bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Bacterial Genetic Screen Identifies Functional Coding Sequences of the InsectmarinerTransposable ElementFamar1Amplified From the Genome of the Earwig,Forficula auricularia
Authors: Barry Elizabeth G , Witherspoon David J , Lampe David J 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTransposons of the mariner family are widespread in animal genomes and have apparently infected them by horizontal transfer. Most species carry only old defective copies of particular mariner transposons that have diverged greatly from their active horizontally transferred ancestor, while a few contain young, very similar, and active copies. We report here the use of a whole-genome screen in bacteria to isolate somewhat diverged Famar1 copies from the European earwig, Forficula auricularia, that encode functional transposases. Functional and nonfunctional coding sequences of Famar1 and nonfunctional copies of Ammar1 from the European honey bee, Apis mellifera, were sequenced to examine their molecular evolution. No selection for sequence conservation was detected in any clade of a tree derived from these sequences, not even on branches leading to functional copies. This agrees with the current model for mariner transposon evolution that expects neutral evolution within particular hosts, with selection for function occurring only upon horizontal transfer to a new host. Our results further suggest that mariners are not finely tuned genetic entities and that a greater amount of sequence diversification than had previously been appreciated can occur in functional copies in a single host lineage. Finally, this method of isolating active copies can be used to isolate other novel active transposons without resorting to reconstruction of ancestral sequences.
Differential Segregation Patterns of Sperm Mitochondria in Embryos of the Blue Mussel (Mytilus edulis)
Authors: Cao Liqin , Kenchington Ellen , Zouros Eleftherios 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In Mytilus, females carry predominantly maternal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) but males carry maternal mtDNA in their somatic tissues and paternal mtDNA in their gonads. This phenomenon, known as doubly uniparental inheritance (DUI) of mtDNA, presents a major departure from the uniparental transmission of organelle genomes. Eggs of Mytilus edulis from females that produce exclusively daughters and from females that produce mostly sons were fertilized with sperm stained with MitoTracker Green FM, allowing observation of sperm mitochondria in the embryo by epifluorescent and confocal microscopy. In embryos from females that produce only daughters, sperm mitochondria are randomly dispersed among blastomeres. In embryos from females that produce mostly sons, sperm mitochondria tend to aggregate and end up in one blastomere in the two- and four-cell stages. We postulate that the aggregate eventually ends up in the first germ cells, thus accounting for the presence of paternal mtDNA in the male gonad. This is the first evidence for different behaviors of sperm mitochondria in developing embryos that may explain the tight linkage between gender and inheritance of paternal mitochondrial DNA in species with DUI.
Meiotic Recombination Between Paralogous RBCSB Genes on Sister Chromatids of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Jelesko John G , Carter Kristy , Thompson Whitney , Kinoshita Yuki , Gruissem Wilhelm 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Paralogous genes organized as a gene cluster can rapidly evolve by recombination between misaligned paralogs during meiosis, leading to duplications, deletions, and novel chimeric genes. To model unequal recombination within a specific gene cluster, we utilized a synthetic RBCSB gene cluster to isolate recombinant chimeric genes resulting from meiotic recombination between paralogous genes on sister chromatids. Several F1 populations hemizygous for the synthRBCSB1 gene cluster gave rise to Luc+ F2 plants at frequencies ranging from 1 to 3 × 10-6. A nonuniform distribution of recombination resolution sites resulted in the biased formation of recombinant RBCS3B/1B::LUC genes with nonchimeric exons. The positioning of approximately half of the mapped resolution sites was effectively modeled by the fractional length of identical DNA sequences. In contrast, the other mapped resolution sites fit an alternative model in which recombination resolution was stimulated by an abrupt transition from a region of relatively high sequence similarity to a region of low sequence similarity. Thus, unequal recombination between paralogous RBCSB genes on sister chromatids created an allelic series of novel chimeric genes that effectively resulted in the diversification rather than the homogenization of the synthRBCSB1 gene cluster.
Chromosome Instabilities and Programmed Cell Death in Tapetal Cells of Maize With B Chromosomes and Effects on Pollen Viability
Authors: González-Sánchez Mónica , Rosato Marcela , Chiavarino Mauricio , Puertas María J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
B chromosomes (B’s), knobbed chromosomes, and chromosome 6 (NOR) of maize undergo nondisjunction and micronucleus formation in binucleate tapetal cells. These chromosome instabilities are regular events in the program of tapetal cell death, but the B’s strongly increase A chromosome instability. We studied 1B and 0B plants belonging to selected lines for high or low B transmission rate and their F1 hybrids. These lines are characterized by meiotic conservation or loss of B chromosomes, respectively. The female B transmission (fBtl) allele(s) for low B transmission is dominant, inducing micronucleus formation and B nondisjunction. We hypothesize that the fBtl allele(s) induces knob instability. This instability would be sufficient to produce B loss in both meiocytes and binucleate tapetal cells. B instability could, in turn, produce instabilities in all chromosomes of maize complement. To establish whether the chromosomal instabilities are related to the tapetal programmed cell death (PCD) process, we applied the TUNEL technique. PCD, estimated as the frequency of binucleate tapetal cells with TUNEL label, was significantly correlated with the formation of micronuclei and the frequency of pollen abortion. It can be concluded that the observed chromosome instabilities are important to the PCD process and to the development of microspores to form viable pollen grains.
The Evolution of the Drosophila Sex-Determination Pathway
Authors: Pomiankowski Andrew , Nöthiger Rolf , Wilkins Adam 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The molecular complexity of the Drosophila somatic sex-determination pathway poses formidable intellectual challenges for attempts to explain its evolutionary origins. Here we present a reconstruction of how this regulatory cascade might have evolved in a step-by-step fashion. We illustrate how mutations in genes, which were already part of the pathway or were recruited as new regulators of the pathway, were favored by sexual selection acting on the discriminatory sex-determining signal. This allows us to explain the major features of the pathway, including multiple promoter sites, alternative splicing patterns, autoregulation, and stop codons. Our hypothesis is built on the available data from Drosophila and other insect species, and we point out where it is amenable to further experimental and comparative tests.
Time-lapse resistivity imaging: CSEM-data 3-D double-difference inversion and application to the Reykjanes geothermal field
Authors: Bretaudeau F , Dubois F , Bissavetsy Kassa S-G , Coppo N , Wawrzyniak P , Darnet M 
Published: April 2021

SUMMARY
Time-lapse resistivity tomography bring valuable information on the physical changes occurring inside a geological reservoir. In this study, resistivity monitoring from controlled source electromagnetics (CSEM) data is investigated through synthetic and real data. We present three different schemes currently used to perform time-lapse inversions and compare these three methods: parallel, sequential and double difference. We demonstrate on synthetic tests that double difference scheme is the best way to perform time-lapse inversion when the survey parameters are fixed between the different time-lapse acquisitions. We show that double difference inversion allows to remove the imprint of correlated noise distortions, static shifts and most of the non-linearity of the inversion process including numerical noise and acquisition footprint. It also appears that this approach is robust against the baseline resistivity model quality, and even a rough starting resistivity model built from borehole logs or basic geological knowledge can be sufficient to map the time-lapse changes at their right positions. We perform these comparisons with real land time-lapse CSEM data acquired one year apart over the Reykjanes geothermal field.
“Notorious RBG”: A conversation with United States Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Authors: Rubio-Marín Ruth 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
On February 2, 2016, Prof. Ruth Rubio-Marín, Chair of Constitutional and Comparative Public Law at the European University Institute (EUI), interviewed the U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. The interview took place in the framework of the European University Institute’s annual Ursula Hirschmann Lecture, a space dedicated to stimulate research and thinking which links ideas about Europe and the study of gender. Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg engaged in a conversation that tackled her whole persona, without making rigid divides between the professional and the personal. Deep legal analysis, personal anecdotes, and invaluable advice for future researchers and lawyers intertwine in the interview, which sheds light on important dimensions of equality law.
Patient-reported outcome measurement of symptom distress is feasible in most clinical scenarios in palliative care: an observational study involving routinely collected data
Authors: Clapham Sabina , Daveson Barbara A , Allingham Samuel F , Morris Darcy , Blackburn Pippa , Johnson Claire E , Eagar Kathy 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundImplementation of routinely collected patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) ensures patients’ priorities are at the forefront of care planning and helps to standardize approaches to quality improvement. In palliative care, barriers to PROMs are widely known but what are not understood are the clinical and care settings in which patients are more likely to report and when proxy reporting is needed.ObjectiveTo examine the incidence of patient-reported symptom distress compared to the incidence of proxy reporting in palliative care and influencing factors.MethodsA national observational study using routinely collected PROMs data with influencing factors investigated by logistic regression modelling. Participants were patients with an advanced life-limiting illness receiving palliative care in an inpatient or a community healthcare setting in Australia.ResultsSixteen thousand one hundred and fifty-eight reports of symptom distress were collected from 1117 patients seen by 21 palliative care services. The majority of respondents were diagnosed with cancer (76%), were older (≥65 years, 72%) and had nominated English as their first language (88%). The majority of symptom distress reports were completed by patients (61%). The odds of a patient providing a self-report where grater when they were receiving community versus inpatient palliative care (odds ratio (OR): 3.0; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.25–4.01), for patients diagnosed with malignant versus non-malignant disease (OR 1.7; 95% CI: 1.26–2.31), and for those who required an urgent change in their care plan versus those whose symptoms and problems were adequately managed (OR: 1.38; 95% CI: 1.04–1.83).ConclusionThree factors are associated with an increased likelihood of patient versus proxy reporting in palliative care: healthcare setting, diagnosis, and the acuity and urgency of the patient’s clinical needs. PROMs are feasible in most clinical scenarios in palliative care, including when an urgent clinical response is required.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic evaluation of tobramycin dosing in critically ill patients: the Hartford nomogram does not fit
Authors: Xie Feifan , Wang Yan , Peng Yaru , Cheng Zeneng , Li Sanwang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Extended-interval dosing of tobramycin is widely applied in patients with the Hartford nomogram as a representative, while this dosing approach has not been extensively evaluated in critically ill patients. The goal of this study was to characterize the pharmacokinetics of tobramycin and to evaluate the appropriateness of the Hartford nomogram in critically ill patients.

Methods
A retrospective analysis was performed based on a medical critical care database. The extracted concentration data of tobramycin were used for the construction of the population pharmacokinetic model using a non-linear mixed-effects modelling approach. Real-world data-based simulations were conducted to evaluate the pharmacodynamic target attainment (Cmax/MIC ≥10) and safety (concentration &lt;0.5 mg/L for at least 4 h) of the Hartford nomogram.

Results
A population pharmacokinetic model was built based on 307 measurements in 140 unique patients and externally validated by an independent study dataset. A two-compartment model was optimal for the structure model and creatinine clearance remained as the only covariate in the final model correlating to the clearance of tobramycin. Simulations indicated that the Hartford nomogram is effective for infections due to pathogens with an MIC of ≤1 mg/L, but not with an MIC of 2 mg/L. The percentage of patients who reached the non-toxicity target was quite low under the Hartford nomogram and a further extension of the dosing interval was necessary to minimize the toxicity.

Conclusions
The Hartford nomogram was not suitable for critically ill patients with pathogen MICs of 2 mg/L and drug monitoring is required to manage efficacy and toxicity.
Cross-Lag Model of Medical Responsibility and Skills in Youth With Spina Bifida
Authors: Smith Zoe R , Holmbeck Grayson N 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective
This study examined bidirectional associations between mother- and father-reported medical responsibility and medical skill mastery in youth with spina bifida (SB).

Methods
Participants were 140 youth with SB and their parents who participated in three waves of a longitudinal study across four years (ages 8–15 years at Time 1). Mother- and father-report of both medical responsibility and medical skill mastery were used, and age and estimated intelligence quotient were included as covariates, in cross-lagged models.

Results
The cross-lagged model provided evidence for significant bidirectional associations between mother-reported medical responsibility and skill mastery across time (root mean square error of approximation=0.09, comparative fix index=0.97). These paths showed that higher levels of child responsibility predicted an increase in skill mastery and that higher levels of mastery predicted an increase in child responsibility across time. Moreover, based on mother-report, sharing of responsibility had stronger effects on increases in skill mastery (Time 1 to Time 2 β=.25, Time 2 to Time 3 β=.27) than skill mastery had on increases in child responsibility (Time 1 to Time 2 β=.08, Time 2 to Time 3 β=.07). The only significant cross-lagged path for father-report was from Time 1 skill mastery to Time 2 responsibility (β=.34).

Conclusions
Mothers perceive a bidirectional relationship between responsibility and skill mastery across time, whereas fathers appear to mainly consider how skills might affect a subsequent increase in responsibility sharing. Thus, it is important to consider both parents’ perspectives when working to increase medical autonomy in youth with SB.
Storytelling in Research with Refugees: On the Promise and Politics of Audibility and Visibility in Participatory Research in Contexts of Forced Migration
Authors: Saltsman Adam , Majidi Nassim 
Published: April 2021

AbstractResearchers' methodological decisions have an impact on who gets to hear a refugees' story, the meaning a story conveys, and, consequently, the implications a story might have for forced migrants. What we as researchers, or aid workers, do with the stories gathered from forced migrants can contribute to their social and political invisibility, or our scholarship can be a tool to amplify refugee voices as forms of knowledge that are valid not only as testimony but as expertise to design research, programmes and policies. What potential do such methods have to disrupt the “established regimes” of what is audible, visible, or legible in society (Rancière, 2010)? In response to what is now widespread recognition of the “dual imperative” in forced migration research (Jacobsen and Landau 2003), action research has emerged as a common way to do research that is useful to the communities with which we engage. In this article we reflect on our efforts as researchers to address power imbalances by placing forced migrant stories at the forefront of our methods. We rely on two case studies to provide insights into and learn from critical narratives from the displaced themselves: 1) at the Thai-Burmese border, 2) with Somali refugee returnees in Kismayo. The two case studies reveal different ways of working with stories and strategies that can help address the inaudibility of refugee stories. We recognize that such work is necessarily partial and ongoing. To identify space for continued growth and learning, we point to moments where collaboration faltered and moments where our research inadvertently reproduced power inequities.
Massive congenital cervicofacial desmoid-type fibromatosis in a 5-month-old infant
Authors: Albokashy Mohammed S , Halawani Mohammed S , Eshky Anoof T , Alsaad Khalid , Khoja Hatim A , Bawazir Samir M 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDesmoid-type fibromatosis (DF) is a borderline tumor of soft tissues that has low malignant potential but described as infiltrative, locally aggressive and rapidly growing. In the pediatric population, it occurs in the head and neck. Presentation varies based on tumor size and location. Despite the high recurrence rate, surgical excision remains the modality of choice with. Here, we report a case of a 5-month-old boy, with extensive head and neck DF that was managed twice with conservative debulking surgery through a combined transoral-transcervical approach. On 2-year follow-up, he was gaining weight with no developmental delay and had no clinical evidence tumor regrowth.
How to See Corruption: Networks and the Construction of Corruption in Spanish Italy
Authors: Murillo Raphael 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article examines the practices and structures of corruption in Spanish Italy and demonstrates how the forms of official conduct that would later be categorized as corrupt in eighteenth-century political and legal discourses were already understood and prosecuted as corruption in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, through the intervention at the local level of the visita, an institution employed by the Spanish Crown to inspect officials. The notion of corruption that was useful to the state amalgamated forms of conduct corresponding to distinctive configurations of social structures that functioned like networks. This article examines for the first time the rich collection of depositions assembled by the visitas in Naples and Sicily in 1559, 1581, and 1606, and reproduces four networks of corruption. Through the use of network analysis, these networks point to two foundational structural models of early modern corruption in which officials participated at the local level: a corrupt clientelism typified by relationships of exchange and favor organized by officials and a corruption of partiality and abuse of discretion embedded within institutional work and processes. Although distinct, these models were conceptually linked through the perception that these networks benefitted particular interests and were critically drawn together through the surveillance and discipline provided by the visita in anticipation of anti-corruption ideology and modern bureaucratic norms. What the state saw through the visita and prosecuted as corrupt reflected how that corruption was reported, how it occurred, and how it was structured.
Evaluation of a Field-Ready Neurofunctional Assessment Tool for Use in a Military Environment
Authors: Tommerdahl Mark , Favarov Oleg , Wagner Christina D , Walilko Timothy J , Zai Laila , Bentley Timothy B 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The Office of Naval Research sponsored the Blast Load Assessment Sense and Test (BLAST) program to develop a rapid, in-field solution that could be used by team leaders, commanders, and medical personnel to provide a standardized approach to operationally relevant monitoring and analysis of service members exposed to single or repeated low-level blast. A critical piece of the BLAST team’s solution was the development of the Brain Gauge technology which includes a cognitive assessment device that measures neurofunctional changes by testing sensory perceptions and a suite of mathematical algorithms that analyze the results of the test. The most recent versions of the technology are easily portable; the device is in the size and shape of a computer mouse. Tests can be administered in a matter of minutes and do not require oversight by a clinician, making Brain Gauge an excellent choice for field use. This paper describes the theoretical underpinnings and performance of a fieldable Brain Gauge technology for use with military populations.

Materials and Methods
The methods used by the Brain Gauge have been documented in over 80 peer-reviewed publications. These papers are reviewed, and the utility of the Brain Gauge is described in terms of those publications.

Results
The Brain Gauge has been demonstrated to be an effective tool for assessing blast-induced neurotrauma and tracking its recovery. Additionally, the method parallels neurophysiological findings of animal models which provide insight into the sensitivity of specific metrics to mechanisms of information processing.

Conclusions
The overall objective of the work was to provide an efficient tool, or tools, that can be effectively used for (1) determining stand-down criteria when critical levels of blast exposure have been reached and (2) tracking the brain health history until return-to-duty status is achieved. Neurofunctional outcome measures will provide the scientific link between blast sensors and the impact of blast on biological health. This calibration process is strengthened with outcome measures that have a biological basis that are paralleled in animal models. The integrative approach that utilizes the Brain Gauge technology will provide a significant advance for assessing the impact of blast exposure and support rapid, science-based decision-making that will ensure mission success and promote the protection of brain health in service members.