bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INFANT FEEDING PRACTICES IN HOSPITAL MATERNITY NURSERIES
Authors: Meyer Herman F. 
Published: December 2021

THE VARIED practices in the routine feeding of infants in newborn nurseries in the United States are important to record as historic and scientific evidence of the customs of our times. This survey concerns some of the more important of these practices as they were applied in 1956 to 2,244,667 infants in 1,904 hospitals in the United States.
There is indeed a paucity of information on a national scope as to the infant feeding and other practices in maternity nurseries. As part of a comprehensive study of Child Health Services conducted in 1946-47 by the American Academy of Pediatrics with the co-operation of the United States Public Health Service and the United States Children's Bureau, it was found that 38.1% of infants discharged from 2,513 hospitals during one specified week were breast-fed; 27% were breast and bottle-fed; and 34.9% bottle-fed only. In this same study it was found that of the various feeding mixtures, 73.2% of infants received evaporated milk; 10.7% fresh milk; and 16.1% prepared milk preparations.
A complete report as to incidence of breast feeding in maternity nurseries in the United States, comparable to the data obtained by Bain in 1948, will be made in another paper.
METHODS
A questionnaire containing 21 interrogations was submitted to the nursery supervisors of the 2,981 hospitals having birth rates of 300 infants or more in 1955. The return of 63.9% of these questionnaires implies considerable enthusiasm and interest among supervisory personnel of maternity nurseries. Many pertinent comments were made and varied opinions relative to these procedures were volunteered.
A unique feature of the report is that the results are presented not only in terms of hospitals, but also in numbers of infants involved.
Methemoglobinemia Due to Benzocaine
Authors: GOLUBOFF NATHAN 
Published: December 2021

I noted with interest the report on "Methemoglobinemia Due to Benzocaine" (Pediatrics, 20:915, 1957), apparently caused by an ointment containing benzocaine. I had expected that sooner or later such a case would be reported.
Dr. Wolff referred to a case I reported previously: "Methemoglobinemia in an Infant —Associated with Application of a Tar-Benzocaine Ointment" (J. Pediat., 47:22, 1955).
At the time this was reported I was uncertain as to whether the 2½% tar or the 5% benzocaine in the ointment was the toxic factor, and could find no case of methemoglobinemia caused by either substance in ointment or otherwise.
THE RELATION OF VITAMIN K TO HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
Authors: Asteriadou-Samartzis Elizabeth , Leikin Sanford 
Published: December 2021

The concentration of bilirubin in the serum in a group of 119 premature and full-term infants was studied after the administration of water-soluble vitamin K and vitamin K1. It appeared that large doses of water-soluble vitamin K produced a higher concentration of bilirubin than was found in the control infants. Vitamin K1 administered intravenously did not have a hyperbilirubinemic effect.
The mean concentration of bilirubin on the fifth day for infants given 25 mg of vitamin K1 orally approximated that of the untreated control group. However, the regression line of body weight versus concentration of bilirubin for this group showed a tendency towards hyperbilirubinemia in infants of less than 2500 gm (5 lb).
RECURRENT PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA
Authors: Cone Thomas E. 
Published: December 2021

A recurrent pheochromocytoma developing de novo in the neck of an 8-year-old white boy 2¼ years after the successful surgical removal of a right suprarenal pheochromocytoma is presented.
The patient remained in excellent health for approximately 2¼ years after the removal of the original pheochromocytoma. He then developed a firm, slowly enlarging mass in the right side of the neck after an attack of tonsillitis. This mass proved to be a functionally active pheochromocytoma.
No previous report of a recurrent pheochromocytoma developing at a different site many months after the successful surgical removal of the primary pheochromocystoma could be found in the American literature.
METABOLIC STUDIES OF NORMAL FULL-TERM INFANTS FED PASTEURIZED HUMAN MILK
Authors: Fomon Samuel J. , May Charles D. 
Published: December 2021

Six normal full-term infants were fed human milk during all of the first 6 months of life and three normal full-term infants were fed human milk during portions of that period. Data are presented concerning growth in length and weight. The mean concentration of total protein in the serum was 5.2 gm/100 ml and that of urea nitrogen was 6.3 mg/100 ml. Data from 74 nitrogen balance studies of the nine infants are presented.
The mean volume of intake of pasteurized human milk during the balance periods performed in the first 1½ months of life was 218 ml/kg/day, decreasing to 140 ml/kg/ day between 4½ and 6 months of age. Assuming a mean concentration of 67 cal/100 ml of the pooled human milk, the mean caloric intake of the infants during the first 1½ months of life was 147 cal/kg/day, decreasing to a mean intake of 94 cal/kg/day between 4½ and 6 months of age. The mean intake of protein during the first 1½ months of life was 2.4 gm/kg/day, decreasing to 1.5 gm/kg/day between 4½ and 6 months of age.
The mean retention of nitrogen at 1 month of age (calculated from the regression equation) was 180 mg/kg/day, gradually decreasing to 47 mg/kg/day by 6 months of age. These retentions are considerably less than those reported for infants receiving the higher intakes of protein (generally more than 3.5 gm/kg/day) provided by many formulas of cow's milk.
The mean gain in weight for each gram of nitrogen retained by the infants was 42.1 gm.
BREAST FEEDING IN THE UNITED STATES: EXTENT AND POSSIBLE TREND
Authors: Meyer Herman F. 
Published: December 2021

The per cent of infants in the United States leaving hospital maternity nurseries with breast feeding decreased from 38%, in 1946, to 21% in 1956. There is evidence in each category of states and regions of the United States that there is less breast feeding of hospital newborn infants than there was a decade ago. If confirmed 10 or 20 years hence by comparable surveys, it could be said that a trend existed toward less breast feeding in this country. The presented data suggest an inclination or slant toward that direction.
The results of statistical data shown in the two surveys discussed in this report, and the results anticipated in future surveys, are a reflection of an important change in our cultural pattern. Any variation either way in the incidence of the ancient practice of breast feeding of newborn infants is anthropologically important in regard to the culture of the present time.
THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF THE PHYSICIAN IN CAUSING HYPERNATREMIA IN INFANTS DEHYDRATED FROM DIARRHEA
Authors: FINBERG LAURENCE 
Published: December 2021

THE OBSERVED incidence of hypernatremia in dehydrated infants has been much higher during the past decade than ever before. It therefore behooves us to see whether this increase is real, and whether current feeding or therapeutic practices are contributing to the problem. The greater hazard to life and health found accompanying this type of dehydration, over the more usual type (where concentration of sodium in the plasma is within the normal range), gives heightened stimulus to this quest.
The paper appearing in this issue of Pediatrics by Colle et al. presents data on one aspect of pediatric management that seems clearly implicated, namely, the administration of feedings containing large amounts of solutes to infants who have diarrheal disease.
A DEFECT OF GLUTATHIONE METABOLISM IN ERYTHROCYTES FROM PATIENTS WITH A NAPHTHALENE-INDUCED HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
Authors: Zinkham W. H. , Childs B. 
Published: December 2021

Four patients are reported who suffered hemobytic anemia after exposure to naphthalene. These were all Negroes; three were male and one female.
All the patients were shown by determinations of concentrations of glutathione in whole blood and the glutathione stability test to possess erythrocytes with a defect of glutathione metabolism.
One of these patients was a newborn infant to whom naphthalene and its metabolites must have been delivered through the placenta, since both he and his mother had profound hemolytic anemia, but she alone ingested moth balls.
In-vitro tests are reported showing the effects of naphthalene and its metabolites on the reduced glutathione of the erythrocytes of the patients. Naphthalene itself is innocous while alpha-naphthoquinone and alpha-naphthol lowered the concentration of reduced glutathione of the erythrocytes in lower dilutions than did beta-naphthoquinone and beta-naphthol.
Repeated stability tests done with the erythrocytes of the infant and covering a period of more than 3 months gave support to the hypothesis that the defect in glutathione metabolism expresses itself only in older erythrocytes.
STUDY OF FAT ABSORPTION UTILIZING I131-LABELED CORN OIL IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN WITH AND WITHOUT STEATORRHEA
Authors: Spector Samuel , Matthews LeRoy W. , Lemm Frances J. , Erp Ymkje Van , Cline Jean 
Published: December 2021

A method for measuring the absorption of I131-labeled fat is presented.
In normal infants the degree of fat absorption, by the method presented, appears to be a function of age.
In infants and children with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas the test provides a means of studying the lipolytic function of the pancreas and the efficacy of the addition of pancreatic extracts to the diet.
The test provides a means of recognizing the presence and severity of the celiac state where it is a factor in malnutrition.
THE COMPOSITION OF PRIVATE PEDIATRIC PRACTICE IN A SMALL COMMUNITY IN THE SOUTH OF THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Boulware J. R. 
Published: December 2021

A summary of the preventive treatments given, and the different types of diseases and conditions seen in 25 years of private pediatric practice in a small southern community is divided into 19 classifications. An estimate of the percentage of time devoted to each classification is presented. Preventive medicine, i.e., routine care of infants, preventive treatments and routine examinations, constituted about two-fifths of this pediatric practice.
Granting that firm scientific conclusions cannot be drawn from this study it is the author's opinion, based on records resulting from 25 years of practice, that an awareness of a disease in the mind of the pediatrician influences his diagnosis, that the locale of a practice will make for differences in incidence of certain diseases, and that the pattern of diagnosis, as well as of diseases, changes.
FLUID THERAPY IN SURGERY OF THE NEWBORN
Authors: COOKE ROBERT E. 
Published: December 2021

AFTER reviewing recent monographs and articles on fluid therapy of infants undergoing surgery, the author is impressed with the confusion that must exist in the minds of pediatricians and surgeons as to appropriate therapy.
Dosage of water and electrolyte is related to body weight, surface area or caloric turnover. Restriction of water intake is recommended or advised against. Administration of sodium is prohibited by some, but plasma is used liberally by the same authors. Potassium is used by some therapists even during surgery but is withheld by others for several days after surgery.
It is not the purpose of this commentary to prescribe a specific therapeutic program, but rather to emphasize certain principles which have been neglected at times by all writers on tile subject (including the present one).
THE RESPECTIVE EFFECTS OF STARVATION AND CHANGED BODY COMPOSITION ON ENERGY METABOLISM IN MALNOURISHED INFANTS
Authors: Varga F. 
Published: December 2021

Oxygen consumption in pyloric stenosis is low, and does not change after rehydration. After operation and realimentation, oxygen consumption increases to normal before wasting of the body is corrected, and the weight curve begins to rise. Thus, low oxygen consumption is clearly connected with starvation.
Oxygen consumption in the common nonedematous type of infantile malnutrition, with a flat weight curve and normal caloric intake, was found to be high as reported by other authors.
Oxygen consumption is invariably low in the severest type of progressive infantile malnutrition complicated by starvation ("athrepsia").
The oxygen consumption of the malnourished infant is ultimately determined by two factors: 1) change in body structure and composition; and 2) starvation. With increasing disappearance of fat tissue, oxygen consumption per kilogram of body weight tends to rise. Low values are due to concomitant starvation, as in untreated pyloric stenosis, "athrepsia" and probably in kwashiorkor.
In similar studies of adults, malnutrition was usually associated with, and also brought about by, semistarvation; that is the reason oxygen consumption was always reported to be low. The cause of apparent difference in oxygen consumption between the "adult" and "infantile" types of malnutrition may be in the absence of actual starvation in many of the latter.
AMMONIA METABOLISM IN NORMAL NEWBORN INFANTS AND THOSE WITH IDIOPATHIC HYPERBILIRUBINEMIA
Authors: McGovern Joseph J. , McDermott William V. , McGovern Mary N. , Russell Mary , McGrath Edward , Holtz Albert 
Published: December 2021

Normal newborn infants are shown to have a higher content of ammonia in the peripheral blood than their mothers, and the high levels persist for at least 10 days after birth. The level of ammonia in the blood of parturient women is normal. Infants with idiopathic hyperbilirubinemia have abnormally high levels of ammonia in the blood.
Samples of blood from the umbilical vein near the entrance of the portal vein have higher concentrations of ammonia than are found in the infant's peripheral venous blood. Therefore, blood from the portal vein seems to contain elevated levels of ammonia in the newborn. The mechanism of this is not clear. The placenta appears to remove ammonia from the blood of the fetus.
The high ammonia content of stored blood, and its possible effects on the infant in exchange transfusions were investigated and are discussed. A correlation between concentrations of unconjugated bilirubin and ammonia in the blood was not found in the newborn period.
Pediatric Methods and Standards
Authors: FRANKLIN DAVID N. 
Published: December 2021

This compact little book covers essentially the same ground as most standard handbooks but it attempts to provide a more thorough tabulation of certain standard data and a better discussion of the principles underlying some aspects of therapy. Herein lie its particular advantages and disadvantages.
In an attempt to give detailed information on nutrition, metabolism and growth and development, as well as standards for assessing these functions in a particular child, much material is included which seems superfluous. Twenty pages are devoted to the Pryor-Stolz width-weight tables, which are unduly detailed for usual clinical needs. The charts on the nutritional value of various foodstuffs and the weight of various organs at different ages might be dispensed with, as well as the section on the routine history and physical examination.
Can the New Pediatrics Be Practiced?
Authors: STEIN ALFRED B. 
Published: December 2021

After 13 years of private pediatric practice (8 solo and 5 in partnership), I am venturing to write on the question, "Can the New Pediatrics Be Practiced?"
Early in my practice, I came to a conclusion similar to that of Dr. Lewis M. Fraad who said, "I have never been able to charge as much as I felt the work was worth. However, as a pediatrician, I have long since stopped worrying about getting rich, preferring to get my rewards from other sources." The satisfaction of being a family friend and counsellor must rank high as a reward. However, with the population mobility characteristic of present-day America, some of this is lost. The rewards inherent in watching the growth and development of children in a family to whom you have become endeared are no longer present when families move in and out of neighborhoods in a relatively short time.
Leukemia and Medical Radiation
Authors: MILLER ROBERT W. 
Published: December 2021

Polhemums and Koch (Leukemia and medical radiation. Pediatrics, 23:453, 1959) seem to provide new evidence that leukemia is causally related to medical radiation exposure. The methodology of the study, however, does not exclude alternative explanations which could discount the association found.
The differences observed were not in radiation exposure, but in a history of such exposure. In the study reported it has not been shown that the reliability of the histories for the two groups was comparable. One might expect that parents of leukemic children would search their memories more carefully than would those of children in good health. Checking hospital and physicians' records of a subsample of each group could have provided the documentation necessary.
PSYCHOLOGIC CONSIDERATIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF DEATHS ON PEDIATRIC HOSPITAL SERVICES
Authors: Solnit Albert J. , Green Morris 
Published: December 2021

The aid given by the physician to the family of a child who dies in the hospital begins before that event and continues after it. The competence, sincerity and consideration shown by the medical staff during the period of fatal illness establish the atmosphere in which this crucial human experience occurs. The most important aspect of this atmosphere is the relationship between the physician and the patient, including his family. This relationship has the potential of helping the family to cope with their grief when the child dies. This is optimally achieved when there is one doctor whom the parents can identify as the child's physician. It is necessary to emphasize the importance of the one doctor when the most efficient hospital service is continuously faced with the weakening of this relationship, because of the many professional personnel actively involved in hospital care of patients. The child's physician provides the medical continuity in the management of the patient in his fatal illness.
Althoug there is the tendency and opportunity to withdraw one's interest from the fatally ill child in the hospital, the physician's persistent attention and efforts are of real value to the dying child and his family. This is not to say that unrealistic, last-minute procedures are necessary or can make up for a lack of attention earlier in the course of the dying patient. By making the child and parents as comfortable as possible the physician establishes himself as one who will help them endure the crisis for which they are preparing. Through his skill in communicating with child and parents in this situation the physician helps the child and family to feel appropriately dependent on the doctor and his staff.
Unless a parent is severely disturbed emotionally, the best preparation he can have for the painful and tragic experience of losing his child is to know what is going to happen next, insofar as it is possible to know. The parents may need to have the diagnosis, as well as the nature of the treatment, explained many times before they will be able to understand and accept the painful reality of the situation.
NOTES ON A VISIT TO THE SOVIET UNION IN AUGUST AND SEPTEMBER 1958
Authors: Stokes Joseph 
Published: December 2021

THE FOLLOWING is written for the purpose of supplementing the account of Doctor Milton Senn concerning his visit to the Soviet Union during mid-1958. Dr. Senn visited first in the early summer; and I was there from mid-August to mid-September We have agreed that Dr. Senn will cover the family and child health aspects, and I shall make some remarks on the overall scene. Both of us visited with more than one companion and both of us had interpreters. In my own case we were furnished with an excellent interpreter who had written his final English thesis on a comparison of the satire of Charles Dickens and Mark Twain, but we also had a scholar from the United States who spoke Russian fluently, Dr. Samuel Corson, a physiologist whose knowledge of scientific Russian filled well the gaps in the medical knowledge of our interpreter. Dr. George Perera of Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, N.Y., was the third member of our group, and at times he aided in contacts through his knowledge of French. In addition, the number of American visitors in the Soviet Union in 1958 was over 5,000, as confirmed to us by Ambassador Menshikov after our return; we met several official delegations of teachers, agriculturalists, physicians, and of those studying social security, pension plans, etc.
Before leaving the United States we had the opportunity of obtaining helpful pointers from Dr. Senn who had just returned, and also had checked with a number of medical and other groups who had been there in recent years.
INCLUSION-BEARING CELLS IN THE URINE IN CERTAIN VIRAL INFECTIONS
Authors: Bolande Robert P. 
Published: December 2021

An inclusion-bearing cell is described which appears in the urine of patients with measles, german measles, chickenpox, mumps and herpangina.
The presence of the inclusion-bearing cells in large numbers in the urine is very characteristic of measles, but not pathognomonic of that illness or viral disease in general.
The possibility that the inclusions represent the cytopathic effects of viral infection on cells derived from the blood or urinary tract stroma is discussed.
POSTHEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA AND SHOCK IN THE NEWBORN DUE TO HEMORRHAGE DURING DELIVERY
Authors: Kirkman Henry N. , Riley Harris D. 
Published: December 2021

A multiparous woman (VDRL-negative, Rh-positive) was admitted in labor to an Air Force hospital at an estimated 38 weeks of pregnancy. A 1,928-gm, male infant was delivered precipitously. Immediately after expulsion, the infant was noted to be extremely pale and weak, although it breathed and cried promptly. A second male infant, of similar weight, was then delivered spontaneously and appeared normal.
The contrast in appearance between the two infants was striking. The first infant, receiving oxygen by mask, had obvious pallor without cyanosis or respiratory retractions. The respirations were irregular and gasping, the cry feeble. Neither peripheral nor precordial pulses of the first baby were palpable, but a faint, rapid heart beat was heard on auscultation.
The second infant was pink, active, and crying vigorously, even without the administration of oxygen. Neither baby had edema, a palpable spleen or liver.
A diagnosis of posthemorrhagic shock in the first infant was made.
Soon thereafter, a single placenta with velamentous insertions of the cords (Fig. 1) at each side was delivered. The umbilical vessels of one cord were totally avulsed at the velamentous insertion, except for a thread-like strand which later separated in handling.
Thirty milliliters of dextran were injected immediately into a cutaneous vein of the first infant, approximately 15 minutes after delivery. The baby immediately became much more vigorous and developed a discernible pulse. Further improvement occurred when 30 ml of Group-O, Rh-negative blood was injected, approximately 30 minutes later.
The first hemoglobin determination, deferred until 20 hours of age to avoid unnecessary handling was 10.6 gm/100 ml in the first infant, as compared to 16 gm/100 ml in the second.
Further replacement and comparative studies are shown in Figure 2. Neither infant developed icterus during the stay in the nursery. Both infants received a transfusion toward the end of the hospitalization. Blood studies and development of both infants were normal at 2 and 5 months, respectively.