bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introducing a new elusive reason
Authors: Cohen Rossi Benjamin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this paper, I introduce a new species of elusive reason–reasons that it is impossible for an agent to act, or be motivated to act,for–and I show how this kind of elusive reason undermines a plausible claim about normative reasons, the Motivational Constraint. To defend the existence of this new kind of elusive reason, I respond to the objection that our intuitions are tracking another normative or evaluative phenomenon, such as reasons to have certain affective responses or reasons for others to act. In addition, because accepting the new kind of elusive reason requires affirming the claim thatSacts for a reason p only ifSregards p as a reason toA,I develop an account of what it is forSto regard p as a reason toA. Finally, as part of arguing for the former claim, I argue that the idea of being moved toAfor a reason p entails the idea of being moved toA in light ofp, which itself entails the idea of regarding p as a reason.
HLA‐DRB1 molecules and the presentation of anchor peptides from RhD, RhCE, and KEL proteins
Authors: De Souza Conceição Pinheiro , Baleotti Wilson , Moritz Elyse , Sanches Sidneia , Lopes Larissa Barbosa , Chiba Akemi Kuroda , Donadi Eduardo Antônio , Bordin José Orlando 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundAntigens from the Rh and Kell systems are recognized as the most immunogenic in clinical practice. This study evaluated the possible molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction of antigenic peptides with the DRB1 molecules, which help to explain the high frequency of anti‐K and association of D + C antibodies in transfusion and incompatible pregnancy.Study Design and MethodsWe included 201 patients with antibodies against antigens from the Rh and Kell systems and compare them with 174,015 controls. HLA‐DRB1 genotyping and in silico analysis were performed. The NetMHCIIpan software was used to identify RhD‐, RhCE‐, and KEL‐derived anchor peptides that bind to DRB1 molecules.ResultsHLA‐DRB1*15 is associated with an increased risk of D, C, E, and K alloimmunization, while the HLA‐DRB1*01 and *12 alleles are overrepresented in patients with anti‐C and anti‐D, respectively. In silico analysis showed that three polymorphic points (60I, 68S, and 103S) common to C and D antigens can be presented by several DRB1 molecules, including DRB1*15:01. The DRB1*09:01 molecule, although not showing statistical significance, was able to interact strongly with almost all five anchor peptides from the sequence containing the polymorphic determinants of E antigen, except 217‐WMFWPSVNS‐225.ConclusionThe DRB1*15 molecule has specific physicochemical characteristics in residues 11P and 13R in the P4 pocket that can favor the response to various antigenic peptides. Anti‐K alloimmunization is unrestricted for interaction with specific DRB1 molecules, which suggests that almost all individuals in our population have DRB1 molecules capable of binding to KEL‐derived anchor peptides and produce anti‐K when stimulated.
Effect of spontaneous movement on respiration in preterm infants
Authors: Zuzarte Ian , Paydarfar David , Sternad Dagmar 
Published: March 2021

New FindingsWhat is the central question of this study?The respiratory centres in the brainstem that control respiration receive inputs from various sources, including proprioceptors in muscles and joints and suprapontine centres, which all affect limb movements. What is the effect of spontaneous movement on respiration in preterm infants?What is the main finding and its importance?Apnoeic events tend to be preceded by movements. These activity bursts can cause respiratory instability that leads to an apnoeic event. These findings show promise that infant movements might serve as potential predictors of life‐threatening apnoeic episodes, but more research is required.AbstractA common condition in preterm infants (<37 weeks’ gestational age) is apnoea resulting from immaturity and instability of the respiratory system. As apnoeas are implicated in several acute and long‐term complications, prediction of apnoeas may preempt their onset and subsequent complications. This study tests the hypothesis that infant movements are a predictive marker for apnoeic episodes and examines the relation between movement and respiration. Movement was detected using a wavelet algorithm applied to the photoplethysmographic signal. Respiratory activity was measured in nine infants using respiratory inductance plethysmography; in an additional eight infants, respiration and partial pressure of airway carbon dioxide () were measured by a nasal cannula with side‐stream capnometry. In the first cohort, the distribution of movements before and after the onset of 370 apnoeic events was compared. Results showed that apnoeic events were associated with longer movement duration occurring before apnoea onsets compared to after. In the second cohort, respiration was analysed in relation to movement, comparing standard deviation of inter‐breath intervals (IBI) before and after apnoeas. Poincaré maps of the respiratory activity quantified variability of airwayin phase space. Movement significantly increased the variability of IBI and. Moreover, destabilization of respiration was dependent on the duration of movement. These findings support that bodily movements of the infants precede respiratory instability. Further research is warranted to explore the predictive value of movement for life‐threatening events, useful for clinical management and risk stratification.
Dynamics of longitudinal dentate gyrus axons associated with seizure
Authors: Choi Gona , Kang Hyeri , Chu Wenkei , Yang Sunggu , Yang Sungchil 
Published: March 2021

Key points
Axon collaterals of DG granule neurons project towards neighbouring DG granule cell layer
Longitudinal axons in the DG‐DG circuit possess denser synapses than transverse axons in the DG‐CA3 circuit
The size of varicosities of the longitudinal axons, but not transverse ones, is regulated by seizures as measured behaviourally
Varicosity size of DG‐DG axons can be a symptomatic marker of DG‐related brain diseases
AbstractThe hippocampus network has captured the attention of neuroscientists as a model for understanding cognition and behaviour. Previously, we have identified interlamellar, namely longitudinal, axons between CA1 pyramidal neurons analogous to recurrent connections between CA3 pyramidal neurons. Currently it is unknown whether longitudinal axons of DG granule neurons are present and how they are associated with the behavioural symptoms of seizure. We found longitudinal axons projections from DG granule cells extending to neighbouring DG granule cell layers. These DG‐DG axons have more numerous varicosities and are thinner than the DG‐CA3 axons, suggesting heavy synaptic formation along a longitudinal axis. Furthermore, the size of varicosities in the DG‐DG but not DG‐CA3 axons is regulated by seizures as measured behaviourally. The results suggest that the dynamics of longitudinal DG axons is a symptomatic marker of DG‐related brain diseases.
Indexing Highly Repetitive String Collections, Part I
Authors: Navarro Gonzalo 
Published: March 2021

Two decades ago, a breakthrough in indexing string collections made it possible to represent them within their compressed space while at the same time offering indexed search functionalities. As this new technology permeated through applications like bioinformatics, the string collections experienced a growth that outperforms Moore’s Law and challenges our ability to handle them even in compressed form. It turns out, fortunately, that many of these rapidly growing string collections are highly repetitive, so that their information content is orders of magnitude lower than their plain size. The statistical compression methods used for classical collections, however, are blind to this repetitiveness, and therefore a new set of techniques has been developed to properly exploit it. The resulting indexes form a new generation of data structures able to handle the huge repetitive string collections that we are facing. In this survey, formed by two parts, we cover the algorithmic developments that have led to these data structures.
In this first part, we describe the distinct compression paradigms that have been used to exploit repetitiveness, and the algorithmic techniques that provide direct access to the compressed strings. In the quest for an ideal measure of repetitiveness, we uncover a fascinating web of relations between those measures, as well as the limits up to which the data can be recovered, and up to which direct access to the compressed data can be provided. This is the basic aspect of indexability, which is covered in the second part of this survey.
heSRPT
Authors: Berg Benjamin , Vesilo Rein , Harchol-Balter Mor 
Published: March 2021

Modern data centers serve workloads which can exploit parallelism. When a job parallelizes across multiple servers it completes more quickly. However, it is unclear how to share a limited number of servers between many parallelizable jobs.
In this paper we consider a typical scenario where a data center composed of N servers will be tasked with completing a set of M parallelizable jobs. Typically, M is much smaller than N. In our scenario, each job consists of some amount of inherent work which we refer to as a job's size. We assume that job sizes are known up front to the system, and each job can utilize any number of servers at any moment in time. These assumptions are reasonable for many parallelizable workloads such as training neural networks using TensorFlow [2]. Our goal in this paper is to allocate servers to jobs so as to minimize the mean slowdown across all jobs, where the slowdown of a job is the job's completion time divided by its running time if given exclusive access to all N servers. Slowdown measures how a job was interfered with by other jobs in the system, and is often the metric of interest in the theoretical parallel scheduling literature (where it is also called stretch), as well as the HPC community (where it is called expansion factor).
Only Relative Speed Matters
Authors: Pourghassemi Behnam , Amiri Sani Ardalan , Chandramowlishwaran Aparna 
Published: March 2021

Causal profiling is a novel and powerful profiling technique that quantifies the potential impact of optimizing a code segment on the program runtime. A key application of causal profiling is to analyze what-if scenarios which typically require a large number of experiments. Besides, the execution of a program highly depends on the underlying machine resources, e.g., CPU, network, storage, so profiling results on one device does not translate directly to another. This is a major bottleneck in our ability to perform scalable performance analysis and greatly limits cross-platform software development.
In this paper, we address the above challenges by leveraging a unique property of causal profiling: only relative performance of different resources affects the result of causal profiling, not their absolute performance. We first analytically model and prove causal profiling, the missing piece in the seminal paper. Then, we assert the necessary condition to achieve virtual causal profiling on a secondary device. Building upon the theory, we design VCoz, a virtual causal profiler that enables profiling applications on target devices using measurements on the host device. We implement a prototype of VCoz by tuning multiple hardware components to preserve the relative execution speeds of code segments. Our experiments on benchmarks that stress different system resources demonstrate that VCoz can generate causal profiling reports of Nexus 6P (an ARM-based device) on a host MacBook (x86 architecture) with less than 16% variance.
Prognosis of Claims‐ Versus Trial‐Based Ischemic and Bleeding Events Beyond 1 Year After Coronary Stenting
Authors: Butala Neel M. , Faridi Kamil F. , Secemsky Eric A. , Song Yang , Curtis Jeptha , Gibson Charles Michael , Kazi Dhruv , Shen Changyu , Yeh Robert W. 
Published: March 2021

Background
It is unknown whether clinical events identified with administrative claims have similar prognosis compared with trial‐adjudicated events in cardiovascular clinical trials. We compared the prognostic significance of claims‐based end points in context of trial‐adjudicated end points in the DAPT (Dual Antiplatelet Therapy) study.

Methods and Results
We matched 1336 patients aged ≥65 years who received percutaneous coronary intervention in the DAPT study with the CathPCI registry linked to Medicare claims. We compared death at 21 months post‐randomization using Cox proportional hazards models among patients with ischemic events (myocardial infarction or stroke) and bleeding events identified by: (1) both trial adjudication and claims; (2) trial adjudication only; and (3) claims only. A total of 47 patients (3.5%) had ischemic events identified by both trial adjudication and claims, 24 (1.8%) in trial adjudication only, 15 (1.1%) in claims only, and 1250 (93.6%) had no ischemic events, with annualized unadjusted mortality rates of 12.8, 5.5, 14.9, and 1.26 per 100 person‐years, respectively. A total of 44 patients (3.3%) had bleeding events identified with both trial adjudication and claims, 13 (1.0%) in trial adjudication only, 65 (4.9%) in claims only, and 1214 (90.9%) had no bleeding events, with annualized unadjusted mortality rates of 11.0, 16.8, 10.7, and 0.95 per 100 person‐years, respectively. Among patients with no trial‐adjudicated events, patients with events in claims only had a high subsequent adjusted mortality risk (hazard ratio (HR) ischemic events: 31.5; 95% CI, 8.9‒111.9; HR bleeding events 23.9; 95% CI, 10.7‒53.2).

Conclusions
In addition to trial‐adjudicated events, claims identified additional clinically meaningful ischemic and bleeding events that were prognostically significant for death.
Ontological and Cosmological Primordium: Heng 恆 or Hengxian 恆先? An Interpretation of Hengxian Wuyou 恆先無有 “Prior to Heng, There is Nothing”
Authors: Xi Bai 
Published: March 2021

In the statement hengxian wuyou 恆先無有“there is nothing before Hengxian,” the expression hengxian should not be understood as a single concept. It is composed of two parts. Here, heng is used as the highest philosophical concept which expresses the ultimate in the sense of eternity, constancy, uniqueness, and the absolute. In ancient Chinese philosophy, it is similar to some other concepts such as Dao 道 in the Laozi, Taiji 太極 in the Zhouyi, and Taiyi 太一in “Taiyishengshui” 太一生水 from the Guodian corpus. Xian here is used as in heng zhi xian 恒之先, meaning “prior to” or “before.” Therefore, the precise meaning of hengxian is that something before or prior to heng. The proposition hengxian wuyou then can be understood as heng is the uttermost and primal being and there could not be anything before it. Wuyou “nothing” is the essential character or property of heng. Logically, heng 恆 must be the highest philosophical concept of being.
According to ancient Chinese cosmology, seeking for the being or beings before or prior to the becoming of the world is the most common method to explain the origin of the universe. One way to assert something is the origin of the universe is to argue that there is nothing before or prior to it. In other words, a cosmology cannot be successfully established until it can identify a fundamental concept, prior to which nothing can be found.
Potens per accidens sine accidentibus: Ockham on Material Substances and Their Essential Powers
Authors: Simpson Daniel J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Medieval scholastics share a commitment to a substance-accident ontology and to an analysis of efficient causation in which agents act in virtue of their powers. Given these commitments, it seems ready-made which entities are the agents or powers: substances are agents and their accidents powers. William of Ockham, however, offers a rather different analysis concerning material substances and their essential powers, which this article explores. The article first examines Ockham’s account of propria and his reasons for claiming that a material substance is essentially powerful sine accidentibus. However, the article subsequently argues that, given Ockham’s reductionism about material substance, only substantial forms – never substances – are truly agents and powers. Thus, a material substance is essentially powerful but only by courtesy – per accidens, as Ockham calls it – because it has a non-identical part, its substantial form, which does all the causal work by itself, per se.
Comparing Routine HIV and Hepatitis C Virus Screening to Estimate the Effect of Required Consent on HIV Screening Rates Among Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Felsen Uriel R. , Tlamsa Aileen , Moir Lorlette , Shukla Shuchin , Thompson Devin , Weiss Jeffrey M. , Heo Moonseong , Litwin Alain H. 
Published: March 2021

Objectives: Routine screening for HIV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) among specified age cohorts is recommended. New York State requires consent before screening for HIV but not HCV. We sought to estimate the effect of the consent requirement on screening rates for HIV. Methods: We performed a retrospective study of patients hospitalized in 2015-2016 at a tertiary care hospital in the Bronx, New York, during a period when prompts in the electronic health record facilitated screening for HIV and HCV among specified age cohorts. We compared proportions of patients eligible for screening for HIV and/or HCV who underwent screening and used generalized estimating equations and a meta-analytic weighted average to estimate an adjusted risk difference between undergoing HIV screening and undergoing HCV screening. Results: Among 11 938 hospitalized patients eligible for HIV and/or HCV screening, 38.5% underwent screening for HIV and 59.1% underwent screening for HCV. The difference in screening rates persisted after adjusting for patient and admission characteristics (adjusted risk difference = 22.0%; 95% CI, 20.6%-23.4%). Conclusions: Whereas the requirement for consent was the only difference in the processes of screening for HIV compared with screening for HCV, differences in how the 2 viruses are perceived may also have contributed to the difference in screening rates. Nevertheless, our findings suggest that requiring consent continues to impede progress toward the public health goal of routine HIV screening.
Promising medium-term results of anterior approach with an anatomical short stem in primary hip arthroplasty
Authors: Rivera Fabrizio , Bardelli Alessandro , Giolitti Andrea 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn the last decade, the increase in the use of the direct anterior approach to the hip has contributed to the diffusion of the use of short stems in orthopedic surgery. The aim of the study is to verify the medium-term clinical and radiographic results of a cementless anatomic short stem in the anterior approach to the hip. We also want to verify whether the use of the standard operating room table or the leg positioner can affect the incidence of pre- and postoperative complications.Materials and methodsAll total hip arthroplasty patients with a 1-year minimum follow-up who were operated using the MiniMAX stem between January 2010 and December 2019 were included in this study. Clinical evaluation included the Harris Hip Score (HHS), Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Hip Outcome Assessment (WOMAC) Score, and Short Form-36 (SF-36) questionnaires. Bone resorption and remodeling, radiolucency, osteolysis, and cortical hypertrophy were analyzed in the postoperative radiograph and were related to the final follow-up radiographic results. Complications due to the use of the standard operating room table or the leg positioner were evaluated.ResultsA total of 227 patients (238 hips) were included in the study. Average age at time of surgery was 62 years (range 38–77 years). Mean follow-up time was 67.7 months (range 12–120 months). Kaplan–Meier survivorship analysis after 10 years revealed 98.2% survival rate with revision for loosening as endpoint. The mean preoperative and postoperative HHS were 38.35 and 94.2, respectively. The mean preoperative and postoperative WOMAC Scores were 82.4 and 16.8, respectively. SF-36 physical and mental scores averaged 36.8 and 42.4, respectively, before surgery and 72.4 and 76.2, respectively, at final follow-up. The radiographic change around the stem showed bone hypertrophy in 55 cases (23%) at zone 3. In total, 183 surgeries were performed via the direct anterior approach (DAA) on a standard operating room table, and 44 surgeries were performed on the AMIS mobile leg positioner. Comparison between the two patient groups did not reveal significant differences.ConclusionIn conclusion, a short, anatomic, cementless femoral stem provided stable metaphyseal fixation in younger patients. Our clinical and radiographic results support the use of this short stem in the direct anterior approach.Level of evidenceIV.
Genome-wide association studies of plant architecture-related traits and 100-seed weight in soybean landraces
Authors: Zhang Xiaoli , Ding Wentao , Xue Dong , Li Xiangnan , Zhou Yang , Shen Jiacheng , Feng Jianying , Guo Na , Qiu Lijuan , Xing Han , Zhao Jinming 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Plant architecture-related traits (e.g., plant height (PH), number of nodes on main stem (NN), branch number (BN) and stem diameter (DI)) and 100-seed weight (100-SW) are important agronomic traits and are closely related to soybean yield. However, the genetic basis and breeding potential of these important agronomic traits remain largely ambiguous in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.).

Results
In this study, we collected 133 soybean landraces from China, phenotyped them in two years at two locations for the above five traits and conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using 82,187 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). As a result, we found that a total of 59 SNPs were repeatedly detected in at least two environments. There were 12, 12, 4, 4 and 27 SNPs associated with PH, NN, BN, DI and 100-SW, respectively. Among these markers, seven SNPs (AX-90380587, AX-90406013, AX-90387160, AX-90317160, AX-90449770, AX-90460927 and AX-90520043) were large-effect markers for PH, NN, BN, DI and 100-SW, and 15 potential candidate genes were predicted to be in linkage disequilibrium (LD) decay distance or LD block. In addition, real-time quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis was performed on four 100-SW potential candidate genes, three of them showed significantly different expression levels between the extreme materials at the seed development stage. Therefore, Glyma.05 g127900, Glyma.05 g128000 and Glyma.05 g129000 were considered as candidate genes with 100-SW in soybean.

Conclusions
These findings shed light on the genetic basis of plant architecture-related traits and 100-SW in soybean, and candidate genes could be used for further positional cloning.