bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bacterial detection by NAIP/NLRC4 elicits prompt contractions of intestinal epithelial cell layers
Authors: Samperio Ventayol Pilar , Geiser Petra , Di Martino Maria Letizia , Florbrant Alexandra , Fattinger Stefan A. , Walder Naemi , Sima Eduardo , Shao Feng , Gekara Nelson O. , Sundbom Magnus , Hardt Wolf-Dietrich , Webb Dominic-Luc , Hellström Per M. , Eriksson Jens , Sellin Mikael E. 
Published: April 2021

Significance
Contractile movements in the mammalian intestine typically rely on dedicated muscle cells. Here, we however show that untransformed intestinal epithelial cell layers initiate immediate focal contractions, affecting hundreds to thousands of epithelial cells, in response to bacterial infection. This epithelial contraction response occurs in the absence of other mucosal cell types. Instead, the epithelium itself senses the pathogen intrusion through a pattern recognition receptor complex—NAIP/NLRC4—and initiates actomyosin contractions that propagate across the epithelial layer. Within minutes, this response densifies the cell packing at infection sites and may prevent tissue disintegration during the subsequent stage of epithelial cell death and expulsion. Our results highlight a previously unappreciated dynamic behavior of intestinal epithelia.
Helicase-like functions in phosphate loop containing beta-alpha polypeptides
Authors: Vyas Pratik , Trofimyuk Olena , Longo Liam M. , Deshmukh Fanindra Kumar , Sharon Michal , Tawfik Dan S. 
Published: April 2021

SignificanceIt is widely assumed that today’s large and complex proteins emerged from much shorter and simpler polypeptides. Yet the nature of these early precursors remains enigmatic. We describe polypeptides that contain one of the earliest protein motifs, a phosphate-binding loop, or P-loop, embedded in a single beta-alpha element. These simple P-loop polypeptides show intriguing characteristics of a primordial world composed of nucleic acids and peptides. They are “generalists” capable of binding different phospho-ligands, including inorganic polyphosphates and single-stranded DNA. Nonetheless, in promoting double-stranded DNA unwinding and strand-exchange, they resemble modern P-loop helicases and recombinases. Our study describes a missing link in the evolution of complex proteins—prototypes that tangibly relate to contemporary P-loop enzymes in sequence, structure, and function.
Constraining the atmospheric limb of the plastic cycle
Authors: Brahney Janice , Mahowald Natalie , Prank Marje , Cornwell Gavin , Klimont Zbigniew , Matsui Hitoshi , Prather Kimberly Ann 
Published: April 2021

Significance
Microplastic particles and fibers generated from the breakdown of mismanaged waste are now so prevalent that they cycle through the earth in a manner akin to global biogeochemical cycles. In modeling the atmospheric limb of the plastic cycle, we show that most atmospheric plastics are derived from the legacy production of plastics from waste that has continued to build up in the environment. Roads dominated the sources of microplastics to the western United States, followed by marine, agriculture, and dust emissions generated downwind of population centers. At the current rate of increase of plastic production (∼4% per year), understanding the sources and consequences of microplastics in the atmosphere should be a priority.
Dnmt3a deficiency in the skin causes focal, canonical DNA hypomethylation and a cellular proliferation phenotype
Authors: Chen David Y. , Ferguson Ian M. , Braun Krista A. , Sutton Leslie A. , Helton Nichole M. , Ramakrishnan Sai Mukund , Smith Amanda M. , Miller Christopher A. , Ley Timothy J. 
Published: April 2021

SignificanceKeratinocyte carcinomas are the most common malignancies in fair-skinned patients. Increased age and sun exposure are important skin cancer risk factors and have been associated with a loss of DNA methylation in the human epidermis. Complete Dnmt3a deficiency in mouse skin creates a premalignant state, but the mechanisms responsible for this phenomenon are not clear. This study demonstrates that Dnmt3a deficiency in murine epidermis causes focal, canonical DNA hypomethylation and an increased proportion of cells with a proliferative gene expression signature. Understanding the mechanisms responsible for the premalignant state may be important for defining novel preventative or therapeutic strategies for skin cancers.
Rapid hydraulic collapse as cause of drought-induced mortality in conifers
Authors: Arend Matthias , Link Roman M. , Patthey Rachel , Hoch Günter , Schuldt Bernhard , Kahmen Ansgar 
Published: April 2021

Significance
Sound knowledge of the limits of tree hydraulic function is crucial to understand drought-induced tree mortality, although the mechanisms are difficult to study in adult trees. We explored the dynamic changes that the tree hydraulic system undergoes during the progression of a severe drought in dying adults of Norway spruce. Xylem pressure and hydraulic conductance showed sudden, nonlinear declines that commenced at surprisingly low levels of xylem embolism and caused a rapid collapse of the tree’s hydraulic system and tree death. These observations provide striking field-based evidence for hydraulic failure in adult conifers that are on the trajectory to drought-induced mortality. The nonlinear temporal dynamic of dehydration suggests a higher mortality risk than previously assumed for this major European tree species.
Prosopis velutina (velvet mesquite).
Authors: Pasiecznik Nick 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

P. velutina was widely introduced around the world intentionally, due to its value as a fuel/fodder species and also an ornamental in some regions. It was widely used by native Amerindians as a source of poles and fuels, and the pods were a valuable source of human and animal nutrition. The month of the year when pods were harvested was commonly named after the tree, indicating its importance. However, its has also spread, both in its native range and where introduced, and its infamy as an invasive species has lead to several governments banning further importation of planting stock, and the risk of introduction is perceived as low. P. velutina is a declared noxious weed in Australia and South Africa, and the genus as a whole is regulated in several other countries. Losses to the livestock industry from P. velutina invasion in its native range, although much less than that caused by the invasion of P. glandulosa, are still considerable. The thorns can also cause injury to livestock, and consumption of the pods, when they may up the bulk of the animal's diet, can lead to ill health and even death. A similar situation to that of the south-western USA exists in Australia and South Africa, where P. velutina is a major weed of rangelands.
Do Athlete and Coach Performance Perfectionism Predict Athlete Burnout?
Authors: Olsson Luke F. , Madigan Daniel J. , Hill Andrew P. , Grugan Michael C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTResearch has illustrated that athlete perfectionism predicts athlete burnout. The present study sought to build on existing research in two ways. First, we provide the first test of the relationship between performance perfectionism and athlete burnout. That is, whether the degree to which athlete's expect their own or others’ sport performances to be perfect, predicts burnout. Second, we broaden the examination of the perfectionism‐burnout relationship to include coaches by testing the incremental predictive ability of perceptions of coach other‐oriented performance perfectionism (the degree to which coaches were perceived to expect perfect performances from others). A sample of 190 competitive adult athletes (M age = 20.54) completed measures of their own performance perfectionism (self‐oriented, socially prescribed, and other‐oriented performance perfectionism), perceived coach other‐oriented performance perfectionism, and burnout symptoms. Regression analyses indicated that both athlete self‐oriented and socially prescribed performance perfectionism positively predicted athlete burnout. In addition, after controlling for all dimensions of athlete performance perfectionism, perceived coach other‐oriented performance perfectionism positively predicted athlete burnout. The findings suggest that, in addition to their own perfectionism, when athletes perceive their coaches to be more perfectionistic towards others, they are more likely to experience burnout.
Voicing the Supply Chain
Authors: Cotter William M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe specialty coffee industry emphasizes the importance of personal relationships that span disparate levels of the supply chain and production models that focus on the wellbeing of coffee producers. This emphasis presents specialty coffee as a socially progressive form of consumption that is often represented as superior to mass-produced coffee. Discourses that emphasize relationships between baristas and professionals at other levels of the supply chain serve as a tool in marketing specialty coffee, with baristas serving as an interface between consumers and other levels of the supply chain. The somewhat recent elevation of baristas to professional status is due, in part, to the growth of barista competitions. This article takes barista competitions as a context for analysis, highlighting how baristas incorporate voices from across the supply chain into their competition performances. I argue that in voicing individuals from across the supply chain, baristas draw on the expertise and authority represented by coffee farmers and roasters to support the development of their own authentic professional persona. This article also shows that, by voicing the supply chain, baristas respond to consumer desires for more ethical forms of consumption through these narratives, providing the moral and emotional experience of coffee that consumers crave.
Negotiating “Good Food” at an Elite Elementary School in New York City
Authors: Riley Kathleen C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article explores the discourses produced, circulated, and enregistered by administrators, teachers, and parents around and about “good food” at an elite elementary school in New York City. The larger research goal was to understand how privileged school children are socialized into elite foodways (how to identify, procure, and consume food) and elite forms of food talk (the codes and registers used around and about food) that contribute to the social field within which they develop the cultural capital needed to succeed as privileged worker-consumers in the neoliberal, late-capitalist world their parents are building. Here the analytic focus is on the intertextuality and indexical stance-taking of adults at the school and how these contribute to the sedimentation of elite signs and values and their imbrication into a moral economy of food and language in this privileged setting. The negotiation of contradictory messaging holds some hope for the roles these children may play as late capitalism unravels.
Image of a regular phantom compact object and its luminosity under spherical accretions
Authors: Qin Xin , Chen Songbai , Jing Jiliang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We have studied the shadow and its luminosity for a static and regular phantom compact object under the static spherical accretion and the infalling spherical accretion, respectively. Comparing with the usual Schwarzschild black hole, the presence of phantom hair yields the larger black hole shadow and the darker image. In both spherical accretion models, with the increase of phantom parameter, the maximum luminosity occurred at photon ring and the brightness of the central region in the shadow decrease, but in the region far from the shadow, the luminosity of image slightly increases. The image of a phantom wormhole and its luminosity have similar behaviors. Moreover, as the phantom charge parameter α increases up to the critical value at where the compact object changes from black hole to wormhole, there exists a jump for the specific intensity, which also appears in the slowly rotating case. This implies that the phantom hair is imprinted on both the shadow radius and the intensity of the electromagnetic flux radiation around compacted object.
More than 30 years of experience in fusion education at the Institute of Plasma Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences
Authors: Stockel J , Cavalier J , Mlynar J , Hron M , Panek R 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The complexity of making magnetic confinement fusion a suitable source of energy for mankind imposes long lasting investigations. To accompany these efforts, new generations of physicists have to be trained over the years to ensure continuity of the research. These scientists must have very versatile profiles as fusion inquiries are multiphysics (magnetohydrodynamic, plasma-wall interactions, cutting edge technologies...) and require skills in both experimental and theoretical physics. The Institute of Plasma Physics IPP Prague of the Czech Academy of Sciences (IPP Prague) has contributed to the education and training of a non-negligible number of students in this area, one reason being the good accessibility of its fusion facility, the other being its strong connection with universities. This article shows the views and achievements of IPP Prague on education. In particular, we insist on the fact that to keep students in the field they have to be acquainted with practical plasma physics as early as possible (on the bachelor level if possible). We also show that a strong integration of PhD candidates within the scientific staff is an important factor for their training and serves them to be autonomous. Last, we present two experimental 2 weeks training courses, called SUMTRAIC and EMTRAIC, that are annually organized by IPP Prague and that have acquainted more than 300 participants to the practical physics of tokamaks.
Multiscale modeling and analysis for high-fidelity interferometric scattering microscopy
Authors: He Yong , Lin Shupei , Marc Louis Robert Hadrien , Li Hong , Zhang Pu , Piliarik Marek , Chen Xue-Wen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Interferometric scattering microscopy (iSCAT), as an ultrasensitive fluorescence-free imaging modality, has recently gained enormous attention and has been rapidly developing from demonstration of principle to quantitative sensing and bioanalytics. Here we report on a theoretical framework of multiscale modeling and analysis for iSCAT with samples of arbitrary shapes under any types of illumination and detection schemes. We theoretically predict and experimentally confirm different evolution behaviors of the interference contrast as a function of the axial defocusing for dielectric and metallic nanoparticles. We provide a transparent understanding of the origin of the interference phenomenon in terms of plane wave components and explain how the interference contrast changes with the size and material of the nanoprobe and the numerical aperture of the microscope objective. Moreover, we investigate a sample system mimicking a gold nanoparticle in a simplified cell environment and show the position-dependent and asymmetric point spread function of the nanoparticle.
Theoretical scheme for finite-temperature dynamics of Kitaev’s spin liquids
Authors: Udagawa Masafumi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this article, we review the theoretical formulation of finite temperature dynamics of Kitaev’s spin liquid. We present the exact analytical solution of the dynamical spin correlation function at the integrable limit of Kitaev’s model, on the basis of (2018 Phys. Rev. B
98 220404). By combining the analytical solution with the equilibrium classical Monte-Carlo scheme, we construct a formulation to access the finite temperature dynamics of Kitaev’s spin liquid exactly, with a reasonable amount of computational cost. This formulation is based on the real-time representation, which enables us to directly access the experimental observables defined in real frequency, without analytical continuation. The real-time scheme is essential to capturing the resonant features of the spectrum accurately, which occurs e.g. in the chiral spin liquid phase with isolated Majorana zero modes. Accordingly, this scheme provides an effective approach to address the nature of fractional excitations in Kitaev’s spin liquid. As an application, we address the detection of zero mode around the site vacancy through the local resonant spectrum and discuss how the character of Kitaev’s spin liquid emerges in its dynamical signature.
The Health Physics Society’s ‘Ask-The-Expert’ feature: widening public support through empathy and science
Authors: Caffrey Emily , Caffrey Jarvis 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A very large segment of the population is fearful of radiation, and sometimes rightly so. It is a word that conjures up images of something dangerous and invisible, and is often associated with the real fears of nuclear apocalypse that permeated the cold war era. TV dramas such as HBO’s Chernobyl certainly fuel that fear response. Public response to radiological events, ranging from true emergencies such as the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in 2011 to benign events such as the bucket of uranium ore discovered at the Grand Canyon Visitor’s Center in early 2019, highlight the need for effective public communication strategies. All too frequently when an event is not considered dangerous by scientists, we fail to capitalise on the opportunity for public engagement. Public communication and empathy are some of the most important challenges that the health physics and radiation protection community face today. Empathy is of particular importance in effective public communication- understanding and explaining the science in layman’s terms is insufficient to widen public support. Rather, the ability to plainly explain the science must be coupled with an understanding of what the public or an individual is feeling about a particular issue. This requires more than science. This paper presents the Health Physics Society’s Ask The Expert (ATE) feature, focuses on how ATE works, why it has been successful at building a culture of empathy, how ATE is adapting to the ever-changing public information consumption practices, and how the underlying principles ATE uses can be applied by the health physics community at large.
Adaptive prestressing system using shape memory alloys and conventional steel for concrete crossties
Authors: Sung Minsoo , Andrawes Bassem 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Typical railroad concrete crossties are prestressed with straight high strength steel (HSS) reinforcement throughout the length of the tie, which could lead to end splitting cracks and excessive stress concentration at compressive zones. This paper presents a novel adaptive prestressing system (APS) that can apply localized prestressing only at targeted regions. The APS comprises a short fuse made of shape memory alloy (SMA) connected to HSS reinforcement and placed at the location where prestressing is needed. Once the SMA fuse is thermally activated, recovery stress is induced in the system applying internal prestressing force at the desired locations. The new APS is investigated experimentally through testing a half-scale crosstie specimen prestressed with APS. Finite element analysis is also conducted to compare the behavior of APS and HSS reinforced crossties while considering prestress losses in both systems. The study results indicate that APS is able to effectively apply prestress at target regions as designed with significantly less prestress losses compared to HSS.
Toy model of accumulation and radiation of strain energy driven by big data of earthquakes
Authors: Fukuzawa Katsutoshi , Yano Ryosuke 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe propose the pointwise toy-model, which demonstrates the accumulation and radiation of the (seismic) strain-energy. The calculated absorbed-seismic-energy is mapped to the accumulated strain-energy to balance the radiated strain-energy, because the accumulation of the strain-energy is caused by the subduction of one plate below another plate rather than the absorption of the seismic energy radiated from the hypocenter, which are located at other points. The distribution function of the accumulated strain-energy can be approximated with the Γ-distribution, where the high accumulated-strain-energy-tail is approximated by the inverse-power-law like tail. Meanwhile, the distributions of the radiated and accumulated strain-energies deviate from the Γ-distribution in the both low and high radiated strain-energy-domain. In particular, they have the inverse-power-law (Pareto) type tails in both high radiated and accumulated strain-energy-tails. The accumulated and radiated strain-energies calculated in the long period indicate that the present linear-map must be improved in order to balance the accumulated strain-energy with the radiated strain-energy.
Trp-Trp acts as a multifunctional blocker for human bitter taste receptors, hTAS2R14, hTAS2R16, hTAS2R43, and hTAS2R46
Authors: Ojiro Ichie , Nishio Hiromi , Yamazaki-Ito Toyomi , Nakano Shogo , Ito Sohei , Toyohara Yoshikazu , Hiramoto Tadahiro , Terada Yuko , Ito Keisuke 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Many functional food ingredients activate human bitter taste receptors (hTAS2Rs). In this study, A novel inhibitor, Trp-Trp, for hTAS2R14 was identified by searching for the agonist peptide's analogs. Trp-Trp also inhibited hTAS2R16, hTAS2R43, and hTAS2R46, which share the same agonists with hTAS2R14. The multifunctional characteristic of Trp-Trp is advantageous for use as bitterness-masking agents in functional foods.
A case for mutualistic deceptive mimicry
Authors: Loeffler-Henry Karl , Sherratt Thomas N 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
It has long been understood that species that are profitable for predators to attack can gain protection if they resemble unprofitable species (Batesian mimicry), and that unprofitable species may face selection to evolve a common warning signal (Müllerian mimicry). Here we suggest that there may be widespread selection for another form of protective mimicry, so far unrecognized, that can arise even among profitable prey. Specifically, when predators adopt species-specific attack strategies, then co-occurring prey species that are caught in different ways may be selected to resemble one another. This is because the mimicry may increase the chance that the predator deploys an inappropriate attack strategy, thereby increasing the probability the prey will escape. We refer to this phenomenon as “mutualistic deceptive mimicry”, since the mimicry misleads the predator yet potentially benefits all co-mimics. We show that this hypothesis is quantitatively plausible. We then provide an empirical ‘proof of concept’ demonstrating that predators can learn to attack distinct prey types in specific ways and that this behaviour readily generates selection for mimicry. Finally, we discuss how this unrecognized form of mimicry fits into an earlier classification of protective mimicry and suggest a number of potential examples in the natural world.