bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soil burial has a greater effect on litter decomposition rate than nitrogen enrichment in alpine grasslands
Authors: Su Yuan , Le Jiajia , Ma Xiaofei , Zhou Xiaolong , Zhang Yunxin , Gong Yanming , Han Wenxuan , Li Kaihui , Liu Xuejun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimsLitter is frequently buried in the soil in alpine grasslands due to grassland degradation, serious rodent infestation and frequent strong winds. However, the effects of various litter positions on litter decomposition rates and nutrient dynamics under nitrogen (N) enrichment in such areas remain unknown.MethodsA field experiment was performed in the alpine grasslands of northwest China to investigate the influence of litter position (surface, buried in the soil and standing) and N enrichment on litter decomposition, using data from two dominant grass species (Festuca ovina and Leymus tianschanicus) in control and N-enriched plots.Important FindingsLitter decomposition rates were much faster in buried litter and slower in standing litter than in surface litter. N enrichment significantly affected litter quality and then influenced decomposition. But no significant differences in litter mass remaining were observed between control and N-enriched soil burial. These results indicated that N enrichment significantly affected litter decomposition by changes in litter quality. In addition, all litter exhibited net carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) release regardless of treatments. Litter exhibited net N accumulation for litter from the control plots but showed N release for litter from N enrichment plots. These suggested that litter decomposition can be limited by N and N enrichment influenced N cycling of litter. Current study presented direct evidence that soil buried litter exhibited faster mass loss and C release, and that soil burial can be a candidate explanation why litter decomposes faster than expected in dryland.
Pepper NAC-type transcription factor NAC2c balances the trade-off between growth and defense responses
Authors: Cai Weiwei , Yang Sheng , Wu Ruijie , Cao Jianshen , Shen Lei , Guan Deyi , Shuilin He 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Plant responses to pathogen attacks and high-temperature stress (HTS) are distinct in nature but generally share several signaling components. How plants produce specific responses through these common signaling intermediates remains elusive. With the help of reverse-genetics approaches, we describe here the mechanism underlying trade-offs in pepper (Capsicum annuum) between growth, immunity, and thermotolerance. The NAC-type transcription factor CaNAC2c was induced by HTS and Ralstonia solanacearum infection (RSI). CaNAC2c-inhibited pepper growth, promoted immunity against RSI by activating jasmonate-mediated immunity and H2O2 accumulation, and promoted HTS responses by activating Heat shock factor A5 (CaHSFA5) transcription and blocking H2O2 accumulation. We show that CaNAC2c physically interacts with CaHSP70 and CaNAC029 in a context-specific manner. Upon HTS, CaNAC2c–CaHSP70 interaction in the nucleus protected CaNAC2c from degradation and resulted in the activation of thermotolerance by increasing CaNAC2c binding and transcriptional activation of its target promoters. CaNAC2c did not induce immunity-related genes under HTS, likely due to the degradation of CaNAC029 by the 26S proteasome. Upon RSI, CaNAC2c interacted with CaNAC029 in the nucleus and activated jasmonate-mediated immunity but was prevented from activating thermotolerance-related genes. In non-stressed plants, CaNAC2c was tethered outside the nucleus by interaction with CaHSP70, and thus was unable to activate either immunity or thermotolerance. Our results indicate that pepper growth, immunity, and thermotolerance are coordinately and tightly regulated by CaNAC2c via its inducible expression and differential interaction with CaHSP70 and CaNAC029.
Energy Policy Reversal during the Trump Administration: Examination of Its Legacy and Implications for Federalism
Authors: Yozwiak Madeline , Abell Hannah , Carley Sanya 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Trump administration pursued eighty-four energy reversal actions between 2017 and 2020, the majority of which through executive action. In this article, we evaluate the effectiveness of such an administrative presidency in its ability to withstand political and legal challenges. We first set the context of U.S. energy policy predating the Trump administration, and then synthesize the administration’s reversal actions according to the mechanisms, the beneficiaries, and the legal process through which each evolved. We then analyze four reversal case studies that highlight how stakeholders responded to such actions, and the resulting variation in outcomes: the rollback of coal ash standards; the proposed coastal oil and gas auctions; the revocation of California’s vehicle emissions waiver; and the replacement of the Clean Power Plan with the Affordable Clean Energy rule. We find that the administration’s executive approach was regularly checked through litigation by states, interest groups, and industry, or had limited impact due to the high level of regulatory uncertainty that it fostered. We draw implications for ongoing state and federal dynamics and for the lasting durability of the Trump administration’s energy reversal legacy.
Real-life drug persistence in patients with rheumatic diseases treated with CT-P13: a prospective observational cohort study (PERSIST)
Authors: Taylor Peter C , Christensen Robin , Moosavi Shahrzad , Selema Pamela , Guilatco Ruffy , Fowler Heather , Mueller Markus , Liau Katherine F , Haraoui Boulos 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe aim was to report results from PERSIST, a real-life, observational, prospective cohort study of CT-P13, an infliximab (IFX) biosimilar, for treatment of patients with RA, AS or PsA who were biologic naïve or switched from an IFX reference product (IFX-RP; Remicade).MethodsAdult patients were recruited during usual care at 38 sites in Europe and Canada and enrolled by their physicians after meeting eligibility criteria according to the country-approved label for CT-P13. Primary outcomes were to determine drug utilization and treatment persistence and to assess safety. Patients were followed for up to 2 years. Data were analysed and reported descriptively.ResultsOf 351 patients enrolled, 334 were included in the analysis (RA, 40.4%; AS, 34.7%; PsA, 24.9%). The safety analysis set comprised all 328 patients treated with CT-P13. The majority (58.2%) of patients received CT-P13 monotherapy, most (72.6%) by dosing every 6 or 8 weeks. The mean treatment persistence was 449.2 days; 62.3% of patients completed 2 years of treatment. In all, 214 treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were reported in 38.4% of patients. Most TEAEs were of mild or moderate intensity; 13 were severe. The most commonly reported TEAEs were drug ineffective (9.5%) and infusion-related reactions (5.2%). The most frequently reported infection-related TEAEs were upper respiratory tract infections (3.0%), nasopharyngitis (2.1%) and bronchitis (1.5%). No patients experienced tuberculosis.ConclusionDrug utilization and treatment persistence with CT-P13 were consistent with historical reports of IFX-RP in this patient population. Safety findings did not identify new concerns for CT-P13 in the treatment of patients with RA, AS or PsA.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02605642.
Clinical and psychosocioeconomic impact of COVID-19 pandemic on patients of the Indian Progressive Systemic Sclerosis Registry (IPSSR)
Authors: Kavadichanda Chengappa , Shobha Vineeta , Ghosh Parasar , Wakhlu Anupam , Bairwa Devender , Mohanan Manju , Janardana Ramya , Sircar Geetabali , Sahoo Rasmi Ranjan , Joseph Sneha , Negi Vir Singh , Khanna Dinesh , Shenoy Padmanabha 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The aim was to determine the impact of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on access to health care among patients with scleroderma and to analyse the economic and psychosocial impacts and the infection prevention measures taken by them during the pandemic.

Methods
A 25-item questionnaire designed to assess the components of the objectives was tele-administered between October 2020 and January 2021 to the patients enrolled in the Indian Progressive Systemic Sclerosis Registry.

Results
Of the 428 patients in the registry, 336 took part in the study. A scheduled outpatient visit was missed by 310 (92.3%) patients, and 75 (22.3%) skipped prescription drugs. During the pandemic, 75 (22.3%) had a family member lose a job. Financial difficulties were reported by 155 (46.1%), with 116 (34.5%) patients having to spend an additional INR 4000 (2000–10 000) [USD 54.9 (27.0–137.4)] to continue treatment. Although 35 patients (10.4%) had at least one symptom suggestive of COVID-19, infection was confirmed in only 4. None of them needed hospitalization or had adverse outcomes. Worsening of scleroderma was seen in 133 (39.6%) individuals, with 15 (4.5%) requiring hospitalization. Most (96%) of the patients were aware of infection prevention measures, and 91 (27.1%) had taken unproven prophylactic medications.

Conclusion
Individuals with scleroderma in India have been affected during the pandemic owing to closure of hospital services, lack of transport, loss of jobs and the additional financial burden. Health-care providers should continue to educate patients to stay on their medications and encourage them to be vaccinated for COVID-19.
Frontoparietal, Cerebellum Network Codes for Accurate Intention Prediction in Altered Perceptual Conditions
Authors: Ceravolo L , Schaerlaeken S , Frühholz S , Glowinski D , Grandjean D 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Integrating and predicting the intentions and actions of others are critical components of social interactions, but the behavioral and neural bases of such mechanisms under altered perceptual conditions are poorly understood. In the present study, we recruited expert violinists and age-matched controls with no musical training and asked them to evaluate simplified dynamic stimuli of violinists playing in a piano or forte communicative intent while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. We show that expertise is needed to successfully understand and evaluate communicative intentions in spatially and temporally altered visual representations of musical performance. Frontoparietal regions—such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the inferior parietal lobule and sulcus—and various subregions of the cerebellum—such as cerebellar lobules I-IV, V, VI, VIIb, VIIIa, X—a re recruited in the process. Functional connectivity between these brain areas reveals widespread organization, particularly in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior frontal gyrus, inferior parietal sulcus, and in the cerebellum. This network may be essential to successfully assess communicative intent in ambiguous or complex visual scenes.
Developing Entrustable Professional Activities for the Training of Translational Scientists: A Modified Delphi Study
Authors: Weggemans Margot M. , ter Haar Nienke M. , Prakken Berent , ten Cate Olle 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
Improved training for translational scientists is important to help address the waste of resources and irreproducibility of research outcomes in current translational medicine. However, there are a lack of training programs that cover the full range of knowledge and skills translational scientists need to develop, and many translational research training programs struggle to develop competency frameworks and assessment tools. Entrustable professional activities (EPAs) have been successfully implemented to link competencies with everyday practice in training health care professionals but have not yet been developed for research training. The purpose of the current study was to develop EPAs for translational scientists that could be used for their training and assessment and help increase the transparency and reproducibility of research outcomes and methods by providing best practices for translational research.

Method
In 2019, a modified Delphi technique, preceded by a focus group held in 2018 using a nominal group technique, was used to reach consensus on EPA titles and content among an international panel of 22 translational experts. Mean, standard deviation, and level of agreement were calculated after each round. Consensus was defined as ≥ 80% agreement.

Results
Consensus was reached on 89% of the items after the first round and 100% after the second round. The final list of EPAs consists of 17 EPAs divided over 7 sections.

Conclusions
The concept of EPAs is new to the field of research training. The 17 EPA titles and their descriptions developed in this study may be used as a framework for improved training for translational scientists with the ultimate goal to contribute to closing the gap between bench and bedside, reducing resource waste in science, and increasing the reproducibility of research outcomes.
Quantitative Sensory Testing in Women After Surgery for Breast Cancer
Authors: Dams Lore , Van der Gucht Elien , Meeus Mira , Devoogdt Nele , Smeets Ann , Penen Frauke , De Baerdemaecker Tom , Haenen Vincent , Bernar Koen , De Vrieze Tessa , De Groef An 
Published: April 2021

Objectives:
Quantitative sensory testing (QST) is a noninvasive technique to evaluate functioning of the somatosensory system. In many women surgically treated for breast cancer (BC), somatosensory functioning is disturbed with high prevalence of sensory loss and/or pain. The aims of this systematic review were (1) to summarize literature about QST methods; (2) to summarize the results within women surgically treated for BC (patients and survivors); (3) to compare QST results between women surgically treated for BC with and without pain; and (4) to compare the results between women surgically treated for BC and women without history of BC.

Methods:
A systematic literature search was conducted up to February 2020. Included studies had to report on QST methods (mechanical or thermal detection-pain thresholds, pressure pain thresholds [PPT], temporal summation [TS], or conditioned pain modulation [CPM]) in women over 18 years with-without pain, who had undergone unilateral surgery for BC.

Results:
Twenty-eight studies were included. Discrepancies in QST methods were greatest for TS and CPM. A local disturbance in thermal detection and an increased pain facilitation were found in BC survivors with pain in the surgical area. BC survivors with upper limb pain had significantly lower PPT at the surgical area and PPT were also significantly lower compared with women without history of BC, at affected and nonaffected sides for both local and remote body regions.

Discussion:
Standardized QST incorporating assessments of CPM is warranted in order to draw conclusions about neurobiological mechanisms of pain and somatosensory disturbances after surgical treatment for BC and to enhance mechanism-based management of these sequelae.
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Dosage Individualization of Cefepime in Critically Ill Patients: A Case Study
Authors: Goutelle Sylvain , Jay Lucille , Boidin Clément , Cohen Sabine , Bourguignon Laurent , Bleyzac Nathalie , Wallet Florent , Vassal Olivia , Friggeri Arnaud 
Published: April 2021

Objective:
The authors report on a case of a 59-year-old man hospitalized in the intensive care unit because of severe SARS-COV-2 infection (COVID-19).

Background:
The patient had several comorbidities, including liver cirrhosis. He developed ventilation-associated bacterial pneumonia for which he was administered cefepime at an initial dose of 2 g/8 hours. Therapeutic drug monitoring was performed, showing overexposure with an initial trough concentration of >60 mg/L.

Methods:
Analysis of pharmacokinetic data and model-based dose adjustment was performed using BestDose software.

Results:
The patient had unexpected pharmacokinetic parameter values. Serum creatinine was only moderately increased, whereas measured creatinine clearance based on urine collection showed impaired renal function. Bacterial minimum inhibitory concentration was also considered in the dosing decisions. After dose reduction to 0.5 g/8 hours, the cefepime trough concentration progressively declined and reached the target values by the end of the therapy. A post-hoc analysis provided a different interpretation of drug overexposure.

Conclusion:
This case report illustrates how physiological, microbiological, and drug concentration data can be used for model-based dosage individualization of cefepime in intensive care unit patients.
Review of the differences in outcomes between males and females after revascularization
Authors: EL-Andari Ryaan , Bozso Sabin J. , Kang Jimmy J.H. , Hedtke Hannah , Nagendran Jeevan 
Published: April 2021

Purpose of review
This review aims to compare outcomes of males and females undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), off-pump CABG (OPCAB), minimally invasive direct CABG (MIDCAB), and robotic total endoscopic CABG (TECAB).

Recent findings
Females demonstrated increased rates of morbidity and mortality post PCI and CABG. In studies that performed risk adjustments, these differences were reduced. Although inferior outcomes were observed for females in some measures, generally outcomes between males and females were comparable post OPCAB, MIDCAB, and TECAB

Summary
Previous literature has demonstrated that females undergoing coronary revascularization experience inferior postoperative outcomes when compared to their male counterparts. The discrepancies between males and females narrow, but do not disappear when preoperative risks are accounted for and when considering minimally invasive approaches such as MIDCAB, OPCAB, and TECAB. Minimally invasive cardiac surgery has demonstrated numerous benefits with reduced morbidity, mortality, and shorter recovery times. In patients with increased comorbidities, minimally invasive approaches confer a greater advantage. As females often fall within this category, it is paramount that the diagnosis and referral process be optimized to account for preoperative differences to provide the most beneficial approach if the disparity between the sexes is to be addressed.
New Formula to Predict Heart Rate at Anaerobic Threshold That Considers the Effects of β-Blockers in Patients With Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Nemoto Shinji , Kasahara Yusuke , Izawa Kazuhiro P. , Watanabe Satoshi , Yoshizawa Kazuya , Takeichi Naoya , Kamiya Kentaro , Suzuki Norio , Omiya Kazuto , Kida Keisuke , Matsunaga Atsuhiko , Akashi Yoshihiro J. 
Published: April 2021

Purpose:
It is recommended that patients with myocardial infarction (MI) be prescribed exercise by target heart rate (HR) at the anaerobic threshold (AT) via cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX). Although percent HR reserve using predicted HRmax (%HRRpred) is used to prescribe exercise if CPX or an exercise test cannot be performed, %HRRpred is especially difficult to use when patients take β-blockers. We devised a new formula to predict HR at AT (HRAT) that considers β-blocker effects in MI patients and validated its accuracy.

Methods:
The new formula was created using the data of 196 MI patients in our hospital (derivation sample), and its accuracy was assessed using the data of 71 MI patients in other hospitals (validation sample). All patients underwent CPX 1 mo after MI onset, and resting HR, resting systolic blood pressure (SBP), and HRAT were measured during CPX.

Results:
The results of multiple regression analysis in the derivation sample gave the following formula (R
2 = 0.605, P < .001): predicted HRAT = 2.035 × (≥65 yr:−1, <65 yr:1) + 3.648 × (body mass index <18.5 kg/m2:−1, body mass index ≥18.5 kg/m2:1) + 4.284 × (β1-blocker(+):−1, β1-blocker(−):1) + 0.734 × (HRrest) + 0.078 × (SBPrest) + 36.812. This formula consists entirely of predictors that can be obtained at rest. HRAT and predicted HRAT with the new formula were not significantly different in the validation sample (mean absolute error: 5.5 ± 4.1 bpm).

Conclusions:
The accuracy of the new formula appeared to be favorable. This new formula may be a practical method for exercise prescription in MI patients, regardless of their β-blocker treatment status, if CPX is unavailable.
Nutrition Metabolism and Infections
Authors: Yang Fang , Yang Yi , Zeng Lingchan , Chen Yiwei , Zeng Gucheng 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Infection and nutrition are intricately interacted and further influence human health. Infections are a worldwide health problem and malnutrition plays a significant role in the emergence of infection. Growing evidence suggests that the optimization of dietary nutrients intake is crucial in maintaining systemic immunity and may help improve resistance to infections. In this review, we explore a wide range of topics including interactions between nutrients and various infectious diseases. We also discuss the role of diet-induced gut microbiota in the infection-nutrition cycle and review how dietary-microbiome crosstalk may affect disease development and progression, which may provide an attractive option to the design of a diet leading to favorable outcomes in the future. We will also present evidence and propose mechanisms of nutrients that may specifically modulate host immunity and metabolism to infectious pathogens and also cover its influence on nutrition, focusing on immuno-nutrients. We provide representative nutrients in the present review based on their intensive studies and wide acceptance of their immuno-modulating properties. Moreover, the efficacy and translational cost of their plausible utility to be anti-infective nutrients are also reviewed. Finally, we highlight the current progress and challenges to gain a better understanding of the research into microbiota, infectious diseases, and nutrition with an emphasis on future research directions.
A comparison of prognostic performance of perioperative inflammation markers in surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Wu Hsiang-Ling , Kuo Hsien-Cheng , Li Chun-Cheng , Wu Yu-Ming , Lin Shih-Pin , Chang Kuang-Yi , Hou Ming-Chih , Tsou Mei-Yung , Cherng Yih-Giun , Chen Jui-Tai , Tai Ying-Hsuan 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Systemic inflammation correlates closely with tumor invasion and may predict survival in cancer patients. We aimed to compare the prognostic value of various inflammation-based markers in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

Methods:
We consecutively enrolled 1450 patients with primary hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing surgical resection at the medical center between 2005 and 2016 and assessed them through September 2018. Prognostic nutritional index, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio, and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio along with their perioperative dynamic changes were analyzed regarding their predictive ability of postoperative disease-free survival and overall survival. We calculated the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI of the association between inflammation-based markers and survival using multiple Cox proportional hazards models. Youden’s index of receiver operating characteristics curves was used to determine optimal cut-off points.

Results:
Prognostic nutritional index was an independent predictor for both disease-free survival (<50.87 vs ≥50.87, HR: 1.274, 95% CI, 1.071–1.517, p = 0.007) and overall survival (<46.65 vs ≥46.65, HR: 1.420, 95% CI, 1.096–1.842, p = 0.008). Besides, the relative change of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio predicted overall survival (<277% vs ≥277%, HR: 1.634, 95% CI, 1.266–2.110, p < 0.001). Combination of both markers offered better prognostic performance for overall survival than either alone. Body mass index, liver cirrhosis, chronic kidney disease, and tumor diameter were significantly associated with both markers.

Conclusion:
Prognostic nutritional index and perioperative relative change of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio independently predict postoperative survival in patients undergoing surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma. These results provided important evidence for risk stratification and individualized anti-cancer therapy.