bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Art Criticism in the Contracted Field
Authors: Bowman Matthew 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Just over a decade-and-a-half ago, a roundtable discussion published in the pages of October worried that the periodic renewal of critical discourses had slowed to a standstill and that art criticism was faced with obsolescence. Such an obsolescence should be understood in a broadly Hegelian manner: the danger is not that art criticism would disappear from the cultural field, but that it will continue—although drained of its previous necessity. Such fears perhaps run the risk of exaggeration, yet this article shall suggest that there seems a sense in which the field of art criticism has contracted in recent years. Self-reflexivity in art and the popularization of “para-curatorial” approaches, for instance, often underpin the artwork discursively before the arrival of art criticism upon the scene. To be sure, such circumstances are viewable positively as interdisciplinary dialogical opportunities, but the negative flipside here is that art criticism’s potential contribution becomes increasingly minimized. From another angle, critics such as Isabelle Graw have contended that the economic-cultural regime of post-Fordism, with its attention on intellectual labor and knowledge production, might actually hold possibilities for the contemporary art critic—but even here, I argue, art criticism becomes contracted, albeit in the other meaning of the word.
The collapsed neonate
Authors: Lillie Jon , Tibby Shane 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Babies under one month of age in respiratory and/or cardiovascular failure can present a significant diagnostic and management challenge. This chapter describes the important initial management steps for a collapsed neonate, exploring, in particular, some uncertainties around the use of oxygen therapy when considering congenital cardiac disease in this patient group. The causes of neonatal collapse are discussed—cardiac, infective, bleeding/trauma, and metabolic/endocrine/seizures—focusing on the assessment, investigations, and specific management of each of the major diagnoses. This chapter includes a diagnostic algorithm for inherited metabolic disorders with neonatal presentation, as well as helpful hints to differentiate among the common underlying causes for neonatal collapse.
Cardiac arrest
Authors: Lautz Andrew J. , Morgan Ryan W. , Nadkarni Vinay M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
High-quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with targeted post-arrest management have resulted in dramatic improvements in survival with favourable neurological outcome from in-hospital paediatric cardiac arrest over the past two decades. High-quality CPR focuses on five key components: (1) chest compression depth of at least one-third of the anterior–posterior chest diameter; (2) chest compression rate between 100 and 120 compressions per minute; (3) limitation of interruptions in chest compressions; (4) full chest recoil between compressions; and (5) avoidance of overventilation. Quantitative capnography with a target end-tidal CO2 of at least 20 mmHg and invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring targeting a diastolic blood pressure of at least 25 mmHg in infants and 30 mmHg in children during chest compressions are promising markers of effective CPR. Post-arrest management should target normoxia, normocarbia, normotension for age, and normoglycaemia with active targeted temperature management to prevent hyperthermia and surveillance for and aggressive treatment of seizures.
Acute liver failure
Authors: Jones Andrew , Deep Akash 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The work-up and management of patients with acute liver failure in paediatric critical care are often challenging. This chapter takes the readers through definitions, grading of severity, and diagnostic work-up of acute liver failure in children. General principles underlying the management of acute liver failure, including immediate resuscitation and retrieval; organ support, including renal replacement therapy; and the management of complications, including bleeding, are discussed. In particular, this chapter focuses on neuromonitoring and neuroprotection strategies in children with hepatic encephalopathy as a complication. The role of liver transplantation in fulminant liver failure and a brief overview of complications are also discussed.
Ethical, legal, and end-of-life decision-making
Authors: Ray Samiran , Fine-Goulden Miriam R. , Brierley Joe 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAll of those working in paediatric intensive care will be faced with difficult decisions and will be looking after children at the end of their lives. Chapter 12 addresses the principles of medical ethics. It explains the assessment of ‘Gillick’ competence and obtaining consent from children, when to consider treatment limitation and involve the palliative care team, and, in some cases, where legal advice should be sought. Brainstem death is defined, and guidance is provided on how to perform brainstem death tests, including the use of ancillary tests and specific requirements for children under the age of 2 months. The chapter discusses end-of-life care in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit, including organ donation in children. The final scenario explores the role of the intensivist in resource allocation decision-making and intensive care triage.
Status epilepticus in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Wang Justin Q.Y. , Krishnan Hari 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers pertinent issues around the management of children with status epilepticus within and outside of specialist centres. A detailed overview of the work-up of a child in status epilepticus is presented. Additionally, the potential management of patients with refractory status epilepticus and super-refractory status epilepticus is evaluated. Furthermore, the chapter focuses on strategies to aid decision-making related to the practical challenges paediatric intensivists face, such as the suitability of extubating patients at the referring hospital, the decision to transfer patients to specialist centres for ongoing management, the role of neuroimaging, and about use of quantitative electroencephalogram (EEG) as a continuous neuromonitoring modality.
Safeguarding children in the Paediatric Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Jerrom Thomas D. , Ramnarayan Padmanabhan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 16 addresses the duties of medical professionals in safeguarding children. It covers the major types of child abuse and known risk factors. This chapter takes the readers through the assessment and management of a child suspected of having suffered non-accidental injury (NAI), including non-accidental brain injury. The features of specific subtypes of NAI are discussed, including ‘shaken baby syndrome’, spinal trauma, abdominal injuries, sexual abuse, and fabricated or induced illness. This chapter recommends a helpful list of investigations for suspected NAI. In addition, this chapter also addresses issues such as documentation, report-writing, and the role of the medic in court.
Obstetrics
Authors: Goumalatsou Charlotte 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter in the Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties describes the obstetrics specialty, including antenatal care and screening. Medical conditions in pregnancy are investigated, including hyperemesis gravidarum, sickle-cell disease, cardiac disease, psychiatry, epilepsy, anaemia, HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), diabetes mellitus, thyroid disease, jaundice, malaria, renal disease, respiratory disease, connective tissue disease, hypertension, thromboprophylaxis, thrombophilia, and venous thromboembolism. Antenatal problems are explored, leading on to a discussion of labour and delivery, postnatal care, and obstetric emergencies.
Rapid sorting of radio galaxy morphology using Haralick features
Authors: Ntwaetsile Kushatha , Geach James E 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We demonstrate the use of Haralick features for the automated classification of radio galaxies. The set of thirteen Haralick features represent an extremely compact non-parametric representation of image texture, and are calculated directly from imagery using the Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM). The GLCM is an encoding of the relationship between the intensity of neighbouring pixels in an image. Using 10 000 sources detected in the first data release of the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS), we demonstrate that Haralick features are highly efficient, rotationally invariant descriptors of radio galaxy morphology. After calculating Haralick features for LoTSS sources, we employ the fast density-based hierarchical clustering algorithm hdbscan to group radio sources into a sequence of morphological classes, illustrating a simple methodology to classify and label new, unseen galaxies in large samples. By adopting a ‘soft’ clustering approach, we can assign each galaxy a probability of belonging to a given cluster, allowing for more flexibility in the selection of galaxies according to combinations of morphological characteristics and for easily identifying outliers: those objects with a low probability of belonging to any cluster in the Haralick space. Although our demonstration focuses on radio galaxies, Haralick features can be calculated for any image, making this approach also relevant to large optical imaging galaxy surveys.
Brassica carinata genome characterization clarifies U’s triangle model of evolution and polyploidy in Brassica
Authors: Song Xiaoming , Wei Yanping , Xiao Dong , Gong Ke , Sun Pengchuan , Ren Yiming , Yuan Jiaqing , Wu Tong , Yang Qihang , Li Xinyu , Nie Fulei , Li Nan , Feng Shuyan , Pei Qiaoying , Yu Tong , Zhang Changwei , Liu Tongkun , Wang Xiyin , Yang Jinghua 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata) in the Brassicaceae family possesses many excellent agronomic traits. Here, the high-quality genome sequence of B. carinata is reported. Characterization revealed a genome anchored to 17 chromosomes with a total length of 1.087 Gb and an N50 scaffold length of 60 Mb. Repetitive sequences account for approximately 634 Mb or 58.34% of the B. carinata genome. Notably, 51.91% of 97,149 genes are confined to the terminal 20% of chromosomes as a result of the expansion of repeats in pericentromeric regions. Brassica carinata shares one whole-genome triplication event with the five other species in U’s triangle, a classic model of evolution and polyploidy in Brassica. Brassica carinata was deduced to have formed ∼0.047 Mya, which is slightly earlier than B. napus but later than B. juncea. Our analysis indicated that the relationship between the two subgenomes (BcaB and BcaC) is greater than that between other two tetraploid subgenomes (BjuB and BnaC) and their respective diploid parents. RNA-seq datasets and comparative genomic analysis were used to identify several key genes in pathways regulating disease resistance and glucosinolate metabolism. Further analyses revealed that genome triplication and tandem duplication played important roles in the expansion of those genes in Brassica species. With the genome sequencing of B. carinata completed, the genomes of all six Brassica species in U’s triangle are now resolved. The data obtained from genome sequencing, transcriptome analysis, and comparative genomic efforts in this study provide valuable insights into the genome evolution of the six Brassica species in U’s triangle.
Efficacy and Safety of Phenobarbitone as First-Line Treatment for Neonatal Seizure: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Kumar Jogender , Meena Jitendra , Yadav Jaivinder , Saini Lokesh 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackground and objectivePhenobarbitone is used as a first-line drug for neonatal seizures. However, its poor short- and long-term safety profile is concerning. We aim to systematically synthesize the data on the efficacy and safety of phenobarbitone as a first-line agent and compare it against other anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) in neonates.MethodsUsing keywords related to the study population (neonatal seizure) and intervention (phenobarbitone), we searched CENTRAL, Embase, PubMed and Web of Science until 15 December 2020. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing phenobarbitone with any other AED as first-line therapy for seizure control in the neonates were considered eligible. The random-effect meta-analysis was done using RevMan 5.3 software.ResultsWe screened through 443 records and identified nine eligible studies (719 participants). Five RCTs comparing phenobarbitone with levetiracetam did not find any difference in seizure control with the first dose [risk ratio (RR) 1.43, 95% CI 0.79–2.57] or adverse effects (RR 4.66; 95% CI 0.33–65.83). Two trials comparing phenobarbitone and phenytoin also did not find any difference in seizure control with the first dose (RR 2.09; 95% CI 0.31–14.03) and other outcomes. Only one RCT compared phenobarbitone and lorazepam and found lorazepam to be more efficacious in seizure control with the first dose (RR 0.71; 95% CI 0.53–0.94). Three trials compared neurodevelopmental outcomes, in which levetiracetam was better in two, whereas one did not find any difference.ConclusionPhenobarbitone is at least as efficacious and safe as other drugs like phenytoin and levetiracetam. The data over the long-term neurodevelopmental outcome are lacking. The existing evidence is insufficient to recommend other drugs over phenobarbitone.
Birhan Maternal and Child Health cohort: a study protocol
Authors: Chan Grace J. , Hunegnaw Bezawit Mesfin , Van Wickle Kimiko , Mohammed Yahya , Hunegnaw Mesfin , Goddard Frederick G. B. , Tadesse Fisseha , Bekele Delayehu 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionReliable estimates on maternal and child morbidity and mortality are essential for health programs and policies. Data are needed in populations which have the highest burden of disease but also have the least evidence and research, to design and evaluate health interventions to prevent illnesses and deaths that occur worldwide each year.Methods and analysisThe Birhan Maternal and Child Health (MCH) cohort is an open prospective pregnancy and birth cohort nested within the Birhan health and demographic surveillance system (HDSS). An estimated 2500 pregnant women are enrolled each year and followed through pregnancy, birth, and the postpartum period. Newborns are followed through two years of life to assess growth and development. Baseline medical data, signs and symptoms, laboratory test results, anthropometrics, and pregnancy and birth outcomes (stillbirth, preterm birth, low birthweight) are collected from both home and health facility visits. We will calculate the period prevalence and incidence of primary morbidity and mortality outcomes.Ethics and DisseminationThe cohort has received ethical approval. Findings will be disseminated at scientific conferences, peer-reviewed journals, and to relevant stakeholders including the ministry of health.Strengths and limitations of this studyThis cohort collects longitudinal data at multiple time points from pregnancy through birth and childhood in a setting where there are limited data.Data from this study provide estimates for birth outcomes such as stillbirths, preterm birth, and low birth weight.Results will inform risk profiles for maternal, neonatal, and child morbidity and mortality.Similar to all observational studies, there are potential confounders that are unmeasurable.Evidence from this study will support policies and programs to improve maternal and child health.
Impact of the Clinical Trials Act on noncommercial clinical research in Japan: An interrupted time-series analysis
Authors: Tsutsumi Ikuyo , Tsutsumi Yusuke , Yoshida Chikashi , Komeno Takuya , Imanaka Yuichi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe number of new noncommercial clinical studies conducted in Japan declined within the first year of the implementation of the Clinical Trials Act (CTA) on April 1, 2018. This study aimed to examine the impact of the CTA’s enforcement on the number of new noncommercial clinical studies registered in the Japanese Clinical Trial Registry.MethodsAn interrupted time-series design was used in the analysis, which was conducted for the period of April 2015 to March 2019. We collected data for trials registered in the Clinical Trial Registry, managed by the University Hospital Medical Information Network.ResultsIn total, 35,811 studies were registered in the registry; of these, 16,455 fulfilled the eligibility criteria. The difference in the trend of monthly number of new trials after CTA enforcement decreased significantly by 15.0 trials (95% CI, −18.7 to −11.3), and the level decreased by 40.8 (95% CI, −68.2 to −13.3) from the pre-enforcement to the post-enforcement period. Multigroup analyses indicated that the act exerted a significant effect on the trend of new clinical trials, particularly those with smaller sample sizes, interventional study designs, and nonprofit funding sponsors.ConclusionsThe number of Japanese noncommercial clinical studies declined significantly following implementation of the CTA. It is necessary to establish a system to promote clinical studies in Japan while ensuring transparency and safety.
Updated SARS-CoV-2 Single Nucleotide Variants and Mortality Association
Authors: Fang Shuyi , Liu Sheng , Shen Jikui , Lu Alex Z , Zhang Yucheng , Li Kailing , Liu Juli , Yang Lei , Hu Chang-Deng , Wan Jun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSince its outbreak in December 2019, COVID-19 has caused 100,5844,555 cases and 2,167,313 deaths as of Jan 27, 2021. Comparing our previous study of SARS-CoV-2 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) before June 2020, we found out that the SNV clustering had changed considerably since June 2020. Apart from that the group SNVs represented by two non-synonymous mutations A23403G (S: D614G) and C14408T (ORF1ab: P4715L) became dominant and carried by over 95% genomes, a few emerging groups of SNVs were recognized with sharply increased monthly occurrence ratios up to 70% in November 2020. Further investigation revealed that several SNVs were strongly associated with the mortality, but they presented distinct distribution in specific countries, e.g., Brazil, USA, Saudi Arabia, India, and Italy. SNVs including G25088T, T25A, G29861T and G29864A were adopted in a regularized logistic regression model to predict the mortality status in Brazil with the AUC of 0.84. Protein structure analysis showed that the emerging subgroups of non-synonymous SNVs and those mortality-related ones in Brazil were located on protein surface area. The clashes in protein structure introduced by these mutations might in turn affect virus pathogenesis through conformation changes, leading to the difference in transmission and virulence. Particularly, we found that SNVs tended to occur in intrinsic disordered regions (IDRs) of Spike (S) and ORF1ab, suggesting a critical role of SNVs in protein IDRs to determine protein folding and immune evasion.
Innate visual attraction in wood ants is a hardwired behavior seen across different motivational and ecological contexts
Authors: Buehlmann Cornelia , Graham Paul 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTAnts are expert navigators combining innate and learnt navigational strategies. Whereas we know that the ants’ feeding state segregates visual navigational memories in ants navigating along a learnt route, it is an open question if the motivational state also affects the ants’ innate visual preferences. Wood ant foragers show an innate attraction to conspicuous visual cues. These foragers inhabit cluttered woodland habitat and feed on honeydew from aphids on trees, hence, the attraction to ‘tree-like’ objects might be an ecologically relevant behavior that is tailored to the wood ants’ foraging ecology. Foragers from other ant species with different foraging ecologies show very different innate attractions. We investigated here the innate visual response of wood ant foragers with different motivational states, i.e., unfed or fed, as well as males that show no foraging activity. Our results show that ants from all three groups orient towards a prominent visual cue, i.e., this intrinsic visuomotor response is not context dependent, but a hardwired behavior seen across different motivational and ecological contexts.
Architecture and evolution of subtelomeres in the unicellular green algaChlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Chaux-Jukic Frédéric , O’Donnell Samuel , Craig Rory J. , Eberhard Stephan , Vallon Olivier , Xu Zhou 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn most eukaryotes, subtelomeres are dynamic genomic regions populated by multi-copy sequences of different origins, which can promote segmental duplications and chromosomal rearrangements. However, their repetitive nature has complicated the efforts to sequence them, analyze their structure and infer how they evolved. Here, we use recent and forthcoming genome assemblies ofChlamydomonas reinhardtiibased on long-read sequencing to comprehensively describe the subtelomere architecture of the 17 chromosomes of this model unicellular green alga. We identify three main repeated elements present at subtelomeres, which we callSultan,SubtileandSuber, alongside three chromosome extremities with ribosomal DNA as the only identified component of their subtelomeres. The most common architecture, present in 27 out of 34 subtelomeres, is an array of 1 to 46 tandem copies ofSultanelements adjacent to the telomere and followed by a transcribed centromere-proximalSpacersequence, a G-rich microsatellite and a region rich in transposable elements. Sequence similarity analyses suggest thatSultanelements underwent segmental duplications within each subtelomere and rearranged between subtelomeres at a much lower frequency. Comparison of genomic sequences of three laboratory strains and a wild isolate ofC. reinhardtiishows that the overall subtelomeric architecture was already present in their last common ancestor, although subtelomeric rearrangements are on-going at the species level. Analysis of other green algae reveals the presence of species-specific repeated elements, highly conserved across subtelomeres and unrelated to theSultanelement, but with a subtelomere structure similar toC. reinhardtii. Overall, our work uncovers the complexity and evolution of subtelomere architecture in green algae.