bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Philosophy of Outliers: Reintegrating Rare Events Into Biological Science
Authors: Cook Chelsea N , Freeman Angela R , Liao James C , Mangiamele Lisa A 
Published: July 2021

Synopsis
Individual variation in morphology, physiology, and behavior has been a topic of great interest in the biological sciences. While scientists realize the importance of understanding diversity in individual phenotypes, historically the “minority” results (i.e., outlier observations or rare events) of any given experiment have been dismissed from further analysis. We need to reframe how we view “outliers” to improve our understanding of biology. These rare events are often treated as problematic or spurious, when they can be real rare events or individuals driving evolution in a population. It is our perspective that to understand what outliers can tell us in our data, we need to: (1) Change how we think about our data philosophically, (2) Fund novel collaborations using science “weavers” in our national funding agencies, and (3) Bridge long-term field and lab studies to reveal these outliers in action. By doing so, we will improve our understanding of variation and evolution. We propose that this shift in culture towards more integrative science will incorporate diverse teams, citizen scientists and local naturalists, and change how we teach future students.
Quasi-Local Penrose Inequalities with Electric Charge
Authors: Chen Po-Ning , McCormick Stephen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Riemannian Penrose inequality is a remarkable geometric inequality between the ADM mass of an asymptotically flat manifold with nonnegative scalar curvature and the area of its outermost minimal surface. A version of the Riemannian Penrose inequality has also been established for the Einstein–Maxwell equations where the lower bound on mass depends also on electric charge, a charged Riemannian Penrose inequality. Here, we establish some quasi-local charged Penrose inequalities for surfaces isometric to closed surfaces in a suitable Reissner–Nordström manifold, which serves as a reference manifold for the quasi-local mass. In the case where the reference manifold has zero mass and nonzero electric charge, the lower bound on quasi-local mass is exactly the lower bound on the ADM mass given by the charged Penrose inequality.
Human Cytomegalovirus and Risk of Incident Cardiovascular Disease in United Kingdom Biobank
Authors: Hamilton Elizabeth M , Allen Naomi E , Mentzer Alexander J , Littlejohns Thomas J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Previous studies have yielded conflicting results on the association between human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study examined associations between HCMV and incident CVD, ischaemic heart disease (IHD) and stroke.

Methods
This study included 8531 women and men of predominantly white ethnic background, aged 40–69 without prevalent CVD from the population-based UK Biobank study, recruited between 2006–2010 with HCMV antibody levels measured. CVD was ascertained via linkage to health administrative records collected until 2020. Multivariate Cox proportional-hazards models were used to determine associations between HCMV seropositivity and incident CVD, IHD and stroke. HCMV seropositive antibody levels in tertiles were used to assess dose-response associations.

Results
Over a mean follow-up period of 10.2 years, HCMV seropositivity was not significantly associated with CVD (Cases = 626, Hazard Ratio [HR] =1.01, 95% confidence interval [CI], .86–1.20), IHD (Cases = 539, HR=1.03, 95% CI, .87–1.24) or stroke (Cases = 144, HR = 0.96, 95% CI, .68–1.36). There was no evidence of dose-response associations with any outcome.

Conclusions
We found no significant association between HCMV seropositivity and risk of CVD, IHD or stroke. Further research within understudied populations, such as those of non-white ethnicity, and CVD subtypes is warranted.
Metagenomic Next-Generation Sequencing for Diagnosis of Pediatric Meningitis and Encephalitis: A Review
Authors: Graff Kelly , Dominguez Samuel R , Messacar Kevin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Metagenomic next-generation sequencing is a novel diagnostic test with the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis of pediatric meningitis and encephalitis through unbiased detection of bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi in cerebrospinal fluid. Current literature is mostly observational with variable indications, populations, and timing of testing with resulting variability in diagnostic yield and clinical impact. Diagnostic stewardship strategies are needed to direct testing toward high-impact pediatric populations, to optimize timing of testing, to ensure appropriate interpretation of results, and to guide prompt optimization of antimicrobials. This review highlights the high clinical potential of this test, though future studies are needed to gather clinical impact and cost-effectiveness data for specific indications in pediatric populations.
Clostridioides difficile Infection in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Clinician’s Dilemma
Authors: Conrad Máire A , Kelsen Judith R 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) in children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can present and manifest differently from the general population with CDI, and it can worsen the underlying disease course. Furthermore, current clinical assays used to test for CDI do not accurately distinguish between true CDI or colonization. This uncertainty leads to difficulty in identifying the etiology and therapy for symptomatic patients with IBD. Improved diagnostic tests, biomarkers, and safe and effective treatment options are greatly needed for this vulnerable population.
Mast cell degranulation and vascular endothelial growth factor expression in mouse skin following ionizing irradiation
Authors: Lee Chang Geol , Moon Sun Rock , Cho Mee Yon , Park Kyung Ran 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The present study aimed to identify the mechanisms underlying the increase in vascular permeability in mouse skin following irradiation. The left ears of C3H mice were subjected to 2 and 15 Gy of radiation in a single exposure. At 24 h after irradiation, the ears were excised and tissue sections were stained with toluidine blue to assess mast cell degranulation. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression was assessed via immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Approximately 5% (3%–14%) (mean [95% CI]) of mast cells in the skin of control mice were degranulated; moreover, at 24 h after 2 Gy irradiation, this value increased to approximately 20% (17%–28%). Mast cell degranulation by 15 Gy irradiation (32% [24%–40%]) was greater than that by 2 Gy irradiation. Significant differences were observed in mast cell degranulation among the control, 2 Gy and 15 Gy groups (p = 0.012). Furthermore, VEGF-positive reactions were observed in the cytoplasm of scattered fibroblasts in the dermis. In immunohistochemistry tests, VEGF expression at 24 h after irradiation increased slightly in the 2 Gy group compared to that in the control group, whereas no difference in VEGF expression was observed in the 15 Gy group compared to that in the control group. Expression of VEGF in western blots was consistent with that in immunohistochemistry.
In conclusion, mast cell degranulation was increased in mouse skin at 24 h after irradiation in a dose-dependent manner. In contrast, VEGF expression was slightly increased following only low-dose (2 Gy) irradiation.
Mail Communications and Survey Response: A Test of Social Exchange Versus Pre-Suasion Theory for Improving Response Rates and Data Quality
Authors: Greenberg Pierce , Dillman Don 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMail communications remain a prominent aspect of survey research, especially due to the increasing adoption of web-push surveys throughout the world. However, there is a lack of research on the effectiveness of comprehensive communication strategies for increasing response rates. This paper tests the influence of two communication theories—social exchange theory and pre-suasion theory—on response rates in a survey of residents of southern West Virginia. Social exchange theory has long been used as a strategy for encouraging response, but the theory of pre-suasion offers a new approach of tailoring and sequencing written and visual communications. We operationalized pre-suasion and social exchange communications techniques in the cover letter and questionnaire, then conducted a 2-by-2 experimental design to identify differences in response and data quality. The results show significant differences in response based on the communications in the letter, but no differences based on the questionnaire. The versions with social exchange letters received a response rate 5.5 percent higher than pre-suasion letters. Further, communication differences had no statistically significant effect on measures of data quality. These findings suggest future avenues for research on broad communication strategies in mail survey materials.
Inoculation of barley withTrichoderma harzianumT-22 modifies lipids and metabolites to improve salt tolerance
Authors: Gupta Sneha , Smith Penelope M C , Boughton Berin A , Rupasinghe Thusitha W T , Natera Siria H A , Roessner Ute 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSoil salinity has a serious impact on plant growth and agricultural yield. Inoculation of crop plants with fungal endophytes is a cost-effective way to improve salt tolerance. We used metabolomics to study how Trichoderma harzianum T-22 alleviates NaCl-induced stress in two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, Gairdner and Vlamingh, with contrasting salinity tolerance. GC-MS was used to analyse polar metabolites and LC-MS to analyse lipids in roots during the early stages of interaction with Trichoderma. Inoculation reversed the severe effects of salt on root length in sensitive cv. Gairdner and, to a lesser extent, improved root growth in more tolerance cv. Vlamingh. Biochemical changes showed a similar pattern in inoculated roots after salt treatment. Sugars increased in both cultivars, with ribulose, ribose, and rhamnose specifically increased by inoculation. Salt stress caused large changes in lipids in roots but inoculation with fungus greatly reduced the extent of these changes. Many of the metabolic changes in inoculated cv. Gairdner after salt treatment mirror the response of uninoculated cv. Vlamingh, but there are some metabolites that changed in both cultivars only after fungal inoculation. Further study is required to determine how these metabolic changes are induced by fungal inoculation.
Catch-22 in specialized metabolism: balancing defense and growth
Authors: Panda Sayantan , Kazachkova Yana , Aharoni Asaph 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Plants are unsurpassed biochemists that synthesize a plethora of molecules in response to an ever-changing environment. The majority of these molecules, considered as specialized metabolites, effectively protect the plant against pathogens and herbivores. However, this defense most probably comes at a great expense, leading to reduction of growth (known as the ‘growth–defense trade-off’). Plants employ several strategies to reduce the high metabolic costs associated with chemical defense. Production of specialized metabolites is tightly regulated by a network of transcription factors facilitating its fine-tuning in time and space. Multifunctionality of specialized metabolites—their effective recycling system by re-using carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur, thus re-introducing them back to the primary metabolite pool—allows further cost reduction. Spatial separation of biosynthetic enzymes and their substrates, and sequestration of potentially toxic substances and conversion to less toxic metabolite forms are the plant’s solutions to avoid the detrimental effects of metabolites they produce as well as to reduce production costs. Constant fitness pressure from herbivores, pathogens, and abiotic stressors leads to honing of specialized metabolite biosynthesis reactions to be timely, efficient, and metabolically cost-effective. In this review, we assess the costs of production of specialized metabolites for chemical defense and the different plant mechanisms to reduce the cost of such metabolic activity in terms of self-toxicity and growth.
XMP gas-rich dwarfs in nearby voids: results of BTA spectroscopy
Authors: Pustilnik S A , Egorova E S , Kniazev A Y , Perepelitsyna Y A , Tepliakova A L , Burenkov A N , Oparin D V 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the second part of results of the ongoing project aimed at searching for and studying eXtremely Metal-Poor (XMP) – adopted as those with Zgas ≲ Z⊙/30, or with 12+log (O/H) ≲ 7.21 dex − very gas-rich blue dwarfs in voids. They were first identified in the course of the ‘unbiased’ study of the galaxy population in the nearby Lynx–Cancer void. These very rare and unusual galaxies seem to be the best proxies of so-called Very Young Galaxies (VYGs) defined recently in model simulations by Tweed et al. To date, for 16 pre-selected void XMP candidates, using the Big Telescope Alt-azimuth (BTA), the SAO 6-m telescope, we have obtained spectra suitable for the determination of O/H. For majority of the observed galaxies, the principal line [O iii] λ4363 , used for the direct classical Te method of O/H determination, is undetected. Therefore, to estimate O/H, we use a new ‘strong-lines’ method by Izotov et al. This appears to be the most accurate empirical O/H estimator for the range of 12+log (O/H) ≲ 7.4–7.5. For objects with higher O/H, we use the semi-empirical method by Izotov & Thuan with our modification accounting for variance of the excitation parameter O32. Six of those 16 candidates are found, with confidence, to be XMP dwarfs. In addition, eight studied galaxies are less metal-poor, with 12+log (O/H) = 7.24–7.33, and these can also fall into the category of VYG candidates. Taking into account our recently published work and the previously known (nine prototype galaxies) XMP gas-rich void objects, the new findings increase the number of this type of galaxy known to date to a total of 19.
The transition of polarized dust thermal emission from the protostellar envelope to the disc scale
Authors: Lam Ka Ho , Chen Che-Yu , Li Zhi-Yun , Yang Haifeng , Cox Erin G , Looney Leslie W , Stephens Ian 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Polarized dust continuum emission has been observed with Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array in an increasing number of deeply embedded protostellar systems. It generally shows a sharp transition going from the protostellar envelope to the disc scale, with the polarization fraction typically dropping from ${\sim } 5{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ to ${\sim } 1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ and the inferred magnetic field orientations becoming more aligned with the major axis of the system. We quantitatively investigate these observational trends using a sample of protostars in the Perseus molecular cloud and compare these features with a non-ideal magnetohydrodynamic disc formation simulation. We find that the gas density increases faster than the magnetic field strength in the transition from the envelope to the disc scale, which makes it more difficult to magnetically align the grains on the disc scale. Specifically, to produce the observed ${\sim } 1{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ polarization at ${\sim } 100\, \mathrm{au}$ scale via grains aligned with the B-field, even relatively small grains of $1\, \mathrm{\mu m}$ in size need to have their magnetic susceptibilities significantly enhanced (by a factor of ∼20) over the standard value, potentially through superparamagnetic inclusions. This requirement is more stringent for larger grains, with the enhancement factor increasing linearly with the grain size, reaching ∼2 × 104 for millimetre-sized grains. Even if the required enhancement can be achieved, the resulting inferred magnetic field orientation in the simulation does not show a preference for the major axis, which is inconsistent with the observed pattern. We thus conclude that the observed trends are best described by the model where the polarization on the envelope scale is dominated by magnetically aligned grains and that on the disc scale by scattering.
AGN jets and winds in polarized light: the case of Mrk 231
Authors: Silpa S , Kharb P , O’Dea C P , Baum S A , Sebastian B , Mukherjee D , Harrison C M 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the results of a multifrequency, multiscale radio polarimetric study with the Very Large Array (VLA) of the Seyfert 1 galaxy and BALQSO, Mrk 231. We detect complex total and polarized intensity features in the source. Overall, the images indicate the presence of a broad, one-sided, curved outflow towards the south which consists of a weakly collimated jet with poloidal inferred magnetic fields, inside a broader magnetized ‘wind’ or ‘sheath’ component with toroidal inferred magnetic fields. The model of a kpc-scale weakly collimated jet/lobe in Mrk 231 is strengthened by its C-shaped morphology, steep spectral index throughout, complexities in the magnetic field structures, and the presence of self-similar structures observed on the 10-parsec-scale in the literature. The ‘wind’ may comprise both nuclear starburst (close to the core) and active galactic nuclei winds, where the latter maybe the primary contributor. Moving away from the core, the ‘wind’ component may also comprise the outer layers (or ‘sheath’) of a broadened jet. The inferred value of the (weakly collimated) jet production efficiency, ηjet ∼ 0.01, is consistent with the estimates in the literature. The composite jet and wind outflow in Mrk 231 appears to be low-power and matter-dominated, and oriented at a small angle to our line of sight.
Physical characterization of the active asteroid (6478) Gault
Authors: Carbognani Albino , Buzzoni Alberto , Stirpe Giovanna 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We report dense light-curve photometry, BVRc colours and phase–mag curve of (6478) Gault, an active asteroid with sporadic comet-like ejection of dust. We collected optical observations along the 2020 July–November months during which the asteroid appear always star-like, without any form of perceptible activity. We found complex light curves, with low amplitude around opposition and a bit higher amplitude far opposition, with a mean best rotation period of 2.46±0.02 h. Shape changes were observed in the phased light curves after opposition, a probable indication of concavities and surface irregularities. We suspect the existence of an Amplitude–Phase Relationship in C band. The mean colours are B − V = +0.84±0.04, V − Rc = +0.43±0.03, and B − Rc = +1.27±0.02, compatible with an S-type asteroid, but variables with the rotational phase index of a non-homogeneous surface composition. From our phase–mag curve and Shevchenko’s empirical photometric system, the geometric albedo result pV = 0.13±0.04, lower than the average value of the S-class. We estimate an absolute mag in V band of about + 14.9 and this, together with the albedo value, allows us to estimate a diameter of about 3–4 km, so Gault may be smaller than previously thought.
Thermal state of the intergalactic medium near to the optical limit for the Ly α forest
Authors: Ondro Tomáš , Gális Rudolf 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
In this article, the temperature–density relation of the intergalactic medium was studied in the region 1.6 ≤ z &lt; 2.0 divided into two bins. For this purpose, the Ly α forest decomposition into individual absorption profiles was used for the study of 35 publicly available quasar spectra obtained by the Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph (UVES) on the Very Large Telescope (ESO) and by the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES) on the Keck Telescope. For the determination of the thermal state sensitive cut-off position in the $b - N_{\rm{H}\, \small {I}}$ distribution, the iterative fitting procedure was adopted. The measurements were calibrated using mock Ly α forest data generated by 23 hydrodynamical simulations with different thermal histories. The value of the temperature at mean density corresponds to the decreasing trend predicted by various models at the lower redshifts. In the case of power-law index, determined values are close to 1.6, which is expected after all reionization events in various models assuming the balance of photoheating with adiabatic cooling.
Unveiling the nature of clusters in the Cygnus region. I. The embedded cluster DB2001–22
Authors: Molina Lera J A , Gamen R , Cichowolski S , Baume G , Cárdenas S B 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The Cygnus region harbours a vast diversity of rich stellar complexes. Hence, it is ideal for studying recently formed stellar clusters, and investigate how the feedback effect and radiation emitted by its massive stars modifies the interstellar medium giving place to induced star forming processes. This is the case of the small and poorly studied cluster DB2001-22. We focus our attention at analysing the cluster and its encompassing region, to distinguish different stellar populations and study their relationship with the surrounding environment. We gleaned literature and data bases for optical and IR photometry, astrometry provided by Gaia eDR3 and spectroscopy, and obtained new infrared Gemini spectra of three young stellar objects candidates (cYSOs). Furthermore, we detected two new massive stars: O7 V and B3 V, in the LAMOST data base, pointing out that DB2001–22 belongs to a much larger complex that involves an entire bubble structure and houses a richer massive population at a distance of 3.0 kpc. In this sense, DB2001–22 and the H ii region G82.6+0.4 are clearly related. Some observed gas and dust structures seem to have been sculpted by these massive stars. Infrared emission is compatible with a hot ionized gas mixed with warm dust surrounded by a structured photo-dissociation region (PDR) scenario. We found nine Class I and 56 Class II cYSOs, whose distribution along the PDR and the tips of pillar structures suggests that their formation may have been induced by the action of the earliest stars in the cluster on to their environment.
RGB photometric calibration of 15 million Gaia stars
Authors: Cardiel Nicolás , Zamorano Jaime , Carrasco Josep Manel , Masana Eduard , Bará Salvador , González Rafael , Izquierdo Jaime , Pascual Sergio , Sánchez de Miguel Alejandro 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Although a catalogue of synthetic RGB magnitudes, providing photometric data for a sample of 1346 bright stars, has been recently published, its usefulness is still limited due to the small number of reference stars available, considering that they are distributed throughout the whole celestial sphere, and the fact that they are restricted to Johnson V &lt; 6.6 mag. This work presents synthetic RGB magnitudes for ∼15 million stars brighter than Gaia G = 18 mag, making use of a calibration between the RGB magnitudes of the reference bright star sample and the corresponding high-quality photometric G, GBP, and GRP magnitudes provided by the Gaia EDR3. The calibration has been restricted to stars exhibiting −0.5 &lt; GBP − GRP &lt; 2.0 mag, and aims to predict RGB magnitudes within an error interval of ±0.1 mag. Since the reference bright star sample is dominated by nearby stars with slightly undersolar metallicity, systematic variations in the predictions are expected, as modelled with the help of stellar atmosphere models. These deviations are constrained to the ±0.1-mag interval when applying the calibration only to stars scarcely affected by interstellar extinction and with metallicity compatible with the median value for the bright star sample. The large number of Gaia sources available in each region of the sky should guarantee high-quality RGB photometric calibrations.