bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How do Norwegian adolescents experience the role of social media in relation to mental health and well-being: a qualitative study
Authors: Hjetland Gunnhild Johnsen , Schønning Viktor , Hella Randi Træland , Veseth Marius , Skogen Jens Christoffer 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
During the last decade, social media has permeated most parts of society. Adolescents are particularly active users of social media, and their use has been suggested as a contributing factor to mental health issues in this group. Quantitative studies have found associations between the frequency and/or duration of social media use and more mental health issues. However, most studies are cross-sectional and the identified associations are weak and of questionable practical significance. The aim of this study was to investigate adolescents’ lived experiences of using social media, focusing on both negative and positive aspects, using a qualitative approach. Qualitative research enables in-depth explorations of the experiences of individuals, nuance quantitative findings, and offer the perspective of adolescents into policies regarding social media use.

Methods
Experiences and perspectives of 27 adolescents from two senior high schools in Norway were gathered using focus group interviews (mean age 16.8, range 15–18). The data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Results
According to the participants, social media use catalyse changes to how people communicate and relate to each other (theme 1). Some changes were positive, in terms of facilitating social connectedness, while others were negative, such as people behaving worse than in face-to-face interactions. Further, social media use affected the participants at the individual level (theme 2); positively in terms of a sense of belonging and social support, and negatively in terms of perceived stress, body pressure, and displacing other activities such as sleep and homework. The motivations for using, or not using, social media were multifaceted (theme 3), reflecting the positive and negative aspects of social media in terms of interpersonal and personal consequences.

Conclusion
Social media was described as an important part of the participants’ everyday life, with both a positive and negative impact on their mental health and well-being. Considering the compelling nature of social media and adolescents’ relatively limited self-regulatory capacities, efforts to modify social media use should avoid relying on self-regulation, while also recognizing the importance of social media as an arena for peer interaction.
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus; investigation of its association with classical cardiovascular risk factors using cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Osailan Ahmad 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
People with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is an underdiagnosed risk factor for CVD, which is prevalent among people with 2DM and can lead to CVD and CVD-related mortality. Little is known about the risk factors associated with CAN in type 2DM. Thus, the study was aimed to assess CAN using five cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests (represented by Ewing’s score) and explore the factors associated with CAN in people with type 2DM. The studied factors include traditional and serological CVD risk factors obtained from a fasting blood sample and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) obtained via attainment of the highest peak of volumes of O2 (VO2Peak).

Results
Univariate analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between resting systolic blood pressure (SBP) and Ewing’s score (r=0.47, p=.02) and an inverse correlation between VO2Peak and Ewing’s score (r=−0.64, p=.001). Multivariate linear regression revealed that a significant model that included resting SBP and VO2Peak explained 93.8% of Ewing’s score variance.

Conclusion
CAN was associated with two CVD parameters, including resting SBP and CRF, which may indicate the importance of controlling these two factors to prevent or reduce CAN in people with type 2DM.
Specular transmission and diffuse reflection in phonon scattering at grain boundary
Authors: Ong Zhun-Yong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
It is widely assumed in the literature that the specularity parameters for phonon transmission (forward scattering) and reflection (backward scattering) at a boundary are identical, i.e., the statistical distributions of the transition probabilities between an incident phonon and the range of outgoing phonon modes are the same for both transmission and reflection. However, it is hypothesized by Li and McGaughey that separate specularity parameters are needed to describe the behavior of transmitted and reflected phonons in superlattices and polycrystalline materials correctly. We test this hypothesis by analyzing the mode-resolved specularity parameters computed separately for transmission and reflection processes at a graphene grain boundary. Our results show that backward scattering is considerably more diffuse than forward scattering at most frequencies and polarizations, providing strong evidence for Li and McGaughey's hypothesis, and shed new light on how surfaces and interfaces modify phonon transport within and between domains in nanostructured materials.
“AIDS Knows No Borders”
Authors: Ordaz Jessica 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article explores the intersection between migrant detention and HIV/AIDS from the 1980s to the present. “AIDS Knows No Borders” centers histories of exclusion, detention, and deportation. The first part discusses immigration policy that made AIDS screening mandatory as part of the asylum process and the activism that resulted in protest of these measures. AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power/Los Angeles (ACT UP/LA), a grassroots direct-action organization, opposed this legislation throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Activists highlighted the global nature of AIDS; challenged misinformation; conducted guerilla theater, phone zaps, and die-ins; and held demonstrations against the INS, the use of immigration detention, and their treatment of migrants with HIV/AIDS. The article then moves to discuss more contemporary testimonies from HIV/AIDS-positive detention migrants.
Combinatorial patterns of graded RhoA activation and uniform F-actin depletion promote tissue curvature
Authors: Denk-Lobnig Marlis , Totz Jan F. , Heer Natalie C. , Dunkel Jörn , Martin Adam C. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
During development, gene expression regulates cell mechanics and shape to sculpt tissues. Epithelial folding proceeds through distinct cell shape changes that occur simultaneously in different regions of a tissue. Here, using quantitative imaging in Drosophila melanogaster, we investigate how patterned cell shape changes promote tissue bending during early embryogenesis. We find that the transcription factors Twist and Snail combinatorially regulate a multicellular pattern of lateral F-actin density that differs from the previously described Myosin-2 gradient. This F-actin pattern correlates with whether cells apically constrict, stretch or maintain their shape. We show that the Myosin-2 gradient and F-actin depletion do not depend on force transmission, suggesting that transcriptional activity is required to create these patterns. The Myosin-2 gradient width results from a gradient in RhoA activation that is refined through the balance between RhoGEF2 and the RhoGAP C-GAP. Our experimental results and simulations of a 3D elastic shell model show that tuning gradient width regulates tissue curvature.
Developmental plasticity of texture discrimination following early vision loss in the marsupialMonodelphis domestica
Authors: Ramamurthy Deepa L. , Dodson Heather K. , Krubitzer Leah A. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTBehavioral strategies that depend on sensory information are not immutable; rather they can be shaped by the specific sensory context in which animals develop. This behavioral plasticity depends on the remarkable capacity of the brain to reorganize in response to alterations in the sensory environment, particularly when changes in sensory input occur at an early age. To study this phenomenon, we utilize the short-tailed opossum, a marsupial that has been a valuable animal model to study developmental plasticity due to the extremely immature state of its nervous system at birth. Previous studies in opossums have demonstrated that removal of retinal inputs early in development results in profound alterations to cortical connectivity and functional organization of visual and somatosensory cortex; however, behavioral consequences of this plasticity are not well understood. We trained early blind and sighted control opossums to perform a two-alternative forced choice texture discrimination task. Whisker trimming caused an acute deficit in discrimination accuracy for both groups, indicating the use of a primarily whisker-based strategy to guide choices based on tactile cues. Mystacial whiskers were important for performance in both groups; however, genal whiskers only contributed to behavioral performance in early blind animals. Early blind opossums significantly outperformed their sighted counterparts in discrimination accuracy, with discrimination thresholds that were lower by ∼75 μm. Our results support behavioral compensation following early blindness using tactile inputs, especially the whisker system.
The relationship between spatial access and modern contraceptive use: is proximity to a healthcare facility a determinant of use among women in Kinshasa, DRC?
Authors: Babazadeh Saleh , Hernandez Julie , Anglewicz Philip , Bertrand Jane 
Published: May 2021

Background: Spatial access has a direct effect on health service utilization in many settings. Distance to health facility has proven to affect family planning (FP) service use in many Sub-Saharan countries. Studies show that women who reside closer to facilities offering family planning services are more likely to use modern contraceptives. However, researchers often test the theory of distance decay. This study analyzed the significance of proximity to family planning services, service availability, and quality of family planning services on modern contraceptive use in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo. Methods: We used a pool of four rounds of facility- and population-based survey data in Kinshasa from PMA2020 between 2014 and 2016. We used GPS coordinates to calculate the distance between the health facilities and households. We tested if women who live closer to service delivery points with higher level of availability and quality are more likely to use modern contraceptives or less likely to have unmet need for contraceptive services. Results: 10,968 women were interviewed over four rounds of data collection. Our findings show that living closer to an SDP is not a determinant of modern contraceptive use or having unmet need for FP services. Lack of cognitive access, economic barriers, bypassing the closest facility, and sociocultural norms are strong barriers for women in Kinshasa to use modern contraceptives. Proximity to quality services did not necessarily result in increased FP use among women of reproductive age living in Kinshasa, thus suggesting that a bypass phenomenon may occur when obtaining modern contraceptive services. Conclusions: This study notes that barriers other than proximity to access may be substantial determinants of contraceptive use or unmet need. More research should be conducted that directly measures multidimensional components of access in order to interpret women’s contraceptive seeking behaviors in urban areas of Sub-Saharan Africa.
Narrativas digitais, design e significados: alguns entrelaçamentos
Authors: De Paulo Moura Késsia Mileny , Kieling Franco Sérgio Roberto 
Published: May 2021

As narrativas digitais são composições feitas por meio dos dispositivos tecnológicos que estão à disposição para realizar construções. Sua produção provoca transformações no e pelos processos semióticos, quando o sujeito então é chamado a gerir seus percursos e construir seus significados, resultantes das provocações a que foi submetido nas emergências do viver. Este texto tem como objetivo circunscrever os entrelaçamentos entre a construção de narrativas digitais, o design e o significado discutido na teoria dos multiletramentos. Trata-se de uma pesquisa teórica exploratória, referenciada nos estudos de design e significado do New London Group (GNL), que impõe considerar as complexidades e efeitos do contexto sociocultural tecnologizado às práticas narrativas e linguagens desenvolvidas com os usos de tecnologias.
Work-related stress assessment in an emergency department in French Guiana
Authors: Pujo Jean Marc , Kraiem Hajer , Daniel Pierre , Omri Majdi , Fremery Alexis , Rémi Mutricy , Madani Galleze , Tsafehy Mosa , Resiere Dabor , Hommel Didier , Kallel Hatem 
Published: May 2021

Background: In emergency departments (EDs), the staff continually face stressful situations requiring staff to adopt various coping strategies. Aims: The study aimed to assess work-related stress in ED during the COVID-19 outbreak. Method: The study was a monocentric investigation based on a questionnaire survey that elicits general information and uses the Karasek model to analyse the data. Findings: A total of 117 forms were collected for analysis. The score for decision latitude (or autonomy and skills at work) was 70 (IQR: 64–74) and the score for psychological demand was 25 (IQR: 23-27). The score for social support by the management team was 11 (IQR: 9–12) and the score for social support by colleagues 12 (IQR: 10–12). Of the total number of respondents, job strain was assessed as affecting 24.8%. Conclusion: The study shows high levels of stress among the ED workforce. The findings indicate that it is imperative to develop simple management tools that are capable of measuring the internal causes of stress in order to develop an adapted wellness programme in ED.
Embracing virtual outpatient clinics in the era of COVID-19
Authors: Lee George , Clough Oliver T. , Hayter Edward , Morris James , Ashdown Thomas , Hardman John , Anakwe Raymond 
Published: May 2021

The response to the COVID-19 pandemic has raised the profile and level of interest in the use, acceptability, safety, and effectiveness of virtual outpatient consultations and telemedicine. These models of care are not new but a number of challenges have so far hindered widespread take-up and endorsement of these ways of working. With the response to the COVID-19 pandemic, remote and virtual working and consultation have become the default. This paper explores our experience of and learning from virtual and remote consultation and questions how this experience can be retained and developed for the future. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(5):301–304.
Optically controlled ultrafast terahertz switching in wafer scale PtSe2 thin films
Authors: Fu Jibo , Jiang Meng , Suo Peng , Zhang Wenjie , Lin Xian , Yan Xiaona , Zhang Saifeng , Ma Guohong 
Published: May 2021

In this study, we have reported a newly ultrafast optically modulated
terahertz (THz) switch based on the transition metal dichalcogenide
(TMD) material platinum diselenide (

P
t
S
e

2

) with different thicknesses. The
high-quality

P
t
S
e

2

thin films with centimeter scale are
fabricated on sapphire substrate by the chemical vapor deposition
method. The optical pump and THz probe (OPTP) spectroscopy reveals
that the THz response of the thin films is as fast as

∼

2.0

p
s

after photoexcitation of a 780 nm
pulse. Interestingly, we found that the THz response time of the

P
t
S
e

2

semimetal phase is faster than that
of the semiconducting phase. In addition, the THz response time
becomes faster when increasing the film thickness for the semimetal
phase

P
t
S
e

2

, while for the semiconducting phase,
the response time becomes slower with film thickness. Moreover,
degenerate optical pump and optical probe spectroscopy (OPOP)
demonstrated that the ultrafast photoinduced negative absorption
(photoinduced bleaching) occurs after photoexcitation of 780 nm, and
the subsequent recovery consists of two relaxation processes: the fast
component with more than 85% of weight has a lifetime of

∼

1.5

p
s

for semiconducting-phase films and
less than 1 ps for the semimetal phase, similar to the response time
obtained from OPTP measurement. The slow component with less than 15%
of weight has a lifetime of a few hundred picoseconds. The
subpicosecond response time observed in both OPTP and OPOP is ascribed
to the carrier trapping by defect states, and the slow relaxation
process appearing in OPOP arises from the defect state relevant
relaxation that is insensitive to the THz photoconductivity due to the
frozen carrier mobility in defect states. Our experimental results
demonstrate a new application of TMD materials such as

P
t
S
e

2

in THz technology, for instance, the
design and fabrication of THz modulators and THz
switches.
Assessment of the causal relevance of ECG parameters for risk of atrial fibrillation: A mendelian randomisation study
Authors: Gajendragadkar Parag Ravindra , Von Ende Adam , Ibrahim Maysson , Valdes-Marquez Elsa , Camm Christian Fielder , Murgia Federico , Stiby Alexander , Casadei Barbara , Hopewell Jemma C. 
Published: May 2021

Background
Atrial electrical and structural remodelling in older individuals with cardiovascular risk factors has been associated with changes in surface electrocardiographic (ECG) parameters (e.g., prolongation of the PR interval) and higher risks of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, it has been difficult to establish whether altered ECG parameters are the cause or a consequence of the myocardial substrate leading to AF. This study aimed to examine the potential causal relevance of ECG parameters on risk of AF using mendelian randomisation (MR).

Methods and findings
Weighted genetic scores explaining lifelong differences in P-wave duration, PR interval, and QT interval were constructed, and associations between these ECG scores and risk of AF were estimated among 278,792 UK Biobank participants (mean age: 57 years at recruitment; 19,132 AF cases). The independent genetic variants contributing to each of the separate ECG scores, and their corresponding weights, were based on published genome-wide association studies. In UK Biobank, genetic scores representing a 5 ms longer P-wave duration or PR interval were significantly associated with lower risks of AF (odds ratio [OR] 0.91; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.87–0.96, P = 2 × 10−4 and OR 0.94; 95% CI: 0.93–0.96, P = 2 × 10−19, respectively), while longer QT interval was not significantly associated with AF. These effects were independently replicated among a further 17,931 AF cases from the AFGen Consortium. Investigation of potential mechanistic pathways showed that differences in ECG parameters associated with specific ion channel genes had effects on risk of AF consistent with the overall scores, while the overall scores were not associated with changes in left atrial size. Limitations of the study included the inherent assumptions of MR, restriction to individuals of European ancestry, and possible restriction of results to the normal ECG ranges represented in UK Biobank.

Conclusions
In UK Biobank, we observed evidence suggesting a causal relationship between lifelong differences in ECG parameters (particularly PR interval) that reflect longer atrial conduction times and a lower risk of AF. These findings, which appear to be independent of atrial size and concomitant cardiovascular comorbidity, support the relevance of varying mechanisms underpinning AF and indicate that more individualised treatment strategies warrant consideration.
Effect of belt electrode-skeletal muscle electrical stimulation on immobilization-induced muscle fibrosis
Authors: Honda Yuichiro , Tanaka Natsumi , Kajiwara Yasuhiro , Kondo Yasutaka , Kataoka Hideki , Sakamoto Junya , Akimoto Ryuji , Nawata Atsushi , Okita Minoru 
Published: May 2021

Purpose
Macrophage accumulation in response to decreasing myonuclei may be the major mechanism underlying immobilization-induced muscle fibrosis in muscle contracture, an intervention strategy suppressing these lesions is necessary. Therefore, this research investigated the effect of belt electrode-skeletal muscle electrical stimulation (B-SES), a new electrical stimulation device, to the macrophage accumulation via myonuclei decrease in immobilization-induced muscle fibrosis.

Materials and methods
18 Wistar male rats were divided into the control group, immobilization group (with plaster cast fixation to immobilize the soleus muscles in a shortened position for 2 weeks), and B-SES group (with muscle contractile exercise through B-SES during the immobilization period). B-SES stimulation was performed at a frequency of 50 Hz and an intensity of 4.7 mA, muscle contractile exercise by B-SES was applied to the lower limb muscles for 20 minutes/session (twice a day) for 2 weeks (6 times/week). The bilateral soleus muscles were used for histological, immunohistochemical, biochemical, and molecular biological analyses.

Results
The number of myonuclei was significantly higher in the B-SES group than in the immobilization group, and there was no significant difference between the B-SES and control groups. The cross-sectional area of type I and II myofibers in the immobilization and B-SES groups was significantly lower than that in the control group, and the cross-sectional area of type I myofibers in the B-SES group was higher than that in the immobilization group. However, Atrogin-1 and MuRF-1 mRNA expression in the immobilization and B-SES groups was significantly higher than those in the control group. Additionally, the number of macrophages, IL-1β, TGF-β1, and α-SMA mRNA expression, and hydroxyproline expression was significantly lower in the control and B-SES groups than those in the immobilization group.

Conclusion
This research surmised that muscle contractile exercise through B-SES prevented immobilization-induced muscle fibrosis, and this alteration suppressed the development of muscle contracture.
The impact of genetic background and sex on the phenotype of IL-23 induced murine spondyloarthritis
Authors: Haley Emma K. , Matmusaev Mederbek , Hossain Imtiyaz N. , Davin Sean , Martin Tammy M. , Ermann Joerg 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundOverexpression of IL-23 in adult mice by means of hydrodynamic tail vein injection of IL-23 minicircles has been reported to result in spondyloarthritis-like disease. The impact of genetic background and sex on the disease phenotype in this model has not been investigated.MethodsWe compared male B10.RIII mice with male C57BL/6 mice, and male with female B10.RIII mice after hydrodynamic injection of IL-23 enhanced episomal vector (EEV) at 8–12 weeks of age. We monitored clinical arthritis scores, paw swelling, and body weight. Animals were euthanized after two weeks and tissues were harvested for histology, flow cytometry and gene expression analysis. Serum cytokine levels were determined by ELISA.FindingsMale B10.RIII mice developed arthritis in the forepaws and feet within 6 days after IL-23 EEV injection; they also exhibited psoriasis-like skin disease, colitis, weight loss, and osteopenia. In contrast to previous reports, we did not observe spondylitis or uveitis. Male C57BL/6 mice injected with IL-23 EEV had serum IL-23 levels comparable with B10.RIII mice and developed skin inflammation, colitis, weight loss, and osteopenia but failed to develop arthritis. Female B10.RIII mice had more severe arthritis than male B10.RIII mice but did not lose weight.ConclusionsThe phenotype of IL-23 induced disease in mice is controlled by genetic background and sex of the animals. The development of extra-articular manifestations but absence of arthritis in C57BL/6 mice suggests that organ-specificity of IL-23 driven inflammation is genetically determined. The mechanisms behind the strain-specific differences and the sexual dimorphism observed in this study may be relevant for human spondyloarthritis and warrant further exploration.