bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating nutrition education interventions for medical students: A rapid review
Authors: Patel Priya , Kassam Shireen 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundUnhealthy diets account for 20% of all deaths globally. Most medical schools do not sufficiently teach their students the clinical application of nutrition science. Evaluating the efficacy of nutrition education interventions is therefore important for their widespread implementation.MethodsA rapid review of the literature published between 2015 and 2020 was conducted to identify nutrition education interventions delivered to undergraduate medical students. The modified Kirkpatrick hierarchy score was used to evaluate the outcome measures. Study characteristics and outcomes were charted and discussed using narrative synthesis. Included studies were appraised using the MERSQI criteria.ResultsFifteen nutrition education interventions met the inclusion criteria. Twelve were from the USA and most were optional rather than compulsory. Interventions involved a mixture of methods including cooking sessions, lectures, and student‐led programs. The content covered was variable and the median duration was 11 h (range 90 min to 75 h). The modified Kirkpatrick scores varied and the median MERSQI score was 12.8/18. No studies reported the use of national or standardised guidance to inform the learning objectives of the interventions.ConclusionsThe interventions reviewed are heterogenous in their nature and outcomes. This review highlights the advantages of utilising interprofessional learning, focusing on student's personal health behaviours and harnessing novel teaching methods such as hands‐on cooking. Using national guidance to develop learning outcomes will help to standardise the content taught. Future studies may aim to use validated assessment tools and investigate the long‐term impacts on delivery of care and patient outcomes.
Capacity of nurses working in long‐term care: A systematic review qualitative synthesis
Authors: Compton Roslyn M. , Hubbard Murdoch Natasha , Press Madeline M. , Lowe Marilee E. , Ottley Katherine M. , Barlow Marilyn , Gartner Michelle , Cranley Lisa C. , Shi Yining , Craswell Alison 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe United Nations calculates there were 703 million adults 65 years and older globally as of 2019 with this number projected to double by 2050. A significant number of older adults live with comorbid health conditions, making the role of a nurse in long‐term care (LTC) complex. Our objective was to identify the challenges, facilitators, workload, professional development and clinical environment issues that influence nurses and nursing students to seek work and continue to work in LTC settings.MethodsEligibility criteria included being a nurse in a LTC setting and research with a substantial qualitative component. Multiple databases (including Medline and CINAHL) were searched between 2013 and 2019 along with grey literature. Covidence was used to organise a team of 10 into a paired review of titles and abstracts to the final full text screening, extraction and appraisal with the CASP Qualitative Studies Checklist. Analysis involved a thematic synthesis approach. The Enhancing Transparency in Reporting the Synthesis of Qualitative Research (ENTREQ) checklist informed the writing of the review.ResultsThe search resulted in 18 articles and dissertations. Areas investigated included recruitment, resilience, employment and retention, how nurses perceived their professional work, rewards and difficulties, supervision, student preceptorship and career aspiration, nurses' perceptions of occupational status, along with leadership, education and development needs, and intentions to manage resident deteriorating health. The five themes were (1) perspectives of nursing influenced by the organisation, (2) pride in, and capacity to build relationships, (3) stretching beyond the technical skills, (4) autonomy, and (5) taking on the challenge of societal perceptions.DiscussionThis review revealed what is required to recruit nursing students to careers in LTC and retain nurses. To be explored is how staff can work to their full scope of practice and the resultant impact on resident care, including how to maximise a meaningful life for residents and their families.RegistrationNational Institute for Health Research UK (Prospero ID: CRD42019125214).
Discussing around a virtual fire: Citizen engagement in a shared Decision‐Making conference
Authors: Blanchette Virginie , Plourde Karine , Côté Isabelle , Poulin Guy , Légaré France 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn online conference was organized to promote the Interprofessional Shared Decision‐Making model and maximize its dissemination among stakeholders (citizens, health care providers, administrative staffs, policy makers, academics) in Canada. The goal was to enhance knowledge of and engagement in shared decision‐making in a patient‐oriented research, since shared decision‐making has been hampered by reduced face‐to‐face contact, fear of infection, and overworked health professionals due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Therefore, we share a summary of what has been done to engage citizens in shared decision‐making and to inform the interprofessional community about active citizen engagement in an online conference.
Balancing security and care: Gender relations of nursing staff in forensic psychiatric care
Authors: Kumpula Esa , Ekstrand Per , Gustafsson Lena‐Karin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis study departs from the built‐in tension of the dual goals of forensic psychiatric care in Sweden, which are to protect society as well as to care for patients. The majority of violence that takes place is perpetrated by men. Therefore, the views of nursing staff on violence as a gendered phenomenon have an impact on the care provision. There is a need for further knowledge of how norms of violence are intertwined with the construction of gender. The aim of this study was to use a gender perspective to demonstrate the views of nursing staff on security and care and the consequences for their relationships with patients. The study adopts an ethnographic approach, with data consisting of field notes from participatory observations and interviews with nursing staff at two maximum‐security clinics. We show how the perceptions of nursing staff about gender relations are based on heteronormative thinking, which affects their practice. This implies that if gender is ignored in relation to the dual goals, there is a risk of perpetrating patterns of unequal conditions. Therefore, it is vital to make gender visible to counteract unequal conditions for nursing staff and address patients' individual care needs.
Human face‐off: a new method for mapping evolutionary rates on three‐dimensional digital models
Authors: Castiglione Silvia , Melchionna Marina , Profico Antonio , Sansalone Gabriele , Modafferi Maria , Mondanaro Alessandro , Wroe Stephen , Piras Paolo , Raia Pasquale 
Published: November 2021

AbstractModern phylogenetic comparative methods allow us to estimate evolutionary rates of phenotypic change, how these rates differ across clades, and to assess whether the rates remained constant over time. Unfortunately, currently available phylogenetic comparative tools express the rate in terms of a scalar dimension, and do not allow us to determine rate variations among different parts of a single, complex phenotype, or chart realized rate variation directly onto the phenotype. We present a new method which allows the mapping of evolutionary rate variation directly onto three‐dimensional phenotypes, informing on the direction and magnitude of trait change automatically. Implemented using the function rate.map embedded in the R package RRphylo, this method is based on phylogenetic ridge regression rate estimates. Since the latter represent ridge regression slopes, they possess sign and magnitude. In RRphylo, different rates are calculated for different districts of the phenotype, which can then be visualized directly onto the phenotype itself. We present the application of rate.map to the evolution of facial skeleton in Hominoidea, the primate clade inclusive of Homo and the greater apes (including living and fossil taxa). We found that the highly derived, unique shape of the face in modern humans evolved through rapid phenotypic changes affecting the nasal bones, the brow ridge and the maxillary region. The canine fossa, a facial feature unique to Homo sapiens, did not belong to a region of rapid phenotypic change, and could be seen as the by‐product of midface evolution as suggested by previous studies.
Cassava common mosaic virus infection affects growth and yield components of cassava plants (Manihot esculenta) in Argentina
Authors: Collavino Agostina , Zanini Andrea A. , Medina Ricardo , Schaller Silvia , Di Feo Liliana 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCassava is an important crop with great economic and social significance in many countries. Most of its biomass is usable: storage roots can be destined for industry or fresh consumption, leaves are a source of protein, vitamins, and minerals, and stems can be used as propagation material. Due to its vegetative propagation, cassava yield is greatly constrained by viral diseases. Cassava common mosaic virus (CsCMV), one of the most widely spread viruses in Latin America, is the only cassava‐infecting potexvirus able to cause disease in a single infection: cassava common mosaic disease (CCMD). Here, we evaluated the effect of an Argentinian strain of CsCMV on several agronomic traits. Field trials were established in north‐eastern Argentina for three successive cropping seasons, 2016/17, 2017/18, and 2018/19. CsCMV presence was confirmed by PCR or ELISA tests in mechanically inoculated cassava plants. The evaluated traits were plant height (PH), total fresh weight (TFW), shoot fresh weight (SFW), diameter and FW of tuberous root per plant (TRD and FWTR), FW of each individual tuberous root (FWiTR), length and number of tuberous roots (TRL and TRN), harvest index (HI), and estimated yield of tuberous root (EY) in both infected and noninfected plants. Significant yield losses were recorded in infected plants. The most affected traits were EY and FWTR (both showing 44.3% of losses), followed by TFW, SFW, TRN, and FWiTR (37.8%, 33.5%, 29.9%, and 24.8% of losses, respectively). These losses are extremely high for Argentina, where this crop provides food security and demand for the raw material is unsatisfied.
Is prenatal diet associated with the composition of the vaginal microbiome?
Authors: Rosen Emma M. , Martin Chantel L. , Siega‐Riz Anna Maria , Dole Nancy , Basta Patricia V. , Serrano Myrna , Fettweis Jennifer , Wu Michael , Sun Shan , Thorp John M. , Buck Gregory , Fodor Anthony A. , Engel Stephanie M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe vaginal microbiome has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, but information on the impact of diet on microbiome composition is largely unexamined.ObjectiveTo estimate the association between prenatal diet and vaginal microbiota composition overall and by race.MethodsWe leveraged a racially diverse prenatal cohort of North Carolina women enrolled between 1995 and 2001 to conduct this analysis using cross‐sectional data. Women completed food frequency questionnaires about diet in the previous 3 months and foods were categorised into subgroups: fruits, vegetables, nuts/seeds, whole grains, low‐fat dairy, sweetened beverages and red meat. We additionally assessed dietary vitamin D, fibre and yogurt consumption. Stored vaginal swabs collected in mid‐pregnancy were sequenced using 16S taxonomic profiling. Women were categorised into three groups based on predominance of species: Lactobacillus iners, Lactobacillus miscellaneous and Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)‐associated bacteria. Adjusted Poisson models with robust variance estimators were run to assess the risk of being in a specific vagitype compared to the referent. Race‐stratified models (Black/White) were also run.ResultsIn this study of 634 women, higher consumption of dairy was associated with increased likelihood of membership in the L. crispatus group compared to the L. iners group in a dose‐dependent manner (risk ratio quartile 4 vs. 1: 2.01, 95% confidence interval 1.36, 2.95). Increased intake of fruit, vitamin D, fibre and yogurt was also associated with increased likelihood of membership in L. crispatus compared to L. iners, but only among black women. Statistical heterogeneity was only detected for fibre intake. There were no detected associations between any other food groups or risk of membership in the BV group.ConclusionsHigher consumption of low‐fat dairy was associated with increased likelihood of membership in a beneficial vagitype, potentially driven by probiotics.
Estimation of the Combined Effects of Ageing and Seasonality on Mortality Risk: An Application to Spain
Authors: Pavía Jose M. , Lledó Josep 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Despite the overwhelming evidence that shows the persistence of intra-annual variations on demographic events (deaths, birth dates and migration flows), life tables are computed and provided on an annual basis. This paper develops a new estimator for estimating sub-annual death rates that, considering the exact moment of occurrence (exact age and day) of events, concurrently accounts for ageing and calendar fluctuations. This paper also shows how modelling the intra-annual variations of death rates, through specific seasonal–ageing indexes, can be used as a tool for constructing new sub-annual tables from annual tables. This new methodology is exemplified using a real database of Spain made up of 186 million demographic events (1.5 million of which are deaths), from which seasonal–ageing indexes are estimated and conclusions drawn. First, seasonal effects are, as a rule, stronger than ageing effects. For a given integer age, season has a higher impact on increasing or decreasing the average risk of death at that age than the actual age of the exposed-to-risk. Second, the intensity of the effects varies among seasons and age-quarters. Third, neither seasonal nor ageing effects are age-stationary. Their impact, be it to varying degrees, intensifies as people get older. Fourth, there is interaction between seasonal and ageing effects. In short, life expectancies and probabilities of dying/surviving not only depend on people’s age, but also on when their birthday falls within the year. This has implications, for instance, in managing pension systems or for insurance companies.
Moderation of Radical Right‐wing Populist Parties in Western European Governments – A Comparative Analysis
Authors: Capaul Raphael , Ewert Christian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMore and more Western European radical right‐wing populist parties participate in the governments of their respective countries. At least some of these parties moderate—that is, become less radical—once they join the government; others, however, do not. Although the literature has addressed such moderation, the conditions that lead to it have not been analyzed comprehensively. In this paper, we use a fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA, N = 14) to determine what conditions are consistently associated with moderation across cases. We find that the degree of governmental responsibility a party takes over is as important as its internal dynamic. In a ruling coalition, compromises must be found, which can create high internal tensions within the radical right‐wing populist party. Joining government can thus have its price: a crisis of party identity and a strong compulsion to moderate.
Far Field of a Three-Dimensional Laminar Wall Jet
Authors: But I. I. , Gailfullin A. M. , Zhvick V. V. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We consider a steady submerged laminar jet of viscous incompressible fluid flowing out of a tube and propagating along a solid plane surface. The numerical solution of Navier–Stokes equations is obtained in the stationary three-dimensional formulation. The hypothesis that at large distances from the tube exit the flowfield is described by the self-similar solution of the parabolized Navier–Stokes equations is confirmed. The asymptotic expansions of the self-similar solution are obtained for small and large values of the coordinate in the jet cross-section. Using the numerical solution the self-similarity exponent is determined. An explicit dependence of the self-similar solution on the Reynolds number and the conditions in the jet source is determined.
Predicting neurodevelopmental outcomes in fetuses with isolated mild ventriculomegaly
Authors: Griffiths Paul David , Jarvis Deborah , Connolly Daniel J , Mooney Cara , Embleton Nicholas , Hart Anthony Richard 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundFetal ventriculomegaly is the the most common intracranial abnormality detected antenatally. When ventriculomegaly is mild and the only, isolated, abnormality detected (isolated mild ventriculomegaly (IMVM)) the prognosis is generally considered to be good. We aim to determine if there are features on in utero MRI (iuMRI) that can identify fetuses with IMVM who have lower risks of abnormal neurodevelopment outcome.MethodsWe studied cases recruited into the MRI to enhance the diagnosis of fetal developmental brain abnormalities in utero (MERIDIAN) study, specifically those with: confirmed IMVM, 3D volume imaging of the fetal brain and neurodevelopmental outcomes at 3 years. We explored the influence of sex of the fetus, laterality of the ventriculomegaly and intracranial compartmental volumes in relation to neurodevelopmental outcome.FindingsForty-two fetuses met the criteria (33 male and 9 female). There was no obvious correlation between fetal sex and the risk of poor neurodevelopmental outcome. Unilateral IMVM was present in 23 fetuses and bilateral IMVM in 19 fetuses. All fetuses with unilateral IMVM had normal neurodevelopmental outcomes, while only 12/19 with bilateral IMVM had normal neurodevelopmental outcomes. There was no obvious correlation between measure of intracranial volumes and risk of abnormal developmental outcomes.InterpretationThe most important finding is the very high chance of a good neurodevelopmental outcome observed in fetuses with unilateral IMVM, which is a potentially important finding for antenatal counselling. There does not appear to be a link between the volume of the ventricular system or brain volume and the risk of poor neurodevelopmental outcome.
Single versus continuous sustained inflations during chest compressions and physiological-based cord clamping in asystolic lambs
Authors: Schmölzer Georg M , Roberts Calum T , Blank Douglas A , Badurdeen Shiraz , Miller Suzanne L , Crossley Kelly J , Stojanovska Vanesa , Galinsky Robert , Kluckow Martin , Gill Andrew W , Hooper Stuart B , Polglase Graeme R 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundThe feasibility and benefits of continuous sustained inflations (SIs) during chest compressions (CCs) during delayed cord clamping (physiological-based cord clamping; PBCC) are not known. We aimed to determine whether continuous SIs during CCs would reduce the time to return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and improve post-asphyxial blood pressures and flows in asystolic newborn lambs.MethodsFetal sheep were surgically instrumented immediately prior to delivery at ~139 days’ gestation and asphyxia induced until lambs reached asystole. Lambs were randomised to either immediate cord clamping (ICC) or PBCC. Lambs then received a single SI (SIsing; 30 s at 30 cmH2O) followed by intermittent positive pressure ventilation, or continuous SIs (SIcont: 30 s duration with 1 s break). We thus examined 4 groups: ICC +SIsing, ICC +SIcont, PBCC +SIsing, and PBCC +SIcont. Chest compressions and epinephrine administration followed international guidelines. PBCC lambs underwent cord clamping 10 min after ROSC. Physiological and oxygenation variables were measured throughout.ResultsThe time taken to achieve ROSC was not different between groups (mean (SD) 4.3±2.9 min). Mean and diastolic blood pressure was higher during chest compressions in PBCC lambs compared with ICC lambs, but no effect of SIs was observed. SIcontsignificantly reduced pulmonary blood flow, diastolic blood pressure and oxygenation after ROSC compared with SIsing.ConclusionWe found no significant benefit of SIcontover SIsingduring CPR on the time to ROSC or on post-ROSC haemodynamics, but did demonstrate the feasibility of continuous SIs during advanced CPR on an intact umbilical cord. Longer-term studies are recommended before this technique is used routinely in clinical practice.
Diabetes technologies for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes are highly dependent on coverage and reimbursement: results from a worldwide survey
Authors: Dos Santos Tiago Jeronimo , Dave Chetankumar , MacLeish Sarah , Wood Jamie R 
Published: November 2021

IntroductionTo study healthcare professionals’ (HCP) perceptions on decision making to start insulin pumps and continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems in pediatric type 1 diabetes.Research design and methodsAn electronic survey supported by the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) was disseminated through a weblink structured as follows: (1) HCP’s sociodemographic and work profile; (2) perceptions about indications and contraindications for insulin pumps and (3) for CGM systems; and (4) decision making on six case scenarios.Results247 responses from 49 countries were analyzed. Seventy per cent of respondents were members of ISPAD. Most of participants were women over 40 years old, who practice as pediatric endocrinologists for more than 10 years at university/academic centers and follow more than 500 people with type 1 diabetes. Although insulin pumps and CGMs are widely available and highly recommended among respondents, their uptake is influenced by access to healthcare coverage/insurance. Personal preference and cost of therapy were identified as the main reasons for turning down diabetes technologies. Parental educational level, language comprehension and income were the most relevant socioeconomic factors that would influence HCPs to recommend diabetes technologies, while gender, religious affiliation and race/ethnicity or citizenship were the least relevant.ConclusionsResponders seem to be markedly supportive of starting people on diabetes technologies. However, coverage/insurance for devices holds the biggest impact on the extent of their recommendations.