bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The legacy of Admiral von Tirpitz: a geopolitical understanding of China's naval buildup through sea-denial strategies
Authors: Pizzolo Paolo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAs manifest challenger of the United States (US)-led international order, the People's Republic of China (PRC) has inaugurated a revisionist strategy that encompasses a multifaceted spectrum of initiatives, including an ambitious naval military build-up. History has shown that revisionist and challenging powers tend to defy the established order through arm races. US Admiral Mahan and German Admiral Tirpitz theorized two different approaches to naval strategy, the former focusing on global maritime hegemony and the latter on regional counterbalance based on risk theory. This article attempts at explaining the puzzle of China's naval buildup through the lenses of geopolitics, adding a geopolitical dimension to the current debate. It suggests that the PRC's naval military development does not follow a Mahanian global maritime strategy aimed at challenging the US primacy worldwide, but rather a Tirpitzian regional approach focused on counterbalancing the US presence within the scope of China's sea power projection, that is, the Pacific region. To substantiate this hypothesis, the study compares diachronically contemporary Chinese naval arm race with Wilhelmine Germany's High Seas Fleet. The findings underscore that, in maritime terms, China's revisionism vis-à-vis the US somewhat resembles that of Imperial Germany vis-à-vis Imperial Britain, both aiming at regional counterbalance and anti-access and area-denial (A2/AD) tactics rather than global maritime counterhegemony. Although Chinese sea power is still far from posing a serious threat to that of the US and its allies, an unrestrained continuation of Beijing's naval buildup could encourage arms races and direct confrontation due to regional security dilemmas.
THE ‘POLITE’ AORIST: TENSE OR ASPECT?
Authors: Nijk Arjan A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article investigates the semantics and pragmatics of the ‘hortative’ aorist (the aorist indicative in questions with τί οὐ ‘why don't …’) and the ‘tragic’ or ‘performative’ aorist (for example ὤμοσα ‘I swear’). Lloyd argued in 1999 that the tragic aorist is a more polite alternative for the corresponding present (ὄμνυμι ‘I swear’). Recently, he has extended this view to the hortative aorist, suggesting that, for example, τί οὐκ ἐκαλέσαμεν; is a polite alternative for τί οὐ καλοῦμεν; Lloyd argues that the politeness value of the aorist derives from its being a past tense, comparing the so-called ‘attitudinal’ past (as in I wanted to ask you something instead of I want to ask you something). The present article, building on work by Colvin, Bary and Nijk, argues instead that the semantic value of the aorist is purely aspectual in these cases: the hortative and tragic aorists serve to construe the designated event as bounded, while the corresponding present forms serve to construe the designated event as unbounded. An extensive discussion of the evidence for the hortative aorist and present is presented, as well as a case study concerning the aspectual behaviour of the verb ὄμνυμι. Moreover, I argue that the proposed semantic account of the hortative and tragic aorists in terms of aspect can be unified with Lloyd's pragmatic account in terms of politeness: the difference in tone between the present and the aorist can be derived from their respective aspectual values, rather than from their temporal values.
Multidisciplinary team management of tracheostomy procedures in neurocritical care patients: our experience over 17 years in a quaternary centre
Authors: McClenaghan F , McGowan S , Platt L , Hunt K , Fishman J 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveTracheostomy in the neurocritical care population is associated with poorer outcomes. This study hypothesised that a multidisciplinary approach to tracheostomy care can improve outcomes.MethodsThis study was a prospective longitudinal study of all tracheostomised patients in the neurocritical care units of a quaternary centre over 17 years. All patients were managed by a tracheostomy team with a constant core membership of an intensive care consultant, speech and language therapist, and physiotherapist with consultant ENT input.ResultsA total of 51 per cent of patients were decannulated in hospital at an average of 48 (neuromedical) and 57.6 (neurosurgical) days. Of the 42 per cent of patients transferred to another facility with a tracheostomy tube in situ, 37.5 per cent were at an advanced stage of tracheostomy weaning. Complication rates were low at 4.8 per cent with no tracheostomy associated mortalities.ConclusionA multidisciplinary approach can enable good outcomes in the neurocritical care population. Consistency of care spanning the step-down from critical to ward-level care is crucial to improving outcomes.
In SituMeasurement of Elastic and Frictional Properties Using Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Huynh Ngoc-Phat , Le Tuan-Em , Chung Koo-Hyun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAtomic force microscopy (AFM) can determine mechanical properties, associated with surface topography and structure, of a material at the nanoscale. Force–indentation curves that depict the deformation of a target specimen as a function of an applied force are widely used to determine the elastic modulus of a material based on a contact model. However, a hysteresis may arise due to friction between the AFM tip and a specimen. Consequently, the normal force detected using a photodetector during extension and retraction could be underestimated and overestimated, respectively, and the extension/retraction data could result in a significant difference in the elastic modulus measurement result. In this study, elastic modulus and friction coefficient values were determined based on an in situ theoretical model that compensated for the effect of friction on force–indentation data. It validated the proposed model using three different polymer specimens and colloidal-tipped probes for the force–indentation curve and friction loop measurements. This research could contribute to the accurate measurement of mechanical properties using AFM by enhancing the interpretation of force–indentation curves with friction-induced hysteresis. Furthermore, the proposed approach may be useful for analyzing in situ relationships between mechanical and frictional properties from a fundamental tribological perspective.
Porosity and Compaction State at the Active Pāpaku Thrust Fault in the Frontal Accretionary Wedge of the North Hikurangi Margin
Authors: Dutilleul Jade , Bourlange S. , Géraud Y. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCharacterization of the porosity evolution across the sedimentary section entering subduction zones and accreted sediments provide valuable information for understanding the deformation history at accretionary margins and the physico‐chemical processes in and around fault zones. International Ocean Discovery Program Expeditions 372 and 375 drilled, logged, and cored the reference section on the incoming plate (Site U1520) and across the active Pāpaku thrust (Site U1518), which is a <30° westward‐dipping splay fault in the frontal accretionary wedge at the north Hikurangi margin in a region where tsunami earthquakes and recurrent slow slip events are documented. We observe strong variations of physical properties across the thrust fault. In particular, interstitial porosity increases by ∼10% through the fault zone while it exponentially decreases with depth, showing lower values in the hanging‐wall (HW; on average, ∼36%) than in the footwall (∼42%). Based on comparisons of porosity with the compaction curve at Site U1518 with that of reference Site U1520, we infer an overcompaction in the HW and a nearly normal compaction in the footwall of the Pāpaku thrust. We suggest that the porosity pattern across the thrust infers differences in the maximum burial depth of sediments, characterized by an overcompacted HW that has been uplifted, thrusted, and concomitantly tectonically eroded above the footwall. Porosity data indicate hydrostatic conditions around the thrust fault contrasting with commonly assumed excess pore pressure at the plate interface.
Nitrate Transport and Retention in Western European Catchments Are Shaped by Hydroclimate and Subsurface Properties
Authors: Ehrhardt Sophie , Ebeling Pia , Dupas Rémi , Kumar Rohini , Fleckenstein Jan H. , Musolff Andreas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractExcess nitrogen (N) from anthropogenic sources deteriorates freshwater resources. Actions taken to reduce N inputs to the biosphere often show limited or only delayed effects in receiving surface waters hinting at large legacy N stores built up in the catchments' soils and groundwater. Here, we quantify transport and retention of N in 238 Western European catchments by analyzing a unique data set of long‐term N input and output time series. We find that half of the catchments exhibited transport times with an average riverine concentration peak arriving 5 years after application. Longer transport times were evident in catchments with high potential evapotranspiration and low precipitation seasonality. On average the catchments retained 72% (Interquartile Range: 18%) of the N from diffuse sources with retention efficiency being specifically high in catchments with low discharge and thick, unconsolidated aquifers. The estimated transport time scales do not explain the observed N retention, suggesting a dominant role of biogeochemical legacy in the catchments' soils rather than a legacy store in the groundwater. Future water quality management should account for the accumulated biogeochemical N legacy by fostering denitrifying conditions or soil N recycling to avoid long‐term leaching and water quality deteriorations for decades to come.
Searching for Subsurface Oceans on the Moons of Uranus Using Magnetic Induction
Authors: Weiss Benjamin P. , Biersteker John B. , Colicci Vittorio , Goode Allison , Castillo‐Rogez Julie C. , Petropoulos Anastassios E. , Balint Tibor S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe icy moons of Uranus may contain subsurface oceans. Such oceans could be detected and characterized using measurements of magnetic fields induced by Uranus' time‐varying magnetospheric field. Here we explore this possibility for Uranus's five major moons, with a focus on Ariel. We find that the magnetic field at each moon is dominated by the synodic frequency with amplitudes ranging from ∼4 nT at Oberon up to ∼300 nT at Miranda. If these bodies contain oceans with sufficient thicknesses (>∼0.4–6 km) and conductivities (>2 S m−1) even underlying relatively thick (∼50 km) ice shells, the induced surface fields should have amplitudes exceeding the typical ∼1 nT sensitivity of spacecraft magnetometry investigations. Furthermore, the magnetic field variations at the moons span periods ranging from 1 to 103 h. These could enable long‐term measurements to separately constrain ocean and ice thicknesses and ocean salinity.
Active Boulder Falls in Terra Sirenum, Mars: Constraints on Timing and Causes
Authors: Grindrod Peter M. , Davis Joel M. , Conway Susan J. , de Haas Tjalling 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe use time series images to identify significant active boulder falls in an impact crater on Mars. Evidence for active boulder falls include boulder trails with impact marks from bouncing and rolling, and dark patches from boulder impacts away from the base of the crater walls. We were able to define three time periods with active boulder falls and additional slope streak formation, for which we refined the most significant activity to a time period between January 2012 and March 2013. A search of 236 images within 500 km of the study site identified two further sites with similar, but reduced, activity during the same time period. We discuss plausible mechanisms for the boulder fall activity, and conclude that the local geology and crater age is likely to be of significant importance. Our method of identifying and highlighting such activity will allow further studies of active surface processes on Mars.
A Statistical Analysis of Duration and Frequency Chirping Rate of Falling Tone Chorus
Authors: Xie Yi , Teng Shangchun , Wu Yifan , Tao Xin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe duration (τ) and chirping rate (Γ) of whistler mode chorus waves are two of the most important properties to understand chorus generation mechanism and to quantify effects of nonlinear wave particle interactions on radiation belt electron acceleration. In this study, we perform the first statistical analysis of the duration and chirping rate of falling tone chorus elements using Van Allen Probes data. We found that τ increases and Γ decreases with increasing L‐shell, although the dependence is weak. The duration from dawnside and dayside have similar distributions, which is a bit longer than those from duskside and nightside. However, Γ has little dependence on MLT. The relation between τ and Γ shows that τ scales with Γ as , supporting one of the previous theoretical models of rising tone chorus in Teng et al. (2017). Our results should provide important insights to deepen our understanding of falling tone chorus excitation.
Electron Heat Flux in the Solar Wind: Generalized Approaches to Fluid Transport With a Variety of Skewed Velocity Distributions
Authors: Cranmer Steven R. , Schiff Avery J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn the solar corona and solar wind, electron heat conduction is an important process that transports energy over large distances and helps determine the spatial variation of temperature. High‐density regions undergoing rapid particle‐particle collisions exhibit a heat flux described well by classical Spitzer‐Härm theory. However, much of the heliosphere is closer to a more collisionless state, and there is no standard description of heat conduction for fluid‐based (e.g., magnetohydrodynamic) models that applies generally. Some proposed models rely on electron velocity distributions that exhibit negative values of the phase‐space density. In this study, we explore how positive‐definite velocity distributions can be used in fluid‐based conservation equations for the electron heat flux along magnetic‐field lines in the corona and solar wind. We study both analytic forms of skewed distributions (e.g., skew‐normal distributions, two‐sided bi‐Maxwellians, and constant‐collision‐time electrostatic solutions) and empirical fits to measurements of core, halo, and strahl electrons in interplanetary space. We also present example solutions to a generalized conservation equation for the heat flux in the solar wind, with some limiting cases found to resemble known free‐streaming approximations. The resulting values of the electron heat flux vary as a function of radial distance and Knudsen number in ways that resemble observed data. We note that this model does not include the effects of kinetic instabilities (which may impose saturation limits when active), so for now its regime of applicability is limited to collisionless heat‐flux evolution away from the known instability boundaries in parameter space.
Evaluation and Assimilation of the COSMIC‐2 Radio Occultation Constellation Observed Atmospheric Refractivity in the WRF Data Assimilation System
Authors: Singh Randhir , Ojha Satya P. , Anthes Richard , Hunt Douglas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper evaluates atmospheric refractivity observations from the COSMIC‐2 (C2) radio occultation (RO) mission by comparing them with radiosonde (RS) observations, the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA5 reanalysis, and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) Global Forecast System (GFS) analysis for the period October 2019 to December 2020. C2 refractivity is overall in good agreement with the RS observations as well as the GFS and ERA5 analyses. The mean and standard deviations of the differences between C2 and RS, ERA5, and GFS refractivity are within ±0.3% and less than 2% respectively, with slightly higher differences (both systematic and random), in the lower levels of the troposphere.
Gaussian process analysis of electron energy loss spectroscopy data: multivariate reconstruction and kernel control
Authors: Kalinin Sergei V. , Lupini Andrew R. , Vasudevan Rama K. , Ziatdinov Maxim 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAdvances in hyperspectral imaging including electron energy loss spectroscopy bring forth the challenges of exploratory and physics-based analysis of multidimensional data sets. The multivariate linear unmixing methods generally explore similarities in the energy dimension, but ignore correlations in the spatial domain. At the same time, Gaussian process (GP) explicitly incorporate spatial correlations in the form of kernel functions but is computationally intensive. Here, we implement a GP method operating on the full spatial domain and reduced representations in the energy domain. In this multivariate GP, the information between the components is shared via a common spatial kernel structure, while allowing for variability in the relative noise magnitude or image morphology. We explore the role of kernel constraints on the quality of the reconstruction, and suggest an approach for estimating them from the experimental data. We further show that spatial information contained in higher-order components can be reconstructed and spatially localized.
Contribution of rare variant associations to neurodegenerative disease presentation
Authors: Dilliott Allison A. , Abdelhady Abdalla , Sunderland Kelly M. , Farhan Sali M. K. , Abrahao Agessandro , Binns Malcolm A. , Black Sandra E. , Borrie Michael , Casaubon Leanne K. , Dowlatshahi Dar , Finger Elizabeth , Fischer Corinne E. , Frank Andrew , Freedman Morris , Grimes David , Hassan Ayman , Jog Mandar , Kumar Sanjeev , Kwan Donna , Lang Anthony E. , Mandzia Jennifer , Masellis Mario , McIntyre Adam D. , Pasternak Stephen H. , Pollock Bruce G. , Rajji Tarek K. , Rogaeva Ekaterina , Sahlas Demetrios J. , Saposnik Gustavo , Sato Christine , Seitz Dallas , Shoesmith Christen , Steeves Thomas D. L. , Swartz Richard H. , Tan Brian , Tang-Wai David F. , Tartaglia Maria C. , Turnbull John , Zinman Lorne ,   ONDRI Investigators, Hegele Robert A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractGenetic factors contribute to neurodegenerative diseases, with high heritability estimates across diagnoses; however, a large portion of the genetic influence remains poorly understood. Many previous studies have attempted to fill the gaps by performing linkage analyses and association studies in individual disease cohorts, but have failed to consider the clinical and pathological overlap observed across neurodegenerative diseases and the potential for genetic overlap between the phenotypes. Here, we leveraged rare variant association analyses (RVAAs) to elucidate the genetic overlap among multiple neurodegenerative diagnoses, including Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), mild cognitive impairment, and Parkinson’s disease (PD), as well as cerebrovascular disease, using the data generated with a custom-designed neurodegenerative disease gene panel in the Ontario Neurodegenerative Disease Research Initiative (ONDRI). As expected, only ~3% of ONDRI participants harboured a monogenic variant likely driving their disease presentation. Yet, when genes were binned based on previous disease associations, we observed an enrichment of putative loss of function variants in PD genes across all ONDRI cohorts. Further, individual gene-based RVAA identified significant enrichment of rare, nonsynonymous variants in PARK2 in the FTD cohort, and in NOTCH3 in the PD cohort. The results indicate that there may be greater heterogeneity in the genetic factors contributing to neurodegeneration than previously appreciated. Although the mechanisms by which these genes contribute to disease presentation must be further explored, we hypothesize they may be a result of rare variants of moderate phenotypic effect contributing to overlapping pathology and clinical features observed across neurodegenerative diagnoses.
Behavioral gender differences are reinforced during the COVID-19 crisis
Authors: Reisch Tobias , Heiler Georg , Hurt Jan , Klimek Peter , Hanbury Allan , Thurner Stefan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBehavioral gender differences have been found for a wide range of human activities including the way people communicate, move, provision themselves, or organize leisure activities. Using mobile phone data from 1.2 million devices in Austria (15% of the population) across the first phase of the COVID-19 crisis, we quantify gender-specific patterns of communication intensity, mobility, and circadian rhythms. We show the resilience of behavioral patterns with respect to the shock imposed by a strict nation-wide lock-down that Austria experienced in the beginning of the crisis with severe implications on public and private life. We find drastic differences in gender-specific responses during the different phases of the pandemic. After the lock-down gender differences in mobility and communication patterns increased massively, while circadian rhythms tended to synchronize. In particular, women had fewer but longer phone calls than men during the lock-down. Mobility declined massively for both genders, however, women tended to restrict their movement stronger than men. Women showed a stronger tendency to avoid shopping centers and more men frequented recreational areas. After the lock-down, males returned back to normal quicker than women; young age-cohorts return much quicker. Differences are driven by the young and adolescent population. An age stratification highlights the role of retirement on behavioral differences. We find that the length of a day of men and women is reduced by 1 h. We interpret and discuss these findings as signals for underlying social, biological and psychological gender differences when coping with crisis and taking risks.
Association between early ventricular arrhythmias and mortality in destination vs. bridge patients on continuous flow LVAD support
Authors: Jedeon Zeina , Cogswell Rebecca , Schultz Jessica , Von Wald Lisa , John Ranjit , Roukoz Henri 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe association between ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) and mortality in patients supported by continuous flow left ventricular assist devices (LVAD) remains controversial. To evaluate the association between pre-implantation, early (≤ 30 day) post-implantation VAs and mortality in bridge to transplant (BTT) and destination therapy (DT) LVAD patients, separately. The risk factors for post LVAD VAs were also investigated. In this observational cohort study, we included 341 patients who received a first time, continuous flow LVAD between January 1st 2010 and July 30th 2018. We used Kaplan–Meier curves and multivariable cox regression analyses to study the association between VAs and mortality in the BTT and DT populations. The mean age of the cohort was 58 ± 14 years, with 82% males, 53% had ischemic cardiomyopathy, and 45% were DT. The mean follow-up was 2.2 ± 2.1 years. In both BTT and DT cohorts, pre LVAD VAs were not associated with mortality after LVAD implantation (log-rank p = 0.95 and p = 0.089, respectively). In the BTT population, early post-LVAD VAs were not statistically associated with increased mortality (log rank p = 0.072). In the DT patients, early post LVAD VAs were associated with a 67% increase in the hazards rate of mortality on LVAD support (HR 1.67 [1.05–2.65], p = 0.029). The final model was adjusted for type of cardiomyopathy, INTERMACS profile, glomerular filtration rate, post LVAD atrial fibrillation, age and cerebrovascular events. Early post-LVAD VA is common after LVAD implantation and is an independent predictor of mortality in the DT LVAD population.