bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imperfect Duties to Oneself
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This essay comments on a particular text in Kant’s Doctrine of Virtue that concerns imperfect duties to oneself regarding one’s natural and moral perfection. After reviewing Kant on ethical duties, duties to oneself, and imperfect duties, the essay asks regarding both duties: what is required, and why? Special questions include: What does Kant mean by the qualification “for a pragmatic purpose” and why is it a duty to oneself “to make oneself a useful member of the world”? Also, why the duty to increase one’s moral perfection is “imperfect” even though it does not allow the same kinds of latitude as the imperfect duties of beneficence and cultivation of one’s natural powers.
In Defense of Human Dignity
Authors: Hill, Jr. Thomas E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Michael Rosen raises apparent problems for Kant’s idea of human dignity. This essay comments briefly on the following: (1) The alleged neglect of dignity among contemporary philosophers. (2) The indeterminacy of the idea of dignity and consequently its liability to abuse. (3) The apparently disconnected strands of thought commonly associated with dignity. (4) The alleged inadequacy of Kant’s conception of human dignity for practical applications (e.g., vagueness and absolutism). The most important objection, however, concerns Kant’s basis for affirming the dignity of every human person. That is, (5) Kant’s alleged attempt to ground human dignity on the premise that there is in each person an awesome ‘transcendental kernel’ of a noumenal we-know-not-what. In response, this chapter cites contemporary philosophers who write on dignity, argues that Kant’s ethics may help to resolve the indeterminacy and unify the apparently disconnected strands, and challenges Rosen’s interpretation of Kant’s defense of human dignity.
Phenomenal Explanationism’s Global Ambitions
Authors: McCain Kevin , Moretti Luca 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter further elucidates PE by explaining how it applies to multiple domains. Though the preceding chapter already touches upon some of these, here it is cashed out how PE can account for perceptual justification, memorial justification, testimonial justification, introspective justification, and a priori justification. Exploring the contours of PE in this way reveals just how powerful and unified the theory is. Along the way, it is argued that Declan Smithies’ forceful objections to PC fail to impugn PE. Additionally, it is shown that PE has the resources to respond to each of the challenges that Smithies claims are faced by any internalist theory with “global ambitions”––any theory that purports to be a comprehensive account of epistemic justification. (These challenges for instance include the problem of forgotten evidence and the problem of stored beliefs.) The discussion in this chapter makes it clear that PE is a comprehensive account of epistemic justification that achieves its global ambitions.
The Political Economy of the Profitability Crisis in Britain
Authors: Copley Jack 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a historical overview of the profitability crisis that undermined the postwar economic boom, gave rise to the phenomenon of stagflation, and ultimately drove the financial liberalizations explored in this book. This chapter puts forward a novel historical categorization of British stagflation, by identifying two distinct phases within Britain’s experience of the global profitability crisis. The first, from 1967 to 1977, was characterized by low rates of profit, rising inflation, and repeated current account imbalances that resulted in currency crises. The second, from 1977 to 1983, still saw low profitability and high inflation, but the rising price of sterling ensured that there were no sterling crises. The chapter then details how governments combined governing strategies of depoliticized discipline and palliation in different ways during these two periods of acute crisis in order to navigate the contradictory imperatives of global competitiveness and domestic legitimacy. Policies of financial liberalization constituted attempts to support these strategies.
Abolition of Exchange Controls
Authors: Copley Jack 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the abolition of exchange controls, which transformed the British economy by ushering in a new era of mobile capital flows. Following the IMF’s 1976 bailout of the UK and the advent of North Sea oil, sterling began to appreciate precipitously. While this helped to discipline the British economy and reduce inflation, it also pushed British exporters to the brink of collapse. Governments during this period thus faced a choice between embracing the strong pound to tackle inflation and combating the pound’s rise in order to maintain political legitimacy. The governments of both Callaghan and Thatcher sought to navigate carefully between these two options. By getting rid of exchange controls, these governments hoped that investment would flow out of Britain, causing a moderate fall in the price of sterling. This would make Britain’s exports more competitive without generating a spike in inflation that would likely result from an overt sterling devaluation. The Callaghan administration was held back from totally abolishing controls by a resistant trade union movement. Thatcher, however, was able to fully scrap these controls due to the historic defeat of the trade unions in the 1979 Winter of Discontent. In addition, Thatcher sought to reassure global financial markets that this policy was not an attempt to lower sterling’s value, but was rather driven by a genuine faith in laissez-faire principles. The abolition of exchange controls should thus be understood as a palliative strategy to protect governing legitimacy by providing temporary relief to Britain’s export sector.
Data Preprocessing
Authors: El-Nasr Magy Seif , Dinh Truong Huy Nguyen , Canossa Alessandro , Drachen Anders 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the process of cleaning data and preparing it for further processing. Specifically, the chapter discusses various techniques that you will use, including preprocessing, outlier identification, data consistency, and the normalization or standardization process, used to normalize your data. The chapter further discusses different measurement types and what methods can be used for which types. The chapter also discusses ways to deal with issues you may encounter with inconsistent or dirty data. The chapter takes a more practical approach by integrating several labs with actual game data to demonstrate how you can perform these steps on real game data.
Data Abstraction
Authors: El-Nasr Magy Seif , Dinh Truong Huy Nguyen , Canossa Alessandro , Drachen Anders 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the techniques used to abstract the data from low-level data to features that can be used to visualize and develop models to inform the different stakeholders. These techniques range from (a) knowledge engineering, where expert knowledge is used to develop formulae to compute various measures from low-level data; (b) feature selection, where specific important variables are selected from the list of low-level data variables as they may be deemed more important than other; and (c) feature extraction, where features are computed statistically through combining various measures from low-level data. The chapter also includes labs where, using real game data, you get to apply the discussed techniques.
Data Analysis through Visualization
Authors: El-Nasr Magy Seif , Dinh Truong Huy Nguyen , Canossa Alessandro , Drachen Anders 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the topic of how one can use visualization techniques to analyze game data. Specifically, the chapter delves into the development of heatmaps to analyze spatio-temporal data. The chapter also discusses spatio-temporal visualizations and state-action transition visualizations. We also discuss two visualization systems that we have developed within the GUII lab: Stratmapper and Glyph. We provide you with a link that allows you to explore the use of these visualizations with real game data. This chapter is written in collaboration with Riddhi Padte and Varun Sriram, based on their work in Dr. Seif El-Nasr’s game data science class at Northeastern University; Erica Kleinman, PhD student at University of California at Santa Cruz; and Andy Bryant, software engineer at GUII Lab. The chapter also includes labs where you get to experience the analysis of game data through visualization.
Supervised Learning in Game Data Science: Model Validation and Evaluation
Authors: El-Nasr Magy Seif , Dinh Truong Huy Nguyen , Canossa Alessandro , Drachen Anders 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on two specific steps in the machine learning process, called model validation and model evaluation. Specifically, model validation is the step used to tune the hyperparameters of the model. Here, we often integrate a cross-validation process, which we discuss in detail in this chapter. Model evaluation, on the other hand, is the process of testing the performance of the model using unseen data, the test dataset. These processes are used to ensure that the model we developed through the algorithms discussed in Chapter 6 are reliable, given our data. The chapter will include labs to give you a practical introduction to these steps, given the modeling techniques discussed in the last chapter.
Sequence Analysis of Game Data
Authors: El-Nasr Magy Seif , Dinh Truong Huy Nguyen , Canossa Alessandro , Drachen Anders 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter is devoted to sequence game data analysis. It will first define what sequence data is and how it is represented, and then delve more deeply into how to develop models from such data. Sequence analysis has a lot of utility and is important as it conserves the sequence of player actions and can shed light on how players solved different problems within the different game levels. Further, sequence analysis can also be a great way to develop a more robust and accurate player model. The chapter will discuss such advantages in light of showcasing the use of sequential analysis for DOTA 2. Further, the chapter will also be a practical guide on how to develop models from sequence data using practical step-by-step labs. Please note that this chapter was written with Erica Kleinman (a PhD student at University of California at Santa Cruz).
Bringing It All Together
Authors: Nadal Marcos , Cela-Conde Camilo J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The main goal of the article “The Neural Foundations of Aesthetic Appreciation” was to bring together the available evidence on the neural underpinnings of aesthetics from neuroimaging and neurology and offer an integral interpretative model. The authors relate how they wanted to explain how aesthetic appreciation was related to brain activity and why some studies had found that activity in some regions and other studies had found it in other regions. The authors proposed that there might be at least two stages of appreciation. The first stage is the formation of an initial impression. It involves perceptual processes interacting with attentional control signals and is mediated by a fronto-parieto-occipital network. The second stage is a deeper evaluation of the image and involves affective processes, searching for meaning, recalling personal experiences, and activating knowledge stored in memory.
Naturalizing Aesthetics
Authors: Brown Steven 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Aesthetic processing is about what we like and dislike. It applies to all types of perceived objects, not just art works. There should be a general brain network that deals with aesthetic appraisals of like and dislike regardless of the appraised object. In order to investigate this, the authors carried out a large-scale meta-analysis of published neuroimaging studies of aesthetic processing for objects that are perceived using four different sensory pathways: vision, audition, taste, and smell. A part of the brain called the anterior insula appeared as the most concordant area of activation across the four sensory pathways. From an evolutionary standpoint, it most likely that the appreciation of human artifacts like art works piggybacked onto an existing system for the appraisal of objects of biological importance, such as food sources and potential mates.
Scene Preferences, Aesthetic Appeal, and Curiosity
Authors: Vessel Edward A. , Yue Xiaomin , Biederman Irving 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A gradient of µ-opioid receptors extends from early sensory areas of the cerebral cortex to associative cortex, with the greatest density of receptors in the most anterior associative regions. In 2006, Biederman and Vessel proposed that the hedonic value of perceptual and cognitive experience is a function of activation of this gradient. A desire for opioid activity provided by this gradient renders us infovores, always seeking novel but richly interpretable experiences. Richly interpretable experiences engage the opioid-dense anterior regions of the gradient, while novel experiences engage neural ensembles that have yet to undergo adaptation. Support for this proposal derives from the greater activity elicited in opioid-rich parahippocampal cortex for preferred over nonpreferred scenes, with neural network modeling of visual aesthetic responses suggesting that representations in later stages are more predictive of aesthetic responses, and psychopharmacological experiments that support the potential involvement of endogenous opioids.
The Contribution of Visual Area V5 to the Perception of Implied Motion in Art and Its Appreciation
Authors: Nadal Marcos , Cattaneo Zaira 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Does V5, a brain region involved in the perception of movement, contribute to the aesthetic appreciation of artworks that depict movement? In the study under discussion, the authors asked participants to view abstract and representational artworks depicting motion. While they judged the sense of motion conveyed by the artworks and how much they liked them, the authors delivered transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over V5. They found that TMS over V5 reduced the sense of motion participants perceived and reduced how much participants liked the abstract paintings. These results show, first, that V5 is involved in extracting implied motion information even when the object whose motion is implied is not real. Second, they show that V5 is involved in extracting implied motion information even in the absence of any object, as in the abstract paintings. Finally, they show that activity in V5 plays a causal role in the appreciation of abstract art.
Music in All Its Beauty
Authors: Brattico Elvira , Alluri Vinoo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a behind-the-scenes account of the birth of a naturalistic approach to the neuroscience of the musical aesthetic experience. The story starts from a lab talk giving the inspiration to translate the naturalistic paradigm initially applied to neuroimaging studies of the visual domain into music research. The circumstantial co-presence of neuroscientists and computational musicologists at the same center did the trick, permitting the identification of controlled variables for brain signal processing from the automatic extraction of the acoustic features of real music. This approach is now well accepted by the music neuroscience community while still waiting for full exploitation by aesthetic research.
Dance, Expertise, and Sensorimotor Aesthetics
Authors: Calvo-Merino Beatriz 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The article reviewed in this chapter discusses how questions initially originated in cognitive neuroscience can be answered with collaborations with nonscientific disciplines, such as performing arts. The author describes the first study that showed dancer’s brain activity when observing dance movements. By investigating how the expert brain works, they demonstrated the important role of sensorimotor processing for movement perception, emotion perception, and aesthetic judgment. This work opened a channel of communication between neuroscientists and performing artists, enabling conversations that have generated novel questions of interest to both disciplines. The chapter discusses three fundamental insights: the importance of prior experience for perception, the importance of motor representations for perception, and the existence of a system for embodied aesthetics. Finally, the author provides some consideration on neuroscientists’ capacity to dissect the aesthetic experience and how this knowledge can be absorbed by the performing artist during the artistic and choreographic process.
A Semi-Kantian Just War Theory
Authors: Benbaji Yitzhak 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chapter explores the Kantian philosophy of the law of war and how it is based on two normative claims. First, states are independent of each other in virtue of their duty to provide a legal order in a territory that they rule. Second, any use of non-defensive force by a state in a territory that it does not actually rule is illegal. Benbaji shows that there is a deep tension between these claims, and he sets out to offer a contractarian theory of the crime of aggression, which he characterizes as semi-Kantian: states are fully legitimate only if their right to rule over their territory is recognized by all other states. Semi-Kantians argue that Ripstein’s Kant misconstrues the standing of states vis-à-vis the territories over which they rule.
Three Models of Territory
Authors: Walla Alice Pinheiro 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chapter argues that regardless of whether a legal order has been established over a territory, possession of land itself already imposes obligations on persons outside the territory to respect it. She points out that possession of land also imposes duties on the holders of territory that are global in scope. It is therefore not possible to reduce territorial rights to claims of juridical independence in virtue of a state’s internal civil condition, although the existence of a legal order over a territory is an additional argument to the duty to respect a group’s occupation of land. This is because the internal legal order is only binding to its members, while occupation of land is binding to individuals and states already in the state of nature.
National Defense and the Value of Independence
Authors: Renzo Massimo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter compares Ripstein’s treatment of wars of national defense with the treatment offered by the just war theory model. Wars of national defense are surprisingly difficult to justify within the just war theory approach. Attempts by some of the most prominent philosophers working within this approach have either concluded that wars of national defense are impermissible, or that they are permissible only in an implausibly restricted number of circumstances. If they are right, and if Ripstein’s account does a better job in dealing with these cases, that would be a reason to favor his Kantian approach over the traditional just war model. Renzo argues that neither of these claims is correct. Ripstein’s view ultimately lacks the resources to justify a right to wage wars of national defense, and contemporary just war theorists are wrong in believing that their approach can at best ground a weak version of such right. This gives us some reasons to prefer the just war approach over the Kantian one championed by Ripstein.
Exactitude and Indemonstrability in Kant’s Doctrine of Right
Authors: Flikschuh Katrin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chapter states that while the Doctrine of Right is often seen as Kant’s contribution to legal theory, it is primarily a work in political philosophy. Flikschuh argues for a reading of the Doctrine of Right as a work that includes a concern with law but is not confined to that concern alone. She claims, however, that the state is a less comprehensive idea for Kant than it is for some of his immediate predecessors and successors on the one hand, and for most contemporary political philosophers on the other hand.
Between Wormholes and Blackholes
Authors: Ganesh Aravind 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chapter sets out to explore the question of how the legal claims going by the name of “human rights” in contemporary legal practice can validly be made in war, consistent with the idea that rights are possible—indeed conceivable—only in conditions of peace. Even though war is wrongful in the highest degree, a still deeper wrong obtains if a belligerent does something whose maxim aims at making a future peace impossible. On this basis, Ganesh argues that notwithstanding actual, “empirical” conditions of active conflict, a belligerent must be deemed as sharing a rightful condition with an individual if denying the same would amount to admitting the commission of a war crime. Moreover, Ganesh also demonstrates—contrary to the dominant trend in legal scholarship—that a moral reading of the most relevant caselaw finds human rights obligations to obtain even if the obligor state has little to no capacity to enforce its writ, due either to the territory being embroiled in an active civil war or under the control of another state.
From Constitutionalism to War—and Back Again
Authors: Ripstein Arthur 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents Arthur Ripstein’s responses to the authors of the preceding chapters. The chapter follows the order of the contributions, and are divided broadly into responses to the papers in Part I concerning the ways in which facts matter to right, and the relation between the flawed world in which we find ourselves and the ideal case that Kant contemplates, and to those in Part II dealing with more specific issues in the Kantian theory of war and peace.
“Stately and Set Apart”
Authors: Ross Melanie C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 2, the members of Park Street Church in Boston (founded 1809) wrestle with the question of how to maintain their church’s historic identity without becoming a museum. The solution is an organic interpretation of progress. Park Street leaders believe that, just as a seed contains all the genetic information necessary to become a mature plant, healthy change unfold slowly and logically, according to a predictable trajectory, from a single point of origin. This chapter analyzes how the congregation’s understanding of progress is reflected in its preaching and musical repertoire. Just as God’s covenant with Abraham unites Israel and the New Testament church into a single people of God, so too does a musical “covenant” penned in 1810 by the church’s first musicians unite nineteenth- and twenty-first century congregations into a single Park Street Church.
The Remaining New Testament Books as Sacred
Authors: Senior Donald 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In attempting to make the case that the defining reason the books of the New Testament are considered sacred is because of their focus on the unique identity of Jesus Christ, we have explored the Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, and writings of Paul. We turn now, with the same conviction, to some of the remaining New Testament books. Our goal here is not to consider every book of the New Testament but to make the case that in the vast majority of them, their proclamation of Christ is central and defining. The books we will focus on in this chapter include Hebrews, James, 1 Peter, 1 John, and Revelation, taken in the order in which they appear in the canon. Despite the evident literary diversity of these texts, there is a commanding unity—a unity grounded in their focus on the figure of Jesus Christ. It is that varied but unifying portrayal found in these books which will command our attention in this chapter.