bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dr. Cox Replies
Authors: Cox Frederick 
Published: December 2021

Patient 2 had been treated with pentamidine isethionate for nine days at the time of diagnosis of nocardia lung infection. Trimethoprim and sulfonamides were not used to treat the pneumocystis infection.
Patient 4 did not have Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis. The last sentence of the last paragraph on page 136, "In patient 4 the nocardial lung abscess developed during Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis" is an error and should be deleted.
Hypoglycemia in Small-for-Dates Newborn Infants
Authors: de Leeuw Richard , de Vries Ivan J. 
Published: December 2021

In 24% (18 out of 76) small-for-dates a "significant" though asymptomatic hypoglycemia was demonstrated during the first six hours of life. The cord blood glucose concentration was lower in the hypoglycemic compared to that of the small-for-date normoglycemic group.
In the hypoglycemic infants, the disappearance rate of glucose was significantly elevated and the lipid mobilization disturbed.
It is suggested that a lack of lipids for energy metabolism increases the glucose expenditure and hence increases the risk for hypoglycemia.
On doubting and certainty
Authors: Pless I. Barry 
Published: December 2021

Since they were first introduced in 1971, three terms have become established in the lexicon of health services research. The concepts of efficacy, effectiveness, and efficiency are now widely accepted as essential measures for assessing health care programs and practices.
Efficacy is concerned with "establishing objectively that a new form of preventive, diagnostic, curative or restorative intervention is more useful and beneficial than it is harmful or useless for the purposes for which it is advocated." Effectiveness describes "the extent to which an efficacious form of intervention can be shown to have been made available or applied to all those in a defined population who could benefit from it." Efficiency, in turn, is concerned with "measuring the extent to which a stated level of effectiveness can be achieved with the least expenditures of personel, resources and money."1
Dr. McMahon Replies
Authors: McMahon Jean L. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Stein's points are well taken. Making the diagnosis takes as much, if not more, knowledge and acumen than the administration of the medication. The term "organicity" as used in the statement is meant to differentiate the condition from that due to environmental causes or emotional disturbance. As in most forms of treatment, it is difficult, if not impossible, to rule out all psychogenic factors.
The description of "the hyperactive child" was intended to rule out failure due to retardation or cultural disadvantage rather than to imply the necessity for academic achievement.
Development of Attention in Preterm Infants
Authors: Hack Maureen , Mostow Ann , Miranda Simon B. 
Published: December 2021

The quality of the awake state and attention in preterm infants has been evaluated by rating indices of attention such as widening of the eye, type of fixation, brightening, scanning, and cessation of sucking measured during visual fixation of patterns. Twenty-six infants ranging from 28 to 32 weeks' gestation at birth (mean, 31 weeks) were tested from one to four weeks postnatally until 36 weeks' gestation. Indices of attention were rated on a scale of 4 with an optimal mean index of 4.
A progressive increase in behaviors associated with fixation of visual stimuli has been shown from 32 to 36 weeks of conceptual age. Mean scores ranged from 0.7 at 31 weeks' gestation to 1.8 at 34 weeks' and 2.7 at 36 weeks' gestation. The possibility therefore exists that by as early as 31 to 32 weeks from conception the human brain may be capable of waking states and thus able to process some sensory stimulation.
Breast milk leukocytes
Authors: Pitt Jane 
Published: December 2021

The apparent increase in frequency of neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis1 and the recognition that the gastrointestinal tract is often the portal of entry in neonatal sepsis2 has renewed interest in breast milk as a source of newborn immunity. Attention has recently focussed on milk leukocytes. The purpose of this commentary is to summarize the available information on this subject and to examine the implications that this knowledge may have on the possible use of human milk-feeding to protect the newborn from infection.
Human colostrum and early milk contain 1 to 2 x 106 leukocytes; 80% to 90% of these are monocytic phagocytes and the remainder are lymphocytes.3,4
NATIONAL HEALTH INSURANCE: CAN WE LEARN FROM CANADA? Edited by Spyros Andreopoulos. New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1975, $10.95; 273 pp
Authors: Wheatley George M. 
Published: December 2021

The assumption is widely prevalent that the United States will have in the not too distant future some form of national health insurance. The questions being debated now are what kind of national program and how it will be legislated.
Now that we may be on the threshold of another multibillion dollar social program, it is prudent to examine carefully the successes and errors of other countries in order to guide our planners to wise decisions and to avoid costly mistakes.
Feeding the Low-Birthweight Infant: Orally or Parenterally?: II. Corrected Bromide Space in Parenterally Supplemented Infants
Authors: Brans Yves W. , Sumners James E. , Dweck Harry S. , Bailey Penrhyn E. , Cassady George 
Published: December 2021

Previously published data suggested that the faster rate of weight gain observed in parenterally supplemented neonates compared to their orally fed peers might be attributable to water retention rather than to more rapid tissue accretion. The present study was designed to test that hypothesis by observing changes in extracellular water, estimated as corrected bromide space (CBS).
Ten neonates with a mean birthweight of 1,250 gm (range, 800 to 1,980 gm) and a mean gestational age of 31 weeks (range, 24 to 38 weeks) were randomly assigned to a 67 cal/dl formula feeding or an oral 100 cal/dl formula feeding supplemented parenterally with dextrose and amino acids. CBS was estimated within 19 hours of birth and between the 7th and 28th postnatal days. Mean total daily water and protein intakes during the intervening period were similar for orally fed and supplemented neonates, but the latter took significantly less orally and received more parenterally. CBS increased in all but one of the supplemented neonates whereas two of four orally fed babies had decreasing values and one had stable values. Shorter times before regaining birthweight, faster rates of weight gain, and lower arterial pH were associated with larger CBS as well as with parenteral supplementation. These data suggest that parenteral supplementation may result in water retention and/or shifts from the intracellular to the extracellular space. Previously reported earlier and greater mean daily weight gains in supplemented babies may be related to water accumulation rather than tissue accretion, but definitive conclusions must await further studies, including concomitant estimates of total and extracellular body water.
Language Screening Test
Authors: Nader Philip R. 
Published: December 2021

The article by Schwartz and Murphy1 in the May 1975 issue emphasizes the key position of the pediatrician in recognition of speech and language disorders, as well as the lack of training of health professionals in this important area of development.
We would like to call attention to a five-minute screening test appropriate for children 6 months to 6 years of age. The Physician's Developmental Quick Screen for Speech Disorders (PDQ)2 is designed for use by non-speech pathologists.
A Cannabis Registry?
Authors: Milman Doris H. 
Published: December 2021

The report of the Committee on Drugs on the effects of marihuana on man1 is commendable for its thorough survey of the current literature and its succinct presentation of a complex subject.
I would like to add some comments in regard to adverse psychological effects, an aspect of the marihuana problem that is of special interest to pediatricians.
The Committee discounts many reports of adverse effects on several grounds: uncontrolled observations, data from the Far East and Caribbean of doubtful clinical verity on men with nutritional and other disease problems, and the confusion of interpreting multiple drug effects.
Lacunar Skull Deformity and Intelligence
Authors: Fishman Marvin A. , Palkes Helen S. , Shackelford Gary D. , McAlister William H. 
Published: December 2021

Prognostic criteria to be utilized in the selection of neonates with myelomeningoceles for early treatment have been proposed by Lorber.1 Stein et al. suggested modification of the selection factors based on the presence or absence of lacunar skull deformity (LSD) which they thought to be a good predictor of subsequent intellectual development.2 However, disagreement exists regarding the value of LSD as a useful criterion in early selection for treatment because Lonton et al. found only minor differences in intelligence among groups of patients with varying degrees of the deformity.3 In this report, a population of children with myelomeningoceles was studied in an effort to reach definite conclusions regarding the association between LSD and intelligence.
See table in the PDF file
Treatment of Phenothiazine Overdosage With Physostigmine
Authors: Wang Stephen F. , Marlowe Christopher L. 
Published: December 2021

Phenothiazines are among the most widely used drugs in medicine today.1 They are used principally for the treatment of psychiatric illnesses and as symptomatic medication for nausea and vomiting. Most articles in the pediatric literature have dealt with the extrapyramidal effects of phenothiazine toxicity which are successfully treated with antihistamines.2,3 In a review of phenothiazine toxicity in children these were the major side effects mentioned.4 Phenothiazines can also produce the dangerous hypersensitivity reactions of agranulocytosis, hepatitis, and dermatitis.1
Overdosage, usually due to accidental ingestion in small children, can cause changes at all levels of the central nervous system. CNS depression has been manifested after ingestion of 100 mg by children 5 years of age and younger5; a 1-year-old child became comatose and apneic after swallowing 200 mg of chlorpromazine,5 and a 3-year-old died after ingestion of 800 mg.6
Presentation of the C. Anderson Aldrich Award: Introductory Remarks
Authors: Friedman David B. 
Published: December 2021

When the Aldrich Award was established in 1964 there was no doubt in anyone's mind as to who was most deserving of the first award. Dr. Milton J. E. Senn was and is a pioneer and a giant in the field of pediatrics and child development. His brilliant academic career at Cornell and Yale, his excellent studies, his scholarly publications, and, most of all, his inspiring teaching of countless numbers of young pediatricians have earned him the respect and esteem of all of us.
In a volume published in his honor in 1963, Drs. Solnit and Provence wrote, "He has built his career on the conviction that children and families are our most important resources and on his scientific fascination with the intricacies of child development."
An S.R.C.D. monograph by Dr. Senn on the child development movement in the United States is now in press and he is now preparing a second book for the Yale Press.
Dr. Senn made me promise to make my remarks brief, and I'll keep my promise: members of the Child Development Section and friends, I give you Dr. Milton J. E. Senn who will present the 1975 Aldrich Award.
A Question Regarding Validity of Questionnaire for Follow-up
Authors: DeWitt Gerald W. 
Published: December 2021

In their description of the rural perinatal evaluation and education program in Iowa, Hein et al.1 present a comparison of pre- and post-site-visit policies, practices, and procedures. This evaluation was based on two sets of data obtained by different means without evidence of the validity of this comparison.
The first group of data was determined by assessment of the existing situation at the local hospital by a visiting perinatal team, utilizing direct observation.
Approximately 90 days after the site visit and educational program, a questionnaire was sent to the hospital for self-assessment of changes in perinatal practice.
Gram-Negative Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt-Associated Infections
Authors: Sells Clifford J. , Shurtleff David B. , Loeser John D. 
Published: December 2021

Twenty hydrocephalic children with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunts over an 11-year period were seen with Gram-negative central nervous system (CNS) infections. Seventeen infections were with single organisms and three were mixed. Sixteen of 20 (80%) of the infections occurred within five months of shunt surgery. Complete shunt removal or replacement in a new site plus systemic and intraventricular antibiotics resulted in a 100% (9/9) cure rate. Systemic and intraventricular antibiotics alone or in combination with incomplete shunt removal generally were unsuccessful.
Significant morbidity and mortality were associated with these infections. Of the 18 patiens with follow-up data, seven (39%) died with the infection four (22%) sustained definite CNS damaeg, three (17%) were retarded after infection but their preinfection status was unknown, and only four (22%) patients escaped without definite sequelae. Early recognition and appropriate therapy, hopefully, will improve the current bleak prognosis.
Head Circumference in Children With Short Stature Secondary to Primary Hypothyroidism
Authors: Burt Leslie , Kulin Howard E. 
Published: December 2021

There is little available information on head growth in children with hypothyroidism, whereas head size in children with isolated growth hormone deficiency, another endocrine cause of short stature, generally is below the mean.1 In reviewing our clinical population of short, hypothyroid children, we found a tendency for relative macrocephaly in comparison to body size. The present study compares the results of head circumference and linear growth measurements in children with these two forms of endocrine disturbance.
METHODS AND CASE MATERIALS
The records of all children with hypothyroidism referred to the Endocrinology Clinical of the Milton S. Hershey Medical Center were reviewed.
DEJA VU EXPLAINED
Authors: Granville J. Mortimer , Philip A. G. S. 
Published: December 2021

Everyone must, at some time, have experienced that extraordinary sensation which has been held to constitute subjective evidence of a previous existence—the feeling that a particular locality has been visited, a scene witnessed, a sound heard, or an act performed, before; when, as a matter of fact, there could not possibly have been a previous experience in the life of the individual to account for the sense of repitition. In explanation of this sensation I submit that "passive ideation", or the reception of mental impressions, which are fixed as images in the mind, proceeds in utero, and that the original idea . . . is, in fact, a maternal idea reflected in upon the foetal brain, and there fixed.
. . . How is the maternal impression or idea passed on to the foetal mindorgan? I suggest, through the blood.
Phototherapy for Neonatal Jaundice in Erythrocyte Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase-Deficient Infants
Authors: Tan K. L. 
Published: December 2021

The effectiveness of phototherapy in the management of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD)-deficient infants was studied. "Prophylactic" phototherapy for six continuous days commencing from the first day of life was effective in preventing a significant rise in bilirubin levels in 12 G6PD-deficient infants in the first three days, during which period a rapid rise was observed in a control group of G6PD-deficient infants. The hemoglobin levels on the first and eighth postnatal days were comparable in both groups. "Therapeutic" phototherapy proved equally effective in reducing bilirubin levels in 24 infants with nonhemolytic hyperbilirubinemia and an equal number of infants with hyperbilirubinemia associated with G6PD deficiency.
Phototherapy was efficacious in the prevention or treatment of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia associated with G6PD deficiency; even if its use is prolonged it does not cause hemolysis in such infants.
Percutaneous Peripheral Arterial Cannulation in the Neonate
Authors: Barr Peter A. , Sumners James , Wirtschafter David , Porter Ronald C. , Cassady George 
Published: December 2021

Although indwelling arterial catheterization in the neonate is usually accomplished through an umbilical artery, this site may be precluded under certain circumstances. An umbilical artery cannot be catheterized in an estimated 5% to 10% of infants.1 Need for an indwelling arterial catheter may arise at a postnatal age when catheterization of an umbilical artery is not possible. A complication may provoke premature removal of the catheter.1 In the past, such circumstances have led to operative insertion of a peripheral arterial cannula2,3 or intermittent needle-puncture of peripheral arteries.4 Recently, indwelling percutaneous radial arterial cannulae have been used in the neonate.5,6
This is a report of the results of two studies.
Posterior Urethral Valves in Identical Twins
Authors: Kroovand R. Lawrence , Weinberg Neal , Emami Abbas 
Published: December 2021

Similar congenital anomalies in siblings are common.1-3 Enuresis,4 vesicoureteral reflux,5 and ureteroceles6 have been reported in identical twins, but posterior urethral valves have not been confirmed in proven monozygotic twins.
CASE REPORT
Twin boys, weighing 2,380 and 2,637 g, were born by repeat cesarean section to an 18-year-old, gravida 2, para 1 woman. The placenta was monochorionic and diamniotic. Immediately after birth, twin A developed grunting respiration and mild substernal retraction; a firm 6 x 5 cm suprapubic mass was palpated. Suprapubic aspiration produced clear urine, and catheterization decreased the size of the mass. A voiding cystourethrogram and an intravenous pyelogram were diagnostic of posterior urethral valves.
25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Rickets
Authors: Giangiacomo Joseph , Gleason Wallace A. 
Published: December 2021

The article by Arnaud et al. (Pediatrics 57:221, February 1976) compared the serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D to the changes in long bones as assessed by x-ray films, concluding that the serum concentration of 25-hydroxyvitamin D correlated with the stage of clinical disease in patients with nutritional rickets.
The rachitic patients were divided into three groups, with three patients having mild changes, five moderate, and only one severe. The control group contained nine children with a mean serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level of 36 ng/ml, significantly different from the five moderately rachitic patients whose mean 25-hydroxyvitamin D level was 12 ng/ml.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Lathrop Fred 
Published: December 2021

Dr. North's article suggests the ramblings of an idealistic professor, avoiding or out of touch with the realities of our post-Watergate moral culture.
He lists no criterion "inability of parents to cope," which is a common cause for hospitalization in my community. If I try to sneak such a patient into the hospital under one of Dr. North's criteria, rather than labeling the patient honestly, I face several problems: (1) I feel that I am dishonest and sneaky, and not open and honest as is required by the post-Watergate morality; (2) the hospital will have inaccurate data on which to base analyses of causes for admission; (3) if I use the criterion "intensive observations required" I must order unnecessary and expensive observations to justify the admission; (4) if I use the criterion "removal from a dangerous home situation" then I must report the case to the child abuse prosecutor.
Bladder Hemorrhage Following Transcutaneous Bladder Aspiration
Authors: Carlson K. P. , Pullon D. H. H. 
Published: December 2021

Suprapubic bladder aspiration is a very useful technique for diagnosing urinary tract infections in children. It is a simple and generally safe procedure.1,2 Few instances of complications following the procedure have been reported.
Case Report. A 4-month-old girl was admitted to the Waikato Hospital with vomiting and diarrhea of five days' duration. This was diagnosed as gastroenteritis from which she made a rapid and uneventful recovery. Shortly after admission, as part of the clinical workup of the case, a bladder aspiration was attempted twice by the house physician with a sharp 22-gauge 4-cm needle.
Mucocutaneous Lymph Node Syndrome or Infantile Polyarteritis Nodosa?
Authors: Becker Anton E. 
Published: December 2021

An experience with a girl 16 months of age who died of a ruptured coronary aneurysm prompted me to write this letter in the hope that it may contribute to clarification of, what I think, is a confusing terminology.
The child was admitted to the Department of Pediatrics with a nine-day history of a mild upper respiratory tract infection, vomiting, skin rash, and fever, which did not respond to antibiotics. During hospitalization she further developed diarrhea, a swollen left knee, and enlargement of cervical lymph nodes.
Sturge-Weber Syndrome Without Port-Wine Nevus
Authors: Gorman Richard J. , Snead O. Carter 
Published: December 2021

In their article on birthmarks in the neonate (Pediatrics 58:218, August 1976), Jacobs and Walton state that the Sturge-Weber syndrome only occurs when the port-wine stains involve the distribution of the first branch of the trigeminal nerve.
This point would appear to be misleading, as there is substantial evidence that the Sturge-Weber syndrome can occur in the absence of a facial nevus. Lund1 reported on seven patients without a facial nevus, Peterman et al.2 noted five, Tonnis and Friedmann3 reported four, and Poser and Traveras4 reported on an additional two cases.
Is It of Any Practical Value To Identify "Accident-Prone" Children?
Authors: Dershewitz Robert 
Published: December 2021

The article by Padilla et al. concerning predicting accident frequency in children (Pediatrics 58:223, August 1976) is certainly timely, yet several comments should be made.
Padilla et al. are trying to formulate a predictive model for the identification of the "accident-prone" child, presumably for screening purposes. It is clear that the vast majority of accidents do not occur to the "accident repeater," a term which may be defined as a person who has three or more accidents that come to medical attention per year.
Health Education Literature
Authors: Kornacki Mary Jane , Fazen Louis E. 
Published: December 2021

The article "Parents’ Knowledge of Respiratory Disease: A Comparison of Inner-City and Suburban Parents," by William Tomlinson (Pediatrics 56:1009, December 1975) deserves comment. We are supportive of the concepts of health education; however, the study lacks the rigorous approach of most studies published in Pediatrics. If education is to be accepted as a viable means of improving health, high standards of quality must be applied to research in this field.
The methodological deficiencies lead us to question the validity of the findings.
You Have to Use Endoscopy
Authors: Stool Sylvan E. , Bluestone Charles D. 
Published: December 2021

A few days following receipt of the issue containing the article by Law and Kosloske (Pediatrics 58:362, September 1976), we admitted a 1-year-old child with a history of coughing after "putting a piece of paper" in his mouth. Radiographic findings were not remarkable and physical examination revealed an occasional coarse rhonchus bilaterally. The question arose should we use bronchoscopy in this infant or attempt removal according to this nonoperative method.
In our opinion, there was no hesitancy to recommend bronchoscopy.