bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tebipenem as an oral alternative for the treatment of typhoid caused by XDRSalmonellaTyphi
Authors: Mylona Elli , Voong Vinh Phat , Qureshi Sonia , Karkey Abhilasha , Dongol Sabina , Ha Thanh Tuyen , Walson Judd , Ballell Lluis , Fernández Álvaro Elena , Qamar Farah , Baker Stephen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundAntimicrobial therapy is essential for the treatment of enteric fever, the infection caused by Salmonella serovars Typhi and Paratyphi A. However, an increase in resistance to key antimicrobials and the emergence of MDR and XDR in Salmonella Typhi poses a major threat for efficacious outpatient treatments.ObjectivesWe recently identified tebipenem, an oral carbapenem licensed for use for respiratory tract infections in Japan, as a potential alternative treatment for MDR/XDR Shigella spp. Here, we aimed to test the in vitro antibacterial efficacy of this drug against MDR and XDR typhoidal Salmonella.MethodsWe determined the in vitro activity of tebipenem in time–kill assays against a collection of non-XDR and XDR Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A (non-XDR) isolated in Nepal and Bangladesh. We also tested the efficacy of tebipenem in combination with other antimicrobials.ResultsWe found that both XDR and non-XDR Salmonella Typhi and Salmonella Paratyphi A are susceptible to tebipenem, exhibiting low MICs, and were killed within 8–24 h at 2–4×MIC. Additionally, tebipenem demonstrated synergy with two other antimicrobials and could efficiently induce bacterial killing.ConclusionsSalmonella Paratyphi A and XDR Salmonella Typhi display in vitro susceptibility to the oral carbapenem tebipenem, while synergistic activity with other antimicrobials may limit the emergence of resistance. The broad-spectrum activity of this drug against MDR/XDR organisms renders tebipenem a good candidate for clinical trials.
Public-Sector Honesty and Corruption: Field Evidence from 40 Countries
Authors: Sulitzeanu-Kenan Raanan , Tepe Markus , Yair Omer 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This study presents a theoretical model of honest behavior in the public sector (public-sector honesty) and its relationship with corruption. We test this model empirically by utilizing and extending a unique data set of honest behavior of public- and private-sector workers across 40 countries, gathered in a field experiment conducted by Cohn et al. (N = 17,303). We find that public-sector honesty is determined by country-level societal culture and public-sector culture; public-sector honesty predicts corruption levels, independently from the effect of incentive structures—in line with the Becker–Stigler model. We find no support for a global mean difference in honest behavior between public- and private-sector workers, alongside substantive cross-country variation in sector differences in honest behavior. The emphasis assigned to honesty of public-sector workers within each country appears to be locally determined by the prevailing public-sector culture. These results imply that beyond cross-national variation in the scope of publicness, it is very content may vary across countries. Lastly, the results of this study consistently fail to support the selection thesis, and we discuss the practical implications of this result for anticorruption policy.
Mapping accreted stars in early-type galaxies across the mass–size plane
Authors: Davison Thomas A , Norris Mark A , Leaman Ryan , Kuntschner Harald , Boecker Alina , van de Ven Glenn 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTGalaxy mergers are instrumental in dictating the final mass, structure, stellar populations, and kinematics of galaxies. Cosmological galaxy simulations indicate that the most massive galaxies at z = 0 are dominated by high fractions of ‘ex-situ’ stars, which formed first in distinct independent galaxies, and then subsequently merged into the host galaxy. Using spatially resolved MUSE spectroscopy we quantify and map the ex-situ stars in thirteen massive early-type galaxies. We use full spectral fitting together with semi-analytic galaxy evolution models to isolate the signatures in the galaxies’ light which are indicative of ex-situ populations. Using the large MUSE field of view we find that all galaxies display an increase in ex-situ fraction with radius, with massive and more extended galaxies showing a more rapid increase in radial ex-situ fraction (reaching values between ∼30 per cent and 100 per cent at 2 effective radii) compared to less massive and more compact sources (reaching between ∼5 per cent and 40 per cent ex-situ fraction within the same radius). These results are in line with predictions from theory and simulations which suggest ex-situ fractions should increase significantly with radius at fixed mass for the most massive galaxies.
A new post-Newtonian long-term precession model for the Earth
Authors: Tang K , Soffel M , Tao J H , Tang Z H 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Long-term precession represents the secular motion of the Earth’s axis for a long time interval. In 2015, we calculated the Earth’s long-term precession in a relativistic framework. However, our previous works involving the ecliptic in the Geocentric Celestial Reference System are deficient, because the natural definition of this ecliptic is still ambiguous. To obtain a long-term precession model in accordance with general relativity, improvements are made including the following: all calculations are no longer carried out in the reference related to any ecliptic; a new hybrid integrator is designed and used for this precession model; ecliptic-independent precession parameters are calculated and provided. A detailed comparison analysis is performed to estimate the importance of various relativistic influences on the precession parameters. Valid within the interval of $\pm 1\,$Myr around J2000.0, a consistent post-Newtonian long-term precession model for the Earth has been achieved and is presented here.
Very Large Array imaging rules out precessing radio jets in three DES–SDSS-selected candidate periodic quasars
Authors: Chen Yu-Ching , Liu Xin , Liao Wei-Ting , Guo Hengxiao 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Periodic quasars have been suggested as candidates for hosting binary supermassive black holes (SMBHs), although alternative scenarios remain possible to explain the optical light-curve periodicity. To test the alternative hypothesis of precessing radio jet, we present deep 6 GHz radio imaging conducted with NSF’s Karl G. Jansky Very Large Array (VLA) in its C configuration for the three candidate periodic quasars, DES J024703.24−010032.0, DES J024944.66−000036.8, and DES J025214.67−002813.7. Our targets were selected based on their optical variability using 20 yr long multicolour light curves from the Dark Energy Survey (DES) and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS). The new VLA observations show that all three periodic quasars are radio-quiet with the radio loudness parameters measured to be $R\equiv f_{6\, {\rm cm}}/f_{{\rm 2500}}$ of ≲1.0–1.5 and the k-corrected luminosities νLν[6 GHz] of ≲5–21 × 1039 erg s−1. They are in stark contrast to previously known periodic quasars proposed as binary SMBH candidates such as the blazar OJ 287 and PG1302−102. Our results rule out optical emission contributed from precessing radio jets as the origin of the optical periodicity in the three DES–SDSS-selected candidate periodic quasars. Future continued optical monitoring and complementary multiwavelength observations are still needed to further test the binary SMBH hypothesis as well as other competing scenarios to explain the optical periodicity.
A holistic review of a galactic interaction
Authors: Grion Filho Douglas , Johnston Kathryn V , Poggio Eloisa , Laporte Chervin F P , Drimmel Ronald , D’Onghia Elena 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Our situation as occupants of the Milky Way (MW) Galaxy, bombarded by the Sagittarius dwarf galaxy, provides an intimate view of physical processes that can lead to the dynamical heating of a galactic disc. While this evolution is instigated by Sagittarius, it is also driven by the intertwined influences of the dark matter halo and the disc itself. We analyse an N-body simulation following a Sagittarius-like galaxy interacting with a MW-like host to disentangle these different influences during the stages of a minor merger. The accelerations in the disc plane from each component are calculated for each snapshot in the simulation, and then decomposed into Fourier series on annuli. The analysis maps quantify and compare the scales of the individual contributions over space and through time: (i) accelerations due to the satellite are only important around disc passages; (ii) the influence around these passages is enhanced and extended by the distortion of the dark matter halo; (iii) the interaction drives disc asymmetries within and perpendicular to the plane and the self-gravity of these distortions increase in importance with time eventually leading to the formation of a bar. These results have interesting implications for identifying different influences within our own Galaxy. Currently, Sagittarius is close enough to a plane crossing to search for localized signatures of its effect at intermediate radii, the distortion of the MW’s dark matter halo should leave its imprint in the outer disc and the disc’s own self-consistent response is sculpting the intermediate and inner disc.
Addressing feasibility challenges to delivering intradialytic exercise interventions: a theory-informed qualitative study
Authors: Castillo Gisell , Presseau Justin , Wilson Mackenzie , Cook Charles , Field Bonnie , Garg Amit X , McIntyre Christopher , Molnar Amber O , Hogeterp Betty , Thornley Michelle , Thompson Stephanie , MacRae Jennifer M , Bohm Clara 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundIntradialytic exercise (IDE) may improve physical function and health-related quality of life. However, incorporating IDE into standard hemodialysis care has been slow due to feasibility challenges. We conducted a multicenter qualitative feasibility study to identify potential barriers and enablers to IDE and generate potential solutions to these factors.MethodsWe conducted 43 semistructured interviews with healthcare providers and patients across 12 hospitals in Ontario, Canada. We used the Theoretical Domains Framework and directed content analysis to analyze the data.ResultsWe identified eight relevant domains (knowledge, skills, beliefs about consequences, beliefs about capabilities, environmental context and resources, goals, social/professional role and identity, and social influences) represented by three overarching categories: knowledge, skills and expectations: lack of staff expertise to oversee exercise, uncertainty regarding exercise risks, benefits and patient interest, lack of knowledge regarding exercise eligibility; human, material and logistical resources: staff concerns regarding workload, perception that exercise professionals should supervise IDE, space, equipment and scheduling conflict concerns; and social dynamics of the unit: local champions and patient stories contribute to IDE sustainability. We developed a list of actionable solutions by mapping barriers and enablers to behavior change techniques. We also developed a feasibility checklist of 47 questions identifying key factors to address prior to IDE launch.ConclusionsEvidence-based solutions to identified barriers to and enablers of IDE and a feasibility checklist may help recruit and support units, staff and patients and address key challenges to the delivery of IDE in diverse clinical and research settings.
Acidic open-cage solution containing basic cage-confined nanospaces for multipurpose catalysis
Authors: Li Kang , Wu Kai , Fan Yan-Zhong , Guo Jing , Lu Yu-Lin , Wang Yuan-Fan , Maurin Guillaume , Su Cheng-Yong 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The nanoscale chemical spaces inherent in porous organic/coordination cages or solid/liquid materials have been continuously explored for their nanoconfinement effect on selective adsorption and reaction of small gas or organic molecules. Herein, we aim to rationalize the unconventional chemical reactivities motivated by the cage-confined nanospaces in aqueous solutions, where the robust yet permeable nanospaces defined by the open cages facilitate dynamic guest exchange and unusual chemical reactions. The high positive charges on [(Pd/Pt)6(RuL3)8]28+ nanocages drive imidazole–proton equilibrium to display a significantly perturbed pKa shift, creating cage-defined nanospaces in solution with distinct intrinsic basicity and extrinsic acidity. The supramolecular cage effect plays pivotal roles in elaborating robust solution nanospaces, controlling ingress-and-egress molecular processes through open-cage portals and endowing nanocages with transition-state stabilization, amphoteric reactivities and the phase transfer of insoluble molecules, thus promoting chemical transformations in unconventional ways. Consequently, a wide range of application of cage-confined catalysis with anomalous reactivities may be expected based on this kind of open-cage solution medium, which combines cage nanocavity, solution heterogeneity and liquid-phase fluidity to benefit various potential mass transfer and molecular process options.
Sources of Vaccine Hesitancy: Pregnancy, Infertility, Minority Concerns, and General Skepticism
Authors: Hsu Albert L , Johnson Traci , Phillips Lynelle , Nelson Taylor B 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) epidemic continues to evolve, with variants of concern and new surges of COVID-19 noted over the past months. The limited data and evolving recommendations regarding COVID-19 vaccination in pregnancy have led to some understandable hesitancy among pregnant individuals. On social media, misinformation and unfounded claims linking COVID-19 vaccines to infertility are widespread, leading to vaccine skepticism among many men and women of reproductive age. The disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on communities of color, coupled with the unfortunate and troubled history of abuses of African Americans by the biomedical research community in the US, has also led to hesitancy and skepticism about the COVID-19 vaccines among some of our most vulnerable. The complex nature of vaccine hesitancy is evidenced by further divides between different demographic, political, age, geographical, and socioeconomic groups. Better understanding of these concerns is important in the individualized approaches to each patient.
Salicylic Acid Acts Antagonistically to Plastid Retrograde Signaling by Promoting the Accumulation of Photosynthesis-associated Proteins in Arabidopsis
Authors: Hirosawa Yoshihiro , Tada Akari , Matsuura Takakazu , Mori Izumi C , Ogura Yoshitoshi , Hayashi Tetsuya , Uehara Susumu , Ito-Inaba Yasuko , Inaba Takehito 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Plastids are involved in phytohormone metabolism as well as photosynthesis. However, the mechanism by which plastid retrograde signals and phytohormones cooperatively regulate plastid biogenesis remains elusive. Here, we investigated the effects of an inhibitor and a mutation that generate biogenic plastid signals on phytohormones and vice versa. Inhibition of plastid biogenesis by norflurazon (NF) treatment and the plastid protein import2 (ppi2) mutation caused a decrease in salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA). This effect can be attributed in part to the altered expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis and the metabolism of SA and JA. However, SA-dependent induction of the PATHOGENESIS-RELATED1 gene was virtually unaffected in NF-treated plants and the ppi2 mutant. Instead, the level of chlorophyll in these plants was partially restored by the exogenous application of SA. Consistent with this observation, the levels of some photosynthesis-associated proteins increased in the ppi2 and NF-treated plants in response to SA treatment. This regulation in true leaves seems to occur at the posttranscriptional level since SA treatment did not induce the expression of photosynthesis-associated genes. In salicylic acid induction deficient 2 and lesions simulating disease resistance 1 mutants, endogenous SA regulates the accumulation of photosynthesis-associated proteins through transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. These data indicate that SA acts antagonistically to the inhibition of plastid biogenesis by promoting the accumulation of photosynthesis-associated proteins in Arabidopsis, suggesting a possible link between SA and biogenic plastid signaling.
Opioid Use as a Predictor of Pain Outcomes in Iraq and Afghanistan Veterans with Chronic Pain: Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Bushey Michael A , Wu Jingwei , Outcalt Samantha D , Krebs Erin E , Ang Dennis , Kline Matthew , Yu Zhangsheng , Bair Matthew J 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective
Our objectives were to: 1) assess the relationship between self-reported opioid use and baseline demographics, clinical characteristics and pain outcomes; and 2) examine whether baseline opioid use moderated the intervention effect on outcomes at 9 months.

Design
We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the Evaluation of Stepped Care for Chronic Pain (ESCAPE) trial, which found stepped-care to be effective for chronic pain in military veterans.

Setting
A post-deployment clinic and five general medicine clinics at a Veteran Affairs Medical Center.

Subjects
In total 241 veterans with chronic musculoskeletal pain; 220 with complete data at 9 months.

Methods
Examination of baseline relationships and multivariable linear regression to examine baseline opioid use as a moderator of pain-related outcomes including Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire (RMDQ), Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) Interference scale, and Graded Chronic Pain Scale (GCPS) at 9 months.

Results
Veterans reporting baseline opioid use (n = 80) had significantly worse RMDQ (16.0 ± 4.9 vs. 13.4 ± 4.2, P &lt; .0001), GCPS (68.7 ± 12.0 vs. 65.0 ± 14.4, P = .049), BPI Interference (6.2 ± 2.2 vs. 5.0 ± 2.1, P &lt; .0001), and depression (PHQ-9 12.5 ± 6.2 vs. 10.6 ± 5.7, P = .016) compared to veterans not reporting baseline opioid use. Using multivariable modeling we found that baseline opioid use moderated the intervention effect on pain-related disability (RMDQ) at 9 months (interaction Beta = −3.88, P = .0064) but not pain intensity or interference.

Conclusions
In a stepped-care trial for pain, patients reporting baseline opioid use had greater improvement in pain disability at 9 months compared to patients not reporting opioid use.
Unstable Belief Formation and Slowed Decision-making: Evidence That the Jumping-to-Conclusions Bias in Schizophrenia Is Not Linked to Impulsive Decision-making
Authors: Strube Wolfgang , Cimpianu Camelia Lucia , Ulbrich Miriam , Öztürk Ömer Faruk , Schneider-Axmann Thomas , Falkai Peter , Marshall Louise , Bestmann Sven , Hasan Alkomiet 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Jumping-to-conclusions (JTC) is a prominent reasoning bias in schizophrenia (SCZ). While it has been linked to not only psychopathological abnormalities (delusions and impulsive decision-making) but also unstable belief formation, its origin remains unclear. We here directly test to which extend JTC is associated with delusional ideation, impulsive decision-making, and unstable belief formation.

Methods
In total, 45 SCZ patients were compared with matched samples of 45 patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and 45 healthy controls (HC) as delusions and JTC also occur in other mental disorders and the general population. Participants performed a probabilistic beads task. To test the association of JTC with measures of delusions (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS]positive, PANSSpositive-factor, and Peter Delusions Inventory [PDI]), Bayesian linear regressions were computed. For the link between JTC and impulsive decision-making and unstable beliefs, we conducted between-group comparisons of “draws to decision” (DTD), “decision times” (DT), and “disconfirmatory evidence scores” (DES).

Results
Bayesian regression obtained no robust relationship between PDI and DTD (all |R2adj| ≤ .057, all P ≥ .022, all Bayes Factors [BF01] ≤ 0.046; α adj = .00833). Compared with MDD and HC, patients with SCZ needed more time to decide (significantly higher DT in ambiguous trials: all P ≤ .005, r2 ≥ .216; numerically higher DT in other trials). Further, SCZ had unstable beliefs about the correct source jar whenever unexpected changes in bead sequences (disconfirmatory evidence) occurred (compared with MDD: all P ≤ .004 and all r2 ≥ .232; compared with HC: numerically higher DES). No significant correlation was observed between DT and DTD (all P ≥ .050).

Conclusions
Our findings point toward a relationship of JTC with unstable belief formation and do not support the assumption that JTC is associated with impulsive decision-making.
Subtyping Schizophrenia Patients Based on Patterns of Structural Brain Alterations
Authors: Xiao Yuan , Liao Wei , Long Zhiliang , Tao Bo , Zhao Qiannan , Luo Chunyan , Tamminga Carol A , Keshavan Matcheri S , Pearlson Godfrey D , Clementz Brett A , Gershon Elliot S , Ivleva Elena I , Keedy Sarah K , Biswal Bharat B , Mechelli Andrea , Lencer Rebekka , Sweeney John A , Lui Su , Gong Qiyong 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex and heterogeneous syndrome. Whether quantitative imaging biomarkers can identify discrete subgroups of patients as might be used to foster personalized medicine approaches for patient care remains unclear. Cross-sectional structural MR images of 163 never-treated first-episode schizophrenia patients (FES) and 133 chronically ill patients with midcourse schizophrenia from the Bipolar and Schizophrenia Network for Intermediate Phenotypes (B-SNIP) consortium and a total of 403 healthy controls were recruited. Morphometric measures (cortical thickness, surface area, and subcortical structures) were extracted for each subject and then the optimized subtyping results were obtained with nonsupervised cluster analysis. Three subgroups of patients defined by distinct patterns of regional cortical and subcortical morphometric features were identified in FES. A similar three subgroup pattern was identified in the independent dataset of patients from the multi-site B-SNIP consortium. Similarities of classification patterns across these two patient cohorts suggest that the 3-group typology is relatively stable over the course of illness. Cognitive functions were worse in subgroup 1 with midcourse schizophrenia than those in subgroup 3. These findings provide novel insight into distinct subgroups of patients with schizophrenia based on structural brain features. Findings of different cognitive functions among the subgroups support clinical differences in the MRI-defined illness subtypes. Regardless of clinical presentation and stage of illness, anatomic MR subgrouping biomarkers can separate neurobiologically distinct subgroups of schizophrenia patients, which represent an important and meaningful step forward in differentiating subtypes of patients for studies of illness neurobiology and potentially for clinical trials.