bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of roots and rhizosphere in providing tolerance to toxic metals and metalloids
Authors: Podar Dorina , Maathuis Frans J. M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHuman activity and natural processes have led to the widespread dissemination of metals and metalloids, many of which are toxic and have a negative impact on plant growth and development. Roots, as the first point of contact, are essential in endowing plants with tolerance to excess metal(loid) in the soil. The most important root processes that contribute to tolerance are: adaptation of transport processes that affect uptake efflux and long‐distance transport of metal(loid)s; metal(loid) detoxification within root cells via conjugation to thiol rich compounds and subsequent sequestration in the vacuole; plasticity in root architecture; the presence of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere that impact on metal(loid) bioavailability; the role of root exudates. In this review, we provide details on these processes and assess their relevance on the detoxification of arsenic, cadmium, mercury and zinc in crops. Furthermore, we assess which of these strategies have been tested in field conditions and whether they are effective in terms of improving crop metal(loid) tolerance.
Non‐myeloablative umbilical cord blood transplantation for atypical dyskeratosis congenita
Authors: Gibson Amber , Ragoonanan Dristhi , Tewari Priti , Petropoulos Demetrios , Rodriguez Nidra , DiNardo Courtney , Mahadeo Kris M. , Khazal Sajad 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundShort telomere syndrome (STS) in children may result in phenotypically heterogenous clinical spectrum ranging from completely asymptomatic to typical dyskeratosis congenita (DC). Patients with this cancer predisposition syndrome may have multiple organ dysfunctions including pulmonary fibrosis, liver cirrhosis, and bone marrow failure. Not all mutations in telomerase or telomere genes have been identified, and STS may pose a diagnostic and management challenge.MethodsA retrospective chart review and literature search were done for this report.ResultsHere, we report a case of atypical DC with a heterozygous germline missense mutation in the postmeiotic segregation increased 2 (PMS2) gene, exon 5, (c.466A>G (p. Thr156Ala)). The PMS2 (a mismatch repair protein) gene is known to be an important mediator of telomere‐induced aging. The patient was transfusion dependent and underwent successful umbilical cord blood transplant using a non‐myeloablative regimen with alemtuzumab, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and total body irradiation.ConclusionIn this case of atypical DC with a previously unreported germline missense mutation in PMS2, the patient was successfully treated with an umbilical cord blood transplant with a non‐myeloablative regimen.
A familiar dilemma for the subset theory of realization
Authors: Rellihan Matthew 
Published: October 2021

AbstractI argue that the subset theory of property realization cannot account for both the multiple realizability and causal efficacy of mental properties. It avoids the threat of causal exclusion by identifying every power of a realized property with some power of its realizer, but this entails that the different realizers of a multiply realizable property share their causal powers, and this just isn't so. A counterexample is produced as evidence. Thus, in its original form, the theory fails to account for the multiple realizability of mental properties. The theory can be amended to account for multiple realizability, but these amendments undermine its account of mental causation and thereby reintroduce the problem of causal exclusion. The subset theory is thus caught between the horns of a familiar dilemma for physicalist theories of mind.
UVB phototherapy in the treatment of vitiligo: State of the art and clinical perspectives
Authors: Bouceiro Mendes Rita , Alpalhão Miguel , Filipe Paulo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractVitiligo is a chronic pigmentary skin disorder that results in white, hypopigmented macules and patches. It causes a considerable psychological and emotional burden on the affected individuals and their families. Several therapeutic options have been employed in vitiligo including topical and oral drugs, surgical techniques, and phototherapy which is considered the cornerstone treatment. Different wavelengths and modalities are available, but narrowband UVB (NB‐UVB) is considered the safest and the most effective phototherapy alternative. NB‐UVB acts on multiple steps in vitiligo pathogenesis, and it is capable of inducing stabilization and repigmentation of vitiligo lesions. Technological advances have led to the development of both new phototherapy devices and new medical and surgical therapeutic options that can be combined with phototherapy to achieve optimal results. There is no standard treatment, and individual patient and disease characteristics should be considered. We review the current evidence in what concerns UVB phototherapy for vitiligo treatment, including novel combination treatments that may help to provide the best care for these patients.
Beyond Retail Stores: Managing Product Proliferation along the Supply Chain
Authors: Biçer Işık , Lücker Florian , Boyacı Tamer 
Published: October 2021

Product proliferation occurs in supply chains when manufacturers respond to diverse market needs by trying to produce a range of products from a limited variety of raw materials. In such a setting, delaying the point of the proliferation helps manufacturers improve their responsiveness by postponing the ordering decisions of the final products until there is partial or full resolution of the demand uncertainty. This strategy can be implemented in two different ways: (i) redesigning the operations so that the point of proliferation is swapped with a downstream operation or (ii) reducing the lead times. To establish cost efficiency, manufacturers can systematically reduce their operational costs or postpone the high‐cost operations. We consider a multi‐echelon and multi‐product newsvendor problem with demand forecast evolution to analyze the value of each operational lever of the responsiveness and the efficiency. We use a generalized forecast‐evolution model to characterize the demand updating process, and develop a dynamic optimization model to determine the optimal order quantities at different echelons. We demonstrate that reducing the lead time of a downstream operation is more beneficial to manufacturers than reducing the lead time of an upstream operation by the same amount, whereas reducing the upstream operational costs is more favorable than reducing the downstream operational costs. We also indicate that delaying the proliferation may cause a loss of profit, even if it can be achieved with no additional costs. Finally, a decision typology is developed, which shows effective operational strategies depending on product/market characteristics and process flexibility.
The role of reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in the formation of root cortical aerenchyma under cadmium contamination
Authors: Díaz Alejandro Sandria , da Cunha Cruz Yasmini , Duarte Vinícius Politi , de Castro Evaristo Mauro , Magalhães Paulo César , Pereira Fabricio José 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe present study aimed to evaluate root cortical aerenchyma formation in response to Cd‐driven hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production and the role of nitric oxide (NO) in the alleviation of Cd oxidative stress in maize roots and its effects on aerenchyma development. Maize plants were subjected to continuous flooding for 30 days, and the following treatments were applied weekly: Cd(NO3)2 at 0, 10, and 50 μM and Na2[Fe(CN)5NO]·2H2O (an NO donor) at 0.5, 0.1, and 0.2 μM. The root biometrics; oxidative stress indicators H2O2 and malondialdehyde (MDA); and activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) were analyzed. The root dry and fresh masses decreased at higher concentrations of NO and Cd. H2O2 also decreased at higher NO concentrations; however, MDA increased only at higher Cd levels. SOD activity decreased at higher concentrations of NO, but CAT activity increased. Aerenchyma development decreased in response to NO. Consequently, NO acts as an antagonist to Cd, decreasing the concentration of H2O2 by reducing SOD activity and increasing CAT activity. Although H2O2 is directly linked to aerenchyma formation, increased H2O2 concentrations are necessary for root cortical aerenchyma development.
A rice R2R3‐MYB (OsC1) transcriptional regulator improves oxidative stress tolerance by modulating anthocyanin biosynthesis
Authors: Upadhyaya Gouranga , Das Arup , Ray Sudipta 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe R2R3 type MYB transcription factors participate in controlling flavonoid production in plants, including anthocyanin and proanthocyanin. Black rice with high anthocyanin content is an important candidate for understanding R2R3‐MYB‐based regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway (ABP). This study was undertaken to draw the functional relationship of an R2R3‐MYB protein with anthocyanin biosynthesis and oxidative stress tolerance in plants. The expression levels of the late ABP genes in the panicle stage of black rice were in good agreement with the accumulation of anthocyanin, especially cyanidin 3‐glucoside. Among all MYB genes present in rice, an R2R3 type (C1) regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis and was studied further. The positive correlation between the expression of ABP genes and OsC1 along with the nuclear localization of OsC1 are in line with its possible involvement as a transcriptional regulator of ABP genes. Interestingly, OsC1 overexpressed in white rice plants triggered anthocyanin production through augmentation of the transcript level of late ABP genes. Moreover, OsC1‐transformed plants exhibited a lower amount of reactive oxygen species upon exposure to oxidative stress. The increased anthocyanin content in white rice seedlings resulted in higher photosynthetic efficiency, less membrane damage and consequently lower oxidative stress. The OsC1 transcriptional regulator helps to ameliorate oxidative stresses in plants owing to its anthocyanin modulating ability.
Visual illusions in Parkinson's disease: an interview survey of symptomatology
Authors: Sasaki Chinami , Yokoi Kayoko , Takahashi Hiroto , Hatakeyama Tomoyuki , Obara Koji , Wada Chizu , Hirayama Kazumi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundSeveral types of visual illusions can occur in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the prevalence and types of specific illusions experienced by patients with PD remain unclear. This study aimed to investigate the types of illusions.MethodsA questionnaire of visual illusions was developed through a literature review in consultation with clinicians and neurologists. Based on the questionnaire, 40 consecutive patients with PD were asked a series of Yes/No questions regarding 20 types of visual illusions since the onset of PD. If participants answered ‘Yes’, they were then asked to detail their experience(s).ResultsIn total, 30 patients with PD had experienced visual illusions since disease onset; among them, 25 were still experiencing them at the time of the study. The most commonly observed illusion types were dysmorphopsia, complex visual illusions, metachromatopsia, and diplopia. Other observed illusions included textural illusions, macropsia, micropsia, teleopsia, pelopsia, kinetopsia, akinetopsia, Zeitraffer/Zeitlupen phenomena, tilt illusion, upside‐down illusion, and palinopsia. Additionally, aberrant perception of surface orientation (inclination) was reported, which is yet to be reported in association with any disease. Visual illusions had detrimental effects on the patients’ daily lives in some cases.ConclusionsSystematic interviews regarding the incidence and details of visual illusions experienced by patients with PD could offer important information regarding their quality of life.
What drives compliance withCOVID‐19 measures over time? Explaining changing impacts with Goal Framing Theory
Authors: Six Frédérique , de Vadder Steven , Glavina Monika , Verhoest Koen , Pepermans Koen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic provides a unique opportunity to study which factors drive compliance and how the evolving context in society –virus fluctuations and changing government measures – changes the impact of these factors. Extant literature lists many factors that drive compliance – notably enforcement, trust, legitimacy. Most of these studies, however, do not look across time: whether a changing context for citizens changes the impact of factors driving compliance. In this study, we use Lindenberg's Goal Framing Theory to explain the dynamics of these drivers of compliance during the COVID‐19 pandemic. We formulate hypotheses for pro‐socialness, trust in government, observed respect for rules, rule effectiveness, rule appropriateness, fear of COVID‐19 (severity and proximity), opportunities for pleasure and happiness, as well as worsened income position. We test our hypotheses with data collected at three different moments during the beginning of the COVID‐19 crisis in Flanders, Belgium. Findings show that over time the constellations of factors that drive compliance change and, later in the pandemic, more distinct groups of citizens with different motivations to comply are identified. The overall conclusion is that the voluntary basis for compliance becomes more fragile over time, with a more differentiated pattern of drivers of compliance emerging. Public policy and communication need to adapt to these changes over time and address different groups of citizens.
IL‐6 is associated with expansion of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells and enhanced immunosuppression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients
Authors: Sharma Vinit , Sachdeva Naresh , Gupta Vikas , Nada Ritambhra , Jacob Justin , Sahni Daisy , Aggarwal Anjali 
Published: October 2021

AbstractChronic inflammation favours the expansion of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) by secreting pro‐inflammatory mediators. The role of MDSCs in mediating immunosuppression in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and in defining a premalignant route from chronic pancreatitis remains unclear. We aimed to study the immunosuppressive potential of all subsets of MDSCs and their correlation with inflammatory cytokines in pancreatic adenocarcinoma and chronic pancreatitis. Relative frequencies of MDSCs, immunosuppressive markers arginase‐1 (ARG‐1), programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1), reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines in circulation and surgically resected local pancreatic tissue of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients were analysed by multicolour flow cytometry and cytokine bead array, respectively. Levels of cytokines involved in MDSCs activation were analysed by ELISA, and the immunosuppressive nature of MDSCs was confirmed by T‐cell suppression assay. Frequencies of circulating MDSCs and ARG‐1, PD‐L1, and ROS were significantly higher in pancreatic adenocarcinoma than healthy controls and showed a significant positive correlation with MDSCs burden in cancer tissue. Serum levels of cytokines IL‐6, IL‐8 and IL‐10 were significantly elevated in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. IL‐6 serum levels showed a significant positive correlation with frequencies of circulating MDSCs in pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients, and MDSCs mediated suppression of T‐cell proliferation in vitro was associated with elevated IL‐6 levels in the cell culture medium. Collectively, our results suggest that IL‐6 plays a crucial role in the expansion of MDSCs and activating their immunosuppressive nature in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The relative frequency of MDSCs in circulation can be used as a potential diagnostic biomarker for pancreatic cancer.
Neuromuscular adaptations after 12 weeks of light‐ vs. heavy‐load power‐oriented resistance training in older adults
Authors: Rodriguez‐Lopez Carlos , Alcazar Julian , Sanchez‐Martin Coral , Baltasar‐Fernandez Ivan , Ara Ignacio , Csapo Robert , Alegre Luis M. 
Published: October 2021

This study aimed to determine the specific adaptations provoked by power‐oriented resistance training using light (LL‐PT, 40% 1‐RM) vs. heavy (HL‐PT, 80% 1‐RM) loads in older adults. Using a randomized within‐subject study design, 45 older adults (>65 years) completed an 8‐week control period (CTR) followed by 12 weeks of unilateral LL‐PT vs. HL‐PT on a leg press. The 1‐RM, theoretical force at zero velocity (F0), maximal unloaded velocity (V0), and maximal muscle power (Pmax) were determined through a force‐velocity relationship test. Isometrically, the rate of force development (RFD) and the corresponding muscle excitation of the knee extensor muscles were assessed. In addition, muscle cross‐sectional area (CSA) and architecture of two quadriceps muscles were determined. Changes after CTR, LL‐PT and HL‐PT were compared using linear mixed models. HL‐PT provoked greater improvements in 1‐RM and F0 (effect size (ES) = 0.55‒0.68; p < 0.001) than those observed after LL‐PT (ES = 0.27−0.47; p ≤ 0.001) (post hoc treatment effect, p ≤ 0.057). By contrast, ES of changes in V0 was greater in LL‐PT compared to HL‐PT (ES = 0.71, p < 0.001 vs. ES = 0.39, p < 0.001), but this difference was not statistically significant. Both power training interventions elicited a moderate increase in Pmax (ES = 0.65‒0.69, p < 0.001). Only LL‐PT improved early RFD (ie, ≤100 ms) and muscle excitation (ES = 0.36‒0.60, p < 0.05). Increased CSA were noted after both power training programs (ES = 0.13‒0.35, p < 0.035), whereas pennation angle increased only after HL‐PT (ES = 0.37, p = 0.004). In conclusion, HL‐PT seems to be more effective in improving the capability to generate large forces, whereas LL‐PT appears to trigger greater gains in movement velocity in older adults. However, both interventions promoted similar increases in muscle power as well as muscle hypertrophy.
Energy deficiency impairs resistance training gains in lean mass but not strength: A meta‐analysis and meta‐regression
Authors: Murphy Chaise , Koehler Karsten 
Published: October 2021

Short‐term energy deficits impair anabolic hormones and muscle protein synthesis. However, the effects of prolonged energy deficits on resistance training (RT) outcomes remain unexplored. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of PubMed and SportDiscus for randomized controlled trials performing RT in an energy deficit (RT+ED) for ≥3 weeks. We first divided the literature into studies with a parallel control group without an energy deficit (RT+CON; Analysis A) and studies without RT+CON (Analysis B). Analysis A consisted of a meta‐analysis comparing gains in lean mass (LM) and strength between RT+ED and RT+CON. Studies in Analysis B were matched with separate RT+CON studies for participant and intervention characteristics, and we qualitatively compared the gains in LM and strength between RT+ED and RT+CON. Finally, Analyses A and B were pooled into a meta‐regression examining the relationship between the magnitude of the energy deficit and LM. Analysis A showed LM gains were impaired in RT+ED vs RT+CON (effect size (ES) = −0.57, p = 0.02), but strength gains were comparable between conditions (ES = −0.31, p = 0.28). Analysis B supports the impairment of LM in RT+ED (ES: −0.11, p = 0.03) vs RT+CON (ES: 0.20, p < 0.001) but not strength (RT+ED ES: 0.84; RT+CON ES: 0.81). Finally, our meta‐regression demonstrated that an energy deficit of ~500 kcal · day−1 prevented gains in LM. Individuals performing RT to build LM should avoid prolonged energy deficiency, and individuals performing RT to preserve LM during weight loss should avoid energy deficits >500 kcal day−1.
Soil quality assessment via the factor analysis of karst rocky desertification areas in Hunan, China
Authors: Deng Yanlin , Wang Zhongcheng , Lu Sheng , Zhong Jie , Zhu Lingyue , Chen Fangfang , Wu Lichao 
Published: October 2021

AbstractQuantitative evaluation of soil quality (SQ) is of paramount importance to provide a basis for restoring degraded land that affects the living conditions of people in these degraded areas. Amongst land degradation types, karst rocky desertification (KRD) is caused by human disturbance on a fragile karst geo‐ecological environment. However, SQ evaluations have not been widely and correctly used in KRD soil systems due to the complex soil conditions and lack of uniform standards. SQ evaluation can be qualitatively and quantitatively calculated. Soil quality index (SQI) can be used more frequently due to its simplicity and quantitative flexibility. To quantitatively analyse the SQ of four KRD grades in Hunan Province in China, 25 soil properties at 0–20 cm were identified as potential SQ indicators. SQ was assessed via SQI based on a total data set (TDS) and a minimum data set (MDS). Similar to grey relational analysis (GRA), the SQI was ranked as follows: potential KRD>moderate KRD>light KRD>intensive KRD. Total phosphorus, pH, calcium, clay, capillary porosity, biomass nitrogen and microbial biomass phosphorus were selected into the MDS, and they were sensitive to SQ. However, available phosphorus and soil organic carbon were not selected in the MDS. Soil quality in KRD areas could be quantitatively evaluated using SQI via factor analysis. SQ assessment based on the MDS can represent TDS to reduce labour intensity and detection costs. The quantification of SQ under different KRD grades can provide reference for improving SQ in limestone rocky desertification areas.
Multiresolution land surface segmentation and generalization of DEM: Tentative searching for the optimal settings of detecting elementary forms
Authors: Popov Anton Borisovich , Minár Jozef , Gallay Michal 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBefore applying a land surface segmentation algorithm, generalizing the input digital elevation model (DEM) can help optimize the multiresolution land surface segmentation. We tested an indicator of optimal generalization of DEM (the index K0 (Gnn)) and the setting of the scale parameter (SP) in the multiresolution segmentation by geographical object‐based image analysis (GEOBIA). The concept of elementary forms was used as a theoretical base. We tested the utility of the estimation of scale parameter (ESP2 tool) for the estimation of SP. The DEM was generalized by approximating land surface with a fourth‐order polynomial using the least‐squares method for various sizes of a moving window. Altitude, slope, aspect, normal slope line (profile) curvature, and contour line (plan) curvature were used as the input variables of segmentation. The results from the three areas of interest differing in morphology show a clear dependence of local variance (LV) on the average segmentation area (ASA) and generalization level. The relationship between LV and ASA can be effectively used to determine the most suitable SP, however, the ESP2 tool is not ideal to define the LV–ASA relationship. The relationship better defines the nested hierarchy of land surface in case the DEM is generalized for the optimal generalization level (i.e., windows size). The optimum DEM generalization for detecting elementary forms of a particular geomorphological hierarchical level was achieved by using the moving window size for which the index K0 (Gnn) reaches the local maximum.