bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine learning‐based model for predicting 1 year mortality of hospitalized patients with heart failure
Authors: Tohyama Takeshi , Ide Tomomi , Ikeda Masataka , Kaku Hidetaka , Enzan Nobuyuki , Matsushima Shouji , Funakoshi Kouta , Kishimoto Junji , Todaka Koji , Tsutsui Hiroyuki 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimsIndividual risk stratification is a fundamental strategy in managing patients with heart failure (HF). Artificial intelligence, particularly machine learning (ML), can develop superior models for predicting the prognosis of HF patients, and administrative claim data (ACD) are suitable for ML analysis because ACD is a structured database. The objective of this study was to analyse ACD using an ML algorithm, predict the 1 year mortality of patients with HF, and finally develop an easy‐to‐use prediction model with high accuracy using the top predictors identified by the ML algorithm.Methods and resultsMachine learning‐based prognostic prediction models were developed from the ACD on 10 175 HF patients from the Japanese Registry of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure with 17% mortality during 1 year follow‐up. The top predictors for prognosis in HF were identified by the permutation feature importance technique, and an easy‐to‐use prediction model was developed based on these predictors. The c‐statistics and Brier scores of the developed ML‐based models were compared with those of conventional risk models: Seattle Heart Failure Model (SHFM) and Meta‐Analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC). A voting classifier algorithm (ACD‐VC) achieved the highest c‐statistics among the six ML algorithms. The permutation feature importance technique enabled identification of the top predictors such as Barthel index, age, body mass index, duration of hospitalization, last hospitalization, renal disease, and non‐loop diuretics use (feature importance values were 0.054, 0.025, 0.010, 0.005, 0.005, 0.004, and 0.004, respectively). Upon combination of some of the predictors that can be assessed from a brief interview, the Simple Model by ARTificial intelligence for HF risk stratification (SMART‐HF) was established as an easy‐to‐use prediction model. Compared with the conventional models, SMART‐HF achieved a higher c‐statistic {ACD‐VC: 0.777 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.751–0.803], SMART‐HF: 0.765 [95% CI 0.739–0.791], SHFM: 0.713 [95% CI 0.684–0.742], MAGGIC: 0.726 [95% CI 0.698–0.753]} and better Brier scores (ACD‐VC: 0.121, SMART‐HF: 0.124, SHFM: 0.139, MAGGIC: 0.130).ConclusionsThe ML model based on ACD predicted the 1 year mortality of HF patients with high accuracy, and SMART‐HF along with the ML model achieved superior performance to that of the conventional risk models. The SMART‐HF model has the clear merit of easy operability even by non‐healthcare providers with a user‐friendly online interface (https://hfriskcalculator.herokuapp.com/). Risk models developed using SMART‐HF may provide a novel modality for risk stratification of patients with HF.
Medicinal plants as immune booster in the palliative management of viral diseases: A perspective on coronavirus
Authors: Ogunrinola Olabisi O. , Kanmodi Rahmon I. , Ogunrinola Oluwaseyi A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMedicinal plants are not only popular for their ample store of active ingredients but also boast of several pharmacological properties including the modulation of components of the immune system. An adequate immune response is vital in counteracting the unwanted activities of pathogens such as bacteria, protozoa, and viruses. Some diseases caused by viral pathogens such as measles, chickenpox, Ebola, and human immunodeficiency virus may result in death or dire consequences in mammals with inadequate immunity. Ever since coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) boisterously announced itself to the world in December 2019, there has been a surge in the number of researches targeting medicinal plants as candidates for a potent vaccine and antiviral drug. COVID‐19 is a member of a family of coronaviruses that have been responsible for past pandemics such as the Middle East respiratory syndrome and severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreaks. However, the nascent COVID‐19 defeated existing pharmaceutical advances and nonpharmacological measures such as high personal hygiene, physical distancing, and lockdown to stop the vicious mortality arising from the viral outbreak. Consequently, the battle against this virus relies majorly on a vibrant immune system. It is therefore imperative to promote interest in the use of medicinal plants that will significantly assist in the management of COVID‐19 infection by boosting body's immune responses or arresting symptoms/molecules associated with COVID‐19 pathogenesis. This review underscores the need for the exploration of plant‐based agents that may prove effective in fighting COVID‐19 based on scientific evidence of their positive immunomodulatory effects.
Designing artificial neural network of nanoparticle diameter and solid–fluid interfacial layer on single‐walled carbon nanotubes/ethylene glycol nanofluid flow on thin slendering needles
Authors: Shafiq Anum , Çolak Andaç Batur , Naz Sindhu Tabassum 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this study, an artificial neural network (ANN) has been developed to predict the boundary layer flow of a single‐walled carbon nanotubes nanofluid toward three different nonlinear thin isothermal needles of paraboloid, cone, and cylinder shapes with convective boundary conditions. Different effects of particle diameter and solid–fluid interface coating have been taken into account in the thermal conductivity model of nanofluid in which ethylene glycol has been used as the base fluid. Single and dual phase approach is used to establish the management model under the phenomenon of zero heat and mass flux. A dataset has been developed for different scenarios of the fluid model by changing the relevant parameters with the Runge–Kutta based shooting technique. Two different ANN models have been developed to predict Nusselt number and skin friction coefficient (SFC) values. The values obtained from ANN models have been compared with the numerical data, which are the target values. In addition, mean square error and R values have also been examined in order to analyze the prediction performance of ANN models more comprehensively. The calculated R values for Nusselt number and SFC were obtained as 0.9999. The results obtained showed that ANN can predict Nusselt number and SFC values with high accuracy.
Sex differences in the incidence and prevalence of young‐onset Alzheimer's disease: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Peeters Geeske , Katelekha Katerine , Lawlor Brian , Demnitz Naiara 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe lifetime incidence of Alzheimer's disease is higher in women than in men, but it remains unclear if similar sex differences exist in young‐onset Alzheimer's disease (YOAD). This systematic review test the hypothesis that women have a higher prevalence and incidence of YOAD than men.MethodsWe searched Pubmed and Embase (inception to 11 June 2020) for original publications of population‐based observational studies with data on the prevalence and/or incidence of YOAD, defined as a medical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease before the age of 65 years. Data on cross‐sectional and/or prospective numbers, percentages, incidences, and incidence rates (in person‐years) were derived from included studies. Quality assessment was done using the Nottingham Ottawa Scale. Meta‐analyses were done to test the hypothesis that women have a higher prevalence and incidence of YOAD than men.ResultsAfter screening of 3252 titles, 12 articles were included. The pooled prevalence was 0.4% (confidence interval [CI] = 0.1–2.1) in women and 0.2% (CI = 0–1.2) in men (six studies, relative risk [RR] = 1.54, CI = 0.69–3.44, I2 = 38%). The pooled incidence was 0.02% (CI = 0.01–0.08) in women and 0.01% (CI = 0–0.05) in men (five studies, RR = 1.50, CI = 0.91‐2.48, I2 = 0%). The incidence rates per 100,000 person‐years ranged from 0 to 132 in women and from 0 to 42 in men.ConclusionsGiven the low prevalence and wide CIs, no firm conclusions can be drawn. Large‐scale studies are required to verify that women are more likely than men to develop YOAD.
Patients' free choice of physicians is not always good
Authors: Li Xinyu , Waibel Christian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe present a model of learning in healthcare markets. Hospitals have junior physicians with low and senior physicians with high ability. Junior physicians turn senior if they treat enough patients. Patients face heterogeneous costs for waiting if a physician's capacity is utilized. Hospitals choose to either allocate patients to physicians randomly or let patients choose their physicians. In a monopolistic market, the hospital always chooses the welfare‐maximizing allocation system. In a competitive market, inefficiencies may arise due to two externalities. If patients are free to choose their physician, the marginal patient neither internalizes her impact on other patients' waiting costs nor the learning of junior physicians.
CAFs shape myeloid‐derived suppressor cells to promote stemness of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma through 5‐lipoxygenase
Authors: Lin Yuli , Cai Qian , Chen Yu , Shi Tiancong , Liu Weiren , Mao Li , Deng Bo , Ying Zhen , Gao Yuan , Luo Haoyang , Yang Xuguang , Huang Xiaowu , Shi Yinghong , He Rui 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background and Aims
We previously demonstrated that cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) promote tumor growth through recruitment of myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LO) is highly expressed in myeloid cells and is critical for synthesizing leukotriene B4 (LTB4), which is involved in tumor progression by activating its receptor leukotriene B4 receptor type 2 (BLT2). In this study, we investigated whether and how CAFs regulate MDSC function to enhance cancer stemness, the driving force of the cancer aggressiveness and chemotherapy refractoriness, in highly desmoplastic intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC).

Approach and Results
RNA‐sequencing analysis revealed enriched metabolic pathways but decreased inflammatory pathways in cancer MDSCs compared with blood MDSCs from patients with ICC. Co‐injection of ICC patient‐derived CAFs promoted cancer stemness in an orthotopic ICC model, which was blunted by MDSC depletion. Conditioned media (CM) from CAF‐educated MDSCs drastically promoted tumorsphere formation efficiency and stemness marker gene expression in ICC cells. CAF‐CM stimulation increased expression and activity of 5‐LO in MDSCs, while 5‐LO inhibitor impaired the stemness‐enhancing capacity of MDSCs in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, IL‐6 and IL‐33 primarily expressed by CAFs mediated hyperactivated 5‐LO metabolism in MDSCs. We identified the LTB4‐BLT2 axis as the critical downstream metabolite signaling of 5‐LO in promoting cancer stemness, as treatment with LTB4 was elevated in CAF‐educated MDSCs, or blockade of BLT2 (which was preferentially expressed in stem‐like ICC cells) significantly reduced stemness‐enhancing effects of CAF‐educated MDSCs. Finally, BLT2 blockade augmented chemotherapeutic efficacy in ICC patient‐derived xenograft models.

Conclusions
Our study reveals a role for CAFs in orchestrating the optimal cancer stemness‐enhancing microenvironment by educating MDSCs, and suggests the 5‐LO/LTB4‐BLT2 axis as promising therapeutic targets for ICC chemoresistance by targeting cancer stemness.
Underweight and associated factors among lactating women in Uganda: Evidence from the Uganda demographic health survey 2016
Authors: Sserwanja Quraish , Kawuki Joseph , Mutisya Linet M. , Musaba Milton W. , Kagwisagye Mathew , Kato Ivan Arinda , Mukunya David 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundLactating mothers are at increased risk of being underweight because of the physiological changes that lead to disproportionately higher energy and nutrient requirements compared to their non‐pregnant and non‐lactating counterparts.ObjectiveWe aimed to determine the prevalence and factors associated with being underweight among lactating women in Uganda.MethodsWe used the Uganda Demographic and Health Survey (UDHS) 2016 data of 1356 women aged 20 to 49 years. Multistage stratified sampling was used to select study participants. The data were collected using validated questionnaires. We used multivariable logistic regression to determine factors associated with underweight among 20 to 49‐year‐old lactating women in Uganda.ResultsThe prevalence of underweight was 8.2% (111/1356) (95% confidence interval, [CI]: 7.0‐10.0). Women who had no education were 10.21 (adjusted odds ratio, [AOR] = 10.21; 95% CI: 1.61‐64.74) times as likely to be underweight as those who had higher (post‐secondary) education levels. Women who were not working were 50% (AOR = 0.50; 95% CI: 0.26‐0.94) less likely to be underweight compared to those who were working. Women in the Western (AOR = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.07‐0.32), Eastern (AOR = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.18‐0.66), and Central (AOR = 0.30; 95% CI: 0.12‐0.74) regions were 85%, 66% and 70% respectively less likely to be underweight compared to those in the Northern region.ConclusionBased on the findings of this and other studies, it is important for the different stakeholders to design targeted nutrition programs for lactating women particularly those with low levels of education and those from the Northern region.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress and NF‐kB activation in SARS‐CoV‐2 infected cells and their response to antiviral therapy
Authors: Bartolini Desirée , Stabile Anna Maria , Vacca Carmine , Pistilli Alessandra , Rende Mario , Gioiello Antimo , Cruciani Gabriele , Galli Francesco 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUnfolded protein response (UPR) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress are aspects of SARS‐CoV‐2‐host cell interaction with proposed role in the cytopathic and inflammatory pathogenesis of this viral infection. The role of the NF‐kB pathway in these cellular processes remains poorly characterized. When investigated in VERO‐E6 cells, SARS‐CoV‐2 infection was found to markedly stimulate NF‐kB protein expression and activity. NF‐kB activation occurs early in the infection process (6 hpi) and it is associated with increased MAPK signaling and expression of the UPR inducer IRE‐1α. These signal transduction processes characterize the cellular stress response to the virus promoting a pro‐inflammatory environment and caspase activation in the host cell. Inhibition of viral replication by the viral protease inhibitor Nelfinavir reverts all these molecular changes also stimulating c‐Jun expression, a key component of the JNK/AP‐1 pathway with important role in the IRE‐1α‐mediated transcriptional regulation of stress response genes with anti‐inflammatory and cytoprotection function. The present study demonstrates that UPR signaling and its interaction with cellular MAPKs and the NF‐kB activity are important aspects of SARS‐CoV‐2‐host cell interaction that deserve further investigation to identify more efficient therapies for this viral infection.
In vitro and in vivo advancement of multifunctional electrospun nanofiber scaffolds in wound healing applications: Innovative nanofiber designs, stem cell approaches, and future perspectives
Authors: Behere Isha , Ingavle Ganesh 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe skin is one of the most essential tissues in the human body, interacting with the outside environment and shielding the body from diseases and excessive water loss. Hydrogels, decellularized porcine dermal matrix, and lyophilized polymer scaffolds have all been used in studies of skin wound repair, wound dressing, and skin tissue engineering, however, these materials cannot replicate the nanofibrous architecture of the skin's native extracellular matrix (ECM). Electrospun nanofibers are a fascinating new form of nanomaterials with tremendous potential across a broad spectrum of applications in the biomedical field, including wound dressings, wound healing scaffolds, regenerative medicine, bioengineering of skin tissue, and multifaceted drug delivery. This article reviews recent in vitro and in vivo developments in multifunctional electrospun nanofibers (MENs) for wound healing. This review begins with an introduction to the electrospinning process, its principle, and the processing parameters which have a significant impact on the nanofiber properties. It then discusses the various geometries and advantages of MEN scaffolds produced by different innovative electrospinning techniques for wound healing applications when used in combination with stem cells. This review also discusses some of the possible future nanofiber‐based models that could be used. Finally, we conclude with potential perspectives and conclusions in this area.
Density functionals with full nonlocal exchange, nonlocal rung‐3.5 correlation, and D3 dispersion: Combined accuracy for general main‐group thermochemistry, kinetics, and noncovalent interactions
Authors: Ramos Chloe , Muehlbrad Jeremiah , Janesko Benjamin G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe introduce the HF‐R35‐D3(BJ) functional combining full nonlocal exact (Hartree‐Fock‐like, HF) exchange, inexpensive rung‐3.5 correlation constructed from nonlocal one‐electron operators, and nonlocal D3 dispersion corrections. HF‐R35‐D3(BJ) is among the first full‐exact‐exchange functionals offering competitive accuracy for general main‐group thermochemistry, kinetics, and noncovalent interactions. HF‐R35‐D3(BJ) gives weighted mean absolute deviation WTMAD‐2 8.5 kcal/mol across the entire GMTKN55 dataset, outperforming most dispersion‐corrected semilocal functionals and approaching the accuracy of dispersion‐corrected global hybrids. This requires six fitted parameters, three each in the nonlocal correlation and dispersion corrections. Full nonlocal exchange appears to help give accurate binding energies and reasonable energy orderings for water hexamers. These results motivate continued exploration of inexpensive nonlocal correlation corrections to nonlocal exchange.
AutoMeKin2021: An open‐source program for automated reaction discovery
Authors: Martínez‐Núñez Emilio , Barnes George L. , Glowacki David R. , Kopec Sabine , Peláez Daniel , Rodríguez Aurelio , Rodríguez‐Fernández Roberto , Shannon Robin J. , Stewart James J. P. , Tahoces Pablo G. , Vazquez Saulo A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAutoMeKin2021 is an updated version of tsscds2018, a program for the automated discovery of reaction mechanisms (J. Comput. Chem.2018,39, 1922). This release features a number of new capabilities: rare‐event molecular dynamics simulations to enhance reaction discovery, extension of the original search algorithm to study van der Waals complexes, use of chemical knowledge, a new search algorithm based on bond‐order time series analysis, statistics of the chemical reaction networks, a web application to submit jobs, and other features. The source code, manual, installation instructions and the website link are available at:https://rxnkin.usc.es/index.php/AutoMeKin
Risk factors for prolonged virus shedding of respiratory tract and fecal in adults with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 infection
Authors: Zhang Shun , Zhu Hui , Ye Honghua , Hu Yaoren , Zheng Nanhong , Huang Zuoan , Xiong Zi , Fu Liyun , Cai Ting 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe dynamic alteration and comparative study of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) RNA shedding pattern during treatment are limited. This study explores the potential risk factors influencing prolonged viral shedding in COVID‐19.MethodsA total of 126 COVID‐19 patients were enrolled in this retrospective longitudinal study. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was carried out to estimate the potential risk factors.Results38.1% (48/126) cases presented prolonged respiratory tract viral shedding, and 30 (23.8%) cases presented prolonged rectal swab viral shedding. Obesity (OR, 3.31; 95% CI, 1.08–10.09), positive rectal swab (OR, 3.43; 95% CI, 1.53–7.7), treatment by lopinavir/ritonavir with chloroquine phosphate (OR, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.04–6.03), the interval from onset to antiviral treatment more than 7 days (OR, 2.26; 95% CI, 1.04–4.93), lower CD4+ T cell (OR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.86–0.99) and higher NK cells (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.02–1.20) were significantly associated with prolonged respiratory tract viral shedding. CD3−CD56+ NK cells (OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.76–0.99) were related with prolonged fecal shedding.ConclusionsObesity, delayed antiviral treatment, and positive SARS‐CoV‐2 for stool were independent risk factors for prolonged SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA shedding of the respiratory tract. A combination of LPV/r and abidol as the initial antiviral regimen was effective in shortening the duration of viral shedding compared with LPV/r combined with chloroquine phosphate. CD4+ T cell and NK cells were significantly associated with prolonged viral shedding, and further studies are to be warranted to determine the mechanism of immunomodulatory response in virus clearance.
Effects of COVID‐19 lockdown on the mental health of dental students: A longitudinal study
Authors: Hakami Zaki , Vishwanathaiah Satish , Abuzinadah Samar Hatem , Alhaddad Abdulrahman Jafar , Bokhari Ahmed M. , Marghalani Hussain Y.A. , Shahin Suliman Y. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesMany countries have enforced lockdowns on their populations due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic. This study aimed to assess the effects of the lockdown on dental students.MethodsA longitudinal, repeated cross‐sectional study was conducted to evaluate psychological problems experienced by dental students during the COVID‐19 lockdown in Saudi Arabia. The dental students were selected from different universities using 2‐stage cluster sampling. The validated Arabic version of the 21‐item depression, anxiety, and stress scale questionnaire was distributed at the beginning and end of the lockdown. Mann–Whitney U and Kruskal–Wallis tests were used as appropriate. Chi‐square test was used to compare the proportions between the sociodemographic data, and logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with the students’ responses.ResultsA total of 1287 respondents participated in this study (695 first‐survey respondents, 592 second‐survey respondents). There were longitudinally significant differences in the students’ mental health outcomes based on gender, university, class year, and survey time during the COVID‐19 lockdown. The lockdown increased the likelihood of female, single, and junior students experiencing stress. The students who lived alone recorded a high chance of elevated levels of depression, anxiety, and stress, which showed a significant longitudinal reduction during the lockdown. Moreover, the lockdown increased the likelihood of mental health problems among the students staying in households of two persons or two‐five persons.ConclusionsThis study indicates the importance of considering the detrimental mental health consequences on dental students in the event of future pandemics.