bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of sodium bicarbonate supplementation at individual time‐to‐peak blood bicarbonate on 4‐km cycling time trial performance in the heat
Authors: Gough Lewis A. , Williams Jake J. , Newbury Josh W. , Gurton William H. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to explore the effect of individualised sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) supplementation according to a pre‐established individual time‐to‐peak (TTP) blood bicarbonate (HCO3 −) on 4‐km cycling time trial (TT) performance in the heat. Eleven recreationally trained male cyclists (age: 28 ± 6 years, height: 180 ± 6 cm, body mass: 80.5 ± 8.4 kg) volunteered for this study in a randomised, crossover, triple‐blind, placebo‐controlled design. An initial visit was conducted to determine TTP HCO3 − following 0.2 g.kg−1 body mass (BM) NaHCO3 ingestion. Subsequently, on three separate occasions, participants completed a 4‐km cycling TT in the heat (30 degrees centigrade; °C) (relative humidity ∼40%) following ingestion of either NaHCO3 (0.2 g.kg−1 body mass), a sodium chloride placebo (0.2 g.kg−1 BM; PLA) at the predetermined individual TTP HCO3 −, or no supplementation (control; CON). Absolute peak [HCO3 −] prior to the 4‐km cycling TT's was elevated for NaHCO3 compared to PLA (+2.8 mmol.l−1; p = 0.002; g = 2.2) and CON (+2.5 mmol.l−1; p < 0.001; g = 2.1). Completion time following NaHCO3 was 5.6 ± 3.2 s faster than PLA (1.6%; CI: 2.8, 8.3; p = 0.001; g = 0.2) and 4.7 ± 2.8 s faster than CON (1.3%; CI: 2.3, 7.1; p = 0.001; g = 0.2). These results demonstrate that NaHCO3 ingestion at a pre‐established individual TTP HCO3 − improves 4‐km cycling TT performance in the heat, likely through enhancing buffering capacity.Highlights
This is the first time NaHCO3 ingestion has been shown to improve 4‐km cycling TT performance in conditions of high ambient heat.
A smaller dose of NaHCO3 (0.2 g.kg−1 BM) is ergogenic in the heat, which is smaller than the dose typically ingested for sports performance (0.3 g.kg−1 BM). This is important, as gastrointestinal discomfort is typically lower as the dose reduces.
This study suggests that the individualised time‐to‐peak HCO3 − ingestion strategy with lower doses of NaHCO3 is an ergogenic strategy in conditions of high ambient heat.
Image rotation from lensing
Authors: Francfort Jérémie , Cusin Giulia , Durrer Ruth 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Forthcoming radio surveys will include full polarisation information, which can be potentially useful for weak lensing observations. We propose a new method to measure the (integrated) gravitational field between a source and the observer, by looking at the angle between the morphology of a radio galaxy and the orientation of the polarisation. For this we use the fact that, while the polarisation of a photon is parallel transported along the photon geodesic, the infinitesimal shape of the source, e.g. its principal axis in the case of an ellipse, is Lie transported as described by the lens map. While at second order, the lens map usually contains a rotation, here we show that the presence of shear alone already induces an apparent rotation of the shape of an elliptical galaxy. As an example, we calculate the rotation of the shape vector with respect to the polarisation direction which is generated by a distribution of foreground Schwarzschild lenses. For radio galaxies, the intrinsic morphological orientation of a source and its polarised emission are correlated. It follows that observing both the polarisation and the morphological orientation provides information on both the unlensed source orientation and on the gravitational potential along the line of sight.
The Linet–Tian metrics are a restricted set of Krasiński’s solutions of Einstein’s field equations for a rotating perfect fluid
Authors: Gleiser Reinaldo J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this note we show that the Linet–Tian family of solutions of the vacuum Einstein equations with a cosmological constant are a restricted set of the solutions of the Einstein field equations for a rotating perfect fluid previously found by Krasiński.
Striking performance of plasma-synthesized carbon from Prosopis juliflora in a supercapacitor application
Authors: Soundarya G G , Nalini B , Ramachandran K , Balraju P , Priyanka P 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Carbon-based materials exhibit excellent electrochemical properties and are an attractive electrode material for supercapacitor (SC) applications. In the present work, the transformation of carbon from the bark of Prosopis juliflora is a cost-effective method and is attained by plasma synthesis without any chemical activation, with the potential for prospective large-scale production. The degree of graphitization present in the sample is verified by structural characterizations (x-ray powder diffraction and Raman). The plasma carbon offers a porous structure and an average pore diameter of 3.928 nm. As a result, the prepared plasma carbon coated on a Ni foam current collector shows a specific capacitance of 193 Fg−1 (current density of 1 Ag−1) in a three-electrode configuration. A fabricated symmetric device based on the plasma carbon exhibits an energy density of 22 Whkg−1 at a power density of 600 Wkg−1. This study demonstrates the possibility of converting inexpensive and earth-abundant biomass materials into high value-added plasma carbon for SC applications.
Low-dimensional material based wearable sensors
Authors: Wu Chenggen , Zhang Xun , Wang Rui , Chen Li Jun , Nie Meng , Zhang Zhiqiang , Huang Xiaodong , Han Lei 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Wearable sensors are believed to be the most important part of the Internet of Things. In order to meet the application requirements, low-dimensional materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes have been attempted to constitute wearable sensors with high performance. Our discussions in this review include the different low-dimensional material based sensors which are employed in wearable applications. Low-dimensional materials based wearable sensors for detecting various physical quantities in surroundings, including temperature sensor, pressure or strain sensor and humidity sensor, is introduced. The primary objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of research status and future development direction of low-dimensional materials based wearable sensors. Challenges for developing commercially low-dimensional namomaterials based wearable sensors are highlighted as well.
Modeling of a bio-inspired soft arm with semicircular cross section for underwater grasping
Authors: Liu Shengkai , Jiao Jian , Kong Wenchao , Huang Haiming , Mei Tao , Meng Fei , Ming Aiguo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Fluid-filled fiber-reinforced elastomeric enclosures (FREEs) with a circular cross section, inspired by the muscle structure of octopus arms, are a popular choice for actuators because of their high power density and relatively low manufacturing cost. However, the shape, flexibility, and grasping force of FREEs are slightly different from those of real octopus arms. A soft arm with a semicircular cross section has better bending performance than that of FREEs with a circular cross section and can thus more easily achieve flexible grasping. In this paper, to better describe the deformation of soft arm shape in an underwater environment, a model based on a constrained maximization volume is proposed for a semicylindrical soft arm. In particular, the model takes into account the effect of the expansion of the bottom on the semicylindrical soft arm and the proposed analytical model is used to analyze the factors that affect the helix radius of the soft arm, including the helix angles of the fibers, wall thickness, and inner radius of the soft arm. Then a method for fabricating soft arms with a semicircular cross section (length: 700 mm) and a method for extracting the helix radius are also proposed. Finally, a series of driving experiments is performed to measure the accuracy of the model using a hydraulic platform. Experimental results show that the maximum error rate of the helix radius is between 8.99% and 12.29%. The helix radius can be varied from 74.3 mm to 176 mm by changing the parameters of the soft arm.
Spectral manipulation of the trigonometric Rosen-Morse potential through supersymmetry
Authors: Fernández David J , Reyes Rosa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The first and second-order supersymmetry transformations can be used to manipulate one or two energy levels of the initial spectrum when generating new exactly solvable Hamiltonians from a given initial potential. In this paper, we will construct the first and second-order supersymmetric partners of the trigonometric Rosen-Morse potential. Firstly, it is identified a set of solutions of the initial stationary Schrödinger equation which are appropriate for implementing in a simple way non-singular transformations, without inducing new singularities in the built potential. Then, the way the spectral manipulation works is illustrated through several specific examples.
Speedup of self-propelled helical swimmers in a long cylindrical pipe
Authors: Zhang Ji , Liu Kai , Ding Yang 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Pipe-like confinements are ubiquitously encountered by microswimmers. Here we systematically study the ratio of the speeds of a force- and torque-free microswimmer swimming in the center of a cylindrical pipe to its speed in an unbounded fluid (speed ratio). Inspired by E. coli, the model swimmer consists of a cylindrical head and a double-helical tail connected to the head by a rotating virtual motor. The numerical simulation shows that depending on swimmer geometry, confinements can enhance or hinder the swimming speed, which is verified by Reynolds number matched experiments. We further developed a reduced model. The model shows that the swimmer with a moderately long, slender head and a moderately long tail experiences the greatest speed enhancement, whereas the theoretical speed ratio has no upper limit. The properties of the virtual motor also affect the speed ratio, namely, the constant-frequency motor generates a greater speed ratio compared to the constant-torque motor.
Review of parametric fault prediction methods for power electronic circuits
Authors: Fan JiSheng , Yuan Wei 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Power electronic circuits are widely used in rail transit, new energy power generation, aerospace and other fields. Therefore, stable and safe operation of power electronic circuits have a great impact on the reliability of the entire electrical system. Failures of majority of the power electronic circuits are not caused by sudden breakdown, but gradually degenerate in the process of operation until their functions are completely lost. It is necessary to carry out accurate health assessment and fault prediction for power electronic circuits. According to different research objects, fault prediction methods of power electronic circuits are divided into two categories: component-level fault prediction methods and circuit-level fault prediction methods. For each type of method, the specific principle and workflow are described in detail, and its advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. Finally, the research difficulties and the future development directions of fault prediction methods for power electronic circuits are pointed out.
Near-infrared PbS quantum dots functionalized with affibodies and ZnPP for targeted imaging and therapeutic applications
Authors: Al-Ani Ali W , Zamberlan Francesco , Ferreira Lenny , Bradshaw Tracey D , Thomas Neil R , Turyanska Lyudmila 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We report a new theranostic device based on lead sulfide quantum dots (PbS QDs) with optical emission in the near infrared wavelength range decorated with affibodies (small 6.5 kDa protein-based antibody replacements) specific to the cancer biomarker human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and zinc(II) protoporphyrin IX (ZnPP) to combine imaging, targeting and therapy within one nanostructure. Colloidal PbS QDs were synthesized in aqueous solution with a nanocrystal diameter of ∼5 nm and photoluminescence emission in the near infrared wavelength range. The ZHER2:432 affibody, mutated through the introduction of two cysteine residues at the C-terminus (Afb2C), was used as capping ligand to form Afb2C-PbS QDs that have a high binding affinity for HER2, which is overexpressed in several types of cancer including breast cancer. Afb2C-PbS QDs were further modified by conjugation with ZnPP, which acts as an anticancer agent. The biological activity of these QDs was tested against SKBR3 (HER2-positive) and MDA-MB-231 (HER2-normal) breast cancer cells, with results showing that ZnPP-Afb2C-functionalized PbS QDs were successfully targeted to the HER2-overexpressing cancer cells and induced cell apoptosis thanks to the conjugation with ZnPP. These results expand the use of the QD nanoplatform with the formulation of novel nanomaterials for targeted delivery and combined imaging and therapy via direct surface-protein interaction.
From space and time to spacetime: the era of Einstein
Authors: Ismael Jenann 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Isaac Newton’s theory of motion was superseded by Albert Einstein’s theories of relativity. By the early 20th century, it was clear that there was something wrong with Newton’s theory. Newton’s theory together with Maxwell’s newly proposed equations of electromagnetism predicted that the speed of light should depend on the motion of the observer, but experiments found that the velocity of light is independent of the motion of the observer. Einstein proposed the special theory of relativity in 1905 which merged space and time into a four-dimensional structure known as spacetime. Ten years later he proposed the general theory which extended the special theory to include gravity. With Einstein’s theories, an ancient philosophical debate between Heraclitus and Parmenides on change as the fundamental character of time was revived.
The Bible: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Riches John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Bible: A Very Short Introduction explore the material, cultural, and religious history of the Bible. The Bible is both one of the most read and the most influential books in the world. Its stories form the heart of Western civilization, while biblical language is interwoven into literature and everyday speech. As a source of shared Abrahamic beliefs, it has both drawn communities together and given them new life and fuelled bitter disputes. This VSI examines how the books of the Bible have been read and interpreted by different communities across the centuries, including post-colonial and feminist readings of the Bible. It also surveys the Bible’s role in art, music, poetry, and politics.
How the biblical books were written
Authors: Riches John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
‘How the biblical books were written’ looks at some of the processes of tradition and composition that led to the final form of the biblical books as we know them today. Throughout the period of the composition of the Bible, orality and literacy are closely interrelated. Yet, even though the writings of the Bible have deep roots in an oral culture and tradition, they are also clearly literary works. The writers and compilers of the Bible used a variety of literary forms in which to cast their works. Within the tradition of biblical writing and compilation, such literary forms became influential and constrained and enabled the way in which the books were written
The making of the Bible
Authors: Riches John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
‘The making of the Bible’ discusses the process whereby different books came to be included in the various Bibles (a term first used by the Churches) which are now accepted as authoritative (canonical) by various religious communities, Jewish and Christian. This process is often referred to as the canonization of scripture. It is important to look first at the formation of the Hebrew Bible and its Greek version, the Septuagint. While the Septuagint started life as a translation for Jews living in the Diaspora, it was subsequently taken up by the Christian community as the medium through which the Old Testament was known in the Church. The language of the Septuagint also influenced many of the writers of the Christian New Testament. The authoritative writings of the Christian Church were in the first instance largely identical with the Jewish scriptures. It is valuable to consider the process whereby Christian writings, principally letters and gospels, were collected and recognized as authoritative alongside other Jewish writings.
The Bible and its critics
Authors: Riches John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
‘The Bible and its critics’ explores critical readings, mainly from the Reformation and the Enlightenment, which had radical effects on how the Bible was perceived. For Martin Luther, the Bible speaks about the liberation of men and women from the threat of God’s law and punishment. Thus, the Reformation sought to emancipate men and women from their bondage to the medieval church. To do so, it used the methods of the Renaissance to subject traditional readings of the biblical text to closer scrutiny. Meanwhile, the Enlightenment period saw the rise of the empirical sciences and of rationalist and empiricist philosophies which sought to base human knowledge and the conduct of human affairs on the unaided efforts of human reason. The Deists, in particular, pointed to the existence of inconsistencies and contradictions within the Bible. Out of this emerged a rich tradition of critical scholarship which sought historically to reconstruct the life of Jesus.
The Bible in high and popular culture
Authors: Riches John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
‘The Bible in high and popular culture’ reflects on how the Bible has had a formative influence on the language, the literature, the art, and the music of all the major European and North American cultures. It continues to influence popular culture in films, novels, and music. From elaborate retellings of the narratives in great novels and in musical representations like Bach’s St Matthew Passion, through Rembrandt’s intimate depictions of biblical scenes and narratives, to echoes of biblical metaphor and motifs in poetry and fiction, there is a huge range of use. Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale (1985) provides a powerful contemporary example. It comments directly on the Bible’s role in the struggle of women.
Resource predictability drives interannual variation in migratory behavior in a long-lived bird
Authors: Baert Jan M , Stienen Eric W M , Verbruggen Frederick , Van de Weghe Nico , Lens Luc , Müller Wendt 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
There is a growing awareness that experience may play a major role in migratory decisions, especially in long-lived species. However, empirical support remains to date scarce. Here, we use multiyear GPS-tracking data on 28 adult Lesser Black-backed Gulls (Larus fuscus), a long-lived species for which migratory strategies typically consist of a series of long stopovers, to assess how experience affects interannual variation in stopover selection. We expect that food source reliability should play a pivotal role, as it both reduces the uncertainty on food availability across years, and enables for more efficient foraging during stopovers by reducing searching efforts. We found that during stopovers gulls indeed developed high fidelity to particular foraging locations, which strongly reduced the daily distance travelled for foraging. When revisiting stopovers in consecutive years, birds used over 80% of foraging locations from the previous year. Although the average fidelity to stopovers across years was a high as 85%, stopovers where birds showed high foraging site fidelity were up to 60% more likely to be revisited compared to stopover with low foraging site fidelity. Accordingly, birds using more stopovers with reliable foraging opportunities showed significantly less interannual variation in their stopover use than birds using stopovers with less reliable foraging opportunities. Our results thus highlight the need to further deepen our understanding of the role of cognitive processes in individual variation in migratory behavior.
From Cave Dragons to Genomics: Advancements in the Study of Subterranean Tetrapods
Authors: Recknagel Hans , Trontelj Peter 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThroughout most of the kingdom Animalia, evolutionary transitions from surface life to a life permanently bound to caves and other subterranean habitats have occurred innumerous times. Not so in tetrapods, where a mere 14 cave-obligate species—all plethodontid and proteid salamanders—are known. We discuss why cave tetrapods are so exceptional and why only salamanders have made the transition. Their evolution follows predictable and convergent, albeit independent pathways. Among the many known changes associated with transitions to subterranean life, eye degeneration, starvation resistance, and longevity are especially relevant to human biomedical research. Recently, sequences of salamander genomes have become available opening up genomic research for cave tetrapods. We discuss new genomic methods that can spur our understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms behind convergent phenotypic change, the relative roles of selective and neutral evolution, cryptic species diversity, and data relevant for conservation such as effective population size and demography.
Evolving Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Infectious Diseases Testing
Authors: Tran Nam K , Albahra Samer , May Larissa , Waldman Sarah , Crabtree Scott , Bainbridge Scott , Rashidi Hooman 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundArtificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are poised to transform infectious disease testing. Uniquely, infectious disease testing is technologically diverse spaces in laboratory medicine, where multiple platforms and approaches may be required to support clinical decision-making. Despite advances in laboratory informatics, the vast array of infectious disease data is constrained by human analytical limitations. Machine learning can exploit multiple data streams, including but not limited to laboratory information and overcome human limitations to provide physicians with predictive and actionable results. As a quickly evolving area of computer science, laboratory professionals should become aware of AI/ML applications for infectious disease testing as more platforms are become commercially available.ContentIn this review we: (a) define both AI/ML, (b) provide an overview of common ML approaches used in laboratory medicine, (c) describe the current AI/ML landscape as it relates infectious disease testing, and (d) discuss the future evolution AI/ML for infectious disease testing in both laboratory and point-of-care applications.SummaryThe review provides an important educational overview of AI/ML technique in the context of infectious disease testing. This includes supervised ML approaches, which are frequently used in laboratory medicine applications including infectious diseases, such as COVID-19, sepsis, hepatitis, malaria, meningitis, Lyme disease, and tuberculosis. We also apply the concept of “data fusion” describing the future of laboratory testing where multiple data streams are integrated by AI/ML to provide actionable clinical knowledge.