bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Account of Reichenbach’s Researches on the early Development of the Rresh-water Crayfish
Authors: Parker T. Jeffery 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Up to last year three important papers had appeared on the development of Astacus : Rathke’s classical monograph in 1829; Lereboullets ‘Recherches’ in 1812, and Bobretsky’s Russian paper in 1873. In all these highly important results are obtained, and these results are now supplemented, some of them confirmed and others corrected, by the elaborate account of the earlier developmental stages, published during the course of last year, by Heinrich Reichenbach, of Frankfort.
On the Existence of a Head-Kidney in the Embryo Chick, and on Certain Points in the Development of the Müllerian Duct
Authors: Balfour F. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following paper is divided into three sections. The first of these records the existence of certain structures in the embryo chick, which eventually become in part the abdominal opening of the Mullerian duct, and which, we believe, correspond with the head-kidney, or “Vorniere” of German authors. The second deals with the growth and development of the Müllerian duct. With reference to this we have come to the conclusion that the Müllerian duct does not develop entirely independently of the Wolffian duct. The third section of our paper is of a more general character, and contains a discussion of the rectifications in the views of the homologies of the parts of the excretory system in Aves, necessitated by the results of our investigations.
Researches on the Flagellate Infusoria and Allied Organisms
Authors: Bütschli O. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Professor BÜTSCHLI points out the value of a careful study of the Flagellata, some of which appear to be more nearly allied to the vegetable than to the animal kingdom. He concludes his preface with a hope that he may be able at a future time to amplify the present record.
The Development of the Earth-worm, Lumbricus trapezoides, dugés
Authors: Kleinenberg Nikolas 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In Ischia, as in the neighbourhood of Naples, the most common of the Luinbricidæ isLumbricus trapezoides (Dugès); it is abundant in gardens and in the muck-heaps of farms. Associated with this, but rarer, and prefering sandy soil and the neighbourhood of water, is another species, probably Lumbriciis teres (Dugès).
Observations on the Gregarines of Holothurians
Authors: Minchin E. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Our first knowledge of the Gregarines of Holothurians dates back to KOLLIKER (1), who in 1858 described “vesicles for the most part stalked, with a distinct envelope, and granular, dark, fat-like contents, which invariably contained two germinal vesicle-like bodies, each with a large, finely granulated, germinal spot-like structure. Some of these structures were sessile on the (blood-) vessels (of the intestine and respiratory trees), and were covered by ciliated peritoneal epithelium, while the stalked ones were apparently always naked.” The author was at a loss to understand the significance of these structures, and “simply recommends them to later observers?’
Description of a New Species of Moniligaster from India
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In June of the present year, 1892, my friend Professor Bell sent me a specimen of a worm collected on the Nilgiris by Mr. T. R. Henderson, which forms a new species of the genus Moniligaster, Perrier, and for which I propose the name M. indicus.
Notes on the Peripatus of Dominica
Authors: Pollard E. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A number of specimens of Peripatus from Dominica, West Indies, have recently been handed over to me for description by Professor Ray Lankester, to whom I owe my best thanks for intrusting me with this material. The specimens were collected by Mr. Ramage in Dominica, and sent, some alive, some preserved in alcohol, to Professor Lankester.
A Further Contribution to the Anatomy of Limnocnida tanganyicæ.
Authors: Günther R. T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The present paper is the result of a more minute examination of the same material on which my preliminary account of Limnocnida was based. Having already treated in my previous paper of the more obvious characters of the Medusa, I have endeavoured to avoid needless repetition in the present. The material had been caught and fixed in osmic acid by Mr. A. Swann on the shores of Lake Tanganyika itself, and reached me in a good state of preservation in strong alcohol, as already mentioned in the preliminary notice.
Notes on the Minute Structure of Pelomyxa palustris (Greeff).
Authors: Gould Lilian J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
While working as a student in the laboratory of the Linacre Professor at Oxford, during the summer term of 1893, the opportunity was given me of examining a considerable number of specimens of the interesting fresh-water Rhizopod Pelomyxa palustris, originally described by Professor Greeff in 1867 as Pelobius, and later discussed by him under its present name in the ‘Archiv fiir mikroscopische Anatomie,’ Bd. x, 1874. I was enabled, by the kindness of Professor Lankester (to whom my best thanks are due for affording me the material for these observations, as well as for much valuable advice and assistance), to study more than twenty individuals of P. palustris, both in the living state and by means of sections.
Notes on a Gregarine of the Earthworm (Lumbricus herculeus).
Authors: Cecil Bosanquct Wm. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
While looking through some worms which had been obtained for dissection in Professor Ray Lankester’s laboratory at Oxford, Dr. Benham, Senior Assistant to Professor Lankester, noticed one specimen the hinder end of which appeared to be filled with small white bodies easily visible through the body-wall of the worm. These were preserved by Mr. E. A. Minchin, who identified them as a species of Gregarina, and by whose kindness I was allowed to examine them. As they presented some points of interest, perhaps these few notes may not be out of place.
On Julinia; a New Genus of Compound Ascidians from the Antarctic Ocean
Authors: Caiman W. T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The Ascidian described in the present paper was collected in the Antarctic Ocean by Dr. C. M. Donald, of the whaler “Active,” during the Dundee Whaling Expedition of 1892-93, and was placed along with other specimens in Professor D’Arcy W. Thompson’s hands. Its large size and remarkable appearance attracted attention, and closer examination suggested its possible identity with the species described by Professor Herdman in his report on the Compound Ascidians of the Challenger Expedition (‘Chall. Rep./vol. xiv, pp 250) as (?) ignotus. The specimens on which this species was then tentatively founded, two of them in the Challenger collection and the third in the British Museum, were in an unsatisfactory state of preservation, so that Professor Herdman was unable to determine the genus, or even with certainty the family, to which the species belonged. Our specimen was preserved simply in methylated spirit, but on sectioning it was found to be in a better state than might have been anticipated, giving good results with the usual stains and making possible a fairly complete study of its anatomy. In the following description, Maurice’s monograph on Fragaroides (‘Arch, de Biol.,’ viii, pp. 205—495) has been used for comparison throughout, as being the most complete account we possess of the structure of a Compound Ascidian.
On the Variation of the Tentaculocysts of Aurelia aurita
Authors: Browne Edward T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It was a suggestion from Professor Weldon that led me to examine a large number of specimens of the ephyræ and adult stage of Aurelia aurita for the purpose of finding out the variation in the number of tentaculocysts, and if a variation occurred among the ephyræ to see how far it affected the adults.
A Study of Coccidia met with in Mice.
Authors: Clarke J. Jackson 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Nearly all that has been published on Coccidia of mice is contained in the writings of Eimer1 and Th. Smith.2 Ludwig Pfeiffer,3 in reference to what these authors have said on this subject, concludes: “Unsern frühern Auseinandersetzung nach, handelt es sich hier um das Schwärmercystenstadium einer Coccidie: das dauercystenstadium ist unbekannt.” In order to supply data which may fill the gap thus indicated, I venture to submit the following observations.
Notes on the Fecundation of the Egg of Sphærechinus granularia, and on the Maturation and Fertilisation of the Egg of Phallusia mammillata
Authors: Hill M. D. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is somewhat remarkable that since the late Professor Fol’s (4) account of the “Quadrille des Centres” in the Echinoderm egg, up till very recently, no further work had been published either to confirm or refute Fol’s original statements. It is therefore with all the more satisfaction that zoologists will welcome the conjoint paper of Messrs. Wilson and Matthews (10), being, as it is, a record of so much careful and accurate work. To the student of cytology, however, the theoretical importance of a clear insight into the complicated phenomena accompanying the maturation and fertilisation of ova is so great, that all evidence gained from independent work, with the help of reliable optical instruments and the most fitting reagents, necessarily becomes of some interest. I propose, therefore, to give in this paper an account of a portion of the work done by me whilst holding the British Association’s table in the Marine Zoological Station at Naples. I have, however, to regret that circumstances forced me to leave Naples before I had completed my observations, especially on the maturation of the sexual cells in Phallusia mammillata. In all cases where a doubt still exists as to the real facts, I have been careful to state so expressly. My thanks are due to the British Association for kindly allowing me the use of their table, and to the officials of the station, by whom I was treated with all possible friendliness.
On Kynotus cingulatus, a New Species of Earthworm from Imerina in Madagascar
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The subject of the present paper was handed to me by Professor Bell, of the British Museum, in 1893, for identification. The delay of more than a year in completing the description of this worm, which presents points of novelty deserving earlier publication, is due to press of other work. I have once more to acknowledge my indebtedness to my friend Professor Jeffrey Bell, and to tender my thanks to the authorities of the British Museum for their generosity in permitting me to “work my will” on the specimens handed to me.
On the Development of Lichenopora verrucaria, Fabr
Authors: Harmer Sidney F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I have formerly had occasion to describe certain very remarkable phenomena in the development of Crisia (6), and I then ventured to suggest that embryonic fission would be found to be characteristic of the whole group of Cyclostomatous Polyzoa. The development of Crisia being, to the best of my belief, without an exact parallel in the entire animal kingdom, it was important to test my former results by the study of some other Cyclostome. A chance discovery of large numbers of the colonies of Lichenopora verrucaria, Fabr., in all stages of development, enabled me not only to confirm the main fact of the occurrence of embryonic fission, but to discover certain previously unsuspected phenomena in the life-history of that species. An abstract of my results has been communicated to the Royal Society (8).
On Arhynchus hemignathi, a new Genus of Acanthocephala
Authors: Shipley Arthur E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the summer of 1894 I received from Mr. Perkins, of Jesus College, Oxford, seven small parasites which he had noticed adhering lightly to the skin around the anus of a species of bird, Hemignathus procerus, which he collected in the island of Kauai, one of the Sandwich Island group. Each of these parasites was divided into three regions,—a head, a collar, and a trunk; and, in fact, they have an almost ludicrous resemblance to a young Balanoglossus with one or two gill-slits (figs, i, n, and m). On investigating their anatomy it at once became evident that the animals belonged to the group Acauthocephala, and, further, that they differed from the other members of the group in the absence of what is perhaps their most characteristic organ,—from which, indeed, they take their name—the hooked proboscis or introvert. The absence of so characteristic a structure, and the fact that the parasites were found outside the body, i.e. not as an endoparasite, but as an ectoparasite, lightly attached to the skin, made me think that perhaps the hooked introvert had been left behind in the intestine of the host, and that the body of the parasite had passed out of the alimentary canal of the bird. However, careful inspection failed to reveal any trace of a scar or mark where the introvert might have been broken off; and although in the absence of hooks and introvert sheath, &c., the anterior part of the body which I have called the head is as unlike the typical introvert as possible, still in its relation to the lemnisci and to the ligament it occupies the position of that organ, and until we can get further information I think the best plan is to regard this part of the body as equivalent to the eversible part of more normal forms.
The Reproduction and Metamorphosis Of the Common Eel (Anguilla Vulgaris).1
Authors: Grassi G.B 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Four years of continual researches made by me in collaboration with my pupil, Dr. Calandruccio, have been crowned at last by a success beyond my expectations,—that is to say, have enabled me to dispel in the most important points the great mystery which has hitherto surrounded the reproduction and the development of the Common Eel (Anguilla vulgaris). When I reflect that this mystery has occupied the attention of naturalists since the days of Aristotle, it seems to me that a short extract of my work is perhaps not unworthy to be presented to the Royal Society of London, leaving aside, however, for the present, the morphological part of my results.
The Anatomy of the Earthworm
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Being desirous of publishing a notice of certain new points of structure which I have detected in the earthworm, I thought that it might be well to accompany it with a description of the general anatomy of that Annelid, especially since the later and more accurate observations on this subject have been published as papers in foreign journals, and are scattered about in various French, Belgian, and German periodicals. The appearance too, of a paper in the ‘Philosophical Transactions’ for 1858, by Dr. Williams, in which the anatomy of the reproductive organs of Lumbricus is treated of, has been a further inducement to me to publish my observations on this point. The separate researches of two Continental naturalists, M. Jules d’Udekem and Dr. Ewald Hering, had placed our knowledge of the generative system of the earthworm in a so far satisfactory state that little more remained to be done than to explain a few minor discrepancies between the results arrived at by these authors. Dr. Williams, however, having failed to observe that which is recorded by Dr. Hering and M. d’Udekem, asserts that those authors’ observations are “confused and contradictory,” and proceeds to give a description of ovaries and testes, which he does not confirm by adequate figures, and which, certainly as far as my observations have gone, do not exist. It is therefore necessary, in justice to these two continental observers, to show, if possible, that their observations are not “confused and contradictory,” but that they (more especially Dr. Hering) have given, on the whole, a truthful and accurate account of the reproductive organs of Lumbricus ; that it is Dr. Williams’s observations Which are incorrect, and that consequently that author’s views as to the modification of the ciliated tubuli into reproductive organs are, at any rate, as far as Lumbricus is concerned, untenable.
Principles of Human Physiology
Authors: Carpenter William B. , Power Henry 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The sixth edition of a work of nearly one thousand pages is no mean testimony to its worth. We shall not, therefore, attempt to criticise this work, but simply afford our readers the means of judging whether the new edition has kept up with its predecessors in those departments where the use of the microscope is necessary. We are not sure that this is a work of supererogation. Researches with the microscope in this country do not at all command the attention which their importance demands, and if we examine the records of our own societies compared with those of other countries of Europe, it is very manifest that the easier methods of observation with the naked eye are favourites with the scientific men of Great Britain. As a physiologist, no microscopist could complain that Dr. Carpenter has neglected to chronicle and estimate those researches which alone could be carried on with the microscope. He has everywhere recognised research by the aid of this instrument, and in his work on the use of the microscope has shown how thoroughlyhe understands the facts that can alone be brought into consideration in the science of physiology by its aid. At the same time we cannot but regard a certain tendency to speculation in the direction of physical and chemical forces, as fraught with danger to physiology, unless accompanied with the sound observation of facts which the microscope alone supplies. On this ground we felt anxious lest Dr. Carpenter, in committing his work to the editorship of another, should diminish its value in relation to all those facts bearing on human physiology which can alone be properly understood by the use of the microscope. We are glad to say that, as far as our examination of this new edition of Dr. Carpenter’s work has gone, we observe no indication on the part of Dr. Power of attaching less importance to microsopical researches than his author.
On the Nephridia of the Polychæta: Part I.—On Hesione, Tyrrhena, and Nephthys
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following observations on Hesione sicula, Dch. (Fallacia sicula), and Tyrrhena Claparedii, Quatref., were begun last year at Naples, and completed at Oxford; those on Nephthys scolopendroides, Dch., and Nephthys cæca, Fabr., were begun at Roscoff, continued at Naples, and finished here.1 The material was examined in all cases both fresh and preserved.
The Pre-ocular and Post-ocular Tentacles and Osphradia of Nautilus
Authors: Willey Arthur 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The occurrence of a special tentacle in front of the eye and another behind the eye in Nautilus is well known. These tentacles resemble the large number of remaining tentacular appendages in being ringed, and also in being retractile within sheaths, but differ from them in almost every other respect. In the first place, most of the tentacular appendages of Nautilus have essentially an adhesive function, to which is related a prehensile function. They are employed for seizing hold of food and for attachment to surfaces.
On some Modifications of Structure subservient to Respiration in Decapod Crustacea which burrow in Sand; with some remarks on the Utility of Specific Characters in the genus Calappa, and the description of a new species of Albunea
Authors: Garstang Walter 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A Good deal of scepticism has been expressed in recent years by various writers as to the utility of the more trivial features which distinguish the genera and species of animals from one another. I do not think that such scepticism can excite much surprise if one remembers that the vast majority of “biologists” are almost exclusively engaged in the study of comparative anatomy and embryology. The amount of attention paid to these branches of biology has long been utterly out of proportion to the scant attention devoted to the scientific study of the habits of animals and of the function of the organs and parts composing their bodies. With isolated and noteworthy exceptions, the only naturalists who seriously add to our knowledge of the latter subjects are those who travel in distant countries, and who are thus thrown into close relations with animals in their native haunts. Yet all the time there are thousands of forms living on our own coasts and almost at our very doors of whose detailed habits and life-conditions we know practically nothing. I venture to think that the time has come for consideration whether the subject of bionomics (in Professor Lankester’s sense of the word) should not receive more adequate recognition than it does at present in the biological curriculum of our universities. That such recognition would almost immediately produce effects in a rapid extension of our knowledge is certain ; and the subject is invested with so much intrinsic interest, as well as with such important bearings on the problems of evolution, that I believe such recognition would also have the effect of attracting many students to the pursuit of morphology who at present avoid it as a region of mere comparative anatomy.
On the Reno-pericardial Canals in Patella
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Strange indeed, and happily unique in the annals of comparative anatomy, has been the history of our knowledge of the reno-pericardial canals of Patella. Although discovered more than thirty years ago, and investigated by many observers since, not only is their structure insufficiently known, but their very existence has been called in question, and even positively denied !
The Molluscs of the Great African Lakes. III. Tanganyikia rufofilosa, and the Genus Spekia
Authors: Moore J. E. S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
On the coast line formed by the red sandstone and conglomerate precipices which flank the picturesque shores of Lake Tanganyika there are to be found a number of rock molluscs, which dwell upon the submerged stones, much in the same manner as the periwinkles do upon the half-tide rock faces of the ocean coasts. Of these small Gastropods, what have appeared to be at least three distinct species have been known, but hitherto only by the characters of their empty shells, and in the absence of all other information they have been regarded by the conchologists as approaching the genus Lithoglyphus.1 In the literature, one of these forms, L. neritinoides, still bears that generic name, but the species rufofilosa was eventually placed by Cross in what he supposed to be an allied but separate genus, under the name of Tanganyikia, while the original L. zonatus was placed by Bourguignat in the genus Spekia.