bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polar Topside TEC Enhancement Revealed by Jason‐2 Measurements
Authors: Pi Xiaoqing , Mannucci Anthony J. , Verkhoglyadova Olga 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSignificant polar topside total electron content (topTEC) enhancement (PTTE) above 1,336 km altitude is reported for the first time. The results are based on GPS measurements during 2008–2019 from NASA's Jason‐2 satellite with zenith‐oriented antennas. The observations show increasing topTEC toward the southern polar cap at geomagnetic latitudes poleward of 65°S, where TEC values are normally very low. A case study for the 2013 St. Patrick's Day storm indicates that the enhancement can exceed 5.5 TEC units above the dayside ambient state, corresponding to 78% increase. Comparisons with COSMIC/FORMOSAT‐3 topTEC measurements above 800 km altitude confirm that PTTE events are observed from both Jason‐2 and COSMIC on the same day. Our statistical analysis of the Jason‐2 data in the southern polar region reveals that PTTE mostly occurs on the dayside, with a seasonal preference of southern summer, and preferentially during geomagnetically disturbed days but can also occur during quiet days. PTTE during storm days shows increased occurrence, magnitude, and deviation from the mean in the cusp region compared with quiet days. Our case analysis indicates that PTTE is observed simultaneously with the effect of tongue of ionization. This suggests that the during storms, dayside F region plasma moving poleward following the antisunward plasma convection may also be part of the PTTE source, and the plasma upflow driven by the polar wind may act to cause PTTE.
Combined Lithophile‐Siderophile Isotopic Constraints on Hadean Processes Preserved in Ocean Island Basalt Sources
Authors: Peters Bradley J. , Mundl‐Petermeier Andrea , Carlson Richard W. , Walker Richard J. , Day James M. D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDetection of Hadean isotopic signatures within modern ocean island basalts (OIB) has greatly influenced understanding of Earth's earliest history and long‐term dynamics. However, a relationship between two isotopic tools for studying early Earth processes, the short‐lived 146Sm‐142Nd and 182Hf‐182W systems, has not been established in this context. The differing chemical behavior of these two isotopic systems means that they are complementary tracers of a range of proposed early Earth events, including core formation, magma ocean processes, and late accretion. There is a negative trend between 142Nd/144Nd and 182W/184W ratios among Réunion OIB that is extended by Deccan continental flood basalts. This finding is contrary to expectations if both systems were affected by silicate differentiation during the lifetime of 182Hf. The observed isotopic compositions are attributed to interaction between magma ocean remnants and Earth's core, coupled with later assimilation of recycled Hadean mafic crust. The effects of this scenario on the long‐lived 143Nd‐176Hf isotopic systematics mirror classical models invoking mixing of recycled trace‐element enriched (sedimentary) and depleted (igneous) domains in OIB mantle sources.If the core provides a detectible contribution to the tungsten element budget of the silicate Earth, this represents a critical component to planetary‐scale tungsten mass balance. A basic model is explored that reconciles the W abundance and isotopic composition of the bulk silicate Earth resulting from both late accretion and core‐mantle interaction. The veracity of core‐mantle interaction as proposed here would have many implications for long‐term thermochemical cycling.
The Unusual Severe Dust Storm of May 2018 Over Northern India: Genesis, Propagation, and Associated Conditions
Authors: Banerjee Priyanka , Satheesh Sreedharan Krishnakumari , Moorthy Krishnaswamy Krishna 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOn the evening of May 02, 2018, an unusually severe dust storm (DS) from a convective system, which developed over the Thar Desert, struck northwest India resulting in more than 100 casualties. Analysis of its genesis from surface measurements and reanalysis data indicates that this DS was “Haboob” type which are formed when strong downdrafts from a convective system reaches the surface in arid regions. Surface observations show that this DS was accompanied by a sharp drop in temperature and visibility and increase in relative humidity. Model simulation at convective‐permitting scale reveals the complex structure of dust transport in space and time. In contrast to the generally observed dust storms over the Indo‐Gangetic Plain being mostly associated with westerly wind bringing dust from Southwest Asia and Eastern Africa, this particular DS was triggered by strong easterly wind. The moisture‐laden easterly wind at the surface level colliding against the dry westerlies from the desert region along a steep front resulted in strong convection over northwest India leading to the formation of strong downdrafts. This, in turn, was largely due to the positioning of the upper level jet stream, which modulated the location and the strengths of surface lows and highs. The importance of this study is that while recent studies indicate that dust aerosol over India is on the decline partly due to reduction in westerly wind strength, the present work shows that anomalous easterlies can provide an alternate pathway to intense dust storms over the region.
Towards a Mechanistic Understanding of Precipitation Over the Far Eastern Tropical Pacific and Western Colombia, One of the Rainiest Spots on Earth
Authors: Mejía John F. , Yepes Johanna , Henao Juan J. , Poveda Germán , Zuluaga Manuel D. , Raymond David J. , Fuchs‐Stone Željka 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAccording to Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) satellite precipitation composites, a broad maritime area over the far eastern tropical Pacific and western Colombia houses one of the rainiest spots on Earth. This study aims to present a suite of mechanistic drivers that help create such a world‐record‐breaking rainy spot. Previous research has shown that this oceanic and nearly continental precipitation maximum has a strong early morning precipitation peak and a high density of mesoscale convective systems. We examined new and unique observational evidence highlighting the role of both dynamical and thermodynamical drivers in the activation and duration of organized convection. Results showed the existence of a rather large combination of mechanisms, including: (1) dynamics of the Choco (ChocoJet) and Caribbean Low‐Level Jets along their confluence zone, including the Panama semi‐permanent low; (2) ChocoJet deceleration offshore is favored by land breeze, enhancing the nighttime and early morning low‐level convergence; (3) a wind sheared environment that conforms to the long‐lived squall line theory; (4) action of mid‐level gravity waves, which further support the strong diurnal variability; and (5) mesoscale convective vortices related to subsidence in the stratiform region and top‐heavy mass flux profiles. This study emphasizes the multiscale circulation and thermodynamics mechanisms associated with the formation of one of the rainiest spots on Earth and showcases new observations gathered during the Organization of Tropical East Pacific Convection field campaign (OTREC; August–September, 2019) that support the outlined mechanisms.
X‐Ray Amorphous Components in Sedimentary Rocks of Gale Crater, Mars: Evidence for Ancient Formation and Long‐Lived Aqueous Activity
Authors: Smith R. J. , McLennan S. M. , Achilles C. N. , Dehouck E. , Horgan B. H. N. , Mangold N. , Rampe E. B. , Salvatore M. , Siebach K. L. , Sun V. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe CheMin instrument on the Mars Science Laboratory rover Curiosity detected ubiquitous high abundances (∼15–70 wt%) of X‐ray amorphous components (AmCs) in ancient sedimentary rocks of Gale crater. Mechanisms and timing of formation for the AmCs are poorly constrained, and could include volcanic, impact, or aqueous processes. We explore trends in AmC composition and abundance, and look for systematic compositional variation between sites within Gale crater. AmC compositions were estimated indirectly based on bulk chemistry and the nature and abundance of the crystalline phases for 19 sedimentary rock samples. AmC abundances positively correlate with AmC SiO2 contents, and a mixing relationship appears to exist between SiO2‐rich and FeOT‐rich AmC endmembers. Endmember compositions are inconsistent with volcanic or impact glass alone, and so we conclude that the SiO2 and FeOT contents formed largely through aqueous processes. Cross‐cutting relationships and geologic context provide evidence that the most SiO2‐rich AmCs observed in Gale crater thus far may result from interactions with localized fluids during late diagenesis. AmCs with moderate to low SiO2 contents likely formed earlier (before or soon after sediment deposition). Thus, the AmC SiO2 and FeOT contents in Gale crater rocks represent mixtures of sedimentary materials formed over most of the sedimentary history of Gale crater, starting before the first sediments were deposited in the crater (late Noachian), and ending well after the youngest sediments were lithified (at least mid‐Hesperian). However, it remains unclear how these metastable minerals have persisted through billions of years of diagenesis in Gale crater sediments.
Cooperative transport control by a multicopter system
Authors: Kotani Kento , Guo Zhiqin , Namerikawa Toru , Qu Zhihua 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTo date, multicopters have mainly been used in the entertainment and information‐gathering fields, but can potentially be used to transport payloads. Specifically, multicopters are more suited for manoeuvring tough terrains and delivering payloads to areas unaccessible by other means. The authors propose a control method to achieve cooperative transport with a plural multicopter system and address the problem of delivering a payload being suspended via cables from multicopters. In cooperative transport using a multicopter system, disturbance (weight, wind, and inertia force) may cause destabilization. A consensus algorithm is used to coordinate flight of helicopters in a formation and to ensure that the payload follows a virtual leader. Disturbances (such as wind and cable tension) are primary causes of destabilization and, in the multicopter setting, they are suppressed by an adaptive robust control, Robust Integral of Sign of the Error control. It is shown that the proposed control design can achieve not only convergence under the ideal setting but also robust operation under significant disturbances. In addition, additional control objectives such as cable tension, payload attitude, and collision avoidance can be integrated and achieved. As an auxiliary method, cable tension control, maintaining a horizontal payload attitude, and collision avoidance are considered. The usefulness of the proposed method was verified by simulations and laboratory flight testing demonstrations.
Language choice among Chinese-Indonesian children in Palembang City
Authors: Setiawan Budi , Wijana I Dewa Putu , Sajarwa  
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study examines the language choices among four- to six-year old Chinese-Indonesian children in various social domains to identify patterns of choice and analyze sociocultural factors that significantly affect their language choices. The results show that Chinese-Indonesian children’s language choice is highly patterned based on the type of social domains and interlocutors. Their choices are influenced by three major factors: (1) language attitude including parental attitude and the attitude of the indigenous population; (2) language habit formed at home; (3) social domain and context of communication.
Multimodal strategies for balancing formality and informality
Authors: Kaneyasu Michiko 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper investigates multimodal strategies for balancing formality and informality online. The analysis of 300 comment-reply interactions on a recipe sharing site in Japan demonstrates that writers tend to avoid being overly formal or informal in their messages. For example, most comments and replies are written in polite forms but many incorporate some plain forms and colloquial expressions. Linguistic features, however, are not the only way through which the writers manage an appropriate level of formality and informality. The study examines the role of kaomoji or Japanese-style emoticons for socio-relational work online. Some kaomoji function locally as cues for interpreting the sentences featuring kaomoji. All kaomoji, including those with local functions, work to enhance the social presence of the writers on the screen via pictographic gaze and gestures, which increases the perception of intimate rapport. The findings underscore the importance of a multimodal perspective in examining how people handle social relationships online.
Prescriptively or descriptively speaking?
Authors: Faulkner Tris 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIt is generally put forth that Spanish has the subjunctive as the required mood in the complements of emotive-factives (alegrarse de que‘to be happy that’), desire verbs (querer‘to want’), verbs of uncertainty (dudar‘to doubt’), modals (ser posible que‘to be possible that’), causatives (hacer que‘to make that’), and directives (recomendar que‘to recommend that’) (e.g.,Real Academia Española 2011). However, in spite of these traditional rules, it has been observed that some of these environments allow for the indicative (Blake 1981;Crespo del Río 2014;Deshors and Waltermire 2019;Gallego and Alonso-Marks 2014;García and Terrell 1977;Gregory and Lunn 2012;Kowal 2007;Lipski 1978;Silva-Corvalán 1994; Waltermire 2019). The current study explored one such environment; emotive-factive clauses. Results showed that the presuppositions that speakers hold regarding the knowledge that their addressees possess influence the mood that they select. This, thus, demonstrates the important role that pragmatics plays in the occurrence of mood variation.
Initial data and eccentricity reduction toolkit for binary black hole numerical relativity waveforms
Authors: Habib Sarah , Ramos-Buades Antoni , Huerta E A , Husa Sascha , Haas Roland , Etienne Zachariah 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The production of numerical relativity waveforms that describe quasi-circular binary black hole mergers requires high-quality initial data, and an algorithm to iteratively reduce residual eccentricity. To date, these tools remain closed source, or in commercial software that prevents their use in high performance computing platforms. To address these limitations, and to ensure that the broader numerical relativity community has access to these tools, herein we provide all the required elements to produce high-quality numerical relativity simulations in supercomputer platforms, namely: open source parameter files to numerically simulate spinning black hole binaries with asymmetric mass-ratios; open source Python tools to produce high-quality initial data for numerical relativity simulations of spinning black hole binaries on quasi-circular orbits; and open source Python tools for eccentricity reduction, both as stand-alone software and also deployed in the Einstein Toolkit’s software infrastructure. This open source toolkit fills in a void in the literature at a time when numerical relativity has an ever increasing role in the study and interpretation of gravitational wave sources. As part of our community building efforts, and to streamline and accelerate the use of these resources, we provide tutorials that describe, step by step, how to obtain and use these open source numerical relativity tools.
Dark–dark soliton breathing patterns in multi-component Bose–Einstein condensates
Authors: Wang Wenlong , Zhao Li-Chen , Charalampidis Efstathios G , Kevrekidis Panayotis G 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this work, we explore systematically various SO(2)-rotation-induced multiple dark–dark (DD) soliton breathing patterns obtained from stationary and spectrally stable multiple dark–bright (DB) and DD waveforms in trapped one-dimensional, two-component atomic Bose–Einstein condensates. The stationary states stemming from the associated linear limits (as the eigenfunctions of the quantum harmonic oscillator problem) are parametrically continued to the nonlinear regimes by varying the respective chemical potentials, i.e. from the low-density linear limits to the high-density Thomas–Fermi (TF) regimes. We perform a Bogolyubov–de Gennes spectral stability analysis to identify stable parametric regimes of these states, finding a wide range of stability intervals in the TF regimes for all of the states considered herein. Upon applying an SO(2)-rotation to stable steady states, one-, two-, three-, four-, and many DD soliton breathing patterns are observed in the numerical simulations. Furthermore, analytic solutions up to three DB solitons in the homogeneous setting, and three-component systems are also investigated.
Multiscale modelling of magnetostatic effects on magnetic nanoparticles with application to hyperthermia
Authors: Behbahani Razyeh , Plumer Martin L , Saika-Voivod Ivan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We extend a renormalization group-based (RG) coarse-graining method for micromagnetic simulations to include properly scaled magnetostatic interactions. We apply the method in simulations of dynamic hysteresis loops at clinically relevant sweep rates and at 310 K of iron oxide nanoparticles (NPs) of the kind that have been used in preclinical studies of magnetic hyperthermia. The coarse-graining method, along with a time scaling involving sweep rate and Gilbert damping parameter, allow us to span length scales from the unit cell to NPs approximately 50 nm in diameter with reasonable simulation times. For both NPs and the nanorods composing them, we report effective uniaxial anisotropy strengths and saturation magnetizations, which differ from those of the bulk materials magnetite and maghemite of which they are made, on account of the combined non-trivial effects of temperature, inter-rod exchange, magnetostatic interactions and the degree of orientational order within the nanorod composites. The effective parameters allow treating the NPs as single macrospins, and we find for the test case of calculating loops for two aligned NPs that using the dipole approximation is sufficient for distances beyond 1.5 times the NP diameter. We also present a study on relating integration time step to micromagnetic cell size, finding that the optimal time step size scales approximately linearly with cell volume.
Interference effect on the Andreev reflections induced by Majorana bound states
Authors: Gong Tong , Dai Xue-Feng , Zhang Lian-Lian , Jiang Cui , Gong Wei-Jiang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We investigate the effect of quantum interference on the Andreev reflections (ARs) induced by Majorana bound states (MBSs), by considering their additional coupling via a quantum-dot molecule. It is found that due to the direct and indirect couplings of MBSs, a quantum ring is constructed in this system. Consequently, the interference effect makes important contribution to the ARs, especially in the presence of the local magnetic flux. All the results are manifested as the tight dependence of the differential conductance and Fano factors on the magnetic flux phase factor, dot-MBS couplings, and the dot level, respectively. Moreover, at the zero-bias limit, the magnitudes of the Fano factors and their relation can be efficiently altered by the interference properties. We believe that quantum interference is important for manipulating the Andreev reflection behaviors of the MBSs.
The 2019–2023 Strategic Plan of the Spanish Society of Radiological Protection (SEPR)
Authors: Carmena Pío , Ginjaume Mercè , Herranz Margarita , Macías María Teresa , Torres Ricardo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Spanish Society for Radiological Protection (SEPR) is a scientific and technical organization that aims to bring together all radioprotection professionals from all the sectors of activity where ionizing and non-ionizing radiation is produced. The development of the SEPR’s Strategic Plan every 5 years is the cornerstone of all the different activities that the Society carries out. This document establishes the SEPR goals and objectives for that period, as well as the activities planned to achieve them. It is a living and open document that draws on past experiences while looking to the future. The Strategic Plan 2019–2023, approved on June 2019, is the Third Strategic Plan of the SEPR. In its preparation, account has been taken of the experience obtained in the application of the two previous Strategic Plans, as well as of the new demands of the general public and of professionals in the area of radiological protection that have become apparent during the previous period. This paper describes the development of the current Strategic Plan, as well as the Plan itself, and briefly analyzes its implementation in the Conclusion.
Highly selective acetone detector based on a separation channel and semiconductor gas sensor
Authors: Du Haiying , Sun Ruizhi , Su Jing , Sun Yanhui , Xia Kaili , Cong Liying , Cui Hemin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Acetone is a biomarker of diabetics. The exhaled acetone concentration of diabetics is higher than that of a healthy person. Semiconductor gas sensors provide an accurate non-invasive detection method for low-concentration breath acetone of diabetics, but the their selectivity presents a drawback. In order to detect the concentration of exhaled acetone accurately from exhaled breath, an acetone detector based on a separation channel and semiconductor gas sensors is presented in this paper. Carbon dioxide, acetone, and ethanol were simulated and separated by a gas chromatography (GC) column in the separation channel. The separated time of carbon dioxide, exhaled acetone, and ethanol are 25 s, 236 s, and 574 s at room temperature, respectively. Carbon dioxide, acetone, and ethanol flow into three gas detection channels with the control of a time-sharing conversion switch. Then, carbon dioxide, acetone, and ethanol can be detected accurately by the semiconductor gas sensors. Exhaled acetone can be measured as low as 1 ppm within 5 min without any interference. A highly selective acetone detector based on GC and semiconductor technology has potential in monitoring and detecting diabetes as well as safe driving in a non-invasive way.
OMEGA—open-source emission tomography software
Authors: Wettenhovi V-V , Vauhkonen M , Kolehmainen V 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper we present OMEGA, an open-source software, for efficient and fast image reconstruction in positron emission tomography (PET). OMEGA uses the scripting language of MATLAB and GNU Octave allowing reconstruction of PET data with a MATLAB or GNU Octave interface. The goal of OMEGA is to allow easy and fast reconstruction of any PET data, and to provide a computationally efficient, easy-access platform for development of new PET algorithms with built-in forward and backward projection operations available to the user as a MATLAB/Octave class. OMEGA also includes direct support for GATE simulated data, facilitating easy evaluation of the new algorithms using Monte Carlo simulated PET data. OMEGA supports parallel computing by utilizing OpenMP for CPU implementations and OpenCL for GPU allowing any hardware to be used. OMEGA includes built-in function for the computation of normalization correction and allows several other corrections to be applied such as attenuation, randoms or scatter. OMEGA includes several different maximum-likelihood and maximum a posteriori (MAP) algorithms with several different priors. The user can also input their own priors to the built-in MAP functions. The image reconstruction in OMEGA can be computed either by using an explicitly computed system matrix or with a matrix-free formalism, where the latter can be accelerated with OpenCL. We provide an overview on the software and present some examples utilizing the different features of the software.