bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural performance of composite steel rubberised concrete members under combined loading conditions
Authors: Mujdeci Ayse , Bompa Dan , Elghazouli Ahmed 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the structural behaviour of rubberised concrete‐filled steel tubular (RuCFST) members under a wide range of axial‐bending loading conditions. The results of an experimental programme on circular concrete‐filled steel tubes (CFST), incorporating conventional and rubberised concrete (RuC) materials with various rubber content ratios, are presented. After describing the specimen details and testing arrangements, the influence of the RuC infill on the behaviour of test members in terms of moment‐axial interaction and ductility, is examined. The test results show that whilst the cross‐sectional capacity of RuCFST members is reduced with the increase in rubber content, significantly higher ductility is obtained compared with conventional counterparts. An enhancement of about 85% in ductility is obtained for members with 60% rubber content compared to those with conventional concrete. Finally, the test results are compared with current design guidelines, indicating that the latter tend to overestimate the capacity, particularly for relatively high rubber contents.
Behaviour of Composite Plate Shear Walls with Variable Column Stiffness
Authors: Curkovic Ivan , Skejic Davor , Dzeba Ivica , Lukacevic Ivan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSteel plate shear walls (SPSW) have been increasingly applied in structures as a lateral load resisting system. SPSW systems utilize thin unstiffened plates as the infill between boundary members. Infill panels are very slender elements and buckle under low lateral loads due to which SPSW relies on the post‐critical tension field action of the infill panel. Such load transfer mechanism has two downsides: a) significant transverse forces are exerted on the boundary elements, particularly columns; b) load bearing capacity of the tension infill panel after yielding is lower than yielding of the panel in shear. In order to preclude these shortcomings relatively new vertical stabilization systems, termed composite plate shear walls (CPSW), were developed where stiffening of the infill panel using reinforced concrete plate was introduced. However, lack of research on CPSW systems led to creation of structural building codes which adopted requirements prescribed for SPSW. Experimental and numerical research has been conducted on CPSW. Three specimens, with varying column flexural stiffness, were tested. The obtained results show less prominent column “pull‐in” when compared to SPSW. The results were assessed comparing stiffness, resistance and ductility between the above‐mentioned systems. Finally, the experimental results were used to calibrate numerical models. Afterwards, the obtained numerical results served for more detailed comparison of behaviour between SPSW and CPSW.
Flexural Behaviour of Prefabricated Ultra‐Shallow Steel‐Concrete Composite Slabs
Authors: Alali Ahmed Abdulla , Tsavdaridis Konstantinos Daniel 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper presents the results of a parametric finite element (FE) study that investigates the flexural behaviour and bending capacity of a recently developed steel‐concrete composite flooring system subjected to static bending tests. The flooring system is composed from prefabricated ultra‐shallow slab units (aka PUSS) that consist of T‐ribbed concrete floors encased within and connected to two C‐channel steel edge beams with horizontally oriented shear connections. The study considers three unique types of shear connection systems, that compose of only horizontally oriented web‐welded shear studs (WWSS), only horizontal steel dowels or a combination of horizontal steel dowels with WWSS. The failure mechanism, the shear resisting capacity of the shear connection systems and their behaviour under flexural loads are examined. The present work explores the influence of variable parameters on the performance of the PUSS flooring system. In particular, the parameters under critical investigation are the type, arrangement, and size of the shear connectors (WWSS and steel dowels) as well as the location of the main pressure caused by the applied load. Based on the results, the location of the applied loads contributed greatly to the behaviour of the shear connectors, moment resistance capacity and failure mechanism of the slabs. In addition, horizontal dowels provided greater bond between concrete and steel in comparison to WWSS.
3D‐Printing with steel of a bolted connection
Authors: Erven Maren , Lange Jörg , Feucht Thilo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAdditive Manufacturing seems promising for the steel construction industry, especially for small components with complex shapes. With Wire‐and‐Arc‐Additive‐Manufacturing (WAAM) a process was found which is fast and cheap compared to other Additive Manufacturing processes for metals. Furthermore, arc‐welding is well known in steel construction industry.Bolted head plates are a common connection. Although they are relatively easy to produce, they are uneconomical in load transfer due to straining of the plates which are subject to bending. This type of connection is predestined for Additive Manufacturing. Rethinking the structure by taking into account the potentials of Additive Manufacturing brings a clear advantage compared to the conventional production. Thus, with a material saving of 60 % the same load capacity of the original flat head plate can be achieved.The paper shows how the new production process WAAM can significantly change the shape of structures on the example of a bolted head plate. Therefore, all steps from the original design to the manufactured structure are demonstrated, including the structure finding by using topology optimization, the manufacturing with different parameters and a first testing of the manufactured structures.
Meshless numerical simulation of steel connections: application to the T‐stub component
Authors: de Cisneros Juan José Jiménez , Berrospi Giovani , Cook Víctor 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFinite element analysis is a widely used simulation technique in steel design to analyze the structural behavior of structural components, such as beams, columns or connections. The major steps involved in finite element simulations are the definition of the basic parameters and the discretization in elements of the component, also known as preprocessing; the analysis of the model and the post‐processing by the representation and the interpretation of the obtained results. On the particular case of bolted connections, the most time‐consuming of these three phases is that of preprocessing, because on traditional finite element technology is required that the real geometry of the CAD model is simplified to be meshed and analyzed; this task is specifically severe and requires paying close attention on the case of components affected to concentration stresses. Nowadays, different techniques have been proposed and developed with this objective: reduce costs in terms of time and specialized human resources because the workflow is easier and simpler. One of these methods are the known as the meshfree methods, that do not require connection between nodes and are based on the interaction of the points of the geometry with the neighbors, so the processor analyzes taken as base the real CAD geometry and no simplifications are needed.On this paper is exposed the meshless method based on the theory of external approximations as an alternative to the classic finite element method. This method is based on the theory where all parts of the assembly are considered as different elements, and the approximation of displacements inside is arbitrary and not only by polynomials. The convergence of the simulation model is based on the external equilibrium of the assembly. The method is applied to a practical case: the simulation of the T‐stub connection. The T‐stub component corresponds to one T‐shaped steel profile bolted through their flanges and loaded through their web until collapse, and its behavior is similar to the tension zone of beam to column bolted end plate connections. The analysis of strength, stiffness and ductility have been widely investigated experimentally, by simulation and theoretically, and they are obtained from the force‐displacement characteristic curve. Information presented by Bursi and Jaspart on the paper “Benchmarks for finite element modelling of bolted steel connections” are considered to elaborate the models and to compare the results.
New Eurocode 4 design rules for shallow floor construction
Authors: Hicks Stephen J. , Braun Matthias , Markovic Zlatko , Way James 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAs members of Project Team SC4.T5, the authors of this paper present the main outcomes from the work that are intended for implementation within EN 1994‐1‐1 (Eurocode 4). General design and application rules for shallow floor beams will be presented, with a particular focus on: the classification of the composite cross‐section; non‐linear bending resistance; and the introduction of transverse bars as shear connectors.
A numerical study on the structural performance of a ductile connection under fire conditions
Authors: Liu Yu , Huang Shan‐Shan , Burgess Ian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe component‐based model of a novel ductile connection has been incorporated into the software Vulcan in order to facilitate global frame analysis within a performance‐based structural fire engineering design process. This paper reports on the validation and verification of the model, as well as the applications of the model in order to investigate the effects of the ductile connections on the structural responses of long‐span frames at high temperature. Firstly, three single‐beam models with the novel connections at both ends, connected to rigid supports, are used to verify that the component‐based connection model has been correctly incorporated into Vulcan, via comparisons against detailed finite element modelling with Abaqus. The structural performance in fire of long‐span frames with the novel ductile connections has been compared with the performance of the same frames with idealized rigid, idealized pinned and conventional end‐plate connections, initially using a limited sub‐frame model. Results show that, compared with the above mentioned three connection types, the ductile connection provides much higher axial and rotational ductilities to accommodate the deformations generated by the connected beams as their temperatures rise. As part of this process, these connections are instrumental in greatly reducing the axial forces to which the surrounding structure is subjected. Finally, parametric studies varying several key parameters have been carried out, in order to optimize the design of the ductile connection to enhance its performance subject to catenary action at very high temperature to prevent potential connection fracture and progressive collapse.
A Retrofit Method to Mitigate Progressive Collapse in Steel Structures
Authors: Ciman Luca , Freddi Fabio , Tondini Nicola 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAccidental events, such as impact loading or explosions, are rare events characterized by a very low probability of occurrence. However, their effects often lead to very high human losses and economic consequences as are likely to trigger the progressive collapse of the buildings. The progressive collapse of structures attracted the attention of many researchers and the topic has been widely investigated in recent years. In addition, increasing interest has been shown also on the definition of retrofit strategies able to increase the robustness of existing structures. The present work investigates the performance and the design of a retrofit solution to increase the robustness of steel moment resisting frames. A case study structure is selected and modelled in OpenSees, including both mechanical and geometrical non‐linearities. Non‐linear static analyses have been carried out on the frame, simulating a column loss scenario to investigate the subsequent load redistribution. The simulations showed that the case study was unable to redistribute the load and hence retrofitting was required. Among others, a truss system was added at the rooftop level of the building allowing the definition of an alternative load path. The analyses outcomes showed how the proposed retrofit method allows to increase the robustness of the case study structure and allowed for critical remarks on the checks required when this retrofit system is employed.
Hot‐dip galvanizing of steel structural members: an alternative to passive fire insulation?
Authors: Bihina Gisèle , Zhao Bin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObservations from several experimental campaigns in the past years in Europe on unloaded steel members have highlighted the positive impact of hot‐dip galvanizing on the heating of steel profiles. Indeed, the temperature rises more slowly on a hot‐dip galvanized steel profile than on a bare one.This work led to a proposal for an amendment to Part 1‐2 of Eurocodes 3 and 4 regarding the fire design of steel (Eurocode 3) and composite steel and concrete (Eurocode 4) structural members. This amendment recommends a 50% reduction of the surface emissivity of a carbon steel profile as long as the applied zinc coating is present, followed by a “return to normal” of the fire behaviour of steel once the zinc layer has melted.Therefore, an experimental campaign was conducted in order to verify the recommendations of the proposed amendment on the one hand, and to calibrate an advanced calculation model on the other hand. This investigation, presented in this paper, has put into evidence the conservativeness of the proposed amendment. The latter can have a significant impact on the fire design of steel structures for low fire resistance requirements, especially in case of welded structural members which are often made of slender walls prone to heat up very quickly when exposed to a fire.
Advanced Numerical Study of Composite Steel‐Concrete Structures at High Temperature
Authors: Barros Rafael C. , Silveira Ricardo A.M. , Pires Dalilah , Lemes Ígor J.M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe composite steel‐concrete structures use has several advantages, such as the reduction of cross‐sectional dimensions and weight of the structure, which is one of the main reasons for it is use today. However, under fire situation, the material and mechanical properties changes, causing significant strength and stiffness loss as a result of temperature rise. In this work, the temperature influence on the behavior of composite steel‐concrete structures is studied through an inelastic second order (ISO) numerical investigation. For this, two computational modules, CS‐ASA/FA and CS‐ASA/FSA are developed and adapted for the study of composite structures in fire. The first module calculates the temperature field in any cross‐section. The second module performs the ISO analysis through the coupling between the Refined Plastic Hinge Method (RPHM) and the Strain Compatibility Method (MCD). In this way, the evolution of the temperature in cross‐sections, the interaction diagrams between axial force and bending moment and the structures equilibrium path as a function of the time in fire are presented for composite steel‐concrete beams, columns and frames. The proposed numerical methodology success is proved by comparison with experimental and numerical responses available in the literature.
Behaviour and design of duplex stainless steel CHS stub columns at elevated temperature
Authors: Mohammed Asif , Cashell Katherine A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the behaviour and design of duplex stainless steel stub columns with a circular hollow cross‐section (CHS) at elevated temperature. A numerical model is developed to supplement the limited number of test results available in the literature. Following validation, the numerical approach is employed to gain an understanding of the critical behavioural characteristics which have not previously been studied. In addition, the paper considers and extends the continuous strength method (CSM) to include duplex stainless steel for CHS stub columns in fire. This approach employs a base curve linking the cross‐sectional resistance to the deformation capacity and is implemented herein using an elastic, linear hardening material model. The cross‐sectional resistances obtained from the CSM are compared with those from the numerical analysis, as well as with the standardised procedures in the European, American and Australia/New Zealand design standards. It is demonstrated that the proposed design method can lead to more accurate and less scattered strength predictions compared with current design codes.
Industry 4.0 for Steel Construction: an Outlook
Authors: Tankova Trayana , Pires J. Norberto , da Silva Luís Simões 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn the era of internet and robots, sophisticated devices and real‐time simulation, the construction sector remains highly dependent on manual labor which is also the main source of delays, lack of quality, and human injuries. The rapid development in technological areas such as mechatronics, computers, sensors, programming, human interfaces and artificial intelligence (AI) – offers huge potential for modern applications.Nowadays, additive manufacturing is rapidly growing, and it could offer efficient solutions for steel construction since it can be executed in any shape and scale. There are a few solutions in additive manufacturing technologies, which can process materials and produce components. However, there is a gap in the market for capacity to link the processed material conditions and characteristics to the production parameters in real‐time. Real‐time and cognitive re‐planning of the process parameters becomes significantly important when components with large‐scale and complex shapes are considered.This paper presents a summary of existing technologies for automatic construction process, it identifies the critical issues which hamper the adoption of new technologies in construction and describes an additive manufacturing solution currently being implemented.
Comparison Between Two Types of Seismic Tests of Racking Systems
Authors: Bové Oriol , Ferrer Miquel , Almansa Francesc López , Roure Francesc 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper is the result of both experimental and numeric analyses on pallet rack components. Two cyclic testing protocols for beam‐end connectors of adjustable racking systems are compared; such experiments are named as “code type” and “Castiglioni”. Both protocols share the same test mock‐up: an assembly of a doubly‐pinned upright segment with a cantilever beam specimen. These tests consist in an up‐to‐failure increasing push‐pull process at the free beam end. In the “code type” test, the imposed displacement loops are centered around zero; conversely, in the “Castiglioni” tests, both upward and downward displacement segment runs are centered around a vertical static equilibrium situation (to take the gravitational load into account). The “code type” test is expected to result in a higher number of cycles than the “Castiglioni” one because of the two following features of the latter: (i) the gravitational load is always present, thus resulting in a higher demanding test, and (ii) the failure point is precisely predefined and usually produced before the total breakdown. This paper describes and compares experiments using both protocols. Additionally, these tests are numerically simulated.
Investigation of the buckling behaviour of ring‐stiffened cylindrical shells under axial pressure
Authors: Pasternak Hartmut , Li Zheng , Jäger‐Cañás Andreas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTanks and silos are often designed as ring‐stiffened cylindrical shells. Nowadays, the load‐increasing effect of tight ring stiffeners under axial compression has received just little attention in research and practice. Considering the structural safety, the ring‐stiffened shell needs to be estimated on the conservative side in practice. This is not desirable in terms of modern lightweight steel structures. Recently research results based on the numerical studies show that the axial buckling behavior of cylindrical shells can be enhanced by using ring stiffeners. In addition, the analysis of ring‐stiffened structures with numerical calculations demonstrate that cylindrical shells with ring stiffeners under axial pressure are uneconomic according to the current design standard in practice. Therefore, the results guaranteed by experiments are required, before the extensive parametric studies are putted into practice. In this paper, small specimen series are carried out to calibrate numerical models, which are subsequently used in parameter studies, because the large‐scale experiments, in the scale range of e.g. 1: 1 are cost‐intensive and therefore difficult to carry out in the laboratory. Consequently, relative small specimens with the selected radius of 796 mm and thickness 1 mm are tested. The small cylindrical shells are manufactured by welding of two half‐cylindrical shells and the ring stiffeners are spot‐welded to the cylindrical shell. The geometrical imperfection of shells is measured by a 3D scanning technologies. Finally, the experiments by means of geometrically and materially nonlinear analysis with imperfections included are recalculated on the basis of the measured data. The results illustrate that the numerical simulation agrees well with the experimental results.
Experimental behaviour of Wire‐and‐Arc Additively Manufactured stainless steel rods
Authors: Laghi Vittoria , Palermo Michele , Silvestri Stefano , Gasparini Giada , Trombetti Tomaso 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRecently, metal Additive Manufacturing has gained great importance in many industrial sectors with first pioneering applications in also in the Construction field. In particular, a weld‐based technique called Wire‐and‐Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) allows to build real‐scale structural elements of complex geometry thanks to 6‐axes robotic arms and off‐the‐shelf welding equipment able to print at higher speed thus overcoming the geometrical constraints typical of other 3D printing technologies such as Powder Bed Fusion. Nonetheless, the printing outcomes need to be properly characterized both in terms of their specific material properties, which substantially differ from the feedstock, and the geometrical imperfections proper of the printing process. Among possible deposition strategy for WAAM the dot‐by‐dot printing results to be particularly suitable to realize metal 3D lattice structures made by straight rods. This novel dot‐by‐dot printing could bring to different mechanical parameters with respect to the layer‐by‐layer deposition (widely known and studied in the literature and already adopted for first practical applications). This work presents the first results of a wide experimental investigation carried out at University of Bologna to study the geometrical imperfections and the main mechanical properties (through tensile and compression tests) of WAAM‐produced stainless steel rods of different lengths. First indications are given on the influence of the rods length on the compression capacity Future work is aimed at quantifying the influence of geometrical irregularities (initial crookedness and cross‐section variation) and non‐linear material behavior in the compression response of 3D‐printed rods through numerical studies to calibrate a set of ad‐hoc buckling curves.