bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Patient as a Mobile Health Care Consumer
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Many believe that digital health will be a catalyst to enable health care to become more market-centric and consumer-driven. Indeed, the Covid-19 pandemic has essentially redefined the concept of “elective” procedures based almost entirely on patient preference and behaviors, much of which was unexpected. Although the concept of educated and empowered patient consumers paints a compelling vision, many fear the unintended consequences of removing or minimizing trusted caregiver guidance from the equation. What are the risks and unintended consequences of self-managed care? Will patients properly prioritize? Will the benefits, risks, and potential trade-offs be understood? How will fact be separated from hype, misinformation and confirmation bias? In this chapter the opportunities and hazards of patients as mobile health consumers are detailed with a specific focus on potential harms and corresponding mitigations.
Surnaming
Authors: Qi Xiaoying 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The conjunction in China of market reform and the one-child policy underlies new child-surnaming practices, discussed here for the first time. For a number of reasons, wives from daughter-only families are disrupting an established practice by giving their own surnames, rather than the husband’s, to their child(ren). Through development of the concept of “veiled patriarchy,” the chapter makes an original contribution to understanding child surnaming and inheritance practices in contemporary China. Veiled patriarchy relates to an obscuration of continuing patriarchal control, amid conditions of growing women’s rights. The chapter also addresses the emotional aspect of surnaming, which, incidentally, is the least researched element in this sparsely examined sociological topic. More generally, in demonstrating how surnaming is connected to intergenerational relations, gender contestation, and economic power asymmetry, the chapter realigns surnaming theory and the theory of gender through empirical investigation and conceptual innovation.
Flowering at Sunset
Authors: Qi Xiaoying 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Through an examination of remarriage and repartnering among the elderly, this chapter explores the occurrence of later-life cohabitation, the issues it raises for participants, and the intergenerational considerations it generates. Whereas the mainstream literature tends to treat remarriage or cohabitation among older persons as a private matter between the couples, the Chinese cases discussed in the chapter provide a contrasting perspective, in which the attitudes and expectations of adult children, especially regarding inheritance, but also in terms of the provision of eldercare, impact the cohabitation and remarriage decisions of the elderly. The chapter also identifies otherwise neglected aspects of social relationships, including concerns about the face of the persons directly involved, as well as more distant others.
Introduction
Authors: Strasburg James D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The introduction sketches out the theological, diplomatic, and political commitments of ecumenical and evangelical Protestantism in twentieth century America. It likewise discusses the twentieth-century origins of Christian nationalism and Christian globalism in American Protestant thought, surveying in particular how the two world wars and onset of the Cold War both activated and refined these competing theologies of global engagement. Beyond the American context, it outlines the German Protestant pushback to American efforts to reconstruct Germany on an American basis. Wrestling with the legacy of their own nationalist theologies, German Protestants drew on the devastation of the Second World War to outline a new “third way” theology that positioned Protestant churches as global mediators within the intense ideological landscape of the Cold War. When a growing number of American Protestants found themselves converted to this line of thought, it became clear that their efforts to remake Europe had in fact begun to remake them.
Epilogue
Authors: Strasburg James D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The epilogue considers how the spiritual reconstruction of Europe solidified Christian nationalism and Christian globalism as enduring theologies of global engagement within American Protestant churches. It traces the legacy of these Cold War theologies through an era of decolonization, the global growth of Christianity, and new international challenges at the start of the twenty-first century. In particular, it surveys how the “third way” theology of European Protestants such as Karl Barth and Martin Niemöller led American Protestants to rethink their commitments to American Christian nationalism. Yet a new wave of spiritual “cold warriors” helped ensure the struggle for the soul of Europe and the United States would continue well into the start of a new century.
Zap! II: Introduction
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A look back at my earlier book How the Ray Gun Got Its Zap! and the reason I write these essays. I re-iterate my purposes of providing entertainment and “education by stealth” in my pieces about strange and unusual optical phenomena. Besides mentioning several of the science popularizers whose names may be familiar to most readers,” I write about two more of the essayists who inspired me—David Brewster and Jearl D. Walker—and their approach to teaching science through asking unusual questions and posing challenges. This helps the readers to search for the answers themselves.
Globulism
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the beginning of the 19th century, the theory arose that biological tissues were composed of spherical “globules,” probably of uniform size, much as solid matter was composed of relatively uniform atoms. Where did this notion come from? Was it strictly an analogy with physical science? Is it possible that it came from an underlying philosophy of uniformity of constituents? Or did it have its origins in the limitations of the microscopes and other optical devices used in studying the tissues? There are and have been proponents of each of these views. The timing of the resolution of the conflict may say something about its origins.
I Was a Teenage Optical Engineer
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Lawrence Talbot, the Wolf Man of Universal horror films of the 1940s was played by Lon Chaney, Jr. Surprisingly, the character was an optical engineer in the original movie. He installed a telescope in the Talbot family home. In the original script, in fact, he is not even a relative of the family, but was brought in explicitly to install the telescope. Few things in a movie script are left to chance, but are either inspired by events, or else have some symbolic significance. Why did screenwriter Curt Siodmak settle upon someone in Optics for this role, when he might have used any profession as a means of inserting his character into the story?
Tanagra Theater and the Fishbowl Mermaid
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the early 20th century, an optical arrangement started appearing at exhibitions, fairs, and department stores that produced a convincing illusion of miniaturized people walking on a tiny stage. It could be viewed from a variety of angles and gave a convincing illusion of a three-dimensional figure. This was named Tanagra Theater after “Tanagra”, a location in Greece where miniature figures had recently been discovered. How did they create the illusion so convincingly? How do you produce the same effect if you’re a sideshow operator with little access to precision optics and no optical training?
The First 3D Movies
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
3-D movies have gone through several waves of popularity. They have appeared several times in the 20th and 21st centuries, with new developments in technology enabling better effects with each new incarnation. Rotating discs, polarizing glasses, anaglyphic glasses, coupled polarizers and optical retarders, and the use of electro-optic shutters each provided small advantages over previous technology. But the basic idea is simple, and was used in the 19th century stereoscope—present each eye with an independent view from a different perspective so that the parallax enables the brain to fuse them into one stereoscopic image. Who invented the first 3D movies? The idea is much older than most people suspect, dating back to the very beginning of cinema.
Let’s Be Practical
Authors: Adler Stephen J. , Brown Bruce D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The proliferation of leak cases over the last decade suggests that a case against the press for publishing government secrets may be on the horizon. Before 2009, an unwritten understanding between the government and the press of governmental forbearance and press responsibility provided more effective press protection than the First Amendment. While continued reliance on this understanding would be preferable to a changed law, the scales have tipped toward the suppression of speech in national security reporting, which has shaken that understanding. The current situation is so bad that it is now time to consider reforming the Espionage Act. Reformed legislation should provide a floor that permits First Amendment defenses, the law should act as a backstop if those arguments fail, and it should be as limited and precise as possible so that it does not inadvertently create a dangerous new power to prosecute the press.
Information Is Power
Authors: Papandrea Mary-Rose 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Balancing the equally important but sometimes conflicting priorities of government transparency for public accountability versus government secrecy for national security seems intractable. One possibility is to recognize a constitutional right of access to government information. This would support democratic self-governance, allow the public to engage in meaningful oversight, and provide access to necessary information without the game of leaks. It could radically refocus arguments regarding the rights of government employees to reveal national security information and of third parties to publish it. Recognizing this right faces an uphill battle against decades of First Amendment jurisprudence. It also faces innumerable logistical and practical obstacles. It would not eliminate the need to determine when the public, the press, and government insiders can disclose national security information. Nevertheless, the ongoing collapse of press access norms and government’s increasing desire to operate outside public view may warrant dramatically rethinking First Amendment scope and protections.
The Ubiquitous Presidency in Its Contexts
Authors: Scacco Joshua M. , Coe Kevin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Across six American presidencies, this chapter introduces and examines three key contexts within the broader socio-technological environment that intersect with the goals of presidential communication: accessibility, personalization, and pluralism. First, it defines accessibility based on where the president appears and how the president chooses to engage with audiences. This section tracks the frequency and type of media interviews presidents grant and how the White House website has evolved to include various degrees of interactivity. Second, this chapter reviews personalization and its significance, including techniques of informality and disclosure. This section chronicles how symbolic presidential behaviors disclose aspects of personality. The chapter concludes by discussing pluralism in terms of growing multiculturalism and heightened salience of group identity in the United States. This section analyzes communication that references pluralism or prejudice, awardees of the Presidential Medal of Freedom, and the frequency with which presidents grant interviews to media outlets marketed to minority audiences.
The Ubiquitous Presidency and Democratic Possibility
Authors: Scacco Joshua M. , Coe Kevin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the various implications of the ubiquitous presidency. It first explores the ubiquitous presidency as a research paradigm, making the case for new scholarship that examines how the contexts of the ubiquitous presidency intersect, that considers expanded forms of effects, that brings together different subfields of communication, and that engages with normative questions. The chapter then explores who will hold ubiquitous presidents accountable, focusing on two constitutional (Congress, the judiciary) and three extra-constitutional (networks and platforms, the press, the public) sites of accountability. The chapter concludes by thinking about the president per se. It argues for the enduring importance of presidents in changing times, and considers the fluidity of presidential legacies in this era. Ultimately, a president’s own strength of conscience is crucial in upholding the presidency and the democracy it is meant to serve.
Women’s Work
Authors: Lauve-Moon Katie 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 6 surveys the historical relationship between feminization and devaluation, particularly as it relates to work and compensation. This chapter illustrates how more feminized church positions like children’s pastors and office managers are often constrained by assumptions associated with their position; those occupying these positions are typically understood in relation to femininity and, therefore, overworked, underpaid, and underresourced. This chapter also shows how more masculinized positions like associate pastors are perceived as more feminine when occupied by a woman and, therefore, subsequently carry less monetary status and overall value. Finally, this chapter presents connections between feminized work and the persistence of the gender wage gap within pastoral positions.
Conclusion
Authors: Chung-Kim Esther 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Religious reformers in sixteenth-century Europe were integral to the development and implementation of poor relief programs. They effectively utilized theological justification through writings, sermons, and strategic political persuasion to gain support and funding for social welfare. The reformers’ unique positions as ecclesiastical authorities allowed them to connect care for the poor with one’s practice of devotion to God and religious ideals of generosity and compassion. The establishment of these reforms emerged in the context of an expanding migration of religious refugees, who required relief but were at first poorly received by city residents. One of the key components of determining poor relief was the importance of community formation and the demarcations in the process of determining poor relief coverage. Ultimately, religious reformers served as a major driving force in the efforts toward poverty alleviation and community motivation in the care for the poor; and their efforts impacted the development of poor relief.
Managing National Memory
Authors: Wertsch James V. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how mnemonic disputes can be managed. It begins by noting that simply transcending or erasing differences in national memory is unrealistic and hence not an option, leaving us with the goal of managing them instead. Special attention is paid to efforts of diplomats and other professional negotiators as they seek to address disputes grounded in national memory. This is done with an eye to showing that even such professionals have difficulty resisting the mental habits grounded in national narrative templates. One strategy they emply is keeping national memory out of the discussion, and this is outlined by using an illustration involving Franklin Roosevelt’s efforts to work with Stalin in 1943. But this strategy is often not a viable option, and hence negotiators emply other strategies for managing mnemonic disputes. In outlining these strategies, I use an illustration involving Chinese and American accounts of the bombing of the Chinese Embassy in Belgrade in 1999. One of America’s most respected negotiators was sent to Beijing after this event to discuss it, but the two sides remain deeply divided to this day, raising the question of the power of narrative templates to shape “strategic trust and distrust.” In a discussion of the role of irony some surprising twists in narrative dialogism come to light that make managing differences in national memory all the more difficult. The chapter concludes with a short list of concrete strategies for managing national memory.
Policing Prostitution
Authors: Hearne Siobhán 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Policing Prostitution examines the complex world of commercial sex in the final two decades of the Russian Empire before its collapse in 1917. From the 1840s until 1917, prostitution was legally tolerated across the Empire under a system known as regulation. Medical-police were in charge of compiling information about registered prostitutes and ensuring that they followed the strict rules prescribed by the imperial state governing their visibility and behaviour. The vast majority of women who sold sex hailed from the lower classes, as did their managers and clients. Official interest in prostitution generated a mass of documentation, which allows us to glimpse the lives and challenges of various groups of the Empire’s urban lower classes, including women who sold sex, their clients, brothel madams, police, and wider urban communities. In the late imperial period, prostitution was not just an urban ‘problem’ to be controlled and contained, but also a lucrative commodity due to the formal and informal financial relationships forged between brothel madams, registered prostitutes, and the police. This study is a social history of prostitution, drawing on archival material from Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, and Estonia. It focuses on how regulation was implemented, experienced, and resisted in various urban centres in the northwest of the Russian Empire, and how everyday experiences of regulation varied widely from place to place. In principle, the tsarist state regulated prostitution in the name of public order and public health; in practice, that regulation was both modulated by provincial police forces who had different local priorities, resources, and strategies, and contested by registered prostitutes, brothel madams, and others who interacted with the world of commercial sex.
Functional integrals
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents an alternative approach to the quantization of fields, an approach that will be critically important for the development of quantum field theory in curved space, which is the subject of the second part of the book. It starts by providing a description of a functional integral in quantum mechanics, concentrating on the representation of an evolution operator. It then considers the functional representation of the Green functions and the generating functional in quantum field theory, including for fermionic theories. After that, perturbative calculations of the generating functionals and their general properties are formulated. The chapter ends with a brief description of ζ-regularization as a technique for defining functional determinants.
Quantum gauge theories
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter, which is the last chapter in Part I, is devoted to an extensive discussion of quantum gauge theories, which is based on functional integrals and Lagrangian quantization. After introducing the notion of a Yang-Mills gauge theory, the Faddeev-Popov method (also known as the DeWitt-Faddeev-Popov procedure) is explained. Starting from this point, the BRST symmetry is formulated, and the corresponding Ward identities (called Slavnov-Taylor identities in some cases) established. More specialized subjects, such as the gauge dependence of effective action and the background field method, are dealt with in detail. In addition, Yang-Mills theory is analyzed as a primary example of general theorems concerning the renormalization of gauge theories.
Classical fields in curved spacetime
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses classical fields in an arbitrary Riemann spacetime. General considerations are followed by the formulation of scalar fields with non-minimal coupling. Spontaneous symmetry breaking in curved space is shown to provide the induced gravity action with a cosmological constant. The construction of spinor fields in curved spacetime is based on the notions of group theory from Part I and on the local Lorentz invariance. Massless vector fields (massless vector gauge fields) are described and the interactions between scalar, fermion and gauge fields formulated. A detailed discussion of classical conformal transformations and conformal symmetry for both matter fields and vacuum action is also provided.
One-loop divergences
Authors: Buchbinder Iosif L. , Shapiro Ilya L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on one-loop calculations and related issues such as practical renormalization and the derivation of beta functions. The general result for the one-loop divergences from chapter 13 is applied to a sequence of practical calculations. The starting point is the derivation of vacuum divergences of free matter fields. The beta functions in the vacuum sector are calculated. Asymptotic freedom is discussed. In addition, examples of one-loop divergences in interacting theories are elaborated, including the Yang-Mills field coupled to fermions and scalars, and the Yukawa model.
The Microfoundations
Authors: Koinova Maria 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 is the second theoretical chapter focusing on the individual-level perspective on diaspora mobilizations and the two-level typological theory. How do the four types of diaspora entrepreneurs—Broker, Local, Distant, and Reserved—interact with exogenous factors? How do these interactions lead to different modes of contention and channelling of interest through host-states, transnational networks, and supranational organizations? The two-level typological theory is unpacked through each of its constitutive elements: (1) diaspora entrepreneurs, (2) exogenous factors affecting them, and (3) contentiousness and channelling of their mobilizations, through their conjunctural variations. The chapter first conceptualizes diaspora entrepreneurs’ socio-spatial linkages and the typology developed through novel relational coding. Building on earlier work in International Relations, the Politically Relevant Environment (PRE) is discussed next. It is useful to theoretically narrow down the numerous factors affecting diaspora entrepreneurs in a particular context, namely when they are socio-spatially contiguous and affecting existing grievances related to conflict-generated identities of diaspora entrepreneurs. The chapter further theorizes about causal mechanisms and the nine causal pathways emerging through interactions between diaspora entrepreneurs and PRE factors such as host-land foreign policies, homeland governments, parties, non-state actors, critical events, and limited global influences. Four non-contentious pathways, four characterized by a dual-pronged approach, and one more contentious are presented.