bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Networking for rural development - the evolution of communications in the STREAM initiative.
Authors: Haylor Graham 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

To improve the impacts of efforts in support of poorer people with limited access to services, the Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA) launched the Support to Regional Aquatic Resources Management (STREAM) Initiative. Four interlinked themes (livelihoods, institutions, policy development and communications) support a poverty-focused development agenda. Aquatic resources management is considered in the context in which poor people make choices about resources they can command and the circumstances in which they can be woven into a supporting livelihood. This way of working is being shared with institutions through networking, partnerships, collective learning and maybe sometimes a little peer pressure. The initiative seeks to negotiate an arbitrating role with policy-makers and people, to give stakeholders a voice in policy processes. We aim to bridge communications gaps between farmer's aspirations and potentially useful policies and service provision, and among neighbouring communities, provinces and countries to share meanings across countries and languages.
Nile tilapia and common carp fingerling production in northwest Bangladesh - a decentralised concept.
Authors: Barman Benoy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

In the northwest of Bangladesh farming households in rural areas successfully produce large size fingerlings of a good strain of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus; GIFT strain) and common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in irrigated spring rice fields. The technical details of household-level fingerling production are presented as guidelines for use by extension workers for its promotion. The production of such large size fingerlings creates demand from grow-out farmers to whom they sell the fingerlings for income as well as to stock in their own ponds or rice fields for food fish production. The system thus benefits large numbers of small-scale producer households in rural areas by providing extra income and improving household nutrition. The technology is being readily adopted by farmers in rural areas after its initial introduction and with minimum institutional support. The use of such a "decentralised system" of fingerling production results in the production of small numbers of fingerlings by individual households and is mostly adopted by small and marginal farmers rather than the rich. However, for marginal and poor farmers it provides a significant proportion of their income from the rice plot and contributes an important proportion of their total household income. As a large number of households have adopted the system, the total production of fingerlings is quite high and in the northwest region where it has largely been promoted to date such decentralised production comprises almost 10% of the total fingerling production. If the production of large size fingerlings is considered, it covers a higher proportion of total fingerling production, and for fish such as the good strain of Nile tilapia, such production covers almost 100% as there is almost no production of their fingerlings in established hatcheries and nurseries in the northwest region. It also covers a high proportion of the total production of common carp because the large size fingerling production of the species in established hatcheries and nurseries is limited.
Mixed-sex tilapia culture model for sub-tropical Nepal.
Authors: Shrestha Madhav 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Tilapia culture is recent in Nepal, where the subtropical zone allows a 10-month growing period. Water temperatures drop below 20°C for 2 months (mid-December to mid-February) and tilapia does not grow. A tilapia hatchery is required to produce mono-sex fry, but mixed-sex culture can be managed to supply fry for the next culture cycle and excess fry may be a source of fish to provide protein to supplement local feed. On the basis of a series of experiments conducted at the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Science (IAAS), Chitwan, Nepal, a model of a cage-pond integration system for mixed-sex tilapia culture has been developed. This system produces 250-300 g of harvest-size fish from 100-150 g fingerlings stocked in cages with feeding, and about 100-150 g harvest-size fish from stocking 20-30 g fingerlings in ponds without feeding, during one culture cycle of 5 months. Cage culture is for grow-out, whereas pond culture is for producing fingerlings for cage stocking as well as for grow-out. The model has two culture cycles in a year with a net yield of 3.5-4.0 t ha-1 cycle-1. The system produces new recruits for restocking in ponds. Excess recruits are used as feed with the small fish produced in the system supplying about 5% of the feed ingredients. This model yields 7-8 t ha-1 yr-1 in the subtropical climate of Nepal, which is three times higher than the average farmed fish productivity of the country.
Livelihood development through aquaculture for women-headed households in Noakhali char, Bangladesh.
Authors: Mowhila Reshad 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Since 2003, the Greater Noakhali Aquaculture Extension Project (GNAEP) has started to switch its attention towards the hardcore poor, leading to a major concentration on the char lands (land newly emerged from rivers) of southern Noakhali, Bangladesh. Here at least 16% of households in the char area settlement villages are headed by women. GNAEP has identified a range of activities/options to support these households and has initiated a pilot programme called MOWHILA (Making Opportunities for Women-headed Households for Improving their Livelihood through Aquaculture), the main activities of which centre on household resource mobilization. The entire programme has been implemented through a participatory approach, involving consultation with different stakeholders based on the needs of the target beneficiaries. Early results of the pilot intervention in livelihood development through small-scale aquaculture suggest that such an approach can be effective in addressing the issues that confront poor women.
Icefish seed production and stock enhancement in lakes and reservoirs in China.
Authors: Wang Wei-min 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Icefish are a group of small-sized and transparent or translucent fish species with a long slender shape. Their life cycle is characterized by an early onset of maturity, short life span and high reproductivity. They have a high price in both Chinese domestic and international markets. Icefish artificial breeding is limited to China although they are naturally found in other countries including Japan, Korea, Vietnam and Russia. Pond culture of the fish has yet to succeed. The fish is in short supply and the demand is high in both domestic and international markets. Production relies mainly on fisheries in lakes and reservoirs through stock enhancement by artificial release of fertilized eggs. The recommended releasing rate is a minimum of 100 eggs and a maximum of 500 eggs ha-1. Usually several years after a single release of fertilized eggs into a lake or a reservoir, a large population of icefish can be expected through self recruitment. Harvest can be carried out every year given favourable water conditions for reproduction and growth. Overfishing should be avoided and 20% of biomass should be kept in the water as broodstock to generate the next crop. In China about 10% of artificially established icefish populations are able to support commercial fisheries.
Impact of aquaculture extension and training on livelihoods of the poor in Bangladesh - FTEP-II.
Authors: Brown David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

This case study describes an application of the sustainable livelihoods model as used by the Department for International Development, DFID, to a fisheries and aquaculture extension project in Bangladesh. Use of the livelihoods framework provided advisers, managers and national counterparts with a better understanding of the complexity of the poverty of the primary beneficiaries of the project (principally poor fish farmers and their families) and how the project interventions impacted their lives. Project impacts in terms of poverty targeting (impact on livelihoods assets), livelihoods strategies, policies institutions and processes and access and influence are described. Key issues in relation to the provision of extension services are presented.
Impact of the ban on postlarvae collection on the livelihoods of fry collectors in Bangladesh.
Authors: Caldwell Debbie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Collecting wild shrimp fry is an important livelihood for thousands of poor households in the coastal zone of Bangladesh, although this is a distress-driven occupation. People catch fry because there are few alternative sources of income in coastal areas. Many of the poorest fry catchers are trapped in a cycle of debt with fry traders who buy the fry from them at sub-market prices. Fry collecting is associated with high levels of by-catch and the Government attempted to ban the practice in 2002. However, a continuing demand for wild fry, a lack of enforcement resources, pressure from wild fry traders and the limited alternative livelihoods for fry catchers mean that this fishing practice is likely to continue. The effect of the ban is to criminalise the poorest segment of the coastal community and expose them to toll collection from local enforcement agencies. The solution lies not in regulating the capture of wild fry but in providing alternative livelihood opportunities and social support mechanisms for fry catchers, improving the quality of hatchery fry to reduce the demand for wild fry, and targeting regulatory measures to destructive types of gear (including the 'behundi' net) and sensitive areas.
Importance of the Sundarban mangrove forest as a fisheries resource.
Authors: Huq Khandaker , Rahman Shafiqur 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

The Sundarban mangrove forest has a significant contribution to the fisheries resources of Bangladesh from the ecological and economic points of view. Information regarding the topic has been collected from GOs and NGOs. The total land area of the Sundarbans is 577,285 ha, of which 401,685 ha is land area and 175,600 ha is water bodies. The water bodies support a diversified fisheries resource and, in the case of some fisheries species, serves as an obligatory spawning and nursery ground. Among the fisheries resources, 400 species of 63 families of fishes, 5 families of shrimp, 4 families of crabs, 15 families of mollusks, and some reptiles and mammals of fisheries importance have been recorded. The production and income from Sundarban fisheries resources in 1999-2000 was 3,355 t and Tk 9,136,870, respectively. These resources are, howver, now under threat due to improper management and conservation. Realizing its importance, steps should be taken for its sustainable utilization and proper management.
Improved rice-fish farming in the northern uplands of Vietnam.
Authors: Nguyen Xuan Cuong 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Rice fish culture has been practiced for a long time in the northern uplands of Vietnam. It is quite an extensive farming practice using space in the rice fields for local fish species such as common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius) and utilizing natural food produced from manure fertilisation. In the last decade, improved culture techniques have been introduced through development projects and rice-fish culture systems are being gradually improved. The rice fields were modified, with trenches and fish refuges constructed. Cultured species were diversified, which included grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and silver barb (Barbonymus gonionotus). Local farmers became aware of the benefits of using large size fingerlings and a suitable stocking density. Apart from the natural food found in the rice fields, agricultural by-products were used as supplementary feed for fish. As a result, fish yields significantly increased. In addition to rice, farmers can obtain about 440 kg of fish ha-1 of rice field.
Inland shrimp farming in Thailand.
Authors: Lin Chang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

In Thailand, marine shrimp was traditionally produced extensively for decades in coastal ponds. The insatiable global demand for shrimp products in recent years intensified and expanded shrimp culture in Thailand throughout the 1990s. Few regulations or guidelines were imposed on developing coastal land for shrimp farming. The boom resulted in rapid degradation of the coastal environment and widespread disease outbreaks, causing repeated crop failures in shrimp culture. In contrast, shrimp cultured in low-salinity ponds away from the coast experienced great success. As a result, thousands of hectares of rice paddies in the Thai heartland distant from the seacoast were converted to low-salinity shrimp farming. Large quantities of high-salinity brine (100-200 ppt) were transported from coastal salt pans to fill inland ponds to a salinity less than 5 ppt. Other than the salinity difference, low-salinity shrimp culture was generally similar to that in the coastal ponds. Shrimp were stocked at high density (50-100 PLs m-2) in a closed system. The shrimp production commonly exceeded 10 t ha-1 crop-1 in 3-4 months. During the peak period, shrimp production from inland areas accounted for nearly 40% of total annual production of shrimp at 200,000 t in Thailand. As the economic gain from shrimp production was more than 50-fold that of the rice crop, shrimp culture was regarded as a bonanza for debt-ridden rice farmers. However, inland shrimp farming was short-lived, as the Thai government banned the practice in 1993 on the grounds that it led to salination of soil and groundwater, and ultimately jeopardized the national rice bowl. Despite the ban, low-salinity shrimp farming still exists in areas where intrusion of natural seawater occurs. However, with persistent disease problems encountered in culturing native Penaeus monodon, the exotic white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) has become the major species.
Integrated poultry-fish farming in Bangladesh.
Authors: Hoq  
Published: April 2021

Abstract

The integration of fish culture with poultry raising holds great promise and potential for augmenting production of animal protein, betterment of the economy, and generation of employment in rural Bangladesh. In integrated poultry-fish farming, droppings of birds and feed wastes are recycled in ponds for production of fish. By raising 500 chickens in a poultry shed over a 1 hectare pond, a production of 4,000 kg-1 ha-1 yr-1 of fish was obtained. In addition, up to 240 eggs were obtained per bird per year. Broiler-fish is more profitable than layer-fish farming, as the broilers grow fast and are more marketable within 6-8 weeks, thus ensuring a quick cash return for the farmers. A significantly higher production of 4,290 kg-1 ha-1 yr-1 was observed from experimental ponds receiving poultry droppings directly compared to ponds fertilized with manure obtained from a separate source with a production of 3,365 kg-1 ha-1 yr-1.
GIS to assess sites for shrimp farming and salt pans on the Cox's Bazar Coast, Bangladesh.
Authors: Hossain Md. Shahadat 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Coastal ecosystems are complex, sensitive and subject to influences of nature as well as human interference. The Cox's Bazar coastal zone in Bangladesh is heavily populated because of an abundance of natural resources derived from the intertidal flood plain, accreted mud flats, sand dunes, beaches, mangroves and fisheries as well as numerous waterways. Sea salt has been produced on the Cox's Bazar coast since time immemorial by solar evaporation of seawater. Shrimp culture has become a focal point of coastal resource development over the past two decades. Due to the lack of appropriate guidelines for natural resource conservation and utilization, conflicts in resource use occur in the coastal zone. Spatial development clearly indicates suitability classes of the Cox's Bazar coastal zone for different uses. On the basis of the suitability classes, land use zoning needs to be made for better production, conservation and to maintain environmental balance. Effective management of coastal and marine resources should be based not only on an analysis of individual activities and their impacts but also on the combined effects of sectoral activities on each other and on coastal resources.
Facilitated advocacy - supporting farmers in policy-making and development of service provision.
Authors: Haylor Graham 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Listening to people, especially those who are poor, and involving them in policy making and decisions about service delivery processes are logical steps in building better services and improving policies aimed at poverty alleviation. This case describes a facilitated advocacy in India that helped to negotiate and support a role for poor people who farm and fish, to contribute recommendations for changes in services and policies that impact their lives. India's Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying and the Indian Council for Agricultural Research, both part of the national government in the capital Delhi, have been linking with farmers and fishers and state government officials in the eastern states of Jharkhand, Orissa and West Bengal, in partnership with the Support to Regional Aquatic Resources Management (STREAM) initiative of the intergovernmental Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia Pacific (NACA) and with the support of the UK Government Department for International Development, Natural Resources Systems Programme (DFID-NRSP) - Supporting Farmers to Have a Voice.
Facing up to the threat of gyrodactylus salaris to Atlantic salmon.
Authors: Peeler Edmund 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Gyrodactylus salaris, a skin parasite, is the most important disease threat to Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) populations in Europe. The parasite was regarded as harmless in its original geographic distribution - the Baltic (Finland, Russia and Sweden). However, the parasite spread to Norway, where it has decimated wild salmon populations in 45 rivers, and Russia where a White Sea salmon stock has been affected. Eradication of the parasite has only proved possible through the destruction of all fish within a river; a difficult and environmentally damaging process. Movements of infected rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have probably resulted in its widespread distribution in Europe. G. salaris illustrates the potential disease threats to wild fish from the movement, both international and national, of farmed fish. The protection of wild Atlantic salmon, already declining and threatened over much of its range, from G. salaris is a serious challenge for scientists and policy makers. Improved methods of eradication, faster and more reliable diagnostic methods, and an assessment of its current distribution are required.
Fisheries co-management - a new approach in some reservoirs in the central highlands of Vietnam.
Authors: Truong Ha Phuong , Phan Dinh Phuc , Phan Thuong Huy , Sollows John 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Natural resources co-management by local users, concerned local governments, and other stakeholders, with particular attention to the role of the users in resource management, has been strongly encouraged by many projects in Vietnam in recent years. There are many reasons for this. In general, though, various socioeconomic and environmental problems make the need for resource management clear, and management measures must be accepted by the users, if they are to have legitimacy and effectiveness. This paper focuses on the experiences of the Vietnam subcomponent of Management of Reservoir Fisheries, in order to make recommendations to decision-makers (a) on whether or not to promote fisheries co-management more systematically, and (b) how such promotion should be carried out. These recommendations are based on (a) an examination of the economics of co-management and other management systems at selected reservoirs, (b) other less measurable, but very important, costs and benefits, which enter comparative economics equations with difficulty, and (c) other lessons learned from efforts to establish co-management in six reservoirs in Dak Lak province in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. In general, participation of fishers in managing the resources on which they depend should be promoted. However, there is great local variation among fishery resources and fishing communities, and no single model will apply to all. Local, not just central, government support is needed for any co-management effort to succeed. Policy guidelines are needed to encourage local governments to support co-management. This should be combined with developing among local officials an increased awareness of the need for user participation. Finally, resource users have very little money and time. They usually cannot afford to invest the resources needed to achieve successful management, so modest compensation for their efforts should normally be part of the process of promoting their participation.
Freshwater pearl culture in China.
Authors: Cao Lin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Artificial breeding of freshwater pearl mussels is widely used to improve the yield of pearl culture. All phases of the production cycle, including collection and culture of the broodstock, release of the glochidia, provision of the host fish for glochidia to attach to, and collection of mussel seeds, can be controlled artificially. The advantages of artificial breeding are that it can help to produce high quality pearls and improve the genetic quality of pearl mussels. Collected mussel seed are transferred from holding jars into small 200 µm mesh baskets (10 cm diameter x 5 cm). Each basket was supplied individually with 0.1-0.2 L of water per minute. When the mussels' shell length reaches over 10 cm, they can be operated to culture pearl. After post-operative care the implanted mussels are stocked in ponds. The mussels are kept in nylon bags (2 mussels per bag) and are hung from bamboo or PVC pipes and placed in ponds at 1 m depth. Periodical checking of mussels, with removal of dead ones and cleaning of bags, is required throughout the culture period of 12-18 months.
Destruction of mangroves for shrimp ponds.
Authors: Shahid Md. Abdus 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

The Bangladesh coastal region located at the apex of the Bay of Bengal is endowed with a vast area of mangrove forests covering about 6,900 km2. Mangroves are a group of salt-tolerant trees and other plant species which thrive in the inter-tidal zones of sheltered tropical shores, islands and estuaries. They have specially adapted aerial and salt-filtering roots and salt-excreting leaves that enable them to occupy the saline wetlands where other plant life cannot survive. This forest ecosystem plays an important role for coastal inshore as well as offshore fisheries as it provides food and nursery grounds. Unfortunately, mangrove forests are being denuded for shrimp culture. An important example of mangrove denudation is the Chakaria Sundarban where 8,540 ha of mangrove forest has been encroached upon by shrimp farming. The production of shrimp in the mangrove-cleared area has gradually decreased due to increasing soil acidity and decreasing mangrove litter fall in the area. During the period 1975-2001, a total of 9,734 ha of mangrove forest (less than 2% of the total mangrove forest area of the country) was found to be denuded due to shrimp farming along the Bangladesh coast. Although denudation of mangrove forests is negligible compared to other countries of the region, it is creating environmental problems in the coastal region of Bangladesh.