bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plants export 2-monopalmitin and supply both fatty acyl and glyceryl moieties to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
Authors: Luginbuehl Leonie H , van Erp Harrie , Cheeld Henry , Mysore Kirankumar S , Wen Jiangqi , Oldroyd Giles ED , Eastmond Peter J 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTArbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) rely on their host plants to provide them with fatty acids (FA), but the precise form(s) in which they are supplied is still unclear. Here we show that ectopic expression of the transcription factor REQUIRED FOR ARBUSCULAR MYCORRHIZATION 1 (RAM1) can drive secretion of 2-monoacylglycerols (2MGs) fromMedicago truncatularoots and that their main FA moiety is palmitic acid, although myristic acid and stearic acid were also detected. RAM1-dependent 2MG secretion requires the acyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase FATM, the glycerol-3-phosphate (G3P) acyltransferase RAM2 and the ATP binding cassette transporter STR. Furthermore,14C glycerol labelling experiments using mycorrhizalM. truncatularoots that are deficient in glycerol kinase, FAD-dependent G3P dehydrogenase and the G3P acyltransferase RAM2 suggest that most of the glyceryl moieties inRhizophagus irregularisstorage lipids are provided by their host plant through the 2MG pathway. Taken together, our data support the hypothesis that the plant exports 2MGs across the peri-arbuscular membrane in mycorrhizal roots and that the AMF receive and utilise both the FA and glyceryl moieties to make their storage lipids.
Single particle combinatorial multiplexed liposome fusion mediated by DNA
Authors: Malle Mette Galsgaard , Löffler Philipp M. G. , Bohr Søren S.-R. , Sletfjerding Magnus Berg , Risgaard Nikolaj Alexander , Jensen Simon Bo , Zhang Min , Hedegaard Per , Vogel Stefan , Hatzakis Nikos S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCombinatorial high throughput methodologies are central for both screening and discovery in synthetic biochemistry and biomedical sciences. They are, however, often reliant on large scale analyses and thus limited by long running time and excessive materials cost. We herein presentSinglePARticleCombinatorial multiplexedLiposome fusion mediated byDNA (SPARCLD), for the parallelized, multi-step and non-deterministic fusion of individual zeptoliter nanocontainers. We observed directly the efficient (>93%), and leakage free stochastic fusion sequences for arrays of surface tetheredtargetliposomes with six freely diffusing populations ofcargoliposomes, each functionalized with individual lipidated ssDNA (LiNA) and fluorescent barcoded by distinct ratio of chromophores. The stochastic fusion results in distinct permutation of fusion sequences for each autonomous nanocontainer. Real-time TIRF imaging allowed the direct observation of >16000 fusions and 566 distinct fusion sequences accurately classified using machine learning. The high-density arrays of surface tethered target nanocontainers ∼42,000 containers per mm2offers entire combinatorial multiplex screens using only picograms of material.
Neutralizing and protective human monoclonal antibodies recognizing the N-terminal domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein
Authors: Suryadevara Naveenchandra , Shrihari Swathi , Gilchuk Pavlo , VanBlargan Laura A. , Binshtein Elad , Zost Seth J. , Nargi Rachel S. , Sutton Rachel E. , Winkler Emma S. , Chen Elaine C. , Fouch Mallorie E. , Davidson Edgar , Doranz Benjamin J. , Carnahan Robert H. , Thackray Larissa B. , Diamond Michael S. , Crowe James E. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryMost human monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) neutralizing SARS-CoV-2 recognize the spike (S) protein receptor-binding domain and block virus interactions with the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2. We describe a panel of human mAbs binding to diverse epitopes on the N-terminal domain (NTD) of S protein from SARS-CoV-2 convalescent donors and found a minority of these possessed neutralizing activity. Two mAbs (COV2-2676 and COV2-2489) inhibited infection of authentic SARS-CoV-2 and recombinant VSV/SARS-CoV-2 viruses. We mapped their binding epitopes by alanine-scanning mutagenesis and selection of functional SARS-CoV-2 S neutralization escape variants. Mechanistic studies showed that these antibodies neutralize in part by inhibiting a post-attachment step in the infection cycle. COV2-2676 and COV2-2489 offered protection either as prophylaxis or therapy, and Fc effector functions were required for optimal protection. Thus, natural infection induces a subset of potent NTD-specific mAbs that leverage neutralizing and Fc-mediated activities to protect against SARS-CoV-2 infection using multiple functional attributes.
Self-organization and information transfer in Antarctic krill swarms
Authors: Burns Alicia L. , Schaerf Timothy M. , Lizier Joseph T. , Kawaguchi So , Cox Martin , King Rob , Krause Jens , Ward Ashley J.W. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAntarctic krill swarms are one of the largest known animal aggregations. However, despite being the keystone species of the Southern Ocean, little is known about how swarms are formed and maintained, and we lack a detailed understanding of the local interactions between individuals that provide the basis for these swarms. Here we analyzed the trajectories of captive, wild-caught krill in 3D to determine individual level interaction rules and quantify patterns of information flow. Our results suggest krill operate a novel form of collective organization, with measures of information flow and individual movement adjustments expressed most strongly in the vertical dimension, a finding not seen in other swarming species. In addition, local directional alignment with near neighbors, and strong regulation of both direction and speed relative to the positions of groupmates suggest social factors are vital to the formation and maintenance of swarms. This research represents a first step in understanding the fundamentally important swarming behavior of krill.
An integrated comparative physiology and molecular approach pinpoints mediators of breath-hold capacity in dolphins
Authors: Blawas Ashley M. , Ware Kathryn E. , Schmaltz Emma , Zheng Larry , Spruance Jake , Allen Austin S. , West Nicole , Devos Nicolas , Corcoran David L. , Nowacek Douglas P. , Eward William C. , Fahlman Andreas , Somarelli Jason A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIschemic events, such as ischemic heart disease and ischemic stroke, are the number one cause of death globally. Ischemia prevents blood, carrying essential nutrients and oxygen, from reaching tissues and organ systems, leading to cell and tissue death, and eventual organ failure. While humans are relatively intolerant to these ischemic events, other species, such as marine mammals, have evolved remarkable tolerance to chronic ischemia/reperfusion during diving. Here we capitalized on the unique adaptations of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) as a comparative model of ischemic stress and hypoxia tolerance to identify molecular features associated with breath-holding. Using RNA-Seq we observed time-dependent upregulation of the arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase (ALOX5) gene during breath-holding. Consistent with the RNA-Seq data, we also observed increased ALOX5 enzymatic activity in the serum of dolphins undergoing breath holds. ALOX5 has previously been shown to be activated during hypoxia in rodent models, and its metabolites, leukotrienes, induce vasoconstriction. The upregulation of ALOX5 occurred within the estimated aerobic dive limit of the species, suggesting that ALOX5 enzymatic activity may promote tolerance to ischemic stress through sustained vasoconstriction in dolphins during diving. These observations pinpoint a potential molecular mechanism by which dolphins, and perhaps other marine mammals, have adapted to the prolonged breath-holds associated with diving.
Colonial Servicemen and their British ‘War Brides’: First World War Marriages in the British Empire
Authors: Maguire Anna 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTThis article uses the phenomenon and failure of war marriages between British women and ‘colonial’ servicemen, mostly from the settler dominions, to explore the gendered, classed and racialised conditions of migration after the First World War. Positioning this migration of British war brides as part of the continued normalisation of settler occupation, the article demonstrates the patriarchal social expectations to which white women were subject. Fears of ‘khaki fever’ were extended to the protection of naïve ‘colonial’ soldiers from the manipulative sexuality of white, particularly working‐class, women and girls. At the same time, ‘respectable’ women were prepared for frontier life and protected from the indignities of bigamy and desertion. The emphasis on their role as ‘daughters of Empire’ meant ‘undesirable’ matches and marital failure, as reported by the press, had consequences for the closeness of the imperial family and the maintenance of white superiority. The mediation of mobility in cases of mixed‐race marriage indicate a more explicit, and sometimes violent, policing of the sexual independence of women and Black and indigenous men of colour. In doing so, the article makes an important contribution to understandings of the legacies of global mobilisation and colonial encounters during the First World War.
Conditional Income Disparity between Farm and Non‐farm Households in the European Union: A Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Marino Maria , Rocchi Benedetto , Severini Simone 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGovernment interventions in the agricultural sector have been historically justified by the existence of an income disparity between farmers and non‐farmers. However, recent studies have found that such disparity is disappearing over time, particularly in the United States. This work offers the first longitudinal systematic assessment on the average income disparity between farm and non‐farm units in the European Union, differentiating between old and new Member States. Using the EU‐SILC dataset, both broad (having some farm income) and narrow (living mainly on agriculture) farm households are compared with a general sample of non‐farm households and a more restricted sample of self‐employed non‐farm households. To control for household observable characteristics and time‐constant unobserved factors, we use a fixed effects regression. Results suggest that the farm/non‐farm income disparity has disappeared in the European Union unless we compare narrow farm households with all non‐farm households: in this case, the former are more likely to be better off than the latter. A limited income disparity is found only in the case of new Member States for broad farm households only. Results are used to draw policy implications regarding the role of CAP in supporting farm income.
Effectiveness of monitoring free carnitine levels for L‐carnitine supplementation in hemodialysis patients to maintain carnitine sufficiency and nutritional factors
Authors: Kumagai Etsuko , Hosohata Keiko , Furumachi Kazuhiro , Takai Shinji 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe investigated the effectiveness of monitoring serum carnitine levels in hemodialysis patients receiving L‐carnitine supplementation. One‐hundred forty‐five hemodialysis patients were divided into three groups. Group 1 consisted of patients (n = 30) who had been receiving supplementation before this study and then discontinued at the beginning. The remaining patients were divided into Group 2 (n = 13) and Group 3 (n = 102) based on their baseline free carnitine (FC) level, <20 or ≥ 20 μmol/L. Group 2 was started on supplementation, and Groups 1 and 3 were observed without any intervention for the first 6 months. FC was measured every 6 months in all three groups up to 18 months. All patients in whom FC was less than 20 μmol/L at 6 and 12 months were prescribed supplementation. After the first 6 months, the mean ± SD of FC changed from 262.5 ± 87.5 μmol/L at baseline to 70.8 ± 33.6 μmol/L (P < 0.001) in Group 1, from 17.4 ± 1.9 to 193.9 ± 43.3 μmol/L (P < 0.001) in Group 2, and from 49.2 ± 24.6 to 44.2 ± 19.8 μmol/L (P < 0.05) in Group 3. The acyl/free carnitine changed from 0.62 to 0.59 in Group 1 (P = 0.287), from 0.76 to 0.66 in Group 2 (P = 0.054) and from 0.57 to 0.60 in Group 3 (P < 0.05). Of the 145 patients, 126 continued follow‐up for the full 18 months. FC remained in the normal range (36–74 μmol/L) within the 95% CI. FC was considered a strong predictor of carnitine deficiency after 6 months (AUC: 0.9146, cut‐off value: 33.8 μmol/L). FC monitoring is essential for appropriate carnitine supplementation in hemodialysis patients.
Addressing the Humanitarian and Environmental Consequences of Atmospheric Nuclear Weapon Tests: A Case Study of UK and US Test Programs at Kiritimati (Christmas) and Malden Islands, Republic of Kiribati
Authors: Alexis‐Martin Becky , Bolton Matthew Breay , Hawkins Dimity , Tisch Sydney , Mangioni Talei Luscia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBetween 1957 and 1962, the UK and USA conducted 33 atmospheric nuclear weapons test detonations at or close to Malden and Kiritimati (Christmas) Islands (total yield 31 megatons), formerly British colonial territories in the central Pacific region, now part of the Republic of Kiribati. Some 40,000 British, Fijian, New Zealand and US civilian and military personnel participated in the test program and 500 i‐Kiribati civilians lived on Kiritimati at the time. This article reviews humanitarian and environmental consequences of the UK and US nuclear weapons testing programs in Kiribati, as well as the policy measures that have addressed them. The authors contend that policy interventions to date have not adequately addressed the needs and rights of test survivors, nor ongoing environmental concerns. They argue that the victim assistance and environmental remediation obligations in the 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons offer an important new opportunity for addressing the consequences of nuclear detonations in Kiribati, by focusing policy attention and constituting a new field of development assistance.
Synchronous triple primary lung cancer with three different histological subtypes in the same lobe: A case report
Authors: Koyama Tsutomu , Shimizu Kimihiro , Uehara Takeshi , Matsuoka Shunichiro , Takeda Tetsu , Yamada Kyoko , Eguchi Takashi , Hamanaka Kazutoshi , Sano Kenji 
Published: January 2021

Although the number of patients diagnosed with synchronous multiple primary lung cancer is growing because of increased screening and improved imaging technology, synchronous triple primary lung cancer with different histological tumor subtypes occurring in the same lobe of the lung is extremely rare. In this report, we encountered a 64‐year‐old male patient with three different types of nodule in the right lower lobe of the lung found on chest computed tomography (CT) scan. We believed that the patient had triple primary lung cancer, and subsequently performed a right lower lobectomy using video‐assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). The pathological diagnosis was the same as the presurgical diagnosis, but all the nodules were different histological subtypes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case reported in the literature of synchronous triple primary lung cancer with three different histological subtypes in the same lobe of the lung.Key pointsSignificant findings of the studyThis is the first case of synchronous triple primary lung cancer with three different histological subtypes in each tumor in the same lobe of the lung.What this study addsWe report the details of the case with immunohistochemical and gene mutation findings, and a literature review of synchronous primary lung cancer.
HSP90 inhibition overcomes EGFR amplification‐induced resistance to third‐generation EGFR‐TKIs
Authors: Watanabe Sho , Goto Yasushi , Yasuda Hiroyuki , Kohno Takashi , Motoi Noriko , Ohe Yuichiro , Nishikawa Hiroyoshi , Kobayashi Susumu S. , Kuwano Kazuyoshi , Togashi Yosuke 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundPatients with non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) harboring activating EGFR mutations are sensitive to epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKIs) but inevitably develop resistance to the inhibitors mostly through acquisition of the secondary T790M mutation. Although third‐generation EGFR‐TKIs overcome this resistance by selectively inhibiting EGFR with EGFR‐TKI‐sensitizing and T790M mutations, acquired resistance to third‐generation EGFR‐TKIs invariably develops.MethodsNext‐generation sequencing (NGS) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis were performed in an EGFR T790M‐mutated NSCLC patient who had progressed after a third‐generation EGFR‐TKI, TAS‐121. EGFR‐mutated cell lines were subjected to a cell proliferation assay and western blotting analysis with EGFR‐TKIs and a heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) inhibitor.ResultsNGS and FISH analysis revealed EGFR amplification in the resistant cancer cells. While EGFR L858R/T90M‐mutated cell line was sensitive to osimertinib or TAS‐121 in vitro, EGFR‐overexpressing cell lines displayed resistance to these EGFR‐TKIs. Western blot analysis showed that EGFR phosphorylation and overexpression of EGFR in cell lines was not suppressed by third‐generation EGFR‐TKIs. In contrast, an HSP90 inhibitor reduced total and phosphorylated EGFR and inhibited the proliferation of resistant cell lines.ConclusionsEGFR amplification confers resistance to third‐generation EGFR‐TKIs which can be overcome by HSP90 inhibition. The results provide a preclinical rationale for the use of HSP90 inhibitors to overcome EGFR amplification‐mediated resistance.
An expert consensus to standardise the assessment of histological disease activity in Crohn's disease clinical trials
Authors: Almradi Ahmed , Ma Christopher , D'Haens Geert R. , Sandborn William J. , Parker Claire E. , Guizzetti Leonardo , Borralho Nunes Paula , De Hertogh Gert , Feakins Roger M. , Khanna Reena , Lauwers Gregory Y. , Mookhoek Aart , Pai Reetesh K. , Peyrin‐Biroulet Laurent , Riddell Robert , Rosty Christophe , Schaeffer David F. , Valasek Mark A. , Singh Siddharth , Crowley Eileen , Feagan Brian G. , Jairath Vipul , Pai Rish K. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryBackgroundTargeting histological remission or response in Crohn's disease (CD) is not recommended in clinical practice guidelines or as an outcome in clinical trials due to uncertainties regarding index validity and prognostic relevance.AimsTo conduct a modified RAND/University of California Los Angeles appropriateness process with the goal of producing a framework to standardise histological assessment of CD activity in clinical trials.MethodsA total of 115 statements generated from literature review and expert opinion were rated on a scale of 1‐9 by a panel of 11 histopathologists and 6 gastroenterologists. Statements were classified as inappropriate, uncertain or appropriate based upon the median panel rating and degree of disagreement.ResultsThe panellists considered it important to measure histological activity in clinical trials to determine efficacy and that absence of neutrophilic inflammation is an appropriate histological target. They were uncertain whether the Global Histological Activity Score was an appropriate instrument for measuring histological activity. The Geboes Score and Robarts Histopathology Index were considered appropriate. Two biopsies from five segments should be biopsied, and the colon and the ileum should be analysed separately for all indices. Endoscopic mucosal appearance should guide biopsy procurement site with biopsies taken from the ulcer edge, or the most macroscopically inflamed area in the absence of ulcers.ConclusionWe evaluated the appropriateness of items for assessing histological disease activity in CD clinical trials. These items will be used to develop a novel histological index.
Calpain–calpastatin system and cancer progression
Authors: Nian Hong , Ma Binyun 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTThe calpain system is required by many important physiological processes, including the cell cycle, cytoskeleton remodelling, cellular proliferation, migration, cancer cell invasion, metastasis, survival, autophagy, apoptosis and signalling, as well as the pathogenesis of a wide range of disorders, in which it may function to promote tumorigenesis. Calpains are intracellular conserved calcium‐activated neutral cysteine proteinases that are involved in mediating cancer progression via catalysing and regulating the proteolysis of their specific substrates, which are important signalling molecules during cancer progression. μ‐calpain, m‐calpain, and their specific inhibitor calpastatin are the three molecules originally identified as comprising the calpain system and they contain several crucial domains, specific motifs, and functional sites. A large amount of data supports the roles of the calpain–calpastatin system in cancer progression via regulation of cellular adhesion, proliferation, invasion, metastasis, and cellular survival and death, as well as inflammation and angiogenesis during tumorigenesis, implying that the inhibition of calpain activity may be a potential anti‐cancer intervention strategy targeting cancer cell survival, invasion and chemotherapy resistance.
Courtesy calls for reciprocity: Appointment of uncertificated independent directors in China
Authors: Li Yanlin , Liu Jiawei , Tian Gary Gang , Wang Xin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractResearch Question/IssueUsing regulatory qualification requirements for being an independent director in China, we examine the effect of explicit norms of reciprocity between uncertificated independent directors (UIDs), who are not qualified at the beginning of their appointment, and insiders.Research Findings/InsightsWe find that UIDs are less likely to cast dissenting votes after their appointment, especially after they are qualified, and that firms with UIDs exhibit more expropriation and information opacity. Our main results are robust to alternative explanations and endogeneity tests.Theoretical/Academic ImplicationsOur study contributes to the literature on reciprocity theory by presenting a new reciprocity norm under the rules of ID qualification and documenting that independent directors who highly value board appointment reciprocate with less independence.Practitioner/Policy ImplicationsThis study offers insights to policy makers regarding how to effectively establish and enhance regulations for qualification for independent directors throughout the world.
Effects of age on the structure and bleaching/dyeing behaviour of hair
Authors: Wang Haona , Kong Li , Xia Honghui , Huang Jie Min , Deng Bo , Pan Heng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe structure and bleaching/dyeing behaviour of hair sampled from people of various ages were investigated to provide guidance for wig‐making. Hair surface and cross‐sectional morphology were investigated by scanning electron microscopy, whereas the number density and size of melanin granules were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. The suitability of hair for dyeing was determined by the trade‐off between the fracture strength and lightness of bleached samples. Hair collected from 26‐year‐olds showed the highest number density and the lowest size of melanin granules, thus featuring the lowest mechanical strength reduction and the highest lightness increase after bleaching. The optimal bleaching conditions for such hair were identified as bleaching time = 80 minutes, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration = 60 mL/L, and bleaching temperature = 75°C. Considering its resilience to damage and favourable dyeing behaviour, hair sampled from 26‐year‐olds was concluded to be most suitable for wig‐making. Thus, the present research provides guidance for the selection of raw materials for wig‐making.