bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Houses of Moral Suasion: Between Rehabilitation and Punishment
Authors: Park Young Sun 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article traces the conceptual, legal, and institutional development of Korean “houses of moral suasion” by exploring the example of the first such institution, the Yŏnghŭng School, founded in 1923. The appearance of houses of moral suasion in this era showcases the institutionalization of children deemed problematic and thus undesirable. The idea of rescuing and disciplining children became interconnected and conflated as these children were conceived of as both victims and threats, a process of othering that defined them as simultaneously needy and problematic. In dealing with children, social work aimed to be both disciplinary and protective, and the discourse surrounding the institutionalization of vulnerable children demonstrated the methods through which Korean society criminalized, disciplined, and corrected marginalized children. The link between vagrant or orphaned children and delinquency can be read as a fundamental reordering of the relationship between modern disciplinary power and marginalized children. This in turn reinforced the regulatory approach to undesirable children more generally in colonial Korea.
Part 1: a qualitative description of participation in an eight-week infant skin integrity study
Authors: Phipps Fiona MacVane , Price Alan D , Ackers-Johnson James , Cook Penny A , Lythgoe Jeanne 
Published: April 2021

Background The qualitative phase of the Baby Skin Integrity Comparison Survey (BaSICS) study was designed to address a dearth of information about research recruitment and retention, and how mothers make decisions about neonatal skincare. Aims The aim of the qualitative phase of the BaSICS study was to explore participants' experience of participating in the research and how this interrelated with the experience of newborn skincare. Methods Semi-structured, face-to-face or telephonic interviews were used to collect data. Interviews were transcribed verbatim. Data analysis used both software and manual methods. Findings Motivation included both altruism and personal benefits. The bespoke smartphone application was a convenient and easy tool for data collection, and being afforded full responsibility for observing and recording infant skin condition increased mothers' awareness of skin changes. Family, friends and the internet were the most commonly used sources of information about baby skincare. Conclusion The qualitative interview component of the BaSICS study provided information that could not have been deduced from the daily survey and final questionnaire alone. This provides valuable guidance for future research in the field of infant skincare.
Women's views on the visiting restrictions during COVID-19 in an Irish maternity hospital
Authors: Cullen Sarah , Doherty Jean , Brosnan Mary 
Published: April 2021

Background Due to the coronavirus infection, visitors to all hospitals were greatly restricted in the UK. In maternity hospitals, only partners of women in labour were permitted to attend the hospital. Aims This study aimed to gain an understanding of women's experiences of visiting restrictions imposed due to COVID-19. Methods Women who attended the hospital for outpatient appointments and who were inpatients on the antenatal or postnatal ward during a two-week period were asked to complete an anonymous survey. Findings A total of 422 surveys were completed. The majority of women (97.6%) agreed that the hospital made adequate preparations for them to feel safe. Most women reported that the restrictions are a good thing and several advantages were identified. Women cited not having their partner with them as the main negative consequence to the restrictions. Conclusions Although women miss having their partner for support during scans and to help after the baby is born, during the COVID-19 pandemic, the safety aspect of the restrictions and the support received from staff is considered by women when making recommendations to a maternity hospital about whether, or how, to ease restrictions on visiting.
Maternal weight change from prepregnancy to 18 months postpartum and subsequent risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in Danish women: A cohort study
Authors: Kirkegaard Helene , Bliddal Mette , Støvring Henrik , Rasmussen Kathleen M. , Gunderson Erica P. , Køber Lars , Sørensen Thorkild I. A. , Nøhr Ellen A. 
Published: April 2021

Background
One-fourth of women experience substantially higher weight years after childbirth. We examined weight change from prepregnancy to 18 months postpartum according to subsequent maternal risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Methods and findings
We conducted a cohort study of 47,966 women with a live-born singleton within the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC; 1997–2002). Interviews during pregnancy and 6 and 18 months postpartum provided information on height, gestational weight gain (GWG), postpartum weights, and maternal characteristics. Information on pregnancy complications, incident hypertension, and CVD was obtained from the National Patient Register. Using Cox regression, we estimated adjusted hazard ratios (HRs; 95% confidence interval [CI]) for hypertension and CVD through 16 years of follow-up. During this period, 2,011 women were diagnosed at the hospital with hypertension and 1,321 with CVD. The women were on average 32.3 years old (range 18.0–49.2) at start of follow-up, 73% had a prepregnancy BMI <25, and 27% a prepregnancy BMI ≥25. Compared with a stable weight (±1 BMI unit), weight gains from prepregnancy to 18 months postpartum of >1–2 and >2 BMI units were associated with 25% (10%–42%), P = 0.001 and 31% (14%–52%), P < 0.001 higher risks of hypertension, respectively. These risks were similar whether weight gain presented postpartum weight retention or a new gain from 6 months to 18 months postpartum and whether GWG was below, within, or above the recommendations. For CVD, findings differed according to prepregnancy BMI. In women with normal-/underweight, weight gain >2 BMI units and weight loss >1 BMI unit were associated with 48% (17%–87%), P = 0.001 and 28% (6%–55%), P = 0.01 higher risks of CVD, respectively. Further, weight loss >1 BMI unit combined with a GWG below recommended was associated with a 70% (24%–135%), P = 0.001 higher risk of CVD. No such increased risks were observed among women with overweight/obesity (interaction by prepregnancy BMI, P = 0.01, 0.03, and 0.03, respectively). The limitations of this observational study include potential confounding by prepregnancy metabolic health and self-reported maternal weights, which may lead to some misclassification.

Conclusions
Postpartum weight retention/new gain in all mothers and postpartum weight loss in mothers with normal-/underweight may be associated with later adverse cardiovascular health.
Association between postpartum depression level, social support level and breastfeeding attitude and breastfeeding self-efficacy in early postpartum women
Authors: Mercan Yeliz , Tari Selcuk Kevser 
Published: April 2021

Objective
The study was aimed at investigating the association between postpartum women’s breastfeeding self-efficacy levels and their depression levels, social support levels, and breastfeeding attitudes in early postpartum period.

Methods
The cross-sectional study was carried out in Kirklareli in Turkey. The population of the study consisted of 398 women aged 15–49 in the first 42 days of the postpartum period who presented to eight family health centers. The study data were collected face-to-face using the Personal Information Form, Breastfeeding Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form (BSES-SF), Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), and Breastfeeding Attitudes of the Evaluation Scale (BAES).

Results
The mean age of the participants was 28.61±5.72 (Min:18, Max: 44), and the mean score they obtained from the BSES-SF was 55.13±8.39. Statistically significant differences were detected between the participants’ BSES-SF scores and age groups, employment status, perceived income level, and the number of living children (p < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were detected between marital status, educational status and BSES-SF scores (p > 0.05). In the multivariate regression analysis adjusted according to the sociodemographic characteristics, BAES, EPDS and MSPSS accounted for 48.3% of the BSES-SF. A negative association was found between BSES-SF scores and EPDS scores (β = −0.178, 95% CI:−0.349, −0.006), and a positive relation between the BAES scores (β = 0.194, 95% CI: 0.163, 0.226) and the MSPSS scores (β = 0.114, 95% CI: 0.037, 0.191).

Conclusion
As the level of depression of women increases in the postpartum period, the level of breastfeeding self-efficacy decreases. The breastfeeding self-efficacy increases as the level of social support increases and as the attitudes that drive breastfeeding behavior change positively.
Medication Treatment of Active Opioid Use Disorder in Veterans With Cirrhosis
Authors: Rogal Shari , Youk Ada , Agbalajobi Olufunso , Zhang Hongwei , Gellad Walid , Fine Michael J. , Belperio Pamela , Morgan Timothy , Good Chester B. , Kraemer Kevin 
Published: April 2021

INTRODUCTION:
Although opioid use disorder (OUD) is common in patients with cirrhosis, it is unclear how medication treatment for OUD (MOUD) is used in this population. We aimed to assess the factors associated with MOUD and mortality in a cohort of Veterans with cirrhosis and OUD.

METHODS:
Within the Veterans Health Administration Corporate Data Warehouse, we developed a cohort of Veterans with cirrhosis and active OUD, using 2 outpatient or 1 inpatient International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision codes from 2011 to 2015 to define each condition. We assessed MOUD initiation with methadone or buprenorphine over the 180 days following the first OUD International Classification of Diseases, ninth revision code in the study period. We fit multivariable regression models to assess the association of sociodemographic and clinical factors with receiving MOUD and the associations between MOUD and subsequent clinical outcomes, including new hepatic decompensation and mortality.

RESULTS:
Among 5,600 Veterans meeting criteria for active OUD and cirrhosis, 722 (13%) were prescribed MOUD over 180 days of follow-up. In multivariable modeling, MOUD was significantly, positively associated with age (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] per year: 1.04, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01–1.07), hepatitis C virus (AOR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.37–3.35), and other substance use disorders (AOR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.05–2.04) negatively associated with alcohol use disorder (AOR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.52–0.95), opioid prescription (AOR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.38–0.70), and schizophrenia (AOR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.37–0.95). MOUD was not significantly associated with mortality (adjusted hazards ratio = 1.20, 95% CI = 0.95–1.52) or new hepatic decompensation (OR = 0.57, CI = 0.30–1.09).

DISCUSSION:
Few Veterans with active OUD and cirrhosis received MOUD, and those with alcohol use disorder, schizophrenia, and previous prescriptions for opioids were least likely to receive these effective therapies.
Assessing Online Student Performance via participation, and Examinations as Alternative Measures
Authors: Tasie George O. 
Published: April 2021

Online homework is a relatively new instruction and evaluation technique. While it appears to be an effective tool, empirical studies of its efficacy suggests they have not been done. This paper analyzes correlations among systematic class participation scores, online homework scores and test results from two sections of Effective People Management and two sections of Advanced Human Resource Management taught at a Middle Eastern University – University of Kurdistan Hewler in fall semester 2017.Collection of data were made in four classes of two modules with the outcomes and implications suggesting students were expected to attempt to work on each homework problem three times and were allowed as many attempts as they wished within time limits set by the instructor. Homework problems were made available for extra credit immediately after a new chapter was introduced
What Are Required Basically by Users of a Hotel Internship Programme: Hard-skills or Soft-skills?
Authors: Kunanusorn Anusorn 
Published: April 2021

What Are Required Basically by Users of a Hotel Internship Programme:
Hard-Skills or Soft-Skills?

ABSTRACT
This research aimed to identify the skills that internship students are required to have in the hotel industry. To achieve these objectives, this research used questionnaires and interviews to collect data from 44 tourism businesses. Interviewings and questionnaires were obtained from businesses in Bali, Indonesia and Chiang Mai, Thailand which are both tourism attraction locations. The analysis method used for this research was descriptive analysis. The results showed that soft-skills were preferred to hard-skills. The preferred soft- skills were intrapersonal skills, interpersonal skills, self-motivation skills, autonomous learning skills, time management skills, problem-solving skills, creativity skills, and adaptability skills. These soft-skills were not well acquired, so educational institutions need to design learning programmes that allow students to live with these competencies. The current collaboration needs to be reviewed to establish a common goal and benefits for both parties regarding the development of soft-skills. There would be some other languages such as Chinese, Japanese and Korean which are necessary that we did not consider in this study but very important in tourism nowadays and future.
Keywords: Internship, Soft-skills, Hard-skills
EFFECT OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR AND ORGANIZATIONAL CLIMATE ON EMPLOYEE JOB SATISFACTION IN PT. EAGLE INDO PHARMA
Authors: Siahaan Lydia Irene , Imran Ayub Ilfandy , Diniati Anisa 
Published: April 2021

This research was conducted to determine the impact of organizational behaviour and organizational climate on employees’ satisfaction at PT. Eagle Indo Pharma. This research uses quantitative methods with descriptive-causal research that uses the principle of positivism. The sampling technique used is probability sampling by taking 83 employees as a sample in this study. The data obtained in this study is by distributing questionnaires through Google Form. The questionnaire contains 33 statement items with a Likert measurement scale. Based on the test results, it was found that there was a positive and significant influence on employee organizational behaviour on employee job satisfaction, there was a positive and significant influence on employee organizational climate on employee job satisfaction and there was a positive and significant influence on organizational behaviour and organizational climate together on employee job satisfaction. Organizational climate has a greater influence (on employee job satisfaction) than organizational behaviour. The quality of organizational behaviour and organizational climate together contribute to job satisfaction by 54.4% (= 0.544x 100%). While the remaining 45.6% is influenced by other variables which are not discussed in this study. Based on the value processed from the hypothesis test or t test, that the signification t 0.000 < 0.05 and the thitung value (X1) 2.036 > ttabel 1.990 and thitung value (X2) 4.216 > ttabel 1.990. Hence, it can be interpreted that H0 is rejected and H1 and H2 are accepted that there is a significant impact among variable X1 (Organizational Behaviour) and variable X2 (Organizational Climate) on variable Y (Job Satisfaction) in PT. Eagle Indo Pharma.
Perception of injustice and embitterment in the context of social reference systems
Authors: Linden Michael , Sandau Elena 
Published: April 2021

Background: The “belief in a just world” psychology has shown that people across the world hold an inborn general view, that people should get what they deserve, and that malbehavior should be punished. But, what is seen as unjust is defined by social reference systems. Injustice is experienced as aggression, if not humiliation and answered by the desire to fight back, to restore justice. If the experience of injustice is paired with helplessness, a typical emotional response is embitterment which is associated with the wish for revenge, social impairment, and dysfunctional behaviors.
Objective of the present study was to study the relation of conditions of living and social reference systems with perceptions of injustice, and rates of embitterment.
Method: A convenience sample of 139 white and 93 black citizens from Cape Town in South Africa answered questions on their socio-economic status and changes in their lives in the past years. They also filled in the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to measure psychological distress, the Differential Life Burden scale (DLB) to assess burdens and the Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder scale (PTED Scale), to quantify feelings of injustice and embitterment.
Results: Black South Africans saw more positive changes than Whites over the past years, but nevertheless showed disadvantages in regard to education, professional qualification, employment status, and monthly income, together with significantly higher scores on the DLB, GHQ-12, and PTED scale. When looking at single items, 66.6% of black as compared to 45.3% of white participants reported about experiences evoking severe feelings of injustice, 65.4% versus 40.3% about repetitive painful memories, 53.7% versus 36.9% about an associated deterioration of well-being, and 46.2% versus 21.6% about thoughts of revenge. After controlling for monthly income, only the PTED score showed significant differences.
Conclusion: Results suggest that embitterment reactions are linked to social conditions, like economic but even more so psychological factors. The results suggest that embitterment is not only of importance in individuals but can also have a societal meaning. This must be acknowledged in political discussions.
Investigating the moderating Stance of Islamic work ethics and thriving at work among Authentic Leadership and Subjective Wellbeing
Authors: Ali Amna , Ishaq Rabeea 
Published: April 2021

In the face of the growing attention of leaders role at workplace, there is quiet a requirement for more research that emphasis on the impact of leaders role in employee’s well-being circumstances. Likewise, literature reflects leadership and follower’s wellbeing to be central when dealing with superior practices implementations. Compelling with this explanation, it is projected that the authentic leadership (AL) sensitivity may affect the followers’ subjective well-being (SWB) phenomenon. Islamic Work ethics (IWE) has been exposed to many revisions since 1970’s. The basic purpose relying behind this study is to investigate the wellbeing phenomenon though empirical investigation in organizational settings. AL gained more acceptances because of its upgrading importance at workplace or for followers. Current revision highlights the direct impact of AL towards the SWB, as well the moderating stance of Thriving at work and IWE has also been observed by considering their strengthens towards the employees wellbeing. Data has been collected from total of the 385 respondents from both the subordinates and supervisors working in banking and textile sector of Pakistan. Results revealed significant outcomes among proposed hypothesis. In addition this study has been concluded with practical implications as well the future investigation instructions for academicians and practitioners.
Oral English Communication Expectations of Business Graduates in the Workplace in Sri Lanka
Authors: Wijewardene Lishanthi 
Published: April 2021

Graduate employability is a topic of much discussion, and employability skills among graduates is an equally important topic of discussion, as it has been stressed in many scholarly articles that, most graduates do not possess employability skills. Among these skills, oral English proficiency rates high, as they play an important role in the employability and marketability of graduates. Much importance has been placed on English proficiency and good communication skills among graduates which will help in increasing their employability (Ting, Marzuki, Chuah, Misieng & Jerome, 2017). The results of a survey conducted amongst ten employers revealed that in order to be ‘employable,’, business graduates need to develop their oral English competencies, and that good English communication skills can increase the employability of graduates as English is particularly important for graduates (Shivakumar & Sharma, 2017). Thus this article intends to examine the oral English competency that graduates are required to possess, in order that they may be gainfully employed.
The Relative Deprivation Trap: How Feeling Deprived Relates to Symptoms of Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Nadler Jonah , Day Martin V. , Beshai Shadi , Mishra Sandeep 
Published: April 2021

Introduction: How income inequality associates with poorer mental health remains unclear. Personal relative deprivation (PRD) involves appraising oneself as unfairly disadvantaged relative to similar others and has been associated with poorer mental health and negative cognitive appraisals. As generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is associated with negative cognitive appraisals, PRD may relate to the experience of GAD and its cognitive predictors, intolerance of uncertainty (IU), positive beliefs about worry (PBW), negative beliefs about worry (NBW), and experiential avoidance (EA). Method: In two observational studies (Study 1, N = 588; Study 2, N = 301) participants completed measures of PRD, cognitive predictors and symptoms of GAD, subjective socioeconomic status (SES), self-efficacy, and self-esteem. Results: A relationship between PRD and GAD was found across studies, which was simultaneously mediated by IU and NBW. These results remained when controlling for subjective SES but were weakened when controlling for self-concept factors. Discussion: This research supports the possibility that the experience of deprivation may “trap” people in thinking patterns that contribute to anxious symptomology.
Bright Sunshine, Dark Shadows
Authors: Wilhelm Lindsay 
Published: April 2021

Lindsay Wilhelm, “Bright Sunshine, Dark Shadows: Decadent Beauty and Victorian Views of Hawai‘i” (pp. 495–526)
Inspired by the recent global turn in aestheticism and decadence studies, this essay considers how late-Victorian discourses surrounding beauty, pleasure, and morality inform contemporary literary representations of Hawai‘i as both supremely inviting and dangerously languorous. The essay begins with a short overview of the broader geopolitical and historical circumstances that helped shape nineteenth-century understandings of Hawai‘i—a place renowned abroad for its beauty and hospitality, but nonetheless still notorious as the site of James Cook’s death in 1779. Next, the essay traces the peculiar ambivalence with which travel memoirs such as Isabella Bird’s The Hawaiian Archipelago (1875) and Constance Gordon-Cumming’s Fire Fountains (1883) describe their authors’ experiences in the islands. In these memoirs, Hawai‘i evidences the same convergence between beauty and decay that undergirds the controversial aesthetics of Algernon Charles Swinburne, Oscar Wilde, and other adherents of the creed of “art for art’s sake.” Focusing particularly on Robert Louis Stevenson’s fairy tale “The Bottle Imp” (1891), the essay then examines the ways in which Victorian writers utilize Hawai‘i’s leprosy epidemic as an occasion for exploring the perils of aesthetic hedonism. The essay concludes by briefly turning to the work of nineteenth-century Hawaiian historian Samuel Kamakau, whose own depictions of the decaying Hawaiian village reveal, by contrast, how these British accounts enlist the language of decadence in the service of empire.