bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lansoprazole a Proton Pump Inhibitor Prevents IBD by Reduction of Oxidative Stress and NO Levels in the Rat
Authors: Gandhi Tejal , Sharma Anish , Vyas Navdha , Gupta Parth , Parikh Mihir , Shah Hital 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe inflammatory disease’s increased prevalence leads to a major concern around the world. Still, there is a lack of effective and successful therapy in the reversal of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) symptoms. Whereas, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and muddled defense capacity of antioxidants in IBD subjects reported several times. Many proton pump inhibitors have been reported previously for their anti-inflammatory effect. The present study is aimed to assess the ameliorative effect of lansoprazole in experimentally induced IBD in rats. Thirty-six female Sprague Dawley rats were divided equally into six groups based on their body weight. Lansoprazole (1, 5, and 10 mg/kg, p.o.) and 5-aminosalicylate (5-ASA, 100 mg/kg, p.o.) served as standard control respectively, given for 18 days once a day. On the 11th day of the study, colitis was induced by intrarectal instillation of 2, 4-Dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS), and treatment was continued for the next 7 days. Administration of lansoprazole (at 5 and 10 mg/kg) significantly reduced DAI (Disease Activation Index) and CMDI (Colon Macroscopic Damage Index); which further justifies a reduction in colon inflammation grades, as well as histopathological changes, and reflected by the stalling of body weight. The anti-inflammatory effects were indicated by lowered MPO (myeloperoxidase) and SOD (superoxide dismutase) in colon tissue as well as restores colonic NO (nitric oxide) level. The study shows lansoprazole improved DAI and CMDI scores, reduction of neutrophil infiltration, and an improved antioxidant status indicating an anti-ulcerative effect in DNBS-induced experimental colitis that is comparable with 5-ASA treatment.
Endoscopic management of ampullary tumors: European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE) Guideline
Authors: Vanbiervliet Geoffroy , Strijker Marin , Arvanitakis Marianna , Aelvoet Arthur , Arnelo Urban , Beyna Torsten , Busch Olivier , Deprez Pierre H. , Kunovsky Lumir , Larghi Alberto , Manes Gianpiero , Moss Alan , Napoleon Bertrand , Nayar Manu , Pérez-Cuadrado-Robles Enrique , Seewald Stefan , Barthet Marc , van Hooft Jeanin E. 
Published: March 2021

Main Recommendations1 ESGE recommends against diagnostic/therapeutic papillectomy when adenoma is not proven.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence.2 ESGE recommends endoscopic ultrasound and abdominal magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) for staging of ampullary tumors.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence.3 ESGE recommends endoscopic papillectomy in patients with ampullary adenoma without intraductal extension, because of good results regarding outcome (technical and clinical success, morbidity, and recurrence).Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence.4 ESGE recommends en bloc resection of ampullary adenomas up to 20–30 mm in diameter to achieve R0 resection, for optimizing the complete resection rate, providing optimal histopathology, and reduction of the recurrence rate after endoscopic papillectomy.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence.5 ESGE suggests considering surgical treatment of ampullary adenomas when endoscopic resection is not feasible for technical reasons (e. g. diverticulum, size > 4 cm), and in the case of intraductal involvement (of > 20 mm). Surveillance thereafter is still mandatory.Weak recommendation, low quality evidence.6 ESGE recommends direct snare resection without submucosal injection for endoscopic papillectomy.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence.7 ESGE recommends prophylactic pancreatic duct stenting to reduce the risk of pancreatitis after endoscopic papillectomy.Strong recommendation, moderate quality evidence.8 ESGE recommends long-term monitoring of patients after endoscopic papillectomy or surgical ampullectomy, based on duodenoscopy with biopsies of the scar and of any abnormal area, within the first 3 months, at 6 and 12 months, and thereafter yearly for at least 5 years.Strong recommendation, low quality evidence.
Gallbladder stone incidence and prevalence in Germany: a population-based study
Authors: Kratzer Wolfgang , Klysik Magdalena , Binzberger Andreas , Schmidberger Julian ,   for the EMIL-Study group
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background We aimed to determine the prevalence and incidence of gallbladder stones in a random population-based collective in Germany.
Methods We determined the prevalence and incidence rates of gallbladder stones in a random population sample of 1909 individuals from the Echinococcus-multilocularis in Leutkirch (EMIL) study in 2002 and 380 individuals in a follow-up analysis in the year 2013. The sonographic analysis was performed with a Philipps HDI 5000 (2002) and IU 22 (2013) (Netherlands) transducer 1–5 MHz. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS Version 9.4.
Results The prevalence of gallbladder stones was 3.8 % (69/1909) in 2002 and 10.8 % (41/380) in 2013. In 2013, the gallbladder stone prevalence was 15.1 % (26/172) in women, compared to 7.2 % (15/208) in men. No gallbladder stones were found in participants in the 18–30 or 31–40 age groups. The average annual incidence was 1.03 % in the 41–50 age group, 0.79 % in the 51–65 age group, and 0.63 % in the > 65 age group. The annual incidence was higher among women (1.04 %) than men (0.53 %). The age-associated annual incidence rates for women and men were 1.93 % and 0.5 % in the 41–50 age group, 0.8 % and 0.78 % in the 51–65 age group, and 1.06 % and 0.30 % in the > 65 age group.
Conclusion For the investigated German collective from 2002 to 2013, the average annual incidence of gallbladder stones was 0.75 %, with a higher incidence rate among women. These results are consistent with data from comparable international studies.
Circulating Myonectin and Irisin Levels in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus – A Case-control Study
Authors: Onat Taylan , Inandiklioglu Nihal 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Objective The objective of this study was to assess the levels of serum myonectin and irisin in pregnant women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).
Method A total of 80 pregnant women participated in our study (which consisted of 40 patients with GDM, 40 participants as the control group). Myonectin and irisin levels were analyzed through the ELISA technique, in addition to metabolic parameters in the serum samples of the participants.
Results It was found that the levels of irisin and myonectin were lower in the GDM group compared to the control group. Moreover, it was determined that the values of age (p<0.001), body mass index (p=0.001), gravida (p=0.001), parity (p = 0.016), fasting serum glucose (p=0.001), fasting serum insulin (p=0.007), postprandial serum glucose (p=0.006), HbA1c (p<0.001), HOMA-IR (p<0.001) were higher; HDL cholesterol (p<0.001) was lower. Insulin resistance was significantly higher in the GDM group.
Conclusions Levels of myonectin and irisin were determined to be low in the GDM group. Our results have demonstrated that myonectin and irisin could play a role in the development of GDM and that irisin as well as myonectin could be a novel biomarker for GDM.
Recent Advancements in Pyrrole Synthesis
Authors: Philkhana Satish Chandra , Badmus Fatimat O. , Dos Reis Isaac C. , Kartika Rendy 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis review article features selected examples on the synthesis of functionalized pyrroles that were reported between 2014 and 2019. Pyrrole is an important nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocycle that can be found in numerous compounds of biological and material significance. Given its vast importance, pyrrole continues to be an attractive target for the development of new synthetic reactions. The contents of this article are organized by the starting materials, which can be broadly classified into four different types: substrates bearing π-systems, substrates bearing carbonyl and other polar groups, and substrates bearing heterocyclic motifs. Brief discussions on plausible reaction­ mechanisms for most transformations are also presented.1	Introduction2	From π-Systems2.1	Alkenes2.2	1,6-Dienes2.3	Allenes2.4	Alkynes2.5	Propargylic Groups2.6	Homopropargylic Amines3	From Carbonyl Compounds3.1	Aldehydes3.2	Ketones3.3	Cyanides and Isocyanides3.4	Formamides3.5	β-Enamines3.6	Dicarbonyl Compounds4	From Polar Compounds4.1	Aminols4.2	Diols4.3	Organonitro Compounds5	From Heterocycles5.1	Münchnones5.2	Isoxazoles5.3	Carbohydrates5.4	trans-4-Hydroxy-l-prolines5.5	Pyrrolines6	Summary
Diet Quality and Its Effect on Weight Gain Prevention in Young Adults: A Narrative Review
Authors: Martin Julie C. , Moran Lisa J. , Harrison Cheryce L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGlobal environmental and societal changes have resulted in an increased consumption of energy-dense foods contributing to escalating obesity prevalence, with most rapid weight gain occurring in young adults. Diet is one major modifiable factor contributing to escalating obesity prevalence. Understanding overall diet quality of populations at high risk for weight gain and obesity development, including young adults, provides evidence of dietary intakes, dietary patterns, and associated behaviors, to inform the development of targeted interventions aimed at the prevention of weight gain. This narrative review synthesizes the current evidence of the association between diet quality and weight gain in young adults. Overall, there is a consistent direction of association between improved diet quality and reduced weight gain in adults. This demonstrates the potential of small improvements in diet quality over time as a probable contributor to minimizing weight gain in young adults. Future research evaluating environmental nutrition policies with associated change in diet quality and prospective weight change in population-based studies is warranted to determine their longer-term impact in improving overall diet quality as one strategy to halt escalating obesity prevalence rates.
Three-Dimensional Exoscopic Temporal Bone Resections for Advanced Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Raymond Mallory , Soriano Roberto M. , Belcher Ryan , Pradilla Gustavo , Solares C. Arturo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Objectives The three-dimensional (3D) exoscope has several advantages over the operative microscope (OM) but has not been extensively reported for its use in malignant temporal bone resections (TBR). We sought to demonstrate the feasibility of performing TBR, both lateral (LTBR) and subtotal (STBR), using the 3D exoscope for head and neck cancers.
Design present study is a retrospective chart review from August 2016 until August 2019.
Setting The study was conducted at a tertiary care center.
Participants Patients were undergoing TBR with the Karl Storz VITOM 3D exoscope.
Main Outcome Measures Demographics, tumor and surgical characteristics, patient outcomes were the primary measurements of this study.
Results Fifty-five patients underwent 3D exoscopic TBR from 2016 through 2019 of which 18% (n = 10) underwent STBR. The 3D exoscope was used uninterruptedly in all procedures with no intraoperative complications. Most tumors were primarily T3 (42%, n = 23) or T4 (55%, n = 30) and of cutaneous (62%, n = 34) and parotid (27%, n = 15) origin. These TBR were often accompanied by infratemporal fossa resections (87%, n = 48), auriculectomies (47%, n = 26), mandibulectomies (53%, n = 29), and parotidectomies (96%, n = 53). On final pathology, 24% (n = 13) had microscopically positive margins. Over the study period, 20% (n = 11) of patients had recurrences with a median recurrence time of 5 months (range: 2–30 months).
Conclusion In the largest case series of LTBR and STBR under exclusive 3D exoscopic visualization to date, we demonstrate the 3D exoscope is a feasible alternative to the operative microscope for LTBR and STBR. While oncologic outcomes remain to be clarified, it carries significant potential for use in complex oncologic procedures.
Is Pulley Reconstruction Better Than Pulley Release for De Quervain's Tenosynovitis? A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Salim Burhan , Ansari Mohammed Tahir , Kumar Venkatesan Sampath , Goyal Ankur , Malhotra Rajesh 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the results of surgeries of the De Quervain's disease (DQD) through a randomized control trial.
Materials and Methods We treated 40 cases of De Quervain's tenosynovitis in 2 groups: 20 patients by pulley release method and another 20 patients by pulley reconstruction method. The patients were selected as per the random table number. The clinical data, numeric Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score, Quick DASH—Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand—score, Mayo Wrist Score, and subluxation of the tendons in dynamic ultrasonography (USG) during wrist hyperflexion and abduction of the thumb test were noted preoperatively and 6 months after the operation. All patient charts were reviewed and data analysis was done after completion of the study.
Results All patients improved after surgery. There was no difference in clinical outcome data, numeric VAS score, Quick DASH Score, and Mayo Wrist Score (p-value > 0.05). There were four patients with tendon subluxation under USG in pulley release group, out of which only one patient was clinically symptomatic. There was no tendon subluxation in pulley reconstruction group. The tendon subluxation between the two groups was not found to be statistically significant (p-value: 0.661).
Conclusion Although, higher numbers of subluxation were found in release group, there was no statistically significant difference in the outcome of the two surgical procedures for DQD. This study is a pilot study, and it may act as the groundwork over which further studies may be performed.
Level of Evidence This is a Level I study.
Comparing measures of democracy: statistical properties, convergence, and interchangeability
Authors: Vaccaro Andrea 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBy comparing and analysing four cross-national measures of democracy, this article provides novel information regarding the statistical properties, convergence, and interchangeability of some of the most frequently used measures of democracy. The author points out limitations related to the statistical properties of these measures and finds that even if measures of democracy are highly convergent, their interchangeability is weak. This means that the choice of the measure of democracy has considerable consequences for the conclusions of a given study. Especially so in studies covering the last few decades, because the author finds that in general the interchangeability of democracy measures has decreased since the 1980s. In choosing one measure over another, scholars should be aware of the limitations identified in this article. To overcome problems related to weak interchangeability, if a single measure cannot be credibly chosen on theoretical grounds, the author recommends users of the measures to validate their findings with multiple measures of democracy.
Historical effects of shocks on inequality: the great leveler revisited
Authors: van Bavel Bas , Scheffer Marten 
Published: March 2021

AbstractInequality of wealth and its associated power has varied greatly over human history. It is often thought that the main levelers of inequality were natural disasters such as epidemics or earthquakes, and social turmoil such as wars and revolutions. Here we critically review evidence of the effects of such events on inequality from medieval times till the present. We show that in spite of the marked differences in character and direct impact of the shocks we consider, most historical disasters were rather followed by a widening of wealth gaps. This can be understood from the wealth distribution and institutional outlay of these societies at the moment of the shock, which to a large extent shaped both the impact and the institutional measures chosen in response to the crisis. As most societies were characterized by economic and political skewness, the result mostly was a further widening of disparities. Over the centuries, exceptions to this rule have occurred in situations where the ordinary people had strong leverage in shaping the response to the crisis through organizations such as guilds, fraternities, trade unions, cooperatives, and political movements. Our results provide empirical support for the view that in nations where such leverage of ordinary people is weak, the responses to novel crises such as the COVID-19 pandemic may boost inequality.
Optimization of twin parallel microstrips based nuclear magnetic resonance probe for measuring the kinetics in molecular assembly in ultra-small samples
Authors: Chen Jiahe , You Xueqiu , Sun Huijun , Tian Jiaqin , Fang Hongxun , Xie Junyao , Huang Yuqing , Chen Zhong 
Published: March 2021

We present the design, fabrication, characterization, and optimization of a TPM (twin parallel microstrip)-based nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probe, produced by using a low-loss Teflon PTFE F4B high frequency circuit board. We use finite element analysis to optimize the radio frequency (RF) homogeneity and sensitivity of the TPM probe jointly for various sample volumes. The RF homogeneity of this TPM planar probe is superior to that of only a single microstrip probe. The optimized TPM probe properties such as RF homogeneity and field strength are characterized experimentally and discussed in detail. By combining this TPM based NMR probe with microfluidic technology, the sample amount required for kinetic study using NMR spectroscopy was minimized. This is important for studying costly samples. The TPM NMR probes provide high sensitivity to analysis of 5 µl samples with 2 mM concentrations within 10 min. The miniaturized microfluidic NMR probe plays an important role in realizing down to seconds timescale for kinetic monitoring.
Targeting loss of heterozygosity for cancer-specific immunotherapy
Authors: Hwang Michael S. , Mog Brian J. , Douglass Jacqueline , Pearlman Alexander H. , Hsiue Emily Han-Chung , Paul Suman , DiNapoli Sarah R. , Konig Maximilian F. , Pardoll Drew M. , Gabelli Sandra B. , Bettegowda Chetan , Papadopoulos Nickolas , Vogelstein Bert , Zhou Shibin , Kinzler Kenneth W. 
Published: March 2021

Significance
The lack of viable tumor-specific targets continues to thwart efforts to implement selective anticancer drugs in the clinic. Clonal loss of heterozygosity (LOH) occurs in the great majority of human tumors and represents an irreversible genetic alteration present in cancer cells that unequivocally distinguishes them from normal cells. Here, we report the development of NASCAR (Neoplasm-targeting Allele-Sensing CAR), a platform comprising pairwise chimeric receptors for detecting and targeting LOH events in cancer. As proof-of-concept, we demonstrate specific NASCAR T cell responses in models of HLA LOH in vitro and in vivo. This work lays the foundation for future exploration and exploitation of LOH-mediated vulnerabilities for precision cellular immunotherapy.
A Separation-of-Powers Approach to the Supreme Court’s Shrinking Caseload
Authors: Lane Elizabeth A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSince the end of the 1980s the Supreme Court has cut its caseload nearly in half. While this decrease has not gone unnoticed, researchers have largely focused their explanations on institutional factors, such as changes in personnel, creation of the certiorari pool, or an increase in the amount of discretion justices have to set their agenda. Most existing work fails to consider how the preferences of members of Congress and the president also contribute to this staggering decrease. I provide the first systematic examination of how extrainstitutional influences affect the size of the Court’s caseload. I examine the 1951–2016 terms of the Court to reveal that a constraining political environment significantly reduces the number of cases the justices agree to hear each term. These results suggest that the justices consider the preferences of actors in the other branches of government much earlier than their decisions on the merits.
Exploring the x-ray photoabsorption spectrum of sodium in the energy range 1070–1090 eV by elucidating the inner shell excitation transition probabilities
Authors: Suleiman Jamal , Rekik Najeh , Salman Saed , Alshoaibi Adil , Abuzir Alaaedeen R 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The researchers report on a new study of the x-ray photoabsorption spectrum of sodium near the K-edge, involving the calculations of the excitation energies and the excitation transition probabilities for K-shell and M-shell electron excitations transitions in atomic sodium. The calculations were carried out by employing the ‘multi configuration Dirac–Fock method’, Breit interactions and ‘finite nuclear size corrections’ are included in the calculations, the transition probabilities were convoluted into ‘Breit–Wigner’ line shapes, and single 1s photoionization was also taken into account. In addition, the [1s]np and the [1s3s]ns n′p singlet–triplet energy splitting was calculated. Results of the calculations were compared with previous measurements of the photoabsorption spectrum of sodium near the K-edge, and a very good agreement was observed.
One-dimensional weak antilocalization effect in 1T′-MoTe2 nanowires grown by chemical vapor deposition
Authors: Chen Jiancui , Zhou Zhang , Liu Hongtao , Bian Ce , Zou Yuting , Wang Zhenyu , Zhao Zhen , Wu Kang , Yang Haitao , Shen Chengmin , Cheng Zhi Gang , Bao Lihong , Gao Hong-Jun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We present a chemical vapor deposition method for the synthesizing of single-crystal 1T′-MoTe2 nanowires and the observation of one-dimensional weak antilocalization effect in 1T′-MoTe2 nanowires for the first time. The diameters of the 1T′-MoTe2 nanowires can be controlled by changing the flux of H2/Ar carrier gas. Spherical-aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction and energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) reveal the 1T′ phase and the atomic ratio of Te/Mo closing to 2:1. The resistivity of 1T′-MoTe2 nanowires shows metallic behavior and agrees well with the Fermi liquid theory (<20 K). The coherence length extracted from 1D Hikami–Larkin–Nagaoka model with the presence of strong spin–orbit coupling is proportional to T
−0.36, indicating a Nyquist electron–electron interaction dephasing mechanism at one dimension. These results provide a feasible way to prepare one-dimensional topological materials and is promising for fundamental study of the transport properties.
Impedance response of electrochemical interfaces: part II-chemisorption
Authors: Huang Jun , Li Chen-Kun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Physical modeling helps to acquire fundamental insights from experimental data when electrochemical impedance spectroscopy is employed for mechanistic understandings of electrocatalytic reactions. Herein, we report an analytical model for chemisorption impedance with a consistent treatment of ion transport in the solution and electron transfer on the electrode surface. Our formulation avoids both a priori decoupling of double-layer charging and electron transfer reaction, and a strict separation of double-layer charging and ion transport. Ion transport in the entire solution region is described by the Poisson–Nernst–Planck theory and electron transfer kinetics on the electrode surface by the Frumkin–Butler–Volmer theory. Surface dipoles caused by partially charged chemisorbates are considered. The classical Frumkin–Melik–Gaikazyan model for chemisorption is retrieved as a limiting case. The obtained formula is validated using experimental data of hydrogen adsorption at Pt(111). Characteristic frequencies and asymptotic behaviors of chemisorption impedance are analyzed.