bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consistency of supersymmetric ’t Hooft anomalies
Authors: Bzowski Adam , Festuccia Guido , Procházka Vladimír 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe consider recent claims that supersymmetry is anomalous in the presence of aR-symmetry anomaly. We revisit arguments that such an anomaly in supersymmetry can be removed and write down an explicit counterterm that accomplishes it. Removal of the supersymmetry anomaly requires enlarging the corresponding current multiplet. As a consequence the Ward identities for other symmetries that are already anomalous acquire extra terms. This procedure can only be impeded when the choice of current multiplet is forced. We show how Wess-Zumino consistency conditions are modified when the anomaly is removed. Finally we check that the modified Wess-Zumino consistency conditions are satisfied, and supersymmetry unbroken, in an explicit one loop computation using Pauli-Villars regulators. To this end we comment on how to use Pauli-Villars to regulate correlators of components of (super)current multiplets in a manifestly supersymmetric way.
The fourth moment of derivatives of Dirichlet L-functions in function fields
Authors: Andrade Julio Cesar , Yiasemides Michael 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe obtain the asymptotic main term of moments of arbitrary derivatives of L-functions in the function field setting. Specifically, we obtain the first, second, and mixed fourth moments. The average is taken over all non-trivial characters of a prime modulus $$Q \in {\mathbb {F}}_q [T]$$

Q
∈

F
q

[
T
]

, and the asymptotic limit is as $${{\,\mathrm{deg}\,}}Q \longrightarrow \infty $$

deg

Q
⟶
∞

. This extends the work of Tamam who obtained the asymptotic main term of low moments of L-functions, without derivatives, in the function field setting. It is also the function field q-analogue of the work of Conrey, who obtained the fourth moment of derivatives of the Riemann zeta-function.
Assessment of Delays in Emergency Surgical Care and Patient Postoperative Outcomes at a Referral Hospital in Northern Rwanda
Authors: Agasaro Orietta , Munezero Georgette , Wong Rex , Hirwa Aimé , Bekele Abebe 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundSurgical interventions are cost‐effective methods to save lives and prevent disabilities. Surgical delays and access to three Bellwether procedures are key monitoring indicators for universal access to safe and affordable surgical and anesthesia care and health system performance. This study assessed the delays in receiving surgical and anesthesia care for emergency surgical patients at a district hospital in Northern Rwanda.MethodsA questionnaire was used to survey all emergency surgical patients who presented at the hospital between May and July 2020, to assess the delays in seeking (first) and reaching (second) care. In‐hospital (third) delay and patient outcomes within the first 7 days postsurgery were collected by patient file auditing. Factors associated with third delay were identified through healthcare provider in‐depth interviews.ResultsA total of 106 patients were surveyed, and nine healthcare providers were interviewed. The median was less than a day for first delay, 1 day for second delay, and 16.5 h for third delay for all emergency procedures. 20% of the Bellwether procedures were performed within two hours after arriving at the hospital. Factors affecting the delays included visiting a traditional healer, district of residence, referral system, income status, as well as shortage of surgeons and specialists, surgical supplies, and operating theaters.ConclusionFurther research to study the cause of delays within the referral system is needed. Surgical outreach, equipment, and infrastructure would help to shorten in‐hospital delays. Longer‐term follow‐up studies on patient complications and outcomes due to delay in surgical care are needed.
Pregnancy-associated breast cancer: nationwide Dutch study confirms a discriminatory aggressive histopathologic profile
Authors: Suelmann B. B. M. , van Dooijeweert C. , van der Wall E. , Linn S. , van Diest P. J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Breast cancer is the most common type of malignancy in pregnant women, occurring approximately once in every 3000 pregnancies. Pregnancy-associated breast cancer (PABC) is commonly defined as breast cancer diagnosed during or within one year after pregnancy, and it accounts for up to 6.9% of all breast cancers in women younger than 45 years old. Whether these cancers arise before or during pregnancy, and whether they are stimulated by the high hormonal environment of pregnancy, is currently unknown. This study assesses the histopathological profile of PABC in a large Dutch population-based cohort.

Methods
We identified 744 patients with PABC (in this cohort defined as breast cancer diagnosed during or within 6 months after pregnancy) diagnosed between 1988 and 2019, in the nationwide Dutch Pathology Registry (PALGA). An age-matched PALGA cohort of unselected breast cancer patients (≤ 45 years), diagnosed between 2013 and 2016, was used as a control. Histopathologic features of both cohorts were compared.

Results
The median age of PABC patients was 34.3 years old (range 19–45 years) and most breast cancers were diagnosed during pregnancy (74.2%). As compared to age-matched controls, PABC patients had tumors of higher Bloom–Richardson grade (grade I: 1.5% vs. 12.4%, grade II: 16.9% vs. 31.3%, grade III: 80.3% vs. 39.5%, p < 0.0001). Furthermore, estrogen (ER)- and progesterone (PR)-receptor expression was less frequently reported positive (ER: 38.9% vs. 68.2% and PR: 33.9% vs. 59.0%, p < 0.0001), while a higher percentage of PABC tumors overexpressed HER2 (20.0% vs. 10.0%, p < 0.0001). The most observed intrinsic subtype in PABC was triple-negative breast cancer (38.3% vs. 22.0%, p < 0.0001), whereas hormone-driven cancers were significantly less diagnosed (37.9% vs. 67.3%, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion
This study, based on a large population-based cohort of 744 PABC Dutch patients, underlines the more aggressive histopathologic profile compared to age-matched breast cancer patients ≤ 45 years. Further in-depth genetic analysis will be performed to unravel the origin of this discriminating phenotype. It definitely calls for timely detection and optimal treatment of this small but delicate subgroup of breast cancer patients.
Family Size and Children’s Education: Evidence from the One-Child Policy in China
Authors: Huang Yue 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEvidence on a causal link between family size and children’s education is still inconclusive. Recent empirical studies have focused heavily on China, exploiting for identification the country’s One-Child Policy (OCP) as an exogenous source of variation in the number of offspring. This literature, however, suffers from measurement error in the key policy variable (individual OCP coverage) and the use of inadequate measures of child quality outcomes (educational attainment). Using a novel and more accurate taxonomy of provincial OCP regulations and studying exclusively post-compulsory schooling outcomes of children that are subject to parental discretion, we find evidence for a sizeable child quantity–quality trade-off in China. Various robustness checks corroborate this conclusion.
A pragmatic approach to the ontology of models
Authors: Antoniou Antonis 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWhat are scientific models? Philosophers of science have been trying to answer this question during the last three decades by putting forward a number of different proposals. Some say that models are best understood as abstract Platonic objects or fictional entities akin to Sherlock Holmes, while others focus on their mathematical nature and see them as set theoretical structures. Although each account has its own strengths in offering various insights on the nature of models, several objections have been raised against these views which still remain unanswered, making the debate on the ontology of models seem unresolvable. The primary aim of this paper is to show that a large part of these difficulties stems from an inappropriate reading of the main question on the ontology of models as a purely metaphysical question. Building on Carnap, it is argued that the question of the ontology of scientific models is either (i) an internal theoretical question within an already accepted linguistic framework or (ii) an external practical question regarding the choice of the most appropriate form of language in order to describe and explain the practice of scientific modelling. The main implication of this view is that the question of the ontology of models becomes a means of probing other related questions regarding the overall practice of scientific modelling, such as questions on the capacity of models to provide knowledge and the relation of models with background theories.
Investigations on arc brazing for galvanized heavy steel plates in steel and shipbuilding
Authors: Andreazza Philipp , Gericke Andreas , Henkel Knuth-Michael 
Published: February 2021

AbstractArc brazing with low-melting copper-based filler materials, which has long been established and standardized in the thin sheet sector, offers numerous advantages in the processing of predominantly electrolytically galvanized steel structures. In steel and shipbuilding, on the other hand, equipment parts made of thick steel sheets are hot-dip galvanized at low cost and with good corrosion-inhibiting properties. Quality welding of such constructions is not possible without special precautions such as removing the zinc layer and subsequent recoating. With regard to greater plate thicknesses, arc brazing was analyzed in these investigations as an alternative joining method with regard to its suitability for practical use. Within the scope of the investigations, CuSi3Mn, CuMn12Ni2, and four different aluminum bronzes were examined on different sheet surface conditions with regard to the geometrical and production parameters. This was carried out by build-up and connection brazing, executed as butt and cross joints. Quasi-static tensile tests and fatigue tests were used to assess the strength behavior. In addition, metallographic analyses are carried out as well as hardness tests. The suitability for multi-layer brazing and the tendency to distortion were also investigated, as well as the behavior of arc brazed joints under corrosive conditions.
The relationship between trend and volume on the bitcoin market
Authors: Szetela Beata , Mentel Grzegorz , Bilan Yuriy , Mentel Urszula 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe aim of the paper is to verify the existence of short- and long-term relationships between the strength of a trend and the volume in bullish and bearish cryptocurrency markets. We applied the vector error correction model to bitcoin daily data from 14.01.2015 to 22.12.2019. Based on the prices and following Wilder’s algorithm, the average directional movement index was calculated, and upward and downward trend periods were determined. No long-term relationship was found to exist between the strength of a trend and the volume in both bearish and bullish markets. Hence, trends do not react to volume changes. However, a long-term relationship exists between volume and trend—but only for the downward trend—with an adjustment speed of 88%. In the short-term, a statistically significant but very weak dependency is revealed; hence, the conclusion that trend strength is insensitive to volume changes can be reached.
Liver hydatid diseases of the pregnancy: Management approaches and outcomes
Authors: Noori Ibrahim Falih 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT

Background:
Although hepatic hydatid disease is infrequent during pregnancy, it could be hazardous for both the mother and the fetus. Most cases of hydatid cysts during pregnancy are asymptomatic and discovered accidentally during prenatal care. The diagnosis of hepatic hydatid disease is easy and straightforward but the management is difficult and problematic.

Objective& method:
We present 12 pregnant patients of various gestational age discovered to have hepatic hydatid disease during antenatal period or for investigation for non-specific symptoms. Their representations, diagnosis and treatments options and outcomes were studied and assessed.

Results:
A retrospective cohort study in which 12 consecutive pregnant patients of different gestational ages diagnosed incidentally or due to non-specific symptoms to have hydatid liver diseases. The age ranges from 18 to 42 year (mean 31.5 years). The size of the cysts measured by ultrasound ranges between 3 cm and 8.5 cm (average 4.8 cm). Four asymptomatic patients were managed by expectant observation and close follow-up, tow patients were managed by anthelminthic drug (Albendazole), four symptomatic large (>5 cm) and palpable cysts underwent PAIR procedure and the last two patients were submitted to surgery in form of pericystectomy due to their acute symptomatic presentation. No mortality occurred and all neonates were healthy with no congenital anomalies.

Conclusions:
Up to now there is no consensus of the management of hydatid disease during pregnancy and each case should be individualized. Observations with close follow up, medical treatment using anthelminthic drugs such as albendazole, percutaneous aspiration and surgery are treatment options.

Highlights
Role of CTSA institutes and academic medical centers in facilitating preapproval access to investigational agents and devices during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Gravelin Misty , Wright Jeanne , Holbein M.E. Blair , Berro Marlene , Brown Jennifer S. , Mashour George A. , Weatherwax Kevin J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
With no approved treatments for COVID-19 initially available, the Food and Drug Administration utilized multiple preapproval pathways to provide access to investigational agents and/or medical devices: Expanded Access, Emergency Use Authorizations, and Clinical Trials. Regulatory units within an Academic Medical Center (AMC), including those part of the Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) consortium, have provided support for clinicians in navigating these options prior to the pandemic. As such, they were positioned to be a resource for accessing therapies during the COVID-19 public health emergency.

Methods:
A small survey and a follow-on poll of the national Investigational New Drug (IND)/Investigational Device Exemption (IDE) Workgroup were conducted in October and December 2020 to determine whether CTSA regulatory units assisted in facilitating access to COVID-19 therapies and the extent of pandemic-related challenges these units faced.

Results:
Fifteen survey and 21 poll responses were received, which provided insights into the demands placed on these regulatory support units due to the pandemic and the changes required to provide critical support during this and future crises. Key changes and lessons learned included the importance of regulatory knowledge to support the institutional response, the critical need for electronic submission capacity for Food and Drug Administration (FDA) documents, and the nimble reallocation of regulatory and legal resources to support patient access to investigational agents and/or medical devices during the pandemic.

Conclusion:
AMC- and CTSA-based regulatory units played a meaningful role in the COVID-19 pandemic but further unit modifications are needed for enabling more robust regulatory support in the future.
THE EXTERMINATION OF THE ANCIENT RUSSIAN CITY OF YAROSLAVL AT THE BEGINNING OF THE 13TH CENTURY: THE LONG JOURNEY TO EXACT DATING
Authors: Engovatova Asya V , Cherkinsky Alexander , Zaiseva Ganna I 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTThis paper raises methodological issues of radiocarbon (14C) dating of historical events based on data obtained during the excavations of the Russian medieval city of Yaroslavl. The city is of special interest to our study because of the precise time of its destruction by troops of Batu Khan mentioned in chronicles—the winter of 1238. To date in Yaroslavl, researchers have discovered 9 mass burials of citizens and domestic animals buried sometime after the massacre by the Mongols. Mass burials of people alongside animals in a common grave and outside of the cemetery, in violation of Christian traditions, are not typical of medieval Russia and are a sign of a military catastrophe. To test this hypothesis, we dated a total of 65 samples representing all 9 mass burials. A Bayesian chronological model of the accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) dates narrowed the interval to the range of 1197–1280 cal AD, with the mean age of 1239 AD, consistent with the hypothesis that the studied mass burials of citizens and livestock are related to the capture of the city by the army of Batu Khan.
Democratization in the Shadow of Globalization
Authors: Gao Jacque 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this article I develop a new theory of how globalization in the form of increasing potential foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows affects democratization. As the level of potential FDI inflows increases, workers become more willing to support democratization because of the large wage benefits from liberalizing FDI under democracy, while capitalists become less willing to support democratization because of their increasing need for protection from the dictator in the form of FDI restrictions. Increased demand for protection allows dictators to extract larger share of rents from capitalists. The effect of increasing potential FDI on democratization is ambiguous because it increases both workers’ incentive to revolt and dictators’ resistance to democratization.
Effect of protein level and grain source on milk production, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in primiparous Holstein cows
Authors: Mirzaei-Alamouti H. , Mohammad A. , Vazirigohar M. , Rezamand P. , Mansouryar M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study investigated whether the interaction of protein level and grain type can affect milk production, nutrient digestibility and rumen fermentation in primiparous Holstein cows. Four dietary treatments were used: high-protein with barley as the only grain source, HP-B; (2) high-protein with an equal mix of barley and maize, HP-BM; (3) low-protein with barley as the only grain source, LP-B and (4) low-protein with equal proportions of barley and maize, LP-BM. High-protein diets showed no improvement in milk or protein yield compared with low-protein, but barley and maize mix diets increased energy-corrected milk yield and fat yield compared with barley-only diets. The highest total apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter and neutral detergent fibre was observed for LP-BM whereas HP-BM showed the greatest crude protein digestibility. Treatment had no effect on total volatile fatty acid concentrations, molar proportion of acetate and propionate and acetate to propionate ratio. The lowest ruminal pH was observed for LP-B. High-protein diets resulted in greater concentrations of ammonia nitrogen (N), urinary N, blood and milk urea nitrogen compared with low-protein diets, whereas low-protein diets showed better nitrogen utilization efficiency. This study showed that primiparous lactating cows do not benefit from high-protein diets with different fermentation rates of grain sources, but barley and maize diets may improve milk production performance, ruminal fermentation and pH under the present dietary conditions. The current results on milk production performance should be interpreted with caution due to the small number of cows used (eight in each treatment).
An unusual case of ear mould impression material as a foreign body in the middle ear: case report
Authors: Manjunath D , Vadlamani S , Gaur S K , Dutt S N 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe occurrence of retained ear mould impression material is rare and can lead to complications. The current case report describes one such complication, where the silicone impression material used to take the impression of the ear canal flowed into the middle ear through the pre-existing tympanic membrane perforation. Five days later, the patient presented with worsened hearing and blood-tinged discharge from the ear. Ear microscopy revealed a greenish foreign body in the middle ear.Case reportThe foreign body was removed by tympanotomy and the perforation repaired using a temporalis fascia graft. A hearing aid was prescribed after ensuring that the perforation had healed.ConclusionIt is essential that the audiologist perform a basic otological examination before prescribing a hearing aid and preparing an ear mould. A clinical approach algorithm for audiologists, for prior to taking an impression, is suggested.
Endoscopic laryngeal findings in patients undergoing thyroid and parathyroid surgery
Authors: Burckardt E S , Baird B J , Van Stan J H , Burns J A 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to report the pre- and post-operative laryngeal endoscopic findings in patients referred by non-otolaryngologists who are undergoing thyroid and/or parathyroid surgery, and to determine the number and nature of referrals before and after the release of the clinical practice guideline for improving voice outcomes after thyroid surgery.MethodsThis retrospective cohort study, conducted at a tertiary care academic hospital, comprised adult patients referred by the endocrine surgery service for laryngoscopy from 2007 to 2018 (n = 166). Data regarding patient demographics, reason for referral and endoscopic findings were recorded.ResultsThe number of referrals increased significantly after the release of the practice guideline. The most common indication for referral pre- and post-operatively was voice change. The most common finding during laryngoscopy was normal examination findings (pre-operatively) and unilateral vocal fold immobility (post-operatively).ConclusionPeri-operative thyroid and/or parathyroid patients have laryngoscopic findings other than vocal fold immobility. Laryngoscopy to detect structural and functional pathology is warranted.
Opsanus beta (Goode & Bean, 1880) (Acanthopterygii: Batrachoididae), a non-indigenous toadfish in Sepetiba Bay, south-eastern Brazil
Authors: Andrade-Tubino Magda F. , Salgado Fernando Luiz K. , Uehara Wagner , Utsunomia Ricardo , Araújo Francisco Gerson 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe introduction of non-native predator fish is thought to have important negative effects on native prey populations. Opsanus beta is a non-native toadfish that was originally described in the Gulf of Mexico, between the west coast of Florida and Belize. In the present study, we describe, for the first time, the occurrence of O. beta in Sepetiba Bay (22°55′S), south-eastern Brazil, probably brought into the bay through ships' ballast water. Thirteen specimens were recorded in this area near to Sepetiba Port. Similarly, three other records of this species in the Brazilian coast were also reported near to port areas at Rio de Janeiro (22°49′S), Santos (23°59′S) and Paranaguá (25°33′S) ports. To confirm the species identity, we employed DNA barcoding and compared our samples with sequences deposited on public databases, which indicated that our samples are highly similar (>99.9% of genetic similarity) to O. beta samples collected near its type locality. Several individuals were found in the capable spawning phase, according to histological analysis of the reproductive cell stages. The environmental plasticity of this species and the favourable local environmental conditions probably enabled the establishment of O. beta in this region. This raises concerns of potential high invasion impact due to this species' diet and reproductive capacity.