bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reaction Time as a Physiological Process in Fourth Grade Students
Authors: Barrett Emily , Fagg Breanna , Anthis Taylor , Harpenau Olivia , Gurovich Alvaro 
Published: June 2021

This project was designed to educate fourth grade students on the importance of understanding physiology as a sub‐project of the American Physiological Society's PhUn Week. The fourth graders at Dixie Bee Elementary school were exposed to the importance of reaction time and how proprioception and nerve conduction velocity impact reaction time in all individuals. The initial information was presented in an interactive education seminar and then demonstration occurred using applied technology (Biopac MP40). The Biopac MP40 is an interactive tool that helps to show data via the electrical signal released by the nerve and picked up by electrodes, all integrated on a laptop computer. Reaction time activity was obtained synchronizing two signals by Biopac MP40: 1) acoustic signal, via headphones, and 2) electric signal from finger extensors by placing the electrodes on the forearm. The MP40 system integrates both signals determining reaction time. The students were then challenged to perform their reaction time with the Biopac MP40 system by themselves to record data. Finally, students analyzed their own data to contribute to the overall discussion about physiological processes. The students had a wonderful time and were able to describe the idea of proprioception and reaction time at the end of the activity. They documented their slowest and fastest reaction times and used these data on their subsequent sciences classes to plot and analyze data.Supported by IU AHEC 14/15 #PIU081 and APS PhUn week program
Worming a Model Organism into Capstone Research Projects
Authors: Crum T , Sarathy J 
Published: June 2021

Biochemistry/Molecular Biology majors participate in a capstone Cell Biology laboratory research course – the last course of a three part series covering gene manipulation, protein expression, and protein function. We use cell lines to study the function of proteins such as cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulation (CFTR), an apical Cl‐ channel. In mammalian intestines, excess luminal bile acids affect the growth of colonic epithelial cells and increase secretion resulting in fluid loss. Students studied the effects of bile acids on the function of intestinal CFTR as it is implicated in bile acid induced diarrhea.In addition to working with cell lines, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was used to develop the students' understanding of the use of model organism in research. C. elegans are nematode worms that are inexpensive and easy to cultivate using equipment present at most undergraduate institutions. The Caenorhabditis Genetics Center generates and provides mutant animals. Worms have organs including intestines. Worms are transparent, making visualization of fluorescent protein fusions and organs possible in live organisms.Students visualized CFTR homolog gene expression in live worm intestines using fluorescent transgenes (Leica DMR microscope attached to a Retiga 1300 CCD camera with Q‐Imaging software) and characterized the effects of bile salts on worm growth, intestinal morphology and luminal volume in WT and CFTR homolog mutants.Cell lines provide an excellent reductionist model to study CFTR function. However, introducing work with C. elegans allowed students to place their work in the context of a live organism by assaying and visualizing changes in intact, functioning intestines. Students were excited to give multimedia presentations showcasing their findings and introduce this model at local and regional meetings.
Influence of the meniscofemoral ligaments on the morphology of the posterior cruciate ligaments ‐ an MRI assisted morphometric analysis of different phases in life.
Authors: Hirtler Lena , Röhrich Sebastian , Kainberger Franz 
Published: June 2021

PurposeThe morphology of the meniscofemoral ligaments and the posterior cruciate ligament varies during different stages of life. This study shows those alterations and highlights the age in which the change to the anatomy occurs.Material and methodsRetrospective study of 342 knee MRIs. The patients were allocated to five age groups depending on their respective age at the date of examination. The main focus laid on the incidences, the length and the cross‐sectional area of the meniscofemoral ligaments and their relationship to the posterior cruciate ligament in different phases of life.ResultsThe MFLs are present in the vast majority of people and can be seen as part of the normal human anatomy. Above the age of 10 years, there is no significant difference in the incidence of the MFLs. Length growth of the MFLs is concluded below the age of 11 years, but the MFLs still keep increasing in cross‐sectional area. Single MFLs are significantly larger in cross‐sectional area than the same MFL in knees with both MFLs present. The cross‐sectional area of the PCL is significantly larger if the pMFL is missing.ConclusionThe MFLs of the human knee are non‐dispensable structures working in synergy with other elements of the knee joint, especially the PCL. Absence is compensated by the other, present MFL or by the PCL through larger than average morphometrics. Further studies need to be conducted to ascertain if simple absence of the MFLs without compensation may be correlated with pathologies of the knee joint.
Microscopic Anatomy and Pathology Laboratories: Design of an E‐Learning Atlas as an Evolving Response to Interdisciplinary Medical Curricular Needs
Authors: Davis Michelle , Mills Alexandra , Karcher Donald , Latham Patricia , Krum Janette , Jurjus Rosalyn 
Published: June 2021

E‐learning, also known as computer‐assisted learning, successfully bridges anatomical knowledge and transferrable skills, such as critical analysis, teamwork, and communication. Several institutions have integrated histology and physiology in team based laboratory approaches, but integration of histology and pathology instruction has been done to a lesser extent. Our aim was to develop an e‐learning atlas that integrates microanatomy and pathology laboratories for an interdisciplinary medical curriculum.A multidisciplinary team developed an online atlas (microanatomyatlas.com) that includes a library of histology and histopathology images. Traditional laboratory manual instructions and study objectives were linked to specific labeled images and made interactive to allow for self‐testing. Clinical case studies involving a disease entity were incorporated, which allows students to toggle between normal as well as the pathological slides as they apply their clinical reasoning skills. Data is being collected on the number and frequency of students using the atlas. Also, a detailed survey to assess student satisfaction and learning will be administered.Our preliminary data so far shows that student feedback has been positive and an e‐learning atlas integrating microanatomy and pathology laboratory may be an essential tool that guides the studies and enhances the performance of medical students.AcknowledgementsAmerican Educational Institute, University and Campus Management (AEIUCM).
Ethical Issues in the Use of Willed Bodies in Anatomical Education
Authors: Champney Thomas 
Published: June 2021

The use of willed bodies in the anatomical education of health care professionals has been shown to be a valuable and foundational component to their education. While the beneficial use of willed bodies in education has been studied in numerous settings, the ethical treatment of the donated bodies has not been as thoroughly examined. This topic was addressed at the recent International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) meeting by members of a subcommittee of the federation, the Federative International Committee for Ethics and Medical Humanities (FICEM). This committee will issue guidelines on the proper ethical use of willed bodies in the near future and plans to act as the central site for information on ethics in anatomy.Specific issues regarding the ethical procurement and treatment of willed bodies include 1) providing proper respect and dignity to the donors both before and after donation, 2) obtaining complete informed consent from the donors, 3) the use and distribution of images obtained from the willed bodies, 4) the distribution of donated bodies to distant sites from their original community, 5) the distribution of separate parts of willed bodies to different institutions and 6) the ability to financially profit from the willed body donors. Each of these issues will be addressed from an understanding of the ethical value of human tissue. This will ensure that those individuals who have altruistically donated their bodies will be cared for properly and ethically.
A student proposal for ethical guidelines in anatomical education: ethical and policy considerations
Authors: Kahn Peter , Gardin Tova 
Published: June 2021

The recent publication of a story regarding anatomical dissection in a medical school reveals that increased attention to the ethical and policy aspects of anatomical education is required. While most of the attention devoted to these questions thus far has been focused on procedures before and after dissection, from the perspective of medical students, there are important considerations during the process of dissection itself. This proposal suggests that basic ethical guidelines should be established and monitored by an independent committee tasked with reviewing them. The guidelines proposed include:1. A clear set of expectations regarding what is required of students throughout the course in the realms of education, ethics, and behavior.2. The establishment of an oversight group composed of students, faculty, community members, and staff who will regularly review the anatomical education program and update these ethical guidelines as appropriate. This committee will also ensure that the students and instructors alike have ready access to all available information regarding their cadavers, should the donors wish to make this information available.3. The use of materials that encourage students to view their donors with respect and ensure proper treatment of the donor.4. The establishment of minimal ethical standards regarding respectful behavior toward the donor bodies.While many of these items are already present in certain anatomy departments, the establishment of clear guidelines will permit students the freedom to fully participate in their education knowing that they have met the highest ethical standards as they prepare for a career as a humanistic physician.
Evaluation of Role of Dissection in Medical Education: A Case Study of Imo State University Nigeria
Authors: IHENTUGE CHURCHILL , Ugochukwu Chioma 
Published: June 2021

INTRODUCTION: The medical anatomy course has become a complex and complicated educational experience, in which dissection of the human body instructs not only in structure and function, but also in psychosocial areas critical to the development of the whole physician. Dissection is being sidelined in medical education. Computers and other alternative teaching tools are replacing cadavers in the modern anatomy curriculum.AIMS AND OBJECTIVE: To evaluate and compare the role of cadaveric dissection with other teaching tools in anatomic education.METHOD: This study took place at the college of medicine, Imo state university Nigeria. Two hundred and sixty eight (268) preclinical medical students participated in this study. A matrix‐grid questionnaire was used and participants were asked to score five methods of anatomy teaching used in the college (lectures, dissection, prosection, models and PC software/TV packages) using a 5‐point Likert type scale on the ability to achieve learning objectives. The data was analysed using the Krusekal‐Wallis and Mann‐Whitney methods to evaluate differences in scores between teaching methods.RESULTS: Results showed that the most suitable tool for learning anatomy is cadaveric dissection having scored highest in cumulative objectives while PC software/TV package was the least method. Prosection, lectures and models appear in between.CONCLUSIONTraditional cadaveric dissection remains the best method of teaching anatomy. The other methods of learning play complementary roles. Efforts should be made to device means of regular supply of cadavers to medical institutions rather than withdrawing cadaveric dissection from medical curriculum.
LabLink: Journaling via Multimedia in Anatomical Dissections
Authors: Dudgeon Sarah , Fox Glenn , Alsup Kathleen 
Published: June 2021

Thorough laboratory procedure and findings documentation is a valuable asset, as it fosters active participation and provides resources for further study outside of the classroom. We propose an electronic lab journal, LabLink, which includes a traditional journal alongside documentation via photographs and short videos. Students can document anatomical variations, pathologies and anatomical relationships via Bluetooth connected hardware. The multimedia is stored in a large‐scale database available to future students and researchers. The database is stored in SQL format and searchable with a user‐friendly interface. The electronic journal software provides analytics on student use and grade correlation. LabLink electronic journal is an asset in learning and technological advancement in anatomical dissection.An alpha prototype was used to qualitatively test medical students' reactions to both the software and the alterations to expected lab duties. A beta prototype was then made and tested in a lab session with four groups of eight students using the journal, and four groups of eight students without. Test scores and specific anatomical understanding were then compared. Additionally, user analytics were studied post‐experimentally.Students were intrigued by the alpha prototype and were particularly interested in its advanced technologic approach.LabLink is looking forward to expansion into advanced, hands‐free hardware technologies, additional test periods with larger sample sizes and use in anatomy labs for classes other than first year medical students.
iPads in the Cadaver Lab – A Complement to Dissection and Study
Authors: Donohue Miriam , Vilburn Matthew , Conta Steencken Amanda , Stearns Susan 
Published: June 2021

We developed an iBook‐based Human Anatomy lab manual with step‐by‐step dissection photos, self‐assessment quizzes, and written instructions in order to streamline the dissection procedures and provide an interactive study tool for students.Although other anatomy labs have used iBook‐based manuals, ours (entitled 'The Anatomist's Guide: A Complement to Dissection and Study') is composed primarily of photos taken during 4 cadaveric dissections (two males and two females) completed by our faculty. We generated a photo bank of over 3600 digital images and more than 900 of these were incorporated into the 27 chapters of this iBook‐based manual. The dissection assignments in each chapter have photo galleries showing initial skin cuts, muscle reflections, nerves or blood vessels that may be at risk during the exposure process, major organs, and landmarks. All photos have captions and markers indicating caudal/rostral orientation and prone vs. supine positioning. In addition to the photos, every chapter includes written dissection instructions, a list of structures to identify, and self‐assessment quizzes.The Anatomist's Guide iBook was successfully integrated into Gross Anatomy courses offered in our Colleges of Medicine and Health Professions. During each lab period there is one iPad provided per dissection table. There are also 4 iPads permanently secured in accessible locations throughout the lab, and 5 iPads on reserve in the library for study purposes.We found that the addition of iPads to the cadaver lab has proven to be a successful complement to the dissection experience and a study tool well utilized by the students.Funding was provided by our institution: Medical Alumni Association, Dean of the College of Medicine, and Educational Communications department.
The epiploic flow‐through flap: preoperative evaluation of right gatroepiploic artery on multidetector computed tomography.
Authors: Settembre Nicla , Malikov Sergueï , Bouziane Zakariyae , Braun Marc 
Published: June 2021

The gastroepiploic artery (GEA) and the greater omentum are nowadays commonly used in many reconstructive surgeries including cardiac, vascular and plastic surgery. There are cases in which the GEA is found to be unsuitable only after partial harvesting following an upper laparotomy, and an improved method of preoperative evaluation is required to eliminate the need for intraoperative small laparotomyMethodsMultidetector computed tomography was performed for 30 consecutive patients admitted for lower limb ischemia in a routine preoperative evaluation of lower limb atherosclerotic arteritis. The origin of the GEA was checked on coronal and sagital slices, its pathway was identified on the three‐dimensional rendering. We assessed length and mean diameter of the distal and proximal right GEA, and the mean distances between the origins of GEA and the omental branches.Results30 patients were included in our study. Routine pre operative MCDT during lower limb artherosclerotic arteritis workup enabled identification of GEA in all casesThe mean internal diameter of the GEA at its origin was 3.28mm (±3.3). The mean internal diameter of the distal GEA was 1.26mm (±0.29). The mean length of GEA was 23,22cm (± 5,28). At least one omental descending branch was detected and in 63% (19 patients) at least two branches were visualised.ConclusionRoutine preoperative MDCT imaging is an effective tool to assess precisely the different anatomical properties of the GEA. This exam could be useful for both diagnosis of lower limb arteritis and evaluation of the GEA suitability for flow‐through flap lower limb revascularisation.
Lymphangioma: Differential diagnosis of a cadaveric nodular pigmented lesion
Authors: Alavalapadu Aparna , Bhandari Ankit , Schlegel Elisabeth , Kirera Francis 
Published: June 2021

Proper examination of the gross anatomy and histopathology of skin lesions such as lymphangiomas allow physicians to correctly identify and diagnose medical conditions. Objective of this study was to histologically examine a cadaveric nodular, pigmented lesion harvested from a formalin‐embalmed cadaver provided by the Department of Anatomy. Histological techniques such as embedding in paraffin, hematoxylin and eosin staining and light microscopy were used to characterize the lesion.Histologically, widely spaced irregular vascular channels lined by a very thin wall of endothelial cells were observed. This finding provided evidence to discard the working hypothesis of a melanoma and correctly diagnose the lesion as lymphangioma. Relying solely on the gross features of the skin lesion made it difficult to accurately determine the pathology and prognosis of a lesion, resulting in misdiagnosis. Failure to diagnose a lymphangioma can put a patient's health in jeopardy if the lesion cannot be identified and a proper course of treatment not provided. Therefore, it is imperative that physicians biopsy skin lesions examining beyond the gross anatomy features.
The Effects of Green Tea on the Adrenal Cortex of Aged Rats, a Histological Study
Authors: Othman Manal 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundGreen tea is well known for its anti oxidant and anti inflammatory properties. In this study we sought to analyze the protective effects of prolonged consumption of green tea on the adrenal cortex of aged rats.Material and MethodsThirty female albino rats were divided into three groups of ten animals each. Group I: the control group, 6 months‐old rats. Group II: aged, 18‐month‐old rats. Group III: Green tea treated rats, which included 12 month‐old rats that consumed green tea at a dose of 300 mg/Kg body weight orally by a gastric tube for a duration of 6 months. The adrenal gland was obtained from the three assigned groups and processed for light microscopic evaluation.ResultsIn the aged rats, the adrenal cortex appeared to have some degenerative changes in the three layers of the adrenal cortex, namely zona glomerulosa, fasciculata, and reticularis. The changes ranged from increase in the vacuolizations of the cytoplasm of the cells, and darkening of their nuclei. With the administration of green tea, there was improvement of some of these histological changes.ConclusionAging resulted in some degenerative changes in the rat adrenal cortex which were ameliorated by the administration of green tea.
BMP‐pSmad1/5/8 Pathway Activation in Calcific Aortic Valve Disease
Authors: Gomez Maria , Yutzey Katherine 
Published: June 2021

Calcific Aortic Valve Disease (CAVD) affects >2% of the elderly population for whom the standard of care is valve replacement surgery. Unfortunately, the pathogenic mechanisms of CAVD, which could serve as potential therapeutic targets, remain unknown. Klotho‐null mice exhibit accelerated aging and aortic valve (AoV) calcification similar to human CAVD. Notably, phosphorylation of Smads1/5/8, Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) pathway effectors essential for bone calcification, precedes and later localizes with calcific nodules in Klotho‐null AoV. Our hypothesis is that BMP pathway activation promotes AoV calcification. Our goal is to determine the role of the BMP pathway in the pathogenesis of CAVD and to use a pharmacologic inhibitor of BMP signaling as a potential treatment for CAVD in vivo. Our current studies demonstrate that osteochondrogenic factors involved in bone and cartilage formation are significantly increased in Klotho‐null AoV. In addition, BMP pathway components, including BMP2/4, Smad6 and Noggin, are significantly up‐regulated in Klotho­‐null AoV. Moreover, in porcine AoV interstitial cells cultured in vitro, osteogenic media treatment induces osteochondrogenic gene expression and activation of the BMP‐pSmad1/5/8 pathway, as well as formation of calcific nodules. Interestingly, treatment with LDN‐193189, a BMP pathway inhibitor, decreases osteochondrogenic gene induction and prevents calcific nodule formation in the presence of osteogenic media. Together these data support an active role for BMP signaling during osteochondrogenic gene induction and the development of AoV calcification.AHA Pre‐doctoral Fellowship 13PRE1623006 ‐MVGNIH R01 HL114682 ‐KEY.
Growth Dynamics and Mononucleation of the Ventricular Conduction System
Authors: Sedmera David , Gourdie Robert 
Published: June 2021

During embryonic development, mammalian myocyte size does not change significantly. The switch from hyperplastic to hypertrophic growth occurs during the neonatal period. All previous studies have focused on working myocytes, which form 99% of ventricular mass; little is known about developmental changes in cell size, shape, and nucleation of cells of the ventricular conduction system (VCS). Hearts from Cx40:GFP transgenic mice were sampled at embryonic day 14, postnatal day 10, and adulthood (6 months). The ventricles were dissected, nuclei stained whole mount with Hoechst 33342, and specimens cleared in Scale/2 and flat mounted for confocal microscopy. Z‐series were acquired using a 40x oil immersion lens spanning at least 50 mm. Cell dimensions, nuclear count and volumes were measured separately for working and VCS myocytes. At the embryonic stage, green (Cx40‐expressing VCS cells) were larger than negative myocytes. This difference was reversed at postnatal day 10, where there was also differences in size between left bundle branch cells and Purkinje myocytes. The difference in cell volume was most pronounced at the adult stage. The transverse diameter was significantly smaller in adult VCS cells, giving them more elongated shape. Binucleated VCS cells were observed only rarely (<5%) during embryonic and neonatal stages; none (0/82) were seen in the adult. In conclusion, we show that the VCS in mouse is formed by a morphometrically distinct mononucleated cells with shape and size significantly different from working myocytesSupported by AAA travel grant and GACR P302/11/1308 and 13‐12412S.