bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Influence of the Macronucleus on the Formation of New Morphological Characters in Infusoria
Authors: Dogiel Prof. V. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The macronucleus of the Infusoria is considered to be wholly of somatic value controlling the different vegetative functions of the animal, while the generative function is under the control of the micronucleus. Dobell (1917 1) definitely assumes that ‘the meganuclear system of a ciliate is the equivalent of the nuclei of the somatic cells of a matazoon; and the micronuclear system of a ciliate is the equivalent of the germ-cell nuclei of a metazoon Therefore it is only natural to suppose that in the development of new racial or specific characters changes of structure are regulated by the micronucleus which contains the whole of the ‘Keimplasma Whether the macronucleus takes any part therein is a question left unanswered.
A New Microscopic Growing Stage
Authors: Barker John 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The advantages of some contrivances for facilitating the examination of objects from time without disturbance, and which could be kept as nearly as possible under the same conditions under which they were first observed, has at all times been a desideratum in microscopic science ; and the pages of the ‘Microscopical Journal ‘have been usefully occupied in making known several valuable aids for this purpose ; and as the growing stage lately brought under the notice of the Dublin Microscopical Club appears to present some advantages over growing slides at present in use, I have been induced to furnish a more ample description of’ it with an illustrative diagram. To my view, a growing stage or slide should possess the following qualities :—1. It should be efficient, and not likely to go out of order, neither flooding the object and overflowing the “stage, or drying up and allowing the air to get under the cover ; (2) it should be easily cleaned; (3) it should work well for at least a week, and even then should be capable of being suppled with fresh water without disturbing the object ; (4) it should enable the investigator when, in ordinary microscopic examination with a common slide and cover, he may have found something which he may wish to preserve moist, and observe at on a future occasion to do so with facility; (5) it should allow of the object being examined at any time without displacement ; (6) it should permit the whole of the covering glass to be examined, and it should not be in the way of any other piece of apparatus ; and lastly, it should not be costly in price. Now, all these objects seem to me to be secured in the growing stage under consideration. The appliance would appear to be peculiarly valuable to those who would wish to watch the varying changes in microscopic algæ, rhizopods, infusoria, rotifera, or anything requiring to be kept moist while under investigation. The microscopist, in his usual investigations with an ordinary slide three inches by one inch, and with a common covering glass, frequently sees objects which he would wish to keep under notice for several hours, perhaps days or weeks, and this he will be enabled to accomplish by merely placing the slide on this stage, and at any time transferring it again to the stage of the microscope, or by putting the growing stage, with slide upon it, on the stage of the microscope, the whole of the covering glass can be brought under inspection, so that no object which had been under the covering glass can escape observation. I have several rhizopods under notice at present for upwards of a week ; and I have kept rotifera healthy for days in this appliance. The construction of this stage is so simple as to admit of any one expert in cutting glass to make it in a few hours ; and I have drawn a diagram, to scale which will facilitate its construction.
On Fresh-Water Algæ, &c
Authors: Hicks J. Braxton 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
My principal motive in remarking on Mr. Archer’s papel on Palmoglœa macrococca was not so much to question the independent existence of the forms of which he wrote, as to urge him to direct his unfettered attention to the study of these forms in their life-history ; and also to rouse the attention of Algologists to the unstable basis on which the genera of so many of these lower forms were resting. I am glad to find that, to a considerable extent, Mr. Archer agrees with the observations then made, though he appears yet to hold that there are some plants which can always be recognised by the eye, although it is difficult to convey the exact appearance by word or drawing. No doubt this is so ; but yet it must be admitted as a very insecure basis on which to stand.
On Two New Species in Saprolegnieæ, referable respectively to the genus Saerolegnia (Nees v. Esenb.) and Achyla (Nees v. Esenb.).
Authors: Archer William 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Even at the risk of being, perhaps, considered as somewhat premature in coming forward to describe two new species in the family Saprolegnieæ, without being quite satisfied as to the particular genus to which I assume, from certain data afforded, that they each respectively belong, I still venture to do so, inasmuch as the reproductive parts offer abundant characters to establish them as, indeed, distinct, undescribed species, although their generic position may remain uncertain.
On the Protophyta of New Zealand
Authors: Lindsay W. Lauder 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Compared with what has been already achieved, there remains, in certain departments of the Flora of New Zealand, much more yet to be accomplished—much that can probably only be properly executed by the resident or local botanist, who can leisurely study living forms on or near the locality of their growth. Of no groups of plants is this remark so true as of the Protophyta—the Desmidiaceæ, Diatomacea, and Palmellaceœ. The first and the last may be said to be almost or quite unknown ; while our knowledge of the Diatomaceæ of the New Zealand islands is nearly altogether confined to my own local and limited collection from the neighbourhood of Dunedin, in the province of Otago. * There is here, therefore, for the local botanist, not only a most extensive and varied, but almost untrodden, field of research; and it is with a view to incite him to cultivate this most promising field that I venture to offer the following remarks. While the work of collection is comparatively easy, that of examination is far from being so. All the groups in question require the laborious care of the skilled microscopist; and labourers of such a class are not numerous, either in a new colony or at home. But there is no reason why collectors should not be numerous—why they should not supply the materials for work to the systematist in his cabinet. The collector, and the examiner or describer, arc necessary complements to each other. While the latter seldom has opportunity to collect over wide areas, he can utilise the materials supplied by the less skilled travellers who have such opportunity : so that each has his appropriate and indispensable place in the advancement of science.
Note on “Asteridia” occurring in Penium Digitus (Bréb.)
Authors: Archer William 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Some time ago I made a gathering of some minute algæ from a pool near Enniskerry, on the road, going towards Lough Bray. Amongst these a number of globular, densely spined bodies, with green contents, conspicuously presented themselves. The spines densely covering these were very numerous, very slender throughout, and acute. The bodies themselves were mostly to be found distributed in pairs over the field of view. These might easily be taken for so many zygospores of some desmidian; but much as such a structure resembled a possible zygospore, these bodies were not like that known of any species of the family Desmidiese, nor was there any evidence in the gathering that they might actually be zygospores of any form not yet known in the conjugated state.
On new forms of diatomaceæ, from dredgings off the arran islands, co. galway
Authors: O’meara Eugene 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
IN my first communication on this subject I ventured to express my opinion that a more careful examination of the material would lead to the discovery of other new and interesting forms, and I have now the gratification to inform you that my anticipations have been fully verified. I have been engaged from time to time, as opportunity was afforded, in examining the material, with most satisfactory results. Some few of the forms recently discovered I shall now submit to your notice.
On monochromatic illumination
Authors: Woodward J. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Since 1865 I have been in the habit of using monochromatic (violet) light, not only for photo-micrography in my own hands and those of my able assistant, Dr. Edward Curtis, Assist.-Surgeon and Brevet-Major, U. S. Army, but also for all microscopic work requiring the sharpest definition, as, for example, the examination of the finest Diatomacea, the Nobert’s lines, &c.
Description of a live-box for the observation of living tadpoles and other animals
Authors: Schultze F. E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the first part of Vol. xxxv of Virchow’s ‘Archiv ‘(January, 1866) doubts were expressed by A. Böttcher, of Dorpat, with respect to the spontaneity of the changes in form and place of the so-termed contractile cells, his doubts having arisen from a strict scrutiny into the method hitherto followed in the investigation of the motile phenomena of cells, and especially of the effects of the so-termed “wet chamber;” and he has suggested the possibility “that the amæboid motions, as they are exhibited on the stage of the microscope, may be caused by external influences independent of the vitality of the cells.”
The Enteronephric System in Woodwardia, with Remarks on the Nephridia of Lampito dubins
Authors: Bahl Karm Narayan 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The ‘enteronephric ‘type of nephridial system, previously described by the author in Pheretima and Lampito, has now been shown to be present in the genus Wood-wardia as well. It would seem that this type of excretory system is widely distributed in the sub-family Megascolecinae. In essentials the nephridial system of Woodwardia resembles that of Lampito; both possess the entero-nephric ‘septal nephridia and the ‘exonephric ‘integumentary nephridia. The bunches of pharyngeal nephridia open into the pharynx and buccal cavity through five or six pairs of common ducts. The elaborate system of canals and ducts characteristic of the excretory system of Pheretima and Lampito obtains in Woodwardia also, but the physiological significance of the system still remains uncertain. The nephridial system of L. dubius is peculiar and interesting in that it consists of a pair of clusters in each segment, each cluster comprising five nephridia with five pre-septal funnels, and each member of the cluster opening separately to the exterior. Stephenson’s idea of a meganephridium with branching funnels (5–6) has been shown to be erroneous, and it is urged that if each cluster is derived by branching from a single meganephridium of Lumbricus, the branching is not confined to the funnels only, as Stephenson believed, but has been completed from one end of the nephridium to the other, and each of the five nephridia in a cluster is a separate and discrete structure with its own funnel opening into the coelom and its own separate terminal duct opening to the exterior.
Studies on the Golgi Apparatus in Gland-cells. I. Glands associated with the Alimentary Tract
Authors: Bowen Robert H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The recent researches of Nassonov (1923 and 1924) on the relation of secretory granules to the Golgi apparatus have again revived the hope that we may at last be on the way to a solution of the perplexing problem of secretory origins. Working from a somewhat different starting-point, I have recently (Bowen, 1924) tried to interpret Nassonov’s findings in the light of certain well-understood phenomena in the process of sperm formation. It is clear, however, that the interesting possibilities thus suggested must depend for their final demonstration upon further and more critical evidence of three interdependent kinds. These are (1) a demonstration that the general topographical relationship of Golgi apparatus and secretory granules is always such as to allow a possibility of the existence of some more intimate association ; (2) an extension of our knowledge of the finer structure of the Golgi apparatus especially in somatic cells ; and (3) a critical demonstration of the relation of the individual secretory granules to the detailed structural features of the Golgi apparatus. All of these matters have been dealt with in the papers mentioned above, but in no case can we consider the evidence sufficiently extensive and critical to justify final conclusions.
Note on the Oogenesis of Peripatopsis Capensis (Purcell).
Authors: King Seana D. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Owing to its interesting position as a connecting link between Annelids and Arthropods, any details regarding the cytology and embryology of Peripatus are likely to be of interest. Montgomery (2), when investigating the spermatogenesis, found some sections of the ovary in his material, but was not able to describe any structures resembling the mitochondria of the sperm-cells. In the present note little has been attempted owing to the very small amount of material available, but it is hoped that the facts set down here may be of some value, at least until the oogenesis can be more exhaustively studied.
The Living Cell in vitro as shown by Darkground Illumination and the changes induced in such Colls by fixing Reagents
Authors: Strangeways T.S.P. , Canti R.G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Tissue growing upon a coverslip in vitro provides peculiarly favourable material for a microscopical investigation of the structure and behaviour of the living cell. Some of the changes which take place in the living cell during growth and division, as seen by direct illumination, have already been described by one of the writers (Strangeways, 1922). By employing dark-ground illumination, however, a much more intimate study of the cell growing in vitro can be made than is possible with the aid of the usual direct methed, and with this technique various internal structures appear as sharply defined, conspicuous objects which by the ordinary method are so indistinct as to be hardly visible. Dark-ground illumination, which has seldom been used for the examination of tissue cultures, has been employed by W. H. Lewis (1923), who records some interesting results obtained from a study of the living cell kept at room temperature. The present writers, by maintaining the cultures at body temperature throughout the period of examination, have been able to extend Lewis’s observations, and by the development of a special technique are also able to give some account of the changes wrought in the individual living cell by the application of some of the more common fixing reagents.
The Relation of the Glandular Elements of the Clitellum of the Brandling Worm (Eisenia foetida, Sav.) to the Secretion of the Cocoon
Authors: Grove A. J. , Cowley L. F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The clitellum of E. foetida may be divided into three regions on each side of the body in accordance with the glandular elements present. Region A, which extends from the mid-dorsal line to a point just below the lateral setae, contains (a) mucin-secreting gland-cells, (b) large granule gland-cells, and (c) fine granule gland-cells. Region B, which extends from just below the lateral setae to a point just inside the inner ventral setae, contains gland-cells (a) and (b) and (c) as in Region A, and in addition (d) gland-cells occupying the ventrolateral ridge and (e) gland-cells associated with the diverticula of the setal pores. Region C, which comprises the ventral surface, contains gland-cells (a) and (b), and cells of an interstitial nature.
By the use of differential stains evidence has been obtained, from a similarity of staining reactions, that the cocoon slimetube is secreted by the mucin gland-cells, the cocoon membrane by the large granule gland-cells, and the albumen by the fine granule gland-cells.
The gland-cells occupying the ridge in Region B and those associated with the diverticula of the setal pores do not participate in the secretion of the cocoon.
Observations on Trichonymphids. : II. The Structure of Microspironympha elegans, n. sp
Authors: Mackinnon Doris L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Among the trichonymphid flagellates inhabiting the gut of Leucotermes tenuis Hagen sent me by Dr. Withycombe from Trinidad is one that I have decided to place in the genus Microspironympha Koidzumi.1
The Early Development of the Chondrocranium of Salmo Fario
Authors: de Beer G. R. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The parachordal of Salmo fario was not observed to chondrify in two separate portions, anterior and posterior. No separate pole cartilages were found. The first part of the auditory capsule to arise is in the region where the hyomandibula will become attached to it. The hyomandibula, symplectic, and ceratohyal arise as separate cartilages. The hypohyals, basihyal, and copula arise as separate cartilages. The ceratobranchials,” hypobranchials, epibranchials, and pharyngobranchials (at least the anterior) arise as separate cartilages. The lateral commissure is formed from the post-palatine process, the prootic process, and cartilage representing the basi-trabecular process. The taenia marginalis (or orbital cartilage) arises separately. Rudimentary basal and otic processes are carried on the pterygo-quadrate. The olfactory nerve comes to traverse the orbit as a result of the relative forward displacement of the lamina orbito-nasalis.
On the Reproductive Processes of Earthworms: Part I. The Process of Copulation and Exchange of Sperms in Eutyphoeus waltoni Mich
Authors: Bahl Karm Narayan 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The method of exchange of the seminal fluid in Eutyp hoe us is very simple and direct as compared with the elaborate process in Lumbricus. No intermediate structures like the clitellum and temporary seminal grooves take part in the process in Eutyphoeus. During sexual congress, the co-operating worms become attached to one another in a head-to-tail position in such a way that the spermathecal apertures (7 /8) of one are apposed to the penial segment (seventeenth) of the other and vice versa. The male ‘genital pits’ are everted to form ‘genital cups’ and the penis is protruded. The genital cups produce a suction on the area of skin surrounding the spermathecal pores of the co-operating worm, and thus cause the formation of spermathecal papillae. In this way a ‘peg and socket’ joint is formed at four places in a copulating pair and, at each joint, the attachment is intimate, the genital cup closely embracing the spermathecal papilla and the penis penetrating the spermathecal duct. There is a further attachment between the ventral surfaces of the two worms by means of permanent copulating papillae and temporary integumentary outgrowths. The function of the penis as an intromittent organ in Eutyphoeus has been elucidated for the first time and a distinction has been made between ‘functional’ and ‘reserve’ penial setae. The exchange of sperms is mutual. The penes inject both spermatic and prostatic fluids into the spermathecae. The sperms are invariably found in the diverticula and n o t in the ampulla, which probably contains a secretion of its own epithelium. There is some evidence to believe that the prostatic fluid serves a nutrient medium for the sperms in the seminal chambers of the diverticula.
Memoirs: The Muscles of the Adult Honey-bee (Apis mellifera L.)
Authors: MORISON GUY D. 
Published: April 2021

1. The entire musculature of the alimentary canal is described in gross and in histological detail. The development of the muscle is considered. The innervation is described, likewise the tracheation and its relation to muscular activity and the bloodstream.
2. The heart is described with a detailed histological account of its muscle-fibres. Its tracheation is described and its apparent lack of innervation is discussed.
3. The ‘alary’ muscles of the dorsal diaphragm are described with a detailed account of their histology, innervation, and tracheation.
4. The ventral diaphragm is described as well as the histology, innervation, and tracheation of its muscle-fibres. The course of blood and physiological questions connected with it receive discussion.
5. The muscles of the reproductive organs of drone, queen, and worker are described with particular reference to the histology, innervation, tracheation, and physiology of their fibres.
6. The indirect muscles of the wings (fibrous muscle) have their histology, innervation, and tracheation described in detail. The method of contraction of the entire muscles and of the individual fibres and fibrils is discussed. The sarcosomes are described with their physiological significance to contraction.
7. The attachment of all the types of muscle found in the bee is described in histological detail. Different opinions of muscle attachment to chitin are summarized.
8. Throughout the paper, histological measurements are given for the various types of muscle-fibres and their nuclei in the three castes of bee. Since in the three castes the histological appearance is so similar for each type of muscle, the illustrations have been limited to portions of the muscles of worker bees.
On the Development of Botrylloides
Authors: Garstang Sylvia L. , Garstang Walter 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The development of Botrylloides adds a new feature to the already complicated structure of the neural canal in T u n i c a t a. The anterior pre-sensory region of the canal was already known in Ciona, Clavelina, and Distap 1 ia to become converted into part of the so-called hypophysial duct, which terminates in front in the ciliated funnel and gives rise to the subneural gland and adult brain. Here, in Botrylloides, the same pre-sensory region is much more pronounced and becomes longitudinally differentiated into two parts, lying one above the other—a large ventral precerebral lobe, which disappears entirely before the tadpole stage is reached, and a slender dorsal precerebral duct, which persists, and is comparable in all essential respects with the hypophysial duct of other Ascidians. The duct in Botryllids communicates with the oral region of the pharynx by a ciliated funnel and gives rise to the brain by proliferation from its ventral wall behind. It fails to produce a special neural gland, but as its own walls assume a glandular character in the adult stage, the difference in this respect is insignificant. Its position above the adult brain is shared with most Stolidobranchiate Ascidians, and in these the neural gland, when present, is developed above the brain, instead of beneath it. The one Botryllid feature which demands special explanation, therefore, is the peculiar development and fate of the large, transitory precerebral lobe in front of the cerebral vesicle.