bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of IQOS Marketing Strategies at Points-of-Sale in Israel at a Time of Regulatory Transition
Authors: Bar-Zeev Yael , Berg Carla J , Abroms Lorien C , Rodnay Maya , Elbaz Daniel , Khayat Amal , Levine Hagai 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Introduction
IQOS, a tobacco heating system, and accompanying tobacco sticks (HEETS) entered the Israeli market in 2016, prior to rapid regulatory change. This study assessed IQOS marketing strategies and regulatory compliance at IQOS and/or HEETS point-of-sale (POS) in Israel in December 17, 2019 to January 7, 2020, after the ban on advertisement went into effect in March 8, 2019.

Aims and Methods
Research staff audited 80 randomly selected IQOS and/or HEETS POS in four cities using a structured form to assess store types, product placement, price, promotional strategies, and regulatory compliance. POS data were linked to neighborhood characteristics, including socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and proximity (under 300 m) to schools.

Results
Almost half of the stores (48.7%) were convenience stores. HEETS were visible to the customers in 46.1% of POS, 35% carried at least four HEETS colors, 20.0% had IQOS and/or HEETS special displays, and 13.8% displayed HEETS near youth-oriented merchandise. Mean HEETS pack price was US $8.7 (range: US $7.5–11.3), 27% more than the least expensive cigarette pack, and 39% less than the most expensive cigarette. HEETS promotions were uncommon. Compliance with the newly introduced advertisement ban was fairly high for HEETS (94.8%). Only one POS was located in a low-socioeconomic status area; 68.7% were near a school.

Conclusions
The relatively limited IQOS and/or HEETS marketing at POS suggests that, with regulatory changes, online or other forms of marketing might be prioritized. IQOS may be promoted to higher socioeconomic status populations, as indicated by pricing and POS neighborhood characteristics. Access near schools and placement near youth-oriented merchandise are potential concerns necessitating further research.

Implications
Globally, the POS is considered the least regulated channel for advertising and marketing of tobacco products. Assessing IQOS marketing strategies at the POS provides valuable findings that can inform regulatory efforts in Israel and other countries as well. Limited IQOS and/or HEETS marketing at POS suggests that primary marketing strategies may shift to online or other channels as regulatory contexts become more progressive and/or restrictive. Ongoing surveillance of IQOS via online marketing and POSs, specifically with regard to product placement and proximity to schools, is needed.
Ethical Implications of Preventive Medicine within Correctional Healthcare
Authors: Smith Molly 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Incarcerated offenders are categorically high-risk patients who are disproportionately more likely to suffer from chronic illnesses than members of the general population. The conditions of confinement (e.g., overcrowding, poor nutrition, risky sexual practices) furthermore make them increasingly susceptible to acquiring an infectious disease. Past research has linked preventive care, including the early detection and treatment of such diseases, with better long-term health outcomes; however, such care is not universally provided to this population. The benefits and current availability of preventive care for incarcerated offenders is discussed and several questions are raised for future discussion within a global context. In particular, these questions include whether or not incarcerated offenders should receive preventive care, the underlying reason for such provision, who should advocate for and for be responsible for their access to preventive care, and the mechanisms through which access could be attained.
Whose Vote Counts for Crime Policy?
Authors: Duxbury Scott W 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPolicy responsiveness to public opinion is necessary for democratic governance, yet research on crime policy responsiveness has focused on the public at large, overlooking variation in policy support among demographic bodies and its heterogeneous effects on policy implementation. Creating new state-level measures of group opinion on punitive policy mood using 257,356 responses to 79 national surveys administered between 1970 and 2015, this study examines the effect of race, age, and gender-specific opinion on the incarceration rate. Consistent with prior studies, results reveal parallel trends in punitive policy support, with punitiveness increasing in tandem across demographic subgroups. Statistical findings from error correction models, however, reveal that not all groups had equal influence. Only the opinions of the most punitive groups—whites, men, and 30–44-year-olds—influenced the incarceration rate. Further, the largest divide in policy responsiveness to group opinion was between blacks and whites. In fact, estimates suggest that if whites’ punitive policy support had not risen, the current incarceration rate would be roughly the same as if violent crime had not risen during the 45 years of mass incarceration. The implications of these results are discussed for research on policy responsiveness, partisan politics, and for the “democracy at work” hypothesis of mass incarceration.
Concordance-Based Approaches for the Inference of Relationships and Molecular Rates with Phylogenomic Data Sets
Authors: Walker Joseph F , Smith Stephen A , Hodel Richard G J , Moyroud Edwige 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Gene tree conflict is common and finding methods to analyze and alleviate the negative effects that conflict has on species tree analysis is a crucial part of phylogenomics. This study aims to expand the discussion of inferring species trees and molecular branch lengths when conflict is present. Conflict is typically examined in two ways: inferring its prevalence and inferring the influence of the individual genes (how strongly one gene supports any given topology compared to an alternative topology). Here, we examine a procedure for incorporating both conflict and the influence of genes in order to infer evolutionary relationships. All supported relationships in the gene trees are analyzed and the likelihood of the genes constrained to these relationships is summed to provide a likelihood for the relationship. Consensus tree assembly is conducted based on the sum of likelihoods for a given relationship and choosing relationships based on the most likely relationship assuming it does not conflict with a relationship that has a higher likelihood score. If it is not possible for all most likely relationships to be combined into a single bifurcating tree then multiple trees are produced and a consensus tree with a polytomy is created. This procedure allows for more influential genes to have a greater influence on an inferred relationship, does not assume conflict has arisen from any one source and does not force the data set to produce a single bifurcating tree. Using this approach, on three empirical data sets, we examine and discuss the relationship between influence and prevalence of gene tree conflict. We find that in one of the data sets, assembling a bifurcating consensus tree solely composed of the most likely relationships is impossible. To account for conflict in molecular rate analysis we also introduce a concordance-based approach to the summary and estimation of branch lengths suitable for downstream comparative analyses. We demonstrate through simulation that even under high levels of stochastic conflict, the mean and median of the concordant rates recapitulate the true molecular rate better than using a supermatrix approach. Using a large phylogenomic data set, we examine rate heterogeneity across concordant genes with a focus on the branch subtending crown angiosperms. Notably, we find highly variable rates of evolution along the branch subtending crown angiosperms. The approaches outlined here have several limitations, but they also represent some alternative methods for harnessing the complexity of phylogenomic data sets and enrich our inferences of both species relationships and evolutionary processes.[Branch length estimation; consensus tree; gene tree conflict; gene tree filtering; phylogenetics; phylogenomics.]
Lessons from the field: delivering trachoma mass drug administration safely in a COVID-19 context
Authors: Amanyi-Enegela Juliana A , Burn Nicholas , Dirisu Osasuyi , Ebenso Bassey , Sankar Girija , Ishaya Rinpan , Ogoshi Christopher , Kumbur Joseph , Ekweremadu Bright , Qureshi Babar M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The first coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) interim guidance released by the World Health Organization recommended suspension of non-urgent community health interventions, including mass drug administration (MDA) for neglected tropical diseases. However, with no end in sight for the COVID-19 pandemic, it was crucial to find ways to restart MDA while testing measures to reduce the risk of COVID-19 transmission between health workers, volunteers and communities. Consequently, guidelines were developed for delivering MDA safely in a COVID-19 context and the training and implementation were assessed through an observation checklist. The study also gathered data on the feasibility of using the MDA platform to disseminate COVID-19 health education. The results suggest that delivering MDA safely in a COVID-19 context is possible but revealed significant challenges in using the MDA platform for COVID-19 education.
Marital Stability Over 10 Years Following Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Hammond Flora M. , Sevigny Mitch , Backhaus Samantha , Neumann Dawn , Corrigan John D. , Charles SherylKatta , Gazett Hannah 
Published: July 2021

Objective:
To examine the stability of marriage from the time of traumatic brain injury (TBI) to 10 years postinjury.

Design:
Retrospective cohort.

Setting:
TBI Model Systems centers.

Participants:
In total, 1423 participants in the TBI Model Systems National Database who experienced TBI 10 years prior and were married at the time of injury.

Interventions:
Not applicable.

Main Outcome Measure:
Remaining married to the same partner from the time of injury to 10-year follow-up.

Results:
At 10 years, 66% (938) remained married to the same person. Significant associations were found with age at injury (P < .0001), sex (P = .0028), and preinjury problematic substance use (P = .0092). Marital stability over the 10-year period was higher for those who were older, were female, and had no problematic substance use history. Marital instability was greatest in the first year postinjury.

Conclusions:
Most married adults who received inpatient rehabilitation for TBI remained married to the same individual 10 years later. Those who were younger, were male, and had a history of problematic substance use were at a highest risk for relationship dissolution. Findings have implications for content, timing, and delivery of marital interventions. Substance use education and prevention appear to be important aspects of marital support.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Acne Inversa/Hidradenitis Suppurativa in China: An Expert Consensus Statement (2021 Version)#
Authors: Fang Hong , Gao Xing-Hua , Geng Song-Mei , Gu Heng , Gu Jun , He Li , Jiang Xian , Jin Hong-Zhong , Ju Qiang , Kang Xiao-Jing , Lai Wei , Li Cheng-Xin , Li Hang , Li Heng-Jin , Li Shan-Shan , Li Yu-Zhen , Sun Qing , Tao Juan , Wang Baoxi , Wang Gang , Wu Xin-Feng , Xiang Lei-Hong , Xie Hong-Fu , Xu Hao-Xiang , Xu Jin-Hua , Yan Yan , Zheng Zhi-Zhong 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Acne inversa/hidradenitis suppurativa is a chronic, recurrent, inflammatory skin disease that affects the pilosebaceous units, causinfollicular occlusion. The etiology and pathogenesis of acne inversa/hidradenitis suppurativa involves internal and external factors such as genetic susceptibility, inflammation and immunity, microorganisms, obesity, and smoking. acne inversa/hidradenitis suppurativa is difficult to treat, and the current aim of treatment is to control the frequency and duration of disease flares and improve the quality of life. Treatment protocols for acne inversa/hidradenitis suppurativa should be selected based on the disease severity grade. Medical treatments include antibiotics, retinoids, biologics, immunosuppressive agents, and antiandrogen agents. Adjuvant treatments include surgery and laser/light therapies. This consensus aims to further standardize the diagnosis and treatment procedures of acne inversa/hidradenitis suppurativa in China to facilitate its diagnosis and treatment.
C-tactile touch perception in patients with chronic pain disorders
Authors: Gossrau Gudrun , Klimova Anna , Lapp Hanna Sophie , Frost Marie , Peschel Elisabeth , Weidner Kerstin , Koch Thea , Sabatowski Rainer , Croy Ilona 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
Slow brushing over the skin activates C-tactile nerve fibers that transmit pleasant tactile experiences in healthy subjects, leading to an inverted U-shaped velocity dependence of ratings: C-tactile optimal stroking stimulations are rated as more pleasant than slower or faster stimulations. Chronic pain diseases such as postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and complex regional pain syndrome show altered C-fiber innervation density, sensory loss, and pain sensitization.

Objectives:
We aimed to investigate whether C-tactile function is affected in painful conditions.

Methods:
We assessed psychophysically C-tactile function and sensory perception thresholds in 16 patients with PHN, 19 patients with complex regional pain syndrome, and 22 healthy controls.

Results:
Assessment of C-tactile function showed a significantly altered perceived pleasantness of CT stimulation between healthy controls and patients with chronic pain. In specific, tactile stimulation was perceived less pleasant on the affected and contralateral side when compared with controls. In patients with PHN, velocity-dependent pleasantness ratings could not be obtained, suggesting highly impaired C-tactile function with functional loss of pleasant touch perception.

Conclusions:
In conclusion, this is the first report of impaired C-tactile function in patients with PHN. Reduced pleasantness resulting from gentle touch can reflect defective C-fiber function or result from central nervous system effects in a chronic pain state.
A wolf in another wolf’s clothing: Post-genomic regulation dictates venom profiles of medically-important cryptic kraits in India
Authors: Sunagar Kartik , Khochare Suyog , Laxme R R Senji , Attarde Saurabh , Dam Paulomi , Suranse Vivek , Khaire Anil , Martin Gerard , Captain Ashok 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Common Krait (Bungarus caeruleus) shares a distribution range with many other ‘phenotypically-similar’ kraits across the Indian subcontinent. Despite several reports of fatal envenoming by otherBungarusspecies, commercial Indian antivenoms are only manufactured againstB. caeruleus. It is, therefore, imperative to understand the distribution of genetically-distinct lineages of kraits, compositional differences in their venoms, and the consequent impact of venom variation on the (pre)clinical effectiveness of antivenom therapy. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted phylogenetic and comparative venomics investigations of kraits in Southern and Western India. Phylogenetic reconstructions using mitochondrial markers revealed a new species of krait, Romulus’ krait (B. romulusi), in Southern India. Additionally, we find that kraits with 17 mid-body dorsal scale rows in Western India do not represent a subspecies of the Sind Krait (B. sindanus walli) as previously believed, but are genetically very similar toB. sindanusin Pakistan. Furthermore, venom proteomics and comparative transcriptomics revealed completely contrasting venom profiles. While the venom gland transcriptomes of all three species were highly similar, venom proteomes and toxicity profiles differed significantly, suggesting the prominent role of post-genomic regulatory mechanisms in shaping the venoms of these cryptic kraits.In vitrovenom recognition andin vivoneutralisation experiments revealed a strong negative impact of venom variability on the preclinical performance of commercial antivenoms. While the venom ofB. caeruleuswas neutralised as per the manufacturer’s claim, performance against the venoms ofB. sindanusandB. romulusiwas alarming, highlighting the need for regionally-effective antivenoms in India.
Glucan unmasking identifies regulators of temperature-induced translatome reprogramming inC. neoformans
Authors: Bloom Amanda L.M. , Goich David , Knowles Corey M. , Panepinto John C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe cell walls of fungi are critical for cellular structure and rigidity, but also serve as a major communicator to alert the cell of the changing environment. In response to stresses encountered in human hosts pathogenic fungi remodel their cell walls. Masking the b-1,3-glucan component of the cell wall is critical to escape detection by innate immune cells. We previously demonstrated that b-1,3-glucan is unmasked in response to host temperature stress when translatome reprogramming is defective inC. neoformans. Here, we used b-1,3-glucan unmasking as an output to identify signaling modules involved both in masking and translatome reprogramming in response to host temperature stress. We reveal that the High Osmolarity Glycerol (HOG) MAPK pathway is involved in translatome reprogramming and that mutants in this pathway display moderate unmasking when grown at 37°C. Additionally, we show that mutants of the Cell Wall Integrity/Mpk1 MAPK pathway extensively unmask b-1,3-glucan. While the CWI pathway does not impact translatome reprogramming, our data suggest it may play a role in the post-translational regulation of transcription factors that govern masking.ImportanceCryptococcus neoformans is a fungal pathogen that causes devastating morbidity and mortality in immunocompromised individuals. It possesses several virulence factors that aid in its evasion from the host immune system including a large polysaccharide capsule that cloaks the antigenic cell wall. Studies investigating how the cell wall is remodeled to keep this pathogen disguised in response to stress have been limited. We previously found that host temperature stress results in translatome reprogramming that is necessary for keeping the highly antigenic β-(1,3)-glucan component masked. Our data reveals signaling modules that trigger these responses and suggest the points of regulations at which these pathways act in achieving masking. Understanding these mechanisms may allow for therapeutic manipulation that could promote immune recognition and clearance of this fungal pathogen.
Impact of natural selection on global patterns of genetic variation, and association with clinical phenotypes, at genes involved in SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Zhang Chao , Verma Anurag , Feng Yuanqing , Melo Marcelo C. R. , McQuillan Michael , Hansen Matthew , Lucas Anastasia , Park Joseph , Ranciaro Alessia , Thompson Simon , Rubel Meghan A. , Campbell Michael C. , Beggs William , Hirbo Jibril , Mpoloka Sununguko Wata , Mokone Gaonyadiwe George ,   Regeneron Genetic Center, Nyambo Thomas , Meskel Dawit Wolde , Belay Gurja , Fokunang Charles , Njamnshi Alfred K. , Omar Sabah A. , Williams Scott M. , Rader Daniel , Ritchie Marylyn D. , de la Fuente Nunez Cesar , Sirugo Giorgio , Tishkoff Sarah 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe investigated global patterns of genetic variation and signatures of natural selection at host genes relevant to SARS-CoV-2 infection (ACE2, TMPRSS2, DPP4,andLY6E). We analyzed novel data from 2,012 ethnically diverse Africans and 15,997 individuals of European and African ancestry with electronic health records, and integrated with global data from the 1000GP. AtACE2,we identified 41 non-synonymous variants that were rare in most populations, several of which impact protein function. However, three non-synonymous variants were common among Central African hunter-gatherers from Cameroon and are on haplotypes that exhibit signatures of positive selection. We identify strong signatures of selection impacting variation at regulatory regions influencingACE2expression in multiple African populations. AtTMPRSS2, we identified 13 amino acid changes that are adaptive and specific to the human lineage. Genetic variants that are targets of natural selection are associated with clinical phenotypes common in patients with COVID-19.
The Evolution of Young People’s Mental Health during COVID-19: Evidence from four Low-and-Middle-Income-Countries
Authors: Porter Catherine , Hittmeyer Annina , Favara Marta , Scott Douglas , Sánchez Alan 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundThough COVID-19 presents less risk to young people of serious morbidity or mortality, the resulting economic crisis has impacted their livelihoods. There is relatively little evidence on young people’s mental health in Low-and-Middle-Income-Countries (LMICs) as the pandemic has progressed.MethodsTwo consecutive phone-surveys (August/October and November/December 2020) in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam interviewed around 9,000 participants of a 20-year cohort study who grew up in poverty (now aged 19 and 26). We investigate how young people’s mental health has evolved in the four countries during the pandemic. Rates of (at least mild) anxiety (depression) measured by GAD-7 (PHQ-8) were compared across countries; between males/females, and food secure/food insecure households.ResultsOverall, rates of at least mild anxiety (depression) significantly decreased in all countries but Ethiopia as infection rates fell. However, young people in food insecure households report high rates of anxiety and depression and have not shown consistent improvements. Food insecure households are poorer, and have significantly more children (p<0.05) except in Ethiopia.ConclusionsFood insecurity has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic and is negatively associated with young people’s mental health. Urgent support is needed for the most vulnerable.
Navigating sample overlap, winner’s curse and weak instrument bias in Mendelian randomization studies using the UK Biobank
Authors: Sadreev Ildar I , Elsworth Benjamin L , Mitchell Ruth E , Paternoster Lavinia , Sanderson Eleanor , Davies Neil M , Millard Louise AC , Smith George Davey , Haycock Philip C , Bowden Jack , Gaunt Tom R , Hemani Gibran 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe performed GWAS on 2514 complex traits from the UK Biobank using a linear mixed model, identifying 40,620 independent significant associations (p<5×10−8). We estimate that winner’s curse incurs substantial overestimation of effect sizes in a mean of 35% of discovered associations per trait. We use these results to estimate that the polygenicity of most complex traits is below 10000 common causal variants. We evaluated the impact of winner’s curse on causal effect estimation and hypothesis testing in Mendelian randomization analyses. We show that winner’s curse substantially amplifies the magnitude of weak instrument bias, though any inflation of false discovery rates tends to be low or modest. We designed a process of pseudo-replication within the UK Biobank data to generate GWAS estimates that minimise bias in MR studies using these data. Our resource is integrated into the OpenGWAS platform and enables a convenient framework for researchers to minimise bias or maximise precision of causal effect estimates.