bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Femininities and Masculinities
Authors: Lind Amy , Gaytán Marie Sarita 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Femininities and masculinities are acquired social identities, sets of practices and characteristics that are organized in relation to society's idea of what it means to be a “woman” or “man.” This self‐perception, also known as
gender identity
, is shaped through socialization and cultural norms. Class, race, and ethnicity are among the multiple factors that contribute to how individuals construct their gender identities and how they are perceived externally.
Hospitals
Authors: Galvin Kathleen 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This entry focuses on the history, development, and structure of hospitals in modern society. It provides insight into hospital outcomes research as well as medical sociology in the study of hospitals. Drawing on classic sociological texts and hospital‐based ethnographic research, it highlights the contributions of hospitals to sociological theory and considers the human dimensions of hospital life in relation to the meaning and spatiality of hospitals.
Social Movements
Authors: Lynn Tamara J. 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Social movements are collective efforts by groups of individuals to achieve social, cultural, or political change. They have a long and rich history, arguably dating back to the 1790s, as British abolitionists boycotted sugar produced by enslaved people in the Caribbean. Since that time, social movements have played a significant role in shaping the social, political, and cultural landscape of societies around the world. Social movements are diverse in their goals, tactics, and organizational structures, and can be classified into different types based on their objectives and methods. Some movements seek to achieve political change through conventional means such as elections and lobbying, while others rely on nontraditional tactics such as protests, sit‐ins, and civil disobedience. The emergence of new social movements in the late twentieth and early twenty‐first century has expanded the range of issues and tactics used by social movements. Despite their diversity, social movements share common characteristics, including a commitment to collective action, a desire for social change, and a belief in the power of grassroots organizing. Social movements have achieved significant successes in areas such as civil rights, labor rights, and environmental protection, and continue to play an important role in shaping the future of societies around the world.
Social Movements, Nonviolent
Authors: Schock Kurt 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Nonviolent social movements aspire to dignity, equality, and justice through individual, group, and social transformation by acting against violence without violence. They recognize interconnectedness, adopt systemic orientations, involve restraint, prioritize conversion of opponents and the public, assume a congruence between means and ends, and are simultaneously moral and strategic. They are a modern phenomenon that emerged in response to colonization and the enduring legacies of colonization, such as racism, patriarchy, militarism, state oppression, and capitalist exploitation. This entry focuses on the anticolonial and decolonizing roots of nonviolent social movements through a focus on women's movements and feminism, the Indian independence movement, the US Civil Rights Movement, and the US farm workers' movement.
Transnational Movements
Authors: Davies Thomas 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Social movements have long extended their reach beyond national borders, both in terms of promoting transnational causes, and through developing cross‐border structures and processes of mobilization. From eighteenth‐century transatlantic antislavery networks to the many alternative globalization movements of the twenty‐first century, transnational movements have been influential in promoting a wide range of political and social change objectives. Their scope has encompassed anticolonial, democratic, environmentalist, feminist, human rights, peace, racial equality, religious, and socialist causes, among many others.
Urban Community Studies
Authors: Hyde Zachary 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The field of urban community studies explores the social life of cities. Drawing inspiration from early sociological thinking about the changes brought about by industrialization, researchers explore how communities adapt to the diversity and changing conditions of urban life. They highlight ongoing tensions between “traditional” and “cosmopolitan” norms and values, patterns of interaction between diverse groups, and the role of communities in shaping institutions and the built environment.
Multieffect Specific Nanovesicles for Homing Resistant Tumors and Overcoming Osimertinib‐Acquired Resistance in NSCLC
Authors: Dou Yuanyao , Liu Yihui , Han Rui , Zheng Jie , Wang Liping , Hu Chen , Huang Daijuan , He Chao , Zhang Yimin , Lin Caiyu , Lu Conghua , Wu Di , Tang Huan , He Tingting , Tang Liling , He Yong 
Published: February 2025

AbstractAcquired resistance to osimertinib (Osi) remains a major obstacle in the treatment of patients with EGFR‐mutant non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). AXL elevation is a known key mechanism of Osi‐resistance, and therapeutic strategies remain scarce. Emerging evidence reveals that an increased intracellular glutathione (GSH) level induces Osi resistance. In this study, a new mechanism is identified by which GSH regulates AXL expression via glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) in Osi‐resistant cells. A multifunctional covalent organic framework (COF) nanoplatform for GSH consumption, AXL inhibition, and co‐delivery of the AXL inhibitor (Brigatinib) and Osi is creatively constructed to confirm whether Osi sensitivity improves by simultaneously targeting GSH‐AXL resistance mechanisms. Furthermore, it is coated, for the first time, the COF carrier system with specific vesicles to precisely home it into resistant tumors, where CDH2 adhesion molecules play a crucial role. The engineered multifunctional antiresistance‐specific nanovesicles effectively inhibited the GSH‐AXL axis, induced apoptosis in Osi‐resistant cells both in vitro and in vivo, and delayed the progression of Osi‐resistant tumors. Overall, these findings provide a novel strategy to overcome the Osi‐acquired resistance caused by high AXL levels in NSCLC.
MXene Quantum Dots Covalently Modified with Poly[1,4‐diethynylbenzene‐alt‐spiropyran] for Analog‐Type Optoelectronic Dual‐Response Memristor
Authors: Zhao Kejia , Zhang Chenjian , Chen Qian , Wang Kexin , Qian Ning , Wang Xinzhu , He Haidong , Chen Yu 
Published: February 2025

AbstractQuantum dots stand as an outstanding choice for high‐tech applications due to their fascinating edge and quantum confinement effects and unique optoelectronic properties. By using 4‐bromobenzenediazonium‐modified MXene quantum dots as a key zero‐dimensional template, highly soluble poly[1,4‐diethynylbenzene‐alt‐spiropyran] (PBSP)‐covalently functionalized MXene quantum dots (PBSP‐MQDs), in which two structural isomers of spiropyran (i.e., ring‐opened merocyanine and ring‐closed spiropyran) can interconvert into each other rapidly under different light illumination, are synthesized in situ. The weight percentage of MQDs in PBSP‐MQDs is 10.4%. For comparison purpose, PBSP‐covalently grafted MXene nanosheets (PBSP‐MXene) and PBSP are also synthesized under the same conditions. Upon UV or blue light illumination, these two reference materials do not show any memristive effect at a sweep range of ±0.5 V. On the contrary, the as‐fabricated ITO/PBSP‐MQDs/ITO device shows outstanding history‐dependent memristive switching performance, with 32 distinguishable conductance states, under the same experimental conditions. By using the difference in current between the adjacent conductive states as the weight parameters, a simple convolutional neural network for facial recognition is successfully constructed. After 200 epochs of training, the accuracy of facial recognition reaches up to 97.23%.
Association of late‐life variability in hemoglobin A1C with postmortem neuropathologies
Authors: Biswas Roshni , Capuano Ana W. , Mehta Rupal I. , Bennett David A. , Arvanitakis Zoe 
Published: February 2025

AbstractINTRODUCTIONTo study the relationship of late‐life hemoglobin A1C (A1C) with postmortem neuropathology in older adults with and without diabetes mellitus (DM).METHODSA total of 990 participants from five cohort studies of aging and dementia with at least two annually‐collected A1C measures, who had autopsy. Neuropathologic evaluations documented cerebrovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and other pathologies. To evaluate the association of A1C mean and variability (standard deviation [SD]) with neuropathology, we used a series of adjusted regression models.RESULTSParticipants (mean age at death = 90.8 years; education = 15.8 years; 76% women) had six A1C measurements on average. Mean A1C was associated with greater odds of macroinfarcts (estimate = 0.14; p = 0.04) and subcortical infarcts (estimate = 0.16; p = 0.02). A1C variability was not associated with cerebrovascular pathology. A1C mean and variability were inversely associated with AD pathology.DISCUSSIONThe A1C average over time was associated with infarcts, and the A1C average and variability were inversely associated with AD pathology. Future studies should explore the underlying mechanisms linking A1C to dementia‐related neuropathologies.Highlights
Hemoglobin A1C (A1C), a measure of peripheral insulin resistance, is used to assess glycemic control.
Higher A1C mean was associated with greater odds of macroscopic subcortical infarcts.
A1C variability was not associated with cerebrovascular pathology.
Both A1C mean and variability had inverse associations with AD pathology.
None of the associations varied by diabetes mellitus status.
Trade‐Off Between Toxicity and Efficiency in Tin versus Lead Based Halide Perovskites
Authors: Zhang Xie , Shen Jimmy-Xuan , Turiansky Mark E. , Van de Walle Chris G. 
Published: February 2025

Toxicity remains one of the major challenges that prevent Pb‐based halide perovskites from widespread utilization. Ideally, non‐toxic alternatives can be identified while still maintaining the superior power conversion efficiency of the Pb‐based perovskite solar cells. Using the currently most promising candidate, the Sn‐based halide perovskites, as an example, we show that a trade‐off exists between toxicity and efficiency in the Sn‐ versus Pb‐based halide perovskites. Indeed, the dominant nonradiative recombination center in the Sn‐based halide perovskites differs from the one in its Pb‐based counterparts, resulting in the nonradiative capture coefficient in CsSnI3 being an order of magnitude higher than that in CsPbI3. We attribute this difference to the band alignment. Our results indicate that development of halide perovskites beyond the Pb and Sn bases is essential for efficient yet environmentally friendly perovskite solar cells.
Synthesis and Characterization of a New Neodymium Complex: DFT Insights and Potential Anticancer Applications
Authors: Balboul Basma A. A. , Taha Rania H. , Alsirhani Alaa M. , Yousef Tarek A. , Saleh Aml M. 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTA new complex of type [Nd (HL) (NO3)2] has been synthesized with a Schiff base ligand H2L derived from 2‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzaldehyde and L‐histidine. The structure of the synthesized complex was established using elemental analysis, molar conductivities, FT‐IR, 1HNMR, SEM, and x‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectroscopy. FT‐IR data revealed that H2L acts as a tetradentate ligand through the carboxylic acid, azomethine nitrogen, methoxy oxygen, and hydroxyl groups. Based on the electronic spectra, an octahedral configuration was hypothesized for the complex. The TGA method was employed to study the thermal behavior of ligand and its complex, and thermodynamic parameters were determined using Coats–Redfern equations. The XRD analysis revealed that the synthesized compounds possess nanoscale dimensions, with their crystallinity significantly enhanced by the coordination of the Nd(III) ion with H2L. DFT calculations were performed to optimize the geometry of the proposed structures, indicating improved thermodynamic and electronic stabilities. The reduced HOMO–LUMO gap in the Nd(III) complex further highlights its remarkable conductive and electronic properties. The surface morphology of the Nd(III) complex was analyzed using SEM to investigate its structural characteristics. The SEM images reveal a variety of particle shapes, including elongated, prismatic, and irregular blocky particles with sharp edges, suggesting a crystalline nature. The ligand and its Nd(III) complex were evaluated for their anticancer activity against prostate carcinoma, breast carcinoma, and lung carcinoma cell lines. The inhibition rate of Nd(III) complex was 92.81%, 93.25%, and 94.58%, respectively. The results demonstrated that the Nd(III) complex exhibited significantly enhanced anticancer activity compared to the ligand alone, likely due to its improved structural and electronic properties. These findings suggest that the Nd(III) complex holds promise as a potent anticancer agent.
Investigating the Impact of Interference on the Structure and Characteristics of Self‐Stratifying Coatings
Authors: Lin Zihan , Wang Xingyu , Zhou Huan , Li Weili , Yang Fan , Liu Ruofei , Wang Fangming , Zhao Zhengbai , Yan Hui , Xu Lixin 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTSelf‐stratifying coatings, with their convenient painting process and superior coating properties, are considered to be an important direction for replacing traditional coatings. However, due to the relatively complex composition of a coating and its curing process, it is necessary to find a suitable method to track and investigate the film‐forming mechanism of coatings. In this paper, we have modified PHMS (polyhydromethylsiloxane) to equip it with the same functional groups as epoxy resin and then physically blended it with epoxy resin to prepare a composite coating with self‐stratifying characteristics. To study the preparation, curing, and aging properties of the coating in real time, the AIEgens were introduced into the coating materials, which are capable of emitting fluorescent light (under excitation), depending on whether the molecular rotors of AIEgens are constrained or free to move. Research has proven that the modified PHMS (G‐PHMS) can effectively interact with epoxy resin to form a composite coating with a self‐stratifying structure. The effective mutual compounding between the two endows the coating with good hydrophobicity and self‐cleaning properties, good thermal stability, excellent mechanical properties, and corrosion resistance. With the simple process of coating and its superior performance, it has promising applications in industry.
Parametric Estimation of the Mean Number of Events in the Presence of Competing Risks
Authors: Entrop Joshua P. , Jakobsen Lasse H. , Crowther Michael J. , Clements Mark , Eloranta Sandra , Dietrich Caroline E. 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTRecurrent events, for example, hospitalizations or drug prescriptions, are common in time‐to‐event research. One useful summary measure of the recurrent event process is the mean number of events. Methods for estimating the mean number of events exist and are readily implemented for situations in which the recurrent event is the only possible outcome. However, estimation gets more challenging in the competing risk setting, in which methods are so far limited to nonparametric approaches. To this end, we propose a postestimation command for estimating the mean number of events in the presence of competing risks by jointly modeling the intensity function of the recurrent event and the survival function for the competing events. The proposed method is implemented in the R‐package JointFPM which is available on CRAN. Simulations demonstrate low bias and good coverage in scenarios where the intensity of the recurrent event does not depend on the number of previous events. We illustrate our method using data on readmissions after colorectal cancer surgery included in the frailtypack package for R. Estimates of the mean number of events can be used to augment time‐to‐event analyses when both recurrent and competing events exist. The proposed parametric approach offers estimation of a smooth function across time as well as easy estimation of different contrasts which is not available using a nonparametric approach.
Metabolomic Study of the Analgesic Effect of Dalbergia hanceiBenth (D. hancei) on Nociceptive Pain
Authors: Qin Chunping , Qiu Qin , Liu Yuanyuan , Li Pengfei , Mo Huiqing , Qin Zujie , Wei Hongxing , Qin Fangfang , Zhen Hanshen , Wei Jiangcun 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTDalbergia hancei Benth (D. hancei) is a plant belonging to the Fabaceae family. It has analgesic and anti‐inflammatory effects and is used by the Zhuang people to relieve pain. However, the mechanism underlying its analgesic effects remains unclear. This study investigates the analgesic effect of D. hancei based on metabolomics to explain the mechanism of its analgesia from a metabolomics perspective. The analgesic effect was evaluated through the acetic acid‐induced writhing test and hot plate test. Three treatment groups received different dosages of D. hancei (0.91 g/kg, 3.64 g/kg, 7.28 g/kg). Its analgesic mechanism was investigated using analgesic behavioral tests and metabolomics. The results of analgesic behavioral experiments showed that all dose groups of D. hancei could relieve pain. A total of eight differential metabolites were identified in the metabolomics results. These biomarkers are associated with five metabolic pathways. Following treatment with D. hancei, eight differential metabolites were identified as regulated, primarily affecting amino acid metabolism, pantothenate and CoA biosynthesis, and steroid hormone biosynthesis. This study revealed the mechanism of analgesia from a metabolomic perspective to provide a basis for screening TCM drugs in pain treatment.
Simultaneous Quantification of Filgotinib and Its Active Metabolite in Human Plasma Using Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Validation and Clinical Application
Authors: Ito Takahiro , Suno Manabu , Shintani Minae , Iwata Ayaka , Fujii Takao , Matsubara Kazuo 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRACTFilgotinib (FLG) is a Janus kinase 1 inhibitor and is metabolized to an active metabolite, GS‐829845. There is no report on the method for simultaneous quantification of FLG and GS‐829845 in clinical samples. We developed a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous determination of FLG and GS‐829845 in patient plasma. FLG and GS‐829845 were extracted from an aliquot of 50 μL of human plasma by simple deproteinization using methanol. Chromatographic separation was performed using a Shim‐pack Scepter C18‐120 column with a combined mobile phase of water and methanol containing 0.1% formic acid and gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.2 mL/min. Detection was performed by positive electrospray ionization using a QTRAP 4500 mass spectrometer. The method was validated in the concentration range of 2.5–50 ng/mL for FLG and 250–5000 ng/mL for GS‐829845. Intra‐ and inter‐day assay accuracy and precision were within 11.4% and 13.9%, respectively. Recoveries and matrix effects were consistent and reproducible. This developed and fully validated method is simple, rapid, and cost‐effective and was used successfully for therapeutic drug monitoring in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis.
Patients’ evaluation of information provision in the memory clinic
Authors: Hendriksen Heleen M. A. , Dobbe Jolanda H. M. , de Boer Casper , Lemstra Afina W. , Pijnenburg Yolande A. L. , Tewolde Mukrabe E. , Smets Ellen M. A. , Visser Leonie N. C. , van der Flier Wiesje M. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractBackgroundWe examined how patients evaluated the information provided during their diagnostic trajectory in a tertiary memory clinic.MethodsBetween February 2021 and June 2023, 802 patients of Alzheimer Center Amsterdam completed a questionnaire assessing satisfaction with the amount and perceived helpfulness of information (1–4 point Likert scale), wish for more/less information (yes/no), and which information was missed/redundant (open‐ended). We tested effects of age, sex, education, syndrome‐ and etiological diagnosis, Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), and time since diagnostic trajectory.ResultsPatients were satisfied with the amount (3.1 ± 0.8) and helpfulness (3.1 ± 0.9) of information. Satisfaction was highest among those who recently underwent the diagnostic trajectory (decline over time p < 0.001). One quarter (214/802 [27%]) wished for more information, particularly those with higher MMSE scores (p = 0.01), mainly concerning specific test results and prognosis. Few (18/802 [2%]) preferred less information.DiscussionOur results highlight the importance of providing sufficient and tailored information, as well as recurrently checking information needs over time.
Efficient expression of recombinant proteins in Bacillus subtilis using a rewired gene circuit of quorum sensing
Authors: Hao Wenliang , Yang Shihao , Sheng Yuou , Ye Chengfeng , Han Laichuang , Zhou Zhemin , Cui Wenjing 
Published: February 2025

AbstractBacillus subtilis is a favored chassis for high productivity of several high value‐added product in synthetic biology. Efficient production of recombinant proteins is critical but challenging using this chassis because these expression systems in use, such as constitutive and inducible expression systems, demand for coordination of cell growth with production and addition of chemical inducers. These systems compete for intracellular resources with the host, eventually resulting in dysfunction of cell survival. To overcome the problem, in this study, LuxRI quorum sensing (QS) system from Aliivibrio fischeri was functionally reconstituted in B. subtilis for achieving coordinated protein overproduction with cell growth in a cell‐density‐dependent manner. Furthermore, the output‐controlling promoter, PluxI, was engineered through two rounds of evolution, by which we identified four mutants, P22, P47, P56, and P58 that exhibited elevated activity compared to the original PluxI. By incorporating a strong terminator (TB5) downstream of the target gene further enhanced expression level. The expression level of this system surpasses commonly used promoter‐based systems in B. subtilis like P43 and PylbP. The LuxRI QS system proves to be a potent platform for recombinant protein overproduction in B. subtilis.