bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructure, Mechanical Properties, and Martensitic Transformation in NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Fabricated Using Electron Beam Additive Manufacturing Technique
Authors: Dutkiewicz Jan , Rogal Łukasz , Kalita Damian , Kawałko Jakub , Węglowski Marek Stanisław , Kwieciński Krzysztof , Śliwiński Piotr , Danielewski Hubert , Antoszewski Bogdan , Cesari Eduard 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe electron beam additive manufacturing (EBAM) method was applied in order to fabricate rectangular-shaped NiTi component. The process was performed using an electron beam welding system using wire feeder inside the vacuum chamber. NiTi wire containing 50.97 at.% Ni and showing martensitic transformation near room temperature was used. It allowed to obtain a good quality material consisting of columnar grains elongated into the built direction growing directly from the NiTi substrate, which is related to the epitaxial grain growth mechanism. As manufactured material showed martensitic and reverse transformations diffused over the temperature range from −10 to 44 °C, the applied aging at 500° C moved the transformation to higher temperatures and transformation peaks became sharper. The highest recoverable strain of about 3.5% was obtained in the as-deposited sample deformed along the deposition direction. In the case of deformation of the alloy aged at 500 °C for 2h, the formation of martensite occurs at significantly lower stress; however, at about 2.5% the stress begins to increase gradually and only a small shape recovery was observed due to a higher martensitic transformation temperature. In situ SEM tensile deformation in the direction perpendicular to deposition direction showed that the martensite began to appear at the surface of the sample and at the grain boundaries due to heterogeneous nucleation. In situ studies allowed to determine the following crystallographic relationships between B2 and B19’ martensite: (100)B2||(100)B19’and (100) B2 || (011)B19’; (011)B2|| (001)B19’and$${(011)}_{\mathrm{B}2}||{\left(11\bar{1 }\right)}_{\mathrm{B}1{9}^{\mathrm{^{\prime}}}}$$(011)B2||111¯B19′. Samples aged at 500 °C exhibited fully austenitic microstructure; however, with increasing degree of deformation, the formation of martensite was observed. The majority of needles were tilted about 45° with respect to the tensile direction, and the presence of type I (11$$\bar{1 }$$1¯) invariant twin boundaries was observed at higher degrees of deformation.
Hypnotisability and the Cerebellum: Hypotheses and Perspectives
Authors: Santarcangelo Enrica Laura , Manzoni Diego 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHypnotisability is a multidimensional trait predicting the proneness to enter hypnosis and/or accept suggestions and is associated with several psychophysiological correlates. This scoping review reports the differences between individuals with high (highs) and low hypnotizability (lows) in the left cerebellar lobules IV–VI grey matter volume, in the excitability of the right motor cortex and in motor and non-motor functions in which the cerebellum may be involved. A reduced cerebellar inhibition may explain the greater excitability of the highs’ right motor cortex. The latter may be involved in their greater proneness to ideomotor behaviour following sensorimotor suggestions. The associated experience of involuntariness and effortlessness could be due to the motor cortex greater excitability as well as to activation of a specific cerebellar-parietal circuit. Looser postural and visuomotor control with no learning across trials and greater attentional stability can be accounted for by a less accurate cerebellar predictive model of information processing. The highs’ stronger functional equivalence between imagery and perception/action and greater motor excitability may be involved in the highs’ greater proneness to respond to emotional stimuli. Paradoxical pain control may depend on reduced cortical inhibition of the pain matrix by the cerebellum. Cerebellar hypotheses are not alternative to other physiological mechanisms and should be tested in future research.
Comparison of Proactive Braking Intervention System Acceptability via Field Operation Tests in Different Regions
Authors: Ito Takuma , Matsumi Ryosuke , Saito Yuichi , Yamasaki Akito , Inoue Shintaro , Shimizu Tsukasa , Nagai Masao , Inoue Hideo , Kamata Minoru 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTo evaluate the generalities of acceptability of a proactive braking intervention system, which anticipates an imaginary pedestrian rushing out from occluded areas, and driving environmental dependencies, we conducted field operation tests (FOTs), where 146 elderly drivers participated at three evaluation sites with different urban characteristics. Analyses regarding the coexisting traffic participants illustrate driving environmental characteristics at each evaluation site. Evaluations via TMT-J, DSQ, and WSQ compare the characteristics of experimental participants. Based on these results as premises, we analyze questionnaire answers regarding the proposed system. As a result, we confirm the generalities that more than half of the participants at each evaluation site expressed a desire to introduce the proposed system into their own vehicle.
Manufacturing readiness assessment for evaluation of the microneedle array patch industry: an exploration of barriers to full-scale manufacturing
Authors: Creelman Ben , Frivold Collrane , Jessup Sierra , Saxon Gene , Jarrahian Courtney 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMicroneedle array patch (MAP) technology is a promising new delivery technology for vaccines and pharmaceuticals, yet due to several differing and novel production methods, barriers to full-scale manufacturing exist. PATH conducted a manufacturing readiness assessment and follow-up interviews to identify both the current manufacturing readiness of the industry as well as how readiness varies by developer type and MAP type. Follow-up interviews identified barriers the industry faces in reaching full manufacturing readiness, including the perceived regulatory and investment risk of manufacturing MAPs at scale due to quality requirements and control methods, uncertain sterility requirements, lack of standard production methods (especially around dissolvable MAP drying methods), and the lack of available contract manufacturing organizations with MAP manufacturing capabilities. A Regulatory Working Group has been established to identify and address critical quality issues specific to MAP manufacturing with the aim of providing developers insight into what will be expected for MAP product approvals. Standardizing MAP production equipment and automatic, visual quality control could reduce the overall investment risk to developers and contract manufacturing organizations in pursuing pilot-scale manufacturing capabilities and ultimately lower barriers to the scale-up of full medical MAP product lines.
Graphical abstract
Reproduction of Varroa destructor does not elicit varroa sensitive hygiene (VSH) or recapping behaviour in honey bee colonies (Apis mellifera)
Authors: Sprau Lina , Hasselmann Martin , Rosenkranz Peter 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSuppressed mite reproduction (SMR) is an important trait for the selection of Varroa resistant honey bee colonies. It has repeatedly been assumed that SMR is an effect of varroa sensitive hygiene (VSH) when hygienic bees preferably remove those brood cells where the mite has reproduced. We here compare the VSH behaviour of honey bees toward brood cells artificial infested with a varroa mite. By infesting half of the brood cells directly after the cell capping and the other half only 24 h later, we established two groups with high (> 75%) and low (< 2%) mite reproduction. After 8 days, about 40% of the infested brood cells were removed, however without any difference between both groups. Likewise, no group differences were recorded in the percentage of recapped brood cells. This strongly indicates that the presence of mite offspring is not a crucial trigger for the VSH behaviour. SMR data like the percentage of non-reproducing mites are therefore not the optimal measure for the selection of colonies with high VSH.
A gene drive does not spread easily in populations of the honey bee parasite Varroa destructor
Authors: Faber Nicky R. , Meiborg Adriaan B. , Mcfarlane Gus R. , Gorjanc Gregor , Harpur Brock A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractVarroa mites (Varroa destructor) are the most significant threat to beekeeping worldwide. They are directly or indirectly responsible for millions of colony losses each year. Beekeepers are somewhat able to control varroa populations through the use of physical and chemical treatments. However, these methods range in effectiveness, can harm honey bees, can be physically demanding on the beekeeper, and do not always provide complete protection from varroa. More importantly, in some populations varroa mites have developed resistance to available acaricides. Overcoming the varroa mite problem will require novel and targeted treatment options. Here, we explore the potential of gene drive technology to control varroa. We show that spreading a neutral gene drive in varroa is possible but requires specific colony-level management practices to overcome the challenges of both inbreeding and haplodiploidy. Furthermore, continued treatment with acaricides is necessary to give a gene drive time to fix in the varroa population. Unfortunately, a gene drive that impacts female or male fertility does not spread in varroa. Therefore, we suggest that the most promising way forward is to use a gene drive which carries a toxin precursor or removes acaricide resistance alleles.
On Schneider’s Continued Fraction Map on a Complete Non-Archimedean Field
Authors: Haddley A. , Nair R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLet $${\mathcal {M}}$$
M
denote the maximal ideal of the ring of integers of a non-Archimedean field K with residue class field k whose invertible elements, we denote $$k^{\times }$$

k
×

, and a uniformizer we denote $$\pi $$
π
. In this paper, we consider the map $$T_{v}: {\mathcal {M}} \rightarrow {\mathcal {M}}$$

T
v

:
M
→
M

defined by $$\begin{aligned} T_v(x) = \frac{\pi ^{v(x)}}{x} - b(x), \end{aligned}$$

T
v

(
x
)

=

π

v
(
x
)

x

-
b

(
x
)

,

where b(x) denotes the equivalence class to which $$\frac{\pi ^{v(x)}}{x}$$

π

v
(
x
)

x

belongs in $$k^{\times }$$

k
×

. We show that $$T_v$$

T
v

preserves Haar measure $$\mu $$
μ
on the compact abelian topological group $${\mathcal {M}}$$
M
. Let $${\mathcal {B}}$$
B
denote the Haar $$\sigma $$
σ
-algebra on $${\mathcal {M}}$$
M
. We show the natural extension of the dynamical system $$({\mathcal {M}}, {\mathcal {B}}, \mu , T_v)$$

(
M
,
B
,
μ
,

T
v

)

is Bernoulli and has entropy $$\frac{\#( k)}{\#( k^{\times })}\log (\#( k))$$

#
(
k
)

#
(

k
×

)

log

(
#

(
k
)

)

. The first of these two properties is used to study the average behaviour of the convergents arising from $$T_v$$

T
v

. Here for a finite set A its cardinality has been denoted by $$\# (A)$$

#
(
A
)

. In the case $$K = {\mathbb {Q}}_p$$

K
=

Q
p

, i.e. the field of p-adic numbers, the map $$T_v$$

T
v

reduces to the well-studied continued fraction map due to Schneider.
Empathy in Medical Education: Its Nature and Nurture — a Qualitative Study of the Views of Students and Tutors
Authors: Laughey William F , Atkinson Jane , Craig Alison M , Douglas Laura , Brown Megan EL , Scott Jessica L , Alberti Hugh , Finn Gabrielle M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Context
Medical education is committed to teaching patient centred communication and empathy. However, quantitative research suggests empathy scores tend to decline as students progress through medical school. In qualitative terms, there is a need to better understand how students and tutors view the practice and teaching of clinical empathy and the phenomenon of empathic erosion.

Methods
Working within a constructivist paradigm, researchers thematically analysed the individual interview data from a purposive sample of 13 senior students and 9 tutors.

Results
The four major themes were as follows: (1) ‘the nature of empathy’, including the concept of the innate empathy that students already possess at the beginning of medical school; (2) ‘beyond the formal curriculum’ and the central importance of role modelling; (3) ‘the formal curriculum and the tick-box influence of assessments’; and (4) the ‘durability of empathy’, including ethical erosion and resilience. A garden model of empathy development is proposed — beginning with the innate seeds of empathy that students bring to medical school, the flowering of empathy is a fragile process, subject to both enablers and barriers in the formal, informal, and hidden curricula.

Conclusion
This study provides insights into empathic erosion in medical school, including the problems of negative role modelling and the limitations of an assessment system that rewards ‘tick-box’ representations of empathy, rather than true acts of compassion. It also identifies factors that should enable the flowering of empathy, such as new pedagogical approaches to resilience and a role for the arts and humanities.
Medical Students’ Opinions of Anatomy Teaching Resources and Their Role in Achieving Learning Outcomes
Authors: Abdullah Elias , Lone Mutahira , Cray James J. , Dvoracek Peter , Balta Joy Y. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSeveral teaching resources are used to enhance the learning of anatomy. The purpose of this study was to examine the preference of medical students on the use of various resources to learn anatomy and their link to 12 learning outcomes. A selected response item questionnaire was administered that asked students to rank six laboratory teaching resources from most to least preferred, and rate how useful these six resources were towards achieving 12 learning outcomes. These learning outcomes covered many of the learning domains such as demonstrating an understanding of anatomy, visualizing structures, appreciating clinical correlations, and understanding anatomical variations. Medical students ranked cadaveric prosections paired with an active learning clinical tutorial as the highest rank and most useful resource for learning anatomy, followed by dissection videos, electronic resources, and printed material, followed by plastinated specimens and plastic models. Overall, cadaveric prosections were also rated as the most helpful teaching resource in achieving various learning outcomes. In conclusion, anatomy teachers should provide prosections coupled with clinical tutorials as well as electronic resources as students prefer these and think they help them learn anatomy. Future studies will investigate the impact of using these resources on students’ performance.
Correction to: One-dimensional drift-flux correlations for two-phase flow in medium-size channels
Authors: Hibiki Takashi 
Published: October 2021

Correction to:Takashi HibikiOne-dimensional drift-flux correlations for two-phase flow in medium-size channels Experimental and Computational Multiphase Flow 2019, 1(2): 85–100
10.1007/s42757-019-0009-y
A novel classification of tracheal defects and the reconstruction strategies: A retrospective study based on 106 cases
Authors: Xia Xin , Zhu Xiao‐Li , Zhu Ying‐Ying , Diao Wen‐Wen , Chen Xing‐Ming 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe study aims to present a novel classification of tracheal defects and the corresponding reconstruction strategies.MethodsThe retrospective study was designed to analyze patients with diagnosed primary or secondary tracheal tumors from 1991 to 2020. Surgical techniques, complications and prognosis were reviewed. Airway status and patient outcomes were the principal follow‐up measures. Tracheal defects were classified into two plane sizes (vertical (V) and horizontal (H) planes). Vertical defects were further categorized into three groups based on their tracheal ring numbers (V1, ≤ 5 rings; V2, 6‐10 rings; and V3, > 10 rings). Tracheal defects with horizontal plane size H1 and H2 represent defects less and more than one‐half the circumference of trachea. Thus, suitable reconstruction strategies were planned primarily based on “V” and “H” classifications. The reconstruction strategies performed were sleeve resection followed by an end‐to‐end anastomosis, window resection with sternocleidomastoid myoperiosteal flap reconstruction, defects conversion with rotation anastomosis, and modified tracheostomy with secondary flap reconstruction.ResultsA total of 106 patients diagnosed with tracheal defects were enrolled in the study, of whom 59 patients underwent sleeve resection followed by end‐to‐end anastomosis; 40 patients received window resection alongside sternocleidomastoid (SCM) myoperiosteal flap reconstruction; five patients received converting defects with rotation anastomosis and two patients underwent modified tracheostomy with secondary stage flap reconstruction. Lumen stenosis occurred in three V2H1 defect cases and were treated by a second reconstruction surgery. Iatrogenic unilateral recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis occurred in two patients with the V3H2 defect type, who were treated by temporary tracheotomy and partial vocal cord resection and extubated successfully during follow‐up. All 106 patients achieved airway patency with adequate laryngeal function at the end of follow‐up. No anastomotic dehiscence or bleeding occurred in any patient postoperatively.ConclusionThough a significant number of multicenter studies concerning the reconstruction and classification of tracheal defects are needed, the study herein provides a novel classification of tracheal defects, which is primarily developed on the defect size. Therefore, the study might serve as a potential source for identifying suitable reconstruction strategies for practitioners.
Un nouveau “cheval de Troie”? Regard sur la codification des normes impératives du droit international général (jus cogens)
Authors: MOULIN THIBAULT 
Published: October 2021

RésuméDepuis 2014, la Commission du droit international (CDI) étudie la question des normes impératives (jus cogens). Si ce projet a le mérite d’en éclaircir les aspects, cette contribution avance que certaines de ses observations peuvent aussi être assimilées à des “chevaux de Troie,” et pour deux raisons. Premièrement, certains principes entourant l’accès à l’impérativité pourraient favoriser la définition arbitraire de normes de jus cogens (rejet de la théorie de l’objecteur persistant en la matière, rôle des juridictions). Deuxièmement, certains effets attachés à l’impérativité pourraient être vecteurs de conséquences qui n’ont a priori pas été évaluées par la CDI (conformité des résolutions du Conseil de sécurité et des normes coutumières au jus cogens).
Establishing a data-based scattering kernel model for gas–solid interaction by molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Wang Zijing , Song Chengqian , Qin Fenghua , Luo Xisheng 
Published: October 2021

Scattering kernel models for gas–solid interaction are crucial for rarefied gas flows and microscale flows. However, most existing models depend on certain accommodation coefficients (ACs). We propose here to construct a data-based model using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation and machine learning. The gas–solid interaction is first modelled by 100 000 MD simulations of a single gas molecule reflecting on the wall surface, which is fulfilled by GPU parallel technology. The results showed a correlation of the reflection velocity with the incidence velocity in the same direction, and also revealed correlations that may exist in different directions, which are neglected by the traditional gas–solid interaction model. Inspired by the sophisticated Cercignani–Lampis–Lord (CLL) model, two improved scattering kernels were constructed to better reproduce the probability density of velocity determined from MD simulation. The first one adopts variable ACs which depend on the incidence velocity and the second one combines three CLL-like kernels. All the parameters in the improved kernels are automatically chosen by the machine learning method. Compared with the numerical experiments of a molecular beam, the reconstructed scattering kernels are basically consistent with the MD results.
The Territorial Representativeness of Italian Ministerial Elites: From the Regional “Parity Norm” to the Rise of Technocrats
Authors: Tronconi Filippo , Verzichelli Luca 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe territorial composition of governments (that is, the geographical origin of its members) has received little attention from political scientists. However, prime ministers, ministers, and junior ministers clearly have a territorial characterization and preferential attachments to specific places that can potentially affect the way decisions are made and resources are allocated. In this article, we focus on these aspects, showing the evolution of the territorial representativeness of Italian governmental elites over the last four decades and proposing some interpretations of its changes. In particular, we describe the transition from a balanced regional representation (the “parity norm”) to a multitude of different patterns of territorial representation that we observe across parties nowadays. We propose three explanations for such changes: the first is based on the transformation of the party system in the nineties, with the emergence of parties such as the Northern League, with a specific regional focus; the second is based on the regionalization of the Italian state and its consequences on political career paths; the third is based on the increasing recruitment of technocrats in ministerial offices.
Prenatal negative affectivity and trauma-related distress predict mindful parenting during toddler age: Examining parent–infant bonding as a mechanism
Authors: Laifer Lauren M. , DiLillo David , Brock Rebecca L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDespite findings demonstrating the importance of parental present-centered awareness, factors undermining mindful parenting have received less attention. Increasingly, evidence points to parental psychopathology as a salient risk factor for parenting difficulties. Thus, the goal of the present study was to investigate specific dimensions of parental trauma-related distress and general negative affectivity during pregnancy as predictors of mindful parenting during toddler age. Parental psychopathology, parent–infant bonding, and mindful parenting were assessed in a sample of heterosexual couples (N = 159) across four waves of data collection spanning pregnancy to child age two. Data were analyzed using path analysis within a dyadic framework. Results demonstrated the unique impact of maternal trauma-related distress during pregnancy (e.g., intrusions and avoidance) on facets of mindful parenting more than two years later. Further, among both mothers and fathers, general negative affectivity common across internalizing disorders undermined mindful parenting through impaired parent–infant bonding. Findings highlight the need for early intervention efforts that incorporate mindfulness strategies to reduce subthreshold symptoms of prenatal psychopathology, promote healthy bonding, and improve parental awareness and self-regulation, thereby enhancing the overall parent–child relationship.