bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Debating ethical nominalism in Early Enlightenment thought on China
Authors: Kow Simon 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article discusses debates about the normative implications of nominalism by considering significant Enlightenment assessments of China’s society and politics. Enlightenment universalism has been criticized as an insufficient bulwark against nominalist tendencies towards cultural or subjective relativism, and (in its Anglo‐French formulations) as responsible for the ills of modernity which need to be overcome by a ‘spiritual turn’ in Critical Realism. Yet in response to the nominalist aspects of the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes (1588‐1679), the early Enlightenment thinkers Pierre Bayle (1647‐1706), Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646‐1716), and the Baron de Montesquieu (1689‐1755) countered the nominalist denial of the reality of universal concepts while conceding the validity of multiple cultural perspectives on the social and political world. Each thinker attempted to reconcile certain universal ethical standards with the fact of cultural and epistemic diversity as demonstrated by China, with differing levels of success. Indeed, their considerations on Hobbesian nominalism and views on China are tied to conceptions of the social as a sphere in many ways independent of the political order—a general development in western social and political theory in the late seventeenth to eighteenth centuries. Thus, the links between their responses to ethical nominalism and conceptions of the Chinese social and political order shed crucial light on debates internal to Enlightenment thought relative to non‐European cultures, and in turn on the development of classical social theory. Furthermore, their anti‐nominalist universalist theories which nevertheless accounted for particular and often incommensurable cultural frameworks can be seen as early modern precursors to ongoing efforts to navigate between extreme versions of universalism and relativism, and as constituting ‘philosophical under‐labour’ for contemporary social theory.
Microtextures in the Chelyabinsk impact breccia reveal the history of Phosphorus‐Olivine‐Assemblages in chondrites
Authors: Walton Craig R. , Baziotis Ioannis , Černok Ana , Ferrière Ludovic , Asimow Paul D. , Shorttle Oliver , Anand Mahesh 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe geochemistry and textures of phosphate minerals can provide insights into the geological histories of parental asteroids, but the processes governing their formation and deformation remain poorly constrained. We assessed phosphorus‐bearing minerals in the three lithologies (light, dark, and melt) of the Chelyabinsk (LL5) ordinary chondrite using scanning electron microscope, electron microprobe, cathodoluminescence, and electron backscatter diffraction techniques. The majority of studied phosphate grains appear intergrown with olivine. However, microtextures of phosphates (apatite [Ca5(PO4)3(OH,Cl,F)] and merrillite [Ca9NaMg(PO4)7]) are extremely variable within and between the differently shocked lithologies investigated. We observe continuously strained as well as recrystallized strain‐free merrillite populations. Grains with strain‐free subdomains are present only in the more intensely shocked dark lithology, indicating that phosphate growth predates the development of primary shock‐metamorphic features. Complete melting of portions of the meteorite is recorded by the shock‐melt lithology, which contains a population of phosphorus‐rich olivine grains. The response of phosphorus‐bearing minerals to shock is therefore hugely variable throughout this monomict impact breccia. We propose a paragenetic history for P‐bearing phases in Chelyabinsk involving initial phosphate growth via P‐rich olivine replacement, followed by phosphate deformation during an early impact event. This event was also responsible for the local development of shock melt that lacks phosphate grains and instead contains P‐enriched olivine. We generalize our findings to propose a new classification scheme for Phosphorus‐Olivine‐Assemblages (Type I–III POAs). We highlight how POAs can be used to trace radiogenic metamorphism and shock metamorphic events that together span the entire geological history of chondritic asteroids.
Ring distribution patterns—diversification or speciation? Comparative phylogeography of two small mammals in the mountains surrounding the Sichuan Basin
Authors: Wang Yanqun , Feijó Anderson , Cheng Jilong , Xia Lin , Wen Zhixin , Ge Deyan , Sun Jian , Lu Liang , Li Song , Yang Qisen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStudying the genetic differentiation in a unique geographical area contributes to understanding the process of speciation. Here, we explore the spatial genetic structure and underlying formation mechanism of two congeneric small mammal species (Apodemus draco and A. chevrieri), which are mainly distributed in the mountains surrounding the lowland Sichuan Basin, southwest China. We applied a set of comparative phylogeographical analyses to determine their genetic diversification patterns, combining mitochondrial (Cytb and COI) and nuclear (microsatellite loci) markers, with dense sampling throughout the range (411 A. draco from 21 sites and 191 A. chevrieri from 22 sites). Moreover, we performed three complementary statistical methods to investigate the correlation between genotype and geographical and environmental components, and predicted the potential suitable distributional range under the present and historical climate conditions. Our results suggest that both species have experienced allopatric differentiation and admixture in historical periods, resulting in a ring‐shape diversification, under the barrier effect of the Sichuan Basin. We infer that the tectonic events of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau and climatic oscillations during the Quaternary played an important role on the genetic divergence of the two species by providing environmental heterogeneity and geographical variation. Our study reveals a case of two sympatric small mammals following a ring‐shaped diversification pattern and provides insight into the process of differentiation.
Suffering experiences of people with cancer undergoing chemotherapy: A meta‐ethnographic study
Authors: Mendonça Angelo Braga , Pereira Eliane Ramos , Magnago Carinne , Medeiros Angelica Yolanda Bueno Bejarano Vale , Silva Rose Mary Costa Rosa Andrade , Martins Adriana de Oliveira , Meira Karina Cardoso 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis meta‐ethnography had the objectives of identifying, evaluating, and summarizing the findings of qualitative studies regarding the suffering experiences of people undergoing chemotherapy, as well as developing an explanatory conceptual structure regarding what affects these experiences. A systematic literature review was carried out, covering the past 10 years, in the following databases: CINAHL, Embase, Medline, LILACS and Scopus. By using meta‐ethnographic synthesis methods, the following themes were found: the pain of loss; evaluating, measuring, and neutralizing the threat; and social contours of suffering. The experience of living with cancer and undergoing chemotherapy was synthesized into a theoretical‐explanatory model with a structure that resembles barbed‐wire loops. The model expresses people's suffering experiences as marked by the feeling of loss, restraint of emotions, and resilience. While transcendent movements broke the cycle of suffering, resilience emerged as a learning experience that made patients more resistant to the pain of loss. The results indicated a complex and diverse set of factors that influence suffering, which confirmed that experiences are individual, comprehensive, and continuously reinterpreted.
Divergence in red light responses associated with thermal reversion of phytochrome B between high‐ and low‐latitude species
Authors: Ikeda Hajime , Suzuki Tomomi , Oka Yoshito , Gustafsson A. Lovisa S. , Brochmann Christian , Mochizuki Nobuyoshi , Nagatani Akira 
Published: April 2021

Summary

Phytochromes play a central role in mediating adaptive responses to light and temperature throughout plant life cycles. Despite evidence for adaptive importance of natural variation in phytochromes, little information is known about molecular mechanisms that modulate physiological responses of phytochromes in nature.

We show evolutionary divergence in physiological responses relevant to thermal stability of a physiologically active form of phytochrome (Pfr) between two sister species of Brassicaceae growing at different latitudes.

The higher latitude species (Cardamine bellidifolia; Cb) responded more strongly to light‐limited conditions compared with its lower latitude sister (C. nipponica; Cn). Moreover, CbPHYB conferred stronger responses to both light‐limited and warm conditions in the phyB‐deficient mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana than CnPHYB: that is Pfr CbphyB was more stable in nuclei than CnphyB.

Our findings suggest that fine tuning Pfr stability is a fundamental mechanism for plants to optimise phytochrome‐related traits in their evolution and adapt to spatially varying environments, and open a new avenue to understand molecular mechanisms that fine tune phytochrome responses in nature.
Worldwide prevalence estimates of burning mouth syndrome: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wu Shuangshuang , Zhang Wenqing , Yan Jingxian , Noma Noboru , Young Andrew , Yan Zhimin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the worldwide prevalence and epidemiology profile of burning mouth syndrome.Material and MethodsA systematic review and meta‐analysis was conducted. Search strategies were performed in PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Wanfang database for studies published before January 31, 2021, for the prevalence of burning mouth syndrome.ResultsEighteen articles were included. The overall pooled prevalence of burning mouth syndrome was 1.73% (95% CI = 0.176–0.351, n = 26,632) in general population, and 7.72% (95% CI = 0.434–0.691, n = 86,591) in clinical patients. The subgroup analysis by continent showed that among the population‐based studies the prevalence in Asia (1.05%) lower than in Europe (5.58%) and North America (1.10%). The subgroup analysis by gender showed the prevalence of female (1.15%) was higher than male (0.38%) in general population. The subgroup analysis by age showed the prevalence was higher for people over 50 (3.31%) than under 50 (1.92%).ConclusionsThe pooled prevalence of burning mouth syndrome was relatively high in both general population and clinical patients, varies in different regions with the highest prevalence in Europe, and females over 50 years were the most susceptible group. More epidemiological surveys on the prevalence of burning mouth syndrome are needed.
Leaf heat tolerance of 147 tropical forest species varies with elevation and leaf functional traits, but not with phylogeny
Authors: Slot Martijn , Cala Daniela , Aranda Jorge , Virgo Aurelio , Michaletz Sean T. , Winter Klaus 
Published: April 2021

AbstractExceeding thermal thresholds causes irreversible damage and ultimately loss of leaves. The lowland tropics are among the warmest forested biomes, but little is known about heat tolerance of tropical forest plants. We surveyed leaf heat tolerance of sun‐exposed leaves from 147 tropical lowland and pre‐montane forest species by determining the temperatures at which potential photosystem II efficiency based on chlorophyllafluorescence started to decrease (TCrit) and had decreased by 50% (T50).TCritaveraged 46.7°C (5th–95th percentile: 43.5°C–49.7°C) andT50averaged 49.9°C (47.8°C–52.5°C). Heat tolerance partially adjusted to site temperature;TCritandT50decreased with elevation by 0.40°C and 0.26°C per 100 m, respectively, while mean annual temperature decreased by 0.63°C per 100 m. The phylogenetic signal in heat tolerance was weak, suggesting that heat tolerance is more strongly controlled by environment than by evolutionary legacies.TCritincreased with the estimated thermal time constant of the leaves, indicating that species with thermally buffered leaves maintain higher heat tolerance. Among lowland species,T50increased with leaf mass per area, suggesting that in species with structurally more costly leaves the risk of leaf loss during hot spells is reduced. These results provide insight in variation in heat tolerance at local and regional scales.
Variations in the pathophysiology of respiratory syncytial virus infection depend on the age at onset
Authors: Nagamori Tsunehisa , Yoshida Youichiro , Ishibazawa Emi , Oka Hideharu , Takahashi Hironori , Manabe Hiromi , Taketazu Genya , Shirai Masaru , Sakata Hiroshi , Oki Junichi , Azuma Hiroshi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundLower respiratory tract infections due to respiratory syncytial virus are associated with morbidity and mortality in infants and children. Thus precise elucidation of respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection pathophysiology is important.MethodsMedical records of hospitalized patients were reviewed. Patients were divided into three groups. Group I: patients who improved without oxygen supply. Group II: patients who received oxygen supply, but not nasal high‐flow cannula therapy. Group III: patients who received nasal high‐flow cannula. Patients were also divided by age group into the <6 months and ≥6 months groups. Parameters for differentiating the severity among groups were then evaluated. Further, serum concentration of high‐mobility group box‐1 and several cytokines (Inerleukin‐6, soluble tumor necrosis factor receptor‐1/2, Interleukin‐18, Interferon‐gamma responsive protein‐100) were evaluated.ResultsOne hundred eighty‐nine were enrolled. An analysis of variance for those <6 months showed overall differences including younger age, lower pH, and increased partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), bicarbonate (HCO3‐), and base excess at the time of admission. On the other hand, analysis of variance for ≥6 months revealed that, in addition to a lower pH and increased pCO2, patients showed differences including decreased serum total protein and albumin, and increased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanin aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Ferritin and C‐reactive protein (CRP) levels. Further, evaluation of serum cytokines showed that IL‐6, s tumor necrotizing factor receptor‐1/2, and high‐mobility group box‐1 were higher in Group II/III among the ≥6 months age group, but not for those in the <6 months group.ConclusionsThe pathophysiology of severe respiratory syncytial virus lower respiratory tract infection varies according to the age at onset. In late infancy and childhood, a certain proportion of patients show a hyperinflammatory status.
Headaches for epistemologists
Authors: Talbot Brian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractImagine that one must either lose all of one’s certainty about some very important topic – about the meaning of life, for example – or a small amount of certainty about each of one’s more “mundane” beliefs – beliefs about the color of one’s socks, where one’s keys are, whether it will rain, etc. One ought to take the latter loss, no matter how many mundane beliefs are at stake. Conversely, if one had to give up a tiny bit of certainty about the important topic, or all of one’s certainty about most mundane topics, one ought to take the former loss. These two judgments generate what I call the “epistemic headaches‐for‐lives challenge,” so called because it resembles a challenge in ethics about the relative values of headaches and lives. In this paper, I argue for two things. First, our epistemic theories should accord with these types of judgments, and so must deal with the headaches‐for‐lives challenge. Second, this is a serious challenge for formal epistemology.
Differential reproductive responses to contrasting host species and localities in Psittacanthus calyculatus(Loranthaceae) mistletoes
Authors: Lara C. , Xicohténcatl‐Lara L. , Ornelas J. F. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Host trees are immediate environments for multi‐host mistletoes, so parasitizing different hosts implies exposure to varying environmental conditions between mistletoe generations. Therefore, to maximize reproductive fitness in heterogeneous environments (host species) mistletoes should adjust its reproductive responses in relation to circumstances.

Here, we ask how reproductive traits of Psittacanthus calyculatus mistletoes vary on two host tree species (Crataegus mexicana, Prunus serotina) at three different localities.

We followed individual mistletoes on each host species and at three localities through the flowering season to quantify traits related to reproductive effort and success, e.g. total number of buds, flowers and fruits produced. In buds about to open, we measured two anthers and quantified the number of pollen grains and their viability. Individual flowers were marked to obtain flower longevity data and were followed until fruit formation. At which time we measured and weighed the fruits and the seeds.

Mistletoes from one locality produced more buds, flowers and fruits, and the flowers lasted longer, had larger anthers and produced more pollen as compared to the other two localities. However, mistletoes on Prunus serotina produced fewer floral buds, but their fruits were heaviest, longest and widest and ripened fastest across localities. The probability of fruit formation, percentage of fruits formed, and pollen viability were similar among the mistletoes, regardless of host species or locality. We propose that the observed differences in reproductive effort and success associated with host species or locality are plastic or adaptive in this mistletoe in response to varying conditions.
Population structure of Dothistroma septosporum in Poland: revealing the genetic signature of a recently established pathogen
Authors: Boroń Piotr , Lenart‐Boroń Anna , Mullett Martin , Grad Bartłomiej , Nawrot‐Chorabik Katarzyna 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe incidence and geographic range of Dothistroma septosporum, a serious foliar pathogen of pine, has increased dramatically in central Europe in the last three decades. In Poland, it was first detected in 1990, and by the mid‐2010s became established throughout the country, meaning the population of D. septosporum in Poland is relatively young. In this study we analysed site populations of the pathogen in Poland using highly variable microsatellite markers in order to identify the genetic signatures of a recent migration and to track the mode of its introduction. As a result, we found that in Poland the population of D. septosporum is highly structured, the strongest division occurring between a portion of isolates from south‐central Poland, including the original outbreak site, and the isolates from the rest of the country. Further genetic structure allowed identification of population clusters specific to particular regions of Poland. Random mating tests show that some population groups have a much lower tendency to reproduce sexually than others, a factor that helps maintain the strong population structure observed. Such a pattern of diversity indicates multiple independent introduction events/migration waves: a single introduction, probably human‐mediated, at the original outbreak site, and at least two waves representing a general shift in the distribution of D. septosporum as a consequence of natural spread, resulting in most of the local populations having similar diversity parameters.
Valid and Approximately Valid Confidence Intervals for Current Status Data
Authors: Kim Sungwook , Fay Michael P. , Proschan Michael A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe introduce a new approach for creating pointwise confidence intervals for the distribution of event times for current status data. Existing methods are based on asymptotics. Our approach is based on binomial properties and motivates confidence intervals that are very simple to apply and are valid that is guarantee nominal coverage. Although these confidence intervals are necessarily conservative for small sample sizes, asymptotically their coverage rate approaches the nominal one. This binomial approach also motivates approximately valid confidence intervals, and simulations show that these approximate intervals generally have coverage rates closer to the nominal level with shorter length than existing intervals, such as the confidence interval based on the likelihood ratio test. Unlike previous asymptotic methods that require different asymptotic distributions for continuous or grid-based assessment, the binomial approach can be applied to either type of assessment distribution.
Pituitary neuropeptides and B lymphocyte function
Authors: Benko Ann L. , Wright A. Dale , Sunyer Teresa , Kovacs William J. , Olsen Nancy J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis review discusses the accumulated evidence that pro‐opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene products as well as other pituitary neuropeptides derived from related genes (Proenkephalin, PENK; Prodynorphin, PDYN, and Pronociceptin, PNOC) can exert direct effects on B lymphocytes to modulate their functions. We also review the available data on receptor systems that might be involved in the transmission of such hormonal signals to B cells.
Validity of water compartments estimated using bioimpedance spectroscopy in athletes differing in hydration status
Authors: Francisco Rúben , Jesus Filipe , Gomes Tricy , Nunes Catarina L. , Rocha Paulo , Minderico Cláudia S. , Heymsfield Steven B. , Lukaski Henry , Sardinha Luís B. , Silva Analiza M. 
Published: April 2021

We aimed to validate bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS), compared with tracer dilution measurements, for assessing total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), and extracellular water (ECW) in athletes differing in hydration status. A total of 201 athletes participated. Reference TBW and ECW were determined by deuterium and bromide dilution methods, respectively; ICW was calculated as TBW‐ECW. Water compartments were estimated by BIS. Urine specific gravity (USG) classified athletes into well‐hydrated (WH) (USG < 1.023), euhydrated (EH) (USG:1.024–1.026), and dehydrated (DH) (USG>1.027). No significant differences were found between BIS and the reference methods for WH, EH, and DH athletes for TBW, ICW nor ECW (p>0.05). Concordance of TBW and its compartments by method was significant (p < 0.001) with coefficients of determination ranging by hydration classification [EH:52–96%;DH:56–98%;WH:71–96%]. Bland‐Altman analyses showed no trend for TBW and its compartments with the exception of ICW in the WH athletes. The 95% confidence BIS intervals for the WH group ranged from −3.08 to 2.68 kg for TBW, −4.28 to 4.14 kg for ICW, and −3.29 to 3.02 kg for ECW. For the EH athletes, the 95% confidence intervals ranged from −2.78 to 2.24 kg for TBW, −4.10 to 3.94 kg for ICW, and −3.44 to 3.06 kg for ECW. In DH group, TBW ranged between −1.99 and 2.01 kg, ICW between −3.78 and 6.34 kg, and ECW between −6.22 and 3.74 kg. These findings show that BIS is useful at a group level in assessing water compartments in athletes differing in hydration status. However, the usefulness of BIS is limited at an individual level, especially in dehydrated athletes.