bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accretion environments of active galactic nuclei
Authors: Inoue Hajime 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We study accretion environments of active galactic nuclei when a supermassive black hole wanders in a circumnuclear region and passes through an interstellar medium there. It is expected that Bondi–Hoyle–Lyttleton-type accretion of the interstellar matter takes place and an accretion stream of matter trapped by the black hole gravitational field appears from a tail shock region. Since the trapped matter is likely to have a certain amount of specific angular momentum, the accretion stream eventually forms an accretion ring around the black hole. According to recent studies, the accretion ring consists of a thick envelope and a thin core, and angular momenta are transferred from the inner side facing the black hole to the opposite side in the envelope and the core respectively. As a result, a thick accretion flow and a thick excretion flow extend from the envelope, and a thin accretion disk and a thin excretion disk extend from the core. The thin excretion disk is predicted to terminate at some distance, forming an excretion ring, while the thick excretion flow is considered to become a supersonic wind flowing to infinity. The thick excretion flow from the accretion ring is expected to interact with the accretion stream toward the accretion ring and to be collimated to bipolar cones. These pictures provide a likely guideline to interpreting the overall accretion environments suggested from observations.
The Wisdom of Crowds in FinTech: Evidence from Initial Coin Offerings
Authors: Lee Jongsub , Li Tao , Shin Donghwa 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Certification by analysts on a FinTech platform that harnesses the “wisdom of crowds” is associated with successful initial coin offerings (ICOs). We show that favorable ratings by a group of analysts with diverse backgrounds positively predict fundraising success and long-run token performance. Analysts’ ratings also help detect potential fraud ex ante. We document that analysts have career concerns and are incentivized by the platform to issue informative ratings. Overall, our results suggest that a market-based certification process that relies on a diverse group of individuals is at play in financing blockchain startups. (JEL D82, G11, G24, G32, G34, L26).
Credit Default Swaps around the World
Authors: Bartram Söhnke M , Conrad Jennifer , Lee Jongsub , Subrahmanyam Marti G 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We analyze the impact of the introduction of credit default swaps (CDSs) on real decision-making within the firm. Our structural model predicts that CDS introduction increases debt capacity more when uncertainty about the credit events that trigger CDS payment is lower. Using a sample of more than 56,000 firms across 51 countries, we find that CDSs increase leverage more in legal and market environments where uncertainty about CDS obligations is reduced and when property rights are weaker. Our results highlight the importance of legal uncertainty in the interpretation of the underlying trigger events of global credit derivatives.
Column-Specific Distal Radius Fracture Fixation
Authors: Hoekzema Nathan A. , Brambila Maximino 
Published: August 2021

Summary:
Despite the popularity and success of volar fixed angle plating, variations in distal radius fracture presentation underscore the importance of understanding different surgical treatment options to maximize patient outcomes. The 3-column theory of wrist mechanics provided the foundation for using a column-specific fixation approach. Implant placement within the ulnar column can be challenging because of anatomical constraints. Some have described “safe zones” for implant position to decrease the potential for tendon impingement. A thorough understanding of the surrounding anatomy can allow fixation decisions based on fracture fragment location. Literature reports have shown excellent results when using fragment specific fixation constructs and similar outcomes when comparing these constructs with volar locked plating. Achieving optimal outcomes in surgically treated distal radius fractures requires the surgeon to be competent along a spectrum of surgical approaches and fixation constructs.
Prognostic value of platelet/lymphocyte ratio and CAMI-STEMI score for major adverse cardiac events in patients with acute ST segment elevation myocardial infarction after percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Wang Yaochen , Peng Zhongxing 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the predictive value of the platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and the China Acute Myocardial Infarction registry-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (CAMI-STEMI) score for major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) within 6 months.
We enrolled STEMI patients who received emergency PCI in the First Hospital of Lianyungang from January 2016 to December 2019. The clinical characteristics of the patients, the PLR, and the CAMI-STEMI score were recorded. The MACE included heart failure, nonfatal re-infarction, recurrent angina pain, re-hospitalization for cardiovascular-related illness, repeat PCI, coronary artery bypass grafting, and all-cause mortality. According to the incidence of MACE during the follow-up the patients were divided into the MACE group (96 cases, 24.8%) and the non-MACE group (291 cases, 75.2%).
The PLR, 147.62 (121.13–205.20) in MACE group, was 111.19 (90.23–146.42) in the non-MACE group in comparison, the PLR was higher in MACE group than that in non-MACE group (P < .01). Multivariate regression analysis showed that PLR (odds ratio (OR) = 1.007, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.002–1.012, P < .01) and CAMI-STEMI score (OR = 1.575, 95% CI: 1.311–1.892, P < .01) were independent predictors of MACE. Besides, I-BIL was also an independent predictor of MACE (OR = 1.007, 95% CI: 1.011–1.146, P = .021). Reciever-operating characteristic curve showed that the area under curve of PLR was 0.704 (95%CI 0.644–0.763, P < .001). The cutoff value was 112.6, the sensitivity and specificity were 84.4% and 51.9%, respectively.
PLR and CAMI-STEMI scores were independent risk factors of MACE after PCI in STEMI patients.
Subtype maturation of spiral ganglion neurons
Authors: Sun Shuohao , Siebald Caroline , Müller Ulrich 
Published: August 2021

Purpose of review
We review recent progress in the characterization of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs), the afferent neurons that transmit sound information from mechanosensory hair cells in the inner ear to the central nervous system.

Recent findings
Single-cell ribonucleic acid sequencing studies of murine SGNs have demonstrated that SGNs consist of molecularly distinct subtypes. The molecularly defined SGN subtypes likely correspond to SGN subtypes previously identified on the basis of physiological properties, although this has not been experimentally demonstrated. Subtype maturation is completed postnatally in an activity-dependent manner and is impaired in several models of hearing loss.

Summary
The recent molecular studies open new avenues to rigorously test whether SGN subtypes are important for the encoding of different sound features and if they show differential vulnerability to genetic factors and environmental insults. This could have important implications for the development of therapeutic strategies to treat hearing loss.
The airway microbiome and pediatric asthma
Authors: Shah Rhia , Bunyavanich Supinda 
Published: August 2021

Purpose of review
Asthma is the most common chronic disease of childhood. Investigations of the lower and upper airway microbiomes have significantly progressed over recent years, and their roles in pediatric asthma are becoming increasingly clear.

Recent findings
Early studies identified the existence of upper and lower airway microbiomes, including imbalances in both associated with pediatric asthma. The infant airway microbiome may offer predictive value for the development of asthma in later childhood, and it may also be influenced by external factors such as respiratory viral illness. The airway microbiome has also been associated with the clinical course of asthma, including rates of exacerbation and level of control. Advances in -omics sciences have enabled improved identification of the airway microbiome's relationships with host response and function in children with asthma. Investigations are now moving toward the application of the above findings to explore risk modification and treatment options.

Summary
The airway microbiome provides an intriguing window into pediatric asthma, offering insights into asthma diagnosis, clinical course, and perhaps treatment. Further investigation is needed to solidify these associations and translate research findings into clinical practice.
Longitudinal monitoring of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses
Authors: Rebholz Heike , Braun Ralf J. , Saha Titas , Harzer Oliver , Schneider Miriam , Ladage Dennis 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Lower Austrian Wachau region was an early COVID-19 hotspot of infection. As previously reported, in June 2020, after the first peak of infections, we determined that 8.5% and 9.0% of the participants in Weißenkirchen and surrounding communities in the Wachau region were positive for SARS-CoV-2-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies, respectively. Here, we present novel data obtained eight months later (February 2021) from Weißenkirchen, after the second peak of infection, with 25.0% (138/552) and 23.6% (130/552) of participants that are positive for IgG and IgA, respectively. In participants with previous IgG/IgA positivity (June 2020), we observed a 24% reduction in IgG levels, whereas the IgA levels remained stable in February 2021. This subgroup was further analyzed for SARS-CoV-2-induced T cell activities. Although 76% (34/45) and 76% (34/45) of IgG positive and IgA positive participants, respectively, showed specific T cell activities, those were not significantly correlated with the levels of IgG or IgA. Thus, the analyses of antibodies cannot surrogate the measurement of T cell activities. For a comprehensive view on SARS-CoV-2-triggered immune responses, the measurement of different classes of antibodies should be complemented with the determination of T cell activities.
Cystatin C is glucocorticoid-responsive, directs recruitment of Trem2+ macrophages and predicts failure of cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Kleeman Sam O. , Demestichas Breanna , Mourikis Nicholas , Loiero Dominik , Ferrer Miriam , Bankier Sean , Riazat-Kesh Yosef J.R.A. , Lee Hassal , Chantzichristos Dimitrios , Regan Claire , Preall Jonathan , Sinha Sarthak , Rosin Nicole , Yipp Bryan , de Almeida Luiz G.N. , Biernaskie Jeff , Dufour Antoine , Tober-Lau Pinkus , Ruusalepp Arno , Bjorkegren Johan L. M. , Ralser Markus , Kurth Florian , Demechev Vadim , Heywood Todd , Gao Qing , Johannsson Gudmundur , Koelzer Viktor H. , Walker Brian R. , Meyer Hannah V. , Janowitz Tobias 
Published: August 2021

SummaryCystatin C (CyC) is a secreted cysteine protease inhibitor and its biological functions remain insufficiently characterized. Plasma CyC is elevated in many patients, especially when receiving glucocorticoid (GC) treatment. Endogenous GCs are essential for life and are appropriately upregulated in response to systemic stress. Here we empirically connect GCs with systemic regulation of CyC. We used genome-wide association and structural equation modeling to determine the genetics of the latent trait CyC production in UK Biobank. CyC production and a polygenic score (PGS) capturing germline predisposition to CyC production predicted elevated all-cause and cancer-specific mortality. We then demonstrated that CyC is a direct target of GC receptor, with GC-responsive CyC secretion exhibited by macrophages and cancer cells. Using isogenic CyC-knockout tumors, we discovered a markedly attenuated tumor growthin vivoand found abrogated recruitment of Trem2+ macrophages, which have been previously linked to failure of cancer immunotherapy. Finally, we showed that the CyC-production PGS predicted checkpoint immunotherapy failure in a combined clinical trial cohort of 685 metastatic cancer patients. Taken together, our results demonstrate that CyC may be a direct effector of GC-induced immunosuppression, acting through recruitment of Trem2+ macrophages, and therefore could be a target for combination cancer immunotherapy.
The Rapid Assessment of Aggregated Wastewater Samples for Genomic Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 on a City-Wide Scale
Authors: Rouchka Eric C. , Chariker Julia L. , Saurabh Kumar , Waigel Sabine , Zacharias Wolfgang , Zhang Mei , Talley Daymond , Santisteban Ian , Puccio Madeline , Moyer Sarah , Holm Rochelle H. , Yeager Ray A. , Sokoloski Kevin , Fuqua Joshua , Bhatnagar Aruni , Smith Ted 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThroughout the course of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic there has been a need for approaches that enable rapid monitoring of public health using an unbiased and minimally invasive means. A major way this has been accomplished is through the regular assessment of wastewater samples by qRT-PCR to detect the prevalence of viral nucleic acid with respect to time and location. Further expansion of SARS-CoV-2 wastewater monitoring efforts to include the detection of variants of interest / concern through next-generation sequencing have enhanced the understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. In this report we detail the results of a collaborative effort between public health and metropolitan wastewater management authorities and the University of Louisville to monitor the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic through the monitoring of aggregate wastewater samples over a period of 28 weeks. Our data indicates that wastewater monitoring of water quality treatment centers and smaller neighborhood-scale catchment areas is a viable means by which the prevalence and genetic variation of SARS-CoV-2 within a metropolitan community of approximately one million individuals may be monitored. Importantly, these efforts confirm that regional emergence and spread of variants of interest / concern may be detected as readily in aggregate wastewater samples as compared to the individual wastewater sheds.
The association between immunosuppressants use and COVID-19 adverse outcomes: National COVID-19 cohort in South Korea
Authors: Shin Hyun Joon , Chow Ronald , Noh Hyerim , Lee Jongseong , Lee Jihui , Choi Young-Geun 
Published: August 2021

SummaryPurposeThere is uncertainty of the effect of immunosuppression, including corticosteroids, before COVID-19 infection on COVID-19 outcomes. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between prehospitalization immunosuppressants use (exposure), and COVID-19 patient outcomes.MethodsWe conducted a population-based retrospective cohort study using a nationwide healthcare claims database of South Korea as of May 15, 2020. Confirmed COVID-19 infection in hospitalized individuals aged 40 years or older were included for analysis. We defined exposure variable by using inpatient and outpatient prescription records of immunosuppressants from the database. Our primary outcome was a composite endpoint of all-cause death, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and mechanical ventilation use. Inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW)-adjusted logistic regression analyses were used, to estimate odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals, comparing immunosuppressants users and non-users.ResultsWe identified 4,349 patients, for which 1,356 were immunosuppressants users and 2,903 were non-users. Patients who used immunosuppressants were at increased odds of the primary outcome of all-cause death, ICU admission and mechanical ventilation use (IPTW OR 1.32; 95% CI: 1.06 – 1.63). Patients who used corticosteroids were at increased odds of the primary outcome (IPTW OR 1.33; 95% CI: 1.07 – 1.64).ConclusionWe support the latest guidelines from the CDC, that people on immunosuppressants are at high risk of severe COVID-19 and immunocompromised people may need booster COVID-19 vaccinations.FundingYGC’s work was partially supported by 2020R1G1A1A01006229 awarded by the National Research Foundation of Korea.
Prevalence of cognitive impairment following chemotherapy treatment for breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Whittaker Alexandra L , George Rebecca P , O’Malley Lucy 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBreast cancer survival rates have markedly improved. Consequently, survivorship issues have received increased attention. One common sequela of treatment is chemotherapy- induced cognitive impairment (CICI). CICI causes a range of impairments that can have a significant negative impact on quality of life. Knowledge of the prevalence of this condition is required to inform survivorship plans, and ensure adequate resource allocation and support is available for sufferers.ObjectiveTo estimate the prevalence of cognitive impairment following chemotherapy treatment for breast cancer.MethodsMedline, Scopus, CINAHL and PSYCHInfo were searched for eligible studies which included prevalence data on CICI, as ascertained though the use of self-report, or neuropsychological tests. Methodological quality of included studies was assessed. Findings were synthesised narratively, with meta-analyses being used to calculate pooled prevalence when impairment was assessed by neuropsychological tests.Results and discussionThe review included 52 studies. Time-points considered ranged from the chemotherapy treatment period to greater than 10 years after treatment cessation. Summary prevalence figures (across time-points) using self-report, short cognitive screening tools and neuropsychological test batteries were 44%, 16% and 21-34% respectively (very low GRADE evidence).ConclusionSynthesised findings demonstrate that 1 in 3 breast cancer survivors may have clinically significant cognitive impairment. Prevalence is higher when self-report based on patient experience is considered. This review highlights a number of study design issues that may have contributed to the low certainty rating of the evidence. Future studies should take a more consistent approach to the criteria used to assess impairment. Larger studies are urgently needed.Summary of Findings Table
Determinants shaping the nanoscale architecture of the mouse rod outer segment
Authors: Pöge Matthias , Mahamid Julia , Imanishi Sanae S. , Plitzko Jürgen M. , Palczewski Krzysztof , Baumeister Wolfgang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe unique membrane organization of the rod outer segment (ROS), the specialized sensory cilium of rod photoreceptor cells, provides the foundation for phototransduction, the initial step in vision. ROS architecture is characterized by a stack of identically shaped and tightly packed membrane disks loaded with the visual receptor rhodopsin. A wide range of genetic aberrations compromise ROS ultrastructure, impairing photoreceptor viability and function. Yet, the structural basis giving rise to the remarkable long-range order of ROS membrane stacks and the molecular mechanisms underlying genetically inherited diseases remain elusive. Here, cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) performed on native ROS at molecular resolution provides insights into key structural determinants of ROS membrane architecture.Our data reveal the existence of two molecular connectors/spacers which likely contribute to the nanometer-scale precise stacking of the ROS disks. We further show that the extreme radius of curvature at the disk rims is enforced by a continuous supramolecular assembly composed of peripherin-2 (PRPH2) and rod outer segment membrane protein 1 (ROM1) tetramers. We suggest that, together these molecular assemblies constitute the structural basis of the highly specialized ROS functional architecture. Cryo-ET therefore provides novel quantitative and structural information on the molecular architecture in ROS and insights into possible mechanisms underlying pathologies of certain PRPH2 mutations leading to blindness.
Signatures of adaptive evolution in platyrrhine primate genomes
Authors: Byrne Hazel , Webster Timothy H. , Brosnan Sarah F. , Izar Patrícia , Lynch Jessica W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe family Cebidae (capuchin and squirrel monkeys) form a remarkable platyrrhine clade exhibiting among the largest primate encephalisation quotients. Each cebid lineage is characterised by notable lineage-specific traits, with capuchins showing striking similarities to Hominidae including high sensorimotor intelligence with tool use, advanced cognitive abilities, and behavioural flexibility. Here, we take a comparative genomics approach, analysing five cebid branches including successive lineages, to infer a stepwise timeline for cebid adaptive evolution. We uncover candidate targets of selection across various periods of cebid evolution that may underlie the emergence of lineage-specific traits. Our analyses highlight shifting and sustained selective pressures on genes related to brain development, longevity, reproduction, and morphology, including evidence for cumulative and diversifying neurobiological adaptations over cebid evolutionary history. In addition to generating a new, high-quality reference genome assembly for robust capuchins, our results lend to a better understanding of the adaptive diversification of this distinctive primate clade.
Super-Resolution Electrochemical Impedance Imaging with a 100 × 100 CMOS Sensor Array
Authors: Hu Kangping , Arcadia Christopher E. , Rosenstein Jacob K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a 100 × 100 super-resolution integrated sensor array for microscale electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) imaging. The system is implemented in 180 nm CMOS with 10 μm × 10 μm pixels. Rather than treating each electrode independently, the sensor is designed to measure the mutual capacitance between programmable sets of pixels. Multiple spatially-resolved measurements can then be computationally combined to produce super-resolution impedance images. Experimental measurements of sub-cellular permittivity distributions within single algae cells demonstrate the potential of this new approach.
BH3 Profiling Identifies Selective BCL-2 Dependence of Adult Early T-cell Progenitor (ETP) Subtype of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL) Patients
Authors: Olesinski Elyse A. , Bhatia Karanpreet Singh , Garcia Jacqueline , Jain Nitin , Letai Anthony , Konopleva Marina , Bhatt Shruti 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEarly T-cell precursor (ETP) acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a high-risk subtype of T-ALL and is associated with poor survival outcomes with chemotherapy. We previously showed that maturation stage of thymocytes distinguishes pro-survival dependencies of pediatric ETP-ALL (BCL-2 dependent) from non-ETP-ALL (BCL-XL dependent). Comparable data in adults are lacking. Our present study focuses on characterizing functional dependencies of adult ETP-ALL and T-ALL on BCL-2 family proteins. Using BH3 profiling on primary tumors, we report that similar to pediatric ALL, adult ETP-ALL is primarily dependent on BCL-2; however, unlike pediatric ALL, adult non-ETP-ALL is co-dependent on both BCL-2 and BCL-XL for survival. By measuring direct mitochondrial permeabilization and cell viability assays, we validated that BH3 profiling predicted on-target cytotoxicity of venetoclax in adult ETP-ALL and navitoclax plus venetoclax in adult T-ALL. These findings provide pre-clinical evidence for venetoclax and navitoclax as potentially efficacious combination therapy for adults with T-ALL.Statement of SignificanceAdults with relapsed T-ALL have poor prognosis and represent an unmet need for novel treatments. We report that adult ETP-ALL is dependent on BCL-2 for survival, similar to pediatric ETP-ALL. However, adult non-ETP-ALL is heterogeneously dependent on both BCL-2 and BCL-XL. We characterize key dependencies on BCL-2 family proteins to direct BH3 mimetics therapy in T-ALL patients.