bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection of antifungal drug-resistant and ERG11 gene mutations among clinical isolates of Candida species isolated from Khartoum, Sudan.
Authors: Osman Mohamed Ahmed , Suliman Mohamed Malik , Abdelrahman Hussain Mohamed , Fatahalrahman Ahmed Ibrahim 
Published: January 2021

Background: Candida species are one of the most important opportunistic fungal pathogens that cause both superficial and systemic infections, especially in immunocompromised individuals. Considering the sharp increase in the rate of Candida infections, and resistance to commonly used antifungal agents in the last decades; this study was conducted to determine the rate of resistance among clinical isolates of Candida species, and to characterize some of the resistant genes among resistant isolates collected in Khartoum. Methods: This is a cross-sectional laboratory-based study included 100 pre-screened Candida species isolates from Khartoum state hospitals. Chromogenic media was used for Candida isolation and/or identification. The standard disc diffusion method was performed to investigate the susceptibility to fluconazole, itraconazole, and amphotericin. Following genomic DNA extraction, the entire ERG11 gene was amplified from someC. albicansresistant isolates, sequenced, and further analyzed.Results: Out of 100 clinical isolates collected, 51% were C. albicans, followed by C. glabrata (31%), C. krusie (8%), C. tropicals (5%), andC. dupliniens (5%). Resistance rate was 23% for fluconazole, 4% for itraconazole, while there were no amphotericin resistant isolates detected.C. albicans ERG11 gene sequence reveals 15 different mutations. Among these, three (D116E, E266D, and V488I) were missense mutations; however, these substitutions do not contribute to fluconazole resistance.Conclusion: C. albicanswas found to be the most common species. Resistance against fluconazole was observed most frequently; however, mutations inERG11are unlikely to be the reason behind fluconazole resistance among these isolates.
Study Protocol: Understanding SARS-Cov-2 infection, immunity and its duration in care home residents and staff in England (VIVALDI)
Authors: Krutikov Maria , Palmer Tom , Donaldson Alasdair , Lorencatto Fabiana , Forbes Gill , Copas Andrew , Robson James , Hopkins Susan , Moss Paul , Farrar Jeremy , Hayward Andrew , Shallcross Laura 
Published: January 2021

Global infection and mortality rates from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) are disproportionately high in certain populations, including amongst older people. Care home residents are frequently exposed to infection due to contact with staff and other residents, and are highly susceptible to infection due to their age and co-morbidity. In England, official statistics suggest that at least 25% of all deaths in care home residents since the start of pandemic are linked to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), but limited testing for SARS-CoV-2 early in the pandemic means estimates of the true burden of disease are lacking. Additionally, little is known about patterns of transmission between care homes, the community and hospitals, or the relationship between infection and immunity in care home staff and residents. The VIVALDI study plans to address these questions. VIVALDI is a prospective cohort study aiming to recruit 6,500 staff and 5000 residents from 105 care homes across England. Successive rounds of testing for infection will be performed over a period of 12 months. Nasopharyngeal swabs will detect evidence of viral RNA and therefore active infection (accompanied by collection of data on symptoms), whereas blood tests will detect antibodies and evidence of cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Whole genome sequencing of viral isolates to investigate pathways of transmission of infection is planned in collaboration with the COVID-19 Genomics UK Consortium. Qualitative interviews with care home staff will investigate the impact of the pandemic on ways of working and how test results influence infection control practices and behaviours. Data from residents and staff will be linked to national datasets on hospital admissions, antibody and PCR test results, mortality and care home characteristics. Data generated will support national public health efforts to prevent transmission of COVID-19 and protect care home staff and residents from infection. Protocol registration: ISRCTN14447421 05/06/2020
Assessment of the prevalence of rheumatic ailments among people aged 18-25 years
Authors: Kitowska Wioleta 
Published: January 2021

IntroductionRheumatic diseases, along with other diseases of the musculoskeletal system are among the most common chronic diseases in the world. Factors predisposing to rheumatic diseases are genetic factors, external physical factors as well as the so-called "civilization factor" - an effect of modern "civilized" life. It is suspected that rheumatic diseases are responsible for absorbing the largest portion of the GDP of all diseases.Materials and MethodThe study was conducted using a diagnostic survey. The study population consisted of university students in the age group of 18-25 years. The tool used to perform the test was an original questionnaire, which was distributed using the CAWI technique. The number of respondents amounted to 308 persons.ResultsAs many as 38% of respondents declared visiting a doctor due to ailments of the skeletal system, which were not a result of injury. A larger proportion of women (40%) than men (30%) declared such visits.Most people do not have bone or joint deformities that are not caused by injury (59%). More women (31%) than men (29%) acknowledged an existence of such defects.More than half of both women (50%) and men (52%) have experienced joint stiffness or difficulty moving said joints.ConclusionsYoung adults often show symptoms that may be associated with rheumatic diseases. However, only a small percentage have seen a medical professional because of them, and even less have done tests aimed at diagnosing a rheumatic disease. The low rate may be due to lack of knowledge about rheumatic diseases.It is possible, that more people live to fall ill at an earlier age.
The determinants of quality and satisfaction in the opinion of small medical service enterprises’ customers – the chosen problems
Authors: Klimecka-Tatar Dorota , Kowalik Kamila 
Published: January 2021

The objective of the article is to identify the determinants of service quality
and satisfaction in the opinion of small medical service enterprises’ customers. The first part contains literature review in the field of service quality and the satisfaction as its important factor. Afterwards, the results of empirical research have been presented. Anonymous survey was conducted among customers of small medical service enterprises. The questionnaire regarding the significance assessment of chosen determinants of satisfaction, which respondents made using Likert scale, indicated that particular factors influence the quality and satisfaction of medical service provided by small enterprises to a different extent.
The expression level of the CLDN14 gene in patients with urolithiasis - a preliminary report
Authors: Słota Diana , Wasilewski Tadeusz Paweł , Goniewicz Mariusz , Długoborska Klaudia 
Published: January 2021

Summary
Aim: An attempt to assess the expression of the CLDN14 gene at the mRNA level in patients diagnosed with urolithiasis in relation to healthy persons constituting a comparative group.
Material and methods: The material for examinations was peripheral blood from 23 patients, including 12 women and 11 men with diagnosed kidney stones disease and 6 donors (control group), including 2 women and 4 men who did not have kidney stones.
Results and conclusions: The studies showed differences in the level of CLDN14 gene expression in both the examined and the comparative group.

Key words: CLDN14, gene expression, urolithiasis
Random fiber laser based on a partial-reflection random fiber grating for high temperature sensing
Authors: Deng Jiancheng , Churkin D. V. , Xu Zuowei , Shu Xuewen 
Published: January 2021

A stable single wavelength random fiber laser (RFL) with a partial-reflection random fiber grating (PR-RFG) for high temperature sensing is proposed and demonstrated for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The PR-RFG is fabricated with the help of a femtosecond laser, with its highest reflection peak significantly higher than all other reflection peaks, which can ensure the stability of this filter-free RFL. Theoretical calculations also show that such a PR-RFG should be designed with reflectivity in the range of

∼

30

%

−

90

%

to obtain one reflection peak significantly higher than other peaks. The threshold of this laser is only 6.4 mW. In addition, the RFL realizes temperature sensing in the range from 25°C to 500°C and has an optical signal-to-noise ratio of up to 70 dB.
Broadband thermomechanically limited sensing with an optomechanical accelerometer
Authors: Zhou Feng , Bao Yiliang , Madugani Ramgopal , Long David A. , Gorman Jason J. , LeBrun Thomas W. 
Published: January 2021

Acceleration measurement is widely used in commercial, scientific, and defense applications, but the resolution and accuracy achievable for demanding applications is limited by the current technology used to build and calibrate accelerometers. We report an optomechanical accelerometer based on a Fabry–Perot microcavity in a silicon chip that is extremely precise, field deployable, and can self-calibrate. The measured acceleration resolution is the highest reported to date for a microfabricated optomechanical accelerometer and is achieved over a wide frequency range (

314

n
m

⋅

s

−
2

/

√

H
z

over 6.8 kHz). The combination of a single vibrational mode in the mechanical spectrum and the broadband thermally limited resolution enables accurate conversion from sensor displacement to acceleration. This also allows measurement of acceleration directly in terms of the laser wavelength, making it possible for sensors to calibrate internally and serve as intrinsic standards. This sensing platform is applicable to a range of measurements from industrial accelerometry and inertial navigation to gravimetry and fundamental physics.
Colostrum avoidance practice and associated factors among mothers of children aged less than six months in Bure District, Amhara Region, North West, Ethiopia: A community-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Mose Ayenew , Dheresa Merga , Mengistie Bezatu , Wassihun Biresaw , Abebe Haimanot 
Published: January 2021

Introduction
The World Health Organization and the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund jointly recommend colostrum feeding immediately following delivery of the newborn. Colostrum avoidance is the practice of discarding colostrum at least once within the first three days after delivery of the newborn. Colostrum contains antibodies that protect the newborn against disease. Despite this fact, many Ethiopian mothers see colostrum feeding as a cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality, and they believe colostrum should be discarded to alleviate its effects. However, the cause of this misconception about colostrum is not well researched in Ethiopia, particularly in the study area.

Objective
To assess the prevalence of colostrum avoidance and associated factors among mothers of children aged less than six months in Bure district, Amhara Region, North West, Ethiopia.

Methods
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from March 1st to 30th, 2019 in Bure district. Structured questionnaires and face to face interviews were used to collect data from 621 study participants. Multistage sampling technique was used to select study participants. Data were entered into Epi Data version 4.2.0 and then exported to Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to identify predictors of colostrum avoidance practice.

Results
Six hundred twenty-one (621) mothers of children aged less than six months participated. The prevalence of colostrum avoidance was 14.5% (95%CI; 11.5–17.4). The multivariate analysis indicated that home delivery [AOR = 3.350, (95%CI; 2.517–14.847)], giving birth through cesarean section [AOR = 3.368, (95%CI; 1.339–8.471)], no participation in an antenatal care group [AOR = 1.889, (95%CI; 1.144–3.533)], poor knowledge of mothers about colostrum [AOR = 3.44, (95%CI; 2.45–4.977)], and poor attitude of mothers towards colostrum [AOR = 3.053, (95%CI; 1.157–8.054)] were important predictors of colostrum avoidance practice.

Conclusion and recommendations
Home delivery, giving birth through cesarean section, no participation in an antenatal care group, poor knowledge of mothers about colostrum, and poor attitude of mothers towards colostrum were significantly associated with colostrum avoidance practice. Therefore, health care workers in the district should promote institutional delivery, reduce the magnitude of cesarean section, encourage pregnant mothers to participate in an antenatal care group, and enhance maternal awareness about the merits of colostrum feeding. Moreover, health educations for mothers to have a positive attitude towards colostrum are important recommendations to be taken to prevent the further practice of colostrum avoidance.
OPEX: Development of a novel overall patient experience measure to facilitate interpretation of comparison effectiveness studies
Authors: Fraenkel Liana , Wei Zhenglin , Ramsey Christine , Wiedmeyer Carole , Michaud Kaleb , Neogi Tuhina , Nowell W. Benjamin , Venkatachalam Shilpa , Broniatowski David A. 
Published: January 2021

Objectives
A measure that encompasses both benefits and harms at the individual patient level may facilitate comparisons between treatment options and improve shared decision-making. The objective of this study was to develop a patient reported measure to capture overall experience (including both benefits and harms) of treatment using rheumatoid arthritis (RA) as a case example.

Methods
Hierarchies for treatment benefits are known. Therefore, we developed a hierarchy of adverse events (AEs) using a series of trajectory mapping and paired comparison surveys. We subsequently used these data to construct a paired comparison survey, asking patients to compare options including both a specified level of benefit and an AE. These data were used to generate a hierarchy of overall experience on treatment.

Results
782 participants completed a series of three surveys. The trajectory mapping procedure and a paired comparison survey led to the generation of a hierarchy of AEs with nine levels ranging from No AEs to irreversible serious complications. In a third survey, in which AEs were paired with benefits, participants’ ratings generated a 6-level hierarchy of overall experiences ranging from Major improvement + No, mild or manageable AEs (Level 1) to No improvement + Irreversible AEs (Level 6).

Conclusions
Using a trajectory mapping approach, we developed a patient reported measure representing the distribution of patients’ overall experiences on treatment. The intent of this measure is to enable patients and their physicians to compare the percentage of patients experiencing each level of outcome, from most to least desirable, across treatments.
Safety of antidepressants in a primary care cohort of adults with obesity and depression
Authors: Morriss Richard , Tyrer Freya , Zaccardi Francesco , Khunti Kamlesh 
Published: January 2021

Background
Obesity, depressive disorders and antidepressant drugs are associated with increased mortality, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, fractures and falls. We explored outcomes associated with the most commonly prescribed antidepressants in overweight or obese people with depression.

Methods and findings
We identified a cohort of overweight or obese adults (≥18 years) in primary care from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink, linked with hospital and mortality data, between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2016 who developed incident depression to January 2019. Cox proportional hazards models and 99% confidence intervals were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) for mortality, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and falls/fractures associated with exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), tricyclic (TCA)/other, combination antidepressants, citalopram, fluoxetine, sertraline, amitriptyline and mirtazapine, adjusting for potential confounding variables. In 519,513 adults, 32,350 (9.2 per 1,000 years) displayed incident depression and 21,436 (66.3%) were prescribed ≥1 antidepressant. Compared with no antidepressants, all antidepressant classes were associated with increased relative risks of cardiovascular disorders [SSRI HR: 1.32 (1.14–1.53), TCA/Other HR: 1.26 (1.01–1.58)], and diabetes (any type) [SSRI HR: 1.28 (1.10–1.49), TCA/Other: 1.52 (1.19–1.94)]. All commonly prescribed antidepressants except citalopram were associated with increased mortality compared with no antidepressants. However, prescription ≥1 year of ≥40mg citalopram was associated with increased mortality and falls/fractures and ≥1 year 100mg sertraline with increased falls/fractures.

Conclusions
In overweight/obese people with depression, antidepressants may be overall and differentially associated with increased risks of some adverse outcomes. Further research is required to exclude indication bias and residual confounding.
Factors associated with hypertension in Pakistan: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Riaz Muhammad , Shah Ghazala , Asif Muhammad , Shah Asma , Adhikari Kaustubh , Abu-Shaheen Amani 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundHigh blood pressure is an important public health concern and the leading risk factor for global mortality and morbidity. To assess the implications of this condition, we aimed to review the existing literature and study the factors that are significantly associated with hypertension in the Pakistani population.MethodsWe conducted several electronic searches in PubMed, ISI Web of Science, PsycINFO, EMBASE, Scopus, Elsevier, and manually searched the citations of published articles on hypertension from May 2019 to August 2019. We included all studies that examined factors associated with hypertension regardless of the study design. To assess the quality of the research, we used the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. We also conducted meta-analyses using the DerSimonian & Laird random-effects model to collate results from at least three studies.ResultsWe included 30 cross-sectional and 7 case-control studies (99,391 participants country-wide) in this review and found 13 (35.1%) to be high-quality studies. We identified 5 socio-demographic, 3 lifestyle, 3 health-related, and 4 psychological variables that were significantly associated with hypertension. Adults aged between 30–60 years who were married, living in urban areas with high incomes, used tobacco, had a family history of hypertension, and had comorbidities (overweight, obesity, diabetes, anxiety, stress, and anger management issues) were positively associated with hypertension. On the other hand, individuals having high education levels, normal physical activity, and unrestricted salt in their diet were negatively associated with hypertension.ConclusionWe found several socio-demographic, lifestyle, health-related, and psychological factors that were significantly (positively and negatively) associated with hypertension. Our findings may help physicians and public health workers to identify high-risk groups and recommend appropriate prevention strategies. Further research is warranted to investigate these factors rigorously and collate global evidence on the same.
Professional competencies and public health content in the human nutrition and dietetics degree program: A qualitative study based on experts' consensus
Authors: Soares Panmela , Vives-Cases Carmen , Clemente-Gómez Vicente , Ortiz-Moncada Rocío , Lobo-Escolar Elena , Rada-Fernández de Jauregui Diego , Arija Victoria , Zapata-Moya Ángel R. , Davó-Blanes Mari Carmen ,   Group of participants in the Fifth Meeting of University Public Health Professors of the Degree in Human Nutrition and Dietetics
Published: January 2021

Objective
To gather consensus on professional competencies and basic public health content for the degree program in Human Nutrition and Dietetics (HND).

Design
In 2018, the Fifth Meeting of University Public Health Professors took place in Zaragoza (Spain). Fourteen lecturers in the HND degree program participated from 11 Spanish universities. They identified competencies and basic content for training for the HND degree using group dynamics and consensus strategies.

Results
The professors identified 51 basic competencies, distributed in the areas of “evaluation of population health needs” (n = 20), “development of health policies” (n = 23), and “guaranteeing provision of health care services” (n = 8). In order to reach these competencies, 35 topics were proposed organized into six thematic blocks: foundations of public health, nutritional epidemiology, health problems and diet and nutrition strategies, food security, health in all policies and health promotion and education.

Conclusion
The consensus reached serves as a reference to orient and update public health education as a part of the HND degree.