bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epistemological Problems Of Development Economics
Authors: Espinosa Victor 
Published: March 2021

This article explores some of the epistemological problems that have been neglected in the history of mainstream development economics. The research is focused on how epistemology influences the conception of develop- ment and the role of the economist in development policy. The epistemological foundations of economics and its methodological and theoretical implications were analyzed first. Then, these points of view were connected to explain the rise of development economics as a purely technical field. The main develop-ment theories were contrasted with empirical evidence to reveal their disregard for reality. Furthermore, the Austrian theory of dynamic efficiency was pre-sented to overcome the epistemological problems of development economics. The results helped in redefining the concept of development based on purpose-ful human action. Finally, some patterns of economic progress were identified to challenge the mainstream role of the economist in development policy.
Keywords: Epistemology, Positivism, Development, Dynamic Efficiency, Prop-erty rights, Capital-theory
JEL Classification: B41, B53, O11, O12
Resumen: Este artículo explora algunos de los problemas epistemológicos que se han descuidado en la historia de la economía del desarrollo convencional. La investigación se centra en cómo la epistemología influye en la concepción del desarrollo y el papel del economista en la política de desarrollo. Primero se analizaron los fundamentos epistemológicos de la economía y sus implica- ciones metodológicas y teóricas. Luego, estos puntos de vista fueron conectados para explicar el surgimiento de la economía del desarrollo como un campo puramente técnico. Las principales teorías del desarrollo fueron con-trastadas con evidencia empírica para revelar su desprecio por la realidad. Además, se presentó la teoría austriaca de la eficiencia dinámica para superar los problemas epistemológicos de la economía del desarrollo. Los resultados ayudaron a redefinir el concepto de desarrollo basado en la acción humana decidida. Finalmente, se identificaron algunos patrones de progreso econó-mico para desafiar el papel convencional del economista en la política de desarrollo.
Palabras clave: Epistemología, Positivismo, Desarrollo, Eficiencia Dinámica, Dere-chos de propiedad, Teoría del capital
Clasificación JEL: B41, B53, O11, O12
Law and Ayn Rand: Objectivism from the Perspective of Legal Philosophy
Authors: Roméu Luca 
Published: March 2021

Objectivism, the philosophy of Ayn Rand, subordinates legal concepts to radical capitalism as a political ideal. Such concepts, however, play an important role in her political thought. Scrutiny of those writings where Ayn Rand deals with these concepts shows a middle ground between Natural Law, Positivist and Legal Realist perspectives. According to Objectivism, objectivity becomes the essential feature of Law in the stricter sense. In this respect, Rand’s approach moves away from the philosophical influences of Aristotle and Saint Thomas Aquinas, and proclaims the incompatibility of the minimal state with uncertainty and any kind of discretionary powers in the legal field. The contrast with Hayek’s later legal-philosophical contribution points to the feasibility of an integration into what could constitute the basis for a Libertarian legal science.
Keywords: Ayn Rand, Objectivism, political philosophy, philosophy of Law, Law.
JEL Classification: K10, K20, K21, K30.
Resumen: En el objetivismo, la filosofía de Ayn Rand, el tratamiento de los conceptos jurídicos se subordina al capitalismo radical como ideal político. Dichos conceptos, sin embargo, juegan un papel importante en esta teorización. El examen de los textos donde Rand los aborda revela un posicionamiento intermedio entre las perspectivas iusnaturalista, positivista y realista. Lo determinante en la configuración del Derecho, para el objetivismo, será la objetividad de la ley. En la materia, Rand se distancia de Aristóteles y Santo Tomás como únicas influencias filosóficas reconocidas y proclama la incompatibilidad del Estado mínimo con cualquier indeterminación o discrecionalidad en el ámbito de lo legal. El contraste con los sucesivos planteamientos iusfilosóficos de Hayek apunta a la posibilidad de una integración en lo que podría ser el fundamento de una ciencia jurídica libertaria.
Palabras clave: Ayn Rand, objetivismo, filosofía política, filosofía jurídica, Derecho.
Clasificación JEL: K10, K20, K21, K30.
Pengaruh Pendidikan Kesehatan Masyarakat Terhadap Pengetahuan Tentang Penanganan Demam Berdarah Dengue
Authors: I.W Mei Lestari , Khudsiyah Hasiratul 
Published: March 2021

Introduction: Health education is a number of influential experience in profitable against habits, attitudes, and knowledge related to the health of individuals, communities, and Nations. Health education about knowledge of Dengue Hemoragic Fever (DHF) is an important and urgent things to do. Methods: This research uses experimental design pre test and post pre-loaded test one group design. This population is the community at RT. 7 RW. 01 Wards of coral in the Sub District of Sampang District of Sampang as much as 277 people. Purposive sampling technique used with sampling total sample 120 heads of Families or representing. How data retrieval using a questionnaire type closed-ended question dichotomy. Result: The results of the study before a given health education obtained the majority (51%) less and after given health education the majority (56%) either. Based on the results of the statistical tests using SPSS test Wiloxon Sign Ranks test obtained P = 0.000 with α = 0.05 <. Conclusions: Knowledge about the handling of the dengue fever Dengue DBD is already good but should be further enhanced to be aware in order that HE MIGHT not too many sufferers and could prevent it with the knowledge already acquired from the granting of health education about Dengue Hemoragic Fever (DHF).
Unionization and Convergence in the United States
Authors: Meszaros John 
Published: March 2021

Using data on U.S. state-level unionization from Hirsch et al. (2001) and the club convergence test developed by Phillips and Sul (2007, 2009), this paper shows that U.S. states have distinct groupings in terms of the level of unionization. In particular, the states in the American South generally belong to their own low union density groups. Further, states in the Northeast (such as New York) and the Great Lakes regions (Michigan, Ohio) tend to have higher levels of unionization and form their own convergence clubs.
Estimating the Impacts of a Reduction in the Foreign-Born Labor Supply on a State Economy: A Nested CGE Analysis of the Idaho Economy
Authors: Watson Philip S. , Castelin Kimberly , Salant Priscilla , Wulfhorst J.D. 
Published: March 2021

This analysis examines the effects of reducing the supply of foreign-born labor on the Idaho economy. Estimates of labor usage by industry sector are obtained from governmental and non-governmental data sources and are incorporated into a 14-sector nested computable general equilibrium (CGE) model with five primary factors of production consisting of capital and four different labor groups (foreign-born less educated, native-born less educated, foreign-born more educated, and native-born more educated). The results of the model indicate that at the expected elasticities of substitution between similarly educated native-born and foreign-born labor, the reduction of the foreign-born less educated labor supply modestly increases the demand for native-born less educated labor while causing reductions in state GDP, total economic output, and household utility. The importance of the elasticities of substitution between the various labor groups in influencing the impact results is discussed and a sensitivity analysis performed. The CGE results are then compared to those of an input-output model: the differences are discussed.
PROFILE OF COLIFORM STRAINS’ ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
Authors: ჩიკვილაძე დ. Chikviladze D. , გაჩეჩილაძე ხ. Gachechiladze Kh. , მიქელაძე მ. Mikeladze M. , Metreveli D. მეტრეველი დ. 
Published: March 2021

The spectrum of sensitivity of 112 E. coli strains isolated from patients with acute intestinal infection to 23 antibiotics was investigated by the agar dilution method, which revealed an increase in drug resistance and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains (33.04%). It was found that the drug resistance of the pathogen to nalidixic acid and carbopenems increased and its high sensitivity to some ftuoroquinolones, III and IV generation aminoglycosides, penicillins and cephalosporins preserved. The drug resistance in future may lead to the formation of hospital strains among E. coli and alter an epidemiological process and the clinical course of the disease.
EVELOPMENT OF GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASSSPECTROMETRIC (GC-MS) METHOD OF DETERMINATION OF TETRAHYDROCANABINOL AND 11-NORTERAHYDROCANABINOL CARBOXYACIDE IN BIOLOGICAL FLUIDS
Authors: ჯოხაძე მ. Jokhadze M. , თუშურაშვილი პ. Tushurashvili P. , მურთაზაშვილი თ. Murtazashvili T. , იმნაძე ნ. Imnadze N. , სივსივაძე კ. Sivsivadze K. 
Published: March 2021

In chemichal-toxicological analysis was used the method of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. It is considered as one of the most exact method of analysis of chemichal substances. Respectively utilization of this method in determination of widely spread narcotic in biological fluids is important task. As a result of experimental work, was determined optimal conditions of analysis: temperature of injector, fuel and transferline, the thermal gradient, volume of injection, length of the column, thickness of the layer, gass-wearing speed of mobile phase. Detection of Desomorphine was carried by TIC and SIM regime, under the NIST data base. For derivatisation was selected acitilation (acetate anhydride), metilation and sylitation were performed. The optimal sylitation of tetrahydrocanabinol and 11nor-terahydrocanabinol carboxyacide was performed by BSTFA. In the current work is presented the chromatograme and mass-specter of tetrahydrocanabinol and 11-nor-terahydrocanabinol carboxyacide detected in urine.
Het contact tussen gedetineerden en interne en externe re-integratieprofessionals in Nederlandse penitentiaire inrichtingen
Authors: Pasma Amanda , van Ginneken Esther , Bosma Anouk , Palmen Hanneke , Nieuwbeerta Paul 
Published: March 2021

Contact between prisoners and prison-based and community-based professionals in Dutch penitentiary institutions
Prisoners often encounter multiple barriers when returning to society, resulting in higher risks of recidivism. To overcome these barriers, prison-based and community-based professionals assist with preparation for release. Prison-based professionals, such as the case manager and mentor, screen and monitor the problems regarding work and income, housing, healthcare, financial debts and valid identification. Community-based professionals, such as municipal officials, parole officers, healthcare professionals and volunteers, can provide additional and specialized help. First, this research discusses the current policy of the Dutch Custodial Institutions Agency (DJI) and the role of different types of professionals. Second, it presents a nationwide picture of the extent to which prisoners report contact with prison-based and community-based professionals, and to what degree prisoners appreciate this contact. The results are specified for various types of regimes and time served and are based on 4308 prisoner surveys of the Dutch Prison Visitation Study (DPVS), part of the Life in Custody Study (LIC-study). It turns out that most prisoners seem to be in close contact with prison-based professionals and that prisoners positively value this contact. However, contact with community-based professionals is limited and prisoners are somewhat dissatisfied about their contact with parole officers and municipal officials. Furthermore, the amount of contact differs across various types of regimes and time served. In particular, individuals who recently entered prison report less contact. To conclude, policy implications will be discussed.
Sustentabilidade ambiental em comunidades de pescadores inseridas em destino turístico: o caso da Ilha Mem de Sá – Brasil
Authors: Faxina Fabiana , Freitas Lara Brunelle Almeida , Trevizan Salvador Dal Pozzo 
Published: March 2021

Objetivo: Analisar a sustentabilidade ambiental da comunidade Ilha Mem de Sá, Sergipe, Brasil, com base em indicadores de sustentabilidade nas dimensões social, econômica e natural.Metodologia: Teve como base o modelo de avaliação de sustentabilidade de comunidades de pescadores inseridas em destinos turísticos, elaborado por Faxina (2014). O questionário foi adotado como instrumento de coleta de dados e foram entrevistados 64 representantes das 75 famílias da comunidade.Originalidade/Relevância: O trabalho apresenta uma ferramenta de avaliação de sustentabilidade ambiental para comunidades, o que reduz a escala de análise e permite conhecer as necessidades específicas de pequenos grupos populacionais.Resultados: A comunidade atingiu nível médio de sustentabilidade ambiental, e os dados revelam carência nos meios de acesso às informações, no transporte público e na organização comunitária; baixa diversidade de oferta de trabalho; carência de capacitação profissional; fragilidades na coleta e destinação de resíduos, e distribuição desigual de água e energia.Contribuições teóricas/metodológicas: Constatou-se a importância dos modelos de avaliação de sustentabilidade em pequena escala, que podem ser ferramentas úteis de monitoramento do processo de desenvolvimento, especialmente nos casos onde há uma nova atividade produtiva em curso, que tem potencial de causar impactos ambientais negativos desconhecidos pela comunidade.Contribuições sociais/para a gestão: A avaliação da sustentabilidade ambiental em tela pode ser utilizada como uma ferramenta de planejamento e gestão em distintas instâncias de governança, especialmente pelas lideranças comunitárias, estimulando o empoderamento e a participação local, princípios sustentados pelo Turismo de Base Comunitária.
Repatriando capital sin plata.
Authors: Lana Berasain José Miguel 
Published: March 2021

El texto examina el movimiento de capitales a gran y pequeña escala entre Venezuela y España a partir de un estudio de caso apoyado sobre fondos documentales privados: un libro de caja y fragmentos de la correspondencia (335 cartas) del indiano montañés Esteban González de Linares (1751–1802). Éste se convirtió durante su estancia en Caracas (1785-1791) en agente para la remesa de capitales a la península. La escasez de numerario de alta denominación en la provincia de Caracas implicó que la repatriación de capitales pudo dar un impulso definitivo tanto a la exportación de frutos coloniales (cacao, añil) como al desarrollo del mercado financiero (letras y libranzas).
This paper offers some evidences about the circulation of capital between Venezuela and Spain at the end of the eighteenth century through the case study of the Spanish merchant Esteban González de Linares (1751-1802). Our sources are private nature: an accounting book and 335 letters. These documents show a wide variety of channels to the transfer of capitals from Venezuela to Spain, both at large operations and small deliveries. González de Linares became, during his stay in Caracas (1785-1791), an important agent in the transfer of savings from the colony. The scarcity of silver and gold in Venezuela during this period justifies that the transfer of capital did promote the export of groceries (cocoa, indigo) and the development of financial markets (orders and bills of exchange).
The disturbance leg-lift response (DLR): an undescribed behavior in bumble bees
Authors: Varnon Christopher A. , Vallely Noelle , Beheler Charlie , Coffin Claudia 
Published: March 2021

Background
Bumble bees, primarily Bombus impatiens and B. terrestris, are becoming increasingly popular organisms in behavioral ecology and comparative psychology research. Despite growing use in foraging and appetitive conditioning experiments, little attention has been given to innate antipredator responses and their ability to be altered by experience. In this paper, we discuss a primarily undescribed behavior, the disturbance leg-lift response (DLR). When exposed to a presumably threatening stimulus, bumble bees often react by lifting one or multiple legs. We investigated DLR across two experiments.

Methods
In our first experiment, we investigated the function of DLR as a prerequisite to later conditioning research. We recorded the occurrence and sequence of DLR, biting and stinging in response to an approaching object that was either presented inside a small, clear apparatus containing a bee, or presented directly outside of the subject’s apparatus. In our second experiment, we investigated if DLR could be altered by learning and experience in a similar manner to many other well-known bee behaviors. We specifically investigated habituation learning by repeatedly presenting a mild visual stimulus to samples of captive and wild bees.

Results
The results of our first experiment show that DLR and other defensive behaviors occur as a looming object approaches, and that the response is greater when proximity to the object is lower. More importantly, we found that DLR usually occurs first, rarely precedes biting, and often precedes stinging. This suggests that DLR may function as a warning signal that a sting will occur. In our second experiment, we found that DLR can be altered as a function of habituation learning in both captive and wild bees, though the captive sample initially responded more. This suggests that DLR may be a suitable response for many other conditioning experiments.
Large-scale movements of common bottlenose dolphins in the Atlantic: dolphins with an international courtyard
Authors: Dinis Ana , Molina Carlota , Tobeña Marta , Sambolino Annalisa , Hartman Karin , Fernandez Marc , Magalhães Sara , dos Santos Rui Peres , Ritter Fabian , Martín Vidal , Aguilar de Soto Natacha , Alves Filipe 
Published: March 2021

Wide-ranging connectivity patterns of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) are generally poorly known worldwide and more so within the oceanic archipelagos of Macaronesia in the North East (NE) Atlantic. This study aimed to identify long-range movements between the archipelagos of Macaronesia that lie between 500 and 1,500 km apart, and between Madeira archipelago and the Portuguese continental shelf, through the compilation and comparison of bottlenose dolphin’s photo-identification catalogues from different regions: one from Madeira (n = 363 individuals), two from different areas in the Azores (n = 495 and 176), and four from different islands of the Canary Islands (n = 182, 110, 142 and 281), summing up 1791 photographs. An additional comparison was made between the Madeira catalogue and one catalogue from Sagres, on the southwest tip of the Iberian Peninsula (n = 359). Results showed 26 individual matches, mostly between Madeira and the Canary Islands (n = 23), and between Azores and Madeira (n = 3). No matches were found between the Canary Islands and the Azores, nor between Madeira and Sagres. There were no individuals identified in all three archipelagos. The minimum time recorded between sightings in two different archipelagos (≈ 460 km apart) was 62 days. Association patterns revealed that the individuals moving between archipelagos were connected to resident, migrant and transient individuals in Madeira. The higher number of individuals that were re-sighted between Madeira and the Canary Islands can be explained by the relative proximity of these two archipelagos. This study shows the first inter-archipelago movements of bottlenose dolphins in the Macaronesia region, emphasizing the high mobility of this species and supporting the high gene flow described for oceanic dolphins inhabiting the North Atlantic. The dynamics of these long-range movements strongly denotes the need to review marine protected areas established for this species in each archipelago, calling for joint resolutions from three autonomous regions belonging to two EU countries.
Profile Characteristics of the Farmers Showing Stubble Burning Behaviour in Punjab
Authors: Huria Arpit , Bhardwaj Neelam , Basera Neelam 
Published: March 2021

Aim: To study the socio-personal, economic, communication, psychological, and situational characteristics of the farmers.
Study Design: Descriptive design.
Place and Duration of Study: Malwa region of Punjab, between first week of October 2019 to mid-December 2019.
Methodology: Multi-stage sampling was followed. Malwa region was selected purposively because of the maximum number of stubble-burning incidents reported in the area during 2018. Within Malwa region, three districts (Bathinda, Sangrur and Ludhiana) were selected randomly. One block was selected randomly from each district and two villages were selected randomly from each selected block. The sample size of 246 was determined using Cochran’s formula and the selection of farmers was based on proportional allocation. Based on the literature, a total of 14 characteristics were taken to document the profile of the farmers who were engaged in the stubble burning behaviour.
Results: The results indicated that most of the respondents were middle-aged (65.46%), male (91.06%), had formal education up to intermediate level (21.95%) and possessed semi-medium (5-10 acres) landholding (27.24%). Economic characteristics revealed that 51.46% farmers earned low annual income (<Rs. 50,000- Rs.4,50,000), possessed lager milch animals (98.78%) and were practicing specialized farming (45.93%). More than half (51.63%) of the farmers possessed medium information seeking behaviour. Among psychological and situational characteristics, most of the farmers showed medium levels of innovativeness (49.19%), risk orientation (47.15%) and scientific orientation (57.32%) while high levels of ecological consciousness (45.53%) and economic motivation (42.28%). Most of the farmers (45.93%) showed medium level of awareness towards various stubble management measures.
Conclusion: The analysis of these profile characteristics could be crucial in segmenting the farmer respondents and designing target-specific appropriate interventions to tackle the stubble burning behaviour of the farmers.