bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Design Methodology for a Self-Maintenance Machine
Authors: Umeda Yasushi , Tomiyama Tetsuo , Yoshikawa Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes a design methodology for a self-maintenance machine. The self-maintenance machine is a machine that can maintain its functions for a while, even though faults happen. In order to achieve functions for diagnosing and repair planning, a model based approach that employs qualitative physics is proposed. Regarding repair executing function, two types of repair strategies are proposed; viz., control type and functional redundancy type which is a strategy to add redundancy to a machine from a viewpoint of function. A prototype of the self-maintenance machine is developed. Because this machine uses the control type of repair strategy, it succeeded to maintain its functions as far as its structure does not change. A promising candidate for dealing with faults that involve structural changes is the functional redundancy type of repair.
Mathematical Foundations of Engineering Design Processes
Authors: Bell David G. , Taylor Dean L. , Hauck Paul D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This work provides an overall framework for discovering fundamentals of engineering design processes, which can eventually be used to improve process performance. This framework is based on the hypothesis that design processes are dynamic systems, and that the large body of system analysis techniques can be applied. To use these techniques, design processes are described on structural, behavioral, and functional levels. It appears that the process structure involves paired methods and modeling schemata, and that the application of a set of these pairs implements an evolution of metamodels with iterative refinement. That is, products may evolve through a sequence of mapping and iterative redesign steps. Process behavior has been observed, and the requirements and beginnings of a mathematical model are described. Process function is briefly discussed as necessary for development of process performance measures. Such a deep understanding of processes is required to implement effective selection of method and modeling schema pairs, and to facilitate the development of new pairs.
Identifying the Fundamental Geometric Attributes of Design: An Application of Distinctive Feature Theory
Authors: Chovan John D. , Waldron Manjula B. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The identification of a basal set of geometric attributes used by designers to describe mechanical engineering design can provide useful information on the manner in which designers communicate information about mechanical design. In this paper, geometric attributes were identified from descriptions provided by five mechanical designers while they read and analyzed thirteen mechanical engineering drawings of varying complexity. From the verbal protocols, the geometric attributes were identified and then subject to a cluster analysis. A set of fifteen geometric attributes were identified as distinctive features since they were minimally sufficient to cluster the set of 61 design features contained in the drawings. These distinctive features provide insights into how designers reason about mechanical engineering drawings, which may be useful when designing human-machine interfaces for computer-aided design.
Quiescence in Internal Propagation
Authors: Sarma Sanjay E. , Rinderle James R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Concurrent design often involves a large number of variables related through a complex network of constraints. This not only makes it difficult to find a design solution, but also to understand the design parameter trade-offs, trends and interactions. Precise estimates of all the design parameters which would facilitate the exploration of tradeoffs and interactions are generally not available, however, the allowable ranges or intervals of some design parameters are often known. Narrower, or more refined intervals, facilitate the inference of stronger conclusions and the more robust application of mathematical optimization and constraint reasoning tools. Refinement of intervals can be carried out conveniently by constraint propagation, however, direct constraint propagation is often a computationally slow process. In this paper we study constraint propagation at a fundamental level and identify certain properties of the process. We then propose an alternative method in which these properties are utilized to increase considerably the speed and accuracy with which the final quiescent state of constraint propagation can be computed.
A Dialectical Reasoning System for Design Documentation
Authors: Ruecker Lukas , Seering Warren P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents results of our research in design documentation. We have focused on the problem of capturing and applying design knowledge during product development. We have developed a task- and domain-specific representation for dialectical semi-formal reasoning in design which enables us to capture relationships among pieces of design knowledge clearly and concisely and provide computational services aimed at making documentation easier to use, more powerful, and thus, more valuable.
An Automated and Interactive Approach for Fitting B-Spline Surfaces Through 3D Planar Visual Data
Authors: Theodoracatos Vassilios E. , Katti Ranganath R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The work reported here is an integral part of a system developed for the automated reconstruction of arbitrary-shaped physical objects using vision systems, three dimensional computer graphics, and B-Spline surface approximation techniques. Digitized planar contour points are automatically fitted in the image and world space to define a minimum number of B-Spline control points using least-squares approximation techniques. The final set of points represent the B-Spline control net of the entire surface of the object. The resulting curves and surfaces can be further interactively modified until a satisfactory fit is obtained. Three parametrization techniques, viz., uniform, chord length, and affine invariant angle method are implemented and adjusted to their local minima using the Newton-Raphson iteration method. The effect of each method on the accuracy of the reconstructed surface is discussed. The techniques were tested using a clay model of a human face. The uniform parametrization performed better with the highest speed of convergence and best least-squares error characteristics. On the other hand, it was less effective in detecting sharp corners as compared to the other two methods. The results also show that there is a minimum number of control points for every surface beyond which there is no error improvement. This is useful in several industrial applications when checking surface accuracy of manufactured parts using Coordinate Measuring Machines (CMM).
Automatic Finite Element Mesh Generation Over Intersecting Rigid Body-Movable Subdomains for the Automation of Parametric Conceptual Design
Authors: Yang Hyunik , Hoeltzel David A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
An approach for the automatic generation and refinement of three dimensional finite element meshes subdivided by multiply connected, rigid body movable subdomains has been developed. A combination of computational geometry and geometric modeling techniques have been employed to implement parametric computer-aided design based on the finite element method. Nonconvexity of an overall three dimensional domain has been handled by combining convex geometric primitives as subdomains for the construction of a three dimensional domain. A clipping technique is employed for determining intersections points between subdomains bounded by triangulated surfaces, following their rigid body movements. To demonstrate the utility of this approach to parametric redesign, a series of meshes that model a hip joint prosthesis and a reciprocating internal combustion engine, as assemblies of parametrically-defined geometric primitives, have been developed.
High-Resolution Camera-Space Manipulation
Authors: Skaar S. B. , Chen W. Z. , Miller R. K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The paper presents results from experiments conducted to test the limits on precision and versatility of the method of camera-space manipulation for manufacturing operations. The task used as the basis for the experiment is a close-tolerance rigid-body mating task. The receiving piece is stationary and arbitrarily positioned and oriented. Motion of the inserted piece requires six degrees of freedom for task completion. This is accomplished using the very large GMF S-400 manipulator. The maneuver is guided entirely by information from two uncalibrated cameras. Without the benefit of passive compliance, relative position resolution of the two pieces of about half a millimeter is achieved with considerable reliability. The experiment makes use of newly-developed “ring” cues (and associated image-analysis software) which are painted on the two bodies to be joined.
An Algorithm for Two-Dimensional Geometric Boundary Construction From Finite Element Node Displacement Data
Authors: Jablokow Andrei G. , Gilmore Brian J. , Clark Kent 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a system for constructing geometric models from elastically deflected finite element meshes. Two dimensional boundary curves are constructed by fitting B-Spline curves to the deflected Finite Element model. Cubic B-Splines are generated using least squares fitting techniques to the boundary curves of the Finite Element results. The fitted curves are connected end-to-end. The algorithm is useful after analysis for interfacing analysis results with design data in a shape optimization system based on Finite Element techniques.
A Solution to the Missing-View Problem for Polyhedral Solids
Authors: Srinivas Y. L. , Dutta Debasish 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
An algorithm for generating the missing view corresponding to a given pair of orthoghonal views of a polyhedral solid is presented. The solution involves reconstructing the solids from the partial information given and then generating the missing view. The input is a vertex connectivity matrix describing the given views. Reconstruction of solids from incomplete orthographic views will have applications in computer-aided design, machine vision and automated inspection systems.
Synthesis of Contact Surfaces of Spherical Cam-Oscillating Roller-Follower Mechanisms: A General Approach
Authors: González-Palacios Max Antonio , Angeles Jorge 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A novel method of synthesis of the surface geometry of spherical cam-oscillating roller-follower mechanisms is introduced. The approach aims at zeroing the sliding velocity between the cam and the roller, their respective geometries being thus obtained as conical surfaces. The pressure angle is analyzed in detail. Specific results are presented for the application of this synthesis technique to indexing cam mechanisms.
Applications of Kinematic/Kinetic Performance Tools in Synthesis of Multi-D.O.F. Mechanisms
Authors: Lee Ming-Yih , Erdman Arthur G. , Gutman Yevsey 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Analytical and graphical performance synthesis tools for multi-DOF mechanisms are developed in the companion of this two-part paper [1]. Various performance indices derived from the Jacobian matrix for analyzing performance characteristics of multi-DOF mechanisms were proposed. These performance indices are the local kinematic coupling index (inner product of the Jacobian column vectors), the local directional mobility index (ratio of the Jacobian’s eigenvalues), and the local efficiency index (product of the Jacobian’s eigenvalues). In this paper, effort is placed on the applicability of the proposed analytical and graphical synthesis tools used to aid the design of multi-DOF mechanisms. Two examples representing open and closed chain mechanisms will be used to illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of proposed method. First, a two-link planar robotic manipulator is used to apply the the proposed method. Following that, a two DOF parallel drive road simulator illustrates applicability of the suggested tools. Through these examples, geometric parameters and joint range limits of the mechanism are optimized through the evaluation of performance indices, eigen-ellipse and intersection angle between trajectory contours.
A Semigraphical Method for the Solution of the Burmester Problem
Authors: Chang Ching Yu , Angeles Jorge , González-Palacios Max Antonio 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The determination of the planar four-bar linkage intended to guide a rigid body through five finitely-separated configurations is known as the Burmester Problem. This is a nonlinear problem that involves finding the roots of a system of four bilinear equations in four unknowns. When solving this problem numerically, for it is evasive to other means, issues such as numerical conditioning, multiplicity of solutions and singularities must be considered. Here we present a semigraphical method of solution that reduces the problem to finding the intersections of two contours in the x-y plane of motion. The method not only produces all real solutions, by simple inspection, but also provides information about the numerical conditioning of those solutions.
The Stewart Platform of General Geometry Has 40 Configurations
Authors: Raghavan Madhusudan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Stewart platform is a six-degrees-of-freedom, in-parallel linkage. It is used in automotive and flight simulators, positioning tables for assembly and robotic applications, and various other applications requiring linkages with high structural stiffness. It consists of a base link, a coupler link, and six adjustable-length legs supporting the coupler link. Each leg consists of a prismatic joint with ball-joint connections to the base and coupler respectively. The forward kinematics problem for the Stewart platform may be stated as follows: given the values of the six prismatic joint displacement inputs to the linkage, compute the position and orientation of the coupler link. This problem may be set up as a system of nonlinear multivariate polynomial equations. We solve this problem using a numerical technique known as polynomial continuation. We show that for Stewart platforms of general geometry (i.e., platforms in which the linkage parameters are arbitrary complex numbers) this problem has 40 distinct solutions.
Generalized and Actual Constraint Forces in the Inverse Dynamic Analysis of Spatial Flexible Mechanical Systems
Authors: Chen D. C. , Shabana A. A. , Rismantab-Sany J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this investigation, a procedure is developed for the determination of the actual system of constraint forces in spatial flexible mechanical systems. Expressions for the generalized reaction forces in terms of the constraint Jacobian matrices of the joints are presented. The effect of the elastic deformation on the actual reaction forces is also examined numerically using the spatial flexible multi-body RSSR mechanism that consists of a set of interconnected rigid and elastic bodies. The procedure described in this investigation can also be used to determine the joint torques in kinematically driven spatial elastic mechanism and manipulator systems.
Design Methods of Improving Robot Manipulator Performance
Authors: Ulrich Nathan , Kumar Vijay 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Although industrial robot mechanisms are relatively mature, few manipulator arms are available for use outside of the factory. This paper presents several techniques of improving the performance of robot manipulators designed for use in unstructured or hazardous environments. These methods include a means of passive, mechanical, and energy-conservative gravity compensation, a remote actuation technique, and the use of tension-element transmission and speed reduction. In comparison with a conventional arm, an arm incorporating these techniques moves faster, handles a larger payload, and responds better to external forces. In addition, simulation results show that it consumes less than one-tenth the energy.
Parametric Excitation of Robotic Manipulators
Authors: Sankaranarayanan H. K. , Streit D. A. , Kim H. Y. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The predominant compliance in the dynamic response of the PUMA 560 robot manipulator arises in joints two and three. Considering compliance of these two joints, the effects of user controlled variables on system stability are studied using Floquet theory. Specifically, manipulator configuration, operating speed and trajectory amplitude are considered. For some configurations, instabilities are expected for ranges of operating frequencies which are significantly removed from the neighborhood of multiples of resonant frequencies of the stationary system. Results demonstrate overall trends in stability regions for several ranges of system configuration. Results also identify regions of rapidly changing stability of this industrial manipulator.
The Effects of JIT Manufacturing Philosophy on Machine Utilization and Tool Life
Authors: Asikele Edward E. , Soni A. H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper examine how the applications of Just-in-Time (JIT) manufacturing philosophy create excess capacity if the rate of production in a machining center is greater than the rate of the demand for the products at a subsequent machining center. The excess machining capacity created can be reduced by operating the machine(s) with excess capacity at a lower speed up to a certain limit (in order to maintain efficiency). By operating the machine(s) with excess capacity at a lower speed, the machine utilization is increased as well as the tool life of the machine(s).
Theory for an Active Dynamic Vibration Absorber
Authors: Stephens L. S. , Rouch K. E. , Tewani S. G. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Research in dynamic vibration absorbers has yielded several fundamental designs. Among these are the tuned dynamic absorber, the Lanchester damper, and the impact damper. These designs utilize certain combinations of passive mechanical elements (springs and dampers) to reduce the vibrational amplitude of a system. However, with recent advances in motion sensing and actuating, the design of vibration absorbers that utilize actively actuated elements has become more attractive. This paper develops the theory for using a damped dynamic vibration absorber with an active control element to reduce the vibrational amplitude of a lumped mass system. A control law consisting of a linear combination of velocity and acceleration of the main mass is developed for the active element A closed-form solution is presented for the absorber tuning equation, and numerical methods are used to generate performance curves.
Modelling of Flexible Manipulators Employing a Spatially Translating and Rotating Beam Finite Element
Authors: Gaultier Philippe E. , Cleghorn William L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The implementation and development of a spatially translating and rotating beam finite element for the purpose of modelling flexible manipulators is presented. Flexible manipulators are subject to dynamic loads from link and actuator masses undergoing acceleration, and structural or applied damping. To model these effects, a spatial beam element is developed which accounts for the effects of axial loads on lateral vibration, Rayleigh damping, and actuator and payload masses modelled as lumped masses. Hamilton’s principle is employed to derive the governing differential equations for the spatial beam element, and compatibility matrices are developed for their assembly. The method is generalised to facilitate application to manipulators of different geometry and applied joint motion, and proves to be very stable. Joint motions are utilised which produce smooth acceleration profiles as opposed to sharp profiles used in typical industrial manipulators. Comparisons with published data illustrate good agreement. The beam element presented shows promise as a useful design tool and a basis for further study in the implementation of flexible manipulators.
Observations of Subcritical Superharmonic and Chaotic Response in Rotordynamics
Authors: Ehrich Fredric 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
When a rotor, excited by unbalance, is operating eccentrically within a clearance and in local contact with the stator it behaves as a bilinear oscillator with a natural periodic motion that resembles bouncing. When excited by unbalance at a subcritical rotative speed which is exactly or nearly 1/Nsuper times its natural frequency, the nonlinear system will respond by bouncing at or nearly at its natural frequency, or super harmonically at a frequency exactly Nsuper times the operating speed, or forcing frequency. As in supercritical subharmonic response, there is a zone of with characteristics of chaotic behavior in the transition zone between any order of superharmonic response and the next highest order superharmonic response. There is also an intricate pattern of progressive bifurcations of the orbit on entry into this characteristically chaotic region and a reverse progression on exit from this region.
The response is a mirror image or reciprocal set of the more thoughly studied supercritical subharmonic response of the same bilinear oscillator system which, when excited by unbalance at a supercritical rotative speed which is exactly or nearly a whole number Nsub times its natural frequency, the nonlinear system will respond by bouncing at exactly or nearly its natural frequency at a frequency exactly 1/Nsub times the operating speed or forcing frequency. Such supercritical subharmonic response is also characterized by the appearance of characteristically chaotic behavior in the transition zone between successive orders of subharmonic response and by patterns of progressive bifurcations of the orbit on entry into and exit from each region of characteristically chaotic response.
Various aspects of subcritical superharmonic response are studied in a numerical model of the nonlinear system, and are compared to data taken on the core spool of an aircraft engine gas turbine. The engine data show many of the unique characteristics of response, wave form and spectral content predicted by the numerical model of the bilinear oscillator when operating at subcritical rotative speed.
Flexural Critical Speeds of a Two-Rotor Bearing System With One Overhang
Authors: Chow C. Y. , Wang I-Chih , Chow Rae 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Power-train arrangements, such as a two-rotor system with one overhang, have a wide spectrum of industrial applications, from a workbench grinder to compressor-turbine unit. Based on a typical dimension, flexural critical speeds both in the forward and backward whirl are calculated by a commercial software package. These critical speeds are further analyzed by varying the shaft overhung, rotor inertia and gyroscopic effect. Parametric analysis would enable designers to make a trade-off study and obtain a satisfactory operation. In extreme conditions, results obtained have been verified with available analytical solutions.
Identification and Resolution of a One-Times Slip Frequency Synchronous Motor Field Start Up Problem
Authors: Wolff F. H. , Hustak J. F. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper describes how to detect the presence, and determine the magnitudes, of both one times slip frequency and two times-slip frequency torque pulsations. This is done by using test measurements on a 19000 hp (14168 kW), 1200 rpm (20 hz) synchronous motor/gear/compressor drive train which experienced a premature motor field excitation during commissioning.