bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Policy Approaches Addressing the Ongoing Humanitarian and Environmental Consequences of Nuclear Weapons: A Commentary
Authors: Van Duzer Nate , Sanders‐Zakre Alicia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) not only bans nuclear weapons, it obligates its states parties to engage in assisting victims and remediating contaminated environments (Articles 6 and 7). As states and civil society consider the best methods to implement these provisions, it is important to take stock and review existing policy approaches addressing the ongoing humanitarian and environmental consequences of nuclear weapons. This practitioner commentary, written by members of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons (ICAN), which was awarded the 2017 Nobel Peace Prize for its advocacy for the TPNW, reviews existing programs of victim assistance and environmental remediation. It highlights key considerations for policy makers seeking to improve on the existing mechanisms.
Commentary on Addressing the Legacies of Nuclear Weapons Use and Testing: Perspectives from Survivors
Authors: Minor Elizabeth , Umezawa Hana , Tanaka Terumi , Kido Sueichi , Vesselov Dmitriy 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTo develop an effective and responsive global policy framework for addressing the humanitarian and environmental consequences of nuclear weapons, survivors and communities affected by nuclear weapons use and testing, and their perspectives and expertise on what is needed, must be included. Testimony from survivors was crucial to the global effort for the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW). Articles 6 and 7 will require states joining the TPNW to provide assistance (such as medical and psychological support, and social and economic inclusion) to the victims of nuclear weapons use and testing, and to take measures towards remediating environments that are still affected (See Bolton & Minor and Docherty’s contributions in this Special Section for further details). Going forward, policy development on the implementation of Articles 6 and 7 of the TPNW should be guided by the priorities that affected communities identify.
Fertility in men with hypospadias: A nationwide register‐based study using dizygotic twinning rates as an indicator of semen quality
Authors: Phillips Lottie , Lundholm Cecilia , Örtqvist Lisa , Almqvist Catarina , Nordenskjöld Agneta , Skarin Nordenvall Anna 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundIt is not known if impaired fertility in men with hypospadias is caused by decreased semen quality or other factors. Semen quality in men born with hypospadias may be impaired due to effects of androgens or testicular dysgenesis but has been very little studied.ObjectivesTo study semen quality in men with hypospadias using dizygotic twinning rates as an epidemiological indicator. We further aimed to study men treated for cryptorchidism, given a hypothesized mutual etiology for decreased semen quality.Materials and methodsWe conducted a population‐based study using national Swedish registers. A total of 4,363,165 births between 1964 and 2013 were included. The association between hypospadias and cryptorchidism, and fathering dizygotic multiple births was estimated using logistic regression and presented as odds ratios. The main analyses excluded births conceived using assisted reproductive technology (ART).ResultsWe identified a total of 5317 births with fathers with hypospadias, including 26 dizygotic births conceived unassisted. No significant association was found between hypospadias and dizygotic twinning (OR 1.10, 0.75–1.61). We estimated a significantly increased odds for dizygotic multiple births in men treated for cryptorchidism (OR 1.35, 1.01–1.81) which was decreased after exclusion of ART, but the estimate was not significant (OR 0.75, 0.48–1.18).DiscussionUsing dizygotic twinning rates as an indicator of semen quality, we did not find any difference between fathers with hypospadias and controls. Due to sample size, we could not analyze phenotypes separately and can therefore not exclude impaired semen quality in severe hypospadias. We could not demonstrate any association between dizygotic twinning and cryptorchidism. Men treated for cryptorchidism were more likely than controls to use ART to conceive.ConclusionMen with hypospadias who conceived without ART were not shown to have impaired semen quality using dizygotic twinning as an epidemiological indicator.
Dietary supplementation of essential oils and lysozyme reduces mortality and improves intestinal integrity of broiler chickens with necrotic enteritis
Authors: Du Encun , Guo Yuming 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the individual and combined effects of essential oils (EO; comprised of thymol and carvacrol) and lysozyme on experimental NE in broiler chickens. A total of 320 1‐day‐old chicks were randomly assigned to five treatment groups: no‐challenge control (NC), NC + C. perfringens challenge (CC), CC + 120 mg/kg of EO, CC + 100 mg/kg of lysozyme, and CC + 120 mg/kg of EO + 100 mg/kg of lysozyme. The results showed that EO or lysozyme decreased the mortality, alleviated the gut lesions, inhibited the liver Enterobacteriaceae carriage, and increased the villus height of the ileum compared with CC (p < .05), although the proliferation of C. perfringens in the ileum was not inhibited (p > .05). Moreover, EO or lysozyme was found to decrease the ileal concentration of sialic acid and the Mucin2 mRNA expression (p < .05). However, the blend of EO and lysozyme did not display significant effect on the NE‐associated mortality or gut damage in contrast with CC (p > .05). In conclusion, these findings suggest the similar protective effects of EO and lysozyme in NE‐associated mortality and intestinal impairment, but their blend did not exhibit ameliorative effect.
The impact of the dyslexia label on academic outlook and aspirations: An analysis using propensity score matching
Authors: Knight Cathryn 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundThere is current academic debate over the reliability of the dyslexia label. However, this argument does not consider the impact of the dyslexia label on an individual’s academic outlook and aspirations.AimsUsing data from the Millennium Cohort Study, this paper aims to objectively explore the impact of the dyslexia label on academic outlook and aspirations.MethodsPropensity score matching was used to compare children with dyslexia with a non‐dyslexic group matched on ability, socioeconomic class, parent education, income, country, gender, and age in year group.ResultsThe results show that those labelled with dyslexia hold lower beliefs about their ability in English and Maths than their matched peers without this label. The children labelled with dyslexia were also significantly less likely to say that they would go to university. Furthermore, teachers and parents held lower aspirations for children labelled with dyslexia. As the children were matched, the results show that dyslexic children, their teachers and parents hold lower expectations of the child’s academic ability while holding higher expectations of those with matched characteristics who do not have the dyslexia label.ConclusionsThe paper concludes that caution is needed when labelling with dyslexia and that further research is needed in order establish whether labelling with dyslexia is beneficial in the current system.
Stigmatization of ‘gay‐sounding’ voices: The role of heterosexual, lesbian, and gay individuals’ essentialist beliefs
Authors: Fasoli Fabio , Hegarty Peter , Frost David M. 
Published: January 2021

Voice‐based sexual orientation (SO) judgements can prompt group‐based discrimination. However, the relationships between stigmatization and essentialist beliefs about vocal cues to SO have not been researched. Two studies examined heterosexuals’ and gay men’s and lesbian women’s essentialist beliefs about voice as a cue of SO to uncover essentialist beliefs’ role in the perpetration and experience of stigma. In Study 1 (N = 363), heterosexual participants believed voice was a better cue to SO for men than for women, and participants’ belief in the discreteness, immutability, and controllability of ‘gay‐sounding’ voices was correlated with higher avoidant discrimination towards gay‐sounding men. In Study 2 (N = 147), endorsement of essentialist beliefs about voice as a SO cue was associated with self‐perceptions of sounding gay amongst gay men and lesbians. Sexual minority participants, especially gay men, who believed that they sounded gay reported more anticipation of rejection and engaged in vigilance in response. Essentialist beliefs about vocal cues to SO are relevant to explaining both the perpetration of stigma by heterosexuals and the experience of stigma for lesbians and gay men.
Integrating stratigraphic modelling, inversion analysis, and shelf‐margin records to guide provenance analysis: An example from the Cretaceous Colville Basin, Arctic Alaska
Authors: Zhang Jinyu , Flaig Peter , Wartes Marwan , Aschoff Jennifer , Shuster Mark 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDelineating sediment source areas is critical for source‐to‐sink analysis and energy exploration because it can reveal sediment pathways and their associated reservoir rocks. We developed a methodology that integrates stratigraphic forward modelling and inversion analysis to provide a first‐order provenance estimate. By employing a large number of modelling runs, and then applying a neighbourhood algorithm we are able to efficiently identify the best source‐to‐sink reconstruction(s). This methodology only requires shelf‐margin records to calibrate the modelling results, therefore, it can be applied in frontier basins with relatively poor data coverage. We test this methodology on a synthetic example with predetermined parameters, and then apply it to deposits of the Colville Basin of northern Alaska, which is known for its remote location and high cost of data collection. The best‐fit reconstructions from our modelling show that Cretaceous Colville Basin sediments deposited from 120 to 97 My were mainly sourced from the Herald Arch, Chukchi Platform, and western Brooks Range Orogenic Belt, consistent with the interpretations of previous provenance studies. The proposed method provides quantitative constraints for analysing deposits of large, remote, or ultra‐deep basins, particularly those with sparse datasets or where sandstone detrital modes are largely unknown.
Discovery of drug‐like acetylcholinesterase inhibitors by rapid virtual screening of a 6.9 million compound database
Authors: Miles Jared A. , Ng Jia Hui , Sreenivas B. Yogi , Courageux Charlotte , Igert Alexandre , Dias José , McGeary Ross P. , Brazzolotto Xavier , Ross Benjamin P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCholinesterase inhibitors remain the mainstay of Alzheimer's disease treatment, and the search for new inhibitors with better efficacy and side effect profiles is ongoing. Virtual screening (VS) is a powerful technique for searching large compound databases for potential hits. This study used a sequential VS workflow combining ligand‐based VS, molecular docking and physicochemical filtering to screen for central nervous system (CNS) drug‐like acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) amongst the 6.9 million compounds of the CoCoCo database. Eleven in silico hits were initially selected, resulting in the discovery of an AChEI with a Ki of 3.2 µM. In vitro kinetics and in silico molecular dynamics experiments informed the selection of an additional seven analogues. This led to the discovery of two further AChEIs, with Ki values of 2.9 µM and 0.65 µM. All three compounds exhibited reversible, mixed inhibition of acetylcholinesterase. Importantly, the in silico physicochemical filter facilitated the discovery of CNS drug‐like compounds, such that all three inhibitors displayed high in vitro blood‐brain barrier model permeability.
Mexican‐Origin Adolescent Mothers’ Economic Contexts, Educational Re‐Engagement, and Their Children’s School Readiness
Authors: McDermott Elana R. , Jahromi Laudan B. , Umaña‐Taylor Adriana J. , Martinez‐Fuentes Stefanie , Jones Shandra M. , Updegraff Kimberly A. 
Published: January 2021

Drawing on data from a longitudinal study of 204 Mexican‐origin adolescent mothers, their mother figures, and their children, the current investigation examined (a) adolescent mothers’ educational re‐engagement and attainment beginning during their pregnancy and ending when their child was 5 years old; and (b) the influence of the family economic context on adolescent mothers’ educational re‐engagement and attainment and their children’s academic and social‐emotional outcomes. Findings detailed adolescent mothers’ re‐engagement in school after the birth of their child and revealed that family income during adolescents’ pregnancies was directly associated with re‐engagement and attainment, and also initiated cascade effects that shaped adolescents’ economic contexts, their subsequent re‐engagement and attainment, and ultimately their children’s academic and social‐emotional outcomes at age 5.
Early bone formation in mini‐lateral window sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implant placement: An in vivo experimental study
Authors: Zhu Liqin , Yang Jiakang , Gong Jiaxing , Zhang Chenqiu , Ganss Bernhard , Wang Huiming 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the early bone formation in beagles with mini‐lateral window sinus floor elevation and simultaneous implant placement.Material and methodsSix beagles were selected for the split‐mouth design procedures. In each animal, one maxillary recess received a 5 mm‐diameter mini‐round lateral osteotomy (test group), and the contralateral maxillary recess received a large rectangular osteotomy (10 mm long and 8 mm wide), (control group). Simultaneous implant installation was executed on bilateral maxillary recesses. Tetracycline and calcein dyes were administered on the 14th, 13th days and the 4th, 3rd days prior to sacrifice, respectively. After 8 weeks of healing, the beagles were euthanized for fluorescent labeling and histomorphometric analyses.ResultsIn both groups, new bone formation initiated from the circumferential native bone of the maxillary recesses and extended toward the central sub‐recess cavities. The maxillary recesses with the mini‐window procedures exhibited superior mineral apposition rate, bone formation rate, and the percentage of new bone area to those of the group exposed to large osteotomy procedure (p < .05). While there was no significant difference in the value of bone‐to‐implant contact, the mini‐window group displayed a tendency for an increase in this aspect (p > .05). Bone formation rate and new bone amount were not statistically correlated with bone‐to‐implant contact (p > .05).ConclusionThe hypothesis that mini‐lateral window sinus floor elevation with simultaneous implant placement would improve early new bone formation in augmented sinus compared with large lateral window procedure is accepted.
Kidney allograft rejection: Diagnosis and treatment practices in USA‐ A UNOS survey
Authors: Sood Puneet , Cherikh Wida S. , Toll Alice E. , Mehta Rajil B. , Hariharan Sundaram 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe studied diverse rejection management strategies across centers by conducting a UNOS survey of kidney transplant program directors in 2017. There were 104 total responses from 235 kidney transplant programs representing 88 unique transplant programs (response rate 37%). Information was collected on center‐specific management practices. Pertinent center‐specific data were obtained from the OPTN database. Of the respondents, 33% were considered large centers (>100 transplants/year). Thymoglobulin was the most commonly used induction agent at 84%, 72% responders do rapid steroid withdrawal, and mycophenolic acid (MPA) is the major antimetabolite (100%). For diagnosing TCMR, 100% used indication biopsy, 28% used protocol biopsy, 2% used serum biomarkers, and none used urine cytokines. For ABMR, 99% used indication biopsy, 34% used protocol biopsy, 72% used DSA, 21% used C1q positive DSA, and none used gene profiling (ENDATS). The treatment of subclinical and clinical TCMR included iv/PO steroids. PP/IVIG were the commonest treatments for ABMR. The use of rituximab, bortezomib, and eculizumab increased from C4D‐ABMR to recurrent ABMR. There are diverse management practices for diagnosing and treating rejection. An effort to harmonize these diverse practices for management of TCMR and ABMR will give an opportunity to pool data for evaluating clinical outcomes.
Dimensions of the language environment in infancy and symptoms of psychopathology in toddlerhood
Authors: King Lucy S. , Querdasi Francesca R. , Humphreys Kathryn L. , Gotlib Ian H. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe quality of the early environment influences the development of psychopathology. Children who are deprived of sufficient environmental enrichment in infancy may be at higher risk for developing symptoms of psychopathology in toddlerhood. In this study, we investigated the prospective association between naturalistic measures of adult language input obtained through passive monitoring of infants’ daily environments and emerging psychopathology in toddlerhood. In a sample of 100 mothers and their infants recruited from the community (mean age [range] = 6.73 [5–9] months), we used the Language ENvironment Analysis (LENA) system to measure multiple dimensions of infants’ language environments, including both the quantity and consistency of adult speech and conversational turns in infants’ daily lives as well as the quantity of infant vocalizations. Subsequently, during toddlerhood (mean age [range] = 18.29 [17–21] months), mothers reported on their children's symptoms of psychopathology. Infants who experienced more consistent adult speech and conversational turns had lower symptoms of psychopathology in toddlerhood, independent of negative emotionality in infancy, maternal depressive symptoms, and laboratory‐based measures of maternal sensitivity. These findings have implications for the measurement of environmental factors that may confer risk and resilience to emerging psychopathology.
Patterns of previous and secondary malignancies in patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Langseth Øystein O. , Myklebust Tor Å. , Johannesen Tom B. , Hjertner Øyvind , Waage Anders 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectivesIn contrast to secondary primary malignancies (SPM) following multiple myeloma (MM), less is known about previous malignancies. We therefore conducted a population‐based study to assess the patterns of previous malignancies in MM patients as well as the risk for SPM.MethodsUsing data from the Cancer Registry of Norway, we included 9574 MM patients and 37 810 matched control subjects. The association between previous malignancies and a subsequent diagnosis of MM was analysed by a logistic regression model and the risk for SPM by a Cox model.ResultsA previous diagnosis of myeloproliferative neoplasia (MPN) (OR 3.57; 95% CI:1.45‐8.80) and Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) (OR 3.66; 95% CI: 1.40‐9.55) was associated with the subsequent development of MM. For MPN, the association with MM was explained by an excess of primary myelofibrosis (PMF) in the MM group. The overall incidence of a previous malignancy was not different between MM patients and the control subjects (OR 0.93; 95% CI: 0.87‐1.00). MM patients had an increased risk for secondary acute myelogenous leukaemia/myelodysplastic syndromes (HR 6.1, 95% CI: 3.9‐9.5).ConclusionsA previous diagnosis of HL and PMF was associated with a subsequent diagnosis of MM, whereas the overall incidence of previous cancers was not increased for MM patients.
Influence of feldspar ceramic thickness on the properties of resin cements and restorative set
Authors: Blumentritt Fernanda Brombila , Cancian Geórgia , Saporiti Júlia Machado , de Holanda Thiago Azario , Barbon Fabíola Jardim , Boscato Noéli 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis in vitro study evaluated the influence of feldspathic ceramic thickness on the properties of light‐ and dual‐cured resin cements. For each cement (RelyX Veneer, Allcem Veneer, RelyX Ultimate, and Allcem Dual), three ceramic specimens were prepared, with seven thicknesses for each (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 mm). The degree of conversion, Vickers microhardness, irradiance power, color variation (ΔE00), and translucency parameters were assessed. Microhardness and irradiance power were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) with post hoc Tukey's test, while ΔE00, translucency parameters, and degree of conversion were analyzed using ANOVA of ranks with post hoc Duncan's Multiple Range Test. The relationship between each of the dependent variables (degree of conversion, ΔE00, and translucency parameter tests) and the specimen thickness was described using linear regression for each of the four resin cements. The significance level for all analyses was set at 5%. RelyX Ultimate yielded the lowest degree of conversion values among all resin cements. Allcem Veneer produced the lowest microhardness values, without statistical differences between thicknesses, of up to 1 mm. Allcem Dual produced the highest ΔE00 and translucency parameter values. Feldspathic ceramic thickness influenced the mechanical properties of resin cements and optical aspects of the restorative set.
A reassortant G3P[12] rotavirus A strain associated with severe enteritis in donkeys (Equus asinus)
Authors: Dong Jianbao , Liu Guiqin , Gao Nannan , Suo Jiajia , Matthijnssens Jelle , Li Shuguang , Yuan Dongfang , Du Yan , Zhang Jun , Yamashita Nanako , Haga Takeshi , Cook Frank R. , Zhu Wei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn contrast to horses, the only evidence suggesting gastrointestinal disease in neonatal donkeys is associated with Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) is the detection of viral antigens by ELISA in just 1 of 82 symptomatic donkey foals. No additional, more comprehensive investigations have been conducted, and RVAs if circulating in donkey populations have not been molecularly characterised.ObjectivesTo investigate if RVAs are associated with an outbreak of severe enteritis in neonatal donkeys and if associated determine the genotype(s) along with the phylogenetic relationship to RVA strains circulating in horses.Study designCross‐sectional.MethodsRT‐PCR‐based techniques were used for RVA diagnosis and gene amplification. Statistical significance was determined by Chi‐square and Fisher's exact two‐sided tests. Genotyping was performed by RotaC and phylogenetic analysis by neighbour joining.ResultsIn 2019, acute enteritis occurred in 119 of 206 donkey foals (≤4 months) at two intensive donkey farms in the Shandong province of China. The highest morbidity (68.1%), mortality (29.5%) and fatality levels (45.5%) occurred in foals in the 30‐89 day, 30‐59 day and 0‐29 day age groups respectively. RVA gene sequences were detected in 107 (89.9%) of the symptomatic individuals while further analysis demonstrated the outbreak was associated with the same G3P[12] RVA strain designated RVA/Donkey‐wt/CHN/Don01/2019/G3P[12]. Although the VP4 gene of Don01 exhibited close phylogenetic relationships with equivalent RVA sequences commonly circulating in horses, encoding VP7 was more closely associated with sequences isolated from bats suggesting this new donkey strain arose via an intergenogroup reassortment event.Main limitationsActual prevalence not determined because <7% of asymptomatic donkey foals were included in this study. The complete genomic sequence of RVA/Donkey‐wt/CHN/Don01/2019/G3P[12] remains to be determined.ConclusionsValuable new information about the molecular epidemiology of rotaviruses in different equid species is provided by isolation and molecular characterisation of a novel RVA strain from neonatal donkeys.