bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining career shadowing in genetic counseling: Perspectives of shadowees, program directors, and genetic counselors
Authors: Agre Katherine , Essendrup Anna , Koellner Christine , Rust Laura , Deyle David 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCareer shadowing can be a valuable opportunity for individuals to experience the daily activities of a working professional. However, there is no published research regarding the impact of shadowing for individuals hoping to pursue a career as a genetic counselor (GC) (termed ‘shadowees’). Additionally, little is known about the impact of shadowing on practicing GCs, nor the value of shadowing in the application and admission process for genetic counseling graduate programs. For this study, three independent surveys were developed and sent to three stakeholder groups: shadowees in the Minnesota Genetic Counseling Experience Program, program directors within the Association of Genetic Counseling Program Directors, and members of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. Quantitative and qualitative analyses were performed on responses. The survey of shadowees (n = 55) found that the majority believed that shadowing had either a ‘very’ or ‘somewhat positive’ impact on their decision to become a GC and on their application to a genetic counseling graduate program (81.8% and 91.3%, respectively). Of the participating program director respondents (n = 43), the majority indicated that having shadowing experience was either ‘moderately’ or ‘extremely important’ in offering an interview or for acceptance into a graduate program (63% and 56%, respectively). While programs differ in evaluation of shadowing experiences, most program directors indicated that an applicant's ability to speak to their shadowing experience was the most important factor in admissions consideration (71%). Among the GCs surveyed (n = 325), 69.2% have hosted shadowees; of these, 82.7% indicated that hosting a shadowee decreases their efficiency at work. Despite this drawback, the majority of respondents expressed a willingness and motivation to host shadowees to help the shadowee (64.8%) and to promote the genetic counseling profession (32.6%). These findings suggest the need for additional research and the development of resources for GCs to increase access of career shadowing.
Optimizing HIV retesting during pregnancy and postpartum in four countries: a cost‐effectiveness analysis
Authors: Meisner Julianne , Roberts D Allen , Rodriguez Patricia , Sharma Monisha , Newman Owiredu Morkor , Gomez Bertha , de Mello Maeve B , Bobrik Alexey , Vodianyk Arkadii , Storey Andrew , Githuka George , Chidarikire Thato , Barnabas Ruanne , Farid Shiza , Essajee Shaffiq , Jamil Muhammad S , Baggaley Rachel , Johnson Cheryl , Drake Alison L 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionHIV retesting during late pregnancy and breastfeeding can help detect new maternal infections and prevent mother‐to‐child HIV transmission (MTCT), but the optimal timing and cost‐effectiveness of maternal retesting remain uncertain.MethodsWe constructed deterministic models to assess the health and economic impact of maternal HIV retesting on a hypothetical population of pregnant women, following initial testing in pregnancy, on MTCT in four countries: South Africa and Kenya (high/intermediate HIV prevalence), and Colombia and Ukraine (low HIV prevalence). We evaluated six scenarios with varying retesting frequencies from late in antenatal care (ANC) through nine months postpartum. We compared strategies using incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs) over a 20‐year time horizon using country‐specific thresholds.ResultsWe found maternal retesting once in late ANC with catch‐up testing through six weeks postpartum was cost‐effective in Kenya (ICER = $166 per DALY averted) and South Africa (ICER=$289 per DALY averted). This strategy prevented 19% (Kenya) and 12% (South Africa) of infant HIV infections. Adding one or two additional retests postpartum provided smaller benefits (1 to 2 percentage point increase in infections averted versus one retest). Adding three retests during the postpartum period averted additional infections (1 to 3 percentage point increase in infections averted versus one retest) but ICERs ($7639 and in Kenya and $11 985 in South Africa) greatly exceeded the cost‐effectiveness thresholds. In Colombia and Ukraine, all retesting strategies exceeded the cost‐effectiveness threshold and prevented few infant infections (up to 31 and 5 infections, respectively).ConclusionsIn high HIV burden settings with MTCT rates similar to those seen in Kenya and South Africa, HIV retesting once in late ANC, with subsequent intervention, is the most cost‐effective strategy for preventing infant HIV infections. In these settings, two HIV retests postpartum marginally reduced MTCT and were less costly than adding three retests. Retesting in low‐burden settings with MTCT rates similar to Colombia and Ukraine was not cost‐effective at any time point due to very low HIV prevalence and limited breastfeeding.
Consideration of a metabolic disorder in the differential of mild developmental delay: A case of nonketotic hyperglycinemia revisited 36 years later
Authors: Tramontana Timothy F. , Wilson Theodore E. , Hainline Bryan E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe present a 53‐year‐old male with nonketotic hyperglycinemia (NKH) who presented in decompensated state to our university hospital several months prior to a primary diagnosis of multifocal pneumonia accompanied by reports of seizure‐like activity, altered mental status, tremors, and fever. He was initially diagnosed with NKH in his preschool years, over 40 years previously, along with his younger sister. At that time, he had developmental and physical delays (which his sister also experienced). His health course has been relatively uneventful otherwise, as regards decompensation of his disease, and he has not been on the standard regimens of reduced dietary glycine intake along with dextromethorphan and sodium benzoate. Recent molecular confirmation of NKH was completed and both he and his sibling likely have an attenuated form of NKH mediated by the combined effects of their variants. This paper presents what we believe to be report of the oldest surviving individuals with attenuated NKH.
The link between microglia and the severity of COVID‐19: The “two‐hit” hypothesis
Authors: Bouayed Jaouad , Bohn Torsten 
Published: March 2021

Highlights

Neurological manifestations constitute a serious cause of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19).
Microglial hyperactivation by the two‐hit process.
Severe COVID‐19 patients carry pre‐activated microglia following a first immune challenge.
Exaggerated response of sensitized microglia to COVID‐19, the second immune challenge.
Engaging general practice and patients with AusTAPER, a pharmacist facilitated web‐based deprescribing tool
Authors: Parkinson Lynne , Magin Parker , Etherton‐Beer Christopher , Naganathan Vasi , Mangin Derelie 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe objective of this study was to explore the Australian general practitioner (GP) and patient experience of AusTAPER, a pharmacist facilitated web‐based deprescribing tool, within a pilot implementation of the tool. This qualitative study of experiences of using AusTAPER in clinical practice used one‐on‐one interviews with patients (≥70 years, taking ≥5 medicines) and GPs. Thematic content analyses for patients and GPs were triangulated to synthesise findings. Nine patients and two GPs responded. Three main themes arose from the synthesised results: ‘engagement of GPs and patients’; ‘pharmacist as central’; and ‘patient outcomes’. AusTAPER prompted qualitative deprescribing and was acceptable to both GPs and patients. Patients appreciated medicines being monitored by pharmacists. There was evidence of synergy of GP and pharmacist opinion in facilitating patient understanding and shared decision‐making. These qualitative findings provide evidence that AusTAPER engaged GPs and patients and prompted judicious medicine review and deprescribing.
Thermometry by vibrational Raman spectroscopy of nitrogen: Identification and impact of spatial averaging effects
Authors: Kiefer Johannes , Stodt Malte F. B. , Fritsching Udo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThermometry utilizing the vibrational spectrum of nitrogen is a very common tool in combustion diagnostics via spontaneous and coherent Raman scattering spectroscopy. In the presence of strong temperature gradients, however, it is likely that hot and cold gas portions contribute to the signal. This is known as spatial averaging, and it can result in severe measurement errors. The present work proposes and demonstrates two straightforward approaches that allow the identification of spatial averaging as well as estimating the resulting error. For this purpose, simulated Raman spectra are considered in order to avoid any impact from experimental artifacts. The first approach utilizes difference spectra, whereas the second one is based upon principal component analysis (PCA). Two scenarios were tested: (1) spectra of 50:50 mixtures exhibiting a common mean temperature and (2) spectra of mixtures with systematically varied fractions of hot (2000 K) and cold (300 K) gas. It is shown that the resulting measurement error can be as high as 500 K.
Effect of basil seed gum and κ‐carrageenan on the rheological, textural, and structural properties of whipped cream
Authors: Biglarian Niloofar , Rafe Ali , Shahidi Seyed‐Ahmad 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDBasil seed gum (BSG) is a novel polysaccharide that has been found wide application in the food industry. It can be used in whipped cream due to its thickening and emulsifying properties. The effect of BSG and κ‐carrageenan on the structure‐rheology relationships of whipped cream was evaluated.RESULTSThe viscosity of cream containing BSG was higher than that of carrageenan. Basil seed gum resulted in a strong capacity to improve the viscosity of the cream. Rheological results showed the low‐frequency dependence of the elastic modulus was improved by BSG, which had a strong effect on the rigidity of the emulsion. The fracture strain of the creams containing BSG or κ‐carrageenan was between the normal cream and acidified caseinate stabilized emulsion foam. It was found that the protein segments of BSG could be adsorbed at the oil–water interface, resulting in the formation of a pseudo‐gel network, which creates a stronger molecular protein network in the whipped cream. Microstructure study revealed that whipped cream containing κ‐carrageenan exhibited some flocculation, which could be caused by non‐adsorbed polysaccharides or proteins. In contrast, cream containing BSGshowed more voids, which have considerably decreased by fat content and enhance the foam structure.CONCLUSIONAs a result, synergistic interactions between proteins and polysaccharides (BSG and κ‐carrageenan) could promote the development of a cross‐linked network. Indeed, due to its high levels of hydrophilicity, BSG absorbs water, acts as a thickening agent, and competes against caseinate at the interfaces and is incorporated into whipped cream to provide a more desirable physical structure for the product. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Biofumigation activities of volatile compounds from two Trichoderma afroharzianum strains against Fusarium infections in fresh chilies
Authors: Khruengsai Sarunpron , Pripdeevech Patcharee , D'Souza Priya E , Panuwet Parinya 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDTwo Fusarium fungi, F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum, have been recognized as major pathogenic fungi that cause postharvest decay of chili fruits. Ozone and some toxic chemicals are used to control pathogenic infections, leading to longer storage lives of agricultural commodities. However, these chemicals may pose some risks to the applicators and the environment. Therefore, alternative, easy‐to‐use fumigants for effective control of Fusarium infections in harvested fresh chilies are needed.RESULTSTwo endophytic fungi, Trichoderma afroharzianum strain MFLUCC19‐0090 and T. afroharzianum strain MFLUCC19‐0091, were isolated from Schefflera leucantha leaves. Their volatile compounds were investigated for antifungal activities against F. oxysporum and F. proliferatum. In vitro results showed that the volatile compounds produced by each strain inhibited pathogen growth. Additionally, the Trichoderma‐derived volatile compounds significantly reduced Fusarium‐related disease severity and incidence percentages in the inoculated fresh chilies. Antifungal properties of the volatile compounds were found to be specific to the species of the tested pathogens (MFLUCC19‐0090 greatly suppressed F. oxysporum and MFLUCC19‐0091 greatly suppressed F. proliferatum). Seventy‐three volatile compounds were detected from both strains. Among the major volatile compounds detected, phenyl ethyl alcohol was found to possess the strongest antifungal activity against both pathogens.CONCLUSIONThese Trichoderma‐derived volatile compounds may be used as alternative fumigants for controlling Fusarium rot in harvested fresh chilies. The successful use of volatile compounds as biofumigants can prevent significant market losses and, more importantly, may reduce the health hazards caused by Fusarium‐associated mycotoxin exposures among consumers. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Half‐Century Winter Duck Abundance and Temperature Trends in the Mississippi and Atlantic Flyways
Authors: Meehan Timothy D. , Kaminski Richard M. , Lebaron Geoffrey S. , Michel Nicole L. , Bateman Brooke L. , Wilsey Chad B. 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTIncreasing concerns exist about possible decreased wintering duck abundance and hunting opportunities in the southern regions of the Atlantic and Mississippi flyways of North America. Researchers suggest these decreased abundances of ducks may be related to winter warming and related climatic phenomena. Accordingly, we tested predictions that duck abundance was increasing more at northern than southern latitudes, and that trends were related to average winter temperatures (Dec–Jan). We tested predictions using National Audubon Society Christmas Bird Count (CBC) data collected during December 1969 through January 2019 from 31 states in the United States and 6 Canadian provinces that comprise the Atlantic and Mississippi flyways for 16 species of dabbling and diving ducks (Anatinae). We found support for the prediction that CBC trends in duck abundance vary with latitude, and mean winter temperature explained nearly half the variation in CBC trends for 12 of 16 species. For some species, trends were negative in warmer regions and positive in colder regions. For others, trends were stable or slightly positive in warmer regions but more positive in colder regions. These results provide empirical evidence supporting climate‐influenced winter range changes by important game duck species and suggest challenges and opportunities for waterfowl population, habitat, and hunting management in North America and the northern hemisphere. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.
Is unnatural unhealthy? Think about it: Overcoming negative halo effects from food labels
Authors: Sundar Aparna , Cao Edita , Wu Ruomeng , Kardes Frank R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractConsumer advocates and regulators champion the view that transparent labeling practices will help consumers make better decisions. However, it is unclear how unnatural nutritional claims (e.g., artificial ingredients, food additives, genetically modified organisms) affect perceptions of packaged food. Many researchers have cautioned that such labels can be commonly misinterpreted and can further stigmatize food produced by conventional processes. Building on the selective accessibility model, we propose that unnatural nutritional claims on front‐of‐package food labeling may induce a negative health halo effect. Accessibility of information consistent with a target concept (e.g., a claim on a food label) shapes consumer inferences and evaluations of an associated product (e.g., the packaged food) in the same direction. We propose that such nutritional claims can lead to higher calorie estimates and therefore biased food decisions. Furthermore, we examine the moderating effect of dispositional critical thinking, priming opposing beliefs, and activating causal reasoning to help mitigate on the negative health halo. We test these predictions across five experiments. Together, these findings advance our understanding of the halo effect, inference, and persuasion, and they suggest strategies for helping consumers make more informed health‐related judgments and decisions.
Exercise capacity and its relationship with body composition and nutrition status in patients with interstitial lung disease
Authors: Rinaldi Sylvia , Gilliland Jason , O'Connor Colleen , Seabrook Jamie A. , Mura Marco , Madill Janet 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundPatients with interstitial lung disease (ILD) are known to have diminished exercise ability. This study aimed to explore the relationship between nutrition status and body composition parameters with exercise capacity in ILD patients. A second aim focused on assessing the appropriateness of surrogate markers of nutrition status in ILD patients.MethodsDisease severity was determined by the percentage of predicted forced vital capacity. Exercise capacity was determined using 6‐minute walk distance. Nutrition status was assessed using the subjective global assessment (SGA), standardized phase angle (SPhA), and impedance ratio z‐score (z‐IR). Bioelectrical impedance analysis estimated body composition parameters.Results45 of 79 participants (57%) were malnourished according to the SGA. FFM index z‐score (z‐FFMI) (r = 0.42, P = .02) and SGA (r = 0.49, P < .01) were significant predictors of exercise capacity independent of disease severity. Age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.1; 95% CI, 1.01–1.25; P = .04), low body mass index (OR = 0.73; 95% CI, 0.57–0.92; P = .01), z‐FFMI (OR = 0.34; 95% CI, 0.17–0.68; P < .01), and body fat mass index z‐score (OR = 0.39; 95% CI, 0.17–0.91; P = .03) were significantly associated with severe malnutrition. There was no significant difference in SPhA across SGA groups; however, a higher z‐IR (poorer cell health) significantly increased the odds of severe malnutrition (OR = 2.75; 95% CI, 1.27–6.03; P = .02).ConclusionIn ILD patients, malnutrition and loss of FFM negatively impact the ability to perform activities of daily living.
Malnourished lung cancer patients have poor baseline functional capacity but show greatest improvements with multimodal prehabilitation
Authors: Ferreira Vanessa , Lawson Claire , Gillis Chelsia , Scheede‐Bergdahl Celena , Chevalier Stéphanie , Carli Francesco 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveThe objective is to characterize the presence of malnutrition, examine the association between malnutrition and baseline functional capacity (FC), and the extent to which patients benefit from preoperative multimodal prehabilitation in patients undergoing lung resection for cancer.MethodsData from 162 participants enrolled in multimodal prehabilitation or control before lung cancer surgery were analyzed. Malnutrition was measured using the Patient‐Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG‐SGA) according to triage levels: low‐nutrition‐risk (PG‐SGA 0‐3), moderate‐nutrition‐risk (4–8) and high‐nutrition‐risk (≥9). Baseline differences in FC, measured by the 6‐minute walk test (6MWT), were compared. Factorial analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted to examine the effect of nutrition status and intervention on mean change in 6MWT preoperatively.Results51.2% patients were considered low‐nutrition‐risk, 37.7% moderate‐nutrition‐risk, and 11.1% high‐nutrition‐risk. Low‐nutrition‐risk patients had significantly higher 6MWT at baseline (mean of 484 m [standard deviation (SD) = 88]) compared with moderate‐nutrition‐risk (432 m [SD = 107], P = .005) and high‐nutrition‐risk groups (416 m [SD = 90], P = .022). The adjusted mean change in 6MWT between prehabilitation vs control was 18.1 (95% confidence interval, 3.8 to 32.3) vs 5.6 m (–14.1 to 25.4) in low‐nutrition‐risk (P = .309), 28.5 (11 to 46) vs –4 m (–31.3 to 23.4) in moderate‐nutrition‐risk (P = .053), and 58.9 (16.7 to 101.2) vs –39.7 m (–80.2 to 0.826) in high‐nutrition‐risk group (P = .001).ConclusionsLung cancer patients at high‐nutrition‐risk awaiting surgery had significantly lower baseline FC compared with low‐nutrition‐risk patients but experienced significant improvements in preoperative FC upon receiving multimodal prehabilitation.
An algorithm for two‐variable rational interpolation suitable for matrix manipulations with the evaluation–interpolation method
Authors: Hadjifotinou Katerina G. , Karampetakis Nicholas P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn algorithm for two‐variable rational interpolation is developed. The algorithm is suitable for interpolation cases where neither the number of interpolation points nor the final degrees of the rational interpolant are known a priori. Instead, a maximum degree for the interpolant's numerator and denominator is assumed. By testing the condition number of the interpolation system's matrix at each step, the necessary reductions are made in order to cope with nonnormality and unattainability occasions. The algorithm can be used for applications of the Evaluation–Interpolation technique in matrix manipulations, such as finding the inverse of a matrix with elements rational functions of two variables. Symbolic calculations are completely avoided, thus keeping the execution time very low even if the system size is large. Most importantly, the algorithm achieves accurate function recoveries for greater polynomial degrees than other bivariate rational interpolation methods.
Mesh refinement method for solving optimal control problems with nonsmooth solutions using jump function approximations
Authors: Miller Alexander T. , Hager William W. , Rao Anil V. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA mesh refinement method is described for solving optimal control problems using Legendre‐Gauss‐Radau collocation. The method detects discontinuities in the control solution by employing an edge detection scheme based on jump function approximations. When discontinuities are identified, the mesh is refined with a targeted h‐refinement approach whereby the discontinuity locations are bracketed with mesh points. The remaining smooth portions of the mesh are refined using previously developed techniques. The method is demonstrated on two examples, and results indicate that the method solves optimal control problems with discontinuous control solutions using fewer mesh refinement iterations and less computation time when compared with previously developed methods.