bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is secondary tracheomalacia associated with airway inflammation and infection?
Authors: Capizzi Antonino , Salvati Pietro , Gallizia Annalisa , Rossi Giovanni A. , Sacco Oliviero 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundRecurrent lower respiratory tract infections are among the most prevalent symptoms in secondary tracheomalacia due to mediastinal vascular anomalies (MVAs). It is not known whether this condition could result in persistent lower respiratory tract inflammation and subclinical infection.MethodsA retrospective study was performed on records of children with tracheomalacia due to MVAs and recurrent respiratory infections who underwent computed tomography scan, bronchoscopy, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) as part of their clinical evaluation.ResultsThirty‐one children were included in the study: 21 with aberrant innominate artery, four with right aortic arch, one with double aortic arch, and five with aberrant innominate artery associated with right aortic arch. Cytological evaluation of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid showed increased neutrophil percentages and normal lymphocyte and eosinophil proportions. Microorganism growth was detected in 13 BAL samples, with a bacterial load ≥104 colony‐forming units/mL in eight (25.8%) of them. Most isolates were positive for Haemophilus influenzae. Bronchiectasis was detected in four children, all with BAL culture positive for H. influenzae. Four patients underwent MVA surgical correction and 27 conservative management, i.e., respiratory physiotherapy in all and high‐dose amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (40 mg/kg/day) for 2–4 weeks in those with significant bacterial growth. There was an excellent outcome in most of them.ConclusionsNeutrophilic alveolitis is detectable in secondary tracheomalacia but is associated with a clinically significant bacterial load only in a quarter of the patients. Caution should be used regarding inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions to avoid the emergence of resistance, whilst airway clearance maneuvers and infection preventive measures should be promoted.
Psychosocial outcomes 1‐year post total pancreatectomy and autologous islet cell transplant
Authors: Phillips Anna E. , Steel Jennifer L. , Amin Aarshati , Wijkstrom Martin , Zureikat Amer , Tillman Emily , Jones Rachel , Patel Seema , Fehrman Nicole , Starinsky Stefanie , Nalitt Hailey , Yadav Dhiraj , Slivka Adam , Bellin Melena D. , Carroll Antoinette , Humar Abhinav 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundA paucity of research regarding the psychosocial outcomes after TPIAT exists.MethodsAdults (>18 years), adolescents (13–18 years), and children (5–12 years) with their parents were administered questionnaires at the time of evaluation for TPIAT and 1‐year postsurgery to assess psychosocial outcomes.ResultsA total of 13 adults (6 male, 46%; mean age 35.2 years) and 9 children/adolescents (4 female, 44.4%; mean age 11.78 years) with CP were included in the study. A total of 69.2% of the adults and 66.7% of the children and adolescents were insulin dependent at 1‐year postsurgery. In adults, improvements on the SF‐36 pain (p = .001) and general health (p = .045) subscales were generally observed 1‐year postsurgery. Adult patients who underwent robotic‐assisted surgery compared to open surgery specifically reported better general health on the SF‐36 (p < .05) at 1 year. For children and adolescents, reductions in average pain in the last week (p < .05), pain interference (p < .001), and fatigue were observed (p < .05) at 1‐year postsurgery. For the entire sample, using repeated measures ANOVA and covarying for age, significant differences were found 1‐year postsurgery in average pain in the last week (p = .034) and pain interference with the following categories: general activity (p < .001), walking (p = .04), normal work (p = .003), sleep (p = .002), and enjoyment in life (p = .007).ConclusionsWhile few transplant centers offer this treatment, the improvement in quality of life suggests this may be a viable treatment option for those with CP complicated by intractable pain. (IRB Approval PRO 19080302).
Work environment challenging Irish public health nurses’ care quality: First postnatal visit
Authors: Giltenane Martina , Sheridan Ann , Kroll Thilo , Frazer Kate 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesExploring views and experiences of public health nurses of their work environment and measurement of care practices at first postnatal visits.DesignAn exploratory qualitative design. Data collected using four focus groups and analyzed using thematic analysis.SampleNineteen public health nurses from four health service regions in Ireland participated.ResultsTwo themes emerged. Theme one identified "challenges of providing a quality service." Public health nurses identified workload demands and that the working environment can detract from the ability to provide a quality service. Challenges within the home, language barriers, and lack of support from management were key issues. Theme two identified "challenges of measuring quality of public health nursing practice." While Measuring practice through quantitative outcomes such as key performance indicators were viewed as inadequate to measure the quality of care provided, positive views of using quality process indicators to measure the quality of their practice emerged.ConclusionsKey issues concern the working environment of public health nurses and challenges of providing and measuring care practices. Absence of appropriate supports and resources means public health nurses work hard to provide quality care. Public health nurses were confident they would score high on quality process measurements of their practice.
Impaired differential learning of fear versus safety signs in obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Authors: Elsner Björn , Reuter Benedikt , Said Mahboba , Linnman Clas , Kathmann Norbert , Beucke Jan‐Carl 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPavlovian learning mechanisms are of great importance both for models of psychiatric disorders and treatment approaches, but understudied in obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD). Using an established Pavlovian fear conditioning and reversal procedure, we studied skin conductance responses in 41 patients with OCD and in 32 matched healthy control participants. Within both groups, fear acquisition and reversal effects were evident. When comparing groups, patients showed impaired differential learning of threatening and safe stimuli, consistent with previous research. In contrast to prior findings, differential learning impairments were restricted to fear acquisition, and not observed in the reversal stage of the experiment. As previous and present fear reversal experiments in OCD differed in the use of color coding to facilitate stimulus discrimination, the studies converge to suggest that differential learning of threatening versus safe stimuli is impaired in OCD, but manifests itself differently depending on the difficulty of the association to be learned. When supported by the addition of color, patients with OCD previously appeared to acquire an association early but failed to reverse it according to changed contingencies. In absence of such color coding of stimuli, our data suggest that patients with OCD already show differential learning impairments during fear acquisition, which may relate to findings of altered coping with uncertainty previously observed in OCD. Impaired differential learning of threatening versus safe stimuli should be studied further in OCD, in order to determine whether impairments in differential learning predict treatment outcomes in patients, and whether they are etiologically relevant for OCD.
Risk factors for chronic cough in adults: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhang Jingwen , Perret Jennifer L. , Chang Anne B. , Idrose Nur S. , Bui Dinh S. , Lowe Adrian J. , Abramson Michael J. , Walters E. Haydn , Lodge Caroline J. , Dharmage Shyamali C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDespite the challenges of diagnosing and managing adult patients with chronic cough, a systematic synthesis of evidence on aetiological risk factor is lacking. We systematically searched PubMed and EMBASE to synthesize the current evidence for longitudinal associations between a wide range of risk factors and chronic cough in the general adult population, following the meta‐analysis of observational studies in epidemiology (MOOSE) guidelines. The Newcastle–Ottawa scale was used to assess the quality of the included studies. Fixed‐effect meta‐analysis was conducted where appropriate. Of 26 eligible articles, 16 domains of risk factors were assessed. There was consistent evidence that asthma (pooled adjusted OR [aOR] = 3.01; 95% CI: 2.33–3.70; I2 = 0%; number of articles [N] = 3) and low education levels/socioeconomic status (SES) (pooled aOR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.20–1.72; I2 = 0%; N = 3) were associated with an increased risk of chronic cough after adjusting for smoking and other confounders. While continuous smoking was associated with chronic cough (aOR = 1.81; 95% CI: 1.36–2.26; I2 = 57%; N = 3), there was too little evidence to draw conclusions for occupational exposures, outdoor air pollution, early‐life exposures, diet, snoring and other chronic conditions, including obesity, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease and chronic pain. Asthma, persistent smoking and lower education/SES were associated with an increased risk of chronic cough. Longitudinal associations between other factors frequently mentioned empirically (i.e., occupational exposures, air pollution and chronic respiratory conditions) need further investigation, ideally with objective and standardized measurement.
An intersectional approach to military sexual violence
Authors: Bonnes Stephanie 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDespite over 15 years of targeted prevention efforts in the U.S. military, incidence and prevalence rates of sexual violence have remained consistently high. While there has been an abundance of research on military sexual abuse, most studies have explored the issue through reporting isolated demographic variables that correlate with sexual violence vulnerability. However, intersecting oppressions based on race, gender, immigration status, class, sexuality, and other social locations produce diverse risks, experiences, and responses to sexual abuse. In the military context, factors such as branch, rank, unit, deployment status, and combat experience also shape experiences with and responses to sexual harassment and assault. This article argues for an intersectional approach to understand military sexual violence to better unpack the immensely varied sexual abuse experiences that service members may have. Additionally, prior research on the relationship between the military, masculinity, and sexual violence has often ignored the fluidity of masculinity and the myriad of ways in which gender, violence, and victimization are related. In advocating for an intersectional approach to research on military sexual violence, this article also challenges assumptions of a static military masculinity. Finally, an intersectional perspective can reveal the inadequacy of policies, practices, and research that assume a uniform victim experience.
PreK‐8 prospective teachers’ mindsets and depth of learning in mathematics courses
Authors: Lovin LouAnn , Busi Rich , Lovin Nathan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMindsets have been shown to greatly influence individuals’ efforts and subsequent success in the endeavors they attempt. This is particularly true of mathematical endeavors where mindset impacts the ways in which individuals approach and persevere in learning. This exploratory study investigated the mathematical mindsets held by 242 prospective teachers in undergraduate mathematics content courses for PreK‐8 teachers as well as examined the relationships between mindset, depth of learning, challenge seeking choices, and course grades. A strong predictive nature was found to exist among these variables. Recommendations are identified for future research to investigate prospective teachers’ mindsets and depth of learning.
How the media construct happiness under cultural perspective in China: Through collectivistic and individualistic values
Authors: Su Zhenhua , Zhou Qian , Ye Yanyu , Li Dongxiao 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe attributes affecting happiness include endogenous material factors such as income and social comparison, and exogenous cultural factors like individual values and national ideology. And the latter is greatly affected by media in China. This study seeks to explore the influence path of media construction on happiness under cultural perspective in China.MethodsUsing Chinese General Social Survey 2015 data, we apply the ordered logit model to calculate the influence of the usage of television and Internet on happiness conspicuously.ResultsThe use of television and Internet both have positive influence on happiness, and the influence path is that state media shapes collectivism and Internet shapes individualism. As the state‐controlled media in China, television continuously promotes nationalism and patriotism, thus strengthens audience's collectivistic value. Meanwhile, Internet which enjoys certain speech freedom in China boosts the user's individualistic value which makes a difference in promoting happiness.ConclusionThe U‐shaped effect of “collectivism‐individualism” on happiness found in this paper empirically illustrates that collectivistic and individualistic values can both facilitate happiness, and also further shows that television and Internet can enhance happiness by influencing cultural values.
Facilitating health professional education research development; an action research approach
Authors: Scott Karen M. , Hughes Monica , Davids Jennifer 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundEducational research and scholarship can advance teaching knowledge and practices. In the Westmead health precinct, Australia, education research has occurred in isolated pockets, with little professional development support. We developed a course to introduce the practice of educational research to multidisciplinary health professional educators in 2019.ObjectiveWe explored how we, as multidisciplinary teacher educators, could enable educators to undertake education research while improving our practice.MethodsThe course was developed based on Social Development Theory and applied to peer teaching to develop our teacher education capacity. Using action research, we worked together and with learners through repeated planning, observing, reflecting and engaging. We conducted facilitator/learner pre‐/post‐course and post‐workshop surveys, and mid‐course facilitator focus group. Data were analysed through theoretical thematic analysis using Guba and Lincoln's evaluation framework and Social Development Theory.ResultsFacilitators expected the course would enable novice participants to initiate research. Facilitators and learners reported course content, structure and approach were relevant, accessible and effective; however, limited times and irregular attendance challenged knowledge and skills development, and individual research engagement. Mid‐course improvements increased time for application to authentic, collaborative research activities. Facilitators enhanced their teaching through jointly developing the course, reflection and responding to feedback.ConclusionsThrough peer teaching, reflection and discussion, we collaboratively created, then improved, a health professional education research course, and developed our capacity as teacher educators. Our need to overcome challenges forced us to reconsider and adjust our approach. Action research benefits learners and teachers by improving teaching practice through a dynamic, cyclical, responsive approach.
The role of age, gender, experience, education and professional registration in acceptance of QGIS in South Africa
Authors: Henrico Susan , Coetzee Serena , Cooper Antony 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe benefits of free and open‐source software for geographical information systems, such as QGIS, are appreciated by many all over the world. However, QGIS adoption in South Africa is not primarily influenced by the benefits attributed to open‐source software, such as cost benefits, customizability, improved reliability, quality and security. In the first paper from this study, it was found that habit, followed by facilitating conditions, price value and social influence, had the greatest influence on the behavioural intention of members from South Africa's geospatial community to use QGIS. In this article, several hypotheses were developed and tested to investigate the role that moderators (age, gender, GIS experience, educational level and registration with the South African Geomatics Council) had on the behavioural intention of geospatial practitioners in South Africa to use QGIS. Results show that GIS experience, educational level and registration with the South African professional body for geomatics practitioners had a moderation effect on some of the hypothesized relationships, while age and gender did not have any significant effect. Results also show that as one gains experience, social influence and facilitating conditions are less important when deciding to use QGIS; a postgraduate education and professional registration increase appreciation for getting value for money; and registered professionals are not significantly influenced by the perceptions of others when deciding to use QGIS. Habit is not influenced by any of the moderators, suggesting that breaking the habit of using a particular product is a challenge regardless of age, gender, experience, education level or registration status. These results are useful for developers of any GIS product and for choosing a GIS product for an organization, because they explain which user characteristics influence behavioural intention to use a specific GIS product.
Geographic Information Science education at Esri Development Center institutions
Authors: Curran Emma E. , Bowlick Forrest J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGeographic Information Science (GIS) is fully embedded as a foundational information technology across domains and areas of practice. With this significance, the nature of the knowledge, skills, and practices in GIS requires regular reflection to quantify how GIS learning is structured, and to understand what the next generation of GIS professionals is learning and needs to learn to continue their geospatial practice. We investigate a subset of academic units classified as Esri Development Centers (DCs) to understand the nature of the teaching and learning in GIS taking place at these institutions. Esri DCs are university departments recognized for GIS excellence and provided with access to specialized Esri software and technology. This article discusses the differences in GIS degree programs offered by Esri DCs both in the United States and Europe, the achievements of students crowned “Esri Development Center Students of the Year” at each qualified university, and the relationships between the student accomplishments, GIS degrees, and GIS courses offered at the university where the project was completed. This research finds a strong relationship between the degree requirements and the focus area of student project winners, and a high representation of computational practices, like coding and geocomputation, in GIS work.
Cost‐effectiveness of a weaning food safety and hygiene programme in rural Gambia
Authors: Siu Jade , Jackson Louise J , Bensassi Sami , Manjang Buba , Manaseki‐Holland Semira 
Published: October 2021

SummaryObjectiveThe main objective of the economic evaluation was to determine the cost‐effectiveness of a weaning food safety and hygiene programme in reducing rates of diarrhoea compared with the control in rural Gambia.MethodsThe public health intervention, using critical control points and motivational drivers, was evaluated in a cluster randomised controlled trial at 6‐ and 32‐month follow‐up. An economic evaluation was undertaken alongside the RCT with data collected prospectively from a societal perspective. Decision‐analytic modelling was used to explore cost‐effectiveness over a longer time period (4 years).ResultsDirect out‐of‐pocket healthcare expenditure for households due to diarrhoea was large. The intervention significantly reduced reported childhood diarrhoeal episodes after 6 months (incident risk ratio = 0.40, 95% CI 0.33, 0.49) and 2 years after the intervention (incident risk ratio = 0.68, 95% CI 0.46, 1.02). The within‐trial analysis found that the intervention led to total savings of 8064 dalasi 6 months after the intervention and 4224 dalasi 2 years after the intervention. Based on the model results, if the intervention is successful in maintaining the reduction in the risk of diarrhoea, the ICER is US$ 814 per DALY avoided over 4 years. This is cost‐effective.ConclusionsThis study suggests that there are substantial household costs associated with diarrhoeal episodes in children. The within‐trial analysis and model results suggest that the community‐based approach to improving weaning food hygiene and safety is likely to be cost‐effective compared with control.
Fetomaternal hemorrhage: Evidence from a multihospital healthcare system that up to 40% of severe cases are missed
Authors: Carr Nicholas R. , Henry Erick , Bahr Timothy M. , Ohls Robin K. , Page Jessica M. , Ilstrup Sarah J. , Christensen Robert D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe previously reported fetomaternal hemorrhage (FMH) in 1/9160 births, and only one neonatal death from FMH among 219,853 births. Recent reports indicate FMH is not uncommon among stillbirths. Consequently, we speculated we were missing cases among early neonatal deaths. We began a new FMH initiative to determine the current incidence.MethodsWe analyzed births from 2011 to 2020 where FMH was diagnosed. We also evaluated potential cases among neonates receiving an emergent transfusion just after birth, whose mothers were not tested for FMH.ResultsAmong 297,403 births, 1375 mothers were tested for FMH (1/216 births). Fourteen percent tested positive (1/1599 births). Of those, we found 25 with clinical and laboratory evidence of FMH adversely affecting the neonate. Twenty‐one received one or more emergency transfusions on the day of birth; all but two lived. We found 17 others who received an emergency transfusion on the day of birth where FMH was not tested for, but was likely; eight of those died. The 42 severe (proven + probable) cases equate to 1/7081 births. We judged that 10 of the 42 had an acute FMH, and in the others it likely had more than a day before birth.ConclusionsWe estimate that we fail to diagnose >40% of our severe FMH cases. Needed improvements include (1) education to request maternal FMH testing when neonates are born anemic, (2) education on false‐negative FMH tests, and (3) improved FMH communications between neonatology, obstetrics, and blood bank.