bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fooling ourselves and others: confirmation bias and the trustworthiness of qualitative research – Part 1 (the threats)
Authors: McSweeney Brendan 
Published: June 2021

PurposeTo describe the implicit epistemic flaw of “confirmation bias” and to illustrate and evaluate the threats to qualitative research trustworthiness from that bias.Design/methodology/approachThe article overviews evidence and analysis from a wide range of disciplines. The adverse effect of three varieties of confirmation bias is described in some detail in illustrative examples.FindingsIt is argued that the threats from the bias go to the heart of the research. A subsequent article summarizes and critiques counter-arguments.Practical implicationsDiscussions and illustrations of varieties of confirmation bias can increase awareness of the unwitting bias and reduce its influence.Social implicationsThe bias not only threatens the trustworthiness of academic and other professional research but also underpins much ideological extremism, the effectiveness of post-truth politics and inter- and intra-group conflict. These are directly discussed in the article.Originality/valueThe article extends and enriches descriptions of threats to the trustworthiness of qualitative from confirmation bias. Such threats are inadequately recognized in many qualitative research arenas. It identifies a previously unrecognized variety of confirmation bias: hollow citations.
Changes in habits of electronic news usage on mobile devices in university students: a comparative survey
Authors: Yu Hoi Yin , Tsoi Yan Yung , Rhim Anthony Hae Ryong , Chiu Dickson K.W. , Lung Mavis Man-Wai 
Published: June 2021

PurposeA rising trend has been observed to minimize extraneous cognitive load when reading by enhancing secondary knowledge through technology. For the readers to comprehend information more efficiently in their cognitive architecture, instructional procedures, which are secondary knowledge, should be aligned with the modern technology environment. With continual, rapid technological advances in modern society, people have changed their news reading habits after using mobile devices such as smartphones, tablets and e-readers.Design/methodology/approachThis research employed a quantitative survey to compare the changes in the news reading habits of the undergraduate (UG) and postgraduate (PG) students in the Library and Information Management program of a university in Hong Kong after using mobile devices to read electronic news. A total of 102 responses were collected, which comprised 51 UGs and 51 PGs, respectively (the student population for the program was around 100 UGs and 100 PGs).FindingsSurvey results showed that mobile devices had changed the respondents’ habit of reading news to read more content on phones, with a variation on news categories. Such changes included the duration and location of news discussion among the respondents that shorter periods were used to read and that more people read while traveling and in restaurants. Notably, reading the news helped respondents in their learning. Most respondents preferred to read electronic news by using mobile devices. The convenience of reading and discussing news may also cause a potential threat that intensifies disputes, arguments or even bullying on controversial issues.Originality/valueThis study confirmed that the usage of the mobile devices changed the respondents’ habit of reading news. This user group constitutes the future generation of information specialists in various disciplines. This study fills the research gap of finding students’ reading habits when using mobile devices, especially in East Asia. Educators are encouraged to recommend relevant news content to students to improve their general knowledge base and arouse their interest in reading and discussing related news topics.
NO2gas sensing properties of bilayer graphene by CVD method
Authors: Li Hui , Zhang Zengwen , Fang Ruiyang , Gao Zhihui , He Wei 
Published: June 2021

PurposeThe authors designed those experiments to test the sensitivity of graphene when it is exposed to NO2gas, to find a way to decrease the recovery time of graphene and to find the difference effect between monolayer and bilayer graphene in the experiments.Design/methodology/approachThe authors transferred graphene from film on Cu foil to NO2sensor sample and measured the resistances of on monolayer and bilayer graphene when they were exposed to NO2gas under different concentration; then, the authors obtained the results.FindingsThe results show that monolayer graphene exhibits a linear response when the NO2concentration is below 20 ppm. But the monolayer graphene will not be so sensitive to NO2gas when the concentration continues to reduce. The desorption time of monolayer graphene is longer when compared with bilayer graphene. It shows faster recovery time and higher response of bilayer graphene under low NO2concentration. And the limit detectable NO2concentration of bilayer graphene is 50 ppb. Desorption time of bilayer graphene is shortened to below 20 s under UV light.Originality/valueThe authors found a reliable way to decrease the recovery time of graphene when it is exposed NO2gas and got the concrete data.
Model updating of a temperature field simulation of a printed circuit board assembly based on the Kriging model
Authors: Yin Yutian , Zhou Hongda , Chen Cai , Zheng Yi , Shen Hongqiao , Gong Yubing 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
The simulated temperature profile of the printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) during reflow soldering process deviates from the actual profile. To reduce this relative deviation, a new strategy based on the Kriging response surface and the Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA) optimizing method is proposed.

Design/methodology/approach
The simulated temperature profile of the PCBA during reflow soldering process deviates from the actual profile. To reduce this relative deviation, a new strategy based on the Kriging response surface and the MOGA optimizing method is proposed.

Findings
Several critical influencing parameters such as temperature and the convective heat transfer coefficient of the specific temperature zones are selected as the correction parameters. The hyper Latins sampling method is implemented to distribute the design points, and the Kriging response surface model of the soldering process is constructed. The updated model is achieved and validated by the test. The relative derivation is reduced from the initial value of 43.4%–11.8% in terms of the time above the liquidus line.

Originality/value
A new strategy based on the Kriging response surface and the MOGA optimizing method is proposed.
Conceptualizing China’s spatial lockdown during the COVID-19 pandemic: a neo-liberal society or a pre-liberal one?
Authors: Li Pengfei 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
The draconian measures to lock down communities and cities in China during the COVID-19 pandemic are unprecedented in human history. First the mega-city of Wuhan, then the province of Hubei, and eventually the whole nation of China, were shut down, surveilled and governed in a way that was identical to the 17th century plague-stricken European town re-portrayed and analyzed by Foucault. Instead of categorizing China’s COVID-19-triggered spatial and social governance as an ad hoc and hence abnormal disciplinary mechanism, this essay argues that the spatial lockdown and social control in China during the COVID-19 pandemic express the long existing and well-established governance model of China: that of a pre-liberal disciplinary society.

Design/methodology/approach
A disciplinary society using “the meticulous exercise of the right of the sword” with neither liberal values nor liberal practices, China’s swift re-configuration into a pre-liberal disciplined society during the COVID-19 pandemic invalidates a neo-liberal reading of the Chinese governance. Furthermore, the radical spatial and social control measures not only expose the fundamentally illiberal nature of the Chinese governance but also suggest its institutional dependence on its Leninist nomenklatura system.

Findings
With this institutional dependence, draconian spatial and social control measures are likely to be continuously carried on in China after the COVID-19 crisis, albeit in a less brutal manner.

Originality/value
It offers a conceptual and theoretical framework to understand China's socio-spatial governance.
Oral Health Stakeholders: A Time for Alignment and Action
Authors: TICKU SHENAM , BARROW JANE , FUCCILLO RALPH , MCDONOUGH JOHN E 
Published: June 2021

Policy Points
Since the Surgeon General’s report in 2000, multiple stakeholder groups have engaged in advocacy to expand access to oral health coverage, integrate medicine and dentistry, and to improve the dental workforce.
Using a stakeholder map across these three policy priorities, we describe how stakeholder groups are shaping the oral health policy landscape in this century. While the stakeholders are numerous, policy has changed little despite invested efforts and resources.
To achieve change, multiple movements must coalesce around common goals and messages and a champion must emerge to lead the way. The ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic and political changes due to the 2020 elections can open a window of opportunity to unite stakeholders to achieve comprehensive policy change.
E‐cigarettes versus nicotine replacement treatment as harm reduction interventions for smokers who find quitting difficult: randomized controlled trial
Authors: Myers Smith Katie , Phillips‐Waller Anna , Pesola Francesca , McRobbie Hayden , Przulj Dunja , Orzol Marzena , Hajek Peter 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and aimsThe majority of smokers accessing the current best treatments continue to smoke. We aimed to test if e‐cigarettes (EC) compared with nicotine replacement treatment (NRT) can help such smokers to reduce smoking.DesignRandomized controlled trial of EC (n = 68) versus NRT (n = 67) with 6‐month follow‐up.SettingStop smoking service in London, UK.ParticipantsA total of 135 smokers (median age = 40 years, 51% male) previously unable to stop smoking with conventional treatments.InterventionsParticipants received either NRT of their choice (8‐week supply) or an EC starter pack and instructions to purchase further e‐liquids of strength and flavours of their choice themselves. Products were accompanied by minimal behavioural support.MeasurementsParticipants who reported that they stopped smoking or reduced their daily cigarette consumption by at least 50% at 6‐month follow‐up were invited to provide a carbon monoxide (CO) reading. The primary outcome was biochemically validated reduction in smoke intake of at least 50% at 6 months and the main secondary outcome was sustained validated abstinence at 6 months. Drop‐outs were included as ‘non‐reducers’.FindingsValidated smoking reduction (including cessation) was achieved by 26.5 versus 6.0% of participants in the EC and NRT study arms, respectively [relative risk (RR) = 4.4, P = 0.005, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.6–12.4]. Sustained validated abstinence rates at 6 months were 19.1 versus 3.0% (RR = 6.4, P = 0.01, 95% CI = 1.5–27.3). Product use was high and equal in both study arms initially, but at 6 months allocated product use was 47% in the EC arm versus 10% in the NRT arm (χ2(1) = 22.0, P < 0.001), respectively. Adverse events were minor and infrequent.ConclusionsIn smokers unable to quit using conventional methods, e‐cigarettes were more effective than nicotine replacement therapy in facilitating validated long‐term smoking reduction and smoking cessation when limited other support was provided.
The alcohol advertising ban in Norway: A response to Nelson's comments
Authors: Rossow Ingeborg 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn a recent analysis of the effect of the complete advertising ban on alcohol in Norway, I found that the ban led to a decrease in recorded alcohol sales. Jon Nelson offers comments on this study in two regards; my critical comments on his previous study of alcohol advertising bans and the time series analysis in my study. In this response to Nelson, I offer further explanation for my comments on Nelson's previous study and for the appropriateness of the analysis.
Macronutrient intake, appetite, food preferences and exocrine pancreas function after treatment with short‐ and long‐acting glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Quast Daniel R. , Nauck Michael A. , Schenker Nina , Menge Björn A. , Kapitza Christoph , Meier Juris J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimTo clarify the distinct effects of a long‐acting (liraglutide) and a short‐acting (lixisenatide) glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist (GLP‐1 RA) on macronutrient intake, gastrointestinal side effects and pancreas function.Materials and MethodsFifty participants were randomized to either lixisenatide or liraglutide for a treatment period of 10 weeks. Appetite, satiety, macronutrient intake, gastrointestinal symptoms and variables related to pancreatic function and gastric emptying were assessed at baseline and after treatment.ResultsBoth GLP‐1 RAs reduced macronutrient intake similarly. Weight loss and appetite reduction were not related to the delay in gastric emptying or gastrointestinal side effects (P > .05). Lipase increased significantly with liraglutide treatment (by 18.3 ± 4.1 U/L; P = .0001), but not with lixisenatide (−1.8 ± 2.4 U/L; P = .46). Faecal elastase and serum ß‐carotin levels (indicators for exocrine pancreas function) improved in both groups (P < .05). Changes in lipase activities did not correlate with gastrointestinal symptoms (P > .05 for each variable).ConclusionsBoth GLP‐1 RAs comparably affected body weight, energy and macronutrient intake. Both treatments were associated with indicators of improved exocrine pancreas function. Reductions in appetite and body weight as a result of treatment with short‐ or long‐acting GLP‐1 RAs are not driven by changes in gastric emptying or gastrointestinal side effects.
Ethnic, social and multimorbidity disparities in therapeutic inertia: A UK primary care observational study in patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Chudasama Yogini V. , Zaccardi Francesco , Coles Briana , Gillies Clare L. , Hvid Christian , Seidu Samuel , Davies Melanie J. , Khunti Kamlesh 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAimTo investigate factors associated with delays in receiving glucose‐lowering therapy in patients newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and explore the preferential order and time of intensifications.Materials and MethodsRetrospective cohort study including 120 409 adults with T2DM initiating first‐ to fourth‐line glucose‐lowering therapy in primary care between 2000 and 2018, using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked to Hospital Episode Statistics, Office of National Statistics death registration, and 2007 Index of Multiple Deprivation data. Associations were investigated using time‐to‐event analysis.ResultsThe longest delays to prescription of first‐line therapy were observed in older patients, of black or other ethnicities, and with multimorbidity. People from the most deprived areas received earlier first‐line treatment than those from the least deprived areas. The majority were treated with metformin (82.4%) as the first‐line prescription, sulphonylurea (50.4%) as second‐line, dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor (27.7%) as third‐line, and insulin (28.0%) as fourth‐line. In the past 5 years, there was an increase in prescriptions of dipeptidyl peptidase‐4‐inhibitor and sodium‐glucose transport protein‐2 inhibitor. The median time was 0.5 years for first‐line prescription, 4.1 for second‐line, 4.6 for third‐line and 4.7 for fourth‐line. After T2DM diagnosis, 25% of patients developed cardiovascular disease and non‐cardiovascular disease complications within a median time of 12‐14 years, and received intensification 5‐6 years later.ConclusionsWithin the complex challenges of managing blood glucose levels and risk of additional comorbidities, future health care research and guidelines should focus on overcoming therapeutic inertia particularly at an earlier stage for older patients, from ethnic minorities and with multimorbidities.
A selective role for receptor activity‐modifying proteins in subchronic action of the amylin selective receptor agonist NN1213 compared with salmon calcitonin on body weight and food intake in male mice
Authors: Arrigoni Soraya , Le Foll Christelle , Cabak Andrea , Lundh Sofia , Raun Kirsten , John Linu M. , Lutz Thomas A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe role of receptor activity‐modifying proteins (RAMPs) in modulating the pharmacological effects of an amylin receptor selective agonist (NN1213) or the dual amylin–calcitonin receptor agonist (DACRA), salmon calcitonin (sCT), was tested in three RAMP KO mouse models, RAMP1, RAMP3 and RAMP1/3 KO. Male wild‐type (WT) and knockout (KO) littermate mice were fed a 45% high‐fat diet for 20 weeks prior to the 3‐week treatment period. A decrease in body weight after NN1213 was observed in all WT mice, whereas sCT had no effect. The absence of RAMP1 had no significant effect on NN1213 efficacy, and sCT was still inactive. However, the absence of RAMP3 impeded NN1213 efficacy but improved sCT efficacy. Similar results were observed in RAMP1/3 KO suggesting that the amylin receptor 3 (AMY3 = CTR + RAMP3) is necessary for NN1213's maximal action on body weight and food intake and that the lack of AMY3 allowed sCT to be active. These results suggest that the chronic use of DACRA such as sCT can have unfavourable effect on body weight loss in mice (which differs from the situation in rats), whereas the use of the amylin receptor selective agonist does not. AMY3 seems to play a crucial role in modulating the action of these two compounds, but in opposite directions. The assessment of a long‐term effect of amylin and DACRA in different rodent models is necessary to understand potential physiological beneficial and unfavourable effects on weight loss before its transition to clinical trials.
Divergent climate change effects on widespread dryland plant communities driven by climatic and ecohydrological gradients
Authors: Palmquist Kyle A. , Schlaepfer Daniel R. , Renne Rachel R. , Torbit Stephen C. , Doherty Kevin E. , Remington Thomas E. , Watson Greg , Bradford John B. , Lauenroth William K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPlant community response to climate change will be influenced by individual plant responses that emerge from competition for limiting resources that fluctuate through time and vary across space. Projecting these responses requires an approach that integrates environmental conditions and species interactions that result from future climatic variability. Dryland plant communities are being substantially affected by climate change because their structure and function are closely tied to precipitation and temperature, yet impacts vary substantially due to environmental heterogeneity, especially in topographically complex regions. Here, we quantified the effects of climate change on big sagebrush (Artemisia tridentataNutt.) plant communities that span 76 million ha in the western United States. We used an individual‐based plant simulation model that represents intra‐ and inter‐specific competition for water availability, which is represented by a process‐based soil water balance model. For dominant plant functional types, we quantified changes in biomass and characterized agreement among 52 future climate scenarios. We then used a multivariate matching algorithm to generate fine‐scale interpolated surfaces of functional type biomass for our study area. Results suggest geographically divergent responses of big sagebrush to climate change (changes in biomass of −20% to +27%), declines in perennial C3grass and perennial forb biomass in most sites, and widespread, consistent, and sometimes large increases in perennial C4grasses. The largest declines in big sagebrush, perennial C3grass and perennial forb biomass were simulated in warm, dry sites. In contrast, we simulated no change or increases in functional type biomass in cold, moist sites. There was high agreement among climate scenarios on climate change impacts to functional type biomass, except for big sagebrush. Collectively, these results suggest divergent responses to warming in moisture‐limited versus temperature‐limited sites and potential shifts in the relative importance of some of the dominant functional types that result from competition for limiting resources.
A pilot study evaluating the efficacy and tolerability of a comprehensive, hydrating topical antioxidant developed specifically for men
Authors: Sikora Brooke C. , Wortzman Mitchell , Nelson Diane B. , Dover Jeffrey S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionThere is growing interest in skincare products designed for men. This pilot study evaluated the efficacy and tolerability of a comprehensive antioxidant product in men.MethodsThis 12‐week study evaluated improvements from baseline in erythema, lines/wrinkles, skin tone, texture, brightness, dryness/flaking and pores (6‐point scale), global improvements (5‐point scale), and sebum levels following daily application in males with mild to moderate photodamaged skin. Subject self‐assessments and adverse events (AEs) were captured.ResultsTwenty‐two subjects completed the study. Early mean percent improvements from baseline were demonstrated in all categories at week 4 with visible improvements in skin tone (29%;p= .0001) and pores (28%;p< .0001). Reductions in skin surface sebum levels (forehead region) from baseline were demonstrated at 8 (p< .0001) and 12 (p< .0003) weeks. Ninety‐six percent of subjects reported overall visible improvement of their skin and that the study product calmed/soothed skin, reducing redness and irritation after shaving. One subject reported mild dryness.ConclusionOnce daily application of a comprehensive topical antioxidant designed for men led to significant improvements in skin appearance, substantial reductions in skin surface sebum levels, and was well tolerated with a high level of subject satisfaction over 12 weeks.
Just Words: Intentions, Tolerance and Lexical Selection*
Authors: Stojnić Una 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe all make mistakes in pronunciation and spelling, but a common view is that there are limits beyond which a mistaken pronunciation or spelling becomes too dramatic to be recognized as of a particular word at all. These considerations have bolstered a family of accounts that invoke speaker intentions and standards for tolerance as determinants of which word, if any, an utterance tokens. I argue this is a mistake. Neither intentions nor standards of tolerance are necessary or sufficient (individually or jointly) for determining which word an utterance tokens. Instead, drawing in part on empirical research on word production, I offer an alternative account, Originalism‐plus‐Transfer (OPT), according to which word tokening depends entirely on lexical selection during word production, and on how the selected lexical item is situated within the network of causal/historical connections leading back to its neologizing. Once the elements of my account are in place, as a bonus, we will have resources for a promising answer to the question of word individuation as well.