bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impaired aldosterone response to ACTH without hypoaldosteronism: An unrecognized secretory pattern in search of clinical implications
Authors: Marcus Yonit , Shefer Gabi , Tordjman Karen , Sofer Yael , Greenman Yona , Stern Naftali 
Published: September 2021

AbstractContextAldosterone has been recently characterized as a 'stress hormone'. Stress per se elicits a sizable rise in aldosterone secretion, which could be replicated by the administration of a low dose (0.03–1 μg, IV) of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). Whether or not the aldosterone response to ACTH could be selectively impaired, that is, in association with intact cortisol response, is presently unknown.ObjectiveTo determine whether or not the aldosterone response to low dose of ACTH is impaired in subjects referred to assess the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA).DesignRetrospective analysis.SettingOutpatient referral endocrine day care centre.PatientsOne hundred and ninety‐five consecutive subjects who underwent the low dose (1 μg) ACTH test, in whom decreased cortisol reserve was suspected due to former/present glucocorticoid excess, pituitary disease or/and unexplained weakness.Main Outcome MeasuresThe outcome was the detection of lack of aldosterone response, defined as a rise <111 pmol/l.ResultsIn all, 46/195 subjects had subnormal aldosterone response as compared with 52/195 subjects showing diminished cortisol response. Nine subjects had combined deficient aldosterone and cortisol response. In the 37 subjects with isolated subnormal aldosterone response common associations were the use of exogenous glucocorticoids, mostly prednisone (n = 16); former Cushing disease (n = 2); nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma (n = 8); hypothyroidism (n = 11); the use of statins (n = 11), angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers (n = 6), sex steroids in transgenders and orthostatic hypotension (n = 3). Twenty‐seven percent (25/93) of the subjects with recent exposure to glucocorticoids had impaired aldosterone response to ACTH.ConclusionBlunted aldosterone response to ACTH in the absence of hypoaldosteronism was seen in ~27% of subjects referred for HPA assessment using the low dose 1 μg ACTH test. Exposure to glucocorticoid excess was often linked to this impairment, independent of the cortisol response to ACTH.
Pyroptosis: A promising therapeutic target for noninfectious diseases
Authors: Li Tong , Zheng Guangjuan , Li Ben , Tang Lipeng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPyroptosis, which is characterized by gasdermin family protein‐mediated pore formation, cellular lysis and the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, is a form of programmed cell death associated with intracellular pathogens‐induced infection. However, emerging evidence indicates that pyroptosis also contributes to sterile inflammation. In this review, we will first illustrate the biological process of pyroptosis. Then, we will focus on the pathogenic effects of pyroptosis on multiple noninfectious disorders. At last, we will characterize several specific pyroptotic inhibitors targeting the pyroptotic signalling pathway. These data demonstrate that pyroptosis plays a prominent role in sterile diseases, thereby providing a promising approach to the treatment of noninfective inflammatory disorders.
Pheochromocytoma presenting as a pancreatic mass: Avoiding a dangerous pitfall in endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration biopsy using GATA3 immunostain
Authors: Kebe Radulović Maja , Strojan Fležar Margareta 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPheochromocytomas and sympathetic paragangliomas are rare tumours arising from chromaffin cells, producing catecholamines in various amounts. Fatal hypertensive episodes may occur perioperatively, which are preventable by alpha adrenergic receptor blockers. The perioperative mortality rate of diagnosed versus undiagnosed catecholamine‐producing tumours is significant, considering that only a minority of tumours develop metastasis. Herein we describe a case of a primary adrenal pheochromocytoma referred to as a pancreatic tumour, successfully diagnosed by endoscopic ultrasound‐guided fine needle aspiration biopsy, with a distinct morphology (prominent nuclear anisonucleosis, intranuclear pseudoinclusions, and multinucleation) and immunohistochemical signature.
Identifying important connectivity areas for the wide‐ranging Asian elephant across conservation landscapes of Northeast India
Authors: Vasudev Divya , Goswami Varun R. , Srinivas Nishanth , Syiem Biang La Nam , Sarma Aishanya 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimConnectivity is increasingly important for landscape‐scale conservation programmes. Yet there are obstacles to developing reliable connectivity maps, including paucity of data on animal use of the non‐habitat matrix. Our aim was to identify important connectivity areas for the endangered Asian elephant Elephas maximus across a 21,210 km2 region using empirical data and recently developed animal movement models.LocationNortheast India.MethodsWe interviewed 1,184 respondents, primarily farmers, residing across our study region, to collect crowd‐sourced data on elephant use of the matrix. We generated a classified land use/land cover map and collated remotely sensed data on environmental and anthropogenic covariates. We used logistic regression to estimate the influence of these covariates on resistance, based on elephant detections recorded via interviews. We modelled elephant movement within the randomised shortest path framework, which allows for scenarios ranging from optimal movement with complete information on the landscape to random movement with no information on the landscape. We calculated the passage of elephants through pixels in our study region, a parameter that denotes the expected number of elephant movements through a particular pixel across movement routes. We overlaid linear infrastructure sourced from secondary data, and human–elephant conflict hotspots generated from our interview data, on passage maps.ResultsElephants preferred locations with high vegetation cover, close to forests and with low human population density. We mapped important connectivity areas across the study region, including in three important conservation landscapes. Whilst forests facilitated connectivity, the matrix also played an important contributory role to elephant dispersal. Incorporating information on environmental and anthropogenic drivers of elephant movement added value to connectivity predictions.Main conclusionsFine‐scale mapping of connectivity, using empirical data and realistic movement models, such as the approach we use, can provide for informed and more effective landscape‐scale conservation.
Quantifying the syntactic bootstrapping effect in verb learning: A meta‐analytic synthesis
Authors: Cao Anjie , Lewis Molly 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHow do children infer the meaning of a novel verb? One prominent proposal is that children rely on syntactic information in the linguistic context, a phenomenon known as “syntactic bootstrapping”. For example, given the sentence “The bunny is gorping the duck,” a child could use knowledge of English syntactic roles to infer that “gorping” refers to an action where the bunny is acting in some way on a duck. Here, we examine the strength of the syntactic bootstrapping effect, its developmental trajectory and generalizability using meta‐analytic methods. Across 60 experiments in the literature (N = 849 participants), we find a reliable syntactic bootstrapping effect (d = 0.24). Yet, despite its theoretical prominence, the syntactic bootstrapping effect is relatively small, comparable in size to cross‐situational learning and sound symbolism, but smaller than mutual‐exclusivity and gaze‐following. Further, we find that the effect does not strengthen over development, and is present only for studies that use transitive sentences. An examination of a range of methodological factors suggests that the effect is not strongly influenced by methodological implementation. In the General Discussion, we consider implications of our findings for theories of verb learning and make recommendations for future research.
Morphogenesis of digitate structures in hot spring silica sinters of the El Tatio geothermal field, Chile
Authors: Gong Jian , Munoz‐Saez Carolina , Wilmeth Dylan T. , Myers Kimberly D. , Homann Martin , Arp Gernot , Skok John R. , van Zuilen Mark A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn silica‐rich hot spring environments, internally laminated, digitate sinter deposits are often interpreted as bio‐mediated structures. The organic components of microbial communities (cell surfaces, sheaths and extracellular polymeric substances) can act as templates for silica precipitation, therefore influencing digitate sinter morphogenesis. In addition to biologic surface‐templating effects, various microenvironmental factors (hydrodynamics, local pH and fluctuating wind patterns) can also influence silica precipitation, and therefore the morphology of resulting digitate sinters. Digitate sinter morphology thus depends on the dynamic interplay between microenvironmentally driven silica precipitation and microbial growth, but the relative contributions of both factors are a topic of continuing research. Here we present a detailed study of digitate silica sinters in distal, low‐temperature regimes of the El Tatio geothermal field, Chile. This high‐altitude geothermal field is extremely arid and windy, and has one of the highest silica precipitation rates found in the world. We find that digitate silica sinters at El Tatio always accrete into the prevailing eastward wind direction and exhibit laminar growth patterns coinciding with day–night cycles of wind‐ and thermally driven evaporation and rewetting. Subaerial parts of digitate sinters lack preserved organics and sinter textures that would indicate past microbial colonization, while filamentous cyanobacteria with resistant, silicified sheaths only inhabit subaqueous cavities that crosscut the primary laminations. We conclude that, although fragile biofilms of extremophile micro‐organisms may have initially been present and templated silica precipitation at the tips of these digitate sinters, the saltation of sand grains and precipitation of silica by recurrent wind‐ and thermally driven environmental forcing at El Tatio are important, if not dominant factors shaping the morphology of these digitate structures. Our study sheds light on the relative contributions of biogenic and abiogenic factors in sinter formation in geothermal systems, with geobiological implications for the cautious interpretation of stromatolite‐like features in ancient silica deposits on Earth and Mars.
Will borealization of Arctic tundra herbivore communities be driven by climate warming or vegetation change?
Authors: Speed James D. M. , Chimal‐Ballesteros J. Adrian , Martin Michael D. , Barrio Isabel C. , Vuorinen Katariina E. M. , Soininen Eeva M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPoleward shifts in species distributions are expected and frequently observed with a warming climate. In Arctic ecosystems, the strong warming trends are associated with increasing greenness and shrubification. Vertebrate herbivores have the potential to limit greening and shrub advance and expansion on the tundra, posing the question of whether changes in herbivore communities could partly mediate the impacts of climate warming on Arctic tundra. Therefore, future changes in the herbivore community in the Arctic tundra will depend on whether the community tracks the changing climates directly (i.e. occurs in response to temperature) or indirectly, in response to vegetation changes (which can be modified by trophic interactions). In this study, we used biogeographic and remotely sensed data to quantify spatial variation in vertebrate herbivore communities across the boreal forest and Arctic tundra biomes. We then tested whether present‐day herbivore community structure is determined primarily by temperature or vegetation. We demonstrate that vertebrate herbivore communities are significantly more diverse in the boreal forest than in the Arctic tundra in terms of species richness, phylogenetic diversity and functional diversity. A clear shift in community structure was observed at the biome boundary, with stronger northward declines in diversity in the Arctic tundra. Interestingly, important functional traits characterizing the role of herbivores in limiting tundra vegetation change, such as body mass and woody plant feeding, did not show threshold changes across the biome boundary. Temperature was a more important determinant of herbivore community structure across these biomes than vegetation productivity or woody plant cover. Thus, our study does not support the premise that herbivore‐driven limitation of Arctic tundra shrubification or greening would limit herbivore community change in the tundra. Instead, borealization of tundra herbivore communities is likely to result from the direct effect of climate warming.
Microencapsulation of roasted coffee oil Pickering emulsions using spray‐ and freeze‐drying: physical, structural and in vitro bioaccessibility studies
Authors: Franco Ribeiro Elisa , Carregari Polachini Tiago , Dutra Alvim Izabela , Quiles Amparo , Hernando Isabel , Nicoletti Vania Regina 
Published: September 2021

SummaryMicrocapsules produced from well‐defined emulsion templates are an interesting alternative for lipid encapsulation. This work aimed to produce microcapsules by the freeze‐drying (FD) and spray‐drying (SD) of Pickering emulsions of roasted coffee oil (RCO) stabilised with chitosan nanoparticles produced by self‐aggregation or by crosslinking with tripolyphosphate. The dried microcapsules were characterised in terms of particle size, oil retention and structure; furthermore, the in vitro bioaccessibility of polyphenols from microencapsulated RCO was investigated. The use of chitosan nanoparticles to stabilise the emulsions increased oil retention in the microcapsules giving values between 83.04% and 95.36%. SD produced spherical microcapsules with small particle sizes (˜11 μm), whereas FD microcapsules showed an irregular shape and porous structure. Although FD had the lowest impact on the bioactive compounds, SD promoted better protection for phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity during in vitro digestion.
Sex ratio effects on reproductive success of male and female Daphnia
Authors: Galimov Yan R. , Tukhbatullin Andrey R. , Haag Christoph R. , Tchabovsky Andrey V. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe intensity of mating competition and the opportunity for sexual selection are thought to depend on the operational sex ratio, the ratio of sexually active males to fertilizable females. Cyclic parthenogens, organisms that alternate between sexual reproduction and female‐only parthenogenesis, show particularly high variation in sex ratios in natural populations but the effects of this variation on mating competition and reproductive success of each sex are poorly understood. In a series of experiments with Daphnia magna, we experimentally imposed five sex ratio categories, varying from one male per 81 females to an even sex ratio. We found that, in males, reproductive success strongly and monotonically decreased with decreasing number of females per male. In females, in contrast, mating success and reproductive success were reduced only at the most female‐biased sex ratio (1:81), when many females remained unmated and unfertilized, and then again at equal sex ratios, probably due to negative effects of high density or stress induced by numerous males. Our results suggest that females experienced male limitation at heavily female‐biased sex ratios below one male to about 50 females. As this is well within the sex ratio variation observed in natural Daphnia populations, we conclude that mating competition and the opportunity for sexual selection may exist not only in males but, at least periodically, also in females.
Computer‐aided design and computer‐aided manufacturing indirect versus direct composite restorations: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Rocha Gomes Torres Carlos , Caroline Moreira Andrade Adrielle , Valente Pinho Mafetano Ana Paula , Stabile de Abreu Fabrícia , de Souza Andrade Danilo , Cintra Mailart Mariane , Aun de Barros Lima Rocha Campello de Souza Maria Luíza , Guimarães Alarça Nunes Lilian , Ariel Rodrigues de Araújo Carlos , Di Nicoló Rebeca , Bühler Borges Alessandra 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study compared the clinical performance of large indirect restorations (IRs) versus direct restorations (DRs) in posterior teeth.MethodsThirty subjects received two class II restorations (n = 60), one fabricated from a precured composite block (Grandio Blocs, VOCO) for the indirect technique (IT) and the other with light‐cured composite (GrandioSO, VOCO) for the direct technique (DT). For IT, the restoration was created using the computer‐aided design and computer‐aided manufacturer (CAD/CAM) system. For DT, the material was applied light‐cured by using a layering technique. All restorations were evaluated by using the World Dental Federation criteria.ResultsTwenty‐three subjects attended the 2‐year recall, and 46 restorations were evaluated. No significant differences were detected between the techniques for most parameters analyzed (p > 0.05). For “color match” at 7 days and 6 months, better results were observed for the DT. In relation to the overall scores, all restorations were esthetically acceptable after 2 years, while 93.3% of DT and 90% of IT showed acceptable function. For biological scores, 96.67% of DRs and 100% of IRs was acceptable after 24 months. Considering all properties, the success rates were 93.3% for DRs and 90% for IRs.ConclusionsAfter 2 years, both restorations presented similar and good clinical behavior for all the properties analyzed.Clinical significanceLight‐cured direct posterior composite restorations may perform similarly to indirect composite restorations made with precured CAD/CAM composite blocks up to 2 years.
Large host anemones can be shelters of a diverse assemblage of fish species, not just anemonefish
Authors: Hayashi Kina , Kuwamura Tetsuo , Tachihara Katsunori , Reimer James Davis 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe mutualistic relationships between anemonefish (Amphiprion; Pomacentridae) and host sea anemones are well known, but host anemones are also used as shelter by damselfish (Pomacentridae), wrasses (Labridae) and cardinalfish (Apogonidae). The threespot dascyllus Dascyllus trimaculatus (Pomacentridae) is known to live on or near host anemones in their immature phase. Nonetheless, detailed studies on the use of host anemones by other fish species have not yet been conducted. To understand the factors that influence the use of host anemones by other fish species, this study investigated the fish biota around host anemones in the Ryukyu Archipelago. Other than Amphiprion spp. and D. trimaculatus, 10 additional species of fish (9 species of damselfish and 1 species of cardinalfish) were confirmed to temporarily use host anemones as shelter, and five species of wrasse including Labroides dimidiatus came to clean anemonefish. Logistic regression analyses (independent variable: presence or absence of other species of fish; dependent variables: anemonefish aggressiveness, size of host anemone, number of D. trimaculatus) indicated that the size of host anemones is important for the presence of fish, both in species using the anemone as temporary shelter and in cleaner species. Large host anemones can provide shelter and food resources for other species of coral reef fish as well as for anemonefish.
Conceptual planning approach of low impact developments for combined water quality‐quantity control at an urban scale: A case study in Southern China
Authors: Zhou Qianqian , Luo Jinhua , Qin Zhao , Su Jiongheng , Ren Yi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractManaging urban water in many cities becomes more challenging under impacts of climate change and urbanization. Low impact development (LID) measures have been increasingly recognized and applied thanks to their capability of tackling multi‐dimensional water problems associated with both quantity and quality issues. Yet, in China limited attention has been paid to guide the planning strategy of LIDs in the preliminary stage, which often suffers from inadequate and imprecise data and information. In this study, an approach integrating a GIS‐based spatial evaluation model, a fuzzy comprehensive evaluation module and a multi‐objective optimization algorithm, is proposed to prioritize the spatial distribution of LIDs (i.e., type, placement, and extent) at the subcatchment scale in a case study in Southern China. By evaluating the trade‐offs among runoff reduction, pollution control, and economic investment, the synergies, and combination strategies of four types of LIDs are explored. Knowledge gained from this study is necessary and beneficial for water planners and practitioners to improve LID planning efficiency under constrained conditions.
Firearm access and dementia: A qualitative study of reported behavioral disturbances and responses
Authors: Polzer Evan R. , Nearing Kathryn A. , Knoepke Christopher E. , Matlock Daniel D. , Betz Marian E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundCognitive impairment and behavioral changes associated with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (ADRDs) can impair safe firearm handling ability, an issue that can be challenging for ADRD caregivers to address. In this qualitative analysis, we sought to explore behavioral disruptions that raise concerns about firearm access in dementia and how caregivers react and respond.MethodsSecondary qualitative analysis using data from semi‐structured, one‐on‐one interviews originally conducted as part of a study to develop firearm safety educational materials for ADRD caregivers. Interviewees were English‐speaking adults (≥18 years) from three stakeholder groups: ADRD caregivers (professional or informal), medical professionals (geriatricians, neurologists), and firearm professionals (retailers, range employees, instructors). For secondary analysis, transcripts of interviews were recoded and analyzed after an inductive‐deductive thematic analysis process.ResultsAmong 24 participants, 17 (70%) were female and 20 (83%) white; 13 (54%) had personal or professional experience with ADRD caregiving; and 5 (21%) had a firearm affiliation. Major themes were: (1) behavioral disturbances that make caregivers concerned about firearm access; (2) caregiver emotional responses to and difficulties associated with these disturbances; and (3) caregiver actions (planned or actual) to limit firearms access.ConclusionVarious behavioral disturbances and emotional burdens can trigger ADRD caregiver concern about firearms access, but strategies exist for restricting or safeguarding firearms in the home. Study findings suggest a need for caregiver support on this topic, including counseling by healthcare providers, advance planning for older firearm owners, and development of community resources.