bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elastomeric Haptic Devices for Virtual and Augmented Reality
Authors: Bai Hedan , Li Shuo , Shepherd Robert F. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSince the modern concepts for virtual and augmented reality are first introduced in the 1960's, the field has strived to develop technologies for immersive user experience in a fully or partially virtual environment. Despite the great progress in visual and auditory technologies, haptics has seen much slower technological advances. The challenge is because skin has densely packed mechanoreceptors distributed over a very large area with complex topography; devising an apparatus as targeted as an audio speaker or television for the localized sensory input of an ear canal or iris is more difficult. Furthermore, the soft and sensitive nature of the skin makes it difficult to apply solid state electronic solutions that can address large areas without causing discomfort. The maturing field of soft robotics offers potential solutions toward this challenge. In this article, the definition and history of virtual (VR) and augmented reality (AR) is first reviewed. Then an overview of haptic output and input technologies is presented, opportunities for soft robotics are identified, and mechanisms of intrinsically soft actuators and sensors are introduced. Finally, soft haptic output and input devices are reviewed with categorization by device forms, and examples of soft haptic devices in VR/AR environments are presented.
Biodegradable Copper‐Based Nanoparticles Augmented Chemodynamic Therapy through Deep Penetration and Suppressing Antioxidant Activity in Tumors
Authors: Zheng Runxiao , Cheng Yan , Qi Fan , Wu Yunyun , Han Xiaoqing , Yan Jiao , Zhang Haiyuan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractChemodynamic therapy (CDT) efficacy has been limited by the poor penetration ability of large nanoparticles (NPs) and the antioxidant activity of tumors, especially high heme oxygenase (HO‐1) and glutathione (GSH) levels. Herein, PEGylated CuMoOx‐coated and zinc protoporphyrin IX (ZP)‐loaded Cu (CCMZ) NPs are designed to afford rapid degradation ability and augmented CDT efficacy through inhibiting HO‐1 activity and depleting GSH. The deep penetration of tumor can be achieved under the high levels of GSH, which triggers the degradation of CuMoOx shell. Meanwhile, GSH itself is depleted, which converts the reductive environment into constant oxidative environment, thus leading to the degradation of Cu core. Furthermore, the release of ZP from CCMZ NPs can inhibit HO‐1 activity and provide a favorable microenvironment for CDT, and the release of Cu and Mo ions can convert hydrogen peroxide into hydroxyl radical to eliminate tumor cells more efficiently. In addition, CCMZ NPs also play an immune vaccine‐like effect to recruit different immune cells for antitumor immunotherapy. In vitro and in vivo studies prove the augmented CDT property of CCMZ NPs, supplying a new strategy for improving CDT efficacy.
Tailoring the Surface Properties of Micro/Nanofibers Using 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D Nanostructures: A Review on Post‐Modification Methods
Authors: Schneider Rodrigo , Facure Murilo H. M. , Chagas Paulo A. M. , Andre Rafaela S. , dos Santos Danilo M. , Correa Daniel S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMicro‐ and nanofibers produced by electrospinning and solution blow spinning (SBS) are highly suitable platforms for diverse applications due to their advantageous properties, including the high surface area to volume ratio, high porosity, and flexibility. To render them additional functionalities, distinct pre‐ or post‐modification processes have been proposed for modifying such micro‐ and nanofibers with 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D nanostructures. The pre‐modification requires the addition of 0D–3D nanostructures (or their precursors) into the polymeric phase before the spinning process, which can demand laborious solubilization and requires changes in experimental spinning parameters, with impact on morphology, spinnability, and properties. Post‐modification methods, on the other hand, enable the fabrication of composite fibers without the need to optimize the spinning parameters, allowing a simple and efficient surface modification. Herein, recent advances on post‐modification methods of spun fibers, including wet chemistry, grafting, crosslinking, click chemistry, oxidations, hydrolysis and reduction strategies, dip‐coating, layer‐by‐layer, electro/air‐spray, atomic layer deposition, and plasma techniques aiming at the surface functionalization with 0D–3D nanostructures are surveyed. Recent results, trends, and challenges on the application of such surface‐modified fibers for environmental, industrial, and medical applications, including as adsorbent and filtering membranes, catalysts for pollutants degradation, and wearable sensors are examined.
3D Triptycene‐Fused Acridine Electron Donor Enables High‐Efficiency Nondoped Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescent OLEDs
Authors: Zhan Qun , Cao Chen , Huang Taian , Zhou Changjiang , Xie Ziyang , Zou Yang , Lee Chun‐Sing , Yang Chuluo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOrganic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) with simple nondoped device structure are extremely attractive for real applications since excitons can be utilized without considering the possible charge trapping and morphology issues in the host–dopant systems. Emitters with suppressed concentration annihilation capability are essential for nondoped devices. Herein, two thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters based on a novel 3D electron donor, namely, TDMAC, are constructed. The TDMAC donor consists of a conventional donor with fused triptycene scaffold. Benefitting from the unique rigid and bulky triptycene moiety, these TADF emitters exhibit excellent thermal, morphological, and photophysical properties. Consequently, highly efficient OLEDs with external quantum efficiencies up to 24.2% and 23% are realized for doped and nondoped devices, respectively.
Colored, Covert Infrared Display through Hybrid Planar‐Plasmonic Cavities
Authors: Lee Joong Hoon , Kim Yeong Jae , Yoo Young Jin , Chang Sehui , Lee Gil Ju , Ko Joo Hwan , Kang Kyung Muk , Chanda Debashis , Song Young Min 
Published: June 2021

AbstractArtificial covert infrared (IR) displays have recently emerged as an anti‐counterfeiting method for spontaneous thermal emissive surfaces and optically encoded information. However, the unnatural appearance of a conventional thermal emissive label in the visible region limits the widespread application of an artificial covert IR display. This paper presents a colored, covert IR display exhibiting visible color patterns and thermally encoded data simultaneously based on a hybrid planar‐plasmonic cavity (HPPC). The HPPC is composed of two spectrally distinguished resonant structures: 1) an ultrathin planar cavity with an amorphous silicon (a‐Si) layer on gold (Au) for visible coloration and 2) an IR plasmonic cavity with hole‐patterned Au on a polymer substrate with a back mirror for thermal data encoding. Such hybridization of multi‐band resonance can not only enhance the vivid coloration but also enhance the data storage capacity per unit. Camouflage labels with encrypted thermal data are successfully demonstrated for practical applications using a flexible HPPC. Collectively, the proposed HPPC enables a new type of anti‐counterfeiting method that achieves both esthetic, visibly encoded data, and covert, thermally encoded data.
State of the Art in Crystallization‐Induced Diastereomer Transformations
Authors: Kolarovič Andrej , Jakubec Pavol 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCrystallization‐induced diastereomer transformations (CIDT) enable isolation of the target compounds in high enantio‐ and diastereomeric purities and with up to quantitative yields simply by filtration. Numerous inspiring examples of this appealing synthetic strategy reported over the last fifteen years are reviewed. Important observations along with aspects to consider when designing CIDT experiments are discussed.magnified image
Solid‐State Post Li Metal Ion Batteries: A Sustainable Forthcoming Reality?
Authors: Ferrari Stefania , Falco Marisa , Muñoz‐García Ana Belén , Bonomo Matteo , Brutti Sergio , Pavone Michele , Gerbaldi Claudio 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn the quest for a sustainable society, energy storage technology is destined to play a central role in the future energy landscape. Breakthroughs in materials and methods involving sustainable resources are crucial to protect humankind from the most serious consequences of climate change. Rechargeable batteries of all forms will be required to follow the path. Elements that are eligible to harmonically contribute to the development of a sustainable ecosystem and fulfil the demands of high energy density batteries include Na, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Al. Numerous research efforts are underway to explore new battery chemistries based on these elements and, depending on the field of application, different elements inherit different advantages and challenges. Full sustainability implies that the environmental friendliness of these systems must be characterized by a “cradle‐to‐grave” approach. In this context, the pursuit of global environmental and economical sustainability from mass production, raw materials, and technical challenges is discussed herein for the most recent battery concepts based on monovalent and multivalent metal anodes. A perspective on strategies and opportunities particularly around the development of all‐solid‐state system configurations is provided, and the most important obstacles to overcome in search of a more sustainable future for electrochemical energy storage are addressed.
Asymmetric Organocatalysis of Activated Alkynes and Enynes
Authors: Sharma Akashdeep , Nagaraju Koppanathi , Rao Gunda Ananda , Gurubrahamam Ramani , Chen Kwunmin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEnantioselective organocatalytic protocols for the functionalization of electron‐deficient internal alkynes and enynes are reviewed. This review focuses on the applicability of activated conjugated π‐systems in asymmetric synthesis for providing diversified chiral entities under metal‐free reaction conditions. Various organocatalytic strategies with different catalytic modes are demonstrated.
Branched Aggregates with Tunable Morphology via Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of Azobenzene‐Derived Molecular Double Brushes
Authors: Xu Binbin , Qian Hongyu , Zhang Ling , Lin Shaoliang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHierarchical self‐assembly is one of the most effective approaches to fabricate nature‐inspired materials with subtle nanostructures. We report a distinct hierarchical self‐assembly process of molecular double brushes (MDBs) with each graft site carrying a poly(azobenzene‐acrylate) (PAzo) chain and a poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) chain. Asymmetric tapered worm (ATW) nanostructures with chain‐end reactivity assembling from the azobenzene‐derived MDBs serve as primary subunits to prepare branched supermicelles by increasing water content (Cw) in THF/water. Various natural Antedon‐shaped multiarm worm‐like aggregates (MWAs) can be created via the particle–particle connection of ATWs. Intriguingly, the azobenzene moieties undergo trans–cis isomerization upon UV irradiation and further promote a morphology evolution of MWAs. Multiscale supermicelles comprised of starfish shapes with differing central body and arm morphologies (e.g., compare to the biological specimens Luidia ciliaris and Crossaster papposus) were prepared by manipulating irradiation time.
An Invitation to Engage with Computational Modeling: User‐Friendly Tool for In Silico Battery Component Generation and Meshing
Authors: Chouchane Mehdi , Franco Alejandro A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWith the growing interest in battery computational modeling to work hand‐in‐hand with experiments, the lack of user‐friendly software, in particular accessible for experimentalists, is an impediment to its development. In the battery field, time dependent 3D‐resolved computational modeling is a more promising approach compared to trial and error to capture the impact of the mesostructure of components (e. g. electrode, separator) on the electrochemical and transport properties of the cell. In this Concept, we introduce and describe an application, freely accessible and usable through an internet browser, that allows to import, generate and mesh battery components suited for time dependent 3D‐resolved electrochemical and transport process simulations.
Biomass‐derived Carbon Quantum Dots – A Review. Part 2: Application in Batteries
Authors: Thangaraj Baskar , Solomon Pravin Raj , Chuangchote Surawut , Wongyao Nutthapon , Surareungchai Werasak 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe utility of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) based electrodes prepared from biomass has drawn the attention of the scientists and industrialists due to their structural diversities, tuneable physical or chemical properties, and economical, environmental, and social considerations. As the raw material for the production of CQDs is abundantly available in nature at low‐cost any technological know‐how is bound to be sustainable. These carbon quantum dots with porous structure have ideal architecture, physicochemical properties, amenability for doping with heteroatoms, good electrical conductivity thus making them very attractive for electrochemical energy storage. In this paper, application potentialities of various metal ion batteries (Li+, Na+, K+, Al2+, and Zn2+) using nanostructured carbon materials, Columbic efficiency, cyclic ability, reversible discharge capacity, current density, dimensional effects and cost considerations are brought into close focus.
Contribution of Superhydrophobic Surfaces and Polymer Additives to Drag Reduction
Authors: Kouser Taiba , Xiong Yongliang , Yang Dan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDrag reduction has constantly received great attention due to its extensive range of applications in fluid transportation and vehicle industries. The vital role of two different additive and non‐additive techniques (polymer additives and superhydrophobic surfaces) to reduce the drag force experienced by underwater vehicles, fluid flow through pipes, ducts, open or closed channels, and other wall‐bounded laminar and turbulent flows is highlighted. Reducing the drag resistance can significantly enhance the performance of immersed vehicles and results in saving the energy consumed on a large scale. The progress in theoretical modeling, experimental and computational studies of both techniques are reviewed, together with the surface design, wettability, and influence of the roughness factor of superhydrophobic surfaces and the effect of polymer drag‐reducing agents for wall‐bounded flows and multiphase flows. General formulations, potential applications, and major issues involved in the aforementioned approaches are summarized.
High‐Performance Bifunctional Ni−Fe−S Catalyst in situ Synthesized within Graphite Intergranular Nanopores for Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Yang Xiao‐Fan , Li Jing , Yang Xin‐Ming , Li Chao‐Xiong , Li Fang , Li Bing , He Jian‐Bo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLow‐cost and efficient bifunctional catalysts are urgently needed for overall water splitting used in large‐scale energy storage. In this study, we develop a nickel and iron (di)sulfide (Ni−Fe−S) composite catalyst that is in situ synthesized and fixed within the intergranular nanopores inside high pure polycrystalline graphite. Two precursor solutions (reactants) may permeate the graphite intergranular pores to a depth of more than 3.5 mm. The nanoscale pores serve as an array of nanoreactors for the synthesis of the Ni−Fe−S nanoparticles under conditions much milder than usual. The prepared catalyst efficiently catalyzes both the hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions (HER and OER) in 1.0 M KOH. It delivers a current density of 400 mA cm−2 at a full cell voltage of around 2.3 V without considerable activity decay over 24 h electrolysis. The active species of the catalyst are different for the HER and OER and discussed accordingly. The synthesis strategy based on the nanopores in a monolithic conductive substrate proves to be a simple, efficient, and promising way to prepare electrocatalysts that are cheap, abundant, and industrially attractive.
Benzodithiophene‐Based Spacers for Layered and Quasi‐Layered Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Primera Darwich Barbara , Guijarro Nestor , Cho Han‐Hee , Yao Liang , Monnier Luc , Schouwink Pascal , Mensi Mounir , Yum Jun‐Ho , Sivula Kevin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIncorporating extended pi‐conjugated organic cations in layered lead halide perovskites is a recent trend promising to merge the fields of organic semiconductors and lead halide perovskites. Herein, we integrate benzodithiophene (BDT) into Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) layered and quasi‐layered lead iodide thin films (with methylammonium, MA) of the form (BDT)2MAn−1PbnI3n+1. The importance of tuning the ligand chemical structure is shown as an alkyl chain length of at least six carbon atoms is required to form a photoactive RP (n=1) phase. With N=20 or 100, as prepared in the precursor solution following the formula (BDT)2MAN−1PbNI3N+1, the performance and stability of devices surpassed those with phenylethylammonium (PEA). For N=100, the BDT cation gave a power conversion efficiency of up to 14.7 % vs. 13.7 % with PEA. Transient photocurrent, UV photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy point to improved charge transport in the device active layer and additional electronic states close to the valence band, suggesting the formation of a Lewis adduct between the BDT and surface iodide vacancies.
Sustained low‐dose interleukin‐2 therapy alleviates pathogenic humoral immunity via elevating the Tfr/Tfh ratio in lupus
Authors: Liang Kaili , He Jing , Wei Yunbo , Zeng Qunxiong , Gong Dongcheng , Qin Jiahuan , Ding Huihua , Chen Zhian , Zhou Ping , Niu Peng , Chen Qian , Ding Chenguang , Lu Liangjing , Chen Xiao‐Xiang , Li Zhanguo , Shen Nan , Yu Di , Deng Jun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectivesLow‐dose interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) has shown promising clinical benefits in the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), but how this therapy alleviates pathogenic humoral immunity remains not well understood. The dilemma is that IL‐2 can suppress both follicular helper and regulatory T (Tfh and Tfr) cells, which counteract each other in regulating autoantibody production.MethodsFemale NZB/W F1 mice received recombinant human IL‐2 (3 × 104 IU/dose) in three treatment regimens: (1) short, daily for 7 days; (2) medium, daily for 14 days, and (3) long, every second day for 28 days. Tfh (Foxp3−CXCR5+Bcl6+), Tfr (Foxp3+CXCR5+Bcl6+), germinal centre (GC, B220+GL‐7+Fas+) and antibody‐secreting cell (ASC, B220−CD138+TACI+) were analysed by flow cytometry. Serum anti‐dsDNA level was determined by ELISA. Kidney pathology was evaluated by H&E and immunofluorescence staining. Circulating Tfh and Tfr cells in SLE patients treated with low‐dose IL‐2 from a previous clinical trial (NCT02084238) was analysed.ResultsLow‐dose IL‐2 treatment consistently increased Tfr/Tfh ratio in mice and SLE patients, because of a stronger suppression on Tfh cells than Tfr cells. Three treatment regimens revealed distinct immunological features. Tfh suppression was observed in all regimens, but Tfr suppression and GC reduction were recorded in just medium and long regimens. Only the long treatment regimen resulted in inhibited ASC differentiation in spleen, which was accompanied by reduced anti‐dsDNA titres and ameliorated kidney pathology.ConclusionLow‐dose IL‐2 therapy increases the Tfr/Tfh ratio, and a less frequent and prolonged treatment can alleviate pathogenic humoral immunity and improve renal function.
The role of endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration in the differential diagnosis of isolated mediastinal and/or hilar lymphadenopathy
Authors: Temiz Dilek , İn Erdal , Kuluöztürk Mutlu , Kırkıl Gamze , Artaş Gökhan , Turgut Teyfik , Deveci Figen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroductionIsolated mediastinal and/or hilar lymphadenopathy (IMHL) has become an increasingly common finding as a result of the increased use of thoracic imaging modalities. Endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) is accepted as the first step diagnostic method in the differential diagnosis of IMHL.ObjectiveTo determine the diagnostic yield of the procedure and to analyze clinical and sonographic findings that can be used to differentiate the etiology of lymph node pathologies.MethodsPatients who underwent EBUS‐TBNA procedure between March 2017 and March 2020 were included in this retrospective study. Demographic data, symptoms, comorbid diseases, and EBUS findings were obtained from the records of the patients.ResultsEBUS‐TBNA provided a diagnosis in 88 patients out of 120 patients (granulomatous diseases n = 54, malignant diseases n = 21, and anthracotic lymph nodes n = 13), and 32 patients had a negative EBUS‐TBNA. 22/32 negative EBUS‐TBNA samples were true negatives (reactive lymphadenopathy). The sensitivity of the procedure was 89.8% while negative predict value was 68.7%, diagnostic yield of 91.6%. Patients with reactive lymph nodes had significantly more comorbidities (77.3%–19.4%, p < .001) and a lower number of lymph node stations (1.6 ± 0.8–2.7 ± 0.9, p < .001). Patients with anthracotic lymph nodes were older and mostly consisted of females (11/13, p < .001).ConclusionEBUS‐TBNA has high‐diagnostic efficiency in the differential diagnosis of IMHL. The number and size of lymph node stations can provide useful information for differential diagnosis. Clinical follow‐up can be a more beneficial approach in patients with reactive and anthracotic lymph nodes before invasive sampling.
Web databases of feather photographs are useful tools for avian morphometry studies
Authors: Malo Juan E. , Mata Cristina 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Wing area, wing loading, and aspect ratio are key variables for studies of avian comparative ecology, despite the complexity of measuring wing characteristics in living and museum specimens. The systematic databases of feather photographs available on the Internet may offer an alternative way of obtaining such morphometric data. Here, we evaluate whether measurements of scanned feathers from web photograph databases may offer reliable estimates of avian morphometry.

Published data on wing area were obtained for 317 bird species and feather measurements from web photograph databases for 225 of them. A variable termed “lift generation area,” a proxy for wing area, was calculated for each species on the basis of the mean length of the five distal secondary feathers and wingspan data from literature. The fit between this proposed variable and data extracted from the literature was examined by correlation, employing linear regression to explore the lack of fit among species.

“Lift generation area” proved to be highly informative as a proxy for wing area for the study species as a whole (R2 > .98). Discrepancies observed between species were strongly negatively associated with the size of the original sample used to calculate wing area (p = .001) and, to a lesser extent, with bird size (p = .023), but not with aspect ratio. It was also found that the mean value of the mismatch between “lift generation area” and wing area (13.1%) among the study species as a whole was of similar magnitude to that found between sources of bibliographic wing area data for the 64 species for which two published estimates of this variable were available (15.3%).

We conclude that measurements made from feather photograph databases are reliable for use in studies of avian comparative ecology, enabling the inclusion of biomechanical parameters of many more species than featured at present.