bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Municipal Courts and Environmental Justice in South African Local Government
Authors: Molaiwa Andrew 
Published: July 2021

Environmental injustice is part and parcel of the fundamentals of international and domestic environmental law. In South Africa, section 2(4)(c) of the National Environmental Management Act 107 of 1998 (NEMA) establishes environmental justice (EJ) as part of the environmental management principles to direct decision-making. This is particularly relevant because of the country’s legacy of continuing environmental injustices and inequalities, especially concerning natural-resource dependent services and benefits. The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 further establishes a developmental local government (DLG) of which the objects are to ensure a safe and healthy environment, sustainable delivery of services, promotion of social and economic development as well as public participation in decision-making. These objects are complemented by section 24 environmental right in the Bill of Rights.
Municipal service delivery of water and sanitation, electricity, land matters and municipal health, should supplement, not compromise the state of local communities' environment and access should be equal. The absence of the latter may result in the form of environmental injustice as has been described by authors such as Bullard, McDonald and Schlosberg. In the event of service delivery-related environmental injustices, it is to be expected that communities must have remedial options available. One of which may be accessible to the judicial system.
Therefore, this paper focuses on and explains the role that Municipal Courts specifically may play in fortifying the relationship between municipal service delivery and improved grass-root level environmental justice in South Africa. The underlying question is whether such courts can be agents of (environmental) change where local communities are exposed to environmental harm as a consequence of the failure of municipal services or the environmentally harmful actions of other community members or local industries.
«Игроки» на «аренах»: анализ взаимодействий в городских локальных конфликтах (случай Санкт-Петербурга и Москвы)
Authors: Желнина Анна , Тыканова Елена 
Published: July 2021

В статье предпринят сравнительный анализ полей городской политики в Москве и Санкт-Петербурге. Основной для анализа стала уникальная база данных конфликтов, произошедших в этих городах в 2012–2014 гг., содержащая информацию о взаимодействиях всех участников согласования интересов в ходе реализации спорных градостроительных проектов, а также материалы интервью с экспертами и лидерами протестных инициатив. Опираясь на теорию полей стратегического действия и стратегическую интеракционную перспективу, авторы рассматривают московскую и петербургскую городскую политику как отдельные поля, в которых формируются и развиваются особые конфигурации интерактивных арен, гражданские инфраструктуры и отношения между игроками-участниками политического процесса. Московское поле городской политики характеризуется наличием крупных федеральных градостроительных проектов, большим «весом» городских чиновников в качестве контрагентов протестующих, тогда как Санкт-Петербург обладает сравнительно меньшим городским бюджетом и вынужден привлекать бизнес-инвесторов для будущего развития городских территорий. В совокупности, эти характеристики городов определяют конфигурации возникающих в них конфликтных взаимодействий. Проанализировав динамику взаимодействий игроков-участников градостроительных конфликтов, мы выделили следующие сценарии их развития: «отчаянный горожанин», «экспертный бой», «сильный нападающий», «слабый нападающий», «фрагментация интересов» и «широкий альянс». Данные сценарии предполагают разные форматы выстраивания альянсов игроков (или указывают на отсутствие таких коалиций), различия в выборе «формальных» и / или «ситуативных» арен взаимодействия, разную степень радикальности действий игроков. Сценарии также различаются по вероятности исходов конфликта. Так, стратегии «широкий альянс» и «слабый нападающий» предоставляют больше шансов на удовлетворение требований протестующих против спорного проекта. Выделенные сценарии являются скорее идеальными аналитическими типами, тогда как в эмпирической реальности мы нередко наблюдаем сочетание элементов того или иного сценария в каждом отдельно взятом случае.
Long-period seismographs
Authors: Benioff Hugo 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Descriptions and theories of a number of different seismographs developed particularly for recording of very long-period seismic waves are presented. These include (1) electromagnetic strain seismograph with galvanometer of 8 minutes period and photographic recording; (2) displacement transducer strain seismometer with resistance-capacitance network and short-period galvanometer photographic recorder or with ink-writing recorder; (3) electromagnetic pendulum seismometer with RC network having transfer characteristic of a long-period galvanometer recorder or a heated stylus visible writer; (4) electromagnetic pendulum with period increased tenfold or more using shunt capacitance; and (5) electromagnetic pendulum with condenser-lengthened period and triple RC integrating network recording with either heated stylus visible writer, ink writer, or short-period galvanometer photographic recorder.
On the shear response of a two-dimensional truncated wedge subjected to an arbitrary disturbance
Authors: Ambraseys N. N. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The present work consists of a theoretical investigation of the shear response of a truncated two-dimensional elastic wedge subject to an arbitrary disturbance. Expressions are derived for the deflections and shears which develop in the wedge owing to an imposed time-dependent disturbance. The frequencies of the wedge are derived for the six first modes of oscillation and are given graphically for different degrees of truncation for the one and two-dimensional cases. The solution derived is applicable to earthquake engineering problems, in particular to those dealing with the seismic stability of earth dams and embankments. The concept of strong ground-motion spectra is introduced and its advantages and limitations are discussed briefly.
Note on the variational and homogeneous layer approximations for the computation of Rayleigh-wave dispersion
Authors: Press Frank , Takeuchi Hitoshi 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
An earlier study of upper mantle structure using a variational method is repeated using the homogeneous layer approximation programmed for an electronic digital computer to obtain dispersion curves. The dispersion curves computed by the two methods differ significantly but systematically so as to yield the same conclusion about the presence of the Gutenberg low-velocity zone in the upper mantle.
The use of galvanometers as band-rejection filters in electromagnetic seismographs
Authors: Pomeroy Paul W. , Sutton George H. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The large-amplitude intermediate-period, 4-9 seconds, microseisms are effectively removed from high-magnification long-period seismograms with maximum magnification near 50 seconds period. This has been accomplished by the use of a galvanometer of natural period in the microseism range as a band-rejection filter. Addition of the filter galvanometer greatly increases the usefulness of these instruments for studies of long-period microseisms and for clear detection and resolution of the long-period components of both body and surface waves from small shocks at very great distances. Magnification equations and theoretical magnification curves show that extremely high sensitivities for desired periods and low sensitivities for undesired periods can be obtained by combining one or more filter galvanometers in seismograph systems, varying the damping constants and natural periods of the components, and varying the coupling between the components. Also, by proper choice of instrument parameters, undesired periods can be rejected without appreciable modification of the seismograph magnification for periods outside the rejection band.
On the propagation of the Lg phase
Authors: Herrin Eugene , Richmond Jean 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Empirical determinations of the mean surface velocity of Lg indicate a range from 3.47 to 3.54 km/sec., with one set of velocities off the east coast of Mexico as low as 3.20 km/sec. Computations based on ray theory show that Lg with these velocities may be shear waves guided in the upper crust by an alternation of refractions and surface reflections. The slower velocities would result from shear waves traveling almost entirely in the sedimentary layer. Polarization of Lg is related to the angle at which the guided shear waves are incident at the surface.
Calculations show that Lg would travel in a continental crust covered by a considerable thickness of water, thus supporting the hypothesis that the absence of Lg indicates that an oceanic crust underlies such bodies of water as the Gulf of Mexico.
All computations were run on the Univac 1103 at Southern Methodist University.
The Alaska earthquake of July 10, 1958: Movement on the Fairweather fault and field investigation of southern epicentral region
Authors: Tocher Don 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The Fairweather fault is recognizable as a geologic and geomorphic feature from Palma Bay on the southeast at least as far northwest as Nunatak Fiord east of Yakutat Bay, a distance of 200 kilometers along the surface trace. The earthquake of July 10, 1958, was caused by movement on much or all of that segment of the fault: a 10-foot or larger right-lateral offset occurred at Palma Bay where the surface trace trends southeastward under the ocean, and fresh scarps were formed on the south shore of Nunatak Fiord. A displacement in which the southwest side moved relatively northwest 21 1/2 feet and up 3 1/2 feet was measured at one point on the fault just east of the north end of Crillon Lake. Continuity of breakage between Palma Bay and Nunatak Fiord cannot be demonstrated positively because ice and water conceal the ground surface in the fault zone along about 80 per cent of that distance.
Extensive minor faulting in bedrock east of the center of Crillon Lake was observed on flat areas on both sides of the Fairweather fault. These systems of minor faults were similar in general appearance to those formed on the Nunatak at Nunatak Fiord both in this earthquake and in the Yakutat Bay earthquakes of 1899.
A wide variety of geological effects other than faulting was observed throughout a broad area along the Pacific coast from Cape Spencer to Mount St. Elias. Among these were earth and rock avalanches, snow and ice avalanches, earth slumps, earth lurches, and sandblows from craterlets and fissures.
The Alaska earthquake of July 10, 1958: Seismic studies
Authors: Stauder William 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The instrumental epicenter of the Alaska earthquake of July 10, 1958, has been located on the hanging-wall side of the Fairweather fault near the surface expression of the fault and at the southeast end of the greatly disturbed area.
The fault-plane solution from P waves gives a fault plane which differs by 15° from the strike of the observed surface faulting. The theoretical relative amplitudes computed from the fault-plane solution are interpreted as partly explaining the residuals of P arrivals and inconsistent directions of the first motion of P.
The directions of polarization of the S waves are found to conform to the pattern expected for a single couple as the point-source model of the focal mechanism. A method is suggested for using S waves to check fault-plane solutions from P and to select the fault plane from the two nodal planes of P.
Observations of S at near stations do not correspond to the pattern expected for a couple. Large transverse motion is observed along the azimuth of the fault. In the western United States, at stations along the same azimuth, the SH motion changes progressively to SV with distance. Large SV components at distances of 25° to 27° indicate that the critical angle for SV may be reached at these distances and that even long S waves are refracted by structure within the crust.
Three Kamchatka earthquakes
Authors: Stauder William 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Three earthquakes, two with previously determined fault-plane solutions, are selected in order to study the relation between the S waves and the source mechanism. The S waves are observed at favorable epicentral distances at stations distributed in all quadrants about the epicenter. The earthquakes are of a focal depth of 40 to 60 kilometers and belong to the aftershock sequence of the great earthquake of November 4, 1952. The direction of first motion and the plane of polarization of S are determined by the construction of particle-motion diagrams.
In the case of the two earthquakes for which the fault-plane solutions have been published, no correspondence is found between the observed S wave data and the character of the S motion expected on the basis of the given nodal planes of P, whether the source be considered as a single couple or as a double couple. For the third earthquake it is found that the first motion of P is compressional along all rays leaving the focus downward and that the S waves are strongly SV polarized. No faulting mechanism can explain this distribution of the motion in the initial P and S phases. The motion is explained as corresponding to that generated by a simple force acting almost vertically downward. Graphical and analytical techniques of analysis determine the trend of the force at the source to be N 12° W, with a plunge of 85°. A reconsideration of the other two shocks shows that these, too, are better explained by a simple force source than by a faulting mechanism.
The application of a D.C. amplifier to seismic recording
Authors: Watt P. A. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The paper describes a D.C. chopper stabilized amplifier which is being used to amplify seismic signals from a Willmore S.P. geophone to a level suitable for direct recording on a 0-1 milliamp pen recorder. The over-all magnification of the system is approximately 10,000, while the amplification of the D.C. amplifier is 60 volts per microamp. The frequency response of the amplifier is D.C. to 75 cycles per sec. (3 d.b. down).
Crustal structure of the hawaiian ridge near gardner pinnacles
Authors: Shor George G. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
A series of seismic refraction profiles has been made across a flat bank at Gardner Pinnacles (a pair of volcanic islets on the western Hawaiian Ridge) down the side of the ridge and across the adjacent deep to the floor of the Pacific basin. The ridge is composed principally of material with velocities typical of volcanic islands. The high-velocity oceanic crust, found in the oceanic areas adjacent, extends beneath the ridge and up into the center of the rise. The total crustal section is thickened and the Mohorovičić discontinuity depressed beneath the deep as well as beneath the ridge.
The smooth “archipelagic apron” on the north side of the ridge has at most 20 meters of sediment over a layer with a velocity of 3 km/sec, which could be volcanic and is definitely of higher velocity than normal oceanic sediments.
A note on the amplitude-period relationship of earth noise in the one to eight second range
Authors: Hatherton T. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Maximum values of surface particle displacement due to microseisms recorded at an Antarctic seismological station (Scott Base) are compared with the displacements obtained by Romney at Harvard and Pinewoods. The relation of the displacement to the fourth power of the period obtained by Romney is confirmed by the Antarctic data.
Instrument noise in seismometers
Authors: Byrne C. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Methods are developed to analyze the effects of thermal noise and seismic noise in masking small earth vibrations. The procedure is applied to a simple seismometer, seismometers with electronic and galvanometer amplifiers, and a seismometer with a shunt capacity.
A numerical example is worked out for the Benioff one-second instrument. In the 0.1 second to 10 second band, thermal noise is not limiting.
Ground accelerations caused by large quarry blasts
Authors: Hudson D. E. , Alford J. L. , Iwan W. D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Ground acceleration-time measurements have been made within 2000 ft. of two quarry blasts of total charge weight 185 tons and 673 tons. Ground accelerations were of a character and magnitude similar to those associated with damaging earthquakes. Complete response spectrum curves calculated from the acceleration records are presented. Direct comparisons are made between these results and previous similar measuements and calculations using identical instruments, which have been made of strong-motion earthquakes, H. E. blasts, and the Rainier nuclear blast.
Earthquakes in the northern California coastal region (part I)
Authors: Cameron J. B. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The velocities of Pn and Sn phases are determined for earthquakes originating in the northern California coastal region. The existence of station delays at Shasta, Mineral and Reno seismograph stations is proven for these earthquakes. A method of locating epicenters in this area is described, and epicenters for all large earthquakes since the installation of a station at Corvallis (1950), are found. A crustal structure consistent with observed data from these earthquakes is also presented.
Free spheroidal oscillations of the earth
Authors: Takeuchi H. , Kobayashi N. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Free periods of the earth's spheroidal oscillations are calculated for the wave numbers n up to 16. The earth's sphericity, self-gravitation and a liquid core are taken into account. Period-wave number and period-phase velocity relations obtained are shown in Figs. 1 and 2, respectively.
The polar phase shift of surface waves on a sphere
Authors: Brune James N. , Nafe John E. , Alsop Leonard E. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIt has been demonstrated by means of a model experiment that elastic surface waves on a sphere advance in phase by π/2 on each crossing of the polar or antipodal region. Comparison of the asymptotic forms of solutions of the wave equation for displacements and dilatation before the polar crossing with those that apply afterward also show the π/2 phase shift. Similarly a π/4 phase advance occurs for waves leaving a point source.Because of the occurrence of the polar phase shift, it is necessary to correct previously published Rayleigh wave and Love wave phase velocities measured by correlation of phases over complete circumferential paths. The corrected Rayleigh wave phase velocity curve is presented here.The polar phase shift is involved in the determination of periods of free oscillation of the earth from surface wave data. Using data from the great Chilean earthquake of May 22, 1960, it is shown that the ratio of the earth's circumference to the wave length at free oscillation periods gives very nearly half integers in accordance with the formula2 π a λ = n + 1 2 ·
Note on the July 1960 earthquakes in central New Mexico
Authors: Sanford A. R. , Holmes C. R. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Earthquakes were felt in the Rio Grande valley of central New Mexico on July 22, 23, and 24, 1960. The strongest earthquake had a maximum intensity of VI at La Joya. On the basis of 28 smaller shocks recorded on a three-component seismograph at Socorro, an average epicenter of 34° 21.7′ and 107° 2.6′ W was determined for the earthquakes. In addition to the direct P and S phases, the seismograms showed sharp phases approximately 0.35, 1.95, 5.50, and 7.80 seconds after the direct P-phase.
Earthquakes in the Northern California Coastal Region (Part II)
Authors: Cameron J. B. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The PF phase, described previously by Byerly as False S, is shown to be a longitudinal wave which travels with a velocity of 5.1 km./sec., and arrives at the observing station with an angle of emergence less than that observed for Pn.
The epicenter locations of earthquakes in northern California show that this phase arises only from shocks originating on continental structure, and is not oberved from earthquakes at large distances from the coast.
An examination of the Pn - P̄ relationship, and the Intensity, indicate that exceptionally shallow foci result in the generation of a PF phase. It is concluded that the very thick Franciscan formation in northern California carries considerable seismic energy from hese shallow focus earthquakes, and it is this energy which is identified as the PF phase.
The deformation of the ground around surface faults
Authors: Chinnery M. A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A rectangular dislocation surface (i.e., a surface across which there is a discontinuity in the displacement vector) is used as a model of a vertical transcurrent fault. The results of Steketee (1958a) are employed to derive, in analytical form, the displacement field throughout a semi-infinite elastic medium due to such a dislocation. In particular, the displacements of the surface of the medium are calculated in some detail, and contour maps of the various components are given for two representative cases. The solution to the limiting case of a fault of infinite length is also included. Methods are then discussed for the determination of the depth of a surface fault from measurements of the deformation of the ground produced by it, and these are applied to the faults associated with the Tango and North Idu earthquakes, and to the San Andreas fault. In each of these cases, the general features of the crustal deformations agree well with the predictions of the theory, and it is concluded that dislocation theory provides a good description of the effects of fracture in the earth's crust.
Propagation of leaking interface waves
Authors: Phinney Robert A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
With simple generalizations of the method due to Rosenbaum (1961) and Phinney (1961), single integral expressions may be written down for the long range pole contributions to the transient signal in a plane seismic waveguide. This method yields expressions for the leaking, or imperfectly trapped waves, and suffers from no restriction on the number of layers or the existence of coupling to one or two half-spaces. When it is applied to the simple interface wave problem of two halfspaces in contact, closed form expressions are obtained describing the propagation of pulses along the interface due to lower sheet poles. The theory is applied to the Lamb problem, the liquid/solid interface, and the solid/solid interface problems. The leaking wave generalizations of the Rayleigh and Stoneley waves are found and a new wave, coupled to the P-wave, is demonstrated. The physical importance of leaking interface pulses is shown to be in their coupling to the normal or leaking oscillations of layered structures.