bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Cholbi Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Movement for Black Lives (M4BL) has gained worldwide visibility as a grassroots social justice movement distinguished by a decentralized, nonhierarchical mode of organization. M4BL rose to prominence in part thanks to its protests against police brutality and misconduct directed at Black Americans. However, its animating concerns are far broader, calling for a wide range of economic, political, legal, and cultural measures to address what it terms a “war against Black people,” as well as the “shared struggle with all oppressed people.” Despite the significance of the social, political, and economic goals of M4BL, as well as the innovative organizational leadership strategies it employs, M4BL has received little sustained philosophical attention. The Movement for Black Lives: Philosophical Perspectives brings philosophical analysis to bear on the aims, strategies, policy positions, and intellectual-historical context of M4BL. The volume broaches a wide range of pressing issues in the philosophy of language, social and political philosophy, philosophy of race, philosophy of gender, and the philosophy of punishment. Chapters address the following themes: “Black Lives Matter” as a political speech act, M4BL’s conception of the value of Black lives, the gender dynamics of the Movement, the relation of M4BL to other Black liberation movements and transitional justice movements, the Movement’s new forms of leadership and organization, and the impact of racism on the normative assessment of the criminal justice system.
Positive Propaganda and the Pragmatics of Protest
Authors: Barnes Michael Randall 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines what protest is from a pragmatic point of view and how it relates to propaganda—specifically what Jason Stanley calls “positive propaganda.” It analyzes the phrase “Black lives matter,” taking it to be a political speech act that offers a unique route to understanding the pragmatics of protest. From this, it considers the moral-epistemological function of protest and develops an account of the authority that protest, as a speech act, both calls upon and makes explicit. It then argues that, rather than simply its effects, it is protest’s distinct pragmatic features—that is, its entitlement conditions and the uptake it aims at—that best capture its important moral, political, and epistemic elements. It therefore rejects the idea that protests are paradigmatic examples of “positive propaganda,” because the propaganda model cannot capture protests’ function of foregrounding the socially located moral authority of the protestor.
Speaking for, Speaking with, and Shutting up
Authors: Lance Mark Norris 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter deploys resources from pragmatic theory to distinguish and assess three distinct models of solidarity engagement. Each model can have advantages and each can be the right way to engage in solidarity in a particular context, but the first two have negative pragmatic effects that must be taken into account in all situations. As a result, it is worth considering ways to employ the third model—the “shutting up” model—while maintaining some of the advantages of the first two. The chapter concludes with a case study of a research/pedagogy/activism project, the Truth Telling Project, which grew out of organizing in response to the murder of Mike Brown Jr. in Ferguson, Missouri.
Mindfulness in Exercise Psychology
Authors: French Sarah Ullrich- , Cox Anne E 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Mindfulness is a popular strategy to enhance well-being and shows potential for fostering exercise motivation and behavior. Mindful movement has long been practiced (e.g., yoga, tai chi), but empirical evidence on mindfulness in exercise has only recently emerged. This chapter outlines the key features of mindfulness and reviews research linking mindfulness to exercise experiences, motivation, and behavior. Theoretical explanations are provided for how and why mindfulness can play a role in exercise. Five key readings are suggested that highlight what is known about mindfulness in exercise psychology. Five questions are posed in detail that will help move the field forward in understanding mindfulness in exercise. Questions address theoretical, methodological, and applied issues that have yet to be thoroughly explored in the literature.
Motivated Memory for What Matters Most
Authors: Whatley Mary C. , Murphy Dillon H. , Silaj Katie M. , Castel Alan D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Aging is associated with declines in cognitive functioning and memory; however, research has shown that older adults can and do compensate for these declines in a variety of ways. This chapter discusses various theories of motivational shifts in older adulthood, older adults’ ability to selectively remember important information, and the importance of prior knowledge in the ability to compensate for declines in memory and cognition as a result of aging. Older adults can also use their metacognitive awareness to engage in strategies to improve memory for goal-specific information by selectively allocating attentional resources to what is most important. Intrinsic motivational influences on memory and cognition, such as emotion and curiosity, are also discussed. The chapter presents an overview of how metacognition, curiosity, emotion, goals, and strategic encoding can bias and enhance memory selectivity such that older adults are often tuned to remember what is most important.
Age Differences in Complex Decision Making and Judgment
Authors: Rydzewska Klara , Koscielniak Maciej , von Helversen Bettina , Sedek Grzegorz 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses age differences in complex decision making and judgment, particularly the role of motivational factors and individual differences. Literature on the influence of age-related changes in cognition and motivation on search and performance in complex decision making is reviewed. The role of financial incentives, need for cognition, and need for cognitive closure is discussed, including the age-related influence of motivational factors on the performance of sequential decision-making tasks. Additionally, the role of feedback as a factor producing superior performance of older adults in a decision-making task is introduced. Moreover, novel research findings regarding connections between intellectual helplessness and information and communication technologies in older adults are presented. Lastly, individual differences in numeracy and intellectual helplessness in mathematics as predictors of age-related differences in performance of multiattribute tasks are described.
Motivation and the Social Context of Aging and Decision Making
Authors: Strough JoNell , Smith Kelly 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the role of motivation for understanding adult age differences in decision making. It begins by reviewing research on cognitive aging and decision making. It then reviews research that highlights older adults’ motivation to selectively allocate cognitive resources when making decisions and their motivation to draw upon life experience and emotion regulation strategies. Next, because age-related shifts in motivation accentuate a focus on meaningful social relationships, the chapter considers social aspects of aging and decision making. It discusses age-related differences in selection of social network members and considers factors that may motivate older adults to involve others in the decision-making process. It suggests how research on motivation and aging and decision making could be used to inform decision-making interventions. After suggesting directions for future research, it concludes by highlighting the implications of research on aging and decision making for understanding contextual and motivational influences on cognitive aging.
The Potential for Socially Integrated and Engaged Lifestyles to Support Cognitive Health With Aging
Authors: Stine-Morrow Elizabeth A. L. , Worm Ted W. , Barbey Aron K. , Morrow Daniel G. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In light of normative declines in some areas of cognition with age, this chapter considers the potential of behavioral pathways for mitigating and delaying these declines. In particular, it reviews evidence for causal effects of activity engagement and social integration on cognitive development in adulthood, noting some of the challenges in interpreting existing literature for guiding policy and practice. It also discusses some of the neurocognitive, socioemotional, and motivational mechanisms that may contribute to effects of engagement and social integration on cognitive health and concludes with an argument for the utility of an ecological approach to develop principles of lifespan cognitive health.
There Is Nothing Wrong With Cognitive Aging, and Here Is What to Do About It
Authors: Verhaeghen Paul 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Based on meta-analyses and experimental studies, the argument is advanced that much of the assumed age-related demise in basic and crucial aspects of cognitive processing (especially in executive control) is somewhat exaggerated: It can often be reduced to general rescaling effects, and it is often confounded with task difficulty. This chapter illustrates this position with studies that show that working memory deficits can actually be traced to perceptual/attentional imprecision, which in turn might be due to a motivational shift toward enhancing perceptual processing—a change in resource management. Attempts to ameliorate such observed age-related differences are reviewed, including repetition training, strategy training, video game training, or training of the substrate (aerobic exercise, diet, and meditation training), arguing that the former three are effective but limited in scope, and the latter is effective and broader.
Plurality and Pluralism
Authors: Kaviraj Sudipta 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates the decline of state pluralism, the logic of aggregative identities in political mobilization in independent India, and, in closing, the moral psychology and institutional structure of democratic violence. It argues that caste’s hierarchical and segmenting features produced a logic of mobilization that, over time, accorded legitimacy to identitarian aggregation of all shades—not just those identified by the constitution-makers as deserving of recognition on the grounds of social justice. Simultaneously, the chapter shows how the definition of Hinduness acquired meaning through the differences with Muslims and Christians. Electorally, this identity took shape only over the past three decades, and the BJP’s electoral rise and sustenance have come alongside a rise in “everyday violence.” This chapter explores the conditions of possibility for such violence—the complexity of agential structures in the modern Indian state; the nature of mob violence; and mismatch between a social organization’s incentives and a political party’s compulsions.
Confessional Sovereignty and the Formation of a Muslim Legal Other
Authors: Greble Emily 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
What did it mean for one confessional group to have a separate legal system within a centralizing legal order? Who would decide where jurisdictional boundaries would be drawn? Who would pay for this system and make decisions on its behalf? How would conflicts be resolved? This chapter explores the system of overlapping sovereignties and contested jurisdictional domains that Muslims in Serbia, Montenegro, and Austria-Hungary slowly worked out in the decades after the Congress of Berlin. It analyzes the kinds of debates that occurred between civil lawmakers and Islamic jurists over jurisdiction and highlights the complicated role of the Ottoman Empire in questions of Muslims’ rights and legal regimes.
The Shari’a Mandate and Yugoslav Nation-Building
Authors: Greble Emily 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
What did it mean to have a Shari’a judiciary in a centralizing European state? How did it operate? This chapter explores early conflicts over the nature of the Shari’a judiciary and Islamic institutions and their place in Yugoslav nation-building. It illuminates how Muslims found spaces for agency within the new system to shape Muslim societies and concepts of political belonging while at the same time facing tremendous pressures from Yugoslav state authorities, who sought to seize on the Shari’a judiciary as a mechanism to intervene in and supervise Muslims’ lives. The chapter also illuminates rifts occurring among Muslim leaders over how to respond to the demands of modernization and nationalization.
The Eradication of the Shari’a Legal Order in Tito’s Yugoslavia
Authors: Greble Emily 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The communist Partisans won World War II and reconstituted a Yugoslav state. Within a year, they negated a half-century of legal and political experiments on what constituted Muslim citizenship: they eliminated Shari’a law and the Shari’a judiciary, dismantled other sacred Islamic institutions, and coopted the Islamic legal profession. Their vision of a Marxist social revolution called for erasing class differences and severing connections between members of the traditional Muslim elite and the Muslim masses. They paired reforms in education, gender equality, law, and land ownership with repressive strategies, such as the expropriation of property, mass arrests of class enemies, work camps, purges, show trials, and executions. From 1945 to 1949, a distinct form of Islamic resistance emerged to combat communism. Guided by local and global ideologies of political Islam and anti-communism, different groups of Muslim activists, bandits, and dissidents organized to subvert the encroaching atheistic state. This chapter investigates Muslims’ diverse responses to and experiences within the socialist revolution of the late 1940s.
Rethinking International Order
Authors: Colgan Jeff D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
ṅChapter 2 develops the subsystems framework for analyzing international order. The chapter uses three new ideas to explain changes in international order. The first idea is subsystems, within which international order exists. The second is about the sources of change in international order: strategic benefits and punishments for noncompliance. The third involves actors’ instruments of coercion. Changes in the cost-effectiveness of those instruments can—but don’t always—change the benefits and punishments associated with governing arrangements in a given subsystem. Finally, the chapter operationalizes these concepts for the global oil system, to explain why international order was partially preserved and partially upended in the wake of twentieth-century decolonization.
Conclusion
Authors: Colgan Jeff D. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The final chapter returns to where the book began, addressing the general questions of international order. A recurring lesson of the book is that scholars and analysts often look for international order in the wrong place. They focus on the order’s theme or its issue areas rather than its governing arrangements. After briefly summarizing the book’s argument about a better way—focusing on subsystems—this chapter turns to two additional topics. First, it offers insights on the current energy transition toward renewables in the context of technological and climatic change. Second, the chapter applies subsystems theory to international order in the twenty-first century, in which geopolitical rivalry matters greatly for the strategic benefits offered in each subsystem. Actors will evaluate those benefits in a relative sense, especially if China or others create alternative governing arrangements to US-led institutions. Ultimately, this book is about how to create and sustain international governing arrangements that actually work.
Introduction
Authors: Hill Alice C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of how the year 2020 brought the planet not only the worst disaster in living memory, the COVID-19 pandemic, but also the threat of climate change. By mid-2020, the level of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions ratcheted up to 418 ppm, the highest level in human history and likely the highest since three million years ago. With more greenhouse gases piling up, the heating will increase, which will fuel greater weather extremes that will pummel every corner of the planet. Unfortunately, many people within government and business have never received any formal education about climate change, either in their professional lives or in school. Without that education, they tend to discount the growing threats. The chapter argues that mitigation alone will no longer keep people safe; people also need to adapt. To adapt to anticipated climate risks, governments, communities, businesses, and individuals need to embark on making widespread, foundational adjustments to how and where they live and conduct business.
Weave Tighter Safety Nets
Authors: Hill Alice C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines promising ways to protect vulnerable populations in the face of worsening weather extremes. Within countries, the impacts of climate often fall unequally, landing hardest on the poor, women, children, older adults, people with disabilities, and the marginalized. As the climate threat grows, governments, nongovernmental organizations, and businesses should find ways to assist poorer nations as well as more vulnerable people in buffering the damage that climate change brings. Helping others withstand future climate disruptions means weaving tighter safety nets to improve financial stability through programs like cash transfers and insurance. At the same time, more attention on reducing gender inequality and tending to the needs of people with disabilities will result in more lives saved and better outcomes for children. Finally, nations will have to come together to help the poorest countries adapt and escape crushing debt loads that will swallow any efforts to build climate resilience. The good news is that countries have shown a wide range of responses to the COVID-19 pandemic, providing an opportunity for nations to learn from each other as they seek to do more to protect their populations, including those at greatest risk.
Marry Mitigation and Adaptation
Authors: Hill Alice C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies the consequences of the gnawing disconnect between policies focused on mitigation and those focused on adaptation. The division can cause a government's or business’ focus to scatter among experts who only specialize in one side or the other of the climate equation, thus erecting yet another barrier to effective policies and action. Even more worrisome, the division between adaptation and mitigation can result in climate choices that actually cause harm, because efforts in one area may undermine efforts in the other. The failure to consider vulnerability to climate-fueled extremes in emissions-cutting efforts can result in “malmitigation,” while the failure to consider emissions caused by adaptation projects can result in “maladaptation.” Going forward, decision makers should assess emissions reduction and preparedness choices in view of their overall contributions to addressing climate risk. An easy way to marry mitigation and adaptation is through nature-based solutions, which reduce planetary warming by absorbing carbon while simultaneously protecting against the accelerating impacts of new climate extremes. However, the question of who will pay for what needs to get done is harder. Fortunately, here too, promising answers have begun to emerge.
Where We Are
Authors: Carlson Matt , Robinson Sue , Lewis Seth C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the political and media environment during the presidency of Donald Trump. The first half considers how various political forces aligned to provide an opening for Trump. This includes the polarization of the voting public and a hardening of political identity. These conditions, in connection with global political trends, enabled a right-wing populist movement. The second half of the chapter considers the journalistic context, with an emphasis on how increasing media choice and new intermediaries like social media platforms altered how news circulates and who gets to speak. These structural shifts are coupled with long-running trends pointing to declining trust in journalism, a growing partisan divide in how journalists are viewed, and a questioning of how various communities are represented in the news. On top of all this, the news industry has struggled to develop sustainable digital business models, leading to fewer resources for reporting.
The Trump Presidency
Authors: Carlson Matt , Robinson Sue , Lewis Seth C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Donald Trump’s relationship with the news media during his presidency, arguing that as Trump’s political power increased, his attacks on the press became more extreme. Trump simultaneously amplifies the influence of journalists when he calls them the “enemy of the people” and delegitimizes their authority by classifying “the media” as one of many established elite institutions hostile to the experience of everyday Americans. These attacks turned journalists into an adversary, providing Trump with a scapegoat for his own failings. As president, Trump continued to communicate outside of traditional journalism outlets through social media, political rallies, and conservative media. Trump also targeted journalists of color—particularly women of color—with open hostility. Journalists have responded as victims, even adopting a performative contrariness to support their authority. But they rarely engaged in sustained self-reflexivity or expressed willingness to address deeper issues and failures in practice.
What Relevant Journalism Looks Like
Authors: Carlson Matt , Robinson Sue , Lewis Seth C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter draws from across the book to make a case for how journalism can move forward. To rebuild its relevance, the journalistic community needs to adapt to a changed media culture in which its centrality is no longer guaranteed. When journalism becomes just one voice among others, it becomes necessary to question whether long-standing objectivity norms hamper its ability to make judgments and act morally. Journalists must turn toward relationship-building to establish the necessary trust and legitimacy to pursue the institutional production of news knowledge. However, fixing journalism cannot be done merely from within journalism; media consumers must support their news outlets. A serious appraisal of the systemic patterns that enabled this moment means looking more constructively at what journalism can become by confronting reporting patterns that turn people away from the news.
Two More Principles of Epistemic Rationality
Authors: Talbott William J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 6, the author focuses on two main topics: the essential role of partial or full necessitation hypotheses in scenarios that generate expectations for experience and the social dimension of epistemic rationality. He contrasts partial or full necessitation hypotheses with neo-Humean regularity hypotheses. He argues that memory is a causal notion and contrasts it with non-causal apparent memories. He contrasts the causal physical object framework with a non-causal phenomenalist framework. And he explains why there is no syntactic solution to Goodman’s New Riddle of induction. He explains why Goodman’s own solution to the puzzle is an example of a parasitic hypothesis. He discusses parasitic hypotheses more fully and explains why most conspiracy theories are parasitic. He proposes a Third and Fourth Principle of Epistemic Rationality. Finally, he credits feminist epistemologists with drawing attention to the social dimension of epistemic rationality in contrast to the usual individualist approach in Western epistemology. He ends the chapter with a deep challenge for his own theory.