bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EDUCATION, COMMUNICATION, AND PROMOTION
Authors: MAY CHARLES D. 
Published: December 2021

THE PRESENT era has had various titles thrust upon it: atomic age, era of psychiatry, age of democracy, etc. Future historians may judge our times to be better characterized as the Age of Promotion. Means of reaching an audience have achieved awesome efficiency. A cult of Public Relations is flourishing.
This makes it imperative that the significant differences between Education, Communication and Promotion be realized. Full realization of the differences may make indiscriminate use of these terms less likely. Consideration of the very different concepts represented by Education and Promotion may alert us to the dangers in confusing the separate processes, however carelessly or deceptively they may be labeled.
PULMONARY ARTERIOVENOUS ANEURYSM IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Husson George S. 
Published: December 2021

A case of a 2 6/12-year-old male with pulmonary arteriovenous aneurysm successfully treated by lobectomy is presented.
The importance of this syndrome as a pediatric problem and the necessity for early diagnosis and surgical treatment is discussed.
A review of the salient features of this syndrome is presented.
A CONTROLLED STUDY OF THE USE OF THE BLOXSOM AIR LOCK
Authors: Reichelderfer Thomas E. , Nitowsky Harold M. 
Published: December 2021

A controlled study of the response of premature infants and infants delivered by nonelective cesarian section to exposure in the air lock was undertaken. Seventy-two infants were placed in the air lock and 71 received the routine care in an incubator. There were no significant differences noted in over-all mortality rates, in mortality rates during the first day of life or in the incidence of relief of respiratory distress between the group of infants exposed in the air lock and those placed in the Isolette®.
No evidence was adduced for the effectiveness of the air lock as a resuscitator in this group of infants.
THE INCIDENCE OF BREAST FEEDING IN HOSPITALS IN THE UNITED STATES
Authors: BAIN KATHERINE 
Published: December 2021

Data comprising the first nation-wide survey of the incidence of breast feeding in hospitals in the United States are presented.
More than two-thirds of all hospitals of 25 or more beds admitting women for delivery are included in the study. Coverage was equally good for all regions, for urban and rural communities, and for small, medium size, and large hospitals.
For the United States as a whole, one-third of the infants were weaned at the time of discharge from the hospital and two-thirds were on breast or mixed feedings.
A smaller percentage of breast feeding occurred in hospitals in or near metropolitan areas, as contrasted with areas removed from metropolitan centers. A lower percentage of breast feeding occurred in medium-sized hospitals as contrasted with small or large hospitals.
There are striking regional differences, in the northeast the percent of infants on bottle feeding only—at time of discharge—being 61%, as contrasted with an incidence of 18%, in the southwest and southeast.
Among infants discharged from hospital under eight days of age the incidence of breast feeding was higher than among those who remained longer.
Communication from THE COMMITTEE ON FETUS AND NEWBORN
Authors: CLIFFORD STEWART H. 
Published: December 2021

State committees on fetus and newborn have been appointed in 47 states, in four Canadian Provinces and in Hawaii. All of these committees are now confronted with the problem of organizing an active program.
All state programs must have the active cooperation of the state and county medical associations. Following are excerpts from a letter from Dr. Milo Brooks showing how the Southern California Committee has informed their County Medical Association of the program and made a strong bid for its support and cooperation:
". . . The two groups (the Academy and an independent Los Angeles group, previously organized) have now blended into one organization, and with the cooperation of the Bureau of Maternal and Child Health of the State of California Department of Health, the Obstetrical and Pediatric Sections of the Los Angeles County Medical Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics have prepared a tentative program composed of the best features of premature programs now functioning in other cities and states.
"We . . . need (your) cooperation and support . . . and, therefore, humbly make the following requests for:
(1) Approval of the . . . committee as now constituted, or a committee as selected by the Los Angeles County Medical Association, as an advisory committee to work with the city and county Health Departments in the organization and operation of a premature program for Los Angeles County.
(2) Appointment (if the present committee is acceptable) of a representative, preferably a member of the section on General Practice, to the committee.
(3) Presentation of the following recommendations to the Los Angeles City Health Department Commission, and the Los Angeles County Health Department:
a. To recognize the need for better facilities for the care of premature infants born in Los Angeles County.
b. To approve and list centers for premature care and/or assist hospitals to establish or enlarge and equip a premature center.
C. To establish post-graduate nurses' training in the care of premature infants.
d. To permit the Los Angeles County General Hospital to accept any premature infants born outside the hospital within the limits of their capacity.
e. To supply the physical necessities for transporting prematures to adequate facilities when aid is requested by the physician in attendance, i.e. nurses, ambulances, oxygen, incubators, etc.
f. To supply funds for a secretary, or other personnel, which is needed for the proper funcioning of the program.
g. To make prematurity a reportable condition when adequate facilities become available to care for all premature infants born at home or in hospitals where facilities are inadequate.
h. Investigate premature infants' deaths.
ADOPTIONS
Authors: Karelitz Samuel 
Published: December 2021

Any practice or social institution which is increasing at a rapid rate deserves review by the professions involved and by the public, to see where it is going and how it is getting there. This question of adoption is a vast national problem and one that concerns medical and legal practitioners, the courts, public health, public or private social agencies. Adoptions in the United States have increased 80% in the last 10 years, and the increase appears to be continuing. The reasons for this phenomenon are probably many and mixed. Underlying them is the widespread interest in family life, in wanting children and more children as evidenced by the increase in the birth rate and in the size of families. Even college graduates, traditionally the low birth-rate group, are having bigger families today.
As a background for the more specific papers to follow, I should like to present an over-all view of the extent of the problem and some of the major issues involved.
There is no over-all national pattern of adoption procedure in the United States as defined by law or as carried out in practice. Just as laws vary from state to state—on marriage, divorce, taxation, or civil rights— so laws relating to adoption vary. Much of our legal machinery, furthermore, is concerned with the process of legalizing the status of the child, of finishing the job and tying the knot, and not with the core of the problem—the placement of a child for adoption. There are great differences in social agencies. Their practices as well as their philosophy are undergoing study and reappraisal all the time—and especially now.
Youth. The Years from Ten to Sixteen
Authors: WORK HENRY H. 
Published: December 2021

For any one book considerable controversy may exist in relation to its ultimate use, to the organization of the content, or to the range of its intended readers. This book will be regarded with considerable difference of opinion as it attempts to embrace the highly vital knowledge in the area of total growth of children from the ages of 10 to 16 as well as to serve as a guide for parents during this period.
The lay press has been glowing in its response to this final addition to Dr. Gesell's trilogy on growth.
A PSYCHOSOMATIC STUDY OF EIGHT CHILDREN WITH SYDENHAM'S CHOREA
Authors: Chapman A. H. , Pilkey Loraine , Gibbons Mary Jane 
Published: December 2021

A psychosomatic study was made of eight children with Sydenham's chorea. The children ranged in age from 7 to 16 years. Three patients had a history of rheumatic fever and three had no evidence of rheumatic disease; in two patients the evidence for rheumatic fever was equivocal, one probably having had it and the other probably not.
The eight children were found to be emotionally quite disturbed. Their personality structure was characterized by a triad of (a) marked passivity, (b) schizoid withdrawal from people, with two of the children being frankly schizophrenic, and (c) much underlying anxiety. Obsessive, phobic and depressive features were separately present in some of the children. In five cases the onset of Sydenham's chorea closely followed an episode of marked emotional stress, and in two others the correlation of chorea with emotional stress was equivocal.
The literature was reviewed, and it was pointed out that in over half of all reported cases of Sydenham's chorea evidence of rheumatic fever could not be found.
It is felt that Sydenham's chorea can be understood only as a psychosomatic illness potentially caused by a number of agents acting individually or jointly, and varying in their respective importance from case to case. Severe personality disorder and rheumatic fever are two such etiologic agents which may be operative in Sydenham's chorea. The importance of further psychosomatic study and experimental psychotherapy in the comprehensive medical study and management of children with this disorder is emphasized.
ABDOMINAL MASSES IN THE NEWBORN INFANT
Authors: Longino Luther A. , Martin Lester W. 
Published: December 2021

Information concerning 32 infants with abdominal masses noted during the first day of life is presented. The most common mass was a hypoplastic, multicystic kidney which was the final diagnosis in 13 of 32 cases.
The mass proved to be a malignant tumor in four instances (an incidence of 13%).
Preoperative intravenous urogram should be made in every instance, even the obvious hydrometrocolpos may present a marked secondary hydronephrosis. In the other cases, one can rarely be certain that the mass is not of renal origin.
Of the 30 infants undergoing surgery, there were three deaths, either from the surgery or in the immediate postoperative period—a mortality rate of 10%.
The presence of an abdominal mass in the newborn infant, the same as for older patients, constitutes an indication for early surgical intervention. Delay on the basis that the baby is too small or too young cannot be justified.
ALLERGY—THE UNANSWERED CHALLENGE IN PEDIATRIC RESEARCH, EDUCATION AND PRACTICE
Authors: Crook William G. , Harrison Walton W. , Crawford Stanley E. 
Published: December 2021

THE NEGLECT OF TRAINING IN ALLERGY
Perhaps the most remarkable thing about allergy is its relative neglect in the field of medical research, education and practice. This phenomenon has been recognized by a number of leaders in the field. "Allergy is sadly neglected in the medical schools of this country. Some department heads look upon it as scarcely more scientific than witchcraft. . . . There is no question that medicine either ridiculed or ignored. . . . The chances are overwhelming that as a resident—(the physician) had no exposure whatever to an allergy service or guidance from one trained in allergy."
A review of the program of the Society for Pediatric Research for the past several years shows that, while there were many papers on varied subjects, few of them dealt with allergy.
THE PROBLEM OF THE PRACTICING PEDIATRICIAN
Our discussion of this subject is presented from the point of view of practicing pediatricians who have struggled with the problems of allergy in a general pediatric practice for some 9 years. During this period, the recognition and management of children with allergic disease presented such a problem that we had to take a more active interest in it as a matter of "self defense." In comparing our training with that of other pediatricians, we feel that our exposure, and the quality of the instruction given us in managing the allergic child, was well above the average. Nevertheless, we still were inadequately prepared to meet the needs of countless hundreds of our patients.
A recent study of the incidence of allergic disease in our practice during the year 1954 showed that 14% of an unselected, consecutive group of children coming to our general pediatric clinic had major, unquestioned allergic disease, including asthma, hay fever, allergic rhinitis and eczema. An additional 18% had findings which warranted a classification of "probably allergic."
CLINICAL CONFERENCE
Authors: Silverman William A. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Silverman: I shall present the history of an infant who was admitted to our premature nursery on May 9, 1956. This Puerto Rican male infant was born during the thirty-sixth week of an uneventful pregnancy. An antenatal serologic test for syphilis was negative. Delivery was spontaneous. Birth weight was 1070 gm. Physical examination on admission to the nursery revealed the liver to be 1 cm below the right costal margin and the spleen was firm, 1 cm below the left costal margin. Nothing else worthy of comment was noted and the infant was managed in a routine manner. The immediate newborn period was entirely uneventful, specifically neither petechiae nor unusual degree of icterus were noted. The ocular fundi were examined, as a matter of routine, during the third and fifth weeks of life and they were described as normal.
During the sixth week of life, when the infant weighed 2080 gm, it was suddenly noted that the abdomen was quite distended. Examination at this time disclosed marked hepatosplenomegaly, both organs were firm. Again neither icterus nor petechiae were noted. There appeared to be some difficulty in swallowing. Roentgenograms of the chest at this time were normal and of the skull revealed intracranial calcification which was displayed in a pattern that seemed to outline dilated lateral ventricles. Lumbar puncture yielded cerebrospinal fluid which was negative except for protein of 198 mg/100 ml. The urine and cerebrospinal fluid were examined for the cells characteristic of cytomegalic inclusion disease and none were found.
Funduscopic examination at this time disclosed an area of chorioretinitis in the right eye. It was presumed at this time that the infant had toxoplasmosis.
COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION
Published: December 2021

Present knowledge of nutrition is admittedly incomplete. Accumulation of further knowledge by controlled observations is to be encouraged.
The present divergence of opinion regarding the appropriate time for the introduction of solid foods into the diet of the infant is recognized.
No nutritional advantage or disadvantage has as yet been proven for supplementing adequate milk diets with solid foods in the first 3 or 4 months of life. No harmful results have been reported thus far, but potential danger exists that earlier supplementation of the milk diets of infants with solid food of inferior nutritional content may, because of satiety, result in a decreased intake of milk.
High-protein feedings unaccompanied by sufficient water intake, as may occur with a meat supplement, can compromise the young infant's fluid and electrolyte balance.
Strained meat has been shown to be the equivalent of milk as a source of protein, and to be well tolerated by both premature and full-term infants. Claims for the advantages of the early introduction of meat are conflicting and do not permit the drawing of definite conclusions.
An increased incidence of allergy has not been demonstrated from solid foods fed in the early weeks of life.
Digestion, absorption and utilization of solid foods appears to be adequate even in the first days of life. Other physiologic mechanisms indicate nature's provision for their administration at a later date.
No psychologic advantage can be attributed solely to early feeding of solid foods.
Caution should be exercised in attributing any beneficial effect observed while feeding a food to a single constituent of so complex a mixture as a natural food.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: GRUNWALDT EDGAR 
Published: December 2021

Dr. George X. Trimble's letter (Pediatrics, 20:919, 1957) in regard to our article on pseudohermaphrodism (Pediatrics, 20:503, 1957) has just come to my attention.
I would like to point out that, in the two previous cases reported in the German literature by Zandler and Müller and Hoffman et al., the testosterone was not administered to the mother until too late in pregnancy, embryologically speaking, to cause pseudohermaphrodism. Both these infants were born suffering from the effects that testosterone will produce in any female.
Speech Correction at Home
Authors: CURTIS JAMES F. 
Published: December 2021

As stated in the introduction, the purpose of this book is to present in "simple nontechnical language selected information concerning speech problems" and to describe "how friends and family members may help persons with trouble in oral communication to overcome their handicaps."
This purpose is, indeed, an important one and there will probably never be a surplus of good materials which can be placed in the hands of parents and friends of persons with speech handicaps. However, there is a real question in this reviewer's mind if this need may not be better met, in most instances, by materials which deal specifically with the particular handicap of concern at the moment, rather than by a book which attempts in a relatively few pages to cover a number of types of problems.
CARE OF THE PREMATURE INFANT
Authors: Silverman William A. 
Published: December 2021

It is accepted that the umbilical cord should be clamped early in known and suspected cases of erythroblastosis. When isoimmunization is not a factor, some advocate late clamping to effect a physiologic transfusion. Others say this produces excessive blood volume, which may be a causative factor in the respiratory-distress syndrome. Studies by umbilical-vein catheterization thus far have failed to show an association between high venous pressure and increased mortality.
Aspiration of the stomach is being performed routinely in many centers. No convincing controlled studies are available to show that this procedure has lowered mortality or morbidity.
Resuscitation of the newborn continues to be a problem. The trend is toward more vigorous measures more promptly applied, to produce and maintain an airway, and thus facilitate initial expansion of the lungs. Nasopharyngeal suction is adequate in most instances. Infants who do not breathe spontaneously may benefit from direct laryngoscopy, clearance of the airway and artificial respiration. Morphine antagonists may be given if narcosis is evident following use of narcotics during delivery.
Initial heat loss is greater in prematures than in full-term newborns. The rate of fail of body temperature is maximal during the first hour of life when the infant is exposed to labor-room temperatures while being resuscitated. Swaddling, effective against heat loss, has the disadvantage of interfering with direct observation of the infant. The answer to this problem may be infra-red heat lamps built into one corner of the labor room. The use of glucose has been mentioned but not enough information is available.
There is a growing trend toward the omission of silver nitrate for prophylaxis in the eyes in newborns.
COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON NUTRITION
Published: December 2021

The great mass of information on the beneficial influence of thiamine in markedly deficient animals is probably not applicable to any but the most severely deprived humans. No secure data are at hand that thiamine administration to humans "stimulates" appetite; this does not conflict with the well-recognized fact that the vitamin is essential for body processes.
The evidence for appetite-stimulating or growth-promoting effects of vitamin B12 is not convincing. Whatever the specific medical or nutritional indications for vitamin B12 may prove to be, in children, it is clean that this vitamin does not encourage appetite so as to cause increased growth in children. Admitting that the design of experimental work with humans is fraught with difficulties, the lack of scientifically acceptable control subjects makes much of the evidence advanced in support of specific effects of vitamin B12 unacceptable.
The impression should not be conveyed to the physician that "growth failure" is commonplace and that all flagging appetites are due to inadequate intake of either on both of these vitamins. On the basis of current knowledge, claims for any effect of these vitamins in either stimulating appetite or promoting growth are not justified. Present evidence is insufficient to show any effect of vitamin B1 and vitamin B12 on stimulation of appetite or growth except in deficiency states.
This discussion in no way detracts from the metabolic significance or usefulness of these two important vitamins. It is clear that, at present, we do not yet fully understand appetite or all the factors which affect growth. Humility should govern the attitudes of manufacturers and physicians alike when it is urged that growth-promoting substances be given to large groups of children.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: DEAN R. F. A. 
Published: December 2021

Thank you for sending the copy of Dr. Cobb's letter regarding the article by M. Geber and myself.
The quotients we gave were calculated by Gesell's formula, as Dr. Cobb suggests. If he prefers to use age from conception rather than age from birth, he must of course make the same correction for data on white children as he has made for the data on our African children. He will arrive at a different set of numbers, but the precocity of the African children will remain.
RICKETTSIAL DISEASES OF ANIMALS TRANSMISSIBLE TO CHILDREN
Authors: Luoto Lauri 
Published: December 2021

BECAUSE rickettsial infections occur sporadically, pediatricians may not be as thoroughly familiar with them as they are with common diseases of children that are characterized by rash. Hence, the rickettsias are infrequently considered in the etiology of febrile exanthemas or fevers of undertermined origin. Rickettsial diseases of primary interest in this country are Rocky Mountain spotted fever, murine typhus, rickcttsialpox and Q fever. The agents causing these diseases exist as latent infections in arthropods and animals, and they are transmitted accidentally to man through well-defined channels of spread. An awareness of the epizootiology of rickettsial diseases in nature and of the means by which these agents are transmitted to man is helpful in establishing a diagnosis of a rickettsial disease. Therefore, salient features of the natural cycles of infection which may suggest a clinical diagnosis will be stressed, and characteristics of these diseases in children will be reviewed briefly.
Rocky Mountain spotted fever is usually contracted during the spring or summer through the bite of an infected tick although infection also may be acquired by dermal contact with tissues of a crushed or improperly removed tick. The wood tick, Dermacentor andersoni, the dog tick, D. variabilis, and the lone-star tick, Amblyomma americanum, which are found, respectively, in the western, eastern, and southern United States are responsible for transmitting the organism to man. Natural infection with Rickettsia rickettsii in these species is maintained by transovarial passage of the agent and by the feeding of immature stages on infected small mammals. Environmental factors such as rainfall, temperature, food supply of small mammals, and prevalence of predators indirectly affect the abundance of ticks.