bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure of the photoreceptors in the compound eyespots of branchiomma vesiculosum
Authors: Krasne F. B. , Lawrence P. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Each photoreceptor unit within the eye is located immediately beneath the surface cuticle and is composed of 2 cells; a superficially placed lens cell and a large, deeply situated receptor cell which is composed of two segments. The deep segment of the receptor cell is filled by a large invaginated cavity containing a stack of some 450 disc-shaped membranous sacs; these are the expanded and flattened membranes of cilia, the basal bodies of which line the cytoplasmic wall of one side of the cavity. The basal bodies have a 9 + 0 arrangement of fibrils and lack striated rootlets and orthogonal centrioles. On the side of the cell opposite this field of basal bodies the cavity is continuous with a tunnel which passes through the superficial segment of the cell at one side and opens at its top. The tunnel is crescent-shaped in cross-section, and its inner wall is covered by an array of microvilli. The cytoplasm of the superficial segment of the receptor cell is mostly filled by some 3 000 long, rod-shaped, hexagonally packed mitochondria, whose long axes lie normal to a plane dividing the basal body and tunnel sides of the cell. The arrays of mitochondria and microvilli correspond in number and spacing; and fibrils arising in the microvilli project into the cytoplasm running in the space between adjacent mitochondria.
The lobster optic lamina: II. Types of synapse
Authors: Hámori J. , Horridge G. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following interpretations are based on the assumption that the vesicles are presynaptic. Synapses between retinula cells are symmetrical contacts, with cisternae attached to both thickened membranes and the cleft is 8–10 mμ wide. Synapses from retinula terminal bags to the numerous invaginating spines of the ganglion cell axon have presynaptic ribbons and filaments but few vesicles; the cleft is 7·5–13 mμ wide. Synapses from retinula cell bags to secretory horizontal fibres have postsynaptic spines, typical vesicles one side and thickened presynaptic membrane (cleft 10–17 m μ wide). Synapses from retinula fibres to empty (long) transverse fibres are similar. Synapses from secretory or empty transverse fibres to ganglion cell axons are axon-to-axon contacts; there are vesicles one side but both membranes are thickened; the cleft is 11-13 m/t wide. Between empty transverse fibres the synapses are similar but symmetrical; from empty to secretory transverse they have vesicles one side. Synapses from secretory fibres to each other (symmetrical) or to empty transverse fibres (vesicles on one side and with only the postsynaptic membrane thickened) reveal a sharp distinction between synaptic vesicles and secretory vesicles. Serial synapses occur (a) from empty transverse fibre to secretory fibre to another empty transverse fibre, and (b) from retinula cell to secretory fibre to ganglion cell fibre. On account of its curious structure the optic cartridge probably has complex synaptic properties. Retinula terminals are probably inhibitory. Their light mitochondria, contrasting with the dense ones of the ganglion cells, are interpreted as aged.
The Pigmentary Effector System IV.—A Further Contribution to the Role of Pituitary Secretion in Amphibian Colour Response
Authors: Hogben Lancelot T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe contracted melanophores of both Anura (frogs and toads) and Urodela (salamanders) react by maximal expansion to pituitary extract; the active substance in the latter does not appear to be confined invariably to the posterior lobe of the mammalian gland. A positive melanophore response was obtained from the gland of a human abortus in the fourth month. The removal of the whole pituitary gland may be accomplished in Urodele larvaæ (Amblystoma tigrinum) at any age (nine months to four years) without impairing their viability. After complete removal of the pituitary in Urodele larvæ, as in adult and larval Anura, the melanophores remain contracted and a state of permanent pallor ensues. The normal colour resulting from melanophore expansion can be re-established by injection of pituitary extract; but such animals regain pallor, although exposed to conditions in which melanophore expansion invariably occurs in normal individuals. It is legitimate to conclude that pituitary secretion is the main factor in regulating the chromatic function throughout the Amphibia as a class. Fluctuating pituitary secretion in correlation with those conditions that evoke colour response in the frog (cf. the third paper of this series) provides a satisfactory basis for the interpretation of all the accredited bionomic data concerning colour response in adult Amphibia. Possibly adrenal secretion or some auxiliary mechanism plays a subsidiary part; but there are no satisfactory grounds for believing that nervous agencies directly influence amphibian melanophores; and there is reason to believe that even if amphibian melanophores are directly innervated, nervous control is not significant to the normal rhythm of colour change. The study of amphibian colour response provides evidence not only of the presence of physiologically active substances in the pituitary, but functional activity of the gland in the intact animal. It does not appear, however, that the interpretation of colour response here put forward for Amphibia can be extended to Reptiles and Fishes.
The Evolution of the Pituitary
Authors: de Beer G. R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The interest and importance of the pituitary for the physiologist needs no emphasising. From the point of view of comparative anatomy and evolution it is no less interesting. The ductless glands as a group seem to be characterised by peculiarities in their histories; some of these are of course well known, such as that of the thyroid originating from the endostyle of low chordates or of the pineal derived from the parietal eye.
Attempts to trace the history of the pituitary have been many, but few can be regarded as satisfactory. In this study I shall attack the subject by beginning with a description of the structure of the pituitary in the mammal as a type. Its development will be outlined; and lastly, an attempt will be made to sketch out the phylogeny of the pituitary as far as is possible from the data at our disposal.
Accelerated Metamorphosis of Frog Tadpoles by Injections of Extract of Anterior Lobe Pituitary Gland and The Administration of Iodine
Authors: Spaul E. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Acceleration of the metamorphosis of frog tadpoles is induced by injections of commercial extracts of the anterior lobe pituitary gland extract. The acceleration of metamorphosis produced by iodine in solution in suitable concentrations is not so great as that produced by injections of the anterior pituitary extract. Further increase in the acceleration occurs when the injected specimens are kept in suitable concentrations of iodine solution. The sequence of changes is similar to that observed in the accelerated transformation of tadpoles produced by thyroid or iodine diet. The highest mortality, greatest reduction in size, and most rapid transformation occurs in the highest concentration of iodine, and this is still greater in injected animals kept in iodine solutions. The younger the tadpole the less chance is there of completing metamorphosis under the accelerating stimulus of injected anterior lobe or iodine. There is a paling effect after initial injection less marked in older specimens which is possibly due to inhibiting influence on the posterior lobe of excess of anterior lobe secretion. Idoine has no definite pigment action. Iodine appears to act independently of the anterior lobe injection in the tadpole, the acceleration being apparently the sum of their separate actions.
Development of Linear-Scaling Relativistic Quantum Chemistry Covering the Periodic Table
Authors: Nakai Hiromi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This Award Account focuses on the author’s studies on the theoretical developments of two-component (2c) relativistic quantum chemistry calculations for large systems with high efficiency and high accuracy, with a review of related studies as the background. The local unitary transformation scheme allows the linear-scaling computation cost to be applied to construct a 2c Hamiltonian, such as an infinite-order two-component version. The divide-and-conquer scheme can lead to linear-scaling computation costs to apply not only a Hartree-Fock (HF) method but also post-HF methods such as the second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation and couple cluster theory with singles and doubles for the 2c Hamiltonian in addition to a non-relativistic version. The frozen core potential scheme can naturally connect pseudopotential calculations with all-electron calculations. The accompanying coordinate expansion with a transfer recurrence relation scheme provides an efficient algorithm for the rapid evaluation of electron repulsion integrals for systems including heavy elements, the orbitals of which have long contractions and high angular momenta, such as f- and g-orbitals. Illustrative applications will help readers realize the advantages and usefulness of these schemes.
Sequence diversity and evolution of infectious bursal disease virus in Iraq
Authors: Abbas Ali Hadi , AL saegh Haider Abas , ALaraji Furkan Sabbar 
Published: April 2021

Background: Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) is a highly infectious disease which causes huge economic losses to the poultry industry due to the direct impact of the illness and indirect consequences such as decreasing the general immunity of the flock, leaving it naive to other diseases. In Iraq, IBD is highly prevalent despite vaccination programs, yet studies on sequence diversity of the causative virus are still rare. Methods: A sample from Bursa of Fabricius from an IBD outbreak in a flock in the city of Najaf in Iraq was smeared on an FTA card. Amplicons of targeted regions in VP1 and VP2 genes were generated and sequenced. Sequences were then compared with other local and global sequences downloaded from GenBank repositories. Sequence alignment and DNA sequence analyses were achieved using MUSCLE, UGENE and MEGAx software. The molecular clock and sequence evolutionary analyses were applied using MEGAx tools. Results: The strain sequenced in this study belongs to a very virulent Infectious Bursal Disease Virus (vvIBDV) as the DNA and phylogenetic analysis of VP1 and VP2 gene sequences showed a mutual clustering with similar sequences belonging to vvIBDV genogroup 3. Analyses of the hyper variable region of VP2 gene (hvVP2) of IBDV isolates from Iraq indicates a presence of sequence diversity. Interestingly, the two vaccine strains Ventri IBDV Plus and ABIC MB71 that showed the highest sequence similarity to the local isolates in the hvVP2 region are not used in vaccination routine against IBDV in Iraq. Conclusion: Sequences of vvIBDV in Iraq are diverse. Remarkably, some of the available vaccine strains show high sequence similarity with local strains in Iraq; however, they are not included in the routine vaccination programs. Analysis of more samples involving more geographical regions is needed to draw a detailed map of antigenic diversity of IBDV in Iraq.
<p><strong>On the <em>Baeocera</em> Erichson (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Scaphidiinae) of Sabah, Malaysia, and a tale on mystified biodiversity</strong></p>
Authors: LÖBL IVAN , SMETANA ALEŠ 
Published: April 2021

Quantitative attemps to assess species diversity in the absence of a robust taxonomy are questioned. In addition, the sampling methods may be a major source of uncertainty, as illustrated in a commented biodiversity study of the Coleoptera of Sabah. The Sabah members of the staphylinid genus Baeocera Erichson are reviewed and keyed, the following new species are described: B. omnigena Löbl sp. nov., B. rudis Löbl sp. nov., B. secreta Löbl sp. nov., B. sedata Löbl sp. nov., B. segregata Löbl sp. nov., B. seiugata Löbl sp. nov., B. semirufa Löbl sp. nov. Baeocera barbara Löbl, B. obliqua (Löbl), B. rufula (Löbl) and B. serendibensis (Löbl) are reported for the first time from Malaysia, B. doriae (Pic) and B. sarawakensis Löbl are new to Sabah and B. kinabalua Löbl is new to Sarawak. Key words: biodiversity, trends, taxonomy, insects, shining fungus beetles, Borneo
Deciphering the introduction and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in the Colombian Amazon Basin
Authors: Ballesteros Nathalia , Muñoz Marina , Patiño Luz Helena , Hernández Carolina , González-Casabianca Felipe , Carroll Iván , Santos-Vega Mauricio , Cascante Jaime , Angel Andrés , Feged-Rivadeneira Alejandro , Palma-Cuero Mónica , Flórez Carolina , Gomez Sergio , van de Guchte Adriana , Khan Zenab , Dutta Jayeeta , Obla Ajay , Alshammary Hala Alejel , Gonzalez-Reiche Ana S. , Hernandez Matthew M. , Sordillo Emilia Mia , Simon Viviana , van Bakel Harm , Paniz-Mondolfi Alberto E. , Ramírez Juan David 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundThe SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has forced health authorities across the world to take important decisions to curtail its spread. Genomic epidemiology has emerged as a valuable tool to understand introductions and spread of the virus in a specific geographic location.Methodology/Principal findingsHere, we report the sequences of 59 SARS-CoV-2 samples from inhabitants of the Colombian Amazonas department. The viral genomes were distributed in two robust clusters within the distinct GISAID clades GH and G. Spatial-temporal analyses revealed two independent introductions of SARS-CoV-2 in the region, one around April 1, 2020 associated with a local transmission, and one around April 2, 2020 associated with other South American genomes (Uruguay and Brazil). We also identified ten lineages circulating in the Amazonas department including the P.1 variant of concern (VOC).Conclusions/SignificanceThis study represents the first genomic epidemiology investigation of SARS-CoV-2 in one of the territories with the highest report of indigenous communities of the country. Such findings are essential to decipher viral transmission, inform on global spread and to direct implementation of infection prevention and control measures for these vulnerable populations, especially, due to the recent circulation of one of the variants of concern (P.1) associated with major transmissibility and possible reinfections.
Pathological complete response of adding targeted therapy to neoadjuvant chemotherapy for inflammatory breast cancer: A systematic review
Authors: Chainitikun Sudpreeda , Espinosa Fernandez Jose Rodrigo , Long James P. , Iwase Toshiaki , Kida Kumiko , Wang Xiaoping , Saleem Sadia , Lim Bora , Valero Vicente , Ueno Naoto T. 
Published: April 2021

Background
The current use of targeted therapy plus neoadjuvant chemotherapy for inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is based on data extrapolated from studies in non-IBC. We conducted a systematic review to determine whether neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus targeted therapy results in a higher pathologic complete response (pCR) rate than neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone in patients with IBC.

Method and findings
This systematic review was registered in the PROSPERO register with registration number CRD42018089465. We searched MEDLINE & PubMed, EMBASE, and EBSCO from December 1998 through July 2020. All English-language clinical studies, both randomized and non-randomized, that evaluated neoadjuvant systemic treatment with or without targeted therapy before definitive surgery and reported the pCR results of IBC patients. First reviewer extracted data and assessed the risk of bias using the Risk of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions tool. Second reviewer confirmed the accuracy. Studies were divided into 3 groups according to systemic treatment: chemotherapy with targeted therapy, chemotherapy alone, and high-dose chemotherapy with hematopoietic stem cell support (HSCS). Of 995 screened studies, 23 with 1,269 IBC patients met the inclusion criteria. For each of the 3 groups of studies, we computed a weighted average of the pCR rates across all studies with confidence interval (CI). The weighted averages (95% CIs) were as follows: chemotherapy with targeted therapy, 31.6% (26.4%-37.3%), chemotherapy alone, 13.0% (10.3%-16.2%), and high-dose chemotherapy with HSCS, 23.0% (18.7%-27.7%). The high pCR by targeted therapy group came from anti-HER2 therapy, 54.4% (44.3%-64.0%). Key limitations of this study included no randomized clinical studies that included only IBC patients.

Conclusion
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy plus targeted therapy is more effective than neoadjuvant chemotherapy alone for IBC patients. These findings support current IBC standard practice in particular the use of anti-HER2 targeted therapy.
Physicians’ attitude towards webinars and online education amid COVID-19 pandemic: When less is more
Authors: Ismail Ismail Ibrahim , Abdelkarim Ahmed , Al-Hashel Jasem Y. 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundSince the declaration of COVID-19 as a pandemic, all scientific medical activities were shifted to an online format, in the form of webinars, to maintain continuing medical education (CME). We aimed to assess physicians’ attitude among different medical specialties towards this sudden and unexpected shift of traditional face-to-face meetings into webinars, and to suggest future recommendations.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional, internet-based survey study using a 25-item questionnaire, from November 1 and November 15, 2020. The survey was created and distributed to physicians from different medical and surgical specialties and from different countries via several social media platforms, using a snowball technique.ResultsA total of 326 physicians responded; 165 (50.6%) were females, mean age of responders was 38.7 ± 7.5 years. The majority of responses (93.2%) came from Arab countries. Of them, 195 (59.8%) reported attending more webinars compared to the same period last year, with average of 3 per month. As regard to the general impression; 244 (74.8%) were “strongly satisfied” or “satisfied”, with the most satisfaction for “training courses: by 268 (82.2%), and “International conferences” by 218 (66.9%). However, 246 respondents (75.5%) felt overwhelmed with the number and frequency of webinars during the pandemic, 171 (52.5%) reported attending less than 25% of webinars they are invited to, 205 (62.8%) disagreed that webinars can replace in-person meetings after the pandemic, and 239 (73.3%) agreed that online meetings need proper regulations.ConclusionsWebinars comprised a major avenue for education during COVID-19 pandemic, with initial general satisfaction among physicians. However, this paradigm shift was sudden and lacked proper regulations. Despite initial satisfaction, the majority of physicians felt overwhelmed with the number and frequency of webinars. Physicians’ satisfaction is crucial in planning future educational activities, and considering that this current crisis will most likely have long lasting effects, webinars should be viewed as complementing traditional in-person methods, rather than replacement. In this study, we are suggesting recommendations to help future regulation of this change.
De « l’expérience métaphysique d’autrui » à « l’intersubjectivité en première personne »
Authors: Jean Gégori 
Published: April 2021

Cet article, introductif à la publication de textes inédits de Michel Henry sur l’expérience d’autrui, souhaite présenter le « modèle » d’intersubjectivité proposé par ce dernier. L’objectif est d’en indiquer les grandes lignes, non seulement pour montrer que la philosophie henryenne du christianisme répond à certaines difficultés encore prégnantes dans ses écrits de jeunesse, mais aussi et surtout pour souligner combien, à cinquante années de distance, elle résonne avec eux, tant dans la manière dont s’y trouvait posé le problème d’autrui que dans les solutions qui y étaient déjà préesquissées. Aussi leur publication permet-elle d’attester au moins une chose : la continuité, la profonde unité de l’œuvre de Michel Henry.
Notes sur l’expérience d’autrui
Authors: Henry Michel 
Published: April 2021

Rédigées entre 1943 et 1953, ces notes inédites révèlent combien Michel Henry fut préoccupé par le problème de « l’expérience d’autrui » dès ses années de formation philosophique. Elles révèlent également l’utilisation précoce d’une jeune Henry des Ecritures comme source d’inspiration pour un certain nombre d’intuitions spécifiquement philosophiques qu’il développera dans sa trilogie de fin de vie sur la philosophie du christianisme.
Y a-t-il, en-Principe, une autre médiation que celle de l’Archi-Fils ? Réponses sur la « deuxième naissance » de la phénoménologie matérielle.
Authors: Podar Ovidiu-Sorin 
Published: April 2021

Cette étude sur la conception henryenne du christianisme prend pour angle d’approche une étude attentive des enjeux philosophiques et anthropologiques de la christologie de M. Henry, singulièrement sur le plan des fondements de la subjectivité absolue. Tout son travail consiste à faire la différence entre un « christianisme transcendantal » et un « christianisme métaphysiquement moniste », pour mettre en évidence la part de l’histoire et celle du transcendantal, mais aussi celle de la culture et celle du point de vue ontologiquement phénoménologique. Ovidiu-Sorin Podar montre aussi que cette portée de la phénoménologie est inaugurée très originairement dans le projet henryen, même si elle s’accomplit phénoménologiquement dans le triptyque final. Cette enquête autour du cogito chrétien, difficile par la technicité du langage utilisé, est utile sur le plan de la compréhension de la progression de l’œuvre henryenne.
La Praxis Michel Henry
Authors: Gibert Mathias 
Published: April 2021

Cette étude tente d’analyser la place que tient l’action dans une phénoménologie de la vie. L’auteur montre comment Maine de Biran et Marx sont relus (et parfois modifiés dans leur trajectoire herméneutique) au prisme d’une phénoménologie de l’immanence radicale et d’une théorie ontologique de la passivité, en insistant sur les rapports entre corps originaire et corps organique, eux-mêmes relus dans le cadre historique des « philosophies spiritualistes ». Si M. Henry insiste sur le rôle des pouvoirs dans la compréhension de la corporéité, c’est parce que celle-ci est perçue comme un « pathos immédiat qui détermine notre corps de fond en comble avant qu’il se lève vers le monde ». L’auteur de cette étude pense voir ici une « dé-mondanéisation » de l’ego et sans doute un processus de subjectivisation radicale, au point qu’il souhaite ouvrir un dialogue avec ce qu’il nomme un point de vue matérialiste ou, à tout le moins, les besoins dits « matériels ».
Michel Henry et l’affectivité comme fondement de la psychè
Authors: Alvarado Cabellos Angel 
Published: April 2021

Cette étude met en confrontation Michel Henry avec Paul Ricoeur sur la question de la lecture de S. Freud. Il y est donc question de la psyché et de l’affectivité. L’auteur de l’étude rappelle combien le projet de la rationalité contemporaine conjoint des thèses philosophiques sur le statut du sujet et sur celui des schèmes perceptifs de la conscience, au gré d’une relation complexe entre l’étant et le phénomène. L’auteur rappelle les analyses husserliennes relatives à la psyché entendue comme « vie » et ses effets de co-implication. Chez M. Henry, l’inconscient est toutefois compris, soit comme un « inconscient de la représentation », mais cela dans une perspective critique, soit comme cet autre nom de la « vie », spécifiquement dans ses structures d’auto-révélation et d’auto-affectivité. En reprenant la nature du débat entre M. Henry et P. Ricoeur, l’auteur montre que tout l’enjeu réside dans la place que l’on confère aux effets et opérations de la dialectique et de la réflexivité.