bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BCG and COVID-19: correlation or causality or neither?
Authors: Chiba Manoj Dayal , Verachia Abdullah 
Published: March 2021

Learning outcomesThe learning outcome is to understand the difference between correlation and causation.Case overview/synopsisThe case is set during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic, globally a search for effective treatments were underway. An initial forerunner that was being considered was Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), given its effectiveness in the treatment of tuberculosis and other pulmonary-related infections. While there were a lack of randomised controlled trials, initial data from publicly related secondary data sources indicated that, in countries with BCG inoculation policies, the severity of the spread and mortality of COVID-19 was muted. The case is centered around the available information on BCG and COVID-19.Complexity academic levelPost-graduate students learning statistics as part of a degree programme. The case assumes no prior statistics knowledge and therefore is aimed at teaching the difference between correlation and causation.Subject codeCSS 7: Management ScienceSupplementary materialsTeaching Notes are available for educators only.
Motivational foundations of identifying and exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities
Authors: Maran Thomas K. , Bachmann Anna K. , Mohr Christine , Ravet-Brown Theo , Vogelauer Lukas , Furtner Marco 
Published: March 2021

PurposeMotivation can serve as the engine that turns intention into action, and, as such, is indispensable in the early phase of the entrepreneurial process, where opportunity recognition and exploitation are key. However, research in this area has so far shed a selective spotlight on specific facets of entrepreneurial motivation, whereas the consideration of basic motives has been widely neglected. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to illuminate the basic motivational foundations of one core aspect of entrepreneurial behavior, namely opportunity recognition.Design/methodology/approachThe study examined how motivation influences the process of recognizing and exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities in a sample of 312 managing directors and managing partners of small and medium-sized enterprises. Opportunity recognition and exploitation were assessed by two different measures: one evaluating the objective number of recognized and realized business opportunities, the other assessing the perceived proficiency in identifying and exploiting entrepreneurial opportunities. Implicit and explicit facets of basic motivation were measured using a comprehensive assessment of human needs.FindingsFindings show that entrepreneurs' achievement motive is an important driver in both the identification and exploitation of opportunity. The power motive affects the perceived ability to exploit business opportunities. Interestingly, the explicit affiliation motive showed an inhibitory effect on the perceived ability of opportunity identification, whereas implicit affiliation motive is affecting the number of recognized and realized business opportunities positively.Originality/valueThis research clearly highlights the preeminence of basic motivational factors in explaining individual early-stage entrepreneurial behavior, making them a prime target for training interventions.
The antecedents of construction project change: an analysis of design and build procurement application
Authors: Smith Jessica , Edwards David John , Martek Igor , Chileshe Nicholas , Hayhow Susan , Roberts Chris J. 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
This study aims to excoriate, define and delineate the main drivers of “change” in commercial construction projects and generate guidelines on how to minimise exposure to the associated adverse effects upon project stakeholders.

Design/methodology/approach
The research adopts mixed doctrines through a combination of epistemological lenses, embracing two primary philosophical stances: interpretivism, to identify the primary drivers of change based on a systematic literature review and a post-positivist, inductive approach to analyse the results of change within a Joint Contracts Tribunal (JCT) Design and Build (D&B) construction project case study.

Findings
The causal nexus of change during the construction phase is assessed and delineated; the key affecting factors are thematically grouped under headings: extent and severity; time in relation to implementing; instigating party; individual(s) responsible for managing the change; reason for the change; available resource; recoverable or non-recoverable; contract/project type; and type of client. Following this, the effects of change on key elements of the project are encapsulated and recommendations for adaptations which may provide improved experiences are offered.

Originality/value
The study tackles the common issue of managing the deleterious effects of change on commercial construction projects, defining management techniques to minimise stakeholder tribulation.
Minority shareholder treatment surrounding the Dell MBO
Authors: Kruse Timothy A. 
Published: March 2021

PurposeThis paper is a clinical examination of the October 2013 Management Buyout of Dell Inc. by founder Michael Dell and Silver Lake Partners for a total consideration of $13.88 per share. The proposed transaction was targeted by shareholders unhappy with the deal price and voting framework. Various shareholders went on to file an appraisal suit. Examining these events yields insights into shareholder rights issues in a major transaction.Design/methodology/approachThe paper examines events surrounding the acquisition including the negotiation process, go-shop period, shareholder activist demands for a higher price, shareholder voting and the subsequent appraisal trial and appeal.FindingsDespite suggesting Dell's board fulfilled its fiduciary duties, Delaware Vice Chancellor Travis Laster awarded petitioning shareholders $17.62 per share, a 27% premium to the final deal consideration. This article draws on Laster's decision and research examining topics raised by the surrounding events to argue minority shareholder interests were not sufficiently protected.Research limitations/implicationsThe Dell transaction represents only one data point. Moreover, Vice Chancellor Laster's decision was reversed on appeal.Originality/valueNevertheless, the paper discusses the nuances surrounding many issues of interest to practitioners involving large going private transactions. It could also be used to illustrate many “real world” perspectives in an advanced corporate finance or mergers and acquisitions class.
Nurses burnout, resilience and its association with safety culture: a cross sectional study
Authors: Majrabi Mohammed A. , Hasan Abd Alhadi , Alasmee Nofaa 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to assess burnout, resilience and the association with safety culture in nurses working in mental health institutions in Jazan government Hospital.

Design/methodology/approach
A cross-sectional survey using convenience sampling, with 119 nurses from the Jazan hospital between June and August 2018 was used.

Findings
The results of this study showed that 45.6% of the participants experienced a high level of emotional exhaustion, 36.5% reported a high level of depersonalisation and 15.9% reported high personal achievement. The high level of burnout and its dimensions have a negative effect on patient safety and resilience.

Originality/value
It is particularly important to assess burnout among mental health nurses, resilience and its association with safety culture. Although this study will add to a small body of knowledge, it will also be able to provide policymakers with evidence as how best to reduce burnout among nurses delivering mental health care in Saudi Arabia.
‘Making Black More Beautiful’: Black Women and the Cosmetics Industry in the Post‐Civil Rights Era
Authors: Baird Melissa L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article explores how the ‘Black is Beautiful’ movement transformed attitudes towards beauty standards within black communities and how the cosmetics industry tried to capitalise on these shifts in their marketing strategies. It charts how redefined beauty standards generated a proliferation of cosmetics companies and products exclusively for black women, and their success attracted widespread attention from across the industry. However, this article demonstrates that while the cosmetics industry removed certain racialised barriers to mainstream American beauty culture, the commodification of the language and imagery of “Black is Beautiful” in cosmetics advertising often reinforced gendered expectations as well as heightening tensions within black communities in regard to colourism and business ownership.
B‐cell capacity for differentiation changes with age
Authors: Xie Xuanxiao , Shrimpton Jennifer , Doody Gina M. , Conaghan Philip G. , Ponchel Frederique 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundAge‐related immune deficiencies are thought to be responsible for increased susceptibility to infection in older adults, with alterations in lymphocyte populations becoming more prevalent over time. The loss of humoral immunity in ageing was attributed to the diminished numbers of B cells and the reduced ability to generate immunoglobulin.AimsTo compare the intrinsic B‐cell capacity for differentiation into mature plasma cells (PCs), between young and old donors, using in vitro assays, providing either effective T‐cell help or activation via TLR engagement.MethodsB cells were isolated from healthy individuals, in younger (30–38 years) and older (60–64 years) donors. An in vitro model system of B‐cell differentiation was used, analysing 5 differentiation markers by flow cytometry, under T‐dependent (TD: CD40/BCR stimulation) or T‐independent (TI: TLR7/BCR activation) conditions. Antibody secretion was measured by ELISA and gene expression using qPCR.ResultsTI and TD differentiation resulted in effective proliferation of B cells followed by their differentiation into PC. B‐cell‐executed TI differentiation was faster, all differentiation marker and genes being expressed earlier than under TD differentiation (day 6), although generating less viable cells and lower antibody levels (day 13). Age‐related differences in B‐cell capacity for differentiation were minimal in TD differentiation. In contrast, in TI differentiation age significantly affected proliferation, viability, differentiation, antibody secretion and gene expression, older donors being more efficient.ConclusionAltogether, B‐cell differentiation into PC appeared similar between age groups when provided with T‐cell help, in contrast to TI differentiation, where multiple age‐related changes suggest better capacities in older donors. These new findings may help explain the emergence of autoantibodies in ageing.
Defining a safe corridor for trans‐iliac pin placement in cats
Authors: Garcia‐Pertierra S , Meeson RL , Yeung BCY , Bedford G , Pead MJ 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo identify whether a theoretical predictable safe corridor is available in cats for placement of trans‐iliac pins without the use of fluoroscopy.MethodsTwenty‐one cats with straight orthogonal normal pelvic radiographs were included. Two start points were evaluated: a midpoint and a dorsal point. The midpoint was defined as midway between the dorsal lamina of the sacral vertebral canal and the cranial dorsal iliac spine. The dorsal start point was 2 mm ventral to the cranial dorsal iliac spine. The pin was assumed to be driven at 90 degrees to the lateral face of the ilium, and considered surgeon accuracy was ±4 degrees from the perpendicular. The angular range and the distance between the iliac wings from the ventrodorsal radiograph were used to calculate the possible cross‐sectional area and pin exit location if driven from one iliac wing to the other. The corridor was then evaluated for repeatability in six randomly selected cats.ResultsVertebral foramina penetration risk was identified in some cats when using a 1.6 and 2 mm‐diameter pin using the mid‐iliac wing start point. The dorsal start point decreased the available pin placement area but reduced the risk of entering the hazardous zone for all pin sizes up to 2 mm.Conclusion and RelevanceA theoretical defined safe corridor is available for trans‐iliac pin placement in cats between 2.0 and 5.5 kg. A 1.2‐mm pin is the safest if using the mid‐iliac wing start point. A more dorsal start point can accommodate up to a 2.0‐mm pin if correctly aligned to the sacrum.
The impact of a telemedicine intervention on home non‐invasive ventilation in a rural population with advanced COPD
Authors: Leonard Rachel , Forte Michael , Mehta Devanshi , Mujahid Hassan , Stansbury Robert 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionRural regions have unique challenges with the implementation of new therapies upon discharge from the hospital due to multiple barriers.ObjectivesWe investigated the effect of home non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) plus the implementation of a call center following hospitalization for acute exacerbations of COPD (chronic obstructive lung disease) on NIV usage and readmissions.MethodsIn this prospective pilot study, consecutive patients were screened at our institution for diagnosis of hypercarbic respiratory failure or COPD exacerbation from 2018 to 2019. Patients with more than two admissions in the last year were reviewed for eligibility. Of the 82 patients screened, 22 were eligible. There were 10 participants randomized to the intervention (NIV and call center) arm and 10 to NIV alone.ResultsA total of 20 patients were randomized (mean age of 64, 45% males, BMI of 32). At three months, average usage was 32.1 days out of 90, 35%. When comparing the call center group to the standard group, there was a statistically significant difference in total days of device usage 48.7 compared to 15.5 (significant U‐value of 16, critical value of U at p<.05 of 27) and cumulative use in hours 284 versus 87.7 (significant U‐value of 20). Participants in the call center group were readmitted on average 4.2 times compared to 2.4 in the control group which was not statistically different (non‐significant U‐value of 42). In the follow‐up period, 9/20 (45%) of the participants died.ConclusionThis pilot study highlights the challenges in implementing care for advanced COPD in a rural population. Our data suggest that telemedicine may favorably address therapy adherence.
A Simulation for Managing Retail Inventory Flow Using RFID and Bar Code Technology
Authors: Atkins Ryan , Sener Abdurrezzak , Russo John 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTThe increasingly complex retail environment faces many inventory management challenges. Automatic identification and data capture (AIDC) technologies have been applied by retailers to address these challenges, with mixed levels of success. This article presents a classroom simulation of a retail environment in which students utilize a bar code scanner and a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader to manage inventory for the simulated retailer. From the simulation, students gain hands‐on experience with these technologies, learn about the advantages and disadvantages of the technologies, and discuss additional cutting‐edge AIDC technology.
Aggressiveness and screening for host responses in yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) clones to a wilt disease caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata
Authors: Brito Nícolas Manarim de , Duarte Henrique da Silva Silveira , Auer Celso Garcia , Wendling Ivar , Alfenas Rafael Ferreira , Dos Santos Álvaro Figueredo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCeratocystis wilt of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata was observed in 2018 in commercial plantations located in São Mateus do Sul, PR and Arvorezinha, RS, Brazil, where mortality of the plants was up to 5%. Due to the need of control measures for this disease and to the lack of knowledge on the impact of this pathogen this new host, this study aimed to evaluate the aggressiveness of C. fimbriata isolates collected from yerba mate plantations and screen for host responses in yerba mate clones to Ceratocystis wilt. Two experiments were conducted in a completely randomized design, with 11 treatments (isolates) to assess aggressiveness of the isolates. Two experiments were conducted to assess resistance of yerba mate to C. fimbriata in a completely randomized design in a 6 × 2 factorial scheme (6 clones × 2 isolates) in two different environmental conditions (plant growth chamber and greenhouse). The isolates of C. fimbriata showed different levels of aggressiveness to yerba mate, and all evaluated clones were susceptible to Ceratocystis wilt. The plant growth chamber condition led to a faster death of the plants compared with greenhouse. This information will be useful to understand the pathosystem and seek strategies for controlling this disease in yerba mate.
A shift from phenol to silica‐based leaf defences during long‐term soil and ecosystem development
Authors: de Tombeur Felix , Laliberté Etienne , Lambers Hans , Faucon Michel‐Pierre , Zemunik Graham , Turner Benjamin L. , Cornelis Jean‐Thomas , Mahy Grégory 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe resource availability hypothesis predicts that plants adapted to infertile soils have high levels of anti‐herbivore leaf defences. This hypothesis has been mostly explored for secondary metabolites such as phenolics, whereas it remains underexplored for silica‐based defences. We determined leaf concentrations of total phenols and silicon (Si) in plants growing along the 2‐million‐year Jurien Bay chronosequence, exhibiting an extreme gradient of soil fertility. We found that nitrogen (N) limitation on young soils led to a greater expression of phenol‐based defences, whereas old, phosphorus (P)‐impoverished soils favoured silica‐based defences. Both defence types were negatively correlated at the community and individual species level. Our results suggest a trade‐off among these two leaf defence strategies based on the strength and type of nutrient limitation, thereby opening up new perspectives for the resource availability hypothesis and plant defence research. This study also highlights the importance of silica‐based defences under low P supply.
Heterotopic polydontia as a cause for a cystic lesion in the paranasal sinus of a Thoroughbred filly
Authors: Gardner A. , Lorbach J. , Rice H. 
Published: March 2021

SummaryA 1‐year‐old Thoroughbred filly with left bony facial distortion was diagnosed with a multilobar expansile mass within the caudal maxillary and frontal sinuses on computed tomography (CT). Typical findings associated with a sinus cyst, including expression of amber fluid from the mass and a thick lining that could be peeled from the sinus walls, were found on surgical exploration of the sinus under general anaesthesia. Histological examination of firm structures within the fluid‐filled cyst contained all components of embryologically normal dental tissue. The filly recovered well and entered training to race as a 2‐year‐old, as remodelling of the bony distortion and narrowing of the nasal passage was sufficient for airflow. Previous reports of paranasal cystic lesions in horses suggest developmental abnormalities as a causative factor, especially in young horses. Furthermore, heterotopic polydontia is reported as the underlying aetiology in some human paranasal sinus cysts. While polydontia has been reported in the paranasal sinuses and nasal passages of horses, this is the first case report that finds them associated with a cystic lesion within the paranasal sinus.
Temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition is linked with a K‐selected microbial community
Authors: Li Hui , Yang Shan , Semenov Mikhail V. , Yao Fei , Ye Ji , Bu Rencang , Ma Ruiao , Lin Junjie , Kurganova Irina , Wang Xugao , Deng Ye , Kravchenko Irina , Jiang Yong , Kuzyakov Yakov 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTemperature sensitivity (Q10) of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition is a crucial parameter to predict the fate of soil carbon (C) under global warming. Nonetheless, the response pattern of Q10 to continuous warming and the underlying mechanisms are still under debate, especially considering the complex interactions between Q10, SOM quality, and soil microorganisms. We examined the Q10 of SOM decomposition across a mean annual temperature (MAT) gradient from −1.9 to 5.1°C in temperate mixed forest ecosystems in parallel with SOM quality and bioavailability, microbial taxonomic composition, and functional genes responsible for organic carbon decomposition. Within this temperature gradient of 7.0°C, the Q10 values increased with MAT, but decreased with SOM bioavailability. The Q10 values increased with the prevalence of K‐strategy of soil microbial community, which was characterized by: (i) high ratios of oligotrophic to copiotrophic taxa, (ii) ectomycorrhizal to saprotrophic fungi, (iii) functional genes responsible for degradation of recalcitrant to that of labile C, and (iv) low average 16S rRNA operon copy number. Because the recalcitrant organic matter was mainly utilized by the K‐strategists, these findings independently support the carbon quality‐temperature theory from the perspective of microbial taxonomic composition and functions. A year‐long incubation experiment was performed to determine the response of labile and recalcitrant C pools to warming based on the two‐pool model. The decomposition of recalcitrant SOM was more sensitive to increased temperature in southern warm regions, which might attribute to the dominance of K‐selected microbial communities. It implies that climate warming would mobilize the larger recalcitrant pools in warm regions, exacerbating the positive feedback between increased MAT and CO2 efflux. This is the first attempt to link temperature sensitivity of SOM decomposition with microbial eco‐strategies by incorporating the genetic information and disentangling the complex relationship between Q10 and soil microorganisms.