bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
مراحل تطور العلاقة الاقتصادية بين السعودية والصين / Stages of Development of the Economic Relationship Between the Saudi Arabia and China
Authors: Abdul Mohsen Al-Faraj Abdullah bin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The economic relations between Saudi Arabia and modern China witnessed four stages: 1. the phase of almost no relationship, which lasted from 1949 AD until the mid-seventies of the last century; 2. the stage of initiating developing relations between the two countries after the start of economic reforms in China; 3. relations of highly advanced levels after the acceleration of the growth rates of the Chinese economy at the beginning of the new millennium; 4. the phase of transforming the Chinese economy into a locomotive that drags the rest of the train cars of the world economy, following the financial-economic crisis that hit the industrial hubs in 2008, whose epicenter was the United States after the mortgage crisis. During the fourth stage, two visions concurred: the Kingdom’s Vision 2030, and the China’s Belt and Road Initiative, which strengthened relations between the two countries. strengthened relations between the two countries.
“华文水平测试” 雏形阶段的效度验证及改进
Authors: 宣 付佩 , 卫 王汉 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
“Test of Chinese as a Heritage Language” is developed to test the Chinese proficiency of overseas Chinese adolescents. Overseas Chinese adolescent is a special group which is different from ordinary foreign Chinese learners. There is no a standardized Chinese proficiency test for this group until now. Guided by argument-based approach to validation, the overall design of the test and the test data are analyzed. The validity of the test is systematically demonstrated by qualitative and quantitative methods from many aspects, and the results of validity demonstration further feeds back the improvement of the test.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus virulence factors as biomarkers of infection
Authors: Sabat Artur J. , Pantano Daniele , Akkerboom Viktoria , Bathoorn Erik , Friedrich Alexander W. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The gold standard for the diagnosis of bacterial infections in clinical samples is based on culture tests that are time-consuming and labor-intense. For these reasons, an extraordinary effort has been made to identify biomarkers as the tools for sensitive, rapid and accurate identification of pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, biomarkers have been tested to distinguish colonization from infection, monitor disease progression, determine the clinical status of patients or predict clinical outcomes. This mini-review describes Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biomarkers, which contribute to pathogenesis and have been used in culture-independent bacterial identification directly from patient samples.
Between Sinology and Japanology: Léon de Rosny and Oriental Studies in France
Authors: Vande Walle Willy F. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This contribution on Léon de Rosny 羅尼 (1837–1914), the founder of modern Japanese Studies in France, deals with the trajectory of his formation and track record in Chinese and Japanese Studies. It highlights the role and significance his training in Chinese Studies under the guidance of Stanislas Julien played in his scholarly development and orientation, both as a sinologist and a japanologist. A self-taught student of the Japanese language, he pioneered the development of teaching material for Japanese language and literature, while also producing scholarly translations of classical literature, both Chinese and Japanese. We clearly discern a trajectory: the initial focus is on the study of Chinese, it subsequently shifts towards Japanese Studies from the 1850s on, to reach its apogee in the 1870s, while from the late 1870s on it appears to tilt towards Chinese Studies again. We conclude by an assessment of the merits and demerits of his scholarly production in these two areas of what was called “Oriental Studies” in the France of his time.
Entire solutions for several general quadratic trinomial differential difference equations
Authors: Luo Jun , Xu Hong Yan , Hu Fen 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper is devoted to exploring the existence and the forms of entire solutions of several quadratic trinomial differential difference equations with more general forms. Some results about the forms of entire solutions for these equations are some extensions and generalizations of the previous theorems given by Liu, Yang and Cao. We also give a series of examples to explain the existence of the finite order transcendental entire solutions of such equations.
Crack on the Inner Rim Flange of an Aluminum Rim
Authors: Schulz I. , Weichert S. , Krug P. , Katrakova-Krüger D. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The aluminum rim of a passenger car was claimed by the customer because a crack had appeared on the inner rim flange, which ran into the rim well. The cause of this damage was to be determined.
Accumulations of oxide skins in areas close to the surface were proven to be the cause of failure by metallographic and scanning electron microscopic examinations. The cause of the damage was a manufacturing defect.
Porosity in Medical Drills Caused by Fractured Carbides – A Review
Authors: Strobl S. , Haubner R. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Just as 10 years ago, an examination of drills used in human medicine revealed cracks in the microstructure which can be attributed to fractured carbides. The drills are made of corrosion-resistant chromium steels with special carbides which are of the composition (Cr,Fe)23C6 and (Cr,Fe)7C3 (e. g. material no. 1.4125 or 1.4112). The cracks occur in the coarser carbides during the forming of the drills. It was considered problematic that the cracks are filled with contaminants which cannot be fully removed in the cleaning process. One of the drills examined for this study also contained MnS inclusions which is consistent with a “rust and acidresistant steel / free-machining steel” (e. g. material no. 1.4005).
Eine Frage der Branchenkooperation: Der Verband Rheinisch-Westfälischer Brauereien und das Problem eines einheitlichen Flaschenpfands 1915 bis 1975
Authors: Bodden Nancy 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The taking of deposits on returnable bottles was not an inevitable consequence of the breweries’ increasing bottled beer output since the end of the 19th century. The example of the Association of Rhenish-Westphalian Breweries clarifies the developments that opposed a uniform and functioning cash deposit system over decades. The strong competition on the bottled beer market and the breweries’ preference for their short-term individual advantage prevented the most efficient way of sector cooperation. Accordingly, political support was the significant factor in resolving the conflict in the mid-1970s.
Experiencias de personas con diversidad funcional auditiva y optómetras en la atención en salud visual
Authors: Abreo Díaz Leidy Stephanny , Roa Avila Angie Melissa , Maldonado Palacios Diana Paola , García Landazábal Gabriela , Arias Pineda Karen Natalia , Oviedo María Del Pilar 
Published: September 2021

Objetivo: Describir la experiencia de las personas con diversidad funcional auditiva y los profesionales de la salud visual en cuanto las dinámicas que se dan al interior de la atención en salud. Metodología: Estudio cualitativo descriptivo interpretativo. Se realizaron entrevistas semi-estructuradas vía telefónica, dada la condición de pandemia por la Covid-19, a personas con diversidad funcional auditiva, optómetras e intérpretes de señas. Para el proceso de análisis, se utilizó el diseño metodológico desde Taylor y Bogdan. Resultados: A partir del análisis realizado emergen dos categorías: Desconocimiento de los profesionales de la salud sobre los significados de la diversidad funcional auditiva y prácticas positivas para la atención clínica. El desconocimiento de los profesionales se puede explicar por la falta de formación para la atención de la diversidad, lo cual se refleja en la falta de herramientas mínimas a implementar para facilitar la comunicación en el contexto de la atención clínica. Se identifican experiencias positivas en relación con la implementación de algunas prácticas en las que se establecen mecanismos de comunicación en los que se garantiza el derecho a la salud de quienes acuden a la consulta. Conclusiones: Los hallazgos dan cuenta de las barreras para el establecimiento de la comunicación en el ejercicio de la atención optométrica; aun persisten brechas para la garantía de la accesibilidad de las personas con diversidad funcional auditiva.
PENERAPAN HYBRID CONTRACT PADA LETTER OF CREDIT
Authors: Suhendar Muh. 
Published: September 2021

Keberadaan letter of credit yang benar-benar sesuai dengan syariah Prinsip-prinsip syariah telah ditunggu oleh para pengusaha muslim yang ingin menjalankan nilai-nilai agama mereka di sepanjang hidup mereka. L/C konvensional dipertimbangkan seperti pada L/ syariah karena praktiknya masih menerapkan sistem bunga. Itu Peraturan L / C Syariah telah ada dalam UU No. 21/2008 tentang Perbankan Syariah, dalam pasal 19 hal, dan jauh sebelum undang-undang dibuat, undang-undang tersebut keberadaan L/C Syariah telah disebutkan dalam Fatwa Dewan Syariah MUI Nasional No. 34/DSN-MUI/IX/2002 tentang L/C Impor Syariah dan Fatwa Dewan Syariah Nasional MUI No. 35/DSN-MUI/IX/2002 tentang L/C Ekspor Syariah. L/C Syariah dapat menerapkan beberapa model akad kontrak,seperti: wakalah bi al-ujrah, qard, murabahah, salam/istisna’, musyarakah, hawalah dan al-bai. Dari berbagai kontrak model yang dapat diaplikasikan ke L/C Syariah, wakalah bi al-ujrah dan murabahah dianggap sebagai yang paling efisien, paling aman, dan paling minimum berisiko. Kata kunci: Letter of Credit, Hybrid contract, wakalah bil ujrah
ANALISIS KOMPARATIF KINERJA KEUANGAN BANK UMUM SYARIAH PADA MASA PANDEMI COVID–19
Authors: Fitriani Putri Diesy 
Published: September 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan serta melihat perbedaan antara kinerja keuangan Bank BRI Syariah dengan Bank BNI Syariah pada rasio Non Performing Financing (NPF), Return On Assets (ROA), Biaya Operas.ional terhadap Pendapatan Operasional (BOPO) dan Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR). Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode penelitian komparatif dengan analisis data kuantitatif dengan menggunakan uji beda dua rata-rata. Hasil penelitian ini menyatakan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada kinerja keuangan BRI Syariah dengan BNI Syariah dalam rasio NPF, ROA dan BOPO dengan nilai signifikansi 0,000 < 0,05. Sedangkan pada rasio FDR tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara Bank BRI Syariah dengan Bank BNI Syariah dengan nilai signifikansi 0,429 > 0,05.Kata Kunci : NPF, ROA, BOPO, FDR
Structural response results from the October 29, 1968, earthquake in the Koyna-Pophali region, India
Authors: Agrawal P. N. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
In September, 1968, six ‘Roorkee Seismoscopes’ and two ‘Multiple Structural Response Recorders’ were installed in the Koyna and Pophali area, Maharashta, India. These have recorded the earthquake of 5.2 magnitude which occurred in the region on October 29, 1968. The structural response results obtained and some other relevent inferences possible on the basis of these records are reported here. They indicate the utility of these simplified earthquake recording devices for structural engineering requirements.
The origin of precursors to core waves
Authors: Husebye Eystein , Madariaga Raúl 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The origin of the precursors of the core waves in the range 105°-142° is studied. Between 105° and 125° a long tail is observed after the P wave diffracted by the core. In the range 130° ≦ Δ ≦ 142° we usually observe short-period onsets a few seconds before PKIKP; these are the waves called P(GH). Reflection at a discontinuity in the outer core, near the inner-core boundary, is shown to produce the P(GH) branch. Reflections in the outer core are rejected as a mechanism for the tail of the P diffracted wave. A theoretical study of diffraction of P by the core shows that higher modes of diffracted waves cannot explain the observations of the tail of P diffracted. We conclude, by elimination, that it is due to reflections or multiple paths in the upper mantle.
T-Phase data on Kamchatka/Kurils earthquakes
Authors: Evernden J. F. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Seismic and hydroacoustic data for Kamchatka/Kuril earthquakes of January 1 to July 31 1965 are analyzed in terms of detectability of hydroacoustic signals as a function of seismic magnitude, depth of focus and epicenter locations. An improved calculation procedure for estimating location of hydroacoustic epicenters is presented which results in a clear and simple interpretation of the combined seismic-hydroacoustic data as they relate to “epicenter” calculations.
Fourier integrals and quadrature-introduced aliasing
Authors: Bakun W. H. , Eisenberg A. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Computation of Fourier transforms of oscillatory signals by refined quadrature rules using uneven weighting schemes leads to spurious spectral estimates. The degree of spectral contamination can be estimated as a function of frequency by an analysis in terms of aliasing.
In particular, the extended Simpson's rule introduces a secondary −13 amplitude aliasing across a folding frequency equal to 12 the Nyquist frequency. This secondary folding frequency is clearly related to the pseudo-sampling interval introduced by the quadrature weighting scheme.
Quadrature-introduced aliasing results in spectral contamination within the principal band (0 to fN Hz). An example has been given to demonstrate the quadrature-introduced aliasing and discussed in terms of seismic signals.
Effects of varying anisotropy coefficient on SH-wave dispersion
Authors: Upadhyay S. K. , Negi Janardan G. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The characteristic frequency equation for SH-wave propagation in an anisotropic, inhomogeneous-layered structure lying between two isotropic, homogeneous half-spaces is obtained by applying the Thomson-Haskell matrix method. A particular case is studied to analyze the effects of varying anisotropy on SH-wave dispersion. Numerical analysis is performed for a representative set of data to distinguish between the cases of increasing, uniform, and decreasing anisotropy coefficien in the medium.
A refraction study of the crustal structure in southern Norway
Authors: Sellevoll Markvard A. , Warrick Richard E. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Two seismic profiles across southern Norway have yielded a crustal structure with a good correlation between average topographic elevation and crustal thickness. The Mohorovicic discontinuity was deepest at 36 to 38 km beneath the central portion of the mountain range and shallowest at 28 to 30 km beneath the coast-line of western Norway. The depth and structure of the Conrad discontinuity is uncertain. Observed velocities include Pg between 6.0 and 6.3 km/sec, Pb of 6.5 km/sec, and Pn of 8.05 km/sec.
Dynamic properties of timber school buildings
Authors: Rea Dixon , Bouwkamp Jack G. 
Published: September 2021

abstractDynamic tests were conducted on four buildings of the old McKinley School in Santa Clara County, California. The buildings, single-story timber structures, were vibrated by means of an eccentric-mass type vibration generator to determine their resonant frequencies, associated mode shapes, and damping factors. The test results from two of the buildings are used to illustrate the dynamic behavior of such structures.Typically, the buildings had three basic modes of vibration that have been designated transverse, longitudinal, and flexure of the roof diaphragm. The resonant frequencies of transverse and longitudinal modes ranged from 7 to 10 cps, and the damping factors varied from 3 to 4 per cent. The resonant frequencies of the flexure modes of the roof diaphragms ranged from 6 to 10 cps and the damping factors from 1 to 3 per cent.
Influence of base-rock characteristics on ground response
Authors: Lysmer John , Bolton Seed H. , Schnabel Per B. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The response characteristics of nine typical soil deposits over different types of base rock are studied in order to evaluate the influence of the base-rock characteristics on the surface accelerations. The study shows that the spectra for the surface accelerations are virtually independent of the properties of the base rock provided the latter is homogeneous. However, layering of the base rock may influence the surface acceleration spectra to an appreciable extent and certain types of analytical procedures may give grossly erroneous results for such cases.
Response of a viscoelastic sphere due to a point source at the center
Authors: Alterman Z. , Schoenberg M. , Yaacobi D. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The problem of the response to a pulse at the center of a solid sphere, assuming general linear viscoelastic behavior, is presented, and the formal series solution is given. The solution is computed for a sphere with Kelvin behavior in shear and compression, and the propagation and reflection of an attenuating spherical wave is shown. The series solution is shown to converge, and properties of the solution are discussed.
A real frequency, complex wave-number analysis of leaking modes
Authors: Watson Thomas H. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Leaking-mode dispersion and attenuation is computed for two single-layer models. Roots of the dispersion relation are obtained in the complex wave-number plane, using real frequency as the independent variable. At low frequencies the root loci on the (+, +) sheet determine the fundamental propagating mode plus a series of attenuated standing-wave modes in the vicinity of the source. As frequency increases, the complex roots on all four sheets migrate through the wave-number plane, producing (successively) organ-pipe modes, PL modes, and normal modes. For higher frequencies, the modes exhibit a tendency to couple with pure P- (and S-) type motion in the wave guide. These effects are related to similar phenomena which occur for the case of the free elastic plate.
Results are also calculated for a six-layer continental model. Here the pseudo-modes on the (+, −) sheet noted by Cochran et al. (using real wave-number analysis) are found to be decoupled P- and S-related modes whose phase-velocity curves freely intersect one another when frequency is assumed real.
Surface-wave and body-wave magnitudes of some Sino-Soviet nuclear explosions and earthquakes
Authors: Gupta Harsh K. , Sitaram M. V. D. , Narain Hari 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Body-wave and surface-wave magnitudes have been determined for Sino-Soviet nuclear explosions and earthquakes in nearby regions using National Geophysical Research Institute's seismological observatory data. On a Ms versus mb plot, the two are clearly distinguished. The following relations hold good between Ms and mb.
M S = 0.70 m b + 1.88 for earthquakes ,
and
M S = 1.06 m b − 1.46 for explosions .
A comparison with an analogous study involving only continental seismic paths for North American explosions and earthquakes shows that our findings are consistent for earthquakes whereas for explosions, NGRI Ms values are systematically lower.
A shallow-faulting model
Authors: King Chi-Yu 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Particle motion was examined along the surface trace of a kinematic faulting model in which rupture starts at a point at a shallow depth and spreads with a circular front along a vertical fault plane. The center may either be fixed in position or move in prescribed paths as the radius expands at a constant rate. The offset is a cosine function of a constant shape of the radius. It was found that when rupture is free to spread in all directions along the fault plane, the displacement-time curves are approximately finite ramps. When rupture propagation is hindered in some direction, the displacement curves near the point of hindrance have an abrupt beginning followed by a gradual approach to final value. The apparent rupture along the surface trace shows an initial speed much higher than the actual rupture speed. Kinks are introduced in some displacement curves when the mode of propagation is suddenly changed.
Observation of crustal tilt preceding an aftershock at San Fernando, California
Authors: Sylvester Arthur G. , Pollard Dwigt D. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Anomalous drift of a theodolite plate-level bubble was observed about 5 hr before two of the stronger aftershocks of the San Fernando earthquake of February 9, 1971. The phenomenon may be related to crustal tilting during the accumulation of strain prior to the aftershocks.
Quasi-static magnetic field changes associated with the CANNIKIN nuclear explosion
Authors: Hasbrouck W. P. , Allen J. H. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
As a result of the CANNIKIN nuclear explosion, the magnetic field several kilometers from the epicenter appears to have been permanently altered. Within 30 sec after detonation, a proton magnetometer 3 km away recorded a 9-gamma step increase in total magnetic field. Continuous difference recordings between the station at a distance of 3 km from the epicenter and one at 9 km showed that a 7.0-gamma average increase was maintained between these locations for 8 days after the shot. Along a 12-km traverse centered across a portion of a fault 1.6 km from ground zero, postshot-minus-preshot magnetic field difference readings decreased semi-sinusoidally from a high value of +13 gammas in the shot-contained block to a low value of −11 gammas in the distal block. Within 15 m to either side of the fault trace, a 15-gamma wedge-shaped magnetic low was observed. The magnetic effects can be reasonably interpreted as being caused by either shot-produced residual stresses or shot-caused alterations of remanent magnetization.
Preliminary results of ground deformation measurements near the CANNIKIN explosion
Authors: Dickey D. D. , McKeown F. A. , Bucknam R. C. 
Published: September 2021

abstractGround deformation around the CANNIKIN underground nuclear explosion was studied by means of geodetic measurements, observation of tilt in lakes, and analysis of high-speed motion pictures. The lengths of 53 lines of the order of 1 km long located as many as 7 km from ground zero (GZ) were measured before and after the explosion. Principal strains calculated from the observed changes in length indicate northeast-oriented extension, which is interpreted as reflecting, in part, the release of tectonic strain. Information from an incomplete remeasurement of level lines indicates as much as about 1 m of residual uplift along nearly 2 km of the Bering coast adjacent to the explosion site. Measurements of tilt at six lakes differ in magnitude and direction from the values expected to be produced by expansion of the explosion cavity, but seem to be related to the influence of geological structures near the lakes. High-speed motion pictures indicate that the ground surface in the GZ area had risen vertically about 8 m by 1.4 sec after the explosion and had returned to within about 1 m of its original elevation by 4 sec after the explosion.