bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differences in Immaterial Details: Dimensional Conversion and Its Implications for Protecting Digital Designs Under EU Design Law
Authors: Antikainen Mikko 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe paper considers three main questions: the legal status of digital designs from the perspective of EU design law, whether the protection is tied to the reproduction of physical products, and whether the scope of protection covers dimensional conversion such as using a 3D design in 2D form or vice versa. There are two sets of views regarding dimensional conversion: the “abstract” and the “concrete” view. These two different attitudes towards the scope of protection influence the manner in which the protectability of digital designs is assessed. In the “abstract” protection, it would not matter whether a product only exists as a digital image and not as a physical shape. In the “concrete” view, the protection of digital designs is more problematic, as the scope of protection is often tied to the reproduction of an actual physical product. The paper argues that, under CJEU jurisprudence and EUIPO practice, most of the open questions regarding the protection of digital designs and dimensional conversion can be considered as solved. The CJEU has chosen “abstract” protection over “concrete”, thus broadening the scope of protection at the EU level. This means that the digital use of non-digital designs can now be seen as infringing. As a consequence, in the future, right holders should put more care into evaluating the limitations and exceptions. The paper points this out with regard to the issues that are of relevance for the gaming industry, as this is where the use of digital designs is most versatile and relevant.
Two different finite element models investigation of the plunge stage in joining AZ31B magnesium alloy with friction stir welding
Authors: Turkan Murat , Karakas Özler 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study presents an investigation of the plunge stage in joining AZ31B magnesium alloy with friction stir welding using two different 3D finite element models based on Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation and Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian formulation. The investigations are made with the ABAQUS program. Johnson–Cook plastic material law and Coulomb friction law are used in both models. Models are compared in terms of temperature, strain distribution, and processing time. In both models, very similar temperature and strain distributions are obtained in the weld zone and the models are validated by experimental results. In addition, with the increase in the rotational speed of the tool, temperature and strain in the welding zone increase similarly in both models. In the model using the Arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian formulation, mesh distortions occur when high mesh density is not created in the plunge zone. No problems related to mesh distortion are encountered in the model using Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian formulation. Moreover, it is found that the model using the Coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian formulation has a lower processing time and this processing time is not affected by the rotational speed of the tool.
Abstract Concept Learning in Cognitive Robots
Authors: Di Nuovo Alessandro , Cangelosi Angelo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Purpose of Review
Understanding and manipulating abstract concepts is a fundamental characteristic of human intelligence that is currently missing in artificial agents. Without it, the ability of these robots to interact socially with humans while performing their tasks would be hindered. However, what is needed to empower our robots with such a capability? In this article, we discuss some recent attempts on cognitive robot modeling of these concepts underpinned by some neurophysiological principles.

Recent Findings
For advanced learning of abstract concepts, an artificial agent needs a (robotic) body, because abstract and concrete concepts are considered a continuum, and abstract concepts can be learned by linking them to concrete embodied perceptions. Pioneering studies provided valuable information about the simulation of artificial learning and demonstrated the value of the cognitive robotics approach to study aspects of abstract cognition.

Summary
There are a few successful examples of cognitive models of abstract knowledge based on connectionist and probabilistic modeling techniques. However, the modeling of abstract concept learning in robots is currently limited at narrow tasks. To make further progress, we argue that closer collaboration among multiple disciplines is required to share expertise and co-design future studies. Particularly important is to create and share benchmark datasets of human learning behavior.
Non-contact measurement system for hot water drilled ice boreholes
Authors: McAfee Carson W. I. , Rix Julius , Quirk Sean J. , Anker Paul G. D. , Brisbourne Alex M. , Makinson Keith 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA programmable borehole measurement system was deployed in hot water drilled ice holes during the ‘Bed Access and Monitoring of Ice Sheet History’ (BEAMISH) project to drill to the bed of the Rutford Ice Stream in West Antarctica. This system operates autonomously (no live data) after deployment, and records borehole diameter (non-contact measurement), water column pressure, heading and inclination. Three cameras, two sideways looking and one vertical, are also included for visual inspection of hole integrity and sediments. The system is small, lightweight (~35.5 kg) and low power using only 6 ‘D’ cell sized lithium batteries, making it ideal for transport and use in remote field sites. The system is 2.81 m long and 165 mm in diameter, and can be deployed attached to the drill hose for measurements during drilling or on its own deployment line afterwards. The full system is discussed in detail, highlighting design strengths and weaknesses. Data from the BEAMISH project are also presented in the form of camera images showing hole integrity, and sensor data used to calculate borehole diameter through the full length of the hole. These data are used to show confidence in hole verticality and subsurface cavity development and connection.
Gone and forgotten: Vinogradoff's historical jurisprudence
Authors: Eldridge Lorren 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSir Paul Vinogradoff was once well known for his historically contextualised approach to legal theory which held that legal ideas were the contingent products of social factors. Law was necessarily engaged with other subjects, and ‘historical jurisprudence’ could produce real insight into the nature of law – in part by placing theories such as analytical jurisprudence in context, evaluating and modifying theoretical models by reference to the contingent social facts of an era. This was part of the nineteenth-century turn to ‘science’ in history and a focus on methodology. Sir Henry Maine argued that legal history proved the insufficiency of analytic theories, but his method met with many criticisms, some of which Vinogradoff sought to address. However, Vinogradoff's insights have rarely been pursued or developed, with legal history favouring Maitland's more doctrinal approach, and legal theory rejecting historical jurisprudence – at least explicitly. Despite its imperfections, historical jurisprudence offers a rich and valuable way to understand law, including to evaluate analytical models such of those of HLA Hart, and as a methodology for dialogue between comparative and historical legal scholarship. It has, in fact, continued to do so without explicit recognition in the 100 years since Vinogradoff's death.
Military responses to COVID-19, emerging trends in global civil-military engagements
Authors: Gibson-Fall Fawzia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe COVID-19 pandemic is giving way to increases in military engagements in health-related activities at the domestic level. This article situates these engagements amid issues of continuity, change, and resistance in contemporary redefinitions of military health roles. It positions the COVID-19 pandemic as a pivotal moment in global health military practice. I identify three emerging trends within national military responses to COVID-19: (1) Minimal technical military support; (2) Blended civil-military responses; and (3) Military-led responses. The dynamics that underpin each type of military involvement follow context-specific military political legacies. These levels of involvement also relate to national public health approaches and the degree of capacity within health care systems. Each identified trend points towards specific trajectories for the future co-constitution of global and local civil-military engagements.
Effect of physical activity through virtual reality on design creativity
Authors: Fillingim Kenton B. , Shapiro Hannah , Reichling Catherine J. , Fu Katherine 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA deeper understanding of creativity and design is essential for the development of tools to improve designers’ creative processes and drive future innovation. The objective of this research is to evaluate the effect of physical activity versus movement in a virtual environment on the creative output of industrial design students. This study contributes a novel assessment of whether the use of virtual reality can produce the same creative output within designers as physical activity has been shown to produce in prior studies. Eighteen industrial design students at the Georgia Institute of Technology completed nine design tasks across three conditions in a within-subjects experimental design. In each condition, participants independently experienced one of three interventions. Solutions were scored for novelty and feasibility, and self-reported mood data was correlated with performance. No significant differences were found in novelty or feasibility of solutions across the conditions. However, there are statistically significant correlations between mood, interventions, and peak performance to be discussed. The results show that participants who experienced movement in virtual reality prior to problem solving performed at an equal or higher level than physical walking for all design tasks and all designer moods. This serves as motivation for continuing to study how VR can provide an impact on a designer's creative output. Hypothesized creative performance with each mode is discussed using trends from four categories of mood, based on the combined mood characteristics of pleasantness (positive/negative) and activation (active/passive).
Historical and Projected Changes in the Southern Hemisphere Surface Westerlies
Authors: Goyal Rishav , Sen Gupta Alex , Jucker Martin , England Matthew H. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Southern Hemisphere (SH) surface westerlies fundamentally control regional patterns of air temperature, storm tracks, and precipitation while also regulating ocean circulation, heat transport and carbon uptake. Wind‐forced ocean perturbation experiments commonly apply idealized poleward wind shifts ranging between 0.5 and 10 degrees of latitude and wind intensification factors of between 10% and 300%. In addition, changes in winds are often prescribed ad hoc as a zonally uniform anomaly that neglects important regional and seasonal differences. Here we quantify historical and projected SH westerly wind changes based on examination of CMIP5, CMIP6, and reanalysis data. We find a significant reduction in the location bias of the CMIP6 ensemble and an associated reduction in the projected poleward shift compared to CMIP5. Under a high emission scenario, we find a projected end of 21st Century ensemble mean wind increase of ∼10% and a poleward shift of ∼0.8° latitude, although there are important seasonal and regional variations.
Climate Change and Teleconnections Amplify Lake Stratification With Differential Local Controls of Surface Water Warming and Deep Water Cooling
Authors: Oleksy Isabella A. , Richardson David C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTemperate lakes are experiencing increases in warming and stratification duration while global‐scale teleconnections potentially exacerbate effects of climate change. We examined interannual surface and deep water temperature change and stratification phenology in a long‐term, weekly data set (1985–2017) from a dimictic lake in New York State, USA. We developed a metric, called mixing action, to capture multiple facets about the stratified period. We found warming in surface waters and cooling in deep water. Surface warming was positively correlated with air temperature. Deep water cooling was positively correlated with spring mixing period length and deep water spring temperature, indicating a lag effect. Mixing action was correlated with global temperature anomaly and spring North Atlantic Oscillation index. With increasing summer stratification strength and length, dimictic lakes like Mohonk may continue shifting toward monomictic mixing regimes with increasing summer hypolimnetic anoxia and changing lake biogeochemistry, productivity, and habitat for aquatic organisms.
Identification of Short and Long‐Lived Atmospheric Trace Gases From IASI Space Observations
Authors: De Longueville Hélène , Clarisse Lieven , Whitburn Simon , Franco Bruno , Bauduin Sophie , Clerbaux Cathy , Camy‐Peyret Claude , Coheur Pierre‐François 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn recent years, major progress has been made in measuring weakly absorbing atmospheric trace gases from high spectral resolution space observations. In this paper, we apply the so‐called whitening transformation on spectra of the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer, and show that it allows removing most of the climatological background from spectra, leaving a residual that contains those spectral signatures that depart from normality. These can subsequently be attributed to changes in the abundance of trace species. This is illustrated for two diverging cases: (1) a biomass burning plume from the 2019/2020 Australian bushfires, leading to the unambiguous identification of nine reactive trace gases, including a first observation of glycolaldehyde; (2) spectra observed a decade apart, from which changes in eight long‐lived halogenated substances are identified; three of them never observed before by a nadir sounder.
Intense dB/dt Variations Driven by Near‐Earth Bursty Bulk Flows (BBFs): A Case Study
Authors: Wei Dong , Dunlop Malcolm W. , Yang Junying , Dong Xiangcheng , Yu Yiqun , Wang Tieyan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDuring geomagnetically disturbed times the surface geomagnetic field often changes abruptly, producing geomagnetically induced currents (GICs) in a number of ground‐based systems. There are, however, few studies reporting GIC effects which are driven directly by bursty bulk flows (BBFs) in the inner magnetosphere. In this study, we investigate the characteristics and responses of the magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐ground system during the January 7, 2015 storm by using a multipoint approach which combines space‐borne measurements and ground magnetic observations. During the event, multiple BBFs are detected in the inner magnetosphere while the magnetic footprints of both magnetospheric and ionospheric satellites map to the same conjugate region surrounded by a group of magnetometer ground stations. It is suggested that the observed, localized substorm currents are caused by the observed magnetospheric BBFs, giving rise to intense geomagnetic perturbations. Our results provide direct evidence that the wide‐range of intense dB/dt (and dH/dt) variations are associated with a large‐scale, substorm current system, driven by multiple BBFs.
Radio Frequency Emissions Associated With Multi‐Pulsed Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flashes
Authors: Mailyan B. , Stanbro M. , Briggs M. S. , Cummer S. , Dwyer J. R. , Roberts O. J. , Holzworth R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTerrestrial Gamma‐ray Flashes (TGFs) with multiple pulses have been observed many times since their discovery in the 1990s. The BATSE sample of TGFs had a large fraction of multi‐pulsed TGFs. It was not until later instruments, such as RHESSI, that the sample of detected TGFs consisted mostly of single‐peaked, sub‐millisecond events. Recent research has focused chiefly on these common single pulsed events, but several questions can be answered by analyzing multi‐pulse TGFs. One is the relationship between very low frequency (VLF) radio signals and the gamma‐ray pulses of TGFs. This paper discusses multi‐pulsed TGFs observed by Fermi Gamma‐ray Burst Monitor and their associated radio frequency pulses. In our data set of 29 multi‐pulse TGFs, 22 have a VLF association only with the last gamma‐ray pulse. However, unlike previous studies, we identified several events having radio matches with the first or both gamma‐ray pulses of double‐pulse TGFs. The absence of a VLF signal can be due to detection efficiency. On the other hand, the lack of correlation between radio and gamma‐ray intensities for some TGFs, cannot be explained by existing models. The models should be revised taking into account recent observations.
Statistical Characteristics of Field‐Aligned Currents in the Plasma Sheet Boundary Layer
Authors: Chen Y. Q. , Wu M. , Zhang T. L. , Huang Y. , Wang G. Q. , Nakamura R. , Baumjohann W. , Russell C. T. , Giles B. J. , Burch J. L. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEnergy and momentum can be transferred from the magnetosphere to the ionosphere through field‐aligned currents (FACs), which show seasonal variations due to seasonal variation of the ionospheric conductance. Using Magnetospheric Multiscale Mission observations, we investigate the characteristics of kinetic‐scale (close to local ion inertial length) FACs in the plasma sheet boundary layer (PSBL), such as occurrence rate, magnitude, and carriers. The results show that: (1) the occurrence rates of FACs exhibit a trident distribution; they are also larger in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere, especially for the earthward FACs. (2) Distribution patterns vs. plasma β are different for the beam‐type and the flow‐type FACs. Flow‐type FACs are observed closer to the central plasma sheet (higher β), and their occurrence rate decreases linearly toward the tail lobe (lower β), while the beam‐type FACs are mainly and equally distributed within 0.1 < β < 1.0. (3) The magnitude of FACs shows little dependence on β, and generally increases closer to the Earth. (4) Occurrence rate and magnitude of FACs both increase during active periods, consistent with ionospheric observations. (5) The main carriers for FACs in the PSBL are thermal electrons, while cold electrons also contribute occasionally, especially during active periods. Hemispheric asymmetry of occurrence rate and dependence on geomagnetic activity of the kinetic‐scale FACs in the PSBL are consistent with FACs at ionospheric altitudes. This fact demonstrates that kinetic‐scale FACs are significant in magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling and illustrates the possible ionospheric feedback effects to the magnetosphere in the nightside.
Validation of a Multilayered Analog Model Integrating Crust‐Mantle Visco‐Elastic Coupling to Investigate Subduction Megathrust Earthquake Cycle
Authors: Caniven Yannick , Dominguez Stéphane 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe have developed a scaled analog model of a subduction zone simulating seismic cycle deformation phases. Its rheology is based on multilayered visco‐elasto‐plastic materials to account for the mechanical behavior of a continental lithospheric plate overriding a subducting oceanic plate. The seismogenic zone displays unstable slip behavior, extending at depth into a weak interface with stable slip properties. The model succeeds in reproducing interseismic phases interrupted by coseismic ruptures and followed by after‐slip. The experimental data catalog shows a broad variability of slip events from aseismic slow slips to fast dynamic lab quakes. Results also show the occurrence of both isolated and precursory slow‐slip events arising before the mainshocks. Given the absence of fluids in the model, the broad variability in slip event velocity can be attributed to fault roughness complexity. The model rheology induces also a key visco‐elastic coupling between the elastic overriding plate and the mantle wedge allowing, for the first time, to reproduce experimentally a realistic postseismic visco‐elastic relaxation phase. Preliminary results reveal that the tectonic loading rate modulates this visco‐elastic coupling. A low loading rate weakens it, which increase the amount of storable interseismic elastic deformation, and favors the occurrence of large megathrust events. A high loading rate strengthens it, which minimize the accumulation of interseismic elastic deformation, the slip‐event sizes, and promote aseismic creep. This new scaled‐analog subduction model is a complementary tool to investigate earthquake mechanics and improve the interpretation of geodetic and seismological records.
A New Middle to Late Jurassic Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) From a Multiscale Marine Magnetic Anomaly Survey of the Pacific Jurassic Quiet Zone
Authors: Tominaga Masako , Tivey Maurice A. , Sager William W. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale (GPTS) provides a basis for the geological timescale, quantifies geomagnetic field behavior, and gives a time framework for geologic studies. We build a revised Middle to Late Jurassic GPTS by using a new multiscale magnetic profile, combining sea surface, midwater, and autonomous underwater vehicle near‐bottom magnetic anomaly data from the Hawaiian lineation set in the Pacific Jurassic Quiet Zone (JQZ). We correlate the new profile with a previously published contemporaneous magnetic sequence from the Japanese lineation set. We then establish geomagnetic polarity block models as a basis for our interpretation of the origin and nature of JQZ magnetic anomalies and a GPTS. A significant level of coherency between short‐wavelength anomalies for both the Japanese and Hawaiian lineation magnetic anomaly sequences suggests the existence of a regionally coherent field during this period of rapid geomagnetic reversals. Our study implies the rapid onset of the Mesozoic Dipole Low from M42 through M39 and then a subsequent gradual recovery in field strength into the Cenozoic. The new GPTS, together with the Japanese sequence, extends the magnetic reversal history from M29 back in time to M44. We identify a zone of varying, difficult‐to‐correlate anomalies termed the Hawaiian Disturbed Zone, which is similar to the zone of low amplitude, difficult‐to‐correlate anomalies in the Japanese sequence termed the Low Amplitude Zone (LAZ). We suggest that the LAZ, bounded by M39–M41 isochrons, may in fact represent the core of what is more commonly known as the JQZ crust.