bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A hybrid method based on P and P′ control chart for identifying hotspots
Authors: Jahan Ali , Abbaspour Afshin , Safakhah Soroush 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe terms “hotspots,” “blackspot,” or “high‐risk” are normally used for an area on a road where the number of car accidents are far beyond the normal level and, more importantly, the causes of the incident always link to one or many specific reasons. Identifying these spots is helpful and may assist people in authority to implement corrective actions. To do the aforementioned, some decision‐support tools could be useful since they enable us to monitor the indicators that may lead to a car accident, same as the procedure engineers use to control production lines in factories. In this regard, control charts are utilized to identify blackspots. Although the method is low cost, and provides quick detection and statistical reliability level and, more importantly, uses online applications; however, it advised that the rate quality control method could be used on roads with the same geometry and traffic conditions. This research develops a hybrid method, based on accident type, for improving rate quality control method to overcome the shortcomings. Furthermore, the suggested framework considers crash severity and traffic volume that have not been taken into account in the rate quality control method yet. The case study evaluates how this framework is successful to identify blackspots, and based on the result in the real environment, it reveals that the proposed method could detect and identify the hotspots.
Ultra‐fast retroactive processing by MetAlign of liquid chromatography/high‐resolution full‐scan Orbitrap mass spectrometry data in WADA Human Urine Sample Monitoring Program
Authors: Khelifi Safa , Saad Khadija , Vonaparti Ariadni , Mahieddine Souhila , Salama Sofia , Saleh Amal , Al‐Mohannadi Maryam , Al‐Thaiban Hussain , Lommen Arjen , Horvatovich Peter , Beotra Alka , Abushareeda Wadha , Al Maadheed Mohammed , Georgakopoulos Costas 
Published: June 2021

RationaleThe World Antidoping Agency (WADA) Monitoring program concentrates analytical data from the WADA Accredited Laboratories for substances which are not prohibited but whose potential misuse must be known. The WADA List of Monitoring substances is updated annually, where substances may be removed, introduced or transferred to the Prohibited List, depending on the prevalence of their use. Retroactive processing of old sample datafiles has the potential to create information for the prevalence of use of candidate substances for the Monitoring List in previous years. MetAlign is a freeware software with functionality to reduce the size of liquid chromatography (LC)/high‐resolution (HR) full‐scan (FS) mass spectrometry (MS) datafiles and to perform a fast search for the presence of substances in thousands of reduced datafiles.MethodsValidation was performed to the search procedure of MetAlign applied to Anti‐Doping Lab Qatar (ADLQ)‐screened LC/HR‐FS‐MS reduced datafiles originated from antidoping samples for tramadol (TRA), ecdysterone (ECDY) and the ECDY metabolite 14‐desoxyecdysterone (DESECDY) of the WADA Monitoring List. Searching parameters were related to combinations of accurate masses and retention times (RTs).ResultsMetAlign search validation criteria were based on the creation of correct identifications, false positives (FPs) and false negatives (FNs). The search for TRA in 7410 ADLQ routine LC/HR‐FS‐MS datafiles from the years 2017 to 2020 revealed no false identification (FPs and FNs) compared with the ADLQ WADA reports. ECDY and DESECDY were detected by MetAlign search in approximately 5% of the same cohort of antidoping samples.ConclusionsMetAlign is a powerful tool for the fast retroactive processing of old reduced datafiles collected in screening by LC/HR‐FS‐MS to reveal the prevalence of use of antidoping substances. The current study proposed the validation scheme of the MetAlign search procedure, to be implemented per individual substance in the WADA Monitoring program, for the elimination of FNs and FPs.
Phytoremediation of Arsenic in Mine Wastes by Acacia mangium
Authors: Rosli Ruhan A. , Harumain Zakuan A. S. , Zulkalam Muhammad F. , Hamid Azzmer A. A. , Sharif Mohd F. , Mohamad Mohd A. N. , Noh Abdul L. , Shahari Rozilawati 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study explored the potential of Acacia mangium to remediate arsenic present in mine wastes and to determine the remediation mechanism of this plant for removing arsenic. A preliminary test using soil spiked with various arsenic concentrations showed that Acacia mangium was able to survive on arsenic‐contaminated soil with concentrations up to 500 mg kg−1 arsenic. Ex situ phytoremediation studies using mine wastes containing approximately 790 mg kg−1 arsenic also showed no toxicity effect on Acacia mangium throughout 5 months of treatment. Bioconcentration and translocation factors indicate that Acacia mangium utilizes phytostabilization as its main mechanism to uptake arsenic into the plant tissues. The use of the chemical lixiviants monoammonium phosphate and citric acid was also found to increase the translocation of arsenic from roots to stems of Acacia mangium with a 12‐ and six‐fold increase, respectively, compared with the un‐dosed plants. Further speciation analysis revealed that arsenic in the form of arsenate was the only arsenic species detected in the stems after being amended with monoammonium phosphate; thereby, suggesting a sensible strategy for more efficient targeted arsenic phytoremediation by Acacia mangium.
A fast and efficient Modal EM algorithm for Gaussian mixtures
Authors: Scrucca Luca 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn the modal approach to clustering, clusters are defined as the local maxima of the underlying probability density function, where the latter can be estimated either nonparametrically or using finite mixture models. Thus, clusters are closely related to certain regions around the density modes, and every cluster corresponds to a bump of the density. The Modal Expectation‐Maximization (MEM) algorithm is an iterative procedure that can identify the local maxima of any density function. In this contribution, we propose a fast and efficient MEM algorithm to be used when the density function is estimated through a finite mixture of Gaussian distributions with parsimonious component‐covariance structures. After describing the procedure, we apply the proposed MEM algorithm on both simulated and real data examples, showing its high flexibility in several contexts.
UV Photochromism in Transition Metal Oxides and Hybrid Materials
Authors: Kayani Aminuddin Bin Ahmad , Kuriakose Sruthi , Monshipouri Mahta , Khalid Fararishah Abdul , Walia Sumeet , Sriram Sharath , Bhaskaran Madhu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLimited levels of UV exposure can be beneficial to the human body. However, the UV radiation present in the atmosphere can be damaging if levels of exposure exceed safe limits which depend on the individual the skin color. Hence, UV photochromic materials that respond to UV light by changing their color are powerful tools to sense radiation safety limits. Photochromic materials comprise either organic materials, inorganic transition metal oxides, or a hybrid combination of both. The photochromic behavior largely relies on charge transfer mechanisms and electronic band structures. These factors can be influenced by the structure and morphology, fabrication, composition, hybridization, and preparation of the photochromic materials, among others. Significant challenges are involved in realizing rapid photochromic change, which is repeatable, reversible with low fatigue, and behaving according to the desired application requirements. These challenges also relate to finding the right synergy between the photochromic materials used, the environment it is being used for, and the objectives that need to be achieved. In this review, the principles and applications of photochromic processes for transition metal oxides and hybrid materials, photocatalytic applications, and the outlook in the context of commercialized sensors in this field are presented.
Phase segregation mechanisms of small molecule‐polymer blends unraveled by varying polymer chain architecture
Authors: Chen Jihua , Das Sanjib , Shao Ming , Li Guoliang , Lian Huada , Qin Jian , Browning James F. , Keum Jong K. , Uhrig David , Gu Gong , Xiao Kai 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAs phase separation between the small‐molecule semiconductor and the polymer binder is the key enabler of blend‐based organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs) fabricated by low‐cost solution processing, it is crucial to understand the underlying phase separation mechanisms that determine the phase morphology, which significantly impacts device performance. Beyond the parameter space investigated in previous work, here we investigate the formation of blends by varying the branch architecture of the polymer binder and by shortening the solvent dry time using ultrasonic spray casting. The phase morphologies of the resulting blend films have been thoroughly characterized with a variety of techniques in three dimensions over multiple length scales, including AFM, energy‐filtered transmission electron microscope, and neutron reflectivity, and have been correlated with electrical transport performance. From the results, we have inferred that the phase morphology is kinetically determined, limited by the inherent slow movement of polymer macromolecules. The kinetic picture, supported by molecular dynamics modeling, not only consistently explains our observations but also resolves inconsistencies in previous works. The achieved mechanistic understanding will guide further optimization of blend‐based organic electronics, such as OFETs and organic photovoltaics.
Finance sustainable supply chain: An analysis looking for B corporations and agency theory
Authors: de Morais Carlos Eduardo , Paschoiotto Waldemir Paulino , Bernardes Leandro dos Santos , Sehnem Simone , Salgueirinho de Andrade Guerra José Baltazar 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCompanies are often seen as villains since their main purpose is to generate shareholder value. A deeper view of organizations, however, reveals that companies have a more comprehensive role than just achieving economic returns. Based on this premise, this study aims to analyze the financing of supply chains of B corporations; we employ the perspective of agency theory in the context of the “new emerging normal.” A multiple case study of companies belonging to the B corporations’ ranking in the Brazilian scenario was prepared. In‐depth interviews were conducted with key informants from the investigated companies. The results show that the cost of obtaining certification is borne by the companies’ own resources, which are motivated by pressure from the environmental demands. The main conclusion of the study is that B Corporations, driven by economic perspectives, tend to assume the role of drivers of supply chain development. The main contribution, therefore, consists of demonstrating, based on the agency theory and the finance supply chain, that the performance of an organization under the bias of sustainability creates a collaborative cycle that induces the development of its entire supply chain.
Influence of transaction costs on smallholder poultry market participation in Nigeria: A mixed‐methods analysis
Authors: Antia‐Obong Essien A. , Hubbard Carmen , Garrod Guy 
Published: June 2021

AbstractKey to doing business involves lowering transaction costs which incorporates both tangible and intangible costs. Investigations traditionally apply quantitative analysis. Consequently, intangible costs perceived to influence smallholder market participation decisions have been left unobserved. The study therefore investigates how and why transaction costs influence smallholder poultry market participation using explanatory sequential mixed‐methods design for the first time. Cragg's double‐hurdle model is used for the quantitative analysis. Findings show that probability of market participation is influenced by access to veterinary services (VET), access to alternative sources of farm cash, longer distance to market, and shorter distance to tarred roads. Extent of market participation is influenced by access to informal information sources and inaccessibility of non‐farm income. Qualitative analysis identified three themes “Accessibility,” “Availability,” and “Adequacy” of transaction costs in influencing the decision and level of market participation. The findings indicate the need for continuous rural infrastructure development in the areas of roads and transport. Furthermore, to ease access to market information, institutionalized market information services need to be prioritized. In addition, improved access to VET for farmers needs to be strengthened. Importantly, agricultural interventions should account for employment status to enhance extent of market participation.
Axisymmetric hybrid nanofluid flow with heat and mass transfer amongst the two gyrating plates
Authors: Bilal Muhammad , Gul Taza , Alsubie Abdelaziz , Ali Ishtiaq 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe combined effects of magnetic and electrohydrodynamic on the water‐based iron oxide and CNTs hybrid nanoliquids flow between two rotating plates are examined. The influence of electro‐magneto‐hydrodynamics on the mass and heat transmission characteristics is the main aim of this study. The hybrid nanofluid is synthesized using water as a base fluid in the (Iron oxide) , single and multi‐walled (SWCNTs/MWCNTs) carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The flow model has been arranged in form of PDEs, which are reduced into the system of dimensionless differential equations through a similarity approach. The differential equations are further treated with HAM to get analytic results. The impact of the Reynolds number, magnetic, electric and rotation parameters, on the drag force, mass flux and heat transmission rate has been scrutinized and discussed. The arithmetic consequences are carried out for Nusselt number, Sherwood number and drag force. The heat transmission has been considered to increase with the Reynolds number, magnetic constraint and electric parameter. The electric parameter improving the momentum boundary layer and drop the thermal boundary layer. The outcomes are compared with the existing literature and a closed agreement has found.
Evolution of the Agile Scaling Frameworks
Authors: Uludağ Ömer , Putta Abheeshta , Paasivaara Maria , Matthes Florian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOver the past decade, agile methods have become the favored choice for projects undertaken in rapidly changing environments. The success of agile methods in small, co-located projects has inspired companies to apply them in larger projects. Agile scaling frameworks, such as Large Scale Scrum and Scaled Agile Framework, have been invented by practitioners to scale agile to large projects and organizations. Given the importance of agile scaling frameworks, research on those frameworks is still limited. This paper presents our findings from an empirical survey answered by the methodologists of 15 agile scaling frameworks. We explored (i) framework evolution, (ii) main reasons behind their creation, (iii) benefits, and (iv) challenges of adopting these frameworks. The most common reasons behind creating the frameworks were improving the organization’s agility and collaboration between agile teams. The most commonly claimed benefits included enabling frequent deliveries and enhancing employee satisfaction, motivation, and engagement. The most mentioned challenges were using frameworks as cooking recipes instead of focusing on changing people’s culture and mindset.
S-folds and holographic RG flows on the D3-brane
Authors: Guarino Adolfo , Sterckx Colin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Type IIB S-folds of the form AdS4 × S1 × S5 are conjectured to correspond to new strongly coupled three-dimensional CFT’s on a localised interface of SYM4. In this work we construct holographic RG flows on the D3-brane that generically connect anisotropic deformations of SYM4 in the UV to various S-fold CFT’s in the IR with different amounts of supersymmetry and flavour symmetries. Examples of holographic RG flows between S-fold CFT’s are also presented. Lastly a geometric interpretation of axion deformations is provided in terms of monodromies on the internal S5 when moving around the S1. Special attention is paid to the monodromy-induced patterns of symmetry breaking as classified by the mapping torus Th(S5).
Places of Near-Fields: To Heinrich Wefelscheid
Authors: Karpfinger Christian 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWefelscheid (Untersuchungen über Fastkörper und Fastbereiche, Habilitationsschrift, Hamburg, 1971) generalised the well-known Theorem of Artin/Schreier about the characterization of formally real fields and the fundamental result of Baer/Krull to near-fields. In the last fifty years arose from the Theorem of Baer/Krull a theory, which analyses the entirety of the orderings of a field (E. Becker, L. Bröcker, M. Marshall et al.), as presented e.g. in the book by Lam (Orderings, valuations and quadratic forms, American Mathematical Society, Providence, 1983). At the centre of this theory are preorders and their compatibility with valuations or places. We develop some essential results of this theory for the near-field case. In particular, we derive the Brown/Marshall’s inequalities and Bröcker’s Theorem on the trivialisation of fans in the near-field case.
Experimental investigations of spontaneous damage to wet multi-plate clutches with carbon friction linings
Authors: Groetsch D. , Stockinger U. , Schneider T. , Reiner F. , Voelkel K. , Pflaum H. , Stahl K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSafety and comfort, while ensuring torque transfer capability, are essential for wet multi-plate clutches. The safety of the torque transmission process largely depends on the endurance of the tribological system against spontaneous and long-term damages. Modern Carbon friction linings in wet multi-plate clutch applications offer superior wear resistance compared to other friction materials, but there is hardly any published data on their spontaneous damage behavior. This article therefore presents results from experimental studies on the spontaneous damage of innovative Carbon friction linings carried out on a component test rig. Furthermore, the influence of different steel plate thicknesses (3.5 mm vs. 6 mm) was investigated. 16 step tests, including visual assessments of the clutches, were performed with Carbon-fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) and Carbon-fiber reinforced Carbon (C/C) linings in brake operations.The results of the step tests are documented in friction work over friction power diagrams. Results show excellent endurance of modern Carbon friction linings against spontaneous damage and thus makes them suitable for safety relevant high-performance applications. There was no clear influence of the steel plate thickness on spontaneous damage. However, the C/C friction lining ran at a specific energy of up to 5.26 J/mm2 in combination with sliding velocities of up to 67 m/s (high speed application) without failure. This is the highest published spontaneous damage resistance identified for wet clutches.
On systematically building a controlled natural language for functional requirements
Authors: Veizaga Alvaro , Alferez Mauricio , Torre Damiano , Sabetzadeh Mehrdad , Briand Lionel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNatural language (NL) is pervasive in software requirements specifications (SRSs). However, despite its popularity and widespread use, NL is highly prone to quality issues such as vagueness, ambiguity, and incompleteness. Controlled natural languages (CNLs) have been proposed as a way to prevent quality problems in requirements documents, while maintaining the flexibility to write and communicate requirements in an intuitive and universally understood manner. In collaboration with an industrial partner from the financial domain, we systematically develop and evaluate a CNL, named Rimay, intended at helping analysts write functional requirements. We rely on Grounded Theory for building Rimay and follow well-known guidelines for conducting and reporting industrial case study research. Our main contributions are: (1) a qualitative methodology to systematically define a CNL for functional requirements; this methodology is intended to be general for use across information-system domains, (2) a CNL grammar to represent functional requirements; this grammar is derived from our experience in the financial domain, but should be applicable, possibly with adaptations, to other information-system domains, and (3) an empirical evaluation of our CNL (Rimay) through an industrial case study. Our contributions draw on 15 representative SRSs, collectively containing 3215 NL requirements statements from the financial domain. Our evaluation shows that Rimay is expressive enough to capture, on average, 88% (405 out of 460) of the NL requirements statements in four previously unseen SRSs from the financial domain.
Reliability of self-rated experience and confidence as predictors for students’ performance in software engineering
Authors: Daun Marian , Brings Jennifer , Obe Patricia Aluko , Stenkova Viktoria 
Published: June 2021

AbstractStudents’ experience is used in empirical software engineering research as well as in software engineering education to group students in either homogeneous or heterogeneous groups. To do so, students are commonly asked to self-rate their experience, as self-rated experience has been shown to be a good predictor for performance in programming tasks. Another experience-related measurement is participants’ confidence (i.e., how confident is the person that their given answer is correct). Hence, self-rated experience and confidence are used as selector or control variables throughout empirical software engineering research and software engineering education. In this paper, we analyze data from several student experiments conducted in the past years to investigate whether self-rated experience and confidence are also good predictors for students’ performance in model comprehension tasks. Our results show that while students can somewhat assess the correctness of a particular answer to one concrete question regarding a conceptual model (i.e., their confidence), their overall self-rated experience does not correlate with their actual performance. Hence, the use of the commonly used measurement of self-rated experience as a selector or control variable must be considered unreliable for model comprehension tasks.
Pay-to-Win Gaming and its Interrelation with Gambling: Findings from a Representative Population Sample
Authors: Steinmetz Fred , Fiedler Ingo , von Meduna Marc , Ante Lennart 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPay-to-Win gaming describes a common type of video game design in which players can pay to advance in the game. The frequency and value of payments is unlimited, and payments are linked to players’ competitiveness or progress in the game, which can potentially facilitate problematic behavioral patterns, similar to those known from gambling. Our analyses focus on assessing similarities and differences between Pay-to-Win and different forms of gambling. Based on a survey among 46,136 German adult internet users, this study presents the demographic and socio-economic profile of (1) Pay-to-Win gamers who make purchases in such games, (2) heavy users who conduct daily payments, and (3) gamers who are also gamblers. Motives for making payments were assessed and participation, frequency and spending in gambling by Pay-to-Win gamers are presented. To assess the similarity of Pay-to-Win gaming and gambling, we tested whether Pay-to-Win participation, frequency of payments and problematic gaming behavior are predictors for gambling and cross-tested the opposite effects of gambling on Pay-to-Win. We find that Pay-to-Win gamers are a distinct consumer group with considerable attraction to gambling. High engagement and problematic behavior in one game form affects (over)involvement in the other. Common ground for Pay-to-Win gaming and gambling is the facilitation of recurring payments.