bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Punk Zines
Authors: Dunn Kevin C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Zines are typically regarded as noncommercial, nonprofessional works that the creators usually produce, publish, and distribute themselves, typically in small numbers. At the heart of zine culture is a commitment to a do-it-yourself (DIY) ethos and the understanding that profit is not the primary intent of publication, which helped make zines an integral part of punk culture since its inception. This article provides a brief history of zines, discussing the evolution of zines, and reflecting on the implications for punk zines on local scenes and the global punk community. Challenging the dominant capitalist consumer culture, which constructs relationships between consumer and product that are devoid of any sort of reciprocal creativity, punk zines reinscribe the individual as a cultural producer instead of a passive consumer.
Human Resource Management in the Multinational Context
Authors: Rupidara Neil 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter deals with human resource management (HRM) in the context of multinational enterprises (MNEs). Employing both process and institutional perspectives in order to understand HRM in MNEs, the chapter focuses more on how HRM systems within subsidiaries of MNEs, particularly in developing country contexts in Asia, are constructed and operate. Using secondary analysis of published and unpublished materials, the chapter shows the various multilevel contextual factors influencing the practices of HRM in MNE subsidiaries. We aim to contribute to the current scholarly thinking of, and stimulate further development in, the field of HRM in MNEs in the future.
Human Resource Management Outsourcing
Authors: Lazarova Mila B. , Reichel Astrid 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the current literature on human resource management outsourcing (HRO). Human resource management outsourcing involves contracting out activities traditionally performed by the organization’s human resource department to an outside organization. While HRO is a popular topic, there are few reliable sources on the extent to which organizations implement the approach. Further, research has indicated that the overall impact of HRO is not always straightforward, with studies suggesting small positive effects on company performance and mixed effects on outcomes related to the functioning of human resource departments. This chapter examines common theoretical foundations of HRO, the need to differentiate outsourcing of different types of human resource activities, factors influencing organizations’ decisions to outsource, and effects of these decisions. It presents empirical data from a comparative HRM study on the prevalence of outsourcing for insights into the contested question of how widespread HRO really is and suggests future directions for HRO research.
Is the Human Resource Management Department Becoming More Strategic?
Authors: Farndale Elaine , Vidovic Maja 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the historical development of the strategic orientation of human resource management (HRM) departments in different regions of the world, providing both a theoretical base and an overview of current practices and trends. By observing data on HRM departments across the globe over more than a decade, the chapter paints a picture of the HRM department’s strategic evolution in its attempt to deliver value to the organization and create sustainable competitive advantage. Analyzing the data to address the question “Is the HRM department becoming more strategic?” yields the answer of a qualified yes. The trends over time and across contexts appear to suggest directional convergence in the HRM department achieving a strategic role. There are, however, differences in the pace at which this is being achieved and even in what the ultimate goal might be, depending on the context in which an organization is operating. Moreover, there is clear evidence of a connection between how advanced an economy is and the extent to which the HRM department can be more strategic. These findings have implications for human resource practitioners and line managers alike in delivering bottom-line value to organizations.
The Context of Terrorism for Managing People in Multinational Enterprises
Authors: Bader Benjamin , Reade Carol 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A number of research studies have been published in recent years dealing with the implications of terrorism for human resource management (HRM)–related issues, mostly at the individual level. Different theoretical perspectives have been utilized, such as stress theory, social identity theory, and social support theory, and the respective studies have contributed to our knowledge in this important research field. Nonetheless, a comprehensive theoretical approach at the organizational level relevant to HRM in the context of terrorism is lacking. To address this shortcoming, this chapter examines extant literature on the influence of terrorism on HRM-related issues, integrates several theoretical approaches that emerge from this literature, and introduces an HRM terrorism-response theory relevant for companies operating in countries afflicted with terrorism. Avenues for future research are discussed and practical implications are derived.
On Physicality and Narrative
Authors: Piquero Álvarez Lucía 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Crystal Pite’s 2017 work for The Royal Ballet, Flight Pattern, analyzing its perceptual properties and narrative and symbolic elements as integrated elements in the audience’s experience, and supporting this discussion on ideas from theories of embodied cognition. The chapter argues first that the emotional power of the work as perceived by the audience is emergent from these perceptual properties—illustrating this through the analysis of movement qualities, music-movement relationships, and use of space—and, second, that an embodied cognition approach is necessary to understand the audience’s complex emotional experience. Finally, through the analysis of Pite’s work as situated within the programming of the Royal Opera House, the chapter argues that her work revitalizes ballet in relation to its content-form complex, its aesthetic aspects, and its potential to refer emotionally to current world issues.
The Race of Contemporary Ballet
Authors: DeFrantz Thomas F. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the tripartite formation of who, what, and how in considerations of Africanist aesthetics and Black mobilizations that fuel contemporary ballet. Who dances contemporary ballet, and are they Black? What sorts of Black dance movements are deployed in contemporary ballet? And, most important, how does a Black attitude mark performances within ballet as belonging to a contemporary moment? The chapter presumes that contemporary ballet emerges in direct relationship to Africanist aesthetics. It considers work by William Forsythe, Alonzo King, and Twyla Tharp as a trio of artists whose work continues to circulate with different relationships to questions of Black dancers, dances, dancing, and the contemporary.
Administrative Justice and Codification
Authors: Hoexter Cora 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe debate about codification in general has been going on for centuries. This chapter focuses on a more recent debate in the context of administrative justice. With reference to country-specific examples, the chapter identifies the main ways in which administrative justice may be codified as well as two deviations from the legislative norm. It then examines arguments for and against codifying the grounds and principles of judicial review. Codifying judge-made law has presentational benefits which may in turn improve accessibility and have educative effects. Codification also enhances democratic legitimacy and may be the only way to achieve swift and systematic law reform. However, the examples also illustrate many potential pitfalls of legislating judge-made law, including increased uncertainty, complexity, unintended consequences, and the problem of resistance. The chapter concludes that the reasons for even a modest exercise in codification would need to be quite compelling to make the exercise worthwhile.
Bar Authorities and Prosecutors
Authors: Green Bruce A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The professional regulation of U.S. prosecutors is primarily the responsibility of state judiciaries, which regulate all attorneys, including prosecutors, through the adoption and interpretation of professional conduct rules and by enforcing these rules in the attorney discipline process. Although Bar associations have no formal role in regulating prosecutors, they wield informal influence by drafting and interpreting the professional conduct rules that state judiciaries adopt and by publishing standards that offer guidance to prosecutors. Ultimately, professional regulation has limited practical significance for U.S. prosecutors because many professional conduct rules are inapplicable or minimally applicable to their work, and because those rules that do apply (such as those governing attorneys’ advocacy) are uncontroversial and largely coextensive with constitutional law and other law governing prosecutorial misconduct. The rules do not significantly address prosecutors’ charging and plea bargaining decisions—controversial areas of practice relegated to prosecutorial discretion—and do not codify some professional expectations, such as those regarding prosecutors’ heightened duty of candor, that are expressed in court decisions and in unenforceable guidelines. Occasionally, the Bar has tried to persuade courts to adopt more demanding rules for prosecutors or to interpret existing rules more demandingly. Prosecutors have generally opposed these efforts, which have achieved limited success while exacerbating tensions between prosecutors and the Bar. Consequently, professional conduct rules do not fully capture the conventional understanding that prosecutors have a unique professional role that gives rise to different and, in some respects, more demanding professional obligations than those of other lawyers. The professional conduct rules have only limited influence and do not constrain some of prosecutors’ most controversial and troublesome decisions and behaviors.
Prosecutors and the Immigration Enforcement System in the United States
Authors: Chacón Jennifer M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The interdependence of criminal enforcement and immigration enforcement systems in the United States now takes several different forms, each with implications for criminal prosecutors. Over time, federal officials have increased the number of immigration prosecutions they pursue in a given year. The immigration consequences of criminal convictions have expanded and intensified. Some state criminal prosecutors have used their charging authority to supplement the immigration enforcement efforts of the federal government, while others have applied the criminal law of the state in ways that mitigate the immigration effects of a criminal conviction. Finally, federal immigration law gives state prosecutors the authority to designate non-citizen victims of certain crimes for specialized visas that protect them from removal. These different types of interactions between criminal enforcement and immigration enforcement make state prosecutors important players in federal immigration policy and practice.
Prosecuting Misdemeanors
Authors: Roberts Jenny 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Although violent crime gets the most media, public, and legislative attention in the United States, misdemeanors make up approximately 75 percent of all criminal court cases, with more than 13 million new misdemeanor cases filed each year. This chapter discusses the role of prosecutors in the misdemeanor system. First, it addresses prosecutorial discretion and mass misdemeanor criminalization. Prosecutors, with near-unfettered discretionary power, are characterized as the most powerful actors in criminal cases. Yet often, prosecutors fail to properly exercise their discretion in low-level cases or are completely absent from the charging and sometimes even the adjudicatory processes. This is particularly problematic in misdemeanor cases, where informed prosecutorial decision-making is critical given the enormous volume of arrests and structural and institutional realities that weaken the role of other lower court actors. Proper exercise of discretion is also critical given well-documented racial disparities in the misdemeanor realm and the need to mitigate the myriad disproportionate effects of the ever-growing number of collateral consequences that flow from even a minor criminal record. Second, the chapter examines the misdemeanor prosecutor’s role at key stages: charging, bail, plea bargaining, sentencing, expungement, and post-conviction innocence claims. The chapter draws on examples of prosecutorial practice as well as theoretical and empirical research about prosecutorial discretion. Some recently elected so-called progressive prosecutors have already implemented significant promised changes. Although implementation of such reforms is nascent, time will tell whether a newly attentive electorate and a fresh prosecutorial approach will begin to roll back the extreme overuse and disproportionate impact of misdemeanor prosecutions in the United States.
Prosecutors and Plea Bargaining
Authors: Johnson Brian D. , Hernandez Raquel 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article reviews the empirical research literature on plea bargaining in the United States. It starts with an historical overview of the evolution of plea bargaining in the criminal justice system. It describes how the rise in plea bargaining has been coupled with an expansion of prosecutorial power. In particular, it elaborates on the role of modern sentencing reforms in enhancing prosecutorial discretion in plea negotiations. Next, it examines normative perspectives and philosophical arguments regarding the utility of plea bargaining. This includes discussion of how plea bargaining may circumvent the goals of criminal punishment. Lastly, it reviews the empirical state of the research literature on plea bargaining and offers future directions for expanding this work. It concludes with policy recommendations aimed at addressing continuing issues and concerns in the guilty plea process.
Transnational Commercial Law—Developments and Controversies
Authors: Ali Shahla 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter suggests that alongside a growing recognition that the traditional territorialist theory is limited in its ability to deal with intensifying cross-border dealings, a pluralistic converging of a multiplicity of legal orders (including domestic) to ensure the efficacy of cross-border commercial law is emerging. The future development of a transnational legal order will reflect the intensifying interactions between diverse norms, laws, actors, and institutions—mirroring not necessarily the end of the nation-state—but requiring a wider loyalty beyond the nation-state. To understand these dynamics, this chapter will explore developments in the field of transnational arbitration by examining the evolution of relevant substantive commercial law and procedure, key forces including global soft-law-making bodies, relevant actors including the nation-state, arbitrators, parties and institutions, and relevant norms and governance processes influencing the continued evolution of transnational arbitration.
Transnational Sports Law: The Living Lex Sportiva
Authors: Duval Antoine 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the emergence of a transnational sports law, or lex sportiva, ruling international sports. In the transnational law literature, the lex sportiva is often referred to as a key example, but rarely studied in practice. Yet, it constitutes an important playground for transnational legal practice, and this chapter aims to show why. The focus is first on the ensemble of rules of the lex sportiva produced through a variety of lawmaking procedures located within different institutions. The second section identifies the processes and institutions making the lex sportiva in its daily practice. Finally, while the lex sportiva is often presented as an autonomous transnational legal construct detached from territorialized legal and political contexts, the this section of the chapter aims to show that in practice it operates in intimate connection with them. Hence, its transnational operation is much less characterized by full autonomy than assemblage.
The Social Question in a Transnational Context
Authors: Somek Alexander 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The social question has come to us with two different understandings. Modestly understood, it is about helping the needy and creating opportunities for disadvantaged members of society. More ambitiously conceived, by contrast, it is about extricating human life generally from the false necessities of market dealings. This chapter argues that the ambitious understanding is likely to become eclipsed in a transnational context. Such an eclipse, in turn, threatens to destabilize transnational arrangements as soon as some participants embrace broader ambitions.
The Global Governance Implications of Private International Law
Authors: Muir Watt Horatia 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The ways in which the background rules of private law determine the balance of power within the global economy are difficult to identify to the extent that the reach of any given legal system and its combination with other potentially contradictory sets of national regulation are uncertain. The specific contention here is that private international law, which allocates the various sets of applicable rules on all these points when they involve private, usually corporate, actors, has served above all to dispense them from the regulatory constraints to which they might be subject in a domestic setting. It has thereby provided the building blocks that have allowed capital to expand beyond borders and the pursuit of profit to develop to the detriment of competing values, beyond control.
Transnational Constitutional Law
Authors: Thornhill Chris 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents an account of the constitutional law of transnational society from a distinctively political perspective. It uses a neoclassical definition of the constitution as the legal norms that frame the actions of a political system to examine and construct constitutional functions that reach beyond the legal systems of nation-states. It advances the thesis that the concept of transnational constitutional law can be applied to three separate legal-political domains in contemporary global society. This concept can be used to analyze constitutional aspects of international law, and it can be applied to national constitutional law, both of which have a strong transnational dimension and are supported by normative elements that are formed through transnational processes. This concept can also be applied to characterize and examine an emergent, conclusively transnational legal order, in which legal formation occurs in more spontaneous and contingent fashion. In each domain, constitutional norms produce an underlying inclusionary structure for distinct political functions in society, and transnational constitutional law is defined, most essentially, by its ability to support the relative autonomy of political exchanges and political interactions.
Errancy: A Brief History of Dante’s Ferm Voler
Authors: Barolini Teodolinda 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers Dante’s lifelong meditation on issues surrounding love and compulsion: is one compelled to love, and indeed to transfer one’s love to a new object? This is the question that Dante asks in Epistola III: ‘utrum de passione in passionem possit anima transformari’ [‘whether the soul can pass from passion to passion’] (Ep. III, 1). Or does one have free will to consent to love or to deny one’s consent? Is variability in love—‘amorosa erranza’ as Dante calls it in the youthful sonnet Tutti li miei penser parlan d’Amore (VN XIII)—inevitable or is it not? And if it is not, is there a moral obligation to absolute constancy? Starting with the premise that Dante first dramatizes these issues in the donna gentile episode of the Vita nuova, this chapter posits a ‘donna gentile paradigm’, lyric in origin, that recurs in work after work and that converges with the poet’s most fundamental principles regarding ethics and the will.
Dante and the Shoah
Authors: Pertile Lino 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The appropriation of Dante by the Fascist regime in support of the racial laws (1938) did not diminish his popularity after WWII, when Dante’s Inferno became a template for describing the experience of the death camps. In Primo Levi’s If This Is a Man, Dante restores, though fleetingly, the belief in, and practice of, humanity that the Nazis are intent on crushing: far from being a medieval ancestor of the camp, the poem works as an antidote to it. The notion that Dante and humanistic culture may have been complicit, albeit unwittingly, in the Nazi genocidal scheme ignores the poet’s warnings on the misuse of intelligence. For Dante actually anticipates Horkheimer and Adorno’s discourse on the advances of thought and technology, and his story of Ulysses’ death could serve as an opening for Dialectic of Enlightenment. The chapter considers also Dante’s presence in Peter Weiss’s theatre and Giorgio Pressburger’s novels.
Dante in Caribbean Poetics: Language, Power, Race
Authors: Allen-Paisant Jason 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the reception of Dante in Caribbean literature. It explores the works of two seminal Afro-Caribbean poets, the Barbadian Edward Kamau Brathwaite and the Jamaican Lorna Goodison, examining their relationship to Dante’s Commedia and De vulgari eloquentia. The chapter discusses the import of these two texts and of the figure of Dante in the articulation of Brathwaite’s seminal concept of ‘nation language’ and in Goodison’s theorizations of rhetoric, which highlight the epistemic dimensions of language, particularly in the colonial and postcolonial contexts. The chapter shows how the figure and work of Dante have been instrumental for these two writers in their exploration of the entangled concerns of language, race, and power in the colonial continuum. In so doing, the chapter highlights similarities, while underscoring differences, between Caribbean poets’ engagement with the figure and work of Dante and the reception of the Italian poet among African-American writers.
James and Consciousness
Authors: Klein Alexander Mugar 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Between 1872 and 1890, William James developed an evolutionary account of phenomenal consciousness. He contended that consciousness enables the active evaluation of what is in (or might be in) one’s environment. James hypothesized that this evaluative capacity was selected (in the Darwinian sense) because it regulated the behavior of vertebrates with highly articulated brains. His hypothesis was intended to explain some surprising results in physiology, particularly a series of experiments purporting to show purposive behavior in (of all things) decapitated frogs. This chapter reconstructs and evaluates James’s evolutionary hypothesis, showing how it would explain those surprising experiments. His account requires interactionist dualism, so he also developed what would become an influential objection to epiphenomenalism: that the latter cannot explain the evolution of our natively patterned, phenomenal pleasures and pains.