bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Implementing a Novel Framework to Create Tacit Knowledge Models to Support Human-Robot Interactions
Authors: Guerra-Zubiaga David A. , Nasajpour-Esfahani Navid , Siddiqui Basma , Kamperman Kevin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
While it is not only important to synthesize instruments, controls, and robotics, it is also essential to connect these elements to people to achieve the future of automation. Whether in an operating room with surgical robots or in an earthquake disaster zone where an operator is aided by search and rescue drones, interaction between machines and humans is becoming central to increasing productivity. Industry 4.0 trends such as Internet of Things (IoT) and digital manufacturing are the early adopters of human-machine interfaces that support manufacturing automation. Such models must consider various aspects of process implementation such as explicit, implicit, and tacit knowledge to properly mimic a human’s performance. However, most inquiries in this field use expressed information instead of tacit knowledge due to an unfulfilled need for an industrial tacit knowledge framework. Tacit knowledge is difficult to learn and transfer if an operator’s logic is never revealed. In response, this research provides a knowledge model to structure, categorize, and reuse tacit knowledge for advanced manufacturing operations. The model is implemented in a human-robot interaction by capturing valuable experiences using digital tools such as Tecnomatix for further reuse in a variety of industrial applications.
Estimation of High-Frequency Vibration Loads in Deep Drilling Systems Using Augmented Kalman Filters
Authors: Ichaoui Mohamed , Ostermeyer Georg-Peter , Tergeist Mathias , Hohl Andreas 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Deep drilling operations are primarily used to produce oil, gas, and geothermal heat from reservoirs in the earth’s crust. A drill string built of thread-connected components is used to transfer mechanical energy from a drill rig on the surface to a drill bit at the bottom end. The lowest part of a drill string, which is called bottom-hole assembly (BHA), contains sophisticated sub-assemblies for process and trajectory control, formation evaluation, surface communication, power generation, and system diagnostics.
The BHA can experience critical vibrations without indication further up to the string. These vibrations need to be closely monitored for process control, fatigue management, and design feedback. However, the number of sensors is too small to provide reliable indication of loads on all critical components of the drill string. Adding sensors to each component is currently neither economically nor technically viable.
This paper presents an application of existing Kalman Filters, merging information from available sensors and dynamic models to obtain state estimates for all components of the BHA. The expected accuracy and limitations are discussed. The results of load extrapolation are confirmed by comparison with measurements proving the concept under inaccurately defined interaction with a downhole environment.
Impact Analysis of Honeycomb Core Sandwich Panels
Authors: Alam Shah , Khanal Damodar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The goal of this paper is to analyze the impact behavior among geometrically different sandwich panels shown upon impact velocities. Initially, composite model with aluminum honeycomb core and Kevlar (K29) face sheets is developed in ABAQUS/Explicit and different impact velocities are applied. Keeping other parameters constant, model is simulated with T800S/epoxy face sheets. Residual velocities, energy absorption (%), and maximum deformation depth is calculated for sandwich panel for both models at five different velocities by executing finite element analysis. Once the better material is found for face sheets, process is extended by varying the ratio of front face sheet thickness to back face sheet thickness keeping other geometrical parameters constant to find the better geometry. Also, comparison of impact responses of sandwich composite panel on different ratio of front face sheet thickness to back face sheet thickness is done and validated with other results available in literature.
Modeling and Design Optimization of Robotic Hoses for 3D Printing of Cement
Authors: Sterckx Peter , Walker Ian D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Modeling tendon tensions for applications of tendon-actuated continuum robots under significant loading is necessary for sizing motors, tendons, and other components to ensure that the robot can safely support its mass during operation. While models exist that express tendon tensions as a function of continuum robot configuration, previously proposed models do not consider the effects of gravity on tendon tensions. In this paper, we discuss the addition of gravity to a static model previously developed for low-mass tendon-actuated continuum robots. Using the Euler-Lagrange methodology, the potential energy due to gravity is incorporated into the formulation of the equations that describe tendon tensions as a function of robot configuration. Preliminary experimental results reveal the potential of this nonzero-gravity tendon-tension model.
Heat Transfer and Melt-Pool Evolution During Powder-Bed Fusion of Ti-6Al-4V Parts Under Various Laser Irradiation Conditions
Authors: Rahman M. Shafiqur , Schilling Paul J. , Herrington Paul D. , Chakravarty Uttam K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Laser Powder-bed Fusion (L-PBF) is a promising additive manufacturing (AM) process that is capable of speedily fabricating functional components typically used for aerospace, automotive, microelectronics, and biomedical applications. In this study, a 3-D computational fluid dynamics model with Ti-6Al-4V powder-bed is developed incorporating a moving conical volumetric heat source and thermophysical properties of Ti-6Al-4V alloy to conduct the simulations of the L-PBF process. The melt-pool dynamics and its thermal behavior are investigated numerically and results for temperature profile, cooling rate, variation in density, thermal conductivity, specific heat capacity, and enthalpy are obtained for different laser irradiation conditions. Simulation results show that the maximum temperature, dimensions, and liquid lifetime of the melt pool increase with the increase of the laser power and decrease of the scanning speed. A custom ytterbium fiber laser system is applied to perform laser melting experiments with a solid Ti-6Al-4V specimen. The microstructures of the cross-sectional areas are examined by a scanning electron microscope to observe the melt-pool dimensions and the heat-affected zones. Finally, the simulation results for melt-pool geometry are compared with the experimental results to validate the numerical model for the L-PBF process.
Circular Plates Under Hard Excitations to Include Casimir Effect: Amplitude-Voltage Response of Superharmonic Resonance of Second Order
Authors: Caruntu Dumitru I. , Beatriz Julio , Perez Jonathan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with voltage-amplitude response of superharmonic resonance of second order of electrostatically actuated clamped MEMS circular plates. A flexible MEMS circular plate, parallel to a ground plate, and under AC voltage, constitute the structure under consideration. Hard excitations due to voltage large enough and AC frequency near one fourth of the natural frequency of the MEMS plate resonator lead the MEMS plate into superharmonic resonance of second order. These excitations produce resonance away from the primary resonance zone. No DC component is included in the voltage applied. The equation of motion of the MEMS plate is solved using two modes of vibration reduced order model (ROM), that is then solved through a continuation and bifurcation analysis using the software package AUTO 07P. This predicts the voltage-amplitude response of the electrostatically actuated MEMS plate. Also, a numerical integration of the system of differential equations using Matlab is used to produce time responses of the system. A typical MEMS silicon circular plate resonator is used to conduct numerical simulations. For this resonator the quantum dynamics effects such as Casimir effect are considered. Also, the Method of Multiple Scales (MMS) is used in this work. All methods show agreement for dimensionless voltage values less than 6. The amplitude increases with the increase of voltage, except around the dimensionless voltage value of 4, where the resonance shows two saddle-node bifurcations and a peak amplitude significantly larger than the amplitudes before and after the dimensionless voltage of 4. A light softening effect is present. The pull-in dimensionless voltage is found to be around 16. The effects of damping and frequency on the voltage response are reported. As the damping increases, the peak amplitude decreases. while the pull-in voltage is not affected. As the frequency increases, the peak amplitude is shifted to lower values and lower voltage values. However, the pull-in voltage and the behavior for large voltage values are not affected.
A Conceptual Prototyping Framework for Integrating Human Factors Early in Product Design
Authors: Ahmed Salman , Demirel H. Onan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A knowledge-base that integrates human factor engineering (HFE) principles and prototyping best-practices for the design of human-centered products does not exist. This study fills this gap by proposing a prototyping framework to unify HFE principles and prototyping guidelines along with a prototyping toolbox. The framework is based on the House of Prototype Guidelines (HOPG), which introduces “Prototyping Categories and Dimensions” that are used for understanding the prototyping requirements and identifying the specifications that can be used to build a prototype. Additionally, a prototyping toolbox is introduced to classify tools and technologies to build the proposed prototype. The HOPG and prototyping toolbox are integrated via an MS Excel User-form, which proposes a systematic selection filter based on user input. The overall goal of this framework is to guide the prototyping activities in the right direction before the actual hands-on prototyping activity starts. Additionally, in this study, a cost-benefit analysis tool is proposed to calculate the value of the prototype by measuring the information gained and the resources spent. The cost-benefit analysis helps designers in narrowing down the prototyping options. A prototyping problem taken from the literature is used as a case study to demonstrate the usability and efficacy of the framework.
Flow Dynamics and Heat Transfer of a Stranded Overhead Conductor Cable
Authors: Abdelhady Mohamed , Wood David H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Stranded overhead conductor cables are used to transfer electric power, often over large distances. Conductor geometry, as well as environmental conditions, affect the power carrying capacity. This paper studies the flow dynamics and heat transfer for one stranded conductor geometry in air at Reynolds number of 1,000, determined using dynamic Smagorinsky Large Eddy Simulations. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition was used to identify coherent structures. In comparison to a smooth circular cylinder, the conductor strands noticeably affect the flow dynamics and heat transfer, locally and globally.
Design and Testing of a Physical Therapy Device Controlled With Voice Commands
Authors: Patel Harsh , Chung Wing Kin , Viswanathan Vimal , Zaidi Sohail 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The world population is aging. Age-related disorders such as stroke and spinal cord injury are increasing rapidly, and such patients often suffer from mobility impairments. Wearable robotic exoskeletons are developed that serve as rehabilitation devices for these patients. An assistive knee brace is a simple wearable exoskeleton which is used to help people with mobility issues. This device provides partial assistance to the user and also helps in providing locomotion. Many exoskeletons are currently available in the market that have different functions and use. It is believed that, to date, no voice-controlled knee brace exists in an orthotic application, and that this project debuts a unique approach. This project presents the design of an assistive bionic knee joint with a motor-based actuator. The new exoskeletal mechanism uses the serial elastic actuator concept and mainly consists of a stepper motor, a ball screw, a set of spur gears, and a set of linear springs. The ball screw provides a linear movement to mimic the stretching and retracting action of a human knee. To create a proof-of-concept of the design, 3D printing is used. A voice recognition system has been developed in-house to control the exoskeleton using very simple voice commands. The motor is controlled using a motor driver and powered using an external power source. The 3D printed prototype with integrated voice-control module is tested for its essential functions. The test setup is loaded on the leg of a mannequin and tested under both no-load and full-load operation. The concept is proven to be successful in providing assistance to the human knee. However, the 3D printed material is observed to be bending, causing disruptions in the device’s operation. The reaction times are expected to be significantly larger compared to the theoretically calculated values.
Experimental Flow Visualization Study of Flow Separation Control With High-Frequency Translational Surface Actuation
Authors: Okoye Kenechukwu , Lai Wing , Yeom Taiho 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Flow separation causes aircraft to experience an increase in drag degrading their aviation performance. The current study aims to delay flow separation on an airfoil by embedding a high-frequency translational piezoelectric actuator along the surface of the airfoil. The actuators with two actuation surfaces were embedded on the suction surface of an Eppler 862 airfoil model and placed in a low-speed wind tunnel. Consecutive pictures of the flow fields with dry ice fogs around the airfoil were taken using a high speed camera in order to observe the flow separation phenomenon before and after turning on the high-frequency translational surface actuation. The effects of the actuation on the flow separation were observed at various actuation displacements, angles of attack, and free stream velocities. The operating frequency of the surface actuation was 565 Hz. The measured actuation mean-to-peak displacement ranged up to 0.12 mm at the maximum applied voltage of 150 V. The angle of attack of the airfoil varied from 6° to 24°. The chord Reynolds number was increased up to around 262,000. It was confirmed that the actuation had a very strong influence on the flow separation even at a very small displacement of 0.024 mm remaining significantly reduced separation bubble compared to the one before activating the actuators at 4.3 m/s of velocity and 14° of angle of attack. The flow separation was completely suppressed when the actuation displacement reached around 0.082 mm under the same conditions of flow velocity and angle of attack. This implied that the actuation should generate a strong enough momentum relative to the free stream in order to completely suppress the flow separation. In summary, the study confirmed that the employed high-frequency translational surface actuation had the obvious control authority on delaying or suppressing the flow separation over the airfoil depending on the parameters changed.
Distribution of Bacterial Contamination in Partial Penetration Surrogate Ballistic Wounds
Authors: Frybarger Michelle R. , Muci-Küchler Karim H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
With the rise in use of IEDs during armed conflicts, there has been an increase in the number of injuries to the extremities. Shrapnel and debris ejected during the explosion become high-speed projectiles capable of penetrating soft tissues, bringing bacterial contamination into the wound. If not properly treated, that contamination could lead to infection. Studies aimed at understanding the distribution of bacterial contamination along the permanent cavity could provide useful information to improve treatment protocols for these types of injuries. In this paper, a lower extremity surrogate model was used to investigate bacterial distribution in partial penetration ballistic wounds. The targets used were ballistic gelatin blocks that had an Escherichia coli-laden filter paper placed on their front face. Spherical projectiles were fired into the targets adjusting their speed to obtain three different partial penetration depths. After each shot, a gelatin strip containing the permanent cavity was extracted and segmented. The permanent cavity was removed from each segment, placed in a test tube with buffer solution, and heated in a water bath to melt the gelatin. Standard microbiology protocols were followed to determine the number of colony forming units (CFUs) in each segment. The bacteria distribution was represented by percent of total CFU in the permanent cavity versus segment number. In addition, bacterial contamination as a function of projectile penetration depth was explored. For the cases considered, most of the bacterial contamination occurred in the segments closer to the projectile entry point.
Thermal Expansion Simulation of Composite Hydrodynamic Thrust Bearings
Authors: Yasko Isaiah , Lutfullaeva Anbara , Fais Collier , Ali Muhammad , Alam Khairul 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Fixed-geometry hydrodynamic thrust bearings rely on convergent geometry on the bearing face in the direction of relative motion to develop and maintain hydrodynamic pressure. Machining the convergent taper feature onto the bearing using traditional manufacturing processes can prove to be a difficult process due to the small magnitude of taper depth necessary for proper bearing performance. The work presented here investigates three different types of carbon fibers (AS-4/IM7/T-300) in an epoxy (3501-6) matrix for composite lamina formulation in taper-land composite thrust bearings as a means of controlling taper depth via thermal expansion so that favorable bearing functionality is maintained during load fluctuation without the need for traditional machining processes to create the taper. Thermal expansion of specific composite laminate formulation is analyzed using the ABAQUS/CAE composite module. The thermo-mechanical analysis shows that under realistic in-service temperature conditions resulting from bearing friction-torque, the thermal expansion of composite tapered-land thrust bearings expand to provide physical surface gradient magnitudes of 0.09504 mm, 0.08987 mm and 0.08829 mm that are capable of producing hydrodynamic pressure.
Quantum CFD Simulations for Heat Transfer Applications
Authors: Lu Chao , Hu Zhao , Xie Bei , Zhang Ning 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, computational heat transfer (CHT) equations were solved using the state-of-art quantum computing (QC) technology. The CHT equations can be discretized into a linear equation set, which can be possibly solved by a QC system. The linear system can be characterized by Ax = b. The A matrix in this linear system is a Hermitian matrix. The linear system is then solved by using the HHL algorithm, which is a quantum algorithm to solve a linear system. The quantum circuit requires an Ancilla qubit, clock qubits, qubits for b and a classical bit to record the result. The process of the HHL algorithm can be described as follows. Firstly, the qubit for b is initialized into the phase as desire. Secondly, the quantum phase estimation (QPE) is used to determine the eigenvalues of A and the eigenvalues are stored in clock qubits. Thirdly, a Rotation gate is used to rotate the inversion of eigenvalues and information is passed to the Ancilla bit to do Pauli Y-rotation operation. Fourthly, revert the whole processes to untangle qubits and measure all of the qubits to output the final results for x. From the existing literature, a few 2 × 2 matrices were successfully solved with QC technology, proving the possibility of QC on linear systems [1]. In this paper, a quantum circuit is designed to solve a CHT problem. A simple 2 by 2 linear equation is modeled for the CHT problem and is solved by using the quantum computing. The result is compared with the analytical result. This result could initiate future studies on determining the quantum phase parameters for more complicated QC linear systems for CHT applications.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of 1-D Ferromagnetic Nanofluid
Authors: Shiave Ali Imran , Mohan Ram 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Improving the efficiency of the cooling medium to increase productivity and decrease energy consumption is one of the biggest challenges in the current world. Industries, including transportation, manufacturing, and electronic devices, etc. need efficient thermal management and can benefit from the use of efficient cooling media. Industrial coolants i.e. water, ethylene glycol (EG), or mineral oils have long been used for heat transport though the low thermal conductivity (TC) of these coolants has made them inefficient options for high-performance operations. Metal nanofluids can be potential candidates to replace these inefficient coolants because of their superior thermal properties such as high thermal conductivity, diffusivity, and heat transfer coefficient compared to the base fluids. Nanofluids are a stable suspension of nanoparticles in base media which can offer better thermal conductivity and efficiency. However, preparing stable suspension is one of the major challenges of preparing nanofluids as nanoparticles can aggregate faster over time because of their high surface energy which in turn can have an adverse effect on thermal properties. So far, most research investigations have been done on 0-D nanofluids whereas 1-D nanostructure-based nanofluid study is still very limited. In this work, we have developed a suitable route to prepare novel water-based Cobalt nanowire nanofluids and studied their thermal conductivities. Our study shows that the prepared nanofluid is stable and the thermal conductivity is increased by up to 8.5% compared to base fluid (water).
Use of a Trophic Structure Test Bed to Validate a New Systems-of-Systems Resilience Metric
Authors: Watson Bryan C. , Kriplani Sanaya , Weissburg Marc J. , Bras Bert 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Systems of Systems (SoS) combine complex systems such as financial, transportation, energy, and healthcare systems to provide greater functionality. A failure in a constituent system, however, can render the entire SoS ineffective by causing cascading faults. One method to prevent constituent faults from compromising SoS performance is to increase the SoS’s “resilience,” a measure of the SoS’s ability to cope with these faults and efficiently recover. Attempts to engineer improved resilience require a metric to measure resilience across different SoS architectures (network arrangements). In a previous work, the System of System Resilience Metric (SoSRM) was presented as a possible solution, but this new metric requires additional testing. This work examines the key question: “How can natural ecosystem characteristics be used to validate the SoSRM metric?” We hypothesize that the analysis of a test bed of generic ecosystems will produce SoSRM values that will positively correlate with a triangular trophic structure (wide base), validating SoSRM as a useful design metric. First principles for test bed creation are presented including biodiversity, trophic structure, and the role of detritus. SoSRM is measured for 31 case studies in a trophic structure test bed. Ecosystem network structure is quantified with graph theory. SoSRM correlates as expected with ecosystem network structure (r2 = .5016, n = 31), thus providing a validation of SoSRM as a design tool. As a final check, tests are conducted to ensure SoSRM is independent of trivial network characteristics (i.e. the number of nodes or links). By validating SoSRM, we provide a foundation for future work that focuses on increasing SoS resilience with biologically inspired design heuristics.