bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life cycle GHG assessment of magnetic bearing and oil lubricated bearing water cooled chillers
Authors: Byrd Emillo , Netzel Benjamin , Adams David Brent , Zhang Hao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChillers are an important component of the heating ventilation, and air conditioning industry which is one of the largest energy consuming sectors. Magnetic bearing systems have been adopted in the chiller industry to improve compressor efficiency. A life cycle assessment (LCA) of greenhouse gas emissions of magnetic bearing chillers, with a particular focus on the manufacturing stage, has not previously been conducted. This study evaluated global warming potentials of two water chiller systems, an oil lubricated bearing system, and a magnetic bearing system, over their life cycle stages including raw material extraction, manufacturing, transportation, use, and the end of life. The standard ISO 14044 LCA framework was employed to assess the two 500‐ton cooling capacity chillers from a US chiller manufacturing company. Uncertainty analysis was conducted on carbon emission factors from the research literature and sensitivity analysis was conducted on key variables including power mix emission factor, chiller efficiency, and transportation method. The results show that magnetic bearing systems perform better with respect to life cycle GHG emissions. For a general water chiller system life cycle, over 90% of the emissions result from electricity consumption during the use stage with the next largest emissions arising from material extraction and manufacturing. While the material use and manufacturing GHG emissions are similar in the two systems, due to its higher compressor efficiency the magnetic bearing system generates fewer GHG emissions in the use stage. Sensitivity analysis was conducted on electricity mix, non‐standard part load value (NPLV), and transportation method. When the factor values were varied with 5% steps to ±25%, the chiller efficiency and power mix emission factors behaved in similar ways in improving life cycle GHG emissions. NPLV, however, becomes more challenging to improve despite the long history of research on compressor efficiency. This study not only provides analytical data at the product level as to how much GHG emissions can be reduced by improving compressor efficiency and incorporating clean energy, but also provides life cycle GHG inventory data for different end of life and transportation strategies.
Infant precursors of executive function in Down syndrome
Authors: Schworer E. K. , Fidler D. J. , Kaur M. , Needham A. W. , Prince M. A. , Daunhauer L. A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough early features of infant cognition are predictive of executive function (EF) in typically developing (TD) children, there is little information regarding the developmental origins of EF in neurogenetic conditions, such as Down syndrome (DS).MethodsThe current study compared the performance of infants with and without DS on three dimensions that are hypothesised EF precursors: visual engagement, attention shifting and action planning. Additionally, the relationship between these EF precursors at Time 1 and EF performance at Time 2 (6 months later) was examined in the DS group. Participants were 36 infants with DS, M chronological age = 12.65 months, SD = 2.11; M developmental age = 8.84 months, SD = 2.22, and 36 TD infants, M chronological age = 8.62, SD = 3.06; M developmental age = 8.64 months, SD = 3.40.ResultsInfants with DS visually engaged with objects for longer durations and demonstrated challenges with action planning compared with TD infants at Time 1. Attention shifting at Time 1 significantly predicted EF performance at Time 2 in the DS group.ConclusionsThis study provides evidence that an early atypical presentation of EF precursors is detectable during infancy in DS and is predictive of subsequent EF performance. These findings contribute to the identification of areas of early cognitive risk in DS and can inform future interventions in this population.
A prospective study on surgical management of foot deformities in Charcot Marie tooth disease
Authors: Ramdharry Gita , Singh Dishan , Gray Julia , Kozyra Damian , Skorupinska Mariola , Reilly Mary M. , Laurá Matilde 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFoot deformities are frequently observed in patients with Charcot Marie tooth disease (CMT) and orthopaedic surgery is often required. Currently there is no evidence‐based guideline on surgical management and only a few studies which have evaluated long‐term outcomes of surgical procedures. The aim of the study was to evaluate longitudinally the effect of foot surgery in a cohort of CMT patients. Twenty‐five CMT adult patients were assessed using a comprehensive group of validated scales and questionnaires before and after surgery. A wide range of surgical procedures was performed by one team of dedicated foot ankle orthopaedic surgeons. Foot alignment as measured by the foot posture index, pain, quality of life and callosities significantly improved after one year and the improvement was maintained up to 4 years after surgery. There was a trend towards a reduction in the number of falls post‐operatively. Surgery had no effect on fatigue, balance and CMT examination score. Our findings showed significant improvement of pain, foot alignment, callosities and quality of life after surgery and suggested that foot deformity correction in adults with CMT performed in a specialised foot and ankle unit is beneficial.
Use of ultrasound fetal shoulder soft tissue thickness measurement in estimation of fetal weight
Authors: Aliyeva Mehriban , Aydın Serdar 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimsBirth weight (BW) estimation with ultrasound is of great importance in delivery decision and management of complications of delivery. The aim was to evaluate the effect of femur, humerus, and clavicular soft tissue thickness on BW and developed a formula for proper estimation of fetal weight.MethodsThis prospective cohort study, included 231singleton pregnancies, with 34 and 42 weeks of gestation, delivered within 48 h after ultrasound examination. In addition to four biometric ultrasound measures, shoulder soft tissue thickness, thigh and arm soft tissue thickness were measured from outer margin of skin to outer margin of bone shaft by same investigator. Spearman correlation test was used to assess correlations between soft tissue thickness measurements and BW. Linear regression model was used and R2 to test accuracy of the new formula.ResultsThe mean humerus soft tissue thickness (HSTT) was 12 ± 3.5 mm (6–23.9 mm), mean femur soft tissue thickness (FSTT) was 15.9 ± 3.8 mm (7.3–32 mm), mean clavicular soft tissue thickness (CSTT) was 12.9 ± 3.2 mm (7.3–24 mm). There was a low correlation between BW and FSTT (r = 0.21, p = 0.001) and CSTT (r = 0.18, p = 0.005). Best fit formula was Log (BW) = −5697 + 7.2 (HC) + 15.3 (AC) + 22.6 (FL) + 17 (CSTT), was significantly correlated with BW (R2 = 0.60).ConclusionBW increased as the ultrasound shoulder soft tissue thickness increased. Adding soft tissue thickness measurements to fetal biometry is similar in terms of estimating fetal weight from the existing estimated fetal weight formula.
Gender differences in quality of life and preferences for location‐specific amenities across cities
Authors: Reynolds Curtis Lockwood , Weinstein Amanda L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe quality of life literature revealed the role that natural resources and local consumption amenities play in household preferences for cities and their growing importance in determining the success of cities. As women's control over household resources has increased, a growing body of consumer behavior literature has been documenting gender differences in preferences for consumer goods. Yet, the quality of life literature does not seem to make any distinction along gender lines in determining preferences for local consumption amenities. We estimate the quality of life across US cities separately for unmarried men and women, and using a rich set of location‐specific amenities, examine which amenities cause preferences to differ between men and women. Our results suggest that men and women's valuations of cities are correlated, suggesting commonality in preferences for many location‐based amenities, most notably natural resources, but there are also important deviations in valuations especially for local public goods and gender role attitudes.
Drug‐induced enterocolitis syndrome: Similarities and differences compared with food protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome
Authors: Mori Francesca , Liccioli Giulia , Fuchs Oliver , Barni Simona , Giovannini Mattia , Sarti Lucrezia , Novembre Elio , Caubet Jean‐Christoph 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn 2014, drug‐induced enterocolitis syndrome (DIES) was described for the first time. It is still a poorly known disease with symptoms that typically resemble those of food protein–induced enterocolitis syndrome (FPIES). To date, six more cases of DIES have been described and new clinical diagnostic criteria have been proposed based on those in the international guidelines for FPIES. In this paper, the authors describe three more cases of DIES. In addition, similarities and differences with FPIES have been deeply analyzed. To date, several unanswered questions need to be addressed, but clinicians must be instructed how to identify DIES, in order to make an allergy workup and give definite therapeutic indications to patients, especially in children where DIES seems to be more frequent.
The Brassica mature pollen and stigma proteomes: preparing to meet
Authors: Robinson Reneé , Sollapura Vishwanath , Couroux Philippe , Sprott Dave , Ravensdale Michael , Routly Elizabeth , Xing Tim , Robert Laurian S. 
Published: March 2021

SUMMARYSuccessful pollination in Brassica brings together the mature pollen grain and stigma papilla, initiating an intricate series of molecular processes meant to eventually enable sperm cell delivery for fertilization and reproduction. At maturity, the pollen and stigma cells have acquired proteomes, comprising the primary molecular effectors required upon their meeting. Knowledge of the roles and global composition of these proteomes in Brassica species is largely lacking. To address this gap, gel‐free shotgun proteomics was performed on the mature pollen and stigma of Brassica carinata, a representative of the Brassica family and its many crop species (e.g. Brassica napus, Brassica oleracea and Brassica rapa) that holds considerable potential as a bio‐industrial crop. A total of 5608 and 7703 B. carinata mature pollen and stigma proteins were identified, respectively. The pollen and stigma proteomes were found to reflect not only their many common functional and developmental objectives, but also the important differences underlying their cellular specialization. Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) was exploited in the first analysis of a developing Brassicaceae stigma, and revealed 251 B. carinata proteins that were differentially abundant during stigma maturation, providing insight into proteins involved in the initial phases of pollination. Corresponding pollen and stigma transcriptomes were also generated, highlighting functional divergences between the proteome and transcriptome during different stages of pollen–stigma interaction. This study illustrates the investigative potential of combining the most comprehensive Brassicaceae pollen and stigma proteomes to date with iTRAQ and transcriptome data to provide a unique global perspective of pollen and stigma development and interaction.
The Forces Required for Rolling Steel Strip Under Tension
Authors: Nádai A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the continuous mills which have been installed during the last ten years, wide strips of steel are being rolled hot or cold. While the sheets are reduced under the lateral pressure of the rolls, tensile stresses are set up in the rolled strips. The influence of front or of back tension on the roll pressures is investigated and a theory developed for the rolling process considering tension.
The localized compression of wide sheets or strips under simultaneous application of tensile stresses is discussed under various conditions of surface friction, such as solid friction, uniform surface shearing stresses or a resistance to slipping proportional to the relative velocity of slip. Simultaneous pulling reduces considerably the pressures otherwise required for deforming metal through concentrated compression.
The theory of the rolling of wide sheets is discussed with particular reference to the influence of front and of back tension upon the rolling pressures and the results of such computations are shown in several examples. Treatment of the equations aims at a simplified use of certain variables and parameters which are needed in such computations.
Calculation of Stresses Within the Boundary of Photoelastic Models
Authors: Weller R. , Shortley G. H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A method is proposed for the determination of the internal stresses in a two-dimensional system from data furnished by a photoelastic analysis. The method involves the numerical integration of the Laplace difference equation over a region with known boundary values by the iteration of a set of improvement formulas. The underlying theory is discussed briefly, reference being made to a more mathematical treatment appearing in another paper by the authors. New procedures for increasing the speed and accuracy of such computations are described and application is made to a typical photoelastic study. In this the complete system of internal stresses is computed, using the data obtained from the usual fringe photograph, without recourse to isoclinic lines, or other supplementary experimental measurements. The method is also applicable to other problems of potential theory which involve the vanishing of the Laplacian. This includes electric fields, steady-state heat conduction, shapes of membranes, and problems in hydrodynamics and gravitation.
Creep, Elastic Hysteresis, and Damping in Bakelite Under Torsion
Authors: Leaderman Herbert 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The creep in torsion of various forms of bakelite under constant load and the creep recovery on removal of load is found to follow closely the superposition principle or “memory law” of Boltzmann, if the previous maximum strain in a test is not exceeded. If the previous maximum strain is exceeded, an additional plastic flow takes place which is not, at any rate immediately, recoverable.
A function of the elapsed time called the “equivalent time” is introduced in order to analyze the creep and creep recovery when the loading history is complex.
A method is developed for calculating the stress-strain loop due to creep for step-by-step cyclic loading. Results of cyclic-loading tests reveal the presence of a true elastic-hysteresis loop in addition to the loop due to creep.
The specific damping capacity in torsion at a given stress, calculated from the measured creep and elastic-hysteresis loop, is shown to agree fairly well with the damping measured directly.
A Two-Load Method of Determining the Average True Stress-Strain Curve in Tension
Authors: MacGregor C. W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The author describes a method, developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, whereby the complete average true stress-strain curve in tension may be determined for a material from the beginning of yielding to fracture under ordinary testing speeds by the observation during the test of only two loads applied to a tapered specimen, namely, the maximum and fracture loads. Diameters at various positions along tapered specimens are measured before and after the test, and stress and reduction-of-area values computed from these observations.
Modeling Study on Reviving Abandoned Oil Reservoirs by In Situ Combustion Without CO2 Production While Recovering Both Oil and Heat
Authors: Han Yun , Li Kewen , Jia Lin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A large number of oil wells have been or will be abandoned around the world. Yet, a very large amount of oil and energy is left behind inside the rocks in abandoned reservoirs because of technological and economic limitations. The residual oil saturation is usually more than 40%, and in shale reservoirs it can be more than 90%. There have been many enhanced oil recovery methods developed to tap the residual oil and improve the oil recovery. Interestingly, a concept has been proposed to transfer abandoned oil and gas reservoirs into exceptional enhanced geothermal reservoirs by oxidizing the residual oil with injected air (Li and Zhang, 2008, “Exceptional Enhanced Geothermal Systems From Oil and Gas Reservoirs,” 43rd Workshop on Geothermal Reservoir Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA). This methodology was referred to as an exceptional enhanced geothermal system (EEGS). However, zero CO2 production has not been achieved during the process of EEGS. To this end, numerical models of EEGS in abandoned oil reservoirs configured with vertical wells were established in the present study. Numerical simulations in different well configurations were conducted. The effects of well distance, perforation position, and formation permeability on the CO2 production and the reservoir temperature have been investigated. The numerical simulation results showed that when the depth difference between the production and the injection well perforation positions reaches a specific value, the daily CO2 production rate could be kept at almost zero for over 50 years or even permanently while producing oil and thermal energy continuously. This implies that we realized the concept of EEGS with no CO2 successfully using numerical simulation.
Heat Transfer in Rotating, Trailing-Edge, Converging Channels With Smooth Walls and Pin-Fins
Authors: Sahin Izzet , Chen I-Lun , Wright Lesley M. , Han Je-Chin , Xu Hongzhou , Fox Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of a rotating cooling channel that has an angled trapezoidal cross section and converges from the hub to the tip in both the streamwise and spanwise directions are experimentally investigated. The channel is oriented 120 deg with respect to the direction of rotation to model the geometry of an internal, trailing-edge cooling passage. Both the leading and trailing sides of the channel are divided into three and six regions in the spanwise and streamwise directions, respectively. The copper plate method is used to obtain regionally averaged heat transfer coefficients. The pressure drop is measured using pressure taps placed at the inlet and outlet of the channel. Experiments were conducted with the inlet Reynolds number ranging from 10,000 to 40,000. The rotational speed varies from 0 rpm to 300 rpm, resulting in the highest rotation number of 0.21. The effects of full pin-fins on the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics are obtained and compared to the smooth surface converging channel results. The impact of the convergence, which causes variations of flow and geometric parameters through the passage, such as aspect ratio, Reynolds number, and rotation number, on the heat transfer coefficients and pressure drop are addressed. Results show that due to the 120 deg channel orientation, the rotation has a positive impact on the leading and trailing surface heat transfer. Furthermore, the convergence decreases the aspect ratio while increasing the Reynolds number. The convergence significantly enhances heat transfer on both the leading and trailing surfaces along the streamwise and spanwise directions. The convergence also reduces the rotation effect in the streamwise direction for a given mass flow rate.
An Additively Manufactured Four-Sensor Fast Response Aerodynamic Probe
Authors: Chasoglou Alexandros C. , Tsirikoglou Panagiotis , Kalfas Anestis I. , Abhari Reza S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This study describes the design, development, and testing of a miniature fast response aerodynamic probe (FRAP) with four sensors (4S), which are able to perform measurements in the unsteady three-dimensional flow field. Moreover, the calibration and first results with the newly developed probe are provided. The miniature FRAP-4S demonstrates a 3 mm tip diameter, offering a 25% reduction in diameter size, in comparison to a first-generation FRAP-4S, without any loss in terms of measurement bandwidth. The 3 mm outer casing of the probe is additively manufactured with a high-precision binder jetting technique. In terms of aerodynamic performance, the probe demonstrates high angular sensitivity up to ± 18 deg incidence angle in both directions. To evaluate the measurement accuracy of the newly developed FRAP-4S, measurements are performed at the Laboratory for Energy Conversion (LEC) in both a round axisymmetric jet and an one-and-a-half stage, unshrouded and highly loaded axial turbine configuration. Turbulence measurements performed with the miniature FRAP-4S are compared against hot-wire studies in round free-jets found in the literature. Good agreement in both trends but also absolute values is demonstrated. Moreover, the performance of the probe is compared against traditional instrumentation developed at LEC, namely, miniature pneumatic and FRAP-2S probes. The results indicate that the FRAP-4S, despite its larger size in comparison to the other probes tested, can resolve the main flow patterns, with the highest deviations occuring in the presence of highly skewed and sheared flow. Furthermore, the additively manufactured probe was proven to be robust after more than 50 hours of testing in the representative turbine environment configuration. Finally, it should be highlighted that the newly developed FRAP reduces measurement time by a factor of three in comparison to FRAP-2S, which directly translates to reduced development time and thus cost during the turbomachinery development phase.
Probiotic supplements and bone health in postmenopausal women: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Yu Jiawei , Cao Gaoyang , Yuan Shuohui , Luo Cong , Yu Jiafeng , Cai Ming 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveOsteoporosis is a common disease in postmenopausal women. Several studies have analysed the associations between dietary supplementation with probiotics and bone health in postmenopausal women, but the results are still controversial. We conducted this meta-analysis to assess the effects of probiotics supplement on bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers for postmenopausal women.DesignSystematic review and meta-analysis.MethodsWe systematically searched PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library from their inception to November 2020 for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) assessing probiotic supplements and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. Study-specific risk estimates were combined using random-effect models.ResultsFive RCTs (n=497) were included. Probiotic supplements were associated with a significantly higher BMD in the lumbar spine (standardised mean difference, SMD=0.27, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.44) than in control. There was no difference between probiotic supplements and BMD in hips (SMD=0.22, 95% CI −0.07 to 0.52). Collagen type 1 cross-linked C-telopeptide levels in the treatment groups were significantly lower than those of the placebo group (SMD=−0.34, 95% CI −0.60 to −0.09). In subgroup meta-analysis, levels of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase, osteoprotegerin, osteocalcin and tumour necrosis factor did not differ between the probiotic and placebo groups.ConclusionsWe conclude cautiously that supplementation with probiotics could increase lumbar BMD. More RCTs are recommended to validate or update these results.