bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Principles and Practice of Medical Jurisprudence
Authors: Taylor Alfred Swaine 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
If any one will take the trouble to compare this work with those that have preceded it, he will at once perceive to how large an extent the study of medical jurisprudence is indebted to inquiries conducted by the aid of the microscope. It was an early hope of those who had investigated the tissues of the animal body with the microscope, that one day its results would influence decisions in our courts of law, and that its power to detect the nature of blood-produced stains might take from the murderer his too frequent excuse, that the spots of blood on his garments were those of some of the lower animals. These hopes have been more than realised by the application of the microscope to almost every department of medico-legal inquiry. In the great work which has been produced by Dr. Taylor, and which may be justly regarded as the most important and reliable in the British language, he has everywhere indicated where the inquiries of the medical jurist may be aided by the use of the microscope. It would be impossible for us here to go through the details of this great work on medical jurisprudence, to show where the microscope is needed ; but we will endeavour to pass in review some of the points where medicolegal inquiries may be justly regarded as imperfect without the aid of this instrument.
On the Development of the Enamel in the Teeth of Mammals, as illustrated by the various Stages of Growth demonstrable in the Evolution of the Fourth Molar of a young Elephant (Ei.Ephas Indicus), and of the Incisor Teeth in the Fœtal Calf (Bos Taurus)
Authors: Rolleston George 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A Naked-Eye examination of a spirit preparation of a developing molar tooth of an elephant, such as is represented in Pl. VI, appears to be sufficient to show that in development the dentine takes precedence of the enamel in the tooth. In such a tooth a certain number of the more anteriorly placed denticles may be seen to be formed of caps of dentine, of a yellowish colour, encrusted, for various distances from their apices downwards, with opaque white deposits of enamel. Posteriorly to the denticles of this composite character, we see a few denticles consisting of dentine alone, upon which no deposition of enamel has as yet taken place; and, most posteriorly of all, we see processes of the dentinal pulp, which, as yet, are devoid of any covering of dentine.
On the Structure of Tendon
Authors: Bruce J. Mitchell 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The doctrine of the structure of tendon has entered upon a perfectly new phase since the publication of Ranvier’s celebrated paper on the subject.1 In this paper Ranvier describes the tendon of the tail of the rat as consisting of bundles of fibrillar connective tissue, between which regular hollow cylinders are imbedded. These cylinders are built up of quadrilateral nucleated cell-plates, each of which forms an element of the cylinder by being rolled up until its two opposite meet; or, conversely, each element of the cylinder, when opened out, represents a quadrilateral cell-plate. This conception on the part of Ranvier of the arrangement of the cells in tendon is, therefore, completely different from those of former histologists, the majority of whom held that the cellular elements found lying between the bundles of tendon represent spindle-shaped nucleated cells; his description was accordingly very variously received.
On the Present Condition of English Object-Glasses as regards Defining Power
Authors: Royston-Pigott G. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The very considerable improvement that has taken place in the construction and performance of the best English glasses during the last two or three years leaves in the minds of many persons a conviction that nothing further need be done in this direction. Even three years ago Mr. Wenham pronounced them perfectly corrected; but the great advance made since that time has in some measure modified this opinion. Mr. Wenham’s opinion was thus expressed, ‘Monthly Micro. Journal,’ p. 302, 1870, in reply to the researches of the writer, on the residuary aberration of the microscope:—
The Micrographic Dictionary
Authors: Griffith J. W , Berkeley M. J. , Jones T. Rupert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We have received from the publishers several parts of the new edition of this dictionary, but have deferred noticing them critically until a sufficient number had appeared to enable us to judge fairly of its character and merits. Having now examined what must be considered a fair example of the work, we feel constrained to say that the new edition is by no means what might be expected of the editors, the publishers, or the great reputation which the dictionary at one time enjoyed; and that in certain important departments very little lias been done towards bringing it up to the standard of the present day. It is true that the branches of microzoology and botany, for which Mr. Rupert Jones and Mr. Berkeley are reponsible bear evident traces of the care with which these gentlemen have applied their remarkable knowledge in the improvement of the dictionary. Of these branches we. do not now speak ; but of histology on the other hand we must say that this subject appears to have been treated with conspicuous neglect. We have, in fact, virtually the histology of 1856, several very important articles remaining almost textually the same as in the first edition completed in that year ;—as if science had stood still in the interval.
On the Heart of Appendicularia Furcata and the Development of its Muscular Fibres
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Appendicularia (Fritillaria) furcata of Gegenbaur occurs not uncommonly in the spring on the surface of the Bay of Naples. The drawings and observations which I made two years since relating to this species have,, to a large extent, Been anticipated by the very valuable work of M. Hermann Fol, who has described and figured in a lavish manner several species of the genus. There are some points, as to the mode of communication between the exterior and the branchial region of the pharynx, in which I do not find my notes quite confirmed by M. Fol’s observations, and I hope to look further into that subject during the present spring. But at this moment I may draw attention to a structure in Appendicularia which has not hitherto been noticed by any one who has observed these interesting forms, excepting in a note by myself in the ‘Annals of Nat. History,’ 1873. The matter to which I now allude is one of histological interest bearing more or less directly upon the nature of transversely-striped muscular fibre. It also has a wider embryological interest, for I shall point out that an organ so important— usually so complex—as the heart—is in Appendiculariaformed by only two nucleated cells, and actively functions whilst consisting of no more than two ultimate units, corpuscles, or plastids. The figures 6, 7, 8, in Pl. XII, represent the heart of A. furcata, drawn whilst under observation with a Härtnack’s 10, à immersion, the movement having been caused to cease and the structure rendered clearer by the action of a solution of Picric Acid allowed to flow under the covering glass which held the specimens.
A Preliminary Account of the Development of the Elasmobranch Fishes.
Authors: Balfour F. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During the spring of the present year I was studying at the Zoological Station, founded by Dr. Dohrn at Naples, and entirely through its agency was supplied with several hundred eggs of various species of Dog-fish (Selachii)—a far larger number than any naturalist has previously had an opportunity of studying. The majority of the eggs belonged to an oviparous species of Mustelus, but in addition to these I had a considerable number of eggs of two or three species of Scyllium, and some of the Torpedo. Moreover, since my return to England, Professor Huxley has most liberally given me several embryos of Scyllium stellare in a more advanced condition than I ever had at Naples, which have enabled me to fill up some lacunæ in my observations.
On Chlamydomyxa Labyrinthuloides, nov. gen. et sp., a New Freshwater Sarcodic Organism
Authors: Archer WM. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Some short time after the appearance of Cienkowski’s memoir on a new type of Sarcodic organisms met with by him in the sea (at Odessa), which he named Labyrinthuleæ, I was not a little surprised and interested on meeting with a form from the freshwater so wonderfully resembling those described by him, as, notwithstanding one circumstance, hereafter to be adverted to, even still to render it a matter of considerable question whether it may not truly belong to that group, even though it should not be congeneric with the typical Labyrinthula (Cienkowski).1
On some New Points in the Structure of Amphioxus, and their Bearing on the Morphology of Vertebrata
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
With the assistance of my pupil, Mr. Fanning, of Exeter College, I have recently (December to March) prepared a large number of specimens of Amphioxus by means of transverse, oblique, horizontal, and vertical sections. The specimens were collected by me at Naples in 1871 and some 1874, were preserved in absolute alcohol simply, others had been previously treated with dilute picric acid (according to Kleinenberg’s plan), others had been first of all placed in H. Müller’s fluid. The dissection and slicing of these specimens was carried on in the histological laboratory of Exeter College, but I had also made some examination and drawings of Amphioxus in the living state when at Naples.
On the Structure and Development of the Vertebrate Ovary
Authors: Balfour F. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The present paper records observations on the ovaries of but two types, viz., Mammalia and Elasmobranchii. The main points dealt with are three:—1. The relation of the germinal epithelium to the stroma. 2. The connection between primitive ova in Waldeyer’s sense and the permanent ova. 3. The homologies of the egg membranes.
The Microphytes which have been found in the BLOOD and their RELATION to DISEASE.1
Authors: Lewis Timothy Richards 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Before entering on a minute description of the microscopic organisms found in the blood which are more allied to plants than to animals, it will be advantageous to consider to what special subdivisions of the vegetable kingdom these bodies seem to belong. No small amount of confusion has arisen from want of a clear knowledge of this point, especially on the part of strictly medical writers who have discussed the subject of the connection of disease with vegetable parasites. Nögeli, in his remarkably suggestive work,2 recently published, has placed this matter in a very clear light, and, being an authority of the first rank, especially on the botanical phase of the subject which forms the text of this paper, his statements on this particular point are worthy of exceptional attention. The forms of plantlife which have been recognised as having been more or less closely associated with changes in living animal substances are the lower kinds of fungi. These Nageli separates into three groups: (1) Moulds, characterised by branched, segmented, or unsegmented filaments ; (2) Sprouting fungi, yeast cells of various kinds, consisting of more or less oval corpuscles, which multiply by means of sprouts from their surfaces ; and (3) Cleft-fungi or Schizomycetes—minute spherical or oval bodies, which are multiplied by fission only, and which sometimes remain isolated, at others form unbranched rows (rods, threads, fee.), but only occasionally present a cubiform aspect. To this group the bacterium, vibrio, vibrio-bacillus, spirillum, fee., belong.
Observations on the Fly affecting the Mangold Wurzel Crops, in the year 1861.
Authors: Houghton W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The mangold wurzel crops have, as is too well known amongst farmers in some parts of this country, suffered considerably from the attacks of the larvæ of some insect during the last year. In the report of the meeting of the Entomological Society, July 1, 1861, Professor Westwood observed “that although mangold wurzel has been usually considered almost free from the attack of insects, yet the crops this season in many distant countries, Devon, York, Hereford, Oxon, &c., were attacked by the larvæ of a dipterous insect, Fam. Muscidæ, and probably allied to Tephritis, which mine into the leaves, forming large blotches, which soon shrivel up and do much damage to the plants.” In the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, vol. vii, p. 399 (1847), Mr. Curtis has published some ‘Observations on the Nat. Hist, and Economy of a Weevil affecting Pea-crops, and various insects which injure or destroy the Mangold Wurzel and Beet,’ and at p. 411, he has described the male of a species of Aiithoinyia, which he appropriately calls Amthomyia bclæ. Mr. Curtis states that his acquaintance with this fly was made from a communication sent him by a gentleman of Crawford, and that he was indebted to him for the history of its economy. “The maggots were brought to me from Surrey, on the 26th of June, found feedingbetween the skins of the leaves, the integuments of which they cut rapidly, giving the plants attacked a blistered appearance. They were of a greenish colour, a quarter of an inch long, pointed at the head, and rather abruptly cut off at the tail, they turned to pupæ in situ, as you may see by the fragments of the leaves, and hatched July 17th and 20th;” it may be added that the plant whence the insects were obtained had been destroyed by their attacks, and that the sugar-beet had also suffered from the same cause.
On the Classification of Cryptogams
Authors: Bennett Alfred W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The classification of Cryptogams proposed in the fourth edition of Sachs’s ‘Lehrbuch der Botanik’—differing in some important points from that in the third edition, from which the English translation has been made—is an undoubted index of a considerable advance in our knowledge of the relationships of the lower forms of flowerless plants. That it will in some points be modified as our knowledge further advances, its author would be the last to dispute ; there are some other points to which I wish to call attention in the present paper, in which that distinguished botanist does not appear to me to have been so successful in pointing out natural affinities.
On the Lymphatic System of the Skin and Mucous Membranes
Authors: Klein E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In No. III (New Series) of the Reports of the Medical Officer of the Privy Council and Local Government Board, I have given an extensive summary of an anatomical investigation of the lymphatic system of the serous membranes and the lung, carried on during 1871 and 1872, with special reference to the process of chronic infective inflammation and tuberculosis.
On the Further Development of Welwitschia Mirabilis
Authors: Bower F. O. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Since the publication of my paper “On the Germination and Histology of the Seedling of Welwitschia miralilis “(‘Quart. Journ. Mier. Sei.,’ Jan. 1881), I have been put in a position to study the structure of older plants, some specimens of these having been supplied to me from the Kew collections, others being kindly presented by Chev. D. J. de Nauet Monteiro. It is the object of the present paper to describe the structure of these older plants, and to show how it corresponds with that of the young seedling as already described.
Note on Open Communication between the Cells in the Pulvinus of Mimosa pudica
Authors: Gardiner Walter 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
An anatomical investigation of the organs of motion in certain plants which I have undertaken at the suggestion of Professor Sachs has already led to some results which appear of sufficient interest for publication. A point of primary importance was to endeavour to ascertain whether any means of communication exists between the protoplasm of neighbouring cells. My attention has as yet been chiefly occupied with a study of the pulvini of Mimosa, Robinia, Ainicia, and Phaseolus.
On a Crustacean Larva at one time supposed to be the Larva of Limulus
Authors: Willemoes-Suhm R. von 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
(Published by permission of the Lords Commissioners of the Treasury.)
[The manuscript and figures of Dr. v. Willemoes-Suhm relative to a Crustacean larva, which he at one time was led to regard as the larval form of Limulus molluccanus, have been placed in my hands for publication. I am informed by Professor Moseley that before his death Suhm was definitely of opinion that the larva in question belonged to a Cirrhipede. In the mean time a reference to its supposed connection with Limulus had been published in Suhm’s ‘Challenger Briefe,’ In consequence of this, as well as in view of the intrinsic interest of the form, I think it well to publish Suhm’s drawings and description in full. In the description I have in brackets made such additions as are consistent with Suhm’s later interpretation of the larvæ.—E. Ray Lankester.]
On Haplobranchus, a New Genus of Capitobranchiate Annelids
Authors: Bourne Alfred Gibbs 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This very interesting worm was kindly placed in my hands for description by Professor Lankester, who received it last November in quantity from Mr. Thomas Bolton, F.R.M.S., of Birmingham, accompanied by a sketch of the animal in its tube, which I have reproduced in a modified form in fig. 1. Respecting its habitat, I may quote the words of Mr. W. H. Shrubsoil, who writes as follows:—
Observations on the Genus Pythium (Pringsh.)
Authors: Ward H. Marshall 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Among the numerous species and genera of fungi which have become known to science of late, there are perhaps none more important from a biological point of view —unless Bacteria be excepted—than the minute, and for a long time ill-understood organisms comprising the genus Pythium, founded by Pringsheim in 1858 as a group subordinate to the Saprolegniæ. During some recent investigations which I have lately made for the purpose of obtaining a clearer insight into certain obscure processes in the vegetable cell, I had the good fortune to obtain material which afforded an opportunity for a study of these plant-devouring fungi, under exceptionally favorable circumstances. It appears worth while, therefore, to describe these observations, not only because they embrace important facts of general biological interest, but also because the organisms concerned have been apparently almost ignored in England.1 Whether they are to be regarded as morphologically of such importance as they are believed to be may remain an open question until they have been further examined.
A Contribution to the Knowledge of Rhabdopleura
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Rhabdopleura was discovered by the Rev. Alfred Merle Norman, in deep water (90 fathoms) off the Shetlands, in 1868. The original specimens were described by Professor Allman in this Journal, vol. ix, 1869, p. 57, and many of the remarkable characters of the new genus which he founded for the reception of this form were fully recognised and discussed by him. Subsequently Prof. G. O. Sars published (Christiania, 1872) an account of Rhabdopleura, based upon specimens obtained at a depth of 200 fathoms off the Lofoten Islands, and studied by him in the living state. Sars’s memoir was reproduced in this Journal in 1874 (vol. xiv, p. 23). The specimens studied by Sars were regarded by him as belonging to a different species from that described by Allman, for which he proposed the name Rhabdopleura mirabilis, Allman having named his species Rh. Normani after the eminent naturalist, who detected it in the contents of his dredge, and sent it to Allman for study, I spent part of the summer (end of July to beginning of September) of 1882 at Lervik, on the Island of Stordoe, at the mouth of the Hardanger Fjord, near Bergen in Norway, in order, among other things, to obtain living specimens of Rhabdopleura, in the hope of clearing up certain doubtful points in its anatomy, and, if fortune favoured me, of obtaining material for the study of its development from the egg. In 1879, Dr. Norman had for a second time encountered Rhabdopleura, having dredged it at this spot (Lervik) in water of 150 fathoms’ depth, growing upon the dead parts of the corallum of the beautiful Lopbohelia proliféra, which is so abundant on this coast. Dr. Norman very kindly gave me minute instructions as to the exact spot at which he had made this second find of Rhabdopleura, and within a few days of establishing myself at Lervik I was successful in obtaining some specimens.1 A little later, Dr. Norman himself joined me at Lervik and gave me the immense advantage of his help in dredging operations. We very soon obtained Rhabdopleura from a depth of 40 fathoms only, and growing not upon a hard corallum, but upon a much more favorable substance for the purposes of study, namely, on the test of Ascidia méntula. At the same spot, at the very mouth of the harbour of Lervik, south of the lighthouse island, we obtained a specimen (the fourth on record) of the Bonellia-like Gephyræan Hamingia arctica, which was remarkable not only for its occurrence south of the Arctic Circle and in comparatively shallow water, but for retaining its præoral appendage in full perfection (see ‘Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist.,’ Jan., 1883).
Blastopore, Mesoderm and Metameric Segmentation
Authors: Caldwell W. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A year ago my observations on the development of certain, forms of invertebrate animals suggested an explanation of the behaviour of the blastopore, and led me to consider the various speculations concerning the middle germinal layer put forward in recent years. The theory which I thus deduced embraces the question of metameric segmentation. On my voyage to Australia I wrote the present paper. Meanwhile my friend Mr. Sedgwick, to whom I had written some of my conclusions, was preparing a contribution to the same subject. Since then Mr. Sedgwick’s paper1 has appeared, and I find not only that my conclusions as to the meaning of segmentation are fundamentally different, but also that he leaves the larger question of mesoderm untouched. The origin of mesoderm in Phoronis was the startingpoint of my inquiry. I shall first describe the facts in this animal, and I would point out that my discoveries are due entirely to the facilities for investigating minute embryos afforded by my method of obtaining automatic series of sections. I failed to observe the details which are contained in the present paper in my original sections from which a preliminary account (‘ Proc. Roy. Soc.’ 1882) was composed.
The Early Development of Julus Terrestris1
Authors: Heathcote F. G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
My investigations, the results of which are contained in the following paper, were begun in June, 1882. I collected a number of Chilognatha and kept them in glass jars, the bottoms of which were covered with damp earth. I soon found that Julus terrestris2 was the species best suited for my purpose, as though the eggs presented some difficulties not present in the eggs of other species, yet they were of a convenient size and were easily to be procured in great numbers.