bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exercise Addiction and Perfectionism: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Çakın Gizem , Juwono Ignatius Darma , Potenza Marc N. , Szabo Attila 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background and aims
Exercise addiction may be conceptualized as a behavioral addiction in which a person develops an unhealthy obsession with exercise and physical activity. While exercise addiction is not a formally recognized disorder in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual or the International Classification of Diseases, it has been studied and connected to both personal and situational factors. Perfectionism is a feature that has been strongly linked to exercise addiction. The objective of this systematic literature review, performed by following the PRISMA protocol, was to examine relationships between exercise addiction and perfectionism while also considering the subdimensions of perfectionism in different groups.

Methods
Three databases (PsycINFO, PubMed/Medline, and SPORTDiscus) were examined. Sixty relevant articles were identified, of which 22 met inclusion criteria.

Results
The findings substantiate that perfectionism and its dimensions are weakly or moderately related to exercise addiction. This relationship has been observed in adults, adolescents, athletes, and patients with eating disorders. Of the 22 studies examined, only one did not identify an association between perfectionism or its subdomain(s) and exercise addiction. However, in most studies, the common variance between perfectionism and exercise addiction is relatively small, raising questions regarding the clinical relevance of the relationship.

Conclusion
Perfectionism is related to exercise addiction, but the strength of the relationship varies in different circumstances, which should be examined in future research.
Cardiovascular safety of calcium, magnesium and strontium: what does the evidence say?
Authors: Curtis Elizabeth M. , Cooper Cyrus , Harvey Nicholas C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCalcium, magnesium and strontium have all been implicated in both musculoskeletal and cardiovascular health and disease. However, despite these three elements being closely chemically related, there is marked heterogeneity of their characteristics in relation to cardiovascular outcomes. In this narrative review, we describe the relevant evidential landscape, focusing on clinical trials where possible and incorporating findings from observational and causal analyses, to discern the relative roles of these elements in musculoskeletal and cardiovascular health. We conclude that calcium supplementation (for bone health) is most appropriately used in combination with vitamin D supplementation and targeted to those who are deficient in these nutrients, or in combination with antiosteoporosis medications. Whilst calcium supplementation is associated with gastrointestinal side effects and a small increased risk of renal stones, purported links with cardiovascular outcomes remain unconvincing. In normal physiology, no mechanism for an association has been elucidated and other considerations such as dose response and temporal relationships do not support a causal relationship. There is little evidence to support routine magnesium supplementation for musculoskeletal outcomes; greater dietary intake and serum concentrations appear protective against cardiovascular events. Strontium ranelate, which is now available again as a generic medication, has clear anti-fracture efficacy but is associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic disease. Whilst a signal for increased risk of myocardial infarction has been detected in some studies, this is not supported by wider analyses. Strontium ranelate, under its current licence, thus provides a useful therapeutic option for severe osteoporosis in those who do not have cardiovascular risk factors.
Erforschung potenzieller Entwicklungsverläufe diagnostischer Fähigkeiten angehender Chemielehrkräfte hinsichtlich Lernendenvorstellungen – Die Bedeutung individueller Vorstellungen über Lernendenvorstellungen
Authors: Heeg Julian , Bittorf Robert Marten , Schanze Sascha 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungIn den naturwissenschaftlichen Fächern ist die Diagnose von individuellen Lernendenvorstellungen aufgrund ihrer Bedeutung für Lehr-Lernprozesse ein zentrales Element der Lehrkräfteprofessionalisierung. In vielen Modellierungen zum Professionswissen von Lehrkräften finden sich daher Elemente zum Umgang mit Lernendenvorstellungen. Zusätzlich existieren für einzelne naturwissenschaftliche Fächer erste ausführliche Beschreibungen der inhaltlichen und methodischen Güte von diagnostischen Fähigkeiten. Gleichzeitig zeigen einige Studien, dass angehende Lehrkräfte verschiedenste Schwierigkeiten mit einer Durchführung einer formellen Diagnose von Lernendenvorstellungen haben. Wenige Erkenntnisse existieren bislang in Bezug auf die Entwicklung derartiger diagnostischer Fähigkeiten. Erste Studien deuten außerdem darauf hin, dass sich (angehende) Lehrkräfte häufiger einer eher hindernisorientierten Perspektive hinsichtlich Lernendenvorstellungen zuordnen lassen. Über das Ausmaß des Einflusses einer solchen Perspektive auf die Diagnose von Lernendenvorstellungen ist bislang ebenfalls wenig bekannt.Ausgehend von diesen beiden Desideraten hat dieser Beitrag daher zwei primäre Ziele: Erstens sollen Entwicklungsprozesse angehender Chemielehrkräfte hinsichtlich der Diagnose von Lernendenvorstellungen erforscht werden. Zweitens steht die Ermittlung des Einflusses individueller Vorstellungen über Lernendenvorstellungen u. a. auf die Diagnose im Fokus. Hierfür wurden sieben Bachelorstudierende (gymnasiales Lehramt Chemie) in drei Gruppen über den Zeitraum eines Semesters bei der Bearbeitung von drei unterschiedlichen Fallbeispielen videografiert. Zusätzlich wurden die erstellten schriftlichen Diagnosen eingesammelt. Die qualitativ inhaltsanalytische Auswertung der Daten zeigt, dass die Studierenden sich lediglich partiell in ihren diagnostischen Fähigkeiten entwickeln. Als eine mögliche Erklärung hierfür werden die Vorstellungen der angehenden Lehrkräfte über Lernendenvorstellungen diskutiert. Ausblickend werden Implikationen für die universitäre Lehrkräftebildung abgeleitet.
The cytokine storm and thyroid hormone changes in COVID-19
Authors: Croce L. , Gangemi D. , Ancona G. , Liboà F. , Bendotti G. , Minelli L. , Chiovato L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
COVID-19 is now a worldwide pandemic. Among the many extra-pulmonary manifestations of COVID-19, recent evidence suggested a possible occurrence of thyroid dysfunction.

Purpose
The Aim of the present review is to summarize available studies regarding thyroid function alterations in patients with COVID-19 and to overview the possible physio-pathological explanations.

Conclusions
The repercussions of the thyroid of COVID-19 seem to be related, in part, with the occurrence of a “cytokine storm” that would, in turn, induce a “non-thyroidal illness”. Some specific cytokines and chemokines appear to have a direct role on the hypothalamus–pituitary–thyroid axis. On the other hand, some authors have observed an increased incidence of a destructive thyroiditis, either subacute or painless, in patients with COVID-19. The hypothesis of a direct infection of the thyroid by SARS-Cov-2 stems from the observation that its receptor, ACE2, is strongly expressed in thyroid tissue. Lastly, it is highly probable that some pharmaceutical agents largely used for the treatment of COVID-19 can act as confounding factors in the laboratory evaluation of thyroid function parameters.
Experimental investigation on the nanoindentation viscoelastic constitutive model of quartz and kaolinite in mudstone
Authors: Sun Changlun , Li Guichen , Gomah Mohamed Elgharib , Xu Jiahui , Rong Haoyu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe creep behaviors in deep underground engineering structures, especially in soft rocks, have a remarkable impact on the long-term stability of the excavations, which finally leads to the high risk and failure of it. Accordingly, it is essential to recognize the time-dependent deformation through the investigation of this phenomenon. In this study, the creep behaviors of soft rocks were examined to help understand the underlying mechanism of the extended time-dependent deformation. Due to the limited results about the time-dependent properties of the constituents of the rock that reveal their heterogeneity, the targeting nanoindentation technique (TNIT), was adopted to investigate the viscoelastic characteristics of kaolinite and quartz in a two-constituent mudstone sample. The TNIT consists of identifications of mineralogical ingredients in mudstone and nanoindentation experiments on each identified constituent. After conducting experiments, the unloading stages of the typical indentation curves were analyzed to calculate the hardness and elastic modulus of both elements in mudstone. Additionally, the 180 s load-holding stages with the peak load of 50 mN were transformed into the typical creep strain–time curves for fitting analysis by using the Kelvin model, the standard viscoelastic model, and the extended viscoelastic model. Fitting results show that the standard viscoelastic model not only can perfectly express the nanoindentation creep behaviors of both kaolinite and quartz but also can produce suitable constants used to measure their creep parameters. The creep parameters of kaolinite are much smaller than that of quartz, which causes the considerable time-dependent deformation of the soft mudstone. Eventually, the standard viscoelastic model was also verified on the quartz in a sandstone sample.
Indoor versus outdoor transmission of SARS-COV-2: environmental factors in virus spread and underestimated sources of risk
Authors: Senatore Vincenzo , Zarra Tiziano , Buonerba Antonio , Choo Kwang-Ho , Hasan Shadi W. , Korshin Gregory , Li Chi-Wang , Ksibi Mohamed , Belgiorno Vincenzo , Naddeo Vincenzo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe first case of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), in Europe was officially confirmed in February 2020. On 11 March 2020, after thousands of deaths from this disease had been reported worldwide, the WHO changed their classification of COVID-19 from a public health emergency of international concern to a pandemic. The SARS-CoV-2 virus has been shown to be much more resistant to environmental degradation than other coated viruses. Several studies have shown that environmental conditions can influence its viability and infectivity. This review summarizes current knowledge on the transmission pathways of the novel coronavirus, and directs attention towards potentially underestimated factors that affect its propagation, notably indoor spread and outdoor risk sources. The contributions of significant indoor factors such as ventilation systems to the spread of this virus need to be carefully ascertained. Outdoor risk sources such as aerosolized particles emitted during wastewater treatment and particulate matter (PM), both of which may act as virus carriers, should be examined as well. This study shows the influence of certain underestimated factors on the environmental behavior and survival of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These aspects of coronavirus propagation need to be accounted for when devising actions to limit not only the current pandemic but also future outbreaks.
Graphic abstract
Volkssprachige Literatur und höfische Kultur um 1200
Authors: Benz Maximilian 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungFür die mittelhochdeutschen Romane um 1200 läßt sich eine spezifische sozialgeschichtliche Einbettung annehmen, die Konsequenzen für ein Modell literarischer Kommunikation hat. Im Zusammenspiel von Verfassern, geistlichen Beratern – dem Hofklerus – und zunächst einmal adligen Damen entstehen die Texte, denen eine hofklerikale Perspektive auf Fragen feudaladliger Existenz eignet: Die ästhetisch komplexen volkssprachigen Texte lassen klare Problembezüge erkennen. Im Rahmen dieses Modells literarischer Kommunikation wird der Erec Hartmanns von Aue als Absage an Versuche ritterlicher Selbsterlösung gedeutet, denen der sich der göttlichen Gnade öffnende Wille des demütig Gläubigen gegenübergestellt wird. Der Tristan Gottfrieds von Straßburg scheint mit Blick auf die Protagonisten ein Negativexempel zu entwickeln, wobei durch suggestive Gestaltungsdynamiken das Abrücken der edelen herzen von Tristan und Isolde zunächst verhindert und dann umso stärker forciert wird.
Polyphenol-based nuclear magnetic resonance non-targeted metabolomics of temperature- and time-controlled blue and red maize sprouting
Authors: Carreño-Carrillo Carlos Vidal , Sánchez Evert Villanueva , Verduzco Clemente Villanueva , Herbert-Pucheta José Enrique 
Published: February 2021

AbstractZea mays L corps apport to human consumption, complex matrices of compounds such as free and bounded phenolics, flavonoids and anthocyanins with high nutritional values and proved health benefits, which are dynamically synthesized since sprouting of grains. This study presents for the first time a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) non-targeted metabolomics study of aqueous methanolic extracts of Mexican native blue and red Zea mays L. sprouts, produced with a specific germination scheme, at three different controlled temperatures. The proposed model comprises the rationalization of (poly)-phenolics metabolism dynamics as a function of sprouting time and temperature, which can be identified by more than thirty 1H NMR discriminant resonances at a chemical shift range between 7.7 and 6.3 ppm -mostly comprising typical hydroxyphenyl polyphenolic 1H frequencies- obtained with multivariate statistical analysis. Both principal component (PCA) and orthogonal projections to latent structures discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) reveal a unique maize strain-, temperature- and time-dependent mapping of polyphenolic machinery during sprouting that might serve for optimizing germination schemes. Strengths and limitations of PCA and OPLS-DA analysis of non-targeted (poly)-phenolics NMR data matrix obtained from different blue and red maize sprouts’ methanolic extracts are discussed. Furthermore, a clear inverse correlation between temperature- and time-dependent signal intensity modulation of phenolic resonances and water line widths at half height is observed, suggesting a mechanism of how solvent could participate within the complex metabolomic matrix formation during germination. Finally, non-targeted NMR metabolomics data from sprouts’ methanolic extracts are contrasted with temperature- and time-dependent total phenolic contents obtained with standard quantitative methods.
Addressing Fundamental Uncertainty in Benefit–Cost Analysis: The Case of Deep Seabed Mining
Authors: Krutilla Kerry , Good David , Toman Michael , Arin Tijen 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMineral deposits of base metals, precious metals, and rare earth elements have been discovered on deep seabeds, and the commercial exploitation of these resources seems poised to begin after faltering for many years. The development of seabed resources could be socially beneficial if all goes well, but the industry faces daunting challenges and uncertainties. Emerging regulations and contracting mechanisms are the principal means for managing these uncertainties. This article recommends a complementary approach: the use of ex ante benefit–cost analysis of proposed seabed mining contracts that incorporates a fundamental uncertainty evaluation. We argue that such an ex ante evaluation will improve the state of information for the decision-making, reducing the risk of regulatory noncompliance or costly contract disputes after seabed mining begins.
Go Your Own Way: The Pathways to Exiting the European Union
Authors: Ejrnæs Anders , Jensen Mads Dagnis 
Published: February 2021

AbstractStudies have suggested that people voting for Brexit were motivated by anti-globalization, anti-multiculturalism and anti-elite sentiments. However, little is known about how these factors are related and whether citizens in other member states share similar reasons for wanting to exit the EU. Methodologically, this question is addressed by utilizing path models on data from the European Social Survey, with respondents in 17 countries. Empirically, this article reveals considerable cross-country variation, which implies that motivations for voting Leave should be assessed on a country-by-country basis. Yet, two main pathways are identified. First, lower education is related to more negative attitudes towards multiculturalism, which increases the probability of voting Leave. Second, lower income decreases the level of trust in the political establishment, which again increases the probability of voting Leave. Theoretically, this implies that the anti-globalization model is subsumed by the anti-multiculturalism and anti-elite models, giving rise to two new mechanisms.
Hate Speech Prosecution of Politicians and its Effect on Support for the Legal System and Democracy
Authors: Rekker Roderik , van Spanje Joost 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study examined if and for whom prosecution of politicians for hate speech undermines support for the legal system and democracy. Three research designs were combined to investigate the case of Dutch politician Geert Wilders, who was convicted for hate speech against minorities in 2016. First, an experiment showed that observing a guilty verdict decreased support among ‘assimilationists’ who oppose the multicultural society. This deterioration of support was found among the entire group of assimilationists, regardless of whether they voted for Wilders. Secondly, a quasi-experiment demonstrated that assimilationists who were interviewed after Wilders' conviction indicated less support than those who were interviewed before the verdict and compared to a pre-test. Thirdly, a nine-year panel study suggested that these effects accumulate into long-term discontent. This case therefore demonstrates that hate speech prosecution can damage the democratic system it is intended to defend.
STATE-BUILDING, CONQUEST, AND ROYAL SOVEREIGNTY IN PRUSSIA, 1815–1871
Authors: HEINZEN JASPER 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSince Bodin, scholars have been debating whether sovereignty is indivisible or rather decentred, multiple, and shared. This article adds to practice-oriented conceptualizations of sovereignty, which acknowledge the existence of jurisdictional pluralism in nineteenth-century state-building. Borrowing from imperial history, it contrasts the nominal supremacy of the Prussian crown – as embodied by the monarchical principle – with the residual sovereign rights of potentates that had lost their lands in Germany's successive wars of unification. The possession of ‘bare sovereignty’ allowed such mediatized princes and exiled rulers to maintain a presence in the lives of their former subjects. They did so by exercising privileges and functions of royalty which left vague in whose name was being governed. The Hohenzollerns for their part struggled (and to a certain extent proved unwilling) to assert exclusive dominion because right of conquest-based justifications had no firm standing in international law, alienated segments of domestic public opinion, and did not necessarily serve the interests of the state. The article argues, ultimately, that the resulting negotiation and contestation of monarchical sovereignty in Prussia speaks to global themes of state-building through state destruction in the Age of Empire.
Migration history and risk of psychosis: results from the multinational EU-GEI study
Authors: Tarricone Ilaria , D'Andrea Giuseppe , Jongsma Hannah E. , Tosato Sarah , Gayer-Anderson Charlotte , Stilo Simona A. , Suprani Federico , Iyegbe Conrad , van der Ven Els , Quattrone Diego , di Forti Marta , Velthorst Eva , Rossi Menezes Paulo , Arango Celso , Parellada Mara , Lasalvia Antonio , La Cascia Caterina , Ferraro Laura , Bobes Julio , Bernardo Miguel , Sanjuán Iulio , Santos Jose Luis , Arrojo Manuel , Del-Ben Cristina Marta , Tripoli Giada , Llorca Pierre-Michel , de Haan Lieuwe , Selten Jean-Paul , Tortelli Andrea , Szöke Andrei , Muratori Roberto , Rutten Bart P. , van Os Jim , Jones Peter B. , Kirkbride James B. , Berardi Domenico , Murray Robin M. , Morgan Craig 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundPsychosis rates are higher among some migrant groups. We hypothesized that psychosis in migrants is associated with cumulative social disadvantage during different phases of migration.MethodsWe used data from the EUropean Network of National Schizophrenia Networks studying Gene-Environment Interactions (EU-GEI) case–control study. We defined a set of three indicators of social disadvantage for each phase: pre-migration, migration and post-migration. We examined whether social disadvantage in the pre- and post-migration phases, migration adversities, and mismatch between achievements and expectations differed between first-generation migrants with first-episode psychosis and healthy first-generation migrants, and tested whether this accounted for differences in odds of psychosis in multivariable logistic regression models.ResultsIn total, 249 cases and 219 controls were assessed. Pre-migration (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.06–2.44, p = 0.027) and post-migration social disadvantages (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.02–3.51, p = 0.044), along with expectations/achievements mismatch (OR 1.14, 95% CI 1.03–1.26, p = 0.014) were all significantly associated with psychosis. Migration adversities (OR 1.18, 95% CI 0.672–2.06, p = 0.568) were not significantly related to the outcome. Finally, we found a dose–response effect between the number of adversities across all phases and odds of psychosis (⩾6: OR 14.09, 95% CI 2.06–96.47, p = 0.007).ConclusionsThe cumulative effect of social disadvantages before, during and after migration was associated with increased odds of psychosis in migrants, independently of ethnicity or length of stay in the country of arrival. Public health initiatives that address the social disadvantages that many migrants face during the whole migration process and post-migration psychological support may reduce the excess of psychosis in migrants.