bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Riding the Rails as an Industrial-Organizational Psychology Master’s Professional
Authors: Shoenfelt Elizabeth L. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Most industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology master’s graduates can expect to hold a number of different jobs over the course of their career. This chapter explores the realities experienced by master’s-level I-O psychology practitioners as they encounter major transitions from being a student to being a master’s-degree holder with a first real job, and transitions from one position, role, or organization to another as their careers develop. Specifically, we examine formal and informal on-boarding and off-boarding processes for master’s-level I-O psychology practitioners. We use the metaphor of a journey by train to structure our discussion of pursuing career objectives and managing career transition challenges.
Professional Identity of Industrial-Organizational Psychology Master’s Graduates
Authors: Shoenfelt Elizabeth L. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the professional identity of master’s industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology graduates. Implications for licensure within I-O psychology are reviewed. An important distinction is made between licensing and certification/credentialing, as well as an argument that establishing an I-O psychology certification process may be a viable means to maintain professional identity/brand and to encourage consistent graduate training in the field. Graduate Survey results are presented to highlight the benefits of professional organization memberships. The majority of I-O master’s graduates were members of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) as graduate students; however, far fewer attend the SIOP annual conference regularly. Suggestions are provided for developing the professional identity of master’s I-O psychology graduates in the future.
Prostitutes, Trauma, and Biographical Hermeneutics of the Fin de Siècle
Authors: McManus Laurie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The image of the musical priest contrasts with the biographical anecdote of young impoverished Brahms playing piano in dive bars. Scholars have debated the veracity of this anecdote, while failing to interrogate the cultural and intellectual conditions that allowed it to flourish when it did, after Brahms’s death in fin-de-siècle Vienna. This chapter contextualizes the development of anecdotal variations and biographical interpretations of this life event with contemporary advances in psycho-sexual theories. In short, the earlier, romanticized narratives of a strong Brahms escaping unscathed from adversity gave way to Freudian diagnoses of trauma and psycho-sexual dysfunction which supposedly could be perceived in his music. Ultimately, this contributes to a picture of fin-de-siècle Vienna in which even Brahms, the priest of pure music, was drawn into discussions of degeneracy.
Worldview
Authors: Chollet Derek 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks closely at Eisenhower, H. W. Bush, and Obama’s leadership styles and worldviews. It asks how presidents from different backgrounds and life experiences ended up in the White House embracing a similar centrist approach to foreign policy. It explores how these leaders saw themselves, tracing how their worldview evolved. It speculates on what experiences shaped them, looking particularly at Eisenhower’s work in Panama in the 1920s, Bush’s tenure as US Ambassador to China in the 1970s, and Obama’s early childhood in Indonesia in the 1960s. It also explores some of the shared attributes of their leadership worldview, specifically pragmatism, empathy, and tragedy.
Crisis
Authors: Chollet Derek 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how Eisenhower, H. W. Bush, and Obama reacted when their foreign policy strategies were tested by crises and unexpected events. This chapter revisits Eisenhower’s aid to besieged French forces at Dien Bien Phu in Vietnam in 1954. It also discusses his handling of two crises in October 1956 over Suez and the Soviet invasion in Hungary, just days before his reelection. It examines how Bush led the United States during the critical period of 1991—with the aftermath of the first Persian Gulf War and the collapse of the Soviet Union after a failed coup in August 1991. Finally, the chapter also analyzes how Obama approached the Arab Spring, which started in 2011, specifically focusing on his response to conflicts in Libya and Syria.
Farm Income in India
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Owing to poor income from crop cultivation, increased indebtedness and widespread suicides of farmers have been reported in different parts of the country. This has forced the researchers and policymakers to study the issue of farm income in an in-depth manner, which has previously not received adequate attention till the early 2000s. Besides the issue of estimate, many myths on farm income have not been adequately addressed with reliable and temporal data. Chapter 2 attempts to unravel the myths surrounding the issue of farm income and its estimates using data from cost of cultivation survey and the Situation Assessment of Survey of farmers. By showing the pathetic levels of farm income, it also recounts the measures that are needed to increase the farm income at the end.
Farm Income
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
It is often argued that irrigated crops generate more income than rainfed or less irrigated crops. How far does this perception hold true? Utilizing the time series data on cost of cultivation, chapter 3 provides an in-depth analysis of the economics of five important crops, namely bajra, maize, gram, groundnut, and cotton grown under irrigated and rainfed/less irrigated states. Rejecting the age-old argument, this chapter shows that there is no marked difference in the profitability of cereal crops between irrigated and rainfed conditions. The chapter also underlines the reasons as to why irrigated crops were unable to generate significantly more income than those crops cultivated under rainfed condition.
Is Sugarcane Cultivation Profitable to Farmers?
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter aims to provide an empirical answer to the issue of whether the sugarcane crop is still profitable to farmers. In an unprecedented manner, the country’s most viable sugarcane crop growers recently are coming out in large numbers agitating against the poor remuneration of the crop. While the sugarcane farmers are demanding a better price for their produce, the support prices announced periodically by the government reportedly fail to take into account the ever increasing cost of farm inputs. Utilizing the cost of cultivation survey data covering six important sugarcane cultivating states, chapter 7 answers questions such as: why is an unanimous call of distress heard from sugarcane fields today? Is it a justifiable claim that sugarcane crop is no more remunerative? Do the high productive states have an edge over the low productivity states with regard to sugarcane profitability?
Crop Holiday and India’s New Food Security Worries
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Utilizing massive secondary data, chapter 9 address the issue of India’s new food security worries in the context of dwindling farm income. Given the severe agrarian crisis experienced almost over the last two decades, there are apprehensions now whether production of foodgrains can be increased to meet the projected level of demand. Not only has the area allotted for foodgrain crops been declining persistently in relation to gross cropped area, but the growth rate in production and productivity of foodgrain crops has also decelerated during the last decade. Adding to this problem, paddy cultivating farmers from Andhra Pradesh, which is an important paddy producing state, had declared a crop holiday in the past in an area of 300,000 hectares. This chapter specifically addresses the issue of why farmers suddenly declare crop holiday. Will crop holiday affect the production of foodgrains? What are the implications of crop holiday on foodgrains production?
Procurement of Foodgrains and Farm Income Nexus
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the till now hidden nexus between foodgrain procurement and farm income in India. Public procurement of foodgrains with pre-announced MSPs in many ways helps farmers to increase their farm income. Studies are seldom available relating public procurement of paddy and wheat with its farm income covering different states taking data from longer period of time. While addressing the overall trend in procurement of crops, it also underlines the gaps in procurement of foodgrains in different states over time. With the use of regression analysis, this chapter examines the impact of public procurement of foodgrains on farm income. Further, it also measures the exact impact of public procurement on farm income by every 1 per cent increase in procurement using regression analysis.
Rural Infrastructure and Agricultural Output Nexus
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter systematically addresses how rural infrastructure development can impact agricultural output using a large canvas of literature and district-wise data. Though a number of empirical studies have established the nexus between the infrastructure development and agricultural growth, not many studies are available using large number of districts and covering different time-points in recent time in the Indian context. Despite the fact that the infrastructure development cannot make impact instantaneously on agricultural output, most available studies have analysed the impact of infrastructure factors on the agricultural output without using them as lagged variables. While addressing the impact of infrastructure factors on agricultural output over time, this chapter brings out the real nexus between infrastructure development and the agricultural output covering 256 districts using both descriptive and regression analyses.
Are Inputs Used Efficiently in Crop Cultivation?
Authors: Narayanamoorthy A. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how efficiently farmers are using various farm inputs in crop cultivation, which has been an important issue of research in the context of agrarian crisis and reduced farm income. Many studies from India seem to suggest that the farm inputs are mostly used suboptimally. Is this true now across different crops and states? Utilizing spatial and temporal data, chapter 12 attempts to find out the efficiency of different inputs used for cultivating different crops namely paddy, wheat, gram, groundnut, cotton and sugarcane. Estimating results from well constructed regression models, it provides solid answers whether the value of crop output per unit of input generated in terms of INR has increased consistently over the years in both foodgrain and non-foodgrain crops. Further, it also addresses the reasons for reduced input use efficiency in certain crops.
Evolution and Radiation of Crustacea
Authors: Ahyong Shane T. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The evolution of the Crustacea following their origins in the Cambrian is outlined, with an overview of their paleontological history and global distributions into modern times. Major recent developments in arthropod evolution include recognition that Hexapoda is nested within Crustacea. Perspectives also changed during the last decades of the 20th century on the form of the crustacean ancestor, from being a long-bodied, serially homonomous form (like a remipede or cephalocarid) to a short-bodied, possibly ostracod-like form similar to Cambrian stem and crown group fossil forms. These changes have come through a shift to formal methods of phylogenetic analysis combined with the much larger volume of both morphological and molecular data now available. The most extensive current phylogenies typically recover the short-bodied Oligostraca (containing ostracods and a few minor groups) as basal crustaceans; Malacostraca and Maxillopoda are high in the tree; and Cephalocarida and Remipedia are derived forms as sister to Branchiopoda and Hexapoda, respectively. Each of these major groups can be understood through variations in tagmatization (differentiation of body segments into regions). The early crustacean fossil record (especially the Ordovician) is dominated by ostracods. Malacostracans, although having Cambrian origins, did not significantly radiate until the Mesozoic. Eumalacostraca continued to actively radiate in the Cenozoic and are now the most ubiquitous and morphologically disparate crustaceans. The processes driving crustacean evolution remain to be fully evaluated. Contingency and external factors are undoubtedly important, but most deep lineages of the Crustacea show pervasive macroevolutionary trends toward increasing tagmatization. These trends are apparently driven, meaning the formation of new body plans is not merely a contingent outcome—intrinsic factors may contribute to increasing tagmatization. Further data are required from ontogeny and developmental genetics, paleontology, and phylogenetics in order to better understand how crustaceans have evolved.
Crustaceans and Insect Origins
Authors: von Reumont Björn M. , Edgecombe Gregory D. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Although Crustacea has a long history of being recognized as a formal taxonomic group in arthropod classification, the past 30 years have witnessed repeated challenges to crustacean monophyly. Few unambiguous autapomorphic characters for crustaceans have been proposed by morphologists, and many diagnostic characters can be interpreted as symplesiomorphies of Mandibulata. More serious challenges arise from molecular phylogenetics: irrespective of the scope of taxonomic and/or character sampling or analytical methods, a pancrustacean clade in which “Crustacea” is paraphyletic with respect to Hexapoda is retrieved. However, most traditional single to multigene studies infer phylogenies that display considerable mutual conflict. Although hexapod monophyly is robust and its deep branchings have recently been recovered using large-scale transcriptomic datasets, its crustacean sister group has been contentious. To some extent, a conclusive result is still hindered by uneven taxonomic coverage, with some key groups still being undersampled in phylogenomic studies. Nonetheless, phylogenomic analyses provide some robust results: notably, Hexapoda is part of a pancrustacean clade named Allotriocarida, which includes Cephalocarida and Branchiopoda as a grade or each other’s sister group, and Remipedia as the closest relatives to Hexapoda. Neuroanatomical support for a rival malacostracan-remipede-hexapod clade is incongruent with molecular datasets, which instead group Malacostraca, Copepoda, and Cirripedia as a clade. However, cirripedes resolve either as a sister group to copepods or to malacostracans, and this instability casts doubt on the typical pattern in molecular analyses that position malacostracans unexpectedly deep within the crustacean lineage. Pancrustacean phylogeny requires critical interpretation of phylogenomic data to reveal conflict in the data and ambiguous signals within the selected set of orthologous genes.
Standing Waters, Especially Ancient Lakes
Authors: von Rintelen Kristina , De los Ríos Patricio , von Rintelen Thomas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Crustacea in standing waters are a diverse taxonomic assemblage with representatives in all available habitats from the benthic zone to the pelagial in larger water bodies. While most higher taxa are widespread and occasionally cosmopolitan, this is only partially true at the genus and species level. The crustacean fauna of geologically young lakes, or ponds, is characterized by widespread species that are not even necessarily restricted to lentic habitats. These species generally have good to excellent dispersal capabilities, especially those dwelling in ephemeral habitats. Small groups such as branchiopods and copepods dominate under these conditions among obligate still-water dwellers. In contrast, endemism and occasional striking adaptations are the hallmarks of crustacean species flocks, especially in the radiations of amphipods, decapods, and ostracods in the fewer than 10 ancient lakes worldwide. These radiations have arisen in situ through the diversification of unspecialized ancestors. All comparatively well-studied radiations for which molecular phylogenetic, taxonomic, and ecological data are available show particular adaptations of trophic morphology correlated to specific habitats. Prime examples are the species flocks of amphipods in Lake Baikal and of atyid shrimps in Lake Tanganyika and in two Indonesian lakes. These groups have most likely evolved through adaptive radiation. A major challenge for research on crustaceans in ancient lakes, and in standing waters generally outside Europe and North America, is the lack of basic data from species diversity to genetics for many, if not most, taxa. Getting a grip on species diversity, distributions, ecology, and, at a different level, genomics will be a research priority for coming decades.
Latitudinal Gradient of Diversity of Marine Crustaceans: TOWARDS a Synthesis
Authors: Rivadeneira Marcelo M. , Poore Gary C.B. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG) is a phenomenon acknowledged for over two centuries. The LDG of marine crustaceans has been studied often but without reaching consensus on its ultimate causative processes. We have undertaken a new synthesis to assess the generality of the LDG and evaluated how potential sampling and other biases, spatial scale, geographic regions, taxonomic aggregation, and differences between clades affect patterns. A meta-analysis of 186 datasets, encompassing 20 studies and 7 crustacean orders, revealed a strong effect size of the species richness-latitude correlation, supporting the existence of a “canonical” LDG. The effect size was sensitive to spatial scale, with studies conducted over shorter latitudinal ranges tending to show a weaker LDG. Correcting for sampling biases in the number of occurrences, taxonomic completeness and spatial heterogeneity did not affect the strength of the LDG, nor did the degree of taxonomic aggregation; effect sizes were similar at family and ordinal levels. However, between orders effect sizes varied strongly, with peracarid orders (Amphipoda, Cumacea, Isopoda) showing a weaker or inverse LDG compared with non-peracarid orders (Calanoida, Euphausiacea, Decapoda, Sessilia). Additional analyses based on a global dataset of &gt;2 million occurrences of &gt;13,000 species revealed patterns undetected by the meta-analysis, including: (1) the existence of a marked bi-modal LDG, with peaks of diversity in subtropical areas (Calanoidea, Decapoda, Sessilia) and in temperate areas (Amphipoda, Isopoda), (2) interhemispheric asymmetry, variable across groups and depths, and (3) ocean basin differences in the shape of the LDG, dependent on taxonomic clade. Both ecological and evolutionary processes play a part. The fossil record of Decapoda showed that its global canonical LDG can be explained by median and range of the age of genera, i.e., hotspots of diversity harbor both younger and older genera and contain a high proportion of genera originating during the Paleogene. In addition, the effect size was negatively related to family age, the LDG being stronger in older families of early Cenozoic and Mesozoic origin. Modes of larval development also played a significant part, taxa without planktonic larvae having weaker or inverse LDG compared with taxa with pelagic larvae. Because clades with direct development tend to show smaller bathymetric and latitudinal ranges than those with pelagic larvae, differences in diversification rates may be implied. Overall, our evidence suggested that the ultimate causes of the LDG are deeply tied to geographic differences in macro-evolutionary rates, i.e., greater rates of species origin and lower rates of extinction in the tropics than in higher latitudes combined with a strong tropical niche conservatism.
God
Authors: Swenson Kristin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the Bible’s representations of God, including inconsistencies and how they may have come about. The Bible portrays a God who is neither male nor female; who is both “out there” in the cosmos and right here, immediately, intimately present; punitive and forgiving; capable of experiencing a range of emotions; deeply interested and invested in the affairs of earth; and wildly, extraordinarily dynamic. In other words, the Bible’s representations of God reflect the Bible’s wide-ranging history, its literary diversity, and the driving urge of human beings to find our place and purpose and to make some sense of it all.
Misconceptions, Misapprehensions
Authors: Swenson Kristin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights and discusses common misperceptions and adds depth to superficial assumptions about popular biblical texts. Among the most common missteps modern people make is to oversimplify, taking the Bible at its word on matters of history, for example, or claiming to distill what the Bible says about sex, salvation, or Hell to match present beliefs or purposes. For example, there is a tendency to speak as if there is a single biblical list of Ten Commandments. The chapter explores why that is misleading and reminds readers that the Bible developed over a long period of time and in different places, all of the Bible is ancient, and comes to us in languages few modern people can read without translation. With these things in mind, this chapter urges readers to allow that any given text may be more complicated than one might think. While the chapter does not cover all modern misconceptions about the Bible, it does offer helpful lessons on guarding oneself against reducing the Bible to a pithy pocket guide.
The Long Crisis
Authors: Holtzman Benjamin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Long Crisis explores the origins and implications of one of the most significant developments across the globe over the last fifty years: the diminished faith in government as capable of solving public problems. Conventional accounts of the shift toward market and private sector governing solutions have focused on the rising influence of conservatives, libertarians, and the business sector. The Long Crisis, however, locates the origins of this transformation in the efforts of city-dwellers to preserve liberal commitments of the postwar period. New York faced an economic crisis beginning in the late 1960s that disrupted long-standing assumptions about the services city government could provide. In response, New Yorkers—organized within block associations, nonprofits, and professional organizations—embraced an ethos of private volunteerism and, eventually, of partnership with private business in order to save their communities from neglect. Local liberal and Democratic officials came over time to see such alliances not as stopgap measures, but as legitimate and ultimately permanent features of modern governance. The ascent of market-based policies was driven less by a political assault of pro-market ideologues than by ordinary New Yorkers experimenting with novel ways to maintain robust public services in the face of the city’s budget woes. Local people and officials, The Long Crisis argues, built neoliberalism from the ground up. These shifts toward the market would both exacerbate old racial and economic inequalities and produce new ones that continue to shape metropolitan areas today.