bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assortativity and Bias in Epidemiologic Studies of Contagious Outcomes: A Simulated Example in the Context of Vaccination
Authors: Zivich Paul N , Volfovsky Alexander , Moody James , Aiello Allison E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Assortativity is the tendency of individuals connected in a network to share traits and behaviors. Through simulations, we demonstrated the potential for bias resulting from assortativity by vaccination, where vaccinated individuals are more likely to be connected with other vaccinated individuals. We simulated outbreaks of a hypothetical infectious disease and vaccine in a randomly generated network and a contact network of university students living on campus. We varied protection of the vaccine to the individual, transmission potential of vaccinated-but-infected individuals, and assortativity by vaccination. We compared a traditional approach, which ignores the structural features of a network, with simple approaches which summarized information from the network. The traditional approach resulted in biased estimates of the unit-treatment effect when there was assortativity by vaccination. Several different approaches that included summary measures from the network reduced bias and improved confidence interval coverage. Through simulations, we showed the pitfalls of ignoring assortativity by vaccination. While our example is described in terms of vaccines, our results apply more widely to exposures for contagious outcomes. Assortativity should be considered when evaluating exposures for contagious outcomes.
Ginsenoside Rh1 attenuates ovalbumin-induced asthma by regulating Th1/Th2 cytokines balance
Authors: Li Qiang , Zhai Chunmiao , Wang Guodong , Zhou Jia , Li Weiguang , Xie Liquan , Shi Zhanli 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTGinsenoside Rh1 (Rh1) has anti-inflammatory effects in asthma mice, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. BALB/c mice were sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin (OVA) to construct asthma model. Mice received Rh1 or tiotropium bromide 0.5 h before OVA challenge. Airway morphology and airway remodeling were assessed by HE staining and Masson's trichrome staining, respectively. Th1/Th2 cytokines in serum or broncho alveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were measured by ELISA kits. Rh1 significantly alleviated the lung resistance and airway resistance, and reduced the number of total inflammation cells, eosinophils, neutrophils, and lymphocytes in BALF of the asthmatic mice. The morphological changes and collagen deposition of airway were also reduced by Rh1 in asthmatic mice. The increase of Eotaxin, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and IL-33 and the decrease of IL-12 and IFN-γ in both BALF and serum of OVA exposed mice were reversed by Rh1. Rh1 attenuates OVA-induced asthma in the mice model by regulating Th1/Th2 cytokines balance.
The Neural Correlates of Computational Thinking: Collaboration of Distinct Cognitive Components Revealed by fMRI
Authors: Xu Shan , Li Yan , Liu Jia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRecent technical advance attracts great attention to the promotion of programming skills, in particular, and computational thinking (CT), in general, as a new intellectual competency. However, the understanding of its cognitive substrates is limited. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging to examine the neural correlates of programming to understand the cognitive substrates of CT. Specifically, magnetic resonance imaging signals were collected while the participants were mentally solving programming problems, and we found that CT recruited distributed cortical regions, including the posterior parietal cortex, the medial frontal cortex, and the left lateral frontal cortex. These regions showed extensive univariate and multivariate resemblance with arithmetic, reasoning, and spatial cognition tasks. Based on the resemblance, clustering analyses revealed that cortical regions involved in CT can be divided into Reasoning, Calculation, Visuospatial, and Shared components. Further, connectivity increased during programming within the CT network constructed by these four components and decreased between the CT network and other cortical regions. In sum, our study revealed the cognitive components underlying CT and their neural correlates and further suggests that CT is not a simple sum of parallel cognitive processes, but a composite cognitive process integrating a set of intellectual abilities, particularly those in the science, technology, engineering, and math domains.
The Autophagy Inducer Spermidine Protects Against Metabolic Dysfunction During Overnutrition
Authors: Liao Chen-Yu , Kummert Oona M P , Bair Amanda M , Alavi Nora , Alavi Josef , Miller Delana M , Bagga Isha , Schempf Anja M , Hsu Yueh-Mei , Woods Bruce D , Brown Mayfield Stephen M , Mitchell Angelina N , Tannady Gabriella , Talbot Aislinn R , Dueck Aaron M , Barrera Ovando Ricardo , Parker Heather D , Wang Junying , Schoeneweis Jane K , Kennedy Brian K 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Autophagy, a process catabolizing intracellular components to maintain energy homeostasis, impacts aging and metabolism. Spermidine, a natural polyamine and autophagy activator, extends life span across a variety of species, including mice. In addition to protecting cardiac and liver tissue, spermidine also affects adipose tissue through unexplored mechanisms. Here, we examined spermidine in the links between autophagy and systemic metabolism. Consistently, daily injection of spermidine delivered even at late life is sufficient to cause a trend in life-span extension in wild-type mice. We further found that spermidine has minimal metabolic effects in young and old mice under normal nutrition. However, spermidine counteracts high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity by increasing lipolysis in visceral fat. Mechanistically, spermidine increases the hepatokine fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) expression in liver without reducing food intake. Spermidine also modulates FGF21 in adipose tissues, elevating FGF21 expression in subcutaneous fat, but reducing it in visceral fat. Despite this, FGF21 is not required for spermidine action, since Fgf21−/− mice were still protected from HFD. Furthermore, the enhanced lipolysis by spermidine was also independent of autophagy in adipose tissue, given that adipose-specific autophagy-deficient (Beclin-1flox/+Fabp4-cre) mice remained spermidine-responsive under HFD. Our results suggest that the metabolic effects of spermidine occur through systemic changes in metabolism, involving multiple mechanistic pathways.
The Longitudinal Association of Vision Impairment With Transitions to Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Findings From the Aging, Demographics and Memory Study
Authors: Ehrlich Joshua R , Swenor Bonnielin K , Zhou Yunshu , Langa Kenneth M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Vision impairment (VI) is associated with incident cognitive decline and dementia. However, it is not known whether VI is associated only with the transition to cognitive impairment, or whether it is also associated with later transitions to dementia.

Methods
We used data from the population-based Aging, Demographics and Memory Study (ADAMS) to investigate the association of visual acuity impairment (VI; defined as binocular presenting visual acuity &lt;20/40) with transitions from cognitively normal to cognitive impairment no dementia (CIND) and from CIND to dementia. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models and logistic regression were used to model the association of VI with cognitive transitions, adjusted for covariates.

Results
There were 351 participants included in this study (weighted percentages: 45% male, 64% age 70–79 years) with a mean follow-up time of 4.1 years. In a multivariable model, the hazard of dementia was elevated among those with VI (hazard ratio = 1.63, 95% confidence interval = 1.04–2.58). Participants with VI had a greater hazard of transitioning from cognitively normal to CIND (hazard ratio = 1.86, 95% confidence interval = 1.09–3.18). However, among those with CIND and VI a similar percentage transitioned to dementia (48%) and remained CIND (52%); there was no significant association between VI and transitioning from CIND to dementia (hazard ratio = 0.94, 95% confidence interval = 0.56–1.55). Using logistic regression models, the same associations between VI and cognitive transitions were identified.

Conclusions
Poor vision is associated with the development of CIND. The association of VI and dementia appears to be due to the higher risk of dementia among individuals with CIND. Findings may inform the design of future interventional studies.
Effects of changes in glycan composition on glycoprotein dynamics: example ofN-glycans on insulin receptor
Authors: Rao Rajas M , Wong Hua , Dauchez Manuel , Baud Stéphanie 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGlycosylation is among the most common post-translational modifications in proteins, although it is observed in only about 10% of all the protein structures in protein data bank (PDB). Modifications of sugar composition in glycoproteins profoundly impact the overall physiology of the organism. One such example is the development of insulin resistance, which has been attributed to the removal of sialic acid residues from N-glycans of insulin receptor (IR) from various experimental studies. How such modifications affect the glycan-glycoprotein dynamics, and ultimately their function is not clearly understood to date. In this study, we performed molecular dynamics simulations of glycans in different environments. We studied the effects of removal of sialic acid on the glycan, as well as on the dynamics of leucine-rich repeat L1 domain of the IR ectodomain. We observed perturbations in L1 domain dynamics as a result of the removal of sialic acid. The perturbations include an increase in the flexibility of insulin-binding residues, which may affect insulin binding with IR. These changes are accompanied by perturbations in glycan–protein interactions and perturbation of long-range allosteric dynamics. Our observations will further aid in understanding the role of sugars in maintaining homeostasis and how changes in glycan composition may lead to perturbations in homeostasis, ultimately leading to conditions such as insulin resistance.
Applied systems thinking: unlocking theory, evidence and practice for health policy and systems research
Authors: Kwamie Aku , Ha Solip , Ghaffar Abdul 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
While systems thinking has been generally acknowledged as important to the field of health policy and systems research (HPSR), it remains underutilized. In particular, systems thinking has been perceived as predominantly conceptual, with fewer applications of systems thinking documented. This commentary makes three key points, namely that (1) advances in applied systems thinking in HPSR have been hindered by an imprecision in terminology, conflating ‘[health] systems approaches’ with complex adaptive systems theory; (2) limited examples of applied systems thinking have been highlighted and recognized in research, but have not been fully and equally appreciated in policymaking and practice and (3) explicit use of theory, long-term research-policy collaborations and better documentation of evidence can increase the use and usefulness of applied systems thinking in HPSR. By addressing these matters, the potentials of systems thinking in HPSR can be truly unlocked.
Impact of the early phase of the COVID pandemic on cancer treatment delivery and the quality of cancer care: a scoping review and conceptual model
Authors: Powis Melanie , Milley-Daigle Carissa , Hack Saidah , Alibhai Shabbir , Singh Simron , Krzyzanowska Monika K 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe disruption of health services due to coronavirus disease (COVID) is expected to dramatically alter cancer care; however, the implications for care quality and outcomes remain poorly understood.ObjectiveWe undertook a scoping review to evaluate what is known in the literature about how cancer treatment has been modified as a result of the COVID pandemic in patients receiving treatment for solid tumours, and what domains of quality of care are most impacted.MethodsCitations were retrieved from MEDLINE and EMBASE (from 1 January 2019 to 28 October 2020), utilizing search terms grouped by the key concept (oncology, treatment, treatment modifications and COVID). Articles were excluded if they dealt exclusively with management of COVID-positive patients, modifications to cancer screening, diagnosis or supportive care or were not in English. Articles reporting on guidelines, consensus statements, recommendations, literature reviews, simulations or predictive models, or opinions in the absence of accompanying information on experience with treatment modifications in practice were excluded. Treatment modifications derived from the literature were stratified by modality (surgery, systemic therapy (ST) and radiotherapy) and thematically grouped. To understand what areas of quality were most impacted, modifications were mapped against the Institute of Medicine’s quality domains. Where reported, barriers and facilitators were abstracted and thematically grouped to understand drivers of treatment modifications. Findings were synthesized into a logic model to conceptualize the inter-relationships between different modifications, as well as their downstream impacts on outcomes.ResultsIn the 87 retained articles, reductions in outpatients visits (26.4%) and delays/deferrals were commonly reported across all treatment modalities (surgery: 50%; ST: 55.8% and radiotherapy: 56.7%), as were reductions in surgical capacity (57.1%), alternate systemic regimens with longer treatment intervals or use of oral agents (19.2%) and the use of hypofractionated radiotherapy regimens (40.0%). Delivery of effective, timely and equitable care was the quality domains found to be the most impacted. The most commonly reported facilitator of maintaining cancer care delivery levels was the shift to virtual models of care (62.1%), while patient-initiated deferrals and cancellations (34.8%), often due to fear of contracting COVID (60.9%), was a commonly reported barrier.ConclusionsAs it will take a considerable amount of time for the cancer system to resume capacity and adjust models of care in response to the pandemic, these treatment delays and modifications will likely be prolonged and will negatively impact the quality of care and patient outcomes.
A case for multiscale habitat selection studies of small mammals
Authors: Schweiger Brittany R , Frey Jennifer K , Cain James W 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHabitat information for small mammals typically consists of anecdotal descriptions or infrequent analyses of habitat use, which often are reported erroneously as signifying habitat preference, requirements, or quality. Habitat preferences can be determined only by analysis of habitat selection, a behavioral process that results in the disproportionate use of one resource over other available resources and occurs in a hierarchical manner across different environmental scales. North American chipmunks (Neotamias and Tamias) are a prime example of the lack of studies on habitat selection for small mammal species. We used the Organ Mountains Colorado chipmunk (N. quadrivittatus australis) as a case study to determine whether previous descriptions of habitat in the literature were upheld in a multiscale habitat selection context. We tracked VHF radiocollared chipmunks and collected habitat information at used and available locations to analyze habitat selection at three scales: second order (i.e., home range), third order (i.e., within home range), and microhabitat scales. Mean home range was 2.55 ha ± 1.55 SD and did not differ between sexes. At the second and third order, N. q. australis avoided a coniferous forest land cover type and favored particular areas of arroyos (gullies) that were relatively steep-sided and greener and contained montane scrub land cover type. At the microhabitat scale, chipmunks selected areas that had greater woody plant diversity, rock ground cover, and ground cover of coarse woody debris. We concluded that habitat selection by N. q. australis fundamentally was different from descriptions of habitat in the literature that described N. quadrivittatus as primarily associated with coniferous forests. We suggest that arroyos, which are unique and rare on the landscape, function as climate refugia for these chipmunks because they create a cool, wet microclimate. Our findings demonstrate the importance of conducting multiscale habitat selection studies for small mammals to ensure that defensible and enduring habitat information is available to support appropriate conservation and management actions.
How to manage behavioral problems
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , O’Connor Maureen K. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Behavioral problems are among the most difficult ones you may face caring for your loved one with dementia. The good news is that there are many approaches you can use to reduce unwanted behaviors and encourage positive ones. Conquer apathy with routines. Sidestep willfulness with small steps. Use the ABCs of Behavior Change, 4Rs, and Three Time Principles to manage agitation, aggression, combativeness, and inappropriate/disinhibited behavior. Stay safe by giving away or securing guns, power tools, and knives. Remember to call for help or leave a dangerous situation when you need to. Know how to stay safe in the car when you’re driving, and stop your loved one from driving when necessary. Deal with sundowning and challenging interactions outside of the home. Manage jealousy and paranoia. Finally, consider helping your loved one to feel more comfortable with soothing and familiar music, pleasing scents, stuffed animals, and real or robotic pets.
Why is it important to sustain your relationship?
Authors: Budson Andrew E. , O’Connor Maureen K. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Despite the challenges of dementia, it is important to continue to have fun with your loved one and nurture your relationship. Engaging in pleasant activities is a great way to remain connected. These activities can also help to reduce behavioral problems, boost mood, and even improve functioning in your loved one. Engaging in activities with your loved one can also help reduce burden and stress on you. Although your loved one may have trouble doing some of the things they enjoyed before their dementia, there are a variety of activities that they can still participate in. Some activities may be variations on things they used to enjoy and others may be entirely new. We encourage you to take time to engage in pleasant activities with your loved one on a regular basis.
Veteran Health Care
Authors: Gross Michael L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Afterwar, embattled countries often forget their veterans. The rule is simple: nations must offer wounded veterans the same medical care other citizens enjoy. Nevertheless, veterans have no special rights to preferential or priority care. Virtuous or villainous conduct is an unacceptable criterion of medical attention. Just as the innocent victim of a traffic accident enjoys no stronger right to health care than the inattentive driver who ran the light, soldiers enjoy no exclusive right to medical treatment. Nor can discharged veterans appeal to military necessity to afford them the privilege of priority care. Despite provisions in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia to carve out special rights for veterans, they are without a firm moral foundation. Instead, each nation may reward military service with public recognition and financial compensation, while providing every citizen with the high level of care that each deserves by right.
Developmental Neuropsychiatry
Authors: Taylor Eric 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders are a group of conditions involving alterations of behaviour, thinking, and emotions. They have onsets in early childhood, persistence into adult life, and high rates of altered cognitive and neurological function. They are frequent reasons for referral to psychiatry, paediatrics, and clinical psychology and often require team approaches to meet a variety of needs for service. This book includes accounts of the typical development and possible pathology of key functions whose alterations can underlie problems of mental development: motor function, attention, memory, executive function, communication, social understanding and empathy, reality testing, and emotional regulation. It goes on to descriptions of frequent clinical conditions: the spectra of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, tic disorders, coordination and learning difficulties, intellectual disability, and the psychotic disorders of young people. There are descriptions of recognition, diagnosis, prevalence, pathophysiology, and consequences for later development. These conditions very often coexist and present as dimensions rather than categorical illnesses. The effects of brain disorders on mental life are then considered, with special attention to epilepsy, cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, acquired traumatic injury to the head, localized structural lesions, and endocrine and genetic disorders. Widely used treatments, both psychological and physical, are described in the context of their value for meeting multiple, often overlapping needs. Consequences of the conditions for individuals’ psychosocial development are described: stigma; physical illness and injury; economic disadvantage; and family, peer, and school stresses. This book is aimed at clinicians of all disciplines, clinical students, and educators encountering neuropsychiatric problems in young people.
From Altered Function to Restriction of Life
Authors: Taylor Eric 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the development of children and young people with neurodevelopmental disorders through their later childhood and teenage years. The pattern and severity of impairments in mental function influence their course over time. In addition, the courses fluctuate in response to a series of encounters with potentially harmful influences. Stigma is widespread in many cultures. Physical illness and injury and premature mortality are consequences of several psychiatric syndromes. Economic disadvantage is more frequent for families of disabled people and interacts with other family stresses. Transitions into school, peer cultures, puberty, work, and the virtual world of the internet all tend to take different forms for those whose brain functions are altered by comparison with the rest of the population. All these can be responsible for adverse outcomes of children and young people.
Nuclear cardiology (PET and SPECT)—basic principles
Authors: Neglia Danilo , Liga Riccardo , Nekolla Stephan G. , Bengel Frank M. , Rimoldi Ornella , Camici Paolo G. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Historically, radionuclide imaging has been the key to the success and widespread clinical application of non-invasive techniques for detection of myocardial ischaemia. Today, the use of myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) for the diagnostic and prognostic workup of coronary artery disease is supported by a very large body of evidence. Positron emission tomography (PET) as an advanced, quantitative technique is increasingly penetrating the clinical arena. The field is responding to recent trends by adopting new technology and algorithms for reduction of radiation exposure and by developing a toolbox for targeted molecular imaging of key biologic mechanisms involved in heart disease and therapy response. By this, nuclear cardiology will continue to serve as a role model for the success of functional imaging in heart disease. This chapter gives an overview over the basic technology, including novel methodologic developments.