bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of EDDY, ultrasonic activation, XP‐endo Finisher and needle irrigation on the removal of mTAP from artificially created grooves in root canals
Authors: Güven Yahya , Uygun Ahmet Demirhan , Arslan Hakan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study analysed the effect of needle irrigation (NI), passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), EDDY and the use of the XP‐endo Finisher (XPF) on the removal of modified triple antibiotic paste (mTAP) from artificially created grooves in root canals. Forty‐eight maxillary incisors were prepared up to size 50, with a standard groove on one surface of the root canal wall and filled with mTAP. Re‐attached roots were analysed based on the activation techniques applied for 180 s with 5 ml 3% sodium hypochlorite. The results showed that EDDY was more effective at removing mTAP than PUI, XPF and needle irrigation (P < 0.05), whereas XPF and PUI were significantly more effective than needle irrigation. (P < 0.05). No significant difference in mTAP removal was observed between XPF and PUI (P > 0.05). These findings suggest that the removal of mTAP can be more efficiently achieved with EDDY than with XPF, PUI or NI.
The potential of closed‐loop endovascular neurostimulation as a viable therapeutic approach for drug‐resistant epilepsy: A critical review
Authors: Opie Nicholas L. , O’Brien Terence J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOver the last few decades, biomedical implants have successfully delivered therapeutic electrical stimulation to reduce the frequency and severity of seizures in people with drug‐resistant epilepsy. However, neurostimulation approaches require invasive surgery to implant stimulating electrodes, and surgical, medical, and hardware complications are not uncommon. An endovascular approach provides a potentially safer and less invasive surgical alternative. This article critically evaluates the feasibility of endovascular closed‐loop neuromodulation for the treatment of epilepsy. By reviewing literature that reported the impact of direct electrical stimulation to reduce the frequency of epileptic seizures, we identified clinically validated extracranial, cortical, and deep cortical neural targets. We identified veins in close proximity to these targets and evaluated the potential of delivering an endovascular implant to these veins based on their diameter. We then compared the risks and benefits of existing technology to describe a benchmark of clinical safety and efficacy that would need to be achieved for endovascular neuromodulation to provide therapeutic benefit. For the majority of brain regions that have been clinically demonstrated to reduce seizure occurrence in response to delivered electrical stimulation, vessels of appropriate diameter for delivery of an endovascular electrode to these regions could be achieved. This includes delivery to the vagus nerve via the 13.2 ± 0.9 mm diameter internal jugular vein, the motor cortex via the 6.5 ± 1.7 mm diameter superior sagittal sinus, and the cerebellum via the 7.7 ± 1.4 mm diameter sigmoid sinus or 6.2 ± 1.4 mm diameter transverse sinus. Deep cerebral targets can also be accessed with an endovascular approach, with the 1.9 ± 0.5 mm diameter internal cerebral vein and 1.2‐mm‐diameter thalamostriate vein lying in close proximity to the anterior and centromedian nuclei of the thalamus, respectively. This work identified numerous veins that are in close proximity to conventional stimulation targets that are of a diameter large enough for delivery and deployment of an endovascular electrode array, supporting future work to assess clinical efficacy and chronic safety of an endovascular approach to deliver therapeutic neurostimulation.
Questions in Psychiatry (QuiP): Is staging bipolar disorder possible? If so, where to begin?
Authors: Malhi Gin S. , Bell Erica 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThe prospect of staging psychiatric disorders has been a source of ongoing controversy since the idea was first proposed in the early 1990s, based on the staging models used for cancer. More recently, several staging models have been proposed for bipolar disorder; however, as yet there is no consensus as to which model (or composite) is best, and there is no substantive evidence in support of any one of the models. The fundamental problem is that, unlike cancer, the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder is essentially unknown. The illness has many neurobiological underpinnings, but whether these are truly causal and if so how they lead to the illness, remains a mystery. As a consequence, there is no way of predicting when the illness will emerge and what trajectory it will take. Its response to treatment and prognosis is equally unpredictable, and therefore, models attempting to stage the disorder on the basis of clinical markers have limited utility. This is especially so, because the clinical presentation of bipolar disorder is particularly complex as it often occurs in the context of comorbidities, which further obscure the clinical picture. Therefore, in this QuiP, we provide insights as to why current methods of staging bipolar disorder are hamstrung and propose a way forward that may yield meaningful insights.
Remote versus early corticosteroid wean outcomes in heart transplant recipients in the contemporary era
Authors: Salgado Benjamin C. , Fida Nadia , Krisl Jill , Berens Pauline M. , Graviss Edward. A. , Nguyen Duc T. , Hussain Imad , Kim Ju H. , Suarez Erik , Trachtenberg Barry , Torre‐Amione Guillermo , Bhimaraj Arvind , Guha Ashrith 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurposeThe risks and benefits of remote corticosteroid weaning in heart transplant recipients more than 2 years post‐transplant are unknown. We compared outcomes in patients undergoing early and remote steroid weaning after heart transplantation.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study (range 09, 1991–04, 2017). Primary outcomes included short‐term and long‐term mortality, allograft dysfunction, and burden of rejection. Secondary outcomes included impact on hemoglobin A1c, lipid panel, bone scan T‐score, and body mass index.Results63 patients underwent corticosteroid weaning between 2012 and 2017. Outcomes of patients weaned early (n = 34; median time from transplant = 1.1 years) were compared with those weaned late (n = 29; median time from transplant = 4.4 years). 52 (82.5%) patients were successfully weaned off corticosteroids. No statistically significant difference in outcomes was found between the early and late weaning groups (p = .20). There were no differences in allograft function (p‐value = .16), incidence of rejection (p = .46), or mortality (p = .15). Improvement in metabolic profile was seen in both groups but was not statistically significant.ConclusionsIn heart transplant recipients, remote vs early weaning of corticosteroids is not associated with significant differences in graft function or the incidence of rejection after 1‐year follow‐up. Moreover, there were no significant differences in survival up to 3 years between the two groups.
HLA‐associated adverse drug reactions ‐ scoping review
Authors: Jeiziner Chiara , Wernli Ursina , Suter Katja , Hersberger Kurt E. , Meyer zu Schwabedissen Henriette E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAlleles of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system have been associated with the occurrence of idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Accordingly, it is assumed that pre‐emptive testing for the presence of certain HLA alleles (HLA‐typing) could prevent these ADRs in carriers. In order to perceive the current evidence for HLA‐associated ADRs, we conducted a scoping review according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA). The literature search on PubMed and on Embase was carried out on the July 8 and 9, 2020, respectively. To be included in the scoping review, the studies had to investigate an association of any HLA‐associated ADR with any small molecule approved and available on the Swiss market. We considered English and German primary literature published since 2002. A total of 149 studies were included, whereof most were retrospective, whereas one was a prospective randomized controlled trial. The majority of the studies (n = 33) described the association of HLA‐B*15:02 with carbamazepine. It was not possible to directly compare the studies, as they were too heterogeneous in terms of the ADR definition, the HLA alleles, the number of participants, and the study types. Therefore, we summarized the results in a descriptive manner. Even if an interpretation of the outcomes remains open, the descriptive overview revealed the prevailing complexity and uncertainty in the field. For the future, consistent definitions on the different phenotypes need to be established and applied and the reporting of association studies should follow a harmonized structure.
Estimating population‐level of alcohol, tobacco and morphine use in a small Russian region using wastewater‐based epidemiology
Authors: Rozhanets Vladimir V. , Thai Phong K. , Silantyev Artemy S. , Gandlevskiy Nikita A. , Connor Jason P. , Eganov Alexander A. , Jang Mongjoo , Pirogov Andrey V. , Shpigun Oleg A. , Priadka Aleksey , Nosyrev Alexander E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionAlcohol, tobacco and illicit drug use combined are the largest modifiable health risk factors. Wastewater‐based epidemiology (WBE) is a complementary approach for monitoring substance use in the population. In this study we applied WBE technique to a community in the Moscow region to estimate population‐level consumption of alcohol, tobacco and morphine.MethodsWastewater sampling was carried out over 47 days, in 2018 and 2019, including the New Year period. Analysis of the samples for consumption biomarkers (ethyl sulphate, cotinine and morphine) were undertaken using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Daily consumption estimates were then compared with sales/production/prescription data and between different days of the week using Mann–Whitney U test.ResultsAlcohol consumption was significantly higher on Sundays and during the New Year and Russian Christmas period compared to weekdays and Saturdays. Tobacco consumption estimates were largely consistent throughout the week. Morphine was detected by WBE during the monitoring period but was inconsistent with prescription record data.Discussion and ConclusionsThis study provides evidence for the feasibility of conducting WBE in Russia. Estimates of alcohol consumption derived from WBE were higher than average alcohol sales data for the country. The estimated consumption of nicotine is generally consistent with the production data, with estimates higher than in most other countries. Our results also suggest potential illegal use of opioids (morphine‐based) in the population. Given the considerable health and economic costs of substance use in Russia, more extensive WBE testing is recommended to inform and evaluate public health policies.
Emerging Ideas. Advancing Family Science Through Public Scholarship: Fostering Community Relationships and Engaging in Broader Impacts
Authors: Monk J. Kale , Bordere Tashel C. , Benson Jacquelyn J. 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo increase the awareness and support for family scientists' engagement in public scholarship.BackgroundWithout appropriate dissemination efforts, important research findings may remain solely in academic journals without reaching the public. Grounded in a social justice perspective, we argue that family scientists are, and should be, on the frontlines of direct social change and activities related to broader impacts.MethodIn this call to action, we articulate the utility and praxis of public scholarship, or the production and dissemination of scientific knowledge for and with communities to create social change for the public good.ResultsAvenues to engaging in public scholarship as a means of disseminating family science research are presented. These avenues include collaborating with individuals who serve in complementary roles, hosting a research press conference to disseminate key findings, and writing for local outlets such as community newspapers. Mechanisms to implement (e.g., resources for developing press releases, infographics, or visual abstracts) and document (e.g., in promotion and tenure materials) these activities are outlined.ConclusionThis information can help academic family scholars achieve broader impacts of their science activities that illustrate the relevance of family science research in people's lives.ImplicationsBy shifting academic cultures and engaging in public scholarship, family scholars can increase their reach and contribute to the enfranchisement of marginalized populations, while also enhancing the visibility of findings, building their scholarly networks, and growing public support for family science.
Municipal long‐term care workforce supply and in‐home deaths at the end of life: Panel data analysis with a fixed‐effect model in Japan
Authors: Abe Kazuhiro , Taniguchi Yuta , Kawachi Ichiro , Watanabe Taeko , Tamiya Nanako 
Published: June 2021

AimThe study assessed the association between boosting the workforce supply by types of long‐term care services and in‐home deaths among older people at the municipality level.MethodsA fixed‐effect panel data analysis was conducted using administrative data for every 3 years from 2008 to 2014. The outcome was the proportion of home deaths, excluding those due to external factors, such as suicide or accident. The explanatory variables were the full‐time equivalent numbers of care workers engaged in in‐home services, day services, short‐stay services, and long‐term care facilities per 1000 population aged 65 years and older. Ordinary least squares estimation was conducted, with standard errors corrected for clustering at the prefecture level, adjusting the covariates.ResultsAnalysis included 1706 municipalities. One care worker increase providing day services per 1000 population aged 65 years and older was associated with a 0.09% increase in the proportion of deaths at home (95% CI: 0.008–0.17). Although statistically non‐significant, the number of care workers providing in‐home services was positively associated with the proportion of home deaths, whereas the number of those providing short‐stay services and providing long‐term care facilities and nursing home services were inversely associated with home deaths.ConclusionsGiven the increased number of care‐dependent older people who opt to stay at home until death, and their informal caregivers who have the burden and stress of care, the findings suggest that policymakers should ensure that the number of care workers for day services is sufficient for supporting care recipients and informal caregivers. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 712–717.
The gradual retreat from academic citizenship
Authors: Beatson Nicola J. , Tharapos Meredith , O'Connell Brendan T. , de Lange Paul , Carr Sarah , Copeland Scott 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper critically explores the notion of academic citizenship, evaluates its importance and argues that faculty have shifted away from engaging in collegial activities to behaviour that is purposefully targeted towards the attainment of academic performance metrics. We highlight the significant implications and challenges for the academy of a gradual retreat from academic citizenship in an era characterised by academic capitalism. We argue that university management urgently need to foster a culture of collegiality that fully appreciates and nurtures academic citizenship, particularly amongst junior faculty as they represent the future of the academy. Furthermore, we call for academic citizenship activities to be explicitly recognised in academic performance metrics and workloads to facilitate prioritisation by faculty.
THE THORN OF HISTORY: UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES AND SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY OF HISTORY
Authors: ANKERSMIT FRANK 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTMost, if not all, readers of this journal will be familiar with Hegel's notion of “the Cunning of Reason,” which refers to the idea that the unintended consequences of human action should bring about the self‐realization of the Mind or the Spirit. What Hegel left to his reader's imagination was the question of how order could arise from the chaos of unintended consequences. Nevertheless, Hegel's notion of the unintended consequences of human action is a most fruitful one. In this article, I argue that unintended consequences are “the stuff” from which history is made and that a speculative philosophy of history can be built from them too. This argument infers a speculative philosophy of history from historical writing and not a variant of historical writing from a speculative philosophy of history, as is normally the case. Finally, I discuss how global warming and the impending climate catastrophe can be said to be the prototypical unintended consequences of human action, or to speak with Saddam Hussein, “the mother of all” unintended consequences. This article ends, therefore, with a discussion of how the notion of unintended consequences may contribute to a better understanding of what the Anthropocene must mean for our historical consciousness and for how we locate ourselves in the evolution of history since the dawn of humanity down to the present, in which dark clouds gather over our collective future.
THE ARCHIVE AS CHRONOTOPOS IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY: TOWARD A HISTORY OF ARCHIVAL TIMES
Authors: STEGLICH SINA 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTThe archive produces patterns of time consciousness and makes it possible to order time through its materiality and visibility. Thus, as an institution and as an idea, the archive offers a historical concept of time that is based on specific evidence and perceived authenticity. This hypothesis forms the main focus of my article. Scholars have recently argued that time cannot be perceived when it is in motion; fixing it would therefore enable the handling of time and the construction of specific—that is, historically contextualized and socioculturally and politically relevant—chronotypes. Hence, the archive's status as a complex of repository buildings, archival documents, institutional structures, and scientific practices means that it can be understood as a paradigmatic institution in which projects involving the formation of a concrete chronotype are carried out. This special quality of the archive enables us to discuss its relevance not only at times of crisis and temporal acceleration but also in the experiences of contingency that can be observed in almost all nineteenth‐century European societies. With this historical context in mind, my article raises the question of whether the archive can be read as an authority that helped people to regain orientation in time by constructing and communicating a specific pattern of time. To be more precise, it understands the archive as a physical and conceptual space of time—a chronotopos—in which a historically, nationally bound concept of time is rooted. This interpretation of the archive as a time‐ordering institution helps to shed light on the assemblage of temporal orders in modernity. I thus propose that the historical conceptualization of time qua archive—and the archive's materiality and organic nature—helped to foster a nationalized understanding of time that was not abstract and arbitrary but rather evident and authentic.
MARKING TIME AND WRITING HISTORIES
Authors: ALI MOHAMMED S. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTGiven that historical subjects experience a multiplicity of temporalities, how should scholars themselves keep time? What should they consider when selecting one temporality over another? In this article, I examine scholarship that attempts to reconcile marking time with the analysis of change over time. Before beginning this analysis, I recount how the anno Domini era became the standard for marking time. I then discuss scholarship by Fernand Braudel and David Harvey in order to establish the general sociohistorical recognition that time is a multiplicity experienced differently by its subjects. In doing so, I tease out the irony of scholars accepting temporality as a multiplicity yet nonetheless using the anno Domini calendar system to mark time in their scholarship. I then take up work by Randall Collins, Dipesh Chakrabarty, and Hayden White, laying bare the ways in which they present a series of divergent possibilities for marking time in history that in turn call attention to its irreducible multiplicity. I read these scholars as invested in determining how to create and write with a language that is suitable for studying historical change over time but that does not rely on the assumption that time itself is something monolithic and prioritized above the Weltanschauungen of historical subjects. After presenting their models, I discuss the relative strengths and weaknesses of each approach. Finally, I close this article with a meditation on the dynamics of knowledge production in the historical guild vis‐à‐vis the possibilities and prospects of marking time differently in scholarship.
1. HISTORIOGRAPHY, IDEOLOGY, AND LAW: AN INTRODUCTION
Authors: DESAUTELS‐STEIN JUSTIN , MOYN SAMUEL 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTThis is an introduction to a forum on historiography, ideology, and law. The basic question weaving this forum together concerns the meaning of the term “critical” in the domain of critical legal history, a question that is deeply familiar to historians of all stripes. Ultimately, whether you are a lawyer doing historical work, a historian interested in law, or a historian of a different sort altogether, there is no hiding from the question of context and, critically, the ideological stakes in choosing an answer to that question.
STRANGE FUTURES, NEW SUBJECTS
Authors: Riebeling Zachary 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTIn History in Times of Unprecedented Change: A Theory for the 21st Century, Zoltán Boldizsár Simon offers a groundbreaking examination of the historical sensibility centered on unprecedented change that has coalesced since the mid‐twentieth century. Simon provides a compelling analysis of this new sensibility and deftly distinguishes it from the progressive philosophies of history that had reigned prior to its emergence. He also develops a crucial theoretical apparatus for registering the unprecedented in both historical ontology and historiographical theory. Chief here is his theory of “history as a disrupted singular,” which marks the unprecedented's disruption of any ontologically stable historical subject and reveals the future and the past to be not our own but the domains of different and alien subject formations. From this philosophical‐historical foundation, Simon also provides a novel theorization of historical writing and historical experience that accounts for the overlapping registers of presence and absence that define our encounters with the past. Along with these innovations, Simon's book reorients former assumptions about historical change, historical subjectivity, and historical experience while revealing the extent to which the unprecedented‐focused historical outlook dominates our relationship with the future. It also raises questions (directly and indirectly) about politics, continuity, and rupture that theorists of history must embrace.