bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The successful use of disparate pedicle types for bilateral therapeutic mammaplasties during breast conservation surgery
Authors: Bellizzi Annalise , Vella Baldacchino Reuben , Kazzazi Fawz , Forouhi Parto , Malata Charles M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This case illustrates the successful use of non-identical pedicles in bilateral therapeutic mammaplasty (TM). A 58-year-old patient presented with a left-sided upper inner quadrant multifocal invasive [no special type (NST)] tumour and a right-sided upper outer quadrant unifocal invasive tubular carcinoma with surrounding ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Her tumour locations necessitated simultaneous bilateral TM using different pedicle types. A superomedial pedicle T-scar breast reduction was undertaken on the right to resect the upper outer quadrant tumour whilst a superolateral nipple transposition pedicle was used on the left breast to enable the wide resection of the two tumours located superomedial to the nipple. The location and size of the tumour also required the use of a secondary infero-medially based pedicle for volume displacement on the left breast. Patient received adjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy. A year after surgery the patient has acceptable cosmetic results in terms of symmetry, breast contour and increasingly inconspicuous scars.
Phytochromes control metabolic flux, and their action at the seedling stage determines adult plant biomass
Authors: Krahmer Johanna , Abbas Ammad , Mengin Virginie , Ishihara Hirofumi , Romanowski Andrés , Furniss James J , Moraes Thiago Alexandre , Krohn Nicole , Annunziata Maria Grazia , Feil Regina , Alseekh Saleh , Obata Toshihiro , Fernie Alisdair R , Stitt Mark , Halliday Karen J 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Phytochrome photoreceptors are known to regulate plastic growth responses to vegetation shade. However, recent reports also suggest an important role for phytochromes in carbon resource management, metabolism, and growth. Here, we use 13CO2 labelling patterns in multiallele phy mutants to investigate the role of phytochrome in the control of metabolic fluxes. We also combine quantitative data of 13C incorporation into protein and cell wall polymers, gas exchange measurements, and system modelling to investigate why biomass is decreased in adult multiallele phy mutants. Phytochrome influences the synthesis of stress metabolites such as raffinose and proline, and the accumulation of sugars, possibly through regulating vacuolar sugar transport. Remarkably, despite their modified metabolism and vastly altered architecture, growth rates in adult phy mutants resemble those of wild-type plants. Our results point to delayed seedling growth and smaller cotyledon size as the cause of the adult-stage phy mutant biomass defect. Our data signify a role for phytochrome in metabolic stress physiology and carbon partitioning, and illustrate that phytochrome action at the seedling stage sets the trajectory for adult biomass production.
Corporations, comity and the ‘revenue rule’: a jurisprudence of offshore
Authors: Quentin Clair 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This article contrasts the territorial unboundedness of company law, arising from ‘comity’, with the territorial constraint imposed on tax law i.e. ‘the revenue rule’. ‘Comity’ is found to be a judicial fig-leaf disguising a form of corporate sovereignty arising from the fact that economic relations are always already constituted through the corporate form before any scrutiny of their ontology. This observation is developed into a theory of ‘offshore’. The prevailing view of offshore is that the state bifurcates its sovereignty to create juridical spaces where international capital is relieved of local tax/regulatory regimes. This article seeks to underpin that view with an analysis whereby corporate capital and state sovereignty are rival species of property regime, existing in a state of mutual antagonism. On this view offshore is the juridical space, manifesting itself through the aforementioned bifurcations, where the company is sovereign over the state rather than vice-versa.
Placing LOFAR-detected quasars in C iv emission space: implications for winds, jets and star formation
Authors: Rankine Amy L , Matthews James H , Hewett Paul C , Banerji Manda , Morabito Leah K , Richards Gordon T 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We present an investigation of the low-frequency radio and ultraviolet properties of a sample of ≃10 500 quasars from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 14, observed as part of the first data release of the Low-Frequency-Array Two-metre Sky Survey. The quasars have redshifts 1.5 &lt; z &lt; 3.5 and luminosities $44.6 \lt \log _{10}\left(L_{\text{bol}}/\rm{erg\,s}^{-1}\right) \lt 47.2$. We employ ultraviolet spectral reconstructions based on an independent component analysis to parametrize the C iv λ1549-emission line that is used to infer the strength of accretion disc winds, and the He ii λ1640 line, an indicator of the soft X-ray flux. We find that radio-detected quasars are found in the same region of C iv blueshift versus equivalent-width space as radio-undetected quasars, but that the loudest, most luminous and largest radio sources exist preferentially at low C iv blueshifts. Additionally, the radio-detection fraction increases with blueshift whereas the radio-loud fraction decreases. In the radio-quiet population, we observe a range of He ii equivalent widths as well as a Baldwin effect with bolometric luminosity, whilst the radio-loud population has mostly strong He ii, consistent with a stronger soft X-ray flux. The presence of strong He ii is a necessary but not sufficient condition to detect radio-loud emission suggesting some degree of stochasticity in jet formation. Using energetic arguments and Monte Carlo simulations, we explore the plausibility of winds, compact jets, and star formation as sources of the radio quiet emission, ruling out none. The existence of quasars with similar ultraviolet properties but differing radio properties suggests, perhaps, that the radio and ultraviolet emission is tracing activity occurring on different time-scales.
VINTERGATAN – I. The origins of chemically, kinematically, and structurally distinct discs in a simulated Milky Way-mass galaxy
Authors: Agertz Oscar , Renaud Florent , Feltzing Sofia , Read Justin I , Ryde Nils , Andersson Eric P , Rey Martin P , Bensby Thomas , Feuillet Diane K 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Spectroscopic surveys of the Milky Way’s stars have revealed spatial, chemical, and kinematical structures that encode its history. In this work, we study their origins using a cosmological zoom simulation, VINTERGATAN, of a Milky Way-mass disc galaxy. We find that in connection to the last major merger at z ∼ 1.5, cosmological accretion leads to the rapid formation of an outer, metal-poor, low-[α/Fe] gas disc around the inner, metal-rich galaxy containing the old high-[α/Fe] stars. This event leads to a bimodality in [α/Fe] over a range of [Fe/H]. A detailed analysis of how the galaxy evolves since z ∼ 1 is presented. We demonstrate the way in which inside-out growth shapes the radial surface density and metallicity profile and how radial migration preferentially relocates stars from the inner disc to the outer disc. Secular disc heating is found to give rise to increasing velocity dispersions and scale heights with stellar age, which together with disc flaring explains several trends observed in the Milky Way, including shallower radial [Fe/H] profiles above the mid-plane. We show how the galaxy formation scenario imprints non-trivial mappings between structural associations (i.e. thick and thin discs), velocity dispersions, α-enhancements, and ages of stars; e.g. the most metal-poor stars in the low-[α/Fe] sequence are found to have a scale height comparable to old high-[α/Fe] stars. Finally, we illustrate how at low spatial resolution, comparable to the thickness of the galaxy, the proposed pathway to distinct sequences in [α/Fe]–[Fe/H] cannot be captured.
Degeneracy between mass and peculiar acceleration for the double white dwarfs in the LISA band
Authors: Xuan Zeyuan , Peng Peng , Chen Xian 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Mass and distance are fundamental quantities to measure in gravitational wave (GW) astronomy. However, recent studies suggest that the measurement may be biased due to the acceleration of GW source. Here, we develop an analytical method to quantify such a bias induced by a tertiary star on a double white dwarf (DWD), since DWDs are the most common GW sources in the milli-Hertz band. We show that in a large parameter space the mass is degenerate with the peculiar acceleration, so that from the waveform we can only retrieve a mass of ${\cal M}(1+\Gamma)^{3/5}$, where ${\cal M}$ is the real chirp mass of the DWD and Γ is a dimensionless factor proportional to the peculiar acceleration. Based on our analytical method, we conduct mock observation of DWDs by the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna. We find that in about $9{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the cases the measured chirp mass is biased by $(5-30){{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ due to the presence of a tertiary. Even more extreme biases are found in about a dozen DWDs and they may be misclassified as double neutron stars, binary black holes, DWDs undergoing mass transfer, or even binaries containing lower-mass-gap objects and primordial black holes. The bias in mass also affects the measured distance, resulting in a seemingly overdensity of DWDs within a heliocentric distance of 1 kpc as well as beyond 100 kpc. Our result highlights the necessity of modelling the astrophysical environments of GW sources to retrieve their correct physical parameters.
How the bar properties affect the induced spiral structure
Authors: Garma-Oehmichen L , Martinez-Medina L , Hernández-Toledo H , Puerari I 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
Stellar bars and spiral arms coexist and co-evolve in most disc galaxies in the local Universe. However, the physical nature of this interaction remains a matter of debate. In this work, we present a set of numerical simulations based on isolated galactic models aimed to explore how the bar properties affect the induced spiral structure. We cover a large combination of bar properties, including the bar length, axial ratio, mass, and rotation rate. We use three galactic models describing galaxies with rising, flat, and declining rotation curves. We found that the pitch angle best correlates with the bar pattern speed and the spiral amplitude with the bar quadrupole moment. Our results suggest that galaxies with declining rotation curves are the most efficient forming grand design spiral structure, evidenced by spirals with larger amplitude and pitch angle. We also test the effects of the velocity ellipsoid in a subset of simulations. We found that as we increase the radial anisotropy, spirals increase their pitch angle but become less coherent with smaller amplitude.
Torsional waves with force-free magnetic fields in solar plasma structures
Authors: Ebadi H , Shahmorad S , Vasheghani Farahani S 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
The aim here is to model torsional waves in homogeneous and expanding twisted flux tubes of solar coronal magnetic plasma structures. For the sake of simplicity, a force-free condition applicable to solar magnetic structures is presented to determine the existing three-dimensional equilibrium magnetic fields. The determined magnetic field is implemented to study the effects of the magnetic twist parameter on the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of torsional waves. Solenoidal and force-free conditions are applied to find the three-dimensional components of the magnetic field with respect to the numerical flux function. The obtained differential equation is linear where the technique of the separation of variables is implemented in order to solve it. The equilibrium magnetic field components and appropriate vector potential are extracted. Using the provided components in the magnetohydrodynamic theory, a differential equation that governs the frequency dependence of the torsional wave is obtained, whereby the differential transform method is solved. Both eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of torsional waves are calculated numerically. The obtained values for the frequency of the fundamental mode and its first harmonic, together with appropriate functions, exhibit a fine consistency with observations, with regards to the ratio of ω2/ω1, which is estimated to be around 2. At a fixed distance from the tube axis, the ratio increases with the increase of the twist parameter. The higher the applied twist parameter, the more variations of the ω2/ω1 ratio are observed. We cannot find significant variations of the eigenfunctions of torsional waves due to the twist parameter. The consistency between analytical results and observations proves adequate for implementing a force-free equilibrium magnetic field subject to conditions in solar plasma structures regarding torsional wave propagation.
Probing the physical properties of the intergalactic medium using gamma-ray bursts
Authors: Dalton Tony , Morris Simon L , Fumagalli Michele 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTWe use gamma-ray burst (GRB) spectra total continuum absorption to estimate the key intergalactic medium (IGM) properties of hydrogen column density ($\mathit {N}_{\mathrm{HXIGM}}$), metallicity, temperature, and ionization parameter over a redshift range of 1.6 ≤ z ≤ 6.3, using photoionization equilibrium (PIE) and collisional ionization equilibrium (CIE) models for the ionized plasma. We use more realistic host metallicity, dust corrected where available, in generating the host absorption model, assuming that the host intrinsic hydrogen column density is equal to the measured ionization corrected intrinsic neutral column from UV spectra (${\it N}_{\mathrm{H}\,{\small I,IC}}$). We find that the IGM property results are similar, regardless of whether the model assumes all PIE or CIE. The $\mathit {N}_{\mathrm{HXIGM}}$ scales as (1 + z)1.0–1.9, with equivalent hydrogen mean density at z = 0 of $n_0 = 1.8^{+1.5}_{-1.2} \times 10^{-7}$ cm−3. The metallicity ranges from $\sim 0.1\, \mathrm{Z}_{\odot }$ at redshift z ∼ 2 to $\sim 0.001\, \mathrm{Z}_{\odot }$ at redshift z &gt; 4. The PIE model implies a less rapid decline in average metallicity with redshift compared to CIE. Under CIE, the temperature ranges between 5.0 &lt; log (T/K) &lt; 7.1. For PIE the ionization parameter ranges between 0.1 &lt; log (ξ) &lt; 2.9. Using our model, we conclude that the IGM contributes substantially to the total absorption seen in GRB spectra and that this contribution rises with redshift, explaining why the hydrogen column density inferred from X-rays is substantially in excess of the intrinsic host contribution measured in UV.
The oxidative reactivity of three manganese(III) porphyrin complexes with hydrogen peroxide and nitrite toward catalytic nitration of protein tyrosine
Authors: Li Jiayu , Wei Jingjing , Gao Zhonghong , Yin Guochuan , Li Hailing 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Understanding the toxicological properties of MnIII-porphyrins (MnTPPS, MnTMPyP, or MnTBAP) can provide important biochemical rationales in developing them as the therapeutic drugs against protein tyrosine nitration-induced inflammation diseases. Here, we present a comprehensive understanding of the pH-dependent redox behaviors of these MnIII-porphyrins and their structural effects on catalyzing bovine serum albumin (BSA) nitration in the presence of H2O2 and NO2−. It was found that both MnTPPS and MnTBAP stand out in catalyzing BSA nitration at physiologically close condition (pH 8), yet they are less effective at pH 6 and 10. MnTMPyP was shown to have no ability to catalyze BSA nitration under all tested pHs (pH 6, 8, and 10). The kinetics and active intermediate determination through electrochemistry method revealed that both the pH-dependent redox behavior of the central metal cation and the antioxidant capability of porphin derivative contribute to the catalytic activities of three MnIII-porphyrins in BSA nitration in the presence of H2O2/NO2−. These comprehensive studies on the oxidative reactivity of MnIII-porphyrins toward BSA nitration may provide new clues for searching the manganese-based therapeutic drugs against the inflammation-related diseases.
Acute kidney injury as a risk factor for mortality in oncological patients receiving checkpoint inhibitors
Authors: García-Carro Clara , Bolufer Mónica , Bury Roxana , Castañeda Zaira , Muñoz Eva , Felip Enriqueta , Lorente David , Carreras María Josep , Gabaldon Alejandra , Agraz Irene , Serón Daniel , Soler María José 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) have drastically improved metastatic cancer outcomes. However, immunotherapy is associated with multiple toxicities, including acute kidney injury (AKI). Data about CPI-related AKI are limited. Our aim was to determine risk factors for CPI-related AKI as well as its clinical characteristics and its impact on mortality in patients undergoing immunotherapy.

Methods
All patients under CPI at our centre between March 2018 and May 2019 and with a follow-up through April 2020 were included. Demographic, clinical and laboratory data were collected. AKI was defined according to the Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes guidelines. We performed a logistic regression model to identify independent risk factors for AKI and actuarial survival analysis to establish risk factors for mortality in this population.

Results
A total of 759 patients were included, with a median age of 64 years. A total of 59% were men and baseline median creatinine was 0.80 mg/dL. The most frequent malignancy was lung cancer and 56% were receiving anti-programmed death protein 1 (PD-1). About 15.5% developed AKI during the follow-up. Age and baseline kidney function were identified as independent risk factors for CPI-related AKI. At the end of follow-up, 52.3% of patients had died. The type of cancer (not melanoma, lung or urogenital malignance), type of CPI (not cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4, PD-1, programmed death-ligand 1 or their combination) and the presence of an episode of AKI were identified as risk factors for mortality.

Conclusions
A total of 15.5% of patients under immunotherapy presented with AKI. A single AKI episode was identified as an independent risk factor for mortality in these patients and age and baseline renal function were risk factors for the development of AKI.
Adding a Physical Therapist to the Health Care Team in an HIV Clinic Increases Physical Therapy Referrals and Reduces Opioid Prescriptions Provided for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain in Patients Living With HIV
Authors: Sebanayagam Vinoja , Chakur Nichole , Baffoe Nana Ama , Reed Brian , Weinberger Jarrett , Twardy Brandon S , Veltman Jennifer 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Musculoskeletal (MSK) pain is common in people living with HIV (PLWH). Health care providers sometimes prescribe opioids to control pain, which may lead to opioid misuse. An interdisciplinary approach that includes physical therapy has been successful in managing MSK pain in various health care settings. Therefore, we sought to find the impact of recruiting a physical therapist (PT) on the number of opioid prescriptions and physical therapy referrals made by physicians in training to manage MSK pain in PLWH.

Methods
We performed a retrospective chart review of patients seen by Internal Medicine physicians in training in an HIV clinic in Detroit before (2017) and after (2018) recruiting a PT to the health care team and collected demographic and clinical data. We also surveyed the trainees to assess how the PT addition influenced their learning. Institutional review board waiver was obtained.

Results
Results showed that of all PLWH seen at the clinic, 28/249 (11%) and 37/178 (21%) had chronic MSK pain in the 2017 and 2018 data sets, respectively. In 2017, all 28 patients with MSK pain were prescribed opioids. This decreased in 2018 after the PT addition (10/37 patients; P &lt; .0001). The number of physical therapy referrals significantly increased after the PT addition (2017: 5/28 patients; 2018: 17/37 patients; P = .03). Trainees felt that the PT helped improve their examination skills and develop a treatment plan for patients.

Conclusions
The addition of a PT encouraged physicians in training to utilize nonopioid management of MSK pain in PLWH and enhanced their learning experience, as perceived by the trainees.
Establishment of Monoclonal Antibody Standards for Quantitative Serological Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 in Low-Incidence Settings
Authors: Thomas Archana , Messer William B , Hansel Donna E , Streblow Daniel N , Kazmierczak Steven C , Lyski Zoe L , Lu Zhengchun , Slifka Mark K 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Serological confirmation of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is critical for understanding the dynamics of the pandemic and determining seroprevalence rates within afflicted communities. Common challenges with SARS-CoV-2 serological assays include poor analytical specificity and sensitivity and lack of a serological standard for quantitative assessment of antibody titers.

Methods
To overcome these obstacles, we developed a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay based on an optimized 2-dimensional screening assay that utilizes SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) of spike protein and SARS-CoV-2 spike S1 subunit.

Results
A total of 4 SARS-CoV-2-reactive monoclonal antibodies were evaluated for use as serum standards for calibrating assays performed on different days or by different laboratories. This approach provided quantitative analysis of hospitalized reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction–confirmed COVID-19 cases that in some cases reached &gt;100 μg/mL. The assay demonstrated 72% sensitivity based on time points ranging from 2 to 52 days post–symptom onset, with 100% sensitivity at time points measured ≥13 days post–symptom onset and 100% specificity.

Conclusions
Using these optimized reagents and serological standards, we believe this approach will be useful for sensitive and specific determination of seroconversion rates and quantitatively measuring the durability of antiviral antibody responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination.