bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sampling from Complex Probability Distributions: A Monte Carlo Primer for Engineers
Authors: Aslett Louis J. M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractModels which are constructed to represent the uncertainty arising in engineered systems can often be quite complex to ensure they provide a reasonably faithful reflection of the real-world system. As a result, even computation of simple expectations, event probabilities, variances, or integration over utilities for a decision problem can be analytically intractable. Indeed, such models are often sufficiently high dimensional that even traditional numerical methods perform poorly. However, access to random samples drawn from the probability model under study typically simplifies such problems substantially. The methodologies to generate and use such samples fall under the stable of techniques usually referred to as ‘Monte Carlo methods’. This chapter provides a motivation, simple primer introduction to the basics, and sign-posts to further reading and literature on Monte Carlo methods, in a manner that should be accessible to those with an engineering mathematics background. There is deliberately informal mathematical presentation which avoids measure-theoretic formalism. The accompanying lecture can be viewed at https://www.louisaslett.com/Courses/UTOPIAE/.
Erfahrungen aus der Hochschullehre
Authors: Schacht Florian , Guckelsberger Susanne 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungIn Kapitel 3 kommen unterschiedliche Stimmen von Studierenden sowie von Kolleginnen und Kollegen zu Wort. Abschn. 3.1 dokumentiert ein Gespräch mit Studierenden, das im Anschluss an die Lehrveranstaltungen geführt wurde, vor deren Hintergrund die in Kap. 1 und 2 entwickelten Konzepte entstanden sind. In Abschn. 3.2 werden von Sümeyye Erbay praxisbezogene Erfahrungen bei der Vorbereitung und Durchführung eines Studienprojekts im Praxissemester aus der Perspektive einer (nunmehr ehemaligen) Studierenden dokumentiert. Fatma Batur und Jan Strobl berichten in Abschn. 3.3 über ihre Kooperation zwischen der Didaktik der Informatik und dem Projekt „Deutsch als Zweitsprache in allen Fächern (ProDaZ)“ an der Universität Duisburg-Essen zum Thema „Sprachbildung im Informatikunterricht“. In Abschn. 3.4 beschreiben Melanie Beese, Dennis Kirstein und Henning Krake ein Seminarkonzept zur praxisnahen Vorbereitung von Lehramtsstudierenden auf sprachsensiblen Unterricht in den Fächern Sachunterricht (Grundschule) und Chemie (HRSGe). Im Mittelpunkt stehen dabei die theoretisch fundierte Planung und praktische Erprobung von Lernsequenzen am Übergang vom naturwissenschaftlichen Sach- zum chemischen Fachunterricht. Abschn. 3.5 schließlich gibt einen Ausblick mit praktischen Anregungen zur Kooperation und Vernetzung unterschiedlicher fachlicher Domänen – auch und gerade mit Blick auf einen Transfer der hier beschriebenen Konzepte.
Chaos and pole skipping in CFT2
Authors: Ramirez David M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Recent work has suggested an intriguing relation between quantum chaos and energy density correlations, known as pole skipping. We investigate this relationship in two dimensional conformal field theories on a finite size spatial circle by studying the thermal energy density retarded two-point function on a torus. We find that the location ω* = iλ of pole skipping in the complex frequency plane is determined by the central charge and the stress energy one-point function 〈T〉 on the torus. In addition, we find a bound on λ in c > 1 compact, unitary CFT2s identical to the chaos bound, λ ≤ 2πT. This bound is saturated in large c CFT2s with a sparse light spectrum, as quantified by [1], for all temperatures above the dual Hawking-Page transition temperature.
Green-Schwarz and pure spinor formulations of chiral strings
Authors: Guillen Max 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Bosonic and RNS chiral strings have been defined from a singular gauge fixing of the respective Polyakov and spinning string actions, enforcing, among other things, the finite nature of their physical spectra. Except for the heterotic case, the tensionless limits of such chiral models have been shown to describe the same field theories predicted by their ambitwistor analogues. In this paper, we study the Green-Schwarz formulation for Type II and heterotic superstrings in a singular gauge. After performing a light-cone gauge analysis, their physical spectra are shown to match those of RNS chiral strings, and their respective tensionless limits are found to describe the same field theories predicted by RNS ambitwistor strings. Their pure spinor counterparts are then introduced by making use of the Oda-Tonin method. In doing so, symmetries hidden in the pure spinor ambitwistor string action become manifest, proposals motivating the sectorized pure spinor BRST charges find simple grounds, and integrated vertex operators emerge naturally.
Protease-activated receptor 2 activation induces behavioural changes associated with depression-like behaviour through microglial-independent modulation of inflammatory cytokines
Authors: Moudio Serge , Willis Ashleigh , Pytka Karolina , Abulkassim Roua , Brett Ros R. , Webster Jack F. , Wozny Christian , Barbour Mark , Jiang Hui-Rong , Watson David G. , van Kralingen Josie C. , MacKenzie Scott M. , Daniels Michael , McColl Barry W. , Sossick Sandra , Nuthall Hugh N. , Bushell Trevor J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Rationale
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading cause of disability worldwide but currently prescribed treatments do not adequately ameliorate the disorder in a significant portion of patients. Hence, a better appreciation of its aetiology may lead to the development of novel therapies.

Objectives
In the present study, we have built on our previous findings indicating a role for protease-activated receptor-2 (PAR2) in sickness behaviour to determine whether the PAR2 activator, AC264613, induces behavioural changes similar to those observed in depression-like behaviour.

Methods
AC264613-induced behavioural changes were examined using the open field test (OFT), sucrose preference test (SPT), elevated plus maze (EPM), and novel object recognition test (NOR). Whole-cell patch clamping was used to investigate the effects of PAR2 activation in the lateral habenula with peripheral and central cytokine levels determined using ELISA and quantitative PCR.

Results
Using a blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeable PAR2 activator, we reveal that AC-264613 (AC) injection leads to reduced locomotor activity and sucrose preference in mice but is without effect in anxiety and memory-related tasks. In addition, we show that AC injection leads to elevated blood sera IL-6 levels and altered cytokine mRNA expression within the brain. However, neither microglia nor peripheral lymphocytes are the source of these altered cytokine profiles.

Conclusions
These data reveal that PAR2 activation results in behavioural changes often associated with depression-like behaviour and an inflammatory profile that resembles that seen in patients with MDD and therefore PAR2 may be a target for novel antidepressant therapies.
Magnetic nanoparticles coated with carboxylate-terminated carbosilane dendrons as a reusable and green approach to extract/purify proteins
Authors: Prados Isabel M. , Barrios-Gumiel Andrea , de la Mata Francisco J. , Marina M. Luisa , García M. Concepción 
Published: December 2021

AbstractExtraction/purification of proteins, at both analytical and industrial levels, is a limiting step that usually requires the use of organic solvents and involves tedious work and a high cost. This work proposes a more sustainable alternative based on the use of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) coated with carboxylate-terminated carbosilane dendrons. MNPs coated with first- and second-generation carbosilane dendrons and bare MNPs were employed for the extraction of proteins with different molecular weights and charges. Interaction of proteins with MNPs significantly varied with the pH, the protein, and the dendron generation (different sizes and number of charges in the periphery). Optimal dendron:protein molar ratios and suitable conditions for disrupting interactions after protein extraction were also researched. Second-generation dendron-coated MNPs showed 100% retention capability for all proteins when using acidic conditions. They were reused without losing magnetism or interaction capacity after a disruption of protein-dendron interactions with 0.2% SDS at 100 °C for 10 min. The capacity of dendron-coated MNPs was successfully applied to the recovery/purification of proteins from two food by-products, olive seeds and cheese whey.
Graphical abstract
An algebraic characterisation of ample type I groupoids
Authors: Favre Gabriel , Raum Sven 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe give algebraic characterisations of the type I and CCR properties for locally compact second countable, ample Hausdorff groupoids in terms of subquotients of its Boolean inverse semigroup of compact open local bisections. It yields in turn algebraic characterisations of both properties for inverse semigroups with meets in terms of subquotients of their Booleanisation.
Two novel cyanobacterial α-dioxygenases for the biosynthesis of fatty aldehydes
Authors: Kim In Jung , Brack Yannik , Bayer Thomas , Bornscheuer Uwe T. 
Published: December 2021

Abstractα-Dioxygenases (α-DOXs) are known as plant enzymes involved in the α-oxidation of fatty acids through which fatty aldehydes, with a high commercial value as flavor and fragrance compounds, are synthesized as products. Currently, little is known about α-DOXs from non-plant organisms. The phylogenic analysis reported here identified a substantial number of α-DOX enzymes across various taxa. Here, we report the functional characterization and Escherichia coli whole-cell application of two novel α-DOXs identified from cyanobacteria: CalDOX from Calothrix parietina and LepDOX from Leptolyngbya sp. The catalytic behavior of the recombinantly expressed CalDOX and LepDOX revealed that they are heme-dependent like plant α-DOXs but exhibit activities toward medium carbon fatty acids ranging from C10 to C14 unlike plant α-DOXs. The in-depth molecular investigation of cyanobacterial α-DOXs and their application in an E. coli whole system employed in this study is useful not only for the understanding of the molecular function of α-DOXs, but also for their industrial utilization in fatty aldehyde biosynthesis.Key points• Two novel α-dioxygenases from Cyanobacteria are reported• Both enzymes prefer medium-chain fatty acids• Both enzymes are useful for fatty aldehyde biosynthesis
Graphical abstract
Challenges of single-stage pancreatoduodenectomy: how to address pancreatogastrostomies with robotic-assisted surgery
Authors: Timmermann Lea , Hillebrandt Karl Herbert , Felsenstein Matthäus , Schmelzle Moritz , Pratschke Johann , Malinka Thomas 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Establishing a sufficient pancreatico-enteric anastomosis remains one of the most important challenges in open single stage pancreatoduodenectomy as they are associated with persisting morbidity and mortality. Applicability on a robotic-assisted approach, however, even increases the requirements. With this analysis we introduce a dorsal-incision-only invagination type pancreatogastrostomy (dioPG) to the field of robotic assistance having been previously proven feasible in the field of open pancreatoduodenectomy and compare initial results to the open approach by means of morbidity and mortality.

Methods
An overall of 142 consecutive patients undergoing reconstruction via the novel dioPG, 38 of them in a robotic-assisted and 104 in an open approach, was identified and further reviewed for perioperative parameters, complications and mortality.

Results
We observed a comparable R0-resection rate (p = 0.448), overall complication rate (p = 0.52) and 30-day mortality (p = 0.71) in both groups. Rates of common complications, such as postoperative pancreatic fistula (p = 0.332), postoperative pancreatic hemorrhage (p = 0.242), insufficiency of pancreatogastrostomy (p = 0.103), insufficiency of hepaticojejunostomy (p = 0.445) and the re-operation rate (p = 0.103) were comparable. The procedure time for the open approach was significantly shorter compared to the robotic-assisted approach (p = 0.024).

Discussion
The provided anastomosis appeared applicable to a robotic-assisted setting resulting in comparable complication and mortality rates when compared to an open approach. Nevertheless, also in the field of robotic assistance establishing a predictable pancreatico-enteric anastomosis remains the most challenging aspect of modern single-stage pancreatoduodenectomy and requires expertise and experience.
Colorectal cancer in the 45-to-50 age group in the United States: a National Cancer Database (NCDB) analysis
Authors: Reif de Paula Thais , Haas Eric M. , Keller Deborah S. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Amid increasing awareness of early-onset colorectal cancer (CRC), guidelines in the United States (US) recently lowered the recommended routine CRC screening age from 50 to 45 in average-risk individuals. There are little data on the number of patients in this age group diagnosed with CRC prior to these changes. Our objective was to audit the historic CRC case trends and impact of CRC in the 45-to-50-year-old category prior to new screening recommendations.

Methods
Colorectal adenocarcinoma cases in 45-to-50-year-old patients were queried from the NCDB (2004–2017). Cases were stratified by sex, race, and site. The disability-adjusted lost years (DALY) and lost earnings were estimated. The average annual percentage changes (AAPC) of CRC incidence were estimated using jointpoint analysis. The main outcome measures were DALY and lost earnings. Secondary outcome measures were the 2004–2017 AAPC and the cumulative incidence of potential CRC cases in the 45-to-50 cohort through 2030 without guideline changes.

Results
67,442 CRC patients in the 45-to-50 demographic were identified. The CRC burden resulted 899,905 DALY and $17 billion in lost earnings. The 2004–2017 AAPC was 1.6%, with an estimated 13-year increase of 25%. There were sex-, race-, and anatomic site-specific discrepancies with estimated 13-year increases of 30% for males, 110% for American Indian/ Alaska Natives/ Asian American/ Pacific Islander races, and 31% for rectal cancer by 2030.

Conclusion
CRC has been steadily increasing in the 45-to-50 age group, with tremendous disability and cost ensuing. There is great potential benefit from lowering the recommended routine CRC screening age to 45. Targeted intervention could ensure the most vulnerable segments benefit from the new guidelines, in both reducing the incidence and improving survivorship in CRC patients.

Graphical abstract
Open set task augmentation facilitates generalization of deep neural networks trained on small data sets
Authors: Zai El Amri Wadhah , Reinhart Felix , Schenck Wolfram 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMany application scenarios for image recognition require learning of deep networks from small sample sizes in the order of a few hundred samples per class. Then, avoiding overfitting is critical. Common techniques to address overfitting are transfer learning, reduction of model complexity and artificial enrichment of the available data by, e.g., data augmentation. A key idea proposed in this paper is to incorporate additional samples into the training that do not belong to the classes of the target task. This can be accomplished by formulating the original classification task as an open set classification task. While the original closed set classification task is not altered at inference time, the recast as open set classification task enables the inclusion of additional data during training. Hence, the original closed set classification task is augmented with an open set task during training. We therefore call the proposed approach open set task augmentation. In order to integrate additional task-unrelated samples into the training, we employ the entropic open set loss originally proposed for open set classification tasks and also show that similar results can be obtained with a modified sum of squared errors loss function. Learning with the proposed approach benefits from the integration of additional “unknown” samples, which are often available, e.g., from open data sets, and can then be easily integrated into the learning process. We show that this open set task augmentation can improve model performance even when these additional samples are rather few or far from the domain of the target task. The proposed approach is demonstrated on two exemplary scenarios based on subsets of the ImageNet and Food-101 data sets as well as with several network architectures and two loss functions. We further shed light on the impact of the entropic open set loss on the internal representations formed by the networks. Open set task augmentation is particularly valuable when no additional data from the target classes are available—a scenario often faced in practice.
Is sleep bruxism related to the levels of enzymes involved in the serotonin synthesis pathway?
Authors: Smardz Joanna , Martynowicz Helena , Wojakowska Anna , Wezgowiec Joanna , Olchowy Cyprian , Danel Dariusz , Mazur Grzegorz , Wieckiewicz Mieszko 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objectives
This exploratory research aimed to evaluate the levels of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) and aromatic l-amino acid decarboxylase (DDC), which play an important role in the serotonin synthesis pathway, in individuals with sleep bruxism (SB) diagnosed using audio–video polysomnography (vPSG) and compare them with that of individuals not presenting with SB.

Materials and methods
The study included adult patients hospitalized in the Department and Clinic of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases, Hypertension and Clinical Oncology at the Wroclaw Medical University. The participants underwent a single-night vPSG for the evaluation of the SB parameters. Peripheral blood samples were also collected from them for estimating the serum levels of TPH1 and DDC.

Results
A total of 105 patients (80 women and 25 men) were included in the study. All the patients were Caucasians and aged 18–63 years (mean age: 33.43 ± 10.8 years). Seventy-five patients (71.43%) presented with SB, of which 50 (47.62%) had severe SB, while the remaining 30 patients (28.57%) did not. No statistically significant differences in TPH1 and DDC levels were observed between the individuals with SB and without SB. A significant negative correlation was found between tonic SB episodes and DDC levels (p = 0.0012). Other correlations between the SB parameters and the levels of the studied enzymes were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05 for all comparisons).

Conclusions
The levels of the enzymes that are crucial for serotonin synthesis (TPH1 and DDC) did not seem to influence SB.

Clinical relevance
This study provides important insights for further research on the relationship between the serotonin pathway and SB, which should take into account not only the process of serotonin synthesis but also the effect of serotonin-dependent neurotransmission on SB.
Effects of elevated nest box temperature on incubation behaviour and offspring fitness-related traits in the Collared Flycatcher Ficedula albicollis
Authors: Arct Aneta , Martyka Rafał , Drobniak Szymon M. , Oleś Wioleta , Dubiec Anna , Gustafsson Lars 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAmbient temperature experienced by an animal during development or subsequently as an adult can affect many aspects of its behaviour and life-history traits. In birds, egg incubation is a vital component of reproduction and parental care. Several studies have suggested that environmental factors (such as nest microclimate) can influence the ability of incubating parents to maintain suitable conditions for embryo development. Here, we manipulated the developmental conditions of embryos through a modification of nest box thermal microclimate to investigate female incubation behaviour and its impact on offspring fitness-related traits in a wild population of the Collared Flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis). The temperature in experimental nests was increased using a heat-pack placed under the roof of a nest box, resulting in an average temperature increase of 2.5 ºC, which corresponds to projected climate change scenarios. We demonstrated that females from nests with elevated temperature spent less time in the nest box during egg incubation and had more off-bouts than females from control nests. Moreover, we found that offspring from the experimentally heated nests had larger body mass at fledging in comparison to the control ones. Our study indicates that nest microclimate during the incubation period affects female incubation behaviour and offspring quality, indicating that environmental variation in nest temperature early in ontogeny can have important and long-lasting fitness consequences.
Routine On-farm Soil Tillage Helps Control Asparagus Fly (Plioreocepta Poeciloptera)
Authors: Wichura Alexandra , Schorpp Quentin , Kühlmann Vera , Hommes Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAsparagus fly (Plioreocepta poeciloptera (Schrank, 1776)) is a serious pest in German asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) production. To evaluate the effects of different routine on-farm soil tillage measures on the number of flies emerging the following spring, asparagus fields in Lower Saxony, Germany, were investigated. Soil samples were taken before and after tillage in autumn 2017 and autumn 2018. Investigations were also conducted in both years on the effect that the soil depth at which asparagus fly pupae were buried had on the emergence of adult flies.This study revealed that the number of emerging flies was not reduced by mulching, but was significantly reduced by subsequent tillage and/or tillage and dam formation. The emergence rate of adult flies was significantly reduced the deeper the pupae had been buried the previous autumn. The effects also depended on the year. The highest mean emergence rate observed was 68% and 45% for pupae buried at a depth of 10 cm and 20 cm, respectively. In conclusion, the key mechanism causing a decrease in asparagus fly population the following spring through routine on-farm tillage could be the burial of pupae when forming dams. Routine on-farm soil tillage can be regarded as a physical measure for controlling asparagus fly and is therefore an essential tool in the integrated pest management of asparagus production.
Hannah Arendt’s Hidden Phenomenology of the Body
Authors: des Portes Charles 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAmongst the Arendtian scholars, there is almost a consensus on Arendt’s supposedly reluctance to the question of the body. The Arendtian body is said to belong to the unpolitical realm of necessity, in other words, the body is a private matter that should not appear in public. It is antipolitical. However, in this paper, I want to suggest that there is a possibility to outline a phenomenology of embodied political action in what I think to be Arendt’s hidden phenomenology of the body. To make my point, I will first show that what the scholars call the Arendtian body is in fact an Arendtian Body. Secondly, in the German version of The Human Condition, Arendt surprisingly used the Heideggerian termBefindlichkeit(disposition) that, I will argue, outline the basis of a political phenomenology of the body in Arendt’s work. More precisely, I will try to show that political action is embodied, that there is ahexis, apathosand anethosof action.