bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive heterogeneity in first-episode psychosis and its relationship with premorbid developmental adjustment
Authors: Tan Eric J. , Rossell Susan L. , Subotnik Kenneth L. , Ventura Joseph , Nuechterlein Keith H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundPatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders have been increasingly recognised to form cognitive subgroups with differential levels of impairment. Using cluster analytical techniques, this study sought to identify cognitive clusters in a sample of first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients and examine clinical and developmental differences across the resultant groups.MethodsIn total, 105 FEP patients in the University of California Los Angeles Aftercare Research Program were assessed for cognition, symptoms and premorbid developmental adjustment. Hierarchical cluster analysis with Ward's method and squared Euclidean distance was conducted, confirmed by discriminant function analysis and optimised with k-means clustering. The stability of the solution was evaluated through split-sample (random, 80 and 70% samples) and alternate method (average linkage method) replication via Cohen's κ analysis. Controlling for multiple comparisons, one-way analysis of variances examined group differences in symptom severity and premorbid adjustment.ResultsThree groups were identified: severely impaired (n = 27), moderately impaired (n = 41) and relatively intact (n = 37). There were no significant differences in symptom severity across the groups. Significant differences were observed for scholastic performance at three different developmental stages: childhood, early adolescence and late adolescence, with the relatively intact group demonstrating significantly better scholastic performance at all three stages than both the moderately impaired and severely impaired groups (who did not significantly differ from each other).ConclusionsThe findings add to growing evidence that cognitive clusters in FEP mirror that of later-stage schizophrenia. They also suggest that premorbid scholastic performance may not just be a risk factor for developing schizophrenia, but is also related to cognitive impairment severity and potentially to prognosis.
Electoral Manipulation and Regime Support
Authors: Reuter Ora John , Szakonyi David 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTDoes electoral fraud stabilize authoritarian rule or undermine it? The answer to this question rests in part on how voters evaluate regime candidates who engage in fraud. Using a survey experiment conducted after the 2016 elections in Russia, the authors find that voters withdraw their support from ruling party candidates who commit electoral fraud. This effect is especially large among strong supporters of the regime. Core regime supporters are more likely to have ex ante beliefs that elections are free and fair. Revealing that fraud has occurred significantly reduces their propensity to support the regime. The authors’ findings illustrate that fraud is costly for autocrats not just because it may ignite protest, but also because it can undermine the regime’s core base of electoral support. Because many of its strongest supporters expect free and fair elections, the regime has strong incentives to conceal or otherwise limit its use of electoral fraud.
Exploiting Database Management Systems and Treewidth for Counting
Authors: FICHTE JOHANNES K. , HECHER MARKUS , THIER PATRICK , WOLTRAN STEFAN 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBounded treewidth is one of the most cited combinatorial invariants in the literature. It was also applied for solving several counting problems efficiently. A canonical counting problem is #Sat, which asks to count the satisfying assignments of a Boolean formula. Recent work shows that benchmarking instances for #Sat often have reasonably small treewidth. This paper deals with counting problems for instances of small treewidth. We introduce a general framework to solve counting questions based on state-of-the-art database management systems (DBMSs). Our framework takes explicitly advantage of small treewidth by solving instances using dynamic programming (DP) on tree decompositions (TD). Therefore, we implement the concept of DP into a DBMS (PostgreSQL), since DP algorithms are already often given in terms of table manipulations in theory. This allows for elegant specifications of DP algorithms and the use of SQL to manipulate records and tables, which gives us a natural approach to bring DP algorithms into practice. To the best of our knowledge, we present the first approach to employ a DBMS for algorithms on TDs. A key advantage of our approach is that DBMSs naturally allow for dealing with huge tables with a limited amount of main memory (RAM).
Chebyshev-based array for beam steering and null positioning using modified ant lion optimization
Authors: Pradhan Hrudananda , Mangaraj Biswa Binayak , Behera Santanu Kumar 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA modified ant lion optimization (MALO) algorithm is proposed in this article, for the synthesis of Chebyshev-based arrays by optimizing amplitudes and phases of excitations, and element spacings. Modification in ant lion optimization is achieved by hybridizing it with chaotic particle swarm optimization. The optimization process is employed to obtain an array pattern with the least possible sidelobe level. Close-in sidelobe level minimization for optimum pattern synthesis is suggested. Instead of only steering the main beam towards the desired direction presented by some popular optimization methods, the beam steering along with null positioning in other specified direction is also achieved employing MALO. Considering the arrays with the same design parameters and the results of other optimization algorithms, the performance of MALO is evaluated. The results show that MALO provides considerable improvements in an array pattern compared to the arrays optimized using other optimization algorithms and the uniform array.
An Interpolation Method to Reduce the Computational Time in the Stochastic Lagrangian Particle Dispersion Modeling of Spatially Dense XCO2 Retrievals
Authors: Roten Dustin , Wu Dien , Fasoli Benjamin , Oda Tomohiro , Lin John C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA growing constellation of satellites is providing near‐global coverage of column‐averaged CO2 observations. Launched in 2019, NASA’s OCO‐3 instrument is set to provide XCO2 observations at a high spatial and temporal resolution for regional domains (100 × 100 km). The atmospheric column version of the Stochastic Time‐Inverted Lagrangian Transport (X‐STILT) model is an established method of determining the influence of upwind sources on column measurements of the atmosphere, providing a means of analysis for current OCO‐3 observations and future space‐based column‐observing missions. However, OCO‐3 is expected to provide hundreds of soundings per targeted observation, straining this already computationally intensive technique. This work proposes a novel scheme to be used with the X‐STILT model to generate upwind influence footprints with less computational expense. The method uses X‐STILT generated influence footprints from a key subset of OCO‐3 soundings. A nonlinear weighted averaging is applied to these footprints to construct additional footprints for the remaining soundings. The effects of subset selection, meteorological data, and topography are investigated for two test sites: Los Angeles, California, and Salt Lake City, Utah. The computational time required to model the source sensitivities for OCO‐3 interpretation was reduced by 62% and 78% with errors smaller than other previously acknowledged uncertainties in the modeling system (OCO‐3 retrieval error, atmospheric transport error, prior emissions error, etc.). Limitations and future applications for future CO2 missions are also discussed.
Exposure Pathways of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Through Soil, Streams, and Groundwater, Hawai'i, USA
Authors: Nelson Stephen T. , Robinson Schuyler , Rey Kevin , Brown Leeza , Jones Norm , Dawrs Stephanie N. , Virdi Ravleen , Norton Grant J. , Epperson L. Elaine , Hasan Nabeeh A. , Chan Edward D. , Strong Michael , Honda Jennifer R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlthough uncommon, nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) pulmonary infection in the Hawaiian Islands has a relatively high incidence and mortality compared to the mainland U.S. As a result, this study examines the possible geological and hydrological pathways by which NTM patients may become infected, including the environmental conditions that may favor growth and transport. Previously suggested infection routes include the inhalation of NTM attached to micro‐droplets from infected home plumbing systems and aerosolized dust from garden soil. In this study, we evaluate the possible routes NTM may take from riparian environments, into groundwater, into public water supplies and then into homes. Because NTM are notoriously hydrophobic and prone to attach to surfaces, mineralogy, and surface chemistry of suspended sediment in streams, soils, and rock scrapings suggest that NTM may especially attach to Fe‐oxides/hydroxides, and be transported as particles from losing streams to the aquifer on time‐scales of minutes to days. Within the aquifer, flow models indicate that water may be drawn into production wells on time scales (months) that permit NTM to survive and enter domestic water supplies. These processes depend on the presence of interconnected fracture networks with sufficient aperture to preclude complete autofiltration. The common occurrence of NTM in and around streams, in addition to wells, implies that the natural and built environments are capable of introducing a source of NTM into domestic water supplies via groundwater withdrawals. This may produce a persistent source of NTM infection to individuals through the presence of NTM‐laden biofilms in home plumbing.
Multi‐Event Analysis of Plasma and Field Variations in Source of Stable Auroral Red (SAR) Arcs in Inner Magnetosphere During Non‐Storm‐Time Substorms
Authors: Inaba Yudai , Shiokawa Kazuo , Oyama Shin‐ichiro , Otsuka Yuichi , Connors Martin , Schofield Ian , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Imajo Shun , Shinbori Atsuki , Gololobov Artem Yu , Kazama Yoichi , Wang Shiang‐Yu , Tam Sunny W. Y. , Chang Tzu‐Fang , Wang Bo‐Jhou , Asamura Kazushi , Yokota Shoichiro , Kasahara Satoshi , Keika Kunihiro , Hori Tomoaki , Matsuoka Ayako , Kasahara Yoshiya , Kumamoto Atsushi , Matsuda Shoya , Kasaba Yasumasa , Tsuchiya Fuminori , Shoji Masafumi , Kitahara Masahiro , Nakamura Satoko , Shinohara Iku , Spence Harlan E. , Reeves Geoff D. , Macdowall Robert J. , Smith Charles W. , Wygant John R. , Bonnell John W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractStable auroral red (SAR) arcs are optical events with dominant 630.0‐nm emission caused by low‐energy electron heat flux into the topside ionosphere from the inner magnetosphere. SAR arcs are observed at subauroral latitudes and often occur during the recovery phase of magnetic storms and substorms. Past studies concluded that these low‐energy electrons were generated in the spatial overlap region between the outer plasmasphere and ring‐current ions and suggested that Coulomb collisions between plasmaspheric electrons and ring‐current ions are more feasible for the SAR‐arc generation mechanism rather than Landau damping by electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves or kinetic Alfvén waves. This work studies three separate SAR‐arc events with conjunctions, using all‐sky imagers and inner magnetospheric satellites (Arase and Radiation Belt Storm Probes [RBSP]) during non‐storm‐time substorms on December 19, 2012 (event 1), January 17, 2015 (event 2), and November 4, 2019 (event 3). We evaluated for the first time the heat flux via Coulomb collision using full‐energy‐range ion data obtained by the satellites. The electron heat fluxes due to Coulomb collisions reached ∼109 eV/cm2/s for events 1 and 2, indicating that Coulomb collisions could have caused the SAR arcs. RBSP‐A also observed local enhancements of 7–20‐mHz electromagnetic wave power above the SAR arc in event 2. The heat flux for the freshly detached SAR arc in event 3 reached ∼108 eV/cm2/s, which is insufficient to have caused the SAR arc. In event 3, local flux enhancement of electrons (<200 eV) and various electromagnetic waves were observed, these are likely to have caused the freshly detached SAR arc.
Evaluation of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height From Wind Profiling Radar and Slab Models and Its Responses to Seasonality of Land Cover, Subsidence, and Advection
Authors: Rey‐Sanchez Camilo , Wharton Sonia , Vilà‐Guerau de Arellano Jordi , Paw U Kyaw Tha , Hemes Kyle S. , Fuentes Jose D. , Osuna Jessica , Szutu Daphne , Ribeiro João Vinicius , Verfaillie Joseph , Baldocchi Dennis 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this study, we evaluated the effect of land cover, atmospheric subsidence, and advection on the annual dynamics of atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) height from two contrasting sites. The first site is the Walker Branch forest, a deciduous forest of temperate climate, complex topography, and cloudy summers. The second site is the Sacramento‐San Joaquin River Delta, a site of Mediterranean climate, flat terrain on a local scale, and clear summers. After testing a new algorithm to calculate ABL heights from 915 MHz radar wind profilers, we evaluated a hierarchy of three slab models to recreate the diurnal and annual patterns of ABL growth. We found that the lower ABL heights in the Delta, particularly during late summer, are driven by the combined effects of increased atmospheric subsidence and marine air advection. In both sites, the annual pattern of ABL height was strongly correlated to total daily incoming radiation, and in the Delta, the annual pattern of ABL height closely followed the seasonal patterns of sensible heat flux from a mosaic of different land covers. A land composite of latent and sensible heat fluxes obtained through a meso‐network of eddy covariance measurements and the ECOsystem Spaceborne Thermal Radiometer Experiment on Space Station (ECOSTRESS) mission resulted in higher model skill, thus showing that land cover heterogeneity is an important driver of ABL growth. Model simulations show that in the Delta, restoring agricultural land to wetlands with large open water areas could result in a reduction of ABL height during those months with low subsidence and advection.
The Influence of Slipface Angle on Fluvial Dune Growth
Authors: Naqshband S. , Hurther D. , Giri S. , Bradley R. W. , Kostaschuk R. A. , Venditti J. G. , Hoitink A. J. F. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDunes dominate the bed of sandy rivers and they respond to flow by changing shape and size, modifying flow, and sediment transport dynamics of rivers. Our understanding of and ability to predict dune adaptation, particularly dune growth and decay, remain incomplete. Here, we investigate dune growth from an initial flatbed in a laboratory setting by continuously mapping the 3D bed topography using a line laser scanner combined with a 3D camera. High‐resolution profiles of flow velocity and sediment concentration providing both bedload and suspended sediment fluxes were obtained by deploying Acoustic Concentration and Velocity Profiler technology. Our analysis reveals that the magnitude of the dune slipface angle, which determines flow separation and controls turbulence production, adjusts to the imposed flow at time scales similar to the evolution of dune height and length. The initiation of a flow separation zone intensifies through scour, and results in acceleration of the dune growth. Gradients in sediment transport and the rate of dune growth are inherently linked to spatial variations in slipface angles. During dune growth, the slipface angle evolves differently than the ratio of dune height to length, which immediately reaches its equilibrium value after dune initiation.
Impacts of Coral Growth on Geochemistry: Lessons From the Galápagos Islands
Authors: Reed Emma V. , Thompson Diane M. , Cole Julia E. , Lough Janice M. , Cantin Neal E. , Cheung Anson H. , Tudhope Alexander , Vetter Lael , Jimenez Gloria , Edwards R. Lawrence 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCoral geochemical climate reconstructions can extend our knowledge of global climate variability and trends over time scales longer than those of instrumental data. However, such reconstructions can be biased by coral growth and skeletal architecture, such as growth troughs, off‐axis corallite orientation, and changing growth direction. This study quantifies the impact of skeletal architecture and growth on geochemistry using measurements of coral skeletal density, extension rate, and calcification rate, and uses these metrics to improve paleoclimate reconstructions. We present paired geochemistry‐density records at Wolf Island, Galápagos, from three Porites lobata corals: two new paired density and geochemistry records from one fossil coral, and new density data from two previously published modern geochemistry records. We categorize each sampling transect used in this record by the quality of its orientation with respect to skeletal architecture. We observe relationships between geochemistry and density that are not detected using extension or calcification rate alone. These density‐geochemistry relationships likely reflect both the response of coral growth to environmental conditions and the nonclimatic impact of skeletal architecture on geochemistry in suboptimal sampling transects. Correlations of density with Sr/Ca, Ba/Ca, and Mg/Ca are consistent with the Rayleigh fractionation model of trace element incorporation into coral skeletons. Removing transects with suboptimal skeletal architecture increases mean reconstructed SST closer to instrumental mean SST, and lowers errors of reconstruction by up to 20%. These results demonstrate the usefulness of coral density data for assessing skeletal architecture and growth when generating coral paleoclimate records.
Uncertainty Quantification and Global Sensitivity Analysis for Transient Wave Propagation in Pressurized Pipes
Authors: Wang Xun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAccurate simulation of pipe transient wave is crucial for the design, reliability assessment, and defect detection of water supply systems. However, this is a difficult task since the wave propagation media in pipeline systems are often highly complex and involve a range of uncertainties. Experimental data show that key parameters such as valve closure time, wave speed, and pipe material coefficients are strongly uncertain and stochastic that may vary in a wide range. To analyze the transient behavior in such complex environments, surrogate models are built to realize the fast computation of uncertainty propagation. Three surrogate modeling methods, i.e., the polynomial‐chaos‐expansion, ordinary‐Kriging, and polynomial‐chaos‐Kriging, are tested and compared in terms of transient wave forecast accuracy. The global sensitivity is then analyzed via the Sobol index method, by which the most influential uncertainty sources on various transient signal features are identified.
Proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPases 1 (PSMD1) and 3 (PSMD3), play an oncogenic role in chronic myeloid leukemia by stabilizing nuclear factor-kappa B
Authors: Bencomo-Alvarez Alfonso E. , Rubio Andres J. , Olivas Idaly M. , Gonzalez Mayra A. , Ellwood Rebecca , Fiol Carme Ripoll , Eide Christopher A. , Lara Joshua J. , Barreto-Vargas Christian , Jave-Suarez Luis F. , Nteliopoulos Georgios , Reid Alistair G. , Milojkovic Dragana , Druker Brian J. , Apperley Jane , Khorashad Jamshid S. , Eiring Anna M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting BCR-ABL1 have revolutionized therapy for chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), paving the way for clinical development in other diseases. Despite success, targeting leukemic stem cells and overcoming drug resistance remain challenges for curative cancer therapy. To identify drivers of kinase-independent TKI resistance in CML, we performed genome-wide expression analyses on TKI-resistant versus sensitive CML cell lines, revealing a nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) expression signature. Nucleocytoplasmic fractionation and luciferase reporter assays confirmed increased NF-κB activity in the nucleus of TKI-resistant versus sensitive CML cell lines and CD34+ patient samples. Two genes that were upregulated in TKI-resistant CML cells were proteasome 26S subunit, non-ATPases 1 (PSMD1) and 3 (PSMD3), both members of the 19S regulatory complex in the 26S proteasome. PSMD1 and PSMD3 were also identified as survival-critical genes in a published small hairpin RNA library screen of TKI resistance. We observed markedly higher levels of PSMD1 and PSMD3 mRNA in CML patients who had progressed to the blast phase compared with the chronic phase of the disease. Knockdown of PSMD1 or PSMD3 protein correlated with reduced survival and increased apoptosis in CML cells, but not in normal cord blood CD34+ progenitors. Luciferase reporter assays and immunoblot analyses demonstrated that PSMD1 and PSMD3 promote NF-κB protein expression in CML, and that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) further activates NF-κB in scenarios of TKI resistance. Our data identify NF-κB as a transcriptional driver in TKI resistance, and implicate PSMD1 and PSMD3 as plausible therapeutic targets worthy of future investigation in CML and possibly other malignancies.
Genetic identity and genotype × genotype interactions between symbionts outweigh species level effects in an insect microbiome
Authors: Smee Melanie R , Raines Sally A , Ferrari Julia 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Microbial symbionts often alter the phenotype of their host. Benefits and costs to hosts depend on many factors, including host genotype, symbiont species and genotype, and environmental conditions. Here, we present a study demonstrating genotype-by-genotype (G×G) interactions between multiple species of endosymbionts harboured by an insect, and the first to quantify the relative importance of G×G interactions compared with species interactions in such systems. In the most extensive study to date, we microinjected all possible combinations of five Hamiltonella defensa and five Fukatsuia symbiotica (X-type; PAXS) isolates into the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum. We applied several ecological challenges: a parasitoid wasp, a fungal pathogen, heat shock, and performance on different host plants. Surprisingly, genetic identity and genotype × genotype interactions explained far more of the phenotypic variation (on average 22% and 31% respectively) than species identity or species interactions (on average 12% and 0.4%, respectively). We determined the costs and benefits associated with co-infection, and how these compared to corresponding single infections. All phenotypes were highly reliant on individual isolates or interactions between isolates of the co-infecting partners. Our findings highlight the importance of exploring the eco-evolutionary consequences of these highly specific interactions in communities of co-inherited species.