific thalamocortical functional connectivity are differentially impacted in patients with medically refractory and non‐refractory idiopathic generalised epilepsy (IGE). In the present study, we performed structural and resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in patients with refractory and non‐refractory IGE, segmented the thalamus into constituent nuclear regions using a probabilistic MRI segmentation method and determined thalamocortical functional connectivity using seed‐to‐voxel connectivity analyses. We report significant volume reduction of the left and right anterior thalamic nuclei only in patients with refractory IGE. Compared to healthy controls, patients with refractory and non‐refractory IGE had significant alterations of functional connectivity between the centromedian nucleus and cortex, but only patients with refractory IGE had altered cortical connectivity with the ventral lateral nuclear group. Patients with refractory IGE had significantly increased functional connectivity between the left and right ventral lateral posterior nuclei and cortical regions compared to patients with non‐refractory IGE. Cortical effects were predominantly located in the frontal lobe. Atrophy of the anterior thalamic nuclei and resting‐state functional hyperconnectivity between ventral lateral nuclei and cerebral cortex may be imaging markers of pharmacoresistance in patients with IGE. These structural and functional abnormalities fit well with the known importance of thalamocortical systems in the generation and maintenance of primary generalised seizures, and the increasing recognition of the importance of limbic pathways in IGE.
Up‐regulation of thioesterase superfamily member 2 in skeletal muscle promotes hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in mice
Authors: Imai Norihiro , Nicholls Hayley T. , Alves‐Bezerra Michele , Li Yingxia , Ivanova Anna A. , Ortlund Eric A. , Cohen David E. 
Published: August 2021

Background and Aims
Thioesterase superfamily member 2 (Them2) is highly expressed in liver and oxidative tissues, where it hydrolyzes long‐chain fatty acyl‐CoA esters to free fatty acids and CoA. Although mice globally lacking Them2 (Them2
−/−) are protected against diet‐induced obesity, hepatic steatosis (HS), and insulin resistance (IR), liver‐specific Them2
−/− mice remain susceptible. The aim of this study was to test whether Them2 activity in extrahepatic oxidative tissues is a primary determinant of HS and IR.

Approach and Results
Upon observing IR and up‐regulation of Them2 in skeletal, but not cardiac, muscle of high‐fat‐diet (HFD)‐fed wild‐type compared to Them2
−/− mice, we created mice with Them2 specifically deleted in skeletal (S‐Them2
−/−) and cardiac muscle (C‐Them2
−/−), as well as in adipose tissue (A‐Them2
−/−). When fed an HFD, S‐Them2
−/−, but not C‐Them2
−/− or A‐Them2
−/−, mice exhibited reduced weight gain and improved glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity. Reconstitution of Them2 expression in skeletal muscle of global Them2
−/− mice, using adeno‐associated virus, was sufficient to restore excess weight gain. Increased rates of fatty acid oxidation in skeletal muscle of S‐Them2
−/− mice contributed to protection from HFD‐induced HS by increasing VLDL triglyceride secretion rates in response to greater demand. Increases in insulin sensitivity were further attributable to alterations in production of skeletal muscle metabolites, including short‐chain fatty acids, branched‐chain amino acids, and pentose phosphate pathway intermediates, as well as in expression of myokines that modulate insulin responsiveness.

Conclusions
These results reveal a key role for skeletal muscle Them2 in the pathogenesis of HS and IR and implicate it as a target in the management of NAFLD.
Radical Silyl‐ and Germylzincation of Propargylic Alcohols
Authors: de la Vega‐Hernández Karen , Isaac Kevin , Chemla Fabrice , Ferreira Franck , Jackowski Olivier , Perez‐Luna Alejandro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe silyl‐ and germylzincation of terminal or internal propargylic alcohols by reaction with (Me3Si)3SiH/Et2Zn, [(Me3Si)3Si]2Zn/Et2Zn or Ph3GeH/Et2Zn is examined. These reactions proceed through the addition of silicon‐ or germanium‐centered radicals across the carbon≡carbon triple bond followed by the trapping by diethylzinc of the produced vinyl radical through homolytic substitution at the zinc atom. The influence of the hydroxy unit on the regio‐ and stereoselectivity of these reactions is discussed and compared to its role played in radical hydrosilylation and hydrogermylation reactions. Protocols developed to achieve the β‐regioselective silylzincation of propargyl alcohol and the α‐regioselective germylzincation of internal propargylic alcohols are particularly important, as they occur with trans stereoselectivity. For both procedures the C(sp2)−Zn bond remains available for subsequent in‐situ electrophilic substitution leading overall to net alkyne trans difunctionalization.
Outcomes of hematopoietic cell transplantation for transformed follicular lymphoma
Authors: Ida Hanae , Inamoto Yoshihiro , Fukuhara Suguru , Maeshima Akiko Miyagi , Takeda Wataru , Hirakawa Tsuneaki , Kuno Masatomo , Aoki Jun , Tanaka Takashi , Ito Ayumu , Kim Sung‐Won , Izutsu Koji , Fukuda Takahiro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study characterized the outcomes of patients who underwent hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) for transformed follicular lymphoma (tFL), and clarified the association of low‐dose anti‐thymocyte globulin use with outcomes after allogeneic HCT. The retrospective study cohort included 74 consecutive patients who underwent autologous (n = 23) or allogeneic (n = 51) HCT at our center from 2000 to 2017. Compared with the allogeneic HCT group, the autologous HCT group underwent fewer systemic regimens before HCT (median 2 vs. 5, p < 0.001) and were more likely to have chemosensitive disease at HCT (100% vs. 82%, p = 0.05), while age, sex and HCT‐specific comorbidity index were similar between the two groups. With a median follow‐up of 5.8 years among survivors, the 5‐year probability of progression‐free survival was 64% after autologous HCT and 55% after allogeneic HCT (p = 0.21). The 5‐year cumulative incidence of non‐relapse mortality was 0% after autologous HCT and 9.5% after allogeneic HCT (p = 0.062). The 5‐year cumulative incidence of disease progression was similar between autologous and allogeneic HCT (36% vs. 36%, respectively, p = 0.88). In the allogeneic HCT group, the use of low‐dose anti‐thymocyte globulin was associated with a lower incidence of severe acute GVHD but not with an increased risk of mortality or disease progression. More than half of patients with early phase chemosensitive tFL and approximately half of those with advanced‐phase tFL achieved long‐term progression‐free survival with autologous and allogeneic HCT, respectively. Disease progression was the major cause of treatment failure after both types of HCT. Further strategies are needed to reduce the risk of disease progression.
Computation of unsteady generalized Couette flow and heat transfer in immiscible dusty and non‐dusty fluids with viscous heating and wall suction effects using a modified cubic B‐spine differential quadrature method
Authors: Chandrawat Rajesh Kumar , Joshi Varun , Anwar Bég O. , Tripathi Dharmendra 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this paper, the unsteady flow of two immiscible fluids with heat transfer is studied numerically with a modified cubic B‐spine Differential Quadrature Method. Generalized Couette flow of two immiscible dusty (fluid–particle suspension) and pure (Newtonian) fluids are considered through rigid horizontal channelsfor three separate scenarios: first fornonporous plates with heat transfer, second forporous plates with uniform suction and injection and heat transfer, and third fornonporous plates with interface evolution. The stable liquid–liquid interface is considered for the two immiscible fluids in the first two cases. In the third case, it is assumed that the interface travels from one position to another and may undergo serious deformation; hence the single momentum equation based on the volume of fluid method is combined with the continuum surface approach model, and an interface tracking is proposed. The flow cases are considered to be subjected to three different pressure gradients, of relevance to energy systems—namely,applied constant, decaying, and periodic pressure gradients. For each case, the coupled partial differential equations are formulated and solved numerically using MCB‐DQM to compute the fluids velocities, fluid temperatures, interface evolution. The effects of emerging thermo‐fluid parameters, that is, Eckert (dissipation), Reynolds, Prandtl, and Froude numbers, particle concentration parameter, volume fraction parameter, pressure gradient, time, and the ratio of viscosities, densities, thermal conductivities, and specific heats on velocity and temperature characteristics are illustrated through graphs.
Red bermudagrass mite severely reduces growth in hybrid bermudagrass
Authors: Loch Donald S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMite infestations are widely recognized as reducing the growth of affected warm‐season turfgrasses. This observation is, however, a qualitative assessment, albeit based on extensive field observations over the past >60 yr, and the level of reduced growth has never previously been quantified. In three replicated pot experiments, the dry matter production of hybrid bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt Davy] infested by the red bermudagrass mite [Dolichotetranychus australianus (Womersley)] was reduced by 84, 67, and 50% compared with that of a mite‐free control treatment in Experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. These results are discussed in relation to the inherent variability of red bermudagrass mite infestations in both time and in space.
A reaction route network for methanol decomposition on a Pt(111) surface
Authors: Sugiyama Kanami , Saita Kenichiro , Maeda Satoshi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA reaction route network for the decomposition reaction of methanol on a Pt(111) surface was constructed by using the artificial force‐induced reaction (AFIR) method, which can search for reaction paths automatically and systematically. Then, the network was kinetically analyzed by applying the rate constant matrix contraction (RCMC) method. Specifically, the time hierarchy of the network, the time evolution of the population initially given to CH3OH to the other species on the network, and the most favorable route from CH3OH to major and minor products were investigated by the RCMC method. Consistently to previous studies, the major product on the network was CO+4H, and the most favorable route proceeded through the following steps: CH3OH → CH2OH+H → HCOH+2H → HCO+3H → CO+4H. Furthermore, paths to byproducts found on the network and their kinetic importance were discussed. The present procedure combining AFIR and RCMC was thus successful in explaining the title reaction without using any information on its product or the reaction mechanism.
Discoidin domain receptors (DDRs): Potential implications in periodontitis
Authors: Ma Rui , Xie Xudong , Zhao Lei , Wu Yafei , Wang Jun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPeriodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease leading to the destruction of periodontal tissues associated with high prevalence and significant economic burden. As special collagen‐binding tyrosine kinase receptors, the discoidin domain receptors (DDRs) can control cell migration, adhesion, proliferation, and extracellular matrix remodeling. DDRs are constitutively expressed and widely distributed in periodontal tissues which are rich in collagen. Ddr1/2 knockout mice showed significant periodontal defects including connective tissue destruction, alveolar bone loss, and even tooth loss. It has been demonstrated that bone homeostasis, inflammation, matrix metalloproteinases, and autophagy are crucial characteristics involved in the pathogenesis of periodontitis. Of note, DDRs have been reported to participate in the above pathophysiological processes, implicating the potential roles of DDRs in periodontitis. In this review article, we aim to illustrate the possible roles of DDRs in periodontitis in an attempt to explore their potential value as therapeutic targets for periodontitis.
A Phase 1 Trial to Evaluate the Relationship Between Fluoride Intake and Urinary Fluoride Excretion in Healthy Participants
Authors: Gillespie Gillian , Jackson Rudd Deanne , Zhang Saijuan , Schaeffer Andrea , Tomek Charles , Larson Patrick , Stoch S. Aubrey , Iwamoto Marian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractChronic overexposure to fluoride can have deleterious effects in the musculoskeletal system. Some fluorine‐containing therapeutics, such as voriconazole, release fluoride through metabolism. Therefore, drug‐related fluoride exposure should be assessed for novel therapeutics suspected of releasing fluoride through metabolism. Two trials were conducted to identify the optimal method of assessing drug‐related fluoride exposure. In trial 1, designed to assess reproducibility of fluoride pharmacokinetics in urine and plasma, 14 participants were administered a fluoride‐restricted diet and once‐daily doses of sodium fluoride (2.2 mg [1 mg of fluoride] on days 1 and 2; and 13.2 mg of sodium fluoride [6 mg of fluoride] on days 3 and 4). In trial 2, designed to confirm the selected method for fluoride detection, 12 participants were administered a fluoride‐restricted diet and randomized to receive voriconazole (400 mg twice, 12 hours apart, on day 1 [131 mg/d of fluoride maximum], then 3 doses of 200 mg every 12 hours [65.3 mg/d of fluoride maximum]) or placebo. Plasma fluoride concentrations and urinary fluoride excretion were assessed in each trial. Assessment of plasma fluoride concentrations in trial 1 was limited by 301 of 854 samples (35.2%) below the lower limit of quantitation. Urine fluoride excretion was readily measured and demonstrated a decrease from baseline during the fluoride‐restricted diet phase, as well as dose‐proportional increases with fluoride administration. In trial 2, increases in urine fluoride were successfully observed in participants administered voriconazole. In conclusion, fluoride exposure was optimally assessed by urinary fluoride excretion in conjunction with strict dietary fluoride restrictions, as measurements were consistent and reproducible.
p21‐activated kinase 4 phosphorylates peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor Υ and suppresses skeletal muscle regeneration
Authors: Mao Yuancheng , Han Chang Yeob , Hao Lihua , Bang In Hyuk , Bae Eun Ju , Park Byung‐Hyun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundSkeletal muscle regeneration is an adaptive response to injury that is crucial to the maintenance of muscle mass and function. A p21‐activated kinase 4 (PAK4) serine/threonine kinase is critical to the regulation of cytoskeletal changes, cell proliferation, and growth. However, PAK4's role in myoblast differentiation and regenerative myogenesis remains to be determined.MethodsWe used a mouse model of myotoxin (notexin)‐induced muscle regeneration. In vitro myogenesis was performed in the C2C12 myoblast cell line, primary myoblasts, and primary satellite cells. In vivo overexpression of PAK4 or kinase‐inactive mutant PAK4S474A was conducted in skeletal muscle to examine PAK4's kinase‐dependent effect on muscle regeneration. The regeneration process was evaluated by determining the number and size of multinucleated myofibres and expression patterns of myogenin and eMyHC. To explore whether PAK4 inhibition improves muscle regeneration, mice were injected intramuscularly with siRNA that targeted PAK4 or orally administered with a chemical inhibitor of PAK4.Resultsp21‐activated kinase 4 was highly expressed during the myoblast stage, but expression gradually and substantially decreased as myoblasts differentiated into myotubes. PAK4 overexpression, but not kinase‐inactive mutant PAK4S474A overexpression, significantly impeded myoblast fusion and MyHC‐positive myotube formation in C2C12 cells, primary myoblasts, and satellite cells (P < 0.01). Conversely, PAK4 silencing led to an 8.7% and a 20.3% increase in the number of multinucleated larger myotubes in C2C12 cells and primary myoblasts. Further, in vivo overexpression of PAK4 by adenovirus injection to mice prior to and after myotoxin‐induced injury led to a 52.6% decrease in the number of eMyHC‐positive myofibres on Day 5 in tibialis anterior muscles as compared with those injected with control adenoviruses (P < 0.01), while Ad‐PAK4S474A showed comparable muscle regeneration parameters. PAK4‐induced repression of muscle regeneration coincided with an increase in phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) expression and a decrease in phosphoinositide 3‐kinase‐Akt signalling. In contrast, PAK4 silencing reduced PTEN expression in mice. Consistent with these findings, prodrug of PAK4 inhibitor CZh‐226 (30 mg/kg) orally administered to mice repressed PTEN expression and accelerated myotube formation. Subsequent mechanistic studies revealed that PAK4 directly phosphorylates PPARγ at S273 to increase its transcription activity, thereby up‐regulating PTEN expression. Importantly, an analysis of the Genotype‐Tissue Expression database showed a positive correlation between PAK4 and PTEN in human skeletal muscle tissues (P < 0.01).Conclusionsp1‐activated kinase 4 is a new member of PPARγ kinase, and PAK4 inhibition may have a therapeutic role as an accelerant of muscle regeneration.
Dynamic analysis of a micro‐cantilever beam in non‐contact mode: Classic and Strain Gradient theories
Authors: Ali Mohammadi Mohammad , Farajollahi Meisam , Yousefi‐Koma Aghil 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article investigates the dynamic behavior of the micro‐cantilever beam in a non‐contact atomic force microscope based on classic and Strain Gradient continuum theories. Governing equation of the system is derived using Euler–Bernoulli and Strain Gradient theories as a nonlinear partial differential equation. Then, the equation is converted to a nonlinear ordinary differential equation using the Galerkin method, and the lumped model is derived. The effect of van der Waals repulsive term is investigated, and it is demonstrated that its repulsive term has no considerable effect on the dynamic of the system compared with its attractive term. The stability region of the system and the frequency response are computed and validated analytically and numerically. The obtained analytical equation is used for comparing the frequency response of the classic and Strain Gradient systems. It was observed that the classic theory predicts the nonlinear behavior of the system including softening for a specific dimension, while the dynamic behavior of the system is linear for the same dimensions from the Strain Gradient theory point of view. This difference probably roots in ignoring the size effect in submicron scales by the classic theory.Highlights
The influence of the repulsive term of van der Waals force on the dynamic behavior of micro‐beam and this term is investigated.
A general closed‐form equation is derived for the stability region of AFM by an analytical approach.
Effect of size on the stability region is investigated.
The frequency response of the system is derived using the multiscale method (MSM) approach.