bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of Functional Connectivity and Low-Frequency Fluctuations After Brain-Computer Interface-Guided Robot Hand Training in Chronic Stroke: A 6-Month Follow-Up Study
Authors: Lau Cathy C. Y. , Yuan Kai , Wong Patrick C. M. , Chu Winnie C. W. , Leung Thomas W. , Wong Wan-wa , Tong Raymond K. Y. 
Published: January 2021

Hand function improvement in stroke survivors in the chronic stage usually plateaus by 6 months. Brain-computer interface (BCI)-guided robot-assisted training has been shown to be effective for facilitating upper-limb motor function recovery in chronic stroke. However, the underlying neuroplasticity change is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the whole-brain neuroplasticity changes after 20-session BCI-guided robot hand training, and whether the changes could be maintained at the 6-month follow-up. Therefore, the clinical improvement and the neurological changes before, immediately after, and 6 months after training were explored in 14 chronic stroke subjects. The upper-limb motor function was assessed by Action Research Arm Test (ARAT) and Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper-Limb (FMA), and the neurological changes were assessed using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Repeated-measure ANOVAs indicated that long-term motor improvement was found by both FMA (F[2,26]= 6.367,p= 0.006) and ARAT (F[2,26]= 7.230,p= 0.003). Seed-based functional connectivity analysis exhibited that significantly modulated FC was observed between ipsilesional motor regions (primary motor cortex and supplementary motor area) and contralesional areas (supplementary motor area, premotor cortex, and superior parietal lobule), and the effects were sustained after 6 months. The fALFF analysis showed that local neuronal activities significantly increased in central, frontal and parietal regions, and the effects were also sustained after 6 months. Consistent results in FC and fALFF analyses demonstrated the increase of neural activities in sensorimotor and fronto-parietal regions, which were highly involved in the BCI-guided training.Clinical Trial Registration:This study has been registered atClinicalTrials.govwith clinical trial registration number NCT02323061.
Global Trends and Performances of Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies on Acupuncture: A Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Zhang Jinhuan , Zhang Yangxin , Hu Liyu , Huang Xingxian , Liu Yongfeng , Li Jiaying , Hu Qingmao , Xu Jinping , Yu Haibo 
Published: January 2021

Objectives: To summarize development processes and research hotspots of MRI research on acupuncture and to provide new insights for researchers in future studies.Methods: Publications regarding MRI on acupuncture from inception to 2020 were downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection. VOSviewer 1.6.15 and CiteSpace V software were used for bibliometric analyses. The main analyses include collaboration analyses between countries/institutions/authors, co-occurrence analysis between keywords, as well as analyses on keyword bursts, citation references, and clusters of references.Results: A total of 829 papers were obtained with a continually increased trend over time. The most productive country and institution in this field were the People's Republic of China (475) and KyungHee University (70), respectively. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (83) was the most productive journal, and Neuroimage (454) was the most co-cited journal. Dhond's et al. (2008) article (co-citation counts: 58) and Napadow's et al. (2005) article (centrality: 0.21) were the most representative and symbolic references, with the highest co-citation number and centrality, respectively. Jie Tian had the highest number of publications (35) and Kathleen K S Hui was the most influential author (280 co-citations). The four hot topics in MRI on acupuncture were acupuncture, fMRI, pain, and stimulation. The three frontier topics were connectivity, modulation, and fMRI. Based on the clustering of co-cited documents, chronic low back pain, sham electro-acupuncture treatment, and clinical research were the main research directions.Conclusion: This study provides an in-depth perspective for MRI research on acupuncture and provides researchers with valuable information to determine the current status, hot spots, and frontier trends of MRI research on acupuncture.
Reduced Sleep Duration and Sleep Efficiency Were Independently Associated With Frequent Nightmares in Chinese Frontline Medical Workers During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Outbreak
Authors: Lin Yi-Qi , Lin Ze-Xin , Wu Yong-Xi , Wang Lin , Zeng Zhao-Nan , Chen Qiu-Yang , Wang Ling , Xie Xiao-Liang , Wei Shi-Chao 
Published: January 2021

ObjectivesNightmares were related to emotion and behavioral problems and also emerged as one of the core features of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Our study aimed to investigate the associations of frequent nightmares with sleep duration and sleep efficiency among frontline medical workers in Wuhan during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak.MethodsA total of 528 health-care workers from the province of Fujian providing medical aid in Wuhan completed the online questionnaires. There were 114 doctors and 414 nurses. The age, sex, marital status, and work situation were recorded. A battery of scales including the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) were used to evaluate subjects’ sleep and general mental health. Frequent nightmares were defined as the response of at least once a week in the item of “nightmare” of PSQI.ResultsFrequent nightmares were found in 27.3% of subjects. The frequent nightmare group had a higher score of PSQI-sleep duration and PSQI-habitual sleep efficiency (frequent nightmares vs. non-frequent nightmares: PSQI-sleep duration, 1.08 ± 0.97 vs. 0.74 ± 0.85, P &lt; 0.001; PSQI-habitual sleep efficiency, 1.08 ± 1.10 vs. 0.62 ± 0.88, P &lt; 0.001). Reduced sleep duration and reduced sleep efficiency were independently associated with frequent nightmares after adjustment for age, sex, poor mental health, and regular sleeping medication use (reduced sleep duration: OR = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.07–3.58, P = 0.029; reduced sleep efficiency: OR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.09–4.32, P = 0.027). Subjects with both reduced sleep duration and sleep efficiency were also associated with frequent nightmares (OR = 2.70, 95% CI = 1.57–4.65, P &lt; 0.001).ConclusionThe present study found that sleep duration and sleep efficiency were both independently associated with frequent nightmares among frontline medical workers in Wuhan during the COVID-19 pandemic. We should pay attention to nightmares and even the ensuing PTSD symptoms among subjects with reduced sleep duration or sleep efficiency facing potential traumatic exposure.
Presence of Human Papillomavirus and Epstein–Barr Virus, but Absence of Merkel Cell Polyomavirus, in Head and Neck Cancer of Non-Smokers and Non-Drinkers
Authors: Mulder Frans J. , Klufah Faisal , Janssen Famke M. E. , Farshadpour Farzaneh , Willems Stefan M. , de Bree Remco , zur Hausen Axel , van den Hout Mari F. C. M. , Kremer Bernd , Speel Ernst-Jan M. 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveDetermine the presence and prognostic value of human papillomavirus (HPV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCPyV), and cell cycle proteins in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) of non-smokers and non-drinkers (NSND).MethodsClinical characteristics and tumors of 119 NSND with HNSCC were retrospectively collected and analyzed on tissue microarrays. RNAscope in situ hybridization (ISH) was used to screen for the presence of HPV and MCPyV mRNA. Immunohistochemistry was performed for expression of p16 as surrogate marker for HPV, Large T-antigen for MCPyV, and cell cycle proteins p53 and pRb. Positive virus results were confirmed with polymerase chain reaction. For EBV, EBV encoded RNA ISH was performed. Differences in 5-year survival between virus positive and negative tumors were determined by log rank analysis.ResultsAll oropharyngeal tumors (OPSCC) (n = 10) were HPV-positive, in addition to one oral (OSCC) and one nasopharyngeal tumor (NPSCC). The other three NPSCC were EBV-positive. MCPyV was not detected. Patients with HPV or EBV positive tumors did not have a significantly better 5-year disease free or overall survival. Over 70% of virus negative OSCC showed mutant-type p53 expression.ConclusionIn this cohort, all OPSCC and NPSCC showed HPV or EBV presence. Besides one OSCC, all other oral (n = 94), hypopharyngeal (n = 1), and laryngeal (n = 9) tumors were HPV, EBV, and MCPyV negative. This argues against a central role of these viruses in the ethiopathogenesis of tumors outside the oro- and nasopharynx in NSND. So, for the majority of NSND with virus negative OSCC, more research is needed to understand the carcinogenic mechanisms in order to consider targeted therapeutic options.
Rhophilin-2 Upregulates Glutamine Synthetase by Stabilizing c-Myc Protein and Confers Resistance to Glutamine Deprivation in Lung Cancer
Authors: Xiao Dakai , He Jiaxi , Guo Zhihua , He Huiming , Yang Shengli , Huang Liyan , Pan Hui , He Jianxing 
Published: January 2021

IntroductionRHPN2, a member of rhophilin family of rho-binding proteins, regulates actin cytoskeleton and vesicular trafficking, and promotes mesenchymal transformation in cancer. We have found that RHPN2 was significantly mutated in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). However, the role of RHPN2 in lung cancer is not fully understood.MethodsIn the present study, we investigated the expression of RHPN2 in 125 patients with LUAD by qRT-PCR and correlated its expression with clinical characteristics. The effects of RHPN2 on the proliferation and invasion of lung cancer cells were determined by CCK-8 and in vitro transwell assays, clonogenic assay, and xenograft mouse model. The RhoA pull down assay and Western blotting were performed to elucidate the mechanism of RNPN2 in tumorigenesis of lung cancer.ResultsRHPN2 was overexpressed in tumors from LUAD, and high levels of RHPN2 were associated with poor prognosis of LUAD patients. RHPN2 was required for proliferation and invasion of lung cancer cells. Intriguingly, overexpression of RHPN2 conferred the resistance to glutamine depletion in lung cancer cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that ectopic overexpression of RHPN2 promoted the stability of c-Myc protein via phosphorylation at Ser62 and increased c-Myc target glutamine synthetase (GS). Analysis of GS expression in clinical sample showed that the expression of GS was elevated in tumor cells. Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that high levels of GS were significantly associated with worse overall survival time of the patients with LUAD.ConclusionsTaken together, this study suggested that RHPN2 was involved in tumorigenesis of lung cancer via modulating c-Myc stability and the expression of its target GS in lung adenocarcinoma, which links RHPN2 and glutamine metabolism.
Platelet Counts and Patent Ductus Arteriosus in Preterm Infants: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: González-Luis Gema , Ghirardello Stefano , Bas-Suárez Pilar , Cavallaro Giacomo , Mosca Fabio , Clyman Ronald I , Villamor Eduardo 
Published: January 2021

Background: A meta-analysis published in 2015 showed a significant association between low platelet counts in the first day(s) of life and risk of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). The meta-analysis pooled data from 11 studies cohorts (3,479 preterm infants).Objective: To update the meta-analysis by adding new studies on the topic and including other platelet parameters different from platelet counts.Methods: PubMed/Medline and Embase databases were searched. Random-effects risk ratios (RR) and differences in means (DM) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.Results: We included 31 studies (7,638 infants). Meta-analysis showed that the risk of developing any PDA was significantly associated with platelet counts&lt;150 × 109/L (11 studies, RR 1.58, 95% CI 1.28 to 1.95), and &lt;100 x 109/L (7 studies, RR 1.61, 95% CI 1.14 to 2.28), but not &lt;50 x 109/L (4 studies, RR 1.34, 95% CI 0.77 to 2.32). Risk of developing hemodynamically significant PDA (hsPDA) was significantly associated with platelet counts&lt;150 x 109/L (12 studies, RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.09 to 1.63), and &lt;100 x 109/L (7 studies, RR 1.39, 95% CI 1.06 to 1.82), but not &lt;50 x 109/L (6 studies, RR 1.24, 95% CI 0.86 to 1.79). Infants with hsPDA had significantly lower mean platelet counts (19 studies, DM 22.0 x 109, 95% CI 14.9 to 29.1) and platelet mass (11 studies, DM 214.4, 95% CI 131.2 to 297.5) and significantly higher platelet distribution width (PDW, 9 studies, DM −0.53, 95% CI −1.01 to −0.05) than infants without hsPDA. Meta-analysis could not demonstrate significant differences in mean platelet volume (MPV).Conclusion: Compared to the previous analysis, this updated meta-analysis included 21 additional studies that provide stronger evidence of the association between low platelet counts and PDA/hsPDA. Other platelet parameters such as platelet mass and PDW are also associated with hsPDA risk. However, the low number of platelets may be an epiphenomenon associated with the maturity and clinical stability of preterm infants rather than a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of PDA.
Cellular Uptake of Psychostimulants – Are High- and Low-Affinity Organic Cation Transporters Drug Traffickers?
Authors: Jensen Ole , Rafehi Muhammad , Gebauer Lukas , Brockmöller Jürgen 
Published: January 2021

Psychostimulants are used therapeutically and for illegal recreational purposes. Many of these are inhibitors of the presynaptic noradrenaline, dopamine, and serotonin transporters (NET, DAT, and SERT). According to their physicochemical properties, some might also be substrates of polyspecific organic cation transporters (OCTs) that mediate uptake in liver and kidneys for metabolism and excretion. OCT1 is genetically highly polymorphic, with strong effects on transporter activity and expression. To study potential interindividual differences in their pharmacokinetics, 18 psychostimulants and hallucinogens were assessedin vitrofor transport by different OCTs as well as by the high-affinity monoamine transporters NET, DAT, and SERT. The hallucinogenic natural compound mescaline was found to be strongly transported by wild-type OCT1 with aKmof 24.3 µM and avmaxof 642 pmol × mg protein−1× min−1. Transport was modestly reduced in variants *2 and *7, more strongly reduced in *3 and *4, and lowest in *5 and *6, while *8 showed a moderately increased transport capacity. The other phenylethylamine derivatives methamphetamine,para-methoxymethamphetamine, (-)-ephedrine, and cathine ((+)-norpseudoephedrine), as well as dimethyltryptamine, were substrates of OCT2 withKmvalues in the range of 7.9–46.0 µM andvmaxvalues between 70.7 and 570 pmol × mg protein−1× min−1. Affinities were similar or modestly reduced and the transport capacities were reduced down to half in the naturally occurring variant A270S. Cathine was found to be a substrate for NET and DAT, with the Kmbeing 21-fold and thevmax10-fold higher for DAT but still significantly lower compared to OCT2. This study has shown that several psychostimulants and hallucinogens are substrates for OCTs. Given the extensive cellular uptake of mescaline by the genetically highly polymorphic OCT1, strong interindividual variation in the pharmacokinetics of mescaline might be possible, which could be a reason for highly variable adverse reactions. The involvement of the polymorphic OCT2 in the renal excretion of several psychostimulants could be one reason for individual differences in toxicity.
Collective Protest and Expressive Action Among University Students in Hong Kong: Associations Between Offline and Online Forms of Political Participation
Authors: Reichert Frank 
Published: January 2021

Youth have often been described as politically apathetic or disengaged, particularly with respect to more conventional forms of participation. However, they tend to prefer non-institutionalized modes of political action and they may express themselves on the Internet. Young people have also been recognized as having a “latent preparedness” to get politically active when needed. This paper reports forms of offline and online participation adopted by young adults in Hong Kong who were surveyed shortly before the anti-extradition bill social movement of 2019 and 1 year later. The results tentatively suggest that young adults may not be very active in politics when they do not perceive the need to bring about change. However, they are involved in expressive activities and on the Internet more broadly, and ready to turn their latent participation into concrete political participation when they are dissatisfied with government actions and believe it is their responsibility to act against laws perceived to be unjust. Cross-sectional and cross-lagged panel analyses show that youth’s participation in offline political activities is associated with their online participation. Positive effects of past experiences in each mode on participation in offline and online political activities show the mobilizing potential of social media and provide support for the reinforcement hypothesis, though previous participation in offline activities appears as a better predictor of political participation when compared with prior participation on the Internet.
Nowcasting and Forecasting the Spread of COVID-19 and Healthcare Demand in Turkey, a Modeling Study
Authors: Arslan Seyma , Ozdemir Muhammed Yusuf , Ucar Abdullah 
Published: January 2021

Background: This study aims to estimate the total number of infected people, evaluate the effects of NPIs on the healthcare system, and predict the expected number of cases, deaths, hospitalizations due to COVID-19 in Turkey.Methods: This study was carried out according to three dimensions. In the first, the actual number of infected people was estimated. In the second, the expected total numbers of infected people, deaths, hospitalizations have been predicted in the case of no intervention. In the third, the distribution of the expected number of infected people and deaths, and ICU and non-ICU bed needs over time has been predicted via a SEIR-based simulator (TURKSAS) in four scenarios.Results: According to the number of deaths, the estimated number of infected people in Turkey on March 21 was 123,030. In the case of no intervention the expected number of infected people is 72,091,595 and deaths is 445,956, the attack rate is 88.1%, and the mortality ratio is 0.54%. The ICU bed capacity in Turkey is expected to be exceeded by 4.4-fold and non-ICU bed capacity by 3.21-fold. In the second and third scenarios compliance with NPIs makes a difference of 94,303 expected deaths. In both scenarios, the predicted peak value of occupied ICU and non-ICU beds remains below Turkey's capacity.Discussion: Predictions show that around 16 million people can be prevented from being infected and 94,000 deaths can be prevented by full compliance with the measures taken. Modeling epidemics and establishing decision support systems is an important requirement.
حماية رضا المستهلك في التعاقد عبر الانترنت دراسة في القانونين العراقي والفرنسي
Authors: الساعدي جليل حسن 
Published: January 2021

لقد أصبحت حماية المستهلك في التعاقد عبر الانترنت، محل اهتمام الفكر القانوني بأبعاده الثلاثة، التشريع والفقه والقضاء، وهذه الحماية تجد أساسها في المركز الضعيف للمستهلك، واختلال التوازن بينه وبين المهني الذي يقدم له السلعة أو الخدمة عبر الانترنت. ولقد اختص هذا البحث بحماية رضا المستهلك في التعاقد عبر الانترنت وذلك في أربعة مباحث على النحو الآتي:
المبحث الأول: ماهية عقد الاستهلاك عبر الانترنت.
المبحث الثاني: إيجاب المهني في عقد الاستهلاك عبر الانترنت.
المبحث الثالث: قبول المستهلك في عقد الاستهلاك عبر الانترنت.
المبحث الرابع : اتفاقات حماية رضا المستهلك في عقد الاستهلاك عبر الانترنت.
التجرد من الميول الذاتية لدى القاضي الجزائي
Authors: المزوري وعدي سليمان 
Published: January 2021

قال تعالى )) ان الله يأمركم أن تؤدوا الامانات الى اهلها واذا حكمتم بين الناس
ان تحكموا بالعدل (( 1. فالاية تفيد انه يجب على كل مؤمن ان يحافظ على الشئ
ويرعاه ويؤديه الى صاحبه، ومايهمنا هنا هو الجزء الثاني من هذه الاية والمتعلقة
بعدالة الحكم الصادر من قبل متولي القضاء. فالقضاء بين الناس ليس عملا عاديا،
بل يمكن القول انه ليس عملا آدميا انه عمل الهي، وانه لتجاوز كبير ان يكون
القاضي بشرا ولكنه بشر كيف يقضي بين الناس وهو منهم، به ضعفهم وبه
عيوبهم؟ والقضاء واسع يستلزم الكمال: العدالة، الثقافة الشاملة، المعرفة العميقة،
النظرة والبصيرة المستنيرة، الثبات وقوة الاعصاب، الحكمة والصبر واللياقة
والفطنة واليقظة… الخ. فاذا كان القضاء هو تلك الامانة العظيمة التي ابت
السموات والجبال ان تحملها، فحملها الانسان على ضعفه ورقة حاله، فانة ينبغي
ان يكون القاضي في جميع الاحوال انسانا مثاليا، وهذا اضعف الايمان وفي الوقت
نفسة اقصى مافي الامكان! فالقاضي المثالي هو الذي يقضي بين الناس بالحق
والعدل والذي تنزه عما يختلج في نفس كل انسان مما يدري ولايدري.
ومن جانب اخر فان القضاء هو المثال الوحيد للعمل الذي يستلزم جهاد
الشخصية بكاملها، فكل عمل من الاعمال يستطيع الانسان ان يؤديه بجانب من
نفسه فالتعليم والطب والهندسة وغيرها يحتاج كل منها الى ملكة او مهارة اودراية
خاصة بينما القضاء تمتد جذوره فتحيط بكل اصل من حياة القاضي: عقلية او
عاطفية او انفعالية او مزاجية او ارادية اوصحية او عائلية… الخ فاذا جلس
القاضي على منصة القضاء اوخلا الى نفسه ليصدر الحكم فانه لا يستطيع ان
يفصل شخصيته كقاض عن شخصيته كانسان تمام الفصل، ومن هنا حف طريق
القضاء بالمخاطر والصعوبات، فالقاضي كأنسان عرضة لان يقع تحت تاثير
الايحاء فيفسد عمله وحكمه، وخليق بأن تنطوي نفسه على جراح وندوب قديمة
او حديثة، واتجاهات وميول عامة او خاطئة تؤثر في حكمه ابلغ التأثير، والقاضي
بعد ذلك مطالب بأن يصيب في حكمه كبد الحقيقة فلا يدين بريئأ اويبرئ جانيا،
وان يوقع على الجاني نصيبه من العقاب دون مبالغه في القسوة او اسراف في
الرحمة ليصل بذلك الى عدالة الحكم الذي يصدره.
واذا كان القضاء على هذه الدرجة من الخطورة والحساسية نظرا لاهمية
موضوعه، وهو الفصل بين المتقاضين، فأنه يتطلب في القائم على هذه الوظيفة
ان يكون محايدا حيال النزاع المعروض عليه كي يتسنى له البت فيه بموضوعية،
فمنذ ان اهتدى الفكر البشري الى القضاء تطلب من القاضي ان يكون محايدا وهذه
الحيدة لاتوجدها الصدفة، وانما تكتب من خلال التزام مسلك حازم اثناء مباشرة
مهنة القضاء وبوحي من تقاليدها.
وقد تكفلت القوانين الاجرائية بوضع الوسائل الكفيلة بضمانها بثا للطمأنينة
لدى المتقاضين، لذلك يأتي هذا البحث المتواضع ليسلط الضوء على هذا
الموضوع الحيوي والمهم محاولاً: ايجاد اساسياته المهمة وصولا الى تبيان اهم
العوامل التي تؤثر في نزاهة القاضي وعدالة حكمه بغلبة النزعات الذاتية على
القانونية عند اصدار الاحكام.
التنظيم الدستوري والقانوني لأسس مكافحة الفساد في ظل دستور جمهورية العراق 5002
Authors: يونس مها بهجت 
Published: January 2021

تعتبر ظاهرة الفساد بصورة عامة ظاهرة عالمية واسعة الانتشار، توجد فى
كافة المجتمعات النامية منها والمتقدمة بدرجات متفاوتة، ذلك أن الفساد قد أضحى
ظاهرة لا يكاد يخلو منها مجتمع. وظاهرة الفساد بالإضافة إلى كونها ظاهرة
عابرة للحدود، فهى ظاهرة ذات جذور عميقة وتأخذ أبعاداً واسعة تتداخل معها
وترتبط بها عدة مفاهيم وعوامل يصعب التمييز بينها، وتختلف كذلك درجة
توافرها وشموليتها من مجتمع إلى آخر.
وعلى الرغم من اختلاف الفساد من مكان إلى آخر بصوره وأشكاله وحجم
انتشاره وأثره على مختلف نواحي الحياة، يعتبر من أهم أسباب الضعف الداخلي
والخارجي للدول. فالفساد في جوهره حالة تفكك تعتري المجتمع نتيجة فقدانه
لسيادة القيم الجوهرية، ولعدم احترام القانون، وعدم تكريس مفهوم المواطنة،
وغياب ثقافة حقوق الإنسان واحترامها بشكل طبيعي وتلقائي.
ومن هنا تبرز الحاجة إلى جعل مشكلة الفساد وتفشيه في المجتمع أولوية
رئيسة من أولويات الدولة، فآثاره المدمرة على النواحي السياسية والاجتماعية
والاقتصادية تهدد قوتها ومكانتها على الصعيدين الداخلي والدولي.
لذا وجب عليها العمل على تعزيز قيمتي الشفافية والمساءلة في تشريعاتها
وإستراتيجية عمل مؤسساتها قصد نشر ثقافة مكافحة الفساد ومحاصرته وترسيخ
قيم النزاهة ما بين مختلف شرائح المجتمع.