bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Design of Object-Oriented Software for the Representation of Mechanical Parts
Authors: Xirouchakis Paul C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to present a design of the software for the representation of a simple mechanical part using object oriented software construction techniques. The object oriented method of software construction is particularly suitable for representing complex mechanical parts, their dimensions and tolerances since modular and reusable software can then be obtained.
The focus of this paper is to demonstrate through a simple example the software quality advantages that are obtained when abstract data types are used to describe classes of objects. The notion of inheritance is employed to show how a general software architecture can be designed for mechanical part representation. Finally, the Eiffel language is utilized as a design and specification tool to write the software specifications for the simple example studied. The software specification is developed using the axioms notion of the theory of abstract data types to specify the semantic properties of the object oriented software.
Additional Clothing Increases Heat Load in Elite Female Rugby Sevens Players
Authors: Henderson Mitchell J. , Chrismas Bryna C.R. , Stevens Christopher J. , Novak Andrew , Fransen Job , Coutts Aaron J. , Taylor Lee 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: To determine whether elite female rugby sevens players are exposed to core temperatures (Tc) during training in the heat that replicate the temperate match demands previously reported and to investigate whether additional clothing worn during a hot training session meaningfully increases the heat load experienced. Methods: A randomized parallel-group study design was employed, with all players completing the same approximately 70-minute training session (27.5°C–34.8°C wet bulb globe temperature) and wearing a standardized training ensemble (synthetic rugby shorts and training tee [control (CON); n = 8]) or additional clothing (standardized training ensemble plus compression garments and full tracksuit [additional clothing (AC); n = 6]). Groupwise differences in Tc, sweat rate, GPS-measured external locomotive output, rating of perceived exertion, and perceptual thermal load were compared. Results: Mean (P = .006, ) and peak (P < .001, ) Tc were higher in AC compared with CON during the training session. There were no differences in external load (F4,9 = 0.155, P = .956, Wilks Λ = 0.935, ) or sweat rate (P = .054, Cohen d = 1.09). A higher rating of perceived exertion (P = .016, Cohen d = 1.49) was observed in AC compared with CON. No exertional-heat-illness symptomology was reported in either group. Conclusions: Player Tc is similar between training performed in hot environments and match play in temperate conditions when involved for >6 minutes. Additional clothing is a viable and effective method to increase heat strain in female rugby sevens players without compromising training specificity or external locomotive capacity.
Prehospital continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) for acute respiratory distress: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Finn Judith C , Brink Deon , Mckenzie Nicole , Garcia Antony , Tohira Hideo , Perkins Gavin D , Arendts Glenn , Fatovich Daniel M , Hendrie Delia , McQuillan Brendan , Summers Quentin , Celenza Antonio , Mukherjee Ashes , Smedley Ben , Pereira Gavin , Ball Stephen , Williams Teresa , Bailey Paul 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy of continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) versus usual care for prehospital patients with severe respiratory distress.MethodsWe conducted a parallel group, individual patient, non-blinded randomised controlled trial in Western Australia between March 2016 and December 2018. Eligible patients were aged ≥40 years with acute severe respiratory distress of non-traumatic origin and unresponsive to initial treatments by emergency medical service (EMS) paramedics. Patients were randomised (1:1) to usual care or usual care plus CPAP. The primary outcomes were change in dyspnoea score and change in RR at ED arrival, and hospital length of stay.Results708 patients were randomly assigned (opaque sealed envelope) to usual care (n=346) or CPAP (n=362). Compared with usual care, patients randomised to CPAP had a greater reduction in dyspnoea scores (usual care −1.0, IQR −3.0 to 0.0 vs CPAP −3.5, IQR −5.2 to −2.0), median difference −2.0 (95% CI −2.5 to −1.6); and RR (usual care −4.0, IQR −9.0 to 0.0 min-1vs CPAP −8.0, IQR −14.0 to −4.0 min-1), median difference −4.0 (95% CI −5.0 to −4.0) min-1. There was no difference in hospital length of stay (usual care 4.2, IQR 2.1 to 7.8 days vs CPAP 4.8, IQR 2.5 to 7.9 days) for the n=624 cases admitted to hospital, median difference 0.36 (95% CI −0.17 to 0.90).ConclusionsThe use of prehospital CPAP by EMS paramedics reduced dyspnoea and tachypnoea in patients with acute respiratory distress but did not impact hospital length of stay.Trial registration numberACTRN12615001180505.
An isotropic analytical model for charged stars
Authors: Estevez-Delgado Joaquin , Estevez-Delgado Gabino , Maya Noel Enrique Rodríguez , Peña José Martínez , Duran Modesto Pineda 
Published: March 2021

In this investigation report, we present a perfect charged fluid solution for a static and spherically symmetric spacetime; for its construction, we suppose a metric potential, [Formula: see text], and a specific form of the electric field’s intensity, [Formula: see text], in such a manner that the resulting stellar model is physically acceptable and stable. The model presented depends on two parameters [Formula: see text] related to the compactness and the magnitude of the electric field and these same parameters will generate different possibilities for the behavior of the speed of sound. For the particular case in which [Formula: see text], we obtain once more a chargeless model constructed previously, the compactness for the charged model case is greater than in the chargeless case. As an effect of the charge, the model admits two regions for the parameter [Formula: see text], in one of these the speed of sound is a monotonic decreasing function and in the other it is a monotonic increasing function. By means of a numerical analysis, it is shown that the orders of magnitude associated to the pressure and density are characteristic of the compact stars. In particular for [Formula: see text], the range of [Formula: see text], which implies that the radius of an object with mass [Formula: see text] is found between 6554.620 m and 7672.702 m with a maximum central density of [Formula: see text].
A NUMERICAL PROOF THAT CERTAIN CELLS FOLLOW THE TRAILS OF THE DIFFUSIONS OF SOME CHEMICALS IN THE EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX
Authors: ÇAY İREM , PAMUK SERDAL 
Published: March 2021

In this work, we obtain the numerical solutions of a 2D mathematical model of tumor angiogenesis originally presented in [Pamuk S, ÇAY İ, Sazci A, A 2D mathematical model for tumor angiogenesis: The roles of certain cells in the extra cellular matrix, Math Biosci 306:32–48, 2018] to numerically prove that the certain cells, the endothelials (EC), pericytes (PC) and macrophages (MC) follow the trails of the diffusions of some chemicals in the extracellular matrix (ECM) which is, in fact, inhomogeneous. This leads to branching, the sprouting of a new neovessel from an existing vessel. Therefore, anastomosis occurs between these sprouts. In our figures we do see these branching and anastomosis, which show the fact that the cells diffuse according to the structure of the ECM. As a result, one sees that our results are in good agreement with the biological facts about the movements of certain cells in the Matrix.
Cardiac nicotinic receptors show β-subunit-dependent compensatory changes
Authors: Targosova Katarina , Kucera Matej , Kilianova Zuzana , Slobodova Lubica , Szmicsekova Kristina , Hrabovska Anna 
Published: March 2021

Nicotinic receptors (NRs) play an important role in the cholinergic regulation of heart functions, and converging evidence suggests a diverse repertoire of NR subunits in the heart. A recent hypothesis about the plasticity of β NR subunits suggests that β2-subunits and β4-subunits may substitute for each other. In our study, we assessed the hypothetical β-subunit interchangeability in the heart at the level of mRNA. Using two mutant mice strains lacking β2 or β4 NR subunits, we examined the relative expression of NR subunits and other key cholinergic molecules. We investigated the physiology of isolated hearts perfused by Langendorff‘s method at basal conditions and after cholinergic and/or adrenergic stimulation. Lack of β2 NR subunit was accompanied with decreased relative expression of β4-subunits and α3-subunits. No other cholinergic changes were observed at the level of mRNA, except for increased M3 and decreased M4 muscarinic receptors. Isolated hearts lacking β2 NR subunit showed different dynamics in heart rate response to indirect cholinergic stimulation. In hearts lacking β4 NR subunit, increased levels of β2-subunits were observed together with decreased mRNA for acetylcholine-synthetizing enzyme and M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors. Changes in the expression levels in β4−/− hearts were associated with increased basal heart rate and impaired response to a high dose of acetylcholine upon adrenergic stimulation. In support of the proposed plasticity of cardiac NRs, our results confirmed subunit-dependent compensatory changes to missing cardiac NRs subunits with consequences on isolated heart physiology. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In the present study, we observed an increase in mRNA levels of the β2 NR subunit in β4−/− hearts but not vice versa, thus supporting the hypothesis of β NR subunit plasticity that depends on the specific type of missing β-subunit. This was accompanied with specific cholinergic adaptations. Nevertheless, isolated hearts of β4−/− mice showed increased basal heart rate and a higher sensitivity to a high dose of acetylcholine upon adrenergic stimulation.
E2F1 and E2F2-Mediated Repression of CPT2 Establishes a Lipid-Rich Tumor-Promoting Environment
Authors: González-Romero Francisco , Mestre Daniela , Aurrekoetxea Igor , O'Rourke Colm J. , Andersen Jesper B. , Woodhoo Ashwin , Tamayo-Caro Miguel , Varela-Rey Marta , Palomo-Irigoyen Marta , Gómez-Santos Beatriz , de Urturi Diego Sáenz , Núñez-García Maitane , García-Rodríguez Juan L. , Fernández-Ares Larraitz , Buqué Xabier , Iglesias-Ara Ainhoa , Bernales Irantzu , De Juan Virginia Gutierrez , Delgado Teresa C. , Goikoetxea-Usandizaga Naroa , Lee Richard , Bhanot Sanjay , Delgado Igotz , Perugorria Maria J. , Errazti Gaizka , Mosteiro Lorena , Gaztambide Sonia , Martinez de la Piscina Idoia , Iruzubieta Paula , Crespo Javier , Banales Jesus M. , Martínez-Chantar Maria L. , Castaño Luis , Zubiaga Ana M. , Aspichueta Patricia 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Lipid metabolism rearrangements in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) contribute to disease progression. NAFLD has emerged as a major risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), where metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark. Identification of metabolic drivers might reveal therapeutic targets to improve HCC treatment. Here, we investigated the contribution of transcription factors E2F1 and E2F2 to NAFLD-related HCC and their involvement in metabolic rewiring during disease progression. In mice receiving a high-fat diet (HFD) and diethylnitrosamine (DEN) administration, E2f1 and E2f2 expressions were increased in NAFLD-related HCC. In human NAFLD, E2F1 and E2F2 levels were also increased and positively correlated. E2f1−/− and E2f2−/− mice were resistant to DEN–HFD-induced hepatocarcinogenesis and associated lipid accumulation. Administration of DEN–HFD in E2f1−/− and E2f2−/− mice enhanced fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and increased expression of Cpt2, an enzyme essential for FAO, whose downregulation is linked to NAFLD-related hepatocarcinogenesis. These results were recapitulated following E2f2 knockdown in liver, and overexpression of E2f2 elicited opposing effects. E2F2 binding to the Cpt2 promoter was enhanced in DEN–HFD-administered mouse livers compared with controls, implying a direct role for E2F2 in transcriptional repression. In human HCC, E2F1 and E2F2 expressions inversely correlated with CPT2 expression. Collectively, these results indicate that activation of the E2F1–E2F2–CPT2 axis provides a lipid-rich environment required for hepatocarcinogenesis.

Significance:
These findings identify E2F1 and E2F2 transcription factors as metabolic drivers of hepatocellular carcinoma, where deletion of just one is sufficient to prevent disease.
The Shared Genetic Architectures Between Lung Cancer and Multiple Polygenic Phenotypes in Genome-Wide Association Studies
Authors: Byun Jinyoung , Han Younghun , Ostrom Quinn T. , Edelson Jacob , Walsh Kyle M. , Pettit Rowland W. , Bondy Melissa L. , Hung Rayjean J. , McKay James D. , Amos Christopher I. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background:
Prior genome-wide association studies have identified numerous lung cancer risk loci and reveal substantial etiologic heterogeneity across histologic subtypes. Analyzing the shared genetic architecture underlying variation in complex traits can elucidate common genetic etiologies across phenotypes. Exploring pairwise genetic correlations between lung cancer and other polygenic traits can reveal the common genetic etiology of correlated phenotypes.

Methods:
Using cross-trait linkage disequilibrium score regression, we estimated the pairwise genetic correlation and heritability between lung cancer and multiple traits using publicly available summary statistics. Identified genetic relationships were also examined after excluding genomic regions known to be associated with smoking behaviors, a major risk factor for lung cancer.

Results:
We observed several traits showing moderate single nucleotide polymorphism–based heritability and significant genetic correlations with lung cancer. We observed highly significant correlations between the genetic architectures of lung cancer and emphysema/chronic bronchitis across all histologic subtypes, as well as among lung cancer occurring among smokers. Our analyses revealed highly significant positive correlations between lung cancer and paternal history of lung cancer. We also observed a strong negative correlation with parental longevity. We observed consistent directions in genetic patterns after excluding genomic regions associated with smoking behaviors.

Conclusions:
This study identifies numerous phenotypic traits that share genomic architecture with lung carcinogenesis and are not fully accounted for by known smoking-associated genomic loci.

Impact:
These findings provide new insights into the etiology of lung cancer by identifying traits that are genetically correlated with increased risk of lung cancer.
Myeloma-Secreted Galectin-1 Potently Interacts with CD304 on Monocytic Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells
Authors: Lim Ji-Young , Kim Tae-Woo , Ryu Da-Bin , Park Sung-Soo , Lee Sung-Eun , Kim Byung-Soo , Min Chang-Ki 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Progression of multiple myeloma is regulated by factors intrinsic to the clonal plasma cells (PC) and by the immune effector cells in the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we investigated the interaction between CD304 expression on myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) and galectin-1 from malignant PCs in the context of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) for multiple myeloma. Using high-throughput screening, CD304 expression on circulating monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSC; CD14+HLA-DRlow/−) was compared before and after ASCT. There was a significantly higher M-MDSC expression of CD304 before ASCT and a clear correlation between circulating pre-ASCT M-MDSC frequency and serum galectin-1 concentration. Treatment of pre-ASCT M-MDSCs, but not post-ASCT M-MDSCs, with galectin-1 in vitro expanded the M-MDSC population and increased expression of CD304. High galectin-1 expression by malignant PCs was associated with poor clinical outcomes. M-MDSC development and expression of CD304 were differentially induced when healthy donor peripheral blood mononuclear cells were cultured with the human multiple myeloma cell lines RPMI-8226 and JJN3, which express high and low galectin-1, respectively. Inhibition of galectin-1 reduced M-MDSC proliferation induced by RPMI-8226 cells but not by JJN3 cells, and blockade of CD304 reduced M-MDSC migration induced by RPMI-8226 cells but not by JJN3 cells. In addition, blockade of CD304 reversed suppression of the in vitro cytotoxic effect of melphalan by pre-ASCT M-MDSCs. Our data demonstrate that multiple myeloma–derived galectin-1 could mediate the tumor-promoting effect of M-MDSCs through its interaction with CD304 on M-MDSCs and contribute to multiple myeloma progression after ASCT.
See related Spotlight on p. 488
Jewish Humanism in the Late Work of Geoffrey Hill
Authors: Russell Jesse 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Throughout much of his career, Geoffrey Hill has been pilloried for his alleged conservativism as well as his positive treatment of Christianity in his poetry. A careful reading of his works, however, reveals a complex thinker who was attentive to the moral fallout of the Holocaust and the Second World War as he was a lover of England and European culture. Moreover, Hill’s writings reflect the apparent influence of a host of personalist, existentialist and what could also be called “humanist” twentieth century Jewish thinkers such as Martin Buber and Emmanuel Levinas. Throughout his poetry—especially his later work—Hill attempts (whether successfully or not) to fuse together this Jewish humanism with his own Christian and English voice.
Deeds, Reward, and Divine Mercy: Jewish Views and Pauline Passages
Authors: Kister Menahem 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The present article deals with a strand of ancient Jewish theological notions (in rabbinic literature, Fourth Ezra, and elsewhere) and Pauline ones. In these Jewish passages—sharing similar religious sensitivities and using similar terminology—human works stand vis-à-vis God’s mercy and his benevolence (צדקה). In some passages these categories turn out to be in tension in view of human sinfulness, since no human being can comply with the rigid standards of observing God’s commandments, resulting in the emphasis of divine mercy. Paul’s view, according to which “works (of the law)” and “grace” are mutually exclusive, is a radical intensification of this tension. Paul’s distinct ideas display the inherent dynamics of contemporary Jewish notions and reveal the inner tension within Jewish thought of the late Second Temple period, a tension that continued in Jewish writings (including rabbinic literature) after the Second Temple’s destruction.
The Sacramental Ontology of the Church
Authors: Davis Melissa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article seeks to construct a renewalist ecclesiology foundations on the idea that the church is an ontological reality with the epistemological purpose of traditioning its members. To accomplish this, I construct, in conversation with Simon Chan and Simon Oliver, a sacramental ontology of the invisible church from the Garden of Eden via the incarnation. Then, interacting with the work of Chan and James K.A. Smith, I explore the role of the visible church to tradition its members. Finally, I offer a framework for an ecclesial traditioning praxis. This praxis is founded in prayer, shaped by the narrative of Scripture, and utilizes both the weekly service and ongoing discipleship training.
In the eye of the storm
Authors: Walsh Edward J. , Fairall C. W. , PopStefanija Ivan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe airborne NOAA Wide Swath Radar Altimeter (WSRA) is a 16 GHz digital beamforming radar altimeter that produces a topographic map of the waves as the aircraft advances. The wave topography is transformed by a two-dimensional FFT into directional wave spectra. The WSRA operates unattended on the aircraft and provides continuous real-time reporting of several data products: (1) significant wave height, (2) directional ocean wave spectra, (3) the wave height, wavelength, and direction of propagation of the primary and secondary wave fields, (4) rainfall rate and (5) sea surface mean square slope (mss). During hurricane flights the data products are transmitted in real-time from the NOAA WP-3D aircraft through a satellite data link to a ground station and on to the National Hurricane Center (NHC) for use by the forecasters for intensity projections and incorporation in hurricane wave models. The WSRA is the only instrument that can quickly provide high-density measurements of the complex wave topography over a large area surrounding the eye of the storm.
Key Factors for Successful Implementation of HIV Prevention Services by THRIVE Community Collaboratives
Authors: Tanner Mary R. , Iqbal Kashif , Dominguez Kenneth L. , Zhu Weiming , Obi Jane , Hoover Karen W. 
Published: March 2021

Objective The Targeted Highly Effective Interventions to Reverse the HIV Epidemic (THRIVE) demonstration project created collaboratives of health departments, community-based organizations, and clinical partners to improve HIV prevention services for men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) of color. We administered an online survey from September 2018 through February 2019 to assess the collaboratives. Methods We used a Likert scale to measure agreement on collaborative characteristics. We used Fisher exact tests to compare success ratings by health department employment and funding status. We created a radar chart to compare the percentage agreement on key characteristics of the most and least successful collaboratives. We used a general inductive approach in the qualitative analysis of open-ended question responses. Results Of 262 survey recipients, 133 responded (51%); 49 (37%) respondents were from health departments. Most respondents (≥70%) agreed that their collaborative is diverse, cooperates, meets regularly, has realistic goals, has effective leadership, and has effective communication. Most respondents (87%) rated their collaborative as successful in implementing HIV prevention services for MSM and TGW of color. Comparison of the most and least successful collaborative found the greatest difference in respondent agreement in the presence of effective leadership, communication, and adequate resources. The most commonly cited challenge in the open-ended questions was inadequate resources. The most commonly cited success was increased provision of services, particularly preexposure prophylaxis. Conclusions Community collaboratives were considered successful by most collaborative members and may be an effective part of HIV prevention strategies.