bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morbidity and mortality in schizophrenia with comorbid substance use disorders
Authors: Lähteenvuo Markku , Batalla Albert , Luykx Jurjen J. , Mittendorfer‐Rutz Ellenor , Tanskanen Antti , Tiihonen Jari , Taipale Heidi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveSchizophrenia is highly comorbid with substance use disorders (SUD) but large epidemiological cohorts exploring the prevalence and prognostic significance of SUD are lacking. Here, we investigated the prevalence of SUD in patients with schizophrenia in Finland and Sweden, and the effect of these co‐occurring disorders on risks of psychiatric hospitalization and mortality.Methods45,476 individuals with schizophrenia from two independent national cohort studies, aged <46 years at cohort entry, were followed during 22 (1996–2017, Finland) and 11 years (2006–2016, Sweden). We first assessed SUD prevalence (excluding smoking). Then, we performed Cox regression on risk of psychiatric hospitalization and all‐cause and cause‐specific mortality in SUD compared with those without SUD.ResultsThe prevalence of SUD ranged from 26% (Finland) to 31% (Sweden). Multiple drug use (n = 4164, 48%, Finland; n = 3268, 67%, Sweden) and alcohol use disorders (n = 3846, 45%, Finland; n = 1002, 21%, Sweden) were the most prevalent SUD, followed by cannabis. Any SUD comorbidity, and particularly multiple drug use and alcohol use, were associated with 50% to 100% increase in hospitalization (aHR any SUD: 1.53, 95% CI = 1.46–1.61, Finland; 1.83, 1.72–1.96, Sweden) and mortality (aHR all‐cause mortality: 1.65, 95% CI = 1.50–1.81, Finland; 2.17, 1.74–2.70, Sweden) compared to individuals without SUD. Elevated mortality risks were observed especially for suicides and other external causes. All results were similar across countries.ConclusionCo‐occurring SUD, and particularly alcohol and multiple drug use, are associated with high rates of hospitalization and mortality in schizophrenia. Preventive interventions should prioritize detection and tailored treatments for these comorbidities, which often remain underdiagnosed and untreated.
Active modification of cavity nest‐entrances is a common strategy in arboreal ants
Authors: Priest Galen V. , Camarota Flávio , Vasconcelos Heraldo L. , Powell Scott , Marquis Robert J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe majority of tropical arboreal ant species nest in tree cavities. These cavities, often produced initially by wood‐boring beetles, can be in live or dead wood and represent long‐lasting and highly defensible nesting resources. Yet the size of cavity entrances can constrain their use. Active entrance modification may be an effective way to overcome this constraint. Here, we conduct the first systematic study of nest‐entrance modification in an arboreal ant community. Using field experiments deployed across a number of tree species, we show that 14% of 2631 experimental cavities were modified by either enlargement, or reducing entrance size by construction. Entrance modifications, which were made by a majority (18/29 species) of the species that occupied experimental nests, used a variety of construction techniques and materials. Combined, these modifications were context‐dependent with respect to available entrance sizes: Enlargement was more common when the diversity of available entrance sizes was limited, whereas reduction was more prevalent when the diversity of entrance sizes was higher. Nevertheless, the context of tree species identity did not significantly influence the number of modified cavities or the construction materials. Overall, we show that nest‐entrance modification is a widespread, active, and context‐dependent strategy in the nesting ecology of arboreal ants.
Current practice in Australia and New Zealand for defunctioning ileostomy after rectal cancer surgery with anastomosis: Analysis of the Binational Colorectal Cancer Audit
Authors: Grupa Vera E. M. , Kroon Hidde M. , Ozmen Izel , Bedrikovetski Sergei , Dudi‐Venkata Nagendra N. , Hunter Ronald A. , Sammour Tarik 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimThis study aimed to investigate the use of defunctioning stomas after rectal cancer surgery in Australia and New Zealand, as current practice is unknown.MethodsFrom the Binational Colorectal Cancer Audit database, data on rectal cancer patients who underwent a resection between 2007 and 2019 with the formation of an anastomosis were extracted and analysed. The primary outcome was the rate of defunctioning stoma formation. Secondary outcomes were anastomotic leakage (AL) rates and other postoperative complications, length of hospital stay (LOS), readmissions and 30‐day mortality rates between stoma and no‐stoma groups. Propensity score matching was performed to correct for differences in baseline characteristics between stoma and no‐stoma groups.ResultsIn total, 2581 (89%) received a defunctioning stoma and 319 (11%) did not. There were more male patients in the stoma group (65.5% vs. 57.7% for the no‐stoma group; P = 0.006). The median age was 64 years in both groups. The stoma group underwent more ultra‐low anterior resections (79.9% vs. 30.1%; P < 0.0001), included more American Joint Committee on Cancer Stage III patients (53.7% vs. 29.2%; P < 0.0001) and received more neoadjuvant therapy (66.9% vs. 16.3%; P < 0.0001). The AL rate was similar in both groups (5.1% vs. 6.0%; P = 0.52). LOS was longer in the stoma group (8 vs. 6 days; P < 0.0001) with higher 30‐day readmission rates (14.9% vs. 8.3%; P = 0.003). After propensity score matching (n = 208 in both groups), AL rates remained similar (2.9% for stoma vs. 5.8% for no‐stoma group; P = 0.15), but stoma patients required less reoperations (0% vs. 8%; P = 0.016). The stoma group had higher postoperative ileus rates and an increased LOS.ConclusionIn Australia and New Zealand, most patients who underwent rectal cancer resections with the formation of an anastomosis received a defunctioning stoma. A defunctioning stoma does not prevent AL from occurring but is mostly associated with a lower reoperation rate. Patients with a defunctioning stoma experienced a higher postoperative ileus rate and had an increased LOS.
Omega‐3 fatty acid in ultra‐high‐risk psychosis: A systematic review based on functional outcome
Authors: Susai Subash Raj , Sabherwal Sophie , Mongan David , Föcking Melanie , Cotter David R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimAmong different types of poly unsaturated fatty acids, omega‐3 fatty acids (FA) play a substantial role in brain development and functioning. This review was designed to evaluate and synthesize available evidence regarding omega‐3 FAs and functional outcome in the ultra‐high‐risk (UHR) population.MethodsAn electronic search in PubMed, EMBASE, PSYCINFO and COCHRANE search engines has been performed for all articles published until January 2019. The studies that have data regarding omega‐3 FAs and functional outcome in UHR population were included.ResultsOut of 397 nonduplicate citations, 19 articles met selection criteria. These articles were from four different primary studies, namely the Program of Rehabilitation and Therapy (PORT), the North American Prodromal Longitudinal Studies (NAPLS), Vienna High Risk study (VHR) and the NEURAPRO. The data from the NAPLS study found a positive correlation between functional improvement and frequency of dietary intake omega‐3 FA. Moreover, among the erythrocyte omega‐3 FA only eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) showed a positive correlation with functional score. The VHR study found long‐term improvement in functional outcome in omega‐3 group compared to control, whereas such difference was noticed in the NEURAPRO. In the VHR study both omega‐3 and omega‐6 together predicted the functional improvement at 12 weeks.ConclusionsThe number of studies available remains insufficient and more studies with standardized outcome measures in a clinically comparable UHR population would be of more value to understand the clinical benefits of omega‐3 FA in the UHR population.
National early warning score to predict intensive care unit transfer and mortality in COVID‐19 in a French cohort
Authors: Pokeerbux Mohammad Ryadh , Yelnik Cécile M. , Faure Emmanuel , Drumez Elodie , Bruandet Amélie , Labreuche Julien , Assaf Ady , Goffard Anne , Garabedian Charles , Poissy Julien , Desbordes Jacques , Garrigue Delphine , Scherpereel Arnaud , Faure Karine , Lambert Marc ,   Lille Covid‐team
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundNo risk stratification tool has been validated in hospitalised patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19), despite a high rate of intensive care requirement and in‐hospital mortality. We aimed to determine whether the National Early Warning Score (NEWS) at admission can accurately predict in‐hospital mortality and ICU transfer.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study from January 24 to April 16, 2020, at Lille University Hospital. All consecutive adult patients with laboratory‐confirmed COVID‐19 who were initially admitted to non‐ICU wards were included. The primary outcome was a composite criterion consisting of ICU transfer or in‐hospital mortality. We evaluated the prognostic performance of NEWS by calculating the area under (AUC) the receiver operating characteristic curve, the optimal threshold value of NEWS, and its association with the primary outcome.ResultsOf the 202 COVID‐19 patients, the median age was 65 (interquartile range 52‐78), 38.6% were women and 136 had at least one comorbidity. The median NEWS was 4 (2‐6). A total of 65 patients were transferred to the ICU or died in the hospital. Compared with patients with favourable outcome, these patients were significantly older, had more comorbidities and higher NEWS. The AUC for NEWS was 0.68 (0.60‐0.77) and the best cutoff value was 6. Adjusted odds ratio for NEWS ≥ 6 as an independent predictor was 3.78 (1.94‐7.09).ConclusionsIn hospitalised COVID‐19 patients, NEWS was an independent predictor of ICU transfer and in‐hospital death. In daily practice, NEWS ≥ 6 at admission may help to identify patients who are at risk to deteriorate.
Awareness and attitude of healthcare workers towards Telehealth in Cairo, Egypt
Authors: Shouman Sara , Emara Tamer , Saber Heba Gamal , Allam Mohamed Farouk 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundTelehealth is delivering health care services remote from health‐care facilities using telecommunications. Egypt is aiming for Universal Health Coverage; this increases the demand for telehealth in routine health services.ObjectiveTo measure the awareness of telehealth health care workers of primary health care units and to evaluate the effect of an orientation programme on primary health care workers’ awareness and acceptance of the application of telehealth.MethodologyThis was an intervention study amongst health care workers. A self‐administrated valid questionnaire for health care workers was designed, the questionnaire consists of different domains of knowledge in addition to advantages, disadvantages, security and necessity perceptions. Each domain consists of Likert scale questions of 5 points. The questions were scored as the worst answer (1) and the best (5). A total of 109 questionnaires were filled by participants who spent at least 6 months in primary health care units. Then the health care workers attended an orientation programme and the questionnaire was re‐filled once more. A total of 104 was recollected. Ethical issues were considered.Results50.5% of the health care workers were aware of telehealth; 66.7% of health care workers with master's degree were aware of telehealth in comparison to 31.8% amongst those with a diploma, 64.3% of physicians were aware of telehealth, while 29.6 of nurses were aware [Correction added on 08 April 2021 after first online publication: '9.6%' has been amended to '29.6%' in the preceding sentence]. The score of knowledge and attitude increased from 130 ± 23.538 to 156.49 ± 18.456 after the educational programme.ConclusionHalf of the health care workers were aware of telehealth; the orientation improved the Healthcare Workers’ knowledge and attitude.
Practical use of β‐carotene‐loaded nanoemulsion as a functional colorant in sausages made from goat meat surimi‐like material
Authors: Chaijan Manat , Srirattanachot Kesinee , Nisoa Mudtorlep , Cheong Ling‐Zhi , Panpipat Worawan 
Published: March 2021

SummaryThe potential applicability of β‐carotene‐loaded nanoemulsion (CNE) as a natural colorant in non‐smoked sausage made from goat meat surimi‐like material (GMS) was elucidated. The effect of CNE content (0–30 g 100 g−1) on the physicochemical characteristic, oxidative stability and β‐carotene remaining during cold storage (4 °C) was determined. The higher the CNE, the greater the a*, b* and redness index with the lower L*, and colour likeness score. CNE content had a little impact on the moisture content, aw and pH of sausages over storage period. However, the expressible drip, breaking force and deformation were largely influenced by the CNE content. All CNE‐containing sausages displayed a superior oxidative stability to control. Among CNE‐incorporated samples, the lowest lipid oxidation and β‐carotene degradation were noticeable in the sausage with 10 g 100 g−1 CNE. Thus, the CNE at 10 g 100 g−1 was a promising functional colorant for emulsion sausage made from GMS.
Egg white proteins and β‐cyclodextrin: effective cryoprotectant mixture against oxidative changes in the myofibrillar proteins of Culter alburnus
Authors: Walayat Noman , Rincón Miguel Ángel , Niaz Sobia , Nawaz Asad , Niaz Nadia , Zahid Farooq Muhammad , Ahmad Ishtiaq , Wang Pengkai , Zhang Zhongli 
Published: March 2021

SummaryThe effect of egg white protein (EWP) and β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) mixture was analysed on the myofibrillar proteins (MP) of Culter alburnus during a frozen storage at −18 °C for 60 days. Different proportions of EWP:β‐CD mixture (0%, 2%, 4% and 6%) were added into MP to analyse their effect against oxidative changes. During the study, sulphydryl contents and Ca‐ATPase activity (0.297 to 0.136 mmol g−1) decreased. Moreover, protein denaturation also prompted the surface hydrophobicity (11.47 to 32.06 μg) and carbonyls (26.36 to 49 mg.28 nmol mg−1) of control MP. A significant decline was observed in emulsifying properties. Besides, EWP:β‐CD showed remarkable stability against oxidative changes, by significantly reducing the carbonyls (26.26 to 37.69 nmol mg−1) and surface hydrophobicity (11.51 to 20.31 μg) and also the decline of Ca‐ATPase activity (0.29 to 0.19 mmol g−1). It can be concluded that EWP:β‐CD (6%) is an efficient approach against oxidative changes in MP from Culter alburnus.
Brown rice proteins as delivery system of phenolic and volatile compounds of raspberry juice
Authors: Kelemen Vanja , Pichler Anita , Ivić Ivana , Buljeta Ivana , Šimunović Josip , Kopjar Mirela 
Published: March 2021

SummaryDevelopment of novel food ingredients with health benefits as well as desired sensory attributes is of great importance for food industry. For that purpose, complexes (BRP/R) between brown rice proteins (amounts varied; 2%, 6% and 10%) and raspberry juice were prepared. Obtained complexes were evaluated for the amount of volatile compounds, phenolic content, anthocyanin content and antioxidant activity. Those parameters depended on proteins amount. The highest adsorption of total phenolics and anthocyanins (18.18 mg g−1 and 4.59 mg g−1, respectively) was observed on complexes obtained with the lowest amount of proteins (2%). Regarding volatiles, dominant flavour note in raspberry juice was berry (40% of overall flavour), followed by citrus and woody notes (each around 18%), while dominant flavour note on complexes was citrus note (60%) followed by green note (15%). These results suggest an efficient plant‐based approach to produce value‐added protein‐based complexes with possible utility as food colourant and flavouring.
Sex, camouflage, marvelous adaptations: A writing assignment that inspires
Authors: Palmer A. Richard 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWriting assignments offer valuable student learning experiences in both live and online courses. But concerns about the challenges and extra work of marking, and about plagiarism, often deter instructors from using them. I used a writing assignment successfully over 20 years in a one‐term invertebrate biology course, despite enrolments exceeding 100. Structured to maximally engage students yet minimize marking load, the assignment often yielded gems of stories for use in subsequent lectures. The Annotated Bibliography assignment asks students: (a) to précis the justification, main results, and significance of three papers from the primary scientific literature in under 250 words each, and (b) to provide a short (150 word) summary of the broader story connecting the three papers. Students liked this assignment because they could choose any aspect of the biology of any invertebrate genus. This inspired them to explore the literature out of personal interest. It's appealing for instructors, because annotations are compact and therefore easy to read, mark, and inspect for plagiarism. It is appealing to host universities, because it generates extensive use of library resources and motivates students to learn how to use them, and online taxonomic databases, effectively. Here I provide: (a) instructions for this assignment, (b) a straightforward marking rubric, (c) two examples of excellent submissions, and (d) comments on the risk and extent of plagiarism. Appendices provide: detailed instructions, a sample annotation with comments to guide student writing, an online submission web page, an online administrator web page, and PHP scripts for both web pages. Finally, I summarize topics and taxa from nearly 2,000 submissions. The five most popular taxa were cephalopods, insects, malacostracan crustaceans, gastropods, and arachnids. Although aspects of sex or reproduction, and camouflage or mimicry were the most popular topics, one paper on extreme limb movements in stomatopods was cited the most.
Securing sexual justice for people with intellectual disability: A systematic review and critical appraisal of research recommendations
Authors: Ginn Hannah G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundPeople with intellectual disability contend with significant restrictions to their sexual expression and partnered relationships. This review examines the types of recommendations scholars offer in their qualitative research involving participants with intellectual disability discussing sexuality and intimate relationships.MethodA systematic review of peer‐reviewed studies published between 1972 and July 2018 yielded a sample of 26 studies. Thematic analysis was used to taxonomize scholars’ recommendations.ResultsSix distinct forms of recommendations were identified. The most frequently offered and most strongly emphasized recommendation across studies aimed to change individuals with intellectual disability. In contrast, a minority of studies prioritized engaging individuals as informants, eliciting individuals’ wishes, enabling relationships and fostering ideological change. No studies placed the greatest weight on promoting systems change.ConclusionsRecommendations in the literature have predominantly emphasized individual as opposed to environmental changes. I consider the ramifications of this and argue for a reorientation towards systems change.
Composition of uterine milk and its changes with gestational period in red stingrays (Hemitrygon akajei)
Authors: Kina Taito , Masuda Tetsuya , Asahina Kiyoshi , Suzuki Miwa 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUterine milk is secreted in the uterus for embryo nutrition in several elasmobranch species and may contribute to rapid embryonic growth, but the details of its composition and its functions are poorly understood. In this study, to explore the roles of uterine milk for embryos, its components throughout the gestational period were analysed in detail. Uterine milk was collected from pregnant red stingrays (Hemitrygon akajei) in the early, middle and late gestational periods, respectively (n= 3 for each period). The crude composition, constituent proteins and fatty acids in the milk were analysed. The uterine milk was rich in proteins throughout the gestational period, whereas lipids dramatically increased in the middle period and reduced slightly towards the late period. Some proteins potentially associated with nutrition, cartilage growth and embryonic immunity were found. Several enzymes related to central metabolism were also detected. The constituent fatty acids in the middle and late periods were similar to those in the egg yolks of elasmobranchs, except for C18:2, which was rich only in the uterine milk. The most abundant fatty acid in the milk was C16:1, which could function as a lipokine to promote lipid metabolism in the embryo. This study's data suggest that uterine milk may be secreted in addition to the egg yolk in elasmobranchs to support rapid and healthy embryonic growth.
Arterial stiffness in acute COVID‐19 and potential associations with clinical outcome
Authors: Schnaubelt S. , Oppenauer J. , Tihanyi D. , Mueller M. , Maldonado‐Gonzalez E. , Zejnilovic S. , Haslacher H. , Perkmann T. , Strassl R. , Anders S. , Stefenelli T. , Zehetmayer S. , Koppensteiner R. , Domanovits H. , Schlager O. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) interferes with the vascular endothelium. It is not known whether COVID‐19 additionally affects arterial stiffness.MethodsThis case–control study compared brachial‐ankle pulse wave (baPWV) and carotid‐femoral pulse wave velocities (cfPWV) of acutely ill patients with and without COVID‐19.ResultsTwenty‐two COVID‐19 patients (50% females, 77 [67–84] years) were compared with 22 age‐ and sex‐matched controls. In COVID‐19 patients, baPWV (19.9 [18.4–21.0] vs. 16.0 [14.2–20.4], P = 0.02) and cfPWV (14.3 [13.4–16.0] vs. 11.0 [9.5–14.6], P = 0.01) were higher than in the controls. In multiple regression analysis, COVID‐19 was independently associated with higher cfPWV (β = 3.164, P = 0.004) and baPWV (β = 3.532, P = 0.003). PWV values were higher in nonsurvivors. In survivors, PWV correlated with length of hospital stay.ConclusionCOVID‐19 appears to be related to an enhanced PWV reflecting an increase in arterial stiffness. Higher PWV might be related to an increased length of hospital stay and mortality.
Distinct roles of red‐blood‐cell‐derived and wall‐derived mechanisms in metabolic regulation of blood flow
Authors: Fry Brendan C. , Secomb Timothy W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveA theoretical model is used to analyze combinations of RBC‐derived and wall‐derived (RBC‐independent) mechanisms for metabolic blood flow regulation, with regard to their oxygen transport properties.MethodsHeterogeneous microvascular network structures are derived from observations in rat mesentery and hamster cremaster. The effectiveness of metabolic blood flow regulation using combinations of RBC‐dependent and RBC‐independent mechanisms is simulated in these networks under conditions of reduced oxygen delivery and increased oxygen demand.ResultsMetabolic regulation by a wall‐derived mechanism results in higher predicted total blood flow rate and number of flowing vessels, and lower tissue hypoxic fraction, than regulation by combinations of RBC‐derived and wall‐derived signals. However, a combination of RBC‐derived and wall‐derived signals results in a higher predicted median tissue PO2 than either mechanism acting alone.ConclusionsModel results suggest complementary roles for RBC‐derived and wall‐derived mechanisms of metabolic flow regulation, with the wall‐derived mechanism responsible for avoiding hypoxia, and the RBC‐derived mechanism responsible for maintaining PO2 levels high enough for optimal tissue function.