bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low‐dose CT denoising via convolutional neural network with an observer loss function
Authors: Han Minah , Shim Hyunjung , Baek Jongduk 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurpose: Convolutional neural network (CNN)‐based denoising is an effective method for reducing complex computed tomography (CT) noise. However, the image blur induced by denoising processes is a major concern. The main source of image blur is the pixel‐level loss (e.g., mean squared error [MSE] and mean absolute error [MAE]) used to train a CNN denoiser. To reduce the image blur, feature‐level loss is utilized to train a CNN denoiser. A CNN denoiser trained using visual geometry group (VGG) loss can preserve the small structures, edges, and texture of the image.However, VGG loss, derived from an ImageNet‐pretrained image classifier, is not optimal for training a CNN denoiser for CT images. ImageNet contains natural RGB images, so the features extracted by the ImageNet‐pretrained model cannot represent the characteristics of CT images that are highly correlated with diagnosis. Furthermore, a CNN denoiser trained with VGG loss causes bias in CT number. Therefore, we propose to use a binary classification network trained using CT images as a feature extractor and newly define the feature‐level loss as observer loss.Methods: As obtaining labeled CT images for training classification network is difficult, we create labels by inserting simulated lesions. We conduct two separate classification tasks, signal‐known‐exactly (SKE) and signal‐known‐statistically (SKS), and define the corresponding feature‐level losses as SKE loss and SKS loss, respectively. We use SKE loss and SKS loss to train CNN denoiser.Results: Compared to pixel‐level losses, a CNN denoiser trained using observer loss (i.e., SKE loss and SKS loss) is effective in preserving structure, edge, and texture. Observer loss also resolves the bias in CT number, which is a problem of VGG loss. Comparing observer losses using SKE and SKS tasks, SKS yields images having a more similar noise structure to reference images.Conclusions: Using observer loss for training CNN denoiser is effective to preserve structure, edge, and texture in denoised images and prevent the CT number bias. In particular, when using SKS loss, denoised images having a similar noise structure to reference images are generated.
Estimation of imaging intervals and intrafraction displacement in CyberKnife image‐guided radiotherapy for intracranial lesions
Authors: Inata Hiroki , Tominaga Masahide , Sasaki Motoharu , Kuribayashi Yuta , Sodeoka Noritaka , Katakami Azusa , Nishizaki Osamu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPurposeA recent report by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine Task Group 75 and 180 provided imaging dose estimates for image‐guided CyberKnife radiotherapy. However, to our knowledge, there have been no concrete demonstrations of imaging intervals that are directly linked to exposure dose. We hypothesized that setting a rational standard may be clearer through a balance of treatment accuracy and reducing imaging doses if the margin of the planned treatment volume is controlled through the imaging interval. This study was conducted to simulate the association between the imaging interval and intrafraction displacement and to estimate a reasonable internal margin (IM).MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed data from 21 shell‐fixed heads of patients treated with CyberKnife G3 using our dedicated monitoring system. This system comprises pressure sensors that can monitor head displacement every 0.2 s in the absence of any imaging dose. First, the root sum square of head displacements was calculated in 76 treatment fractions with an imaging interval of 10–1440 s. The cumulative frequency of a root sum square displacement (which was less than the IM) was evaluated in image verifications that were undertaken 546 274 times for every imaging interval.ResultsWe found that the mean values and SDs of the displacement were larger in proportion to the imaging interval (p < 0.002) and that the maximum displacements did not correlate in any combination within 720 s (p > 0.056). The cumulative frequencies of displacement of 0.6 and 1.4 mm (i.e., less than an IM) were 99.2% and 99.1% for imaging intervals of 10 and 360 s, respectively.ConclusionsIn the current study, we found that imaging intervals were directly proportional to intrafraction displacement and that there was no correlation in any combination within 720 s. Imaging intervals for an IM of 0.6 and 1.4 mm were 10 and 360 s, respectively, with a 99% confidence interval of intrafraction displacement. With CyberKnife M6 or a previous version of this system, the imaging dose could be reduced by 0.4760 mSv per 24‐min treatment as the imaging dose ranged from 0.4896 to 0.0136 mSv for imaging intervals of 10 and 360 s with an IM of 0.6 and 1.4 mm, respectively. A rational method that includes X‐ray imaging guidance may be achieved with modulation of the imaging interval via the CyberKnife system.
Cardiovascular reactivity as a measure of irritability in a transdiagnostic sample of youth: Preliminary associations
Authors: Naim Reut , Goodwin Matthew S. , Dombek Kelly , Revzina Olga , Agorsor Courtney , Lee Kyunghun , Zapp Christian , Freitag Gabrielle F. , Haller Simone P. , Cardinale Elise , Jangraw David , Brotman Melissa A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesIrritability is a transdiagnostic symptom in developmental psychopathology, conceptualized as a low threshold for frustration and increased proneness to anger. While central to emotion regulation, there is a vital need for empirical studies to explore the relationship between irritability and underlying physiological mechanisms of cardiovascular arousal.MethodsWe examined the relationship between irritability and cardiovascular arousal (i.e., heart rate [HR] and heart rate variability [HRV]) in a transdiagnostic sample of 51 youth (M = 12.63 years, SD = 2.25; 62.7% male). Data was collected using the Empatica E4 during a laboratory stop‐signal task. In addition, the impact of motion activity, age, medication, and sleep on cardiovascular responses was explored.ResultsMain findings showed that irritability was associated with increased HR and decreased HRV during task performance.ConclusionsFindings support the role of peripheral physiological dysregulation in youth with emotion regulation problems and suggest the potential use of available wearable consumer electronics as an objective measure of irritability and physiological arousal in a transdiagnostic sample of youth.
Block low‐rank single precision coarse grid solvers for extreme scale multigrid methods
Authors: Buttari Alfredo , Huber Markus , Leleux Philippe , Mary Theo , Rüde Ulrich , Wohlmuth Barbara 
Published: August 2021

AbstractExtreme scale simulation requires fast and scalable algorithms, such as multigrid methods. To achieve asymptotically optimal complexity, it is essential to employ a hierarchy of grids. The cost to solve the coarsest grid system can often be neglected in sequential computings, but cannot be ignored in massively parallel executions. In this case, the coarsest grid can be large and its efficient solution becomes a challenging task. We propose solving the coarse grid system using modern, approximate sparse direct methods and investigate the expected gains compared with traditional iterative methods. Since the coarse grid system only requires an approximate solution, we show that we can leverage block low‐rank techniques, combined with the use of single precision arithmetic, to significantly reduce the computational requirements of the direct solver. In the case of extreme scale computing, the coarse grid system is too large for a sequential solution, but too small to permit massively parallel efficiency. We show that the agglomeration of the coarse grid system to a subset of processors is necessary for the sparse direct solver to achieve performance. We demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed method on a Stokes‐type saddle point system solved with a monolithic Uzawa multigrid method. In particular, we show that the use of an approximate sparse direct solver for the coarse grid system can outperform that of a preconditioned minimal residual iterative method. This is demonstrated for the multigrid solution of systems of order up to degrees of freedom on a petascale supercomputer using 43,200 processes.
An online survey to assess parents' preferences for learning about child health research
Authors: Knisley Lisa , Le Anne , Scott Shannon D. ,   the KidsCAN PERC Innovative Pediatric Clinical Trials initiative
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimEthical and logistical issues often exacerbate recruitment problems in child health studies. This study aims: (a) to provide new knowledge on how parents want to hear about child health research and (b) to inform the KidsCAN PERC iPCT initiative's re‐examination of recruitment and retention strategies for pediatric emergency department research studies.DesignWe employed a cross‐sectional, survey design.MethodsAn online survey was distributed to participants (i.e., parents) through partner organizations' advisory group mailing lists. Frequencies and measures of central tendency guided data analysis.ResultsParents are interested in hearing about child health research opportunities, particularly during general practitioner, pediatrician or walk‐in clinic visits. Most parents wanted updates on the research team, progress and results and support to participate, such as reimbursement of travel and childcare costs. Results can inform research teams in the planning of communications to effectively share research opportunities, progress and results with parents.
Molecular features of non‐anaplastic peripheral T‐cell lymphoma in children and adolescents
Authors: Au‐Yeung Rex K. H. , Richter Julia , Iaccarino Ingram , Abramov Dmitriy , Bacon Chris M. , Balagué Olga , d'Amore Emanuele S. G. , Simonitsch‐Klupp Ingrid , Hebeda Konnie , Nakazawa Atsuko , Oschlies Ilske , Kontny Udo , Woessmann Wilhelm , Burkhardt Birgit , Klapper Wolfram 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNon‐anaplasticperipheral T‐cell lymphomas (PTCL) are rare tumors in children, adolescents, and young adults (CAYA) with poor prognosis and scarce genetic data. We analyzed lymphoma tissue from 36 patients up to 18 years old with PTCL, not otherwise specified (PTCL‐NOS), hepatosplenic T‐cell lymphoma, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)‐positive T‐lymphoproliferative diseases, subcutaneous panniculitis‐like T‐cell lymphoma, and other PTCL types. Twenty‐three patients (64%) had at least one genetic variant detectable, including TET2, KMT2C, PIK3D, and DMNT3A. TP53 and RHOA variants, commonly found in adults, were not identified. Eight of 20 (40%) CAYA PTCL‐NOS had no detectable mutations. The genetic findings suggest that CAYA PTCL differ from adult cases.
Polymer melt rheology: Advantages of frequency sweeps using randomly selected frequencies*
Authors: Shaw Montgomery T. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMeasurement of the viscoelastic properties of polymer solids, melts, and solutions is broadly practiced. The so‐called “frequency sweep” appears in thousands of publications, with data covering up to five decades of frequency to reveal, for example, the relative molecular size of a polymer. To perform these experiments, the frequency range is typically “swept” from high to low frequency or vice versa. Unfortunately, this confounds frequency with run time. This is more than annoying; time effects can result in serious mistakes in the interpretation of the data. Fortunately, the confounding can be eliminated by simply running the frequencies in random order, which converts the time trend to random error. Described here is how this can be done and shows via modeling that the result can not only show that time effects are present but can be analyzed to show the time rate of change of the sample. This analysis is demonstrated using two real examples: loss of solvent from poly(dimethyl siloxane) gum and gelation of porcine gelatin. This method compares well with the multiwave technique, but does not require any special software or adjustments of amplitude with frequency or harmonic spacing of the frequencies.
Expanding notions of equity: Body diversity and social justice
Authors: Campbell Stephanie McCullough 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDespite their negative effects on the emotional, physical, and social wellbeing of students, weight stigma and anti‐fat attitudes are rarely systematically addressed in schools or within school psychology. Weight‐based oppression is regarded differently than other domains of prejudice. Therefore, implicit and explicit bias continue unimpeded, even when practitioners are attentive to other areas of social injustice. Mental health providers serving schools must acknowledge the prevalence of weight stigma and fatphobia to reduce their deleterious and oppressive effects. This conceptual paper outlines the underpinnings of weight stigma, overviews the necessity of addressing it and body image in educational settings, incorporates interdisciplinary perspectives, and proposes a justice‐oriented shift in the conceptualization of weight status within school psychological service delivery.
Identification of key stabilizing interactions of amyloid‐β oligomers based on fragment molecular orbital calculations on macrocyclic β‐hairpin peptides
Authors: Firouzi Rohoullah , Noohi Bahare 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAnalyzing the electronic states and inter‐/intra‐molecular interactions of amyloid oligomers expand our understanding of the molecular basis of Alzheimer's disease and other amyloid diseases. In the current study, several high‐resolution crystal structures of oligomeric assemblies of Aβ‐derived peptides have been studied by the ab initio fragment molecular orbital (FMO) method. The FMO method provides comprehensive details of the molecular interactions between the residues of the amyloid oligomers at the quantum mechanical level. Based on the calculations, two sequential aromatic residues (F19 and F20) and negatively charged E22 on the central region of Aβ have been identified as key residues in oligomer stabilization and potential interesting pharmacophores for preventing oligomer formation.
You have safety instrumented system bypassed right now and don't know it
Authors: Marszal Edward M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSafety instrumented systems (SIS), also known as emergency shutdowns, interlocks, and trips, are very common and critical safeguards protecting process plants. In order to maintain and test these systems, they are usually implemented with well‐engineered and controlled bypasses, typically including alarm logging, bypass authorization, and auditing. Even so, there are myriad ways to place an SIS component into bypass, sometimes without even realizing it. Many of these methods occur in the field, away from the watchful eye of the board operator. In many cases, the bypasses occur inadvertently during maintenance or operational activities and are left in place, unmanaged. Common culprits include solenoid valve latches, shutoff valve handwheels, and hand‐off‐auto switches on pump and compressors. This paper will explain how some equipment can be inadvertently put into bypass and methods for documenting and verifying that they are not in bypass using advanced mobile computing assisted car‐seal management.
Pandemic risk management; protecting people while ensuring business continuity
Authors: Sneddon James 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic swept across the globe in the latter half of 2019, throughout 2020 and into 2021. In response, many organizations implemented work from home policies, while others stopped operations entirely in an effort to limit the spread throughout their workforce and supporting communities. This containment strategy was not universally viable; long‐term shutdowns impacted the economic viability of companies, and some industries were designated as an “essential service” and thus continued operations. These employers faced the proposition of balancing the needs of the business and the community with a continued responsibility to provide a safe workplace for employees. This paper demonstrates how the application of common risk management methodologies, such as bowtie analysis combined with an appropriate assurance and verification process (e.g., the lines of defense model), can help the risks associated with a resumption or continuation of in‐person operations in a pandemic to be better understood and ensure the measures in place to manage said risk are appropriate and effective.
Recurvature and movement processes of tropical cyclones over the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Akter Nasreen , Tsuboki Kazuhisa 
Published: August 2021

AbstractActive bimodal tropical cyclones (TCs) are embedded in nonuniform flows over the Bay of Bengal (BoB). More than half of the TCs that occurred from 1990 to 2019 recurved from their original path due to the influence of 500–300 hPa steering flows. Premonsoon TCs have a tendency to turn right and make landfall on the right‐side coastal areas of the BoB. On the other hand, most of the TCs that occurred in the postmonsoon season crossed the left coast or east coast of India, despite being left or right from their path. The simulation shows that Cyclone Roanu (2016) was driven by a warm, moist, unstable southwesterly that was blocked and diverted by the hot, dry stable air masses of northerlies and northwesterlies. As a result, the TC moved along the dry–moist boundary, keeping a constant distance of ∼400 km between the eye and dryline. Conversely, the combined steering of moist southeasterly and southward‐moving upper‐level westerly jets controlled the track of postmonsoon Cyclone Madi (2013), encompassing a left turn of ∼150°. In addition to the primary steering mechanism, TC vortex propagation can be explained by the strong vertical shear (>30 m·s−1) offered by the dryline during the premonsoon period and near the monsoon trough in the postmonsoon period. This vertical shear causes the upper‐level anticyclone to tilt downshear, resulting in the forward motion of the TC vortex. The deep convection and associated mesovortices, especially those that are more prominent along the dryline, additionally influence asymmetric diabatic heating, contributing to the advection of TC potential vorticity.
Novel controller design for fault tolerant tracking with general additive faults and disturbances
Authors: Stefanovski Jovan D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA formulation of the problem of fault tolerant tracking (FTT) in presence of general additive faults and disturbances is given. It is proved that a necessary condition for the FTT problem is that the plant is minimum‐phase. Then the problem is solved for the minimum‐phase descriptor systems, but possibly with zeros at infinity. The proposed overall controller consists of a feedback controller, which is stabilizing, and a feedforward controller, whose role is to achieve the tracking of an arbitrary reference signal by the controlled output. The feedback controller consists of a possibly unstable, improper and non‐minimum‐phase nominal controller, a fault estimator, and a fault compensator. The role of the nominal controller is to achieve a nominal tracking behavior in absence of faults. The role of the fault compensator is to achieve a nominal tracking behavior in presence of faults, in case that the fault estimation is accurate. However, the fault estimation need not to be accurate, if a design parameter, depending on the nominal controller, can be chosen small. Illustrative examples are given.
The Challenge of Cultivating National and Cosmopolitan Identities Through Literature: Insights From Singapore Schools
Authors: Choo Suzanne S. , Chua Bee Leng , Yeo Dennis 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSince the late 20th century, scholars have called for a need to broaden the aims of teaching English Literature away from its Eurocentric focus. Much effort has also been invested in making the subject more relevant through diversifying the texts studied and connecting texts to current social and global issues. It is pertinent now to ask what the significant role of Literature is in a globally interconnected age. In particular, what do teachers believe are key philosophical objectives of teaching literature, and how does this influence the texts they select, the instructional strategies they employ, and the values they seek to cultivate in the classroom? In this article, we report on the first National Survey of Literature Teachers’ Beliefs and Practices in Singapore schools. First, we review four key pedagogical movements that have underpinned the teaching of literature in schools around the world: New Criticism, Reader‐Response Criticism, Poststructuralist Criticism, and Ethical Criticism. These respectively represent four key constructs (text, reader, culture, and other) used in the design and analysis of our survey instrument. Next, we report on the survey findings, focusing on Singapore as a barometer of current trends given its identity as an Anglophone country negotiating conflicting global and postcolonial identities with an education system that inhabits colonial traditions. We highlight key tensions arising from the impetus to develop national and cosmopolitan identities through Literature, and reflect on the implications for future directions in teaching.
“If We Don't Have Diversity, There's No Future to See”: High‐school students' perceptions of race and gender representation in STEM
Authors: Martin Anne E. , Fisher‐Ari Teresa R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe perceptions of students interested in STEM, particularly those too often excluded due to race and/or gender, are necessary to create educational experiences that additively contribute to students' access and inclusion in STEM. The purpose of this inquiry was to understand the perceptions of 34 high‐school students about race and gender representation in STEM. Students participated in a 3‐week, university‐sponsored summer programme geared toward teaching and science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). At the end of the programme, we interviewed students about STEM in their community, STEM role models, potentially working in a STEM field, barriers to STEM, and why they think White men are disproportionately represented in STEM fields. Guided by a critical framework with an intersectional lens, qualitative content analysis of interview data centered on the descriptive codes “race” and “gender” using a constant comparative analytic approach. Results indicated that participants (1) drew on family role models in STEM, (2) used White privilege and patriarchy at varying levels to explain exclusion from STEM, (3) described limited, stereotypical, and hidden depictions of race and gender in STEM, and (4) often perceived STEM as "pushed" while not explicitly associating STEM with helping, or giving back to their community. Implications drawn from participant perspectives call for educational endeavors that expand dominant conceptions of who and what is considered STEM, center students' families and communities, utilize a problem‐based approach positioning STEM as a tool for social justice, and include direct conversations about gendered racism and stereotypes.