bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chitinase-3-like protein 1: reference interval of a healthy population and its diagnostic value for liver fibrosis in Pakistan
Authors: Husnain Faryal , Khan Muhammad Dilawar , Chughtai Omar Rasheed , Chughtai Akhtar Rasheed , Ashraf Shakeel , Usman Muhammad 
Published: November 2021

<p><strong>Background and Objective:</strong> Chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1) is an upcoming biomarker for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis. The reference intervals (RIs) for CHI3L1 have not been established in the Pakistani population. Thus, this study aimed to determine the RIs in our population and the cut-off value for diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis.</p>
<p><strong>Methods:</strong> This is a cross-sectional study. A total of 408 participants (202 healthy and 206 diagnosed liver fibrosis cases) were recruited. Serum CHI3L1 level was measured on CHI3L1 kits (Proprium Biotech Co. Ltd) by manual enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The RIs were estimated by percentile and working normal method.</p>
<p><strong>Results:</strong> The distribution of CHI3L1 values showed no remarkable variation with gender and age. The 95% RI of CHI3L1 was 12.80-81.80 ng/ ml in healthy Pakistani subjects and the cut-off for the diagnosis was 102.12 ng/ml in hepatic fibrosis cases.</p>
<p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The RIs in healthy adults and the cut-off for the diagnosis of hepatic fibrosis of serum CHI3L1 were determined in a selective adult Pakistani population. This will be a useful reference for further local and international studies.</p>
Diagnostic accuracy of TI-RADS classification in differentiating benign and malignant thyroid nodules-a study from Southern Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Nighat Sumera , Zahra Mahwish , Javed Azhar Mahmood , Ahmad Shabbir , Anwar Sadia , Kamal Usama Hussain 
Published: November 2021

<p><strong>Background and Objective:</strong> Thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TI-RADS) is developed to determine the risk of malignancy in patients with thyroid nodules. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic accuracy of TI-RADS classification for diagnosing malignant thyroid nodules taking Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) as a gold standard in the local population.</p>
<p><strong>Methods:</strong> In this cross-sectional validation study, 201 patients presenting with thyroid nodules at the Department of Radiology, Bakhtawar Amin Hospital Multan, Pakistan from July 2020 to December 2020 were included. In all patients, thyroid nodules were evaluated on grey scale (B-mode) modality. TI-RADS score was calculated for each patient. Patients with TI-RADS score 4 and 5 were labelled as having malignant nodules. After that FNAC samples were taken and sent for histopathologic evaluation of thyroid nodules. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of TI-RADS taking FNAC as a gold standard were determined.</p>
<p><strong>Results:</strong> The mean age of the patients was 47.8 &plusmn; 4.5 years; there were 129 (67.2%) women and 72 (35.82%) men. There were 42 patients who tested true positive and 36 patients tested false positive and 12 patients were false negative and 111 patients true negative. The TIRADS sensitivity was 77.8%, specificity was 75.5%, PPV was 53.8%, and NPV 90.2%. the diagnostic accuracy was 76.1%.</p>
<p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Differentiating benign thyroid nodules from malignant using the TI-RADS score has a high diagnostic accuracy. Our study results support the TIRADS as a first-line imaging evaluation for diagnosis of thyroid malignancy.</p>
Differential expression of markers of oxidative stress and apoptosis in relation to serum ferritin levels in patients with pre-eclampsia
Authors: Yan Jianying , Dong Jie , Lin Xiaoqian , Chen Lichun , Fang Zhuanji , Han Qing , Zhang Qinjian , Jiang Lingling , Xu Xia , Lin Xu 
Published: November 2021

<p><strong>Background and Objective:</strong> Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive gestational disease appearing during second trimester of pregnancy. Free radicals are released by the placenta in this condition that may cause oxidative damage. This study was designed to determine the serum ferritin (SF) levels in maternal blood, fetal umbilical cord blood and placenta and the changes associated with oxidative stress as well as cell apoptosis to understand the pathogenesis of PE.</p>
<p><strong>Methods:</strong> This cross-sectional analytical study recruited 60 pregnant females with severe PE and assigned into early and late onset PE groups. Another n = 60 cases of normal pregnant females with similar gestational weeks were selected in the control group. Maternal serum and fetal umbilical cord blood ferritin levels were determined by automatic biochemical immunoassay system. Reverse transcription real-time fluorescence, Western blot and colorimetry were used to determine mRNA expression levels of ferritin and ferritin heavy chain, relative expression of ferritin and superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde (MDA), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) levels, respectively.</p>
<p><strong>Results:</strong> Mean age was 30.89 &plusmn; 5.65 and 31.79 &plusmn; 5.06 years in early and late onset PE groups respectively. Serum uric acid and creatinine levels of both PE groups were significantly higher than the normal pregnant females. SF levels were also higher in the participants of PE groups. However, the mRNA and ferritin protein levels in placental tissue were significantly lower in PE groups while comparing to controls. The cleaved caspase-3 protein, GSH-Px and MDA levels were significantly higher in both PE groups (p &lt; 0.05).</p>
<p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> The alterations in factors related to oxidative stress and cell apoptosis in placental tissue may be helpful to understand the pathogenesis of PE and may provide potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of PE.</p>
BASIC GUIDELINES FOR WRITING A RESEARCH PROPOSAL FOR HEALTH SCIENCE STUDENTS.
Authors: MAHATO RAM VINOD 
Published: November 2021

Discovery of solution to a problem by systematic and scientific search of data on a particular topic is research. ‘Health researchis an impotant requirement that state should not disregard’. Medical research is one of the main pillars of todays medical science which can transform evidence based clinical practice. Wide range public must take hold of the principles of the scientific method to know the worth and boundaries of clinical research, though they could not conduct health research by themselves. This review article aims to focus on fundamental concepts of research methodologies.
Ayurvedic review on diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Bajagain Sarita , Prasad Shiv Mangal 
Published: November 2021

Diabetes mellitus is a major health issue in today's world. Main threat is not the disease itself but its complications like nephropathy, retinopathy and neuropathy etc. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is one of the earliest complications which has the highest prevalence of about 40-50% and is becoming the leading cause of hospital stay among diabetic mallitus and also the leading cause of foot ulcers, their complications like limb amputation and cost associated with it. Madhumeha which has been described as 'Maharogas' i.e. difficult to treat disease has many similarities with Diabetes mellitus can be understood and studied as same disease. Ayurveda has mentioned the causes, pathophysiology and symptoms of DPN as 'karapada daha -suptata' in purvarupa lakshanas and upadrava lakshanas but in scattered form. Applying the ayurveda principals in diagnosis and management of diabetes mellitus and its complications like DPN can considerably reduce the chance of foot ulcers, and its consequences. But it needs depth study to understand the concept of DPN so as to form an effective management protocal.
Effectiveness of Workshop on Problem Based Learning for Health Professionals
Authors: Shahi Mandira , Agrawal Jagdish Prasad , Patel Bishun Dayal Prasad , Banjara Megha Raj , Chaulagain Amrita , Kayastha Jeny , Pradhan Suni 
Published: November 2021

Background: Problem based learning (PBL) is a self-directed method that help learner to develop critical thinking, problem solving skills and enhance their aptitude. The objective of the study was to measure the effectiveness of workshop in changing the faculties’ knowledge, skills, and attitude on PBL.
Methods: A descriptive design with pre-test and post-test was used to examine the objectives of the study. A self-report questionnaire was used to collect data from a convenience sample of 23 health professions faculties from various institutions of Institute of Medicine (IOM), Tribhuvan University (TU), affiliated institutions and others of Nepal who attended the workshop. Faculty's feedback on PBL was collected before and after workshop using Likert Scale's 4 and 5 point.
Results: The findings of the study were highly significant increment of mean score of post-test compared to pre-test within the group of “can do it confidently” (p≤0.001). Similarly, Majority of participants scored “strongly agreed” in ten statement of feedback on the effectiveness of the PBL after workshop.
Conclusion: This PBL workshop training was highly effective to change the faculties' knowledge, skills and attitude towards the integration of PBL in their classes. This training may help to move from traditional way of thinking to PBL for future implementation.
BENEFÍCIOS DA HIDROTERAPIA NA REDUÇÃO DA DOR E NA MELHORA DA FUNÇÃO FÍSICA EM INDIVÍDUOS COM LOMBALGIA: UMA REVISÃO DE LITERATURA
Authors: Souza Cristianne Alves de , Viana João Eduardo 
Published: November 2021

Introdução: A Lombalgia é um tipo de dor lombar, causada por uma lesão em um músculo ou ligamento, onde as causa mais comuns são: levantar-se impropriamente, má postura, falta de atividade física regular, fraturas, disco rompido ou até mesmo Artrite, classificada em três principais categorais que são:Dor lombar de origem potencialmente radícula; Dor lombar potencialmente associada à doença específica espinhal e Dor lombar inespecífica. Os Benefícios da Hidroterapia na redução da dor e na melhora da função fisica em individuos com Lombalgia: Uma revisão de Literatura”, onde sua área de concentração encontra-se disposta na Fisioterapia aquática – Terapêutica e reabilitação. Objetivo Geral: Destacar quais são os maiores benefícios da Hidroterapia, para pacientes com Lombalgia. Metodologia: O procedimento metodológico neste trabalho encontra-se disposto em formato de Revisão de Literatura, sobe um diálogo exploratório-bibliográfico, de natureza qualitativa, com os autores das pesquisas aprofundadas, que abordam o respectivo tema em questão. Resultados sperados: A Hdiroterapia compreende uma gama de técnicas de intervenção, dentre elas diferenciadas atividades aquáticas, reduzindo os efeitos dolorosos que a Lombalgia provoca nos indivíduos que se queixam de seus sintomas, dentre eles fortes dores na região inferior da coluna vertebral, que fica aproximadamente na altura da cintura. Conclusão: Ao término desse estudo, pode-se concluir pode-se concluir o quão a Hidroterapia se mostra eficiente e benéfica, não apenas em minimizar as dores causadas pela Lombalgia, como também melhora a qualidade de vida do paciente, frente a oferecer-lhe significativo bem-estar físico, emocional e psicológico, e, sua capacidade de executar a suas tarefas diárias.
Decoding Religious Contents: A CDA of PTB and OUP at Primary Level in Punjab, Pakistan
Authors: Jamil Muhammad Javaid , Farooq Fatima , Sajid Muhammad Akbar , Shehzadi Kiran 
Published: November 2021

Ideologies are constructed and propagated through the subtle use of language. Textbooks are designed deftly to propagate a desired version of social realities to the target reader ship. The present research decodes critically the religious contents present in PTB and OUP primary Urdu textbooks taught at Punjab Pakistan during 2021-2022. The data for the present research has been collected purposively from the chapters containing religious contents in different shad from the selected primary Urdu textbooks. The present research employs an integrated research approach by drawing upon Fairclough (2003, 2012) research models. The levels of analysis include representation, lexicalization, metaphor, rhyme scheme, in/ exclusion and normative critique of language. The findings of the research reveal that representation of religion in the selected data is polarized. The role of economy and class difference contribute a lot in the propagation of religious ideology to middle and elite classes. Besides, it contents that the frequency of occurrence of religious contents is higher in PTB, (book which is 26%) as compared to OUP book where this frequency is 12%. This is how the present study confirms that inclination of middle class towards religion is higher as compared to its counterpart.
India-Pakistan Water Relations: A Theoretical Perspective
Authors: Mehsud Muhammad Imran , Jalal Iqra , Khan Tariq Anwar , Jan Azam 
Published: November 2021

Hydro politics is an important dimension of India Pakistan relations, overshadowed mainly by strategic issues between both states. Even the discussion on water issues is more focused on technical issues. However, the main question that arises is: Is hydro politics between India and Pakistan a problem of perceptions (intentions) or it forms part of overall strategic rivalry between both states? This paper discusses India-Pakistan water relations from the theoretical perspectives of (neo) realism, (neo) liberalism, constructivism, and human security school of thought. It argues that, like in general India-Pakistan political relations, it is realism/ neo-realism which still reigns supreme in explaining India-Pakistan hydro politics as well. It argues that in the wake of the Cold War, different theories emerged which undermined the traditional approaches and perspectives of realism and liberalism. These new theoretical traditions were also employed in explaining India-Pakistan political as well water relations. However, due to the competitive security of the region of South Asia in general and India-Pakistan’s security dilemma in particular, the theoretical perspectives of (neo) liberalism, constructivism, and human security fall short in theorizing India-Pakistan water relations. To answer the question posed earlier, this paper has mostly analyzed the available literature, both theoretical and related to hydro politics, to construct the argument. Therefore, this paper concludes that instead of employing (neo) liberalism, constructivism, and human security, it is realism/ neo-realism which still reigns supreme in explaining India-Pakistan political as well as water relations.
Impact of In-class Patient and Integrated Clinical Experiences on Physical Therapist Students’ Clinical Performance
Authors: Bayliss Jamie 
Published: November 2021

Rationale: A variety of clinical education (CE) exist. Models emphasizing full-time clinical experiences (FTCE) have higher number of full-time hours (high-hours) with less prior didactic preparation and integration with the curriculum. Models including integrated clinical experiences (ICE), part-time ICE (PTICE), and in-class patient experiences (IcPE) integrate experiences with didactic content but include a lower number of full-time hours (low-hours). The purpose of this study is to determine if a re-designed CE curricular model that emphasized IcPEs and ICE with low-hours better prepares students than a version that emphasized FTCEs with high-hours as measured by scores on the Clinical Performance Instrument (CPI).
Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted on a data set of 183 Doctor of Physical Therapy students who participated in an initial and final terminal CE experience. Data included student pre-admission data, demographics, and evaluation type, period, and rating for all 18 CPI criteria for the initial and final terminal CE experiences. Data were analyzed using SPSS Statistics.
Results: A statistically significant difference was found between cohorts for the initial terminal CE experience midterm assessment. One CPI factor was significant on the initial terminal CE experience final assessment and the final terminal CE experience midterm assessment (p < .05). Within cohort analysis for all three CPI factors at all assessment periods were statistically significant.
Conclusion: All students significantly improved from midterm to final assessment periods of the initial and final terminal CE experiences. Therefore, IcPE, allowing faculty to mentor and provide feedback to students should be considered an alternative to FTCE prior to students’ initial terminal CE experience.
MeSH Terms: curriculum, education, students
Vessel, Messiah, Warrior: Donald Trump in Evangelical Christian Narratives
Authors: Willenbrink Hank 
Published: November 2021

[ABSTRACT]
In 2016 and 2020, a record number of evangelical Christians supported the election of Donald Trump to the US presidency. This essay investigates key evangelical narratives that contribute to the understanding of Trump by evangelical Christians, such as The Trump Prophecy, a 2018 feature film. In so doing, this essay unpacks major themes like Trump's connection to Cyrus the Great and his “prophetic” election in order to understand better how evangelical Christian discourse has constructed the forty-fifth president as a Christian nationalist hero.
Arabic-10 Breach of the Knowledge through the distorition in the view of Islamic Shariah
Authors: Shahid Mohammad , Akhtar Naseer Ahmed 
Published: November 2021

There is no doubt that knowledge and it’s preaching is one of the greatest mandates bestowed by Al Mighty Allah and it has great value and status from Him.According to the scholars, knowledge is one the amana and divine gift of Almighty Allah. It is incumbent upon the people of knowledge to preach it and to make it available to the ones who are unaware of it. Breach of this duty has no match to or comparison with breach of other duties. But rather, intellectual defalcation and dishonesty is the worst of all sorts because it is tantamount to being defalcation with the Deen and Sharia which belongs to Allah Almighty and the purpose of which is the rectification of humanity. The Holy Quran and Sunnah Nabawi has mentioned the problems of intellectual defalcation and dishonesty multiple times and the scholars has also engaged in detailed discourse regarding this issue. They have also cautioned against it because it's severity and adverse consequences have an impact the society and it’s members. The objective of this article is to explain this intellectual defalcation. The topics I wish to discuss are as follows:

The linguistic and terminological meaning of intellectual Dishonesty and reasons for their occurrence and reasons for indulging in them.
How is intellectual dishonesty related to defalcation and it's kinds and also, I seek to explain it's adverse impact on the individual and the society in the light of Shariah.
Arabic-11 Methodology of Abu Zaid AL-Qarashi in “Jamharahti Ashaar il Arab”
Authors: Mustafa Muhammad Nasir 
Published: November 2021

Jamharahtu Ashaar il Arab of Abu Zaid Al-Qarashi is considered one of the best compilations which give us complete knowledge about the Arabs’ life at the time of ignorance and during the era of advent of Islam. It is very well known that poetry was just like register of Arabs. Through that register, each and every type of information can be taken. We should be thankful to Abu Zaid Al-Qarashi who introduced us to the Arabs via compilation of his masterpiece Jamharahtu Ashaar il Arab and we have become familiar with the poetry of the time of ignorance and time of advent of Islam. The present article will be consisted on abstract, importance of language of poetry, stages and topics of the poetry at the time of ignorance, introduction of the writer, importance of the book, methodology of the book and bibliography
Arabic-4 Authenticity of the Exegeses of the Holy Quran by Sunnah and its types
Authors: Saeed Muhammad , Nawaz Rab , Ahmad Saeed 
Published: November 2021

Sunnah is the second source of exegeses of the Holy Quran and Islamic Shariah from which the Ahkam and instructions of Islamic Shariah are derived. The explanation and interpretation of the Holy Quran was the main duty of the Prophet SAW as described by the Holy Quran. In this article we had given arguments from the Holy Quran, Sunnah itself and consensus of Sahabah and Tabieen to prove the authenticity of sunnah in the exegeses of the Holy Quran. In this article we had classified briefly the Sunnah interpretation to the Holy Quran into two categories: first is the direct and clear explanation of the Quranic words and phrases, second is indirect tafsir of the Quranic verses and concepts, furthermore we had discussed here some misconceptions about Sunnah and its authenticy with it answers.
Urdu-27 Analytical study of arguments from Quranic verses in Ashiaat-ul-Lamaat
Authors: Tabraiz Shams , Anwer Muhammad Naeem 
Published: November 2021

The interpretation of the Qur'an is the Qur'an itself and the second interpretation of the Qur'an in the history of Islam as a consensus is called Hadith and Sunnah of the Prophet.In the sub-continent, there were born a lot of Erudith and Scholars who preferred Islam as per their capacity. One of them is Sheikh Abdul Haq Mohadith Dehlvi, who lit the candle of the prophetic Hadith’s in the 11th century. He himself was un-paralleled expert in the field of Quran and prophetic Hadith. He declared the Quran and Hadith as the basis of religious sciences. That is way the central point of his all literary efforts in the Sharia and the Sunnah of the Holy Prophet (PBUH). Due to his book named “ Ashia Tul Lamaat” the sciences of prophetic Ahadith spread all over the India. Thus, the love for prophetic Ahadith was increased among the people of all India. In Ashia Tul Lamaat” he has explains the difficult words too. Difficult issues and important meanings has been explained away beneficially.