bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A breath of fresh air: The effect of public smoking bans on Indigenous youth
Authors: Daley Angela , Rahman Muntasir , Watson Barry 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn general, past studies have estimated the average effect of public smoking bans on youth, ignoring differences across sub‐populations. We extend the literature by considering Indigenous youth, who are a vulnerable and previously unexamined group (however, our analysis excludes First Nations youth who live on reserve). We also consider previously unexamined outcomes among youth: self‐assessed health and subjective well‐being. Our difference‐in‐differences estimates from Canada indicate that public bans reduced youth smoking and second‐hand exposure in public places, on average. There was no displacement on the extensive margin, but the bans increased the number of people who smoke in the homes of youth, conditional on the presence of smokers in the household. Beyond average effects, however, we find that public bans reduced second‐hand exposure in the homes of Indigenous youth (particularly Métis youth), on the extensive and intensive margins. The same youth experienced concurrent improvements in self‐assessed health and life satisfaction. We conclude that public bans mitigate disparities in health and well‐being between Indigenous and non‐Indigenous youth, but the extent varies across Indigenous sub‐populations, even within a particular country.
Impact of surgical margins on local control in patients undergoing single‐modality transoral robotic surgery for HPV‐related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Holcomb Andrew J. , Herberg Matthew , Strohl Madeleine , Ochoa Edgar , Feng Allen L. , Abt Nicholas B. , Mokhtari Tara E. , Suresh Krish , McHugh Christopher I. , Parikh Anuraag S. , Sadow Peter , Faquin William , Faden Daniel , Deschler Daniel G. , Varvares Mark A. , Lin Derrick T. , Fakhry Carole , Ryan William R. , Richmon Jeremy D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe impact of close surgical margins on oncologic outcomes in HPV‐related oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV + OPSCC) is unclear.MethodsRetrospective case series including patients undergoing single modality transoral robotic surgery (TORS) for HPV + OPSCC at three academic medical centers from 2010 to 2019. Outcomes were compared between patients with close surgical margins (<1 mm or requiring re‐resection) and clear margins using the Kaplan–Meier method.ResultsNinety‐nine patients were included (median follow‐up 21 months, range 6–121). Final margins were close in 22 (22.2%) patients, clear in 75 (75.8%), and positive in two (2.0%). Eight patients (8.1%) recurred, including two local recurrences (2.0%). Four patients died during the study period (4.0%). Local control (p = 0.470), disease‐free survival (p = 0.513), and overall survival (p = 0.064) did not differ between patients with close and clear margins.ConclusionsPatients with close surgical margins after TORS for HPV + OPSCC without concurrent indications for adjuvant therapy may be considered for observation alone.
Life cycle sustainability assessment of a light rail transit system: Integration of environmental, economic, and social impacts
Authors: Gulcimen Sedat , Aydogan Emel K. , Uzal Nigmet 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The transition toward sustainable urban transportation has gained importance in recent decades. However, urban transportation has not been addressed for all dimensions of sustainability. This study presents a life cycle sustainability assessment of a light rail transit system in Kayseri, Turkey, by integrating environmental, economic, and social aspects. The sustainability performance of the light rail transit system is evaluated using a cradle-to-grave approach to assess three aspects of sustainability. For the environmental evaluation, a life cycle assessment was applied using SimaPro 8.4.1 PhD version based on ISO 14040 and 14044. The method, which includes nine environmental impact categories, was employed to assess the environmental performance of the light rail transit system with a functional unit of 1 passenger-km. For the economic assessment, life cycle costing was utilized with the functional unit of USD for 1 passenger-km. A social life cycle assessment was applied to assess the social performance of the light rail transit system based on guidelines published by the United Nations Environment Programme in collaboration with the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. For the determination of social impacts, 11 subcategories and 18 social indicators were selected. The results showed that the global warming potential and abiotic depletion potential of the light rail system per passenger-km were 2.4E − 02 kg CO2 eq. and 2.7E − 01 MJ, respectively, with a service life of 50 years. The total life cycle cost of the light rail system was calculated as 0.046 USD for 1 passenger-km. The results also revealed that the main contributor to the total life cycle cost was energy cost, with 92% (2.88E + 08 USD) of the total cost. In the social performance evaluation, it is found that the industry performs well for society, the local community, and workers but has a weaker social performance for the consumer due to a weak feedback mechanism. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2021;17:1070–1082. © 2021 SETAC
KEY POINTS
Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) implementation, the environmental, economic and social performance of a light rail system were assessed with a holistic approach. The majority of emissions with 50% contribution originate from the operation and maintenance phases of the light rail system. For the light rail system, energy costs are the main contributor (92%), which should be reduced to lower the overall life cycle cost. Social performance of a light rail system has the lowest score on consumers among the all stakeholders.
Pregnancy intendedness, maternal–fetal bonding, and postnatal maternal–infant bonding
Authors: Shreffler Karina M. , Spierling Tiffany N. , Jespersen Jens E. , Tiemeyer Stacy 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThis study models associations between pregnancy intendedness and prenatal maternal–fetal bonding with postnatal maternal–infant bonding. Unintended pregnancies are associated with disruptions in maternal–infant bonding, which has long‐term adverse implications for maternal and child well‐being. Given the high proportion of births that are unintended in the United States, identifying protective factors is critical. Pregnant women (ages 16–38) were recruited from two prenatal clinics in a metropolitan city in the South Central United States at their first prenatal visit and followed throughout pregnancy and postbirth. Multiple regression analyses examined associations, mediation, and moderation. Results indicate that the more unintended/unwanted women reported their pregnancies to be, the lower they reported their maternal–infant bonding postbirth, and higher maternal–fetal bonding scores are associated with higher postnatal maternal–infant bonding. An interaction revealed that a higher level of prenatal bonding is protective for postnatal bonding among those with unintended/unwanted pregnancies. Because prenatal bonding can be enhanced through intervention, it is a promising target to reduce the risks associated with unintended pregnancy.
Should dental schools adopt teledentistry in their curricula? Two viewpoints
Authors: Amin Maryam , Lai Jim Yuan , Lindauer Paul A. , McPherson Karen , Qari Hiba 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroductionTeledentistry is a cutting edge technology that could be used to improve access to care to underserved populations and those in remote areas.ObjectivesTo discuss the advantages and disadvantages of adopting teledentistry into the predoctoral dental curriculum.MethodsTwo teams of dentists reviewed the pros and cons of introducing teledentistry into the predoctoral dental curriculum.ResultsViewpoint 1 produced evidence that teledentistry is a cutting‐edge technology that can improve access to care for underserved populations in a practical, cost‐effective manner. Viewpoint 2 showed evidence that teledentistry is too new to have an evidence base to support its widespread use, legal and regulatory requirements have not been established and there is no precedent for third party payers to reimburse for this service.ConclusionThe authors feel that a national teledentistry policy should be developed starting at the state level with stakeholders from the dental profession, dental education, government, patient advocates, and third party payers working together to determine the best way forward.
Financial inclusion of individuals who arrived as refugees to the United States
Authors: Hagstrom Paul , Pereira Javier 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe study determinants of financial inclusion for individuals with a refugee background (refugees) from over 30 countries residing in Utica, New York. We find that greater financial inclusion is associated with refugees who are male, more educated, employed, richer, older at time of migration, have better language skills, and have lived in the country longer. Financial inclusion also increases with the degree to which refugees trust financial institutions and decreases with the degree to which refugees' close friends are from the same ethnic group. Country of origin, religious affiliation, and religiosity are strong predictors in many specifications.
An evaluation of biochemical, structural and volatile changes of dry‐cured pork using a combined ion mobility spectrometry, hyperspectral and confocal imaging approach
Authors: Tian Xiao‐Yu , Aheto Joshua H , Huang Xingyi , Zheng Kaiyi , Dai Chunxia , Wang Chengquan , Bai Jun‐Wen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDFood processing induces various modifications that affect the structure, physical and chemical properties of food products and hence the acceptance of the product by the consumer. In this work, the evolution of volatile components, 2‐thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), moisture content (MC) and microstructural changes of pork was investigated by hyperspectral (HSI) and confocal imaging (CLSM) techniques in synergy with gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (GC‐IMS). Models based on partial least squares regression (PLSR) were developed using the full HSI spectrum variables as well as optimum variables selected through a competitive adaptive reweighted sampling algorithm.RESULTSPrediction results for MC and TBARS using multiplicative scatter correction pre‐processed spectra models demonstrated greater efficiency and predictability with determination coefficient of prediction of 0.928, 0.930 and root mean square error of prediction of 0.114, 1.002, respectively. Major structural changes were also observed during CLSM imaging, which were greatly pronounced in pork samples oven cooked for 15 and 20 h. These structural changes could be related to the denaturation of the major meat components, which could explain the loss of moisture and the formation of TBARS visualized from the HSI chemical distribution maps. GC‐IMS identified 35 volatile components, including hexanal and pentanal, which are also known to have a higher lipid oxidation specificity.CONCLUSIONThe synergistic application of HSI, CLSM and GC‐IMS enhanced data mining and interpretation and provided a convenient way for analyzing the chemical, structural and volatile changes occurring in meat during processing. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
High‐Frequency Ultrasound for Evaluation of the Pathological Invasion Level of Extramammary Paget Disease
Authors: Ma Yuan‐Yuan , Gong Xue‐Hao , Wang Qiao , Wang Li‐Fan , Xu Hui‐Xiong , Guo Le‐Hang 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesPathological invasion level of extramammary Paget disease (EMPD) is strongly related with its risk staging, treatment, and prognosis. However, the current evaluation before treatments fails to evaluate pathological invasion level of EMPD. High‐frequency ultrasound (HFUS) may play a key role to solve this problem. The purpose was to explore the performance of HFUS in the evaluation of pathological invasion level of EMPD.MethodsSixty pathologically proven EMPD patients were retrospectively enrolled and divided into 2 groups as follows: in situ in the epidermis (IE) (n = 42) and invasion into the dermis or subcutaneous (ID) (n = 18) groups. Clinical and HFUS features were compared between the 2 groups.ResultsBetween the 2 groups, HFUS features (lesion shape, internal echogenicity and echotexture, surface shape, epidermal hyperechoic layer on the surface, the “pseudopod sign”, and color Doppler ultrasound features) and clinical features were comparable (all P >.05). Tumor growth pattern significantly differed between the 2 groups (P <.05). Infiltration depth was significantly deeper for the ID group than the IE group (P <.05). With a cutoff value of 1.55 mm for infiltration depth, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.833.ConclusionsHFUS features of tumor growth pattern and infiltration depth may contribute to the assessment of invasion level of EMPD.
The Impact of Socioeconomic Disadvantage on Pediatric Tracheostomy Outcomes
Authors: Liao Kershena , Chorney Stephen R. , Brown Ashley B. , Brooks Rebecca L. , Sewell Ashley , Bailey Candice , Whitney Cindy , Johnson Romaine F. 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesTo determine if socioeconomic disadvantage impacts perioperative outcomes after tracheostomy.MethodsWe performed a retrospective case series of children who underwent tracheostomy. Children were divided into less and more disadvantaged groups based on their community's Area Deprivation Index (ADI), a validated socioeconomic vulnerability measure. Primary outcomes were the length of stay, total cost, in‐hospital mortality, and 30‐day all‐cause readmission after tracheostomy placement. Length of stay was further analyzed using parametric survival analysis.ResultsA total of 239 patients met inclusion criteria, with 153 (64%) residing in more disadvantaged communities. Children from more disadvantaged communities were less likely to be White (42% vs. 26%, P = .009) and more likely to have Medicaid coverage (90% vs. 62%, P < .001). The two groups had similar medical complexity and comorbidities. The main outcome measures showed differences in median total length of stay (113 vs. 79 days, P = .04) and median total cost ($461 000 vs. $279 000, P = .01). Children with tracheostomies who were from more disadvantaged communities also had increased risk of prolonged hospitalizations (HR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.48–0.83, P = .001). Readmissions, mortality rates, and quality of life scores were similar between groups.ConclusionsCommunity disadvantage was associated with differences in hospitalization length and costs after pediatric tracheostomy placement. Further research should continue to describe how health disparities impact children's safe and efficient care with tracheostomies.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 131:2603–2609, 2021
Consumers as creative agents: How required effort influences willingness to engage
Authors: Zeng Xianfang , Mourali Mehdi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractConsumers often engage with brands by participating in activities such as co‐creating products and contributing ideas about product promotion. Such engagement enables consumers to be creative agents rather than mere end‐users. However, it also places a burden on them, as it inevitably requires effort on the consumer part. This study investigates the impact of expected effort level (low vs. high) on consumers' inclination toward engagement, and its underlying mechanisms. Three experiments find that higher expected effort leads to lower intention to engage. This effect is mediated by the perceived probability of success and perceived value of engagement, and the two mediators operate in tandem. Effort levels negatively affect the perceived probability of success, which exerts a positive impact on the perceived value of engagement and then on willingness to engage. We also examine the moderating effect of consumer mindsets and find that chronic and situational consumer mindsets work differently. Specifically, primed mindsets have a significant effect, but enduring mindsets do not. This study contributes to the literature on engagement and expectancy–value theory by exploring consumer effort in a context where effort aids in implementing creativity.
De Novo Movement Disorders and COVID‐19: Exploring the Interface
Authors: Ghosh Ritwik , Biswas Uttam , Roy Dipayan , Pandit Alak , Lahiri Durjoy , Ray Biman Kanti , Benito‐León Julián 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundNeurological manifestations of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) are being widely documented. However, movement disorders in the setting of 2019 coronavirus infectious disease (COVID‐19) have been a strikingly less discussed topic.ObjectivesTo summarize available pieces of evidence documenting de novo movement disorders in COVID‐19.MethodsWe used the existing PRISMA consensus statement. Data were collected from PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Scopus databases up to the 29th January, 2021, using pre‐specified searching strategies.ResultsTwenty‐two articles were selected for the qualitative synthesis. Among these, a total of 52 patients with de novo movement disorders were reported. Most of these had myoclonus, ataxia, tremor or a combination of these, while three had parkinsonism and one a functional disorder. In general, they were managed successfully by intravenous immunoglobulin or steroids. Some cases, primarily with myoclonus, could be ascribed to medication exposures, metabolic disturbances or severe hypoxia, meanwhile others to a post‐or para‐infectious immune‐mediated mechanism. SARS‐CoV‐2 could also invade the central nervous system, through vascular or retrograde axonal pathways, and cause movement disorders by two primary mechanisms. Firstly, through the downregulation of angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 receptors, resulting in the imbalance of dopamine and norepinephrine; and secondly, the virus could cause cellular vacuolation, demyelination and gliosis, leading to encephalitis and associated movement disorders.ConclusionDe novo movement disorders are scantly reported in COVID‐19. The links between SARS‐CoV‐2 and movement disorders are not yet established. However, we should closely monitor COVID‐19 survivors for the possibility of post‐COVID movement disorders.
Connecting the dots: Targeting the microbiome in drug toxicity
Authors: Luo Yusha , Zhou Tingting 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe gut microbiota has a vast influence on human health and its role in initiating, aggravating, or ameliorating diseases is beginning to emerge. Recently, its contribution to heterogeneous toxicological responses is also gaining attention, especially in drug‐induced toxicity. Whether they are orally administered or not, drugs may interact with the gut microbiota directly or indirectly, which leads to altered toxicity. Present studies focus more on the unidirectional influence of how xenobiotics disturb intestinal microbial composition and functions, and thus induce altered homeostasis. However, interactions between the gut microbiota and xenobiotics are bidirectional and the impact of the gut microbiota on xenobiotics, especially on drugs, should not be neglected. Thus, in this review, we focus on how the gut microbiota modulates drug toxicity by highlighting the microbiome, microbial enzyme, and microbial metabolites. We connect the dots between drugs, the microbiome, microbial enzymes or metabolites, drug metabolites, and host toxicological responses to facilitate the discovery of microbial targets and mechanisms associated with drug toxicity. Besides this, current mainstream strategies to manipulate drug toxicity by targeting the microbiome are summarized and discussed. The review provides technical reference for the evaluation of medicinal properties in the research and development of innovative drugs, and for the future exploitation of strategies to reduce drug toxicity by targeting the microbiome.
A right‐handed circularly polarized array antenna based on gap waveguide technology at 35 GHz
Authors: Kong Lingwen , Jin Cheng , Han Hangcheng , Chen Jianhong , Li Ji , Liu Jinlin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this article, the authors have proposed a right‐handed circularly‐polarized array antenna with gap waveguide (GWG) distribution network at 35 GHz. By using GWG technology, the strict electrical contact of different layers is not required so that the expensive vacuum welding or the diffusion bonding technology can be avoided. The entire geometry consists of the top radiation layer and two distribution network layers on the bottom. The aperture shape of the top radiation layer has been designed as a hexagon in order to generate the circular‐polarized electromagnetic waves. The final measurement results show that the reflection coefficient of the whole array antenna is below −10 dB with 8.45% bandwidth where the axial ratio is less than 2 dB. The antenna efficiency is higher than 70% over the whole operating frequency band, and the corresponding antenna gain is higher than 30.8 dBi.
Highly accelerated parallel MRI using wave encoding and virtual conjugate coils
Authors: Qiu Zhilang , Jia Sen , Su Shi , Zhu Yanjie , Liu Xin , Zheng Hairong , Liang Dong , Wang Haifeng 
Published: April 2021

PurposeTo propose a novel model incorporating virtual conjugate coil (VCC) reconstruction and wave encoding (Wave) for improved parallel MRI.Theory and MethodsA novel model (VCC‐Wave) incorporating VCC and Wave is proposed. The correlation matrix of the encoding operator is introduced to analyze the encoding capability. In addition, simulation experiments are conducted to gain insights into VCC‐Wave. In vivo experiments are performed to compare VCC‐Wave with alternative methods.ResultsThe correlation matrix and the simulation experiments show that the proposed VCC‐Wave can utilize more priors of Wave under the VCC framework. In vivo experiments show that the proposed VCC‐Wave can achieve good image quality at a 6‐fold acceleration in high‐resolution and high‐bandwidth cases, indicating an improvement over the original Wave technique.ConclusionThe proposed VCC‐Wave can not only combine the advantages of both the VCC and Wave but also exploit more priors of Wave under the VCC framework. The improvement in VCC‐Wave alleviates the limitation of Wave in high‐resolution and high‐bandwidth cases.
Sugarcane aphids in grain sorghum
Authors: Filbert Sophie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSugarcane aphids made their way into the southern US in 2013, and have since been spreading throughout the country. They are asexually reproducing Hemipterans, each capable of producing up to 60 young. Like other Hemipterans, sugarcane aphids use piercing‐sucking mouthparts to feed on plant sap. This feeding causes chlorosis and necrosis in sorghum, and the severity of damage depends on crop stage. Sugarcane aphids also excrete sticky honeydew, inviting sooty mold infections and causing problems during harvest. Management of this insect begins by scouting for economically damaging populations. If an economic injury level is reached, there are insecticides available on the market for control. Biological control is also an option, but can be difficult to maintain. To prevent high levels of damage, a tolerant hybrid can be planted. Sugarcane aphid populations have the ability to explode due to the insect's biology; scouting is necessary to decide when management is necessary.