bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An endogenous emissions cap produces a green paradox
Authors: Gerlagh Reyer , Heijmans Roweno J R K , Rosendahl Knut Einar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The European Union’s Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) is complemented by a Market Stability Reserve (MSR). After a major revision of the EU ETS in 2018, the MSR effectively makes the supply of allowances responsive to demand. In this paper, we show that a cap-and-trade scheme with an endogenous cap, such as the EU ETS produces a green paradox. Abatement policies announced early but realized in the future are counter-effective because of the MSR, they increase cumulative emissions. We present the mechanisms in a two-period model, and then provide quantitative evidence of our result for an annual model disciplined on the price rise in the EU ETS that followed the introduction of the MSR. Our results point to the need for better coordination between different policies, such as the “European Green Deal.” We conclude with suggestions to improve the workings of an endogenous cap, ahead of the MSR review scheduled for 2021.
Management of antithrombotic therapy in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a consensus document of the ESC Working Group on Thrombosis and the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions (EAPCI), in collaboration with the ESC Council on Valvular Heart Disease
Authors: ten Berg Jurrien , Sibbing Dirk , Rocca Bianca , Van Belle Eric , Chevalier Bernard , Collet Jean-Philippe , Dudek Dariusz , Gilard Martine , Gorog Diana A , Grapsa Julia , Grove Erik Lerkevang , Lancellotti Patrizio , Petronio Anna Sonia , Rubboli Andrea , Torracca Lucia , Vilahur Gemma , Witkowski Adam , Mehilli Julinda 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is effective in older patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis, while the indication has recently broadened to younger patients at lower risk. Although thromboembolic and bleeding complications after TAVI have decreased over time, such adverse events are still common. The recommendations of the latest 2017 ESC/EACTS Guidelines for the management of valvular heart disease on antithrombotic therapy in patients undergoing TAVI are mostly based on expert opinion. Based on recent studies and randomized controlled trials, this viewpoint document provides updated therapeutic insights in antithrombotic treatment during and after TAVI.
Sex differences in disease progression and arrhythmic risk in patients with arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy
Authors: Rootwelt-Norberg Christine , Lie Øyvind H. , Chivulescu Monica , Castrini Anna I. , Sarvari Sebastian I. , Lyseggen Erik , Almaas Vibeke M. , Bogsrud Martin P. , Edvardsen Thor , Haugaa Kristina H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Aims
We aimed to assess sex-specific phenotypes and disease progression, and their relation to exercise, in arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (AC) patients.

Methods and results
In this longitudinal cohort study, we included consecutive patients with AC from a referral centre. We performed echocardiography at baseline and repeatedly during follow-up. Patients’ exercise dose at inclusion was expressed as metabolic equivalents of task (MET)-h/week. Ventricular arrhythmia (VA) was defined as aborted cardiac arrest, sustained ventricular tachycardia, or appropriate therapy by implantable cardioverter-defibrillator. We included 190 AC patients (45% female, 51% probands, age 41 ± 17 years). Ventricular arrhythmia had occurred at inclusion or occurred during follow-up in 85 patients (33% of females vs. 55% of males, P = 0.002). Exercise doses were higher in males compared with females [25 (interquartile range, IQR 14–51) vs. 12 (IQR 7–22) MET-h/week, P &lt; 0.001]. Male sex was a marker of proband status [odds ratio (OR) 2.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4–5.0, P = 0.003] and a marker of VA (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.4–5.0, P = 0.003), but not when adjusted for exercise dose and age (adjusted OR 1.8, 95% CI 0.9–3.6, P = 0.12 and 1.5, 95% CI 0.7–3.1, P = 0.30, by 5 MET-h/week increments). In all, 167 (88%) patients had ≥2 echocardiographic examinations during 6.9 (IQR 4.7–9.8) years of follow-up. We observed no sex differences in deterioration of right or left ventricular dimensions and functions.

Conclusion
Male AC patients were more often probands and had higher prevalence of VA than female patients, but not when adjusting for exercise dose. Importantly, disease progression was similar between male and female patients.
Effects of the prey landscape on the fitness of the bacterial predators Bdellovibrio and like organisms
Authors: Sathyamoorthy Rajesh , Huppert Amit , Kadouri Daniel E , Jurkevitch Edouard 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Bdellovibrio and like organisms (BALOs) are obligate predatory bacteria commonly encountered in the environment. In dual predator–prey cultures, prey accessibility ensures optimal feeding and replication and rapid BALO population growth. However, the environmental prey landscape is complex, as it also incorporates non-prey cells and other particles. These may act as decoys, generating unproductive encounters which in turn may affect both predator and prey population dynamics. In this study, we hypothesized that increasing decoy:prey ratios would bring about increasing costs on the predator's reproductive fitness. We also tested the hypothesis that different BALOs and decoys would have different effects. To this end, we constructed prey landscapes including periplasmic or epibiotic predators including two types of decoy under a large range of initial decoy:prey ratio, and mixed cultures containing multiple predators and prey. We show that as decoy:prey ratios increase, the maximal predator population sizes is reduced and the time to reach it significantly increases. We found that BALOs spent less time handling non-prey (including superinfection-immune invaded prey) than prey cells, and did not differentiate between efficient and less efficient prey. This may explain why in multiple predator and prey cultures, less preferred prey appear to act as decoy.
Abusive advertising of food and drink products on Brazilian television
Authors: Guimarães Julia S , Mais Laís A , M. Leite Fernanda H , Horta Paula M , Santana Marina O , Martins Ana P B , Claro Rafael M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In Brazil, any advertising strategies that take advantage of the child’s judgment or induce consumers to make harmful health choices are considered abusive. However, the efficacy of restrictions on their use on television (TV) food advertising remains poorly understood. This study analysed the extent and nature of abusive techniques according to national regulations and patterns in their use in food-related ads. Cross-sectional studyrecorded the programming of the three most popular TV channels (6 am–12 am), during eight non-consecutive days, in April 2018. Data collection was based on the INFORMAS protocol and two national regulations. Descriptive analyses were used to describe the types of food ads and abusive techniques used in ultra-processed products (UPP) ads. Principal component analysis was applied to identify patterns of abusive marketing techniques and to relate them to specific food groups. More than 90% of food ads included at least one UPP. Overall, 10.1% of UPP ads targeted children and 57.7% used some kind of abusive technique directed to children and adolescents. Most ads contained messages inducing harmful health choices did not present adequate and clear information about the product and contained more than one type of abusive technique. Four out of five patterns in the use of abusive techniques in UPP ads were specifically directed to children, and fast-food meals were associated with three out of five patterns. The high abusiveness of food advertising in UPP ads should be considered a public health concern given their impact on children’s food choices and health.
Transgenic mice with an R342X mutation in Phf6 display clinical features of Börjeson–Forssman–Lehmann Syndrome
Authors: Ahmed Raies , Sarwar Shihab , Hu Jinghua , Cardin Valérie , Qiu Lily R , Zapata Gerardo , Vandeleur Lucianne , Yan Keqin , Lerch Jason P , Corbett Mark A , Gecz Jozef , Picketts David J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The PHF6 mutation c.1024C &gt; T; p.R342X, is a recurrent cause of Börjeson–Forssman–Lehmann Syndrome (BFLS), a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by moderate–severe intellectual disability, truncal obesity, gynecomastia, hypogonadism, long tapering fingers and large ears (MIM#301900). Here, we generated transgenic mice with the identical substitution (R342X mice) using CRISPR technology. We show that the p.R342X mutation causes a reduction in PHF6 protein levels, in both human and mice, from nonsense-mediated decay and nonsense-associated alternative splicing, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging studies indicated that R342X mice had a reduced brain volume on a mixed genetic background but developed hydrocephaly and a high incidence of postnatal death on a C57BL/6 background. Cortical development proceeded normally, while hippocampus and hypothalamus relative brain volumes were altered. A hypoplastic anterior pituitary was also observed that likely contributes to the small size of the R342X mice. Behavior testing demonstrated deficits in associative learning, spatial memory and an anxiolytic phenotype. Taken together, the R342X mice represent a good preclinical model of BFLS that will allow further dissection of PHF6 function and disease pathogenesis.
Article 31, 31 Years On: Choice and Autonomy as a Framework for Implementing Children’s Right to Play in Early Childhood Services
Authors: Colliver Yeshe , Doel-Mackaway Holly 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Article 31(1) of the Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC) provides all children, everywhere, with the right to play. The CRC is the most widely ratified international human rights treaty, yet children’s right to play is considered ‘the forgotten right’. The widespread State inaction to fulfil this right could be partly due to continued uncertainty about how to define play. This Article argues for the application a large body of recent research with the group most qualified to determine whether activities are play or not: young children. This research demonstrates that choice and autonomy are two universal and essential indicia for an activity to be experienced as play. The Article contends that the fulfilment of young children’s right to play would significantly increase if early childhood education and care (ECEC) institutions within States utilised these two indicia within daily programmed activities and in ECEC policies.
Assessing the state of the Barents Sea using indicators: how, when, and where?
Authors: Hansen Cecilie , van der Meeren Gro I , Loeng Harald , Skogen Morten D 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Two end-to-end ecosystem models, NORWECOM.E2E and NoBa Atlantis, have been used to explore a selection of indicators from the Barents Sea Management plans (BSMP). The indicators included in the BSMP are a combination of simple (e.g. temperature, biomass, and abundance) and complex (e.g. trophic level and biomass of functional groups). The abiotic indicators are found to serve more as a tool to report on climate trends rather than being ecological indicators. It is shown that the selected indicators give a good overview of the ecosystem state, but that overarching management targets and lack of connection between indicators and management actions makes it questionable if the indicator system is suitable for direct use in management as such. The lack of socio-economic and economic indicators prevents a holistic view of the system, and an inclusion of these in future management plans is recommended. The evaluated indicators perform well as an assessment of the ecosystem, but consistency and representativeness are extremely dependent on the time and in what area they are sampled. This conclusion strongly supports the inclusion of an observing system simulation experiment in management plans, to make sure that the observations represent the properties that the indicators need.
A putative structural variant and environmental variation associated with genomic divergence across the Northwest Atlantic in Atlantic Halibut
Authors: Kess Tony , Einfeldt Anthony L , Wringe Brendan , Lehnert Sarah J , Layton Kara K S , McBride Meghan C , Robert Dominique , Fisher Jonathan , Le Bris Arnault , den Heyer Cornelia , Shackell Nancy , Ruzzante Daniel E , Bentzen Paul , Bradbury Ian R 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Characterizing the nature of genetic differentiation among individuals and populations and its distribution across the genome is increasingly important to inform both conservation and management of exploited species. Atlantic Halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) is an ecologically and commercially important fish species, yet knowledge of population structure and genomic diversity in this species remains lacking. Here, we use restriction-site associated DNA sequencing and a chromosome-level genome assembly to identify over 86 000 single nucleotide polymorphisms mapped to 24 chromosome-sized scaffolds, genotyped in 734 individuals across the Northwest Atlantic. We describe subtle but significant genome-wide regional structuring between the Gulf of St. Lawrence and adjacent Atlantic continental shelf. However, the majority of genetic divergence is associated with a large putative chromosomal rearrangement (5.74 megabases) displaying high differentiation and linkage disequilibrium, but no evidence of geographic variation. Demographic reconstructions suggest periods of expansion coinciding with glacial retreat, and more recent declines in Ne. This work highlights the utility of genomic data to identify multiple sources of genetic structure and genomic diversity in commercially exploited marine species.
Residential exposure to traffic-borne pollution as a risk factor for acute cardiocerebrovascular events: a population-based retrospective cohort study in a highly urbanized area
Authors: Magnoni Pietro , Murtas Rossella , Russo Antonio Giampiero 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Long-term exposure to traffic-borne noise and air pollution has been variably associated with incidence of acute vascular events, namely acute myocardial infarction, ischaemic stroke and haemorrhagic stroke. This study aims at exploring this association within a highly urbanized city.

Methods
This is a population-based retrospective dynamic cohort study including all residents aged ≥ 35 years in the municipality of Milan over the years 2011–18 (1 087 110 inhabitants). Residential exposure to road traffic noise (day-evening-night levels) and nitrogen dioxide was estimated using a noise predictive model and a land use regression model, respectively. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were performed to assess the incidence of acute vascular events and specific outcomes in single-exposure and two-exposure models including adjustment for sociodemographic confounders, fine particulate matter and surrounding greenness.

Results
A total of 27 282 subjects (2.5%) had an acute vascular event. Models using nitrogen dioxide produced inconsistent results. The strongest effect was observed for noise, with an optimal cut-off for dichotomization set at 70 dBA (hazard ratio 1.025, 95% confidence interval 1.000–1.050). This association was observed specifically for ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. When stratifying by age group and sex, a remarkable effect was found for haemorrhagic stroke in men aged &lt;60 years (hazard ratio 1.439, 95% confidence interval 1.156–1.792).

Conclusions
Living by roads with a day-evening-night noise level above 70 dBA exerts a small but tangible independent effect on the risks of both ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke. It is urgent to propose mitigation measures against pollution and noise originating from vehicular traffic in order to reduce their impact, especially in the population younger than 60 years.
Polygenic Risk Scores Differentiating Schizophrenia From Bipolar Disorder Are Associated With Premorbid Intelligence in Schizophrenia Patients and Healthy Subjects
Authors: Ohi Kazutaka , Nishizawa Daisuke , Sugiyama Shunsuke , Takai Kentaro , Kuramitsu Ayumi , Hasegawa Junko , Soda Midori , Kitaichi Kiyoyuki , Hashimoto Ryota , Ikeda Kazutaka , Shioiri Toshiki 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Impairments in intelligence are more severe in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) than in patients with bipolar disorder (BD) despite clinical and genetic similarities between the disorders. Genetic loci differentiating SCZ from BD, that is, SCZ-specific risk, have been identified. Polygenetic [risk] scores (PGSs) for SCZ-specific risk are higher in SCZ patients than in healthy controls (HCs). However, the influence of genetic risk on impaired intelligence is poorly understood. Here, we investigated whether SCZ-specific risk could predict impairments in intelligence in SCZ patients and HCs.

Methods
Large-scale genome-wide association study datasets related to SCZ vs BD, childhood intelligence (CHI), and adulthood intelligence (n = 12 441–282 014) were utilized to compute PGSs. PGSs derived from the genome-wide association studies were calculated for 130 patients with SCZ and 146 HCs. Premorbid and current intelligence and the decline were measured in SCZ patients and HCs. Correlations between PGSs and intelligence functions were investigated.

Results
High PGSs for SCZ-specific risk were correlated with low premorbid intelligence in SCZ patients and HCs (β = −0.17, P = 4.12 × 10–3). The correlation was still significant after adjusting for diagnostic status (β = −0.13, P = .024). There were no significant correlations between PGSs for SCZ-specific risk and current intelligence or intelligence decline (P &gt; .05). PGSs for CHI were lower in SCZ patients than in HCs (R2 = 0.025, P = .025), while the PGSs for CHI were not significantly correlated with premorbid and current intelligence, the decline, or the PGSs for SCZ-specific risk (P &gt; .05).

Conclusions
These findings suggest that genetic factors differentiating SCZ from BD might affect the pathogenesis of SCZ and/or pathological differences between SCZ and BD via the impairment of premorbid intelligence, that is, crystallized intelligence, while genetic factors for CHI might affect the pathogenesis of SCZ but not via impairments in intelligence.
Finite element analysis for a diffusion equation on a harmonically evolving domain
Authors: Edelmann Dominik 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We study convergence of the evolving finite element semidiscretization of a parabolic partial differential equation on an evolving bulk domain. The boundary of the domain evolves with a given velocity, which is then extended to the bulk by solving a Poisson equation. The numerical solution to the parabolic equation depends on the numerical evolution of the bulk, which yields the time-dependent mesh for the finite element method. The stability analysis works with the matrix–vector formulation of the semidiscretization only and does not require geometric arguments, which are then required in the proof of consistency estimates. We present various numerical experiments that illustrate the proven convergence rates.
Failure of Vitek2 to reliably detect vanB-mediated vancomycin resistance in Enterococcus faecium
Authors: Walker Sarah V , Wolke Martina , Plum Georg , Weber Robert E , Werner Guido , Hamprecht Axel 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The increasing prevalence of VRE necessitates their reliable detection, especially for low-level resistance mediated by vanB in Enterococcus faecium. In this prospective study we analysed if vanB-mediated vancomycin resistance can be reliably detected by Vitek2.

Methods
One thousand, three hundred and forty-four enterococcal isolates from routine clinical specimens were tested by Vitek2 (bioMérieux, Nürtingen, Germany). Additionally, a bacterial suspension (with a turbidity equivalent to that of a 0.5 McFarland standard) was inoculated on chromID VRE screening agar (bioMérieux) and incubated for 48 h. If vancomycin tested susceptible by Vitek2 but growth was detected on the screening agar, PCR for vanA/vanB was performed (GeneXpert vanA/B test, Cepheid, Frankfurt, Germany). For isolates that tested susceptible to vancomycin by Vitek2 but were vanA/B positive, MICs were determined before and after cultivation in broth with increasing concentrations of vancomycin.

Results
One hundred and fifty-six out of 491 E. faecium were VRE and were predominantly vanB positive (81.0%). Of these, Vitek2 did not identify 14 as VRE (sensitivity 91.0%). By broth microdilution 9/14 isolates demonstrated high MICs (≥32 mg/L) and 5/14 showed low vancomycin MICs, which did not increase despite vancomycin exposure. Three of the 14 isolates demonstrated growth on chromID VRE; after vancomycin exposure seven additional isolates were able to grow on chromID VRE.

Conclusions
Vitek2 fails to detect vanB-mediated vancomycin resistance consistently, especially, but not limited to, low-level resistance. As this may lead to treatment failure and further dissemination of vanB VRE, additional methods (e.g. culture on VRE screening agar or PCR) are necessary to reliably identify vanB-positive enterococci in clinical routine.
Privacy-protecting, reliable response data discovery using COVID-19 patient observations
Authors: Kim Jihoon , Neumann Larissa , Paul Paulina , Day Michele E , Aratow Michael , Bell Douglas S , Doctor Jason N , Hinske Ludwig C , Jiang Xiaoqian , Kim Katherine K , Matheny Michael E , Meeker Daniella , Pletcher Mark J , Schilling Lisa M , SooHoo Spencer , Xu Hua , Zheng Kai , Ohno-Machado Lucila ,   R2D2 Consortium, Anderson David M , Anderson Nicholas R , Balacha Chandrasekar , Bath Tyler , Baxter Sally L , Becker-Pennrich Andrea , Bernstam Elmer V , Carter William A , Chau Ngan , Choi Yong , Covington Steven , DuVall Scott , El-Kareh Robert , Florian Renato , Follett Robert W , Geisler Benjamin P , Ghigi Alessandro , Gottlieb Assaf , Hu Zhaoxian , Ir Diana , Knight Tara K , Koola Jejo D , Kuo Tsung-Ting , Lee Nelson , Mansmann Ulrich , Mou Zongyang , Murphy Robert E , Neumann Larissa , Nguyen Nghia H , Niedermayer Sebastian , Park Eunice , Perkins Amy M , Post Kai W , Rieder Clemens , Scherer Clemens , Soares Andrey , Soysal Ekin , Tep Brian , Toy Brian , Wang Baocheng , Wu Zhen R , Zhou Yujia , Zucker Rachel A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective
To utilize, in an individual and institutional privacy-preserving manner, electronic health record (EHR) data from 202 hospitals by analyzing answers to COVID-19-related questions and posting these answers online.

Materials and Methods
We developed a distributed, federated network of 12 health systems that harmonized their EHRs and submitted aggregate answers to consortia questions posted at https://www.covid19questions.org. Our consortium developed processes and implemented distributed algorithms to produce answers to a variety of questions. We were able to generate counts, descriptive statistics, and build a multivariate, iterative regression model without centralizing individual-level data.

Results
Our public website contains answers to various clinical questions, a web form for users to ask questions in natural language, and a list of items that are currently pending responses. The results show, for example, that patients who were taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers, within the year before admission, had lower unadjusted in-hospital mortality rates. We also showed that, when adjusted for, age, sex, and ethnicity were not significantly associated with mortality. We demonstrated that it is possible to answer questions about COVID-19 using EHR data from systems that have different policies and must follow various regulations, without moving data out of their health systems.

Discussion and Conclusions
We present an alternative or a complement to centralized COVID-19 registries of EHR data. We can use multivariate distributed logistic regression on observations recorded in the process of care to generate results without transferring individual-level data outside the health systems.