bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contemporary Philanthropy in the Spotlight: Pushing the Boundaries of Research on a Global and Contested Social Practice
Authors: von Schnurbein Georg , Rey-Garcia Marta , Neumayr Michaela 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article is intended as the leading article in a special issue devoted to the achievements, limitations, opportunities and risks entailed in the research and practice of contemporary philanthropy. The article first characterizes philanthropy as a highly diverse and dynamic set of social practices that has only recently been subject to the systematic scrutiny of an emerging field of research, parallel to its rapid transformation and increased societal visibility. The main debates that emerged during the last two decades while researching the complexities of contemporary philanthropy are contextualized from the perspective of multiple disciplines; and the main foci for contentious conceptualizations and societal expectations explored. In this context, contributions of the special issues are summarized. Further avenues for pushing the boundaries of philanthropy research in ways inclusive of the dynamism, diversity, multi-disciplinarity and controversy that characterize the field, while at the same time providing meaningful answers to societal concerns about the potential and shortcomings of new philanthropic practices, are drawn.
Income, wealth and use of personal protection equipment in the Mekong Delta
Authors: Migheli Matteo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBoth in developing and developed countries, farmers often do not protect themselves adequately, especially when applying agrochemicals that are dangerous for their health. The issue is relevant because insufficient protection is between the causes leading to intoxication of farmers and workers who handle these products. The literature suggests that both lack of training and information and low income may explain why, especially in developing countries, protective equipment is under-used. Using data from the Mekong Delta, this study addresses the issue of whether income and household wealth may help explaining the use of incomplete protections against pesticides. The results suggest that income, more than wealth, is a reason why Vietnamese farmers operating in the Mekong Delta fail in using adequate protections. In particular, the data suggest that they may prefer to divert resources to increasing the production of their fields or to buying goods that may be used both as protection and as everyday garments. This behaviour leads to underinvestment in some important protective goods. Possible public interventions to mitigate the problem are suggested; in particular, the promotion of integrated pest management techniques could be useful.
Separation of Aluminum from More Noble Elements in an Electrolysis Cell with Side-by-Side Geometry
Authors: Solheim AsbjØrn , Kjos Ole S. , Gudbrandsen Henrik , Skybakmoen Egil 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Currently, recycled metal is diluted with primary metal to keep the concentration of alloying elements within specification. This will be more difficult in the future, when a larger proportion of the metal is made from scrap. Particularly, there is a need for a process that can remove elements more noble than aluminum from the scrap metal. While electrolytic refining in a three-layer cell (the Hoopes process) is a possibility; the present paper presents a simpler and more flexible electrolysis cell where the anode metal (alloy) and the cathode metal (purified metal) are placed side-by-side. The principle was demonstrated in a laboratory cell. The current efficiency was above 80 pct and the specific energy consumption was about 7 kWh/kg Al. The refining effect was very good, e.g., the copper content in the 7xxx alloy used was reduced from 2.1 wt pct to less than 20 ppm. An industrial version of the cell used in the present work is suggested. The principles and design are generic and can be used for other purposes than recycling aluminum.
Influence of Hydrostatic Extrusion on the Mechanical Properties of the Model Al-Mg Alloys
Authors: Towarek Aleksandra , Jurczak Wojciech , Zdunek Joanna , Kulczyk Mariusz , Mizera Jarosław 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTwo model aluminium-magnesium alloys, containing 3 and 7.5 wt.% of Mg, were subjected to plastic deformation by means of hydrostatic extrusion (HE). Two degrees of deformation were imposed by two subsequent reductions of the diameter. Microstructural analysis and tensile tests of the materials in the initial state and after deformation were performed. For both materials, HE extrusion resulted in the deformation of the microstructure—formation of the un-equilibrium grain boundaries and partition of the grains. What is more, HE resulted in a significant increase of tensile strength and decrease of the elongation, mostly after the first degree of deformation.
Evaluating objective measures of impairment to trunk strength and control for cross-country sit skiing
Authors: Rosso Valeria , Linnamo Vesa , Vanlandewijck Yves , Rapp Walter , Fasel Benedikt , Karczewska-Lindinger Magdalena , Lindinger Stefan , Gastaldi Laura 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn Paralympic cross-country sit skiing, athlete classification is performed by an expert panel, so it may be affected by subjectivity. An evidence-based classification is required, in which objective measures of impairment must be identified. The purposes of this study were: (i) to evaluate the reliability of 5 trunk strength measures and 18 trunk control measures developed for the purposes of classification; (ii) to rank the objective measures, according to the largest effects on performance. Using a new testing device, 14 elite sit-skiers performed two upright seated press tests and one simulated poling test to evaluate trunk strength. They were also subjected to unpredictable balance perturbations to measure trunk control. Tests were repeated on two separate days and test–retest reliability of trunk strength and trunk control measures was evaluated. A cluster analysis was run and correlation was evaluated, including all strength and control measures, to identify the measures that contributed most to clustering participants. Intraclass correlations coefficients (ICC) were 0.71 < ICC < 0.98 and 0.83 < ICC < 0.99 for upright seated press and perturbations, respectively. Cluster analysis identified three clusters with relevance for strength and balance control measures. For strength, in upright seated press peak anterior pushing force without backrest (effect size = 0.77) and ratio of peak anterior pushing force without and with backrest (effect size = 0.72) were significant. For balance control measures, trunk range of motion in forward (effect size = 0.81) and backward (effect size = 0.75) perturbations also contributed. High correlations (− 0.76 < r < − 0.53) were found between strength and control measures. The new testing device, protocol, and the cluster analysis show promising results in assessing impairment of trunk strength and control to empower an evidence-based classification.
Review of Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary sections in the Rhenish Slate Mountains (Germany)
Authors: Becker R. Thomas , Hartenfels Sven , Kaiser Sandra I. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThirty Devonian-Carboniferous Boundary sections of the Rhenish Slate Mountains and adjacent subsurface areas are reviewed with respect to litho-, event, conodont, ammonoid, sequence, and chemostratigraphy. In the interval from the base of the uppermost Famennian (Wocklum Beds, Wocklumian) to the base of the middle Tournaisian (base Lower Alum Shale), 11 conodont and 16 ammonoid (sub)zones are distinguished. The terminology of the Hangenberg Crisis Interval is refined, with an overall regressive Crisis Prelude below the main Hangenberg Extinction, which defines the base of the transgressive Lower Crisis Interval (Hangenberg Black Shale). The glacigenic and regressive Middle Crisis Interval (Hangenberg Shale/Sandstone) is followed by the overall transgressive Upper Crisis Interval that can be subdivided into three parts (I to III) with the help of conodont stratigraphy (uppercostatus-kockeliInterregnum = upperckI,Protognathodus kockeliZone, and lower part ofSiphonodella(Eosiphonodella)sulcatas.l./Pr. kuehniZone).Protognathodus kockeliincludes currently a wide range of forms, which variabilities and precise ranges need to be established before a precise GSSP level should be selected. Returning to its original definition, the former UpperduplicataZone is re-named asSiphonodella(S.)mehliZone. It replaces theS.(S.)jiiZone, which is hampered by taxonomic complications. TheS.(S.)quadruplicataZone of Ji (1985) is hardly supported by Rhenish data. The entry of typicalS.(S.)lobata(M1) characterises an upper subdivision (subzone) of theS.(S.)sandbergiZone; the newS.(S.)lobataM2 enters much earlier within theS.(S.)mehliZone. The ammonoid-defined base of the Wocklum-Stufe (Upper Devonian = UD VI) begins with theLinguaclymenia similisZone (UD VI-A1). The oldestS.(Eosiphonodella) enter within theMuessenbiaergia bisulcataZone (UD VI-A2). The traditionalParawocklumeria paradoxaZone of Schindewolf (1937) is divided into successiveP. paprothae(VI-C1),P. paradoxa(VI-C2), andMayneoceras nucleus(VI-C3) Subzones. In the lower Tournaisian (Lower Carboniferous = LC I), theGattendorfia subinvolutaZone is subdivided intoG. subinvoluta(LC I-A2) and “Eocanites”nodosus(LC I-A3) Subzones. ThePaprothites dorsoplanusZone (LC I-B) can be divided intoPap. dorsoplanus(LC I-B1) andParagattendorfia sphaeroides(LC I-B2) Subzones. Potential subdivisions of thePseudarietites westfalicus(LC I-C) andParag. patensZones (LC I-D) are less distinctive. The unfossiliferous or argillaceous upper part of the Hangenberg Limestone and the overlying Lower Alum Shale Event Interval remain regionally unzoned for ammonoids.
Parental acceptance of advanced behaviour management techniques in paediatric dentistry in families with different cultural background
Authors: Al Zoubi L. , Schmoeckel J. , Mustafa Ali M. , Splieth CH. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the differences of parental acceptance of advanced behaviour management techniques (BMT) in different cultural backgrounds (Germany vs. Jordan).

Methods
A convenience sample of 100 parents each of paediatric patients at the University of Greifswald/Germany and Jordan University/Jordan completed a questionnaire to rate their acceptance of four advanced BMT (passive restraint, active restraint, nitrous oxide sedation, and general anaesthesia) using a five-point Likert scale.

Results
In both groups, nitrous oxide sedation was the most accepted advanced BMT (mean 3.78 ± 1.34/3.22 ± 1.50, respectively). The least acceptable technique in Germany was passive restraint (2.05 ± 1.18) and in Jordan general anaesthesia (2.11 ± 1.30). The parents in Germany are significantly more accepting of nitrous oxide sedation than are parents in Jordan (p = 0.010), while parents in Jordan are more willing to accept passive restraint (p = 0.001). The acceptance of all advanced BMT increased significantly in both groups when the treatment was urgent.

Conclusions
Parental cultural background and the urgency of the treatment affect the acceptance of different BMT. Moreover, the parental attitude to the pharmacological technique has changed, as nitrous oxide sedation generally appears to be the most preferred advanced technique in both groups.
Underground location algorithm based on random forest and environmental factor compensation
Authors: Qiao Xin , Chang Fei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAiming at the poor location accuracy caused by the harsh and complex underground environment, long strip roadway, limited wireless transmission and sparse anchor nodes, an underground location algorithm based on random forest and compensation for environmental factors was proposed. Firstly, the underground wireless access point (AP) network model and tunnel environment were analyzed, and the fingerprint location algorithm was built. And then the Received Signal Strength (RSS) was analyzed by Kalman Filter algorithm in the offline sampling and real-time positioning stage. Meanwhile, the target speed constraint condition was introduced to reduce the error caused by environmental factors. The experimental results show that the proposed algorithm solves the problem of insufficient location accuracy and large fluctuation affected by environment when the anchor nodes are sparse. At the same time, the average location accuracy reaches three meters, which can satisfy the application of underground rescue, activity track playback, disaster monitoring and positioning. It has high application value in complex underground environment.
Investigation of non-Pb all-perovskite 4-T mechanically stacked and 2-T monolithic tandem solar devices utilizing SCAPS simulation
Authors: Islam Md. Tohidul , Jani Md. Rafsun , Rahman Sanzida , Shorowordi Kazi Md. , Nishat Sadiq Shahriyar , Hodges Deidra , Banerjee Sankha , Efstathiadis Harry , Carbonara Joaquin , Ahmed Saquib 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSCAPS simulation was utilized to complement previously published perovskite-on-Si tandem solar devices and explore herein viable all-perovskite 4-T mechanically stacked and 2-T monolithic non-Pb tandem structures. CsSn0.5Ge0.5I3 (1.5 eV) was used as top cell wide bandgap absorber, while CsSnI3 (1.3 eV) was chosen as bottom cell low bandgap absorber. The top cell was simulated with AM 1.5G 1 Sun spectrum, and the bottom cell was simulated with the filtered spectrum from the top cell. To form a 2-T monolithic tandem device, ITO was used as the recombination layer; the current matching condition was investigated by varying the thickness of the absorber layers. For a current-matched device with a Jsc of 21.2 mA/cm2, optimized thicknesses of 450 nm and 815 nm were obtained for the top and bottom absorber layers, respectively. At these thicknesses, the PCEs of the top and bottom cells were 14.08% and 9.25%, respectively, and 18.32% for the final tandem configuration. A much simpler fabricated and simulated 4-T mechanically stacked tandem device, on the other hand, showcased top and bottom cell PCEs of 15.83% and 9.15%, at absorber layer thicknesses of 1300 nm and 900 nm, respectively, and a final overall tandem device PCE of 19.86%.
Effectiveness of bagasse ash for performance improvement of asphalt concrete pavements
Authors: Zia Asad , Khan Ayaz Ahmad 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe performance of asphalt concrete pavements (ACP) is greatly related to the rate of rutting. Stone dust is mostly used as a filler in ACP. Bagasse ash being cementitious in nature, and costless waste can also be used as a filler. The overall aim is to select a suitable filler for better performance of asphalt concrete pavements. The effectiveness of locally available bagasse ash is examined as a filler for asphalt concrete in terms of its effect on job mix formula, stability, rutting depth, the rise in temperature, and cost of asphalt concrete. All tests are performed as per AASHTO standards. The bagasse ash asphalt concrete showed a reduction in rutting depth, temperature rise, and cost as compared to that of the stone dust asphalt concrete without disturbing the job mix formula. Hence, bagasse ash can be helpful for the performance enhancement of asphalt concrete pavements.
Exclusion of SARS-COV-2 From Two Maine Overnight Camps July-August 2020
Authors: Kowalsky Rachel H. , Fine Susan , Eisenberg Matthew A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectives:Summer camp can positively affect self-esteem and social skills. Most United States summer camps did not open during 2020 because of concerns about severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-COV-2). Our objective is to describe exclusion strategies successfully used by 2 summer camps in Maine.Methods:Before camp arrival, all attendees were asked to quarantine at home for 14 d and perform a daily symptom checklist. Salivary specimens were submitted by mail for SARS-COV-2 PCR testing 4 d before arrival, and again 4 d after arrival. At camp, multiple layers of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were used.Results:A total of 717 (96.7%) prospective attendees underwent remotely supervised saliva collection; 4 were positive and did not come to camp. Among the 20 who did not submit a sample, 3 did not come to camp; the other 17 underwent screening and a rapid antigen test for SARS-COV-2 immediately upon arrival and before reporting to communal living spaces; all were negative. All campers and staff were re-tested by salivary polymerase chain reaction 4 d after arrival, and all were negative.Conclusions:We demonstrate that it is possible to safely operate overnight camps during a pandemic, thus supporting the continued physical and socioemotional growth of children, using multiple layers of NPIs.
Establishing a Pre-COVID-19 Hospital Biopreparedness Initiative
Authors: Popescu Saskia , Leach Rebecca , Robinson Krystal 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)/coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has amplified the role of hospitals in infectious disease response and capacity building. In efforts to respond to the growing volume of cases, hospitals have become a microcosm for US pandemic response. The COVID-19 outbreak has highlighted that hospital preparedness for biological events, such as a pandemic, are often inadequate and dependent on leadership investment in biopreparedness. This article discusses the proactive decision, before COVID-19, that a Phoenix-based hospital system made to invest in high-consequence disease (HCD) preparedness. Within these efforts, a gap analysis was performed, which led to creation of an HCD subcommittee and corresponding efforts to address vulnerabilities and opportunities for improvement. From establishing enhanced personal protective equipment (PPE) and infectious disease training for frontline staff, to building an outbreak tracking mechanism for travel alerts within the electronic medical record, the HCD efforts of this hospital system created a stronger foundation to respond to biological events like the COVID-19 pandemic.
Association between Healthy Eating Index-2015 scores and probable sarcopenia in community-dwelling Iranian older adults: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Esmaeily Zahra , Tajary Zahra , Daei Sharzad , Rezaei Mahshid , Eyvazkhani Atefeh , Dorosty Motlagh Ahmad Reza , Palmowski Andriko 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Sarcopenia is associated with frailty and disability in older adults. Adherence to current dietary guidelines in addition to physical activity could prevent muscle wasting and weakness. The Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI) is a tool to assess diet quality. We aimed to investigate the association between HEI scores and probable sarcopenia (PS) among older adults in Tehran. 201 randomly selected older adults were included in this cross-sectional study between May and October 2019 in Tehran, Iran. A previously validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to estimate HEI scores and dietary intake. Handgrip strength (HGS) was measured to evaluate the PS. Statistical evaluation included descriptive analysis, logistic and linear regression. Those probably suffering from sarcopenia had significantly lower HEI scores (P=0⋅02). After adjusting for confounders, HEI scores and HGS were still significantly associated (adjusted R2=0⋅56, slope β=0⋅03, P=0⋅09). Older adults with a low PS had a higher ratio of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated to saturated fatty acids (P= 0⋅06) and ingested less added sugars and saturated fats (P=0⋅01 and P=0⋅02, respectively). Furthermore, consuming more total protein foods correlated positively with muscle strength (P=0⋅01, R=0⋅18). To sum up, HEI scores were associated with PS, measured by HGS, indicating that adhering to the HEI might improve muscle strength in aging individuals.
Enforcing rights in employment tribunals: insights from age discrimination claims in a new ‘dataset’
Authors: Blackham Alysia 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe online publication of employment tribunal (ET) decisions in England, Wales and Scotland marks a watershed moment, opening up new innovative avenues for legal research, and promoting transparency in labour law decision-making. Drawing on this ‘dataset’, and using age discrimination decisions as a lens to facilitate analysis, this paper reflects on the advantages and limitations of using online ET decisions as a data source to support labour law research. By considering matters of time in age discrimination decisions – both in relation to time limits for bringing a claim, and ET delays – this paper uses innovative empirical findings to map the limits of the individual enforcement model adopted by discrimination laws, and illustrates some of the barriers to successfully bringing a claim for discrimination.
Subterranean Properties: India's Political Ecology of Coal, 1870–1975
Authors: Shutzer Matthew 
Published: March 2021

AbstractScholars have long been attentive to the relationship between legal regimes and agrarian dispossession in the resource frontiers of the postcolonial world. The analytical problem of identifying how private firms use legal regimes to take control of land—whether for mining, plantations, or Special Economic Zones—now animates a new body of research seeking the historical antecedents for contemporary land grabs. In the case of colonial South Asia, existing scholarship has often tended to suggest that the law precedes processes of capital accumulation, and that colonial capital operated within the confines of definable, even if legally plural, institutional regimes, such as property rights and commercial law. This perspective suggests, if only implicitly, that capitalist firms prefer to work within formal frameworks of legality. In this article, I outline a different understanding of the place of law in colonial South Asia, which follows the formation of property law for coal at the end of the nineteenth century. I argue that the discursive framing of coal's status as property emerged out of, rather than preceded, social and ecological displacements caused by a coal commodity boom after 1894. Reconstructing conflicts over coal-bearing agrarian land through civil court records and mining company property deeds, I demonstrate how the absence of coal property within the colonial legal archive was reassembled through a recursive conception of legality. This genealogy of law recovers the historical context for contemporary struggles over mining claims in India's coal region today.
The “Second Egypt”: Cretan Refugees, Agricultural Development, and Frontier Expansion in Ottoman Cyrenaica, 1897–1904
Authors: Lorenz Fredrick Walter 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article investigates the Ottoman state's endeavor to create the “second Egypt” by consolidating its imperial authority along the coastline and hinterland of Cyrenaica from 1897 to 1904. It examines the strategic settlement of Cretan Muslim refugees in territories situated between Benghazi and Derna and in al-Jabal al-Akhdar following the Cretan insurrection of 1897–98. I argue that Cretan Muslim refugees-turned-settlers served as skilled agriculturalists and experienced armed sentries who were integral to the Ottoman state's plans for economic development and expansionism in Cyrenaica. Focusing particularly on ‘Ayn al-Shahhat and Marsa Susa, this article contends that the establishment of Cretan Muslim agricultural colonies served to undermine the political and economic position of the Sanusi order by appropriating the order's properties and access to resources. This work offers a new perspective on how the Ottoman state reasserted its sovereignty in its frontier territory in Cyrenaica by harnessing the power of migration.