bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uniqueness of Clifford torus with prescribed isoperimetric ratio
Authors: Yu Thomas , Chen Jingmin 
Published: August 2021

The Marques-Neves theorem asserts that among all the torodial (i.e. genus 1) closed surfaces, the Clifford torus has the minimal Willmore energy

∫

H
2

d
A

\int H^2 \, dA

. Since the Willmore energy is invariant under Möbius transformations, it can be shown that there is a one-parameter family, up to homotheties, of genus 1 Willmore minimizers. It is then a natural conjecture that such a minimizer is unique if one prescribes its isoperimetric ratio. In this article, we show that this conjecture can be reduced to the positivity question of a polynomial recurrence. A proof of the positivity can be found in the companion article by Melczer and Mezzarobba [submitted to J. Comb. Theory (2020)]. This establishes a first uniqueness result for the Canham model of biomembranes.
A note on the Sobolev trace inequality
Authors: Ho Pak Tung 
Published: August 2021

Consider the classical Sobolev trace inequality

‖
∇
φ

‖

L
2

(

R

+
n

)

≥
K
‖
φ

‖

L

2
(
n
−
1
)

n
−
2

(
∂

R

+
n

)

\begin{equation*} \|\nabla \varphi \|_{L^2(\mathbb {R}^n_+)} \geq K\|\varphi \|_{L^{\frac {2(n-1)}{n-2}}(\partial \mathbb {R}^n_+)} \end{equation*}

for all

φ
∈

W
0

1
,
2

(

R

+
n

)

\varphi \in W^{1,2}_0(\mathbb {R}^n_+)

, where

K
K

is the best constant. Here,

W
0

1
,
2

(

R

+
n

)

W^{1,2}_0(\mathbb {R}^n_+)

is the space obtained by taking the completion in the norm

‖
∇
φ

‖

L
2

(

R

+
n

)

\|\nabla \varphi \|_{L^2(\mathbb {R}^n_+)}

of the set of all smooth functions with support contained in the closure of

R

+
n

\mathbb {R}^n_+

, and

n
≥
3

n\geq 3

. Let

M

\mathcal {M}

be the set of functions for which we have equality in the Sobolev trace inequality above. In this note, we show that there is a positive constant

α
\alpha

such that

‖
∇
φ

‖

L
2

(

R

+
n

)

2

−

K
2

‖
φ

‖

L

2
(
n
−
1
)

n
−
2

(
∂

R

+
n

)

2

≥
α
d
(
φ
,

M

)
2

\begin{equation*} \|\nabla \varphi \|_{L^2(\mathbb {R}^n_+)}^2-K^2 \|\varphi \|_{L^{\frac {2(n-1)}{n-2}}(\partial \mathbb {R}^n_+)}^2\geq \alpha d(\varphi ,\mathcal {M})^2 \end{equation*}

for all

φ
∈

W
0

1
,
2

(

R

+
n

)

\varphi \in W^{1,2}_0(\mathbb {R}^n_+)

, where

d
d

is the distance in the Sobolev space

W
0

1
,
2

(

R

+
n

)

W^{1,2}_0(\mathbb {R}^n_+)

.
I now pronounce you ‘null and void’: manner of determination and the applicable law under the New York Convention
Authors: Pislevik Stefan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The phrase ‘null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed’ contained in Article II(3) of the New York Convention has attracted relatively little attention in the international arbitration community. It nonetheless retains the potential to have a significant impact on arbitration agreements. This article considers the meaning of ‘null and void’ and highlights the current varied understandings and applications of this term, before re-iterating support for an application of an internationally neutral understanding of the term. What this article seeks to ultimately achieve is to provoke further consideration of the terms ‘null and void’, with a view to ensuring greater clarity and uniformity in its understanding and application in the long term.
Cross-National Study of Mental Health and Employment Status Nine Months Post Social Distancing Implementation Practices
Authors: Ruffolo Mary C , Price Daicia , Bonsaksen Tore , Leung Janni , Schoultz Mariyana , Thygesen Hilde , Geirdal Ostertun 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This cross-national study examined the mental health between those individuals working and those not working nine months post initial COVID-19 social distancing implementation. Respondents (N = 3,474) were recruited through social media (e.g. Facebook, Twitter) and completed an online survey in October/November 2020. The respondents were from Norway, the UK, the USA and Australia. The mental health of those working and not working were analysed using t tests and socio-demographics were compared using one-way analysis of variance. Respondents who were working were significantly more likely to experience better mental health, were younger, report higher levels of education, and significantly less likely to worry about their own situation, health or financial situation than respondents who were not employed. Respondents who were retired reported better mental health than respondents who were not working for other reasons (laid off/dismissed, receiving benefits, studying, other). These findings raise the importance for social workers and other health service providers to monitor the overall mental health of individuals especially when social distancing protocols are in place and as countries begin to recover from the pandemic.
The BS variant of C4 protects against age-related loss of white matter microstructural integrity
Authors: Traylor Matthew , Malik Rainer , Gesierich Benno , Dichgans Martin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAge-related loss of white matter microstructural integrity is a major determinant of cognitive decline, dementia and gait disorders. However, the mechanisms and molecular pathways that contribute to this loss of integrity remain elusive.We performed a genome-wide association study of white matter microstructural integrity as quantified by diffusion MRI metrics (mean diffusivity and fractional anisotropy) in up to 31 128 individuals from UK Biobank (age 45–81 years) based on a two degrees of freedom (2df) test of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and SNP × Age effects.We identified 18 loci that were associated at genome-wide significance with either mean diffusivity (n = 16) or fractional anisotropy (n = 6). Among the top loci was a region on chromosome 6 encoding the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Variants in the MHC region were strongly associated with both mean diffusivity [best SNP: 6:28866209_TTTTG_T, beta (standard error, SE) = −0.069 (0.009); 2df P = 6.5 × 10−15] and fractional anisotropy [best SNP: rs3129787, beta (SE) = −0.056 (0.008); 2df P = 3.5 × 10−12]. Of the imputed human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles and complement component 4 (C4) structural haplotype variants in the human MHC, the strongest association was with the C4-BS variant [for mean diffusivity: beta (SE) = −0.070 (0.010); P = 2.7 × 10−11; for fractional anisotropy: beta (SE) = −0.054 (0.011); P = 1.6 × 10−7]. After conditioning on C4-BS no associations with HLA alleles remained significant. The protective influence of C4-BS was stronger in older participants [age ≥ 65; interaction P = 0.0019 (mean diffusivity), P = 0.015 (fractional anisotropy)] and in participants without a history of smoking [interaction P = 0.00093 (mean diffusivity), P = 0.021 (fractional anisotropy)].Taken together, our findings demonstrate a role of the complement system and of gene–environment interactions in age-related loss of white matter microstructural integrity.
Pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis in Men Who Have Sex With Men (MSM) in The Netherlands: A Large Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Evers Ymke J , Dukers-Muijrers Nicole H T M , van Liere Geneviève A F S , van Bergen Jan , Kuizenga-Wessel Sophie , Hoebe Christian J P A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Pharyngeal Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) was diagnosed in 1.2% and pharyngeal-only CT in 0.5% of routinely universally tested men who have sex with men (MSM). In these 3-anatomic-site tested MSM, pharyngeal-only CT comprised 4.8% of all CT. The low positivity of pharyngeal-only CT indicates low public health impact of pharyngeal CT.
Functional and structural adaptations of the coronary macro- and microvasculature to regular aerobic exercise by activation of physiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms: ESC Working Group on Coronary Pathophysiology and Microcirculation position paper
Authors: Koller Akos , Laughlin M Harold , Cenko Edina , de Wit Cor , Tóth Kálmán , Bugiardini Raffaele , Trifunovits Danijela , Vavlukis Marija , Manfrini Olivia , Lelbach Adam , Dornyei Gabriella , Padro Teresa , Badimon Lina , Tousoulis Dimitris , Gielen Stephan , Duncker Dirk J 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Regular aerobic exercise (RAEX) elicits several positive adaptations in all organs and tissues of the body, culminating in improved health and well-being. Indeed, in over half a century, many studies have shown the benefit of RAEX on cardiovascular outcome in terms of morbidity and mortality. RAEX elicits a wide range of functional and structural adaptations in the heart and its coronary circulation, all of which are to maintain optimal myocardial oxygen and nutritional supply during increased demand. Although there is no evidence suggesting that oxidative metabolism is limited by coronary blood flow (CBF) rate in the normal heart even during maximal exercise, increased CBF and capillary exchange capacities have been reported. Adaptations of coronary macro- and microvessels include outward remodelling of epicardial coronary arteries, increased coronary arteriolar size and density, and increased capillary surface area. In addition, there are adjustments in the neural and endothelial regulation of coronary macrovascular tone. Similarly, there are several adaptations at the level of microcirculation, including enhanced (such as nitric oxide mediated) smooth muscle-dependent pressure-induced myogenic constriction and upregulated endothelium-dependent/shear-stress-induced dilation, increasing the range of diameter change. Alterations in the signalling interaction between coronary vessels and cardiac metabolism have also been described. At the molecular and cellular level, ion channels are key players in the local coronary vascular adaptations to RAEX, with enhanced activation of influx of Ca2+ contributing to the increased myogenic tone (via voltage-gated Ca2+ channels) as well as the enhanced endothelium-dependent dilation (via TRPV4 channels). Finally, RAEX elicits a number of beneficial effects on several haemorheological variables that may further improve CBF and myocardial oxygen delivery and nutrient exchange in the microcirculation by stabilizing and extending the range and further optimizing the regulation of myocardial blood flow during exercise. These adaptations also act to prevent and/or delay the development of coronary and cardiac diseases.
Risk factors profile of young and older patients with myocardial infarction
Authors: Sagris Marios , Antonopoulos Alexios S , Theofilis Panagiotis , Oikonomou Evangelos , Siasos Gerasimos , Tsalamandris Sotirios , Antoniades Charalambos , Brilakis Emmanouil S , Kaski Juan C , Tousoulis Dimitris 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) among young adults (&lt;45 years) represents a considerable proportion of the total heart attack incidents. The underlying pathophysiologic characteristics, atherosclerotic plaque features, and risk factors profile differ between young and older patients with MI. This review article discusses the main differences between the younger and elderly MI patients as well as the different pathogenic mechanisms underlying the development of MI in the younger. Young patients with MI often have eccentric atherosclerotic plaques with inflammatory features but fewer lesions, and are more likely to be smokers, obese, and have poor lifestyle, such as inactivity and alcohol intake. Compared to older MI patients, younger are more likely to be men, have familial-combined hyperlipidaemia and increased levels of lipoprotein-a. In addition, MI in younger patients may be related to use of cannabis, cocaine use, and androgenic anabolic steroids. Genomic differences especially in the pathways of coagulation and lipid metabolism have also been identified between young and older patients with MI. Better understanding of the risk factors and the anatomic and pathophysiologic processes in young adults can improve MI prevention and treatment strategies in this patient group. Awareness could help identify young subjects at increased risk and guide primary prevention strategies. Additional studies focusing on gene pathways related to lipid metabolism, inflammation, and coagulation are needed.
Robotic off-pump totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass in the current era: report of 544 patients
Authors: Balkhy Husam H , Nisivaco Sarah , Kitahara Hiroto , Torregrossa Gianluca , Patel Brooke , Grady Kaitlin , Coleman Charocka 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Robotic off-pump totally endoscopic coronary artery bypass (TECAB) is the least invasive form of surgical coronary revascularization. It has proved to be highly effective and safe. Its benefits are well-established and include fewer complications, shorter hospital stay and quicker return to normal activities. TECAB has undergone 2 decades of technological advancement to include multivessel grafting, a beating-heart approach and successful completion in multiple patient groups in experienced hands. The aim of this report was to examine outcomes of robotic off-pump TECAB at our institution over 7 years.

METHODS
Data from 544 patients undergoing TECAB between July 2013 and August 2020 were retrospectively examined. The C-Port Flex-A distal anastomotic device was used for the majority of grafts (70%). Yearly follow-up was conducted. Angiographic early patency data were reviewed for patients undergoing hybrid revascularization.

RESULTS
The mean age was 66 years, with 1.7% mean STS risk. Fifty-six percentage had multivessel TECAB. There was 1 conversion to sternotomy, and 46% extubation in the Operating Room (OR). Mortality was 0.9%. Early graft patency was 97%. At mid-term follow-up at 38 months, cardiac mortality was 2.7% and freedom from major adverse cardiac events was 92.5%.

CONCLUSIONS
We conclude that robotic beating-heart TECAB in the current era is safe and effective with excellent outcomes and comparable early angiographic patency to standard coronary artery bypass grafting surgery when performed frequently by an experienced team. This procedure was completed in our hands both with and without an anastomotic device. Longer-term studies are warranted.
Craniofacial growth and SITAR growth curve analysis
Authors: Patcas Raphael , Keller Heidi , Markic Goran , Beit Philipp , Eliades Theodore , Cole Tim J 
Published: August 2021

Summary

Background
SITAR (SuperImposition by Translation And Rotation) is a shape invariant growth curve model that effectively summarizes somatic growth in puberty.

Aim
To apply the SITAR model to longitudinal mandibular growth data to clarify its suitability to facial growth analysis.

Subjects and methods
2D-cephalometric data on two mandibular measurements (AP: articulare–pogonion; CP: condylion–pogonion) were selected from the Denver Growth Study, consisting of longitudinal records (age range: 7.9–19.0 years) of females (sample size N: 21; number of radiographs n: 154) and males (N: 18; n: 137). The SITAR mixed effects model estimated, for each measurement and gender separately, a mean growth curve versus chronological age, along with mean age at peak velocity (APV) and peak velocity (PV), plus subject-specific random effects for PV and mean size. The models were also fitted versus Greulich–Pyle bone age.

Results
In males, mean APV occurred at 14.6 years (AP) and 14.4 years (CP), with mean PV 3.1 mm/year (AP) and 3.3 mm/year (CP). In females, APV occurred at 11.6 years (AP and CP), with mean PV 2.3 mm/year (AP) and 2.4 mm/year (CP). The models explained 95–96 per cent of the cross-sectional variance for males and 92–93 per cent for females. The random effects demonstrated standard deviations (SDs) in size of 5.6 mm for males and 3.9 mm for females, and SDs for PV between 0.3 and 0.5 mm/year. The bone age results were similar.

Conclusion
The SITAR model is a useful tool to analyse epidemiological craniofacial growth based on cephalometric data and provides an array of information on pubertal mandibular growth and its variance in a concise manner.
AV junction ablation and cardiac resynchronization for patients with permanent atrial fibrillation and narrow QRS: the APAF-CRT mortality trial
Authors: Brignole Michele , Pentimalli Francesco , Palmisano Pietro , Landolina Maurizio , Quartieri Fabio , Occhetta Eraldo , Calò Leonardo , Mascia Giuseppe , Mont Lluis , Vernooy Kevin , van Dijk Vincent , Allaart Cor , Fauchier Laurent , Gasparini Maurizio , Parati Gianfranco , Soranna Davide , Rienstra Michiel , Van Gelder Isabelle C ,   for the APAF-CRT Trial Investigators
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Aims
In patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF), strict and regular rate control with atrioventricular junction ablation and biventricular pacemaker (Ablation + CRT) has been shown to be superior to pharmacological rate control in reducing HF hospitalizations. However, whether it also improves survival is unknown.

Methods and results
In this international, open-label, blinded outcome trial, we randomly assigned patients with severely symptomatic permanent AF &gt;6 months, narrow QRS (≤110 ms) and at least one HF hospitalization in the previous year to Ablation + CRT or to pharmacological rate control. We hypothesized that Ablation + CRT is superior in reducing the primary endpoint of all-cause mortality. A total of 133 patients were randomized. The mean age was 73 ± 10 years, and 62 (47%) were females. The trial was stopped for efficacy at interim analysis after a median of 29 months of follow-up per patient. The primary endpoint occurred in 7 patients (11%) in the Ablation + CRT arm and in 20 patients (29%) in the Drug arm [hazard ratio (HR) 0.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.10–0.65; P = 0.004]. The estimated death rates at 2 years were 5% and 21%, respectively; at 4 years, 14% and 41%. The benefit of Ablation + CRT of all-cause mortality was similar in patients with ejection fraction (EF) ≤35% and in those with &gt;35%. The secondary endpoint combining all-cause mortality or HF hospitalization was significantly lower in the Ablation + CRT arm [18 (29%) vs. 36 (51%); HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.22–0.73; P = 0.002].

Conclusions
Ablation + CRT was superior to pharmacological therapy in reducing mortality in patients with permanent AF and narrow QRS who were hospitalized for HF, irrespective of their baseline EF.

Study registration
ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02137187.
Saliva, a substitute for blood?
Authors: Ferreira Inês , Andrade Isabel , Cruz Rui 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Point of Care (POC) testing offers an alternative to laboratory-based tests, near the patient, giving an easy and rapid access to a diagnostics. The majority of POC platforms use serum or plasma as a biological testing sample. Alternatives to non-invasive sampling in POC testing are emerging, such as the use of saliva or tears. Saliva needs little conservation and contains several biomarkers that are useful in the diagnostics of different clinical conditions. In this context, the aim of the study was to review the state-of-the-art of POC platforms using saliva.

Methods
Advanced database research was conducted using B-on and PubMed, with ‘Point of Care’ and ‘Saliva’ as keywords, over the last 5 years. In the eligible articles, we looked for the disease or condition under evaluation and biomarker(s), test specificity and sensitivity, test duration, analytical method, POC platform state of development (commercially available, prototype or proof-of-concept).

Results
Sixty-eight articles were eligible for the study. The majority of the POC devices (71%) are prototypes. The most common biomarkers found are cortisol, α-amylase, MMP-8, glucose and infectious diseases related viruses. The turnaround time is relatively low, 30 seconds to 2.5 hours, in comparison to most laboratory-based tests.

Conclusions
Saliva is an emerging bio fluid for POC testing, and its collection is non-invasive, contrarily to blood. A trend for salivary POC diagnostics is a reality for the assessment of health or disease status, over the last half-decade.
Characterization of the articular disc and mandibular condyle in healthy individuals and individuals with temporomandibular disorders in relation with several symptoms—ultrasound study
Authors: André Alexandra , Figueiredo João Paulo , Silva Ana 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Evaluate dimension of the articular disc and condyle between volunteers and patients with temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders previously diagnosed. Understand the symptoms that TMJ can promote using the ultrasound modality. Approved ethics committees of IPC.

Methods
Sample n = 36, ages [18–45], control group (CG) (n = 20), pathologic group (PG)(n = 16). Images were acquired with US with a linear B-scan (10 MHz) in a transverse plane. Bilateral TMJ study was done with open and closed mouth. A validated questionnaire was done.

Results
Dimension of the right disc was 0.072 ± 0.021 cm to PG and 0.090 ± 0.018 cm to CG with open mouth. Close mouth was 0.082 ± 0.024 cm to the PG and 0.100 ± 0.014 cm to the CG.The results to the condyle were 0.0351 ± 0.044 cm to PG and 0.378 ± 0.043 cm to CG. To the left side the alterations were in the dimension of the articular disc, the PG with open mouth, 079 ± 0.024 cm and close mouth 0.081 ± 0.019 cm. Significant differences in the symptoms between groups were observed. Symptoms revel that 62.5% have headache and 87% present noise/crackle in the masticatory.

Conclusions
Right side the PG had reduced articular disc and condyle dimensions when compared to the healthy group. This study shows the possible differences in the articular disc and condyle in PG and CG, also permitted study the TMJ disorders in real time with accuracy. The questionnaire it was possible to determine the main symptoms of the TMJ disorders. These disorders are in relation with de alterations dimension of the articular disc.
CytoPath®Easy processing method validation through cervical self-sampling
Authors: Fernandes S , Martins C , Silva R A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Liquid-based cytology is mostly used for the identification of pre-neoplastic and neoplastic cells of cérvix uteri, and many manual and automatic methodologies are available on the market. This study aims to validate a new manual liquid-based processing method - the CytoPath® Easy Kit, for its routine use in some cytology laboratories.

Methods
For this purpose, 45 cervical samples, obtained by self-sampling of women aged 18–58 years old were used: 30 were collected and processed with the CytoPath® Easy Kit and 15 samples were collected and processed by Thinprep®, as a control. Parameters evaluated were cellularity, thickness and cellular overlap of the imprint, undesirable background/debris, morphological preservation and staining properties of the sample. The presence and quantity of metaplastic and/or endocervical cells of the transformation zone was also compared between methods.

Results
The results obtained show that CytoPath® Easy Kit allows the representation of the sample with a very satisfactory cellularity, in a thin layer of cells and without excessive overlap, presenting a reasonably clean background. Statistically, both methods present similar results (P &gt; 0.9999), both globally and for each of the parameters evaluated individually. These results allow to validate the use of this new method in the cytological routine.

Conclusions
This Kit proves to be very useful, allowing the laboratory to screen cervical cytology samples, without the need for large investments and with reliable microscopic results. This has particular interest for laboratories of poor or developing countries as well for services processing small number of samples.