bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Universality of delay-time averages for financial time series: analytical results, computer simulations, and analysis of historical stock-market prices
Authors: Ritschel Stefan , Cherstvy Andrey G , Metzler Ralf 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe analyze historical data of stock-market prices for multiple financial indices using the concept of delay-time averaging for the financial time series (FTS). The region of validity of our recent theoretical predictions [Cherstvy A Get al2017New J. Phys.19063045] for the standard and delayed time-averaged mean-squared ‘displacements’ (TAMSDs) of the historical FTS is extended to all lag times. As the first novel element, we perform extensive computer simulations of the stochastic differential equation describing geometric Brownian motion (GBM) which demonstrate a quantitative agreement with the analytical long-term price-evolution predictions in terms of the delayed TAMSD (for all stock-market indices in crisis-free times). Secondly, we present a robust procedure of determination of the model parameters of GBM via fitting the features of the price-evolution dynamics in the FTS for stocks and cryptocurrencies. The employed concept of single-trajectory-based time averaging can serve as a predictive tool (proxy) for a mathematically based assessment and rationalization of probabilistic trends in the evolution of stock-market prices.
Prescription Patterns for the Use of Antihypertensive Drugs for Primary Prevention Among Patients With Hypertension in the United Kingdom
Authors: Jiao Tianze , Platt Robert W , Douros Antonios , Filion Kristian B 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Several antihypertensive drugs are available for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, existing evidence on prescription patterns was primarily generated among patients at high CVD risk with short-term follow-up, and failed to capture impacts of time and patient characteristics. Our objective was therefore to describe longitudinal prescription patterns for antihypertensive drugs for the primary prevention of CVD among patients with arterial hypertension in the United Kingdom.

METHODS
This population-based cohort study used data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink, included 660,545 patients with hypertension who initiated an antihypertensive drug between 1998 and 2018. Antihypertensive treatments were measured by drug class and described overall and in subgroups, focusing on first-line therapy (first antihypertensive drug(s) recorded after a diagnosis of hypertension) and second-line therapy (antihypertensive drug(s) prescribed as part of a treatment change following first-line therapy).

RESULTS
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (29.0%), thiazide diuretics (22.1%), and calcium-channel blockers (CCBs) (21.0%) were the most prescribed first-line therapies. ACE inhibitors have been increasingly prescribed as first-line therapy since 2001. Men were more likely to be prescribed ACE inhibitors than women (43.5% vs. 32.1%; difference: 11.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 11.0%–11.8%), and Black patients were more likely to be prescribed CCBs than White patients (63.6% vs. 37.0%; difference: 26.6%; 95% CI, 24.8%–28.4%).

CONCLUSIONS
Antihypertensive prescription patterns for the primary prevention of CVD among patients with hypertension are consistent with treatment guidelines that were in place during the study period, providing reassurance regarding the use of evidence-based prescribing.
Hierarchical Bayesian models of transcriptional and translational regulation processes with delays
Authors: Cortez Mark Jayson , Hong Hyukpyo , Choi Boseung , Kim Jae Kyoung , Josić Krešimir 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Motivation
Simultaneous recordings of gene network dynamics across large populations have revealed that cell characteristics vary considerably even in clonal lines. Inferring the variability of parameters that determine gene dynamics is key to understanding cellular behavior. However, this is complicated by the fact that the outcomes and effects of many reactions are not observable directly. Unobserved reactions can be replaced with time delays to reduce model dimensionality and simplify inference. However, the resulting models are non-Markovian, and require the development of new inference techniques.

Results
We propose a non-Markovian, hierarchical Bayesian inference framework for quantifying the variability of cellular processes within and across cells in a population. We illustrate our approach using a delayed birth–death process. In general, a distributed delay model, rather than a popular fixed delay model, is needed for inference, even if only mean reaction delays are of interest. Using in silico and experimental data we show that the proposed hierarchical framework is robust and leads to improved estimates compared to its non-hierarchical counterpart. We apply our method to data obtained using time-lapse microscopy and infer the parameters that describe the dynamics of protein production at the single cell and population level. The mean delays in protein production are larger than previously reported, have a coefficient of variation of around 0.2 across the population, and are not strongly correlated with protein production or growth rates.

Availability and implementation
Accompanying code in Python is available at https://github.com/mvcortez/Bayesian-Inference.

Contact
kresimir.josic@gmail.com or jaekkim@kaist.ac.kr or cbskust@korea.ac.kr

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Humoral immunity in atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction: from B cells to antibodies
Authors: Porsch Florentina , Mallat Ziad , Binder Christoph J 
Published: August 2021

AbstractImmune mechanisms are critically involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its clinical manifestations. Associations of specific antibody levels and defined B-cell subsets with cardiovascular disease activity in humans as well as mounting evidence from preclinical models demonstrate a role of B cells and humoral immunity in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. These include all aspects of B-cell immunity, the generation of antigen-specific antibodies, antigen presentation and co-stimulation of T cells, as well as production of cytokines. Through their impact on adaptive and innate immune responses and the regulation of many other immune cells, B cells mediate both protective and detrimental effects in cardiovascular disease. Several antigens derived from (oxidized) lipoproteins, the vascular wall and classical autoantigens have been identified. The unique antibody responses they trigger and their relationship with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease are reviewed. In particular, we focus on the different effector functions of specific IgM, IgG, and IgE antibodies and the cellular responses they trigger and highlight potential strategies to target B-cell functions for therapy.
Pharmacodynamic effect of bempedoic acid and statin combinations: predictions from a dose–response model
Authors: Jadhav Satyawan B , Crass Ryan L , Chapel Sunny , Kerschnitzki Michael , Sasiela William J , Emery Maurice G , Amore Benny M , Barrett P Hugh R , Watts Gerald F , Catapano Alberico L 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Aims
Many patients are unable to achieve guideline-recommended LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) targets, despite taking maximally tolerated lipid-lowering therapy. Bempedoic acid, a competitive inhibitor of ATP citrate lyase, significantly lowers LDL-C with or without background statin therapy in diverse populations. Because pharmacodynamic interaction between statins and bempedoic acid is complex, a dose–response model was developed to predict LDL-C pharmacodynamics following administration of statins combined with bempedoic acid.

Methods and results
Bempedoic acid and statin dosing and LDL-C data were pooled from 14 phase 1–3 clinical studies. Dose–response models were developed for bempedoic acid monotherapy and bempedoic acid–statin combinations using previously published statin parameters. Simulations were performed using these models to predict change in LDL-C levels following treatment with bempedoic acid combined with clinically relevant doses of atorvastatin, rosuvastatin, simvastatin, and pravastatin. Dose–response models predicted that combining bempedoic acid with the lowest statin dose of commonly used statins would achieve a similar degree of LDL-C lowering as quadrupling that statin dose; for example, the predicted LDL-C lowering was 54% with atorvastatin 80 mg compared with 54% with atorvastatin 20 mg + bempedoic acid 180 mg, and 42% with simvastatin 40 mg compared with 46% with simvastatin 10 mg + bempedoic acid 180 mg.

Conclusion
These findings suggest bempedoic acid combined with lower statin doses offers similar LDL-C lowering compared with statin monotherapy at higher doses, potentially sparing patients requiring additional lipid-lowering therapies from the adverse events associated with higher statin doses.
Health Outcomes Management Evaluation—A National Analysis of Dutch Heart Care
Authors: van der Nat Paul B , Derks Lineke , van Veghel Dennis 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Aims
A group of heart centres in the Netherlands have been at the forefront internationally to implement the principles of value-based healthcare. This study aims to give an up-to-date assessment of outcome-based quality improvement in 2020 at a national level in Dutch heart care.

Methods and results
Physicians and healthcare professionals for each participating hospital filled out a questionnaire with 26 detailed questions on quality improvement and organization of care. In total, 20 hospitals participated; 11 heart centres with thoracic surgery and 9 without thoracic surgery. Results show that outcome reports are actively used within the heart centres to support quality improvement initiatives. In 50% of the centres, apart from physicians, also nurses and hospital management are involved. For 60% of the heart centres, outcome measurement is embedded in strategy and annual plans. The stage of development of supporting IT infrastructure (outcome measurement in the Electronic Health Record and dashboards) is very diverse. A wide range of different learning strategies supports outcome-based quality improvement.

Conclusion
Health outcomes have become a relevant element in quality improvement and organization of Dutch heart centres. Earlier research shows that in 2012–2016 heart centres focused mainly on measuring outcomes. Now in 2020, heart centres are more able to actually use the acquired insights based on these measurements to initiate improvement projects. The diversity in how this is done indicates that this field is still strongly developing and shows potential for heart centres to share best practices in the implementation of value-based healthcare.
Communication is key: extracellular vesicles as mediators of infection and defence during host–microbe interactions in animals and plants
Authors: U. Stotz Henrik , Brotherton Dominik , Inal Jameel 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are now understood to be ubiquitous mediators of cellular communication. In this review, we suggest that EVs have evolved into a highly regulated system of communication with complex functions including export of wastes, toxins and nutrients, targeted delivery of immune effectors and vectors of RNA silencing. Eukaryotic EVs come in different shapes and sizes and have been classified according to their biogenesis and size distributions. Small EVs (or exosomes) are released through fusion of endosome-derived multivesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. Medium EVs (or microvesicles) bud off the plasma membrane as a form of exocytosis. Finally, large EVs (or apoptotic bodies) are produced as a result of the apoptotic process. This review considers EV secretion and uptake in four eukaryotic kingdoms, three of which produce cell walls. The impacts cell walls have on EVs in plants and fungi are discussed, as are roles of fungal EVs in virulence. Contributions of plant EVs to development and innate immunity are presented. Compelling cases are sporophytic self-incompatibility and cellular invasion by haustorium-forming filamentous pathogens. The involvement of EVs in all of these eukaryotic processes is reconciled considering their evolutionary history.
The relations between the corner frequency, seismic moment and source dynamic parameters derived from the spontaneous rupture of a circular fault
Authors: Wen Jian , Xu Jiankuan , Chen Xiaofei 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARYThe stress drop is an important dynamic source parameter for understanding the physics of source processes. The estimation of stress drops for moderate and small earthquakes is based on measurements of the corner frequency ${f_c}$, the seismic moment ${M_0}$ and a specific theoretical model of rupture behaviour. To date, several theoretical rupture models have been used. However, different models cause considerable differences in the estimated stress drop, even in an idealized scenario of circular earthquake rupture. Moreover, most of these models are either kinematic or quasi-dynamic models. Compared with previous models, we use the boundary integral equation method to simulate spontaneous dynamic rupture in a homogeneous elastic full space and then investigate the relations between the corner frequency, seismic moment and source dynamic parameters. Spontaneous ruptures include two states: runaway ruptures, in which the rupture does not stop without a barrier, and self-arresting ruptures, in which the rupture can stop itself after nucleation. The scaling relationships between ${f_c}$, ${M_0}$ and the dynamic parameters for runaway ruptures are different from those for self-arresting ruptures. There are obvious boundaries in those scaling relations that distinguish runaway ruptures from self-arresting ruptures. Because the stress drop varies during the rupture and the rupture shape is not circular, Eshelby's analytical solution may be inaccurate for spontaneous dynamic ruptures. For runaway ruptures, the relations between the corner frequency and dynamic parameters coincide with those in the previous kinematic or quasi-dynamic models. For self-arresting ruptures, the scaling relationships are opposite to those for runaway ruptures. Moreover, the relation between ${f_c}$ and ${M_0}$ for a spontaneous dynamic rupture depends on three factors: the dynamic rupture state, the background stress and the nucleation zone size. The scaling between ${f_c}$ and ${M_0}$ is ${f_c} \propto {M_0^{ - n}}$, where n is larger than 0. Earthquakes with the same dimensionless dynamic parameters but different nucleation zone sizes are self-similar and follow a ${f_c} \propto {M_0^{ - 1/3}}$ scaling law. However, if the nucleation zone size does not change, the relation between ${f_c}$ and ${M_0}$ shows a clear departure from self-similarity due to the rupture state or background stress.
Sensitivity of SK(K)S and ScS phases to heterogeneous anisotropy in the lowermost mantle from global wavefield simulations
Authors: Wolf Jonathan , Long Maureen D , Leng Kuangdai , Nissen-Meyer Tarje 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARY
Observations of seismic anisotropy at the base of the mantle are abundant. Given recent progress in understanding how deformation relates to anisotropy in lowermost mantle minerals at the relevant pressure and temperature conditions, these observations can be used to test specific geodynamic scenarios, and have the potential to reveal patterns of flow at the base of the mantle. For example, several recent studies have sought to reproduce measurements of shear wave splitting due to D″ anisotropy using models that invoke specific flow and texture development geometries. A major limitation in such studies, however, is that the forward modelling is nearly always carried out using a ray theoretical framework, and finite-frequency wave propagation effects are not considered. Here we present a series of numerical wave propagation simulation experiments that explore the finite-frequency sensitivity of SKS, SKKS and ScS phases to laterally varying anisotropy at the base of the mantle. We build on previous work that developed forward modelling capabilities for anisotropic lowermost mantle models using the AxiSEM3D spectral element solver, which can handle arbitrary anisotropic geometries. This approach enables us to compute seismograms for relatively short periods (∼4 s) for models that include fully 3-D anisotropy at moderate computational cost. We generate synthetic waveforms for a suite of anisotropic models with increasing complexity. We first test a variety of candidate elastic tensors in laterally homogeneous models to understand how different lowermost mantle elasticity scenarios express themselves in shear wave splitting measurements. We then consider a series of laterally heterogeneous models of increasing complexity, exploring how splitting behaviour varies across the edges of anisotropic blocks and investigating the minimum sizes of anisotropic heterogeneities that can be reliably detected using SKS, SKKS and ScS splitting. Finally, we apply our modelling strategy to a previously published observational study of anisotropy at the base of the mantle beneath Iceland. Our results show that while ray theory is often a suitable approximation for predicting splitting, particularly for SK(K)S phases, full-wave effects on splitting due to lowermost mantle anisotropy can be considerable in some circumstances. Our simulations illuminate some of the challenges inherent in reliably detecting deep mantle anisotropy using body wave phases, and point to new strategies for interpreting SKS, SKKS and ScS waveforms that take full advantage of newly available computational techniques in seismology.
Opposing effects of plant growth regulators via clonal integration on apical and basal performance in alligator weed
Authors: Qi Shanshan , Rutherford Susan , He Furong , Dong Bi-Cheng , Zhu Bin , Dai Zhicong , Fu Weiguo , Mao Hanping , Du Daolin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractInvasive plants are a major threat to biodiversity and may adversely affect food security. Clonal integration enables the sharing of resources between connected ramets and can enhance plant performance in many invasive species. However, few studies have examined the role of clonal integration when weeds are exposed to plant growth regulators (PGRs). PGRs are used extensively in agriculture and may affect nearby weeds through soil leaching, erosion and runoff. Our aim was to investigate the effects of clonal integration on growth in a noxious weed, Alternanthera philoxeroides (alligator weed), in response to two PGRs frequently used in agriculture, gibberellins (GAs) and paclobutrazol (PAC). Ramets of A. philoxeroides were propagated in the greenhouse, and treated with PGRs. PGRs were applied to the older ramets (i.e. ‘basal’ part), with half of the plants having the stems between the apical (younger) and basal parts left connected, while the remaining plants had the stems between the two parts severed. Following the growing period, plants were measured for growth traits. We found that GA and PAC had contrasting effects on plant growth. GA significantly promoted above-ground growth of the apical ramets via clonal integration. Alternatively, PAC inhibited above-ground growth in the basal and apical parts, and enhanced below-ground growth of the basal and apical ramets through clonal integration. Our results highlight how clonal integration can promote growth in A. philoxeroides following the application of PGRs, which is likely an important mechanism for this species to invade new environments.
Dark Energy Survey year 3 results: covariance modelling and its impact on parameter estimation and quality of fit
Authors: Friedrich O , Andrade-Oliveira F , Camacho H , Alves O , Rosenfeld R , Sanchez J , Fang X , Eifler T F , Krause E , Chang C , Omori Y , Amon A , Baxter E , Elvin-Poole J , Huterer D , Porredon A , Prat J , Terra V , Troja A , Alarcon A , Bechtol K , Bernstein G M , Buchs R , Campos A , Carnero Rosell A , Carrasco Kind M , Cawthon R , Choi A , Cordero J , Crocce M , Davis C , DeRose J , Diehl H T , Dodelson S , Doux C , Drlica-Wagner A , Elsner F , Everett S , Fosalba P , Gatti M , Giannini G , Gruen D , Gruendl R A , Harrison I , Hartley W G , Jain B , Jarvis M , MacCrann N , McCullough J , Muir J , Myles J , Pandey S , Raveri M , Roodman A , Rodriguez-Monroy M , Rykoff E S , Samuroff S , Sánchez C , Secco L F , Sevilla-Noarbe I , Sheldon E , Troxel M A , Weaverdyck N , Yanny B , Aguena M , Avila S , Bacon D , Bertin E , Bhargava S , Brooks D , Burke D L , Carretero J , Costanzi M , da Costa L N , Pereira M E S , De Vicente J , Desai S , Evrard A E , Ferrero I , Frieman J , García-Bellido J , Gaztanaga E , Gerdes D W , Giannantonio T , Gschwend J , Gutierrez G , Hinton S R , Hollowood D L , Honscheid K , James D J , Kuehn K , Lahav O , Lima M , Maia M A G , Menanteau F , Miquel R , Morgan R , Palmese A , Paz-Chinchón F , Plazas A A , Sanchez E , Scarpine V , Serrano S , Soares-Santos M , Smith M , Suchyta E , Tarle G , Thomas D , To C , Varga T N , Weller J , Wilkinson R D ,   DES Collaboration
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
We describe and test the fiducial covariance matrix model for the combined two-point function analysis of the Dark Energy Survey Year 3 (DES-Y3) data set. Using a variety of new ansatzes for covariance modelling and testing, we validate the assumptions and approximations of this model. These include the assumption of Gaussian likelihood, the trispectrum contribution to the covariance, the impact of evaluating the model at a wrong set of parameters, the impact of masking and survey geometry, deviations from Poissonian shot noise, galaxy weighting schemes, and other sub-dominant effects. We find that our covariance model is robust and that its approximations have little impact on goodness of fit and parameter estimation. The largest impact on best-fitting figure-of-merit arises from the so-called fsky approximation for dealing with finite survey area, which on average increases the χ2 between maximum posterior model and measurement by $3.7{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ (Δχ2 ≈ 18.9). Standard methods to go beyond this approximation fail for DES-Y3, but we derive an approximate scheme to deal with these features. For parameter estimation, our ignorance of the exact parameters at which to evaluate our covariance model causes the dominant effect. We find that it increases the scatter of maximum posterior values for Ωm and σ8 by about $3{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ and for the dark energy equation-of-state parameter by about $5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$.