bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The statistical properties of RCTs and a proposal for shrinkage
Authors: van Zwet Erik , Schwab Simon , Senn Stephen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe abstract the concept of a randomized controlled trial as a triple , where is the primary efficacy parameter, b the estimate, and s the standard error (). If the parameter is either a difference of means, a log odds ratio or a log hazard ratio, then it is reasonable to assume that b
is unbiased and normally distributed. This then allows us to estimate the joint distribution of the z‐value and the signal‐to‐noise ratio from a sample of pairs . We have collected 23 551 such pairs from the Cochrane database. We note that there are many statistical quantities that depend on only through the pair . We start by determining the estimated distribution of the achieved power. In particular, we estimate the median achieved power to be only 13%. We also consider the exaggeration ratio which is the factor by which the magnitude of is overestimated. We find that if the estimate is just significant at the 5% level, we would expect it to overestimate the true effect by a factor of 1.7. This exaggeration is sometimes referred to as the winner's curse and it is undoubtedly to a considerable extent responsible for disappointing replication results. For this reason, we believe it is important to shrink the unbiased estimator, and we propose a method for doing so. We show that our shrinkage estimator successfully addresses the exaggeration. As an example, we re‐analyze the ANDROMEDA‐SHOCK trial.
Review on Flexible Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Kaur Jagdeep , Kaur Gurmeet 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe third generation of metal‐organic frameworks responds to the advent of a guest molecule and on the application of external stimuli such as temperature, light, mechanical stress, and pressure. They are used in separation, sensing, drug delivery, gas storage, catalysis, etc due to their ability to make adjustments in their pore size. This review covers the basic details of flexible MOFs such as synthesis, recent approaches in controlling flexibility, and some applications in detail.
Catalytic Acetalization and Hydrogenation of Furfural over the Light‐Tunable Phosphated TiO2 Catalyst
Authors: Liu Xuechen , Zhou Yuanyi , Zeng Di , Wang Haipeng , Qiao Simeng , Zhang Ling , Wang Wenzhong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSelective conversion of furfural (FUR) into value‐added chemical commodities are of significance for biomass utilization and sustainable economy. The surface solid acid active sites usually play a crucial role in the valorization of the bio‐renewable substrates. However, the co‐presence of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites on the catalyst would result in the formation of the by‐products of acetalization and hydrogenation of FUR. Herein, acetalization of FUR was realized by virtue of the Brønsted acid sites over phosphate modified amorphous TiO2 (P‐TiO2), while the Lewis acid sites take over under the light irradiation, furfuryl alcohols (FFA) received as the product of transfer hydrogenation. Thus, the by‐products were avoided by the novel strategy of light‐tunable acidity. The feature of reversible, light‐tunable acidity provides the possibility to control the reactivity and insights for the blueprint of a one‐pot tandem catalytic system.
Unique Dual‐Sites Boosting Overall CO2 Photoconversion by Hierarchical Electron Harvesters
Authors: Zhu Xingwang , Cao Yitao , Song Yanhua , Yang Jinman , She Xiaojie , Mo Zhao , She Yuanbin , Yu Qing , Zhu Xianglin , Yuan Junjie , Li Huaming , Xu Hui 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLow selectivity and poor activity of photocatalytic CO2 reduction process are usually limiting factors for its applicability. Herein, a hierarchical electron harvesting system is designed on CoNiP hollow nano‐millefeuille (CoNiP NH), which enables the charge enrichment on CoNi dual active sites and selective conversion of CO2 to CH4. The CoNiP serves as an electron harvester and photonic “black hole” accelerating the kinetics for CO2‐catalyzed reactions. Moreover, the dual sites form from highly stable CoONiC intermediates, which thermodynamically not only lower the reaction energy barrier but also transform the reaction pathways, thus enabling the highly selective generation of CH4 from CO2. As an outcome, the CoNiP NH/black phosphorus with dual sites leads to a tremendously improved photocatalytic CH4 generation with a selectivity of 86.6% and an impressive activity of 38.7 µmol g−1 h−1.
Functional Multivesicular Structures with Controlled Architecture from 3D‐Printed Droplet Networks
Authors: Alcinesio Alessandro , Krishna Kumar Ravinash , Bayley Hagan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractVesicles are versatile drug delivery systems and a fundamental chassis from which to build synthetic cells. Multivesicular structures, composed of multiple lipid‐bound compartments, could form systems with complex functionalities and recapitulate collective behaviour found in living tissues. However, control over number, composition, and arrangement of compartments within multivesicular structures has been limited. Here, we generate multivesicular structures composed of hundreds of lipid‐bound compartments arranged in precisely controlled geometries. Through a dewetting process, we transfer 3D‐printed droplet networks from oil to aqueous phase and obtain multivesicular structures with designed, complex architectures stable for weeks. We encapsulate membraneless coacervate sub‐compartments within the lipid‐bound compartments of the 3D‐printed multivesicular structures. Further, we use the multivesicular structures as a platform to build synthetic tissues that interact with the external aqueous environment by releasing or sensing molecules and ions. Finally, we build synthetic tissues that synthesize proteins encoded by encapsulated genes.
MoS2‐Dünnschichten für unsynchronisierte, trockenlaufende Schraubenmaschinen
Authors: Aurich Daniel , Wittig Alexandra , Stangier Dominic , Debus Jörg , Thomann Carl‐Arne , Tillmann Wolfgang , Brümmer Andreas 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungUnsynchronisierte, trockenlaufende Schraubenmaschinen weisen ein großes Potential auf, eine ressourcenschonende Alternative zu konventionellen Bauformen von Schraubenmaschinen zu liefern. Durch die Einsparung eines Synchronisationsgetriebes und den Verzicht auf ein flüssiges Schmiermittel ergeben sich ökonomische und ökologische Vorteile, da der Material‐ und Energieeinsatz reduziert werden. Die Reinheit des Prozessgases wird erhöht und die Umweltbelastung wird somit minimiert. Vakuumbeschichtungsverfahren stellen eine der Schlüsseltechnologien zur Realisierung einer unsynchronisierten, trockenlaufenden Schraubenmaschine dar. Durch die endkonturnahe Beschichtung und die Möglichkeit, die strukturellen Eigenschaften der Beschichtung gezielt zu verändern, lassen sich die Dünnschichten optimal konditionieren. Durch den Einsatz von MoS2‐Dünnschichten als Vertreter der Festschmierstoffe können die Reibeigenschaften der Schraubenmaschinen verbessert werden, sodass auch an dieser Stelle ein großes Potential vorliegt, die Reibung und somit den Energieeinsatz zu reduzieren.
Risk? Crisis? Emergency? Implications of the new climate emergency framing for governance and policy
Authors: McHugh Lucy Holmes , Lemos Maria Carmen , Morrison Tiffany Hope 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe term “climate emergency” represents a new phase in climate change framing that many hope will invigorate more climate action. Yet there has been relatively little discussion of how the new emergency framing might shape broader governance and policy. In this advanced review, we critically review and synthesize existing literature on crisis and emergency to inform our understanding of how this new shift might affect governance and policy. Specifically, we explore the literature on crisis governance and policy to argue that there is no simple answer to whether the “climate emergency” framing will be supportive of climate governance and policy; rather, more work needs to be done to understand how different political actors respond according to their perceptions, interests and values. To assist this endeavor, we develop a typology of four policy pathways, ranging from “no emergency,” to “no emergency, but recognize risk,” “emergency as a threat” and “emergency as an opportunity.” We highlight the need to consider the effects of multiple and overlapping emergency frames, using the example of the intersection of climate change and COVID‐19. Finally, we suggest new interdisciplinary research directions for critically analyzing and refining this new phase of climate change framing.This article is categorized under:
Policy and Governance > Governing Climate Change in Communities, Cities, and Regions
Policy and Governance > Multilevel and Transnational Climate Change Governance
Weak solutions for unidirectional gradient flows: existence, uniqueness, and convergence of time discretization schemes
Authors: Kimura Masato , Negri Matteo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe consider the gradient flow of a quadratic non-autonomous energy under monotonicity constraints. First, we provide a notion of weak solution, inspired by the theory of curves of maximal slope, and then we prove existence (employing time-discrete schemes with different implementations of the constraint), uniqueness, power and energy identity, comparison principle and continuous dependence. As a by-product, we show that the energy identity gives a selection criterion for the (non-unique) evolutions obtained by other notions of solutions. Finally, we show that for autonomous energies the evolution obtained with the monotonicity constraint actually coincides with the evolution obtained by replacing the constraint with a fixed obstacle, given by the initial datum.
Influence of stoichiometry on indentation-induced plasticity in CuZr glasses
Authors: Avila Karina E. , Küchemann Stefan , Pinzón Reinhardt E. , Urbassek Herbert M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPlasticity in metallic glasses depends on their stoichiometry. We explore this dependence by molecular dynamics simulations for the case of CuZr alloys using the compositions Cu$$_{64.5}$$

64.5

Zr$$_{35.5}$$

35.5

, Cu$$_{50}$$

50

Zr$$_{50}$$

50

, and Cu$$_{35.5}$$

35.5

Zr$$_{64.5}$$

64.5

. Plasticity is induced by nanoindentation and orthogonal cutting. Only the Cu$$_{64.5}$$

64.5

Zr$$_{35.5}$$

35.5

sample shows the formation of localized strain in the form of shear bands, while plasticity is more homogeneous for the other samples. This feature concurs with the high fraction of full icosahedral short-range order found for Cu$$_{64.5}$$

64.5

Zr$$_{35.5}$$

35.5

. In all samples, the atomic density is reduced in the plastic zone; this reduction is accompanied by a decrease of the average atom coordination, with the possible exception of Cu$$_{35.5}$$

35.5

Zr$$_{64.5}$$

64.5

, where coordination fluctuations are high. The strongest density reduction occurs in Cu$$_{64.5}$$

64.5

Zr$$_{35.5}$$

35.5

, where it is connected with the partial destruction of full icosahedral short-range order. The difference in plasticity mechanism influences the shape of the pileup and of the chip generated by nanoindentation and cutting, respectively.
Predicting efficacy of combined assessment with fragmented QRS and severely depressed heart rate variability on outcome of patients with acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Xu Yanling , Yu Yijun , He Li , Wang Yuting , Gu Ye 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe association between fragmented QRS (fQRS) and autonomic nervous dysfunction, and major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) is not fully clear in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). This study aimed to observe whether combined assessment with fQRS and cardiac autonomic nervous function could enhance the predicting efficacy on outcome in AMI patients. A total of 153 consecutive hospitalized AMI patients were included in this retrospective study. Patients were divided into non-fQRS (nfQRS) group and fQRS group according to 12-lead electrocardiogram, into sHRV [severely depressed heart rate variability (HRV): standard deviation of NN intervals (SDNN) < 100 ms and very low frequency (VLF) < 26.7 ms] group and nsHRV (non-severely depressed HRV) group according to 24 h Holter monitoring, and into non-MACE (nMACE) group and MACE group according to 12 months’ follow-up results. The incidence of sHRV was significantly higher in the fQRS group than in the nfQRS group (71.9 vs. 39.3%, p < 0.05). The incidences of MACE were 7.4, 22.2, 25.7 and 56.5%, respectively, in nsHRV + nfQRS group, nsHRV + fQRS group, sHRV + nfQRS group and sHRV + fQRS group (p < 0.05). Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that patients in the sHRV + fQRS group had a sixfold higher risk of MACE compared to patients in the nsHRV + nfQRS group (HR = 6.228, 95% CI 1.849–20.984, p = 0.003). The predicting sensitivity and specificity on MACE were 81.4 and 58.2% by sHRV, 69.8 and 69.1% by fQRS in these AMI patients. The specificity (81.8%) was the highest with the combination of sHRV and fQRS. Adding sHRV and fQRS to clinical data offered incremental prognostic value. Present results indicate that fQRS is closely related to sHRV, suggesting significant impairment of sympathetic nerve function in AMI patients with fQRS. Combined assessment with fQRS and sHRV enhances the predicting efficacy on outcome in AMI patients.
Longitudinal Relations Between Parental Strain, Parent–Child Relationship Quality, and Child Well-Being During the Unfolding COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Essler Samuel , Christner Natalie , Paulus Markus 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs COVID-19 sweeps across the globe, scientists have identified children and families as possibly particularily vulnerable populations. The present study employed a developmental framework with two measurement points (the first at the peak of the lockdown restrictions (N = 2,921), the second after restrictions had been majorly loosened (N = 890)) to provide unique insights into the relations between parental strain, child well-being, and child problem behavior. Cross-lagged panel analyses revealed longitudinal effects of child well-being and problem behavior at T1 on parental strain at T2 with parent–child relationship quality as a moderator. True intraindividual change models showed that decreases in parental strain between measurement points predicted increases in child well-being and decreases in child problem behavior. Thus, the present research points to parental stress coping and child emotional adjustment as promising avenues for professionals and policy makers in their efforts to ensure child and family well-being throughout the pandemic.
Major Trends in the Historiography of European Ashkenazic Jews from the 1970s to the Present
Authors: Hödl Klaus 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article focuses on shifts in Jewish historiography of Ashkenazic Jews in Europe of the pre-modern period. It describes the denouement of traditional historiography— which generally assumes that more often than not Jews and non-Jews lived separate from one another—and compares it to two trends that I denominate exchange and interaction historiography that have gained momentum from the last third of the twentieth century. In contrast to scholars working in the traditional vein, exchange and interaction historians view Jews and non-Jews as interconnected and entangled. Exchange historians deal primarily with Jewish and non-Jewish cultural interrelatedness, whereas interaction historians overwhelmingly focus on interpersonal contacts. I use the terms exchange and interaction historiography because they comprehensibly flag as well as qualify distinctions in post-traditional historiography’s conception of Jewish and non-Jewish relations. Methodologically, however, there is considerable overlap between these three historiographical approaches insofar as they all employ the concept of difference as a central analytical tool. The notion of difference prompts scholars to focus first and foremost on what distinguished Jews and non-Jews instead of what they shared, and consequently to depict their relations as dichotomous. In this article, I argue that the insistence on the Jewish/non-Jewish binary forestalls possible innovations that exchange and interaction historians might otherwise pioneer in their approaches. The proposed remedy for this predicament is to replace difference with similarity as an analytical instrument and to focus on intercultural commonalities rather than distinctions. Various scholars have already made efforts to transcend the Jewish/non-Jewish binary but have fallen short of achieving their goal by failing to base their work on a sufficiently rigorous conceptual framework, such as similarity.
Maturity Levels of Public Safety Applications using Unmanned Aerial Systems: a Review
Authors: Stampa Merlin , Sutorma Andreas , Jahn Uwe , Thiem Jörg , Wolff Carsten , Röhrig Christof 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUnmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) are becoming increasingly popular in the public safety sector. While some applications have so far only been envisioned, others are regularly performed in real-life scenarios. Many more fall in between and are actively investigated by research and commercial communities alike. This study reviews the maturity levels, or “market-readiness”, of public safety applications for UAS. As individual assessments of all applications suggested in the literature are infeasible due to their sheer number, we propose a novel set of application categories: Remote Sensing, Mapping, Monitoring, Human-drone Interaction, Flying Ad-hoc Networks, Transportation, and Counter UAV Systems. Each category’s maturity is assessed through a literature review of contained applications, using the metric of Application Readiness Levels (ARLs). Relevant aspects such as the environmental complexity and available mission time of addressed scenarios are taken into account. Following the analysis, we infer that improvements in autonomy and software reliability are the most promising research areas for increasing the usefulness and acceptance of UAS in the public safety domain.
Ludens: A Gambling Addiction Prevention Program Based on the Principles of Ethical Gambling
Authors: Chóliz Mariano , Marcos Marta , Bueno Francisco 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGambling is legal in most countries. However, despite having some economic benefits, certain characteristics of gambling can have health consequences, rendering it a public health issue. The effects can be summarized according to the following three “laws” of ethical gambling: “Gambling Dynamics Law”: companies’ economic gains come directly from players’ losses; “Expected Loss Law”: the more one gambles, the greater the probability of losing; and “Addiction Law”: the more one gambles, the greater the need to play again, leading to further losses. Ludens is a gambling addiction prevention program that has four goals: inform participants about gambling and gambling addiction; sensitize participants to the risk of gambling for health, especially addiction; promote a change in attitudes toward gambling; and alert participants to risky behaviors that can lead to addiction. The prevention program was implemented during 2017 to 2019. Fourteen psychologists presented it to 2372 adolescents (48.8% females, 51.2% males) aged 14–19 years, none of whom were university students, recruited from 42 Spanish high schools in 132 groups taking different courses. The main dependent variables analyzed were the monthly frequencies of gambling, at-risk gambling, and gambling addiction (as measured by the National Opinion Research Center DSM-IV Screen for Gambling Problems, adapted to diagnose gambling disorder according to DSM-5, in which pathological gambling is considered an addictive disorder). Given that all of the gamblers were adolescents (most were minors), fulfilment of 1–3 the DSM-5 diagnostic criteria was considered to indicate a risk of problem gambling. After the administration of Ludens, statistically significant reductions were observed in the three variables of interest: monthly frequency of gambling, percentage of adolescents with risky gambling, and percentage of adolescents with gambling disorder. The results were analyzed according to sex and age (minors vs. adolescents between 18 and 19 years old). The results obtained after applying the prevention program indicate that Ludens is effective as a universal prevention program for gambling addiction.
A finite difference method for the static limit analysis of masonry domes under seismic loads
Authors: Nodargi Nicola A. , Bisegna Paolo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe static limit analysis of axially symmetric masonry domes subject to pseudo-static seismic forces is addressed. The stress state in the dome is represented by the shell stress resultants (normal-force tensor, bending-moment tensor, and shear-force vector) on the dome mid-surface. The classical differential equilibrium equations of shells are resorted to for imposing the equilibrium of the dome. Heyman’s assumptions of infinite compressive and vanishing tensile strength, alongside with cohesive-frictional shear response, are adopted for imposing the admissibility of the stress state. A finite difference method is proposed for the numerical discretization of the problem, based on the use of two staggered rectangular grids in the parameter space generating the dome mid-surface. The resulting discrete static limit analysis problem results to be a second-order cone programming problem, to be effectively solved by available convex optimization softwares. In addition to a convergence analysis, numerical simulations are presented, dealing with the parametric analysis of the collapse capacity under seismic forces of spherical and ogival domes with parameterized geometry. In particular, the influence that the shear response of masonry material and the distribution of horizontal forces along the height of the dome have on the collapse capacity is explored. The obtained results, that are new in the literature, show the computational merit of the proposed method, and quantitatively shed light on the seismic resistance of masonry domes.
IDH1 mutant glioma is preferentially sensitive to the HDAC inhibitor panobinostat
Authors: Sears Thomas K. , Horbinski Craig M. , Woolard Kevin D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Introduction
A large subset of diffusely infiltrative gliomas contains a gain-of-function mutation in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 or 2 (IDH1/2mut) which produces 2-hydroxglutarate, an inhibitor of α-ketoglutarate-dependent DNA demethylases, thereby inducing widespread DNA and histone methylation. Because histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzymes are localized to methylated chromatin via methyl-binding domain proteins, IDH1/2mut gliomas may be more dependent on HDAC activity, and therefore may be more sensitive to HDAC inhibitors.

Methods
Six cultured patient-derived glioma cell lines, IDH1wt (n = 3) and IDH1mut (n = 3), were treated with an FDA-approved HDAC inhibitor, panobinostat. Cellular cytotoxicity and proliferation assays were conducted by flow cytometry. Histone modifications and cell signaling pathways were assessed using immunoblot and/or ELISA.

Results
IDH1mut gliomas exhibited marked upregulation of genes associated with the HDAC activity. Glioma cell cultures bearing IDH1mut were significantly more sensitive to the cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects of panobinostat, compared to IDH1wt glioma cells. Panobinostat caused a greater increase in acetylation of the histone residues H3K14, H3K18, and H3K27 in IDH1mut glioma cells. Another HDAC inhibitor, valproic acid, was also more effective against IDH1mut glioma cells.

Conclusion
These data suggest that IDH1mut gliomas may be preferentially sensitive to HDAC inhibitors. Further, IDH1mut glioma cultures showed enhanced accumulation of acetylated histone residues in response to panobinostat treatment, suggesting a direct epigenetic mechanism for this sensitivity. This provides a rationale for further exploration of HDAC inhibitors against IDH1mut gliomas.