bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Barrier Effect of the Pearl River Estuarine Plume on Wind‐Induced Coastal Upwelling of Nutrients
Authors: Wang K. , Yin K. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCoastal upwelling caused by winds seasonally occurs in summer in the Northern South China Sea. The alongshore prevailing southwest winds, induced by East Asia Summer Monsoon, exert a uniform Coriolis force to drive the surface water offshore, which in turn pushes the deeper coastal water upward. The common view is that coastal upwelling brings up nutrients from deep water. The presence of a buoyance layer such as the riverine or estuarine plumes damps the Ekman effect and hence upwelling. However, the semi‐quantitative analysis of reduced upwelled nitrate amount due to plume (barrier) effect during this interactive process is rare. To examine the dynamics of water masses and nutrient upward transport process in the coastal waters in summer, vertical profiles of temperature, salinity, and nitrate were taken along the transects from the Pearl River estuary to 150 km offshore in July cruise of 2002 in the northern South China Sea. The results show a three‐layer structure resulting from the three water masses under the impact of a large buoyant plume: high‐nutrient plume water in the surface layer, undetectable‐nutrient offshore surface water in the middle layer, and low‐nutrient deep water in the bottom layer. This structure indicates that this middle layer was the offshore surface water entrained underneath the estuarine plume and hence, weakened the intensity of upwelling. Upwelled nitrate amount is reduced by ∼30%–35% from the deep water to the surface layer due to the middle layer based on our estimate. The finding suggests that the presence of estuarine plumes plays an important role as a barrier to weaken upwelling of deep water and subsequently reduce the upward transport of nutrients by wind‐induced coastal upwelling and therefore, such the barrier effect should be considered in estimating budgets of nutrients and subsequent carbon fixation in coastal waters.
On Ranking and Representation in the Geosciences
Authors: Ali Hendratta N. , Prasad Manika 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhile the merits of academic ranking are debatable, its benefits cannot be denied. Elite and highly ranked Geoscience programs have a duty to use these benefits to lead on equity. Unfortunately, they too are starkly underrepresented in faculty and scientists from historically excluded communities. A lack of scientists from historically excluded groups, who can serve as role models potentially alienates, and disincentivizes marginalized students and scientists, and further hinders geoscience progress in diversity. Best ranked institutions can disrupt the cycle of underrepresentation by using their stature and visibility to serve as role models for diversity, equity, and inclusion.
Phytoplankton‐Nitrifier Interactions Control the Geographic Distribution of Nitrite in the Upper Ocean
Authors: Wan Xianhui S. , Sheng Hua‐Xia , Dai Minhan , Church Matthew J. , Zou Wenbin , Li Xiaolin , Hutchins David A. , Ward Bess B. , Kao Shuh‐Ji 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAs a key intermediate in the nitrogen cycle, nitrite is involved in multiple biological pathways that regulate the distribution and availability of nitrogen in the ocean. In the oligotrophic gyres, nitrite accumulates near the base of the euphotic zone, demonstrating a subsurface maximum, termed the primary nitrite maximum; while in subpolar regions, nitrite concentrations are elevated in the near‐surface ocean. As yet, the mechanisms controlling this meridional pattern remain unclear. Here, we present vertically resolved profiles of rates of nitrite production and consumption extending from the Subtropical Gyre to the Subarctic Front in the North Pacific Ocean. Our results indicate that the latitudinal distributions of nitrite across this basin are influenced by variations in phytoplankton‐nitrifier interactions. In the well‐lit oligotrophic surface, phytoplankton dominates rapid nitrite cycling via coupled release and re‐assimilation; below the euphotic zone, diminished light stress on nitrite oxidizers results in rapid turnover and limits nitrite. By contrast, in subpolar regions where nitrate concentrations are elevated in the euphotic zone, nitrite is released during assimilative nitrate reduction and competition between phytoplankton and nitrifiers for ammonium is relaxed, facilitating ammonia oxidation. These processes, together with differential light sensitivities of ammonia and nitrite oxidizers, allow net accumulation of nitrite. Furthermore, we demonstrate a substantial contribution of urea oxidation in forming the primary nitrite maximum and balancing the two steps of marine nitrification. Our findings reveal physical‐biological interactive controls on nitrite cycling and distributions in the ocean and help disentangle the complex effect of phytoplankton‐microbe interactions on marine nitrogen biogeochemistry.
A Generic Method to Derive Coastal Bathymetry From Satellite Photogrammetry for Tsunami Hazard Assessment
Authors: Zhou Yu , Lu Lejun , Li Linlin , Zhang Qiong , Zhang Peizhen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this study, we use Pleiades satellite stereo imagery to map shallow‐water bathymetry specifically for the purpose of assessing tsunami hazard in coastal regions. In order to calculate the refraction correction factor, we independently measure the refractive indices of seawater mixed with a variety of phytoplankton, which was previously unquantified. We find that the refractive index of seawater increases with cell density of phytoplankton, ranging from 1.3410 to 1.3425. Through rigorous error analysis, we demonstrate that the change in refraction due to heterogeneous distribution of phytoplankton is negligible, suggesting that the technique is applicable to the global ocean. Using the Penghu Islands as a case example, we show that photogrammetric bathymetry is able to reveal tsunami impacts more accurately and reasonably than the commonly used General Bathymetric Chart of the Oceans data, highlighting the importance of high‐resolution and high‐accuracy bathymetry for tsunami hazard assessment.
Axially Asymmetric Steady State Model of Jupiter's Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling
Authors: Pensionerov I. A. , Cowley S. W. H. , Belenkaya E. S. , Alexeev I. I. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe present an axially asymmetric steady state model of Jupiter's magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling with variable ionospheric conductivity dependent on the field‐aligned current density. We use Juno and Galileo data to construct a simple model of the equatorial magnetic field, and develop a method for solving the system of partial differential equations describing magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling. Using this model, we study the behavior of the system with different radial mass transport rates of magnetospheric plasma and the effect of additional field‐aligned currents associated with Jupiter's nightside partial ring current. We compare the model magnetodisc current intensities with those determined directly from magnetic field measurements in various local time sectors, and find that the value of mass transport rate of 2,000 kg , larger than usually estimated, better accounts for the observed radial currents. We also find that the inclusion of field‐aligned currents associated with Jupiter's partial ring current helps to explain the local time variation of the radial currents, reducing the discrepancy between the model and the observations.
Depositional Controls of the Layered Deposits of Arabia Terra, Mars: Hints From Basin Geometries and Stratigraphic Trends
Authors: Schmidt G. , Pondrelli M. , Salese F. , Rossi A.P. , Le Deit L. , Fueten F. , Salvini F. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAn extensive distribution of water‐altered equatorial layered deposits (ELDs) characterizes the densely cratered terrain of Arabia Terra (AT), Mars. The majority of these deposits reside within craters and are easily identified by laterally continuous layering. The processes that led to their formation have been widely investigated, but remain unresolved. Furthermore, their precise spatial distribution as a whole, as well as their relationship to one another individually, has yet to be fully appreciated. This work examines 1,013 craters and emphasizes 45 that were observed to contain ELDs within the eastern half of AT. We present the statistical relationships between crater characteristics (e.g., location, diameter, depth), as well as evidence supporting a southeast‐northwest facies change. The 30–2,000‐m range of measured deposit thicknesses, accompanied with individual layer thicknesses, correlate with crater elevation either due to water level differences within craters, or a proximal‐distal relationship to the source. Air fall or fluid expulsion appear to stand out among all the prevailing depositional hypotheses, however the volume required to fill these craters in an ash fall scenario is in opposition with the locations of known volcanic provinces and the volume of ash that volcanic eruptions produce. This new evidence of a regional facies change provides a unique opportunity to better understand past climate and sedimentary processes on Mars, as well as the putative groundwater level in ancient AT. Ultimately, our results do not agree well with a unified depositional method for these deposits and the possibility of mixed origins should be taken seriously.
The Global Conductivity Structure of the Lunar Upper and Midmantle
Authors: Mittelholz A. , Grayver A. , Khan A. , Kuvshinov A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMagnetic sounding is a powerful tool to explore the interior of planetary bodies through the electrical conductivity structure. The electrical conductivity structure of the lunar mantle has previously been derived from surface magnetic field measurements as part of the Apollo 12 mission and concurrent magnetometer data acquired from orbit through the Explorer 35 satellite. Here, we derive the first global conductivity structure of the upper and midmantle using only satellite magnetometer data collected by the recent Lunar Prospector and Kaguya Selene satellite missions. We show that the field in the geomagnetic tail exhibits a simple geometrical structure and can be well described by a single spherical harmonic of degree and order one. Employing this information about the inducing field geometry and assuming a potential representation of the field in the geomagnetic tail, we derive a frequency‐dependent transfer function and invert it for a one‐dimensional (1‐D) electrical conductivity profile of the lunar upper and midmantle. Our global transfer function shows striking similarity with the local one obtained from joint analysis of Apollo 12 and Explorer 35 magnetometer data. This indicates the lack of local variations at the Apollo 12 landing site compared to the globally averaged upper to midmantle electrical conductivity structure.
E‐CHAIM as a Model of Total Electron Content: Performance and Diagnostics
Authors: Themens D. R. , Reid Ben , Jayachandran P. T. , Larson Bion , Koustov A. V. , Elvidge Sean , McCaffrey A. M. , Watson Chris 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHere, we assess to what extent the Empirical Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Model (E‐CHAIM) can reproduce the climatological variations of vertical Total Electron Content (vTEC) in the Canadian sector. Within the auroral oval and polar cap, E‐CHAIM is found to exhibit Root Mean Square (RMS) errors in vTEC as low 0.4 TECU during solar minimum summer but as high as 5.0 TECU during solar maximum equinox conditions. These errors represent an improvement of up to 8.5 TECU over the errors of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) in the same region. At sub‐auroral latitudes, E‐CHAIM RMS errors range between 1.0 and 7.4 TECU, with greatest errors during the equinoxes at high solar activity. This represents an up to 0.5 TECU improvement over the IRI during summer but worse performance by up to 2.4 TECU during the winter. Comparisons of E‐CHAIM performance against in situ measurements from the European Space Agency's Swarm mission are also conducted, ultimately finding behavior consistent with that of vTEC. In contrast to the vTEC results, however, E‐CHAIM and the IRI exhibit comparable performance at Swarm altitudes, except within the polar cap, where the IRI exhibits systematic underestimation of electron density by up to 1.0 × 1011 e/m3. Conjunctions with mid‐latitude ionosondes demonstrate that E‐CHAIM's errors appear to result from compounding same‐signed errors in its NmF2, hmF2, and topside thickness at these latitudes. Overall, E‐CHAIM exhibits strong performance within the polar cap and auroral oval but performs comparably to the IRI at sub‐auroral latitudes.
Natriuretic peptide receptor a promotes gastric malignancy through angiogenesis process
Authors: Li Zheng , Fan Hao , Cao Jiacheng , Sun Guangli , Sen Wang  , Lv Jialun , Xuan Zhe , Xia Yiwen , Wang Linjun , Zhang Diancai , Xu Hao , Xu Zekuan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGastric cancer (GC) ranks the third among global cancer-related mortality, especially in East Asia. Angiogenesis plays an important role in promoting tumor progression, and clinical trials have demonstrated that anti-angiogenesis therapy is effective in GC management. Natriuretic peptide receptor A (NPRA) functions significantly in promoting GC development and progression. Whether NPRA can promote angiogenesis of GC remains unclear. Tumor samples collection and immunohistochemical experiment showed that the expression of NPRA was positively correlated with the expression of CD31 and vessel density. In vivo and in vitro analysis showed that NPRA could promote GC-associated angiogenesis and tumor metastasis. Results of Co-IP/MS showed that NPRA could prevent HIF-1α from being degraded by binding to HIF-1α. Protection of HIF-1α improved VEGF levels and thus promoted angiogenesis. In summary, NPRA protected HIF-1α from proteolysis by binding to HIF-1α, increased the expression of HIF-1α, and promoted GC angiogenesis. This study has discovered a new mechanism for NPRA to promote gastric cancer development and a new regulatory mechanism for HIF-1α.
Time-resolved relaxation and fragmentation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons investigated in the ultrafast XUV-IR regime
Authors: Lee J. W. L. , Tikhonov D. S. , Chopra P. , Maclot S. , Steber A. L. , Gruet S. , Allum F. , Boll R. , Cheng X. , Düsterer S. , Erk B. , Garg D. , He L. , Heathcote D. , Johny M. , Kazemi M. M. , Köckert H. , Lahl J. , Lemmens A. K. , Loru D. , Mason R. , Müller E. , Mullins T. , Olshin P. , Passow C. , Peschel J. , Ramm D. , Rompotis D. , Schirmel N. , Trippel S. , Wiese J. , Ziaee F. , Bari S. , Burt M. , Küpper J. , Rijs A. M. , Rolles D. , Techert S. , Eng-Johnsson P. , Brouard M. , Vallance C. , Manschwetus B. , Schnell M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPolycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) play an important role in interstellar chemistry and are subject to high energy photons that can induce excitation, ionization, and fragmentation. Previous studies have demonstrated electronic relaxation of parent PAH monocations over 10–100 femtoseconds as a result of beyond-Born-Oppenheimer coupling between the electronic and nuclear dynamics. Here, we investigate three PAH molecules: fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene, using ultrafast XUV and IR laser pulses. Simultaneous measurements of the ion yields, ion momenta, and electron momenta as a function of laser pulse delay allow a detailed insight into the various molecular processes. We report relaxation times for the electronically excited PAH*, PAH+* and PAH2+* states, and show the time-dependent conversion between fragmentation pathways. Additionally, using recoil-frame covariance analysis between ion images, we demonstrate that the dissociation of the PAH2+ ions favors reaction pathways involving two-body breakup and/or loss of neutral fragments totaling an even number of carbon atoms.
Bayesian log-normal deconvolution for enhanced in silico microdissection of bulk gene expression data
Authors: Andrade Barbosa Bárbara , van Asten Saskia D. , Oh Ji Won , Farina-Sarasqueta Arantza , Verheij Joanne , Dijk Frederike , van Laarhoven Hanneke W. M. , Ylstra Bauke , Garcia Vallejo Juan J. , van de Wiel Mark A. , Kim Yongsoo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDeconvolution of bulk gene expression profiles into the cellular components is pivotal to portraying tissue’s complex cellular make-up, such as the tumor microenvironment. However, the inherently variable nature of gene expression requires a comprehensive statistical model and reliable prior knowledge of individual cell types that can be obtained from single-cell RNA sequencing. We introduce BLADE (Bayesian Log-normAl Deconvolution), a unified Bayesian framework to estimate both cellular composition and gene expression profiles for each cell type. Unlike previous comprehensive statistical approaches, BLADE can handle > 20 types of cells due to the efficient variational inference. Throughout an intensive evaluation with > 700 simulated and real datasets, BLADE demonstrated enhanced robustness against gene expression variability and better completeness than conventional methods, in particular, to reconstruct gene expression profiles of each cell type. In summary, BLADE is a powerful tool to unravel heterogeneous cellular activity in complex biological systems from standard bulk gene expression data.
Lateralization of CA1 assemblies in the absence of CA3 input
Authors: Guan Hefei , Middleton Steven J. , Inoue Takafumi , McHugh Thomas J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn the hippocampal circuit CA3 input plays a critical role in the organization of CA1 population activity, both during learning and sleep. While integrated spatial representations have been observed across the two hemispheres of CA1, these regions lack direct connectivity and thus the circuitry responsible remains largely unexplored. Here we investigate the role of CA3 in organizing bilateral CA1 activity by blocking synaptic transmission at CA3 terminals through the inducible transgenic expression of tetanus toxin. Although the properties of single place cells in CA1 were comparable bilaterally, we find a decrease of ripple synchronization between left and right CA1 after silencing CA3. Further, during both exploration and rest, CA1 neuronal ensemble activity is less coordinated across hemispheres. This included degradation of the replay of previously explored spatial paths in CA1 during rest, consistent with the idea that CA3 bilateral projections integrate activity between left and right hemispheres and orchestrate bilateral hippocampal coding.
The origin of the particle-size-dependent selectivity in 1-butene isomerization and hydrogenation on Pd/Al2O3 catalysts
Authors: Genest Alexander , Silvestre-Albero Joaquín , Li Wen-Qing , Rösch Notker , Rupprechter Günther 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe selectivity of 1-butene hydrogenation/isomerization on Pd catalysts is known to be particle size dependent. Here we show that combining well-defined model catalysts, atmospheric pressure reaction kinetics, DFT calculations and microkinetic modeling enables to rationalize the particle size effect based on the abundance and the specific properties of the contributing surface facets.
Reduced expression of OXPHOS and DNA damage genes is linked to protection from microvascular complications in long-term type 1 diabetes: the PROLONG study
Authors: Özgümüş Türküler , Sulaieva Oksana , Jessen Leon Eyrich , Jain Ruchi , Falhammar Henrik , Nyström Thomas , Catrina Sergiu-Bogdan , Jörneskog Gun , Groop Leif , Eliasson Mats , Eliasson Björn , Brismar Kerstin , Stokowy Tomasz , Nilsson Peter M. , Lyssenko Valeriya 
Published: October 2021

AbstractType 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease requiring insulin treatment for survival. Prolonged duration of type 1 diabetes is associated with increased risk of microvascular complications. Although chronic hyperglycemia and diabetes duration have been considered as the major risk factors for vascular complications, this is not universally seen among all patients. Persons with long-term type 1 diabetes who have remained largely free from vascular complications constitute an ideal group for investigation of natural defense mechanisms against prolonged exposure of diabetes. Transcriptomic signatures obtained from RNA sequencing of the peripheral blood cells were analyzed in non-progressors with more than 30 years of diabetes duration and compared to the patients who progressed to microvascular complications within a shorter duration of diabetes. Analyses revealed that non-progressors demonstrated a reduction in expression of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) genes, which were positively correlated with the expression of DNA repair enzymes, namely genes involved in base excision repair (BER) machinery. Reduced expression of OXPHOS and BER genes was linked to decrease in expression of inflammation-related genes, higher glucose disposal rate and reduced measures of hepatic fatty liver. Results from the present study indicate that at transcriptomic level reduction in OXPHOS, DNA repair and inflammation-related genes is linked to better insulin sensitivity and protection against microvascular complications in persons with long-term type 1 diabetes.
N-doped reduced graphene oxide for room-temperature NO gas sensors
Authors: Chang Yu-Sung , Chen Feng-Kuan , Tsai Du-Cheng , Kuo Bing-Hau , Shieu Fuh-Sheng 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this study, we use nitrogen-doped to improving the gas-sensing properties of reduced graphene oxide. Graphene oxide was prepared according to a modified Hummers’ method and then nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide (N-rGO) was synthesized by a hydrothermal method using graphene oxide and NH4OH as precursors. The rGO is flat and smooth with a sheet-like morphology while the N-rGO exhibits folded morphology. This type of folding of the surface morphology can increase the gas sensitivity. The N-rGO and the rGO sensors showed n-type and p-type semiconducting behaviors in ambient conditions, respectively, and were responsive to low concentrations of NO gases (< 1000 ppb) at room temperature. The gas-sensing results showed that the N-rGO sensors could detect NO gas at concentrations as low as 400 ppb. The sensitivity of the N-rGO sensor to 1000 ppb NO (1.7) is much better than that of the rGO sensor (0.012). Compared with pure rGO, N-rGO exhibited a higher sensitivity and excellent reproducibility.