bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cooperative hunting in the yellow‐throated marten (Martes flavigula): Evidence for the not‐so‐solitary marten?
Authors: Twining Joshua P. , Mills Chris 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSpecies socio‐ecologies are a key determinant of their ecological niche, and although dynamic, linked to environmental stochasticity, availability of resources, and inter‐ and intraspecific competition, socio‐ecological theory under its prevailing framework inadequately captures the transient nature of this multi‐faceted spectrum. Cooperative foraging is an example of an advanced social behavior that functions to release species from physiological and competitive limitations and is thought to only be observed in social species. Despite the advantages of social behaviors such as cooperative foraging, some groups, for example, the mustelids, are considered to be evolutionarily constrained in terms of sociality. The martens (Martes sp.) have been used as examples of obligately solitary species, physiologically and morphologically restricted by their inability to store fat and specialization in homogeneously distributed small vertebrate prey, and therefore presumed incapable of advanced social behaviors. Here, we provide evidence of cooperative foraging in the yellow‐throated marten (Martes flavigula) in Ramnagar, India. We highlight that a tropical climate and a change in resource distribution through seasonal frugivory may release the species from typical constraints associated with martens, and other small carnivores. We argue that alongside a growing number of observations of social behaviors in solitary carnivores, our current framework for viewing socio‐ecologies may limit our understanding of these species. Advances in biologging technologies are producing new data and insights into the social complexities of wildlife that will continue to challenge the expectations our current framework and these emerging data should be used as a platform to test and refine ecological theory regarding sociality and its drivers in animal populations.
A Water/Toluene Biphasic Medium Improves Yields and Deuterium Incorporation into Alcohols in the Transfer Hydrogenation of Aldehydes
Authors: Ruiz‐Castañeda Margarita , Santos Lucía , Manzano Blanca R. , Espino Gustavo , Jalón Félix A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDeuterium labeling is an interesting process that leads to compounds of use in different fields. We describe the transfer hydrogenation of aldehydes and the selective C1 deuteration of the obtained alcohols in D2O, as the only deuterium source. Different aromatic, alkylic and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes were reduced in the presence of [RuCl(p‐cymene)(dmbpy)]BF4, (dmbpy=4,4′‐dimethyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine) as the pre‐catalyst and HCO2Na/HCO2H as the hydrogen source. Moreover, furfural and glucose, were selectively reduced to the valuable alcohols, furfuryl alcohol and sorbitol. The processes were carried out in neat water or in a biphasic water/toluene system. The biphasic system allowed easy recycling, higher yields, and higher selective D incorporation (using D2O/toluene). The deuteration took place due to an efficient effective M–H/D+ exchange from D2O that allows the inversion of polarity of D+ (umpolung). DFT calculations that explain the catalytic behavior in water are also included.
Investigation of hemodynamic markers for stenosis development
Authors: Stamou Aikaterini C. , Radulovic Jovana , Buick James M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDifferent hemodynamic markers for stenosis development are considered, assessed and compared. A recently proposed numerical approach is employed, where stenosis development is modeled based on the local hemodynamic conditions at the artery wall, determined using the lattice Boltzmann method. A range of hemodynamic markers, commonly associated in the literature with the progression of atherosclerosis, were considered. It was observed that using the oscillatory shear index, which is related to the wall shear stress oscillating from its mean direction, did not produce a realistic stenosis development. The other markers produced stenosis growth comparable with observations from the literature.
Field loss calculation of a wind‐powered axial flux alternator by analytical equations
Authors: Otuoze Abdulrahaman Okino , Mohammed Olatunji Obalowu , Ibrahim Oladimeji , Salisu Sani , Emmanuel Abioye Abiodun , Usman Ayinde Mohammed , Dobi Abdulhakeem Mohd 
Published: March 2021

AbstractVarious techniques have been investigated and proposed for core loss minimization in electrical machines. Nevertheless, many of such methods are mostly complicated and not suitable for consideration at a preliminary design stage. In this work, a simplified procedure which uses an analytical approach to minimizing the field's losses of an Axial Flux Permanent Magnet Alternator (AFPMA), is presented. First, the output equation of an AFPMA is referred, and then the minimization of the losses is investigated by analytical differential equations. The result of the derived‐specific magnetic loading is investigated using three different core materials, namely 35RM300, 50JN350, and 65JN800, and is found to reduce with increased frequencies. The 35RM300 core material gives the maximum specific magnetic loading and minimum power loss at investigated frequencies of 50 to 500 Hz. Although the 35RM300 core material gives the best performance, the optimal values are only determined as suitable by the manufacturer's design criteria. This study is a key indicator for a simple and efficient core material selection in the design of a Wind‐Powered AFPMA without the need for complicated analyses at the preliminary design stage.
The Wasp as a Terrestrial Indicator of Environmental Metal Composition: Evidence from Zimbabwe
Authors: Nadat Yasfir Tarif , Kylin Henrik , Sithole Rudo , Lesch Velesia , Bouwman Hindrik 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We explored metal concentrations in wasps from 4 sites near Harare, Zimbabwe, on a 106 km west–east transect. We found elevated concentrations at 2 presumed-polluted sites (a platinum [Pt] mine and a known polluted lake) located near a metal-enriched geological feature (the Great Dyke). A site in urban Harare and a nature reserve served as reference. Only wasps from the 2 presumed-polluted sites had quantifiable Pt. For Cr, Ni, Mg, Se, Fe, Mn, and V, we report the highest concentrations in wasps yet published. Wasps from the presumed-polluted sites had significantly higher concentrations of most metals when compared with wasps from the reference sites, suggesting pollution as a source. Geology, however, differs between the sites. It is probable, therefore, that both geology and pollution contributed to the differences in metal concentrations. Because of its long and narrow dimensions (550 km long and 4–11 km wide), the Great Dyke offers opportunities for comparative studies. Because wasps form a complex part of the food web and ecology, studies on the transfer of metals to wasps' predators are needed, especially given that some birds specialize in feeding on hymenopterans. The rich diversity of wasps (&gt;145 000 species worldwide) occupying multiple different trophic levels is a good indicator, and wasps have a rich potential to join other invertebrates as terrestrial indicators. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1726–1739. © 2021 SETAC
Abstract
Wasps from presumed-polluted sites in Zimbabwe had significantly higher metal concentrations than reference wasps.
The effect of accidents on labor market outcomes: Evidence from Chile
Authors: Parro Francisco , Pohl R. Vincent 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe estimate the causal effect of accidents on employment and earnings among Chilean men using event study methods and monthly administrative data. An accident of any type reduces the probability of being employed by 8.4 percentage points in the first year, by 11.2 percentage points in the second year, and by 14.8 percentage points in the third year after the accident. On average, over the three years after the accident, employment declines by 14%, relative to the pre‐accident mean. In addition, accidents reduce monthly earnings by around 11% in the first year, 17% in the second year, and 22% in the third year after the accident. On average, monthly earnings fall by 16%, relative to the pre‐accident average. Thus, we estimate persistent and increasing labor market effects of accidents over time. These effects vary by individuals' age, education, and industry and by severity of the accident. Our findings imply that the economic consequences of health shocks go beyond direct medical expenses.
Reconstruction of critical‐size segmental defects in rat femurs using carbonate apatite honeycomb scaffolds
Authors: Sakemi Yuta , Hayashi Koichiro , Tsuchiya Akira , Nakashima Yasuharu , Ishikawa Kunio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCritical‐size segmental defects are formidable challenges in orthopedic surgery. Various scaffolds have been developed to facilitate bone reconstruction within such defects. Many previously studied scaffolds achieved effective outcomes with a combination of high cost, high‐risk growth factors or stem cells. Herein, we developed honeycomb scaffolds (HCSs) comprising carbonate apatite (CO3Ap) containing 8% carbonate, identical to human bone composition. The CO3Ap HCSs were white‐columned blocks harboring regularly arranged macropore channels of a size and wall thickness of 156 ± 5 μm and 102 ± 10 μm, respectively. The compressive strengths of the HCSs parallel and perpendicular to the macropore channel direction were 51.0 ± 11.8 and 15.6 ± 2.2 MPa, respectively. The HCSs were grafted into critical‐sized segmental defects in rat femurs. The HCSs bore high‐load stresses without any observed breakage. Two‐weeks post‐implantation, calluses formed around the HCSs and immature bone formed in the HCS interior. The calluses and immature bone matured until 8 weeks via endochondral ossification. At 12 weeks post‐implantation, large parts of the HCSs were gradually replaced by newly formed bone. The bone reconstruction efficacy of the CO3Ap HCSs alone was comparable to that of protein and cell scaffolds, while achieving a lower cost and increased safety.
Growth, respiration and physicochemical changes during the maturation of cacao fruits
Authors: López‐Hernández Martha del Pilar , Criollo‐Núñez Jenifer , Jaramillo‐Barrios Camilo Ignacio , Lozano‐Tovar María Denis 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDCacao is important for the economy of many countries in the humid tropics. Its quality is affected when fruits are not collected at the optimal harvest point. The aim of this study was to obtain maturity indices for producers to facilitate the timely harvest and improve the development of fermentation and the sensorial quality of cacao. The growth and respiration processes, and the physicochemical changes during the maturation of three cacao genotypes were determined. Physiological follow‐ups measuring fruit length and diameter were performed from 30 days after anthesis to fruit deterioration in the tree.RESULTSGrowth equations were obtained, establishing four maturity stages based on days after anthesis, and fruit length and diameter. Nineteen descriptors were used for the characterization, and through Pearson's correlation and principal component analysis (PCA), five descriptors were identified as representative of the maturity stages of the cacao fruit. PCA results and respiration measurements established that stage 3 presented the highest substrate availability for obtaining good fermentation and quality cacao. This stage showed values between 124 and 197 days after anthesis with lengths between 167.7 and 249.73 mm, and diameters between 64.4 and 95.8 mm, according to the locality.CONCLUSIONThree growth phases of the cacao fruits were established considering days after anthesis. Both the edaphoclimatic conditions and the cacao genotype characteristics influenced this determination. Stage 3 of fruit maturation shows the best physicochemical conditions for good fermentation. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry
Transvaginal Shear Wave Elastography for Assessment of Endometrial and Subendometrial Pathologies
Authors: Vora Zainab , Manchanda Smita , Sharma Raju , Das Chandan Jyoti , Hari Smriti , Mathur Sandeep , Kumar Sunesh , Kachhawa Garima , Khan Maroof Ahmad 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo assess the role of shear wave elastography (SWE) in characterizing different endometrial and subendometrial pathologies.MethodsSeventy‐three women with pathologically proven endometrial and subendometrial pathologies were enrolled in this prospective study and assessed with transvaginal SWE. The elasticity values (in kiloPascals), and the ratio of mean elasticity of the endometrial lesion to myometrial elasticity (E/M ratio) were compared in different pathologies.ResultsThere was a statistically significant difference (P <.001) in the mean, minimum, and maximum elasticity of the pathologies as well as the E/M ratio (P <.00001). In the analysis of the subgroups, the mean elasticity of endometrial polyp was statistically significantly lower than other subgroups (P <.01), while submucosal leiomyoma and focal adenomyoma had significantly higher values than other subgroups (P <.01). No statistically significant difference was noted in the mean elasticity of carcinoma and hyperplasia (P‐.19).ConclusionSWE is a potential adjunct to ultrasound that provides an additional paradigm to characterize endometrial and subendometrial masses.
Rapid analytical methods for the microalgal and cyanobacterial biorefinery: Application on strains of industrial importance
Authors: Palmer Joseph S. , Lawton Linda A. , Kindt Rocky , Edwards Christine 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTo realize the potential of microalgae in the biorefinery context, exploitation of multiple products is necessary for profitability and bioproduct valorization. Appropriate analytical tools are required for growth optimization, culture monitoring, and quality control purposes, with safe, low‐tech, and low‐cost solutions favorable. Rapid, high‐throughput, and user‐friendly methodologies were devised for (a) determination of phycobiliproteins, chlorophylls, carotenoids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids and (b) qualitative and quantitative carotenoid profiling using UPLC‐PDA‐MSE. The complementary methods were applied on 11 commercially important microalgal strains including prasinophytes, haptophytes, and cyanobacteria, highlighting the suitability of some strains for coproduct exploitation and the method utility for research and industrial biotechnology applications. The UPLC method allowed separation of 41 different carotenoid compounds in <15 min. Simple techniques are described for further quantification and comparison of pigment profiles, allowing for easy strain selection and optimization for pigment production, with suitability for biotechnological or biomedical applications.
Für die Raffinerie der Zukunft
Authors: Niebler Sandra , Wollschläger Jürgen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDas erste Reallabor des Bundeswirtschaftsministeriums fokussiert auf Wasserstofftechniken. Die Raffinerie Heide in Hemmingstedt baut dafür eine 30‐Megawatt‐Elektrolyseanlage.
Synthetisieren auf Quantenebene
Authors: Köster Hendrik , Stadler Daniel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractQuantencomputer entwickeln neue Moleküle und simulieren komplexe Vorgänge. Was Quantencomputing noch kann, wie es funktioniert und warum nicht jedes Unternehmen seine eigene Rechenmaschine braucht, um die Technik zu nutzen.
Modellexperimente zu einem bakteriellen Plagegeist
Authors: Ducci Matthias 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDer Grund für Gastritis und Magengeschwüre kann die Besiedelung der Magenschleimhaut mit Helicobacter pylori sein. Wie schafft es das Bakterium, in dieser sauren Umgebung zu überleben? Neue Modellexperimente mit Alginatbällchen machen die Prozesse um das Bakterium für Schüler:innen nachvollziehbar.
Was Schwämme alles können
Authors: Groß Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDie am Meeresboden weitverbreiteten Schwämme (Porifera) gelten als die primitivste Klasse der mehrzelligen Tiere. Dennoch vollbringen sie erstaunliche Dinge, stellen etwa Glasfasern bei Normaltemperatur her und beherbergen bestimmte Mikroorganismen. Auch als Bioindikatoren für die Wasserqualität und als Sammler von DNA‐Proben können sie uns nützen.
Erstmalige Beobachtung des CNO‐Zyklus
Authors: Zuber Kai 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Energieerzeugung in der Sonne und den Sternen wird schon seit weit über hundert Jahren diskutiert. Erst Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker und Hans Bethe identifizierten die Kernfusion als Energiequelle. Heute wissen wir, dass die Sonne mit der Proton‐Proton‐Fusionskette den größten Teil ihrer Energie produziert, während der Bethe‐Weizsäcker‐ oder CNO‐Zyklus eine untergeordnete Rolle spielt. Er wird aber bei Sternen mit Zentraltemperaturen von mehr als 15 bis 16 Millionen Kelvin zunehmend dominant. Mit der ersten Messung von solaren Neutrinos Ende der 1960er‐Jahre gelang der Nachweis des pp‐Prozesses. Es brauchte ein weiteres halbes Jahrhundert, bis mit dem Neutrinodetektor Borexino auch der Nachweis des CNO‐Zyklus gelang.
Heiße Experimente – Physik in der Sauna
Authors: Schlichting Hans Joachim , Ucke Christian 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungDass der Mensch Temperaturen von 100 °C in einer Sauna überlebt, hat mehrere Ursachen. Der Wärmetransport durch die heiße Luft ist wesentlich kleiner als im heißen Wasser. Entscheidend ist aber, dass der Körper schwitzt. Er sondert Wasser aus dem Körperinnern an der Hautoberfläche ab, was dem Körper beim Verdampfen Wärme entzieht und dadurch kühlt. Auf diese Weise kann die Hauttemperatur für längere Zeit auf einer Temperatur von etwa 40 °C verbleiben. Bei einem Aufguss wird dieser Mechanismus gestört, weil auf der verhältnismäßig kühlen Haut Wasserdampf kondensiert und dabei noch Wärme abgibt.
Quantifying the climate and human impacts on the hydrology of the Yalong River Basin using two approaches
Authors: Zhao Yinmao , Dong Ningpeng , Wang Hao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRunoff in many river basins worldwide has shown an alteration under the impact of global climate change and increasing human activities. A detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis on the impact of climate change and human activities is therefore of great significance towards the sustainable water resources planning and management. In this study, the impact of climate change and human activities on the runoff was first quantitatively analyzed for the Yalong River Basin (YRB), China, by using a combination of the CREST hydrologic model and the Choudhury–Yang equation based elastic coefficient method, respectively. Furthermore, a qualitative analysis on the response of runoff to human activities was carried out in terms of land use changes, water withdrawal and reservoir operation. Results indicate that precipitation and runoff of the Yalong River Basin increased and decreased at the rate of 1.17 and 0.35 mm/a, respectively, for the period from 1980 to 2018. Climate change and human activities contributed 6.65–21.67% and 78.33–93.35% to the runoff variation, respectively. Among the human activities, we found that reservoir construction and operation is likely to be the major driver of the variation in the hydrologic regime of the YRB. Our methods and findings are expected to provide implications for water resources planning and management for the YRB and different basins across the globe.
COVID-19: Auswirkungen auf das zentrale und periphere Nervensystem
Authors:   DGNN-Taskforce „CNS-COVID19“, Ritschel N. ,   „DEFEAT PANDEMIcs – Neuropathologische Referenzdiagnostik bei COVID-19“, Radbruch H. , Herden C. , Schneider N. , Dittmayer C. , Franz J. , Thomas C. , Silva Boos G. , Pagenstecher A. , Schulz-Schaeffer W. , Stadelmann C. , Glatzel M. , Heppner F. L. , Weis J. , Sohrabi K. , Schänzer A. , Németh A. , Acker T. 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungDie gesundheitlichen Auswirkungen der Coronavirus-Krankheit 2019 (COVID-19) durch die Infektion von SARS-CoV‑2 (Schweres-Akutes-Respiratorisches–Syndrom-Coronavirus 2) werden mit der Ausbreitung der Pandemie immer deutlicher. Neben der Lunge sind auch andere Organe betroffen, welche die Morbidität und Mortalität deutlich beeinflussen können. Insbesondere neurologische Symptome unter Beteiligung des zentralen und peripheren Nervensystems können akute Symptome oder Langzeitfolgen auslösen. Die Mechanismen dieser Neuropathogenese der SARS-CoV-2-Infektion und ihr Zusammenhang mit akuten und chronischen neurologischen Symptomen sind Gegenstand aktueller Studien, die sich mit der Untersuchung einer potenziellen direkten und indirekten Virusinfektion des Nervensystems beschäftigen. In der folgenden Übersichtsarbeit wird der aktuelle Stand über die neuropathologischen Manifestationen, die molekulare Pathogenese, die möglichen Infektionswege im Nervensystem und die systemischen Wirkungen zusammengefasst. Zusätzlich wird ein Überblick über das bundesweite Register CNS-COVID19 und Kooperationen gegeben, die zu einem besseren Verständnis der neurologischen Symptome von COVID-19 beitragen sollen.
Generating High-Performance FPGA Accelerator Designs for Big Data Analytics with Fletcher and Apache Arrow
Authors: Peltenburg Johan , van Straten Jeroen , Brobbel Matthijs , Al-Ars Zaid , Hofstee H. Peter 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAs big data analytics systems are squeezing out the last bits of performance of CPUs and GPUs, the next near-term and widely available alternative industry is considering for higher performance in the data center and cloud is the FPGA accelerator. We discuss several challenges a developer has to face when designing and integrating FPGA accelerators for big data analytics pipelines. On the software side, we observe complex run-time systems, hardware-unfriendly in-memory layouts of data sets, and (de)serialization overhead. On the hardware side, we observe a relative lack of platform-agnostic open-source tooling, a high design effort for data structure-specific interfaces, and a high design effort for infrastructure. The open source Fletcher framework addresses these challenges. It is built on top of Apache Arrow, which provides a common, hardware-friendly in-memory format to allow zero-copy communication of large tabular data, preventing (de)serialization overhead. Fletcher adds FPGA accelerators to the list of over eleven supported software languages. To deal with the hardware challenges, we present Arrow-specific components, providing easy-to-use, high-performance interfaces to accelerated kernels. The components are combined based on a generic architecture that is specialized according to the application through an extensive infrastructure generation framework that is presented in this article. All generated hardware is vendor-agnostic, and software drivers add a platform-agnostic layer, allowing users to create portable implementations.