bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
20th Annual Frank Costenbader Lecture-Adult Strabismus
Authors: Scott William E , Kutschke Pamela J , Lee Won Ryul 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Background: A retrospective analysis of adults with strabismus was done to examine the potential risks and the possible benefits of surgical treatment and to describe the types of adult strabismus.
Methods: Eight hundred ninety-two patients were analyzed. Age at time of surgery ranged from 9 years to 89 years. The average follow up was 34 months. Major types of strabismus were grouped by their original diagnoses. The group of patients with horizontal strabismus, which usually had an onset before 9, was termed the before visual maturity (BVM) group. The group of patients with paretic or restrictive strabismus usually had the onset of strabismus after age 9 and was termed the after visual maturity (AVM) group.
Results: Patients with adult strabismus can gain restoration of alignment, as well as binocular function. At the last postoperative visit, 74% of the BVM group were aligned within 15 prism diopters. Not only was restoration of alignment accomplished, many of them gained some degree of sensory fusion as measured by the Worth 4-Dot (W4D) or Titmus stereoacuity. Twenty-nine percent of patients with congenital esotropia had some sensory fusion. The other subtypes in the BVM group had even higher percentages of patients with postoperative stereoacuity. In the AVM group, 92% had fusion at the last postoperative visit.
Conclusions: The outcomes of adult strabismics in our study show that certain benefits can be gained from correction of ocular alignment. Restoration of alignment, elimination of diplopia and sensory fusion are functional benefits that can be obtained through strabismus surgery in the adult patient. It is clear that adult strabismus is more than just a cosmetic problem and treatment is worthwhile.
The Long-term Use of Botulinum Toxin for Adult Strabismus
Authors: Horgan Simon E , Lee John P , Bunce Catey 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: To characterize patients choosing repeated botulinurn toxin injection as a treatment for their strabismus, and assess their demand for it over time (up to 8 years ).
Method: Patients who had undergone at least eight injections were identified and their clinical records analyzed for diagnosis, demographic details, and demand for toxin injections with time. To establish any predictive variables, the details for these cases were compared with those of matched controls who had undergone fewer injections. Lastly, a questionnaire was mailed to research patients' views as to the indications and preferences for regular toxin injection as a method of treatment.
Results: Ninety-five patients were identified (34 men, 61 women; median age 37 years), of whom 35 had consecutive exotropia and 16 had secondary exotropia. Other diagnoses represented were residual and primary deviations, restrictive exotropias, and oscillopsias.
A trend of fewer injections over the attendance period was seen, and the only complication observed was upper lid ptosis in 1% of injections. Cases exhibited similar demographic composition to matched controls, but were more likely to have consecutive exotropia or secondary esotropia as a diagnosis. Univariate analysis showed evidence (p<0.001) of an association between the number of previous operations and the odds of being a case. No evidence was found that cases and controls lived at differing distances from our hospital.
The questionnaire found that 71% of patients stated appearance as the prime reason for seeking treatment, and 37% stated simplicity of toxin therapy as their reason for reattendance. Twenty-six percent of the patients were disillusioned with the resurts of previous surgery and preferred toxin therapy as a means of controlling their symptoms.
Conclusion: Botulinum toxin injection is an appropriate long-term treatment for some strabismus patients who choose not to undergo further surgery. A trend toward fewer injections with time was observed, and no adverse effects were associated with long-term treatment.
Lacrimal-duct-probing-induced Bacteremia; Should Children With Congenital Heart Defects Receive Antibiotic Prophylaxis?
Authors: Eippert Gregory A , Burnstine Robert A , Bates James H 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: To determine the Incidence of bacteremla following lacrimal-duct probing in children, and to evaluate the potential need for antibiotic prophylaxis in children who are at an increased risk of infectious endocarditis (IE).
Methods: In a prospective study beginning in October 1994, 40 consecutive children requiring lacrimal-duct probing performed by a single pediatrie ophthalmologist received preoperative lacrimai and blood cultures followed by postoperative probe-induced transient bacteremia that was defined as a negative preoperative blood culture, followed by a positive postoperative blood culture of the same bacteria identified in the positive lacrimal culture.
Results: The overall infection rate as described above was 7 of 40 children (17.5%) with a 95% confidence interval of 7.3% to 32.8%. Of these, four children had positive postoperative cultures for Haemophilus influenzae (10.0%) and 3 were positive for Streptococcus pneumoniae (7.5%) One child had a negative preoperative blood and lacrimal culture with a postoperative blood culture positive for Streptococcus viridans.
Conclusions: This study shows a significant Incidence of I ac r I ma l-p robe-Induced bacteremla with organisms that have been documented as etiologlcal agents for IE in children. IE, although less common in children, remains a serious, potentially life threatening infection with high mortality. Although lacrimal-duct probing has never been clearly associated with documented endocarditis, it is the authors' recommendation that it be prudent for patients who are at known high risk for endocarditis to receive SBE prophylaxis considering the low cost/benefit ratio.
Clinical Characteristics of Surgically Treated Adult Strabismus
Authors: Hertle Richard W 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Background: Strabismus is present in approximately 4% of the population with most forms becoming clinically evident in infancy and childhood. Adult strabismus, including that resulting from recurrent childhood deviations, varies in etiology, presentation, symptomatology, and response to treatment. This report is intended to prospectively characterize adults who required surgical correction of their strabismic deviation.
Methods: Beginning in 1991, a prospective computerized database was collected that contained all clinical, laboratory, and surgical information on the adult ocular motility service at the Scheie Eye Institute and The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia (Philadelphia, Pa). Analysis of those patients who underwent surgical correction of their strabismus is included in this report. Demography, clinical characteristics, and surgical procedures including results were analyzed separately in adults with their strabismus beginning before visual maturation (BVM) (9 years of age) and after visual maturation (AVM).
Results: A minimum of 6 months and average of 1.8 years follow up is reported on 262 procedures in 255 patients with an average age of 37 between January 1991 and January 1996. Sixty-two percent of patients had their strabismus onset BVM. Fifty-one percent of BVM patients and 80% of AVM patients had incomitant deviations. Adjustable suture surgery was performed on 97% of all patients, with 28% of BVM and 57% of AVM patients having multiplanar surgery. Successful motor alignment was achieved in 85% of all patients after one surgical procedure. Sensory success was achieved in 81% of all AVM patients and 25% of all BVM patients. Subjective success was 94% in both groups of patients.
Conclusions: Numerous differences exist between childhood and adult strabismus characteristics and response to surgery. Although strabismus surgery is effective, differences in results reflect the varied physiology regarding etiology, pathophysiology, and symptomology. Classification into AVM and BVM groups will provide continued clarity for future studies.
Clinical Features of Pediatric Behçet's Disease
Authors: Eldem Bora , Onur Cengiz , Özen Seza 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the clinical features and outcome of Behcet's disease in the pediatric age group.
Method: Twenty cases within a pediatric age group whose ages differ from 5 to 1 5 years were studied retrospectively to determine the age of onset, the initial signs, and the progress of the disease.
Results: In 18 of the patients whose average age were 13.3 years (5 to 18 years), the initial symptoms associated with Behcet's disease were oral aphtous lesions or genital ulcers. Among them, 16 developed ocular symptoms in a later stage, at an average of 15.5 years of age (11 to 18 years). Posterior uveitis was the most common manifestation, detected in 75% of the cases. Three patients had neurobehçet's disease, and the neurologic manifestations were dural thrombosis, pseudotumor cerebri, and quadriparesis.
Conclusions: In this study, after an average 4 years' follow up (6 months to 13 years) the clinical progress of Behcet's disease in the pediatric age group was similar to that found in adult disease. Both the ocular signs (ie, cataracts and glaucoma) and the systemic features (ie, aphtous stomatitis, genital ulcers, erythema nodosum, arthritis, and neurologic signs) were manifested at the onset or during the progress of the disease.
Characteristics of a Pediatric Low-vision Population
Authors: de Carvalho Keila Monteiro , Minguini Nilza , Filho Djalma C Moreira , Kara-José Newton 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Background: Assessment of the causes of childhood blindness is important to develop preventive and therapeutic strategies that can reduce the incidence of visual impairment.
Methods: A retrospective survey of the clinical records of 395 consecutive children younger than 14 years of age who were attended by the Low Vision Service of State University of Campinas (UNICAMP) was conducted. Data on the age distribution, the causes of low vision, the types of low vision aids prescribed, the follow up of their use, and improvement in visual acuity were obtained.
Results: Congenital bilateral toxoplasmic macular scars, optic atrophy, and congenital cataracts were the major causes of (ow vision in this population. The optical aid most frequently prescribed was a telescope. The improvement of visual acuity with the use of aids was highly significant.
Inherited Retinal Telangiectasia With Glial Proliferation
Authors: McKibbin Martin , Amoaku Winfred , Bradbury John A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We describe five patients from a family of Pakistani origin with inherited retinal telangiectasia and glial proliferation. Characteristics of this condition include: variable visual loss; peripapillary retinal telangiectasia with vascular incompetence on fluorescein angiography; glial proliferation; cystoid macular edema or altered macular pigment; retinal hemorrhage; and abnormal electroretinopathy. We discuss the similarities with and distinguishing features from other documented conditions and the mode of inheritance.
Recent Developments in the Management of Retinoblastoma
Authors: Shields Carol L , Shields Jerry A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The management of retinoblastoma has gradually changed over the past few decades. There is a trend away from enucleation and external beam radiotherapy toward focal conservative treatments. This is primarily because of earlier detection of the disease and more focused treatment modalities. Enucleation is still employed for retinoblastoma that fills most of the eye, especially when there is a concern for tumor invasion into the optic nerve or choroid. After enucleation, an integrated orbital implant, provides improved motility and appearance of the prosthesis.
External beam radiotherapy continues to be an important method of treating less advanced retinoblastoma, especially when there is diffuse vitreous or subretinal seeding. Plaque radiotherapy is useful for controlling small- to medium-sized retinoblastomas, even those with focal vitreous seeds.
Tumors that recur after failure of other methods are often suitable for plaque treatment. When plaque radiotherapy is employed in a child receiving chemotherapy, eventual radiation retinopathy can occur.
Cryotherapy and photocoagulation provide excellent control of selected small tumors. Advanced laser delivery systems, particularly those that have been adapted to the indirect ophthalmoscope, have facilitated the visualization for treatment of tumors. Thermotherapy is the newest focal method for retinoblastoma. When combined with chemotherapy, thermotherapy provides satisfactory tumor control, leaving the child with a reasonably small scar, thus preserving more vision. Chemoreduction, using intravenous or subconjunctival routes, is often employed to reduce initial tumor volume and thus allow for focal treatment to eradicate the residual smaller tumor.
Many children with advanced retinoblastoma can be spared external beam radiotherapy and enucleation mostly as a result of chemoreduction and focal methods. Chemoreduction combined with cryotherapy, thermotherapy, and plaque radiotherapy plays an important role in the current management of many children with retinoblastoma.
Comparison of Visual Evoked Potentials in Patients With Psychogenic Visual Disturbance and Malingering
Authors: Saitoh Eiko , Adachi-Usami Emiko , Mizota Atsushi , Fujimoto Naoya 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: To verify the efficiency and objectivity of the pattern visual evoked potential (VEP) for organic disorders oí the cortical visual system.
Methods: This retrospective study evaluated VEP in 19 patients diagnosed with psychogenic visual disturbance, 7 patients with malingering, and 37 age-matched normal volunteers. Transient (3 reversals per second) and steady-state (12 reversals per second) pattern VEPs for check sizes 1 5' and 30', with a contrast of 80%, were recorded.
Results: The amplitudes of both transient and steady-state pattern VEPs were significantly increased in patients with psychogenic visual disturbance, while patients with malingering had significantly lower amplitudes. P100 peak latency was prolonged in both groups of patients.
Conclusion: Monitoring of patients' fixation on the stimulus showed those with psychogenic visual disturbance fixated well on the stimulus, while those with malingering did not. This finding produced a VEP amplitude reduction in patients with malingering. The reason for the VEP amplitude in patients with psychogenic visual disturbance is unclear.
Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2001;38:21-26.
Effects of Anisometropia on Binocularity
Authors: Tomaç Sühan , Birdal Esmahan 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: To investigate the effects of anisometropia on binocular function and the relationship between stereopsis and fusion in anisometropia.
Methods: Twenty-five patients with anisometropia were studied. The manifest refraction and bestcorrected Snellen visual acuity of each patient was recorded. Patients, corrected with spectacles, were evaluated using Bagolini glasses, the 4diopter (D) prism test, Worth four-dot test, and TNO stereotest.
Results: All patients indicated fusion by the Bagolini glasses. Although the 4-D prism test was positive in the anisometropic eye of all 25 patients, it was slower than the response of the other eye in 1 9 patients with reduced stereoacuity. On the distant Worth four-dot test, fusion response was positive in 1 5 patients. On the TNO test, stereoacuity levels were reduced or absent in 19 patients.
Conclusion: The depth of amblyopia is more effective than the amount of anisometropia in causing a deterioration in binocularity. Even if fusion is weak, almost all patients with anisometropia have bifoveal fusion. Fusion becomes weak and stereoacuity decreases in proportion to the anisometropic amblyopia. Stereoacuity is related to the strength of fusion, and the TNO stereotest effectively detects those patients with significant anisometropic amblyopia.
Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2001;38:27-33.
Echography of Retinoblastoma: Histopathologic Correlation and Serial Evaluation After Globe-Conserving Radiotherapy or Chemotherapy
Authors: Roth Daniel B , Scott Ingrid U , Murray Timothy G , Kaiser Peter K , Feuer William J , Hughes J Randall , Rosa Rubert H 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: To assess the sensitivity of echography in detecting retinoblastoma, compare tumor features observed by echography with histopathology data, and assess the usefulness of echography in serially following retinoblastoma tumors after globe-conserving treatments.
Methods: The medical and echography records of all patients treated for retinoblastoma at the Bascom Ralmer Eye Institute between 1991 and 1997 were reviewed. All eyes underwent pretreatment echographic evaluation, and eyes treated with external beam radiotherapy, brachytherapy, or chemotherapy underwent serial follow-up echography.
Results: Sixty-nine eyes of 48 patients were identified. Echography demonstrated evidence of retinoblastoma in 69 of 69 (100%) eyes and calcification in 63 (91 .3%) eyes. Histopathology was superior to echography in detecting optic nerve invasion, extraocular extension, and presence of calcification.
Conclusion: Echography is a useful adjunct to indirect ophthalmoscopy in establishing the diagnosis of retinoblastoma. While not as specific as histopathology, echographic evaluation before and after treatment of retinoblastoma permits monitoring of treatment response and may aid in detecting recurrent tumor growth or failure to respond to treatment.
Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2001;38:136-143.
Comparison of Hang-Back and Conventional Recession Surgery for Horizontal Strabismus
Authors: Rajavi Zhale , Ghadim Hashem Moezzi , Nikkhoo Mehran , Dehsarvi Babak 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: To compare the results of hang-back and conventional recession surgery.
Methods: This randomized, double-blind, matched clinical trial comprised 30 patients with esotropia and 24 with exotropia. All ocular examinations before and at least 1.5 months after surgery were performed by an orthoptist who was unaware of the method of recession. All surgeries were performed by the same surgeon.
Results: In patients with esotropia, deviation improved from 31 ±9 prism diopters (Δ) preoperatively to 7±6 Δ postoperatively for hang-back recession (n=1 5) and from 41 ±14 Δ to 6±6 Δ for conventional recession (n=1 5). Postoperative horizontal deviation was >10 Δ in 40% of patients who underwent hang-back recession and 20% of patients who underwent conventional recession (P<.8). In patients with exotropia, deviation improved from 28.9±9 Δ preoperatively to 0.5±11 Δ postoperatively for hang-back recession (n=12) and from 29±8 Δ to 6±6 Δ for conventional recession (n=12). Postoperative horizontal deviation was >10 Δ in 24% of patients who underwent hang-back recession and 17% of patients who underwent conventional recession (P<.2). Mean follow-up was 7 months.
Conclusion: Hang-back recession is an alternative to conventional rectus muscle recession, especially in children who have smaller globes and patients with myopia or collagen vascular diseases.
Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus 2001;38:273-277.
SCREENING for Postpartum Depression
Authors: Ugarriza Doris Noel 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A prospective time-series descriptive design was used to screen for depression in puerperal women. Two measures of depression, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Atypical Depression Diagnostic Scale (ADDS), were selected to measure different aspects of depression. The measures were administered to 124 mothers twice in the prepartum period, with a 2-week intervening period, and twice in the postpartum period, with a 2-week intervening period. Results indicated that these instruments may not be effective to screen for postpartum depression. The ADDS overestimates the number of depressed women by counting as symptoms the normal changes of pregnancy and parturition. The BDI does the same and does not focusing on the primary symptoms of postpartum depression, such as being overwhelmed by motherhood and having thoughts of harming the baby. The need for a screening tool that measures the specific symptoms of postpartum depression as well as the severity of those symptoms is determined.
The Latex Allergic Psychiatric Patient
Authors: Scholler-Jaquish Alwilda , Weiss-Kaffie Cynthia J , Ashcraft Alyce , Diaz Shelly 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Latex allergy is an immune system illness affecting an increasing number of individuals. People with latex allergy often experience anxiety and fear about real and potential exposure to products containing natural rubber latex. Nurses working in acute care and general medical-surgical areas are more likely to be aware of this emerging illness than nurses working on a psychiatric unit. The nature of latex allergy and the immune system response are described in this article. People with latex allergy may react when they are exposed to latex allergens or specific foods. This article identifies nursing interventions and describes those appropriate for people with anxiety or fear responses. Patients with latex allergy can be managed when nursing staff understand both the medical and psychiatric aspects of care.
Positive Attitude: An Essential Element for Effective Care of People with Mental Illnesses
Authors: Emrich Kathleen , Thompson Teresa Cervantez , Moore Gary 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is well known that attitudes influence behavior, and attitudes toward people with mental illnesses have been described as negative, stigmatizing, uninformed, and fearful. The general public view people with mental illnesses as dangerous, prone to violence, unpredictable, and in some measure responsible for their illnesses. Health care professionals share these attitudes to a surprising extent, which compromises their ability to deliver competent, compassionate care. Nursing students' perceptions of people with mental illnesses are reflective of those held by the general public.
The purpose of this descriptive study was to determine whether a curriculum that embeds psychiatric nursing principles in a course focused on care of people with chronic illnesses and uses specific fear-reduction teaching strategies, would have a positive effect on students' attitudes toward people with mental illnesses. Using an adaptation of Yucker's attitude scale, a test of nursing students' (n = 38) attitudes before and after completion of the course was conducted. Students' attitudes were significantly more positive at the completion of the course. The findings suggest that exposure to factual information about mental illnesses, the opportunity to interact with people with mental illnesses, emphasis on treatment options, and use of fear-reduction strategies positively affected students' attitudes toward people with mental illnesses.
Providers' Perceptions of How Rural Consumers Access and Use Mental Health Services
Authors: Ryan-Nicholls Kimberley D , Racher Frances E , Robinson J Renée 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This article describes the third phase of a research study undertaken within a Canadian provincial regional health authority to explore and analyze mental health services and other resources used by rural consumers after discharge from inpatient mental health programs. The focus of this article is the qualitative research findings obtained from mental health service providers and members of allied agencies. This article will discuss the literature on rural consumers' access and use of mental health programs and services; describe the context and method used to conduct the focus groups with rural service providers; characterize access and use problems from the service providers' perspectives; and suggest strategies to address these problems.