bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gallic acid encapsulated pea flour‐based nanofibers produced by electrospinning as a potential active food packaging material
Authors: Aydogdu Emir Ayca , Yildiz Eda , Aydogdu Yıldırım , Sumnu Gulum , Sahin Serpil 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe main aim of the article was to produce gallic acid‐loaded pea flour/polyethylene oxide (PEO)‐based nanofibers through the electrospinning method as an alternative active packaging material. Incorporation of gallic acid caused significant changes in both solution properties and fiber morphology. Increasing gallic acid concentration resulted in increasing conductivity and decreasing consistency index, by the way decreasing average fiber size diameter. In thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), gallic acid addition resulted in a decrease in thermal degradation value of nanofibers. In addition to these changes, new chemical bands formed were an indicator of the successful encapsulation of gallic acid in Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectra. Nanofibers also showed promising results in terms of encapsulation of bioactive compounds. Therefore, gallic acid‐loaded pea flour/PEO‐based nanofibers might be considered as a promising active packaging material.
System‐specific evaluation of the dual flip angle MRI technique for quantitative T1 measurement
Authors: Yee Seonghwan , Fadell Michael 
Published: March 2021

PurposeTo investigate if the accuracy of the dual flip angle (DFA) technique for T1 measurement is affected by the system‐specific RF excitation performance.MethodsA T1 phantom, made of 12 vials of unique T1 value ranging approximately from 200 ms to 2000 ms, was built and tested on seven different clinical scanners. For each experiment, the reference T1 of each vial was obtained by the inversion recovery‐based technique, and the DFA technique was applied repeatedly with several flip angle (FA) pairs conventionally proposed as optimal. The accuracy of the DFA technique for each FA pair was then evaluated by comparing the measured T1 values for the vials to the references. Any variation of the accuracy was then evaluated across different FA pairs, and across different MRI systems. To improve accuracy with a selected FA pair, the signal ratio (SR) curve, obtained from the phantom, was utilized in a calibration strategy of the DFA technique.ResultsWhen combined for all the vials, the average ratio of the measured T1 to the reference generally increased as the FA pair window gradually slid from the smaller to the larger FA values. Furthermore, among several optimal FA pairs, the pair of the best accuracy varied slightly by the MRI system. The accuracy for any FA pair could be improved when the calibration strategy was utilized.ConclusionsThe RF excitation performance may vary by the specific FA pair and by the specific MRI system, influencing the accuracy of the DFA technique. The system‐specific evaluation, and, if needed, its calibration, would help improve the accuracy of the DFA technique.
Improving generalization in MR‐to‐CT synthesis in radiotherapy by using an augmented cycle generative adversarial network with unpaired data
Authors: Brou Boni Kévin N. D. , Klein John , Gulyban Akos , Reynaert Nick , Pasquier David 
Published: March 2021

PurposeMR‐to‐CT synthesis is one of the first steps in the establishment of an MRI‐only workflow in radiotherapy. Current MR‐to‐CT synthesis methods in deep learning use unpaired MR and CT training images with a cycle generative adversarial network (CycleGAN) to minimize the effect of misalignment between paired images. However, this approach critically assumes that the underlying interdomain mapping is approximately deterministic and one‐to‐one. In the current study, we use an Augmented CycleGAN (AugCGAN) model to create a robust model that can be applied to different scanners and sequences using unpaired data.Materials and methodsThis study included T2‐weighted MR and CT pelvic images of 38 patients in treatment position from five different centers. The AugCGAN was trained on 2D transverse slices of 19 patients from three different sites. The network was then used to generate synthetic CT (sCT) images of 19 patients from the two other sites. Mean absolute errors (MAEs) for each patient were evaluated between real and synthetic CT images. Original treatment plans of nine patients were recalculated using sCT images to assess the dose distribution in terms of voxel‐wise dose difference, gamma, and dose–volume histogram analysis.ResultsThe mean MAEs were Hounsfield units () and 65.8 HU for the first and second test sites, respectively. The maximum dose difference to the target was with a gamma pass rate using the 3%, 3 mm criteria above 99%. The average time required to generate a complete sCT image for a patient on our GPU was 8.5 s.ConclusionThis study suggests that our unpaired approach achieves good performance in generalization with respect to sCT image generation.
Exposure Time of Wild, Juvenile Sockeye Salmon to Open-Net-Pen Atlantic Salmon Farms in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Rechisky Erin L. , Porter Aswea D. , Johnston Stephen D. , Stevenson Christine F. , Hinch Scott G. , Hunt Brian P. V. , Welch David W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The role that open-net-pen farms for Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar play in the global decline of stocks of wild salmonids (Salmo spp. and Oncorhynchus spp.) is contentious; Canada’s west coast is no exception. We identified the proportion of acoustic-tagged juvenile Sockeye Salmon Oncorhynchus nerka migrating through the main migration routes of the Discovery Islands region of British Columbia and measured both residence time in a major waterway hosting several Atlantic Salmon farms and exposure times to individual farms. One-third of tagged fish migrated through this channel, with median residence times of 32.6 h in 2017 and 46.0 h in 2018. The median time near individual farms was 4.4 min in 2017 when farms were fallow and 10.9 min in 2018 when farms were stocked. The increase in 2018 was probably not caused by farm activity because the proportion of total time spent in the channel was the same across years. Sockeye Salmon used all major migration pathways, but the lack of farms and rapid migration speeds in the westernmost passage offers the lowest potential exposure to fish farms. These are the first individual-level data available to inform assessments of the transmission risk of infectious agents from farms to wild salmonids.
“Bioelectrical impedance analysis in managing sarcopenic obesity in NAFLD”
Authors: Hanna David J. , Jamieson Scott T. , Lee Christine S. , Pluskota Christopher A. , Bressler Nicole J. , Benotti Peter N. , Khurana Sandeep , Rolston David D. K. , Still Christopher D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionSarcopenic obesity and its association with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is under‐recognized by many healthcare providers in Western medicine due to the lack of awareness and diagnostic guidelines. The result is delayed recognition and treatment, which leads to further health deterioration and increased healthcare costs. Sarcopenic obesity is characterized by the presence of increased fat mass in combination with muscle catabolism related to chronic inflammation and/or inactivity. Previous research has recommended evaluating body composition and physical function performance to adequately diagnose sarcopenic obesity. Body composition analysis can be performed by imaging applications through magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry. Due to the cost of each device and radiation exposure for patients as evidenced in all three modalities, bioelectrical impedance analysis offers a noninvasive approach capable of providing quick and reliable estimates of lean body and fat mass.Methods and ResultsThis review analyzes the current evidence‐based literature, indicating a lower skeletal muscle mass and increased visceral adipose tissue correlation to the advancement of fibrosis in fatty liver disease.ConclusionGiven the substantial promising research conducted in predominantly Asian populations regarding body tissue distribution and NAFLD, additional prospective research is needed to extend these findings in Western populations.
Improved impact property of long glass fiber‐reinforced polypropylene random copolymer composites toughened with beta‐nucleating agent via tunning the crystallization and phase
Authors: Yang Xujing , Chang Jiangyan , Fang Wenjun , Yu Zhiwei , Li Maojun , Li Qing 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCrystallization and phase engineering offer a promising route to significantly improve the impact property of long glass fiber‐reinforced polypropylene random copolymer (LGF/PPR) composites. However, the nucleation and crystallization mechanism in the crystallization process, and the resulting phase change mechanism are still unclear, which severely limits the remarkable improvement of the toughness of LGF/PPR composites. Herein, we successfully fabricate toughened LGF/PPR composites with excellent heat deflection temperature and impact toughness via tuning the crystallization behavior and phase structure generated by introducing β‐nucleating agent (β‐NA). Through differential scanning calorimeter and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction analysis, the influence of LGF and β‐NA on the nucleation and crystallization mechanism of the PPR matrix was revealed. Therefore, the critical crystallization parameters were calculated, and then the correlation was established with tensile and impact properties through regression analysis. The results show that the impact strength of β‐PPR and β‐LGF/PPR/MPPR are remarkably increased by 50.1% and 26.3% at the critical β‐NA content of 0.2 and 0.1 wt%, respectively, due to the intrinsic toughening mechanism. This work may pave the way for preparing a class of LGF/PPR composites with high‐impact toughness.
Prognostic indicators of subacute combined degeneration from B12 deficiency: A systematic review
Authors: Jhunjhnuwala Dhruv , Tanglay Onur , Briggs Nancy E. , Yuen Margaret T. Y. , Huynh William 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveA systematic review was conducted on published data of subacute combined degeneration (SCD) from B12 deficiency to investigate potential prognostic indicators of final ambulatory function in affected patients.TypeSystematic review.Literature SurveyRecords published from 1999 through 2018 were searched on the electronic databases MEDLINE, PUBMED, and SCOPUS. The publication language was restricted to English and French.MethodologyRecords that described cases of SCD from B12 deficiency in patients ≥16 years of age at onset were included. From a final total of 66 cases of SCD identified, ambulation scores were assigned based on the clinical descriptions reported. Patient characteristics, clinical manifestations, and ambulatory function were reported descriptively. Subanalyses on potential prognostic indicators were performed.SynthesisGreater ambulatory function at diagnosis was associated with recovery of normal ambulatory function at follow‐up (P < .001). Nearly 90% of patients walking unsupported at diagnosis made a complete recovery regardless of etiology. For patients initially walking with support, 22% of cases from impaired B12 digestion/absorption made a complete recovery compared with ≥50% of cases from other etiologies. For patients initially requiring a wheelchair, 33% of cases from impaired digestion/absorption were able to walk with support compared with ≥50% of cases from other etiologies. The total B12 administered over the course of treatment was correlated with improved ambulation (P = .024) for all patients, with a higher B12 replacement regimen associated with better outcomes in patients who were unable to walk unsupported at diagnosis (number needed to treat = 4).ConclusionsInitial ambulatory function may be a useful clinical marker of the severity of spinal cord dysfunction and final functional outcome. Etiological risk factors influenced both clinical manifestations and final walking ability in SCD, suggesting a distinct pathophysiological mechanism among the causes. In addition, a more intensive B12 replacement regimen may improve ultimate ambulatory function in advanced cases of SCD.
Bioresorbable tyrosol‐derived poly(ester‐arylate)s with tunable properties
Authors: Cohen Jarrod , Shultz Robert B. , Mullaghy Andrew , Gwin Christine , Kohn Joachim 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe designed and developed a novel library of tyrosol‐derived poly(ester‐arylate)s that exhibit tunable chemical, thermal, mechanical, and degradative properties. To build the library, the diphenols 4‐hydroxyphenethyl 2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)acetate (HTy) and 4‐hydroxyphenethyl 3‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)propanoate (DTy) are synthesized and subsequently polymerized with various diacids. Characterization of library members is performed in order to assess the impact of chemical structure on polymer properties. Specifically, the relative influence of diphenol pseudosymmetry versus asymmetry, diacid carbon chain length, and diacid bond rigidity on resulting properties is investigated. Diphenol choice greatly impacts resulting polymer thermal properties and processability. HTy‐containing polymers generally have lower melting temperatures compared to their DTy‐derived counterparts and are easier to quench in the amorphous phase. As a result, processing results in greater tunability for HTy‐derived polymers. One specific example was pHTy3, which increased its tensile modulus from 1 GPa to 3 GPa upon drawing. Diacid lengths and bond rigidity also significantly influence thermal, mechanical, and degradative properties. In all, members of this library can be synthesized efficiently, with high molecular weight and exhibit a wide range of properties, motivating future commercial translation.
Upgraded parameter model of frame pin‐supported wall structures
Authors: Zhou Ying , Yao Dansheng , Chen Yue , Li Qingqian 
Published: March 2021

SummaryA frame pin‐supported wall structure (FPWS) is a typical rocking structure that releases constraints at the bottom of the wall. The existing studies have demonstrated that FPWSs can control the structural deformation effectively. A distributed parameter model (DPM), which consists of a flexural beam and a shear beam connected by infinitely rigid links, is used to describe the performance of FPWSs. The flexural and the shear beams represent the wall and the frame, respectively. However, there are several flaws in the DPM. For instance, (1) it is not appropriate to simplify the frame into a shear beam, (2) the infinitely rigid links cannot demonstrate the interaction between the frame and the wall properly, and (3) the stiffness variation along the height of the frame is not considered. In this study, an upgraded parameter model (UPM) was proposed to simulate the FPWS based on the DPM. Specifically, (1) a lumped mass model is employed to simulate the frame instead of the shear beam; (2) the pin‐supported wall (PW) and the frame are connected only at several positions, that is, at the floor levels; and (3) the variation of the stiffness is also considered in the UPM. The results via the UPM were compared with those using DPM and OpenSees model. A parametric analysis was then carried out using the UPM. The results indicated that the proposed UPM can describe the behavior of FPWSs accurately.
A Simple and High‐Accuracy PID‐Based Temperature Control System for Magnetic Hyperthermia Using Fiber Optic Thermometer
Authors: Shikano Akihiro , Tonthat Loi , Yabukami Shin 
Published: March 2021

Magnetic hyperthermia is very promising cancer therapy in which heating temperature is expected to be a key determinant for its success. Herein, we present a simple, real‐time, and high‐accuracy proportional‐integral‐derivative‐based temperature control system for magnetic hyperthermia using widely‐used induction heater and fiber optic thermometer. Our in vitro result shows that the temperature of clinically‐approved Resovist® (0.5 ml) was accurately controlled with very small overshoot (e.g., 45.0 ± 0.07 °C and 55.0 ± 0.11°C for low‐ and high‐temperature magnetic hyperthermia). Our system has the potential to be used for magnetic hyperthermia either alone or together with other cancer treatment modalities for basic and clinical studies. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Chronic lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis after multiple intranasal instillation of PM2.5 in mice
Authors: Xu Mengmeng , Wang Xiaohui , Xu Lu , Zhang Hai , Li Chenfei , Liu Qi , Chen Yuqing , Chung Kian Fan , Adcock Ian M. , Li Feng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an important component of air pollution and can induce lung inflammation and oxidative stress. We hypothesized that PM2.5 could play a role in the induction of pulmonary fibrosis. We examined whether multiple intranasal instillation of PM2.5 can induce pulmonary fibrosis in the mouse, and also investigated the underlying pro‐fibrotic signaling pathways. C57/BL6 mice were intranasally instilled with 50 μl of PM2.5 suspension (7.8 μg/g body weight) or PBS three times a week over 3 weeks, 6 weeks or 9 weeks. To observe the recovery of pulmonary fibrosis after the termination of PM2.5 exposure, 9 week‐PM2.5 instilled mice were also studied at 3 weeks after termination of instillation. There were significant decreases in total lung capacity (TLC) and compliance (Cchord) in the 9‐week PM2.5‐instilled mice, while there were increased histological fibrosis scores with enhanced type I collagen and hydroxyproline deposition, increased mitochondrial ROS levels and NOX activity, decreased total SOD and GSH levels, accompanied by decreased mitochondrial number and aberrant mitochondrial morphology (swelling, vacuolization, cristal disruption, reduced matrix density) in PM2.5‐instilled mice. Multiple PM2.5 instillation resulted in increased expression of TGFβ1, increases of N‐Cadherin and Vimentin and a decrease of E‐Cadherin. It also led to decreases in OPA1 and MFN2, and increases in Parkin, SQSTM1/p62, the ratio of light china (LC) 3B II to LC3B I, PI3k/Akt phosphorylation, and NLRP3 expression. Intranasal instillation of PM2.5 for 9 weeks induced lung inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis, which was linked with aberrant epithelial‐mesenchymal transition, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage and mitophagy, as well as activation of TGFβ1‐PI3K/Akt, TGFβ1‐ NOX and TGFβ1‐NLRP3 pathways.
Troubling heroes: Reframing the environmental justice contributions of the Flint water crisis
Authors: Carrera Jennifer S. , Key Kent 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWhile the story of the Flint water crisis has been shared widely, the popular narrative—described in multiple documentaries and as evidenced by accolades heaped upon a limited few number of actors involved with Flint—largely leaves out the broad experiences and actions of Flint residents in responding to the crisis, raising awareness, and advocating for change. Academic literature has contributed to reinforcing an abbreviated and disempowered version of the narrative where Flint residents needed rescue. In this article, we present an extended description of the Flint water crisis leading up to the water switch in April 2014, including descriptions of community mobilization efforts to call government actions into account and produce investigations that validated the concerns of the residents. We offer a review of prominent academic literature demonstrating patterns of erasure that suggest Flint residents were disempowered. In response, we offer three examples which demonstrate how Flint resident mobilizations have broad historical context, national reach, and individual actions that contradict the narrative that Flint residents lack agency and power. In our analysis, rather than viewing Flint residents as in need of rescue by science, we argue that the community mobilization in Flint is indicative of a highly successful implementation of popular epidemiology with profound effects on national conversations about lead in water, drinking water infrastructure management, and environmental justice.This article is categorized under:
Human Water > Water Governance
Engineering Water
Rising Inequalities and a Changing Social Geography of Cities. An Introduction to the Global Segregation Book
Authors: van Ham Maarten , Tammaru Tiit , Ubarevičienė Rūta , Janssen Heleen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe book “Urban Socio-Economic Segregation and Income Inequality: a Global Perspective” investigates the link between income inequality and residential segregation between socio-economic groups in 24 large cities and their urban regions in Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, and South America. Author teams with in-depth local knowledge provide an extensive analysis of each case study city. Based on their findings, the main results of the book can be summarised as follows. Rising inequalities lead to rising levels of socio-economic segregation almost everywhere in the world. Levels of inequality and segregation are higher in cities in lower income countries, but the growth in inequality and segregation is faster in cities in high-income countries, which leads to a convergence of global trends. In many cities the workforce is professionalising, with an increasing share of the top socio-economic groups. In most cities the high-income workers are moving to the centre or to attractive coastal areas, and low-income workers are moving to the edges of the urban region. In some cities, mainly in lower income countries, high-income workers are also concentrating in out-of-centre enclaves or gated communities. The urban geography of inequality changes faster and is more pronounced than city-wide single-number segregation indices reveal. Taken together, these findings have resulted in the formulation of a Global Segregation Thesis.
Changes in Occupational Structure and Residential Segregation in Tokyo
Authors: Uesugi Masaya 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSimilar to other industrialized countries, Japan has experienced a growth in income inequality since the 1980s. Furthermore, in the past few decades, Tokyo has come to adopt a more liberalist position for not only welfare and housing policy of the state but also to urban policy. This chapter examines the changes in socio-spatial inequality in Tokyo from 2000 to 2015. During this period, segregation indices confirm some level of residential separation between the top and bottom occupational groups, and segregation is fairly stable over time. This suggests that certain factors counteract the increase of residential segregation. A comparison between the Tokyo Metropolitan Region and the core city reveals that the core city amplifies spatial inequality. In contrast to the limited change in the city-wide levels of segregation, the changes in the residential patterns show that people with high occupational status tend to concentrate around the main railway station in suburban areas in the region and inside the core city, especially adjacent to the central neighborhoods.