bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bandung’s Fate
Authors: Crow Kevin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the 1955 Bandung Conference’s anticlimactic impact is most usefully understood in the present as inevitable, yet its normative surplus remains valuable. It describes a collection of conditions that manifest in what it terms ‘Bandung’s fate’: a narrow understanding of Bandung’s legal utility in its immediate present that was in many ways preordained. The chapter argues that pre-1955 discourses in the ‘First World’ created a place for Bandung in its immediate aftermath from which it could not escape, and it draws this understanding primarily from newspaper reporting from major outlets in the First World and contemporaneous reports from Indonesia’s National Archives that detail Indonesia’s understandings of First World perceptions of Bandung. After contrasting these with reports that detail perceptions from the ‘Third World’, the chapter suggests that for the nations that controlled international law, Bandung served preordained purposes that undermined its immediate impact. However, recent scholarship revisiting and revising the story of Bandung, along with renewed interest in what the failure of the NIEO can teach us in the present, indicates that the Conference created a ‘normative surplus’—an unveiling of acceptable norms at a particular point uncodified in law. In specifying elements of Bandung’s ‘normative surplus’ that could be revived, the chapter attempts to recast Bandung not as a story of possibilities lost but a catalyst for new possibilities in the present and future.
What the Listeners Want
Authors: Faragher Megan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In 1942, Val Gielgud and John Dickson Carr wrote and produced a pair of plays: Inspector Silence Takes the Air and Thirteen to the Gallows. Both are set in the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) studios during wartime, and both dramatized dead air and dead bodies. Gielgud, as a high-level radio-producer, feared that the BBC was broadcasting into a void. The emergence of the Listener Research Department, a unit designed to assess listener sentiment about BBC programming, promised to usher in an institution with a more responsive relationship to its audience. But these plays, featuring BBC technicians as villains, criticize the BBC’s Reithian self-conception as an unliteral force to produce and manufacture public taste, a tendency in constant tension with the burgeoning science of listener research. This chapter traces the ambivalent responses to the wireless as both a method of controlling public opinion and a medium with the potential to facilitate psychographic congruity across populations. Those outside the BBC expressed equal parts concern and optimism about the ability of wireless technology to shape its audiences. Recognizing the BBC’s power to move listeners, Olaf Stapledon’s short story “A World of Sound” is the first of his works to theorize the sonic sphere as a means of transcending individual consciousness; radio-centric telepathy would later become a crux to his aesthetic project, with novels like Star Marker imagining radio waves as a means of decentralizing authority and enabling individuals to access the public consciousness directly and make collective decisions.
“An Established Law of Our Nature”
Authors: Steward Gary L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the American clergy’s arguments for political resistance as they developed in the 1770s, as British actions toward the colonists became more aggressive and ultimately intolerable to the colonists. As certain pockets of colonial society suffered greatly under British attempts to coerce submission, the clergy increasingly turned to arguments for self-defense as a basis of justifying resistance. The natural right of self-defense had long been recognized as a legitimate ground for taking up arms and for engaging in defensive warfare. Arguments published in earlier centuries were reprinted in America and encouraged the colonists to understand their expressions of political resistance in terms of self-defense.
The Most Important Shot in Popular Cinema
Authors: Cutting James E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, evidence is presented that the most important shot in cinema is the reaction shot—a shot of an unspeaking character reacting to an event. In particular, those at the end of a conversation have increased dramatically during the past 70 years. Much discussion of the reaction shot has focused on the Kuleshov effect, the empathic response of viewers to the mere juxtaposition of a character’s emotionless face with content. There seems to be little experimental support for this effect in isolation. The chapter then explores the nature of reaction-shot facial expressions in movies during the past 70 years. Results show a distinctly non-Kuleshovian bent. Instead of characters being expressionless, they show mild arousal and mild displeasure. This is consistent with the notion that viewers need hints to employ theory-of-mind considerations in evaluating these shots.
Continuity, Discontinuity, and Scenes
Authors: Cutting James E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Continuity is the smooth flow of movies, whereas discontinuity is an interruption. Continuity generally rules within scenes, and discontinuity is fostered between them. Movie scenes are psychological events, and they have beginnings, middles, and ends. These manifest themselves in shot durations that go from longer to shorter to longer again, creating an arc. Shot scales show a similar arc—long shots, moving to medium shots and medium close-ups, and then often backing away. Scenes typically take place in a single location, with a fixed set of characters, over a small but continuous time period. Narrational shifts to a new scene occur when any one of these three dimensions is changed. This chapter discusses examples covering all seven possible shifts. It also discusses, with examples, Walter Murch’s Rule of Six, an ordered ranking of editing principles. This leads to a discussion of the less-than-overwhelming importance the 180-degree rule.
The Web and Flow of Popular Cinema
Authors: Cutting James E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Rhythm is a much-discussed term in film theory. This chapter examines the patterns of shot durations, motion, luminance, and clutter across the length of movies in two ways. First, it averages across a century’s worth of movies adjusting for their differential lengths. Results reveal patterns that map well onto the larger narrative parts of movies. Moreover, these patterns have evolved only relatively recently—since the 1960s for shot durations and motion, and perhaps only since the 1990s for luminance, clutter, and syntagmas. Second, it focuses on patterns within each movie. Many accounts of cinematic rhythm refer to human movement, which provides an entrée into understanding the rhythms, indeed polyrhythms, of whole movies. Walking, breathing, and heartbeats all have a fractal rhythm—and so do movies. This suggests that the skills of filmmakers are attuned to rhythms in movies that are not unlike those of the human body.
Plurals and Mereology
Authors: Florio Salvatore , Linnebo Øystein 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a systematic comparison of plural logic and an atomistic version of classical mereology. Since these two systems are mutually interpretable, it is formally possible to eliminate one in favor of the other. However, reasons are offered to retain both systems. In particular, mereology is a useful tool for the analysis of plurals in natural language.
Evolutionary Parasitology
Authors: Schmid-Hempel Paul 
Published: September 2021

AbstractParasites are ubiquitous and shape almost every aspect of their hosts, including physiology, behaviour, life histories, the structure of the microbiota, and entire communities. Hence, parasitism is one of the most potent forces in nature and, without parasites, the world would look very different. The book gives an overview over the parasite groups and the diversity of defences that hosts have evolved, such as immune systems. Principles of evolutionary biology and ecology analyse major elements of host–parasite interactions, including virulence, infection processes, tolerance, resistance, specificity, memory, polymorphisms, within-host dynamics, diseases spaces, and many other aspects. Genetics is always one of the key elements in these topics. Modelling, furthermore, can predict best strategies for host and parasites. Similarly, the spread of an infectious disease in epidemiology combines with molecular data and genomics. Furthermore, parasites have evolved ways to overcome defences and to manipulate their hosts. Hosts and parasites, therefore, continuously co-evolve, with changes sometimes occurring very rapidly, and sometimes requiring geological times. Many infectious diseases of humans have emerged from a zoonotic origin, in processes governed by the basic principles discussed in the different sections. Hence, this book integrates different fields to study the diversity of host–parasite processes and phenomena. It summarizes the essential topics for the study of evolutionary parasitology and will be useful for a broad audience.
Intersection Numbers and the Statement of the Disc Embedding Theorem
Authors: Powell Mark , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘Intersection Numbers and the Statement of the Disc Embedding Theorem’ provides detailed definitions of some of the notions involved in the statement of the disc embedding theorem, focusing specifically on intersection numbers. The chapter begins with a detailed analysis of immersions, regular homotopies, finger moves, and Whitney moves. Then it defines intersection and self-intersection numbers for families of discs and spheres, taking values in the group ring of the fundamental group of the ambient space, with the correct relations. Then it enumerates certain properties of intersection numbers, in particular relating them to the existence of Whitney discs. This work enables the disc embedding theorem to be stated carefully.
Grope Height Raising and 1-storey Capped Towers
Authors: Feller Peter , Powell Mark , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘Grope Height Raising and 1-Storey Capped Towers’ upgrades the capped gropes constructed in the previous chapter to 1-storey capped towers. Grope height raising is a technique that shows that every capped grope of height at least 1.5 can be improved to a capped grope of arbitrary height. The technique is explained in this chapter in detail, and used multiple times in the rest of the proof. The chapter closes by showing how to extend capped gropes to 1-storey capped towers. This crucially uses the hypothesis that the fundamental group is good. It is the single place in the proof of the disc embedding theorem that requires this hypothesis.
Key Facts about Skyscrapers and Decomposition Space Theory
Authors: Powell Mark , Ray Arunima 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
‘Key Facts about Skyscrapers and Decomposition Space Theory’ summarizes the input from Parts I and II needed for the remainder of the proof of the disc embedding theorem. Precise references to previous chapters are provided. This enables Part IV to be read independently from the previous parts, provided the reader is willing to accept the facts from Parts I and II summarized in this chapter. The listed facts include the shrinking of mixed, ramified Bing–Whitehead decompositions of the solid torus, the shrinking of null decompositions consisting of recursively starlike-equivalent sets, the ball to ball theorem, the skyscraper embedding theorem, and the collar adding lemma.
The Greek Alphabet in South-East Italy
Authors: Lomas Kathryn 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Greek alphabet in Sicily and southern Italy was widely used as a medium for writing in a variety of non-Greek languages. The non-Greek populations of the western Mediterranean do not simply receive and adopt the Greek alphabet uncritically. This chapter examines the development of writing in the Greek alphabet in south-east Italy, a region of considerable cultural diversity, and one which had many contacts with the Greek communities of Italy. Despite early contact with the Greeks of Tarentum and elsewhere, writing is not adopted in significant quantity until the fourth to third centuries bc. The smaller group of earlier inscriptions show a markedly different character. The chapter discusses the development of writing in this region in the context of the wider cultural developments of the fifth to third centuries bc. In particular, it explores the role of writing in the development of different types of identity (local, personal, and ethnic).
Orthogonal Signals and the Orthogonalization Procedure
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 is dedicated to the principle of signal orthogonalization, because orthogonal signals are widely used in telecommunication theory and practice, like the carriers of baseband signals, subcarriers in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems, and the spreading sequences in spread-spectrum and code division multiple access (CDMA) systems. The orthonormal basis functions are defined and the procedure of the vector representation of signals is demonstrated. The Gram–Schmidt orthogonalization procedure and construction of the space diagram are presented in detail. Using orthonormal signals, signal synthesizers and analysers that can be used to form discrete-time transmitters and receivers are theoretically founded. Understanding of this chapter is a prerequisite for understanding Chapters 4–10, because the orthonormal signals defined in this chapter will be used throughout the book. The basis harmonic orthonormal functions will define the carriers in the discrete and digital communication systems.
Designing Discrete and Digital Communication Systems
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the practical aspects of the design of digital discrete communication systems, primarily digital signal processors and field -programmable gate arrays, are analysed. The systems are presented at the level of block schematics, to address the main issues in their design and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various designs in digital technology. Designs using quadriphase-shift keying and quadrature amplitude modulation are presented separately. The operation of each system is explained in terms of the theoretical structure of the system, which allows a clear understanding of the relationship between the theoretical model of the system and its practical design. The structures of the first, second, and third generation of discrete transceiver designs are presented and discussed.
Deterministic Discrete-Time Signals and Systems
Authors: Berber Stevan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Due to the importance of the concept of independent discrete variable modification and the definition of discrete linear-time-invariant systems, Chapter 14 presents and discusses basic deterministic discrete-time signals and systems. These discrete signals, which are expressed in the form of functions, including the Kronecker delta function and the discrete rectangular pulse, are used throughout the book for deterministic discrete signal analysis. The chapter also presents the definition of the autocorrelation function and the explanation of the convolution procedure in linear-time-invariant systems for discrete-time signals in detail, due to the importance of these in the analysis and synthesis of discrete communication systems.
A Mirror of Clerical Authority
Authors: Easterling Joshua S. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The final chapter extends my examination of spiritual perfection with attention to devotional and theological rivalries in the Life of Dorothea of Montau (d. 1394), the fourteenth-century Speculum inclusorum, and Marguerite Porete’s (d. 1310) Mirror of Simple Souls. I argue that late medieval discourses of perfection, including those formulated in the papal decree Ad nostrum (1311), become a means of securing charismatics more firmly to sacramental devotion. That culture of Eucharistic piety and devotion to the Crucified also carried a strongly affective resonance that assimilated charismatics to a spiritual economy of suffering. It is here that several writings placed increasing pressure on the angelic image, which for centuries served orthodox priorities, and which remained closely associated with charismatic experiences. A stage whereon such developments unfolded, the interaction between imitatio clerici and imitatio sancti became a defining feature of fourteenth- and fifteenth-century anchoritic culture.
Women’s Tears or Coffee Blight?
Authors: Noe Christine , Howland Olivia , Brockington Dan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The transformations of the coffee sector have posed major challenges to rural farmers who have lost an important source of income. However, the way in which such shocks are experienced by families hinges on the gender relations governing families’ production and sale of coffee. In this article, it is argued that in Meru, Tanzania, which once had a strong coffee economy, the production of coffee depended on the subjugation of women by men. The collapse of coffee has created new opportunities for women. They do not mourn its demise, as one might expect from a merely financial perspective. At the same time, women’s new opportunities for income earning and business are also contested by men. The changes in this part of Tanzania in response to recent transformations can only be understood through the gender dynamics, and the contests, they fuel.
The Sesame Seed Cash Injection
Authors: Brockington Dan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Tracking change in rural communities over time is difficult. It is also important. If one is to understand what forms of peasant poverty persist, or how and in what ways peasant communities can become richer, then one requires longitudinal studies. These are however few. It is difficult to access the data required for them. The chapter presents one case using assets to track growing prosperity that was built on a boom of sesame production in Rukwa Region in Tanzania. It traces the growth of prosperity that the boom caused and the limits of its spread in rural society.
Ricing Fortunes
Authors: Djurfeldt Agnes Andersson , Hillbom Ellen , Msuyawe Elibariki 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Theories of agricultural transformation commonly focus on changes in the availability of land, and the closing of land frontiers, and on the levels and sorts of technology that the changing availability of land and labour precipitate. However these theories have to take into account changing gender relations which affect the relations of production, as well as injections of capital from outside these agricultural systems. Using the AFRINT database this chapter explores the growth and flourishing of irrigated rice farming in two villages in Kilombero, Morogoro Region. It reports considerable transformations in the productivity of small-holder rice cultivation in these sites. These have followed from technological changes (mechanization and new seed varieties) as well as improved economic returns from rice. A difference emerges from these villages of not intensification driven by land scarcity, or by mechanization, but of divergent causes behind technological change including migration and new market opportunities.
The Urbanizing Frontier, Change and Continuity
Authors: Mdee Anna 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Uchira, in Kilimanjaro Region, provides an exception to the chapters in this book which record rising prosperity. Uchira’s economy has declined after the cattle market that it hosted collapsed, and as agriculture has become less and less productive. This chapter charts the growth and development of the village, the changes to its development projects and service provision, and the growth in its real estate market as migrants from Moshi seek relatively affordable houses well connected to the town and with good water supplies. The chapter explores two broad-brush aspects of change in Uchira during this period: livelihoods patterns and public and private infrastructure. It provides a contrasting example of persistent disadvantage compared to other chapters in this collection.
Mobile Phones and the Uses of Learning in a Training Intervention for Kenyan Community Health Workers
Authors: Henry Jade V. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Mobile phones help move training programmes out of the classroom and into community settings where CHWs live and work. This chapter examines what happens to ‘learning’ when training becomes ‘mobile’. To explore this, an analysis of a three-year intervention to train 90 Kenyan CHWs is drawn from science and technology studies (STS). It is argued that when a mobile learning application is deployed in an informal urban settlement and an isolated rural village, its movement makes it available for many more uses than is originally envisioned. These varied uses subject the CHWs to multiple definitions of what it means to learn and conflicting visions of how learning leads to social change. The chapter ends with a discussion of how power circulates through global health policies, mobile devices, CHWs, and the material conditions of extreme poverty to generate controversies over what knowledge matters most for health worker training programmes, and for the broader aims of international development.
ADHD: The Facts
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
ADHD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder) is now recognized as one of the most common causes of learning and behavioural difficulties in school-aged children. Symptoms include poor concentration, forgetfulness, poor organization, impulsivity, restlessness, poor social skills, learning difficulties, low self-esteem, and defiant behaviour. Despite growing awareness of ADHD among parents and health professionals, it is still widely misunderstood. This third edition of ADHD: The Facts provides information on how ADHD is diagnosed, on conventional medical and alternative therapies, and on ways of helping children to improve their own behaviour, self-esteem, and academic results. Written by an experienced paediatrician, the book provides practical advice to help parents understand their child’s difficulties and how to overcome them. With detailed explanations of the cause of ADHD, its nature, and treatments of the condition that have proved effective over time, this new edition includes developments in the understanding of conditions that often coexist with it, as well as problems experienced by adults with ADHD. ADHD: The Facts will be of invaluable assistance to parents of children with ADHD and to teachers, psychologists, speech therapists, occupational therapists, and doctors wanting an authoritative, up-to-date, and practical review of the condition.
Social clumsiness
Authors: Selikowitz Mark 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
To acquire age-appropriate social skills, certain parts of the brain need to develop normally. Children with ADHD may experience social difficulties and experience what is called a social cognition deficit. This chapter outlines social clumsiness in ADHD. It discusses social cognition as a function of the brain, specific social competence deficits (social blindness, egocentricity, lack of appropriate inhibition, insatiability, insensitivity to style and convention, lack of responsiveness, over-talkativeness, difficulties reading facial expression, aggressive tendencies, lack of judgment, poor understanding of group dynamics, misinterpretation of feedback, poor social prediction, poor social memory, lack of awareness of image, poor behaviour-modification strategies), management of social clumsiness, and autism spectrum disorder.