bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK
Authors: BAUMGARTNER LEONA 
Published: December 2021

The accompanying table summarizes the incidence of nine important communicable diseases, based on weekly telegraphic reports from State health departments. The reports from each State for each week are published in Public Health Reports under the section “Incidence of Disease.”
Diseases Above Median Incidence
Influenza.—A total of 8,963 cases in influenza was reported for the 4 weeks ended November 29. The 1942-46 median for the corresponding period was 8,662 cases which was represented by the 1946 incidence. A slight excess over the 5-year median was reported in the South Atlantic and South Central sections, but in all other sections the incidence was below the median seasonal expectancy. Of the total cases Texas reported 4,199, South Carolina 1,754 and Virginia 1,056, those States being mostly responsible for the relatively high incidence in the sections in which they are located.
Whooping cough.—While this disease has dropped from the high level reached earlier in the season, the current incidence was 1.4 times the 1946 incidence during the same 4 weeks, and about 11% above the med
SPECIAL REVIEWS
Authors: STOKES JOSEPH , WARD ROBERT 
Published: December 2021

Francis bacon made the suggestion that in gathering scientific data we ought to be neither like spiders, which spin things out of themselves,nor like ants which merely collect, but like bees which both collect and arrange.
With Bacon's advice in mind, I would like to arrange the facts brought out by certain studies which bear on the following questions: (1) How does poliomyelitis virus enter the human body? (2) How is it eliminated? (3) Where is it found outside of man? (4) What are the modes of spread? (5) Why do we have epidemics?
Until recently, the portal of entry in man was considered by many to be by way of the nose. This concept was based on the following: (1) Virus was reportedly detected in human nasal mucosa in one out of three attempts;1 (2) Virus had been recovered from human nasopharyngeal washings collected in such fashion that it was impossible to tell which component, nasal or pharyngeal, contributed the virus; (3) the only extra neural site by which rhesus monkeys could be infected had been by nasal instillation. It should be noted that when monkeys are so infected, typical lesions are always found in the olfactory bulbs.2 Moreover,infection by this route in monkeys can be prevented by spraying the nose with certain chemicals such as zinc sulfate.3
What evidence stands against the nose? First, it should be stressed that in the temperate zones most epidemics of poliomyelitis strike during the warm months—not the common season for
AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS, INC. PROCEEDINGS AND REPORTS
Authors: TOOMEY JOHN A. 
Published: December 2021

Today begins an epoch in the history of the Academy; for it marks the advent of the first issue of the Academy's own journal-Pediatrics. The journal's title is striking, as are its style and format. All of which have been given much thought and study in order to make them outstanding and meaningful.
The contents includes original articles, proceedings and reports from the Academy as well as an informative division composed of feature sections—surely enough to pique the interest of every reader.
The birth of pediatrics was not precipitous, but was a result of long and diligent study by a special committee which concluded that the progress made by our organization in the past few years had been so rapid as to require a journal of its own to help record its many activities and to publish reports thereof. Also, so much is happening in the field of pediatrics that a special journal is needed mainly to coordinate the many developments suggested by the various active committees and to transmit these suggestions to the membership. We have long needed a place for reports, exposition and discussion; no longer will mimeographed bulletins satisfy.
From time to time, voluminous progress reports have been circulated from Dr. John P. Hubbard on the recent Study of Child Health Services. Here, now,is adequate and proper place for their publication. We are gratified in having been able to persuade Dr. Hubbard to direct a fact finding bureau to be called Trends in Health Legislation and
EXPERIMENTAL USE OF METHYL TESTOSTERONE AND TESTOSTERONE IN PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: AGERTY HORST A. , SEITCHIK JOSEPH N. 
Published: December 2021

One hundred premature infants weighing between 1.8 and 2.3 kg. were studied in respect to time to regain birth weight, time to gain to 2.5 kg., rate of weight gain and protein-nitrogen intake. Fifty-five received an androgen either orally or parenterally. The infants received a diet of varying protein content.
While the results suggested a minimal protein-anabolic effect in all the treated infants, this was associated with a decreased nitrogen intake. Thus no clinical benefit resulted.
Neither the method of administration of the androgen nor the protein content of the diet offered influenced the results.
RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA: CLINICAL OBSERVATIONS
Authors: HEPNER W. R. , KRAUSE ARLINGTON C. 
Published: December 2021

Retrolental fibroplasia is a postnatally acquired disease. The basic pattern for the disease is present in the majority of premature infants born weighing less than 1500 gm.
A relationship between the electrolyte content of the diet, and fluid retention can be established in small premature infants. A relationship between large blood transfusions and an increased incidence of RLF is presented. Exclusively human milk diets, fed until a weight of 1800 gm. is achieved, do not prevent RLF developing later in infants born weighing less than 1500 gm. ACTH may exert its temporary influence on RLF by its diuretic effect on water and salt metabolism in the premature infant.
Two factors, formulae of high electrolyte concentration and blood transfusion, may overload the capacities for physiologic adjustment of the smaller premature infant, and lead to RLF. A direct relationship between the development of RLF and blood transfusion during a period of water and electrolyte retention is reported.
The practice of feeding high electrolyte formulae, and excessively large blood transfusion for anemia may be responsible for the remarkable variation in incidence from hospital to hospital, the variation in incidence even in the same hospital, and the increasing incidence of RLF in premature infants following the introduction of these practices.
ALTERATIONS IN BLOOD CHEMISTRY CAUSED BY DIARRHEA DURING INFANCY AS DETERMINED BY DIRECT ANALYSIS OF PLASMA AND ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: ETTELDORF JAMES N. , HILL FONTAINE S. , TUTTLE A. H. , PINHEIRO DACIO , BASS ANNE C. , OVERMAN R. R. 
Published: December 2021

By direct chemical and physical-chemical analyses, plasma and erythrocyte sodium, potassium and chloride concentrations, plasma calcium, bicarbonate and protein concentrations, and the blood NPN have been determined on infants between the ages of 2 and 15 months with severe diarrhea.
Considerable range and inconsistent changes serve to demonstrate that it is impossible to predict with certainty any definite relationship between the alterations in the various ions in individual cases.
A significant or near-significant reduction in the mean plasma Na occurred in infants with diarrhea under 11 months of age; the plasma K and Cl and the erythrocyte K definitely tend to be reduced, whereas the erythrocyte Na tends with few exceptions to show only a slight increase during diarrhea.
The plasma HCO3 was always reduced and usually significantly so. The degree of acidosis and to a somewhat less extent the decrease in erythrocyte K were related to the severity of the diarrhea.
Significant increases in the blood NPN and plasma protein were usually observed.
The value of the erythrocyte as a practical medium for gauging intracellular ionic alterations which occur during diarrhea is discussed briefly.
SPECIAL ARTICLE
Authors:   THE EXAMINATIONS COMMITTEE
Published: December 2021

The written examination of January 11, 1952 was taken by 462 candidates, a larger number of candidates than on any previous occasion. A sample of the total number was selected for statistical analysis, the sample being made up of the grades earned by 284 candidates who by July 1, 1952 had stood the oral examination and could therefore be classified as having passed or failed the over-all examination. Two additional candidates who appeared for oral examination were given a "condition" in "Growth and Development"; the grades earned by these candidates are not included in the analysis. Of the total of 286 candidates the final results show: passed, 238; failed, 46; conditioned, 2.
The examination was divided into five sections, designated as A, B, C, D and E. Section A was composed of 100 false and true statements. All of these questions had been asked in previous Board examinations and all had been answered correctly by from two-thirds to three-fourths of the candidates. They were so selected to conform with the opinion of the Committee that the purpose of its examination is to discover the poorly qualified candidates and not to assign rank-order preference to the best qualified candidates.
Section B was designed to test the candidate's knowledge of infant feeding. Twenty questions, answerable by "yes" or "no," were presented in connection with three feeding formulas to be assessed by the candidate. The questions of both sections, A and B, offered the candidate only two choices (false or true; yes or no); a correct answer to any question was therefore assigned one-half of a grading point and a perfect score on Sections A and B would have been 60.
Combined Use of Growth Hormone and Gonadotropin-releasing Hormone Analogues: The National Cooperative Growth Study Experience
Authors: Kohn Brenda , Julius Joanne R. , Blethen Sandra L. 
Published: December 2021

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone ana-logues (GnRHa) are used to treat central precocious puberty. They also are used to delay puberty in short children with a prognosis for impaired adult height. In both cases, growth hormone (GH) treatment is sometimes added. To determine how North American pediatric endocrinologists are using the combination of GH and GnRHa, we searched the National Cooperative Growth Study (NCGS) database and identified 509 patients who were treated with both. Among them were 139 patients with a diagnosis of precocious puberty. Most of these (82%) also had GH deficiency (GHD). Of the 370 patients who did not have precocious puberty, 71% had GHD. There were 200 patients with precocious puberty who were treated with GH but not with GnRHa. The children who were given GH alone (77% of whom had GHD) were much younger than the children who were given both GH and GnRHa (5.7 ± 2.9 years for those who were not treated with GnRHa vs 9.1 ± 2.7 years for those who were).Data on both predicted adult height before GH treatment and near- adult height were available for 141 of the patients who were given both GH and GnRHa. There was a statistically significant increase in near-adult height over pre-GH predicted adult height in girls with precocious puberty (5.4 ± 4.3 cm) and without precocious puberty (3.0 ± 6.1 cm). There was no statistically significant gain in height for boys who did not have precocious puberty (1.3 ± 6.8 cm). There were too few boys with precocious puberty (n = 7) to enable meaningful conclusions. In a multiple regression analysis of data on girls who did not have precocious puberty, duration of GH treatment was the most important variable predictive of height gain.gonadotropin-releasing hormone, growth hormone, precocious puberty, idiopathic growth hormone deficiency, organic growth deficiency, idiopathic short stature.
A Comparison of Suburban and Urban Daytime Telephone Triage Calls
Authors: Philipp Barbara L. , Wilson Claire , Kastner Beth , Pearson Colleen , Bauchner Howard 
Published: December 2021

Objective.
To compare daytime nurse telephone triage calls received by a suburban practice with those received by a hospital-based, inner-city pediatric practice.

Methods.
A research assistant, listening simultaneously with triage personnel, prospectively coded all calls received by the nurse triage telephone offices in 2 pediatric practices. Calls were coded the first full, nonholiday week of 3 consecutive summer and 3 consecutive winter months, alternating morning and afternoon sessions. One practice was suburban and had almost all commercially insured patients; the other was hospital-based, in an inner-city, and consisted mostly of patients with Medicaid coverage or no health insurance.

Results.
A total of 901 calls were triaged in the suburban practice (SP) and 768 in the urban practice (UP). The chief complaints of calls regarding medical problems were similar at both sites. Difficulties with language were noted less often in SP compared with UP (1% vs 17%). The reason for the calls differed by site: medical problem relating to illness or injury (SP 55% vs UP 40%); social issue (SP 1% vs UP 9%); documentation request (SP 2% vs UP 7%); request for laboratory work (SP .3% vs UP 4%); and well child advice (SP 9% vs UP 5%). The disposition of calls also differed by site: telephone advice was offered significantly more in SP than in UP (32% vs 20%); fewer calls required the need for the medical record in SP than in UP (2% vs 12%).

Conclusions.
Calls received by a daytime nurse telephone triage office in an affluent SP and a UP are similar in regard to medical problems. Training programs can feasibly prepare physicians and nurses for both kinds of practice settings. The urban site received more calls affected by language and social issues. This could have administrative implications for staffing ratios, language skills of staff and knowledge of available support services.
Risk Assessment for Gonococcal and Chlamydial Infections in Young Children Undergoing Evaluation for Sexual Abuse
Authors: Ingram Daniel M. , Miller William C. , Schoenbach Victor J. , Everett V. Denise , Ingram David L. 
Published: December 2021

Objective.
Testing for gonorrhea (GC) and chlamydial (Ct) infection in children who are being evaluated for sexual abuse is invasive and costly. We developed selective criteria to limit unnecessary testing for these infections.

Methods.
Over a 10-year period (May 1988 to May 1998), clinical information was collected in a prospectively designed database for all children ages 0 to 12 years by the WakeMed Child Sexual Abuse Team in Raleigh, North Carolina. The study population comprised 3040 (2414 girls and 626 boys) of the 3064 children evaluated for sexual abuse. Children were interviewed, examined, and tested by culture for GC and Ct orally, rectally, and genitally. Information from referral sources, accompanying guardians, and previous recent physical examinations was recorded. Bivariate analyses and logistic regression were used to develop 2 sets of screening criteria to predict children at greatest risk of infection with: 1) GC and/or Ct (GC/Ct) and 2) GC alone.

Results.
Fifty-eight children were identified with GC/Ct infections (37 with GC, 25 with Ct; 4 children were coinfected). The proposed algorithm for GC/Ct infections would have identified all children with these infections, while avoiding testing 56% of children without infection. Using genital cultures only, the proposed risk score for GC/Ct infections would have identified 100% of GC/Ct cases with 85% fewer cultures compared with testing all children with oral, rectal, and genital cultures.

Conclusion.
The use of a risk assessment algorithm for GC and Ct infections may reduce the cost and trauma of testing young children who are being evaluated for sexual abuse. sexual abuse, gonorrhea, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia, Chlamydia trachomatis, sexually transmitted diseases, children.
SPECIAL REVIEWS
Authors: MILLER ROBERT W. 
Published: December 2021

Life in the atomic era has brought with it increased exposure to ionizing radiation. Radiobiology is concerned with the study of the effects of this physical agent. The clinical application of the facts derived experimentally may apply not only to atomic bomb catastrophes, but also to exposures to x-rays in daily medical practice.
Ionizing radiation may alter a key physiologic process thus producing an aberrant cellular differentiation. An undetectable acute change may set the stage for the appearance after a long latent period of (a) congenital anomalies or infertility; (b) carcinogenesis; (c) premature aging and degenerative changes.
Minimal dose levels for producing these changes in humans is not known. However, experimental work to date indicates that the young recipient of x-rays is more apt to develop late sequelae than is the adult. In addition, his longer life span makes him a more likely subject for such changes. Because of unavoidable exposure to irradiation in industry, medicine and warfare, it is suggested that elective pediatric roentgen procedures be limited as much as possible. Roentgen exposure diaries for patients are recommended.
TREATMENT OF ENTEROBIASIS (PINWORM INFESTATION) WITH DIPHENAN®, EGRESSIN® AND GENTIAN VIOLET
Authors: JUNG RODNEY C. , BEAVER PAUL C. 
Published: December 2021

Pinworm infestations in children were diagnosed and followed for various periods by means of the cellulose-adhesive-tape technic, after which they were treated with diphenan®, egressin® or gentian violet and again followed for six days or longer. Twenty-four children were likewise tested but not treated.
Diphenan® was found to have no detectable anthelmintic effect when given in high dosage to 53 children.
Judged on the basis of cure-rate on 16 children, egressin® in relatively high dosage was of no value. It did, however, apparently decrease slightly the frequency of egg-deposition.
A standard seven day course of gentian violet produced cures in at least 80% of 33 heavily infested children.
The rate of spontaneous apparent cure was found to be related to the frequency of positive tests during the initial period of observation.
Investigations of remedies for pinworm infestation yield more conclusive results if conducted on selected patients whose rate of spontaneous apparent cure is more or less predictably low.
INCIDENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: PERLSTEIN MEYER A. , ANDELMAN MORTON B. , ROSNER, DAVID C. , WEHRLE PAUL 
Published: December 2021

Hypertension is a frequent occurrence in poliomyelitis. In a 1950 epidemic in Chicago it occurred in about one-third of all cases.
Hypertension was generally of transitory nature, although in two instances it was prolonged.
Hypertension was three times more frequent in patients with paralysis than in nonparalytic patients. It was most common in respirator cases.
The incidence of hypertension was not related to the localization of paralysis, emotional factors, anoxia, sympathetic system involvement or kidney involvement. Therefore, it is inferred that it is probably of central origin.
ON THE POSSIBLE INFLUENCE OF GREAT ALTITUDES ON THE DETERMINATION OF CERTAIN CARDIOVASCULAR ANOMALIES
Authors: ALZAMORA VICTOR , ROTTA ANDRÉS , BATTILANA GUIDO , ABUGATTAS RICARDO , RUBIO CARLOS , BOURONCLE JOSÉ , ZAPATA CÉSAR , SANTA-MARÍA E. , BINDER TODORO , SUBIRIA RICARDO , PAREDES DAVID , PANDO BENJAMÍN , GRAHAM GEORGE G. 
Published: December 2021

Over a period of 8 years, 176 cases of cardiac anomalies have been found in over 10,000 consecutive admissions. The place of birth and its altitude have been recorded for each one of these causes.
Patent ductus arteriosus and persistent interatrial communications are more likely to be found in patients born at high altitudes.
It is suggested, but remains to be shown, that this is true for defects of the pulmonary artery. No apparent relation could be found in this series for other malformations.
It is presumed that mechanical factors tied to the pulmonary circulation and the lower oxygen tension both have a decisive influence.
SPIROMETRIC ANALYSIS OF LUNG FUNCTION FOLLOWING PULMONARY RESECTION IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: TURNER J. A. 
Published: December 2021

A group of 40 individuals who underwent pulmonary resection in childhood were studied by means of spirometric tracings. The time interval between operation and testing varied from 3 months to 19 years. The ages at operation ranged from 3 years to 15 years.
No significant disturbance of resting ventilation, oxygen consumption or average tidal air was found. Reduction in vital capacity corresponded to the extent of resection performed and was more marked in those instances in which bilateral resection was necessary. It was noted that reduction in vital capacity was more evident in the inspiratory phase in all instances except those suspected of having continuing pulmonary disease. In these individuals the reduction in vital capacity was more marked in the expiratory reserve phase.
Maximum voluntary ventilatory capacity reduction was likewise compared to extent of surgical resection and showed a correlation similar to that of vital capacity. Evidences of pulmonary emphysema were more apparent in those cases whose maximum breathing capacity was markedly reduced. In all but one instance breathing reserve figures were within the normal range.
Although children tolerate pulmonary surgery extremely well, the age at operation is not the significant factor in the degree of resultant pulmonary function. The important factors are those of extent of pulmonary resection and consequent pulmonary emphysema.
CONGENITAL AFIBRINOGENEMIA
Authors: FRICK PAUL G. , MCQUARRIE IRVINE 
Published: December 2021

A case of congenital afibrinogenemia is described. Despite the absolute incoagulability of afibrinogenemic blood, this type of hemorrhagic diathesis is not accompanied by hemarthrosis.
Systematic studies of this patient's blood revealed that all other known clotting factors are present in normal concentration.
Comparison of the electrophoretic patterns of afibrinogenemic plasma and serum confirmed the fact that except for fibrinogen no other clotting factor is detectable by routine electrophoretic analysis. This is due to the extremely small concentration of these entities when compared with the value of total serum proteins.
On the basis of family studies the hereditary pattern of congenital afibrinogenemia is assumed to be recessive and not sex-linked.
The rate of disappearance of fibrinogen from the blood stream after transfusion of Cohn's Fraction I has been studied. Starting from a level of 161 mg./100 cc., the zero level was reached in 12 days.
ACUTE SUBDURAL HEMORRHAGE AT BIRTH
Authors: SCHIPKE RAYMOND , RIEGE DAVID , SCOVILLE WILLIAM B. 
Published: December 2021

The term "acute subdural hemorrhage of the newborn" has been suggested for comparison with subarachnoid hemorrhage of the newborn and chronic subdural hematoma of infancy.
Two cases of subdural hemorrhage in the newborn, treated by subdural drainage, are presented in detail. Five additional cases discovered at autopsy are discussed.
Increased tension of the fontanelle is the most important single sign for directing attention to the possibility of subdural bleeding at birth.
Early recognition as a prerequisite for favorable therapy is emphasized.
Subdural bleeding of clinical significance is best demonstrated by coronal subdural taps.