bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternaria solani
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria solani
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Most commonly pathogenic to potato, tomato and other solanaceous crops but has been recorded from a wide range of other species, notably
Brassica
spp. (cabbage, cauliflower). DISEASE: Early blight ot potato and tomato, collar rot of tomato, tuber rot of potato etc. Early foliage symptoms on potato and tomato are small, dark, circular lesions becoming distinctly zonate as they develop; conidia are formed on necrotic regions. On tomato the early lesions are similar to those caused by
Septoria lycopersici
but may be distinguished by the light coloured centres to the latter. Under severe attack conditions the spots may enlarge rapidly, coalescing to give complete wilting and death of the leaves and a blight condition. Stem lesions, which are roughly circular, sunken, dark and zonate, may occur on tomato. Floral infections and black rot of fruit are caused on tomato and dark rot of tubers on potato (McWhorter, 1927; Folson & Bonde, 1925). In India, defoliation rising from 25% to 100% through early blight of potato causes yield loss increasing from 6% to 40% (49, 1464). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tropics and temperate zone (CMI Map 89, ed. 4, 1972). TRANSMISSION: By wind or splash dispersed conidia. The fungus may persist in infected debris in the soil for up to 3 yr (53, 1065) under temperate conditions (Poland) and is known to be seed-borne in tomato and Ageratum spp. (47, 3058).
Diplocarpon earliana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Diplocarpon earliana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Fragaria
. DISEASE: Strawberry leaf scorch. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout temperate zones and extending into the tropics in Malaysia, Taiwan, Australia and New Guinea; Africa (Rhodesia, Zambia, South Africa, Canary Islands); Europe (except Ireland, Spain, Sweden, Russia); North America (Canada, USA, Jamaica); South America (Brazil, Uruguay); Asia (Armenia, Cambodia, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, W. Malaysia). Appears to be most important in USA and eastern Europe (CMI Map 452, ed. 1, 1969). TRANSMISSION: Mainly by splash dispersal of conidia from infected leaves. Ascospores appear to be unimportant and in some regions (Poland; 46, 2074) where the perfect state has not been found.
Dilophospora alopecuri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Gibson I. A. S. , Sutton B. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Dilophospora alopecuri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On culms, flowering shoots and leaves of grasses and cereals (wheat, oats, rye, barley). DISEASE: Twist of grasses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, Asia (India, Iraq, Pakistan), N. America (Canada, USA), Australia and New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: By splash-dispersed air-borne conidia during the growing season. Perennation by infected plant debris, soil and seed. Observations in the Netherlands (4, 140) and Russia (32, 415) led to the belief that nematodes (
Anguillulina
spp.) were important vectors of the fungus, but evidence elsewhere shows that this is unlikely (8, 300; 13, 20; 14, 296).
Acremonium zonatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hawksworth D. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Acremonium zonatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Known from leaves of
Amaranthus gangeticus, Annona squamosa, Boehmeria nivea, Brillantaisia nitens
,
Calopogonium mucunoides, Coffea arabica, C. liberica-excelsa, C. robusta, Colocasia esculenta, Coridia dentata, Crotalaria anagyroides, Cucumis sativus, Eichhornia crassipes, Eranthemum nervosum, Erythrina senegalensis, Ficus carcia
(var.
celeste
),
Hypoestes verticillaris, Kosteletzkya grantii, Lindackeria bahobensis, Litchi chinensis, Momordica foetida, Morus acidosa, Musa sapientum, Pachira insignia
(syn.
Bombax sessile
),
Phaseolus atropurpureus, Plumeria alba, Solanum verbascifolium, Steriospermum bantharum and Vigna sinensis
. DISEASE: Causal agent of 'fig zonate spot' and 'zonal leaf spot' of coffee but forming similar zonate leaf spots on a wide range of phanerogams (see above). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in tropical countries and known from Africa (Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire), Asia (Bangladesh, Brunei, India, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), New Guinea, Taiwan, Western Samoa), West Indies (Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Windward Islands), Central America (Costa Rica), North America (USA, southern Louisiana), and South America (Peru, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Presumably mainly by rain splash but insects crawling over infected leaves could play some part. Old diseased foliage on the ground is probably the primary source of infection (28, 180). Inoculations by spraying spore suspensions and placing cultures on lower leaf surfaces successful (Tims & Olive, 1948).
Rhizopus rhizopodiformis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Lunn J. A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rhizopus rhizopodiformis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: From soil and bread, and pathogenic to man and warm blooded animals (causing mycoses). DISEASE: Has been isolated from a subcutaneous infection in a diabetic woman (RMVM 4, 1733); from phycomycosis in a pig (RMVM 8, 885, as
R. cohnii
); from horse (Costantin & Lucet, 1903, as
R. equinus
), this isolate being pathogenic to rabbits; and from domestic animals (RMVM 1, 215). It is reported as a cause of bovine mycotic abortion (Ballarini, 1955, as
R. equinus
) and has been isolated from bovine fetal lung membranes and digestive tract (Smith, 1920, as
Mucor rhizopodiformis
). Three isolates labelled
R. microsporus
in Herb. IMI proved to be
R. rhizopodiformis
, one from phycomycosis in man, S. Africa (RMVM 4, 882), one from lung of pullet, UK (Ainsworth & Austwick, 1955) and one from gastric infection in pig, UK (Gitter & Austwick, 1959). It is experimentally pathogenic to rats, causing phycomycotic pneumonitis (RMVM 9, 1572), to alloxan-diabetic rabbits (RMVM 7, 2628, as
R. cohnii
and
R. chinensis
) and to rhesus monkeys when they are treated with prednisolone after infection (RMVM 9, 1573). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Germany, Ghana, India, Italy, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, UK, USA. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.
Rhizopus microsporus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Lunn J. A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Rhizopus microsporus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: In soil and plant debris and pathogenic for man and rabbit (alloxan-diabetic) (causing mycoses). DISEASE: Causes phycomycosis in man (RMVM 4, 882) and causes experimental phycomycosis in alloxan-diabetic rabbits (RMVM 7, 2628). It has also been reported from phycomycosis (stomach lesions) in a pig (Gitter & Austwick, 1959) but an isolate from this source proved to be
R. rhizopodiformis
(CMI Descript. 522). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Malaysia (Sabah), Sierra Leone, South Africa, UK. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne sporangiospores.
Nectria cinnabarina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Nectria cinnabarina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Many species including
Ribes
and
Robinia
. This species occurs on conifers and on a wide range of broad-leaved trees and shrubs. DISEASE: Coral spot fungus. Evidence supports the view that this species is a facultative parasite of considerable importance on blackcurrants (48, 3063); it occurs as the cause of cankers of
Robinia
(54, 1020) and may attack many other woody plants (55, 655). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: It is very common and widespread in Northern Europe and has frequently been reported from temperate parts of the world, USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand, and also from India and Hong Kong. TRANSMISSION: Because of the slimy nature of the conidia and the fact that they form a hard crust in dry weather, wind is not considered as important as water in their dispersal. Even the ascospores appear to be extruded or discharged only in moist weather (Jorgensen, 1952). Entry is usually through wounds or dead buds (47, 1181; 48, 3063).
Nectria coccinea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Nectria coccinea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Fagus sylvatica
(beech) DISEASE: Beech bark disease, in association with beech scale (
Cryptococcus fagi
[Cryptococcus fagisuga]
); this is the most serious disease of beech in Britain. It has also been reported as pathogenic to
Ganothus velutinus
(49, 1677). The perithecia are also frequently found on many other hard wood and coniferous trees. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: In association with beech bark disease it is only known in Europe (Denmark, France, UK) and eastern North America. It is common in northern Europe on other hosts probably as a saprophyte and it has also been recorded in Australia, Hong Kong, India and New Gledonia. TRANSMISSION: Ascospore discharge is associated with wet conditions (54, 5092). The ascospores are disseminated in air and penetration of the host is through bark fissures or bark wounds caused by scale insects (54, 5560).
Nectria coccinea var. faginata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Nectria coccinea var. faginata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Fagus grandifolia
(beech) DISEASE: Beech bark disease in association with the scale insect
Cryptococcus fagi
[Cryptococcus fagisuga]
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canadian Maritime Provinces and eastern USA (Maine, Massachussetts, New Hampshire, New York, Pennsylvania) where it is reported to be spreading south (Shigo; 50, 1388). TRANSMISSION: By wind in cool wet weather; spores are discharged only in moist conditions but they may subsequently dry and be disseminated by wind.
Gibellina cerealis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gibellina cerealis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Gramineae
, especially
Triticum
. DISEASE: White foot rot or basal stem rot of wheat often associated with
Rhizoctonia solani
(49, 2428; 51, 2349); the disease may be confused with sharp eyespot of wheat caused by
Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides
(48, 2903). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia, Europe (Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Rumania, UK); the North American (Oregon) record is probably incorrect (16, 801). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores from diseased crop residues (37, 156).
Mycocentrospora acerina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycocentrospora acerina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: A very wide host range (29, 364); parsley, celery, carrot and parsnip are among the most important economically. DISEASE: Pansy leaf spot; celery storage rot; root rot, canker and black crown rot of parsnip; liquorice rot of carrot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Ireland, Germany, Czechoslovakia, Netherlands, Poland, Rumania, USSR, Denmark); N. America (USA, Canada); Australia, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION By splash dispersed conidia; these are viable for short periods only (26, 133). Survival for longer periods is by infected debris and chlamydospores in the soil (23, 324; 45, 681; 52, 899). Water-borne spread is possible (49, 1526) and transmission on pansy seeds has been demonstrated (51, 422).
Gymnosporangium clavariiforme
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gymnosporangium clavariiforme
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Aecia principally on hawthorn (
Crataegus
), also recorded on pear (
Pyrus communis
), quince (
Cydonia vulgaris
),
Amelanchier, Aronia, Cotoneaster
and
Sorbus
. Telia on
Juniperus communis
and other species of the '
oxycedrus
' group. DISEASE: European hawthorn rust. Aecia on leaves, stems and fruit. Telia on long fusiform swellings or cankers on branches; sometimes witches' brooms present. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Throughout Europe, from Scandinavia, Britain and Spain to the Middle East in Asia. Also in India, Kamchatka, Korea and Japan. In North America, across southern Canada, northern and central USA from coast to coast. Also reported from N. Africa and found in New Zealand but eradicated.
Xanthomonas fragariae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas fragariae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Fragaria vesca
, its crosses and cultivars. DISEASE: Angular leaf spot and vascular decline or collapse of strawberry. The leaf spot phase appears as minute water-soaked spots on the underside of leaves. They enlarge, coalesce, penetrate to the upper leaf surface and darken in colour, turning into large, irregular necrotic areas. Infection may closely follow the veins of leaves, especially when petioles are inoculated, but was not found within the vascular tissue under the conditions prevailing in Minnesota (Kennedy & King, 1962a). Dye & Wilkie (1973) reported that under New Zealand conditions stems, petioles, flowers and fruits are not infected. Systemic invasion has occurred in California (47, 862), probably under damp nursery conditions. The crowns become infected and vascular decline or complete collapse results. Most bacteria occur intercellularly in vascular tissue, forming pockets in the xylem and cambium that often rupture the tissues of the crown. Occasionally bacteria are found within the vessels of the xylem. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA, Venezuela, Sicily, Australia, New Zealand (CMI Map 520, ed. 1, 1977). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by rain splash from infested leaf litter in the soil on to young healthy leaves. Wounds are not necessary for entry (Dye & Wilkie, 1973). The bacteria can survive the winter in leaf litter in the soil (41, 730) and for many years in dried leaf material, but do not live free in the soil. When systemic infection is present the bacteria are easily transmitted in planting material, which probably accounts for the widespread, extremely sporadic distribution. Determination of the presence of systemic infection can be very difficult which makes this phase of the disease particularly dangerous; it may well be a limiting factor in the establishment of a new variety (47, 862).
Xanthomonas manihotis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas manihotis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Manihot esculenta
. DISEASE: Cassava bacterial blight. The symptoms are unusually diverse, and include spotting, blight and wilt of leaves, wilt and dieback of stems, necrosis of vascular tissue of stems and roots, and exudation of bacterial ooze. The disease may begin with water-soaked angular leaf spots that enlarge and coalesce, forming necrotic areas and eventually causing the leaf to dry and fall. In moist conditions ooze is formed on the lesions. Infection may travel back to the petioles and stems, young stems being particularly susceptible. A progressive die-back may follow. The roots usually remain healthy in appearance, but in some susceptible varieties dry, rotted spots may develop around necrosed vascular strands (Lozano, 1975). When infected material is planted the first symptoms are wilting and dieback of the young shoots soon after emergence. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Ghana, Togo, Cameroon, Zaire, Uganda, Malawi, Madagascar, Mauritius, India, Malaysia, Indonesia, Taiwan. CMI Map 521, ed. 1, 1977. TRANSMISSION: The disease is spread in the field mainly by rain-splash. Dissemination is, therefore, mainly downwind (53, 3724). Insects may also transmit the disease, as does
Pseudotheraptus devastans
in Zaire (Maraite & Meyer, 1975). The disease overwinters and travels from one area to another in infected planting material. Infested tools may also spread disease, especially as harvesting is accompanied by much cutting (Lozano, 1975).
Lophodermium seditiosum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermium seditiosum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus sylvestris, P. resinosa, P. nigra, P. montezumae, P. halepensis, P. virginiana
. Probably on other pines also. DISEASE: Needle cast of pines.
Lophodermium seditiosum
is the serious
Lophodermium
pathogen; it infects young needles and kills them, causing discoloration and often 'drooping' symptoms. When attack is severe the seedling or young tree may die. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe, USA (notably Christmas tree growing areas including Michigan, Oregon and Washington). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet weather/humid conditions.
Chrysomyxa abietis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Chrysomyxa abietis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Spruce species including
Picea abies, P. engelmannii, P. excelsa, P. glauca, P. glehnii, P. jezoensis, P. pungens, P
.
rubens, P. sitchensis
. This rust is autoecious with no obligate host alternation. DISEASE: Spruce needle cushion rust; spruce needle rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Norway, Sweden, Germany, USSR, Bulgaria, Belgium, France, Denmark, Poland, Switzerland); Asia (Japan). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne basidiospores liberated from teliospores on infected needles which infect young foliage.
Alternaria triticina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Anahosur K. H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria triticina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On leaves, leaf sheaths, glumes and grains of
Triticum
spp., triticale and barley. DISEASE: Blight, brown oval spots on leaves and leaf sheaths cause leaf and sheath blight (43, 1298). Glumes, awns and seeds discoloured (47, 2128). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Middle East and North Africa. TRANSMISSION: Fungus remains viable up to 20 months in crop debris in soil and multiplies and sporulates. Crops grown in such infected soil are important in initiating infection and subsequent dissemination of inoculum by wind and rain (Prabhu & Prasada, 1966); also it is seed transmitted (55, 5687; 54, 814).
Mycosphaerella holci
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Anahosur K. H. , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycosphaerella holci
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Chloris, Leucospermum, Macroptilium, Oryza, Panicum, Pennisetum, Pharus, Saccharum, Setaria, Triticum
and
Zea
. DISEASE: Causes spots on leaves, glumes, grains and brown canker of stems. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, especially where the above mentioned crops are grown. TRANSMISSION: Fungus persists in affected crop debris, seeds, glumes, and on weed hosts and is viable up to two years (Koch & Rumbold, 1921). It is seed transmissible (1, 170; 34, 364; 47, 2153; 50, 2230; 54, 1779) as pycnidia were found even on seeds surface sterilized with HgCl2 (47, 2153). Conidia are dispersed by wind and rain.
Ramulispora sorghicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Anahosur K. H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ramulispora sorghicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sorghum bicolor, S. halepense, S. nitidum, S. vulgare, Sorghum
spp. (wild). DISEASE: Leaf spot. Small water-soaked lesions develop into oval to elliptical spots up to 7 × 3 mm, delimited by veins, with dark red or tan border up to 1 mm wide. Spots become irregular by 2-3 spots coalescing, with pinkish grey to straw necrotic centres. A few black sclerotia are found on the lower surface of roots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Nigeria, Malawi, Upper Volta); Asia (India, Indonesia, Pakistan). TRANSMISSION: The fungus can survive in the fragments of infected leaf tissues which remain on the ground and produce masses of conidia in damp weather which are disseminated by rain and wind. Sclerotia also survive and produce conidia in damp weather (Harris, 1960; Tarr, 1962). Wild species of sorghum act as collateral hosts.
Phytophthora porri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. Jean 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora porri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Allium
spp. (leek, onion, scallion), cabbage,
Campanulapersicifolia
, tulip. DISEASE: White tip of leek; onion white leaf spot; storage rot of white cabbage; crown rot of
Campanula
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Netherlands, Switzerland, Norway); Asia (Japan). (CMI Map 204, ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: Suggested by wind-blown sporangia from the soil surface to leek leaves (11, 151). Sporangia were found in soil round diseased
Campanula
plants (31, 65). Tulip bulbs were invaded through the young bud but not through the scale leaf (54, 2855). Cut stems of cabbages were infected from the soil at harvest by soil splash or from the cutting knife (52, 266; 56, 899).