bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1970s Drought, State Crisis, and Opportunities for Transnational River Development in the Senegal Basin
Authors: Wall Rebecca E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDuring the early 1970s, the Sahel suffered from drought and famine. Previous research has emphasized how these factors weakened West African states. The drought, however, provided an opportunity for a transnational river organization in the Senegal River basin (the OMVS) to obtain financing for an integrated development program. Wall shows how the OMVS leveraged concern about famine to obtain funding. She uses digital text analysis to demonstrate institutional priorities shifting to focus on agriculture. This combination of document analysis with digital methods demonstrates how famine strengthened a multi-state organization, requiring a revision of how this event affected African political capacity.
Genetic variability of the HPV16 early genes and LCR. Present and future perspectives
Authors: Bletsa G. , Zagouri F. , Amoutzias G. D. , Nikolaidis M. , Zografos E. , Markoulatos P. , Tsakogiannis D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16) infection is the aetiologic factor for the development of cervical dysplasia and is regarded as highly carcinogen, because it is implicated in more than 50% of cervical cancer cases, worldwide. The tumourigenic potential of HPV16 has triggered the extensive sequence analysis of viral genome in order to identify nucleotide variations and amino acid substitutions that influence viral oncogenicity and subsequently the initiation and progression of cervical cancer. Nowadays, specific mutations of HPV16 DNA have been associated with an increased risk of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions and invasive cervical cancer (ICC) development, including
E6
: Q14H, H78Y, L83V,
Ε7
: N29S, S63F,
E2
: H35Q, P219S, T310K,
E5
: I65V, whereas highly conserved regions of viral DNA have been extensively characterised. In addition, numerous novel HPV16 mutations are observed among the studied populations from various geographic regions, hence advocating that different HPV16 strains seem to emerge with different tumourigenic capacities. The present review focuses on the variability of the early genes and the long control region, emphasising on the association of specific mutations with the development of severe dysplasia. Finally, it evaluates whether specific regions of HPV16 DNA are able to serve as valuable biomarkers for cervical cancer risk.
Arquile Varieties – Varieties Consisting of Power Series in a Single Variable
Authors: Hauser Herwig , Woblistin Sebastian 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Spaces of power series solutions

$y(\mathrm {t})$

in one variable

$\mathrm {t}$

of systems of polynomial, algebraic, analytic or formal equations

$f(\mathrm {t},\mathrm {y})=0$

can be viewed as ‘infinite-dimensional’ varieties over the ground field

$\mathbf {k}$

as well as ‘finite-dimensional’ schemes over the power series ring

$\mathbf {k}[[\mathrm {t}]]$

. We propose to call these solution spaces arquile varieties, as an enhancement of the concept of arc spaces. It will be proven that arquile varieties admit a natural stratification

${\mathcal Y}=\bigsqcup {\mathcal Y}_d$

,

$d\in {\mathbb N}$

, such that each stratum

${\mathcal Y}_d$

is isomorphic to a Cartesian product

${\mathcal Z}_d\times \mathbb A^{\infty }_{\mathbf {k}}$

of a finite-dimensional, possibly singular variety

${\mathcal Z}_d$

over

$\mathbf {k}$

with an affine space

$\mathbb A^{\infty }_{\mathbf {k}}$

of infinite dimension. This shows that the singularities of the solution space of

$f(\mathrm {t},\mathrm {y})=0$

are confined, up to the stratification, to the finite-dimensional part.
Our results are established simultaneously for algebraic, convergent and formal power series, as well as convergent power series with prescribed radius of convergence. The key technical tool is a linearisation theorem, already used implicitly by Greenberg and Artin, showing that analytic maps between power series spaces can be essentially linearised by automorphisms of the source space.
Instead of stratifying arquile varieties, one may alternatively consider formal neighbourhoods of their regular points and reprove with similar methods the Grinberg–Kazhdan–Drinfeld factorisation theorem for arc spaces in the classical setting and in the more general setting.
The legislature as political control: change and continuity in Cameroon's National Assembly (1973–2019)
Authors: Morse Yonatan L. 
Published: December 2021

abstractA growing literature has begun to more closely examine African legislatures. However, most of this research has been attentive to emerging democratic settings, and particularly the experiences of a select number of English-speaking countries. By contrast, Cameroon is a Francophone majority country that reintroduced multiparty politics in the early 1990s but continues to exhibit significant authoritarian tendencies. This article provides a longitudinal analysis of Cameroon's National Assembly and builds on a unique biographical dataset of over 900 members of parliament between 1973 and 2019. The article describes changes in the structure and orientation of the legislature as well as the social profile of its members, in particular following the transition to multipartyism. While the legislature in Cameroon remains primarily a tool of political control, it is more dynamic, and the mechanisms used to manage elites within the context of complex multiethnic politics have evolved.
How should conservation be professionalized?
Authors: Appleton Michael R. , Barborak James R. , Daltry Jennifer C. , Long Barney , O'Connell Mark , Owen Nisha R. , Singh Rohit , Sparkes Emily , Sterling Eleanor J. , Valencia Lina M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMeeting the complex demands of conservation requires a multi-skilled workforce operating in a sector that is respected and supported. Although professionalization of conservation is widely seen as desirable, there is no consistent understanding of what that entails. Here, we review whether and how eight elements of professionalization observed in other sectors are applicable to conservation: (1) a defined and respected occupation; (2) official recognition; (3) knowledge, learning, competences and standards; (4) paid employment; (5) codes of conduct and ethics; (6) individual commitment; (7) organizational capacity; and (8) professional associations. Despite significant achievements in many of these areas, overall progress is patchy, and conventional concepts of professionalization are not always a good fit for conservation. Reasons for this include the multidisciplinary nature of conservation work, the disproportionate influence of elite groups on the development and direction of the profession, and under-representation of field practitioners and of Indigenous peoples and local communities with professional-equivalent skills. We propose a more inclusive approach to professionalization that reflects the full range of practitioners in the sector and the need for increased recognition in countries and regions of high biodiversity. We offer a new definition that characterizes conservation professionals as practitioners who act as essential links between conservation action and conservation knowledge and policy, and provide seven recommendations for building a more effective, inclusive and representative profession.
Damasiphrōn Khrusos: Act, Implement and Tekhnē in Pindar
Authors: Dickson Keith M. 
Published: December 2021

— And so, I said, the art of medicine does not look to the advantage of medicine but rather to that of the body.— Yes, he answered.— Neither does horsemanship look to benefit itself but rather horses.Nor does any other art look to its own advantage, for it has no need to, but instead that of its object.(Plato,Republic342c.1-6)Few things emerge more clearly from Pindar, despite the praise of successful human action to which the odes are devoted and from which their occasion is drawn, than the utter contingency of that success. Ultimately this results from a flaw that is inscribed aboriginally in the nature of human being. However common in source the race of gods and that of men may be, they are split along a primordial rift indunamis(‘power’, ‘capacity’) that grounds all other inequalities between them (Nem.6.1-4). It is in the practical realm of desire, aim, will and action that the consequences of this rift become especially evident. On one side, divine action orpraxisencompasses the fulfilment of every aim — ‘the goal of every act is in your power’ (Nem.10.29f.; cf.Ol.13.104f.) — since the god's powers are sufficient to achieve whatever hiselpis(‘hope’) aspires to (Pyth.2.49). This is because for the god there is a virtual equivalence ofdunamisto desire: no distance intervenes between the inner movements that are his desire and will and their perfect accomplishment in and as reality. Divine causality is such that through its workings desire enjoys swift translation into act — ‘swift is thepraxisof gods once moved to act, short the pathways’ (Pyth.9.67f.) — and act into desire's flawless actualization. The full range of the god'sdunamisin fact surpasses even credibility (cf.Pyth.10.48-50), imagination and hope, making fulfilment of desire a ‘light achievement’ (Ol.13.83).
The great diversity in kinds of seed dormancy: a revision of the Nikolaeva–Baskin classification system for primary seed dormancy
Authors: Baskin Jerry M. , Baskin Carol C. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis review provides a revised and expanded word-formula system of whole-seed primary dormancy classification that integrates the scheme of Nikolaeva with that of Baskin and Baskin. Notable changes include the following. (1) The number of named tiers (layers) in the classification hierarchy is increased from three to seven. (2) Formulae are provided for the known kinds of dormancy. (3) Seven subclasses of class morphological dormancy are designated: ‘dust seeds’ of mycoheterotrophs, holoparasites and autotrophs; diaspores of palms; and seeds with cryptogeal germination are new to the system. (4) Level non-deep physiological dormancy (PD) has been divided into two sublevels, each containing three types, and Type 6 is new to the system. (5) Subclass epicotyl PD with two levels, each with three types, has been added to class PD. (6) Level deep (regular) PD is divided into two types. (7) The simple and complex levels of class morphophysiological dormancy (MPD) have been expanded to 12 subclasses, 24 levels and 16 types. (8) Level non-deep simple epicotyl MPD with four types is added to the system. (9) Level deep simple regular epicotyl MPD is divided into four types. (10) Level deep simple double MPD is divided into two types. (11) Seeds with a water-impermeable seed coat in which the embryo-haustorium grows after germination (Canna) has been added to the class combinational dormancy. The hierarchical division of primary seed dormancy into many distinct categories highlights its great diversity and complexity at the whole-seed level, which can be expressed most accurately by dormancy formulae.
Poverty alleviation and state building in peripheral areas: evidence from China
Authors: Cheng Chao-Yo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe literature suggests that the distributive allocations of local public goods help politicians secure support and thus contribute to political survival. We argue that the selective assignment of state-led infrastructure projects can bolster political control in peripheral areas by inducing the government's investment in essential administrative and security apparatus for project implementation and long-term state building. Drawing on a unique county-level dataset, we study the effects of poverty alleviation transfers in Xinjiang. We find that poverty alleviation was associated with significant increases in government spending on public management and security. In contrast, these alleviation transfers had a small and ambiguous effect on increasing agricultural production and reducing ethnic violence in the province. Our findings highlight the importance of comparing the capacity and welfare implications of distributive politics, as fiscal subsidies may change the actions of the leader's local agents more than altering the behaviors and attitudes of those who may benefit from these transfers.
Introducing cover crops as fallow replacement in the Northern Great Plains: II. Impact on following wheat crops
Authors: Bourgault Maryse , Wyffels Samuel A. , Dafoe Julia M. , Lamb Peggy F. , Boss Darrin L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe introduction of cover crops as fallow replacement in the traditional cereal-based cropping system of the Northern Great Plains has the potential to decrease soil erosion, increase water infiltration, reduce weed pressure and improve soil health. However, there are concerns this might come at the cost of reduced production in the subsequent wheat crop due to soil water use by the cover crops. To determine this risk, a phased 2-year rotation of 15 different cover crop mixtures and winter wheat/spring wheat was established at the Northern Agricultural Research Center near Havre, MT from 2012 to 2020, or four rotation cycles. Controls included fallow–wheat and barley–wheat sequences. Cover crops and barley were terminated early July by haying, grazing or herbicide application. Yields were significantly decreased in wheat following cover crops in 3 out of 8 years, up to maximum of 1.4 t ha−1 (or 60%) for winter wheat following cool-season cover crop mixtures. However, cover crops also unexpectedly increased following wheat yields in 2018, possibly due in part to residual fertilizer. Within cool-, mid- and warm-season cover crop groups, individual mixtures did not show significant differences impact on following grain yields. Similarly, cover crop termination methods had no impact on spring or winter wheat grain yields in any of the 8 years considered. Wheat grain protein concentration was not affected by cover crop mixtures or termination treatments but was decreased in winter wheat following barley. Differences in soil water content across cover crop groups were only evident at the beginning of the third cycle in one field, but important reductions were observed below 15 cm in the last rotation cycle. In-season rainfall explained 43 and 13% of the variability in winter and spring wheat yields, respectively, compared to 2 and 1% for the previous year cover crop biomass. Further economic analyses are required to determine if the integration of livestock is necessary to mitigate the risks associated with the introduction of cover crops in replacement of fallow in the Northern Great Plains.
Garnering sympathy: moral appeals and land bargaining under autocracy
Authors: Lin Wanlin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLocal governments in autocracies typically undercompensate residents for their land and take it through eminent domain, while residents lack effective formal channels for bargaining with them. I find that some residents nonetheless can defend against such predation through extralegal land bargaining. By sending resistance signals to challenge the legitimacy of local governments, publicize their grievances, and garner public sympathy, such residents embarrass governments, make it likely higher-level governments will punish local governments, and spur concessions. Such signals, however, are often costly or unavailable, so onlyresistant entrepreneurscan send them. I illustrate the argument by treating ‘nail-house resistance’ in China as a resistance signal: by refusing to vacate their houses, engaging in violence or self-burning, or turning to the media, some residents stop land takings or gain compensation. The findings enrich our understanding of the political and moral economy of land bargaining and institutional change in a transitional autocracy.
Airborne Electromagnetic Signatures of an Ancient River in the Water‐Stressed Ganga Plain, Prayagraj, India: A Potential Groundwater Repository
Authors: Chandra Subash , Tiwari Virendra M. , Vidyasagar Mulavada , Raju Kattula B. , Choudhury Joy , Lohithkumar K. , Nagaiah Erugu , Chandrapuri Sateesh , Ahmed Shakeel , Verma Saurabh K. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe rapid depletion and deterioration of groundwater in the Ganga River Basin requires an effective water management plan for sustained water availability. An airborne electromagnetic study in the Ganga‐Yamuna doab, India, supplemented with drilling and logging data to address the groundwater crisis, has unraveled exhaustive aquifer information with a discovery of 45 km long buried river, having dimensions comparable to those of Ganga and Yamuna. This ancient river, likely to be extending toward the Himalaya, is characterized by a porous and permeable structures and is hydrogeologically linked with Ganga and Yamuna rivers through an underlying principal aquifer, which might hold a great promise for management of the current declining groundwater resources in the region. Interestingly, the location of this major paleoriver falls within the region where a lost mythological river was believed to be flowing in the past. The results add a new physical dimension to this belief.
Alternative Implementations of the “Pseudo‐Global‐Warming” Methodology for Event‐Based Simulations
Authors: Trapp Robert J. , Woods Matthew J. , Lasher‐Trapp Sonia G. , Grover Maxwell A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe pseudo‐global‐warming (PGW) methodology provides an efficient means to investigate the response of a weather or climate event under an imposed climate change signal. In the traditional PGW implementation, this signal is represented through climate‐change “deltas” constructed using monthly averages of global climate model (GCM) output over decadal or longer periods during the past and future. The implications of alternative formulations of such deltas were explored herein. Diurnally varying (DV) deltas were compared to the time‐constant (TC) deltas used in the traditional PGW implementation; this was done to test the potential effect of future changes in the diurnal cycles of temperature, humidity, and winds. Deltas created using 10‐year averages were compared to those using 30‐year averages, to examine the effects of the time‐averaging period in the delta construction. Finally, the common practice of additionally averaging across multiple GCMs to form a composite delta was also considered. Using simulations of three different historical convective storm events, it was shown that each of these PGW delta formulations results in differences in simulation metrics such as total accumulated rainfall, and convective intensity, but major and/or unambiguous differences were not always found. It is recommended that users of the PGW approach carefully consider all implications of delta formulation on their particular problem.
A New Mechanism for the Generation of Quasi‐6‐Day and Quasi‐10‐Day Waves During the 2019 Antarctic Sudden Stratospheric Warming
Authors: Qin Yusong , Gu Sheng‐Yang , Dou Xiankang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractUsing the Modern‐Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications version 2 reanalysis and Aura Microwave Limb Sounder geopotential height and temperature observations, two unusual planetary waves (PWs) with westward zonal wavenumber 1 (W1) and periods of ∼6.0 and ∼9.6 days are identified during a rare Antarctic sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) event in September 2019, which follow a strong W1 PW with period of ∼7.4 days. It is found that the W1 ∼7.4‐day wave is actually the representation of the climatological W1 quasi‐6‐day wave before the September equinox, which peaks on September 10, 2019. Meanwhile, a strong zonally symmetric wave with period of ∼32.2 days occurs in the Southern Hemisphere with a maximum zonal wind amplitude of ∼27 m/s at 65°S and 48 km. Interestingly, the frequencies and zonal wavenumbers of the W1 ∼7.4‐day, ∼6.0‐day, ∼9.6‐day and zonally symmetric ∼32.2‐day waves exactly satisfy the nonlinear interaction theory between PWs. We thus proposed for the first time the occurrence of nonlinear interaction between a W1 ∼7.4‐day wave and a zonally symmetric ∼32.2‐day wave, which generates two W1 PWs with periods of ∼6.0 and ∼9.6 days. The Eliassen‐Palm flux diagnostics suggest that the zonally symmetric ∼32.2‐day wave also contributes to the wind deceleration during this SSW. Moreover, the baroclinic/barotropic instabilities related to the vertical shear in the zonal wind during the SSW considerably enhance the PW activities in the Antarctic stratosphere. The climatological variations of the instabilities and critical layers in the mesosphere can also influence the propagation of these three W1 PWs.
Development of a new risk stratification system for patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma using R-ISS and 18F-FDG PET/CT
Authors: Cho Hee Jeong , Jung Sung-Hoon , Jo Jae-Cheol , Lee Yoo Jin , Yoon Sang Eun , Park Sung-Soo , Kim Do Young , Shin Ho-Jin , Mun Yeung-Chul , Yi Jun Ho , Kim Hyo Jung , Kim Da Jung , Lee Ho Sup , Bae Sung Hwa , Hong Chae Moon , Jeong Shin Young , Min Jung-Joon , Sohn Sang Kyun , Min Chang-Ki , Kim Kihyun , Lee Je-Jung , Moon Joon Ho ,   The Korean Multiple Myeloma Working Party, Cho Hee Jeong , Jung Sung-Hoon , Jo Jae-Cheol , Lee Yoo Jin , Yoon Sang Eun , Park Sung-Soo , Kim Do Young , Shin Ho-Jin , Mun Yeung-Chul , Yi Jun Ho , Kim Hyo Jung , Kim Da Jung , Lee Ho Sup , Bae Sung Hwa , Hong Chae Moon , Jeong Shin Young , Min Jung-Joon , Sohn Sang Kyun , Min Chang-Ki , Kim Kihyun , Lee Je-Jung , Moon Joon Ho 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn multiple myeloma (MM), a high number of focal lesions (FL) detected using positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) was found to be associated with adverse prognosis. To design a new risk stratification system that combines the Revised International Staging System (R-ISS) with FL, we analyzed the data of 380 patients with newly diagnosed MM (NDMM) who underwent 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT upon diagnosis. The K-adaptive partitioning algorithm was adopted to define subgroups with homogeneous survival. The combined R-ISS with PET/CT classified NDMM patients into four groups: R-ISS/PET stage I (n = 31; R-ISS I with FL ≤ 3), stage II (n = 156; R-ISS I with FL > 3 and R-ISS II with FL ≤ 3), stage III (n = 162; R-ISS II with FL > 3 and R-ISS III with FL ≤ 3), and stage IV (n = 31; R-ISS III with FL > 3). The 2-year overall survival rates for stages I, II, III, and IV were 96.7%, 89.8%, 74.7%, and 50.3%. The 2-year progression-free survival rates were 84.1%, 64.7%, 40.8%, and 17.1%, respectively. The new R-ISS/PET was successfully validated in an external cohort. This new system had a remarkable prognostic power for estimating the survival outcomes of patients with NDMM. This system helps discriminate patients with a good prognosis from those with a poor prognosis more precisely.