bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Transatlantic Slave Trade and the Foundation of the Kingdom of Galinhas in Southern Sierra Leone, 1790–1820
Authors: Gonzalez Jorge Felipe 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the early nineteenth century a centralized political entity, the Galinhas kingdom, emerged in southernmost Sierra Leone. Based on sources from Cuban, British, American, Spanish, and Sierra Leonean archives, this article examines the factors accounting for the emergence and consolidation of Galinhas. I argue that the postabolitionist (1808) redeployment of North Atlantic slave trading actors, networks, routes, and spaces, particularly the connection with Cuba and resources from the island, created the conditions for Galinhas's commercial growth and the centralization of its political power. I then problematize the relationship between warfare, the Atlantic slave trade, and state making. During the foundation of a predatory state, before a slaving and political frontier existed, wars were detrimental to trade. When warfare and commerce — or any social activity — coexisted in the same physical space, the interdependent balance between them, which supported the slave trade itself, was disrupted. After the end of the war, political stability boosted slave trading operations.
Embryonic development of eggs and stereological analysis of body of Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae (Golvan, 1956) (Eoacanthocephala: Neoechinorhynchidae)
Authors: Gonçalves Mayra da Silva , da Costa Oscar Tadeu Ferreira , Morey Germán Augusto Murrieta , Dias Lucas Castanhola , Chagas Edsandra Campos , Porto Sanny Maria de Andrade 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe egg is one of the fundamental parts of the life cycle of Neoechinorhynchus buttnerae, and this stage involves the acanthor larva. It is also the infection phase for the intermediate host. Under normal conditions, the larva inside the egg can survive for months in the environment; however, information regarding this phase of life of the parasite is scarce. In addition, there is no quantitative information about the structural composition of the parasite's body from a histological point of view. Such information is essential in order to support decisions aimed at controlling infestations by these parasites in fish farming. This study aimed to present a detailed description of the stages of embryonic development of N. buttnerae eggs, as well as a stereological evaluation of the body of adult females of the parasite. Three phases of development characterized the eggs: cell division (with four stages), formation of the internal nuclear mass (with four stages) and formation of the acanthor larva (with five stages). The ovary comprised 26.61% of the volume of the animal and most of it contained eggs (21.28%), ovarian balls (3.88%) and empty spaces (1.45%). These results are of great importance and will support future studies that seek to interrupt the life cycle of this parasite.
Catatonia: demographic, clinical and laboratory associations
Authors: Rogers Jonathan P. , Pollak Thomas A. , Begum Nazifa , Griffin Anna , Carter Ben , Pritchard Megan , Broadbent Matthew , Kolliakou Anna , Ke Jessie , Stewart Robert , Patel Rashmi , Bomford Adrian , Amad Ali , Zandi Michael S. , Lewis Glyn , Nicholson Timothy R. , David Anthony S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundCatatonia, a severe neuropsychiatric syndrome, has few studies of sufficient scale to clarify its epidemiology or pathophysiology. We aimed to characterise demographic associations, peripheral inflammatory markers and outcome of catatonia.MethodsElectronic healthcare records were searched for validated clinical diagnoses of catatonia. In a case–control study, demographics and inflammatory markers were compared in psychiatric inpatients with and without catatonia. In a cohort study, the two groups were compared in terms of their duration of admission and mortality.ResultsWe identified 1456 patients with catatonia (of whom 25.1% had two or more episodes) and 24 956 psychiatric inpatients without catatonia. Incidence was 10.6 episodes of catatonia per 100 000 person-years. Patients with and without catatonia were similar in sex, younger and more likely to be of Black ethnicity. Serum iron was reduced in patients with catatonia [11.6 v. 14.2 μmol/L, odds ratio (OR) 0.65 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.45–0.95), p = 0.03] and creatine kinase was raised [2545 v. 459 IU/L, OR 1.53 (95% CI 1.29–1.81), p < 0.001], but there was no difference in C-reactive protein or white cell count. N-Methyl-d-aspartate receptor antibodies were significantly associated with catatonia, but there were small numbers of positive results. Duration of hospitalisation was greater in the catatonia group (median: 43 v. 25 days), but there was no difference in mortality after adjustment.ConclusionsIn the largest clinical study of catatonia, we found catatonia occurred in approximately 1 per 10 000 person-years. Evidence for a proinflammatory state was mixed. Catatonia was associated with prolonged inpatient admission but not with increased mortality.
How regional climate and seed traits interact in shaping stress–tolerance of savanna seeds?
Authors: Ribeiro Leandro C. , Barbosa Eduardo R. M. , Borghetti Fabian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFunctional traits related to regeneration responses to the environment are highly determinants of distribution patterns of plant communities. A large body of studies on seed traits suggests that regional climate may act as a strong filter of plant recruitment; however, few studies have evaluated the relative importance of seed traits and environmental filters for seed persistence at the population level. We tested the role of seed mass, water content and desiccation tolerance, as well as the germination time as proxies for seed tolerance to environmental filters (water deficit, heat shock and high temperatures) by comparing the response of tree species co-occurring in savannas located in different regions: Cerrado biome of Central Brazil and the Rio Branco savannas of northern Brazil. Seeds collected in savannas of Rio Branco showed a higher tolerance to environmental filters than those collected in savannas of the Cerrado. While the germination percentages largely varied in response to the treatments, the germination times were virtually unaffected by them, irrespective of seed origin, seed mass and water content. At the population level, the regional environment was a key determinant of seed tolerance to stress, irrespective of seed traits. Germination time was shown to represent a conservative seed trait and more linked to a species-specific germination strategy than to regional characteristics. Our results suggest that recruitment patterns of Cerrado savannas may be more impacted than Rio Branco savannas by the climate scenarios predicted for the future.
The role of machine learning applications in diagnosing and assessing critical and non-critical CHD: a scoping review
Authors: Helman Stephanie M. , Herrup Elizabeth A. , Christopher Adam B. , Al-Zaiti Salah S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMachine learning uses historical data to make predictions about new data. It has been frequently applied in healthcare to optimise diagnostic classification through discovery of hidden patterns in data that may not be obvious to clinicians. Congenital Heart Defect (CHD) machine learning research entails one of the most promising clinical applications, in which timely and accurate diagnosis is essential. The objective of this scoping review is to summarise the application and clinical utility of machine learning techniques used in paediatric cardiology research, specifically focusing on approaches aiming to optimise diagnosis and assessment of underlying CHD. Out of 50 full-text articles identified between 2015 and 2021, 40% focused on optimising the diagnosis and assessment of CHD. Deep learning and support vector machine were the most commonly used algorithms, accounting for an overall diagnostic accuracy > 0.80. Clinical applications primarily focused on the classification of auscultatory heart sounds, transthoracic echocardiograms, and cardiac MRIs. The range of these applications and directions of future research are discussed in this scoping review.
Dialectical behaviour therapy skills group including stigma management: a pilot with sexual and gender minority veterans
Authors: Skerven Kim , Mirabito Lucas , Kirkman Mackenzie , Shaw Beth 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAs a principle-driven treatment, dialectical behaviour therapy (DBT) offers concepts and strategies that can be flexibly applied to address unique types of invalidation, such as stigma experienced by marginalized groups. A pilot DBT skills training group that included material on using skills to dialectically manage the effects of stigma was conducted with four sexual and gender minority (SGM) veterans. The group included standard DBT skills along with explicitly teaching about stigma commonly faced by SGM individuals and ways to apply DBT skills to the experiences of stigma. This pilot group was conducted to determine the acceptability of such a group as well as its effects on symptoms (depression, emotion regulation), use of DBT skills in daily living, and the psychological burden of stigma-related experiences. The group was well-received by participants; outcomes suggest promising trends in reducing psychological distress and increasing use of DBT skills to cope. Implications for clinical practice using a dialectical approach to stigma management and future directions are provided.Key learning aims(1)Readers will learn about how dialectical behaviour therapy can be used to help sexual and gender minority clients effectively manage the effects of minority stress.(2)Readers will learn how taking a dialectical perspective on managing minority stress can be effective.(3)Readers will learn how delivering dialectical behaviour therapy in a manner contextualized within the clients’ experience can be effective in managing mental health symptoms.
Active Degassing of Deeply Sourced Fluids in Central Europe: New Evidences From a Geochemical Study in Serbia
Authors: Randazzo P. , Caracausi A. , Aiuppa A. , Cardellini C. , Chiodini G. , D'Alessandro W. , Li Vigni L. , Papic P. , Marinkovic G. , Ionescu A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe report on the results of an extensive geochemical survey of fluids released in the Vardar zone (central‐western Serbia), a mega‐suture zone at the boundary between Eurasia and Africa plates. Thirty‐one bubbling gas samples are investigated for their chemical and isotopic compositions (He, C, Ar) and cluster into three distinct groups (CO2‐dominated, N2‐dominated, and CH4‐dominated) based on the dominant gas species. The measured He isotope ratios range from 0.08 to 1.19 Ra (where Ra is the atmospheric ratio), and reveal for the first time the presence of a minor (<20%) but detectable regional mantle‐derived component in Serbia. δ13C values range from −20.2‰ to −0.1‰ (versus PDB), with the more negative compositions observed in N2‐dominated samples. The carbon‐helium relationship indicates that these negative δ13C compositions could be due to isotopic fractionation processes during CO2 dissolution into groundwater. In contrast, CO2‐rich samples reflect mixing between crustal and mantle‐derived CO2. Our estimated mantle‐derived He flux (9.0 × 109 atoms m−2 s−1) is up to 2 orders of magnitude higher than the typical fluxes in stable continental areas, suggesting a structural/tectonic setting favoring the migration of deep‐mantle fluids through the crust.
Cratering Records in the Chang'e‐5 Mare Unit: Filling the “Age Gap” of the Lunar Crater Chronology and Preparation for Its Recalibration
Authors: Qiao (乔乐) Le , Xu (徐璐媛) Luyuan , Yang (杨亚洲) Yazhou , Xie (谢明刚) Minggang , Chen (陈剑) Jian , Fang (房锟) Kun , Ling (凌宗成) Zongcheng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe Moon is the cornerstone for dating planetary surfaces as it is the only planetary body that has been sampled multiple times from multiple places. The major deficiencies of the lunar crater chronology function are the somewhat limited number of calibration points and data gaps, especially in the ∼1–3 Ga segment. China's Chang'e‐5 mission recently returned samples from a young nearside mare, whose age is estimated to be in that age gap, providing a long‐awaited opportunity for recalibrating the lunar chronology. Here, we report a direct density measurement of impact craters ≥1 km in diameter of Chang'e‐5 mare unit, as (1.696 ± 0.221) × 10−3 km−2. The Chang'e‐5 mare deposits are estimated as ∼1.3–2.7 Ga old in various lunar chronologies, younger than all collected Apollo/Luna basalts. Accurate radio‐isotopic ages of Chang'e‐5 samples can be combined with our crater density measurement for a recalibration of lunar chronology.
Structural Evolution of the Parmelan Anticline (Bornes Massif, France): Recording the Role of Structural Inheritance and Stress Field Changes on the Finite Deformation Pattern
Authors: Berio L. R. , Storti F. , Balsamo F. , Mittempergher S. , Bistacchi A. , Meda M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn many orogenic wedges, foreland basin systems are preferential sites for economical resource accumulation, typically hydrocarbons. Understanding how structural inheritance perturbs the evolution of folding‐related deformation and impacts on subsurface fracture patterns bears first order economic and environmental implications, when also CO2 storage is considered. Studying properly selected field analogs of buried anticlines provides fundamental information on fracture patterns at the subseismic scale. The Parmelan anticline is a flat‐topped box‐fold located in the Bornes Massif (France) involving Lower Cretaceous platform carbonates (Urgonian Limestones). We studied this field analogue by combining structural analysis with syntectonic calcite vein petrography and geochemistry to unravel the progression of deformation and to obtain constraints on the regional stress field evolution. We documented (a) a network of pre‐folding hinge‐parallel and hinge‐perpendicular extensional fault zones, (b) two deformation assemblages developed during pre‐folding layer‐parallel‐shortening under different stress configurations including veins, bed‐perpendicular stylolites and subsidiary reverse faults, (c) a limited occurrence of localized syn‐folding deformation structures (i.e., hinge‐parallel veins), and (d) an association of veins and stylolites oblique to the fold axial trend, formed in a post‐folding stage. We propose that pre‐ and syn‐orogenic inherited structures controlled first‐order fold geometry and partial development of classical syn‐folding deformation features. Moreover, our data reveal a complex stress history marked by permutations of the vertical principal stress axis from strike‐slip to purely compressional stress regimes and vice versa, accompanied by a progressive counterclockwise rotation of the horizontal maximum stress axis.
A Dynamic Socio‐Hydrological Model of the Irrigation Efficiency Paradox
Authors: Ilyas Ansir , Manzoor Talha , Muhammad Abubakr 
Published: November 2021

AbstractImproving irrigation efficiency (IE) is conventionally perceived as a water‐conserving practice in the agriculture sector. The common understanding is that increased on‐farm IE leads to an increase in water availability at the basin. However, in the recent past, many instances have been reported where increasing on‐farm IE failed to increase water availability at the basin scale. This phenomenon is commonly known as the ‘Irrigation Efficiency Paradox (IEP)’. In this paper, we present a dynamic systems model of the IEP. Our model combines a simple mass‐balance description of the water flows with the rent‐seeking behavior of consumers. Through the socio‐hydrological model, we arrive at a parametric characterization of the IEP, which is given by three attributes: the maximum short‐term benefit enjoyed after improvement in IE, the time duration after which the paradox occurs, and the escalation of the paradox once it occurs. We find that the paradox in basins with lower evaporation and higher recharge is more pronounced, the policy implications of which are in contrast to the common narrative that seeks to reduce evaporation and increase recharge. We also use our findings along with global data sets to identify regions that are most susceptible to the IEP. We argue that much caution must be practiced while introducing efficient irrigation technologies in the identified regions so as to avoid paradoxical effects to as much extent as possible. We also discuss the seemingly counter‐intuitive role of evaporation and recharge properties of the basin and how it ties in with contemporary policy narratives.
Obesity risk is associated with altered cerebral glucose metabolism and decreased μ-opioid and CB1 receptor availability
Authors: Kantonen Tatu , Pekkarinen Laura , Karjalainen Tomi , Bucci Marco , Kalliokoski Kari , Haaparanta-Solin Merja , Aarnio Richard , Dickens Alex M. , von Eyken Annie , Laitinen Kirsi , Houttu Noora , Kirjavainen Anna K. , Helin Semi , Hirvonen Jussi , Rönnemaa Tapani , Nuutila Pirjo , Nummenmaa Lauri 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Obesity is a pressing public health concern worldwide. Novel pharmacological means are urgently needed to combat the increase of obesity and accompanying type 2 diabetes (T2D). Although fully established obesity is associated with neuromolecular alterations and insulin resistance in the brain, potential obesity-promoting mechanisms in the central nervous system have remained elusive. In this triple-tracer positron emission tomography study, we investigated whether brain insulin signaling, μ-opioid receptors (MORs) and cannabinoid CB1 receptors (CB1Rs) are associated with risk for developing obesity.

Methods
Subjects were 41 young non-obese males with variable obesity risk profiles. Obesity risk was assessed by subjects’ physical exercise habits, body mass index and familial risk factors, including parental obesity and T2D. Brain glucose uptake was quantified with [18F]FDG during hyperinsulinemic euglycemic clamp, MORs were quantified with [11C]carfentanil and CB1Rs with [18F]FMPEP-d2.

Results
Subjects with higher obesity risk had globally increased insulin-stimulated brain glucose uptake (19 high-risk subjects versus 19 low-risk subjects), and familial obesity risk factors were associated with increased brain glucose uptake (38 subjects) but decreased availability of MORs (41 subjects) and CB1Rs (36 subjects).

Conclusions
These results suggest that the hereditary mechanisms promoting obesity may be partly mediated via insulin, opioid and endocannabinoid messaging systems in the brain.
A highly predictive autoantibody-based biomarker panel for prognosis in early-stage NSCLC with potential therapeutic implications
Authors: Patel Akshay J. , Tan Ti-Myen , Richter Alex G. , Naidu Babu , Blackburn Jonathan M. , Middleton Gary W. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundLung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Surgical resection remains the definitive curative treatment for early-stage disease offering an overall 5-year survival rate of 62%. Despite careful case selection, a significant proportion of early-stage cancers relapse aggressively within the first year post-operatively. Identification of these patients is key to accurate prognostication and understanding the biology that drives early relapse might open up potential novel adjuvant therapies.MethodsWe performed an unsupervised interrogation of >1600 serum-based autoantibody biomarkers using an iterative machine-learning algorithm.ResultsWe identified a 13 biomarker signature that was highly predictive for survivorship in post-operative early-stage lung cancer; this outperforms currently used autoantibody biomarkers in solid cancers. Our results demonstrate significantly poor survivorship in high expressers of this biomarker signature with an overall 5-year survival rate of 7.6%.ConclusionsWe anticipate that the data will lead to the development of an off-the-shelf prognostic panel and further that the oncogenic relevance of the proteins recognised in the panel may be a starting point for a new adjuvant therapy.
A gene toolbox for monitoring autophagy transcription
Authors: Bordi Matteo , De Cegli Rossella , Testa Beatrice , Nixon Ralph A. , Ballabio Andrea , Cecconi Francesco 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAutophagy is a highly dynamic and multi-step process, regulated by many functional protein units. Here, we have built up a comprehensive and up-to-date annotated gene list for the autophagy pathway, by combining previously published gene lists and the most recent publications in the field. We identified 604 genes and created main categories: MTOR and upstream pathways, autophagy core, autophagy transcription factors, mitophagy, docking and fusion, lysosome and lysosome-related genes. We then classified such genes in sub-groups, based on their functions or on their sub-cellular localization. Moreover, we have curated two shorter sub-lists to predict the extent of autophagy activation and/or lysosomal biogenesis; we next validated the “induction list” by Real-time PCR in cell lines during fasting or MTOR inhibition, identifying ATG14, ATG7, NBR1, ULK1, ULK2, and WDR45, as minimal transcriptional targets. We also demonstrated that our list of autophagy genes can be particularly useful during an effective RNA-sequencing analysis. Thus, we propose our lists as a useful toolbox for performing an informative and functionally-prognostic gene scan of autophagy steps.
Consumption in the G20 nations causes particulate air pollution resulting in two million premature deaths annually
Authors: Nansai Keisuke , Tohno Susumu , Chatani Satoru , Kanemoto Keiichiro , Kagawa Shigemi , Kondo Yasushi , Takayanagi Wataru , Lenzen Manfred 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWorldwide exposure to ambient PM2.5 causes over 4 million premature deaths annually. As most of these deaths are in developing countries, without internationally coordinated efforts this polarized situation will continue. As yet, however, no studies have quantified nation-to-nation consumer responsibility for global mortality due to both primary and secondary PM2.5 particles. Here we quantify the global footprint of PM2.5-driven premature deaths for the 19 G20 nations in a position to lead such efforts. G20 consumption in 2010 was responsible for 1.983 [95% Confidence Interval: 1.685–2.285] million premature deaths, at an average age of 67, including 78.6 [71.5–84.8] thousand infant deaths, implying that the G20 lifetime consumption of about 28 [24–33] people claims one life. Our results indicate that G20 nations should take responsibility for their footprint rather than focusing solely on transboundary air pollution, as this would expand opportunities for reducing PM2.5-driven premature mortality. Given the infant mortality footprint identified, it would moreover contribute to ensuring infant lives are not unfairly left behind in countries like South Africa, which have a weak relationship with G20 nations.
Correspondence between neuroevolution and gradient descent
Authors: Whitelam Stephen , Selin Viktor , Park Sang-Won , Tamblyn Isaac 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe show analytically that training a neural network by conditioned stochastic mutation or neuroevolution of its weights is equivalent, in the limit of small mutations, to gradient descent on the loss function in the presence of Gaussian white noise. Averaged over independent realizations of the learning process, neuroevolution is equivalent to gradient descent on the loss function. We use numerical simulation to show that this correspondence can be observed for finite mutations, for shallow and deep neural networks. Our results provide a connection between two families of neural-network training methods that are usually considered to be fundamentally different.