bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Root form and canal anatomy of maxillary first premolars: a cone-beam computed tomography study
Authors: Olczak Katarzyna , Pawlicka Halina , Szymański Witold 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the root and canal morphology of permanent maxillary first premolars in a Polish population using cone-beam computed tomography scanning (CBCT) and to compare the classifications by Vertucci and Ahmed et al. Images of 350 maxillary first premolars were analyzed. Scans were obtained from 226 patients: 131 women and 95 men. The root canal configurations were classified according to Vertucci and a new system by Ahmed et al. In addition, the number of roots and the level where roots bifurcated were identified. The results were submitted to statistical analysis. Most maxillary first premolars had two roots (69.1%). Most bifurcations were located in the coronal part of the root (44.2%) and the least in the apical part (15.3%). Bifurcation in the coronal part of the root was observed more often in the teeth of men than women. In turn, bifurcation in the central or apical part was significantly more common in women than in men. The most common canal configuration of the maxillary first premolars was type IV (78.2%) according to Vertucci and 2FPB1P1 (65.4%) according to the new classification. Among the remaining cases, almost all types of canals described by Vertucci, and many combinations of codes given in the new classification were demonstrated. The maxillary first premolars displayed a wide range of root and canal anatomical variations. The new system for classifying canal morphology based on Ahmed et al. is more accurate than the Vertucci classification.
Post mortem brain temperature and its influence on quantitative MRI of the brain
Authors: Berger Celine , Bauer Melanie , Wittig Holger , Scheurer Eva , Lenz Claudia 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Objective
MRI temperature sensitivity presents a major issue in in situ post mortem MRI (PMMRI), as the tissue temperatures differ from living persons due to passive cooling of the deceased. This study aims at computing brain temperature effects on the MRI parameters to correct for temperature in PMMRI, laying the foundation for future projects on post mortem validation of in vivo MRI techniques.

Materials and methods
Brain MRI parameters were assessed in vivo and in situ post mortem using a 3 T MRI scanner. Post mortem brain temperature was measured in situ transethmoidally. The temperature effect was computed by fitting a linear model to the MRI parameters and the corresponding brain temperature.

Results
Linear positive temperature correlations were observed for T1, T2* and mean diffusivity in all tissue types. A significant negative correlation was observed for T2 in white matter. Fractional anisotropy revealed significant correlations in all gray matter regions except for the thalamus.

Discussion
The linear models will allow to correct for temperature in post mortem MRI. Comparing in vivo to post mortem conditions, the mean diffusivity, in contrast to T1 and T2, revealed additional effects besides temperature, such as cessation of perfusion and active diffusion.
Now, I think doctors can be heroes … Medical student’s attitudes towards the COVID-19 pandemic’s impact on key aspects of medical education and how the image of the medical profession has changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Steiner-Hofbauer Verena , Grundnig Julia S. , Drexler Viktoria , Holzinger Anita 
Published: October 2021

SummaryBackgroundThe COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic hit the world in early 2020 and influenced medical education worldwide. Distance learning, risk of infection and patient care, telehealth literacy, medical ethics and research in medical education are key factors of medical education challenged by the pandemic. Additionally, the following question arises: “What do medical students think about their future profession in the face of this crisis?”MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted among all undergraduate medical students of the Medical University of Vienna. 872 students answered the self-developed questionnaire. Qualitative and quantitative data analyses were conducted.ResultsThe data show that the COVID-19 pandemic has raised awareness for the key aspects. In all areas of interest, students’ feeling of petaredness is limited. Limitations in practical training and distance learning as well as social isolation concern a majority of students. Neutral, positive, and negative themes emerged in qualitative data analysis. Only 8% of the students of the first 3 years of study versus 13.4% of the students in higher years commented negatively. 18.7% of male vs. only 12.5% of all female students’ comments were positive. A large proportion of positive comments were dedicated to the relevance and deeper meaning of the medical profession. Infection risk and the demanding nature of the medical profession were predominant in negative comments.ConclusionThe COVID-19 crisis has turned the spotlight on several aspects of medical education in need of reform. In addition, the occupational image of the medical profession seems to shift under the weight of this pandemic.
The role of changing pH on olfactory success of predator–prey interactions in green shore crabs, Carcinus maenas
Authors: Richardson Bryce , Martin Holly , Bartels-Hardege Helga , Fletcher Nichola , Hardege Jörg Detlef 
Published: October 2021

AbstractArguably climate change is one of the biggest challenges faced by many organisms. One of the more significant of these is the decreasing pH level of the ocean, a consequence of the increasing amount of atmospheric CO2 being absorbed. With the current open ocean pH level of 8.15 projected to fall to just over 7.6 in 2100, the impacts could be devastating for marine species reliant upon olfaction to survive. Here, we show that Carcinus maenas (shore crab) can detect and respond to the presence of odour cues from predatory species with no significant change between both current and projected pH conditions. In contrast, C. maenas ability to detect and respond to prey cues is altered in the projected climate change conditions, with a delayed response being observed at pH 7.6. A difference can be seen between males and females, with males detecting prey cues faster than females in reduced pH, suggesting the potential for males to be better acclimated to future climate change conditions. The change in ocean chemistry is postulated to have a fundamental impact on chemical communication systems in aquatic species. Here, we show such negative impacts of altered pH on feeding responses in Carcinus maenas, a typically robust keystone intertidal species and confirm that not all behaviours are affected equally with potentially significant implications for such functional traits and species interactions.
The H3K27 demethylase controls the lateral line embryogenesis of zebrafish
Authors: Tang Dongmei , Lu Yitong , Zuo Na , Yan Renchun , Wu Cheng , Wu Lijuan , Liu Shaofeng , He Yingzi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Kdm6b, a specific histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27) demethylase, has been reported to be implicated in a variety of developmental processes including cell differentiation and cell fate determination and multiple organogenesis. Here, we regulated the transcript level of kdm6bb to study the potential role in controlling the hearing organ development of zebrafish.

Methods
A morpholino antisense oligonucleotide (MO) strategy was used to induce Kdm6b deficiency; immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization analysis were conducted to figure out the morphologic alterations and embryonic mechanisms.

Results
Kdm6bb is expressed in the primordium and neuromasts at the early stage of zebrafish embryogenesis, suggesting a potential function of Kdm6b in the development of mechanosensory organs. Knockdown of kdm6bb severely influences the cell migration and proliferation in posterior lateral line primordium, abates the number of neuromasts along the trunk, and mRNA-mediated rescue test can partially renew the neuromasts. Loss of kdm6bb might be related to aberrant expressions of chemokine genes encompassing cxcl12a and cxcr4b/cxcr7b in the migrating primordium. Moreover, inhibition of kdm6bb reduces the expression of genes in Fgf signaling pathway, while it increases the axin2 and lef1 expression level of Wnt/β-catenin signaling during the migrating stage.

Conclusions
Collectively, our results revealed that Kdm6b plays an essential role in guiding the migration of primordium and in regulating the deposition of zebrafish neuromasts by mediating the gene expression of chemokines and Wnt and Fgf signaling pathway. Since histone methylation and demethylation are reversible, targeting Kdm6b may present as a novel therapeutic regimen for hearing disorders.
Combined Lorentz Symmetry: Lessons from Superfluid $$^3$$He
Authors: Volovik G. E. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe consider the possibility of the scenario in which the P, T and Lorentz symmetry of the relativistic quantum vacuum are all the combined symmetries. These symmetries emerge as a result of the symmetry breaking of the more fundamental P, T and Lorentz symmetries of the original vacuum, which is invariant under separate groups of the coordinate transformations and spin rotations. The condensed matter vacua (ground states) suggest two possible scenarios of the origin of the combined Lorentz symmetry, and both are realized in the superfluid phases of liquid $$^3$$

3

He: the $$^3$$

3

He-A scenario and the $$^3$$

3

He-B scenario. In these scenarios, the gravitational tetrads are considered as the order parameter of the symmetry breaking in the quantum vacuum. The $$^3$$

3

He-B scenarios applied to the Minkowski vacuum lead to the continuous degeneracy of the Minkowski vacuum with respect to the O(3, 1) spin rotations. The symmetry breaking leads to the corresponding topological objects, which appear due to the nontrivial topology of the manifold of the degenerate Minkowski vacua, such as torsion strings. The fourfold degeneracy of the Minkowski vacuum with respect to discrete P and T symmetries suggests that the Weyl fermions are described by four different tetrad fields: the tetrad for the left-handed fermions, the tetrad for the right-handed fermions, and the tetrads for their antiparticles. This may lead to the gravity with several metric fields, so that the parity violation may lead to the breaking of equivalence principle. Finally, we considered the application of the gravitational tetrads for the solution of the cosmological constant problem.
Generative adversarial networks for construction of virtual populations of mechanistic models: simulations to study Omecamtiv Mecarbil action
Authors: Parikh Jaimit , Rumbell Timothy , Butova Xenia , Myachina Tatiana , Acero Jorge Corral , Khamzin Svyatoslav , Solovyova Olga , Kozloski James , Khokhlova Anastasia , Gurev Viatcheslav 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBiophysical models are increasingly used to gain mechanistic insights by fitting and reproducing experimental and clinical data. The inherent variability in the recorded datasets, however, presents a key challenge. In this study, we present a novel approach, which integrates mechanistic modeling and machine learning to analyze in vitro cardiac mechanics data and solve the inverse problem of model parameter inference. We designed a novel generative adversarial network (GAN) and employed it to construct virtual populations of cardiac ventricular myocyte models in order to study the action of Omecamtiv Mecarbil (OM), a positive cardiac inotrope. Populations of models were calibrated from mechanically unloaded myocyte shortening recordings obtained in experiments on rat myocytes in the presence and absence of OM. The GAN was able to infer model parameters while incorporating prior information about which model parameters OM targets. The generated populations of models reproduced variations in myocyte contraction recorded during in vitro experiments and provided improved understanding of OM’s mechanism of action. Inverse mapping of the experimental data using our approach suggests a novel action of OM, whereby it modifies interactions between myosin and tropomyosin proteins. To validate our approach, the inferred model parameters were used to replicate other in vitro experimental protocols, such as skinned preparations demonstrating an increase in calcium sensitivity and a decrease in the Hill coefficient of the force–calcium (F–Ca) curve under OM action. Our approach thereby facilitated the identification of the mechanistic underpinnings of experimental observations and the exploration of different hypotheses regarding variability in this complex biological system.
The Emirates Exploration Imager (EXI) Instrument on the Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) Hope Mission
Authors: Jones A. R. , Wolff M. , Alshamsi M. , Osterloo M. , Bay P. , Brennan N. , Bryant K. , Castleman Z. , Curtin A. , DeVito E. , Drake V. A. , Ebuen D. , Espejo J. , Farren J. , Fenton B. , Fisher C. , Fisher M. , Fortier K. , Gerwig S. , Heberlein B. , Jeppesen C. , Khoory M. A. , Knappmiller S. , Knavel J. , Koski K. , Looney K. , Lujan P. , Miller M. , Newcomb G. , Otzinger G. , Passe H. , Pilinski E. , Reed H. , Shuping R. , Sicken P. , Summers D. , Wade S. , Walton L. , Yaptengco J. L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe Emirates Exploration Imager (EXI) on-board the Emirates Mars Mission (EMM) offers both regional and global imaging capabilities for studies of the Martian atmosphere. EXI is a framing camera with a field-of-view (FOV) that will easily capture the martian disk at the EMM science orbit periapsis. EXI provides 6 bandpasses nominally centered on 220, 260, 320, 437, 546, 635 nm using two telescopes (ultraviolet (UV) and visible(VIS)) with separate optics and detectors. Images of the full-disk are acquired with a resolution of 2–4 km per pixel, where the variation is driven by periapsis and apoapsis points of the orbit, respectively. By combining multiple observations within an orbit with planetary rotation, EXI is able to provide diurnal sampling over most of the planet on the scale of 10 days. As a result, the EXI dataset allows for the delineation of diurnal and seasonal timescales in the behavior of atmospheric constituents such as water ice clouds and ozone.This combination of temporal and spatial distinguishes EXI from somewhat similar imaging systems, including the Mars Color Imager (MARCI) onboard the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) (Malin et al. in Icarus 194(2):501–512, 2008) and the various cameras on-board the Hubble Space Telescope (HST; e.g., James et al. in J. Geophys. Res. 101(E8):18,883–18,890, 1996; Wolff et al. in J. Geophys. Res. 104(E4):9027–9042, 1999). The former, which has comparable spatial and spectral coverage, possesses a limited local time view (e.g., mid-afternoon). The latter, which provides full-disk imaging, has limited spatial resolution through most of the Martian year and is only able to provide (at most) a few observations per year given its role as a dedicated, queue-based astrophysical observatory. In addition to these unique attributes of the EXI observations, the similarities with other missions allows for the leveraging of both past and concurrent observations. For example, with MARCI, one can build on the ∼6 Mars years of daily global UV images as well as those taken concurrently with EXI.
QRev: migrating quantum code towards hybrid information systems
Authors: Pérez-Castillo Ricardo , Jiménez-Navajas Luis , Piattini Mario 
Published: October 2021

AbstractQuantum computing is now a reality, and its incomparable computational power has led companies to show a great interest in being able to work with quantum software in order to support part of their current and future business operations. However, the quantum computing paradigm differs significantly from its classical counterparts, which has brought about the need to revolutionise how the future software is designed, built, and operated in order to work with quantum computers. Since companies cannot discard all their current (and probably mission-critical) information systems, they must adapt their classical information systems to new specific quantum applications, thus evolving towards hybrid information systems. Unfortunately, there are no specific methods with which to deal with this challenge. We believe that reengineering, and more specifically, software modernisation using model-driven engineering principles, could be useful as regard migrating classical systems and existing quantum programs towards hybrid information systems. This paper, therefore, presents QRev, a reverse engineering tool that analyses quantum programs developed in Q# in order to identify its components and interrelationships, and then generates abstract models that can be used in software modernisation processes. The platform-independent models are generated according to the Knowledge Discovery Metamodel (KDM) standard. QRev is validated in a case study involving five quantum programs in order to demonstrate its effectiveness and scalability. The main implication of the study is that QRev can be used in order to attain KDM models, which can subsequently be employed to restructure or add new quantum functionality at a higher abstraction level, i.e. independently of the specific quantum technology.
Veränderungsmessung und Rückfälligkeit im Risikoorientierten Sanktionenvollzug
Authors: Treuthardt Daniel , Kröger Melanie 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungMit der Einführung des Risikoorientierten Sanktionenvollzugs (ROS) in der Schweiz sollen Rückfälle größtmöglich reduziert und die Ressourcen der Straftäter*innen gestärkt werden. Um diesem Anspruch gerecht zu werden, wird ROS fortlaufend evaluiert und weiterentwickelt. Nun soll eine konzipierte Veränderungsmessung überprüft werden, die ROS erweitern und die Abbildung von Veränderungen transparenter und nachvollziehbarer machen könnte. Neben den demografischen und Rückfalldaten werden diverse personen- und umweltbezogene Aspekte herangezogen. Konkret wird anhand von 302 Fällen betrachtet, ob im Verlauf der Sanktion eine Verbesserung der personen- und umweltbezogenen Aspekte stattgefunden hat. Anschließend wird analysiert, ob Verbesserungen der personen- und umweltbezogenen Variablen Zusammenhänge zur Rückfälligkeit aufweisen. Ebenso wird betrachtet, ob eine gute Passung von forensischem Bedarf und juristischen Rahmenbedingungen mit den Variablen sowie der Rückfälligkeit zusammenhängt. Des Weiteren wird anhand von Vergleichsdaten aus einer Stichprobe vor der Einführung von ROS die Wirksamkeit von ROS in Bezug auf Rückfälligkeit untersucht. Die untersuchten Bereiche weisen teilweise signifikante Ergebnisse auf. So deuten die Befunde darauf hin, dass die Veränderungsmessung grundsätzlich eine sinnvolle Ergänzung im ROS-Prozess darstellt. Außerdem kann die Wirksamkeit von ROS bestätigt werden. Abschließend werden Limitationen diskutiert und ein Ausblick gegeben.
Future care for long-term cancer survivors: towards a new model
Authors: Provencio M. , Romero N. , Tabernero J. , Vera R. , Baz D. V. , Arraiza A. , Camps C. , Felip E. , Garrido P. , Gaspar B. , Llombart M. , López A. , Magallón I. , Ibáñez V. M. , Olmos J. M. , Mur C. , Navarro-Ruiz A. , Pastor A. , Peiró M. , Polo J. , Rodríguez-Lescure Á. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The increase in the prevalence "long-term cancer survivor” (LCS) patients is expected to increase the cost of LCS care. The aim of this study was to obtain information that would allow to optimise the current model of health management in Spain to adapt it to one of efficient LCS patient care.

Methods
This qualitative study was carried out using Delphi methodology. An advisory committee defined the criteria for participation, select the panel of experts, prepare the questionnaire, interpret the results and draft the final report.

Results
232 people took part in the study (48 oncologists). Absolute consensus was reached in three of the proposed sections: oncological epidemiology, training of health professionals and ICT functions.

Conclusion
The role of primary care in the clinical management of LCS patients needs to be upgraded, coordination with the oncologist and hospital care is essential. The funding model needs to be adapted to determine the funding conditions for new drugs and technologies.
Finanzielle Kompetenzen und Defizite in Deutschland – eine aktuelle Bestandsaufnahme
Authors: Bachmann Ronald , Rulff Christian , Schmidt Christoph M. 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Anforderungen an die Finanzkompetenzen der Bevölkerung steigen aus einer Reihe von Gründen weiter an. Anhand des Datensatzes „Private Haushalte und ihre Finanzen“ zeigt diese Studie, dass in Deutschland generell ein relativ hohes Niveau an Finanzkompetenz vorliegt; dennoch besteht hier Verbesserungspotenzial. Dies gilt insbesondere für bestimmte sozio-demographische Gruppen wie Frauen, Personen mit Migrationshintergrund sowie finanzschwache Haushalte. Hieraus ergibt sich Handlungsbedarf, der für verschiedene Felder diskutiert wird. Es wird insbesondere empfohlen, Finanzbildung stärker in die Lehrpläne von Schulen zu integrieren, die Ausbildung von Lehrern in diesem Bereich zu verbessern, Bildungs- und Informationsangebote für Erwachsene zu stärken und die Transparenz von Finanz- und Versicherungsprodukten zu erhöhen.
How We Resist Metaphors
Authors: GIBBS RAYMOND W. , SIMAN JOSIE 
Published: October 2021

abstractMost people love metaphor, but we still sometimes find ourselves resisting their presence or meanings for various reasons. We resist metaphors both as a general strategy (e.g., “Metaphors are meaningless” or “Mixed metaphor are incoherent”), and as a response to some metaphors in very specific situational and discourse contexts (e.g., “I do not like the idea that my cancer treatment is seen as a war against my body”). People resist metaphors they have produced, metaphors imposed on them by others, and metaphors that they find to be offensive or that negatively stigmatize other individuals, or groups of people. But metaphors are also resisted for their lack of explanatory power in, for instance, scientific communities. There are also many ironies associated with metaphor resistance, such as consciously resisting some metaphor while still being governed by that same metaphor in our unconscious thinking and actions. Most generally, though, metaphor resistance is its own kind of metaphorical action. Taking a dynamic systems approach to resistance to metaphors, we discuss several implications of these observations for theories of metaphorical thought and language.