bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing Farmers' Knowledge on e-NAM: Advancing Agricultural Market Transformation in Nizamabad District, Telangana, India
Authors: Jabeen Afshan , R Vasantha. , P Prashanth. , Padmaja.B  
Published: December 2024

The study assesses farmers' knowledge of the Electronic National Agriculture Market (e-NAM) in Nizamabad district, Telangana, a key agricultural hub producing crops like turmeric, maize, and pulses. e-NAM, a digital initiative, aims to improve price discovery, reduce transaction costs and empower farmers. However, adoption has been slow due to factors like low awareness, limited digital literacy, and infrastructure challenges. The study involved 120 respondents, including 60 farmers, 20 market officials, 20 traders, and 20 commission agents. Data were collected using structured interview schedule, and statistical tools were employed to analyze knowledge levels and identify adoption barriers. Findings revealed that 43.4% of farmers had medium knowledge, 40% had low knowledge, and 16.6% had high knowledge of e-NAM. In contrast, market officials showed a higher level of awareness, with 60% having high knowledge, followed by traders (60% with medium knowledge) and commission agents (65% with medium knowledge). The analysis indicates the need for targeted capacity-building programs, such as workshops and hands-on training, to enhance knowledge, especially for farmers, traders, and commission agents. Additionally, the study emphasizes the importance of user-friendly digital tools, video tutorials in local languages, and improved internet connectivity were highlighted ad critical factors to bridge the digital divide. The study emphasises the importance of enhancing farmers knowledge off e-NAM to ensure its effective adoption. Policy interventions, such as subsidies for digital tools and improved connectivity are essential for addressing knowledge gaps. Strengthening the role of market officials through advanced training could streamline norms implementation, promoting market efficiency, reducing intermediaries influence and enhancing farmers income levels
Tahirids
Authors: Azad Arezou 
Published: October 2021

The Tahirids were a line of governors who served the Abbasid caliphs in Khurasan, and held high offices in Iraq in the third/ninth century (205–78/821–91). Tahir (I) b. al‐Husayn, the namesake of the line, was a
mawlā
commander. The Tahirids were loyal servants to the caliphs, which set them apart from the later dynasts, such as the Samanids, Ghaznavids, and Ghurids, who asserted a much larger degree of autonomy toward the caliphs.
Clinical application and improvement of a CNN‐based autosegmentation model for clinical target volumes in cervical cancer radiotherapy
Authors: Chang Yankui , Wang Zhi , Peng Zhao , Zhou Jieping , Pi Yifei , Xu X. George , Pei Xi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveClinical target volume (CTV) autosegmentation for cervical cancer is desirable for radiation therapy. Data heterogeneity and interobserver variability (IOV) limit the clinical adaptability of such methods. The adaptive method is proposed to improve the adaptability of CNN‐based autosegmentation of CTV contours in cervical cancer.MethodsThis study included 400 cervical cancer treatment planning cases with CTV delineated by radiation oncologists from three hospitals. The datasets were divided into five subdatasets (80 cases each). The cases in datasets 1, 2, and 3 were delineated by physicians A, B, and C, respectively. The cases in datasets 4 and 5 were delineated by multiple physicians. Dataset 1 was divided into training (50 cases), validation (10 cases), and testing (20 cases) cohorts, and they were used to construct the pretrained model. Datasets 2–5 were regarded as host datasets to evaluate the accuracy of the pretrained model. In the adaptive process, the pretrained model was fine‐tuned to measure improvements by gradually adding more training cases selected from the host datasets. The accuracy of the autosegmentation model on each host dataset was evaluated using the corresponding test cases. The Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and 95% Hausdorff distance (HD_95) were used to evaluate the accuracy.ResultsBefore and after adaptive improvements, the average DSC values on the host datasets were 0.818 versus 0.882, 0.763 versus 0.810, 0.727 versus 0.772, and 0.679 versus 0.789, which are improvements of 7.82%, 6.16%, 6.19%, and 16.05%, respectively. The average HD_95 values were 11.143 mm versus 6.853 mm, 22.402 mm versus 14.076 mm, 28.145 mm versus 16.437 mm, and 33.034 mm versus 16.441 mm, which are improvements of 37.94%, 37.17%, 41.60%, and 50.23%, respectively.ConclusionThe proposed method improved the adaptability of the CNN‐based autosegmentation model when applied to host datasets.
Interinstitutional beam model portability study in a mixed vendor environment
Authors: Frigo Sean P. , Ohrt Jared , Suh Yelin , Balter Peter 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA 6 MV flattened beam model for a Varian TrueBeamSTx c‐arm treatment delivery system in RayStation, developed and validated at one institution, was implemented and validated at another institution. The only parameter value adjustments were to accommodate machine output at the second institution. Validation followed MPPG 5.a. recommendations, with particular attention paid to IMRT and VMAT deliveries. With this minimal adjustment, the model passed validation across a broad spectrum of treatment plans, measurement devices, and staff who created the test plans and executed the measurements. This work demonstrates the possibility of using a single template model in the same treatment planning system with matched machines in a mixed vendor environment.
Descriptors for the Evaluation of Electrocatalytic Reactions: d‐Band Theory and Beyond
Authors: Jiao Shilong , Fu Xianwei , Huang Hongwen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractClosing the carbon‐, hydrogen‐, and nitrogen cycle with renewable electricity holds promises for the mitigation of the facing environment and energy crisis, along with the continuing prosperity of the human society. Descriptors bridge the gap between the physicochemical factors of electrocatalysts and their boosted activity and serve as guiding principles during the rational design of electrocatalysts. The optimal adsorption strength of key intermediates is potentially accessed under the tendentious guidelines proposed by indicators, such as d‐band center, ΔGH, EO*, coordination number (CN), bond length, etc. Here, in this review, a comprehensive summary of the recent advances achieved regarding the descriptors during the rational design of electrocatalysts that aims for the recycling of C/H/N‐containing chemicals is offered. The review is initiated by providing the necessity of the development of efficient electrocatalysts and then the physics behind the d‐band center is introduced. Then a summary of the recent progress relating to the development of electrocatalysts under the guidance of descriptors is reviewed. Following that, an extended discussion regarding the experimental or theoretical characterization of the d‐band center and the descriptors beyond it is provided. Finally, perspectives and challenges in this area are offered.
A New Printable Alginate/Hyaluronic Acid/Gelatin Hydrogel Suitable for Biofabrication of In Vitro and In Vivo Metastatic Melanoma Models
Authors: Schmid Rafael , Schmidt Sonja K. , Detsch Rainer , Horder Hannes , Blunk Torsten , Schrüfer Stefan , Schubert Dirk W. , Fischer Lena , Thievessen Ingo , Heltmann‐Meyer Stefanie , Steiner Dominik , Schneidereit Dominik , Friedrich Oliver , Grüneboom Anika , Amouei Hanna , Wajant Harald , Horch Raymund E. , Bosserhoff Anja K. , Arkudas Andreas , Kengelbach‐Weigand Annika 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTwo‐dimensional (2D) cancer models have been the standard for drug development over the past few years, but they frequently do not resemble in vivo properties adequately. 3D models are superior in many aspects and are, therefore, more similar to human pathophysiology. Over the past years, the emerging field of biofabrication has made significant advances, resulting in even more sophisticated 3D models. With this study, a hydrogel is created for biofabrication that is suitable for mimicking the tumor microenvironment in vitro and is further tested as a new vascularized melanoma model in vivo. The alginate/hyaluronic acid/gelatin bioink shows good shape‐fidelity, high cell survival rates, and enables successful cultivation of melanoma cells and adipose‐derived stem cells as well as cell differentiation in vitro. In vivo, in the arteriovenous loop model, it proves to be a unique method to study melanoma progression, tumor vascularization, and ultimately and reliably metastases in an isolated and controlled environment. These results show that this 3D model is very application‐oriented for molecular research and therapy development.
Polymer Solar Cells with 18.74% Efficiency: From Bulk Heterojunction to Interdigitated Bulk Heterojunction
Authors: Xu Xiaopeng , Yu Liyang , Meng Huifeng , Dai Liming , Yan He , Li Ruipeng , Peng Qiang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe most popular approach to fabricating organic solar cells (OSCs) is solution processing a mixture of donor (D) and acceptor (A) materials into an active layer with a bulk heterojunction (BHJ) nanostructure. Herein, it is demonstrated that the interdigitated heterojunction (IHJ) is a more suitable nanostructure of the active layer for high‐performance OSCs whereas it is a long standing challenge to realize well‐defined IHJ structures. In this study, a facile and versatile sequential solution processing method is developed to produce an IHJ nanostructure with power conversion efficiency reaching 18.74% (18.10% for BHJ the counterpart) by fabricating a donor film with nanopores created by a wax additive, sequentially casting the acceptor on top of infiltrating the nanopores. Compared to the BHJ, the IHJ structure with an interpillar distance within the exciton diffusion length can afford a large bulk D/A interface for efficient exciton dissociation with a minimized charge recombination while free electrons and holes can transport to the respective electrodes through more straightforward pathways, thus enhance performance. Furthermore, the D or A phase in the IHJ device contacts with only one electrode, which can prevent shunting between the anode and cathode and facilitate the industrial mass production of OSCs.
Activation of Cascade‐Like Antitumor Immune Responses through In Situ Doxorubicin Stimulation and Blockade of Checkpoint Coinhibitory Receptor TIGIT
Authors: Tian Tian , Wang Jingguo , Yin Fan , Wu Miaomiao , He Wei , Wang Xuefu , Zha Zhengbao , Wang Hua 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlthough T cell centered immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapies have shown unprecedented success in various cancer types, only a minority of patients benefit from these treatments due to the lack of neoantigen burden and exhaustion of tumor‐infiltrating immune stimulating cells. Inspired by the crucial role of NK cell based immunity and potential immunostimulating effect of chemotherapeutic drugs, the therapeutic efficiency on tumor inhibition through combination of doxorubicin (DOX) and blockade of TIGIT (T‐cell Ig and ITIM domain), a coinhibitory receptor expressed by both NK and T cells, in a matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP‐2)‐degradable hydrogel is thoroughly evaluated in this study. Due to the distinct release kinetics from destructed framework of hydrogels, the differentially released DOX and anti‐TIGIT monoclonal antibody (aTIGIT) molecules can elicit immunogenic tumor microenvironment and reverse the exhaustion of NK and effector T cells to realize not only durable localized tumor inhibition but also systemic and long‐lasting immune memory responses. Thus, this work pioneers the union of chemotherapeutic drugs and NK cell centered ICB therapies for activating cascade‐like antitumor immune responses through eliciting immunogenic tumor microenvironment and boosting both innate and adaptive immunity.
Construction of Carbon Dots with Color‐Tunable Aggregation‐Induced Emission by Nitrogen‐Induced Intramolecular Charge Transfer
Authors: Xu Xiaokai , Mo Luoqi , Li Yadong , Pan Xiaoqin , Hu Guangqi , Lei Bingfu , Zhang Xuejie , Zheng Mingtao , Zhuang Jianle , Liu Yingliang , Hu Chaofan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAs one of the most promising fluorescent nanomaterials, the fluorescence of carbon dots (CDs) in solution is extensively studied. Nevertheless, the synthesis of multicolor solid‐state fluorescence (SSF) CDs is rarely reported. Herein, CDs with multicolor aggregation‐induced emission are prepared using amine molecules, all of them exhibiting dual fluorescence emission at 480 nm (Em‐1) and 580–620 nm (Em‐2), which is related to the SS bonds of dithiosalicylic acid and the conjugated structure attached to CO/CN bonds, respectively. As a strong electron‐withdrawing group, the increase of CN content makes dual‐fluorescent groups on the surface of CDs produce push and pull electrons, which determines intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) between the double emission. With the increase in CN content from 35.6% to 58.4%, the ICT efficiency increases from 8.71% to 45.94%, changing the fluorescence of CDs from green to red. The increase of ICT efficiency causes fluorescence quantum yield enhancement by nearly five times and redshift of the fluorescence peak. Finally, based on the multicolor luminescence properties induced by the aggregation of CDs, pattern encryption and white‐LED devices are realized. Based on the fat solubility and strong ultraviolet absorption characteristics of CDs, fingerprint detection and leaf anti‐UV hazards are applied.
Transfer‐Enabled Fabrication of Graphene Wrinkle Arrays for Epitaxial Growth of AlN Films
Authors: Song Yuqing , Gao Yaqi , Liu Xiaoting , Ma Jing , Chen Buhang , Xie Qin , Gao Xin , Zheng Liming , Zhang Yan , Ding Qingjie , Jia Kaicheng , Sun Luzhao , Wang Wendong , Liu Zhetong , Liu Bingyao , Gao Peng , Peng Hailin , Wei Tongbo , Lin Li , Liu Zhongfan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFormation of graphene wrinkle arrays can periodically alter the electrical properties and chemical reactivity of graphene, which is promising for numerous applications. However, large‐area fabrication of graphene wrinkle arrays remains unachievable with a high density and defined orientations, especially on rigid substrates. Herein, relying on the understanding of the formation mechanism of transfer‐related graphene wrinkles, the graphene wrinkle arrays are fabricated without altering the crystalline orientation of entire graphene films. The choice of the transfer medium that has poor wettability on the corrugated surface of graphene is proven to be the key for the formation of wrinkles. This work provides a deep understanding of formation process of transfer‐related graphene wrinkles and opens up a new way for periodically modifying the surface properties of graphene for potential applications, including direct growth of AlN epilayers and deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes.
Tailoring Competitive Adsorption Sites by Oxygen‐Vacancy on Cobalt Oxides to Enhance the Electrooxidation of Biomass
Authors: Lu Yuxuan , Liu Tianyang , Dong Chung‐Li , Yang Chunming , Zhou Ling , Huang Yu‐Cheng , Li Yafei , Zhou Bo , Zou Yuqin , Wang Shuangyin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe electrooxidation of 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) offers a promising green route to attain high‐value chemicals from biomass. The HMF electrooxidation reaction (HMFOR) is a complicated process involving the combined adsorption and coupling of organic molecules and OH− on the electrode surface. An in‐depth understanding of these adsorption sites and reaction processes on electrocatalysts is fundamentally important. Herein, the adsorption behavior of HMF and OH−, and the role of oxygen vacancy on Co3O4 are initially unraveled. Correspondingly, instead of the competitive adsorption of OH− and HMF on the metal sites, it is observed that the OH− can fill into oxygen vacancy (Vo) prior to couple with organic molecules through lattice oxygen oxidation reaction process, which could accelerate the rate‐determining step of the dehydrogenation of 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furancarboxylic acid (HMFCA) intermediates. With the modulated adsorption sites, the as‐designed Vo‐Co3O4 shows excellent activity for HMFOR with the earlier potential of 90 and 120 mV at 10 mA cm−2 in 1 m KOH and 1 m PBS solution. This work sheds insight on the catalytic mechanism of oxygen vacancy, which benefits designing a novel electrocatalysts to modulate the multi‐molecules combined adsorption behaviors.
Band Alignment with Self‐Assembled 2D Layer of Carbon Derived from Waste to Balance Charge Injection in Perovskite Crystals Based Rigid and Flexible Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Singh Amandeep , Hoang Minh Tam , Pham Ngoc Duy , Wang Tony , Mcdonald Joshua , Li Qin , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken) , Wang Hongxia , Sonar Prashant 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe halide perovskite nanocrystals (P‐NCs) can address a plethora of issues of the light‐emission technologies, due to its low temperature processing. To successfully employ P‐NCs for light‐emitting diodes (LEDs), one needs to resolve the issues of stability of the LEDs. The stability of device can be achieved by charge balance of electrons and holes recombination in active material. To investigate this herein, a self‐assembled carbon dots (CDs) layer is fabricated from waste small strands of human hair. The self‐assembled CDs layer is used beneath P‐NCs layer to reduce the band‐off set for hole transport, thus balancing the electron and holes carrier in active layer. The layer is used as an active light‐emitting layer to fabricate a LED device that exhibits green luminescence of 4800 cd m−2 at a current efficiency of 10.7 cd A−1 and external quantum efficiency of 4.8%. The LED exhibits operational stability of nearly 200 h. The same film is used to demonstrate a flexible device with maximum luminescence of 2259 cd m−2, with a high current density of 474 mA cm−2, current efficiency of 1.37 cd A−1 and a low turn‐on voltage of 3.5 V. All the display devices are measured in air without encapsulation.
Environmental Impacts of Personal Protective Clothing Used to Combat COVID‐ 19
Authors: Uddin Mohammad Abbas , Afroj Shaila , Hasan Tahmid , Carr Chris , Novoselov Kostya S , Karim Nazmul 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPersonal protective clothing is critical to shield users from highly infectious diseases including COVID‐19. Such clothing is predominantly single‐use, made of plastic‐based synthetic fibers such as polypropylene and polyester, low cost and able to provide protection against pathogens. However, the environmental impacts of synthetic fiber‐based clothing are significant and well‐documented. Despite growing environmental concerns with single‐use plastic‐based protective clothing, the recent COVID‐19 pandemic has seen a significant increase in their use, which could result in a further surge of oceanic plastic pollution, adding to the mass of plastic waste that already threatens marine life. In this review, the nature of the raw materials involved in the production of such clothing, as well as manufacturing techniques and the personal protective equipment supply chain are briefly discussed. The environmental impacts at critical points in the protective clothing value chain are identified from production to consumption, focusing on water use, chemical pollution, CO2 emissions, and waste. On the basis of these environmental impacts, the need for fundamental changes in the business model is outlined, including increased usage of reusable protective clothing, addressing supply chain “bottlenecks”, establishing better waste management, and the use of sustainable materials and processes without associated environmental problems.
Revival Oscillations in a Closed Bromate‐1,4‐Cyclohexanedione‐Acid System with Ferroin
Authors: Kettunen Petteri , Huh Do Sung , Szalai István , Yamaguchi Tomohiko 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAn unusual phenomenon of revival waves and oscillations is studied in a closed bromate‐1,4‐cyclohexanedione reaction system containing ferroin catalyst. Experiments with varying initial 1,4‐cyclohexanedione and bromate concentrations show that revival oscillations spontaneously emerge at a narrow area of the reaction conditions. Numerical calculations of a kinetic model consisting of 22 reactions and 15 species are employed to gain understanding of the underlying mechanism contributing to such an exotic dynamics. The simulations are able to reproduce the qualitative, but not yet quantitative properties of the experimentally observed revival oscillations.
Natural Lepidolite Enables Fast Polysulfide Redox for High‐Rate Lithium Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zeng Guangfeng , Liu Yuanpeng , Chen Dongjiang , Zhen Cheng , Han Yupei , He Weidong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLithium sulfur (Li–S) batteries possess energy capacities well beyond those of current Li‐ion technologies, but are plagued by severe diffusion loss of sulfur intermediates and sluggish sulfur reduction kinetics. Here, the design is reported of a lepidolite‐modified polypropylene (C‐Lepidolite@PP) separator to suppress polysulfide shuttling and accelerate the transformation of polysulfides. Because the electrons of S atoms transfer to the 3p antibonding orbits of Si atoms, lepidolite effectively confines polysulfides by forming strong Si–S bonds to weaken the S–S bonds of polysulfides. The ultralow lithium‐ion diffusion barrier (0.081 eV) of lepidolite allows for free lithium‐ion migration and thus significantly facilitates polysulfide conversion from liquid Li2S8 to solid Li2S to enable fast polysulfide redox for high‐rate current operation. With the C‐Lepidolite@PP design, Li–S batteries deliver an ultrahigh rate capability of 703 mAh g−1 at 7 C and a high areal capacity of 7.53 mAh cm−2 with a sulfur loading of 6.5 mg cm−2. Moreover, the 15‐d self‐discharge rate is reduced by ≈85% with the C‐Lepidolite@PP separator, which provides promise for the practical use of Li–S batteries.
Supramolecular Modulation of Molecular Conformation of Metal Porphyrins toward Remarkably Enhanced Multipurpose Electrocatalysis and Ultrahigh‐Performance Zinc–Air Batteries
Authors: Cui Kai , Wang Qingtao , Bian Zenan , Wang Gongming , Xu Yuxi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractModulating the intrinsic catalytic activity of molecular catalysts to improve electrocatalytic performance is significant but challenging. Herein, a simple yet effective strategy to induce molecular flattening of Co (III) meso‐tetra (N‐methyl‐4‐pyridyl) porphyrine (Co‐TMPyP) by supramolecular assembly with chemically converted graphene (CCG) via synergistic electrostatic and π–π interactions is reported. This unique variation in molecular conformation leads to a shortened CoN coordination bond and enhanced electron transfer from the porphyrin macrocycle to the metal ion, thereby optimizing the electronic structure of the catalytic active center in Co‐TMPyP molecule. Thus, the flattened Co‐TMPyP on CCG (Co‐TMPyP/CCG) demonstrates remarkable electrocatalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) simultaneously as a tri‐functional molecular catalyst for the first time with a high half‐wave potential of 0.824 V for ORR and a low overpotential for HER (320 mV) and OER (379 mV) at 10 mA cm–2, respectively, not only much better than the pristine Co‐TMPyP but also among the best results of molecular catalysts in each aspect of ORR, OER, and HER achieved thus far. As a practical demonstration, the Co‐TMPyP/CCG catalyst is used to assemble a rechargeable Zn–air battery, which shows the highest specific capacity (793 mAh g–1) and power density (225.4 mW cm–2) among all molecular catalyst‐based Zn–air batteries ever reported.