bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non est mea pigra senectus: Old Women and Folk Medicine in Greco-roman Literature
Authors: Meseguer González Diego 
Published: October 2021

This paper will examine the old-woman healer figure through Greco-Roman literary sources. First, I will discuss briefly the social reputation of old women in comparison with senex and the creation of a negative stereotype around them. After that, I will focus on the triple relation between woman, old age, and medicine in order to show the reputation of old women as skilled healers. Finally, I will analyse the use of different treatments close to magic, like enchantments and purifications, and the healings of some specific illnesses, such as love, to conclude with a brief overview of the political and social attitude towards them.
Carmen de viribus herbarum (GDRK 64): Between Magical Pharmacology and Homeric Didactic
Authors: Overduin Floris 
Published: October 2021

This paper aims to assess the nature of magic and medicine in the extant fragment of the little-known Carmen de viribus herbarum (fr. 64 Heitsch), an anonymous didactic poem of considerable length (216 hexameters have been transmitted) from the third century CE. The Carmen, a poem concerned with the curative powers of some fifteen different plants, is an evident descendant of the didactic pharmacological verse tradition of Nicander of Colophon and the like, yet its method of composition, reusing large chunks of Homeric lines, is remarkable. What sets the Carmen apart from the tradition of didactic pharmacology, moreover, is its fascination with magic, a factor virtually absent from the Nicandrean legacy. Next to pharmacological knowledge it repeatedly discusses effective plants against ghosts, apparitions, and witches.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF THE LEGISLATION PROCESS
Authors: Aulia Yassar , Abdurahman Ali , Susanto Mei 
Published: October 2021

The Indonesian legislative process in recent years has been facing various serious procedural flaws. Most notably illustrated by at least three contemporary cases, namely regarding the process of the second amendment to Law No. 30 of 2002 concerning the Corruption Eradication Commission (hereinafter referred to as the KPK Law); the third amendment to Law No. 24 of 2003 concerning the Constitutional Court (MK Law); and the formation of Law No. 11 of 2020 concerning Job Creation (Job Creation Law). The purpose of this paper is to see whether in practice, the legislative process in Indonesia has aligned itself with the fundamental principles of the legislative process and to see whether the legal framework regarding procedures during the law-making process are adequate. Through descriptive analytical research and comparative approach with the United Kingdom, this paper found that the Indonesian law-making process in practice is not in line with the fundamental principles of the legislative process. We also found that the legal framework regarding the procedure for making laws in Indonesia to be inadequate and therefore we suggest that it can draw some lessons from the practices of the British Parliament.
Abstrak: Pembentukan undang-undang (UU) di Indonesia dalam beberapa tahun terakhir memiliki berbagai kecacatan prosedural yang serius. Kekacauan proses legislasi di Indonesia paling terang terilustrasikan jika melihat setidaknya tiga kasus kontemporer, yakni mengenai proses pembentukan UU No. 19 Tahun 2019 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas UU No. 30 Tahun 2002 tentang Komisi Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi (selanjutnya disebut UU KPK), UU No. 7 Tahun 2020 tentang Perubahan Ketiga atas UU No. 24 Tahun 2003 tentang Mahkamah Konstitusi (UU MK), dan UU No. 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja (UU Cipta Kerja). Tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah untuk melihat apakah dalam praktik, proses pembentukan UU di Indonesia telah menyelaraskan diri dengan prinsip-prinsip fundamental proses pembentukan undang-undang dan melihat apakah pranata hukum prosedural yang berlaku telah memadai. Melalui spesifikasi penelitian deskriptif analitis dan pendekatan perbandingan hukum dengan Britania Raya, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa praktik pembentukan undang-undang di Indonesia belum selaras dengan prinsip-prinsip fundamental proses pembentukan undang-undang. Pranata hukum mengenai prosedur pembentukan UU yang ada di Indonesia juga kami temukan belum memadai dan oleh karenanya dapat mengambil beberapa pelajaran dari praktik Parlemen Britania Raya.
Kata Kunci: Fast-Track Legislation, Omnibus Law, Pembentukan Undang-Undang, Perbandingan Hukum, Prinsip Prosedural
NAVIGATING THE WATERS: INTERNATIONAL LAW, ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors: O. Oyewole Oriola 
Published: October 2021

Over the years, the relationship between the environment and human rights has received global attention. The connection between the individuals, environment and international law is indispensable. However, domestic environmental activities and globalisation set domino effects on climate change where the actions within one jurisdiction affect the environment of neighbouring states. Sovereignty, state obligations and human rights are instruments that can regulate the protection of the environment. Set against this background, this paper will assess the contribution of international law to the protection of the environment, particularly the extent of enforceability of general state obligations through the 'no harm rule.' Arguably, transboundary harm is inevitable in most environmental activities. Therefore, the engaging state is obligated to take measures known as due diligence to regulate the transfer of transboundary harm. The threshold for these environmental activities is significant transboundary harm. In addition, it is observed that there is a limit to which state can be held accountable for violations of human rights where corporate actors, through their business activities, have contravened human rights. Hence, through case analysis, this paper examines the extent of corporate legal accountability for environmental degradation.
Abstrak: Selama bertahun-tahun, hubungan antara lingkungan dan hak asasi manusia telah mendapat perhatian global. Hubungan antara individu, lingkungan dan hukum internasional sangat diperlukan. Namun, kegiatan lingkungan domestik dan globalisasi memberikan efek domino pada perubahan iklim di mana tindakan dalam satu yurisdiksi mempengaruhi lingkungan negara tetangga. Kedaulatan, kewajiban negara, dan hak asasi manusia merupakan instrumen yang dapat mengatur perlindungan lingkungan hidup. Dengan latar belakang ini, artikel ini akan menilai kontribusi hukum internasional terhadap perlindungan lingkungan, khususnya sejauh mana keberlakuan kewajiban negara secara umum melalui 'aturan yang tidak merugikan', karena kerusakan lintas batas tidak dapat dihindari di sebagian besar kegiatan lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, negara yang terlibat wajib mengambil langkah-langkah yang dikenal sebagai uji tuntas untuk mengatur pengalihan bahaya lintas batas. Ambang batas untuk kegiatan lingkungan ini adalah bahaya lintas batas yang sangat penting. Selain itu, terlihat adanya batasan dimana negara dapat dimintai pertanggungjawaban atas pelanggaran hak asasi manusia yang dilakukan korporasi, melalui kegiatan usahanya, yang telah melanggar hak asasi manusia. Oleh karena itu, melalui analisis kasus, artikel ini mengkaji sejauh mana akuntabilitas hukum korporasi atas kerusakan lingkungan.
Kata Kunci: Kedaulatan, Uji Tuntas, Lingkungan, Hak Asasi Manusia, Tanggung Jawab Negara, Hukum Internasional
Alpha-L-iduronidase deficiency: A novel mutation resulting in severe early presentation of Mucopolyscaridosis type I and litature review of molecular basis
Authors: alzaabi nuha , sirajum muneera , Al-Wawi Mohd Zaki , Alsuwaiji Mohammed 
Published: October 2021

The IDUA gene (MIM 252800) provides instructions for producing
alpha-L-iduronidase, which is essential for the breakdown of
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Mutations in the IDUA gene have been found to
cause mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MIM 607014). This leads to the
accumulation of GAGs within lysosomes causing different organs to be
dysfunctional.
Performance Assessment of Real-Time Multiconstellation GNSS PPP Using a Low-Cost Dual-Frequency GNSS Module
Authors: Elmezayen Abdelsatar , El-Rabbany Ahmed 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The release of low-cost dual-frequency (DF) global navigation satellite system (GNSS) modules provides an opportunity for low-cost precise positioning to support autonomous vehicle applications. The new GNSS modules support the US global positioning system (GPS) L1C/L2C or L5 civilian signals, the Russian GNSS Globalnaya Navigazionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) L1/L2, Europe’s GNSS Galileo E1/E5b, and Chinese GNSS BeiDou B1/B2 signals. The availability of the DF measurements allows for removal of the ionospheric delay, enhancing the obtained positioning accuracy. Unfortunately, however, the L2C signals are only transmitted by modernized GPS satellites. This means that fewer GPS DF measurements are available. This, in turn, might affect the accuracy and the convergence of the GPS-only precise point positioning (PPP) solution. Multi-constellation GNSS PPP has the potential to improve the positioning accuracy and solution convergence due to the high redundancy of GNSS measurements. This paper aims to assess the performance of real-time quad-constellation GNSS PPP using the low-cost u-blox Z9D-F9P module. The assessment is carried out for both open-sky and challenging environment scenarios. Static, simulated-kinematic, and actual field-kinematic trials have been carried out to evaluate real-time PPP performance. Pre-saved real-time precise orbit and clock products from the Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales are used to simulate the real-time scenario. It is shown that the quad-constellation GNSS PPP using the low-cost u-blox Z9D-F9P module achieves decimeter-level positioning accuracy in both the static and simulated-kinematic modes. In addition, the PPP solution convergence is improved compared to the dual- and triple-constellation GNSS PPP counterparts. For the actual kinematic trial, decimeter-level horizontal positioning accuracy is achieved through the GPS + GLONASS + Galileo PPP compared with submeter-level positioning accuracy for the GPS + GLONASS and GPS + Galileo PPP counterparts. Additionally, submeter-level vertical positioning accuracy is achieved through the GPS + GLONASS + Galileo PPP compared with meter-level positioning accuracy for GPS + GLONASS and GPS + Galileo PPP counterparts.
Geo-Electrical Method of Assessment of Coefficient of Permeability and Porosity of Soil of a Poultry Farmland
Authors: Alani Fakunle M. , Kolawole Abidoye L. , Olalekan Alabi O. , Ismail Olatona G. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Leachate collected at the bottom of dead bird’s disposal pits may leak and migrate to pollute groundwater when soils and rocks present are porous. This study assessed the coefficient of permeability (K) and porosity (Ф) of soils and rocks in poultry farmland using 2 Dimensional (2D) electrical resistivity method and soil analysis. Geo-electrical data collection was achieved by using the dipole-dipole array. The field resistivity measurement was carried out along three traverse lines (three Profiles) of 100 m long which were oriented along with East-West directions. These measurements were taken in the order of increasing in offset distance interval of 5 m. The acquired apparent resistivity data were inverted using DIPPROWIN modeling software to perform 2D data inversion. Five soil samples from different locations at depths of 0 – 15 cm and 15 – 30 cm, on the poultry farmland, were collected, transported, and tested in the laboratory. K and Ф were determined using falling head and density methods respectively. The results obtained from the processed field resistivity data from the three profiles were presented as field data pseudo-sections, theoretical pseudo-section, and 2D resistivity structures. The 2D resistivity structure revealed three structures viz; highly conductive, slightly conductive, and resistive. The resistivity values of these structures ranged from 14.1-99.0 Ω m, 100-848 Ω m, and 1350-90330 Ω m respectively. The highly conductive structures were found in profiles 1 and 3 due to the downward migration of the contaminants from the dead bird disposal pit 1 and the feces disposal site through clayey sand soil. This occurs at the depth range of few meters from the surface to greater than 20 m. The presence of the slightly conductive structure is a result of filtration of the contaminants by the soil materials which increased the resistivity of the soil. The movement of the contaminant through the soil is an indication of the porous and permeable nature of the farmland. The resistive structure is only noticeable in profiles 1 and 2 but very prominent at the depth range of 5 m to more than 20 m and 5 m to 35 m along the profile length. The results of the analysis of the five soil samples from the poultry farmland showed a high value of 0.552 and 3.554 x 10−2cm/s of porosity (Ф) and coefficient of permeability (K) respectively. A strong correlation of R
2 = 0.9878 existed between Ф and K. With these results geo-electrical method had successfully assessed Ф and K of the soil of the poultry farmland.
Do the body weight perception and body mass index affect the participation of exercise?
Authors: Can Sema , Demirkan Erkan , Çeviker Abdulkerim 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Study aim: In this study, it is aimed to find out the exercise preferences based on the Body Mass Index (BMI) and Body Weight Perception (BWP), and to determine the consistency between BMI and BWP calculated via the self-reporting method.

Material and methods: The study was conducted total of 297 volunteers, included 174 females (Mage = 27.19 ± 9.94 years) and 123 males (Mage = 26.08 ± 10.15 years), who were members of the physical activity center. The height and body weight values were obtained based on the self-reports. BWP was assessed by asking “how do you describe your weight?” As a statistical analysis, the Pearson chi-square test and Kappa statistics were used.

Results: It was determined that overweight/obese female prefered most the strength exercises, whereas, overweight/obese men, according to both methods, preferred the different kind of exercises (p < 0.05). When the mutual consistency of the BWP and BMI methods was compared, “average” level conformity was found in female, and “weak” level conformity was found in male (Female: κ = 0.48; p < 0.000; Male: κ = 0.21; p < 0.001).

Conclusion: It could be said that the type and application protocol of the exercise has been related with the frequency and duration of the exercise for both of the methods. Besides, it could be said that there was a higher consistency among female participants at the level of participating to the exercise and they had similar exercise preference, frequency and duration.
Individual Prevention in Criminal Procedure
Authors: Lach Arkadiusz 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article explores the possibility of using criminal procedure and its measures for individual prevention of crime. The author tries to look at criminal procedure in an abstract way, not focusing on any concrete legal system. It is argued that the criminal process is traditionally reactive and this should not change. However, some measures of criminal procedure (arrest, pretrial detention, house arrest, suspension of driving licence, suspension at work) may be used as instruments of individual prevention when they are the best or only measures available and their application will not prejudice the case against the accused. Their use must be accompanied by relevant safeguards and allowed only if necessary and proportional.
An analysis of key factors affecting New Town Planning with a human-centred approach
Authors: Izadi Maliheh , Varesi Hamidreza , Vardanjani Mehdi Jafari 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Since new towns are to meet the needs of the metropolitan population, it is required to acquaint the populations with the new scientific-technical methods and take one more step towards civilisation. Given that the New Town seeks to provide the latest facilities for citizens, a human-oriented approach can be proposed. New Urbanism with a humanistic approach requires coherent and dynamic planning. New structures and the various needs of the New Towns require comprehensive and integrated planning to utilise recent facilities to lead New Towns toward a human-centred attitude.
Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to analyse the key factors affecting the planning of New Towns with a humanistic approach. The method in this research is a descriptive-analytical survey. In the first step of the research, a list of primary factors involved in planning new cities was identified as research variables, using documentary sources and previous research. Then the research variables were analysed based on the Delphi method. Accordingly, 34 variables were provided in five domains for 50 experts in urban planning issues in the form of questionnaires to be analysed in matrices.
The findings of the study are demonstrated in five aspects: cultural-social, physical-spatial, economic, environmental, and governance topics, with 34 components. The results show that citizenship rights, social capital, transparency, accountability, law, participation, consensus, quality of performance and managerial effectiveness, efficiency, economic welfare, sustainable active economy, meeting economic needs, quality of texture, and spirituality have the highest impact and the lowest affectedness on the realisation of human-centred New Urbanism. The results can be useful and effective by establishing integrity and fundamental theoretical principles in planning, implementation and strategic control of New Towns.
Zipf's Law for cities: estimation of regression function parameters based on the weight of American urban areas and Polish towns
Authors: Sokołowski Dariusz , Jażdżewska Iwona 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe paper aims at presentation of a methodology where the classical linear regression model is modified to guarantee more realistic estimations and lower parameter oscillations for a specific urban system. That can be achieved by means of the weighted regression model which is based on weights ascribed to individual cities. The major shortcoming of the methods used so far – especially the classical simple linear regression – is the treatment of individual cities as points carrying the same weight, in consequence of which the linear regression poorly matches the empirical distribution of cities. The aim is reached in a several-stage process: demonstration of the drawbacks of the linear parameter estimation methods traditionally used for the purposes of urban system analyses; introduction of the weighted regression which to a large extent diminishes specific drawbacks; and empirical verification of the method with the use of the input data for the USA and Poland
Does Foreign Presence Influence the Level of Firm Technical Efficiency? Evidence from Africa
Authors: Orji Anthony , Ogbuabor Jonathan E. , Aza Gabriel Chiangi , Anthony-Orji Onyinye I. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study investigates the impact of foreign direct investment on the level of firm technical efficiency in West Africa. Firms from Nigeria, Ghana, Sierra Leone and the Gambia were sampled due to the fact that they used to belong to the British Empire. The data, sourced from the World Bank enterprise survey, covers the period from 2006 to 2018, with the sampled countries having data for different years. A time varying stochastic frontier production function for panel was developed for this enquiry. The findings of the study show that foreign direct investment has a significant and positive impact on both technical efficiency and productivity of firms in West Africa. Controlling for other effects, international trade and firm size both have positive and significant effects on firm level technical efficiency. Therefore, policies should be aimed at encouraging more inflows and maintenance of the stock of foreign direct investment to avert divestments. This includes, but is not limited to, ensuring sociopolitical stability and introducing policies that would remove bureaucratic bottlenecks from the path of direct investment inflow and simplify the process of doing business in these countries.
Dynamic Connectivity in a Financial Network Using Time-Varying DCCA Correlation Coefficients
Authors: Ferreira Paulo , Tilfani Oussama , Pereira Éder , Tavares Cleónidas , Pereira Hernane , Boukfaoui My Youssef El 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This paper aims to analyse the connectivity of 13 stock markets, between 1998 and 2019, with a time-varying proposal, to evaluate evolution of the linkage between these markets over time. To do so, we propose to use a network built based on the correlation coefficients from the Detrended Cross-Correlation Analysis, using a sliding windows approach. Besides allowing for analysis over time, our approach also enables us to verify how the network behaves for different time scales, which enriches the analysis. We use two different properties of networks: global efficiency and average grade, to measure the network’s connectivity over time. We find that the markets under analysis became more connected before the subprime crisis, with this behavior extending even after the Eurozone crisis, showing that during extreme events there is an increase in financial risk, as found in the international literature.
Online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic: the experiences and perceptions of undergraduate occupational therapy students at two Australian universities
Authors: Brown Ted , Robinson Luke , Gledhill Kate , Peart Annette , Yu Mong-Lin , Isbel Stephen , Greber Craig , Etherington Jamie 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Purpose
To investigate if first-year occupational therapy students who have had no on-campus, face-to-face learning experiences differed from second-, third- and fourth-year students in their perceptions and experiences of online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic.

Methods
One hundred and fifty-one occupational therapy undergraduate students (80.8% female; 66.2% 20–24 old) completed the Student Engagement in the e-Learning Environment Scale (SELES) and the Distance Education Learning Environment Scale (DELES). Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with bootstrapping was completed to examine the differences between first-year and senior students’ perceptions and experiences of online learning.

Results
Significant differences were observed across several SELES and DELES scales: peer collaboration (SELES) (p = .001), interactions with instructors (SELES) (p = .026), student interaction and collaboration (DELES) (p = .003), authentic learning (DELES) (p = .026) and active learning (DELES) (p = .013).

Conclusion
The findings demonstrate significant differences in first-year and senior students’ perceptions and experiences of online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic. The outcomes highlight the importance of facilitating collaborative and active engagement for all students by implementing academic, technological and social support measures within occupational therapy curricula.