bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Political and Ameliorative State of Nature
Authors: Queloz Matthieu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter turns to Miranda Fricker’s genealogy of the virtue of testimonial justice and argues that her politicized state of nature illustrates how reverse-engineering can feed into conceptual engineering. The chapter first examines how she de-idealizes her state-of-nature model just enough to bring social heterogeneity and politics into it, thereby raising the question of how far genealogical models should be de-idealized. Second, it is shown how Fricker’s use of pragmatic genealogy differs from that of the other genealogists in being primarily ameliorative rather than explanatory. While earlier genealogists reverse-engineered the points of practices we already have, Fricker’s genealogy functions as a corrective, indicating respects in which our practices have in fact developed in ways that fall short of satisfying the needs highlighted by her model. It is then argued that making ameliorative use of the method requires pairing genealogy with a theory of error.
General Rules and Institutions of Private Law
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Civil Code is a cornerstone of private law. The general part of the Code sets out general rules of civil law such as the doctrine of good faith and fair dealing. Japanese courts sometimes modify a contract by referring to this doctrine in order to achieve an optimal outcome. The part on juristic acts are applied to contracts. Thus, contracts—juristic acts—against public policy are null and void.
Corporate Law
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Japanese company law originally came from Germany. After the Second World War, there was some influence of US corporate law. In the aftermath of the economic crisis in the 1990s, Americanisation of corporate law was promoted by the business community. In line with ‘deregulation of corporate law’, regulations were relaxed. The amendments culminated to the enactment of the Company Law in 2005, separated from the Commercial Code. This led to the confusion regarding permissible scope of defensible measures in M&A (mergers and acquisitions). A positive development in corporate law is the improvement of corporate governance which is symbolised by the introduction of the Corporate Governance Code and the increased transparency in the system.
The Financial Instruments and Exchange Law
Authors: Oda Hiroshi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Japan adopted the Securities and Exchange Law in 1948, modelled on US law. While the securities market rapidly developed at the time of high economic growth, the regulatory system lagged behind the growth of the market. In the aftermath of the ‘bubble economy’, improvement of the regulatory system was sought. Following the UK ‘Big Bang’, Japan launched its financial ‘Big Bang’ in 1996/1997. There was substantial deregulation in this area. The Securities and Exchange Law was replaced by the Financial Instruments and Exchange Law in 2006. Corporate disclosure system as well as the rules on TOB (takeover bids) have been improved.
On Englishness and Britishness
Authors: Henderson Ailsa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 2 we ask who are the English and where might they be found? Using different survey measures, we show that, even if English identity has strengthened since the early 1990s, those who view themselves as strongly English remain deeply attached to Britishness. We also demonstrate that, with the partial exception of London, there is very little regional variation in terms of patterns of national identity. There are, however, socio-economic and demographic differences. Older people, Anglicans, those in social class DE, and those born in England are all more likely to feel strongly or exclusively English. By contrast, younger voters, ‘non-white British’, and those born outside England are more likely to identify themselves as British. The chapter then examines what people associate with England and Britain. The responses are similar, but English and British identifiers prioritize slightly different elements of England and Britain’s past and present.
The English on Britain in the World
Authors: Henderson Ailsa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 4 we turn our attention to the other side of the English nationalist coin— namely, English views of Britain and its place in the world. We show how Euroscepticism and negative attitudes towards immigration are both prevalent among those who feel exclusively or predominantly English. We also show how this group feels a strong sense of kinship with (some) of the nations of the so-called Anglosphere. We argue that the latter is an aspect of the imperial legacy in contemporary British politics.
Introduction
Authors: Dean Andrew 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter both gives an account of the critical treatment of post-World War II metafiction and introduces the key terms that guide the book. The existing critical debates about postwar metafiction have tended to emphasize metafiction’s incorporation of critical and philosophical discourse, and have suggested that it either makes the novel newly responsible to political communities or disables literature from intervening into political situations. More recent criticism based on literary institutions has tended to overlook key questions of literary value. The terms the chapter develops to renew discussion about postwar metafiction are ‘self of writing’ and ‘public author as signature’. These terms are derived from a reading of Miguel de Cervantes’s Don Quixote and J. L. Borges’s ‘Borges and I’. The self of writing refers to the figure of the author that a writer may imagine exists independent of discourse. The public author as signature represents the public understandings of an author that emerge from biography and the author’s corpus itself.
Survival and Resistance in Evangelical America
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Over the last thirty years, conservative evangelicals have been moving to the Northwest of the United States in an effort to survive and resist the impact of secular modernity. Their activity coincides with the promotion by prominent survivalist authors of a program of migration to the “American Redoubt,” a region encompassing Idaho, Montana, eastern parts of Washington and Oregon, and Wyoming, as a location within which to endure hostile social change or natural disaster. These migration movements have independent origins, but they overlap in their influences and aspirations, working in tandem and sometimes in mutual dependence to offer a vision of the present in which Christian values must be defended, if necessary, by force, and a vision of the future in which American society will be rebuilt according to biblical law. Drawing on Calvinist theology, the social theory of Christian Reconstruction, and libertarian politics, these believers are projecting significant soft power, with their books being promoted by leading secular publishers and being listed as New York Times bestsellers. The strategy is gaining momentum, making an impact in local political and economic life, while being repackaged for a wider audience in publications by a broader coalition of conservative commentators and in American mass culture. These believers recognize that they have lost the culture war—but another kind of conflict is beginning. This book examines the origins, evolution, and cultural reach of the migration that might reveal the most about the future of American evangelicalism.
Media
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The community at the heart of the migration to the Pacific Northwest was formed around a coterie of writers, whose distinctive arguments had come to prominence in a self-published magazine of theology and cultural criticism, Credenda Agenda (est. 1988). Over the last thirty years, the status and influence of this group has grown to warrant their working with major publishers, such as Random House and HarperCollins, and prominent writing partners, such as the late Christopher Hitchens, while also producing video productions on Netflix and Amazon Prime. This publishing program has been central to the community’s growth, advertising their key ideas while inviting readers and viewers to participate in the society that they established. Surveying this media culture, this chapter describes a well-resourced and increasingly influential conservative cultural movement that is preparing for survival, resistance, and the possibility that, as materiel for “God’s emerging army,” pens may be mightier than swords.
‘Personal Health Surveillance’: The Use of mHealth in Healthcare Responsibilisation
Authors: Davies Ben 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
There is an ongoing increase in the use of mobile health (mHealth) technologies that patients can use to monitor health-related outcomes and behaviours. While the dominant narrative around mHealth focuses on patient empowerment, there is potential for mHealth to fit into a growing push for patients to take personal responsibility for their health. I call the first of these uses ‘medical monitoring’, and the second ‘personal health surveillance’. After outlining two problems which the use of mHealth might seem to enable us to overcome—fairness of burdens and reliance on self-reporting—I note that these problems would only really be solved by unacceptably comprehensive forms of personal health surveillance which applies to all of us at all times. A more plausible model is to use personal health surveillance as a last resort for patients who would otherwise independently qualify for responsibility-based penalties. However, I note that there are still a number of ethical and practical problems that such a policy would need to overcome. The prospects of mHealth enabling a fair, genuinely cost-saving policy of patient responsibility are slim.
Seasonal and day–night changes in the vertical distribution of Gnathophausia longispina and G. elegans (Peracarida, Lophogastrida) in the East China Sea
Authors: Nishiuchi Koh , Sassa Chiyuki , Kitajima Satoshi , Kiyomoto Yoko , Hasegawa Toru , Yamada Haruya , Taneda Takeshi , Sakai Takeshi , Takahashi Motomitsu , Tsukamoto Yohichi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Seasonal and day–night changes in the vertical distribution and habitat of mesopelagic crustaceans, Gnathophausia longispina and G. elegans were investigated in the East China Sea during four oceanographic cruises carried out between May 2012 and January 2013. The abundance of G. elegans was approximately one-tenth that of G. longispina, although both species appeared throughout the year. The main distribution range of G. longispina was 100–600 m, and G. elegans was 600–700 m. Only G. longispina showed ontogenetic differences in diel vertical migration (ODVM); most individuals inhabited depths of 500–600 m during the day and 100–400 m at night when younger individuals inhabited shallower layers than mature individuals. Overall, both species showed a small overlap in their vertical distribution at around 600-m depth. Vertical segregation of habitat could have facilitated the sympatric biogeographic distribution of these two congeneric species around the West/Central Pacific Ocean.
Endosperm-based incompatibilities in hybrid monkeyflowers
Authors: Kinser Taliesin J. , Smith Ronald D. , Lawrence Amelia H. , Cooley Arielle M. , Vallejo-Marín Mario , Conradi Smith Gregory D. , Puzey Joshua R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Endosperm is an angiosperm innovation central to their reproduction whose development, and thus seed viability, is controlled by genomic imprinting, where expression from certain genes is parent-specific. Unsuccessful imprinting has been linked to failed inter-specific and inter-ploidy hybridization. Despite their importance in plant speciation, the underlying mechanisms behind these endosperm-based barriers remain poorly understood. Here, we describe one such barrier between diploid Mimulus guttatus and tetraploid Mimulus luteus. The two parents differ in endosperm DNA methylation, expression dynamics, and imprinted genes. Hybrid seeds suffer from underdeveloped endosperm, reducing viability, or arrested endosperm and seed abortion when M. guttatus or M. luteus is seed parent, respectively, and transgressive methylation and expression patterns emerge. The two inherited M. luteus subgenomes, genetically distinct but epigenetically similar, are expressionally dominant over the M. guttatus genome in hybrid embryos and especially their endosperm, where paternal imprints are perturbed. In aborted seeds, de novo methylation is inhibited, potentially owing to incompatible paternal instructions of imbalanced dosage from M. guttatus imprints. We suggest that diverged epigenetic/regulatory landscapes between parental genomes induce epigenetic repatterning and global shifts in expression, which, in endosperm, may uniquely facilitate incompatible interactions between divergent imprinting schemes, potentially driving rapid barriers.
Policewomen’s Experiences of Working during Lockdown: Results of a Survey with Officers from England and Wales
Authors: Fleming Jenny , Brown Jennifer 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Policing is a high-stress occupation requiring emotional management when facing job-related violence, threats to safety and well-being, work-life disruption, and unpredictable hours. A national health pandemic coupled with public order and restraint imperatives has compounded the levels of stress in policing. In the UK, new working patterns have been negotiated to manage the constraints of a different working environment during COVID-19. Using a self-administered survey, this article explores the experiences of 473 female police officers working during the first lockdown in 2020. The article shows that the COVID-19 preventative measures forced police services to navigate new and varied working patterns for their employees. Previous resistance to flexible working practices in policing was put aside as police services sought to manage the virus in its own ranks as well as policing the public. Preliminary findings suggest that officers working from home were more likely to feel satisfied with management responses compared with those working on the front line, although negative attitudes from colleagues and management towards those working from home were present. Those not working from home reported higher levels of stress related to their Force’s lack of communication with them about their welfare.
Federalism, Polarization, and Policy Responsibility during COVID-19: Experimental and Observational Evidence from the United States
Authors: Jacobs Nicholas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article considers the ways in which partisanship structured public attitudes about the United States’ multiple governments as each tried to mitigate the spread of COVID-19 during the spring and summer of 2020. The evidence shows that Democrats and Republicans both made distinctions among their local, state, and federal governments, assigning them different functional responsibilities. Yet, members of the two parties did not agree on that division of intergovernmental responsibility. Rather, across a variety of issues, polarized partisan identities structured beliefs about the operation and efficacy of the American federal system’s ability to contend with the spread of coronavirus. Moreover, these beliefs did not stem from prior ideological commitments or the different composition of Democratic or Republican communities. Instead, party leaders proved especially capable of shifting public attitudes on questions of federal versus state authority through their shifting rhetoric and strategic framing.
Selection, Leverage, and Default in the Mortgage Market
Authors: Gupta Arpit , Hansman Christopher 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We ask whether the correlation between mortgage leverage and default is due to moral hazard (the causal effect of leverage) or adverse selection (ex ante risky borrowers choosing larger loans). We separate these information asymmetries using a natural experiment resulting from the contract structure of option adjustable-rate mortgages and unexpected 2008 divergence of indexes that determine rate adjustments. Our point estimates suggest that moral hazard is responsible for 40$\%$ of the correlation in our sample, while adverse selection explains 60$\%$. We calibrate a simple model to show that leverage regulation must weigh default prevention against distortions due to adverse selection.
Root joint involvement in spondyloarthritis: a post hoc analysis from the international ASAS-PerSpA study
Authors: Ziadé Nelly , El Hajj Jean , Rassi Joe , Hlais Sani , López-Medina Clementina , Gamal Sherif M , Elzorkany Bassel , Dougados Maxime , Baraliakos Xenofon 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The primary objective was to compare the clinical characteristics of SpA patients with and without root joint disease (RJD+ and RJD–). The secondary objectives were to compare the prevalence of RJD across various SpA subtypes and in different world regions, and to compare the SpA axial severity and SpA burden between RJD+ and RJD–.

Methods
This is a post hoc analysis of the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society PerSpA study (PERipheral involvement in SpondyloArthritis), which included 4465 patients with SpA [axial (axSpA), peripheral (pSpA), PsA, IBD, reactive and juvenile] according to the rheumatologist’s diagnosis. RJD was defined as the ‘ever’ presence of hip or shoulder involvement related to SpA, according to the rheumatologist. Patient characteristics were compared between RJD+ and RJD–. Multivariable stepwise binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify factors associated with ‘RJD’, ‘hip’ and ‘shoulder’ involvement.

Results
RJD was significantly associated with the SpA main diagnosis (highest in pSpA), a higher prevalence of HLA-B27 positivity, enthesitis, tender and swollen joints, CRP, conventional synthetic DMARDs, loss of lumbar lordosis and occiput-wall distance &gt;0. RJD was more prevalent in Asia, and occurred in 1503 patients (33.7%), with more hip (24.2%) than shoulder (13.2%) involvement. Hip involvement had a distinct phenotype, similar to axSpA (including younger age at onset, HLA-B27 positivity), whereas shoulder involvement was associated with features of pSpA (including older age at onset).

Conclusion
RJD+ SpA patients had a distinctive clinical phenotype compared with RJD–. Hip involvement, based on the rheumatologist’s diagnosis, was more prevalent than shoulder involvement and was clinically distinct.
Risk Factors, Incidence, and Outcomes of Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome on Long-Acting Injectable vs Oral Antipsychotics in a Nationwide Schizophrenia Cohort
Authors: Guinart Daniel , Taipale Heidi , Rubio Jose M , Tanskanen Antti , Correll Christoph U , Tiihonen Jari , Kane John M 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Long-acting injectable antipsychotics (LAIs) are associated with multiple positive outcomes in psychosis, but it is unclear whether LAIs are associated with worse outcomes if neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS), a potentially lethal adverse effect, occurs.

Methods
We used nationwide and nationally representative databases of healthcare encounters in Finland to study the incidence and outcome predictors of NMS in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder between January 01, 1972 and December 31, 2017. Using a nested case-control design, we also explored differences by antipsychotic formulation (LAI vs oral antipsychotic [OAP]) and class (first-generation antipsychotic [FGA] vs second-generation antipsychotic [SGA]).

Results
One hundred seventy-two NMS cases and 1441 sex-, age-, and diagnosis-matched controls were included (age = 58.8 ± 13.1 years, males = 59.9%). Incidence of NMS was 1.99 (1.98–2.00) per 10 000 person-years. The likelihood of developing NMS did not differ by antipsychotic formulation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: 0.89, 95% confidence intervals [95% CI]: 0.59–1.33, for LAIs vs OAPs) or class (FGA-OAP vs SGA-OAP [aOR: 1.08, 95% CI: 0.66–1.76], FGA-LAI [aOR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.52–1.53], SGA-LAI [aOR: 1.35, 95% CI: 0.58–3.12]). NMS risk factors included antipsychotic treatment change: increased number (odds ratios [OR]: 5.00, 95% CI: 2.56–9.73); decreased number/switch (OR: 2.43, 95% CI: 1.19–4.96); higher antipsychotic dose (&gt;2DDDs–OR: 3.15, 95% CI: 1.61–6.18); co-treatment with anticholinergics (OR: 2.26, 95% CI: 1.57–3.24), lithium (OR: 2.16, 95% CI: 1.30–3.58), benzodiazepines (OR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.44–3.58); and comorbid cardiovascular disease (OR: 1.73, 95% CI: 1.22–2.45). Within 30 days, 4.7% of cases with NMS died (15.1% within 1 year) without differences by antipsychotic formulation. NMS reoccurred in 5 of 119 subjects (4.2%), after a median = 795 (range = 77–839) days after rechallenge with antipsychotics.

Conclusion
NMS remains a potentially life-threatening risk, yet these results should further contribute to mitigate concerns about LAI safety regarding NMS onset or outcomes, including mortality.
Longitudinal associations of sleep problems with alcohol and cannabis use from adolescence to emerging adulthood
Authors: Troxel Wendy M , Rodriguez Anthony , Seelam Rachana , Tucker Joan S , Shih Regina A , Dong Lu , D’Amico Elizabeth J 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStudy ObjectivesThis study examined longitudinal associations of sleep problems with alcohol and cannabis use across six annual waves of data from adolescence to emerging adulthood.MethodsParticipants were 3,265 youth from California (ages 16–22 across waves). At each wave, past-month alcohol use and cannabis use, mental health, and several dimensions of sleep health (i.e. social jetlag, bedtimes, time in bed, trouble sleeping) were assessed via questionnaire. Parallel process latent growth models examined the association between sleep and alcohol or cannabis use trajectories and the role of mental health in contributing to such trajectories.ResultsSmaller declines in social jetlag (r = 0.11, p = 0.04), increases in trouble sleeping (r = 0.18, p &lt; 0.01), and later weekday (r = 0.16, p &lt; 0.01) and weekend bedtimes (r = 0.25, p &lt; 0.01) were associated with increases in likelihood of alcohol use over time. Declines in weekend TIB (r = −0.13, p = 0.03), as well as increases in weekday TIB (r = 0.11, p = 0.04) and later weekday (r = 0.18, p &lt; 0.01) and weekend bedtime (r = 0.24, p &lt; 0.01), were associated with increases in likelihood of cannabis use over time. Most associations remained significant after controlling for time-varying mental health symptoms.ConclusionsTrajectories of sleep health were associated with trajectories of alcohol and cannabis use during late adolescence to emerging adulthood. Improving sleep is an important target for intervention efforts to reduce the risk of substance use during this critical developmental transition.