bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MUC4 Expression in Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinomas: Relationship to Tumor Histology and Patient Survival
Authors: Kwon Kun Y. , Ro Jae Y. , Singhal Nicholas , Killen Deanna E. , Sienko Anna , Allen Timothy C. , Zander Dani S. , Barrios Roberto , Haque Abida , Cagle Philip T. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Mucin 4 (MUC4) is a high-molecular-weight membrane–bound glycoprotein that is expressed in the foregut before epithelial differentiation. It is found in normal adult airway epithelium, non–small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and in other human malignancies independent of mucus secretion. Although its tissue distribution has been studied, its utility in predicting prognosis in NSCLC is unknown.
Objective.—To evaluate the relationship between MUC4 overexpression and long-term survival in patients with NSCLC.
Design.—Immunohistochemical staining for MUC4 was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue samples from 343 cases of NSCLC arranged in a high-density tissue microarray. Information about long-term survival and tumor stage was collected for all patients. Semiquantitative assessment of MUC4 staining was correlated with survival (Kaplan-Meier analysis).
Results.—MUC4 was frequently expressed in adenocarcinomas (151/187 [81%]), squamous cell carcinomas (69/ 88 [78%]), adenosquamous carcinomas (6/8 [75%]), and large cell carcinomas (33/60 [55%]). High levels of expression (combined score, 2+/3+) for MUC4 were more characteristic of adenocarcinomas (126/187 [68%]) and adenosquamous carcinomas (6/8 [75%]) than of squamous cell carcinomas (46/88 [52%]) and large cell carcinomas (17/60 [28%]) (P &lt; .001). In patients with stage I and II adenocarcinoma, there was a trend toward longer patient survival with higher levels of MUC4 immunoreactivity compared with lower levels (P = .11).
Conclusion.—MUC4 expression is common in pulmonary adenocarcinomas and may indicate a more favorable prognosis in early-stage adenocarcinomas.
Current Risks of Transfusion-Transmitted Agents: A Review
Authors: Stramer Susan L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Infectious disease testing has dramatically improved the safety of blood for transfusion in the United States, especially since the introduction in 1999 of nucleic acid amplification testing. In 2004, methods (primarily culturing) for detecting bacteria in platelets were also added.
Objective.—To provide current risk estimates for the likelihood of viral transmission by test-negative blood components and to illustrate the safety improvements since the introduction of bacterial testing of platelets.
Data Sources.—Published literature from 1999 through 2006 and unpublished American Red Cross data sources.
Conclusions.—The risk of human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus transmission through blood transfusion since the introduction of nucleic acid amplification testing is approximately 1 in 2 million. Hepatitis B virus risk, for which nucleic acid amplification testing is not performed routinely, remains at 1 in 200 000 to 500 000 using a combination of anti–hepatitis B core and hepatitis B surface antigen testing. Seven cases of transfusion-transmitted West Nile virus have been reported since the introduction of nucleic acid amplification testing in 2003, but none has been reported since system-wide implementation of processes to increase the test sensitivity for use in epidemic areas. The residual risk of receiving a bacterially contaminated platelet component with clinical consequences is estimated at approximately 1 in 75 000, if culture negative and 1 in 33 000 if not tested by culture methods.
Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Bartholin Gland: An Overview
Authors: Woida Francesca Maia , Ribeiro-Silva Alfredo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Vulvar carcinoma is the fourth most frequently encountered malignancy of the female reproductive tract. Among vulvar neoplasms, 0.1% to 5% are of Bartholin gland origin. Primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the Bartholin gland is very rare. To date, only about 60 cases have been reported in the world literature. Microscopic examination reveals a neoplasm of cribriform pattern composed of nests and columns of cells of bland appearance arranged concentrically around glandlike spaces filled with eosinophilic periodic acid-Schiff–positive diastase-resistant material. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells express low-molecular-weight keratins, carcinoembryonic antigen, lysozyme, α1-antichymotrypsin, S100, and type IV collagen. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the Bartholin gland is a slow-growing but locally very aggressive neoplasm with high capacity for recurrence. Perineural and lymphatic invasion is characteristic of this tumor and may explain its propensity for causing pain and recurrence. The treatment may range from simple local excision to radical vulvectomy, with or without partial to complete regional lymphadenectomy.
Lupus Anticoagulant Assays: Questions Answered and to Be Answered
Authors: Teruya Jun , West Aaron G. , Suell Mary Nell 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Lupus anticoagulants are antibodies with heterogenous specificities to phospholipids. They have been associated with clinical syndromes consisting of thrombosis and recurrent fetal loss.
Objective.—To address questions about the laboratory assay aspects of lupus anticoagulants. This review is intended for clinicians managing lupus anticoagulant testing in clinical laboratories.
Data Sources.—Published literature on lupus anticoagulants, with emphasis on laboratory assay methods.
Conclusions.—Although there are published criteria for confirming the presence of a lupus anticoagulant, there is no consensus on assay methods for lupus anticoagulant testing. The mixing study is a useful screening test for lupus anticoagulants, but it may have limited utility. Clinical context may necessitate the performance of factor assays in addition to lupus anticoagulant testing to rule out factor deficiency or factor-specific inhibitor. Additionally, the presence of different anticoagulants may affect the reliability of lupus anticoagulant assays. Lupus anticoagulants are an independent risk factor for thrombosis. It may be useful to use different assays when there is clinical suspicion for a lupus anticoagulant. When testing for lupus anticoagulants, clinicians must carefully consider the clinical context because factor assays may also be indicated.
Signet-Ring Cell Adenocarcinoma of Sinonasal Tract: An Immunohistochemical Study of the Mucins Profile
Authors: Castillo Christine , Buob David , Mortuaire Geoffrey , Chevalier Dominique , Aubert Sebastien , Copin Marie-Christine , Leroy Xavier 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Adenocarcinomas of the sinonasal tract are classified into 4 categories: salivary-type, intestinal-type, nonintestinal-type, and metastatic. Signet-ring cell carcinoma is the rarest form of intestinal-type adenocarcinoma. Only isolated cases have been reported in the literature.
Objective.—To evaluate clinical attributes, morphology, and immunohistochemistry in signet-ring cell carcinoma of the sinonasal tract.
Design.—Seventy-three cases of primary sinonasal adenocarcinomas were retrieved from the files. Only 5 signet-ring cell adenocarcinomas (tumors composed of more than 90% signet-ring cells) were identified. In all cases, clinical data and histologic slides were available and were reviewed. Consecutive tissue sections were immunostained with monoclonal antibodies against MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B, MUC6, p53 protein, and MIB-1.
Results.—Four of our 5 patients were woodworkers. They were treated by surgical excision and radiotherapy. Patient follow-up ranged from 11 to 84 months. Three patients presented an unfavorable evolution and died of metastatic spread. Microscopically, the tumors produced abundant mucin deposits, which accumulated in large extracellular pools. Tumor cells were predominantly signet-ring cells floating in the pools of mucin. The mucins profile was MUC2+, MUC5AC+, MUC5B+, and MUC6−. Eighty percent of cells were immunostained by p53 protein antibody and 60% cells with MIB-1 antibody.
Conclusions.—The mucin profile is similar to the profile described in digestive tract adenocarcinoma. It is not useful to differentiate between metastatic adenocarcinoma and primary intestinal-type sinonasal adenocarcinoma. Clinical data and immunochemistry with p53 protein and MIB-1 confirm that sinonasal signet-ring cell carcinoma is a high-grade and aggressive tumor.
Pulmonary Sarcomatous Tumors
Authors: Litzky Leslie A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractContext.—Sarcomatous pulmonary neoplasms are a rare and diagnostically challenging group of tumors. Primary pulmonary sarcomas must be distinguished from the more frequent occurrence of sarcoma metastatic to the lung, primary pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma, and diffuse malignant mesothelioma involving the lung. In current practice, the general availability of ancillary diagnostic techniques, such as immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis, can reliably classify many sarcomatoid lesions.Objective.—To review the literature and report on additional primary material about the application of immunohistochemistry and molecular analysis in the differential diagnosis pulmonary sarcomatous neoplasms.Data Sources.—Literature review of relevant articles indexed in PubMed (National Library of Medicine) between 1961 and 2007 and primary material from the author's institution.Conclusions.—This review discusses specific criteria for the diagnosis of primary lung sarcomas and offers a practical approach to excluding other sarcoma-like lesions involving the lung. The pathologist has an essential role in evaluating these tumors and will often be the first to suggest an unusual, alternative diagnosis, which may have significant implications for patient care, therapy, and prognosis.
Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Current Perspective
Authors: DeLellis Ronald A. , Mazzaglia Peter , Mangray Shamlal 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Primary hyperparathyroidism (P-HPT) is one of the most common of all endocrine disorders. Eighty percent to 85% of cases are due to parathyroid adenomas while hyperplasia and carcinoma account for 10% to 15% and less than 1%, of cases, respectively. The past decade has witnessed remarkable advances in the understanding of the molecular basis of parathyroid hyperplasia and neoplasia. Additionally, imaging studies and the development of the intraoperative assay for parathyroid hormone have transformed the diagnosis and management of patients with these disorders.
Objective.—To review the pathology of parathyroid lesions associated with P-HPT, their molecular and genetic bases, including heritable hyperparathyroidism syndromes, and their clinical diagnosis and management.
Data Sources.—Review of pertinent epidemiology, pathology, radiology, and surgery literature on the diagnosis, classification, and treatment of P-HPT.
Conclusions.—Although heritable causes of P-HPT including multiple endocrine neoplasia 1 and 2A and hyperparathyroidism–jaw tumor syndrome account for a minority of cases of P-HPT, advances in the characterization of the affected genes have provided insights into the genetic basis of sporadic parathyroid neoplasms. Alterations in cyclin D1 and loss of heterozygosity of chromosome 11q in adenomas and hyperplasias have provided support for clonality of these lesions. Parafibromin, the protein product of the HRPT2 gene responsible for hyperparathyroidism–jaw tumor syndrome, has been implicated in the development of sporadic parathyroid carcinomas and loss of immunohistochemical expression of this protein has been suggested to be of value in making the diagnosis of parathyroid carcinoma. Sestamibi scanning and ultrasound have revolutionized the planning of surgical approaches and the intraoperative parathyroid hormone assay has become the standard in guiding completion or extension of surgery.
Human Papillomavirus Testing and Reporting Rates: Practices of Participants in the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Gynecologic Cytology in 2006
Authors: Moriarty Ann T. , Schwartz Mary R. , Eversole Galen , Means Marilee , Clayton Amy , Souers Rhona , Fatheree Lisa , Tench William D. , Henry Michael , Wilbur David C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Oncogenic, high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) testing is used to evaluate women who are older than 20 years with atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US) and in conjunction with a screening Papanicolaou test in women older than 30 years.
Objectives.—To evaluate the 2006 laboratory practice data from laboratories incorporating human papillomavirus (HPV) testing with the Papanicolaou test.
Design.—To use the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Supplemental Questionnaire Survey for 2006 to determine laboratory practices of participants in the CAP Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Cervicovaginal Cytology.
Results.—A total of 679 laboratories responded to the questionnaire. Most (73%) refer HPV testing to reference laboratories. Nine percent perform HPV testing in cytology. Forty-five percent offer low-risk HPV (LR-HPV) testing. The most common reflex is ASC-US, although HR-HPV is also offered with low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL), or any other Papanicolaou test result. Digene Hybrid Capture II is the most common method. Human papilloma virus median test volumes are 55 monthly. Frequency distributions of HPV test volumes are significantly different from those found in 2003. Laboratories performing in-house testing reported significantly higher monthly HPV volumes (P &lt; .001). Median rates for HR-HPV positivity are 36.6% for ASC-US, 50.0% for atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude HSIL (ASC-H), and 4% for women 30 years of age and older in conjunction with a screening Papanicolaou test.
Conclusions.—Reference HPV testing remains the most common pattern. The most common reflex indication is for ASC-US, but HPV testing is modified locally to include a variety of scenarios. LR-HPV testing is commonly offered despite its lack of clinical significance. These data form a baseline for ongoing monitoring of HPV testing practice trends.
Choroid Plexus Carcinoma
Authors: Gopal Purva , Parker John R. , Debski Robert , Parker, Jr Joseph C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Choroid plexus carcinoma is an uncommon neoplasm of the central nervous system most commonly found in the pediatric population. It is associated with a dismal prognosis, especially if incompletely resected. Accurate histopathologic diagnosis is imperative, and this neoplasm should always be included in the differential diagnosis of a papillary intraventricular tumor. Histopathologic features include blurring of papillary architecture, layers of neoplastic choroid plexus epithelial cells with pleomorphic nuclei, increased nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio, increased mitotic activity, areas of necrosis, and brain invasion. Current accepted treatment is gross total surgical resection of the tumor as the goal. Use of adjuvant chemotherapy is controversial at this time; however, it is considered in some cases.
Lipoblastoma: Appreciation of an Expanded Spectrum of Disease Through Cytogenetic Analysis
Authors: Ende Lauren , Upton Joseph , Richkind Kathleen E. , Vargas Sara O. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Lipoblastomas are rare soft tissue tumors that predominantly affect the pediatric population. We describe a lipoblastoma of the right hand in a 16-month-old boy. Radiographically the tumor appeared large but fairly well circumscribed and composed primarily of fat. Pathologic evaluation revealed variably sized lobules of adipose tissue and myxoid immature mesenchymal tissue separated by prominent fibrous trabeculae. Cytogenetic analysis showed a clonal chromosomal rearrangement with a breakpoint involving chromosome 8q11.2, confirming the diagnosis of lipoblastoma and thus helping to expand the clinicopathologic spectrum of tumors in this diagnostic category.
An Integrative Approach for Analyzing the Interplay of Genetic and Epigenetic Changes in Tumors
Authors: Muradyan Artur , Boldt Vivien , Steininger Anne , Stabentheiner Stephanie , Tebel Katrin , Kreutzberger Jürgen , Müller; Ines , Madle; Hannelore , Popper Helmut H. , Ullmann Reinhard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The accumulation of chromosomal aberrations is a characteristic feature of tumor development. However, an understanding of tumorigenesis that assumes that changes in DNA copy number always cause equivalent changes in the corresponding RNA and protein levels is an oversimplification and completely ignores the individual genetic and epigenetic context in which an aberration has to be evaluated. We present a brief introduction to various techniques dedicated to the genome-wide analysis of genetic and epigenetic changes, and illustrate how complementary information derived from these various DNA array-based technologies can lead to a better understanding of the consequences of chromosomal aberrations.
Survey of Critical Value Reporting and Reduction of False-Positive Critical Value Results
Authors: Dighe Anand S. , Jones Jay B. , Parham Sue , Lewandrowski Kent B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Reporting of laboratory critical values has become an issue of national attention because of important regulatory, medicolegal, and clinical concerns.
Objective.—To survey aspects of the laboratory critical-value reporting process at a broad range of institutions.
Design.—A survey was developed regarding the operational and information-technology aspects of critical value reporting.
Results.—More than 730 responses were obtained from a broad distribution of hospitals. In addition, we analyzed more than 700 written responses from survey participants.
Conclusions.—The survey results provide insight into the standard of practice and level of compliance with current Joint Commission and College of American Pathologists requirements for critical values, demonstrate considerable heterogeneity, and suggest areas for improvement. A common issue raised during the survey and follow-up teleconference was the incidence of outpatient false-positive critical values. In this report, we also demonstrate that attention to preanalytic transport and processing issues can assist in minimizing this issue.
Immunohistochemistry in Gynecologic Pathology
Authors: Deavers Michael T. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Although most diagnoses in gynecologic pathology are established through the examination of routine hematoxylin-eosin–stained slides, immunohistochemical studies can be of assistance in some cases. The following case studies are used to illustrate the value of some relatively new markers in the diagnosis of gynecologic neoplasms and to highlight potential diagnostic pitfalls.
Application of Immunohistochemistry to the Genitourinary System (Prostate, Urinary Bladder, Testis, and Kidney)
Authors: Hammerich Kai Hans , Ayala Gustavo E. , Wheeler Thomas M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractContext.—The variety of morphologic patterns of different entities of the genitourinary tract can present a diagnostic dilemma for the pathologist. This is especially true in cases of mimics of cancer, a cancer of unknown primary, or poorly differentiated tumors, in which it is hard to assign histogenesis needed to plan the correct therapy for the patient. Immunohistochemistry offers a better capacity than hematoxylin-eosin staining alone to differentiate human tissue types. Also, in the past decades, several techniques had been developed to differentiate between benign and malignant processes with morphologic overlap. By using immunohistochemistry in selected cases, the rate of false-negative and false-positive diagnoses can be reduced, and some patients are afforded the opportunity to get more specific or effective therapy as a result.Objective.—For each subgroup of genitourinary system tumors, common diagnostic problems are reviewed, and immunohistochemical markers useful in addressing these problems are discussed, along with expected patterns of immunoreactivity.Data Sources.—The pertinent literature, with focus on immunohistochemical staining of tumors of the genitourinary tract.Conclusions.—The addition of immunohistochemistry to the diagnostic armamentarium for genitourinary pathologic diagnosis has increased the sensitivity and specificity of diagnoses and aided in the selection of optional therapeutic regimens in selected cases.
Influence of Sampling Time and Ultrafiltration Coefficient of the Dialysis Membrane on Cardiac Troponin I and T
Authors: Lippi Giuseppe , Tessitore Nicola , Montagnana Martina , Salvagno Gian Luca , Lupo Antonio , Guidi Gian Cesare 
Published: February 2021

AbstractContext.—The measurement of cardiac troponin I (TnI) and T (TnT) is essential to diagnose, guide therapy, and predict outcomes of the acute coronary syndrome. Increased levels of troponins, especially TnT, are frequently observed in patients on chronic hemodialysis (HD), reflecting ongoing and subclinical myocardial damage.Objective.—Because these markers are increasingly used for stratification of cardiac risk in these patients, their behavior during HD should be acknowledged to optimize their clinical usefulness.Design.—TnI and TnT were measured in 34 patients pre-HD and post-HD by either high- or low-flux membranes. The post-HD concentrations were corrected for hemoconcentration.Results.—Pre-HD levels above the 99th percentile reference limits of the general population of TnI (&gt;0.06 ng/ mL) and TnT (&gt;0.01 ng/mL) were observed in 9% (13% high-flux, 6% low-flux membranes) and 88% (94% high-flux; 83% low-flux membranes) of the patients, respectively. No significant difference was observed in mean pre-HD values between patients dialyzed by low- and high-flux membranes. The overall decrease post-HD of both troponins (−21% and −17% for TnI and TnT, respectively) only reached statistical significance in patients dialyzed by low-flux membranes (−27% and −37% for TnI and TnT, respectively). A significant correlation was observed between absolute variations of TnI and TnT pre-HD to post-HD.Conclusions.—Results of our investigation attest that high-flux membranes clear both troponins more efficiently from circulation than low-flux membranes. Therefore, sampling time and ultrafiltration coefficient of the HD membrane should be regarded as potential sources of variability in the clinical interpretation of troponin measurement in HD patients.
Pediatric Pituitary Adenomas
Authors: Webb Christopher , Prayson Richard A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Pituitary adenomas are relatively rare occurrences in the pediatric population, and there are few studies documenting the profile of these tumors in this age group.
Objective.—To study the clinical and pathologic features of pediatric pituitary adenomas in conjunction with a review of the available literature.
Design.—A retrospective clinicopathologic review of 20 pediatric patients (younger than 20 years of age) with pituitary adenomas resected during a 24.5-year period (1981–2005).
Results.—A total of 20 patients, including 12 females and 8 males, comprise the study group. Mean age at onset of symptoms was 14.0 years (range, 5–18 years). Four patients had onset of symptoms before the age of 12 years. The majority of patients presented with headaches (n = 12), visual disturbances (n = 12) or, in females, menstrual dysfunction (n = 9/12). Tumor size based on radiographic data was known for 19 tumors; 12 adenomas were greater than 1 cm in greatest dimension, and 7 were less than 1 cm. On follow-up, 2 patients with total gross tumor resections had recurrent adenomas; time to recurrence was 5 months and 17 months, respectively. Nine adenomas stained solely for prolactin, 5 for adrenocorticotropic hormone, and 3 for growth hormone. Two stained for growth hormone and prolactin. One did not stain with hormone antibodies.
Conclusions.—Most pediatric pituitary adenomas present after the onset of puberty and present with frequent headaches, changes in visual acuity and, in females, menstrual dysfunction. Most (19/20) were secretory, with prolactinomas being the most common type.