bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detecting and attributing drought‐induced changes in catchment hydrological behaviours in a southeastern Australia catchment using a data assimilation method
Authors: Liu Yanghe , Liu Pan , Zhang Lu , Zhang Xiaojing , Zhang Yunfan , Cheng Lei 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIt is widely recognized that multi‐year drought can induce changes in catchment hydrological behaviours. However, at present, our understanding about multi‐year drought‐induced changes in catchment hydrological behaviours and its driving factors at the process level is still very limited. This study proposed a new approach using a data assimilation technique with a process‐based hydrological model to detect multi‐year drought‐induced changes in catchment hydrological behaviours and to identify driving factors for the changes in an unimpaired Australian catchment (Wee Jasper) which experienced prolonged drought from 1997 to 2009. Modelling experiments demonstrated that the multi‐year drought caused a significant change in the catchment rainfall‐runoff relationship, indicated by significant step changes in the estimated time‐variant hydrological parameters SC (indicating catchment active water storage capacity) and C (reflecting catchment evapotranspiration dynamics), whose average values increased 23.4% and 10.2%, respectively, due to drought. The change in the rainfall‐runoff relationship identified by the data assimilation method is consistent with that arrived at by a statistical examination. The proposed method provides insights about the drivers of the changes in the rainfall‐runoff relationship at the processes level. Increasing catchment water storage capacity and decreasing ratio of rainfall to soil moisture for supplying actual evapotranspiration during drought are the main driving factors for the catchment behaviours change in the Wee Jasper catchment in terms of model structure. And they are related to decrease in catchment groundwater level and deep soil moisture. The proposed new method can be used as an effective technique for detecting both the change of hydrological behaviours induced by prolonged drought and its driving factors at the process level.
Determining water requirements for Black Box (Eucalyptus largiflorens) floodplain woodlands of high conservation value using drip‐irrigation
Authors: Doody Tanya M. , Gehrig Susan L. , Vervoort R. Willem , Colloff Matthew J. , Doble Rebecca 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBlack Box (Eucalyptus largiflorens F. Muell.), is a keystone tree species of lowland semi‐arid floodplain ecosystems in south‐eastern Australia. E. largiflorens woodlands are of high conservation value and threatened by climate change‐induced drought and irrigation water diversions due to their location on upper floodplain areas where flood frequency has declined. Water requirements of E. largiflorens have not been well quantified using empirical data. Accordingly, knowledge gaps exist in relation to volumes of environmental water required to maintain and improve ecological condition for disconnected floodplain woodlands. To further assist conservation and water resource management, we tested the use of drip irrigation to provide a variety of water regimes to experimental plots in order to monitor tree responses. Water was provided via irrigation delivery across four regimes representing known volumes of water, referred to as an environmental water provision, applied over a 22‐week period for two Austral summers. Benefits to trees were identified by measuring transpiration and plant water status using sap flow sensors and a Scholander pressure chamber, respectively. Results indicate that volumes of 0.3, 0.4, 0.7 and 0.8 ML increased transpiration and improved plant water status in comparison to a control, with delivery recommended to commence early autumn. Greater volumes (1.4 ML), substantially increased transpiration and improved water status, especially when delivered at a rate of ~25 mm week−1 compared to a monthly 'burst' which broadly represented natural, sporadic summer rainfall in the region. For an environmental watering provision of 25 mm week−1, ~178 ha of E. largiflorens woodland can be watered with a 1 GL environmental water allocation. The study methods presented are relevant worldwide and our results further the collective understanding of the benefits environmental water provides to E. largiflorens.
Flood disasters and social resilience during the decline of the Qing Dynasty: Case studies of 1823 and 1849
Authors: Hao Zhixin , Xiong Danyang , Zheng Jingyun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBased on historical records and crop harvest scores extracted from historical documents, this study reconstructed the spatial–temporal distribution and severities of floods in the Yangtze‐Huai River valley (YHRV) in 1823 and 1849. We also summarized the effects of the floods on society and identified government measures taken to cope with the floods in the context of the economic recession in the period of 1801–1850. The 1823 flood, which was caused by the heavy precipitation of the Meiyu period and typhoons, severely affected areas in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Meanwhile, the 1849 flood, triggered by long‐term, high‐intensity Meiyu precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, mainly affected areas along the Yangtze River. The 1849 disaster was more serious than the one in 1823. In the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, the 1849 flood caused the worst agricultural failure of the period 1730–1852. To deal with the disasters, the Qing government took relief measures, such as exempting taxes in the affected areas, distributing grain stored in warehouses, and transferring grain to severely afflicted areas. These relief measures were supplemented by auxiliary measures, such as exempting commodity taxes on grain shipped to disaster areas and punishing officials who failed to provide adequate disaster relief. The flood disasters disrupted the water system of the Grand Canal and forced the Qing government to transport Cao rice by sea beginning in 1826. This laid the groundwork for the rise of coastal shipping in modern China. With the economic recession of the 19th century, Chinese society was not as resilient to floods as it was in the 18th century. Compared to droughts, floods are more difficult to deal with and pose greater threats to infrastructure and normal life and work in the cities.
In vitro evaluation of photodynamic activity of methylene blue against Trichophyton verrucosum azole‐susceptible and ‐resistant strains
Authors: Gnat Sebastian , Łagowski Dominik , Dyląg Mariusz , Zielinski Jessica , Nowakiewicz Aneta 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe intense search for the “Holy Grail” of antifungal therapy can be observed today. The searches are not limited only to discovery of potential antifungal drugs, but also new therapeutic strategies involving the use of chemosensitizers to achieve synergistic effect or physicochemical factors inducing stress conditions in fungal cells. In this study was examined in vitro effectiveness of photodynamic antifungal strategy with methylene blue using a light beam with a wavelength equal to 635 nm toward the Trichophyton verrucosum susceptible and itraconazole‐ and/or fluconazole‐resistant strains. Methylene blue used at concentration equal to 5 μg/mL and in the presence of 40 J/cm2 of light energy showed fungicidal effect toward the susceptible strains. However, for azole‐resistant isolates, only the energy dose equal to 60 J/cm2 at 5 μg/mL of methylene blue allowed to kill the pathogen. This study confirms that methylene blue induced by red light has a definite inhibitory effect on zoophilic dermatophytes.
The predictive value of the ratio of the product of neutrophils and hemoglobin to lymphocytes in non‐muscular invasive bladder cancer patients with postoperative recurrence
Authors: Zhao Ruining , Shan Jiahao , Nie Lihong , Yang Xiaobo , Yuan Zhongyu , Xu Haoran , Liu Ziyang , Zhou Xiaojie , Ma Wenzhuo , Shi Hongbin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurposeThe purpose of this study was to explore the predictive value of the ratio of the product of neutrophils and hemoglobin to lymphocytes (NHL) in patients with non‐muscular invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively collected clinical and pathological data of patients with NMIBC who underwent transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) at our hospital between 2013 and 2018. The ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes (NLR), the Systemic Immune Inflammation Index (SII), and NHL were obtained based on routine blood settlement within a week before surgery. The receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the optimal cutoff value of each index, and different groups were grouped accordingly. Kaplan‐Meier survival curve and Cox regression model were used to study the factors affecting the prognosis of NMIBC patients.ResultsThere was significant difference in recurrence‐free survival (RFS) rate between the high NLR group and the low NLR group, the high SII group and the low SII group, and the high NHL group and the low NHL group. Cox univariate regression analysis showed that tumor number, tumor size, tumor pathological grade, tumor pathological stage, NLR, SII, and NHL were related to postoperative RFS in patients with NMIBC. The tumor number, tumor pathological grade, SII, and NHL were independent predictors of RFS in multivariate analysis.ConclusionsThe preoperative clinical inflammatory indexes NLR, SII, and NHL have certain predictive value for postoperative RFS in NMIBC patients.
Methods Used for Pediatric Dose Selection in Drug Development Programs Submitted to the US FDA 2012‐2020
Authors: Green Francis G. , Park Kyunghun , Burckart Gilbert J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDosing is a critical aspect of drug development in pediatrics that has led to trial failures and the inability to label the drug for pediatric use by the US Food and Drug Administration. Developing a structured approach for pediatric dose selection requires knowledge of the current approaches and their success or failure. This study describes the current experience with pediatric dosing methods from 2012 to 2020 and had 2 primary objectives: (1) to identify how the initial pediatric dose was selected and (2) to identify the pivotal dosing strategy used to identify the initially selected dose for safety and efficacy for pediatric clinical trials. Through September 2020, a total of 275 pediatric drug development programs were characterized for initial and pivotal dosing strategies. The success rate for labeling for pediatric use was 76.4%. The most common initial dosing strategy was previous experience with the product, followed by allometric scaling and exposure matching with adults. The most common pivotal dosing strategy was titration to target response in 33% of programs, with the second and third most common being pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic studies (30%) and exposure matching (20%), respectively. Additionally, about one‐half of pediatric programs incorporated model‐informed drug development. The emergence of titration to target response may signal a shift toward precision medicine in pediatric patients. Future work in pediatric drug dose selection should move toward the development of a structured pediatric dose selection approach.
Immunomodulatory functions of oral mesenchymal stem cells: Novel force for tissue regeneration and disease therapy
Authors: Shang Lingling , Shao Jinlong , Ge Shaohua 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-based therapeutic strategies have achieved remarkable efficacies. Oral tissue-derived MSCs, with powerful self-renewal and multilineage differentiation abilities, possess the features of abundant sources and easy accessibility and hold great potential in tissue regeneration and disease therapies. Oral MSCs mainly consist of periodontal ligament stem cells, gingival mesenchymal stem cells, dental pulp stem cells, stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth, stem cells from the apical papilla, dental follicle stem cells, and alveolar bone-derived mesenchymal stem. Early immunoinflammatory response stage is the prerequisite phase of healing process. Besides the potent capacities of differentiation and regeneration, oral MSCs are capable of interacting with various immune cells and function as immunomodulatory regulators. Consequently, the immunomodulatory effects of oral MSCs during damage repair seem to be crucial for exploring novel immunomodulatory strategies to achieve disease recovery and tissue regeneration. Herein, we reviewed various oral MSCs with their immunomodulatory properties and the potential mechanism, as well as their effects on immunomodulation-mediated disease therapies and tissue regeneration.
Tumor immunology in the age of single-cell genomics
Authors: Zhao Lingyu , Ren Lili , Gao Shuangshu , Wang Jun , Li Xiaobo , Zhang Lei , Zhu Yuanyuan , Li Hanjie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractImmunotherapies that were developed based on our understandings of tumor immunology have revolutionized cancer treatment. However, the success of immunotherapy is eclipsed by several grand challenges, including low response rate, intrinsic/acquired resistance and adverse effects. While a deeper understanding of the interaction between tumor and our immune system, especially the tumor immune niche, is essential to overcome those challenges, we are limited by the fact that most of our knowledge about tumor immunology is based on studies analyzing bulk populations of cells, which are often unable to fully characterize the various cell types and states engaged in immune cell functions. The advent of cutting single-cell genomic technologies empowers us to dissect the tumor immune niche in a genome-wide and spatially resolved manner in single cells, trace their clonal histories, and unveil their regulatory circuits. Future studies on tumor immunology in the age of single-cell genomics, therefore, hold the promise to develop more effective and precise immunotherapies for human cancers. In this perspective, we will discuss how advanced single-cell genomics approaches will revolutionize tumor immunology research and immunotherapies by catering the demand in the field of tumor immunology.
A multimethod approach to the differentiation of enthesis bone microstructure based on soft tissue type
Authors: Whitebone S. Amber , Bari A. S. M. Hossain , Gavrilova Marina L. , Anderson Jason S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWhereas there is a wealth of research studying the nature of various soft tissues that attach to bone, comparatively little research focuses on the bone's microscopic properties in the area where these tissues attach. Using scanning electron microscopy to generate a dataset of 1600 images of soft tissue attachment sites, an image classification program with novel convolutional neural network architecture can categorize images of attachment areas by soft tissue type based on observed patterns in microstructure morphology. Using stained histological thin section and liquid crystal cross‐polarized microscopy, it is determined that soft tissue type can be quantitatively determined from the microstructure. The primary diagnostic characters are the orientation of collagen fibers and heterogeneity of collagen density throughout the attachment area thickness. These determinations are made across broad taxonomic sampling and multiple skeletal elements.
MRI‐Based Quantitative R2* Mapping at 3 Tesla Reflects Hepatic Iron Overload and Pathogenesis in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients
Authors: Imajo Kento , Kessoku Takaomi , Honda Yasushi , Hasegawa Sho , Tomeno Wataru , Ogawa Yuji , Motosugi Utaroh , Saigusa Yusuke , Yoneda Masato , Kirikoshi Hiroyuki , Yamanaka Shoji , Utsunomiya Daisuke , Saito Satoru , Nakajima Atsushi 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundThe role of hepatic iron overload (HIO) in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated.PurposeThis study aimed to investigate the effect of HIO and examine the diagnostic usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based R2* quantification in evaluating hepatic iron content (HIC) and pathological findings in NAFLD.Study TypeProspective and retrospective.PopulationA prospective study of 168 patients (age, 57.2 ± 15.0; male/female, 80/88) and a retrospective validation study of 202 patients (age, 57.0 ± 14.4; male/female, 113/89) with liver‐biopsy‐confirmed NAFLD were performed.Field Strength/Sequence3 T; chemical‐shift encoded multi‐echo gradient echo.AssessmentUsing liver tissues obtained by liver biopsy, HIC was prospectively evaluated in 168 patients by atomic absorption spectrometry. Diagnostic accuracies of HIC and R2* for grading hepatic inflammation plus ballooning (HIB) as an indicator of NAFLD activity were assessed.Statistical TestsStudent's t‐test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Scheffe's multiple testing correction for univariate comparisons; multivariate logistic analysis. P‐value less than 0.05 is statistically significant.ResultsHIC was significantly correlated with HIB grades (r = 0.407). R2* was significantly correlated with HIC (r = 0.557) and HIB grades (r = 0.569). R2* mapped an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC; 0.774) for HIC ≥808 ng/mL (median value) with cutoff value of 62.5 s−1. In addition, R2* mapped AUROC of HIB for grades ≥3 was 0.799 with cutoff value of 58.5 s−1. When R2* was <62.5 s−1, R2* correlated weakly with HIC (r = 0.372) as it was affected by fat deposition and did not correlate with HIB grades (P = 0.052). Conversely, when R2* was ≥62.5 s−1, a significant correlation of R2* with HIC (r = 0.556) and with HIB grades was observed (P < 0.0001) with being less affected by fat deposition.Data ConclusionR2* ≥ 62.5 s−1 is a promising modality for non‐invasive diagnosis of clinically important high grades (≥3) of HIB associated with increased HIC.Level of Evidence1Technical Efficacy Stage2
Prevalence of human papillomavirus (HPV) in oral mucosal lesions in Iran: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Aghaeipour Farideh , Salehiniya Hamid , Abbaszadeh Hamid 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe role of human papillomavirus (HPV) in the development of oral lesions is controversial. There has been no comprehensive study about HPV prevalence in Iran. This systematic review and meta‐analysis were aimed at finding HPV prevalence of oral lesions and normal oral mucosa in Iran. International (PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus) and national (Iranmedex, Irandoc, and SID) databases were searched systematically until October 2020. Studies that examined the prevalence of HPV in oral lesions by polymerase chain reaction method were included. The heterogeneity of articles was assessed with the Cochran test and I‐Square statistics. The prevalence rate of HPV was calculated using a random‐effect model. Of 3729 initially searched articles, 29 articles were eligible for inclusion. The overall prevalence of HPV in oral lesions was 21%. The prevalence was the highest in Rasht (50%) city. Lip lesions had the highest HPV prevalence (40%). According to the classification of lesions, the highest prevalence was of precancerous lesions (29%) and the lowest in normal mucosa (8%). Well‐differentiated tumors showed a higher prevalence than poorly‐differentiated ones. The highest prevalence of HPV was hairy leukoplakia (70%) and the lowest was of pyogenic granuloma (6%). Also, the prevalence was 31% in oral squamous cell carcinoma. There are differences between HPV prevalence according to the geographical area, intraoral location, type of lesion, and grading. As HPV prevalence was fairly high, further attention to vaccination and treatment for HPV in Iran, as a potential risk factor for oral precancerous and cancerous lesions is recommended.
Raman spectroscopic study of the pigments in a putative John Constable oil sketch
Authors: Surtees Alexander P. H. , Telford Richard , Edwards Howell G. M. , Benoy Timothy J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRaman has long been established as a nondestructive and noninvasive technique that has found increasing application in the area of cultural heritage and the study of works of art. Here, we present a further application of Raman spectroscopy in the study of an oil painting belonging to the de Brécy Trust. In the work presented, Raman microscopy has been employed to spectroscopically study minute fragments of excised pigments from a small oil painting bearing the hallmarks of a study sketch by the famous English landscape artist John Constable. Raman spectra were collected from 18 discrete areas of the work, chosen due to their colour in order to potentially cover all of the pigments used in this work. Of the 18, six positive identifications were made, confirming that the painting contained pigments and minerals known to be favoured by the artist. Whilst the remaining 12 sample sites were complicated by the fluorescence effects observed from the applied varnish, this can be useful in providing evidence to support the application of the ‘scumbling’ technique known to be favoured by Constable. We have positively identified the pigments: ultramarine/lapis lazuli, lead white, red lead, Prussian blue, chrome yellow and ivory black. We have also identified amorphous carbon and gypsum. These positively identified pigments link into Constable's existing colour box and four palettes, providing evidence that could lead to the painting being attributed to Constable.
Gauge‐Induced Floquet Topological States in Photonic Waveguides
Authors: Song Wange , Chen Yuxin , Li Hanmeng , Gao Shenglun , Wu Shengjie , Chen Chen , Zhu Shining , Li Tao 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTremendous efforts are devoted to the research of exotic photonic topological states, in which Floquet systems suggest new engineered topological phases and provide a powerful tool to manipulate the optical fields. Here, a gauge‐induced topological state localized at the interface between two gauge‐shifted Floquet photonic lattices with the same topological order is demonstrated. The quasienergy band structures reveal that these interface modes belong to the Floquet π modes, which are further found to enable an asymmetric topological transport of this interface mode thanks to the flexible control of the Floquet gauge. The intriguing propagations of the gauge‐induced topological states are experimentally verified in a silicon waveguides platform at near‐infrared wavelengths, which show broadband working wavelengths and robustness against the structural fluctuations. This work provides a new route in manipulating optical topological modes by Floquet engineering and inspires more possibilities in photonics integrations.