bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving on estimates of the potential relative harm to health from using modern ENDS (vaping) compared to tobacco smoking
Authors: Wilson Nick , Summers Jennifer A. , Ait Ouakrim Driss , Hoek Janet , Edwards Richard , Blakely Tony 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Although the harm to health from electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) compared to smoked tobacco remains highly uncertain, society and governments still need to know the likely range of the relative harm to inform regulatory policies for ENDS and smoking.

Methods
We identified biomarkers with specificity of association with different disease groupings e.g., volatile organic compound (VOCs) for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; and tobacco-specific N´-nitrosamines (TSNAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for all cancers. We conducted a review of recent studies (post January 2017) that compared these biomarkers between people exclusively using ENDS and those exclusively smoking tobacco. The percentage differences in these biomarkers, weighted by study size and adjusted for acrolein from other sources, were used as a proxy for the assumed percentage difference in disease harm between ENDS and smoking. These relative differences were applied to previously modelled estimates of smoking-related health loss (in health-adjusted life-years; HALYs).

Results
The respective relative biomarker levels (ENDS vs smoking) were: 28% for respiratory diseases (five results, three studies); 42% for cancers (five results, four studies); and 35% for cardiovascular (seven results, four studies). When integrated with the HALY impacts by disease, the overall harm to health from ENDS was estimated to be 33% that of smoking.

Conclusions
This analysis, suggests that the use of modern ENDS devices (vaping) could be a third as harmful to health as smoking in a high-income country setting. But this estimate is based on a limited number of biomarker studies and is best be considered a likely upper level of ENDS risk given potential biases in our method (i.e., the biomarkers used being correlated with more unaccounted for toxicants in smoking compared to with using ENDS).
Lung ultrasound for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis pulmonary exacerbation
Authors: Hassanzad Maryam , Kiani Arda , Abedini Atefeh , Ghaffaripour Hoseinali , Emami Habib , Alizadeh Niloufar , Zoghi Ghazal , Hashemi Saeed , Velayati Ali Akbar 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is the gold standard for the evaluation of cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease; however, lung ultrasound (LUS) is being increasingly used for the assessment of lung in these patients due to its lower cost, availability, and lack of irradiation. We aimed to determine the diagnostic performance of LUS for the evaluation of CF pulmonary exacerbation.

Methods
This cross-sectional study included patients with CF pulmonary exacerbation admitted to Masih Daneshvari Hospital, Tehran, Iran, from March 21, 2020 to March 20, 2021. Age, gender, and body mass index (BMI) of the patients were recorded. All patients underwent chest X-ray (CXR), HRCT, and LUS on admission. Pleural thickening, atelectasis, air bronchogram, B-line, and consolidation were noted in LUS and then compared with the corresponding findings in CXR and HRCT. Taking HRCT findings as reference, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and diagnostic accuracy (DA) of LUS and CXR for the detection of each pulmonary abnormality were determined.

Results
Of the 30 patients included in this study, with a mean age of 19.62 ± 5.53 years, 14 (46.7%) were male. Of the 15 patients aged 2–20 years, BMI was below the 5th percentile in 10 (66.7%), within the 5–10 percentiles in 1 (6.7%), 10–25 percentiles in 3 (20%), and 25-50 percentiles in 1 (6.7%). The mean BMI for 15 patients > 20 years was 18.03 ± 2.53 kg/m2. LUS had better diagnostic performance compared to CXR for the detection of air bronchogram, consolidation, and pleural thickening (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC]: 0.966 vs. 0.483, 0.900 vs. 0.575, and 0.656 vs. 0.531, respectively). Also, LUS was 100% and 96.7% specific for the diagnosis of pleural effusion and atelectasis, respectively.

Conclusions
LUS appears to be superior to CXR and comparable with HRCT for the evaluation of CF pulmonary exacerbation, especially in terms of air bronchogram and consolidation detection. LUS can be used to lengthen the HRCT evaluation intervals in this regard or utilized along with HRCT for better evaluation of CF pulmonary exacerbation.
Analysis of salivary proteomic biomarkers for the surveillance of changes in high-risk status of early childhood caries
Authors: Zhou Xinzhu , Li Haozhe , Zhu Ce , Yuan Chao , Meng Chunhua , Feng Shulan , Sun Xiangyu , Zheng Shuguo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundEarly childhood caries is an urgent public health concern. The aim of this study was to investigate salivary proteomic biomarkers for the surveillance of changes in the high-risk status of early childhood caries. The process involves the screening of specific salivary peptides that were differentially expressed only under dynamic changes in individual caries status.MethodsStimulated whole saliva samples were collected from 28 kindergarten children aged 3–4 years in Beijing at baseline and 3 months and 6 months after baseline. A total of 68 samples were collected. In terms of their caries status and progress during the observation period, participants were divided into 3 groups; 7 in the non-caries recurrence group, 6 in the caries recurrence group, and 15 in the healthy control group. Salivary peptides that exhibited no significant differences in cross-sectional comparisons between different groups of caries status but only expressed differentially along with dynamic changes of individual caries were screened using the technique of magnetic beads combined with matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). The technique of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) was employed to identify the proteins from which these peptides were derived.ResultsWe found two salivary peptides differentially expressed only under dynamic changes in individual caries status in the above comparisons; mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) values of the two peptides were 1045.9 and 2517.6, respectively (P < 0.05). Principal component analysis (PCA) and the decision tree model based on these two peptides showed an acceptable distinguishing ability for changes in the high-risk status of early childhood caries. The source proteins of the two peptides withm/zvalues of 1045.9 and 2517.6 were identified as submandibular gland androgen regulatory protein 3B (SMR-3B) and mucin-7, respectively.ConclusionsTwo proteins in children’s saliva, namely SMR-3B and mucin-7, have the potentiality to serve as candidate biomarkers for dynamic surveillance of changes in high-risk status of early childhood caries.
The role of rural–urban linkages in perceived environmental effects of farmers for participation in sustainable food security plans
Authors: Shafieisabet Naser , Mirvahedi Neginsadat 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
This study examines the rural–urban linkages about the perceived farmers' environmental effects of food security plans to participate in these plans in Iran's rural areas. We have also considered the mediating role of farmers' empowerment as the capacity of rural–urban linkages in this field. In the past, increasing food production and supply in the short term for urban and rural areas was concerned with food security. However, over time, in sustainable food security, instead of emphasizing increasing production and maximizing resource pressure, empowering farmers to become more involved in food security plans is essential. Therefore, using the capacity of rural–urban linkages and directing them towards empowering farmers reduces the negative consequences of food security plans.

Methods
The present research is quantitative and has been done by the descriptive-analytical method. Statistical methods in this study were performed by correlation analysis and regression using software (SPSS). In addition, the structural equation model (SEM) was performed using the least-squares method (PLS) and software (SMART PLS 3).

Results
The results showed that rural–urban linkages have a positive effect on empowering farmers. Empowerment of farmers affected by rural–urban linkages is effective on the environmental effects perceived of food security plans. Perceived environmental–ecological and political–cultural effects of farmers from implementing food security plans are not effective in their participation. However, socio-economic effects provide the basis for farmers' participation in the process of sustainable food security. In general, empowerment affected by rural–urban linkages in farmers' participation is effective for investment in diversifying products, improving agricultural and non-agricultural production infrastructure, and processing products.

Conclusions
Rural–urban linkages through the empowerment of urban specialists in formal and informal organizations are an essential step towards improving the farmers' perceived effects of implementing food security plans. This issue creates the context for increasing the participation of farmers in such plans. Thus, with increasing attention to empowering farmers in implementing sustainable food security plans, their perceived environmental effects of implementing these projects will increase. It also provides the basis for their participation in these plans.
Decentralizing healthcare in Norway to improve patient-centered outpatient clinic management of rheumatoid arthritis – a conceptual model
Authors: Brkic Alen , Kim Jung G. , Haugeberg Glenn , Diamantopoulos Andreas P. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA growing population of older adults and improved effective treatments for inflammatory rheumatic diseases will increase the demand for more healthcare resources that already struggle with staggering outpatient clinic waiting times. Transformative delivery care models that provide sustainable healthcare services are urgently needed to meet these challenges. In this mini-review article, a proposed Lifelong Treatment Model for a decentralized follow-up of outpatient clinic patients living with rheumatoid arthritis is presented and discussed.Our conceptual model follows four steps for a transformative care delivery model supported by an Integrated Practice Unit; (1) Diagnosis, (2) Treatment, (3) Patient Empowered Disease Management, and (4) Telehealth. Through an Integrated Practice Unit, a multidisciplinary team could collaborate with patients with rheumatoid arthritis to facilitate high-value care that addresses most important outcomes of the patients; (1) Early Remission, (2) Decentralization, (3) Improved Quality of Life, and (4) Lifelong Sustain Remission.The article also addresses the growing challenges for the healthcare delivery system today for patients with rheumatoid arthritis and proposes how to reduce outpatient clinic visits without compromising quality and safety.
Evaluation of Metarhizium rileyi Farlow (Samson) impregnated with azadirachtin and indoxacarb against Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)
Authors: Dev Bhisham , Verma Subhash Chander , Sharma Prem Lal , Chandel Rajeshwar Singh , Gaikwad Mahesh Balaso , Banshtu Tanuja , Sharma Priyanka 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Entomopathogenic fungi are the most versatile having a wide host range, capable of infecting insects at different developmental stages. In the present study, Metarhizium rileyi, at the concentrations of 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107 and 108 conidia/ml and sub-lethal concentrations of azadirachtin (1.02 and 1.53 ppm) and indoxacarb (0.72 ppm) were evaluated against the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th larval instars of Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) under laboratory conditions.

Results
M. rileyi applied at 106 conidia/ml caused a maximum mortality of 83.33 and 80.00% of 1st and 2nd larval instars of H. armigera, respectively. The maximum mortality of 3rd, 4th and 5th larval instars of H. armigera with 108 conidia/ml of M. rileyi was 83.33, 76.67 and 53.33%, respectively. When M. rileyi blended with azadirachtin at 1.02 ppm, the highest mortality rate of 86.21% at 106 conidia/ml against 2nd instar larvae was resulted. Similarly, M. rileyi applied at 108 conidia /ml mixed with azadirachtin (1.53 ppm) showed 89.66% mortality of 3rd instar larvae. The 2nd instar larvae treated with M. rileyi at 106 conidia/ml, mixed with indoxacarb (0.72 ppm), the corrected mortality rate was 82.14%. Concentration mortality response of 3rd instar larvae to M. rileyi blended with indoxacarb (0.72 ppm) was 85.71% at 108 conidia/ml. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values were 5.51 × 103, 1.86 × 104, 2.81 × 105 and 5.55 × 105 conidia/ml for 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th larval instars, respectively, after 7 days of treatment. M. rileyi when mixed with sub-lethal concentrations of azadirachtin (1.02 ppm) and indoxacarb (0.72 ppm) resulted LC50 values of 1.09 × 104 conidia/ml and 1.37 × 104 conidia/ml against 2nd instar larvae, respectively, after 24 hours. Similarly, M. rileyi mixed with sub-lethal concentrations of azadirachtin (1.53 ppm) and indoxacarb (0.72 ppm) resulted LC50 values of 3.12 × 108 and 3.06 × 105 conidia/ml against 3rd instar larvae, respectively, after 24 hours. The study revealed that the susceptibility of larvae decreased in case of large larval instars.

Conclusions
M. rileyi can be utilized as one of the component of Integrated Pest Management Program for the eco-friendly management of H. armigera. As the application of M. rileyi @ 107 conidia/ml alone or in combination with azadirachtin (1.02 and 1.53 ppm) or indoxacarb (0.72 ppm) resulted to the highest mortality.
Selection of suitable predatory mites against, Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acari: Tetranychidae) using relative control potential metrics and functional response
Authors: Qayyoum Muhammad Asif , Song Zi-Wei , Khan Bilal Saeed , Akram Muhammad Irfan , Shabbir Muhammad Zeeshan , Hussain Izhar , Zhang Bao-Xin , Zheng Yuan , Li Dun-Song 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundSelection of suitable predators for the control of the spider mite,Panonychus citriis always a challenge due to the lack of their reliable predicted efficacy. In this laboratory study, biological control potential ofNeoseiulus californicus,N. cucumerisandScapulaseius newsami,againstP. citriusing the “Relative Control Potential” (RCP) metric to compare their efficacies was evaluated. The functional response type was determined at different prey densities (after 24 h).ResultsThe type II functional responses were observed from all the tested predators feeding on 3 different life stages ofP. citri, exceptN. cucumeris,which was fed only on eggs. All predatory mites preferred eggs ofP. citriwith a higher attack rate (1.397) inN. cucumeris, followed byN. californicus(1.238) andS. newsami(0.975). Handling time was also lower inN. cucumeristhan other mites, with a trend as: forN. cucumeris, eggs > adults > immature stages; forN. californicus, immature stages > eggs > adults, while forS. newsami, eggs > immature stages > adults. The integration of greenhouse abundance and fecundity (%) data resulted in a higher RCP forN. cucumeristhan other predators.ConclusionNeoseiulus cucumeriswas selected as the most suitable predatory mite for the control ofP. citriwith a higher RCP and potential to maximum reproduction.S. newsami,which was used for the first time, gave almost similar results compared toN.californicusbut with lower efficacy.
Managing reproductive problems in women with epilepsy of childbearing age
Authors: Lai Wanlin , He Shixu , Zhou Dong , Chen Lei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGirls and women constitute nearly 50% of all epilepsy cases. Apart from the disease symptoms, epilepsy and antiseizure medications (ASMs) may also affect the reproductive function, pregnancy and even the health of their offspring. Therefore, it is very important to identify and summarize the problems and risks for women with epilepsy (WWE) of childbearing age, and offer internationally recognized methods through multidisciplinary collaboration. In this review, we summarize the reproduction-related problems with WWE and propose multidisciplinary management by epileptologists, gynecologists and obstetricians, as well as other experts, from preconception to delivery. Large, multicenter registries are needed to advance our knowledge on new ASMs and their effects on WWE and their offspring.
Phonon scattering and exciton localization: molding exciton flux in two dimensional disorder energy landscape
Authors: Qi Pengfei , Luo Yang , Shi Beibei , Li Wei , Liu Donglin , Zheng Liheng , Liu Zhixin , Hou Yanglong , Fang Zheyu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTwo dimensional excitonic devices are of great potential to overcome the dilemma of response time and integration in current generation of electron or/and photon based systems. The ultrashort diffusion length of exciton arising from ultrafast relaxation and low carrier mobility greatly discounts the performance of excitonic devices. Phonon scattering and exciton localization are crucial to understand the modulation of exciton flux in two dimensional disorder energy landscape, which still remain elusive. Here, we report an optimized scheme for exciton diffusion and relaxation dominated by phonon scattering and disorder potentials in WSe2 monolayers. The effective diffusion coefficient is enhanced by > 200% at 280 K. The excitons tend to be localized by disorder potentials accompanied by the steadily weakening of phonon scattering when temperature drops to 260 K, and the onset of exciton localization brings forward as decreasing temperature. These findings identify that phonon scattering and disorder potentials are of great importance for long-range exciton diffusion and thermal management in exciton based systems, and lay a firm foundation for the development of functional excitonic devices.
“Agents of Change” in Maternal and Infant Care:Matronas,Parteras, and Public Health in Bolivia, 1950s–1970s
Authors: Gallien Kathryn N. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the 1950s and 1960s young women could study to become obstetric midwives (matronas) at two Bolivian universities. After the 1952 Bolivian Revolution, public health officials saw matronas' work in mining areas and rural public health programs as part of the government's effort to assimilate Indigenous Bolivians into a mestizo national culture, by reforming Indigenous mothers and eliminating demand for Andean midwives (parteras). By the 1970s, a military dictatorship had replaced the revolutionary government, and nursing schools had replaced midwifery programs. The last cohort of matronas now found jobs in public health offering trainings to parteras. Based on oral histories of matronas and parteras, this article examines these women's personal experiences with midwifery and public health. It argues that matronas and parteras shaped public maternal and infant care programs and contributed to the persistence of multiple forms of childbirth assistance in Bolivia.
Παρουσίαση της Επιστημονικής Σειράς "Κυβερνοψυχολογία και Κοινωνία"
Authors: Σιδηροπούλου Ανθή 
Published: November 2021

Παρουσίαση της Επιστημονικής Σειράς Κυβερνοψυχολογία και Κοινωνία από τις Εκδόσεις Παπαζήση
Discrimination of the SARS–CoV-2 strains using of coloured s-LASCA-imaging of GB-speckles, developed for the gene “S” nucleotide sequences
Authors: Ulianova Onega , Saltykov Yury , Ulyanov Sergey , Zaytsev Sergey , Ulyanov Alexander , Feodorova Valentina 
Published: November 2021

Background: A recent bioinformatics technique involves changing nucleotide sequences into 2D speckles. This technique produces speckles called GB-speckles (Gene Based speckles). All classical strategies of speckle-optics, namely speckle-interferometry, subtraction of speckle-images as well as speckle-correlometry have been inferred for processing of GB-speckles. This indicates the considerable improvement in the present tools of bioinformatics. Methods: Colour s-LASCA imaging of virtual laser GB-speckles, a new method of high discrimination and typing of pathogenic viruses, has been developed. This method has been adapted to the detecting of natural mutations in nucleotide sequences, related to the spike glycoprotein (coding the gene «S») of SARS–CoV-2 gene as the molecular target. Results: The rate of the colouring images of virtual laser GB-speckles generated by s-LASCA can be described by the specific value of R. If the nucleotide sequences compared utilizing this approach the relevant images are completely identical, then the three components of the resulting colour image will be identical, and therefore the value of R will be equal to zero. However, if there are at least minimal differences in the matched nucleotide sequences, then the value of R will be positive. Conclusion: The high effectiveness of an application of the colour images of GB-speckles that were generated by s-LASCA- has been demonstrated for discrimination between different variants of the SARS–CoV-2 spike glycoprotein gene.
HR practices and turnover intention; the mediating role of organizational commitment in Tehran: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Hassanpour Mohammaad Kashinejad , Chong Chin Wei , Chong Siong Choy , Ibrahim Okour Mohammad Khaleel , Behrang Samadi , Tan Xin Yee 
Published: November 2021

Background: Employees are increasingly being recognised as a valuable source of information, especially in knowledge-based businesses. Businesses, however, suffer financial and organisational memory losses related to re-hiring and training new staff, and lost productivity and intellectual property because of employee turnover. Hence, employee turnover should be considered an essential part of human resource management. Furthermore, employees’ trust in management and human resource (HR) practices substantially impact organisational commitment (OC). Thus, anticipating employee commitment and turnover intentions is crucial, as people are the sole source for knowledge-based firms to maintain their competitive advantage. In the context of selected Tehran Renewable Energy (RE) firms, this study investigated the mediating impact of OC on the relationship between HR practices (recruitment and selection; training and development opportunities; performance appraisal and evaluation; teamwork; compensation and pay; and job security) and employee turnover intention. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study in Tehran that involved 90 experts and knowledgeable employees from four of Tehran's top RE businesses. A questionnaire was distributed to collect data which was later analysed with correlation, regression and bootstrapping analyses. Results: All six dimensions of HR practices were discovered to have an indirect impact on turnover intention and a direct impact on OC. OC among employees has an indirect effect on turnover intention. It was also revealed that the training and development opportunity has the most considerable effect on OC and turnover intention. OC was not found as a mediator between HR practices and turnover intention. Conclusions: The outcomes of this study showed that both training and development opportunities; and pay and compensation structure were found to be two significant components of HR practices in the relationship with OC. RE managers should employ appropriate HR strategies, particularly in these two dimensions, to improve an individual's degree of OC and reduce turnover intention.