bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facile Preparation of Hierarchically Porous g‐C3N4 as High‐Performance Photocatalyst for Degradation of Methyl Violet Dye
Authors: Ni Jing , Wang Yating , Liang Honghong , Kang Yuanhong , Liu Bichan , Zhao Ruihua , Wang Yuan , Shuai Xiaofeng , Shang Yangyang , Du Jianping , Li Jinping 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPorous Graphitic carbon nitride(pg‐C3N4) possessing hierarchical pores and lamellar nanostrucutres was synthesized in the absent of templates by pyrolysis of the solution‐assisted mixing dual‐precursors. The samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, N2 porosimeter, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV‐Vis andphotoluminescence spectroscopy.The photocatalytic activities of as‐prepared materials for degradation of methyl violet were studied. The results show that the as‐prepared g‐C3N4consists of well‐dispersed layers with uniform sizeand hierarchical (Meso/Macro) pores in the nanosheets, which favor photogenerated electron‐hole pairs'separation, and the degradation of methyl violet conforms to the quasi‐first‐order kinetic model. The porous g‐C3N4 synthesized by optimizing precursors’ ratios exhibited faster degradation rate than g‐CN material in the process of photocatalyzing methyl violet andthe degradation rate was over 93 % after irradiation of 180 min, implying that the as‐prepared hierarchically porous g‐C3N4 is a high‐effective and metal‐free photocatalytic material for degradation of pollutants.
Capturing Methomyl Droplet by Calix[4]arene Modified Surface
Authors: Wu Qifa , Zhu Fei , Cheng Ming , Cheng Jing , Mao Xiaowei , Liang Feng , Li Haibing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSelective recognition of carbamate pesticides on a superhydrophobic surface by the phenomenon of droplet rolling is a challenging topic. Here, the alkynyl‐calix[4]arene (AYC4) was synthesized, then self‐assembled on Si‐N3 modified silicon surface (AYC4‐SAMs) for rapid detection of methomyl. The AYC4‐SAMs exhibited high selectivity/sensitivity towards methomyl via visual water contact angle change with promising reusability, which is potential application for the identification and detection of pesticides.
Ethylene Glycol: Urea: NH4Cl Low Melting Mixture‐Assisted Reactions between Aromatic Aldehydes and Active Methylene Compounds
Authors: Theresa Letcy V. , Ponmalakunnu Saranya , Baby Anju M. , Sreekumar Krishnapillai 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSustainable reaction processes have become a subject of high priority in the previous decade. Low melting mixtures play a great role in building up greener pathways for organic reactions. The easiness in preparation, low toxicity, non‐metallic behaviour, recyclability, low cost and biodegradability have made the low melting mixtures important. In this article, we explore the behaviour of the reaction between different active methylene compounds and aldehydes. A low melting mixture can act as solvent, catalyst and reactant when the reaction between aromatic aldehydes and active methylene groups are conducted. Ethylene Glycol: Urea: NH4Cl mixture was used as catalyst and solvent to get α‐β unsaturated products, while it behaved as catalyst, solvent and reactant to get dihydropyrimidinones. All the reactions were done at 30 °C which was the least reported in reactions with low melting mixtures. The physical properties such as solubility in organic solvents, density, acidity, viscosity, surface tension, refractive index, glass transition temperature, thermal stability, polarity, IR spectra and cytotoxicity of the mixture was studied. The α‐β unsaturated products and dihydropyrimidinones were characterized using GC‐MS, 1H NMR and 13C NMR spectroscopic techniques.
Preparation of a Phthalocyanine – Nanometal‐Coated Silica Microparticle Conjugate as Heterogeneous Photocatalyst and Investigation of Its Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Yılmaz Yusuf 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis work details the preparation and characterization of a tetracarboxyzinc phthalocyanine (ZnTCPc) immobilized onto silica gel coated with gold nanometal (Au@SiO2) and investigates its photocatalytic activity for the first time. The immobilization of ZnTCPc on the Au@SiO2 surface was performed through pre‐anchorage of cysteine (CSH) via the post‐synthesis method, and then the ZnTCPc was conjugated to the nanometal surface (Au@SiO2) with an amide bond to obtain a heterogeneous photocatalyst (ZnTCPc−Au@SiO2). The prepared photocatalyst (ZnTCPc‐Au@SiO2) were characterized using various spectroscopic techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, ultraviolet–visible (UV‐vis) spectrophotometry, and energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy. Singlet oxygen quantum yields (ΦΔ) for both ZnTCPc and ZnTCPc‐Au@SiO2 were calculated, and the photocatalytic activity of the photocatalyst was tested for photodegradation of organic pollutants, namely Orange G (OG) and Methyl orange (MO), in aqueous solutions. The photodegradation process concluded in under 25 min. with a 20 mg dose of the ZnTCPc‐Au@SiO2 under visible light irradiation for 5 min. intervals in the presence of organic pollutants. The reusability of the photocatalyst was also tested. The results reveal that the photocatalyst (ZnTCPc‐Au@SiO2) has potential for use in the photodegradation of organic pollutants in industrial wastewater.
Synthesis and Characterization of the Complete Series [(C5H5‐n Cln)Co(C4Ph4)] (n=1–5)
Authors: Klein‐Heßling Christian , Sünkel Karlheinz 
Published: July 2021

AbstractReflux of a mixture of [CoCl(PPh3)3], Tl(C5H4Cl) and PhCCPh in toluene gave [(C5H4Cl)Co(C4Ph4)] in ca. 20 % yield. Deprotonation of this compound by lithium tetramethylpiperidinide (LiTMP) at −30 °C in THF, followed by addition of C2Cl6 at −78 °C yielded [(C5H3Cl2)Co(C4Ph4)]. By repeating this procedure, the other members of the series [(C5H5‐nCln)Co(C4Ph4)] (n=1–5) could be prepared in high yields. The molecular structures of the complexes with n=3–5 were determined by X‐ray crystallography.
Acid Mediated Sulfonylation of para‐Quinone Methides with Tosylmethyl Isocyanides for the Synthesis of Diarylmethyl Sulfones
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Kale Someshwar B. , Gonnade Rajesh G. , Das Utpal 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAn efficient, hydrochloric acid promoted reaction for the synthesis of diarylmethyl sulfones has been developed via unprecedented 1, 6‐conjugate addition reaction of tosylmethyl isocyanide (TosMIC) with para‐quinone methides.This catalyst free reaction provides various diarylmethyl sulfones in good to excellent yields in an operationally simple method under metal free conditions. Further transformations of the productsare also demonstrated.
Ratiometric Imaging of MMP‐2 Activity Facilitates Tumor Detection Using Activatable Near‐Infrared Fluorescent Semiconducting Polymer Nanoparticles
Authors: Zeng Wenhui , Wu Luyan , Sun Yidan , Wang Yuqi , Wang Jinfang , Ye Deju 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEnzyme‐activatable ratiometric near‐infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes enabling noninvasive imaging of enzyme activity in vivo are promising for biomedical research; however, such probes with ratiometric fluorescence emissions both in NIR window under a single NIR light excitation are largely unexplored. Here, a quenched NIR fluorophore of Cy5.5 is integrated with NIR fluorescent poly[2,6‐(4,4‐bis‐(2‐ethylhexyl)‐4H‐cyclopenta[2,1‐b;3,4‐b′]dithiophene)‐alt‐4,7(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)] (PCPDTBT)‐based semiconducting polymer nanoparticles (SPNs), and an αvβ3 integrin‐targeting and matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2)‐activatable ratiometric fluorescent probe (SPN‐MMP‐RGD) is developed. Under excitation at 660 nm, SPN‐MMP‐RGD shows “always‐on” fluorescence of PCPDTBT (830 nm) and activatable fluorescence of Cy5.5 (690 nm) toward MMP‐2, affording a remarkable ≈176‐fold enhancement in fluorescence intensity ratio between 690 and 830 nm (I690/I830) for sensitive detection of MMP‐2 activity in vitro and in tumor cells. By virtue of ratiometric fluorescence imaging independently of probe's concentration, SPN‐MMP‐RGD can not only accurately report on MMP‐2 levels regarding different tumor sizes, but also noninvasively delineate MMP‐2‐positive tiny gastric tumors metastasis in vivo. The authors’ study reveals the potential of SPN‐MMP‐RGD for ratiometric fluorescence imaging of MMP‐2 activity via combining two independent NIR fluorophores, which can be amenable for the design of other enzyme‐activatable ratiometric NIR fluorescent probes for reliable in vivo imaging.
Ultralow Resistance Two‐Stage Electrostatically Assisted Air Filtration by Polydopamine Coated PET Coarse Filter
Authors: Tian Enze , Yu Qipeng , Gao Yilun , Wang Hua , Wang Chao , Zhang Yinping , Li Baohua , Zhu Meifang , Mo Jinhan , Xu Guiyin , Li Ju 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAirborne particulate matters (PM) pose serious health threats to the population, and efficient filtration is needed for indoor and vehicular environments. However, there is an intrinsic conflict between filtration efficiency, air resistance, and service life. In this study, a two‐stage electrostatically assisted air (EAA) filtration device is designed and the efficiency‐air resistance‐filter life envelope is significantly improved by a thin coating of polydopamine (PDA) on the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) coarse filter by in situ dopamine polymerization. The 8 mm thick EAA PDA‐140@PET filter has a high filtration efficiency of 99.48% for 0.3 µm particles, low air resistance of 9.5 Pa at a filtration velocity of 0.4 m s−1, and steady performance up to 30 d. Compared with the bare PET filter, the penetration rate for 0.3 µm particles is lowered by 20×. The coated PDA is of submicron thickness, 10−3 × the gap distance between filter fibers, so low air resistance could be maintained. The filter shows steadily high filtration efficiency and an acceptable increase of air resistance and holds nearly as many particles as its own weight in a 30 day long‐term test. The working mechanism of the EAA coarse filter is investigated, and the materials design criteria are proposed.
Integrated Tapping Mode Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy with Photoinduced Force Microscopy for Correlative Chemical and Surface Potential Mapping
Authors: Jakob Devon S. , Li Nengxu , Zhou Huanping , Xu Xiaoji G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractKelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is a popular technique for mapping the surface potential at the nanoscale through measurement of the Coulombic force between an atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip and sample. The lateral resolution of conventional KPFM variants is limited to between ≈35 and 100 nm in ambient conditions due to the long‐range nature of the Coulombic force. In this article, a novel way of generating the Coulombic force in tapping mode KPFM without the need for an external AC driving voltage is presented. A field‐effect transistor (FET) is used to directly switch the electrical connectivity of the tip and sample on and off periodically. The resulting Coulomb force induced by Fermi level alignment of the tip and sample results in a detectable change of the cantilever oscillation at the FET‐switching frequency. The resulting FET‐switched KPFM delivers a spatial resolution of ≈25 nm and inherits the high operational speed of the AFM tapping mode. Moreover, the FET‐switched KPFM is integrated with photoinduced force microscopy (PiFM), enabling simultaneous acquisitions of high spatial resolution chemical distributions and surface potential maps. The integrated FET‐switched KPFM with PiFM is expected to facilitate characterizations of nanoscale electrical properties of photoactive materials, semiconductors, and ferroelectric materials.
Overexpression of HIF‐1α enhances the protective effect of mitophagy on steroid‐induced osteocytes apoptosis
Authors: Xu Ke , Lu Chao , Ren Xiaoyu , Wang Jing , Xu Peng , Zhang Yingang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGlucocorticoid (GC; dexamethasone, DEX) ‐induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head (GIOFH) is a challenging orthopedic disease, and its underlying mechanism remains not clear. This study exposed murine long bone osteocyte‐Y4 (MLO‐Y4) cells to DEX below normoxic or hypoxic circumstances and found that cell autophagy have been reduced. At the same time, flow cytometry analysis showed increased apoptosis, which was more pronounced in hypoxic environments. Recent research also claimed that GC induces osteoporosis after osteocyte apoptosis, and subsequent microfractures lead to ischemia and hypoxia of the femoral head, resulted in GIOFH. Presently, we found that both mitophagy‐related protein hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) and BNIP3 were up‐regulated in the hypoxic environment, and their expression was down‐regulated when exposed to DEX. Besides, we demonstrated that overexpressing HIF‐1α resisted DEX‐induced apoptosis in a hypoxic environment. Here, we demonstrated that overexpression of HIF‐1α, through its downstream marker BNIP3, reduced the suppression of DEX on mitophagy induced by hypoxia and protected bone cells from apoptosis. Also, these findings may provide a direction of the promising application for better GIOFH treatment shortly.
Gross pathology associated with highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N8 and H5N1 in naturally infected birds in the UK (2020–2021)
Authors: Lean Fabian Z. X. , Núñez Alejandro , Banyard Ashley C. , Reid Scott M. , Brown Ian H. , Hansen Rowena D. E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundMultiple outbreaks with highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) clade 2.3.4.4b viruses, including H5N8 and H5N1, have occurred in the United Kingdom, as well as in other European countries, since late 2020.MethodsThis report describes the pathology among poultry species (chickens, turkeys, ducks, and pheasants) and captive birds (Black Swans, a whistling duck and peregrine falcons) naturally infected with HPAIV from 22 cases of HPAIV H5N8 and two cases of HPAIV H5N1 outbreaks investigated between October 2020 and April 2021.ResultsOn gross examination, pancreatic necrosis was easily identified and most commonly observed in galliformes infected with both subtypes of HPAIV but rarely in anseriformes. In addition, splenic necrosis was also frequently observed in chickens and turkeys infected with HPAIV H5N8. Other less common lesions included cardiac petechiae, serosal haemorrhages and ascites in a variety of species.ConclusionGiven the widespread dissemination of HPAIV infection in susceptible avian species during autumn/winter 2020–2021, these data, when evaluated along with clinical information, is a valuable first step for both veterinarians and field services to evaluate gross pathology at post‐mortem to support the diagnosis of HPAIV infection.
Laparoscopic resection of retroperitoneal paraganglioma close to caudal vena cava in a dog
Authors: Park Young Tae , Minamoto Tomomi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo report laparoscopic resection of retroperitoneal paraganglioma close to the caudal vena cava in a dog.Study designCase report.AnimalTwelve‐year‐old, neutered male Jack Russell terrier.MethodsThe dog had undergone three previous cystotomies for bladder stones. On follow‐up ultrasonographic evaluation, a 14‐mm × 17‐mm tumour was incidentally detected in the dorsal midline of the caudal abdomen. The dog underwent computed tomography (CT) imaging and ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration of the tumour under general anaesthesia. CT imaging showed that the tumour was close to the caudal vena cava. There was no evidence of metastasis. Neuroendocrine tumour was suspected on cytologic examination. Based on these findings, laparoscopic tumour resection was performed using a vessel‐sealing device. The operation time was 136 minutes.ResultsThe dog was stable after recovery from anaesthesia and discharged to home the next day. Histopathological diagnosis of the tumour was a paraganglioma. The dog remained without clinical evidence of recurrent tumour or metastasis for 670 days after the surgery.ConclusionRetroperitoneal paraganglioma in dogs is uncommon, but it is one of the differential diagnoses of a retroperitoneal tumour. Laparoscopic resection of a retroperitoneal paraganglioma was successfully performed in the dog. Laparoscopic resection conferred the advantages over open surgery of being minimally invasive, providing better visualization of the surgical field through pneumoperitoneum and semisternal patient recumbency, and allowing for magnification of the operative field, which facilitated the ease and safety of the procedure.
Stimuli‐responsive polypeptide nanoassemblies: Recent progress and applications in cancer nanomedicine
Authors: Song Yingying , Ding Yue , Dong Chang‐Ming 
Published: July 2021

AbstractStimuli‐responsive polypeptide nanoassemblies exhibit great potentials for cancer nanomedicines because of desirable biocompatibility and biodegradability, unique secondary conformations, varying functionalities, and especially the stimuli‐enhanced therapeutic efficacy and reduced side effect. This review introduces the design and fabrication of stimuli‐responsive polypeptide nanoassemblies that exhibit endogenous stimuli (e.g., pH, reduction, reactive oxygen species, adenosine triphosphate and enzyme, etc.) and exogenous light stimuli (e.g., UV and near‐infrared light), which are biologically related or applied in the clinic. We also discuss the applications and prospects of those stimuli‐responsive polypeptide nanoassemblies that might overcome the biological barriers of cancer nanomedicines for in vivo administration. Much more effort is needed to accelerate the second‐generation stimuli‐responsive polypeptide nanomedicines for clinical transition and applications.This article is categorized under:
Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease
Stigma and Confidentiality Indiscretions: Intersecting Obstacles to the Delivery of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis to Adolescent Girls and Young Women in East Zimbabwe
Authors: Skovdal Morten , Magoge-Mandizvidza Phyllis , Maswera Rufurwokuda , Moyo Melinda , Nyamukapa Constance , Thomas Ranjeeta , Gregson Simon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDespite efforts to scale-up biomedical HIV prevention technologies, such as oral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), many countries and regions of the world are far off–track in reaching global HIV prevention targets. Uptake of, and adherence to PrEP amongst adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in sub-Saharan Africa has proved particularly challenging. Drawing on qualitative individual interviews and focus group discussions with thirty AGYW in east Zimbabwe, as well as interviews with healthcare providers, we investigate some of the root causes of this challenge, namely the social risks involved with accessing PrEP. We find that stigma and the worry of AGYW that privacy and confidentiality cannot be maintained in local health clinics and by local healthcare providers, presents a major barrier to the uptake of PrEP. We call for interventions that recognise the need to tackle the range of socio-cultural norms and social practices that interact and in synergy make engagement with PrEP an (im)possible and (un)desirable thing to do for AGYW.
The Drive to Take an HIV Test in Rural Uganda: A Risk to Prevention for Young People?
Authors: Bernays Sarah , Asiimwe Allen , Tumwesige Edward , Seeley Janet 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA key component of current global HIV prevention efforts is widespread HIV testing. This strategy in part reflects the focus on the broader global targets to eliminate AIDS by achieving high rates of viral suppression. In this chapter we look at young people’s engagement with HIV prevention options in South-West Uganda. Taking a qualitative approach, using repeat in-depth interviews and participatory workshops with 50 young people aged 16–24 years old, we reflect on their accounts of how they navigate risks and opportunities within their daily lives. These risks include HIV-acquisition, but also the harms of economic precarity. Within a context in which using HIV prevention methods, such as condoms or abstinence, were for various reasons severely compromised by their contextual realities, some young people reported relying on irregular HIV testing as their singular method. The young people’s accounts demonstrate that an unintended consequence of the ‘push’ for HIV testing may be the justification of its replacement of other behavioural prevention strategies. This case study illustrates what impact such biomedical interventions may have if implemented as a priority and in isolation from the structural drivers of vulnerability: the social context of young people’s lives.
No Country for Old Men? An Introduction
Authors: Armengol Josep M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis introductory chapter by the book editor helps to identify the main aims, objectives, organization, and rationale behind the book. The book also advances the findings of each of the chapters and points, based on the initial findings, to some possible further research venues. Traditionally, gender studies have focused on women, which is logical, but gender studies have since the late 1980s started to pay increasing attention to men’s lives as well. This volume focuses on representations of aging masculinities in contemporary U.S. fiction, and thus investigates a selection of literary texts that place old men at the center of the narrative, analyzing specific depictions of issues such as older men’s health problems, body changes and shifting perceptions of sexual prowess, depression, loneliness and loss, but also greater wisdom and confidence, legacy, changing notions and appraisals of time, new relationships, and affective patterns, among others.
Sovereignty and Network Sovereignty
Authors: Li Hui , Yang Xin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNational sovereignty is the basic subject of the theory and practice of contemporary international law, occupies a crucial position. In order to studying the sovereignty of internet, we need to have an accurate cognition on the traditional concept of sovereignty. In this chapter, we introduce sovereignty from three perspectives: the historical background of traditional sovereignty, the adaptability of sovereignty in cyberspace or network sovereignty, and the sovereignty in the cyber era. Finally, we define sovereignty in cyberspace from the perspective of jurisprudence.
The Burden of Surgical Disease and Access to Care in a Vulnerable Syrian Refugee Population in Lebanon
Authors: Moustafa Moustafa K. , Al‐Hajj Samar , El‐Hechi Majed , El Moheb Mohamad , Chamseddine Zahraa , Kaafarani Haytham M. A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe Syrian conflict has produced one of the largest refugee crises in modern times. Lebanon has taken in more Syrian refugees per capita than any other nation. We aimed to study the burden of surgical disease and access to surgical care among Syrian refugees in Lebanon.MethodsThis study was designed as a convenient cross‐sectional cluster‐based population survey of all refugee camps throughout the Bekaa region of Lebanon. We used a modified version of the Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Need to identify surgical conditions and barriers to care access. The head of household of each informal tented settlement provided demographic information after which two household members were randomly chosen and administered the survey.ResultsA total of 1,500 individuals from 750 households representing 21 camps were surveyed. Respondents had a mean age of 36.6 (15.0) years, 54.6% were female, and 59% were illiterate. Nearly 25% of respondents reported at least one surgical condition within the past year, most commonly involving the face, head, and neck region (32%) and extremities (22%). Less than 20% of patients with a surgical condition reported seeing any healthcare provider, > 75% due to financial hardship.ConclusionsThe prevalence of surgical disease among Syrian refugees is very high with a fourth of refugees suffering from one or more surgical conditions over the past year. The surgical needs of this vulnerable population are largely unmet as financial reasons prevent patients from seeking care. Local and humanitarian efforts need to include increased access to surgical care.