bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Takim Liyakat 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Introduction to this book discusses the significance of an Islamic reformation and how the study aims to provide a new perspective on ijtihad and reformation in the Shi‘i world. The introduction also reviews the literature available on the topic and argues that none of the works on the topic engages the classical and contemporary literature on the subject of reformation in Shi‘ism as this book does. The work also challenges scholars in both the seminaries and universities to review and contribute fresh perspectives on reformation and to undertake conversations around the thematic issues surrounding law, ethics, and reformation in modern times.
Islamic Reformation and the Tools of Ijtihad
Authors: Takim Liyakat 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that jurists can employ various tools like public welfare and the principle of no harm to either modify earlier legal enactments or formulate new ones. It contends that these devices can provide only partial and temporary amendments to existing legal injunctions. The chapter also examines the role of custom (‘urf) in the reformation process and shows that the Qur’an presumes that its legal rulings will be understood based on prevalent customary practices and values. Contemporary jurists who insist on enforcing earlier edicts are, in effect, validating pre-Islamic Arabian cultural values and imposing them on contemporary Muslims. The chapter also argues that some of the laws that were instituted in a distinct cultural context will have to be revised especially when they encounter a different cultural framework. It also explores how local custom that is endorsed by people of sound mind can legislate laws in today’s diasporic context.
Reason and Ethics and an Islamic Reformation
Authors: Takim Liyakat 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The fourth chapter argues that the Shi‘i claim that the moral value of an act can be known objectively enables a jurist to deduce new injunctions based on moral rationalist considerations. The chapter also maintains that legal determinations based on rational and ethical considerations can empower a jurist to legislate on topics that are congruent with the views of the people of sound mind. It further demonstrates that disregarding the role of ethics in legal deliberations has led to the inference and issuance of iniquitous statements by the very scholars who uphold the Islamic ethical and legal tradition. In order to make Islamic jurisprudence more ethical, Muslim scholars will have to incorporate principles like justice, dignity, and judgments of reason (‘aql) in their legal deliberations so that these principles play more central and decisive roles in determining how the sources are interpreted and applied.
Adulthood and the Right to Education
Authors: Martin Christopher 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that holding personal autonomy as a political ideal entails a right to education over a full life, not just childhood. The first section reviews the terms under which autonomy is commonly held to be basic to liberal citizenship and how this justifies an individual right to a basic compulsory education in childhood. The second section argues that the tendency to see this right as applying to childhood only is due to an unduly narrow view of autonomy as a political ideal. Finally, it defends an expanded view of autonomy that justifies a role for education in a good life in media res. This role is held to be sufficiently important enough to warrant extending citizens’ educational rights to include post-compulsory provision.
The Right to Higher Education
Authors: Martin Christopher 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter aims to show why institutions of higher education should be responsible for securing a citizen’s right to education over a life. It begins by showing how the primary political responsibilities of social institutions in a liberal society are derived from a more basic obligation to promote citizens’ ability to freely (and successfully) pursue the good life. These political responsibilities arise are called liberty-maximizing requirements of justice. It then argues that liberty-maximizing justice warrants the inclusion of higher education as a liberal social institution whose overarching purpose is to the provision of an autonomy-supporting education to all citizens. Finally, it specifies why an autonomy-supporting education requires a specific institution for its provision and why direct access to public knowledge—through the Internet and public libraries, for example—is insufficient for this purpose.
Introduction
Authors: Duncan Stewart 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This introduction presents the project of the book, to examine the seventeenth-century debate about materialism that began with the work of Thomas Hobbes. Among those who responded directly to Hobbes, the book focuses on Henry More, Ralph Cudworth, and Margaret Cavendish. The introduction and book then look at John Locke’s discussion of materialism in his Essay Concerning Human Understanding, which draws on and responds to that earlier discussion. A central question for all these philosophers is whether human minds are material. They also consider whether animal minds are material, and whether God is. Other philosophical issues, including theories of substance and of the nature of ideas, are repeatedly involved in the discussion. The relation of these discussions to the work of René Descartes is noted.
Hobbes against Descartes
Authors: Duncan Stewart 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at Hobbes’s objections to Descartes’s Meditations, focusing on issues connected to materialism. It considers Hobbes’s argument that we have no idea of God, and his associated view that ideas are images which represent by resembling. In the Third Objections, Hobbes does not deny the existence of God, but he does deny that we have an idea of God, and thus undercuts Descartes’s arguments for God’s existence. He thinks we cannot prove the immateriality of the mind, and even suggests that the mind is purely material. The chapter also considers Hobbes’s claim that we have no idea of substance, asking where exactly Hobbes differs from Descartes on this issue.
Locke against Descartes
Authors: Duncan Stewart 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers Locke’s criticisms of Descartes’s views about the mind. Although Locke grants that dualism might be true (i.e., that human beings might have an immaterial mind), he thinks the Cartesian version of that view is false. The chapter focuses on two topics within Locke’s discussion of Descartes’s views: whether we have an innate idea of God, and whether the mind is always thinking. On the first issue, Locke rejects the view of Descartes (and More, Cudworth, and others) that we have an innate idea of God, but also rejects Hobbes’s view that we have no idea of God. On the second issue, Locke opposes Descartes’s view that the mind is always thinking, as well as his related view that thinking is the principal attribute of the mind, and indeed his metaphysical scheme of substance, principal attribute, and mode.
The State of Local Lobbying
Authors: Payson Julia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Cities are some of the oldest lobbying organizations in the United States. Because states enjoy such high levels of fiscal and administrative authority over their local units, the vast majority of these advocacy efforts are aimed at state governments rather than at the federal level. This chapter draws from original lobbying disclosure data, interviews, city council documents, and other sources to paint a detailed descriptive picture of the current municipal lobbying landscape in the United States. How did city lobbying emerge in its current form? What are local officials hoping to achieve when they lobby, and how do they allocate their efforts? When do cities lobby as individuals as opposed to coalitions? This chapter introduces expansive new data to provide initial answers to these questions.
How City Lobbyists Bridge Representational Gaps
Authors: Payson Julia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops a simple theory of intergovernmental lobbying that emphasizes the relationship between cities and their elected delegations. Compared to most interest groups, cities are uniquely dependent on the state and federal officials who are elected to represent them by virtue of their political geography. The quality of this representation should therefore influence the demand for the lobbying. This chapter tests several observable implications of this theory using original panel data on annual city lobbying activity in all fifty states. A series of difference-in-differences designs reveal that municipal officials hire lobbyists in response to a wide array of representational challenges, such as hostile redistricting efforts and flips in the partisan composition of their delegations. The results are broadly consistent with a model of intergovernmental lobbying in which cities use lobbyists to compensate for the representational gaps that sometimes emerge in federal systems.
City vs. State
Authors: Payson Julia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers how city lobbying affects the overall policy environment from the perspective of the state. While results at the city level suggest that there are individual winners and losers from the lobbying process, this chapter shows how aggregate lobbying trends can systematically bias state transfers toward the interests of high-income cities, making them less progressive on average. At the same time, local officials don’t lobby for funding alone. Through a series of short case studies, this chapter also examines how the lobbying efforts of cities are shaping current policy debates in state legislatures, including preemption battles over minimum wage laws. While difficult to quantify the effects of these activities, taking a more holistic view of city lobbying paints a more nuanced and positive picture about its policy consequences.
Introduction: Why a Social Representations Perspective?
Authors: Contarello Alberta 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the social representations perspective that forms the background of the entire volume, presenting the social-psychological gaze (regard psychosocial): the acknowledgment that the knowledge of a social object necessarily requires the mediation of an Alter, a “thirdness.” From this premise, specific ways of studying change and continuity in meaning-making derive, putting change at the forefront as well as concerns about the role of the researcher along the path. After considering these features, the chapter briefly presents the various parts that compose the book and the single chapters. From a social representations stance or from cognate perspectives, several keywords and topics are encountered, both on a theoretical side and with empirical examples, addressing social issues in domains such as health, aging, inequalities, environment, and community.
Social Representations in the Classroom
Authors: Leone Giovanna , Nadler Arie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors briefly summarize relevant research in two distinct fields of research before suggesting their merging to show how teachers’ help might promote their pupils’ future growth, eventually challenging the current unequal social status quo between advantaged and disadvantaged groups. Two studies, conducted with original research methodology, illustrate the point and conclude with practical suggestions for effective helping relationships in the classroom, underlying the pivotal role of social interactions in fostering the child’s active involvement in relevant social groups. Relaunching and employing the concepts of contingent scaffolding, as a provisional structure of knowledge offered by the adult, the teacher’s capacity of fading, in accordance with the growing capacity of students, and the transfer of responsibilities from teachers to students, the “thirdness” in the knowing process and its potential role in changing existing unequal status quo stands out.
Social Representations, Communication, and the Evolution of Cultures
Authors: Mazzara Bruno M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter suggests that, in order to understand changes in both social representations and culture, we need to focus on their systemic nature and on the role of communication processes. Linking up with a lengthy tradition that enhances the social nature of the human mind, the connections between the Frankfurt School’s legacy, cultural psychology, and the socio-constructionist movement are explored from a mature biological-evolutionary perspective. Considering and extending the idea of complexity from the biological domain to the mental, social, and cultural spheres, the attention shifts from structures to processes. What then becomes relevant is how well living and cultural systems are able to constantly regenerate themselves through structural changes and the establishing of new connections. The author suggests that we consider social representations as “maps” that we need to orient ourselves effectively in the “territory” of knowledge, action, and social relations.
Battles of Ideas Between the Legal and the Legitimate
Authors: Castro Paula , Brondi Sonia , Contarello Alberta 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses how social psychology can offer theoretical contributions for a better understanding of the relations between the institutional and public spheres and how this may impact change in ecological matters. First, it introduces the difference between natural and agreed—or chosen—limits to human action and draws on Sophocles’s Antigone to illustrate this and discuss how legitimacy has roots in the many heterogeneous values of the public sphere/consensual universe, while legality arises from the institutional/reified sphere. Recalling some empirical research in the area of social studies of sustainability, it then shows how a social representations perspective can help us understand the dynamic and interdependent relations between the institutional or reified sphere and the consensual or common sense universe—and their implications for social change and continuity.
Research of the Health, Aging, and Society Laboratory
Authors: Silva Antônia Lêda Oliveira , Tura Luiz Fernando Rangel , Madeira Campos 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the work being done in North-East Brazil to clarify how social issues are constructed and reconstructed in processes driven by the values, symbols, and patterns that characterize the area’s social and cultural spaces. Aging, but also care, quality of life, and work are studied, analyzing them in the process of their naturalization guided by daily communication and practices. The Lab at the Federal University of Paraiba (UFPB), in Joao Pessoa, also draws on contributions from other areas of Brazil (especially Rio de Janeiro) and focuses mainly on studying the aging process. Its work is guided by principles of interprofessionalization in the field of gerontology, especially in its critical advancements. The Aging Institute founded at the UFPB (the first in the whole country) aims to combine research and a third mission, exploiting the potential of social representations theory for engaged research.
Social Constructionism and Social Representation Theory
Authors: Romaioli Diego , Contarello Alberta 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers how the perspectives of social constructionism and social representations theory can overlap and cross-fertilize more than was once recognized, when the study of change is at stake. This applies particularly to the study of meaning-making through practices and relations via social artifacts. Focusing on those scholars considered to be the main initiators and developers of these two perspectives in social psychology—Serge Moscovici and Kenneth J. Gergen—the authors analyze their works on different levels: meta-theoretical, theoretical, and methodological. Grounding their reasoning on research that they themselves and others have conducted on the two frameworks, mainly on aging in an aging society, the authors call for a further erasure of distinctions between the two. They conclude by suggesting a fruitful future enrichment of the dialogue and a reciprocal cross-fertilization that might overcome nominalistic barriers in the study of social knowledge, particularly where change and continuity are concerned.
The Discursive Format of “Social Warming”
Authors: Mininni Giuseppe 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter deals with human relationships that currently come up against increasingly overheated communication. Combining the perspective of social representations with that of discursive acts, Giuseppe Mininni relaunches his diatextual approach, placing social psychology at the meeting point between the epistemological axes of cultural, discursive, and critical psychology. Studies on mixed families illustrate the issue. Mixed families seem fundamentally diatextual because their texts are embedded within enunciative contexts animated by multifarious dynamics of perennial change. The author’s analysis shows that these families activate three kinds of social-epistemic rhetoric, focusing on distinction, mediation, and integration. The interplay between the Self and the Other is thus explained, acknowledging the vital impulse toward hybridization. The hyphenated identities produced in mixed families show the Self that the best way to save its own identity may be by strewing it in the Other’s, in an ongoing process of change.
Minors as Living Organ Donors
Authors: Friedman Lainie , Thistlethwaite, Jr J. Richard 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In 1957, three years after the first successful kidney transplant between identical twin brothers, the Supreme Judicial Court in Massachusetts authorized kidney transplantation between three sets of identical twin minors and approved another two dozen living donor transplants involving minor donors over the next twenty years. Today, minors rarely serve as living solid organ donors, and donation by minors is prohibited in much of the world. In this chapter arguments are made to restrict children from serving as living donors except as a last resort. It is also argued that if one embraces the concept of the living donor as patient, then one would not make an exception for living donation by a minor to his or her identical twin sibling.
The Good Samaritan or Non-Directed Donor
Authors: Friedman Lainie , Thistlethwaite, Jr J. Richard 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
From the outset of kidney transplantation, some living donors were “Good Samaritan” donors—that is, individuals who donated a kidney without a specific recipient in mind. However, non-genetically related donors fell out of favor quickly because the results were no better than deceased donor grafts. As immunosuppression improved and graft outcomes from non-biologically related donors improved, attitudes changed (with greater and earlier support from the public than from transplant professionals and with greater support for spouses then friends then acquaintances, and then strangers). This chapter examines ethical controversies raised by Good Samaritan donors using a living donor ethics framework. It examines the moral justification for permitting living donation by strangers, the ethics of the donor and recipient selection and allocation processes, and whether Good Samaritan donors should be encouraged to catalyze a domino multi-donor-recipient pair chain rather than donate to a single candidate on the waitlist.
Challenging (Organ and Global) Boundaries
Authors: Friedman Lainie , Thistlethwaite, Jr J. Richard 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The original living kidney paired exchanges (KPE) involved two donors who were ABO- or crossmatch incompatible with their intended recipients but were compatible with the other’s recipient such that they could “swap” kidneys. This chapter examines the ethical issues raised by two novel expansions of KPE: bi-organ (also known as trans-organ) exchange involving a living liver donor (donor-L)-kidney recipient (recipient-K) and a living kidney donor (donor-K)-liver recipient (recipient-L), and global kidney exchange (GKE) between a living kidney donor-recipient pair from a low to middle income country and living kidney donor-recipient pair(s) from a high income country. Although this chapter describes a case report of an ethical bi-organ exchange, bi-organ exchanges and GKE are usually unjust because they challenge the fair selection of donors. Bi-organ exchanges and GKE also raise significant deferential and infrastructural vulnerability challenges that threaten the donor’s ability (autonomy) to provide a voluntary and informed consent.
Introduction
Authors: Metz Thaddeus 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 explains and motivates the project of advancing an African moral theory, after which it provides an overview of the book. An African moral theory is a basic, comprehensive principle distinguishing right from wrong actions that is informed by mores salient particularly in the sub-Saharan region. It is advanced as a rival to the principles of utility and of respect for autonomy, the primary Western answers to the important question of what all right actions have in common. Part I of the book discusses the meta-ethical issue of how to justify an African moral theory. Part II identifies three major candidates for a moral theory in the African tradition, and argues that one, grounded on communal relationship, is most promising. Part III argues that the relational moral theory does better than the principles of utility and of respect for autonomy at accounting for a wide array of applied controversies.
Reconsidering Ontology’s Relevance
Authors: Metz Thaddeus 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter and the next are methodological, focused on how to justify a moral theory. Many African philosophers believe that ethical claims follow immediately from ‘external’, metaphysical ones about human nature that must be established first. For example, Kwame Nkrumah maintains that an egalitarian ethic follows directly from a prior physicalist ontology, and Kwame Gyekye contends that his ‘moderate communitarian’ morality is derived from a certain conception of the self. Chapter 2 shows how these and similar rationales fail to clear the ‘is/ought gap’, as it is known in Western meta-ethics, and also how strategies one might use to bridge the gap do not work. It concludes that a more suitable way to defend a moral theory is to argue ‘internally’ to morality by appealing to intuitions, i.e., by determining which comparatively more controversial general principle of right action easily entails and best explains less controversial particular moral claims.
Communal Relationship
Authors: Metz Thaddeus 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The previous two chapters addressed African moral theories according to which relationality has a merely instrumental status, viz., is good solely as a means to the advancement of either the common good or vital force. Chapter 6 begins to make the case for taking harmonious or communal relationship to be what should be pursued as an end for the African tradition. Drawing particularly on ideas from Desmond Tutu, it provides a detailed reconstruction of sub-Saharan understandings of harmony or communality, and points out that, as the combination of sharing a way of life with others and caring for their quality of life, it is similar to what English-speakers label ‘friendliness’. It also provides reason to reject extant, consequentialist principles according to which such a relationship is a final good (or goal) that is to be promoted, roughly because they cannot ground human rights.