bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ENTERIC-COATED DELAYED-RELEASE MICROSPHERE OF PHYTOSOME LOADING ALLICIN-RICH EXTRACT
Authors: NINING NINING , SRIFIANA YUDI , FADLIANTY ELY MALINDA 
Published: March 2021

Objective: Allicin, a natural organosulfur compound, is the main garlic ingredient, which has extensive pharmacological activities. Its unstable under acidic conditions due to alliinase's inactivation causes the need for preparations that delayed-release in the stomach to maximize allicin absorption. This study aimed to prepare and characterize the enteric-coated microsphere of phytosome loading allicin-rich extract to protect it from gastric acid.
Methods: The allicin-rich extract phytosome (ArE-Ps) was prepared and evaluated for characteristics. Microsphere was made in three formulas with different molar ratios of ArE-Ps and Eudragit L30D-55 (1:1; 1:1.5 and 1:2) by spray dry. The three microspheres compared to particle size, entrapment efficiency, and dissolution test in acid and 7.4 pH medium.
Results: Optimized ArE-Ps has a size of 251.6 nm, polydispersity index 0.466, zeta potential 34.11, entrapment efficiency of 62.62 %, and specific gravity of 1,005 g/ml. The surface topography of the three formulas shows an almost spherical shape with concave surfaces. The particle size of the microsphere ranges from 215±6.27 nm to 548.8±10.15 nm. Entrapment efficiency increases with an increasing number of polymers with a maximum value of 65.44 % at F3. The results dissolution test in vitro showed no drug release in acidic medium, and drug release occurred at a 7.4 pH medium. Drug release of three microsphere formulations followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model with a k value of 12.7088±0.1769; 17.9322±1.5621; and 12.958±1.2677; respectively.
Conclusion: Based on these results, the polymer's increase in three microsphere formulations can affect characteristics and retain drug release under acidic conditions.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF SEVEN BRANDS OF LEVOFLOXACIN 500 MG FILM-COATED TABLET MARKETED IN YEMEN
Authors: OTHMAN GAMIL Q. , AL-WORAFI YASER M. , BATTAH MOHAMMED M. , HALBOUP ABDULSALAM M. , HASSAN HASSAN M. 
Published: March 2021

Objective: The objective of the current study was to evaluate the quality control parameters of seven brands of levofloxacin 500 mg film-coated tablet available in the Yemeni market.
Methods: Physicochemical parameters assay was performed for seven brands of levofloxacin 500 mg film-coated tablet. Each brand was subjected to official and unofficial in vitro quality control tests, including weight variation, thickness, hardness, friability, disintegration, dissolution, and content uniformity assay by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC).
Results: Out of seven, six brands of levofloxacin 500 mg film-coated tablet passed official specified assay tests according to the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) specifications. They showed a similar profile of thickness ranged between±0.01 and 0.10%, friability ranged between 0.01% and 0.34%, disintegration time ranged between 3.00 and 15.00 min, dissolution percentage ranged between 90.650 and 103.05 and content uniformity ranged between 93.62 and 107.12%. Regarding weight variation and hardness, six brands passed the weight variation test and only three brands showed optimum range (10-20 kg) of hardness test. Only one brand failed to pass the weight variation test, and four brands failed to pass the optimum range (10-20 kg) of hardness.
Conclusion: There are no remarkable differences between the seven brands regarding in vitro quality control tests of content uniformity, thickness, friability, disintegration, and dissolution. Even though four brands were above the optimum range of hardiness, they showed complete disintegration and dissolution within the acceptable limit. Regular assessment of marketed drugs is required to ensure bioequivalent to their innovators.
IMPROVEMENT AND ESTIMATION OF ORALLY DISINTEGRATING TABLETS CONTAINING PILOCARPINE 2-HYDROXY PROPYL β-CYCLODEXTRIN INCLUSION COMPLEX BY RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY
Authors: TRIPATHY JOGABRATA , SAHOO SUBHASHREE , MOIN AFRASIM , SIDDARAMAIAH  , GOWDA D. V. 
Published: March 2021

Objective: The study aimed to develop and evaluate an orally disintegrating tablet that contains pilocarpine and 2-hydroxy propyl β-cyclodextrin as an inclusion complex that is prepared by lyophilization used for treatment for dry mouth. Pilocarpine is utilized to treat dry mouth disorder. The inclusion complex lowers the taste of pilocarpine through the oral mucosa by the use of 2-hydroxy propyl β-cyclodextrin.
Methods: The in vitro release from the insertion complex is also been studied. The parameters like differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transformer infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and morphological study have been evaluated. The design of an experiment is carried out based on the concentration of croscarmellose sodium (CCS) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). Evaluation of the prepared orally disintegrating tablets have been carried out by different test methods like weight variation, thickness, drug content, disintegration, and in vitro dissolution study.
Results: Orally disintegrating tablets are studied by utilizing the immediate pressure technique. Pilocarpine indicates the anhydrous crystalline medication, displaying sharp endothermic top at 120.2 °C, bend of 2-HPβCD demonstrates an exceptionally wide endothermal wonder among 55-100 °C for DSC. In pilocarpine spectra, characteristic band of aromatic C-H stretch at 3277 cm-1, C=C stretching at 1608 cm-1, C-N stretching at 1445 cm-1 and methoxy (CH3-O-) stretch at 2921 cm-1 was observed. The investigation shows that tablet hardness of 4.3N, breaking downtime of 12 sec and mean disintegration time is 1.562 min.
Conclusion: The different diluents and super disintegrating have been applied for the quick elevation of dry mouth that helps us for patient compliance.
DESIGNING AND OPTIMIZATION OF NAPROXEN SODIUM DEFORMABLE VESICULAR SYSTEMS THROUGH FACTORIAL DESIGN: BOX BEHENKEN MODEL
Authors: GUPTA NAVEEN , JAIN SHAILESH 
Published: March 2021

Objective: The objective of this investigation was to develop and statistically optimize deformable vesicles such as transfersomes and transethosomes of Naproxen sodium by employing 33factorial designs through software Design expert version 12 (Box–Behnken design) for dermal delivery.
Methods: The levels of the drug, phosphatidylcholine, and span 80 (independent variables) were varied to study the influence on vesicle size and % entrapment efficiency (dependent variables) of transfersomes and for transethosomes, the levels of phosphatidylcholine, ethanol, and span 80 were selected as independent variables Second-order quadratic polynomial equation, 2D and 3D contour plots represented the relationship between variables and desired response. The optimization process was carried out using desirability plots and point prediction techniques.
Results: Results of the present study demonstrated that optimized transfersomes and transethosomes showed vesicle sizes of 114.91 nm and 102.91 nm respectively, while entrapment efficiency of 80.11 % and 86.97%, respectively. Both formulations showed high zeta potential values indicating the stability of the optimized formulation. ANOVA statistical results showed a significant difference (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The results indicated that the independent variable plays a crucial role in optimizing a formulation that can be used for further research studies. Present preliminary study data provided strong evidence that the optimized deformable vesicular formulations through box Behnken factorial design can be a potentially useful drug carrier for naproxen sodium dermal delivery with minimum vesicle size and efficient entrapment efficiency.
MASTIC-G-POLY (ACRYLAMIDE): MICROWAVE-ASSISTED SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERISATION
Authors: KUMAR MOHIT , SURAJPAL  
Published: March 2021

Objective: The objective of the present investigation was the synthesis of grafted co-polymer gum mastic using acrylamide as the monomer.
Methods: 3-factor 3-level response surface Box-Behnken design, which requires 15 runs including three replicates of the central run, was used for the synthesis of graft copolymers of mastic gum with acrylamide using ceric ammonium nitrate as the free radical initiator. The critical synthesis and process parameters; CSPP (A = concentration of monomer, B = concentration of initiator and C= Temperature) to generate design space and optimize formulation with an aim to obtain critical quality attributes (CQA, Y1 =% Yield, Y2 =% Grafting, Y3 =% grafting efficiency).
Result: Formulation F14 having a maximum % yield of 75.89% with % grafting of 210% and % grafting efficiency 51.57% was selected as best.
Conclusion: The microwave-assisted grafted mastic gum was prepared successfully and optimized by using Box Behnken design.
IN SILICO STUDIES ON DIACYL DERIVATIVES OF PHLOROGLUCINOL TO ENHANCE PHARMACODYNAMIC AND PHARMACOKINETIC PROFILES OF 2,4,6-TRIHYDROXY-3-GERANYL-ACETOPHENONE
Authors: CHIONG SHEAU WEI , NG CHEAN HUI , SHAARI KHOZIRAH 
Published: March 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the LOX inhibitory activity, and predict the drug likeness properties of designed diacyl derivatives of phloroglucinol, using in silico method.
Methods: The designed derivatives were subjected to molecular docking using AUTODOCK while the receptor used in this study was built from SWISS MODEL. Drug likeness properties of the derivatives were calculated by online programs i.e. MOLINSPIRATION and PreADMET.
Results: Molecular docking study revealed that designed tHGA derivative with four-carbon chain length exhibited the best binding affinity with the docking scores of -7.26kcal/mol. Three types of binding interactions were observed between the derivatives and the receptor site i.e H-bonding, hydrophobic and Van der Waals interactions. The important amino acid residues involved in H-bonding were Gln495 and Gln697, while other amino acid residues, such as Leu754 and Ile 553, were involved in the Van der Waals interaction. The designed tHGA derivatives were mainly stabilized through hydrophobic interactions with His499, His504, Ile538, Phe557 and Val750. In silico physicochemical calculations predicted that all the designed derivatives passed the Lipinski’s Rule of 5, and have good human intestinal absorption property (HIA>70%). Further, all the designed derivatives showed moderate central nervous system absorption (0.6<BBB<2.0), except for the derivative with a longer (5-Cs) chain length.
Conclusion: The findings of the present study suggested that changing the acyl and geranyl side chains of the natural product molecule, tHGA, into two acyl bearing side chains, will improve its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles.
Interaction between a long pile and multi-layer underlying soils
Authors: Ter-Martirosyan Zaven G. , Akuletskii Aleksandr S. 
Published: March 2021

Introduction. The majority of construction sites feature complex geotechnical conditions, as they have alternating soil layers, including loose soils. A pile foundation is the principal type of foundations constructed on these sites. This article encompasses a problem statement and a solution to the problem of interaction between a long pile and multilayer underlying soils.
Materials and methods. The problem is explored in linear and nonlinear settings. The S.P. Timoshenko elastoplastic model is analyzed to describe nonlinear shear deformations. Analytical and numerical methods are employed to present the solution. The results of the analytical solution are compared with the results of the elastic problem obtained using the Plaxis 3D software package.
Results. An equation designated for determining the reduced shear modulus of the multilayer soil mass is obtained. Analytical solutions are supported by the graphical solution obtained using Mathcad software. Numerical solutions are obtained using the Plaxis 3D software package. The diagrams describing the dependence of the settlement of the pile, that passes through alternating soil layers, on the load are provided. The diagrams, describing the dependence between the force, applied to the pile toe, and the pile radius in case of a variable load applied to the pile head and variable pile length are provided.
Conclusions. The resulting dependence, needed to determine the reduced shear modulus of the multi-layer soil mass, demonstrates good convergence with numerical methods in the elastic setting. These solutions can be used to pre-determine the displacement of a long pile surrounded with the underlying multi-layer soil mass. The selection of an optimal correlation between the pile length and the pile diameter allows for the most effective use of the bearing capacity of the pile.
Performance comparison of various types of embankment dams in relation to the conditions of the Mullalakh HPP
Authors: Podvysotckii Aleksei A. , Sainov Mikhail P. , Kirichenko Andrey Yu. 
Published: March 2021

Introduction. Several types of embankment dams are used in the hydraulic engineering practice. However, the choice of a dam is individual for each hydraulic engineering project, as it takes account of specific features and natural conditions. This paper compares two types of rockfill dams (the one having a concrete face and the other having an asphalt-concrete diaphragm) in relation to the Mullalakh HPP on the Pskem River in the Republic of Uzbekistan. The dam height is 85 m. The comparison was performed from the standpoint of the dam performance in case of exposure to static forces and high seismicity.
Materials and methods. The analysis of (1) the stress-strain state (SSS), (2) the stability of slopes exposed to regular and irregular load combinations was conducted for two types of dams. All calculations were performed in the two-dimensional domain. The analysis of the stress-strain state took account of the non-linear behavior of the soil ground and the contact interaction between structural elements. Seismic loads, included into the scope of irregular loads, were identified using the response spectrum method applied to particular periods and self-oscillation modes. Slope stability was analyzed with regard for the stress state of soils identified in the course of SSS calculations.
Results. Each type of embankment dams has its specific features. The asphalt diaphragm dam is worse at perceiving high seismic loads. Its SSS during an earthquake features strength loss and emergence of soil discontinuity zones. The disadvantage of a concrete face dam is the insufficient safety of its anti-seepage element. Supplementary measures are needed to ensure the appropriate stress state of the face. Another finding is that the slopes of both types of dam do not demonstrate a sufficient stability factor, if the slope ratio equals to 1.5 during a 9-point earthquake.
Conclusions. In high seismicity regions, a concrete faced dam demonstrates better performance than the asphalt diaphragm dam if both are exposed to static and seismic forces.
Escrevivências do corpo(política)fronteiriço
Authors: Cavalcante de Oliveira Leite Viviani , Nolasco Edgar Cézar 
Published: March 2021

Este trabalho faz parte de um projeto maior (projeto de pesquisa de doutorado pelo PPGEL - Programa de Pós Graduação em Estudos de Linguagens) propõe uma teorização epistêmico-conceitual acerca da escrevivência (conceito cunhado pela escritora mineira Conceição Evaristo) respaldada pelos conceitos de exterioridade e fronteira por meio de uma teorização que emerge a partir da (MIGNOLO) fronteira geoistórica, conceitual e epistemológica e vai além do que a epistemologia moderna acampou afim de (des)arquivar (DERRIDA) as histórias (bio)locais que foram suprimidas, excluídas e invisibilizadas por ela. A ideia centralizadora do ocidentalismo excluiu e desprezou qualquer ser/saber/pensar que não fosse o do “modelo”, assim, os saberes e sujeitos fronteiriços foram excluídos e ficaram de fora por destoarem do padrão moderno do sistema-mundo. Esse discurso hegemônico, moderno e colonial da ordem da interioridade, criou a exterioridade e relegou os sujeitos/saberes fronteiriços para este lugar, este beco/lugar de despejo marginal a partir do qual, em contraproposta ao projeto ocidentalista, (re)surgem os seres/saberes/pensares fronteiriços. Valeremo-nos de uma epistemologia de cunho crítico biográfico fronteiriço, uma vez que pensamos a partir de lócus e de corpos específicos. Assim, as escrituras negras serão pertinentes para ilustrar tal teorização conceitual. A metodologia do presente trabalho será de caráter eminentemente bibliográfico, desenvolvida, dentre outros, por críticos como Walter Mignolo e Edgar Cézar Nolasco, através dos conceitos de exterioridade, desobediência epistêmica, fronteira, corpopolítica e geopolítica.
Palavras-chave: Escrevivência; exterioridade; fronteira; desobediência epistêmica.
…А ВОТ НАБЛЮДАТЕЛЬ ТУТ КАК РАЗ И НИ ПРИ ЧЕМ!
Authors: Ашшурский Эмир 
Published: March 2021

В данной статье автор подвергает последовательной критике весьма неуклюжие попытки современных естествоиспытателей хоть как-то аргументировать пресловутый парадокс Ферми. Шутка ли кому сказать: в своих громоздких, но зачастую бессмысленных конструкциях некоторые астрофизики доходят даже до того, что ничтоже сумняшеся меняют местами причину со следствием!
Да это, впрочем, и немудрено: ведь, как говаривал блаженной памяти Козьма Прутков, «специалист подобен флюсу, ибо полнота его - одностороння». Короче говоря, заключительный вывод напрашивается, очевидно, тут уж сам собой: решение наиболее сложных и запутанных проблем космологии лучше, конечно же, доверять философам, а не технарям!
Feasibility study of hybrid energy system for off-grid electrification in rural areas
Authors: Abdul Hafedh Saadoon 
Published: March 2021

Hybrid energy systems is an energy system which employs the combination of various renewable energy sources (solar, wind, biomass, hydro, and hydrogen fuel) with conventional energy sources to supply electricity. These systems have become reliable and most cost-effective as compare to single-source energy system for rural electrification. The objective of the present study is to address the demand for electrification of remote rural village in eastern Iraq. The methodology is carried out for optimization of hybrid energy system comprising (Photovoltaic, battery, diesel generator) by using HOMER to minimize the cost of energy and the greenhouse gas emissions. For different configuration of energy sources, the capital cost, net present cost and cost of energy is determined for the optimized hybrid energy system on the basis of the electric consumption demand for the selected site. The simulation results show that the most techno-economic analysis for hybrid energy system can feed the rural village in eastern Iraq to meet a daily load of 30 kW has consisted of 6 kW photovoltaic array, 7 kW power inverter, 20 units of battery (305 Ah and 6V) and 35 kW wind turbines. The optimized energy system has a cost of energy about $ 0.117/kWh and total net present cost by about $14800. The environmental assessment of the hybrid system shows that the greenhouse gases emissions will reduce about 25ton CO2/year (16968 kg/year) in the local atmosphere.
Potencjał społeczno-gospodarczy miast aglomeracji opolskiej
Authors: Rajchel Dariusz 
Published: March 2021

Aglomeracja opolska powstała w 2012 r. i tworzą ją 4 powiaty, 21 gmin oraz 8 miast. Uczestnictwo w aglomeracji opolskiej jest dobrowolne, a współpraca samorządów ma charakter wszechstronny, związany z poprawą jakości życia jej mieszkańców. Potencjał społeczno-demograficzny miast spełnia kryteria aglomeracyjne, choć zauważalny jest stagnacyjny typ demograficzny. Natomiast potencjał gospodarczy charakteryzuje się przewagą małych i średnich jednostek gospodarczych najczęściej sektora prywatnego, funkcjonujących w sferze szeroko rozumianych usług. Sytuacja taka występuje nie tylko w badanych miastach, ale w całej aglomeracji opolskiej oraz w województwie. Jest to tendencja dominująca.
Wpływ postępu technicznego na wybór miejsca zamieszkania ludności miejskiej w perspektywie historycznej
Authors: Scwabe Michał 
Published: March 2021

Preferencje ludności miejskiej dotyczące miejsca zamieszkania zmieniają się wraz ze zmianami charakteru aktywności ekonomicznej człowieka stanowiącej pochodną zaawansowania technicznego gospodarek. Niniejszy artykuł stanowi próbę przedstawienia wpływu postępu technicznego na preferencje ludności dotyczące wyboru miejsca zamieszkania w ramach miast przy uwzględnieniu podziału na trzy okresy historyczne. Jego celem jest odpowiedź na pytanie o najbardziej pożądane lokalizacje w miastach różnych grup społecznych w każdym z wyróżnionych okresów, a także ukazanie zmian tych preferencji w wyniku unowocześniania metod produkcji. Artykuł w swoim zamierzeniu stanowi punkt wyjścia do dyskusji na temat wartości określonych lokalizacji w ramach przestrzeni miejskiej w przyszłości przy uwzględnieniu dalszego rozwoju technologii telekomunikacyjnej i transportowej.
Klastry kreatywne w Polsce. Zarys problematyki
Authors: Namyślak Beata 
Published: March 2021

Artykuł składa sie z dwóch części. W pierwszej przedstawiono idee tworzenia kastra według koncepcji opisywanych w literaturze przedmiotu. Następnie skupiono sie na klastrach kreatywnych – ich idei oraz przykładach w skali świata. Na koniec tej części wyróżniono pozytywne efekty istnienia klasteringu. Druga cześć artykułu poświecono polskim doświadczeniom z tego zakresu, m.in. wymieniono szacunkowe liczby klastrów w Polsce. Najwięcej uwagi poświecono jednak klastrom kreatywnym, ich rodzajom i rozmieszczeniu.
Kształtowanie przestrzeni publicznej centrum miasta w kontekście rewitalizacji terenów poprzemysłowych w Manchesterze, Lyonie i Łodzi
Authors: Kazimierczak Jarosław 
Published: March 2021

Rewitalizacja terenów poprzemysłowych ma zasadnicze znaczenie dla przekształceń przestrzeni publicznej i może prowadzić do modyfikacji historycznie wykształconej hierarchii terenów współtworzących przestrzeń centralną współczesnych miast europejskich. W celu identyfikacji reperkusji rewitalizacji w świetle postawionego problemu badawczego wykorzystano autorską metodę oceny intensywności przekształceń morfologiczno-funkcjonalnych terenów poprzemysłowych oraz zmian poziomu rozwoju i integralności struktury przestrzeni publicznej nowej i starej przestrzeni centralnej.
Miejskie obszary funkcjonalne – wyzwania planistyczne
Authors: Kociuba Dagmara 
Published: March 2021

W artykule poddano analizie wybrane obowiązujące akty prawne, krajowe dokumenty planistyczne (KPZK 2030) i programowe (Umowa partnerstwa), wybrane instrumenty finansowe (zintegrowane inwestycje terytorialne) oraz Założenia krajowej polityki miejskiej. Przeprowadzone badanie stanowiło podstawę do sformułowania wniosków dotyczących szans i zagrożeń, jakie niesie za sobą realizacja analizowanych dokumentów w kontekście planowania zrównoważonego rozwoju miejskich obszarów funkcjonalnych (MOF). Analiza dowiodła, że obowiązujące przepisy i wytyczne wykazują wiele nieścisłości w zakresie ustalenia zasad planowania funkcjonalnego w MOF, co skutkuje niedostosowaniem obecnych dokumentów poziomu wojewódzkiego do wytycznych ministerialnych (dotyczy to zwłaszcza delimitacji MOF) oraz wprowadza dualizm opracowań strategicznych (strategia rozwoju MOF i strategia ZIT). Z kolei możliwość finansowania inwestycji publicznych w MOF-ach w ramach ZIT niesie pozytywne skutki w sferze planowania strategicznego.