bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ruthenium-Catalyzed Alkylation of Cyclopropanols with Sulfoxonium Ylides via C–C Bond Cleavage: Formation of Diverse 1,5-Diketones
Authors: Guan Mei , Wu Yong , Huang Xin , Li Jianglian , He Hua , Yan Kaichuan , Lai Ruizhi , Luo Yi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA novel ruthenium-catalyzed alkylation of cyclopropanols with sulfoxonium ylides has been developed that affords diverse 1,5-diketones with good efficiency and broad substrate scope. To illustrate the synthetic applications of the obtained 1,5-diketones, aldol and cyclization reactions have been investigated. Preliminary mechanistic studies suggest that this process involves a sequential C–C activation and carbene migratory insertion.
Optional Management of Achalasia in 2021: Dilatation or Myotomy
Authors: Nabi Zaheer , Ramchandani Mohan , Reddy D. Nageshwar 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAchalasia cardia is a primary motility disorder of the esophagus, defined by lack of normal esophageal peristalsis along with inadequate relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter . The mainstay of management in achalasia includes pneumatic dilatation, Heller’s myotomy and peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM). Pneumatic dilatation and Heller’s myotomy have gained maturity over several decades. The current best practice with regard to pneumatic dilatation is graded and on-demand dilatation in appropriately selected cases with type I and II achalasia. Laparoscopic Heller’s myotomy plus partial fundoplication is minimally invasive with reduced postoperative reflux and has virtually replaced open Heller’s myotomy with or without fundoplication. The subtyping of achalasia using high-resolution manometry bears prognostic significance and may help in choosing appropriate therapeutic modality in these patients. Since all the three modalities are effective for type I and II achalasia, the choice among these depends on the availability, expertise, and patient’s preferences. On the other hand, POEM is more effective than pneumatic dilatation and Heller’s myotomy and, therefore, preferred in type III achalasia. Although POEM is effective across the spectrum of esophageal motility disorders, the incidence of gastroesophageal reflux is high and needs to be considered while choosing among various options in these patients. In cases with failed POEM, redo POEM appears to be effective in alleviating symptoms.
Severity of COVID-19 Respiratory Complications during Pregnancy are Associated with Degree of Lymphopenia and Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio on Presentation: A Multicenter Cohort Study
Authors: Lasser Daniel M. , Chervenak Judith , Moore Robert M. , Li Tianying , Knight Clementine , Teo Hugo O. , Malhotra Yogangi ,   on behalf of the New York City Health + Hospitals Perinatal COVID-19 Research Subcommittee
Published: August 2021

Objective This study aimed to determine if laboratory inflammatory markers can predict critical disease in symptomatic COVID-19 pregnant women.
Study Design Multicenter, retrospective cohort study of all pregnant women presenting to New York City Health + Hospitals emergency departments from March 1 to May 30, 2020. We assessed all symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) positive pregnant women with room air oxygen saturation <95% on presentation. Logistic regression modeled the relationship of inflammatory markers to outcomes. Area under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and maximum Youden index determined prognostic ability and optimal predictive cut-off values.
Results A total of 498 of 5,002 pregnant women were SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR positive of which 77 presented with hypoxemia. The absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were highly sensitive for progression to severe illness. ROC curve analysis identified predictive cutoffs: ALC < 1.49 × 109/L (96% sensitivity, 52% specificity, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUC] = 0.80 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.70–0.90) and NLR >8.1 (100% sensitivity, 70% specificity, AUC = 0.86 (95% CI: [0.76–0.96]).
Conclusion ALC and NLR on presentation are sensitive markers of progression to critical COVID-19 disease in symptomatic pregnant women. This finding provides a practical, rapid method for assessment and can assist clinicians with decision-making regarding triage, level of care, and patient management.
Key Points
Severe Maternal Morbidity Associated with Hospital NICU Level in Washington State
Authors: Sienas Laura , Albright Catherine M. , Walker Suzan , Hitti Jane 
Published: August 2021

Objective Rising maternal mortality and severe maternal morbidity (SMM) rates have drawn increasing public health attention. We evaluated patterns of SMM across the Washington State Perinatal Regional Network, in which neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) levels correlate with maternal level of care.
Study Design Retrospective cohort study using de-identified patient and hospital-level rates of SMM diagnoses and procedures for all women who delivered at 58 hospitals from October 2015 to September 2016. Data were obtained from the Washington State Comprehensive Hospital Abstract Reporting System, which includes inpatient diagnosis with associated Present on Admission flags, procedure, and discharge information derived from hospital billing systems. Deliveries were stratified by having or not having SMM. For each SMM diagnosis, POA rates were tabulated. Hospital SMM rates (all SMM, transfusion only, and SMM excluding transfusion) were grouped according to their NICU level of care (critical access [CA] and 1–4). Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated.
Results Of 76,961 deliveries, 908 women (1.2%) had any SMM including 533 with transfusion only and 375 with all other SMM diagnoses/procedures. Rates of SMM were highest at level 1 and level 4 hospitals at 1.3 and 1.5%, respectively. Level 1 and CA hospitals had the highest transfusion rate (1.0%), while level 2, 3, and 4 hospitals had progressively lower rates (0.8, 0.7, and 0.5%, respectively; p < 0.01). Level 4 hospitals had the highest rate of SMM diagnoses/procedures (1.0%). Among SMM diagnoses, the percentage with POA was lowest in level 1/CA hospitals (23%) and similar across level 2, 3, and 4 hospitals (39%).
Conclusion SMM diagnoses occur most frequently at the centers providing the highest level of care, likely attributable to the regional referral system. However, transfusion rates are increased in level 1/CA hospitals. Efforts to decrease SMM should focus on equipping level 1/CA hospitals with tools to decrease maternal morbidity and improve referral systems.
Key Points
Pulse Oximeter Perfusion Index as a Predictor of Successful Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block
Authors: L. Karthik S. , Ankad Vishwanath ,   Veena
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Objective Ultrasound-guided supraclavicular brachial plexus block is a popular anesthetic technique for upper limb surgeries. Assessing the success sensory and motor block using conventional methods is time consuming and also it needs patient co-operation. In the present study, objective method like increase in perfusion index is used to predict the success of ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block.
Materials and Methods This prospective trial consists of total 95 patients undergoing elective upper limb procedures. All patients received ultrasound-guided supraclavicular block using 0.5% bupivacaine 20 mL. Sensory and motor blocks were evaluated every 5 minutes followed by pinprick testing and ability to flex the elbow and the hand against gravity, respectively. The perfusion index was measured using pulse oximetry applied on the index finger and recorded at baseline and 10, 20, and 30 minutes interval after local anesthetic injection in both the blocked limb and the contralateral unblocked limb using two separate pulse oximeters.
Results Perfusion index increased in blocked arm after 5 minutes compared with unblocked arm and also to its baseline value. Both perfusion index and perfusion index ratio in blocked arm were found statistically significant.
Conclusion To evaluate the success of supraclavicular block, perfusion index can be considered as a useful tool.
Deviance from the ethical standard of reporting child sexual abuse in daily newspapers of Bangladesh
Authors: Anik Asibul Islam , Towhid Muhammad Ibrahim Ibne , Islam Syed Shariful , Mallik Md. Takit , Azim Shabnam , Rahman Md. Golam , Haque M Atiqul 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSince child sexual abuse (CSA) is one of the most serious public health issues, how CSA cases and victims are portrayed in the daily newspapers is a major concern to the public health and communication specialists. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of the ethical standard of reporting CSA in Bangladeshi newspapers, as well as to identify the potential risk factors associated with unethical reporting. From January to December 2017, a total of 1093 news stories on CSA were collected from four top circulated Bengali newspapers and two English newspapers of Bangladesh. Berelson’s quantitative content analysis approach (only manifest content) was used to analyze these stories. For the coding and analysis purpose, news items (texts and news with photos) of spot news, editorials, and commentaries were included. Chi-square tests were used to evaluate the bivariate association of different case characteristics with unethical reporting, and multivariate logistic regression models were performed to assess the potential risk factors of disclosing the victim’s identity and needless detail in the news description. This study revealed that more than 40% of news stories on CSA cases did not follow the ethical standard of reporting. Episodic CSA cases were more unethically reported in newspapers, compared to the thematic stories (42.8% vs. 11.6%). Approximately 37% of news stories disclosed at least one identifying information of victims (i.e., name, parents’ name, family member’s name, or school name), and 23% of stories included sensual and/or excessive description of the event. Our adjusted model showed that victim identifiers were most likely to be reported in news stories when the victim was 13–17 years old (AOR 1.86; P = 0.027), the alleged perpetrator held influential social status (AOR 2.44, P = 0.005), the victim was familiar to the perpetrator (AOR 6.85, P < 0.001), and when public reaction against the CSA incident was reported (AOR 2.75, P < 0.001). In addition, if there was a public reaction to any CSA occurrence, the chances of unnecessary extensive coverage increased by 1.82 times. In conclusion, Bangladeshi newspapers often publish CSA stories without maintaining the ethical standard of reporting and thus ignore child rights.
1.36 million years of Mediterranean forest refugium dynamics in response to glacial–interglacial cycle strength
Authors: Donders Timme , Panagiotopoulos Konstantinos , Koutsodendris Andreas , Bertini Adele , Mercuri Anna Maria , Masi Alessia , Combourieu-Nebout Nathalie , Joannin Sébastien , Kouli Katerina , Kousis Ilias , Peyron Odile , Torri Paola , Florenzano Assunta , Francke Alexander , Wagner Bernd , Sadori Laura 
Published: August 2021

Significance
Forest conservation and restoration are important means to counter threats caused by habitat fragmentation and global change. Diverse and resilient forests can only be maintained if we understand their sensitivity to past climate change. The sedimentary record of the oldest extant lake in Europe, Lake Ohrid (North Macedonia, Albania), shows the survival and extinction of tree species during glacial and interglacial stages (G–IG) of the Quaternary. Pollen analysis reveals that the area was an effective refuge for tree populations through G–IG periods. The lake body locally buffered the climate, allowing repeated recovery of tree populations that were close to disappearance. However, extended periods of aridity during G–IG intensification after 0.94 Ma caused many tree taxa to disappear.
Spatiotemporal evolution of the Jehol Biota: Responses to the North China craton destruction in the Early Cretaceous
Authors: Zhou Zhonghe , Meng Qingren , Zhu Rixiang , Wang Min 
Published: August 2021

SignificanceThe Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota is a terrestrial lagerstätte that produces exquisitely preserved fossils that have furnished enormous evidence on the origins and early evolution of diverse vertebrate groups. On the basis of the latest paleontological and geochronologic evidence, we discuss the three stages of the biota, and suggest that the spatiotemporal evolution of the Jehol Biota coincides with the initial and peak stages of the North China craton destruction in the Early Cretaceous. Such linkage presents an example of how regional tectonics influence the terrestrial biota that points to a new path for future studies involving multidisciplinary methods to explore the biosphere in deep time.
Apology responses and gender differences in spoken British English
Authors: An Yi , Su Hang , Xiang Mingyou 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study presents a corpus-based sociopragmatic investigation into apology responses (ARs) and gender differences in ARs in spoken British English. Using data taken from the recently released Spoken BNC2014, the investigation leads to an adjusted taxonomy of ARs which comprises five categories and several sub-categories. The investigation shows that ‘Lack of response’ is the most typical response, followed by ‘Acceptance’, ‘Rejection’, ‘Evasion’, and ‘Acknowledgement’. The results are discussed in relation to the process of attenuation that apologies have undergone (e.g.Jucker 2019), i.e. apologies are becoming more routinised and less meaningful. The proposed taxonomy is subsequently used to examine the extent to which male and female recipients respond to apologies differently. While the investigation suggests no significant differences in ARs across genders, it has been observed that there is some correlation between ARs and the gender of the apologiser. Finally, the implications and applications of the study are briefly discussed.
Invoking divine blessing
Authors: Badarneh Muhammad A. , Migdadi Fathi , Al-Jahmani Maram 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study explores the speech act of congratulation in university graduation notebooks, a new communicative context in Jordan. Using the concept of thepragmemeas a situated speech act, a total of 1064 congratulatory messages, found in 35 notebooks, were analyzed. The analysis demonstrated that the cultural concept ofbaraka‘blessing’ plays a central role in the Arabic congratulation speech act. Embedded in its production are other speech acts such as compliments and advice, sociocultural beliefs and concepts such as fatalism and collectivism, and sociocultural practices such asnaqout‘money given as a gift’. Invoking these values and beliefs when performing congratulations was accomplished through ritualistic religious invocations, formulaic expressions, reference to collective identity, and acts of material support, showing how this Arabic speech act is situated in sociocultural beliefs and values.
Correction of periodic displacement non-linearities by two-wavelength interferometry
Authors: Bridges Angus , Yacoot Andrew , Kissinger Thomas , Humphreys David A , Tatam Ralph P 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Non-linearities in interferometric displacement measurements commonly affect both homodyne and heterodyne optical interferometers. Unwanted back reflections (ghost reflections) or polarisation leakage introduce non-linearity terms at harmonics of the illuminating wavelength that cannot be fully corrected for with standard non-linearity correction techniques. A two-wavelength interferometric approach, operating at 632.8 and 785 nm, is presented here that is capable of correcting such non-linearities. Non-linearities are separated from the difference between two displacement measurements made at differing wavelengths with a Fourier approach. Compared to a standard Heydemann ellipse fitting correction, the proposed approach reduces estimated residual non-linearities from 84 to 11 pm in the case of a linear displacement profile. In particular this approach is applicable to the correction of higher order non-linearities that are caused by multiple reflections, and that are therefore very sensitive to alignment conditions.
A laser cooling scheme for precision measurements using fermionic barium monofluoride (137Ba19F) molecules
Authors: Kogel Felix , Rockenhäuser Marian , Albrecht Ralf , Langen Tim 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We theoretically investigate the laser cooling of fermionic barium monofluoride (137BaF) molecules, which are promising candidates for precision studies of weak parity violation and nuclear anapole moments. This molecular species features two nuclear spins, resulting in a hyperfine structure that is considerably more complicated than the one found in the usual laser-cooled diatomics. We use optical Bloch equations and rate equations to show that optical cycling, sub-Doppler cooling and bichromatic forces can all be realized under realistically achievable experimental conditions.
Greenhouse gas footprints of utility-scale photovoltaic facilities at the global scale
Authors: Bosmans Joyce H C , Dammeier Louise C , Huijbregts Mark A J 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Technological characteristics and meteorological conditions are major determinants of the greenhouse gas (GHG) footprints of photovoltaic facilities. By accounting for technological and meteorological differences, we quantified the GHG footprints of 9992 utility-scale photovoltaic facilities worldwide. We obtained a median greenhouse gas footprint of 58.7 g CO2-eq kWh−1, with a 3-fold spread (28.2–94.6 g CO2-eq kWh−1, 2.5th and 97.5th percentiles). Differences in panel type appeared to be the most important determinant of variability in the GHG footprint, followed by irradiation and a facility’s age. We also provided a meta-model based on these three predictors for users to determine the facility-specific greenhouse gas footprint. The total cumulative electricity produced by the utility-scale photovoltaic fleet worldwide is 457 TWh yr−1, 99.6% of which is produced at footprints below 100 g CO2-eq kWh−1. Compared to earlier studies, the footprints we computed of global utility-scale facilities show a relatively large spread. In order to further improve the accuracy of facility-specific footprints, more information on panel type as well as production country is required.
Effect of interface orientation on the adhesion strength and fracture toughness of Ni/CrN interfaces by first-principles study
Authors: Wang Miao , Liu Gang , Luo Xian , Levchenko Vladimir A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The brittleness and relatively poor adhesion properties of CrN materials have been extensively addressed by developing Ni/CrN composites with a separate Ni phase. However, conditions at the Ni/CrN interfaces, which are the key features leading to the enhanced toughness, remain poorly understood. The present work addresses this issue by investigating the effect of interface orientation on adhesion strength and fracture toughness of Ni/CrN interfaces using first-principles calculations. To this end, we build seven Ni/CrN interface models, including Ni(100)/CrN(100), Ni(110)/CrN(110), Ni(110)/CrN(111), and Ni(111)/CrN(111), with different interface orientation and stacking orders. The results demonstrate that the interface orientation plays a predominant role in determining the mechanical properties of the Ni/CrN interfaces, while the effect of stacking order can be neglected. The Ni(111)/CrN(111) interface is demonstrated to provide the greatest adhesion strength, interfacial stability, and fracture toughness among the Ni/CrN interfaces considered, and is therefore the preferred orientation for Ni/CrN composite applications.
Application of green synthesized silver nanoparticles in cancer treatment—a critical review
Authors: Jabeen Shazina , Qureshi Rahmatullah , Munazir Mehmooda , Maqsood Muhammad , Munir Mubashrah , Shah Syed Sabir Hussain , Rahim Bakht Zareen 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
With the breakthrough in advance technologies, researchers are looking to devise novel approaches to control different types of deadly cancers. Progress in medicinal plants research and nanotechnology has drawn scientist’s attention toward green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles by exploiting plants secondary metabolites owing to its advantage over routinely used physical and chemical synthesis (simple, one step approach to reduce and stabilize bulk silver into silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), cost effectiveness, energy efficient, biocompatibility and therapeutic significance). Owing to control size, shape and functional surface corona, AgNPs hold considerable potentiality for therapeutic applications by opting different mechanistic pathways such as mitochondrial disruption, DNA fragmentation, cell membrane disruption, interruption of cellular signaling pathways, altered enzyme activity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production leading to apoptosis etc In this review, we discussed the green synthesized AgNPs in the possible cancer treatment by harnessing phytochemicals present in plant extract. In addition, this review also provides recent advances and achievements in utilization of green synthesized AgNPs in cancer treatment and proposes mechanistic action for their anticancer and cytotoxic potential. By understanding the mechanistic action of AgNPs responsible for their therapeutic efficacy will help to devise customized therapies and treatment against cancer as a potential cancer therapeutic tool.
Finite-key analysis for quantum conference key agreement with asymmetric channels
Authors: Li Zhao , Cao Xiao-Yu , Li Chen-Long , Weng Chen-Xun , Gu Jie , Yin Hua-Lei , Chen Zeng-Bing 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
As an essential ingredient of quantum networks, quantum conference key agreement (QCKA) provides unconditional secret keys among multiple parties, which enables only legitimate users to decrypt the encrypted message. Recently, some QCKA protocols employing twin-field was proposed to promote transmission distance. These protocols, however, suffer from relatively low conference key rate and short transmission distance over asymmetric channels, which demands a prompt solution in practice. Here, we consider a tripartite QCKA protocol utilizing the idea of sending-or-not-sending twin-field scheme and propose a high-efficiency QCKA over asymmetric channels by removing the symmetry parameters condition. Besides, we provide a composable finite-key analysis with rigorous security proof against general attacks by exploiting the entropic uncertainty relation for multiparty system. Our protocol greatly improves the feasibility to establish conference keys over asymmetric channels.