bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research on Vitality Improvement Strategy for the Historic District of Taiyanggou in Lushun
Authors: Miao Li , Liu Shujing , Li Bing , Wang Shiyuan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Located in the Lushunkou District of Dalian, Liaoning Province, the Taiyanggou Historic District is one of the most well-preserved modern historic districts in China, with the most surviving historic heritages. The area is home to a large number of cultural heritages, ranging from national to district level, as well as a large number of modern historic buildings that are not on the conservation list, which have immeasurable historical and cultural value. This District is reputed as an “open-air architectural exposition”. However, as Lushun is a military port city, most of the area is under the jurisdiction of the army, and the government and the army have multiple administrations that do not form a unified combination, making it difficult to implement conservation and development in the Taiyanggou Historic District. Eventually, this leads to problems of stagnant development, environmental degradation, population loss, population aging and a gradual decline in the vitality of the district. Therefore, how to reshape the vitality of the district and promote its long-term development while preserving its original historical appearance to the greatest extent has become an urgent problem to be solved. The paper began with an in-depth interpretation of the connotation of “vitality” and “vitality improvement” in historic districts through previous studies. The five major components of the vitality of historic districts were summarized as physical space vitality, social vitality, cultural vitality, economic vitality and political vitality. Subsequently, from these five aspects, the elements of vitality of the Taiyanggou Historic District were extracted and summarized, and the problems of its current decline in vitality were analyzed. Finally, using the problem-oriented and goal-oriented research ideas, a targeted approach was adopted to explore strategies to improve the vitality and get out of its current development dilemma, with a view to shedding light on the conservation and renewal of Taiyanggou Historic District.
Brick of the Historical Heritage: Comparative Analysis of The Thermal Conductivity, Density and Moisture
Authors: Rodríguez-Esteban Ma Ascensión , Camino-Olea Ma Soledad , Llorente-Álvarez Alfredo , Cabeza-Prieto Alejandro , Sáez-Pérez Ma Paz 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the renovation of historic buildings, the facades deserve special attention because, in general, it is where the property’s value and heritage lies. Additionally, they have a fundamental impact in the energetic efficiency of buildings. When you want to achieve an efficient building, the facades must comply with certain construction standards, generally difficult to achieve in renovations, especially in facades built with exposed brick, not altering their external appearance is a sine qua non condition. Against this background, in order to carry out optimal interventions in the thermal behavior of a brick wall, it is essential to have an exhaustive knowledge of the characteristics and values that influence thermal conductivity. To do so, calculations and simulations are carried out using the density and porosity parameters that are published in the different documents and regulations. However, these values are not reliable because they refer to the materials currently manufactured, and therefore, they are not valid when working with centenary materials that have been produced without quality control or precise technical specifications. On the other hand, the values provided by the regulations refer to the material in the dry state. It has not been considered that bricks, and especially those manufactured manually, due to their intrinsic conditions, are capable of absorbing large amounts of water, and therefore, of significantly varying its thermal conductivity. This feature is extrapolated to brickwork facades, where water can rise from the ground and penetrate from the rain. Thus, it is necessary that in the thermal conductivity study its hygrothermal behavior is taken into consideration. Against this background, this article presents the results of the tests carried out on specimens of various bricks from different traditional bricks factories and manufacturing processes and with an approximate age of about 100 years, to show that the old bricks have very different density, porosity and thermal conductivity values from the current ones. In addition, these values vary greatly depending on the moisture they contain, and also, the manufacturing system they had. Likewise, it is clear that the bricks of the facades of historic buildings, even if they are contemporaries, have different characteristics among them, showing different thermal behavior.
A Straightforward Procedure for Deriving the Biaxial Interaction Diagrams of RC Sections in Fire
Authors: Pham Duc Toan , Nguyen Hong Hai , Boulvard Sabine 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBased on the lower bound static approach of the yield design (or limit analysis) theory, this contribution presents a straightforward computational procedure for establishing the biaxial interaction diagrams of RC sections in fire conditions, taking into account the experimentally-based relationships linking the degradation of material strength properties to the temperature increase. In the present approach, material characteristics are introduced in two steps: (i) a preliminary heat transfer analysis for evaluating the temperature distribution on the RC section and (ii) the introduction of reduced factors as functions of temperature into both the concrete and steel strength properties. For illustrative purpose, calculations will be conducted on a typical RC section subjected to different fire exposures. Finally, the theoretical predictions will be compared to those obtained from numerical simulations using a finite element software.
Determination of Cost-Effective Sand Mixing Ratio for Improvement of High Liquid Limit Soil Based on Fuzzy Comprehensive Evaluation
Authors: Sun Dongning , Liu Xin , Cao Yuhao , Gong Junjie , Hong Baoning 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In order to save soil resources and increase the utilization range of high liquid limit soil, the high liquid limit soil was improved by mixing sand, and the cost-effective sand mixing ratio was determined with the help of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method. It is shown that the sand-mixing improvement method can significantly reduce the liquid limit and plasticity index of high liquid limit soil, and increase its value of California bearing ratio to meet the property requirements for embankment filling. The fuzzy comprehensive evaluation results show that the improvement effect and cost of sand-mixed high liquid limit soil reach a comprehensive optimal state when the sand mixing ratio is 20%.
Critical Success Factors for Implementation of Green Building in India
Authors: Kumar Boddapati Ganesh , Tawalare Abhay 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
For the sustainable built environment, Green Building technology is the most widely adopted trend worldwide, however, it is in a nascent stage in India. Even though the use of green building technology is advantageous over the lifecycle of the project, people are hesitant to adopt. Therefore, this study aims at identifying the critical factors affecting the implementation of green buildings in India. For this purpose, an extensive literature review was done to identify factors affecting the implementation of green buildings. In total 27 factors were identified which may be critical for the adoption of green building technology widely in an Indian context. The questionnaire was prepared using the five-point Likert scale. The questionnaire was sent through emails to 150 consultants in India and 52 valid responses received in return. The primary data is analyzed using factor analysis. The critical factors found are time and knowledge constraints; technical constraints; authenticity of research and awareness about Green Building. Though the findings of this study are based on the small sample size, it will be beneficial to the policymakers
Co-operative categorization in civil engineering
Authors: Smutný Marian , Kaiser Jiří 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the paper we indicate the way to allow the coexistence of multiple structures that are mutually supportive, but not mutually exclusive. It allows less organized users to classify entities according to their suitable structure, whilst leaving the possibility for specialised users to classify these entities into related field classification systems or domain ontologies, in mutually beneficial cooperation. Replacing the reductionist enumerative structure with multiplicative categorization should bring organizational and terminological flexibility that will allow future updates without disrupting the existing categorization. It allows one to use parallel hierarchical branches of categories according to aspects and classify the entity into several branches at the same time. It should allow users the freedom to create their own structures without disrupting the structures of other user groups. Such structures could coexist happily side by side. The aim is to indicate the model of an independent data organization system in building design in a multilingual environment, connected through diverse CAD, GIS, BIM, CAFM applications, ECM, CDE, emails, databases and file systems.
Impulse Development of Cities Caused by the Range of Certain Infrastructural Factors. Forms and Experience
Authors: Cherkes Bohdan , Pavliv Andriy 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The issue of impulse development of cities caused by different infrastructural factors is considered.Taking Tenochtitlan, Stockholm and Alexandria as the example, the content and functional structure of infrastructural impulse changes have been outlined. By these we mean rethinking of life support systems, which leads to sharp population growth and employment diversification. To become a ‘growth spurt’ factor, such changes must contain a number of special qualities: convenience, accessibility and uniqueness. Convenience is the difference in the use of infrastructural benefits between the locality in which the impulse change takes place and other similar cities. Accessibility means the ability to use (access) the infrastructural benefits by as many residents as possible. While uniqueness stands for a feature or set of infrastructure features that are notably absent in the cities of the competing area.
Field Performance and Rapid Repair Method of an Airfield Pavement under the Blast Load of Cluster Bomb Unit
Authors: Hwang Injae , Kim Sungkon 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses a field test of airfield pavement under cluster bomb unit (CBU) blast load and a study of repair method upon the examination of the damage geometry. Cluster bomb unit blast load shows a similar level to that of a typically known air-to-ground munition, and the penetration depth was calculated using empirical formulae with terminal velocity during a free fall following an explosion and dispersion 20km above the ground. Based on the calculations, the field test was executed assuming a cluster bomb unit penetration depth of 33cm for concrete pavement surface. The concrete slab on the test site was casted in a circular shape at the field and then cured. This slab was an unreinforced concrete structure with a similar compressive strength and thickness as that of airfield pavement currently in use. The test reflected the cluster munition penetration depth of 33cm, and the concrete slab was drilled in the center and explosive with a weight resembling that of the cluster munition installed. As results of the blast test show a damage to the pavement expanded the crater to a depth of 78cm, down to the crushed stone layer and with a diameter of 30cm. The concrete fragmentation requiring removal was of about 156cm in radius on average. The 7 tensile cracks across the pavement were not so heavily damaged to require removal. Cutting and removing the crushed concrete slab with dimension of 1.8m × 1.8m, compacting the disturbed crushed stone layer and repairing the concrete slab section using ultra-rapid hardening concrete are reviewed the appropriate repair method based on the above results.
Safety Performance Enhancement Scheme for Munition Storages by applying the Concept of Shallow Underground Configurations
Authors: Han Seungsu , Kwon Jihye , Kim Sungkon 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Practical demand for the expansion of military ammunition and explosives storage in both volume and number has been increased, but due to the regulations applying on safety distance that require those facilities to be isolated from a civilian presence there are constant complications that arise. Recent incidents include petitions to either alleviate said regulations or relocate several ammunition storage facilities neighboring civilian areas are further development. Two types of underground ammunition storage facilities wold be considered in practice; the first is the tunnel-type which is applicable to areas that have sufficient depth of the cover and the latter is the sub-surface type that retains a sufficient depth of soli layer which can especially be utilized in areas that do not meet clearance requirements nor have geographical limitations. For the sub-surface type storage, there are two construction schemes for construction to meet safety-distance requirements. The existing popular ECMs (Earth Covered Magazines) have shallow soil cover for just plantation camouflage that is not affect the pressure suppression effect due to the internal explosion. Therefore, the scheme of the increasing soil cover depth to some amount, if applicable, pressure and fragment suppression can be achieved. The open-cut method for new construction is easily applied for this purpose in the field. This study addresses the safety distance reduction effect by increasing the soil cover depth on the ECM type storage facility by applying theoretical and numerical analysis.
Classification of Social Spaces of Shopping Malls by the Prevailing Element
Authors: Berezko Olena , Kvasnytsya Roksolyana , Radomska Violetta , Znak Anna , Znak Ivan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A new wave of shopping malls development is expected in Ukraine, which makes the study of this type of building and its social spaces even more relevant. The aim of this study is to develop a classification of shopping malls’ social spaces by prevailing element for further research and usage in regulatory frameworks. The article analyzes 16 malls located in different countries in Europe, with different sizes and planning layouts. The analysis of their floor schemes is carried out. The study identified 3 types of social spaces by the prevailing element: linear type (the most popular), court type and mixed type.
Systems Analysis of Social Spaces of Shopping Malls from Customers’ Point of View
Authors: Berezko Olena 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The paper provides a systems analysis of the shopping mall’s social space functioning with the “black box” approach. According to this model, the main purpose of social space is to meet all customers' needs. In addition, external architectural and non-architectural factors are determined, and the means of influence are identified: architectural organization means. Thus, based on previous research, we built a detailed model of the "black box" of the social space system. In which, to meet all the needs of customers, and by the levels of design psychology needs, we formed five principles of building a shopping mall’s social space: the principle of ergonomics, the principle of organicity, the principle of social openness, the principle of harmony, and the principle of flexibility and polyfunctionality. The research results can be used in the design of new and reconstruction of existing malls and further research on this topic.
Numerical and Experimental Protective Performance Evaluation of Sacrificial Member Effects on the Protective Structures
Authors: Kwon Jihye , Han Seungsu , Kim Sungkon 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Principal objectives of the protective design are on protecting life, property, facility, system device and operations by developing protective design measures that reduce threat level and vulnerability while enhancing structural resilience. Protective design procedure against blast hazard would be accomplished with the threat identification, risk-based assessment, and designing the members and structures based on the proper design requirements. Considerable necessity before the protective design is to find out the various measures reducing the blast effect such as security measures, architectural configuration, and mitigation schemes without any structural strengthening the structure itself. This paper addresses the mitigation scheme to reduce the blast overpressure in general, and then a specific barrier type is introduced as sacrificial structures with the performance verification. The general schemes to reduce the blast pressure by installing barriers is mainly using RC type structures which have typical shapes and sizes. This barrier type has advantages both on installing easiness and cost. In the barrier type sacrificial wall structure, instead of using the normal RC structures, enhanced-cement concrete and composites are useful to improve protective performance and scabbing of the back surface of the RC walls. A series of the wall type RC barriers are modeled and fabricated to investigate and verify blast pressure migration and protective performance based on theoretical and numerical analysis.
Proposal Of Simplified Way of Applying Wind Load on Circular Cross-Section
Authors: Wiśniowski Maciej 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Wind action on circular cross section was described in many publications. It finds an application for flue gas ducts, pipelines, silo or chimneys. This study concentrate on elements with diameter greater than 1m. There are well recognized analytical solutions of static calculation with uses Fourier-series for wind distribution. Although during last 10 years numerical methods of solving problems get more popular, especially among young engineers. For surface structures ability of analytical finding internal forces disappears, and Finish Element Method substitutes analytical calculation. Modelling of wind load in FEM programs cause several problems. Using wind load distribution proposed in Eurocode 1-4, or from laboratory test, it is usually necessary to divide circular cross-section into 32 up to 72 rectangular elements. Applying load in that way is the most accurate method to imitate wind load in FE model. From the other hand that take much time, and requires preparing data about distribution before modelling. Applying wind on complicated model, with many independent parts of piping, for at least 2 load cases cause faults and slows down work. This paper shows and compares a few proposal wind load models for numerical calculation. Those models were built to obtain accurate internal forces in compare to Eurocode procedure. Proposed models offers simplification of Geometry in numerical model, and saves of time. It also helps to make FE mesh become independent from structural nodes, lines or divisions. This paper concern on one case of one Reynolds number, with refers to 2m wide cylinder, wind velocity of 22m/s and surface roughness of steel plate – 0,05 mm. This paper compares different wind load distributions, in terms of required number of division of model, time consuming, precision of results. Author selected one proposal load distribution, with give equivalent internal forces as wind load distribution obtained from Wind Flow simulation (for example CFD method). Proposed model is useful for structural engineers and statics in offer stage of project. With some safety factor it can be also used as wind load as case for detailing cylindrical structures.
Determination of the Deformed Shape of a Masonry Wall Exposed to Fire Loading by a Homogenization Method
Authors: Donval Elodie , Pham Duc Toan , Hassen Ghazi , Buhan Patrick de , Pallix Didier 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe present contribution shows how it is possible to determine the homogenized thermo-elastic characteristics of a natural stone masonry wall, taking into account the material properties of stone and mortar as functions of temperature increase, as well as the geometrical characteristics of their assembly. Joints are incorporated in the analysis through a numerical homogenization procedure. As a result, membrane and bending stiffness coefficients, as well as thermal-induced efforts, of an equivalent plate are obtained. Such homogenized thermomechanical characteristics make it possible to determine the deformed shape of the wall after a certain time of fire exposure. As an example, the calculation procedure is performed on a particular configuration of infinitely wide wall, illustrating the influence of the joints on its thermal deformed shape. To assess the practical validity of this homogenization-based calculation procedure, results of the numerical homogenized model (incorporating joints) are compared to those of a homogeneous model (without joints), and to available experimental results obtained on a 3 m-high, 3 m-wide wall exposed to fire loading.
Determination of the Main Wiring Position by Ground Penetrating Radar during the Reconstruction of a Terraced House
Authors: Kovács Pavel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Currently, ground penetrating radar (GPR) is commonly used in civil engineering. It can be determined the number and location of steel reinforcement and other subjects in concrete or similar materials. The article is focused on using GPR for determination of the main wiring location. The wall where the main wiring was located were demolished as a part of the reconstruction. By this step the new entrance hall were created. The position and course of the main wiring were determined by GPR measurement. During demolition work were used hand tools in area with installations to avoid the damage. A lower resolution was found when the individual wires were close together. However, the position of the marginal cables was determined with an accuracy of one centimetre.
Alingment of braking performance for truck and trailer as an important factor in road construction
Authors: Haring Andrej 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Alingment of braking performance of truck trailer is an important parameter that affects its braking stability. This shows particular in critical situations or during braking on a surface with reduced adhesion. Alingment of braking performance can be automatic, which is one of quality of electronical brake systems. Further on, can be forcible, which is being executed during service a diagnostic work.This contribution is focused on analysis alingment of braking performance. Describing technical conditions, internal and external factors which affect it. Due to magnitude of this problematics, is in this article evaluated the optimization of braking affects truck trailers in the start-up phase. The analysis of the process – start-up braking effect has justification from the reason, that has primary influence on the stability truck trailer during braking and this can be the cause of collision situations or also traffic accidents. The parameter of alingment of braking performance has a primary influence on the braking stability of the truck trailers, which significantly affects road safety and is also important for the economy of the truck trailers. your abstract here… The abstract should include the purpose of research, principal results and major conclusions. References should be avoided, if it is essential, only cite the author(s) and year(s) without giving reference list. Prepare your abstract in this file and then copy it into the registration web field. Braking distance is an important factor in the road construction. Therefore, it must be taken into account when designing these buildings.