bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Julian Romance
Authors: Drijvers Jan Willem 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Julian Romance is a work of historical fiction in Syriac. It offers a Christian perspective on the reigns of both Julian and Jovian, who in the text are presented as opposites. As regards Julian, the Romance is essentially a hatchet job, while conversely it glorifies Jovian. The Romance divides into three distinct narratives. The first narrative is short in its surviving form, but must originally have been longer because it concludes with the following words: “The celebration of the faith of Constantine and of his three sons who reigned after him is completed.” The second one I have called the Eusebius Narrative and describes at great length the many unsuccessful attempts of Julian to have Rome’s bishop Eusebius renounce his Christian conviction and become a venerator of the old gods. To that end, but also to be acknowledged as ruler of the entire empire by the city of Rome, Julian visits Rome. The third account, which I have entitled the Jovian Narrative, can be characterized as a narrative of war: war between Julian and the Christians, war between Rome and Persia, and in a sense Jovian’s war against Julian in order to protect Christianity and the Church. It is by far the longest of the three parts of the Romance and celebrates Jovian as the ideal Christian emperor. In this chapter the various narratives are introduced and a comprehensive summary is given of the Jovian Narrative.
History of Scholarship
Authors: Drijvers Jan Willem 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The manuscript of the Syriac Julian Romance was part of the Nitrian manuscripts which came into the possession of the British Museum in the 1830s. The Julian Romance received broader attention in 1874 in an important publication by the German orientalist Theodor Nöldeke. Six years later, J. G. E. Hoffmann published the complete Syriac work under the title Syrische Erzählungen; it is the only (non-critical) edition available of the Romance. In 1928 Hermann Gollancz published an English rendering. In 2016 a much better and reliable English translation of the Romance was published by Michael Sokoloff; besides a translation, it also includes the Syriac text of Hoffmann’s edition from 1880. This chapter offers a discussion of the scholarship of the Romance and deals with issues such as the place and date of origin of the text, the original language, the possible authorship, function, and genre of the text, as well as its place within Syriac literature. The Romance as we have it is generally accepted as having been composed in Edessa. The northern Mesopotamian city has a special place and a prominent role in the Julian Romance, in particular in the Jovian Narrative. One of the purposes of the text seems to have been to emphasize Edessa as the city of Christ par excellence, for which reason it deserves a special place in the world of Christendom, as well as to present Edessa as the model of Christian government for the whole empire.
The Queer Biopic in the AIDS Era
Authors: Stamm Laura 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Queer Biopic in the AIDS Era returns to the historical moment of the AIDS crisis and the emergence of New Queer Cinema to investigate the phenomena of queer biopic films produced during the late 1980s–early 1990s. More specifically, the book asks why queer filmmakers repeatedly produced biographical films of queer individuals living and dead throughout the years surrounding the AIDS crisis. While film critics and historian typically treat the biopic as a conservative, if not cliché, genre, queer filmmakers have frequently used the biopic to tell stories of queer lives. This project pays particular attention to the genre’s queer resonances, opening up the biopic’s historical connections to projects of education, public health, and social hygiene, along with the production of a shared history and national identity. Queer filmmakers’ engagement with the biopic evokes the genre’s history of building life through the portrayal of lives worthy of admiration and emulation, but it also points to another biopic history, that of representing lives damaged. By portraying lives damaged by inconceivable loss, queer filmmakers challenge the illusion of a coherent self presumably reinforced by the biopic genre and in doing so, their films open up the potential for new means of connection and relationality. The book features fresh readings of the cinema of Derek Jarman, John Greyson, Todd Haynes, Barbara Hammer, and Tom Kalin. By calling for a reappraisal of the queer biopic, the book also calls for a reappraisal of New Queer Cinema’s legacy and its influence of contemporary queer film.
Living Cells, Lifeless Molecules
Authors: Harold Franklin M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Cells are composed of molecules that are lifeless but special, because most of them occur in nature only in the context of life. They are essential to all the workings of life, and no one single class holds life’s secret: life is an emergent property of the collective of molecules, assembled into the elaborate structures called cells. Cells come in great profusion, but all are variations on just two patterns of organization: prokaryotes, small and relatively simple microbes, both Bacteria and Archaea; and eukaryotes (Eukarya), the larger and more complex cells that make up all animals, plants, and fungi. The molecules of life, for all their diversity, again fall mainly into just a handful of categories. The bulk of living matter consists of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids. Biomolecules belong to chemistry, but their functions in the process of living place them in the realm of biology.
Life Makes Itself
Authors: Harold Franklin M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The cell is a microcosm of life. Cells draw matter and energy from their environment, construct their own fabric, maintain their identity over time, and reproduce their own kind. Each is a hive of functional activity involving myriads of molecules crammed into a tiny space, and intricately structured so as to accomplish the cell’s primary objective: to make two cells where there was one before. This chapter intends to give readers a sense of what living entails: the chemical factory, how cells harvest energy, heredity, and how information integrates the cacophony of molecules into an orchestra.
Putting the Cell in Order
Authors: Harold Franklin M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Organization is one of the most conspicuous features of cells. Not only are cells highly ordered (in the sense of regularity and predictability), but also they are organized: their order has purpose, or function. How does biological organization arise, and how is it transmitted from one generation to the next? A key element is genetic information encoded in DNA. Many scientists hold that DNA is the master molecule of life that prescribes all that cells are and do, and the general public has swallowed that doctrine whole. There is truth in this view of biological organization, inasmuch as genes do specify the chemical structure (and thereby the function) of proteins, nucleic acids, and (indirectly) many other biomolecules. But that is only part of an increasingly complex story. The higher levels of cell organization are not spelled out in the genes; they arise by self-organization, and are commonly transmitted to the next generation because the mother cell is architecturally continuous with its daughter. DNA provides an indispensable database, but does not direct the show. Organisms are better understood as complex interactive systems composed of genetically specified elements.
The Darwinian Outlook
Authors: Harold Franklin M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The contemporary view of evolution crystallized in the mid-20th century in a hard-edged form that puts genes central: It sees organisms as vehicles for their genes, the material basis of the instructions encoded therein. Heredity, variation, natural selection, and adaptation all result from events that take place at the gene level. Organisms evolve by small mutational steps, never by sudden jumps. Mutations occur at random, not in response to need. Acquired characteristics are never inherited. Ongoing research challenges all these premises, and reinforces the criticism that the received doctrine is too narrow. Two important sources of novelty are lateral gene transfer across all boundaries, and the creation of new patterns of order by symbiosis. (The origin and history of the eukaryotic cell is a prime example.) In the renovated synthesis now emerging, genes retain their hold on organismal identity that is passed from parents to offspring and not easily altered. But this genetic framework is supplemented by a variety of more cellular mechanisms to acquire new traits, making cells more flexible and cohesive than imagined in classical theory.
Evolution of the Cell
Authors: Harold Franklin M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Cells are life’s basic building blocks, and there is no more profound question than how they came to be. What made this murky subject accessible is the invention of methods to sequence nucleic acids and proteins, and to infer evolutionary relationships from those sequences. It seems that all living things share a common ancestry in LUCA (the Last Universal Common Ancestor), a shadowy entity thought to have lived nearly 4 billion years ago. LUCA’s nature has been much debated, but she appears to have been a cell of sorts endowed with membranes, metabolic networks, a usable energy source and the machinery to express and reproduce genetic information. The earliest known event in cell history was the divergence of Archaea from Bacteria, about 3.5 billion years ago. Eukaryotic cells, more closely allied with Archaea than with Bacteria, appear much later, some 2 billion years ago. Their origin remains one of life’s mysteries, but the evidence currently favors a fusion or merger of an early archaeon with a bacterium; the latter became the ancestor of mitochondria, and played a major role in cell evolution. Eukaryotic cells of the contemporary kind emerged over hundreds of million years. Prominent events included a second instance of intracellular symbiosis, this time with a cyanobacterium, that introduced photosynthesis into the eukaryotic universe and initiated the plant lineage. Eukaryotic cells are the building blocks of all higher organisms. Just what has given the eukaryotic order an edge is yet another of life’s stubborn mysteries.
The Perennial Riddle of Life’s Origin
Authors: Harold Franklin M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The origin of life is the most consequential problem in biology, possibly in all of science, and it remains unsolved. This chapter summarizes what has been learned and highlights questions that remain open, including How, Where, When, and especially Why. LUCA, some four billion years ago, already featured the basic capacities of contemporary cells. These must have evolved still earlier, at a nebulous proto-cellular stage. There is good reason to believe that enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, electron-transport chains, and the rotary ATP synthase all predate LUCA and were shaped by the standard process of variation and natural selection, but we know next to nothing about how cells ever got started. I favor the proposal that it began with a purely chemical dynamic network capable of reproducing itself, that may have originated by chance. Natural selection would have favored the incorporation of any ancillary factors that promoted its kinetic stability, especially ones that improved reproduction or gave access to energy. All the specifics are in dispute, including the role of a prebiotic broth of organic chemicals, the nature and origin of enclosure, the RNA world, and a venue in submarine hydrothermal vents. My sense is that critical pieces of the puzzle remain to be discovered.
The Tangled Bank
Authors: Harold Franklin M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Why are there so many kinds of organisms, and why do they cluster into discrete groups associated with particular locales? These and other ecological questions find answers in the expansive version of evolution that is presently emerging. Heredity, variation, natural selection, and adaptation are rooted in the level of genes, but incorporate features that grow out of the many tiers of biological organization. The communitarian view of life complements the one focused on the individual organism, and requires us to reexamine the meaning of both organism and individual. It embraces broad-gauge phenomena such as nutrient cycles, and gave birth to Gaia: the vision of Earth as a self-regulating system that has kept our planet hospitable to life for nearly 4 billion years.
Being Guilty
Authors: Elgat Guy 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
What can guilt, the painful sting of the bad conscience, tell us about who we are as human beings? This book seeks to answer this question through an examination of the views of Immanuel Kant, Friedrich Wilhelm von Schelling, Arthur Schopenhauer, Paul Rée, Friedrich Nietzsche, and Martin Heidegger on guilt, freedom, responsibility, and conscience. The concept of guilt has not received sufficient attention from scholars of the history of German philosophy. The book addresses this lacuna and shows how the philosophers’ arguments can be more deeply grasped once read in their historical context. A main claim of the book is that this history could be read as proceeding dialectically. Thus, in Kant, Schelling, and Schopenhauer, there are variations on the idea that guilt is justified because the human agent is a free cause of his or her own being—a causa sui—and thus responsible for his or her “ontological guilt.” In contrast, in Rée and Nietzsche, these ideas are rejected, and the conclusion is reached that guilt is not justified but is explainable psychologically. Finally, in Heidegger, we find a synthesis of sorts, where the idea of causa sui is rejected, but ontological guilt is retained and guilt is seen as possible, because for Heidegger, a condition of possibility of guilt is that we are ontologically guilty yet not causa sui. In the process of unfolding this trajectory, the various philosophers’ views on these and many other issues are examined in detail.
Schopenhauer
Authors: Elgat Guy 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Arthur Schopenhauer’s views on guilt as well as his version of the transcendental argument found in Kant and Schelling. The chapter first provides an outline of Schopenhauer’s metaphysical view and then turns, in the second part, to examine the manner in which he understands the intelligible/empirical character distinction. Schopenhauer’s thoughts about guilt are then examined in the chapter’s third part. Here three conceptions of guilt in Schopenhauer are distinguished, and it is then shown that the conception of personal culpability is grounded for Schopenhauer by an eternal and free deed of self-constitution where an individual chooses his or her own intelligible being or character as causa sui.
Nietzsche
Authors: Elgat Guy 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, a detailed reconstruction of Friedrich Nietzsche’s genealogy of guilt is provided. The following notions are examined: internalization of cruelty, the ethics of custom, the debtor-creditor relationship, the creation of the “sovereign individual,” free will, and the notion of Christian guilt. One of the main claims made is that Nietzsche’s genealogy can be seen to go deeper than Rée’s in that it provides us with a genealogy of social and mental structures that Rée’s genealogy presupposes. On the other hand, as the chapter argues, at various crucial junctions, Nietzsche can be read as helping himself to a Rée-ian form of explanation. Before turning to Nietzsche’s genealogy of guilt in his On the Genealogy of Morals and other writings, the chapter examines his earlier critique of Schopenhauer in Human, All Too Human and his critique of the idea of causa sui in Beyond Good and Evil.
Reconstructing Pragmatism
Authors: Voparil Chris 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The figure of Richard Rorty stands in complex relation to the tradition of American pragmatism. On the one hand, his intellectual creativity, lively prose, and bridge-building fueled the contemporary resurgence of pragmatism. On the other, his polemical claims and selective interpretations function as a negative, fixed pole against which thinkers of all stripes define themselves. Virtually all pragmatists on the contemporary scene, whether classical or “new,” Deweyan, Jamesian, or Peircean, use Rorty as a foil to justify their positions. The resulting divisions and internecine quarrels threaten to thwart and fragment the tradition’s creative potential. More caricatured than understood, the specter of Rorty is blocking the road of inquiry and future development of pragmatism. Reconstructing Pragmatism moves beyond the Rortyan impasse by providing what has been missing for decades: a constructive, nonpolemical account of Rorty’s relation to classical pragmatism. The first book-length treatment of Rorty’s intellectual debt to the early pragmatists, it establishes his selective appropriations not as misunderstandings or distortions but as a sustained, intentional effort to reconstruct their thinking. Featuring chapters devoted to five key pragmatist thinkers—Charles Sanders Peirce, William James, John Dewey, Josiah Royce, and Jane Addams—the book draws on archival sources and the full scope of Rorty’s writings to challenge prevailing misconceptions and caricatures. By illuminating the critical resources, still largely untapped, that Rorty offers for articulating classical pragmatism’s ongoing relevance, the book reveals limitations in received images of the classical pragmatists and opens up new modes of understanding pragmatism and why it matters today.
Introduction
Authors: Voparil Chris 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines the critical impasse that contemporary pragmatism faces between the critical and creative energies generated by its global ascendance and the divisions and internecine quarrels among “classico,” “paleo,” “neo,” and “new” pragmatisms, along with a tendency to self-isolate through factions and exclusionary identifications with single thinkers, that continually thwart and fragment these new energies. It provides an overview of how Rorty came to pragmatism and explains the nature and scope of Rorty’s project of reconstruction, including his role in prevailing narratives of continuity, eclipse, and revival in the pragmatist tradition’s odyssey; the persistent partition between experiential and linguistic pragmatisms; and pragmatism’s relation to humanism. The chapter also outlines promising avenues of productive dialogue between Rorty’s thought and an array of classical pragmatists. It argues that the path forward for pragmatism runs through, rather than around or against, Rorty.
Rorty and James
Authors: Voparil Chris 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter documents unexplored parallels between the pluralistic, “unfinished” universe heralded by James, and the contingent, linguistically mediated landscape open to endless redescription embraced by Rorty. Both are philosophers of agency who evoke a conception of knowledge in which humans are active participants in the construction of what is right and true. They reject an ethics that appeals to fixed principles, yet nonetheless combine their fallibilism and pluralism with an account of commitment and responsibility that manifests in an acute attentiveness to what James called the “cries of the wounded” and to the obligations that the claims of concrete others place on us. Read alongside James, Rortyan irony emerges as an ethical form of antiauthoritarian fallibilism. The combination of epistemic modesty and willingness to listen and learn from others with an account of ethical responsiveness is a signal contribution of their pragmatisms.
Rorty and Dewey
Authors: Voparil Chris 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter frames Rorty’s interpretation of Dewey as an attempt to reconstruct Dewey to better promote a particular vision of democracy and social change, rather than as a misreading. Rorty radicalizes Dewey’s own reconstruction of philosophy, using Deweyan critiques against him. When he objects to particular elements in Dewey’s work, like the project of constructive metaphysics in Experience and Nature, it is because he believes they get in the way of reconstructing philosophy as an instrument of social change. Rorty’s effort to transcend limitations in Dewey’s conception of philosophy as an instrument of social change deserves to be considered on its own merits. By reading Dewey as giving us an account of inquiry and warrant under conditions of normal discourse and Rorty as focused on abnormal contexts where belief correction proceeds via unwarranted assertions and nonlogical changes in belief, the chapter suggests how pragmatists can learn from them both.
Rorty and Royce
Authors: Voparil Chris 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Despite the evident lack of pragmatist family resemblance between the “absolute pragmatism” of Josiah Royce and Rorty’s antifoundationalism, historicism, and contingentism, this chapter identifies a shared project of, in Rorty’s parlance, intervening in cultural politics. Three claims are advanced: first, that Royce’s later work can be productively viewed as a series of philosophical interventions in cultural politics; second, that while evidence of Rorty’s engagement with Royce’s thought is scant, drawing on archival material establishes that it exists and was more influential on Rorty than currently appreciated; and, third, that reading Rorty and Royce within the same frame generates insights about the transformative moral resources available to pragmatists—namely, the power of affective ties and ethical commitments exemplified in the notion of loyalty. What results is an approach to questions of justice through the lens of community particularly attuned to those who have been marginalized or excluded.
Rorty and Addams
Authors: Voparil Chris 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Despite Rorty’s oeuvre containing limited commentary on Jane Addams, this chapter illuminates their distinctive shared contribution to pragmatist ethics: They merge epistemic and ethical priorities to unite sympathetic understanding with the cultivation of social ethical responsibility and orient their ethical projects explicitly toward responsiveness to marginalized or excluded others. Its chief claims are: first, that Rorty can be read as extending Addams’s project of creating a democratic moral community; and second, that a constructive dialogue between Rorty and Addams reveals key points of complementarity that, when taken together, generate a more robust conception of democratic social ethics than Addams’s alone. Reading Rorty alongside Addams elucidates the ethical commitments implicit in his more familiar epistemological critiques, including how Rorty’s understanding of the social practice of justification can be understood as a philosophical defense of Addams’s notion of a “social test.”
Conclusion
Authors: Voparil Chris 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter outlines the implications of the book’s overall reinterpretation of Rorty’s relation to the classical pragmatists via the lens of reconstruction. After a brief precis of the accounts of Rorty’s relation to Peirce, James, Dewey, Royce, and Addams in the preceding chapters, it revisits several prevalent criticisms of Rorty in contemporary debates to show how a fuller understanding of Rorty’s relation to classical pragmatism helps mitigate the concerns, including his antirealism, reduction of truth to our peers, alleged relativism, and lack of resources to defeat the arguments of the Nazi. It then sketches the broad contours of a post-Rortyan pragmatism free of partisan allegiances and self-protective impulses, animated by creative energies resulting from working through and beyond his challenges to pragmatists to better realize the aims of moral and epistemic growth toward more just and inclusive communities.