bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling cometary meteoroid stream traverses of the Martian Moons eXploration (MMX) spacecraft en route to Phobos
Authors: Krüger Harald , Kobayashi Masanori , Strub Peter , Klostermeyer Georg-Moragas , Sommer Maximilian , Kimura Hiroshi , Grün Eberhard , Srama Ralf 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Martian Moons Exploration (MMX) spacecraft is a JAXA mission to Mars and its moons Phobos and Deimos. MMX will be equipped with the Circum-Martian Dust Monitor (CMDM) which is a newly developed light-weight ($$\mathrm {650\,g}$$

650

g

) large area ($$1\,\mathrm {m}^{2}$$

1

m

2

) dust impact detector. Cometary meteoroid streams (also referred to as trails) exist along the orbits of comets, forming fine structures of the interplanetary dust cloud. The streams consist predominantly of the largest cometary particles (with sizes of approximately $$100\,\mu \mathrm { m}$$

100

μ
m

to 1 cm) which are ejected at low speeds and remain very close to the comet orbit for several revolutions around the Sun. The Interplanetary Meteoroid Environment for eXploration (IMEX) dust streams in space model is a new and recently published universal model for cometary meteoroid streams in the inner Solar System. We use IMEX to study the detection conditions of cometary dust stream particles with CMDM during the MMX mission in the time period 2024 to 2028. The model predicts traverses of 12 cometary meteoroid streams with fluxes of $$100\,\mu \mathrm { m}$$

100

μ
m

and bigger particles of at least $$10^{-3}\,\mathrm {m}^{-2}\,\mathrm {day}^{-1}$$

10

-
3

m

-
2

day

-
1

during a total time period of approximately 90 days. The highest flux of $$0.15\,\mathrm {m}^{-2}\,\mathrm {day}^{-1}$$

0.15

m

-
2

day

-
1

is predicted for comet 114P/Wiseman-Skiff in October 2026. With its large detection area and high sensitivity CMDM will be able to detect cometary meteoroid streams en route to Phobos. Our simulation results for the Mars orbital phase of MMX also predict the occurrence of meteor showers in the Martian atmosphere which may be observable from the Martian surface with cameras on board landers or rovers. Finally, the IMEX model can be used to study the impact hazards imposed by meteoroid impacts onto large-area spacecraft structures that will be particularly necessary for crewed deep space missions.
3D pointing gestures as target selection tools: guiding monocular UAVs during window selection in an outdoor environment
Authors: Medeiros Anna C. S. , Ratsamee Photchara , Orlosky Jason , Uranishi Yuki , Higashida Manabu , Takemura Haruo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFirefighters need to gain information from both inside and outside of buildings in first response emergency scenarios. For this purpose, drones are beneficial. This paper presents an elicitation study that showed firefighters’ desires to collaborate with autonomous drones. We developed a Human–Drone interaction (HDI) method for indicating a target to a drone using 3D pointing gestures estimated solely from a monocular camera. The participant first points to a window without using any wearable or body-attached device. Through the drone’s front-facing camera, the drone detects the gesture and computes the target window. This work includes a description of the process for choosing the gesture, detecting and localizing objects, and carrying out the transformations between coordinate systems. Our proposed 3D pointing gesture interface improves on 2D interfaces by integrating depth information with SLAM and solving ambiguity with multiple objects aligned on the same plane in a large-scale outdoor environment. Experimental results showed that our 3D pointing gesture interface obtained average F1 scores of 0.85 and 0.73 for precision and recall in simulation and real-world experiments and an F1 score of 0.58 at the maximum distance of 25 m between the drone and building.
Transparency of informed consent in pilot and feasibility studies is inadequate: a single-center quality assurance study
Authors: Khan Mohammed I.U. , Mbuagbaw Lawrence , Holek Matthew , Bdair Faris , Durrani Zoha H. , Mellor Katie , Eddy Saskia , Eldridge Sandra M. , Chan Claire L. , Campbell Michael J. , Bond Christine M. , Hopewell Sally , Lancaster Gillian A. , Thabane Lehana 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Pilot and feasibility studies (PAFS) often have complex objectives aimed at assessing feasibility of conducting a larger study. These may not be clear to participants in pilot studies.

Methods
Here, we aimed to assess the transparency of informed consent in PAFS by investigating whether researchers communicate, through patient information leaflets and consent forms, key features of the studies. We collected this data from original versions of these documents submitted for ethics approval and the final approved documents for PAFS submitted to the Hamilton Integrated Research Ethics Board, Canada.

Results
One hundred eighty-four PAFS, submitted for ethics approval from 2004 to 2020, were included, and we found that of the approved consent documents which were provided to participants, 83.2% (153) stated the terms “pilot” or “feasibility” in their title, 12% (22) stated the definition of a pilot/feasibility study, 42.4% (78) of the studies stated their intent to assess feasibility, 19.6% (36) stated the specific feasibility objectives, 1.6% (3) stated the criteria for success of the pilot study, and 0.5% (1) stated all five of these criteria. After ethics review, a small increase in transparency occurred, ranging from 1.6 to 2.8% depending on the criteria. By extracting data from the protocols of the PAFS, we found that 73.9% (136) stated intent to assess feasibility, 71.2% (131) stated specific feasibility objectives, and 33.7% (62) stated criteria for success of the study to lead to a larger study.

Conclusion
The transparency of informed consent in PAFS is inadequate and needs to be specifically addressed by research ethics guidelines. Research ethics boards and researchers ought to be made aware and mindful of best practices of informed consent in the context of PAFS.
Compliance towards infection prevention measures among health professionals in public hospitals, southeast Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study with implications of COVID-19 prevention
Authors: Zenbaba Demisu , Sahiledengle Biniyam , Takele Abulie , Tekalegn Yohannes , Yassin Ahmed , Tura Birhanu , Abdulkadir Adem , Tesa Edao , Tasew Alelign , Ganfure Gemechu , Fikadu Genet , Seyoum Kenbon , Abduku Mohammedawel , Assefa Tesfaye , Morka Garoma , Kemal Makida , Gemechu Adisu , Bekele Kebebe , Tessema Abdi , Haji Safi , Haile Gebisa , Girma Alemu , Mama Mohammedaman , Negero Asfaw , Nigussie Eshetu , Gezahegn Habtamu , Atlaw Daniel , Regasa Tadele , Usman Heyder , Esmael Adem 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Introduction
The new coronavirus disease 2019 is an emerging respiratory disease caused by the highly contagious novel coronavirus which has currently overwhelmed the world. Realizing a comprehensive set of infection prevention measures is a key to minimize the spread of this virus and its impacts in all healthcare settings. Therefore, this study was aimed to assess the compliance towards COVID-19 preventive measures and associated factors among health professionals in selected public hospitals, southeast Ethiopia.

Methods
A descriptive hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 660 health professionals in public hospitals of southeast Ethiopia from October 1 to 31, 2020. A multistage sampling technique was used to select the study participants. Data were collected by interview using structured and pretested questionnaires. Ordinary logistic regression modeling was used to estimate the crude and adjusted odds ratio. To declare the statistical significance of factors associated with the outcome variable, P-value < 0.05 and 95% confidence interval were used.

Results
A total of 654 health professionals were involved in the study; of whom, 313 participants were nurses. The overall good compliance and knowledge of health professionals regarding COVID-19 preventive measures were 21.6 and 25.5%, respectively. Working in the general hospital (AOR = 0.55; 95% CI 0.38, 0.79), service year (AOR = 2.10; 95% CI 1.35, 3.21), knowledge (AOR = 1.80; 95% CI 1.14, 2.89), and water availability (AOR = 3.26; 95% CI 2.25, 4.72) were some of the factors found to have a statistically significant association to compliance of health professionals regarding COVID-19 preventive measures.

Conclusion
In this study, nearly one fifth of health professionals had good compliance towards COVID-19 prevention practices. Thus, a consistent supply of COVID-19 prevention materials, facilities, and improving the knowledge of health professionals through on and off-job training are crucial.
Nonlinear meta-optics towards applications
Authors: Zhao Yun , Yang Yuanmu , Sun Hong-Bo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNonlinear optical effects have enabled numerous applications such as laser frequency conversion, ultrafast electro-optical, and all-optical modulation. Both gaseous and bulk media have conventionally been used for free-space nonlinear optical applications, yet they often require complex phase-matching techniques for efficient operation and may have limited operation bandwidth due to the material absorption. In the last decade, meta-optics made of subwavelength antennas or films have emerged as novel nonlinear optical media that may potentially overcome certain limitations of bulk crystals. Due to resonant enhancements of the pump laser field as well as the use of materials with extreme nonlinearity such as epsilon-near-zero materials, meta-optics can achieve strong nonlinear responses with a subwavelength thickness. Here, we review several nonlinear optical applications, such as electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation, entangled photon pair generation, terahertz generation, all-optical modulation, and high-harmonic generation that we envision meta-optics may have distinct advantages over their bulk counterparts. We outline the challenges still faced by nonlinear meta-optics and point out some potential directions.
Serum level of Adrenomedullin in patients with primary knee osteoarthritis; relation to disease severity
Authors: Abd Elazeem Mervat I. , Ahmed Aya B. S. , Mohamed Rabab A. , Abdelaleem Enas A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Adrenomedullin (AM) is a peptide which was suggested to be involved in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis through its anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic effect. AM was found to be elevated in some inflammatory rheumatic diseases as rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis.
The current study was performed to measure serum Adrenomodullin (AM) concentrations in patients with primary knee osteoarthritis (KOA) and to assess association with severity of the disease. The study was performed on 50 patients with primary KOA diagnosed according to American College of Rheumatology (ACR) Revised Criteria for Early Diagnosis of Knee Osteoarthritis and 20 age- and sex-matched controls with no clinical features of KOA. The Kellgren and Lawrence (KL) classification was used to evaluate the disease severity of knee OA. Disease activity was assessed by The Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (WOMAC). Blood samples had been collected from patients with OA and controls for assessing Adrenomodullin in patients’ sera by ELISA.

Results
There were a significant increase in serum Adrenomedullin concentrations in KOA patients compared to controls (10.64 ±19.2 ng/ml vs. 1.39 ±1.6 ng/ml in cases and controls respectively) (p value = 0.036). There was positive significant correlation of serum Adrenomedullin levels with KL grades (r=0.608, p value <0.001). OA patients with VAS score >6 have significantly higher serum Adrenomedullin levels than OA patients with VAS Score <6. No detected significant correlation between any of (patients’ age, BMI, disease duration, tenderness score, and WOMAC score) with serum Adrenomedullin levels among studied OA cases (p values >0.05).

Conclusion
This study concluded that serum Adrenomedullin (AM) level is elevated in patients with KOA and is positively correlated with the severity of disease.
The right to smoke and the right to smoke-free surroundings: international comparison of smoke-free psychiatric clinic implementation experiences
Authors: Freiburghaus Tove , Raffing Rie , Ballbè Montse , Gual Antoni , Tönnesen Hanne 
Published: April 2021

Background
In Scandinavia, people with a severe mental disorder have a reduced life expectancy of 15–20 years compared with the general public. Smoking is a major contributor, and smoke-free policies are increasingly adopted in psychiatric clinics around the world. We compared potential facilitators and barriers among staff and management, for the implementation of smoke-free psychiatric clinics.

Aims
To investigate the attitudes and experiences regarding smoke-free policies among managers and staff involved in the implementation processes of smoke-free psychiatric clinics at hospitals in Malmö (Sweden) and Barcelona (Spain).

Method
We used a qualitative methodology, with 15 semi-structured interviews. The interviews were conducted with each participant individually, and were subsequently transcribed. The data were analysed with systematic text condensation.

Results
There were notable differences in how the smoke-free policies were carried out and experienced, and attitudes regarding the policy changes differed in the two settings. Key differences were the views on the right to smoke in compulsory care and to stay in smoke-free surroundings supported by smoking cessation intervention; the prioritisation of staff facilitation of smoking breaks; and views on smoking and smoke-free psychiatry. In contrast, participants agreed on the importance of staff education and management support. A smoking ban by law and belonging to a network of smoke-free hospitals were also relevant.

Conclusions
Staff education, and support from staff and management for the patients’ right to stay in smoke-free surroundings, facilitated successful implementation of smoke-free policies in the psychiatric clinics, whereas supporting the right to smoke was a barrier.
Interventions to reduce self-harm on in-patient wards: systematic review
Authors: Nawaz Rasanat Fatima , Reen Gurpreet , Bloodworth Natasha , Maughan Daniel , Vincent Charles 
Published: April 2021

Background
Incidents of self-harm are common on psychiatric wards. There are a wide variety of therapeutic, social and environmental interventions that have shown some promise in reducing self-harm in in-patient settings, but there is no consensus on the most appropriate means of reducing and managing self-harm during in-patient admissions.

Aims
To review interventions used to reduce self-harm and suicide attempts on adolescent and adult psychiatric in-patient wards.

Method
A systematic literature search was conducted between 14 March 2019 and 25 January 2021 using PsycINFO and Medline (PROSPERO ID: CRD42019129046). A total of 23 papers were identified for full review.

Results
Interventions fell into two categories, therapeutic interventions given to individual patients and organisational interventions aimed at improving patient–staff communication and the overall ward milieu. Dialectical behaviour therapy was the most frequently implemented and effective therapeutic intervention, with seven of eight studies showing some benefit. Three of the six ward-based interventions reduced self-harm. Two studies that used a combined therapeutic and ward-based approach significantly reduced self-harm on the wards. The quality of the studies was highly variable, and some interventions were poorly described. There was no indication of harmful impact of any of the approaches reported in this review.

Conclusions
A number of approaches show some promise in reducing self-harm, but the evidence is not strong enough to recommend any particular approach. Current evidence remains weak overall but provides a foundation for a more robust programme of research aimed at providing a more substantial evidence base for this neglected problem on wards.
Anti-Müllerian Hormone in Female Reproduction
Authors: di Clemente Nathalie , Racine Chrystèle , Pierre Alice , Taieb Joëlle 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also called Müllerian inhibiting substance, was shown to be synthesized by the ovary in the 1980s. This article reviews the main findings of the past 20 years on the regulation of the expression of AMH and its specific receptor AMHR2 by granulosa cells, the mechanism of action of AMH, the different roles it plays in the reproductive organs, its clinical utility, and its involvement in the principal pathological conditions affecting women. The findings in respect of regulation tell us that AMH and AMHR2 expression is mainly regulated by bone morphogenetic proteins, gonadotropins, and estrogens. It has now been established that AMH regulates the different steps of folliculogenesis and that it has neuroendocrine effects. On the other hand, the importance of serum AMH as a reliable marker of ovarian reserve and as a useful tool in the prediction of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and primary ovarian failure has also been acknowledged. Last but not least, a large body of evidence points to the involvement of AMH in the pathogenesis of PCOS.
Vegetalization of the Sea-Urchin Egg by Dinitrophenol and Animalization by Trypsin and Ficin
Authors: Hörstadius Sven 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Herbst (1892) made the remarkable discovery that the differentiation of the sea-urchin egg was shifted in a vegetal direction when lithium ions were present in the sea-water. The vegetalization implies a failure of the apical tuft to appear, a displacement of the skeleton-forming cells in the animal direction, a reduction of the ectodermal region, and a corresponding enlargement of the endoderm, which often leads to exogastrulation. Strong lithium action may lead to complete endodermization of the egg. Many other substances have later been found to cause a change of differentiation, either in a vegetal or animal direction, e.g. a partial or complete animalization by treatment of unfertilized eggs with SCN-or 1-ions (also SO4, Br, and tartrate, Lindahl, 1936). The animal and vegetal principles are considered as two opposite, antagonistic gradients (Runnström, 1928a, b) representing different types of metabolism (Lindahl, 1936).
Analysis of the effects ofStreptomyceshyaluronidase on formation of the neural tube
Authors: Schoenwolf Gary C. , Fisher Marilyn 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTChick embryos at stages 8 to 9 were treated in ovo with Streptomyces hyaluronidase (SH) to determine whether neurulation occurs normally in embryos depleted of hyaluronic acid, a major component of the extracellular matrix. Open neural tube defects occurred in 60-94 % (depending on the particular enzyme batch) of the embryos treated with SH and examined after an additional 24 h of incubation. Defects were confined mainly to the spinal cord. The neural folds underwent elevation in defective regions but failed to converge and fuse across the dorsal midline. The extracellular matrix of embryos treated with SH was depleted consistently, as determined with sections stained with Alcian blue. Control experiments were done to ensure that neural tube defects were not caused by non-specific protease contamination of SH, or by digestion products of hyaluronic acid. We propose several plausible and testable mechanisms through which the extracellular matrix might influence the complex developmental process of neurulation.
Control of events during early cleavage of the mouse embryo: an analysis of the ‘2-cell block’
Authors: Goddard Martin J. , Pratt Hester P. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTEmbryos from certain strains of mice do not develop into blastocysts when cultured in vitro from the 1- or 2-cell stages but arrest development as 2-cell embryos - a phenomenon referred toas the ‘2-cell block’. Reciprocal crosses between eggs and sperm of a ‘blocking’ (CFLP) and ‘non-blocking’ (F1) strain show that in this combination the genotype of the egg alone determines whether the embryo ‘blocks’ at the 2-cell stage (or continues retarded development to the 4-to 6-cell stage in a minority of cases). A comparison of molecular and cellular development in normal and ‘blocked 2-cell’ embryos was therefore undertaken to investigate the influence of these maternal components on early mouse development.The results show that the majority of ‘blocked 2-cells’ arrest development at a stage equivalent to the late 2-cell stage in terms of cellular and nuclear division, DNA synthesis, activation of the embryonic genome, qualitative and quantitative changes in amino acid uptake, polypeptide synthesis and morphological maturation of organelles. These observations are compatible with the notion that maternally inherited developmental information plays an important role in controlling early cleavage of the mouse embryo.
Pathways of Xenopus optic fibres regenerating from
normal and compound eyes under various conditions
Authors: R. M. Gaze , W Fawcett J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We have used Horseradish peroxidase to investigate the pathways taken by Xenopus optic fibres regenerating from normal and electrophysiologically-confirmed compound eyes to the optic tectum. Optic fibres, when sectioned near the chiasma, regenerate up both sides of the diencephalon to both tecta. We have therefore been able, by using animals in which one eye had or had not been removed at early embryonic stages, to look at the behaviour of regenerating axons in three different situations: (1) regeneration to the contralateral tectum, previously innervated by the sectioned fibres; (2) regeneration to a ‘virgin’ ipsilateral tectum, never before innervated by optic fibres; and (3) regeneration to an ipsilateral tectum already innervated by fibres from a normal eye.
From the chiasma to the tectodiencephalic junction regenerating fibres behave similarly in all three situations, following roughly the course of the normal optic tract, but running in a rather disorganised way, with frequent crossing over of fibres. However fibres of nasal retinal origin (from an NN eye) spread to occupy a much larger area of the side of the diencephalon than those of temporal origin (from a TT eye). From the tectodiencephalic junction to the tectal termination of the fibres there are differences between the three situations investigated; fibres regenerating to a ‘virgin’ ipsilateral, or to a denervated contralateral tectum, tend to grow straight onto the tectum, instead of being channelled into lateral or medial brachium as uncut fibres tend to be. There is, however, the remains of a brachial organisation, and of differential selection of these brachia by fibres from the diffferent types of compound eye, this being well seen on ‘virgin’ tecta.
Fibres regenerating to an ipsilateral innervated tectum behave very differently. As they reach the tectodiencephalic junction they suddenly start to grow in a less disorganised way, and are channelled into well defined brachia. If from a compound eye, these fibres terminate on only that part of the tectum innervated by fibres from the corresponding part of the normal eye. Thus fibres from a W eye and those from the ventral half of the normal eye all terminate on medial tectum; fibres from an NN eye, and those from the nasal half of the normal eye all terminate in caudal tectum; and temporal fibres from both normal and TT eyes terminate in rostral tectum.