bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leptin as a key regulator of the adipose organ
Authors: Picó Catalina , Palou Mariona , Pomar Catalina Amadora , Rodríguez Ana María , Palou Andreu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLeptin is a hormone primarily produced by the adipose tissue in proportion to the size of fat stores, with a primary function in the control of lipid reserves. Besides adipose tissue, leptin is also produced by other tissues, such as the stomach, placenta, and mammary gland. Altogether, leptin exerts a broad spectrum of short, medium, and long-term regulatory actions at the central and peripheral levels, including metabolic programming effects that condition the proper development and function of the adipose organ, which are relevant for its main role in energy homeostasis. Comprehending how leptin regulates adipose tissue may provide important clues to understand the pathophysiology of obesity and related diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, as well as its prevention and treatment. This review focuses on the physiological and long-lasting regulatory effects of leptin on adipose tissue, the mechanisms and pathways involved, its main outcomes on whole-body physiological homeostasis, and its consequences on chronic diseases.
How are fictions given? Conjoining the ‘artifactual theory’ and the ‘imaginary-object theory’
Authors: Summa Michela 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAccording to the so-called ‘artifactual theory’ of fiction, fictional objects are to be considered as abstract artifacts. Within this framework, fictional objects are defined on the basis of their complex dependence on literary works, authors, and readership. This theory is explicitly distinguished from other approaches to fictions, notably from the imaginary-object theory. In this article, I argue that the two approaches are not mutually exclusive but can and should be integrated. In particular, the ontology of fiction can be fruitfully supplemented by a phenomenological analysis, which allows us to clarify the defining modes of givenness of fictional objects. Likewise, based on the results of the artifactual theory, some assumptions in the imaginary-object theory, which are liable to be interpreted as laying the ground to phenomenalism, can be corrected.
Semantic Bottlenecks: Quantifying and Improving Inspectability of Deep Representations
Authors: Losch Max , Fritz Mario , Schiele Bernt 
Published: September 2021

AbstractToday’s deep learning systems deliver high performance based on end-to-end training but are notoriously hard to inspect. We argue that there are at least two reasons making inspectability challenging: (i) representations are distributed across hundreds of channels and (ii) a unifying metric quantifying inspectability is lacking. In this paper, we address both issues by proposing Semantic Bottlenecks (SB), which can be integrated into pretrained networks, to align channel outputs with individual visual concepts and introduce the model agnostic Area Under inspectability Curve (AUiC) metric to measure the alignment. We present a case study on semantic segmentation to demonstrate that SBs improve the AUiC up to six-fold over regular network outputs. We explore two types of SB-layers in this work. First, concept-supervised SB-layers (SSB), which offer inspectability w.r.t. predefined concepts that the model is demanded to rely on. And second, unsupervised SBs (USB), which offer equally strong AUiC improvements by restricting distributedness of representations across channels. Importantly, for both SB types, we can recover state of the art segmentation performance across two different models despite a drastic dimensionality reduction from 1000s of non aligned channels to 10s of semantics-aligned channels that all downstream results are based on.
Identification and structural characterization of three psychoactive substances, phenylpiperazines (pBPP and 3,4-CFPP) and a cocaine analogue (troparil), in collected samples
Authors: Popławska Magdalena , Bednarek Elżbieta , Naumczuk Beata , Błażewicz Agata 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
New psychoactive substances (NPSs) still appear on the market, mainly due to their legal status. This situation indicates and alarms that permanent recognition of the designer drug scene should be conducted. In this paper, we describe the detection of three psychoactive substances in samples collected from drug users.

Methods
Qualitative characterization was performed using liquid chromatography–high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry with a quadrupole time-of-flight analyzer, gas chromatography with mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Results
In this study, we reported the detection and structural elucidation of three psychoactive substances: 1-(4-bromophenyl)piperazine (pBPP), 1-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)piperazine (3,4-CFPP) and methyl 8-methyl-3-phenyl-8-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane-4-carboxylate (troparil).

Conclusions
To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that presents an identification methodology for these substances found in illegal products. Comprehensive characterization of the NPSs presented in this paper facilitates their detection and identification by forensic and clinical laboratories.
Inverse Correlation Between Alzheimer’s Disease and Cancer: Short Overview
Authors: Zabłocka Agnieszka , Kazana Wioletta , Sochocka Marta , Stańczykiewicz Bartłomiej , Janusz Maria , Leszek Jerzy , Orzechowska Beata 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe negative association between Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and cancer suggests that susceptibility to one disease may protect against the other. When biological mechanisms of AD and cancer and relationship between them are understood, the unsolved problem of both diseases which still touches the growing human population could be overcome. Actual information about biological mechanisms and common risk factors such as chronic inflammation, age-related metabolic deregulation, and family history is presented here. Common signaling pathways, e.g., p53, Wnt, role of Pin1, and microRNA, are discussed as well. Much attention is also paid to the potential impact of chronic viral, bacterial, and fungal infections that are responsible for the inflammatory pathway in AD and also play a key role to cancer development. New data about common mechanisms in etiopathology of cancer and neurological diseases suggests new therapeutic strategies. Among them, the use of nilotinib, tyrosine kinase inhibitor, protein kinase C, and bexarotene is the most promising.
Influenza A Virus (H1N1) Infection Induces Glycolysis to Facilitate Viral Replication
Authors: Ren Lehao , Zhang Wanju , Zhang Jing , Zhang Jiaxiang , Zhang Huiying , Zhu Yong , Meng Xiaoxiao , Yi Zhigang , Wang Ruilan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractViruses depend on host cellular metabolism to provide the energy and biosynthetic building blocks required for their replication. In this study, we observed that influenza A virus (H1N1), a single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus with an eight-segmented genome, enhanced glycolysis both in mouse lung tissues and in human lung epithelial (A549) cells. In detail, the expression of hexokinase 2 (HK2), the first enzyme in glycolysis, was upregulated in H1N1-infected A549 cells, and the expression of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 3 (PDK3) was upregulated in H1N1-infected mouse lung tissues. Pharmacologically inhibiting the glycolytic pathway or targeting hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1), the central transcriptional factor critical for glycolysis, significantly reduced H1N1 replication, revealing a requirement for glycolysis during H1N1 infection. In addition, pharmacologically enhancing the glycolytic pathway further promoted H1N1 replication. Furthermore, the change of H1N1 replication upon glycolysis inhibition or enhancement was independent of interferon signaling. Taken together, these findings suggest that influenza A virus induces the glycolytic pathway and thus facilitates efficient viral replication. This study raises the possibility that metabolic inhibitors, such as those that target glycolysis, could be used to treat influenza A virus infection in the future.
The value of additional data for public transport origin–destination matrix estimation
Authors: Ait-Ali Abderrahman , Eliasson Jonas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPassenger origin–destination data is an important input for public transport planning. In recent years, new data sources have become increasingly common through the use of the automatic collection of entry counts, exit counts and link flows. However, collecting such data can be sometimes costly. The value of additional data collection hence has to be weighed against its costs. We study the value of additional data for estimating time-dependent origin–destination matrices, using a case study from the London Piccadilly underground line. Our focus is on how the precision of the estimated matrix increases when additional data on link flow, destination count and/or average travel distance is added, starting from origin counts only. We concentrate on the precision of the most policy-relevant estimation outputs, namely, link flows and station exit flows. Our results suggest that link flows are harder to estimate than exit flows, and only using entry and exit data is far from enough to estimate link flows with any precision. Information about the average trip distance adds greatly to the estimation precision. The marginal value of additional destination counts decreases only slowly, so a relatively large number of exit station measurement points seem warranted. Link flow data for a subset of links hardly add to the precision, especially if other data have already been added.
A Psychosocial Support Program for Young Adult Childhood Cancer Survivors in Austria: a Qualitative Evaluation Study
Authors: Pletschko Thomas , Krottendorfer Kerstin , Schlifelner Juliana , Schwarzinger Agathe , Fohn-Erhold Verena , Weiler-Wichtl Liesa , Kienesberger Anita , Leiss Ulrike 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMany adolescents and young adult (AYAs) childhood cancer survivors face disease- or therapy-related late-effects, which limit their participation in various areas of daily life. AYAs are often left alone in our health care system, and many worry about their ability to cope with long-term sequelae, and some are even lost to follow-up. Therefore, in the present study, a targeted aftercare program was developed and evaluated with the goal of facilitating three important “life skills”: (1) self-perception, (2) social interaction and conflict management, and (3) self-conscious communication of support needs. A total of n = 13 participants (19.2–30.2 years, mean age 22.8 years) completed a 3-day aftercare seminar, at the end of which each participant wrote a reflection letter (“letter to my future self”), elaborating on observed effects of the seminar, applicability of the given information in daily life, and the direct impact of the seminar on their individual circumstances. The reflection letters were analyzed using qualitative content analysis. All target life skills were mentioned in the reflection letters. The participants reported individual benefits from the program especially with respect to self-perception and self-confidence, giving and taking feedback, and acceptance of personal strengths and weaknesses. Moreover, the feeling of “not being alone” was associated with the survivors’ experience of emotional and social support. This evaluation highlights the potential of a one weekend aftercare seminar to address important life skills that are known to positively influence health behavior in AYAs. The detailed description of the seminar can serve as a basis for making this kind of aftercare accessible for other people in similar circumstances.
Synthesis and study of aroylethyl(ethyl)-xanthates as stabilizers of polymeric materials
Authors: Akchurina Tanzila , Sardarova Sabira , Efendiyeva Khuraman , Eyvazova Irada , Farzaliyev Vagif , Sujayev Afsun 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe number of aroylethyl (ethyl)xanthates have been synthesized by the reaction of the exchange decomposition of β-dimethylaminopropiophenone hydrochlorides with potassium xanthate containing several functional groups (C=O, C=S, C–OH), which determine the use of these xanthates as stabilizers with internal synergy to polymeric materials. It was shown that the thermal stability of the compounds, depending on the nature of the substituent in the benzene ring of the molecule was observed in the temperature range of 149–196 °C. It was revealed that aroylethyl(ethyl)xanthates had a stabilizing effect due to the suppression of thermo-oxidative destruction of polyethylene; they increased the induction period of polyethylene oxidation by 2–6 times, and the oxidation rate was reduced by about 3–9 times. Among the studied compounds, 4-hydroxybenzoylethyl (ethyl)xanthate had the greatest stabilizing effect. The study of the mechanism of the stabilizing action of the compounds showed that xanthates react with cumene hydroperoxide (CHP), which proceeded through the stage of formation of an intermediate product that actively decomposed CHP, i.e., the oxidation chain was terminated by the decomposition of the CHP not by the initial xanthates but by their transformation products.
Pro-environmental habits: An underexplored research agenda in sustainability science
Authors: Linder Noah , Giusti Matteo , Samuelsson Karl , Barthel Stephan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHabits are the fundamental basis for many of our daily actions and can be powerful barriers to behavioural change. Still, habits are not included in most narratives, theories, and interventions applied to sustainable behaviour. One reason societies struggle to reach policy goals and people fail to change towards more pro-environmental lifestyles might be that many behaviours are now bound by strong habits that override knowledge and intentions to act. In this perspective article, we provide three arguments for why pro-environmental habits are a needed research agenda in sustainability science: (1) habit theory highlights how behaviour is heavily reliant on automatic processes, (2) the environmental context sets boundary conditions for behaviour, shape habits, and cues action responses, and (3) our habits and past behaviour shape our values and self-identity. These arguments highlight the transformative potential of looking at sustainable behaviours through a habit lens. We believe a research agenda on pro-environmental habits could generate a more holistic understanding of sustainable behaviours and complement today’s dominating approaches which emphasize reasoned decisions and intrinsic motivations such as values, norms, and intentions to understand and predict pro-environmental behaviour. We highlight evident knowledge gaps and practical benefits of considering habit theory to promote pro-environmental behaviours, and how habit architecture could be utilized as a strong leverage point when designing, modifying, and building urban environments.
Hyperbolicity of renormalization for dissipative gap mappings
Authors: CLARK TREVOR , GOUVEIA MÁRCIO 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A gap mapping is a discontinuous interval mapping with two strictly increasing branches that have a gap between their ranges. They are one-dimensional dynamical systems, which arise in the study of certain higher dimensional flows, for example the Lorenz flow and the Cherry flow. In this paper, we prove hyperbolicity of renormalization acting on

$C^3$

dissipative gap mappings, and show that the topological conjugacy classes of infinitely renormalizable gap mappings are

$C^1$

manifolds.
General v. specific vulnerabilities: polygenic risk scores and higher-order psychopathology dimensions in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study
Authors: Waszczuk Monika A. , Miao Jiaju , Docherty Anna R. , Shabalin Andrey A. , Jonas Katherine G. , Michelini Giorgia , Kotov Roman 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundPolygenic risk scores (PRSs) capture genetic vulnerability to psychiatric conditions. However, PRSs are often associated with multiple mental health problems in children, complicating their use in research and clinical practice. The current study is the first to systematically test which PRSs associate broadly with all forms of childhood psychopathology, and which PRSs are more specific to one or a handful of forms of psychopathology.MethodsThe sample consisted of 4717 unrelated children (mean age = 9.92, s.d. = 0.62; 47.1% female; all European ancestry). Psychopathology was conceptualized hierarchically as empirically derived general factor (p-factor) and five specific factors: externalizing, internalizing, neurodevelopmental, somatoform, and detachment. Partial correlations explored associations between psychopathology factors and 22 psychopathology-related PRSs. Regressions tested which level of the psychopathology hierarchy was most strongly associated with each PRS.ResultsThirteen PRSs were significantly associated with the general factor, most prominently Chronic Multisite Pain-PRS (r = 0.098), ADHD-PRS (r = 0.079), and Depression-PRS (r = 0.078). After adjusting for the general factor, Depression-PRS, Neuroticism-PRS, PTSD-PRS, Insomnia-PRS, Chronic Back Pain-PRS, and Autism-PRS were not associated with lower order factors. Conversely, several externalizing PRSs, including Adventurousness-PRS and Disinhibition-PRS, remained associated with the externalizing factor (|r| = 0.040–0.058). The ADHD-PRS remained uniquely associated with the neurodevelopmental factor (r = 062).ConclusionsPRSs developed to predict vulnerability to emotional difficulties and chronic pain generally captured genetic risk for all forms of childhood psychopathology. PRSs developed to predict vulnerability to externalizing difficulties, e.g. disinhibition, tended to be more specific in predicting behavioral problems. The results may inform translation of existing PRSs to pediatric research and future clinical practice.
Condensed Internet-delivered prolonged exposure provided soon after trauma: a randomised trial
Authors: Bragesjö Maria , Arnberg Filip K. , Olofsdotter Lauri Klara , Aspvall Kristina , Särnholm Josefin , Andersson Erik 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundExposure to trauma is common and can have a profoundly negative impact on mental health. Interventions based on trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy have shown promising results to facilitate recovery. The current trial evaluated whether a novel, scalable and digital early version of the intervention, Condensed Internet-Delivered Prolonged Exposure (CIPE), is effective in reducing post-traumatic stress symptoms.MethodA single-site randomised controlled trial with self-referred adults (N = 102) exposed to trauma within the last 2 months. The participants were randomised to 3 weeks of CIPE or a waiting list (WL) for 7 weeks. Assessments were conducted at baseline, week 1–3 (primary endpoint), week 4–7 (secondary endpoint) and at 6-month follow-up. The primary outcome measure was PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5).ResultsThe main analysis according to the intention-to-treat principle indicated statistically significant reductions in symptoms of post-traumatic stress in the CIPE group as compared to the WL group. The between-group effect size was moderate at week 3 (bootstrapped d = 0.70; 95% CI 0.33–1.06) and large at week 7 (bootstrapped d = 0.83; 95% CI 0.46–1.19). Results in the intervention group were maintained at the 6-month follow-up. No severe adverse events were found.ConclusionsCIPE is a scalable intervention that may confer early benefits on post-traumatic stress symptoms in survivors of trauma. The next step is to compare this intervention to an active control group and also investigate its effects when implemented in regular care.
Genotyping indicates marked heterogeneity of tuberculosis transmission in the United States, 2009–2018
Authors: Rodriguez Carly A. , Li Tenglong , Self Julie L. , Jenkins Helen E. , Horsburgh Charles R. , White Laura F. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Heterogeneity in the number of secondary tuberculosis (TB) cases per source case, the effective reproductive number, R, is important in modelling prevention strategies' impact on incidence.
We estimated mean R (Rm) and calculate the dispersion parameter of this distribution, k, using surveillance and genotyping data for U.S. cases during 2009–2018. We modelled transmission assuming cases in a cluster have matching genotypes and share characteristics related to geography, temporal proximity (i.e. serial interval) and time since U.S. arrival among non-U.S.-born persons.
Complete data were available for 55 330/85 958 cases. Varying the serial interval and geographic proximity used to derive clusters, we consistently estimated Rm<1.0 and k < 0.08; the low value of k indicates a small number of source cases produce a disproportionate number of secondary cases.
U.S. TB reproductive number has a highly skewed distribution, indicating a minority of source cases disproportionately contribute to transmission.
Percutaneous treatment of a double-drainage scimitar-like syndrome
Authors: Meliota Giovanni , Zaza Pierluigi , Vairo Ugo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractScimitar syndrome is a rare variant of anomalous right pulmonary vein connection to the inferior vena cava and it is associated with other cardiopulmonary anomalies. It generally requires surgery and sometimes it may go unrecognised into adulthood. We report a unique case of a scimitar syndrome variant in a young adult, who was successfully treated percutaneously, after the first misdiagnosis of arrhythmogenic ventricular cardiomyopathy. The cardiac magnetic resonance unveiled the uncommon anatomical pattern, avoiding surgical repair. Cross-sectional imaging is extremely useful in the diagnosis and treatment planning of CHD in adults.
Analytical Three-Dimensional Field Ion Microscopy of an Amorphous Glass FeBSi
Authors: Klaes Benjamin , Renaux Jeoffrey , Lardé Rodrigue , Delaroche Fabien , Morgado Felipe F , Stephenson Leigh T , Gault Baptiste , Vurpillot François 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThree-dimensional field ion microscopy is a powerful technique to analyze material at a truly atomic scale. Most previous studies have been made on pure, crystalline materials such as tungsten or iron. In this article, we study more complex materials, and we present the first images of an amorphous sample, showing the capability to visualize the compositional fluctuations compatible with theoretical medium order in a metallic glass (FeBSi), which is extremely challenging to observe directly using other microscopy techniques. The intensity of the spots of the atoms at the moment of field evaporation in a field ion micrograph can be used as a proxy for identifying the elemental identity of the imaged atoms. By exploiting the elemental identification and positioning information from field ion images, we show the capability of this technique to provide imaging of recrystallized phases in the annealed sample with a superior spatial resolution compared with atom probe tomography.