bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dark Energy Survey Year 3 Results: Photometric Data Set for Cosmology
Authors: Sevilla-Noarbe I. , Bechtol K. , Carrasco Kind M. , Carnero Rosell A. , Becker M. R. , Drlica-Wagner A. , Gruendl R. A. , Rykoff E. S. , Sheldon E. , Yanny B. , Alarcon A. , Allam S. , Amon A. , Benoit-Lévy A. , Bernstein G. M. , Bertin E. , Burke D. L. , Carretero J. , Choi A. , Diehl H. T. , Everett S. , Flaugher B. , Gaztanaga E. , Gschwend J. , Harrison I. , Hartley W. G. , Hoyle B. , Jarvis M. , Johnson M. D. , Kessler R. , Kron R. , Kuropatkin N. , Leistedt B. , Li T. S. , Menanteau F. , Morganson E. , Ogando R. L. C. , Palmese A. , Paz-Chinchón F. , Pieres A. , Pond C. , Rodriguez-Monroy M. , Smith J. Allyn , Stringer K. M. , Troxel M. A. , Tucker D. L. , de Vicente J. , Wester W. , Zhang Y. , Abbott T. M. C. , Aguena M. , Annis J. , Avila S. , Bhargava S. , Bridle S. L. , Brooks D. , Brout D. , Castander F. J. , Cawthon R. , Chang C. , Conselice C. , Costanzi M. , Crocce M. , da Costa L. N. , Pereira M. E. S. , Davis T. M. , Desai S. , Dietrich J. P. , Doel P. , Eckert K. , Evrard A. E. , Ferrero I. , Fosalba P. , García-Bellido J. , Gerdes D. W. , Giannantonio T. , Gruen D. , Gutierrez G. , Hinton S. R. , Hollowood D. L. , Honscheid K. , Huff E. M. , Huterer D. , James D. J. , Jeltema T. , Kuehn K. , Lahav O. , Lidman C. , Lima M. , Lin H. , Maia M. A. G. , Marshall J. L. , Martini P. , Melchior P. , Miquel R. , Mohr J. J. , Morgan R. , Neilsen E. , Plazas A. A. , Romer A. K. , Roodman A. , Sanchez E. , Scarpine V. , Schubnell M. , Serrano S. , Smith M. , Suchyta E. , Tarle G. , Thomas D. , To C. , Varga T. N. , Wechsler R. H. , Weller J. , Wilkinson R. D. ,   (DES Collaboration)
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We describe the Dark Energy Survey (DES) photometric data set assembled from the first three years of science operations to support DES Year 3 cosmologic analyses, and provide usage notes aimed at the broad astrophysics community. Y3
GOLD improves on previous releases from DES, Y1
GOLD, and Data Release 1 (DES DR1), presenting an expanded and curated data set that incorporates algorithmic developments in image detrending and processing, photometric calibration, and object classification. Y3
GOLD comprises nearly 5000 deg2 of grizY imaging in the south Galactic cap, including nearly 390 million objects, with depth reaching a signal-to-noise ratio ∼10 for extended objects up to i
AB ∼ 23.0, and top-of-the-atmosphere photometric uniformity <3 mmag. Compared to DR1, photometric residuals with respect to Gaia are reduced by 50%, and per-object chromatic corrections are introduced. Y3
GOLD augments DES DR1 with simultaneous fits to multi-epoch photometry for more robust galactic color measurements and corresponding photometric redshift estimates. Y3
GOLD features improved morphological star–galaxy classification with efficiency >98% and purity >99% for galaxies with 19 < i
AB < 22.5. Additionally, it includes per-object quality information, and accompanying maps of the footprint coverage, masked regions, imaging depth, survey conditions, and astrophysical foregrounds that are used to select the cosmologic analysis samples.
How to Train Your Flare Prediction Model: Revisiting Robust Sampling of Rare Events
Authors: Ahmadzadeh Azim , Aydin Berkay , Georgoulis Manolis K. , Kempton Dustin J. , Mahajan Sushant S. , Angryk Rafal A. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We present a case study of solar flare forecasting by means of metadata feature time series, by treating it as a prominent class-imbalance and temporally coherent problem. Taking full advantage of pre-flare time series in solar active regions is made possible via the Space Weather Analytics for Solar Flares (SWAN-SF) benchmark data set, a partitioned collection of multivariate time series of active region properties comprising 4075 regions and spanning over 9 yr of the Solar Dynamics Observatory period of operations. We showcase the general concept of temporal coherence triggered by the demand of continuity in time series forecasting and show that lack of proper understanding of this effect may spuriously enhance models’ performance. We further address another well-known challenge in rare-event prediction, namely, the class-imbalance issue. The SWAN-SF is an appropriate data set for this, with a 60:1 imbalance ratio for GOES M- and X-class flares and an 800:1 imbalance ratio for X-class flares against flare-quiet instances. We revisit the main remedies for these challenges and present several experiments to illustrate the exact impact that each of these remedies may have on performance. Moreover, we acknowledge that some basic data manipulation tasks such as data normalization and cross validation may also impact the performance; we discuss these problems as well. In this framework we also review the primary advantages and disadvantages of using true skill statistic and Heidke skill score, two widely used performance verification metrics for the flare-forecasting task. In conclusion, we show and advocate for the benefits of time series versus point-in-time forecasting, provided that the above challenges are measurably and quantitatively addressed.
Lyman and Balmer Continuum Spectra for Hydrogen Atoms in Strong White Dwarf Magnetic Fields
Authors: Zhao L. B. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We report calculations of photoionization cross sections for hydrogen atoms in white-dwarf magnetic fields. The calculations were implemented using the adiabatic-basis-expansion method and the coupled-channel theory, which are valid for low and high magnetic fields, respectively. The magnetic fields span over a typical white-dwarf strength regime from 23.5 to 2350 MG. Lyman and Balmer continuum spectra for bound–free transitions in magnetic white-dwarf stars are presented with various field strengths. The current results are compared with those from the complex-rotation method. Excellent agreement is shown in the energy region away from Landau thresholds, but the pronounced discrepancies are found in the small vicinity below Landau thresholds. The agreement shown illustrates the reliability of these two theoretical approaches used, while the discrepancies should be attributed to the limitation of the complex-rotation method. The photoionization cross sections presented here should be applicable to the analyses of continuum spectra and their polarization properties observed in the atmospheres of hydrogen-dominated magnetic white dwarfs.
La bombe : les paradoxes de l’arme absolue
Authors: Schmitt Olivier 
Published: May 2021

Le secret n’est jamais absolu en matière nucléaire, du fait de la nature fondamentale de la manœuvre de dissuasion, mais aussi des besoins de coopération dans le cadre de la lutte contre la prolifération. L’alternance maîtrisée entre la lumière et l’ombre constitue ainsi le cœur des enjeux recouvrant le fait nucléaire. On peut alors distinguer deux dimensions à ce secret : une qui recouvre les intentions et les capacités, et une qui relève de la diffusion et du partage des informations sur ses capacités et sur celles des autres.
En diplomatie
Authors: Mignot Emmanuel 
Published: May 2021

Le recours au secret est un avantage pour un diplomate dans plusieurs dimensions de sa mission. En négociation, il lui permet de ne pas dévoiler son jeu et le met à l’abri des pressions. Mais aujourd’hui, après la publication de milliers de télégrammes diplomatiques par WikiLeaks, sous la pression des médias, de la société civile et des responsables politiques favorables à la transparence, le contexte est différent. Face à la floraison des théories complotistes sur les réseaux sociaux, une transparence complète ne serait-elle pas un progrès ? Il est donc opportun de se demander si le secret est toujours possible, s’il est encore souhaitable voire même nécessaire dans la diplomatie moderne.
Recent advances in the nutritional, functional, and agronomic traits of Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum (L.) Gaertn.)
Authors: Kasajima Shinya 
Published: May 2021

Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum(L.) Gaertn.) is considered a functional food because its seeds contain higher amounts of polyphenols (e.g., rutin) compared to common buckwheat. However, because of its highly bitter taste and difficulties in cultivation, the agricultural production and usage of Tartary buckwheat in food products remain limited. The nutritional and functional ingredients of Tartary buckwheat include quercetin, which causes its bitterness and is generated by rutinosidase (rutin-degrading enzyme). A nonbitter Tartary buckwheat variety with trace levels of rutinosidase has recently been developed. Despite such research, there is still a lack of agronomic information on Tartary buckwheat. Lodging can be a significant problem during its cultivation, and a lodging-resistant, semidwarf variety has been developed. This paper summarizes recent advances in our knowledge regarding the nutritional and agronomic traits of Tartary buckwheat. The information extends our understanding of the health benefits of Tartary buckwheat and the solutions to challenges in its agricultural production.
Keywords: agronomic traits, nutrient function, Tartary buckwheat
Foot Posture and Plantar Loading With Ankle Bracing
Authors: Dickerson Laura C. , Queen Robin M. 
Published: May 2021

Context
Arch height is one important aspect of foot posture. An estimated 20% of the population has pes planus and 20% has pes cavus. These abnormal foot postures can alter lower extremity kinematics and plantar loading and contribute to injury risk. Ankle bracing is commonly used in sport to prevent these injuries, but no researchers have examined the effects of ankle bracing on plantar loading.

Objective
To evaluate the effects of ankle braces on plantar loading during athletic tasks.

Design
Cross-sectional study.

Setting
Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants
A total of 36 participants (11 men, 25 women; age = 23.1 ± 2.5 years, height = 1.72 ± 0.09 m, mass = 66.3 ± 14.7 kg) were recruited for this study.

Intervention(s)
Participants completed walking, running, and cutting tasks in 3 bracing conditions: no brace, lace-up ankle-support brace, and semirigid brace.

Main Outcome Measure(s)
We analyzed the plantar-loading variables of contact area, maximum force, and force-time integral for 2 midfoot and 3 forefoot regions and assessed the displacement of the center of pressure. A 3 × 3 mixed-model repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to determine the effects of brace and foot type (α = .05).

Results
Foot type affected force measures in the middle (P range = .003–.047) and the medial side of the foot (P range = .004–.04) in all tasks. Brace type affected contact area in the medial midfoot during walking (P = .005) and cutting (P = .01) tasks, maximum force in the medial and lateral midfoot during all tasks (P &lt; .001), and force-time integral in the medial midfoot during all tasks (P &lt; .001). Portions of the center-of-pressure displacement were affected by brace wear in both the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior directions (P range = .001–.049).

Conclusions
Ankle braces can be worn to redistribute plantar loading. Additional research should be done to evaluate their effectiveness in injury prevention.
Ёшларнинг ҳарбий ватанпарварлик рухида тарбиялашнинг асосий сиёсий принциплари
Authors: Мирзаев Агзам 
Published: May 2021

Замонавий ижтимоий-маданий вазият, таълимда меъёрий-хуқуқий базасининг динамикаси, инновацион таълим тизимларида ҳарбий-ватанпарварлик таълими муаммосини ҳал этиш бўйича фаол илмий изланишлар, инновацион таълим кластери шароитида ҳарбий-ватанпарварлик таълими тамойилларини ўрганиш долзарблигини белгилаб берди. Тадқиқот муаммосини ҳал қилиш учун мақола муаллифи назарий тадқиқот усулларидан фойдаланган: яъний назарий таҳлил, олинган маълумотларни умумлаштириш ва синтез қилиш, ўхшашлик, таққослаш, мавҳумлаштириш, конкретлаштириш, расмийлаштириш.
Жараённинг барча субъектларининг биргаликдаги фаолияти шароитида таълим, мудофаа, маданият, тиббиёт ва бошқа ижтимоий соҳалардаги ташкилотлар ва муассасаларнинг маблағларини реализация қилиш, қийинчиликларни биргаликда енгиш, шахсий ривожланиш, ўз Ватанини ҳимоя қилишнинг мохияти, инновацион таълим кластери шароитида ҳарбий-ватанпарварлик тарбиясига этнопедагогик, ижтимоий-педагогик, ижтимоий-маданий ва бошқа ёндашувларни танқидий таҳлил қилиш муаллифга гуманитар-кластер ёндашуви истиқболли деган хулосага келиш имконини берди.
Мақолада муаллиф томонидан инновацион ўқув кластери доирасида ишлаб чиқилган ҳарбий-ватанпарварлик тарбияси тамойиллари таркиби келтирилган, яъни давомийлик, янгилик, субъективлик, соғлиқни сақлаш, ресурсларнинг изчиллиги, меъёрий тартибга солиш, концептуал яхлитлик, бир-бирини тўлдириш тамойиллари.
Анъанавий мулоқот маданияти семантикасига доир баъзи мулоҳазалар (этнологик таҳлил)
Authors: Нарзиев Набижон 
Published: May 2021

Ушбу мақолада мулоқот маданиятидаги этикет анъаналарининг семантик хусусиятлари илмий адабиётлар, дала этнографик тадқиқотлар ва ўтказилган этносоциологик сўровлар натижалари асосида ёритиб берилган. Мулоқот маданияти семантикаси масалалари нафақат лингвистиканинг, балки антропология ва этнологиянинг ҳам муҳим ўрганиш объекти эканлигига эътиборни қаратилган. Мақолада муаллиф мулоқот маданияти семантикаси масаласини анъанавий кийимларда акс этишининг этник ва этноҳудудий фарқларнинг мавжудлигини асослаб берган.
Ушбу мақолада мулоқот маданиятидаги этикет анъаналарининг семантик хусусиятлари илмий адабиётлар, дала этнографик тадқиқотлар ва ўтказилган этносоциологик сўровлар натижалари асосида ёритиб берилган. Мулоқот маданияти семантикаси масалалари нафақат лингвистиканинг, балки антропология ва этнологиянинг ҳам муҳим ўрганиш объекти эканлигига эътиборни қаратилган. Мақолада муаллиф мулоқот маданияти семантикаси масаласини анъанавий кийимларда акс этишининг этник ва этноҳудудий фарқларнинг мавжудлигини асослаб берган.
Фуқаролик процессида вакиллик фаолиятининг кафолатлари ва хорижий давлатлар тажрибасининг ўзига хос жихатлари
Authors: Хабибуллаев Давлатжон , Мамадиев Аброр 
Published: May 2021

Мазкур мақолада фуқаролик процессида вакилнинг иштироки, вакилликнинг асослари ва ишда иштирок этиш тартиби, вакилнинг ишни судда кўриш босқичида судья томонидан ўзининг ташаббусига кўра ёки тарафларнинг тавсиясига кўра тайинланиши, иш ҳолатларига қараб жалб этилиши, шартномавий вакиллик асосида фаолият юритувчи шахсларнинг турлари, вакилнинг ваколатини расмийлаштириш масалалари таҳлил этилди. Ривожланган хорижий давлатларнинг фуқаролик процессуал қонунчиликда вакиллик фаолиятининг такомиллаштиришга доир амалий тажрибасининг авфзалликлари ўрганилди. Шунингдек, вакиллик фаолиятини ва қонунчилигини такомиллаштириш юзасидан таклиф ва тавсиялар берилди
Морфологические особенности тимуса в норме и при влиянии генно-модифицированного продукта в эксперименте
Authors: Хасанова Дилноза 
Published: May 2021

Воздействие ГМО на тимус приводит к избирательному поражению между паренхимой и стромой, вероятно в основе этих изменений лежит специфическая реакция тимуса в ответ на локальное введение ГМО, которое приводит к ослаблению иммунитета организма, возникновению аллергических реакций, формированию резистентности к антибиотикам, снижению эффективности лечения заболеваний, развитию патологий, связанных с процессом кумуляции в организме человека после употребления.
Болаликнинг II даврида чапақай ва ўнақай болаларнинг морфометрик кўрсаткичларнинг қиёсий хусусиятлари
Authors: Рустамова Нигина 
Published: May 2021

Таҳлил №7 умумий ўрта таълим мактабида ўкийдиган 10 ёшли болаларда ўтказилди. Тадкикот натижалари шуни кўрсатадики, 10 ёшли чап қўлли болалар шу ёшдаги ўнг қўлли болаларга нисбатан жисмоний ривожланишнинг (тана массаси ва кўкрак айланаси) кўрсатгичлари бўйича бироз орқада қолса, аксинча бўй узунлиги ва чап қўл узунлиги ўлчамлари сезиларли даражада ортиши кузатилди.
Самарқандда 1868-1917 йилларда таълим тизими тарихи
Authors: Умрзоқов Мақсуд 
Published: May 2021

Мақолада Самарқандда подшо ҳукумати таъсири остида ташкил қилинган дастлабки таълим муассасаларининг фаолияти ва унга жалб қилинган ерли аҳоли вакиллари, шунгдек ўлкада бундай таълим муассасаларини ташкил этишдан асосий мақсад ерли аҳоли вакилларини саводли қилиш эмас, балки шу орқали рус тили ва маданиятини ёйиш ва яна ўз бошқарув тузилмалари учун керакли соҳа мутахасисларини тайёрлаш эканлигини англаш мумкин. Рус мактаблари тармоғини кенгайтириш орқали яна бизнинг асрлар давомида шаклланган диний қадриятларимиз ва диний таълим масканларимиз фаолиятидан ерли аҳоли вакилларини узоқлаштириш сиёсати олиб борилган.
Sharq va g’arb badiyatida milliy urf odatlar ifodasi
Authors: Saibnazarova Mahliyo 
Published: May 2021

Maqolada sharq va g’arb madaniyati, urf-odatlarning ahamiyati, ularning qadr qimmati va mamlakat taraqqiyotiga qo’shgan hissasi, bundan tashqari xar bir kishining individ shaxs sifatida shakllanishi, faqat o`zi yashab turgan davrdagi ijtimoiy munosabatlar ta'siri ostida bo`lib qolmasdan, shuningdek, tarixiy tajribalar, ajdodlar tomonidan yaratilgan, to`plangan va avloddan-avlodga o`tib kelayotgan madaniy meroslar, milliy qadriyatlar ta'siri ostida ham shakllanishi ochib berilagan.
Yosh futbolchilarning texnik-taktik harakatlarini xajm va sifat ko’rsatkichlari dinamikasini tahlili
Authors: Choriyev Dilshod 
Published: May 2021

Ushbu maqolada yosh futbolchilarning texnik-taktik harakatlarni xajm va sifat ko‘rsatkichlari dinamikasini tahlili va jismoniy qobiliyatlarini har tomonlama rivojlantirishga, kuchlilik, tezkorlik, chidamkorlik, chaqqonlik kabi jismoniy sifatlarini yana bir qanchasini oshirishga, texnik harakatlari bo‘yicha test natijalari jadvallar va futbolchilar tomonidan bajarilgan texnik-taktik harakatlar soni va samaradorligi diagrammalar asosida yoritib berishga qaratiladi.
Biznes va tijorat terminlari va ularning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari
Authors: Nasriyeva Dilnoza , Jo’rayeva Malohat 
Published: May 2021

Insoniyat paydo bo‘libdiki, iqtisodiyot jamiyatning ajralmas bo‘lagi bo‘lib kelgan. Eng qadimgi davrlarda shaxsning, so‘ng urug‘ning, asta-sekin davlat va jamiyatning o‘sib borishi bilan iqtisodiy jarayonlar ham muhim rol o‘ynay boshlaydi. Shu bois, taraqqiyotni iqtisodsiz tasavvur etib bo‘lmaydi. Iqtisodiyotni o‘rganish iqtisodiy tashkilotlar, institut va harakatlar bilan bir qatorda tilshunos, tarjimonlar diqqatidan ham chetda qolmaydi. Mazkur maqolada iqtisodiy terminlar va ularning o‘ziga xos xususiyatlari haqida fikr-mulohazalar keltirildi.
MENUJU DEKOLONISASI KEBUDAYAAN
Authors: Munim Abdul 
Published: May 2021

Kebudayaan merupakan kesadaran kolektif, di dalamnya memuat cara berpikir, bersikap dan bertindak. Melihat kenyataan itu kolonial berkesimpulan, kebudayaan sebagai sektor strategis harus dikuasai untuk dikendalikan, dengan demikian diharapkan akan mampu menciptakan sistem kolonial yang efektif dalam mengontrol cara berpikir dan bersikap masyarakat terjajah. Pada taraf itu bukan hanya gerakan rakyat yang bisa dikontrol tetapi lebih dalam lagi kesadarannya juga dapat dikendalikan.
Dengan cara semacam itu tujuan kolonial itu seolah legitimate karena berjubah ilmiah yang berdalih enlightening (pencerahan), padahal tujuan utamanya tetap conquestador (penaklukan), dengan cara pemutusan mata rantai sejarah dan membelokkan arah kebudayaan yang diangap dinamis, dengan mengutuk menjahanamkan militansi, kerelaan berkorban serta keberanian mengambil risiko. Sebaliknya mengekspos habis-habisan nilai-nilai lokal yang dianggap menguntungkan seperti harmoni, teposeliro. Semangat perlawanan mereka diredam melalui pemaknaan baru terhadap setiap ekspresi kebudayaan Nusantara.
CONCEPÇÃO DOS PROFESSORES DE BIOLOGIA DAS ESCOLAS ESTADUAIS DO MUNICÍPIO DE PLANALTO-PR, QUANTO A UTILIZAÇÃO DE MODELOS DIDÁTICOS COMO FERRAMENTA PARA O ENSINO DE GENÉTICA.
Authors: Welter Gabriela Maria , Retuci Vanessa Silva , Soares Izabel Aparecida 
Published: May 2021

A disciplina de Biologia tem sido apontada pelos alunos como sendo complexa. Tal fato normalmente é atribuído aos conceitos e conteúdos complexos, mas muitas vezes é o reflexo da falta de metodologias variadas para o ensino, principalmente da genética. Na tentativa de minimizar as dificuldades, alternativas podem contribuir no processo de ensino e aprendizagem, dentre elas, a utilização de modelos didáticos. Neste trabalho foi analisada a importância do uso de modelos didáticos para o ensino de genética, partindo da perspectiva dos professores de biologia das escolas estaduais do município de Planalto-PR. Inicialmente foram construídos três modelos didáticos para disponibilizar aos professores, os quais foram utilizados para trabalhar os conteúdos que eles elencaram como sendo de maior complexidade. Os modelos foram utilizados em sala de aula, e os envolvidos relataram a validade dos recursos como estratégias didáticas, auxiliando no entendimento dos conteúdos, bem como resgatando nos estudantes a participação durante as aulas.
Application of the ECT9 protocol for radiocarbon-based source apportionment of carbonaceous aerosols
Authors: Huang Lin , Zhang Wendy , Santos Guaciara M. , Rodríguez Blanca T. , Holden Sandra R. , Vetro Vincent , Czimczik Claudia I. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Carbonaceous aerosol is mainly composed of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC). Both OC and EC originate from a variety of emission
sources. Radiocarbon (14C) analysis can be used to apportion bulk aerosol, OC, and EC into their sources. However, such analyses require
the physical separation of OC and EC. Here, we apply of ECT9 protocol to physically isolate OC and EC for 14C analysis and evaluate its effectiveness. Several reference
materials are selected, including two pure OC (fossil “adipic acid” and contemporary “sucrose”), two pure EC (fossil “regal black” and
“C1150”), and three complex materials containing contemporary and/or fossil OC and EC (“rice char”, NIST urban dust standards “SRM1649a” and “SRM8785”, i.e., fine fraction of resuspended SRM1649a on filters). The pure materials were measured for their OC, EC, and
total carbon (TC) mass fractions and corresponding carbon isotopes to evaluate the uncertainty of the procedure. The average accuracy of TC mass,
determined via volumetric injection of a sucrose solution, was approximately 5 %. Ratios of EC/TC and OC/TC were highly
reproducible, with analytical precisions better than 2 % for all reference materials, ranging in size from 20 to 100 µg C.
Consensus values were reached for all pure reference materials for both δ13C and fraction modern (F14C), with an
uncertainty of < 0.3 ‰ and approximately 5 %, respectively. The procedure introduced 1.3 ± 0.6 µg of extraneous
carbon, an amount compatible to that of the Swiss_4S protocol. In addition, OC and EC were isolated from mixtures of pure contemporary OC (sucrose) with pure fossil EC (regal black) and fossil OC (adipic acid)
with contemporary EC (rice char EC) to evaluate the effectiveness of OC and EC separation. Consensus F14C values were reached for all OC
(∼ 5–30 µg) and EC (∼ 10–60 µg) fractions with an uncertainty of ∼ 5 % on average. We found that the
ECT9 protocol efficiently isolates OC or EC from complex mixtures. Based on δ13C measurements, the average contribution of charred
OC to EC is likely less than 3 % when the OC loading amount is less than 30 µg C. Charring was further assessed by evaluating thermograms of various materials, including aerosol samples collected in the Arctic and from tailpipes of gasoline or diesel engines. These data demonstrate that the ECT9 method effectively removes pyrolyzed OC. Thus, the ECT9 protocol, initially developed for concentration and stable isotope measurements of OC and EC, is suitable for 14C-based apportionment studies, including µg C-sized samples from arctic environments.