bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Explainable deep learning for the analysis of MHD spectrograms in nuclear fusion
Authors: Ferreira Diogo R , Martins Tiago A , Rodrigues Paulo 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the nuclear fusion community, there are many specialized techniques to analyze the data coming from a variety of diagnostics. One of such techniques is the use of spectrograms to analyze the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) behavior of fusion plasmas. Physicists look at the spectrogram to identify the oscillation modes of the plasma, and to study instabilities that may lead to plasma disruptions. One of the major causes of disruptions occurs when an oscillation mode interacts with the wall, stops rotating, and becomes a locked mode. In this work, we use deep learning to predict the occurrence of locked modes from MHD spectrograms. In particular, we use a convolutional neural network with class activation mapping to pinpoint the exact behavior that the model thinks is responsible for the locked mode. Surprisingly, we find that, in general, the model explanation agrees quite well with the physical interpretation of the behavior observed in the spectrogram.
Susac syndrome: challenges in the diagnosis and treatment
Authors: Marrodan Mariano , Fiol Marcela P. , Correale Jorge 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Susac syndrome is a disorder thought to be mediated by an autoimmune response towards endothelial cells, leading to a characteristic clinical triad of encephalopathy, visual disturbances due to branch arterial occlusions and sensorineural hearing impairment. Although it is a rare disease, three reasons make it important. First, given its variable presentation, Susac syndrome is underdiagnosed. Second, it is considered an important differential diagnosis in different neurological, psychiatric, ophthalmological and hearing disorders, and consequently is frequently misdiagnosed. Third, in many cases, Susac syndrome is diagnosed and treated late, with significant irreversible sequelae including dementia, blindness and hearing loss. Neuropathology findings derived from both Susac syndrome patient tissue and novel transgenic mouse models indicate cytotoxic CD8+ T cells adhere to microvessels, inducing endothelial cell swelling, vascular narrowing and occlusion, causing microinfarcts. Anti-endothelial cell antibodies are present in serum in 25% of Susac syndrome patients, but it is unclear whether they are aetiologically related to the disease, or an epiphenomenon. The clinical triad comprising encephalopathy, branch arterial occlusions, and sensorineural hearing impairment is considered pathognomonic, although great variability is found in presentation and natural course of disease. At first evaluation, only 13–30% of patients exhibit the full clinical triad, making diagnosis difficult. Retinal fluorescein angiography, optic coherence tomography, MRI and tonal audiometry are helpful methods for diagnosing and monitoring disease activity during treatment. By contrast, there are no reliable objective immune markers to monitor disease activity. Immunosuppression is the current treatment, with high-dose corticosteroid therapy as the mainstay, but additional therapies such as intravenous immunoglobulins, cyclophosphamide, rituximab and mycophenolate mofetil are often necessary, because the disease can be devastating, causing irreversible organ damage. Unfortunately, low rates of disease, variability in presentation and paucity of objective biomarkers make prospective controlled clinical trials for Susac syndrome treatment difficult. Current immunosuppressive treatments are therefore based on empirical evidence, mainly from retrospective case series and expert opinion.
In this review, we draw attention to the need to take consider Susac syndrome in the differential diagnosis of different neurological, psychiatric, ophthalmological and hearing disorders. Furthermore, we summarize our current knowledge of this syndrome, in reference to its pathophysiology, diagnosis and management, emphasizing the need for prospective and controlled studies that allow a better therapeutic approach.
Phenotyping of multiple sclerosis lesions according to innate immune cell activation using 18 kDa translocator protein-PET
Authors: Nylund Marjo , Sucksdorff Marcus , Matilainen Markus , Polvinen Eero , Tuisku Jouni , Airas Laura 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chronic active lesions are promotors of neurodegeneration and disease progression in multiple sclerosis. They harbour a dense rim of activated innate immune cells at the lesion edge, which promotes lesion growth and thereby induces damage. Conventional MRI is of limited help in identifying the chronic active lesions, so alternative imaging modalities are needed. Objectives were to develop a PET-based automated analysis method for phenotyping of chronic lesions based on lesion-associated innate immune cell activation and to comprehensively evaluate the prevalence of these lesions in the various clinical subtypes of multiple sclerosis, and their association with disability. In this work, we use 18 kDa translocator protein-PET imaging for phenotyping chronic multiple sclerosis lesions at a large scale. For this, we identified 1510 white matter T1-hypointense lesions from 91 multiple sclerosis patients (67 relapsing–remitting patients and 24 secondary progressive patients). Innate immune cell activation at the lesion rim was measured using PET imaging and the 18 kDa translocator protein-binding radioligand 11C-PK11195. A T1-hypointense lesion was classified as rim-active if the distribution volume ratio of 11C-PK11195-binding was low in the plaque core and considerably higher at the plaque edge. If no significant ligand binding was observed, the lesion was classified as inactive. Plaques that had considerable ligand binding both in the core and at the rim were classified as overall-active. Conventional MRI and disability assessment using the Expanded Disability Status Scale were performed at the time of PET imaging. In the secondary progressive cohort, an average of 19% (median, interquartile range: 11–26) of T1 lesions were rim-active in each individual patient, compared to 10% (interquartile range: 0–20) among relapsing–remitting patients (P = 0.009). Secondary progressive patients had a median of 3 (range: 0–11) rim-active lesions, versus 1 (range: 0–18) among relapsing–remitting patients (P = 0.029). Among those patients who had rim-active lesions (n = 63), the average number of active voxels at the rim was higher among secondary progressive compared to relapsing–remitting patients (median 158 versus 74; P = 0.022). The number of active voxels at the rim correlated significantly with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (R = 0.43, P &lt; 0.001), and the volume of the rim-active lesions similarly correlated with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (R = 0.45, P &lt; 0.001). Our study is the first to report in vivo phenotyping of chronic lesions at large scale, based on 18 kDa translocator protein-PET. Patients with higher disability displayed a higher proportion of rim-active lesions. The in vivo lesion phenotyping methodology offers a new tool for individual assessment of smouldering (rim-active) lesion burden.
Are digital citizen panels an innovative, deliberative approach to cardiovascular research?
Authors: Siira Elin , Wolf Axel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Online citizen panels are an innovative way to collect information about populations. They can help explain social determinants of health while involving citizens in research, allowing researchers to help the community, and advance cardiovascular research. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of collecting information via online citizen panels and assesses these panels’ potential in cardiovascular research. To exemplify such panels’ use, we discuss a case study that utilized the Swedish Citizen Panel.
Effects of Vitamin D on Physical Function: Results From the STURDY Trial
Authors: Guralnik Jack M , Sternberg Alice L , Mitchell Christine M , Blackford Amanda L , Schrack Jennifer , Wanigatunga Amal A , Michos Erin , Juraschek Stephen P , Szanton Sarah , Kalyani Rita , Cai Yurun , Appel Lawrence J ,   STURDY Collaborative Research Group
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundStudies of the relationship between vitamin D and physical functioning have had inconsistent results.MethodsPhysical functioning measures were collected for up to 2 years during a 2-stage, Bayesian, response-adaptive, randomized trial of 4 doses of vitamin D3 supplementation (200 [control], 1 000, 2 000, and 4 000 IU/day) to prevent falls. Two community-based research units enrolled adults aged ≥70 years, with elevated fall risk and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of 10–29 ng/mL. The Pooled Higher Doses (PHD) group (≥1 000 IU/day, n = 349) was compared to the control group (n = 339) on changes in Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) score and its component tests, Timed Up-and-Go (TUG) test, 6-minute walk distance, and grip strength.ResultsThe trial enrolled 688 participants. Mean age was 77.2 years, 56.4% were male, 79.7% White, and 18.2% Black. While the PHD and control groups both lost function over time on most outcomes, the 2 groups did not show differential change overall on any outcome. Incidence of transitioning to poor functioning on gait speed, SPPB score, or TUG test did not differ by dose group.ConclusionIn older persons with low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and elevated fall risk, high-dose vitamin D supplementation, ≥1 000 IU/day, did not improve measures of physical function compared to 200 IU/day.Clinical Trial RegistrationNCT02166333
Meta-Analysis of IBD Gut Samples Gene Expression Identifies Specific Markers of Ileal and Colonic Diseases
Authors: Perez Kevin , Ngollo Marjolaine , Rabinowitz Keren , Hammoudi Nassim , Seksik Philippe , Xavier Ramnik J , Daly Mark J , Dotan Iris , Le Bourhis Lionel , Allez Matthieu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are characterized by chronic inflammation and tissue damages in limited segments of the digestive tract. Pathogenesis in the tissue and mucosal inflammation probably differs according to disease location. Our aim was to further analyze transcriptomic profiles in different locations of IBD, differentiating ulcerative colitis (UC), colonic Crohn’s disease (CD), ileal CD, and pouchitis, with respect to normal colonic and ileal mucosa. We thus performed a meta-analysis focusing on specific transcriptomic signatures of ileal and colonic diseases.

Methods
We identified 5 cohorts with available transcriptomic data in ileal or colonic samples from active IBD and non-IBD control samples. The meta-analysis was performed on 1047 samples. In each cohort separately, we compared gene expression in CD ileitis and normal ileum; in CD colitis, UC, and normal colon; and finally in pouchitis and normal ileum.

Results
We identified specific markers of ileal (FOLH1, CA2) and colonic (REG3A) inflammation and showed that, with disease, some cells from the ileum start to express colonic markers. We confirmed by immunohistochemistry that these markers were specifically present in ileal or colonic diseases. We highlighted that, overall, colonic CD resembles UC and is distinct from ileal CD, which is in turn closer to pouchitis.

Conclusions
We demonstrated that ileal and colonic diseases exhibit specific signatures, independent of their initial clinical classification. This supports molecular, rather than clinical, disease stratification, and may be used to design drugs specifically targeting ileal or colonic diseases.
Nonlinearities and expenditure multipliers in the Eurozone
Authors: Boitani Andrea , Perdichizzi Salvatore , Punzo Chiara 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe analyze the nonlinear effects of government spending in the Euro area, by using the local projection method and by testing whether the impact of the shock depends crucially on the depth of the recession, on some structural characteristics of the Eurozone (EZ) economies, and on the monetary policy stance. We provide four insights. First, expenditure multipliers in the Euro area are not significantly higher in recessions than in expansions. However they are always above unity. Second, state dependency emerges as soon as deep recession is distinguished from ordinary downturns. Third, structural characteristics, such as the presence of automatic stabilizers, the exchange rate regime, the degree of labor market flexibility, and initial conditions, such as the debt/gross domestic product ratio, do influence the size of expenditure multipliers in the EZ. Fourth, multipliers are much higher when the policy interest rate is at the zero lower bound.
Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in mid-pregnancy and perinatal outcomes
Authors: Carlsen Ellen Ø , Harmon Quaker , Magnus Maria C , Meltzer Helle M , Erlund Iris , Stene Lars C , Håberg Siri E , Wilcox Allen J 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Maternal diabetes is a well-known risk factor for pregnancy complications. Possible links between long-term maternal blood sugar in the normal range and pregnancy complications are less well described.

Methods
We assayed glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) in blood samples collected around the 18th week of pregnancy for 2937 singleton pregnancies in the Norwegian Mother, Father and Child Cohort Study (2000–09). Perinatal outcomes (gestational length, birthweight, birth length and head circumference, large-for-gestational age, small-for-gestational age, congenital malformations, preterm delivery and preeclampsia) were obtained from medical records. We tested associations using linear and log-binomial regression, adjusting for maternal age, body mass index (BMI) and smoking.

Results
Size at birth increased modestly but linearly with HbA1c. Birthweight rose 0.10 standard deviations [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.03, 0.16], for each 5-mmol/mol unit increase in HbA1c, corresponding to about 40 g at 40 weeks of gestation. Large-for-gestational age rose 23% (95% CI: 1%, 50%) per five-unit increase. Other pregnancy complications increased in non-linear fashion, with strongest associations within the top quartile of HbA1c (&gt;35 mmol/mol or &gt;5.4%). Per unit HbA1c within the top quartile, preterm delivery increased by 14% (95% CI: 1%, 31%), preeclampsia increased by 20% (95% CI: 5%, 37%) and gestational duration decreased by 0.7 days (95% CI: −1.0, −0.3).

Conclusions
Among women with no recorded diabetes, higher HbA1c levels at 18 gestational weeks were associated with important perinatal outcomes independent of mother’s age, smoking or BMI.
Unique occurrence of the MioceneTrichopeltarion greggiDell, 1969 (Decapoda: Brachyura: Trichopeltariidae): potential documentation of maternal care
Authors: Feldmann Rodney M , Schweitzer Carrie E 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA single concretion derived from the Miocene Greta Siltstone in North Canterbury, South Island, New Zealand, contains an adult and a juvenile individual of Trichopeltarion greggiDell, 1969. The association of an adult female and a juvenile brachyuran of the same species has not been documented previously in the fossil record. Condition of the chalky and thin endocuticle of the adult specimen suggests death and burial during the late premolt condition. Large egg size in extant Trichopeltarion spp. coupled with association of juveniles and adults in both extant and extinct species suggests that members of the genus may exhibit maternal care of juveniles.
Genetic Connections and Convergent Evolution of Tropical Indigenous Peoples in Asia
Authors: Deng Lian , Pan Yuwen , Wang Yinan , Chen Hao , Yuan Kai , Chen Sihan , Lu Dongsheng , Lu Yan , Mokhtar Siti Shuhada , Rahman Thuhairah Abdul , Hoh Boon-Peng , Xu Shuhua 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Tropical indigenous peoples in Asia (TIA) attract much attention for their unique appearance, whereas their genetic history and adaptive evolution remain mysteries. We conducted a comprehensive study to characterize the genetic distinction and connection of broad geographical TIAs. Despite the diverse genetic makeup and large interarea genetic differentiation between the TIA groups, we identified a basal Asian ancestry (bASN) specifically shared by these populations. The bASN ancestry was relatively enriched in ancient Asian human genomes dated as early as ∼50,000 years before the present and diminished in more recent history. Notably, the bASN ancestry is unlikely to be derived from archaic hominins. Instead, we suggest it may be better modeled as a survived lineage of the initial peopling of Asia. Shared adaptations inherited from the ancient Asian ancestry were detected among the TIA groups (e.g., LIMS1 for hair morphology, and COL24A1 for bone formation), and they are enriched in neurological functions either at an identical locus (e.g., NKAIN3), or different loci in an identical gene (e.g., TENM4). The bASN ancestry could also have formed the substrate of the genetic architecture of the dark pigmentation observed in the TIA peoples. We hypothesize that phenotypic convergence of the dark pigmentation in TIAs could have resulted from parallel (e.g., DDB1/DAK) or genetic convergence driven by admixture (e.g., MTHFD1 and RAD18), new mutations (e.g., STK11), or notably purifying selection (e.g., MC1R). Our results provide new insights into the initial peopling of Asia and an advanced understanding of the phenotypic convergence of the TIA peoples.
Alkali metal cation incorporated Ag3BiI6 absorbers for efficient and stable rudorffite solar cells
Authors: Wu Ming-Chung , Kuo Ruei-Yu , Chang Yin-Hsuan , Chen Shih-Hsuan , Ho Ching-Mei , Su Wei-Fang 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Toxic lead and poor stability are the main obstacles of perovskite solar cells. Lead-free silver bismuth iodide (SBI) was first attempted as solar cells photovoltaic materials in 2016. However, the short-circuit current of the SBI rudorffite materials is commonly &lt;10 mA/cm2, limiting the overall photovoltaic performance. Here, we present a chemical composition engineering to enhance the photovoltaic performance. In this study, we incorporated a series of alkali metal cations (Li+, Na+, K+, Rb+ and Cs+) into Ag3BiI6 absorbers to investigate the effects on the photovoltaic performance of rudorffite solar cells. Cs+ doping improved VOC and Na+ doping showed an obvious enhancement in JSC. Therefore, we co-doped Na+ and Cs+ into SBI (Na/Cs-SBI) as the absorber and investigated the crystal structure, surface morphology and optical properties. The photo-assisted Kelvin probe force microscopy was used to measure surface potential and verified that Na/Cs doping could reduce the electron trapping at the grain boundary and facilitate electron transportation.
Na/Cs-SBI reduced the electron–holes pairs recombination and promoted the carrier transport of rudorffite solar cells. Finally, the Na/Cs-SBI rudorffite solar cell not only exhibited a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 2.50%, a 46% increase to the SBI device (PCE = 1.71%), but also was stable in ambient conditions for &gt;6 months.
Coherence and Knowability
Authors: Rosa Luis 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Why should we avoid incoherence? An influential view tells us that incoherent combinations of attitudes are such that it is impossible for all of those attitudes to be simultaneously vindicated by the evidence. But it is not clear whether this view explains what is wrong with certain akratic doxastic states. In this paper, I flesh out an alternative response to that question, one according to which the problem with incoherent combinations of attitudes is that it is impossible for all of those attitudes to be simultaneously knowledgeable. This alternative response explains what is wrong with akratic combinations of attitudes using commonly accepted epistemological theses. The paper still shows how this proposal is able to explain the badness of incoherent combinations involving the absence of attitudes, suspended judgment, and credence. Finally, it is suggested that this picture can be generalized to the realm of practical rationality as well.
LIFE SATISFACTION AND FACTORS AFFECTING SATISFACTION IN KAWAUCHI VILLAGE RESIDENTS AT 10 Y AFTER THE FUKUSHIMA DAIICHI NUCLEAR POWER PLANT ACCIDENT
Authors: Matsunaga Hitomi , Orita Makiko , Liu Mengjie , Taira Yasuyuki , Takamura Noboru 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We assessed the life satisfaction and related factors, including the mental health state, of residents of Kawauchi village, Fukushima Prefecture. Among the 374 residents who responded, 237 (63.4%) were satisfied with their current life. Of all respondents, 275 (73.5%) had a sense of belonging to the Kawauchi village community and 158 (42.2%) thought that Kawauchi had recovered after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS) accident. Regression analysis revealed that post-traumatic stress disorder checklist-Specific score, sense of belonging to the Kawauchi village community, opinion that Kawauchi village had recovered, timing of return to Kawauchi &lt;2 y and concern about consumption of mushrooms and wild plants from Kawauchi were independently associated with life satisfaction. Although 10 y have passed since the FDNPS accident, it is necessary to continue with risk communication, particularly for new residents of Kawauchi.
MONTE-CARLO SIMULATION USING PHITS OF SECONDARY NEUTRONS PRODUCED IN-PATIENT DURING 16O ION THERAPY
Authors: Boukhellout A , Ounoughi N , Kharfi F 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In hadrontherapy, oxygen ions 16O can be currently considered as an alternative to carbon ions 12C designed specifically for the treatment of deep and radioresistant tumors. Secondary particles, particularly neutrons constitute a serious problem of undesirable additional irradiation to surrounding healthy tissue. The objective of this study is to evaluate, by Monte-Carlo simulation [code Particle and Heavy Ion Transport code System (PHITS)], the contribution in terms of dose of secondary neutrons produced during interaction 16O ion of 300 MeV u−1 in a soft tissue phantom. The dose of 16O ion, secondary particles and neutrons is evaluated, as well as the particle fluence and energy spectra of neutrons. The contribution to the total dose of secondary neutrons in a soft tissue phantom represents 0.1%. This dose, although apparently insignificant, is essential to conduct even more in-depth studies to understand the long-term effects of these secondary neutrons on the patient’s body especially in pediatric case.
Multiple dynamic models reveal the genetic architecture for growth in height ofCatalpa bungeiin the field
Authors: Zhang Miaomiao , Lu Nan , Jiang Libo , Liu Bingyang , Fei Yue , Ma Wenjun , Shi Chaozhong , Wang Junhui 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGrowth in height (GH) is a critical determinant for tree survival and development in forests and can be depicted using logistic growth curves. Our understanding of the genetic mechanism underlying dynamic GH, however, is limited, particularly under field conditions. We applied two mapping models (Funmap and FVTmap) to find quantitative trait loci responsible for dynamic GH and two epistatic models (2HiGWAS and 1HiGWAS) to detect epistasis in Catalpa bungei grown in the field. We identified 13 co-located quantitative trait loci influencing the growth curve by Funmap and three heterochronic parameters (the timing of the inflection point, maximum acceleration and maximum deceleration) by FVTmap. The combined use of FVTmap and Funmap reduced the number of candidate genes by &gt;70%. We detected 76 significant epistatic interactions, amongst which a key gene, COMT14, co-located by three models (but not 1HiGWAS) interacted with three other genes, implying that a novel network of protein interaction centered on COMT14 may control the dynamic GH of C. bungei. These findings provide new insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying the dynamic growth in tree height in natural environments and emphasize the necessity of incorporating multiple dynamic models for screening more reliable candidate genes.