bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multicolored Nanocolloidal Hydrogel Inks
Authors: Morozova Sofia M. , Statsenko Tatiana G. , Ryabchenko Egor O. , Gevorkian Albert , Adibnia Vahid , Lozhkin Maksim S. , Kireynov Alexey V. , Kumacheva Eugenia 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNanocolloidal gels are emerging as a promising class of materials with applications as inks in 2D and 3D printing. Polymer nanoparticles (NPs) offer many advantages as potential building blocks of nanocolloidal gels, due to the ability to control NP dimensions, charge, surface chemistry, and functionality; however, their applications as inks in printing are yet to be explored. Here, functional nanocolloidal hydrogels formed by percolating oppositely charged latex NPs with different dimensions and charge densities are reported. The shear‐thinning and self‐healing properties of the nanocolloidal gels and the mechanical properties of the resulting printed films are examined. NP functionality is achieved by covalently labeling them with different fluorescent dyes that emit at two distinct wavelengths. Using these NPs, a facile route for 3D printing of multicolored fluorescence patterns is shown, with each color being visualized under a specific, well‐defined excitation wavelength.
Light‐Driven Micromotors to Dissociate Protein Aggregates That Cause Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Mayorga‐Burrezo Paula , Mayorga‐Martinez Carmen C. , Pumera Martin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractNowadays, microrobots are considered appealing mobile carriers for clinical therapies. In this sense, high expectations against unmet medical challenges have been created around microswimmers that combine autonomous navigation with enhanced abilities to perform specific tasks. Neurodegenerative disorders are incurable diseases that have a huge impact on the quality of life for millions of people. To date, protein disaggregation (i.e., dissociation of mature protein fibrils on the origin of the given illness) has been discussed as targeted therapy by means of nonautonomous nanoparticles. Here, self‐propelled light‐driven single‐component micromotors based on concave BiVO4 microspheres are used to disaggregate protein fibrils. Efficient disaggregation is proved to be promoted by the micromotors’ intrinsic on‐the‐fly generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, the helical trajectories observed for these single‐component micromotors are thought to be probably behind the uniform distribution of ROS, leading to enhanced protein dissociation. This conceptually promising application of light‐driven micromotors with efficient photocatalytic ROS production and distribution can be extended to alternative ROS‐based photodynamic therapies against lung or skin cancer, among others.
Simultaneous Deconvolution of In‐Plane and Out‐of‐Plane Forces of HOPG at the Atomic Scale under Ambient Conditions by Multifrequency Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Eichhorn Anna L. , Dietz Christian 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMultifrequency atomic force microscopy (AFM) is shown to be an excellent tool for imaging crystal structures at atomic resolution in different spatial directions. However, determining the forces between single atoms remains challenging, particularly in air under ambient conditions. Developed here is a trimodal AFM approach that simultaneously acquires torsional and flexural frequency‐shift images and spectroscopic data to transfer these observables into in‐plane and out‐of‐plane forces between single bonds of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) at atomic resolution in air under ambient conditions based on the Fourier method. It is found that the cantilever mean deflection is an excellent indicator to understand that strong attractive interactions between the tip and the surface of HOPG in dynamic AFM imply a local lift of the topmost carbon layer when using higher eigenmodes for the topographical feedback. Cross‐talk between torsional and flexural‐oscillation modes is shown to be negligible. Interestingly, significant differences are observed in the in‐plane forces depending on the orientation of the carbon bonds relative to the direction of torsional oscillation.
Stability Improvement of 2D Perovskite by Fluorinated‐Insulator
Authors: Zhuang Yuan , Ma Pengfei , Shi Jingqi , Lin Hui , You Guanjun , Xu Gongjie , Cai Bin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this study, the interface of 2D hybrid organic–inorganic perovskites L2PbI4 (here L stands for phenylethylamine, PEA) is engineered by fluorine substitution in its organic insulator layers, and the stability of the perovskite is investigated. For the water‐resistance, the fluorinated‐perovskite maintained 90% photoluminescence intensity of its initial state after 800‐h exposure to relative humidity 75–80%, while it is 47% for that without fluorine, resulting from hydrophobic property of fluorinated insulator. As for the resistance to light illumination, the stability of the fluorinated perovskite is effectively improved for exposure to both continuous‐wave laser and UV lamp, due to chemical and thermal inertness. Furthermore, the effectiveness by the fluorinated‐insulator in combination with polymer encapsulation is also verified. However, the substitution of fluorinated‐insulator (F‐PEA) results more overlap of absorption and photoluminescence, and produces more defects, both of which would lead to the reduction of the photoluminescence quantum yield. This interfacial modification still paves a new way to improve the stability of 2D perovskites by using fluorinated‐insulator and provides new insight to move forward their applications.
One Nanometer HfO2‐Based Ferroelectric Tunnel Junctions on Silicon
Authors: Cheema Suraj S. , Shanker Nirmaan , Hsu Cheng‐Hsiang , Datar Adhiraj , Bae Jongho , Kwon Daewoong , Salahuddin Sayeef 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn ferroelectric materials, spontaneous symmetry breaking leads to a switchable electric polarization, which offers significant promise for nonvolatile memories. In particular, ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs) have emerged as a new resistive switching memory which exploits polarization‐dependent tunnel current across a thin ferroelectric barrier. This work integrates FTJs with complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor‐compatible Zr‐doped HfO2(Zr:HfO2) ferroelectric barriers of just 1 nm thickness, grown by atomic layer deposition on silicon. These 1 nm Zr:HfO2tunnel junctions exhibit large polarization‐driven electroresistance (>20 000%), the largest value reported for HfO2‐based FTJs. In addition, due to just a 1 nm ferroelectric barrier, these junctions provide large tunneling current (>1 A cm−2) at low read voltage, orders of magnitude larger than reported thicker HfO2‐based FTJs. Therefore, this proof‐of‐principle demonstration provides an approach to simultaneously overcome three major drawbacks of prototypical FTJs: a Si‐compatible ultrathin ferroelectric, large electroresistance, and large read current for high‐speed operation.
Defining “county”: A mixed‐methods inquiry of county emergency medicine residency programs
Authors: Buchanan Jennie A. , Moreira Maria , Taira Taku , Byyny Richard , Jarou Zachary , Taylor Todd Andrew , Sungar W. Gannon , Angerhofer Christy , Dyer Sean , White Melissa , Amin Dhara , D. Lall Michelle , Caro David , E. Parsons Melissa , Smith Teresa Y. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionThere is no clear unified definition of “county programs” in emergency medicine (EM). Key residency directories are varied in designation, despite it being one of the most important match factors for applicants. The Council of Residency Directors EM County Program Community of Practice consists of residency program leadership from a unified collective of programs that identify as “county.” This paper's framework was spurred from numerous group discussions to better understand unifying themes that define county programs.MethodologyThis institutional review board–exempt work provides qualitative descriptive results via a mixed‐methods inquiry utilizing survey data and quantitative data from programs that self‐designate as county.Unique treatment, analysis and critiqueMost respondents work, identify, and trained at a county program. The majority defined county programs by commitment to care for the underserved, funding from the city or state, low‐resourced, and urban setting. Major qualitative themes included mission, clinical environment, research, training, and applicant recommendations. Comparing the attributes of programs by self‐described type of training environment, county programs are typically larger, older, in central metro areas, and more likely to be 4 years in duration and have higher patient volumes when compared to community or university programs. When comparing hospital‐level attributes of primary training sites county programs are more likely to be owned and operated by local governments or governmental hospital districts and authorities and see more disproportionate‐share hospital patients.Implications for education and training in EMTo be considered a county program we recommend some or most of the following attributes be present: a shared mission to medically underserved and vulnerable patients, an urban location with city or county funding, an ED with high patient volumes, supportive of resident autonomy, and research expertise focusing on underserved populations.
A critical race theory curriculum for emergency medicine learners
Authors: Díaz Tomás , Knight R. Starr 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectivesWe set out to develop and implement a critical race theory (CRT) curriculum to address an identified gap in emergency medicine education. Sessions explored concepts of CRT and issues of racism as they relate to the clinical and extraclinical environments.MethodsWe developed a series of five virtual workshop sessions in 2019 that were held over Zoom in June and July 2020 in the setting of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Eight learners completed the curriculum. Prior to each session, learners were provided presession materials including podcasts, recorded lectures, and readings. Thought‐provoking questions were also provided with presession materials to facilitate discussion during sessions. Materials were curated to provide foundational knowledge on CRT and U.S. history as well as local history of the San Francisco Bay Area.ResultsParticipants found the curriculum useful, reported increased familiarity with CRT, and were more likely to have an analytic framework for topics of race and racism. Participants also reported that their perspective had been changed after completing the curriculum.ConclusionsOur curriculum promoted effective engagement with topics of race and racism by learners. Opt‐in participation contributed to an engaged cohort and the small cohort size encouraged participation by all learners. Semistructured facilitation allowed participants to guide conversations to their own topics of interest while also addressing specific topics at hand. Independent guided presession work allowed participants to gather knowledge at their own pace prior to each session, which likely contributed to more active and in‐depth participation.
Teaching emergency medicine residents health equity through simulation immersion
Authors: Ward‐Gaines Jacqueline , Buchanan Jennie A. , Angerhofer Christy , McCormick Taylor , Broadfoot Kirsten J. , Basha Elshimaa , Blake Jocelyn , Jones Brena , Sungar W. Gannon 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveOur aim was to conduct a large, case‐based diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) simulation exercise with a goal to improve the DEI pillars of cultural and structural awareness for residents.MethodsUtilizing data resulting in poor health outcomes, the top eight themes were utilized, and via a modified Delphi approach, a diverse group of faculty developed representative cases. A mass simulation effort was organized with the assistance of our local simulation office. Twenty residents in groups of two to three rotated through all scenarios. Each resident group was allotted 15 min for each scenario. After each case, resident teams received feedback from standardized patients and a debrief together with the simulation directors. Pre‐ and postsimulation surveys were developed and distributed to residents.ResultsTwenty residents completed the simulation. Eighteen completed a pre‐ and postsimulation survey. Every resident rated the overall usefulness of this activity as a 5.0 on a scale of 1 to 5 with 5 being the highest score. All cases demonstrated an improvement in the residents perceived confidence on a 9‐point Likert scale. All residents reported improved understanding of key concepts in health care disparities as related to race/ethnicity, homelessness, LGBTQIA, and their own biases. The largest improvement was seen in the overarching theme of “difficult conversations” with a presimulation survey mean of 3.9 and postsimulation survey mean of 6.5 (delta = +2.6, 95% confidence interval = 1.9 to 3.3, p < 0.01).ConclusionsEmergency medicine residency programs must fulfill their obligation to DEI efforts and national requirements while ensuring competency clinically. Mass simulation exercises are a way to incorporate this training. This preliminary data shows promise for a solution and can be easily duplicated. Diversity, health equity, inclusivity, and cultural humility can be effectively taught by an innovative mass simulation effort.
Using community‐based participatory research methods to inform care for patients experiencing homelessness: An opportunity for resident education on health care disparities
Authors: Ryus Caitlin R. , Yang David , Tsai Jennifer , Meldrum Jonathan , Ngaruiya Christine 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPeople experiencing homelessness (PEH) suffer higher burdens of chronic illnesses, have higher rates of emergency medicine (ED) use and hospitalization, and ultimately are at increased risk for premature death compared to housed counterparts. Structural racism contributes to a disproportionate burden of homelessness among people of color. PEH experience not only significant medical concerns but also complex social needs that need to be addressed concurrently for effective healing, issues that have been magnified by the COVID‐19 pandemic. As health disparities and structural racism intersect among PEH, it is critically important to develop PEH‐centered interventions to improve care and health outcomes as part of an effort to dismantle racism. One opportunity to address these disparities in care for PEH is through training ED physicians on methods for identifying and intervening on the unique needs of vulnerable patient groups. The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education has outlined health quality pathways in the clinical learning environment to address health disparities. Community‐based participatory research (CBPR) is particularly well suited for this scenario as it allows experiential learning for trainees to work with and understand a diverse group of stakeholders, to deepen their knowledge of local health disparities, and to lead research and measure outcomes of interventions to tackle health disparities. In this paper, we highlight the utility of CBPR in fostering experiential learning for EM residents on tackling health disparities and the importance of community collaboration in trainee‐led interventions for comprehensive ED care.
Evolution of shade tolerance is associated with attenuation of shade avoidance and reduced phenotypic plasticity in North American milkweeds
Authors: Coverdale Tyler C. , Agrawal Anurag A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPremiseMismatches between light conditions and light‐capture strategy can reduce plant performance and prevent colonization of novel habitats. Although light‐capture strategies tend to be highly conserved among closely related species, evolutionary transitions from shaded to unshaded habitats (and vice versa) occur in numerous plant lineages.MethodsWe combined phylogenetic approaches with field and greenhouse experiments to investigate evolutionary constraints on light‐capture strategy in North American milkweeds (genusAsclepias) and to determine whether colonization of shaded habitats in this heliophilic clade is associated with reduced plasticity and attenuation of the shade avoidance response.ResultsColonization of shaded habitats has occurred at least 10 times in this genus, including at least once in each major North American clade. Evolutionary transitions between habitats exhibit strong directional bias, with shifts from full‐sun to shaded habitats occurring at least three times as often as the opposite transition. In field and greenhouse experiments, sun species responded to shade by increasing internode length, height, and specific leaf area, consistent with the shade avoidance response; paired shade species exhibited reduced plasticity overall, and only one trait (specific leaf area) responded to experimental shade.ConclusionsOur results suggest that milkweeds colonized shaded environments multiple times using a light‐capture strategy distinct from the ancestral (putatively shade avoidant) strategy, including a general attenuation of plasticity in response to variable light conditions. This pattern bolsters the notion that shade avoidance and tolerance represent divergent evolutionary strategies for maximizing performance under qualitatively different types of shade.
An Efficient Access to 3,5‐Disubstituted Isoxazoles with Anthranilate Ester Moiety: Alkaloid Lappaconitine – Aryl Conjugates with an Isoxazole Linker
Authors: Cheremnykh Kirill P. , Savelyev Victor A. , Shults Elvira E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAlkynones have gained great attention as useful building blocks in organic synthesis. They have been emerged as key intermediates in the synthesis of various heterocycles. In the present study, the alkynylketones derived from antranylic acids esters or alkaloid lappaconitine were employed as a platform for late‐stage derivatisation. The synthesis of regioisomeric 3,5‐diarylisoxazoles was achieved starting from ethyl N‐acetyl‐5‐iodoanthranilate. A range of 3,5‐disubstituted isoxazoles, containing the plant alkaloid lappaconitine moiety at the C‐3 position were convenience synthesized by a consecutive three‐component alkynylation‐cyclocondensation sequence starting from of 5′‐ethynyllappaconitine, aroyl chlorides, and hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Notably, several 5‐hydroxy‐4,5‐dihydroisoxazoles were obtained in good yields as main products in this three component reaction by using Et3N as the base and i‐PrOH as the solvent in cyclocondensation step.
Main Descriptors To Correlate Structures with the Performances of Electrocatalysts
Authors: Wang Bin , Zhang Fuxiang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTraditional trial and error approaches to search for hydrogen/oxygen redox catalysts with high activity and stability are typically tedious and inefficient. There is an urgent need to identify the most important parameters that determine the catalytic performance and so enable the development of design strategies for catalysts. In the past decades, several descriptors have been developed to unravel structure–performance relationships. This Minireview summarizes reactivity descriptors in electrocatalysis including adsorption energy descriptors involving reaction intermediates, electronic descriptors represented by a d‐band center, structural descriptors, and universal descriptors, and discusses their merits/limitations. Understanding the trends in electrocatalytic performance and predicting promising catalytic materials using reactivity descriptors should enable the rational construction of catalysts. Artificial intelligence and machine learning have also been adopted to discover new and advanced descriptors. Finally, linear scaling relationships are analyzed and several strategies proposed to circumvent the established scaling relationships and overcome the constraints imposed on the catalytic performance.
Dynamic Restructuring of Cu‐Doped SnS2 Nanoflowers for Highly Selective Electrochemical CO2 Reduction to Formate
Authors: Chen Mengxin , Wan Shipeng , Zhong Lixiang , Liu Daobin , Yang Hongbin , Li Chengcheng , Huang Zhiqi , Liu Chuntai , Chen Jian , Pan Hongge , Li Dong‐Sheng , Li Shuzhou , Yan Qingyu , Liu Bin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWith ever‐increasing energy consumption and continuous rise in atmospheric CO2 concentration, electrochemical reduction of CO2 into chemicals/fuels is becoming a promising yet challenging solution. Sn‐based materials are identified as attractive electrocatalysts for the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to formate but suffer from insufficient selectivity and activity, especially at large cathodic current densities. Herein, we demonstrate that Cu‐doped SnS2 nanoflowers can undergo in situ dynamic restructuring to generate catalytically active S‐doped Cu/Sn alloy for highly selective electrochemical CO2RR to formate over a wide potential window. Theoretical thermodynamic analysis of reaction energetics indicates that the optimal electronic structure of the Sn active site can be regulated by both S‐doping and Cu‐alloying to favor formate formation, while the CO and H2 pathways will be suppressed. Our findings provide a rational strategy for electronic modulation of metal active site(s) for the design of active and selective electrocatalysts towards CO2RR.
Osteology and relationships of Revueltosaurus callenderi (Archosauria: Suchia) from the Upper Triassic (Norian) Chinle Formation of Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona, United States
Authors: Parker William G. , Nesbitt Sterling J. , Irmis Randall B. , Martz Jeffrey W. , Marsh Adam D. , Brown Matthew A. , Stocker Michelle R. , Werning Sarah 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOnce known solely from dental material and thought to represent an early ornithischian dinosaur, the early‐diverging pseudosuchian Revueltosaurus callenderi is described from a minimum of 12 skeletons from a monodominant bonebed in the upper part of the Chinle Formation of Arizona. This material includes nearly the entire skeleton and possesses a combination of plesiomorphic and derived character states that help clarify ingroup relationships within Pseudosuchia. A phylogenetic analysis recovers R. callenderi in a clade with Aetosauria and Acaenasuchus geoffreyi that is named Aetosauriformes. Key autapomorphies of R. callenderi include a skull that is longer than the femur, a complete carapace of dermal armor including paramedian and lateral rows, as well as ventral osteoderms, and a tail end sheathed in bone. Histology of the femur and associated osteoderms demonstrate that R. callenderi was slow growing and that the individuals from the bonebed were not young juveniles but had not ceased growing. A review of other material assigned to Revueltosaurus concludes that the genus cannot be adequately diagnosed based on the type materials of the three assigned species and that only R. callenderi can be confidently referred to Revueltosaurus.
Complementary combinative strategy of defect engineering and graphene coupling for efficient energy‐functional materials
Authors: Kim Minji , Park Yeon Hu , Kim Myung Hwa , Jin Xiaoyan , Hwang Seong‐Ju 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe synergetic combination of defect engineering and graphene coupling enables to develop an effective way of exploring efficient bifunctional electrocatalyst/electrode materials. Defect‐engineered amorphous MoO2‐reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanohybrid was synthesized by soft‐chemical reduction of K2MoO4 in graphene oxide colloids. Mo K‐edge X‐ray absorption spectroscopy clearly demonstrates the rutile‐type local atomic structure of amorphous MoO2 with significant oxygen vacancies and intimate electronic coupling with rGO. The defect‐introduced MoO2‐rGO nanohybrid shows excellent bifunctionality as electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction and electrode for sodium‐ion batteries, which are superior to those of crystalline MoO2‐rGO homologue. The beneficial effect of simultaneous defect control and rGO coupling can be ascribed to the provision of oxygen vacancies acting as active sites, the increase of electrical conductivity, and the improvement of reaction kinetics.