bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degree of reduction in normal liver complication probability from free-breathing to breath-hold liver SBRT: a dose-escalation strategy using radiation dose-volume effect
Authors: Thaper Deepak , Yadav Hanuman P , Sharma Deepti , Kamal Rose , Singh Gaganpreet , Oinam Arun S. , Kumar Vivek 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Introduction. This study aimed to analyze the degree of reduction in normal liver complication probability (NTCP) from free-breathing (FB) to breath-hold (BH) liver SBRT. The effect of the radiation dose-volume on the mean liver dose (MLD) was also analyzed due to dose prescription, normal liver volume (NLV), and PTV. Materials and Methods. Thirty-three stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) cases of hepatocellular carcinoma were selected, retrospectively. For FB, the treatments were planned on average intensity projection scan (CTavg), and patient-specific internal target volume (ITV) margins were applied. To simulate the BH treatment, computed tomography (CT) scan correspond to the 40%—50% of the respiratory cycle (CT40%-50%) was chosen, and an appropriate intrafraction margin of 2 mm, 1.5 mm, and 1.5 mm were given in craniocaudal (CC), superior-inferior (SI), and lateral direction to generate the final iGTV. As per RTOG 1112, all organs at risk (OAR’s) were considered during the optimization of treatment plans. NTCP was calculated using LKB fractionated model. Multivariate regression analysis was performed to see the effect of EQD2Gy, NLV, and PTV on MLD2Gy. Results. A significant dosimetric difference was observed in the normal liver (liver-ITV/iGTV). A reduction of 1.7% in NTCP was observed from FB to BH technique. The leverage of dose escalation is more in BH because MLD2Gy corresponds to 5%, 10%, 20%, and 50% NTCP was 0.099 Gy, 0.41 Gy, 1.21 Gy, and 3.432 Gy more in BH as compared to FB technique. In MVRA, the major factor which was attributed to a change in MLD2Gy is EQD2Gy. Conclusion. From FB to BH technique, a significant reduction in NTCP was observed. The dose prescription is a major factor attributed to the change in MLD2Gy. Advances in knowledge: If feasible, prefer BH treatment either for tumor dose escalation or for the reduction in NTCP.
General overestimation of ERA5 precipitation in flow simulations for High Mountain Asia basins
Authors: Sun He , Su Fengge , Yao Tandong , He Zhihua , Tang Guoqiang , Huang Jingheng , Zheng Bowen , Meng Fanchong , Ou Tinghai , Chen Deliang 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Precipitation is one of the most important input to hydrological models, although obtaining sufficient precipitation observations and accurate precipitation estimates in High Mountain Asia (HMA) is challenging. ERA5 precipitation is the latest generation of reanalysis dataset that is attracting huge attention from various fields but it has not been evaluated in hydrological simulations in HMA. To remedy this gap, we first statistically evaluated ERA5 precipitation with observations from 584 gauges in HMA, and then investigated its potential in hydrological simulation in 11 HMA basins using the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrological model. The ERA5 precipitation generally captures the seasonal variations of gauge observations, and the broad spatial distributions of precipitation in both magnitude and trends in HMA. The ERA5 exhibits a reasonable flow simulation (RB of 5%–10%) at the Besham hydrological station of the upper Indus (UI) basin when the contribution from glacier runoff is added to the simulated total runoff. But it overestimates the observations in other HMA basins by 33%–106% without considering glacier runoff, mostly due to the overestimates in the ERA5 precipitation inputs. Therefore, a bias correction is definitely needed before ERA5 precipitation is used for hydrological simulations in HMA basins.
Nitrogen use efficiency trends for sustainable crop productivity in Lake Victoria basin: smallholder farmers’ perspectives on nitrogen cycling
Authors: Ntinyari Winnie , Gweyi-Onyango Joseph , Giweta Mekonnen , Mochoge Benson , Mutegi James , Nziguheba Generose , Masso Cargele 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE) is one of the established metrics for benchmarking management of Nitrogen (N) in various systems. Numerous approaches to calculate NUE exist, making it difficult to compare the performances of systems depending on the methodology used. This study adopted the conceptualized framework by European Union Nitrogen Expert Panel (EUNEP) to calculate NUE values for cereal crops to determine future trends for the first time in the Lake Victoria region. Data were collected through in-person interviews among maize and rice smallholder farmers within the Lake Victoria region. A total of 293 observations were recorded. Collected data on yield and N fertilizer were used to make projections on the changes of NUE based on scientific and policy recommendations for Sub-Saharan Africa for 2020 (base year), 2025, 2030, and 2050. Significant differences in maize grain yield for both fertilized and unfertilized farms were observed with very low yields of 2.4 t ha−1 (fertilized) and 1.4 t ha−1 (unfertilized). The graphical representation of NUE of both maize and rice showed that most farmers were in the zone of soil N mining. Projected results showed that most maize farmers within Lake Victoria region will continue to experience NUE values >90%, low N inputs <50 kg N ha−1) and less than 5 t ha−1 maize crop yield over the years. For rice farmers, Nyando and Nzoia catchments had surpassed the set target of both yield (6 t ha−1) and N input (50 kg N ha−1). However, NUE values remain higher than the optimal ranges of 50%–90% (127.14%−267.57%), indicating risks of depleting soil N status. The unbalanced N fertilization also showed a trend below the linear neutrality option and the average N output for good N management for both crops. Therefore, farmers need to explore various crop management options that could increase N use efficiencies. This should be coupled with policies that promote farmers to access more N input and advocate for optimal management of N and improved quality of the cereals.
Experimental study of thermal limits with one-side heated smooth channel for plasma facing component safety
Authors: Lim Ji Hwan , Park Minkyu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In order to stably operate the equipment inside the tokamak, which is loaded with a heat flux of several MW m−2 under the one-side heating condition, it is necessary to thoroughly prepare for various thermal engineering limits that may occur under the high heat flux load condition. In this study, we have experimentally explored critical heat flux (CHF) and onset of flow instability (OFI), which are considered potential threats in a DEMO fusion power plant. Specifically, the effect of system parameters on CHF was investigated. The results indicate that with an increase in subcooling and mass flux, the CHF increased, as it induced a faster bubble condensation near the CHF. As the system pressure increased, the CHF also increased. This is because the bubble size reduction effect was dominant in the pressure range of 1–10 bar. Most of the existing CHF correlations could evaluate the CHF with reasonable accuracy of within 25%; especially, the Boscary CHF correlation yielded the highest accuracy with an average error of 12%. Similar to CHF, OFI, which is a measure of the sudden fluctuations in the system pressure caused by a large amount of vapor generated due to the high heat flux, tended to increase as the subcooling, mass flow rate, and system pressure increased. Most of the existing OFI correlations yielded large error rates (more than 135%) as these correlations were primarily developed for micro-channels. Therefore, in this study, a new OFI correlation was developed using a Python code, in combination with an artificial intelligence (AI) regression method. The developed correlation can be used in the cooling system design of tokamaks, which involve a high-heat load condition on one-side of the reactor.
Air delay propagation patterns in Europe from 2015 to 2018: an information processing perspective
Authors: Pastorino Luisina , Zanin Massimiliano 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The characterisation of delay propagation is one of the major topics of research in air transport management, due to its negative effects on the cost-efficiency, safety and environmental impact of this transportation mode. While most research works have naturally framed it as a transportation process, the successful application of network theory in neuroscience suggests a complementary approach, based on describing delay propagation as a form of information processing. This allows reconstructing propagation patterns from the dynamics of the individual elements, i.e. from the evolution observed at individual airports, without the need of additional a priori information. We here apply this framework to the analysis of delay propagation in the European airspace between 2015 and 2018, describe the evolution of the observed structure, and identify the role of individual airports in it. We further use this analysis to illustrate the limitations and challenges associated to this approach, and to sketch a roadmap of future research in this evolving topic.
Chemformer: a pre-trained transformer for computational chemistry
Authors: Irwin Ross , Dimitriadis Spyridon , He Jiazhen , Bjerrum Esben Jannik 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Transformer models coupled with a simplified molecular line entry system (SMILES) have recently proven to be a powerful combination for solving challenges in cheminformatics. These models, however, are often developed specifically for a single application and can be very resource-intensive to train. In this work we present the Chemformer model—a Transformer-based model which can be quickly applied to both sequence-to-sequence and discriminative cheminformatics tasks. Additionally, we show that self-supervised pre-training can improve performance and significantly speed up convergence on downstream tasks. On direct synthesis and retrosynthesis prediction benchmark datasets we publish state-of-the-art results for top-1 accuracy. We also improve on existing approaches for a molecular optimisation task and show that Chemformer can optimise on multiple discriminative tasks simultaneously. Models, datasets and code will be made available after publication.
Reputational versus Beckerian Sanctions
Authors: Fluet Claude , Mungan Murat C 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Legal sanctions cause reputational losses in addition to the direct losses. Lowering the probability of punishment reduces these reputational losses by diluting the informational value of verdicts. These considerations better align the positive as well as normative implications of law enforcement models with intuition and empirics: violations of the law are more responsive to the certainty rather than the severity of punishment even absent risk-seeking offenders (positive), which causes extreme Beckerian punishments to be inefficient when sanctions are socially costly to impose (normative). Moreover, in some cases optimal enforcement is “anti-Beckerian”: punishment is symbolic, and detection costs are incurred solely to provide reputational incentives.
Cohort consequences of drought and family disruption for male and female African elephants
Authors: Lee Phyllis C , Moss Cynthia J , Njiraini Norah , Poole Joyce H , Sayialel Katito , Fishlock Vicki L 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Cohort effects, reflecting early adversity or advantage, have persisting consequences for growth, reproductive onset, longevity, and lifetime reproductive success. In species with prolonged life histories, cohort effects may establish variation in age-sex structures, while social structure may buffer individuals against early adversity. Using periods of significant ecological adversity, we examined cohort effects for male and female elephants (Loxodonta africana) over almost 50 years in Amboseli, Kenya. Mortality spiked during severe droughts with highest mortality among calves under 2 years and females over 40 years. Deaths of oldest females resulted in social disruption via matriarch turnover, with potential impacts on resource acquisition for survivors. We predicted that survivors of high mortality and social challenges would have altered life-history trajectories, with later age at first reproduction and reduced age-specific fertility for females and slow transitions to independence and late-onset of potential mating or musth among males. Contrary to expectations, there were no persisting early drought effects on female age at first conception while matriarch loss around puberty accelerated reproductive onset. Experience of an early life drought did not influence age-specific reproductive rates once females commenced reproduction. Males who survived an early drought exhibited complex consequences: male age at family independence was later with larger peer cohort size, but earlier with drought in year of independence (13.9 vs 14.6 years). Early drought had no effect on age at first musth, but male reproductive onset was weakly associated with the number of peers (negative) and age at independence (positive).
Immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes
Authors: Allen L A , Dayan C M 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionDespite advances in technology including the development of more sophisticated methods of monitoring blood glucose and delivering insulin, many individuals with type 1 diabetes continue to experience significant challenges in optimizing glycaemic control. Alternative treatment approaches to insulin are required. Increasing efforts have focused on developing treatments aimed at targeting the underlying disease process to modulate the immune system, maximize beta cell function and enhance endogenous insulin production and action.Sources of dataLiterature searches with keywords ‘Type 1 diabetes and immunotherapy’, publications relating to clinical trials of immunotherapy in type 1 diabetes.Areas of agreementInsulin therapy is insufficient to achieve optimal glycaemic control in many individuals with type 1 diabetes, and new treatment approaches are required. Studies have showed promising results for the use of immunotherapy as a means of delaying disease onset and progression.Areas of controversyThe optimal way of identifying individuals most likely to benefit from immunotherapies.Growing pointsA better understanding of the natural history of type 1 diabetes has made it possible to identify individuals who have developed autoimmunity but have not yet progressed to clinical diabetes, offering opportunities not only to develop treatments that delay disease progression, but prevent its development in the first place. A consensus on how to identify individuals who may benefit from immunotherapy to prevent disease onset is needed.Areas timely for developing researchThe development of optimal strategies for preventing and delaying progression of type 1 diabetes, and monitoring the response to immunointervention.
Global connectivity fingerprints predict the domain generality of multiple-demand regions
Authors: Schultz Douglas H , Ito Takuya , Cole Michael W 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A set of distributed cognitive control networks are known to contribute to diverse cognitive demands, yet it is unclear how these networks gain this domain-general capacity. We hypothesized that this capacity is largely due to the particular organization of the human brain’s intrinsic network architecture. Specifically, we tested the possibility that each brain region’s domain generality is reflected in its level of global (hub-like) intrinsic connectivity as well as its particular global connectivity pattern (“connectivity fingerprint”). Consistent with prior work, we found that cognitive control networks exhibited domain generality as they represented diverse task context information covering sensory, motor response, and logic rule domains. Supporting our hypothesis, we found that the level of global intrinsic connectivity (estimated with resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging [fMRI]) was correlated with domain generality during tasks. Further, using a novel information fingerprint mapping approach, we found that each cognitive control region's unique rule response profile(“information fingerprint”) could be predicted based on its unique intrinsic connectivity fingerprint and the information content in regions outside cognitive control networks. Together, these results suggest that the human brain’s intrinsic network architecture supports its ability to represent diverse cognitive task information largely via the location of multiple-demand regions within the brain’s global network organization.
Riata lead failure manifests as electrical storm with lead parameters showing unique postural variations: a case report
Authors: Uppal Abhimanyu , Kathuria Sanjeev , Shah Bhushan , Trehan Vijay 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Riata implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) leads are prone to a unique type of mechanical lead failure causing conductor externalization (CE) which may be complicated by a delayed-onset electrical lead failure (ELF).

Case summary
A 60-year-old male with symptomatic, severe ischaemic cardiomyopathy, and atrial fibrillation following a prior anterior wall myocardial infarction received a dual-chamber ICD with 7F-RiataST ventricular lead as a primary prevention strategy against sudden cardiac death in 2008. In 2017, a pulse generator replacement was performed for elective replacement indicator status. At that time, CE was noted in the ventricular lead but the electrical lead parameters were normal, hence lead replacement was decided against and the patient was closely followed up thereafter. Four years later, the patient presented with multiple ICD shocks within 48 h. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator interrogation showed noise on the ventricular electrogram (EGM) channel that was detected as ventricular fibrillation (VF) episodes, triggering inappropriate ICD therapy (five ICD detected VF events within 24 h triggering three antitachycardia pacing therapies and one shock). Lead impedance and R-wave amplitude were within normal range in supine position but dramatically worsened in sitting posture. A new ventricular lead was implanted and the old lead abandoned. The patient has not experienced any device therapy in the follow-up period.

Discussion
An electrically inert CE of Riata ICD leads needs close follow-up because an ELF may occur even after several years. A careful analysis of EGMs including postural changes in lead parameters can aid in detection and better characterization of underlying electrical dysfunction following CE.
Mechanical circulatory support and intravascular lithotripsy in high-risk patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention and transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a case series
Authors: Marchese Alfredo , Tarantini Giuseppe , Tito Antonio , Margari Vito , Resta Fabrizio , Dhojniku Ilir , Paparella Domenico , Speziale Giuseppe 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) usually have multiple comorbidities, such as severely impaired left ventricular function (LVF) and heavily calcified coronary lesions. When they undergo pre-TAVR high-risk percutaneous coronary interventions (HR-PCIs) for severely calcified left main (LM) lesions, potential life-threatening intra-procedural complications associated with the different techniques available to treat calcified lesions can arise. In this setting, mechanical circulatory support proves its usefulness. However, the choice of device can be troublesome.

Case summary
We report two clinical scenarios of intravascular lithotripsy (IVL) for the treatment of heavily calcified LM coronary lesions, wherein peripheral veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO), alone or combined with an intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP), were used as an upfront strategy to support the procedure. The use of these techniques was particularly effective during multi-vessel HR-PCIs and TAVR, and no complications occurred, which suggested their safety.

Discussion
These cases provide multiple insights into the strategy of using IVL + VA-ECMO, alone or with IABP, to treat heavily calcified LM coronary lesions in patients with severely compromised LVF undergoing TAVR. IVL safely and effectively overcame shortcomings related to other plaque ablation techniques, and VA-ECMO proved to be effective when facing the combination of high-risk coronary and valve interventions.
A Modest Approach to the Customary International Law of Jurisdiction
Authors: Dodge William S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article responds to Cedric Ryngaert’s commentary on the treatment of the customary international law of jurisdiction in the Restatement of the Law (Fourth): The Foreign Relations Law of the United States. With respect to prescriptive jurisdiction, the article explains that the Restatement (Fourth) has not abandoned reasonableness as a rule of customary international law, although its ‘genuine connection’ requirement differs from the interest-balancing approach of the Restatement (Third). With respect to adjudicative jurisdiction, the article explains that the Restatement does not exclude the possibility of limits under customary international law but simply finds that no such limits currently exist, apart from the rules on foreign sovereign immunity. In each case, the Restatement reflects a modest approach to the customary international law of jurisdiction that insists on state practice and opinio juris.
De-noising receiver function data using the unsupervised deep learning approach
Authors: Dalai Bijayananda , Kumar Prakash , Srinu Uppala , Sen Mrinal K 
Published: December 2021

SUMMARYThe converted wave data (P-to-s or S-to-p), traditionally termed as receiver functions, are often contaminated with noise of different origin that may lead to the erroneous identification of phases and thus influence the interpretations. Here, we utilize an unsupervised deep learning approach called Patchunet to de-noise the converted wave data. We divide the input data into several patches, which are input to the encoder and decoder network to extract some meaningful features. The method de-noises an image patch by patch and utilizes the redundant information on similar patches to obtain the final de-noised results. The method is first tested on a suite of synthetic data contaminated with various amounts of Gaussian and realistic noise and then on the observed data from three permanent seismic stations: HYB (Hyderabad, India), LBTB (Lobatse, Botswana, South Africa) and COR (Corvallis, Oregon, USA). The method works very well even when the signal-to-noise ratio is poor or with the presence of spike noise and deconvolution artifacts. The field data demonstrate the effectiveness of the method for attenuating the random noise especially for the mantle phases, which show significant improvements over conventional receiver function based images.