bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐linear revenue evaluation
Authors: Dickson Alex , MacKenzie Ian A. , Sekeris Petros G. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this article, we investigate different market structures where decision makers are incentivized by both profit and revenue. Our innovation is that we consider managers that evaluate revenue in a non‐linear way, exhibiting diminishing marginal utility. This implies that incremental changes in revenue—for example, due to demand shocks—generate production choices that depend on the existing revenue base of the firm. We show that this intuitively appealing extension reverses some conventional results: decision makers may increase output in the presence of negative demand shocks, which depends on the concavity of their utility function with respect to revenue.
Residual risk of transfusion‐transmitted hepatitis B virus (TT‐HBV) infection by NAT‐screened blood components: A review of observed versus modeled infectivity from donors with window period and occult HBV infections
Authors: Lelie Nico , Busch Michael , Kleinman Steve 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe residual transfusion‐transmitted hepatitis B virus (TT‐HBV) risk with different testing strategies depends on the sensitivity of screening assays, the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) compared to HBV‐DNA in window period (WP) and occult HBV infections (OBIs), and infectivity of blood in these infection stages. We compared modeled WP and OBI transmission risk in a multiregional individual donation nucleic acid amplification technology (ID‐NAT) screening study with observed TT‐HBV infection rates in several lookback studies.Study design and methodsThe WP and OBI risk was estimated from ID‐NAT screening data in six geographic regions. The 50% infectious dose (ID50), a key factor in the applied risk models, was assumed to be 100‐fold higher in OBI than in WP blood. The relative proportion of WP and OBI TT‐risk was estimated for different screening scenarios and expressed as a percentage of the ID‐NAT yield rate to allow for comparison with observed TT‐rates in lookback studies.ResultsDespite sevenfold to eightfold higher HBV ID‐NAT yield rates in OBI than WP in South‐East Asia and Europe, our models predicted that 40 (26–55)% of total residual TT‐HBV risk was due to OBI, comparable to 37% observed in a Japanese hemovigilance study. Modeled TT‐OBI risk was approximately 10‐fold higher than observed rates of 2%–8% in five lookback studies but comparable to one other study (36%).ConclusionAlthough the observed TT‐OBI rate was generally lower than the modeled risk, the relative risk of WP versus OBI transmission was not incompatible with the observational infectivity data. This supports the validity of our assumptions in the infectivity‐based models for estimating worst‐case residual risk with different testing scenarios.
Morphology, physiology and synaptic connectivity of local interneurons in the mouse somatosensory thalamus
Authors: Simko Jane , Markram Henry 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe thalamic reticular nucleus (TRN) neurons, projecting across the external medullary lamina, have long been considered to be the only significant source of inhibition of the somatosensory ventral posterior (VP) nuclei of the thalamus. Here we report for the first time effective local inhibition and disinhibition in the VP. Inhibitory interneurons were found in GAD67–GFP‐expressing mice and studied using in vitro multiple patch clamp. Inhibitory interneurons have expansive bipolar or tripolar morphologies, reach across most of the VP nucleus and display low threshold bursting behaviour. They form triadic and non‐triadic synaptic connections onto thalamocortical relay neurons and other interneurons, mediating feedforward inhibition and disinhibition. Synaptic inputs arrive before those expected from the TRN neurons, suggesting that local inhibition plays an early and significant role in the functioning of the somatosensory thalamus.
imageKey points
The physiology and structure of local interneurons in the mouse somatosensory thalamus is described for the first time.
Inhibitory interneurons have extensive dendritic arborization providing significant local dendro‐dendritic inhibition in the somatosensory thalamus.
Triadic and non‐triadic synaptic connectivity onto thalamic relay neurons and other interneurons provides both local feedforward inhibition and disinhibition.
Interneurons of the somatosensory thalamus provide inhibition before the thalamic reticular nucleus, suggesting they play an important role in sensory perception.
A Modified Incremental Harmonic Balance Method Combined with Tikhonov Regularization for Periodic Motion of Nonlinear System
Authors: Zheng Ze-chang , Lu Zhong-rong , Yanmao Chen , Liu Ji-Ke , Liu Guang 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a modified incremental harmonic balance (IHB) method combined with Tikhonov regularization has been proposed to achieve the semi-analytical solution for the periodic nonlinear system. To the best of our knowledge, the convergence of the traditional IHB method is bound up with the iterative initial values of harmonic coefficients, especially near the bifurcation point. To this end, the Tikhonov regularization is introduced into the linear incremental equation to tackle the ill-posed situation in the iteration. To this end, the convergence performance of the traditional IHB method has been improved significantly. Moreover, convergence proof of the proposed method also has been given in this paper. Finally, a van der Pol–Duffing oscillator with external excitation and a cubic nonlinear airfoil system with the external store are adopted as numerical examples to illustrate the efficiency and the performance of the presented modified IHB method. The numerical examples show that the results achieved by the proposed method are in excellent agreement with the Runge–Kutta method, and the accuracy is not significantly reduced compared with the traditional IHB method. Especially, the modified IHB method also can converge to the exact solution from the initial values that the traditional IHB method cannot converge in both examples.
Effect of Temperature and Freezing On Human Adipose Tissue Material Properties Characterized by High-Rate Indentation-Puncture Testing
Authors: Sun Zhaonan , Gepner Bronislaw , Lee Sang-hyun , Oyen Michelle , Rigby Josh , Cottler Patrick S. , Hallman Jason , Kerrigan Jason 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The characterization of human subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) under high-rate loading is valuable for development of biofidelic finite element human body models (FE-HBMs) to predict seat belt-pelvis interaction and injury risk in vehicle crash simulations. While material characterization of SAT has been performed at 25°C or 37°C, the effect of temperature on mechanical properties of SAT under high-rate and large-deformation loading has not been investigated. Similarly, while freezing is the most common preservation technique for cadaveric specimens, the effect of freeze-thaw on the mechanical properties of SAT is also absent from the literature. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the effect of freezing and temperature on mechanical properties of human SAT. Fresh and previously frozen human SAT specimens were obtained and tested at 25°C and 37°C. High-rate indentation and puncture tests were performed, and indentation-puncture force-depth responses were obtained. While the chance of material failure was found to be different between temperatures and between fresh and previously frozen tissue, statistical analyses revealed that temperature and freezing did not change the shear modulus and failure characteristics of SAT. Therefore, the results of the current study indicated that SAT material properties characterized from either fresh or frozen tissue at either 25°C or 37°C could be used for enhancing the biofidelity of FE-HBMs.
Deteriorated Heat Transfer Influence on the Stress–Strain State of Small Modular Reactors SCWR Fuel Bundles
Authors: Dubyk Y. , Filonov V. , Filonova Y. , Kovalenko O. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The analysis of deteriorated heat transfer (DHT) influence on the stress–strain state of a perspective core of small modular reactors with supercritical water (SMR SCWR) fuel assemblies is carried out based on experimental and numerical data. Experimental data for 3- and 7-rod assemblies of 600 mm height with twisting spacer screws, on which deterioration heat transfer regimes were observed. The analysis of the stress–strain state was performed for two cases of temperature field. In the first variant, the temperature field is estimated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with low-Re-effects accounting, which allows obtaining the maximum temperature, but incorrectly estimates the axial profile. In the second case, an experimental profile with an averaged tangential temperature value is considered. Strength analysis is performed using the developed numerical-analytical mechanical model of the rod assembly. Obtained results make it possible to establish what is more important for assessing the safety of perspective reactors: a conservative estimate of the maximum wall temperature or its local distribution.
Experimental Investigation of Local Heat Transfer Measurement Having Inclined Discrete Ribs of Solar Air Heater Duct Using LCT Technique
Authors: Rathor Yogendra , Aharwal K. R. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The steady-state experiment using liquid crystal thermography has been conducted for the analysis of Nusselt number distribution over the absorber surface of solar air heater (SAH) duct having a gap with the staggered arrangement in inclined rib geometry to recuperate its thermal performance. The heat transfer experiment is performed with uniform heat flux and thermo-chromic liquid crystal (TLC) is utilized to show the temperature distribution profile over the ribbed surfaces of the rectangular duct of aspect ratio of 5. The colored pattern image of TLCs was acquired using a 3CCD (charged couple device) camera and exported to a Tagged Image File Format (TIFF) file format using frame grabbing SOFTWARE SAPERALT which was further processed to get hue, saturation, intensity (HSI) values. The flow parameters considered in this present investigation are Re, d/W, and g/e varied from 4000 − 12,500, 0.15 − 0.45, and 1 − 4, respectively. Experiments has been performed with fixed P/e, r/e, p′/P, α, and e/Dh of 10, 2, 0.6, 60 deg, and 0.0303, respectively. The influence of relative gap position and relative gap width on flow pattern has been analyzed. The maximum augmentation in Nu and f over the smooth duct was obtained as 4.01 and 4.28 times, respectively, at the optimum value of d/W = 0.35 and g/e = 2 under similar flow conditions. The maximum value of THPP obtained at d/W and g/e of 0.35 and 2, respectively, and Reynolds number of 12,445.
Preparation of Activated Coke by One-Step Activation Method, Ammonization, and K2CO3 Modification of Coal and Biomass
Authors: Xu Shaofeng , Li Minghua , Li Yukun , Ren Xiaohan , Zhu Wenkun , Levendis Yiannis A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Coal and biomass are regularly used in the preparation of activated coke. In this paper, coal and biomass (poplar bark) were co-pyrolyzed, and activated coke was prepared by physical “one-step activation,” followed by ammonization and additional activation by potassium carbonate (K2CO3). The activation temperature was set at 800 °C, the time was 60 min, and the activation atmosphere contained 10% steam and 20% CO2 by volume in nitrogen. The physical and chemical properties of activated coke prepared by “one-step activation method” and “two-step activation method” were compared. The mole fraction of ammonia was 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, respectively, and the concentration of K2CO3 solution was 3%, 6%, 9%, 12%, respectively. It is found that the addition of ammonia can improve the physical and chemical properties and adsorption capacity of activated coke, but the increase of ammonia mole fraction has little effect on the activation reaction. The physical and chemical structure of activated coke impregnated with 3% K2CO3 solution was found to be well developed. The surface of the produced activated coke prepared by the above activation methods has abundant microporous structure and organic functional groups; hence, the final product is suitable to be used as an adsorbent in practical applications.
3D Modelling, GIS Mapping and Planning for Pipelines
Authors: Singh Ravindra Kumar 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Govt. of India in association with Oil & Gas Sector industry exclusively developing the pipeline network in various part of the country to cater the requirement of demand centers /industries, as India is considered as developing country and having tremendous opportunities for the pipeline transportation sector.
There are different type of challenges in route planning and finalization of optimum, safe and constructible pipeline route which includes challenges like rugged terrain, landslide, steep sloping ground, extreme weather condition like flash flood, snow fall, intense summer, environmental sensitivity, major development etc., wherein normal survey procedure does not applicable. Therefore, it is recommended to use latest modern technology of survey i.e. 3D Modelling Survey using 0.3m/0.4m High Resolution Stereo Satellite Image followed by developing up-to-date GIS Base map using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) and GIS Database with the help of rapid field validation and ortho-rectifications through photogrammetry process.
Coaches’ Perceptions of Mental Toughness in Adolescent Athletes: A Phenomenological Exploration
Authors: Raabe Johannes , Lauer E. Earlynn , Bejar Matthew P. 
Published: September 2021

Mental toughness (MT) enables individuals to thrive in demanding situations; however, current conceptualizations of MT are primarily based on research with elite adult athletes. Thus, the purpose of the current study was to explore youth sport coaches’ perceptions of mentally tough adolescent athletes with whom they have worked. Phenomenological interviews were conducted with 14 youth sport coaches (nine men and five women). Using a hermeneutic process, a thematic structure comprising five themes was developed: (a) Youth athletes demonstrate their MT by overcoming various obstacles, (b) mentally tough youth athletes are highly self-determined with respect to their sport participation, (c) mentally tough youth athletes control their emotions in competition, (d) mentally tough youth athletes focus on aspects that facilitate their performance, and (e) mentally tough youth athletes are good teammates. These findings not only complement existing conceptualizations of MT but also highlight important distinctions in the manifestation of the construct in early to middle adolescents.
The influence of rock uplift rate on the formation and preservation of individual marine terraces during multiple sea-level stands
Authors: Malatesta Luca C. , Finnegan Noah J. , Huppert Kimberly L. , Carreño Emily I. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMarine terraces are a cornerstone for the study of paleo sea level and crustal deformation. Commonly, individual erosive marine terraces are attributed to unique sea-level high stands based on the reasoning that marine platforms could only be significantly widened at the beginning of an interglacial. However, this logic implies that wave erosion is insignificant at other times. We postulate that the erosion potential at a given bedrock elevation datum is proportional to the total duration of sea-level occupation at that datum. The total duration of sea-level occupation depends strongly on rock uplift rate. Certain rock uplift rates may promote the generation and preservation of particular terraces while others prevent them. For example, at rock uplift of ~1.2 mm/yr, the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e (ca. 120 ka) high stand reoccupies the elevation of the MIS 6d–e mid-stand, favoring creation of a wider terrace than at higher or lower rock uplift rates. Thus, misidentification of terraces can occur if each terrace in a sequence is assumed to form uniquely at successive interglacial high stands and to reflect their relative elevations. Developing a graphical proxy for the entire erosion potential of sea-level history allows us to address creation and preservation biases at different rock uplift rates.
New estimates of the magnitude of the sea-level jump during the 8.2 ka event
Authors: Obrist-Farner Jonathan , Brenner Mark , Stone Jeffery R. , Wojewódka-Przybył Marta , Bauersachs Thorsten , Eckert Andreas , Locmelis Marek , Curtis Jason H. , Zimmerman Susan R.H. , Correa-Metrio Alex , Schwark Lorenz , Duarte Edward , Schwalb Antje , Niewerth Etienne , Echeverría-Galindo Paula Gabriela , Pérez Liseth 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We analyzed sediment cores from coastal Lake Izabal, Guatemala, to infer Holocene biogeochemical changes in the lake. At ca. 8370 calibrated yr B.P. (cal. yr B.P.), marine waters entered the lake, which presently lies ~38 km from the Caribbean coast. Temporal correlation between Early Holocene drainage of high-latitude Lakes Agassiz and Ojibway (in North America) and marine flooding of Lake Izabal suggests a causal link between the two processes. Our data indicate a relative sea-level jump of 2.60 ± 0.88 m, which is larger than previous estimates of sea-level rise during the 8.2 ka event. The inferred sea-level jump, however, cannot be explained solely by the volume of water released during drainage of Lakes Agassiz and Ojibway. Instead, we propose that previous studies underestimated the magnitude of Lakes Agassiz and Ojibway discharge, or that additional meltwater sources contributed to global sea-level rise at that time.
Interaction bounding surfaces exposed in migrating transverse aeolian ridges on Mars
Authors: Day Mackenzie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWind-blown sand self-organizes into bedforms that have now been identified on six different planetary bodies. These bedforms, including ripples and dunes, exhibit patterns that are diagnostic of surface-atmosphere interactions and can be used to interpret winds and sediment supply from satellite images of planetary surfaces. Patterns in dune and ripple fields change when one or more bedforms interact, for example, by linking, colliding, or merging with one another. When two bedforms interact, the cross-strata developed by the bedforms include a bounding surface where the two bedforms combined. These “interaction bounding surfaces” have been interpreted from ancient and modern strata in recent literature, but they have not yet been identified beyond Earth. On Mars, aeolian dunes and ripples form much as they do on Earth, but additional enigmatic bedform types are also present. Transverse aeolian ridges are straight-crested bedforms found abundantly on Mars, but with few analogs on Earth. Formation mechanisms for these enigmatic bedforms range from dune-like migration and construction to growth in place via wedge stacking or kinetic sieving. In this work, I studied exposed stoss-slope stratification on these enigmatic Martian bedforms to (1) identify the first in situ examples of interaction bounding surfaces captured visually, and (2) demonstrate that the transverse aeolian ridges must have been forward migrating.
Non-communicable disease risk factors and management among internal migrant in China: systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Qian Cynthia Xinyi , Zhao Yang , Anindya Kanya , Tenneti Naveen , Desloge Allissa , Atun Rifat , Qin Vicky Mengqi , Mulcahy Patrick , Lee John Tayu 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundIn 2019, there are more than 290 million people who have ever migrated from rural to urban areas in China. These rural-to-urban internal migrants account for more than one-fifth of China’s population and is the largest internal migrant group globally. We present the first systematic review that examines whether internal migrants are more likely to exhibit non-communicable diseases (NCDs) risk factors and have worse NCD management outcomes than non-migrant counterparts in China.MethodsA systematic review was conducted via medical, public health, and economic databases including Scopus, MEDLINE, JSTOR, WHO Library Database and World Bank e-Library from 2000 to 2020. Study quality was assessed using the National Institute of Health Quality Assessment tool. We conducted a narrative review and synthesised differences for all studies included, stratified by different types of outcomes. We also conducted random-effects meta-analysis where we had a minimum of two studies with 95% CIs reported. The study protocol has been registered with PROSPERO: CRD42019139407.ResultsFor most NCD risk factors and care cascade management, comparisons between internal migrants and other populations were either statistically insignificant or inconclusive. While most studies found migrants have a higher prevalence of tobacco use than urban residents, these differences were not statistically significant in the meta-analysis. Although three out four studies suggested that migrants may have worse access to NCD treatment and both studies suggested migrants have lower blood pressure control rates than non-migrants, these findings were not statistically significant.ConclusionFindings from this systematic review demonstrate that there is currently insufficient evidence on migrant and non-migrant differences in NCD risk factors and management in China. Further research is expected to investigate access to healthcare among internal and its effect on both their NCD outcomes and long-term healthcare costs in China.
‘Long journey to shelter’: a study protocol: a prospective longitudinal analysis of mental health and its determinants, exposure to violence and subjective experiences of the migration process among adolescent and young adult migrants in Sweden
Authors: Mattelin Erica , Khanolkar Amal R , Fröberg Frida , Jonsson Linda , Korhonen Laura 
Published: September 2021

IntroductionAccording to the UN Refugee Agency (UNHCR), around 40% of the 79.5 million forcibly displaced persons in the end of the year 2019 were children. Exposure to violence and mental health problems such as posttraumatic stress disorder are frequently reported among migrant children, but there is a knowledge gap in our understanding of the complex longitudinal interplay between individual, social and societal risk and resilience factors that impact mental health and well-being, quality of life and ability to function and adapt. There is also an urgent societal need to facilitate interdisciplinary and intersectoral collaborative efforts to develop effective methods to prevent, detect and respond to the needs of the migrants. This project will study adolescent and young adult migrants in Sweden using multiple methods such as quantitative analysis of data from a prospective cohort study and qualitative analysis of data gathered from teller-focused interviews. The aim is to understand how different factors impact mental health and integration into the Swedish society. Furthermore, individual experiences related to the migration process and exposure to violence will be studied in detail.Methods and analysisStudy participants will include 490 migrants aged 12–25 years recruited through social services, healthcare, social media and the civil society. A subsample of adolescents (n=160) will be re-interviewed after 1 year. Data are collected using structured and semi-structured interviews along with saliva and hair sampling. Measures include sociodemographic data, longitudinal data on mental health and its determinants, including genotypes and stress-hormone levels, access to healthcare and the process of migration, including settlement in Sweden.Ethics and disseminationThe Regional Ethics Board of Linköping (2018/292-31 and 2018/504-32) and the National Ethics Board (2019–05473,2020–00949 and 2021-03001) have approved the study. Results will be made available to participants, their caregivers, professionals working with migrants, researchers and the funders.