bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis C Resistance-Associated Substitutions Among People Who Inject Drugs Treated With Direct-Acting Antiviral-Containing Regimens
Authors: Akiyama Matthew J , Riback Lindsey , Reeves Jacqueline D , Lie Yolanda S , Agyemang Linda , Norton Brianna L , Arnsten Julia H , Litwin Alain H 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundResistance-associated substitutions (RASs) to HCV direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) can contribute to virologic failure and limit retreatment options. People who inject drugs (PWID) are at highest risk for transmission of resistant virus. We report on RASs at baseline and after virologic failure in DAA-naive and protease inhibitor-experienced PWID.MethodsWe sequenced the NS3/4A, NS5A, and NS5B regions from 150 PWID with genotype 1 (GT1) viruses; 128 (85.3%) GT1a, 22 (14.7%) GT1b.ResultsAmong the 139 (92.7%) DAA-naive PWID, 85 of 139 (61.2%) had baseline RASs—67 of 139 (48.2%) in NS3 (predominantly Q80K/L); 25 of 139 (18.0%) in NS5A; and 8 of 139 (5.8%) in NS5B. Of the 11 protease inhibitor-experienced participants, 9 had baseline NS3 RASs (V36L N = 1, Q80K N = 9) and 4 had baseline NS5A RASs (M28V N = 2, H58P N = 1, A92T N = 1). Among the 11 participants who had posttreatment samples with detectable virus (7 treatment failures, 1 late relapse, 3 reinfections), 1 sofosbuvir/ledipasvir failure had a baseline H58P. Two sofosbuvir/ledipasvir-treated participants developed new NS5A mutations (Q30H, Y93H, L31M/V). Otherwise, no RASs were detected.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate RAS prevalence among DAA-naive PWID is comparable to that in the general population. Only 2 of 150 (1.3%) in our longitudinal cohort developed treatment-emergent RASs. Concern for transmission of resistant virus may therefore be minimal.
Political Purposes, Anti-entrenchment and Judicial Protection of the Democratic Process
Authors: Rowbottom Jacob 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The legality of decisions made for political purposes is a recurring issue in administrative law. In this article, it will be argued that generalisations should not be made about ‘political’ decisions as a single category. Instead, there are different types of political consideration, which raise different issues when assessing the legality of a decision. This article singles out a particular type of political decision for condemnation: decisions made to gain a political advantage by deliberately changing the systems of democratic accountability. Examples include the engineering of the electoral system to produce favourable results, the use of public power to punish critics and the use of public resources to publish partisan propaganda. The article will argue that the legality of such political decisions should not be assessed solely within the ordinary administrative law framework, but under a constitutional principle of anti-entrenchment and process protection.
Reddening and darkening trends of on/off swirls and the relationship with magnetic field strength
Authors: Cho Eunjin , Sim Chae Kyung , Baek Seul-Min , Jeong Minsup , Choi Young-Jun 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Lunar swirls are albedo features associated with magnetic anomalies, and their formation mechanism has long been debated. Because spectral properties of lunar swirls provide information on space weathering environments and surface compositions, differences in the spectra between swirls and background regions can give a clue to their formation. We analyze space weathering for swirls in the lunar highlands and maria using the VIS-NIR spectral slope, 1550 nm reflectance, and 950 nm band depth. We find that highland swirls show lower reddening-to-darkening ratios than off-swirl regions, implying more decreases of nanophase iron relative to microphase iron on swirls. We also use magnetic field data to investigate the influence of the crustal magnetic field on the space weathering of a few selected swirls. The Reiner Gamma swirl becomes more immature as the magnetic field strength increases, although the entire swirl has a high albedo. Especially, the Reiner Gamma tail shows that the stronger magnetic field makes the surface undergo less spectral reddening. Our results support the solar wind stand-off hypothesis, which is that the solar wind deflected by the crustal field determines the optical property of the surface.
Multi-frequency radio observations of the radio-loud magnetar XTE J1810−197
Authors: Eie Sujin , Terasawa Toshio , Akahori Takuya , Oyama Tomoaki , Hirota Tomoya , Yonekura Yoshinori , Enoto Teruaki , Sekido Mamoru , Takefuji Kazuhiro , Misawa Hiroaki , Tsuchiya Fuminori , Kisaka Shota , Aoki Takahiro , Honma Mareki 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We report on the multi-frequency multi-epoch radio observations of the magnetar XTE J1810−197, which exhibited a radio outburst from 2018 December after its 10-year quiescent period. We performed quasi-simultaneous observations with VERA (22 GHz), Hitachi (6.9 GHz and 8.4 GHz), Kashima (2.3 GHz), and Iitate (0.3 GHz) radio telescopes located in Japan to trace the variability of the magnetar radio pulsations during the observing period from 2018 December 13 to 2019 June 12. The pulse width becomes narrower as the observing frequency goes higher, analogous to the general profile narrowing behavior of ordinary pulsars. When assuming a simple power law in the range of 2.3 GHz and 8.7 GHz, the radio spectrum of the magnetar goes steeper with the average spectral index 〈α〉 ≈ −0.85 for the first four months. The wide-band radio spectra gathered from our observations and the literature suggest that XTE J1810−197 would have a double-peaked spectrum with a valley point in 22–150 GHz, where the first spectral peak implies a gigahertz-peaked spectrum (GPS) feature with a peak at a few GHz. The GPS and the high-frequency peak have been identified in the spectra of other radio-loud magnetars, thus they may be intrinsic features that can give a new insight to the understanding of various emission mechanisms and the surrounding environments of radio magnetars. Our study emphasizes the importance of simultaneous long-term broad-band observations toward radio-loud magnetars to capture the puzzling spectral features and establish a link to other types of neutron stars.
Democracy in Spanish America: The Early Adoption of Universal Male Suffrage, 1810–1853
Authors: Aguilar Rivera José Antonio , Posada-Carbó Eduardo , Zimmermann Eduardo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract:
Universal manhood suffrage — the right to an equal vote for all adult males, regardless of racial, economic or literacy conditions, as adopted by some Spanish American countries in the 1850s, at a time when very few countries in the Western world had done so — is the subject of this article. It considers in more detail the experience of New Granada (Colombia), with some comparative references, especially to Argentina and Mexico, in the wider context of the 1848 European revolutions. It offers a novel contribution to the wider historiography of suffrage while also contributing to a growing literature that seeks to decentre the history of democracy. Additionally, in as much as issues related to suffrage were central to the process of constitution-making, what we detail here has some bearing on the renewed interest in constitutional history. While this is above all an engagement with history, it is hoped that its findings will have relevance to theoretical discussions among social scientists on the expansion of suffrage.
The calcium-dependent protein kinase CPK28 is targeted by the ubiquitin ligases ATL31 and ATL6 for proteasome-mediated degradation to fine-tune immune signaling in Arabidopsis
Authors: Liu Xiaotong , Zhou Yuanyuan , Du Mingshuo , Liang Xuelian , Fan Fenggui , Huang Guozhong , Zou Yanmin , Bai Jiaojiao , Lu Dongping 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Immune responses are triggered when pattern recognition receptors recognize microbial molecular patterns. The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE1 (BIK1) acts as a signaling hub of plant immunity. BIK1 homeostasis is maintained by a regulatory module in which CALCIUM-DEPENDENT PROTEIN KINASE28 (CPK28) regulates BIK1 turnover via the activities of two E3 ligases. Immune-induced alternative splicing of CPK28 attenuates CPK28 function. However, it remained unknown whether CPK28 is under proteasomal control. Here, we demonstrate that CPK28 undergoes ubiquitination and 26S proteasome-mediated degradation, which is enhanced by flagellin treatment. Two closely related ubiquitin ligases, ARABIDOPSIS TÓXICOS EN LEVADURA31 (ATL31) and ATL6, specifically interact with CPK28 at the plasma membrane; this association is enhanced by flagellin elicitation. ATL31/6 directly ubiquitinate CPK28, resulting in its proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, ATL31/6 promotes the stability of BIK1 by mediating CPK28 degradation. Consequently, ATL31/6 positively regulate BIK1-mediated immunity. Our findings reveal another mechanism for attenuating CPK28 function to maintain BIK1 homeostasis and enhance immune responses.
Evaluating Completeness of Discrete Data on Physical Functioning for Children With Cerebral Palsy in a Pediatric Rehabilitation Learning Health System
Authors: Koscielniak Nikolas J , Tucker Carole A , Grogan-Kaylor Andrew , Friedman Charles P , Richesson Rachel , Tucker Josh S , Piatt Gretchen A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to determine the extent that physical function discrete data elements (DDE) documented in electronic health records (EHR) are complete within pediatric rehabilitation settings.

Methods
A descriptive analysis on completeness of EHR-based DDEs detailing physical functioning for children with cerebral palsy was conducted. Data from an existing pediatric rehabilitation research learning health system data network, consisting of EHR data from 20 care sites in a pediatric specialty health care system, were leveraged. Completeness was calculated for unique data elements, unique outpatient visits, and unique outpatient records.

Results
Completeness of physical function DDEs was low across 5766 outpatient records (10.5%, approximately 2 DDEs documented). The DDE for Gross Motor Function Classification System level was available for 21% (n = 3746) outpatient visits and 38% of patient records. Ambulation level was the most frequently documented DDE. Intercept only mixed effects models demonstrated that 21.4% and 45% of the variance in completeness for DDEs and the Gross Motor Function Classification System, respectively, across unique patient records could be attributed to factors at the individual care site level.

Conclusion
Values of physical function DDEs are missing in designated fields of the EHR infrastructure for pediatric rehabilitation providers. Although completeness appears limited for these DDEs, our observations indicate that data are not missing at random and may be influenced by system-level standards in clinical documentation practices between providers and factors specific to individual care sites. The extent of missing data has significant implications for pediatric rehabilitation quality measurement. More research is needed to understand why discrete data are missing in EHRs and to further elucidate the professional and system-level factors that influence completeness and missingness.

Impact
Completeness of DDEs reported in this study is limited and presents a significant opportunity to improve documentation and standards to optimize EHR data for learning health system research and quality measurement in pediatric rehabilitation settings.
Brahmin Left Versus Merchant Right: Changing Political Cleavages in 21 Western Democracies, 1948–2020
Authors: Gethin Amory , Martínez-Toledano Clara , Piketty Thomas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article sheds new light on the long-run evolution of political cleavages in 21 Western democracies. We exploit a new database on the socioeconomic determinants of the vote, covering more than 300 elections held between 1948 and 2020. In the 1950s and 1960s, the vote for social democratic, socialist, and affiliated parties was associated with lower-educated and low-income voters. It has gradually become associated with higher-educated voters, giving rise in the 2010s to a disconnection between the effects of income and education on the vote: higher-educated voters now vote for the “left,” while high-income voters continue to vote for the “right.” This transition has been accelerated by the rise of green and anti-immigration movements, whose distinctive feature is to concentrate the votes of the higher-educated and lower-educated electorates. Combining our database with historical data on political parties’ programs, we provide evidence that the reversal of the education cleavage is strongly linked to the emergence of a new “sociocultural” axis of political conflict.
Public Firm Borrowers of the U.S. Paycheck Protection Program
Authors: Cororaton Anna , Rosen Samuel 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe document that nearly half of U.S. public firms were eligible for the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) in 2020, with 41.8% of those eligible choosing to borrow. Consistent with the program’s objectives, borrowers tended to be smaller with less cash, higher leverage, and fewer investment opportunities. In addition, firm values declined upon PPP loan announcement and borrowers grew slower in 2020 relative to nonborrowers. We document that 13.5% of PPP borrowers, in particular those facing more public scrutiny, returned their loans after public backlash. Overall, concerns of reputational harm appeared to dissuade eligible public firms from availing emergency government funding. (JEL E61, E65, G38, H81)
Outraged by Compensation: Implications for Public Pension Performance
Authors: Dyck Alexander , Manoel Paulo , Morse Adair 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Public pension boards fear inciting stakeholder outrage if they compensate internal investment managers with market-level salaries. We derive theoretical implications in an agency-portfolio-choice model motivated by inequality aversion. In a global sample, relaxing the effect of outrage on contracting leads to an average annual incremental value-added of $49 million generated through 11 bps in higher excess returns from risky assets, at the cost of $302,429 in additional compensation. Governance reforms that address outrage by reducing political appointees or requiring independent skills-based boards can increase the annual value-added. These findings are orthogonal to costly political distortions from underfunding and pay-to-play schemes.
Authors have furnished an Internet Appendix, which is available on the Oxford University Press Web site next to the link to the final published paper online.
Digital Refugee Lawyering: Risk, Legal Knowledge, and Accountability
Authors: Sandvik Kristin Bergtora 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article explores how the digital transformation of humanitarianism, and the refugee regime reshapes refugee lawyering. Much refugee lawyering is based on a traditional understanding of legal protection – and a focus on legal aid, law reform advocacy, and specific protection procedures (such as refugee status determination). Refugee lawyering must now grapple with the challenges offered by the digital transformation of international protection. This entails identifying emergent protection issues and how they relate to the law and legal claims. To that end, the article puts forward suggestions regarding the risks of the digital transformation as it pertains to the humanitarian space, the refugee management infrastructure, and refugee lawyering. The article also considers its implications for legal knowledge and the possibility that law may be “displaced” by technology. The article concludes by discussing what it means for refugee lawyering and for being accountable to the norms and values of rule of law standards, international protection, and to individual clients.
Default and executive networks’ roles in diverse adolescents’ emotionally engaged construals of complex social issues
Authors: Gotlieb Rebecca , Yang Xiao-Fei , Immordino-Yang Mary Helen 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Across adolescence, individuals enrich their concrete, empathic, context-specific interpretations of social-world happenings with abstract, situation-transcending, system-level considerations—invoking values, bigger implications and broader emotional perspectives. To investigate neural mechanisms involved in abstract construals vs concrete construals and the effects of emotional engagement on these mechanisms, 65 mid-adolescents aged 14–18 years reacted to compelling video mini-documentaries during private, open-ended interviews and again during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Following calls to diversify samples, participants were ethnically diverse low-socioeconomic status (SES) urban adolescents performing well in school. Participants spontaneously produced both concrete and abstract construals in the interview, and tendencies to produce each varied independently. As hypothesized, participants who made more abstract construals showed a greater subsequent default mode network (DMN) activity; those who made more concrete construals showed greater executive control network (ECN) activity. Findings were independent of IQ, SES, age and gender. Within individuals, DMN activation, especially when individuals were reporting strong emotional engagement, and ECN deactivation together predicted an abstract construal to a trial. Additionally, brief ECN activation early in the trial strengthened the DMN–abstraction relationship. Findings suggest a neural mechanism for abstract social thought in adolescence. They also link adolescents’ natural construals of social situations to distinct networks’ activity and suggest separable sociocognitive traits that may vary across youths.
Motherhood and theory of mind: increased activation in the posterior cingulate cortex and insulae
Authors: Plank Irene Sophia , Hindi Attar Catherine , Kunas Stefanie Lydia , Dziobek Isabel , Bermpohl Felix 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDespite growing evidence on effects of parenthood on social understanding, little is known about the influence of parenthood on theory of mind (ToM), the capacity to infer mental and affective states of others. It is also unclear whether any possible effects of parenthood on ToM would generalise to inferring states of adults or are specific to children. We investigated neural activation in mothers and women without children while they predicted action intentions from child and adult faces. Region-of-interest analyses showed stronger activation in mothers in the bilateral posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus (ToM-related areas) and insulae (emotion-related areas). Whole-brain analyses revealed that mothers compared to non-mothers more strongly activated areas including the left angular gyrus and the ventral prefrontal cortex but less strongly activated the right supramarginal gyrus and the dorsal prefrontal cortex. These differences were not specific to child stimuli but occurred in response to both adult and child stimuli and might indicate that mothers and non-mothers employ different strategies to infer action intentions from affective faces. Whether these general differences in affective ToM between mothers and non-mothers are due to biological or experience-related changes should be subject of further investigation.
Legal Cynicism and System Avoidance: Roma Marginality in Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Sendroiu Ioana , Levi Ron , Hagan John 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Roma are Europe’s largest minority group and face extensive discrimination across the continent. Drawing on a survey of Roma and non-Roma households in twelve Central and Eastern European countries, we analyze the extent to which legal cynicism, as a cognitive frame, is connected to the avoidance of helpful social institutions. We thus expand existing research on legal cynicism to focus on individuals’ contacts with potentially helpful institutions that can buffer inequality. We conclude that the interplay of legal cynicism and system avoidance, which have provided deep insights into the reproduction of structural disadvantage in American cities, also provide us with international insights into the causes of inequality and minority disadvantage across hundreds of towns in Central and Eastern Europe. In this way, legal cynicism and system avoidance work to reproduce durable inequality.
Engaging with mathematics during Covid-19: students aged 16+ responding to a mathematics ‘Box Set’ of enrichment video materials
Authors: Lyakhova Sofya , Oakes Dominic , Joubert Marie 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper reports on a mathematics outreach programme, ‘Bridging KS5 to University’, which offered video materials to students aged 16+ during the school closures in spring/summer 2020 in Wales. The 13 videos, provided by the Further Mathematics Support Programme in Wales, ranging from 20 to 50 min long, included activities and exercises addressing mathematical topics outside the school curriculum, and engaging with them can thus be seen as enrichment activities. The study is primarily concerned with the ways in which students engaged with the materials and what motivated them to begin watching them and then continue to watch them. Interviews with students found that the students’ behavioural and emotional engagement with the materials was much as might have been expected, but that their cognitive engagement was perhaps higher than expected. Considerations for developing further similar enrichment programmes for use in times of crisis, including equity issues, as well as for up-cycling the bridging programme for ‘normal’ times are also discussed.
Levelling the playing field in assessment: an analysis of attainment gaps for widening participation, black and minority ethnic mathematics undergraduates before and after the COVID-19 lockdown
Authors: Shaw L M , Tranter M R 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The 2019/20 Level 4 mathematics cohort at the Nottingham Trent University sat a full set of mid-year assessments in January 2020 under completely normal circumstances. However, the Covid-19 lockdown meant that their end of year assessments, along with all of their teaching and learning from March 2020 onwards, moved fully online. This has given us a unique opportunity to understand how the same cohort perform in contrasting situations. In this study we consider the issue of attainment gaps and find that the attainment gap closed in this cohort for black and minority ethnic students but that students from a lower socio-economic background may have been put at a disadvantage by the move to online teaching, learning and assessment. We use a linear mixed effect models approach to present statistical evidence to support these two claims as well as investigating the specific aspects of the move online, which may have caused these results.