bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Views on the Value of Scientific Knowledge in Western Philosophy
Authors: Pafomova L. A. 
Published: December 2021

Introduction. Evolution of views on the value of scientific knowledge in various directions of Western philosophy, from the ancient period to the 20th century is analyzed in the article. The relevance of the article is due to the fact that the view of scientific knowledge as the value of scientific reality is a fairly new phenomenon.Methodology and sources. The methodological basis of the work is the cultural and philosophical analysis of various points of view in the works of both ancient philosophers, philosophers of the Renaissance and the New times (Plato, Aristotle, Pythagoras, F. Aquinas, Leonard da Vinci, F. Bacon, Locke, Hobbes, Descartes, Spinoza), as well as in the works of O. Comte, Spencer, Mach, Poincare, Pierce, James, Dewey, Jaspers, B. Russell, etc. (i.e. representatives of positivism, existentialism, neo-Thomism).Results and discussion. Today two directions could be distinguished in the relation to science: either its absolutization, that we name scientism, or the cult of an abstract person opposed to science – anthropologism. This is a consequence of the changes in the views on scientific knowledge that have taken place throughout the history of science. Thus, in the ancient period, the value of science was determined, firstly, not in relation to the practical activity of a human being, but only in relation to science to knowledge and cognition, and secondly, as a way of self-development of the individual. In the Middle Ages, science was the “handmaid” of theology. In the Renaissance science faced new challenges: the first was an anti-religious understanding of the essence of a person, the second was the justification of the role of scientific knowledge both for practice and for the worldview as a whole. It was on this understanding of the meaning of scientific knowledge that the concepts of the philosophers of the XVII–XVIII centuries were built, and they dominated until the middle of the XIX century. From this period, a one-sided approach begins to dominate – the ideological role of the value of science was denied and only its pragmatic value is taken. Along with this, there is also a critical attitude towards science, which then develops into anti-scientism. Today, a pessimistic approach (postmodernism, for example) the approach to the consideration of the value of scientific knowledge is characteristic of modern philosophical trends that deny not only the value of scientific knowledge, but also deny knowledge itself.Conclusion. The evaluation of scientific knowledge in Western philosophy has undergone significant changes. If in classical philosophy, with a few exceptions, the recognition of the comprehensive value of science prevailed, i.e. its ideological, humanistic and practical value, then in the future all these three main aspects of the value of scientific knowledge are analyzed. In the extreme forms, this leads to the emergence of antiscientism, for which it is the development of scientific knowledge is perceived as a source of human misery and suffering.
YUNUS EMRE'NİN FİİLLERİNDE METAFOR
Authors: ERKINAY TAMTAMIŞ Hadra Kübra 
Published: December 2021

Yunus Emre, Anadolu'da yazı dilinin oluşmasında etkili olmuş, Türk kültürünün yapı taşlarından birisidir. Yunus Emre'nin kullanmış olduğu dil, Türkçenin söz varlığının tarihi ve tespiti açısından oldukça önem arz etmektedir. Yunus Emre'yi anlamak ve anlamlandırmak için çeşitli çalışmalar yapılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada da Yunus Emre Divanı'ndaki fiillerin metaforlarla kazandığı mecaz anlamlar incelenmiştir. Çalışmada tarama modellerinden genel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Tarama modeliyle Yunus Emre'nin Divanı'nda geçen basit ve türemiş Türkçe fiillerden yeni mecaz anlam kazanan fiiller bu çalışmaya dâhil edilmiştir. Anlam genişlemesi yoluyla çok anlamlı durumda olan fiiller, çeşitli aktarmalarla yeni metaforik anlamlar kazanmıştır. Fiillerin kazandığı yeni metaforik anlamlar makalede tanıklarıyla birlikte verilmiştir. Araştırma bu yönüyle Divan'daki fiillerin metaforik sözlüğü durumundadır. Yunus Emre'nin yüzyıllar önce kullandığı söz varlığı, geniş anlam dünyası, metaforik kullanımlar ile Yunus Emre'nin birikimi, hayal gücünü eserlerine yansıtması, kullandığı dilin işlerliği bir kez daha ortaya çıkmıştır. Araştırmada 83 fiilde metaforik anlam tespit edilmiştir. Bu fiillerin kimisinde birden farklı metaforik anlam söz konusudur. Dolayısıyla çalışmada 100'den fazla metaforik anlam kaydedilmiştir. Tanıklarıyla verilen bu metaforik anlamların çoğunun dizinlerde ve tarihî sözlüklerde kayıtlı olmadığı görülmüştür. Çalışmada yer alan söz konusu genişlemiş yeni anlamların sözlüklere geçirilme çıktısı çalışmanın amaçlarındandır. Bununla birlikte çalışmada yer alan fiillerin metinde bağlam içinde kazandığı yeni anlamların, sözcük ve sözlük bilimi çalışmalarına da katkı sağlayacağı beklenmektedir.
Long-Term Follow-Up of Accelerated Transepithelial Corneal Crosslinking for Post-LASIK Ectasia: A Pilot Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Tian Mi , Zhang Xiaoyu , Jian Weijun , Sun Ling , Shen Yang , Zhou Xingtao 
Published: December 2021

Background: Keratectasia after corneal refractive surgery is a rare but serious postoperative complication, and reports on accelerated transepithelial corneal crosslinking (ATE-CXL)-based treatment of patients with post-laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) ectasia are limited. Therefore, this study evaluated the long-term efficacy and safety of ATE-CXL for progressive post-LASIK ectasia.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted at the Eye and ENT Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China, and 25 eyes from 25 patients with post-LASIK ectasia undergoing ATE-CXL were examined. Clinical examinations were conducted preoperatively and postoperatively to assess parameters such as manifest refraction, corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), endothelial cell density; keratometry, corneal thickness, posterior elevation and topometric indices were measured using Pentacam; sectoral pachymetry and epithelial thickness were evaluated using optical coherence tomography. A paired t-test, Wilcoxon rank-sum test, Kruskal-Wallis test, and repeated measures analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis.Results: Participants were examined for an average of 46 months. No severe complications occurred during or after ATE-CXL. CDVA improved from 0.25 ± 0.31 preoperatively to 0.15 ± 0.17 postoperatively (p = 0.011). Maximum keratometry decreased from 55.20 ± 8.33 D to 54.40 ± 7.98 D, with no statistical significance (p = 0.074), and the central corneal thickness increased from 414.92 ± 40.96 μm to 420.28 ± 44.78 μm (p = 0.047) at the final follow-up. Posterior elevation, pachymetry, and epithelial thickness remained stable (p &gt; 0.05) throughout the follow-up. No significant differences were noted in topometric indices, except the central keratoconus index, which decreased significantly (p &lt; 0.001) at the final follow-up.Conclusion: Improvements in CDVA and stabilization in corneal keratometry and posterior elevation after ATE-CXL were noted at the 46-months follow-up, demonstrating that ATE-CXL is a safe and effective treatment for progressive post-LASIK ectasia.
Integrated Aortic-Valve-And-Ascending-Aortic Replacement vs. Partial Replacement in Bicuspid Aortic Valve-Related Aortopathy
Authors: Chen Mi , Xu Wangli , Ding Yan , Zhao Honglei , Wang Pei , Yang Bo , Qiao Huanyu , Zhang Wei , Zhou Chenyang , Jia Junnan , Bai Tao , Xue Jinrong , Zhu Junming , Liu Yongmin , Li Weimin , Sun Lizhong 
Published: December 2021

Objective: We sought to evaluate the outcomes of integrated aortic-valve and ascending-aortic replacement (IR) vs. partial replacement (PR) in patients with bicuspid aortic valve (BAV)-related aortopathy.Methods: We compared long-term mortality, reoperation incidence, and the cumulative incidence of stroke, bleeding, significant native valve or prosthetic valve dysfunction, and the New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classes II-IV between inverse probability-weighted cohorts of patients who underwent IR or PR for BAV-related aortopathy in a single center from 2002 to 2019. Patients were stratified into different aortic diameter groups (“valve type” vs. “aorta type”).Results: Among patients with “valve type,” aortic valve replacement in patients with an aortic diameter &gt; 40 mm was associated with significantly higher 10-year mortality than IR compared with diameter 35–40 mm [17.49 vs. 5.28% at 10 years; hazard ratio (HR), 3.22; 95% CI, 1.52 to 6.85; p = 0.002]. Among patients with “aorta type,” ascending aortic replacement in patients with an aortic diameter 52–60 mm was associated with significantly higher 10-year mortality than IR compared with diameter 45–52 mm (14.49 vs. 1.85% at 10 years; HR, 0.04; 95% CI, 1.06 to 85.24; p = 0.03).Conclusion: The long-term mortality and reoperation benefit that were associated with IR, as compared with PR, minimizing to 40 mm of the aortic diameter among patients with “valve type” and minimizing to 52 mm of the aortic diameter among patients with “aorta type.”Trial Registration: Treatment to Bicuspid Aortic Valve Related Aortopathy (BAVAo Registry): ChiCTR.org.cn no: ChiCTR2000039867.
Tales From Three 18th Century Eruptions to Understand Past and Present Behaviour of Etna
Authors: Corsaro Rosa Anna , Branca Stefano , De Beni Emanuela , Tanguy Jean-Claude 
Published: December 2021

The structure of an active volcano is highly dependent on the interplay between the geodynamic context, the tectonic assessment as well as the magmatic processes in the plumbing system. This complex scenario, widely explored at Etna during the last 40 years, is nevertheless incomplete for the recent historical activity. In 1763 two eruptions occurred along the west flank of the volcano. There, an eruption started on 6th February and formed the scoria cone of Mt. Nuovo and a roughly 4-km-long lava flow field. Another small scoria cone, known as Mt. Mezza Luna, is not dated in historical sources. It is located just 1 km eastward of Mt. Nuovo and produced a 700 m long flow field. We focused on the activity of Mts. Nuovo and Mezza Luna for several reasons. First, the old geological maps and volcanological catalogues indicate that Mt. Mezza Luna and Mt. Nuovo cones were formed during the same eruption, while historical sources described Mt. Nuovo’s activity as producing a single scoria cone and do not give information about the formation of Mt. Mezza Luna. Second, petrologic studies highlight that the products of Mt. Mezza Luna are similar to the sub-aphyric Etna basalts; they preserve a composition relatively close to Etna primitive magma which were also erupted in 1763, during La Montagnola flank eruption, which took place along the South Rift of the volcano. Third, the two scoria cones built up along the so-called West Rift of Etna, which represents one of the main magma-ascent zones of the volcano. We applied a multidisciplinary approach that could prove useful for other volcanoes whose past activity is still to be reconstructed. Critical reviews of historical records, new field surveys, petrochemical analyses and petrologic modelling of the Mts. Nuovo and Mezza Luna eruptions have been integrated with literature data. The results allowed improving the stratigraphic record of historical eruptions reported in the Mount Etna Geological map, modelling the sub-volcanic magmatic processes responsible for magma differentiation, and evidencing recurrent mechanisms of magma transfer at Etna. Indeed, the intrusion of a deep primitive magma along the South Rift is often associated with the activation of other rift zones that erupt residual magma stored in the shallow plumbing system.
Holocene History of Río Tranquilo Glacier, Monte San Lorenzo (47°S), Central Patagonia
Authors: Sagredo Esteban A. , Reynhout Scott A. , Kaplan Michael R. , Aravena Juan C. , Araya Paola S. , Luckman Brian H. , Schwartz Roseanne , Schaefer Joerg M. 
Published: December 2021

The causes underlying Holocene glacier fluctuations remain elusive, despite decades of research efforts. Cosmogenic nuclide dating has allowed systematic study and thus improved knowledge of glacier-climate dynamics during this time frame, in part by filling in geographical gaps in both hemispheres. Here we present a new comprehensive Holocene moraine chronology from Mt. San Lorenzo (47°S) in central Patagonia, Southern Hemisphere. Twenty-four new 10Be ages, together with three published ages, indicate that the Río Tranquilo glacier approached its Holocene maximum position sometime, or possibly on multiple occasions, between 9,860 ± 180 and 6,730 ± 130 years. This event(s) was followed by a sequence of slightly smaller advances at 5,750 ± 220, 4,290 ± 100 (?), 3,490 ± 140, 1,440 ± 60, between 670 ± 20 and 430 ± 20, and at 390 ± 10 years ago. The Tranquilo record documents centennial to millennial-scale glacier advances throughout the Holocene, and is consistent with recent glacier chronologies from central and southern Patagonia. This pattern correlates well with that of multiple moraine-building events with slightly decreasing net extent, as is observed at other sites in the Southern Hemisphere (i.e., Patagonia, New Zealand and Antarctic Peninsula) throughout the early, middle and late Holocene. This is in stark contrast to the typical Holocene mountain glacier pattern in the Northern Hemisphere, as documented in the European Alps, Scandinavia and Canada, where small glaciers in the early-to-mid Holocene gave way to more-extensive glacier advances during the late Holocene, culminating in the Little Ice Age expansion. We posit that this past asymmetry between the Southern and Northern hemisphere glacier patterns is due to natural forcing that has been recently overwhelmed by anthropogenic greenhouse gas driven warming, which is causing interhemispherically synchronized glacier retreat unprecedented during the Holocene.
Research on Water Droplet Movement Characteristics in the Last Two Stages of Low-Pressure Cylinder of Steam Turbine Under Low Load Conditions
Authors: Fan Shuangshuang , Wang Ying , Yao Kun , Fan Yi , Wan Jie , Gu Weifei 
Published: December 2021

In the operating process of the coal-fired generation during flexible peaking regulation, the primary and secondary water droplets in the steam flowing through the last two stages of the low-pressure cylinder could influence the efficiency and safety of the steam turbine definitely. However, systematic analysis of the movement characteristics of water droplets under low-load conditions is scarcely in the existing research, especially the ultra-low load conditions below 30%. Toward this end, the more novel algebraic slip model and particle transport model mentioned in this paper are used to simulate the primary and secondary water droplets. Taking a 600 MW unit as a research object, the droplets motion characteristics of the last two stages were simulated within four load conditions, including 100, 50, 40, and 30% THA. The results show that the diameter of the primary water droplets is smaller, ranging from 0 to 1 µm, during the flexible peak regulation process of the steam turbine. The deposition is mainly located at the entire moving blades and the trailing edge of the last two stator blades. With the load decreasing, the deposition effect decreases sustainably. And the larger diameters of secondary water droplets range from 10 to 300 µm. The erosion of secondary water droplets in the last stage is more serious than that of the second last stage for different load conditions, and the erosion of the second last stage could be negligible. The pressure face and suction face at 30% blade height of the last stage blade have been eroded most seriously. The lower the load, the worse erosion from the secondary water droplets, which poses a potential threat to the fracture of the last stage blades of the steam turbine. This study provides a certain reference value for the optimal design of steam turbine blades under flexible peak regulation.
The Birth Prevalence of Spinal Muscular Atrophy: A Population Specific Approach in Estonia
Authors: Sarv Siiri , Kahre Tiina , Vaidla Eve , Pajusalu Sander , Muru Kai , Põder Haide , Gross-Paju Katrin , Ütt Sandra , Žordania Riina , Talvik Inga , Õiglane-Shlik Eve , Muhu Kristina , Õunap Katrin 
Published: December 2021

Background: Rare diseases are an important population health issue and many promising therapies have been developed in recent years. In light of novel genetic treatments expected to significantly improve spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) patients’ quality of life and the urgent need for SMA newborn screening (NBS), new epidemiological data were needed to implement SMA NBS in Estonia.Objective: We aimed to describe the birth prevalence of SMA in the years 1996–2020 and to compare the results with previously published data.Methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinical and laboratory data of SMA patients referred to the Department of Clinical Genetics of Tartu University Hospital and its branch in Tallinn.Results: Fifty-seven patients were molecularly diagnosed with SMA. SMA birth prevalence was 1 per 8,286 (95% CI 1 per 6,130–11,494) in Estonia. Patients were classified as SMA type 0 (1.8%), SMA I (43.9%), SMA II (22.8%), SMA III (29.8%), and SMA IV (1.8%). Two patients were compound heterozygotes with an SMN1 deletion in trans with a novel single nucleotide variant NM_000344.3:c.410dup, p.(Asn137Lysfs*11). SMN2 copy number was assessed in 51 patients.Conclusion: In Estonia, the birth prevalence of SMA is similar to the median birth prevalence in Europe. This study gathered valuable information on the current epidemiology of SMA, which can guide the implementation of spinal muscular atrophy to the newborn screening program in Estonia.
Solid Fuel Exposure and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Never-Smokers
Authors: Long HuanYu , Xing ZhenZhen , Chai Di , Liu WeiMing , Tong YaQi , Wang YuXia , Ma YaLi , Pan MingMing , Cui Jia , Guo YanFei 
Published: December 2021

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a public health challenge globally. The burden of COPD is high in never-smokers but little is known about its causes. We aimed to find the prevalence and correlates of COPD in never-smokers, with a special focus on solid fuel exposure.Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in Western China. COPD was defined by FEV1/FVC &lt; lower limits of normal (LLN). Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regression were used for analyses.Results: Six thousand two hundred and seventy one patients were enrolled between June 2015 and August 2016. The prevalence of COPD in never-smokers was 15.0% (95% confidence interval 14.1–15.9). The common independent predictors of COPD in never-smokers included age ≥60 years, exposure to solid fuel, living in a rural area and a history of tuberculosis. Participants with solid fuel exposure were 69% more likely to have COPD (adjusted odds ratio 1.69, 95% CI 1.41–2.04) than those without such exposure. In addition, we found a positive association between small airway dysfunction and solid fuel exposure (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.18–1.53).Conclusions: This study confirmed the substantial burden of COPD among never-smokers and also defined the risk factors for COPD in never-smokers. Furthermore, we found a positive association between solid fuel exposure and COPD or small airway dysfunction.
Development of a Droplet Digital Polymerase Chain Reaction for Sensitive Detection of Pneumocystis jirovecii in Respiratory Tract Specimens
Authors: Yi Jie , Wang Nan , Wu Jie , Tang Yueming , Zhang Jingjia , Zhu Lingxiang , Rui Xiao , Guo Yong , Xu Yingchun 
Published: December 2021

Background:Pneumocystis jirovecii is a human-specific opportunistic fungus that causes Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP), a life-threatening opportunistic lung infection that affects immunocompromised patients. P. jirovecii colonization may be linked to the transmission of the infection. The detection of P. jirovecii in immunocompromised patients is thus especially important. The low fungal load and the presence of PCR inhibitors limit the usefulness of quantitative PCR (qPCR) for accurate absolute quantification of P. jirovecii in specimens. Droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), however, presents a methodology that allows higher sensitivity and accuracy. Here, we developed a ddPCR method for detecting P. jirovecii DNA in respiratory specimens, and evaluated its sensitivity against qPCR.Materials and Methods: One bronchoalveolar fluid (BALF) sample each was collected from 82 patients with potential PCP to test the presence of P. jirovecii DNA using both ddPCR and qPCR, and samples with inconsistent results between the two methods were further tested by metagenomic next generation sequencing (mNGS). In addition, 37 sputum samples from 16 patients diagnosed with PCP, as well as continuous respiratory tract specimens from nine patients with PCP and treated with sulfonamides, were also collected for P. jirovecii DNA testing using both ddPCR and qPCR.Results: ddPCR and qPCR gave the same results for 95.12% (78/82) of the BALF samples. The remaining four specimens tested positive using ddPCR but negative using qPCR, and they were found to be positive by mNGS. Detection results of 78.37% (29/37) sputum samples were consistent between ddPCR and qPCR, while the other eight samples tested positive using ddPCR but negative using qPCR. The P. jirovecii load of patients with PCP decreased to undetectable levels after treatment according to qPCR, but P. jirovecii was still detectable using ddPCR.Conclusions: ddPCR was more sensitive than qPCR, especially at detecting low-pathogen-load P. jirovecii. Thus, ddPCR represents a useful, viable, and reliable alternative to qPCR in P. jirovecii testing in patients with immunodeficiency.
Urine β2-Microglobulin and Retinol-Binding Protein and Renal Disease Progression in IgA Nephropathy
Authors: Shen Xiaoqi , Cheng Jun , Yu Guizhen , Li Xiayu , Li Heng , Chen Jianghua 
Published: December 2021

Background: Tubulointerstitial involvement has been reported to have a decisive influence on the progression of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). High levels of urine β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and retinol-binding protein (RBP) were observed in patients with IgAN with tubulointerstitial lesions. However, their roles in disease progression remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the associations of urine β2-MG and RBP with the progression of IgAN.Methods: We retrospectively investigated a cohort of 2,153 patients with IgAN. Clinical and pathological features, outcomes, and urine β2-MG, and RBP at the time of biopsy were collected. The associations, of urine β2-MG and RBP with the composite renal outcome, defined as a decline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of ≥50% from baseline or end-stage renal disease (ESRD), were examined using restricted cubic splines and the Cox proportional hazards models.Results: During a median follow-up of 20.40 months, 140 (6.50%) patients reached the composite renal outcomes. Restricted cubic splines showed that patients with higher urinary β2-MG and RBP levels had worse renal outcomes. The Cox regression analysis revealed that urine β2-MG and RBP were associated with a risk of the composite renal outcome in the multivariate adjusted model [+1 SD for log β2-MG, hazard ratio (HR) = 1.462, 95% CI: 1.136–1.882, p = 0.003; +1 SD for log RBP, HR = 1.972, 95% CI: 1.486–2.617, p = 0.001]. The associations were detectable within patients with baseline eGFR &lt;90 ml/min/1.73 m2 (+1 SD for log β2-MG, HR = 1.657, 95% CI: 1.260–2.180, p &lt; 0.001; +1 SD for log RBP, HR = 1.618, 95% CI: 1.199–2.183, p = 0.002), but not among patients with eGFR ≥90 ml/min/1.73 m2.Conclusion: Higher levels of urine β2-MG and RBP were independent risk factors for renal disease progression in IgAN.