bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Brief Report on Older Working Caregivers: Developing a Typology of Work Environments
Authors: Carr Dawn C , Jason Kendra , Taylor Miles , Washington Tiffany R 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectivesA growing proportion of the U.S. labor force juggles paid work with family caregiving of older adults. However, no research has examined caregivers’ work environments. The purpose of this brief report is to develop typologies of the work environments of family caregivers.MethodsThis study used data drawn from the 2008–2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study. Our sample includes employed individuals who also provided regular help with daily activities to a parent or spouse (n = 976). We used latent class analysis to develop caregiver work environment typologies.ResultsOur analyses revealed 4 typologies among caregivers: (a) high-quality work environments (n = 340; 35%); (b) average work environments with high job lock (n = 293; 30%); (c) low-quality work environments (n = 203; 21%); and (d) high personal interference in supportive work environments (n = 140; 14%). Although only 21% of working caregivers were in a low-quality work environment (Type C), descriptive results suggest that these workers were most likely to be minorities who needed to work for financial reasons, reporting the highest number of health problems, and the most work hours.DiscussionOur findings provide insights into the types of environments that caregivers work in, and the characteristics of individuals in those environments. We discuss implications of our findings for future research and work-based policy development.
The problematicΨ1 ocean tide
Authors: Ray R D , Boy J-P , Arbic B K , Egbert G D , Erofeeva S Y , Petrov L , Shriver J F 
Published: July 2021

SUMMARYObservations of the ψ1 earth tide yield valuable insights into the earth’s free core nutation, especially if the effects of the ψ1 ocean tide can be removed. The ocean tide is extremely small, with amplitudes rarely more than a few millimetres, and developing an accurate model is challenging. Direct observations are inadequate to support a global model. The alternative—numerical simulation—must account for a multitude of possible effects. The ocean tide is forced by the gravitational tidal potential, by pressure loading from atmospheric tides, by seasonal modulation of the nearby K1 constituent, and possibly by non-linear interactions among several other constituents. Here we construct a model of the ψ1 ocean tide which accounts for (or attempts to bound) each of these effects. The radiational component (from atmospheric pressure loading), although relatively small, is complicated by the presence of non-tidal atmospheric variability in the diurnal band. The ocean’s response is dynamic, but there is also high-wavenumber pressure forcing with a near-isostatic response. A general circulation model, forced by both winds and the tidal potential, suggests that annual variability in K1 leads to pronounced ψ1 amplitudes in some marginal seas, especially in the western Pacific.
Lord Bergavenny’s illegal retaining revisited, 1501–22
Authors: Ross James 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
George Neville, Lord Bergavenny, was fined £70,650 in 1507 for illegal retaining. This is used as the classic example of early Tudor attitudes towards noble retaining. Yet it is frequently taken out of the context of the other occasions for which he was prosecuted for this crime over a fifteen-year period, and for which he escaped punishment. A thorough analysis of the legal records and other sources shows a much more ambivalent and inconsistent royal attitude towards him; the fine of 1507 was linked to high politics as much as to retaining. Bergavenny’s motives for his consistent lawbreaking over twenty years are also examined, as is the essential atypicality of his retaining compared to others of his class.
Cardiac surgery and Brugada syndrome: operative considerations
Authors: Singh Sandeep , Chokkarapu Seshu P , O’Nunian Sean , Modi Amit 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Brugada syndrome is an uncommon arrhythmic disease due to abnormality in myocardial transmembrane sodium channels and is associated with sudden death due to ventricular arrhythmias. We report our strategy and highlight precautions to reduce the risk of perioperative arrhythmias in a patient with Brugada pattern who underwent successful coronary artery bypass grafting.
Antipsychotic Polypharmacy Among Patients With Schizophrenia in Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Ayenew Wondim , Asmamaw Getahun , Bitew Teshome 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
In Africa, antipsychotic polypharmacy (APP) is increasing due to a high antipsychotic dose prescribing, repeated psychiatric hospitalization, uncontrolled psychotic symptoms, and greater side effect burden. Therefore, the aim of this review and meta-analysis is to assess the prevalence and correlates of APP among patients with schizophrenia in Africa.

Methods
A systematic search was performed from August 1 to 31, 2020, on PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Science Direct databases to select articles based on the inclusion criteria. Meta-Analysis of Observational studies in Epidemiology guidelines were employed. Cross-sectional observational studies that reported APP and/or its correlates in schizophrenia patients in English language published in peer-reviewed journals without time limits were included in the review. The quality of included articles was assessed using Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment tool. Prevalence and correlates of APP were the outcome measures of this review and meta-analysis. Open Meta Analyst and RevMan version 5.3 software were used for meta-analysis. A random effect model was used to synthesize data based on the heterogeneity test.

Results
Six studies that involved 2154 schizophrenia patients met the inclusion criteria in this review and meta-analysis. The quality of included studies ranges from 6.5 to 10 based on the Newcastle-Ottawa quality assessment tool. The pooled prevalence of APP among patients with schizophrenia was 40.6% with 95% confidence interval: 27.6% to 53.7%. Depot first-generation antipsychotics and oral first-generation antipsychotics were the most commonly prescribed APP combinations. Socio-demographic, clinical, and antipsychotic treatment characteristics were significantly associated with APP. There was a wide variation in the correlates of APP assessed by studies and the way that association/correlations was determined and reported.

Conclusions
APP is common and highly prevalent. Advanced age, male gender, longer duration of schizophrenia, hospital admission, and longer antipsychotic treatment were correlates of APP in Africa.
Precision photometric monitoring from space of the multiple system θ Muscae including the WR binary WR48
Authors: Lenoir-Craig G , St-Louis N , Moffat A F J , Pablo H 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Θ Mus = HD 113904 is a massive multiple system containing the WC5/6 + O6/7V binary WR48 in a $19.1\, \mathrm{ d}$ circular orbit. Previous attempts to constrain the variable photometric properties of this binary subsystem have been thwarted by the dominating stochastically variable light from a 10-times brighter blue supergiant (BSG), located only 46 mas away. Even now, with extensive optical space-based photometry from one of the BRITE-Constellation satellites, we were unable to beat down the intrinsic stochastic variability from the BSG enough to provide a convincing detection of a low-level atmospheric eclipse of the WC + O system, as often seen in other short-period WR + O systems. We explore the variability of the dominating BSG and find that its behaviour is similar to that of other BSGs, with a forest of low-frequency Fourier peaks likely from stochastic gravity waves reaching the stellar surface. Then, by adopting an orbital inclination from another more reliable source, we obtain a clumping-independent, linear-density-dependent upper limit of the mass-loss rate for the WR component of $(6.5 \pm 0.3) \times 10^{-5}\, \mathrm{ M}_{\odot }\,\mathrm{ yr}^{ -1}$, which is consistent with values of other WC5/6 subtypes. This corresponds to an upper limit of 5.0 ± 0.2 mmag for the depth of the atmospheric eclipse in the WR48 subsystem when observed together with the BSG.
Stacked phase-space density of galaxies around massive clusters: comparison of dynamical and lensing masses
Authors: Shirasaki Masato , Egami Eiichi , Okabe Nobuhiro , Miyazaki Satoshi 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a measurement of average histograms of line-of-sight velocities over pairs of galaxies and galaxy clusters. Since the histogram can be measured at different galaxy-cluster separations, this observable is commonly referred to as the stacked phase-space density. We formulate the stacked phase-space density based on a halo-model approach so that the model can be applied to real samples of galaxies and clusters. We examine our model by using an actual sample of massive clusters with known weak-lensing masses and spectroscopic observations of galaxies around the clusters. A likelihood analysis with our model enables us to infer the spherical-symmetric velocity dispersion of observed galaxies in massive clusters. We find the velocity dispersion of galaxies surrounding clusters with their lensing masses of $1.1\times 10^{15}\, h^{-1}\,{\rm M}_{\odot }$ to be $1180^{+83}_{-70}\, \mathrm{km\,s^{-1}}$ at the 68 per cent confidence level. Our constraint confirms that the relation between the galaxy velocity dispersion and the host cluster mass in our sample is consistent with the prediction in dark-matter-only N-body simulations under General Relativity. Assuming that the Poisson equation in clusters can be altered by an effective gravitational constant of Geff, our measurement of the velocity dispersion can place a tight constraint of $0.88 \lt G_\mathrm{eff}/G_\mathrm{N} \lt 1.29\, (68{{\ \rm per\ cent}})$ at length-scales of a few Mpc about 2.5 Giga years ago, where GN is the Newton’s constant.
Fundamental X-ray corona parameters of Swift/BAT AGN
Authors: Hinkle Jason T , Mushotzky Richard 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
While X-ray emission from active galactic nuclei (AGN) is common, the detailed physics behind this emission is not well understood. This is in part because high quality broad-band spectra are required to precisely derive fundamental parameters of X-ray emission, such as the photon index, folding energy, and reflection coefficient. Here, we present values of such parameters for 33 AGN observed as part of the 105-month Swift/BAT campaign and with coordinated archival XMM-Newton and NuSTAR observations. We look for correlations between the various coronal parameters in addition to correlations between coronal parameters and physical properties, such as black hole mass and Eddington ratio. Using our empirical model, we find good fits to almost all of our objects. The folding energy was constrained for 30 of our 33 objects. When comparing Seyfert 1–1.9 to Seyfert 2 galaxies, a K–S test indicates that Seyfert 2 AGN have lower Eddington ratios and photon indices than Seyfert 1–1.9 objects with p-values of 5.6 × 10−5 and 7.5 × 10−3, respectively. We recover a known correlation between photon index and reflection coefficient as well as the X-ray Baldwin effect. Finally, we find that the inclusion of the high-energy Swift/BAT data significantly reduces the uncertainties of spectral parameters as compared to fits without the BAT data.
Sparse Bayesian mass mapping with uncertainties: hypothesis testing of structure
Authors: Price M A , McEwen J D , Cai X , Kitching T D , Wallis C G R ,   (for the LSST Dark Energy Science Collaboration)
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
A crucial aspect of mass mapping, via weak lensing, is quantification of the uncertainty introduced during the reconstruction process. Properly accounting for these errors has been largely ignored to date. We present a new method to reconstruct maximum a posteriori (MAP) convergence maps by formulating an unconstrained Bayesian inference problem with Laplace-type l1-norm sparsity-promoting priors, which we solve via convex optimization. Approaching mass mapping in this manner allows us to exploit recent developments in probability concentration theory to infer theoretically conservative uncertainties for our MAP reconstructions, without relying on assumptions of Gaussianity. For the first time, these methods allow us to perform hypothesis testing of structure, from which it is possible to distinguish between physical objects and artefacts of the reconstruction. Here, we present this new formalism, and demonstrate the method on simulations, before applying the developed formalism to two observational data sets of the Abell 520 cluster. Initial reconstructions of the Abell 520 catalogues reported the detection of an anomalous ‘dark core’ – an overdense region with no optical counterpart – which was taken to be evidence for self-interacting dark matter. In our Bayesian framework, it is found that neither Abell 520 data set can conclusively determine the physicality of such dark cores at $99{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ confidence. However, in both cases the recovered MAP estimators are consistent with both sets of data.
Loss of Cyclin C or CDK8 provides ATR inhibitor resistance by suppressing transcription-associated replication stress
Authors: Lloyd Rebecca L , Urban Vaclav , Muñoz-Martínez Francisco , Ayestaran Iñigo , Thomas John C , de Renty Christelle , O’Connor Mark J , Forment Josep V , Galanty Yaron , Jackson Stephen P 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The protein kinase ATR plays pivotal roles in DNA repair, cell cycle checkpoint engagement and DNA replication. Consequently, ATR inhibitors (ATRi) are in clinical development for the treatment of cancers, including tumours harbouring mutations in the related kinase ATM. However, it still remains unclear which functions and pathways dominate long-term ATRi efficacy, and how these vary between clinically relevant genetic backgrounds. Elucidating common and genetic-background specific mechanisms of ATRi efficacy could therefore assist in patient stratification and pre-empting drug resistance. Here, we use CRISPR–Cas9 genome-wide screening in ATM-deficient and proficient mouse embryonic stem cells to interrogate cell fitness following treatment with the ATRi, ceralasertib. We identify factors that enhance or suppress ATRi efficacy, with a subset of these requiring intact ATM signalling. Strikingly, two of the strongest resistance-gene hits in both ATM-proficient and ATM-deficient cells encode Cyclin C and CDK8: members of the CDK8 kinase module for the RNA polymerase II mediator complex. We show that Cyclin C/CDK8 loss reduces S-phase DNA:RNA hybrid formation, transcription-replication stress, and ultimately micronuclei formation induced by ATRi. Overall, our work identifies novel biomarkers of ATRi efficacy in ATM-proficient and ATM-deficient cells, and highlights transcription-associated replication stress as a predominant driver of ATRi-induced cell death.
A Clinical Trial Comparing Smoking Cessation Interventions at Two Levels of Intensity in Stroke Patients, Stratified by the Presence of Insular Cortex Lesions
Authors: Suñer-Soler Rosa , Grau-Martín Armand , Terceño Mikel , Silva Yolanda , Maldonado Eduardo , Gras Maria Eugenia , Font-Mayolas Sílvia , Rodrigo-Gil Joana , Serena Joaquín 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Smoking is a stroke risk factor but the most efficient way to promote cessation is unknown. The smoking behavior in patients during the first 2 years post-stroke is studied comparing brief advice and intensive behavioral counseling interventions, taking into consideration biological, psychological, and social factors.

Methods
Randomized clinical trial of 196 stroke patients, stratified by the presence or not of an insular cortex lesion, with two levels of smoking cessation intervention.

Results
The study retention rate was 85.2%. Abstinence point prevalence at three months after stroke was 50% in the brief advice group and 51.7% in the intensive behavioral counseling group (p = .82) and at 24 months, 48.3% in the brief group and 47.5% in the intensive group (p = .92). Most relapses occurred in the first weeks. After 3 months the curves separated with fewer events in the intensive group and at 24 months the Hazard Ratio was 0.91 (95% CI = 0.61 to 1.37; p = .67). Twenty-four months after stroke, patients with an insular lesion were more likely to be abstinent (OR 3.60, 95% CI = 1.27 to 10.14), as were those who lived with a partner (OR 2.31, 95% CI = 1.17 to 4.55) and those who were less dependent (OR 0.84, 95% CI = 0.73 to 0.97).

Conclusions
A high percentage of patients gave up smoking in both intervention groups with no significant differences between the two. The effect of the insular lesion on smoking cessation, which is early and continued after two years, is particularly notable.

Implications
This two-year clinical trial compares for the first time the efficacy of two different intensities of smoking cessation intervention in stroke patients, taking into consideration the effect of the insula. Good results are obtained both in the short and medium-term in people with stroke, especially when this is accompanied by an insular cortex lesion, but there is no evidence that better results are obtained with longer, more time-intensive, and possibly more costly follow-ups obtain better results than are obtained with briefer interventions.
Vitamin K – sources, physiological role, kinetics, deficiency, detection, therapeutic use, and toxicity
Authors: Mladěnka Přemysl , Macáková Kateřina , Kujovská Krčmová Lenka , Javorská Lenka , Mrštná Kristýna , Carazo Alejandro , Protti Michele , Remião Fernando , Nováková Lucie ,   the OEMONOM researchers and collaborators
Published: July 2021

AbstractVitamin K is traditionally connected with blood coagulation, since it is needed for the posttranslational modification of 7 proteins involved in this cascade. However, it is also involved in the maturation of another 11 or 12 proteins that play different roles, encompassing in particular the modulation of the calcification of connective tissues. Since this process is physiologically needed in bones, but is pathological in arteries, a great deal of research has been devoted to finding a possible link between vitamin K and the prevention of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. Unfortunately, the current knowledge does not allow us to make a decisive conclusion about such a link. One possible explanation for this is the diversity of the biological activity of vitamin K, which is not a single compound but a general term covering natural plant and animal forms of vitamin K (K1 and K2) as well as their synthetic congeners (K3 and K4). Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) is found in several vegetables. Menaquinones (MK4–MK13, a series of compounds known as vitamin K2) are mostly of a bacterial origin and are introduced into the human diet mainly through fermented cheeses. Current knowledge about the kinetics of different forms of vitamin K, their detection, and their toxicity are discussed in this review.
Genetic epidemiological analysis of hypouricaemia from 4993 Japanese on non-functional variants of URAT1/SLC22A12 gene
Authors: Nakayama Akiyoshi , Kawamura Yusuke , Toyoda Yu , Shimizu Seiko , Kawaguchi Makoto , Aoki Yuka , Takeuchi Kenji , Okada Rieko , Kubo Yoko , Imakiire Toshihiko , Iwasawa Satoko , Nakashima Hiroshi , Tsunoda Masashi , Ito Keiichi , Kumagai Hiroo , Takada Tappei , Ichida Kimiyoshi , Shinomiya Nariyoshi , Matsuo Hirotaka 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Up to 0.3% of Japanese have hypouricaemia. Most cases appear to result from a hereditary disease, renal hypouricaemia (RHUC), which causes exercise-induced acute kidney injury and urolithiasis. However, to what extent RHUC accounts for hypouricaemia is not known. We therefore investigated its frequency and evaluated its risks by genotyping a general Japanese population.

Methods
A cohort of 4993 Japanese was examined by genotyping the non-functional variants R90H (rs121907896) and W258X (rs121907892) of URAT1/SLC22A12, the two most common causative variants of RHUC in Japanese.

Results
Participants’ fractional excretion of uric acid and risk allele frequencies markedly increased at lower serum uric acid (SUA) levels. Ten participants (0.200%) had an SUA level ≤2.0 mg/dl and nine had R90H or W258X and were likely to have RHUC. Logistic regression analysis revealed these URAT1 variants to be significantly and independently associated with the risk of hypouricaemia and mild hypouricaemia (SUA ≤3.0 mg/dl) as well as sex, age and BMI, but these URAT1 variants were the only risks in the hypouricaemia population (SUA ≤2.0 mg/dl). W258X was only a risk in males with SUA ≤3.0 mg/dl.

Conclusion
Our study accurately reveals the prevalence of RHUC and provides genetic evidence for its definition (SUA ≤2.0 mg/dl). We also show that individuals with SUA ≤3.0 mg/dl, especially males, are prone to RHUC. Our findings will help to promote a better epidemiological understanding of RHUC as well as more accurate diagnosis, especially in males with mild hypouricaemia.
Compressing audio signals with interactive and cloud-based learning material—a workshop for high-school students
Authors: Wohak Kirsten , Frank Martin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Undeniably omnipresent in our everyday lives, electronic signal compression is a classical example that illustrates the ubiquity of mathematics in high-end technology and sciences. When dealing with piles of files, it is essential that each file takes up as little storage space as possible while maintaining quality. The cloud-based—available under a Creative Commons licence—workshop that is described in the following paper addresses this trade-off between quality and compression rate based on the example of audio signals. Here, students use tools from linear algebra to compress music according to their own hearing model which they developed previously. More specifically, they use the basis change (i.e. the Fourier transform) between the time-dependent and frequency-dependent representations of sounds to remove those frequencies from an instrumental piece that are outside of their hearing model. Such mathematical tools may seem out of reach for high-school students, but we demonstrate that they are indeed suited for developing solutions with minimal help.