bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DELIVERY OF PEDIATRIC HEALTH SERVICES IN A RURAL HEALTH CENTER
Authors: Brown Roy E. 
Published: December 2021

The Division of Health Affairs of the Office of Economic Opportunity is currently supporting a number of Neighborhood Health Centers throughout the country. One such "Poverty Program" center is described along with the presentation of the efforts made to provide a comprehensive health action program which directly relates to a poor rural community in Mississippi.
Originating in Tufts University School of Medicine 1,500 miles away in Boston, the multidisciplinary team members work both in the field and in the health center itself to involve members of the community within a defined area in the provision of what must be considered to be more than basic medical services. The social, educational, cultural, and psychological factors which are relevant to and influence the health of individuals and groups in the target area are inspected and analyzed.
Despite free and accessible medical facilities, various barriers are present which interfere with the delivery of services. Members of the health team must determine both their own priorities and those of the local community in the combined participation of local health councils within the overall program. The possibilities of a teaching exposure for all levels of health personnel in a rural health center must be emphasized along with the vast potential for basic research.
LONG-TERM PLASMA INFUSIONS IN A PATIENT WITH ATAXIA-TELANGIECTASIA AND DEFICIENT IGA AND IGE
Authors: Ammann A. J. , Good R. A. , Bier D. , Fudenberg H. H. 
Published: December 2021

A patient with ataxia-telangiectasia and deficient IgA and IgE has been treated with long-term plasma infusions from a single donor over a 3-year period. No significant deleterious effects could be demonstrated. Despite the presence of anti-IgA antibodies, plasma infusions did not result in transfusion reactions. The IgA levels achieved following plasma infusion were similar to that of the donor. IgE could be detected in the skin of thee patient 5 days following plasma infusion, but no IgA was demonstrated in the saliva. Some evidence of a beneficial effect is suggested a significant control of recurrent sinopulmonary infection in a patient with deficient IgA, IgE, and abnormal cellular immunity.
Currently plasma infusion is the only readily available method of replacing adequate amounts of deficient IgA and IgE. Bone marrow transplantation was considered in this patient, but lack of a suitable donor has made this form of treatment temporarily unavailable.
CHILD HEALTH AND COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTERS IN THE AMERICAS
Authors: Christopherson E. H. , Grulee Clifford G. , Hamburger Robert N. , Harrison Gunyon , Kagan Benjamin M. , Logan George B. , Metcoff Jack , Ordway Nelson K. , Smith Nathan J. , Snyder C. Harrison , Yankauer Alfred , Bain Katherine , Wheatley George M. , de Andrade Carvalho Azarias , Gamba Jorge Camacho , Meneghello R. Julio 
Published: December 2021

In the North, Middle, and South Americas, excessive and avoidable child death and disability continue to occur. Lack of knowledge about how to plan and execute programs for the health care of children and how to train personnel to function within such programs stands in the way of effective action. Throughout the hemisphere, there are requirements for simple survey and research methods to define health problems and suggest solutions to them within the context of their cultural and social milieu; there are pressures for more health resources and better utilization of those which exist; there are opportunities for training programs to prepare professional personnel and community aides to staff the health services; and there are needs for methods of evaluation which will feed back information needed to perfect the entire operation.
Reduction of high infant mortality is an important goal toward which all national programs in the Americas should be directed. It is the goal most relevant to the needs of both developing countries and the poverty pockets of the United States. Pediatrics and pediatricians have a special and unique contribution to make toward the achievement of this goal.
The present statement proposes the selection or establishment throughout the Americas of several community health centers to serve as resources for training and for developing and testing programs oriented toward the goal of reducing infant mortality. These centers would be related through a system of intercommunication, including the exchange of personnel. The developing countries of Latin America, faced with enormous health problems and limited health resources, have been forced to use efficient and ingenious ways of marshalling and distributing their scarce resources. The goals to which they have addressed themselves are improved child nutrition, promotion of family planning, and reduction of high infant mortality rates.
HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE: CURRENT STATUS OF AVAILABILITY AND USEFULNESS
Authors: Yaffe Sumner J. , Weiss Charles F. , Avery Mary Ellen , Cann Howard M. , Gold Arnold P. , Kenny Frederic M. , Riley Harris D. , Schafer Irwin , Stern Leo , Shirkey Harry C. , Lockhart Jean D. , Bishop Jeffrey , Farchione Louis , Sawchuk Steven 
Published: December 2021

About 10% of short patients referred for endocrine consultation have hypopituitarism. This may be in the form of growth hormone deficiency in association with the loss of other pituitary trophic hormones or isolated growth hormone deficiency. For treatment of these patients, pediatricians inquire whether human growth hormone (HGH) is available and what growth response will result from its administration.
Excellent responses in augmenting somatic growth and controlling hypoglycemia in the treatment of growth hormone deficiency have been obtained with intramuscular injections of HGH. Growth rates increase to supranormal levels, permitting "catch up" growth in amounts as much as 15 cm per year during therapy. It is frequently necessary to treat with HGH for several years, since the hypopituitary patient is usually well below the 3rd percentile in height at the time of diagnosis. The minimum amount of HGH required would at present seem to be of the order of 3 units per week. Since most HGH preparations have a potency of the order of 1 unit or less per milligram, and the human pituitaries from which HGH is extracted yield from 3 to 5 mg (depending on the extraction procedure), many pituitaries are required to treat each patient.
The increasing availability of growth hormone immunoassay has made it possible to diagnose growth hormone deficiency relatively easily; therefore, the number of children who need therapy has increased considerably. However, the supply of growth hormone is still entirely dependent on the collection and extraction of human pituitaries. This laborious procedure has not been able to keep up with the increasing demand for the hormone.
THE ASTHMATIC CHILD AND HIS PARTICIPATION IN SPORTS AND PHYSICAL EDUCATION
Authors: Kugel Robert B. , Barbero Giulio J. , Bartram John Bowman , Bost Roger B. , Dickinson David G. , Garrard Sterling D. , McMahon Jean L. , Scott Roland B. , Sharp Austin R. , Weil William B. , Green William T. , Kennedy Charles , Koch Richard , Browder J. Albert , Gallagher James J. , Halpern Daniel 
Published: December 2021

Bronchial Asthma is a chronic pulmonary disorder, frequently allergic in nature, and characterized by paroxysms of dyspnea, wheezing, tightness in the chest, and bronchospasm. Asthmatic attacks may be minor and short in duration with little discomfort, or they may be very severe and of long duration, producing the characteristic picture of intractability. During symptomatic periods, it is usually possible to demonstrate changes in certain aspects of pulmonary function. With mild symptoms or between the episodes of severe asthma, the individual may be at little or no disadvantage in any or all activities. However, when the symptoms of pulmonary distress become severe or prolonged, this may lead to interruption of the child's daily routine, including school attendance. Occasionally, such children may become home or hospital bound for long periods of time.
Between the two extremes of no symptoms and severe asthma, there is a spectrum of respiratory or pulmonary disability—the nature and severity of which requires that each child receive individual consideration and evaluation in the matter of his daily activity. The outlook for the control of asthma in children has been improving during the past several decades. However, with the increase in population, there is an increasing number of children who require medical management for this disorder. It is a leading medical cause for school absenteeism and probably contributes to inefficient school work because of chronic fatigue, irritability, decreased attention span, and secondary emotional disorders.
There is general agreement among physicians that most children with bronchial asthma should attend regular school since, when under proper control and with no residual pulmonary defect, the child needs no special facilities.
THE TERRIBLE MORTALITY RATE OF LONDON CHILDREN UNDER 5 YEARS OF AGE—ABOUT 1790
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

How few children survived their fifth year of life in the 1790's was forcefully shown in these words of Dr. Michael Underwood.1
The average of births annually, within the bills of mortality, for ten successive years, as taken a few years ago (c. 1790), was 16,238; out of which were buried under five years of age 10,145, and from amongst these 7,987 were under two years. So that almost two thirds of the children born in London and its environs, become lost to society, and more than three fourths of these die under two years of age.—This proves how hazardous a period that of infancy is, in this country; and I am sorry there is so much reason to be persuaded that the want of air, exercise, and a proper diet, has added unnecessarily to its dangers; there being no such mortality in barbarous nations, whose inhabitants live in a state of nature; nor in any part of the known world, amongst other young animals.
NEUROLOGICAL EVALUATION OF ADOLESCENT ENURETICS
Authors: Murphy Solbritt , Nickols Jackson , Hammar Sherrel 
Published: December 2021

The relationship between neurological dysfunction and enuresis was explored as part of a comprehensive study of etiological factors in chronic enuresis. Twenty-seven enuretic adolescents without known neurological defects were compared to 22 nonenuretic clinic patients. Some comparisons were also made with a group of 25 community controls.
There were no significant differences between the groups in incidence of prenatal, neonatal, or childhood health problems often associated with central nervous system damage. No evidence for significant neurological impairment among enuretics was found by physical examination, EEG studies, or psychological test indices.
Thus, if children with obvious neurological defects are excluded, there is no evidence for a subtle neurological factor in chronic enuresis.
Use and Dosage of Hydrocortisone in Endotoxic Shock
Authors: Sonnenschein Harry , Joos Howard A. 
Published: December 2021

We enjoyed reading Dr. Hodes's excellent article on endotoxin shock.1 It was particularly interesting to us to note that the Shwartzman reaction could be discounted in these children, and that large doses of intravenous hydrocortisone should be administered promptly on admission to the hospital, or as soon as the diagnosis is made.
Dr. Hodes presented several important reasons for using hydrocortisone in endotoxin shock, to which we should like to add another. It has been well documented2 that bacteria possess enzyme systems that can modify and degrade steroids, both partially and completely to carbon dioxide and water.
A BRIEF HISTORY OF IPECAC (IPECACUANHA)
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Ipecac, the shortened form of ipecacuanha, was first brought to Europe from Brazil in 1649 by Piso, a Dutch physician; the dried root, reached Paris about 1658 and was then taken up by Helvetius, a quack physician, who prepared a secret preparation from it for the treatment of dysentery. Helvetius' preparation was called to the attention of Louis XIV of France, because his son, the Dauphin, was seriously ill with intractable dysentery which none of the physicians of the Court could cure.
Legend has it that Helvetius' secret preparation-known as Radix Antidysenterica-promptly cured the Dauphin. Some time later Louis XIV paid Helvetius a large sum of money for the secret of the medication which had cured his son.
The formula obtained from Helvetius proved to be a complex mixture of drugs, but Ipecac was the only ingredient which was later found to be of any medicinal value.1
(Ipecac is a native Brazilian word which in Guarani means ipé, small; kaa, plont; quanà, causing vomiting.2)
POVERTY, ILLNESS, AND THE NEGRO CHILD
Authors: Seham Max 
Published: December 2021

In the midst of a rising prosperity enjoyed by a majority of American citizens, there are 39,000,000 of the nation's poor who belong to families with total annual incomes that fall below the recognized subsistence level of $3,000 for a family of four. Of these, six million are children below the age of 6 years, and about nine million are between 6 and 17 years. As of 1966, more than a fifth of the nation's youth, and in some areas one-third, are growing up in dire poverty.
The children who, through no fault of their own, are compelled to grow up under these circumstances are known to suffer from the so-called "deprivation syndrome," a complex disorder which is often the consequence of severe social pathology. It interferes with normal growth and development of the child in the physical, mental, and emotional spheres. It may result in intellectual retardation, personality disorders, social maladjustment, and even brain damage. Overwhelming evidence shows that poverty accounts for higher rates of morbidity and mortality among youth as well as among other age groups.
Amid the affluence of modern life, crumbling tenements, inadequate sanitary facilities, es, malnutrition, and disease mark the spread of poverty. Public action has been inadequate in meeting even the most pressing needs of families submerged in economic struggle. While poverty claims its victims from among all racial groups, it has undoubtedly wrought its greatest damage upon the impoverished Negro child. No case better illustrates the wreckage left by poverty and discrimination than that presented before the Senate Committee on Labor and Public Welfare by Dr. Robert Coles of Harvard on June 15, 1967.
Letter To The Editor
Authors: Liebman Jerome 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Liebman writes as follows:
Dr. Guntheroth's excellent comments are worth noting. Obviously, there are no data from our paper or anybody else's that give evidence that the renin-angiotensin system did not begin the chain of events ending in hypertension. Furthermore, the control theory-feedback mechanism concept for hypertension as expressed by Dr. Guyton indicate that renin levels should be normal at this time. However, other than the fact that it makes sense that the renin-angiotensin system started it all, what evidence is there that it did indeed start it all.
Antinauseant Drugs in Treatment of Epidemic or Virus Gastritis?
Authors: Anderson O. William 
Published: December 2021

The parents of a teenage girl called in obvious panic, too excited to give a reliable story and description of a child apparently in some type of seizure. On arrival in the hospital emergency room the child was conscious, and therefore not convulsing, but rigid with carpopedal spasm and much grimacing, but without hyperventilation.
On quizzing the parents it was learned that the child had been vomiting presumably because of a virus gastritis. The grandmother, a registered nurse, had medicated the child with prochlorperazine (Compazine) suppositories which she had in her possession.
CASE STUDIES OF SIBLINGS WITH JUXTAGLOMERULAR HYPERPLASIA AND SECONDARY ALDOSTERONISM ASSOCIATED WITH SEVERE AZOTEMIA AND RENAL RICKETS—BARTTER'S SYNDROME OR DISEASE?
Authors: Arant B. S. , Brackett N. C. , Young R. B. , Still W. J. S. 
Published: December 2021

In 1962 two cases of juxtaglomerular (J-G) hyperplasia and secondary aldosteronism without hypertension with otherwise near normal renal function were presented. We have followed, since birth, two male siblings (F.T., age 6; J.T., age 3), with many features of "Bartter's syndrome," but who progressed to severe renal failure (F.T. and J.T.) and in one child (F.T.) overt renal rickets. Metabolic alkalosis, high levels of plasma renin activity (PRA) not suppressed by Na loading were found, but renal biopsy (J.T.) and autopsy (F.T.) revealed a severe glomerular and interstitial nephritis with mild J-G hyperplasia (not the typical "invasive" J-G cell hyperplasia seen in Bartter's cases). Balance studies demonstrated renal sodium wasting in both J.T. and F.T. PRA and aldosterone excretion rates were inappropriately high for sodium intake.
Severe bone disease present in F.T. was associated with an increase in the total hydroxyproline (HP): Cr ratio to 1.77 (N = .13). Free HP excretion was increased in J.T. in whom bones appeared normal. It is suggested that either the typical cases with "invasive" J-G hyperplasia and near normal renal function represent a distinct entity (?Bartter's disease) or that "Bartter's syndrome" must be extended to include uremia and renal osteodystrophy.
WHOOPING COUGH IS FIRST DESCRIBED AS A DISEASE SUI GENERIS BY BAILLOU IN 1640
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Guillaume de Baillou (1536—1616), often called "the Sydenham of France," gave the first detailed description in his Epidemiorum et Ephemeridum Libri (duo) of an epidemic of whooping cough which occurred in 1578:
Fevers attacked children of four months, ten months, and a little older, and carried off an enormous number. Especially that common cough which is popularly called Quinta or Quintana, of which mention has been made before. The symptoms of this are severe. The lung is so irritated that in its struggle to drive out by utmost effort the cause of irritation, it can neither inspire, nor with any ease expire. The patient seems to swell up, and as if on the verge of suffocation with his breathing obstructed in midthroat. Why it is popularly called Quinta, is not altogether clear. Some think the word is a made-up term of onomatopoeic origin, from the sound and noise which they make when they cough like this. Others do not derive it from this source, but think the cough is called in Latin ‘Quintana,’ because it repeats at certain hours: and experience shows this is true, for they are free from this distress of coughing sometimes for an interval of four or five hours, then the paroxysm of coughing repeats, sometimes so distressing that blood is driven out by its violence, through nose and mouth. Very frequently the stomach empties it contents. I have never yet read any author who gives any account of this cough.1
HYBRID COMPUTER STUDIES OF VENTILATORY DISTRIBUTION AND LUNG VOLUME
Authors: Hanson John S. , Shinozaki Tamotsu 
Published: December 2021

The applicability of a computerized, on-line, breath-by-breath nitrogen washout technique to respiratory studies in newborn infants is described. Reproducibility and accuracy of the system are entirely comparable to standards previously established in adult studies.
Methodology allows simple, rapid, and direct assessment of a newborn infant's functional residual capacity, the uniformity of inspired gas distribution, and longitudinal time changes in these parameters.
Studies in 40 normal infants &gt; 2 to 128 hours of age have confirmed some previously published findings, but do not support the concept of very early establishment of optimal ventilatory distribution.
Coupled with hemodynamic and blood gas studies, results obtained by this technique can provide a thorough evaluation of an infant's cardiopulmonary status. It is anticipated that such studies will provide valuable help in guiding and assessing results of ventilatory assistance and pharmacologic interventions in the respiratory distress syndrome.
Storm Door Hazards
Authors: Feinberg Sheldon N. 
Published: December 2021

Six children in this pediatric practice have suffered accidental glass door injury during the last 18 months. Five of these accidents involved the familiar aluminum frame storm doors and four accidents occurred at play. The experience in this practice and throughout the country indicates a significant increase in the number of such injuries. The problem is thus defined as a distinct hazard of childhood.
It is necessary to alert both pediatrician and parent to the danger of storm and other glass doors and to the possibility of replacing easily broken glass, in whole or part, with a safety material. In addition, there is a distinct need for legislation that will eventually eliminate unsafe glass in doors.
Black Tongue Moniliasis
Authors: Wolf I. J. 
Published: December 2021

The usual description of oral moniliasis is, "Superficial, streaklike lesions which become confluent and form pearly-white, elevated patches which resemble milk curds."1 I have recently seen a strikingly different form.
Case Report: The patient was a 5-year-old Negro boy who became sick November 11, 1969, complaining of abdominal pain and next day of throat and ear pain. His tongue was getting dark. He was seen November 13th by an ear, nose, and throat specialist, who said the child had an abscess of his tonsil for which he prescribed Declomycin syrup, 1 teaspoon four times a day for 3 days.
Pediatric Practice: Whose Mood Are We Altering?
Authors: Olsen Ralph 
Published: December 2021

Like most pediatricians in private practice, I receive one or two calls a week about the first or second grade boy who is not sitting still in school, who is disturbing the other children, and whose parent or teacher or guidance counselor feels that my putting him on methylphenidate hydrochlorid (Ritalin) or dextroamyphetamine sulfate (Dexedrine) would be of value.
Recently a mother called me with this typical case history. I explained to her that during the child's recent complete physical examination I had detected no neurological abnormalities.
THE EVIL EFFECTS OF SCHOOLING AND THE "MODERN WAYS" OF 1873 ON AMERICAN GIRLS
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Too many hours of schooling, particularly for girls, was thought by many well-known 19th century physicians to be a pernicious practice and a major source of ill health in young women. Edward H. Clarke of Boston in 1873 wrote as follows:
"The sick chamber not the school room; the physician's private consultation, not the committee's public examination; the hospital, not the college, the workshop or the parlor–disclose the sad results which modern ways . . . have entailed on women. Examples of them may be found in every walk of life. On the luxurious couches of Beacon Street [Boston]; in the palaces of Fifth Avenue [New York City]; among the classes of our private, common and normal schools; among the female graduates of our colleges; behind the counters of Washington Street [Boston] and Broadway [New York City], may be found numberless pale, weak, neuralgic, dyspeptic, hysterical, menorrhagic, dysmenorrheic girls . . . improper methods of study, and a disregard of the reproductive apparatus and its functions, during the educational life of girls . . . are (not) the sole causes of female diseases . . . But it is asserted that the number of these female graduates (from our schools and colleges) who have been permanently disabled to a greater or less degree by these causes is so great, as to excite the gravest alarm, and to demand the serious attention of the community, if these causes should continue for the next half-century, and increase in the same ratio as they have for the past fifty years, it requires no prophet to foretell that the wives who are to be mothers in our republic must be drawn from transatlantic homes.