bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants and Consequences of Budget Reallocations*
Authors: Grabner Isabella , Moers Frank 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTWe investigate the determinants and consequences of budget reallocations—that is, corrective changes to the budget made during the year. Using proprietary data from a large consumer goods manufacturer, we analyze the extent to which initial budgeting decisions drive reallocations. Examining this relationship is important because initial budget negotiations are often troubled by power struggles and politicking, which may give rise to the need for reallocations. We hypothesize that one important driver of reallocation decisions is the firm's aim to correct systematic deviations from the optimal initial budget that were driven by lobbying during the initial budgeting process. We find evidence that is consistent with this prediction. In a more exploratory analysis, we show that reallocations do not have the desired effects on market performance. In particular, budget cuts are negatively associated with a product's change in market share. More surprisingly, while budget increases do help product lines achieve their sales targets in the last quarter, they do not boost market share. Our results demonstrate that efficient investment planning is essential to achieve an improvement in market performance.
The root system of guar: Spatial and temporal analysis of root and nodule development
Authors: MacMillan Jennifer , Shrestha Rajan , Adams Curtis B. , Hinson Philip O. , Trostle Calvin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGuar (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba [L.] Taub.) is a leguminous crop plant produced in semi‐arid regions worldwide, primarily for industrial uses of guar gum. Little research has been conducted on critical belowground traits of the plant, particularly on spatial and temporal development of the root system, including nodules. Providing such analysis was the objective of this research. We observed root and nodule character traits at regular time intervals in 130‐cm‐tall soil columns sectioned by depth in 2 years. In this tap‐rooted plant, root weight was greatest at the soil surface (0–15 cm) and decreased with depth. Root length density (RLD) from 0 to 15 cm and 15 to 30 cm soil depths was similar. The RLD and root weight were generally minimal in deeper soil layers, although deeper roots seem to play an important role in water uptake for guar, especially in drought conditions. Compared to most crops, guar has fine rooting and a small root‐to‐shoot ratio. At all soil depths analysed, ≥86% of root length was comprised of roots <1 mm in diameter, although most were very fine roots <0.5 mm. The root‐to‐shoot ratio ranged from 0.055 to 0.17 g g−1 over the growing seasons. Significant accumulation of nodule weight occurred by 60 days, as did the first observations of nodule senescence, but nodule growth continued after this time. Most nodules and nodule weight were concentrated near the soil surface and the average weight per nodule decreased with depth, although smaller nodules were present at all depths. Because guar is typically grown in dryland conditions in hot semi‐arid regions, nodules near the soil surface may often be susceptible to shedding or loss of function due to dehydration and/or heat stress and the plant may rely on deeper nodules for N fixation. The basic biological information provided in this report is needed to hasten progress in guar genetic improvement and management.
History of healthcare use and disease burden in older adults with different levels of alcohol use. A register‐based cohort study
Authors: Mejldal Anna , Andersen Kjeld , Behrendt Silke , Bilberg Randi , Christensen Anne Illemann , Lau Cathrine Juel , Möller Sören , Nielsen Anette Søgaard 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundOnly a minority of individuals with problematic alcohol use ever seek alcohol treatment. Knowledge of general help‐seeking behavior in the healthcare system can identify possibilities for prevention and intervention.MethodThe current study describes healthcare use, burden of disease, and prior morbidities over a 15‐year period by current alcohol use behavior among Danish adults aged 60–70. The Danish National Health Survey 2013 and the baseline assessment of the Elderly Study (2014–2016) were linked to Danish national registers to collect annual information on healthcare use and morbidity for the 15 years prior to inclusion. Participants from the 3 largest Danish municipalities were divided into 4 groups with varying drinking patterns and no recent treatment [12‐month abstinent (n = 691), low‐risk drinkers (n = 1978), moderate‐risk drinkers (n = 602), and high‐risk drinkers (n = 467)], and a group of treatment‐seeking individuals with a 12‐month DSM‐5 alcohol use disorder (AUD; n=262). Negative binomial regression models were utilized to compare rates of healthcare use and logistic regressions were used to compare odds of diagnoses.ResultsLow‐, moderate‐, and high‐risk drinkers had similar rates of past healthcare utilization (low‐risk mean yearly number of contacts for primary care 7.50 (yearly range 6.25–8.45), outpatient care 0.80 (0.41–1.32) and inpatient care 0.13 (0.10–0.21)). Higher rates were observed for both the 12‐month abstinent group (adjusted RR = 1.16–1.26) and the group with AUD (ARR = 1.40–1.60) compared to the group with low‐risk alcohol consumption. Individuals with AUD had higher odds of previous liver disease (adjusted OR = 6.30), ulcer disease (AOR = 2.83), and peripheral vascular disease (AOR 2.71). Twelve‐month abstinence was associated with higher odds of diabetes (AOR = 1.97) and ulcer disease (AOR = 2.10).ConclusionsLooking back in time, we found that older adults had regular healthcare contacts, with those who received treatment for AUD having had the highest contact frequency and prevalence of alcohol‐related diseases. Thus, healthcare settings are suitable locations for efforts at AUD prevention and intervention.
Natural resource exports and African countries' voting behaviour in the United Nations: Evidence from the economic rise of China
Authors: Che Yi , He Xiaoyu , Zhang Yan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe study the effect of African countries' resource exports to China on the countries' voting alignment with China in the United Nations. Our analysis exploits time variation in the swift surge in China's demand for natural resources and cross‐sectional variation in countries' propensity to export resources. We find that an increase in resource exports to China increases the probability of voting in line with China in the United Nations. Interestingly, we observe a stronger effect for resolutions on which China and the United States cast opposite votes. We provide suggestive evidence that public goods and state capacity are possible explanations for our main results.
The effect of previous eradication failure on antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori: A retrospective study over 8 years in Beijing
Authors: Li Si‐Yu , Li Jiang , Dong Xin‐Hong , Teng Gui‐Gen , Zhang Wei , Cheng Hong , Gao Wen , Dai Yun , Zhang Xiao‐He , Wang Wei‐Hong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundAntibiotic resistance is the main cause of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) treatment failure. This study aimed to explore the characteristics of antibiotic resistance of H. pylori isolates in Beijing in the last 8 years and to estimate the impact of previous eradication failure on resistance patterns.Materials and methodsThis retrospective study included data from a single center in Beijing from 2013 to 2020. Antibiotic susceptibility of 365 clinical H. pylori isolates was tested for amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and tetracycline. The characteristics of the included patients and their previous eradication history were collected. Primary and secondary resistance rates of H. pylori to the six antibiotics and the impact of previous eradication failure on antibiotic resistance patterns were analyzed.ResultsThe overall primary resistance rates of amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and tetracycline were 0.7%, 55.2%, 68.0%, 49.7%, 64.5%, and 0%, with no significant increase during the observed period; while the secondary resistance rates were 3.2%, 96.7%, 90.7%, 93.1%, 80.0%, and 0%, respectively. The secondary resistance rate of clarithromycin (p < .001), metronidazole (p = .001), and levofloxacin (p < .001) significantly increased to 100% as the number of previous eradication therapies increased and exhibited a linear association. For strains naive to eradication, only 6.8% were susceptible to all the antibiotics, while 32.4% were single resistant, and 60.8% dual or multiple resistant. Clarithromycin+metronidazole+fluoroquinolone multiple resistance was the predominant pattern (0 course: 21.6%, 1 course: 37.5%, 2 courses: 56.1%, ≥3 courses: 71.1%; p < .001) for patients with treatment failure. The prevalence of dual or multiple‐resistance patterns increased significantly as the number of previous therapies increased.ConclusionsThe prevalence of primary and secondary resistance rates of clarithromycin, metronidazole, moxifloxacin, and levofloxacin were high in Beijing. Multiple‐resistance patterns were common after treatment failure. Resistance rates of amoxicillin and tetracycline remained low and stable.
Annealing process improves the physical, functional, thermal, and rheological properties of Andean oca (Oxalis tuberosa) starch
Authors: Puelles‐Román Jeniffer , Barroso Noadia Genuario , Cruz‐Tirado Jam Pier , Tapia‐Blácido Delia Rita , Angelats‐Silva Luis , Barraza‐Jáuregui Gabriela , Siche Raúl 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe characteristics of a native starch limit its application in the food industry; for this reason, it is important to investigate alternatives for obtaining modified starches with better characteristics and more possibilities of application. Oca (Oxalis tuberosa) starch was subjected to annealing process with a temperature of 42 and 50°C and starch:water ratios of 1:6 and 1:2 during 24 hr. The effects of the annealing process on thermal, structural, and rheological properties were investigated. The annealing at 50°C and 1:6 (starch:water) ratio yielded a starch with high peak viscosity, stability ratio, gelatinization temperature, and gel firmness, but low solubility and low swelling power. All annealed starch gels had a more elastic behavior (G′ > G″), lower viscosity and greater stability to retrogradation compared to native starch. The annealing process caused the rearrangement of amylopectin and amylose in the starch granule, obtaining a more orderly structure, which increased the thermal stability and functional properties of oca starch.Practical applicationsFew studies have been reported on chemical, physical, or enzymatic modification of native starches using the annealing process, none on oca starch. The annealing process improves the thermal stability and functional properties of oca starch, which can expand its application in the food industry. The starch produced in this work can be used as raw material for noodles, gluten‐free bakery products, and as a thickening agent.
Conventional and advanced MRI evaluation of brain vascular malformations
Authors: Martín‐Noguerol Teodoro , Concepción‐Aramendia Luis , Lim CC Tchoyoson , Santos‐Armentia Eloísa , Cabrera‐Zubizarreta Alberto , Luna Antonio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractVascular malformations (VMs) of the central nervous system (CNS) include a wide range of pathological conditions related to intra and extracranial vessel abnormalities. Although some VMs show typical neuroimaging features, other VMs share and overlap pathological and neuroimaging features that hinder an accurate differentiation between them. Hence, it is not uncommon to misclassify different types of VMs under the general heading of arteriovenous malformations. Thorough knowledge of the imaging findings of each type of VM is mandatory to avoid these inaccuracies. Conventional MRI sequences, including MR angiography, have allowed the evaluation of CNS VMs without using ionizing radiation. Newer MRI techniques, such as susceptibility‐weighted imaging, black blood sequences, arterial spin labeling, and 4D flow imaging, have an added value of providing physiopathological data in real time regarding the hemodynamics of VMs. Beyond MR images, new insights using 3D printed models are being incorporated as part of the armamentarium for a noninvasive evaluation of VMs. In this paper, we briefly review the pathophysiology of CNS VMs, focusing on the MRI findings that may be helpful to differentiate them. We discuss the role of each conventional and advanced MRI sequence for VMs assessment and provide some insights about the value of structured reports of 3D printing to evaluate VMs.
Smelling in the dark: Phylogenomic insights into the chemosensory system of a subterranean beetle
Authors: Balart‐García Pau , Cieslak Alexandra , Escuer Paula , Rozas Julio , Ribera Ignacio , Fernández Rosa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe chemosensory system has experienced relevant changes in subterranean animals, facilitating the perception of specific chemical signals critical to survival in their particular environment. However, the genomic basis of chemoreception in cave‐dwelling fauna has been largely unexplored. We generated de novo transcriptomes for antennae and body samples of the troglobitic beetleSpeonomus longicornis(whose characters suggest an extreme adaptation to a deep subterranean environment) in order to investigate the evolutionary origin and diversification of the chemosensory gene repertoire across coleopterans through a phylogenomic approach. Our results suggested a diminished diversity of odourant and gustatory gene repertoires compared to polyphagous beetles that inhabit surface habitats. Moreover,S. longicornisshowed a large diversity of odourant‐binding proteins, suggesting an important role of these proteins in capturing airborne chemical cues. We identified a gene duplication of the ionotropic coreceptor IR25a, a highly conserved single‐copy gene in protostomes involved in thermal and humidity sensing. In addition, no homologous genes to sugar receptors or the ionotropic receptor IR41a were detected. Our findings suggest that the chemosensory gene repertoire of this cave beetle may result from adaptation to the highly specific ecological niche it occupies, and that gene duplication and loss may have played an important role in the evolution of gene families involved in chemoreception. Altogether, our results shed light on the genomic basis of chemoreception in a cave‐dwelling invertebrate and pave the road towards understanding the genomic underpinnings of adaptation to the subterranean lifestyle at a deeper level.
Time trends on the prevalence of myopia in India – A prediction model for 2050
Authors: Priscilla Jacinth J , Verkicharla Pavan K 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPurposeThis study aimed to predict myopia prevalence in urban Indian children and to describe the generational effect of myopia in different age groups over the next three decades from the year 2020.MethodsA systematic review of myopia prevalence in India was performed using the Preferred Reporting Items for the Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analysis (PRISMA) guidelines and included eight studies with 28 600 participants, which were published in the period 1 January 1999 to 31 December 2019. The best fit for the prediction model was assessed with the baseline prevalence data plotted against different years and fitted with multiple mathematical regressions (linear, second‐order polynomial, third order polynomial and exponential). Based on the quality of the fit assessed by the coefficient of determination (R2) values, the sum of squared residuals and statistical significance, final predictions for myopia prevalence in the 5 to 15‐year‐old urban Indian children was estimated using the aptly suited linear regression model. To describe the generational effect on myopia prevalence over the next three decades, the prevalence of myopia in both children and adults, based on the available literature (1999 to 2020) was plotted against age, as the baseline.ResultsThe prevalence of myopia in 5 to 15‐year‐old urban children increased from 4.44% in 1999 to 21.15% in 2019. Our predictions, based on the slope of 0.8% every year (4.05% for every 5 years) indicate that the prevalence of myopia will increase to 31.89% in 2030, 40.01% in 2040 and 48.14% in 2050. Due to the generational effect (caused by the nature of the condition lasting a lifetime once developed), there will be an overall increase in myopia prevalence across all age groups of 10.53% in the next three decades (2020 to 2050).ConclusionThe estimates of myopia prevalence across all age groups indicate the possible future epidemic of myopia in India within a few decades, similar to the situation in East Asian countries, unless active intervention to prevent myopia and changes in lifestyle are instigated to counteract myopia in India. Meticulously designed eye care services with focussed anti‐myopia strategies are needed to control the rising myopia prevalence in India.
Quantitative palaeobathymetric reconstructions based on foraminiferal proxies: a case study from the Neogene of south‐west Spain
Authors: Pérez‐Asensio José N. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractQuantitative palaeobathymetric reconstructions based on foraminiferal proxies have been used in a wide variety of geological studies on tectonic, climatic and environmental changes in sedimentary basins. However, palaeo‐water‐depth estimates are frequently biased due to taphonomic processes (dissolution, transport) as well as local conditions (primary productivity, oxygen content, and organic matter fluxes). This study evaluated the level of reliability of three commonly used transfer equations based on planktic and benthic foraminiferal proxies that produce different palaeobathymetric results, using Neogene sediments from the Guadalquivir Basin, south‐west Spain. The most trustworthy method involves removing abundant infaunal benthic foraminifera before applying the palaeo‐water‐depth equation based on benthic foraminiferal water‐depth ranges and presence/absence of species. This new approach provides sound palaeobathymetric results that improve estimations of long and short‐term relative sea‐level changes with negligible influence of taphonomic as well as ecological factors. When using one equation based on planktic/benthic ratios (P/B ratios), removing all infaunal benthic foraminiferal species improves the accuracy of P/B ratios, which yields more accurate palaeodepth reconstructions despite the low level of trustworthiness of this equation for both long and short‐term relative sea‐level variations.
Acral peeling as the sole skin manifestation of COVID‐19 in children
Authors: Andina‐Martínez David , Villaizán‐Perez Carmen , Pavo‐García María Rosa , Suárez‐Gómez Omar , Monzón‐Bueno Ana Isabel , Sanchez‐Prieto Isabel , Viaño‐Nogueira Pedro , Torrelo Antonio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSkin lesions in children with proven COVID‐19 are not frequent in the literature apart from those associated with multisystem inflammatory syndrome. Fortunately, microbiologic testing for SARS‐CoV‐2 has become widely available not only for admitted patients but also for mild cases. We present a series of 6 children with mild erythema and desquamation of the fingertips and/or toes as the only skin manifestation of COVID‐19. As all children had asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic disease, it is reasonable to consider this a sign of benign disease and favorable outcome.
Photosynthetic hydrogen production: Novel protocols, promising engineering approaches and application of semi‐synthetic hydrogenases
Authors: Kosourov Sergey , Böhm Maximilian , Senger Moritz , Berggren Gustav , Stensjö Karin , Mamedov Fikret , Lindblad Peter , Allahverdiyeva Yagut 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPhotosynthetic production of molecular hydrogen (H2) by cyanobacteria and green algae is a potential source of renewable energy. These organisms are capable of water biophotolysis by taking advantage of photosynthetic apparatus that links water oxidation at Photosystem II and reduction of protons to H2 downstream of Photosystem I. Although the process has a theoretical potential to displace fossil fuels, photosynthetic H2 production in its current state is not yet efficient enough for industrial applications due to a number of physiological, biochemical, and engineering barriers. This article presents a short overview of the metabolic pathways and enzymes involved in H2 photoproduction in cyanobacteria and green algae and our present understanding of the mechanisms of this process. We also summarize recent advances in engineering photosynthetic cell factories capable of overcoming the major barriers to efficient and sustainable H2 production.
Bayesian State‐Space Modeling for Analyzing Heterogeneous Network Effects of US Monetary Policy*
Authors: Hauzenberger Niko , Pfarrhofer Michael 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe extend the econometric literature on the role of production networks in the propagation of monetary policy shocks along two dimensions. First, we allow for time‐varying industry‐specific responses, reflecting non‐linearities and heterogeneity in direct transmission channels. Second, we allow for time‐varying network structures and dependence. This captures both variation in the structure of the production network and differences in cross‐industry demand elasticities. Spillover effects among industries appear to be important in periods of elevated economic and financial uncertainty, often coinciding with tight credit market conditions and financial stress. Cross‐sectional differentials can be explained by how close industries are to end‐consumers.
Standard quality as a boundary object—A conceptual study
Authors: Borgen Svein Ole 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis is a conceptual article that uses the concept ‘boundary object’ in order to discuss what role the loosely defined notion ‘standard product quality’ plays with regard to coordination and controversies in the Norwegian agrifood market. The boundary object theory offers a unique approach to exploring the boundaries (shared spaces) between standard and non‐standard product qualities as framed by the involved actors. This theory emphasises the difference between doing and being: Analysing what quality does in social settings is a more informative approach than discussing what quality is. The core arguments are illustrated by a review of available studies of the Norwegian agrifood market. The first part of the article concludes that standard quality coordinates the hegemonic stakeholders (producers, retailers, regulators and consumers) without presupposing consensus between them. The second part of the article addresses the controversies in the boundaries between the hegemonic agricultural agrifood system and competing alternatives related to organic, terroir and animal welfare qualities. The study discerns no signs of any transformative quality turn‐away from the Norwegian hegemonic agrifood system and the inherent emphasise on ‘standard product’ quality. On the other hand, this is not static since different interpretations of quality continuously challenge each other.