bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence, complete genome, and metabolic potentials of a phylogenetically novel cyanobacterial symbiont in the coral‐killing sponge, Terpios hoshinota
Authors: Chen Yu‐Hsiang , Chen Hsing‐Ju , Yang Cheng‐Yu , Shiu Jia‐Ho , Hoh Daphne Z. , Chiang Pei‐Wen , Chow Wenhua Savanna , Chen Chaolun Allen , Shih Tin‐Han , Lin Szu‐Hsien , Yang Chi‐Ming , Reimer James Davis , Hirose Euichi , Iskandar Budhi Hascaryo , Huang Hui , Schupp Peter J. , Tan Chun Hong James , Yamashiro Hideyuki , Liao Ming‐Hui , Tang Sen‐Lin 
Published: October 2021

SummaryTerpios hoshinota is an aggressive, space‐competing sponge that kills various stony corals. Outbreaks of this species have led to intense damage to coral reefs in many locations. Here, the first large‐scale 16S rRNA gene survey across three oceans revealed that bacteria related to the taxa Prochloron, Endozoicomonas, SAR116, Ruegeria, and unclassified Proteobacteria were prevalent in T. hoshinota. A Prochloron‐related bacterium was the most dominant and prevalent cyanobacterium in T. hoshinota. The complete genome of this uncultivated cyanobacterium and pigment analysis demonstrated that it has phycobiliproteins and lacks chlorophyll b, which is inconsistent with the definition of Prochloron. Furthermore, the cyanobacterium was phylogenetically distinct from Prochloron, strongly suggesting that it should be a sister taxon to Prochloron. Therefore, we proposed this symbiotic cyanobacterium as a novel species under the new genus Candidatus Paraprochloron terpiosi. Comparative genomic analyses revealed that ‘Paraprochloron’ and Prochloron exhibit distinct genomic features and DNA replication machinery. We also characterized the metabolic potentials of ‘Paraprochloron terpiosi’ in carbon and nitrogen cycling and propose a model for interactions between it and T. hoshinota. This study builds a foundation for the study of the T. hoshinota microbiome and paves the way for better understanding of ecosystems involving this coral‐killing sponge.
Hamada’s equation and the beta of debt under CAPM
Authors: Johnstone David , Tulig Steve 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe Hamada equation based on Miller–Modigliani (MM) Proposition I shows the ‘no arbitrage’ relationship between the firm’s levered and unlevered beta. This relationship can be obtained from a capital asset pricing model (CAPM). MM is not required because asset prices under CAPM are inherently additive under any arbitrary slicing or securitisation of the firm’s cash flows (the size of the pie is unaffected by how it is cut). Our CAPM theory shows why the market rate of return on debt increases when the firm takes risks that increase its probability of default, even when the risk is idiosyncratic and unconnected to market conditions.
Framing Unpopular Foreign Policies
Authors: Tobin Jennifer L. , Schneider Christina J. , Leblang David 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHow can governments implement foreign economic policies that are popular among political elites but unpopular among their voters? Studying international financial rescues, we argue that governments strategically frame policies in an attempt to minimize their expected political costs, which increases their ability to implement those policies successfully. We theorize that framing strategies allow governments to offer financial bailouts, and we test the resulting hypotheses using an integrative mixed‐methods approach. We trace the underlying causal mechanism of our argument with a typical case study of the U.S. bailout of Mexico during the 1995 peso crisis, test whether a credible threat of migration increases the likelihood of bailouts using an original data set of bailouts by 36 Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) countries to 108 crisis countries over a span of 40 years and analyze a central assumption of our theory with a survey experiment on over 3,000 U.S. residents.
Eliciting preferences for redistribution across domains: A study on wealth, education, and health
Authors: Macchia Lucía , Ariely Dan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPeople's preferences for redistribution are a key component of redistributive policy design, yet how to elicit these preferences is still a matter of debate. We recruited a nationally representative sample of more than 5000 US respondents. We used an approach based on principles of justice to elicit people's preferences for redistribution across different domains. We compared people's preferences for the distribution of wealth, good educational resources, and good health status. We found that people have different preferences across domains: they accept higher inequality in wealth whereas they prefer more equal distributions in education and health. These preferences are consistent across different demographic groups. We discuss policymaking implications: when designing redistributive policies, policymakers should take this approach into account to trigger more favorable reactions to such policies.
Emapalumab in primary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and the pathogenic role of interferon gamma: A pharmacometric model‐based approach
Authors: Jacqmin Philippe , Laveille Christian , Snoeck Eric , Jordan Michael B. , Locatelli Franco , Ballabio Maria , de Min Cristina 
Published: October 2021

AimPrimary haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a rare, life‐threatening, hyperinflammatory syndrome generally occurring in early childhood. The monoclonal antibody emapalumab binds and neutralises interferon γ (IFNγ). This study aimed to determine an emapalumab dosing regimen when traditional dose‐finding approaches are not applicable, using pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic analyses to further clarify HLH pathogenesis and confirm IFNγ neutralisation as the relevant therapeutic target in pHLH.MethodsInitial emapalumab dosing (1 mg/kg) for pHLH patients participating in a pivotal multicentre, open‐label, single‐arm, phase 2/3 study was based on anticipated IFNγ levels and allometrically scaled pharmacokinetic parameters estimated in healthy volunteers. Emapalumab dosing was adjusted based on estimated IFNγ‐mediated clearance and HLH clinical and laboratory criteria. Frequent dosing and emapalumab dose adaptation were used to account for highly variable IFNγ levels and potential target‐mediated drug disposition.ResultsHigh inter‐ and intra‐individual variability in IFNγ production (assessed by total IFNγ levels, range: 102‐106 pg/mL) was observed in pHLH patients. Administering emapalumab reduced IFNγ activity, resulting in significant improvements in clinical and laboratory parameters and a reduced risk of adverse events, mainly related to pHLH. Modelled outcomes supported dose titration starting from 1 mg/kg, with possible increases to 3, 6 or 10 mg/kg based on re‐evaluation of parameters of disease activity every 3 days.ConclusionsThe variable and unanticipated extremely high IFNγ concentrations in patients with pHLH are reflected in parameters of disease activity. Improved outcomes can be achieved by neutralising IFNγ using frequent emapalumab dosing and dose adaptation guided by clinical and laboratory observations.
Peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity in cassava genotypes infested with Phenacoccus manihoti
Authors: Barilli Diandro Ricardo , Rhenheimer Ana Raquel , Wengrat Ana Paula Gonçalves da Silva , Gazola Diego , Pietrowski Vanda , Alves Luis Francisco Angeli 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti (Matile‐Ferrero) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), has become an important pest with major potential to damage cassava, Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae), around the world. To find new sources of plant resistance, the development of P. manihoti on 18 cassava genotypes was evaluated (duration of embryonic, nymphal, egg–adult, pre‐oviposition, and oviposition periods, longevity, and fecundity), and the defense‐related peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activities in the leaves were measured. The fecundity of P. manihoti was the parameter most affected by the cassava genotype that the insect was fed. POD activity was negatively correlated with the intrinsic rate of increase (rm) of P. manihoti. PPO activity was negatively correlated with insect fecundity, net reproductive rate (R0), and rm and positively correlated with population doubling time. According to hierarchical groupings of the genotypes tested, three genotypes were resistant to P. manihoti, five were moderately resistant, nine were susceptible, and one was highly susceptible. This information could aid future genetic breeding programs, leading to development of more resistant commercial cassava varieties which could be used in integrated pest management systems.
Testing competing hypotheses about the behaviour of floral visitors in mixed‐flower stands
Authors: Ramos‐Fabiel Melbi Alejandro , Martorell Carlos 
Published: October 2021

1. Plants occur in mixed stands and flower simultaneously. Most hypotheses about how flowers affect the visitation rates of conspecific or heterospecific neighbours involve attractiveness. Attractive flowers are thought to monopolise visitors, but also to act as magnets increasing visits to unattractive neighbours. Attractiveness may be density‐dependent: Visitors could profit from focusing on abundant species, sometimes forming search images that make rare flowers less detectable.2. We tested four hypotheses using data on visitation rates by honeybees (Apis melifera) and bee flies (Bombyliidae) to 1072 stands comprising six plant species in different densities. Hypotheses were compared through multi‐model inference using the disc equation (a functional response model) modified for co‐flowering species and density‐dependent attractiveness.3. We found that the most attractive flowers had attributes (colour, position, mobility) that elicit strong responses in the sensory apparatus of each type of visitor.4. Attractiveness usually increased with conspecific floral density, indicating that visitors focus on abundant species. The most attractive flowers strongly reduced the attractiveness of their neighbours, reinforcing visitor monopolisation. However, mildly attractive species increased the attractiveness of less alluring flowers, acting as magnets.5. In bombyliids, flowers increased the attractiveness of same‐coloured heterospecifics but reduced it when colours differed, suggesting search‐image formation. The results were similar for both types of visitors but were weaker and less consistent in honeybees. This suggests thatApisbehaviour is not as rapidly adjusted to local densities as that of bombyliids, perhaps because of longer‐term memory or a strong role of sociality in determining individual behaviour.
Climate‐driven, but dynamic and complex? A reconciliation of competing hypotheses for species’ distributions
Authors: Schultz Emily L. , Hülsmann Lisa , Pillet Michiel D. , Hartig Florian , Breshears David D. , Record Sydne , Shaw John D. , DeRose R. Justin , Zuidema Pieter A. , Evans Margaret E. K. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEstimates of the percentage of species “committed to extinction” by climate change range from 15% to 37%. The question is whether factors other than climate need to be included in models predicting species’ range change. We created demographic range models that include climate vs. climate‐plus‐competition, evaluating their influence on the geographic distribution ofPinus edulis, a pine endemic to the semiarid southwestern U.S. Analyses of data on 23,426 trees in 1941 forest inventory plots support the inclusion of competition in range models. However, climate and competition together only partially explain this species’ distribution. Instead, the evidence suggests that climate affects other range‐limiting processes, including landscape‐scale, spatial processes such as disturbances and antagonistic biotic interactions. Complex effects of climate on species distributions—through indirect effects, interactions, and feedbacks—are likely to cause sudden changes in abundance and distribution that are not predictable from a climate‐only perspective.
Serious consequences of Epstein‐Barr virus infection: Hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis
Authors: Xu Lingyue , Guo Xiaofang , Guan Hongzai 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHuman is the host of the Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) especially in childhood and adolescence. Most of them are asymptomatic infection and self‐limiting. However, for those patients who suffer from immune dysfunction, EBV infection will be life‐threatening. Epstein‐Barr virus‐associated hemophagocytic lymphohistocytosis (EBV‐HLH) is one of the severe effects. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis of EBV‐HLH and other EBV infectious diseases are mentioned in this paper. The molecular biology mechanism and complications of EBV‐HLH are equally briefly presented. It also provides a practical method for the genetic diagnosis of such diseases and the differential diagnosis with other human immunodeficiency diseases for medical scientists in routine clinical practice.
Targeting DYRK1A/B kinases to modulate p21‐cyclin D1‐p27 signalling and induce anti‐tumour activity in a model of human glioblastoma
Authors: Massey Andrew J. , Benwell Karen , Burbridge Mike , Kotschy Andras , Walmsley David Lee 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe dual‐specificity tyrosine‐regulated kinases DYRK1A and DYRK1B play a key role in controlling the quiescence‐proliferation switch in cancer cells. Serum reduction of U87MG 2D cultures or multi‐cellular tumour spheroids induced a quiescent like state characterized by increased DYRK1B and p27, and decreased pRb and cyclin D1. VER‐239353 is a potent, selective inhibitor of the DYRK1A and DYRK1B kinases identified through fragment and structure‐guided drug discovery. Inhibition of DYRK1A/B by VER‐239353 in quiescent U87MG cells increased pRb, DYRK1B and cyclin D1 but also increased the cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27. This resulted in exit from G0 but subsequent arrest in G1. DYRK1A/B inhibition reduced the proliferation of U87MG cells in 2D and 3D culture with greater effects observed under reduced serum conditions. Paradoxically, the induced re‐expression of cell cycle proteins by DYRK1A/B inhibition further inhibited cell proliferation. Cell growth arrest induced in quiescent cells by DYRK1A/B inhibition was reversible through the addition of growth‐promoting factors. DYRK inhibition‐induced DNA damage and synergized with a CHK1 inhibitor in the U87MG spheroids. In vivo, DYRK1A/B inhibition‐induced tumour stasis in a U87MG tumour xenograft model. These results suggest that further evaluation of VER‐239353 as a treatment for glioblastoma is therefore warranted.
The dietary inflammatory index, obesity, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors and diseases
Authors: Hariharan Rohit , Odjidja Emmanuel Nene , Scott David , Shivappa Nitin , Hébert James R. , Hodge Allison , de Courten Barbora 
Published: October 2021

SummaryAn unhealthy diet is a recognized risk factor in the pathophysiology of numerous chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCD), including obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). This is, at least in part, due to unhealthy diets causing chronic low‐grade inflammation in the gut and systemically. To characterize the inflammatory potential of diet, we developed the Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII®). Following this development, around 500 papers have been published, which examined the association between the DII, energy‐adjusted DII (E‐DII™), and the children's DII (C‐DII™) and many chronic NCDs including obesity and cardiometabolic diseases. Although a previous narrative review published in 2019 briefly summarized the evidence in this area, there was a significant increase in papers on this topic since 2020. Therefore, the purpose of this narrative review is to provide an in‐depth updated review by including all papers until July 2021 on DII and its relationship with obesity, T2DM, and CVD. Furthermore, we aim to identify potential gaps in the literature and provide future directions for research. Most studies found that DII was associated with an increased risk of obesity, T2DM, and CVD with some relationships being sex‐specific. However, we identified the paucity of papers describing associations between dietary inflammation and T2DM and its risk factors. Few studies used gold‐standard measures of cardiometabolic risk factors. We also identified the lack of interventional studies designed to change the inflammatory potential of diets and study its effect on cardiometabolic risk factors and diseases. We recommend that such interventional studies are needed to assess if changes in DII, representing the inflammatory potential of diet, independently of changes in body composition can modulate cardiometabolic risk factors and diseases.
Desafíos de medición para la investigación de la obesidad infantil en y entre América Latina y Estados Unidos
Authors: Berrigan David , Arteaga S. Sonia , Colón‐Ramos Uriyoán , Rosas Lisa G. , Monge‐Rojas Rafael , O'Connor Teresia M. , Pérez‐Escamilla Rafael , Roberts Elizabeth F. S. , Sanchez Brisa , Téllez‐Rojo Martha Maria , Vorkoper Susan ,   the Cross Borders Working Group
Published: October 2021

ResumenLa obesidad infantil es un grave problema de salud pública en Latinoamérica y Estados Unidos y para luchar contra ella se precisan instrumentos de medición válidos y fiables y que tengan en cuenta los aspectos culturales. Para avanzar en este campo sería útil mejorar las mediciones en los distintos grupos de edades y países del continente americano, tanto en las comunidades de origen como en las de acogida. Además, una mayor precisión y comparabilidad de las mediciones contribuiría a acelerar la colaboración y el aprendizaje transfronterizos. En este documento presentamos (1) los marcos conceptuales que han influido en nuestra perspectiva sobre la obesidad infantil y las necesidades relacionadas con su medición en el continente americano; (2) un resumen de los recursos y guías existentes sobre los instrumentos de medida y su adaptación a la investigación de la obesidad infantil; (3) tres áreas clave que plantean desafíos y oportunidades para avanzar en la medición de la obesidad infantil, incluidas las conductas parentales, la aculturación y el potencial de utilizar métodos etnográficos para identificar los factores clave relacionados con la economía y la globalización. El progreso para reducir la obesidad infantil en las Américas podría acelerarse mediante mayor colaboración transnacional destinada a optimizar la medición para una mejor vigilancia, desarrollo y evaluación de intervenciones, investigación de implementación y evaluación de los experimentos naturales. Además, es necesario mejorar la formación sobre los instrumentos de medición y el acceso a medidas válidas y fiables tanto en español como en otros idiomas de uso frecuente en las Américas.
Sexual harassment or disinhibition? Residential care staff responses to older adults' unwanted behaviours
Authors: Cook Catherine M. , Schouten Vanessa , Henrickson Mark , McDonald Sandra , Atefi Narges 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe ethical complexity of residential care is especially apparent for staff responding to residents’ inappropriate sexual expression, particularly when directed towards care workers as these residents are typically frail, often cognitively impaired, and require ongoing care.ObjectivesTo explore staff accounts of how they made meaning of and responded to residents' unwanted sexual behaviours directed towards staff. This exploration includes whether staff appeared to accept harassment as a workplace hazard to be managed, or an unacceptable workplace violation, or something else.MethodsThese qualitative data are drawn from a national two‐arm mixed method study in Aotearoa New Zealand undertaken in 35 residential care facilities. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 77 staff, residents and family members. Interpretive description was used to analyse the data.ResultsStaff had numerous ways they used to respond to behaviours: (1) minimisation, deflection and de‐escalation, where staff used strategies to minimise behaviours without requiring any accountability from residents; (2) holding residents accountable, where staff to some degree addressed the behaviour directly with residents; (3) blurred boundaries and complexities in intimate long‐term care, where staff noted that in a context where touch is common‐place, cognitive function was diminished and relationships were long‐term, boundaries were easily breached; (4) dehumanising and infantilising residents’ behaviours, where staff appeared to assert control through diminishing the residents’ identity as an older person. It was evident that staff had developed considerable practice wisdom focused on preserving the care relationship although few referred to policy and education guiding practice.ConclusionsStaff appeared to be navigating a complex ethical terrain with thoughtfulness and skill. Care workers seemed reluctant to label resident behaviour as sexual harassment, and the term may not fit for staff where they perceive residents are frail and cognitively impaired.Implications for practicePolicy, education and clinical leadership are recommended to augment practice wisdom and ensure staff and resident safety and dignity and to determine how best to intervene with residents' unwanted sexual behaviours.
Bacterial type III effector–induced plant C8 volatiles elicit antibacterial immunity in heterospecific neighbouring plants via airborne signalling
Authors: Song Geun Cheol , Jeon Je‐Seung , Choi Hye Kyung , Sim Hee‐Jung , Kim Sang‐Gyu , Ryu Choong‐Min 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUpon sensing attack by pathogens and insect herbivores, plants release complex mixtures of volatile compounds. Here, we show that the infection of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) plants with the non‐host bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato led to the production of microbe‐induced plant volatiles (MIPVs). Surprisingly, the bacterial type III secretion system, which injects effector proteins directly into the plant cytosol to subvert host functions, was found to prime both intra‐ and inter‐specific defense responses in neighbouring wild tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) plants. Screening of each of 16 effectors using the Pseudomonas fluorescens effector‐to‐host analyser revealed that an effector, HopP1, was responsible for immune activation in receiver tobacco plants. Further study demonstrated that 1‐octen‐3‐ol, 3‐octanone and 3‐octanol are novel MIPVs emitted by the lima bean plant in a HopP1‐dependent manner. Exposure to synthetic 1‐octen‐3‐ol activated immunity in tobacco plants against a virulent pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. Our results show for the first time that a bacterial type III effector can trigger the emission of C8 plant volatiles that mediate defense priming via plant–plant interactions. These results provide novel insights into the role of airborne chemicals in bacterial pathogen‐induced inter‐specific plant–plant interactions.