bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food allergy and hypersensitivity reactions in children and adults—A review
Authors: Tedner Sandra G. , Asarnoj Anna , Thulin Helena , Westman Marit , Konradsen Jon R. , Nilsson Caroline 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAdverse reactions after food intake are commonly reported and a cause of concern and anxiety that can lead to a very strict diet. The severity of the reaction can vary depending on the type of food and mechanism, and it is not always easy to disentangle different hypersensitivity diagnoses, which sometimes can exist simultaneously. After a carefully taken medical history, hypersensitivity to food can often be ruled out or suspected. The most common type of allergic reaction is immunoglobulin E (IgE)–mediated food allergy (prevalence 5–10%). Symptoms vary from mild itching, stomach pain, and rash to severe anaphylaxis. The definition of IgE‐mediated food allergy is allergic symptoms combined with specific IgE‐antibodies, and therefore only IgE‐antibodies to suspected allergens should be analyzed. Nowadays, methods of molecular allergology can help with the diagnostic process. The most common allergens are milk and egg in infants, peanut and tree nuts in children, and fish and shellfish in adults. In young children, milk/egg allergy has a good chance to remit, making it important to follow up and reintroduce the food when possible. Other diseases triggered by food are non‐IgE‐mediated food allergy, for example, eosinophilic esophagitis, celiac disease, food protein‐induced enterocolitis syndrome, and hypersensitivity to milk and biogenic amines. Some of the food hypersensitivities dominate in childhood, others are more common in adults. Interesting studies are ongoing regarding the possibilities of treating food hypersensitivity, such as through oral immunotherapy. The purpose of this review was to provide an overview of the most common types of food hypersensitivity reactions.
Incidence and survival of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: A population‐based cohort study from England
Authors: West Joe , Card Tim R. , Bishton Mark J. , Lanyon Peter , Ban Lu , Bythell Mary , Elliss‐Brookes Lucy , Manson Jessica J. , Nanduri Vasanta , Rankin Judith , Tattersall Rachel S. , Crooks Colin J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundHaemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare hyper‐inflammatory condition with poor outcomes.ObjectivesFew population‐based estimates of the incidence and survival in adults exist. We aimed to provide these data for England.MethodsWe used population‐based linked data from primary care, secondary care, cancer registries and mortality databases in England to identify people diagnosed with HLH between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2016. We calculated annual incidence rates by age and sex, modelled change in incidence over time with Poisson regression, calculated overall 1‐year survival using Kaplan–Meier methods and estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) of death using a Cox proportional hazards model.ResultsWe identified 214 patients with HLH. The reported age and sex‐adjusted incidence increased twofold over the period, from around one to around two per million. Incidence was highest in those below 1 year (14.6 per million) and ≥75 years (2.2 per million), and lowest in those aged 15–44 years (0.8 per million). One‐year survival varied by age and sex from 77% (95% confidence interval [CI] 63%–86%) in those <15 years to 30% (95% CI 14%–49%) in those ≥75. In patients with haematological cancer, the adjusted HR for death was 2.60 (95% CI 1.45–4.66) compared to patients with no malignant or rheumatological disease.ConclusionThe incidence of HLH diagnosis in England has increased between 2000 and 2016 and occurs in all ages with varying underlying diseases. One‐year survival varies substantially, being particularly poor in those aged over 75 years and those with haematological malignancy.
Extracellular vesicles: Their functions in plant–pathogen interactions
Authors: Zhou Qingfeng , Ma Kang , Hu Huanhuan , Xing Xiaolong , Huang Xuan , Gao Hang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are rounded vesicles enclosed by a lipid bilayer membrane, released by eukaryotic cells and by bacteria. They carry various types of bioactive substances, including nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids. Depending on their cargo, EVs have a variety of well‐studied functions in mammalian systems, including cell‐to‐cell communication, cancer progression, and pathogenesis. In contrast, EVs in plant cells (which have rigid walls) have received very little research attention for many decades. Increasing evidence during the past decade indicates that both plant cells and plant pathogens are able to produce and secrete EVs, and that such EVs play key roles in plant–pathogen interactions. Plant EVs contains small RNAs (sRNAs) and defence‐related proteins, and may be taken up by pathogenic fungi, resulting in reduced virulence. On the other hand, EVs released by gram‐negative bacteria contain a wide variety of effectors and small molecules capable of activating plant immune responses via pattern‐recognition receptor‐ and BRI1‐ASSOCIATED RECEPTOR KINASE‐ and SUPPRESSOR OF BIR1‐mediated signalling pathways, and salicylic acid‐dependent and ‐independent processes. The roles of EVs in plant–pathogen interactions are summarized in this review, with emphasis on important molecules (sRNAs, proteins) present in plant EVs.
Lung clearance index predicts persistence of preschool wheeze
Authors: Safavi Shahideh , Dai Ruixue , Breton Vanessa L. , Emmerson Melanie N. , Kowalik Krzysztof , Lu Zihang , Lou Wendy , Dubeau Aimée , DeLorenzo Stephanie , Azad Meghan B. , Becker Allan B. , Mandhane Piush J. , Turvey Stuart E. , Gustafsson Per , Lefebvre Diana L. , Sears Malcolm R. , Moraes Theo J. , Subbarao Padmaja 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe lung clearance index (LCI) is a measure of pulmonary function. Variable feasibility (50‐>80%) in preschool children has been reported. There are limited studies exploring its relationship to respiratory symptoms and how it predicts persistent wheeze. We aimed to assess the association with respiratory symptoms in preschool‐aged children with LCI and determine its utility in predicting persistent wheeze.MethodsLCI was measured in a subcohort of the CHILD Cohort Study at age 3 years using SF6 multiple breath washout test mass spectrometry. Respiratory symptom phenotypes at age 3 were derived from children's respiratory symptoms reported by their parents. Responses were used to categorize children into 4 symptom groups: recurrent wheeze (3RW), recurrent cough (3RC), infrequent symptoms (IS), and no current symptoms (NCS). At age 5 years, these children were seen by a specialist clinician and assessed for persistent wheeze (PW).ResultsAt age 3 years, 69% (234/340) had feasible LCI. Excluding two children with missing data, 232 participants were categorized as follows: 33 (14%) 3RW; 28 (12%) 3RC; 17 (7%) IS; and 154 (66%) NCS. LCI z‐score at age 3 years was highest in children with 3RW compared to 3RC (mean (SD): 1.14 (1.56) vs. 0.09 (0.95), p < .01), IS (mean (SD): −0.14 (0.59), p < .01), and NCS (mean (SD): −0.08 (1.06), p < .01). LCI z‐score at age 3 was predictive of persistent wheeze at age 5 (PW) (AUROC: 0.87).ConclusionsLCI at age 3 was strongly associated with recurrent wheeze at age 3, and predictive of its persistence to age 5.
Overexpression of TaSTT3b‐2B improves resistance to sharp eyespot and increases grain weight in wheat
Authors: Zhu Xiuliang , Rong Wei , Wang Kai , Guo Wei , Zhou Miaoping , Wu Jizhong , Ye Xingguo , Wei Xuening , Zhang Zengyan 
Published: December 2021

SummarySTAUROSPORINE AND TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE3 (STT3) is a catalytic subunit of oligosaccharyltransferase, which is important for asparagine‐linked glycosylation. Sharp eyespot, caused by the necrotrophic fungal pathogen Rhizoctonia cerealis, is a devastating disease of bread wheat. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying wheat defense against R. cerealis are still largely unclear. In this study, we identified TaSTT3a and TaSTT3b, two STT3 subunit genes from wheat and reported their functional roles in wheat defense against R. cerealis and increasing grain weight. The transcript abundance of TaSTT3b‐2B was associated with the degree of wheat resistance to R. cerealis and induced by both R. cerealis and exogenous jasmonic acid (JA). Overexpression of TaSTT3b‐2B significantly enhanced resistance to R. cerealis, grain weight, and JA content in transgenic wheat subjected to R. cerealis stress, while silencing of TaSTT3b‐2B compromised resistance of wheat to R. cerealis. Transcriptomic analysis showed that TaSTT3b‐2B affected the expression of a series of defense‐related genes and JA biosynthesis–related genes, as well as genes coding starch synthase and sucrose synthase. Application of exogenous JA elevated expression levels of the abovementioned defense‐ and grain weight–related genes, and rescuing the resistance of TaSTT3b‐2B–silenced wheat to R. cerealis, while pretreatment with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate, an inhibitor of JA synthesis, attenuated the TaSTT3b‐2B–mediated resistance to R. cerealis, suggesting that TaSTT3b‐2B played critical roles in regulating R. cerealis resistance and grain weight via JA biosynthesis. Altogether, this study reveals new functional roles of TaSTT3b‐2B in regulating plant innate immunity and grain weight, and illustrates its potential application value for wheat molecular breeding.
ZmERF21 directly regulates hormone signaling and stress‐responsive gene expression to influence drought tolerance in maize seedlings
Authors: Wang Zhiyong , Zhao Xiang , Ren Zhenzhen , Abou‐Elwafa Salah Fatouh , Pu Xiaoyu , Zhu Yingfang , Dou Dandan , Su Huihui , Cheng Haiyang , Liu Zhixue , Chen Yanhui , Wang Ertao , Shao Ruixin , Ku Lixia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDrought stress adversely impacts crop development and yield. Maize frequently encounters drought stress during its life cycle. Improvement of drought tolerance is a priority of maize breeding programs. Here, we identified a novel transcription factor encoding gene, APETALA2 (AP2)/Ethylene response factor (ERF), which is tightly associated with drought tolerance in maize seedlings. ZmERF21 is mainly expressed in the root and leaf and it can be highly induced by polyethylene glycol treatment. Genetic analysis showed that the zmerf21 mutant plants displayed a reduced drought tolerance phenotype, accompanied by phenotypical and physiological changes that are commonly observed in drought conditions. Overexpression of ZmERF21 in maize significantly increased the chlorophyll content and activities of antioxidant enzymes under drought conditions. RNA‐Seq and DNA affinity purification sequencing analysis further revealed that ZmERF21 may directly regulate the expression of genes related to hormone (ethylene, abscisic acid) and Ca signaling as well as other stress‐response genes through binding to the promoters of potential target genes. Our results thereby provided molecular evidence of ZmERF21 is involved in the drought stress response of maize.
Evolving Motivation in Public Service: AThree‐PhaseLongitudinal Examination of Public Service Motivation, Work Values, and Academic Studies Among Israeli Students
Authors: Miller‐Mor‐Attias Rotem , Vigoda‐Gadot Eran 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWhat are the impact of work values and academic training on public service motivation (PSM) over time? We present findings from a three‐phase longitudinal study on the evolvement of PSM of Israeli students who gradually enter the job market. A cohort of 2,799 students were surveyed in late 2012 and a surviving final cohort of 558 respondents took part in the third stage of data collection during early 2015. We analyzed this group's postgraduate career development when they joined various public and nonpublic organizations and professions. We tested several hypotheses about possible relationships between and effects of work values (intrinsic–extrinsic; individualistic–collectivistic), academic studies, and person‐organization fit and PSM over time. In general, individuals with higher levels of intrinsic and collectivistic values, and an academic background in core public service studies demonstrated stronger PSM over time. Implications and suggestions for future studies are discussed.
Fuzzy-Based Adaptive Higher-Order Sliding Mode Control for Uncertain Steer-by-Wire System
Authors: Li Hongjuan , Zhang Tianliang , Tie Ming , Wang Yongfu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes an adaptive higher-order sliding mode (AHOSM) control method based on the adaptive fuzzy logic system for steer-by-wire (SbW) system to achieve the tracking control of the front wheels steering angle. First, an adaptive fuzzy logic system is adopted to estimate the unknown dynamics of the SbW system. Then, the AHOSM control is constructed to overcome the lumped uncertainties including unknown external perturbation and fuzzy logic system approximation error and has the advantage of attenuating the chattering caused by the discontinuous control signal. Finally, the adaptation scheme is designed for the dynamic gain of the proposed AHOSM controller without a priori knowledge of the bounds of the uncertainties. In contrast to the existing controllers applied in the SbW system, this controller has a better control performance in practical application. By means of Lyapunov stability analysis, it is theoretically proved that the system trajectory converges to an adjustable neighborhood of the origin in finite time. Simulations and vehicle experiments are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Paediatric NHS 111 Clinical Assessment Services pilot: an observational study
Authors: Stilwell Philippa Anna , Stuttard Gareth , Scott-Jupp Robert , Boyle Adrian , Kenny Simon , Maconochie Ian 
Published: December 2021

ObjectiveTo determine the feasibility and impact of having paediatric clinicians working in the Clinical Assessment Services (CAS) within NHS 111, a national telephone advice service.DesignObservational study.SettingSix NHS 111 providers across England with CAS where volunteer paediatric clinicians (doctors and advanced nurse practitioners (ANPs)) worked between May and December 2020. A data reporting framework was used to compare the outcomes of calls taken by paediatric vs non-paediatric clinicians.PatientsUnder 16-year-olds prompting calls to NHS 111 over the study period.Main outcome measuresThe disposition (final outcome of calls) taken by paediatric versus non-paediatric clinicians, paediatric clinicians’ and patient experience.Results70 paediatric clinicians (66 doctors and 4 ANPs) worked flexible shifts in six NHS 111 providers’ CAS over the study period: 2535 calls for under 16-year-olds were taken by paediatric clinicians and 137 008 by non-paediatric clinicians. Overall, disposition rates differed significantly between the calls taken by paediatric versus (vs) non-paediatric clinicians: 69% vs 43% were advised on self-care only, 13% vs 18% to attend emergency departments (EDs), 13% vs 29% to attend primary care, 1% vs 4% to receive an urgent ambulance call out and 4% vs 6% referred to another health service, respectively. When compared with recent (all age) national whole data sets, the feedback from calls taken by paediatricians noted a greater proportion of patients/carers reporting that their problem was fully resolved (92% vs 27%).ConclusionsIntroducing paediatric specialists into NHS 111 CAS is likely to increase self-care dispositions, and reduce onward referrals to primary care, ED and ambulances. Future work will evaluate the impact of a national paediatric clinical assessment service to which specific case types are streamed.
Child mortality in England during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Odd David , Stoianova Sylvia , Williams Tom , Fleming Peter , Luyt Karen 
Published: December 2021

ObjectivesTo quantify the relative risk (RR) of childhood deaths across the whole of England during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, compared with a similar period of 2019.DesignThis work is based on data collected by the National Child Mortality Database (NCMD). Deaths from 1 April 2020 until 31 March 2021 (2020–2021) were compared with those from the same period of 2019–2020. RR and excess mortality were derived for deaths in 2020–2021 vs 2019–2020.SettingAll deaths reported to NCMD in England of children under 18 years of age, between April 2019 and March 2021.Participants6490 deaths of children, under the age of 18 years, reported to the NCMD over the study period.ResultsChildren had similar demographics in the 2 years. There were 356 (198–514) fewer deaths in 2020–2021 than in 2019–2020 (RR 0.90 (0.85 to 0.94), p<0.001). Deaths from infection (RR 0.49 (0.38 to 0.64)) and from other underlying medical conditions (RR 0.75 (0.68 to 0.82)) were lower in 2020–2021 than 2019–2020, and weak evidence (RR 0.50 (0.23 to 1.07), p=0.074) that this was also true of deaths from substance abuse.ConclusionsChildhood mortality in England during the first year of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic was lower than expected, with over 300 fewer deaths than the preceding 12 months. The greatest reduction was in children less than 10 years old. It is important that we learn from this effect that potentially offers alternative ways to improve the outcome for the most vulnerable children in our society.
Hamstring injury patterns in professional male football (soccer): a systematic video analysis of 52 cases
Authors: Gronwald Thomas , Klein Christian , Hoenig Tim , Pietzonka Micha , Bloch Hendrik , Edouard Pascal , Hollander Karsten 
Published: December 2021

ObjectiveTo closely describe the injury inciting events of acute hamstring injuries in professional male football (soccer) using systematic video analysis.MethodsVideo footage from four seasons (2014–2019) of the two highest divisions in German male football was searched for moderate and severe (ie, time loss of >7 days) acute non-contact and indirect contact match hamstring injuries. Two raters independently categorised inciting events using a standardised procedure to determine specific injury patterns and kinematics.Results52 cases of hamstring injuries were included for specific pattern analysis. The pattern analysis revealed 25 sprint-related (48%) and 27 stretch-related hamstring injuries (52%). All sprint-related hamstring injuries occured during linear acceleration or high-speed running. Stretch-related hamstring injuries were connected with closed chain movements like braking or stopping with a lunging or landing action and open chain movements like kicking. The kinematic analysis of stretch-related injuries revealed a change of movement involving knee flexion to knee extension and a knee angle of <45° at the assumed injury frame in all open and closed chain movements. Biceps femoris was the most affected muscle (79%) of all included cases.ConclusionDespite the variety of inciting events, rapid movements with high eccentric demands of the posterior thigh are likely the main hamstring injury mechanism. This study provides important data about how hamstring injuries occur in professional male football and supports the need for demand-specific multicomponent risk reduction programmes.
Device-measured physical activity, adiposity and mortality: a harmonised meta-analysis of eight prospective cohort studies
Authors: Tarp Jakob , Fagerland Morten W , Dalene Knut Eirik , Johannessen Jostein Steene , Hansen Bjørge H , Jefferis Barbara J , Whincup Peter H , Diaz Keith M , Hooker Steven , Howard Virginia J , Chernofsky Ariel , Larson Martin G , Spartano Nicole L , Vasan Ramachandran S , Dohrn Ing-Mari , Hagströmer Maria , Edwardson Charlotte , Yates Thomas , Shiroma Eric J , Dempsey Paddy C , Wijndaele Katrien , Anderssen Sigmund A , Lee I-Min , Ekelund Ulf 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundThe joint associations of total and intensity-specific physical activity with obesity in relation to all-cause mortality risk are unclear.MethodsWe included 34 492 adults (72% women, median age 62.1 years, 2034 deaths during follow-up) in a harmonised meta-analysis of eight population-based prospective cohort studies with mean follow-up ranging from 6.0 to 14.5 years. Standard body mass index categories were cross-classified with sample tertiles of device-measured total, light-to-vigorous and moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and sedentary time. In five cohorts with waist circumference available, high and low waist circumference was combined with tertiles of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity.ResultsThere was an inverse dose–response relationship between higher levels of total and intensity-specific physical activity and mortality risk in those who were normal weight and overweight. In individuals with obesity, the inverse dose–response relationship was only observed for total physical activity. Similarly, lower levels of sedentary time were associated with lower mortality risk in normal weight and overweight individuals but there was no association between sedentary time and risk of mortality in those who were obese. Compared with the obese-low total physical activity reference, the HRs were 0.59 (95% CI 0.44 to 0.79) for normal weight-high total activity and 0.67 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.94) for obese-high total activity. In contrast, normal weight-low total physical activity was associated with a higher risk of mortality compared with the obese-low total physical activity reference (1.28; 95% CI 0.99 to 1.67).ConclusionsHigher levels of physical activity were associated with lower risk of mortality irrespective of weight status. Compared with obesity-low physical activity, there was no survival benefit of being normal weight if physical activity levels were low.
Bacteraemia, sepsis and antibiotic resistance in Australian patients with cirrhosis: a population-based study
Authors: Johnson Amy L , Ratnasekera Isanka U , Irvine Katharine M , Henderson Andrew , Powell Elizabeth E , Valery Patricia C 
Published: December 2021

ObjectiveMultiple factors predispose patients with cirrhosis to sepsis and/or bacteraemia and this has a high mortality rate. Within different geographical regions there are marked differences in the prevalence of infection with multidrug-resistant organisms (MDR). This study examined risk factors for and outcomes of sepsis/bacteraemia in public hospital admissions with cirrhosis in the state of Queensland, Australia, over the last decade, along with the bacterial pathogens responsible and their antibiotic susceptibility profiles.DesignA population-based retrospective cohort study of public hospital admissions was conducted from 1 January 2008 to 31 December 2017. Hospital admissions for patients with a diagnosis of cirrhosis were categorised by the presence or absence of sepsis/bacteraemia. Clinical and sociodemographic information including cirrhosis aetiology, complications and comorbidities, and in-hospital mortality were examined using bivariate and multivariate analyses. In patients with bacteraemia, the type and prevalence of bacteria and antibiotic resistance was assessed.ResultsSepsis/bacteraemia was present in 3951 of 103 165 hospital admissions with a diagnosis of cirrhosis. Factors associated with sepsis/bacteraemia included disease aetiology, particularly primary sclerosing cholangitis (adj-OR 15.09, 95% CI 12.24 to 18.60), alcohol (adj-OR 2.90, 95% CI 2.71 to 3.09), Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥3 (adj-OR 3.54, 95% CI 3.19 to 3.93) and diabetes (adj-OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.74 to 2.01). Overall case-fatality rate among admissions with sepsis/bacteraemia was 27.7% (95% CI 26.3% to 29.1%) vs 3.7% (95% CI 3.6% to 3.8%) without sepsis/bacteraemia. In-hospital death was significantly associated with sepsis/bacteraemia (adj-OR 6.50, 95% CI 5.95 to 7.11). The most common organisms identified wereEscherichia coliandStaphylococcus aureus, present in 22.9% and 18.1%, respectively, of the 2265 admissions with a positive blood culture. The prevalence of MDR bacteria was low (5.6%)ConclusionMorbidity and mortality related to sepsis/bacteraemia in patients with cirrhosis remains a critical clinical problem.