bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Designing COVID-19 vaccine mandates in colleges and universities: a roadmap to the 10 key questions
Authors: Wolf Susan M , Hodge James G 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
COVID-19 transmission among students, faculty, and staff at US institutions of higher education (IHEs) is a pressing concern, especially with the dominance of the highly contagious Delta variant and emergence of the Omicron variant. From the start of the pandemic to May 26, 2021, &gt;700,000 cases were linked to US colleges and universities. To protect their populations and surrounding communities, IHE administrators are increasingly considering COVID-19 vaccine requirements. Roughly one-quarter of the nearly 4,000 college and university campuses across the US have announced COVID-19 vaccine mandates for students or employees. However, deciding to require vaccination is only the first of multiple decisions, as IHEs face complex issues of how to design and refine their mandates, including whether to require boosters. Mandates vary significantly in stringency, implementation, impact on members of the college or university community, and net benefit to the institution. This essay examines 10 key questions that an IHE must face in designing or refining a COVID-19 vaccination mandate. Showing that these 10 questions were carefully considered may be crucial if the institution's mandate is challenged. Ultimately, how an IHE designs its mandate may make the difference between meaningful risk mitigation that advances institutional goals and benefits students, faculty, and staff versus a public health failure that erodes trust, raises equity concerns, threatens to undermine preexisting vaccination requirements, and divides the campus.
Carnivores in color: pelt color patterns among carnivores in Idaho
Authors: Ausband David E , Krohner Jessica M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Pelt color serves many functions from signaling to crypsis to thermoregulation and its purpose has been a lively source of debate in biology for over a century. Determining the effects of both habitat and human influences on pelt color patterns can be difficult. We made novel use of a multispecies occupancy model by defining “pelt color” as “species.” We then used this model to test predictions and estimate pelt color patterns concurrently for three carnivore species in Idaho, United States. We predicted pelt patterns of all three carnivores would be affected by environmental variables as well as human disturbance. Areas of Idaho where baiting was allowed and preferential harvest possible did not explain pelt patterns in black bears and neither did forest cover. Road density was positively associated with detection probability but negatively associated with occupancy of both black and brown pelt bears, however. Gray pelt wolves were found more often in areas with higher road densities than black wolves. As predicted, black, but not gray, wolves were positively associated with forest cover. Both red and black pelt foxes were positively associated with increasing elevation and road density. Black pelt foxes were negatively associated with forest cover, mirroring the habitat use described for native black pelt foxes. We demonstrate how using noninvasively collected data and extending multispecies occupancy models can allow biologists to study the distribution of different pelt colors in wild populations.
Habitat and drought influence the diet of an unexpected mycophagist: fishers in the Sierra Nevada, California
Authors: Smith G Bradley , Tucker Jody M , Pauli Jonathan N 
Published: December 2021

AbstractClimate change is creating hotter, drier, and more extreme weather. Weather anomalies such as extended drought along the Pacific Coast of North America are redefining ecosystems. In the Sierra Nevada mountains of California, an isolated, distinct and federally endangered population of fishers (Pekania pennanti) currently faces multiple threats. Severe drought, tree mortality, and megafires are reshaping the landscape in the southern Sierra with largely unknown effects on fisher ecology and conservation. Using hair collected during long-term population monitoring, we analyzed stable isotopes to quantify the diets of fishers before and after drought, and explored how habitat quality mediated the effect of drought on fisher diet. For the core population of fishers which occupy the northern and western portions of this region, their isotopic niche declined both in drought and in lower-quality habitats. Regardless of drought or habitat conditions, the summer diet of fishers here was dominated by fungi (47%), while little vertebrate mass (14%) was consumed. However, drought and habitat did influence consumption of plants and insects; fishers consumed more insects and less plants in drought conditions and in poorer habitat. In contrast, at the perennially dry, high-altitude Kern Plateau at the southeastern extent of their range, fishers predominantly consumed vertebrates (59%). Fishers show great plasticity in their diet, but the means and capacity for this flexibility is poorly understood. Retaining atypical diet items, notably fungi, and a diversity of forage in the Sierra Nevada could help to buffer the negative fitness costs from rapid environmental change for this endangered species.
Cryogenic electron microscopy approaches that combine images and tilt series
Authors: Calcraft Thomas , Rosenthal Peter B 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Cryogenic electron microscopy can be widely applied to biological specimens from the molecular to the cellular scale. In single-particle analysis, 3D structures may be obtained in high resolution by averaging 2D images of single particles in random orientations. For pleomorphic specimens, structures may be obtained by recording the tilt series of a single example of the specimen and calculating tomograms. Where many copies of a single structure such as a protein or nucleic acid assembly are present within the tomogram, averaging of the sub-volumes (subtomogram averaging) has been successfully applied. The choice of data collection method for any given specimen may depend on the structural question of interest and is determined by the radiation sensitivity of the specimen. Here, we survey some recent developments on the use of hybrid methods for recording and analysing data from radiation-sensitive biological specimens. These include single-particle reconstruction from 2D images where additional views are recorded at a single tilt angle of the specimen and methods where image tilt series, initially used for tomogram reconstruction, are processed as individual single-particle images. There is a continuum of approaches now available to maximize structural information obtained from the specimen.
Near-infrared spectroscopy and HPLC combined with chemometrics for comprehensive evaluation of six organic acids in Ginkgo biloba leaf extract
Authors: Zhang Sijie , Gong Xingchu , Qu Haibin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To investigate the feasibility of using near-infrared spectroscopy for rapid determination of main organic acids in Ginkgo biloba leaf extract (EGBL).

Methods
Main organic acids in EGBL were assayed using the HPLC method. Critical factors of the chromatographic separation were optimized by a novel analytical quality by design approach. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was performed to screen the marker components, and principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized to distinguish the different samples. Then, spectral quantification potential was investigated using PLS and support vector machine (SVM) approaches. For modelling, different spectral preprocessing and wavelength selection methods were systematically compared.

Key findings
It was found that quinic acid, protocatechuic acid and 6-hydroxykynurenic acid were identified as possible index components. PLS-DA based on contents and PCA based on near-infrared spectra can both effectively distinguish the different EGBL samples. The calibration models with wonderful prediction performance can be both developed by the PLS and SVM algorithms.

Conclusions
NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics can realize the rapid and non-destructive qualitative and quantitative analysis of EGBL. The proposed method may be applied to quality control of EGBL and other natural products in commercial use.
Bilateral chylothorax following neck dissection on a child—Diagnosis and management in resource-limited settings: a case report
Authors: Misso Kennedy K , Elisante Joseph , Mganga Daniel , Poppe Vanessa , Tarmohammed Murad , Nkoronko Mugisha , Msuya David 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Bilateral chylothorax is a rare complication following neck dissection, with fewer than thirty cases being reported over the last century. A serious life-threatening condition mostly encountered during thoracic procedures and dissections. In our case, conservative management resulted in complete resolution. We report a case of a 4-year-old child who underwent deep neck dissection due to recurrent hemangioma. She developed bilateral chylothorax and a conservative approach led to complete resolution.
Late-phase left ventricular pseudoaneurysm after three-time mitral valve surgery
Authors: Ishida Shinichi , Mutsuga Masato , Fujita Takashi , Yagami Kei 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Rupture of the left ventricular posterior wall is a fatal complication during mitral valve replacement (MVR), and rupture mainly occurs intraoperatively and up to several days after MVR, but it rarely occurs in the late phase, such as several years postoperatively. Late rupture occasionally presents as left ventricular pseudoaneurysms (LVPAs). A 40-year-old man who had a three-time history of mitral valve surgery for infectious endocarditis was incidentally found to have a left ventricular aneurysm with no symptoms. He underwent closure of a LVPA with MVR. Although there are various surgical techniques to close LVPAs after mitral valve repair, it is still a challenging problem. Here, we report the case of a patient who successfully underwent LVPA repair with MVR and describe the technique.
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after functional endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Morosanu Cezar Octavian , Lee Keng Siang , Keshtkar Fatemeh , Langton-Hewer Claire 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFunctional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is effective in cases of sinusitis where pharmacological treatment has not been successful. Patients undergoing FESS have reported an 85% improvement in symptoms as measured by the quality of life scores. Despite its convincing therapeutic benefit, complications sometimes occur with potentially dire consequences. We report the case of a 69-year-old patient who underwent FESS for recurrent frontal sinusitis and developed a syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) on Day 3 post-operatively. To our knowledge, this is the first documented case of SIADH arising after an endoscopic intervention for frontal sinusitis.
The history and development of public health in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Sein Than 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The history and development of public health in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) shows that important breakthroughs in public health interventions have led to great improvements in economic development. Health determines economic productivity and prosperity, and the physical and emotional well- being of the people. The mindset of the population afflicted with a high infant mortality rate usually lacks the secure knowledge of its children’s longevity, witnesses higher fertility rates, and experiences the quality- quantity trade- off in child- rearing. Ever since the health- for- all movement was initiated over three decades ago, health, equity, and social justice remain the main themes of social and health policy. It is essential for all public health professionals to sustain these values, especially those in LMICs and the international community.
Public health priorities in countries undergoing economic transition
Authors: Tollman Stephen , Price Jessica 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter starts by reviewing the relationship between the economy and health, looking at changes in health outcome as income increases, demographic transitions related to economic growth, and the impact of urbanization on health outcomes. It then reviews major health challenges facing middle-income countries (MICs), including the triple burden of disease, multimorbidity, mental health across the life course, and the impacts of migration, climate change, and antimicrobial resistance. Finally, it discusses health system challenges and the importance of building resilient and ‘learning’ health systems with the agility to adapt to meet MICs’ evolving health needs. We discuss strategies to achieve universal health coverage in MICs and the importance of intersectoral collaboration in promoting health.
Poverty, justice, and health
Authors: Labonté Ronald , Baum Fran , Sanders David 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Poverty has long been a concern in public health with people living in poor circumstances generally suffering higher burdens of disease. Understanding the persistence of poverty, and of its impacts on health, unavoidably intersects with analyses of how inequalities arise in the distribution of income and wealth, and of the material and psychosocial resources these socioeconomic privileges accord. This chapter reviews different definitions of poverty, trends in the distribution of absolute and relative poverty, and strengths and weaknesses of the different concepts. It touches briefly on how poverty (by whatever definition) influences health, citing natural/social selection, cultural/behavioural, and materialist/structural explanations; and discusses how, in some instances, there is reverse causality with poor health worsening individual or household poverty, particularly in low-income countries suffering high disease burdens and weak health systems. The chapter then turns to a review of major theories of justice and how these argue for interventions, and the role that international human rights might play in furthering actions to reduce poverty-related health inequalities. It concludes with a short discussion of different sociopolitical approaches to poverty reduction, providing three examples of intervention policies.
Climate change and human health
Authors: Woodward Alistair , Macmillan Alex 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Climate change belongs in a new category of global environmental health problems. It is not just that the impacts are widely distributed: climate change is a result of unbalanced global systems. It is one of the modern threats to a ‘safe operating space’ for the planet. The effects on health occur directly, such as increased heat waves; through pressures on natural systems (reduced crop yields and undernutrition, for instance); and, as a consequence of social disruption. Also there may be impacts due to policy responses to climate change: these are so-called ‘transition risks’. Improving baseline health status is fundamental to coping with climate change, because the populations that are most seriously affected are those that already bear a heavy burden of disease. But an undifferentiated public health response is not sufficient. There are distinctive features of climate change that have to be taken into account. Mitigation, or primary prevention, will require rapid, deep cuts in greenhouse emissions if global heating is to be limited. The goal is to identify common solutions, responses to climate change that are health-enhancing rather than health damaging. There are many candidates, but by and large they are not on the path of ‘business as usual’ development.
Behavioural determinants of health and disease
Authors: Green Lawrence W. , Hoeft Kristin S. , Hiatt Robert A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews ways in which behaviour relates to the spectrum of health and disease determinants, from environmental to genetic, in shaping health outcomes. It builds on the previous chapters in recognizing the powerful influence of socioeconomic and cultural factors, especially poverty and discrimination, in influencing both behaviour and health. Many commentaries in the past four decades have attempted to correct the overemphasis on individual behavioural determinants of health by discounting and sometimes disparaging any focus on individual behaviour or personal responsibility in disease prevention and health promotion. This chapter seeks a middle ground, building on the growing understanding of the ecological and cultural context of the behaviour–health relationship. It seeks to integrate that knowledge in an approach to public health that acknowledges the reciprocal determinism of behavioural, environmental, and biological determinants rather than minimizing the importance of behaviour in these complex interactions.
Information systems in support of public health in high-income countries
Authors: Staa Tjeerd-Pieter van , Smeeth Liam 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Public health activities are dependent on the availability of information and ability to disseminate information to clinicians/healthcare providers, individuals, and communities. The increasing computerization of healthcare systems can offer opportunities to improve these activities. Databases of electronic healthcare records are used for disease surveillance and monitoring healthcare interventions. The quality and quantity of reporting of notifiable diseases may be improved by regular review of the electronic healthcare records. Randomized trials that recruit patients at the point of care and use electronic healthcare records for collection of follow-up information can be used to test the effectiveness of healthcare intervention in routine clinical practice. Cluster trials that randomize different clinics or regions can compare different public health policies and improve the evidence base for the pragmatic use of public health interventions. Data generated within clinical information systems can be used to provide feedback and guidance to clinicians and patients as part of clinical care. Better information systems providing data on risks and benefits of healthcare interventions will provide an important impetus to evidence-based public health.
Community diagnosis and health information systems in low- and middle-income countries
Authors: Wu Zunyou , McGoogan Jennifer 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The inalienable human right to the ‘highest attainable standard of health’ has been a focus of the international public health community for more than 50 years. Yet, low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) still struggle with heavy burden of disease, inefficient health systems, and limited resources for improving the health of their citizens. Community diagnosis can inform public health planning and prioritization of resources for the purpose of addressing disparities in health outcomes. However, large amounts of good-quality data from multiple quantitative and qualitative, primary and secondary sources are ideally required in order to effectively assess current state and evaluate future performance against a broad range of important health metrics. Furthermore, information systems and health metrics should not be thought of as static and separate. Rather, they should ideally evolve together in a deliberate, iterative process over time from metrics selected based upon the information that is available (i.e. measure what is measurable) to information systems designed based upon the metrics that are important to measure (i.e. measure what should be measured). This chapter describes community diagnosis, information systems, and health metrics in the context of LMIC, highlighting these concepts and their challenges with examples of studies conducted in these settings.
New communication technologies, social media, and public health
Authors: Sullivan Patrick S. , Siegler Aaron J. , Hightow-Weidman Lisa 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
New communications technologies constitute a rapidly changing field with tremendous opportunities for public health practice. Platforms include a variety of apps, which share the general characteristics of platforms to share words, text, and video content, but which have important differences in their preferred formats of media, strategies for sharing information within social networks, and user bases. These technologies can facilitate public health efforts through the provision of information, as portals for communication with those in need of services, and as platforms for public health interventions. Social media platforms also give rise to the possibility of using public data to increase understanding of health concerns and programmes—for example, using public data on internet searches or social media postings to identifying trends in infectious diseases. Despite these exciting possibilities, there are important heterogeneities globally in the coverage of smartphone devices, in data speed, and in access to data services. There are also important considerations about possible harms of technologies, and about privacy concerns for users of social media in the context of public health.
Epidemiology
Authors: Detels Roger 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Epidemiology is the basic science of public health, because it is the science that describes the relationship of health and/or disease with other health-related factors in human populations, such as human pathogens. Furthermore, epidemiology has been used to generate much of the information required by public health professionals to develop, implement, and evaluate effective intervention programmes for the prevention of disease and promotion of health. Unlike pathology, which constitutes a basic area of knowledge, and cardiology, which is the study of a specific organ, epidemiology is a philosophy and methodology that can be applied to learning about and resolving a very broad range of health problems. It is not enough to know what the various study designs and statistical methodologies are. The ‘art’ of epidemiology is knowing when and how to apply the various epidemiological strategies creatively to answer specific health questions. The uses and limitations of the various epidemiological study designs are presented in this chapter to illustrate and underscore the fact that the successful application of epidemiology requires more than knowledge of study designs and epidemiological methods. This introductory chapter attempts to define epidemiology, to present ways in which epidemiology is used in the advancement of public health, and finally, to discuss the range of applications of epidemiological methodologies.