bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical Wavefront Detection: A Beginner Tutorial
Authors: Zheng Shuiqin , Al Ibrahim Redha H. , Ng Tien K. , Ooi Boon S. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This article is designed to help readers understand some typical wavefront detection techniques and gain a preliminary understanding of wavefront detection. In this tutorial, the wavefront definition used in wavefront technology is given and we divide wavefront detection technologies into qualitative and quantitative categories. In each category, we discuss some typical systems and provide simulation results. This tutorial comes with Matlab simulation codes that readers can use to simulate mentioned wavefront detection technologies on their computers. We hope that this tutorial provides readers with all the tools needed to understand and simulate the different wavefront technologies and modify them based on their needs and interest.
Visible‐Light Laser Diodes and Superluminescent Diodes: Characteristics and Applications
Authors: Alkhazragi Omar , Holguín‐Lerma Jorge A. , Ng Tien Khee , Ooi Boon S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSemiconductor light‐emitting technology has seen tremendous strides in recent decades and a rapidly increasing interest in it. The unique advantages and characteristics of this form of light generation include compactness, high efficiency, and reliability. With these recent advancements, light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), laser diodes, and superluminescent diodes (SLDs) have become an indispensable part of our homes, factories, and research facilities. In particular, the sensitivity of the human eye to the visible wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum extending from 400 to 700 nm, and the optical response of many materials to such spectrum, make visible light indispensable for a plethora of applications ranging from displays for entertainment, to imaging in the medical field, to light‐based atomic clocks. While LEDs are the most commonly found type of semiconductor light sources, laser diodes and SLDs are of special interest due to their higher output optical power, spectral purity, and coherence. In this tutorial, we first go over the main unique characteristics of the different types and configurations of visible‐light laser diodes and SLDs and their general structures with a focus on their advantages compared to LEDs. We then discuss the applications in which these characteristics are of great interest in the fields of displays, communication, instrumentation, and photonic integrated circuits.
Optical Emission Inductively Coupled Plasma in Environmental Analysis
Authors: Tatro Mark E. , Amarasiriwardena Dulasiri 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The ability of the ICP‐OES (or AES) [inductively coupled plasma‐optical (or atomic) emission spectroscopy] system to perform multielement trace metal analysis of environmental samples provided commercial laboratories with the needed incentive to enter into the business of efficient trace metal analysis. Previously, trace metals were typically analyzed using colorimetric techniques, which were both cumbersome and subject to interferences, or flame atomic absorption techniques, which although almost interference free, were labor intensive owing to their one element at a time analytical mode. Even the furnace atomic absorption technique, for years the standard bearer of low‐level trace metal analysis, is giving way to axial and radial viewed ICP‐OES techniques. Now, ICP‐OES has become an affordable and well‐established multielement analytical method for environmental sample analysis. The method has been successfully applied for wide range of sample matrices and analytical applications, and the availability of new generation of High‐resolution Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Optical Emission Spectroscopy [(HR)‐ICP‐OES] has offered new opportunities.
Taking the USEPA (the United States Environmental Protection Agency) SW‐846 solid waste analysis manual as an example, this article reviews the methods used for the preparation of samples and the ICP‐OES analysis of the prepared samples for trace metals in environmental matrices. This review includes recent developments in front‐end improvements in ICP‐OES and detailed overview of the quality control (QC) requirements for environmental ICP‐OES analysis.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Instrumentation
Authors: Quinn Caitlin M. , Bai Shi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer consists of a superconducting magnet, a sample probe, a radio frequency (RF) transmitter, a receiver, and a computer for instrument control and data processing. The superconducting magnet provides an ultrastable magnetic field in the central volume of the magnet. To maintain the current, the solenoid that produces the field is immersed in liquid helium to maintain the superconducting state. Surrounding the magnet volume is a set of vacuum jackets and a liquid nitrogen‐filled volume to isolate the low‐temperature regions from room temperature. The magnet has a bore to house the sample probe and a room‐temperature shim (RTS) coil assembly to reduce inhomogeneity of the magnetic field across the active sample volume. The NMR sample can be in liquid, solid, or gas phases. RF pulses, from one or a set of high‐power transmitters, are applied to the sample through the RF coil that surrounds the active sample area to perturb the sample. The RF pulses are controlled to ensure precise frequency, phase, duration, and amplitude of the RF voltage. The response of the sample is gathered by recording the induced voltage across the RF coil. The signal is digitized as a so‐called free induction decay (FID) with a high‐performance RF receiver including a preamplifier, an amplifier, and an analog‐to‐digital converter (ADC). Using Fourier transformation (FT), the time domain (DT) FID is converted into the frequency‐domain spectrum, often known as the NMR spectrum.
Hyphenated Methods Based on Separation Methods for Speciation Analysis
Authors: Michalski Rajmund 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSpeciation analysis, understood as research into various element forms, is gaining importance in environment protection; biogeochemical cycles of chemical compounds; determination of toxicity and ecotoxicity of selected elements; quality control of food, medicines, and pharmaceutical products; and clinical analysis. The hyphenated methods, in chromatography and electrophoresis methods, are coupled with multidimensional detectors, have become very useful in such analyses. The main advantages of those methods consist in extremely low detection and quantification limits, insignificant interference influence as well as high precision and repeatability of the determinations. This article is an update of international literature on the role and importance of hyphenated methods in speciation analyses of selected elements.
Crime blindness: The impact of inattentional blindness on eyewitness awareness, memory, and identification
Authors: Wulff Alia N. , Hyman Ira E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPeople do not constantly watch for accidents and crimes. With their attention focused elsewhere, potential witnesses may fail to notice a crime and experience inattentional blindness. We investigated the impact of inattentional blindness on eyewitness awareness and memory. Participants watched a video in which a theft occurs. We manipulated the attentional focus of the participants—some watched for the crime, others simply watched the video, and some counted the number of people wearing white shirts. Participants counting white shirts and those simply watching more often experienced inattentional blindness for the crime and failed to identify the culprit than those watching for the theft. Participants, particularly those watching for the theft, often falsely identified an innocent bystander, displaying a potential unconscious transference effect. Attention plays a critical role in eyewitness awareness and memory. Eyewitness researchers should investigate situations in which people are not explicitly watching for a crime or accident.
Enhanced Charge Transport and Broad Absorption Enabling Record 18.13% Efficiency of PM6:Y6 Based Ternary Organic Photovoltaics with a High Fill Factor Over 80%
Authors: Zeng Yihan , Li Danqin , Wu Hongbo , Chen Zeng , Leng Shifeng , Hao Tianyu , Xiong Shaobing , Xue Qifan , Ma Zaifei , Zhu Haiming , Bao Qinye 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTernary architecture is an efficient strategy to boost desired power conversion efficiency of single‐junction organic solar cells (OSCs). Here, a ternary OSC by incorporating a compatible acceptor ITIC‐M as a third component into state‐of‐the‐art PM6:Y6 blend is reported, yielding a power conversion efficiency of 18.13% and an impressive fill factor of 80.10%. The efficiency is the highest record for the PM6:Y6 based ternary devices reported to date. The full advantages of the designed ternary heterojunction are the good complementary light absorption that increases the photocurrent, and the matched interfacial electronic structures featuring so‐called pinning energies that facilitate exciton separation and suppress charge recombination loss. Furthermore, ITIC‐M plays a vital role in optimizing the micromorphology of the ternary blend with better dispersity, well‐formed fibrillar structure and enhanced crystallinity, thus boosting the charge transport and device performance.
Chiral Zn‐Based Organic‐Inorganic Hybrid Ferroelectrics with Large Polarization and Luminescence
Authors: Wu Yuying , Jiang Haidong , Jiao Shulin , Li Dong , Gao Zhangran , Niu Ben , Wu Di , Chen Shuang , Cai Hong‐Ling , Wu Xiaoshan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMulti‐functionalized lead‐free organic‐inorganic hybrid ferroelectrics have recently realized diverse applications especially for optoelectronics and photovoltaics. Herein, the chiral Zn‐based organic−inorganic hybrids are discovered: [(R)‐(−)‐2‐methylpiperazine‐1,4‐diium][Zn(H2O)6]•(SO4)2 (RMPZnS2, space group P21) and [(S)‐(+)‐2‐methylpiperazine‐1,4‐diium]2[Zn(H2O)6]•(SO4)3 (SMP2ZnS3, space group P21212). Through experimental and computational investigations, it is found that RMPZnS2 is a ferroelectric with considerable large polarization value (P ≈ 9.5 µC cm−2) along b–axis, and its ferroelectric‐paraelectric phase transition is switched by rotation of organic cations. Meanwhile, it also possesses a fascinating photovoltaic effect driven by the polar charges at solar‐blind UV region, endowing it with the potential of self‐driven photodetection. In addition, white‐light emissions of the RMPZnS2 and SMP2ZnS3 are observed. The enhanced luminescence by heating is especially suitable for the application in white light‐emitting diodes. Overall, these chiral emission ferroelectrics at the supramolecular level will largely expand their applications in multidisciplinary fields.
General Background of SERS Sensing and Perspectives on Polymer‐Supported Plasmon‐Active Multiscale and Hierarchical Sensor Particles
Authors: Visaveliya Nikunjkumar R. , Mazetyte‐Stasinskiene Raminta , Köhler Johann Michael 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSurface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is one of the most powerful analytical techniques for the identification of molecules. The substrate, on which SERS is dependent, contains regions of nanoscale gaps (hotspots) that hold the ability to concentrate incident electromagnetic fields and effectively amplify vibrational scattering signals of adsorbed analytes. While surface plasmon resonance from metal nanostructures is a central focus for the SERS effect, the support of polymers can be significantly advantageous to provide larger exposure of structured metal surfaces for efficient interactions with analytes. Characteristics of the polymer particles such as softness, flexibility, swellability, porosity, optical transparency, metal‐loading ability, and high surface area can allow diffusion of analytes and penetrating light deeply that can enormously amplify sensing outcomes. As polymer‐supported plasmon‐active sensor particles can emerge as versatile SERS substrates, the microfluidic platform is promising for the generation of sensor particles as well as for performing sequential SERS analysis of multiple analytes. Therefore, in this perspective article, the development of multifunctional polymer–metal composite particles, and their applications as potential sensors for SERS sensing through microfluidics are presented. A detailed background from the beginning of the SERS field and perspectives for the multifunctional sensor particles for efficient SERS sensing are provided.
A geometric morphometric approach to investigate primate proximal phalanx diaphysis shape
Authors: Wennemann Sophie E. , Lewton Kristi L. , Orr Caley M. , Almécija Sergio , Tocheri Matthew W. , Jungers William L. , Patel Biren A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCurrent approaches to quantify phalangeal curvature assume that the long axis of the bone's diaphysis approximates the shape of a portion of a circle (included angle method) or a parabola (second‐degree polynomial method). Here we developed, tested, and employed an alternative geometric morphometrics‐based (GM) approach to quantify diaphysis shape of proximal phalanges in humans, apes and monkeys with diverse locomotor behaviors. One hundred landmarks of the central longitudinal axis were extracted from 3D surface models and analyzed using 2DGM methods, including generalized Procrustes analyses. Principal components analyses were performed and PC1 scores (>80% of variation) represented the dorsopalmar shape of the bone's central longitudinal axis and separated taxa consistently and in accord with known locomotor behavioral profiles. The most suspensory taxa, including orangutans, hylobatids and spider monkeys, had significantly lower PC1 scores reflecting the greatest amounts of phalangeal curvature. In contrast, bipedal humans and the quadrupedal cercopithecoid monkeys sampled (baboons, proboscis monkeys) exhibited significantly higher PC1 scores reflecting flatter phalanges. African ape (gorillas, chimpanzees and bonobos) phalanges fell between these two extremes and were not significantly different from each other. PC1 scores were significantly correlated with both included angle and the a coefficient of a second‐degree polynomial calculated from the same landmark dataset, but had a significantly higher correlation with included angles. Our alternative approach for quantifying diaphysis shape of proximal phalanges to investigate dorsopalmar curvature is replicable and does not assume a priori either a circle or parabola model of shape, making it an attractive alternative compared with existing methodologies.
High‐Harmonic Generation from 2D Monolayer Electrides
Authors: An Jong‐Kwan , Kim Kwang‐Hyon , Choe Myong‐Il 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis work reports high‐harmonic generation (HHG) from 2D monolayer electrides investigated by using ab‐initio approach based on time‐dependent density functional theory, mainly focusing on monolayer Mg2N. Due to low ionization energy and wide potential well, they exhibit distinctively high HHG efficiency and high cutoff energy for out‐of‐plane pumping, although they also show atomic‐like behavior. For out‐of‐plane pumping with a peak intensity of 40 TW cm−2 at 1550 nm, high harmonics up to 120th order are generated with efficiency 4 orders‐of‐magnitude higher than monolayer h‐BN. For pump intensity below the direct above‐threshold ionization (ATI) regime, the tunneling from the ground state and ATI from one‐ or two‐photon resonant state simultaneously contribute to HHG. In the other subnitride monolayers of alkaline earth with larger atomic sizes (Ca2N and Sr2N), further higher harmonic generation efficiencies are obtained due to the lower work functions and wider potential wells. For in‐plane pumping, the intraband transition is the major source of the HHG due to the metallic in‐plane responses. The presented results will attract great attention due to the peculiar HHG signature from fundamental aspects and pave the way of obtaining coherent extreme ultraviolet (EUV)/soft‐X‐ray with high efficiency by using monolayer electrides.
Controlling Chemoselectivity of Catalytic Hydroboration with Light
Authors: Bergamaschi Enrico , Lunic Danijela , McLean Liam A. , Hohenadel Melissa , Chen Yi‐Kai , Teskey Christopher J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe ability to selectively react one functional group in the presence of another underpins efficient reaction sequences. Despite many designer catalytic systems being reported for hydroboration reactions, which allow introduction of a functional handle for cross‐coupling or act as mild method for reducing polar functionality, these platforms rarely deal with more complex systems where multiple potentially reactive sites exist. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, the ability to use light to distinguish between ketones and carboxylic acids in more complex molecules. By taking advantage of different activation modes, a single catalytic system can be used for hydroboration, with the chemoselectivity dictated only by the presence or absence of visible light.
Hindered Tetraphenylethylene Helicates: Chiral Fluorophores with Deep‐Blue Emission, Multiple‐Color CPL, and Chiral Recognition Ability
Authors: Hu Ming , Ye Feng‐Ying , Du Cong , Wang Weizhou , Yu Wei , Liu Minghua , Zheng Yan‐Song 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNew hindered tetraphenylethylene (TPE) helicates with substitution at 2,6‐position of phenyl rings were designed and synthesized. Due to the increased hindrance, the TPE helicates emit strong deep‐blue to violet fluorescence both in the solid state and in solution, and could be resolved into enantiomers that emit strong and multicolor circularly polarized luminescence (CPL), and exhibit a high enantioselective recognition of chiral tartaric acid and its derivatives. Surprisingly, the derived helicate tetramines possess amino groups with an unpredented planar structure and sp2‐hybridized nitrogen, arousing the change between AIE effect and ACQ phenomenon through photoinduced electron transfer (PET). With advantages of short synthetic route, many modification positions, deep‐blue to violet emission, wide CPL tuning, and high chiral recognition ability, the hindered TPE helicates show broad prospects as chiral materials.
Thermo‐ and Mechanochromic Camouflage and Self‐Healing in Biomimetic Soft Actuators Based on Liquid Crystal Elastomers
Authors: Liu Zhongcheng , Bisoyi Hari Krishna , Huang Yinliang , Wang Meng , Yang Hong , Li Quan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn nature, many mysterious creatures capable of deformation camouflage, color camouflage, and self‐healing have inspired scientists to develop various biomimetic soft robots. However, the systematic integration of all the above functionalities into a single soft actuator system still remains a challenge. Here we chemically introduce a multi‐stimuli‐responsive tetraarylsuccinonitrile (TASN) chromophore into a liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) network through a facile thiol‐ene photoaddition method. The obtained TASN‐LCE soft actuators not only exhibit reversible shape‐morphing and reversible color‐changing behavior in response to heat and mechanical compression, but also show excellent self‐healing, reprogramming and recycling characteristics. We hope that such a TASN‐LCE actuator system endowed with dynamic distortion, thermo‐ and mechano‐chromic camouflage, and self‐healing functionalities would pave the way for further development of multifunctional biomimetic soft robotic devices.
Nitrogen Atom Transfer Catalysis by Metallonitrene C−H Insertion: Photocatalytic Amidation of Aldehydes
Authors: Schmidt‐Räntsch Till , Verplancke Hendrik , Lienert Jonas N. , Demeshko Serhiy , Otte Matthias , Van Trieste Gerard P. , Reid Kaleb A. , Reibenspies Joseph H. , Powers David C. , Holthausen Max C. , Schneider Sven 
Published: December 2021

AbstractC−H amination and amidation by catalytic nitrene transfer are well‐established and typically proceed via electrophilic attack of nitrenoid intermediates. In contrast, the insertion of (formal) terminal nitride ligands into C−H bonds is much less developed and catalytic nitrogen atom transfer remains unknown. We here report the synthesis of a formal terminal nitride complex of palladium. Photocrystallographic, magnetic, and computational characterization support the assignment as an authentic metallonitrene (Pd−N) with a diradical nitrogen ligand that is singly bonded to PdII. Despite the subvalent nitrene character, selective C−H insertion with aldehydes follows nucleophilic selectivity. Transamidation of the benzamide product is enabled by reaction with N3SiMe3. Based on these results, a photocatalytic protocol for aldehyde C−H trimethylsilylamidation was developed that exhibits inverted, nucleophilic selectivity as compared to typical nitrene transfer catalysis. This first example of catalytic C−H nitrogen atom transfer offers facile access to primary amides after deprotection.
Novel styrax liquidus loaded chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol cryogels with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties
Authors: Demir Didem , Özdemir Sadin , Gonca Serpil , Bölgen Nimet 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this study, a novel cryogel scaffold loaded with styrax liquidus gum exuded from trank of Anatolian sweetgum (Liquidambar orientalis Mill.), with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties was developed for potential tissue engineering applications. For this purpose, different ratios of styrax incorporated chitosan/polyvinyl alcohol composite scaffolds were fabricated using cryotropic gelation method. The effect of styrax incorporation onto the cryogel network was evaluated using morphological and physico‐chemical analyzes. The characterized cryogels were also investigated in detail for their antioxidant activity, anti‐biofilm, antimicrobial, and DNA cleavage properties. The styrax incorporated cryogels can be candidate biomaterials for tissue engineering applications, in particular for antimicrobial systems due to their ferrous ion chelating activity and high antioxidant, anti‐biofilm, and antimicrobial properties.
Azepine‐ or Oxepine‐embedded Double Saddle‐Helix Nanographenes
Authors: Li Ranran , Ma Bin , He Run‐Ying , Zhang Bin , Zhang Yi‐Kang , Feng Shi‐Yu , An Peng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe azepine‐ and oxepine‐embedded polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) 1–3, as the hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronene (HBC)‐based nanographenes (NG) were designed and synthesized by Diels‐Alder reaction of cyclic alkene with tetrachlorothiophene‐S,S‐dioxide, followed by Suzuki‐Miyaura cross‐coupling and Scholl‐type cyclodehydrogenation. Due to the strained seven‐membered ring and the inherent structural pattern, heteroatom‐doped NGs 1–3 show Cs symmetrical, double saddle‐helix hybrid conformation, which represents a new shape for HBC based nanographenes. The calculation studies reveal the low aromaticity of the 8π heterocycles themselves and the heterocycles also decrease the electron delocalization of benzenes surrounding them. Dynamics‐based calculation suggests the Cs symmetry would maintain druing the saddle‐inversion process. Meanwhile, we show property perturbation by doping with different heteroatoms.