bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revolutionaries, Torchbearers, and Imperfect Subjects
Authors: Giladi Rotem 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Epilogue recapitulates the main findings of Jews, Sovereignty, and International Law: in the early years of Israel’s diplomacy, Shabtai Rosenne and Jacob Robinson’s attitude towards international law marked a deep-seated ambivalence expressing pre-sovereign ideological sensibilities. They tested international law against the creed of Jewish nationalism; the principles of Zionism determined their reading of international law. The Epilogue reflects on some implications of these findings: their role in determining Israel’s overall outlook on international law; the limits of the cosmopolitan reading of Jewish international law engagements; the question of present-day ambivalence in Israel’s international law perspective; and the absence of Palestinians from how Rosenne and Robinson approached Jewish questions on the United Nations agenda. Last, the Epilogue reflects on the ideological credentials of these self-appointed torchbearers of Zionist ideology: while testing international law, their own adherence to the Zionist creed was tested—to render them imperfect subjects of international law.
The Logical Conscience
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper suggests a way of avoiding two very implausible claims. These are the claim that all our beliefs about how we ought to act are true and the claim that there are two senses of ‘ought’, one subjective and the other objective. We avoid these claims by appeal to a distinction between wide and narrow scope which has application not merely to moral theory but also to the theory of rationality. For the same question arises: is it rational to do what one (perhaps falsely) believes it rational for one to do? The trick is to recognize a structural ambiguity.
Intuitionism in Meta-Epistemology
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper is a response to a paper by Alston which attempts to bring out similarities between views in meta-ethics and views in meta-epistemology. Alston contrasts naturalist (generally causal) epistemology with normative epistemology; but there is a further, more revealing contrast concerning the number of basic epistemological principles. Naturalism is a causal form of one-principle theory, but an analogy with ethical intuitionism should allow many coordinate epistemological principles of justification. So the question at issue is the number of ethical, or epistemological, principles. If there are many ethical principles, the question is how they are known. The merits of a Ross-style epistemology with many coordinate principles are stressed, though Ross maintained that moral principles are epistemically useless. Pursuing that line, the possibility of an epistemological particularism emerges. The paper ends with a discussion of the relation between resultance and supervenience
Contemplating One’s Nagel
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This critical notice of Nagel’s The View from Nowhere argues that Nagel runs two distinct conceptions of objectivity together, in a way that unsettles many of the main conclusions of his book. The ‘Hegelian conception’ involves stepping back from our view of the world to a new conception about the relation between that view and the world so viewed. The ‘absolute conception’ requires us to eliminate from our view of the world any element which can be seen as a product of one’s own perspective. If one tries to combine these two conceptions, the result is likely to be unstable.
Should We Pass the Buck?
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper is a historically informed and critical assessment of T. Scanlon’s ‘buck-passing’ conception of value, under which for an object to be of value is for it to have features that give us reasons to respond to it in certain characteristic ways. It starts by giving a fairly detailed account of the history of such views in British moral philosophy (mainly at the hands of Ross, Joseph, and Ewing), which raises the question where the novelty lies in Scanlon’s presentation. It also questions the strength of arguments in favour of buck-passing given by Scanlon and Parfit, and gives some reasons on the other side. Its conclusion is that the buck-passing view needs more support than it had yet received.
Enticing Reasons
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This is a paper in the theory of reasons. Reasons to act are commonly understood in terms of the ways in which they can combine to make it the case that one ought to act or vice versa; what one ought to do is what one has most reason to do. The paper argues that this approach founders on the possibility of enticing reasons, which, no matter how ‘strong’ they are, are not in the business of making it the case that one ought to act as they suggest. It makes some suggestions about what enticing reasons do, if they don’t do that. The might, for instance, manage to establish that an action would be fun, and recommend it therefore and in that way, without thereby showing that it is what one has most reason to do, which is what reasoning to action is standardly understood as trying to show.
Prichard on Duty and Ignorance of Fact
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper is an examination of a paper by Prichard, which converted Ross from externalism to internalism. Externalism is the view that agents’ obligations are grounded in features of the situation that they are in. Internalism is the view that agents’ obligations are grounded not in how things actually are, but in how the agent believes them to be. I conclude that Prichard’s arguments are not as powerful as Ross thought; Ross would have done better to stick to his original position. The paper also considers the relevance of a peculiar postscript to Prichard’s paper which was not printed until after his death; it suggests that the postscript does not improve things.
More Right than Wrong
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper argues that Ross, despite the importance and innovativity of his conception of a prima facie duty, fails entirely to make sense of the relation between prima facie duty, as he understands it, and duty proper. He thus fails to make any sense of what it is to be a moral reason for action, and of right-making and wrong-making properties. Basing my approach on some suggestions of Prichard’s, I suggest that the only way to do this is to abandon any distinct conception of duty proper, restricting ourselves to the idea of what we have most duty to do – what we most ought to do. This retains, but reframes, Ross’s focus on something that is a matter of degree.
The Magic of Immigration Enforcement: Discretion, Order and Policing
Authors: Aliverti Ana 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the peculiar nature of immigration decision-making. Removal and deportation are state coercive acts that require the acquiescence of another sovereign state and often involve complex bilateral negotiations by parties in asymmetrical relations of power. As such they are truly international acts that demand careful coordination and interdependence between various actors and institutions. They place immigration officers at the receiving end of a long chain that connects various institutional actors across public and private domains spanning the local, the national, and the global. The peculiarity of immigration enforcement relates to the framework in which officers exercise discretion: a framework structured around a combination of variables over which they have little or no control, a game of chance or a lottery. Officers figuratively gesture at the magical powers of immigration enforcement to solve policing problems. The notion of magic attests to the attractions of immigration powers for everyday policing, as well as the random, capricious, informal, and arbitrary ways in which state power operates. The fragile, ever-changing grounds on which immigration staff make decisions reflects the challenges of state power to spatialize its authority in a transnational world order. By examining the imbrications of state power and magic, this chapter argues that immigration enforcement casts doubt on the presumed rationality of state bureaucracy and authority, exposing its arbitrariness as well as its limits.
Applied Statistics with R
Authors: Touchon Justin C. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Whether at the undergraduate, graduate, or post-graduate level, Applied Statistics with R: A Practical Guide for the Life Sciences teaches readers to properly analyze data in an efficient, accessible, plainspoken, frank, and occasionally humorous manner. Readers will come away with the knowledge of which analyses they should use and when they should use them, an important skill in an age when the statistical analyses used in the life-sciences are becoming increasingly advanced. This book uses the statistical language R, which is the choice of ecologists worldwide and is rapidly becoming the ‘go-to’ stats program throughout the life-sciences. Written around a single real-world dataset, Applied Statistics with R which encourages readers to become deeply familiar with an imperfect but realistic set of data, much like they themselves might collect. Early chapters are designed to teach basic data manipulation skills and build good habits in preparation for learning more advanced analyses. This approach also demonstrates the importance of viewing data through different lenses, facilitating an easy and natural progression from linear and generalized linear models through to mixed effects versions of those same analyses. Readers will also learn advanced plotting and data-wrangling techniques, and gain an introduction to writing their own functions. Applied Statistics with R is suitable for senior undergraduate and graduate students, professional researchers, and practitioners throughout the life-sciences, whether in the fields of ecology, evolution, environmental studies, or computational biology.
On the Coherence of Vague Predicates
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter is concerned to diagnose, and defuse, the plausibility of the universally quantified major premises in standard Sorites paradoxes. The two constituent theses of what is termed the ‘governing view’—that linguistic competence consists in mastery of semantic and syntactic rules and that aspects of these rules for particular expressions may be uncovered by reflection on our characteristic linguistic training in their use, limitations of our senses and memories, and our conception of the role and interest of the classifications they effect—are shown to force the attribution to a variety of expressions of an inconsistent semantics. It is argued that that one class of predicate to which the governing view attributes such semantic incoherence is, in a certain sense, ineliminable; more specifically, that the precisification of these predicates would spawn further Sorites-prone concepts. It is concluded that the governing view must be abandoned.
The Epistemic Conception of Vagueness
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter challenges Epistemicism. It rebuts Williamson’s arguments for unrestricted Bivalence, based on the Disquotational Scheme for the truth predicate, and Sorensen’s arguments that the idea of a predicate’s being of limited sensitivity is itself incoherent. The chapter nevertheless proposes a broadly epistemic conception of what a definite case of a vague predicate is—namely, a case where at least one of two conflicting verdicts about a vague predication must involve some kind of cognitive shortcoming, and proposes a corresponding notion of a borderline case—one where each of a pair of conflicting verdicts can be unexceptionable—and sides with Epistemicism in rejecting the idea of such cases as truth-value gaps. It is contended that Williamson’s explanation of why we cannot know where the putative sharp cut-offs in Sorites series come at best explains too little, since it has nothing plausible to say about our ignorance throughout a borderline area, nor about vagueness induced by deliberate approximation—‘roughly six feet tall’, ‘about a metre long’.
Vagueness
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter centres on what it terms the Vagueness Trilemma: that what may impress as the only three possible types of view about what vagueness is—namely, that it is a matter of semantic indeterminacy, that it originates in rebus, and the epistemicist idea that it is a matter of our ineluctable ignorance about fully determinate matters— are each open to serious, indeed arguably fatal, objections. The chapter is organized about the possible attitudes to three interrelated, nodal theses. Bivalence—are borderline statements bivalent? Third possibility—do they possess some third alethic status—lack of truth value or some third truth value? And Verdict Exclusion: is knowledge of truth value precluded in borderline cases? It is argued that there are five consistent combinations of acceptance and non-acceptance of the three nodal issues, and that an attitude of agnosticism to all three, and a consequent broadly intuitionistic attitude to vagueness, is the way out of the Trilemma.
The Illusion of Higher-Order Vagueness
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
It is near orthodoxy among philosophers interested in vagueness in natural language not merely to acknowledge higher-order vagueness but to take its existence as a basic datum; so that views that lack the resources to account for it, or that put obstacles in the way, are regarded as deficient just on that score. This chapter aims to loosen the hold of this deeply misconceived idea. Its dialectic is complex and defies short summary. The upshot is that higher-order vagueness is no basic datum but an illusion, fostered by misunderstandings of the nature of ordinary (if you will, ‘first-order’) vagueness itself. To see through the illusion is to take a step that is prerequisite for a correct understanding of vagueness, and for any satisfying dissolution of its attendant paradoxes.
On the Characterization of Borderline Cases
Authors: Wright Crispin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter was originally written for Gary Ostertag’s edition of the festschrift for Stephen Schiffer, Meanings and Other Things (Oxford University Press, 2016). It centres on Schiffer’s treatment of the characterization problem: the problem of saying what being a borderline case of a concept expressed by a vague expression consists in. While broadly sympathetic to Schiffer’s approach, the chapter takes issue with two aspects of it. Schiffer endorses Verdict Exclusion: the doctrine that a ‘polar verdict’ about a borderline case cannot be an expression of knowledge. This endorsement comes at too high a cost: among other things, it conflicts with the entitlement intuition—the intuition that there will be no point in a Sorites sequence at which it is mandatory to return neither of the polar verdicts. The chapter argues for agnosticism about Verdict Exclusion (‘Liberalism’). It also rejects Schiffer’s idea that a special genre of partial belief—vagueness-related partial belief—plays an essential role in characterizing the possession conditions for vague concepts.
First-Year Trajectories of Medical Cannabis Use Among Adults Taking Opioids for Chronic Pain: An Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Ross Jonathan , Slawek Deepika E , Zhang Chenshu , Starrels Joanna L , Levin Frances R , Sohler Nancy L , Minami Haruka , Arnsten Julia H , Cunningham Chinazo O 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective
To describe first-year trajectories of medical cannabis use and identify characteristics associated with patterns of use in a cohort of adults using opioids for chronic pain.

Design
Latent class trajectory analysis of a prospective cohort study using data on the 14-day frequency of medical cannabis use.

Setting
A large academic medical center and four medical cannabis dispensaries in the New York City metropolitan area.

Subjects
Adults with chronic pain using opioids and newly certified for medical cannabis in New York between 2018 and 2020.

Methods
Using latent class trajectory analysis, we identified clusters of participants based on the 14-day frequency of medical cannabis use. We used logistic regression to determine factors associated with cluster membership, including sociodemographic characteristics, pain, substance use, and mental health symptoms.

Results
Among 99 participants, the mean age was 53 years; 62% were women, and 52% were White. We identified three clusters of medical cannabis use: infrequent use (n = 30, mean use = 1.5 days/14-day period), occasional use (n = 28, mean = 5.7 days/14-day period), and frequent use (n = 41, mean = 12.1 days/14-day period). Within clusters, use patterns did not vary significantly over 52 weeks. Differences were observed in two sociodemographic variables: Frequent (vs infrequent) use was associated with non-Hispanic White race/ethnicity (adjusted odds ratio 4.54, 95% confidence interval 1.49–14.29), while occasional (vs infrequent) use was associated with employment (adjusted odds ratio 13.84, 95% confidence interval 1.21–158.74).

Conclusions
Three clusters of medical cannabis use patterns emerged and were stable over time. Results suggest that structural factors related to race/ethnicity and employment may be major drivers of medical cannabis use, even among adults certified for its use.
Responding to the Public during a Pandemic: Perceptions of ‘Satisfactory’ and ‘Unsatisfactory’ Policing
Authors: Ghaemmaghami Aram , Inkpen Rob , Charman Sarah , Ilett Camille , Bennett Stephanie , Smith Paul , Newiss Geoff 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs part of a substantial research project on policing the Covid-19 pandemic, a public survey was conducted in Hampshire and the Isle of Wight in England. Four open-ended questions provided participants with the opportunity to produce unlimited free-text responses regarding their perception of policing during the pandemic. Responses were coded and thematically analysed to identify themes concerning public compliance and policing during the lockdown. Subthemes surrounding communication, efficiency, and equity emerged from participant’s perceptions of what they considered to be ‘satisfactory’ and ‘unsatisfactory’ forms of policing during the pandemic. A common sub-theme regarding the public’s confusion over the role of the police was countered by an acknowledgement that the police were ‘doing their best.’ The pandemic has thrown into sharper relief pre-crisis public perceptions of appropriate policing. The free-text responses highlight the ongoing tensions between normative and instrumental approaches to policing and public expectations of police actions.
The Costs and Benefits of Liquidity Regulations: Lessons from an Idle Monetary Policy Tool
Authors: Curfman Christopher J , Kandrac John 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We investigate how liquidity regulations affect banks by examining a dormant monetary policy tool that functions as a liquidity regulation. For causal inference, we use a regression kink design that relies on the variation in a marginal high-quality liquid asset requirement around an exogenous threshold. We show that mandated increases in liquidity cause banks to reduce credit supply. Liquidity requirements also depress banks’ profitability, though some of the regulatory costs are passed on to liability holders. We document a prudential benefit of liquidity requirements by showing that banks subject to a higher requirement just before the financial crisis had lower odds of failure.
Cultural Sidelining: How Campus Cultures across University Contexts Shortchange Working-Class Hispanic Students
Authors: Garza Alma Nidia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs organizations that privilege the interests and behaviors of a White middle class, universities institutionalize processes that undermine both the preparation and contributions of students from working-class backgrounds and racial/ethnic minoritized groups such as Hispanics. While studies have documented how universities carry out forms of class or racial exclusion, how racial exclusion is embedded in university class cultural practices is less understood. Understanding how class processes that are linked to racial objectives inhibit Hispanic student development is important not solely due to the group’s growing representation in college but also because such information facilitates an understanding of how universities legitimize racial hierarchies. Drawing on theories of racialized organizations and cultural reproduction, I compare how working-class Hispanic students attending a moderately selective institution and their co-ethnic counterparts attending a less selective, regional university contend with class cultural hierarchies that impact their growth and inclusion. I propose that universities engage in a practice of cultural sidelining. Students are unable to exercise elements of sidelined class cultures depending on the set of behaviors endorsed on campus. Sidelining enables organizations to draw on social class practices to carry out divergent forms of racial exclusion.
Determination of therapeutic agents efficiencies of microsatellite instability high colon cancer cells in post‐metastatic liver biochip modeling
Authors: Bayir Garbioglu Duygu , Demir Nazan , Ozel Ceren , Avci Hüseyin , Dincer Murat 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTwo distinct genetic mutational pathways characterized by either chromosomal instability or high‐frequency microsatellite instability (MSI‐H) are recognized in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer (CRC). Recently, it has been shown that patients with primary CRC that displays MSI‐H have a significant, stage‐independent, multivariate survival advantage. Biological properties of CMS1 (MSI‐H type) can affect therapeutic efficiencies of agents used in the treatment of CRC, and therefore become a new predictive factor of the treatment. But, the predictive impact of MSI‐H status for adjuvant chemotherapy remains controversial. This study will assess whether there is any unnecessary or inappropriate use of treatment agents recommended for adjuvant therapy of stage 2 and 3 of disease and for palliative or curative treatment of liver metastatic disease in microsatellite instability high group, a molecular subtype of colon cancer. Within this scope, the efficiencies of fluorouracil‐ and oxaliplatin‐based chemotherapeutic agents will be shown on stage 3 microsatellite instability high colon tumor cell lines first, and then a microfluidic model will be created, imitating the metastasis of colon cancer to the liver. In the microfluidic chip model, we will create in liver tissue, where the metastasis of microsatellite instability high colon cancer will be simulated; the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents, immunotherapy agents, and targeted agents on tumor cells as well as drug response will be assessed according to cell viability through released biomarkers from the cells. The proposed hypothesis study includes the modeling and treatment of patient‐derived post‐metastatic liver cancer in microfluidics which has priority at the global and our region and consequently develop personal medication.