bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parental awareness of new online advertising techniques targeting children: an exploratory study of American parents
Authors: Lapierre Matthew A. , Choi Eunjoo 
Published: May 2021

Purpose
This study aims to examine what parents from across the USA know about online advertising/marketing tactics directed at children, their familiarity with these tactics and what they believe about the appropriateness of using these promotional methods to target children.

Design/methodology/approach
The online survey company Qualtrics was used to collect data from 500 parents in the USA. Parents had to have at least one child between the ages of 5 and 14 to participate. To ensure socio-economic diversity, half of the participants had an associate degree or more of schooling while the other half of participants had some college or less. Participants were given vignettes describing 11 different online advertising/marketing tactics and were asked how familiar they were with each tactic, whether they could identify the tactic by name, at what age they believed their child could understand the promotional intent of the tactic and the age that they thought it was ethical to use this tactic with children.

Findings
The results revealed that parents were only moderately familiar with many of these advertising/marketing tactics and had difficulty identifying most of them by name. In addition, parents reported that, on average, most 11-year-old children would understand the purpose of these marketing approaches and that it was ethical to target children with them.

Originality/value
The results of this exploratory study offer researchers some key insights into how American parents perceive online advertising that targets children.
Genetic and plastic rewiring of food webs under climate change
Authors: Barbour Matthew A. , Gibert Jean P. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Climate change is altering ecological and evolutionary processes across biological scales. These simultaneous effects of climate change pose a major challenge for predicting the future state of populations, communities and ecosystems. This challenge is further exacerbated by the current lack of integration of research focused on these different scales.

We propose that integrating the fields of quantitative genetics and food web ecology will reveal new insights on how climate change may reorganize biodiversity across levels of organization. This is because quantitative genetics links the genotypes of individuals to population‐level phenotypic variation due to genetic (G), environmental (E) and gene‐by‐environment (G × E) factors. Food web ecology, on the other hand, links population‐level phenotypes to the structure and dynamics of communities and ecosystems.

We synthesize data and theory across these fields and find evidence that genetic (G) and plastic (E and G × E) phenotypic variation within populations will change in magnitude under new climates in predictable ways. We then show how changes in these sources of phenotypic variation can rewire food webs by altering the number and strength of species interactions, with consequences for ecosystem resilience. We also find evidence suggesting there are predictable asymmetries in genetic and plastic trait variation across trophic levels, which set the pace for phenotypic change and food web responses to climate change. Advances in genomics now make it possible to partition G, E and G × E phenotypic variation in natural populations, allowing tests of the hypotheses we propose.

By synthesizing advances in quantitative genetics and food web ecology, we provide testable predictions for how the structure and dynamics of biodiversity will respond to climate change.
Comparison of mitochondrial genomes provides insights into intron dynamics and evolution in Botryosphaeria dothidea and B. kuwatsukai
Authors: Wang Bo , Liang Xiaofei , Hao Xiaojuan , Dang Haiyue , Hsiang Tom , Gleason Mark L. , Zhang Rong , Sun Guangyu 
Published: May 2021

SummaryBotryosphaeria dothidea is one of the most common fungal pathogens on a large number of hosts worldwide. Botryosphaeria dothidea and B. kuwatsukai are also the main causal agents of apple ring rot. In this study, we sequenced, assembled and annotated the circular mitogenomes of 12 diverse B. dothidea isolates (105.7–114.8 kb) infecting various plants including apple, and five diverse B. kuwatsukai isolates (118.0–124.6 kb) from apple. B. dothidea mitogenomes harboured a set of 29–31 introns and 48–52 ORFs. In contrast, B. kuwatsukai mitogenomes harboured more introns (32–34) and ORFs (51–54). The variation in mitogenome sizes was associated mainly with different numbers of introns and insertions of mobile genetic elements. Interestingly, B. dothidea and B. kuwatsukai displayed distinct intron distribution patterns, with three intron loci showing presence/absence dynamics in each species. Large numbers of introns (57% in B. dothidea and 49% in B. kuwatsukai) were most likely obtained through horizontal transfer from non‐Dothideomycetes. The mitochondrial gene phylogeny supported the differentiation of the two species. Overall, this study sheds light into the mitochondrial evolution of the plant pathogens B. dothidea and B. kuwatsukai, and intron distribution patterns could be useful markers for studies on population diversity.
The association between nocturia, hormonal symptoms and bladder parameters in women: an observational study
Authors: Bower WF , Rose GE , Whishaw DM , Ervin CF , Wang AC , Moore KH 
Published: May 2021

ObjectivePostmenopausal nocturia is poorly understood. This study aimed to identify hormonal and lifestyle factors associated with nocturia and to understand the relative contribution of altered urine production and bladder storage dysfunction in women.Design, setting, population and methodsWomen ≥40 years presenting to public continence services were enrolled in a cross‐sectional study. A total of 153 participants completed a hormone status questionnaire, a validated nocturia causality screening tool and a 3‐day bladder diary. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models for nocturia severity and bladder diary parameters were computed.ResultsOverall, 91.5% reported nocturia, 55% ≥2 /night. There was a difference of 167.5 ml (P < 0.001) in nocturnal urine volume between women with nocturia ≥2 (median 736 ml) versus less often (517 ml). Significant predictors of self‐reported disruptive nocturia were age (odds ratio [OR] 1.04, 95% CI 1.002–1.073) and vitamin D supplementation (OR 2.33, 95% CI 1.11–4.91). Nocturnal polyuria was significantly more common with nocturia ≥2 compared with less frequent nocturia (P < 0.002). Exercise for 150 minutes a week was protective for nocturnal polyuria (OR 0.22, P = 0.001). Nocturia index >1.3 was significantly predicted by age (OR 1.07, P < 0.001), regular exercise (OR 0.41, P = 0.036), day flushes (OR 4.00, P = 0.013) and use of vitamin D (OR 2.34, P = 0.043). Maximum voided volumes were significantly lower with nocturia ≥2 versus less often (night: 268 ml versus 350 ml; day: 200 ml versus 290 ml).ConclusionsBothersome nocturia in postmenopausal women is associated with changes to both nocturnal diuresis and bladder storage. Regular physical activity, prolapse reduction and oestrogen replacement may be adjunctive in managing bothersome nocturia in women.
Familial risk for endometriosis and its interaction with smoking, age at menarche and body mass index: a population‐based cohort study among siblings
Authors: Kim HJ , Lee H‐S , Kazmi SZ , Hann HJ , Kang T , Cha J , Choi S , Swan H , Kim H , Lee YS , Ahn HS 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveTo quantify familial risk of endometriosis among full siblings and examine interactions between family history and smoking, age at menarche or body mass index (BMI).Design, setting and populationPopulation‐based nationwide cohort study.MethodsUsing data from the Korean National Health Insurance and Screening Programme databases on kinship, healthcare utilisation, lifestyle and anthropometrics, we identified 2 109 288 women with full siblings and their environmental risk factors from 2002 to 2018. Familial risks were estimated using Cox proportional‐hazards models, represented as incidence risk ratios (IRR) with 95% CI. Interaction between family history and smoking, age at menarche or BMI were assessed on an additive scale.Main outcome measuresIRR of endometriosis among women with and without affected siblings.ResultsFrom 19 195 women with affected siblings, 1126 developed endometriosis with an incidence of 35.45/10 000 person‐years. Familial risk of endometriosis with versus without affected siblings was increased to IRR 2.75 (95% CI 2.25–3.36), and the highest risk was with affected twins (IRR 6.98; 95% CI 4.19–11.62). Women with both a family history and either smoking, early menarche or low BMI had a significantly higher risk of endometriosis compared with the general population and can be regarded as a high‐risk group, the IRRs were 4.28 (95% CI 2.43–7.55), 3.47 (95% CI 2.82–4.26) and 3.09 (95% CI 2.68–3.56), respectively. Substantial effect modification of the associations was noted by smoking and early menarche, as their combined risk with family history exceeded the sum of their individual risks, which was also statistically significant.ConclusionGenetic factors are the primary contributor to the familial aggregation of endometriosis. Significant gene–environment interaction exists between family history and smoking or early menarche.Tweetable abstractSignificant gene–environment interaction exists between family history of endometriosis and smoking or early menarche.
A clinicopathologic analysis of microscopic extension in small cell lung cancer and lung adenocarcinoma: Determination of clinical target volume with precise radiotherapy
Authors: Gao Liwei , Wang Xiuhong , Yang Xiongtao , Gu Runchuan , Zhu Guangying , Gao Xianshu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurposeThe identification of the clinical target volume (CTV) is particularly important in the precise radiotherapy of lung cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine the extension margin from gross tumor volume (GTV) to CTV in primary small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) by microscopic extension (ME).Material and MethodsThe data of 25 cases of SCLC and 29 cases of ADC from August 2015 to August 2020 were analyzed. The measurement of tumor size between preoperative thoracic computed tomography (CT) and postoperative macroscopic specimens was compared, and the ME range of tumor cells was measured under a microscope to determine its correlation with clinical features and pathological manifestations.ResultsA total of 217 slides were examined, corresponding to 103 slides for SCLC and 114 slides for ADC. The radiologic sizes of the tumors in SCLC and ADC were 12.8 and 7.9 mm, respectively (p = 0.09), and the macroscopic sizes were 12.5 and 8.5 mm, respectively (p = 0.07). There was a significant correlation between the radiologic and macroscopic size of the same tumor sample (r = 0.886). Compared with ADC, more SCLC tumor cells infiltrated through vascular or lymphatic dissemination (16% vs. 9%, p = 0.047). The mean ME value was 2.81 mm for SCLC and 2.02 mm for ADC (p = 0.012). To take into account 95% of the ME, a margin of 8 and 7.7 mm must be expanded for SCLC and ADC, respectively. The ME value of the tumor was related to the presence of atelectasis, the location of the tumor, and the Ki‐67 cell proliferation index.ConclusionThe GTV of the tumor was contoured according to CT images, which was basically consistent with the actual tumor size. The GTVs of SCLC and ADC should be expanded by 8 and 7.7 mm, respectively, to fully cover the subclinical lesions in 95% of cases.
Al‐Khidr site on Failaka Island in the Bronze Age: Pottery perspective
Authors: Kovár Branislav , Daňová Klaudia , Pieta Karol 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe objective of this article is to evaluate the results of the excavation at the site of Al‐Khidr on Failaka Island that was probably a port or a fishermen’s settlement in the past. A very large number of stone architectural remains and artifacts have been discovered there. Al‐Khidr is a typical Dilmun culture site and the settlement was probably contemporary with the known sites F3 and F6 located on the south‐west coast of the island. Based on the pottery that has been processed, we preliminarily dated the site to a period between the beginning of the second millenium and approximately 1500 BC, although older settlement may have occurred, beginning at the end of the third millennium.
Biomarkers for oxidative stress and organ injury during Transnasal Humidified Rapid‐Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange compared to mechanical ventilation in adults undergoing microlaryngoscopy: A randomised controlled study
Authors: Forsberg Ida‐Maria , Mkrtchian Souren , Ebberyd Anette , Ullman Johan , Eriksson Lars I. , Lodenius Åse , Jonsson Fagerlund Malin 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundApnoeic oxygenation using Transnasal Humidified Rapid‐Insufflation Ventilatory Exchange (THRIVE) during general anaesthesia prolongs the safe apnoeic period. However, there is a gap of knowledge how THRIVE‐induced hyperoxia and hypercapnia impact vital organs. The primary aim of this randomised controlled trial was to characterise oxidative stress and, secondary, vital organ function biomarkers during THRIVE compared to mechanical ventilation (MV).MethodsThirty adult patients, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) 1–2, undergoing short laryngeal surgery under general anaesthesia were randomised to THRIVE, FIO2 1.0, 70 L min−1 during apnoea or MV. Blood biomarkers for oxidative stress, malondialdehyde and TAC and vital organ function were collected (A) preoperatively, (B) at procedure completion and (C) at PACU discharge.ResultsMean apnoea time was 17.9 (4.8) min and intubation to end‐of‐surgery time was 28.1 (12.8) min in the THRIVE and MV group, respectively. Malondialdehyde increased from 11.2 (3.1) to 12.7 (3.1) µM (P = .02) and from 9.5 (2.2) to 11.6 (2.6) µM (P = .003) (A to C) in the THRIVE and MV group, respectively. S100B increased from 0.05 (0.02) to 0.06 (0.02) µg L−1 (P = .005) (A to C) in the THRIVE group. No increase in TAC, CRP, leukocyte count, troponin‐T, NTproBNP, creatinine, eGFRcrea or NSE was demonstrated during THRIVE.ConclusionWhile THRIVE and MV was associated with increased oxidative stress, we found no change in cardiac, inflammation or kidney biomarkers during THRIVE. Further evaluation of stress and inflammatory response and cerebral and cardiac function during THRIVE is needed.
Brain imaging of cannabinoid type I (CB1) receptors in women with cannabis use disorder and male and female healthy controls
Authors: Spindle Tory R. , Kuwabara Hiroto , Eversole Alisha , Nandi Ayon , Vandrey Ryan , Antoine Denis G. , Umbricht Annie , Guarda Angela S. , Wong Dean F. , Weerts Elise M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCannabis effects are predominantly mediated by pharmacological actions on cannabinoid type 1 (CB1) receptors. Prior positron emission tomography (PET) studies in individuals who use cannabis included almost exclusively males. PET studies in females are needed because there are sex differences in cannabis effects, progression to cannabis use disorder (CUD), and withdrawal symptom severity. Females with CUD (N = 10) completed two double‐blind cannabis smoking sessions (Session 1: placebo; Session 2: active), and acute cannabis effects were assessed. After Session 2, participants underwent 3 days of monitored cannabis abstinence; mood, craving, and withdrawal symptoms were assessed and a PET scan (radiotracer: [11C]OMAR) followed. [11C]OMAR Distribution volume (VT) from these participants was compared with VT of age/BMI‐similar female non‐users of cannabis (“healthy controls”; N = 10). VT was also compared between female and male healthy controls (N = 7). Females with CUD displayed significantly lower VT than female healthy controls in specific brain regions (hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate, and insula). Amygdala VT was negatively correlated with mood changes (anger/hostility) during abstinence, but VT was not correlated with other withdrawal symptoms or cannabis effects. Among healthy controls, females had significantly higher VT than males in all brain regions examined. Chronic cannabis use appears to foster downregulation of CB1 receptors in women, as observed previously in men, and there are inherent sex differences in CB1 availability. Future studies should elucidate the time course of CB1 downregulation among females who use cannabis and examine the relation between CB1 availability and cannabis effects among other populations (e.g., infrequent users; medicinal users).
Mu‐opioid receptors in septum mediate the development of behavioural sensitization to a single morphine exposure in male rats
Authors: Li Yu‐Ling , Wei Shoupeng , Liu Qing , Gong Qi , Zhang Qing‐Jie , Zheng Tian‐Ge , Yong Zheng , Chen Feng , Lawrence Andrew J. , Liang Jian‐Hui 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBehavioural sensitization (BS) is characterized by enhanced psychomotor responses to a dose of substance of abuse after prior repeated exposure. We previously reported that BS can be induced by a single injection of morphine in rats, whereas septal nuclei are specifically involved in the development phase of BS. Here, we demonstrated that intra‐LS or intra‐MS microinjections also incubated BS to a systemic morphine injection in a cross‐sensitization fashion, whereas inactivation of either subdivision of septal nuclei (LS: lateral septum; MS: medial septum) can negate this ability of morphine. Then, non‐selective (naloxone) and selective (μ‐, δ‐ and κ‐)opioid receptor antagonists were directly delivered into LS or MS, respectively, ahead of a morphine microinjection, whereas only μ‐opioid receptors in both LS and MS play indispensable roles in mediating the BS development. Finally, there was a pronounced elevation in the levels of the monoamines (i.e. dopamine, homovanillic acid, 5‐hydroxytryptamine and 5‐hydroxyindoleacetic acid) in the septum, 8 h after a morphine injection detected with a HPLC‐ECD method, suggesting that dopaminergi and serotoninergic systems are implicated in the BS formation. Our studies demonstrated that septal nuclei critically participate in the BS development. Essentially, μ‐ instead of δ‐ or κ‐opioid receptors in LS and MS mediate sensitization to opiates.
Salivary β‐galactosidase, halitosis parameters in periodontal health and disease, and their changes after periodontal treatment
Authors: Aliyev B , Pasaoglu O , Pasaoglu H , Gungor K , Guner E , Celik B , Tuter G 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn this study, we aimed to evaluate the salivary β‐galactosidase and Halimeter values (HMV), organoleptic scores (OLS) and Winkel tongue coating index (WTCI) in periodontal health and periodontitis (P), and also their changes after phase I periodontal therapy and tongue cleaning.MethodsThe participants were separated as follows: 25 P with halitosis (Group 1), 25 P without halitosis (Group 2) and 25 healthy controls (Group 3). Periodontal recordings, HMV, OLS and WTCI scores were recorded, and whole saliva β‐galactosidase levels were measured colorimetrically in the samples at baseline and 1 month after the therapy.ResultsThe baseline values of HMV, OLS, WTCI and salivary β‐galactosidase levels were significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (P < 0.05). There was a statistically significant decrease in periodontal recordings, HMV, OLS, WTCI and salivary β‐galactosidase levels in all P patients by the therapy (P < 0.05). However, major reductions in halitosis measurements and saliva enzyme levels were observed in Group 1 after the treatment.ConclusionOur results showed that salivary β‐galactosidase was associated with halitosis parameters and phase I periodontal therapy played an important role to reduce this enzyme level and halitosis parameters in P.
Progress in the management of ovarian granulosa cell tumor: A review
Authors: Li Junting , Chu Ran , Chen Zhongshao , Meng Jinyu , Yao Shu , Song Kun , Kong Beihua 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOvarian granulosa cell tumor (GCT) is a rare, low‐grade malignant tumor that accounts for 70% of the sex cord‐stromal tumors. It has two histopathologic types with different clinical and biologic features: adult GCT and juvenile GCT. Most women diagnosed with the adult GCT have a favorable prognosis, with a 5‐year survival rate of 97%–98%, but adult GCT has a feature of late relapse; the recurrence time could be more than 20 years after diagnosis. Juvenile GCT has a survival rate of 97% in stage I and a 5‐year survival rate of 0%–22% in advanced stage with earlier recurrence than adult GCT. Consequently, the scenario emphasizes the need for early diagnosis, standardized treatment protocols, and long‐term follow up. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding accurate diagnosis of GCT and adjuvant treatment. Furthermore, GCT tends to occur in young women, which emphasizes the viability of fertility‐sparing surgery. The current review performed a systematic literature review of 60 articles to summarize the latest advances in GCT, with an emphasis on the molecular pathogenesis and survival after fertility‐sparing surgery. We found that young women with fertility‐sparing surgery had a desirable reproductive and survival outcome compared with those undergoing radical surgery.
Perinatal outcomes in women with cystic fibrosis: Data from the Italian Cystic Fibrosis Registry
Authors: Padoan Rita F. , Quattrucci Serena , Amato Annalisa , Salvatore Marco , Salvatore Donatello , Campagna Giuseppe 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionData from the Italian Cystic Fibrosis Registry concerning pregnancies in the period 2010–2015 were used to investigate the association between the preconception clinical status and perinatal outcomes of women with cystic fibrosis (CF).Material and methodsThe assessed clinical variables were genotype, age at the time of conception, body mass index (BMI) and the percentage of predicted forced expiratory volume in the first second (ppFEV1). The analyzed outcomes were gestational age, birthweight and the frequency of cesarean deliveries. A generalized linear mixed model (GLIMMIX) was used to evaluate the association between type of delivery and age at the time of becoming pregnant, BMI, ppFEV1 and gestational age. Robust multivariable regression was used to evaluate the relation between gestational age and age at the time of becoming pregnant, BMI and ppFEV1. Multivariable linear regression was performed to verify association between birthweight and BMI, and ppFEV1.ResultsComplete information concerning mother and child was available for 56 completed pregnancies. Median age at the time of conception was 30.8 years (range: 18.7–42.3); median BMI was 21.5 kg/m2 (range: 16.5–26.8); and median ppFEV1 was 73.9 (range: 30–128). In all, 31 women (55.36%) had a genotype consisting of two CF‐causing variants. Eight were homozygous for the F508del mutation (14.28% of the total). The median duration of pregnancy was 37 weeks (range: 31–41) and the frequency of prematurity (<37 weeks of gestational age) was 28.30%. Median birthweight was 2910 g (range: 1300–3650). The overall frequency of cesarean sections was 63.64%. A low preconception ppFEV1 was associated with prematurity (p = 0.014), and birthweight was positively related to ppFEV1 (p = 0.04). There was no association between the clinical variables or gestational age and the type of delivery.ConclusionsMaternal preconceptional respiratory function correlates with the duration of pregnancy and the birthweight of newborns. Cesarean deliveries are also frequent among young women with CF with normal respiratory function.