bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monte Carlo calculation of detector perturbation and quality correction factors in a 1.5 T magnetic resonance guided radiation therapy small photon beams
Authors: Cervantes Yunuen , Duchaine Jasmine , Billas Ilias , Duane Simon , Bouchard Hugo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objective. With future advances in magnetic resonance imaging-guided radiation therapy, small photon beams are expected to be included regularly in clinical treatments. This study provides physical insights on detector dose-response to multiple megavoltage photon beam sizes coupled to magnetic fields and determines optimal orientations for measurements. Approach. Monte Carlo simulations determine small-cavity detector (solid-state: PTW60012 and PTW60019, ionization chambers: PTW31010, PTW31021, and PTW31022) dose-responses in water to an Elekta Unity 7 MV FFF photon beam. Investigations are performed for field widths between 0.25 and 10 cm in four detector axis orientations with respect to the 1.5 T magnetic field and the photon beam. The magnetic field effect on the overall perturbation factor (P
MC) accounting for the extracameral components, atomic composition, and density is quantified in each orientation. The density (P

ρ
) and volume averaging (P
vol) perturbation factors and quality correction factors (

k

Q

B

,
Q

f

B

,
f

) accounting for the magnetic field are also calculated in each orientation. Main results. Results show that P
vol remains the most significant perturbation both with and without magnetic fields. In most cases, the magnetic field effect on P
vol is 1% or less. The magnetic field effect on P

ρ
is more significant on ionization chambers than on solid-state detectors. This effect increases up to 1.564 ± 0.001 with decreasing field size for chambers. On the contrary, the magnetic field effect on the extracameral perturbation factor is higher on solid-state detectors than on ionization chambers. For chambers, the magnetic field effect on P
MC is only significant for field widths <1 cm, while, for solid-state detectors, this effect exhibits different trends with orientation, indicating that the beam incident angle and geometry play a crucial role. Significance. Solid-state detectors’ dose-response is strongly affected by the magnetic field in all orientations. The magnetic field impact on ionization chamber response increases with decreasing field size. In general, ionization chambers yield

k

Q

B

,
Q

f

B

,
f

closer to unity, especially in orientations where the chamber axis is parallel to the magnetic field.
Behavior of high current density pulsed magnetron discharge with a graphite target
Authors: Morel Erwan , Rozier Yoann , Ballages Charles , Bazinette Remy , Forchard Thomas , Creusot Christophe , Girodet Alain , Minea Tiberiu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Conventional magnetron discharge with a graphite target is a technology used worldwide to deposit thin films for a large range of applications. In the last decade, the high current density sputtering regime stands out as a very interesting alternative allowing the tailoring of coating properties. The peak power density normalized to the target area can exceed 107 W m−2, leading to an important ionization of the sputtered atoms. In this paper we focused on the electrical characterization of a magnetized plasma operated at average gas pressure (5 Pa; Ar and He) with a graphite target. A cross-correlation with a high-speed gated camera and optical emission spectroscopy measurements of the plasma evolution is also given. The analysis of the plasma–surface interaction zone on the target unveiled the physical mechanisms associated with the high current density range (1.8–32.5 A cm−2), corresponding to several regimes of discharge. For graphite, it will be demonstrated that the gas rarefaction induced by the vapor wind is negligible due to its low sputtering yield. Thus, the gas recycling is the dominant mechanism sustaining the discharge, even for the higher discharge current regime when a spot is present. Spokes and other instabilities were also identified and are discussed.
Transport of electrons and propagation of the negative ionisation fronts in indium vapour
Authors: Dujko S , Atić J , Bošnjaković D , White R D , Stokes P , Hamilton K R , Zatsarinny O , Bartschat K , Rabasović M S , Šević D , Marinković B P , Fursa D V , Bray I , McEachran R P , Blanco F , García G , Jones D B , Campbell L , Brunger M J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We study the transport of electrons and propagation of the negative ionisation fronts in indium vapour. Electron swarm transport properties are calculated using a Monte Carlo simulation technique over a wide range of reduced electric fields E/N (where E is the electric field and N is the gas number density) and indium vapour temperatures in hydrodynamic conditions, and under non-hydrodynamic conditions in an idealised steady-state Townsend (SST) setup. As many indium atoms are in the first

(

5

s

2

5
p

)

2

P

3
/
2

metastable state at vapour temperatures of a few thousand Kelvin, the initial Monte Carlo code was extended and generalized to consider the spatial relaxation and the transport of electrons in an idealised SST experiment, in the presence of thermal motion of the host-gas atoms and superelastic collisions. We observe a significant sensitivity of the spatial relaxation of the electrons on the indium vapour temperature and the initial conditions used to release electrons from the cathode into the space between the electrodes. The calculated electron transport coefficients are used as input for the classical fluid model, to investigate the inception and propagation of negative ionisation fronts in indium vapour at various E/N and vapour temperatures. We calculate the electron density, electric field, and velocity of ionisation fronts as a function of E/N and indium vapour temperature. The presence of indium atoms in the first

(

5

s

2

5
p

)

2

P

3
/
2

metastable state significantly affects the characteristics of the negative ionisation fronts. The transition from an avalanche into a negative ionisation front occurs faster with increasing indium vapour temperature, due to enhanced ionisation and more efficient production of electrons at higher vapour temperatures. For lower values of E/N, the electron density behind the streamer front, where the electric field is screened, does not decay as one might expect for atomic gases, but it could be increased due to the accumulation of low-energy electrons that are capable of initiating ionisation in the streamer interior.
Electrical evolution of W and WC Schottky contacts on 4H-SiC at different annealing temperatures
Authors: Vivona Marilena , Bellocchi Gabriele , Lo Nigro Raffaella , Rascunà Simone , Roccaforte Fabrizio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we investigate the electrical evolution of tungsten (W) and tungsten carbide (WC) Schottky contacts on 4H-SiC subjected to thermal treatments at different annealing temperatures from 475 °C to 700 °C. For each annealing temperature, the uniformity of the Schottky barrier height (ΦB) and ideality factor (n) was monitored by current–voltage (I–V) measurements in forward bias, performed over sets of equivalent diodes. Good values of n (below 1.05) were found for both contacts up to thermal annealing at 700 °C. On the other hand, the barrier of the two contacts behaves differently. For the W/4H-SiC diode, the ΦB increases with the annealing temperature (from 1.14 eV at 475 °C to 1.25 eV at 700 °C), whereas the Schottky barrier in WC/4H-SiC features a slight reduction already with thermal annealing at 475 °C, remaining almost constant at around 1.06 eV up to annealing at 700 °C. A deeper characterization was performed on the 700 °C-annealed contacts by studying the temperature-dependence of the Schottky parameters by current–voltage–temperature (I–V–T) characterization. The ΦB and n behaviour with temperature indicates the presence of a nanoscale lateral inhomogeneity for both Schottky contacts, which can be described by Tung’s model. Finally, the temperature-dependence of the reverse characteristics could be described by the thermionic field emission model, accounting for the temperature dependent barrier height determined from forward characterization.
Radiation damage and defect dynamics in 2D WS2: a low-voltage scanning transmission electron microscopy study
Authors: de Graaf Sytze , Kooi Bart J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Modern low-voltage scanning transmission electron microscopes (STEMs) have been invaluable for the atomic scale characterization of two-dimensional (2D) materials. Nevertheless, the observation of intrinsic structures of semiconducting and insulating 2D materials with 60 kV-microscopes has remained problematic due to electron radiation damage. In recent years, ultralow-voltage microscopes have been developed with the prospects of minimizing radiation damage of such 2D materials, however, to date only ultralow-voltage TEM investigations of semiconducting and insulating 2D materials have been reported, but similar results using STEM, despite being more widely adopted, are still missing. Here we report a quantitative analysis of radiation damage and beam-induced defect dynamics in semiconducting 2D WS2 during 30 kV and 60 kV-STEM imaging, particularly by recording atomic resolution electrostatic potential movies using integrated differential phase contrast to visualize both the light sulfur and heavy tungsten atoms. Our results demonstrate that electron radiation damage of 2D WS2 aggravates by a factor of two when halving the electron beam energy from 60 keV to 30 keV, from which we conclude electronic excitation and ionization to be the dominant mechanism inducing defects and damage during low-voltage STEM imaging of semiconducting 2D materials.
Effect of megapore particles packing on dielectric barrier discharge, O3 generation and benzene degradation
Authors: SHANG Kefeng , CAO Wudi , HUAN Weiwei , JIANG Nan , LU Na , LI Jie 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Recently, packed-bed discharge plasma technologies have been widely studied for treatment of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), due to the good performance in improving the degradation and mineralization of VOCs. In this paper, a coaxial cylindrical dielectric barrier discharge reactor packed with porous material of micron-sized pores was used for degradation of benzene, and the discharge characteristics and ozone generation characteristics were studied. When the discharge length was 12 cm and the filling length was 5 cm, the packed particles in the discharge area significantly increased the number of micro-discharges, and the current amplitude and density increased with the pore size of packed particles, but the discharge power and ozone concentration showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. The discharge power and ozone production reached the maximum when the size of pore former was 75 μm, correspondingly, the degradation efficiency of benzene was the highest.
An environmental monitoring network for quantum gas experiments and devices
Authors: Barrett T J , Evans W , Gadge A , Bhumbra S , Sleegers S , Shah R , Fekete J , Oručević F , Krüger P 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Quantum technology is approaching a level of maturity, recently demonstrated in space-borne experiments and in-field measurements, which would allow for adoption by non-specialist users. Parallel advancements made in microprocessor-based electronics and database software can be combined to create robust, versatile and modular experimental monitoring systems. Here, we describe a monitoring network used across a number of cold atom laboratories with a shared laser system. The ability to diagnose malfunction, unexpected or unintended behavior and passively collect data for key experimental parameters, such as vacuum chamber pressure, laser beam power, or resistances of important conductors, significantly reduces debugging time. This allows for efficient control over a number of experiments and remote control when access is limited.
High dimensional quantum network coding based on prediction mechanism over the butterfly network
Authors: Pan Xingbo , Chen Xiubo , Xu Gang , Li Zongpeng , Yang Yixian 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The high-dimensional quantum system greatly improve the quantum channel capacity and information storage space, and achieve high-dimensional quantum information transmission, which enhance the speed of quantum computing and quantum information processing. In this paper, a high-dimensional quantum teleportation protocol without information loss is proposed. We consider pre-sharing a high-dimensional non-maximum entangled state as a quantum channel between sender and receiver. By adding auxiliary particle and performing high-dimensional local operations, it is possible to achieve high-dimensional quantum teleportation without information loss. Simultaneously, we apply the protocol to butterfly network, and propose a novel high-dimensional quantum network coding based on prediction mechanism. In our scheme, we use Z-{|0⟩, |1⟩} basis to predict the transmission of high dimensional states over the butterfly network. When the prediction is successful, the deterministic transmission of high-dimensional quantum states can be realized over the butterfly network. Our scheme greatly saves the usage of quantum and classical channels, which improves the utilization efficiency of both channels.
Spatial and Temporal Variation in Stored-Product Insect Pest Distributions and Implications for Pest Management in Processing and Storage Facilities
Authors: Gerken Alison R , Campbell James F 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Insect infestations can result in a damaged or destroyed product, costing producers and retailers millions of dollars annually. Postharvest insects move through space searching for mates, food, and shelter. Movement of product, sanitation activities, and insecticide applications also drive their spatial distribution patterns. Determining spatial distributions and population density of insects provides important information to develop targeted and cost-effective management programs. Monitoring data collected using traps to capture insect pests have provided information under a range of conditions: in bins of grain, grain elevator silos and their immediate environment, milling and processing facilities, commercial warehouses, and retail stores. In evaluating available data, we identified key influences that may be leveraged to increase the impacts of future monitoring schemes. Species-specific locations of infestation were common among stored product insect pests and seasonal variation was highly influential in population growth patterns. Competition among different species also drives spatial and temporal distributions and overlap among species is rare. Vertical distribution of insects was common in bins, elevators, and silos. More insects were often found in the receiving and storage areas of mills and processing facilities and insects often migrated into facilities from surrounding natural reservoirs. Previously stored grain and spillage can also harbor insect populations, which also reinforces the need for sanitation in and around stored grain products. Continued monitoring research will provide information to develop predictive tools which will use behavioral patterns to further our understanding of these insect pests within these unique facilities and circumstances.
Commentary
Authors: Michaels Walter Benn 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This essay argues that current Americanist literary history is in the main committed to a political liberalism that is unjust and a set of theoretical positions that are mistaken. It suggests that, in limited ways, alternatives are possible. The alternatives are limited because our responsibilities as teachers more or less automatically commit us to propping up the ruling class. They are possible because the conditions of academic writing still leave room for a distinction between the best that is known or thought and what someone is prepared to pay for.
When Karl Marx said that philosophers have only interpreted the world and that the point was to change it, he should have added that historians have only understood the past; the point is to forget it.
A scoping review of system-level mechanisms to prevent children being in out-of-home care
Authors: Stabler Lorna , Evans Rhiannon , Scourfield Jonathan , Morgan Fiona , Weightman Alison , Willis Simone , Searchfield Lydia , Meindl Mel , Wood Sophie , Nurmatov Ulugbek , Kemp Alison , Forrester Donald , Brand Sarah L 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Identifying which approaches can effectively reduce the need for out-of-home care for children is critically important. Despite the proliferation of different interventions and approaches globally, evidence summaries on this topic are limited. This study is a scoping review using a realist framework to explore what research evidence exists about reducing the number of children and young people in care. Searches of databases and websites were used to identify studies evaluating intervention effect on at least one of the following outcomes: reduction in initial entry to care; increase in family reunification post care. Data extracted from papers included type of study, outcome, type and level of intervention, effect, mechanism and moderator, implementation issues and economic (EMMIE) considerations. Data were coded by: primary outcome; level of intervention (community, policy, organisation, family or child); and type of evidence, using the realist EMMIE framework. This is the first example of a scoping review on any topic using this framework. Evaluated interventions were grouped and analysed according to system-level mechanism. We present the spread of evidence across system-level mechanisms and an overview of how each system-level mechanism might reduce the number of children in care. Implications and gaps are identified.
Nailfold Capillaroscopy as a Biomarker in the Evaluation of Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Kurowski Jacob A , Patel Sonal R , Wechsler Joshua B , Izaguirre Marisa R , Morgan Gabrielle A , Pachman Lauren M , Brown Jeffrey B 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Noninvasive screening and disease monitoring are an unmet need in pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Nailfold capillaroscopy (NFC) is a validated technique for microvascular surveillance in rheumatologic diseases. NFC uses magnified photography to examine nail bed capillaries called end row loops (ERL). We aimed to identify variations in NFC in pediatric IBD patients and their associations with disease activity.

Methods
Pediatric patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis (UC) and healthy controls were recruited. NFC was performed on patients with newly diagnosed IBD prior to initiating therapy, patients with established IBD, and controls. ERLs were quantified along with a 3mm distance on 8 nailfolds. Serum biomarker levels of disease activity and symptoms activity indexes were correlated with average ERL density digits on both hands. Statistics were performed using chi-squared, ANOVA, and linear regression.

Results
Fifty-one IBD patients and 16 controls were recruited. ERL density was significantly decreased in IBD (Control: 19.2 ERL/3mm vs UC: 15.6 ERL/3mm vs CD: 15.4 ERL/3mm; P &lt; .0001). ERL density was lower in UC patients with lower albumin levels (P = .02, r2 = 0.29).The change in ERL density over time predicted the change in pediatric CD activity index among CD patients (P = .048, r2 = 0.58) with treatment.

Conclusions
Our data demonstrate ERL density is reduced in IBD compared to controls. Lower albumin levels correlated with lower ERL density in UC. In newly diagnosed CD, ERL density increases over time as disease activity improves with therapy. NFC may be a feasible biomarker of disease activity and utilized for monitoring IBD.
Modeling Temperature-Dependent Development Rate of Neoseiulus cucumeris (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Fed on Two Alternative Diets
Authors: Yazdanpanah Shima , Fathipour Yaghoub , Riahi Elham , Zalucki Myron P 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Developmental time of the predatory mite Neoseiulus cucumeris (Oudemans) fed on cattail and almond pollen was determined under laboratory conditions at nine constant temperatures: 10, 15, 20, 25, 27, 30, 32, 35 and 38°C. No development was observed at 10°C. The lower temperature threshold (T0) was estimated to be 10. 97 and 10. 29°C for the almond and cattail pollen, respectively, using the Ikemoto linear model. Thermal constant (K) for pre-adult development of N. cucumeris was 112.8 and 123.5 DD fed on almond and cattail pollen, respectively, using the Ikemoto linear model. The interaction between diet and temperature had a significant effect on the developmental rate of N. cucumeris. The nonlinear Pradhan-Taylor, Janisch/Kontodimas, Briere-1, and Janisch/Rochat models best described the developmental rate of pre-adult stages of N. cucumeris. The estimated Tfast by Pradhan-Taylor model was 31.9 and 33.9°C when fed on almond and cattail pollen, respectively, which was similar to the observed shortest developmental time at 32°C. Our results revealed that N. cucumeris could develop over a wide temperature range (15–35°C), which is a desirable characteristic for a biocontrol agent in biological control programs.
Successful mitral valve-in-ring repair of mitral annuloplasty ring dehiscence causing severe mitral regurgitation: a case report
Authors: Sharma Harish , Nadir M Adnan , Steeds Richard P , Doshi Sagar N 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Annuloplasty failure caused by ring dehiscence can lead to trans-ring and para-ring mitral regurgitation (MR). Transcatheter treatments are available for patients at prohibitive risk of surgery. In patients unsuitable for edge-to-edge repair, valve-in-ring (ViR) transcatheter mitral valve (MV) implantation has been described to treat trans-ring or para-ring jets but not both concurrently.

Case summary
A 78-year-old male presented with severe MR due to dehiscence of a 34 mm Edwards Physio II mitral annuloplasty ring. Transoesophageal echocardiography showed two jets of regurgitation; trans-ring and para-ring. Repair was successfully undertaken with a ViR procedure (29 mm S3 Edwards Lifesciences).

Discussion
Patients with failure of MV annuloplasty with trans-ring and para-ring regurgitation can be safely and effectively treated by ViR transcatheter MV implantation.