bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The α isoform of cGMP‐dependent protein kinase 1 (PKG1α) is expressed and functionally important in intrinsic primary afferent neurons of the guinea pig enteric nervous system
Authors: Li Zhi S. , Hung Lin Y. , Margolis Kara G. , Ambron Richard T. , Sung Ying J. , Gershon Michael D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundIntrinsic primary afferent neurons (IPANs) enable the gut to manifest reflexes in the absence of CNS input. PKG1α is selectively expressed in a subset of neurons in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and has been linked to nociception and long‐term hyperexcitability.MethodsWe used immunoblotting, immunocytochemistry, and in vitro assays of IPAN‐dependent enteric functions to test hypotheses that subsets of primary neurons of the ENS and DRG share a reliance on PKG1α expression.Key ResultsPKG1α immunoreactivity was demonstrated in immunoblots from isolated myenteric ganglia. PKG1α, but not PKG1β, immunoreactivity, was coincident with that of neuronal markers (HuC/D; β3‐tubulin) in both enteric plexuses. PKG1α immunoreactivity also co‐localized with the immunoreactivities of the IPAN markers, calbindin (100%; myenteric plexus) and cytoplasmic NeuN (98 ± 1% submucosal plexus). CGRP‐immunoreactive DRG neurons, identified as visceral afferents by retrograde transport, were PKG1α–immunoreactive. We used intraluminal cholera toxin to determine whether PKG1α was necessary to enable stimulation of the mucosa to activate Fos in enteric neurons. Tetrodotoxin (1.0 µM), low Ca2+/high Mg2+ media, and the PKG inhibitor, N46 (100 µM), all inhibited Fos activation in myenteric neurons. N46 also concentration dependently inhibited peristaltic reflexes in isolated preparations of distal colon (IC50 = 83.3 ± 1.3 µM).Conclusions & InferencesThese data suggest that PKG1α is present and functionally important in IPANs and visceral afferent nociceptive neurons.
Investigating new serological and tissue markers for the follow‐up of patients operated for alveolar echinococcosis
Authors: Bellanger Anne‐Pauline , Wang Junhua , Gbaguidi‐Haore Houssein , Barrera Coralie , Bresson‐Hadni Solange , Zlobec Inti , Lachenmayer Anja , Richou Carine , Turco Celia , Gottstein Bruno , Millon Laurence , Beldi Guido 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimsAlveolar echinococcosis (AE) is characterized by a chronically progressing hepatic injury caused by Echinococcus multilocularis. Surgery presently remains the best curative option. Currently, biological predictive features derived from the resected specimens are not suitable to assess surgery efficacy. The present study was designed to investigate whether a selection of markers measured on the resected specimens exhibits predictive features related to parasite viability, or to a total elimination of the parasite, in addition to serological markers.Methods and ResultsIn a collaboration between two centres, one in France (Besançon), and one in Switzerland (Bern), samples from 40 AE patients were analysed by microarray and serology techniques, individually. Paired serum samples before and after surgery were obtained for 26 patients. In the sera, a significant decrease in PD‐L1 levels was observed after surgery, in addition to anti‐Em18 levels. In the liver tissue, low levels of Cluster of Differentiation (CD)‐3 were correlated with the absence of serum anti‐Em18 after surgery.ConclusionThis study showed PD‐L1 is promising as a potential serological marker and further confirmed the performance of anti‐Em18 serology. Further studies on a larger cohort are needed to confirm the utility of performing systematically microarray on resected liver tissue.
Foreign aid network diversification and its impact on growth, growth acceleration, and growth spell
Authors: Bhattacharyya Sambit , Intartaglia Maurizio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA diversified aid network could improve growth by reducing volatility. Alternatively, it could harm growth by encouraging waste and corruption. In this paper we test the effect of aid diversification on growth, growth acceleration, and growth duration. Using a large data set with a maximum of 126 countries over the period 1965–2010 and estimating three types of models (panel vector auto regression, binary dependent variable, and duration), we find the following. First, a diversified aid network Granger causes growth. Second, the “growth acceleration episodes” identified following the definition of Hausmann et al. (Journal of Economic Growth, 2005, 10, 303–329) do not seem to be affected by aid diversification. Third, the “growth spells” identified using Berg et al.’s definition appear to be prone to premature termination as a result of aid concentration. Our results appear to be robust to a wide array of tests and alternative measures of aid diversification.
Collaborative writing for clinical educators: recommendations from a community of scholars
Authors: Findyartini Ardi , Ramani Subha , McKimm Judy , Fornari Alice 
Published: March 2021

AbstractClinical educators who wish to engage in scholarship in health professions’ education (HPE), are ideally poised at the intersection of educational theories and their application to educational practice. However, the burden of clinical practice does not often allow the time and space for scholarly writing. Being part of a collaborative writing team, incorporating members with varying levels of expertise, from different health care professions, and at different stages of their career, can provide valuable opportunities for clinicians to contribute to scholarship. Such collaborations can also bridge the gap between scholarship and educational practice in clinical settings. In this paper, we emphasise the benefits of collaborative writing, describe challenges for clinical educators in starting writing projects, and identify potential solutions. We outline a systematic approach to collaborative writing grounded in literature and our own experiences. Three key concepts underpin the provided recommendations: types and standards for scholarship, leadership and followership and communities of practice. Psychological safety, mentoring and a growth mindset are emphasised as integral to successful team projects. Finally, we argue that collaborative writing groups in clinical education can be powerful communities of practice where the overall contribution to the field can be greater than the sum of its parts.
The Effect of Foundation Stiffness on the Resonant Frequencies of Rotating Machines: Determined by Nonrotating Models
Authors: Hull E. H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The work described in this paper was carried out in an attempt to clarify the problem of determining the effects of elastic foundations under rotating machines on the resonant speeds of those machines. Nonrotating models were used as a medium for studying this problem for reasons of expediency in construction, manipulation, and measurement. These models consisted of a “rotor” mounted in “bearings” from a rigid stator which in turn was supported through a foundation, the stiffness of which could be varied. The behavior of uniform rods and models of turbo-driven alternator rotors was studied in this apparatus. Results showed a wide variation of certain resonant frequencies of the model system with foundation stiffness, emphasizing the need for careful consideration of the effect of this factor on the resonant speeds of full-sized machines when run on their permanent foundations.
Effect of Variable Viscosity on Boundary Layers, With a Discussion of Drag Measurements
Authors: Brainerd J. G. , Emmons H. W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This work extends a previously reported investigation of the boundary-layer problem associated with the steady laminar flow of a perfect gas along a thin flat insulated plate. In the earlier study the viscosity was assumed constant and the distributions of velocity and temperature were obtained for a wide range of conditions. Part I of the present paper shows, for Prandtl number 0.733 (air) and Mach number of the undisturbed stream 2, the velocity and temperature distributions in the boundary layer under various assumed viscosity variations. Part II gives the distributions for various Prandtl numbers and Mach numbers, assuming the same viscosity functions as used by von Kármán and Tsien. Part III is devoted to a discussion of the method of interpretation of traverse tests of the efficiency and flow coefficients of nozzles or other passages. The results of Part I show that the variation of viscosity with temperature does not alter the equilibrium temperature of the plate, and hence the reading of a plate thermometer. This result is extended in Part II where it is shown that θ at the plate wall is equal to the same quantity when μ is taken constant to within 1 per cent in all cases studied. Furthermore, φU′ at the plate wall does not vary greatly, so that the drag coefficient CD is equal to 1.28/(Re)1/2 to within 5 per cent for most of the cases investigated. In Part III a passage efficiency as usually calculated is found to be subject to two errors, one of which reduces and the other of which increases the test result. The net effect is to cause the standard traverse test to give a conservative estimate of the efficiency. The flow coefficient as determined by traverse tests is somewhat higher than the correct one.
Buckling of the Circular Plate Beyond the Critical Thrust
Authors: Friedrichs K. O. , Stoker J. J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper a complete mathematical solution of the problem of the buckling with large deflections of a thin circular plate under uniform radial pressure is given, assuming radial symmetry. Buckling takes place as soon as the prescribed thrust pe at the edge reaches a certain critical value pE. Thin plates do not, however, fail if the thrust pe is increased beyond pE. It is of importance, then, to determine the stresses when the ratio Λ = pe/pE becomes greater than unity. This problem, which is a nonlinear one, is solved by two methods for finite values of Λ; also an asymptotic solution is given for the limit state when Λ tends to infinity. The most notable single result is that the membrane stresses for large values of Λ become tensions in the interior of the plate and change abruptly to compressions in a narrow “boundary layer” at the edge of the plate. Curves showing the behavior of the deflection and the stresses are given for a series of values of Λ. Such curves show clearly, in particular, that the limit state is approached quite closely for relatively small values of Λ, i.e., Λ &gt; 5. In closing, the authors discuss the relation between their results and von Kármán’s theory of effective width for the buckling of rectangular plates.
Determining Critical States of Equilibrium of Plates and Shells Under Initial Stress
Authors: Hencky H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to show that Rayleigh’s energy method, used by Timoshenko for the determination of critical loads in plates and shells, is capable of an important generalization. The work involved is a direct continuation of the energy method of Timoshenko and is based on the principle of virtual work. According to this principle the variation of the work of the outer forces together with the variation of the kinetic energy is equal to the variation of the elastic energy stored up in the body. The author develops a series of formulas, by means of which the stability of a cylindrical shell under various conditions of stress may be determined. The practical applications of these formulas, requiring only a fundamental knowledge of the mathematics of engineering, are illustrated by suitable examples.
Self-Excited Oscillations in Dynamical Systems Possessing Retarded Actions
Authors: Minorsky Nicholas 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
There exists a variety of dynamical systems, possessing retarded actions, which are not entirely describable in terms of differential equations of a finite order. The differential equations of such systems are sometimes designated as hysterodifferential equations. An important particular case of such equations, encountered in practice, is when the original differential equation for unretarded quantities is a linear equation with constant coefficients and the time lags are constant. The characteristic equation, corresponding to the hysterodifferential equation for retarded quantities in such a case, has a series of subsequent high-derivative terms which generally converge. It is possible to develop a simple graphical interpretation for this equation. Such systems with retarded actions are capable of self-excitation. Self-excited oscillations of this character are generally undesirable in practice and it is to this phase of the subject that the present paper is devoted.
Torsion of Multiconnected Thin-Walled Cylinders
Authors: Baron F. M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The author develops an arithmetical procedure for the analysis of problems of torsion. The method of analysis presented is one of successive approximations. The solution to a problem is guessed at and successively corrected until the controlling conditions of static equilibrium and of continuity of deformation are satisfied. The convergence is reasonably rapid but may be hastened with a little judicious guessing. The problem under immediate discussion is a straight hollow member with constant cross section subject to a torque about the longitudinal axis of the member. Other applications and extensions of the method presented are suggested at the end of the paper. The arithmetical procedure is illustrated by an example.
Graphical Solution of Fluid-Friction Problems
Authors: Dennison E. S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
It is customary to present fluid-friction data in the form of a diagram to log scale in which friction coefficient appears as a function of Reynolds number. Such data are widely applicable to physical circumstances other than those which pertained to the original experiments. The present paper describes a graphical procedure for utilizing data of this character, where analytical methods are not practicable, and resort is made to trial-and-error methods. Similar methods to that described may be found useful in other fields than that of fluid friction, provided the experimental data are capable of being represented in nondimensional form.
Some Two-Dimensional Aspects of the Ejector Problem
Authors: Goff J. A. , Coogan C. H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Several investigators have attempted to analyze the performance of the ejector on a one-dimensional basis. Some doubt exists whether such analyses can lead to a rational ejector design because of the questionable validity of certain necessary assumptions. Recently, consideration has been given to the two-dimensional aspects of the problem, and while a rational design has not yet been evolved, the results attained seem to point in the right direction. The theory of turbulent mixing in jets, developed by Tollmien is used as the basis of the study reported in this paper. Tollmien’s analysis of the mixing zone produced by a homogeneous air stream issuing into still air of the same pressure and density is reviewed. The authors then extend the theory to allow for the possibility that the driving and driven fluids may have widely different densities.
Brittle Coatings for Quantitative Strain Measurements
Authors: de Forest A. V. , Ellis Greer , Stern F. B. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The use of brittle coatings in stress analysis is discussed in this paper. Particular reference is made to the “Stresscoat” materials and method which can effect quantitative analyses within the elastic range by use of brittle coatings alone. In the plastic range, the flaking off of the coating is shown to be caused by a compression component of strain of about 1 per cent. Graphs and illustrations show the effect of such variables as coat thickness, time of dry, temperature and humidity, creep, and bubbles in the coating. Test procedure is outlined. Application of the method to a part from a high-speed sewing machine shows stress values and correlation of results with fatigue failures. Another application illustrated is a plate, penetrated by a bullet, showing elastic and plastic deformations during the impact loading.
Stresses and Displacements in a Rotating Conical Shell
Authors: Meriam J. L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The analysis of shells is an important subdivision of the general theory of elasticity, and its application is useful in the solution of engineering problems involving thin-walled structures. A common type of shell is one which possesses symmetry with respect to an axis of revolution. A theory for such shells has been developed by various investigators (1, 2, 3, 6) and applied to a few simple cases such as the cylindrical, spherical, and conical shapes. Boundary conditions, for the most part, have been simple static ones, and conditions of surface loading have been included in certain special cases. This paper extends the theory of axially symmetrical shells by including the body force of rotation about the axis and applies the results to the rotating conical shell. The analysis follows a pattern established by several investigators (1, 2, 3, 6) and for this reason is abbreviated to a considerable extent. Only where the inclusion of the body force makes elucidation advisable or where a slightly different method of approach is used are the steps presented in more detail.
Deflection of Uniformly Loaded Circular Plates
Authors: Olson F. C. W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The equation for small deflections of a uniformly loaded and supported circular plate is rewritten so that the two constants of integration are interpreted as the center deflection ω0 and a boundary parameter α. Stresses and bending moments are given in terms of ω0 and α. A particular advantage of this treatment is that the nature of the support may be found experimentally even if the elastic constants, plate thickness, and load are unknown. The energy method is used to develop a more general theory of large deflections, valid for any condition of uniform support at the edge.
Static and Dynamic Spring Constants
Authors: Horvay G. , Ormondroyd J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is twofold: (1) To propose a new approximate method of replacing the distributed constants (inertia, stiffness, damping) of vibrating systems by appropriate lumped constants; (2) to propose the use of a modified Holzer “cut-and-try” process and, in conjunction with it, a graphical representation of the force-displacement relations. The use of the proposed rules and methods are demonstrated by three simple examples. The derivation of the formulas requires rather extensive mathematical treatment and is given in a subsequent paper.
Effect of Rear Wing on Time-Averaged Ground Vehicle Wake With Variable Slant Angle
Authors: Shehab Uddin Md. , Rashid Fazlur 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The slant angle plays a crucial role in the flow property of hatchback ground vehicles. An optimum slant angle is obligatory for better handling the ground vehicles when fitted with a rear wing. In this regard, the variation of time-averaged flow properties around a wing-attached hatchback ground vehicle (Ahmed body) due to a variable slant angle is accessed by this paper. The design includes a scaled Ahmed body as a reference ground vehicle and a rear wing with NACA 0018 profile. The computational studies are executed with Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes based k-epsilon turbulence model with nonequilibrium wall function. The vehicle's model is scaled to 75% of the actual model, and analyses are conducted with Reynolds number 2.7 × 106. After the study, it is observed that a 15 deg slant angle is the critical angle for the wing attached state in which the drag coefficient is maximum. After this angle, a sudden reduction of coefficients is observed, where 25 deg is critical for without wing condition. Besides this, the two counter-rotating horseshoe vortices in the separation bubble and side edge c-pillar vortices also behave differently due to the wing's presence. The turbulent kinetic energy variation and the variation in coefficients of surface pressure are also affected by the rear wing attachment. This paper will assist in finding the optimum slant angle for hatchback ground vehicles in the presence of a rear wing. Thus the study will help in increasing stability and control for hatchback ground vehicles.
“I Wish I Had Had You as a PE Teacher”: Physical Educators’ Experiences in a Professional Learning Community
Authors: Beddoes Zack , Sazama Debra , Starck Jenna 
Published: March 2021

Purpose: Drawing from Occupational Socialization Theory, the purpose of this study was to examine a middle school physical education team’s perceptions and experiences piloting standards-based teaching and grading within an organizational professional learning community (PLC). Method: Using an instrumental case study design, (n = 3) teachers and (n = 1) a principal from a middle school in the upper Midwest participated in this study. Data sources included individual and focus group interviews, observations, and relevant documents collected across three school semesters. Results: Inductive data analysis revealed three themes: (a) Increased Status and Appreciation in the School Community, (b) Growing Pains, and (c) Emotional Safety and Engagement, along with related subthemes. Conclusions: Through actively participating in the school PLC structures, physical educators may proactively facilitate leadership opportunities within the school community notwithstanding perceived limitations. However, physical educators may experience greater success in PLCs as they become increasingly literate in common assessment practices.
The effects of high adiposity on concentric and eccentric muscle performance of upper and lower limb musculature in young and older adults
Authors: Shelley Sharn , James Rob S. , Eustace Steven , Eyre Emma , Tallis Jason 
Published: March 2021

The present study uniquely examined the influence of old age and adiposity on maximal concentric and eccentric torque and fatigue of the elbow and knee (KF, KE) flexors and extensors. Forty males were recruited and categorised into young (n = 21, 23.7 ± 3.4) and old (n = 19, 68.3 ± 6.1) and then further into normal (young = 16.9 ± 2.5%, old = 20.6 ± 3.1%) and high adiposity (young = 28.9 ± 5.0%, old = 31.3 ± 4.2%) groups. Handgrip strength, sit-to-stand performance, and isokinetic assessments of peak torque at 60°, 120° and 180°·s−1 were measured. Older men produced significantly less concentric and eccentric peak torque (P < 0.016) but this was not influenced by adiposity (P > 0.055). For KE and KF, high adiposity groups demonstrated reduced peak torque normalised to body mass (P < 0.021), and muscle and contractile mode specific reduction in torque normalised to segmental lean mass. Eccentric fatigue resistance was unaffected by both age and adiposity (P > 0.30) and perceived muscle soreness, measured up to 72 hours after, was only enhanced in the upper body of the young group following eccentric fatigue (P = 0.009). Despite the impact of adiposity on skeletal muscle function being comparable between ages, these results suggest high adiposity will have greater impact on functional performance of older adults. Novelty: Irrespective of age, high adiposity may negatively impact force to body mass ratio and muscle quality in a muscle and contractile mode specific manner. Whilst the magnitude of adiposity effects is similar across ages, the impact for older adults will be more substantial given the age-related decline in muscle function.