bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bile acid dysmetabolism in the gut‐microbiota‐liver axis under hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Inoue Takako , Funatsu Yui , Ohnishi Masaya , Isogawa Masanori , Kawashima Keigo , Tanaka Masaru , Moriya Kei , Kawaratani Hideto , Momoda Rie , Iio Etsuko , Nakagawa Hidewaki , Suzuki Yutaka , Matsuura Kentaro , Fujiwara Kei , Nakajima Atsushi , Yoshiji Hitoshi , Nakayama Jiro , Tanaka Yasuhito 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground & AimsWe recently analysed and reported the features of the micro biome under hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, but the effect of HCV infection on bile acid (BA) metabolism in the gut‐liver axis remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to clarify the characteristics of the gut‐liver axis in HCV‐infected patients.MethodsThe faecal BAs composition and gut microbiota from 100 chronic hepatitis C (CHC) patients were compared with those from 23 healthy individuals. For transcriptional analysis of the liver, 22 mild CHC (fibrosis stages [F] 0‐2) and 42 advanced CHC (F3‐4) cases were compared with 12 healthy individuals. The findings were confirmed using chimeric mice with human hepatocytes infected with HCV HCR6.ResultsChronic hepatitis C patients, even at earlier disease stages, showed BA profiles distinct from healthy individuals, in which faecal deoxycholic acid (DCA) was significantly reduced and lithocholic acid or ursodeoxycholic acid became dominant. The decrease in faecal DCA was correlated with reduction in commensal Clostridiales and increase in oral Lactobacillales. Impaired biosynthesis of cholic acid (CA) was observed as a reduction in the transcription level of cytochrome P450 8B1 (CYP8B1), a key enzyme in CA biosynthesis. The reductions in faecal DCA and liver CYP8B1 were also observed in HCV‐infected chimeric mice.ConclusionsChronic hepatitis C alters the intestinal BA profile, in association with the imbalance of BA biosynthesis, which differs from the pattern in NAFLD. These imbalances appear to drive disease progression through the gut‐microbiome‐liver axis.
Fixed‐fee vs. royalty licensing under asymmetric demand information
Authors: Li Yue , Yanagawa Takashi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWhen there is asymmetry in the market size information held by an R&D firm outside a market that possesses new technology for lowering production costs, along with a monopoly firm that engages in production activities inside the market, the producing firm has an incentive to make its market size look smaller to reduce licensing fees. Fixed‐fee licensing is desirable for R&D firms in the absence of information asymmetry, but royalty licensing and a mixture of fees and royalties can work as a means to resolve information asymmetry. Using a dynamic model of signaling, this study shows that fixed‐fee licensing is adopted when the level of a new technology is large or small, while royalty licensing is adopted when the level is moderate.
In vitro activities of 8 antifungal drugs against 126 clinical and environmental Exophiala isolates
Authors: Najafzadeh Mohammad Javad , Dolatabadi Somayeh , Vicente Vania Aparecida , de Hoog Gerrit Sybren , Meis Jacques F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundExophiala is the main genus of black fungi comprising numerous opportunistic species. Data on antifungal susceptibility of Exophiala isolates are limited, while infections are potentially fatal.Materials and methodsIn vitro activities of eight antifungal drugs (AMB, five azoles, two echinocandins) against 126 clinical (n = 76) and environmental (n = 47) isolates from around the world were investigated. E. oligosperma (n = 58), E. spinifera (n = 33), E. jeanselmei (n = 14) and E. xenobiotica (n = 21) were included in our dataset.ResultsThe resulting MIC90s of all strains were as follows, in increasing order: posaconazole 0.063 μg/ml, itraconazole 0.125 μg/ml, voriconazole and amphotericin B 1 μg/ml, isavuconazole 2 μg/ml, micafungin and caspofungin 4 μg/ml, and fluconazole 64 μg/ml.Posaconazole, itraconazole and micafungin were the drugs with the best overall activity against Exophiala species. Fluconazole could not be considered as a treatment choice. No significant difference could be found among antifungal drug activities between these four species, neither in clinical nor in environmental isolates.ConclusionAntifungal susceptibility data for Exophiala spp. are crucial to improve the management of this occasionally fatal infection and the outcome of its treatment.
How will global change affect plant reproduction? A framework for mast seeding trends
Authors: Bogdziewicz Michał 
Published: August 2021

SummaryForest ecology traditionally focuses on plant growth and survival, leaving seed production as a major demographic process lacking a framework for how it will be affected by global change. Understanding plant reproductive responses to changing climate is complicated by masting, the annually variable seed production synchronized within populations. Predicting trends in masting is crucial, because masting impacts seed predation and pollination enough to override simple trends in mean seed production. Proximate mechanisms of seed production patterns in perennial plants are gathered to identify processes through which masting may be affected by a changing environment. Predicting trends in masting will require understanding the mechanisms that cause predictable seed failure after high‐seed years, and the stochastic mechanisms that synchronize individuals in high‐seed years.
The Evaluation of Sagittal Pelvic‐Femoral Kinematics in Patients with Cam‐Type Femoracetabular Impingement
Authors: Yin Qing‐feng , Zhang Jing , Liang Tao , Liu Yu‐jie , Zhang Shan‐xing , Li Chun‐bao 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveTo investigate the sagittal hip‐pelvic kinematics in symptomatic cam‐type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) patients in the process of sitting down and compare their difference between patients with sitting pain complaint and those without.MethodsTwenty‐nine symptomatic cam‐type FAI patients were recruited from our clinic between May 2018 and October 2018. Patients were categorized into two groups depending on whether they complain of pain in prolonged sitting or not. The pelvic‐femoral measurements were assessed with a set of lateral pelvic radiography in sitting and standing respectively. Pelvic incidence (PI), sacral slope (SS), and proximal femoral shaft angle (PFSA) were measured on lateral pelvic radiography, and then pelvic tilting, apparent hip flexion, true hip flexion, and the pelvic‐femoral ratio were calculated to investigate the kinematic change from standing to sitting position. Demographic measurements, hip morphology measurements, functional measurements, visual analog scale (VAS), and pelvic‐femoral measurements were compared between the two groups.ResultsThirteen cases without sitting pain complaint and 16 cases with sitting pain complaint were stratified to Group N and Group P respectively. No was significant difference in age, body mass index (BMI), and gender between the two groups. Hip morphology measurements (α angle and lateral center‐edge angle) and functional measurements (iHOT‐12) showed no significant difference between the two groups. However, the mean VAS of pain while sitting was 0.5 ± 0.4 and 1.6 ± 0.6 in Group N and Group P respectively (P = 0.005). Patients with sitting pain complaint have increased pelvic PI compared to those without (50.1° ± 6.5° and 44.2° ± 7.6°, P = 0. 042). The changes in SS (pelvic tilting) from standing to sitting in Group N was significantly larger than that in Group P (21.8° ± 7.0° and 15.1° ± 6.5°, P = 0.012). Although no significant difference in apparent hip flexion and true hip flexion was found. Patients without sitting pain complaint demonstrated a higher pelvic‐femoral ratio (22.8% ± 7.9% and 16.1% ± 7.5%, P = 0.010) compared to those with sitting pain complaint.ConclusionSagittal pelvic‐femoral kinematics could have an influence on the symptomology of cam‐type FAI. The small PI and insufficient sagittal pelvic tilting in the process of sitting down could be related to the complaint of sitting pain in patients with symptomatic cam‐type FAI.
Co‐transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cell and haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell with TCR αβ depletion in children with primary immunodeficiency syndromes
Authors: Atay Didem , Akcay Arzu , Akinci Burcu , Yenigurbuz Fatma Demir , Ovali Ercument , Ozturk Gulyuz 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundHaploidentical HSCT is a good option for children with PIDs lacking an HLA‐matched donor. Co‐transplantation of MSCs during haploidentical HSCT in patients with PIDs may enhance engraftment, decrease the risk of GVHD, and ensure stable donor chimerism.MethodsTwenty‐seven pediatric patients (median age, 1.4 years; range, .3–10.9) with PIDs undergoing thirty haploidentical HSCT with TCR αβ depletion and co‐transplantation of MSCs were enrolled to study. Most patients (73.3%) received myeloablative conditioning consisting of treosulfan or busulfan, fludarabine, and thiotepa. The median duration of follow‐up was 14.3 months (range, 1–69 months).ResultsAcute GVHD occurred in 7 patients (grade I‐II n = 5, grade III‐IV n = 2). Chronic GVHD was observed in only one patient. Twenty‐one patients (70.2%) had 100% donor chimerism in all cell lines including T‐cell and B‐cell lineages. Primary graft failure was observed in 7 patients (25.9%). The cumulative incidences of TRM were 20% at day 100, and 26.7% at one year and five years. Probabilities of OS were 80% at day 100, and 71.9% at 1 year and 5 years. Infants transplanted younger than 6 months of age had the highest 5‐year survival rate (85.7%).ConclusionWe conclude that use of TCR αβ depleted haploidentical transplantation with MSCs may ensure a rapid engraftment rate, low incidence of significant acute and chronic GVHD, and acceptable post‐transplantation morbidity, especially in patients diagnosed with SCID and may be considered in children with PIDs. In younger patients (≤6 months), survival is comparable between HLA‐matched graft and CD3+ TCRαβ depleted HLA‐mismatched graft recipients.
Apoptotic arms races in insect‐baculovirus coevolution
Authors: Nagamine Toshihiro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBaculoviruses, like their holometabolous host insects, comprise a monophyletic clade and, since the evolutionary origin of this virus family, have coevolved with their hosts. Despite this intimate coevolutionary relationship, baculoviruses have occasionally diverged independently of the host phylogeny by acquiring new infection mechanisms. Given that current baculovirus genomes contain various anti‐apoptotic genes and pseudogenes, the possibility arises that ancient baculoviruses had the genetic means to counter antiviral host apoptosis mechanisms. In this review, we propose an evolutionary scenario for baculovirus diversification in which the development of novel antiviral apoptosis mechanisms in host insects provided the necessary pressure to produce new baculovirus lineages possessing novel anti‐apoptotic genes. This apoptotic arms race and subsequent viral host adaptation likely play a crucial role in the establishment of baculovirus diversity.
Coping with the COVID‐19 pandemic through institutional trust: Rally effects, compensatory control, and emotions
Authors: Roccato Michele , Colloca Pasquale , Cavazza Nicoletta , Russo Silvia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveExogenous shocks trigger rally effects, leading the public opinion toward increased trust in institutions. Rally effects have an important social function because they help society react to shocks rapidly and efficiently as a single unit and cohesively face the threat. However, little is known about the individual functions that these effects fulfil. In this study, we aimed to analyze the individual functions of the rally effect.MethodIn a three‐wave longitudinal study on a quota sample of the Italian adult population (N = 1070), we analyzed the individual consequences of the increase in institutional trust triggered by the COVID‐19 pandemic.ResultsA path analysis showed that increased trust in political, super partes and international institutions fostered well‐being, reducing anxiety, collective angst, and anger via the mediation of participants’ perceived control over their lives.ConclusionBeyond their well‐known social functions, rally effects fulfil the individual function of favoring people's psychological well‐being.
Profiles in party switching: The case of Southern Party activists
Authors: McKee Seth C. , Yoshinaka Antoine 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTObjectiveWe examine the demographic profiles of southern county‐level activists, who switched parties to see how they may differ from other activists affiliated with the party they converted to.MethodsWith data from the 1991–92 and 2001 Southern Grassroots Party Activists (SGPA) projects, we use descriptive and multivariate analysis to determine which demographic characteristics distinguish party‐switching activists from non‐switching activists.ResultsAcross several important demographics, party‐switching activists are significantly different from the non‐switching activists of the party the former group converted to.ConclusionsIn an increasingly contentious political era, the conversion of activists into opposite parties is one avenue by which the demographic makeup of party coalitions may shift, as party‐switching activists differ from activists who have never changed their affiliation. Converts can also bring different ideological and issue positions.
Interprofessional team coordination in disaster exercises for undergraduate nursing students: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Dinh Thi Thuy Ha , Tori Kathleen , Francis Karen , Hines Sonia 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
This scoping review will map the literature related to interprofessional learning among undergraduate nursing, and other health and allied health students and professionals to prevent, prepare, or respond to a simulated disaster event.

Introduction:
The frequency of disasters has been increasing globally. Nurses constitute the largest proportion of the health workforce and play an important role in disaster response, together with other health and allied health professionals. The development and implementation of disaster exercises that are inclusive of nursing, as well as other health, and allied health students or professionals will benefit students’ learning around disaster response. Therefore, it is timely to conduct a review of disaster exercises that have conceptualized and implemented an interprofessional team approach inclusive of nursing students.

Inclusion criteria:
Publications of quantitative, qualitative, mixed method studies, discussions, text, or opinion reporting a disaster simulation or drill involving nursing and other health, allied health discipline students, or practitioners will be included. There is no limit on the publication period or languages. All types of natural and human-induced disasters will be considered.

Methods:
The search will be conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL, ERIC, Embase, Web of Science, ProQuest Nursing and Allied Health, and PsycINFO. Two reviewers will screen titles and abstracts for potential papers, and the full texts will be examined against eligibility criteria. Data will be extracted using the tool developed for this review. Nursing roles and how nursing students have collaborated with other team members will be discussed.
Coping experiences of young adults diagnosed with a chronic illness: a qualitative systematic review protocol
Authors: Wilson Beth , Weeks Lori , Morris Patricia , Innocente Sarah , Rothfus Melissa 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of this review is to gain insight about the experience of emerging adults who are coping with a chronic illness diagnosis.

Introduction:
Receiving a chronic illness diagnosis is filled with challenges and changes to a person's life. Coping is not an easy or linear process, and is particularly complex for emerging adults. The emerging adult stage is important to consider, as this is a stage characterized by identity exploration, transition to adulthood, and future planning. A chronic illness diagnosis interrupts these processes and affects the coping process in emerging adults.

Inclusion criteria:
The population included will be persons between 18 and 25 years of age living in the community. Sources will focus on the experience of being diagnosed with a chronic illness, including its impacts on the individual's life.

Methods:
This qualitative review will be conducted following JBI qualitative review methodology. An initial search was conducted in order to identify relevant articles on the topic. Databases to be searched include CINAHL, PubMed, PsycINFO, and Nursing and Allied Health Database. A gray literature search will also be conducted. There will be no date or language limits on the search. The titles and abstracts will be screened by two independent reviewers, followed by an assessment of the full-text articles. Any disagreements will be resolved through discussion or in consultation with a third reviewer. Critical appraisal of included articles and data extraction will be conducted independently by two reviewers. Meta-aggregation of the articles will be completed and textually pooled in tabular format. Where that is not possible, results will be presented in a narrative format.

Systematic review registration number:
PROSPERO CRD42021224772
Declines in muscle contractility and activation during isometric contractions of the knee extensors vary with contraction intensity and exercise volume
Authors: Marshall Paul W. , Finn Harrison T. , Enoka Roger M. 
Published: August 2021

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Is there a critical threshold beyond which the loss of muscle contractility is regulated by the level of muscle activation during single‐limb exercise of differing intensities and volumes?
What is the main finding and its importance?
Plateaus in the decline in muscle contractility during single‐limb knee extension depended on both exercise volume and contraction intensity. A plateau was only evident with an increase in exercise volume. Muscle activation increased and did not decline despite substantial reductions in contractility. The findings indicate that the decrease in muscle contractility exhibited by resistance‐trained men during the performance of submaximal isometric contractions with the knee extensors was not regulated by the level of muscle activation.
AbstractOur study examined the influence of contraction intensity and exercise volume on changes in muscle contractility and activation of the knee extensor muscles. Maximal voluntary torque (MVT) and rate of change in torque, surface electromyograms, voluntary activation, V‐waves and quadriceps resting twitch measures were assessed in 10 resistance‐trained men during two experimental sessions. Each session began with an initial baseline series of contractions at a fixed intensity of 40% or 80% MVT. The 40%‐only session continued with five contractions to task failure at 40% MVT. The 80% session continued with five contractions to failure each at 80%, 60% and 40% MVT. Greater reductions in MVT were observed during the baseline contractions of the 40%‐only session compared with the 80% session at each matched‐volume time point (P < 0.05), with similar changes in twitch values (P < 0.001). MVT and twitch values plateaued at each intensity during the 80% session and were significantly different across intensities: 80% > 60% > 40% (P < 0.001). There were no differences for measures during the five contractions at 40% MVT performed on the different days, despite a greater volume of exercise performed prior to the 40% MVT during the 80% session. At each contraction intensity, a plateau in contractility loss was observed as more contractions were performed. We found that initial increases in muscle activation were maintained in the presence of increases in exercise volume and, in contrast to the critical‐threshold hypothesis, did not decline in parallel with reductions in muscle contractility.
L‐DOPA and 5‐HTP modulation of air‐stepping in newborn rats
Authors: Boulain Marie , Yuan Wei , Oueghlani Zied , Khsime Inès , Salvi Vianney , Courtand Gilles , Halgand Christophe , Morin Didier , de Deurwaerdere Philippe , Barrière Grégory , Juvin Laurent 
Published: August 2021

Key points
In newborn rats, L‐DOPA increases the occurrence of air‐stepping activity without affecting movement characteristics.
L‐DOPA administration increases the spinal content of dopamine in a dose‐dependent manner.
Injection of 5‐HTP increases the spinal serotonin content but does not trigger air‐stepping.
5‐HTP counteracts the pro‐locomotor action of L‐DOPA.
Less dopamine and serotonin are synthesized when L‐DOPA and 5‐HTP are administered as a cocktail.
AbstractThe catecholamine precursor, L‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine (L‐DOPA), is a well‐established pharmacological agent for promoting locomotor action in vertebrates, including triggering air‐stepping activities in the neonatal rat. Serotonin is also a well‐known neuromodulator of the rodent spinal locomotor networks. Here, using kinematic analysis, we compared locomotor‐related activities expressed by newborn rats in response to varying doses of L‐DOPA and the serotonin precursor 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP) administered separately or in combination. L‐DOPA alone triggered episodes of air‐stepping in a dose‐dependent manner (25–100 mg/kg), notably determining the duration of locomotor episodes, but without affecting step cycle frequency or amplitude. In contrast, 5‐HTP (25–150 mg/kg) was ineffective in instigating air‐stepping, but altered episode durations of L‐DOPA‐induced air‐stepping, and decreased locomotor cycle frequency. High performance liquid chromatography revealed that L‐DOPA, which was undetectable in control conditions, accumulated in a dose‐dependent manner in the lumbar spinal cord 30 min after its administration. This was paralleled by an increase in dopamine levels, whereas the spinal content of noradrenaline and serotonin remained unaffected. In the same way, the spinal levels of serotonin increased in parallel with the dose of 5‐HTP without affecting the levels of dopamine and noradrenaline. When both precursors are administrated, they counteract each other for the production of serotonin and dopamine. Our data thus indicate for the first time that both L‐DOPA and 5‐HTP exert opposing neuromodulatory actions on air‐stepping behaviour in the developing rat, and we speculate that competition for the production of dopamine and serotonin occurs when they are administered as a cocktail.