bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-Performance Planar Thermal Diode With Wickless Components
Authors: Damoulakis George , Jafari Gukeh Mohamad , Koukoravas Theodore P. , Megaridis Constantine M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The characterization “thermal diode” (TD) has been used to portray systems that spread heat very efficiently in a specific direction but obstruct it from flowing in the opposite direction. In this study, a planar vapor chamber (VC) with a wickless, wettability-patterned side and an opposing wick-lined side is fabricated and tested as a thermal diode. When the chamber operates in the forward mode, heat is naturally driven away from the heat source; in the reverse mode, the system blocks heat flow, thus acting as a thermal diode. The low-profile assembly takes advantage of the phase-changing properties of water inside a sealed chamber. The wettability-patterned plate—when on the cooled side, e.g., forward operation mode—enables spatially controlled dropwise condensation (high heat transfer rate) and filmwise condensation (high drainage rate), thus facilitating an efficient transport mechanism of the condensed medium on superhydrophilic wedge tracks by way of Laplace pressure-driven capillary forces. The same chamber acts as a thermal blocker when the wick-covered plate is on the cooled side (reverse operating mode), trapping the condensate in the wick pores and blocking heat flow to the opposite side. The system's thermal behavior is similar to the theoretical electrical diode. This work explores the effect of the condenser's wettability pattern design and the chamber's fluid charging ratio (CR). With this system, thermal diodicities exceeding 20 have been achieved, and are tunable by altering the wettability pattern. The thermal rectification concept and its proper quantification in terms of possible definitions are discussed. The present vapor chamber—thermal diode design could be well-suited for an extensive range of thermal-management applications, ranging from aerospace, spacecraft, and smart-building construction materials, to electronics protection, electronics packaging, refrigeration, thermal control during energy harvesting, thermal isolation, etc.
A Comparison of Physical Activity Levels, Sleep Disrupting Behavior, and Stress/Affective Distress as Predictors of Sleep as Indexed by Actigraphy
Authors: Eid Shireen W. , Brown Rhonda F. , Birmingham Carl L. , Maloney Shane K. 
Published: June 2021

Background: Several behaviors have been reported to interfere with sleep in otherwise healthy adults, including low physical activity (PA) levels. However, few studies have compared low PA with the other behavioral risk factors of objective sleep impairment, despite the behavior tending to cooccur in highly stressed and affectively distressed individuals. Thus, the authors compared objective and subjective measures of PA and other potential sleep disrupting behaviors as predictors of objective sleep (sleep onset latency, actual sleep time, total sleep duration, awake time, and sleep efficacy) at baseline (T1) and 3 months later (T2).Methods: A community-derived sample of 161 people aged 18–65 years were asked about PA, other behavior (ie, night eating, electronic device use, watching television, caffeine and alcohol use), stress, affective distress (ie, anxiety, depression), and demographics including shift work and parenting young children in an online questionnaire at T1 and T2. PA and sleep were also monitored for 24 hours each at T1 and T2 using actigraphy.Results: Multiple regression analyses indicated that sleep at T1 was associated with PA (ie, total number of steps, metabolic equivalents/time, time spent travelling) after controlling mean ambient temperature and relevant demographics. At T2, longer sleep onset latency was predicted by parenting young children and night time television viewing; shorter sleep duration was predicted by female gender; and awake time and sleep efficacy were predicted by alcohol intake after controlling T1 sleep measures, demographics, and mean ambient temperature.Conclusion: The risk factors for objective sleep impairment included parenting young children and watching television at night, whereas better sleep outcomes were associated with greater engagement with PA.
The influence of scientific knowledge on mollusk and arthropod illustration
Authors: Sendino* Consuelo 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Our attraction to fossils is almost as old as humans themselves, and the way fossils are represented has changed and evolved with technology and with our knowledge of these organisms. Invertebrates were the first fossils to be represented in books and illustrated according to their original form. The first worldwide illustrations of paleoinvertebrates by recognized authors, such as Christophorus Encelius and Conrad Gessner, considered only their general shape. Over time, paleoillustrations became more accurate and showed the position of organisms when they were alive and as they had appeared when found. Encyclopedic works such as those of the Sowerbys or Joachim Barrande have left an important legacy on fossil invertebrates, summarizing the knowledge of their time. Currently, new discoveries, techniques, and comparison with extant specimens are changing the way in which the same organisms are shown in life position, with previously overlooked taxonomically important elements being displayed using modern techniques. This chapter will cover the history of illustrations, unpublished nineteenth-century author illustrations, examples showing fossil reconstructions, new techniques and their influence on taxonomical work with regard to illustration, and the evolution of paleoinvertebrate illustration.
Development of paleontological art in Poland
Authors: Krzywiec* Piotr , Arndt* Aleksandra 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
The first illustrations of geo-objects—different crystals of salt—from Poland were included by U. Aldrovandi in his Musaeum Metallicum (1648). The first publications containing paleontological sketches of fossil remains of animals and plants appeared in the early eighteenth century. G.A. Helwing, in his Lithographia Angerburgica (1717) and Lithographiae Angerburgicae Pars II (1720), included drawings of fossils of various ages from the Peri-Baltic area. G.A. Volkmann’s Silesia Subterranea (1720) was extensively illustrated by elaborate sketches of fossils including Carboniferous plants from the Lower Silesia region. In 1764, J.-É. Guettard published an important paper on the geology of Poland that contained detailed illustrations of fossils from various parts of the country. S. Staszic, in his two seminal books published in 1805 and 1815, provided detailed illustrations of animal remains, mainly bones of large, extinct mammals. This “pioneering era” of development of paleontological art came to an end with publications by two geologists that laid the foundations of modern paleontology in Poland: Polens Paläontologie by G.G. Pusch (1836) and Paleontologia Polska (1846) by L. Zejszner. In less than 150 years, paleontological art evolved from simple illustrations of “curious objects” from the subsurface to scientific drawings that marked the birth of modern paleontology.
Statin therapy for patients with aortic stenosis who underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a report from a Japanese multicentre registry
Authors: Yashima Fumiaki , Hara Masahiko , Inohara Taku , Jinzaki Masahiro , Shimizu Hideyuki , Fukuda Keiichi , Tanaka Makoto , Yamamoto Masanori , Watanabe Yusuke , Naganuma Toru , Shirai Shinichi , Yamawaki Masahiro , Tada Norio , Yamanaka Futoshi , Mizutani Kazuki , Ueno Hiroshi , Tabata Minoru , Takagi Kensuke , Hayashida Kentaro 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveData on statin for patients with aortic stenosis (AS) who underwent transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) are limited. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of statin on midterm mortality of TAVI patients.DesignObservational study.SettingThis study included patients with AS from a Japanese multicentre registry who underwent TAVI.ParticipantsThe overall cohort included 2588 patients (84.4±5.2 years); majority were women (69.3%). The Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk score was 6.55% (IQR 4.55%–9.50%), the Euro II score was 3.74% (IQR 2.34%–6.02%) and the Clinical Frailty Scale score was 3.9±1.2.InterventionsWe classified patients based on statin at admission and identified 936 matched pairs after propensity score matching.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe outcomes were all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.ResultsThe median follow-up was 660 days. Statin at admission was associated with a significant reduction in all-cause mortality (adjusted HR (aHR) 0.76, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.99, p=0.04) and cardiovascular mortality (aHR 0.64, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.97, p=0.04). In the octogenarians, statin was associated with significantly lower all-cause mortality (aHR 0.87, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.99, p=0.04); however, the impact in the nonagenarians appeared to be lower (aHR 0.84, 95% CI 0.62 to 1.13, p=0.25). Comparing four groups according to previous coronary artery disease (CAD) and statin, there was a significant difference in all-cause mortality, and patients who did not receive statin despite previous CAD showed the worst prognosis (aHR 1.33, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.57 (patients who received statin without previous CAD as a reference), p<0.01).ConclusionsStatin for TAVI patients will be beneficial even in octogenarians, but the benefits may disappear in nonagenarians. In addition, statin will be essential for TAVI patients with CAD. Further research is warranted to confirm and generalise our findings since this study has the inherent limitations of an observational study and included only Japanese patients.Trial registration numberUMIN000020423.
Transradial approach using a distal access catheter without guiding support for symptomatic intracranial vertebral artery and basilar artery stenosis: a multicenter experience and technical procedure
Authors: Guo Xu , Wang Lifeng , Liu Jialin , Yu Lei , Ma Yudong , Fan Chengzhe , Zhang Nan , Song Ligang , Miao Zhongrong 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundThere is little consensus on endovascular treatment for symptomatic intracranial posterior circulation stenosis via the transradial approach (TRA). We report our multicenter experience and technical procedures that directly used a distal access catheter (DAC) via TRA for the treatment of symptomatic intracranial vertebral (VA) and basilar (BA) artery stenosis.MethodsFrom January 2019 to December 2020, 92 consecutive patients with severe symptomatic intracranial VA or BA stenosis were retrospectively collected and divided into two groups (TRA group and transfemoral approach (TFA) group) for neurointerventional treatment. The percentages of catheters reaching the V3/V4 segment of the VA and technical success, postoperative care conditions, preoperative outcomes and complications, long term clinical outcomes, and imaging follow-ups were observed.ResultsThe catheter, CAT 5, reached the V4 segment of the VA in 37 TRA patients (88.1%). The duration of the procedure was significantly shorter in the TRA group than in the TFA group (median 48.0 min vs 55.5 min, p=0.037). More patients in the TRA group could walk within 2 hours after the procedure (85.7% vs 10.0%, p=0.000), and the duration of retaining catheterization in the TRA group was shorter (3.0±1.2 hours vs 11.7±5.6 hours, p=0.000).ConclusionThis study demonstrates the potential feasibility and safety of using a DAC via the TRA without guiding support for the treatment of symptomatic intracranial VA and BA stenosis. The TRA demonstrated some advantages over the standard TFA in terms of patient comfort. Further randomized controlled trials comparing the TRA and TFA for posterior circulation stenosis are needed.
Influence of high-energy particles on copper and stainless steel in fusion reactor materials
Authors: Radwan Samah , El-Khabeary H. 
Published: June 2021

Many studies have focused on the effect of fusion plasma particles onto the structural materials of future nuclear fusion reactors. In this paper, the effect of the products of the first-generation fuel reaction on structural fusion materials, such as copper and 316-stainless steel target materials, was studied. Firstly, the effect of 14.1 MeV neutrons produced from D–T neutron generator for different irradiation times, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 60 min, was investigated. Hence, this effect was analyzed and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis, surface roughness test, scanning electron microscope, and Vickers hardness. Secondly, the effect of 3.5 MeV α-particles on these target materials by different incident angles, 0°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 85°, using SRIM code was studied. Also, SRIM code was used to calculate α-particles’ trajectories, projected and straggle ranges, skewness, kurtosis, target ionization/phonons, and total displacements for copper and 316-stainless steel target materials.
Microgel that swims to the beat of light
Authors: Mourran Ahmed , Jung Oliver , Vinokur Rostislav , Möller Martin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Complementary to the quickly advancing understanding of the swimming of microorganisms, we demonstrate rather simple design principles for systems that can mimic swimming by body shape deformation. For this purpose, we developed a microswimmer that could be actuated and controlled by fast temperature changes through pulsed infrared light irradiation. The construction of the microswimmer has the following features: (i) it is a bilayer ribbon with a length of 80 or 120 $$\upmu $$
μ
m, consisting of a thermo-responsive hydrogel of poly-N-isopropylamide coated with a 2-nm layer of gold and equipped with homogeneously dispersed gold nanorods; (ii) the width of the ribbon is linearly tapered with a wider end of 5 $$\upmu $$
μ
m and a tip of 0.5 $$\upmu $$
μ
m; (iii) a thickness of only 1 and 2 $$\upmu $$
μ
m that ensures a maximum variation of the cross section of the ribbon along its length from square to rectangular. These wedge-shaped ribbons form conical helices when the hydrogel is swollen in cold water and extend to a filament-like object when the temperature is raised above the volume phase transition of the hydrogel at $$32\,^{\circ } \hbox {C}$$

32

∘

C

. The two ends of these ribbons undergo different but coupled modes of motion upon fast temperature cycling through plasmonic heating of the gel-objects from inside. Proper choice of the IR-light pulse sequence caused the ribbons to move at a rate of 6 body length/s (500 $$\upmu $$
μ
m/s) with the wider end ahead. Within the confinement of rectangular container of 30 $$\upmu $$
μ
m height and 300 $$\upmu $$
μ
m width, the different modes can be actuated in a way that the movement is directed by the energy input between spinning on the spot and fast forward locomotion.

Graphic abstract
Modelling nonlinear dynamics of interacting tipping elements on complex networks: the PyCascades package
Authors: Wunderling Nico , Krönke Jonathan , Wohlfarth Valentin , Kohler Jan , Heitzig Jobst , Staal Arie , Willner Sven , Winkelmann Ricarda , Donges Jonathan F. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTipping elements occur in various systems such as in socio-economics, ecology and the climate system. In many cases, the individual tipping elements are not independent of each other, but they interact across scales in time and space. To model systems of interacting tipping elements, we here introduce the PyCascades open source software package for studying interacting tipping elements (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4153102). PyCascades is an object-oriented and easily extendable package written in the programming language Python. It allows for investigating under which conditions potentially dangerous cascades can emerge between interacting dynamical systems, with a focus on tipping elements. With PyCascades it is possible to use different types of tipping elements such as double-fold and Hopf types and interactions between them. PyCascades can be applied to arbitrary complex network structures and has recently been extended to stochastic dynamical systems. This paper provides an overview of the functionality of PyCascades by introducing the basic concepts and the methodology behind it. In the end, three examples are discussed, showing three different applications of the software package. First, the moisture recycling network of the Amazon rainforest is investigated. Second, a model of interacting Earth system tipping elements is discussed. And third, the PyCascades modelling framework is applied to a global trade network.
Phase 1 Combination Study of the CHK1 Inhibitor Prexasertib and the PARP Inhibitor Olaparib in High-grade Serous Ovarian Cancer and Other Solid Tumors
Authors: Do Khanh T. , Kochupurakkal Bose , Kelland Sarah , de Jonge Adrienne , Hedglin Jennifer , Powers Allison , Quinn Nicholas , Gannon Courtney , Vuong Loan , Parmar Kalindi , Lazaro Jean-Bernard , D'Andrea Alan D. , Shapiro Geoffrey I. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurpose:Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) plays a central role in the response to replication stress through modulation of cell-cycle checkpoints and homologous recombination (HR) repair. In BRCA-deficient cancers with de novo or acquired PARP inhibitor resistance, the addition of the CHK1 inhibitor prexasertib to the PARP inhibitor olaparib compromises replication fork stability, as well as HR proficiency, allowing for sensitization to PARP inhibition.Patients and Methods:This study followed a 3+3 design with a 7-day lead-in of olaparib alone, followed by 28-day cycles with prexasertib administered on days 1 and 15 in combination with an attenuated dose of olaparib on days 1–5 and 15–19. Pharmacokinetic blood samples were collected after olaparib alone and following combination therapy. Patients enrolled to the expansion phase of the study underwent paired tumor biopsies for pharmacodynamic (PD) assessments.Results:Twenty-nine patients were treated. DLTs included grade 3 neutropenia and grade 3 febrile neutropenia. The MTD/recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) was prexasertib at 70 mg/m2 i.v. with olaparib at 100 mg by mouth twice daily. Most common treatment-related adverse events included leukopenia (83%), neutropenia (86%), thrombocytopenia (66%), and anemia (72%). Four of 18 patients with BRCA1-mutant, PARP inhibitor–resistant, high-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) achieved partial responses. Paired tumor biopsies demonstrated reduction in RAD51 foci and increased expression of γ-H2AX, pKAP1, and pRPA after combination exposure.Conclusions:Prexasertib combined with olaparib has preliminary clinical activity in BRCA-mutant patients with HGSOC who have previously progressed on a PARP inhibitor. PD analyses show that prexasertib compromises HR with evidence of induction of DNA damage and replication stress.
Integrin β7 Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Pathogenesis via Maintaining Antitumor Immunity
Authors: Zhang Youhua , Xie Ruting , Zhang Hailong , Zheng Yajuan , Lin Changdong , Yang Lei , Huang Mengwen , Li Man , Song Feifei , Lu Ling , Yang Muqing , Liu Ying , Wei Qing , Li Jiyu , Chen Jianfeng 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Immune cell infiltration is important for predicting the clinical outcomes of colorectal cancer. Integrin β7 (ITGB7), which is expressed on the surface of leukocytes, plays an essential role in the homing of immune cells to gut-associated lymphoid tissue and facilitating the retention of lymphocytes in gut epithelium; however, its role in colorectal cancer pathogenesis is poorly explored. Here, we found that the number of β7+ cells decreased significantly in tumor tissue compared with adjacent normal tissue. β7 expression decreased in tumor-derived compared with normal tissue–derived CD8+ T cells. With bulk RNA expression data from public platforms, we demonstrated that higher ITGB7 expression correlated with longer patient survival, higher cytotoxic immune cell infiltration, lower somatic copy-number alterations, decreased mutation frequency of APC and TP53, and better response to immunotherapy. The possible cell–cell interactions mediated by ITGB7 and its ligands MAdCAM-1, VCAM-1, and CDH1 were investigated using public single-cell RNA sequencing data. ITGB7 deficiency led to exaggerated tumorigenesis and progression in both Apcmin/+ spontaneous and MC38 orthotopic models of colorectal cancer, which could be due to a reduced infiltration of activated CD8+ T cells, effector memory CD8+ T cells, IFNγ+ CD8+ T cells, IFNγ+ natural killer cells, CD103+ dendritic cells, and other immune cell subsets that are essential players in antitumor immunity. In conclusion, our data revealed that ITGB7 could inhibit the tumorigenesis and progression of colorectal cancer by maintaining antitumor immunity.
TET2 Protects Against Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Apoptosis and Intimal Thickening in Transplant Vasculopathy
Authors: Ostriker Allison C. , Xie Yi , Chakraborty Raja , Sizer Ashley J. , Bai Yalai , Ding Min , Song Wen-Liang , Huttner Anita , Hwa John , Martin Kathleen A. 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Coronary allograft vasculopathy (CAV) is a devastating sequela of heart transplant in which arterial intimal thickening limits coronary blood flow. There are currently no targeted therapies to prevent or reduce this pathology that leads to transplant failure. Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic plasticity is critical in CAV neointima formation. TET2 (TET methylcytosine dioxygenase 2) is an important epigenetic regulator of VSMC phenotype, but the role of TET2 in the progression of CAV is unknown.

Methods:

We assessed TET2 expression and activity in human CAV and renal transplant samples. We also used the sex-mismatched murine aortic graft model of graft arteriopathy (GA) in wild-type and inducible smooth muscle–specific
Tet2
knockout mice; and in vitro studies in murine and human VSMCs using knockdown, overexpression, and transcriptomic approaches to assess the role of TET2 in VSMC responses to IFNγ (interferon γ), a cytokine elaborated by T cells that drives CAV progression.

Results:
In the present study, we found that TET2 expression and activity are negatively regulated in human CAV and renal transplant samples and in the murine aortic graft model of GA. IFNγ was sufficient to repress TET2 and induce an activated VSMC phenotype in vitro. TET2 depletion mimicked the effects of IFNγ, and TET2 overexpression rescued IFNγ-induced dedifferentiation. VSMC-specific TET2 depletion in aortic grafts, and in the femoral wire restenosis model, resulted in increased VSMC apoptosis and medial thinning. In GA, this apoptosis was tightly correlated with proliferation. In vitro, TET2-deficient VSMCs undergo apoptosis more readily in response to IFNγ and expressed a signature of increased susceptibility to extrinsic apoptotic signaling. Enhancing TET2 enzymatic activity with high-dose ascorbic acid rescued the effect of GA-induced VSMC apoptosis and intimal thickening in a TET2-dependent manner.

Conclusions:
TET2 is repressed in CAV and GA, likely mediated by IFNγ. TET2 serves to protect VSMCs from apoptosis in the context of transplant vasculopathy or IFNγ stimulation. Promoting TET2 activity in vivo with systemic ascorbic acid reduces VSMC apoptosis and intimal thickening. These data suggest that promoting TET2 activity in CAV may be an effective strategy for limiting CAV progression.