bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of IFN‐y and CD40 signalling on Toxoplasma gondii cyst formation in differentiated Neuro‐2a neuroblastoma cells
Authors: Doherty Claire M. , Romero Alicia D. , Denkers Eric Y. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSignalling by IFN‐y and CD40 is known to trigger anti‐microbial activity in macrophages infected with Toxoplasma gondii, but their effects on infected neurons are less well known. Here, we compared how stimulation with IFN‐y and an agonistic anti‐CD40 mAb impacts infection and cyst formation in the mouse neuroblastoma cell line Neuro‐2a relative to bone marrow‐derived macrophages. Both IFN‐y and CD40 mAb decreased cyst emergence in Neuro‐2a cells. In macrophages, these stimuli decreased infection, but had no impact on infection in the neuroblastoma cell line. Resistance to killing in Neuro‐2a cells may explain why neurons preferentially harbour parasites during chronic infection in the brain.
On Efficient Dimension Reduction with Respect to the Interaction between Two Response Variables
Authors: Luo Wei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we propose the novel theory and methodologies for dimension reduction with respect to the interaction between two response variables, which is a new research problem that has wide applications in missing data analysis, causal inference, graphical models, etc. We formulate the parameters of interest to be the locally and the globally efficient dimension reduction subspaces, and justify the generality of the corresponding low-dimensional assumption. We then construct estimating equations that characterize these parameters, using which we develop a generic family of consistent, model-free and easily implementable dimension reduction methods called the dual inverse regression methods. We also build the theory regarding the existence of the globally efficient dimension reduction subspace, and provide a handy way to check this in practice. The proposed work differs fundamentally from the literature of sufficient dimension reduction in terms of the research interest, the assumption adopted, the estimation methods and the corresponding applications, and it potentially creates a new paradigm of dimension reduction research. Its usefulness is illustrated by simulation studies and a real data example at the end.
“The First Mark of Pain”: Toward a child‐centered methodological reorientation of social theory, race and corporal punishment in American life
Authors: Patton Stacey , Rollo Toby , Curry Tommy J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe current white supremacist racial order in America fundamentally relies on fear and pain to shape the subjectivities of Black people in childhood. This violence is most visible when enacted by police officers against unarmed Black youth. A less visible yet more pernicious form of racist violence against Black children is exercised by community proxies such as Black teachers and parents. Annual government reports reveal that Black children are more likely to be injured or killed by their parents than by police. In this paper we inquire as to why, despite the many Black writers who have described parental violence as an intergenerational re‐enactment of the violence of slavery, and despite decades of research on the harms of hitting children, social theorists have not analyzed how Black parents can serve as proxies for white supremacist violence. We argue that Black parenting culture has in many ways internalized the white supremacist view that corporal punishment is required to instill the discipline necessary to spare Black youth from police violence and incarceration. We conclude that until social scientists foreground the voices of Black youth in their studies, rather than adults, our ability to understand and confront the reproduction of white supremacist violence will be impeded. We argue that the physical punishment of children in Black families is an aspect of the legacy or “afterlife” of slavery. We contend that this omission persists because Black youth voices are absent from social analysis on the issue of physical punishment, existing only in clinical studies divorced from macro‐sociological analysis, and we discuss how this omission occurred as a matter of scholarly history.
Collagen has a unique SEC24 preference for efficient export from the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Lu Chung‐Ling , Ortmeier Steven , Brudvig Jon , Moretti Tamara , Cain Jacob , Boyadjiev Simeon A. , Weimer Jill M. , Kim Jinoh 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSEC24 is mainly involved in cargo sorting during COPII vesicle assembly. There are four SEC24 paralogs (A–D) in vertebrates, which are classified into two subgroups (SEC24A/B and SEC24C/D). Pathological mutations in SEC24D cause osteogenesis imperfecta with craniofacial dysplasia in humans. sec24d mutant fish also recapitulate the phenotypes. Consistent with the skeletal phenotypes, the secretion of collagen was severely defective in mutant fish, emphasizing the importance of SEC24D in collagen secretion. However, SEC24D patient‐derived fibroblasts show only a mild secretion phenotype, suggesting tissue‐specificity in the secretion process. Using Sec24d KO mice and cultured cells, we show that SEC24A and SEC24B also contribute to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) export of procollagen. In contrast, fibronectin 1 requires either SEC24C or SEC24D for ER export. On the basis of our results, we propose that procollagen interacts with multiple SEC24 paralogs for efficient export from the ER, and that this is the basis for tissue‐specific phenotypes resulting from SEC24 paralog deficiency.
The oxygen saturation of red blood cell concentrates: The basis for a novel index of red cell oxidative stress
Authors: Yoshida Tatsuro , McMahon Emma , Croxon Harry , Dunham Andrew , Gaccione Peter , Abbasi Babak , Beckman Neil , Omert Laurel , Field Stephen , Waters Allison 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundOxidative stress is a major driving force in the development of storage lesions in red cell concentrates (RCCs). Unlike manufactured pharmaceuticals, differences in component preparation methods and genetic/physiological status of donors result in nonuniform biochemical characteristics of RCCs. Various characteristics of donated blood on oxygen saturation (SO2) distribution were investigated, and a model to estimate potential oxidative stress burden of stored RCC at transfusion is proposed.Study design and methodsThe oxygen content of freshly prepared RCCs (770) was quantified noninvasively as fractional hemoglobin saturation (SO2) with visible reflectance spectrometry. Using separate RCCs and mimicking typical handling of RCCs during routine storage, evolution of SO2 was followed for construction of an empirical model. Based on this model, the oxygen exposure index (OEI) was formulated to estimate the accumulated oxygen exposure burden of RCC at the time of transfusion.ResultsThe SO2 of RCCs varied widely at donation (mean 43% ± 1.3%; range 20%–93%). Multivariate regression model showed that sex and processing method had small effects on SO2 (R2 = 0.12), indicating that variability was mainly attributed to other individual donor characteristics. Storage simulation model indicated that median SO2 increased gradually over 6 weeks (approx. 1.3 fold), while OEI increased at a faster rate (approx. eight‐fold).ConclusionIn addition to storage age, the OEI provides a potential new metric to assess the quality of RCCs at the time of transfusion in terms of their oxidative stress. In future studies, a single noninvasive measurement during storage could link OEI to clinical outcomes in transfusion recipients.
Nutritional approaches to counter performance constraints in high‐level sports competition
Authors: Burke Louise M. 
Published: November 2021

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?The nutritional strategies that athletes use during competition events to optimize performance and the reasons they use them.
What advances does it highlight?A range of nutritional strategies can be used by competitive athletes, alone or in combination, to address various event‐specific factors that constrain event performance. Evidence for such practices is constantly evolving but must be combined with understanding of the complexities of real‐life sport for optimal implementation.
AbstractHigh‐performance athletes share a common goal despite the unique nature of their sport: to pace or manage their performance to achieve the highest sustainable outputs over the duration of the event. Periodic or sustained decline in the optimal performance of event tasks, involves an interplay between central and peripheral phenomena that can often be reduced or delayed in onset by nutritional strategies. Contemporary nutrition practices undertaken before, during or between events include strategies to ensure the availability of limited muscle fuel stores. This includes creatine supplementation to increase muscle phosphocreatine content and consideration of the type, amount and timing of dietary carbohydrate intake to optimize muscle and liver glycogen stores or to provide additional exogenous substrate. Although there is interest in ketogenic low‐carbohydrate high‐fat diets and exogenous ketone supplements to provide alternative fuels to spare muscle carbohydrate use, present evidence suggests a limited utility of these strategies. Mouth sensing of a range of food tastants (e.g., carbohydrate, quinine, menthol, caffeine, fluid, acetic acid) may provide a central nervous system derived boost to sports performance. Finally, despite decades of research on hypohydration and exercise capacity, there is still contention around their effect on sports performance and the best guidance around hydration for sporting events. A unifying model proposes that some scenarios require personalized fluid plans while others might be managed by an ad hoc approach (ad libitum or thirst‐driven drinking) to fluid intake.
Physiological and molecular sex differences in human skeletal muscle in response to exercise training
Authors: Landen Shanie , Hiam Danielle , Voisin Sarah , Jacques Macsue , Lamon Séverine , Eynon Nir 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSex differences in exercise physiology, such as substrate metabolism and skeletal muscle fatigability, stem from inherent biological factors, including endogenous hormones and genetics. Studies investigating exercise physiology frequently include only males or do not take sex differences into consideration. Although there is still an underrepresentation of female participants in exercise research, existing studies have identified sex differences in physiological and molecular responses to exercise training. The observed sex differences in exercise physiology are underpinned by the sex chromosome complement, sex hormones and, on a molecular level, the epigenome and transcriptome. Future research in the field should aim to include both sexes, control for menstrual cycle factors, conduct large‐scale and ethnically diverse studies, conduct meta‐analyses to consolidate findings from various studies, leverage unique cohorts (such as post‐menopausal, transgender, and those with sex chromosome abnormalities), as well as integrate tissue and cell‐specific ‐omics data. This knowledge is essential for developing deeper insight into sex‐specific physiological responses to exercise training, thus directing future exercise physiology studies and practical application.
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Myofibre injury induces capillary disruption and regeneration of disorganized microvascular networks
Authors: Jacobsen Nicole L. , Norton Charles E. , Shaw Rebecca L. , Cornelison D. D. W. , Segal Steven S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractInjury to skeletal muscle disrupts myofibres and their microvascular supply. While the regeneration of myofibres is well described, little is known of how the microcirculation is affected by skeletal muscle injury or its recovery during regeneration. Nevertheless, the microvasculature must also recover to restore skeletal muscle function. We aimed to define the nature of microvascular damage and time course of repair during muscle injury and regeneration induced by the myotoxin BaCl2. To test the hypothesis that microvascular disruption occurred secondary to myofibre injury, isolated microvessels were exposed to BaCl2 or the myotoxin was injected into the gluteus maximus (GM) muscle of mice. In isolated microvessels, BaCl2 depolarized smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and endothelial cells while increasing intracellular calcium in SMCs but did not elicit death of either cell type. At 1 day post‐injury (dpi) of the GM, capillary fragmentation coincided with myofibre degeneration while arteriolar and venular networks remained intact; neutrophil depletion before injury did not prevent capillary damage. Perfused capillary networks reformed by 5 dpi in association with more terminal arterioles and were dilated through 10 dpi. With no change in microvascular area or branch point number in regenerating capillary networks, fewer capillaries aligned with myofibres and were no longer organized into microvascular units. By 21 dpi, capillary orientation and microvascular unit organization were no longer different from uninjured GM. We conclude that following their disruption secondary to myofibre damage, capillaries regenerate as disorganized networks that remodel into microvascular units as regenerated myofibres mature.Key points
Skeletal muscle regenerates after injury; however, the nature of microvascular damage and repair is poorly understood. Here, the myotoxin BaCl2, a standard experimental method of acute skeletal muscle injury, was used to investigate the response of the microcirculation to local injury of intact muscle.
Intramuscular injection of BaCl2 induced capillary fragmentation with myofibre degeneration; arteriolar and venular networks remained intact. Direct exposure to BaCl2 did not kill microvascular endothelial cells or smooth muscle cells.
Dilated capillary networks reformed by 5 days post‐injury (dpi) in association with more terminal arterioles. Capillary orientation remained disorganized through 10 dpi.
Capillaries realigned with myofibres and reorganized into microvascular units by 21 dpi, which coincides with the recovery of vasomotor control and maturation of nascent myofibres.
Skeletal muscle injury disrupts its capillary supply secondary to myofibre degeneration. Reorganization of regenerating microvascular networks accompanies the recovery of blood flow regulation.
Machine Learning-Based Digital Twins Reduce Seasonal Remapping in Aeroderivative Gas Turbines
Authors: Petro Nick , Lopez Felipe 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Aeroderivative gas turbines have their combustion set points adjusted periodically in a process known as remapping. Even turbines that perform well after remapping may produce unacceptable behavior when external conditions change. This article introduces a digital twin that uses real-time measurements of combustor acoustics and emissions in a machine learning model that tracks recent operating conditions. The digital twin is leveraged by an optimizer that select adjustments that allow the unit to maintain combustor dynamics and emissions in compliance without seasonal remapping. Results from a pilot site demonstrate that the proposed approach can allow a GE LM6000PD unit to operate for ten months without seasonal remapping while adjusting to changes in ambient temperature (4 − 38 °C) and to different fuel compositions.
Exact Solutions for the Free Vibrations and Buckling of Rectangular Plates With Linearly Varying In-Plane Loading
Authors: Leissa Arthur W. , Kang Jae-Hoon 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An exact solution procedure is formulated for the free vibration and buckling analysis of rectangular plates having two opposite edges simply supported when these edges are subjected to linearly varying normal stresses. The other two edges may be clamped, simply supported or free, or they may be elastically supported. The transverse displacement (w) is assumed as sinusoidal in the direction of loading (x), and a power series is assumed in the lateral (y) direction (i.e., the method of Frobenius). Applying the boundary conditions yields the eigenvalue problem of finding the roots of a fourth order characteristic determinant. Care must be exercised to obtain adequate convergence for accurate vibration frequencies and buckling loads, as is demonstrated by two convergence tables. Some interesting and useful results for vibration frequencies and buckling loads, and their mode shapes, are presented for a variety of edge conditions and in-plane loadings, especially pure in-plane moments.
Piezoelectric Bending Control of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Plates: Probabilities of Failure and Survival Times
Authors: Hilton Harry H. , Kubair Dhirendra , Beldica Cristina E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Analytical and numerical formulations and simulations are carried out in order to conduct sensitivity studies of physical parameters motion and amplitude control by viscoelastic piezoelectric and material damping of viscoelastic plates. Numerical simulations in terms of critical parameters, such as relaxation functions of the structure and piezoelectric devices, are carried out to evaluate system responses, sensing and structural control.
Asymptotic Construction of Reissner-Like Models for Composite Plates With Accurate Strain Recovery
Authors: Yu Wenbin , Hodges Dewey H. , Volovoi Vitali V. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The focus of this paper is to develop an asymptotically correct theory for composite laminated plates when each lamina exhibits monoclinic material symmetry. The development starts with formulation of the three-dimensional, anisotropic elasticity problem in which the deformation of the reference surface is expressed in terms of intrinsic two-dimensional variables. The Variational Asymptotic Method is then used to rigorously split this three-dimensional problem into a linear one-dimensional normal-line analysis and a nonlinear two-dimensional “plate” analysis accounting for transverse shear deformation. The normal-line analysis provides a constitutive law between the generalized, two-dimensional strains and stress resultants as well as recovering relations to approximately express the three-dimensional displacement, strain and stress fields in terms of plate variables calculated in the “plate” analysis. It is known that more than one theory that is correct to a given asymptotic order may exist. This nonuniqueness is used to cast a strain energy functional that is asymptotically correct through the second order into a simple “Reissner-like” plate theory. Although it is true that it is not possible to construct an asymptotically correct Reissner-like composite plate theory in general, an optimization procedure is used to drive the present theory as close to being asymptotically correct as possible while maintaining the beauty of Reissner-like formulation. Numerical results are presented to compare with the exact solution as well as a previous similar yet very different theory. The present theory has excellent agreement with the previous theory and exact results.
Global Buckling and Initial Post-Buckling Behavior of Sandwich Beams Including Transverse Shear
Authors: Kardomateas George A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An asymptotic solution is presented for the buckling and initial postbuckling behavior of sandwich beams. The effect of transverse shear is included and the shear correction is calculated from energy equivalency. The asymptotic procedure is based on the nonlinear beam equation (with transverse shear included) and closed form solutions are derived for the critical loas and for the load and mid-point delamination deflection and axial shortening versus applied compressive load during the initial postbuckling phase. Illustrative results are presented for a few typical sandwich construction configurations, in particular with regard to the effect of face sheet and core material system.
Target Stress Prediction for Durability Analysis
Authors: Zhang Zongfen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper present a methodology to predict target stress under a unit load for a given load schedule, material and geometry analytically. This approach improves the conventional way of doing fatigue and life prediction. This method can be used to any parts/subsystems, which have durability issue. The advantages of knowing the target stress analytically include cost saving in term of hardware reduction and development time saving because the further validation time of design can be shorten. As an example, a decklid global latch design is discussed.
A Bodner Type of Material Model for the Description of Foam Properties
Authors: Song Yuzhao , Chen Ziqi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A unified constitutive equation has been used to represent Foam material. It can describe the large compression strain, compression strain rate, tension strain and the bottom out behavior of various foams. The material has been incorporated into LS-DYNA, an explicit finite element code widely used in the automobile industry. An example is given to show an application of the material model in a low speed impact finite element analysis.
Core Failure Modes in Composite Sandwich Beams
Authors: Daniel Isaac M. , Gdoutos Emmanuel E. , Abot Jandro L. , Wang Kuang-An 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Core failure modes were studied in composite sandwich beams under three-point bending and in cantilever beams under end loading. The beams consisted of unidirectional carbon/epoxy face sheets and a variety of core materials, including aluminum honeycomb, PVC closed-cell foams, polyurethane foam and balsa wood. The constituent materials were fully characterized and in the case of the core materials, failure envelopes were developed for biaxial states of stress. Deformation and failure mechanisms were studied experimentally by means of moiré gratings and birefringent coatings. Results were obtained for stress (strain) distributions in the linear and nonlinear/plastic range of the core, critical failure loads and their dependence on geometrical dimensions, material parameters and loading conditions.
Damage Initiation and Evolution in Woven Composites
Authors: Tang Xiaodong , Whitcomb John D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The damage initiation and evolution mechanisms in plain and satin weave composites were studied using three-dimensional finite element analysis. The tow paths of the weave were selected such that the wavy region of the tows were identical in both weaves. The damage initiation and evolution behaviors in these comparable wavy regions were compared and discussed in terms of stress components that initiate damage, the overall stress/strain relationship and the accumulation of the damaged volume in the warp tow, fill tow and matrix pockets. The results showed significant similarities in many aspects of the damage behaviors such as damage modes, stiffness loss and damage accumulation processes.