bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of Long Segmental Tibial Bone Defects Caused by Infection using the Bifocal or Trifocal Bone Transport Technique with Monolateral Rail External Fixator
Authors: Abulaiti Alimujiang , Liu Yanshi , Cai Feiyu , Liu Kai , Abula Abulaiti , Maimaiti Xiayimaierdan , Ren Peng , Yusufu Aihemaitijiang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness and determine the differences, if any, between trifocal and bifocal bone transport technique in the reconstruction of long segmental tibial bone defects caused by infection using a monolateral rail external fixator. Methods: A total of 53 consecutive patients with long segmental tibial bone defects caused by infection and treated by monolateral rail external fixator in our department were retrospectively collected and analyzed from January 2013 to April 2019, including 39 males and 14 females with an average age of 38.8±12.4 years (range 19 to 65 years). 32 patients were treated by bifocal bone transport (BFT) technique, and the other 21 patients were managed by trifocal bone transport (TFT) technique. The demographic data, operation duration, docking time, external fixation time, and external fixation index were documented and analyzed. Difficulties that occur during the treatment were classified according to Paley. The clinical outcomes were evaluated by the Association for the Study and Application of the Method of Ilizarov criteria (ASAMI) at the last clinical visit.Results: All patients achieved an infection-free union finally, and there was no significant difference between the two groups in demographic data and both ASAMI bone and functional scores (P>0.05). The mean defect size and operation duration in TFT (9.4±1.5 cm, 161.9±8.9 minutes) were larger than that in BFT (7.8±1.8 cm, 122.5±11.2 minutes) (P<0.05). The mean docking time, external fixation time, and external fixation index in TFT (65.9±10.8 days, 328.0±57.2 days, 34.8±2.1 days/cm) were all less than those in BFT (96.8±22.6 days, 474.5±103.2 days, 60.8±1.9 days/cm) (P<0.05). Difficulties and complications were more prevalent in the BFT group, while less in the TFT group (P<0.05). Conclusions: Both the trifocal and bifocal bone transport technique in the reconstruction of long segmental tibial bone defects caused by infection using a monolateral rail external fixator achieve satisfactory clinical outcomes. The trifocal bone transport technique can significantly decrease the docking time, external fixation time, external fixation index, difficulties, and complications compared with the bifocal bone transport technique.
Conformational Spread Drives the Evolution of the Calcium-calmodulin Protein Kinase II
Authors: Khan Shahid 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The calcium calmodulin (Ca2+CAM) dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) decodes Ca2+ frequency oscillations. It has a central role in learning. I matched residue and organismal evolution to collective motions deduced from the atomic structure of the human CaMKIIa holoenzyme. Protein dynamic simulations and bioinformatic analysis showed its stacked ring architecture conformationally couples kinase domains (KDs) via its central hub. The simulations revealed underlying b-sheet collective motions in the hub ab association domain (AD) map onto a coevolved residue network and partition it into two distinct sectors. The holoenzyme evolved in metazoans by stabilization of ancient enzyme dimers and fold elongation to create a second, metastable sector for ring assembly. Continued evolution targeted the ring contacts for lateral conformational spread. The a isoform, predominantly expressed in the brain, emerged last and evolved rapidly in sync with the poikilotherm-homeotherm jump in the evolution of memory. The correlation between CaMKII dynamics and phylogenetics argues single residue evolution fine-tunes hub conformational spread. The central role of CaMKII ringed architecture In the brain could be to increase Ca2+ frequency response range for complex learning functions.
Cardiac Metastasis from Gastric Adenocarcinoma Mimicking COVID-19 Symptoms
Authors: Jahanshahi Fatemeh , Davani Sam Zeraatian Nejad , Parsaei Amirhossein 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background

Cardiac metastasis with origin of gastric adenocarcinoma is extremely rare. This type of metastasis tends to involve the pericardium through lymphatic seeding. Currently, no reports of solitary tumor emboli to the heart cavity with possible transvenous pathway of seeding has been made. Due to initial dyspnea and accompanying symptoms, cardiac tumor embli may be mistaken with covid-19 infection.
Case presentation:

A sixty-year-old female with known inoperable diffuse gastric adenocarcinoma receiving chemotherapy from eight months ago, presented to hospital with progressive dyspnea. Other sign and symptoms included chest pain, hypotension, tachycardia and muffled heart sounds. The patients had no fever or other common covid-19 infection symptoms. The RT-PCR for Covid-19 RNA was negative. Initial chest CT-scan showed no sign of infection. A transesophageal echocardiography was performed and revealed a > 6cm vermiform mass free-floating in the right atrium protruding to the tricuspid valve and right ventricle compatible with emboli. By urgent cardiac surgery the mass was removed. The postoperative course was uneventful. The pathology results confirmed a tumor emboli originated from gastric carcinoma. Whole body PET-scan shoed no evidence of other metastasis.
Conclusions

However cardiac metastasis are extremely rare, in gastric cancer cases with cardiopulmonary manifestation should be considered as a probable differential diagnoses. Regarding to ongoing covid-19 pandemic the present case misdiagnosed with coronavirus infection.
Alterations of glutathione and GSTM1 mutations induce tumor metastasis and invasion via EMT pathway in breast cancer patients
Authors: Ali Arshad , Ali Ayaz , Ahmad Shafiq 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose: Alteration in the Glutathione (GSH) and Glutathione S-Transferase (GST) family lead to various disorders including breast cancer. However, the role of GSH and GSTM1 in the onset of breast cancer is still not fully elucidated. Objective: In the present study we observed considerable deficiency in the levels of glutathione and genetic mutation in the GSTM1 enzyme that influence susceptibility to breast cancer metastasis and invasion via EMT pathway. Methods: GSTM1 genotype was identified by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), RT-PCR and western blotting in breast cancer tissue samples and ANCT samples. The endogenous glutathione levels were determined by HPLC. The tumor metastasis, invasion and EMT biomarkers were determined by RT-PCR and western blot. The relationship between breast cancer, disease progression and histological status were estimated by one way analysis of variance and descriptive statistic. Data were analyzed using OriginPro 2015 statistics software (OriginLab, Northampton, USA). The correlation among different factors was assessed at 95% confidence intervals (CI) using the Mann-Whitney, Kruskal Wallis, and ANOVA test. P<0.05 was considered significant. Results: In present study genotyping analysis of GST investigated that genetic mutation in GSTM1 was detected in breast cancer tissue samples. Moreover, messenger RNA and protein analysis showed that GSTM1 was significant downregulated in tumor tissues (p=0.005, p=0.02) of breast cancer patients. Furthermore, significant reduction in the level of total glutathione level (GSHt P<0.05) was observed among correlation with patient ages, stages and histological grades, of breast cancer patients. Additionally, the result revealed that downregulation of GSTM1 promotes EMT pathway that leads to enhanced the expression of tumor proliferation, invasion and metastasis in breast cancer tissue samples compared with the ANCT samples (P<0.05). Conclusions The present findings suggest that GSTM1 genotype could be a potential biomarker that regulate EMT pathway associated with breast cancer prognosis.
The effectiveness of tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis for prevention of HIV acquisition among Sub-Saharan African women at high risk: a systematic review
Authors: Murewanhema Grant , Malisheni Moffat , Takah Noah Fongwen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background Women in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) are disproportionately affected by the HIV epidemic. In 2019, they constituted 59% of new infections; thus, they remain a key population for control. Public health interventions to prevent acquisition of HIV in this high-risk population are urgently needed. Tenofovir-based pre-exposure prophylaxis (TFV-PrEP) has been shown to reduce HIV infections in other key populations. However, comprehensive evidence regarding TFV-PrEP effectiveness in women living in SSA has not been determined. Therefore, we undertook a systematic review to determine the effectiveness of tenofovir-1% (TFV-1%) vaginal gel, oral tenofovir (TFV) and tenofovir-emtricitabine (TDF-FTC) pre-exposure prophylaxis for primary acquisition of HIV in at-risk women living in SSA.Methods OVID MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, Web of Science and Clinical Trials.gov were searched for eligible studies from 01 January 2020 to 31 July 2020. Only randomised controlled trials (RCTs) conducted in women living in SSA were included. Measures of effectiveness (hazard ratios (HR), incidence rate ratios (IRR)) were extracted from individual studies to determine the effectiveness of TFV-PrEP in preventing HIV infection among at-risk women living in SSA.Results From 2002 non-duplicate articles, four RCTs evaluating the effectiveness of one or more of the interventions against placebos were included. TFV-1% vaginal gel, oral TDF or TDF-FTC were not effective in preventing the acquisition of HIV infection in women living in SSA. However, poor adherence by study participants could have confounded the true effectiveness of TFV-PrEP in this high risk population. Meta-analysis was not conducted given the limited number of eligible studies identified from the search.Conclusion The current evidence does not support the effectiveness of TFV-PrEP for HIV in SSA women. More studies aimed at addressing factors driving low adherence to HIV interventions in this high risk population are urgently needed in order to improve the design of future RCTs leading to the determination of more reliable estimates of TFV-1% vaginal gel or oral TDF or TDF-FTC effectiveness.Protocol registration: This systematic review was not registered in PROSPERO.
Atomic-scale structure and non-stoichiometry of meteoritic hibonite: A transmission electron microscope study
Authors: Han Jangmi , Ohnishi Ichiro , Yasuhara Akira , Keller Lindsay P. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hibonite (CaAl12O19) is a common refractory mineral in Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) in primitive meteorites. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) studies have identified enigmatic planar defects in different occurrences of hibonite in the Allende meteorite that give rise to strong streaking along c* in electron diffraction patterns. Atomic resolution high-angle annular dark-field (HAADF) imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses were used to determine the nature and origin of these planar features. HAADF images of hibonite grains reveal lamellar intergrowths of common 1.6 nm spacing, and less commonly 2.0 and 2.5 nm spacings, interspersed in stoichiometric hibonite showing 1.1 nm (002) spacing. Stoichiometric hibonite consists of alternating Ca-containing (“R”) and spinel-structured (“S”) blocks stacked in a sequence RS. In contrast, the 1.6 nm layers result from a doubled S block such that the stacking sequence is RSS, while in the widest defect observed, the stacking sequence is RSSSS. These intergrowths are epitaxial and have coherent, low-strain boundaries with the host hibonite
Meteoritic hibonite shows common Ti and Mg substitution for Al in its structure. Atomic-resolution EDX maps of hibonite grains in the Allende CAI confirm the preferred site occupancy of Mg on tetragonal M3 sites in S blocks and of Ti on trigonal bipyramidal M2 and octahedral M4 sites in R blocks. Mg is highly concentrated, but Ti is absent in the planar defects where wider S blocks show Al-rich compositions compared to stoichiometric MgAl2O4 spinel. Therefore, Mg likely played the major role in the formation and metastability of planar defects in hibonite. Electron energy loss spectroscopy data from the Ti L2,3 edge show the presence of mixed Ti oxidation states with ~15–20% of Ti as Ti3+ in hibonite, suggesting a direct substitution of Ti3+ ↔ Al3+ in hibonite. The remaining ~80–85% of Ti is present as Ti4+ and corresponding EDX analyses are consistent with the well-known coupled substitution 2Al3+ ↔ Ti4+ + Mg2+ being the major mechanism for Ti and Mg substitution in hibonite.
The formation of planar defects in hibonite occurred during high-temperature nebular condensation or melting/crystallization processes. The occurrence of non-stoichiometric hibonite in the Allende CAI deviates from the mineral formation sequence predicted from equilibrium condensation models. Overall, our atomic resolution TEM observations signify non-equilibrium, kinetic-controlled crystal growth during the high-temperature formation of refractory solids in the early solar nebula.
Multi-Target-Directed Ligands as an Effective Strategy for the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Kumar Vinod , Kumar Bhupinder , Thakur Amandeep , Dwivedi Ashish Ranjan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract:
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex neurological disorder and multiple pathological factors are believed to be involved in the genesis and progression of the dis-ease. A number of hypothesis including Acetylcholinesterase, Monoamine oxidase, β-Amyloid, Tau protein etc. have been proposed for the initiation and progression of the disease. At present, acetylcholine esterase inhibitors and memantine (NMDAR antago-nist) are the only approved therapy for the symptomatic management of AD. Most of these single-target drugs have miserably failed in the treatment or halting the progression of the disease. Multi-factorial diseases like AD require complex treatment strategies that involve simultaneous modulation of a network of interacting targets. Since last few years, Multi-Target-Directed Ligands (MTDLs) strategy, drugs that can simultaneously hit mul-tiple targets, is being explored as an effective therapeutic approach for the treatment of AD. In the current review article, the authors have briefly described various pathogenic pathways associated with the AD. Importance of Multi-Target-Directed Ligands and their design strategies in recently reported articles have been discussed in detail. Potent leads identified through various structure-activity relationship studies and their drug like char-acteristics are described. Recently developed promising compounds have been summa-rized in the article. Some of these MTDLs with balanced activity profile against different targets have the potential to be developed as drug candidates for the treatment of AD.
Synthesis of Novel Amide and Schiff’s Base Functionalized Novel Pyrido[ 1,2-a] Pyrimidin-4-One Derivatives and Their Anticancer Activity Studies
Authors: Abba Chiranjeevi , Betala Sailu , Racha Hanumandlu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract:A series of novel amide and Schiffs base functionalized novel pyrido[1,2-a] pyrimidin- 4-one derivatives was prepared starting from 6-(thiophen-2-yl)/phenyl-4-(trifluoromethyl) pyridin- 2-amine 1a and 1b. These compounds on reacting with EMME afford compounds 2a and 2b, followed by cyclization to afford compounds 3a and 3b. Treatment of compounds 3a and 3b with hydrazine hydrate gave compounds 4a and 4b, which further reacted with different substituted aromatic aldehydes to give Schiff’s base derivatives 5a-j. In another way, compounds 3a, 3b by reacting with aliphatic amines give amide derivatives 6a-f. All the compounds, 5a-j and 6a-f, were screened against four human cancer cell lines (HeLa, COLO205, Hep G2, and MCF 7). Among all the derivatives, compounds 5c, 5e, 6a, and 6b showed promising anticancer activity.
The Elephant in the Room and Straw Men on Fire
Authors: Faraday Fay 
Published: May 2021

A great unacknowledged challenge in litigating systemic discrimination claims under the section 15 equality guarantee of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms1 is that claimants bear a double burden. Like all litigants, they must meet the burden of proving the elements of their legal claim. But, before they can do that, equality claimants must often first meet the extraordinary burden of dislodging judges’ phenomenological anchoring in worldviews shaped by privilege. Where judges lack lived experience of systemic oppression, claimants must convince them that oppression exists. This gulf between lived experiences — what I call the reality gap — is the elephant in the room in many section 15 cases.
1 s 15, Part I of the Constitution Act, 1982, being Schedule B to the Canada Act 1982 (UK), 1982, c 11.
Anti-Diabetic and Antioxidant Effects of Methanolic Flower Head Extract of Tagetes Patula in Streptozotocin and Dexamethasone Induced Diabetic Rats
Authors: M. Ganga Raju  , Gayathri S  , N V L Suvarchala Reddy V  , Anusha K  , Pavani K  
Published: May 2021

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by a high blood glucose concentration, i.e., hyperglycemia or caused by insulin deficiency, often combined with insulin resistance. In the Present study, the antidiabetic and antioxidant activity of the methanolic extract of Tagetes patula flower heads was screened out in rodent models. The pharmacological evaluation was carried out using 200 and 400 mg/kg, b.w. The in-vivo antidiabetic activity was performed in streptozotocin, dexamethasone- induced diabetic models and oral glucose tolerance test. Metformin hydrochloride was used as a standard. The parameters like blood glucose levels, insulin levels, homeostasis assessment of insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, and fasting glucose-insulin ratio were estimated in these models. The in-vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of Tagetes patula was performed by using hydroxyl radical scavenging assay and Ascorbic acid was used as a standard. The preliminary phytochemical screening of Tagetes patula revealed the presence of phytoconstituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, phenols, carbohydrates, triterpenoids, and tannins. The extract showed a significant decrease in the elevated blood glucose levels in streptozotocin, dexamethasone-induced diabetic models, and also in the oral glucose tolerance test. The extract prevented insulin resistance and significantly increased insulin sensitivity in the dexamethasone-induced model. The various phytochemical constituents like alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, steroids, and phenols might be responsible for lowering the blood glucose levels in the animal models mentioned above. The extract showed significant scavenging activity against hydroxyl free radicals. From the above outcomes, it is flawless that the methanolic extract of Tagetes patula has antidiabetic and antioxidant activities.
AN ANALYSIS OF ILLOCUTIONARY AND PERLOCUTIONARY SPEECH ACTS OF AN INSTAGRAM ONLINE SHOPPING ACCOUNT
Authors: Dewi Cahya Wati 
Published: May 2021

Language is important in human’s life because we cannot communicate with one another without it. Therefore, it is appealing to study speech acts since we can understand how utterances are reflected in actions. It is also interesting to analyze the speech acts used in Instagram captions. This study aims to analyze speech acts of an online shopping account on Instagram that is an international brand N.Y.X. Illocutionary speech acts aims to state something to influence the listener to do activities according to what the speaker means. Based on the data obtained, the illocutionary act of the online shopping account @nyxcosmetics is in the form of directive and expressive acts. The directives illocution acts are ordering and demanding. On the other hand, the perlocutionary aims to portray the act of offering someone. Keywords: Speech acts, Illocutionary acts, Perlocutionary acts
ANALYSIS OF STUDENTS’ AND TEACHERS’ RESPONSE OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF SCIENTIFIC APPROACH WITH PODCAST APP IN TEACHING LISTENING
Authors: Kurnanika Desyari Lestari , Rachmijati Cynantia 
Published: May 2021

This research is aimed to analyze teachers and students respond in teaching listening skills to the Tenth Grade Students using a scientific approach with learning English podcast applications. This research uses qualitative descriptive, this research is purposed to collect the data both qualitative and quantitative approaches. questionnaires and Interviews. it was done in tenth-grade consist of 21 students in senior high school. The result shows that from two indicators are attention and relevance, from these indicators show that, most of the students respond stated agree in the indicators attention with percentage 471.4% with the number of frequencies 99 and for indicators relevance, most students stated neutral with percentage 228.6% with total frequency 48. Also, teacher responses show that students are quite enthusiastic and it is quite an effective way to teach listening. From this research, it can conclude most of the students choose to agree, that the use of podcast make students have a high motivation to the learn, improve retention, easy to understand the material, avoid the wrong concept, it is not boring, and improve listening comprehension, additionally teacher agree that podcast can make students quite enthusiastic during the learning activity. must include an abstract of 200 words or fewer. Keywords: Listening skill, podcast, respond, Motivation
STUDENTS’ RESPONSES TOWARD THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BINGO GAME WITH SCIENTIFIC APPROACH IN TEACHING WRITING DESCRIPTIVE TEXT
Authors: Putri Febriani Sahna , Kareviati Evie 
Published: May 2021

This study aimed to investigate the implementation of the Bingo game technique in teaching writing and to find out the students’ participation toward the implementation of the Bingo game. The research instruments used interview and observation sheet. This study was conducted at Junior High School in Cimahi. The students of VII F class were selected as the participant of the research. The research used descriptive qualitative method. The data was obtained from classroom observation and students’ interview. The result showed that Bingo game can be used to motivate students in writing skill. It was very helpful in providing the students with more enjoyable activities which made the students involved in the teaching and learning process actively. Keywords: Writing, Bingo Game, Descriptive Text.
IMPROVING STUDENTS’ WRITING SKILLS IN DESCRIPTIVE TEXT USING PICTURE WORD INDUCTIVE MODEL (PWIM) STRATEGY
Authors: Oktafiani Desy , Husnussalam Hendra 
Published: May 2021

The objective of the study is to provide the students treatment and make the students easy in learning process of writing descriptive text, therefore to improve the students writing skills in English by using PWIM strategy. The participants are the 7th grade students of Junior High School at Cimahi in academic year 2019/2020 which consist of 32 students. The study using CAR with two cycles to observe the activities and responses of students in classroom. Result of the study could be seen from the improvement score from pretest to posttest 2 with a minimum score of 75 and maximum score of 85 in posttest 2. Keywords: Writing, Descriptive Text, PWIM Strategy, CAR