bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Um mundo sem devastação é possivel: repensar a floresta como conceito, metáfora e espaço compartilhado
Authors: Provenzano Luca , Fragozo Fernando , De Oliveira Mendonça André Luis 
Published: July 2021

Para muitos povos tradicionais, a floresta não é apenas a materialidade formada pelo conjunto de árvores que a compõem: ela inclui também a essência viva dos seres que a habitam. Cada um desses seres (humanos, animais, plantas e, eventualmente, outros) possui sua própria perspectiva sobre a floresta e, por consequência, seu próprio espaço existencial. A proposta deste ensaio é a elaboração de um conceito de floresta segundo o qual a floresta não é apenas um objeto material, mas refere-se ao fora do próprio mundo, com o qual uma outra dinâmica que não a da predação possa ser estabelecida. Com esse objetivo em vista, em primeiro lugar, investiga-se o conceito de inimigo proposto por Eduardo Viveiros de Castro como contrapartida ao conceito de sujeito ocidental. Em seguida, analisa-se o conceito de limite, proposto por Alexandre Nodari, como contraposição ao conceito de espaço ocidental. Ao tensionar-se os conceitos de inimigo e limite, propõe-se o termo floresta para referir-se a outro modo de relação possível com a sociodiversidade de mundos humanos e a biodiversidade. Por fim, são apresentados os traços gerais da experiência de floresta, na floresta dos yanomani, a partir dos trabalhos de Bruce Albert, François-Michel Le Tourneau e Julia Verdum. Nas considerações finais discute-sea floresta como uma disposição espacial e modo de convívio capaz de “adiar o fim do mundo”.
Promoção da saúde única: concepções e percepções sobre ambiente e saúde de professores de uma escola pública em Xerém
Authors: Pereira Greisieli Duarte , Mello-Silva Clélia Christina 
Published: July 2021

A escola é compreendida como um núcleo educativo, onde além do ensino formal, outras perspectivas como a saúde, fomentam reflexões críticas sobre a realidade e contribuem para a construção de um pensamento complexo. Nesse contexto, os professores são os mentores dos alunos no espaço escolar, pois conduzem os discentes a construção do conhecimento e de sua cidadania. Dada a relevância do binômio ‘saúde e ambiente” este estudo tem por objetivo apresentar as percepções e concepções de professores de uma escola pública, sobre saúde e ambiente, para a elaboração de propostas interventivas visando a promoção da saúde única (One Health). Para o conhecimento das concepções e percepções sobre saúde e ambiente dos docentes foi elaborado como instrumento de coleta de dados um questionário semi-estruturado constituído por perguntas abertas e semi-abertas As concepções e percepções de cada participante sobre os temas foram analisadas por meio da técnica análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. As concepções e percepções dos docentes quanto a saúde e ambiente estão pautadas em uma visão paradigmática sustentadas por um pensamento simplista, observado em suas falas e práticas. Essas concepções comandam o discurso e a práxis do professor, muitas vezes limitando suas possibilidades e criatividade, negligenciando o potencial de suas ações e intenções.
Screw versus staple fixation for Akin osteotomy
Authors: Fazal MA , Simon H , Bacarese-Hamilton JA , Ray P , Shahid MS 
Published: July 2021

Introduction Akin osteotomies are commonly fixed with a screw or staple. Hardware-related symptoms are not uncommon. We compared the outcomes and costs of the two implants. Methods We evaluated 74 Akin osteotomies performed in conjunction with first metatarsal osteotomy for hallux valgus. The osteotomy was fixed with a headless compression screw in 39 cases and a staple in 35 cases. We looked at the implant-related complications, removal of metalwork, revision, non-union and cost. Pre- and postoperative hallux valgus interphalangeal (HI) angles and length of the proximal phalanx were measured. Results There was 100% union, no failure of fixation, no revision surgery and no delayed union in either group. The radiological prominence of screws was significant (p=0.02), but there was no significant difference in soft-tissue irritation (p=0.36) or removal of implants (p=0.49). Two cortical breaches (5.8%) occurred in staple fixation and 4 (10.2%) in screw fixation (not statistically significant (NS), p=0.50). The mean improvement in HI angle was 4.3° with screw fixation and 4.1° with staple fixation (NS, p=0.69). The mean shortening of the proximal phalanx was 2.5mm with screw fixation and 2.3mm with staple fixation (NS, p=0.64). The total cost was £1,925 for staple fixation and £4,290 for screw fixation. Conclusions Staple and screw fixation are reproducible modalities with satisfactory outcomes, but screw fixation is expensive. We conclude staple fixation is a cost-effective alternative.
Increase of CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ cells impairs in vitro human microbicidal activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis during latent and acute pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Stringari Lorenzzo Lyrio , Covre Luciana Polaco , da Silva Flávia Dias Coelho , de Oliveira Vivian Leite , Campana Maria Carolina , Hadad David Jamil , Palaci Moisés , Salgame Padmini , Dietze Reynaldo , Gomes Daniel Cláudio de Oliveira , Ribeiro-Rodrigues Rodrigo 
Published: July 2021

Background
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, modulating host responses while neutralizing excessive inflammation. However, their impact on regulating host protective immunity is not completely understood. Here, we demonstrate that Treg cells abrogate the in vitro microbicidal activity against Mtb.

Methods
We evaluated the in vitro microbicidal activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with active tuberculosis (TB), individuals with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI, TST+/IGRA+) and healthy control (HC, TST-/IGRA-) volunteers. PBMCs, depleted or not of CD4+CD25+ T-cells, were analyzed to determine frequency and influence on microbicidal activity during in vitro Mtb infection with four clinical isolates (S1, S5, R3, and R6) and one reference strain (H37Rv).

Results
The frequency of CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ cells were significantly higher in Mtb infected whole blood cultures from both TB patients and LTBI individuals when compared to HC. Data from CD4+CD25+ T-cells depletion demonstrate that increase of CD4+CD25highFoxP3+ is associated with an impairment of Th-1 responses and a diminished in vitro microbicidal activity of LTBI and TB groups.

Conclusions
Tregs restrict host anti-mycobacterial immunity during active disease and latent infection and thereby may contribute to both disease progression and pathogen persistence.
Diagnostic efficacy of Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Fluorescence based Microscope for the diagnosis of Tuberculous lymphadenitis
Authors: Assefa Gebeyehu , Desta Kassu , Araya Shambel , Girma Selfu , Mihret Adane , Hailu Tsegaye , Atnafu Abay , Endalafer Nigatu , Abera Adugna , Bekele Shiferaw , Birhanu Leila , Diriba Getu , Mengistu Yordanos , Dagne Biniyam , Bobosha Kidist , Aseffa Abraham 
Published: July 2021

Background
The comparatively straightforward and cheaper light-emitting diode fluorescent microscope (LEDFM) was suggested by WHO to replace conventional microscope in tuberculosis (TB) laboratories. However, the comparable efficacy of each of those techniques differs from laboratory to laboratory. We investigated the efficacy of LEDFM for the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBLN) patients.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted on 211 samples from clinically suspected tuberculous lymphadenitis patients. Three smears were prepared from FNA on microscope slides for cytomorphology study, Auramine O (AO), and for Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) staining. The left-over samples were inoculated onto Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) media. Statistical analysis was done using STATA version 11. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values were calculated by considering the culture results as the gold standard using a 95% confidence interval.

Results
Among 211 samples 49.7% (105) were positive by cytomorphology, 32.7% (69) by LEDFM, 23.69% (50) by LJ culture, and 13.7% (29) by ZN. Compared to the gold standard sensitivity of ZN, LEDFM, and cytomorphology were 30% [95% CI: 17.9–44.6], 66% [95% CI: 51.2–78.8] 78% [95% CI: 64–88.5], respectively. The specificity of ZN, LEDFM, and cytomorphology was 91.3% [95% CI: 85.8–95.2], 77.6% [95% CI: 70.4–83.8], 58.8% [95% CI: 50.7–66.5], respectively.

Conclusion
LED fluorescence microscopy gives a legitimate option in contrast to conventional ZN techniques in terms of its higher sensitivity, a bit lower specificity, time-saving, and minimal effort.
Breakpoint modelling of temporal associations between non-pharmaceutical interventions and symptomatic COVID-19 incidence in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Boudou Martin , ÓhAiseadha Coilin , Garvey Patricia , O’Dwyer Jean , Hynds Paul 
Published: July 2021

Background
To constrain propagation and mitigate the burden of COVID-19, most countries initiated and continue to implement several non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), including national and regional lockdowns. In the Republic of Ireland, the first national lockdown was decreed on 23rd of March 2020, followed by a succession of restriction increases and decreases (phases) over the following year. To date, the effects of these interventions remain unclear, and particularly within differing population subsets. The current study sought to assess the impact of individual NPI phases on COVID-19 transmission patterns within delineated population subgroups in the Republic of Ireland.

Methods and findings
Confirmed, anonymised COVID-19 cases occurring between the 29th of February 2020 and 30th November 2020 (n = 72,654) were obtained. Segmented modelling via breakpoint regression with multiple turning points was employed to identify structural breaks across sub-populations, including primary/secondary infections, age deciles, urban/commuter/rural areas, patients with underlying health conditions, and socio-demographic profiles. These were subsequently compared with initiation dates of eight overarching NPI phases.
Five distinct breakpoints were identified. The first breakpoint, associated with a decrease in the daily COVID-19 incidence, was reported within 14 days of the first set of restrictions in mid-March 2020 for most population sub-groups. Results suggest that moderately strict NPIs were more effective than the strictest Phase 5 (National Lockdown). Divergences were observed across population sub-groups; lagged response times were observed among populations >80 years, residents of rural/ commuter regions, and cases associated with a below-median deprivation score.

Conclusions
Study findings suggest that many NPIs have been successful in decreasing COVID-19 incidence rates, however the strictest Phase 5 NPI was not. Moreover, NPIs were not equally successful across all sub-populations, with differing response times noted. Future strategies and interventions may need to be increasingly bespoke, based on sub-population profiles and required responses.
Growth dynamics among adolescent girls in Bangladesh: Evidence from nationally representative data spanning 2011–2014
Authors: Adams A. M. , Khan A. , Roy A. S. , Hassan Md. T. , Mridha M. K. , Ahmed N. U. , Mustaphi P. , Chowdhury I. , Khondker R. , Hyder Z. 
Published: July 2021

Background
Adolescence is the last opportunity to reverse any growth faltering accumulated from fetal life through childhood and it is considered a crucial period to optimize human development. In Bangladesh, a growing double burden of underweight and obesity in adolescents is recognized, yet limited data exists on how, when, and where to intervene. This study assesses the dynamics of growth among adolescent girls in Bangladesh, providing insight about critical junctures where faltering occurs and where immediate interventions are warranted.

Methods
We pooled data from Bangladesh’s Food Security and Nutrition Surveillance Project collected between 2011 and 2014 to document the age dynamics of weight and linear growth. 20,572 adolescent girls were measured for height and 19,345 for weight. We constructed growth curves for height, weight, stunting, and underweight. We also stratified growth dynamics by wealth quintile to assess socioeconomic inequities in adolescent trajectories.

Results
Height-for-age z-score (HAZ) in Bangladeshi girls deteriorates throughout adolescence and especially during the early years. Mean HAZ decreases by 0.20 standard deviations (sd) per year in early adolescence (10–14 years) vs 0.06 sd/year during late adolescence (15–19 years), while stunting increases by 16 percentage points (pp) vs 6.7 pp, respectively. Conversely, BMI-for-age z-score (BAZ) increases by 0.13 sd/year in early adolescence vs 0.02 sd/year in late adolescence, and underweight decreases by 12.8 pp vs 3.2 pp. Adolescent girls in all socioeconomic groups show a similar pattern of HAZ and BAZ dynamics, but the curve for the richest quintile stays above that of the poorest across all ages.

Conclusions
Trends and levels of stunting and underweight among adolescent girls in Bangladesh are worrisome, suggesting substantial linear growth faltering in early adolescence, with improving weight-for-age occurring only as linear growth slows and stops. Given the rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in Bangladesh and emerging evidence of the link between stunting and later chronic diseases, greater attention to adolescent growth and development is needed. Our findings suggest that, to address stunting, interventions in early adolescence would have the greatest benefits. School-based interventions could be a way to target this population.
A comparative study of various Smith predictor configurations for industrial delay processes
Authors: Korupu Vijaya Lakshmi , Muthukumarasamy Manimozhi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Efficient control of industrial delay processes is a challenging problem in the field of process control. Time delays are generally experienced in industrial processes from distance velocity lags, composition analysis loops, recycle time, mass, and energy transportation time. A high time delay adds a large phase lag to the system, thereby affecting the closed-loop control system stability and thus not easily controlled with PID approach. Smith predictor (SP) is a prominent technique based on process model for processes with high time delay. Unfortunately, the performance of SP deteriorates when the plant model is inaccurate. To overcome the problems related to conventional SP, various modifications have been suggested over the years in terms of structure alterations and controller parameters tuning improvements. This paper focuses on a comparative study of various Smith predictor configurations available in the literature for controlling inverse, integrating, stable and unstable industrial processes with time delay.
Effect of the beta-adrenergic blockade on intestinal lactate production and glycogen concentration in dogs infused with hexoses
Authors: Allen Michael O. , Salman Toyin M. , Alada Abdul Rasak A. , Odetayo Adeyemi F. , Patrick Eli B. , Salami Shakiru A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate effect of beta adrenergic blockade on intestinal lactate production and glycogen concentration in dogs infused with hexoses.

Methods
Experiments were carried out on 35 fasted male anaesthetized dogs weighing between 9 and 16 kg. The animals were divided into 7 (5 dogs per group) groups. Group I dogs served as control and infused with normal saline, groups II-IV were intravenously infused with glucose (1.1 mg/kg/min), fructose (1.1 mg/kg/min) and galactose (1.1 mg/kg/min) respectively while groups V-VII animals were pretreated with propranolol (0.5 mg/kg) and were infused with glucose, fructose or galactose respectively. A vein draining the proximal segment of the jejunum was cannulated along with right and left femoral arteries and veins. Glucose uptake was calculated as the product of jejunal blood flow and the difference between arterial and venous glucose levels (A-V glucose), part of the jejunum tissue was homogenized for estimation of glycogen concentration, and plasma lactate was assayed using lactate colorimetric kit.

Results
The result showed significant increase in venous lactate production in response to glucose (78.30 ± 4.57 mg/dL), fructose (60.72 ± 1.82 mg/dL) and galactose (71.70 ± 1.30 mg/dL) when compared with the control group (51.75 ± 1.32 mg/dL) at (p<0.05) with no significant difference in animals pretreated with propranolol. There was no significant difference in glycogen concentration (p>0.05) in animals infused with hexoses only compared with propanolol pretreated group.

Conclusions
Results suggests that one of the possible fates of the enormous amount of glucose taken up by the intestine is conversion to lactate and not glycogen and β-adrenergic receptor does not affect it.
Experimental and numerical study of an overlay composite absorber plate material for a solar air heater
Authors: Jagadeesh Duraisamy , Venkatachalam Ramasamy , Nallakumarasamy Gurusamy 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The research in this paper is a sequel of an earlier work by the author in which experimental and CFD results were compared for an absorber plate made of iron with and without fins for two flow rates. The research yielded a good comparative result between the experimental and computational process for an optimized flow rate and the effect of the fins. The objective of this paper is to verify the effect of the overlay composite absorber plate material on a solar air heater through experimental and computational fluid dynamics. The experimental setup consists of an absorber plate as an overlay composite of aluminum and copper for enhanced heat transfer. Experiments and CFD analysis were done in three configurations. In configuration one, only the aluminum absorber plate with fins was considered. In configuration two, the overlay composite was considered with copper on the top and aluminum at the bottom as fins, and in configuration three, the overlay composite was considered with aluminum at the top and copper at the bottom as fins. A transient 8 hours CFD analysis was carried out using these configurations. While validating the results it was found that the overlay absorber plate Cu-Al was capable of generating a high outlet temperature Max of 88 °C and capable of generating 83 °C air for 5 hours and had good thermal efficiency when compared to the other materials in the other two configuration. It was found that experimental and computational analysis were in very close agreement, and the margin of error between the experimental and computational processes was less than 8 %.
Application of instumetal neutron activation analysis method for determination of some trace elements in lichens around three sites in Algiers
Authors: Azli Tarek , Bouhila Zohra , Mansouri Ammar , Messaoudi Mohammed , Zergoug Zineb , Boukhadra Dallel , Begaa Samir 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Trace elements (TEs) constitute a major part of pollution, which can induce a detrimental impact on public health. A precise analysis of these elements in the environment is an important parameter in the evaluation of the population's quality of life. This work aims to quantify the concentration of some trace elments in enviromental samples using Istrumental Neutron Activation Analysis technique (INAA); also a comparative study between three sampling points (Draria, Baraki and Reghaia) were done. The Samples and standards were irradiated for 6 h at “NUR” research reactor with a thermal neutron flux of 1013 n cm−2 s−1, and analyzed by gamma ray spectrometry using HPGe detector. Seventeen elements were assessed: Ba, Br, Ce, Co, Cr, Hf, Fe, La, Nd, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sm, Sr, Yb and Zn in this study. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by analyzing Certified Reference Materials (CRMs) and Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). The data obtained in this work may contribute to obtaining information about a possible rank of pollution and the different capabilities of elemental bioaccumulation by lichens.
NUEVOS DATOS PARA EL PERIODO DE CERÁMICA INICIAL EN EL VALLE DE CASMA
Authors: Fung Pineda Rosa 
Published: July 2021

En Marzo de 1968 cuando visité Tortugas, un balneario ubicado más o menos a 20 km al norte de la ciudad de Casma, recogí algunos materiales arqueológicos de un yacimiento sobre la terraza marina que se levanta en el sector norte de la Bahía. Este yacimiento con restos de estructuras de piedras angulares canteadas, se estaba destruyendo para construir una casa. De regreso a Lima, cuando estuvimos examinando los tiestos, una vez limpios, descubrimos una sorprendente semejanza entre los decorados de Tortugas; al par que, acompañados por el Dr. Donald E. Thompson, recogimos en 1965 en una de las estructuras que él identificó como C1 dentro de los sitios que conjuntamente con el Dr. Donald Collier estudió durante 1956 y los de la primera fase de cerámica inicial de Las Aldas.
La isla San Lorenzo durante la Colonia y el primer siglo republicano
Authors: Hudtwalcker Morán José Antonio 
Published: July 2021

Mediante una metodología arqueológica, con exploraciones y excavaciones, complementada con la revisión de fuentes escritas, se presentan alcances de la investigación del Proyecto Arqueológico Isla San Lorenzo (PAISL), especialmente durante la colonia y el primer siglo de vida republicana.
Durante la colonia, San Lorenzo cumplió funciones económicas y de seguridad: se identificaron las canteras de donde se obtuvo las piedras utilizadas en la construcción de muchas obras en Lima y Callao; asimismo, se registraron los vestigios del Vigía de Mar, establecido a inicios del siglo XIX. Igualmente, se identificaron los depósitos de explosivos utilizados por Lord Thomas Cochrane durante su expedición a la isla en 1819, así como los vestigios de tiendas de campaña del ejército libertador patriota implementados durante la primera mitad de la década de 1820. Durante el siglo XIX, la isla cumplió funciones de salubridad pública y el PAISL en sus dos temporadas de campo realizó excavaciones en la estación de cuarentena y en el cementerio republicano asociado.
Desde mediados del siglo XIX la isla experimentó un auge industrial, se continuó con la extracción de piedras y se dieron concesiones mineras. A inicios del siglo XX se instaló la Compañía Administradora del Guano, se pudo identificar dos zonas con terrazas guaneras, se intensificó y consolidó la presencia naval en la isla, con la inauguración de la Base Naval en el año de 1926.
Irony, a Way to Escape Censorship
Authors: Toelle Heidi 
Published: July 2021

Among Arab authors, a number of Egyptian writers use irony when addressing a criticism to the politics settled by the authorities. The enunciator of the text is perfectly aware that what he writes, or the speech he assigns to one of his characters, is a false compliment addressed to the government policy, since he intends to say or to make say the very contrary. He manages, at the same time, to put his words, and/or those of his character, in such a context that allows the reader to understand that the apparent meaning of the uttered speech is not what the enunciator, or the character, suggests. This same context also allows the reader to decode the secret meaning, easy to find, considering that the apparent meaning of the speech and its secret one are in relation of contrariety. To demonstrate that, I take as an example a short story published in 1980 by Yûsuf al-Qa‘îd from his collection Hikâyât al-zaman al-djarîh (Tales of the Injured Time).