bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diabetic polyneuropathy and carpal tunnel syndrome together affect hand strength, tactile sensation and dexterity in diabetes patients
Authors: Zhang Yan , Liu Xinhua , Jia Jie , Zhang Qi , Lin Yifang , Zhang Li , Lu Qi , Lv Haidong , Zheng Xianzhao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAims/IntroductionCarpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) and diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) can occur together, and this concomitance is thought to be higher in diabetes patients. We aimed to examine and compare hand function in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients without CTS and DPN (CTS−DPN−), patients with CTS without DPN (CTS+DPN−), patients with DPN without CTS (CTS−DPN+), and patients with CTS and DPN (CTS+DPN+).Materials and MethodsA total of 161 type 2 diabetes mellitus patients underwent physical examination and electrodiagnostic tests. Grip and pinch strengths, tactile sensory thresholds were measured for each participant. Purdue pegboard test was used in evaluating the hand dexterity of the participants.ResultsOf the 161 type 2 diabetes mellitus participants, 36 (22.4%) had both CTS and DPN. CTS participants had lower grip (26.6 ± 10.6 vs 35.2 ± 14.3, P < 0.001) and pinch (6.3 ± 2.6 vs 7.5 ± 2.9, P = 0.026) strengths compared with non‐CTS participants, whereas DPN participants had elevated tactile sensory thresholds of both the second (2.8 [2.8–3.6] vs 2.4 [2.4–2.8], P < 0.001) and the fifth (2.8 [2.8–3.6] vs 2.4 [2.4–2.8], P < 0.001) fingers compared with non‐DPN participants. The CTS+DPN+ group had lower Purdue pegboard test scores than other groups. Grip (r = 0.482, 0.530, 0.467, 0.498, all P < 0.001) and pinch (r = 0.246, P = 0.003; r = 0.265, P = 0.001; r = 0.264, P = 0.001; r = 0.235, P = 0.005) strengths were positively correlated with Purdue pegboard test scores, whereas tactile sensory thresholds were negatively correlated with Purdue pegboard test scores (r = −0.447 to −0.359, all P < 0.001).ConclusionType 2 diabetes mellitus patients with both DPN and CTS had lower grip and pinch strengths and decreased tactile sensation, both of which were correlated with poorer hand dexterity.
Areal‐timeclassification and detection method for mutton parts based on single shot multi‐box detector
Authors: Zhao Shida , Hao Guangzhao , Zhang Yichi , Wang Shucai 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article proposes a real‐time classification and detection method for mutton parts based on a single shot detector (SSD). We acquired 9,000 images of various parts of mutton in a sheep slaughtering workshop, characterized by multiple classes and multiple samples. After image preprocessing, an image dataset of the mutton parts was established for later model training. Subsequently, we introduced transfer learning to train an SSD–VGG network and obtain the optimal model. The optimal model was then applied to determine the category and position of each mutton part in the image, thus realizing the classification and detection of mutton parts. In this method, the average accuracymAPand average processing time for a single image are selected as the accuracy and speed indicators, respectively, for judging the detection performance of the model. The feature extraction network VGG is replaced with MobileNetV1 to optimize the real‐time performance of the SSD. Furthermore, we set an additional illumination dataset with two brightness levels “bright” and “dark” to verify the generalization ability of the optimized model. Finally, four common object detection algorithms, namely YoloV3–MobileNetV1, YoloV3–DarkNet53, Fast‐RCNN, and Cascade‐RCNN, are introduced to perform comparative experiments on mutton image datasets. The test results prove that the SSD–MobileNetV1 exhibits high accuracy and good real‐time performance, with a certain generalization ability. It has a better comprehensive detection ability than other methods and can provide technical support for mutton processing.Practical ApplicationsCurrently, in the processing of mutton, the multiple parts of mutton are identified and sorted manually, which is time‐consuming and laborious, and there are certain hidden food safety hazards. A deep‐learning‐based object detection method can solve the above problems effectively. Therefore, this study uses SSD to perform an accurate real‐time recognition of the multiple parts of mutton from its images and provide a visual guidance for mutton sorting robots. It can also aid further research in the slaughtering and processing of other meat.
Modified single‐hair follicular unit grafting to esthetically restore eyelashes in Asians
Authors: Tang Songjia , Wu Xiaoxin , Liu Peihua , Li Jinsheng , Han Chunmao , Zhang Jufang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundEyelashes play an important role in the perception of beauty and protection of eyeballs. The outcome of eyelash restoration varies and mainly depends on the surgeon's technique and no standard procedure exists.AimsTo evaluate the effect of modified single‐hair follicular unit grafting to esthetically restore eyelashes and provide a potential alternative of standard procedure.Patients and MethodsA total of 34 patients with sparse or partially absent eyelashes who underwent modified procedure were included. Single‐hair grafts were harvested from the donor site (post‐auricular, nape, frontal hairline area). Grafts were transplanted with 23 gauge needle and fine forceps in the modified procedure. The patients were followed for a mean of 12 months after surgery.ResultsAll patients were satisfied with the result 12 months after the surgery. An average of 46.5 grafts (34‐68) were transplanted in each upper eyelid. The mean graft survival rate after 1 year was 87.2% (84%‐92%). Of the 34 patients, three patients received a second session to achieve a denser appearance. No significant complication as trichiasis, infection, scarring, or eyeball injury occurred.ConclusionThis modified single‐hair follicular unit grafting is a good alternative for esthetic eyelash restoration with good cosmetic results, relative easy maintenance, lack of complications, and long‐term patient satisfaction.
Does the intergenerational transmission of crime depend on family complexity?
Authors: Anker Anne Sofie Tegner , Andersen Lars H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study examines whether the intergenerational transmission of crime depends on family complexity.BackgroundResearch has found a substantial intergenerational transmission of crime. But the focus on biological parents in such research tends to not fully align with current demographic trends—which emphasize increasing family complexity (in the form of family instability and prevalence of stepparent‐families)—nor with theories which predict why we should observe such transmissions.MethodWe use Danish administrative data on children born in 1985–1995 and linear probability models to estimate whether the association between paternal conviction and offspring conviction risk varies between children living in intact families with both biological parents at age 15 and children living in alternative family constellations, defined by instability and presence of a stepfather in the family. We furthermore examine whether a stepfather's conviction predicts children's conviction risk.ResultsThe influence of paternal conviction—net of differences in demographics and parental socioeconomic status—was significantly diminished only in family constellations where a stepfather was present and mostly so in families with high degree of stability. But having a convicted stepfather was associated with a higher conviction risk.ConclusionThe findings have important implications for theories of the intergenerational transmission of crime as they underline that biological family ties do not lock in children's future crime risks.
Miocene Ethiopian amber: A new source of fossil cryptogams
Authors: Bouju Valentine , Feldberg Kathrin , Kaasalainen Ulla , Schäfer‐Verwimp Alfons , Hedenäs Lars , Buck William R. , Wang Bo , Perrichot Vincent , Schmidt Alexander R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAmber is renowned for the exceptional preservation state of its inclusions, allowing detailed morphological analysis and providing relevant environmental, palaeoecological, geographical, and geological information. Amber deposits are predominantly known from North America, Europe, and Asia, and are considered to be rare on the continents that formed Gondwana. The recent discovery of fossiliferous amber deposits in Ethiopia, therefore, provides an inimitable opportunity to close gaps in the fossil record of African terrestrial biota and to study organisms which are otherwise rare in the fossil record. Here we show that diverse cryptogams are preserved in highest fidelity in Miocene Ethiopian amber. We describe gametophyte fragments of four liverworts:Thysananthus aethiopicussp. nov. (Porellales, Lejeuneaceae),Lejeunea abyssinicoidessp. nov. (Porellales, Lejeuneaceae),Frullania shewanensissp. nov. (Porellales, Frullaniaceae), andFrullania palaeoafricanasp. nov. (Porellales, Frullaniaceae). Furthermore, we describe a pleurocarpous moss of the extant genusIsopterygium(Hypnales, Pylaisiadelphaceae) and a lichen representing the order Lecanorales. These new specimens represent the first amber fossils of liverworts, mosses, and lichens from the African continent and render Ethiopian amber as one of the few worldwide amber deposits preserving bryophytes (mosses and liverworts) or lichens. Fossil species ofThysananthuswere recorded in Eocene Baltic and Oligocene Bitterfeld as well as Miocene Dominican and probably also Miocene Mexican ambers. Fossils that can unequivocally be assigned toLejeuneahave only been found in Dominican amber so far. Neotropical ambers contain only one taxon ofFrullaniato date, while the genus is most diverse in Baltic, Bitterfeld, and Rovno ambers, formed in temperate regions. The new fossils support a tropical to subtropical origin of Ethiopian amber. The new African liverwort fossils are included in an updated list of leafy liverworts described from worldwide Cenozoic ambers to date.
Updates on epicardial adipose tissue mechanisms on atrial fibrillation
Authors: Couselo‐Seijas Marinela , Rodríguez‐Mañero Moisés , González‐Juanatey José R. , Eiras Sonia 
Published: May 2021

SummaryObesity is a well‐known risk factor for atrial fibrillation (AF). Local epi‐myocardial or intra‐myocardial adiposity caused by aging, obesity, or cardiovascular disease (CVD) is considered to be a better predictor of the risk of AF than general adiposity. Some of the described mechanisms suggest that epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) participates in structural remodeling owing to its endocrine activity or its infiltration between cardiomyocytes. Epicardial fat also wraps up the ganglionated plexi that reach the myocardium. Although the increment of volume/thickness and activity of EAT might modify autonomic activity, autonomic system dysfunction might also change the endocrine activity of epicardial fat in a feedback response. As a result, new preventive therapeutic strategies are focused on reducing adiposity and weight loss before AF ablation or inhibiting autonomic neurotransmitter secretion on fat pads during open‐heart surgery to reduce the recurrence or postoperative risk of AF. In this manuscript, we review some of the novel findings regarding the pathophysiology and associated risk factors of AF, with special emphasis on the role of EAT in the electrical, structural, and molecular mechanisms of AF initiation and maintenance. In addition, we have included a brief note provided on epicardial fat preclinical models that could be useful for identifying new therapeutic targets.
Impact of nutritional status on prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy in children undergoing liver transplant
Authors: Nelson James A. , Mortensen Melissa J. , Horslen Simon , Bhat Aarti H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveWe sought to (1) determine the prevalence of cardiac changes in patients with ESLD awaiting OLT (2) determine relationship between nutritional indices and cardiac changes.MethodsRetrospective review of transthoracic ECHO, clinical and nutritional information of pediatric patients evaluated for OLT. ECHO was analyzed for LVH, defined as LVMI > 95 g/m2.7 and/or RWT > 0.42. These findings were correlated with age, ESLD etiology, growth and nutritional parameters as well as pre‐ and post‐OLT.ResultsSixty‐five patients were included, all had normal left ventricular systolic function. Nine patients (14%) had LVMI > 95 g/m2.7, five patients (8%) had RWT > 0.42, none met both criteria. None had thickened interventricular septal wall. Fourteen patients (20%) had significant left ventricular dilation. Nutritional deprivation was modestly present—weight under third percentile in 22%, length under third percentile in 24%, and both weight and length under third percentile in 17%. There were 12 patients (17%) with MUAC below two standard deviations for age; of these one had an elevated LVMI and another had an RWT > 0.42.ConclusionsIn this contemporary cross‐sectional evaluation, a smaller proportion of patients with ESLD had LVH in contrast to prior studies. Despite a comparable disease burden, our cohort had better nutritional status. Though there was a trend between nutritional and LVH indices, this correlation may be better assessed prospectively in a larger cohort.
Multisensory signals inhibit pupillary light reflex: Evidence from pupil oscillation
Authors: Yuan Xiangyong , Cheng Yuhui , Jiang Yi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMultisensory integration, which enhances stimulus saliency at the early stage of the processing hierarchy, has been recently shown to produce a larger pupil size than its unisensory constituents. Theoretically, any modulation on pupil size ought to be associated with the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways that are sensitive to light. But it remains poorly understood how the pupillary light reflex is changed in a multisensory context. The present study evoked an oscillation of the pupillary light reflex by periodically changing the luminance of a visual stimulus at 1.25 Hz. It was found that such induced pupil size oscillation was substantially attenuated when the bright but not the dark phase of the visual flicker was periodically and synchronously presented with a burst of tones. This inhibition effect persisted when the visual flicker was task‐irrelevant and out of attentional focus, but disappeared when the visual flicker was moved from the central field to the periphery. These findings not only offer a comprehensive characterization of the multisensory impact on pupil response to light, but also provide valuable clues about the individual contributions of the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways to multisensory modulation of pupil size.
Is body weight better distributed among men than among women? A robust normative analysis for France, the UK, and the US*
Authors: Bennia Fatiha , Gravel Nicolas , Magdalou Brice , Moyes Patrick 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe compare distributions of body mass index (BMI) categories among genders in France, the United States, and the United Kingdom on the basis of efficiency and inequality considerations. The new normative criteria that we propose are well suited to the ordinal nature of this variable. Our empirical results, which are supported by robust statistical inference, are twofold. First, BMI categories for the two genders are better distributed in France than in the UK, and in the UK than in the US. Second, BMI categories happen to be more equally distributed among men than among women in all three countries.
Understanding gateway to medicine programmes
Authors: Dueñas Angelique N. , Tiffin Paul A. , Finn Gabrielle M. 
Published: May 2021

SUMMARYBackgroundSupporting underrepresented groups in pursuing, applying and matriculating into medical education is a key issue in the field. In the United Kingdom, Gateway to Medicine programmes were created as a specific form of entry to medical education, to support diversification goals. Whilst well‐established, how these programmes are broadly designed and implemented, and how their functioning links to conceptual views of diversity, is not well described in the literature.MethodsThis article explores relevant diversity‐related literature, including a specific review of all Gateway programmes.FindingsKey facets of diversity‐related work in medicine, including the distinction between ‘widening participation’ and ‘widening access’ are discussed. These distinctions frame the presentation of Gateway years; their selection process, structure and function are described. The purpose of these years is then discussed, with the lens of different discourses around diversity in medicine, to provide theoretical and practical considerations. Recommendations for how faculty can better explore diversity‐related issues are also provided.ConclusionGateway programmes may be effective, to some extent, in widening access to medical education, but require considerable resourcing to operate. Though heterogenous in nature, these programmes share common elements. However, discourses around the goals and purpose of this diversification vary based on individuals and institutions. These varied perspectives, as well as the societal and historical implications of diversity‐related work, are important for all clinical educators to understand with depth, and address directly, in order to reduce inequalities both within medical education and society at large.
Screening for new red blood cell alloantibodies after transfusion in patients with sickle cell disease
Authors: Rankin Alexander , Darbari Deepika , Campbell Andrew , Webb Jennifer , Mo Yunchuan Delores , Jacquot Cyril , Delaney Meghan , Luban Naomi L. C. , Nickel Robert Sheppard 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundPatients with sickle cell disease (SCD) are frequent recipients of red blood cell (RBC) transfusions and are at risk for RBC alloimmunization. RBC alloimmunization is diagnosed by identifying RBC alloantibodies as part of pre‐transfusion testing, but this testing fails to detect alloantibodies that have evanesced. It may be beneficial to screen for new RBC alloantibody development after transfusion before possible antibody evanescence.Study Design and MethodsOur institution started a new initiative for episodically transfused patients with SCD to obtain at least one antibody screen 2–6 months after transfusion as part of their clinical care. A database was created to prospectively track all transfused patients for 1 year and their post‐transfusion antibody screen results. Patients received prophylactically CEK‐matched RBC units.ResultsDuring the study year, 138 patients with SCD received a total of 242 RBC transfusions. Patients with a history of an RBC alloantibody (n = 13, 9.4%) had previously received more RBC units than non alloimmunized patients (median 11 vs. 2 RBC units, p = .0002). A total of 337 post‐transfusion antibody screens were obtained in 127 patients (92.0%) with 110 patients (79.7%) having at least one antibody screen 2–6 months post‐transfusion. With this prospective testing, two new RBC alloantibodies (anti‐C and ‐M) were identified in two patients.ConclusionIt is feasible to test for new RBC alloantibody development in most episodically transfused patients with SCD as part of their routine care. The yield of this screening appears low with CEK matching, but it could still provide important information for individual patients.
Analysis of Radial Roller Bearing Rating Life in Complex Loading Conditions
Authors: Ivannikov Vladimir , Leontiev Mikhail , Degtyarev Sergey , Popov Valeriy 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An approach for accurate life analysis of radial roller bearings in complex loading conditions is presented. It employs ISO 16281 and accounts not only for external radial loads applied to the inner ring but also for (i) internal bearing clearance, (ii) flexibility of the bearing rings, (iii) rings out-of-roundness, (iv) inertia effects, (v) rolling elements profile, and (vi) rings misalignment. In the last decades, these factors have been becoming more and more important for modern high-performance jet engines, whose shafts are commonly hollow and the housing and the rings thicknesses may be of comparable magnitudes. To obtain the distribution of internal contact forces, an advanced static model of a bearing with deformable, potentially misaligned, rings is developed. The bending deformations of the rings are reproduced superimposing deformed shapes from each of the arising internal contact force applied individually. Bearing rollers are allowed to have non-cylindrical profile, and its geometry is approximated by means of slices each having constant diameter. A robust numerical scheme for solving the resultant set of equations with the aid of the barrier functions method is constructed. To increase even further the accuracy of rating life analysis, distributions of the contact stresses between the roller and the ring surfaces, obtained by solving numerically the problem of non-Hertzian interaction, are added to computations. A numerical benchmark test is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the developed approach. It shows how the aforementioned factors influence the bearing contact forces and its rating life.
Exploring Machine Learning Models Based on Accelerometer Sensor Alone or Combined With Gyroscope to Classify Home-Based Exercises and Physical Behavior in (Pre)sarcopenic Older Adults
Authors: Dedeyne Lenore , Wullems Jorgen A. , Dupont Jolan , Tournoy Jos , Gielen Evelien , Verschueren Sabine 
Published: May 2021

Tools for objective monitoring of home-based training and physical behavior (PB) in (pre)sarcopenic older adults are needed. The present study explored two approaches with machine learning models, including accelerometer data either with or without additional gyroscope data (in an inertial measurement unit). Twenty-five community-dwelling (pre)sarcopenic adults mean 80.7 [5.5] years) performed the Otago exercise protocol (OEP) and PB modules (e.g., sitting or walking) while wearing an inertial measurement unit on the lower back (Dynaport MoveMonitor; McRoberts, The Hague, The Netherlands). Machine learning (ML) models for classification were developed by two approaches (top-down and bottom-up approaches) and with two levels of classification: general (no wear, OEP, and PB) and detailed (all subclassifications). Classification output was compared with video recordings. For the bottom-up approach, one ML model was developed. For the top-down approach, data were first classified as no wear, OEP, or PB. Thereafter, OEP and PB were subclassified by one ML model each into subclassification. Only classification of the general classification no wear and the subclassification sitting/lying reached the acceptable performance threshold of 80%. This result was independent of the approach used. Moreover, a gyroscope did not improve performance. Despite the progress in ML techniques and monitors, objective compliance registrations remain challenging.