bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the dosimetric accuracy of proton breast treatment plans delivered with SGRT and CBCT setups
Authors: MacFarlane Michael J. , Jiang Kai , Mundis Michelle , Nichols Elizabeth , Gopal Arun , Chen Shifeng , Biswal Nrusingh C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeTo compare the dosimetric accuracy of surface‐guided radiation therapy (SGRT) and cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) setups in proton breast treatment plans.MethodsData from 30 patients were retrospectively analyzed in this IRB‐approved study. Patients were prescribed 4256–5040 cGy in 16–28 fractions. CBCT and AlignRT (SGRT; Vision RT Ltd.) were used for treatment setup during the first three fractions, then daily AlignRT and weekly CBCT thereafter. Each patient underwent a quality assurance CT (QA‐CT) scan midway through the treatment course to assess anatomical and dosimetric changes. To emulate the SGRT and CBCT setups during treatment, the planning CT and QA‐CT images were registered in two ways: (1) by registering the volume within the CTs covered by the CBCT field of view; and (2) by contouring and registering the surface surveyed by the AlignRT system. The original plan was copied onto these two datasets and the dose was recalculated. The clinical treatment volume (CTV): V95%; heart: V25Gy, V15Gy, and mean dose; and ipsilateral lung: V20Gy, V10Gy, and V5Gy, were recorded. Multi and univariate analyses of variance were performed to assess the differences in dose metric values between the planning CT and the SGRT and CBCT setups.ResultsThe CTV V95% and lung V20Gy, V10Gy, and V5Gy dose metrics were all significantly (p < 0.01) lower on the QA‐CT in both the CBCT and SGRT setup. The differences were not clinically significant and were, on average, 1.4–1.6% lower for CTV V95% and 1.8%–6.0% lower for the lung dose metrics. When comparing the lung and CTV V95% dose metrics between the CBCT and SGRT setups, no significant difference was observed. This indicates that the SGRT setup provides similar dosimetric accuracy as CBCT.ConclusionThis study supports the daily use of SGRT systems for the accurate dose delivery of proton breast treatment plans.
Ir(III)‐Catalyzed and Ag2O‐Promoted C−H/C−H Cross‐Coupling/Intramolecular Cyclization of Ketene Dithioacetals with Benzothiophene
Authors: Chen Jinkang , Yin Chuanliu , Zhou Jian , Yu Chuanming 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA tandem Ir(III)‐catalyzed and Ag2O‐promoted cross‐dehydrogenative coupling (CDC)/ intramolecular cyclization of ketene dithioacetals with benzothiophene derivatives was developed, affording a series of sulfur‐containing cyclization compounds. Mechanistic investigation demonstrated a radical process may be involving intramolecular cyclization. This tandem reaction described herein could be carried out with a broad range of substrates and wide functional group tolerance.magnified image
Maintenance of basic endotracheal intubation skills with direct or video‐assisted laryngoscopy: A randomized crossover follow‐up study in inexperienced operators
Authors: Ghotbaldinian Ehsan , Dehdari Navid , Åkeson Jonas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundLaryngoscopy is a difficult skill to acquire and maintain and even more so by less frequent users. Numerous studies have compared limitations of direct laryngoscopic (DL) and video‐assisted laryngoscopic (VL) techniques for endotracheal intubation in different scenarios, but individual retention over time of intubation skills with either technique has, to our knowledge, never been reported. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate to what extent recently acquired basic skills of endotracheal intubation, based on DL or VL, are being maintained over time by inexperienced operators.MethodsThis randomized crossover follow‐up study was designed to compare endotracheal intubation with direct (McIntosh blade) versus video‐assisted (hyperangulated blade) laryngoscopy by 20 undergraduate medical students in identical manikins three months after brief basic intubation training with no further intubation practice.ResultsNo significant differences in skills retention were found between DL and VL regarding the time for successful intubation or number of adverse events. However, the first intubation was significantly slower regardless of the technique compared with the last one three months earlier. Furthermore, DL was slower and associated with more incidents of esophageal intubation and dental manipulation than was VL.ConclusionsAlthough basic intubation skills seem to be similarly well maintained over time regardless of the laryngoscopic technique, endotracheal intubation with VL by inexperienced operators is faster and associated with fewer adverse events than is DL after a three‐month period with no further intubation training.
Development of a continuous evaporation system for an API solution stream prior to crystallization
Authors: Roche Phillip , Jones Roderick C. , Glennon Brian , Donnellan Philip 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA bubble column was investigated as a method to achieve a desired and controllable rate of evaporation of a pharmaceutical solution. Applying a thermodynamic model to predict the rate of evaporation, all predicted values were observed to have accuracies within the bounds of instrumentation errors (<5% absolute). The developed model accounted for the measured effect of reduced vapor pressure, caused by the dissolved solids as a function of their concentration. A general method to obtain accurate measurement of this effect is introduced and applied, improving the accuracy of model predictions. Consistent and repeatable evaporation rates ranging from 0.7 to 6.9 g/min were achieved experimentally, and errors between predicted rates and observed ranged from 0.219% to 4.19% absolute. This demonstrates a controllable and flexible method for the evaporation of process streams which can be compared to harsher conventional methods such as boiling. The column was configured in a continuous mode and coupled to a downstream crystallizer (MSMPR). Using the column as a controllable concentrator, the concentration of a dilute feed stream of paracetamol in methanol was increased in a single equilibrium stage. The column demonstrated the ability to concentrate the solution in flow by 179%, delivering a flow of 2 ml/min of concentrated liquor to the MSMPR. The MSMPR achieved steady‐state of control, measured by offline dissolved concentration analysis and particle count by FBRM in situ, highlighting the applicablity of the column to perform reliably in a continuous tandem.
Antiaromatic 1,5‐Diaza‐s‐indacenes
Authors: Hanida Kensuke , Kim Jinseok , Fukui Norihito , Tsutsui Yusuke , Seki Shu , Kim Dongho , Shinokubo Hiroshi 
Published: July 2021

Abstracts‐Indacene is a classical non‐alternant hydrocarbon that contains 12 π‐electrons in a cyclic π‐conjugation system. Herein, we report its nitrogen‐doped analogue, 1,5‐diaza‐s‐indacene. 1,5‐Diaza‐s‐indacenes were readily prepared from commercially available 2,5‐dichlorobenzene‐1,4‐diamine through a two‐step transformation consisting of a palladium‐catalyzed Larock cyclization with diaryl acetylenes followed by hydrogen abstraction. The thus obtained 1,5‐diaza‐s‐indacenes exhibited distinct antiaromaticity, as manifested in clear bond‐length alternation, a forbidden HOMO–LUMO transition, and a paratropic ring current. As compared to the parent s‐indacene, the 1,5‐diaza‐s‐indacenes showed higher electron‐accepting ability owing to the presence of imine‐type nitrogen atoms. The 1,5‐diaza‐s‐indacene core is effectively conjugated with the peripheral aryl groups, which enables fine‐tuning of the absorption spectra and redox properties. The two possible localized forms of 1,5‐diaza‐s‐indacene were compared in terms of their energetic aspects.
Design and synthesis of HFCA‐based plasticizers with asymmetrical alkyl chains for poly(vinyl chloride)
Authors: Hao Yanying , Wang Guyue , Shui Xiaoxue , Tian Anping , Yang Yong , Zhu Jin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA series of bio‐based diester plasticizers with various alkyl chain asymmetry and the same molecular weight were designed and synthesized, using renewable 5‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐furancarboxylic acid (HFCA) as the raw material. The chemical structures of the HFCA‐based plasticizers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR and 13C NMR). Besides, the influence of alkyl chain asymmetry on plasticization properties of the HFCA‐based plasticizers in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) blends was also investigated. It was found that increasing the alkyl chain asymmetry of the diester plasticizer and keeping the molecular weight unchanged simultaneously could further improve its plasticizing efficiency, without sacrificing its volatility resistance and exudation resistance. The results showed that this study provided a new approach for further optimizing the overall properties of the asymmetric diester plasticizers.
In‐Fjord Substitution in Expanded Helicenes: Effects of the Insert on the Inversion Barrier and Helical Pitch
Authors: Suárez‐Pantiga Samuel , Redero Pablo , Aniban Xaiza , Simon Martin , Golz Christopher , Mata Ricardo A. , Alcarazo Manuel 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA series of expanded helicenes of different sizes and shapes incorporating phenyl‐ and biphenyl‐substituents at the deepest part of their fjord have been synthesized via sequential Au‐catalyzed hydroarylation of appropriately designed diynes, and their racemization barriers have been calculated employing electronic structure methods. These show that the overall profile of the inversions (energies, number of transition states and intermediates, and their relative position) is intensively affected by the interplay of steric and attractive London dispersion interactions. Hence, in‐fjord substitution constitutes an additional tool to handle the mechanical properties in helicenes of uncommonly large diameter. The photochemical characterization of the newly prepared helical structures is also reported.
Online‐Partikelmessung im Reingas zu Beginn der kuchenbildenden Staubabscheidung mit Nadelfilzen in der Gasreinigung
Authors: Zhang Qian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDie Partikelabscheidung aus Gasen mit filternden Abscheidern lässt sich in zwei Gruppen einteilen: die Tiefen‐ und die Oberflächenfiltration. Ein neues, unbelegtes Filtermedium für die Oberflächenfiltration startet jedoch immer mit einer Tiefenfiltrationsphase im Filtermedium. Die Umwandlung einer Tiefenfiltration in die Oberflächenfiltration geschieht durch eine Clogging‐Phase, in der sich die Filtrationskinetik über einen gewissen Zeitraum ändert. Dieser Beitrag präsentiert theoretische Überlegungen über eine neue Definition für den Beginn der kuchenbildenden Staubabscheidung im Hinblick auf die Partikelabscheidung und eine entsprechende experimentelle Untersuchung mit Nadelfilzen zur Filtrationskinetik zu Beginn der kuchenbildenden Staubabscheidung, die im Sinne der Oberflächenfiltration grundlegende Bedeutung hat.
Chain‐Elongated Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Low Self‐Discharge All‐Solid‐State Supercapacitors at High Temperature
Authors: Zhao Haibo , Zhang Haitao , Wang Zixing , Jiang Xinglin , Xie Yanting , Xu Zhong , Wang Yuchen , Yang Weiqing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHigh power and good stability enable supercapacitors to work efficiently at high temperatures. However, the high‐temperature‐induced excessive ion transfer of the electrolyte would lead to severe self‐discharge behavior, which has often been overlooked but can be highly detrimental. In this study, solid electrolytes consisting of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), bentonite clay, and ionic liquids (IL)‐PEO‐clay@[EMIM][BF4] (PCE), PEO‐clay@[BMIM][BF4] (PCB), and PEO‐clay@[HMIM][BF4] (PCH) lead to dramatic decreases in self‐discharge when used in all‐solid‐state supercapacitors at high temperature of 70 °C, which correlate with chain elongation (i. e., [EMIM+]<[BMIM+]<[HMIM+]). Benefiting from both cation adsorption and high‐temperature stabilization by bentonite clay, PCH‐based supercapacitors (IL=[HMIM][BF4]) deliver an extremely low self‐discharge rate, with only a 30.7 % voltage drop over 10 h at 70 °C (44.5 % for 38 h), which is much lower than that of traditional liquid supercapacitors (63.7 % drop over 10 h at 70 °C). This improvement in high‐temperature self‐discharge behavior is found to be from the decrease in diffusion‐controlled faradaic process. Based on the longer‐chain [HMIM+], soft‐packaged supercapacitors exhibit a low self‐discharge rate and work consistently at 70 °C. This chain‐elongation strategy provides a new possibility for the suppression of self‐discharge behavior in supercapacitors and further aids long‐term energy storage by supercapacitors at high temperatures.
Advanced nonlinear equalizer for Filter Bank Multicarrier‐based Long Reach‐Passive Optical Network system
Authors: L Jerart Julus , D Manimegalai , C Asha Beaula , J Joshan Athanesious , A Andrew Roobert 
Published: July 2021

SummaryThe performance of the intensity‐modulated Filter Bank Multicarrier (FBMC) system using direct detection with advanced nonlinear equalizer in Long Reach‐Passive Optical Network (LR‐PON) is presented in this paper. First, the performance of the FBMC system and its nonlinearity in the channel are analyzed. We introduce two nonlinear equalizers, namely, Artificial Neural Networks–Nonlinear Feed‐Forward Equalizer (ANN‐NFFE) and Deep Neural Network–Nonlinear Equalizer (DNN‐NLE). Both the equalizers can mitigate the nonlinearities in the signal. Also, the impact of the system in downlink is analyzed using simulation by varying the data rates for various fiber lengths. The FBMC using SMT provides better spectral efficiency. The performance of both equalizers is compared. The addition of the DNN‐NLE equalizer provides a better OSNR, good accuracy, and better BER compared with ANN‐NFFE.
Metal Cation‐Modified Graphene Oxide as Precursor for Advanced Materials: Thin Films of Graphene/Prussian Blue Analogues
Authors: Ferreira Caroline Mariano , Ramos Maria Karolina , Zarbin Aldo J. G. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis work reports a simple, direct, and easy route to prepare thin films between graphene‐like materials and two hexacyanometallates, based on metal cation modification in graphene oxide (GO) thin films obtained by the liquid/liquid interfacial route. The reaction between GO and Cu2+ or Fe3+ ions in aqueous solution yields GO/Cu2+ or GO/Fe3+, and the nature of the interactions between the GO and the metal cations were demonstrated by FT‐IR. GO/Cu2+ and GO/Fe3+can be chemically reduced to reduced graphene oxide/metal nanoparticles (rGO/Cu or rGO/Fe) thin films. Both GO/metal cation or rGO/metal nanoparticles thin films were used as working electrodes for electrodeposition of their respective hexacyanometallates (Prussian blue, PB, and its copper analogue, Cu‐PBA) based on a heterogeneous reaction between ferricyanide ions in the electrolyte solution and the metallic species in the electrode. The PB and Cu‐PBA formation in all electrodes was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, and scanning electron microscopy, characterized as well‐defined nanometric cubes homogeneously dispersed over the rGO sheets.
Iron Pentazolate Complex: Isoelectronic Species of Ferrocene but with a Planer Structure
Authors: He Xiaohui , Zhang Tiantian , Zhang Quan , Cheng Longjiu , Zhang Jianguo , Wang Kun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEnergetic pentazolate compound generally releases extremely large energy in the explosion and generates environment‐friendly nitrogen as the main product. Cyclo‐N5− as the mono‐dentate ligand always forms planer structure by σ‐type bonds between center metal cation and ligands in most of the metal pentazolate complexes based on the corresponding XRD results, which is completely different from the well‐known perpendicular structure of ferrocene with the η5‐π‐bonds, although it is known for us that cyclo‐N5− is isoelectronic species of the pentadienide anion C5H5−. In order to understand the differences between the planer Fe(N5)2 and ‘sandwich‐like’ Fe(η5‐C5H5)2, here we design Fe(η5‐N5)2 with η5‐π‐bonds as the possible isomer of the planer Fe(N5)2. Besides the mono‐dentate planer Fe(N5)2, Cyclo‐N5− is possibly as a bidentate ligand to coordinate with Fe2+ to form η2‐σ‐bond. Therefore, the three isomers of Fe(N5)2 and its isoelectronic Fe(η5‐C5H5)2 are compared including their structures of ligands, bonding structures, coordinative pathways and reactivity in the decompositions by applying the DFT and CPMD calculation. The results indicate the formation of σ‐type Fe−N bonds between Fe2+ and mono‐dentate cyclo‐N5− is the most favored.
Spinal beta‐amyloid1‐42 acts as an endogenous analgesic peptide in CCI‐induced neuropathic pain
Authors: Cui Dong , Li Ze‐Hua. , Li Cheng , Qiu Chengjie , Ma Pingchuan , Wu Mingzheng , Song Xue‐Jun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe mechanism for reduced pain sensitivity associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has not been illustrated. We hypothesize that amyloid beta 1–42 (Aβ1–42) in the spinal cord acts as an endogenous analgesic peptide to suppress pain induced by nerve injury.MethodsWe used chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve (CCI) to produce neuropathic pain in Sprague‐Dawley rats. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunohistochemistry were used to determine the level of Aβ1–42, the expression of Wnt3a/5b and glial activation in the spinal cord. Western blotting was used to determine the expression of interleukins, the phosphorylation of NR2B and ERK1/2, and the nuclear accumulation of transcriptional factors YAP/TAZ. Thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia were assessed after CCI and pharmacological manipulations through intrathecal administration.ResultsNerve injury increases spinal level of Aβ1–42, while intrathecal administration of MK‐8931 reduces the level of Aβ1–42 and facilitates mechanical allodynia. Intrathecal administration of Aβ1–42 suppresses pain behaviors in the early and late phases of neuropathy. Spinal administration of Aβ1–42 regulates the expression of interleukins, reducing glial activation and phosphorylation of NR2B and ERK1/2 in the spinal cord of CCI rats. Furthermore, intrathecal administration of Aβ1–42 decreases Wnt5b expression and suppresses the nuclear accumulation of YAP and TAZ. Blocking the interaction between Aβ1–42 and Frizzled receptors by cSP5 reverses the analgesic effects of Aβ1–42.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that spinal Aβ1–42 acts as an endogenous analgesic peptide through regulating cytokines and Wnt pathways. This study may provide a potential target for the development of novel analgesic peptides.SignificanceThis study provides an explanation of reduced pain sensitivity associated with Alzheimer’s disease. Furthermore, our findings propose a possible physiological function of beta‐amyloid1–42 to regulate pain. This study may provide a potential target for the development of novel analgesics based on an existing endogenous peptide.
Boronic Acid‐containing Stimuli‐responsive Polymers Modified Nanopores for Label‐free Dual‐signal‐output Detection of Glucose
Authors: Zheng Tingting , Zhu Yujie , Zhu Anwei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHerein, a dual‐signal‐output glass nanopore system was developed for sensing glucose. Upon binding glucose, the boronic acid‐containing stimuli‐responsive polymer underwent a wettability switch and pKa shift. When the polymer was immobilized on the inner wall of nanopore, the nanopore offered a sensitive method for evaluating glucose by ion rectification. Besides, due to the electrostatic assembly of cationic pyrene onto the glucose‐bound anionic polymer, the pyrene excimer emission was observed. By separating the substrate binding and fluorescence reporting process, this work avoided the fluorescence labeling of the target and nanopore, thus simplifying the design of dual‐signal‐output nanopore for potential point‐of‐care test.
Condition‐dependent structural collapse in the intrinsically disordered N‐terminal domain of prion protein
Authors: Chen Eric H.‐L. , Lin Kuei‐Ming , Sang Jason C. , Ho Meng‐Ru , Lee Chih‐Hsuan , Shih Orion , Su Chun‐Jen , Yeh Yi‐Qi , Jeng U‐Ser , Chen Rita P.‐Y. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPrion protein is composed of a structure‐unsolved N‐terminal domain and a globular C‐terminal domain. Under limited trypsin digestion, mouse recombinant prion protein can be cleaved into two parts at residue Lys105. Here, we termed these two fragments as the N‐domain (sequence 23–105) and the C‐domain (sequence 106–230). In this study, the structural properties of the N‐domain, the C‐domain, and the full‐length protein were explored using small‐angle X‐ray scattering, analytical ultracentrifugation, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and the 8‐anilino‐1‐naphthalenesulfonic acid binding assay. The conformation and size of the prion protein were found to change sensitively under the solvent conditions. The positive residues in the sequence 23–99 of the N‐domain were found to be responsible for the enhanced flexibility with the salt concentration reduced below 5 mM. The C‐domain containing a hydrophobic patch tends to unfold and aggregate during a salt‐induced structural collapse. The N‐domain collapsed together with the C‐domain at pH 5.2, whereas it collapsed independently at pH 4.2. The positively charged cluster (sequence 100–105) in the N‐domain contributed to protecting the exposed hydrophobic surface of the C‐domain.
Exploring the structure of the GAD‐7 scale in primary care patients with emotional disorders: A network analysis approach
Authors: Moriana Juan A. , Jurado‐González Francisco J. , García‐Torres Francisco , Contreras Alba , Muñoz‐Navarro Roger , González‐Blanch César , Medrano Leonardo A. , Ruiz‐Rodríguez Paloma , Cano‐Vindel Antonio 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveAnxiety symptoms are one of the most frequent manifestations in people attending primary care, although how the symptoms are associated is unclear. This study aimed to establish the symptom structure of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD‐7) using a novel network approach in combination with traditional analytical tools.MethodsA sample of 1704 primary care patients with emotional disorders (i.e., anxiety, depression, and/or somatization) completed the GAD‐7 to report their anxiety symptoms. We examined the GAD‐7 structure using exploratory graph analysis (EGA) compared to exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis.ResultsThe EFA results showed a one‐factor solution, but EGA revealed a two‐factor solution (cognitive–emotional and somatic). “Worrying too much” and “difficulty relaxing” were the most relevant symptoms.ConclusionsThe results support the possible distinction between the somatic and cognitive–emotional components of the GAD‐7, thus permitting more specific screening in primary care settings.