bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Utilizing Fly Ash and Bottom Ash as a Replacement of Mineral Filler in Porous Asphalt Mixtures
Authors: Mansor S , Haron S , Joohari M I , Razali M , Ramli R 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the past decade, porous asphalt pavements have gained popularity as a stormwater best management practice because this unique asphalt can reduce spray and splash in wet weather, consequently reducing hydroplaning and increasing visibility. However, despite porous asphalt benefits, there are still some weaknesses, such as short service life than dense-graded asphalt due to its lower durability and strength. Coal ash is one of the most abundant industrial wastes and may be harmful to living things and human life if disposed of wrongly. The combustion of coal in the furnace in the power plant produces coal ash, consisting of fly ash and bottom ash. Hence, in this research, utilizing fly ash (class F) and dry bottom ash as a replacement of mineral filler to reduce the drainage value and improve the strength of porous asphalt mix was investigated. Laboratory specimens were prepared using 50 blows of Marshall Hammer per side by the Marshall mix design method. The bituminous binder used was performance grade PG 76, which complies with AASHTO Standard M320-02. The percentage of binder content in the range of 4.0% - 6.0% in increments of 0.5% was used to determine the Design Binder Content (DBC). The mix with both ashes was found to be 5 per cent of DBC. The DBC value for both mixtures was then used to evaluate the mixtures’ performance, which went through a binder drainage test, and rutting test. The performance results were then compared with the control porous asphalt mix using mineral filler. The control mixture and both modified mixtures show drain down values of 0.3%, 0.262%, and 0.167%, respectively. The replacement of both materials into the control mixture indicates that fly ash and bottom ash could increase the binder’s heat resistance and efficiently retain the binder in the modified mixtures. Meanwhile, after the completion of 8000 cycles in the rutting test, it could be seen that the rut depth measured for the mix with mineral filler was 1.6mm, 1.93mm for the mix with fly ash, and 2.04mm for the mix with bottom ash. The bottom ash mix’s higher rut depth value is likely due to the bottom ash characteristic with higher unburned carbon content, thus decreasing the strength mix. It is concluded that an investigation between both ashes in porous asphalt has the potential for the road industry in the future, leading to sustainable highway development.
An Overview of Heavy Vehicle Accidents Characteristic on Expressways in Malaysia
Authors: Manap N , Borhan M N , Yazid Mat M R , Manap N , Wahid N A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Heavy vehicles play a vital role in the economic wellbeing of a country. Safety measures are necessary to ensure the safety of heavy vehicles and other vehicles since the majority of crashes involving heavy vehicles are frequently severe crashes. This study utilized the data provided by Malaysian Highway Authorities (MHA) to investigate the accidents involving heavy vehicles on the expressways in Malaysia. Result of the analysis shows that most of the heavy vehicle accidents on expressways occurred during the day (54.8%) and clear weather (88.1%). Most night-time accidents and fatal accidents occurred on roads without street lights, where is a total of 22.2% of the heavy vehicle accidents occurred on roads without street lights with 28.2% are fatalities cases whereas 16.8% of the accidents occurred on roads with street lights with 17.6% are fatalities cases. Heavy vehicle accidents frequently occur in flat areas, and they also cause 32.5% of the deaths in multi-vehicle accidents. The Chi-Square test was also performed in order to identify the relationship between accident severity and type of vehicle (in MVA and SVA) and the relationship between heavy vehicle accident severity and type of topography of road profile. The result shows that there was a significant association between accident severity and type of vehicle in MVA and SVA. It is also revealed type of topography of road profile affects the heavy vehicle accident severity. The finding of this study can help safety planners to develop a safety management plan for heavy vehicles, especially for heavy goods vehicles.
The Comparison of Pile Bearing Capacity using 8 Direct Method based on CPT data in Surabaya Area
Authors: Sari Putu Tantri K , Wardani Mila K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This research focuses on comparing the pile bearing capacity resulting from eight different methods that have been developed and are widely used in design. The methods used are the Schmertmann (1978), LCPC (Bustamante & Gianeselli 1982 – Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chausees), De Ruiter and Beringen (1979), Tumay and Fakhroo (1982), Price and Wardle (1982), Philipponnat (1980), Aoki and De Alencar (1975), and the Penpile methods (Clisby et al 1978). CPT data is used in this study because it is considered easier, faster and fast and relatively economical, and supplies continuous records with depth. Twenty different CPT data variations in the Surabaya area were used in this study. The piles used in this study are concrete piles with a diameter of 60 cm. The result of this research is that the bearing capacity using the Schmertmann method tends to be greater when compared to other methods while the Penpile method produces the lowest carrying capacity. The ratio of the minimum and maximum carrying capacity of the 8 methods used is up to 20%.
Durability of clayey soil stabilized with Potassium additive
Authors: Asmeel Nabeel K. , Ali Harith E. , Ganiyu Abideen A. , Abdulkareem Muyideen O. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Plastic clayey soils are characterised by large volume changes associated with moisture variation. These soils must be enhanced to ensure their suitability for the construction of engineering infrastructures. Chemical stabilisation with Potassium ions additives from Potash fertiliser (KNO3) was explored in this research with main emphasis on durability of KNO3 treated soil. Many complementary techniques were used in both micro and macro tests: X ray diffraction, mercury intrusion porosimetry test, full scale water retention curve, shear strength test, and California bearing ratio test were conducted. The results show that the optimum amount of KNO3 required is 5% at 48 hours of curing. The addition of KNO3 causes a reduction in the ability of soil to retain water and a variatabletion in the grain and pore size distributions. Also, the addition of KNO3 to the plastic clayey soil played an important role in the transformation of the soil mineralogical compositions from montmorillonite to illite behaviour. The test results obtained during and after water leaching process on the leachate and leached soils show the ability of soil-KNO3 mixture to resist leaching is weak, and the necessity to protect the potassium stabilized soil against long term water penetration process.
Development of Web-based Mapping Program for Spatially Distributed Slope Stability Analysis
Authors: Dananjaya R H , Djarwanti N , Gunawan B J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Rainfall-induced landslide is considered as the deadliest disaster in Indonesia. Many efforts have been made to mitigate the landslide, such as landslide hazard mapping in the landslide-prone area. The traditional landslide mapping is commonly conducted using scoring method which is based on field investigation and data collection. The underlying mechanical theory of this method is vague. In this study, a web based slope instability mapping program was developed using well established geotechnical theory in slope stability. This program is based on infinite slope method. To calculate the infiltration depth, Green-Ampt model was employed. In order to investigate performance of the program, a case study is conducted in Gerdu, Karanganyar, Central Java, Indonesia. The result shows that the program can map the spatial distribution of the safety factor nicely. The program also works well with the raster and vector data.
Influence of the Pulverised Method on the Plasticity and Strength Behaviour of Cement Stabilised Clayshale and Sandstone
Authors: Hartono E , Muntohar A S , Abiyoga N P 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Clayshale and sandstone are types of sediment that generally have a contrast soil behaviour. Clayshales, however, is less durable due to the hydrosphere and atmospheric exposure, but a sandstone has low strength in loose condition. The present research is to investigate the effectiveness of dry and spray pulverised method on cement-stabilised clayshale and sandstone. The cement content ranged from 2% to 10% by the dry weight of soil. The unconfined compression strength test was performed on cement-stabilised soil. Atterberg limit test was also performed to evaluate the soil modification due to stabilisation. The results show that cement reduced the liquid limit and increased the plastic limit, which caused a decrement on the plasticity index. As the cement content increased, the unconfined compression strength of clayshale and sandstone also significantly increased. This study has shown that the unconfined compressive strength with the pulverised spray method is higher than that of the dry pulverised method. The secant modulus made using dry pulverised method is higher than the pulverised spray method. The dry pulverised process generates specimens with more brittle behaviour than the spray-pulverised method, based on the study of damage property by using energy dissipation.
A Study on Durability for Rigid Pavement Against Acid Environment and Displacement Model
Authors: Widodo Wahyu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An acidic environment commonly found in peat soils or expansive soil will harm the quality of rigid pavement by considering its use at long-life plan, traffic load, and minimization of damage to the crossroad due to vehicle braking. As a concrete provider, chemical admixture as mixed materials today is widely used with the reasons of workability, initial strength, as well as saving of material used. This research aimed to find out the durability of concrete admixture using sika-NN and plastocrete (retarding and water reducing admixture) at the acid environment and knowing the displacement that occurred using ABAQUS software modeling. It used the laboratory experimental method and the cube concrete sample 15×15×15 cm with the compressive strength of 33.2 MPa. A total of 18 concrete samples were immersed using normal pH water and H2SO4 at pH 1 ± 1 tested at 3, 7, 14, 28, 60, and 90 days using the Duplo method. In this research, the concrete durability was carried out using, Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Test (UPVT) to test the density, compressive test, and modeling concrete displacement on peat soils with vehicle loads in acidic environments using software ABAQUS. The mixed design results show an average setting time value of about 112 minutes. Coarse aggregate and cement decrease due to additives is approximately 24% and 18% respectively, increasing the use of fine aggregate to 16.49%, but the value of concrete density increases base on soaking time. Besides that, there is a decrease in compressive strength up to 16% at the age of 90 days. The value of displacement in the modelled pavement uses a maximum load of 8 tons each 2.994 mm for concrete with normal water and 3.045 mm for concrete with an acid environment respectively. Concrete soaked in acid water is the greatest deformation that occurred in rigid pavement using ABAQUS and indicates that acid water has an impact on decreasing concrete quality.
Traffic Detection Program using Image Processing and the 1997 Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (MKJI)
Authors: Muchlisin M , Wijayanti F A , Amanda N 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
As a part of transport planning and assessment, traffic volume is essential data. However, many Indonesian’s transports engineers, in particular, still use manual traffic counting to collect data series for traffic volume in 24 hours or more. This method is considered inefficient and expensive along with technological developments in this modern era. The purpose of this study tries to simplify the traffic counting method by developing an automatic vehicle detection program based on the 1997 Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (MKJI) classification. The application that used in this study is KS Traffic Analyzer as open-source code traffic counting based on Java and OpenCV library. This application then modifies as MKJI 1997 vehicles classification to measure traffic data in urban and rural road using drone quadcopter. This tool using Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) method for processing images/videos of traffic based on the background and foreground. Traffic footage was tested at different times, height, and angle of shooting. The accuracy was measured by comparing the volume from the program and manual counting. The results showed that the best accuracy between real traffic volume and automatic counting in the program is in the urban street with the best accuracy reached 93.66% which was taken video in the morning and the height is 5 m. This result of this study also answers the function of road performance based on volume per capacity.
Improvement of the properties of additively manufactured steel parts by combination of heat treatment and hard coatings
Authors: Frank H , Ambos M , Lutze S , Scholz M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In additive manufacturing using SLM (selective laser melting), the maraging steel 1.2709 is often used to produce metallic components for various applications. The work piece properties depend on the process control in the additive process, but also on the heat treatment and the final processing. Here, the heat treatment and the used finishing processes lead to changes in the work piece and material properties (e.g. residual stresses, strength). As part of the international “Ad-Proc-Add” project, the presented work took into account individual process steps of the process chain with consideration of: additive manufacturing - pre-treatment - functionalization - final processing when using different materials. In investigations of additive manufacturing of the material 1.2709, it could be proven that the thermal treatment determines the mechanical properties of the components. A PVD coating process was used to replace the usual heat treatment. Similar temperature-time regimes during the coating resulted in mechanical properties comparable to conventionally heat-treated additively manufactured components. In addition to modifying the microstructure and the component properties, the PVD coatings improve the surface wear resistance up to more than 60%. Further investigations to improve the adhesion strength of the coatings are planned.
Process-related influences and correlations in wire arc additive manufacturing of high-strength steels
Authors: Schroepfer D , Scharf-Wildenhain R , Haelsig A , Wandtke K , Kromm A , Kannengiesser T 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
High-strength fine-grained structural steels have great potential for weight-optimized, efficient structures in many modern steel applications. Further advances in efficiency can be achieved through additive manufacturing and bionic design. Commercial high-strength filler materials for wire arc additive manufacturing (WAAM) are already provided by the consumable producers. Today, application would be strictly limited due to absence of quantitative findings or any guidelines for the industry regarding welding-related stresses and component safety during manufacturing and service. Hence, process- and material-related influences and design-related restraint conditions associated with formation of residual stresses and cold cracking risk are investigated. The aim is the accessibility of special WAAM self-restraining cold cracking tests and easy applicable processing recommendations, enabling an economical, fit-for-purpose and crack-safe WAAM of high-strength steels. This first study focuses on determination of interactions between WAAM process parameters, resulting layer geometry, microstructure and residual stresses, analyzed via X-ray diffraction. Defined reference specimens are automated welded using a special WAAM solid wire (yield strength >820 MPa). Geometric properties can be specifically adjusted by wire feed and welding speed, but cannot be varied arbitrarily, since a high heat input causes local overheating, inadmissible changes of microstructure and mechanical properties, defects and comparable high tensile residual stresses.
Mathematical modeling and simulation of the dissolution of zinc anodes in industrial electroplating
Authors: Schwöbel S D , Meinhold V , Mehner T , Lampke T 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The simulation of large-scale industrial electrodeposition of zinc is of major importance, since through the simulation, important data about the positioning of electrodes, thickness of layers, etc. can be generated. But the models used in practical applications indirectly assume small anodes and cathodes for which the electrical potential or the charge-transfer current are constant over the cathode, resp. anode. In this paper, a new type of model for the dissolution of zinc anodes is described. Furthermore, a numerical scheme to treat the model will be described and verified. The new model will be compared to a commonly known model. The paper gives an alternative model for the calculation of the current density on anodes and formulates a FEM for the approximation of Poisson equations on multiple domains with Robin-interfaces. Besides the application to the dissolution of zinc-anodes during electro-plating, the basic model and FEM can be applied to the dissolution of anodes made of a different material and to the modelling of corrosion processes.
Electrical contacting of High-Velocity-Air-Fuel sprayed NiCr20 coatings by brazing
Authors: Bobzin K , Wietheger W , Heinemann H , Liao X , Vogels C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Thermally sprayed heater coatings can be used to control the surface temperature of parts and tools. A crucial point for such applications that has been neglected in the past is a reliable electrical contact with the power supply. One possible solution is the soldering or brazing of cables and cable connectors onto the heater coating. In this study, the possibility of brazing cable connectors to High-Velocity-Air-Fuel sprayed NiCr20 coatings was investigated to ensure electrical contact. The eutectic Ag-Cu filler was used for the vacuum brazing process. The insufficient wetting of the filler on the as-sprayed coating surface and the favored wetting of this filler on the copper cable connector led to low joint quality. This joint was improved by grinding the coating surface and changing the cable connector’s material. Furthermore, measurements of the heater coatings’ electrical resistance confirmed that electrical contacting by brazing is possible without significant influence on the heater coatings’ properties.
Feasibility, processing properties and thermal behavior of Ni nanopastes produced by ultrasound-enhanced dispersing
Authors: Sattler B , Hausner S , Wagner G 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Nickel nanoparticles are materials that can be used for a novel type of joining, so called nanojoining, as an alternative to conventional brazing. The physical characteristics of these nano-sized particles lead to a lower melting temperature compared to nickel bulk material and even lower than typical brazes, without the need for melting point depressants. Such elements like boron or silicon cause issues due to formation of brittle intermetallic phases. In order to be able to use Ni nanoparticles in practical applications, they have to be in forms such as suspensions, e.g pastes. In the present work, therefore, a series of Ni nanopastes is prepared and investigated with emphasis on the solvent systems. These suspensions consist of Ni nanoparticles (mean diameter 20 / 90 / 180 / 300 nm) and organic compounds. The examinations show the feasibility of producing such nanopastes using ultrasound-enhanced dispersing, as well as margins for adjusting their processing properties. In addition, first results of the thermal behavior of the Ni nanopastes, measured by simultaneous DSC/TG, are shown.
Effect of sample geometry on the macroscopic shear deformation of the titanium alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al subjected to quasi-static and dynamic compression-shear loading
Authors: Winter S , Scholze M , Wagner M F-X 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We investigate the evolution of shear bands in a Ti-10V-3Fe-2Al alloy with three different initial microstructures: solution-annealed β-titanium, β-titanium with primary α-phase precipitates as well as a condition with primary and secondary α-phase precipitates. Quasi-static and dynamic testing of compression-shear specimens with strain rates of 10-3 s-1 and 102 s-1 is performed at room temperature. The influence of two different sample geometries on the macroscopic shearing tendency is investigated: samples with a cylindrical cross section and samples with a square cross section. The results of digital image correlation and the nominal stress-strain behavior under quasi-static and dynamic loading indicate a stronger localization tendency of the aged conditions with additional α-phase precipitates compared to the solution-annealed pure β-condition. Our results also demonstrate that compression-shear testing with samples with a square cross-section reduces facet loss, increases the resolution even at high strain rates and therefore allows to analyze strain distributions during shear band formation and propagation with higher accuracy.
Chemical structure of amino-terminated alkyl silanes influencing the strength of aluminum-polyamide joints
Authors: Dittes A , Scharf I , Lehmann L , Saborowski E , Mehner T , Lampke T 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Organo-functional silane coupling agents are widely used to promote adhesion in between inorganic and organic materials. Amino-functional silanes can improve bonding with polyamide. Aiming on a mechanically performant aluminum-polyamide joints, the effect of six amino silanes of different chemical structure, namely number and type of amine groups and alkyl spacers lengths, on the joint strength is investigated by means of lap-shear testing. Higher shear strengths are found along with a more pronounced capability of the amine group to form hydrogen bonds with polyamide. The results show that an additional amine group within the organo-functional group can increase joint strength, whereas long alkyl spacers reduce the observed joint strength. It is shown that high lap-shear strengths, in maximum about 15 MPa for N-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane are achieved and that the high reproducibility can be assured when using right processing routines.