bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is there an optimal approach to elective stabilisation of glycaemic control in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus?
Authors: Atlas Gabby , O'Connell Michele A , White Mary 
Published: July 2021

AimTo investigate the effectiveness of inpatient and outpatient interventions in attaining improved glycaemic control in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and persistently high/deteriorating HbA1c.MethodsA retrospective study at a tertiary paediatric centre. Admitted individuals who had prior attempts at ambulatory stabilisation were matched with intervention naïve controls who underwent outpatient intervention. The mean age was 14.6 years in the admitted group and 14.7 years in the ambulatory group. Mean duration of diabetes was 6.1 years in the admitted group and 7.3 years in the ambulatory group. Change in HbA1c from baseline was assessed to 12 months.ResultsMean baseline HbA1c was 11.3% (100 mmol/mol), with 11.4% in the admitted group and 11.2% in the ambulatory group. Sustained reduction in HbA1c at 12 months was seen in both groups (n = 35 in each): mean (standard deviation) 10.1% (1.5) in admitted (mean reduction in HbA1c 1.4%) and 9.7% (1.4) in ambulatory (mean reduction in HbA1c 1.5%). Proportions achieving delta HbA1c ≥2% (22 mmol/mol) at 12 months were 25 and 31% in admitted and ambulatory groups, respectively. A sustained reduction in HbA1c of ≥2% (22 mmol/mol) after 12 months was more likely in those who attained this reduction by 6 months (17/24 who achieved this at 6 months vs. 3/41 who had not).ConclusionsBoth inpatient and outpatient stabilisation strategies achieved sustained improvements in HbA1c. We recommend an individualised approach to stabilisation, with review of the intervention's success at 6 months with further intensification as needed.
Phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses on Dickeya spp. isolated from different host plants in Taiwan
Authors: Wei Xian‐Yong , Deng Wen‐Ling , Chu Chia‐Ching 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDickeya spp. cause severe diseases in many crops. Most previous studies in Taiwan identified these pathogens as a single species (Erwinia chrysanthemi), and little is known about their genetic and phenotypic diversity. This study collected 40 Dickeya strains isolated from different host plants in Taiwan and conducted a series of phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses. Reconstruction of maximum likelihood trees revealed that the isolated strains belonged to D. dadantii, D. chrysanthemi, D. undicola, and D. fangzhongdai. Among the 40 tested strains, 32 collected from Phalaenopsis orchids and Welsh onions were classified as D. fangzhongdai, while those isolated from the other hosts were assigned to D. dadantii, D. chrysanthemi, and D. undicola, suggesting that some of these bacteria exhibit host preferences. Inoculation of representative strains of the four Dickeya species onto potato, Phalaenopsis and African violet showed that the maceration potentials varied inter‐ and intra‐specifically and that the differential infection patterns were host‐dependent. Phenotypic assays also revealed that strain‐level variation in maceration potential was associated (in part) with the pathogens' tolerance to hostile pH and temperature or regulation of indigoidine production. Although comparisons of colony morphology and pigment production were not sufficient to differentiate Dickeya species, Biolog analyses identified several nutrients and chemicals potentially capable of differentiating among different species. Overall, our data revealed the genetic diversity and phenotypic characteristics of Dickeya spp. in Taiwan and provided information useful for their identification. The study also presented the first evidence showing that D. undicola, a recently identified species inhabiting surface waters, could naturally infect plants.
Chicxulub impact structure, IODP‐ICDP Expedition 364 drill core: Geochemistry of the granite basement
Authors: Feignon Jean‐Guillaume , de Graaff Sietze J. , Ferrière Ludovic , Kaskes Pim , Déhais Thomas , Goderis Steven , Claeys Philippe , Koeberl Christian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe IODP‐ICDP Expedition 364 drilling recovered a 829 m core from Hole M0077A, sampling ˜600 m of near continuous crystalline basement within the peak ring of the Chicxulub impact structure. The bulk of the basement consists of pervasively deformed, fractured, and shocked granite. Detailed geochemical investigations of 41 granitoid samples, that is, major and trace element contents, and Sr–Nd isotopic ratios are presented here, providing a broad overview of the composition of the granitic crystalline basement. Mainly granite but also granite clasts (in impact melt rock), granite breccias, and aplite were analyzed, yielding relatively homogeneous compositions between all samples. The granite is part of the high‐K, calc‐alkaline metaluminous series. Additionally, they are characterized by high Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N ratios, and low Y and Yb contents, which are typical for adakitic rocks. However, other criteria (such as Al2O3 and MgO contents, Mg#, K2O/Na2O ratio, Ni concentrations, etc.) do not match the adakite definition. Rubidium–Sr errorchron and initial 87Sr/86Srt=326Ma suggest that a hydrothermal fluid metasomatic event occurred shortly after the granite formation, in addition to the postimpact alteration, which mainly affected samples crosscut by shear fractures or in contact with aplite, where the fluid circulation was enhanced, and would have preferentially affected fluid‐mobile element concentrations. The initial (ɛNd)t=326Ma values range from −4.0 to 3.2 and indicate that a minor Grenville basement component may have been involved in the granite genesis. Our results are consistent with previous studies, further supporting that the cored granite unit intruded the Maya block during the Carboniferous, in an arc setting with crustal melting related to the closure of the Rheic Ocean associated with the assembly of Pangea. The granite was likely affected by two distinct hydrothermal alteration events, both influencing the granite chemistry: (1) a hydrothermal metasomatic event, possibly related to the first stages of Pangea breakup, which occurred approximately 50 Myr after the granite crystallization, and (2) the postimpact hydrothermal alteration linked to a long‐lived hydrothermal system within the Chicxulub structure. Importantly, the granites sampled in Hole M0077A are unique in composition when compared to granite or gneiss clasts from other drill cores recovered from the Chicxulub impact structure. This marks them as valuable lithologies that provide new insights into the Yucatán basement.
The role of neutral and adaptive genomic variation in population diversification and speciation in two ground squirrel species of conservation concern
Authors: Barbosa Soraia , Andrews Kimberly R. , Goldberg Amanda R. , Gour Digpal S. , Hohenlohe Paul A. , Conway Courtney J. , Waits Lisette P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the neutral (demographic) and adaptive processes leading to the differentiation of species and populations is a critical component of evolutionary and conservation biology. In this context, recently diverged taxa represent a unique opportunity to study the process of genetic differentiation. Northern and southern Idaho ground squirrels (Urocitellus brunneus—NIDGS, and U. endemicus—SIDGS, respectively) are a recently diverged pair of sister species that have undergone dramatic declines in the last 50 years and are currently found in metapopulations across restricted spatial areas with distinct environmental pressures. Here we genotyped single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from buccal swabs with restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (RADseq). With these data we evaluated neutral genetic structure at both the inter‐ and intraspecific level, and identified putatively adaptive SNPs using population structure outlier detection and genotype–environment association (GEA) analyses. At the interspecific level, we detected a clear separation between NIDGS and SIDGS, and evidence for adaptive differentiation putatively linked to torpor patterns. At the intraspecific level, we found evidence of both neutral and adaptive differentiation. For NIDGS, elevation appears to be the main driver of adaptive differentiation, while neutral variation patterns match and expand information on the low connectivity between some populations identified in previous studies using microsatellite markers. For SIDGS, neutral substructure generally reflected natural geographical barriers, while adaptive variation reflected differences in land cover and temperature, as well as elevation. These results clearly highlight the roles of neutral and adaptive processes for understanding the complexity of the processes leading to species and population differentiation, which can have important conservation implications in susceptible and threatened species.
Transposable elements and introgression introduce genetic variation in the invasive ant Cardiocondyla obscurior
Authors: Errbii Mohammed , Keilwagen Jens , Hoff Katharina J. , Steffen Raphael , Altmüller Janine , Oettler Jan , Schrader Lukas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroduced populations of invasive organisms have to cope with novel environmental challenges, while having reduced genetic variation caused by founder effects. The mechanisms associated with this “genetic paradox of invasive species” has received considerable attention, yet few studies have examined the genomic architecture of invasive species. Populations of the heart node ant Cardiocondyla obscurior belong to two distinct lineages, a New World lineage so far only found in Latin America and a more globally distributed Old World lineage. In the present study, we use population genomic approaches to compare populations of the two lineages with apparent divergent invasive potential. We find that the strong genetic differentiation of the two lineages began at least 40,000 generations ago and that activity of transposable elements (TEs) has contributed significantly to the divergence of both lineages, possibly linked to the very unusual genomic distribution of TEs in this species. Furthermore, we show that introgression from the Old World lineage is a dominant source of genetic diversity in the New World lineage, despite the lineages' strong genetic differentiation. Our study uncovers mechanisms underlying novel genetic variation in introduced populations of C. obscurior that could contribute to the species' adaptive potential.
Diversity and origin of carotenoid biosynthesis: its history of coevolution towards plant photosynthesis
Authors: Sandmann Gerhard 
Published: July 2021

SummaryThe development of photosynthesis was a highlight in the progression of bacteria. In addition to the photosystems with their structural proteins, the photosynthesis apparatus consists of different cofactors including essential carotenoids. Thus, the evolution of the carotenoid pathways in relation to the functionality of the resulting structures in photosynthesis is the focus of this review. Analysis of carotenoid pathway genes indicates early evolutionary roots in prokaryotes. The pathway complexity leading to a multitude of structures is a result of gene acquisition, including their functional modifications, emergence of novel genes and gene exchange between species. Along with the progression of photosynthesis, carotenoid pathways coevolved with photosynthesis according to their advancing functionality. Cyanobacteria, with their oxygenic photosynthesis, became a landmark for evolutionary events including carotenogenesis. Concurrent with endosymbiosis, the cyanobacterial carotenoid pathways were inherited into algal plastids. In the lineage leading to Chlorophyta and plants, carotenoids evolved to their prominent role in protection and regulation of light energy input as constituents of a highly efficient light‐harvesting complex.
Coordination of plant hydraulic and photosynthetic traits: confronting optimality theory with field measurements
Authors: Xu Huiying , Wang Han , Prentice I. Colin , Harrison Sandy P. , Wright Ian J. 
Published: July 2021

Summary

Close coupling between water loss and carbon dioxide uptake requires coordination of plant hydraulics and photosynthesis. However, there is still limited information on the quantitative relationships between hydraulic and photosynthetic traits.

We propose a basis for these relationships based on optimality theory, and test its predictions by analysis of measurements on 107 species from 11 sites, distributed along a nearly 3000‐m elevation gradient.

Hydraulic and leaf economic traits were less plastic, and more closely associated with phylogeny, than photosynthetic traits. The two sets of traits were linked by the sapwood to leaf area ratio (Huber value, vH). The observed coordination between vH and sapwood hydraulic conductivity (KS) and photosynthetic capacity (Vcmax) conformed to the proposed quantitative theory. Substantial hydraulic diversity was related to the trade‐off between KS and vH. Leaf drought tolerance (inferred from turgor loss point, –Ψtlp) increased with wood density, but the trade‐off between hydraulic efficiency (KS) and –Ψtlp was weak. Plant trait effects on vH were dominated by variation in KS, while effects of environment were dominated by variation in temperature.

This research unifies hydraulics, photosynthesis and the leaf economics spectrum in a common theoretical framework, and suggests a route towards the integration of photosynthesis and hydraulics in land‐surface models.
Understanding trade union usage of social media: A case study of the Public and Commercial Services union on Facebook and Twitter
Authors: Houghton David J. , Hodder Andy 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis paper provides the first cross‐platform examination of trade union social media posts, focussing on the online content of the Public and Commercial Services (PCS) union. Data scraped from the union's Facebook posts (n = 282) were compared with data obtained from the union's Twitter account (n = 1554) to investigate the extent to which social media reflects a union's identity and utilises the language of mobilisation theory to engage with their audience. Across a six‐month period (July–December 2019), findings demonstrated PCS behaved in an interactive manner on social media, avoiding the pitfalls of a ‘bulletin board’ approach through using the language of mobilisation theory. However, content was engaged with users to different extents depending upon which platform the content was posted. Findings also suggest that social media posts can reflect a version of union identity.
Ionizing radiation‐induced “zombie” carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts with suppressed pro‐radioresistance on OSCC cells
Authors: Liu Yangfan , Wu Yang , Yang Miao , Yang Jin , Tong Ruizhan , Zhao Wei , Wu Fanglong , Tian Yuan , Li Xiaoyu , Luo Jingjing , Zhou Hongmei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study was to investigate the effect of ionizing radiation (IR) on oral carcinoma‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and to further explore subsequent effects of IR‐induced “zombie” CAFs on oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells.Materials and methodsThree primary CAFs and one primary normal‐associated fibroblasts (NAFs) were separated from human OSCC and normal oral mucosa tissues, identified by immunocytochemistry. Cells were exposed to IR by X‐ray irradiator under different doses. The DNA damage, proliferation, and migration of irradiated CAFs were, respectively, detected by immunofluorescence and wound healing assay, while senescence was detected by β‐galactosidase staining. Finally, the effect of irradiated CAFs on biological behavior and radioresistance of Cal‐27 cells were determined via assays mentioned above.ResultsOral CAFs were sensitive to IR with DNA damage increasing and proliferation decreasing. 18 Gy IR could not kill oral CAFs but induce them to “zombies,” with arrested proliferation, increased senescence, and reduced migration. “Zombie” CAFs (zCAFs) could enhance proliferation, migration, and invasion of Cal‐27 cells, and show suppressed pro‐radioresistance by reducing DNA damage and facilitating survival.ConclusionsIR‐induced zCAFs could continuously promote radioresistance of OSCC cells though being suppressed, suggesting the potential promoting effect on tumor relapse post‐radiotherapy that needed further exploring.
Management of oral potentially malignant disorders
Authors: Kerr Alexander Ross , Lodi Giovanni 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPatients with oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMDs), including oral leukoplakia and erythroplakia, proliferative verrucous leukoplakia, oral submucous fibrosis, and oral lichen planus/lichenoid lesions, can be challenging to manage. A small proportion will undergo cancer development and determining a patient's cancer risk is key to making management decisions. Yet, our understanding of the natural history of OPMDs has not been fully elucidated, and a precision approach based on the integration of numerous predictive markers has not been validated by prospective studies. Evidence‐based health promotion by clinicians and healthcare systems is not embraced universally. Medical and surgical interventions evaluated by rigorous research measuring important endpoints, such as cancer development, mortality, or survival, are difficult and expensive to run. Most of these studies employ non‐ideal surrogate endpoints and have deep methodologic flaws. Diagnostic criteria for enrolling research subjects are not uniform, and patients with the highest risk for cancer development comprise small proportions of those enrolled. Few studies explore quality of life and patient preferences. It is time to rethink how we approach the management of these patients, across each OPMD, and considering the healthcare infrastructure and cost‐effectiveness. Global networks with well‐characterized patient populations with OPMDs and well‐designed interventional trials using validated outcome measures are needed.
A modified urinary catheterisation technique to reduce urine leakage: A prospective randomised study
Authors: Jia Limin , Lin Yulian , Qian Weiyang , Yang Guihong , Zhang Chenguang , Fu Xin , Feng Jing , Wang Lihua , Zhu Hong , Fan Lili , Chen Xiaoyun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundLong‐term indwelling catheters assist people who are unable to use another bladder management method. However, urine leakage is a common problem with an indwelling urinary catheter. This study aims to determine whether a modified catheterisation technique would reduce urine leakage incidence.MethodsParticipants were randomly divided into conventional or modified catheterisation groups. In the modified technique group, the volume of fluid that needed to be injected into the balloon to obtain a suitable catheter front‐end curvature (120–145°) was measured before catheterisation. Baseline characteristics and first‐time success rates and procedure durations were similar between groups.ResultsThere were 30 patients in each group. Compared with conventional catheterisation, the modified catheterisation group had smaller residual urine volume (median 11 mL Vs. 30.5 mL, p<0.001) and more leakage‐free days (30 days Vs. 10 days, p<0.001). Leakage‐free survival was longer in the modified catheterisation group (p<0.001). The residual urine volume (>17 vs ≤17 ml (median); incident rate ratio (IRR), 28.710; 95%CI, 4.114–200.331; p=0.001) was independently associated with urine leakage.ConclusionsThe modified catheterisation technique may reduce the incidence of urine leakage.
Pediatric emergency healthcare utilization during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic in Tokyo
Authors: Yamamoto Hiroo , Morikawa Yoshihiko , Hagiwara Yusuke , Hataya Hiroshi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundVarious public health interventions have been implemented against the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. We investigated changes in pediatric emergency healthcare utilization during the current pandemic.MethodsBased on data on outpatient healthcare visits to one pediatric emergency department in Tokyo, Japan, the descriptive, cross‐sectional study compared the number of emergency department visits in 2020 to the number in the previous 3 years. Data were extracted from the electronic triage reporting system. The primary outcome was the number of emergency department visits. The characteristics of patients by age group were also investigated.ResultsA 40.6% reduction in pediatric emergency healthcare utilization was observed during the study period, with the greatest decrease occurring in the number of visits for fever. However, while the number of patients with a complaint with an exogenous cause decreased, the proportion of these patients increased. Although social activities in the greater community have now almost normalized, and only a slight increase in the number of patients with fever has been reported, the number of emergency department visits remains lower than in previous years as of this writing.ConclusionsPublic health interventions led to a reduction in emergency department visits, thereby allowing time to redistribute health‐care resources.
The classical Neumann problem for a class of mixed Hessian equations
Authors: Chen Chuanqiang , Chen Li , Mei Xinqun , Xiang Ni 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this paper, weestablish global estimates for a class of mixed Hessian equations with the Neumann boundary condition and obtain the existence theorem of ‐admissible solutions for the classical Neumann problem of these mixed Hessian equations.
Cytomegalovirus nephritis in kidney transplant recipients: Epidemiology and outcomes of an uncommon diagnosis
Authors: Swanson Kurtis J. , Djamali Arjang , Jorgenson Margaret R. , Misch Elizabeth Ann , Ghaffar Adil , Zhong Weixiong , Aziz Fahad , Garg Neetika , Mohamed Maha , Mandelbrot Didier , Parajuli Sandesh 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundData on epidemiology and outcomes of cytomegalovirus (CMV) nephritis in kidney transplant patients are limited due to the rarity of this condition.MethodsA retrospective review of all kidney transplant recipients (KTR) (n = 6490) and biopsy‐proven CMV nephritis between 1/1997 and 12/2020 was performed.ResultsThe prevalence of CMV nephritis was low: 13/6490 (0.2%). The diagnosis was made at a median of 7.0 months (range 2.6–15.6 months) after transplant. 6 of 13 (46%) patients were CMV (D+/R−). Median CMV DNA load at biopsy was 376,000, IU/mL (range 87,000–6,460,000 IU/mL). Main biopsy features were CMV glomerulitis (n = 7/13, 54%) followed by CMV tubulointerstitial nephritis (6/13; 46%). Mean eGFR at biopsy (22.7 ± 12 mL/min/1.73 m2) was significantly decreased compared to baseline eGFR (38.7 ± 18.5 mL/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.02). The vast majority, 11 of 13 (85%), experienced graft failure including 5 of 13 (38%) death‐censored. 5 of 13 (38%) patients were diagnosed with acute rejection: three had concurrent acute rejection, and two had rejection within 3 months of index biopsy, respectively. Patients with tubulointerstitial CMV nephritis were significantly more likely to have rejection at the time of biopsy (50% vs. 0%, p < 0.05) compared to those with glomerular CMV nephritis. There were no significant differences between these groups in terms of eGFR at all time points, death, graft failure, immunosuppression changes or rejection after biopsy.ConclusionCMV nephritis is rare but appears to be associated with poor patient/allograft outcomes. Early identification and timely treatment of CMV infection may prevent end‐organ involvement and improve patient and allograft‐related outcomes.