bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medieval Philosophy, Islamic Contribution
Authors: Aminrazavi Mehdi 
Published: November 2021

The entry begins by exploring whether Islamic philosophy should be calledfalsafah(philosophy) orḥikmah, a form of wisdom that includes discursive thought. Some of the early Peripatetic philosophers including al‐Fārābī, ʿAmirī, Sijistānī, and Ibn Sīnā (Avicenna) are discussed, along with the Hermetico‐Pythagorean philosophy of the Ismāʿīlīs. Suhrawardī and his school of illumination (ishrāq) in the twelfth century, the revival of Peripatetic philosophy by Naṣīr al‐Dīn al‐Ṭūsī, and the rise of the school of Shirāz are treated next.During the sixteenth to seventeenth century, the school of Iṣfahān appeared in Persia; major figures of this school including Mīr Dāmād, Mīr Findiriskī, and Mullā Ṣadrā's “transcendent philosophy” (al‐ḥikmat al‐muta‘āliyah) are discussed. Islamic philosophy in Islamic Spain (al‐Andalus) and notable figures such as Ibn Rushd (Averroes), Ibn Maṣarrāh, Ibn Bājah, and Ibn Ṭufayl are mentioned. Central themes in philosophy of religion, the rise of philosophical mysticism, and schools of philosophy in Persia are then discussed.
Qāḍī Saʿīd Qummī
Authors: Aavani Nariman 
Published: November 2021

AbstractQāḍī Saʿīd Qummī, Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad Mufīd (1640–after 1696), was a Shiʿite philosopher, mystic, physician, and jurist of the Safavid period. He was born in the city of Qom (in present‐day Iran) in 1640 and died after 1696. In addition to his views on prayer and divine knowledge, where he criticizes the widely held positions of philosophers and theologians, the most central aspect of his thought is his apophatic theology. He holds an essentialist ontology according to which there are numerous distinct essences in the world that are created by God, who is beyond them in every way. He denies the existence of distinct attributes in the divine essence and interprets attributes as signifying the negation of defects in the divine essence.
Reid, Thomas
Authors: Buras Todd 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThomas Reid (1710–1796) was an eighteenth‐century Scottish philosopher, and the father of the philosophy of common sense. His chief contributions still influence philosophical discussion in a variety of fields. He is known for his commonsense methodology, direct realism about perception, broad foundationalism and externalism in epistemology, and agent‐causal theories of free will. Some contemporary philosophers of religion find in Reid inspiration for the idea that belief in God is immediately justified. The idea is actually quite hard to find in Reid, and what can be found differs significantly from the modern philosophers he inspired.
Antisite Defects Stabilized by Antiphase Boundaries in YFeO3 Thin Films
Authors: Kumar Abinash , Klyukin Konstantin , Ning Shuai , Ozsoy‐Keskinbora Cigdem , Ovsyanko Mikhail , van Uden Felix , Krijnen Ruud , Yildiz Bilge , Ross Caroline A. , LeBeau James M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractYFeO3 thin films are a recent addition to the family of multiferroic orthoferrites where YFe antisite defects and strain have been shown to introduce polar displacements while retaining magnetic properties. Complete control of the multiferroic properties, however, necessitates knowledge of the defects present and their potential role in modifying behavior. Here, the structure and chemistry of antiphase boundaries in Y‐rich multiferroic YFeO3 thin films are reported using aberration corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with atomic resolution energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. It is found that FeY antisites, which are not stable in the Y‐rich film bulk, periodically arrange along antiphase boundaries due to changes in the local structural environment. Using density functional theory, it is shown that the antiphase boundaries are polar and bi‐stable, where the presence of FeY antisites significantly decreases the switching barrier. These results highlight how planar defects, such as antiphase boundaries, can stabilize point defects that would otherwise not be expected to form within the structure.
Ultrabright and Highly Polarity‐Sensitive NIR‐I/NIR‐II Fluorophores for the Tracking of Lipid Droplets and Staging of Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Zhou Xiaobo , Zhang Ke , Yang Chaojie , Pei Yuetian , Zhao Lingfeng , Kang Xiaoxia , Li Zhenhua , Li Fuyou , Qin Yuling , Wu Li 
Published: November 2021

AbstractVisualizing the progression of fatty liver disease in vivo is of great significance in biomedical research of fatty liver, but hindered by the lack of suitable approaches with deep penetration, high specificity, and real‐time observability for fatty liver imaging. Herein, two bright NIR‐I/NIR‐II fluorophores with D–π–A–π–D structures are designed and synthesized for fatty liver tracking in vivo. Such fluorophores show an ultrahigh quantum yield of 49.2% and 17.3% at the emission maximum of 930 and 975 nm, respectively. Most interestingly, these two fluorophores display ultrasensitive fluorescence response (over 100‐fold enhancement) toward the variations of environment polarity. Accordingly, further doping of these fluorophores into amphiphilic organic matrix allows the formation of ultrabright NIR‐I/NIR‐II fluorescent nanoprobes for high‐resolution fluorescence imaging of the vessels. Additionally, with the assistance of such nanoprobes and NIR‐II fluorescence imaging, real‐time monitoring of heartbeat rate and the respiratory rate, accurate identification, and imaging‐guided surgery of the submillimeter scale lymph nodes are successfully realized. Moreover, the as‐designed fluorophores show superior performance for indicating lipid droplets (LDs) in living cells. Ultimately, precise monitoring of fatty liver with NIR‐I/NIR‐II fluorescent LDs probe is first confirmed, demonstrating the possibility for staging fatty liver disease with a contact‐free method.
The Pitfalls and Opportunities of Impedance Spectroscopy of Lithium Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Drvarič Talian Sara , Moškon Jože , Dominko Robert , Gaberšček Miran 
Published: November 2021

AbstractElectrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a valuable tool, which is frequently applied to study lithium‐sulfur (Li‐S) batteries. However, as shown in this perspective article, there are several pitfalls associated with the measurement parameters, impedance response interpretation, and spectra fitting, which can result in dubious or erroneous conclusions. In the first part, the available information on Li‐S battery impedance response is summarized and it is critically evaluated. The authors also touch on the methodology of measurements and fitting of impedance spectra, and later on systematically overview the impedance features in sections according to characteristic peak frequencies of processes, going from the highest to lowest. Finally, specific test instructions that ensure the use of EIS's full potential are listed and promising future directions are discussed. These range from an increase in the use of model experiments, replacement of arbitrary equivalent circuit fitting with physics‐based impedance models, and coupling of the technique with other analytical tools.
Reusable Nanocomposite Membranes for Highly Efficient Arsenite and Arsenate Dual Removal from Water
Authors: Salazar Hugo , Martins Pedro Manuel , Valverde Ainara , Fernández de Luis Roberto , Vilas‐Vilela José Luis , Ferdov Stanislav , Botelho Gabriela , Lanceros‐Mendez Senentxu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNanocomposite membranes (NCMs) of poly(vinylidene fluoride‐hexafluoropropylene), PVDF‐HFP, with different yttrium carbonate and magnetite loadings, are prepared, and their dual adsorption capacity over neutral arsenite and anionic arsenate species is evaluated. The nanoparticles (NPs) and the corresponding NCMs are fully characterized in morphology, microstructure, thermal, and surface properties. The nanocomposite membranes present a micrometric porous structure with a homogeneous distribution of the active nanoparticles. Chemical, thermal, and water‐contact angle characteristics of the NCMs point out that they maintain the chemical and thermal stability of the polymer while improving the wettability. Arsenic removal depends on NP loading and pH of the media. For instance, efficiencies close to 100% are achieved for arsenate species under acidic conditions, while adsorption capacity over arsenite is also incremented above 80%. Fe3O4/PVDF‐HFP nanocomposite shows a dual affinity for the adsorption of As(III) and As(V) species, with the maximum adsorption capacities of 92.82 and 137.08 mg g−1, respectively. In addition, both NCMs are easily activated and reused without significant efficiency loss. Consequently, the nanocomposite membranes represent low‐cost, reusable, and efficient water remediation systems suitable for the long‐term removal of As(III) and As(V) under conditions mimicking real polluted surface and groundwater.
Flexible and Wearable Ultrasound Device for Medical Applications: A Review on Materials, Structural Designs, and Current Challenges
Authors: La Thanh‐Giang , Le Lawrence H. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFlexible and miniaturized devices inspired by the advances in electronic materials, fabrication technologies, and wireless communication have emerged as the next‐generation smart devices for medicine and healthcare. One of the most promising applications is the flexible devices and systems for medical ultrasound imaging such as ultrasound transducers. Herein, the recent progress in flexible and wearable devices for medical ultrasound imaging is broadly reviewed, focusing on technologies and potential applications in diagnosis and medical care. First, the progressive prospect of wearable devices is briefed, followed by an introduction of the state‐of‐art advances in material development and fabrication technologies. Second, the emerging technologies of flexible, thin‐film ultrasound transducers is focused in comparison to conventional rigid ultrasound devices. Third, this review highlights recent biomedical applications of the flexible ultrasound transducer. Last but not the least, current challenges and future developments are also discussed from the perspectives of medical ultrasound imaging. The flexible ultrasound transducers with capabilities of mass‐fabrication, versatile integration, and on‐skin conformability can add unprecedented abilities such as medical imaging and diagnosis to the flexible, skin‐wearable devices that are promising to improve the quality of personalized care.
Single‐Atom Catalyst Aggregates: Size‐Matching is Critical to Electrocatalytic Performance in Sulfur Cathodes
Authors: Meng Xiaodong , Liu Xing , Fan Xueying , Chen Xin , Chen Shang , Meng Yongqiang , Wang Manyun , Zhou Ji , Hong Song , Zheng Lei , Shi Guosheng , Bielawski Christopher W. , Geng Jianxin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractElectrocatalysis is critical to the performance displayed by sulfur cathodes. However, the constituent electrocatalysts and the sulfur reactants have vastly different molecular sizes, which ultimately restrict electrocatalysis efficiency and hamper device performance. Herein, the authors report that aggregates of cobalt single‐atom catalysts (SACs) attached to graphene via porphyrins can overcome the challenges associated with the catalyst/reactant size mismatch. Atomic‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray absorption spectroscopy measurements show that the Co atoms present in the SAC aggregates exist as single atoms with spatially resolved dimensions that are commensurate the sulfur species found in sulfur cathodes and thus fully accessible to enable 100% atomic utilization efficiency in electrocatalysis. Density functional theory calculations demonstrate that the Co SAC aggregates can interact with the sulfur species in a synergistic manner that enhances the electrocatalytic effect and promote the performance of sulfur cathodes. For example, Li–S cells prepared from the Co SAC aggregates exhibit outstanding capacity retention (i.e., 505 mA h g–1 at 0.5 C after 600 cycles) and excellent rate capability (i.e., 648 mA h g−1 at 6 C). An ultrahigh area specific capacity of 12.52 mA h cm−2 is achieved at a high sulfur loading of 11.8 mg cm–2.
Anode Material Options Toward 500 Wh kg−1 Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Bi Chen‐Xi , Zhao Meng , Hou Li‐Peng , Chen Zi‐Xian , Zhang Xue‐Qiang , Li Bo‐Quan , Yuan Hong , Huang Jia‐Qi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li–S) battery is identified as one of the most promising next‐generation energy storage systems due to its ultra‐high theoretical energy density up to 2600 Wh kg−1. However, Li metal anode suffers from dramatic volume change during cycling, continuous corrosion by polysulfide electrolyte, and dendrite formation, rendering limited cycling lifespan. Considering Li metal anode as a double‐edged sword that contributes to ultrahigh energy density as well as limited cycling lifespan, it is necessary to evaluate Li‐based alloy as anode materials to substitute Li metal for high‐performance Li–S batteries. In this contribution, the authors systematically evaluate the potential and feasibility of using Li metal or Li‐based alloys to construct Li–S batteries with an actual energy density of 500 Wh kg−1. A quantitative analysis method is proposed by evaluating the required amount of electrolyte for a targeted energy density. Based on a three‐level (ideal material level, practical electrode level, and pouch cell level) analysis, highly lithiated lithium–magnesium (Li–Mg) alloy is capable to achieve 500 Wh kg−1 Li–S batteries besides Li metal. Accordingly, research on Li–Mg and other Li‐based alloys are reviewed to inspire a promising pathway to realize high‐energy‐density and long‐cycling Li–S batteries.
Utility of a field deployable qPCR instrument for analyzing freshwater quality
Authors: Billington Craig , Abeysekera Gayan , Scholes Paula , Pickering Paul , Pang Liping 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA significant limitation of quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technology for environmental research has been the lack of portability of the amplification and detection equipment needed to perform qPCR assays in the field. The ability to perform qPCR assays in the field would significantly improve the utility of the technology, enabling quicker risk management decisions in acute environmental emergencies, and speeding the pace of environmental research. We tested a portable qPCR instrument, Liberty16, to evaluate if this instrument would be useful for qPCR analysis in our fieldwork. Parallel testing of the Liberty16 with our existing LightCycler 480 Instrument II revealed similar repeatability and sensitivity for the detection of targets in known and blind freshwater samples by qPCR. Both instruments were able to detect all target sequences at 20 copies per reaction and up to 66% targets in a 10‐fold dilution. In seven of eight blind freshwater samples, results from both instruments were consistent for detected or nondetected target. In the other sample, the target was only detected by the Liberty16. Portable instruments of this type may open up new avenues for researchers to perform qPCR analyses in the field.
Japanese rapid/living recommendations on drug management for COVID‐19: updated guidelines (September 2021)
Authors: Yamakawa Kazuma , Yamamoto Ryo , Terayama Takero , Hashimoto Hideki , Ishihara Tadashi , Ishimaru Go , Imura Haruki , Okano Hiromu , Narita Chihiro , Mayumi Takuya , Yasuda Hideto , Yamada Kohei , Yamada Hiroyuki , Kawasaki Tatsuya , Shime Nobuaki , Doi Kent , Egi Moritoki , Ogura Hiroshi , Aihara Morio , Kushimoto Shigeki , Nishida Osamu ,   Special Committee of the Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock 2020 (J‐SSCG 2020), the COVID‐19 Task Force
Published: November 2021

BackgroundThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has spread worldwide since early 2020, and there are still no signs of resolution. The Japanese Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Sepsis and Septic Shock (J‐SSCG) 2020 Special Committee created the Japanese rapid/living recommendations on drug management for COVID‐19 using the experience of creating the J‐SSCG.MethodsThe Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was used to determine the certainty of the evidence and strength of the recommendations. The first edition of this guideline was released on September 9, 2020, and this document is the revised edition (version 4.0; released on September 9, 2021). Clinical questions (CQs) were set for the following seven drugs: favipiravir (CQ1), remdesivir (CQ2), corticosteroids (CQ4), tocilizumab (CQ5), anticoagulants (CQ7), baricitinib (CQ8), and casirivimab/imdevimab (CQ9). Two CQs (hydroxychloroquine [CQ3] and ciclesonide [CQ6]) were retrieved in this updated version.RecommendationsFavipiravir is not suggested for all patients with COVID‐19 (GRADE 2C). Remdesivir is suggested for patients with moderate COVID‐19 requiring supplemental oxygen/hospitalization (GRADE 2B). Corticosteroids are recommended for patients with moderate COVID‐19 requiring supplemental oxygen/hospitalization (GRADE 1B) and for patients with severe COVID‐19 requiring mechanical ventilation/intensive care (GRADE 1A); however, their administration is not recommended for patients with mild COVID‐19 not requiring supplemental oxygen (GRADE 1B). Tocilizumab is suggested for patients with moderate COVID‐19 requiring supplemental oxygen/hospitalization (GRADE 2B). Anticoagulant administration is recommended for patients with moderate COVID‐19 requiring supplemental oxygen/hospitalization and patients with severe COVID‐19 requiring mechanical ventilation/intensive care (good practice statement). Baricitinib is suggested for patients with moderate COVID‐19 requiring supplemental oxygen/hospitalization (GRADE 2C). Casirivimab/imdevimab is recommended for patients with mild COVID‐19 not requiring supplemental oxygen (GRADE 1B). We hope that these updated clinical practice guidelines will help medical professionals involved in the care of patients with COVID‐19.
From Esters to Ketones via a Photoredox‐Assisted Reductive Acyl Cross‐Coupling Strategy
Authors: Xi Xiaoxiang , Luo Yixin , Li Weirong , Xu Minghao , Zhao Hongping , Chen Yukun , Zheng Songlin , Qi Xiaotian , Yuan Weiming 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA method was developed for ketone synthesis via a photoredox‐assisted reductive acyl cross‐coupling (PARAC) using a nickel/photoredox dual‐catalyzed cross‐electrophile coupling of two different carboxylic acid esters. A variety of aryl, 1°, 2°, 3°‐alkyl 2‐pyridyl esters can act as acyl electrophiles while N‐(acyloxy)phthalimides (NHPI esters) act as 1°, 2°, 3°‐radical precursors. Our PARAC strategy provides an alternative and reliable way to synthesize various sterically congested 3°‐3°, 3°‐2°, and aryl‐3° ketones under mild and highly unified conditions, which have been otherwise difficult to access. The combined experimental and computational studies identified a Ni0/NiI/NiIII pathway for ketone formation.
Synthesis and Structural Properties of NIR‐Absorbing Pyridine‐Containing Heptaphyrins
Authors: Rawat Nisha , Sinha Avisikta , Ravikanth Mangalampalli 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFour examples of stable nonaromatic pyridine containing heteroheptaphyrins (pyrithiaheptaphyrins) 2–5 were synthesized in 8–13% yields by [5+2] condensation of newly synthesized pyridine‐based pentapyrrane 8 and bithiophene diol 9 a–d. The X‐ray crystallographic analysis of macrocycle 2 proved that the macrocycle assumes a highly planar structure with two inverted thiophene rings. The heteroheptaphyrins 2–5 are asymmetric and showed a greater number of resonances in 1H NMR spectra compared to our previously reported symmetric heterohexaphyrin (pyrithiahexaphyrin) 1 c. Most of the macrocyclic core protons in pyrithiahepaphyrins 2–5 experienced upfield/downfield shifts compared to pyrithiahexaphyrin 1 c indicating the alteration of π‐conjugation in the macrocycles. The absorption bands were significantly red‐shifted and located in the NIR region in macrocycles 2–5 compared to 1 c supporting the increase of π‐delocalization. The theoretical studies support the experimental findings and NICS(0) value supports the non‐aromaticity of the macrocycles.
S100A10 regulates tumor necrosis factor alpha‐induced apoptosis in chondrocytes via the reactive oxygen species/nuclear factor‐kappa B pathway
Authors: Guo Yanjie , Li Ruofei , Dang Xiaoqian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAberrant chondrocyte apoptosis and inflammation are the most critical causes of osteoarthritis (OA) development. This study was designed to demonstrate the relationship between S100A10 and OA. In this study, S100A10 was overexpressed or silenced in rat chondrocytes. Cell viability, apoptosis, reactive oxidative species (ROS), and calcium ion detection were assessed using Cell Counting Kit‐8 assay and flow cytometry. The levels of key oxidation‐related enzymes and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) were quantified using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blotting. S100A10 was highly expressed in patients with OA and positively correlated with TNF‐α level. Knockdown of S100A10 effectively counteracted TNF‐α‐induced ROS level, apoptosis, and calcium level and associated with decreased inflammation‐related metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1), MMP13, and nuclear necrosis factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB)‐p65 and increased survivin and cytoplasmic NF‐κB‐p65. Overexpression of S100A10 had an effect similar to TNF‐α, which was significantly counteracted by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate, an NF‐κB inhibitor, or verapamil, a calcium‐channel blocker. S100A10 contributed to chondrocyte apoptosis through the ROS/NF‐κB pathway. This study has established the relationship between S100A10 and the NF‐κB pathway, thus providing novel perspectives for exploring S100A10 functions.
New green phosphorescent Ir(III) complex with carbazolylbenzimidazole ligand for solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diode
Authors: Jadhav Amol Maruti , Park Hea Jung , Jang Jae‐Ho , Park Jeong Yong , Kwak Seon Lee , Hwang Do‐Hoon 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe developed a new green phosphorescent iridium (III) complex, bis[2‐(9‐ethyl‐9H‐carbazol‐3‐yl)‐1‐methyl‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole]iridium(III) acetylacetonate [(Bic)2Ir(acac)], which functions as a solution‐processable dopant for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs). 2‐(9‐Ethyl‐9H‐carbazol‐3‐yl)‐1‐methyl‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole was incorporated as the main ligand, while acetylacetone was introduced as an ancillary ligand in the heteroleptic iridium (III) complex. The molecular structure of the synthesized (Bic)2Ir(acac) was characterized by 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR. In addition, it was well soluble in common organic solvents, suitable for solution processible dopant material. The Ir (III) complex exhibited a green emission in solution state (dichloromethane) with an emission maximum at 503 nm. The solution‐processed OLED device using (Bic)2Ir(acac) as a green dopant achieved an external quantum efficiency of 6.85%, with a power efficiency of 14.96 lm/W, a maximum luminous efficiency of 23.00 cd/A, and Commission Internationale de Eclairage coordinates of (0.30, 0.61) at 7 wt% doping concentration.