bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphology and ecology of the bradoriid arthropods Spinospitella and Nikolarites from the Cambrian (Series 2, Stage 4) of North Greenland (Laurentia)
Authors: Peel John S. , Skovsted Christian B. , Wallet Elise 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTuberculate fragments referred toNikolarites spasskyiare compared with a complete carapace and other material ofSpinospitellafrom Cambrian Series 2, Stage 4 in North Greenland. The descriptions expand earlier brief records from Laurentia of the two bradoriids, originally described from Siberia and Australia, respectively. The mutually exclusive occurrences of the two taxa indicate ecological control of their distribution in North Greenland. Robust fragments ofNikolarites spasskyioccur in reworked higher energy deposits of the Aftenstjernesø Formation, while thin-walled carapaces ofSpinospitellacharacterise deeper water mudstones within the Buen and Aftenstjernesø formations.
Heterodyne Standing-Wave Interferometer with Improved Phase Stability
Authors: Ortlepp Ingo , Zöllner Jens-Peter , Rangelow Ivo W. , Manske Eberhard 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper describes a standing-wave interferometer with two laser sources of different wavelengths, diametrically opposed and emitting towards each other. The resulting standing wave has an intensity profile which is moving with a constant velocity, and is directly detected inside the laser beam by two thin and transparent photo sensors. The first sensor is at a fixed position, serving as a phase reference for the second one which is moved along the optical axis, resulting in a frequency shift, proportional to the velocity. The phase difference between both sensors is evaluated for the purpose of interferometric length measurements.
Between the Rhetoric of Employability and the Reality of Youth (Under)Employment: NEET Policy Rhetoric in the UK and Scotland
Authors: McPherson Charlotte 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn the UK and Scotland, considerable resources have been devoted to tackling the persistent issue of young people who are, or are at risk of becoming, not in education, employment or training (NEET), a pathologized status that incurs significant penalties for young people and the economy. Using critical discourse analysis, this paper analyses and evaluates policy rhetoric to explore how the NEET ‘problem’, agenda and population are constituted by the UK and Scottish governments. In doing so, numerous unifying and problematic NEET policy tropes are identified, challenging the popular notion of significant policy divergence between the punitive reputation of Westminster and the image of Scottish governance as more socially democratic. Moreover, this paper differs from traditional policy analysis by also evaluating policy from the perspective of young people, drawing on empirical data from a qualitative study of the school-to-work transitions of NEET and marginally employed young people in Scotland.
Determinants of use of solar energy as an alternative means of energy by small and medium enterprises in Lagos State, Nigeria
Authors: Anaba Sylvester Anani , Olubusoye Olusanya Elisa 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFrequent power outages and general electricity problems from the national grid in Nigeria have significantly increased in the last 5 years, and these are part of the reasons why many Small and Medium Enterprises in Lagos State, Nigeria find it difficult to survive and some have already folded up. Consequently, some Small and Medium Enterprises have relocated to other places, whilst others have resorted to the use of some alternative means of energy as backup facilities (inclusive of generating sets, and solar energy) to reduce the negative effect of frequent power outages from the national grid. Based on the foregoing, the aim of the study is to investigate whether Small and Medium Enterprises in Lagos State, Nigeria have considered solar energy as an alternative means of energy, find out whether Small and Medium Enterprises in Lagos State, Nigeria prefer solar energy to electricity from the national grid, and to also identify the determinants of use of solar energy as an alternative means of energy by Small and Medium Enterprises in Lagos State, Nigeria. The study covered selected Small and Medium Enterprises in Lagos State, Nigeria and primary data were generated from direct distribution of questionnaires to six hundred (600) qualified Small and Medium Enterprises in Lagos State. Using Descriptive Statistics and Binary Logistic Regression Model to analyze data generated from the questionnaires, the study affirmed that general cost of electricity from the national grid, poor organizational processes and procedures of Electricity Distribution Companies as well as policy support for solar energy by the government were major determinants of use of solar energy as an alternative means of power by Small and Medium Enterprises in Lagos State, Nigeria. However, the findings from the study indicate that poor customer services of Electricity Distribution Companies, inadequate access to electricity facilities of Electricity Distribution Companies, and frequent power outages were not major determinants of use of solar energy as an alternative means of energy by Small and Medium Enterprises in Lagos State, Nigeria as at the time of the research. Consequently, this study recommends that Electricity Distribution Companies should improve their organizational processes and procedures. The study also recommends that cost of maintenance and replacement of major facilities like defective transformers should not be transferred to Small and Medium Enterprises (inclusive of other clients).
The Usefulness of Platelet Distribution Width and Platelet Distribution Width to Lymphocyte Ratio in Predicting Severity and Outcomes in Patients with Snakebite
Authors: Köse Ataman , Akdeniz Aydan , Babus Seyran Bozkurt , Göçmen Mert , Temel Gülhan Orekici 
Published: June 2021

Introduction Tissue damage, inflammatory response, and hematologic abnormalities may occur in snakebite envenomation. This study aimed to evaluate the predictive ability of platelet distribution width (PDW) and platelet distribution width to lymphocyte ratio (PDWLR) in the severity and outcome of envenomation in patients with snakebites in the emergency department (ED). Methods All adult patients admitted to the ED after a snakebite were retrospectively evaluated. Patients were classified according to the severity of envenomation. The relationship between the PDW and PDWLR and envenomation severity and patient outcomes was analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the predictors of severe envenomation. Results were presented as 95% CIs with odds ratios. Statistical significance was accepted at P<0.05. Results Envenomation was classified as none/minimal in 42 patients and moderate/severe in 29. PDW and PDWLR were significantly higher in the moderate/severe group ( P=0.016 and P<0.001, respectively). Cut-off values of 16.5 for PDW and 6.15 for PDWLR were related to more severe envenomation (area under the curve 0.67, 95% CI 0.55–0.78 and area under the curve 0.85, 95% CI: 0.74–0.92, respectively). Blood product replacement, thrombocytopenia, hematologic abnormality, advanced local findings, compartment syndrome/fasciotomy, antivenom dosing, and moderate/severe envenomation were associated with PDWLR >6.15 ( P<0.05). In multivariate analysis, PDWLR (odds ratio 1.19 [95% CI 1–1.4]; P=0.04) was an independent predictor of severe envenomation. Conclusions Higher PDW and PDWLR were associated with severe envenomation in patients with snakebites in the ED. PDWLR may be used as a predictor of severe envenomation and adverse outcomes.
An Empirical Evaluation of Egg Demand in the United States
Authors: Bakhtavoryan Rafael , Hovhannisyan Vardges , Devadoss Stephen , Lopez Jose 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe adopt an EASI model to estimate demand for omega-3, organic, cage-free, and conventional eggs in the United States. Our empirical framework accounts for demand inter-dependencies among these egg types, while allowing for unrestricted Engel curves, unobserved consumer heterogeneity, and a broader product and geographic coverage. We further address endogeneity of prices and expenditures and left-censoring induced by disaggregate data. Our results indicate that the demand for organic and cage-free eggs is price-elastic, while the demand for omega-3 and conventional eggs is price-inelastic. Additionally, we establish strong substitutability relationships between the eggs. Finally, we measure consumer welfare consequences of rising domestic egg prices brought by Japan’s egg import tariff reductions.
Five-year Psychosocial Impact of Living in Post-Disaster Prefabricated Temporary Housing
Authors: Akaishi Tetsuya , Suzuki Tomomi , Nemoto Harumi , Utsumi Yusuke , Seto Moe , Usukura Hitomi , Kunii Yasuto , Sugawara Yumi , Nakaya Naoki , Nakamura Tomohiro , Tsuchiya Naho , Narita Akira , Kogure Mana , Hozawa Atsushi , Tsuji Ichiro , Ishii Tadashi , Tomita Hiroaki 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objective:
This study aims to evaluate the long-term impact of living in post-disaster prefabricated temporary housing on social interaction activities and mental health status.

Methods:
A total of 917 adult residents in a coastal town, whose residences were destroyed by the tsunami caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE), were enrolled for the assessment held five years after the disaster. They answered questions about their experience and consequence of living in prefabricated temporary housing after the disaster. Their present scores on five types of self-reported measures regarding the psychosocial or psychiatric status and their present and recalled social interaction activities were cross-sectionally collected.

Results:
A total of 587 (64.0%) participants had a history of living in prefabricated temporary housing, while the other 330 (36.0%) had not. The prevalence of social interaction activities significantly decreased after the GEJE. However, the experience of living in prefabricated temporary housing did not adversely affect the subsequent social interaction activities or mental conditions of the participants five years after the disaster.

Conclusions:
Living in post-disaster prefabricated temporary housing may not negatively impact subsequent psychosocial conditions or social interaction activities five years later.
The Weight of the Past: Political Parties’ ‘Genetic’ Heritage and the Ease of their Organizational Professionalization
Authors: Koskimaa Vesa 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHow do political parties react organizationally when the competitive context changes? Are all parties equally accustomed to adapting? In recent decades, the emergence of an electorally volatile and publicity-oriented style of politics has pushed Western parties to replace member-centred mass organizations with centralized ‘media agencies’. However, as has long been speculated, parties’ ‘genetic’ heritage may condition their adaptive capacity and threaten their competitiveness. This study presents the first comprehensive quantitative test of the impact of party ‘genetics’ on the ease of parties’ organizational professionalization in the cartel party era (1983–2018). It utilizes uniquely fine-grained time-series data on the financial and staff resources of central party offices to compare the adaptive processes of two ‘genetically’ distinct major Finnish parties – a social democratic mass party and a conservative cadre party. The study finds that although both parties have professionalized under strong external pressure, the ‘genetically’ election-driven cadre party case adapted much faster, and the member-oriented mass party case continues to invest much more in its membership organization.
Queues with path-dependent arrival processes
Authors: Fendick Kerry , Whitt Ward 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe study the transient and limiting behavior of a queue with a Pólya arrival process. The Pólya process is interesting because it exhibits path-dependent behavior, e.g. it satisfies a non-ergodic law of large numbers: the average number of arrivals over time [0,t] converges almost surely to a nondegenerate limit as$t \rightarrow \infty$. We establish a heavy-traffic diffusion limit for the$\sum_{i=1}^{n} P_i/GI/1$queue, with arrivals occurring exogenously according to the superposition ofnindependent and identically distributed Pólya point processes. That limit yields a tractable approximation for the transient queue-length distribution, because the limiting net input process is a Gaussian Markov process with stationary increments. We also provide insight into the long-run performance of queues with path-dependent arrival processes. We show how Little’s law can be stated in this context, and we provide conditions under which there is stability for a queue with a Pólya arrival process.
Stochastic analysis of average-based distributed algorithms
Authors: Mocquard Yves , Robin Frédérique , Séricola Bruno , Anceaume Emmanuelle 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe analyze average-based distributed algorithms relying on simple and pairwise random interactions among a large and unknown number of anonymous agents. This allows the characterization of global properties emerging from these local interactions. Agents start with an initial integer value, and at each interaction keep the average integer part of both values as their new value. The convergence occurs when, with high probability, all the agents possess the same value, which means that they all know a property of the global system. Using a well-chosen stochastic coupling, we improve upon existing results by providing explicit and tight bounds on the convergence time. We apply these general results to both the proportion problem and the system size problem.
Sensitivity of mean-field fluctuations in Erlang loss models with randomized routing
Authors: Vasantam Thirupathaiah , Mazumdar Ravi R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this paper we study a large system of N servers, each with capacity to process at most C simultaneous jobs; an incoming job is routed to a server if it has the lowest occupancy amongst d (out of N) randomly selected servers. A job that is routed to a server with no vacancy is assumed to be blocked and lost. Such randomized policies are referred to JSQ(d) (Join the Shortest Queue out of d) policies. Under the assumption that jobs arrive according to a Poisson process with rate
$N\lambda^{(N)}$
where
$\lambda^{(N)}=\sigma-\frac{\beta}{\sqrt{N}\,}$
,
$\sigma\in\mathbb{R}_+$
and
$\beta\in\mathbb{R}$
, we establish functional central limit theorems for the fluctuation process in both the transient and stationary regimes when service time distributions are exponential. In particular, we show that the limit is an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process whose mean and variance depend on the mean field of the considered model. Using this, we obtain approximations to the blocking probabilities for large N, where we can precisely estimate the accuracy of first-order approximations.
Comparative efficiency of Mytilus edulis as engineering species for shallow-water fouling communities on artificial structures in the White Sea
Authors: Khalaman Vyacheslav V. , Komendantov Alexander Yu. , Golubovskaya Nina S. , Manoylina Polina A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCurrently, there is little comparative data on ‘efficiency’ of different engineering species, i.e. species richness, density and biomass of the associated organisms that have been supported by engineering species. The use of fouling communities makes it possible to compare the efficiency of different engineering species under the same conditions, which is necessary to obtain correct estimates and difficult to do when studying natural bottom communities. In this study, we have analysed the fouling communities in four different mussel culture farms in the White Sea to test the following hypotheses. (1) Different engineering species (mussel Mytilus edulis, solitary ascidian Styela rustica, sponge Halichondria panicea) have different assemblages of the associated vagile fauna. (2) Mytilus edulis is the most efficient engineering species, i.e. species richness, species diversity, density and biomass of the associated vagile fauna is higher in the mussel communities than in those dominated by Styela rustica or Halichondria panicea. The first hypothesis was confirmed, while the second was rejected. In all the culture farms studied, all parameters of the mussel-associated vagile fauna were not higher and in most cases were even lower than those of the fauna associated with ascidians or sponges. The reason for this seems to be the very dense packing of mussels in patches. Therefore, Mytilus edulis is not the most efficient engineering species among fouling organisms, at least in the conditions of the subarctic White Sea. The data obtained are particularly important in view of the ever-increasing volume of anthropogenic substrate and fouling communities in coastal marine ecosystems.
Joint Poisson distribution of prime factors in sets
Authors: FORD KEVIN 
Published: June 2021

AbstarctGiven disjoint subsets T1, …, Tm of “not too large” primes up to x, we establish that for a random integer n drawn from [1, x], the m-dimensional vector enumerating the number of prime factors of n from T1, …, Tm converges to a vector of m independent Poisson random variables. We give a specific rate of convergence using the Kubilius model of prime factors. We also show a universal upper bound of Poisson type when T1, …, Tm are unrestricted, and apply this to the distribution of the number of prime factors from a set T conditional on n having k total prime factors.
Quantifiers on languages and codensity monads
Authors: Gehrke Mai , Petrişan Daniela , Reggio Luca 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper contributes to the techniques of topo-algebraic recognition for languages beyond the regular setting as they relate to logic on words. In particular, we provide a general construction on recognisers corresponding to adding one layer of various kinds of quantifiers and prove a corresponding Reutenauer-type theorem. Our main tools are codensity monads and duality theory. Our construction hinges on a measure-theoretic characterisation of the profinite monad of the free S-semimodule monad for finite and commutative semirings S, which generalises our earlier insight that the Vietoris monad on Boolean spaces is the codensity monad of the finite powerset functor.
A third of dying patients do not have end-of-life discussions with a physician: A nationwide registry study
Authors: Melin-Johansson Christina , Sveen Josefin , Lövgren Malin , Udo Camilla 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of the study was to explore the proportion of adult patients and next-of-kin who had end-of-life (EOL) discussions and associated factors.MethodA retrospective nationwide registry study was reported with data from the Swedish Register of Palliative Care. All patients in Sweden in hospitals, nursing homes, own homes, community, and palliative care units during 2015–2017 and their next-of-kin were included. Data were reported to the register by healthcare staff, based on diseased patients’ records regarding their last days of life, and were voluntary. Descriptive statistics illustrated the proportion of patients/next-of-kin who had EOL discussions and logistic regressions were used to examine associated factors.ResultsAbout half of the patients (46%) did have an EOL discussion, but a third (32%) did not. Associated factors of those who did not have an EOL discussion were dementia (48.5%) or stroke (47.5%), older age (38.4%), being female (33.6%), being cared for in a nursing home (41.3%), or hospital (40.3%), having lost decision-making ability months before death (58.9%), and not having a documented decision to shift to EOL care (82.7%). Younger patients diagnosed with cancer and cared for at a palliative unit were more likely to have EOL discussions. The regression analysis showed similar results for next-of-kin.Significance of resultsThe result shows that not all patients with palliative care needs have equal access to EOL discussions, despite efforts at a national level and the recognized benefits of timely communication about the EOL care. Further efforts must be made to achieve EOL discussions for all patients.
The Hubble Deep Field
Authors: Williams Robert 
Published: June 2021

Great progress has been made in recent years in understanding the large-scale structure of the universe. Recall that it is only within this century that we have even come to realize the existence of other galaxies as separate entities. Until the 1920’s the universe did not extend beyond the Milky Way. Novae and Cepheid variables changed that picture, and for the past 75 years extragalactic astronomy has been one of the most active and fertile areas of science. The concept of an expanding universe and its beginning in a Big Bang all derive from the discovery of external galaxies.Distant galaxies are faint and have small angular sizes, therefore their study has remained the province of the largest telescopes. Before the launch of Hubble Space Telescope, ground-based telescopes had succeeded in detecting distant galaxies out to redshifts of z ~ 1, and in establishing certain of their characteristics. But, there was uncertainty as to how much further HST could push the study of distant galaxies given its modest 2.4m diameter mirror and the fact that the surface brightnesses of cosmologically distant objects decrease as (1 + z)4.For this reason, one of the early observations that was scheduled immediately after the first servicing mission of HST in December 1993 to repair spherical aberration was the re-imaging of the cluster of galaxies 0939+4713 at z = 0.4 that had been observed previously by Dressier et al. (1994) from both the ground and with the aberrated HST. The ten-orbit WFPC2 image demonstrated HST’s ability to resolve structure in distant galaxies, showing spiral and elliptical galaxies with a clarity approaching that achieved for the Coma cluster from the ground. Spirals are seen to be relatively abundant in 0939+4713, although they generally show an anomalous morphology.
Chemical Evolution and Extremely Metal-Poor Stars
Authors: McWilliam Andrew 
Published: June 2021

Early abundance studies (e.g. Pagel 1968) showed that neutron-capture heavy elements (Z > 30) are present in halo stars, but deficient relative iron. Truran (1981) argued that at low [Fe/H] the chemical enrichment time scale was shorter than the lifetime of low-mass AGB progenitors, which are the main source of solar system heavy elements. He proposed that in the halo the heavy elements were produced by high mass stars, in type II supernova events (SNII), by rapid neutron capture nucleosynthesis (the r-process).Spite & Spite (1978) investigated the trend of heavy element abundances with metallicity, from a small sample of halo stars. They found that at [Fe/H]~ -1.5 the halo [heavy element/Fe] ratio is approximately solar; but at lower [Fe/H] there is a roughly linear decrease of [heavy element/Fe] with declining [Fe/H]. Subsequent observations confirmed the general trend of heavy elements in the halo: [M/Fe]~0 down to [Fe/H]~ -2, followed by a linear decline in [M/Fe] to lower [Fe/H] (e.g. Gilroy et al 1988, Lambert 1987).Additional evidence for the role of SNII in halo heavy element synthesis comes from the trend of [Eu/Fe] with [Fe/H]. Europium is an almost pure r-process element (Käppeler et al. 1989) and its abundance trend with metallicity is similar to the α element trend (e.g. O and Mg made in massive stars). The element ratios show an increase in [M/Fe] as [Fe/H] decreases from 0 to —1; below this point [Eu/Fe] and [α/Fe] remain constant at ~+0.3 dex. For α elements this behavior is thought to be due to the change in the relative contributions from type II SN and type la SN in the disk and halo (Tinsley 1979). The trend for Eu also indicates production by massive stars (e.g. SNII). Near [Fe/H]~ -2.5 Eu appears to decline relative to [Fe/H] (like other heavy elements, but unlike the α elements). This abundance trend has been used to constrain the numerous proposed astrophysical sites of the r-process (e.g. Mathews & Cowan 1990).