bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How do Saudi Children and Their Mothers Evaluate Religion-Based Exclusion?
Authors: Alsimah Munirah , Tenenbaum Harriet R. , Rusconi Patrice 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study focuses on Saudi mothers’ and their children’s judgments and reasoning about exclusion based on religion. Sixty Saudi children and their mothers residing in Saudi Arabia and 58 Saudi children and their mothers residing in the United Kingdom were interviewed. They were read vignettes depicting episodes of exclusion based on the targets’ religion ordered by peers or a father. Participants were asked to judge the acceptability of exclusion and justify their judgments. Both groups rated the religious-based exclusion of children from peer interactions as unacceptable. Saudi children and mothers residing in the UK were less accepting of exclusion than were children and mothers residing in Saudi Arabia. In addition, children and mothers residing in the UK were more likely to evaluate exclusion as a moral issue and less likely as a social conventional issue than were children and mothers residing in Saudi Arabia. Mothers in the UK were also less likely to invoke psychological reasons than were mothers in Saudi Arabia. Children’s judgments about exclusion were predicted by mothers’ judgments about exclusion. In addition, the number of times children used moral or social conventional reasons across the vignettes was positively correlated with mothers’ use of these categories. The findings, which support the Social Reasoning Development model, are discussed in relation to how mothers and immersion in socio-cultural contexts are related to children’s judgments and reasoning about social exclusion.
On the Existence of Global Smooth Solutions to the Parabolic–Elliptic Keller–Segel System with Irregular Initial Data
Authors: Heihoff Frederic 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe consider the parabolic–elliptic Keller–Segel system $$\begin{aligned} \left\{ \begin{aligned} u_t&= \Delta u - \chi \nabla \cdot (u \nabla v), \\ 0&= \Delta v - v + u \end{aligned} \right. \end{aligned}$$

u
t

=
Δ
u
-
χ
∇
·
(
u
∇
v
)
,

0

=
Δ
v
-
v
+
u

in a smooth bounded domain $$\Omega \subseteq {\mathbb {R}}^n$$

Ω
⊆

R

n

, $$n\in {\mathbb {N}}$$

n
∈
N

, with Neumann boundary conditions. We look at both chemotactic attraction ($$\chi > 0$$

χ
>
0

) and repulsion ($$\chi < 0$$

χ
<
0

) scenarios in two and three dimensions. The key feature of interest for the purposes of this paper is under which conditions said system still admits global classical solutions due to the smoothing properties of the Laplacian even if the initial data is very irregular. Regarding this, we show for initial data $$\mu \in {\mathcal {M}}_+({\overline{\Omega }})$$

μ
∈

M
+

(

Ω
¯

)

that, if either

$$n = 2$$

n
=
2

, $$\chi < 0$$

χ
<
0

or

$$n = 2$$

n
=
2

, $$\chi > 0$$

χ
>
0

and the initial mass is small or

$$n = 3$$

n
=
3

, $$\chi < 0$$

χ
<
0

and $$\mu = f \in L^p(\Omega )$$

μ
=
f
∈

L
p

(
Ω
)

, $$p > 1$$

p
>
1

holds, it is still possible to construct global classical solutions to ($$\star $$
⋆
), which are continuous in $$t = 0$$

t
=
0

in the vague topology on $${\mathcal {M}}_+({\overline{\Omega }})$$

M
+

(

Ω
¯

)

.
Methods and Strategies for Reducing Seclusion and Restraint in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Inpatient Care
Authors: Perers Charlotta , Bäckström Beata , Johansson Björn Axel , Rask Olof 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRestraints and seclusions are restrictive interventions used in psychiatric inpatient units when there is an imminent risk of harm to the patient or others. Coercive measures are controversial and can lead to negative consequences, including negative emotions, re-traumatization, injuries, or death. The article summarizes the last 10 years of literature regarding methods and strategies used for reducing seclusions and restraints in child and adolescent psychiatric inpatient units, and reports on their outcomes. The literature was reviewed by searching PubMed and PsycInfo for English-language articles published between May 2010 and May 2020. Eighteen articles were found that described methods or strategies aimed at reducing restraint or seclusion utilization in child and adolescent psychiatric inpatient units. The following interventions were evaluated: Trauma-Informed Care (TIC), Six Core Strategies, Child and Family Centered Care (CFCC), Collaborative & Proactive Solutions (CPS), Strength-Based Care, Modified Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (M-PBIS), Behavioral Modification Program (BMP), Autism Spectrum Disorder Care Pathway (ASD-CP), Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT), sensory rooms, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Training (MBSR) of staff, and Milieu Nurse-Client Shift Assignments. Most of the interventions reduced the use of seclusions and/or restraints. Two child-centered and trauma-informed initiatives eliminated the use of mechanical restraints. This review shows that the use of coercive measures can be reduced and should be prioritized. Successful implementation requires ongoing commitment on all levels of an organization and a willingness to learn. To facilitate comparisons, future models should evaluate different standardized parameters.
The symmetry problem for testimonial conservatism
Authors: Jope Matthew 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA prima facie plausible and widely held view in epistemology is that the epistemic standards governing the acquisition of testimonial knowledge are stronger than the epistemic standards governing the acquisition of perceptual knowledge. Conservatives about testimony hold that we need prior justification to take speakers to be reliable but recognise that the corresponding claim about perception is practically a non-starter. The problem for conservatives is how to establish theoretically significant differences between testimony and perception that would support asymmetrical epistemic standards. In this paper I defend theoretical symmetry of testimony and perception on the grounds that there are no good reasons for taking these two belief forming methods to have significant theoretical differences. I identify the four central arguments in defence of asymmetry and show that in each case either they fail to establish the difference that they purport to establish or they establish a difference that is not theoretically significant.
Urban gardening as a means for fostering embodied urban human–food connection? A case study on urban vegetable gardens in Germany
Authors: Artmann Martina , Sartison Katharina , Ives Christopher D. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUrbanization is increasingly compromising residents’ connection to natural habitats and landscapes. With established relationships between human–nature connection (HNC) and pro-environmental behaviour and human well being, there are calls for effective interventions to strengthen HNC in urban settings. However, much of this research has operationalised HNC in narrow psychological terms. Based on an embodied framework of urban human–food connection (HFC) as a specific dimension of HNC, this article explores the role of active urban gardening in promoting different types of internal and external HFC and their link with pro-environmental food behaviour (PEFB). Based on a quantitative survey in Germany addressing vegetable gardeners in Munich (N = 254), a principal component analysis extracted four components of HFC comprising external body-related HFC (i.e. immediate urban garden-body activities: food harvesting and experiential food interaction) and internal mind-related HFC (i.e. immediate urban garden-mind activities including food discovery as well as food consciousness). These were found to be statistically related to one another. Furthermore, regression analysis revealed that food consciousness through concerns on food consumption and environmental impacts as well as food as part of life attitude as an internal HFC is the sole predictor of PEFB. The study suggests an embodied HFC model emphasizing the need for local body- and mind-based nature connections for fostering earth stewardship. Future research should explore the relationship between inner dimensions of nature connectedness and external behavioural change to enable transformations towards sustainability.
How does the position of firms in the supply chain affect their performance? An empirical study
Authors: Arora Siddharth , Brintrup Alexandra 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe relationship between a firm and its supply chain has been well studied, however, the association between the position of firms in complex supply chain networks and their performance has not been adequately investigated. This is primarily due to insufficient availability of empirical data on large-scale networks. To addresses this gap in the literature, we investigate the relationship between embeddedness patterns of individual firms in a supply network and their performance using empirical data from the automotive industry. In this study, we devise three measures that characterize the embeddedness of individual firms in a supply network. These are namely: centrality, tier position, and triads. Our findings caution us that centrality impacts individual performance through a diminishing returns relationship. The second measure, tier position, allows us to investigate the concept of tiers in supply networks because we find that as networks emerge, the boundaries between tiers become unclear. Performance of suppliers degrade as they move away from the focal firm (i.e., Toyota). The final measure, triads, investigates the effect of buying and selling to firms that supply the same customer, portraying the level of competition and cooperation in a supplier’s network. We find that increased coopetition (i.e., cooperative competition) is a performance enhancer, however, excessive complexity resulting from being involved in both upstream and downstream coopetition results in diminishing performance. These original insights help understand the drivers of firm performance from a network perspective and provide a basis for further research.
Structural characterization and colour of Ni3−xCuxP2O8 (0 ≤ x ≤ 3) materials
Authors: Tena M. A. , Mendoza Rafael , Trobajo Camino , García José R. , García-Granda Santiago 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe structural characterization of Ni3−xCuxP2O8 (0.0 ≤ x ≤ 3.0) compositions was performed and the colour parameters of these materials measured. Solid solutions with Ni3P2O8, Ni2CuP2O8 and Cu3P2O8 structures were obtained and the compositional range in which they are formed was established. Structural distortion was detected in these solid solutions when x increases from the variation in the unit cell parameters and that of the interatomic distances. Solid solutions with Ni3P2O8 structure are stable at 1200 °C and may be used as ceramic pigments. Changes in the colour of these materials were related to the structural changes. Yellow materials are obtained from Ni3−xCuxP2O8 solid solutions with a Ni3P2O8 or Ni2CuP2O8 structure and a gradual change from yellow to brown is obtained with the introduction of Cu(II) in the Ni3P2O8 structure, 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.7 at 1200 °C.
Heat transfer and entropy generation analysis in a horizontal channel filled with a permeable medium in the presence of aligned magnetic field and temperature gradient heat source
Authors: Balamurugan K. S. , Udaya Bhaskara Varma N. , Ramaprasad J. L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe current investigation is concerned with heat transfer and entropy generation analysis in a horizontal channel brimming with porous medium in the existence of aligned magnetic field, viscous and joules dissipation and temperature gradient heat source. The boundary conditions are treated as constant values for velocity and temperature at lower and upper walls. An explicit solution of governing equations has been attained in closed system. The repercussions of pertinent parameters on the fluid velocity, temperature, entropy generation and Bejan number are conferred and scrutinized through graphs in detail. Additionally the expressions for shear stress and the rate of heat transfer coefficients at the channel walls are derived and results obtained are physically interpreted through tables. From the conquered results, it is addressed that Brinkman number Br enhances boundary layer thickness. Entropy generation increases with intensifying values of $$M$$
M
, aligned angle ϕ, temperature gradient heat source parameter Q, characteristic temperature ration $$\omega$$
ω
and permeability parameter K. The shear stress is same at both the lower and upper walls.
The cognitive experience of engineering design: an examination of first-year student stress across principal activities of the engineering design process
Authors: Nolte Hannah , McComb Christopher 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe engineering design process can produce stress that endures even after it has been completed. This may be particularly true for students who engage with the process as novices. However, it is not known how individual components of the design process induce stress in designers. This study explored the cognitive experience of introductory engineering design students during concept generation, concept selection and physical modelling to identify stress signatures for these three design activities. Data were collected for the design activities using pre- and post-task surveys. Each design activity produced distinct markers of cognitive experience and a unique stress signature that was stable across design activity themes. Rankings of perceived sources of stress also differed for each design activity. Students, however, did not perceive any physiological changes due to the stress of design for any of the design activities. Findings indicate that physical modelling was the most stressful for students, followed by concept generation and then concept selection. Additionally, recommendations for instructors of introductory engineering design courses were provided to help them apply the results of this study. Better understanding of the cognitive experience of students during design can support instructors as they learn to better teach design.
Entropy of killed-resurrected stationary Markov chains
Authors: Martínez Servet 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe consider a strictly substochastic matrix or a stochastic matrix with absorbing states. By using quasi-stationary distributions we show that there is an associated canonical Markov chain that is built from the resurrected chain, the absorbing states, and the hitting times, together with a random walk on the absorbing states, which is necessary for achieving time stationarity. Based upon the 2-stringing representation of the resurrected chain, we supply a stationary representation of the killed and the absorbed chains. The entropies of these representations have a clear meaning when one identifies the probability measure of natural factors. The balance between the entropies of these representations and the entropy of the canonical chain serves to check the correctness of the whole construction.
Fair Weather Neutron Bursts From Photonuclear Reactions by Extensive Air Shower Core Interactions in the Ground and Implications for Terrestrial Gamma‐ray Flash Signatures
Authors: Bowers Gregory S. , Shao Xuan‐Min , Blaine William , Dingus Brenda , Smith David M. , Chaffin Jeff , Ortberg John , Rassoul Hamid K. , Ho Cheng , Nellen Lukas , Fraija Nissim , Alvarez C. , Arteaga‐Velázquez J. C. , Baghmanyan V. , Belmont‐Moreno E. , Caballero‐Mora K. S. , Carramiñana A. , Casanova S. , De la Fuente E. , González M. M. , Hueyotl‐Zahuantitla F. , Martinez O. , Matthews J. A. , Moreno E. , Newbold M. , Pérez‐Pérez E. G. , Torres I. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe report on anomalously long duration (2 ms) count rate bursts following the impact of cosmic ray showers near a 7.62 cm x⊘7.62 cm LaBr3 scintillation detector at the High Altitude Water Cherenkov array in Mexico, previously described by Stenkin et al. (2001), and termed “neutron bursts.” The largest burst produced 198 counts within 2 ms in our LaBr3 detector. We simulate the neutron burst albedo flux (that is, secondary emissions from an extensive air shower core impacting the ground), and show that (1) the characteristic spectra and count rates are well explained by neutron absorption in the ground and (2) any cosmic ray secondary that produces neutrons, either through hadron inelastic collisions, or photoneutron production by gamma‐rays, produces the same characteristic spectra. This implies that other natural phenomena that produce downward beams of gamma‐rays, like Terrestrial gamma ray flashes, should produce a similar “neutron burst” signature from the photoneutron reactions occurring in the soil.
Spatiotemporal Variations in Surface Heat Loss Imply a Heterogeneous Mantle Cooling History
Authors: Karlsen Krister S. , Conrad Clinton P. , Domeier Mathew , Trønnes Reidar G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEarth's heat budget is strongly influenced by spatial and temporal variations in surface heat flow caused by plate tectonic cycles. Here, we use a novel set of paleo‐seafloor age grids extending back to the mid‐Paleozoic to infer spatiotemporal variations in surface heat loss. The time‐averaged oceanic heat flow is 36.6 TW, or ∼25% greater than at present‐day. Our thermal budget for the mantle indicates that 149 K/Gyr of cooling occurred over this period, consistent with geochemical estimates of mantle cooling for the past 1 Gyr. Our analysis also suggests sustained rapid cooling of the Pacific mantle hemisphere, which may have cooled ∼50 K more than its African counterpart since 400 Ma. The extra heat released from the Pacific mantle may have been trapped there by the earlier long‐lived supercontinent Rodinia (∼1.1–0.7 Ga), and the Pacific mantle may still be hotter than the African mantle today.
Post‐Earthquake Fold Growth Imaged in the Qaidam Basin, China, With Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar
Authors: Daout Simon , Parsons Barry , Walker Richard 
Published: February 2021

AbstractQuestions regarding the development of folds and their interactions with the seismic faults within thrust systems remain unanswered. However, estimating fault slip and earthquake hazards using surface observations and kinematic models of folding requires an understanding of how the shortening is accommodated during the different phases of the earthquake cycle. Here, we construct 16‐years of interferometric synthetic aperture radar time series across the North Qaidam thrust system (NE Tibet), where three Mw 6.3 earthquakes occurred along basement faults underlying shortened folded sediments. The analysis reveals spatio‐temporal changes of post‐earthquake surface displacement rates and patterns, which continue more than 10 years after the seismic events. The decomposition of the Sentinel‐1 ascending and descending line of sight velocities into vertical and shortening post‐earthquake components indicates that long‐term transient uplift and shortening is in agreement with the deformation that might be expected from kinematic models of folding. Long‐term uplift coincides spatially with young anticlines observed in the geomorphology, with steep gradients in the forelimbs, gentle gradients in the back‐limbs, an absence of subsidence in the footwalls, and higher gradients along interpreted bedding planes. Long‐term shortening is also different from the surface displacements expected for typical time‐varying creep on a narrow dislocation interface and shows rates higher than the average convergence across the whole region. These findings provide evidence for anelastic fold buckling during the post‐earthquake phase and highlight the contribution of distributed aseismic deformation to the growth of topography.
Superior predatory ability and abundance predicts potential ecological impact towards early-stage anurans by invasive ‘Killer Shrimp’ (Dikerogammarus villosus)
Authors: Warren Daniel A. , Bradbeer Stephanie J. , Dunn Alison M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractInvasive alien species negatively impact upon biodiversity and generate significant economic costs worldwide. Globally, amphibians have suffered considerable losses, with a key driver being predation by large invasive invertebrate and vertebrate predators. However, there is no research regarding the potential ecological impact of small invertebrate invaders. The invasive freshwater amphipodDikerogammarus villosuscan act as a top predator capable of displacing native amphipods and preying heavily upon a range of native species. Listed as one of Europe’s top 100 worst invaders,D. villosushas significantly restructured freshwater communities across western Europe and is expected to invade North America in the near future. Here we explore the ecological impact of invasiveD. villosusupon UK native and invasive amphibians (Rana temporariaandXenopus laevisrespectively) using the “Relative Impact Potential” (RIP) metric. By combining estimations ofper capitaeffects (i.e. functional response; FR) and relative field abundances, we apply the RIP metric to quantify the potential ecological impact of invasiveD. villosusupon embryonic and larval amphibian prey, compared to the native amphipodGammarus pulex. Both native and invasive amphipods consumed early-stage amphibians and exhibited potentially destabilising Type II FRs. However, larger body size in invasiveD. villosustranslated into a superior FR through significantly lower handling times and subsequently higher maximum feeding rates—up to seven times greater than nativeG. pulex. Higher invader abundance also drove elevated RIP scores for invasiveD. villosus, with potential impact scores predicted up to 15.4 times greater than nativeG. pulex. Overall,D. villosusis predicted to have a greater predatory impact upon amphibian populations thanG. pulex, due primarily to its larger body size and superior field abundance, potentially reducing amphibian recruitment within invaded regions.
The interaction on hypertension between family history and diabetes and other risk factors
Authors: Li An-le , Peng Qian , Shao Yue-qin , Fang Xiang , Zhang Yi-ying 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTo explore the individual effect and interaction of diabetes and family history and other risk factors on hypertension in Han in Shanghai China. The method of case–control study with l:l matched pairs was used, 342 cases of hypertension and 342 controls were selected and investigate their exposed factors with face-to-face. The method of epidemiology research was used to explore the individual effect and interaction of diabetes and family history and other risk factors on hypertension. The individual effect of family history (OR = 4.103, 95%CI 2.660–6.330), diabetes (OR = 4.219, 95%CI 2.926–6.083), personal taste (OR = 1.256, 95%CI 1.091–1.593), drinking behavior (OR = 1.391, 95%CI 1.010–1.914) and smoking behavior (OR = 1.057, 95%CI 1.00–1.117) were significant (p < 0.05). But individual effect of sex, education, occupation, work/life pressure, environmental noise, sleeping time and sports habit were not significant (p > 0.05). The OR of interaction between FH and DM to hypertension was 16.537 (95%CI 10.070–21.157), between FH and drinking behavior was 4.0 (95%CI 2.461–6.502), FH and sport habit was 7.668 (95%CI 3.598–16.344), FH and personal taste was 6.521 (95%CI 3.858–11.024), FH and smoking behavior was 5.526 (95%CI 3.404–8.972), FH and work/life pressure was 4.087 (95%CI 2.144–7.788). The SI of FH and DM was 2.27, RERI was 8.68, AP was 52.48% and PAP was 55.86%. FH and DM, personal taste, smoking behavior had positive interaction on hypertension, but FH and sport habits, drinking behavior, work/life pressure had reverse interaction on hypertension. FH and diabetes were very important risk factors with significant effect for hypertension. FH and diabetes, personal taste, smoking behavior had positive interaction on hypertension, but FH and sport habits, drinking behavior, work/life pressure had reverse interaction on hypertension.