bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personalized Legal Areas
Authors: Ben-Shahar Omri , Porat Ariel 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter illustrates personalized law “in action” by examining it in three areas of the law: standards of care under the common law tort doctrine of negligence, mandated consumer protections in contract law, and criminal sanctions. In each area, the chapter examines personalization of commands along several dimensions. In tort law, standards of care could vary according to each injurer’s riskiness and skill, to reduce the costs of accidents. In contract law, mandatory protections could vary according to the value they provide each consumer and differential cost they impose on firms, to allocate protections where, and only where, they are justified. And in criminal law, sanctions would be set based on what it takes to deter criminals, accounting for how perpetrators differ in their motives and likelihood of being apprehended, with the potential to reduce unnecessary harsh penalties.
Scientific Myth
Authors: Scheidt Hannah K. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the relationship among science, religion, and atheism through analyses of popular television shows and their reception by atheist viewers. This chapter analyzes two dramas, House, M.D., and Bones, and one docuseries, Cosmos: A Spacetime Odyssey. It argues that television is an important site for contemporary cultural work and that the television narratives contained in these three shows constitute a “mythology of science” that is of central importance in contemporary atheist culture. The chapter identifies three tropes found in the shows: the hero scientist, the use of science to answer “religious questions,” and the myth of conflict (between science and religion).
Atheist Indoctrination?
Authors: Scheidt Hannah K. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes the content of atheist parenting blogs (a subgenre of the “mom blog”) to ask how raising children becomes a way to practice atheism. The chapter observes a delicate tension within atheist parenting discourse. Atheist parents recognize that they would be most comfortable if their children choose a recognizable path when it comes to religion (or, more accurately, lack thereof). At the same time, they are wary of indoctrinating children into atheism, as they see indoctrination as a harmful practice and one associated with religion. This chapter identifies and analyzes a variety of strategies parents use to mitigate the tension of “atheist indoctrination,” while still guiding their children toward beliefs and behaviors that align with their understanding of the good life.
PAN
Authors: Loxton James 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the failure of the PAN in Guatemala, and compares it to the success of ARENA in El Salvador. The first section discusses the country’s history of right-wing military rule. The second section asks why no “Guatemalan ARENA” formed, arguing that this was due to the sui generis nature of the Ríos Montt dictatorship (1982–1983) and the resulting formation of an important non-conservative authoritarian successor party (FRG). The third section examines the formation of the PAN, drawing attention to the relative weakness of its starting position. The final section looks at the series of schisms that led to the PAN’s demise, highlighting the complete absence of the mechanisms of cohesion found in ARENA—a problem made worse by the quick-fix solution that it found to its problem of organizational weakness: incorporating local bosses from an existing party, who had little loyalty to the PAN’s founders and would later turn against them.
World on Fire
Authors: Rowlands Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We face three epoch-defining environmental problems: climate, extinction, and pestilence. Our climate is changing in ways that will have serious consequences for humans, and it may even profoundly affect the ability of the planet to support life. All around us, other species are disappearing at a rate between several hundred and several thousand times the normal background rate of extinction. The SARS-CoV-2 virus, which has wreaked social and economic havoc, is merely the latest model off a blossoming production line of newly emerging infectious diseases, many of which have the potential to be far worse. At the heart of these problems lies an ancient habit: eating animals. This habit is the most significant driver of species extinction and of newly emerging infectious diseases, and one of the most important drivers of climate change. This is a habit we can no longer afford to indulge. Breaking it will substantially reduce climate emissions. It will stem our insatiable hunger for land that is at the heart of both the problems of extinction and pestilence. Most importantly, breaking this habit will make available vast areas of land suitable for afforestation: the return of forests to where they once grew. Afforestation will significantly mitigate all three problems. But only if we stop eating animals will we have enough land for this strategy to work.
The Fire
Authors: Rowlands Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Societies need energy in order to sustain themselves and their members. This energy comes in two forms: fuel and food. These are continuous: they are both means of energy acquisition consumed for the same purpose, the maintenance of a complex society. The energy sources that sustain a society—whether fuel or food—must have a sufficiently high aggregate energy returned on energy invested (EROI). The EROI of a source is the energy acquired from a source divided by the energy that the society had to invest in acquiring it. Once the EROI of a society’s energy sources drops below a certain threshold, societal collapse often results: the breakup of that society and the emergence of new, simpler societies. Calculations suggest that maintenance of a society recognizably similar to our own vis-à-vis socioeconomic parameters requires energy sources with EROIs in the 11–14 range. Maintenance of certain markers of liberal democracies may require higher EROIs, in the 20–30 range.
Salvation Technologies?
Authors: Rowlands Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Available fossil energy sources are dubiously compatible with the goal of arresting climate change. Carbon capture and sequestration technologies currently do not work on an industrial scale, and even if they could be made to work, they will reduce the energy returned on energy invested (EROI) of fossil fuels to below acceptable levels. The EROI of nuclear fission is disputed, but most peer-reviewed work places it in the 5–14 range, making it of questionable utility. Nuclear fusion, if it works, will not be available in time. Some renewable sources—notably, various biofuels—have unacceptably low EROIs. The remaining forms of renewable energy—solar, wind, hydropower, and wave power—sport EROIs that are, at best, on the cusp of viability. There is reasonable hope for improvement in these technologies because they are, at present, immature. In the meantime, it would be ideal if we could find a way to give them an edge.
The End of Meat
Authors: Rowlands Mark 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The edge required by renewable technologies is provided by a simplification of the energy supply train. This simplification consists in no longer eating animals. Animals have upside-down energy returned on energy invested values (EROIs), with up to 30 times as much energy having to be put into raising them as we get out of them through eating them or their products. At one time, when our fossil fuels sported extraordinarily high EROIs—100:1 in some cases—we could afford to take this sort of hit on our food-based energy supply. Now, however, we can no longer afford to do so. Moreover, the results of this grossly inefficient energy exchange are rising greenhouse gas emissions. By no longer eating meat, we can reduce greenhouse gas emissions by roughly 14%. Importantly, much of this reduction will be in methane and nitrous dioxide, which have very high global warming potential relative to carbon dioxide.
Reflections on Ramayana in Kutiyattam
Authors: Shulman David , Chakyar Margi Madhu , Indu G , Bharucha Rustom 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Set in Nepathya, a Kutiyattam performance training center in the village of Moozhikkulam, Kerala, this two-part interview focuses on conversations with Sanskrit scholar and Kutiyattam expert David Shulman, followed by another interaction with two of the leading Kutiyattam performers in India today, Madhu Margi Chakyar and Dr. Indu G. While the exchange with Shulman focuses primarily on the philosophical and literary resonances of Kutiyattam via Shaktibhadra’s play Āścaryacūḍāmaṇi, the conversation with Madhu Margi Chakyar and Indu. G. elaborates on the actual training process and rigor that go into performing Kutiyattam. Avoiding the binary of scholarship and practice, this two-part interview demonstrates how the knowledge surrounding Kutiyattam cannot be separated from what Shulman highlights as “extreme individualization” and the complexities of “temporality” in performing Kutiyattam. Conversely, Madhu Margi Chakyar and Indu G. reflect on how they position themselves as performers in relation to matters concerning textuality and the interpretation of āṭṭaprakārams (acting manuals), which constitute a form of knowledge in its own right.
Revisiting “Being Ram”
Authors: Munsi Urmimala Sarkar 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter is based on an autobiographical reassessment of the author as she recalls her complex and problematic experience of playing the leading role of Sri Ram for a period of twenty-five years in a modern dance-drama production titled Seeta Swayambara produced by the Uday Shankar India Culture Centre in Kolkata. Not only does the author deal with the challenge of playing a “male” role, which required her to capture the appropriate demeanor and gait of a Hindu Kshatriya prince, she also focuses on the more difficult proposition of being perceived as a “god” by a spectrum of viewers, particularly at a time when the image of Ram was being used for communal and fundamentalist purposes. Of critical importance here is the role of agency: Do dancers have any say in a critical representation of male gods? And do they have any freedom to decide where and for whom they should perform?
The Big Parade
Authors: McHugh Dominic 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Meredith Willson is best remembered as the composer, lyricist, and book writer of The Music Man, one of Broadway and Hollywood’s most enduring works. But it was just one of his four stage musicals and just a small part of his career as a whole. This book uses newly available archival sources from New York, Indiana, and Wisconsin to reassess Willson’s contribution to the musical theater canon, including in-depth analysis of The Unsinkable Molly Brown, Here’s Love, and 1491, in addition to completely new information about the genesis of The Music Man.
John Davenant's Hypothetical Universalism
Authors: Lynch Michael J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
AAaJohn Davenant’s hypothetical universalism has consistently been misinterpreted and misrepresented as a via media between Arminianism and Reformed theology. This study examines Bishop Davenant’s hypothetical universalism in the context of early modern Reformed orthodoxy. In light of the various misunderstandings of early modern hypothetical universalism, including English hypothetical universalism, as well as the paucity of studies touching on the theology of Davenant in particular, this book gives a detailed exposition of Davenant’s doctrine of universal redemption in dialogue with his understanding of closely related doctrines such as God’s will, predestination, providence, and covenant theology and (2) defends the thesis that Davenant’s version of hypothetical universalism represents a significant strand of the Augustinian tradition, including the early modern Reformed tradition. In service of these two aims, this book examines the patristic and medieval periods as they provide the background for the Lutheran, Remonstrant, and Reformed reactions to the so-called Lombardian formula (“Christ died sufficiently for all; effectually for the elect”). Moreover, it traces how Davenant and his fellow British delegates at the Synod of Dordt shaped the Canons of Dordt in such a way as to allow for their English hypothetical universalism. A careful exposition of the various theses found in Davenant’s De Morte Christi makes up the central core of this book. Finally, this study explores Davenant’s covenant theology and doctrine of the divine will.
The Extent of Christ’s Work from the Early Church to Gottschalk
Authors: Lynch Michael J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins by observing the important precedent that patristic and medieval theology played in the development of Protestant theology, especially in Britain during the early modern period. It observes that early modern debates regarding the extent of Christ’s atoning work were, in many ways, grounded on the catholicity of one’s position. More important, this chapter surveys John Davenant’s own understanding of the history of the doctrine as it was exposited and debated in the patristic and medieval period. The final section of the chapter focuses on the so-called Lombardian formula and the scholastic consensus on the extent of Christ’s death.
Protecting Democracy by Commingling Polities: The Case for Accepting Foreign Influence and Interference in Democratic Processes
Authors: MacIntosh Duncan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter criticizes several methods of responding to the techniques foreign powers are known to be using to subvert U.S. elections. It suggests that countries do this when they have a legitimate stake in each other’s political deliberations, but no formal voice in them. It also suggests that if they accord each other such a voice, they will engage as co-deliberators with arguments, rather than trying to undermine each other’s deliberative processes; and that this will be salutary for all parties. It moots several methods for giving nations such a voice, ranging from inviting representatives of foreign powers to participate in debates in each other’s high-level elections, to having representatives of all nations vote in each other’s key elections or legislative bodies, or in international bodies constituted in recognition of the need for binding global deliberation about shared issues.
Foreign Election Interference and Open-Source Anarchy
Authors: Fidler David P. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Russian meddling in the 2016 elections in the United States sparked debates in liberal democracies about how to counter foreign election interference. These debates reveal the seriousness of the threat and the complexity of responses to it, including how to protect voting systems and what actions social media companies should take against disinformation. This chapter argues that international anarchy changes in ways that leading theories of international relations do not capture. The chapter develops the concept of “open-source anarchy” to understand how anarchy changed after the Cold War and to analyze why foreign election interference has gained prominence during the second decade of the twenty-first century. In open-source anarchy, changes in the structure of material power, technologies, and ideas permit less powerful states and nonstate actors to affect more directly and significantly how anarchy functions. The concept helps explain how Russia exploited the internet and social media to interfere in elections in the United States—the world’s leading democracy, foremost source of technological innovation, and most powerful country. Open-source anarchy also illuminates the struggles that the United States and other democracies have experienced in preventing, protecting against, and responding to foreign election interference.
Citizen Cynics
Authors: Radnitz Scott 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter uses focus groups in Georgia and Kazakhstan to examine not only how ordinary people respond to conspiracy theories, but how they think about power more generally. Participants were receptive to a wide range of conspiracy claims, whether promoted by governments or not. Georgians endorsed a wide array of plots and perpetrators, an openness that reflects the country’s unbridled intrigue and wealth of political information available. Kazakhstanis speculated about how power operates in their opaque political system and delivered Russian-inflected geopolitical analysis. Citizens who accepted conspiracies were motivated by cynicism toward political authority, which came from personal experience. The analysis suggests that politicians who aim to win support by claiming conspiracies face a dilemma: the people who are most willing to agree with conspiracy claims are also suspicious of those who seek advantage by spreading them.
Action at intersections
Authors: Messner Michael A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Military veterans are popularly imagined to be men, but recent decades have seen an increase in the number of women in the military, including women of color and queer-identified people. This diversification of the military is increasingly reflected in veterans’ peace organizations like Veterans For Peace and About Face. This younger, diverse generation of veterans brings their multiple experiences of race, social class, and gender oppression—before, during, and after their military service—to their anti-war activism. Their collective intersectional knowledge in turn shapes their activism, as veterans. The chapter reviews the literature on women and LGBTQ people in the military; intersectionality as an academic field; and intersectional praxis as an emergent connective tissue in the broader field of progressive activism. The chapter poses a question grounded in the tensions and possibilities of the present historical moment: How will veterans’ peace organizations respond to the challenges introduced by a younger and far more diverse cohort of activist veterans?
“I was in unconventional combat”
Authors: Messner Michael A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces six younger veterans active in Veterans For Peace and/or About Face: army veteran Wendy Barranco, air force veteran Phoenix Johnson, air force and army veteran Monique Salhab, army veteran Monisha Ríos, marine corps veteran Stephen Funk, and army veteran Brittany Ramos DeBarros. All six are people of color. Three of them are women, one is an Indigenous Two-Spirit person, one identifies as a genderqueer non-binary person, and three others as queer. Most come from poor or working-class backgrounds characterized by limited family resources, substandard schools, and racial marginalization, and they frequently grew up surrounded by parents and other adults who were veterans. Once in the military, they confronted some of the same experiences that straight men did, including absorbing the trauma of being in combat zones. But these six veterans’ military experiences—including being subjected to systemic racist, homophobic, gender and sexual indignities and violence—shaped the intersectional knowledge they subsequently carry to their peace and justice activism.
Corporate Stakeholders
Authors: Drobak John N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 echoes the growing sentiment that corporations need to take into account other interests besides that of their shareholders. It traces the origins of the idea that corporations exist solely to increase the wealth of their shareholders and explains how this belief in shareholder primacy came to be accepted as a truism by many scholars, judges, and commentators. When Milton Friedman originally popularized this idea in 1962, he wrote that corporations should serve shareholder interest “within the rules of the game.” These days the rules of the game are influenced tremendously by business lobbying. The chapter explains how the political influence of labor waned and was replaced by business influence in the 1970s. Since that time, Congress has done very little to protect labor because business interests have become extremely powerful lobbyists and substantial donors to political campaigns.
The Effectiveness of Human Rights
Authors: de Búrca Gráinne 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys existing theories of the effectiveness of human rights, and notes that several prominent accounts have adopted either a ‘top down’ or a ‘bottom up’ theory of effectiveness, emphasizing either external intervention or grassroots mobilization as the primary motor of change. The experimentalist theory advanced in this chapter and throughout the book, however, argues that the effectiveness of much human rights law and advocacy comes neither primarily from top-down intervention nor primarily from bottom-up action but through the iterative interaction between multiple actors, norms and institutions situated at different levels within and outside the state. Building on an emerging scholarship from political scientists, anthropologists, and human rights practitioners, the chapter advances an experimentalist account of international human rights law and advocacy, and introduces the three case studies of human rights campaigns which will be discussed in subsequent chapters. The experimentalist account emphasizes the crucial importance of social mobilization and civil society activism, but argues that the interaction of domestic activism with international accountability institutions is particularly effective in promoting human rights.
Criminalizing Villainy
Authors: Patterson Jonathan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In juridical theory, a villainy implied a malicious offence in word or deed that took on a legal dimension if it was particularly grievous, and thus warranted judicial redress. Chapter 1 gives an overview of the juridical concepts and categories of crime that were associated with ‘villainous’ or ‘foul’ allegations known as vilains cas. From the late fifteenth century, the notion of vilain cas expanded to include the very worst crimes (those dubbed vilains et énormes). Chapter 1 ends with two case studies of vilains cas, showing how in practice, punishing a villainy and even identifying a villain in law was far from straightforward.
The Villain
Authors: Patterson Jonathan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins to expose villainy’s ambivalent flow between juridical theory and pre-modern literature. In literary-cultural discourse, the villain was the vilain: in other words, it was a commonplace to assert that the low-born, originally called vilains, would exhibit vile and potentially criminal standards of behaviour. This stereotypical alignment of low morality and low status divided French jurist opinion, not least because it entailed profoundly conflicting ideologies of nobility. The chapter ends with a reading of Giovan Battista Nenna’s Il Nennio (1542), a fiction with quasi-legal elements that deftly exposes nobility and villainy as a problematic binary in transcultural debates on vera nobilitas (true nobility).
The Testator’s Villainy
Authors: Patterson Jonathan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The poetry and persona of François Villon have been subject to transcultural reinvention since the fifteenth century (and especially since the nineteenth century, among Anglo-American poets). The legend of Villon goes back to an impecunious poet–criminal who disappeared in 1463, and who both encourages and resists a historicizing interpretation of villainy through his works. This chapter reassesses the singularity of the testator persona in Le Testament Villon (c.1461–2) in his complex vilifying manoeuvres. Some of these have distinct parallels in the early sixteenth-century works of the English poet John Skelton. Yet Villon idiosyncratically instantiates poetic discourse as a para-legal means of attesting to the rigours of torture, where the villain-poet is a direct (if unreliable) witness of his own subjection to judicial punishment.