bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Chemical and Mineral Compositions on the Parameterization of Immersion Freezing by Volcanic Ash Particles
Authors: Umo N. S. , Ullrich R. , Maters E. C. , Steinke I. , Benker N. , Höhler K. , Wagner R. , Weidler P. G. , Hoshyaripour G. A. , Kiselev A. , Kueppers U. , Kandler K. , Dingwell D. B. , Leisner T. , Möhler O. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractVolcanic ash (VA) from explosive eruptions contributes to aerosol loadings in the atmosphere. Aside from the negative impact of VA on air quality and aviation, these particles can alter the optical and microphysical properties of clouds by triggering ice formation, thereby influencing precipitation and climate. Depending on the volcano and eruption style, VA displays a wide range of different physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties. Here, we present a unique data set on the ice nucleation activity of 15 VA samples obtained from different volcanoes worldwide. The ice nucleation activities of these samples were studied in the Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere (AIDA) cloud simulation chamber as well as with the Ice Nucleation Spectrometer of the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (INSEKT). All VA particles nucleated ice in the immersion freezing mode from 263 to 238K with ice nucleation active site (INAS) densities ranging from ∼105 to 1011 m−2, respectively. The variabilities observed among the VA samples, at any given temperature, range over 3.5 orders of magnitude. The ice‐nucleating abilities of VA samples correlate to varying degrees with their bulk pyroxene and plagioclase contents as a function of temperature. We combined our new data set with existing literature data to develop an improved ice nucleation parameterization for natural VA in the immersion freezing mode. This should be useful for modeling the impact of VA on clouds.
Chemical Evolution of the Exceptional Arctic Stratospheric Winter 2019/2020 Compared to Previous Arctic and Antarctic Winters
Authors: Wohltmann I. , von der Gathen P. , Lehmann R. , Deckelmann H. , Manney G. L. , Davies J. , Tarasick D. , Jepsen N. , Kivi R. , Lyall N. , Rex M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe winter 2019/2020 showed the lowest ozone mixing ratios ever observed in the Arctic winter stratosphere. It was the coldest Arctic stratospheric winter on record and was characterized by an unusually strong and long‐lasting polar vortex. We study the chemical evolution and ozone depletion in the winter 2019/2020 using the global Chemistry and Transport Model ATLAS. We examine whether the chemical processes in 2019/2020 are more characteristic of typical conditions in Antarctic winters or in average Arctic winters. Model runs for the winter 2019/2020 are compared to simulations of the Arctic winters 2004/2005, 2009/2010, and 2010/2011 and of the Antarctic winters 2006 and 2011, to assess differences in chemical evolution in winters with different meteorological conditions. In some respects, the winter 2019/2020 (and also the winter 2010/2011) was a hybrid between Arctic and Antarctic conditions, for example, with respect to the fraction of chlorine deactivation into HCl versus ClONO2, the amount of denitrification, and the importance of the heterogeneous HOCl + HCl reaction for chlorine activation. The pronounced ozone minimum of less than 0.2 ppm at about 450 K potential temperature that was observed in about 20% of the polar vortex area in 2019/2020 was caused by exceptionally long periods in the history of these air masses with low temperatures in sunlight. Based on a simple extrapolation of observed loss rates, only an additional 21–46 h spent below the upper temperature limit for polar stratospheric cloud formation and in sunlight would have been necessary to reduce ozone to near zero values (0.05 ppm) in these parts of the vortex.
A Numerical Study of the Sensitivity of Typhoon Track and Convection Structure to Cloud Microphysics
Authors: Hsu Li‐Huan , Su Shih‐Hao , Kuo Hung‐Chi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTyphoon Saola affected Taiwan from July 30, 2012, to August 03, 2012. It started in a northwestward track, and it was weakening to Category 1 storm and had a sharp cyclonic deflection track when it was about to made landfall in Taiwan on August 02. After the deflection, the typhoon moved northward and then northwestward across northern Taiwan. The cyclonic southward deflection and the northward motion constituted 12 h of looping motion which increase both the typhoon duration time and the rainfall in northeastern Taiwan. This research is to study the looping motion by the Weather Research and Forecasting model for this very weak typhoon. The model is able to reproduce the looping motion similar to that of observation. The model shows a strong asymmetry of precipitation and cross‐mountain downslope wind near the typhoon center while the typhoon track is looping toward the southwest. The potential vorticity (PV) tendency diagnosis confirms that diabatic heating and downslope wind vertical stretching are the major contributors to tropical cyclone southwestward motion, rather than the commonly referred channeling effect. The asymmetric rainfall disappears when the tropical cyclone starts moving northward in its end‐stage of looping. The northward motion is dominated by horizontal advection of PV tendency. The results highlight the influence of convection and downslope wind near steep terrain on the initial southward motion in the looping track. The model sensitivity study indicates that a large part of track uncertainty resides in the interaction of model internal dynamics and model cloud microphysics.
Significant Contribution of Stratospheric Water Vapor to the Poleward Expansion of the Hadley Circulation in Autumn Under Greenhouse Warming
Authors: Xia Yan , Wang Yuwei , Huang Yi , Hu Yongyun , Bian Jianchun , Zhao Chuanfeng , Sun Cheng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWidening of the Hadley circulation and associated poleward shifts of subtropical dry zones have drawn extensive studies in the past decade. It is found that the poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation has strong seasonality and peaks in autumn in both Hemispheres in response to quadrupling CO2. Here we find that the poleward expansion in autumn is closely related to the increase of stratospheric water vapor (SWV). The SWV increase radiatively cools the stratosphere especially in the polar lower stratosphere, which consequently leads to widening of the Hadley cell in autumn. The SWV effect is affirmed in a set of “SWV‐locking” experiments. It is found that the SWV increase leads to a poleward expansion of the Hadley circulation in autumn in both Hemispheres, which contributes about 30% of the total expansion due to quadrupling CO2 in autumn.
Influence of Fault Zone Maturity on Fully Dynamic Earthquake Cycles
Authors: Thakur Prithvi , Huang Yihe 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe study the mechanical response of two‐dimensional vertical strike‐slip fault to coseismic damage evolution and interseismic healing of fault damage zones by simulating fully dynamic earthquake cycles. Our models show that fault zone structure evolution during the seismic cycle can have pronounced effects on mechanical behavior of locked and creeping fault segments. Immature fault damage zone models exhibit small and moderate subsurface earthquakes with irregular recurrence intervals and abundance of slow‐slip events during the interseismic period. In contrast, mature fault damage zone models host pulse‐like earthquake ruptures that can propagate to the surface and extend throughout the seismogenic zone, resulting in large stress drop, characteristic rupture extents, and regular recurrence intervals. Our results suggest that interseismic healing and coseismic damage accumulation in fault zones can explain the observed differences of earthquake behaviors between mature and immature fault zones and indicate a link between regional seismic hazard and fault structural maturity.
Tracing Earth's Volatile Delivery With Tin
Authors: Kubik E. , Siebert J. , Mahan B. , Creech J. , Blanchard I. , Agranier A. , Shcheka S. , Moynier F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEarth's accretion history for volatile elements, and the origin of their depletions with respect to the Sun and primitive meteorites, continue to be debated. Two end‐member scenarios propose either that volatile elements were delivered during the main phases of accretion and differentiation, or that the Earth accreted from materials largely devoid of volatiles with late addition of volatile‐rich materials. Experiments evaluating the effect of metal–silicate equilibrium on elemental and isotopic distribution of volatile and siderophile elements such as Sn can help to distinguish between these scenarios. In this study, we have systematically investigated the relative influence of temperature, pressure, oxygen fugacity, and metal and silicate composition on the metal–silicate partioning behavior of Sn, from 2 to 20 GPa and 1,700 to 2,573 K, indicating that Sn siderophility noticeably decreases with temperature and S content of the metal but increases dramatically with pressure. A resolvable isotopic fractionation factor between metal and silicate suggests that core–mantle equilibrium temperatures (∼3,000 K) could potentially generate a Sn isotopic composition of the mantle lighter than the core by 150–200 ppm/amu. Core formation modeling shows that the volatiles were added during the last 10% of the accretion history. A final core containing 2.5 to 3.5 wt.% S is required. Furthermore, modeling of the BSE isotopic composition argues for a late Sn delivery on Earth with carbonaceous chondrite‐like material as the most likely source of volatiles. Therefore, both elemental and isotopic approaches converge toward an identical volatile accretion scenario, involving a late volatile delivery.
Preliminary Evaluation of Hai‐Nan Lightning Detection Network (HNLDN)
Authors: Yang Qingliu , Wang Jiaquan , Zhou Xiao , Yuan Shangbo , Meng Xiaoyang , Xiao Fang , Jin Hongling , Xue Weiqing , Ma Qiming 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHai‐Nan Lightning Detection Network (HNLDN) is composed of seven sites that accept very low frequency/low frequency (VLF/LF) signals. A total of seven sites are evenly distributed on Hai‐Nan Island. The baseline distance is between 50 and 150 km, which is about five times longer than in typical short‐baseline VLF/LF imaging networks. Each detection station uses zero‐phase digital filtering to avoid the phase deviation caused by filtering. HNLDN uses an improved peak search method to increase the number of detected of lightning waveforms, applies a One‐dimensional convolutional neural network (1D‐CNN) to identify and classify the waveforms, and to the increase the detection efficiency of intracloud lightning. This article analyzes three typical thunderstorm processes. From inside to outside the network, the detection efficiency of HNLDN relative to the advanced direction‐time lightning detection system (ADTD) is 239%, 181%, and 19%, respectively. It can be seen that the detection efficiency is negatively correlated with the distance from the thunderstorm to HNLDN. The average location error of HNLDN inside the network is 190 m.
Whole exome and transcriptome sequencing reveal clonal evolution and exhibit immune-related features in metastatic colorectal tumors
Authors: Li Chunxue , Xu Juan , Wang Xiangfeng , Zhang Chao , Yu Zicheng , Liu Jiucheng , Tai Zaixian , Luo Ziwen , Yi Xin , Zhong Zhaoyang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLiver is the most common site where metastatic lesions of colorectal cancer (CRC) arise. Although researches have shown mutations in driver genes, copy number variations (CNV) and alterations in relevant signaling pathways promoted the tumor evolution and immune escape during colorectal liver metastasis (CLM), the underlying mechanism remains largely elusive. Tumor and matched metastatic tissues were collected from 16 patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer and subjected to whole-exome sequencing (WES) and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) for studying colorectal cancer clonal evolution and immune escape during CLM. Shared somatic mutations between primary and metastatic tissues with a commonly observed subclonal-clonal (S-C) changing pattern indicated a common clonal origin between two lesions. The recurrent mutations with S-C changing pattern included those in KRAS, SYNE1, CACNA1H, PCLO, FBXL2, and DNAH11. The main CNV events underwent clonal-clonal evolution (20q amplification (amp), 17p deletion (del), 18q del and 8p del), subclonal-clonal evolution (8q amp, 13q amp, 8p del) and metastasis-specific evolution (8q amp) during the process of CLM. In addition, we revealed a potential mechanism of tumor cell immune escape by analyzing human leukocytes antigens (HLA) related clonal neoantigens and immune cell components in CLM. Our study proposed a novel liver metastasis-related evolutionary process in colorectal cancer and emphasized the theory of neo-immune escape in colorectal liver metastasis.
Extinction of threatened vertebrates will lead to idiosyncratic changes in functional diversity across the world
Authors: Toussaint Aurele , Brosse Sébastien , Bueno C. Guillermo , Pärtel Meelis , Tamme Riin , Carmona Carlos P. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAlthough species with larger body size and slow pace of life have a higher risk of extinction at a global scale, it is unclear whether this global trend will be consistent across biogeographic realms. Here we measure the functional diversity of terrestrial and freshwater vertebrates in the six terrestrial biogeographic realms and predict their future changes through scenarios mimicking a gradient of extinction risk of threatened species. We show vastly different effects of extinctions on functional diversity between taxonomic groups and realms, ranging from almost no decline to deep functional losses. The Indo-Malay and Palearctic realms are particularly inclined to experience a drastic loss of functional diversity reaching 29 and 31%, respectively. Birds, mammals, and reptiles regionally display a consistent functional diversity loss, while the projected losses of amphibians and freshwater fishes differ across realms. More efficient global conservation policies should consider marked regional losses of functional diversity across the world.
The pesticide chlorpyrifos promotes obesity by inhibiting diet-induced thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue
Authors: Wang Bo , Tsakiridis Evangelia E. , Zhang Shuman , Llanos Andrea , Desjardins Eric M. , Yabut Julian M. , Green Alexander E. , Day Emily A. , Smith Brennan K. , Lally James S. V. , Wu Jianhan , Raphenya Amogelang R. , Srinivasan Krishna A. , McArthur Andrew G. , Kajimura Shingo , Patel Jagdish Suresh , Wade Michael G. , Morrison Katherine M. , Holloway Alison C. , Steinberg Gregory R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObesity results from a caloric imbalance between energy intake, absorption and expenditure. In both rodents and humans, diet-induced thermogenesis contributes to energy expenditure and involves the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT). We hypothesize that environmental toxicants commonly used as food additives or pesticides might reduce BAT thermogenesis through suppression of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and this may contribute to the development of obesity. Using a step-wise screening approach, we discover that the organophosphate insecticide chlorpyrifos suppresses UCP1 and mitochondrial respiration in BAT at concentrations as low as 1 pM. In mice housed at thermoneutrality and fed a high-fat diet, chlorpyrifos impairs BAT mitochondrial function and diet-induced thermogenesis, promoting greater obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and insulin resistance. This is associated with reductions in cAMP; activation of p38MAPK and AMPK; protein kinases critical for maintaining UCP1 and mitophagy, respectively in BAT. These data indicate that the commonly used pesticide chlorpyrifos, suppresses diet-induced thermogenesis and the activation of BAT, suggesting its use may contribute to the obesity epidemic.
Four dimensions characterize attributions from faces using a representative set of English trait words
Authors: Lin Chujun , Keles Umit , Adolphs Ralph 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPeople readily (but often inaccurately) attribute traits to others based on faces. While the details of attributions depend on the language available to describe social traits, psychological theories argue that two or three dimensions (such as valence and dominance) summarize social trait attributions from faces. However, prior work has used only a small number of trait words (12 to 18), limiting conclusions to date. In two large-scale, preregistered studies we ask participants to rate 100 faces (obtained from existing face stimuli sets), using a list of 100 English trait words that we derived using deep neural network analysis of words that have been used by other participants in prior studies to describe faces. In study 1 we find that these attributions are best described by four psychological dimensions, which we interpret as “warmth”, “competence”, “femininity”, and “youth”. In study 2 we partially reproduce these four dimensions using the same stimuli among additional participant raters from multiple regions around the world, in both aggregated and individual-level data. These results provide a comprehensive characterization of trait attributions from faces, although we note our conclusions are limited by the scope of our study (in particular we note only white faces and English trait words were included).
Universal scaling of robustness of ecosystem services to species loss
Authors: Ross Samuel R. P.-J. , Arnoldi Jean-François , Loreau Michel , White Cian D. , Stout Jane C. , Jackson Andrew L. , Donohue Ian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEnsuring reliable supply of services from nature is key to the sustainable development and well-being of human societies. Varied and frequently complex relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem services have, however, frustrated our capacity to quantify and predict the vulnerability of those services to species extinctions. Here, we use a qualitative Boolean modelling framework to identify universal drivers of the robustness of ecosystem service supply to species loss. These drivers comprise simple features of the networks that link species to the functions they perform that, in turn, underpin a service. Together, they define what we call network fragility. Using data from >250 real ecological networks representing services such as pollination and seed-dispersal, we demonstrate that network fragility predicts remarkably well the robustness of empirical ecosystem services. We then show how to quantify contributions of individual species to ecosystem service robustness, enabling quantification of how vulnerability scales from species to services. Our findings provide general insights into the way species, functional traits, and the links between them together determine the vulnerability of ecosystem service supply to biodiversity loss.
A statistics-based reconstruction of high-resolution global terrestrial climate for the last 800,000 years
Authors: Krapp Mario , Beyer Robert M. , Edmundson Stephen L. , Valdes Paul J. , Manica Andrea 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCurated global climate data have been generated from climate model outputs for the last 120,000 years, whereas reconstructions going back even further have been lacking due to the high computational cost of climate simulations. Here, we present a statistically-derived global terrestrial climate dataset for every 1,000 years of the last 800,000 years. It is based on a set of linear regressions between 72 existing HadCM3 climate simulations of the last 120,000 years and external forcings consisting of CO2, orbital parameters, and land type. The estimated climatologies were interpolated to 0.5° resolution and bias-corrected using present-day climate. The data compare well with the original HadCM3 simulations and with long-term proxy records. Our dataset includes monthly temperature, precipitation, cloud cover, and 17 bioclimatic variables. In addition, we derived net primary productivity and global biome distributions using the BIOME4 vegetation model. The data are a relevant source for different research areas, such as archaeology or ecology, to study the long-term effect of glacial-interglacial climate cycles for periods beyond the last 120,000 years.
Predictive value of women’s weight trajectories in determining familial cardiovascular disorders: a family-based longitudinal study
Authors: Naseri Parisa , Amiri Parisa , Zareie Shab-khaneh Amirali , Azizi Fereidoun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractConsidering the dynamic nature of body mass index (BMI) and its importance in determining cardiovascular risks, this study aimed to investigate the life-course trajectory pattern of women’s BMI and its association with cardiovascular risk factors. A total of 1356 couples with 2976 children were recruited and followed up for an average period of 20 years. Latent growth curve modeling was applied to determine women's BMI trajectories; logistic regression was used to investigate the associations between trajectory patterns and cardiovascular risk factors, including hypertension (HTN), dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus (DM), and obesity. Women were classified into three trajectories, including normal, stage 1 obesity, and stage 2 obesity. Compared to women’s in the normal trajectory group, those in obesity trajectories had higher odds ratios for HTN, DM, and dyslipidemia. Men with obese spouses showed a higher rate of HTN 1.54 (95% CI 1.05–2.25) and DM 1.55; (95% CI 1.00–2.44). The odds of men’s obesity were higher in obese spouses (OR 1.70; 95% CI 1.10–2.62). Offspring of stage 2 obese (OR 2.39; 95% CI 1.67–3.44) and stage 1 obese (OR 4.81; 95% CI 3.16–7.34) mothers were more likely to be obese. Our findings emphasized paying more attention to women with excessive weight to promote familial cardiovascular health in the communities.
Clinical outcomes of frozen autograft reconstruction for the treatment of primary bone sarcoma in adolescents and young adults
Authors: Araki Yoshihiro , Yamamoto Norio , Hayashi Katsuhiro , Takeuchi Akihiko , Miwa Shinji , Igarashi Kentaro , Higuchi Takashi , Abe Kensaku , Taniguchi Yuta , Yonezawa Hirotaka , Morinaga Sei , Asano Yohei , Tsuchiya Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAge affects the clinical outcomes of cancer treatment, including those for bone sarcoma. Successful reconstruction using frozen autograft after excision of bone sarcoma has been reported; however, little is known about the clinical outcomes of frozen autograft reconstruction according to age. The purpose was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of the frozen autograft reconstruction focusing on skeletally mature adolescents and young adults (AYAs) that was 15 to 39 years of age. A total of 37 AYA patients with primary bone sarcoma on the appendicular skeleton were enrolled in this study. The mean follow-up period was 89 months. The graft survival (GS), overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), complications and the function were retrospectively evaluated using medical records. The 10-year GS, OS, and RFS rates were 76%, 84%, and 79%, respectively. Bone union was achieved with a rate of 94% within 1 year after surgery, and nonunion (n = 1) and fracture (n = 2) were infrequently observed. Graft removal was performed in 7 cases, and the most common reason for the removal was infection (n = 5). The Musculoskeletal Tumor Society score was excellent in 23 cases of the available 29 cases. Frozen autograft reconstruction for AYAs showed excellent clinical outcomes, although the long-term follow-up is required.