bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Thrombotic Events and Mortality in Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia and COVID-19: A Multicenter Observational Study
Authors: Cangemi Roberto , Calvieri Camilla , Falcone Marco , Cipollone Francesco , Ceccarelli Giancarlo , Pignatelli Pasquale , D'Ardes Damiano , Pirro Matteo , Alessandri Francesco , Lichtner Miriam , D'Ettorre Gabriella , Oliva Alessandra , Aronica Raissa , Rocco Monica , Venditti Mario , Romiti Giulio Francesco , Tiseo Giusy , Taliani Gloria , Menichetti Francesco , Pugliese Francesco , Mastroianni Claudio Maria , Violi Francesco 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background It is still unclear if patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have different rate, typology, and impact of thrombosis on survival.
Methods In this multicenter observational cohort study, 1,138 patients, hospitalized for CAP (n = 559) or COVID-19 (n = 579) from seven clinical centers in Italy, were included in the study. Consecutive adult patients (age ≥ 18 years) with confirmed COVID-19-related pneumonia, with or without mechanical ventilation, hospitalized from March 1, 2020 to April 30, 2020, were enrolled. COVID-19 was diagnosed based on the World Health Organization interim guidance. Patients were followed-up until discharge or in-hospital death, registering the occurrence of thrombotic events including ischemic/embolic events.
Results During the in-hospital stay, 11.4% of CAP and 15.5% of COVID-19 patients experienced thrombotic events (p = 0.046). In CAP patients all the events were arterial thromboses, while in COVID-19 patients 8.3% were venous and 7.2% arterial thromboses.During the in-hospital follow-up, 3% of CAP patients and 17% of COVID-19 patients died (p < 0.001). The highest mortality rate was found among COVID-19 patients with thrombotic events (47.6 vs. 13.4% in thrombotic-event-free patients; p < 0.001). In CAP, 13.8% of patients experiencing thrombotic events died versus 1.8% of thrombotic event-free ones (p < 0.001). A multivariable Cox-regression analysis confirmed a higher risk of death in COVID-19 patients with thrombotic events (hazard ratio: 2.1; 95% confidence interval: 1.4–3.3; p < 0.001).
Conclusion Compared with CAP, COVID-19 is characterized by a higher burden of thrombotic events, different thrombosis typology and higher risk of thrombosis-related in-hospital mortality.
Survey of Microinvasive Glaucoma Surgery and Other Glaucoma Surgical Experience among United States Ophthalmology Residency Programs
Authors: Halenda Kevin M. , Lee Tae Jin , Sharma Ashok , Estes Amy J. , Bollinger Kathryn E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Purpose The aim of the study is to assess the state of glaucoma surgical training in United States ophthalmology residency programs, including experience with microinvasive glaucoma surgery (MIGS).
Design The design of the study is anonymous, internet-based national survey.
Participants Current United States ophthalmology residents of residency programs accredited by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME).
Methods An anonymous survey link was emailed to all 120 accredited United States ophthalmology residency programs inviting residents to participate in an assessment of residency glaucoma surgical experience. Survey responses were collected between January 21, 2019 and March 4, 2019 and analyzed using descriptive statistics.
Main Outcome Measures The main outcomes of the study are demographic information, practice intentions, and anticipated primary surgical experience with ACGME-required glaucoma procedures and MIGS procedures, as self-reported by U.S. ophthalmology residents.
Results Of the estimated 1,479 U.S. ophthalmology residents, 161 residents participated (10.9%). A total of 118 residents (73.2%) reported any degree of anticipated MIGS primary surgical experience during residency, with the iStent being the most familiar technique. The likelihood of any anticipated MIGS experience during residency was not significantly different by geographic region (p = 0.16), however, anticipated volume varied significantly (p = 0.037). Of the 113 respondents who reported an intention to manage glaucoma surgically in their eventual practice, 25 (22.1%) reported no anticipated primary MIGS experience during residency. 73.3% of residents anticipating MIGS experience anticipated 0 to 10 cases, with 42.9% anticipating less than 5 cases as primary surgeon.
Conclusion MIGs are not a required component of the glaucoma surgical curriculum for U.S. ophthalmology residents. Although the majority of ophthalmology residents surveyed intend to manage glaucoma surgically in eventual practice, most receive minimal experience with these novel techniques during residency. Surgical training is variable by geographic region.
CABG versus PCI in the Treatment of Unprotected Left Main Disease in Diabetics: A Literature Review
Authors: Lambert Daniel , Mattia Allan , Hsu Angel , Manetta Frank 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe approach to left main coronary artery disease (CAD) in diabetic patients has been extensively debated. Diabetic patients have an elevated risk of left main disease in addition to multivessel disease. Previous trials have shown increased revascularization rates in percutaneous coronary intervention compared with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) but overall comparable outcomes, although many of these studies were not using the latest stent technology or CABG with arterial revascularization. Our aim is to review the most recent trials that have recently published long-term follow-up, as well as other literature pertaining to left main disease in diabetic patients. Furthermore, we will be discussing some future treatment strategies that could likely create a paradigm shift in how left main CAD is managed.
Applicant Perceptions Regarding the 2020 to 2021 Virtual Ophthalmology Residency Interview and Match Season
Authors: Shah Saumya M. , Barkmeier Andrew J. , Dalvin Lauren A. , Tooley Andrea A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background The coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic has significantly impacted medical education, notably the mandate for all residency programs to implement virtual (rather than in-person) residency interviews. Understanding residency applicants' perceptions and approach to this novel virtual interview season will be beneficial as potential future interview formats are considered.
Objective The aim of this study was to examine perceptions of the 2020 to 2021 ophthalmology residency match applicants regarding the virtual interview season prior to the start of the interview season.
Patients and Methods Ophthalmology residency applicants during the 2020 to 2021 cycle were invited to complete the survey between October 20 and 29, 2020. Respondent demographic information, perceived importance of various application details in a normal versus virtual interview season, strengths and limitations of virtual interviews, and preferences for optimal virtual interview format were obtained.
Results There were 337 survey respondents, with at least 50% of the survey completed by 190 applicants (56%). Of these, 73% of respondents applied to more than 60 ophthalmology residency programs, and 78% felt that the evaluation of candidates would be impacted by the virtual interview format. Regardless of interview format, United States Medical Licensing Examination Step 1 score and letters of recommendation were perceived to be the two most important factors related to matching at an applicant's top ranked programs. The primary limitation of a virtual interview season was the inability to experience a program's culture in person, while largest strength was cost savings.
Conclusion The ophthalmology residency match is a competitive process made potentially more complex by a novel virtual interview format. A detailed postcycle analysis will be important to optimize future interview seasons.
Measurement techniques to improve the accuracy of x-ray mirror metrology using stitching Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensors
Authors: Adapa Bharath Reddy , Dovillaire Guillaume , Vivo Amparo , Perrin Francois , Mayer Rafael , Barrett Raymond 
Published: November 2021

We describe the development of specific measurement protocols to improve the accuracy of surface metrology of x-ray mirrors using a dedicated commercial instrument based on wavefront sensing techniques. This instrument, SHARPeR, uses measurements from a Shack–Hartmann wavefront sensor combined with a sub-aperture stitching method to provide two-dimensional maps of the surface slope errors and can measure curved mirrors above 1 m radii. In this paper, we describe the results of measurement methods developed on a SHARPeR system installed at the European Synchrotron (ESRF) to reduce the contribution of systematic errors to measurements of strongly curved spherical and aspherical x-ray mirrors with intrinsic slope errors of the order of 100–200 nrad rms. We demonstrate how this commercial integrated instrument can provide measurements of these mirrors with comparable accuracy to those measured with a long trace profiler.
Hyper-Rayleigh scattering of adenine, thymine, and cytosine in neat water
Authors: Jonin Christian , Salmon Estelle , Brevet Pierre-François 
Published: November 2021

The first hyperpolarizabilities of the DNA bases thymine and cytosine were determined by hyper-Rayleigh scattering in neat water despite their low solubility. Due to the low intensity levels collected, count statistics were performed instead of the standard dilution procedure. The first hyperpolarizabilities were found to be βThymine = (2.99 ± 0.44) × 10−30 esu for thymine and βCytosine = (3.35 ± 0.21) × 10−30 esu for cytosine. Due to its weak solubility, only an upper limit βAdenine &lt; (1.82 ± 0.10) × 10−30 esu could be set for adenine. The first hyperpolarizability of guanine could not be measured because of its very weak solubility. Theoretical static and 800 nm dynamic first hyperpolarizability tensor elements were also computed with Gaussian 09 for comparison.
Anomalous temperature dependence of the experimental x-ray structure factor of supercooled water
Authors: Esmaeildoost Niloofar , Pathak Harshad , Späh Alexander , Lane Thomas J. , Kim Kyung Hwan , Yang Cheolhee , Amann-Winkel Katrin , Ladd-Parada Marjorie , Perakis Fivos , Koliyadu Jayanath , Oggenfuss Alexander R. , Johnson Philip J. M. , Deng Yunpei , Zerdane Serhane , Mankowsky Roman , Beaud Paul , Lemke Henrik T. , Nilsson Anders , Sellberg Jonas A. 
Published: November 2021

The structural changes of water upon deep supercooling were studied through wide-angle x-ray scattering at SwissFEL. The experimental setup had a momentum transfer range of 4.5 Å−1, which covered the principal doublet of the x-ray structure factor of water. The oxygen–oxygen structure factor was obtained for temperatures down to 228.5 ± 0.6 K. Similar to previous studies, the second diffraction peak increased strongly in amplitude as the structural change accelerated toward a local tetrahedral structure upon deep supercooling. We also observed an anomalous trend for the second peak position of the oxygen–oxygen structure factor (q2). We found that q2 exhibits an unprecedented positive partial derivative with respect to temperature for temperatures below 236 K. Based on Fourier inversion of our experimental data combined with reference data, we propose that the anomalous q2 shift originates from that a repeat spacing in the tetrahedral network, associated with all peaks in the oxygen–oxygen pair-correlation function, gives rise to a less dense local ordering that resembles that of low-density amorphous ice. The findings are consistent with that liquid water consists of a pentamer-based hydrogen-bonded network with low density upon deep supercooling.
Evidentiality in Selibu
Authors: Zhou Yang , Suzuki Hiroyuki 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSelibu is a Mandarin-Khams Tibetan mixed language with about 900 native speakers in northwest Yunnan, People’s Republic of China. As a Form-Semantics mixed language, it derives most of its lexicon and grammatical morphemes from Southwest Mandarin and borrows its morphosyntactic and semantic structure from Alangu Tibetan. This article examines the contact-induced emergence of a five-category complex evidential system in Selibu with a detailed comparison with its source system in the model language, Alangu Tibetan. Our discussion focuses on the hybrid features of Selibu evidentiality in both forms and functions and also on its structural formation, which does not represent a Form-Semantics mixed type in this particular domain.
Research in data-driven learning
Authors: Boulton Alex 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Data-driven learning (DDL) typically involves language learners consulting corpus data, either directly or via prepared materials, to answer questions about language. The approach has been mooted since the beginning of the modern era of corpus linguistics and has come to be associated with work by Tim Johns who coined the term in print in 1990. Since then, hundreds of studies have attempted to evaluate some aspect of DDL, giving rise to several reviews and syntheses. This paper introduces DDL and discusses the syntheses to date, before analysing a rigorous collection of 351 studies published up to and including 2018. While previous syntheses have evaluated the field, the objective here is to provide an overview of how researchers see DDL across the board, to identify more clearly what DDL actually looks like today, how it has evolved from its early beginnings in the 1980s, and to suggest avenues for future research in underexplored areas.
Looking back on 25 years of TaLC
Authors: McCarthy Michael , McEnery Tony , Mark Geraldine , Pérez-Paredes Pascual 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter is the result of a conversation between Professors Tony McEnery and Michael McCarthy, two of the greatest names in the fields of corpus linguistics and the corpus-based analysis and teaching of the English language. They share their views and experiences of the areas discussed in this volume, including the relationship between DDL and SLA research, the role of formulaic language, spoken language and pragmatics as areas of potential applications of learner corpus research (LCR) methods, the role of frequency in language learning and teaching and, among others, annotation.
L2 development of -ing clauses
Authors: Dirdal Hildegunn 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Although -ing clauses are frequent in English, their acquisition has not received much attention, and there is a lack of longitudinal studies and detailed explorations of cross-linguistic influence. This longitudinal case study of five young Norwegian students reveals a developmental sequence for the syntactic roles of -ing clauses: complements of aspectual verbs > complements of other verbs and prepositions > bare adjuncts and postmodifiers of nouns > subjects. The sequence may arise from a combination of frequencies in the input and grammatical selection. Syntactic restrictions on Norwegian present participle clauses are not mirrored in the acquisition of -ing clauses, indicating that the students do not make an interlingual identification. Cross-linguistic influence is evident mainly in late acquisition and infrequent use of -ing clauses.
Data-driven learning
Authors: Liu Tanjun 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates the effect of data-driven learning (DDL) by comparing the use of a new corpus tool, #LancsBox, with the use of a corpus-based collocations dictionary for academic collocation learning. Learners in the study improved their collocational knowledge by using #LancsBox, although not significantly. No improvement was found through consulting the collocations dictionary. The majority of learners believed that direct corpus consultation using concordance lines and collocation graphs facilitated their collocation learning, whereas learners in the dictionary group considered the use of a dictionary to be more beneficial for writing than learning collocations. Interestingly, learners from both groups reported that they would continue using the assigned tools in future language learning and teaching.
CEFR-J × 28
Authors: Tono Yukio 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of multilingual pedagogical resources that make use of functional descriptors such as vocabulary and grammar items aligned to the CEFR levels in English. CEFR-J × 28 is a project that sets out to create multilingual pedagogical resources for 28 languages based upon the resources developed for the CEFR-J, a localised version of the CEFR for English language teaching in Japan. The chapter discusses the original CEFR-J project and its accompanying resources such as word/phrase lists, grammar and text profiles. It describes how to convert English resources into multiple languages using machine translation and multilingual corpora. A discussion of the advantages of this approach as well as future work is provided. The chapter discusses a series of e-learning tools developed to support learners’ vocabulary and grammar learning as well as a web-based learner corpus collection tool for multilingual spoken and written production.
Categories at the interface of cognition and action
Authors: Barsalou Lawrence W. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Grounded cognition offers a natural framework for
studying categories that lie at the interface of cognition and action.
From this perspective, cognition emerges from the coupling of the
brain, the modalities, the body, and the environment. Situated action,
in particular, links these domains together, as perceived entities and
events in the world (e.g., hedonic stimuli, social agents) trigger
self-relevant responses (e.g., goals, values, identities, norms),
which in turn produce bodily states (e.g., affect, motivation) that
initiate actions (e.g., bodily actions, vocalizations) and ultimately
produce outcomes, again in the world (e.g., reward, punishment). Ad
hoc and goal-derived categories emerge between the internal cognitive
states and external physical states that arise during the pursuit of
situated action. Although these categories behave similarly in some
ways to conventional taxonomic categories (e.g., possessing graded
structure), they differ in others, especially in their dependence on
context (typically contexts of situated action). On many occasions,
these categories are constructed to support current situated action
(ad hoc categories), but when they become relevant to situated action
across many occasions, they become well-established in memory
(goal-derived categories). Across these categories, ideals play
central roles in determining graded structure, supporting the goals
that drive situated action. Event frames offer a natural means of
understanding how ad hoc and goal-derived categories become
constructed compositionally, and how they offer an interface between
cognition and the world, essentially providing coordinated patterns of
values for instantiating frame variables. Interestingly, this
frame-based account can be naturally implemented in the simulation
mechanisms of perceptual symbol systems, further grounding ad hoc
categories in relations between the brain, modalities, body, and world
during situated action.
Are new words predictable?
Authors: Zaefferer Dietmar 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Research on neologisms has so far been dominated by
retrospective investigations (cf. e.g. Schmid 2008; Kerremans & Prokić 2018). By contrast,
the present study is probably the first to directly tap into speakers’
linguistic competence by eliciting names for unfamiliar entities.
Building on early assumptions by Darwin (1859, 1871) and others an evolutionary, fitness-based approach
is developed to predict und thus explain the selections made by groups
of German speakers of successful neologisms from self-generated pools.
Four main factors are identified as crucial: quantity (brevity),
quality (truthfulness), relation (distinctiveness) and manner
(attractiveness). In order to test the viability of the theory an
experiment is conducted and replicated. The results provide
preliminary support for the assumptions made.
The on-line construction of meaning in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Arcodia Giorgio Francesco 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Mandarin Chinese employs a fairly wide range of
constructions to encode categories, and specifically ad
hoc categories. These include, for instance, a general
extender as 等等 děng(děng)
‘etc., and so on’, non-exhaustive connectives as 啊 ā…
啊 ā (see Zhang 2008), exemplifying
constructions, and so on. In this paper, I focus on the use of a
specific strategy of on-line category construction in Chinese, namely
postnominal relative clauses (RCs). Postnominal RCs are particularly
interesting since in Mandarin Chinese, as in nearly every Sinitic
language, normally all modifiers (including RCs) appear before the
head noun; it has been proposed that postnominal RCs are always added
as afterthoughts, to resolve a potentially ambiguous reference, or
just to narrow down the scope of predication (see Wang & Wu 2020).
I conduct a manual search of postnominal RCs in excerpts of
transcribed spoken dialogue from the National Broadcast Media Language
Corpus, and I propose an analysis of the use of postnominal RCs as
devices for on-line categorization, focussing on their interaction
with other strategies for category-building. I also discuss the
pragmatic and functional correlates of the use of postnominal RCs, as
opposed to canonical, prenominal RCs.
In a manner of speaking
Authors: Corona Luisa , Pietrandrea Paola 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We provide a functional, corpus-driven definition
of the category of Manner and we observe its (co)-construction in
interactional discourse. In the linguistic literature, Manner has been
traditionally approached as a basic cognitive prime, expressing the
way in which an action is performed. It has been traditionally
considered as a category fulfilling a basically descriptive function,
necessarily realized by a limited inventory of means essentially
encoded either at the lexical level, on verbal roots, or at the
syntactic level, on verbal adjuncts. In this paper, we propose a
functional definition of Manner that allows identifying Manner
constructions without prejudging their morphosyntactic realization. We
present an annotation scheme of Manner constructions that allows for
an exploration of the realizations of this category in a corpus of
spoken interactional data. The analysis of 514 occurrences of Manner
constructions shows that, far from being a static descriptive
monological category, Manner can be regarded as an interactional,
gradable category co-constructed by participants in discourse. Manner
is used by speakers not only to describe reality but also to reach, in
discourse and through discourse, a shared perception of reality.
Clocking the buildup dynamics of light-induced states through attosecond transient absorption spectrum
Authors: Wu Xiaoxia , Zhang Shaofeng , Ye Difa 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The buildup processes of the light-induced states (LISs) in attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy are studied by solving the time-dependent Schrödinger equation and compared with the quasistatic Floquet theory, revealing a time lag of the maximal shift and strongest absorbance of the LIS with respect to the zero delay that is referred to as the buildup time. We analytically derive a scaling law for the buildup time that confirms the numerical results over a wide range of detunings. Our theory verifies the commonly accepted scenario of nearly instantaneous response of matter to light if the pump field is blue-detuned, but some differences are found in the near-resonant and red-detuning cases. Implications of the buildup time in petahertz optoelectronics are discussed.