bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adherence to COVID-19 Mitigation Measures among Kilifi and Mombasa Residents - An Observational Study in Coastal Kenya
Authors: Mwai Judy , Ahmed Ismail , Omogi Jarim , Abdi Mohamed , Nyole Diana , Kaduka Lydia , Mutai Joseph , Ndemwa Philip 
Published: August 2021

Aim: Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic led countries into engaging public health guidelines as a strategy towards preventing infections. Hand washing, social distancing and masking remains key measures for infection control and prevention of the COVID-19. Strict adherence to public health infection control and prevention protocols is necessary to contain the spread at the community stage of the virus. National and County governments in Kenya directed efforts and resources in implementing numerous infection control and prevention measures in public places and institutions. The study assessed adherence to water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) guidelines among the residents of Kilifi and Mombasa County in combating COVID-19 infections.
Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted between 25th November and 4th December 2020 in ten sub-counties in Mombasa and Kilifi counties, Kenya. Data was collected using Open Data Kit (ODK) mobile application.
Results: Forty observations were done in Kilifi (45 percent) and Mombasa (55.0 percent). More than a third (37.5 percent) of the observations were done at the household level, followed by public buildings (30.0 percent), market/shopping centers (30.0 percent) and bus terminus (2.5 percent). More than half of the occupants in both Kilifi 55.6 percent and Mombasa 68.2 percent observed physical distancing of 1.5 meters, however, low screening of temperature at the entrance was noted. The general observation shows only 55.6 percent of the premises visited had a hand-washing station in Kilifi while 68.2 percent in Mombasa County. Most of the hand washing stations had running water and people did proper handwashing in both Counties. Only 30.0 percent of the hand station at Kilifi County had soaps.
Conclusion: COVID – 19 will continue to pose serious public health challenges as many premises still don’t adhere to some of the guidelines. Multi-sectoral feasible approaches towards ensuring further adherence on all the public health guidelines should be given priority to control and prevent COVID-19 infection
Hospital Antibiotic Prescribing Pattern in General Surgery Specialty: Analysis Based on the WHO Access, Watch and Reserve (AWaRe) Classification
Authors: Peddireddy Mounika , Mahin Juveriya , Uppu Amarnath , Padi Satyanarayana S. V. 
Published: August 2021

Background: Surgical site infections are a prevalent cause of nosocomial infections that require antibiotic prophylaxis. Emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance is a major global public health issue that must be addressed. Eventually, antibiotic prescribing pattern should be examined in order to ensure that antibiotics are used appropriately and that their effectiveness is preserved.
Objective: To evaluate hospital antibiotic prescribing pattern emphasizing on cephalosporins in general surgery specialty using the WHO Access, Watch, and Reserve (AWaRe) classification.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 658 hospitalized patients who received prophylactic antibiotics in general surgery specialty for six months. The data were analysed using the ‘WHO prescribing indicators’ and examined for the WHO ‘AWaRe’ categories. The acquired data was subjected to descriptive statistics.
Results: Per encounter, the average number of drugs and antibiotics prescribed were 3.8 and 1.3, respectively. 83.4% encounters were with at least one antibiotic and 94.5% encounters had parenteral antibiotics. 31.3% and 77.8% antibiotics were prescribed by generic name and from the Essential Medicines List, respectively. The most frequently prescribed antibiotics were the third generation cephalosporins (36.8%) wherein ceftriaxone (22.0%) and cefoperazone (7.2%) were the two most commonly prescribed. A total of 14 specific antibiotics, ‘Access’ 5 and ‘Watch’ 9 were prescribed. Based on the WHO AWaRe classification, 42.3% ‘Access’ and 57.7% ‘Watch’ group antibiotics prescribed. All the prescribed cephalosporins (100%) were from the ‘Watch’ category. Amikacin (13.5%) and ceftriaxone (22.0%) were the most commonly prescribed ‘Access’ and ‘Watch’ group antibiotics, respectively. Amoxicillin index was 7.5 and ‘Access-to-Watch’ index was 0.7, which were much below the priority values.
Conclusion: The antibiotic prescription pattern seen in this study did not entirely meet the WHO recommendations. Antibiotics from the ‘Watch’ category, notably cephalosporins, were commonly prescribed. To retain antibiotic effectiveness and encourage rational antibiotic use, as well as to overcome antibiotic resistance, changes and surveillance antibiotics prescribing are required.
A Review of the Bohr’s Model of Hydrogen Atom
Authors: Wilson Robert 
Published: August 2021

In this paper, the classical Bohr’s model of the hydrogen atom has been revisited. Two values of fundamental physical properties of an electron in the hydrogen atom has been identified. These physical properties ( & ) are constant in nature. The aim for the review was to contribute to the solution of disagreement between the Bohr’s wavelength ( ) and the Balmer’s experimental observation ( ) for the emission spectrum of hydrogen atom. There are two other constants and that were identified in the Bohr’s equation of the hydrogen atom.
The four fundamental physical constants are intrinsic properties of an electron and can be applied to multi-electron system. They can also be obtained from Schrodinger’s equation for hydrogen atom at steady state. These constants may be subjected to scrutiny for their determination for better understanding. Also, since Bohr’s model of hydrogen atom is based on classical mechanics, this paper has provided an alternate method of solving simple problems in atomic physics under Bohr’s model to aid good mental picture of hydrogen atom to scientists.
Bacterial Contaminants of New Unused Disposable Food Packs Used in Commercial Area of Gombe State University
Authors: Umar A. T. , Haruna A. , Puma H. U. , Bashir M. , Halima I. , Kawuwa U. A. , Ya’u I. 
Published: August 2021

Aim: Consumable items frequently get contaminated with bacteria harbored by their packaging materials. These bacteria result in food-borne diseases when consumed along with the food by susceptible individuals, leading to illnesses and possibly death of these individuals.
Study Design: The study was designed to determine the presence of bacterial contaminants in new unused disposable food packs used in commercial area of Gombe State University.
Place and duration of study: This study was carried out in the department of microbiology, Gombe state university between March, 2018 and June, 2018.
Methodology: 30 disposable food packs were collected using simple random sampling method. Sterile swab sticks were used to swab the interior portion of the packs inside a disinfected glass cupboard, the swabs were serially diluted to tenth fold. Spread plate method was used to inoculate the samples on a nutrient agar plates and incubated at 36oC for 24hours. Viable count method was used to enumerate the number of colonies formed, and the bacteria were identified based on their macroscopic characteristics, Gram’s reaction, microscopy, and standard biochemical tests. Disc diffusion method was used to determine the sensitivity of these isolates to some antibiotics.
Results: Out of the 30 samples, 23 samples were positive for bacterial growths with discrete CFU/ml ranging from 3.0×105 to 5.9×105, these bacteria were identified to be Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp. and Streptococcus spp. The sensitivity test results revealed that all the isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, augmentin, ciprofloxacin, and ampicillin, with the exception of S. aureus which was found to be resistant to ampicillin.
Conclusion: These disposable food packs have been shown to contain notable amounts of these bacteria, and so proper sanitation, such as rinsing in boiled water should be ensured before using the food packs.
Haptically Quantifying Young's Modulus of Soft Materials Using a Self‐Locked Stretchable Strain Sensor
Authors: Cui Zequn , Wang Wensong , Guo Lingling , Liu Zhihua , Cai Pingqiang , Cui Yajing , Wang Ting , Wang Changxian , Zhu Ming , Zhou Ying , Liu Wenyan , Zheng Yuanjin , Deng Guoying , Xu Chuanlai , Chen Xiaodong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSimple and rapid Young's modulus measurements of soft materials adaptable to various scenarios are of general significance, and they require miniaturized measurement platforms with easy operation. Despite the advances made in portable and wearable approaches, acquiring and analyzing multiple or complicated signals necessitate tethered bulky components and careful preparation. Here, a new methodology based on a self‐locked stretchable strain sensor to haptically quantify Young's modulus of soft materials (kPa–MPa) rapidly is reported. The method demonstrates a fingertip measurement platform, which endows a prosthetic finger with human‐comparable haptic behaviors and skills on elasticity sensing without activity constraints. A universal strategy is offered toward ultraconvenient and high‐efficient Young's modulus measurements with wide adaptability to various fields for unprecedented applications.
Characterization of the Human Oropharyngeal Microbiomes in SARS‐CoV‐2 Infection and Recovery Patients
Authors: Gao Ming , Wang Haiyu , Luo Hong , Sun Ying , Wang Ling , Ding Suying , Ren Hongyan , Gang Jiaqi , Rao Benchen , Liu Shanshuo , Wang Xuemei , Gao Xinxin , Li Mengyi , Zou Yawen , Liu Chao , Yuan Chengyu , Sun Jiarui , Cui Guangying , Ren Zhigang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRespiratory tract microbiome is closely related to respiratory tract infections, while characterization of oropharyngeal microbiome in recovered coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients is not studied. Herein, oropharyngeal swabs are collected from confirmed cases (CCs) with COVID‐19 (73 subjects), suspected cases (SCs) (36), confirmed cases who recovered (21), suspected cases who recovered (36), and healthy controls (Hs) (140) and then completed MiSeq sequencing. Oropharyngeal microbial α‐diversity is markedly reduced in CCs versus Hs. Opportunistic pathogens are increased, while butyrate‐producing genera are decreased in CCs versus Hs. The classifier based on eight optimal microbial markers is constructed through a random forest model and reached great diagnostic efficacy in both discovery and validation cohorts. Notably, the classifier successfully diagnosed SCs with positive IgG antibody as CCs and is demonstrated from the perspective of the microbiome. Importantly, several genera with significant differences gradually increase and decrease along with recovery from COVID‐19. Forty‐four oropharyngeal operational taxonomy units (OTUs) are closely correlated with 11 clinical indicators of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and Hs based on Spearman correlation analysis. Together, this research is the first to characterize oropharyngeal microbiota in recovered COVID‐19 cases and suspected cases, to successfully construct and validate the diagnostic model for COVID‐19 and to depict the correlations between microbial OTUs and clinical indicators.
Metal‐Free Doubly Decarboxylative Three‐Component Reaction: Synthesis of Propargyl Amines
Authors: Lim Jeongah , Lee Sunwoo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractArylalkynoic acids, glyoxylic acid, and amines were reacted in the absence of transition metal catalysts to produce the corresponding arylpropargyl amines via double decarboxylation. In addition to cyclic secondary amines, non‐cyclic secondary amines also reacted with various substituted arylalkynoic acids and glyoxylic acid to afford the desired products in good yields. It was revealed that the carboxylic acid functionality was important for increasing the product yield.
Th1 ‐ CD11c+ B Cell Axis Associated with Response to Plasmapheresis in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Kimura Kimitoshi , Lin Youwei , Yamaguchi Hiromi , Sato Wakiro , Takewaki Daiki , Minote Misako , Doi Yoshimitsu , Okamoto Tomoko , Takahashi Ryosuke , Kondo Takayuki , Yamamura Takashi 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveAlthough plasmapheresis is a treatment option for patients with autoimmune neurological diseases, treatment response varies greatly among patients. The main objective of this study was to find out if biological/immune traits correlate with a beneficial response.MethodsWe thoroughly analyzed immune phenotypes in paired blood samples from a cohort of 31 patients with multiple sclerosis before and after plasmapheresis, in parallel with clinical evaluation of treatment response.ResultsThe frequency of IFN‐γ+ Th1 cells was persistently higher in those who obtained benefit from plasmapheresis (responders) than nonresponders. The Th1 cell frequency before plasmapheresis provided a high predictive value for beneficial response, achieving area under the curve (AUC) of 0.902. Plasmapheresis treatment decreased inflammation‐related gene expressions in Th1 cells. Meanwhile, IFNG expression in Th1 cells positively correlated with the frequency of CD11c+ B cells, of which a pathogenic role has been suggested in several autoimmune diseases. In line with this, in vitro experiments showed that CD11c+ B cells would increase in response to exogenous IFN‐γ compared to IL‐4, and secrete high amounts of IgG. B cell receptor analysis indicated that clonal expansion of CD11c+ B cells takes place in patients with multiple sclerosis. Interestingly, CD11c+ B cells, which showed unique gene expression profile, decreased after plasmapheresis treatment along with all the immunoglobulin subsets in the circulation.InterpretationTaken together, we postulate that Th1 cell ‐ CD11c+ B cell axis is involved in treatment response to plasmapheresis, giving us clues to better understanding of complicated pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, and getting closer to a personalized therapy. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:595–611
Copper‐Nitrene‐Catalyzed Desymmetric Oxaziridination/1,2‐Alkyl Rearrangement of 1,3‐Diketones toward Bicyclic Lactams
Authors: Han Xue , Shan Li‐Xin , Zhu Jin‐Xin , Zhang Chang‐Sheng , Zhang Xiao‐Ming , Zhang Fu‐Min , Wang Hong , Tu Yong‐Qiang , Yang Ming , Zhang Wen‐Shuo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAlthough copper‐nitrene has been extensively studied as a versatile active species in various transformations, asymmetric reactions involving copper‐nitrene have been limited to the aziridination of olefins. Herein, we report the novel copper‐nitrene‐catalyzed desymmetric oxaziridination reaction of cyclic diketones with alkyl azides and the subsequent rearrangement of the resulting highly active intermediate, which produces a synthetically challenging chiral bicyclic lactam containing a quaternary carbon center. This procedure not only enriches the copper‐nitrene‐catalyzed asymmetric reactions, but also provides an alternative strategy to address the inherent challenges of catalytic asymmetric Schmidt reactions. This unique reaction could inspire the investigation of novel copper‐nitrene‐catalyzed asymmetric transformations and their reaction mechanisms.
Synthesis of Mixed‐Valent Lanthanide Sulfide Nanoparticles
Authors: Glaser Priscilla , Stewart Orlando , Atif Rida , Asuigui Dane Romar C. , Swanson Joel , Biacchi Adam J. , Hight Walker Angela R. , Morrison Gregory , zur Loye Hans‐Conrad , Stoll Sarah L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn targeting reduced valent lanthanide chalcogenides, we report the first nanoparticle synthesis of the mixed‐valent ferromagnets Eu3S4 and EuSm2S4. Using divalent lanthanide halides with bis(trimethylsilyl)sulfide and oleylamine, we prepared nanoparticles of EuS, Eu3S4, EuSm2S4, SmS1.9, and Sm3S4. All nanoparticle phases were identified using powder X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy was used to confirm morphology and nanoparticle size, and magnetic susceptibility measurements for determining the ordering temperatures and valence. The UV/Vis, Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies for each phase were compared. Surprisingly, the phase is influenced by the halide and the reaction temperature, where EuCl2 formed EuS while EuI2 formed Eu3S4, highlighting the role of kinetics in phase stabilization. Interestingly, at lower temperatures EuI2 initially forms EuS, and converts over time to Eu3S4.
Behavioural and metabolic responses of Unionida mussels to stress
Authors: Curley Edward A. M. , Thomas Rhian , Adams Colin E. , Stephen Alastair 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

The aim of this study was to assess the extent to which the behavioural traits of freshwater mussels provide suitable indicators of stress in individuals, towards the advancement of non‐invasive, remote monitoring techniques to examine population condition.
Variation in the expression of particular behavioural metrics was examined in accordance with measurements of oxygen consumption, across environmental stressors (aerial exposure and high concentrations of total suspended solids), and between two freshwater mussel species (Margaritifera margaritifera and Anodonta anatina)
Aerobic metabolic rate was quantified using intermittent respirometry, and behaviour was observed using time‐lapse footage. Comparisons of metabolic response and the occurrence of behavioural traits, across the two stressors, focused on differences between the 24 h pre‐exposure period (pre‐exposure), the first 3 h of post‐exposure (immediate post‐exposure), and the time following the initial 3 h of post‐exposure until the end of the experimental run (extended post‐exposure).
The results of this study demonstrated a relationship between the frequency of occurrence of behavioural responses to stress exposure, associated with valve activity, and significant changes in the metabolic functioning of A. anatina and M. margaritifera mussels. The findings from the study also highlighted substantial intraspecific variation across species and stressors.
Data from this research could assist in the development of novel biosensors that track mussel valve activity remotely in their natural environment. When coupled with real‐time data examining alterations in environmental metrics, this technology could assist in the monitoring of population condition and aid conservation management.
Review of sensory modalities of sirenians and the other extant Paenungulata clade
Authors: Moore Amanda Marie , Hartstone‐Rose Adam , Gonzalez‐Socoloske Daniel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractExtant members of Paenungulata (sirenians, proboscideans, and hyracoideans) form a monophyletic clade which originated in Africa. While paenungulates are all herbivorous, they differ greatly in size, life history, and habitat. Therefore, we would expect both phylogenetically related similarities and ecologically driven differences in their use and specializations of sensory systems, especially in adaptations in sirenians related to their fully aquatic habitat. Here we review what is known about the sensory modalities of this clade in an attempt to better elucidate their sensory adaptations. Manatees have a higher frequency range for hearing than elephants, who have the best low‐frequency hearing range known to mammals, while the hearing range of hyraxes is unknown. All paenungulates have vibrissae assisting in tactile abilities such as feeding and navigating the environment and share relatively small eyes and dichromatic vision. Taste buds are present in varying quantities in all three orders. While the olfactory abilities of manatees and hyraxes are unknown, elephants have an excellent sense of smell which is reflected by having the relatively largest cranial nerve related to olfaction among the three lineages. Manatees have the relatively largest trigeminal nerve—the nerve responsible for, among other things, mystacial vibrissae—while hyraxes have the relatively largest optic nerve (and therefore, presumably, the best vision) among the Paenungulata. All three orders have diverged significantly; however, they still retain some anatomical and physiological adaptations in common with regard to sensory abilities.
Association of Increased Serum Lipopolysaccharide, But Not Microbial Dysbiosis, With Obesity‐Related Osteoarthritis
Authors: Loeser Richard F. , Arbeeva Liubov , Kelley Kathryn , Fodor Anthony A. , Sun Shan , Ulici Veronica , Longobardi Lara , Cui Yang , Stewart Delisha A. , Sumner Susan J. , Azcarate‐Peril M. Andrea , Sartor R. Balfour , Carroll Ian M. , Renner Jordan B. , Jordan Joanne M. , Nelson Amanda E. 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveTo test the hypothesis that an altered gut microbiota (dysbiosis) plays a role in obesity‐associated osteoarthritis (OA).MethodsStool and blood samples were collected from 92 participants with a body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m2, recruited from the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project. OA patients (n = 50) had hand and knee OA (Kellgren/Lawrence [K/L] grade ≥2 or arthroplasty). Controls (n = 42) had no hand OA and a K/L grade of 0–1 for the knees. Compositional analysis of stool samples was carried out by 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing. Alpha‐ and beta‐diversity and differences in taxa relative abundances were determined. Blood samples were used for multiplex cytokine analysis and measures of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and LPS binding protein. Germ‐free mice were gavaged with patient‐ or control‐pooled fecal samples and fed a 40% fat, high‐sucrose diet for 40 weeks. Knee OA was evaluated histologically.ResultsOn average, OA patients were slightly older than the controls, consisted of more women, and had a higher mean BMI, higher mean Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index pain score, and higher mean K/L grade. There were no significant differences in α‐ or β‐diversity or genus level composition between patients and controls. Patients had higher plasma levels of osteopontin (P = 0.01) and serum LPS (P < 0.0001) compared to controls. Mice transplanted with patient or control microbiota exhibited a significant difference in α‐diversity (P = 0.02) and β‐diversity, but no differences in OA severity were observed.ConclusionThe lack of differences in the gut microbiota, but increased serum LPS levels, suggest the possibility that increased intestinal permeability allowing for greater absorption of LPS, rather than a dysbiotic microbiota, may contribute to the development of OA associated with obesity.
Inconsistent seduction: Addressing confounds and methodological issues in the study of the seductive detail effect
Authors: Tislar Kay L. , Steelman Kelly S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe inclusion of interesting but irrelevant details in instructional materials may interfere with recall and application of the core content. Although this seductive detail effect is well researched, recent research highlights factors that may influence the effect size.ObjectivesThe current study discusses confounds and methodological issues in the study of seductive details and outlines strategies for overcoming them. These practices were then applied in a study that examined the role of learning objectives on the seductive detail effect.MethodsSeductive details were selected on the basis of interest and importance level and matched for word count and reading level. The 3 × 2 between‐subjects design presented 132 undergraduate students with a lesson on plate tectonics; participants completed tests on both recall and transfer.ResultsResults did not reveal a consistent detrimental effect of high‐interest details on core content recall and transfer. On the recall test, contrary to expectation, the seductive detail effect obtained only when objectives were provided. A similar pattern emerged on the transfer task.ConclusionThese findings highlight the difficulty of consistently eliciting the seductive detail effect. We discuss outstanding issues that must be addressed in order to develop practical guidelines on the inclusion of seductive details in educational materials.