bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potato cyst nematodes Globodera rostochiensis and G. pallida
Authors: Price James A. , Coyne Danny , Blok Vivian C. , Jones John T. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTaxonomyPhylum Nematoda; class Chromadorea; order Rhabditida; suborder Tylenchina; infraorder Tylenchomorpha; superfamily Tylenchoidea; family Heteroderidae; subfamily Heteroderinae; Genus Globodera.BiologyPotato cyst nematodes (PCN) are biotrophic, sedentary endoparasitic nematodes. Invasive (second) stage juveniles (J2) hatch from eggs in response to the presence of host root exudates and subsequently locate and invade the host. The nematodes induce the formation of a large, multinucleate syncytium in host roots, formed by fusion of up to 300 root cell protoplasts. The nematodes rely on this single syncytium for the nutrients required to develop through a further three moults to the adult male or female stage. This extended period of biotrophy—between 4 and 6 weeks in total—is almost unparalleled in plant–pathogen interactions. Females remain at the root while adult males revert to the vermiform body plan of the J2 and leave the root to locate and fertilize the female nematodes. The female body forms a cyst that contains the next generation of eggs.Host rangeThe host range of PCN is limited to plants of the Solanaceae family. While the most economically important hosts are potato (Solanum tuberosum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), and aubergine (Solanum melongena), over 170 species of Solanaceae are thought to be potential hosts for PCN (Sullivan et al., 2007).Disease symptomsSymptoms are similar to those associated with nutrient deficiency, such as stunted growth, yellowing of leaves and reduced yields. This absence of specific symptoms reduces awareness of the disease among growers.Disease controlResistance genes (where available in suitable cultivars), application of nematicides, crop rotation. Great effort is put into reducing the spread of PCN through quarantine measures and use of certified seed stocks.Useful websitesGenomic information for PCN is accessible through WormBase ParaSite.
Identifying varieties of nationalism: A critique of a purely inductive approach
Authors: Eger Maureen A , Hjerm Mikael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMost theoretical and empirical approaches to nationalism not only distinguish between ethnic and civic notions of national belonging but also differentiate national identity from national hubris, pride, and attachment. In this research note, we examine recently published research on nationalist sentiments in the United States that takes a different approach. The study in question, ‘Varieties of American Popular Nationalism' by Bonikowski and DiMaggio (2016), has already become quite influential in the field and has the potential to change how we conceptualise and operationalise attitudes about the nation. In this research note, we revisit its analytical strategy and exploratory methods. We ask two questions. First, does this study allow us to draw conclusions about American nationalism? To answer this, we replicate the original model and then execute additional postestimation analyses, whose results undermine the study's main conclusions. Second, we investigate whether judicious revisions to the study's model generate results that would lead us to the article's same conclusions. The 385 additional models lend no support. Based on this evidence, we argue that the original study's conclusions stem from a misinterpretation of its latent class analysis (LCA), as our own analyses demonstrate that there is no empirical basis for its claims.
The knowledge and practice of maintaining the patency of arterial catheters
Authors: Xiao Yanyan , Wang Yi , Yuan Cui , Wang Fang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundMaintaining the patency of arterial catheters—routinely inserted in critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs)—is essential for obtaining physiological measurements and enabling blood sampling.AimThis study aims to evaluate current ICU nurse knowledge and practice of maintaining the patency of arterial catheters and explore the factors that influence nurses' knowledge level.DesignThis was a cross‐sectional survey conducted in China.MethodsThis research was conducted in 20 tertiary hospitals in Beijing, China between March and June 2020. The data were collected by electronic questionnaire, which was designed in accordance with the literature and consisted of 28 questions. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyse the data.ResultsA total of 576 completed questionnaires were returned. The mean score of nurses' knowledges was 3.66 ± 1.35, which is a moderate level. There was a statistically significant difference between the mean scores of nurses with different professional titles and work experiences (mean 3.58 vs 4.04/7; mean 3.50 vs 3.58 vs 3.94/7). Considering ICU nurses' practice of maintaining the patency of arterial catheters, 376(65.3%)nurses replaced the pressure transducer as per the manual, and 347 (60.2%) nurses zeroed the pressure transducer once per shift. More than 90% ICU nurses aligned the transducer with the heart surface marker during zeroing procedures. Furthermore, 79.9% of nurses performed fast‐flush tests routinely, 459 (85.9%) nurses flushed the arterial catheter routinely, and 80% of nurses evaluated the patency of the arterial catheter every shift.ConclusionsThis study found that the practices of ICU nurses varied, and their knowledge of how to maintain the patency of arterial catheters was moderate and could be improved. ICU nurses should be trained effectively to develop a unified standard of arterial catheter management.Relevance to clinical practiceTraining programmes on arterial catheter management for ICU nurses are essential for improving knowledge and practice.
Kinematic Characteristics and Biomechanical Changes of Lower Lumbar Facet Joints Under Different Loads
Authors: Song Yang , Wen Wang‐qiang , Xu Jin , Zhang Ze‐pei , Han Ye , Li Ke‐peng , Wang Xiao‐dong , Xu Hao‐xiang , Liu Jianan , Miao Jun 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo explore the kinematic biomechanical changes and symmetry in the left and right sides of the facet joints of lumbar spine segments under different functional loads.MethodsParticipants (n = 10) performing standing flexion and extension movements were scanned using computed tomography (CT) and dual fluoroscopy imagine system. Instantaneous images of the L3–S1 vertebrae were captured, and by matching a three‐dimensional CT model with contours from dual fluoroscopy images, in vivo facet joint movements were reproduced and analyzed. Translations and rotations of lumbar vertebral (L3 and L4) facet joints of data were compared for different loads (0, 5, 10 kg). The participants performed flexion and extension movements in different weight‐bearing states, the translations and angles changes were calculated respectively.ResultsFrom standing to extension, there were no statistical differences in rotation angles for the facet joint processes of different vertebral segment levels under different weight loads (P > 0.05). Mediolateral axis and cranio‐caudal translations under different weight loads were not statistically different for vertebral segment levels (P > 0.05). Anteroposterior translations for L3 (1.4 ± 0.1 mm) were greater than those for L4 (1.0 ± 0.1 mm) under the different load conditions (P = 0.04). Bilaterally, mediolateral, anteroposterior, and cranio‐caudal translations of the facet joints under different weights (0, 10 kg) for each segment level (L3 and L4) were symmetric (P > 0.05). From flexion to standing, there were no statistical differences in rotation angles for different weights (0, 5, 10 kg) for each level (L3 and L4) (P > 0.05). There were no statistical differences between mediolateral, anteroposterior, and cranio‐caudal translations at each segment level (L3 and L4) under different loads (P > 0.05). Under the condition of no weight (0 kg), L3 mediolateral translations on the left side (1.7 ± 1.6 mm) were significantly greater (P = 0.03) than those on the right side (1.6 ± 1.6 mm). Left side (1.0 ± 0.7 mm) L4 mediolateral translations were significantly smaller (P = 0.03) than those on the right side (1.1 ± 0.7 mm). There were no statistical differences between different weights for either anteroposterior and cranio‐caudal translations (P > 0.05). There were no statistical differences for mediolateral, anteroposterior, and cranio‐caudal translations for 10 kg (P > 0.05).ConclusionLumbar spine facet joint kinematics did not change significantly with increased loads. Anteroposterior translations for L3 were greater than those for L4 of the vertebral segments are related to the coronal facet joint surface. Changes in facet surface symmetry indicates that the biomechanical pattern between facet joints may change.
Public works programs and crime: Evidence for El Salvador
Authors: Acosta Pablo , Monsalve Montiel Emma 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMost evaluations of public works programs in developing countries study their effects on poverty reduction and other labor market outcomes (job creation, earnings, and participation). However, very few look at other collateral effects, such as the incidence of violence. Between 2009 and 2014, El Salvador implemented the Temporary Income Support Program (PATI), which aimed at guaranteeing a temporary minimum level of income to extremely poor urban families for 6 months, as well as providing beneficiaries with experience in social and productive activities at the municipal level. Making use of a panel data set at the municipal level for 2007–2014, with monthly data on different types of crime rates and social program benefits by municipalities, this paper assesses the effects of the program on crime rates in municipalities in El Salvador. There are several possible channels through which the PATI can affect crime. Since the program is associated with cash transfers to beneficiaries, a decrease in economically motivated crimes is expected (income effect). But since the program enforces work requirements and community participation, this could generate a negative impact on crime, because the beneficiaries will have less time to commit crime and because of community deterrence effects. Overall, the paper finds a robust and significant negative impact of the PATI on most types of crimes in the municipalities with the intervention. Moreover, the negative effects of the program on some types of crime rates hold several years after participation. The positive spillover effects for municipalities hold within a radius of 50 km.
Use of Fracking Information Disclosure Policies to Reduce Uncertainty in Risk‐Based Decisions
Authors: Lonnquist Sean , Gallagher Deborah 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe hydraulic fracturing (fracking) boom has outpaced both our understanding of its potential impacts on human health and the environment, as well as the legal and regulatory frameworks in place to govern it. We conducted interviews in Pennsylvania with individuals living in communities affected by fracking to examine how residents perceive the laws and regulations that are in place to protect them from its risks. We found that residents felt that they lacked access to sufficiently comprehensive and comprehensible information about the potential risks that fracking poses. We then drew from scholarship on the use of information disclosure as a regulatory tool to discuss the need for increased information transparency in the fracking context, and proposed several policy interventions that could ease the information asymmetry experienced by residents in these communities.
COVID‐19: Risk Factors Associated with Infectivity and Severity
Authors: Fadl Nahla , Ali Esraa , Salem Tamer Z. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCOVID‐19 is highly transmissible; however, its severity varies from one individual to another. Variability among different isolates of the virus and among its receptor (ACE2) may contribute to this severity, but comorbidity plays a major role on disease prognosis. Many comorbidities have been reported to be associated with severe COVID‐19 patients. We have collected data from retrospective studies which include clinical and epidemiological features of patients and categorize them into severe/mild, ICU/non‐ICU and survivors/dead patients. In this review, we give an update about SARS‐CoV‐2 structure with emphasis on the possible reasons for the severity of the virus in patients. We also collected information and patients’ data to highlight the relation between COVID‐19 patients and comorbidities.
Prospective randomized controlled blinded clinical trial evaluating biomarkers of acute kidney injury following 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 or Hartmann's solution in dogs
Authors: Boyd Corrin J. , Sharp Claire R. , Claus Melissa A. , Raisis Anthea L. , Hosgood Giselle , Smart Lisa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the effect of 6% hydroxyethyl starch (HES) 130/0.4, compared with a Hartmann's solution control (CRYST), on urine biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs prescribed a fluid bolus.Design: Randomized, controlled, blinded clinical trial January 2018 to February 2019.Setting: University teaching hospital.Animals: Forty client‐owned dogs.Interventions: Dogs prescribed a fluid bolus were randomized to receive at least 10 mL/kg of HES or CRYST with clinicians and investigators blinded to fluid type. Study fluid was used for further boluses as required in the following 24 hours, to a limit of 40 mL/kg total, after which fluid administration was open‐label.Measurements and Main Results: Urine was collected prior to and 6, 12, and 24 hours after the first study fluid bolus. Urine concentrations of AKI biomarkers: neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL), cystatin C, kidney injury molecule‐1 (KIM), clusterin, and osteopontin were measured using a magnetic bead multiplexed assay. Osmolality‐indexed biomarker concentrations were compared between groups over time with linear mixed‐effects models, with P < 0.05 considered significant. The mean volume of study fluid administered was not significantly different between groups (HES: 23.1 mL/kg, CRYST: 25.9 mL/kg; P = 0.47, t‐test). There were no significant differences between groups in change over time of osmolality‐indexed urine concentrations of NGAL (P = 0.91), cystatin C (P = 0.95), KIM (P = 0.77), clusterin (P = 0.63), or osteopontin (P = 0.91). The maximum Veterinary Acute Kidney Injury (VAKI) score up to 7 days during hospitalization (P = 1.0) and in‐hospital mortality (P = 0.49) were not significantly different between groups, as compared by Fisher's exact test.Conclusions: There were no differences in change over time of urine AKI biomarkers in dogs treated with 10 – 40 mL/kg HES or CRYST over 24 hours. Larger clinical trials with patient‐centered outcomes are required to investigate the safety of HES in dogs.
Critical Shear Stress of Plates Above the Proportional Limit
Authors: Gerard George 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The secant-modulus method previously used for determining critical compressive stresses above the proportional limit has been extended for use in determining critical shear stresses above the proportional limit. The method was confirmed by an experimental program designed to check the use of the shear-secant modulus in the critical-shear-stress equation. Nondimensional critical-shear-stress design curves are presented for use with aluminum alloys.
Effect of a Concentric Reinforcing Ring on Stiffness and Strength of a Circular Plate
Authors: Nash W. A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this study of a fixed-edge circular plate subjected to uniform normal pressure (such as is commonly used on ends of thin-walled cylindrical pressure vessels), it is shown that the maximum vertical deflection, the maximum radial stress, and the maximum tangential stress may all be reduced by reinforcing the plate with a concentric ring.
On the Aerodynamic Design of Axial-Flow Compressors and Turbines
Authors: Vazsonyi Andrew 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper a theoretical method is presented to determine the flow of a perfect (frictionless, incompressible) fluid across a cascade built up of arbitrary airfoils. The presentation refers to compressor blading but is immediately applicable to turbine blading. The lift-coefficient curve as a function of angle of attack (or deflection-angle curve) of an arbitrary cascade can be determined in about 10 man-hours. The complete investigation of all possible cascades built up of a given airfoil (any solidity and any stagger) requires about 60 man-hours. The procedure is graphical and standardized to the extent that no mathematical knowledge is required of the computer. Agreement between theory and tests is excellent (see Figs. 19 and 20). An extension of the method is indicated whereby the detailed pressure and velocity distribution of the flow can be obtained.
Stress-Strain Relations for Finite Elastoplastic Deformations
Authors: Dorn J. E. , Latter A. J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The strains accompanying elastoplastic deformations are frequently so large that the simplified equations of the small-strain theory are invalid. Although several ways of describing finite strains are known (1), they are not readily adaptable to stress-strain analyses in elastoplastic materials. One of the difficulties arises from the failure of the laws of addition when the strains are defined in the conventional way. Another difficulty arises from the observations that the infinitesimal plastic strains, and not the finite strains, are related to the stresses. The accompanying analysis, which attempts to surmount these difficulties, is an extension of methods originally described in a paper on plastic flow in metals (2), to include elastic as well as plastic deformations.
A Law of Work-Hardening
Authors: Freudenthal A. M. , Reiner M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Based on the “blocking” theory of the strength of a poly-crystalline metal, a law of work-hardening is derived and checked experimentally on mild steel deformed by wire-drawing up to a deformation of 4.6 in the logarithmic measure. The law correlates the recoverable strain work with the total work of deformation in a series of exponential functions, the number of which corresponds to the number of sizes of crystal grains present in the annealed state.
The Partitioning of Matrices in Structural Analysis
Authors: Benscoter S. U. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The practical value of the partitioning of matrices in structural analysis is illustrated with the solution of two multicell box beams in torsion. The desirability of partitioning a matrix is determined from a simple principle relating to the pattern of the matrix. Typical patterns of matrices that are readily inverted are noted and employed in the solution by matrix partitioning.
Large Deformations of an Elastic Solid
Authors: Chilton E. G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Hencky’s stress-strain relation for large deformations of a rubberlike material is reviewed. It is then applied to the specific cases of pure tension, compression, bending, shear, and torsion. Each of these cases is verified experimentally on samples made from natural rubber. Particular emphasis is placed on the shear and torsion analysis because of its importance to practical applications.
Hybrid Brayton Multi-Stage Concentrated Solar Power Plant Energy and Exergy Performance Study
Authors: Moreno-Gamboa Faustino , Nieto-Londoño César 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Hybrid Brayton concentrated solar power (CSP) plants have been gaining attention in the last decade upon many advantages regarding the use of traditional generation technologies combined with renewable energy sources. However, some technical and economic issues must be solved to allow its widespread use. Research and development efforts are deemed essential to the study of factors that constrain cycle performance looking to increase its efficiency, reducing fuel consumption, and decreasing emissions. This study presents the performance evaluation of a hybrid multi-stage CSP plant considering specific environmental conditions to attain the factor that constrains its optimal performance. Overall energy and exergy plant efficiencies are analyzed, considering an arbitrary number of stages. For instance, a double compression expansion hybrid CSP plant shows the overall energy efficiency of 32% larger, a 30% higher exergy efficiency, and a fuel conversion rate around 18% larger when compared with a single-stage CSP plant.
Computation of Acoustic Velocity of Natural Gases With an Alternative Heat Capacity Ratio Equation and Application to Seismic Modeling
Authors: Carvalho Romulo , Moraes Fernando 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We investigate three formulations for computing acoustic velocity of natural gas and derive an equation for the heat capacity ratio, which plays a central role in these formulations. The first formulation is a compilation of fundamental equations available in the engineering literature, referred to as the DASH formulation. The second formulation is a development from the first, in which we use the derived equation for the heat capacity ratio (modified DASH). The third formulation is a mainstream method implemented in Geoscience (BW formulation). All three formulations stem from virial Equations of State that take preponderance in the exploration stage, when the detailed fluid composition is unknown and compositional methods are frequently inapplicable. We test the formulations on an extensive experimental data set of acoustic velocity of natural gases and compare the resulting accuracies. Both DASH and modified DASH formulations provide significantly higher accuracy when compared to the BW formulation. Additionally, the modified DASH, as we derive in this work, has the highest accuracy at pressures above 7000 psi, a condition typically encountered in the Brazilian pre-salt reservoirs. In a final step, we investigate how these different formulations and corresponding accuracies in velocity computation may affect seismic modeling, using a single interface model between a dense gas reservoir and a sealing rock. A direct comparison of amplitude versus offset modeling using our modified DASH formulation and the BW formulation shows up to 50% difference in amplitude calculation in a sensitivity exercise, especially at the longer offsets and higher pressures.
Enhancing the Solidification Between Mud Cake and Wall Rock for Cementing Applications: Experimental Investigation and Mechanisms
Authors: Bai Xiaodong , Xu Yuqian , Zhang Xuepeng , Yong Xuemei , Ning Tao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In conventional cementing operations, the mud cake on the well wall cannot be completely removed， which can easily lead to annular channeling. In order to reduce the influence of loose and fragile mud cake on cementing, a kind of mud cake curing agent is used to effectively improve the curing quality of mud cake and rock. In this article, the mud cake compressive strength are tested by compression-testing machine. The samples are analyzed using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy disperse spectroscopy (EDS). The results showed that the cementing agent can significantly improve the cementation strength between mud cake and wall rock. A variety of hydration products were resulted such as CaAl2Si2O8 · 4H2O, Ca(SiO4)2(OH)2, and Mg4Al2(OH)14 · 3H2O, as revealed from the XRD analysis. In addition, it was found that the formation of hydration products is the main reason for the increase of cementation strength. The flocculent inclusions filled with solid particles are formed on the solid particles of the mud cake, which makes an integrated cementation at the interface between mud cake and wall rock. A large amount of cations including Ca2+, Mg2+, and Al3+ are collected at the cementation interface, which is the basic condition for various hydration reactions and helps to enhance the cementation strength of the mud cake and rock interface.