bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurements and modeling of lead reduction strategies
Authors: Cornwell David A. , Crawford‐Brown Douglas , Wagner Jacob R. , Brown Richard 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThree strategies for reducing lead in water and blood lead level (BLL) were evaluated. Approximately 2,500 lead samples from 112 homes were analyzed to estimate lead reduction from full lead service line replacement (FLSLR). Corrosion‐control changes were evaluated using data from more than 20,000 community water systems (CWSs). The reduction in first‐liter median lead for utilities changing corrosion‐control treatment (CCT) to drop the 90th percentile from 15 to 10 μg/L was 0.4 μg/L, while the reduction in lead for the highest 10% of the population in those communities was 3.7 μg/L. Lowering the goal to 5 μg/L resulted in the median and top 10% lead reducing by 0.4 and 4.5 μg/L, respectively, although more utilities and hence children are impacted by the lower goal. The median home had a first‐L and profile average lead reduction of about 2 μg/L following FLSLR. Ten percent of the homes saw a reduction in profile average lead of over 17 μg/L after FLSLR. These reductions in lead were converted to changes in BLL, including the percentage and total number of children with BLL values above 3.5 and 5 μg/dl. Those results show that the reduction in total number of children above these targets is noticeably higher for the 5 μg/L goal due to the difference in impacted population. LSL replacement provides the greatest reduction in number of children above these two candidate target values of BLL.Article Impact StatementThe largest reduction in BLL resulted from FLSLR. This is consistent with NDWAC report that FLSLR has a larger impact than improving CCT.
Asymmetrical Gemini Surfactants Directed Synthesis Of Hierarchical ZSM‐5 Zeolites and Their Immobilization of Molybdenum Complex for the Catalytic Epoxidation of Alkenes
Authors: Li Pan , Li Angxi , Ruan Renjie , Guo Yingxiong , He Qian , Zou Wenhong , Hou Linxi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAn eco‐friendly strategy for the synthesis of highly ordered meso‐ and microporous zeolites is required both in academia and industry. Therefore, asymmetrical anionic‐nonionic gemini surfactants, polyoxyethylene laurinol ether sodium sulfoitaconate (Gemini‐n), have been designed, synthesized and used in the directed synthesis of hierarchical ZSM‐5 zeolites (HZSM‐5) by imparting substantial mesoporosity. The hydrothermal temperature, the amount of gemini surfactants and the crystallization time strongly affected the crystallization degree and the textural properties of the HZSM‐5. The tune of the porous size distribution (microporous to mesoporous) can be obtained by varying the number of the ethylene oxide units in the gemini surfactants. Besides, the use of these novel anionic‐nonionic gemini surfactants is an effective strategy to avoid phase‐separation. The existence of abundant hydroxyl groups on the surface of HZSM‐5 was used to immobilize molybdenum compound by the stable Mo−O bond. The complex with abundant intercrystal mesopores exhibited superior catalytic performance with high yield and selectivity for the epoxidation reactions of alkenes as compared to the conventional ZSM‐5. Moreover, the complex presented high catalytic ability after been reused for five times.
Reductive Aldol‐type Reactions in the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Runikhina Sofiya , Eremin Dmitry , Chusov Denis 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe efficient chemo‐, regio‐ and stereoselective formation of saturated carbon‐carbon fragment is the critical challenge of organic synthesis; therefore, developing new methods for formation of these bonds is paramount. The rising interest for reductive aldol‐type reactions is conditioned by its versatile applications, allowing the efficient formation of carbon‐carbon bonds. The review aims to highlight the advantages and disadvantage of reductive aldol‐type reactions to total synthesis of pharmaceutical substances in order to summarize knowledge and encourage further investigation of the field.
Amine‐Directed Palladium‐Catalyzed C−H Halogenation of Phenylalanine Derivatives
Authors: Ville Alexia , Annibaletto Julien , Coufourier Sébastien , Hoarau Christophe , Tamion Rodolphe , Journot Guillaume , Schneider Cédric , Brière Jean‐François 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAn efficient primary‐amine‐directed, palladium‐catalyzed C−H halogenation (X=I, Br, Cl) of phenylalanine derivatives is reported on a range of quaternary amino acid (AA) derivatives thanks to suitable conditions employing trifluoroacetic acid as additive. The extension of this original native functionality‐directed ortho‐selective halogenation was even demonstrated with the more challenging native phenylalanine as tertiary AA.
Effectiveness of tacrolimus ointment on facial lesions refractory to topical corticosteroid in patients with atopic dermatitis receiving dupilumab
Authors: Uchida Hideaki , Kamata Masahiro , Egawa Shota , Nagata Mayumi , Fukaya Saki , Hayashi Kotaro , Fukuyasu Atsuko , Tanaka Takamitsu , Ishikawa Takeko , Ohnishi Takamitsu , Tada Yayoi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDupilumab demonstrated high efficacy and tolerable safety profiles in moderate‐to‐severe atopic dermatitis (AD) patients in clinical trials; however, certain patients suffer from facial redness, while obtaining good responses on the trunk and limbs to dupilumab in the real‐world setting. In our study, we investigated the effectiveness of tacrolimus ointment on facial lesions refractory to topical corticosteroid in patients with AD receiving dupilumab. This study included Japanese adult patients with moderate‐to‐severe AD who developed facial lesions during dupilumab treatment and whose facial lesions became refractory to topical corticosteroid treatment. Nine patients (one female, eight males) were included in this study. One patient newly developed facial erythema after initiating dupilumab. Facial lesions were refractory to dupilumab treatment in the other patients. Five of the nine patients showed improvement in EASI scores of head and neck by switching the facial treatment from topical corticosteroid to tacrolimus ointment. The patient who developed newly facial erythema showed improvement after applying tacrolimus ointment. Although we explored the predictors of effectiveness of tacrolimus ointment in patients with facial lesions during dupilumab treatment, no significant differences were observed in age, duration of dupilumab prior treatment, or prior head and neck EASI between patients who showed improvement after changing to tacrolimus and those who did not. Tacrolimus ointment is worth trying if facial lesions are refractory to topical corticosteroid.
A comparative study of pre‐alpha islands in the entorhinal cortex from selected primates and in lissencephaly
Authors: Schön Michael , Nosanova Anastasia , Jacob Christian , Kraus Johann Michael , Kestler Hans A. , Mayer Benjamin , Feldengut Simone , Amunts Katrin , Del Tredici Kelly , Boeckers Tobias M. , Braak Heiko 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe entorhinal cortex (EC) is the main interface between the sensory association areas of the neocortex and the hippocampus. It is crucial for the evaluation and processing of sensory data for long‐term memory consolidation and shows damage in many brain diseases, for example, neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and developmental disorders.The pre‐alpha layer of the EC in humans (layer II) displays a remarkable distribution of neurons in islands. These cellular islands give rise to a portion of the perforant path—the major reciprocal data stream for neocortical information into the hippocampal formation. However, the functional relevance of the morphological appearance of the pre‐alpha layer in cellular islands and the precise timing of their initial appearance during primate evolution are largely unknown. Here, we conducted a comparative study of the EC from 38 nonhuman primates and Homo sapiens and found a strong relationship between gyrification index (GI) and the presence of the pre‐alpha cellular islands. The formation of cellular islands also correlated with brain and body weight as well as neopallial volume. In the two human lissencephalic cases, the cellular islands in the pre‐alpha layer were lacking. These findings emphasize the relationship between cortical folding and island formation in the EC from an evolutionary perspective and suggest a role in the pathomechanism of developmental brain disorders.
Langmuir probe in magnetized plasma: Study of the diffusion parameter
Authors: Jauberteau Jean‐Louis , Jauberteau Isabelle , Cortázar Osvaldo Daniel , Megía‐Macías Ana 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn low‐temperature magnetized plasma, Langmuir probe measurements must be corrected because of the electron diffusion through the sheath, which is formed around the probe collector. The correction factor, which is called the electron diffusion or electron sink parameter, depends on many other parameters such as the probe geometry, the electron diffusion coefficient, the sheath thickness, or the potential profile through the sheath. Based on a previous work, we determine the values of this parameter under different experimental conditions and we study the effect of the electron energy, of the probe‐biased voltage, and of the magnetic field intensity on this parameter. The results are compared with theoretical models published in the literature. An empirical equation is determined to fit the diffusion parameter value versus magnetic field intensity.
An SDN‐based technique for reducing handoff times in WiFi networks
Authors: Manzoor Hira , Manzoor Sohaib , Ali Nouman , Sajid Muhammad , Menhas Muhammad Ilyas , Hei Xiaojun 
Published: August 2021

SummaryThe handoff process in WiFi networks has a very important role to provide continuity of the service to wireless users where the access points (APs) are in numerous numbers. In traditional WiFi networks, the handoff process takes a few seconds and is initiated by the wireless devices, but these few seconds could be a reason for information loss when dealing with delay sensitive applications. In this paper, we propose a reduced detection and discovery time approach (DeRy), which generates a solution based on software defined WiFi networks (SD‐WiFi). A simple network management protocol (SNMP) manager and received signal strength indicator (RSSI) manager are employed to report the AP traffic conditions and RSSI values to the SDN controller and instead of the wireless devices, the handoff decisions are taken at the controller end. When to initiate the handoff (detection phase) and which destination AP to associate to (discovery phase) are handled by the centralized SDN controller. To implement DeRy, extensive simulation runs are carried out on Mininet‐NS3‐WiFi network simulator. The simulation results show that the DeRy significantly reduces the handoff times by 60–70% and reduces the average number of retransmission by 4–49%, hence maintaining the throughput for delay sensitive applications such as VoIP, when compared to the standard RSSI‐based handoff scheme, channel measurement based access selection scheme (CMAS) and (DL‐SINR) downlink‐signal to interference plus noise ratio AP selection scheme (DASA).
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene and Cyclic (Alkyl)(amino)carbene Adducts of Antimony(III)
Authors: Philipp Michael S. M. , Krahfuss Mirjam J. , Radacki Krzysztof , Radius Udo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA systematic study on Lewis‐acid/base adducts of N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and the cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene cAACMe (1‐(2,6‐di‐iso‐propylphenyl)‐3,3,5,5‐tetramethyl‐pyrrolidin‐2‐ylidene) with antimony(III) chlorides of the general formula SbCl2R (R=Cl, Ph, Mes) is presented. The reaction of the NHCs Me2ImMe (1,3,4,5‐tetra‐methyl‐imidazolin‐2‐ylidene), iPr2ImMe (1,3‐di‐isopropyl‐4,5‐dimethyl‐imidazolin‐2‐ylidene), Mes2Im, Dipp2Im (R2Im=1,3‐di‐organyl‐imidazolin‐2‐ylidene; Mes=2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl, Dipp=2,6‐di‐isopropylphenyl) and cAACMe with antimony(III) compounds SbCl2R (R=Cl (1), Ph (2) and Mes (3)) yields the adducts NHC ⋅ SbCl2R (R=Cl (4), Ph (5) and Mes (6); NHC=Me2ImMe (a), iPr2ImMe (b), Dipp2Im (c) and Mes2Im (d)) and cAACMe ⋅ SbCl2R (R=Cl (4 e) and Ph (5 e)). Thermal treatment of (Dipp2Im) ⋅ SbCl2Ar (Ar=Ph (5 c) and Mes (6 c)) in benzene leads to isomerization to the backbone coordinated aNHC‐adduct aDipp2Im ⋅ SbCl2Ar (Ar=Mes (7) and Ph (8)) (“a” denotes “abnormal” coordination mode of the NHC) in high yields. One of the chloride substituents at antimony of 7 can be abstracted by GaCl3 or Ag[BF4] to obtain the imidazolium salts [aDipp2Im ⋅ SbClMes][BF4] (9) and [aDipp2Im ⋅ SbClMes][GaCl4] (10).
Synthesis, Structure, Photophysics, and Singlet Oxygen Sensitization by a Platinum(II) Complex of Meso‐Tetra‐Acenaphthyl Porphyrin
Authors: Garai Antara , Villa Marco , Marchini Marianna , Patra Sajal Kumar , Pain Tanmoy , Mondal Sruti , Ceroni Paola , Kar Sanjib 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA new platinum(II) porphyrin complex has been synthesized and characterized via various spectroscopic techniques. Single‐crystal XRD analysis reveals that the geometry around the Pt(II) center is near the perfect square planar geometry. The Pt(II)−N bond distances are in the ranges of 2.005 Å–2.020 Å. The platinum(II) porphyrin derivative exhibited one reversible oxidative couple at +1.10 V and a reversible reductive couple at −1.47 V versus Ag/AgCl. In deaerated dichloromethane solution at 298 K, a strong phosphorescence is observed at 660 nm, with emission quantum yield of 35 % and lifetime of 75 μs. Upon excitation of the acenaphthene chromophores at 300 nm, sensitised phosphorescence of the Pt(II) porphyrin is observed with a unitary efficient energy transfer, demonstrating that this system behaves as a light harvesting antenna. The red phosphorescence is strongly quenched by oxygen, resulting in singlet oxygen production with a very high quantum yield of 88 %. This result indicates that this Pt(II) porphyrin is an excellent photosensitizer for the production of singlet oxygen and will have potential applications in the field of photodynamic therapy as well as oxygen sensors.
Self‐Promoted Glycosylation for the Synthesis of β‐N‐Glycosyl Sulfonyl Amides
Authors: Mała Patrycja , Pedersen Christian Marcus 
Published: August 2021

AbstractN‐Glycosyl N‐sulfonyl amides have been synthesized by a self‐promoted glycosylation, i. e. without any catalysts, promotors or additives. When the reactions were carried out at lower temperatures a mixture of N‐ and O‐glycosides were observed, where the latter rearranged to give the β‐N‐glycosides at elevated temperatures. By this method sulfonylated asparagine derivatives can be selectively β‐glycosylated in high yields by trichloroacetimidate glycosyl donors of different reactivity including protected glucosamine derivatives. The chemoselectivity in the glycosylations as well as the rearrangements from O‐glycosides to β‐N‐glycosides gives information of the glycosylation mechanism. This method gives access to glycosyl sulfonyl amides under mild conditions.
Security enhancement technologies for smart contracts in the blockchain: A survey
Authors: Wang Yajing , He Jingsha , Zhu Nafei , Yi Yuzi , Zhang Qingqing , Song Hongyu , Xue Ruixin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSmart contract has shown its potential in cutting down the cost of administration through reshaping conventional business processes and in expanding the application of blockchain to areas that are beyond the cryptocurrency. However, with the rapid development and wide application of smart contracts, security issues have become a serious concern and have thus attracted widespread attention. As the result, a great deal of effort has been spent on improving and supporting secure development and on the application of smart contracts by introducing new and advanced vulnerability detection and privacy protection techniques in recent years. There is therefore the need for a comprehensive review of the new development on security enhancement technologies of smart contracts for the blockchain. This paper provides a review of the current research status and advances in smart contract security based on related literature published in recent years. Our review is divided into six categories along the line of the technology, which includes symbolic execution, abstract interpretation, fuzz testing, formal verification, deep learning, and privacy enhancement. A comparison of the various tools and methods developed to tackle security issues is provided. Challenges in the research of smart contract security as well as future directions are discussed. This paper intends to provide the inspiration and reference for follow‐up research on the security issues of smart contracts in the blockchain.
Rural influences on the social network dynamics of district nursing services: A qualitative meta‐synthesis
Authors: Gillham Jack , Vassilev Ivaylo , Band Rebecca 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsAs demands on healthcare services grow, fiscal restrictions place increased emphasis on services outside of traditional healthcare settings. Previous research into long‐term‐conditions suggests that social network members (including weaker ties such as acquaintances, community groups, and healthcare professionals) play a key role in illness management. There is limited knowledge about the engagement of social networks in supporting people who are receiving medical interventions at home. This qualitative metasynthesis explores the work and the interactions between district nurses (DN) and informal network members supporting people who are receiving medical interventions at home and living in rural areas.MethodsA search was undertaken on CINAHL, Medline, and PsychINFO for qualitative research articles from 2009 to 2019. Studies that examined DN in rural locations and/or social network support in rural locations were eligible. Fourteen articles were selected.ResultsThematic analysis of results and discussion data from the studies resulted in four themes being developed: the development of both transactional and friend‐like nurse‐patient ties in rural localities, engagement of the wider network in the delivery of good care, blurring of professional boundaries in close community relationships, and issues accessing and navigating formal and informal support in the context of diminishing resources in rural areas.These findings suggest that DNs in rural localities work beyond professional specialties and experience to provide emotional support, help with daily tasks, and build links to communities. There was also evidence that nurses embedded within rural localities developed friend‐like relationships with patients, and negotiated with existing support networks and communities to find support for the patient.ConclusionsFindings indicated that developing strong links with patients and members of their networks does not automatically translate into positive outcomes for patients, and can be unsustainable, burdensome, and disruptive. DNs developing weak ties with patients and building awareness of the structure of individual networks and local sources of support offers avenues for sustainable and tailored community‐based nursing support.
The influence of patient perception of physician empathy on patient satisfaction among attending physicians working with residents in an emergent care setting
Authors: Kirby Ryan , Knowles Heidi C. , Patel Anant , Alanis Naomi , Rice Colton , d'Etienne James P. , Schrader Chet D. , Zenarosa Nestor R. , Wang Hao 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundIt is unclear whether the patient's perception of attending physician empathy and the patient's satisfaction can be affected when attending physicians work alongside residents. We aim to determine the influence residents may have on (1) patient perception of attending physician empathy and (2) patient satisfaction as it relates to their respective attending physicians.MethodsThis is a prospective single‐center observational study. Patient perception of physician empathy was measured using Jefferson Scale of Patient Perception of Physician Empathy (JSPPPE) in both attendings and residents in the Emergency Department. Patient satisfaction with attending physicians and residents was measured by real‐time patient satisfaction survey. Multivariate logistic regressions were performed to determine the association between patient satisfaction and JSPPPE after patient demographics, attending physician different experience, and residents with different years of training were adjusted.ResultsA total of 351 patients were enrolled. Mean JSPPPE scores were 30.1 among attending working alone, 30.1 in attending working with PGY‐1 EM residents, 29.6 in attending working with PGY‐2, and 27.8 in attending working with PGY‐3 (p < 0.05). Strong correlation occurred between attending JSPPPE score and patient satisfaction to attending physicians (ρ > 0.5). The adjusted odds ratio was 1.32 (95% CI 1.23‐1.41, p < 0.001) on attending's JSPPPE score predicting patient satisfaction to the attending physicians. However, there were no significant differences on patient satisfaction among four different groups.ConclusionEmpathy has strong correlation with patient satisfaction. Decreased patient perception of attending physician empathy was found when working with senior residents in comparison to working alone or with junior residents.
Pseudopotentials for coarse‐grained cross‐link‐assisted modeling of protein structures
Authors: Kogut Mateusz , Gong Zhou , Tang Chun , Liwo Adam 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPseudopotentials for the chemical cross‐links comprising the glutamic‐ and aspartic‐acid side chains bridged with adipic‐ (ADH) or pimelic‐acid hydrazide (PDH), and the lysine side chains bridged with glutaric (BS2G) or suberic acid (BS3) for coarse‐grained cross‐link‐assisted simulations were determined by canonical molecular dynamics with the Amber14sb force field. The potentials depend on the distance between side‐chain ends and on side‐chain orientation, this preventing from making cross‐link contacts across the globule in simulations. The potentials were implemented in the UNRES coarse‐grained force field and their effect on the quality of models was assessed with 11 monomeric and 1 dimeric proteins, using synthetic or experimental cross‐link data. Simulations with the new potentials resulted in improvement of the generated models compared to unrestrained simulations in more instances compared to those with the statistical potentials.