bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cyclical Time of the Body and the Linear Time of Modernity
Authors: Fuchs Thomas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhile linear time results from the measurement of physical events, the temporality of life is characterized by cyclical processes, which also manifest themselves in bodily experience. This applies for the periodicity of heartbeat, respiration, sleep–wake cycle, or circadian hormone secretion, among others. Cyclical repetitions are also found in the recurring phases of need, drive, and satisfaction. Finally, the cyclical structure of bodily time manifests itself at an extended level in the form of body memory. However, this cyclical structure of lived time comes into tension with the orders of linear time which have been increasingly established in Western societies since the modern age. This tension creates both individual as well as societal conflicts and may also result in psychopathological phenomena such as depression and burn-out syndromes.
What “Black Lives Matter” Should Mean
Authors: Hogan Brandon 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the meaning of the slogan “Black lives matter.” It concludes that there is no consensus about the meaning of the slogan and posits that the slogan is true only relative to a given population. As such, Black lives matter to some, but not to others. Thus, the slogan both expresses a truth and an aspiration, depending on context. The author argues that both interpretations of the slogan are socially useful. It is useful for activists to believe that Black lives do matter because this belief is a source of inspiration. The author contends that activists would do well to recognize that Black lives do not matter to some. This latter interpretation justifies certain forms of direct, nonsentimental activism.
The Violence of Leadership in Black Lives Matter
Authors: Miranda Dana Francisco 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Since the murder of Trayvon Martin in 2012, the United States has seen the coalescing of black protestors and activists along with their multiracial collaborators under the banner of Movement for Black Lives (M4BL). This struggle against racialized violence, police brutality, and white supremacy has been witnessed in myriad ways, with two of its most prominent “reactions” occurring in Ferguson, Missouri, and Baltimore, Maryland. Within this struggle, the organization Black Lives Matter (BLM) has chosen to follow a “leader-full” model that replaces traditional hierarchical forms of leadership for that of collaboration and decentralization. This chapter thus seeks to highlight the competing notions of centralized and decentralized leadership within black liberation movements to better understand this model. Using the works of Barbara Ransby, Patrisse Khan-Cullors, and Frantz Fanon, this work will explore forms of black leadership that articulate alternative modes of accountability, service, and well-being within the struggle for black livability.
Social and Cultural Influences on Cognitive Aging
Authors: Gutchess Angela , Rosa Nicole M. , Schwartz Danielle B. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews how cognitive aging impacts social processes, including consideration of both interpersonal and cultural factors. Cognition, including memory, may be more preserved when information is relevant to the self or in interpersonally meaningful situations. This chapter approaches motivated cognition by first reviewing findings about how self-referencing, relating information to the self, serves as an effective encoding strategy and also considers how the strategy engages neural regions in younger and older adults. It then considers how emotionally meaningful interactions with others continue to be important with age and may help to evoke effective information processing. The chapter closes by considering how culture may contribute to cognition and how cultural groups might exhibit the effects of cognitive aging in different ways, depending on task demands and relevant strategies.
Representative Democracy and Religious Thought in South Asia
Authors: Iqtidar Humeira 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
What role did popular enthusiasm about democratic participation in the early twentieth century play in the ideas of two key religious revivalists in South Asia: Abul A‘la Maududi and Vinayak Damodar Savarkar? This chapter lays out the differently inflected visions of the two thinkers to argue that they were both working through new conceptions of religion and society, which crystallized around the mythical entity “the people.” How to recognize and organize the people who form the constituency as well as the legislators of a democratic polity was the challenge they tackled. They differed sharply in their analysis of nationalism as the glue that held “the people” together, and in their resistance to prevailing European theories of nationalism and representative government. Despite many differences, the two thinkers were united in an enthusiasm for democratic politics. Understanding the political manifestations of their ideas today requires a reckoning with their respective visions of democracy.
Religious Pluralism and the State in India
Authors: Bajpai Rochana 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter delineates and disaggregates a relatively neglected category, that of political pluralism. I argue, first, that historically, India has offered an important example of plurality in policy, with a multiplicity of state approaches and dispositions toward the accommodation of religious diversity. Unpacking political plurality, I distinguish in a provisional and schematic fashion between hierarchical pluralism, integrationist exclusion, integrationist inclusion, and weak multicultural, strong multicultural, and assimilationist approaches toward religious diversity. Second, if pluralism is understood as a normative category that denotes approaches that respect religious diversity, state approaches in India have differed widely in the extent to which these are pluralist. Political pluralism encompasses a range of dispositions toward socio-religious plurality, ranging from hostility to the celebration of religious difference. Pluralism both institutional and normative is threatened by the hegemony of Hindu nationalism in Indian politics today.
Thinking through Majoritarian Domination in Turkey and India
Authors: Barkey Karen , Naresh Vatsal 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter identifies majoritarian domination as the transposition of a sociological, enumerated majority upon the idea of majority rule resulting in the avoidable and arbitrary interference in the basic interests of minorities. The authors suggest that although India and Turkey’s respective founding moments bequeathed different legacies for the negotiation between democracy and religious pluralism, the two polities have since converged. They argue that this convergence ought to be understood by studying the erosion of pluralism in three senses: discursive, epistemic, and institutional. They highlight this erosion through a comparative history of contemporary politics and society in Turkey and India.
Moral Progress
Authors: Kitcher Philip , Heilinger Jan-Christoph , Jaeggi Rahel , Neiman Susan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The overall aim of this book is to understand the character of moral progress, so that making moral progress may become more systematic and secure, less chancy and less bloody. Drawing on three historical examples—the abolition of chattel slavery, the expansion of opportunities for women, and the increasing acceptance of same-sex love—it asks how those changes were brought about and seeks a methodology for streamlining the kinds of developments that occurred. Moral progress is conceived as pragmatic progress, progress from rather than progress to, achieved by overcoming the problems and limits of the current situation. Two kinds of problems are distinguished: problems of exclusion, found when the complaints of some people (the oppressed) are ignored; and problems of false consciousness, present when the oppressed adopt judgments from the ambient society and do not protest their condition. The proposed methodology advocates procedures for listening to voiced complaints and for systematically reviewing the way in which particular self-conceptions, ideals, and identities are taken to be appropriate for various groups of people. Through outlining a picture of moral practice, at both the individual and the societal levels, the book seeks to orient moral philosophy away from metaethical questions of realism and toward moral methodology.
The Case for Rage
Authors: Cherry Myisha 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Case for Rage is a philosophical defense of anger, particularly anger at racial injustice. Crossing the terrain of moral psychology, ethics, philosophy of race, and social and political philosophy, the book shows anger’s varieties and cautions readers not to paint it in broad strokes. The book shows how a certain kind of anger at racial injustice is a fitting, appropriate, and correct response to racism; can motivate those who are outraged at racism by affecting their beliefs and desires; and can be productive in the fight against racism. It also explains how a person can resist white supremacy with their rage by breaking racial rules. The book also provides suggestions for how the angry might manage their anger—not through eradication or moderation, but through cultivation and community.
The Battles over Sustainability and Climate Change
Authors: Lytle Mark H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The political battles between anti-regulatory and libertarian conservatives and environmentalists have focused on two major and interrelated issues: sustainability and climate change. The opening of this chapter sets the stage by looking at the “Great Pacific vortex,” a vast whirlpool of plastic garbage the size of Texas, as a symptom of environmental distress. The battle over unrestrained growth took the form of “the Bet,” a wager between the Malthusian population doomsayer Paul Ehrlich and the libertarian economist Julian Simon. Whereas Ehrlich said growing world populations threatened life on earth, Simon argued that population growth was the solution, not the problem. Scarcity triggers a substitution effect (kerosene for whale oil) and as population increases so does human ingenuity. In the 1990s, the battle over climate change upstaged the argument over population. Enter Al Gore. As scientists battled to build a climate model that predicted the impact of greenhouse gases on temperatures, Gore heard a lecture in which his professor at Harvard, Roger Revelle, showed the class a graph of the “Keeling Curve” that demonstrated an unmistakable pattern of rising temperatures. It transformed the path of Gore’s life and the debate over climate change. The formation of the IPCC, along with the climate conferences at Rio in 1992 and Kyoto in 1997, provided an international platform on which scientists and government officials debated the nature of climate change and the need for governments to act. The Bush administration not only rejected Kyoto but also encouraged increased purchases of gas-guzzling SUVs and trucks.
The Great Patent Grab
Authors: Barnett Jonathan M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
From the late 1930s through the 1970s, the US innovation economy operated under a weak patent regime. This patent-skeptical climate was best illustrated by antitrust enforcement actions resulting in the compulsory licensing of leading US firms’ patent portfolios. Concurrently, the federal government instituted an implicit compulsory licensing regime through a dramatic infusion of R&D funding into the private sector, accompanied by constraints on firms’ legal exclusivity over technology developed using those funds. The US economy exhibited robust innovation activity for part of this period, followed by a slowdown commencing in the mid-1960s. During this period, R&D funding flowed mostly to large firms, market concentration remained high, and firms targeted by compulsory licensing generally maintained market leadership. The postwar regime of weak patents and public subsidies favored larger firms that could capture returns on innovation through vertically integrated structures and access to government funding. Case studies of two firms targeted by compulsory licensing suggest that this regime may have distorted organizational structures and the mix of innovation projects that were undertaken.
Augustine on Memory
Authors: Grove Kevin G. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Augustine of Hippo, indisputably one of the most important figures for the study of memory, is credited with establishing memory as the inner source of selfhood and locus of the search for God. Yet those who study memory in Augustine have never before taken into account his preaching. His sermons are the sources of memory’s greatest development for Augustine. In Augustine’s preaching, especially on the Psalms, the interior gives way to communal exterior. Both the self and the search for God are reestablished in a shared Christological identity and the communal labors of remembering and forgetting. This book opens with Augustine’s early works and Confessions as the beginning of memory and concludes with his Trinity and preaching on Psalm 50 as the end of memory. The heart of the book, the work of memory, sets forth how ongoing remembering and forgetting in Christ are for Augustine foundational to the life of grace. To that end, Augustine and his congregants go leaping in memory together, keep festival with abiding traces, and become forgetful runners like St. Paul. Remembering and forgetting in Christ, the ongoing work of memory, prove for Augustine to be actions of reconciliation of the distended experiences of human life—of praising and groaning, laboring and resting, solitude and communion. Augustine on Memory presents this new communal and Christological paradigm not only for Augustinian studies but also for theologians, philosophers, ethicists, and interdisciplinary scholars of memory.
Learning to Leap
Authors: Grove Kevin G. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 begins the second part of the book, “The Work of Memory.” Chapter 3 presents the spiritual exercise characteristic of the whole body of Christ. Augustine allegorizes Idithun, a name occurring in the Psalms, as “one who leaps across.” That leaping psalmist, a figure for the body of Christ, vaults all the way to the divine and back while remembering, forgetting, speaking, and keeping silent. The chapter follows Idithun on a leap of memory into Christ, a leap of memory out from Christ, and a leap of forgetting into Christ. Since leaping is also ascent, the chapter excavates a standard pattern of Augustinian ascent through memory revised communally by Idithun. Memory as spiritual exercise is a re-membering of the body of Christ, especially including the poor.
Origins of Moral-Political Philosophy in Early China
Authors: Jiang Tao 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis book offers a new narrative and interpretative framework about the origins of moral-political philosophy that tracks how the three core values—humaneness, justice, and personal freedom—were formulated, reformulated, and contested by early Chinese philosophers in their effort to negotiate the relationship among three distinct domains, the personal, the familial, and the political. Such efforts took place as those thinkers were reimagining a new moral-political order, debating its guiding norms, and exploring possible sources within the context of an evolving understanding of Heaven and its relationship with humans. It makes three key points. First, the central intellectual challenge during the Chinese classical period was how to negotiate the relationships between the personal, the familial, and the political domains (or between the private and the public) when philosophers were reimagining and reconceptualizing a new moral-political order, due to the collapse of the old order. Second, the competing visions can be characterized as a contestation between partialist humaneness and impartialist justice as the guiding norm for the newly imagined moral-political order, with the Confucians, the Mohists, the Laoists, and the so-called fajia thinkers being the major participants, constituting the mainstream intellectual project during this period. Third, Zhuangzi and the Zhuangists were the outliers of the mainstream moral-political debate who rejected the very parameter of humaneness versus justice in the mainstream discourse. Zhuangzi and the Zhuangists were a lone voice advocating personal freedom. For them, the mainstream debate about humaneness and justice was intellectually banal, morally misguided, and politically dangerous.
Universal Bureaucratic State as the Sole Agent of Justice in Han Feizi’s Thought
Authors: Jiang Tao 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the last fajia thinker, Han Feizi (c. 280–233 bce), who was a grand synthesizer of many aspects of all classical Chinese moral-political discourse in his effort to perfect the operation of the impartialist state. His political project explicitly rejected the XQZP model by problematizing its every aspect. He sought an alternative model that provided the intellectual foundation for a system of impersonal and uniform bureaucratic machinery that could dispense reward and punishment automatically with as little interference from the ruler as possible. His goal of instituting a set of impartial, transparent, and uniform administrative and legal code and standard in governing the state, often in defiance of the interest of powerful aristocratic families, points to the principle of justice operative in his statist project. However, he could not solve the core tension between the monarch and the monarchy, dooming his project of building an impartial political order.
Promoting Data for Well-Being While Minimizing Stigma
Authors: Pasquale Frank 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Defining permissible purposes for large-scale personal data collection, analysis, use, and sharing will take up an increasing amount of time for regulators, while law enforcers will need new tools to ensure that regulations are actually being followed. While posing great challenges to governments, the articulation and enforcement of these specifications will prove an essential part of the foundation of a truly emancipatory data policy. Particularly sensitive forms of data, such as health data, require special attention.
A New Social Contract for Platforms
Authors: Pickard Victor 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter proposes to frame the problems caused by platform monopolies as facets of a broader structural problem: the concentrated and unaccountable power over core information and communication infrastructures. It mentions Facebook and Google that have assumed the power on information and communication before societies were able to receive meaningful democratic obligations in return. It suggests the forging of a new “social contract” between the platforms, regulators, and society as the time has come to correct the power imbalance and redress social harms. The chapter discusses the concept of the social contract and its usefulness as a framework toward redesigning news and information systems. It draws attention to earlier policy battles around broadcast monopolies during which similar power struggles took place.
Absolute Power: Law, Sovereignty, Absolution
Authors: Lee Daniel 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Bodin’s notoriety in political theory rests upon his thesis that sovereignty is an ‘absolute power’. This chapter investigates the function of absolute power in Bodin’s theory of legislation as a sovereign authority’s negative power to unmake positive law and, consequently, release [absolvere] subjects from the bond of legal obligation. Drawing upon canonistic jurisprudence concerning papal plenitude of power, the chapter explores how Bodin modelled absolute power on the priestly power of absolution [potestas absolvendi]. Just as priests are empowered to absolve and release sinners from the bond of sin, so too are sovereigns empowered to absolve and release subjects from the bond of positive legislation, whether by full abrogation or by partial derogation. Every independent legal system, Bodin argues, must have absolute power if it is to have the reflexive capacity to correct or even repeal its own laws, especially unjust laws. Absolute power, thus, is the sovereign’s ultimate instrument of equity.
The Common Law of Mankind, the Common Enemies of Mankind
Authors: Lee Daniel 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Roman law described the law of nations [ius gentium] as that law common to all mankind based on natural reason and consensus. This law recognized war, conquest, and slavery as legally permissible, even if morally offensive. Bodin added a twist to this classical analysis, by recognizing that a lawful war could, in principle, also activate a new title of sovereignty for the victor. Not all organized violence, however, counted legally as war. The violence of brigandage and piracy, for example, fell outside the permissible scope of the ius gentium and, thus, lacked the legal protection and advantages that combatants in a legal war enjoyed. Dubbed by Cicero as ‘the common enemies of mankind’, anybody could lawfully kill them. This chapter explores how Bodin strategically included tyrants among the list of the ‘enemies of mankind’, and consequently concluded that tyrannicide was permissible, even morally necessary, under the ius gentium.
Pausanias in the World of Greek Myth
Authors: Hawes Greta 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Pausanias gives us the clearest glimpse of Greek myth as a living, local tradition. He shows us how the physical world existed in myriad complex and shifting relationships with the world of storytelling, and what was at stake in claims to possess the past. He demonstrates how myths guided curious travellers to particular places, the kinds of responses they provoked, and the ways they could be tested or disputed. The Periegesis attests to a form of cultural tourism we would still recognize: it is animated by the desire to see for oneself distant places previously only read about. It shows us how travellers might map the literary landscapes that they imagined on to the reality, and how locals might ‘package’ their cities to meet the demands of travellers’ expectations. This book uses Pausanias’s text as a lens on the spatial dynamics of myth. It reveals the significance of local stories in an Empire connected by a shared literary paideia, and the unifying power of a tradition made up paradoxically of narratives that took diverse, conflicting forms on the ground. And it shows how storytelling and the physical infrastructures of the Greek mainland were intricately interwoven such that the decline or flourishing of the latter affected the archive of myth that Pausanias transmits.
Reproductive Effort and Costs
Authors: Hutchings Jeffrey A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Predictions about life-history evolution are intellectually bereft without a consideration of trade-offs. Benefits derived from making one life-history ‘decision’ are made at a cost of not realizing potential benefits associated with alternative decisions. These trade-offs are the inevitable product of constraints, often driven by an individual’s differential allocation of fixed resources to reproduction versus survival or growth. These allocations prevent multiple positive outcomes from being simultaneously realized. Reproductive effort is the proportion of total energy or resources allocated to all elements of reproduction. Reproductive effort generates reproductive costs. Increases in current reproductive effort reduce future reproductive success by affecting survival, growth, and/or fecundity. The causal mechanisms of these costs can be energetic, ecological, behavioural, or genetic. Evidence for reproductive costs is widespread. Instances where the evidence of costs is equivocal are usually caused by using among-individual correlations to study what is a within-individual phenomenon.