bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Building a global taxonomy of wildlife offenses
Authors: Pascual Maria , Wingard James , Bhatri Naila , Rydannykh Alyona , Phelps Jacob 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMost countries have many pieces of legislation that govern biodiversity, including a range of criminal, administrative, and civil law provisions that state how wildlife must be legally used, managed, and protected. However, related debates in conservation, such as about enforcement, often overlook the details within national legislation that define which specific acts are illegal, the conditions under which laws apply, and how they are sanctioned. Based on a review of 90 wildlife laws in 8 high‐biodiversity countries with different legal systems, we developed a taxonomy that describes all types of wildlife offenses in those countries. The 511 offenses are organized into a hierarchical taxonomy that scholars and practitioners can use to help conduct legal analyses. This is significant amidst competing calls to strengthen, deregulate, and reform wildlife legislation, particularly in response to fears over zoonotic threats and large‐scale biodiversity loss. It can be used to provide more nuance legal analyses and facilitate like‐for‐like comparisons across countries, informing processes to redraft conservation laws, review deregulation efforts, close loopholes, and harmonize legislation across jurisdictions. We applied the taxonomy in a comparison of sanctions in 8 countries for hunting a protected species. We found not only huge ranges in fines (US$0 to $200,000) and imprisonment terms (1.5 years to life imprisonment), but also fundamentally different approaches to designing sanctions for wildlife offenses. The taxonomy also illustrates how future legal taxonomies can be developed for other environmental issues (e.g., invasive species, protected areas).
Setting robust biodiversity goals
Authors: Maron Martine , Juffe‐Bignoli Diego , Krueger Linda , Kiesecker Joseph , Kümpel Noëlle F. , ten Kate Kerry , Milner‐Gulland E.J. , Arlidge William N. S. , Booth Hollie , Bull Joseph W. , Starkey Malcolm , Ekstrom Jonathan M. , Strassburg Bernardo , Verburg Peter H. , Watson James E. M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe new global biodiversity framework (GBF) being developed under the Convention on Biological Diversity must drive action to reverse the ongoing decline of the Earth's biodiversity. Explicit, measurable goals that specify the outcomes we want to achieve are needed to set the course for this action. However, the current draft goals and targets fail to set out these clear outcomes. We argue that distinct outcome goals for species, ecosystems, and genetic diversity are essential and should specify net outcomes required for each. Net outcome goals such as “no net loss” do, however, have a controversial history, and loose specification can lead to perverse outcomes. We outline seven general principles to underpin net outcome goal setting that minimize risk of such perverse outcomes. Finally, we recommend inclusion of statements of impact in action targets that support biodiversity goals, and we illustrate the importance of this with an example from the draft GBF action targets. These modifications would help reveal the specific contribution each action would make to achieving the outcome goals and provide clarity on whether the successful achievement of action targets would be adequate to achieve the outcome goals and, in turn, the 2050 vision: living in harmony with nature.
Test–retest reliability and validity of body composition methods in adults
Authors: Totosy de Zepetnek Julia O. , Lee Jennifer J. , Boateng Terence , Plastina Stephanie E. , Cleary Shane , Huang Liuye , Kucab Michaela , Paterakis Stella , Brett Neil R. , Bellissimo Nick 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCost‐effective and efficient body composition measurement devices that are reliable and valid are necessary for identifying health risk as well as for understanding the effectiveness of lifestyle interventions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the test–retest reliability and validity of three body composition measurement devices. Forty‐nine adults (mean age (SD) = 31.5 (10.7) y; BMI = 23.5 (3.0) kg/m2) completed a reference air displacement plethysmography (ADP) measure, and duplicate measures using skinfold callipers (Lange), ultrasound (BodyMetrix A‐mode) and a 3‐dimensional photonic scanner (3DPS; Fit3D ProScanner). Skinfold thickness was measured at seven sites using callipers and ultrasound; percent body fat (%BF) was then estimated using population‐specific algorithms. The 3DPS was used to measure body circumferences, and then %BF was estimated using its beta‐software. While skinfold callipers showed poor absolute reliability (mean differences (Δ) [95% CI] = 0.54% [0.22, 0.87], standard error of measurement (SEM) = 0.63%), ultrasound and the 3DPS showed excellent absolute (Δ = 0.17% [−0.25, 0.58], SEM = 0.78%; and Δ = −0.01% [−0.43, 0.40], SEM = 0.67%, respectively) and relative reliability (ICC2,1 = 0.988 [0.979, 0.993]; and ICC2,1 = 0.983 [0.968, 0.991], respectively). Compared to ADP (n = 43), skinfold callipers underestimated %BF (Δ = −4.53 [−7.72, −1.34]; p = 0.003), while ultrasound (Δ = −0.32 [−3.51, 2.87]; p = 0.99) and the 3DPS (Δ = 1.06 [−2.12. 4.26]; p = 0.77) were not significantly different. Bland–Altman plots showed a minimal bias of ultrasound [95% limit of agreement (LOA) = −7.87, 7.23] and the 3DPS [95% LOA = −6.66, 8.79]. In conclusion, estimating %BF from subcutaneous fat measurements using ultrasound and body circumferences using a 3DPS may be reliable and valid methods that require minimal technician expertise.
Tilidine and dipyrone (metamizole) in cold pressor pain: A pooled analysis of efficacy, tolerability, and safety in healthy volunteers
Authors: Kleine‐Borgmann Julian , Wilhelmi Johannes , Kratel Johannes , Baumann Frederik , Schmidt Katharina , Zunhammer Matthias , Bingel Ulrike 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe cold pressor test (CPT) is widely implemented and offers a simple, experimental acute pain model utilizing cold pain. Previous trials have frequently paired the CPT with opioids in order to investigate the mechanisms underlying pharmacological analgesia, due to their known analgesic efficacy. However, opioid side effects may lead to unblinding and raise concerns about the safety of the experimental setting. Despite the established clinical efficacy of dipyrone (metamizole), its efficacy, tolerability, and safety in cold pressor pain has not been systematically addressed to date. This pooled analysis included data of 260 healthy volunteers from three randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind substudies using the CPT following a pre‐test‐post‐test‐design. These substudies allow for comparing a single dose of 800 mg dipyrone with two different doses of the opioid tilidine/naloxone (50/4 mg and 100/8 mg, respectively). Outcomes included pain intensity ratings, pain tolerance, medication‐attributed side effects, as well as changes of blood pressure and heart rate. We demonstrate that both opioid doses and dipyrone had a comparable, significant analgesic effect on cold pressor pain. However, dipyrone was associated with significantly less self‐reported adverse effects and these were not significantly different from those under placebo. These results indicate that the combination of dipyrone and the CPT provides a safe, tolerable, and effective experimental model for the study of pharmacological analgesia. In combination with a CPT, dipyrone may be useful as a positive control, or baseline medication for the study of analgesic modulation.
Sharing Power: Leadership Lessons from Interdisciplinary Practices in an Art Museum
Authors: Casadio Francesca 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFine arts museums are undergoing a radical transformation, from closed containers of “things” to porous spaces onsite and online where the visitor experience is paramount. The current moment is accelerating this transformative evolution of museums into institutions that feel relevant and attractive to diverse audiences, now increasingly on multiple platforms. This change on the visitor‐facing side needs to mirror a change in practices and attitudes on the inside. As part of this transformative effort a few art museums are supporting a new generation of leaders that have traditionally been in the shadows—those in charge of conservation and scientific research. The infusion of conservation and science narratives in art museums can change visitors’ mode of engagement, diversify content entry points to art for those drawn to science, inspire new public offerings, transform museum spaces to make the practice of conservation and scientific research visible, and attract new funding streams. In this paper we share recent experiences at the Art Institute of Chicago, distilling some key elements that can help transform museums into more equitable and multidisciplinary spaces of inquiry. The work underway builds on the values of STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering Art and Math) education and takes place in the context of a growing field of collaborative and interdisciplinary museum practice.
Defeminization, Structural Transformation and Technological Upgrading in Manufacturing
Authors: Tejani Sheba , Kucera David 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTThis article examines gendered employment implications of structural transformation and technological upgrading in manufacturing. It focuses on 14 countries that relied heavily on exports of labour‐intensive and assembly industries that have long provided strategic entry points onto global markets. The study uses accounting decomposition methods to identify the drivers of changes in female shares of manufacturing employment as well as econometric analysis to assess the gendered impacts of technological upgrading. This study is the first to apply either of these methods at a detailed industry level as well as the first to estimate long‐run relationships between women's representation in manufacturing employment and technological upgrading. The main findings are that within‐industry effects on female shares of employment are generally more important than employment reallocation effects and that there is more often a negative than positive relationship between technological upgrading and female shares of employment at the country and industry levels. These negative effects of technological upgrading are found in four of the five strategic export‐oriented industries — food, beverages and tobacco products; textiles; apparel, leather products and footwear; and motor vehicles. The article discusses the policy implications of these findings and of the defeminization of manufacturing employment more generally.
Psychometric properties of the Mindsets of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (MDASS) in Chinese young adults and adolescents
Authors: Zhu Shimin , Zhuang Yanqiong , Lee Paul 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimMindset has been found to be closely related to mental health symptoms. Yet no scale for the Mindsets of Depression, Anxiety, and Stress (MDASS) has been validated. This study developed a 12‐item MDASS with four items in each domain and examined its psychometric properties among young adults and adolescents.MethodsYoung adults (Study 1: N = 1735, aged 18–25) and adolescents (Study 2, N = 1648, aged 9–16) completed socio‐demographics information, MDASS (unidirectional items in Study 1 and bi‐directional items in Study 2), and mental health symptoms measures. Both samples were randomly divided into two equal sub‐samples, one for exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to identify the factor structure, the other for confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to assess the goodness‐of‐fit of EFA models. Spearman correlations were used to assess the convergent validity of MDASS with measures of depression, anxiety, and stress.ResultsIn Study 1, EFA yielded a three‐factor model with underlying factors of fixed mindsets on depression, anxiety, and stress; CFA revealed a good goodness‐of‐fit (CFI and TFI >0.95; RMSEA and SRMR <0.08). In Study 2 with reversed items, EFA and CFA yielded a complex model structure. Fixed mindsets were positively correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms (all absolute correlations >0.3) in both studies.ConclusionMDASS is a reliable scale with clear factor structure to measure mindsets of negative emotions among early adults. MDASS is suggested to use only fixed‐mindset statements. The MDASS are highly associated with symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress.
Bonding and wear properties of self‐adhesive flowable restorative materials
Authors: Takamiya Hiroshi , Tsujimoto Akimasa , Teixeira Erica C. , Jurado Carlos A. , Takamizawa Toshiki , Barkmeier Wayne W. , Latta Mark A. , Miyazaki Masashi , Garcia‐Godoy Franklin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the bonding and wear properties of self‐adhesive flowable restorative materials. Five self‐adhesive flowable restorative materials were used. The study parameters were: (i) shear bond strengths; (ii) microleakage; (iii) occlusal wear; and (iv) qualitative evaluation of the bonding interface. The range of shear bond strengths of the materials was as follows: 7.4–12.2 MPa to ground enamel, 22.5–32.5 MPa to etched enamel, and 1.3–4.2 MPa to dentin. The microleakage scores of the materials did not show any statistically significant differences regardless of the presence or absence of etching. The wear facets on the materials showed 0.099–0.447 mm3 of volume loss and 148.6–365.3 µm maximum depth, with statistically significant differences between materials. Scanning electron microscopic images of the interfaces of the materials showed good adaptation regardless of substrate. The bonding and wear properties of self‐adhesive flowable restorative materials were still limited and showed lower values than previously reported results for nanofilled composites with an adhesive system. Selective enamel etching can improve the bonding performance of these materials.
Intravascular histiocytosis: mimicker of cellulitis, angiosarcoma, inflammatory breast cancer, and others
Authors: Johnson Emma F. , Kelley Benjamin F. , Gibson Lawrence E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundIntravascular histiocytosis is an underrecognized reactive skin condition characterized by the clinical finding of poorly demarcated erythematous to violaceous patches and plaques. The diagnosis is confirmed by the histologic findings of intraluminal histiocytes on skin biopsy and exclusion of an alternative diagnosis.MethodsA review of patients with a histologic diagnosis of intravascular or intralymphatic histiocytosis and seen at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, from January 1, 2010, to October 10, 2020, was performed. Histologic and clinical information was collected from the medical records.ResultsNine patients were identified. Clinical impressions prior to biopsy varied widely, and no clinician included intravascular histiocytosis in the initial clinical differential diagnosis. Eight patients had preceding trauma to the affected area.ConclusionIntravascular histiocytosis remains a rare skin condition. Clinical identification remains low. Our cases add support to the hypothesis that intravascular histiocytosis is a reactive condition often preceded by trauma and/or surgery.
A detailed study on multifaceted bioactivities of the extracts and isolated compounds from truffle Reddellomycesparvulosporus
Authors: Çayan Fatih , Tel‐Çayan Gülsen , Deveci Ebru , Duru Mehmet Emin , Türk Mustafa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMushrooms and truffles are attracting attention as a new generation of biotherapeutics. In the current study, isolation, phenolic and organic acid composition, and antioxidant, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase activities of truffle Reddellomyces parvulosporus were examined. Four known compounds (brassicasterol (1), ergosterol peroxide (2), fumaric acid (3) and mannitol (4)) were isolated with the combination of chromatographic techniques. Fumaric acid (54.74 ± 0.85 µg g−1) was found as the major compound by HPLC‐DAD. All isolated compounds were bioassayed for antioxidant, cytotoxic, anticholinesterase, anti‐tyrosinase, anti‐urease, anti‐α‐glucosidase and anti‐α‐amylase activities. Compound 1 indicated notable cytotoxic activity on MCF‐7 (IC50: 38.08 ± 0.75 µg mL−1) and compound 3 on H1299 (IC50: 62.37 ± 0.75 µg mL−1). Also, compounds 1 (84.55 ± 1.14%) and 2 (84.90 ± 0.10%) showed higher anti‐urease activity than thiourea (78.57 ± 0.22%), while compound 2 (66.31 ± 0.08%) displayed near‐standard anti‐BChE activity. Also, being the first to emphasise the potential of R. parvulosporus as a natural food additive, this study evidenced its medicinal importance by revealing bioactive compounds and properties.
The effect of a culturally sensitive mental well‐being module on Pakistani nursing students’ knowledge and beliefs regarding their own mental health and illness
Authors: Farooq Salima , Lakhdir Maryam Pyar Ali , Parpio Yasmin Nadeem , Haider Sonia Ijaz , Rahim Shirin , Nathwani Apsara Ali , Arthur David 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study examined the effect of a mental well‐being module on undergraduate nursing students’ knowledge and beliefs regarding causes and treatment of mental health and illness, and explored the relationship between these variables and depression and anxiety. The one group design incorporated pre‐intervention, intervention and post‐intervention phases, in a consecutive sample of 246 students in a 4‐year BScN programme in Pakistan. A culturally sensitive, interactive mental well‐being module of four hours length was delivered to three groups of approximately 40 students per group. Repeated measures ANOVA was performed to assess the difference in the mean knowledge scores. Paired t‐tests investigated between‐group differences on the factor scores. A total of 112 students screened positive for anxiety and depression symptoms. Repeated measures ANOVA showed a significant difference in the mean knowledge scores regarding mental illness (P < 0.001). Factor analysis resulted in four factors for the aetiology items. Paired t‐test showed significant differences (P < 0.001) between psycho‐social and environmental factors, supernatural and religious beliefs, and neuro‐genetics. For treatment, significant differences (P < 0.001) were found between all factors – Professional and Help from others, Religiosity and Socialization, and Alternative and Medical Treatment. There was a significant and positive change in students’ mental health knowledge, beliefs and mental health‐seeking behaviour and diminished stigmatized beliefs. Based on the findings, it is highly recommended to incorporate the mental well‐being program in the curriculum.
Decline of seedling phosphorus use efficiency in the heterotic pool of flint maize breeding lines since the onset of hybrid breeding
Authors: Li Xuelian , Mang Melissa , Piepho Hans‐Peter , Melchinger Albrecht , Ludewig Uwe 
Published: May 2021

AbstractImproved management and breeding increased maize (Zea mays L.) yields over the last century, but nutritional efficiency was usually not the focus. This study investigates whether old and recently released flint and dent maize seedlings vary in the phosphorus (P) acquisition and utilization. P use efficiency (PUE) and related traits were measured and compared at two P levels in a calcareous soil. PUE and P acquisition efficiency (PAE) from founder flints to elite flints declined over the last decades. This was associated with smaller root systems, reduced ability to exploit external P, decreased rhizosphere pH and shorter root hairs in low P. Comparing flints with doubled haploid landraces (DH_LR), old and elite dents and hybrids revealed that dents started to acquire exogenous P earlier and had improved PUE. Most DH_LRs had similar PUE as elite flints. When evaluating root traits associated with P efficiency, seed P was also critical, and it is important to stack different root traits to optimize PUE, P utilization efficiency (PUtE) and PAE in breeding programmes. The root hair length, the ability to acidify the rhizosphere and the root diameter in flint and dent pools may be utilized to improve P use in maize germplasm.
Relationships between medical incidents, clinical competency, and clinical experience in child and adolescent psychiatric in‐patient nursing: A structural equation modeling approach
Authors: Funakoshi Akiko , Miyamoto Yuki 
Published: May 2021

AbstractProblemPsychiatric nurses experience medical incidents, including potential errors and adverse incidents. We aimed to identify the elements of clinical competency related to medical incidents and to test the hypothesized relationships between medical incidents, clinical competency, and clinical experience.MethodsA self‐administered survey was conducted among 406 nurses working in child and adolescent psychiatric wards at 29 Japanese hospitals.FindingsMedical incidents were significantly negatively correlated with two competencies—collecting client information and solving potential problems—and significantly positively correlated with the competency of collaboration with team members.ConclusionsOur hypothesis was partially supported, suggesting that medical incidents involve various factors other than nurses’ clinical competency.
COVID‐19 disease trajectories among nursing home residents
Authors: Carnahan Jennifer L. , Lieb Kristi M. , Albert Lauren , Wagle Kamal , Kaehr Ellen , Unroe Kathleen T. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionOlder adults are at greater risk of both infection with and mortality from COVID‐19. Many U.S. nursing homes have been devastated by the COVID‐19 pandemic, yet little has been described regarding the typical disease course in this population. The objective of this study is to describe and identify patterns in the disease course of nursing home residents infected with COVID‐19.Setting and MethodsThis is a case series of 74 residents with COVID‐19 infection in a nursing home in central Indiana between March 28 and June 17, 2020. Data were extracted from the electronic medical record and from nursing home medical director tracking notes from the time of the index infection through August 31, 2020. The clinical authorship team reviewed the data to identify patterns in the disease course of the residents.ResultsThe most common symptoms were fever, hypoxia, anorexia, and fatigue/malaise. The duration of symptoms was extended, with an average of over 3 weeks. Of those infected 25 died; 23 of the deaths were considered related to COVID‐19 infection. A subset of residents with COVID‐19 infection experienced a rapidly progressive, fatal course.Discussion/ConclusionsNursing home residents infected with COVID‐19 from the facility we studied experienced a prolonged disease course regardless of the severity of their symptoms, with implications for the resources needed to care for and support of these residents during active infection and post‐disease. Future studies should combine data from nursing home residents across the country to identify the risk factors for disease trajectories identified in this case series.