bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Raised cardiovascular disease mortality after central nervous system tumor diagnosis: analysis of 171,926 patients from UK and USA
Authors: Jin Kai , Brennan Paul M , Poon Michael T C , Sudlow Cathie L M , Figueroa Jonine D 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Patients with central nervous system (CNS) tumors may be at risk of dying from cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examined CVD mortality risk in patients with different histological subtypes of CNS tumors.

Methods
We analyzed UK(Wales)-based Secure Anonymized Information Linkage (SAIL) for 8743 CNS tumors patients diagnosed in 2000–2015, and US-based National Cancer Institute’s Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) for 163,183 patients in 2005–2015. We calculated age-, sex-, and calendar-year-adjusted standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for CVD comparing CNS tumor patients to Wales and US residents. We used Cox regression models to examine factors associated with CVD mortality among CNS tumor patients.

Results
CVD was the second leading cause of death for CNS tumor patients in SAIL (UK) and SEER (US). Patients with CNS tumors had higher CVD mortality than the general population (SAIL SMR = 2.64, 95% CI = 2.39–2.90, SEER SMR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.35–1.42). Malignant CNS tumor patients had over 2-fold higher mortality risk in US and UK cohorts. SMRs for nonmalignant tumors were almost 2-fold higher in SAIL than in SEER. CVD mortality risk particularly cerebrovascular disease was substantially greater in patients diagnosed at age younger than 50 years, and within the first year after their cancer diagnosis (SAIL SMR = 2.98, 95% CI = 2.39–3.66, SEER SMR = 2.14, 95% CI = 2.03–2.25). Age, sex, race/ethnicity in USA, deprivation in UK and no surgery were associated with CVD mortality.

Conclusions
Patients with CNS tumors had higher risk for CVD mortality, particularly from cerebrovascular disease compared to the general population, supporting further research to improve mortality outcomes.
The Short-term Impact of Standardised Packaging on Smoking and Snus Use in Norway
Authors: Halkjelsvik Torleif , Gasparrini Antonio , Vedøy Tord Finne 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Standardised packaging on tobacco products was required in Norway July 1, 2018. We report pre-registered analyses of the potential impact on daily smoking and on daily snus use among women and men.

Methods
Interrupted time series (segmented regression) on repeated cross-sectional surveys (2012–2019) from two sources: probability samples (Registry Sample, N = 46,957) and market research samples (Market Research Sample, N = 64,465) of Norwegian adults aged 16–79. Self-reported daily smoking and snus use were regressed on a step change impact variable, controlled for trend and demographics (sex, age, region, and education based on national registers in the Registry Sample, and self-reported in the Market Research Sample).

Results
There were tendencies of a decline in smoking (Odds Ratio [OR] = 0.94; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.87, 1.02; lower-tail p-value [Plower] = 0.07), and women’s snus use (OR = 0.89; CI = 0.77, 1.03; Plower = 0.06), but not men’s snus use (OR = 1.01; CI = 0.92, 1.11; Plower = 0.59). Analyses using only the Registry Sample did not detect declines in smoking (OR = 0.99; CI = 0.88, 1.11; Plower = 0.43) or women’s snus use (OR = 0.99; CI = 0.80, 1.24]; Plower = 0.48), and indicated no decline in men’s snus use (OR = 1.18; CI = 1.03, 1.35; Plower = 0.99). Exploratory analyses suggested potential acceleration of the declining trend in smoking (change in trends, OR = 0.97) and of the increasing trend in men’s snus use (OR = 1.03).

Conclusions
The analyses indicate that standardised packaging in Norway did not produce a decline in men’s snus use. Results are inconclusive regarding smoking and women’s snus use. Exploratory analyses indicated a decrease in smoking and an increase in men’s snus use.

Implications
We could not confirm or disconfirm whether standardised packaging is an effective tobacco control measure in a Norwegian context. According to our analyses, standardized packaging may have effects on smoking prevalence and women’s snus use, but is unlikely to reduce men’s snus use. The present results may reflect higher effectiveness of standardised packaging for products with stronger health warnings. As the results varied according to samples and outcomes, the study underlines the importance of pre-registering future analyses on this topic. Future confirmatory research should test models of gradual impact of standardised packaging.
Analyzing Twitter Chatter About Tobacco Use Within Intoxication-related Contexts of Alcohol Use: “Can Someone Tell Me Why Nicotine is So Fire When You’re Drunk?”
Authors: Russell Alex M , Colditz Jason B , Barry Adam E , Davis Robert E , Shields Shelby , Ortega Juanybeth M , Primack Brian 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Alcohol and tobacco are commonly used together. Social influences within online social networking platforms contribute to youth and young adult substance use behaviors. This study used a sample of alcohol- and tobacco-related tweets to evaluate: (1) sentiment toward co-use of alcohol and tobacco, (2) increased susceptibility to tobacco use when consuming alcohol, and (3) the role of alcohol in contributing to a failed attempt to quit tobacco use.

Methods
Data were collected from the Twitter API from January 1, 2019 through December 31, 2019 using tobacco-related keywords (e.g., vape, ecig, smoking, juul*) and alcohol-related filters (e.g., drunk, blackout*). A total of 78,235 tweets were collected, from which a random subsample (n = 1,564) was drawn for coding. Cohen’s Kappa values ranged from 0.66 to 0.99.

Results
Most tweets were pro co-use of alcohol and tobacco (75%). One of every ten tweets reported increased susceptibility to tobacco use when intoxicated. Non-regular tobacco users reported cravings for and tobacco use when consuming alcohol despite disliking tobacco use factors such as the taste, smell, and/or negative health effects. Regular tobacco users reported using markedly higher quantities of tobacco when intoxicated. Individuals discussed the role of alcohol undermining tobacco cessation attempts less often (2.0%), though some who had quit smoking for prolonged periods of time reported reinitiating tobacco use during acute intoxication episodes.

Conclusions
Tobacco cessation interventions may benefit from including alcohol-focused components designed to educate participants about the association between increased susceptibility to tobacco use when consuming alcohol and the role of alcohol in undermining tobacco cessation attempts.

Implications
Sentiment toward co-use of alcohol and tobacco on Twitter is largely positive. Individuals reported regret about using tobacco, or using more than intended, when intoxicated. Those who had quit smoking or vaping for prolonged periods of time reported reinitiating tobacco use when consuming alcohol. While social media-based tobacco cessation interventions like the Truth Initiative’s “Ditch the Juul” campaign demonstrate potential to change tobacco use behaviors, these campaigns may benefit from including alcohol-focused components designed to educate participants about the association between increased susceptibility to tobacco use when consuming alcohol and the role of alcohol in undermining tobacco cessation attempts.
The Value of Genetic Knowledge
Authors: Groll Daniel 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter vindicates the claim that donor-conceived people’s interest in acquiring genetic knowledge is worthwhile by offering an account of the value of genetic knowledge. The author develops and defends a view called “genetic pluralism” according to which having genetic knowledge can, but need not, play a central role in the task of identity determination. In this way, having genetic knowledge is prudentially optional. The author explains the task of identity determination in terms of answering the question “Who am I?,” which is, in turn, unpacked in terms of three other questions: “How did I come to be?,” “What am I like?,” and “Who am I like?” The author shows how having genetic knowledge can—but need not—play a role in answering each of these questions.
Review of Literature on Subnational Government Borrowing
Authors: Martell Christine R. , Moldogaziev Tima T. , Espinosa Salvador 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 establishes the rationale for subnational government debt, the infrastructure pressures on subnational governments, and the context within which subnational government borrowing occurs. It begins with a review of the fiscal governance task in the face of demands for local infrastructure provision, and the institutional contexts of subnational government borrowing. The chapter then discusses how subnational government infrastructure provision and borrowing fit with a growing perspective of financial governance innovations. It continues with an introduction to capital-financing options, an overview of subnational government borrowing, and potential problems with subnational government borrowing. Then, the chapter explores fundamental dimensions of institutional contexts that affect subnational government borrowing. It ends by explicitly recognizing the role of information and setting a research agenda about efforts to improve information resolution institutions and mechanisms for information certification and monitoring.
Predator-Induced Defenses in Crustacea
Authors: Weiss Linda C. , Tollrian Ralph 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe capacity of an organism with a given genotype to respond to changing environmental conditions by the expression of an alternative phenotype is a fascinating biological phenomenon. Plasticity enables organisms to cope with environmental challenges by altering their morphology, behavior, physiology, and life history. Especially, predation is a major factor driving plasticity in response to seasonal fluctuations of predator populations. Therefore, many taxa have evolved strategies to adapt to this environmental challenge, including morphological defenses, life history shifts, and behavioral adaptations. The evolution of inducible defenses is dependent on 4 factors: a selective agent, a reliable cue, associated costs, and the resulting benefit. Ecologically, predator-induced defenses are of general importance because they reduce predation rates and hence dampen the dynamics of predator-prey systems to stabilize food webs. We analyze the defensive strategies in many crustacean taxa and describe how they can act in concert to reduce predation risk. Additionally, prey species may perform predation risk assessment and reduce defense expression when conspecifics are dense. With increasing numbers of conspecifics, the individual predation risk is reduced due to prey dilution, predator confusion, and increased handling times. Consequently, the need to develop a strong defense is reduced and costs for the full defenses expression can be saved.
In Pursuit of English
Authors: Sung-Yul Park Joseph 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This book presents subjectivity as a theoretical and analytic perspective for studying the intersection of language and political economy. It makes this point by arguing that the way English comes to be valorized as a language of economic opportunity in the context of neoliberalism must be understood with reference to subjectivity—the dimensions of affect, morality, and desire that shape how we, as human beings, understand ourselves as actors in the world. Focusing on South Korea’s ‘English fever’ that took place in the 1990s and 2000s, this book traces how English became an object of heated pursuit amidst the country’s rapid neoliberalization, demonstrating that English gained prominence in this process not because of the language’s supposed economic value, but because of the anxieties, insecurities, and moral desire that neoliberal Korean society inculcated—which led English to be seen as an index of an ideal neoliberal subject who willingly engages in constant self-management and self-development in response to the changing conditions of the global economy. Bringing together ethnographically oriented perspectives on subjectivity, critical analysis of conditions of contemporary capitalism, theories of neoliberal governmentality, and sociolinguistic and linguistic anthropological frameworks of metapragmatic analysis, this book suggests an innovative new direction for research on language and political economy, challenging the field to consider the emotionally charged experiences we have as language users as the key for understanding the place of language in neoliberalism.
Charleston Mad
Authors: Mordden Ethan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter investigates how the revue became all the rage in the 1910s. At this time, the London Hippodrome specialized in showing big variety shows. Joy-Land! (1915) was typical of this type of show, each number calling up gala visuals and gigantic ensembles. In the 1920s, Charles B. Cochran reinvented revue as a small but arty performance. It became sophisticated in not only its material but its fizzy performing talent. In the 1910s, however, size mattered as well as the emerging American style. The furor for the American sound, stimulated by local dance bands adopting the American style, led producers to hire American songwriters. The chapter looks at titles such as The Cabaret Girl (1922), The Maid Of the Mountains (1917), Chu Chin Chow (1916), and The Bing Boys Are Here (1916). The chapter also studies Mister Cinders (1929), which became the most vital British musical of this era.
A ‘New’ Law of Cooperation: Collective Action across Regimes for the Promotion of Public Goods and Values versus Fragmentation
Authors: Stoll Peter-Tobias 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Many efforts of international cooperation serve to organize global public goods, to set up regimes for global commons, and to promote fundamental values. Friedmann welcomed these developments as a law of cooperation, where states go beyond merely coordinating sovereign interests but indeed reach out for collective action. Friedmann’s diagnosis correctly described the essence of today’s international law and its developments. Diverse international regimes exist, particularly in areas such as human rights, environmental protection, and economic relations. However, public goods and fundamental values can hardly be achieved by those regimes in separation. A proper interaction across the various agreements and regimes is vital. States should join to achieve common ends. A ‘new’ law of cooperation is needed, aimed at promoting public goods and values across the diverse regimes and concerned about the integrity of the international legal order also addressing dimensions of efficiency and legitimacy.
The Middle-Income Trap and Premature Deindustrialization in South Africa
Authors: Andreoni Antonio , Tregenna Fiona 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
South Africa has been experiencing premature deindustrialization and poor growth over an extended period of time. Premature deindustrialization is among the key factors locking many middle-income countries in a trap of stagnant growth and thwarting their catching-up with advanced economies. Premature deindustrialization shrinks middle-income countries’ opportunities for technological development, and also their capacity to add value in global value chains (GVCs), which reduces their scope for the sustained increases in productivity required for catching up. This chapter analyses key structural factors contributing to a ‘middle-income technology trap’. Throughout the chapter, reference is made to the divergent experiences of three middle-income comparator countries to South Africa: Brazil, China, and Malaysia. Building on this framework, the chapter presents new econometric evidence of premature deindustrialization in South Africa through an international comparative lens. By studying the relationship between countries’ GDP per capita and their shares of manufacturing in total employment, the chapter identifies the level of GDP per capita and share of manufacturing in total employment associated with the ‘turning point’ at which the share of manufacturing levels off and begins to decline. The chapter groups countries into four categories based on their (de)industrialization dynamics, and identifies possible premature deindustrializers, among which South Africa is found. South Africa’s lack of structural transformation helps to explain its failure to escape the middle-income technology trap.
Global Value Chains, ‘In-Out-In’ Industrialization, and the Global Patterns of Sectoral Value Addition
Authors: Andreoni Antonio , Lee Keun , Torreggiani Sofia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Since the emergence and diffusion of regional and global value chains, production-chain development has always played a key role in shaping countries’ structural transformation. Over the years, the geographical breadth, length, and depth of these chains have changed significantly. Building on the catching-up experience of South Korea and China, this chapter investigates the conditions and processes under which today’s catching-up economies can benefit from integrating into global value chains (GVCs). The chapter empirically documents how successful catching-up has been associated with an ‘in-out-in’ industrialization process of GVC integration, where countries first ‘couple’ by entering GVCs in low value-added segments, then ‘decouple’ by building domestic supply chains and upgrading existing local capabilities, and finally ‘recouple’ by performing high value-addition activities in GVCs. The chapter also assesses the extent to which middle-income countries like South Africa have managed to increase their sectoral value addition in this global production settlement over the last two decades. The chapter finds that today’s middle-income countries have experienced different fortunes at the country and sectoral level when it comes to increasing domestic value addition. The chapter concludes by reflecting on possible future scenarios arising in the post-Covid-19 international context and the emergence of potential new industrialization models.
Statistical Issues in the Estimation of Functional Responses
Authors: DeLong John P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this chapter I cover some key issues in fitting functional response models to data and determining the values of parameters. Because some of these issues have been covered elsewhere, here I focus on the nature of foraging trial data and why noise, stochasticity, and individual variation pose particular challenges for understanding functional responses. I examine several data sets to illustrate methods of determining differences in functional response parameters and types. I also show through simulations that individual variation in functional response parameters may account for the noisiness of foraging data and also lead to underestimates of both space clearance rate and handling time in curve-fitting approaches.
Challenges for the Future of Functional Response Research
Authors: DeLong John P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBeing recognized for more than 70 years and estimated thousands of times, with numerous analyses of compilations, it would seem there is a lot we should know about functional responses. Indeed, we know some of the ways in which functional responses vary, how foraging mechanisms combine to determine, to at least some extent, functional response parameters, and how functional responses influence community interactions from biocontrol impacts to invasive predators to food webs. I suggest, however, that there remains a considerable amount that we do not know, in particular for field-based functional responses, multi-species functional responses, individual variation, behavioral mechanisms, and the impact and evolution of underlying traits. I suggest these areas should be high priorities for future work on functional responses.
Situating Contingency in the Path of International Law
Authors: Venzke Ingo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This introduction situates thinking about contingency on the field of what is possible, bounded by necessity, on one side, and chance on the other. It shows what makes the search for contingency in the course of international law so politically charged and so valuable—its link with human freedom. Expanding on the agenda behind the present volume, the chapter discusses how searching for contingency might facilitate change in the present for a different future. In contrast to other projects, asking about past possibilities offers an account for why something that may seem desirable has not materialised. Such an account must guide those on pathways of transformation in their sobering search for change. What would actually have made a difference in the course of international law, and what still can? Overall, the chapter highlights three sites of contingency: in the law’s contextualisation; the reading of its context; and the rendering of its history.
What If the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea had Entered into Force Unamended
Authors: Oude Elferink Alex 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (Convention) was adopted in 1982 and entered into force in 1994 and is generally considered to be a success story. That success in part it attributed to the adaptation of the mining regime for the deep seabed contained in Part XI of the Convention prior to its entry into force. The chapter considers whether the law of the sea might have development differently in the absence of such adaptation, looking at two scenarios: ‘business as usual’ and ‘dystopia’. After sketching these scenarios, the chapter further assesses the likelihood of a number of the elements they have in common. In concluding, it is observed that the law of the sea might have developed differently had states failed to reach an agreement on the adjustment of Part XI of the Convention prior to its entry into force. The conclusion also consider the question whether the Convention, which was adopted after more than ten years of complex negotiations, actually was ‘too big to fail’. It is submitted that the Convention would not have failed by design. However, the analysis of the counterfactuals suggests that the consultations on Part XI might have been stalled, and developments might have slowly eroded the basis for a compromise. Still, it is unlikely that this would have resulted in a radically different law of the sea regime, but there likely would have been more conflicting claims, leading to less effective cooperation and higher transaction costs.