bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of the Antarctic ice sheets to the warming of marine isotope substage 11c
Authors: Mas e Braga Martim , Bernales Jorge , Prange Matthias , Stroeven Arjen P. , Rogozhina Irina 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Studying the response of the Antarctic ice sheets during periods when climate conditions were similar to the present can provide important insights into current observed changes and help identify natural drivers of ice sheet retreat. In this context, the marine isotope substage 11c (MIS11c) interglacial offers a suitable scenario, given that during its later portion orbital parameters were close to our current interglacial. Ice core data indicate that warmer-than-present temperatures lasted for longer than during other interglacials. However, the response of the Antarctic ice sheets and their contribution to sea level rise remain unclear. We explore the dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheets during this period using a numerical ice sheet model forced by MIS11c climate conditions derived from climate model outputs scaled by three glaciological and one sedimentary proxy records of ice volume. Our results indicate that the East and West Antarctic ice sheets contributed 4.0–8.2 m to the MIS11c sea level rise. In the case of a West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse, which is the most probable scenario according to far-field sea level reconstructions, the range is reduced to 6.7–8.2 m independently of the choices of external sea level forcing and millennial-scale climate variability. Within this latter range, the main source of uncertainty arises from the sensitivity of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet to a choice of initial ice sheet configuration. We found that the warmer regional climate signal captured by Antarctic ice cores during peak MIS11c is crucial to reproduce the contribution expected from Antarctica during the recorded global sea level highstand. This climate signal translates to a modest threshold of 0.4 ∘C oceanic warming at intermediate depths, which leads to a collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet if sustained for at least 4000 years.
CREENCIAS DE ADULTOS MAYORES SOBRE LAS CONDICIONES PARA EL APRENDIZAJE EN LA VEJEZ
Authors: Yuni José Alberto 
Published: January 2021

A crescente participação das pessoas idosas em atividades de educação não formal mostra seu interesse em continuar aprendendo nas idades avançadas da vida. Um estudo foi realizado explorando as crenças que as pessoas idosas têm a respeito das condições que se requerem para que um idoso possa aprender, desde a perspectiva de idosos que participam em atividades de educação não formal na Argentina.Se aplicou um questionário auto administrado a uma mostra intencional de adultos (n=192) e idosos (n=884) que assistem a 16 organizações de educação não formal de idosos com diferentes modalidades de gestão (de universidades públicas, privadas e de auto-gestão).Para os entrevistados as principais condições para o aprendizado do idoso se referem à organização do processo de instrução, o clima afetivo-emocional da classe, as estratégias que involucram o aprendizado ativo por parte dos idosos ou estratégias de reforço do aprendido e as estratégias relacionadas com o trabalho grupal. Assim mesmo, os dados mostram que a motivação e o nível educativo são as variáveis que mais incidem nas crenças sobre as condições para aprender.Os descobrimentos sugerem que estas crenças podem relacionar-se com a posição subjetiva que adotam os idosos frente ao aprendizado como recurso para a adaptação, a busca do bem-estar psicológico e enfrentar o envelhecimento ou a integração social. Palavras-chave: Pessoa Idosa – Aprendizado na velhice – Crenças – Envelhecimento
Study on the washability by using float sink test and thermal decomposition of the Mogoin gol bituminous coal
Authors: E Shagjjav , A Ariunaa , Kh Serikjan , B Purevsuren 
Published: January 2021

The Mogoin gol bituminous coal properties were determined by proximate and ultimate analysis and thermal behaviors performed using a HITACHI TG/DTA7300 thermogravimetry analyzer. Float sink test carried out by Russian standard GOST 4790-93. Results of the proximate and ultimate analyses showed that the coal has Vdaf=30.7%, Ad=10.6%, Cdaf=76.5% and Qdaf=7532 kcal/kg. According to the coal classification, the coal belongs to the J class of bimuminous coal. The rate of mass loss was maximum in the range 483°С. Yields and ash contents of the fraction were γб=49.9 and 5.6% respectively, when for the separation was used heavy liquid with 1.3g/cm3 density. In general, it can be concluded that the Mogoin gol coal belongs to the category of coals with very good washability. Therefore, it will be advantageous and economically viable to use coal concentrate with low-ash for further chemical processing.
Могойн голын ордын нүүрсний халууны задралын болон баяжигдах шинж чанарын судалгаа
Хураангуй: Дээд ангилалын чулуун нүүрс болох Могойн голын ордын нүүрсний шинж чанарыг техникийн болон элементийн шинжилгээгээр, халуун, дулаан тэсвэрлэх чанарыг термогравиметр HITACHI TG/DTA7300 маркийн багажийн тусламжтайгаар, нүүрсний баяжигдах шинж чанарыг хүнд шингэний ГОСТ 4790-93 стандарт аргаар тодорхойллоо. Нүүрсний техникийн болон элементийн шинжилгээний үр дүнгүүдээс Ж маркийн чулуун нүүрс болохыг баталж байна. Жингийн алдагдлын хурд ДТГ 483°С-ын температурын мужид хамгийн их байв. Хүнд шингэний нягтыг ихэсгэх тутам баяжмалын үнс болон гарц аажмаар ихэсгэх хандлагатай бөгөөд δ=1.3 г/см3 нягттай хүнд шингэнд нүүрсийг баяжуулбал, үнс бага Aб а=5.6%, гарц өндөртэй γб=49.9% баяжмал гарган авах боломж. Иймд бага үнстэй нүүрсний баяжмалыг цаашид гүн боловсруулалтын чиглэлээр ашиглахад давуу талтай, эдийн засгийн ач холбогдолтой байх болно.
Түлхүүр үг: нүүрс, термогравиметр, жингийн алдагдал, баяжуулалт, баяжмал, хөвсөн/ живсэн фракц
Chemical and technological investigation on the isolation of betulin from birch bark
Authors: L Enkh-Amgalan , L Munkhgerel , B Bayarmaa 
Published: January 2021

The main objective of this work was to choose an effective, low-cost, and time-saving method for high-purity and highyield betulin from the bark of the deciduous birch (Betula platyphylla). Betulin was extracted in three different variants, whichincluding extracting birch bark with 96% ethanol after degreasing, extracting 96% ethanol with alkali, and extracting 96% ethanol after alkaline hydrolysis. From the three tested variants, it was found that the birch bark was extracted by 96% ethanol after alkaline hydrolysis, which can be to produce 27% yield and high-purity betulin. The purification of the extracted betulin was determined by thin-layer chromatography, melting point, and IR spectra compared with standard betulin. Extracting the 96% ethanol, after the alkaline hydrolysis method is more efficient and economical, therefore, this method is suitable for mass production and introduce into the food and cosmetic industries.
Хусны үйснээс бетулин гарган авах технологийн судалгаа
Хураангуй: Энэхүү судалгааны ажилд Хавтаг навчит хус (Betula platyphylla) модны үйснээс гарц өндөртэй, цэвэршил сайтай бетулиныг ялган авах өртөг багатай, цаг хугацаа хэмнэсэн арга зүйг сонгох зорилт тавьж ажилласан болно.Бетулиныг, хусны үйсийг тосгүйжүүлсэний дараа 96%-ийн этанолоор хандлах; шүлтжүүлсэн 96%-ийн этанолоор хандлах; шүлтийн гидролизэд оруулсны дараагаар 96%-ийн этанолоор хандлах гэсэн гурван хувилбараар хандалж гарган авсан. Туршсан гурван хувилбараас хусны үйсийг шүлтийн гидролизэд оруулсны дараагаар 96%-ийн этанолоор хандлах нь хамгийн тохиромжтой болохыг тогтоов. Дээрх хувилбараар 27%-ийн гарцтай бетулиныг ялган авч, цэвэршилтийг нь стандарт бетулинтэй харьцуулан нимгэн үеийн хроматографи, хайлах температур болон нил улаан туяаны спектрометрийн аргаар тодорхойлов. Шүлтийн гидролиз явуулсны дараагаар 96%-ийн этанолоор хандлах арга нь цаг хугацаа хэмнэсэн, өртөг багатай тул цаашид бетулиныг их хэмжээгээр ялган авч, хүнс, гоо сайхны үйлдвэрлэлд нэвтрүүлэхэд илүү тохиромжтой гэж үзлээ.
Түлхүүр үг: Хавтаг навчит хус (Betula platyphylla), нимгэн үеийн хроматографи, хайлах температур, нил улаан туяаны спектрометр
Analysis of Means by Ranks: Modification and Application in Contract Acquisition Analysis
Authors: Bakir Saad T. 
Published: January 2021

Analysis of Means by Ranks is a nonparametric statistical test procedure that was developed in Bakir (1989) but has rarely been applied in practice. This paper modifies and applies Analysis of Means by Ranks to a case study data involving the comparison of three contract proposals. For comparison purposes, we analyze the same data using the well-known Analysis of Variance, Analysis of Means, and the Kruskal-Wallis test. Analysis of Variance and Analysis of Means are two parametric (assume data to be samples from normal populations) test procedures whereas Kruskal-Wallis and Analysis of Means by Ranks are two nonparametric (or distribution-free) procedures. This paper shows that the parametric tests fail to detect a significant difference among three contract proposals, while the nonparametric tests do. The conclusions of the parametric tests are in doubt because a descriptive statistics analysis indicates that the required normality assumption is in doubt; the nonparametric conclusions are more trustful because the normality assumption is not required by nonparametric procedures.
Physical Abuse in Its Extreme form Seen in a 12-Year-Old Female Adolescent
Authors: Obinna Ajaegbu , Onuorah Okike Clifford , Vivian Muoneke Uzoamaka 
Published: January 2021

Background: Child abuse occurs very frequently in Nigeria with approximately 6 out of every 10 children experiencing some form of violence. An estimate of 1 in every 4 girls and 1 in every 10 boys have undergone some form of sexual violence. Unfortunately this human violation often elicits little or no attention particularly where the abuser happens to be a close relative.
Case: A 12 year old female adolescent was admitted into the children emergency room of a Nigerian tertiary institution with high grade fever and bilateral painful leg swelling following physical abuse by her biological father. This was buttressed with the findings made on examination.
Parenteral anti-inflammatory and antibiotics were administered with surgical drainage of the lesions. The mental state of the Patient was evaluated by the Psychological Medicine Experts /Psychiatrist and also had counselling sessions during the course of treatment and shortly before discharge. Patient responded well to treatment and was discharged to the care of the women and children welfare unit of the State Ministry of Women Affairs.
Conclusion: This case report underscores the need for continuous awareness creation on the inherent dangers of child abuse for both the general public and the Health practitioners.
Better alone? A demographic case study of the hemiparasite Castilleja tenuiflora (Orobanchaceae): A first approximation
Authors: Granados‐Hernández Luisa A. , Pisanty Irene , Raventós José , Márquez‐Guzmán Judith , Mandujano María C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCastilleja tenuiflora is a facultative root hemiparasitic plant that has colonized a disturbed lava field in central Mexico. To determine the effects of hemiparasitism on the population dynamics of the parasite, we identified a set of potential hosts and quantified their effects on the vital rates of C. tenuiflora during 2016–2018. Connections between the roots of the hemiparasite and the hosts were confirmed with a scanning electron microscope. Annual matrices considering two conditions (with and without potential hosts) were built based on vital rates for each year, and annual stochastic finite rate growth rates (λs) were calculated. Plants produced more reproductive structures with hosts than without hosts. A Life Table Response Experiment (LTRE) was performed to compare the contributions of vital rates between conditions. We identified 19 species of potential hosts for this generalist hemiparasite. Stochastic lambda with hosts λs = 1.02 (CI = 0.9999, 1.1) tended to be higher than without them λs = 0.9503 (CI = 0.9055, 0.9981). The highest elasticity values correspond to survival. LTRE indicated that the most important parameters are survival and fecundity; the total contribution of fecundity (0.0192) to the difference in growth was three times lower than that of survival (0.0603). Piqueria trinervia was the most abundant host, and C. tenuiflora had a higher lambda with it than with other species. Individuals can grow alone, but hosts can have a positive effect on the vital parameters of C. tenuiflora and on λ.
Transparent Light‐Driven Hydrogel Actuator Based on Photothermal Marangoni Effect and Buoyancy Flow for Three‐Dimensional Motion
Authors: Pan Deng , Wu Dong , Li Peng‐Ju , Ji Sheng‐Yun , Nie Xuan , Fan Sheng‐Ying , Chen Guo‐Yang , Zhang Chen‐Chu , Xin Chen , Xu Bing , Zhu SuWan , Cai Ze , Hu YanLei , Li JiaWen , Chu JiaRu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMarangoni‐effect‐driven actuators (MDAs) have the advantages of direct light‐to‐work conversion and convenient operation, which makes it widely researched in the cutting‐edge fields including robots, micromachines, and intelligent systems. However, the MDA relies on the surface tension difference and it only works on the 2D liquid–air interface. Besides, the MDAs are normally pure black due to the light‐absorption material limitation. Herein, a transparent light‐driven 3D movable actuator (LTMA) and a 3D manipulation strategy are proposed. The LTMA is composed of photothermal nanoparticles‐doped temperature‐responsive hydrogel, whose surface energy changes as the nanoparticles absorb light energy. The 3D manipulation strategy combines Marangoni effect with photothermal buoyancy flow for realizing complex self‐propellant and floating/sinking motions. The LTMA can perform more advanced tasks such as 3D obstacle avoidance and 3D sampling. Benefiting from the porous structure of hydrogel, LTMA can naturally absorb the chemical molecules for remote sampling and automated drug delivery. The light‐driven, transparent, three‐dimensionally movable, and programmable actuator has promising prospects in the field of micromachines and intelligent systems.
Highly Stable Ag–Au Core–Shell Nanowire Network for ITO‐Free Flexible Organic Electrochromic Device
Authors: Huang Shengyun , Liu Yannan , Jafari Maziar , Siaj Mohamed , Wang Haining , Xiao Shuyong , Ma Dongling 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSolid and flexible electrochromic (EC) devices require a delicate design of every component to meet the stringent requirements for transparency, flexibility, and deformation stability. However, the electrode technology in flexible EC devices stagnates, wherein brittle indium tin oxide (ITO) is the primary material. Meanwhile, the inflexibility of metal oxide usually used in an active layer and the leakage issue of liquid electrolyte further negatively affect EC device performance and lifetime. Herein, a novel and fully ITO‐free flexible organic EC device is developed by using Ag–Au core–shell nanowire (Ag–Au NW) networks, EC polymer and LiBF4/propylene carbonate/poly(methyl methacrylate) as electrodes, active layer, and solid electrolyte, respectively. The Ag–Au NW electrode integrated with a conjugated EC polymer together display excellent stability in harsh environments due to the tight encapsulation by the Au shell, and high area capacitance of 3.0 mF cm−2 and specific capacitance of 23.2 F g−1 at current density of 0.5 mA cm−2. The device shows high EC performance with reversible transmittance modulation in the visible region (40.2% at 550 nm) and near‐infrared region (−68.2% at 1600 nm). Moreover, the device presents excellent flexibility (>1000 bending cycles at the bending radius of 5 mm) and fast switching time (5.9 s).
A Magnetically Guided Self‐Rolled Microrobot for Targeted Drug Delivery, Real‐Time X‐Ray Imaging, and Microrobot Retrieval
Authors: Nguyen Kim Tien , Go Gwangjun , Jin Zhen , Darmawan Bobby Aditya , Yoo Ami , Kim Seokjae , Nan Minghui , Lee Sang Bong , Kang Byungjeon , Kim Chang‐Sei , Li Hao , Bang Doyeon , Park Jong‐Oh , Choi Eunpyo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTargeted drug delivery using a microrobot is a promising technique capable of overcoming the limitations of conventional chemotherapy that relies on body circulation. However, most studies of microrobots used for drug delivery have only demonstrated simple mobility rather than precise targeting methods and prove the possibility of biodegradation of implanted microrobots after drug delivery. In this study, magnetically guided self‐rolled microrobot that enables autonomous navigation‐based targeted drug delivery, real‐time X‐ray imaging, and microrobot retrieval is proposed. The microrobot, composed of a self‐rolled body that is printed using focused light and a surface with magnetic nanoparticles attached, demonstrates the loading of doxorubicin and an X‐ray contrast agent for cancer therapy and X‐ray imaging. The microrobot is precisely mobilized to the lesion site through automated targeting using magnetic field control of an electromagnetic actuation system under real‐time X‐ray imaging. The photothermal effect using near‐infrared light reveals rapid drug release of the microrobot located at the lesion site. After drug delivery, the microrobot is recovered without potential toxicity by implantation or degradation using a magnetic‐field‐switchable coiled catheter. This microrobotic approach using automated control method of the therapeutic agents‐loaded microrobot has potential use in precise localized drug delivery systems.
Strong Chemical Interaction between Lithium Polysulfides and Flame‐Retardant Polyphosphazene for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with Enhanced Safety and Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Chen Peng , Wu Zhen , Guo Tong , Zhou Yan , Liu Mingliang , Xia Xifeng , Sun Jingwen , Lu Lude , Ouyang Xiaoping , Wang Xin , Fu Yongsheng , Zhu Junwu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPS) and potential safety hazard caused by the burning of flammable organic electrolytes, sulfur cathode, and lithium anode seriously limit the practical application of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. Here, a flame‐retardant polyphosphazene (PPZ) covalently modified holey graphene/carbonized cellulose paper is reported as a multifunctional interlayer in Li–S batteries. During the discharge/charge process, once the LiPS are generated, the as‐obtained flame‐retardant interlayer traps them immediately through the nucleophilic substitution reaction between PPZ and LiPS, effectively inhibiting the shuttling effect of LiPS to enhance the cycle stability of Li–S batteries. Meanwhile, this strong chemical interaction increases the diffusion coefficient for lithium ions, accelerating the lithiation reaction with complete inversion. Moreover, the as‐obtained interlayer can be used as a fresh 3D current collector to establish a flame‐retardant “vice‐electrode,” which can trap dissolved sulfur and absorb a large amount of electrolyte, prominently bringing down the flammability of the sulfur cathode and electrolyte to improve the safety of Li–S batteries. This work provides a viable strategy for using PPZ‐based materials as strong chemical scavengers for LiPS and a flame‐retardant interlayer toward next‐generation Li–S batteries with enhanced safety and electrochemical performance.
PPTS‐Catalyzed Bicyclization Reaction of 2‐Isocyanobenzaldehydes with Various Amines: Synthesis of Diverse Fused Quinazolines
Authors: Meng Xiang‐He , Wu Dan‐Ni , Zhang Yu‐Jia , Zhao Yu‐Long 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA PPTS (pyridinium p‐toluenesulfonate)‐catalyzed bicyclization reaction of 2‐isocyanobenzaldehydes as 1,5‐dielectrophiles with various amines has been developed. The reaction not only provides a simple and efficient strategy for the assembly of structurally diverse fused quinazoline derivatives from readily available substrates under metal‐free and mild conditions in a single step with only water and hydrogen as the by‐products, but also opens the way to the application of o‐formyl arylisocyanides in the synthesis of nitrogen‐containing heterocycles.magnified image
Continuous Demixing Transition of Binary Liquids: Finite‐Size Scaling from the Analysis of Sub‐Systems
Authors: Pathania Yogyata , Chakraborty Dipanjan , Höfling Felix 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA binary liquid near its consolute point exhibits critical fluctuations of local composition and a diverging correlation length. The method of choice to calculate critical points in the phase diagram is a finite‐size scaling analysis, based on a sequence of simulations with widely different system sizes. Modern, massively parallel hardware facilitates that instead cubic sub‐systems of one large simulation are used. Here, this alternative is applied to a symmetric binary liquid at critical composition and different routes to the critical temperature are compared: 1) fitting critical divergences of the composition structure factor, 2) scaling of fluctuations in sub‐volumes, and 3) applying the cumulant intersection criterion to sub‐systems. For the last route, two difficulties arise: sub‐volumes are open systems, for which no precise estimate of the critical Binder cumulant is available. Second, the boundaries of the simulation box interfere with the sub‐volumes, which is resolved here by a two‐parameter finite‐size scaling. The implied modification to the data analysis restores the common intersection point, yielding , universal for cubic Ising‐like systems with free boundaries. Confluent corrections to scaling, which arise for small sub‐system sizes, are quantified and the data are compatible with the universal correction exponent .
Optoelectrical Switching of Nonfullerene Acceptor Y6 and BPQD‐Based Bulk Heterojunction Memory Device through Photoelectric Effect
Authors: Gu Minchao , Zhao Zhizheng , Wang Kexin , Huang Yuelin , Zhang Bin , Zou Yingping , El‐Khouly Mohamed E. , Chen Yu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe as‐prepared BPDQs:Y6:PVP blends, in which Y6 acts as nonfullerene acceptor, black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) serve as donor, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a polymer matrix, can respond to both the electrical and optical stimuli. Using these blends as the active layer, the first bulk heterojunction device with the functions of organic photovoltaics and information storage, Al/BPQDs:Y6:PVP/indium tin oxide, is fabricated. When the applied voltages vary from 0 to −0.8 V, this device exhibits both the photoinduced resistive state changes and volatile photoresponse characteristic in the broadband visible region. The light illumination gives rise to the significantly decrease of the device resistance. Furthermore, it is also found that, when the applied voltages are changed from 0 to ± 3 V, this device shows a typical nonvolatile rewritable memory performance in the dark, with an ON/OFF current ratio of 8 × 103, a switching‐on voltage of −1.68 V, and a smaller switching bias window. Upon illumination with different wavelength light, both the switching‐on voltage and the ON/OFF current ratio of the device are found to be greatly decreased. This work can be expected to open a way to the integration of information storage, modulating and demodulating functions, photovoltaic effect, and photoelectric detection in an optoelectronic device.