bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thickness evaluation of AlOx barrier layers for encapsulation of flexible PV modules in industrial environments by normal reflectance and machine learning
Authors: Grau‐Luque Enric , Guc Maxim , Becerril‐Romero Ignacio , Izquierdo‐Roca Víctor , Pérez‐Rodríguez Alejandro , Bolt Pieter , Van den Bruele Fieke , Ruhle Ulfert 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFlexible photovoltaic (PV) devices, such as those based on Cu (In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) and perovskites, use polymeric front sheets for encapsulation that do not provide sufficient protection against the environment. The addition of nanometric AlxO layers by spatial atomic layer deposition (S‐ALD) to these polymeric materials can highly improve environmental protection due to their low water vapor transmission rate and is a suitable solution to be applied in roll‐to‐roll industrial production lines. A precise control of the thickness of the AlOx layers is crucial to ensure an effective water barrier performance. However, current thickness evaluation methods of such nanometric layers are costly and complex to incorporate in industrial environments. In this context, the present work describes and demonstrates a novel characterization methodology based on normal reflectance measurements and either on control parameter‐based calibration curves or machine learning algorithms that enable a precise, low‐cost, and scalable assessment of the thickness of AlOx nanometric layers. In particular, the proposed methodology is applied for precisely determining the thickness AlOx nanolayers deposited on three different substrates relevant for the PV industry: monocrystalline Si, Cu (In,Ga)Se2 multistack flexible modules, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) flexible encapsulation foil. The proposed methodology demonstrates a sensitivity <10 nm and acquisition times ≤100 ms which makes it compatible with industrial monitoring applications. Additionally, a specific design for in‐line integration of a normal reflectance system into a roll‐to‐roll production line for thickness control of nanometric layers is defined and proposed.
Electrical properties of perovskite solar cells by illumination intensity and temperature‐dependent photoluminescence imaging
Authors: Bui Anh Dinh , Mozaffari Naeimeh , Truong Thien N. , Duong The , Weber Klaus J. , White Thomas P. , Catchpole Kylie R. , Macdonald Daniel , Nguyen Hieu T. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHybrid organic–inorganic perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are one of the most promising candidates for next generation photovoltaics. Further improvement in their performance, particularly efficiency, durability and reproducibility, requires a deep understanding of recombination losses during fabrication and within a device itself. In this work, we report a contactless, imaging‐based procedure to spatially resolve electronic properties of PSCs including implied open‐circuit voltage (iVoc) and its temperature coefficient, ideality factor (nid) and activation energy of recombination (EA) by employing illumination intensity and temperature‐dependent photoluminescence. The illumination intensity dependence of iVoc allows the extraction of nid whereas its temperature dependence allows the extraction of the temperature coefficient and EA. This imaging approach is then applied to investigate changes of these electronic parameters on fully and partially fabricated devices.
Carbon nitride‐coated transparent glass vials as photoinitiators for radical polymerization
Authors: Kumru Baris , Giusto Paolo , Antonietti Markus 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBenign polymerization routes offer new perspectives in current polymer technology. Especially for automated or continuous flow synthesis of polymers, new devices and principles have to be considered by the means of minimizing addition or separation sequences as well as the type of a polymer initiation. Near‐UV and visible light‐induced polymerization utilizing metal‐free semiconductor polymeric carbon nitride (pCN) as heterogeneous photocatalyst was a first step into this direction. Moving from heterogeneous powder catalysis (which still requests catalyst separation) to surface photocatalysis via coating glass tubes or vials with pCN thin films is presented. Performance and effectivity of those photoactive reactors are proven by free radical photopolymerization of variety of monomers. Reusability of vials is demonstrated via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization‐assisted block copolymer synthesis. This strategy eliminates the necessity of adding or removing initiators, works at room temperature, and offers a platform for cheap and effective polymer synthesis at the age of automated synthesis.
Fractons and Exotic Symmetries from Branes
Authors: Geng Hao , Kachru Shamit , Karch Andreas , Nally Richard , Rayhaun Brandon C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe emerging study of fractons, a new type of quasi‐particle with restricted mobility, has motivated the construction of several classes of interesting continuum quantum field theories with novel properties. One such class consists of foliated field theories which, roughly, are built by coupling together fields supported on the leaves of foliations of spacetime. Another approach, which we refer to as exotic field theory, focuses on constructing Lagrangians consistent with special symmetries (like subsystem symmetries) that are adjacent to fracton physics. A third framework is that of infinite‐component Chern‐Simons theories, which attempts to generalize the role of conventional Chern‐Simons theory in describing (2+1)D Abelian topological order to fractonic order in (3+1)D. The study of these theories is ongoing, and many of their properties remain to be understood. Historically, it has been fruitful to study QFTs by embedding them into string theory. One way this can be done is via D‐branes, extended objects whose dynamics can, at low energies, be described in terms of conventional quantum field theory. QFTs that can be realized in this way can then be analyzed using the rich mathematical and physical structure of string theory. In this paper, we show that foliated field theories, exotic field theories, and infinite‐component Chern‐Simons theories can all be realized on the world‐volumes of branes. We hope that these constructions will ultimately yield valuable insights into the physics of these interesting field theories.
An Overview on Recent Trends in Deep‐Ultraviolet (DUV) and Ultraviolet (UV) Nonlinear Optical Crystals
Authors: Sekar Anand , Muthurakku Usha Rani , Sivaperuman Kalainathan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNonlinear optical (NLO) materials with high second‐order nonlinearity are the need of the hour, as they play a key role in frequency conversion, so that coherent radiation in the Ultraviolet (UV) and Deep UV (DUV) (absorption edge<200 nm) region can be achieved. Technologically, these materials have a broad range of applications. This review mainly focuses on the recent trends in inorganic UV and DUV crystals and their possibilities of replacing the existing commercially available crystal. Following the introduction, the manuscript explains UV and DUV crystals based on the inorganic anions, namely borates, nitrates, carbonates, phosphates and hydrated borates. Main criteria that define the role of crystals in the Deep UV region like crystal symmetry, structural groups, cut‐off edge, Second‐harmonic generation properties and its origin were explained in detail. The conclusion part states the future scope of this field.
Self‐Assembly of Protein‐Containing Lipid‐Bilayer Nanodiscs from Small‐Molecule Amphiphiles
Authors: Mahler Florian , Meister Annette , Vargas Carolyn , Durand Grégory , Keller Sandro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhen membrane proteins are removed from their natural environment, the quality of the membrane‐solubilizing agent used is critical for preserving their native structures and functions. Nanodiscs that retain a lipid‐bilayer core around membrane proteins have attracted great attention because they offer a much more native‐like environment than detergent micelles. Here, two small‐molecule amphiphiles with diglucose headgroups and either a hydrocarbon or a fluorocarbon hydrophobic chain are shown to directly assemble lipids and membrane proteins to form native nanodiscs rather than mixed micelles. Self‐assembly of nanodiscs of increasing complexity from both defined, artificial vesicles as well as complex, cellular membranes is demonstrated. A detailed investigation of bilayer integrity and membrane‐protein activity in these nanodiscs reveals gentle effects on the encapsulated bilayer core. The fluorinated amphiphile appears particularly promising because its lipophobicity results in gentle, non‐perturbing interactions with the nanoscale lipid bilayer. A sequential model of nanodisc self‐assembly is proposed that proceeds through perforation of the original membrane followed by saturation and complete solubilization of the bilayer. On this basis, pseudophase diagrams are established for mixtures of lipids and nanodisc‐forming diglucoside amphiphiles, and the latter are used for the extraction of a broad range of membrane proteins from cellular membranes.
A new crack spacing model for reinforced concrete specimens with multiple bars subjected to axial tension using 3D nonlinear FEM simulations
Authors: Naotunna Chavin Nilanga , Samarakoon S. M. Samindi M. K. , Fosså Kjell Tore 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCrack spacing is a governing parameter in widely used crack width calculation models. Axial tensile experiments are conducted to examine the crack spacing behavior of reinforced concrete specimens with multiple reinforcement bars. To reduce the time, cost, and labor of the experiments, nonlinear finite element simulations are widely used. In this study, 3D non‐linear finite element simulation models have been developed with the smeared cracking approach to predict the average crack spacings. These models are calibrated and validated using both the experiment conducted by the authors and an experiment given in the literature. The governing crack spacing parameters have been identified as concrete cover thickness and clear distance between tensile bars. After conducting a series of 3D nonlinear finite element method simulations with the calibrated model, an equation is developed to predict the average crack spacings using multiple linear regression analysis. The validity of the proposed crack spacing equation has been checked with 18 recent experimental results in the literature. The proposed crack spacing equation gives a good agreement with the results of these experiments.
Design and Analysis of Dual‐Stator Brushless Doubly‐Fed Generator for Wind Turbine
Authors: Zhang Changguo , Cheng Ming , Zeng Yu 
Published: October 2021

Brushless doubly‐fed generator (BDFG) is a most promising candidate for the wind turbine due to its simple structure, high reliability, and low converter capacity. To improve space utilization and achieve higher power density, this paper proposes a new dual‐stator BDFG (DS‐BDFG), which provides two separated windings, namely, the power winding (PW) placed in the outer stator and the control winding (CW) placed in the inner stator. A cup‐shaped rotor sandwiched between the inner and outer stators consists of the short‐circuited coil and the salient‐pole core. The coupling between the PW and the CW is realized via the rotor based on the general airgap magnetic field modulation theory for electrical machines. A prototype of the DS‐BDFG with rated PW power of 7.2 kW is designed and optimized. The keys of this paper are the power equation derivation, the determination of pole/slot combinations, and the rotor optimization. The electromagnetic characteristics and unbalanced magnetic force of the DS‐BDFG are analyzed by 2D finite element analysis to verify the reasonableness of the proposed model. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Tropical land use drives endemic versus exotic ant communities in a global biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Rakotomalala Anjaharinony A. N. A. , Wurz Annemarie , Grass Ingo , Martin Dominic A. , Osen Kristina , Schwab Dominik , Soazafy Marie Rolande , Tscharntke Teja , Raveloson Ravaomanarivo Lala H. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUnderstanding how land-use change affects biodiversity is a fundamental step to develop effective conservation strategies in human-modified tropical landscapes. Here, we analyzed how land-use change through tropical small-scale agriculture affects endemic, exotic, and non-endemic native ant communities, focusing on vanilla landscapes in north-eastern Madagascar, a global biodiversity hotspot. First, we compared ant species richness and species composition across seven land-use types: old-growth forest, forest fragment, forest-derived vanilla agroforest, fallow-derived vanilla agroforest, woody fallow, herbaceous fallow, and rice paddy. Second, we assessed how environmental factors drive ant species richness in the agricultural matrix to identify management options that promote endemic and non-endemic native while controlling exotic ant species. We found that old-growth forest, forest fragment, and forest-derived vanilla agroforest supported the highest endemic ant species richness. Exotic ant species richness, by contrast, was lowest in old-growth forest but highest in herbaceous fallows, woody fallows, and rice paddy. Rice paddy had the lowest non-endemic native ant species richness. Ant species composition differed among land-use types, highlighting the uniqueness of old-growth forest in harboring endemic ant species which are more sensitive to disturbance. In the agricultural matrix, higher canopy closure and landscape forest cover were associated with an increase of endemic ant species richness but a decrease of exotic ant species richness. We conclude that preserving remnant forest fragments and promoting vanilla agroforests with a greater canopy closure in the agricultural matrix are important management strategies to complement the role of old-growth forests for endemic ant conservation in north-eastern Madagascar.
Spatial and temporal patterns of urea content in a eutrophic stream continuum on the Northern Great Plains
Authors: Swarbrick Vanessa J. , Bergbusch Nathanael T. , Leavitt Peter R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUrea can degrade water quality and stimulate toxic phytoplankton in P-rich lakes, yet little is known of its sources, abundance, or transportation in lotic systems, particularly within the Northern Great Plains. We measured physico-chemical parameters biweekly during May–September 2010–2012 at 16 stations along a 250 km lotic continuum to quantify spatial and temporal variation in urea concentrations and discharge, and to identify potential regulatory processes. Urea concentrations were similar to those in regional prairie lakes (range 5.2–792.1, median 78.6 μg N L−1) with variable seasonal mean (± SD) concentrations (96.6  ± 96.1 μg N L−1) and fluxes (4.22 × 105 ± 257.6 μg N s−1). Landscape analysis with generalized additive models explained 68.3% of deviance in urea concentrations, with high temporal variability predicted mainly by positive relationships with nutrient content and chlorophyte abundance, but not temperature, dissolved organic matter, bacterial abundance, or urban effluent. Seasonal analysis revealed that during spring, urea content was correlated negatively with leguminous forage cover (% area) and positively with stream discharge, oilseed and cereal crops, and shrubs or deciduous plants, while during summer, urea concentrations were correlated negatively with discharge and leguminous crop cover, as well as nutrient levels. Mean porewater urea concentrations (528.5 ± 229.8 μg N L−1) were over five-fold greater than stream concentrations, suggesting that hyporheic production may offset declining influx from terrestrial sources during summer. We conclude that urea may be ubiquitous in eutrophic prairie streams and that management of its export from land may reduce detrimental effects on downstream lakes.
Risk assessment framework for Mediterranean airports: a focus on extreme temperatures and precipitations and sea level rise
Authors: De Vivo Carmela , Ellena Marta , Capozzi Vincenzo , Budillon Giorgio , Mercogliano Paola 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe increase of frequency and severity of extreme weather events due to climate change gives evidence of severe challenges faced by infrastructure systems. Among them, the aviation sector is particularly at risk from the potential consequences of climate change. Airports are classified as critical infrastructures because they provide fundamental functions to sustain societies and economic activities. More specifically, Mediterranean airports face risks associated with sea level rise, higher occurrence of extreme temperature and precipitation events. These aspects require the implementation of appropriate risk assessments and definition of targeted adaptation strategies, which are still limited in the Mediterranean region. The aim of the present paper is to provide theoretical frameworks in order to assess risks of climate change on Mediterranean airports, related to extreme temperature, extreme precipitation and sea level rise. Starting from a review of the literature, we first identify the sources of climate risk that may induce potential impacts on airports, here divided in air side and land side components. In order to do so, we select a series of indicators used as proxies for identifying hazard, exposure and vulnerability. The application of these theoretical frameworks allows defining the level of risk associated to each hazard, with the goal to support the identification of specific adaptation measures for the Mediterranean airports.
Bounding the execution time of parallel applications on unrelated multiprocessors
Authors: Voudouris Petros , Stenström Per , Pathan Risat 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHeterogeneous multiprocessors can offer high performance at low energy expenditures. However, to be able to use them in hard real-time systems, timing guarantees need to be provided, and the main challenge is to determine the worst-case schedule length (also known as makespan) of an application. Previous works that estimate the makespan focus mainly on the independent-task application model or the related multiprocessor model that limits the applicability of the makespan. On the other hand, the directed acyclic graph (DAG) application model and the unrelated multiprocessor model are general and can cover most of today’s platforms and applications. In this work, we propose a simple work-conserving scheduling method of the tasks in a DAG and two new approaches to finding the makespan. A set of representative OpenMP task-based parallel applications from the BOTS benchmark suite and synthetic DAGs are used to evaluate the proposed method. Based on the empirical results, the proposed approach calculates the makespan close to the exhaustive method and with low pessimism compared to a lower bound of the actual makespan calculation.
Assessing the reliability of raptor pellets in recording local small mammal diversity
Authors: Viteri Maria C. , Stegner Mary Allison , Hadly Elizabeth A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUnderstanding how raptors select prey is important to determine taphonomic biases both in modern and paleo pellet assemblages. We tested whether pellets more closely represent raptor dietary specialization or local small mammal diversity by sampling pellets from seven raptor species across four study sites in Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming, USA. We identified small mammal craniodental elements from each pellet and tested for differences among small mammal assemblages for each raptor species and study site. We found that reconstructed avian predator diets clustered significantly by site but not by predator species. Bray-Curtis diet dissimilarities were also significantly lower when comparing different raptor species within a site than when comparing the same raptor species across different sites. Our results suggest that raptors choose to eat a diversity of small mammal species close to their roosts rather than fly long distances to specialize on a particular prey species. Neontologists and paleoecologists alike can therefore be confident that raptor pellets faithfully represent local small mammal diversity.
The route from informal peasant landownership to formal tenancy and eviction in Palestine, 1800s–1947
Authors: Nadan Amos 
Published: October 2021

AbstractExogenous intervention in land ownership began with few court judgments prior to the weighty Land Code in 1858; but it was especially this law which officially overturned the status quo by permitting registration of cultivated land in the names of non-cultivators. This changed the rules of the game for the peasantry in Palestine. Informally, yet practically, peasants had been the de facto owners of almost all cultivated lands in Palestine for generations. Following the landmark intervention of 1858, non-peasants seized the opportunity to acquire economic assets. They purchased and confiscated peasant lands or manipulated registration of peasant lands into their own names, and the peasants often became their tenants. The additional purchase of lands by Zionist settlers in latter years, compounded by rural demographic growth, intensified this pressure. By 1930, three-quarters of Arab peasants in Palestine cultivated lands they no longer formally owned, while others were pushed to migrate to cities.
War, Duties to Protect, and Military Abolitionism
Authors: Fabre Cécile 
Published: October 2021

AbstractJust war theorists who argue that war is morally justified under certain circumstances infer implicitly that establishing the military institutions needed to wage war is also morally justified. In this paper, I mount a case in favor of a standing military establishment: to the extent that going to war is a way to discharge duties to protect fellow citizens and distant strangers from grievous harms, we have a duty to set up the institutions that enable us to discharge that duty. I then respond to four objections drawn from Ned Dobos's recent book Ethics, Security, and the War-Machine.
Dietary Zn deficiency, the current situation and potential solutions
Authors: Knez Marija , Stangoulis James C.R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractZinc (Zn) deficiency is a worldwide problem, and this review presents an overview of the magnitude of Zn deficiency with a particular emphasis on present global challenges, current recommendations for Zn intake, and factors that affect dietary requirements. The challenges of monitoring Zn status are clarified together with the discussion of relevant Zn bioaccessibility and bioavailability issues. Modern lifestyle factors that may exacerbate Zn deficiency and new strategies of reducing its effects are presented. Biofortification, as a potentially useful strategy for improving Zn status in sensitive populations, is discussed. The review proposes potential actions that could deliver promising results both in terms of monitoring dietary and physiological Zn status as well as in alleviating dietary Zn deficiency in affected populations.