bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Graded motor imagery modifies movement pain, cortical excitability and sensorimotor function in complex regional pain syndrome
Authors: Strauss Sebastian , Barby Silke , Härtner Jonas , Pfannmöller Jörg Peter , Neumann Nicola , Moseley G Lorimer , Lotze Martin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPatients with complex regional pain syndrome suffer from chronic neuropathic pain and also show a decrease in sensorimotor performance associated with characteristic central and peripheral neural system parameters. In the brain imaging domain, these comprise altered functional sensorimotor representation for the affected hand side. With regard to neurophysiology, a decrease in intracortical inhibition for the sensorimotor cortex contralateral to the affected hand has been repetitively verified, which might be related to increased primary somatosensory cortex functional activation for the affected limb. Rare longitudinal intervention studies in randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that a decrease in primary somatosensory cortex functional MRI activation coincided with pain relief and recovery in sensorimotor performance. By applying a randomized wait-list control crossover study design, we tested possible associations of clinical, imaging and neurophysiology parameters in 21 patients with complex regional pain syndrome in the chronic stage (&gt;6 months). In more detail, we applied graded motor imagery over 6 weeks to relieve movement pain of the affected upper limb. First, baseline parameters were tested between the affected and the non-affected upper limb side and age-matched healthy controls. Second, longitudinal changes in clinical and testing parameters were associated with neurophysiological and imaging parameters. During baseline short intracortical inhibition, as assessed with transcranial magnetic stimulation, was decreased only for hand muscles of the affected hand side. During movement of the affected limb, primary somatosensory cortex functional MRI activation was increased. Hand representation area size for somatosensory stimulation in functional MRI was smaller on the affected side with longer disease duration. Graded motor imagery intervention but not waiting, resulted in a decrease of movement pain. An increase of somatosensory hand representation size over graded motor imagery intervention was related to movement pain relief. Over graded motor imagery intervention, pathological parameters like the increased primary somatosensory cortex activation during fist movement or decreased short intracortical inhibition were modified in the same way as movement pain and hand performance improved. No such changes were observed during the waiting period. Overall, we demonstrated characteristic changes in clinical, behaviour and neuropathology parameters applying graded motor imagery in patients with upper limb complex regional pain syndrome, which casts light on the effects of graded motor imagery intervention on biomarkers for chronic neuropathic pain.
The Impact of Prior Infection and Age on Antibody Persistence After Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Messenger RNA Vaccine
Authors: Fraley Elizabeth , LeMaster Cas , Khanal Santosh , Banerjee Dithi , Pastinen Tomi , Grundberg Elin , Selvarangan Rangaraj , Bradley Todd 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Determining the duration of immunity to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccines is critical for informing the timing of booster immunization. Many genetic and environmental factors could influence both the magnitude and persistence of the antibody response. Here, we showed that SARS-CoV-2 infection before vaccination and age affected the decay of antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccine.
Chronological Sailfish Optimizer for Preserving Privacy in Cloud Based on Khatri-Rao Product
Authors: Kalpana Parsi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The innovative trends of cloud computing acquired the interest of several individuals or enterprises that started outsourcing data to the cloud servers. Recently, numerous techniques are introduced for facilitating privacy protection on untrusted cloud platforms. However, the classical privacy-preserving techniques failed to prevent leakage and incur huge information loss. This paper introduces the efficient technique, named the chronological sailfish optimizer (CSFO) algorithm for privacy preservation in cloud computing. The proposed CSFO is devised by integrating the chronological concept in SailFish optimizer. The input data are fed to a privacy-preservation process wherein hamming weight-based RSA and Khatri-Rao products are utilized for data privacy. Here, the hamming weighted-based RSA is determined by combining the sha256 algorithm with the hamming weight with Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (HRSA) system. Hence, an optimization-driven algorithm is utilized to evaluate optimal matrix generation to handle both the utility and the sensitive information. Here, the fitness function is newly devised considering, realism, privacy and fitness. The experimentation is performed using four datasets, like Pathway Interaction Database, Hungarian, Cleveland and Switzerland. The proposed CSFO provided superior performance with maximal privacy of 0.2173, maximal realism 0.9456 and maximal fitness of 0.5416.
Multi-Class Liver Cancer Diseases Classification Using CT Images
Authors: Krishan A , Mittal D 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLiver cancer is the fourth common cancer in the world and the third leading reason of cancer mortality. The conventional methods for detecting liver cancer are blood tests, biopsy and image tests. In this paper, we propose an automated computer-aided diagnosis technique for the classification of multi-class liver cancer i.e. primary, hepatocellular carcinoma, and secondary, metastases using computed tomography (CT) images. The proposed algorithm is a two-step process: enhancement of CT images using contrast limited adaptive histogram equalization algorithm and extraction of features for the detection and the classification of the different classes of the tumor. The overall achieved accuracy, sensitivity and specificity with the proposed method for the classification of multi-class tumors are 97%, 94.3% and 100% with experiment 1 and 84% all of them with experiment 2, respectively. By automatic feature selection scheme accuracy is deviated maximum by 10.5% from the overall and the ratio features accuracy decreases linearly by 5.5% with 20 to 5 selected features. The proposed methodology can help to assist radiologists in liver cancer diagnosis.
Collective Action and the Self-Fulfilling Prophecy: The Case of the Panama Papers Protest in Iceland
Authors: Bernburg Jón Gunnar 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Social theory implies that a rise in the expectation that many will participate in collective action can make participation in the action widely rational, giving rise to a ‘self-fulfilling prophecy’. I address this classic, yet understudied, proposition by surveying participation in a demonstration that the ‘Panama Papers Leak’ triggered in Iceland in 2016. The demonstration was preceded by a sudden rise of large-turnout expectations, and attracted one-fifth of an urban population, allowing me to obtain event-specific, population-representative survey measures of the focal constructs (N = 821). The findings support hypotheses about the role of large-turnout expectations in collective action. They confirm that protest support (i.e. the value placed in the goal of the collective action) both raises large-turnout expectations and moderates their effects on protest participation. In fact, large-turnout expectations were associated with participation only if individuals supported the protest. Also, the findings imply that large-protest expectations trigger interpersonal relational dynamics that further motivate participation. The study thus supports and yet qualifies the role of the self-fulfilling prophecy in collective action.
Imputation and General Structure of Crime in International Criminal Law
Authors: Ambos Kai 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains the general part (GP) and special part (SP) of the criminal law, which encompasses the general rules of attribution or imputation and the relevant international crimes. It applies these concepts to International Criminal Law, especially adjusting the rules of imputation and individual responsibility to the peculiar features of the commission of crimes in a macrocriminal, collective contextIt also recounts how international criminal law had been applied with only a rudimentary system for the imputation of criminal responsibility, largely undertheorized as compared to national criminal justice systems. In fact, the chapter shows how little room was given to criminal law or even doctrinal considerations during the negotiations on ICL instruments, especially the Rome Statute of the ICC. Thus, the ICL-making process appears as largely unprincipled, policy driven, and pragmatic. It is argued however, that applied ICL is ultimately criminal law and thus must be guided by its liberal principles, especially legality, culpability and fairness.
International Law of Taxation
Authors: Hongler Peter 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
International law of taxation is a very dynamic discipline, and a book such as this is just a snapshot of the current international tax regime. The goal of this book is to provide the reader with insights on how the international tax regime is embedded in a broader context in the international law regime. The focus of this book, therefore, is on the interaction of the international tax law regime with other legal regimes, such as the international trade law or the investment law regime. Moreover, this book outlines the main elements of the European Union (EU) tax system. Of course, besides these cross-disciplinary areas, this book discusses the functioning of double tax treaties as the main legal sources of the international tax regime. The more recently crafted treaty-based rules of the international tax regime, such as the mutual exchange provisions in various international treaties, are also discussed. This book can and should serve as a course book for a course on international tax law. Depending on how such course is structured, the entire book or large parts of it may be of interest to the students. The book should also serve as a go-to source for practitioners. It is of course impossible to cover all the topics pertinent to the international tax regime in a comprehensive way, but no major area has been left out. Moreover, case law from around the world are referred to and discussed rather than approaching the topic with reference only to a specific jurisdiction.
Introduction
Authors: Hongler Peter 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The first chapter of the book starts with some definitions of important terms used throughout the book such as ‘international law of taxation’, ‘international tax law’, or ‘the international tax regime’. Afterwards, reference is made to the history of the international tax regime. Moreover, the competences and the functioning of some of the most important institutions relevant for the international law of taxation are discussed. This includes the UN, the OECD, the Inclusive Framework, and the Global Forum. A particular chapter is dedicated to the question of sovereignty in tax matters. This is necessary for a comprehensive understanding of the sources of the international law of taxation as outlined in Chapter 2.
Sources of the International Law of Taxation
Authors: Hongler Peter 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 is the main part of the book and it is structured along the different sources of the international law of taxation. This includes (i) treaties, (ii) customary international law, (iii) general principles of international law, and (iv) soft law. The chapter contains a comprehensive outline of the functioning of double tax treaties and other treaties focusing on tax matters such as treaties on mutual exchange of taxpayer information. The entire OECD MC is discussed and reference is made to brief case studies in order to allow the reader a better understanding of the international tax regime. A particular focus is in on the functioning the allocation rules in Arts 6–22 OECD model convention, however, this chapter also includes general remarks on the interpretation of tax treaties and soft law used in international tax matters. The chapter closes with a concise overview of the EU tax system.
Emergency Arbitration
Authors: Sim Cameron 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Emergency arbitration enables a party to seek urgent relief from an emergency arbitrator during the period required for the constitution of an arbitral tribunal. The procedure is not a substitute for expedited or summary proceedings. It simply enables a party to bypass national courts and obtain pre-tribunal relief in the form of interim measures even before an arbitral tribunal has been formed. The limited mandate of the emergency arbitrator is to determine whether the circumstances warrant urgent relief within the period required for tribunal formation. Studies have revealed that emergency arbitrators have adopted inconsistent approaches to emergency arbitration proceedings. Parties contemplating emergency arbitration are thus faced with uncertainty both as to procedure and prospects, and a lack of clarity as to how to formulate an application for emergency measures. By identifying commonalities between emergency arbitration rules, this book aims to promote greater uniformity in the practice of emergency arbitration, thereby giving parties greater control and certainty in bringing and defending applications for emergency measures. As emergency arbitration rules confer wide discretion on the emergency arbitrator, this uniformity is promoted whilst at the same time recognising, where appropriate, the need for an element of flexibility to be maintained. The book contains seven parts. Part I sets out an overview of emergency arbitration. Parts II to V move through all phases of an emergency arbitration, starting with pre-commencement considerations and ending with enforcement. Part VI is dedicated to emergency arbitration in investment treaty arbitration. Finally, in Part VII, the future of emergency arbitration is explored.
The Foundations of Emergency Arbitration
Authors: Sim Cameron 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the foundations of emergency arbitration, from the historic opposition to, and subsequent rapid rise of, interim measures in international arbitration, of which emergency arbitration represents the pinnacle. The concept of emergency arbitration first appeared in the rules of the American Arbitration Association (AAA), and then the International Centre for Dispute Resolution (ICDR), which is the international division of the AAA. The ICDR set ambitious standards, providing for the appointment of an emergency arbitrator within one business day of receipt of the application, and for the establishment of a procedural timetable within two business days of that appointment, but otherwise not prescribing any timeframe within which the emergency arbitrator's decision must be issued. As it transpired, the ICDR Rules (2006) not only set the emergency arbitration scene, but they also clearly defined the landscape. Statistics illustrate that emergency arbitration has filled a void in international arbitration, and that it is becoming increasingly popular.
The Seat of Emergency Arbitration
Authors: Sim Cameron 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the limited role of the seat of emergency arbitration. It begins by exploring the concept of transnational norms in international arbitration, how these have been applied in the context of emergency arbitration, and whether this application is appropriate. The acceptance of a greater role for the application of transnational norms in emergency arbitration impacts on the significance of the role of the seat of emergency arbitration, and in particular, on the relevance of the lex arbitri to the proceedings. Given the limited mandate of the emergency arbitrator to determine whether urgent relief is required prior to tribunal formation, the courts of the seat of emergency arbitration are also not required to support the emergency arbitration process, although it is possible that they may be called upon to determine a challenge to the emergency arbitrator. However, the nationality of the emergency arbitrator's decision, if it is seen to constitute an award, may be relevant for enforcement purposes. The chapter then looks at the designation and the legal significance of the seat of emergency arbitration.
International Capital Markets
Authors: Jordan Cally 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This book provides a critical analysis of and context to international capital markets, their regulation and their institutions. The book takes a comparative and developmental perspective, examining the characteristics, interaction and regulation of developed markets in the US, UK and the EU, as well as Asian markets such as Hong Kong and China. In addition to examining Malaysia’s efforts to create an international regulatory framework for Islamic finance, the book looks at other niche markets of the world, such as Luxembourg, Switzerland, Singapore, Ireland, Bahrain and Dubai. There is both a detailed analysis of complex concepts, supporting the competing regulatory goals and techniques, as well as a conceptual overview of the regulatory landscape, making this book an indispensable resource. Current issues such as the delineation of regulated and unregulated markets, stratification of markets, and the capital market activities of international financial institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank are explained. Practitioners, scholars and post-graduate students will find this book to be a valuable guide to understanding the regulation and practice of international capital markets.
Making International Markets Work—Regulatory Techniques
Authors: Jordan Cally 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the regulatory techniques in the international capital markets. Regulation, as it is usually understood, emanates from a national (or perhaps sub-national) authority and operates locally. Capital markets predate the nation state and have been boundary blind. So, how have modern international capital markets been regulated? Different approaches have waxed and waned in popularity, but several broad groupings can be discerned: inaction; unilateralism; formal and informal cooperative efforts; and international or supra-national initiatives. The different regulatory approaches operating in modern international capital markets are not mutually exclusive; they often coexist or interact, in both a positive and negative manner. Ultimately, the different regulatory approaches to international capital markets, which ones dominate, which ones wither away, have been shaped by the geopolitical forces of empire, the emergence of the supra-national state, and hegemony.
The Parallel System—The United States
Authors: Jordan Cally 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates securities regulation in the United States. For a variety of reasons, domestic US securities regulation has served as a model to the world, either directly or through its influence in international standard setting. The parallel system, however, has not been exported and so remains a somewhat unique aspect of US law, and based on the concept of the foreign private issuer (FPI), appears firmly entrenched. Going forward, it is possible that the domestic and international aspects of US markets may become more integrated, or at least coordinated. Calls for greater EU-style deference to home country regulation for non-US issuers and market participants would certainly simplify, and perhaps undermine, the US parallel system. There is no doubt as to the decline of US hegemony in regulation of international capital markets. Within the United States, level playing field arguments continue to surface, sometimes in surprising ways.
The New European Capital Markets
Authors: Jordan Cally 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the new European capital markets. The creation of the European Securities and Markets Authority (ESMA) was ‘an epochal date for EU financial market regulation’. Whereas ESMA's role is primarily one of overall supervision and promotion of supervisory convergence, the 2007–09 financial crisis, which led to its birth, continues incrementally to push the European legislator toward reinforcing ESMA's powers and capturing increasingly more activities under the ‘Single Rulebook’. With the proposal of a Capital Markets Union and Brexit, this trend is likely to continue. Potentially, the European Union is now well placed to forge a new paradigm for the regulation of capital markets, given the increased focus and the technical expertise which ESMA brings to bear. At least in theory, the EU should no longer be beholden to US or international models for its regulatory models.
The Paradoxes of Islamic Capital Markets
Authors: Jordan Cally 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes Islamic capital markets. Led by Malaysia and its distinct Islamic Market, Bursa Malaysia-I, Islamic finance has entered the mainstream of international capital markets, primarily in the form of ‘Islamic bonds’ (sukuk) and fund products. Saudi Arabia, with its well-publicized Saudi Aramco initial public offering (IPO) in 2019, raised, less successfully, a different flag in the international markets. Islamic finance has infiltrated conventional markets too. Non-Islamic issuers, sovereigns, corporates and international institutions, have issued sukuk, attracted by the wash of liquidity and investors in the Gulf region. Indeed, Islamic finance has been rubbing shoulders with modern conventional finance for several decades now. As ‘conventional’ finance has become less ‘conventional’, shari'a compliant finance has become more accepted. Impediments to growth persist; the imperviousness to standardization and the artificiality of the structures underlying the financial products increase costs and possibly risk, making the products uncompetitive. However, cost is not the only consideration in the marketplace. With greater interest in ethical and ESG (environmental, social, and governance) investing, Islamic finance may be the path or the way to future markets.
International Relations Theory
Authors: Lawrence Peter 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter evaluates the importance of international relations (IR) in international environmental law (IEL). IR theory and empirical studies provide insights into how international environmental agreements may be modified to effectively address environmental threats. Key issues include whether sanctions are essential for compliance and effectiveness, and whether the choice of hard law rather than soft law makes a difference. Reform strategies either make explicit assumptions about how international law affects state behaviour, or such assumptions remain implicit. Either way, IR theory throws light on the relationship between international law and state behaviour. The chapter then explores the relationship between power and IEL. It also addresses legitimacy and democratization, and examines how scientific knowledge can be incorporated into IEL.