bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Out of the Ordinary
Authors: Durham William H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Galápagos stands out for its vast collection of extreme life: the world’s only tropical albatross, its only flightless cormorants, and its marine iguanas; three colorful species of boobies; and 15 species of giant tortoises, one on each major volcano, except for one especially large volcano that has two. Each of these organisms has evolved adaptations to the unique rigors of life in an isolated archipelago on the equator. As Galápagos has recently grown ever more connected to the world system, many species’ adaptations have become vulnerabilities in the face of human-induced change. Fortunately, long before people arrived, evolution also endowed native species with forms of resilience to local perturbations like El Niño events and periodic droughts. The eight case studies in this book highlight these vulnerabilities and resiliences and argue that the mismatch between them, stemming from human impact, is the core conservation challenge today.
Caught in a Booby Trap
Authors: Durham William H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
How did the blue-footed booby evolve those lovely blue feet? Genetic analysis shows that the blue-footed booby shared a recent common ancestor with the grey-footed Peruvian booby of coastal South America. Unlike the latter, whose diet includes anchovies and sardines, the blue-footed booby is a sardine specialist that feeds by plunge diving exclusively into cold-water upwellings, like those of the Cromwell current. Sardines normally abound in Galápagos, but not anchovies—the strong currents quickly carry away their young. But sardines are also rich in blue-green coloring agents (carotenes) that show up in the feet of successful booby divers. Hence it’s an uncanny “fit” of the blue-footed booby to island conditions is uncanny: did it evolve in Galápagos from continental ancestors who followed trade winds west? The species also regulates brood sizes in relation to sardine supply via flexible siblicide, which surely helps in coping with ENSO. It shares siblicide with its close Galápagos relative, the Nazca booby, as well as aggressive NAV behavior in which nonparental adult visitors peck at innocent, unrelated chicks until they bleed or drown. New evidence from brown boobies—another close relative—suggests that this behavior evolved as a result of benefits from survival cannibalism during extreme El Niños.
Not Earthbound Misfits After All
Authors: Durham William H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores two delightfully unique, flightless seabirds: the Galápagos cormorant, one of the world’s most unusual organisms, and the Galápagos penguin, the only penguin to swim in the Northern Hemisphere. Three themes stand out: first, in pre-settlement Galápagos, neither species suffered great disadvantage because of flightlessness. Having no terrestrial predators allowed both species to nest on land near water’s edge, to specialize in diving for prey in the rich, cool Cromwell upwelling, and to prosper during over a million years of flightless life in Galápagos. Second, from very different evolutionary origins, the two seabirds evolved a fascinating evolutionary convergence in the archipelago—not their flightlessness per se, because penguins were already flightless when they arrived. Instead, there are striking similarities in their uniquely opportunistic mating practices, including the cormorant’s very unusual facultative polyandry. Third, does the older flightless specialist, the penguin, have the advantage when El Niño causes food supply to falter, or does the advantage go to the cormorant, the seabird specifically retooled by evolution for conditions in Galápagos? Forty years of census data show that penguins react slightly more quickly to ENSO and with more population flux, but that both species show impressive reproductive resilience.
Digging Up a Painful Past
Authors: Encarnación Omar G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter talks about the Mattachine Society of Washington, DC, an organization that takes its name from the pioneering gay rights organization of the pre-Stonewall era. It looks at Charles Francis, the president of the Mattachine Society and a leading figure among American gay rights activists, who was a former Republican public relations consultant from Texas with close personal ties to the Bush family. It also discusses Francis’s activism aimed at securing an acknowledgment and apology from the US Congress for discriminatory actions taken by the federal government against LGBT Americans. This chapter analyses the Mattachine Society’s briefing paper “America’s Promise of Reconciliation and Redemption: The Need for an Official Acknowledgment and Apology for the Historic Government Assault on LGBT Federal Employees and Military Personnel,” and it emphasizes the mission of the new Mattachine Society on adjusting the legal struggle to secure an apology from the US government.
Valuing Clean Air
Authors: Halvorson Charles 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The passage of the Clean Air Act and the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970 marked a sweeping transformation in American politics. In a few short years, the environmental movement pushed Republican and Democratic elected officials to articulate a right to clean air as part of a bevy of new federal guarantees. Charged with delivering on those promises, the EPA represented a bold assertion that the federal government had a responsibility to protect the environment, the authority to command private business to reduce their pollution, and the capacity to dictate how they did so. But revolutions are always contested and the starburst of environmental concern that propelled the Clean Air Act and the EPA coincided with economic convulsions that shook the liberal state to its core. As powerful businesses pressed to roll back regulations, elected officials from both parties questioned whether the nation could keep its environmental promises. Pushing on, the EPA adopted a monetized approach to environmental value that sat at odds with environmentalist notions of natural rights but provided a critical shield for the agency’s rulemaking, as environmental protection came to serve as a key battleground in larger debates over markets, government, and public welfare. The EPA’s success and the potential limits of its monetary approach are evident in the very air we breathe today—far cleaner and healthier as a result of the EPA’s actions, but holding new threats in a rapidly changing climate.
Introduction
Authors: Halvorson Charles 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
From its creation in 1970, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) played a key role in struggles over the responsibility, authority, and capacity of the federal government to safeguard the public welfare against the ills of industrial society. But despite this centrality, the EPA largely remains a cipher in modern American history. In opening up the EPA’s history through an examination of the agency’s governance of air pollution from 1970 to the 1990s, this book shows how administrative agencies came to structure core aspects of our everyday lives. The enduring power of the EPA depended on its adoption of a monetary approach to environmental goods, and this book explores the translation of different notions of environmental value into policy as a key space in the evolution of core ideas about the environment and the public welfare.
The Costs of Pollution
Authors: Halvorson Charles 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Animated by the contrast of rising prosperity and declining environmental quality in the 1960s, the modern environmental movement pushed local and state authorities and then the federal government to take responsibility for restoring and safeguarding the environment. Central to that expanded federal role was the establishment of science-based national air quality standards in the Clean Air Act of 1970. Economists too came to focus on pollution as a key threat to public welfare and laid the groundwork in the 1960s for what would become a politically compelling monetization of the costs of air pollution and environmental degradation. But whereas environmentalists tended to describe clean air as a natural right, to be secured regardless of the cost, economists approached clean air as a natural resource, to be managed for its measurable contributions to a monetized notion of public welfare.
Are You Tough Enough?
Authors: Halvorson Charles 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Elected on the premise that government was the problem, not the solution, Ronald Reagan marked a major challenge to the postwar consensus that a liberal state could and should intervene broadly to improve public welfare. But popular support for environmental protection remained sufficient to stop Reagan from pursuing his deregulatory agenda outright. Instead, at the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Reagan sought to hamstring the agency’s ability to operate, disrupting its enforcement program and bleeding it of the resources it needed to fulfill expansive congressional mandates. Illustrating the investment of the agency’s former officials and career staff in EPA’s original mission, a group of current and former employees banded together to resist Reagan’s assault, eventually attracting enough attention that Reagan abandoned his deregulatory agenda as a political liability.
Is There a Black Woman Candidate Prototype?
Authors: Brown Nadia E. , Lemi Danielle Casarez 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter conducts a visual content analysis of Black women candidates’ headshots to examine whether there is a “phenotypic archetype” of Black women candidates to which Black women are exposed. Findings from an original dataset on the appearances of Black women candidates who sought office in 2018 align with prior research on colorism and representation. The chapter presents data that shows that the pool of Black women candidates skews lighter-skinned with straightened hair, and that candidates who wear braids or locs may disproportionately lose their contests. These findings suggest that Black women who seek local-level offices with natural styles like locs may find it difficult to enter political office and to rise to higher levels of office. The exploratory findings presented in the chapter illustrate a patterned preference for a certain type of Black women candidate, but it is noted that more research should be done on a larger scale to assess this trend.
Conclusion
Authors: Brown Nadia E. , Lemi Danielle Casarez 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The concluding chapter of this book contextualizes the political implications of Black women’s appearances for both political elites and voters. The chapter centers on Black women’s activism around natural hair and its connection to politics and policy. The natural hair movement signals not just a styling preference but also a way for Black women political elites to descriptively represent constituents. In this chapter, the authors provide a summary of the findings of their study and offer insights into Black women’s representation. The chapter ends by asking readers to assess the values that they ascribe to a Black woman political elite based on what she looks like.
Verdi and the End of Italian Coloratura
Authors: Parr Sean M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Verdi’s compositional influence and emphatic involvement in promoting his operas in Paris make him an important force, with an operatic oeuvre that includes works that can be labeled “French” because of his use of French literary sources and musical forms. During his career, Verdi’s use of coloratura changed greatly, but key examples are still found in his middle-period operas, in Rigoletto, La traviata, and Les Vêpres siciliennes. This chapter examines how these moments of coloratura signify much more than their apparently straightforward melismatic text treatment might suggest. Arias such as “Caro nome” employ coloratura to suggest a dramatic subtext, uncovering the inner psychological voice of the character. Close readings of these arias suggest that Verdi’s use of coloratura serves as an omen, foreshadowing tragedy for the character singing. With these mid-century examples, we see that Verdi as a modern composer in a sense writes coloratura out of Italian opera.
Melismatic Madness and Technology
Authors: Parr Sean M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
By the mid nineteenth-century, coloratura had become stylized to the point that it could represent hysterical cries. If we consider technology in its original sense as a “practical art” that extends the body’s abilities, then coloratura—an art that features the extended agility and range of the voice—is perhaps the most striking technology employed to mark and empower the operatic madwoman. This chapter explores mid-century mad scenes and related technologies: Giacomo Meyerbeer’s L’Étoile du nord and Le Pardon de Ploërmel, as well as Ophélie’s mad scene in Ambroise Thomas’ Hamlet. These operas also feature sopranos who embody a particular, aestheticized view of femininity at mid-century as stylized, objectified icons of hysteria. Exploring the aural impact of these scenes, the sopranos who originally portrayed the mad heroines, the original staging manuals, and the historical context of emerging psychiatry highlights the importance of the visual in thinking about this phenomenon.
Caroline Carvalho and Her World
Authors: Parr Sean M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
By practicing and extending the art of coloratura singing, Caroline Carvalho (née Marie Félix-Miolan, 1827–1895) became the French soprano par excellence of the mid-nineteenth century. In her early career, the Parisian press compared her vocal prowess to the instrumental pyrotechnics of Paganini and Liszt. This chapter illustrates how engaging with Carvalho and her contemporaries uncovers interesting intersections between mid-nineteenth-century vocal and instrumental idioms. In the first half, I explore Carvalho’s watershed moment in her creation of the title role of Victor Massé’s La Reine Topaze, which was a product of a complex mixture of circumstance, shrewd role choices, and genre. I investigate how that moment led to two different kinds of competition: between the soprano’s vocal agility and instrumental virtuosity, and between Carvalho and her coloratura competitors. By claiming a vocalism at least equal to the virtuosity of instrumentalists, Carvalho carved out a new space for the coloratura soprano.
Ānandavardhana and the Metaphysics of Literature
Authors: Reich James D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the origin of the famous theory of “poetic manifestation [dhvani]” in the Dhvanyāloka of Ānandavardhana. After a brief overview of the theory, the chapter explores some of the problems and ambiguities in Ānandavardhana’s text, and then explores Ānandavardhana’s use of Bhartṛhari as the basis for his theory. The chapter shows that the later popularity of the theory cannot be chalked up simply to the superiority of Ānandavardhana’s philosophical arguments, but can instead be attributed to some of the basic metaphysical issues opened up by Ānandavardhana’s use of Bhartṛhari, in which many different thinkers and traditions in Kashmir were invested.
Abhinavagupta’s Theology
Authors: Reich James D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the religious, theological, and philosophical ideas of Abhinavagupta, the next major intellectual to take up and defend Ānandavardhana’s theory of poetry. The chapter gives a broad summary of Abhinavagupta’s religious worldview. Since Abhinavagupta is both a monist and an idealist, the nature and structure of Śiva’s mind, the fundamental origin of all existence, provides a template on which all other phenomena in the universe are modeled. This chapter pays special attention to the reflexivity and independence of awareness, the nature and origin of bliss, cosmogony, and the nature of language. The chapter also explores Abhinavagupta’s interest in and use of Bhartṛhari, not just as a grammarian, but as a theologian with broader ideas about the nature of mind and the universe.
Conspiracy Theories
Authors: Gorman Sara E. , Gorman Jack M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses the complicated topic of conspiracy theories. This topic is complicated because a conspiracy theory is not prima facie wrong. Yet one of the hallmarks of false scientific beliefs is the claim by their adherents that they are the victims of profiteering, deceit, and cover-ups by conglomerates variously composed of large corporations, government regulatory agencies, the media, and professional medical societies. The trick is to figure out if the false ones can be readily separated from those in which there may be some truth. Only by carefully analyzing a number of such conspiracy theories and their adherents does it become possible to offer some guidelines as to which are most obviously incorrect. The chapter then studies the psychology of conspiracy theory adherence. It argues that belittling people who come to believe in false conspiracy theories as ignorant or mean-spirited is perhaps the surest route to reinforcing an anti-science position.
Charismatic Leaders
Authors: Gorman Sara E. , Gorman Jack M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the second factor in promoting science denial: charismatic leaders, who are perhaps the biggest and most formidable opponents to rational understanding and acceptance of scientific evidence in the health field. It looks at several profiles of leaders of anti-science movements and attempts to identify common denominators among them. Although they may be true believers, most of them are people who should know better, who often distort the truth, and who may masquerade as selfless but in fact gain considerable personal benefit from promulgating false ideas. And, most important, what they do harms people. Ultimately, there is a fascinating, albeit at times a bit frightening, psychology behind the appeal of these charismatic leaders that may help in neutralizing their hold over others.
Avoidance of Complexity
Authors: Gorman Sara E. , Gorman Jack M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes another reason people succumb to unscientific notions—the discomfort people have with complexity. It is not that people are incapable of learning the facts but rather they are reluctant to put in the time and effort to do so. This retreat from complexity is similar to the other reasons for science denial in that it is in many ways a useful and adaptive stance. But when making health decisions, the inability to tackle scientific details can leave one prone to accepting craftily packaged inaccuracies and slogans. Scientists, doctors, and public health experts are often not helpful in this regard because they frequently refuse to explain things clearly and interestingly. The chapter then argues that scientists need to work much harder on figuring out the best ways to communicate facts to non-scientists. It proposes some possible methods to make scientific thinking more intuitive. By focusing on the scientific method, one can begin to educate people about how to accept complexity and uncertainty, how to be skeptical, and how to ask the right questions.
The Attack on Health and Science Institutions
Authors: Gorman Sara E. , Gorman Jack M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
One of our most trusted sources of accurate scientific information has always been the federal and international scientific regulatory agencies charged with protecting and improving our health and safety. These include the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the World Health Organization (WHO). After being chronically underfunded for many years, these agencies have been assaulted by anti-science forces within the previous United States federal administration. Today, many people have lost what was once a very high level of confidence in these agencies. It will be a difficult, but far from impossible, task for a new federal administration to restore them to the positions of trust they once held.
Performance and Performers
Authors: Calloway Colin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Indian chiefs in the city attracted curiosity and crowds. They were often “onstage,” expected to comport themselves in certain ways, as both “wild Indians” and dignified diplomats. Some were invited to and participated in the ceremonial meetings of the Tammany Society; others not only attended the theater and the circus but sometimes participated in the shows, with displays of Native dances or horsemanship. Like later performers in the Wild West shows, they “played Indian” for white audiences, but they did so for their own purposes, mastering the arts of diplomatic theater and proclaiming their tribal identity in centers of colonial power.
Redeeming the Study of African Essentialism
Authors: Díaz Juan Diego 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides the book’s theoretical foundations by positioning tropes of Africanness as central to the analysis of musical constructions of diasporic identities. After introducing six well-known tropes—rhythmicity, percussiveness, embodiment, spirituality, spontaneity, and collectivism—with the baggage and symbolism attached to them, it presents their role in the debate of African survivals. By interpreting early writings on Africanisms, Paul Gilroy’s concept of anti-anti-essentialism, and Steven Feld’s notion of interpretive moves, this chapter argues for the importance of taking seriously musicians’ ideas and rhetoric about essentialisms as well as the ways in which they materialize them in sound, musical structure, and performance practices. This implies an analytical shift of focus from Africanisms as cultural imponderables to tropes of Africanness that are rhetorically asserted and overtly manifested, enabling better understandings of diasporic cultural creation and people’s agency.
Orquestra AfrosinfônicaThe Africanization of Erudite Music
Authors: Díaz Juan Diego 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 focuses on the Orquestra Afrosinfônica, a group led by Bira Marques that attempts to indigenize symphonic music in Bahia by drawing on Afro-Bahian genres such as Candomblé and carnival music. It discusses the problematic division between “erudite” and “popular” music in Brazil in relation with Marques’s rhetoric about rhythm, melody, and harmony. The analysis engages the director’s use of timelines, modal and tonal harmonies, lyrics in African languages, rhythms used by Brazilian nationalistic composers, Afro-Bahian and symphonic percussion, and black bodies. It demonstrates how and why the tropes of African rhythmicity and percussiveness are mainly hidden in discourse but become plain in practice. The director’s visit to Namibia and his collaboration with two Angolan musicians in Bahia are seen to clarify his position in regard to the relationship between Candomblé and Christianity and his view of Bahia as a hyperreal Africa.
The Nzinga Berimbau Orchestra
Authors: Díaz Juan Diego 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 discusses the Nzinga Berimbau Orchestra, a berimbau ensemble formed by members of a capoeira angola group headquartered in Bahia. Led by Mestra Janja and Mestre Poloca, this orchestra explores new repertoires beyond capoeira, and utilizes the berimbau in new contexts—dissociated from capoeira’s physical expression, in the concert hall. The chapter begins by discussing the role and perceptions of the berimbau in capoeira and Brazilian popular music and moves on to explain the various strands grounding the Bantu-centric rhetoric of the Nzinga orchestra. Remaining close to capoeira aesthetics, drawing on rhythms and songs from the Angola Candomblé tradition, treating the berimbau as a purely percussive instrument, and emphasizing the tropes of African spontaneity and collectivism, the Nzinga orchestra articulates the strongest Afrocentric discourse studied in the book.