Electronic prescribing systems as tools to improve patient care: a learning health systems approach to increase guideline concordant prescribing for venous thromboembolism prevention
Authors: Gallier S. , Topham A. , Nightingale P. , Garrick M. , Woolhouse I. , Berry M.A. , Pankhurst T. , Sapey E. , Ball S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDVenous thromboembolism (VTE) causes significant mortality and morbidity in hospitalised patients. In England, reporting the percentage of patients with a completed VTE risk assessment is mandated, but this does not include whether that risk assessment resulted in appropriate prescribing. Full guideline compliance (an assessment and action) is rarely reported. Education, audit and feedback enhance guideline compliance but electronic prescribing systems(EPS) can mandate guideline-compliant actions. We hypothesised that EPS-based interventions would increase full VTE guideline compliance more than other interventions.METHODSAll admitted patients within University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust were included for analysis between 2011-2020. The proportion of patients who received a fully compliant risk assessment and action was assessed over time. Interventions included face-to-face feedback based on measured performance (an individual approach) and mandatory risk assessment and prescribing rules into an EPS (a systems approach).RESULTSData from all 235,005 admissions and all 5503 prescribers were included in the analysis. Face-to-face feedback improved full VTE guideline concordance from 70% to 77% (p=<0.001). Changes to the EPS to mandate assessment with prescribing rules increased full VTE compliance to 95% (p=<0.001). Further amendments to the EPS system to reduce erroneous VTE assessments slightly reduced full compliance to 92% (p<0.001), but this was then maintained including during changes to the low molecular weight heparin used for VTE prophylaxis.DISCUSSION/ CONCLUSIONAn EPS-systems approach was more effective in improving sustained guideline-compliant VTE prevention. Non-compliance was still not eradicated despite this mandated system and requires further research.FUNDINGHDR-UK Hub PIONEERSummary BoxWhat is already known?Hospitalised patients are at an increased risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), which can lead to significant morbidity and mortality. Risk factors for VTE are well known, there are established screening criteria and there is an effective prophylactic therapy, using low molecular weight heparin where indicated. Since 2010, NHS England has mandated the reporting of the percentage of patients with a completed VTE risk assessment. However, it does not automatically follow that completing a risk assessment leads to the appropriate action (prescribing and administering VTE prophylaxis where indicated). Currently it is unclear what percentage of patients have a guideline compliant VTE risk assessment and an associated action, or how full guideline compliance can be improved.What does this paper add?First, this paper describes that a VTE risk assessment does not always lead to full VTE guideline compliance (an appropriate prescription and administration of heparin where indicated). This is currently not part of mandated reporting but potentially could lead to patient harm. Second, that Electronic Health Systems (EHS) can capture and interrogate guideline-associated risk assessments and prescribing, and be used to improve full guideline compliance, through a combination of individual feedback to prescribing outliers and mandated prescribing rules. These EPS-assisted systems are robust, and sustain guideline compliance through personnel and formulary changes.