bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constraining the 21 cm brightness temperature of the IGM at z = 6.6 around LAEs with the murchison widefield array
Authors: Trott C M , Jordan C H , Line J L B , Lynch C R , Yoshiura S , McKinley B , Dayal P , Pindor B , Hutter A , Takahashi K , Wayth R B , Barry N , Beardsley A , Bowman J , Byrne R , Chokshi A , Greig B , Hasegawa K , Hazelton B J , Howard E , Jacobs D , Kolopanis M , Mitchell D A , Morales M F , Murray S , Pober J C , Rahimi M , Tingay S J , Webster R L , Wilensky M , Wyithe J S B , Zheng Q 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
The locations of Ly α-emitting galaxies (LAEs) at the end of the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) are expected to correlate with regions of ionized hydrogen, traced by the redshifted 21 cm hyperfine line. Mapping the neutral hydrogen around regions with detected and localized LAEs offers an avenue to constrain the brightness temperature of the Universe within the EoR by providing an expectation for the spatial distribution of the gas, thereby providing prior information unavailable to power spectrum measurements. We use a test set of 12 h of observations from the Murchison Widefield Array (MWA) in extended array configuration, to constrain the neutral hydrogen signature of 58 LAEs, detected with the Subaru Hypersuprime Cam in the Silverrush survey, centred on z = 6.58. We assume that detectable emitters reside in the centre of ionized H ii bubbles during the end of reionization, and predict the redshifted neutral hydrogen signal corresponding to the remaining neutral regions using a set of different ionized bubble radii. A pre-whitening matched filter detector is introduced to assess detectability. We demonstrate the ability to detect, or place limits upon, the amplitude of brightness temperature fluctuations, and the characteristic H ii bubble size. With our limited data, we constrain the brightness temperature of neutral hydrogen to ΔTB &lt;30 mK (&lt;200 mK) at 95 per cent (99 per cent) confidence for lognormally distributed bubbles of radii, RB = 15 ± 2h−1 cMpc.
Non-Visit-Based and Non-Infection-Related Antibiotic Use in the US: A Cohort Study of Privately Insured Patients During 2016–2018
Authors: Fischer Michael A , Mahesri Mufaddal , Lii Joyce , Linder Jeffrey A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Ambulatory antibiotic prescriptions without a clinic visit or without documentation of infection could represent overuse and contribute to adverse outcomes. We aim to describe US ambulatory antibiotic prescribing, including those without an associated visit or infection diagnosis.

Methods
We conducted an observational cohort study using data of all patients receiving antibacterial, antibiotic prescriptions from 04/01/2016 to 06/30/2018 in a large US private health insurance plan. We identified outpatient antibiotic prescriptions as (1) associated with a clinician visit and an infection-related diagnosis; (2) associated with a clinician visit but no infection-related diagnosis; or (3) not associated with an in-person clinician visit in the 7 days before the prescription (non-visit-based). We then assessed whether non-visit-based antibiotic prescriptions (NVBAPs) differed from visit-based antibiotics by patient, clinician, or antibiotic characteristics using multivariable models.

Results
The cohort included 8.6M enrollees who filled 22.3M antibiotic prescriptions. NVBAP accounted for 31% (6.9M) of fills, and non-infection-related prescribing accounted for 22% (4.9M). NVBAP rates were lower for children than for adults (0–17 years old, 16%; 18–64 years old, 33%; &gt;65 years old, 34%). Among most commonly prescribed antibiotic classes, NVBAP was highest for penicillins (36%) and lowest for cephalosporins (25%) and macrolides (25%). Specialist physicians had the highest rate of NVBAP (38%), followed by internists (28%), family medicine (20%), and pediatricians (10%). In multivariable models, NVBAP was associated with increasing age, and NVBAP was less likely for patients in the South, those with more baseline clinical visits, or those with chronic lung disease.

Conclusions
Over half of ambulatory antibiotic use was either non-visit-based or non-infection-related. Particularly given health care changes due to the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, efforts to improve antibiotic prescribing must account for non-visit-based and non-infection-related prescribing.
QT Interval Prolongation in People Treated With Bedaquiline for Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis Under Programmatic Conditions: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Isralls Sharon , Baisley Kathy , Ngam Eric , Grant Alison D , Millard James 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Bedaquiline has a black-box warning of the risk of arrhythmias and sudden death. This study aimed to determine the incidence of QTc prolongation and cardiac events in patients receiving bedaquiline for drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR-TB) under programmatic conditions.

Methods
Retrospective cohort study of patients receiving bedaquiline at a DR-TB hospital in KwaZulu Natal, South Africa from September 2017 to February 2019. The primary outcome, a prolonged QT interval corrected using the Fridericia formula (QTcF), was defined as QTcF &gt;500 ms, QTcF change &gt;60 ms from baseline, or both.

Results
Among 420 patients (66.2% male, median age 36 years), the median QTcF was 406.4 (interquartile range [IQR], 389.1–421.3) ms at baseline, increasing to 430.5 (IQR, 414.4–445.1) ms by 3 months and 434.0 (IQR, 419.0–447.9) ms at 6 months. Eighteen of 420 patients (4.3%) had a QTcF &gt;500 ms and 110 of 420 patients (26.2%) had a QTcF change &gt;60 ms. There were no recorded arrhythmias or cardiac deaths. Odds of prolonged QTcF were increased with concomitant azoles (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.61 [95% confidence interval (CI), 2.26–13.91]; P &lt; .001) and an inverse association with HIV-positive status (aOR, 0.34 [95% CI, .15–.75]; P = .008) and hypertension (aOR, 0.13 [95% CI, .02–.86]; P = .02). After prolongation, the QTcF declined to &lt;500 ms, whether drugs were interrupted or not.

Conclusions
We observed a modest prolongation of QTcF, maximal at week 15; there were no recorded arrhythmias or related deaths.
Removal of a Penetrating Tree Branch in the Orbitofrontal Region—A Unique Application of an Orbitofrontal Craniotomy Through a Supraciliary Brow Approach
Authors: Desai Rupen , Srienc Anja I , Maamari Robi N , Custer Philip L , Warren David K , Chicoine Michael R 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE
Orbitocranial penetrating injury (OPI) is associated with neurological, infectious, and vascular sequalae. This report describes unique application of an orbitofrontal craniotomy through a supraciliary approach to remove a wooden stick penetrating through the orbit and frontal lobe, postoperative management, and antimicrobial therapy.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
A 51-yr-old male presented after a tree branch penetrated beneath his eye. He had no loss of consciousness and was neurologically intact with preserved vision and ocular motility. Computed tomography (CT) and CT angiogram revealed an isodense hollow cylindrical object penetrating though the left orbit and left frontal lobe. The object extended into the right lateral ventricle, abutting the left anterior cerebral artery. There was minimal intraventricular hemorrhage without arterial injury. The patient was treated with broad-spectrum antimicrobial coverage. The foreign body was removed and the dural defect repaired via an orbitofrontal craniotomy through a supraciliary eyebrow incision. He was treated with an extended course of antimicrobial therapy, and after 18 mo remained neurologically intact.

CONCLUSION
OPI are a subset of penetrating brain injuries with potential for immediate injury to neurovascular structures and delayed complications including cerebrospinal fluid leak and infection. Treatment includes attempted complete removal of the foreign body and antimicrobial therapy. An orbitofrontal craniotomy through a supraciliary eyebrow incision may be effective in selected patients.
Extrapial Hippocampal Resection in Anterior Temporal Lobectomy: Technical Description and Clinical Outcomes in a 62-Patient Case Series
Authors: Hussein Helweh , Kokkinos Vasileios , Sisterson Nathaniel D , Modo Michel , Richardson R Mark 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) is the most effective treatment for drug-resistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Extrapial en bloc hippocampal resection facilitates complete removal of the hippocampus. With increasing use of minimally invasive treatments, considering open resection techniques that optimize the integrity of tissue specimens is important both for obtaining the correct histopathological diagnosis and for further study.

OBJECTIVE
To describe the operative strategy and clinical outcomes associated with an extrapial approach to hippocampal resection during ATL.

METHODS
A database of epilepsy surgeries performed by a single surgeon between October 2011 and February 2019 was reviewed to identify all patients who underwent ATL using an extrapial approach to hippocampal resection. To reduce confounding variables for outcome analysis, subjects with prior resections, tumors, and cavernous malformations were excluded. Seizure outcomes were classified using the Engel scale.

RESULTS
The surgical technique is described and illustrated with intraoperative images. A total of 62 patients met inclusion criteria (31 females) for outcome analysis. Patients with most recent follow-up <3 yr (n = 33) and >3 yr (n = 29) exhibited 79% and 52% class I outcomes, respectively. An infarct was observed on postoperative magnetic resonance imaging in 3 patients (1 asymptomatic and 2 temporarily symptomatic). An en bloc specimen in which the subiculum and all hippocampal subfields were preserved was obtained in each case. Examples of innovative research opportunities resulting from this approach are presented.

CONCLUSION
Extrapial resection of the hippocampus can be performed safely with seizure freedom and complication rates at least as good as those reported with the use of subpial techniques.
Management of an Internal Carotid Artery Injury During Open Skull Base Surgery With a Crushed Muscle Patch – Technical Note and Lessons Learned
Authors: Van Der Veken Jorn , Mascarenhas Annika Reann , Chryssidis Steve , Poonoose Santosh Isaac 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Iatrogenic internal carotid artery (ICA) injury is a catastrophic complication in open skull base surgery. There is a lack of information regarding the most appropriate techniques on how to manage this complication.

OBJECTIVE
To highlight the difficulties encountered when an ICA injury arises intraoperatively and discuss the role and the potential pitfalls of the crushed muscle patch in the management of an ICA injury during open skull base surgery.

METHODS
In this technical video, we demonstrate the management of intraoperative ICA injury, which occurred during the resection of a diffuse planum sphenoidale meningioma via a left pterional craniotomy.

RESULTS
When isolation of the defect with temporary clips failed, we opted for a crushed muscle graft to plug the defect. Hemostasis was achieved, but because of prolonged pressure application and “overpacking,” the parent vessel was occluded.

CONCLUSION
The crushed muscle patch can be easily applied; however, care must be taken not to “overpack” and occlude the ICA.
Resection of a Medulla Oblongata Hemangioblastoma: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Ibn Essayed Walid , Al-Mefty Ossama 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Hemangioblastomas are benign vascular tumors that can be sporadic or multiple, as part of Von Hippel-Lindau disease. They develop at any level of the central nervous system, with a predilection for the dorsal medulla among brainstem locations. Radical resection of the solid portion of the tumor is the best treatment option.
1,2
The resection should be en bloc to avoid uncontrollable intraoperative hemorrhage hindering safe dissection. Preservation of the venous drainage during the progressive dissection of the tumor of the surrounding structures and interruption of numerous small arterial feeders is a tenet for safe surgical resection.
3
Once the tumor is completely disconnected, the large draining veins can be coagulated, and the tumor removed. We demonstrate these technical principles in the surgery of a 30-yr-old female with an exophytic hemangioblastoma from the dorsal medulla obstructing the fourth ventricle outflow. We demonstrate the resection of this lesion through a suboccipital craniotomy in a sitting position.
4
The patient consented to the surgery and publication of images.
Image at 1:26 from Kadri and Al-Mefty,
4
by permission from the Congress of Neurological Surgeons.
HECATE2 acts with GLABROUS3 and Tu to boost cytokinin biosynthesis and regulate cucumber fruit wart formation
Authors: Wang Zhongyi , Wang Liming , Han Lijie , Cheng Zhihua , Liu Xiaofeng , Wang Shaoyun , Liu Liu , Chen Jiacai , Song Weiyuan , Zhao Jianyu , Zhou Zhaoyang , Zhang Xiaolan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Warty fruit in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) is an important quality trait that greatly affects fruit appearance and market value. The cucumber wart consists of fruit trichomes (spines) and underlying tubercules, in which the existence of spines is prerequisite for tubercule formation. Although several regulators have been reported to mediate spine or tubercule formation, the direct link between spine and tubercule development remains unknown. Here, we found that the basic Helix-Loop-Helix (bHLH) gene HECATE2 (CsHEC2) was highly expressed in cucumber fruit peels including spines and tubercules. Knockout of CsHEC2 by the CRISPR/Cas9 system resulted in reduced wart density and decreased cytokinin (CTK) accumulation in the fruit peel, whereas overexpression of CsHEC2 led to elevated wart density and CTK level. CsHEC2 is directly bound to the promoter of the CTK hydroxylase-like1 gene (CsCHL1) that catalyzes CTK biosynthesis, and activated CsCHL1 expression. Moreover, CsHEC2 physically interacted with GLABROUS3 (CsGL3, a key spine regulator) and Tuberculate fruit (CsTu, a core tubercule formation factor), and such interactions further enhanced CsHEC2-mediated CsCHL1 expression. These data suggested that CsHEC2 promotes wart formation by acting as an important cofactor for CsGL3 and CsTu to directly stimulate CTK biosynthesis in cucumber. Thus, CsHEC2 can serve as a valuable target for molecular breeding of cucumber varieties with different wart density requirements.
Efficient brain connectivity reconfiguration predicts higher marital quality and lower depression
Authors: Ma Shan-Shan , Zhang Jin-Tao , Wang Luo-Bin , Song Kun-Ru , Yao Shu-Ting , Fang Ren-Hui , Hu Yi-Fan , Jiang Xin-Ying , Potenza Marc N , Fang Xiao-Yi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Social information processing is important for successful romantic relationships and protection against depression, and depends on functional connectivity (FC) within and between large-scale networks. Functional architecture evident at rest is adaptively reconfigured during a task, and there were two possible associations between brain reconfiguration and behavioral performance during neurocognitive tasks (efficiency effect and distraction-based effect). This study examined the relationships between brain reconfiguration during social information processing and relationship-specific and more general social outcomes in marriage. Resting-state FC was compared with FC during social information processing (watching relationship-specific and general emotional stimuli) of 29 heterosexual couples, and the FC similarity (reconfiguration efficiency) was examined in relation to marital quality and depression 13 months later. The results indicated that wives’ reconfiguration efficiency (globally and in visual association network) during relationship-specific stimuli processing was related to their own marital quality. Higher reconfiguration efficiency (globally and in medial frontal, frontal-parietal, default mode, motor/sensory and salience networks) in wives during general emotional stimuli processing was related to their lower depression. These findings suggest efficiency effects on social outcomes during social cognition, especially among married women. The efficiency effects on relationship-specific and more general outcomes are, respectively, higher during relationship-specific stimuli or general emotional stimuli processing.
Cognitive throughput and working memory raw scores consistently differentiate resilient and vulnerable groups to sleep loss
Authors: Brieva Tess E , Casale Courtney E , Yamazaki Erika M , Antler Caroline A , Goel Namni 
Published: August 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectivesSubstantial individual differences exist in cognitive deficits due to sleep restriction (SR) and total sleep deprivation (TSD), with various methods used to define such neurobehavioral differences. We comprehensively compared numerous methods for defining cognitive throughput and working memory resiliency and vulnerability.MethodsForty-one adults participated in a 13-day experiment: 2 baseline, 5 SR, 4 recovery, and one 36 h TSD night. The Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) and Digit Span Test (DS) were administered every 2 h. Three approaches (Raw Score [average SR performance], Change from Baseline [average SR minus average baseline performance], and Variance [intraindividual variance of SR performance]), and six thresholds (±1 standard deviation, and the best/worst performing 12.5%, 20%, 25%, 33%, 50%) classified Resilient/Vulnerable groups. Kendall’s tau-b correlations compared the group categorizations’ concordance within and between DSST number correct and DS total number correct. Bias-corrected and accelerated bootstrapped t-tests compared group performance. ResultsThe approaches generally did not categorize the same participants into Resilient/Vulnerable groups within or between measures. The Resilient groups categorized by the Raw Score approach had significantly better DSST and DS performance across all thresholds on all study days, while the Resilient groups categorized by the Change from Baseline approach had significantly better DSST and DS performance for several thresholds on most study days. By contrast, the Variance approach showed no significant DSST and DS performance group differences.ConclusionVarious approaches to define cognitive throughput and working memory resilience/vulnerability to sleep loss are not synonymous. The Raw Score approach can be reliably used to differentiate resilient and vulnerable groups using DSST and DS performance during sleep loss.
Student experiences of online study groups and drop-in mathematics support during COVID-19
Authors: Mac an Bhaird Ciarán , McGlinchey Aisling , Mulligan Peter , O’Malley James , O’Neill Rachel 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we consider the changes to mathematics learning support (MLS) at Maynooth University due to the COVID-19 pandemic, including the provision of novel online study groups aimed at increasing student engagement and interaction. We briefly outline the local, national and international impact of COVID-19 on MLS and then focus on the results of a student survey. Respondents who regularly used online MLS were broadly positive about their experiences. They cited, in particular, the influence of tutors and the scheduled study groups, which provided structure and motivation as well as the opportunity to work with others and ask questions in less intimidating small groups. However, some respondents highlighted factors that impacted negatively on their engagement. These included low attendance or interaction from peers, timetabling issues or busy schedules, lack of awareness of the details of the services and increased feelings of discomfort and anxiety in an online environment. We consider how this student feedback may influence our future online and in-person supports.
Interpreting merger clauses in contracts governed by the CISG: delineating the scope for the use of extrinsic evidence
Authors: Suresh Aditya 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Under Article 8(3) of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG), parties’ statements, prior negotiations and other external circumstances may be used to assess the presence of subjective or objective intent that can, in turn, be used to interpret contractual terms in international sales contracts governed by the CISG. However, parties to the contract can, through the adoption of an ‘entire agreement’ or ‘merger’ clause, opt out of this rule under Article 8(3) and restrict these interpretative tools in any manner as they see fit, depending on the requirements of their contract. Since the CISG does not explicitly address merger clauses and their effects, the CISG Advisory Council, in its Opinion no. 3, has provided a test to determine how the scope of a merger clause is to be determined. However, this test presents certain conceptual and practical limitations that render it inadequate for use in international commercial contracts. This article aims to analyse this test and the methods that have been used to interpret merger clauses under other uniform legal instruments and cases in common law jurisdictions. On this basis, the article proposes a test that attempts to fully capture the conceptual intent behind including merger clauses while ensuring that the parties are in the driver’s seat while determining their scope and effect.
Transpanting the Unidroit Contract Principles into the Qatar Financial Center: a fresh paradigm for wholesale legal transplants?
Authors: Bantekas Ilias 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Qatar Financial Center (QFC) decided to adopt a set of Contract Regulations that are effectively the equivalent of its contracts statute. The QFC does not have a civil code. The Regulations are largely predicated on the Unidroit Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC). Even so, its drafters introduced, in addition, elements peculiar to the common law of contracts that are not found in the PICC, and the QFC Court, which is largely composed of a common law-inclined bench, has made it clear in many of its cases that common law judgments and English statutes can and will serve as authority in the interpretation of the Contract Regulations. The situation is further complicated by the fact that the Regulations are meant to apply in a broader legal system (that of Qatar), which recognizes several elements of Islamic law in the context of public policy—although generally Islamic law plays a very minor role, if at all, in the ordinary Qatari law of contracts. Despite the complexity underlying the Contract Regulations, its relevant success—to date—is firmly premised on the fact that the process of legal transplantation was not undertaken in a vacuum, but, rather, it is a ‘living instrument’ that is acceptable and, above all, useful to its stakeholders. Much like other contract law-related legal transplants taking root in other special economic zones, so too the QFC Contract Regulations represent an excellent paradigm as to how wholesale legal transplants can be undertaken.
La liberté des parties dans le droit de la médiation OHADA
Authors: Gouambe Simplice 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

La consécration de la liberté des parties dans la recherche de la solution à leur différend se manifeste en deux temps : premièrement, lors de la mise en place de la médiation, les parties ont le choix de recourir ou non à la médiation, elles doivent de commun accord procéder à la désignation du médiateur et à la fixation de sa mission. Deuxièmement, lors de la mise en œuvre de la médiation, la liberté des parties se manifeste plus dans la conduite du processus qu’au dénouement de la médiation. Toutefois, cette liberté est ébranlée par certaines obligations de nature substantielle ou de nature processuelle qui pèsent sur les parties.

Mots-clés
liberté, différend, processus de médiation, patrimonialité de la cause, ordre public.