bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscular Dystrophy in Man and Animals
Authors: DANOWSKI T. S. 
Published: December 2021

This volume of twelve chapters by multiple contributors is the most comprehensive treatment of the subject of muscular dystrophy and related disorders available to date. It is under the editorship of a worker in the field.
Gross and microscopic pathology, findings on electron-microscopy, and the results of tissue culture studies are discussed in the first five chapters. Chapters VI, VII, and VIII deal with the clinical aspects of this and related myopathies. Findings in metabolic and endocrine myopathies, in polymyositis, and in congenital disorders are available for comparison. Chapter VI, which deals with the clinical aspects of human muscular dystrophy, is particularly valuable in its detailed exposition of the symptoms and signs in these entities.
RELATIONSHIPS OF Po2, Pco2, AND pH TO ONSET OF BREATHING OF THE TERM LAMB AS STUDIED BY A FLOW-THROUGH CUVETTE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY
Authors: Harned Herbert S. , Rowshan Ghodratolah , MacKinney Loren G. , Sugioka Kenneth 
Published: December 2021

1. Study of the relationships of pO2 pCO2, and pH to the onset of breathing of term lambs was performed using a specially designed flow-through cuvette electrode assembly.
2. By altering the blood gas tensions of ewes under spinal anesthesia, changes were elicited in the pO2, pCO2, and pH of the fetal arterial blood supplying carotid bodies and the respiratory center.
3. When 100% oxygen was administered to the ewe, fetal arterial pO2 rose to an average of 29.1 mm Hg, pCO2 rose to 49.4 mm Hg, and pH fell. When 6.5% CO2, 21% oxygen, and 72.5% nitrogen were administered to the ewe, a more marked rise in pCO2 and fall in pH were elicited, and a significant rise in pO2 occurred. When 10% O2 and 90% N2 were administered, a fall in pO2 occurred with slight fall in pCO2.
4. None of these changes in arterial gas tensions of the fetus initiated respirations.
5. After occlusion of the cord, all of the animals initiated rhythmic respirations.
6. When a gas mixture high in CO2 and low in oxygen was administered to the ewe, there was severe spasm of the umbilical veins and usually respirations were initiated in the fetus.
HISTOPLASMOSIS IN CHILDREN
Authors: Tesh Robert B. , Shacklette Martha H. , Diercks Fred H. , Hirschl Daniel 
Published: December 2021

Two cases of children with disseminated histoplasmosis and four with acute pulmonary histoplasmosis are presented. The unreliability of basing a diagnosis on the skin and serologic tests early in the course of the disease is stressed. A plea for cultures in those cases clinically suspected of having histoplasmosis is made. A positive blood culture obtained from one child with the acute pulmonary form of the disease lends evidence to the belief that in many cases of acute histoplasmosis, the organism is temporarily disseminated by the blood stream.
Two cases of progressive, disseminated histoplasmosis, treated with sulfonamides are presented. This suggests that certain of the sulfa drugs are effective in the treatment of disseminated histoplasmosis, and that controlled clinical studies comparing the effectiveness of sulfa with Amphotericin B are needed.
A LONG-TERM FOLLOW-UP STUDY OF SMALL PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: Dann Margaret , Levine S. Z. , New Elizabeth V. 
Published: December 2021

One hundred children, prematurely born, with birth or minimum weights of 1,000 gm or less, of 183 discharged alive from the Premature Nursery of The New York Hospital from 1940 through 1957, were examined between 1950 and 1962. Historical and social data and findings on physical and psychometric examinations were evaluated.
With rare exceptions, physical health was good; only 3 patients had cerebral palsy; one of these and 4 others had convulsions, but in 2 of these the convulsive disorder appeared unrelated to prematurity.
The children exhibited a tendency to catch up in height to normal standards for chronologic age, but often not until after 4 years of age.
The incidence of eye defects was 59%; the most frequent were retrolental fibroplasia, strabismus, and myopia.
Intelligence quotients determined in 99 of the prematurely born children showed a wide range (59 to 142); the average I.Q., 94.8, was significantly below the I.Q. of 106.9 found in 49 full-term sibling controls. These values were not appreciably altered by retesting, by adding more younger siblings, or by comparing premature with sibling on tests done at similar ages. Thirteen of the 99 prematurely born children had I.Q.'s below 80; among the 83 of similar birth weight but not available for examination, 32 were known to be mentally retarded and 6 of these were in institutions.
The most important variable appeared to be the socioeconomic status; a significantly higher proportion of the premature children with I.Q.'s above 100 was found among families who had private medical care. An apparent advantage of white over nonwhite children was interpreted as secondary to socioeconomic level.
HYPOPHOSPHATEMIC RICKETS WITH RENAL HYPERGLYCINURIA, RENAL GLUCOSURIA, AND GLYCYL-PROLINURIA
Authors: Scriver Charles R. , Goldbloom Richard B. , Roy Claude C. 
Published: December 2021

A syndrome of hypophosphatemic rickets, hyperglycinuria, and glucosuria has been found in an adolescent boy. No familial or acquired cause was discovered. The condition began in late childhood. Nine years after its onset dramatic alleviation of extreme osteomalacia and muscle weakness was obtained with phosphorus supplementation of the diet. A number of additional observations were made:
1. The hypophosphatemia was the result of diminished net tubular conservation of phosphorus. On several occasions there was also evidence compatible with net tubular secretion of phosphorus. Hyperparathyroidism was not a factor in this phenomenon.
2. Impaired renal tubular absorption of transport of glycine and glucose was also demonstrated. The inhibition of transport was probably non-competitive in nature.
3. A newly described peptide, glycylproline, was excreted in urine before treatment. The bound hydroxyproline content of urine was also elevated. Both findings disappeared progressively as remineralization of bone occurred.
CRYPTOCOCCOSIS (TORULOSIS) IN CHILDREN
Authors: Siewers C. M. F. , Cramblett Henry G. 
Published: December 2021

Four cases of disseminated cryptococcosis in children are reported, two of whom had cryptococcosis without involvement of the central nervous system. All but one patient, a child with leukemia, survived. Two of the survivors were treated with amphotericin B intravenously, while one child recovered after long-term sulfadiazine therapy.
Cryptococcosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of disease in children with unexplained fever, lymphadenopathay, hepatosplenomegaly, or pulmonary involvement. Central nervous system involvement is not invariably present, and can be prevented if therapy with amphotericin B is instituted early. The necessity of appropriate and repeated fungal cultures is emphasized.
MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE, WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO DIETOTHERAPY
Authors: Snyderman Selma E. , Norton Patricia M. , Roitman Ellen , Holt L. Emmett 
Published: December 2021

1. Our experiences with 7 patients with maple syrup urine disease are described.
2. It has been shown that the abnormal biochemistry and the neurological manifestations of maple syrup urine disease can be controlled by a diet low in the branched chain amino acids—leucine, isoleucine, and valine. If control is instituted sufficiently early, there is evidence that mental defect can be prevented.
3. A fourth abnormal amino acid, formerly thought to be methionine, has now been identified as alloisoieucine and evidence has been obtained that this is formed from isoleucine. Indications for restricting the methionine intake no longer exist.
4. Some of the hazards of dietotherapy in this disease are discussed, among them the existence of an unknown nutritional factor which is deficient in synthetic diets containing all the known dietary essentials.
5. The limitations of exchange transfusion for the immediate initial therapy of the disease are pointed out.
SEPTICEMIA IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Authors: Johnston Richard B. , Sell Sarah H. 
Published: December 2021

Four thousand twenty-one consecutive blood cultures obtained from infants and children during the period 1956 through 1962 were analyzed. Two hundred eighty-four (7.1%) of these were positive, representing 198 patients with clinical evidence of septicemia. The over-all mortality rate was 30%. Approximately one-fourth of the patients were newborn babies, with 38% mortality rate; while another one-fourth were children with a chronic underlying disease, with 53% mortality rate.
Of the microorganisms identified in the blood cultures, staphylococci, the enteric bacteria, D. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were found in greatest numbers. In children with chronic disease, the enteric bacteria (63% mortality rate) and staphylococci (70% mortality rate) were most common. In previously well children, D. pneumoniae (17% mortality rate), H. influenzae (9% mortality rate) and staphylococci (17% mortality rate) were the most frequent.
During the first year of life, staphylococci —coagulase-negative as well as coagulasepositive strains—and the enteric bacteria dominated the neonatal period, while D. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were most prominent after the first month.
The over-all mortality rate of patients with septicemia rose significantly over the 7 years of this study. The reasons for this are discussed.
The Value of Iron Therapy in Pica
Authors: MCDONALD ROBERT , MARSHALL SHEILA R. 
Published: December 2021

As doubt had been cast upon the reputed efficacy of iron in the treatment of pica, a double blind controlled trial was carried out in an endeavor to establish a firmer conclusion in the matter.
One group of children received intramuscular iron and a control group of equal mean age were given intramuscular injections of normal saline.
Three to 4 months later nearly all of those given iron had lost their pica, but it was still present in three-quarters of the controls. After 5 to 6 months there was no significant difference between the two groups and this failure of maintenance of cure may have been related to a fall in mean hemoglobin level which occurred.
Five children who initially received saline and in whom pica was still present were given iron at 6 months and all lost their pica.
Our experience is that pica can be cured by iron in nearly all cases, but that permanent cure may be dependent upon the maintenance of adequate hemoglobin levels.
Chemistry and Therapy of Disorders of Voluntary Muscles
Authors: BYERS RANDOLPH K. 
Published: December 2021

This little book is an excellent review of current literature relative to the physiology and diseases of muscles as opposed to neural structures. It contains very well-condensed accounts of each of the well-described diseases of muscle with a sufficient consideration of what is known of their physiologies to be a guide to treatment.
For persons interested in the study of muscle physiology and diseases a full bibliography follows each chapter and forms a very valuable contribution.
The first chapter on the physiology of muscle is by R. G. Williams and the description of the diseases and their treatments by Dr. Murphy.
PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS IN PEDIATRICS
Authors: Lourie Reginald S. 
Published: December 2021

SINCE THE ADVENT of the so-called psychoactive drugs (tranquilizers, mood relievers, and stimulants) the large literature on their clinical uses has included relatively little research into the effects of these drugs upon children. In spite of this, experience with the younger age group seems to justify an attempt to establish a few rules of thumb for pediatric practitioners.
In general, the tranquilizers have been divided into two categories: major and minor. The so-called major tranquilizers include the phenothiazines and Rauwolfia derivatives. Whereas in adults these drugs have an important role in alleviating the behavioral and thinking disturbances in psychoses, parallel results are not usually to be expected in psychotic children. Only occasionally does one see a psychotic child whose thinking disturbance or bizarre behavior has responded to tranquilization and then usually when the dosage is high. Often before any other effective changes would be available, the child will be so tranquilized as to be out of effective communication, usually in a sleep state. Where any useful effect has been obtained in the childhood psychoses, it has usually been from a phenothiazine rather than a Rauwolfia derivative.
Children in whom phenothiazines have been found to be useful are usually those with acute, often overwhelming, anxiety. These drugs appear to be of little value in the chronic anxiety states or with chronically established symptoms such as habit disturbances, tics, enuresis, character disturbances, etc. In acute anxiety states and in the acute psychotic symptoms of early adolescence, the phenothiazines often will relieve crisis symptoms. With overwhelming postoperative anxiety or transitory psychotic states, these drugs have been helpful. They must, however, be given in adequate dosage, and this varies greatly from individual to individual. One must find for each child the dose which is clinically effective without so fully tranquilizing the individual that he cannot function. A common mistake is the administration of ineffectual small doses or even a single dose. It must be recognized that a sustained blood level is necessary for continuing effectiveness of the medication.
SCHOOL FAILURE
Authors: Glaser Kurt , Clemmens Raymond L. 
Published: December 2021

Modern preventive pediatrics recognizes that the school life of the child is one of the important environmental forces affecting his total well-being. Learning difficulties, or any problems interfering with adequate functioning in school, thus enter within the province of pediatric care.
While the cause of a learning difficulty may be purely educational, to be handled adequately by the school authorities, the problem is frequently more complex and involves a variety of physical, emotional, or social factors. The pediatrician, through his close acquaintance with the child, his family, and their environment, is in the strategic position to seek and co-ordinate the services needed for the correction of these multi-faceted problems. In order to do so he must be thoroughly acquainted with the many factors which may interfere with a child's school performance so that he can correctly evaluate the problem and find the appropriate avenue for help in the individual child.
THE EMOTIONAL CORRELATES OF SYDENHAM'S CHOREA
Authors: Freeman John M. , Aron Alan M. , Collard Jean E. , MacKay Mary C. 
Published: December 2021

1. During a long-term follow-up study of patients previously hospitalized with Sydenham's chorea, a high incidence of psychological disturbance was encountered prior to the onset of chorea, and at the time of current evaluation, an average of 29 years later.
2. Seventy-five per cent of patients with Sydenham's chorea were currently found to manifest evidence of psychiatric disturbance.
3. A control population similarly evaluated showed a 25% incidence of psychiatric disability—about the expected incidence for the general population.
4. This study emphasizes the need to consider psychological factors as part of the total evaluation of patients with Sydenham's chorea.
Audiological Evaluation of the Pediatric Patient
Authors: ROBINSON GEOFFREY C. 
Published: December 2021

This short, readable book describes the hearing evaluation of preschool children with communication disorders. The authors, an audiologist and an otologist, emphasize that in addition to peripheral hearing loss, other auditory pathology or additional problems (mental retardation, brain damage, psychological problems) may contribute to the communication handicap. They espouse the multiple discipline or team approach in the medical setting.
There are six chapters, four of which describe methods for individual and group hearing evaluation. Standard techniques of hearing evaluation are not applicable to very young children who cannot give a voluntary response to an auditory stimulus.
MOTHERS' OPINIONS OF THEIR PEDIATRIC CARE
Authors: Deisher Robert W. , Engel William L. , Spielholz Robert , Standfast Susan J. 
Published: December 2021

An opinion survey of mothers who take their children to pediatricians in Seattle, Washington, was carried out during the summer of 1963 in order to gain information on the mothers' concept of the pediatrician's role and how satisfied they were with the care their children were receiving.
Some comparisons were made with the results of others studies where pediatricians and general practitioners were surveyed.
It was found that in general Seattle mothers were very satisfied with their pediatricians and the care which their children were receiving from them. The important factors contributing to this high degree of satisfaction were discussed, as well as the areas of least satisfaction. Aspects of the doctor-patient relationship and the art and science of medicine were found to be more important in selection and satisfaction with a doctor than ancillary factors such as fees, willingness to make house calls, and time spent waiting in the office. These latter were the focus of most of the mothers' dissatisfactions. In the area of well-child care and advice, more information was desired on accident prevention, dental care, behavior problems, sleep, and toilet training. The most important reasons for obtaining well-child care were immunizations, physical examinations, and reassurance of normal development. The results also suggest a need for more emphasis on well-child checkups during the second year of life, and for continued expert health supervision during the adolescent years. It was concluded that from the mothers' point of view the modern pediatrician does and can expect to continue to play an important role in the life of the child, family, and community.
THE DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF SERUM CREATINE KINASE IN NEUROMUSCULAR AND MUSCULAR DISEASE
Authors: Vassella Franco , Richterich Roland , Rossi Ettore 
Published: December 2021

Serum creatine kinase activity in 200 patients was studied in order to check whether this determination might be of help in differential diagnosis between primary and secondary (neurogenic) myopathies.
Elevated CK values are found physiologically in children, pregnant women, and after exercise. In pathological states increased serum enzyme concentrations (probably the expression of a defect in cellular permeability) are constantly present in the Duchenne type of progressive muscular dystrophy. More variable values are encountered in other types of muscular dystrophy and in metabolic disorders like Refsum's syndrome, coproporphyria, and hypothyroidism. In states of necrosis or injury to muscle cells like in polymyositis, dermatomyositis, after burns or trauma, serum CK concentrations vary according partly to the amount of muscle mass involved. Enzyme concentrations can be markedly increased after tetany or epileptic seizures. Normal values or occasionally slightly increased values are found in neurogenic myopathies. High CK values in patients with muscular atrophies should permit the clinician to exclude the differential diagnostic group of neurogenic myopathies.
As a diagnostic tool CK proved to be more reliable than transaminases or lactic dehydrogenase because of its higher muscle specificity and a slightly greater sensitivity.
Psychological Development in Health and Disease
Authors: WOODBURY CHARLES B. 
Published: December 2021

This is a work admirably comprehensive in scope, and theoretically sophisticated in its panoramic survey of the human personality in relation to the processes of health, disease, development, and adjustment. Its hard-thought analyses of fundamental reaction-mechanisms and their parameters of variation provide much more than broad generalizations, though seldom dealing with the concrete reality of a single specific case.
This reviewer was impressed by several aspects: by Dr. Engel's valuable introductory discussion, in the first place, concerning the nature of clinical education–a discussion germane to such varied fields as clinical psychology, the education of teachers, and the case method of business training.
SCHOOL MEDICAL SERVICE IN PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Mitchell Harold H. 
Published: December 2021

THE PROBLEM of quantity and quality of school medical service has concerned some leaders in public health and education in this country for more than 50 years. To achieve a balance between quantity and quality within budget limits is a problem of great difficulty. The growth of population and increasing demands for service may at any time upset the best laid budget plans. In what follows, I shall deal with the progress of school medical service and consider those policies which have had a bearing upon the quality of services.
Emphasis on Quantity
About 1905, when physicians in schools began to give attention to non-contagious conditions of school children, many physical defects were noted. This was the beginning of a new type of official action in behalf of the health of school children. By 1923 many states had laws requiring annual school medical inspection. However, as there had been no specific standards of quantity or quality, those responsible for the service were troubled by the dilemma of deciding how much of each they should plan for.
How much medical service was needed? Nearly every school medical and nursing service was reporting enormous numbers of defects found and this kept the focus upon a concern for more examinations and coverage to find them all. During the 1920's communicable disease epidemics encroached so heavily upon the time of doctors and nurses in the schools as to stop all examinations and follow-up work. In between epidemic periods the demand for inspections of suspected cases of communicable disease caused interference with the search for defects.
RELATIVE HYPERMETABOLISM IN INFANTS WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISEASE AND UNDERNUTRITION
Authors: Lees Martin H. , Bristow J. David , Griswold Herbert E. , Olmsted Richard W. 
Published: December 2021

1. Twenty-one infants with various forms of congenital heart disease leading to congestive heart failure, arterial unsaturation, or a combination of both events were studied with respect to resting oxygen consumption. Comparison was made with 21 control infants considered to be of normal growth and to have normal cardiac and respiratory systems.
2. Mean oxygen consumption for infants with heart disease was 9.3±2.4 ml/min/ kg compared to 7.3±0.8 ml/mm/kg for controls. Markedly undergrown infants with heart disease (60% or less of the 50th percentile weight for age) had a mean oxygen consumption of 10.9±1.4 ml/mm/kg compared to a mean of 7.5±2.0 ml/min/kg for infants with heart disease who were greater than 60% of the 50th percentile weight for age. Relative hypermetabolism seemed to relate to the degree of undernutrition rather than to any specific clinical finding.
3. Possible mechanisms of undernutrition and of relative hypermetabolism in the infant with heart disease are discussed.
Generalized Bone Changes and Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Association with Intrauterine Rubella
Authors: RAUSEN AARON R. , LONDON ROBERT D. , MIZRAHI ABRAHAM , COOPER LOUIS Z. 
Published: December 2021

Two newborn infants are presented whose mothers had rubella in the first trimester of pregnancy. Both infants were born with thrombocytopenic purpura and suggestive evidence of a hemolytic disorder. The second infant had congenital heart disease as well.
Roentgenographic changes in the metaphyseal ends of several long bones, observed in the first infant at 3 days of age, regressed completely by 2 months of age. The second infant had roentgenographic evidence of metaphyseal changes of a lesser degree, limited to the distal ends of the femora. These changes were no longer present at 6 weeks of age. Both infants were shown to be harboring an interfering agent with the characteristics of the rubella virus.