bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Religion, Corruption, and the Social Contract
Authors: Rothstein Bo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Religion is one of the most commonly cited explanations for cross-country variation in corruption. In particular, Protestantism, and the cultural values that follow from its doctrine, has been identified as particularly beneficial for getting corruption under control. Nevertheless, micro-level studies provide little evidence for religion producing norms and values conducive to good institutions. An alternate explanation for the observed macro-level variation is presented in this chapter, namely the historical systems for financing religious practices. The medieval parish system in Northwestern Europe, where members collectively paid for and administrated religious services as public goods, is compared with the Ottoman Empire, where such goods were normally provided through endowments from private individuals and tax collection was comparatively privatized. It is shown that these different systems can be seen as two very different social contracts that have had long-lasting implications for accountability, transparency, and representation.
Getting to Sweden I
Authors: Rothstein Bo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
How and why some countries were able to make the historical transition from a patrimonial, nepotistic, and corrupt bureaucracy to a relatively clean and professionalized one is still an understudied topic in the literature on corruption. This chapter presents original data on such a transition in the case of Sweden, drawing on court hearings of cases of malfeasance among public officials in the period 1720–1850. An important explanation for why the Swedish bureaucracy was able to break out of the collective action trap of corruption relates to Charles Tilly’s theory of the importance of war for state making. This chapter pinpoints the importance of having lost a significant war—in the Swedish case, the war against Russia in 1808–9—and the constitutional and regime changes this set in motion. Drawing on comparative data on malfeasance, the similarities in this regard between the Swedish and Danish cases are highlighted.
Creating a Region
Authors: Reilly James 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with China’s ambitious effort to create an entirely new regional grouping: the China–CEEC (Central and Eastern European Countries) Partnership, or “16+1.” Despite the paucity of China’s economic presence, its fragile diplomatic ties in the region, and flimsy regional coherence, 16+1 proved largely successful. The second case, examining Beijing’s investment promotion efforts, demonstrates Beijing’s capacity for learning and adaptation. The third case explores Beijing’s creative response to CEEC trade deficits, including its strategic provision of export certifications and encouragement for Chinese agricultural firms to invest in CEE countries while expanding their exports to China. The final case assesses China’s bilateral influence attempts: targeting key CEE states by providing economic benefits. Across these four cases, Beijing’s orchestration approach proved largely effective, rapidly mobilizing broad participation with high implementation coherence at low cost.
Engaging North Korea
Authors: Reilly James 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
China’s orchestration approach to economic statecraft is evident across this chapter’s three cases. First, central-level officials delegated authority to economic-minded government agencies and financial institutions. They established supportive policies and financial resources that successfully enticed Chinese enterprises to “go out” into North Korea’s uncertain economic environment. Regional officials seized this opportunity, eagerly promoting cross-border trade and investment ties in the expectation that local economies would benefit. China’s foreign aid, the second case, operated along similar lines, mobilizing an array of enterprises and regional officials to implement central-level policy at modest cost. The final case, Beijing’s sanctions aimed at Pyongyang’s nuclear weapons program, demonstrates China’s capacity to restrain commercial ties, even though sanctions failed to deter Pyongyang’s efforts. However, policymakers’ successful mobilization of commercial actors and regional officials contributed to modest economic improvements and spurred market-based dynamics, bolstering North Korea’s regime stability while shoring up bilateral ties.
Insiders and Outsiders
Authors: Autesserre Séverine 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter Three discusses the conventional but problematic way to end wars, which the author calls “Peace, Inc.” Using anecdotes from around the world, the chapter shows that peacebuilding often fails when, and because, it is exclusively designed and implemented by international interveners. The outsiders who come to help, such as United Nations peacekeepers, diplomats, and international non-governmental organization staff members, often assume that insiders (people living in conflict zones) do not have what it takes to build peace, but foreign experts do. This flawed assumption lies at the core of the traditional approach to resolving national and international conflicts. It causes tensions between foreign aid workers and host populations and creates multiple challenges for both domestic and international peacebuilders. It also results in numerous absurd situations—some of them funny and some disastrous. As a result, standard international strategies rarely work, and they are at times counterproductive or even harmful.
The Inferences of Right
Authors: Moyar Dean 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides the basic conceptual framework that guides Hegel’s account in his Philosophy of Right. It begins with an account of the final moves in “Subjective Spirit” through which Hegel deduces his conception of the free will. His key move is the unification of the rationality of inference (theoretical) with the purposiveness of the will (practical) to arrive at a conception of the practical inferences of the free will. It is shown how this conception is the basis of the account of the free will in the Philosophy of Right Introduction. The chapter argues for a conception of expressive validity to capture the normative character of the practical inferences of right. This account makes sense of Hegel’s conception of the immanent dialectical development of right. The template of the Basic Argument is refined to show how it guides the incorporation of particularity and contingency into the universality of right.
The Woman in the Wilderness
Authors: Smith John Howard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Medieval and early modern Christianity wrestled uncomfortably with Christianity’s fundamentally chiliastic nature. Just as first-century Christians strove to dissociate their religion from its radical Jewish roots in order to cultivate legitimacy, so did theologians of subsequent centuries strive to downplay apocalypticism in favor of vague millennialism. The magnetic imagery of the Book of Revelation gripped the popular imagination, with its compelling imagery of seven-headed beasts, Christ’s glorious return armed for the final battle with Satan, and descriptions of signs presaging the dawning of the Latter Day. Some theologians could not resist the lure of apocalyptic analysis, and many laypeople yearned to witness the events of Revelation, while others sought to play leading roles in bringing it on. The Reformation refreshed apocalyptic millennialism, and Calvinist Puritans from England transplanted this to the “New World,” which Massachusetts Bay–founder John Winthrop predicted would be a “city on a hill.”
“The Prophecy of Daniel is Now Literally Fulfilling”
Authors: Smith John Howard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Contrary to the espoused rationalism of the leaders of the American Revolution, popular perceptions of the violent detachment from Great Britain and the creation of a new republic filled the public with apocalyptic anxiety and millenarian expectation. For some, the rapidly unfolding drama heralded the dawn of a new nation preordained by God and populated by his chosen people. For others, the recent wars and accompanying social upheaval confirmed the irretrievably depraved nature of humanity, and when compared to contemporaneous supernatural occurrences, displayed terrifying symptoms of the tribulation foretold in the biblical Books of Daniel and the Revelation of John.
“Lightnings and Thunderings, and Voices”
Authors: Smith John Howard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The egalitarian energy of the American Revolution powered a wave of popular anti-authoritarianism reacting against Federalist influence in the Washington and Adams administrations. Egalitarian evangelicalism constituted a rebuttal to Enlightenment republicanism. The same process transformed American Christianity into a populist, radically egalitarian and anticlerical religion. Dramatically increased numbers of Baptists and Methodists gave these denominations legitimacy, and many new sects appeared throughout the post-revolutionary period. Against the vocal concerns of established clergymen, evangelical itinerants urged people to read the Scriptures for themselves and come to their own conclusions of what it means to be a Christian, and that no formal education was necessary to understand divine truth. Taking Christ as their example, men and especially women from old and new denominations let their individualistic readings of the Bible, visions, and dreams guide them toward Truth, and convinced many that the Second Coming was near at hand.
Publishing Issues and Their Impact on Reproducibility
Authors: Bausell R. Barker 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
While the classic scientific publishing process is a primary and addictive scientific motivator, it is also a major factor in the proliferation of irreproducibility. Some of the disadvantages of the process include the facilitation of publication bias, a rickety and easily gamed peer review system, the unavailability of research results for many scientists, scholars, and the pubic due to exorbitant costs levied by publishers on academic institutions and individuals, the rise of predatory online journals, and the inordinate amount of time required from study submission to publication. Proposed solutions, many already in the process of implementation, are discussed, including preprint repositories, “as is” or post-publication peer review, making peer review independent of the journal system, and allowing investigators to continue to revise manuscripts after initial publication accompanied by continued open peer review.
Adaptive Institutions and Networked Governance
Authors: Pugh Jeffrey D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 lays out the main argument of the book, that in the context of the invisibility bargain, a democratic government has a political incentive to prioritize the interests of citizens over migrants (even when formal institutions promise protections), and thus may be an inadequate guarantor of security in migrant-receiving areas. The resulting gaps in formal state protections can increase migrant vulnerability and escalate conflict between migrants and citizens. Governance networks that connect international organizations, nonstate actors and the state can emerge to fill these gaps, adapting innovative forms of governance that complement, substitute, or compete with state authority and security provision. More diverse and dense networks provide a greater number of potential access points through which migrants might gain the resources and protections they need to thrive in the host community. The chapter provides a theoretical framework for understanding how governance networks contribute to host-migrant human security.
Valued Contribution and Social Invisibility in Ecuador
Authors: Pugh Jeffrey D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 illustrates the empirical application of the social invisibility component of the invisibility bargain in Ecuador, showing how race, gender, and other markers of difference structure host society expectations of who belongs in the “community of value.” Using an intersectional lens, it teases apart the overlapping structures of exclusion that affect indigenous and Afro-Colombians, other Colombian migrants, and Afro-Ecuadorians quite differently in their access to human security and social integration in Ecuador. The chapter highlights accent as the primary marker of difference that heightens the social visibility of Colombian migrants, and it traces the coping mechanisms—including minimizing difference, reducing social distance, and informal negotiation through intermediaries, that migrants use to avoid the social sanctions of backlash under the invisibility bargain.
Republican Remedies
Authors: Skowronek Stephen , Dearborn John A. , King Desmond 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Since its founding of the republic, Americans have devised a variety of different ways to reconcile unity with depth, separation with checks, and presidentialism with republicanism. This chapter surveys the succession of informal institutional and organizational improvisations that periodically altered practical working relationships within the American constitutional system. These extra-constitutional contrivances created several distinctive “systems” of administration, each of which preserved the republican idea of inter-branch collaboration. Nineteenth-century remedies were party-based; twentieth-century remedies were administration-based. The move from one system to the next marked a profound change in the operation of government at large, but at every turn, a more powerful presidency was corralled into novel arrangements that reaffirmed collective responsibility. The origins of our beleaguered republic lay in the 1970s, when that spirit of accommodation began to break down. Presidents grew more independent in their political and institutional powers, and they asserted their right to unitary control over the executive branch more vigorously. In the congressional pushback, collaboration gave way to a constitutional face-off.
Depth in Knowledge
Authors: Skowronek Stephen , Dearborn John A. , King Desmond 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers depth in knowledge, focusing on rules-based protections for knowledge-based authority in the executive branch. Rules provide firmer footing for depth than norms do, but even rules strain under presidents bent on political control. With the so-called war on science ramping up again in the Trump administration, questions about whether and to what extent rules protect government research and expertise from the unitary executive have been pushed front and center. Here we consider four cases in which knowledge-based authority was besieged, focusing on the National Weather Service, the Environmental Protection Agency, the Department of Agriculture, and the executive branch’s response to the coronavirus pandemic.
Depth in Appointment
Authors: Skowronek Stephen , Dearborn John A. , King Desmond 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines depth in appointment, focusing on the tension between qualifications for administrative office and expectations for presidential control. What Trump’s administration has brought to the fore are the suspicions harbored by a unitary executive toward qualifications per se and in the broadest sense of the term. Ability, sound judgment, commitment to assigned duties are all presumptive conditions on presidential control, implicit limits on political subordination, anticipated brakes on personal will. Conversely, the demand for executive branch unity elevates loyalty above all other qualifications. Here, we offer snapshots of the drive to dissolve administrative qualifications into loyalty to the president at several sites, considering: a hybrid arrangement at the National Security Council; the use of acting appointments at the Office of the Director of National Intelligence, Department of Homeland Security, and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau; the assault on merit-based appointments for administrative law judges; and protections against at-will removal at independence agencies like the Federal Reserve.
This Wicked Gamble
Authors: Lambert Nicholas A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
On the eve of the amphibious assault at Gallipoli, practically all the senior military officers involved feared disaster. Disaster promptly ensued, with a large loss of life including among Australian units. The resignation of Admiral Fisher compounded the disaster and led to the fall of the Asquith Ministry and formation of Coalition government. Days after the landings, the British government was stunned to learn that Russia had no wheat available for export. Fortuitously, the price of wheat fell thanks to an unexpected bumper North American crop. After another failed attack at the Dardanelles in August 1915, British government finally cuts its losses and quit the Gallipoli peninsula.
Conclusion
Authors: Lambert Nicholas A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The conclusion reviews the previous chapters as a case study in high-level policymaking under pressure. Globalization, the internationalization of the grain trade, and the outbreak of war confronted the British government with conjoined political–economic and military–diplomatic problems, which it had no good options to solve. The complexity of the challenges confronting the government render simplified narratives of its decision-making inaccurate and of doubtful utility as a model. This argument has important methodological implications for students of grand strategy and military history: the former requires as much attention to military as to civilian perspectives and the latter demands better economic literacy. Both require rigorous archival research in civilian and military, public and private records, as well as a willingness to engage the past with a high level of precision.
Hannah Arendt and Federalism
Authors: Vatter Miguel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses the relation between Arendt’s conception of Judaism, its relation to the history of the Jewish people, and her theory of republicanism. The chapter argues that Arendt follows Martin Buber’s lead, who was the first 20th-century thinker to explicitly identify the anarchic core of Jewish political theology. Buber conceives God’s Kingship as the inner meaning of the Jewish faith and articulates this Kingship in the post-Weberian terms of the idea of charismatic leadership. In contrast with Heidegger’s political theology in the 1930s, which attempts to determine peoplehood as a function of opening a space for the manifestation of the gods of the Earth, the chapter shows that Arendt recovers Roman civil religion in order to unify republican federalism with an anarchic conception of political freedom.
Policing with Noise
Authors: Krzych Scott 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter employs the discourse theory of Jacques Lacan and the political theory of Jacques Rancière to interrogate the conservative simulacrum of political debate. Michael Moore’s early documentaries produced waves of criticism from across the political spectrum, as critics expressed concern, and sometimes shock, in response to Moore’s flamboyant flouting of documentary conventions. Moore’s ironic performances lure his interlocutors into a defense of untenable political ideas and positions; the corresponding nonsense of the latter’s political speech demonstrates the bias or noise (in Rancière’s sense of the term) constitutive of the very status quo that Moore seeks to upend. Conservative films made to counter, critique, or contradict Moore’s earlier works hysterically mimic Moore’s form as the very means to dismiss his political arguments. Through the strictly formal debates in which they engage, conservative documentaries produce aesthetic noise as a spectacular means to drown out Moore’s own political agenda and divest the so-called debate of its explicit political content.
Paradigmatic Politics
Authors: Krzych Scott 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This final chapter examines films distributed by the conservative production company Citizens United, placing special emphasis on the films’ excessive use of stock footage as a substitute for archival images. The stock footage, I claim, functions as an aesthetic correlative for neoliberalism in the era of communicative capitalism and likewise provides the primary aesthetic means by which the hysterical films mimic the conventions of compilation documentaries. The generic, paradigmatic images are paired with the talking points offered by political speakers, thereby implying that the former validates the latter, despite the fact that both modes of presentation bear no direct relationship to the referents they invoke. The simulacrum of more conventional documentary forms and strategies provides the hysterical films with the flexible tools by which to dismiss or erase from view any and all political alternatives, avoiding a substantive debate through the very performance of debate.
Conclusion: The Political Prosecutor Today and Tomorrow
Authors: Boyd Christina L. , Nelson Michael J. , Ostrander Ian , Boldt Ethan D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We conclude the book by summarizing our key analysis and findings and drawing general conclusions about the expansive role that politics plays in the administration of federal justice. In doing so, we reflect on the broad conclusions about how political factors affect federal prosecutorial staffing and decision-making. We examine continuity and change in these themes during the Trump Administration and speculate about these trends in the coming years. We also discuss opportunities for further research and potential reform, arguing that the empirical study of prosecution is a topic ripe for further inquiry by those interested in the law and politics of the U.S. federal government, the states, and legal systems around the world.
The Napoleonic Tradition
Authors: Peters B. Guy 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Some features of the administrative system in France predate Napoleon and his framing of the French state. But the Napoleonic model of the state remains a crucial means of understanding public administration in France. For example, the emphasis on law as the foundation of administration and of accountability can be seen as Napoleonic. Likewise, although the French state has become more decentralized, the emphasis on uniformity and control from Paris still survives to some extent. That centralization also is related to the relatively weak connections of the French state with social actors, especially when compared to other European countries. As well as serving as the foundation for French administration the Napoleonic model has been dispersed to other countries in Europe such as Italy, Spain, Portugal, and Greece. The legal foundations of the Napoleonic tradition have made it resistant to many contemporary reforms in the public sector, notably those based on New Public Management.