bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stimulus‐Responsive Polyelectrolyte Surfaces: Switching Surface Properties from Polycationic/Antimicrobial to Polyzwitterionic/Protein‐Repellent
Authors: Paschke Stefan , Prediger Richard , Lavaux Valentine , Eickenscheidt Alice , Lienkamp Karen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSurfaces coated with polyzwitterions are most well‐known for their ability to resist protein adsorption. In this article, a surface‐attached hydrophobically modified poly(carboxybetaine) is presented. When protonated by changes of the pH of the surrounding medium, this protein‐repellent polyzwitterion switches to a polycationic state in which it is antimicrobially active and protein‐adhesive. The pH range in which these two states exist are recorded by zeta potential measurements. Adsorption studies at different pH values (monitored by surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy) confirm that the adhesion of protein is pH dependent and reversible, that is, protein can be released upon a pH change from pH 3 to pH 7.4. At physiological pH, the poly(carboxyzwitterion) is antimicrobially active, presumably because it becomes protonated by bacterial metabolites during the antimicrobial activity assay. Stability studies confirm that the here presented material is storage‐stable, yet hydrolyses after longer incubation in aqueous media.
Magnetically Assembled Photonic Crystal Gels with Wide Thermochromic Range and High Sensitivity
Authors: Jia Zhi‐Han , Xie Rui , Qiu Yue , Lv Xing‐Bin , Ju Xiao‐Jie , Wang Wei , Liu Zhuang , Chu Liang‐Yin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThermochromic poly(N‐isopropyl acrylamide) (PNIPAM) photonic crystal gels based on 1D magnetically assembling colloidal nanocrystal clusters have attracted much attention due to its convenient preparation process, striking color response, and good mechanical strength. However, there remain challenges to broaden the thermochromic range and improve the sensitivity for their iridescent color display. Here, a PNIPAM photonic gel with wide thermochromic range and high sensitivity is prepared by using four‐arm star poly(ethylene glycol) acrylamide (PEGAAm) as cross‐linker at appropriately reduced magnetic field strength as well as cross‐linker content. PEGAAm improves the homogeneity of the microstructure in PNIPAM photonic gel and thus maintains the structure colors at a wide temperature range from room temperature to 44 °C. The reduced magnetic field strength of 70 Gs and low cross‐linker content (the molar ratio of monomer to cross‐linker of 300:1) lead to a large initial lattice spacing of the photonic gel and thus wide diffraction wavelength migration of 194 nm. This optimized PNIPAM gel exhibits vivid iridescent colors from orange–red to indigo blue as temperature increases from 20 to 44 °C with satisfactory repeatability. Therefore, it may be an ideal candidate for temperature sensors and displays with utility and accuracy such as low‐temperature burns.
Facile Synthesis of Unimodal Polymethacrylates with Narrow Dispersity via NIR LED Light‐Controlled Bromine–Iodine Transformation Reversible‐Deactivation Radical Polymerization
Authors: Zhao Haitao , Li Haihui , Tian Chun , Zhang Lifen , Cheng Zhenping 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA facile and clean strategy for synthesizing unimodal polymethacrylates with narrow dispersity (Đ < 1.10) is successfully developed by a near‐infrared (NIR) light‐emitting diode (LED) light (λmax = 740 nm)‐controlled in situ bromine–iodine transformation reversible‐deactivation radical polymerization system without the use of NIR dyes and expensive catalysts. In this system, alkyl iodide ethyl α‐iodophenylacetate (EIPA) initiator is generated in situ by the nucleophilic substitution reaction between an alkyl bromide compound ethyl α‐bromophenylacetate and sodium iodide (NaI). At the same time, excessive NaI is also acted as a highly active catalyst by forming halogen bonds with terminal iodine of the polymer chains in this system to make it capable of precisely synthesizing polymethacrylates with narrow dispersities (Đ = 1.03–1.10). In addition, the strong penetration ability of NIR LED light is illustrated by the successful polymerization even through 11 pieces of A4 paper.
Multi‐echo gradient‐recalled‐echo phase unwrapping using a Nyquist sampled virtual echo train in the presence of high‐field gradients
Authors: Madhusoodhanan Sreekanth , Hagberg Gisela E. , Scheffler Klaus , Paul Joseph Suresh 
Published: May 2021

PurposeTo develop a spatio‐temporal approach to accurately unwrap multi‐echo gradient‐recalled echo phase in the presence of high‐field gradients.Theory and MethodsUsing the virtual echo–based Nyquist sampled (VENyS) algorithm, the temporal unwrapping procedure is modified by introduction of one or more virtual echoes between the first lower and the immediate higher echo, so as to reinstate the Nyquist condition at locations with high‐field gradients. An iterative extension of the VENyS algorithm maintains spatial continuity by adjusting the phase rotations to make the neighborhood phase differences less than π. The algorithm is evaluated using simulated data, Gadolinium contrast‐doped phantom, and in vivo brain, abdomen, and chest data sets acquired at 3 T and 9.4 T. The unwrapping performance is compared with the standard temporal unwrapping algorithm used in the morphology‐enabled dipole inversion–QSM pipeline as a benchmark for validation.ResultsQuantitative evaluation using numerical phantom showed significant reduction in unwrapping errors in regions of large field gradients, and the unwrapped phase revealed an exact match with the linear concentration profile of vials in a gadolinium contrast–doped phantom data acquired at 9.4 T. Without the need for additional spatial unwrapping, the iterative VENyS algorithm was able to generate spatially continuous phase images. Application to in vivo data resulted in better unwrapping performance, especially in regions with large susceptibility changes such as the air/tissue interface.ConclusionThe iterative VENyS algorithm serves as a robust unwrapping method for multi‐echo gradient‐recalled echo phase in the presence of high‐field gradients.
The node cop‐win reliability of unicyclic and bicyclic graphs
Authors: Ahmed Maimoonah , Cameron Ben 
Published: May 2021

AbstractVarious models to quantify the reliability of a network have been studied where certain components of the graph may fail at random and the probability that the remaining graph is connected is the proxy for reliability. We introduce a strengthening of one of these models by considering the probability that the remaining graph is cop‐win. A graph is cop‐win if one cop can win the game Cops and Robber. More precisely, for a graph G with nodes that are operational independently with probability p, the node cop‐win reliability of G, denoted , is the probability that the operational nodes induce a cop‐win subgraph of G. It is then of interest to find graphs G with n nodes and m edges such that for all p ∈ [0, 1] and all graphs H with n nodes and m edges. We show that such graphs exist among unicyclic and bicyclic graphs, respectively.
Sitting Time, Type, and Context Among Long‐Term Weight‐Loss Maintainers
Authors: Roake James , Phelan Suzanne , Alarcon Noemi , Keadle Sarah K. , Rethorst Chad D. , Foster Gary D. 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveThis study aimed to investigate sitting time, the home sedentary environment, and physical activity among weight‐loss maintainers in WW (formerly Weight Watchers).MethodsParticipants were 4,305 weight‐loss maintainers who had maintained ≥9.1 kg of weight loss (24.7 kg on average) for 3.3 years and had an average current BMI of 27.6 kg/m2. A control group of weight‐stable individuals with obesity (n = 619) had an average BMI of 38.9 kg/m2. The Multicontext Sitting Time Questionnaire and Paffenbarger physical activity questionnaire were administered.ResultsWeight‐loss maintainers versus controls spent 3 hours less per day sitting during the week (10.9 vs. 13.9; = 0.039; P = 0.0001) and weekends (9.7 vs. 12.6; = 0.038). Weight‐loss maintainers versus controls spent 1 hour less per day in non–work‐related sitting using a computer or video games during the week (1.4 vs. 2.3; = 0.03; P = 0.0001) and weekends (1.5 vs. 2.5; = 0.03; P = 0.0001). Weight‐loss maintainers versus controls had similar numbers of sedentary‐promoting devices (15.8 vs. 14.8) and expended significantly more calories per week in physical activity (1,835 vs. 785; = 0.036; P = 0.0001).ConclusionsWeight‐loss maintainers reported less time sitting than weight‐stable individuals with obesity. Future research should test the efficacy of targeting sitting time to help promote long‐term weight‐loss maintenance.
Avoiding Pitfalls in Comparison of Activity and Selectivity of Solid Catalysts for Electrochemical HMF Oxidation
Authors: Wöllner Sebastian , Nowak Timothy , Zhang Gui‐Rong , Rockstroh Nils , Ghanem Hanadi , Rosiwal Stefan , Brückner Angelika , Etzold Bastian J. M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractElectrocatalytic oxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) offers a renewable approach to produce the value‐added platform chemical 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA). The key for the economic viability of this approach is to develop active and selective electrocatalysts. Nevertheless, a reliable catalyst evaluation protocol is still missing, leading to elusive conclusions on criteria for a high‐performing catalyst. Herein, we demonstrate that besides the catalyst identity, secondary parameters such as materials of conductive substrates for the working electrode, concentration of the supporting electrolyte, and electrolyzer configurations have profound impact on the catalyst performance and thus need to be optimized before assessing the true activity of a catalyst. Moreover, we highlight the importance of those secondary parameters in suppressing side reactions, which has long been overlooked. The protocol is validated by evaluating the performance of free‐standing Cu‐foam, and CuCoO modified with NaPO2H2 and Ni, which were immobilized on boron‐doped diamond (BDD) electrodes. Recommended practices and figure of merits in carefully evaluating the catalyst performance are proposed.
A source‐sink model for water diffusion in an activated carbon fiber/phenolic composite
Authors: Alston Sue , Arnold Cris , Swan Martin , Stone Corinne 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe moisture absorption behavior of a composite comprising phenolic resin and activated carbon fibers was characterized. The resin starts with a water content from curing and the active fibers both adsorb water on their surface and absorb water in sub‐surface pores, acting as a sink or source of water. Measured data showed that the dependence of this water uptake on the surrounding relative humidity was highly nonlinear, and that the effective diffusion rate through the composite was very dependent on the starting and end conditions. A physically based model has been successfully developed to simulate this behavior. Diffusion was assumed to be Fickian and entirely through the resin, with a linear dependence of resin water content on external humidity. Water movement between resin and fibers was determined so as to maintain equilibrium, based on measured steady‐state water uptake curves across a range of relative humidities. This meant that in mid‐range humidities, most water movement was between fibers and resin rather than through the resin, giving low effective diffusion rates. This model and a simple Arrhenius expression for the diffusion coefficient through the resin enabled measured composite diffusion behavior to be accurately predicted over a range of temperatures and humidity changes.
Manipulating Single‐Photon Emission from Point Defects in Diamond and Silicon Carbide
Authors: Bathen Marianne Etzelmüller , Vines Lasse 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPoint defects in semiconductors are emerging as an important contender platform for quantum technology (QT) applications, showing potential for quantum computing, communication, and sensing. Indeed, point defects have been employed as nuclear spins for nanoscale sensing and memory in quantum registers, localized electron spins for quantum bits, and emitters of single photons in quantum communication and cryptography. However, to utilize point defects in semiconductors as single‐photon sources for QT, control over the influence of the surrounding environment on the emission process must be first established. Recent works have revealed strong manipulation of emission energies and intensities via coupling of point defect wavefunctions to external factors such as electric fields, strain and photonic devices. This review presents the state‐of‐the‐art on manipulation, tuning, and control of single‐photon emission from point defects focusing on two leading semiconductor materials—diamond and silicon carbide.
Association of adenovirus 36 infection and obesity; An updated meta‐analysis of community‐based studies
Authors: Marjani Arezoo , Khatami Alireza , Saadati Hassan , Asghari Milad , Razizadeh Mohammad Hossein , Abbasi Aida , Zarei Mohammad , Beikzadeh Leila , Soleimani Alireza 
Published: May 2021

SummaryAs a health problem, obesity has several risk factors; it has been suggested that human adenovirus type 36 (HAdV‐36) infections may possibly be associated with obesity. This updated meta‐analysis was designed and conducted with an emphasis on articles published from 2015 to 2020. The PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched up to 1 December 2020. Overall, pooled prevalence and odds ratio of antibodies against HAdV‐36 in people with obesity and controls was assessed among different ages. Case‐control and cohort studies were included in the analysis. The overall prevalence of HAdV‐36 infection in obese population was 31% (CI: 0.24%–0.38%) which was 32% in cases and 27% in controls, respectively; a significant association was found between the cases and the controls (OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.39–2.43), especially in children younger than 18 years of age (OR, 2.44; 95% CI, 1.85–3.22). A significant association between adenovirus infection and obesity was found, especially in adolescents.
Progress in the Synthesis of Fused 1,2,3‐Triazoles
Authors: Kumar Hariom , Dhameja Manoj , Rizvi Marziya , Gupta Preeti 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFused heterocycles display prodigious prominence in diverse field ranging from medicinal chemistry to material science and chemical biology to catalysis. Owing to biological importance, fused 1,2,3‐triazoles have gained much attention and hence, enormous efforts on its synthesis is given by the chemists. Diverse functionalized fused polycyclic 1,2,3‐triazole heterocycles have been designed using Huisgen's thermal intramolecular cycloaddition, copper catalyzed cycloaddition, bimetallic catalytic, greener and other miscellaneous approaches. Novel methodologies that use modified substrates such as ketones, enals, β‐keto esters, olefins, enones, C−H acids etc. in place of alkynes have been developed. Herein, synthetic methodologies to construct fused 1,2,3‐triazoles are briefly discussed.
Design of Benzothiazolone‐Based Carboxylic Acid Aldose Reductase Inhibitors
Authors: Lei Yanqi , Zhang Xin , Zhang Xiaonan , Xu Long , Liu Wenchao , Chen Huan , Zhu Changjin , Ma Bing 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAldose Reductase (AR, ALR2) is a member of the aldo‐keto reductase superfamily that plays a critical role in diabetic complications. In this work, benzothiazolone was employed as the scaffold, and the C6 position was modified with aryl and heterocyclic groups to design potent inhibitor against ALR2. 2‐(6‐(4‐hydroxystyryl)‐2‐oxobenzothiazol‐3(2H)‐yl)acetic acid (6 c) was identified the most active with IC50value of 18.8 nM. 2‐(6‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐2‐oxobenzothiazol‐3(2H)‐yl)acetic acid (4 c) and 2‐(6‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxystyryl)‐2‐oxobenzothiazol‐3(2H)‐yl)acetic acid (6 b) were also strong in the ALR2 inhibition, and even exhibited good antioxidant activity by tests of DPPH radical scavenging and lipid peroxidation suppression.6 bhaving C6‐hydroxymethoxystyryl sidechain is suggested as a promising candidate for further structure optimizations.
A Polymer/Graphene Composite Cathode with Active Carbonyls and Secondary Amine Moieties for High‐Performance Aqueous Zn‐Organic Batteries Involving Dual‐Ion Mechanism
Authors: Zhang Hong , Xu Dongxiao , Wang Lipeng , Ye Zhuolin , Chen Bin , Pei Liyuan , Wang Zengyao , Cao Ziyi , Shen Jianfeng , Ye Mingxin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAqueous zinc‐ion batteries (AZIBs) are regarded as one of the most promising alternative technology to lithium‐ion batteries on account of their low flammability and cost‐benefits. Among various cathode materials in AZIBs, environment‐friendly and sustainable organic electrode materials stand out owing to their structural diversity and tunability. However, their limited rate capability and cycle stability remain the obstacles to their further application in AZIBs. Herein, a mixed cathode design strategy including polymerization and carbon materials hybridization is adopted to assemble high‐rate and durable AZIBs. Specifically, a polymer/graphene composite cathode with active carbonyls and secondary amine moieties is prepared to construct high‐performance aqueous Zn‐organic batteries. Furthermore, a hybrid energy storage mechanism involving dual‐ion mechanism is confirmed by various ex situ characterization techniques, providing promising battery chemistry. Thus, this work opens up a new path to high performance AZIBs through a rational cathode design.
Nano‐3D‐Printed Photochromic Micro‐Objects
Authors: Ulrich Sebastian , Wang Xiaopu , Rottmar Markus , Rossi René Michel , Nelson Bradley J. , Bruns Nico , Müller Ralph , Maniura‐Weber Katharina , Qin Xiao‐Hua , Boesel Luciano Fernandes 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMolecular photoswitches that can reversibly change color upon irradiation are promising materials for applications in molecular actuation and photoresponsive materials. However, the fabrication of photochromic devices is limited to conventional approaches such as mold casting and spin‐coating, which cannot fabricate complex structures. Reported here is the first photoresist for direct laser writing of photochromic 3D micro‐objects via two‐photon polymerization. The integration of photochromism into thiol–ene photo‐clickable resins enables rapid two‐photon laser processing of highly complex microstructures and facile postmodification using a series of donor–acceptor Stenhouse adduct (DASA) photoswitches with different excitation wavelengths. The versatility of thiol–ene photo‐click reactions allows fine‐tuning of the network structure and physical properties as well as the type and concentration of DASA. When exposed to visible light, these microstructures exhibit excellent photoresponsiveness and undergo reversible color‐changing via photoisomerization. It is demonstrated that the fluorescence variations of DASAs can be used as a reporter of photoswitching and thermal recovery, allowing the reading of DASA‐containing sub‐micrometric structures in 3D. This work delivers a new approach for custom microfabrication of 3D photochromic objects with molecularly engineered color and responsiveness.
Low Temperature Deposition of Highly Cyclable Porous Prussian Blue Cathode for Lithium‐Ion Microbattery
Authors: Patnaik Sai Gourang , Pech David 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSmall dimension Li‐ion microbatteries are of great interest for embedded microsystems and on‐chip electronics. However, the deposition of fully crystallized cathode thin film generally requires high temperature synthesis or annealing, incompatible with microfabrication processes of integrated Si devices. In this work, a low temperature deposition process of a porous Prussian blue‐based cathode on Si wafers is reported. The active material is electrodeposited under aqueous conditions using a pulsed deposition protocol on a porous dendritic metallic current collector that ensures good electronic conductivity of the composite. The high voltage cathodes exhibit a huge areal capacity of ≈650 μAh cm−2 and are able to withstand more than 2000 cycles at 0.25 mA cm−2 rate. The application of these electrode composites with porous Sn based alloying anodes is also demonstrated for the first time in full cell configuration, with high areal energy of 3.1 J cm−2 and more than 95% reversible capacity. This outstanding performance can be attributed to uniform deposition of Prussian blue materials on conductive matrix, which maintains electronic conductivity while simultaneously providing mechanical integrity to the electrode. This finding opens new horizons in the monolithic integration of energy storage components compatible with the semiconductor industry for self‐powered microsystems.
Nanocage‐Based Capture‐Detection System for the Clinical Diagnosis of Autoimmune Disease
Authors: Zhang Yanan , Li Yingni , Zhang Jianlin , Chen Xuehui , Zhang Ruofei , Sun Guoming , Jiang Bing , Fan Kelong , Li Zhanguo , Yan Xiyun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe detection of autoantibodies is critical for diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. However, the sensitivity is often limited by the properties of the antigens and the detection systems such as enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Here, employing the multidisplay ability of ferritin, a highly sensitive nanocage‐based capture‐detection system is designed, of which the sensitivity is 100–1000‐fold higher than that of conventional ELISA methods. The capture nanocages are constructed by displaying the primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS)‐related antigenic peptides on ferritin nanocage, which present epitopes effectively and high affinity, leading to tenfold higher capture capability for autoantibodies. Human IgG Fc‐binding peptides are also engineered on ferritin nanocage, which enable high binding affinity and efficient horseradish peroxidase (HRP)‐labeling. Compared with commercial HRP‐conjugated anti‐human IgG antibody, the nanocage‐based detecting probe exhibited more than tenfold increased sensitivity. Autoantibodies are then examined in 91 sera from patients with pSS, 51 from rheumatoid arthritis, 54 from systemic lupus erythematosus, and 55 from healthy individuals by using the nanocage‐based ELISA. The results indicate that the nanocage‐based capture‐detection system is an effective detection platform and provide a novel and more sensitive method for the diagnosis of autoimmune diseases.