bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using interstellar clouds to search for Galactic PeVatrons: gamma-ray signatures from supernova remnants
Authors: Mitchell A M W , Rowell G P , Celli S , Einecke S 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Interstellar clouds can act as target material for hadronic cosmic rays; gamma rays subsequently produced through inelastic proton–proton collisions and spatially associated with such clouds can provide a key indicator of efficient particle acceleration. However, even in the case that particle acceleration proceeds up to PeV energies, the system of accelerator and nearby target material must fulfil a specific set of conditions in order to produce a detectable gamma-ray flux. In this study, we rigorously characterize the necessary properties of both cloud and accelerator. By using available supernova remnant (SNR) and interstellar cloud catalogues, we produce a ranked shortlist of the most promising target systems, those for which a detectable gamma-ray flux is predicted, in the case that particles are accelerated to PeV energies in a nearby SNR. We discuss detection prospects for future facilities including CTA, LHAASO and SWGO; and compare our predictions with known gamma-ray sources. The four interstellar clouds with the brightest predicted fluxes &gt;100 TeV identified by this model are located at (l,b) = (330.05, 0.13), (15.82, −0.46), (271.09, −1.26), and (21.97, −0.29). These clouds are consistently bright under a range of model scenarios, including variation in the diffusion coefficient and particle spectrum. On average, a detectable gamma-ray flux is more likely for more massive clouds; systems with lower separation distance between the SNR and cloud; and for slightly older SNRs.
The double quasar Q2138-431: detection of a lensing galaxy
Authors: Hawkins M R S 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
This paper reviews the question of whether the wide separation double quasar Q2138-431 is a gravitational lens. From early work, the two quasar images are known to have almost identical spectra and redshifts, but no lensing galaxy has so far been detected. In this paper, we used recent deep surveys in infrared and optical bands to search for the presence of a galaxy with the expected properties of a gravitational lens. The search revealed a 5σ detection of a faint galaxy between the two quasar images on a deep J-band frame from the VISTA Science Archive, with apparent magnitude J = 20.68. Non-detection in the I-band implied a redshift z &gt; 0.6, and mass modelling of the quasar system gave a mass of $1.31 \times 10^{12} \, \mathrm{M}_\odot$ for the lensing galaxy, with mass-to-light ratio M⊙/L⊙ = 9.0. Archival photographic data from the UK 1.2m Schmidt telescope covering 25 yr were used to construct light curves for the two quasar images, which were then cross-correlated to measure any time lag. This showed image B to lead image A by around a year, consistent with 410 d from the mass model. Although the similarity of the spectra and the detection of the lensing galaxy are the most compelling arguments for the classification of Q2138-431 as a gravitational lens, the time delay and mass-to-light ratio provide a consistent picture to support this conclusion. The wide separation of the quasar images and the simplicity of the mass model make Q2138-431 an excellent system for the measurement of the Hubble constant.
Mobilizing and Demobilizing
Authors: Kam Cindy D , Archer Allison M N 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Since the 2016 US presidential campaign and the rise of the #MeToo movement, issues of sexual assault and harassment have risen to prominence. At the same time, these issues have also been understood and evaluated through the lens of partisanship. The US Supreme Court confirmation hearings of Brett Kavanaugh exemplified these dynamics by providing clear partisan and emotion-laden cues to citizens. Given these events’ temporal proximity to the midterms, we argue that the confirmation hearings not only amplified an ongoing conversation, but also heightened the effect of sexist predispositions on turnout. Using a unique online survey with validated voter turnout in the 2018 midterms, we find that higher levels of modern sexism increased turnout among Republicans while lower levels of modern sexism increased turnout among Democrats. In 2018, sexist predispositions triggered turnout in opposing ways across the aisle.
Clinical outcomes between long and short proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA-II) devices in the management of extracapsular hip fractures: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Tan Marcus Wei Ping , Vellasamy Anandakumar 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Long and short intramedullary nails have been used in the treatment of extracapsular hip fractures. Long nails without distal interlocking screws may provide additional stability while avoiding complications associated with screw insertion, but these have not been well evaluated. This study aims to compare the outcomes of locked short Proximal Femoral Nail Antirotation-II (PFNA-II, Synthes Holding AG, Solothurn, Switzerland) nails and unlocked long PFNA-II nails for the treatment of extracapsular hip fractures.

Methods:
Ninety-one patients at our level I trauma center received these implants (61 long, 30 short). This retrospective cohort study evaluated the days to ambulation, length of stay (LOS), Radiographic Union Score for Hip (RUSH), and complication rate.

Results:
Days to ambulation (4.8±5.1 vs. 5.6±8.6, P=0.29) and LOS (12.6±8.3 vs. 10.4±8.1, P=0.12) were similar between both groups. Although both groups demonstrated significant improvement in RUSH scores between 1 and 3 mo, there were no significant differences between both groups (16.4±2.6 vs. 17.4±2.9, P=0.10; 25.6±3.6 vs. 24.7±3.1, P=0.24). There were more postoperative complications in the long group (29.5% vs. 13.3%), including one patient with malunion in each group.

Conclusions:
The purported extra stability of the unlocked, long PFNA-II device in extracapsular hip fractures has not been demonstrated in this study. Hence, we recommend the short PFNA-II device in extracapsular hip fractures due to its superior cost-benefit advantage.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Dedication in a Difficult Context
Authors: Roberts Lisa R. , Georges Marie , Nick Jan M. , Taylor Elizabeth Johnston 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT:
Haitian nurses live in a precarious environment, with healthcare disparity and low wages. In the presence of significant politico-social-economic disparities, adverse effects of natural disasters, deleterious infrastructure, challenged self-boundaries, and the burden of caring for high-need patients, the authors sought a better understanding of nurses' perspective of the situation. During qualitative interviews, Haitian nurses in two faith-based hospitals (N = 17) reported feeling powerless yet exhibited resilience and dedication to nursing as a calling. These conditions cry out for support of nurses' self-care needs. Future interventions may help nurses identify better resources to care for themselves and guide their practice.
Keys to Trust-Building with Patients
Authors: Shanahan Tonya , Cunningham Jill 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT:
A focal point for nurses and nurse practitioners is developing trust within the nurse–patient relationship. A stable foundation of trust between patient and nurse can diminish patients' mistrust of the healthcare system while engaging patients in their own care and improving health outcomes. Trust can be fostered through active listening as well as strengthening verbal and nonverbal communication skills. Biblical elements that undergird a trusting and honest nurse–patient relationship are described along with a patient narrative with some strategies for nursing implementation.
Promoting Healthy Lifestyles in Women Through Faith-Based Outreach
Authors: Leschber Tiffany 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT:
Faith-based health programs reach broad populations and can reduce health disparities. Nurses working in communities and churches can promote health behaviors that may reduce the incidence and impact of chronic conditions. This 5-week faith-based health outreach resulted in improvement of health-promoting behaviors, including better stress management, among women.
Evaluation of safety after optic exchange of a modular intraocular lens
Authors: Ang Robert Edward T. , Yoo Paul , Liu Jingbo 
Published: March 2021

Purpose:
To characterize safety of optic exchange using a modular lens.

Setting:
3 study sites, New Zealand, Philippines.

Design:
Prospective clinical study.

Methods:
Harmoni Modular intraocular lens (HMIOL) with separate base and optic components was implanted in the study eye (monovision target −1.50 diopter). Contralateral eyes received standard monofocal IOLs. Subjects could elect optic exchange 3 months after primary implantation. Adverse events (AEs) and endothelial cell loss (ECL) were assessed through 12 months of follow-up.

Results:
114 subjects successfully received HMIOL and 114 received control lens in contralateral eye. At 3 months, 65 HMIOL eyes had optic exchange because of unsatisfactory visual outcome from high monovision (exchange cohort); 49 eyes received no exchange (no exchange cohort). Exchange, no exchange, and control cohorts reported ocular AEs in 10 (15%), 6 (12%), and 14 (12%) eyes, respectively. No posterior capsular rupture occurred during optic exchange procedures. Short-term (12-month) posterior capsule opacification (PCO) evaluation showed that all eyes had PCO grade 1 or less at 12 months; no Nd:YAG capsulotomy was performed in the exchange cohort. No exchange and exchange cohorts had similar ECL at 3 months vs preoperative baseline (−4.5%, n = 48 and −4.0%, n = 65). In the exchange cohort, additional 2.7% ECL occurred 3 months after optic exchange compared with preexchange baseline; ECL was significantly below the 14% threshold (P < .001) and was 5.8% at 12 months.

Conclusions:
HMIOL safety outcomes were comparable with standard monofocal IOLs; HMIOL may provide an effective method for correcting postoperative refractive errors.
Lethal zoonotic coronavirus infections of humans – comparative phylogenetics, epidemiology, transmission, and clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019, The Middle East respiratory syndrome and severe acute respiratory syndrome
Authors: Hui David S. , Zumla Alimuddin , Tang Julian W. 
Published: March 2021

Purpose of review
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronaviruses-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the cause of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged as a new zoonotic pathogen of humans at the end of 2019 and rapidly developed into a global pandemic. Over 106 million COVID-19 cases including 2.3 million deaths have been reported to the WHO as of February 9, 2021. This review examines the epidemiology, transmission, clinical features, and phylogenetics of three lethal zoonotic coronavirus infections of humans: SARS-CoV-1, SARS-CoV-2, and The Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-COV).

Recent findings
Bats appear to be the common natural source of SARS-like CoV including SARS-CoV-1 but their role in SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV remains unclear. Civet cats and dromedary camels are the intermediary animal sources for SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV infection, respectively whereas that of SARS-CoV-2 remains unclear. SARS-CoV-2 viral loads peak early on days 2–4 of symptom onset and thus high transmission occurs in the community, and asymptomatic and presymptomatic transmission occurs commonly. Nosocomial outbreaks are hallmarks of SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV infections whereas these are less common in COVID-19. Several COVID-19 vaccines are now available.

Summary
Of the three lethal zoonotic coronavirus infections of humans, SARS-CoV-2 has caused a devastating global pandemic with over a million deaths. The emergence of genetic variants, such as D614G, N501Y (variants 1 and 2), has led to an increase in transmissibility and raises concern about the possibility of re-infection and impaired vaccine response. Continued global surveillance is essential for both SARS-CoV-2 and MERS-CoV, to monitor changing epidemiology due to viral variants.
Prolonged time of after-sensation after experimental pain stimuli despite efficient conditioned pain modulation in patients with chronic neuropathic pain after traumatic nerve injuries in upper extremity
Authors: Miclescu Adriana , Essemark Marie , Astermark Mathias , Gkatziani Panagiota , Straatmann Antje , Butler Stephen , Karlsten Rolf , Gordh Torsten 
Published: March 2021

Background:
As yet, there is limited research that can identify factors that differentiate between painful and nonpainful neuropathies after traumatic nerve injury. The aim of this study was to compare subjects with pain and without pain, all after operative nerve repair in the upper extremities.

Methods:
Subjects in both groups (pain, n = 69; painless, n = 62) underwent clinical assessment of sensory nerve function and psychophysical tests: quantitative sensory testing and conditioned pain modulation (CPM). Conditioned pain modulation was assessed by pain ratings to 120 seconds pressure stimuli administered before and after a 60 seconds noxious 4°C cold conditioning stimulus (CS). Time of recovery (time off) of pain intensity from peak VASmaxc after CS was recorded. Questionnaires about the quality of life (RAND-36) and disability of the extremity (QuickDash) were completed.

Results:
There were no significant differences between groups for CPM (P = 0.19). Time off was 42 seconds in subjects with pain in comparison with 28 seconds in those without pain (P < 0.0001). Compared with individuals reporting no pain, participants with neuropathic pain after nerve injuries had 1.8 times the odds of recovering later after CS, gain of function findings at sensory examination (P < 0.0001), lower scores of the physical component of RAND-36 (P < 0.0001), and increase arm disability (P < 0.0001). Hyperesthesia to cold pain stimulation (P = 0.03) and lowered pain pressure threshold (P = 0.01) were found in the pain group.

Conclusion:
Recovery after the pain induced by cold CS indicates changes in central processing of pain and provides a potential measurement of endogenous pain modulation in individuals with chronic neuropathic pain.
The Psychosocial Impact of Undifferentiated Connective Tissue Disease on Patient Health and Well-Being
Authors: Siegel Caroline H. , Kleinman Juliette , Barbhaiya Medha , Sevim Ecem , Vega JoAnn , Mancuso Carol A. , Lockshin Michael D. , Sammaritano Lisa R. 
Published: March 2021

Background/Objective
Despite increased awareness of the diagnosis and treatment of undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD), there is little research on related psychosocial factors. This cross-sectional study qualitatively assesses the psychosocial impact of UCTD on patient health and well-being.

Methods
We identified 20 adult patients with UCTD enrolled in the UCTD and Overlap Registry at our tertiary care level hospital. A licensed clinical social worker administered a 30-minute semistructured interview by telephone. The standardized questionnaire consisted of 14 open-ended questions on UCTD. A team of physicians, research coordinators, and a social worker used grounded theory to analyze the qualitative data and identify themes.

Results
Among 14/20 study participants (100% female; mean age, 53.6 ± 13.2 years [range, 27–74 years]), all had at least an associate's/bachelor's degree; 9 (64%) were White. The mean disease duration was 14.5 ± 13.5 years (range, 0.5–44 years). Nine study participants (64%) were engaged in counseling or mindfulness training. Ten specific psychosocial themes and categories emerged, including the need for professional guidance and peer and family support to increase awareness, reduce isolation, and promote self-efficacy.

Conclusions
Emerging themes from semistructured interviews of women with UCTD at a major academic center suggest the need for psychosocial interventions (e.g., patient support groups, educational materials, peer counselors) to help UCTD patients manage and cope with their illness. Future studies evaluating the psychosocial impact of UCTD diagnosis on diverse cohorts are needed.
Medical Student Ultrasound Education
Authors: Sohaey Roya , Di Salvo Donald N. , Bluth Edward I. , Lockhart Mark E. , Cohen Harris L. , Pellerito John S. , Baltarowich Oksana H. , Nisenbaum Harvey L. , Coleman Beverly G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
To assess the radiology department chairs’ opinions concerning current status and plans for teaching ultrasound to medical students, the American College Taskforce on Radiology Ultrasound Education, commissioned by the American College of Radiology, distributed a survey to 142 radiology chairs and a medical school dean subgroup.
The response rate was 30% (42/142), and 76% indicated ultrasound was currently part of the medical student curriculum. In preclinical years, radiology involvement was only 6.4%. During clinical years, radiology led ultrasound education with 51.7% in general and 82.9% in elective rotations. Regarding actual content, top 4 results were evenly distributed between learning hands-on scanning (81.1%), diagnostic use of ultrasound (75.7%), anatomy/pathology (75.7%), and ultrasound guidance for procedures (54.0%). Educational leaders in preclinical courses were emergency medicine (72.7%) followed by radiology (45.4%) physicians. During clinical years, leaders were radiology (52.6%) and emergency medicine (47.4%) physicians. Most chairs stated that knowledge of diagnostic ultrasound should be mandatory (76.2%), stressing the importance of teaching the diagnostic capabilities and uses of ultrasound as the primary goal (78.8%). Perceived barriers to implementation were evenly distributed between lack of space in the curriculum (55.6%), lack of faculty (48.2%), lack of resources (44.4%), and lack of institutional support (40.7%). The American College Taskforce on Radiology Ultrasound Education survey shows that radiology's role in ultrasound undergraduate education occurs almost exclusively during clinical years, and the chairs voice a desire to improve upon this role. Barriers include both intradepartmental (faculty and resources) and institutional (curricular) factors.
Comparative analysis of codon usage patterns in SARS-CoV-2, its mutants and other respiratory viruses
Authors: Tyagi Neetu , Sardar Rahila , Gupta Dinesh 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 virus (SARS-CoV-2) poses a worldwide human health crisis, causing respiratory illness with a high mortality rate. To investigate the factors governing codon usage bias in all the respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 isolates from different geographical locations (~62K), including two recently emerging strains from the United Kingdom (UK), i.e., VUI202012/01 and South Africa (SA), i.e., 501.Y.V2 codon usage bias (CUBs) analysis was performed. The analysis includes RSCU analysis, GC content calculation, ENC analysis, dinucleotide frequency and neutrality plot analysis. We were motivated to conduct the study to fulfil two primary aims: first, to identify the difference in codon usage bias amongst all SARS-CoV-2 genomes and, secondly, to compare their CUBs properties with other respiratory viruses. A biased nucleotide composition was found as most of the highly preferred codons were A/U-ending in all the respiratory viruses studied here. Compared with the human host, the RSCU analysis led to the identification of 11 over-represented codons and 9 under-represented codons in SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Correlation analysis of ENC and GC3s revealed that mutational pressure is the leading force determining the CUBs. The present study results yield a better understanding of codon usage preferences for SARS-CoV-2 genomes and discover the possible evolutionary determinants responsible for the biases found among the respiratory viruses, thus unveils a unique feature of the SARS-CoV-2 evolution and adaptation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt at comparative CUBs analysis on the worldwide genomes of SARS-CoV-2, including novel emerged strains and other respiratory viruses.
What actually do Syrian migrant women’s health practices tell us? A qualitative interpretive synthesis from Turkey
Authors: Aslan Funda 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
The present qualitative interpretive synthesis (QIS) aimed to re-interpret and understand in detail the findings of the studies related to the health practices of Syrian migrant women living in Turkey.

Design/methodology/approach
İn this study, the QIS method was used. Three articles were included in the present QIS study from the five electronic databases.

Findings
Present QIS has once and again emphasized that Syrian immigrant women have health problems, yet face problems accessing health-care services. While the women suffer from various health problems and have health care needs such as pregnancy or maternity, they give priority to the needs of their children and other family members and often postpone taking care of themselves. The most important finding was that migrant women do not want to give up on their cultural teachings.

Research limitations/implications
There were only a limited number of studies available for review that fit into the inclusion criteria; the low sample sizes across the included studies posed additional limitations. Despite these limitations, these findings suggest important implications, indicating the migrant women’s health practices from a systemic perspective.

Social implications
All these issues and concerns should be addressed with empathy for developing sustainable health policies and nurturing healthy future generations in Turkey.

Originality/value
This study is the first study that used the QIS approach to understand and re-interpret qualitative studies findings. Then, this study also emphasized the necessity of looking at the health of migrant women’s health from different perspectives.
Students’ perceptions of service quality in Saudi universities: the SERVPERF model
Authors: Sohail M. Sadiq , Hasan Mehedi 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of service quality on student’s satisfaction.

Design/methodology/approach
Using empirical research, the study identified previously validated scales of service quality and student satisfaction. Using the SERVPERF scale, data were collected from 279 students studying in public and private universities across Saudi Arabia. The model fit of the scale was assessed to ensure that the data produced accurate outcomes. Structural equation modelling was used to test the effects of independent variables on dependent variables.

Findings
The results suggest that four of the five dimensions of service quality, namely, tangibility, reliability, responsiveness and assurance had a significant effect on students’ satisfaction. Empathy was not found to contribute to student satisfaction. The findings broaden and deepen our understanding of how the dimensions of service quality reinforce students’ satisfaction.

Research limitations/implications
Future research can also incorporate in the model other variables, academic and non-academic, related to student satisfaction.

Practical implications
The results have useful implications for decision-makers in higher education institutions who strive to enhance students’ satisfaction and increase the quality of higher education programmes, particularly in Saudi Arabia and the Gulf region in general.

Originality/value
This study uses the SERVPERF scale, which is empirically superior to the SERVQUAL scale for measuring student satisfaction.