bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate change favours connectivity between virus-bearing pest and rice cultivations in sub-Saharan Africa, depressing local economies
Authors: Iannella Mattia , De Simone Walter , D’Alessandro Paola , Biondi Maurizio 
Published: November 2021

Aims
Rice is a staple food for many countries, being fundamental for a large part of the worlds’ population. In sub-Saharan Africa, its importance is currently high and is likely to become even more relevant, considering that the number of people and the per-capita consumption are both predicted to increase. The flea beetles belonging to the Chaetocnema pulla species group (pulla group), a harmful rice pest, are an important vector of the Rice Yellow Mottle Virus, a disease which leads even to 80–100% yield losses in rice production. We present a continental-scale study aiming at: (1) locating current and future suitable territories for both pulla group and rice; (2) identifying areas where rice cultivations may occur without suffering the presence of pulla group using an Ecological Niche Modelling (ENM) approach; (3) estimating current and future connectivity among pulla group populations and areas predicted to host rice cultivations, based on the most recent land-use estimates for future agricultural trends; (4) proposing a new connectivity index called “Pest Aggression Index” (PAI) to measure the agricultural susceptibility to the potential future invasions of pests and disease; (5) quantifying losses in terms of production when rice cultivations co‐occur with the pulla group and identifying the SSA countries which, in the future inferred scenarios, will potentially suffer the greatest losses.

Location
Sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods
Since the ongoing climate and land-use changes affect species’ distributions, we first assess the impact of these changes through a spatially-jackknifed Maxent-based Ecological Niche Modelling in GIS environment, for both the pulla group and rice, in two climatic/socioeconomic future scenarios (SSP_2.45 and 3.70). We then assess the connectivity potential of the pulla group populations towards rice cultivations, for both current and future predictions, through a circuit theory-based approach (Circuitscape implemented in Julia language). We finally measure the rice production and GPD loss per country through the spatial index named “Pest Aggression Index”, based on the inferred connectivity magnitude.

Results
The most considerable losses in rice production are observed for Liberia, Sierra Leone and Madagascar in all future scenarios (2030, 2050, 2070). The future economic cost, calculated as USD lost from rice losses/country’s GDP results are high for Central African Republic (−0.6% in SSP_2.45 and −3.0% in SSP_3.70) and Guinea–Bissau (−0.4% in SSP_2.45 and −0.68% in SSP_3.70), with relevant losses also obtained for other countries.

Main conclusions
Since our results are spatially explicit and focused on each country, we encourage careful land-use planning. Our findings could support best practices to avoid the future settlement of new cultivations in territories where rice would be attacked by pulla group and the virus, bringing economic and biodiversity losses.
Real-world experience of switching from tenofovir disoproxil fumarate to tenofovir alafenamide in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a retrospective study
Authors: Su Pei-Yuan , Su Wei-Wen , Hsu Yu-Chun , Huang Siou-Ping , Yen Hsu-Heng 
Published: November 2021

Background
Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF) has good viral suppression efficacy and less adverse effect than tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). Real-world studies on the antiviral efficacy and safety of switching from TDF to TAF in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) are limited.

Methods
This retrospective study included 167 nucleos(t)ide analogue (NA)-naive patients with CHB. All the patients received TDF at least 12 months before switching and TAF at least 12 months after switching at a single medical center. The Friedman test with Dunn–Bonferroni post hoc tests and repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the effect of complete viral suppression, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level normalization, renal function changes, body weight, and body mass index in the periods before and after switching.

Results
The mean age and TDF treatment duration were 52 ± 11 years and 2.8 years (interquartile range, 1.51–5.15 years), respectively. The complete viral suppression rate was similar between the time of switching and 48 weeks after switching to TAF (77.8% vs 76%, P = 1.000). The percentage of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization increased from 26.3% at TDF start to 81.4% (P < 0.001) at time of switching and 89.2% at 48 weeks after switching to TAF (P = 0.428). The median estimated glomerular filtration rate decreased from 100.09 mL/min/1.73 m² at TDF start to 91.97 mL/min/1.73 m² (P < 0.001) at the time of switching and stabilized at 48 weeks after switching to TAF (93.47 mL/min/1.73m², P = 1.000). The body weight decreased from 69.2 ± 12.2 kg at TDF start to 67.4 ± 12.1 kg (P < 0.001) at the time of switching to TAF and returned to 68.7 ± 12.7 kg (P < 0.001) 48 weeks thereafter. The body mass index (BMI) decreased from 25 ± 3.3 kg/m² at TDF start to 24.5 ± 3.3 kg/m² (P = 0.002) at the time of switching to TAF and returned to 25.1 ± 3.6 kg/m² (P < 0.001) 48 weeks thereafter.

Conclusions
Our study showed that switching to TAF from TDF had good antiviral effectiveness and stabilized renal function. The body weight and BMI decreased during TDF therapy and regained after switching to TAF.
Biomimetic Porous Fluoropolymer Films with Brilliant Whiteness by Using Polymerization‐Induced Phase Separation
Authors: Yu Binhai , Huang Zijian , Fang Dong , Yu Shudong , Fu Ting , Tang Yong , Li Zongtao 
Published: November 2021

AbstractInspired by the Cyphochilus scale with extreme whiteness, fluoropolymer is used as the matrix to prepare highly scattering porous polymer films through polymerization‐induced phase separation (PIPS) method. The mixture used for the PIPS technique contains a fluoride monomer, a UV photoinitiator, and porogens (cyclohexanol and perfluorooctanol). By carefully tuning the mixture parameters (cyclohexanol–perfluorooctanol and monomer–porogen weight ratios), the porous morphology can be well tailored, which induces different scattering performances. With an optimized formulation (50 wt% monomer, 25 wt% cyclohexanol, and 25 wt% perfluorooctanol), the porous film with a thickness of 55 µm can achieve an average total reflectance of ≈90%, featuring a measured transport mean free path of 1.3–1.7 µm (comparable to the 1.5 µm of the benchmark Cyphochilus scale). Further, the porous films are applied to the light‐emitting diode (LED) device and it is demonstrated that they can effectively improve the light extraction efficiency of the LED and thus enhance the luminous performance. Due to the simplicity, cost‐effectiveness, and scalability of the PIPS method, the as‐developed porous fluoropolymer films with such excellent scattering ability can find many potential applications not only in the field of optoelectronics, but also in various complex scenarios, such as daytime passive radiative cooling.
Tumor‐Microenvironment‐Responsive Nanomedicine for Enhanced Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Peng Shaojun , Xiao Fengfeng , Chen Meiwan , Gao Huile 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe past decades have witnessed great progress in cancer immunotherapy, which has profoundly revolutionized oncology, whereas low patient response rates and potential immune‐related adverse events remain major clinical challenges. With the advantages of controlled delivery and modular flexibility, cancer nanomedicine has offered opportunities to strengthen antitumor immune responses and to sensitize tumor to immunotherapy. Furthermore, tumor‐microenvironment (TME)‐responsive nanomedicine has been demonstrated to achieve specific and localized amplification of the immune response in tumor tissue in a safe and effective manner, increasing patient response rates to immunotherapy and reducing the immune‐related side effects simultaneously. Here, the recent progress of TME‐responsive nanomedicine for cancer immunotherapy is summarized, which responds to the signals in the TME, such as weak acidity, reductive environment, high‐level reactive oxygen species, hypoxia, overexpressed enzymes, and high‐level adenosine triphosphate. Moreover, the potential to combine nanomedicine‐based therapy and immunotherapeutic strategies to overcome each step of the cancer‐immunity cycle and to enhance antitumor effects is discussed. Finally, existing challenges and further perspectives in this rising field with the hope for improved development of clinical applications are discussed.
Lithium–Sulfur Batteries Meet Electrospinning: Recent Advances and the Key Parameters for High Gravimetric and Volume Energy Density
Authors: Zhang Yongshang , Zhang Xilai , Silva S. Ravi P. , Ding Bin , Zhang Peng , Shao Guosheng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries have been regarded as a promising next‐generation energy storage technology for their ultrahigh theoretical energy density compared with those of the traditional lithium‐ion batteries. However, the practical applications of Li–S batteries are still blocked by notorious problems such as the shuttle effect and the uncontrollable growth of lithium dendrites. Recently, the rapid development of electrospinning technology provides reliable methods in preparing flexible nanofibers materials and is widely applied to Li–S batteries serving as hosts, interlayers, and separators, which are considered as a promising strategy to achieve high energy density flexible Li–S batteries. In this review, a fundamental introduction of electrospinning technology and multifarious electrospinning‐based nanofibers used in flexible Li–S batteries are presented. More importantly, crucial parameters of specific capacity, electrolyte/sulfur (E/S) ratio, sulfur loading, and cathode tap density are emphasized based on the proposed mathematic model, in which the electrospinning‐based nanofibers are used as important components in Li–S batteries to achieve high gravimetric (WG) and volume (WV) energy density of 500 Wh kg−1 and 700 Wh L−1, respectively. These systematic summaries not only provide the principles in nanofiber‐based electrode design but also propose enlightening directions for the commercialized Li–S batteries with high WG and WV.
Spatial variability of maize leaf area and relationship with yield
Authors: Zhang Lingling , Yu Peng , Liu Jilong , Fu Qiang , Chen Junfeng , Wu Yaoyu , Wei Xinyu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLeaf area is an important factor affecting crop yield. However, leaf area has spatial variability and the relationship between leaf area and yield have scale dependence. For these reasons, we establish multifractal model of maize (Zea mays L.) leaf area and joint multifractal model of maize leaf area and yield. The experiment was carried at the Xiangyang base of Northeast Agricultural University. The size of experimental plot was 9,216 m2 which included 64 sampling points. The spatial and temporal variability of maize leaf area was studied with traditional statistics and multifractal methods, and the relationship between maize leaf area and yield at multiple scales was analyzed with the joint multifractal method. Multifractal theory can effectively characterize spatial and temporal variability of maize leaf area and multiscale relationship between leaf area and yield. Maize leaf area exhibited a moderate degree of variation which first decreased then increased with the change in the growth stage, and spatial variability at different growth stages was mainly caused by low leaf area values . At the observed scale, axis weight per ear, ear weight, and grain weight per ear were most significantly related to maize leaf area at the milk, filling, and jointing stages; at the multiscale level, axis weight per ear was most significantly related to maize leaf area at the tasseling, filling, milk, and jointing stages, and ear weight and grain weight per ear were most significantly related to maize leaf area at the tasseling, filling and ripening stages.
Free agents or cogs in the machine? Classed, gendered, and racialized inequities in hazardous working conditions
Authors: Eisenberg‐Guyot Jerzy , Prins Seth J. , Muntaner Carles 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionFew epidemiologic studies have used relational social class measures based on control over productive assets and others' labor to analyze inequities in health‐affecting working conditions. Moreover, these studies have often neglected the gendered and racialized dimensions of class relations, dimensions which are essential to understanding population patterns of health inequities. Our study fills these gaps.MethodsUsing data from the 2002–2018 U.S. General Social Survey, we assigned respondents to the worker, manager, petit bourgeois, or capitalist classes based on their supervisory authority and self‐employment status. Next, we estimated class, class‐by‐gender, and class‐by‐race inequities in compensation/safety, the labor process, control, and conflict, using Poisson models. We also estimated gender‐by‐race inequities among workers.ResultsWe identified substantial class inequities, with worse conditions for workers, which is the largest class within genders and racialized groups, but also disproportionately consists of women and people of color (POC), particularly women of color (WOC). For example, relative to workers, capitalists were less likely to report that safety is not a priority (prevalence ratio [PR]: 0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.21, 0.82), repetitive tasks (PR: 0.36, 95% CI: 0.21, 0.61), and lacking freedom (PR: 0.11, 95% CI: 0.05, 0.24). We also identified inequities among workers, with women and POC, particularly WOC, reporting worse conditions than white male workers, especially greater discrimination/harassment (WOC PR: 1.70, 95% CI: 1.36, 2.13).ConclusionWe identified substantial inequities in working conditions across intersecting classes, genders, and racialized groups. These inequities threaten workers' health, particularly among women and POC.
De novo PBX1 variant in a patient with glaucoma, kidney anomalies, and developmental delay: An expansion of the CAKUTHED phenotype
Authors: Safgren Stephanie L. , Olson Rory J. , Pinto e Vairo Filippo , Bothun Erick D. , Hanna Christian , Klee Eric W. , Schimmenti Lisa A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn infant was referred for evaluation of congenital glaucoma and corneal clouding. In addition, he had a pelvic kidney, hypotonia, patent ductus arteriosus, abnormal pinnae, and developmental delay. Exome sequencing identified a previously unpublished de novo single nucleotide insertion in PBX1 c.400dupG (NM_002585.3), predicted to cause a frameshift resulting in a truncated protein with loss of function (p.Ala134Glyfs*65). Identification of this loss of function variant supports the diagnosis of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract syndrome with or without hearing loss, abnormal ears, or developmental delay (CAKUTHED). Here, we propose glaucoma as an extra‐renal manifestation associated with PBX1‐related disease due to the relationship of PBX1 with MEIS1, MEIS2, and FOXC1 transcription factors associated with eye development.
Pain in the Ehlers–Danlos syndromes: Mechanisms, models, and challenges
Authors: Malfait Fransiska , Colman Marlies , Vroman Robin , De Wandele Inge , Rombaut Lies , Miller Rachel E. , Malfait Anne‐Marie , Syx Delfien 
Published: November 2021

AbstractChronic pain is one of the most common, yet poorly studied, complaints in people suffering from Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS). This heterogeneous group of heritable connective tissue disorders is typically characterized by skin hyperextensibility, joint hypermobility, and generalized connective tissue fragility. Most EDS types are caused by genetic defects that affect connective tissue biosynthesis, thereby compromising collagen biosynthesis or fibrillogenesis and resulting in a disorganized extracellular matrix. Even though chronic pain is a major source of disability, functional impairment, and psychosocial suffering in EDS, currently used analgesics and other treatment strategies provide inadequate pain relief and thus represents an important unmet medical need. An important contributor to this is the lack of knowledge about the underlying mechanisms. In this narrative review, we summarize the current understanding of pain and the associated mechanisms in EDS based on clinical studies focusing on questionnaires and experimental pain testing as well as studies in animal models of EDS. In addition, we highlight the challenges, gaps, and opportunities in EDS‐pain research.
Visible Light‐Mediated, Iodine‐Catalyzed Radical Cascade Sulfonylation/Cyclization for the Synthesis of Sulfone‐Containing Coumarin under Photocatalyst‐Free Conditions
Authors: Yi Bing , Wang Qiang , Tan Jian‐Ping , Yi Ziqi , Li Daiguang , Kang Shiyuan , Zhang Wenhui , Tang Huan , Xie Yanjun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe have presented a visible‐light mediated, iodine catalyzed radical cascade sulfonylation/cyclization reaction by employing iodine as catalyst without addition of any of photocatalyst and oxidant. A number of sulfone‐containing coumarin derivatives with different substituent and functional groups were obtained in moderate to good yields. Besides, the practicality and utility of this protocol were demonstrated by the scale up synthesis. Furthermore, mechanistic investigations including control experiments and light on/off studies indicated that visible‐light irradiation and iodine catalyst were the essential elements to fulfill the radical cascade sulfonylation/cyclization process. This protocol featured green, economical and efficient, and opens a new opportunity for accessing to structurally diverse sulfone‐containing coumarin derivatives.
Synthese und Reaktivität eines Neutralen Homozyklischen Silylens
Authors: Keuter Jan , Hepp Alexander , Massolle Anja , Neugebauer Johannes , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Lips Felicitas 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHerstellung des neutralen homozyklischen Silylens2erfolgt durch Aminabspaltung mit Kaliumgraphit (KC8) von dem bizyklischen Silicium(I)‐AmidJund anschließende Reaktion mit SiMe3Cl. Diese Reaktion verläuft über die anionische homoaromatische Siliciumringverbindung1. Das zweifachkoordinierte Siliciumatom im homozyklischen Silylen2wird durch eine allylartige π‐Elektronendelokalisation stabilisiert.2reagiert in einer oxidativen Addition mit zwei Äquivalenten MeOH und in Cycloadditionen mit Ethen, Phenylacetylen, Diphenylacetylen und mit 2,3‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐Butadien zu neuartigen funktionalisierten Ringverbindungen.
High‐Efficiency and Stable Li−CO2 Battery Enabled by Carbon Nanotube/Carbon Nitride Heterostructured Photocathode
Authors: Li Jiaxin , Zhang Kun , Zhao Yang , Wang Chuang , Wang Lipeng , Wang Lie , Liao Meng , Ye Lei , Zhang Ye , Gao Yue , Wang Bingjie , Peng Huisheng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLi−CO2 batteries are explored as promising power systems to alleviate environmental issues and to implement space applications. However, sluggish cathode kinetics of CO2 reduction/evolution result in low round‐trip efficiency and poor cycling stability of the fabricated energy‐storage devices. Herein, we design a heterostructued photocathode comprising carbon nanotube and carbon nitride to accelerate cathode reactions of a Li−CO2 battery under illumination. Benefiting from the unique defective structure of carbon nitride and favorable interfacial charge transfer, the photocathode effectively harvests ultraviolet‐visible light to generate abundant photoexcited carriers and coordinates energetic photoelectrons/holes to participate in the discharge/charge reactions, leading to efficient photo‐energy utilization in decreasing reaction barriers and enhancing thermodynamic reversibility of Li−CO2 battery. The resulting battery delivers a high round‐trip efficiency of 98.8 % (ultralow voltage hysteresis of 0.04 V) and superior cycling stability (86.1 % efficiency retention after 100 cycles).
Quantitative age grading of mosquitoes using surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Danhui , Yang Jason , Pandya Janam , Clark John M. , Harrington Laura C. , Murdock Courtney C. , He Lili 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMosquito‐borne pathogens, including malaria, Zika, dengue, and chikungunya continue to be a major public health concern globally. Based on the understanding that only older female mosquitoes are infectious and represent a risk to human health, scientists have sought to age‐grade mosquitoes for decades. To date, however, no reliable, cost‐effective and practical methods exist to age older mosquitoes despite the tremendous epidemiological value of this approach. This study is the first attempt to develop a surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopic (SERS) method to age mosquitoes. The water extracts of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes aged 0–22 days were mixed with silver nanoparticles. The SERS spectra, which were analysed by principal component analysis and partial least square (PLS), demonstrated the capability of this approach to predict the calendar age of mosquitoes between 0 and 22 days with the coefficient of correlation (R) = 0.994 and 0.990 for PLS model calibration and validation, respectively. Spectral analysis with both SERS and infrared spectroscopy revealed the key biological sources leading to changes in spectra allowing mosquito age‐grading is adenine‐containing compounds and proteins. In addition, we evaluated the impact of two arthropod‐borne pathogen deactivating pre‐treatments (bleach and ethanol) on the discrimination capability of the SERS approach. The result shows the ethanol treatment has the potential to enhance the discrimination capability and the safety of the approach. This study represents the first step towards developing the SERS approach as a quick, reliable and field‐deployable method for mosquito age‐grading, which would significantly improve the effectiveness of vector‐borne disease monitoring and prevention.
Developmental O‐glycan profile analysis shows pentasaccharide mucin‐type O‐glycans are linked with pupation of Tribolium castaneum
Authors: Li Weidong , De Schutter Kristof , Van Damme Els J. M. , Smagghe Guy 
Published: November 2021

AbstractEukaryotic cells can decorate their proteins with carbohydrate structures or glycans, significantly affecting the properties and activities of these proteins. Despite the importance of protein glycosylation in numerous biological processes, our knowledge of this modification in insects is far from complete. While N‐glycosylation is the most studied, the study of O‐glycans in insects is still very fragmentary and these studies are limited to a specific developmental stage or a specific tissue. In this article, matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)‐Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometry (MS) technology was used to analyze the O‐glycan profile for the different developmental stages of egg, larva, pupa, and adult of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, an important insect model and pest worldwide. The results on the O‐glycan profile showed that the mucin‐type glycans dominate the O‐glycome of the red flour beetle. Interestingly, some of the more complex mucin‐type O‐glycans, such as a tetra‐ (O‐GalNAcGalGlcAGalNAc) and pentasaccharide O‐glycan (O‐GalNAc(GalGlcA)GalNAcGlcA), were highly abundant during the pupa stage, the intermediate stage between larval and adult stage in holometabolous insects, demonstrating that insect metamorphosis is accompanied with a change in the insect O‐glycan profile. Together with the N‐glycan profile, the current data are a foundation to better understand the role of protein glycosylation in the development of insects.