bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of the quality of external board evaluation in the UK
Authors: Sobhan Abdus , Adegbite Emmanuel 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
This study aims to examine the influence of the following on the quality of externally facilitated board evaluation, namely, the timing of adoption of external board evaluation, type of evaluators and the independence of external facilitators.

Design/methodology/approach
The statements on board evaluation in annual reports of a sample of FTSE 350 companies were content analysed to measure the quality of externally facilitated board evaluation. This paper then used descriptive analysis and inferential statistics to demonstrate the possible association between the timing of adoption, as well as the type and independence of external facilitators and the quality of externally facilitated board evaluation.

Findings
Results reveal some effects of the timing of adoption, as well as the type and independence of external facilitators on the quality of externally facilitated board evaluation.

Practical implications
Shareholders should be aware of the timing of adoption, as well as consider the types and independence of external facilitators, given their influence on the quality of externally facilitated board evaluation. Regulatory authorities should provide more specific guidance on what types of professional organisations can be engaged as external facilitators and on the implementation of externally facilitated board evaluation, to promote its quality.

Originality/value
Several studies have provided theoretical accounts on how board evaluation should be conducted to ensure its effectiveness. However, there is a dearth of empirical literature, which examines the quality of externally facilitated board evaluation. This study develops a quality measure for externally facilitated board evaluation and shows the effect of the timing of adoption, types and independence of external facilitators on its quality. The study forges ahead institutional theorising of external board evaluation.
Tolerance zones: a pragmatic approach to respond to problems related to open alcohol and drug scenes in Bremen/Germany
Authors: Prepeliczay Susanna , Schmidt-Semisch Henning 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
This study aims to describe and analyse an approach in the city of Bremen (Germany) to establish streetwork-supported tolerance zones for local open drug and alcohol scenes to reduce related disorder and nuisance in public spaces.

Design/methodology/approach
The qualitative methodology included systematic participant observations at public sites of drug and alcohol use, and problem-centred interviews with different groups of respondents (residents, passers-by, trades people, drug users, experts from addiction help and police).

Findings
In residential districts, tolerance zones were well accepted by their target group and found to reduce perceived disorder and nuisance in public space. However, their success depends on the social and spatial conditions of the chosen location, its surrounding urban infrastructure, cooperation among local actors and characteristics of drug using groups.

Originality/value
Usually, policing of open drug scenes focuses on repression and law enforcement. The example of Bremen suggests that streetwork-supported tolerance zones dedicated to the drug scene can substantially reduce disorder and nuisance in public space.
The volatility characteristics of Vietnamese coffee export price and transmission mechanism of influencing factors: a Markov switching approach
Authors: Dang TrungTuyen , Caihong Zhang , Nguyen ThiHong , Nguyen NgocTrung , Tran Cuong 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
This study aims to examine the transmission mechanism of factors on the characteristic fluctuation of Vietnamese coffee bean export price (PVN).

Design/methodology/approach
Applying Markov switching–vector autoregressive model.

Findings
Significantly, the empirical results showed that the transmission of independent variables on PVN is non-linear, and the fluctuation of PVN is affected by many factors, especially PVN in the previous period. In addition, the effect of Robusta coffee price was the greatest with coefficient is 0.28785, and the correlation between PVN and it was also the highest in both regimes with coefficients are 0.5317 and 0.3959, respectively.

Originality/value
These obtained results are in accordance with reality, as Vietnam is the largest exporter of Robusta coffee in the world.
Security and privacy of adolescents in social applications and networks: legislative aspects and legal practice of countering cyberbullying on example of developed and developing countries
Authors: Ghandour Ahmad , Shestak Viktor , Sokolovskiy Konstantin 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to study the developed countries’ experience on the cyberbullying legal regulation among adolescents, to identify existing shortcomings in the developing countries’ laws and to develop recommendations for regulatory framework improvement.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors have studied the state regulatory practice of the UK, the USA, Canada, Malaysia, South Africa, Turkey, UAE and analyzed the statistics of 2018 on the cyberbullying manifestation among adolescents in these countries.

Findings
The study results can encourage countries to create separate cyberbullying legislation and periodically review and modify already existing legislation.

Originality/value
The study provides a list of the recommendations to regulate cybercrime in developing countries and prevent it as well. The results may contribute to creating laws related to the regulation of cyberbullying in countries where such legislation does not exist yet or existing regulatory legal acts do not bring the expected results, namely, in Post-Soviet countries and other developing countries of the world.
The influence of private family firm characteristics on audit fees: the family name as a red flag
Authors: Schierstedt Bennet , Corten Maarten 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
This study aims to examine the relationship between family firm characteristics and audit fees. It also examines the extent to which the family name is considered a red flag during the risk assessment of these firm characteristics.

Design/methodology/approach
Using an external panel data set that includes 1,252 firm-year observations of 204 private German firms with a time series from 2010–2016, regression analyses were conducted to test the hypotheses.

Findings
This study’s results indicate that family involvement in management and the supervisory board are negatively related to audit fees, suggesting less demand and supply of audit effort due to lower Type I agency conflicts. Family ownership is found to be positively associated with audit fees due to higher Type II agency conflicts. Moreover, the negative effect of family involvement in management on audit fees becomes weaker if the firm name contains the family name, indicating that it is considered a red flag by auditors during their risk assessment.

Originality/value
Prior studies that examined audit fees in family firms mainly compared family firms to non-family firms. However, auditors are not likely to look at firms in a dichotomous way during their risk assessment, especially as there are numerous definitions of family firms. Instead, they will assess the underlying characteristics regarding management, ownership and governance, although a firm name containing the family name may influence this assessment. This study contributes to the literature by accounting for the heterogeneity of family firms and examining how auditors will assess this heterogeneity.
New Zealand Government’s budgetary response to the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Narayan Anil K. , Kommunuri John 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to provide a commentary on how well the New Zealand (NZ) Government has used the budget as a tool to tackle the social and economic problems associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The role of public budgeting as a political instrument is also critiqued.

Design/methodology/approach
An analysis was carried out of relevant documents that included government policy statements, budgets, news articles and website information on the pandemic. Meaningful interpretation of information and reflections helped provide the basis of the commentary.

Findings
Public budgeting has a prominent role in addressing a major global crisis. Budgets need to quickly respond to the needs of the moment in saving lives and sustaining people’s well-being, businesses and the economy. In a crisis situation, the social, political and economic factors become crucial determinants of budgetary policy measures. Although strong political leadership is required to deliver budgets under unimaginable circumstances, the ideology of the political party in government can be a powerful predictor of fiscal policies. Crisis budgeting will result in mounting budget deficits and public debts that will take many years for future generations to pay back.

Practical implications
This paper provides a significant learning for other nations. These lessons will guide budget policymakers to prepare better for potential crisis in the future.

Originality/value
This paper is original and based on the NZ Government’s budgetary response to the COVID-19 pandemic. It will be valuable in formulating budget policies and public funding decisions in a major crisis.
Application of total interpretive structural modeling for analyzing factors of additive manufacturing and industry 4.0 integration
Authors: Wankhede Vishal Ashok , S. Vinodh 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to develop a model based on the total interpretive structural modeling (TISM) approach for analysis of factors of additive manufacturing (AM) and industry 4.0 (I4.0) integration.

Design/methodology/approach
AM integration with I4.0 is attributed due to various reasons such as developing complex shapes with good quality, real-time data analysis, augmented reality and decentralized production. To enable the integration of AM and I4.0, a structural model is to be developed. TISM technique is used as a solution methodology. TISM approach supports establishing a contextual relationship-based structural model to recognize the influential factors. Cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) analysis has been used to validate the TISM model and to explore the driving and dependence power of each factor.

Findings
The derived structural model indicated the dominant factors to be focused on. Dominant factors include sensor integration (F9), resolution (F12), small build volumes (F19), internet of things and lead time (F14). MICMAC analysis showed the number of driving, dependent, linkage and autonomous factors as 3, 2, 12 and 3, respectively.

Research limitations/implications
In the present study, 20 factors are considered. In the future, additional factors could be considered based on advancements in I4.0 technologies.

Practical implications
The study has practical relevance as it had been conducted based on inputs from industry practitioners. The industry decision-makers and practitioners may use the developed TISM model to understand the inter-relationship among the factors to take appropriate measures before adoption.

Originality/value
The study on developing a structural model for analysis of factors influencing AM and I4.0 is the original contribution of the authors.
Impact of consumption values on consumers’ purchase of organic food and green environmental concerns
Authors: Mohd Suki Norazah , Majeed Abdul , Mohd Suki Norbayah 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
This study aims to examine the impact of consumption values on consumers’ purchase of organic food and green environmental concerns. Additionally, the relationships between green environmental concerns and consumers’ purchase of organic food are investigated.

Design/methodology/approach
A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to 500 consumers with experience in purchasing organic food in Pakistan. The covariance-based structural equation modeling (CB-SEM) technique was used for the data analysis using the Analysis of Moments Structure software version 23. The CB-SEM technique allows for the simultaneous estimation of all relationships.

Findings
The CB-SEM technique reveals that of the 11 hypotheses tested, social value heavily influences consumers’ green environmental concerns. Moreover, consumers’ purchase of organic food is greatly impacted by conditional value. Consumers purchase organic food for their daily needs because they feel responsible for preserving and protecting the environment against global warming and its associated threats. This green purchasing behavior actually leads to better social approval, through its ability to impress others.

Practical implications
Organizations and business owners should address green environmental concerns by seriously applying organic methods in the process of production, processing, packaging and selling of organic food products. Such organic practices would enable organizations and business owners to produce organic food products that are free from chemicals.

Originality/value
The inclusion of consumption values strengthens the explanatory power of the proposed model in the context of Pakistani consumers’ purchase of organic food and green environmental concerns simultaneously. This study therefore adds new and substantial insights into the marketing theory.
Efficacy of bath‐psoralen and ultraviolet A therapy for mycosis fungoides – retrospective analysis of 62 cases
Authors: Shintani Yoichi , Nishida Emi , Furuhashi Takuya , Muramatsu Shinnosuke , Kubo Ryoji , Nakamura Motoki , Watanabe Shoichi , Masuda Hideyuki , Ikumi Kyoko , Matsumoto Kazuhiko , Yamazaki Sayuri , Morita Akimichi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPhotochemotherapy with psoralen and ultraviolet A (PUVA) is widely used for refractory skin diseases. Bathwater delivery of 8‐methoxypsoralen (8‐MOPS) with subsequent UVA irradiation (bath‐PUVA) or oral administration of 8‐MOPS with UVA is used to treat mycosis fungoides. We retrospectively analyzed 62 patients with mycosis fungoides (8 stage IA, 30 stage IB, 5 stage IIB, 18 stage IIIA, and 1 stage IVA2) treated with bath‐PUVA at the Dermatology Clinic of Nagoya City University Hospital from November 2004 to December 2013. A complete response was achieved in 37 (59.7%) patients, a partial response was achieved in 16 (25.8%), and stable disease was achieved in 6 (9.7%). Progressive disease was observed in 3 (4.8%) patients. Almost all patients in stage IA/IB achieved a complete response. Of the 5 stage IIB patients, 2 achieved a partial response, 1 achieved stable disease, and 2 had progressive disease. The serum concentrations of soluble interleukin‐2 receptor and lactate dehydrogenase decreased significantly following treatment with bath‐PUVA (p < 0.001). We examined the risk factors of patients whose stage progressed despite PUVA treatment. A multivariate Cox regression analysis of risk factors associated with stage progression yielded a hazard ratio of 28.5 for stage IIb. Treatment with bath‐PUVA is highly effective in the early stages of mycosis fungoides, and partially effective in advanced stages.
Frequencies and mechanisms of pesticide resistance in Tetranychus urticae field populations in China
Authors: Zhang Yan , Xu Dandan , Zhang Youjun , Wu Qingjun , Xie Wen , Guo Zhaojiang , Wang Shaoli 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticate is an important agricultural pest worldwide. It is extremely polyphagous and has developed resistance to many pesticides. Here, we assessed the pesticide resistance of seven field populations of T. urticae in China, their target site mutations and the activities of their detoxification enzymes. The results showed that abamectin and the traditional pesticides pyridaben, profenofos and bifenthrin had higher resistance or lower toxicity than more recently developed pesticides including chlorfenapyr, spinetoram, cyflumetofen, cyenopyrafen, bifenazate and B‐azolemiteacrylic. The frequency of point mutations related to abamectin resistance, G314D in the glutamate‐gated chloride channel 1 (GluCl1) and G326E in GluCl3, ranged 47%–70% and 0%–97%, respectively. The frequency of point mutations in A1215D and F1538I of the voltage‐gated sodium channel gene (VGSC), which may increase resistance to pyrethroids, ranged 88%–100% and 10%–100%, respectively. For target sites related to organophosphate resistance, mutation frequencies ranged 25%–92% for G119S and 0%–23% for A201S in the acetycholinesterase gene (Ace). Mutation G126S in the bifenazate resistance‐related cytochrome b gene (Cytb) was observed in three of the seven T. urticae populations. Higher activities of detoxification enzymes (P450, GST, CarEs and UGTs) were observed in two T. urticae populations, with significant difference in the XY‐SX population. These results provide useful information on the status of pesticide resistance of T. urticae in China and suggest that T. urticae field populations may have multiple resistance mechanisms.
Enhancement of edeine production in Brevibacillus brevis X23 via in situ promoter engineering
Authors: Liu Qingshu , Zhang Liang , Wang Yunsheng , Zhang Cuiyang , Liu Tianbo , Duan Caichen , Bian Xiaoying , Guo Zhaohui , Long Qingshan , Tang Ying , Du Jie , Liu Aiyu , Dai Liangying , Li Dingjun , Chen Wu 
Published: July 2021

SummaryEdeines, a group of cationic antimicrobial peptides produced by the soil bacterium Brevibacillus, have broad biological effects, such as antimicrobial, anticancer and immunosuppressive activities. However, the yield of edeines in wild‐type (WT) Brevibacillus is extremely low, and chemical synthesis of edeines is a time‐consuming process. Genetic engineering has proven to be an effective approach to produce antibiotics with high yield. In this study, the edeine biosynthetic gene cluster (ede BGC), which is involved in edeine production, was identified and characterized in Brevibacillus brevis X23. To improve edeine production in B. brevis X23, the ede BGC promoter was replaced with six different promoters, Pmwp, Pspc, PxylA, Pshuttle‐09, Pgrac or P43, through double‐crossover homologous recombination. The new promoters significantly increased the expression of the ede BGC as well as edeine production by 2.9 ± 0.4 to 20.5 ± 1.2‐fold and 3.6 ± 0.1to 8.7 ± 0.7‐fold respectively. The highest yield of edeines (83.6 mg l−1) was obtained in B. brevis X23 with the Pmwp promoter. This study provides a practical approach for producing high yields of edeines in B. brevis.
A newly developed PCR‐based method revealed distinct Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies infection patterns in colorectal cancer
Authors: Bi Dexi , Zhu Yin , Gao Yaohui , Li Hao , Zhu Xingchen , Wei Rong , Xie Ruting , Wei Qing , Qin Huanlong 
Published: July 2021

SummaryFusobacterium nucleatum, which has four subspecies (nucleatum, animalis, vincentii and polymorphum), plays an important role in promoting colorectal cancer (CRC). However, as there is no efficient method of differentiating these subspecies in the context of a rich gut microbiota, the compositions in CRC remain largely unknown. In this study, a PCR‐based differentiation method enabling profiling of F. nucleatum infection in CRC at the subspecies level was developed. Based on the analysis of 53 F. nucleatum genomes, we identified genetic markers specific to each subspecies and designed primers for the conserved sequences of those markers. The PCR performance of the primers was tested with F. nucleatum and non‐nucleatum Fusobacterium strains, and complete consistence with taxonomy was achieved. Additionally, no non‐specific amplification occurred when using human DNA. The method was then applied to faecal (n = 58) and fresh‐frozen tumour tissue (n = 100) samples from CRC patients, and wide heterogeneity in F. nucleatum subspecies compositions in the gut microbiota among CRC patients was observed. Single‐subspecies colonization was common, whereas coexistence of four subspecies was rare. Subspecies animalis was most prevalent, while nucleatum was not frequently detected. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of the pathogenicity of F. nucleatum at the subspecies level and the method developed has potential for clinical and epidemiological use.
Species density models from opportunistic citizen science data
Authors: Ver Hoef Jay M. , Johnson Devin , Angliss Robyn , Higham Matt 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWith the advent of technology for data gathering and storage, opportunistic citizen science data are proliferating. Species distribution models (SDMs) aim to use species occurrence or abundance for ecological insights, prediction and management. We analysed a massive opportunistic dataset with over 100,000 records of incidental shipboard observations of marine mammals. Our overall goal was to create maps of species density from massive opportunistic data by using spatial regression for count data with an effort offset. We illustrate the method with two marine mammals in the Gulf of Alaska and Bering Sea.We counted the total number of animals in 11,424 hexagons based on presence‐only data. To decrease bias, we first estimated a spatial density surface for ship‐days, which was our proxy variable for effort. We used spatial considerations to create pseudo‐absences, and left some hexagons as missing values. Next, we created SDMs that used modelled effort to create pseudo‐absences, and included the effort surface as an offset in a second stage analysis of two example species, northern fur seals and Steller sea lions.For both effort and species counts, we used spatial count regression with random effects that had a multivariate normal distribution with a conditional autoregressive (CAR) covariance matrix, providing 2.5 million Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) samples (1,000 were retained) from the posterior distribution. We used a novel MCMC scheme that maintained sparse precision matrices for observed and missing data when batch sampling from the multivariate normal distribution. We also used a truncated normal distribution to stabilize estimates, and used a look‐up table for sampling the autocorrelation parameter. These innovations allowed us to draw several million samples in just a few hours.From the posterior distributions of the SDMs, we computed two functions of interest. We normalized the SDMs and then applied an overall abundance estimate obtained from the literature to derive spatially explicit abundance estimates, especially within subsetted areas. We also created ‘certain hotspots’ that scaled local abundance by standard deviation and using thresholds. Hexagons with values above a threshold were deemed as hotspots with enough evidence to be certain about them.