bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ombrohydrochory in Thismia panamensis (Standley) Jonk: a mycoheterotrophic species in Brazilian Cerrado forests
Authors: Coelho C. P. , Sousa I. P. , Silva G. E. , Rocha D. I. , Azevedo M. O. , Guilherme F. A. G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Species of the genus Thismia Griff. are small herbs, considered mycoheterotrophic due to an intimate relationship with fungi. They are achlorophyllous, with complex floral structure but little information on reproductive strategies. This study evaluated structural and ecological aspects associated with the dispersal of seeds of Thismia panamensis (Standley) Jonk.

The study was carried out in a forest fragment in the Brazilian Cerrado. During the reproductive period, 36 individuals were monitored for spatial distribution of the population and their fruits were collected. Samples were subjected to light microscopy and microtomography techniques, in addition to an experiment to evaluate seed dispersal by water droplets.

Thismia panamensis is up to 8‐cm tall, with a tuberous root and stem, without leaves. Its fruit is dehiscent, cup‐shaped, 5 ± 1 mm in diameter, containing 219.33 ± 106.70 seeds, with an average length of 0.55 ± 0.07 mm. The seeds are exposed, and their coat has a thin and lignified wall. Accumulation of secretions was observed inside the fruits. The innermost cell layer of the ovary showed typical characteristics of aquiferous parenchyma. Water splash experiments showed that the seeds reached an average distance of 44.04 ± 26.58 cm. Each splash contained, on average, 1.50 ± 1.23 seeds, with 75% of the splashes containing a single seed. A total of 239 seeds were counted in the 163 splashes evaluated.

The data show potential seed dispersal by ombrohydrochory in T. panamensis, favouring its maintenance in the study area and reflecting its clumped spatial distribution.
Halothermal and hydrothermal time models describe germination responses of canola seeds to ageing
Authors: Bakhshandeh E. , Jamali M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Hydrothermal time (HTT) and halothermal time (HaloTT) models were used to quantitatively characterize the combined effects of temperature (T), water potential (ψ) and NaCl concentration on seed germination of canola after different accelerated ageing periods (AAP) at 42 °C and 100% humidity.

Seed germination time courses were observed and electrical conductivities of seed leachates were measured in all experiments.

The cardinal temperatures estimated by both models were 4.6, 28 and 35 °C for the base (Tb), optimum (To) and ceiling (Tc) temperatures in water (0 MPa), respectively, when the seeds were not aged. The Tb increased with AAP, while the Tc decreased and the To remained constant at all AAP. Below To, the median base water potentials (ψb(50)) were −1.07, −0.73, −0.48 and −0.39 MPa for the AAP levels of 0, 24, 36 and 48 h, respectively. These values were more negative when germination occurred in salt solutions (the base NaCl concentrations converted to ψ were −1.25, −0.81, −0.51 and −0.41 MPa, respectively), due to uptake of salt ions. Thresholds became more positive above To and reached zero at Tc in all AAP.

Seed osmotic adjustment capacity declined linearly with increasing AAP while the conductivity of seed leachates increased in association with the loss of seed vigour. Significant correlations between conductivity results and the parameters of HTT and HaloTT models suggest that they could be considered as effective descriptors of canola seed vigour.
The impact of unpredictability of dyspnea offset on dyspnea perception, fear, and respiratory neural gating
Authors: von Leupoldt Andreas , Ashoori Minoo , Jelinčić Valentina , Herzog Michaela , Van Diest Ilse 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDyspnea is a debilitating and threatening symptom in various diseases. Affected patients often report the unpredictability of dyspnea episodes being particularly anxiety‐provoking and amplifying the perception of dyspnea. Experimental studies testing dyspnea unpredictability together with related neural processes, physiological fear responses, and dyspnea‐related personality traits are sparse. Therefore, we investigated the impact of unpredictability of dyspnea offset on dyspnea perception and fear ratings, respiratory neural gating and physiological fear indices, as well as the influence of interindividual differences in fear of suffocation (FoS). Forty healthy participants underwent a task manipulating the offset predictability of resistive load‐induced dyspnea including one unloaded safety condition. Respiratory variables, self‐reports of dyspnea intensity, dyspnea unpleasantness, and fear were recorded. Moreover, respiratory neural gating was measured in a paired inspiratory occlusion paradigm using electroencephalography, while electrodermal activity, startle eyeblink, and startle probe N100 were assessed as physiological fear indices. Participants reported higher dyspnea unpleasantness and fear when dyspnea offset was unpredictable compared to being predictable. Individuals with high levels of FoS showed the greatest increase in fear and overall higher levels of fear and physiological arousal across all conditions. Respiratory neural gating, startle eyeblink, and startle probe N100 showed general reductions during dyspnea conditions but no difference between unpredictable and predictable dyspnea conditions. Together, the current results suggest that the unpredictable offset of dyspnea amplifies dyspnea perception and fear, especially in individuals with high levels of FoS. These effects were unrelated to respiratory neural gating or physiological fear responses, requiring future studies on underlying mechanisms.
Land‐use change alters the stocks of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in a Haplic Cambisol in the Brazilian semi‐arid region
Authors: Gava Carlos Alberto Tuão , Giongo Vanderlise , Signor Diana , Fernandes‐Júnior Paulo Ivan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLand‐use change (LUC) can impact soil quality. In semi‐arid areas of Brazil, impacts of LUC need to be understood for better soil management. This study evaluated the impact of LUC on soil organic carbon (SOC), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) distributions through the soil profile and stocks of a Haplic‐Cambisol in the Brazilian Semi‐arid region. Three land‐use systems (LUS) were investigated: agricultural management (30 years), regeneration under controlled grazing (25 years) after 5 years arable management, and native dry forest. Soil contents of P, total C, total N, and N fractions were used to calculate stocks and their stoichiometric ratios for layers 0–5, 5–10, 10–20, and 20–40 cm. Data from these LUS were compared using Kruskal–Wallis non‐parametric tests. Changes to soil microbial biomass reflected the substantially reduced SOC concentration and stock in managed soils compared with that of the natural dry forest area. Total N stock was not affected by LUC, although increases in nitrate and ammonium offset a significantly reduced organic N fraction in the agricultural area. The largest P stock was found in agricultural land, followed by the grazed fallow regeneration site. LUC significantly influenced the stoichiometric ratio of C, N, and P, with the change from Caatinga to agriculture affecting the equilibrium between organic residues’ input and mineralization. LUC resulted in significant changes to C, N, and P stocks, which did not recover to the original values, even after 25 years of regeneration under controlled grazing.
The impact of ABO blood groups on clinical outcomes and susceptibility to COVID‐19: A retrospective study in an unselected population
Authors: Al‐Youha Sarah A. , Alduaij Waleed , Al‐Serri Ahmad , Almazeedi Sulaiman M. , Al‐Haddad Mohannad , Jamal Mohammad H. , Shih Andrew W. , Al‐Sabah Salman K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundABO blood groups have been linked to susceptibility to infection with certain microorganisms, including coronaviruses. We examined the relationship between blood group and clinical outcomes in individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) and compared their blood group distribution with the general population.MethodsAt the inception of the pandemic, all individuals testing positive for SARS‐CoV‐2 in Kuwait were admitted to one designated coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) hospital and enrolled in a prospective registry. Patients admitted from February 24 to May 27, 2020, were stratified according to blood group. As a control, blood groups of 3,730,027 anonymized individuals representing almost Kuwait's entire population were obtained from a national database.ResultsOf 3305 SARS‐CoV‐2–positive patients, 37.1%, 25.5%, 28.9%, and 8.5% were groups O, A, B, and AB, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed no significant differences in severe clinical outcomes or death among the blood groups. However, multivariable analysis demonstrated that group A individuals had higher odds of developing pneumonia compared with non–group A (adjusted odds ratio 1.32, 95% confidence interval 1.02–1.72, p < .036). Compared with the general population, the COVID‐19 cohort had a lower frequency of group O, equivalent frequency of A, and higher frequency of B and AB. No significant difference in the RhD group was found.ConclusionThis study supports potential involvement of the ABO blood group system in predisposing to infection with SARS‐CoV‐2 in an unselected population. Examination of the mechanistic link between blood group and COVID‐19 and its implications on controlling the current pandemic is warranted.
Shrink-Fit Stresses and Deformations
Authors: Rankin A. W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper are derived the expressions for the stresses in a solid cylinder of infinite length caused by the action of an applied radial stress distributed uniformly over a single circumferential ring of finite length on the surface of the cylinder. An example of stresses of this type would be a long solid shaft with a uniform pressure applied on the surface for a short axial length. The practical worth of the results presented in this paper lie in their approximate applications to shrink fits. Test measurements of shaft deformations due to shrink pressures are included to illustrate the application of the theoretical results.
Strengthening of Circular Holes in Plates Under Edge Loads
Authors: Beskin Leon 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, stress distributions are determined around strengthened circular holes in plates submitted to edge loads at infinity. Various proportions of circular strengthenings are considered, and three conditions of applied edge loads are investigated; uniform hydrostatic stress, uniform shearing stress, uniform axial stress. Stress distributions are found by methods of theory of elasticity, and the results are given in the form of stress-concentration factors. In order to reduce the results to a common basis, the stress-concentration factors have been defined by the ratio of the critical stress, computed by the distortion-energy theory, to the critical stress at infinity, which is the critical stress in the plate without hole.
Flow in a Simulated Turbine Blade Cooling Channel With Spatially Varying Roughness Caused by Additive Manufacturing Orientation
Authors: McClain Stephen T. , Hanson David R. , Cinnamon Emily , Snyder Jacob C. , Kunz Robert F. , Thole Karen A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Because of the effects of gravity acting on the melt region created during the laser sintering process, additively manufactured surfaces that are pointed upward have been shown to exhibit roughness characteristics different from those seen on surfaces that point downward. For this investigation, the roughness internal flow tunnel (RIFT) and computational fluid dynamics models were used to investigate flow in channels with different roughness on opposing walls of the channel. Three rough surfaces were employed for the investigation. Two of the surfaces were created using scaled, structured-light scans of the upskin and downskin surfaces of an Inconel 718 component which was created at a 45 deg angle to the printing surface and documented by Snyder et al. (2015). A third rough surface was created for the RIFT investigation using a structured-light scan of a surface similar to the Inconel 718 downskin surface, but a different scaling was used to provide larger roughness elements in the RIFT. The resulting roughness dimensions (Rq/Dh) of the three surfaces used were 0.0064, 0.0156, and 0.0405. The friction coefficients were measured over the range of 10,000 &lt; ReDh &lt; 70,000 for each surface opposed by a smooth wall and opposed by each of the other rough walls. At multiple ReDh values, x-array hot-film anemometry was used to characterize the velocity and turbulence profiles for each roughness combination. The friction factor variations for each rough wall opposed by a smooth wall approached complete turbulence. However, when rough surfaces were opposed, the surfaces did not reach complete turbulence over the Reynolds number range investigated. The results of inner variable analysis demonstrate that the roughness function (ΔU+) becomes independent of the roughness condition of the opposing wall providing evidence that Townsend’s hypothesis holds for the relative roughness values expected for additively manufactured turbine blade cooling passages.
Experiment-Based Preliminary Design Guidelines for Consideration of Profile Vortex Shedding From Low-Speed Axial Fan Blades
Authors: Daku Gábor , Vad János 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents hot-wire measurements in a wind tunnel, close downstream of basic models of blade sections being representative for low-speed, low-Reynolds number axial fans, in order to explore the signatures of vortex shedding (VS) from the blade profiles. Using the Rankine-type vortex approach, an analytical model was developed on the velocity fluctuation represented by the vortex streets, as an aid in evaluating the experimental data. The signatures of profile VS were distinguished from blunt trailing-edge VS based on Strouhal numbers obtained from the measurements in a case-specific manner. Utilizing the experimental results, the semi-empirical model available in the literature for predicting the frequency of profile VS was extended to low-speed axial fan applications. On this basis, quantitative guidelines were developed for the consideration of profile VS in preliminary design of axial fans in the moderation of VS-induced blade vibration and noise emission.
Experimental Investigation on a Thin-Loop Heat Pipe With New Evaporator Structure
Authors: Ueno A. , Tomita S. , Nagano H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents thin-loop heat pipes (tLHPs) with evaporator thickness of 1 mm and a one-way transport length of 200 mm. Grooves and liquid cores are mounted on the evaporator case in the design of a flat evaporator. Liquid cores play a critical role in reducing the pressure drop in the wick and in increasing the path length for heat transfer. A one-dimensional steady model was applied to the design of the tLHP. New tLHPs with thin evaporator (26 × 24 × t1 mm3) were fabricated by a three-dimensional printer. First, two kinds of tLHP systems were (type-1) fabricated with different wick materials—microglass paper (MGP) and Shirasu porous glass (SPG). Ethanol was selected as a working fluid. The experimental results showed the both LHPs can transport heat up to 12 W. Second, the evaporator structure was modified based on the experimental results with the type-1 tLHP, and the tLHP with SPG wick (type-2) was fabricated. The experimental results demonstrated the stable operation. The operation temperature was 83 °C, and the thermal resistance became 1.98 °C/W. The power cycle test at the range of a heat load from 5 to 10 W was also conducted. No temperature hysteresis was observed during three cycles.
<p class="Body"><strong>The effects of bifenazate on life history traits and population growth of <em>Amblyseius swirskii</em> Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae)</strong></p>
Authors: Havasi Mohammadreza , Alsendi Ayad , Bozhgani Nniloufar Sangak Sani , Kheradmand Katayoon , Sadeghi Reza 
Published: March 2021

Tetranychus urticae Koch (Acari: Tetranychidae) is a notorious crop pest with a worldwide distribution that has developed resistance to a wide range of acaricides. Combined tactics of pest management have special significance not only for a reduction in pesticide residues but also to maintain the natural enemy activity, which is an objective of IPM programs. Here, we investigated the effect of low-lethal concentrations of bifenazate at LC10, LC20, and LC30 on development and reproduction parameters of Amblyseius swirskii Athias-Henriot (Acari: Phytoseiidae). Lethal and sub-lethal concentrations were estimated using leaf dip bioassay method. The crude data were analyzed based on age-stage, two-sex life table analysis. Toxicological assays showed bifenazate treatments gradually decreased the longevity and total life span of both sexes. Our results indicated that reproductive and total fecundity of the next generation were also affected by sublethal concentrations. All concentrations caused a significant decline in oviposition days, compared to the control. The intrinsic rate of increase (rm) varied from 0.1344 to 0.1151 day-1 for the mites treated with distilled water and LC30 treatments, respectively. The finite rate of increase (λ) was affected by the acaricide concentration (lowest at LC30 concentration: 1.1221 day-1). Bifenazate concentration (LC10, LC20 and LC30) treatments gradually reduced the gross reproduction rate (GRR) and net reproductive rate (R0). Based on obtained results from current study, bifenazate is not a favorable acaricide with A. swiriskii and cannot be recommended to use with this predatory mite in integrated management.
What is the financial burden to patients of accessing surgical care in Sierra Leone? A cross-sectional survey of catastrophic and impoverishing expenditure
Authors: Phull Manraj , Grimes Caris E , Kamara Thaim B , Wurie Haja , Leather Andy J M , Davies Justine 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesTo measure the financial burden associated with accessing surgical care in Sierra Leone.DesignA cross-sectional survey conducted with patients at the time of discharge from tertiary-level care. This captured demographics, yearly household expenditure, direct medical, direct non-medical and indirect costs for surgical care, and summary household assets. Missing data were imputed.SettingThe main tertiary-level hospital in Freetown, Sierra Leone.Participants335 surgical patients under the care of the hospital surgical team receiving operative or non-operative surgical care on the surgical wards.Outcome measuresRates of catastrophic expenditure (a cost >10% of annual expenditure), impoverishment (being pushed into, or further into, poverty as a result of surgical care costs), amount of out-of-pocket (OOP) costs and means used to meet these costs were derived.ResultsOf 335 patients interviewed, 39% were female and 80% were urban dwellers. Median yearly household expenditure was US$3569. Mean OOP costs were US$243, of which a mean of US$24 (10%) was spent prehospital. Of costs incurred during the hospital admission, direct medical costs were US$138 (63%) and US$34 (16%) were direct non-medical costs. US$46 (21%) were indirect costs. Catastrophic expenditure affected 18% of those interviewed. Concerning impoverishment, 45% of patients were already below the national poverty line prior to admission, and 9% of those who were not were pushed below the poverty line following payment for surgical care. 84% of patients used household savings to meet OOP costs. Only 2% (six patients) had health insurance.ConclusionObtaining surgical care has substantial economic impacts on households that pushes them into poverty or further into poverty. The much-needed scaling up of surgical care needs to be accompanied by financial risk protection.
Experiences and perceptions of patients with psoriatic arthritis participating in a trial of faecal microbiota transplantation: a nested qualitative study
Authors: Kragsnaes Maja Skov , Sødergren Shaun Theodor , Kjeldsen Jens , Horn Hans Christian , Munk Heidi Lausten , Pedersen Jens Kristian , Klinkby Camilla Schufri , de Wit Maarten , Ahlmark Nanna Gram , Tjørnhøj-Thomsen Tine , Ellingsen Torkell 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesPatients’ first-hand experiences of faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) performed in a rheumatological care setting have yet to be elucidated. The objectives were to explore participants’ perceptions of being part of an FMT trial thereby identifying potential trial participation effects and enlightening the patient perspective on the outlook for future FMT trials in rheumatic diseases.DesignIn a qualitative study nested within a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial (RCT) testing FMT as a potential new antirheumatic treatment, semistructured telephone interviews were conducted following the trial participants’ final 26-week visit. Qualitative researchers, who did not take part in the main trial, performed the interviews and the primary analysis. The experiences explored related to the conduct of the RCT and changes in the participants’ everyday life. The analysis was carried out using a thematic approach.SettingA Danish rheumatology university outpatient clinic with nationwide inclusion.ParticipantsThe study included 10 patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) who were unaware of their treatment allocation (FMT/sham transplantation) and completed the final 26-week trial visit.ResultsParticipation in the RCT influenced the patients’ understanding of PsA and induced positive changes in their everyday life. Renewed hopes for the future in addition to a feeling of enhanced care contributed to significant trial participation effects. FMT was deemed a tolerable and safe treatment.ConclusionsDiscrepancies between the clinical and the research setting should be considered when discussing the clinical relevance of the results of the RCT. Overall, patients with PsA who have participated in an RCT testing FMT find the treatment acceptable and safe encouraging more research into the field of microbiota-targeted interventions in rheumatic diseases.Trial registration numberNCT03058900; Pre-results.