bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heaven on Earth
Authors: Grasso Christopher 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In 1886, after moving to Colorado and marrying Etta Dunbar, Kelso described himself, even as he struggled to get a disability pension for the worsening effects of his wartime injuries, as “one of the happiest of men.” But with news of the Haymarket Affair in Chicago, where labor radicals were executed as bomb-throwing terrorists, he plunged into another public crisis. Angrily rethinking some of his core beliefs, he decided that Haymarket had exposed the hopeless rot of the American political and economic system. In his last years, after writing his autobiography, he turned to the story of the nation he had fought and bled for, looking for a better way forward. His last book, Government Analyzed, completed by his wife after his death in 1891, reinterpreted the Civil War and offered a defense of anarchism. His last lectures described Jesus as an anarchistic reformer, hoping for a heaven on earth.
Shambuk’s Severed Head
Authors: Valmiki Omprakash , Sherraden Aaron 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This poem by leading Dalit poet Omprakash Valmiki focuses on the symbolic figure of Shambuk from the Ramayana narrative, whose head is severed by Sri Ram for his alleged transgression in practicing asceticism. It serves as an introduction to the following chapter on three anti-caste Hindi dramas in which Shambuk figures as a Dalit icon within the larger framework of education and social emancipation.
Recasting Shambuk in Three Hindi Anti-Caste Dramas
Authors: Sherraden Aaron 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
At the end of the Vālmīki Rāmāyaṇa, Ram kills Shambuk, a Shudra, for disrupting the balance of dharma in Ayodhya by engaging in ascetic practices forbidden to his caste, thus bringing about the death of a young Brahmin. In the three Hindi anti-caste dramas discussed in this chapter, Shambuk is reimagined as a revolutionary leader and educator of India’s oppressed as they fight against casteism. In the 1930s, Swami Achhutanand mobilized Shambuk in his Rām-Rājya-Nyāy to promote the tenets of the Adi Hindu movement of Uttar Pradesh. Lalai Singh and Ram Avtar Pal, also from Uttar Pradesh, further elaborated on Shambuk’s revolutionary potential in their 1962 drama, Śambūk Vadh. In 2015, Amar Visharat drew on these earlier Shambuk dramas when composing a drama for his pamphlet Rukā Huā Faisalā Śambūk Vadh, through which he urged the Supreme Court of India to condemn Ram’s execution of Shambuk.
Ravana as Dissident Artist
Authors: Bharucha Rustom 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This three-part chapter combines the performance scripts of two contemporary productions—Vinay Kumar’s The Tenth Head and Maya Krishna Rao’s Ravanama—along with a general introduction and critical annotation of the scripts themselves. Both productions represent avant-garde experiments in retelling the story of Ramayana from the perspective of Ravana: While The Tenth Head focuses on the role of the nonconformist individual in the collective through a dramatization of Ravana’s tenth head, which does not quite fit into the uniformity of Ravana’s traditional iconography, Ravanama explores multiple retellings of an actor’s attempt to find different ways of representing Ravana through his relationship with Sita as daughter, drawing on folk narratives and Jain renderings of the Ramayana story. Fragmented through a collage of images rather than a linear dramaturgy, the texts of the two plays are annotated in detail, with attention to their disjunctive structures, gestures, movements, music, and multimedia inputs in the larger context of creative dissidence.
The Making of RāmaRāvaṇā
Authors: de Bruin Hanne M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed exposition of the dramaturgical and performative decisions that went into the staging of a 90-minute new play on Ramayana titled RāmaRāvaṇā, adapted by veteran performer and director P. Rajagopal on the basis of his traditional knowledge of Kattaikkuttu. Working against the grain of the Kattaikkuttu repertoire, which focuses primarily on the valorization of heroism and war through episodes from the Mahabharata, RāmaRāvaṇā’s innovation can be attributed to Rajagopal’s strong decision to call attention to the politics of gender with young women playing all the leading roles in the production, thereby countering the dominance of male actors in the tradition. Refusing to play into the “othering” of Ravana as a demon or the condemnation of Rama within the larger context of Dravidian anti-brahmanism, Rajagopal attempts to see the two characters as mirror images of each other, with Sita and Shurpanakha questioning the legitimacy of both in the larger context of power and patriarchy.
Davenant on the Will of God and the Divine Decrees
Authors: Lynch Michael J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses another important doctrine relative to John Davenant’s hypothetical universalism: the divine will. Observing that the doctrine of God’s will in early modern scholastic theology, including among Reformed theologians, involved a plethora of scholastic distinctions, the chapter shows that Davenant’s theology of the divine will was heavily influenced by these distinctions, which were themselves ways of making sense of apparent contradictory claims in Scripture. Davenant’s employment of these medieval distinctions, such as between God’s love of simple complacency and his absolute will, are given extended treatment. This chapter also gives attention to the difference between a divine conditional and an absolute will. Finally, tying all these distinctions together, this chapter explains how Davenant employs them to buttress his hypothetical universalism.
Proportionality in International Humanitarian Law
Authors: Cohen Amichai , Zlotogorski David 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The principle of proportionality is one of the cornerstones of International Humanitarian Law (IHL). Almost all states involved in armed conflicts recognize that it is prohibited to launch an attack that is expected to cause incidental harm to civilians that exceeds the direct military advantage anticipated from the attack. This prohibition is included in military manuals, taught in professional courses, and accepted as almost axiomatic. And yet, the exact meaning of this principle is vague. Almost every issue is in dispute—from the most elementary question of how to compare civilian harm and military advantage, to the possible obligation to employ accurate but expensive weapons. Controversy is especially rife regarding asymmetrical conflicts, in which many modern democracies are involved. How exactly should proportionality be implemented when the enemy is not an army, but a non-state actor embedded within a civilian population? What does it mean to use precautions in attack, when almost every attack is directed at objects that are used for both military and civilian purposes?
Strategic and Cultural Considerations
Authors: Cohen Amichai , Zlotogorski David 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Proportionality requires weighing the concrete and direct military advantage. Should the proportionality of an attack be affected by broader considerations, such as the context of the conflict and its circumstances? More specifically, can cultural or strategic considerations—such as each party’s capabilities, military goals or aims, sensibilities, and vulnerabilities—be weighed as part of the military advantage anticipated from an attack? The argument raised in this chapter is that in principle, states should not be differentiated according to their strategic and cultural sensitivities. However, there are state-specific factors that should be considered in assessing the application of the principle of proportionality. Examples of such factors are the technological abilities, defensive systems, and relative power of the parties to the conflict.
Should We Worry about Partisan Electoral Interventions? The Nature, History, and Known Effects of Foreign Interference in Elections
Authors: Levin Dov H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Ever since the exposure of the Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. elections for the Donald Trump campaign, there has been much discussion of its causes mixed with deep concerns about the possibility of future meddling of this kind by Russia. There has been far less discussion, however, about the wider phenomena this particular intervention is just one recent example of. This chapter provides an overview of what scholars have found so far about partisan electoral interventions. It first describes the main methods through which foreign powers are known to have tried to intervene in elections in other countries in order to determine their results, as well as the long history of such efforts, going back to the very start of competitive national-level executive elections. The chapter then briefly summarizes the current academic research on the effects of such interference on the target, from its immediate effects on the intervened election results to their medium- and long-term post-election effects on the targets welfare (such as the quality of its democracy). Both parts illustrate that concerns about such foreign interference are indeed quite justified—it is a common, multifaceted phenomenon that can, in many cases, cause serious harm to its unfortunate targets.​
Subcultures of Humiliation and Counter-Humiliation
Authors: Khosrokhavar Farhad 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 discusses the fact that jihadism cannot be solely attributed to the disaffected young Muslims. A sizeable minority of jihadis consists of converts (from 8 percent to more than 20 percent, according to the European countries), as well as middle-class Muslims. Nevertheless, male disaffected Muslim youth, mostly from the first and the second generations, living chiefly in ghettoized neighborhoods, represent the major part of the jihadis in Europe. They come from at least three types of “slum subculture” which are marked by poverty, humiliation, and discontent. These are: the European slum subculture proper, the subculture of religious introversion (Salafism and Tabligh), and the subculture of violent religious confrontation (jihadism). These themes of poverty, humiliation, and discontent are discussed at length in this chapter and are reflected in interviews presented throughout, which were conducted by the author with some of the young men affected by these conditions. Also discussed are the ways in which secular society and its social freedoms contribute to the frustration and discontent expressed by these individuals.
European Jihadi Cells and the motivations behind them
Authors: Khosrokhavar Farhad 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 describes the different types of jihadi cells, highlighting their differences as well as some similarities between them. Each cell has a life of its own, and the essence of each is determined by group dynamics, the origins of its leaders, the interactions between its members, and their cultural and economic homogeneity or heterogeneity. Each of these factors plays a significant role in the radicalization and in the effectiveness of the group to implement its goals. In general, cells are loosely structured, and it is very rare to find “egalitarian cells” or “leaderless” groups of friends or buddies, contrary to the claims of some researchers. Sometimes, they have more than one leader, a division of tasks occurring between them (for instance, the ideological and the military). Jihadi actors choose to belong to a group for many reasons: friendship, spatial proximity (they live in the same neighborhood), attendance at the same university, high school, sports association, or mosque, and so on These facets have been frequently studied, some researchers focusing on the horizontal relationships (a group of friends without formal hierarchy) or vertical ones (the presence of a leader and his lieutenants), their actual link with a larger network (al-Qaeda, IS) or imaginary (laying claim or making allegiance without any effective ties), the degree of their dependence on the web, or the greater or lesser scope of the group (from a solo jihadi to large groups of more than ten or fifteen people).
The Just War and the Horizon of Martyrdom
Authors: Lundberg Matthew D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter charts the rise of the “magisterial” expression of Christianity, as symbolized by Constantine and displayed in Christian soldiers featuring in later patristic martyr literature. It follows the emergence of Christian just war thinking from its roots in the classical world to its expression in key thinkers such as Augustine and Aquinas, the Protestant confessions, and modern theorists. The chapter then explores this ethical tradition’s appeal to biblical and theological themes regarding the defense of the vulnerable, the responsibility of the state, and the nature of sin and love. The chapter concludes by examining criticisms of just war teaching, including the misgivings reflected in some of the “instincts” of Christian martyr theology.
The Rise of Sovereignty and the Logic of Congruence
Authors: Koganzon Rita 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter locates the origins of the logic of congruence in modern thought. This logic turns out not to be historically liberal in origin but rather arose out of the arguments for absolute sovereignty advanced by Jean Bodin and his followers. Bodin was the first modern thinker to model the power of fathers on that of absolute monarchs and to claim that fathers wield absolute authority over their children. This model goes so far as to demand the reinstatement of the long-discarded Roman right of life and death over children. For Bodin, the family became a vehicle through which his novel conception of absolute power could be demonstrated and legitimated. Total submission under absolutist fathers was necessary to correctly educate and accustom children to their political duties as subjects of absolute sovereigns.
Locke and the Authority of Opinion
Authors: Koganzon Rita 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes how Locke came to reject sovereignty theory, along with the logic of congruence, in favor of a much more limited account of political authority. It traces his transformation from a young Hobbesian who accepted that an absolute sovereign could manipulate public opinion in its favor, to a skeptic about anyone’s ability to control public opinion. This shift in his view of the possibilities of political authority grew out of his increasing fear of the intellectual tyranny of public opinion. It resulted in his mature turn in the Two Treatises toward an anti-sovereignty politics and to his limited account of parental power designed to maximize the possibility of liberty under modern social conditions.
Rousseau and the Authority of Opinion
Authors: Koganzon Rita 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers how Rousseau’s thinking about authority differs from Locke’s. Rousseau did not reject the possibility of sovereignty, but like Locke, he concluded that sovereign power could never extend to the government of public opinion, which could not be controlled by the impersonal, indirect form of government necessary to preserve liberty and equality. Even in virtuous republics, only highly personal authorities like the Lawgiver, the censors, and public educators can regulate opinion. But in modern, commercial societies, such public authorities are impotent or even dangerous. Under such conditions, the private authority of parents and especially mothers was the last hope for fortifying children against the social and intellectual corruption that modern political arrangements had created.
Conclusion
Authors: Koganzon Rita 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The conclusion summarizes the reasons for Locke’s and Rousseau’s turn against absolutist congruence theory and toward a defense of authoritarian families in liberal states. They saw that the absolutists had failed to adequately grapple with the power of public opinion to undermine the sovereign authority that was supposed to control it, and they understood the enormous influence of opinion over our ideas and its potential to foreclose intellectual freedom. To defend that freedom for adults, they leaned on the family and its domestic education of children as a buttress and counterinfluence against the power of fashion and opinion. Recognizing this pedagogical role of personal authority in the foundations of liberalism may help us to resolve our own inability to find a place for the basic but private experience of personal authority, which, however much we wish it away, remains central to forming liberal public life
Unconventional Combat
Authors: Messner Michael A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Unconventional Combat illuminates the generational transformation of the U.S. veterans’ peace movement, from one grounded mostly in the experiences of White men of the Vietnam War era, to one increasingly driven by a younger and much more diverse cohort of “post-9/11” veterans. Participant observation with two organizations (Veterans For Peace and About Face) and interviews with older men veterans form the backdrop for the book’s main focus, life-history interviews with six younger veterans—all people of color, three of them women, one a Native Two-Spirit person, one a genderqueer non-binary person. The book traces these veterans’ experiences of sexual and gender harassment, sexual assault, racist and homophobic abuse during their military service (some of it in combat zones), centering on their “situated knowledge” of intersecting oppressions. As veterans, this knowledge shapes their intersectional praxis, which promises to transform the veterans’ peace movement, and provides a connective language through which veterans’ anti-militarism work links with movements for racial justice, stopping gender and sexual violence, addressing climate change, and building anti-colonial coalitions. This promise is sometimes thwarted by older veterans, whose commitment to “diversity” often falls short of creating organizational space for full inclusion of previously marginalized “others.” Intersectionality is the analytic coin of today’s emergent movement field, and the connective tissue of a growing coalitional politics. The veterans that are the focus of this book are part of this larger shift in the social movement ecology, and they contribute a critical understanding of war and militarism to progressive coalitions.
Entitlement’s Enablers: Parents and Teachers
Authors: Anderson Kristin J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the development of entitlement in individuals. What entities surrounding the newborn, the child, and young adult facilitate the sense of deservingness that some people have relative to others? This chapter begins with the role that parents play in producing a child with a social dominance orientation or authoritarian tendencies: two ideologies that are associated with entitlement. Parents’ ideas about race and gender are also significant in how their child will think about their place in the world. Globally, boys are the preferred gender, and this preference is due to the fact that in most cultures, men have more status and power than do women. Chapter 3 explores the gendered treatment of children by caregivers, beginning with parents’ attitudes toward their newborn daughters and sons. Adult heterosexual men tend to have a sense of domestic entitlement, meaning they feel justified doing less domestic labor than their spouse. This sense of entitlement begins with the toys and then chores parents assign to their daughters and sons. Chapter 3 next examines teachers’ role in facilitating entitlement. Teachers’ expectations and treatment of students unintentionally influences entitlement in boys relative to girls, and in White students relative to students of color. If teachers’ expectations (and biases) can have a measurable impact over the course of one school year, imagine the consequences over a student’s entire academic career. Being the normative racial category allows one to be given the benefit of the doubt when it comes to school discipline. Unlike students of color, for White kids, the school experience allows them to feel entitled to impartial or even preferential treatment by law enforcement and the criminal legal system.
The Theory of Competitive Markets
Authors: Drobak John N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 explains how the theory of competitive markets became the benchmark for economic analysis, implicitly leading to the assumption that firms actually compete in real-world markets rather than acting as oligopolies. The chapter begins by showing how competition theoretically maximizes resource allocation and constrains the behavior of firms. Then it analyzes the assumptions that underlie the theory, emphasizing the problems that stem from the assumption of consumer sovereignty and the ability of producers to manipulate consumer preferences. It also explains how the assumption that markets are competitive became the paradigm of economic education, as advocated by Alfred Marshall, rather than recognizing the prevalence of monopolies and oligopolies, as advocated by Marshall’s successor, Joan Robinson. Finally, the chapter shows how the assumption that real-world markets are competitive is used to justify opposition to government regulation, based on the notion that competition already provides the only necessary constraints.
Outsourcing in the United States and Europe
Authors: Drobak John N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 analyzes how the belief in shareholder primacy justified the outsourcing of millions of jobs this century, primarily to China and, under NAFTA, to Mexico. It details the failed attempts in Congress to regulate outsourcing, partly due to lobbying by business but also as a result of the belief that these kinds of activities should be left to the market. The chapter then compares the situation in the United States with the protection of labor and the limits on outsourcing in some countries in the European Union, particularly in Germany. In the European Union, the Charter of Fundamental Rights creates significant legal rights for workers and unions. Not only do many European countries have additional laws protecting labor, they also have a culture respecting the rights of workers. The chapter explains that the prevalent cultural views in the United States toward labor, unions, and government regulation make it impossible to provide similar legal protections for U.S. workers. Nonetheless, the chapter argues that we should not only learn from the E.U. experience, but should also adopt some of the European protections of labor.
Belief Systems and Confirmation Bias
Authors: Drobak John N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 uses lessons from the new institutional economics and the concepts of confirmation bias and belief systems to explain why so many people are reluctant to change their views about the U.S. markets and about the desirability of additional government regulation. The chapter begins by describing the development of belief systems, the filter through which people see the world. It explains how people create mental models of the world to simplify things and how people use heuristics and rules of thumb to help make decisions. Once people develop their views of how the world works, confirmation bias makes it difficult to change them. People have a tendency to pay attention to the information that reinforces their prior beliefs and to disregard information that challenges them. In addition, the vast majority of people have much more to think about than the relationship between the market and the government, so they do not pay much attention to details. The chapter uses studies about the rigidity of political views as an example to show the difficulty in changing the public’s acceptance of the harm done to workers by mergers and outsourcing.