bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of in vivo three‐dimensional changes of the spinal canal after corrective surgeries of the idiopathic scoliosis
Authors: Han Chaofan , Hai Yong , Zhou Chaochao , Yin Peng , Guo Runsheng , Wang Haiming , Wang Wei , Cha Thomas , Li Guoan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the three‐dimensional (3D) changes of the spinal canal length (SCL) after corrective surgeries and their association with the radiographic and clinical outcomes of idiopathic scoliosis patients. The length of the spinal cord has been demonstrated to be strongly correlated with the SCL. Understanding the changes in SCL could help determine the morphologic changes in the spinal cord to prevent spinal cord injury.MethodsTwenty‐seven scoliotic patients' 3D spinal canal were investigated using computed tomography images. The SCL between the upper and lower end vertebrae (U/L‐EV) was measured at five locations. The radiographic parameters of each patient and the patient‐reported outcomes (PROs) scores were also collected. The correlations of the changes of the SCLs with the other factors were analyzed.ResultsThe SCL between the U/L‐EV changed non‐uniformly at different locations. The post‐operative SCLs were significantly elongated by 7.5 ± 3.5 mm (6.0 ± 2.5%, P < .001) at the concave side and compressed by −2.6 ± 2.6 mm (−1.9 ± 1.9%, P < .001) at the convex side. The elongations of the SCL at the concave and posterior locations were correlated with the radiographic parameters including the pre‐operative main Cobb angles (r = .511, P = .006; r = .613, P = .001) and apical vertebral translation (AVT) (r = .481, P = .011; r = .684, P = .000). No PRO scores were found to correlate with the SCL changes.ConclusionThe corrective surgeries elongated the spinal canal mainly at the concave side and compressed at the convex side. The main thoracic Cobb angle, the changes of AVT, and Cobb angles were moderately associated with the changes of the SCLs, but no PRO score was found to associate with the changes of the SCLs. The data could be instrumental for the improvement of corrective surgeries that are aimed to maximize the correction of scoliosis and minimize the negative effect on the spinal cord to prevent neurological complications.
Developmental Trauma Disorder: A Legacy of Attachment Trauma in Victimized Children
Authors: Spinazzola Joseph , van der Kolk Bessel , Ford Julian D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDevelopmental trauma disorder (DTD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have been found to have both shared and unique traumatic antecedents. The present study was an independent replication, with the DTD Structured Interview and the Traumatic Events Screening Instrument administered to 271 children in mental health treatment in six U.S. sites. On an unadjusted basis, DTD (27.3% prevalence, N = 74) and PTSD (40.2% prevalence, N = 109) both were associated with traumatic physical assault or abuse, family violence, emotional abuse, caregiver separation or impairment, and polyvictimization. After controlling for PTSD, DTD was associated emotional abuse, OR = 2.9, 95% CI [1.19, 6.95], and traumatic separation from a primary caregiver, OR = 2.2, 95% CI [1.04. 4.60], both of which also were associated with caregiver impairment, physical assault/abuse, and witnessing family/community violence. Three traumatic antecedents associated with PTSD were not associated with DTD: noninterpersonal trauma, sexual trauma, and traumatic loss. Children exposed to both traumatic victimization and attachment trauma (36.2%) or attachment trauma alone (32.5%) were more likely than children exposed only to victimization (17.5%) or those with no history of victimization or attachment trauma (8.1%) to meet the symptom criteria for DTD, χ²(3, N = 271) = 17.68, p < .001. Study findings replicate and extend prior DTD field trial study results, showing that, although PTSD and DTD share traumatic antecedents, DTD is uniquely associated with traumatic emotional abuse and caregiver separation. Further research is needed to examine how specific trauma types contribute to the risk, course, and severity of DTD.
Study on friction behavior of fabric–silicone rubber composites under dry/wet sliding environment
Authors: Han Ruijie , Shao Yuanrui , Quan Xudong , Niu Kangmin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe dry/wet environment's effects on the sliding friction properties of fabric–silicone rubber composites are studied, and the wear resistance of polyester fabric is evaluated. The yarn directions of the fabrics (inner and outer) have significant influence on the coefficient of friction (COF) of fabric–silicone rubber composites during sliding friction due to the difference in fabric texture and yarn modulus. The COF's variation laws of fabric–silicone rubber composites under different vertical loads and sliding rates are observed, respectively. Additionally, the outer fabric is more sensitive to the changes of vertical loads than those of the sliding rates under the wet environment, which can be attributed to the destruction of the fabric original structure by high load, resulting in the fabric fibers' pulling and breaking during the steel ball's sliding. This study provides new ideas for the design of fabric–silicone rubber composites applied in friction conditions and complex environments.
Vacuum Field Photonic Trap for Excitons
Authors: Gurioli Massimo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe spectral and spatial dependence of the resonant Lamb shift of an exciton inside a photonic vacuum field landscape is considered to predict an optical dipole potential generated via virtual photons quantum fluctuations. This trapping potential can be exploited for exciton self‐positioning in electric field hotspots at the nanoscale in view of quantum electrodynamics effects. By non Hermitian decomposition of the electromagnetic Green tensor in terms of quasi normal modes, the resonant part of the Lamb shift is expressed as Fano profile strictly interlinked to the Purcell enhancement of the exciton radiative lifetime. This approach explains how to tailor the depth of the vacuum photonic potential in several possible scenarios.
Chiral Photonic Liquid Crystal Films Derived from Cellulose Nanocrystals
Authors: Duan Chengliang , Cheng Zheng , Wang Bin , Zeng Jinsong , Xu Jun , Li Jinpeng , Gao Wenhua , Chen Kefu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAs a nanoscale renewable resource derived from lignocellulosic materials, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have the features of high purity, high crystallinity, high aspect ratio, high Young's modulus, and large specific surface area. The most interesting trait is that they can form the entire films with bright structural colors through the evaporation‐induced self‐assembly (EISA) process under certain conditions. Structural color originates from micro‐nano structure of CNCs matrixes via the interaction of nanoparticles with light, rather than the absorption and reflection of light from the pigment. CNCs are the new generation of photonic liquid crystal materials of choice due to their simple and convenient preparation processes, environmentally friendly fabrication approaches, and intrinsic chiral nematic structure. Therefore, understanding the forming mechanism of CNCs in nanoarchitectonics is crucial to multiple fields of physics, chemistry, materials science, and engineering application. Herein, a timely summary of the chiral photonic liquid crystal films derived from CNCs is systematically presented. The relationship of CNC, structural color, chiral nematic structure, film performance, and applications of chiral photonic liquid crystal films is discussed. The review article also summarizes the most recent achievements in the field of CNCs‐based photonic functional materials along with the faced challenges.
Edible Films Incorporating with Lactobacillus plantarum Based on Sourdough, Wheat Flour, and Gelatin: Films Characterization and Cell Viability During Storage and Simulated Gastrointestinal Condition
Authors: Kalantarmahdavi Mahboubeh , Khanzadi Saeid , Salari Amir 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIncorporating probiotic bacteria with different biopolymers as edible films is an effective approach to improve their viability. In this study, three different films (wheat sourdough powder, whole wheat flour, and bovine bone gelatin) are incorporated with Lactobacillus plantarum separately and the viability of bacteria is monitored during the storage time (40 days at 4 °C) and simulated gastrointestinal conditions. The results demonstrated that the sourdough film has the best protective effect on the viability of the cells during the film's preparation, storage time (6.5 Log/CFU/g), and simulated gastrointestinal conditions (7.13 Log/CFU/g). A higher rate of reduction is observed in gelatin film at the end of the storage time (4.03 Log/CFU/g). Physicochemical, and mechanical characteristics are examined. It is observed that the incorporation of bacteria does not affect the thickness, moisture content, and solubility of all films, but changed the mechanical properties of the sourdough and the wheat flour films (p ≤ 0.05). Scanning Electron Microscope images showed a more uniform and compact structure for both bacterial and control gelatin films. Although the sourdough film is appropriate for protecting probiotic bacteria (>106 CFU/g), further studies are needed to improve its mechanical properties.
Inhibition of the notch signaling pathway overcomes resistance of cervical cancer cells to paclitaxel through retardation of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition process
Authors: Sun Tianzhu , Zhang Dengyang , Wang Zehao , Zhao Bingyu , Li Yaping , Sun Xiuli , Liu Jia , Wang Xuanjun , Sheng Jun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUse of paclitaxel as monotherapy or in combination with other therapeutic agents is a widely employed front‐line chemotherapeutic strategy for cervical cancer. However, previous reports have shown that approximately 70% of the patients with cervical cancer develop resistance to paclitaxel. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to the occurrence of chemoresistance in several types of cancer, including cervical cancer. Identification of the critical signaling pathway that regulates the EMT process may provide a novel strategy for avoiding or delaying the emergence of paclitaxel resistance during the treatment of cervical cancer. Herein, we established a paclitaxel‐resistant cervical cancer cell line (HeLa‐229PTR cells) by culturing parental HeLa‐229 cells with increasing concentrations of paclitaxel. We observed elevated expression of Notch1 in HeLa‐229PTR cells compared with their parental HeLa‐229 cells, indicating its potential involvement in the EMT phenotype of the paclitaxel‐resistant cells. Furthermore, silencing of the NOTCH1 gene, as well as treatment with a γ‐secretase inhibitor (DAPT) partially reversed the EMT phenotype and significantly enhanced the sensitivity of HeLa‐229PTR cells to paclitaxel. Moreover, we found that DAPT could significantly inhibit invasiveness, reduce colony formation activity, and promote apoptosis of HeLa‐229PTR cells. Taken together, these results indicated that HeLa‐229PTR cells develop the EMT phenotype partly through activation of Notch1 signaling. Thus, inhibition of Notch1 signaling can be a strategy for the reversal of the EMT phenotype and may increase the sensitivity of cervical cancer cells to treatment with paclitaxel.
Operationalizing the Role of Context in Language Variation: The Role of Perspective Alignment in the Spanish Imperfective Domain
Authors: Fuchs Martín , Piñango María Mercedes , Deo Ashwini 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe present a cognitively grounded analysis of the pattern of variation that underlies the ​use of two aspectual markers in Spanish (the Simple-Present marker,Ana baila‘Ana dances’, and the Present-Progressive marker,Ana está bailando‘Ana is dancing’) when they express anevent-in-progressreading. This analysis is centered around one fundamental communicative goal, which we term perspectivealignment: the bringing of the hearer’s perspective closer to that of the speaker.Perspective alignmentoptimizes the tension between two nonlinguistic constraints: Theory of Mind, which gives rise tolinguisticexpressivity, and Common Ground, which gives rise tolinguisticeconomy. We propose that, linguistically,perspectivealignment capitalizes on lexicalized meanings, such as theprogressivemeaning, that can bring the hearer to the “here and now”. In Spanish,progressivemeaning can be conveyed with the Present-Progressive marker regardless of context. By contrast, if the Simple-Present marker is used for that purpose, it must be in a context of shared perceptual access between speaker and hearer; precisely, a condition that establishes perspectivealignmentnon-linguistically. Support for this analysis comes from a previously observed yet unexplained pattern of contextually-determined variation for the use of the Simple-Present marker in Iberian and Rioplatense (vs. Mexican) Spanish—in contrast to the preference across all three varieties for the use of the Present-Progressive marker—to express anevent-in-progressreading.
A Frame-Based Analysis of Verbal Particles in Hungarian
Authors: Balogh Kata , Osswald Rainer 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe verbal particle in Hungarian raises a number of intriguing issues for any theory of the syntax-semantics interface. In this article, we aim at a formal account of the semantic contribution of various verbal particles in Hungarian and we show how the semantic representation of the clause can be compositionally derived. We will concentrate on the four frequent particles meg-, le-, el- and fel-. Our approach makes use of a formalized version of Role and Reference Grammar and the framework of decompositional frame semantics. In particular, we give a formal representation of the boundary-setting function of the verbal particle in terms of decompositional frames which builds on a scalar change analysis. We furthermore analyze the interaction of the particle with resultative adjectives and provide a formal model of how their syntactic representations drive their frame-semantic composition.
Cascades. Goldman’s Level-Generation, Multilevel Categorization of Action, and Multilevel Verb Semantics
Authors: Löbner Sebastian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe paper proposes a novel theory of the categorization of acts and applies it to the semantics of action verbs, with fundamental consequences for semantic theory and beyond. The theory is based on Goldman’s (Theory of human action. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1970) multilevel theory of action which is taken here as a theory of categorization. Goldman’s central notion islevel-generation: acts of a type may under circumstances generate acts of other, more abstract types. The acts form a hierarchical structure which Goldman calls anact-tree. Level-generation results in a conceptual relation calledc-constitutionhere, i.e. constitution under the given circumstances; I also introduce the more general termcascadefor act-trees. In the second part, multilevel cascade-structure categorization is combined with a cognitive semantics that models meanings with Barsalou frames. A multilevel analysis of the concept of writing is discussed in depth and detail in order to illustrate the potential and the consequences of a cascade approach to verb semantics. It is shown that the concept of c-constitution can be generalized as to cover the roles of persons and objects across levels in a cascade. The generalization suggests that multilevel categorization may be a very general and fundamental phenomenon in the psychology of categorization.
Extremes are Typical. A Game Theoretical Derivation
Authors: van Rooij Robert , Brochhagen Thomas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper we argue that a typical member of a class, or category, is an extreme, rather than a central, member of this category. Making use of a formal notion of representativeness, we can say that a typical member of a category is a stereotype of this category. In the second part of the paper we show that this account of typicality can be given a rational motivation by providing a game-theoretical derivation.
Grading Similarity
Authors: Umbach Carla , Gust Helmar 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThere are numerous words across languages expressing similarity or indistinguishability. In this paper, three types of similarity expressions in German and English are compared—ähnlich/similar,so/such, andgleich/same. They differ in a number of respects, one of them being gradability: Whileähnlich/similarare gradable,so/suchas well asgleich/sameare not. The analysis in this paper starts from the analysis of Germansoas a demonstrative expressing similarity (instead of identity) to its demonstration target (Umbach and Gust 2014). It is suggested that the meaning of the three types of similarity expressions is based on a common similarity relation, while differences in meaning are provided by constraints referring to the selection of dimensions of comparison and preconditions of usage. The focus of the paper is on gradability and on the question of what it means for a pair of items to be more similar than another pair. An analysis in the spirit of Klein (1980) is presented accounting for the fact thatähnlich/similarare gradable while neitherso/suchnorgleich/sameare. The formal framework makes use of representations based on attribute spaces and classifiers, where representations may be of different granularity.
Influence of Manner Adverbs on Action Verb Processing
Authors: Sieksmeyer Jan , Klepp Anne , Niccolai Valentina , Metzlaff Jacqueline , Schnitzler Alfons , Biermann-Ruben Katja 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLanguage-motor interaction is suggested by the involvement of motor areas in action-related language processing. In a double-dissociation paradigm we aimed to investigate motor cortical involvement in the processing of hand- and foot-related action verbs combined with manner adverbs. In two experiments using different tasks, subjects were instructed to respond with their hand or foot following the presentation of an adverb-verb combination. Experiment 1, which prompted reactions via color changes of the stimuli combined with a semantic decision, showed an influence of manner adverbs on response times. This was visible in faster responses following intensifying adverbs compared with attenuating adverbs. Additionally, an interaction between implied verb effector and response effector manifested in faster response times for matching verb-response conditions. Experiment 2, which prompted reactions directly by the adverb type (intensifying vs. attenuating), revealed an interaction between manner adverbs and response effector with faster hand responses following intensifying compared with attenuating adverbs. Additional electroencephalography (EEG) recordings in Experiment 2 revealed reduced beta-desynchronization for congruent verb-response conditions in the case of foot responses along with faster response times. Yet, a direct modulation of verb-motor priming by adverbs was not found. Taken together, our results indicate an influence of manner adverbs on the interplay of language processing and motor behavior. Results are discussed with respect to embodied cognition theories.
Implicatures and Naturalness
Authors: Douven Igor 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPragmatics postulates a rich typology of implicatures to explain how true assertions can nevertheless be misleading. This typology has been mainly defended on the basis of a priori considerations. We consider the question of whether the typology corresponds to an independent reality, specifically whether the various types of implicatures constitute natural concepts. To answer this question, we rely on the conceptual spaces framework, which represents concepts geometrically, and which provides a formally precise criterion for naturalness. Using data from a previous study, a space for the representation of implicatures is constructed. Examination of the properties of various types of implicatures as represented in that space then gives some reason to believe that most or even all types of implicatures do correspond to natural concepts.
Simulation and R&D: Knowing and Making
Authors: Gowanlock Jordan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter of Animating Unpredictable Effects charts the development of the software tools used to create uncanny simulation-based digital animations, drawing a genealogy that starts with nineteenth century mathematics, which were transformed into management and prediction tools by private and military R&D between the 1940s and 1980s. Through this, the chapter identifies a connection between these animation tools and simulation tools used in fields as diverse as meteorology, nuclear physics, and aeronautics that create unpredictability through stochastic or dynamic simulation. Using this information, the chapter offers a theoretical framework for understanding how fictional simulations in animation and visual effects make meaning through “knowing how” as opposed to cinema’s tradition approach of “knowing that,” leveraging concepts from the history of science.
Engineering Moving Images: “Tech Dev” Meets “Look Dev”
Authors: Gowanlock Jordan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter investigates the way engineering principles have transformed cinematic visual effects and animation production since the 1980s, noting the growing influence of “agile” software development. Film industry training manuals, trade press articles, and interviews with workers show that the flexible, reprogrammable nature of production “workflows” requires constant work to maintain the technical connective tissue of “pipelines.” This emphasis on making and re-making custom tools for every production serves post-Fordist demands of flexibility. Automated simulation-based forms of animation offer a paradigmatic case for these trends, where a spectrum of technical work spans basic research done by lead scientists, through to the scripts written and plug-ins installed by simulation artists.
Cinematic Chaos, Catastrophe, and Unpredictable Embrace
Authors: Gowanlock Jordan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter studies how unpredictable change is understood through concepts like of fractals, chaos theory, catastrophe theory, perfect storms, and climate models in feature films from 1982 to 2019, both as narrative themes and as spectacular simulation-based animations. Positing a particular mode of visual effects spectatorship, the chapter observes how narrative, theme, and spectacular images represent these concepts in congress. Over the period surveyed, these representations shift from sublime overwhelming images of disastrous events to more recent examples that embrace chaos as a source of creativity and knowledge.
Der Kohleausstieg: Gesetzliche Ausgestaltung und Perspektiven
Authors: Stürmlinger Marie-Christin , Fuchs Severin 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungAm 14.8.2020 ist das Kohleausstiegsgesetz (KAusStG) in Kraft getreten. Es regelt die schrittweise
Reduzierung und Beendigung der Kohleverstromung in Deutschland. Der folgende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick
über die getroffenen Regelungen und nimmt dabei neben dem in Art. 1 KAusStG geregelten Kohleverstromungsbeendigungsgesetz
(KVBG) auch die Änderungen in anderen Gesetzen, bspw. in EnWG und KWKG, in den Blick.
Ein Landwirtschaftsgesetz für Deutschland im Zeichen des Umweltschutzes und der Biodiversität
– Zentrale Gesetzesinhalte und Finanzierung
Authors: Czybulka Detlef , Fischer-Hüftle Peter , Hampicke Ulrich , Köck Wolfgang , Martinez JosÃ© 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungNachdem bereits in einer Abhandlung (NuR 2021, Heft 4) Notwendigkeit, Funktion und Leitbild eines
neuen Landwirtschaftsgesetzes dargestellt wurden, behandelt der vorliegende Aufsatz die erforderlichen materiellen
Regelungen, insbesondere zum Schutz der Biodiversität, sowie die Finanzierung.