bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Structure of Experience
Authors: Papineau David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the qualitative view is outlined and shown to avoid the problems facing representationalism. The qualitative view is defended as a ‘pure paint’ view and distinguished from the ‘partial paint’ views of Block and Peacocke. The structure of experience is acknowledged. ‘Intentional objects’ are explained, and the dangers of equating them with elements of experience are exposed. The idea that mental ‘paint’ might ‘point’ is discredited.
Secret Women
Authors: Page Jamie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents a case study of apparent clandestine prostitution in Zurich in 1392, embedded within an attempted prosecution of abortion of a single woman named Repplin. The chapter aims to investigate the ambiguities of the concept of clandestine prostitution and whether it offers a satisfactory means of engaging with the subjectivity of medieval women. In doing so it additionally seeks to participate in existing debates on sex and social classification in the Middle Ages in which prostitution has been central. The chapter ultimately argues that while prostitution offers a useful means of making visible the lives of marginal women, imposing categories upon past subjects is also fraught with problems. In arguing that the idea of prostitutes as ‘secret women’ can help the reader to understand the symbolic and material dimensions of Repplin’s case, the chapter also makes the case for resisting the attempt to fully ‘capture’ past subjects.
What is the distinction?
Authors: Sutton Rebecca 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 introduces, but does not resolve, the conundrum of what the idea of distinction is that is circulating in international practices and how it relates to the IHL targeting rule. The main point conveyed is that distinction in the conduct of hostilities sense is in play, but that it is being deployed in ways we might not expect. Actors routinely move the line to assert intra-civilian distinctions, and collapse IHL’s principle of distinction together with other values, ideas and principles to compose the ‘distinction vernacular’. The muddling of distinction is easier to observe in the training spaces than in South Sudan, as conversations about IHL are more explicit in the former. Trainees can be found struggling to locate a civilian–combatant binary in the conduct of hostilities sense, and they extend this fuzzy treatment to their categorization of humanitarian actors. The chapter also outlines the comprehensive ethos that guides contemporary international missions, explaining how the ‘working together’ mentality shapes international interventions. From the perspective of international humanitarian actors, international military and peacekeeping actors are encroaching upon them and blurring the lines. The discussion of the Intellectual realm examines the status of the main actors, canvasses civil-military guidance documents, and considers high-level pronouncements about distinction. Attention is drawn to slippage between a civilian–combatant distinction and other fault lines, as distinction’s haziness prevails at this normative level.
Epistemic Problems of Moral Testimony
Authors: Wiland Eric 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses various arguments emphasizing epistemic problems with accepting moral testimony. It is often thought that there are various barriers that prevent a hearer from acquiring knowledge of moral truths on another person’s testimony. This chapter argues that none of these barriers are insurmountable. Although there indeed are various pitfalls to accepting testimony, none are peculiar to accepting moral testimony. In particular, it is possible to identify people who already have moral knowledge even if you yourself lack this knowledge. To do this, you need a theory of error—that is, some grasp of why another person might be better positioned to know moral truths than you yourself are. Armed with such a theory, it becomes possible to acquire moral knowledge through testimony.
Creative Reconstruction of the Technological Society
Authors: Skrbina David , Kordie Renee 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Contemporary society is on a clearly unsustainable path, and faces multiple disaster scenarios in the coming decades unless transformative action is taken in the very near future. Among the prime root causes of our present dilemma is modern technology. It has allowed the emergence of modern-day miracles of our technological society, but it has also brought an exploding global population and widespread assaults on the natural environment. In fact, all major social problems are ultimately technological problems. Furthermore, technology is expanding exponentially on several fronts, and threatens to exceed human control. The thesis of ‘technological determinism’ has a long history, but only in recent years has its effects become manifest. Under such conditions, one promising long-term solution is a slow but steady retraction of modern technology. Such a ‘creative reconstruction’ of society will allow us to maintain that which is truly valuable in life, while putting humanity and the planet on a path to real sustainability.
Imperialism, International Law, and War: Enduring Legacies and Curious Entanglements
Authors: Mallavarapu Siddharth 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Imperialism, international law, and war are not strange bedfellows but as the historical record suggests can be natural allies. While Anthony F. Lang, Jr in his chapter sheds light on the European discourse of just war, Siddharth Mallavarapu engages with various critical perspectives on the relationship between ‘empire’, ‘law’, and ‘war’: Mediated through questions of race, colonial difference, and ‘standards of civilization’, his contribution seeks to reverse the ‘gaze’ and view this compact not from the victor’s perspective often presented as neutral and disinterested but from the consciously partisan perspective of those who have been recipients of the violence inherent in the imperial way of law-making. It goes on to examine truncations or abridgements of classical sovereignty and shadow invocations of ‘responsibility’ with regard to ‘human shields’, drones and politico-legal responses to assassinations. Ultimately, it poses the question of what might help rehabilitate international law and avoid the logjams of bureaucratic rationality when it comes to dealing with conflict within and between states.
The Islamic Law of War and Peace and the International Legal Order: Convergence or Dissonance?
Authors: Hashmi Sohail H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Sohail Hashmi introduces Part VI on non-Western perspectives on the justification of war and international order by engaging with Islamic discourses on war and peace: Muslim jurists working in the eighth through the fourteenth centuries developed a wide-ranging theory of world order (siyar) that elaborated laws of war (jihad) and peace. This theory was never fully implemented in state practice, but given the conservatism of Muslim jurisprudence in later centuries, it was neither revised nor renounced. Thus, this classical theory exists as a sort of parallel legal system to public international law today, confronting modern Muslims with questions of conflict or compatibility between the two. Three broad Muslim responses may be discerned: assimilation, accommodation, and rejection. The assimilationists treat the classical theory largely as a historical and now obsolete conception of world order. They accept the universality of international law and argue that most Muslims do so as well. The accommodationists claim that while international law appropriately governs the conduct of Muslim states in international society as a whole, Islamic law should have a role in the mutual relations of Muslim states. In other words, they see the potential for an Islamic international law alongside public international law. The rejectionists view international law as an alien code imposed on Muslims by Europeans. They affirm the superiority of Islamic law over international law and call for its application by Muslim states, not just in their mutual relations, but with non-Muslim states as well. Of these three positions, Muslim scholarship and practice overwhelmingly favour the assimilationist or accommodationist views. The rejectionist position is propounded by a limited number of the most conservative scholars and activists.
The Justification and Critique of Coercion as World Order Politics
Authors: Daase Christopher , Deitelhoff Nicole 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The present chapter turns from the justification of war (the use of force) to the justification of coercion. It proceeds on the assumption that to stabilize the current international order requires less ‘legitimate force’ and more ‘legitimate coercion’ since in most institutions the enforcement of norms—as the very basis of order—does not only or even primarily rely on physical force but on various forms of political and economic coercion. The chapter distinguishes various forms of coercion and reconstructs debates in International Law and International Relations with regard to their legality, legitimacy, and effectiveness. Doing so, Christopher Daase and Nicole Deitelhoff intend to broaden the debate on world order by redirecting the focus from the use of force to the use of less violent coercive measures. Specifically, the chapter introduces a concept of sanction as a means of communicating normative expectations to the normative community rather than executing punishments.
Part I
Authors: Clark Samuel 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Part I investigates a wide range of autobiographies, alongside work on the history and literary criticism of autobiography, on narrative, and on the philosophies of the self and of the good life. It works from the point of view of the autobiographer, and considers what she does, what she aims at, and how she achieves her effects, to answer three questions: what is an autobiography? How can we learn about ourselves from reading one? About what subjects does autobiography teach? This part of the book develops, first, an account of autobiography as paradigmatically a narrative artefact in a genre defined by its form: particular diachronic compositional self-reflection. Second, an account of narrative as paradigmatically a generic telling of a connected temporal sequence of particular actions taken by, and particular events which happen to, agents. It defends rationalism about autobiography: autobiography is in itself a distinctive and valuable form of ethical reasoning, and not merely involved in reasoning of other, more familiar kinds. It distinguishes two purposes of autobiography, self-investigation and self-presentation. It identifies five kinds of self-knowledge at which autobiographical self-investigation typically aims—explanation, justification, self-enjoyment, selfhood, and good life—and argues that meaning is not a distinct sixth kind. It then focusses on the book’s two main concerns, selfhood and good life: it sets out the wide range of existing accounts, taxonomies, and tasks for each, and gives an initial characterisation of the self-realization account of the self and its good which is defended in Part II.
Introduction
Authors: O’Flynn. Levy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Referendums are now common in ‘conflict societies’—societies where a widespread and concerted campaign of violence between groups recently occurred, is occurring, or is liable to occur. In the ideal case, a peace referendum can secure consent for a new formal peace settlement among warring groups and provide the settlement with a popular mandate. In practice, however, settlements, once attained, may struggle to endure. Some may collapse entirely. Against this background we introduced what we call the ‘Deliberative Peace Referendum’, or ‘DPR’. A DPR is a purpose-designed deliberative referendum held under conditions of conflict. As this chapter recognizes, designing a referendum to be more deliberative is a challenge under any circumstances. It may be hardest of all amid armed intercommunal conflict.
Designing a Deliberative Peace Referendum
Authors: O’Flynn. Levy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines the generic Deliberative Peace Referendum model. We introduce key innovations such as a modestly coercive referendum ballot design that encourages public-reason based deliberation. We also point to more established institutional options (eg, mini-publics) and where these may fit the referendum process. The generic Deliberative Peace Referendum model is amendable to modification, especially in light of the various types of conflict in which it may apply.
Conclusion
Authors: O’Flynn. Levy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter reprises the book’s content and offers several key lessons. It also proffers predictions about where future work may take studies of deliberative design for peace referendums. Referendums are now part of very many peacemaking efforts. We expect referendums to continue to be used this way. But when this occurs, the success of peace referendums—particularly their capacities to achieve and secure the endurance of constitutional peace settlements—may turn largely on whether institutional supports for deliberation are in place.
A Genetic History of Thought
Authors: Queloz Matthieu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter moves into the nineteenth century and brings Friedrich Nietzsche into the fold of the pragmatic genealogical tradition. It is argued that in his Basel years, Nietzsche sketches primarily fictional and vindicatory genealogies of justice and truthfulness which bring him closer to the ‘English’ genealogists than he later cared to admit. Nietzsche’s significance for pragmatic genealogy is shown to be threefold: he diagnoses philosophers’ tendencies to dehistoricize and denaturalize their objects, and envisages, as a remedy for these failings, a systematic application of genealogy across our conceptual practices; he views concepts as growing out of needs, but, under the influence of Darwinism and historicism, he indexes needs to socio-historical perspectives and invites genealogists to think more historically; and he highlights that what has a point under some circumstances might become pointless or dysfunctional once it takes more demanding forms or comes to be applied beyond those circumstances.
The Normative Significance of Pragmatic Genealogies
Authors: Queloz Matthieu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how pragmatic genealogy can affect the space of reasons by addressing four objections to this idea: normatively ambitious genealogies commit the genetic fallacy; if not, they founder on failures of continuity in the conditions securing their normative import; if not, this must be because they deal with universal needs, which severely restricts their explanatory scope; and what counts as a need is anyway eagerly contested. In answering these objections, the chapter shows two ways around the genetic fallacy and addresses the problem of Rortyan irony; it offers a need-satisfaction account of functions or pointfulness and discusses the strategies by which genealogies can secure continuity; it shows that the method is not restricted to explaining anthropological universals and that the state of nature can also be used to model local problems; finally, it explores how genealogies help us navigate contestations of certain needs and conceptions of human agents.
Law of Obligations and Contracts
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Constitution protects property rights, but it is not ‘sacrosanct’. Property rights can be restricted on the ground of public welfare. Real security rights are covered in this part. Although real property rights are to be created by statutes only, in reality, there have been cases where property rights were created by case law on the basis of commercial practice.
The Emotions
Authors: Charles David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In De Anima A.1, Aristotle developed an account of certain ‘affections of the soul’ such as anger which is his model for other ‘affections and actions common to body and soul’ such as desire and sense perception. His remarks about anger can be understood in two different ways. According to one account, which I call ‘the Pure Form Interpretation’, anger is essentially a compound made up of two definitionally distinct features, one purely psychological (a desire for revenge: its form) and the other physical (the boiling of the blood: its matter), where the latter in some way ‘underlies’ the former. In the other, described as ‘the Impure Form Interpretation’, the type of desire for revenge referred to in the definition of anger (its form) is inseparable in definition from (and not abstractable from) physical features such as, for example, the boiling blood. The type of desire which defines anger is itself defined as a boiling-of-the-blood-(or hot-) desire for revenge. Aristotle’s comments in De Anima A.1 are, it is argued, best understood in line with the Impure Form Interpretation, as defining anger as an inextricably psycho-physical type of desire for revenge, not decomposable into two definitionally separate features, one purely psychological, one purely physical.
Accommodating England
Authors: Henderson Ailsa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Following from these primarily data-driven chapters, Chapter 7 assesses the political challenges that arise in the context of the rise of English nationalism. In particular, we discuss the ways in which three constraints—the pattern of public attitudes in England, the institutional fusion of English and all-UK institutions, as well as the overwhelming size of England relative to the other constituent territories of the union—all serve to shape, limit, or undermine attempts to accommodate England within the post-devolution UK. The chapter then examines in detail the various efforts of political parties to answer ‘the English question’.
Do Androids Dream of Electric Copyright?
Authors: Guadamuz Andres 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The advent of sophisticated artificial neural networks has opened new artistic opportunities, but also a variety of new legal challenges. Computer programs such as Google’s Deep Dream can take an image and process it in manners that resemble biological networks, producing artwork that is both unique and unpredictable. The law is not unfamiliar with the challenges of artificial intelligence (AI), in the past academics and policymakers have had to deal with the legal implications of autonomous agents in contract formation, to name just one area of interest. However, for the most part the implementation of smart systems has been limited in its reach and scope, and in many instances autonomous agents required quite a lot of direction from the programmer, following a very stringent set of rules. This meant that for the most part all rights, responsibilities, and liabilities arising from artificial agents fell squarely on the program creator. Neural networks are different, these systems have the potential to generate works in which human interaction is minimal. Modern copyright law has been drafted to consider originality as an embodiment of the author’s personality, and originality is one of the main requirements for the subsistence of copyright. So, what happens when you remove personality from the equation? Are machine-created works devoid of copyright? Do we need to change copyright law to accommodate autonomous artists? This chapter will explore this and other questions.
The role of telemedicine in gynecologic healthcare
Authors: Weltin Ann , Etcher LuAnn 
Published: April 2021

Abstract:
This article offers a comprehensive narrative literature review on telemedicine use in gynecologic healthcare analyzing current telemedicine integration in the field and outlining innovative and best practices. Telemedicine use in contraceptive care, sexually transmitted infections, acute and chronic gynecologic conditions, and education are discussed. NPs are in a unique position to offer these services to patients in need of women's healthcare services. Barriers, facilitators, clinical implications, and future research are addressed.
Clinical Outcomes for Hemiarthroplasty Versus Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients With Femoral Neck Fracture Who Meet Published National Criteria for Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Craig Julie , McDonald Jonathon , Cassidy Roslyn , McDonald Sinead , Barr John , Diamond Owen 
Published: April 2021

Objectives:
To examine outcome for patients with hip fracture treated by a hemiarthroplasty (HA) but who actually met the United Kingdom, National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) criteria for receiving a total hip arthroplasty (THA).

Design:
Match cohort study.

Setting:
Level 1, Academic Trauma Centre (UK Major Trauma Centre).

Patients/Participants:
Three hundred ninety-eight patients underwent either a HA or THA for a nonpathological displaced intracapsular fractured neck of the femur [OTA/AO 31 B3 (garden 3–4)], having met the NICE criteria for THA.

Intervention:
HA versus THA. Two analyses were performed, the first comparing the outcome in a cohort of patients who either received a THA or HA but who all had met the NICE criteria to receive a THA (n = 398). The second analysis assessed the outcome of THA versus HA, in a matched cohort of patients who all met the NICE criteria for a THA (n = 44 matched pairs). All patients in the matched cohort were able to walk independently outdoors (WIOs) before injury.

Main Outcome:
Mobility and functional outcome, 1 year after surgery.

Results:
Of the 398 patients who met the criteria for THA, only 78 (19.6%) patients actually received a THA. Within the matched cohort, significantly more THA patients (92.9%, 39/42) maintained the ability to WIOs at 1-year compared with patients with HA (56.4%, 22/39; P = 0.001). There was no difference in mortality, reoperation, or complication rates for our matched population at 1 year.

Conclusions:
Patients who meet the NICE criteria for THA and are able to WIOs preinjury are more likely to have a higher level of independent mobility and a better functional outcome at 1-year if they receive a THA, as opposed to receiving a HA.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.