bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary Lymphoepithelioma-like Carcinoma of the Lung in Singapore—A Rare Malignancy
Authors: D`Souza Jason , Tai Dessmon YH , Samol Jens , Goh Soon Keng , Kor Ai Ching , Zee Ying Kiat , Chan Daniel , Su Jan Wen , Ong Kian Chung , Verma Akash 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Primary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) of the lung is a rare histological type of lung cancer with a relatively better prognosis. It is common in Chinese population, is associated with Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), and has morphological similarities to nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Methods: We retrospectively analysed medical records of patients with LELC at Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore from November 2010 to January 2016 and evaluated baseline characteristics, staging, therapeutic interventions and survival. Results: Ten patients were diagnosed with pulmonary LELC, all were Chinese. The median age (range) at diagnosis was 62 (42-88) years, with a female preponderance ratio of 4:1. All had Epstein-Barr virus encoded small non-polyadenylated ribonucleic acid positive status. Six (60%) patients had stage IV, 3 (30%) stage IIIA, and 1 (10%) stage IIA disease. The median overall survival was 24.2 (4.7-59.4) months; in stage II, IIIA, and IV it was 27.6, 20.7 (19.8-48.9), and 26.6 (4.7-59.4) months respectively. The 1-year, 2-year, 3-year, and 5-year survival rate was 90%, 50%, 30%, and 10% in the whole group, but 100%, 43%, 28.6%, and 14.3% in 7 patients who received chemotherapy. Gemcitabine/carboplatin was the most commonly used 1st line chemotherapy. Conclusion: LELC is associated with Chinese ethnicity, younger age of onset, EBV, lack of smoking, advanced stage, and better prognosis than other subtypes of lung cancers. For improving outcomes, future efforts should focus on increased awareness, early diagnosis, development of an ASEAN registry and international collaboration. Options such as EBV-directed adopted immunotherapy or the role of EBV vaccine also merit evaluation.
Vaccination and SARS-CoV-2 variants: how much containment is still needed? A quantitative assessment.
Authors: Giordano Giulia , Colaneri Marta , Filippo Alessandro Di , Blanchini Franco , Bolzern Paolo , De Nicolao Giuseppe , Sacchi Paolo , Bruno Raffaele , Colaneri Patrizio 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Despite the progress in medical care, combined population-wide interventions (such as physical distancing, testing and contact tracing) are still crucial to manage the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, aggravated by the emergence of new highly transmissible variants. We combine the compartmental SIDARTHE model, predicting the course of COVID-19 infections, with a new data-based model that projects new cases onto casualties and healthcare system costs. Based on the Italian case study, we outline several scenarios: mass vaccination campaigns with different paces, different transmission rates due to new variants, and different enforced countermeasures, including the alternation of opening and closure phases. Our results demonstrate that non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) have a higher impact on the epidemic evolution than vaccination, which advocates for the need to keep containment measures in place throughout the vaccination campaign. We also show that, if intermittent open-close strategies are adopted, deaths and healthcare system costs can be drastically reduced, without any aggravation of socioeconomic losses, as long as one has the foresight to start with a closing phase rather than an opening one.
Probablistic Modelling and Identifying Fluctuations in Annual Extreme Heatwave Regimes of Karachi
Authors: Rizvi Shahnilla , Iqbal Muhammad Jawed , Ali Muhammad 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Climatic warming in the global mean has significantly increased the probability of occurrence of heat extremes on time scales ranging from months to seasons. As extreme heat events are most likely to become intense and frequent over the next decades, thus it’s important to examine these events to mitigate its negative impacts on public health and society. This study focuses on Karachi heat extremes over the last 23 years. The power spectral analyses of Karachi heat extremes records have been carried out by considering two indices: Heat Index (HI) and Effective Temperature Index (TEE), which are also found to be significantly correlated. The result indicates a regular cyclic pattern of 4.5 years which is estimated to face a heat index of more than 73.63\(℃\), associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Other peaks are observed at 2.8 and 2.2 years with the expected value of the Karachi heat index of 70.53\(℃\) and 68.71\(℃,\) respectively. The probabilistic approach is also used to predict the future heatwave events of Karachi. Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution is found to be the best-fitted probability distribution for the extreme heatwave events on the basis of goodness of fit test. Furthermore, the estimation of the return period of the heatwave event reveals that Karachi will be facing a maximum heat index of 84.37\(℃\) or more in the coming 33 years, which suggests an urgent need for mitigation strategies in Karachi to overcome the effects of extreme heatwave events.
The Influence on Airflow Characteristics In Upper Airway In Sleep Apnea Hypopnea By The Disturbance of Pharyngeal Muscle Group Based on High Simulation of The Wall Flow Field
Authors: HUANG Xinyan , PENG Fan , SUN Liren , BI Jie , CHEN Jue , ZHANG Ting , CHEN Huanhuan , WU Liangzhen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: To observe the influence on morphology and internal airflow characteristics in upper airway in sleep apnea hypopnea by the disturbance of pharyngeal muscle group based on high simulation of the wall flow field. Methods: One goat for experimental purpose bought by our hospital in December 2018 was included as the research object. This experimental goat received injection of hardener and submucosal injection edema into pharyngeal muscle group of upper respiratory tract. The goat received CT scan before and after injection. Computational fluid dynamics(CFD) model was built on the base of CT scans by 3Dslicer 4.5 and MeshLab and ANSYS ICEM CFD 14.0. The internal flow of upper respiratory tract was simulated by ANSYS-FLUENT 14.0 and the results were analyzed by ANSYS-CFD-POST 14.0. Results: Soft palate and uvula were elongated and thickened and pharyngeal muscle group was disturbed after injection of hardener and submucosal injection edema into the goat. The area that changed the most of upper airway was located in the lower bound of pharyngopalatiae, and it reduced area from 0.3602cm2 to 0.1699cm2; the air velocity was elevated from 3.53009m/s to 7.24478m/s, the negative pressure was elevated from -28.6184 Pa to -66.4510 Pa, while the resistance of cavum pharyngis elevated from 3396.09Pas/L to 3813.65Pas/L. Conclusion: Injection of hardener and submucosal injection edema into pharyngeal muscle group of the goat would result in the disturbance of pharyngeal muscle group, narrow the upper respiratory tract, elevate the negative pressure and resistance of the upper respiratory tract in this area, bring about the collapsibility of the upper airway, obstruct the patency of the airflow and form the pathological model of OSAHS at last.
C and N Pools In Afforested Pine Forests and Natural Shrublands&nbsp;
Authors: Marco Anna De , Panico Speranza Claudia , memoli valeria , Santorufo Lucia , Zarrelli Armando , Barile Rossella , Maisto Giulia 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
AimsPlant cover and microclimatic conditions can profoundly alter the balance between productivity and decay, with relevant effects on soil C and N pools. In this contest, the aim of the present study was to assess how, in Mediterranean areas, soil properties and C and N sequestration differs between afforested pine forests and natural shrublands in different microclimatic conditions at low and high elevations.MethodsThe study was performed along the soil profile distinguishing between the organic layers, fermentation and humic layers, and surface mineral soils. The comparison between plant covers and elevations were carried out for C and N pools and soluble fractions, molecular characterization by solid state 13C NMR of organic layers and by 1HNMR of soil soluble fractions, potential mineralization rates and microbial and fungal amounts.ResultsOur data confirm that coniferous tree species sequester C faster than shrubs and herbaceous species especially at low elevation under favourable microclimatic conditions. Soil C and N pools reflect changes in the chemical composition of the upper organic layers and of soil soluble organic matter. In pine forests, the higher concentration of N in the upper organic layer speeds up the N loss in the fermentative layer and stimulates humus formation and C accumulation at low elevations.ConclusionsPlant cover and microclimatic conditions drive the C sequestration rate and the soil organic matter stability. Chemical changes highlighted by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can clarify patterns of decay processes and help to make predictions in a climate change scenario.
On the simulation of northeast monsoon rainfall over southern peninsular India in CMIP5 models
Authors: pp sreekala , Babu C.A. , Rao S.VijayaBhaskara 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The skill of 34 CMIP5 models to simulate the mean state and interannual variability of Northeast Monsoon Rainfall (NEMR) is studied here. The mean (1979–2005) NEMR over southern Peninsular India (SPIRF), Indian Ocean and Maritime continents (10°S-30°N,40°E-120°E) is simulated reasonably well by CMIP5 models with pattern correlation ranges from 0.6 to 0.93. A few individual models have been found to be outperformed the multi model ensemble (PCC-0.88). Diverse behaviour in the simulation of Indian and Pacific Ocean SST is observed in the CMIP5 models. A set of models (high skill models: HSM), which shows an NIOD like mean (1979–2005) SST bias in Indian Ocean and strong La Nina like mean SST bias in the Pacific Ocean, are able to simulate the mean NEMR more realistically. Another set of models (low skill models: LSM) which shows a Positive IOD (PIOD) like mean SST bias in the Indian Ocean and a weak La Nina like mean SST bias in the Pacific Ocean are not able to simulate the observed equatorial Indian Ocean westerlies. This leads to an abnormal ascending motion and unrealistic wet bias over the western Indian Ocean and dry bias over the southern Peninsular India, southeast Asia and southeast Indian Ocean. Observational analysis reveals that the ascending anomalies over warm pool in the climatological mean Walker circulation during NEM season is modified as ascending anomalies to the east and west of warm pool region and descending anomalies over warm pool region during El Nino and PIOD. This modulation is manifested as an interesting pattern of warm and wet western Indian Ocean, southern Peninsular India and central and eastern Pacific Ocean and cool and dry warm pool region including Maritime continents.The observation analysis also reveals that the establishment of South China Sea anticyclone and Bay of Bengal anticyclone during El Nino and PIOD are strongly related with the ascending motion over south peninsular India and hence enhances the south Peninsular Indian rainfall during NEM season. Around 70% of the CMIP5 models were not able to capture the observed positive correlation that exist between SPIRF and Nino3.4 SST as well as SPIRF and DMI. An unrealistic westward extension of warm anomalies over the equatorial Pacific cold tongue is observed in low skill models (LSM-IAV). Unrealistic westward extension of South China Sea anticyclone and Bay of Bengal anticyclone (up to 70°E) is also observed in the LSM-IAV model ensemble. This is manifested as the abnormal descending anomalies and unrealistic dry bias over the southern Peninsular India and hence the unrealistic negative CC between SPIRF and Nino 3.4 SST (SPIRF-DMI). The descending anomalies over South China Sea and ascending anomalies over the western Indian Ocean and southern Peninsular India (50°E-80°E) is well captured but with lower intensity in HSM-IAV and hence it shows the observed positive CC between SPIRF and Nino3.4 SST as well as SPIRF and DMI.
Recent grain production boom in Russia in historical context
Authors: Dronin Nikolai , Kirilenko Andrei 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In recent years, Russia has established herself as the leading supplier of grain worldwide and continues to make ambitious plans for raising its grain production in the long-term. Within the context of Russian agricultural history, the recent high growth of grain production is exceptional. This growth however is not fully replicated by the “weather-yield” crop models, which project only moderate yield increase in the 21st century and fail to predict the most recent record growth in grain yields. The difference between the projected climate-dependent yields and observations is especially high in two of the most important agricultural regions, Central Black Earth and Northern Caucasus, while the rest of the agricultural zone is shows good agreement with the regression models. Similar differences were observed in the late 1960s, which we interpret in terms of the fast changes in agricultural technology during the Union of Soviet Socialist Republic (USSR) agricultural reforms followed by periods of reversal. We also interpret the current period of high differentiation between weather-yield model results and collected yield as evidence of a higher than usual contribution of agricultural reforms in yield improvements, which, however, are primarily benefiting the large-scale producers located in the most productive areas of Russia.
Energy Storage Capacity and Electrocaloric Effect on Sn Modified Barium Titanium Oxide (BaTi0.8Sn0.2O3)
Authors: MALLICK JYOTIREKHA , Pradhan Lagen Kumar , Manglam Murli Kumar , Kar Manoranjan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Modified Barium Titanium Oxide ( BaTi 0.8 Sn 0.2 O 3 ) was prepared by using the solid-state reaction method. The crystal structure, energy storage behavior, and electrocaloric properties were studied. The phase purity and structural analysis were investigated using the X-ray diffraction technique and the Rietveld refinement of XRD pattern. The microstructure of the sample was recorded by using the Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM). The temperature variation dielectric property shows that the ceramic exhibits diffuse phase transition behaviour. The ferroelectric nature in BaTi 0.8 Sn 0.2 O 3 has been depicted from P-E loops analysis. The energy storage behaviour and electrocaloric properties were estimated from the temperature variation P-E loops at 40kV/cm. The electrocaloric effect was studied by an indirect method using Maxwell relation, and the electrocaloric value has been estimated to with 94% of energy storage efficiency.
Prevalence of Transmitted HIV-1 Drug Resistance Among Treatment-naive Individuals in China, 2000-2016
Authors: Yuan Huangbo , Liu Zhenqiu , Wu Xuefu , Wu Mingshan , Fang Qiwen , Zhang Xin , Shi Tingting , Tully Damien C , Zhang Tiejun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
HIV with transmitted drug-resistance (TDR) limits the therapeutic options available for treatment-naive HIV patients. This study aimed to further our understanding of the prevalence and transmission characteristics of HIV with TDR for the application of first-line antiretroviral regimens. A total of 6578 HIV-1 protease/reverse-transcriptase sequences from treatment-naive individuals in China between 2000 and 2016, were obtained from the Los Alamos HIV Sequence Database and were analyzed for TDR. Transmission networks were constructed to determine genetic relationships. The spreading routes of large TDR clusters were identified using a Bayesian phylogeographic framework. TDR mutations were detected in 274 (4.51%) individuals, with 1.40% harboring TDR to nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, 1.52% to non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and 1.87% to protease inhibitors. The most frequent mutation was M46L (58, 0.89%), followed by K103N (36, 0.55%), M46I (36, 0.55%), and M184V (26, 0.40%). The prevalence of total TDR initially decreased between 2000 and 2010 (OR = 0.83, 95% CI 0.73–0.95), and then increased thereafter (OR = 1.50, 95% CI 1.13–1.97). The proportion of sequences in a cluster (clustering rate) among HIV with TDR sequences was lower than that of sequences without TDR (40.5% vs. 48.8%, P = 0.023) and increased from 27.3% in 2005–2006 to 63.6% in 2015–2016 (P < 0.001). While most TDR mutations were associated with reduced relative transmission fitness, mutation M46I was associated with higher relative transmission fitness than the wild-type strain. This study identified a low-level prevalence of TDR HIV in China during the last two decades. However, the increasing TDR HIV rate sicn 2010, the persistent circulation of drug resistance mutations, and the expansion of self-sustaining drug resistance reservoirs may compromise the efficacy of antiretroviral therapy programs.
Factors Affecting Survival in Operated Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Akgul Nida , sakin abdullah , Sahin Suleyman , Aldemir Mehmet Naci , Aytekin Aydin , ALAY Murat , Iliklerden Umit Haluk , Kotan Mehmet Cetin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Purpose: Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an extremely fatal and relatively rare gastrointestinal system malignancy. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting survival in operated patients with ESCC.Materials and Methods: We included 110 patients (38 [34.5%] male; 72 [65.5%] female) aged ≥18 (median age, 54 [26–77]) years who were operated without any signs of metastases and followed up at Van Yüzüncü Yıl University Dursun Odabaşı Medical Center between 2004 and 2019.Results: Initially, 39 (35.5%) patients were clinical lymph node-positive and 71 (64.5%) patients were negative. Thirty-five (31.8%) patients underwent surgery after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (nCRT) and 75 (%68.2) patients underwent direct surgery without nCRT. Five-year overall survival (OS) was 84.4% and 59.2% in patients who underwent surgery after nCRT and in those who underwent direct surgery, respectively. Median OS was significantly longer in patients who underwent surgery after nCRT (p=0.003). There was a statistically significant difference in OS in patients who underwent surgery after nCRT depending on tumor response (p=0.04). In multivariate analysis, advanced pathologic stage (p=0.002) adversely affected survival, whereas nCRT administration (p=0.031) positively affected OS.Conclusion: We suggest that nCRT should be administrated before surgery, especially in locally advanced ESCCs. In addition, we believe that nCRT response can be used as a good parameter for survival. These results, however, should be supported by prospective studies.
Design and Fabrication of Pt Free FeNi2S4/rGO&nbsp; Hybrid Composite Thin Films Counter Electrode for High Performance Dye Sensitized Solar Cells&nbsp;
Authors: Sankar G , Anbarasu P , Mahendran R , Sambath K , Prammapriya K 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this report, for the first time synthesized FeNi2S4/rGO composite as Pt free counter electrode (CE) by facile hydrothermal method without employing template or surfactant. Complete investigations of phase evolutions by XRD patterns and TEM indicate that spinel structure with nanosheets and nanospherical morphologies. The individual spherical shaped nanoparticles (30-35 nm) of FeNi2S4 were exploited on the 2D ultrathin rGO nanosheets surface. This is useful for the provision of further electrolyte adsorptions and responsive electrocatalytic sites. The DSSC constructed with FeNi2S4/rGO hybrid composite CE showed a conversion efficiency of 9.98%, better than that by FeNi2S4 CE (4.87%) and also commercial Pt (6.21%). The outstanding efficiency of the FeNi2S4/rGO hybrid composite CE even better than commercial Pt is effective alternative to Pt CE in the DSSCs.
A Series of Pure Ankle Dislocations without Associated Fracture: Our Clinical Experience
Authors: Gan Tingjiang , Li Yaxing , Deng Wei , Qin Boquan , Liu Xi , Zhang Hui 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Pure ankle dislocation without associated fracture is extremely rare, thus the literature almost limited to case reports and small case series. The standardized treatment protocol is in controversy and the studies of mechanism and outcome of the injury are still deficient. We report a series of eight cases of pure tibiotalar dislocations managed with emergency reduction and other heterogenic procedures, hoping to add some material to the published data on this topic and present our clinical experience.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the eight cases of isolated ankle dislocations without associated fracture that were treated in our department from 2015 to 2019. Results: The eight cases were all posteromedial dislocations with six open and two closed. Emergency reduction was performed for all patients followed by average 6 weeks’ immobilization with external fixators in five and short leg cast in three. The mean follow-up period was 33 (range, 12 to 61) months. None of the eight patients showed obvious instability though only one patient underwent ligaments repair. The average range of motion (ROM) loss of the ankles was 10 degrees for plantarflexion and 3 degrees for dorsiflexion. Two patients complained of moderate stiffness and three complained of persistent mild pain in whom degenerative change was found. Neurovascular sequela was presented in one patient with numbness. Only one patient developed superficial infection. The average AOFAS score was 90 (range, 78 to 100) points at the final follow-up with five ankles rated as excellent and three rated as good. All of the eight patients returned to their prior daily life and the two closed patients with sports injuries resumed sports activity.Conclusion: Pure ankle dislocation is a rare ligamentous ankle injury with complicated mechanism. Most of the injuries treated with emergency reduction and thorough debridement followed by a short period of immobilization and functional rehabilitation have good clinical outcomes. Ligaments repair should only be considered in cases of chronic ankle instability after failed conservative treatment.
Ventricle Contact Is Associated With Higher 11C Methionine PET&nbsp;Uptake in Glioblastoma
Authors: Dijken Bart Roelf Jan van , Schuuring Bram , Jeltema Hanne-Rinck , Laar Peter Jan van , Enting Roelien H , Dierckx Rudi A.J.O. , Stormezand Gilles N. , Hoorn Anouk van der 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Introduction: Ventricle contact is associated with a worse prognosis and more aggressive tumor characteristics in glioblastoma (GBM). This is hypothesized to be a result of neural stem cells located around the lateral ventricles, in the subventricular zone. 11C methionine Positron Emission Tomography (metPET) is an indicator for increased proliferation, as it shows uptake of methionine, an amino acid needed for protein synthesis. This study is the first to study metPET characteristics of GBM in relation to ventricle contact. Methods: 12 patients with IDH wild type GBM a were included. Using MRI, the following regions were determined: primary tumor (defined as contrast enhancing lesion on T1) and peritumoral edema (defined as edema visible on FLAIR excluding the enhancement). PET parameters in these areas were extracted using PET fused with MRI imaging. Parameters extracted from the PET included: maximum and mean tumor-to-normal ratio (TNRmax and TNRmean) and metabolic tumor volume (MTV). Results: TNRmean of the primary tumor showed significantly higher values for the ventricle contacting group compared to the non-contacting group (4.44 vs 2.67, p=0.015). Other metPET parameters suggested higher values for the ventricle contacting group, but these differences did not reach statistical significance. Conclusion: GBM with ventricle contact show a higher methionine uptake and thus increased proliferation compared with GBM without ventricle contact. This might explain survival differences and should be considered in treatment decisions.