bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Intersection Between Intellectual Property and Antitrust Law
Authors: Maggiolino Mariateresa , Zoboli Laura 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The interface between intellectual property rights (IPR) and the rules to protect the correct functioning of the market can be canvassed by looking at when these two sets of provisions converge and collide. This chapter analyses four alternative scenarios, by stressing that policy decisions become crucial to solve the cases of conflict and, in particular, the case where antitrust law forbids practices that intellectual property (IP) laws allow. Moreover, the chapter illustrates that it is in relation to these policy decisions that scholars and practitioners can appreciate how different jurisdictions, as in the United States (US) and European Union (EU), conceptualize the role that property rights and competition are called to play in spurring innovation.
The Interface Between Intellectual Property and Information Technology Law
Authors: Montagnani Maria Lillà 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Over the years, intellectual property (IP) law has developed an increasingly profound link with both technological developments and the rules governing them. IP law is constantly challenged by new waves of technologies as often called to provide protection for them. At the same time, new technologies offer new ways to exploit protected works. Indeed, the more technology has become an autonomous subject matter governed by specific provisions, the more IP law has engaged in a constant dialogue with these provisions. This interaction between IP law and technology has significantly affected the contours of the field. In this chapter, I address the relationship between IP and the rules adopted to govern the specific technologies that are designed to handle information—known as ‘information technologies (IT)’. This set of provisions goes under the name of ‘IT law’. I examine the interface between IP and IT law from the standpoint of the IP scholars who have an interest in technology. In particular, I investigate how the IP/IT interface is, or could be regulated and how the rules regarding IP and IT law interact with each other. There is a circular relationship between law and technology as the former, while governing the latter, is also shaped by it and vice versa.
Intellectual Property and the Question of the Archive
Authors: Bellido Jose 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Much of the peculiarity of recent historical research in intellectual property (IP) lies in the distinct use of the archive as a medium through which to explore its different pasts. The chapter briefly explores several projects that materialized through specific uses of archives, showing their creative possibilities, constraints, and limitations. It considers document-driven projects on primary and secondary sources, the materiality of many aspects of IP, and the use of oral histories to capture (or record) the ephemerality of those histories by converting them into new resources or applications. In doing so, the chapter reflects on the archive not only as a historical medium but also as a theoretical operation which shapes the ways in which we look at IP law and its histories.
Interpreting Historical-Philosophical Sources of Intellectual Property
Authors: Borghi Maurizio 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the approach to traditional philosophical sources of intellectual property (IP). It argues that philosophical questioning is characterized by specific and unique features that distinguish it from all other forms of knowledge, including scientific knowledge. It then shows how philosophical concepts—i.e. concepts coined in the course of philosophical questioning—translate in other domains of knowledge, such as jurisprudence, where they eventually decay into empty rhetorical tools devoid of questioning force. The current ‘intellectual property debate’ illustrates this point. In this connection, the chapter questions how intellectual property concepts can be reconstructed in their original philosophical dimension. By way of example, the interpretation of three great philosophers—Kant, Fichte, and Hegel—is considered, by reference to their seminal writings on intellectual property issues.
Intellectual Property and Cultural Heritage: Towards Interdisciplinarity
Authors: Macmillan Fiona 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The laws governing intellectual property (IP) and cultural heritage, respectively, belong to different parts of the legal order. Intellectual property law, while usually depending on a discourse that either privileges certain types of cultural or innovative outputs or celebrates their importance for our collective life, grants private property rights over certain types of artefacts. Cultural heritage law, on the other hand, is about state, public, and/or community rights and interests over certain types of artefacts. As the positive legal order understands the world, the two sets of law have nothing, or almost nothing, to do with each other. However, the link between the two exists as a consequence of the overlapping application of these two regimes to certain artefacts, such as the heritage of Indigenous Peoples. In this limited context, community struggles allied with innovative legal scholarship and some welcome institutional and judicial activism have opened up a small space in the positivist framework that recognizes a relationship between intellectual property law and the protection of heritage. The use of interdisciplinary perspectives has been critical in this process, as they have also been in the subsequent development of this debate to encompass questions around the relationship between intellectual property rights and cultural heritage more generally. This short chapter examines questions of methodology opened up by this state of affairs. It reflects on a selection of the myriad subquestions and implications opened up by, respectively, the question of legal ordering and that of interdisciplinary and cross-disciplinary approaches.
A Primer on Intellectual Property and Popular Culture Research
Authors: Banerjee Arpan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A large number of intellectual property (IP) law cases have centred around works of popular culture. Traditionally, IP scholars have focused only on technical legal analysis, neglecting research on the aesthetic and cultural value of such works, or the experiences of creators. However, a growing body of interdisciplinary scholarship has changed this trend. This chapter highlights examples of such interdisciplinary scholarship, focusing on scholarship incorporating approaches from the humanities and empirical social sciences. The chapter discusses the methodologies and perspectives used in such works, and how they can complement traditional legal analysis.
Consequentialist Thinking and Economic Analysis in Intellectual Property
Authors: Ghosh Shubha 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Legal policy is about consequences, and assessment of consequences requires an understanding of economics. This chapter explores this proposition. Whether intellectual property (IP) satisfies normative criteria requires understanding how IP affects behaviour in meeting social needs. Economic analysis provides testable models of plausible connections between legal rules and standards and individual conduct in the creation and dissemination of innovative outputs. These models provide a conceptual basis for legal arguments and policy recommendations. Whether these models are successful rests on their ability to identify and test the consequences of law. Economic methodology, understood this way, serves as a means of explanation and of prediction to guide the persuasive power of attorneys and policy-makers. This chapter develops this case for economics by consideration of analyses of the publishing and music industries.
Science and Technology and Intellectual Property Research
Authors: Van Overwalle Geertrui , Kestemont Lina 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines science and technology as a subject of legal research and regulation. Rather than reflecting on the regulatory challenges presented by science and (new) technologies intrinsically and generally, this chapter aims to contribute to the methodological debate when conducting legal research on science and technology. The chapter explores the different types of research objectives and related methodological features that legal scholars can pursue in their research on law and science and technology: descriptive, classifying, comparative, theory-building, explanatory, evaluative, and recommendatory research objectives. The analysis is made more exacting by providing concrete examples from research projects in the area of patent and copyright law and technology, ranging from biotechnology, over 3D-printing, to functional design.
The Psychology of Intellectual Property
Authors: Mandel Gregory N. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The success of intellectual property (IP) systems depends on their ability to influence human behaviour in relation to creativity and innovation. Understanding how people react to and are influenced by intellectual property systems is therefore critical to their design. The psychology of intellectual property is an area rich with opportunities for further exploration using various research methodologies. In particular, this is a field where human subjects research on the design and implementation of intellectual property systems can be of great value. Such approaches can include both laboratory and field experimental designs, and qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The chapter explores these approaches through a survey of research on three broad areas where human psychology plays an outsized role in intellectual property systems: heuristics and biases in intellectual property law, whether and how intellectual property laws motivate creativity, and popular understanding of intellectual property law.
A ‘Human Development’ Approach to Intellectual Property Law
Authors: Janewa Osei-Tutu J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the human development approach to intellectual property (IP) and suggests some areas for further research. As the chapter explains, IP can positively affect human development and human flourishing. Human development refers to factors such as those measured by the United Nations Human Development Index, and includes health, education, and financial well-being. This human development framing can also incorporate subjective measures of human flourishing, such as happiness. A human development lens treats IP as a tool for promoting progress by improving the human condition, and recognizes human development as an objective of IP law rather than as an incidental by-product of the trade-based IP system.
Intellectual Property Rights and Well-Being: A Methodological Approach
Authors: Taylor Tim , Derclaye Estelle 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The dominant justification of intellectual property rights (IPR) holds that it is desirable in utilitarian terms for inventions and creations to be produced. In this context, utility is usually equated with economic wealth. However, this interpretation of utility is suspect for a number of reasons, as is widely recognized in other fields. The well-being approach to IPR proposes that utility should be construed directly in terms of human well-being, rather than using economic proxies. There are several rival theories of well-being. The authors propose a theory-neutral approach which builds on areas of common ground between the theories on the ‘markers’ of well-being: things which are either constitutive, productive, or indicative of well-being. This approach provides a principled rationale for a broadly based approach to the measurement of well-being, encompassing a range of different subjective and objective measures. The chapter identifies nine markers that seem consistent with the mainstream theories of well-being and discusses their specific implications for IPR. The well-being approach argues for a more cautious and nuanced evaluation of IPR than currently prevails. Encouraging invention or creation in a particular field may increase general well-being in some way. But if a creation or invention is likely to decrease well-being, that might be a point against it. Although the well-being approach acknowledges that utilitarian considerations are relevant, it makes no claim that these are the only relevant considerations. The approach has potential synergies with other ‘lenses’, including social justice and morality.
Researching Social Justice Aspects of Intellectual Property
Authors: Mtima Lateef , Jamar Steven D. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief introduction to intellectual property (IP) social justice theory and guidance on how to research social justice issues in IP. Included are tips for finding social justice issues in IP law and administration; a toolkit for addressing such issues; and examples of the process in use. IP social justice examines IP law and administration to determine rules and processes that adversely affect equality with particular focus on access to IP; inclusion in the benefits that flow from IP creation, use, and exploitation; and empowerment of marginalized groups within society who are not fully benefiting from both IP they have generated and use of IP created by others. This chapter provides tips on spotting and addressing IP social justice issues both with respect to implementation and with respect to normative aspects.
Intellectual Property and ‘Open’ Innovation: A Synthesis of Concepts
Authors: Beer Jeremy de 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses four interrelated issues: (1) the variability in ways openness is understood across groups and disciplines; (2) the debate over intellectual property (IP) and its impact on open innovation; (3) the dearth of research connecting firm strategy and innovation systems; and (4) the relationships among legal systems and managerial strategies. The result is an integrated conceptual synthesis for addressing the relationship between IP and ‘open’ innovation. The chapter beings with a review of the relevant literature and distillation of key concepts. It then expands on the basic theory of appropriation for innovation by describing three nuanced IP-based business strategies to appropriate returns on innovation: acquisition toward commercialization, free revealing to the public domain, and open licensing for collaboration. The strategic choices that firms make are further analysed as either offensive or defensive decisions. After linking key terminology and IP management strategies, the chapter concludes with recommendations for researchers, policy-makers, lawyers, managers, economists, and others. The synthesis in this chapter will enable researchers to: (1) understand and use precise terminology; (2) revisit assumptions about appropriation; (3) neutralize marketplace framework policies; and (4) promote more collaboration.
Research Perspectives on Intellectual Property Law and Spirituality
Authors: Palar Miranda Risang Ayu 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Current intellectual property (IP) protection and direct IP valuation for spirituality is, to an extent, obsolete. By using literature studies, cases, independent research observations and interviews, and participation in certain spiritual traditions, this chapter identifies and provides examples of the gap in IP protection for spirituality and sacred objects. This chapter also provides a lens for IP scholars to use when researching as well as new approaches to IP protection in religion, philosophy, and spirituality. When it comes to IP protection for spirituality, there are often occasions where decisions are influenced by current protections that are given for religiosity, which encourages the reader to note the overlap between religion, philosophy, and spirituality. This overlap provides scholars with an understanding and framework for further protections for spirituality and sacred objects. While this chapter cannot touch the entire realm of IP protection for spirituality, its purpose is to provide scholars with questions and understanding as well as provoke further investigation into the issues that the chapter identifies.
The study of evolutionary parasitology
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAn overview of the evolutionary process and the four basic questions that can be asked for biological phenomena. Furthermore, what biological units evolve, and the particular role of genes, is explained. Life history is introduced as a basic scheme that applies to individuals as well as to infections within a host. In particular, life history theory highlights the relevance of transmission as an equivalent to reproduction in the life history of individuals. The last section mentions several major methods for studying evolutionary parasitology; in particular, optimality approaches, the study of evolutionarily stable strategies, and comparative studies. Introducing the disease space as an illustrative tool for major topics in the book chapters.
The diversity and natural history of parasites
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractParasites are more numerous than non-parasitic species and have evolved in virtually all groups of organisms, such as viruses, prokaryotes (bacteria), protozoa, fungi, nematodes, flatworms, acantocephalans, annelids, crustaceans, and arthropods (crustacea, mites, ticks, insects). These groups have adapted to the parasitic lifestyle in very many ways. Evolution towards parasitism has also followed different routes. Initial steps such as phoresy, followed by later consumption of the transport host, are plausible evolutionary routes. Alternatively, formerly free-living forms have become commensals before evolving parasitism. Complex life cycles with several hosts evolved by scenarios such as upward (adding a new host upwards in the food chain), downward, or lateral incorporation, driven by the advantage of extending growth phases within hosts and increasing fecundity. Examples are digenea; other parasites have added vectors to their life cycle.
Introduction
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Here the main themes of the book are introduced, starting with an explanation of why Plato is so relevant to understanding leadership today. We outline one of the fundamental ideas of the book: rather than attempting to give a single ‘one-size-fits-all’ definition of leadership, the best approach is a variegated one that breaks it into its different strands. Plato gives us a series of models—most of them analogies or images designed to capture important features of leadership: the models of the doctor, navigator, artist, teacher, shepherd, weaver, and sower. Since Plato’s views on leadership are mostly found in his political writings, a justification is given for using these to apply to leadership outside of the political realm, notably business.
Setting the Scene
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Before going through the models of leadership one by one, it is important to have a sense of the historical and intellectual background to Plato’s thought. This will explain both why he was so interested in leadership and why he chose the particular models being considered in this book. By way of historical background, this chapter describes the Athenian empire and its democracy, about which Plato was deeply critical. As for the intellectual background, there is a section on the sophists, who attempted to teach aspiring political leaders how to succeed in a democratic context, and of Socrates, Plato’s intellectual mentor. The chapter also includes an overview of Plato’s career and writings, as well as his success in founding and leading the Academy, an institution of teaching and research, which was a prototype of the modern university.
The Weaver
Authors: Scott Dominic , Freeman R. Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
On the model of the weaver, a leader’s role is to combine a group of diverse talents and temperaments into a single team. In the Statesman, Plato is particularly interested in weaving together ‘doves’ and ‘hawks’: people who show particular mildness or restraint on the one hand, and those who are more forceful or aggressive, on the other: he terms these qualities respectively ‘moderation’ and ‘courage’. He also thinks there can be no co-operation or unity unless all parties espouse the same values. The leader needs to be prepared to discard certain strands that do not fit into the pattern of their woven cloth. A good leader also manages to weave the virtues of both courage and moderation into their own character. The second part looks at Nelson Mandela as epitomizing the weaver and, in business, Jim Kutsch, CEO of Seeing Eye, who ensured employees of quite different temperaments worked together.
Gropes, Towers, and Skyscrapers
Authors: Powell Mark , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Gropes, towers, and skyscrapers are carefully defined. These are the objects that the rest of Part II studies and seeks to construct. All three are 4-manifolds with boundary, obtained from stacking thickened surfaces on top of one another. Gropes are constructed from thickened orientable surfaces with positive genus, each stage attached to a symplectic basis of curves for the homology of the previous stage. Towers have an additional type of stage obtained from plumbed thickened discs. A skyscraper is the endpoint compactification of an infinite tower. An introduction to endpoint compactifications is included. The notion of a good group is also defined.
Architecture of Infinite Towers and Skyscrapers
Authors: Behrens Stefan , Powell Mark , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Architecture of Towers and Skyscrapers formalizes the results from the previous chapter, regarding the structure of gropes and towers, and establishes the notation used for towers and skyscrapers in the remainder of the book. In particular, the boundaries of towers and skyscrapers are carefully described. The boundaries are divided into subsets called the floor, the walls, and the ceiling, and the topology of each of them is identified. The walls are associated with certain mixed Bing–Whitehead decompositions from a previous chapter. How the endpoint compactification of a tower corresponds to a quotient space with respect to a decomposition is also described.
Surgery Theory and the Classification of Closed, Simply Connected 4-manifolds
Authors: Orson Patrick , Powell Mark , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Surgery theory and the classification of simply connected 4-manifolds comprise two key consequences of the disc embedding theorem. The chapter begins with an introduction to surgery theory from the perspective of 4-manifolds. In particular, the terms and maps in the surgery sequence are defined, and an explanation is given as to how the sphere embedding theorem, with the added ingredient of topological transversality, can be used to define the maps in the surgery sequence and show that it is exact. The surgery sequence is applied to classify simply connected closed 4-manifolds up to homeomorphism. The chapter closes with a survey of related classification results.