bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chinese Firms’ Move to the Forefront in Digital Technologies
Authors: Yu Jiang , Zhang Yue 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the past two decades, China has achieved impressive progress and built competence in digital technology–enabled products, processes, business models, and hyperscale e-infrastructure. Driven by the globally largest internet user scale and fast catching up of information technologies, China’s strategy has been transformed from survival to growth and is transforming to market leadership. Now China has built its competence not only in telecommunication, consumer electronics, and PCs but also in some complex technology products like supercomputer systems. China has also witnessed the rise of hyperscale internet giants and the establishment of super e-commerce and mobile payment systems. However, there are still some great challenges that need to be overcome in some “bottleneck” technologies like the semiconductor and software sectors. China is thus seeking ways to move beyond the “global factory” model and cultivate its own technology-intensive industries and innovation capabilities. In the future, it is critical to maintain an open strategy among fierce global competition.
Innovating for the Poor
Authors: Wu Xiaobo , Lei Linan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the inclusive innovation system in China by showing the roles of bottom-of-the-pyramid (BOP) entrepreneurs, institutions for inclusive innovation, infrastructures supporting inclusive innovation, and emerging governance of inclusive innovation. Based on an integrative review of the literature about the innovation that led to inclusive growth in developing economies, this chapter proposes the conceptual framework of the process toward inclusive innovation by integrating the dynamic inclusive growth with the current static view. Then, considering the Chinese context, especially the turning from formal institutions to the interpenetration of both formal and informal institutions, this chapter finally summarizes some challenges for inclusive innovation and its implications on economic and social growth.
Foreign Technology Transfers in China
Authors: Fu Xiaolan , Hou Jun 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Innovation can be achieved via various channels, and the effectiveness of each channel depends on the stage of development as well as the local social-economic settings. Based on the concept that innovation is not only limited to invention but also characterized as a learning and adopting process, this chapter discusses the important role of foreign technology sources in China’s innovation path. Different types of foreign knowledge sources are reviewed, including trade, technology licensing, inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI), internationalization of research and development (R&D), global value chain, and returnees. The discussion highlights the complementary effect between foreign knowledge sources and indigenous innovation efforts in fostering technological upgrading in China. To maximize the benefits from innovation and accelerate catching up, the explicit and well-focused encouragement of indigenous innovation and acquisitions of foreign knowledge must work in parallel.
Convergence and Diversity in the Hedge Fund and Private Equity Industry
Authors: Bajulaiye Omololu , Fenwick Mark , Skultetyova Ivona , Vermeulen Erik P. M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter identifies differences in hedge fund and private equity strategies in terms of investments, strategies, and fundamental terms. These underlying structural differences have implications for the type of investor attracted to each investment style. Previously, investment decisions could be made on a set of trade-offs, but increased competition in the hedge fund industry is now the main factor driving the type of fund operating and competing in investment markets. This chapter describes the terms and conditions which address fund formation and operation, fees and expenses, profit sharing and distributions, as well as corporate governance. No matter how appealing the prospects of hedge fund and private equity convergence, there are significant concerns: can both types of fund combine different investment styles without affecting the level of returns?; can the transition toward financial convergence be blocked if hedge fund investors object to valuations based on subjective, and not actual, market trading?;can ‘side pockets’ in a hedge fund be isolated from the costs of accounting for the two streams of capital?
Hedge Fund Activism and Corporate Innovation
Authors: Santos Roberto S. , Sun Sunny Li 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
While the jury is out on whether hedge fund activism encourages corporate innovation, there is mounting evidence to suggest that this is the case. A firm’s ability to innovate is crucial for its long-term survival. Through multiple mechanisms, activist hedge fund interventions can “shake things up” and stir corporations out of their myopic innovation investments. By bringing an end to the squandering of precious R&D resources, hedge fund activism stimulates and reshapes corporate competitiveness and enhances innovation performance. This chapter explores the strategies and mechanisms that activist hedge funds employ to influence corporate innovation and also offers avenues for future research.
Misconduct at Hedge Funds
Authors: Bollen Nicolas P. B. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses crime in the context of hedge fund management and reviews some of the relevant academic work in the area. The chapter provides examples of the different types of misconduct that have been perpetrated and prosecuted in hedge funds. Thereafter, it reviews relevant regulation of hedge funds and the resulting available information which regulators and investors can use to assess the risk of misconduct. Academic work related to hedge fund crime often relies on commercially available databases that are described in the chapter. The chapter further presents techniques developed in the academic literature to quantify the risk of misconduct and assesses their information content in empirical analyses.
Hedge Fund Strategies in the Post-Crisis Era
Authors: Atilgan Yigit , Bali Turan G. , Gunaydin A. Doruk 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the performances of various hedge fund strategies based on various reward-to-risk ratios after the 2008 global crisis. We document that a majority of hedge fund strategies deliver lower average returns compared to equities and bonds; yet the volatilities of their returns have also been low. The equity hedge strategy has the highest reward-to-risk ratios among the major strategy categories, whereas the relative value arbitrage strategy has the lowest. Technology/healthcare, merger arbitrage, discretionary thematic, and asset-backed arbitrage strategies tend to have the highest reward-to-risk ratios in their respective categories. Time-series regressions of hedge fund strategy returns on various fund pricing factors provide evidence that hedge funds, on average, do not generate abnormal returns once the pricing factors are controlled for. We also document that hedge fund strategy returns generally load negatively on the bond market and aggregate credit risk factors and positively on the market portfolio.
Gone Global: The International Diffusion of Hedge Fund Activism
Authors: Aguilera Ruth V. , Federo Ryan , Ponomareva Yuliya 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
After decades of being primarily a US-based phenomenon, the globalization of hedge fund (HF) activism is increasing at an unprecedented speed. This chapter reviews the empirical research on HF activism by systematically comparing studies conducted in the US and outside the US context. The nascent body of work on HF activism is categorized and discussed within four research sub-streams: the antecedents of HF activism; HF activists’ tactics; the responses of target firms to HF activist campaigns, and the outcomes of the latter for HF activists, target firms, and other stakeholders. Six select cases of interventions by a prominent HF activist illustrate the cross-country differences in hedge fund activist practices outlined in the literature review. The chapter concludes by outlining current research gaps and formulating research questions that could advance our knowledge on hedge fund activism in a global context.
Hedge Funds and Limited Partnership Agreements
Authors: Dai Na 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Due to the lack of regulations in the hedge fund industry and the great discretion given to hedge fund managers during the daily operations, limited partnership agreements are the most important if not the only tool for investors to incentivize and monitor hedge fund managers and protect their own interests. This chapter reviews the current literature on hedge funds contractual terms and their implications for fund performance and risk taking, before discussing the variation of the contracts conditional on the jurisdiction of the hedge fund. Finally, the development of hedge funds limited partnership agreements is investigated as many jurisdictions have imposed new regulations on hedge funds after the 2008 financial crisis.
Investment Strategies of Hedge Funds
Authors: Shawky Hany A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews a number of different hedge fund strategies, including equity hedge, long/short, market neutral, relative value arbitrage, convertible arbitrage strategy, capital structure arbitrage strategy, fixed income arbitrage strategy, yield curve arbitrage strategy, other relative value arbitrage strategies, emerging markets strategies, global macro strategies, event driven strategies, distressed securities, and merger arbitrage strategies. In addition, the author discusses the growth and performance of different strategies, as well as fraud, fund failures, activism, and regulation.
Frontiers of Civilization in the Age of Mass Migration from Eastern Europe
Authors: Florea Cristina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Between the 1870s and 1914, tens of thousands of peasants left Austria-Hungary’s easternmost provinces of Galicia and Bukovina, heading for the Americas. This article places this episode in the context of contemporary global labour migrations while also emphasizing the distinctive characteristics of this mass exodus. Unlike most migrants around the world, Galicians and Bukovinans emigrated overseas rather than internally; their destinations included the United States, Canada, Brazil and Argentina. By moving, the migrants transformed from objects of Austria’s ‘civilizing mission’ in its eastern borderlands into vehicles for multiple, competing imperial expansion and civilizing projects overseas. From an obstacle to Austria’s ambitions to modernize its eastern periphery, the peasant migrants turned into a disputed resource, simultaneously expanding and threatening Austria’s sovereignty. Paradoxically, because they were less economically developed and more peripheral than their counterparts elsewhere in the empire, Galicians and Bukovinans were more sensitive to shifts in global labour markets than to the policies imposed by their own state officials.
Evolution of influenza A virus in intensive and free-range swine farms in Spain
Authors: Encinas Paloma , del Real Gustavo , Dutta Jayeeta , Khan Zenab , van Bakel Harm , del Burgo M Ángeles Martín , García-Sastre Adolfo , Nelson Martha I 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Swine harbor genetically diverse influenza A viruses (IAVs) with the capacity to host-switch to humans, causing global pandemics. Spain is the largest swine producer in Europe and has a mixed production system that includes ‘white coat’ pigs raised intensively in modern buildings and free-range Iberian pigs that interface differently with humans, wildlife, and other swine. Through active longitudinal IAV surveillance in nine Spanish provinces during 2015–9, we generated forty-seven complete or near-complete genome sequences from IAVs collected from swine in both systems. Genetically diverse IAVs were identified in intensively raised white pigs and free-range Iberian pigs, including new H3N1 reassortants. Both systems are dynamic environments for IAV evolution, but driven by different processes. IAVs in white pigs were genetically related to viruses found in swine raised intensively in other European countries, reflecting high rates of viral introduction following European trade routes. In contrast, IAVs in Iberian pigs have a genetic makeup shaped by frequent introductions of human IAVs, reflecting rearing practices with high rates of human contact. Transmission between white and Iberian pigs also occurred. In conclusion, Iberian swine with high rates of human contact harbor genetically diverse IAVs and potentially serve as intermediary hosts between white pigs and humans, presenting an understudied zoonotic risk that requires further investigation.
Epidural Analgesia During Labor and Autism Risk: Getting Lost on the Causal Path
Authors: Carrier F.M. , Lavoie A. , Zaphiratos V. 
Published: November 2021

(Can J Anaesth. 2021;68:277–284. doi: 10.1007/s12630-020-01880-5)
Labor epidural analgesia (LEA) is the anesthetic of choice for over 60% of laboring women in Canada. While there is evidence that LEA allows more parturients to safely labor and deliver, there was a lack of research on long-term effects of LEA on women and infants.
Early Prognostic Capacity of Serum Lactate for Severe Postpartum Hemorrhage
Authors: Basil-Kway  , Castillo-Reyther R. , Domínguez-Salgado L.A. , Espinosa-Tanguma R. , Medina Ú. , Gordillo-Moscoso A. 
Published: November 2021

(Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021;153:483–488. doi: 10.1002/ijgo.13446)
Severe postpartum hemorrhage (SPPH; blood loss ≥1500 mL in the 24 h following labor) can have serious adverse maternal outcomes. Thus, earlier diagnosis and management of postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) (defined as ≥500 mL during labor or ≥1000 mL during cesarean delivery) is critical. Serum lactate has proven to more accurately predict severity and mortality and lead to better decision making, ultimately improving maternal outcomes. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between serum lactate concentration at PPH diagnosis and SPPH.
Comparison of Liposomal Bupivacaine and Conventional Local Anesthetic Agents in Regional Anesthesia: A Systematic Review
Authors: Jin Z. , Ding O. , Islam A. , Li R. , Lin J. 
Published: November 2021

(Anesth Analg. 2021;132:1626–1634)
Postoperative pain can negatively affect patient satisfaction and is associated with increased risk of complications as well as increased opioid use. Regional anesthesia can reduce postoperative pain and opioid use, but there are limitations to current techniques. Single-injection regional anesthesia has limited duration of analgesic effects, while continuous catheter infusions are more challenging and require greater resources. Liposomal bupivacaine wound infiltration has been shown to prolong analgesic effects and reduce the use of opioids. This systematic review considers recent studies on the use of liposomal bupivacaine compared to local anesthetics in regional anesthesia.
Single-unit Versus Multiple-unit Transfusion in Hemodynamically Stable Postpartum Anemia: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Hamm R.F. , Perelman S. , Wang E.Y. , Levine L.D. , Srinivas S.K. 
Published: November 2021

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2021;224:84.e1–7)
Postpartum anemia is often managed by postpartum transfusion, but there is limited data on the appropriate transfusion protocol for hemodynamically stable postpartum anemia. Transfusion carries risks of infectious disease transmission, alloantibody development, and transfusion-related acute lung injury, while undertransfusion can negatively affect postpartum healing, depression, and breastfeeding. Two units of packed red blood cells (pRBCs) for women with hemoglobin (Hb) level <7 g/dL has been common practice, but recent guidelines recommend a single unit of pRBCs. Studies have shown single-unit transfusion protocols do not increase morbidity, but no studies on the subject have been performed in the obstetric population. This study aimed to compare single-unit with multiple-unit transfusion protocols to treat hemodynamically stable postpartum anemia.
The Risk of Adverse Maternal Outcomes in Cases of Placenta Praevia in an Australian Population Between 2007 and 2017
Authors: Balachandar K. , Melov S.J. , Nayyar R. 
Published: November 2021

(Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2020;60:890–895)
Placenta previa affects 1 in 200 deliveries at term, and 90% resolve by the third trimester. One of the major adverse maternal outcomes associated with placenta previa is antepartum hemorrhage (APH), which can lead to blood transfusions, hysterectomy or admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), among other adverse events. Little has been published about the management of outcomes associated with placenta previa. The aim of this study was to examine the associations between APH, postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) and adverse outcomes in women with placenta previa.
Low-dose Intravenous Dexmedetomidine Reduces Shivering Following Cesarean Delivery: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Sween L.K. , Xu S. , Li C. , O’Donoghue M.A. , Ciampa E.J. , Kowalczyk J.J. , Li Y. , Hess P.E. 
Published: November 2021

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2021;45:49–55)
In cesarean deliveries (CD) shivering is sometimes brought on by neuraxial anesthesia. Shivering can negatively affect patient comfort and intraoperative monitoring of blood pressure, electrocardiogram and pulse. Meperidine is a synthetic opioid that has been used to treat postanesthetic shivering, but there are concerns about its side effects in pregnant women. Dexmedetomidine at a dose of 30 μg has been found to control shivering after CD, but with some unpleasant side effects like dry mouth. This study aimed to determine whether anesthetic shivering after CD would be reduced using a 10 μg dose of dexmedetomidine administered immediately after delivery.
Efficacy Versus Efficiency Using High Flow Nasal Oxygen in Peri-intubation Oxygenation of Gravid Women
Authors: Murphy N.E. , Coursin D.B. , Pryde P. 
Published: November 2021

(Int J Obstet Anesth. 2021;45:17–20)
To prevent apnea and hypoxemia in pregnant women undergoing rapid sequence induction of general anesthesia, preoxygenation to an end-tidal oxygen fraction (FET.O2) of ≥90% is recommended. Preoxygenation is typically carried out using a tight-fitting facemask with 100% inspired oxygen fraction (FiO2) at a flow rate of 10 L/min, with 3 to 5 minutes of tidal breathing. As obstetrical intubation often requires prompt induction, alternative preoxygenation methods are being explored.
The Effect of Cricoid Pressure on Tracheal Intubation in Adult Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hung K.-C. , Hung C.-T. , Poon Y.-Y. , Wu S.-C. , Chen K.-H. , Chen J.-Y. , Chang Y.-J. , Chen I.-W. , Sun C.-K. , Chiang M.-H. 
Published: November 2021

(Can J Anesth/J Can Anesth. 2021;68:137–147)
Cricoid pressure (CP) is used during induction of anesthesia to minimize the risk of pulmonary aspiration in high-risk patients. CP compresses the cricoid cartilage and occludes the esophagus, and prevents gastric insufflation during mask ventilation. There is not clear agreement on the effectiveness or risks of CP. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the association between CP and intubation outcomes.
Postoperative Analgesic Effectiveness of Quadratus Lumborum Block for Cesarean Delivery Under Spinal Anesthesia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hussain N. , Brull R. , Weaver T. , Zhou M. , Essandoh M. , Abdallah F.W. 
Published: November 2021

(Anesthesiology. 2021;134:72–87)
The quadratus lumborum (QL) block has been reported to improve postoperative pain relief after cesarean delivery with spinal anesthesia when used with or without intrathecal morphine (ITM). Studies investigating the use of this block for postoperative cesarean pain have varied in design. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to determine the effectiveness of QL block as postoperative analgesic, with or without ITM, following elective cesarean delivery.
Role of type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in type-2 asthma
Authors: Verma Mukesh , Verma Divya , Alam Rafeul 
Published: November 2021

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to provide a synthesis of recent discoveries about type-2 innate lymphoid cells, especially, as they relate to the pathogenesis of asthma.

Recent findings
We focused on features and characteristics of type-2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) that distinguish them from other type-2 cells, especially Th2 cells. We collected and reviewed data related to human asthma and airway ILC2s. We examined the concept of ILC2 memory and trained immunity. We also analyzed steroid resistance of ILC2s, which is relevant for steroid-resistant asthma.

Summary
The implications of the findings include an understanding of ILC2 inflammation, and pathways and molecules that can be targeted by biologics and other therapeutic agents for management severe and steroid-resistant asthma