bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trans-2-hexenal downregulates several pathogenicity genes of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative agent of white-nose syndrome in bats
Authors: Korn Victoria L , Pennerman Kayla K , Padhi Sally , Bennett Joan W 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
White-nose syndrome is an emergent wildlife disease that has killed millions of North American bats. It is caused by Pseudogymnoascus destructans, a cold-loving, invasive fungal pathogen that grows on bat tissues and disrupts normal hibernation patterns. Previous work identified trans-2-hexenal as a fungistatic volatile compound that potentially could be used as a fumigant against P. destructans in bat hibernacula. To determine the physiological responses of the fungus to trans-2-hexenal exposure, we characterized the P. destructans transcriptome in the presence and absence of trans-2-hexenal. Specifically, we analyzed the effects of sublethal concentrations (5 μmol/L, 10 μmol/L, and 20 μmol/L) of gas-phase trans-2-hexenal of the fungus grown in liquid culture. Among the three treatments, a total of 407 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 74 were commonly affected across all three treatments, with 44 upregulated and 30 downregulated. Downregulated DEGs included several probable virulence genes including those coding for a high-affinity iron permease, a superoxide dismutase, and two protein-degrading enzymes. There was an accompanying upregulation of an ion homeostasis gene, as well as several genes involved in transcription, translation, and other essential cellular processes. These data provide insights into the mechanisms of action of trans-2-hexenal as an anti-fungal fumigant that is active at cold temperatures and will guide future studies on the molecular mechanisms by which six carbon volatiles inhibit growth of P. destructans and other pathogenic fungi.
The hiss produced by the opening of a drink can cannot be registered as EUTM
Authors: Martin Stefan , Boyd Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
T-668/19, Ardagh Metal Beverage Holdings GmbH & Co KG v EUIPO, EU:T:2021:420 (not available in English), 7 July 2021
The General Court clarifies its approach to sound marks and Article 7(1)(b) of the EU Trade Mark Regulation 2017/1001 (EUTMR).
Distinguishing Homogeneity From Vagueness
Authors: Feinmann Diego 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The question of whether the gappiness associated with vague sentences is of the same kind as the gappiness associated with homogenous sentences has been raised but not settled. In this article, I set out to fill this gap. To begin with, I examine the arguments that have been given for and against assimilating homogeneity to the phenomenon of vagueness (and contend that none of these arguments, neither the positive nor the negative ones, are conclusive). Next, I present three linguistic tests in which homogeneous and vague sentences come apart very clearly, namely, the disagreement test (§ 3.1), the epistemic test (§ 3.2), and the ‘I’m not sure’ test (§ 3.3). On the basis of these results, I conclude that homogeneity is best understood as a phenomenon of its own and not as a manifestation of vagueness.
Effectiveness of pictograms in patients or caregivers in healthcare settings: a systematic review
Authors: Menon Divya Devkumar , Joy Jisu Mariam , Paul Abin , Reddy Suravarapu Anitha , Raj Elstin Anbu , Krishnan Jisha B , Vilakkathala Rajesh 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Pictorial representation has shown to be potential in enhancing patient knowledge. This study aimed to identify the usefulness of pictograms improving the knowledge of the patients or their caregivers.

Key findings
The electronic databases such as PubMed, CINAHL, Embase and Scopus were searchedfor relevant studies. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. The study was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Pictograms were used alone or in combination with the text-based/written or verbal/ oral instructions of medication used in study intervention. All the included studies showed similar outcomes that had a positive impact on improving patient adherence and helped in decreasing the dosing error. Factors such as age, gender, literacy level had a negative impact on adherence. Pictograms had a positive impact on the adherence in patients with low health literacy levels than the written/oral interventions.

Summary
The current review provided insights on the effectiveness of pictograms in patients or their caregivers of various age groups in healthcare settings. Future studies should be aimed to identify the knowledge gaps and barriers impacting the effectiveness of pictograms in various settings.
Endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in a patient with previous history of simultaneous orthotopic liver kidney transplantation
Authors: Salimi Javad , Jafarian Ali , Behzadi Mohamad , Nejat Afsaneh , Fakhar Nasir 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Management of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) tends to be an issue in patients with a previous history of abdominal transplantation surgeries. Open surgery poses the risk of ischemia to the grafted tissue. Additionally, these patients have comorbidities that make them unable to endure such procedures. As a result, endovascular repair is becoming the accepted procedure in the transplanted population. Herein, we describe a patient with a previous history of simultaneous orthotopic liver-kidney transplantation who successfully underwent EVAR for AAA correction.
Giant primary scrotal lipoma in a low-resource setting: challenges with diagnosis and review of literature
Authors: Seidu Anwar Sadat , Yorke Joseph , Akpaloo Joseph , Danso Patrick , Sukenibe Seidu Suhewie , Fiifi-Yankson Papa Kwesi , Adae-Aboagye Kwadwo , Amoah George , Yamoah Francis Akwaw , Afful-Yorke Denis , Agyeman-Gyebi Samuel Nana Prempeh , Brenu Samuel Gyasi , Adjei Ernest 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLipoma is the commonest benign mesenchymal tumor composed of matured adipocytes. A literature search revealed few reported cases of giant scrotal lipoma. This article aims to report a giant scrotal lipoma weighing 1100 g and illustrate our challenges with the diagnostic process in a low-resource setting. A 28-year-old male presented with a huge right scrotal mass. Examination revealed the mass had no cough impulse. It was firm, non-tender and lobulated, with definite edges. Scrotal sonography was suspicious of lipoma. Intraoperatively, there was an encapsulated scrotal wall mass and an incidental inguinoscrotal hernia, content being the omentum. The scrotal mass was excised, hernia sac was ligated, and excised and the posterior wall was repaired. Histology confirmed the scrotal mass as a lipoma. Primary scrotal lipomas are rare but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unusual scrotal masses. Ultrasonography is a useful diagnostic tool in resource-limited settings.
Vegetarian Evolution in Nineteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Kim Haejoo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Victorian vegetarians envisioned the evolutionary progress of the human race from a cannibal past towards a vegetarian future, moralizing evolutionary science to vindicate their cause. This essay explores this rhetoric of vegetarian evolution and how it conjoined vegetarian identity with British identity by reinventing vegetarianism as a practice of individual liberty. The main archives I examine are the Dietetic Reformer and Vegetarian Messenger (1860–1887), a major vegetarian journal from the period, and Edward Bulwer-Lytton’s The Coming Race (1871), a work of speculative fiction that represents vegetarian utopianism from an evolutionary angle. My reading of the Dietetic Reformer reveals that Victorian vegetarians imagined themselves to be at the vanguard of human evolution, with their conscious, mindful, and individual practices of vegetarianism operating as a progressive departure from what they perceived as the communal and anti-modern vegetarianism of the non-Western world. By doing so, they reshaped human evolution not only into a teleological progress, but also into a humanized process, on which individual subjects had a direct bearing through their control over daily food consumption. The rhetoric of vegetarian evolution thus addressed a deeper cultural anxiety about individual agency in the Victorian period, provoked by the Darwinian turn. This vegetarian resolution, however, as my reading of The Coming Race uncovers, contained incongruities within its rhetoric. Bulwer-Lytton’s literary representation of an evolved vegetarian species as a homogeneous heap rather than a society of self-governing individuals discloses the inherent difficulty in reconciling individual moral agency with the framework of evolutionary vegetarianism.
The importance of thermal torques on the migration of planets growing by pebble accretion
Authors: Guilera Octavio M , Miller Bertolami Marcelo M , Masset Frederic , Cuadra Jorge , Venturini Julia , Ronco María P 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
A key process in planet formation is the exchange of angular momentum between a growing planet and the protoplanetary disc, which makes the planet migrate through the disc. Several works show that in general low-mass and intermediate-mass planets migrate towards the central star, unless corotation torques become dominant. Recently, a new kind of torque, called the thermal torque, was proposed as a new source that can generate outward migration of low-mass planets. While the Lindblad and corotation torques depend mostly on the properties of the protoplanetary disc and on the planet mass, the thermal torque depends also on the luminosity of the planet, arising mainly from the accretion of solids. Thus, the accretion of solids plays an important role not only in the formation of the planet but also in its migration process. In a previous work, we evaluated the thermal torque effects on planetary growth and migration mainly in the planetesimal accretion paradigm. In this new work, we study the role of the thermal torque within the pebble accretion paradigm. Computations are carried out consistently in the framework of a global model of planet formation that includes disc evolution, dust growth and evolution, and pebble formation. We also incorporate updated prescriptions of the thermal torque derived from high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations. Our simulations show that the thermal torque generates extended regions of outward migration in low-viscosity discs. This has a significant impact in the formation of the planets.
The first spectroscopically confirmed brown dwarfs in NGC 2264
Authors: Pearson Samuel , Scholz Aleks , Teixeira Paula S , Mužić Koraljka , Almendros-Abad Víctor 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
We present spectroscopic follow-up observations of 68 red, faint candidates from our multi-epoch, multiwavelength, previously published survey of NGC 2264. Using near-infrared spectra from VLT/KMOS, we measure spectral types and extinction for 32 young low-mass sources. We confirm 13 as brown dwarfs in NGC 2264, with spectral types between M6 and M8, corresponding to masses between 0.02 and 0.08 M⊙. These are the first spectroscopically confirmed brown dwarfs in this benchmark cluster. 19 more objects are found to be young M-type stars of NGC 2264 with masses of 0.08–0.3 M⊙. 7 of the confirmed brown dwarfs as well as 15 of the M-stars have IR excess caused by a disc. Comparing with isochrones, the typical age of the confirmed brown dwarfs is &lt;0.5–5 Myr. More than half of the newly identified brown dwarfs and very low-mass stars have ages &lt;0.5 Myr, significantly younger than the bulk of the known cluster population. Based on the success rate of our spectroscopic follow-up, we estimate that NGC 2264 hosts 200–600 brown dwarfs in total (in the given mass range). This would correspond to a star-to-brown dwarf ratio between 2.5:1 and 7.5:1. We determine the slope of the substellar mass function as $\alpha = 0.43^{+0.41}_{-0.56}$; these values are consistent with those measured for other young clusters. This points to a uniform substellar mass function across all star-forming environments.
The infrared excess emission from nearby Gaia DR2 M dwarfs
Authors: Sgro Lauren A , Song Inseok 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
We use Gaia DR2 data to search for M dwarfs with infrared (IR) excess, within 100 pc. By cross-matching Gaia with AllWISE and 2MASS catalogues, we select a subset of K/M dwarfs with reliable photometric data in both the optical and near-to-mid IR. Using our SED fitting pipeline, we determine a photospheric model for each star and determine its significance of excess (SOE) inWISE passbands W3 and W4, which is used to classify potential IR excess. Through exhaustive vetting procedures, we present 37 new late-type IR-excess candidates, most of them M dwarfs, along with analyses of 12 previously known IR-excess stars. We group our candidates into two categories based on their SOE and likelihood of contamination. We also perform an isochronal age analysis as well as a moving group membership analysis, and discover six potential moving group members belonging to β Pictoris, Argus, Carina, Columba, and Tucana/Horologium Moving Groups. We conclude with a discussion of the nature of IR excess around late-type stars.
Influence of inhomogeneous stochasticity on the falsifiability of mean-field theories and examples from accretion disc modelling
Authors: Zhou Hongzhe , Blackman Eric G 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTDespite spatial and temporal fluctuations in turbulent astrophysical systems, mean-field theories can be used to describe their secular evolution. However, observations taken over time scales much shorter than dynamical time scales capture a system in a single state of its turbulence ensemble. Comparing with mean-field theory can falsify the latter only if the theory is additionally supplied with a quantified precision. The central limit theorem provides appropriate estimates to the precision only when fluctuations contribute linearly to an observable and with constant coherent scales. Here, we introduce an error propagation formula that relaxes both limitations, allowing for non-linear functional forms of observables and inhomogeneous coherent scales and amplitudes of fluctuations. The method is exemplified in the context of accretion disc theories, where inhomogeneous fluctuations in the surface temperature are propagated to the disc emission spectrum – the latter being a non-linear and non-local function of the former. The derived precision depends non-monotonically on emission frequency. Using the same method, we investigate how binned spectral fluctuations in telescope data change with the spectral resolving power. We discuss the broader implications for falsifiability of a mean-field theory.
Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion From L2 to S1: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Kuzmik Gregory A , Wozny Thomas A , Ammanuel Simon , Eichler Charles M , Mummaneni Praveen V , Chou Dean 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This surgical video demonstrates the technique of an oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) in the lumbar spine from L2 to L5 as well as an oblique approach to the L5-S1 level. It demonstrates the surgical approach, technical nuances of OLIF, and pearls of the surgery. The video discusses the importance of the release of the disc space to allow for height restoration and deformity correction, endplate preparation to enhance arthrodesis, and appropriate implant sizing. The concept of the approach is the minimally invasive blunt dissection through the abdominal wall musculature and mobilization of the retroperitoneal fat. Unlike the transpsoas approach, the surgery is performed anterior to the psoas, avoiding the lumbar plexus.
1
For L5-S1, the approach is still performed in the lateral position but with an oblique approach. A vascular surgeon performs the L5-S1 approach, and the disc space is accessed through the iliac bifurcation.
2
The discectomy and interbody fusion are performed similarly to a standard anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), but in a lateral position and at an oblique angle. The patient consented to this procedure and for filming a video of this case.
Predictors of Treatment Response to Progressive Resistance Training for Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Theis Nicola , Noorkoiv Marika , Lavelle Grace , Ryan Jennifer 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective
The aim of the study was to examine the variability in plantar-flexor muscle strength changes after progressive resistance training for adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) and to identify baseline variables associated with change in muscle strength.

Methods
Thirty-three adolescents with CP were randomized to a 10-week progressive resistance training program as part of a randomized controlled trial (STAR trial). The associations between muscle strength at 10 weeks (n = 30 adolescents) and 22 weeks (n = 28 adolescents) and biomechanical and neuromuscular baseline characteristics, motor function, and fidelity to the program were examined with multivariable linear regression.

Results
Changes in plantar-flexor muscle strength from baseline ranged from −47.7% to 192.3% at 10 weeks and −54.3% to 198.4% at 22 weeks. Muscle activation was the only variable associated with change in strength at 10 weeks and 22 weeks. A model containing peak muscle activity and baseline muscle strength explained 49.1% of the variation in change in muscle strength (R2 = 0.491) at 10 weeks and 49.2% of the variation in change muscle strength at 22 weeks (R2 = 0.492).

Conclusion
Assessing levels of muscle activation may be able to identify responders to a progressive resistance training program for adolescents with CP. These findings are a first step toward developing tools that can inform decision making in the clinical setting.

Impact
Due to the heterogenous nature of CP, it is challenging to assess the efficacy of strength training programs in individuals with CP and to understand the variability in outcomes among participants. This study provides a better understanding of the factors that predict response to an exercise program so that resistance training can be directed to those who will potentially benefit from it.

Lay Summary
There is wide variability in how well young people with CP respond to resistance training. If you are a young person with CP, your physical therapist can measure the amount of gastrocnemius muscle activity you have, so as to get an indication of how well you will respond.
Role of the halo sign in the assessment of giant cell arteritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Sebastian Alwin , Coath Fiona , Innes Sue , Jackson Jo , van der Geest Kornelis S M , Dasgupta Bhaskar 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objectives
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of the halo sign in the assessment of GCA.

Methods
A systematic literature review was performed using MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane central register databases up to August 2020. Studies informing on the sensitivity and specificity of the US halo sign for GCA (index test) were selected. Studies with a minimum of five participants were included. Study articles using clinical criteria, imaging such as PET-CT and/or temporal artery biopsy (TAB) as the reference standards were selected. Meta-analysis was conducted with a bivariate model.

Results
The initial search yielded 4023 studies. Twenty-three studies (patients n = 2711) met the inclusion criteria. Prospective (11 studies) and retrospective (12 studies) studies in academic and non-academic centres were included. Using clinical diagnosis as the standard (18 studies) yielded a pooled sensitivity of 67% (95% CI: 51, 80) and a specificity of 95% (95% CI: 89, 98%). This gave a positive and negative likelihood ratio for the diagnosis of GCA of 14.2 (95% CI: 5.7, 35.5) and 0.375 (95% CI: 0.22, 0.54), respectively. Using TAB as the standard (15 studies) yielded a pooled sensitivity of 63% (95% CI: 50, 75) and a specificity of 90% (95% CI: 81, 95).

Conclusion
The US halo sign is a sensitive and specific approach for GCA assessment and plays a pivotal role in diagnosis of GCA in routine clinical practice.

Registration
PROSPERO 2020 CRD42020202179.
The Cerebellum Links to Positive Symptoms of Psychosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Pinheiro Ana P , Johnson Joseph F , Amorim Maria , Roberto Magda , Schwartze Michael , Kotz Sonja A , Shenton Martha E 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundPositive symptoms of psychosis may be the result of faulty coordination and automatization of motor and higher order cognitive functions, partly due to cerebellar dysfunction. Specifically, auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) have been related to altered processing of sensory feedback to one’s own action. Such alterations highlight the role of dysfunctional cerebellar circuitry in psychosis. However, how exactly the cerebellum contributes to AVH remains unclear.MethodsA systematic search of electronic databases identified a broad range of cerebellar neuroimaging studies in psychotic patients, reporting volume, structural connectivity, or resting-state functional connectivity data. A total of 22 studies were selected for review: 11 focused on the specific effects of AVH and 11 probed the effects of aggregated positive symptom scores. Meta-analysis was used to probe the consistency of cerebellar differences and their relationship with sociodemographic and clinical measures. An exploratory activation likelihood estimation (ALE) analysis tested the regional specificity of cerebellar differences in patients with such symptoms.ResultsCerebellar differences were more consistently associated with AVH than with aggregated positive symptom measures, particularly when considering resting-state functional connectivity data. These differences were not moderated by age, sex, medication, or symptom severity. The ALE meta-analysis revealed a spatial convergence of these differences in lobules V–VI and crus I.ConclusionsCerebellar dysconnectivity might indicate a specific liability for AVH, particularly in sensorimotor (lobules V–VI) and cognitive (crus I) cerebellar zones. These abnormalities may contribute to altered sensory feedback processing and, consequently, affect higher level cognitive functions (eg, cognitive control) in AVH.