bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐teaching in Chinese: the roles of phonetic and semantic radicals in orthographic and vocabulary learning
Authors: Li Yixun , Xiao Linqing , Li Hong 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundPrevious work suggests that children can teach themselves new written words via reading aloud texts independently (i.e., orthographic learning via self‐teaching). In self‐teaching in Chinese, regular phonetic radicals and transparent semantic radicals facilitate orthographic learning. The present study examined the roles of phonetic and semantic radicals in both orthographic learning and oral vocabulary learning via self‐teaching among Chinese children.MethodsThirty‐four Mandarin‐speaking second graders read aloud and comprehended 12 stories annotated with Pinyin, a phonetic script in Chinese. Each story included a semantic–phonetic compound pseudocharacter appearing five times. The phonetic radicals were classified as one‐third regular, one‐third semiregular and one‐third irregular. These phonetic radicals carried full, partial or no phonetic information, depending on their regularity. Moreover, half of the semantic radicals were either transparent or opaque, meaning that they were semantically related or unrelated to the meaning of the pseudocharacters, respectively. Learning outcomes included participants' oral vocabulary learning and orthographic learning regarding word recognition and spelling.ResultsIn addition to the well‐studied orthographic learning, children can also achieve vocabulary learning via self‐teaching. Results indicate that transparent semantic radicals facilitated orthographic and vocabulary learning. Moreover, vocabulary learning was facilitated by regular phonetic radicals but hindered by semiregular phonetic radicals.ConclusionsThese findings, together, point to the roles of phonetic and semantic radicals in Chinese children's orthographic and vocabulary learning. Findings advance our understanding of self‐teaching across writing systems and add to the educational value of self‐teaching.
Gliding motility of a uranium‐tolerant Bacteroidetes bacterium Chryseobacterium sp. strain PMSZPI: insights into the architecture of spreading colonies
Authors: Khare Devanshi , Chandwadkar Pallavi , Acharya Celin 
Published: December 2021

SummaryUranium‐tolerant soil bacterium Chryseobacterium sp. strain PMSZPI moved over solid agar surfaces by gliding motility thereby forming spreading colonies which is a hallmark of members of Bacteroidetes phylum. PMSZPI genome harboured orthologs of all the gld and spr genes considered as core bacteroidetes gliding motility genes of which gldK, gldL, gldM and gldN were co‐transcribed. Here, we present the intriguing interplay between gliding motility and cellular organization in PMSZPI spreading colonies. While nutrient deficiency enhanced colony spreading, high agar concentrations and presence of motility inhibitor like 5‐hydroxyindole reduced the spreading. A detailed in situ structural analysis of spreading colonies revealed closely packed cells forming multiple layers at centre of colony while the edges showed clusters of cells periodically arranged in hexagonal lattices interconnected with each other. The cell migration within colony was visualized as branched structures wherein the cells were buried within extracellular matrix. PMSZPI colonies exhibited strong iridescence possibly as a result of periodicity within the cell population achieved through gliding motility. Presence of uranium reduced motility and iridescence and induced biofilm formation. The coordinated study of gliding motility and iridescence apparently influenced by uranium provides unique insights into the lifestyle of PMSZPI residing in uranium enriched environment.
Rapid response teams—how and who? A protocol for a randomised clinical trial evaluating the composition of the efferent limb of the rapid response system
Authors: Føns‐Sønderskov Morten B. , Subbe Chris , Kodal Anne Marie , Bunkenborg Gitte , Bestle Morten H. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundMany patients experiencing deterioration have documented deviation of vital signs prior to the deterioration event. Increasing focus on these patients led to the rapid response systems and their configuration with afferent and efferent limbs. The two most prevalent team constellations in the efferent limb are the medical emergency team (MET), usually led by a doctor, and the critical care outreach team (CCOT), usually led by a nurse. The two constellations have not previously been examined in a comparative clinical trial.MethodsThis is a single centre non‐inferiority randomised controlled trial of MET vs CCOT. All patients will be randomised at the time of the call. The intervention group will be the critical care outreach team. The primary outcome is mortality at 30 days and the occurrence of serious adverse events. All patients will be followed for 90 days. We aim to detect or reject a change of 7% in mortality whilst accepting a type I error of 5 and type II error of 20, using a sample size of maximum of 2000 individual patients.DiscussionThere is evidence supporting a benefit for the patient when using rapid response systems; however, earlier randomised studies are marked by cross‐contamination and selection bias. Previous studies have primarily examined the effect of RRS on hospital cardiac arrests (IHCA) and mortality. Our study will be examining the effect on intensive care unit admissions as well as the ICHA and mortality.ConclusionThis study may highlight potential benefits of specific configurations of rapid response systems and their impact on safety outcomes.
Development of a high‐resolution typing method for SLA‐3, swine MHC class I antigen 3
Authors: Youk S. , Le M.T. , Kang M. , Ahn B. , Choi M. , Kim K. , Kim T.H. , Kim J.H. , Ho C.S. , Park C. 
Published: December 2021

SummaryWe developed a high‐resolution and comprehensive typing method for swine leukocyte antigen 3 (SLA‐3), an MHC class I gene, employing locus‐specific genomic PCR followed by subsequent direct sequencing. A total of 292 individuals from nine pure, one cross‐breed and six cell lines were successfully typed. A total of 21 SLA‐3 alleles were identified, of which four were found to be novel alleles. However, the allelic diversity of SLA‐3 was lower than that of previously reported class I genes, SLA‐1 and ‐2. More SLA‐3 alleles were observed in the Landrace and Yorkshire breeds than the other breeds. SLA‐3*04:01 was identified in seven out of nine breeds and was the most widely distributed allele across all breeds. Therefore, the typing method reported in this study completes our efforts to develop high‐resolution typing methods for major SLA molecules, facilitating the combined analysis of major SLA genes from field samples, which is important to understand the relationship between the adaptive immune responses against pathogens and the immunogenetic makeup of an individual.
Palbociclib plus letrozole as treatment for postmenopausal women with hormone receptor–positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative advanced breast cancer for whom letrozole therapy is deemed appropriate: An expanded access study in Australia and India
Authors: Loi Sherene , Karapetis Christos S. , McCarthy Nicole , Oakman Catherine , Redfern Andrew , White Michelle , Khasraw Mustafa , Doval Dinesh Chandra , Gore Vinod , Alam Mahmood , Binko Justin , Lu Dongrui Ray , Kim Sindy , Boyle Frances 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimPalbociclib was approved in the United States in 2015 to treat estrogen receptor–positive/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2–negative (HER2–) advanced breast cancer (ABC). This study evaluated outcomes and safety in patients treated with palbociclib in Australia and India with hormone receptor–positive (HR+)/HER2– ABC before palbociclib became commercially available.MethodsPostmenopausal women (≥18 years) with HR+/HER2– ABC who were appropriate candidates for letrozole therapy received palbociclib 125 mg once daily for 21 days followed by 7 days off, and letrozole 2.5 mg once daily (continuous). Safety, tumor response, and patient‐reported outcomes (Australian cohort) were evaluated.ResultsIn total, 252 patients received palbociclib plus letrozole (Australia, n = 152; India, n = 100). More patients in the Australian versus Indian cohort had received prior chemotherapy (advanced/metastatic setting: 45.9% vs. 32.0%), endocrine therapy (advanced/metastatic setting: 63.2% vs. 54.3%), and advanced/metastatic therapies (61.8% vs. 31.0%). The most frequently reported all‐grade palbociclib‐related treatment‐emergent adverse events were neutropenia (66.7%), fatigue (35.3%), and stomatitis (26.6%); grade 3/4 neutropenia was reported as palbociclib‐related in 62.7% of patients. Febrile neutropenia was reported in six patients (2.4%). Eight patients (3.2%) discontinued because of an adverse event. The objective response rate was 19.4% (95% CI, 14.7%–24.9%) overall and 2.3% in Australian patients with ≥2 lines of prior therapy for metastatic disease. Patient‐reported quality of life scores were maintained throughout the study.ConclusionsIn an expanded access setting in Australia and India, palbociclib plus letrozole was well tolerated in patients with HR+/HER2– ABC, with a safety profile consistent with previous reports.
Evaluation of pulmonary arterial pressure in patients with connective tissue disease‐associated pulmonary arterial hypertension by myocardial perfusion imaging
Authors: Wang Zengyan , Li Jiao , Wang Xicheng , Liu Mei , Liao Man , Zhang Changdong , Shang Xiaoke 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a complex and severe complication of connective tissue disease (CTD). We aimed to evaluate the application value of myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) in evaluating CTD‐associated PAH (CTD‐PAH).MethodsWe retrospectively included 88 patients who were diagnosed with CTD between January 2018 and December 2020 at our hospital. Fifty‐eight patients had PAH and were included into the CTD‐PAH group. Thirty patients without PAH were included in the control group. All patients received routine physical examination, biochemical tests and cardiac function evaluation, right heart catheterization (RHC), and 99mTc‐MIBI MPI. PAH patients were divided into the mild, moderate, and severe PAH group according to their mean pulmonary artery pressures by RHC. Pearson correlation analysis was used to calculate the correlation between the right ventricle target/background (T/B) and right ventricle stroke volume (RV‐SV), total pulmonary resistance (TPR), pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR), mean pulmonary arterial pressure (mPAP), 6‐minute walk distance (6‐MWD), and N‐terminal B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP). The ROC curves of T/B and pulmonary artery pressure classification were plotted and the sensitivity and specificity of T/B in diagnosing PAH of different severities were analyzed.ResultsThe analysis of correlation revealed that T/B correlated negatively with 6‐MWD and positively with NT‐proBNP and exhibited good positive correlation with mPAP, TPR, and PVR by RHC and negative correlation with RV‐SV. T/B was of the most diagnostic value for severe PAH, and its correlation with severe PAH was stronger than that with mild PAH and moderate PAH.ConclusionsTarget/background is a noninvasive method that can simultaneously evaluate pulmonary arterial pressure and myocardial perfusion of CTD‐CHD patients and is particularly of relatively high value for severe PAH patients.
Editorial: delving into the natural history of Crohn’s disease and the impact of medical therapy
Authors: Vasudevan Abhinav , van Langenberg Daniel R. 
Published: December 2021

LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Burisch et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16615 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16680
Letter: hepatic steatosis in chronic hepatitis B—viral, metabolic or treatment‐related? Authors' reply
Authors: Zheng Qi , Nguyen Mindie H. 
Published: December 2021

LINKED CONTENTThis article is linked to Zheng et al papers. To view these articles, visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16595 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.16687
A meta‐analysis of sex differences in animal personality: no evidence for the greater male variability hypothesis
Authors: Harrison Lauren M. , Noble Daniel W. A. , Jennions Michael D. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTThe notion that men are more variable than women has become embedded into scientific thinking. For mental traits like personality, greater male variability has been partly attributed to biology, underpinned by claims that there is generally greater variation among males than females in non‐human animals due to stronger sexual selection on males. However, evidence for greater male variability is limited to morphological traits, and there is little information regarding sex differences in personality‐like behaviours for non‐human animals. Here, we meta‐analysed sex differences in means and variances for over 2100 effects (204 studies) from 220 species (covering five broad taxonomic groups) across five personality traits: boldness, aggression, activity, sociality and exploration. We also tested if sexual size dimorphism, a proxy for sex‐specific sexual selection, explains variation in the magnitude of sex differences in personality. We found no significant differences in personality between the sexes. In addition, sexual size dimorphism did not explain variation in the magnitude of the observed sex differences in the mean or variance in personality for any taxonomic group. In sum, we find no evidence for widespread sex differences in variability in non‐human animal personality.
Can a combination of interventions accelerate outcomes to deliver on theSustainable Development Goalsfor young children? Evidence from a longitudinal study in South Africa and Malawi
Authors: Mebrahtu Helen , Skeen Sarah , Rudgard William E. , Du Toit Stefani , Haag Katharina , Roberts Kathryn J. , Gordon Sarah L. , Orkin Mark , Cluver Lucie , Tomlinson Mark , Sherr Lorraine 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to identify possible entry points for interventions that can act as development accelerators for children and adolescents in South Africa and Malawi.MethodsThis study was a secondary data analysis. Data were sourced from the Child Community Care longitudinal study which tracked child well‐being outcomes among 989 children (4–13 years) and their caregivers affected by HIV and enrolled in community‐based organizations in South Africa and Malawi. We examined associations between five hypothesized accelerating services/household provisions—measured as access at baseline and follow‐up and 12 child outcomes that relate to indicators within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) framework. We calculated the adjusted probabilities of experiencing each SDG aligned outcome conditional on receipt of single, combined or all identified accelerators.ResultsThe results show household food security is associated with positive child education and cognitive development outcomes. Cash grants were positively associated with nutrition and cognitive development outcomes. Living in a safe community was positively associated with all mental health outcomes. Experiencing a combination of two factors was associated with higher probability of positive child outcomes. However, experiencing all three accelerators was associated with better child outcomes, compared with any of the individual factors by themselves with substantial improvements noted in child education outcomes.ConclusionsCombined delivery of specific interventions or services may yield greater improvements in child outcomes across different developmental domains. It is recommended that multiple support avenues in combination like improving food security and safe communities, as well as social protection grants, should be provided for vulnerable children to maximize the impact.
Optimal cutoff values of primary tumour size to better predict long‐term outcomes in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma undergoing total thyroidectomy: A preliminary study using restricted cubic spline analysis
Authors: Jang Sung Woo , Park Jae Hyun , Kwon Hyeong Ju , Yoon Jong Ho 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivePrimary tumour size (PTS) is known to be a significant prognostic factor in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) undergoing thyroidectomy. Although cutoff values of 2 and 4 cm are widely used in surgical extent decision and long‐term outcomes predictions, the effectiveness of arbitrary cutoff values in stratifying patients for target outcomes is questionable. This study aimed to determine new optimal cutoffs of PTS.Design, Patient And MeasurementsPatients (n = 529) with PTC who underwent total thyroidectomy were retrospectively reviewed. After risk factor analysis for structural recurrence, the optimal cutoffs of PTS were automatically calculated using restricted cubic spline analysis and X‐tile software. Subgroups were classified based on the newly determined cutoff values. Both the recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and the proportion of patients in each response‐to‐therapy category, using the dynamic risk stratification system (DRS), were compared between the subgroups.ResultsPTS was confirmed as an independent risk factor for structural recurrence. The optimal cutoff values were calculated as 1.4 and 3.0 cm. The subgroups stratified using these newly determined cutoffs showed significantly different RFS and DRS based on the response to initial therapy, but the subgroups classified using the cutoffs of 2 and 4 cm did not.ConclusionsThe newly determined cutoff values of PTS may be useful in better stratifying patients with PTC undergoing thyroidectomy for target outcomes and can be considered as a new definition in staging and risk stratification systems.
Overdose deaths and the COVID‐19 pandemic in British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Palis Heather , Bélair Marc‐André , Hu Kevin , Tu Andrew , Buxton Jane , Slaunwhite Amanda 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionBritish Columbia (BC) declared an overdose public health emergency in 2016. Since then, BC has consistently reported the highest overdose death rates of any province in Canada. In the context of the COVID‐19 pandemic, overdose deaths in BC reached a record high in 2020. This analysis reports on changes in the profile of people who have died of overdose since BC's declaration of COVID‐19 as a public health emergency on 17 March 2020.MethodsUsing BC Coroners Service data, Chi‐square tests and multivariable logistic regression were conducted to compare demographic, geographic and post‐mortem toxicology data between people who died of overdose before (17 March–31 December 2019) and after (17 March–31 December 2020) BC's declaration of COVID‐19 as a public health emergency.ResultsOverdose deaths observed since 17 March 2020 (n = 1516) more than doubled those observed in the same period in 2019 (n = 744). In the adjusted logistic regression model, odds of death in the post compared to pre‐COVID‐19 period was significantly higher among males compared to females, among all older age groups compared to people aged 30–39, and was lower in public buildings compared to private residences.Discussion and ConclusionsAlongside a significant increase in overdose deaths since BC's declaration of COVID‐19 as a public health emergency, the demographic profile of people who have died of overdose has changed. Ongoing overdose prevention efforts in BC must seek to reach people who remain most isolated, including older adults, who during dual public health emergencies are facing compounded risk of preventable mortality.
The hidden lives of objects: Comments on Karen Ng's Hegel's concept of life
Authors: Yeomans Christopher 
Published: December 2021

AbstractKaren Ng's Hegel's Concept of Life tackles one of the hardest problems – the placement and status of the category of life within treatises on epistemology and logic—within what are already two of the most difficult texts in the history of philosophy—Hegel's Phenomenology of Spirit and Science of Logic. It does so with good attention to contemporary debates surrounding Hegel's logic and metaphysics, and manages to integrate concerns that have been more typically expressed in continental scholarship—such as the influence of Schelling and Hölderlin—with concerns that have come out of the more recent analytic conversation – such as the status of universals and the attributability of inferentialism to Hegel's thought. Ng argues for a distinctive kind of post‐Kantian reading of Hegel, one which emphasizes Hegel's interests in Kant's thoughts about judgment and teleology in the third Critique rather than the categories and dialectic of the first Critique. In the first section, I want to trace a tension in Ng's thought between inflationary and deflationary understandings of ‘life’ and its associated terms. Here I will try to make out the relevant concept of life that makes the living object the promising form of a richer object of judgment for a self‐conscious subject. In the following section, I try to tease out the relation of life to two very closely related notions, namely the notion of an organism and the notion of a purpose.
Cyclic deformation behavior and fatigue life prediction of an automotive cast aluminum alloy: A new method of determining intrinsic fatigue toughness
Authors: Dash S. S. , Li D. J. , Zeng X. Q. , Li D. Y. , Chen D. L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to identify cyclic deformation behavior of a high‐pressure die‐cast Silafont®‐36 automotive cast aluminum alloy consisting of heterogeneous composite‐like microstructures of nearly circular eutectic silicon particles embedded in Al matrix, with particular attention to fatigue life prediction. The alloy exhibited superior fatigue resistance at higher strain amplitudes, where cyclic hardening occurred. The fatigue life of the alloy could be well predicted via a strain‐energy density based accumulative damage model using a new method proposed to calculate the intrinsic fatigue toughness. The predicted fatigue life was in good agreement with the experimental life, and also lay in‐between the results obtained via other methods. Fatigue crack initiation was observed to occur from the sample surface or near‐surface defects and crack propagation was characterized by fatigue striations along with tear ridges in the primary Al‐grains.
THE REFRACTION OF WHITE: THE PRIMARY COLORS OF HAYDEN WHITE'S TROPOLOGICAL THEORY OF DISCOURSE
Authors: KRAGH ULRICH TIMME 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTThere has been sustained discussion of the narrativist approach in the Western tradition of theory of history, and it has focused especially on the work of Hayden White. While the reception of White's work in the non‐West has resulted in multiple translations of his oeuvre into Chinese and other languages, there has, as of yet, been no attempt to apply his tropological theory of discourse in a detailed study of non‐Western historiography. Any such future endeavor would require assessing the extent to which White's theory is culturally specific to the inside of the Western cultural tradition and determining which elements may be applicable to the outside of non‐Western discourse. In this vein, the article pries open a possibility for an outside in the narrativist study of history. It establishes a European family tree of White's tropological theory of discourse by first tracing its acknowledged intellectual ancestry to Peter Ramus's rhetorical reductionism and Giambattista Vico's poetic logic. It then extends the genealogy of White's tetragrammatical analysis further back into a European ancestry by identifying its roots in the patristic and medieval exegetical traditions of the four senses of scripture and the four words of Saint Paul. The analysis reveals that White's narrativist method of tropology belongs to a particular refraction of mythic consciousness having an identifiable beginning, middle, and end in the Western cultural tradition. Any methodological step beyond this consciousness would require reading the tropological spectrum of another cultural lineage of myth.