bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quick and Dirty (and Accurate) 3D Paleoseismic Trench Models Using Coded Scale Bars
Authors: Delano Jaime E. , Briggs Rich W. , DuRoss Christopher B. , Gold Ryan D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Structure-from-motion (SfM) modeling has dramatically increased the speed of generating geometrically accurate orthophoto mosaics of paleoseismic trenches, but some aspects of this technique remain time and labor intensive. Model accuracy relies on control points to establish scale, reduce distortion, and orient 3D models. Traditional SfM methods use total station or Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) surveys to constrain models, but collecting control points along a vertical trench wall is often inhibited by poor line of sight to the survey sensor or limited sky view and requires many hours in the field and office. We used physical scale bars printed with coded targets to constrain SfM models of a dusty, 46-m-long trench excavation across the Teton fault (Wyoming, U.S.A.). We present a workflow for generating quick and accurate 3D SfM models and orthophoto mosaics and compare the effectiveness of using scale bar, GNSS, and total-station control in the models. Our results show that the scale bar model deviates from total station survey points by an average of 3.1 cm (maximum of 5.3 cm). In addition, the scale-bar model only deviates an average of 1.7 cm (maximum 3.5 cm) when compared to the best model alternative, the SfM model controlled by the total station survey. Scale bars eliminate several hours needed to collect and incorporate control points from total station or GNSS surveys and significantly simplify the workflow, at the cost of slightly increased 3D model and orthophoto mosaic error. Our results further suggest that trench models can be constrained with at least four physical scale bars, but using five to six physical scale bars provides redundant control for field deployment and model optimization. The scale bar method for paleoseismic trenches proves to be portable and fast, minimizes the need for specialized survey equipment, and maintains model accuracy needed for mapping trench walls.
Low Geomagnetic Field Paleointensity on the Permian–Triassic Boundary from Study of the Kuznetsk Basin Traps (Southern Siberia)
Authors: Eliseev A.A. , Shcherbakova V.V. , Metelkin D.V. , Mikhaltsov N.E. , Zhidkov G.V. , Abashev V.V. , Rogov A.M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
––Here we report the first data on the absolute intensity value of the geomagnetic field on the Permian–Triassic boundary from basalts of the Kuznetsk basin. The latter are considered as one of the manifestations of the initial stage of trap magmatism during the formation of the Siberian large igneous province. The good preservation of information on the ancient geomagnetic field in the Mal’tsevskaya Formation basalts is due to the presence of small single domain and pseudo-single domain grains of primary magmatic titanomagnetite in the groundmass. The paleointensity values obtained following the Thellier-Coe method correspond to the generally accepted criteria of reliability and indicate that the geomagnetic field intensity during the formation of the Kuznetsk basin traps on the Permian–Triassic boundary was almost an order of magnitude lower than the present-day one. Moreover, the mean values of the virtual dipole moment for the Kozhukhta and the Vlasov units in the lower and middle Mal’tsevskaya Formation ((1.9 ± 0.6) ⋅ 1022 A ⋅ m2 and (1.1 ± 0.7) ⋅ 1022 A ⋅ m2, respectively) are in good alignment with determinations of the paleointensity during the accumulation of the Ivakinsky Formation of the Norilsk Region in the Siberian province, which confirms the accuracy of traditional regional correlations.
Elucidation of the Mechanism for Maintaining Ultrafast Domain Wall Mobility Over a Wide Temperature Range
Authors: Ranjbar Sina , Sumi Satoshi , Kambe Sota , Thach Pham Van , Tanabe Kenji , Awano Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
To realize a data rate of 20 Gbps in the communication standard 5G with a racetrack memory, it is crucial to stably recognize a domain-wall (DW) velocity (vDW) of 1200 m/s when the minimum bit length is 60 nm. However, general vDW is as slow as about 100 m/s. Recent reports indeed showed that the fast DW motion occurs using an in-plane external magnetic field however, this mechanism is unsuitable because the rear-edge vDW decelerated, which contrary to the front-edge of DW velocity. Therefore, we designed magnetic wires by bringing the g values of rare-earth and transition-metals close to each other and suppressing the Joule heat generation distribution due to short pulse current, we successfully demonstrated the vDW of 1200 m/s in a wide temperature range without using an external magnetic field. Moreover, the current density (J) is low, and the DW mobility (vDW/J) is significantly improved 10-times over a wide temperature range compared to other reports.
Online Faculty Development in low- and middle-income countries for Health Professions Educators: A rapid realist review
Authors: Keiller Lianne , Nyoni Champion , Wyk Chantel van 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Health professions educators require support to develop teaching and learning, research, educational leadership, and administrative skills to strengthen their higher education role through faculty development initiatives. Where administration has pursued face-to-face and online faculty development initiatives, results have positively influenced health professions educators. There is limited evidence demonstrating how online faculty development works for health professions educators in low- and middle-income countries who engage in online health professions education (HPE) faculty development.
Methods
A Conjecture Map for online HPE faculty development courses identified candidate theories for a rapid realist review. The Conjecture Map and candidate theories, Community of Inquiry and the Conversational Framework guided the development of search terms and analysis for this review. Three searches using EbscoHost databases yielded 1 030 abstracts. A primary and secondary research team participated in a multi-reviewer blinded process in assessing abstracts, selecting full-text articles, and data extraction. The primary research team analysed eight articles for this rapid realist review to answer the research question: How do online HPE faculty development courses work, or not work, in low- and middle-income countries? Data were analysed and mapped to the initial Conjecture Map and the research question.
Results
The research references US-based organisations forming partnerships with low- and middle-income countries, and who provide funding for online HPE faculty development initiatives. These initiatives design courses that facilitate learning through engagement from which participants report beneficial outcomes of professional and career development. The review does not clarify if the reported outcomes are generalisable for facilitators from low-and middle-income countries. The findings of this review demonstrate the role of a community of practice as the dominant mechanism through which the outcomes are achieved, based on a design that incorporates six triggering events. The design aligns the triggering events with the three categories of the Community of Inquiry—a theory for designing online learning environments.
Conclusion
Health professions educators in low- and middle-income countries can develop professional and interpersonal skills through a well-designed, specifically constructed online community that prioritises active discussion.
Indexes of tobacco smoke contribution to environmental particulates based on molecular fingerprints of alkanes
Authors: Cecinato Angelo , Bacaloni Alessandro , Romagnoli Paola , Perilli Mattia , Balducci Catia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Tobacco smoking is a very common habit and causes the spreading into the atmosphere of a number of toxicants, which heavily affect also health of no smokers. Hence, chemical, physical and toxicological features of smoking products (vapours as well as mainstream, sidestream and third hand smoke) have been extensively investigated. In particular, attention has been paid to organic compounds (individuals, or in combination giving raise to peculiar molecular fingerprints), potentially suitable to act as “chemical signature” of tobacco smoke (TS). At this regard, the signature of long-chain iso and anteiso alkanes has known since long time as typical of TS. Nevertheless, until now no indexes have been identified as suitable to estimate the contribution of TS to environmental pollution, e.g. the TS percentage in carbonaceous aerosol as well as in settled dusts, nor in the respective organic fractions. This paper describes the results of an extensive investigation conducted on non-polar lipid fraction of soot and dust collected in interiors and outdoors. Six potential quantities associated to iso, anteiso and normal C29-C34 alkanes were tested, and finally a cumulative index (TSI) was defined through averaging the three most promising ones in order to estimate TS contribution to organic particulate. The behaviour of TSI was plotted vs. a further parameter, i.e. the exceedance of normal C31 alkane with respect to average of C29 and C33 homologues, revealing a link in the case of aerosols but not of dusts. According to back analysis carried out on several sets of particulate matters, traces of TS seemed to affect even rural areas, while inside smokers’ homes the contributions of TS to PM could account for up to 12.3% and 3.2%, respectively, in aerosols and dusts. This suggests the importance of further investigations aimed at assessing the potential risk for humans associated to tobacco smoking, by means of reliable TS indexes.
Preoperative Prognostic Nutritional Index and Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index for Predicting the Long-Term Recurrence-Free Survival of Patients with High-Risk Non-Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer After Transurethral Resection of a Bladder Tumour: A Cohort Study
Authors: Bi Huifeng , Jia Chunsong , Shang Zhenhua , Feng Zhongwen , Ning Xinrong , Ou Tongwen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background The predictive values of preoperative prognostic nutritional index (PNI) and systemic immune-inflammation index (SII) for long-term recurrence-free survival (RFS) in high-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) have not been fully elucidated. Hence, this study aimed to examine the associations between PNI and SII as well as RFS in patients with high-risk NMIBC who received intravesical instillation of Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) after transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT).Methods We retrospectively collected data on 387 high-risk NMIBC patients between January 2004 and December 2014. Preoperative PNI was calculated as albumin concentration (g/L)+5×total lymphocyte count (109/L), while preoperative SII was defined as neutrophil count (109/L)×platelet count (109/L)/lymphocyte count (109/L). The optimal cut-off values of PNI and SII were determined via a receiver operating characteristic analysis. RFS was evaluated via a Kaplan–Meier analysis. Between-group differences were compared using the log-rank test. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were performed to assess the predictive values of PNI and SII for RFS.Results Patients were divided into two groups according to the cut-off values of PNI (<50.17 vs ≥50.17) and SII (<467.76 vs ≥467.76). Kaplan-Meier analyses revealed that low PNI and high SII were associated with poor RFS in patients with high- and higher-risk NMIBC. Furthermore, based on univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, PNI and SII were independent predictive factors of RFS in patients with high-risk NMIBC.Conclusion Preoperative PNI and SII are simple, noninvasive, inexpensive and useful tools for predicting long-term RFS among patients with high-risk NMIBC who received intravesical instillation of BCG after TURBT.
Awareness, Uptake and factors associated with NHIF uptake in Western Kenya: A case of 4 counties - Busia, Trans Nzoia, Vihiga and Siaya
Authors: Mwaura Grace Wandia , Kamano Jemima Hoine , Mwangi Ann W. , Lusimbo Lilian , Mugo Richard , Too Kenneth , Andale Thomas , Itsura Peter , Kibachio Joseph , Gathecha Gladwell , Aruasa Wilson 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background

Kenya is in the process of implementing universal health care whose success and sustainability will be determined by its funding mechanism and by uptake of National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) by its populace. Unfortunately, NHIF enrollment is currently voluntary hence geared to those in formal employment who represent only 16.4% of the population. To improve the voluntary uptake of the scheme, it is important to have increased awareness as well as implement strategies that address factors that currently affect NHIF uptake.
Methods

This was a cross sectional community-based survey conducted in Busia, Trans Nzoia, Vihiga and Siaya counties between October and December 2018. It utilized multistage stratified sampling technique. Interviewer assisted questionnaires were used to collect socio-demographic, socio-economic, Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD) knowledge, NHIF awareness and uptake data. Descriptive statistical analysis and multiple logistic regression were conducted using STATA version 15.
Results

Out of a representative sample of 3597 participants interviewed, NHIF awareness was noted to be 81.5%, with low uptake in the four counties ranging between 21–25%. Being older than 69 years, having a low level of education and income status as well as lower health risk were significantly associated with low rates of NHIF uptake.
Conclusion

Despite high rates of NHIF awareness noted in this study, there is still very low uptake to this scheme in rural western Kenya especially among those with low socioeconomic status and risk of chronic illnesses. There is need for further qualitative studies to explore contextual factors affecting NHIF uptake.
Hidden Pandemic: COVID-19-Related Stress, SLC6A4 Methylation and Infants’ Temperament at 3 Months
Authors: Provenzi Livio , Mambretti Fabiana , Villa Marco , Grumi Serena , Citterio Andrea , Bertazzoli Emanuela , Biasucci Giacomo , Decembrino Lidia , Falcone Rossana , Gardella Barbara , Longo Roberta , Nacinovich Renata , Pisoni Camilla , Prefumo Federico , Orcesi Simona , Scelsa Barbara , Giorda Roberto , Borgatti Renato 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic represents a collective trauma that may have enduring stress effects during sensitive periods, such as pregnancy. Prenatal stress may result in epigenetic signatures of stress-related genes (e.g., the serotonin transporter gene, SLC6A4) that may in turn influence infants’ behavioral development. In April 2020, we launched a longitudinal cohort study to assess the behavioral and epigenetic vestiges of COVID-19-related prenatal stress exposure in mothers and infants. COVID-19-related prenatal stress was retrospectively assessed at birth. SLC6A4 methylation was assessed in thirteen CpG sites in mothers and infants’ buccal cells. Infants’ temperament was assessed at 3-month-age. Complete data were available from 108 mother-infant dyads. Greater COVID-19-related prenatal stress was significantly associated with higher infants’ SLC6A4 methylation in seven CpG sites. SLC6A4 methylation at these sites predicted infants’ temperament at 3 months. Clinicians and policymakers should promote timely preventive actions to promote infant well-being during and after the present pandemic.
Effect of Different Storage Solutions on Oxidative Stress in Human Saphenous Vein Grafts
Authors: TEKİN İLKER , DEMİR MELTEM , ÖZDEM SEBAHAT 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: Ischemic injury of saphenous vein grafts (SVG) during coronary artery bypass grafting surgery negatively impacts endothelial integrity and functionality and is associated with vein graft disease and failure. The aim of this study was to evaluate the level of oxidative stress in human SVG segments following ischemic storage in three intraoperative graft storage solutions: physiological saline (PS), autologous heparinized blood (HB) and DuraGraft.Methods: 3 mm tissue rings derived from surplus SVG segments from 50 patients were stored at room temperature for 30 min in DuraGraft, PS and HB. Total oxidative status (TOS) and total antioxidant status (TAS) levels were determined and the oxidative stress index (OSI: TOS/TAS ratio) calculated. A p-value <0.017 was considered significant implementing a Bonferroni correction.Results: TOS values were significantly lower for DuraGraft stored samples in comparison to both PS and HB; there was no difference between PS and HB (DuraGraft: 32.6±1.8, PS: 39.6±2.8 and HB: 40.6±2.4 µmol H2O2 eqv.; DuraGraft vs. PS and DuraGraft vs. HB p<0.0001, PS vs. HB p=0.047). TAS was higher for both DuraGraft and HB in comparison to PS (DuraGraft: 8.9±0.9, PS: 6.9±1.0 and HB: 8.6±0.9 mmol Trolox eqv.; DuraGraft vs PS p<0.0001, DuraGraft vs. HB p=0.263, PS vs. HB p<0.0001). OSI differed between all groups with the lowest value for DuraGraft (DuraGraft: 3.7±0.2, PS: 5.8±0.4 and HB: 4.7±0.2 µmol H2O2 eqv./mmol Trolox eqv.; all p<0.0001).Conclusions: saphenous veins grafts stored in DuraGraft had a lower oxidative stress level, higher antioxidant level and lower oxidative stress index in comparison to saphenous vein grafts stored in physiological saline or heparinized blood.ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02922088
Development and Validation of Prognostic Nomograms for Patients with Colon Neuroendocrine NeoplasmsPrognostic Nomograms for Colon Nens’ Patients
Authors: Xu Ruitong , Zhou Bingrong , Hu Ping , Xue Bingyan , Gu Danyang , Li Xiaolin , Tang Qiyun 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Colon neuroendocrine neoplasms (NENs) have one of the poorest median overall survival (OS) rates among all NENs. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) tumor–node–metastasis (TNM) staging system—currently the most commonly used prediction model—has limited prediction accuracy because it does not include parameters such as age, sex, and treatment. The aim of this study was to construct nomograms containing various clinically important parameters to predict the prognosis of patients with colon NENs more accurately.
Methods
Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database, we performed a retrospective analysis of colon NENs diagnosed from 1975 to 2016. Data were collected from 1196 patients, most of which were female (617/1196, 51.6%), and the average age was 61.94 ± 13.05 years old. Based on the optimal cutoff value in age (age 0–55 y, 55–67 y, age ≥ 68 y), 396 (33.1%) patients were between 0–55 y, 408 (34.1%) were between 56–67 y and 392 (32.8%) were ≥ 68 y. Patients were randomized into training and validation cohorts (3:1). Independent prognostic factors were used for construction of nomograms to precisely predict OS and cancer-specific survival (CSS) in patients with colon NENs.
Results
Multivariate analysis showed that age ≥ 68 years, sex, tumor size, grade, chemotherapy, N stage, and M stage were independent predictors of OS. In the validation cohort, the Concordance index (C-index) values of the OS and CSS nomograms were 0.8345 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.8044–0.8646) and 0.8209 (95% CI, 0.7808–0.861), respectively. C-index also indicated superior performance of both nomograms (C-index 0.8347 for OS and 0.8668 for CSS) compared with the AJCC TNM classification (C-index 0.7159 for OS and 0.7366 for CSS).
Conclusions
We established and validated new nomograms for more precise prediction of OS and CSS in patients with colon NENs to facilitate individualized clinical decisions.
Multi-scale determinants of small mammal and lizard dimensions of diversity across Amazonian insular forest fragments
Authors: Palmeirim Ana Filipa , Farneda Fabio , Vieira Marcus Vinicius , Peres Carlos A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Context
Hydropower development is one of the primary drivers of habitat loss and insular fragmentation. Yet, studies quantifying such effects on biodiversity are mostly limited to taxonomic metrics, often overlooking species identity and their functional and phylogenetic roles.
Objectives
We examined taxonomic, functional and phylogenetic responses to habitat loss and insular fragmentation of small mammals and lizards within (α) and between sites (β).
Methods
Both taxa were surveyed across 25 islands within the Balbina Hydroelectric Reservoir, and adjacent continuous forest, in Central Amazonia. Each dimension of diversity was related to spatial and habitat variables. We also examined functional composition using community-weighted mean trait values, and community redundancy using functional uniqueness. β-diversity was partitioned into their richness (βrich) and replacement (βrepl) components.
Results
Functional and phylogenetic α−diversities of both taxa mirrored the taxonomic dimension, all of which increased with forest area. Individual small mammal (body mass and matrix tolerance), and lizard traits (heliothermic mode and habitat type) were also predicted by forest area. For both taxa, species functional uniqueness decreased with forest area, and all dimensions of β-diversity were predominantly partitioned in βrich.
Conclusions
The environmental filter created by forest area resulted in the low conservation value associated with small forest islands, only occupied by a small set of species comprised by generalist lizards and matrix-tolerant small mammals. On the other side, large forest sites ensured ecosystem resilience to disturbance. To maintain ecosystem integrity, creating a myriad small island over large expanses of floodwaters should be avoided in future hydropower development.
A theoretical and experimental investigation of hetero- vs. homo-connectivity in barium silicates
Authors: Moulton Benjamin J.A. , Gomes Eduardo O. , Cunha Thiago R. , Doerenkamp Carsten , Gracia Lourdes , Eckert Hellmut , Andrés Juan , Pizani Paulo S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Barium silicates may be found in contact aureoles and are used in several important technologies (e.g., LEDs). The BaO-SiO2 system stabilizes 13 crystalline phases with different silicate tetrahedral and connectivity profiles. Aside from phases composed of a single structural unit (isolated or homo-connected tetrahedra), one encounters the relatively rare case of hetero-connected tetrahedra in which varying proportions of several Qn species are linked together. Here, we analyze the 29Si MAS NMR and Raman spectroscopic manifestations of the connectivities in seven barium silicates: Ba2SiO4, high-BaSiO3, Ba4Si6O16, Ba5Si8O21, Ba6Si10O26, high-BaSi2O5, and sanbornite (low-BaSi2O5). The structures and purity of these phases were confirmed by Rietveld refinement. From a Raman spectroscopic database of 144 predominantly homo-connected crystalline silicates, the mean Qn mode frequencies νQn (±1σ) are found at 828 (±14) cm−1 for Q0, 905 (±22) cm−1 for Q1, 994 (±26) cm−1 for Q2, and 1068 (±18) cm−1 for Q3 units. Experimentally, homo-connected barium silicates show good agreement with these values, whereas the hetero-connected phases show a wider range of νQ2 than of νQ3 frequencies. While the 29Si NMR chemical shifts of the barium silicates are in agreement with known structural trends, those measured for the Q2 resonances remain essentially constant, which may be caused by the lattice distortion around the large Ba2+ cations. To complement and rationalize experimental measurements, first-principles calculations at the density functional theory level have reproduced measured frequencies within a mean absolute deviation of &lt;7 cm−1. Our work highlights how the results provided by 29Si NMR and Raman spectroscopies and ab initio calculations can be combined to rationalize the structure of complex systems. The present findings also shed light on the vibrational modes that may be used to track bond lengths in situ at extreme conditions and the behavior of homo- vs. hetero-connectivity, revealing clear implications for evaluating silicate glasses and melts where hetero-connectivity is the rule rather than the exception.