bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mapping evidence on the distribution of the costs associated with cancer of prostate, cervix, and female breast in the sub-Saharan Africa: protocol for a scoping review
Authors: Ngcamphalala Cebisile , Ostensson Ellinor , Hlongwa Mbuzeleni , Ginindza Themba G. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Despite the well-documented information on cancer prevention and management, among noncommunicable diseases (NCDs), globally, cancer continues to be the second leading cause of morbidity and mortality with devastating economic consequences. The burden is disproportionately more among developing countries and the extent of evidence available on the economic consequences (direct and indirect costs) of cancer remains unknown in low-income countries particularly in the sub-Saharan region. Understanding the costs of illness is important to inform decision-making on setting up health care policies and informing economic evaluation of interventions.
This study aims to map evidence on the distribution of the economic burden (direct and indirect costs) associated with prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of three predominant cancers: prostate, cervix, and female breast in the sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods
This scoping review will be reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR), and will be conducted following Arksey and O’Malley’s framework. We will search PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, CINHAL (via EBSCOhost platform), Science Direct, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, Africa-Wide Information, Google Scholar, and WHO Library. We will perform hand-searching of the reference lists of included studies and other relevant documents.
Two reviewers will independently screen all citations, full-text articles, and abstract data.
We will include primary studies from all study designs reporting costs associated with prevention, diagnosis and treatment of prostate, cervical, and breast cancers in the sub-Saharan region. Data analysis will involve quantitative (e.g., frequencies) and qualitative (e.g., thematic analysis) methods. A narrative summary of findings will be presented.

Discussion
This review will map the extent of information available on the economic burden (direct and indirect costs) of prostate, cervical, and breast cancers in the sub-Saharan region. Further guidance for future research in the subject area will be discussed.

Systematic review registration
Open Science Framework
What evidence exists on the impacts of flow variability on fish and macroinvertebrates of temperate floodplain rivers in Central and Western Europe? A systematic map protocol
Authors: Keller Agata , Chattopadhyay Somsubhra , Piniewski Mikołaj 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Flow variability is considered a fundamental factor affecting riverine biota. Any alterations to flow regime can influence freshwater organisms, and this process is expected to change with the projected climate change. This systematic map, therefore, aims at investigating the impacts of natural (resulting from climatic variability), anthropogenic (resulting from direct human pressure), and climate change-induced flow variability on fish and macroinvertebrates of temperate floodplain rivers in Central and Western Europe. Particular focus will be placed on the effects of extreme low and high discharges. These rare events are known to regulate population size and taxonomic diversity.

Methods
All studies investigating the effects of flow variability on metrics concerning freshwater fish and macroinvertebrates will be considered in the map, particularly metrics such as: abundance, density, diversity, growth, migration, recruitment, reproduction, survival, or their substitutes, such as biomonitoring indices. Relevant flow variability will reflect (1) anthropogenic causes: dams, reservoirs, hydroelectric facilities, locks, levees, water abstraction, water diversion, land-use changes, road culverts; (2) natural causes: floods, droughts, seasonal changes; or (3) climate change. Geographically, the map will cover the ecoregion of Central and Western Europe, focusing on its major habitat type, namely “temperate floodplain rivers and wetlands”. The review will employ search engines and specialist websites, and cover primary and grey literature. No date, language, or document type restrictions will be applied in the search strategy. We expect the results to be primarily in English, although evidence (meeting all eligibility criteria) from other languages within the study area will also be included. We will also contact relevant stakeholders and announce an open call for additional information. Eligibility screening will be conducted at two levels: title and abstract, and full text. From eligible studies the following information will be extracted: the cause of flow variability, location, type of study, outcomes, etc. A searchable database containing extracted data will be developed and provided as supplementary material to the map report. The final narrative will describe the quantity and key characteristics of the available evidence, and identify knowledge gaps and knowledge clusters, i.e. subtopics sufficiently covered by existing studies allowing full systematic review and meta-analysis.
Evaluation of the synergy between Schwanniomyces vanrijiae and propolis in the control of Penicillium digitatum on lemons
Authors: Abo-Elyousr Kamal A. M. , Al-Qurashi Adel D. , Almasoudi Najeeb M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Green mold disease on citrus caused by Penicillium digitatum is the most serious and destructive disease. It is causing 90% of production losses during post-harvest handling.

Results
In this study, the activity of seven yeast isolates from lemons against P. digitatum, a fungal pathogen that causes the green mold disease in lemons, was isolated and examined. In vitro experiments showed that isolate three significantly reduced pathogen growths and were later identified as Schwanniomyces vanrijiae. In addition, 3% ethanolic extracts of propolis (EEP) caused a strong mycelial growth inhibition with inhibition halos of 1.4 cm. The use of S. vanrijiae treatments to protect lemon fruits from green mold has been reported (55%); however, reports describing the application of EEP are limited (40%). Thus, the effectiveness of the combination of S. vanrijiae and 3% EEP in an antagonistic mixture for protecting lemon fruits from P. digitatum was examined. EEP and S. vanrijiae treatments were applied alone and in combination in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. The combined application of 3% EEP + S. vanrijiae on lemon fruits significantly reduced the severity and incidence of green mold (80 and 93.7%, respectively) with much higher efficacy than either treatment alone. Lemon fruits treated with both S. vanrijiae and 3% EEP showed increased levels of antioxidants, peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), and phenol than the untreated control.

Conclusion
The results indicated that the combination of S. vanrijiae + 3% EEP can strongly protect lemon fruits from green mold compared with the sole application of either bioagent.
Comparative study of intrathecal preservative-free midazolam versus nalbuphine as an adjuvant to intrathecal bupivacaine (0.5%) in patients undergoing elective lower-segment caesarean section
Authors: Kapdi Manisha , Desai Shruti 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Intrathecal anesthesia is common for parturients undergoing lower-segment caesarean section. Various adjuvants are added to intrathecal bupivacaine for potentiating pharmacological effects, improving quality of sensorimotor block and postoperative analgesia, and preventing adverse effects. The study period was from November 2017 to September 2018, and it was a randomized double-blinded observational study. The sample size calculation was done according to results of our pilot study (done with 5 patients in each group) and discussion with the institutional review board. Also, in this study, we aim to assess nalbuphine/midazolam as adjuvant to intrathecal bupivacaine for LSCS in terms of quality of sensorimotor block, postoperative analgesia, adverse effects, hemodynamic stability, and Apgar scores of baby at 1 and 5 min. One hundred full-term parturients between 20 and 35 years of ASA grade I/II scheduled for elective lower-segment caesarean section after approval from the institutional review board, and written informed consent were allocated into 2 groups. Randomization was done at the time of giving intrathecal anesthesia by odd and even numbers in an opaque sealed envelope.
Group A (n = 50): Bupivacaine heavy (0.5%) 2.0 ml (10 mg) + 0.2 ml Preservative-free inj. midazolam 1 mg
Group B (n = 50): Bupivacaine heavy (0.5 %) 2.0 ml (10 mg) + 0.2 ml (0.75 mg) Preservative-free inj. nalbuphine
The primary outcome was to assess the perioperative hemodynamic stability, Apgar score, and postoperative analgesia, and the secondary outcome was to assess the complications and adverse effects during the study period.

Results
The onset of sensory and motor block was earlier in group A than in group B. Total duration of effective postoperative analgesia was more in the midazolam group as compared with the nalbuphine group. The incidence of complications (nausea, vomiting, and pruritus) were more in group B as compared with group A.

Conclusion
Nalbuphine and midazolam both are good adjuvants to hyperbaric bupivacaine for LSCS in terms of hemodynamic stability and good Apgar scores at 1 and 5 min. Intrathecal midazolam provides better postoperative analgesia and less adverse effects.
Metabolism and Glycogen Formation in the Liver of the Chicken Embryo
Authors: O’connor R. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the liver of the chicken embryo the earliest stage at which glycogen was regularly found was a group of embryos of which the eye diameter was 4·3-4·9 mm. The mean incubation time of these embryos was 6·9 ± 0·14 days. The appearance of glycogen was associated with changes in the metabolism of the isolated liver in a glucose-containing medium; mean values for the rate of respiration fell from 1·02 to 0±53 μl. oxygen/c.mm. tissue/hr., and the mean values for the respiratory quotient from 0·84 to 0·68. In both cases the lower level had undergone no further significant alteration by the tenth day of incubation. Observations in a medium to which glucose had not been added showed that before the appearance of glycogen omission of glucose caused a decrease in the mean rate of respiration and in the mean value for the respiratory quotient. These changes were not observed after glycogen had appeared. From these changes it is concluded that the appearance of glycogen in the liver of the chicken embryo is associated with the loss of enzymatic activity necessary for the respiratory catabolism of glucose. After the appearance of glycogen in the liver cells the respiratory quotient of the isolated liver suggests that uric acid formation occurs. This possibility has been discussed.
Studies on the Development of the Foregut in the Chick Blastoderm: 2. The Morphogenetic Movements
Authors: Bellairs Ruth 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The morphogenetic movements which take place in the endoderm of the chick during foregut formation have been traced by means of carbon marking on blastoderms explanted in vitro. Two types of movement are distinguished, called ‘two-dimensional’ and ‘three-dimensional’, the former occurring in the original plane of the endoderm, the latter folding certain regions medio-ventrally to form the floor of the foregut. The most anterior tip of the foregut is believed to be formed as a pocket between two sets of opposing movements in the endoderm: (a) a forward, twodimensional movement beneath the head process, and (b) an obliquely backward, three-dimensional movement on either side. During the formation of the foregut the oblique movements result in a U-shaped ridge in the endoderm bordering the anterior intestinal portal. These movements spread progressively backwards and result in the two limbs of the ridge being brought together in the midline, where they fuse and thus gradually close off the cavity of the foregut ventrally from that of the yolk sac. Some forward movement takes place at the anterior end of the developing foregut. In the posterior half of the area pellucida there are extensive displacements of endoderm cells in a posterior direction.
Notes on the Development of the Neural Crest in the Head of Mus musculus
Authors: Källén Bengt 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The development of the neural crest in the mouse has been studied in relation to the formation of proneuromeres. The ganglion anlagen develop in a rostro-caudal direction, probably extending over both the brain and the spinal cord. Every anlagen corresponds to one proneuromere and develops a little after the appearance of the corresponding proneuromere.
The Morphogenesis of the Notochord in Amphibia
Authors: Mookerjee S. , Deuchar E. M. , Waddington C. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The cellular changes during the early development of the amphibian notochord have been described. They consist essentially in an increase in the area of contact between contiguous cells. After the cells become closely packed, the area of contact is still further increased by a change to a disk-like shape, which causes an augmentation in the proportion of cell surface to volume. The disks are arranged on top of one another like a pile of coins, forming a tissue in which all the cells have a similar (and very small) proportion of their surface in contact with the noncellular ambient medium. The later development of the notochord involves the conversion of the cell contents into cell membrane, the cells becoming large in volume but filled mainly by vacuoles containing a clear sap. At the time this process is beginning, a chordal sheath is being laid down around the cylindrical notochord, and it seems that this impedes an expansion in thickness and causes most of the enlargement to take the form of an increase in length. As development from late gastrula to neurula proceeds, isolated fragments of presumptive chorda become more resistant to the disaggregating influence of alkaline salines. Rather unexpectedly, Triturus tissue was always more easily disaggregated than Axolotl. The isolated cells exhibit the forms of movement already described by Holtfreter for other tissues of the amphibian embryo. Calcium ions and a detergent (sodium lauryl sulphonate) were without effect on the disaggregation. Single isolated presumptive chorda cells from late gastrulae or neurulae can proceed with their normal histogenesis, becoming fully differentiated vacuolated and polyhedral cells, although remaining somewhat smaller than normal.
Mucus Entrapment of Particles by a Suspension-Feeding Tilapia (Pisces: Cichlidae)
Authors: Sanderson S. Laurie , Stebar Michael C. , Ackermann K. Lara , Jones Samuel H. , Batjakas Ioannis E. , Kaufman Les 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A miniature fiberoptic endoscope was used to observe the processes of particle encounter and retention inside the buccopharyngeal cavity of suspension-feeding tilapia. Small particles (38 μm to 1.0 mm in diameter) were trapped in strands and aggregates of mucus, which usually slid posteriorly on the ceratobranchials of arches I–IV towards the esophagus while the fish pumped water through the buccopharyngeal cavity. During stage 1 of periodic reversals of water flow inside the buccopharynx, mucus-bound particles usually lifted off the arch surfaces and travelled a short distance in an anterior or anterodorsal direction. During stage 2 of a reversal, the mucus usually resumed travel in a posterior or posteroventral direction and exited the field of view. Mucus was present less often during feeding on large particles (3–10 mm in diameter) than on small particles, and large particles were rarely observed to be attached to mucus. We discuss the advantages to suspension-feeding fishes of using aerosol filtration by mucus entrapment rather than sieving, and predict that many cichlid and cyprinid suspension feeders that consume bacteria and phytoplankton use mucus for aerosol filtration.
Molecular Motion of Azetidinium Ion and Phase Transition in [(CH2)3NH2]2KCo(CN)6 with Double Perovskite Structure
Authors: Asaji Tetsuo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Molecular dynamics of azetidinium ion (AzH+), a four-membered-ring ammonium, in a cyano-bridged double perovskite compound (AzH)2KCo(CN)6 is studied by spin-lattice relaxation time measurements of 1H NMR as well as 14N NQR in relation to the phase transition associated with considerable change of dielectric property. AzH+ ions are in static and dynamic disorder, respectively, below and above Tc = 199 K. Below Tc, a ring-puckering motion of AzH+ takes place with the activation energy Ea = 17.5 kJ mol−1 and the correlation time τc/s = 2.8 × 10−14 exp(Ea/RT). On the other hand, from sudden decrease of 1H NMR linewidth above Tc, a C3 reorientation of AzH+ ion is shown to be activated in high-temperature phase. The activation energy of the C3 reorientation is estimated to be 18 kJ mol−1 from the temperature dependences of 1H NMR as well as 14N NQR spin-lattice relaxation times T1 and T1Q.
Risk factors and experiences of prepartum depression in urban- low-income settlement Nairobi Kenya: a mixed-method study
Authors: Madeghe Beatrice A. , Kogi-Makau Wambui , Ngala Sophia , Kumar Manasi 
Published: April 2021

Background: Prepartum depression is common among pregnant women and has not been studied much in low and middle-income countries. Evidence shows that mental illnesses are prevalent in urban than in rural areas. The study objective was to determine the magnitude of prepartum depression, risk factors, and real-life experiences of depression among pregnant women. Method: A mixed-method cross-sectional study was conducted. It included 262 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics in two public health facilities in urban low-income settlement Nairobi, Kenya. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) with cut-off >13 was used to classify clinical depressive illness. Further, a focus group discussion was conducted with 20 women identified with depression. Univariable analysis with Odd's Ratio was used to test associations. Variables with a p<0.05 in multivariable regression were considered significant. Result: Out of the 262 women, 33.6% were found to have prepartum depression as indicated by EPDS score of >13. Women's gestational age was statistically significantly associated with depression [OR 3.37; (95% C.I 1.60 - 7.10); p <0.001] Income levels <10,000 KES was statistically significantly associated with prepartum depression [OR 0.39; (95%; C.I 0.23 – 0.66); p <0.001]. Further, thematic analysis of qualitative indicated that poverty, lack of social support, domestic violence, and unfriendly health care were major contributors to prepartum depression. Conclusion: Significant numbers of pregnant women were found to experience depression. This prevalence rate indicates a high disease burden of women who live with depression, which is not diagnosed because screening of depression is not done in primary health care centers. This study calls for a need and consideration for screening for perinatal depression in primary health care facilities, mainly in resource-poor areas. Interventions targeting means of resolving conflicts in families are highly needed. Such steps would help achieve key sustainable development goals where maternal and child health remains key priority.
PENERAPAN LEKSIKON KRAMA INGGIL OLEH GENERASI MUDA BERDASARKAN TINGKAT PENDIDIKAN SEBAGAI IMPLEMENTASI SUBASITA DI KUDUS
Authors: Satiti Sabbihisma Debby 
Published: April 2021

This study examines the application of the krama inggil lexicon by young generation based on education level as a form of implementation of subasita culture in Kudus. This study aims to describe the application of the krama inggil lexicon by today's younger generations, and to interpret the subasita culture that is reflected through the application of the krama inggil lexicon. This research is a qualitative descriptive study with a case study model. This study used 14 informants as data sources. The data of this research are in the form of informants' utterances which are indicated to contain the krama inggil lexicon. The technique of collecting data used observation techniques, listening proficiently, interviewing techniques, recording techniques, note taking techniques and questionnaire techniques. The data analysis technique used a qualitative descriptive technique. The results showed that: 1) the krama inggil lexicon was produced more by the younger generation with middle and lower education level; and 2) subasita culture is applied by the younger generation in different ways.
IDEOLOGI KEPENGARANGAN DALAM BUKU PUISI 99 UNTUK TUHANKU KARYA EMHA AINUN NADJIB
Authors: Rabbani Ilham , Hangganararas Hatindriya 
Published: April 2021

The poetry book “99 untuk Tuhanku” which was first published in 1983 by Penerbit Pustaka – Perpustakaan Salman ITB Bandung, is the work of Emha Ainun Nadjib (EAN), a well-known writer from Indonesia. The figure of EAN is known for his writings, whether in the form of essays, prose, drama scripts, or poems that are religious, but at the same time critical in looking at the problems of life, including against power in Indonesia. This paper aims to dismantle the EAN Authorial Ideology in poetry book “99 untuk Tuhanku” by using the materialistic literary theory by Terry Eagleton. In dismantling the Authorial Ideology, it will first outline several aspects of external constituents such as the General Mode of Production, Literary Mode of Production, and General Ideology. The research method used is descriptive qualitative. The research results obtained are the Authorial Ideology produced by EAN is humanism-religious and sufism. Meanwhile, the ideology of the New Order regime (General Ideology) is authoritarianism, militarism, and capitalism. The ideology that was contested by EAN, instead of being a resistance ideology for power, has the potential to become an adaptive ideology and potentially perpetuate the dominance of the New Order regime.
EKSISTENSI PEREMPUAN DALAM NOVEL KITAB OMONG KOSONG KARYA SENO GUMIRA AJIDARMA : KAJIAN FEMINISME EKSISTENSIALIS SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR
Authors: Purnami Kristanti , Pramono Dedi 
Published: April 2021

The background of this research is the significance of women’s awareness in the construction of women’s existence including the existence of women characters in a novel. This research is aimed to discover the types of women’s marginalization in Seno Gumira Ajidarma’s Kitab Omong Kosongand to find the model of women’s resistance as the manifestation of existence. The reference theory of women’s existance is a feminist theory proposed by France feminist, Simone de Beauvoir. In this research, Ajidarma’s Kitab Omong Kosongis used as the data source, while the Beauvoir’s theory is adopted as the object. This is a descriptive-qualitative research using documentation method. In analyzing the data, the techniques used were reading and writing notes, which, then the results of analyzing process were presented descriptively. Those results show that the type of women’s marginalization appeared in Ajidarma’s novel is in the form of women’s position considered low and subordinate, which, then, issues numbers of different forms of violence against women. Then, the resistances of women characters found as the forms of women’s existence in this research are women’s struggle for intellectuality, women’s refusal to be the victim of society, and women’s decision for their own fate.