bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of Pressure Injuries
Authors: Smith J. Michael , Aliano Messina Kristen A. , Boukovalas Stefanos , Norbury William B. , Phillips Linda G. 
Published: January 2021

Pressure injuries are a significant clinical challenge that incurs substantial morbidity for patients and cost for healthcare systems. These wounds often develop in the context of prolonged immobility and chronic disease. In this review, the authors outline fundamentals of pressure injury pathophysiology, important considerations in patient assessment, and a basic overview of the medical and surgical management of these complex patients. Additionally, a brief overview of innovative technologies on the horizon in the prevention, detection, and treatment of pressure injuries is presented. This chapter aims to provide baseline knowledge to enable the reader to function as an effective member of the multi-disciplinary team that cares for pressure injury patients.
This review contains 2 figures, 5 tables, and 31 references.
Keywords: pressure injury, pressure sore, chronic wounds, patient assessment, wound care, wound healing, surgical management, stem cells, prevention, medicine, plastic surgery
Basal and Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Mulvaney Patrick M. , Weiss Jonathan , Do Daihung 
Published: January 2021

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most commonly diagnosed skin cancer in the United States and are most frequently encountered on sun-exposed body sites including the head and neck. They can be difficult to distinguish from other common skin neoplasms making biopsy a necessity for diagnosis prior to treatment. These tumors grow contiguously, are locally destructive but rarely metastasize making them good candidates for local surgical removal or destruction. This chapter reviews BCC epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostic approach and management considerations. Advanced tumors and practical considerations for plastic surgeons caring for these patients are also covered in detail. Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common malignancy of the skin. Most cases can be directly attributed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), usually due to chronic sun exposure. With early detection, squamous cell carcinoma can be successfully treated with limited morbidity and low risk of mortality. Surgical modalities, namely Mohs micrographic surgery or wide local excision, are the gold standard for most invasive SCC. Advanced or particularly aggressive tumors carry a significant risk of local recurrence, nodal metastasis, and mortality. These risks highlight the importance of early detection, and appropriate risk stratification to guide the most appropriate treatment.
This review contains 5 figures, 6 tables, and 63 references.
Keywords: nonmelanoma skin cancers (NMSC), keratinocyte carcinomas (KC), basal cell carcinomas (BCC), squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), ultraviolet radiation (UVR), verrucous carcinoma, electrodesiccation and curettage (ED&C), photodynamic therapy (PDT), sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), Brigham and Womens’s (BWH) tumor staging system
Osteoarthritis of the Interphalangeal and Metacarpophalagneal Joints of the Hand
Authors: Straszewski Andrew J. , Moriatis Wolf Jennifer 
Published: January 2021

Hand surgeons frequently treat osteoarthritis of the interphalangeal (IP) and metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints. Age, female gender, occupation, genetics, biomechanics, obesity, and joint laxity have been implicated in the progression of disease. Physical examination and standard three-view imaging of the hand aid in initial work up. Many conservative treatments exist, including physical therapy, splinting, anti-inflammatories, and injection of corticosteroid or hyaluronic acid. With the failure of conservative therapies, surgical management is dictated by the particular joint in question. The distal interphalangeal (DIP) joints of fingers and IP joint of the thumb are more commonly treated by arthrodesis, whereas proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints are treated with arthroplasty. Likewise, MCP joints of the fingers are typically managed with arthroplasty. The thumb MCP joint is more commonly fused.
This review contains 7 figures, 4 tables, and 54 references.
Keywords: hand osteoarthritis, interphalangeal joint, metacarpophalangeal joint, anatomy, arthroplasty, silicone, arthrodesis, biomechanics, outcomes
Prosthetic-Based Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Nguyen Jonathan , Williams Justin , Losken Albert 
Published: January 2021

Prosthetic reconstruction is the most popular option for breast reconstruction after mastectomy. There are several different techniques, such as prepectoral versus subpectoral placement, and delayed versus immediate reconstruction, each with their own sets of risks and benefits. With the advent of improved implant technology, acellular dermal matrix, and fat grafting, prepectoral direct to implant has become an accepted and increasingly popular method of reconstruction, with similar to improved complication rates and outcomes as traditional staged tissue expander reconstruction. Prosthetic reconstruction has had some recent controversies, including breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma and breast implant illness, and many future studies are being directed towards these topics.
This review contains 5 figures, and 53 references.
Keywords: breast reconstruction, breast implant, acellular dermal matrix, prepectoral reconstruction, tissue expander, fat grafting, capsular contracture, immediate reconstruction, breast implant associated anaplastic large cell lymphoma, breast implant illness
Lower Extremity Reconstruction Following Tumor, Burns and Infections
Authors: Orgill Dennis P 
Published: January 2021

Advances in plastic surgery have allowed for limb salvage in most cases of severe infection or tumor. This often involves moving adjacent or distant vascularized soft tissue into the area. Traditionally, surgeons have used the "Reconstructive Ladder" as a paradigm to consider various options to treat complex wounds. Common flaps in the lower extremity will be reviewed as well as case examples to illustrate the principles of reconstruction. New technologies such as dermal scaffolds, Negative Pressure Wound Therapy and Advanced biologics have all changed how we manage these conditions. Advances in the microanatomy of skin has allowed surgeons to design a wide array of new flaps simplifying the extent of surgical innovation.
This review contains 6 figures, 2 tables, and 27 references.
Keywords:lower extremity, wound, infection, tumor, osteomyelitis, sarcoma, lower extremity trauma, amputation, limb salvage
Developmental Biology II: The Role of WNT Signaling in Bone Regeneration
Authors: Borrelli Mimi R. , Ngaage Ledibabari M. , Wan Derrick C. , Longaker Michael T. , Lorenz H. Peter 
Published: January 2021

Wingless-related integration site (Wnt) signaling is an important regulator of bone development and regeneration. Wnts are short-range signaling molecules which act within the skeletal stem cell niche to influence cell proliferation and differentiation. Nineteen different Wnts have been identified in humans. Disruptions to Wnt signaling can lead to impairments in bone healing. Recent work has elucidated the complexities of Wnt signaling during bone development, repair, and regeneration, and highlighted its value as a potential therapeutic target for tissue regeneration. Here, we discuss the role of the canonical-Wnt-signaling pathway, its regulatory role in bone regeneration, and the recent clinical advance made towards its manipulation in regenerative medicine.
This review contains 3 figures and 50 references.
Keywords: osteogenesis, bone regeneration, bone remodeling, endochondral ossification, osteoblast, osteoprogenitor, lithium, fracture healing
Perfectionism
Authors: Domar Alice D. 
Published: January 2021

Perfectionism is common and even encouraged in medicine. Acceptance to medical school is predicated on academic excellence; those who commence being schooled in medicine and their perfectionistic tendencies may be rewarded. Residency and fellowship years are a time where teamwork, appropriate social behavior and flexibility may be as important as academic knowledge. This can be threatening to the physician who has succeeded through perfectionistic academic self-induced pressure. Committing a mistake, although expected by all in this field, can feel overwhelming and unacceptable to a perfectionist: it can lead to symptoms of stress, depression and even suicide. Solutions to maladaptive perfectionism include cognitive-behavior therapy and coaching.

This review contains 14 references.
Key words: perfectionism, adaptive, maladaptive, physician burnout, suicide, CBT, coaching
Self-Compassion during GME training
Authors: Reimers Rebecca M. 
Published: January 2021

Self-compassion is a positive psychology concept that is related to resilience, improved coping, and reduced stress. The three key components are self-kindness, mindfulness, and understanding that we are all part of a common humanity. Self-compassion is in opposition of harsh self-judgment or self-criticism, which have been linked to stress, emotional dysregularion, and avoidance of negative feedback. Self-compassion can be useful during individual times of crisis and on a daily basis for improved resilience and coping. Exercises for acute events, suggestions for daily living, and a review of self-compassion research in healthcare settings are reviewed and explained in the following article.
This review contains 1 table and 16 references.
Keywords: mindfulness; resilience; self-compassion; well-being; residency; burnout; graduate medical education
Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Yawetz Sigal 
Published: January 2021

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is the most common bacterial infection, affecting women far more than men. Aerobic gram-negative bacteria are the most common uropathogens causing UTI, with Escherichia coli remaining the most predominant organism in complicated infections. UTI can result in a variety of infections and inflammations, from asymptomatic bacteriuria to typical symptomatic cystitis to acute pyelonephritis, as well as bacterial prostatitis in men.
In general, antimicrobial therapy is warranted for any symptomatic infection of the urinary tract. However, new consensus treatment guidelines for uncomplicated UTI in women, set by the Infectious Diseases Society of America and the European Society for Microbiology of Infection Diseases in 2010, account for the increasing antimicrobial resistance of pathogens and focus on first-line empirical treatment regimens. To reduce the use of antibiotics, treatment and prevention of recurrent UTI may involve several strategies on varying levels of effectiveness; some of the more well-tested options include probiotics, antiseptics, and topical estrogen. Antimicrobial approaches should be reserved for women in whom these options prove to be ineffective.
This review contains 7 highly rendered figures, 7 tables, and 120 references.
Menopause
Authors: Reed Susan D. , Sutton Eliza L. 
Published: January 2021

The female reproductive system matures in a continuous, natural process from menarche to menopause as the finite numbers of oocytes produced during fetal development are gradually lost to ovulation and senescence. Menopause is defined as the permanent cessation of menses; by convention, the diagnosis of menopause is not made until the individual has had 12 months of amenorrhea. Menopause is thus characterized by the menstrual changes that reflect oocyte depletion and subsequent changes in ovarian hormone production. However, hormonal changes, rather than the cessation of menstruation itself, cause the manifestations that occur around the time of menopause. Therefore, a woman who has undergone a hysterectomy but who retains her ovaries can experience normal menopausal symptoms as oocyte depletion leads to changes in estrogen levels, even though cessation of menstruation occurred with surgery. This review covers definitions, natural menopause, menopausal transition and postmenopausal symptom management, and premature ovarian insufficiency. Figures show stages of reproductive aging, serum concentrations of hormones during menopausal transition and postmenopause, hormonal changes associated with reproductive aging, symptoms of menopausal transition and menopause, treatment algorithm(s), and Women’s Health Initiative findings: risks and benefits of estrogen alone and estrogen plus progestin by age group: 50 to 59, 60 to 69, and 70 to 79 years. Tables list target tissues, physical manifestations, and menopausal symptoms; selective estrogen receptor modulators used in postmenopausal women; differential diagnosis and evaluation of common menopausal symptoms; estrogen doses; progestogen dosing for endometrial protection; nonhormonal pharmaceutical hot flash therapies; and pharmacologic therapy for genitourinary atrophy.
This review contains 6 highly rendered figures, 7 tables, and 119 references.
Pulmonary Hypertension, Cor Pulmonale, and other Pulmonary Vascular Conditions
Authors: Moll Matthew , Sardana Mayank , Farber Harrison W. 
Published: January 2021

This review covers the diseases that affect the pulmonary vasculature directly. These conditions include pulmonary hypertension; pulmonary arterial hypertension; chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension; pulmonary hypertension attributed to left heart disease, lung disease and/or hypoxemia, and other disorders; cor pulmonale; pulmonary atriovenous malformations; and pulmonary aneurysms. Figures show changes in the pulmonary vasculature in pulmonary hypertension, pathways involved in the development of pulmonary hypertension, general guidelines for the evaluation of suspected pulmonary hypertension, enlarged proximal pulmonary arteries with pruning of distal pulmonary vasculature (typical of advanced pulmonary arterial hypertension), the remodeling of the heart and continuous-wave Doppler study results observed with chronic pulmonary hypertension, ventilation and perfusion scans of the lungs with results typical of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, and a general approach to the treatment of patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Tables list the revised nomenclature and classification of pulmonary hypertension, the World Health Organization classification of functional capacity in patients with pulmonary hypertension, advanced vascular medications for pulmonary artery hypertension, and perioperative management of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
This review contains 8 highly rendered figures, 4 tables, and 118 references.
Overview of Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Thompson Alexander W , Ando Timothy , Morse Emily 
Published: January 2021

Substance use disorders are a major source of morbidity and mortality, contributing to a significant proportion of deaths in the United States and worldwide each year. A substantial rise in deaths related to drug overdoses in recent decades has drawn increasing public attention to this issue. However, the majority of individuals struggling with substance use disorders remain untreated. The financial costs and health burden are substantial. This review provides a broad overview of substance-related and addictive disorders. The evolution of the classification system is described, and the diagnostic criteria for the various substance use disorders are reviewed. Epidemiology and etiologic considerations, including neurobiological pathways, genetics, environmental influences, and dimensional risk factors, are examined. Finally, individual substances and their related disorders are reviewed, including alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, hallucinogens, inhalants, opioids, sedative/hypnotics, stimulants, tobacco, and other or unknown substances. Intoxication and withdrawal syndromes are described where applicable, and clinical management concepts are discussed.
This review contains 6 figures, 5 tables, and 71 references.
Key words: abuse, addiction, alcohol, caffeine, cannabis, dependence, diagnosis, DSM-5, epidemiology, hallucinogen, hypnotic, inhalant, intoxication, methamphetamine, nicotine, opioid, sedative, stimulant, substance use disorders, tobacco, tolerance, withdrawal
Evaluating the Patient with Liver Disease
Authors: Muir Andrew J 
Published: January 2021

Until the advanced stages of cirrhosis, the identification of liver disease can be challenging for clinicians. In the earlier stages of the condition, most forms of chronic liver disease are asymptomatic or associated with vague and rather nonspecific complaints, such as fatigue. Even in the setting of cirrhosis, liver enzymes may be normal or mildly elevated. Patients with liver disease are currently recognized through a variety of routes, including screening programs, routine laboratory testing, and imaging performed for other complaints.

This review contains 5 figures, 10 tables and 64 references
Key Words: Primary biliary cirrhosis, Variceal hemorrhage, hepatocellular carcinoma, Hepatitis A, B and C, Discriminant function, Liver biopsy, Alcoholic liver disease, Autoimmune hepatitis, Hemochromatosis, Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, Wilson disease
Depressive Disorders: Update on Diagnosis, Etiology, and Treatment
Authors: Bauer Isabelle E. , Teixeira Antonio L , Sanches Marsal , Soares Jair C. 
Published: January 2021

This review discusses the changes in the diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders as outlined in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-5), and recent findings exploring the etiology of and treatment strategies for these disorders. Depressive disorders are typically characterized by depression in the absence of a lifetime history of mania or hypomania. New developments in the DSM-5 include the recognition of new types of depressive disorders, such as disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, persistent depressive disorder, premenstrual dysphoric disorder, and the addition of catatonic features as a specifier for persistent depressive disorder. These diagnostic changes have important implications for the prognosis and treatment of this condition. A thorough understanding of both the clinical phenotype and the biosignature of these conditions is essential to provide individualized, long-term, effective treatments to affected individuals.
This review contains 1 table and 52 references
Key words: brain volumes, depressive disorders, DSM-5, hormones, inflammation, neuropeptides, somatic therapy, stress
Psychoactive Medications
Authors: Neavyn Mark J , Babu Kavita M 
Published: January 2021

Psychoactive medications are defined as medications that affect the central nervous system neurotransmitter pathways with the intention to modulate mood or consciousness. This broad category of medications includes sedative-hypnotic agents such as benzodiazepines and barbiturates, antidepressants, neuroleptics, and mood stabilizers. The principal source of exposure for these medications is through prescription drug use and misuse. This review discusses the principles of toxicity, immediate stabilization, diagnosis and definitive therapy, and disposition and outcomes related to sedative-hypnotics, antidepressants, neuroleptics, and lithium. Tables include common benzodiazepine and barbiturate compounds, dosing instructions for multidose activated charcoal, flumazenil dosing recommendations, commonly available tricyclic and atypical (noncyclic) antidepressants, dosing recommendations for sodium bicarbonate in serum alkalinization, benzodiazepine dosing recommendations in serotonin syndrome, dosing recommendations for cyproheptadine, signs and symptoms that differentiate neuroleptic malignant syndrome from serotonin syndrome, and indications for renal replacement therapy based on lithium concentration and clinical setting. Figures show action potentials in the His-Purkinje syndrome, an electrocardiogram tracing demonstrating a terminal R wave, and a QT interval nomogram.
This review contains 2 highly rendered figures, 9 tables, and 101 references.
Acute Kidney Injury in Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Valero Monica G , Cooper Zara 
Published: January 2021

Acute kidney injury is a common disease that affects critically ill patients and increases morbidity and mortality. Even though there have been extensive efforts to prevent this disease, the incidence has steadily increased over the last decade. This could be attributed to better recognition or to overestimation of the disease based on the most recent consensus criteria. Complications of acute kidney injury have a significant effect on quality of life, morbidity, and mortality. Despite advances in the field, this disease continues to be a challenge, and decreasing the mortality associated with it remains difficult. Plenty of literature has been published about the appropriate definition, diagnosis, and treatment of the disease. One of the topics of ongoing discussion deals with the lack of consensus about the exact timing for initiation of renal replacement therapy (RRT). Even though RRT adds more complexity to the treatment, recent publications suggest that early versus late initiation of RRT is related to reduced mortality in critically ill patients. Further high-level studies of this intervention are warranted to standardize treatment.
This review contains 5 figures, 7 tables, and 77 references.
Key words: Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN), acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO), renal biomarkers, replacement therapy, Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function and End-stage kidney disease (RIFLE)
Erectile Dysfunction: Surgical Treatment (Vascular and Prosthetic Surgery)
Authors: Farrell M Ryan , Levine Laurence A , Abdelsayed George A 
Published: January 2021

Surgical treatment oferectile dysfunction (ED) can be considered in men who either fail or elect to avoid further nonoperative modalities. For patients with an organic etiology of ED, a penile prosthesis can be placed. There are multiple approaches available for penile prosthesis implantation including penoscrotal, infrapubic, and subcoronal. Furthermore, the location of reservoir placement should be considered, either within the space of Retzius or at an ectopic submuscular location according to patient factors. Potential intraoperative and postoperative complications of penile prosthesis implantation are also reviewed. Alternatively, for young and otherwise healthy men with ED secondary to focal arterial insufficiency often in the setting of pelvic trauma, penile microarterial bypass surgery is an effective treatment option.

This review contains 6 figures, 2 tables, and 48 references.
Key words:erectile dysfunction, inflatable penile prosthesis, malleable penile prosthesis, surgical technique, intraoperative complications, postoperative complications, arterial revascularization