bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Older Adult Mortality From COVID-19: Food Access as a Determinant Within a Socio-ecological Framework
Authors: Sharma Andy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Low access to food can have an adverse impact on health yet there is limited research on how it is related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The objective of this study was to (a) better understand how inadequate food access was associated with older adult mortality from COVID-19 and (b) determine the spatial distribution of mortality from low food access utilizing a socio-ecological framework.

Research Design and Methods
This study area was the larger Midwest, a region of the United States, which included the following states: Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Pennsylvania. Data were aggregated from multiple sources at the county-level. Because the spatial data used in this study violated several assumptions of the global regression framework, geographically weighted regression (GWR) was employed.

Results
Results from GWR revealed low access to food was positively associated with mortality from COVID-19 for older adults but the association varied in (a) magnitude and (b) significance across the larger Midwest. More specifically, the socio-ecological framework suggested low access to food, female-headed households, and percentage Hispanic played a meaningful role in explaining older adult mortality for the western region of the larger Midwest. This was not as evident for the eastern portion.

Discussion and Implications
Such a finding calls attention to the importance of capturing the local context when devising policies to reduce mortality for older adults from COVID-19. Regional policymakers can collaborate with public health professionals when applying these results to formulate local action plans that recognize variations across geographic space.
Anomaly upon Anomaly: The 1951 Convention and State Disintegration
Authors: Reyhani Adel-Naim 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This article draws the attention of refugee law scholarship to a troubling anomaly. It first illustrates how the 1951 Refugee Convention is fundamentally concerned with symptomatically addressing the casting out of refugees from the State-based international order by resolving their anomalous legal status. It then demonstrates, based on the Libyan example, that when confronted with State disintegration, the law fails to do justice to its original purpose. In reflecting on the significance of this phenomenon of ‘anomaly upon anomaly’, the article suggests an exploration of State-transcending models of jurisdiction.
Vaginal Microbiome Components as Correlates of Cervical Human Papillomavirus Infection
Authors: Andrade Pessoa Morales Julia , Marconi Camila , El-Zein Mariam , Ravel Jacques , da Silva Pinto Gabriel Victor , Silveira Rosana , Lima Moises Diogode , de Carvalho Newton Sergio , Alves Rosane Ribeiro Figueiredo , de Lima Parada Cristina Maria Garcia , Leite Sandra Helena Morais , Villa Luisa L , Franco Eduardo L , da Silva Marcia Guimarães 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Interplay between vaginal microbiome and human papillomavirus (HPV) remains unclear, partly due to heterogeneity of microbiota.

Methods
We used data from 546 women enrolled in a cross-sectional study in 5 Brazil. We genotyped vaginal samples for HPV and sequenced V3–V4 region of 16S rRNA gene for vaginal microbiome analysis. We used stepwise logistic regression to construct 2 linear scores to predict high-risk HPV (hrHPV) positivity: one based exclusively on presence of individual bacterial taxa (microbiome-based [MB] score) and the other exclusively on participants’ sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical (SBC) characteristics. MB score combined coefficients of 30 (of 116) species. SBC score retained 6 of 25 candidate variables. We constructed receiver operating characteristic curves for scores as hrHPV correlates and compared areas under the curve (AUC) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results
Overall, prevalence of hrHPV was 15.8%, and 26.2% had a Lactobacillus-depleted microbiome. AUCs were 0.8022 (95% CI, .7517–.8527) for MB score and 0.7027 (95% CI, .6419–.7636) for SBC score (P = .0163).

Conclusions
The proposed MB score is strongly correlated with hrHPV positivity—exceeding the predictive value of behavioral variables—suggesting its potential as an indicator of infection and possible value for clinical risk stratification.
Association of Immunoglobulin G3 Hinge Region Length Polymorphism With Cerebral Malaria in Ghanaian Children
Authors: Kyei-Baafour Eric , Kusi Kwadwo A , Arthur Fareed K N , Sarkodie-Addo Tracy , Theisen Michael , Dodoo Daniel , Adu Bright 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) may cause death or long-term neurological damage in children, and several host genetic risk factors have been reported. Malaria-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) G3 antibodies are crucial to human immune response against malaria. The hinge region of IgG3 exhibits length polymorphism (with long [L], medium [M], and short [S] alleles), which may influence its functionality. We studied IgG3 hinge region length polymorphisms in 136 Ghanaian children with malaria. Using logistic regression models, we found that children with the recessive MM allotype encoding medium IgG3 hinge region length had an increased risk of CM (adjusted odds ratio, 6.67 [95% confidence interval,1.30–34.32]; P=.004) . This has implications for future epidemiological studies on CM.
Severe Drug-Induced Liver Injury in the Military: A Retrospective Review
Authors: Ordway Sarah , Sadowski Brett , Driggers Kathryn E , Kwok Ryan 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT

Objectives
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. Establishing a diagnosis is challenging due to the broad differential diagnosis of liver injury. We retrospectively reviewed patients with severe idiosyncratic DILI at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center in order to define the scope and patterns of injury in the military population.

Methods
Using the military health database, we identified a total of 110 patients who had an International Classification of Disease (ICD)-10 code for toxic liver injury in the electronic medical record at Walter Reed National Military Medical Center between 2016 and 2019. Each patient record was reviewed, and all pertinent data for included patients were recorded into a database for analysis.

Results
Twenty-seven out of 110 patients with a diagnostic code for toxic liver injury met inclusion criteria for severe idiosyncratic DILI. Nine cases were caused by supplements, including 5 active duty service members using synthetic anabolic steroids or preworkout supplements. The majority of patients were men and one-third were serving on active duty. The ranges of liver enzyme elevation and patterns of liver injury widely varied.

Conclusion
Military service members are at particularly high risk for DILI given the frequent use of over-the-counter and other unregulated strength- and performance-enhancing supplements. These injuries not only have significant medical consequences but can profoundly impact military readiness and mission capability. Diagnosis of DILI among active duty service members requires a strong index of suspicion, and inquiry regarding all ingestions is crucial. Educating physicians, providers, and policy makers on the risks of supplement-induced liver injury among service members is crucial. These data will facilitate additional studies exploring susceptibility to severe idiosyncratic DILI among the military population.
Gravitational wave signature of proto-neutron star convection: I. MHD numerical simulations
Authors: Raynaud Raphaël , Cerdá-Durán Pablo , Guilet Jérôme 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Gravitational waves provide a unique and powerful opportunity to constrain the dynamics in the interior of proto-neutron stars during core collapse supernovae. Convective motions play an important role in generating neutron stars magnetic fields, which could explain magnetar formation in the presence of fast rotation. We compute the gravitational wave emission from proto-neutron star convection and its associated dynamo, by post-processing three-dimensional MHD simulations of a model restricted to the convective zone in the anelastic approximation. We consider two different proto-neutron star structures representative of early times (with a convective layer) and late times (when the star is almost entirely convective). In the slow rotation regime, the gravitational wave emission follows a broad spectrum peaking at about three times the turnover frequency. In this regime, the inclusion of magnetic fields slightly decreases the amplitude without changing the spectrum significantly compared to a non-magnetized simulation. Fast rotation changes both the amplitude and spectrum dramatically. The amplitude is increased by a factor of up to a few thousands. The spectrum is characterized by several peaks associated with inertial modes, whose frequency scales with the rotation frequency. Using simple physical arguments, we derive scalings that reproduce quantitatively several aspects of these numerical results. We also observe an excess of low-frequency gravitational waves, which appears at the transition to a strong field dynamo characterized by a strong axisymmetric toroidal magnetic field. This signature of dynamo action could be used to constrain the dynamo efficiency in a proto-neutron star with future gravitational wave detections.
Prevalence of BRAFV600 in glioma and use of BRAF Inhibitors in patients with BRAFV600 mutation-positive glioma: systematic review
Authors: Andrews Lily J , Thornton Zak A , Saincher Saanwalshah S , Yao Ian Y , Dawson Sarah , McGuinness Luke A , Jones Hayley E , Jefferies Sarah , Short Susan C , Cheng Hung-Yuan , McAleenan Alexandra , Higgins Julian P T , Kurian Kathreena M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Background
Detailed prevalence estimates of BRAFV600 mutations and BRAF inhibitor (BRAFi) treatment responses in V600-mutant glioma will inform trial development.

Methods
Our systematic review analyzed overall prevalence of BRAFV600 mutations in glioma and BRAFi treatment response.

Results
Based on 13 682 patients in 182 publications, the prevalence of BRAFV600 in epithelioid glioblastoma (eGBM) was 69% [95% CI: 45–89%]; pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (PXA): 56% [48–64%] anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma (aPXA): 38% [23–54%], ganglioglioma (GG): 40% [33–46%], and anaplastic ganglioglioma (aGG): 46% [18–76%]. Prevalence in astroblastoma was 24% [8–43%], desmoplastic infantile astrocytoma (DIA): 16% [0–57%], subependymal giant cell astrocytoma (SEGA): 8% [0–37%], dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor (DNET): 3% [0–11%], diffuse astrocytoma (DA): 3% [0–9%], and pilocytic astrocytoma (PA): 3% [2–5%]. We reviewed 394 V600-mutant gliomas treated with BRAFi from 130 publications. One hundred and twenty-nine pediatric low-grade gliomas showed 4 (3.1%) complete response (CR); 53 (41.1%) partial response (PR); 64 (49.6%) stable disease (SD) and 8 (6.2%) progressive disease (PD). 25 pediatric high-grade gliomas showed CR; PR; SD; PD in 4 (16.0%); 10 (40.0%), 4 (16.0%); and 7 (28.0%) respectively. Thirty-nine adult low-grade gliomas showed CR; PR; SD; PD of 4 (10.3%); 17 (43.6%); 16 (41.0%) and 2 (5.1%) respectively. Ninety-seven adult high-grade gliomas showed CR; PR; SD; PD of 6 (6.2%); 31 (32.0%); 27 (27.8%); and 33 (34.0%) respectively.

Conclusions
BRAFV600 prevalence is highest in eGBM, PXA, aPXA, GG, aGG, and lower in astroblastoma, DIA, SEGA, DNET, DA, and PA. Our data provide the rationale for adjuvant clinical trials of BRAFi in V600-mutant glioma.
Do Place-Based Policies Promote Local Innovation and Entrepreneurship?*
Authors: Tian Xuan , Xu Jiajie 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This paper explores how a prominent place-based policy in China, the national high-tech zones, affects local innovation output and entrepreneurial activities. Making use of staggered establishments of national high-tech zones in various Chinese cities, we find that the establishment of national high-tech zones has positive effects on local innovation output and entrepreneurial activities. A number of additional tests suggest that the effects appear causal. Access to finance, reductions in administrative burdens, and talent cultivation are three plausible underlying economic channels. Our paper sheds new light on the evaluation of the effectiveness of China’s place-based policies.
Evaluating liability in the supervising physician, PA, and employer relationship
Authors: Hickman Kevin A. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
Emerging case law demonstrates that physicians who collaborate with physician assistants (PAs), as well as the entity that employs the physician and PA, are facing allegations of liability. The allegations of liability arise from the actions of the PA, inaction of the physician, and failure to meet the regulatory requirements for the oversight of PA practice. In some instances, the physician and employer struggle to meet the complex state regulatory requirements that govern the relationship(s) between the PA and the physician. A review of case law demonstrated that courts generally assign liability for the actions of the PA to the PA, but liability to the physician and employer for failure to meet the statutory requirements for oversight of the PA. All stakeholders must use the lessons learned from case law to mitigate physician and employer liability.
Sclerosing Microcystic Adenocarcinoma: A Case Report and Review of Literature
Authors: Erkilic Suna , Uzun Evren 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Sclerosing microcystic adenocarcinoma is an extremely rare tumor that was described by Mills et al in 2016 and occurs in the head and neck region. There are 8 cases published with this terminology in the English language literature. Here, we present a 59-year-old female patient with sclerosing microcystic adenocarcinoma in the anterolateral tongue and review the previously reported 8 cases. Most of the reported cases are in females and localized to the tongue. This tumor mimics microcystic adnexal carcinoma, which is a cutaneous-based malignant tumor. The tumor in the present case was composed of cells that were arranged in nests or gland-like structures, with had ductular differentiation in a densely sclerotic stroma. The diagnosis of sclerosing microcystic adenocarcinoma may be difficult because of its paucicellular histomorphology. Surgical margins can be problematic to assess. Several salivary gland tumors should be included in the differential diagnosis, such as adenoid cystic carcinoma, polymorphic adenocarcinoma, and mucoepidermoid carcinoma. The role of immunohistochemistry in this differential diagnosis is limited. Therefore, the diagnosis depends on routine histology.
Primary Peritoneal Ependymoma: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Vazzano Jennifer L. , Swanson Benjamin J. , Wakely Paul E. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Extra-axial ependymoma is a rare neoplasm. Reported anatomic sites include the ovary, para-ovarian tissues, pelvis, paracervical soft tissue, lung, omentum, small bowel, and posterior mediastinum. Primary peritoneal ependymomas are extremely rare. We report such an example in a 58-year-old woman who presented with abdominal pain, bloating, and history of a 70-lb weight loss over the prior year. Computed tomography scan showed a 20-cm pelvic mass extending into the abdomen and a 3.5-cm peritoneal-based right hepatic lobe/diaphragm mass. Histologic examination of the pelvic mass revealed an ovarian mucinous cystadenoma. The peritoneal mass showed a highly cellular solid neoplasm containing perivascular pseudorosettes and true ependymal rosettes. Tumor cell nuclei were rounded, oval, and elongated with coarse, granular chromatin and occasional small nucleoli. Mitoses were rare. Immunophenotype showed positive staining with bcl-2 and GFAP and scattered staining with keratins MNF116, CAM5.2, and cytokeratin AE1/AE3, along with chromogranin and EMA, but negative staining with inhibin, HMB45, SOX10, TLE-1, CD10, synaptophysin, Olig2, CD34, CD117, STAT-6, smooth muscle actin, and S-100. Conventional cytogenetic analysis showed normal chromosomes. Foundation One molecular profiling showed no actionable mutations. Ependymoma is an entity that rarely exists outside the central neuraxis having no connection with its central nervous system counterpart. Pathologic diagnosis is based primarily on presence of unequivocal ependymal differentiation.
Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm of the Liver With Associated Neuroendocrine Carcinoma: A Case Report
Authors: Kongsgaard Ane , Brudvik Kristoffer Watten , Syversveen Trygve , Reims Henrik M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Mucinous cystic neoplasms (MCNs) of the liver are relatively rare tumors that constitute less than 5% of liver cysts and are subcategorized into low/intermediate- and high-grade lesions based on the degree of epithelial dysplasia. An associated invasive carcinoma component occurs in 6% of cases, usually as adenocarcinoma with tubular growth. The liver is a frequent metastatic site for neuroendocrine carcinomas (NECs), whereas primary hepatic NECs are extremely rare. We present the case of a 63-year-old woman with a history of choledochal cyst, who now presented with abdominal pain. Computed tomography showed a multilocular cystic lesion in the liver. The cyst was surgically enucleated, and the histological examination revealed an MCN with low-grade dysplasia, with an associated invasive large cell NEC. To our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature of a biliary MCN with associated NEC.
UHRF1, NSUN2, and NEIL1 were Detected as Clinical Biomarker Candidates in Prostate Adenocarcinoma with Potential Roles in Disease Pathogenesis
Authors: Kahyaoğulları Buse Nur , Demircan Turan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractProstate cancer (PCa) is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men. Expanding evidence suggests a significant association between cancer progression and RNA modifications. However, our knowledge of the link between m5C and hm5C pathways with PCa is limited. Therefore, we aimed to explore the diagnostic and prognostic values of m5C and hm5C regulators in PCa. In this study, genetic alterations in m5C and hm5C regulators were identified using publicly available databases. Differentially expressed genes in these pathways between tumor and nontumor samples, correlation among m5C and hm5C pathway members, and prognostic value of the regulators were evaluated. Furthermore, enrichment of gene ontology (GO) terms and KEGG pathways was carried out. Obtained results unveiled the mRNA level differences as the key genetic alterations for m5C and hm5C regulators between tumor and nontumor samples. UHRF1, TET3, and NEIL1 were significantly upregulated in tumor samples compared to nontumor ones, whereas EGR1 was significantly downregulated. UHRF1, DNMT1, NSUN2, NSUN4, C1orf77, C3orf37, WDR77, NEIL1, and TDG genes were identified as candidate prognostic markers of overall survival. The upregulated genes in patient samples with genetic alterations in m5C and hm5C pathways enriched cell cycle-related processes. In summary, our findings suggest that the m5C and hm5C regulators might play a role in PRAD development by activation of proliferation, and the UHRF1, NSUN2, and NEIL1 genes have the potential to be utilized as clinical biomarkers.
Optimizing Social Distancing Policies: A Dynamic Programming Approach for Coupled High and Low Risk Populations
Authors: Dai Peng , Vardavas Raffaele , Nowak Sarah A. , Suen Sze-chuan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundDecision makers may use social distancing to reduce transmission between risk groups in a pandemic scenario like Covid-19. However, it may result in both financial, mental, and social costs. Given these tradeoffs, it is unclear when and who needs to social distance over the course of a pandemic when policies are allowed to change dynamically over time and vary across different risk groups (e.g., older versus younger individuals face different Covid-19 risks). In this study, we examine the optimal time to implement social distancing to optimize social utility, using Covid-19 as an example.MethodologyWe propose using a Markov decision process (MDP) model that incorporates transmission dynamics of an age-stratified SEIR compartmental model to identify the optimal social distancing policy for each risk group over time. We parameterize the model using population-based tracking data on Covid-19 within the US. We compare results of two cases: allowing the social distancing policy to vary only over time, or over both time and population (by risk group). To examine the robustness of our results, we perform sensitivity analysis on patient costs, transmission rates, clearance rates, mortality rates.ResultsOur model framework can be used to effectively evaluate dynamic policies while disease transmission and progression occurs. When the policy cannot vary by subpopulation, the optimal policy is to implement social distancing for a limited duration at the beginning of the epidemic; when the policy can vary by subpopulation, our results suggest that some subgroups (older adults) may never need to socially distance. This result may occur because older adults occupy a relatively small proportion of the total population and have less contact with others even without social distancing.ConclusionOur results show that the additional flexibility of allowing social distancing policies to vary over time and across the population can generate substantial utility gain even when only two patient risk groups are considered. MDP frameworks may help generate helpful insights for policymakers. Our results suggest that social distancing for high-contact but low-risk individuals (e.g., such as younger adults) may be more beneficial in some settings than doing so for low-contact but high-risk individuals (e.g., older adults).
A biological variation-based approach to the day-to-day changes of D-dimer, Fibrinogen, and Ferritin levels that are crucial in the clinical course of COVID-19 in healthy smokers and non-smokers
Authors: Balci Aydın , Düz Muhammed Emin , Menekşe Elif 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTObjectiveD-dimer, ferritin, and fibrinogen parameters in COVID-19 patients are essential, particularly in inpatients and intensive care unit patients. It is vital to know the changes that occur due to the biological structure of the person than the disease effect in these tests in order to manage the fatal disease better.MethodBlood samples were taken on the first, third, and fifth days from 30 healthy volunteers, 15 of whom were smokers, 15 were non-smokers, and D-dimer, ferritin, and fibrinogen tests were studied with repeated measurements. After the data processed for normality and homogeneity and removing extreme values, CVA, CVI, CVG, CVT, RCV, II, I%, B%, TE% values were calculated via a full nested ANOVA design, according to Callum G, Fraser, and EFLM.ResultsCVI and CVG values of D-dimer were calculated as 49.07% and 40.69% for all individuals, 49.26% and 27.71% for smokers, 48.80% and 51.67% for non-smokers, respectively. In terms of fibrinogen, the same analyzes for all individuals were calculated as 11.18% and 10.62%, 3.25% and 20.17% for smokers, 9.11% and 6.79% for non-smokers, respectively. The same analyzes for ferritin were calculated as 23.74% and 63.31% for all individuals, 34.98% and 35.24% for smokers, 30.53% and 74.87% for non-smokers, respectively.ConclusionChanges in D-dimer measurements every other day in healthy individuals can be observed depending on the biological characteristics of the individuals, and the population-based reference interval may be insufficient for clinical evaluation. Each individual should be evaluated within himself/herself. When evaluating the results of ferritin and fibrinogen in non-smoking individuals, it should be taken into account that significant differences may occur between individuals. Besides, it should be kept in mind that there may be significant changes due to biological variation in the repeated measurements of ferritin every other day.