bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of dual antiplatelet non-adherence after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with or without history of myocardial infarction
Authors: Chiarito M , Baber U , Cao D , Zhang Z , Nicholas J , Nardin M , Steg PG , Colombo A , Dangas G , Pocock S , Mehran R 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: None.

OnBehalf
PARIS (patterns of non-adherence to antiplatelet regimen in stented patients)

INTRODUCTION
In patients with myocardial infarction (MI) predisposition to atherothrombosis may persist for years, and prolonged DAPT could be beneficial in these high-risk group. Similarly, premature dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) cessation seems to increase the risk of adverse events after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). If DAPT non-adherence could have an enhanced impact on prognosis in patients with prior MI is still an uncharted territory.

METHODS
in this prospective, observational, multicentre registry we enrolled all patients undergoing PCI with stent implantation in 15 clinical sites in USA and Europe and discharged with DAPT. Prespecified categories for DAPT cessation included physician recommended discontinuation, brief interruption (for surgery), or disruption (non-compliance or because of bleeding). Using Cox models with time-varying covariates, we examined the effect of DAPT cessation on major adverse cardiac events (MACE, primary endpoint, composite of cardiac death, definite or probable stent thrombosis, myocardial infarction, or target-lesion revascularization), its single components, and if patients with prior MI had different rate of DAPT cessation or MACE.

RESULTS
patients with prior MI (n = 1214; 24.2%) presented more often with cardiovascular risk factors compared to patients without prior MI (n = 3804, 75.8%). Interruption rate was similar among the two groups. Patients with prior MI had lower rate of any DAPT discontinuation and disruption compared to patients without prior MI. This notwithstanding, patients with prior MI had increased 2-year rates of MACE (adjusted hazard ratio 1.41, 95% confidence interval 1.20 - 1.67) and its single components (with the exception of definite or probable stent thrombosis), irrespective of DAPT non-adherence (p interaction= 0.983).

CONCLUSION
in this real world cohort of patients undergoing PCI with stent implantation, patients with prior MI, despite lower rate of DAPT non-adherence, had worse prognosis than patients without prior MI. New antithrombotic strategies are needed to improve the bleeding/ischemic trade-off in patients with prior MI and their outcome after PCI.
Patient-reported experiences and preferences with intraoral scanners: a systematic review
Authors: Christopoulou Isidora , Kaklamanos Eleftherios G , Makrygiannakis Miltiadis A , Bitsanis Ilias , Tsolakis Apostolos I 
Published: April 2021

Summary

Background
Intraoral scanners have become an increasingly popular alternative to conventional impression methods. Although their accuracy and validity have been examined thoroughly, patient-reported information including experiences, preferences, and satisfaction has not yet been investigated in a systematic way.

Objective
The objective of this systematic review is to investigate the available data and appraise the evidence on patient-reported experiences and preferences following impression taking with intraoral scanners.

Search methods
Unrestricted search of seven databases (Pubmed, CENTRAL, Cochrane reviews, Scopus, Web of Science, Clinical Trials, and ProQuest) and grey literature were conducted until October 2020. Detailed search strategies were developed for each database.

Selection criteria
Studies involving individuals of any gender or age, subjected to full arch impression taking with conventional and intraoral scanning methods were eligible for inclusion.

Data collection and analysis
Following the retrieval and selection of the studies, data extraction was performed. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the RoB 2 and ROBINS-I tools.

Results
From the initially identified records, nine studies [eight crossover (two of them randomized) and one parallel group] were eventually included in the present systematic review. Randomized studies were shown, overall, to have some concerns regarding bias, whereas the non-randomized studies were found to be at serious risk, mainly because of bias due to confounding. All studies demonstrated some benefit in favour of intraoral scanning compared with conventional techniques. More positive feelings were generally observed with the intraoral scanners regarding smell, taste, sound, vibration, nausea, and queasiness. Overall, comfort assessment mostly favoured digital methods. No differences were found concerning the level of anxiety between the two methods. Among the included studies, time perception was a parameter leading to contradictory results.

Limitations
These emerge due to the nature and characteristics of the information retrieved from the included studies. The validation of the instruments to capture patient-reported outcomes needs to be further elaborated.

Conclusions
Intraoral scanners seem to be a promising new asset in the orthodontic office from the perspective of individuals’ experiences and preferences. Nevertheless, to investigate patient-reported outcomes correctly, further high-quality studies are required in the future.

Registration
Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/ayug2/)
The Effect of Photos and a Local-Sounding Name on Discrimination against Ethnic Minorities in Austria. A Field Experiment
Authors: Weichselbaumer Doris , Schuster Julia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A large body of research documents the existence of discrimination against migrants and ethnic minorities in the labour market. This study experimentally investigates for Austria, to what degree employment discrimination against ethnic minorities is mitigated, when they abstain from following the Austrian norm of including a photograph to their job application that would make their ethnicity salient or when they hold a local-sounding name. We apply social identity theory to explain why such mitigation may occur. In our correspondence test, using a single application design, we found that with matching ethnic names and ethnic photographs, black but not Asian job applicants suffered from discrimination. Discrimination was reduced for blacks (but not Asians) when they held a local-sounding name. Although photographs may facilitate ethnic discrimination, we did not find that their omission improved minorities’ relative employment chances. On the contrary, Asians were penalized for leaving out their photograph. Indeed, if candidates did not attach photos despite the convention to do so, we found statistically significant discrimination not only against black, but also Asian applicants.
Earnings and Income Penalties for Motherhood: Estimates for British Women Using the Individual Synthetic Control Method
Authors: Vagni Giacomo , Breen Richard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Using data from the British Household Panel Survey and focusing on women who became mothers between 1995 and 2005, we estimate the motherhood penalty for women’s own earnings and for the total income of their household: that is, we consider the extent to which motherhood carries a penalty not only for a mother but also for her family. We adopt an approach that differs from those previously employed in research on motherhood penalties: we follow Hernán and Robins, setting up our data as a ‘target trial’, and we analyse it using the Individual Synthetic Control method, based on the Synthetic Control approach of Abadie, Diamond and Hainmueller. We find considerable variation in the effect of motherhood on British women’s earnings, but the median penalty is a reduction in medium- and long-term earnings by about 45 per cent relative to what women would have earned if they had remained childless. Motherhood has no effect on average on the income of the woman’s household, but has substantial negative effects for some households. Focusing on both individual and household penalties yields a more complete picture of the distributional consequences of motherhood than hitherto.
Migration, Class Attainment and Social Mobility: An Analysis of Migrants’ Socio-Economic Integration in Italy
Authors: Panichella Nazareno , Avola Maurizio , Piccitto Giorgio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article focuses on the socio-economic integration of ethnic minorities in Italy, combining the literature on migration with research on social stratification. We analyse the ethnic penalty on occupational attainment and career mobility, integrating the origin–education–destination theoretical framework with the migration status. Since ethnic penalty is an ‘umbrella concept’, we also quantify the extent to which it is mediated by differences in education and social origin. Furthermore, adopting a diachronic view of migrants’ class attainment, we verify whether the post-migration downgrading is followed by a recovery during the career, considering also mobility within the working class (standard and non-standard). Our analyses are based on the Multipurpose Survey on Households and Social Condition and Integration of Foreign Citizens. The results show that migrants are penalized in the Italian labour market, remaining largely ‘trapped’ in the working class. This inclusion at the bottom of the class structure reduces their heterogeneity by education and by social origin. Moreover, their penalty increases during the career, except when they move from the non-standard to the standard working class. Finally, we find that the ‘unexplained’ component of ethnic penalty, net of education and social origin, is substantial and increases from the first to the current job.
Sociodemographic features and patterns of non-participation in colorectal cancer screening in Finland
Authors: Jäntti Maija , Heinävaara Sirpa , Malila Nea , Sarkeala Tytti 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening was run as a randomized health services programme in Finland between 2004 and 2016. This study evaluates sociodemographic features and patterns of non-participation among men and women invited to be screened.

Methods
The study population in this register-based study includes 233 211 men and women invited to guaiac faecal occult blood test screening on consecutive screening rounds (n = 708 621 invitations). A generalized estimating equation (GEE) was used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) between sociodemographic features and non-participation.

Results
The overall proportion of non-participation was 31.6% and was higher in men (38.8%) than in women (24.6%). Birth cohort, education, marital status and country of birth were associated with non-participation. The birth cohort of 1950–54 was less likely to participate than the birth cohort of 1940–44. Men and women with primary education were more likely non-participants (IRR 1.26, CI 1.23–1.29 and IRR 1.22, CI 1.18–1.26, respectively) than men or women with tertiary education. Further, unmarried persons and immigrants had an increased risk of non-participation. Initial non-participation predicted subsequent behaviour, since, e.g. ∼80% of first-round non-participants also remained non-participants in the second round.

Conclusion
Education, gender and marital status had a significant effect on non-participation in the CRC screening programme. As high and comprehensive participation is essential for a successful screening programme, attention should be paid in ensuring participation of all sociodemographic groups. Special efforts should be invested in those not participating in the first invitational round, since initial non-participation predicts non-participation to subsequent invitations.
Discriminative-Stimulus Effects of Synthetic Cathinones in Squirrel Monkeys
Authors: Wakeford Alison G P , Sherwood Alexander M , Prisinzano Thomas E , Bergman Jack , Kohut Stephen J , Paronis Carol A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Synthetic cathinones display overlapping behavioral effects with psychostimulants (e.g., methamphetamine [MA]) and/or entactogens (e.g., 3,4-methylenedioxymethaphetamine [MDMA])—presumably reflecting their dopaminergic and/or serotonergic activity. The discriminative stimulus effects of MDMA thought to be mediated by such activity have been well characterized in rodents but have not been fully examined in nonhuman primates.

Methods
The present studies were conducted to systematically evaluate the discriminative stimulus effects of 5 abused synthetic cathinones (methylenedioxypyrovalerone [MDPV], α-pyrrolidinovalerophenone [α-PVP], methcathinone [MCAT], mephedrone, and methylone) in adult male squirrel monkeys trained to distinguish intramuscular injections of MA (0.1 mg/kg; n = 4) or MDMA (0.6 mg/kg; n = 4) from vehicle.

Results
Each training drug produced dose-dependent effects and, at the highest dose, full substitution. MDMA produced predominantly vehicle-like responding in the MA-trained group, whereas the highest dose of MA (0.56 mg/kg) produced partial substitution (approximately 90% appropriate lever responding in one-half of the subjects) in the MDMA-trained group. MDPV, α-PVP, and MCAT produced full substitution in MA-trained subjects, but, at the same or higher doses, only substituted for MDMA in one-half of the subjects, consistent with primarily dopaminergically mediated interoceptive effects. In contrast, mephedrone and methylone fully substituted in MDMA-trained subjects but failed to fully substitute for the training drug in MA-trained subjects, suggesting a primary role for serotonergic actions in their interoceptive effects.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that differences in the interoceptive effects of synthetic cathinones in nonhuman primates reflect differing compositions of monoaminergic actions that also may mediate their subjective effects in humans.
The brain–gut axis, inflammatory bowel disease and bioelectronic medicine
Authors: Eberhardson Michael , Levine Yaakov A , Tarnawski Laura , Olofsson Peder S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The hallmark of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is chronic intestinal inflammation with typical onset in adolescents and young adults. An abundance of neutrophils is seen in the inflammatory lesions, but adaptive immunity is also an important player in the chronicity of the disease. There is an unmet need for new treatment options since modern medicines such as biological therapy with anti-cytokine antibodies still leave a substantial number of patients with persisting disease activity. The role of the central nervous system and its interaction with the gut in the pathophysiology of IBD have been brought to attention both in animal models and in humans after the discovery of the inflammatory reflex. The suggested control of gut immunity by the brain–gut axis represents a novel therapeutic target suitable for bioelectronic intervention. In this review, we discuss the role of the inflammatory reflex in gut inflammation and the recent advances in the treatment of IBD by intervening with the brain–gut axis through bioelectronic devices.
The Common Bed Bug (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) Does Not Commonly Use Canines and Felines as a Host in Low-Income, High-Rise Apartments
Authors: Black M K , Chandler J G , Trout Fryxell R T , Vail K M 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe common bed bug (Cimex lectularius L.) is a known pest and an obligate blood-feeding ectoparasite. Bed bugs can feed on warm-blooded animals including humans, bats, poultry, and rabbits, but no research has investigated the use of companion animals (canines and/or felines) as a blood source. This study investigates how long known host DNA could be detected in a bed bug and the prevalence of bed bugs feeding on companion animals. Laboratory-reared bed bugs were fed host blood to determine how long DNA of human, feline, canine, and rabbit blood could be detected up to 21 d postfeeding. Additionally, 228 bed bugs were collected from 12 apartments with pets (6: canine, 5: feline, and 1: canine and feline), characterized as engorged or unengorged, and then screened with host-specific primers to identify the bloodmeal. Host meals of human, rabbit, feline, and canine blood were detected up to 21 d after feeding laboratory strains. All bed bugs died after feeding on the canine blood, but DNA could be detected up to 21 d post feeding/death. Of the field-collected bed bugs analyzed, human DNA was amplified in 158 (69.3%) bed bugs, canine DNA amplified in 7 bed bugs (3.1%), and feline DNA amplified in 1 bed bug (0.4%). Results of this study suggest that bed bugs predominately feed on humans and rarely feed on companion animals when they cohabitate in low-income, high-rise apartments. Additionally, results from this study warrant future investigations into host use by bed bugs in different housing structures and socioeconomic environments.
The role of amino acid metabolism in signaling and metabolic adaptation to stress-induced energy deficiency in plants
Authors: Heinemann Björn , Hildebrandt Tatjana M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The adaptation of plant metabolism to stress-induced energy deficiency involves profound changes in amino acid metabolism. Anabolic reactions are suppressed, whereas respiratory pathways that use amino acids as alternative substrates are activated. This review highlights recent progress in unraveling the stress-induced amino acid oxidation pathways, their regulation, and the role of amino acids as signaling molecules. We present an updated map of the degradation pathways for lysine and the branched-chain amino acids. The regulation of amino acid metabolism during energy deprivation, including the coordinated induction of several catabolic pathways, is mediated by the balance between TOR and SnRK signaling. Recent findings indicate that some amino acids might act as nutrient signals in TOR activation and thus promote a shift from catabolic to anabolic pathways. The metabolism of the sulfur-containing amino acid cysteine is highly interconnected with TOR and SnRK signaling. Mechanistic details have recently been elucidated for cysteine signaling during the abscisic acid-dependent drought response. Local cysteine synthesis triggers abscisic acid production and, in addition, cysteine degradation produces the gaseous messenger hydrogen sulfide, which promotes stomatal closure via protein persulfidation. Amino acid signaling in plants is still an emerging topic with potential for fundamental discoveries.
Black swans in astronomical data
Authors: Kipping David 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Astronomy has always been propelled by the discovery of new phenomena lacking precedent, often followed by new theories to explain their existence and properties. In the modern era of large surveys tiling the sky at ever high precision and sampling rates, these serendipitous discoveries look set to continue, with recent examples including Boyajian’s Star, Fast Radio Bursts, and ‘Oumuamua. Accordingly, we here look ahead and aim to provide a statistical framework for interpreting such events and providing guidance to future observations, under the basic premise that the phenomenon in question stochastically repeat at some unknown, constant rate, λ. Specifically, expressions are derived for (1) the a posteriori distribution for λ, (2) the a posteriori distribution for the recurrence time, and, (3) the benefit-to-cost ratio of further observations relative to that of the inaugural event. Some rule-of-thumb results for each of these are found to be (1) $\lambda \lt \lbrace 0.7, 2.3, 4.6\rbrace \, t_1^{-1}$ to $\lbrace 50, 90, 95\rbrace {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ confidence (where t1 = time to obtain the first detection), (2) the recurrence time is $t_2 \lt \lbrace 1, 9, 99\rbrace \, t_1$ to $\lbrace 50, 90, 95\rbrace {{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ confidence, with a lack of repetition by time t2 yielding a p-value of 1/[1 + (t2/t1)], and, (3) follow-up for $\lesssim 10\, t_1$ is expected to be scientifically worthwhile under an array of differing assumptions about the object’s intrinsic scientific value. We apply these methods to the Breakthrough Listen Candidate 1 signal and tidal disruption events observed by TESS.
Apostasy in the Baltic Provinces: Religious and National Indifference in Imperial Russia
Authors: Gibson Catherine , Paert Irina 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
There has been a rich body of scholarship in recent years that challenges the accepted idea of the spread of nationalist thinking in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries by highlighting the flexible, ambiguous, opportunistic or instrumental ways in which the inhabitants of central and eastern Europe engaged with ideas about nationhood. However, so far these discussions of ‘national indifference’ have not extensively examined the crossovers with flexible and ambivalent attitudes and actions regarding matters of religion, such as oscillating religious commitment, hybrid forms of religiosity and conversion. This article examines cases of conversion and reconversion (apostasy) between Lutheranism and Orthodoxy in the Baltic provinces of the Russian empire in the second half of the nineteenth century, in order to deepen our understanding of how institutionally determined forms of religious ascription often became blurred at the level of everyday activities as people exercised choice over matters of faith for various personal, social and economic reasons. By extending the concept of national indifference through an examination of religious indifference, the cases under consideration elucidate how confession became entangled with ideas about national and imperial belonging in the late nineteenth century.
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ROWTH REGULATOR regulates cell expansion and cytokinin-mediated cell cycle progression
Authors: Park Joonghyuk , Lee Seungchul , Park Geuntae , Cho Hyunwoo , Choi Daeseok , Umeda Masaaki , Choi Yeonhee , Hwang Daehee , Hwang Ildoo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The cytokinin (CK) phytohormones have long been known to activate cell proliferation in plants. However, how CKs regulate cell division and cell expansion remains unclear. Here, we reveal that a basic helix–loop–helix transcription factor, CYTOKININ-RESPONSIVE GROWTH REGULATOR (CKG), mediates CK-dependent regulation of cell expansion and cell cycle progression in Arabidopsis thaliana. The overexpression of CKG increased cell size in a ploidy-independent manner and promoted entry into the S phase of the cell cycle, especially at the seedling stage. Furthermore, CKG enhanced organ growth in a pleiotropic fashion, from embryogenesis to reproductive stages, particularly of cotyledons. In contrast, ckg loss-of-function mutants exhibited smaller cotyledons. CKG mainly regulates the expression of genes involved in the regulation of the cell cycle including WEE1. We propose that CKG provides a regulatory module that connects cell cycle progression and organ growth to CK responses.
A formative approach to the evaluation of Transformative Innovation Policies
Authors: Molas-Gallart Jordi , Boni Alejandra , Giachi Sandro , Schot Johan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Transformative Innovation Policies (TIPs) assert that addressing the key challenges currently facing our societies requires profound changes in current socio-technical systems. To leverage such ‘socio-technical transitions’ calls for a different, broad mix of research and innovation policies, with particular attention being paid to policy experiments. As TIPs diffuse and gain legitimacy they pose a substantial evaluation challenge: how can we evaluate these policy experiments with a narrow geographical and temporal scope, when the final objective is ambitiously systemic? How can we know whether a specific set of policy experiments is contributing to systemic transformation? Drawing on TIPs principles as developed by and applied in the activities of the Transformative Innovation Policy Consortium and on the concept of transformative outcomes, this article develops an approach to the evaluation of TIPs that is operational and adaptable to different contexts.