bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antagonizing the CX3CR1 Receptor Markedly Reduces Development of Cardiac Hypertrophy After Transverse Aortic Constriction in Mice
Authors: Nemska Simona , Gassmann Max , Bang Marie-Louise , Frossard Nelly , Tavakoli Reza 
Published: August 2021

Abstract:
Left-ventricular hypertrophy, characterized by cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, interstitial cell proliferation, and immune cell infiltration, is a high risk factor for heart failure and death. Chemokines interacting with G protein-coupled chemokine receptors probably play a role in left-ventricular hypertrophy development by promoting recruitment of activated leukocytes and modulating left-ventricular remodeling. Using the minimally invasive model of transverse aortic constriction in mice, we demonstrated that a variety of chemokine and chemokine receptor messenger Ribonucleic Acid are overexpressed in the early and late phase of hypertrophy progression. Among the chemokine receptors, Cx3cr1 and Ccr2 were most strongly overexpressed and were significantly upregulated at 3, 7, and 14 days after transverse aortic constriction. Ligands of CX3CR1 (Cx3cl1) and CCR2 (Ccl2, Ccl7, Ccl12) were significantly overexpressed in the left ventricle at the early stages after mechanical pressure overload. Pharmacological inhibition of CX3CR1 signaling using the antagonist AZD8797 led to a significant reduction of hypertrophy, whereas inhibition of CCR2 with the RS504393 antagonist did not show any effect. Furthermore, AZD8797 treatment reduced the expression of the hypertrophic marker genes Nppa and Nppb as well as the profibrotic genes Tgfb1 and Col1a1 at 14 days after transverse aortic constriction. These findings strongly suggest the involvement of the CX3CR1/CX3CL1 pathway in the pathogenesis of left-ventricular hypertrophy.
Human Angiopoietin-like Protein 3/ANGPTL3 Antibodies: Adding to the Armamentarium in the Management of Dyslipidemia
Authors: Wiggins Barbara S. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract:
Cardiovascular (CV) disease remains the leading cause of death in the United States. In addition to lifestyle modifications, current guidelines primarily focus on lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) to reduce atherosclerotic CV disease risk. However, despite aggressive management, a degree of residual risk remains, suggesting that focusing on lowering LDL-C alone may be inadequate and that other lipid parameters may need to be targeted. In patients who remain at high risk despite current pharmacologic options either because of inadequate response, elevated levels of other lipoproteins, or those who have genetic variants predisposing them to atherosclerotic CV disease, additional treatment strategies continue to be sought. One such group is the homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia population, especially those patients carrying the null low-density lipoprotein receptor mutation as they often fail to derive the same benefit from traditional LDL-C lower strategies such as statins and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors that work by upregulating the LDL receptor. Emerging data also suggest that patients with increased levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins are also at increased risk as elevated levels are proposed to have a role in various pathways promoting atherogenesis. Angiopoietin-life protein 3 (ANGLTPL3) has recently become a target of interest because of the discovery that inhibiting its action leads to reductions in lipid parameters. Although the mechanism of action of ANGLTPL3 inhibitors is independent of the LDL receptor, their ability to significantly lower triglycerides and LDL-C make them an attractive option particularly in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia. The efficacy and safety of 2 ANGLTPL3 inhibitor agents have been evaluated in clinical trials. In this review, the lipid lowering, metabolic effects, and safety are reported. Ongoing trials assessing CV outcomes as well as long-term safety data are still needed to provide a more definitive role for these agents in the overall management in these populations.
The Etiology of Pneumonia in HIV-uninfected Children in Kilifi, Kenya
Authors: Awori Juliet O. , Kamau Alice , Morpeth Susan , Kazungu Sidi , Silaba Micah , Sande Joyce , Karani Angela , Nyongesa Sammy , Mwarumba Salim , Musyimi Robert , Bett Anne , Wande Siti , Shebe Mohammed , Ngama Mwanajuma , Munywoki Patrick K. , Muturi Neema , Nokes D. James , Feikin Daniel R. , Murdoch David R. , Prosperi Christine , O’Brien Katherine L. , Deloria Knoll Maria , Hammitt Laura L. , Scott J. Anthony G. 
Published: August 2021

Background:
In the 1980s, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae were identified as the principal causes of severe pneumonia in children. We investigated the etiology of severe childhood pneumonia in Kenya after introduction of conjugate vaccines against H. influenzae type b, in 2001, and S. pneumoniae, in 2011.

Methods:
We conducted a case–control study between August 2011 and November 2013 among residents of the Kilifi Health and Demographic Surveillance System 28 days to 59 months of age. Cases were hospitalized at Kilifi County Hospital with severe or very severe pneumonia according to the 2005 World Health Organization definition. Controls were randomly selected from the community and frequency matched to cases on age and season. We tested nasal and oropharyngeal samples, sputum, pleural fluid, and blood specimens and used the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health Integrated Analysis, combining latent class analysis and Bayesian methods, to attribute etiology.

Results:
We enrolled 630 and 863 HIV-uninfected cases and controls, respectively. Among the cases, 282 (44%) had abnormal chest radiographs (CXR positive), 33 (5%) died in hospital, and 177 (28%) had diagnoses other than pneumonia at discharge. Among CXR-positive pneumonia cases, viruses and bacteria accounted for 77% (95% CrI: 67%–85%) and 16% (95% CrI: 10%–26%) of pneumonia attribution, respectively. Respiratory syncytial virus, S. pneumoniae and H. influenza, accounted for 37% (95% CrI: 31%–44%), 5% (95% CrI: 3%–9%), and 6% (95% CrI: 2%–11%), respectively.

Conclusions:
Respiratory syncytial virus was the main cause of CXR-positive pneumonia. The small contribution of H. influenzae type b and pneumococcus to pneumonia may reflect the impact of vaccine introductions in this population.
The Etiology of Childhood Pneumonia in The Gambia
Authors: Howie Stephen R. C. , Ebruke Bernard E. , McLellan Jessica L. , Deloria Knoll Maria , Dione Michel M. , Feikin Daniel R. , Haddix Meredith , Hammitt Laura L. , Machuka Eunice M. , Murdoch David R. , O’Brien Katherine L. , Ofordile Ogochukwu , Olutunde Oluyinka E. , Parker David , Prosperi Christine , Salaudeen Rasheed A. , Shamsul Arifin , Mackenzie Grant , Antonio Martin , Zaman Syed M. A. 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in young children globally. The changing epidemiology of pneumonia requires up-to-date data to guide both case management and prevention programs. The Gambia study site contributed a high child mortality, high pneumonia incidence, low HIV prevalence, Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines-vaccinated rural West African setting to the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) Study.

Methods:
The PERCH study was a 7-country case-control study of the etiology of hospitalized severe pneumonia in children 1–59 months of age in low and middle-income countries. Culture and nucleic acid detection methods were used to test nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs, blood, induced sputum and, in selected cases, lung or pleural fluid aspirates. Etiology was determined by integrating case and control data from multiple specimens using the PERCH integrated analysis based on Bayesian probabilistic methods.

Results:
At The Gambia study site, 638 cases of World Health Organization-defined severe and very severe pneumonia (286 of which were chest radiograph [CXR]-positive and HIV-negative) and 654 age-frequency matched controls were enrolled. Viral causes predominated overall (viral 58% vs. bacterial 28%), and of CXR-positive cases respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) accounted for 37%, Streptococcus pneumoniae 13% and parainfluenza was responsible for 9%. Nevertheless, among very severe cases bacterial causes dominated (77% bacterial vs. 11% viral), led by S. pneumoniae (41%); Mycobacterium tuberculosis, not included in “bacterial”, accounted for 9%. 93% and 80% of controls ≥1 year of age were, respectively, fully vaccinated for age against Haemophilus influenzae and S. pneumoniae.

Conclusions:
Viral causes, notably RSV, predominated in The Gambia overall, but bacterial causes dominated the severest cases. Efforts must continue to prevent disease by optimizing access to existing vaccines, and to develop new vaccines, notably against RSV. A continued emphasis on appropriate case management of severe pneumonia remains important.
The Etiology of Childhood Pneumonia in Mali
Authors: Tapia Milagritos D. , Sylla Mamadou , Driscoll Amanda J. , Touré Aliou , Kourouma Nana , Sissoko Seydou , Tamboura Boubou , Diakité Abdoul Aziz , Panchalingam Sandra , Keïta Adama M. , Tennant Sharon , Onwuchekwa Uma , Roose Anna , Deloria Knoll Maria , Higdon Melissa M. , Prosperi Christine , Hammitt Laura L. , Feikin Daniel R. , Murdoch David R. , O’Brien Katherine L. , Sow Samba O. , Kotloff Karen L. 
Published: August 2021

Background:
We present findings from the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health (PERCH) site in Bamako, Mali.

Methods:
Cases were patients 28 days to 59 months of age, admitted to hospital with severe or very severe pneumonia (2005 World Health Organization definition). Community controls were frequency matched by age. Both provided nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal swabs for multiplex polymerase chain reaction and Streptococcus pneumoniae culture. Cases underwent blood culture and induced sputum culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A subset had pleural fluid and lung aspirates collected for culture and polymerase chain reaction. Primary analyses included participants with negative or unknown HIV status (HIV−) and cases with abnormal chest radiographs (CXR+). Cases and controls were compared using logistic regression adjusting for age. Etiologic fractions were calculated by a Bayesian nested partially latent class analysis, the PERCH integrated analysis.

Results:
Between January 1, 2012, and January 14, 2014, we enrolled 241 CXR+/HIV− cases and 725 HIV− controls. Compared with controls, cases were more likely to have moderate-to-severe wasting (43.1% vs. 14.1%, P < 0.001) and stunting (26.6% vs. 9.4%, P < 0.001). Predominant etiologies were respiratory syncytial virus [24.0%; 95% credible interval (CrI): 18.3%–31.1%], S. pneumoniae (15.2%; 95% CrI: 9.5–21.6), human metapneumovirus (11.8%; 95% CrI: 8.3%–16.2%) and parainfluenza virus type 3 (9.0%; 95% CrI: 5.8%–13.3%). Case fatality was 13.3%, with Staphylococcus aureus, Pneumocystis jirovecii and Haemophilus influenzae type b predominating (40% of fatal cases).

Conclusions:
PERCH uncovered high case fatality among children with severe pneumonia in Mali, highlighting a role for new interventions (eg, respiratory syncytial virus vaccines) and a need to improve vaccine coverage and strengthen healthcare delivery.
Dermatologic Manifestations of Anti-Neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody Associated Vasculitis
Authors: Solhjoo Mahdis , Hojjati Mehrnaz 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
The antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA)-associated vasculitides are a group of small-vessel vasculitides that results in inflammation of the small blood vessels.
It has a diverse range of clinical manifestations that commonly involve not only the upper airways, lungs, and kidneys but also the eyes, skin, joints, nerves, and, potentially, many other sites. This diversity is why ANCA-associated vasculitides can have such a wide scope of clinical presentations and disease severity.
Entities in this group of diseases include granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Wegener's granulomatosis), microscopic polyangiitis, and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly known as Churg–Strauss syndrome).
Skin involvement is a common clinical feature in all three forms of ANCA-associated vasculitis, with various manifestations.
An organ systems-based review of outcomes associated with sleep apnea in hospitalized patients
Authors: Sheikh Maaz , Kuperberg Stephen 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The current global health crisis due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has prompted the medical community to investigate the effects of underlying medical conditions, including sleep-disordered breathing, on inpatient care. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common form of sleep-disordered breathing that may complicate numerous acquired conditions, particularly in inpatient and critical care settings. Viral pneumonia is a major contributor to intensive care unit (ICU) admissions and often presents more severely in patients with underlying pulmonary disease, especially those with obesity and OSA. This review summarizes the most recent data regarding complications of both OSA and obesity and highlights their impact on clinical outcomes in hospitalized patients. Additionally, it will highlight pertinent evidence for the complications of OSA in an organ-systems approach. Finally, this review will also discuss impatient treatment approaches for OSA, particularly in relation to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.
Bladder paraganglioma managed with transurethral holmium laser resection
Authors: Zhu Xin , Zhou Mi , Yu Haitao , Kuang Youlin , Chen Yong , Li Heqiu , Gou Xin 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Rationale:
Bladder paraganglioma is characterized by headache, palpitations, hypertension, blurred vision, or sweating during voiding. Transurethral holmium laser resection is a safe and efficacious alternative method for the resection of bladder neoplasms.

Patient concerns:
A 24-year-old female had a 2-year history of intermittent headaches, palpitation, and sweating during micturition.

Diagnosis:
Physical examination revealed a rise in the patient's blood pressure to 180/90 mmHg after micturition. Laboratory examination found that the blood catecholamine metabolites were significantly increased. Abdominal ultrasound and computed tomography (CT) scan indicated a 37 mm × 31 mm paraganglioma situated at the right anterolateral wall of the bladder. A diagnosis of bladder paraganglioma was considered based on a comprehensive evaluation of the physical examination, laboratory examination, ultrasound and computerized tomography scan.

Interventions:
Preoperative oral administration of a nonselective α-adrenergic receptor antagonist (phenoxybenzamine, 10 mg three times a day,) accompanied by a high-sodium diet and generous fluid intake, was initiated 2 weeks before the surgery to stabilize intraoperative hemodynamics. As the patient was newly married and nulligravid, management with transurethral resection was considered superior to open or partial cystectomy and was selected as the treatment method.

Outcomes:
Transurethral holmium resection of the bladder paraganglioma was successfully performed with blood loss less than 20 ml and well-controlled intraoperative blood pressure. The 1-year follow-up results demonstrated well-controlled symptoms. Cystoscopy and evaluation of blood catecholamine metabolites revealed no disease recurrence.

Lessons:
Transurethral holmium laser resection is a good alternative approach for the resection of bladder paraganglioma, given its advantages of safety and efficacy.
Comparison between core needle biopsy and excisional biopsy for breast neoplasm
Authors: Sun Chunjie , Lu Qun , Zhang Xinrong , Zhang Yuehong , Jia Shuai , Wang Jing , Zhu Hailun , He Wen , Zhang Zhongqiu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to explore clinical significance of core needle biopsy (CNB) in pathological diagnosis of breast neoplasm.
Seventy one breast neoplasm samples were obtained from Tongzhou Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Beijing between the years of 2006 and 2014. Forty five specimens were obtained via CNB and cases offering 26 of them received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Pathology, histology, and immunohistochemistry results were compared between CNB specimens and excisional biopsy.
Upward and downward tendencies could be observed in CNB specimens and excisional biopsy, respectively, in all items. Tumor proportion of CNB tissues was (33 + 2)/45 = 77.78%, when ductal carcinoma in situ detected by both CNB and excisional biopsy was 31/45 = 68.89%, with a consistency of (31 + 3)/45 = 75.56%. Tumor thrombus detected by both CNB and excisional biopsy was 2/45 = 4.44%. Among cases receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy, CNB and excisional biopsy, in mitotic figure, cytological scoring and histological grading, showed a total change rate of >50% (50%–75%), while changes in duct and cellular heteromorphism were not distinct. Cases showing changes were up to 73.08%, with 8/26 = 30.77% for rise and 11/26 = 42.31% for descent.
CNB could be used for preoperative diagnosis of breast neoplasm, and help to determine proper treatment regimen, thus elevating the rate of breast conserving. However, this method still has several limitations, particularly in immunohistochemical tests of human epidermal receptor protein-2. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy may influence the accuracy of CNB diagnosis.
Clinical course after the onset of choroidal neovascularization in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy
Authors: Kim Rae-Young , Ma Gun-Jung , Park Woo-Kyung , Kim Mirinae , Park Young-Gun , Park Young-Hoon 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) can be complicated with choroidal neovascularization (CNV); however, the timing of its occurrence and its clinical significance are not well understood. This study aimed to observe the time of choroidal neovascularization detection after CSC diagnosis and determine whether clinical features and prognosis differed in patients with chronic CSC or age-related retinal degeneration.
In this retrospective study, medical records of CSC patients complicated with CNV who visited Seoul St. Mary's hospital of Korea between October 2009 and December 2020 were reviewed. The presence of CNV was determined using fluorescein, indocyanine green, or optical coherent tomography angiography (OCTA). Based on the patients’ medical records, we observed the change of clinical pattern, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central macular thickness (CMT) at CNV detection and at 6 months, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years following CNV detection.
Thirty eyes of 30 patients (male: female ratio of 13:17) were enrolled. Mean age at diagnosis of CSC was 54.0 ± 8.5 years (mean ± standard deviation). On average, CNV was detected 1.65 ± 2.30 years after the diagnosis of CSC. The mean CMT was significantly decreased at 6 months, 1 year, and 3 years after choroidal neovascularization detection (P < .001, P < .001, P = .001 respectively). BCVA tend to improve after CNV detection, but there was no statistical significance at 6 months, 1 year, 3 years, and 5 years (all with P > .05). There were no clinical findings suggesting age-related macular degeneration such as intraretinal, subretinal hemorrhage or drusen in any of the case during follow-up. None of the subjects had severe visual acuity loss of 1.0 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) (20/200 Snellen equivalent) or greater. Among the subjects, 6 patients (20%) did not require any treatment during observation, while 24 other patients required anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) or photodynamic therapy. At the last visit, 22 patients (73.3%) remained stable for more than 6 months, without subretinal fluid recurrence.
Choroidal neovascularization was detected earlier than previously reported. There was no rapid deterioration of visual acuity or clinical features even after CNV detection.
Safety of transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy in patients receiving aspirin
Authors: Chen Di , Liu Gang , Xie Yurun , Chen Changsheng , Luo Zhihua , Liu Yujun 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background:
The management of aspirin before transrectal prostate puncture-guided biopsy continues to be controversial. The conclusions in newly published studies differ from the published guideline. Therefore, an updated meta-analysis was performed to assess the safety of continuing to take aspirin when undergoing a transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUS-PB).

Methods:
We searched the following databases for relevant literature from their inception to October 30, 2020: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, Web of Science, Sinomed, Chinese National Knowledge Internet, and WANGFANG. Studies that compared the bleeding rates between aspirin that took aspirin and non-aspirin groups were included. The quality of all included studies was evaluated using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Revman Manger version 5.2 software was employed to complete the meta-analysis to assess the risk of hematuria, hematospermia, and rectal bleeding.

Results:
Six articles involving 3373 patients were included in this meta-analysis. Our study revealed that compared with the non-aspirin group, those taking aspirin exhibited a higher risk of rectal bleeding after TRUS-PB (risk ratio [RR] = 1.27, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.09–1.49], P = .002). Also, the meta-analysis results did not reveal any significant difference between the 2 groups for the risk of hematuria (RR = 1.02, 95%CI [0.91–1.16], P = .71) and hematospermia (RR = 0.93, 95%CI [0.82–1.06], P = .29).

Conclusion:
Taking aspirin does not increase the risk of hematuria and hematospermia after TRUS-PB. However, the risk of rectal bleeding, which was slight and self-limiting, did increase. We concluded that it was not necessary to stop taking aspirin before undergoing TRUS-PB.
Incidents and risk factors of biliary complications after orthotropic liver transplantation
Authors: Zeair Samir , Stasiuk Robert , Zair Labib , Wawrzynowicz-Syczewska Marta , Rybicka Anita , Grochans Elżbieta , Kazimierczak Arkadiusz 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Biliary complications (BC) especially stenosis and strictures are the most common complications after orthotropic liver transplantation (OLT) procedure in adult recipients. The intention of this study was analyzed BC in 273 patients after OLT for the last 4 years in our department.
Retrospective study of 273 patients underwent cadaveric donor liver transplantation between January 2014 and December 2017. Most of them (n = 268) have anastomosed bile duct in end to end, rest of them (n = 5) underwent hepaticojejunostomy. Statistical analysis was performed using Fischer exact test and Student t test. A P value <.05 was considered significant.
BC were developed in 48/273 transplants (17.6%). The most frequent was biliary stricture (n = 42, 87.5%) followed by bile leak (n = 4, 8.3%) and choledocholitiasis (n = 2, 4.2%). Treatment was usually using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Recipients with hypotension during and after OLT treated by norepinephrine have a higher index of BC.
Self-expanding metal stents implantation seems to be more effective than repeated balloon dilatation of anastomotic strictures with subsequent plastic biliary stent placement and associated with similar complication rate. Good fluid management against inotropic therapy may reduce risk of BC.