bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Water recovery rate and isotopic signature of cryogenic vacuum extracted spiked soil water following oven‐drying at different temperatures
Authors: Wen Mingyi , Si Bingcheng , Lu Yanwei , Wang Hongxiu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractExtracting water from soils is often a critical step for obtaining soil water isotope information. Cryogenic vacuum extraction (CVE), the most widely used laboratory‐based removal technique, produces biased isotope composition and the mechanisms causing the biases remain uncertain. Here, we conducted spiking tests on soil samples oven‐dried at 105 and 205°C, respectively. The recovery rate and isotopic composition of the extracted water were analysed. Our results show that conventional oven‐drying (105°C) was not sufficient to liberate tightly bound water from soils but oven‐drying at temperatures above 205°C was. Part of the tightly bound water in soil was extracted by CVE, because the extraction capacity of CVE (heating at 95°C) was equivalent to oven‐drying at temperature between 105 and 205°C. Moreover, the two pretreatments yielded markedly differences in water recovery rates. And with increasing ratios of clay contents to water contents, the recovery rates of the pretreated soil at 105°C trended upward above 100%, but that of 205°C trended downward below 100%. Further, the 2H and 18O signatures of the extracted water from the soil pretreated at 205°C were both depleted relative to reference water, but the pretreatment at 105°C showed enriched 18O and depleted 2H. This suggests that oxygen isotope exchange may have occurred between tightly bound water and soil minerals, resulting in enriched 18O in water for the 105°C pretreatments. For the 205°C pretreatment, pre‐existing soil water was completely removed and relative to spiking water, isotopic signatures of the extracted water followed equilibrium fractionation law due to incomplete extraction. Therefore, our results suggested that the biased isotopic signatures of water extracted by CVE may be partially due to incomplete extraction and mixture of added water with the residual tightly bound water that pre‐exists before spiking.
Vegetation water sources in California's Sierra Nevada (USA) are young and change over time, a multi‐isotope (δ18O, δ2H, 3H) tracer approach.
Authors: Thaw Melissa , Visser Ate , Bibby Richard , Deinhart Amanda , Oerter Erik , Conklin Martha 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSierra Nevada forests transpire a significant amount of California's water resources, sparking interest in applying forest management to improve California's water supply. Determining the source water of evapotranspiration enables forest managers to make informed decisions. To this end, a significant interest in critical zone science is to develop new methods to work across time scales to predict subsurface water storage and use. In this study, forest vegetation accessed young water and switched sources depending on availability, suggesting that forest drought vulnerability may depend on the range of water sources available (rain, snowmelt and deeply stored water). This finding also suggests that changes in transpiration rates may have immediate effects on water sources in close proximity to vegetation, and delayed effects on storage and runoff. New δ18O, δ2H and 3H data were used to track precipitation, runoff, evapotranspiration and storage through the critical zone seasonally, including seasons where evapotranspiration and snowmelt were in phase (winter snowmelt) and out of phase (seasonally dry summer). The main source of this headwater catchment's runoff is derived from its meadow saturated zone water, which was dominated by snowmelt. Water that originated as snowmelt contributed to transpiration, unless other sources, such as recent rain, became available. In cases where xylem δ18O and δ2H signatures matched those of deeper saturated zone water, 3H data showed that xylem water was distinctly younger than the deep saturated zone water. During 2016, which experienced relatively normal snowpack in winter and seasonally dry summer conditions, mean summer saturated zone water and vegetation water were similar in δ18O, −12.4 ± 0.04 ‰ and − 12.5 ± 0.3 ‰, respectively, but were distinctly different in 3H, 5.5 ± 0.2 pCi/L and 13.7 ± 1.1 pCi/L, respectively. While δ18O shows that vegetation and meadow saturated zone water have similar origins, 3H shows they have dissimilar ages.
Multimodal medical image fusion using L0 gradient smoothing with sparse representation
Authors: Sunderlin Shibu D. , Suja Priyadharsini S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMultimodal medical image fusion technique is an important and essential coalescing technique for the medical images with different modalities. The fused medical image carries more useful information than two or more relevant individual medical images of modality. To enhance, preserve edge and feature information and to remove noise of the source images a novel medical image fusion method has been developed with multiscale edge preserving decomposition L0 smoothing with sparse representation (SR) in nonsubsampled contourlet transform (NSCT) domain. The NSCT‐based image fusion method provides richer information in the spatial and spectral domains simultaneously. In this method, initially, L0 gradient smoothing filter is applied in two different modal clinical images separately to decompose the source images into two layers such as low frequency layer (LFL) and high frequency layer (HFL) which preserves the information and improves quality. To maintain the curve edges and the energy of the source medical images, the LFLs of different modal images are combined by using the NSCT ‐ SR fusion rule also to protect the detailed information of input medical images and reduce redundant information, the HFLs are combined by max‐absolute combination rule. By combining the reconstructed LFL and HFL, the resultant fused image is obtained. The experimental results show that the proposed work can provide better results than current methodologies in terms of both visual consistency and quantitative analysis.
Maternal depressive symptoms, poverty, and young motherhood increase the odds of early depressive and anxiety disorders for children born prematurely
Authors: Weiss Sandra J. , Leung Cherry 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTChildren born preterm, compared to term, are at risk for behavioral problems. However, the prevalence and predictors of internalizing disorders among children born preterm are unclear. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of depressive and anxiety disorders at 2 years of age among children born preterm and determine the extent to which poverty, maternal depressive symptoms, or young motherhood increase the likelihood of these disorders. Mothers and their infants (N = 105) were recruited from two neonatal intensive care units affiliated with a major U.S. university. A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Patient Health Questionnaire‐9, and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition scale scores from the Preschool Child Behavior Checklist were used to measure primary variables. We examined mothers’ family satisfaction and quality of caregiving as well as children's degree of prematurity, morbidity, gender, cognitive functioning, and motor function as covariates. Fifteen percent of children met criteria for an anxiety disorder and another 15% for depression. Maternal depressive symptoms increased the odds of children developing both anxiety and depression, whereas young motherhood was associated with child anxiety and poverty with child depression. Results indicate the need for mental health assessment of children born preterm during their first 2 years of life and the importance of early therapeutic and tangible support to vulnerable mothers and children.
Copper/dapsone cuvalented Fe3O4@SiO2‐propyl nanocomposite as a highly active and magnetically recoverable Lewis acid catalyst for the novel synthesis of bis‐dapsone derived acridines
Authors: Fekri Leila Zare , Zadeh Leila Hassan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCopper/dapsone cuvalented Fe3O4@SiO2‐propyl nanocomposite (Fe3O4@SiO2‐propyl@dapsone/Cu) was prepared using cheap compounds in simple immobilization methodology. This nanocompound was identified by X‐ray diffraction, FT‐IR, VSM, TEM, FE‐SEM, and TGA analyses and was found to be effective and green nanocomposite for the multicomponent reaction of aldehydes, dimedone, and dapsone. The catalyst is magnetically recoverable in the presence of an enormous magnetic bar and recycled for six rounds, without any obvious decrease in the efficiency of the catalyst. Moreover, it has been observed that this new class of dihydropyridines can be easily synthesized in this avenue in good yield and short reaction times.
Perceptions of smoking cessation and a novel psychosocial intervention for quitting among individuals with psychosis: A qualitative study
Authors: Moe Aubrey M. , Keller‐Hamilton Brittney , Lee Angela , Breitborde Nicholas J. K. , Ferketich Amy K. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIndividuals diagnosed with psychosis have high rates of smoking‐related morbidity and early mortality. Only a small proportion of these smokers will attempt to quit, and many existing cessation interventions have limited effectiveness. To explore the unique and potentially unmet cessation needs of individuals with psychosis, we sought first‐person experiences with smoking cessation and reactions to a proposed intervention. Twenty‐four smokers with psychosis participated in focus group interviews. Multiple participants reported previous quit attempts using pharmacotherapy or behavioral methods, but few indicated they had previously tried cessation counseling. Though some individuals reported modest success with cessation, most participants tended to express negative perceptions of many available cessation approaches. When informed about the development of a novel smoking cessation intervention, participants had mixed but generally positive perceptions. Smokers diagnosed with psychosis are interested in sustained, individualized delivery of cessation services as part of their broader mental health care.
Biperiden Challenge Model in Healthy Elderly as Proof‐of‐Pharmacology Tool: A Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial
Authors: Bakker Charlotte , van Esdonk Michiel J. , Stuurman Rik (F). E. , Borghans Laura G.J.M. , de Kam Marieke L. , van Gerven Joop M.A. , Groeneveld Geert Jan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSelective M1muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) agonists are being developed as symptomatic treatment for neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders that lead to cognitive dysfunction. Demonstrating cognition‐enhancing effects in early‐phase clinical development in healthy subjects is difficult. A challenge with the M1mAChR antagonist biperiden could be used to demonstrate procognitive and pharmacological effects of selective M1mAChR agonists. The aim of this study was to develop such a model. To this end, 12 healthy elderly subjects participated in a randomized, placebo‐controlled, 3‐way crossover study investigating tolerability, pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) effects of 2 and 4 mg biperiden. Repeated PD assessments were performed using neurocognitive tasks and electrophysiological measurements. A population PK‐PD model was developed. Four milligrams of biperiden showed significant impairment of sustained attention (−2.1 percentage point in adaptive tracking [95%CI, −3.043 to −1.148], verbal memory (2‐3 fewer words recalled [95%CI, −5.9 to −0.2]) and working memory (up to a 50‐millisecond increase in the n‐back task reaction time [95%CI, 21.854‐77.882]) compared with placebo. The PK data were best fitted by a 2‐compartment model and showed high interoccasion and intersubject variability. Population PK‐PD analysis quantified significant concentration‐effect relationships for the n‐back reaction time, n‐back accuracy, and adaptive tracking. In conclusion, biperiden caused M1mAChR‐related dose‐ and concentration‐dependent temporary declines in cognitive functioning. Therefore a biperiden pharmacological challenge model can be used for proof‐of‐pharmacology studies and to demonstrate cognition‐enhancing effects of new cholinergic compounds that are being developed.
Diagnostic value of the sonographic whirlpool sign in the diagnosis of ovarian torsion: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Adu‐Bredu Theophilus Kofi , Arkorful Joseph , Appiah‐Denkyira Kwame , Wiafe Yaw Amo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this review, we investigated the diagnostic value of the sonographic “whirlpool sign” in identifying ovarian torsion. This was done by performing a search in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Google scholar. Additional search for the grey literature was made in EThOS.bl.uk, explore.bl.uk, opengrey.eu, greylit.org, and clinicaltrials.org. A total of eight studies were included in this meta‐analysis. Sensitivity and specificity of whirlpool sign were extracted from the studies and computed into the Metadisc statistical software for pooled analysis. The whirlpool sign showed a high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of ovarian torsion.
Understanding methane emission from stored animal manure: A review to guide model development
Authors: Dalby Frederik R. , Hafner Sasha D. , Petersen Søren O. , VanderZaag Andrew C. , Habtewold Jemaneh , Dunfield Kari , Chantigny Martin H. , Sommer Sven G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNational inventories of methane (CH4) emission from manure management are based on guidelines from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change using country‐specific emission factors. These calculations must be simple and, consequently, the effects of management practices and environmental conditions are only crudely represented in the calculations. The intention of this review is to develop a detailed understanding necessary for developing accurate models for calculating CH4 emission from liquid manure, with particular focus on the microbiological conversion of organic matter to CH4. Themes discussed are (a) the liquid manure environment; (b) methane production processes from a modeling perspective; (c) development and adaptation of methanogenic communities; (d) mass and electron conservation; (e) steps limiting CH4 production; (f) inhibition of methanogens; (g) temperature effects on CH4 production; and (h) limits of existing estimation approaches. We conclude that a model must include calculation of microbial response to variations in manure temperature, substrate availability and age, and management system, because these variables substantially affect CH4 production. Methane production can be reduced by manipulating key variables through management procedures, and the effects may be taken into account by including a microbial component in the model. When developing new calculation procedures, it is important to include reasonably accurate algorithms of microbial adaptation. This review presents concepts for these calculations and ideas for how these may be carried out. A need for better quantification of hydrolysis kinetics is identified, and the importance of short‐ and long‐term microbial adaptation is highlighted.
Detection of actionable mutations in archived cytological bile specimens
Authors: Ohyama Hiroshi , Hirotsu Yosuke , Amemiya Kenji , Oyama Toshio , Iimuro Yuji , Kojima Yuichiro , Mikata Rintaro , Mochizuki Hitoshi , Kato Naoya , Omata Masao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground/PurposeThere are limitations in obtaining sufficient pancreaticobiliary tumor tissue for genomic profiling of tumors. Herein, we investigated whether archived cytological specimen (ACS) is suitable for genomic profiling to identify oncogenic and drug‐matched mutations.MethodsWe constructed a pancreaticobiliary cancer panel for targeted sequencing covering 60 significantly mutated genes (280 220 bp). Eighty DNA samples (19 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded [FFPE] tissues and 61 ACS) from 44 patients with pancreaticobiliary disease were analyzed. We compared genomic profiles of 19 FFPE and 29 ACS from 19 patients with malignancies (Validation Cohort). We tested 32 ACS from 25 patients (15 malignant and 10 benign) for the ability to discriminate between malignant and benign disorders (Testing Cohort). We explored whether actionable and drug‐matched mutations (Validation and Testing Cohorts) could be identified from ACS.ResultsOncogenic mutations observed in ACS were identical to those identified in FFPE specimens (76% consistency). Genomic profiling using only ACS discriminated between malignant and benign disorders with 93% accuracy, 91% sensitivity, and 100% specificity. Actionable and drug‐matched mutations were identified in 74% and 32% of ACS, respectively, and in 79% and 21% in FFPE samples, respectively.ConclusionArchived cytological specimen may be used to discriminate malignancy and to detect drug‐matched mutations in patients with advanced pancreaticobiliary cancer.
Quantification of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow Using Diffusion Imaging With Phase Contrast
Authors: Ohno Naoki , Miyati Tosiaki , Sugita Fumiki , Nanbu Genki , Makino Yuki , Alperin Noam , Gabata Toshifumi , Kobayashi Satoshi 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundThe perfusion‐related diffusion coefficient obtained from triexponential diffusion analysis is closely correlated with regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), as assessed by arterial spin labeling (ASL) methods. However, this provides only a semiquantitative measure of rCBF, thereby making absolute rCBF quantification challenging.PurposeTo obtain rCBF in a noninvasive manner using a novel diffusion imaging method with phase contrast (DPC), in which the total CBF from phase‐contrast (PC) MRI was utilized to convert perfusion‐related diffusion coefficients to rCBF values.Study TypeProspective.SubjectsEleven healthy volunteers (nine men and two women; mean age, 23.9 years) participated in this study.Field Strength/SequenceA 3.0 T, single‐shot diffusion echo‐planar imaging with multiple b‐values (0–3000 s/mm2), PC‐MRI, pulsed continuous ASL, and 3D T1‐weighted fast field echo.AssessmentrCBF and its correlations in the gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM) were compared between DPC and ASL methods. rCBF in the GM and WM and the GM/WM ratio were compared with the literature values obtained using [15O]‐water positron emission tomography (15O‐H2O PET).Statistical TestsSpearman's correlation coefficient and Wilcoxon signed‐rank test were used. Significance was set at P < 0.05.ResultsA significant positive correlation between DPC and ASL in terms of rCBF was observed in GM (R = 0.9), whereas the correlation between the two methods was poor in WM (R = 0.09). The rCBF in GM and WM and the GM/WM ratio obtained using DPC were consistent with the literature values assessed using 15O‐H2O PET. The rCBF value obtained using DPC was significantly higher in the GM and WM than that using ASL.Data ConclusionDPC enabled noninvasive quantification of rCBF.Evidence Level2Technical EfficacyStage 1.
Fluoroscopic placement of nasojejunal feeding tubes in COVID‐19 patients in the prone position
Authors: Kolbeinsson Hordur Mar , Veldkamp James , Paauw James D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) has caused an increase in patients requiring enteral feeding access while undergoing proning for severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We investigated the safety and feasibility of fluoroscopy‐guided nasojejunal (NJ) feeding tube placement in the prone position.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study of all patients who underwent fluoroscopic placement of NJ feeding tubes at a single institution between March 2020 and December 2020. Primary end points were success rate and number of attempts. Chi‐squared and Fischer exact tests were used to compare prone and supine groups.ResultsA total of 210 patients were included in the study: 53 patients received NJ feeding tubes while prone and 157 while supine. All but one patient in the prone group had ARDS secondary to COVID‐19, whereas 47 (30.3%) had COVID‐19 in the supine group. The rate of successful placement was 94.3% in the prone group and 100% in the supine group. Mean number of attempts was 1.1 (SD, ±0.4) in the prone and 1.0 (SD, ±0.1) in the supine group (P = .14). Prone patients had a longer median fluoroscopy time (69 s, interquartile range [IQR] = 92; vs 48 s, IQR = 43; P < .001) and received a higher radiation dose during the procedure (47 mGy, IQR = 50; vs 25 mGy, IQR = 33; P = .004). No procedural complications were reported.ConclusionFluoroscopy‐guided NJ feeding tube placement in prone patients is feasible and safe. Patient positioning should not delay obtaining postpyloric feeding access.
Initial development and validation of a novel nutrition risk, sarcopenia, and frailty assessment tool in mechanically ventilated critically ill patients: The NUTRIC‐SF score
Authors: Lee Zheng‐Yii , Hasan M. Shahnaz , Day Andrew G. , Ng Ching Choe , Ong Su Ping , Yap Cindy Sing Ling , Engkasan Julia Patrick , Barakatun‐Nisak Mohd Yusof , Heyland Daren K. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundNutrition risk, sarcopenia, and frailty are interrelated. They may be due to suboptimal or prevented by optimal nutrition intake. The combination of nutrition risk (modified nutrition risk in the critically ill [mNUTRIC]), sarcopenia (SARC‐F combined with calf circumference [SARC‐CALF]), and frailty (clinical frailty scale [CFS]) in a single score may better predict adverse outcomes and prioritize resources for optimal nutrition in the intensive care unit (ICU)MethodsThis is a retrospective analysis of a single‐center prospective observational study that enrolled mechanically ventilated adults with expected ≥96 h of ICU stay. SARC‐F and CFS questionnaires were administered to patient's next‐of‐kin and mNUTRIC were calculated. Right calf circumference was measured. Nutrition data were collected from nursing record. The high‐risk scores (mNUTRIC ≥ 5, SARC‐CALF > 10, or CFS ≥ 4) of these variables were combined to become the nutrition risk, sarcopenia, and frailty (NUTRIC‐SF) score (range: 0–3).ResultsEighty‐eight patients were analyzed. Increasing mNUTRIC was independently associated with 60‐day mortality, whereas increasing SARC‐CALF and CFS showed a strong trend towards a higher 60‐day mortality. Discriminative ability of NUTRIC‐SF for 60‐day mortality is better than its component (C‐statistics, 0.722; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.677–0.868). Every increment of 300 kcal/day and 30 g/day is associated with a trend towards higher rate of discharge alive for high (≥2; adjusted hazard ratio, 1.453 [95% CI, 0.991–2.130] for energy; 1.503 [0.936–2.413] for protein) but not low (<2) NUTRIC‐SF score.ConclusionNUTRIC‐SF may be a clinically relevant risk stratification tool in the ICU.