bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sovereign Sensibilities and Jewish Refugees
Authors: Giladi Rotem 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This and the next chapter explore the theme refuge and the ambivalence of Jacob Robinson and Shabtai Rosenne towards the 1951 Refugee Convention. This chapter assesses Robinson’s extensive involvement in drafting of the Convention. Against the backdrop of Robinson’s wartime work, as director of the New York-based Institute of Jewish Affairs, the chapter traces Robinson’s attempts to reconcile the demands of the Zionist creed with his lingering sensibilities with regard to the interests of Jewish refugees. In this regard, the chapter offers a critical reading of the degree to which Robinson was, in fact, representing the position of the Jewish state in this legislative process.
Explorations in America
Authors: Alonso Alex 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 examines the text that marked Muldoon’s arrival in the USA, the long and often puzzling Madoc: A Mystery (1990). A vast American epic of travel, Madoc’s book-length title poem is by far Muldoon’s most daringly avant-garde work to date, and this chapter draws on archival sources to explore the Joycean influence or ‘Wakean experiments’ that underlie its formal quirks, mythic framework, and peculiar language. Madoc is not only a bridge between Muldoon’s Irish and American phases, but a means of working through his transition between those places and phases, with the poet simultaneously taking stock of his Northern Irish roots and exploring the frontier of his new place of writing.
‘Stunt-Reading’
Authors: Alonso Alex 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 offers the first full-scale treatment of Paul Muldoon as critic. It looks at his major works of literary criticism, from the F. W. Bateson Lecture ‘Getting Round’ and To Ireland, I to the later End of the Poem, and considers what these lecture series from his American years can tell us about Muldoon the reader, as well as the poet. Muldoon announces himself on the critical scene not only as a self-proclaimed ‘stunt reader’ but an extraordinarily Freudian thinker, who is unusually attentive to the kinds of veiled communication and word-association that might reveal a writer’s ulterior motives, resistances, or unconscious desires. But his offbeat, often knowingly mischievous performances in these lectures also suggest a basic distrust of the authority of the critical reader, and in turn raise questions about the kinds of reading his own poems are expected to elicit.
‘An overwhelming sense of déjà vu’
Authors: Alonso Alex 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the importance of the long poem for Muldoon. It engages with his ever-expanding schemes of rhyme, and identifies a turn in Muldoon’s rhyming practice that coincides with his move to America. The archival discoveries in this chapter shed light on the most striking formal development of Muldoon’s American phase, namely, the introduction of a template of ninety end-words which recurs through multiple volumes. This rhyming procedure—a means of remembering and repeating earlier material—has become the blueprint for Muldoon’s longer forms (many of which are elegies), and gives rise to an extended intertextual performance of memory and mourning. If rhyme is often understood as a form of remembering, Muldoon’s long rhyming forms monumentalize the inability to forget, pulling the poet’s Irish past into his present and future writings in America.
Health Politics Today
Authors: Immergut Ellen M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets the stage for Health Politics in Europe: A Handbook by explaining the motivation for the HEALTHDOX study upon which it is based, introducing the key themes and concepts, and providing an overview of the historical development and institutions of European healthcare systems, as well as current political conflicts and policy trends. The chapter explains how European health systems have been shaped by several centuries of political development, featuring a series of regime crises and challenges. It takes a closer look at political and policy developments since 1989, which importantly included the privatization of most Eastern European healthcare systems and experiments with new public management in Western Europe, recapping the highlights of the book’s thirty-five country cases. The chapter provides definitions and examples of the main types of healthcare financing in Europe and highlights the variation in the public–private mix and extent of out-of-pocket payment. The main theories for analyzing health politics are presented, including the concept of political veto points, and their significance for health politics.
Public Opinion on Healthcare
Authors: Burlacu Diana , Roescu Andra 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores public opinion on healthcare from both theoretical and empirical perspectives. It critically reviews the literature surrounding public opinion on healthcare, teasing out the main concepts used—support for public healthcare provision/spending, overall evaluations of the healthcare systems, and the political salience of healthcare—while also discussing implications, gaps, and potential new research avenues. The chapter examines the operationalization of these key measures in large-scale survey items and compares trends in Europe over time. While Europeans mostly agree that it is the government’s responsibility to ensure adequate healthcare, there is much more regional variation when it comes to satisfaction with healthcare systems, and their political salience. The chapter concludes by arguing for the need to further examine the link between these key public opinion measures and their impact on health policy reform.
Regional Outlook
Authors: Immergut Ellen M. , Oskarson Maria 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Nordic countries regional outlook presents a comparative assessment of the historical development of the healthcare system, health politics, and selected health-related indicators for Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. In terms of health financing, the health systems of all five countries are largely tax-financed, though private payments still cover 13 to 20 percent of health expenditures. Health outcomes are excellent throughout the region, with high average life expectancy and relatively low levels of health inequality. Unmet need is lower than in most other regions in Europe; Finland stands out for longer waiting times as the main barrier. Since at least 2002, healthcare has tended to be a highly salient issue in the Nordic region, where the balance between central control and local self-governance and the increasing role of private insurance and provision tend to be the focus of political debate.
Greece
Authors: Kyriopoulos Ilias , Mossialos Elias 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the health system in Greece. It traces the development of the Greek healthcare system, characterized by an historical inability to implement significant reform, despite ambitious ideas. The chapter outlines the politics behind several reform attempts, among them the creation in the 1980s of the national health service, key elements of which were never implemented, and more recent efforts to establish a single purchaser of health services and a primary care network, both of which became law but were slow to take off. The chapter argues that the difficulty in undertaking reform can be explained by two elements that have historically influenced the policymaking process in Greece: electoral competition and the power of interest groups.
Poland
Authors: Popic Tamara 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the universal health system in Poland, financed through social health insurance. It traces the development of the Polish healthcare system under communism, characterized by a complete shift from an insurance system to a state-run Soviet Semashko model of healthcare with some elements of private provision. Since 1989, Polish health policy went through systemic changes which included a shift to a decentralized social health insurance system in the late 1990s and re-centralization in 2001. Polish healthcare politics has been turbulent, marked by political instability matched by a dense network of veto points, including the President and the judiciary, that had an impact on the direction of health reforms. As the chapter highlights, some of the main issues have been high out-of-pocket payments, corruption, and privatization and commercialization of public hospitals.
Albania
Authors: Balaj Mirza 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the compulsory health insurance system in Albania. It traces the development of the Albanian healthcare system, characterized by the introduction of a universal and state-run health system during communism, which since the 1970s suffered underfinancing and outdated technology. Since the early 1990s, when Albania experienced a tumultuous transition from a communist to a democratic system, Albanian health politics focused on the legalization of private medical practice, the establishment and gradual expansion of compulsory health insurance, and, recently, the introduction of free primary care—reforms which were facilitated by the support of international organizations. Notably, the contracting of private services in the public system was not allowed until 2011. The main healthcare issues have been insufficient financing and extremely high out-of-pocket costs, people refraining from paying insurance contributions, and shortages of medical staff especially in rural areas.
Romania
Authors: Burlacu Diana , Moise Alexandru Daniel 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines health politics and the social health insurance system in Romania. It traces the development of the Romanian healthcare system, characterized by chronic underfunding, political neglect, and low public satisfaction. Since the regime change in 1989, Romanian health policy has focused on the transformation from a Semashko-style tax-based centralized system into a more decentralized Bismarckian social insurance system. Other healthcare issues have been rising out-of-pocket payments, a failed privatization attempt starting in 2007, and cost-containment measures following the 2008 recession. As the chapter argues, political instability, especially the frequent changes of health ministers, is partly responsible for a lack of long-term planning and a patchwork style of reforms.
Croatia
Authors: Popic Tamara 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an in-depth look at health politics and the universal health system in Croatia based on compulsory social health insurance combined with elements of private insurance. Since its independence in 1993, Croatia’s health policy has been marked by a move from the Yugoslav self-managed insurance model to a more standard Bismarckian health insurance system. These reforms were combined with controlled efforts to privatize healthcare financing and delivery including, among others, the 2001 introduction of complementary private insurance. While Croatia’s health policy development suggests path dependency, the chapter highlights several issues facing the country’s health system such as hospital debts and the deficit of the national health insurance fund.
Human-like Computer Vision
Authors: Muggleton Stephen , Dai Wang-Zhou 
Published: August 2021

Statistical machine learning is widely used in image classification and typically 1) requires many images to achieve high accuracy and 2) does not provide support for reasoning below the level of classification. By contrast this paper describes an approach called machine learning approach called Logical Vision (LV) which uses a) background knowledge such as light reflection that can itself be learned and used for resolving visual ambiguities, which cannot be easily modeled using statistical approaches, b) a wider class of background models representing classical 2D shapes such as circles and ellipses, c) primitive-level statistical estimators to handle noise in real images, Our results indicate that in real images the new noise-robust version of LV using a single example (ie one-shot LV) converges to an accuracy at least comparable to thirty-shot statistical machine learner on the prediction of hidden light sources.
Oscar Wilde’s World Literature
Authors: Evangelista Stefano 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter reads Oscar Wilde’s writings and career through the prism of world literature. The idea of world literature, originally formulated by Goethe in the 1820s, only gained wider currency in Britain at the end of the century, thanks to the influence of the English Goethe Society and its first president, Max Müller. Shortly after the establishment of the Society, in ‘The Critic as Artist’ (1891), Wilde drew on Goethe’s idea of world literature as the cornerstone for a liberal cosmopolitanism that celebrates cultural difference and sexual tolerance. Wilde’s interest in world literature found a practical outlet in Salomé (1893). The early reception of Salomé illustrates Wilde’s privileged yet precarious position between Britain and France: on both sides of the Channel his Symbolist drama was criticized from nationalist perspectives.
George Egerton’s Scandinavian Breakthrough
Authors: Evangelista Stefano 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter brings to light George Egerton’s role as a key mediator of Scandinavian literature. In her most famous collections of short stories, Keynotes (1893) and Discords (1894), Egerton used Scandinavian settings in order to portray women’s experience of international mobility, drawing attention to the importance of gender in the construction of cosmopolitan identities. After the success of her early works, Egerton produced pioneering English translations of works by Norwegian future Nobel laureate Knut Hamsun and Swedish decadent Ola Hansson. Egerton practised literary translation as a form of creative collaboration and used it to advocate Friedrich Nietzsche’s philosophy. The chapter concludes with an analysis of Egerton’s involvement in the aborted ‘Northern Light’ series, a venture planned by the influential progressive publisher John Lane in order to bring modern Scandinavian literature to English readers.
Those Who Hoped
Authors: Evangelista Stefano 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship between the proliferation of artificial languages and literary cosmopolitanism at the turn of the century: both strove to promote ideas of world citizenship, universal communication, and peaceful international relations. The two most successful artificial languages of this period, Volapük and Esperanto, employed literature, literary translation, and the periodical medium to create a new type of cosmopolitan literacy intended to quench divisive nationalisms and to challenge Herder’s theories on the link between national language and individual identity. Starting with Henry James’s lampooning of Volapük in his short story ‘The Pupil’ (1891), the chapter charts the uneasy relationship between literature and artificial language movements. Ludwik L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, stressed the importance of literary translation for his utopian ideal and used original literature to explore the complex affect of his cosmopolitan identity. The chapter closes with an analysis of the growth of the Esperanto movement in turn-of-the-century Britain, focusing on its overlap with literary, artistic, and radical circles, on contributions by Max Müller, W. T. Stead, and Felix Moscheles, and on the 1907 Cambridge Esperanto World Congress.
Externalism for Internalists
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses the relation between meta-ethics and meta-epistemology and attempts to move forward on both fronts at once. Internalism claims that only facts believed by the agent are relevant to justification. An extreme externalism allows that facts of which the agent has no inkling can be relevant to justification. An extreme internalism maintains that only matters internal to the believer’s perspective are relevant to questions of justification. Less extreme forms of these views are introduced, e.g. Alston’s internalistic externalism. Eventually progress is supposed possible only if we distinguish between reasons/justifiers and enablers, and between motivating reasons and states which enable those considerations to motivate. These distinctions enable our meta-ethics and our meta-epistemology to come together
On How to Act—Disjunctively
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper revisits some issues discussed in the author’s Practical Reality. It responds to work by Jennifer Hornsby in particular. It considers various detailed suggestions about which form of disjunctivism is most appropriate in the theory of acting for a reason. Its general conclusion is, in line with what was argued in Practical Reality, that even the best form is unacceptable, but that the reasons why this is so are peculiar to the philosophy of action and so do not do anything to destabilise disjunctivism in the theory of perception. The paper also attempts to contribute to the understanding of disjunctivism more generally.
Has Anyone Ever Been a Non-Intuitionist?
Authors: Dancy Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper considers the merits of an important argument of Prichard’s against Sidgwick’s claim that nobody has ever been an intuitionist. Prichard tries to turn the tables on that argument, arguing that nobody has ever been a non-intuitionist. This paper tries to adjudicate. One of the hinge points is the question in the philosophy of action where the distinction between an action and its consequences is supposed to lie. If enough of the consequences are sucked up into the action by understanding the latter as the action of causing those consequences, the structure of the debate changes. The discussion generates a much better understanding of ethical intuitionism and of the distinction between intuitionism and consequentialism.
A Paradox of Consciousness
Authors: Tye Michael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
There are strong reasons to hold that phenomenal consciousness (experience) cannot be sharp (on/off) and equally strong reasons to hold that phenomenal consciousness cannot be vague (admitting borderline cases). In the former case, the reasons have to do with understanding the emergence of consciousness in the physical world. In the latter case, the reasons have to do with the fact that when we try to describe a borderline case of consciousness, we always end up describing a case in which there is indeterminacy in what is experienced as opposed to in experience or consciousness itself. A paradox thus arises in our thinking about consciousness. This chapter is devoted to laying out the paradox in detail.
Histories of Everyday Life
Authors: Carter Laura 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Histories of Everyday Life is a study of the production and consumption of popular social history in mid-twentieth-century Britain. It traces how non-academic historians, many of them women, developed a new breed of social history after the First World War, identified as the ‘history of everyday life’. The ‘history of everyday life’ was a pedagogical construct based on the perceived educational needs of the new, mass democracy. It was popularized to ordinary people in educational settings, through books, in classrooms and museums, and on BBC radio. In the 1970s this popular social history declined, not because academics invented an alternative ‘new’ social history, but because bottom-up social change rendered the ‘history of everyday life’ untenable in the changing context of mass education. Histories of Everyday Life ultimately uses the subject of history to demonstrate how profoundly the advent of mass education shaped popular culture in Britain after 1918, arguing that the twentieth century was Britain’s educational century.
The ‘History of Everyday Life’ as a Cultural Policy in London Local Government
Authors: Carter Laura 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The second part of this book, of which this chapter is the last, is about the ‘history of everyday life’ in practice. This chapter looks at how popular social history became part of the cultural policy of local government in London, via the activities of the Education Office of the London County Council (LCC). It examines how the ‘history of everyday life’ was used in LCC extra-mural educational programmes to offer a radical model of London citizenship during the heyday of local authority reach and influence. This LCC project had its origins in turn-of-the-century Arts and Crafts thinking and came to fruition in the collectivist climate of wartime, Blitz-shaken London. This chapter again highlights the prominent role of women as producers of popular history, focusing in particular on the work and ideas of Molly Harrison as curator of the Geffrye Museum in Hoxton, East London, during the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s.
Social History and Mass Education in the 1970s
Authors: Carter Laura 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter, and the final part of this book, explains the unmaking of the ‘history of everyday life’. It is about the teaching of social history in comprehensive schools during the 1970s, where mass secondary education up to the age of sixteen became the norm. We see first how the English comprehensive school utilized the ‘history of everyday life’ to teach its ordinary pupils, including ‘immigrant’ pupils and those taking the new ‘Certificate of Secondary Education’ (CSE) examination. However, these practices came to discredit the ‘history of everyday life’ as the decade drew on, especially when competing with new school subjects such as sociology and as part of the problematic project of ‘multicultural’ education. As Britain’s population became more ethnically diverse and female participation in post-16 education increased, young citizens demanded a social history that could accommodate the analysis of power. This shift ultimately evacuated the ‘history of everyday life’ from the spaces of mass education that it had once occupied.
The Power of the Gaze: Suspicion, Race and Migration Policing
Authors: Aliverti Ana 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter delves deeper into the ubiquity of race in migration policing, its camouflage, and disavowal, and its legitimation and power for making sense of a complex and fluid social geography. It explores how racial knowledge and taxonomies are deployed and redefined through migration policing. As the ‘fine-grained cognitive maps’ with which the police operate are rendered insufficient and inefficient, immigration enforcement has been increasingly brought on board. Immigration enforcement works with and through race as a sorting technique in insidious, oblique, and paradoxical ways, giving meaning to and redefining the contours of police suspicion. Its presence is ubiquitous and legally sanctioned, yet selective, continuously disavowed, and often left unarticulated and nebulous. In immigration enforcement, the chapter argues, race makes state power operate in particularly mysterious, hazy, and magic-like ways, hinging on some bodies and not others, building on irretrievable vocabulary, associations, visual registers, smells and other sensory clues, and lingering colonial imageries and knowledge. In this context, racial sorting and profiling is not a deviation or aberration, but a constitutive part without which its exercise is futile. As a racial technology, immigration control practices illustrate the power and resilience of race, as well as its fragility. Ultimately, the chapter concludes, race is a shaky and fragile basis for policing which lays bare its contradictions, paradoxes, and limits.