bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Science and policy in extremis: the UK’s initial response to COVID-19
Authors: Birch Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDrawing on the SAGE minutes and other documents, I consider the wider lessons for norms of scientific advising that can be learned from the UK’s initial response to coronavirus in the period January–March 2020, when an initial strategy that planned to avoid total suppression of transmission was abruptly replaced by an aggressive suppression strategy. I introduce a distinction between “normatively light advice”, in which no specific policy option is recommended, and “normatively heavy advice” that does make an explicit recommendation. I argue that, although scientific advisers should avoid normatively heavy advice in normal times in order to facilitate democratic accountability, this norm can be permissibly overridden in situations of grave emergency. SAGE’s major mistake in early 2020 was not that of endorsing a particular strategy, nor that of being insufficiently precautionary, but that of relying too heavily on a specific set of “reasonable worst-case” planning assumptions. I formulate some proposals that assign a more circumscribed role to “worst-case” thinking in emergency planning. In an epilogue, I consider what the implications of my proposals would have been for the UK’s response to the “second wave” of late 2020.
An edge based hybrid intrusion detection framework for mobile edge computing
Authors: Singh Ashish , Chatterjee Kakali , Satapathy Suresh Chandra 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) model attracts more users to its services due to its characteristics and rapid delivery approach. This network architecture capability enables users to access the information from the edge of the network. But, the security of this edge network architecture is a big challenge. All the MEC services are available in a shared manner and accessed by users via the Internet. Attacks like the user to root, remote login, Denial of Service (DoS), snooping, port scanning, etc., can be possible in this computing environment due to Internet-based remote service. Intrusion detection is an approach to protect the network by detecting attacks. Existing detection models can detect only the known attacks and the efficiency for monitoring the real-time network traffic is low. The existing intrusion detection solutions cannot identify new unknown attacks. Hence, there is a need of an Edge-based Hybrid Intrusion Detection Framework (EHIDF) that not only detects known attacks but also capable of detecting unknown attacks in real time with low False Alarm Rate (FAR). This paper aims to propose an EHIDF which is mainly considered the Machine Learning (ML) approach for detecting intrusive traffics in the MEC environment. The proposed framework consists of three intrusion detection modules with three different classifiers. The Signature Detection Module (SDM) uses a C4.5 classifier, Anomaly Detection Module (ADM) uses Naive-based classifier, and Hybrid Detection Module (HDM) uses the Meta-AdaboostM1 algorithm. The developed EHIDF can solve the present detection problems by detecting new unknown attacks with low FAR. The implementation results illustrate that EHIDF accuracy is 90.25% and FAR is 1.1%. These results are compared with previous works and found improved performance. The accuracy is improved up to 10.78% and FAR is reduced up to 93%. A game-theoretical approach is also discussed to analyze the security strength of the proposed framework.
Unexpected sudden intraoperative cardiac arrest during a gynecologic surgery: A case report
Authors: Sisay Amanuel , Jemal Sulaiman , Horsa Bayisa 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction:
Unexpected cardiac arrest during the intraoperative period contributes to higher morbidity and mortality. All patients undergoing surgery and anesthesia have a risk of having a cardiorespiratory event perioperatively.

Presentation of case:
A 70 years old female (Gravida 7, Para 7) patient having an elective transvaginal hysterectomy under spinal anesthesia. After 1 hour and 25 minute, the patient had sudden intraoperative cardiac arrest noted with loss of carotid pulse, undetectable blood pressure, and chaotic irregular deflection with decrement of amplitude on ECG. Immediate resuscitation was done with chest compression, endotracheal intubation, and epinephrine administration. The patient extubated in the operation room and wean after a day from vasopressor support in the intensive care unit then patient discharged safely after a week.

Discussion:
Intraoperative cardiac arrest is a very infrequent and unanticipated adverse event following noncardiac surgery. Urgent surgeries, lower American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status, and trauma are major contributors to this unwanted event. 4 ''H'' and 4 ''T'' mnemonics are well-known reversible causes of cardiac arrest. Deterioration in hemodynamic status during surgery is an indicator of an upcoming cardiac arrest.

Conclusion:
Patients with low risk score for perioperative cardiac event might develop a sudden intraoperative cardiac arrest. Preparation for resuscitation at any time of surgery is very important in the management of sudden and unexpected cardiopulmonary arrest during surgery.

Highlights
MANUFACTURE OF THE WELL-KNOWN CENTRAL AND NORTHEASTERN EUROPEAN EYE FIBULAE: PREVIOUSLY UNKNOWN TRICKS OF THE TRADE
Authors: Bliujienė Audronė , Peseckas Kęstutis , Šapolaitė Justina , Ežerinskis Žilvinas , Bagdzevičienė Jurga , Babenskas Evaldas , Taraškevičius Ričardas , Suzdalev Sergej , Vybernaitė-Lubienė Irma , Pabedinskas Algirdas , Butkus Laurynas , Petrauskas Gediminas 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTThe emergence and widespread distribution of eye fibulae as adornment objects, from the northern provinces of the Roman Empire to northeastern Europe and Scandinavia, as well as their typology have been widely explored. Currently in Lithuania, a total of 209 eye fibulae dating to the 1st and 2nd centuries are known. The geographical distribution, typology and chronology of these Early Roman Period jewelry artifacts do not present any problem. However, the technology of manufacture of these fibulae has been much less studied. The present article analyzes the technology of manufacture of Prussian series eye fibulae, including the previously unknown specific manufacturing techniques, such as the use of wooden axes to modify the construction of the fibula and make it more durable and long lasting. Radiocarbon (14C) dating has unambiguously confirmed that the wooden axes are contemporaneous with the time of the use of the fibulae, while observation under the scanning electron microscope has identified wood species used for making the wooden axes. The X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) analysis was used to determine the copper alloys, of which eye fibulae were made. The manufacturing technologies of eye fibulae (forging and casting) are discussed in the context of analytical and experimental studies.
Missionaries of the Party: Work-team Participation and Intellectual Incorporation
Authors: Perry Elizabeth J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAmong the most distinctive features of Chinese Communist Party governance is the frequent deployment of work teams to conduct campaigns, implement policies and troubleshoot crises. An underappreciated aspect of work-team operations from Land Reform to the present has been the active participation of educated intellectuals as key intermediaries between central leaders and grassroots society. Serving in effect as “missionaries” of the Party, intellectual work-team members function as trained “ritual specialists” in carrying out their appointed mission. Although work teams are often not the most efficient or effective means of governance, the impact of work-team experience on team members themselves is consequential. Employing quasi-religious practices designed to promote the ideological incorporation of intellectuals, work teams have helped to forestall the emergence in China of an alienated class of dissidents like those whose criticisms eroded the legitimacy of Communist regimes elsewhere in the world.
Molecular epidemiology of a familial cluster of SARS-CoV-2 infection during lockdown period in Sant Kabir Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
Authors: Zaman Kamran , Shankar Prem , Yadav Pragya D. , Nyayanit Dimpal A. , Behera Sthita Pragnya , Bhardwaj Pooja , Shete Anita , Majumdar Triparna , Yadav Rajaram , Patil Savita , Deval Hirawati , Dwivedi Gaurav Raj , Pandey Ashok K. , Singh Rajeev , Misra Brij R. , Kumar Niraj , Kumar Kaushik , Yadav Priyanka , Yadav Girijesh Kumar , Kumar Manoj , Sah Kamlesh Kumar , Singh Ravi Shankar , Kumar Sanjeev , Kavathekar Asif , Kumar Vijay , Kant Rajni 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We report a familial cluster of 24 individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). The index case had a travel history and spent 24 days in the house before being tested and was asymptomatic. Physical overcrowding in the house provided a favourable environment for intra-cluster infection transmission. Restriction of movement of family members due to countrywide lockdown limited the spread in community. Among the infected, only four individuals developed symptoms. The complete genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 was retrieved using next-generation sequencing from eight clinical samples which demonstrated a 99.99% similarity with reference to Wuhan strain and the phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a distinct cluster, lying in the B.6.6 pangolin lineage.
Heaven, Hell or Somewhere in Between: Sergei Prokofiev's The Fiery Angel and the Search for Spiritual Truth
Authors: Frainier Margaret 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSergei Prokofiev's The Fiery Angel (Ognennyi angel) has remained comparatively little studied among his operatic works, interpreted primarily as a parody of Russian symbolist beliefs and practice. In the last few years, however, new biographical information has emerged about the period during which Prokofiev wrote The Fiery Angel that points to ways of reconsidering the opera's compositional history and legacy. Furthermore, recent scholarship on the application of narrative theory to opera studies presents new methods for examining how opera might incorporate a narrative point of view. Combining these lines of inquiry, this article scrutinises Prokofiev's two complete versions of Angel (1923 and 1927) in the context of the composer's conversion to Christian Science during the intervening period. It argues that the 1927 version privileges its central character's point of view, as he experiences a process of spiritual awakening similar to the composer's own.
Risk factors for prolonged ventilation after the modified Fontan procedure
Authors: Tsubura Masahiro , Osaki Masaki , Motono Kensaku , Hamamoto Nao 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective:To investigate the risk factors associated with prolonged ventilation after Fontan surgery.Design:Retrospective case series.Setting:Tertiary childrens hospital.Patients:We included 123 children who underwent Fontan surgery without delayed sternal closure or extracorporeal membrane oxygenation between 2011 and 2017.Intervention:Fontan surgery.Measurements and main results:Prolonged ventilation was defined as intubation for more than 24 hours after surgery. Preoperative, intraoperative, and perioperative data were collected retrospectively from medical records. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify risk factors for prolonged ventilation. The median age and weight of patients were 2.2 years and 10.0 kg, respectively. Seventeen per cent of the patients (n = 21) received prolonged mechanical ventilation, and the median intubation period was 2.9 days. There were no 90-day or in-hospital deaths. The independent predictors of prolonged ventilation identified were fenestration (p < 0.01), low pulmonary artery index (p = 0.02), and advanced atrioventricular regurgitation (p < 0.01). The duration of ICU stay was significantly longer in the prolonged ventilation group than in the early extubation group (10 days versus 6 days, p < 0.01).Conclusion:Fenestration, low pulmonary artery index, and significant atrioventricular regurgitation are risk factors for prolonged ventilation after Fontan surgery. Careful preoperative and perioperative management that considers the risk factors for prolonged ventilation in each individual is important.
Test-Retest Reliability of Event-Related Potentials Across Three Tasks
Authors: Morand-Beaulieu Simon , Perrault Marie-Ange , Lavoie Marc E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Event-related potentials (ERPs) constitute a useful and cost-effective method to assess the neural underpinnings of multiple cognitive processes. ERPs have been used to track changes in cognitive processes in longitudinal and clinical studies. However, few studies have assessed their test-retest reliability (i.e., their consistency across time). Therefore, in the current study, we aimed to assess the test-retest reliability of ERPs (P100, N100, P200, N200, P3b, lateralized readiness potentials) across three tasks. In two assessments separated by approximately 4 months, ERPs were recorded in 26 healthy participants, during two oddball tasks (motor and counting) and a stimulus-response compatibility paradigm. Pearson’s correlations and intraclass correlations were used to assess the test-retest reliability of ERPs. Correlations between ERPs elicited by the three tasks were assessed with Pearson’s correlations. Our analyses revealed moderate to very strong test-retest reliability for most ERP components across the three tasks. Test-retest reliability did not differ between the motor and counting oddball tasks. Most ERPs were also correlated across paradigms. Therefore, these results confirm that ERPs have the potential to be reliable markers to serve as robust assessment tools in longitudinal or clinical studies.
Asthenospheric Flow Channel From Northeastern Tibet Imaged by Seismic Tomography Between Ordos Block and Yangtze Craton
Authors: Yu Yong , Chen Yongshun John , Feng Yongge , An Meijian , Liang Xiaofeng , Guo Zhen , Qu Wulin , Li Shilin , Dong Shuwen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe collision between India and Eurasia forming the Tibetan Plateau since the early Cenozoic had led to the crustal and upper‐mantle (asthenospheric) extrusion from the plateau to the east. However, the Ordos and Yangtze cratonic keels next to the northeastern and eastern Tibetan Plateau obstruct this eastward asthenospheric extrusion. With a dense seismic array, for the first time, we imaged a narrow low P‐wave and S‐wave velocity anomaly characterized with higher Vp/Vs between these two Archean cratons at depths ranging from 150 to 300 km using finite‐frequency tomography. We interpret this low‐velocity anomaly as a channel of the eastward asthenospheric flow from the Tibetan Plateau. We provide solid seismic observations for a pathway of the Tibetan asthenospheric extrusion due to the ongoing collision of the Indian and Eurasian continents. This asthenospheric extrusion from the Tibetan Plateau could influence the lithospheric reworking in the central and eastern North China Craton.
Space‐Based Observational Constraints on NO2 Air Pollution Inequality From Diesel Traffic in Major US Cities
Authors: Demetillo Mary Angelique G. , Harkins Colin , McDonald Brian C. , Chodrow Philip S. , Sun Kang , Pusede Sally E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAir pollution disproportionately burdens communities of color and lower‐income communities in US cities. We have generally lacked city‐wide concentration measurements that resolve the steep spatiotemporal gradients of primary pollutants required to describe intra‐urban air pollution inequality. Here, we use observations from the recently launched TROPospheric Ozone Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) satellite sensor and physics‐based oversampling to describe nitrogen dioxide (NO2) disparities with race, ethnicity, and income in 52 US cities (June 2018–February 2020). We report average US‐urban census tract‐level NO2 inequalities of 28 ± 2% (race‐ethnicity and income combined), with many populous cities experiencing even greater inequalities. Using observations and inventories, we find diesel traffic is the dominant source of NO2 disparities, and that a 62% reduction in diesel emissions would decrease race‐ethnicity and income inequalities by 37%. We add evidence that TROPOMI resolves tract‐scale NO2 differences using relationships with urban segregation patterns and spatial variability in column‐to‐surface correlations.
Tectonic Activity Near the Rio Grande Rise Increases Fluid Flux in Old Oceanic Crust
Authors: Kardell Dominik A. , Zhao Zeyu , Ramos Evan J. , Estep Justin , Christeson Gail L. , Reece Robert S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOceanic plateau crust is thicker and hotter than the surrounding “normal” oceanic crust, causing differential subsidence and subsequent strain between the two domains. Here, we show that recently active sedimentary faults that have been imaged adjacent to the Rio Grande Rise, an oceanic plateau in the western South Atlantic, have extensions that can penetrate at least ∼1.5 km into the upper oceanic crust. Our high‐resolution seismic velocity model indicates that these fault zones significantly reduce seismic velocities and increase inferred porosity and permeability. We also present physical property‐constrained fluid flow models that predict substantially increased fluxes along these pathways compared to crust not affected by faulting. As these phenomena are effectively enabled by the proximity of an oceanic plateau, we suggest that similar geologic settings globally may also exhibit elevated levels of tectonic and hydrothermal activity, with implications for the hydration of mature oceanic crust and the oceanic crustal biosphere.
Seasonal Freeze‐Thaw Cycles and Permafrost Degradation on Mt. Zugspitze (German/Austrian Alps) Revealed by Single‐Station Seismic Monitoring
Authors: Lindner Fabian , Wassermann Joachim , Igel Heiner 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThawing of mountain permafrost in response to rising temperatures degrades the stability of rock walls and thereby affects infrastructure integrity in Alpine terrain. In this study, we use 15 yr of passive seismic data from a single station deployed near a known permafrost body on Mt. Zugspitze (Germany), to monitor freeze‐thaw processes. The recordings reveal a persistent cultural seismic noise source, which we utilize to compute single‐station cross‐correlations and extract relative seismic velocity changes. We find that parts of the cross‐correlations show seasonal velocity variations (≈3% peak‐to‐peak amplitude) and a long‐term velocity decrease (≈0.1%/yr). Comparison with meteorological data and a previous electrical resistivity tomography study suggests that these velocity changes are caused by freeze‐thaw cycles and by permafrost degradation, respectively. The results demonstrate the potential of passive seismology for permafrost monitoring and suggest that denser instrumentation will provide detailed spatio‐temporal insights on permafrost dynamics in future studies.
Comprehensive mapping of SARS-CoV-2 interactions in vivo reveals functional virus-host interactions
Authors: Yang Siwy Ling , DeFalco Louis , Anderson Danielle E. , Zhang Yu , Aw Jong Ghut Ashley , Lim Su Ying , Lim Xin Ni , Tan Kiat Yee , Zhang Tong , Chawla Tanu , Su Yan , Lezhava Alexander , Merits Andres , Wang Lin-Fa , Huber Roland G. , Wan Yue 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 is a major threat to global health. Here, we investigate the RNA structure and RNA-RNA interactions of wildtype (WT) and a mutant (Δ382) SARS-CoV-2 in cells using Illumina and Nanopore platforms. We identify twelve potentially functional structural elements within the SARS-CoV-2 genome, observe that subgenomic RNAs can form different structures, and that WT and Δ382 virus genomes fold differently. Proximity ligation sequencing identify hundreds of RNA-RNA interactions within the virus genome and between the virus and host RNAs. SARS-CoV-2 genome binds strongly to mitochondrial and small nucleolar RNAs and is extensively 2’-O-methylated. 2’-O-methylation sites are enriched in viral untranslated regions, associated with increased virus pair-wise interactions, and are decreased in host mRNAs upon virus infection, suggesting that the virus sequesters methylation machinery from host RNAs towards its genome. These studies deepen our understanding of the molecular and cellular basis of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenicity and provide a platform for targeted therapy.
The retinal ipRGC-preoptic circuit mediates the acute effect of light on sleep
Authors: Zhang Ze , Beier Corinne , Weil Tenley , Hattar Samer 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLight regulates daily sleep rhythms by a neural circuit that connects intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) to the circadian pacemaker, the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Light, however, also acutely affects sleep in a circadian-independent manner. The neural circuits involving the acute effect of light on sleep remain unknown. Here we uncovered a neural circuit that drives this acute light response, independent of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, but still through ipRGCs. We show that ipRGCs substantially innervate the preoptic area (POA) to mediate the acute light effect on sleep in mice. Consistently, activation of either the POA projecting ipRGCs or the light-responsive POA neurons increased non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep without influencing REM sleep. In addition, inhibition of the light-responsive POA neurons blocked the acute light effects on NREM sleep. The predominant light-responsive POA neurons that receive ipRGC input belong to the corticotropin-releasing hormone subpopulation. Remarkably, the light-responsive POA neurons are inhibitory and project to well-known wakefulness-promoting brain regions, such as the tuberomammillary nucleus and the lateral hypothalamus. Therefore, activation of the ipRGC-POA circuit inhibits arousal brain regions to drive light-induced NREM sleep. Our findings reveal a functional retina-brain circuit that is both necessary and sufficient for the acute effect of light on sleep.
Evidence for opposing selective forces operating on human-specific duplicated TCAF genes in Neanderthals and humans
Authors: Hsieh PingHsun , Dang Vy , Vollger Mitchell R. , Mao Yafei , Huang Tzu-Hsueh , Dishuck Philip C. , Baker Carl , Cantsilieris Stuart , Lewis Alexandra P. , Munson Katherine M. , Sorensen Melanie , Welch AnneMarie E. , Underwood Jason G. , Eichler Evan E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTRP channel-associated factor 1/2 (TCAF1/TCAF2) proteins antagonistically regulate the cold-sensor protein TRPM8 in multiple human tissues. Understanding their significance has been complicated given the locus spans a gap-ridden region with complex segmental duplications in GRCh38. Using long-read sequencing, we sequence-resolve the locus, annotate full-lengthTCAFmodels in primate genomes, and show substantial human-specificTCAFcopy number variation. We identify two human super haplogroups, H4 and H5, and establish thatTCAFduplications originated ~1.7 million years ago but diversified only inHomo sapiensby recurrent structural mutations. Conversely, in all archaic-hominin samples the fixation for a specific H4 haplotype without duplication is likely due to positive selection. Here, our results ofTCAFcopy number expansion, selection signals in hominins, and differentialTCAF2expression between haplogroups and highTCAF2andTRPM8expression in liver and prostate in modern-day humans implyTCAFdiversification among hominins potentially in response to cold or dietary adaptations.