bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production and Quality Evaluation of Cookies Using Cassava-Grey Speckled Palapye Cowpea Composite Flour
Authors: Austin Ihemeje , Chidinma Akujobi, Ijeoma , Obinna Kabuo Canice Obioma 
Published: November 2021

Objective: The study aimed at production and quality evaluation of composite flours and cookies from cassava (Maniholt esculenta) -grey speckled palapye cowpea (Vigna sinensis).
Methods: Flour was respectively produced from cassava and palapye cowpea. The flours of cassava and palapye cowpea were mixed in the ratios of 100:0, 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30 respectively before being analyzed for antinutrient and functional properties. Cookies were produced from the flours and then evaluated for their respective nutrient and organoleptic attributes. Data was analysed using using spss version 21.0.
Results: The anti-nutrient concentration ranged from 0.83 to 1.25% (phytate), 0.07 to 0.19% (phenol), 0.12 to 0.17% (tannin), 0.09 to 0.21 Tiu/mg (trypsin inhibitor) and 0.28 to 0.88 mg/kg (hydrogen cyanide). The functional properties were found to be within 0.47 to 0.58 g/ml (bulk density), 1.62 to 2.04 g/g (capacity), 1.58% to 2.06 g/g (oil absorption capacity), 1.26 to 1.74 g/ml (swelling capacity) and 10.47 to 14.86% (foaming capacity). Proximate composition of the cookies samples showed 9.43 to 10.77% (moisture), 2.03 to 6.88% (protein), 1.03 to 1.91% (fat), 1.24 to 2.55% (ash), 3.22 to 4.26% (fibre) and 76.01 to 80.82% (carbohydrate). The sensory scores of the cookies ranged from 6.2 to 7.3 on the hedonic scale.
Conclusion: The cassava-grey speckled cowpea flour proved satisfactory in cookies production and could also serve well in formulations for other food products.
Pasting Properties of Composite Flour Made from Sorghum, Millet and African Yam Bean
Authors: Okafor J. N. , Ishiwu J. N. , Obiegbuna J. E. 
Published: November 2021

The aim of this research was to produce acceptable ‘fufu’ from a mixture of sorghum, millet, and African yam bean flours that will have a moderate carbohydrate and protein content with most optimized texture. The functional and sensory properties of flour blends produced from Sorghum, Millet and African yam bean was studied. Sorghum, Millet and African yam bean were processed into flour and mixed at different ratios to obtain composite flours. The flour formulations obtained were analyzed for water absorption capacity, bulk density, least gelation concentration , and viscosity .The water absorption capacity ranged from 1.00 to 3.00, the bulk density ranged from 0.56 to 0.82;the least gelation concentration ranged from 5.77 to 6.87,while the viscosity ranged from 0.956 to 9.30.Also proximate composition of the individual flours before formulation was analyzed, it ranged from 6.13 to 8.46 moisture, 2.00 to 4.67 ash, 0.17 to 8.00 fiber,5.47 to 8.61 fat, 7.57 to 21.84 protein, 58.34 to 69.27 carbohydrate.The sensory values ranged from 5.60 to 6.45 for taste; 4.25 to 6.85 for colour; 5.15 to 6.80 for texture; 3.85 to 5.70 for aroma; 5.45 to 6.45 acceptability. Sample 10 (with the ratio of 40:70:20) had the highest rating for general acceptability. It was observed that sample 1(with the ratio of 60:50:60) had the lowest rating in taste and aroma. The mixture components that could produce optimum texture was determined through optimization plot. This work has demonstrated that acceptable ‘fufu’ with moderate protein and carbohydrate could be successfully produced using composite flours of sorghum, millet and African yam bean.
Growth Analysis of Joint Liability Groups (JLGs) in India - With Special Reference to Tamil Nadu
Authors: Myvizhi S. , Anjugam M. , Prahadeeswaran M. , Ganapati Patil Santosh 
Published: November 2021

Joint Liability Groups (JLGs) has been a noteworthy developmental mechanism in microfinance group-lending model advancing towards uplifting materialistic collateral-less and unbanked poor society in the direction of self-sustainability through easing access to formal financial services with a proposal for self-employment which remained to be pursued as their dream for so long. The present study seeks to document expansionary trend in JLGs and to identify major benefits, constraints and suggestions of JLG member-beneficiaries with purview of supporting further development towards promoting and financing more JLGs in India.
Aim: The present study attempts to document the trend in growth of JLGs supported by National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) in India and to identify major benefits, constraints and suggestions in functioning of JLGs through Bank-Business Corporate (BC) linkage model among its member-beneficiaries which would serve researchers and policy makers to arrive at appropriate measures to expedite advancement in expansion and magnification of trend of JLGs in India.
Design of Study: The study employed secondary data from annual publication of NABARD “Status of Micro Finance in India” for 2011-12 to 2019-20 for JLG trend analysis. Following purposive sampling, 3 blocks of Namakkal district were studied during August 2021, purposively selecting Bank-Business Corporate (BC) linkage model and randomly selecting well-experienced 30 member-beneficiary groups.
Methodology: The study adopted Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) for JLG trend analysis and Garrett’s ranking procedure to prioritize major benefits, constraints and suggestions of JLG members.
Findings:

Overall growth rate of India stands at 44.86% in terms of number of JLGs promoted and 60.73% in terms of quantum of JLG loan disbursed. Northern region excels growing at the rate of 62.53% in the former category while Western region exhibits expeditious rate of growth (75.19%) in the latter.
Tamil Nadu leads the lane in terms of cumulative quantum of credit disbursed ranking second to Bihar in terms of cumulative number of JLGs promoted in India. Orissa manifests rapid growth among leading five states in both categories cumulatively.

With women empowerment socially and economically, easy access to formal credit and better repayment as major benefits of JLG participation, hiking initial loan amount, aiding in identification of microenterprise, training and capacity building in related fields, introducing technological innovation on demand-side and linkage to product marketing and brand promotion on supply side were suggested areas of concern towards encouraging massive promotion of JLGs..
Evaluation of Nutrient Composition in Breast Milk of Breast Feeding Mothers in Urban and Sub-Urban Subjects in Rivers State
Authors: Catherine Ikewuchi , Biambo Kalaotaji Glory , Nyebuchi Jonathan , Fyneface Amadi Chikadibia , Goodnews Nwika 
Published: November 2021

The human breast milk is considered to be the perfect food for infants, specifically adapted to their needs. Changes in lifestyle and environment may impact on breast milk composition. This study was aimed at comparing the nutrients composition in breast milk in postpartum women in urban and sub-urban areas in Rivers State. The cross-sectional study was conducted among 59 postpartum subjects between 0 and 10days of child delivery in each group. Sampling was done through a simple random sampling method. Human breast milk was collected by means of a manual breast pump for the analysis of carbohydrate, protein and lipid using ClegAnthrone Method, Kjedahl Method and Soxhelt Extraction Method respectively. The results revealed that carbohydrate level was 6.1±0.5% in urban group and 5.0±0.1% in sub-urban group which was statistically significant (t-value=2.2; p-value=0.04). Protein level was 3.5±0.6% in urban group and 3.9±0.3% in sub-urban group which was statistically non-significant (t-value=0.6; p-value=0.57). Lipid level was 6.1±0.5% and 5.0±0.1% in urban and sub-urban groups respectively which was statistically non- significant (t-value=1.2; p-value=0.27). This study has revealed that differences in settlements (urban and sub-urban) have no impact on breast milk composition except in carbohydrate.
Habitat Assessment and Regeneration Pattern of Himalayan Birch (Betula utilis) in Royal Botanical Park, Lampelri
Authors: Suberi Bhagat , Wangchuk Kinzang , Sherub Karma 
Published: November 2021

The Himalayan Birch (Betula utilis D. Don) an essential tree species due to its ecological and social importance in the himalayan region. The study assessed the effect of environmental factors on habitat, growth, and regeneration patterns of the Himalayan Birch at the Royal Botanical Park, Lampelri, Bhutan . Two vertical transects with a spacing of 75 m were laid across the altitudinal gradient. A total of 10 circular sample plots were laid on each transect with a plot size of 12.62 m for trees, 3.57 m for regeneration, and 0.57 m for ground cover vegetation. A total of 119 vascular plant species under 45 families were recorded in 20 survey plots. The Spearman rho’s correlation showed strong negative correlation between the species abundance and temperature (rs=- .83) and positive correlation with the species count and altitude (rs = .83). The species richness in the study area showed an initial increase up to certain with elevation and then decreased with further increase in elevation. The importance value index (IVI) of tree species showed Tsuga dumosa as the most dominant species. Betula utilis indicated an increasing density with an increase in elevation. The regeneration of Betula utilis was poor as it was mostly found in a sapling stage. From a total of 43 tree species regenerating, 13.95% showed good regeneration, 34.88% fair, 23.25% poor, and 4.65% without regeneration. The remaining 23.25% seems to be either reappearing or immigrating.
Viability and Vigor of Cerrado Cashew Seeds (Anacardium humile) on Different Substrates
Authors: Nunes Helber Veras , Barros Daniella Inácio , Santos Alessandro de Souza , Pires Cardeal Indira Rayane , Quirino Mariana Senna , Alencar Libório Ricardo , Morais Brito Lucas Eduardo , Gomes Sales Paulo Victor , Da Silva Heloísa Donizete , Napoli Nunes Bruno Henrique di 
Published: November 2021

The little cashew from the Cerrado (Anacardium humile) is a kind of family anacardiáceaceas, a shrubby plant of great incidence in the Brazilian Cerrado. It is a small pseudofruit, of acidic and juicy flavor, which is known to have colors ranging from yellow to red. It can be consumed naturally or in juices, drinks, sweets. However, its true fruit is the chestnut. Seed germination is influenced by factors such as the substrate, which can be improved in order to improve germination, resulting in the acquisition of more vigorous seedlings. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Tocantins, city of Gurupi/TO, from 26 October 2017 to 15 February 2018. Seeds were collected directly from the pseudofruits. The highest root length value was obtained for seedlings of the following substrates: bs + ws + pb (7.1 cm and 12.5 cm) and ws (6.7 cm and 10.7 cm), intermediate values: or + rs + vl (6.3 cm and 10.0 cm) and hw + vl + sawdust + cp + ws (5.5 cm and 9.5 cm), and lower values on substrates: bs (5.7 cm and 8.0 cm) and bs + rs + sawdust (6,6 cm e 9,0 cm). It was also observed that the highest value referring to the first emergency count and seedling emergence once again stood out the substrates bs + ws + pb (61.0 % and 87.5 %) and ws (56.2% and 86.2 %). Intermediate results were obtained from hw substrates + vl + sawdust + cp + ws(44.0 % and 81.0 %) and or + rs + vl (48.4 % and 81.2 %) and lower for bs substrates (37.5% and 72.0 %) and bs + rs + sawdust (45.3% and 77.0 %). The substrates: bs + ws + pb and washed sand provided the highest values of viability and vigor in cashew seeds.
Effects of Malaria on some Haematological Parameters among Pregnant Women in Delta State, Nigeria
Authors: Foghi B. O. , Nduka F. O. , Nzeako S. O. 
Published: November 2021

Aim: To determine the effect of malaria parasitaemia on some haematological parameters of pregnant women in Delta State, Nigeria.
Study Design: The experiment is a vertical survey of pregnant women.
Place and Duration: The study was carried out in five designated Local Government Area in Delta State, Nigeria. They include Ughelli South, Ughelli North, Udu, Uvwie and Ethiope East Local Government Area, between January-August 2021.
Methodology: Vein puncture technique was used to obtain 5ml of blood from 1000 pregnant women in the five selected government hospital in Delta State. Malaria parasite examination was done using thin and thick blood films, following standard parasitological techniques. Haematological parameters comprising packed cell volume, hemoglobin concentration, white blood cell count, neutrophils, lymphocytes, eosinophils, monocyte and basophils were determined and CD4 count was done using flow cytometry. Socio economic data was obtained with the use of structured questionnaires. Data were analyzed using student T-test and Anova.
Results: Out of the 1000 pregnant women examined, 624 (62.4%) tested positive for malaria. Those with secondary education had the highest prevalence where 234 (23.4%) examined and 202 (86.3%) infected. Data revealed that married women and artisans had very high infections of (70.9%) and (78.7%) respectively. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the level of PCV, HB, TWBC, Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Eosinophils, Monocytes and CD4 count of those infected when compared to those uninfected. Women with 1+ve Plasmodium count had CD4 count of 712.68 ± 12.23, those with 2+ve Plasmodium count had CD4 count 628.88±9.11, while those with 3 +++ve Plasmodium count had CD4 count of 578.71±2.10.
Conclusion: Plasmodium parasitaemia had influenced the haematological parameters of pregnant women in the study. Pregnant women should be advice on the proper use of preventive strategies which include intermittent preventive treatment IPTp and the proper use of insecticide treated bed net.
Consumer Preferences for Boiled and Fried Sweet Potato in Central and Northern Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa
Authors: Huges Kouassi Martial Jean , Yah Koua Gisèle Ahou , Konan Dibi Brice Evrad , Kouakou Michel Amani , Ebah Djedji Catherine Bomoh , Essis Sidoine Brice , N’Zué Boni 
Published: November 2021

Aims: This study evaluated the sensory properties and consumer acceptability of orange-fleshed sweet potato and local sweet potato among households of Central and Northern Côte d’Ivoire.
Study Design: Selection of sweet potato cultivars, determination of nutritional properties, cooking process, and evaluation of hedonic testing and consumer acceptability.
Place and Duration of Study: Bouake and Korhogo district in Central and Northern Côte d’Ivoire, for three years 2018, 2019, and 2020 (July to November).
Methodology: Sensory evaluation and acceptability were performed using a nine-point hedonic scale. The relationships between the sensory attributes and the sweet potato cultivars were analyzed using a Principal Component Analysis plot. Biochemical standard methods were used to determine the dry matter, sugar, total carotenoid contents, and mineral composition of sweet potato cultivars tested by the sensory panel.
Results: All twelve sweet potato cultivars were accepted based on sensory attributes with the different traits of preference. In Bouake district, white (Sanfo Figui 1 and Sanfo Figui 2) and yellow cultivars (Fatoni 2) were most preferred for their texture and yam-like taste, while in Korhogo locality, OFSP (Covington TIB-440060, CIP-199062-1 and Irene) and yellow cultivar (Gotchan) were most accepted because of their attractive appearance and their sweet taste. The OFSP cultivars recorded low dry matter and high sugar content compared to white and yellow varieties. Also, OFSP showed the highest content of carotenoid (181.70 to 351.47 µg/g dw), while local variety recorded low content. All the sweet potato cultivars tested contain mineral components.
Conclusion: This study shows that the local and OFSP varieties were successfully accepted by the consumer with the different quality traits. The main quality traits that determine consumer preference are appearance, texture, and taste (none or sweet taste). Understanding consumer quality traits can increase the effectiveness of breeding programmes, increase yield and adoption of new varieties.
Effect of Dental Education on Dental Phobia; A Cross-Sectional Study among the Dental Students of Riyadh, KSA
Authors: AlYamany Rama Mahmoud , Alqahtani Najla Haif , Alrumi Luluh Mohammed , Alhabeeb Yara Yousef , Alshamrani Nouf Ali , Ansari Shahzeb Hasan 
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Dental anxiety among dental students is an important issue that needs to be examined more thoroughly by the research community. Dental anxiety among dental students could have implications for their future practice, as it may adversely affect their ability to render quality dental care.
Materials and Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted among the dental students in Riyadh using an online survey. Dental universities in Riyadh were contacted and participants were requested to fill up the survey. 500 students from all six years of dentistry were utilized in this study.
Results: overall 21.6% of clinical students reported that dental education did not reduce their dental phobia at all, whereas 40.4% reported definitely yes. Among various dental procedures that may cause anxiety among patients, root canal treatment (RCT) was accounted for the greatest number of responses (28.6%) in ‘high anxiety’.
Conclusion: There is a need to intervene and use certain measures to reduce the dental phobia or anxiety among pre-clinical dental students and not wait until they reach clinical levels.
Vitamin D in Different Stages of Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy and its Correlation with Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 (TGF-β1) –A Cross Sectional Study
Authors: Kavuparambil Liji , Pammi Ashok Kumar , Jithesh T. K. , Shifa K. 
Published: November 2021

Background: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is a microvascular complication of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and the prevalence of which is increasing in every year. Monitoring of Vitamin D status in diabetic nephropathy patients is important, as the deficiency of vitamin D appears as a risk factor for the development of diabetic nephropathy. Studies evaluating the role of vitamin D in DN are few. Conflicting data is available on the correlation between vitamin D and Diabetic Nephropathy. Studies revealed the sample population is Vitamin D deficient. Therefore, it is important to understand the correlation of Vitamin D with severity of Diabetic nephropathy and its role in fibrogenesis. The aim of this study is to analyse vitamin D status in different stages of type 2 diabetic nephropathy and its correlation with transforming growth factor beta-1.
Methods: A 1.5-year cross-sectional study of 120 diabetic patients, 60 with nephropathy and 60 without nephropathy patients enrolled to MES Medical College. Patients with heart, liver, or thyroid disease, as well as those on dialysis, were excluded from the study. The VITROS 5600 integrated system were used to measure fasting blood sugar (FBS), HbA1c, creatinine and vitamin D. Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 (TGF-β1) is measured using ELISA technique. According to HbA1c and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values, the study population is divided into two groups. The statistical package for the social sciences (SPSS) software was used to conduct the analysis. The level of significance was calculated at 95%.
Results: The level of vitamin D in diabetic patients with nephropathy is much lower than in diabetic patients without nephropathy. In diabetic nephropathy patients, serum creatinine, urea, HbA1c and TGF-β1 exhibited a highly significant negative correlation with vitamin D status, but eGFR showed a highly significant positive correlation.
Conclusion: Vitamin D status has been found to be poor in all diabetic patients, with a greater drop in diabetic nephropathy patients. In diabetic nephropathy patients, serum creatinine, urea, HbA1c and TGF-β1 exhibited a highly significant negative association with vitamin D status, but eGFR showed a highly significant positive link. Deficiency of vitamin D have role in the development and severity of DN, and showed a highly significant correlation with the regulator of fibrosis, TGF-β1. This finding indicates that vitamin D couldbe an important factor for development and progression of Diabetic nephropathy. So supplementation of vitamin D may slow down progression of DN.
Impact of Demonetization and Goods and Services Tax (GST) on India’s Economic Growth: A Critical Review
Authors: Ahmad Jamil 
Published: November 2021

India’s economic growth has been affected by the sudden withdrawal of currency notes from the circulation and hasty implementation of GST (Goods and Services Tax) in the economy. Demonetization not only pull-down the economic growth but also paralyzing the informal sector and small-scale sector of the economy. The Industrial output cracked and services growth slowdown and eventually the economic growth start declining. Demonetization harm each area of the economy such as the real estate sector, health care industry, the wedding industry and travel industry. On the other hand, the implementation of GST is affecting every sector of the economy and its supply chain too.
This paper tries to highlight the cost and benefits bear by the economy due to the twin strokes of Demonetization and implementation of the GST. The paper also tries to find out the expected rate of growth of the economy after the Demonetization and GST. Finally, the study tries to conclude that how it would be disrupted and benefits the economy in the long run.
Identifying Long‐Term Trajectories of Foot Pain Severity and Potential Prognostic Factors: A Population‐Based Cohort Study
Authors: Marshall Michelle , Blagojevic‐Bucknall Milica , Rathod‐Mistry Trishna , Thomas Martin J. , Edwards John J. , Peat George , Menz Hylton B. , Roddy Edward 
Published: November 2021

ObjectivesTo identify distinct foot pain trajectories over 7 years and examine their associations with potential prognostic factors.MethodsAdults ages ≥50 years and registered with 4 general practices in North Staffordshire, UK were mailed a baseline health survey. Those reporting current or recent foot pain were invited to attend a research assessment clinic. Follow‐up was by repeated postal surveys at 18, 36, 54, and 84 months. Distinct trajectories of foot pain were explored using latent class growth analysis (LCGA). Subsequently, identified trajectories were combined into most and least progressive groups, and covariate‐adjusted associations with a range of prognostic factors were examined.ResultsOf 560 adults with foot pain attending baseline research clinics, 425 (76%) provided data at baseline and 2 or more follow‐up time points. LCGA for foot pain severity (0–10 numerical rating scale) identified a 4‐trajectory model: “mild, improving” (37%); “moderate, improving” (33%); “moderate‐severe, persistent” (24%); and “severe, persistent” (6%). Compared with individuals in more favorable (improving) pain trajectories, those in less favorable (persistent) pain trajectories were more likely to be obese, have routine/manual and intermediate occupations, have poorer physical and mental health, have catastrophizing beliefs, have greater foot‐specific functional limitation, and have self‐assessed hallux valgus at baseline.ConclusionsFour distinct trajectories of foot pain were identified over a 7‐year period, with one‐third of individuals classified as having pain that is persistently moderate‐severe and severe in intensity. The effect of intervening to target modifiable prognostic factors such as obesity and hallux valgus on long‐term outcomes in people with foot pain requires investigation.