bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of amplicon-based next generation sequencing panel for second-tier test in newborn screening for inborn errors of metabolism
Authors: Tsang Kwok Yeung , Chan Toby Chun Hei , Yeung Matthew Chun Wing , Wong Tsz Ki , Lau Wan Ting , Mak Chloe Miu 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Next generation sequencing (NGS) technology has allowed cost-effective massive parallel DNA sequencing. To evaluate the utility of NGS for newborn screening (NBS) of inborn errors of metabolism (IEM), a custom panel was designed to target 87 disease-related genes. The pilot study was primarily proposed for second-tier testing under the NBSIEM program in Hong Kong.

Methods
The validation of the panel was performed with two reference genomes and an external quality assurance (EQA) sample. Sequencing libraries were synthesized with amplicon-based approach. The libraries were pooled, spiked-in with 2% PhiX DNA as technical control, for 16-plex sequencing runs. Sequenced reads were analyzed using a commercially available pipeline.

Results
The average target region coverage was 208× and the fraction of region with target depth ≥20× was 95.7%, with a sensitivity of 91.2%. There were 85 out of 87 genes with acceptable coverage, and EQA result was satisfactory. The turnaround time from DNA extraction to completion of variant calling and quality control (QC) procedures was 2.5 days.

Conclusions
The NGS approach with the amplicon-based panel has been validated for analytical performance and is suitable for second-tier NBSIEM test.
True- and quasi-bound states in the continuum in one-dimensional gratings with broken up-down mirror symmetry
Authors: Głowadzka Weronika , Wasiak Michał , Czyszanowski Tomasz 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
There are many reports in the literature of bound states in the continuum (BICs) in systems with up–down mirror symmetry. Semiconductor-based technology requires bulk semiconductor substrates, which impose symmetry breaking in the vertical direction. In this paper, we explore the possibility of realizing BICs in a high refractive index subwavelength one-dimensional grating placed on a substrate with a refractive index that varies from 1 to almost the refractive index of the grating, while the refractive index above the grating is 1. We demonstrate that in gratings with broken up–down mirror symmetry not only symmetry-protected BICs can arise, but also Friedrich–Wintgen (FW) and interference-based (IB) BICs with diverging quality factors. The limit of the refractive index difference between the grating and the substrate supporting the BIC was found to be as little as 0.03. We also present a study of configurations composed of a finite number of grating stripes, with refractive indices corresponding to GaAs in the grating and Al-rich AlGaAs in the substrate. We demonstrate that such an all-semiconductor configuration enables Q-factors above 104 when composed of fewer than 20 periods and nearly exponential Q-factor growth with increasing numbers of grating periods. The results of this study pave the way for a new class of micro- and nano-optical cavities realised in standard all-semiconductor technology and relying on the high quality factor induced by BIC.
Sovereignty in the Digital Age – How Can We Measure Digital Sovereignty and Support the EU’s Action Plan?
Authors: Kaloudis Martin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the states of the European Union (EU), the question currently being asked is to what extent dependence on technologies from the USA and China will have a lasting impact on state sovereignty. The term digital sovereignty stands for the EU’s desire to compensate for the deficits of the past decades, which were caused by an insufficient development of the location for software and hardware development. Autocratic states use the path of digital autarky, the USA a path of liberalization and high degrees of openness. In the EU, on the other hand, regulation, data protection, and liberal values developed over centuries play a major role in the less pronounced IT development. The path of European states to more digital sovereignty has been addressed politically as an “action plan,” but there is still no common understanding or definition of what digital sovereignty exactly means. There is a lack of a target and a measurable index as well as evaluated measures derived from it. Based on a historical derivation, this article proposes a definition for European digital sovereignty and the formation of an index. The index needs to be further scientifically elaborated for applicability.
Analysis of the structure and properties of triangular composite light-screen targets
Authors: Li Hai , Ni Jinping , Yang Xiaodong , Wu Zhichao 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
With the development of light-screen targets for ballistic projectiles, not only must accuracy in the measurement of projectiles be assured but also the installation of the system and error compensation in the initial calibrations must be considered. We have designed a triangular composition light-screen target that is easy to install, derived expressions for the speed and direction of ballistic trajectories based on intersecting-CCD vertical targets, and conducted analyses of the points of impact and projectile speed. Results show that errors in the point of impact are affected by the coordinates of the target plane. Positional errors gradually increase with the distance from the origin. The horizontal angle error with the trajectory line does not exceed 0.3°, whereas the vertical angle error does not exceed 0.2°. Errors in the speed of the projectile remain relatively stable when the vertical coordinates are greater. Errors in speed and direction, as well as error fluctuations, are smaller on the x = 0 plane, making it the ideal region for error compensation in initial calibrations.
TOEPASSING VAN ISLAMITIESE REG IN SUID-AFRIKA Hassam v Jacobs [2008] 4 All SA 350 (C)
Authors: Pieter Bakker  
Published: October 2021

Suid-Afrika bestaan uit 'n heterogene samelewing wat verskeie kultuur- en geloofsgemeenskappe insluit wat van dag tot dag volgens hulle eie persoonlike reg leef, ongeag of dit amptelik deur die staat erken word of nie. Een van hierdie gemeenskappe is die Moslems wat volgens Islamitiese reg leef. Hulle persoonlike reg geniet tans beperkte erkenning. Bepaalde gevolge van Moslemhuwelike word deur regspraak en wetgewing erken, alhoewel die huwelik as instelling nie erken word nie (soortgelyk aan die posisie van die inheemse huwelik voor die Wet op Erkenning van Gebruiklike Huwelike 120 van 1998). Islamitiese reg maak voorsiening vir poligene huwelike. Die howe was aanvanklik nie bereid om die gevolge van de facto poligene huwelike te erken nie of het eerder versuim om diegevolge na poligene huwelike uit te brei aangesien die huwelik voor die hof de facto monogaam van aard was. Onlangs is daar egter 'n paar sake beslis waarin bepaalde gevolge van de facto poligene Moslemhuwelike erken word. Een van hierdie sake is Hassam v Jacobs ([2008] 4 All SA 350 (C)). Die uitspraak is een van vele wat erkenning gee aan die gevolge van Moslemhuwelike. Die Hassam-uitspraak gaan ’n stap verder en erken die status van ’n langslewende gade in ’n poligene Moslemhuwelik. Daar was onlangs ook ander sake wat bepaalde gevolge van de facto poligene Moslemhuwelike erken het. Die bespreking fokus nie op die beginsels van die intestate erfreg nie, maar eerder op die toepassing van Islamitiese reg deur die hof. Aangesien Islamitiese reg nie uitdruklik erken word nie, moet bepaal word hoe Islamitiese reg deur die hof toegepas word. Word Islamitiese reg as deel van ons landsreg beskou of word dit as vreemde reg toegepas? Verder word die hof se toepassing van Islamitiese reg op die feite van die saak krities bespreek.
Law Schools as Legal Aid Providers in Kenya: Challenges and Lessons Learnt from Practice
Authors: Mikinyango Asha , Nguru Judith 
Published: October 2021

Legal aid is the provision of free or subsidized legal services to mainly poor and vulnerable people who cannot afford advocate fees. The right to legal aid is well rooted in the international, regional human rights treaty framework to which Kenya party. The provision of legal aid addresses the concerns of the poor and vulnerable by focusing on challenges that foil access to justice. In recognition of this, the Government of Kenya promulgated the Legal Aid Act, 2016 establishing the National Legal Aid Service to provide legal aid services to needy, marginalized, and vulnerable persons. This was a very important move, propelling the Government to prioritize legal aid provision as a right as well as a necessity for promotion of rule of law and access to justice. However, it is imperative to understand that the duty does not squarely fall on the State alone. There is need for non-state actors’ support from private entities like law firms, NGOs, Law schools and any other qualified legal personnel. Without a doubt, several non-state actors are actively offering free or subsidized legal aid and the purpose of this paper is to look at the lessons faced by a non-state actor from the experience of the authors organizing and running events to offer free legal aid. This includes expounding on challenges faced such as constrained funding, language barrier, illiteracy, and ignorance of legal rights. The punchline here is that there is room for all stakeholder to come together and forge a way forward for an improved legal aid framework in Kenya.
Keywords: Law schools, Legal aid clinics, Legal aid, Free legal services, Kenya, access to justice, rule of law.
Enhanced Tribocorrosion Resistance of Superhard Ti-C-N Ceramics Coatings
Authors: Ou Yixiang , Wang H.Q. , Liao B. , Jin X.Y. , Shi C.H. , Ouyang X.P. , Hua Q.S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Cubic transition-metal nitride coatings have been regarded as promising candidates for of marine engineering components in seawater environments. However, the excellent seawater lubrication is hard to achieve due to contradictory relations of hardness and toughness, as well as unstable behaviors at sliding contact surface. As discussed in our previous work about the enhanced tribological behaviors of hard yet tough CrN/Si3N4 multilayer coatings[14], superhard yet tough coatings are highly desired to improve wear resistance and durability in aggressive solutions. Here we report Ti-C-N coatings with Ti(C,N) and small sp2-C phases deposited by high power impulse magnetron sputtering exhibit simultaneously superhardness of 40.2 GPa and favourable toughness (without radial cracks in HRC indentations). Superhard yet tough Ti-C-N coatings show excellent seawater-lubricating behaviors with extremely low friction coefficient of 0.03 and smooth wear morphologies in 3.5wt.% NaCl aqueous solution. The enhanced tribocorrosion performance are attributed to superhard yet tough properties resulting in the increased resistance of crack initiation and propagation, which restrains synergistic actions of wear and pitting corrosion. In addition, stable self-lubricating amorphous carbon phase at sliding contact surface reduce friction and wear in seawater.
Perspective on mTOR-dependent Protection in Status Epilepticus
Authors: Biagioni Francesca , Celli Roberta , Giorgi Filippo Sean , Nicoletti Ferdinando , Fornai Francesco 
Published: October 2021

Background:
The piriform cortex, known as area tempestas, has a high propensity to
trigger limbic epileptic seizures. Recent studies on human patients indicate that a resection containing
the piriform cortex produces a marked improvement in patients suffering from intractable limbic
seizures. This calls for looking back at the pharmacological and anatomical data on area tempestas.
Within the piriform cortex, status epilepticus can be induced by impairing the desensitization
of AMPA receptors. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex1 (mTORC1) is a promising
candidate.

Objective:
The present perspective aims to link the novel role of the piriform cortex with recent evidence
on the modulation of AMPA receptors under the influence of mTORC1. This is based on recent
evidence and preliminary data, leading to the formulation of interaction between mTORC1
and AMPA receptors to mitigate the onset of long-lasting, self-sustaining, neurotoxic status epilepticus.

Methods:
The perspective grounds its method on recent literature along with the actual experimental
procedure to elicit status epilepticus from the piriform cortex and the method to administer the
mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin to mitigate seizure expression and brain damage.

Results:
The available and present perspectives converge to show that rapamycin may disrupt the
seizure circuitry initiated in the piriform cortex to mitigate seizure duration, severity, and brain damage.

Conclusions:
The perspective provides a novel scenario to understand refractory epilepsy and selfsustaining
status epilepticus. It is expected to provide a beneficial outcome in patients suffering
from temporal lobe epilepsy.
Improving Governance in Developing Countries, Especially in Fragile States
Authors: De Tray Dennis N. 
Published: October 2021

The world is increasingly aware that climate change could eventually destroy the earth as we know it – but over decades if not centuries. Fragile states – the poorest and weakest developing countries – should be of the same order of concern to the international community as global warming, and their downside is likely to be much more immediate. Fragility cost the world more than USD 13 trillion in 2015 [1], and research suggests that fragility is predicted to get worse in the coming decade (op. cit.), underscoring that the international development community needs to rethink the way it works in fragile states. This paper contributes to this rethinking by analyzing why the international community performs badly in fragile states and showing how it could do better through two case studies.
The paper is in two parts. It begins with an overview of fragility, its causes and consequences, and why the international community has a poor track record in reducing fragility. In the second part, the paper turns to two case studies, of East Timor and of Afghanistan, to show how the principles set out in the first section can be applied on the ground and in detail.
Migration and asylum law of the V4 in the European Union context: between harmonisation and reluctance
Authors: Mohay Ágoston 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Ever since the 2015 migration and asylum crisis, the legal regulation of this field in the European Union has been debated strongly in almost all its aspects. The member countries of the Visegrád Group (V4) have voiced dissent regarding a number of EU measures in this field, leading to political and legal confrontation. After a brief review of the public law context of EU migration and asylum policy and the general attitude of the V4 towards these regulatory fields, this paper elaborates how the EU and the V4 reacted – in legal terms – to the 2015 migration and asylum crisis and to each other’s measures, focusing on three key V4 policy goals. The paper also analyses the reception of the 2020 proposal on the New Pact on Migration and Asylum and discusses whether it can be seen as the way forward in terms of a more consensual policy approach. The paper finds that although the approach of the V4 has had a perceivable effect on that of the EU, elements of disagreement remain; it further argues that the harmonious elements of the approaches of the EU and the V4 could potentially be built upon to reach a compromise, but maintains that policy-based reluctance cannot have an effect on obligations laid down by EU law.
The changing room for manoeuvre of ‘Visegrad’ Hungary in the Western Balkans. An extraordinary change in Hungarian-Serbian relations
Authors: Reményi Péter , Pap Tibor , Pap Norbert 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Hungarian-Serbian relations have never been as cordial as they are now, and this is an opinion shared by the leadership of both countries in spite of the modern history of the two nations. In our paper, we seek explanation for this change and argue that it is a consequence of multiple factors: First, the geopolitical changes in the Western Balkans, which have resulted in a great power competition that has opened up space for small states, like Hungary, to assert their interests. Secondly, the changes in domestic politics in Hungary that have brought national interests into the foreground, resulting, among other outcomes, in more active foreign policy with regard to the Western Balkans region. In this paper, we attempt to give a different, critical view of these relations, discussing migration, economic cooperation and political maneuvers in particular.
THE GOVERNANCE AND THE BUSINESS PERFORMANCE OF VILLAGE-OWNED ENTERPRISE USAHA PRAJA AND THE IMPLICATIONS FOR THE COMMUNITY’S WELFARE IN DOPLANG VILLAGE BAWEN DISTRICT SEMARANG REGENCY
Authors: Afandi Pandi , Wibowo Mada Adi , Septiana Tri 
Published: October 2021

This explanatory research aims to analyze the managerial influence of village-owned enterprise, Usaha Praja, toward the performance and the implication for the villagers’ welfare in Doplang, Bawen district, Semarang regency. The researcher took 100 respondents purposively as the sample from the village community. The results showed that the management significantly influenced the village-owned enterprise’s performance. The village-owned enterprise's performance influenced the village community’s welfare. Then, the village-owned enterprise’s management significantly influenced the community’s welfare. The contribution of the village-owned enterprise’s management and performance was 61.7%. The performance could mediate the correlation between the management and the community's welfare. The village-owned enterprise must encourage the community to support the village-owned enterprise's management with innovative and local-signature products.
Effectiveness of Mechanical Wave Learning Material Based on ICT Integrated CTL to Improve Students Learning Outcomes
Authors: Asrizal Asrizal , Utami Auvi Winandri 
Published: October 2021

The 21st-century skills integrate life career skills, learning and innovation-4C, and information, media, and technology skills. The components are required to make the learning process more effective and efficient. 21st-century learning is transforming from teacher center to student center. Student-centered learning can use ICT-based learning material in the learning process. Based on preliminary research, the use of ICT-based learning material was still low. The solution to this problem was developing learning material based on ICT integrated CTL to improve student's learning outcomes. The method that used in this research was quasi-experiment. The sample in the field testing of learning material based on ICT was a grade XI of students at SMAN Lubuk Sikaping. The data collection instruments used were attitude observation sheets, written tests, and performance assessment sheets. The data analysis techniques used were descriptive statistical analysis, normality test, homogeneity test, and t-test. Based on data analysis, it can be stated that the application of mechanical wave learning material based on ICT integrated CTL has a significant effect on students' learning outcomes, including in the aspects of attitudes, knowledge, and skills. This result indicates that the use of mechanical wave learning material based on ICT integrated CTL effectively improves students' learning outcomes
Bayesian Estimators of the parameter and Reliability Function of Inverse Rayleigh Distribution" A comparison study "
Authors: Abod Masooma Ali , Gorgee Hazim Mansoor 
Published: October 2021

In this paper, Bayesian estimator for the parameter and reliability function of inverse Rayleigh distribution (IRD) were obtained Under three types of loss function, namely, square error loss function (SELF), Modified Square error loss function (MSELF) and Precautionary loss function (PLF),taking into consideration the informative and non- informative prior. The performance of such estimators was assessed on the basis of mean square error (MSE) criterion by performing a Monte Carlo simulation technique.
Annealing Influence on Nanostructure's Optical Properties CdS Thin Films Prepared by Physical Vapor Deposition Technique
Authors: Abbas Esraa A. 
Published: October 2021

In this work, the influence of the annealing temperature on the optical properties of the thin films Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) has been studied. Thin films of Cadmium Sulphide (CdS) were made using the Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) method. The optical properties of annealing temperatures (as deposited, 200, 250, and 300 ) were scrupulous. The UV/VIS spectrophotometer investigated optical parameters such as transmission, the coefficient of absorption and energy gap of the films for the range (400-110 nm) as an assignment of the annealing temperature. The optical properties were calculated as a function of annealed temperature: absorption, transmission, reflection, band gap, coefficient of absorption, excitation coefficient and index of refraction.
⊕-s-extending modules
Authors: Al-Saadi Saad A. , Al-Rubaye Aya A. 
Published: October 2021

The -s-extending modules will be purpose of this paper, a module M is -s-extending if each submodule in M is essential in submodule has a supplement that is direct summand. Initially, we give relation between this concept with weakly supplement extending modules and -supplemented modules. In fact, we gives the following implications:
Lifting modules -supplemented modules -s-extending modules weakly supplement extending modules.
It is also we give examples show that, the converse of this result is not true. Moreover, we study when the converse of this result is true.