bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the mechanistic basis of adaptation of perennial Sarcocornia quinqueflora species to soil salinity
Authors: Ahmed Hassan Ahmed Ibraheem , Shabala Lana , Shabala Sergey 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSucculent halophytes can be used as convenient models for understanding the mechanistic basis of plant adaptation to salt stress. In this work, effects of salinity (0–1000 mM NaCl range) on growth, ion accumulation, and stomatal features were investigated in the succulent halophyte Sarcocornia quinqueflora. Elevated salinity levels up to 400 mM NaCl largely promoted dry matter yield, succulence, shoot surface area, and stomatal characteristics. Plant growth was optimal at 200 mM NaCl and reduced at concentrations exceeding 600 mM NaCl. Osmotic adjustment in a succulent shoot was achieved by a massive accumulation of inorganic ions, with Na+ and Cl− contributing approximately 85% of its osmolality, while organic compatible solutes and K+ were responsible for only approximately 15%. Shoot K+ was unchanged across the entire range of salinity treatments (200–1000 mM NaCl) and positively correlated with the transpiration rate (R = 0.98). Carbohydrates were not reduced at high salinity compared to plants at optimal conditions, implying that growth retardation at severe salt dosages was attributed to limitations in a vacuolar Na+ and Cl− sequestrations capacity rather than inadequate photosynthesis and/or substrate limitation. It is concluded that the superior salt tolerance of S. quinqueflora is achieved by the effective reliance on Na+ and Cl− accumulation for osmoregulation and turgor maintenance, and efficient K+ homeostasis for adequate stomatal functioning over the entire salinity range. The above findings could be instrumental in developing strategies to improve salinity stress tolerance in perennial horticultural crops and optimize their water‐use efficiency.
Plant aquaporins: A frontward to make crop plants drought resistant
Authors: Ahmed Sajad , Kouser Shaista , Asgher Mohd , Gandhi Sumit G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDrought stress alters gene expression and causes cellular damage in crop plants. Drought inhibits photosynthesis by reducing the content and the activity of the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle, ultimately decreasing the crop yield. The role of aquaporins (AQP) in improving the growth and adaptation of crop plants under drought stress is of importance. AQP form channels and control water transport in and out of the cells and are associated with drought tolerance mechanisms. The current review addresses: (1) the evolution of AQPs in plants, (2) the classification of plant AQPs, (3) the role of AQPs in drought alleviation in crop plants, and (4) the phytohormone crosstalk with AQPs in crops exposed to drought stress.
Veganism as a lifestyle movement
Authors: Gheihman Nina 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the last few years, the popularity of veganism has surged. Current literature on the cultural practice, which situates it within a social movements framework, cannot adequately explain this meteoric rise. A better approach is to view veganism as an emerging lifestyle movement based on individual consumption rather than political protest. After situating veganism within the literature on animal rights, this review then explains why a lifestyle movement perspective yields a more compelling account of its growing mainstream appeal. Drawing on both cultural and organizational sociology, this review provides insights into the cultural origins of veganism, its evolving relationship to other food movements, and highlights the key role played by cultural entrepreneurs, the key changemakers who are bringing veganism from the margins to the mainstream.
Utility of methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal screening in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML)
Authors: Talagtag Millicynth , Patel Twisha S. , Scappaticci Gianni B. , Perissinotti Anthony J. , Schepers Allison J. , Petty Lindsay A. , Pettit Kristen M. , Burke Patrick W. , Bixby Dale L. , Marini Bernard L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundCurrent literature has demonstrated the utility of the MRSA nasal screen as a de‐escalation tool to decrease unnecessary anti‐MRSA antibiotic therapy. However, data on the applicability of this test in patients with hematologic malignancy is lacking.MethodsThis is a single‐center, retrospective cohort study of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) with or without a history of hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT), with pneumonia and MRSA nasal screening with respiratory cultures obtained. The primary outcome was to determine the negative predictive value (NPV) of the MRSA nasal screen for MRSA pneumonia. Secondary outcomes included sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) of the MRSA nasal screen and prevalence of MRSA pneumonia.ResultsOf 98 patients with AML and pneumonia, the prevalence of MRSA pneumonia was 4.1% with confirmed positive MRSA respiratory cultures observed in 4 patient cases. In patients with confirmed MRSA pneumonia, 3 had positive MRSA nasal screens while 1 had a false negative result, possibly due to a long lag time (21 days) between MRSA nasal screen and pneumonia diagnosis. Overall, the MRSA nasal screen demonstrated 75% sensitivity and 100% specificity, with a PPV of 100% and a NPV of 98.9%.ConclusionsGiven the low prevalence, empiric use of anti‐MRSA therapy in those AML and HCT patients with pneumonia may not be warranted in clinically stable patients. For patients in whom empiric anti‐MRSA antibiotics are initiated, nasal screening for MRSA may be utilized to de‐escalate anti‐MRSA antibiotics in patients with AML with or without HCT.
Enzymatic characterization of ancestral/group‐IV clade xyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase enzymes reveals broad substrate specificities
Authors: Seven Merve , Derman Ü. Cem , Harvey Andrew J. 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARYXyloglucan endotransglycosylase/hydrolase (XTH) enzymes play important roles in cell wall remodelling. Although previous studies have shown a pathway of evolution for XTH genes from bacterial licheninases, through plant endoglucanases (EG16), the order of development within the phylogenetic clades of true XTHs is yet to be elucidated. In addition, recent studies have revealed interesting and potentially useful patterns of transglycosylation beyond the standard xyloglucan–xyloglucan donor/acceptor substrate activities. To study evolutionary relationships and to search for enzymes with useful broad substrate specificities, genes from the ‘ancestral’ XTH clade of two monocots, Brachypodium distachyon and Triticum aestivum, and two eudicots, Arabidopsis thaliana and Populus tremula, were investigated. Specific activities of the heterologously produced enzymes showed remarkably broad substrate specificities. All the enzymes studied had high activity with the cellulose analogue HEC (hydroxyethyl cellulose) as well as with mixed‐link β‐glucan as donor substrates, when compared with the standard xyloglucan. Even more surprising was the wide range of acceptor substrates that these enzymes were able to catalyse reactions with, opening a broad range of possible roles for these enzymes, both within plants and in industrial, pharmaceutical and medical fields. Genome screening and expression analyses unexpectedly revealed that genes from this clade were found only in angiosperm genomes and were predominantly or solely expressed in reproductive tissues. We therefore posit that this phylogenetic group is significantly different and should be renamed as the group‐IV clade.
An Iterative Numerical Method for Nonlinear Vibrations
Authors: Brock J. E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A simple iterative procedure employing numerical integrations is presented for the analysis of free and forced vibrations of undamped systems having nonlinear elasticity. If the elasticity is symmetrical, it is always possible to make an excellent initial approximation, but the method may also be used in cases of unsymmetrical elasticity. Other applications, such as to systems having parameters which vary with time, are discussed.
Emissivity Calculations for Diatomic Gases
Authors: Penner S. S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
An approximate method for estimating radiant-heat transfer from gaseous emitters has been developed. An average absorption coefficient is used for an effective width of an entire vibration-rotation band. The procedure for determining an average absorption coefficient in terms of integrated absorption can be justified, approximately, for very large total pressures where the spectral half-width is no longer small compared with the rotational spacing. Because of this limitation, it is to be expected that the procedure proposed here will be particularly useful only in estimating gaseous emissivities for emitters in high-pressure combustion chambers. Nevertheless, it appears that the simplified procedure yields reasonable results even at relatively low total pressures. Thus a comparison of calculated and observed emissivities for CO at atmospheric pressure shows satisfactory agreement, especially at large optical densities. Representative emissivity calculations over a wide temperature range are described. Emissivity calculations on CO, NO, HF, HCl, HBr, and HI can be carried out very rapidly by the use of recently published data on these gases.
Evaluation of Stress Distribution in the Symmetrical Neck of Flat Tensile Bars
Authors: Aronofsky Julius 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The local strains and the strain distribution in the necks of two flat tensile specimens have been measured. A strain-hardening function for the material was obtained from the results of tension tests on round bars. This strain-hardening function and the measured strains are used to determine the stress distribution in the neck. Good agreement between the calculated and the measured fracture load was obtained.
Solution to the Rolling Problem for a Strain-Hardening Material by the Method of Discontinuities
Authors: Winzer Alice 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The problem of drawing and rolling of a thin plastic sheet between cylindrical guides was investigated recently by H. I. Ansoff, under the assumption that the material is in a state of plane plastic flow and obeys the Saint Venant-Mises yield condition (1, 2). He determined the stress distribution along the sheet by the method of characteristics and also by the method of discontinuity surfaces and found good agreement between these results as well as with experimental data. Since the computations required for the discontinuous solution are considerably less laborious than those necessary for the continuous solution, the same type of problem, but now under the assumption that the material displays strain-hardening, will be analyzed by the method of discontinuities. It seems reasonable to expect that the results so found constitute a close approximation to results based upon a continuous solution.
Pressure Distribution in the Calendering of Plastic Materials
Authors: Bergen J. T. , Scott G. W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the calendering, or rolling, of a plastic material in to sheet form by passing it between parallel rolls, hydrostatic pressure is exerted against the surface of the roll throughout the region of contact with the plastic mass. This pressure has been measured by means of a pressure-sensitive cylinder, inserted in the body of a 10-in-diam roll, together with high-speed oscillographic technique. The materials which were calendered consisted of a resin which exhibited flow properties characteristic of a viscous liquid, and several filled plastic compositions of commercial interest. Pressure maxima ranging up to 8000 psi were observed. Comparison of experimental results with theoretical expressions for pressure distribution, as given by several authors, indicates that the equation derived by Gaskell quite satisfactorily predicts the results for the case of the viscous liquid. The commercial plastics were found to exhibit pressure-distribution characteristics which were perceptibly different from those of the viscous liquid. Certain limitations of Gaskell’s treatment of nonviscous materials prevent its application to these experimental results.
Approximate Solutions of Compressible Flows Past Bodies of Revolution by Variational Method
Authors: Wang Chi-Teh , De Los Santos Socrates 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Using the direct method of Rayleigh-Ritz in the calculus of variations, the problem of steady irrotational compressible flow past a body of revolution of arbitrary shape is formulated. In order to compare with the analytical solutions obtained by other investigators, two numerical examples have been carried out, namely, compressible flows past a sphere, and an ellipsoid of revolution. The results are found to be in excellent agreement with those computed by other approximate methods.
On Elastic Continua With Hereditary Characteristics
Authors: Volterra Enrico 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In a previous paper (1) the free and forced vibrations of systems of one degree of freedom with hereditary damping characteristics were discussed. In the present paper the classical equations of motion for elastic media are extended on the basis of the general linear stress-strain law involving hereditary damping. These equations are applied to the case of free radial vibrations of a sphere. Furthermore, the free vibrations of strings, the free transverse vibrations of beams, and the free vibrations of rectangular and circular membranes are studied under the assumption of hereditary damping.
Vibrations of a Clamped Circular Plate Carrying Concentrated Mass
Authors: Roberson R. E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The vibrations of a circular plate clamped at its edge and carrying a concentrated mass at its center are considered. The plate is excited by a motion of the framing, assumed rigid, to which it is clamped. The first four natural frequencies are displayed graphically as functions of mass ratio, and are calculated more precisely for μ = 0, μ = 0.05, and μ = 0.10. The motions of two subsystems with one degree of freedom are compared, one subsystem being driven by the framing and the other by the concentrated mass on the plate. The plate-mounted subsystem has a response in excess of the response of the framing-mounted subsystem if the framing is suddenly put into motion with constant velocity. Except in the neighborhood of their peaks, whose locations depend upon mass ratio, the subsystem resonance curves are depressed in height by increasing the mass ratio.
The Safety Factor of an Elastic-Plastic Body in Plane Strain
Authors: Drucker D. C. , Greenberg H. J. , Prager W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Extremum principles are established for the safety factor of an elastic-plastic body made of a Prandtl-Reuss material and subjected to given surface tractions under conditions of plane strain. Since one of these principles establishes a maximum and the other a minimum property of the safety factor, it is possible to establish bounds for the safety factor by the joint use of these principles.
A New Method of Calculation of Reheat Factors for Turbines and Compressors
Authors: Kaye Joseph , Wadleigh K. R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A simple method is presented for rapid accurate calculation of reheat factors for adiabatic turbines and compressors with an infinite number of stages. The method is limited to fluids for which the following equation of state is adequate pv = RT and for which the specific heat is a function of temperature only. The method is based on the concept of the step efficiency—the efficiency of an infinitesimal stage based on the reversible adiabatic work—and on the concept of the relative pressure function. The method is used to produce charts of reheat factors for turbines and compressors for several gases. A theoretical justification is given for empirical rules of thumb which have been widely used to predict reheat factors for turbines and compressors with a finite number of stages.
The Bending of Uniformly Loaded Sectorial Plates With Clamped Edges
Authors: Conway H. D. , Huang M. K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper analyzes the bending of a sectorial plate, clamped on all edges and subjected to uniformly distributed load, by using two different methods of superposition on the elementary solution for a uniformly loaded circular plate with a clamped edge.
Linear Bending Theory of Isotropic Sandwich Plates by an Order-of-Magnitude Analysis
Authors: Gerard George 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
By use of an order-of-magnitude analysis, the equilibrium and stress-strain relations for the faces and core of a sandwich plate are examined in terms of the thickness of the plate. The analysis results in a set of simplified stress-strain relations for the sandwich plate, in addition to which the basic assumptions of previous sandwich-plate bending theories are obtained as the end result.
On the Axisymmetric Problem of the Theory of Elasticity for an Infinite Region Containing Two Spherical Cavities
Authors: Sternberg E. , Sadowsky M. A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper contains a solution in series form for the stress distribution in an infinite elastic medium which possesses two spherical cavities of the same size. The loading consists of tractions applied to the cavities, as well as of a uniform field of tractions at infinity, and both are assumed to be symmetric with respect to the common axis of symmetry of the cavities and with respect to the plane of geometric symmetry perpendicular to this axis. The loading is otherwise unrestricted. The solution is based upon the Boussinesq stress-function approach and apparently constitutes the first application of spherical dipolar co-ordinates in the theory of elasticity. Numerical evaluations are given for the case in which the surfaces of the cavities are free from tractions and the stress field at infinity is hydrostatic. The results illustrate the interference of two sources of stress concentration in a three-dimensional problem. The approach used here may be extended to cope with the general equilibrium problem for a region bounded by two nonconcentric spheres.
The Effect of a Rigid Circular Inclusion on the Bending of a Thick Elastic Plate
Authors: Hirsch R. A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The three-dimensional problem of the effect of a rigid circular inclusion on the bending of a thick elastic plate is solved approximately by the method of E. Reissner (1, 2). Comparison is made for the limiting cases of vanishing inclusion size, (plane strain), and vanishing thickness (Poisson-Kirchoff plate theory), with the work of J. N. Goodier (3) and M. Goland (4). Graphs showing the transition from the plane-strain solution to the Poisson-Kirchoff solution are given. Stress concentrations are calculated and plotted versus the inclusion diameter-plate thickness ratio. The stress concentrations are found to be less than predicted by the classical plate theory when the inclusion diameter approaches the same order of magnitude as the plate thickness.
Stresses and Deformations of Toroidal Shells of Elliptical Cross Section: With Applications to the Problems of Bending of Curved Tubes and of the Bourdon Gage
Authors: Clark R. A. , Gilroy T. I. , Reissner E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the application of the theory of thin shells to several problems for toroidal shells with elliptical cross section. These problems are as follows: (a) Closed shell subjected to uniform normal wall pressure. (b) Open shell subjected to end bending moments. (c) Combination of the results for the first and second problems in such a way as to obtain results for the stresses and deformations in Bourdon tubes. In all three problems the distribution of stresses is axially symmetric but only in the first problem are the displacements axially symmetric.
The magnitude of stresses and deformations for given loads depends in all three problems on the magnitude of the two parameters bc/ah and b/c where b and c are the semiaxes of the elliptical section, a is the distance of the center of the section from the axis of revolution, and h is the thickness of the wall of the shell. For sufficiently small values of bc/ah trigonometric series solutions are obtained. For sufficiently large values of bc/ah asymptotic solutions are obtained. Numerical results are given for various quantities of practical interest as a function of bc/ah for the values 2, 1, 1/2, 1/4 of the semiaxes ratio b/c. It is suggested that the analysis be extended to still smaller values of b/c and to cross sections other than elliptical.
The Optimum Problem of the Sandwich Plate
Authors: Flügge W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
While numerous papers have been published on the stability of sandwich plates in compression, Fig. 1, so far, attention has almost exclusively been focused on the problem of finding the critical load under which the plate becomes unstable, assuming that the dimensions and the materials are given. Some 7 or 8 years ago the author realized that this is not enough for practical purposes. The engineer needs some advice as to how the dimensions of a plate should be chosen in order to obtain a favorable relation between its weight and the load carried. The method used in answering this question will be explained in this paper.
An Alternative Formulation of the Laws of Mechanics
Authors: Trent H. M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The author proposes a set of laws of mechanics which are duals of those of Newton. These laws are based upon the concept of the continuity of transmitted forces around closed loops. They are particularly useful in those engineering problems where only knowledge of forces is of interest, since the laws lead directly to equations in which forces are the dependent variables.
Bending and Buckling of an Elastically Restrained Circular Plate
Authors: Reismann H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper considers the effect of an elastic boundary restraint upon the deflection, moments, and critical (buckling) loads of a circular plate. The solutions given are based on the classical theory of plates and are exact within the assumptions underlying this theory. They include, as particular limiting cases, the known solutions for the simply supported and rigidly clamped edge. The physical significance of the results obtained is discussed in detail with particular emphasis upon the degree of restraint along the clamped edge.
Gas Cooling of a Porous Heat Source
Authors: Green Leon 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A limiting case of solid-fluid heat transfer is examined, in which a gas passes through a porous wall of high specific surface with heat generation within the solid material. Dimensionless temperature profiles in the wall are presented in terms of the rate of heat generation, rate of flow, and thermal properties of the gas and solid. The pressure drop across the wall is approximated by using an average wall temperature and assuming isothermal conditions. Temperature profiles, pressure drops, and pumping-power/power-output ratios are calculated for the hypothetical case of a heated graphite wall cooled by helium. It is found that the thermal dependence of the gas viscosity produces a minimum in the pressure-drop versus flow-rate curve, and it appears that favorable pumping-power/power-output ratios can be obtained by the use of high pressures. The problem of temperature stability in a gas-cooled porous solid is pointed out and the need for experimental work emphasized. Use of the sweat-cooling technique for high-pressure, high-temperature ducts is suggested.