bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Run! The Mountain Is Coming!
Authors: Taillant Jorge Daniel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains the dynamics of Glacier Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) or glacier tsunamis. It describes how climate change and resulting global warming is destabilizing high mountain glaciers perched above deep glacier lakes formed by receding glaciers and subsequent melting. The chapter goes on to explain how the collapse of large pieces of ice result in mountain top born tsunami waves that destroy downstream ecosystems, people, and infrastructure and how climate change is raising the likelihood that these glacier tsunamis will occur throughout the world. It recounts historical GLOF events throughout the world, detailing the impacts and risks of these tragic events.
The Shape of Motion
Authors: Schonig Jordan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Cinematic motion has long been celebrated as an emblem of change and fluidity or claimed as the source of cinema’s impression of reality. But such general claims undermine the sheer variety of forms that motion can take onscreen—the sweep of a gesture, the rush of a camera movement, the slow transformations of a natural landscape. What might one learn about the moving image when one begins to account for the many ways that movements move? In The Shape of Motion: Cinema and the Aesthetics of Movement, Jordan Schonig provides a new way of theorizing cinematic motion by examining cinema’s “motion forms”: structures, patterns, or shapes of movement unique to the moving image. From the wild and unpredictable motion of flickering leaves and swirling dust that captivated early spectators, to the pulsing abstractions that emerge from rapid lateral tracking shots, to the bleeding pixel-formations caused by the glitches of digital video compression, each motion form opens up the aesthetics of movement to film theoretical inquiry. By pairing close analyses of onscreen movement in narrative and experimental films with concepts from Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Henri Bergson, and Immanuel Kant, Schonig rethinks long-standing assumptions within film studies, such as indexical accounts of photographic images and analogies between the camera and the human eye. Arguing against the intuition that cinema reproduces the natural perception of motion, The Shape of Motion shows how cinema’s motion forms do not merely transpose the movements of the world in front of the camera; they transform them.
The Oceans Become Global
Authors: Bosco David 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Aspects of ocean governance have ancient roots, including early anti-piracy campaigns and basic rules for maritime commerce. Sovereign rulers periodically attempted to control ocean space but usually lacked the means to do so. As Spain and Portugal mastered the art of long-range seafaring in the 15th century, however, they attempted to divide the world’s oceans between them, an effort that still stands as one of the most ambitious attempts to divide up the oceans. During that period, Portugal tried to exclude outsiders from the Indian Ocean and asserted the right to control all shipping in the area. Portuguese claims prompted objections from other European powers and set the stage for the Dutch lawyer Hugo Grotius to articulate the doctrine of a “free sea,” based on what he saw as the inherent nature of the oceans. While it faced several rebuttals, Grotius’s conception of the oceans mostly prevailed.
Oklahoma!
Authors: Gennaro Liza 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Agnes de Mille’s dance innovations in Rodgers and Hammerstein’s groundbreaking musical Oklahoma! (1943) altered the function of dance on Broadway. This chapter will consider de Mille’s project in relation to Broadway dance in the 1930s and her role as a proponent of Americana dance. A reassessment of her contributions as a modernist, women’s advocate, and a dramaturgically astute dance maker who manipulated librettos to convey her point of view will be offered. De Mille’s early Broadway failures, her tenacity, and how she made Broadway a place to present expressive, narrative dance are considered. Her employment of modern dance methodologies primarily taken from techniques developed by Martha Graham and Louis Horst, with whom she was closely associated, made the commercial theater a venue for dance innovation.
Scoring Spoken Second Language Assessment
Authors: Knoch Ute 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Achieving scores that adequately reflect the test-takers’ proficiency level, as evidenced in spoken assessment tasks, has been the subject of a large body of research in second language assessment. In this chapter, the author outlines the work that has been undertaken in relation to the scoring of spoken assessments by human raters and automated scoring. The chapter focuses on research on rater effects, rater training and feedback, rater characteristics, interlocutor/interviewer effects, rating scales, and score resolution techniques. The section on automated scoring discusses research on the underlying construct and what limits this puts on the types of tasks that can be used in the assessment. The chapter concludes by setting out some future directions for the scoring of spoken responses.
The Publishing Profile
Authors: Rice Alison 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Introductory chapter examines the recent resurgence of the author in the Parisian literary landscape, approximately fifty years after critics like Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault put into question the centrality—indeed, the very concept—of this figure. Maryse Condé asserts that this is a development with great potential, for it allows the author to express her point of view in ways that she hadn’t felt authorized to do previously. There is also, however, the parallel possibility of according too much significance to the author, an option that becomes problematic when critics and readers concentrate on the identity of writers at the expense of a concern with the content of their work. Women writers from outside France are particularly susceptible to classification that sometimes permits a single trait (birthplace, ethnicity, gender) to determine how their texts are received. The “publishing profile” is a notion that refers in this analysis to the complicated and nuanced images of contemporary authors as they are currently composed. Their involvement in a number of undertakings—ranging from contributions to a book publication’s paratextual apparatus to public appearances such as television interviews and book festivals—means that authors are increasingly engaged in efforts to shape a composite impression of themselves. They thereby take advantage of diverse opportunities to contribute to carving out a profile that is made up of additive attributes that ultimately contradict reductive labels and restore to each author her complexity.
Forging a Name
Authors: Rice Alison 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 focuses on the name of the author in a contemplation of the ways worldwide women writers in Paris contribute to the construction of a publishing profile. There are a number of constraints placed on writers from beyond French borders who seek to publish and publicize their work in Paris, but many of these writers have created a reputation that exceeds these restrictions through careful choices that constitute subtle reactions to the rules. They comply with many requirements just the same, and cooperate in necessary ways that reveal their conviction that their creative written work will have the last word, ultimately defining them beyond a set of expectations that will necessarily evolve as time goes by. Certain collections such as “Continents Noirs” at the prestigious publishing house Gallimard illustrate how publishers and critics often subscribe to and propagate specific stereotypes about writers from elsewhere. But there is an indication that engaging in textual play with proper names as well as with the distinction between a writer’s life and work contributes to more elaborate understandings of the author. When they renew their profiles through writing that emphasizes movement and change, writers counteract restrictive images contained in the packaging of their publications. It is striking that, even though they are aware they might encounter prejudice, women authors from around the world have opted to sign their published work in French with names that do not conceal their background but that instead demonstrate an embrace of their histories and identities.
The Pull of Paris
Authors: Rice Alison 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 concentrates on the complex role Paris has played for worldwide women writers. This spot has long occupied a privileged position in the literary world and is an undeniably important place for the authors in my study, many of whom have studied, built careers, published their works, and taken up permanent residence here. The metropolis serves as an inspiration for a number of the texts they compose, and it figures in their written works in interesting ways that often reveal the authors’ conflicted relationship with it. In the end, a majority of these writers convey a connection to the French capital, indicating a sense of belonging—or a desire to belong—within the city. They have become aware that they will forever be perceived as foreigners in Paris, and have occasionally suffered from a precarious status tied to financial challenges. They nonetheless celebrate the possibilities that accompany their position at the margins of this central literary location that they have come to embrace as a promising space. It is deeply significant that, in a number of instances, they do not express the same sentiment with respect to France as a whole. It is equally meaningful that, instead of proclaiming patriotic sentiments, these writers often articulate a more profound identification with the European continent than with the nation they inhabit.
Final Notes, Circling Back
Authors: Rice Alison 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The conclusion contends that these worldwide women writers in Paris have not sought to market themselves in ways that would entail compromising their positions and priorities, but have instead inserted their narratives into a complicated setting to allow them to draw from their strengths to make lasting impressions. Their work has far too often been overlooked in the Parisian literary landscape where it has emerged and to which it is nonetheless making a profoundly meaningful contribution, and it is time for us to recognize the revolution that these writers are a part of, each creating in inimitable style and adding their voice to a movement of novelty that comes at precisely the right time for the French literary tradition.
China's Technological Leapfrogging and Economic Catch-up
Authors: Lee Keun 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
After a miraculous economic growth, spurred by the Beijing Consensus, China is now facing a slowdown. This book deals with the interesting issue of the middle-income trap—the phenomenon of the rapidly growing economy of a country stagnating at the middle-income level—in the context of China. It also discusses China’s limitations and future prospects, especially after the onset of a new “cold war” between China and the US, and in particular whether it would fall into the “Thucydides trap,” the conflict between a rising power and the existing hegemon. This book plays around three key terms, the Beijing Consensus, the middle-income trap, and the Thucydides trap, and applies a Schumpeterian approach to these concepts. It also conducts a comparative analysis examining China from an “economic catch-up” perspective. Economic catch-up starts with learning from and imitating a forerunner, but a successful catch-up requires leapfrogging, which implies a latecomer doing something different from, and often ahead of, a forerunner. Technological leapfrogging may lead to technological catch-up, which means reducing the technological gap, and then to economic catch-up in living standards and economic size. This linkage between technological and economic catch-up corresponds exactly with a similar linkage between the Beijing Consensus and escaping (or not) the middle-income and Thucydides traps. The book concludes that China’s successful rise as a global industrial power has been due to its strategy of technological leapfrogging, which has enabled it to move beyond the middle-income trap and possibly the Thucydides trap, although at a slower speed.
The Integrative Approach to Assessing and Managing Risk
Authors: London Alex John 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter articulates the integrative approach to assessing and managing risk in research. This framework is grounded, not in role-related obligations, but in respect for the basic interests of persons. It models uncertainty as a property of a moderately idealized community of diverse experts, and it shows how studies that are designed to reduce conflict or uncertainty within such a community can reconcile the production of socially valuable information with respect for the status of research participants as free and equal. The merits of this approach relative to prominent alternatives, including component analysis, clinical equipoise, the non-exploitation view and the net risk view are elaborated at length. The merits off the integrative approach are demonstrated by showing how this framework allows trial that use response adaptive randomization to be designed in ways that respect a principle of equal concern and a series of related ethical requirements.
A Non-Paternalistic Model of Research Ethics and Oversight
Authors: London Alex John 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that prospective review of research before bodies of diverse representation should not be understood as a paternalistic interference in the private interactions between researchers and participants. Instead, it is a mechanism for resolving a set of coordination problems that threaten the integrity of research. Its proper role is to provide credible social assurance that the research enterprise constitutes a voluntary scheme of cooperation through which diverse stakeholders can contribute to the common good without being subject to the arbitrary exercise of social authority including antipathy, abuse, coercion, domination, exploitation, or other forms of harmful, unfair, or disrespectful treatment. The limitations of prospective review are discussed, including the need for mechanisms that better address incentives for a wider range of stakeholders whose decisions shape the research agenda.
Introduction
Authors: Seo Hyunjin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter serves as an overview of the book and orients readers to subsequent chapters. It provides major contexts for networked collective actions and offers a quick look at the emergence of nontraditional intermediaries and their dynamic interactions with traditional intermediaries. Then the chapter introduces South Korean citizens’ candlelight vigils in 2016 and 2017 calling for the impeachment of President Park Geun-hye and discusses how the impeachment example is an instance of the complex changes being observed in collective actions facilitated by digital communication technologies. The chapter briefly explains theoretical and methodological approaches used in this book in analyzing the intricate relationships between various agents (e.g., individuals, institutions, bots/algorithms) and their interactions with relevant affordances during South Korean citizens’ candlelight vigils demanding Park’s impeachment. The chapter ends with a brief summary of the focus of subsequent chapters.
Candlelight Vigils and Citizen Activism
Authors: Seo Hyunjin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on modern political and social collective actions in South Korea to illustrate how changing information ecosystems have influenced the ways protests and candlelight vigils have been organized over the past several decades. In particular, the chapter explains how Internet and digital communication technologies began to be used to facilitate collective actions in South Korea in a series of candlelight vigils beginning in 2002, when two South Korean teenage girls were killed by a U.S. armored vehicle. It also covers other major candlelight vigils, including 2004 vigils against the impeachment of President Roh Moo-hyun and 2008 vigils against U.S. beef importation. In examining candlelight vigils at different time points and stages of technological development, it considers both what changed and what has remained largely the same, while highlighting key agents and affordances and their interactions at each time period analyzed.
Sewol Ferry Disaster
Authors: Seo Hyunjin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides background information regarding South Koreans’ anger and frustration with the Park Geun-hye administration, which led to a series of candlelight vigils calling for her impeachment. In particular, it analyzes public sentiment surrounding President Park’s handling of the 2014 sinking of the Sewol ferry in which 250 South Korean high school students died. Prior to the revelation of the Park-Choi corruption scandal, the Sewol ferry disaster, caused by human error and poorly managed by the Park government, was the most significant event that contributed to reaching a tipping point for the impeachment movement. The Park-Choi scandal served as a trigger for public outrage, which had been simmering for several years. This chapter analyzes how outrage and embarrassment spread in the information ecosystem at that time and served to motivate people to participate in the impeachment vigils.
Initiation
Authors: Sauthoff Patricia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 turns toward the theoretical. It examines the use of mantra within initiation (dīkṣā) rites and how Sanskrit phonemes connect to the hierarchy of realities (tattva) through which one passes during initiation. This again offers an example of how the text describes the divine nature of sound. Initiation also offers a practitioner the ability to adopt a new identity. The process of initiation symbolically destroys the initiand’s body, unbinding his soul, and offering him the gift of liberation. The chapter analyzes sections of the Netra Tantra that speak to both the theoretical and practical elements of initiatory rites.
Maṇḍalas
Authors: Sauthoff Patricia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 continues the translation of Netra Tantra Chapter 6 as the topic shifts from oblation to maṇḍala. The theoretical basis for this analysis relies on understanding the nature of mantras from Chapters 1 and 2 and the initiation rites of Chapter 5. Because the Netra Tantra itself offers only practical information about maṇḍala use in ritual, the analysis turns to two other texts, the Mālinīvijayottaratantra and Cakrasamvara Tantra, to examine the written form of the mantra and colors of the maṇḍala. The chapter shows how the embodied mantra is placed onto the maṇḍala, thus activating it. Again, proper performance is necessary for the correct outcome. The colors of the ritual objects and maṇḍalas point to their efficacy.
Visualizing Amṛta
Authors: Sauthoff Patricia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 9 focuses on the Svacchanda Tantra to translate a section of the text focused on visualized meditation meant to conquer both time and death. Like the Netra Tantra, which assuages the threat of death through ritual, the Svacchanda Tantra also does so through meditation. This meditation focuses on breath control, drawing on the haṃsa mantra and instructing the practitioner to visualize Brahmā, Viṣṇu, and Rudra in order to attain longevity. It then offers further visualization of the self washed over with nectar. The chapter compares the imagery of the Svacchanda and Netra Tantras to offer a more complete understanding of immortality within the Śaiva canon.
Gifts, Weapons, and Values
Authors: Brenneman Robert 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Central Americans from a variety of religious traditions and social classes speak freely of lo espiritual, or “that which is spiritual,” but they do so in widely diverging ways. This chapter attempts to make sense of the vast and varied ways in which Central Americans reference spirituality by describing four common threads of usage. Evangelical-Pentecostal pastors sometimes frame social problems like gang violence as having both spiritual causes and spiritual solutions. Other Central Americans use the term “spiritual” to describe supernatural entities with a strong bearing on political structures. Meanwhile, some Central Americans have come to use the term “spirituality” to refer to beliefs and practices with roots in precolonial Mayan narratives. A fourth means of utilizing the language of spirituality is as a catch-all term for quasi-religious meditative practices and prosocial values formation. In conclusion, religious background and social class influence how people define and conceive of “the spiritual.”
The Dynamics of Religious Legitimation
Authors: Wisman Jon D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines legitimation theory and the ways in which religion has justified inequality throughout most of history. The rise of economic and political inequality generated social attitudes and beliefs that justified it, making it seem proper, natural, and consonant with the mandates of celestial powers. Elites’ ideology presented this inequality as necessary and fair. Because religion also meets psychological and social needs, until modern times, religion played the major ideological role in legitimating inequality, social institutions, and behavior. Inequality and class or other group-based hierarchy can be maintained by either physical force or ideological persuasion. Physical force can be expressed as threat of imprisonment, torture, or death. But physical force generates resentment and expensive policing. Less costly, ideological control is generally expressed through the manipulation of social discourse. Thus, it is most effective for elites to embrace self-serving ideological systems that are convincing to themselves and to those below them.
Economic Sanctions
Authors: Hirschhorn Eric L. , Egan Brian J. , Krauland Edward J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 covers U.S. government economic sanctions, which may be imposed upon entire countries (as embargoes), specified economic sectors, or individual state or nonstate actors. These comprise approximately thirty different programs that are governed principally by the International Emergency Economic Powers Act (IEEPA), various other sanctions legislation, and the regulations of the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC). The chapter explains: which types of transactions are subject to the OFAC regulations; the basis and criteria for those restrictions; how to determine whether your transaction is prohibited without a license and, if so, whether you are likely to get a license for it; how to seek a license if one is required; and the potential penalties for violating the rules. The chapter also explains how the OFAC regulations relate to the regulatory regimes covered in other parts of the book.
The Process of Interdependence
Authors: Arora Manish , Curtin Paul , Curtin Austen , Austin Christine , Giuliani Alessandro 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In both Chapters 2 and 3, biodynamic interfaces are treated as independent entities. That is obviously not the case—biodynamic interfaces are connected to each other and, as always, it is important to place time at the center of these connections. Chapter 4 shows that these connections are not like networks of roads that are static; instead, they are more like an ensemble of musicians who are constantly in motion and their joint motion (their music) creates a whole that has meaning. Chapter 4 also shows that our understanding of biodynamic interfaces is dependent on our temporal perspective. In other words, the picture we see depends on where and when we are.