bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gate-tuned anomalous Hall effect driven by Rashba splitting in intermixed LaAlO3/GdTiO3/SrTiO3
Authors: Lebedev N. , Stehno M. , Rana A. , Reith P. , Gauquelin N. , Verbeeck J. , Hilgenkamp H. , Brinkman A. , Aarts J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Anomalous Hall Effect (AHE) is an important quantity in determining the properties and understanding the behaviour of the two-dimensional electron system forming at the interface of SrTiO3-based oxide heterostructures. The occurrence of AHE is often interpreted as a signature of ferromagnetism, but it is becoming more and more clear that also paramagnets may contribute to AHE. We studied the influence of magnetic ions by measuring intermixed LaAlO3/GdTiO3/SrTiO3 at temperatures below 10 K. We find that, as function of gate voltage, the system undergoes a Lifshitz transition while at the same time an onset of AHE is observed. However, we do not observe clear signs of ferromagnetism. We argue the AHE to be due to the change in Rashba spin-orbit coupling at the Lifshitz transition and conclude that also paramagnetic moments which are easily polarizable at low temperatures and high magnetic fields lead to the presence of AHE, which needs to be taken into account when extracting carrier densities and mobilities.
Unconventional effects of long-term storage of microwave-modified chicken egg white lysozyme preparations
Authors: Leśnierowski Grzegorz , Yang Tianyu , Cegielska-Radziejewska Renata 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThermal modification is an effective method that induces significant expansion of the antimicrobial properties and other valuable properties of chicken egg white lysozyme. In our latest research, a new innovative method of enzyme modification was developed, in which microwave radiation was used as an energy source to process liquid lysozyme concentrate (LLC). After modification, high-quality preparations were obtained. However, long-term storage in a concentrated form initiated various processes that caused darkening over time and could also lead to other significant changes to their structure and, consequently, to their functional properties. This necessitated multidirectional research to explain this phenomenon. This paper presents the results of research aimed at assessing the physicochemical changes in the properties of microwave-modified lysozyme in the form of a liquid concentrate after long-term storage under refrigeration conditions. The assessment also considered the conditions under the acidity of the modifying medium and the duration of the microwave modification. The analysis showed that the values of the basic parameters determining the quality and usefulness of the modified enzyme significantly improved during long-term storage of the preparations. The greatest changes were observed in the preparations modified for the longest time and in the most acidic environment (process time 260 s, pH 2.0), the number of oligomers under these conditions increased by 18% after 12 months of holding, and the surface hydrophobicity increased by as much as 31%. In addition, microbiological tests showed that the preparations of microwave-modified lysozyme had an effect on gram-positive bacteria as well as on gram-negative, and this effect was significantly enhanced after 12 months. The results confirm that LLC modification with microwave radiation is a highly efficient method to prepare high-quality and high utility potential lysozyme. Notably, an interesting and important phenomenon was the observation of the unconventional behaviour of the preparations during their long-term storage, which increased their utility potential significantly.
Flow cytometry detection of sustained humoral immune response (IgG + IgA) against native spike glycoprotein in asymptomatic/mild SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Piñero Paula , Marco De La Calle Francisco M , Horndler Lydia , Alarcón Balbino , Uribe Barrientos Marisol , Sarmiento Héctor , Tarín Fabián 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 is the virus that causes the disease called COVID-19, which has caused the worst pandemic of the century. Both, to know the immunological status of general population and to evaluate the efficacy of the vaccination process that is taking place around the world, serological tests represent a key tool. Classic serological tests, based on colorimetric techniques, such as ELISA or CLIA, continue to be the most widely used option. However, a real improvement in results is still needed. We developed a highly sensitive and specific FCM assay that allows the detection of IgG and IgA antibodies, directed against the native and functional S-protein of SARS-CoV-2 exposed on the membrane of a transfected cell line, up to 8 months after infection.
Realising and compressing quantum circuits with quantum reservoir computing
Authors: Ghosh Sanjib , Krisnanda Tanjung , Paterek Tomasz , Liew Timothy C. H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractQuantum computers require precise control over parameters and careful engineering of the underlying physical system. In contrast, neural networks have evolved to tolerate imprecision and inhomogeneity. Here, using a reservoir computing architecture we show how a random network of quantum nodes can be used as a robust hardware for quantum computing. Our network architecture induces quantum operations by optimising only a single layer of quantum nodes, a key advantage over the traditional neural networks where many layers of neurons have to be optimised. We demonstrate how a single network can induce different quantum gates, including a universal gate set. Moreover, in the few-qubit regime, we show that sequences of multiple quantum gates in quantum circuits can be compressed with a single operation, potentially reducing the operation time and complexity. As the key resource is a random network of nodes, with no specific topology or structure, this architecture is a hardware friendly alternative paradigm for quantum computation.
Measures of Psychological Impacts of Stuttering in Young School-Age Children: A Systematic Review
Authors: Jones Monique L. , Menzies Ross G. , Onslow Mark , Lowe Robyn , O'Brian Sue , Packman Ann 
Published: May 2021

PurposeRecent research has shown that some school-age children who stutter may have speech-related anxiety. Given this, speech-language pathologists require robust measures to assess the psychological effects of stuttering during the school-age years. Accordingly, this systematic review aimed to explore available measures for assessing the psychological impacts of stuttering in young school-age children and to examine their measurement properties.MethodThe systematic search protocol was registered with PROSPERO (ID: 163181). Seven online databases, in addition to manual searching and screening of reference lists, were used to identify appropriate measures for the population of children who stutter aged 7–12 years. The first two authors independently assessed the measures using the quality appraisal tool described by Terwee et al. (2007).ResultsDespite the comprehensive search strategy, only six measures were identified for quality appraisal. No assessment tool was found to possess adequate measurement properties for the eight assessed domains: content validity, internal consistency, construct validity, reproducibility, reliability, responsiveness, floor and ceiling effects, and interpretability. No measure had clear evidence of responsiveness to clinical change. Based on the criterion defined by the Terwee et al. (2007) appraisal tool, the Communication Attitude Test and the Overall Assessment of the Speaker's Experience of Stuttering for School-Age Children received the highest number of ratings in support of their measurement properties.ConclusionsThe results highlight a lack of available measures in this domain and poor practices in developing and testing measurement instruments. To ensure that clinicians and researchers are equipped with sound measures to meet the mental health needs of this vulnerable population, further research to establish resources is needed.
Anatomical Considerations of Embryology and Development of the Musculoskeletal System: Basic Notions for Musculoskeletal Radiologists
Authors: Aparisi Gómez Maria Pilar , Watkin Sheryl , Perry David , Simoni Paolo , Trisolino Giovanni , Bazzocchi Alberto 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe musculoskeletal (MSK) system begins to form in the third week of intrauterine development. Multiple genes are involved in the complex different processes to form the skeleton, muscles and joints. The embryonic period, from the third to the eighth week of development, is critical for normal development and therefore the time when most structural defects are induced. Many of these defects have a genetic origin, but environmental factors may also play a very important role. This review summarizes the embryology of the different components of the MSK system and their configuration as an organ-system, analyzes the clinical implications resulting from failures in the process of organogenesis, and describes the first approach to diagnosis of skeletal abnormalities using prenatal ultrasound.
Pediatric Musculoskeletal Trauma: Upper Limb
Authors: Restrepo Ricardo , Cervantes Luisa Fernanda , Zahrah David , Schoenleber Scott , Lee Edward Y. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPediatric upper extremity injuries, acute and chronic due to overuse, are commonly encountered in the clinical setting. However, interpretation of imaging studies is often challenging in pediatric patients because of changing postnatal skeletal development and the broad spectrum of pathology that can potentially occur. This article discusses normal skeletal development and the pathomechanics of skeletal injuries in pediatric patients. It also outlines a framework for imaging as it pertains to the pediatric upper extremity, with specific emphasis on acute and chronic injuries to the shoulder, elbow, forearm, and wrist.
Imaging of Congenital Skeletal Disorders
Authors: Aparisi Gómez Maria Pilar , Trisolino Giovanni , Sangiorgi Luca , Guglielmi Giuseppe , Bazzocchi Alberto 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOsteochondrodysplasias are the result of the expression of gene mutations. The phenotypes in osteochondrodysplasias evolve through life, with the possibility that previously unaffected bones may be involved at later stages of growth. Due to the variable time of onset, the diagnosis may be made prenatally, at birth, or later. Certainty in the diagnosis is sometimes only achieved as the patient matures and the disease evolves. Radiographic evaluation is a fundamental part of the diagnostic work-up of congenital skeletal disorders and in most cases the first tool used to arrive at a diagnosis. This review describes the imaging characteristics, specific signs, and evolution of several skeletal dysplasias in which diagnosis may be directly or indirectly suggested by radiologic findings. A definitive accurate diagnosis of a congenital skeletal abnormality is necessary to help provide a prognosis of expected outcomes and to counsel parents and patients.
Imaging of Pediatric Bone Tumors and Tumor-like Lesions
Authors: Al-Qassab Sinan , Lalam Radhesh , Botchu Rajesh , Bazzocchi Alberto 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBone lesions are commonly seen when reporting pediatric skeletal imaging. Distinguishing aggressive from nonaggressive lesions is essential in making the diagnosis. Not all aggressive lesions are neoplastic; indeed, osteomyelitis frequently presents with aggressive appearances and is far more commonly seen in the pediatric population than neoplastic lesions. In this article, we discuss an approach for the diagnosis of pediatric bone tumors and tumor-like conditions. The most common pediatric benign and malignant bone tumors are discussed in more detail.
Imaging of Pediatric Lower Limb Sports Injuries
Authors: Weil Nikki , Hemke Robert , Reurink Guus , Maas Mario 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe importance of physical activity during childhood and adolescence has come to light, with an increase in sports-related acute traumatic and overuse injuries as a major disadvantage. A solid understanding of the physiology of the growing skeleton, together with knowledge about age- and sex-related differences in the occurrence of acute traumatic and overuse injuries is necessary. Every musculoskeletal radiologist should also be familiar with the appearances of these injuries on different imaging modalities. This review focuses on all these aspects concerning acute traumatic and overuse injuries among children and adolescents.
Development and Validation of Chromatographic Method for the Standardization of Homeopathic Formulation of Syzygium Cumini
Authors: Mishra Rashmi , Kotagale Nandakishor , Umekar Milind , Sahu Rajesh , Maliye Amit , Gurav Shailendra 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background Syzygium cumini (Lam.), family Myrtaceae, has a long history of use in folk and traditional systems of indigenous medicine. Many homeopathic formulations of Jamun seeds are available in the market for their crucial usage as an anti-diabetic. Despite the popularity of homeopathic products, a lack of standard quality is a significant impediment in their acceptance. The present study aimed to develop and validate a chromatographic method for the standardization of the homeopathic formulation of Syzygium cumini.
Methods The seeds of Syzygium cumini were studied for physicochemical evaluation and preliminary phytochemical screening. Also, the in-house standard and marketed homeopathic formulations of Syzigium cumini were standardized for pH, total fatty content, total phenolic and flavonoid content, with quantitative high-performance liquid chromatography- photodiode array detector (HPLC-PDA) analysis by using ellagic acid as a marker.
Results The physicochemical characteristics of crude material were found to be within pharmacopeial limits. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of various secondary metabolites. The total phenolic and flavonoid content was higher in the in-house standard than in marketed formulations. A validated quantitative HPLC-PDA analysis showed variations of ellagic acid content in different homeopathic formulations.
Conclusion Physicochemical analysis and the HPLC method for quantitative estimation of ellagic acid can be used to standardize a homeopathic formulation of Syzygium cumini.
GRIN2A and GRIN2B and Their Related Phenotypes
Authors: Sapuppo Annamaria , Portale Laura , Massimino Carmela R. , Presti Santiago , Tardino Lucia , Marino Simona , Polizzi Agata , Falsaperla Raffaele , Praticò Andrea D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGlutamate is the most relevant excitatory neurotransmitter of the central nervous system; it binds with several receptors, including N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs), a subtype of ionotropic glutamate receptor that displays voltage-dependent block by Mg2+ and a high permeability to Ca2+. GRIN2A and GRIN2B genes encode the GluN2A and GluN2B subunits of the NMDARs, which play important roles in synaptogenesis, synaptic transmission, and synaptic plasticity, as well as contributing to neuronal loss and dysfunction in several neurological disorders. Recently, individuals with a range of childhood-onset drug-resistant epilepsies, such as Landau–Kleffner or Lennox–Gastaut syndrome, intellectual disability (ID), and other neurodevelopmental abnormalities have been found to carry mutations in GRIN2A and GRIN2B, with high variable expressivity in phenotype. The first one is found mainly in epilepsy-aphasia syndromes, while the second one mainly in autism, schizophrenia, and ID, such as autism spectrum disorders. Brain magnetic resonance imaging alterations are found in some patients, even if without a clear clinical correlation. At the same time, increasing data on genotype–phenotype correlation have been found, but this is still not fully demonstrated. There are no specific therapies for the treatment of correlated NMDARs epilepsy, although some evidence with memantine, an antagonist of glutamate receptor, is reported in the literature in selected cases with mutation determining a gain of function.
FOXG1 Gene and Its Related Phenotypes
Authors: Pecora Giulia , Sortino Vincenzo , Brafa Musicoro Viviana , Salomone Giulia , Pizzo Francesco , Costanza Giuseppe , Falsaperla Raffaele , Zanghì Antonio , Praticò Andrea D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFOXG1 is an important transcriptional repressor found in cell precursor of the ventricular region and in neurons in the early stage of differentiation during the development of the nervous epithelium in the cerebrum and optical formation. Mutations involving FOXG1 gene have been described first in subjects with congenital Rett syndrome. They can cause seizure, delayed psychomotor development, language disorders, and autism. FOXG1 deletions or intragenic mutations also determinate reduction in head circumference, structural defects in the corpus callosum, abnormal movements, especially choreiform, and intellectual retardation with no speech. Patients with duplications of 14q12 present infantile spasms and have subsequent intellectual disability with autistic features, head circumference in the normal range, and regular aspect of corpus callosum. Clinical characteristics of patients with FOXG1 variants include growth deficit after birth associated with microcephaly, facial dysmorphisms, important delay with no language, deficit in social interaction like autism, sleep disorders, stereotypes, including dyskinesia, and seizures. In these patients, it is not characteristic a history of loss of acquired skills.
PCDH19-Related Epilepsies
Authors: Mazzurco Marina , Pulvirenti Giulio , Caccamo Martina , Presti Santiago , Soma Rachele , Salafia Stefania , Praticò Elena R. , Filosco Federica , Falsaperla Raffaele , Praticò Andrea D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractProtocadherin-19 (PCDH19) is considered one of the most relevant genes related to epilepsy. To date, more than 150 mutations have been identified as causative for PCDH19-female epilepsy (also known as early infantile epileptic encephalopathy-9, EIEE9), which is characterized by early onset epilepsy, intellectual disabilities, and behavioral disturbances. More recently, mosaic-males (i.e., exhibiting the variants in less than 25% of their cells) have been described as affected by infant-onset epilepsy associated with intellectual disability, as well as compulsive or aggressive behavior and autistic features. Although little is known about the physiological role of PCDH19 protein and the pathogenic mechanisms that lead to EIEE9, many reports and clinical observation seem to suggest a relevant role of this protein in the development of cellular hyperexcitability. However, a genotype–phenotype correlation is difficult to establish. The main feature of EIEE9 consists in early onset of seizures, which generally occur in clusters lasting 1 to 5 minutes and repeating up to 10 times a day for several days. Seizures tend to present during febrile episodes, similarly to the first phases of Dravet syndrome and PCDH19 variants have been found in ∼25% of females who present with features of Dravet syndrome and testing negative for SCN1A variants. There is no “standardized” treatment for PCDH19-related epilepsy and most of the patients receiving a combination of several drugs. In this review, we focus on the latest researches on these aspects, with regard to protein expression, its known functions, and the mechanisms by which the protein acts. The clinical phenotypes related to PCDH19 mutations are also discussed.
PRRT2 Related Epilepsies: A Gene Review
Authors: Massimino Carmela Rita , Portale Laura , Sapuppo Annamaria , Pizzo Francesco , Sciuto Laura , Romano Catia , Salafia Stefania , Falsaperla Raffaele 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
PRRT2 encodes for proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 involved in synaptic vesicle fusion and presynaptic neurotransmitter release. Mutations in human PRRT2 have been related to paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD), infantile convulsions with choreoathetosis, benign familial infantile epilepsies, and hemiplegic migraine. PRRT2 mutations cause neuronal hyperexcitability, which could be related to basal ganglia or cortical circuits dysfunction, leading to paroxysmal disorders. PRRT2 is expressed in the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and cerebellum. Approximately, 90% of pathogenic variants are inherited and 10% are de novo. Paroxysmal attacks in PKD are characterized by dystonia, choreoathetosis, and ballismus. In the benign familial infantile epilepsy (BFIE), seizures are usually focal with or without generalization, usually begin between 3 and 12 months of age and remit by 2 years of age. In 30% of cases of PRRT2-associated PKD, there is an association with BFIE, and this entity is referred to as PKD with infantile convulsions (PKD/IC). PRRT2 mutations are the cause of benign family childhood epilepsy and PKD/IC. On the other hand, PRRT2 mutations do not seem to correlate with other types of epilepsy. The increasing incidence of hemiplegic migraine in families with PRRT2-associated PKD or PKD/IC suggests a common disease pathway, and it is possible to assert that BFIE, paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia, and PKD with IC belong to a continuous disease spectrum of PRRT2-associated diseases.
Supera Stent Implantation with Ultrasound Guidance for Complex Ostial Lesions of Superficial Femoral Artery by Retrograde Approach: The SUGAR Technique
Authors: Sheorain Virender Singh , Parakh Rajiv , Grover Tarun , Sahu Tapish , Aher Ashutosh 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to describe a modified technique for accurate deployment of the Supera stent under ultrasound (US) guidance for complex lesions involving superficial femoral artery (SFA) ostium without jailing profunda femoral artery (PFA) by retrograde approach.
Technique Retrograde pedal access was initially taken in all the cases. The stenotic or occlusive femoropopliteal lesions involving the SFA ostium were crossed retrogradely and additional contralateral common femoral artery (CFA) access was taken only if we failed to cross the lesion. In addition to fluoroscopy, extravascular US guidance was freely used whenever required throughout the procedure. After desired predilatation of the SFA lesion, US guidance (gray scale and color Doppler) was used to start deployment of the proximal few centimeters of Supera stent ensuring that the landing of first crown was exactly from the SFA ostium not extending into CFA or jailing the PFA ostium. The rest of the stent was deployed under fluoroscopic guidance. Retrograde pedal access site hemostasis was achieved by manual compression. The Supera stent implantation with Ultrasound Guidance for complex ostial lesions of superficial femoral Artery by Retrograde approach (SUGAR) technique was applied successfully in 35 patients (mean age 58.1 ± 4.4 years; 24 males) with critical limb ischemia via the distal pedal approach. No access site or remote complications were observed.
Conclusion The SUGAR technique has superior advantage of utilizing a simple tool like extravascular US in addition to fluoroscopy for retrograde Supera stent deployment by allowing very precise landing at SFA ostium, bypassing the need for multiple oblique projections, unwanted radiation exposure, and extra contrast dye overload.