bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Surgical Approach for Duane Syndrome
Authors: Kraft Stephen P 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Duane retraction syndrome (DRS) represents a spectrum of motility disorders in which the common feature is retraction of the affected eye on attempted adduction. Electrophysiologic and neuropathologic studies have shown that the underlying cause is anomalous Innervation of the lateral rectus with the medial rectus and, at times, with vertical muscles in the affected eye. Clinical abnormalities observed in DRS can include any or all of the following: a deviation in the primary position; abnormal head position; severe retraction causing a pseudoptosis; and upshoots and/or downshoots associated with A1 V, or X patterns. A surgical approach based on the analysis of these four features is presented, allowing the surgeon to devise an appropriate, individualized plan for a given case which can yield optimal results in one operation.
Fiber Hypertrophy in Rat Extraocular Muscle Following Lateral Rectus Resection
Authors: Christiansen Stephen , Madhat Maher , Baker Linda , Baker Robert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Compensatory hypertrophy of muscle fibers occurs when tension on a skeletal muscle Is increased. We looked for this phenomenon in response to strabismus surgery by performing a large right lateral rectus resection in 16 rats. Muscle fiber diameters of all horizontal rectus muscles were measured at 2-week postoperative Intervals. Significant fiber hypertrophy occurred in both the antagonist right medial rectus and the resected right lateral rectus within 4 weeks. Fiber diameter subsequently returned to baseline in both muscles. We postulate that fiber hypertrophy in this setting may be a compensatory response to increased elastic load.
Optic Disc Drusen in Children
Authors: Hoover Darren L , Robb Richard M , Petersen Robert A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Forty children with pseudopapilledema due to optic disc drusen (31 bilateral, nine unilateral) were studied retrospectively to characterize the early natural history of this condition. The average age at the first examination was 10.2 years (range 3.6 to 19.5 years), and the mean follow-up period was 44 months. Discrete hyaline bodies or papillary calcifications were first noted in one or both eyes with pseudopapilledema at a mean age of 12.1 years in 38 of 40 cases. Decreased visual acuity due to drusen occurred in only one eye due to subretinal neovascularization. Visual fields obtained In 35 eyes (21 patients) with pseudopapilledema showed an enlarged blind spot (9), an inferior arcuate/sector/or altltudinal defect (6), or both (3) in 16 eyes. Our study suggests that discrete papillary calcifications or hyaline bodies frequently emerge and visual field deficits are commonly detectable in the second decade of life in patients with pseudopapilledema due to optic disc drusen.
Duane Syndrome Associated With Features of the Cat-Eye Syndrome and Mosaicism for a Supernumerary Chromosome Probably Derived From Number 22
Authors: Kalpakian Basillo , Choy Andrew E , Sparkes Robert S , Schreck Rhona R 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A 12-year-old boy with a supernumerary chromosome, probably derived from number 22, had typical features of Duane syndrome with limitation of abduction and retraction of the globe upon adduction. Additionally, the patient had antimongoloid slant of the eyes, epicanthal folds, preauricular sinuses, cardiac malformations, skeletal malformations, and mental retardation suggestive of the cat-eye syndrome. The cat-eye syndrome has been often associated with a supernumerary chromosome derived from number 22. Our patient's karyotype was 46,XY/47,XY, + mar, with the supernumerary chromosome probably derived from number 22. These findings supplement previous findings of chromosome 22 abnormality associated with an ocular motility disorder.
Low-dose Methotrexate in the Treatment of Severe Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis and Sarcoid Iritis
Authors: Shetty Avinash K , Zganjar Brian E , Ellis George S , Ludwig Irene H , Gedalia Abraham 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Objective: To assess the efficacy of low-dose oral methotrexate (MTX) therapy for children with severe iritis.

Methods: MTX in a weekly dose of 7.25 to 12.5 mg/m
p 2
was administered orally to four patients (two with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis [JRA] and two with sarcoidosis) with severe iritis hot adequately controlled by topical and systemic corticosteroid therapy. The treatment was initiated with half of the total dose and increased every 2 weeks until the final dose was reached. Iritis was graded from 0 to +4 according to the density of cells in the anterior chamber of the eye.

Results: There were three girls and one boy with a mean age of 10.5 years. Two patients were African American and two were Caucasian. The mean age at onset of iritis was 6 years. The mean duration of MTX therapy was 28.8 months. Significant improvement was noted in two of the four patients in ocular inflammation, demonstrated by reduction of cell density from +4 to +1. Two patients had a mild improvement of the iritis. However, corticosteroids were significantly reduced in all patients. One patient was completely off steroids within 30 months of MTX therapy. In the remaining three cases, the steroid dose was successfully tapered from 0.82 mg/kg/d to 0.15 mg/kg/d (mean doses) within a mean duration of 20 months. No side effects were observed with MTX therapy.
Conclusion: Low-dose MTX therapy was effective and safe, and displayed steroid-sparing properties in four children with severe iritis.
Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 1999;36:125-128.
Father-Daughter Incest: Detection of Cases
Authors: Shapshay Ruth , Vines Diane Welch 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Father-daughter incest, the most frequently reported form of incest, is currently surfacing as a national problem. Increasing numbers of these child sexual abuse cases are coming to the attention of health professionals. Psychiatric-mental health nurses are involved in providing direct service and consultation in settings where cases of incest may be identified.
Recognition of father-daughter incest requires an awareness of possible overt and covert signs of incestuous involvement as well as an understanding of incest in its family context. This article will describe the problem and consequences of fatherdaughter incest and will focus on integrating individual signs and symptoms of involvement with clues to dysfunctional family dynamics operating in father-daughter incest cases.
Reminiscing Psychotherapy with Aging People
Authors: King Kathleen Stroman 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Although reminiscing among aged people is often regarded negatively by others, recent literature indicates that examination of the remembered past, either verbally or internally, may be adaptive behavior. Reviewing selected literature, the author describes what reminiscence is and how people use it in the latter part of the life cycle. In addition, ways a counselor may employ the remembered past to assess current concerns, establish a therapeutic rapport, and treat individuals, groups, and families are discussed. Further, techniques to evoke memories are described.
Trichotillomania: An Overview and Guide to UNDERSTANDING
Authors: Enos Stephanie , Plante Thomas 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Trichotillomania presents challenges to clinicians in various areas including assessment, treatment, and research. Characterized by an irresistible urge to pull out one's hair, which is preceded by tension and followed by relief or pleasure, trichotillomania can cause significant impairment and distress to those who suffer from it. Possible hypothesized causes include a biological basis for hair-pulling, as well as pulling in response to stressors in life.
Several assessment techniques to measure the severity of trichotillomania exist, each of which has advantages and disadvantages in establishing a diagnosis. Because it is still a relatively poorly understood disorder, treatment options for patients reporting these behaviors are limited and generally are confined to pharmacological therapy and habit-reversal behavior therapy. Mansueto, Stemberger, Thomas, and Golomb have published a compelling comprehensive behavioral model that attempts to explain the various cues and factors in trichotillomania. It is useful to consider trichotillomania a biological, psychological, and social phenomenon requiring further research regarding the interaction of these variables in advancing the understanding of the disorder.
College Students and Tattoos: Influence of Image, Identity, Family, and Friends
Authors: Armstrong Myrna L , Owen Donna C , Roberts Alden E , Koch Jerome R 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Tattoos are popular among many groups of people. College students from a large university in the southwestern United States were queried using the 134-item Armstrong Team Tattoo Attitude Survey. Findings document a progressive increase in tattooing and reflect significant support for tattoos, even from non-tattooed students. Similar and positive demographic characteristics were present in individuals who were both non-tattooed and tattooed. In addition, tattooed people were viewed positively, even among non-tattooed respondents. Friends significantly affected procurement and possession of tattoos, whereas of all family members, the sister was the only significant influence. Overall, friends, identity, and image seem to be the major influences for obtaining tattoos.
Effect of Corneal Hydration on Goldmann Applanation Tonometry and Corneal Topography
Authors: Simon Gabriel , Small Robert H , Ren Qiushi , Parel Jean-Marie 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Measured ocular tension is reported to be positively related to corneal thickness. It has been speculated that an edematous cornea will cause low measurements. We studied the effects of corneal hydration on applanation tonometry and biomechanical behavior of the cornea.
METHODS: This study examines the effects of corneal hydration on applanation tonometry on four human cadaver eyes with the Goldmann Schmidt tonometer and on one cadaver eye with the Tono-Pen 2. Hydration was controlled osmotically and assessed by ultrasonic pachometry. True intraocular pressure (IOP) was controlled and was measured by a piezoelectric pressure transducer. The effect of hydration and IOP on anterior curvature was also assessed with computer topography.
RESULTS: The results of this study show an inverse relationship between corneal hydration and ocular tension measured with applanation tonometry. The Goldmann readings decreased by 9.2 ±0.7 mm Hg as the cornea is taken from minimum to maximum hydration. Anterior curvature was affected very little by hydration or increased IOP.
CONCLUSIONS: This study has shown, in vitro, that the tonometer readings are inversely related to its thickness when the cornea is edematous. The clinical implication is that when performing applanation tonometry, the hydration status of the cornea must be carefully examined to avoid possible diagnostic error. Refract Corneal Surg 1993;9:1 10117.)
RÉSUMÉ
INTRODUCTION: On dit que la pression intraoculaire est liée positivement à l'épaisseur cornéenne. On a supposé que l'oedème corneen entraine des mesures basses. Nous avons étudié les effets de l'hydratation cornéenne sur la fonometrie à l'aplanation et sur le fonctionnement biomécanique corneen.
MÉTHODES: Nous avons examiné les effets de l'hydratation cornéenne sur la pression intraoculaire mesurée dans le cas des yeux cadavériques humains en utilisant le tonomètre selon Goldmann Schmidt et dans le cas d'un oeil en utilisant le Tono-Pen 2. L'hydratation fut contrôlée osmotiquement et mesuré par un pachomètre ultrasonique. La vrai pression infraocutaire fut contrôlée et mesurée par un transducteur piézoélectrique. L'effet de l'hydratation et de la pression intraoculaire sur la courbure antérieure fut mesuré avec la cornéotopographie.
RÉSULTATS: Les résultats nous montrent un rapport inverse entre l'hydratation cornéenne et la pression intraoculaire mesuré par le tonomètre à l'aplanation. les mesures d'aplanation diminuaient par 9,2 ± 0,7 mm Hg pendant que la cornée fut hydratée du minimum au maximum. La courbure antérieure fut très peu changée par l'hydratation ou l'hypertonie.
Effect of Refractive Surgery Experience on Outcomes after Photorefractive Keratectomy
Authors: Dougherty Paul J , Lindstrom Richard L , Hardten David R 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy is effective in the treatment of myopia. It is unclear whether the refractive and ocular surgical experience of the surgeon influences outcome.
METHODS: Photorefractive keratectomy was performed on 131 consecutive myopic eyes by one experienced refractive surgeon and on 428 consecutive myopic eyes by six other less experienced surgeons. Outcome data were compared between groups.
RESULTS: The mean preoperative spherical equivalent was -5.76 ± 2.43 diopters (D) in the single surgeon group and -5.36 ± 2.34 D in the multiple surgeon group. Follow-up of 6 months was available on 109 eyes (83%) in the single surgeon group and 289 eyes (68%) in the multiple surgeon group. At 6 months, the average residual refractive error was ±0.15 db 1.13 D in the single-surgeon group and +0.21 ±1.15 D in the multiple surgeon group. This difference was not statistically significant (p=0.68). Correction within 1 D of attempted correction was obtained in 76 eyes (70%) in the single surgeon group and in 223 eyes (77%) in the multiple surgeon group. Uncorrected visual acuity of 20/40 or better was achieved in 89 eyes (82%) in the single surgeon group and 253 eyes (88%) in the multiple surgeon group.
CONCLUSION: Refractive and visual acuity outcomes after photorefractive keratectomy are influenced minimally by the refractive surgical experience of the surgeon. [J Refractive Surg 1997;13:3339]
Effect of Variations in Surgical Technique and Patient Management on Outcomes of Photorefractive Keratectomy
Authors: McCarty Catherine A , Aldred G F , Couper T , Taylor H R 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
PURPOSE: To describe variation in surgical and patient management and to assess their effect on 12-month outcomes of photorefractive keratectomy (PRK).
METHODS: The following variations in surgical/patient management related to PRK were observed and assessed: treatment based on cycloplegic refraction, administration of anesthesia, marking of visual axis, diameter of zone marker, method of epithelial removal, use of intraoperative artificial tears, type of fixation during surgery, replacement of epithelium after surgery, use of a bandage contact lens or two pressure patches, and use of topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs after surgery. The outcomes assessed were spherical equivalent manifest refraction, spectacle-corrected visual acuity and uncorrected visual acuity.
RESULTS: One year clinical outcomes were assessed prospectively for a group of 645 eyes that underwent PRK or photoastigmatic keratectomy. Spherical equivalent refraction and uncorrected visual acuity were better with decreasing amounts of preoperative myopia (both F>30.0, both p=0.0001). Although some surgical variations produced statistically significantly better uncorrected visual acuity on univariate analyses, none of the variations in the techniques assessed were found to be statistically significantly related to clinical outcomes after controlling for preoperative spherical equivalent refraction (all F<2.5, all p>0.10). None of the surgical variations were associated with loss of spectacle-corrected visual acuity (all p>0.10).
CONCLUSION: Clinical outcomes of PRK were not significantly affected by minor variations in clinical and surgical practice. [J Refract Surg 1997;13:55-59]
Ultrasound Biomicroscopy of Baikoff Anterior Chamber Phakic Intraocular Lenses
Authors: Saragoussi Jean-Jacques , Puech Michel , Assouline Michaël , Berges Olivier , Renard Gilles , Pouliquen Yves J M 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively anatomic relationships of anterior chamber Baikoff phakic intraocular lenses (IOL) to the cornea, angle, iris, and lens in myopic eyes.
METHODS: Thirteen phakic myopic eyes (-9.00 to -15.00 diopters) corrected by minus power, anglesupported, anterior chamber intraocular lenses of the ZB5M style (Chiron-Domilens), with a mean follow-up of 25 months (range 18 to 36 months), were examined clinically and by ultrasound biomicroscopy.
RESULTS: The mean distance (±SD) between the central cornea and the IOL was 2.05 ± 0.18 mm (range 1.8 to 2.47 mm); mean distance between the corneal periphery and the IOL was 1.56 ± 0.17 mm (range 1.33 to 1.95 mm); and the mean distance between the IOL and the lens was 0.58 ± 0.12 mm (range 0.48 to 0.81 mm). IOL footplates seemed to be correctly positioned in the angle in all eyes. We observed no goniosynechiae. In six eyes, we found localized posterior indentation of the iris caused by the haptics. Four of these six eyes exhibited oval pupils associated with an oversized IOL.
CONCLUSIONS: High frequency ultrasound biomicroscopy can define anatomic relationships of anterior chamber phakic IOLs, and help analyze the mechanisms of corneal and iris complications. [J Refract Surg 1997;13:135-141]
Molecular Cell Biology for the Refractive Corneal Surgeon: Programmed Cell Death and Wound Healing
Authors: Wilson Steven E 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Variability of outcome following refractive surgical procedures is affected by corneal wound healing. Interactions between the corneal epithelium and stromal keratocytes affect both stromal remodeling and healing of the epithelium. These processes contribute to regression of initial effect, surface irregularity, and stromal scarring that occur following excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). I review recent discoveries related to stromal-epithelial molecular interactions that provide insights into the cellular responses to refractive surgical procedures.
RESULTS: Injury to the corneal epithelium stimulates programmed cell death (apoptosis) of the underlying anterior stromal keratocytes. I hypothesize that apoptosis of the keratocytes occurring immediately after epithelial injury associated with refractive surgical procedures initiates the subsequent wound healing response. Activated keratocytes subsequently repopulate the anterior corneal stroma where they produce collagen and other components associated with stromal remodeling. In addition, secretion of hepatocyte growth factor and keratinocyte growth factor by keratocytes increases after corneal epithelial wounding and these growth factors stimulate proliferation and inhibit differentiation of epithelial cells, effects which could promote epithelial hyperplasia associated with regression after photorefractive keratectomy.
CONCLUSION: Corneal stromal-epithelial interactions help explain the different results that occur following excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy and laser in situ keratomileusis. [J Refract Surg 1997;13:171-175]
Age-related Refractive Shifts in Simple Myopia
Authors: Ellingsen Karen L , Nizam Azhar , Ellingsen Bruce A , Lynn Michael J 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: An understanding of physiologic age-related shifts in myopic refractive errors is important to the refractive surgeon for the interpretation of long-term results, surgical planning, and patient counseling. This study characterizes the refractive stability of adult simple myopia with a retrospective study of 413 eyes.
METHODS: Approximately 74,000 patient records were analyzed to identify 208 adults with - 1.00 to -6.00 diopters (D) of myopia who were followed for more than 20 years at the Spokane Eye Clinic. Amounts of myopic shift (increase in myopia) and hyperopic shift (decrease in myopia) were identified and analyzed within the population. The results were compared to long-term studies of radial keratotomy.
RESULTS: The mean changes per patient age decade were: 20s, -0.60 D; 30s, -0.39 D; 40s, -0.29 D; 50s, +0.28 D; 60s, +0.41 D. Reanalyzed Prospective Evaluation of Radial Keratotomy (PERK) study 10year postoperative data demonstrated progressively increasing hyperopic shifts per decade, at least to age 50.
CONCLUSION: The normal adult population with simple myopia differs from the general population and consists of a population subgroup that is relatively stable and other subgroups that experience significant refractive shift. The hyperopic shift after radial keratotomy appears to be surgically induced and may be larger than previously thought. [J Refract Surg 1997,13:223-228]
Corneal Optical Aberrations Induced by Photorefractive Keratectomy
Authors: Oliver Katherine M , Hemenger Richard P , Corbett Melanie C , O'Brart David P S , Verma Seema , Marshall John , Tomlinson Alan 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Photorefractive keratectomy causee marked alteration to anterior corneal topography, and is likely to induce major changes to the optical aberrations of the eye.
METHODS: Six diopters (D) of myopia correction was attempted on one eye of 50 patients, randomly allocated to one of three different treatments: 5-mm or 6-mm single ablation zone, or a double ablation (multizone; -5.00 D correction over 4.6 mm and -1.00 D over 6 mm). Topographic data was used to estimate corneal aberration coefficients. These were compared for effect of ablation zone, before and 1 year after photorefractive keratectomy. The coefficients were used to derive modulation transfer functions for the anterior corneal surface.
RESULTS: Corneal spherical aberrations and coma-like aberrations both increased significantly following photorefractive keratectomy (p < 0.001). The mean spherical aberration coefficient increased from 0.36 ±0.11 before, to 0.91 ± 0.37 after treatment, while the mean coma-like aberration coefficient changed from 0.28 ± 0.16 before, to 0.60 ± 0.31 after treatment. Ablation zone form had a significant effect on spherical aberration (p = 0.030), but not for coma (p = 0.96). The spherical aberration coefficient increased least for the 6-mm ablation (by 0.38 ± 0.17), compared with the 5-mm ablation (0.69 ± 0.45) and the multizone (0.62 ± 0.38). Corneal modulation transfer functions were reduced significantly following the photorefractive procedure. The effect was greatest for large pupil diameters and for spatial frequencies between 2 and 15 cycles per degree.
CONCLUSIONS: Corneal modulation transfer function calculations suggest that a significant loss of visual performance should be anticipated following photorefractive keratectomy, the effect being greatest for large pupil diameters. Results for three ablation zones show that induced aberrations are least for the largest (6 mm) ablation zone. [J Refract Surg 1997;13:246-254]
Topical Diclofenac Sodium after Excimer Laser Phototherapeutic Keratectomy
Authors: Förster Werner , Ratkay Imola , Krueger Ronald , Busse Holger 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Both the potential analgesic effects and side-effects of topical diclofenac sodium 0.1% are points of interest after excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy.
METHODS: Excimer laser phototherapeutic keratectomy was performed in 134 eyes of 134 patients. In 65 eyes (65 patients), the effects of topical diclofenac given three times a day for 3 to 4 days were compared to a control group of 69 eyes (69 patients). All patients received paracetamol for systemic analgesia and were patched after surgery until reepithelialization.
RESULTS: Twenty-eight patients (43%) of the diclofenac group needed additional systemic analgesics compared to 67 patients (95%) in the control group. Seventy-two hours after surgery we found no significant differences in corneal epithelial wound healing and no severe complications.
CONCLUSION: Topical diclofenac sodium reduces postoperative pain in patients after phototherapeutic keratectomy. [J Refract Surg 1996;13:311-313]