bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A network approach to dyslexia: Mapping the reading network
Authors: Verwimp Cara , Tijms Jurgen , Snellings Patrick , Haslbeck Jonas M. B. , Wiers Reinout W. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractResearch on the etiology of dyslexia typically uses an approach based on a single core deficit, failing to understand how variations in combinations of factors contribute to reading development and how this combination relates to intervention outcome. To fill this gap, this study explored links between 28 cognitive, environmental, and demographic variables related to dyslexia by employing a network analysis using a large clinical database of 1,257 elementary school children. We found two highly connected subparts in the network: one comprising reading fluency and accuracy measures, and one comprising intelligence-related measures. Interestingly, phoneme awareness was functionally related to the controlled and accurate processing of letter–speech sound mappings, whereas rapid automatized naming was more functionally related to the automated convergence of visual and speech information. We found evidence for the contribution of a variety of factors to (a)typical reading development, though associated with different aspects of the reading process. As such, our results contradict prevailing claims that dyslexia is caused by a single core deficit. This study shows how the network approach to psychopathology can be used to study complex interactions within the reading network and discusses future directions for more personalized interventions.
Examining the intergenerational transmission of parental invalidation: Extension of the biosocial model
Authors: Lee Stephanie S. M. , Keng Shian-Ling , Hong Ryan Y. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study examined the intergenerational transmission of parental invalidation and whether parental difficulties in emotion regulation mediated the association between past experiences of invalidation and current invalidating parenting practices. We also aimed to investigate whether gender might influence the transmission of parental invalidation. We recruited a community sample of 293 dual-parent families (adolescent and their parents) based in Singapore. Parents and adolescents each completed measures of childhood invalidation, whereas parents additionally reported on their difficulties in emotion regulation. Results based on path analyses demonstrated that past parental invalidation experienced by fathers positively predicted current perceived invalidation by their children. The association between mothers’ childhood invalidation and current invalidating practices was fully mediated by mothers’ difficulties with emotion regulation. Further analyses revealed that parents’ current invalidating behaviors were not predicted by their past experiences of paternal or maternal invalidation. These findings point to the importance of considering the family invalidating environment as a whole when examining the influence of past experienced parental invalidation on emotion regulation and invalidating behaviors of second-generation parents. Our study provides empirical support for the intergenerational transmission of parental invalidation and highlights the need to address childhood experiences of parental invalidation in parenting programs.
Lower bound on the size of a quasirandom forcing set of permutations
Authors: Kurečka Martin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA set S of permutations is forcing if for any sequence
$\{\Pi_i\}_{i \in \mathbb{N}}$
of permutations where the density
$d(\pi,\Pi_i)$
converges to
$\frac{1}{|\pi|!}$
for every permutation
$\pi \in S$
, it holds that
$\{\Pi_i\}_{i \in \mathbb{N}}$
is quasirandom. Graham asked whether there exists an integer k such that the set of all permutations of order k is forcing; this has been shown to be true for any
$k\ge 4$
. In particular, the set of all 24 permutations of order 4 is forcing. We provide the first non-trivial lower bound on the size of a forcing set of permutations: every forcing set of permutations (with arbitrary orders) contains at least four permutations.
Community-Driven Methods for Open and Reproducible Software Tools for Analyzing Datasets from Atom Probe Microscopy
Authors: Kühbach Markus , London Andrew J , Wang Jing , Schreiber Daniel K , Mendez Martin Francisca , Ghamarian Iman , Bilal Huma , Ceguerra Anna V 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Atom probe tomography, and related methods, probe the composition and the three-dimensional architecture of materials. The software tools which microscopists use, and how these tools are connected into workflows, make a substantial contribution to the accuracy and precision of such material characterization experiments. Typically, we adapt methods from other communities like mathematics, data science, computational geometry, artificial intelligence, or scientific computing. We also realize that improving on research data management is a challenge when it comes to align with the FAIR data stewardship principles. Faced with this global challenge, we are convinced it is useful to join forces. Here, we report the results and challenges with an inter-laboratory call for developing test cases for several types of atom probe microscopy software tools. The results support why defining detailed recipes of software workflows and sharing these recipes is necessary and rewarding: Open source tools and (meta)data exchange can help to make our day-to-day data processing tasks become more efficient, the training of new users and knowledge transfer become easier, and assist us with automated quantification of uncertainties to gain access to substantiated results.
The Flux of Flux Ropes Embedded Within Magnetic Clouds Near 5 AU
Authors: Zhao Yan , Feng Hengqiang , Liu Qiang , Zhao Ake , Zhao Guoqing , Tian Zhanjun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMagnetic clouds (MCs) are an important kind of interplanetary coronal mass ejections and generally treated as giant flux ropes. Previous researches indicates that the rope structure of MCs may be destructed as they move away from the solar surface. In this paper, we made a statistic study of the azimuthal flux of flux ropes embedded within MCs near 5 AU. The average azimuthal flux of the rope was estimated to be , less than 20% of that near 1 AU. The rope structure occupied from 30% to 100% of the magnetic cloud interval with an average of 69%. The results presented here indicate that the rope structure of MCs still can be efficiently destructed as they move out beyond 1 AU and treating them as flux ropes, at least beyond 1 AU, may not be appropriate.
Interaction Between an EMSTID and an EPB in the EIA Crest Region Over China
Authors: Sun Longchang , Xu Jiyao , Zhu Yajun , Xiong Chao , Yuan Wei , Wu Kun , Hao Yongqiang , Chen Gang , Yan Chunxiao , Wang Zhihua , Zhao Xiukuan , Luo Xiaomin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFew observations investigated the interaction between an electrical medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbance (EMSTID) and an equatorial plasma bubble (EPB). This paper presents another interaction between a southwestward propagating EMSTID and an eastward drifting EPB in the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crest region of China. When the EMSTID and the EPB touched each other, several depletions of the EMSTID (EPB) showed the eastward (westward) velocity disturbances of the EPB (EMSTID) depletions. Besides, phase elongations of the EPB depletions contrarotated as the EMSTID propagated southwestward. However, of important finding is that the interaction of the EMSTID and the EPB could have polarized one depletion of the postmidnight EPB that should have become a fossilized bubble. Inside that polarized EPB depletion were meter‐scale irregularities that caused activated radar echoes and enhanced ranged spread F (RSF). The interaction occurred in descending ionosphere and the lower density regions got filled up with an enhanced density plasma. We propose that the EMSTID and the EPB could have electrically coupled with each other, causing an enhanced polarization electric field (PEF) that polarized that EPB depletion; the E × B gradient drift instability (Kelley, 1989) could have caused the meter‐scale irregularities when that enhanced PEF was imposed on that reactivated EPB depletion surrounded by that enhanced density plasma. This study provides observational evidence that how an electrical couple of EMSTID and EPB events can activate a postmidnight EPB depletion that should become a fossilized structure.
Exploring the Impact of Thermally Controlled Crustal Viscosity on Volcanic Ground Deformation
Authors: Head Matthew , Hickey James , Gottsmann Joachim , Fournier Nicolas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractVolcanoes undergoing unrest often produce displacements at the ground surface, providing an important window to interpret the dynamics of the underlying magmatic system. The thermomechanical properties of the surrounding host rock are expected to be highly heterogeneous, with key physical parameters having a strong dependence on temperature. Deformation models that incorporate nonelastic rheological behaviors are therefore heavily reliant on the assumed thermal conditions, and so it is critical to understand how the thermomechanical crustal structure affects the observed deformation field. Here, we use a series of thermo‐viscoelastic Finite Element models to explore how variations in thermal constraints (i.e., reservoir temperature and background geothermal gradient) affect surface displacement patterns when using the Maxwell and Standard Linear Solid (SLS) viscoelastic configurations. Our results demonstrate a strong variability in the viscoelastic deformation response when changing the imposed thermal constraints, caused by the partitioning of deformation and the dissipation of induced stresses. When using the SLS rheology, we identify that cumulative long‐term displacements can vary by over 20%, relative to a reference model with a reservoir temperature of 900°C and background geothermal gradient of 30 K km−1. The relative change increases to a maximum of 35% when thermal weakening of the Young's modulus is also considered. Contrastingly, the deformation patterns of the Maxwell rheology are governed by unbounded displacements and complete stress relaxation. Ultimately, we outline that uncertainties in the thermal constraints can have a significant impact on best‐fit source parameters (e.g., size and depth) and overpressure/volume‐change loading histories inferred from thermo‐viscoelastic models.
Temporal Patterns of Methane Emissions From Two Streams With Different Riparian Connectivity
Authors: Leng Peifang , Kamjunke Norbert , Li Fadong , Koschorreck Matthias 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStreams are regionally important sources of CH4 to the atmosphere, but the temporal variability in and control on CH4 concentrations and emissions are not well understood. Especially, lack of long‐term data hampers our ability to predict CH4 emissions from streams. Here, we present a 7‐year data set of biweekly CH4 concentration and underlying potential drivers from two adjacent small German streams with contrasting riparian area characteristics. Over the 7‐year study period, mean CH4 concentration and emissions were 0.20 and 0.07 μmol L−1 and 2.01 and 0.84 mmol m−2 d−1 for the two streams, respectively. Our findings suggest that the combination of seasonality and topography ultimately shaped the considerable temporal variations of CH4. CH4 oxidation and production in the streams were probably of minor importance. Instead, fluctuations in CH4 concentrations likely reflected a temporal pattern of CH4 input from soils of the riparian zone with larger CH4 variations in the stream with more riparian lands. Structural equation modeling revealed dissolved organic carbon and nitrate as important predictors of CH4 concentration. However, we did not identify predictors of the considerable short‐term variability, nor the explicit pathways of CH4 delivery to streams. The discrepancy of the CH4 flux between streams was likely triggered by different connectivities to riparian soils with higher CH4 emissions in the hydrologically more connected stream. Interannual comparison showed that changing hydrologic conditions, rather than warming, may impact future CH4 emissions from temperate streams. We predict that higher CH4 emissions occur in wetter years in streams with close connectivity to riparian soils.
Broadband Infrasound Signal of a Collapsing Hanging Glacier
Authors: Marchetti Emanuele , Walter Fabian , Meier Lorenz 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA major ice collapse (10,000 ) from a hanging glacier on Mount Eiger, Switzerland was recorded by a small aperture array as a broadband (0.1–10 Hz) infrasound signal. Array analysis reveals that the high (3 Hz) frequency signal is infrasound produced by the moving ice mass, and its back azimuth variation with time tracks the ice mass trajectory and provides a mean velocity estimate. Infrasound frequency is used to estimate a radius, that despite overestimating the volume, provides quantitative analysis in near‐real time. The low (0.1 Hz) frequency oscillation is modeled in terms of the velocity field (wind), which the moving ice mass induces on the surrounding air, producing pressure variations at the different elements. These results show how infrasound array observations may provide quantitative information of glacier collapse and ice avalanche trajectories, and possibly, volume.
Bottom Mixing Enhanced by Tropical Storm‐Generated Near‐Inertial Waves Entering Critical Layers in the Straits of Florida
Authors: Qu Lixin , Thomas Leif , Gula Jonathan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTropical storms and hurricanes frequently pass over the Straits of Florida, energizing the near‐inertial wave (NIW) field in the strait. Two ship‐based surveys, which were launched shortly after storms, observed velocity shear bands over the western slope of the strait—clear signatures of NIWs. Also, the hydrographic measurements demonstrate the formation of a slantwise critical layer (where isopycnals are parallel with bathymetry) over the western slope, which is known to be a trapping zone for NIWs. A realistic simulation of the Straits confirms the emergence of NIWs under a tropical storm, which is accompanied by inertially modulated bottom‐enhanced mixing over the western slope. The mechanism driving the mixing is that the storm‐generated NIWs radiate downward from the core of the Florida Current, reflect off the eastern slope, and enter the slantwise critical layer over the western slope; upon entering, wave trapping, and amplification lead to the enhanced mixing.
Response of GOLD Retrieved Thermospheric Temperatures to Geomagnetic Activities of Varying Magnitudes
Authors: Laskar F. I. , Eastes R. W. , Codrescu M. V. , Evans J. S. , Burns A. G. , Wang W. , McClintock W. E. , Aryal S. , Cai X. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGlobal‐scale Observations of Limb and Disk (GOLD) disk measurements of far ultraviolet molecular nitrogen band emissions are used to retrieve temperatures (), which are representative of lower thermospheric altitudes. The present investigation studies the response of lower thermospheric temperatures to geomagnetic activities of varying magnitudes. In this study, it has been observed that increases over all latitudes in response to enhanced geomagnetic activity. The increase in temperature is proportional to the strength of the geomagnetic activity and is greater at higher latitudes. Temperature enhancements vary from 10s to 100s of Kelvins from low‐ to mid‐latitudes. Local time behavior shows that pre‐noon enhancements in temperatures, during relatively stronger geomagnetic activities, are greater compared to afternoon, which may be caused by the combined action of daytime dynamics and geomagnetic forcing. This study, thus, demonstrates the utility of GOLD when investigating the effects of dynamical and external forcings in the thermosphere.
Dissecting Anvil Cloud Response to Sea Surface Warming
Authors: Beydoun Hassan , Caldwell Peter M. , Hannah Walter M. , Donahue Aaron S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe derive an anvil cloud diagnostic from the continuity equation of cloud ice and apply it to the output of convection‐permitting Energy Exascale Earth System Model (E3SM) simulations run in radiative‐convective equilibrium mode. This diagnostic shows that anvil cloud fraction can be reliably diagnosed as a product of cloud detrainment and lifetime. Detrainment is found to be approximated well by a product of clear sky convergence and cloud ice mixing ratio, while cloud lifetime is dominated by sedimentation. Taken together, this diagnostic expresses anvil cloud fraction as a function of five physically measurable quantities. Of these, clear‐sky convergence changes drive the anvil cloud reduction with warming while an increase in cloud ice mixing ratio buffers the decrease. Accordingly, this study provides a theoretical foundation upon which the Stability‐Iris hypothesis can be tested.
Life course socioeconomic position and body composition in adulthood: a systematic review and narrative synthesis
Authors: Bridger Staatz Charis , Kelly Yvonne , Lacey Rebecca E. , Blodgett Joanna M. , George Anitha , Arnot Megan , Walker Emma , Hardy Rebecca 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Multiple systematic reviews have investigated the relation between socioeconomic position (SEP) and body mass index (BMI) throughout the life course. However, BMI does not capture quantity and distribution of fat and muscle, which are better indicators of obesity than BMI, and have been independently linked to adverse health outcomes. Less is known about the relation between SEP and body composition, and the literature has not been reviewed. We therefore systematically reviewed the literature on the association between life course SEP and body composition in adulthood.

Methods
A protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42019119937), and the review followed PRISMA guidelines. An electronic search of three databases (MEDLINE, Embase Classic + Embase and SPORTDiscus) was conducted. Original studies in the English language were included that examine the association between any recognised measure of SEP at any age and body composition (fat mass, fat-free mass, ratio and distribution) in adulthood, measured using a direct technique, i.e., not an anthropometric measure. A narrative synthesis was conducted.

Results
A total of 47 papers were included in the final review, none were from low-income countries (LICs). Greater advantage in childhood and adulthood was associated with lower fat levels in high-income countries (HICs). Associations in the opposite direction were found exclusively in middle-income countries (MICs). No studies in MICs reported associations for childhood SEP. For measures of lean mass, the majority of papers reported no association, or greater advantage in adulthood associated with higher lean mass, with little variation between HICs and MICs. Associations in HICs are more often observed in women than men.

Conclusion
The results indicate that fat measures follow similar patterns to those seen for BMI, and that women in HICs are more likely to experience inequalities in both fat and lean measures. Further research in LICs and MICs is needed.
Introduction to the National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator (NCITA): a UK-wide infrastructure for multicentre clinical translation of cancer imaging biomarkers
Authors: McAteer M. A. , O’Connor J. P. B. , Koh D. M. , Leung H. Y. , Doran S. J. , Jauregui-Osoro M. , Muirhead N. , Brew-Graves C. , Plummer E. R. , Sala E. , Ng T. , Aboagye E. O. , Higgins G. S. , Punwani S. 
Published: July 2021

SummaryThe National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator (NCITA) is creating a UK national coordinated infrastructure for accelerated translation of imaging biomarkers for clinical use. Through the development of standardised protocols, data integration tools and ongoing training programmes, NCITA provides a unique scalable infrastructure for imaging biomarker qualification using multicentre clinical studies.
Cytokine-enhanced cytolytic activity of exosomes from NK Cells
Authors: Enomoto Yutaka , Li Peng , Jenkins Lisa M. , Anastasakis Dimitrios , Lyons Gaelyn C. , Hafner Markus , Leonard Warren J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNatural killer (NK) cells play key roles in immune surveillance against tumors and viral infection. NK cells distinguish abnormal cells from healthy cells by cell–cell interaction with cell surface proteins and then attack target cells via multiple mechanisms. In addition, extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from NK cells (NK-EVs), including exosomes, possess cytotoxic capacity against tumor cells, but their characteristics and regulation by cytokines remain unknown. Here, we report that EVs derived from human NK-92 cells stimulated with IL-15 + IL-21 show enhanced cytotoxic capacity against tumor cells. Major cytolytic granules, granzyme B and granzyme H, are enriched by IL-15 + IL-21 stimulation in NK-EVs; however, knockout experiments reveal those cytolytic granules are independent of enhanced cytotoxic capacity. To find out the key molecules, mass spectrometry analyses were performed with different cytokine conditions, no cytokine, IL-15, IL-21, or IL-15 + IL-21. We then found that CD226 (DNAM-1) on NK-EVs is enriched by IL-15 + IL-21 stimulation and that blocking antibodies against CD226 reduced the cytolytic activity of NK-EVs. We also show NK-EVs are taken up by target cells via macropinocytosis. Collectively, our findings elucidate the novel properties of NK-EVs and the mechanism of their incorporation into target cells.
Analysis and optimization of quantum adaptive measurement protocols with the framework of preparation games
Authors: Weilenmann M. , Aguilar E. A. , Navascués M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA preparation game is a task whereby a player sequentially sends a number of quantum states to a referee, who probes each of them and announces the measurement result. Many experimental tasks in quantum information, such as entanglement quantification or magic state detection, can be cast as preparation games. In this paper, we introduce general methods to design n-round preparation games, with tight bounds on the performance achievable by players with arbitrarily constrained preparation devices. We illustrate our results by devising new adaptive measurement protocols for entanglement detection and quantification. Surprisingly, we find that the standard procedure in entanglement detection, namely, estimating n times the average value of a given entanglement witness, is in general suboptimal for detecting the entanglement of a specific quantum state. On the contrary, there exist n-round experimental scenarios where detecting the entanglement of a known state optimally requires adaptive measurement schemes.
SNX19 restricts endolysosome motility through contacts with the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Saric Amra , Freeman Spencer A. , Williamson Chad D. , Jarnik Michal , Guardia Carlos M. , Fernandopulle Michael S. , Gershlick David C. , Bonifacino Juan S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe ability of endolysosomal organelles to move within the cytoplasm is essential for the performance of their functions. Long-range movement involves coupling of the endolysosomes to motor proteins that carry them along microtubule tracks. This movement is influenced by interactions with other organelles, but the mechanisms involved are incompletely understood. Herein we show that the sorting nexin SNX19 tethers endolysosomes to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), decreasing their motility and contributing to their concentration in the perinuclear area of the cell. Tethering depends on two N-terminal transmembrane domains that anchor SNX19 to the ER, and a PX domain that binds to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate on the endolysosomal membrane. Two other domains named PXA and PXC negatively regulate the interaction of SNX19 with endolysosomes. These studies thus identify a mechanism for controlling the motility and positioning of endolysosomes that involves tethering to the ER by a sorting nexin.