bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Magnesium Anode‐Based Transient Primary Batteries
Authors: Togonon Jazer Jose H. , Esparcia Eugene A. , del Rosario Julie Anne D. , Ocon Joey D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBiodegradable primary batteries, also known as transient batteries, are essential to realize autonomous biodegradable electronic devices with high performance and advanced functionality. In this work, magnesium, copper, iron, and zinc – metals that exist as trace elements in the human body – were tested as materials for biomedical transient electronic devices. Different full cell combinations of Mg and X (where X = Cu, Fe, and Zn and the anodized form of the metals) with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) as electrolyte were studied. To form the cathodes, metal foils were anodized galvanostatically at a current density of 2.0 mA cm−2 for 30 mins. Electrochemical measurements were then conducted for each electrode combination to evaluate full cell battery performance. Results showed that the Mg−Cuanodized chemistry has the highest power density at 0.99 mW/cm2. Nominal operating voltages of 1.26 V for the first 0.50 h and 0.63 V for the next 3.7 h were observed for Mg−Cuanodized which was discharged at a current density of 0.70 mA cm−2. Among the materials tested, Mg−Cuanodized exhibited the best discharge performance with an average specific capacity of 2.94 mAh cm−2, which is comparable to previous reports on transient batteries.
Effect of Bismuth Oxide Particles Size on the Thermal Excitation and Combustion Properties of Thermite Systems
Authors: Li Shi , Guo Tao , Yao Miao , Song Jiaxing , Ding Wen , Mao Yiming , Chen Jialin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe influence of Bi2O3 particles size at the sub‐micron scale on the thermal excitation threshold and combustion performance of nano‐thermite systems was investigated. Three formulas were designed and prepared, Al(100 nm)/Bi2O3(170 nm), Al(100 nm)/Bi2O3(370 nm) and Al(100 nm)/Bi2O3(740 nm). The samples were characterized and tested by SEM, XRD, and DSC techniques. Electrical ignition and combustion experiments were performed. The results showed that with the increase of the particle size of Bi2O3, in the case of slow linear heating, the exothermic heat decreased (1051.2 J g−1, 527.3 J g−1 and 243.6 J g−1) and the thermal excitation threshold temperature increased (564.52 °C, 658.1 °C and 810.9 °C). Simultaneously, the state of the thermite reaction correspondingly changed to solid‐solid, liquid‐solid and liquid‐liquid thermite reaction. In the case of rapid heating , the increase in particle size increased the excitation current (0.561A, 0.710A and 0.837A). During the combustion process, the thermite system with the smallest Bi2O3 particle size showed the largest combustion rate, and that with the largest particle size had the longest combustion duration.
Impact of free trade agreements on Internet domain name arbitration cases: A cross‐national comparison of the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy
Authors: Min Bumgi , Wang Ryan Yang , Bai Yang , Grzeslo Jenna , Jayakar Krishna 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study examined whether the presence of a free trade agreement (FTA) between the United States and a foreign country significantly affected the outcomes of Internet domain name dispute arbitration cases, conducted within the framework of the Uniform Dispute Resolution Policy (UDRP). Data were collected for 2797 arbitration cases filed during the 2001–2019 period from ten countries, five with US FTAs and five without. Logistic regression analysis, with controls for additional variables, found that complainants are less likely to win in FTA countries. The expectation from political economic theories predicting that FTA negotiations are used to obtain favorable legal environments for US businesses and individuals is not supported. This finding suggests that a more complicated and nuanced relationship exists between FTAs and UDRP decisions.
Use of magnesium sulfate in continuous infusion in patients with severe acute asthma, in a pediatric emergency room
Authors: Gross Júnior Milton , Lago Patrícia Miranda , Santana João Carlos Batista , Biondo Gabriela Fontanella , Zandoná Bianca , Chiaradia Fernanda de Oliveira , Carvalho Paulo Roberto Antonacci 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroductionAsthma is a chronic disease, of high prevalence, with important morbidity and that can lead to death in childhood. The use of intravenous magnesium sulfate has been indicated in cases refractory to the initial management with inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids.ObjectiveTo evaluate the use of magnesium sulfate in continuous infusion (50 mg/kg/h in 4 h) in children with severe acute asthma in a pediatric emergency room.LocationTen‐bed general pediatric emergency room, university hospital, tertiary, in southern Brazil.PatientsAll children over 2 years old with severe acute asthma refractory to the initial treatment who received a continuous infusion of magnesium sulfate at a dose of 50 mg/kg/h in 4 h, from April 2017 to October 2019.ConclusionBased on this study, the use of continuous intravenous magnesium sulfate proved to be well tolerated, leading to improved respiratory status, and can be considered as a satisfactory adjunctive therapy in the management of severe acute asthma.
Physiotherapists' job satisfaction according to employment situation: Findings from an online survey in Austria
Authors: Latzke Markus , Putz Peter , Kulnik Stefan Tino , Schlegl Constance , Sorge Martina , Mériaux‐Kratochvila Silvia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground and PurposePhysiotherapists are commonly working in self‐employed, employed, or in combined employed and self‐employed work arrangements. This study aimed at examining aspects of job satisfaction and predictors of physiotherapists' overall job satisfaction across those three types of work arrangements.MethodsAustrian physiotherapists rated their overall job satisfaction as well as the importance and realisation of aspects of job satisfaction in a cross‐sectional online survey. Multiple linear regression was used to identify predictors of overall job satisfaction, and (for employed therapists only) predictors for planning to change the employer.ResultsThe sample consisted of 581 physiotherapists working in the public or private sector, of which, 342 were self‐employed, 100 employed, and 139 both employed and self‐employed. Physiotherapists generally indicated high job satisfaction with notable variations according to their work arrangements. Overall job satisfaction and the aspects of recognition and autonomy were higher in self‐employed therapists, when compared to the other two groups. In contrast, self‐employed therapists reported lower satisfaction with mentoring and peer support. Those who were both employed and self‐employed reported the highest gap between the importance and realisation of their work–life balance (r = −0.50, p < 0.001). Recognition was identified as the most important predictor of job satisfaction (ß = 0.52, p < 0.001) and intention to leave (ß = −0.54, p < 0.001) in employed physiotherapists.DiscussionThe analysis of job satisfaction according to work arrangements suggests several approaches to increase or maintain a high level of job satisfaction, which may be addressed by employers and physiotherapy professional organisations. For employed physiotherapists, practices that increase their recognition and autonomy seem to be promising, whereas self‐employed physiotherapists could benefit from enhanced opportunities for exchange and networking with colleagues. For those who are both employed and self‐employed, more flexible work schedules may be helpful to integrate the demands of private patients and employer workloads.
Role of autopsy imaging‐computed tomography in the post‐mortem study of farm animals
Authors: Yamada Kazutaka , Yokoyama Taiki , Aihara Naoyuki , Une Yumi , Sato Reiichiro 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundAutopsy imaging (Ai) is used to determine the cause of death, providing pre‐dissection information. Ai is often used in the field of human forensic medicine but has never been applied on farm animals.MethodsAi‐computed tomography (CT) was performed before necropsy for farm animals (one goat, one ox, one cow and three calves) that died or were euthanised.ResultsAi‐CT findings of rib fractures (case 1), urethral calculi (case 2), multiple osteolytic bone lesions (case 3 and 4) and hair balls (case 4) were confirmed by dissection. However, a tentative diagnosis of actinomycosis was made in an ox (case 5) using antemortem radiography and Ai‐CT, and the mass was identified as ameloblastic fibro‐odontoma on histological examination. A tentative diagnosis of maxillary abscess was made from antemortem radiography in a cow (case 6); however, the lesion was shown to be maxillary neoplasia on Ai‐CT. The mass was identified as hemangiosarcoma on histopathological examination.ConclusionAi is helpful in pathological examination because the specific findings are known before the dissection, the lesions can be pinpointed in the pathological dissection, facilitating workflow; furthermore, the oversight of lesions can be reduced. In addition, Ai‐CT images, including three‐dimensional images and a three‐dimensional printed model, allowed an easy understanding of pathology among students and farmers. Ai‐CT for farm animals represents a novel option for veterinary education.
Documenting nocturnal activity of dragon‐headed katydids (Lesina blanchardi) under artificial light
Authors: Baskir Eli A. , Hazen Renée E. , Powell David M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAcross the genera of katydids from the family Tettigoniidae, both diurnal and nocturnal species have been identified. The Saint Louis Zoo Bayer Insectarium filmed dragon‐headed katydids (Lesina blanchardi) overnight using red light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) to examine the activity of this presumed nocturnal species to provide quantitative information about these insects that are otherwise immobile when keepers are present. Evidence from the literature suggests that LED bulbs emitting long‐wavelength red and infrared lights are less likely to cause changes to the subjects' behavioral budgets and movements through the habitat. Three katydids were filmed for 5 nights, and time‐interval scan sampling was used to record their positions and whether they were active every 15 min for two 2‐h periods starting at midnight and noon. A modified Shannon's diversity index determined that katydids were recorded in more areas when under only red LEDs at night as compared to artificial daytime working lights. Similarly, repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that insects were significantly more active under nighttime red LEDs when compared to daytime working lights. While we cannot be sure if behaviors recorded under red LEDs are the same as those that would be performed under total darkness in situ, the use of red LED illumination ex situ to facilitate overnight filming did not suppress nocturnal movement or activity for our subjects.
Theories of Discrimination
Authors: Fibbi Rosita , Midtbøen Arnfinn H. , Simon Patrick 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter reviews the main theories developed to explain discrimination. Mirroring the historical development of the field, while reflecting a theoretically systematic approach, the chapter adopts an approach by analytical scales to present and discuss theories of discrimination. The first section presents theories seeking the cause of prejudice and discrimination at the individual level, the second section focuses on organizational mechanisms and the third on structural determinants. In conclusion, we emphasize that despite of these different levels of analysis, the various theories of discrimination reviewed share a common feature, namely the fact that discrimination maintains privileges of certain ascribed groups over others
Methods of Measurement
Authors: Fibbi Rosita , Midtbøen Arnfinn H. , Simon Patrick 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter reviews the strengths and weaknesses of the most commonly used methods of measurement in the field of discrimination research. Taking as its point of departure how we can assess the extent to which discrimination occurs, the chapter reviews quantitative and qualitative analyses of experiences, attitudes, legal complaints, and residual gaps, as well as different forms of experimental designs. A key point in the chapter is to show that although all of these methods shed light on discrimination, they are useful for answering somewhat different questions. Consequently, careful consideration of the range of methods available is necessary for matching one’s research question with the appropriate research design.
Consequences of and Responses to Discrimination
Authors: Fibbi Rosita , Midtbøen Arnfinn H. , Simon Patrick 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDiscrimination and stigmatization are costly for the society by lowering economic growth, by reinforcing ethnic inequalities, by fueling political conflicts and by jeopardizing social cohesion. Moreover, victims of unfair treatment pay a high price as discrimination and stigmatization. Far from being passive victims, however, many members of minority groups develop and deploy individual and collective strategies to meet such challenges. This chapter focuses on the impact of discrimination – for economy and society, but mainly focusing on the consequences of discrimination for the targeted individuals and groups. The chapter also addresses responses to experiences of exclusion and disadvantage by reviewing recent research of how awareness of the repercussions of unfair treatment lead both individuals and groups to protect themselves and seek strategies for overcoming future barriers.
Puzzling Social Protection across Several Countries: Opportunistic Strategy or Risky Compensation?
Authors: Palash Polina , Baby-Collin Virginie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn a context of increasing mobility, the management of social protection issues from below may encompass several countries. The limited studies on this topic mainly frame migrants’ use of an extended transnational social-protection space as an opportunistic strategy aimed at increasing resources. This chapter analyses the cross-border arrangements of dual Ecuadorian-Spanish citizens coping with the recurrent crisis, adopting a socio-spatial perspective of circulation over the life course. Our findings show that families flexibly adapt to such destabilisations through a mechanism of diffuse circulation of support as compensation practices implying a risky accumulation of constraints and vulnerability. This contrasts with the framings on migrants’ opportunistic and strategic use of social-protection resources and with ‘the welfare magnet’ or ‘welfare tourism’ assumptions. The study draws on fieldwork among 36 transnational families investigated through a multi-sited ethnography in Spain, England and Ecuador in 2015–2016, with a partially matched sample.
Beloved Land, Beloved Family: The Role of Welfare in Timorese Migration to England
Authors: Millar Claire C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTimor-Leste’s long history of colonisation and occupation has posed significant welfare challenges for the small, half-island nation nestled between Asia and the Pacific. Since independence in 2002, a budding pattern of migration has emerged, with increasing numbers of Timorese living and working in the United Kingdom. This chapter seeks to understand how the welfare concerns of these migrants shape their decisions about geographical mobility and vice versa. Analysing semi-structured interviews and overt participant observation conducted in England in 2017 and drawing on an extended version of the welfare resource environment framework, it explores the role of market, state and family-based welfare provisions in this migration trend. It finds that Timorese migrants in England utilise migration – and the market and state-based welfare provisions it brings – in service of their own, family-based social protection system. Migration between welfare contexts allows increased access to new and varied sources of welfare, valued for how they support a family-based framework founded on interdependence, relationships with others and responsibility. By querying the mobility of Timorese migrants in England in light of their welfare concerns, this chapter elucidates the culturally embedded ways in which migrants and their families piece together unique protection packages.
Keeping It in the Family: Rotating Chains in Women’s Transnational Care Work Between Italy and Ukraine
Authors: Odynets Svitlana 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMassive female labour migration from Ukraine to Italy has now been taking place for more than 20 years and shows no sign of diminishing. The analysis presented here is built on fieldwork conducted in Italy and Ukraine between 2012 and 2019 – from which four cases have been selected as the main focus and which demonstrate the new way in which female migrants circulate care across and within the borders. The main findings reflect the emergence of a new rotational system within migrants’ extended family, when women begin to substitute each other in both reproductive and productive work. It allows them not only to balance the distribution of care responsibilities in the families left behind but also to make way for gaining new capital from mobility for their female relatives. In this way, migrants can better control the ‘supply’ and ‘demand’ of care and, thus, increase their personal empowerment in transnational space. Care then becomes not only a commodity but also a resource for resolving identity crises and achieving increased personal agency.
From Familial Pressure to Seeking One’s Fortune: Chinese International Students’ Search for Geographical and Social Mobility as a Response to Societal and Familial Pressures
Authors: Page Alexander Gamst 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe societal changes seen in China since 1978 have created a sharp generational divide. Those born after the 1980s are mostly singletons raised with high life-expectations, both of themselves and from their families. The singletons want freedom of choice and social mobility, but the stiff competition at Chinese universities makes such ambitions unattainable for many. Study abroad is sometimes seen as an alternative gateway to social mobility. This chapter is based on participant observation of, and interviews with, a group of 40 Chinese students in Norway. The fieldwork took place from 2012 to 2014. The research questions concern (a) what motivates their sojourn, (b) their aspirations for the future and (c) how their migration would facilitate this. The findings are that they seek to construct themselves as global citizens able to travel and work anywhere. A Western degree is seen as enabling this. However, as single children, the burden of caring for their parents is theirs alone and a decline in the health of the latter would therefore necessitate an early return. Thus, the opportunities abroad are, by their nature, transitory and liable to be cut short at any time. However, the students believe that they will retain potential mobility, which may be used when their life-circumstances permit.
‘He Has a Better Chance Here, So We Stay’. Children’s Education and Parental Migration Decisions
Authors: Ślusarczyk Magdalena , Małek Agnieszka 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn our chapter we take the concept of agency and apply it to migrants’ search for a safe present and a good future for their children, who face the global challenges of living in a risk society. Our analysis draws on biographical, semi-structured interviews conducted with Polish migrants living in the capital area of Norway. The findings of our research show that, although the labour market and good living conditions are important for Polish migrants while taking migration decisions, it is their children’s education that frequently transforms a temporary stay into a permanent one. We argue that Polish migrant parents adopt the strategy of ‘purchasing’ education, which they consider to be more beneficial due to the principles and values of the Norwegian welfare state (especially equality and educational support). In our research we found that the interviewees consider a Norwegian education as a ‘currency’, a credential in the sense that it will give their children access to further studies and/or better jobs. We focus on the migrant strategies, which often take the character of ‘escaping forward’ in an attempt to increase the life chances of their children.
Right of Access to (Italian) Courts über alles? Legal Implications Beyond Germany’s Jurisdictional Immunity
Authors: Palchetti Paolo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe main consequence of Sentenza 238/2014 is that Germany has been denied jurisdictional immunities before Italian courts. However, the inflexible conception of the right of access to courts adopted by the Corte Costituzionale gives rise to a number of questions that go well beyond the issue at stake in Judgment 238/2014. First, there is the issue of whether the right of access to justice should also prevail over the international customary rule on immunity from execution. Secondly, one may ask whether the need to protect the right provided by Article 24 of the Italian Constitution could trump the criteria established by Italian law for exercising civil jurisdiction in order to allow access to justice in respect to all international crimes, even those committed outside Italian territory and involving individuals having no link to Italy. Finally, there is the question of whether a sacrifice of the right of access to justice would be justified if alternative, non-judicial means of redress were available to the victims; in particular, whether an alternative means of redress should in any case ensure to each and every individual victim full compensation or whether instead, in light of the specific circumstances of the case—the fact that the crimes occurred in the course of an international armed conflict affecting hundreds of thousands of victims—such alternative means could provide only symbolic compensation based on a lump sum settlement. This chapter aims at exploring these and possibly other issues arising in connection to the broad interpretation of the principle of access to justice given by the Corte Costituzionale.
A Dialogical Epilogue
Authors: Weiler Joseph H. H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this Dialogical Epilogue, I address a series of both general and specific questions to some of the contributors of this volume. The intent is to seek clarification on or even contest one or more propositions presented in the various chapters. In the role of a “Consul of the Readers” I enter into a conversation with the book’s authors to discuss some of the fundamental questions to which Sentenza 238/2014 gives rise and that have, at best, received only indirect answers in the various chapters. I believe answering them will enhance the value of each contribution and of the book as a whole.