bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coding for Life: Designing a Platform for Projecting and Protecting Global Biodiversity
Authors: Urban Mark C , Travis Justin M J , Zurell Damaris , Thompson Patrick L , Synes Nicholas W , Scarpa Alice , Peres-Neto Pedro R , Malchow Anne-Kathleen , James Patrick M A , Gravel Dominique , De Meester Luc , Brown Calum , Bocedi Greta , Albert Cécile H , Gonzalez Andrew , Hendry Andrew P 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTime is running out to limit further devastating losses of biodiversity and nature's contributions to humans. Addressing this crisis requires accurate predictions about which species and ecosystems are most at risk to ensure efficient use of limited conservation and management resources. We review existing biodiversity projection models and discover problematic gaps. Current models usually cannot easily be reconfigured for other species or systems, omit key biological processes, and cannot accommodate feedbacks with Earth system dynamics. To fill these gaps, we envision an adaptable, accessible, and universal biodiversity modeling platform that can project essential biodiversity variables, explore the implications of divergent socioeconomic scenarios, and compare conservation and management strategies. We design a roadmap for implementing this vision and demonstrate that building this biodiversity forecasting platform is possible and practical.
Life History, Biology, and Distribution ofPterostichus melanarius(Coleoptera: Carabidae) in North America
Authors: Busch Anna K , Wham Briana E , Tooker John F 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPterostichus melanarius (Illiger, 1798) is a Palearctic generalist predator native to Europe. It was unintentionally introduced to North America at least twice in the mid 1920s and has since become widespread in Canada and the United States. Although P. melanarius is a valuable natural enemy in many different agricultural systems, we are not aware of any effort to compile in one publication details of its life history, diet, distribution, and factors that influence its populations. Some studies in North America have investigated the effects of P. melanarius on pest species and native carabid assemblages. Moreover, given that it is an exotic species whose range appears to still be expanding, it will be valuable to predict its potential distribution in North America. Therefore, the goals of this paper are to: 1) compile information on the life history and biology of P. melanarius, 2) review the effects of various agricultural practices on this species, and 3) use ecological niche modeling to determine the potential range of P. melanarius in the United States and which climate variables are most important for range expansion. Our review revealed that P. melanarius appears to provide benefits most consistently in diverse agricultural systems managed with no-till or reduced till methods, whereas our modeling revealed that P. melanarius likely occupies, or will occupy, more of the northern U.S. than is currently recognized, particularly in the Appalachian and Rocky Mountain regions.
Adverse right ventricular remodelling, function, and stress responses in obesity: insights from cardiovascular magnetic resonance
Authors: Lewis Andrew J M , Abdesselam Ines , Rayner Jennifer J , Byrne James , Borlaug Barry A , Neubauer Stefan , Rider Oliver J 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Aims
We aimed to determine the effect of increasing body weight upon right ventricular (RV) volumes, energetics, systolic function, and stress responses using cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR).

Methods and results
We first determined the effects of World Health Organization class III obesity [body mass index (BMI) &gt; 40 kg/m2, n = 54] vs. healthy weight (BMI &lt; 25 kg/m2, n = 49) upon RV volumes, energetics and systolic function using CMR. In less severe obesity (BMI 35 ± 5 kg/m2, n = 18) and healthy weight controls (BMI 21 ± 1 kg/m2, n = 9), we next performed CMR before and during dobutamine to evaluate RV stress response. A subgroup undergoing bariatric surgery (n = 37) were rescanned at median 1 year to determine the effects of weight loss. When compared with healthy weight, class III obesity was associated with adverse RV remodelling (17% RV end-diastolic volume increase, P &lt; 0.0001), impaired cardiac energetics (19% phosphocreatine to adenosine triphosphate ratio reduction, P &lt; 0.001), and reduction in RV ejection fraction (by 3%, P = 0.01), which was related to impaired energetics (R = 0.3, P = 0.04). Participants with less severe obesity had impaired RV diastolic filling at rest and blunted RV systolic and diastolic responses to dobutamine compared with healthy weight. Surgical weight loss (34 ± 15 kg weight loss) was associated with improvement in RV end-diastolic volume (by 8%, P = 0.006) and systolic function (by 2%, P = 0.03).

Conclusion
Increasing body weight is associated with significant alterations in RV volumes, energetic, systolic function, and stress responses. Adverse RV modelling is mitigated with weight loss. Randomized trials are needed to determine whether intentional weight loss improves symptoms and outcomes in patients with obesity and heart failure.
Impact of activity trackers on secondary prevention in patients with coronary artery disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Kaihara Toshiki , Intan-Goey Valent , Scherrenberg Martijn , Falter Maarten , Frederix Ines , Dendale Paul 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Aims
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is related to high rates of morbidity and mortality among cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Activity trackers have been used in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) in the last years. However, their effectiveness to influence outcomes after CAD is debated. This review summarizes the latest data of impact of activity trackers on CVD risk and outcomes: peak oxygen consumption (VO2), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), quality of life (QoL), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C).

Methods and results
Articles from 1986 to 2020 in English were searched by electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Embase). Inclusion criteria were: randomized controlled trials of CAD secondary prevention using an activity tracker which include at least peak VO2, MACE, QoL, or LDL-C as outcomes. Meta-analysis was performed. After removing duplicates, 604 articles were included and the screening identified a total of 11 articles. Compared to control groups, intervention groups with activity trackers significantly increased peak VO2 [mean difference 1.54; 95% confidence interval (CI) (0.50–2.57); P = 0.004] and decreased MACE [risk ratio 0.51; 95% CI (0.31–0.86); P = 0.01]. Heterogeneity was low (I2 = 0%) for MACE and high (I2 = 51%) for peak VO2. Intervention with an activity tracker also has positive impact on QoL. There was no between-group difference in LDL-C.

Conclusion
CR using activity trackers has a positive and multi-faceted effect on peak VO2, MACE, and QoL in patients with CAD.
A dense linkage map for a large repetitive genome: discovery of the sex-determining region in hybridizing fire-bellied toads (Bombina bombinaandBombina variegata)
Authors: Nürnberger Beate , Baird Stuart J E , Čížková Dagmar , Bryjová Anna , Mudd Austin B , Blaxter Mark L , Szymura Jacek M 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGenomic analysis of hybrid zones offers unique insights into emerging reproductive isolation and the dynamics of introgression. Because hybrid genomes consist of blocks inherited from one or the other parental taxon, linkage information is essential. In most cases, the spectrum of local ancestry tracts can be efficiently uncovered from dense linkage maps. Here, we report the development of such a map for the hybridizing toads, Bombina bombina and Bombina variegata (Anura: Bombinatoridae). Faced with the challenge of a large (7–10 Gb), repetitive genome, we set out to identify a large number of Mendelian markers in the nonrepetitive portion of the genome that report B. bombina vs B. variegata ancestry with appropriately quantified statistical support. Bait sequences for targeted enrichment were selected from a draft genome assembly, after filtering highly repetitive sequences. We developed a novel approach to infer the most likely diplotype per sample and locus from the raw read mapping data, which is robust to over-merging and obviates arbitrary filtering thresholds. Validation of the resulting map with 4755 markers underscored the large-scale synteny between Bombina and Xenopus tropicalis. By assessing the sex of late-stage F2 tadpoles from histological sections, we identified the sex-determining region in the Bombina genome to 7 cM on LG5, which is homologous to X. tropicalis chromosome 5, and inferred male heterogamety. Interestingly, chromosome 5 has been repeatedly recruited as a sex chromosome in anurans with XY sex determination.
Anisotropic velocity models for (3-D) seismic imaging of the Lower Seve Nappe in Jämtland, Sweden
Authors: Kästner Felix , Klaeschen Dirk , Berndt Christian , Pierdominici Simona , Hedin Peter 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARY
Strong anisotropy of seismic velocity in the Earth's crust poses serious challenges for seismic imaging. Where in situ seismic properties are not available, the anisotropy can be determined from velocity analysis of surface and borehole seismic profiles. This is well established for dense, long-offset reflection seismic data. However, it is unknown how applicable this approach is for sparse seismic reflection data with low fold and short offsets in anisotropic metamorphic rocks. Here, we show that anisotropy parameters can be determined from a sparse 3-D data set at the COSC-1 borehole site in the Swedish Caledonides and that the results agree well with the seismic anisotropy parameters determined from seismic laboratory measurements on core samples. Applying these anisotropy parameters during 3-D seismic imaging improves the seismic image of the high-amplitude reflections especially in the vicinity of the lower part of the borehole. Strong reflections in the resulting seismic data show good correlation with the borehole-derived lithology. Our results aid the interpretation and extrapolation of the seismic stratigraphy of the Lower Seve Nappe in Jämtland and other parts in the Caledonides.
The Understanding of Patent Exploitation Permission in Art. 866 of the Chinese Civil Code
Authors: Yi Zhang 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
According to Chinese civil law, the licensor’s permission to exploit a patent is clearly to be regarded as enabling the use of the patent. However, under certain circumstances, this seemingly correct understanding sounds somehow oversimplified, especially when it intersects with Chinese patent law. And this understanding may, in the absence of a clear explicit agreement, cause several problems (such as the subjective impossibility of performance) under the Chinese legal framework. Although the concept of a negative patent license is not in conformity with the legislative intent of the Chinese Civil Code, it could be a solution to these problems.
An Introduction to Ethical Questions Around Animal Research
Authors: Shriver Adam J , Hutchison Eric 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The principal investigator is an expert on the topic under investigation. The veterinarian is an expert in the health and wellness of an animal. But what, exactly, can ethicists add to discussions about animal research? This special issue of the ILAR Journal considers how contemporary ethics scholarship can be relevant to animal research. The articles were selected to highlight how clear thinking about values and the implications of those values can inform which research is conducted and how it is conducted.
Analysis of Metformin and Five Gliptins in Counterfeit Herbal Products: Designs of Experiment Screening and Optimization
Authors: Salem Wadhah Atef , Elkady Ehab Farouk , Fouad Marwa Ahmed , Abdul-Azim Mohammad Mohammad 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundDrug counterfeiting is a rising problem due to difficulties with identifying counterfeit drugs and the lack of regulations and legislation in developing countries.ObjectiveThis study aims to develop a robust and economic reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (LC) method for simultaneously determining metformin HCl, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, alogliptin benzoate, sitagliptin phosphate monohydrate, and linagliptin to target counterfeiting.MethodsPlackett-Burman (PB) and Box-Behnken (BB) designs were used to screen and optimize the mobile phase composition. Chromatographic separation was carried out on an Inertsil® ODS-3 C18 column with isocratic elution mode and the mobile phase was a mixture of acetonitrile–methanol–ammonium formate buffer, pH 3.5 (25:10:65, v/v/v). This method was applied to analyze synthetic drugs in three traditional Chinese and Indian herbal medicines. To identify the adulterants, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry (MS) were used on counterfeit herbal medicines.ResultsThe developed method is sensitive, simple, rapid, economical, accurate, and highly robust. Student's t-test and variance ratio (F-test at P &lt; 0.05) were used to compare the results statistically with the reference methods.ConclusionThe study found that the analyzed herbal medicines were adulterated with metformin and the quantification of anti-diabetic counterfeits was therefore applied.HighlightsThis study determined counterfeited anti-diabetic drugs in Indian and Chinese traditional herbal medicines(THMs). Design-of-experiment, PB, and BB designs were used. Method validation was also performed in accordance with the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines.
Effects of dietary inclusion of yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract on lamb muscle metabolomics and physicochemical properties in meat
Authors: Lobo Richard R , Correia Banny S B , Peña-Bermúdez Yuli A , Vincenzi Rafaela , da Silva Caroline M , Panosso Leticia L , Ceribeli Caroline , Colnago Luiz A , Cardoso Daniel R , Berndt Alexandre , Pinheiro Rafael S B , Bueno Ives C da S , Faciola Antonio P 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) extract (YME) on muscle metabolomics and physicochemical properties of lamb meat. Thirty-six uncastrated male lambs (90 d old) were fed experimental diets, which treatments consisted of 0%, 1%, 2%, and 4% inclusion of YME. Animals were fed for 50 d before slaughter. Muscle and meat samples were collected for metabolomics and meat quality analysis, respectively. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design and analyzed using orthogonal contrasts. There was a quadratic effect of YME inclusion in tenderness (P &lt; 0.05) and a positive linear effect on meat lightness (P &lt; 0.05). No qualitative changes (P &gt; 0.05) on individual metabolites were observed; however, changes in the quantitative metabolic profile were observed, showing that animals fed 1% and 2% of YME have a greater concentration of desirable endogenous muscle antioxidants, with direct impact on metabolic pathways related to beta-alanine metabolism and glutathione metabolism. Therefore, YME dietary supplementation up to 2% of the diet to lambs had little to no effects on the majority of meat quality traits evaluated; moreover, 4% of YME inclusion negatively affected feed intake and meat quality traits.
Executive Functioning Predicts Adaptive Functioning and Self-Care Independence in Pediatric Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Jones Kelly E , Nyman Tristin M , Daly Brian P , Jacobson Lisa A , Tarazi Reem A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective
This study examined the impact of executive functioning (EF) on adaptive functioning and self-care independence in pre-transition youth with sickle cell disease (SCD).

Methods
Thirty-four youth with SCD (ages 12–18 years) completed a brief neuropsychological battery and their caregivers completed questionnaires assessing adaptive functioning, EF behaviors, and independence in completing self-care tasks, including disease management. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were utilized to investigate if EF predicted significantly more variability in adaptive functioning and self-care independence than what is accounted for by socioeconomic status (SES), disease knowledge, and estimated intellectual functioning.

Results
Mean performance on standardized measures assessing working memory, processing speed, and EF skills fell in the low average range. Performance-based EF and caregiver-reported EF behaviors predicted variance in adaptive functioning and self-care independence above and beyond that accounted for by SES, disease knowledge, and intelligence, with moderate to large effect sizes.

Conclusions
EF skills may support the ability of youth with SCD to adequately achieve independence in self-care, including medical self-care, and other adaptive skills, which may increase the likelihood of successful transition to young adulthood. These findings provide support for the role of neuropsychological screening and individualized intervention in interdisciplinary transition programs.
Pharmacokinetics and brain distribution studies of 6-hydroxykynurenic acid and its structural modified compounds
Authors: Shen Zhuowei , Hu Haihong , Pan Jie , Xu Mingcheng , Ou Fengting , He Kaifeng , Zeng Kui , Yao Jianbiao , Wang Ruwei , Lou Yan , Zeng Su 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objectives
6-Hydroxykynurenic acid (6-HKA) is an organic acid component in extracts of Ginkgo biloba leaves and acts as a major contributor to neurorestorative effects, while its oral bioavailability was low. Therefore, using prodrug method to improve the bioavailability and brain content of 6-HKA is significant.

Methods
Three structural modified compounds of 6-HKA were synthesized, and ultra performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for quantification of these structural modified compounds in rat plasma and rat brain homogenate were established and comprehensively validated. The methods were effectively applied to investigate the effects of structural modification on apparent permeability coefficients in cells, the pharmacokinetics and the brain distribution in rats.

Key findings
The results illustrated that esterification can greatly improve the apparent permeability coefficient and bioavailability of 6-HKA. Comparing with direct oral administration of 6-HKA, the bioavailability of isopropyl ester was greatly improved (from 3.96 ± 1.45% to 41.8 ± 15.3%), and the contents of 6-HKA in rat brains (49.7 ± 9.2 ng/g brain) were significantly higher after oral administration.

Conclusions
The bioavailability and the brain content of 6-HKA can be improved by the prodrug method. Among three structural modified compounds, isopropyl-esterified 6-HKA was the most promising treatment.
Anticancer potential of (−)-epicatechin in a triple-negative mammary gland model
Authors: Almaguer Georgina , Ortiz-Vilchis Pilar , Cordero Paola , Martinez-Vega Rocío , Perez-Durán Javier , Meaney Eduardo , Villarreal Francisco , Ceballos Guillermo , Nájera Nayelli 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The main aim of this work was to analyse the potential tumour growth inhibition effects of (−)-epicatechin (EC). Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an invasive form of cancer characterized by the absence of progesterone receptor, estrogen receptor and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. Doxorubicin (DOX) is widely used for its anti-tumour activity. EC belongs to the flavanol subfamily and is a candidate molecule for the adjuvant treatment of cancer due to its antiproliferative activities.

Methods
Evaluation of EC effects and pathways involved in a model of TNBC.

Key findings
EC inhibited tumour growth as efficiently as DOX (inhibition rates of 74% and 79% for EC and DOX, respectively). The evaluation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Akt phosphorylation and mTOR expression indicates that EC modulates these pathways, resulting in the inhibition of cell proliferation. Additionally, we found an increase in the survival of EC-treated animals compared with control-treated animals. This effect was similar to the effects induced by DOX (survival rates of 44% and 30% for EC and DOX, respectively).

Conclusion
EC has antiproliferative properties and increases survival in a model of TNBC. These effects may occur through the modulation of deregulated AMPK and Akt/mTOR signalling pathways.
Stellar feedback in a clumpy galaxy at z ∼ 3.4
Authors: Iani E , Zanella A , Vernet J , Richard J , Gronke M , Harrison C M , Arrigoni-Battaia F , Rodighiero G , Burkert A , Behrendt M , Chen Chian-Chou , Emsellem E , Fensch J , Hibon P , Hilker M , Le Floc’h E , Mainieri V , Swinbank A M , Valentino F , Vanzella E , Zwaan M A 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Giant star-forming regions (clumps) are widespread features of galaxies at z ≈ 1−4. Theory predicts that they can play a crucial role in galaxy evolution, if they survive to stellar feedback for &gt;50 Myr. Numerical simulations show that clumps’ survival depends on the stellar feedback recipes that are adopted. Up to date, observational constraints on both clumps’ outflows strength and gas removal time-scale are still uncertain. In this context, we study a line-emitting galaxy at redshift z ≃ 3.4 lensed by the foreground galaxy cluster Abell 2895. Four compact clumps with sizes ≲280 pc and representative of the low-mass end of clumps’ mass distribution (stellar masses ≲2 × 108 M⊙) dominate the galaxy morphology. The clumps are likely forming stars in a starbursting mode and have a young stellar population (∼10 Myr). The properties of the Lyman-α (Lyα) emission and nebular far-ultraviolet absorption lines indicate the presence of ejected material with global outflowing velocities of ∼200–300 km s−1. Assuming that the detected outflows are the consequence of star formation feedback, we infer an average mass loading factor (η) for the clumps of ∼1.8–2.4 consistent with results obtained from hydrodynamical simulations of clumpy galaxies that assume relatively strong stellar feedback. Assuming no gas inflows (semiclosed box model), the estimates of η suggest that the time-scale over which the outflows expel the molecular gas reservoir (≃7 × 108 M⊙) of the four detected low-mass clumps is ≲50 Myr.
Recovery of Deleted Deep Sequencing Data Sheds More Light on the Early Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 Epidemic
Authors: Bloom Jesse D 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The origin and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 remains shrouded in mystery. Here, I identify a data set containing SARS-CoV-2 sequences from early in the Wuhan epidemic that has been deleted from the NIH’s Sequence Read Archive. I recover the deleted files from the Google Cloud and reconstruct partial sequences of 13 early epidemic viruses. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequences in the context of carefully annotated existing data further supports the idea that the Huanan Seafood Market sequences are not fully representative of the viruses in Wuhan early in the epidemic. Instead, the progenitor of currently known SARS-CoV-2 sequences likely contained three mutations relative to the market viruses that made it more similar to SARS-CoV-2’s bat coronavirus relatives.