bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Malignancy in MNG: Final Histopathology Perspective
Authors: Waheed Abdul , Mehar Ghulam Shabir , Dogar Muhammad Razzaq , Hussain Junaid , Kumar Amrat , Pathan Ahmed Hussain 
Published: June 2021

Objective: To determine the malignancy in multinodular goiter by doing final histopathology of specimen.
Study Design: This is an observational study.
Setting: Study carried out in the department of ENT, Head & Neck Surgery of Khairpur Medical College Hospital Khairpur, from August 2016 to July 2019.
Materials and Methods: All those patients with MNG with or without thyrotoxicosis were selected and advised for Thyroid function tests, ultrasound thyroid and serum calcium level. FNAC was performed only in cases with suspicious nodule. All the patients under went total/near total thyroidectomy after all base line routine investigations along with thyroid function tests. Histopathological evaluation was also conducted.
Results: Out of total 70 patients with MNG, 17 (24.3%) cases were suspected of malignancy. Out of 17 suspicious cases, FNAc showed colloid goiter in 8 (47%), follicular in 7 (41%) cases and papillary in 2 (12%) cases. Final histopathology showed total 5 (29%) cases as malignant and remaining 12 (71%) cases were benign. Out of 5 malignant cases, 4 (80%) cases were papillary and 1 (20%) cases were Follicular cell carcinoma. While other 53 (75.7%) cases under went for near total thyroidectomy and specimens sent for histopathology, among these only 1 (2%) case found as Papillary cell Carcinoma. Total 6 cases were malignant out of which in which 5 cases were Papillary cell Carcinoma and one was Follicular cell Carcinoma.
Conclusion: We conclude that multinodular goiter is the most prevalent thyroid disease found in female. Follicular thyroid carcinoma is the most frequent cancer seen in this study.
Artificial intelligence in tumor subregion analysis based on medical imaging: A review
Authors: Lin Mingquan , Wynne Jacob F. , Zhou Boran , Wang Tonghe , Lei Yang , Curran Walter J. , Liu Tian , Yang Xiaofeng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMedical imaging is widely used in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, and artificial intelligence (AI) has achieved tremendous success in medical image analysis. This paper reviews AI‐based tumor subregion analysis in medical imaging. We summarize the latest AI‐based methods for tumor subregion analysis and their applications. Specifically, we categorize the AI‐based methods by training strategy: supervised and unsupervised. A detailed review of each category is presented, highlighting important contributions and achievements. Specific challenges and potential applications of AI in tumor subregion analysis are discussed.
Marrying Ester Group with Lithium Salt: Cellulose‐Acetate‐Enabled LiF‐Enriched Interface for Stable Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Chen Mei , Zheng Jianhui , Liu Yujing , Sheng Ouwei , Ju Zhijin , Lu Gongxun , Liu Tiefeng , Wang Yao , Nai Jianwei , Wang Qian , Tao Xinyong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe practical applications of high‐energy‐density lithium (Li) metal batteries (LMB) have been hindered by the formation and growth of Li dendrites. Homogenizing the Li‐ion flux to suppress Li dendrites by regulating the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) originating from electrolyte degradation is necessary but still challenging. Herein, ion‐affiliative cellulose acetate (CA) with functional Li salts is prepared to generate the SEI with fast Li+ diffusion kinetics. First, the correlations between the functional ester group and LiN(CF3SO2)2 (LiTFSI) are theoretically and experimentally identified, where CO strongly adsorbed N(CF3SO2)2− through electrostatic interaction to enhance the charge‐transfer‐promoted decomposition of LiTFSI. Furthermore, the CA with ex situ doped LiTFSI amplifies this fluorinated degradation effect, and the LiF‐enriched SEI nanostructure is consequently established in situ, as confirmed by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy. As a result, the dendritic Li growth during cycling is efficiently suppressed, and the lifespan is prolonged by more than six times at a high current density of 3 mA cm−2. This study provides insights into the interphase design for realizing ultrastable LMB.
Obtaining Reversible, High Contrast Electrochromism, Electrofluorochromism, and Photochromism in an Aqueous Hydrogel Device Using Chromogenic Thiazolothiazoles
Authors: Adams Tyler J. , Brotherton Andrew R. , Molai Jordana A. , Parmar Natasha , Palmer Jonathan R. , Sandor Kristin A. , Walter Michael G. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThere have been an increasing number of materials developed that show multifunctional chromogenic properties (such as electrochromism, electrofluorochromism, or photochromism), but to date, few materials have shown all three properties. Materials that are electrochemically and optically active are attractive for a diverse set of applications that include smart‐windows, lighting, sensing, energy production, and conservation. This is especially attractive for building developers interested in adaptive or environmentally responsive façades. Achieving systems made from cost‐effective, readily synthesized materials will make them easy to utilize in a variety of fields. Low‐cost devices are developed using water‐soluble, chromogenic thiazolo(5,4‐d)thiazole (TTz) dyes that show high device performance in three areas: electrochromism, electrofluorochromism, and photochromism and are all contained within a highly fluorescent aqueous polyvinyl alcohol/borax hydrogel device. The dyes incorporate a rigid, heterocyclic TTz structure that enables the development of devices with excellent reversibility and stable cycling for 250 cycles. The TTz hydrogel‐containing devices also exhibit photochromism under illumination, which can be electrochemically cycled back to the colorless state. In addition, coupling photochromism with electrochromism lowers the power necessary for a comparable electrochromic color change. Last, the hydrogel‐containing devices also show electrofluorochromism, where fluorescence can be turned off by > 90%.
Unveiling the Mechanism of Bulk Spin‐Orbit Torques within Chemically Disordered FexPt1‐x Single Layers
Authors: Zhu Lijun , Ralph Daniel C. , Buhrman Robert A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe recent discovery of spin‐orbit torques (SOTs) within magnetic single‐layers has attracted attention. However, it remains elusive as to how to understand and how to tune the SOTs. Here, utilizing the single layers of chemically disordered FexPt1‐x, the mechanism of the “unexpected” bulk SOTs is unveiled by studying their dependence on the introduction of a controlled vertical composition gradient and temperature. The bulk dampinglike SOT is found to arise from an imbalanced internal spin current that is transversely polarized and independent of the magnetization orientation. The torque can be strong only in the presence of a vertical composition gradient. The SOT efficiency per electric field is insensitive to temperature but changes sign upon reversal of the orientation of the composition gradient, which is analog to the strain behaviors. These characteristics suggest that the imbalanced internal spin current originates from a bulk spin Hall effect and that the associated inversion asymmetry that allows for a non‐zero net torque is most likely a strain non‐uniformity induced by the composition gradient. The fieldlike SOT is a relatively small bulk effect compared to the dampinglike SOT. This study points to the possibility of developing low‐power single‐layer SOT devices by strain engineering.
Strain‐Isolating Materials and Interfacial Physics for Soft Wearable Bioelectronics and Wireless, Motion Artifact‐Controlled Health Monitoring
Authors: Rodeheaver Nathan , Herbert Robert , Kim Yun‐Soung , Mahmood Musa , Kim Hojoong , Jeong Jae‐Woong , Yeo Woon‐Hong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRecent developments of micro‐sensors and flexible electronics allow for the manufacturing of health monitoring devices, including electrocardiogram (ECG) detection systems for inpatient monitoring and ambulatory health diagnosis, by mounting the device on the chest. Although some commercial devices in reported articles show examples of a portable recording of ECG, they lose valuable data due to significant motion artifacts. Here, a new class of strain‐isolating materials, hybrid interfacial physics, and soft material packaging for a strain‐isolated, wearable soft bioelectronic system (SIS) is reported. The fundamental mechanism of sensor‐embedded strain isolation is defined through a combination of analytical and computational studies and validated by dynamic experiments. Comprehensive research of hard‐soft material integration and isolation mechanics provides critical design features to minimize motion artifacts that can occur during both mild and excessive daily activities. A wireless, fully integrated SIS that incorporates a breathable, perforated membrane can measure real‐time, continuous physiological data, including high‐quality ECG, heart rate, respiratory rate, and activities. In vivo demonstration with multiple subjects and simultaneous comparison with commercial devices captures the SIS's outstanding performance, offering real‐world, continuous monitoring of the critical physiological signals with no data loss over eight consecutive hours in daily life, even with exaggerated body movements.
Tetrabutylammonium‐Intercalated 1T‐MoS2 Nanosheets with Expanded Interlayer Spacing Vertically Coupled on 2D Delaminated MXene for High‐Performance Lithium‐Ion Capacitors
Authors: Wang Lei , Zhang Xiong , Xu Yanan , Li Chen , Liu Wenjie , Yi Sha , Wang Kai , Sun Xianzhong , Wu Zhong‐Shuai , Ma Yanwei 
Published: June 2021

Abstract2D 1T phase MoS2 (1T‐MoS2) nanosheet with metallic conductivity and expanded interlayer spacing is considered as a highly potential lithium storage electrode material but remains thermodynamic instability in aqueous media, seriously hindering the electrochemical performance. Herein, a versatile strategy is proposed for the preparation of thermodynamically stable 1T‐MoS2/MXene heterostructures with the aid of delaminated Ti3C2Tx MXene (d‐Ti3C2Tx) dispersion containing tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. The 2D d‐Ti3C2Tx provides more uniform nucleation sites for MoS2, and the TBA+ ions can intercalate into MoS2 to induce the phase conversion from semiconducting 2H to 1T. Moreover, the electrochemical advantages of 1T‐MoS2 and d‐Ti3C2Tx can be united by the construction of a well‐organized heterostructure. Outstanding rate performance is realized because of extra‐large interlayer space of 1T MoS2 with TBA+ intercalation and decreased energy barrier for fast Li+ diffusion. Subsequently, a lithium‐ion capacitor (LIC) is assembled based on 1T‐MoS2/d‐Ti3C2Tx as anode and hierarchically porous graphene nanocomposite with micro/mesoporous structure as a cathode. The LIC exhibits a large energy density up to 188 Wh kg−1, an ultra‐high power density of 13 kW kg−1, together with remarkable capacity retention of 83% after 5000 cycles. This study demonstrates the great promise of 1T‐MoS2/d‐Ti3C2Tx heterostructures as anode for high‐performance LICs.
Additive Manufacturing of Multi‐Scale Porous Soft Tissue Implants That Encourage Vascularization and Tissue Ingrowth
Authors: Coulter Fergal B. , Levey Ruth E. , Robinson Scott T. , Dolan Eimear B. , Deotti Stefano , Monaghan Michael , Dockery Peter , Coulter Brian S. , Burke Liam P. , Lowery Aoife J. , Beatty Rachel , Paetzold Ryan , Prendergast James J. , Bellavia Gabriella , Straino Stefania , Cianfarani Francesca , Salamone Monica , Bruno Carmelo M. , Moerman Kevin M. , Ghersi Giulio , Duffy Garry P. , O'Cearbhaill Eoin D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMedical devices, such as silicone‐based prostheses designed for soft tissue implantation, often induce a suboptimal foreign‐body response which results in a hardened avascular fibrotic capsule around the device, often leading to patient discomfort or implant failure. Here, it is proposed that additive manufacturing techniques can be used to deposit durable coatings with multiscale porosity on soft tissue implant surfaces to promote optimal tissue integration. Specifically, the “liquid rope coil effect”, is exploited via direct ink writing, to create a controlled macro open‐pore architecture, including over highly curved surfaces, while adapting atomizing spray deposition of a silicone ink to create a microporous texture. The potential to tailor the degree of tissue integration and vascularization using these fabrication techniques is demonstrated through subdermal and submuscular implantation studies in rodent and porcine models respectively, illustrating the implant coating's potential applications in both traditional soft tissue prosthetics and active drug‐eluting devices.
Acridine‐Based Covalent Organic Framework Photosensitizer with Broad‐Spectrum Light Absorption for Antibacterial Photocatalytic Therapy
Authors: Zhang Cuiping , Guo Jiangna , Zou Xiuyang , Guo Siyu , Guo Yu , Shi Rongwei , Yan Feng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAntibiotic resistance is considered as one of the serious public health issues. Antibacterial photocatalytic therapy, a clinically proven antibacterial therapy, is gaining increasing attention in recent years owing to its high efficacy. Here, an acridine‐based covalent organic framework (COF) photosensitizer, named TPDA, with multiple active sites is synthesized via Schiff base condensation between 2,4,6‐triformylphloroglucinol (TFP) and 3,6‐diaminoacridine (DAA). Owing to the increased conjugation effect of the COF skeleton and outstanding light harvesting ability of DAA, TPDA exhibits a narrow optical band gap (1.6 eV), enhancing light energy transformation and conferring a wide optical absorption spectrum (intensity arbitrary unit > 0.8) ranging from the UV to near‐infrared region. Moreover, TPDA shows high antibacterial activities against both gram‐negative and gram‐positive bacteria within a short time (10 min) of light irradiation and is found to efficiently protect fish from skin infections. Molecular dynamics simulation data show that the introduction of DAA and TFP facilitates the interaction between TPDA and bacteria and is conducive to reactive oxygen species migration, which further improves the antimicrobial performance. These findings indicate the potential of TPDA as a novel photosensitive material for photodynamic therapy.
Orthorhombic Cobalt Ditelluride with Te Vacancy Defects Anchoring on Elastic MXene Enables Efficient Potassium‐Ion Storage
Authors: Xu Xiaodan , Zhang Yelong , Sun Hongyang , Zhou Jianwen , Liu Zheng , Qiu Zhenping , Wang Da , Yang Chao , Zeng Qingguang , Peng Zhangquan , Guo Shaojun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe fast and reversible potassiation/depotassiation of anode materials remains an elusive yet intriguing goal. Herein, a class of the P‐doping‐induced orthorhombic CoTe2 nanowires with Te vacancy defects supported on MXene (o‐P‐CoTe2/MXene) is designed and prepared, taking advantage of the synergistic effects of the conductive o‐P‐CoTe2 arrays with rich Te vacancy defects and the elastic MXene sheets with self‐autoadjustable function. Consequently, the o‐P‐CoTe2/MXene superstructure exhibits boosted potassium‐storage performance, in terms of high reversible capacity (373.7 mAh g−1 at 0.2 A g−1 after 200 cycles), remarkable rate capability (168.2 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1), and outstanding long‐term cyclability (0.011% capacity decay per cycle over 2000 cycles at 2 A g−1), representing the best performance in transition‐metal‐dichalcogenides‐based anodes to date. Impressively, the flexible full battery with o‐P‐CoTe2/MXene anode achieves a satisfying energy density of 275 Wh kg−1 and high bending stability. The kinetics analysis and first‐principles calculations reveal superior pseudocapacitive property, high electronic conductivity, and favorable K+ ion adsorption and diffusion capability, corroborating fast K+ ion storage. Especially, ex situ characterizations confirm o‐P‐CoTe2/MXene undergoes reversible evolutions of initially proceeding with the K+ ion insertion, followed by the conversion reaction mechanism.
Photoluminescence of Fully Inorganic Colloidal Gold Nanocluster and Their Manipulation Using Surface Charge Effects
Authors: Ziefuss Anna R. , Steenbock Torben , Benner Dominik , Plech Anton , Göttlicher Jörg , Teubner Melissa , Grimm‐Lebsanft Benjamin , Rehbock Christoph , Comby‐Zerbino Clothilde , Antoine Rodolphe , Amans David , Chakraborty Indranath , Bester Gabriel , Nachev Milen , Sures Bernd , Rübhausen Michael , Parak Wolfgang J. , Barcikowski Stephan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFully inorganic, colloidal gold nanoclusters (NCs) constitute a new class of nanomaterials that are clearly distinguishable from their commonly studied metal–organic ligand‐capped counterparts. As their synthesis by chemical methods is challenging, details about their optical properties remain widely unknown. In this work, laser fragmentation in liquids is performed to produce fully inorganic and size‐controlled colloidal gold NCs with monomodal particle size distributions and an fcc‐like structure. Results reveal that these NCs exhibit highly pronounced photoluminescence with quantum yields of 2%. The emission behavior of small (2–2.5 nm) and ultrasmall (<1 nm) NCs is significantly different and dominated by either core‐ or surface‐based emission states. It is further verified that emission intensities are a function of the surface charge density, which is easily controllable by the pH of the surrounding medium. This experimentally observed correlation between surface charge and photoluminescence emission intensity is confirmed by density functional theoretical simulations, demonstrating that fully inorganic NCs provide an appropriate material to bridge the gap between experimental and computational studies of NCs. The presented study deepens the understanding of electronic structures in fully inorganic colloidal gold NCs and how to systematically tune their optical properties via surface charge density and particle size.
Understanding Nanoscale Topology–Adhesion Relationships Via Support Vector Regression
Authors: Khatri Nava Raj , Ji Xin , Minsky Helen K. , Jiang Yijie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAdhesion is an important property related to interfacial failure and is crucial in nanofabrication, nanodevices, and biomedicine. Nanoscale roughness significantly reduces the adhesion predicted by classical mechanical models. To quantify the adhesion, an intrinsic traction–separation relation is required. Previous investigations establish traction separation laws with pre‐assumed forms and use statistical topological parameters to summarize details of roughness. Here, support vector regression (SVR) is performed on nanoscale topology–adhesion correlated atomic force microscopy (AFM) data to establish a data‐driven traction–separation relation. Instead of using statistical parameters, full details of the roughness are used as input features. Over 200 000 topological data sets are analyzed and an accurate prediction of adhesion with R2 more than 0.98 is achieved. More importantly, a traction–separation relation is derived from an SVR‐based machine learning process, followed by validation via finite element analysis. This work presents an AFM–SVR integrated approach to characterize nanoscale adhesion that can be generalized for different materials and interfaces.
Engineering Dual Active Sites at the Interface between Nanoporous Pt and Nanosized CeO2 to Enhance Photo‐Thermocatalytic CO Oxidation
Authors: Qi Fugong , Zhang Jinfeng , Song Lizhu , Niu Shiyu , Yang Zhenwen , Wang Ying , Qiu Qiwen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEffective catalytic oxidation of toxic emissions at low temperatures has great significance on environmental protection. Herein, a novel structure of Pt/CeO2 catalyst, composed of abundant CeO2 clusters captured by nanoporous Pt particles, is designed to enhance the photo‐thermocatalytic CO oxidation by boosting the amount of active sites. The nanosized CeO2 support is fabricated by vacuum thermal decomposition and then the Pt/CeO2 catalyst with a nanoporous structure is synthesized by a one‐pot solution reduction method in a mild condition. The synthesized catalyst exhibits great low‐temperature CO catalytic oxidation activity, and the temperature for 90% CO conversion is 154 °C, achieving comparable catalytic activity with the single‐atom Pt/CeO2 catalyst. Abundant dual active sites, in terms of active oxygen absorbed on the oxygen vacancies and spillover from ceria to Pt, and active Pt sites located near the perimeter of the Pt–CeO2 interface, are formed to improve the photo‐thermocatalytic activity for CO oxidation.
Stable Ultrathin Perovskite/Polyvinylidene Fluoride Composite Films for Imperceptible Multi‐Color Fluorescent Anti‐Counterfeiting Labels
Authors: Sun Junlu , Hua Qilin , Zhao Mengqi , Dong Lin , Chang Yu , Wu Wenqiang , Li Jing , Chen Qiushuo , Xi Jianguo , Hu Weiguo , Pan Caofeng , Shan Chongxin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAs an essential part of information security in the Internet of Things (IoT), fluorescent labels possess a principal portion of anti‐counterfeiting due to its easy fabrication, low cost, and high yield. Here an ultrathin, stable, and patterned multi‐color fluorescent label with perovskite/polyvinylidene fluoride composite film is presented, which registers a resolution of 56.4 dpi and almost maintains its original fluorescent intensity after being immersed in water for 120 h. The variable color of fluorescent labels will improve the anti‐counterfeiting dimensions for the information security due to precise halogen constitutions. The imperceptible fluorescent labels are typically with a thickness of 1.2 um and a weight of 1.2 mg. They can be conformally adhered on the arbitrary curved substrate as the intelligent multi‐color fluorescent anti‐counterfeiting labels for IoT applications.
Cyclic Thermal Effects on Devices of Two‐Dimensional Layered Semiconducting Materials
Authors: Kim Yeonsu , Kaczer Ben , Verreck Devin , Grill Alexander , Kim Doyoon , Song Jaeick , Diaz‐Fortuny Javier , Vici Andrea , Park Jongseon , Van Beek Simon , Simicic Marko , Bury Erik , Chasin Adrian , Linten Dimitri , Lee Jaewoo , Chun Jungu , Kim Seongji , Seo Beumgeun , Choi Junhee , Shim Joon Hyung , Lee Kookjin , Kim Gyu‐Tae 
Published: June 2021

AbstractField‐effect transistors (FETs), using transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD) as channels, have various types of interfaces, and their characteristics are sensitively changed in temperature and electrical stress. In this article, the effect of fast cyclic thermal stress on the performance of FETs using TMD as a channel is investigated and introduced. The Al2O3 passivation layer is deposited onto the TMD channel by atomic layer deposition process, and the hysteresis decreases and the direction changes from clockwise to counterclockwise. Applying cyclic thermal stress that rapidly heats and cools by 90 K in a 20 s cycle increases and decreases drain current repeatedly as charges move between the TMD channel and the interface traps. As cyclic thermal stress is applied, permanent interfacial damage occurs, resulting in increased interface trap density at the bottom and decreased hysteresis. These experimental results are also shown through technology computer‐aided design simulations. In addition, series resistance and mobility attenuation factor increase due to the concentration of the conduction paths at the bottom of the channel.