bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An approach to pedestrian walking behaviour classification in wireless communication and network failure contexts
Authors: Kareem Z. H. , Zaidan A. A. , Ahmed M. A. , Zaidan B. B. , Albahri O. S. , Alamoodi A. H. , Malik R. Q. , Albahri A. S. , Ameen H. A. , Garfan Salem , Mohammed A. , Zaidan R. A. , Ramli K. N. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDespite the wide range of research on pedestrian safety, previous studies have failed to analyse the real-time data of pedestrian walking misbehaviour on the basis of either pedestrian behaviour distraction or movements during specific activities to realise pedestrian safety for positive (normal) or aggressive pedestrians. Practically, pedestrian walking behaviour should be recognised, and aggressive pedestrians should be differentiated from normal pedestrians. This type of pedestrian behaviour recognition can be converted into a classification problem, which is the main challenge for pedestrian safety systems. In addressing the classification challenge, three issues should be considered: identification of factors, collection of data and exchange of data in the contexts of wireless communication and network failure. Thus, this work proposes a novel approach to pedestrian walking behaviour classification in the aforementioned contexts. Three useful phases are proposed for the methodology of this study. In the first phase involving factor identification, several factors of the irregular walking behaviour of mobile phone users are established by constructing a questionnaire that can determine users’ options (attitudes/opinions) about mobile usage whilst walking on the street. In the second phase involving data collection, four different testing scenarios are developed to acquire the real-time data of pedestrian walking behaviour by using gyroscope sensors. In the third phase involving data exchange, the proposed approach is presented on the basis of two modules. The first module for pedestrian behaviour classification uses random forest and decision tree classifiers part of machine learning techniques via wireless communication when a server becomes available. The developed module is then trained and evaluated using five category sets to obtain the best classification of pedestrian walking behaviour. The second module is based on four standard vectors for classifying pedestrian walking behaviour when a server is unavailable. Fault-tolerant pedestrian walking behaviour is identified and is initiated when failures occur in a network. Two sets of real-time data are presented in this work. The first dataset is related to the questionnaire data from 262 sampled respondents, and the second dataset comprises data on 263 sampled participants with pedestrian walking signals. Experimental results confirm the efficacy of the proposed approach relative to previous ones.
Fähigkeitstheorien zum selbstregulierten Lernen: Die Bedeutung von impliziten Theorien und Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept für das Lernen und die akademische Leistung
Authors: Karlen Yves , Hirt Carmen , Stebner Ferdinand 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungSubjektive Fähigkeitstheorien bezüglich der Veränderbarkeit (implizite Theorien; Mindsets) und der Höhe von Fähigkeiten (Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept) beeinflussen das Lernverhalten, die Motivation und das Erleben von Lernenden in Lern- und Leistungssituationen in vielfältiger Weise. Bislang fehlen umfangeiche Studienergebnisse zu Fähigkeitstheorien zum selbstregulierten Lernen (SRL). Diese Studie nimmt daher implizite Theorien zum SRL und das Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept im SRL in den Blick. Basierend auf einer Stichprobe von N = 244 Schüler*innen der Sekundarstufe I (M = 14.57 Jahre) wurde überprüft, inwiefern implizite Theorien zum SRL und das Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept im SRL mit verschiedenen Variablen des SRL (Selbstmotivierung, metakognitives Bewusstsein, Strategiewissen), mit dem wahrgenommenen Ausmaß schulischer Herausforderungen (Leistungsdruck, Überforderung, Belastung) und mit der akademischen Leistung zusammenhängen. Die Ergebnisse der Mediationsanalysen zeigten direkte positive Zusammenhänge zwischen den impliziten Theorien und dem Strategiewissen sowie zwischen dem Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept und der Selbstmotivierung und dem metakognitiven Bewusstsein. Zwischen dem Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept im SRL und dem Leistungsdruck, der Überforderung und der Belastung konnten direkte Zusammenhänge nachgewiesen werden, nicht jedoch für die impliziten Theorien. Schließlich weisen die Ergebnisse auf eine Relevanz der beiden Fähigkeitstheorien zum SRL für die akademische Leistung hin. Insgesamt zeigen die Studienergebnisse auf, dass die impliziten Theorien zum SRL und das Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept im SRL insbesondere für das SRL und den schulischen Lernerfolg bedeutsam sind.
Improving the global reach of psychological research
Authors: Tindle Richard 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAs a scientific discipline, psychology has a history of publication bias toward western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic countries (WEIRD countries). For example, 96% of participant samples in the top six psychology journals derive from western countries. The sampling bias has resulted in (1) non-English speaking authors being rejected at significantly higher rates than native English speakers; (2) editorial boards consisting mostly of Caucasian editors in chief; and (3) the potential over-rejection of research from non-western samples that have failed to replicate core psychological findings. The lack of diverse samples within psychological research calls into question the validity, reliability, generalizability, and robustness of seminal psychological research. Discover psychology aims to reduce these biases by encouraging submissions from non-English speaking countries and culturally diverse samples. By reducing biases in publications, we can help increase the number of racially diverse samples and authors within psychology.
Bistabilities in two parallel Kármán wakes
Authors: Ren Chengjiao , Cheng Liang , Xiong Chengwang , Tong Feifei , Chen Tingguo 
Published: October 2021

Bistabilities of two equilibrium states discovered in the coupled side-by-side Kármán wakes are investigated through Floquet analysis and direct numerical simulation (DNS) with different initial conditions over a range of gap-to-diameter ratio (

$g^*= 0.2\text {--}3.5$

) and Reynolds number (

$Re = 47\text {--}100$

). Two bistabilities are found in the transitional

$g^*-Re$

regions from in-phase (IP) to anti-phase (AP) vortex shedding states. By initialising the flow in DNS with zero initial conditions, the flow in the first bistable region (i.e. bistable IP/FF

$_C$

at

$g^*= 1.4 \text {--} 2.0$

, where FF

$_C$

denotes the conditional flip-flop flow) attains flip-flop (FF) flow, it settles into the IP state by initialising the flow with an IP flow. The second bistability is observed between cylinder-scale IP and AP states at large

$g^*$

(

$=$

2.0–3.5). The transition from the FF

$_C$

to IP is dependent on initial conditions and irreversible over the parameter space, meaning that the flow cannot revert back to the FF

$_C$

state once it jumps to the IP state irrespective of the direction of

$Re$

variations. Its counterpart for the bistable IP/AP state is reversible. We also found that the FF

$_C$

flow in the first bistable region is primarily bifurcated from synchronised AP with cluster-scale features, possibly because the cluster-scale AP flow is inherently unstable to FF flow instabilities. It is demonstrated that the irreversible bistability exists in other interacting wakes around multiple cylinders. A good understanding of flow bistabilities is pivotal to flow control applications and the interpretation of desynchronised flow features observed at high

$Re$

values.
Medicaid Waivers, Administrative Authority, and the Shadow of Malingering
Authors: Huberfeld Nicole 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFrom 2018 through 2020, HHS approved state Medicaid demonstration waivers to impose new eligibility conditions such as work requirements, connecting current “personal responsibility” rhetoric and historical suspicion of malingering. The Biden administration reversed course but advocated to the Supreme Court for expansive administrative discretion. This approach supports health equity now but could enable reemergence of restrictive health policies down the road.
The effects of galangin in prepulse inhibition test and experimental schizophrenia models
Authors: Kaygisiz Bilgin , Aydin Sule , Yildirim Engin , Musmul Ahmet , Erol Kevser , Kilic Fatma Sultan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjective:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are the focus of interest in the management of schizophrenia. We aimed to investigate the effects of acute galangin administration, a flavonoid compound with acetylcholinesterase inhibiting activity, on schizophrenia-associated cognitive deficits in rats and schizophrenia models in mice.Methods:Apomorphine-induced prepulse inhibition (PPI) disruption for cognitive functions, nicotinic, muscarinic, and serotonergic mechanism involvement, and brain acetylcholine levels were investigated in Wistar rats. Apomorphine-induced climbing, MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion, and catalepsy tests were used as schizophrenia models in Swiss albino mice. The effects of galangin were compared with acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil, and typical and atypical antipsychotics haloperidol and olanzapine, respectively.Results:Galangin (50,100 mg/kg) enhanced apomorphine-induced PPI disruption similar to donepezil, haloperidol, and olanzapine (p < 0.05). This effect was not altered in the combination of galangin with the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine (1 mg/kg), the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine (0.05 mg/kg), or the serotonin-1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 (1 mg/kg) (p > 0.05). Galangin (50,100 mg/kg) alone increased brain acetylcholine concentrations (p < 0.05), but not in apomorphine-injected rats (p > 0.05). Galangin (50 mg/kg) decreased apomorphine-induced climbing and MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion similar to haloperidol and olanzapine (p < 0.05), but did not induce catalepsy, unlike them.Conclusion:We suggest that galangin may help enhance schizophrenia-associated cognitive deficits, and nicotinic, muscarinic cholinergic, and serotonin-1A receptors are not involved in this effect. Galangin also exerted an antipsychotic-like effect without inducing catalepsy and may be considered as an advantageous antipsychotic agent.
LIQUID SCINTILLATION COUNTING (LSC)—PAST, PRESENT, AND FUTURE
Authors: Hogg Alan G , Cook Gordon T 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTRadiocarbon (14C) dating by liquid scintillation (LS) spectroscopy (also known as LS counting or LSC) provides an alternate method of 14C analysis where accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) analysis is less desirable. The past, present, and future applications of the method are discussed.
Slavery and the “American Way of War,” 1607–1861
Authors: Phillips Gervase , Sandy Laura 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSlavery and warfare were inextricably intertwined in the history of Britain’s North American colonies and, subsequently, the early republic. Yet this deep connection has not been acknowledged in the historiography. In particular, the debate about an “American way of war” has neglected the profound significance of slavery as a formative factor in America’s “first way of war.” Here, these two forms of organized, systemic violence are considered not merely within a comparative framework but as phenomena whose relationship is so deeply enmeshed that they cannot be meaningfully understood in isolation. Slavery is thus placed centrally in an examination of American war making, from the colonial to the antebellum period. Three main areas are highlighted: slave raiding against Native Americans, slavery as a factor in imperial and national strategy-making and diplomacy, and slavery as an “internal war.”
Making Sense of “Senseless Violence”: Thoughts on Agrarian Elites and Collective Violence during “Reconstruction” in South Africa and the American South
Authors: Higginson John 
Published: October 2021

AbstractKey moments of the American Civil War and the 1899–1902 South African War and their tragic immediate aftermaths remain powerful features of national memory in both countries. Over the past century, vengeful politicians and ideologues in both have transformed them into formidable stock-in-trade. Second-, third-, and fourth-hand accounts of the alleged churlish manner of the victorious armies, especially soldiers of African descent, were made into combustible timber for reactionary political campaigns. The perceived cruel turns of fate have made their way into literature, stage, and screen. The two wars afforded people of various races and social conditions opportunity to act upon their conceptions of a just society, albeit amid terrible carnage and loss. They also underscored the permanence of the industrial transformation of both countries. In the decades following these two wars most of the black and white agrarian populations discovered that state and agrarian elites had cynically manipulated and then extinguished their aspirations. Most often, for black agrarians, violence was the preferred instrument to pursue desired outcomes. Reconstruction in the American South was a paradox. The Civil War emancipated the slaves but left the entire South, especially upland cotton regions, economically backward. In Louisiana, especially, politicized violence to coerce black labor was pervasive. After the South African War, white violence against rural black people was widespread. Lord Milner’s Reconstruction Administration was more concerned to bring South Africa’s gold mines back into production than to stem the violence. The low-intensity violence of the postwar countryside became the backland route to apartheid.
Historical Gaps and Non-existent Sources: The Case of the Chaudrie Court in French India
Authors: Agmon Danna 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article develops a typology of historical and archival gaps—physical, historiographical, and epistemological—to consider how non-existent sources are central to understanding colonial law and governance. It does so by examining the institutional and archival history of a court known as the Chaudrie in the French colony of Pondichéry in India in the eighteenth century, and integrating problems that are specific to the study of legal history—questions pertaining to jurisdiction, codification, evidence, and sovereignty—with issues all historians face regarding power and the making of archives. Under French rule, Pondichéry was home to multiple judicial institutions, administered by officials of the French East Indies Company. These included the Chaudrie court, which existed at least from 1700 to 1827 as a forum where French judges were meant to dispense justice according to local Tamil modes of dispute resolution. However, records of this court prior to 1766 have not survived. By drawing on both contemporaneous mentions of the Chaudrie and later accounts of its workings, this study centers missing or phantom sources, severed from the body of the archive by political, judicial, and bureaucratic decisions. It argues that the Chaudrie was a court where jurisdiction was decoupled from sovereignty, and this was the reason it did not generate a state-managed and preserved archive of court records for itself until the 1760s. The Chaudrie’s early history makes visible a relationship between law and its archive that is paralleled by approaches to colonial governance in early modern French Empire.
The net contribution of livestock to the supply of human edible protein: the case of Ireland
Authors: Hennessy D. P. , Shalloo L. , van Zanten H. H. E. , Schop M. , De Boer I. J. M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIf current food consumption patterns continue, the agriculture sector must provide significantly more food in the coming years from the available land area. Some livestock systems engage in feed–food competition as arable land is used for livestock feed rather than as crops for food; reducing the global supply of food. There is a growing argument that to meet future-food demands sustainably, feed–food competition must be minimized. To this end, we evaluated the effectiveness of two refined metrics to quantify feed–food competition in three livestock systems; dairy and its beef, suckler beef and pig production in Ireland. The metrics are edible protein conversion ratio (EPCR) and the land-use ratio (LUR). The EPCR compares the amount of human digestible protein (HDP) in livestock feed against the amount of HDP the livestock produced, calculating how efficiently it produces HDP. However, the LUR compares the potential HDP from a crop system on the land used to produce the livestock's feed against the HDP the livestock system produced. In both metrics, a value <1 demonstrates an efficient system. The EPCR values for dairy beef (0.22) and suckler beef (0.29) systems consider them efficient producers, whereas pig production (1.51) is inefficient. The LUR values designate that only the dairy beef (0.58) is a net positive producer of HDP from the land used for its feed, with crop production producing more HDP than suckler beef (1.34) and pig production (1.73). Consequently, the LUR can be deemed to be more suitable to represent feed–food competition in livestock production.
Maltraitance entre résidents en temps de pandémie: Effets dans les résidences privées pour aînés au Québec
Authors: Falardeau Marie-Chantal , Beaulieu Marie , Carbonneau Hélène , Levasseur Mélanie , Belley Roxanne 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The measures implemented to limit the spread of COVID-19 affect the social relationships of the elderly. The aim of this article is to understand the effects of the pandemic on residents and resident-to-resident aggression (RRA). In total, 21 individual interviews were conducted with three groups of actors of four independent living facilities who have experienced RRA (residents) or who intervene in this type of situation (members of staff and external stakeholders). The participants reported that the pandemic has effects on residents and, specifically, on RRA. Among other things, the management and resolution of these situations have changed, and new manifestations of RRA are observed. To our knowledge, this study is the first to examine the effects of the pandemic on residents living in independent living facilities and on RRA. It raises the need to further consider residents’ voices in this context and to combine them with those of other actors to better understand how RRA manifest itself.
Exploring the Interpretation of COVID-19 Messaging on Older Adults’ Experiences of Vulnerability
Authors: Sangrar Ruheena , Porter Michelle M. , Chesser Stephanie 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPublic health messages and societal discourse during the COVID-19 pandemic have consistently indicated a higher morbidity and mortality risk for older people, particularly those with multiple health conditions. Older adults’ interpretations of pandemic messaging can shape their perceived vulnerability and behaviours. This study examined their perspectives on COVID-19 messaging. Eighteen community-dwelling older adults residing in Manitoba (Canada) participated in semi-structured telephone interviews between July and August 2020, a period of low COVID-19 cases within the province. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify key themes that described participants’ processes of information interpretation when consuming pandemic-related messages, their emotional responses to messaging and consequent vulnerability, and the impacts of messaging on their everyday lives. Understanding how older adults have construed COVID-19 and pandemic-related messages, and the subsequent impact on their daily behaviours, is the first step towards shaping societal discourse and sets the stage for examining the pandemic’s long-term effects.
Meridional and Cross‐Shelf Variability of N2O and CH4 in the Eastern‐South Atlantic
Authors: Sabbaghzadeh B. , Arévalo‐Martínez D. L. , Glockzin M. , Otto S. , Rehder G. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUpward transport and/or mixing of trace gas‐enriched subsurface waters fosters the exchange of nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) with the atmosphere in the Eastern‐South Atlantic (ESA). To date, it is, however, unclear whether this source is maintained by local production or advection of trace gas‐enriched water masses. The meridional and zonal variability of N2O and CH4 in the ESA were investigated to identify the contributions of the major regional water masses to the overall budget of N2O and CH4. The maximal sea surface N2O and CH4 concentrations and the main ESA upwelling cells co‐occurred with a strong negative correlation with the sea surface temperature (SST) (p < 0.05). The dominance of the central water masses in the winter and spring seasons and the interplay between shelf topography and wind regime are suggested to determine enhanced gas transfer toward the sea‐air interface or “capping” at midwater depth. These parameters are supposed to be critical in the local budget of N2O and CH4 in the ESA. Our findings also show that the shape of N2O and CH4 gradients is very similar both meridionally and zonally; however, the extent of the differences between the high‐end and low‐end members of the concentrations/saturations range is different. This suggests a more pronounced effect of local sources on CH4 than N2O distribution, in particular in the Walvis Bay area. With respect to N2O, however, low‐oxygen waters from the poleward undercurrent impinge in the shelf close to Cape Frio and often result in N2O concentrations significantly higher than off Lüderitz (p < 0.05).
Identification of Common Minerals Using Stoichiometric Calibration Method for Dual‐Energy CT
Authors: Martini Margherita , Francus Pierre , Di Schiavi Trotta Leonardo , Després Philippe 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMedical X‐ray computed tomography (CT) can be used to rapidly and non‐destructively characterize structure and density variations of geological specimens. More information about the nature of samples (electron density and elemental composition) can be retrieved using multi‐spectral approaches. This paper explores one of them, a stoichiometric calibration method for dual‐energy imaging, to identify the most common minerals. A set of 18 calibrating materials was selected to cover a range of variability in effective atomic number (Zeff) and electron density (ρe) encountered in geological specimens. The validation of this calibration was performed analyzing 23 common minerals by mapping their respective Zeff and ρe in order to identify the one with the closest properties. This study shows that the stoichiometric method correctly identifies the most important and common minerals (quartz, calcite, dolomite) that are usually not distinguishable using a single energy imaging method, although all the 23 studied minerals were not correctly determined. We show that this method previously elaborated for medical purposes is also efficient in earth science.