bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
T lymphocytes and preeclampsia: The potential role of T‐cell subsets and related MicroRNAs in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia
Authors: Zolfaghari Mohammad Ali , Arefnezhad Reza , Parhizkar Forough , Hejazi Mohammad Saeid , Motavalli Khiavi Farhad , Mahmoodpoor Ata , Yousefi Mehdi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractInnate and adaptive immune systems have a crucial role in initiating and progressing some pregnancy disorders such as preeclampsia (PE), which is one of the pregnancy‐specific disorders that could result in neonatal and maternal morbidity and mortality. The dysregulation of the spiral artery and inadequate trophoblast invasion lead to PE symptoms through producing various inflammatory cytokines and anti‐angiogenic factors from the placenta. T lymphocytes play a special role in the epithelium and stroma of the human endometrium. CD4+ T helper (Th) cells, Th1/Th2, and Th17/T regulatory (Treg) balance mainly contribute to the establishment of a pregnancy‐favorable environment. This review examined the dysregulation of some cytokines produced from T cells, the dysregulation of the transcription factors of Th cells, the expression of chemokine receptors on T cells, as well as the effects of some factors including vitamin D on the activity of T cells, and finally, the dysregulation of various miRNAs related to T cells, which could cause PE.
Spectral kinship
Authors: GAMMELTOFT TINE M. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTEndurance is a key term used by women in contemporary Vietnam to characterize the moral persistence that their marital lives demand. Accounting for women's endurance requires, as fieldwork in Hanoi indicates, ethnographic attention to how kinship can be temporally and spatially capricious, exceeding the immediately manifest. The concept of spectral kinship aims to capture these latent aspects of kinship and their groundings in people's imaginative lives. Defining relatedness as an imaginal accomplishment, an analytic of spectral kinship draws attention to aspects of social existence that are neither “real” nor “delusional” yet socially powerful nevertheless. Approaching Vietnamese women's endurance through the lens of spectral kinship highlights the invisible, imaginal efforts that women make to cope with the vulnerabilities and contingencies of kinship, thereby bringing into analysis crucial yet often undervalued forms of gendered kin‐work. [domestic distress, endurance, gender, imaginal, hauntology, kinship, spectrality, Vietnam]
Inflammatory features in sporadic late‐onset nemaline myopathy are independent from monoclonal gammopathy
Authors: Tanboon Jantima , Uruha Akinori , Arahata Yukie , Dittmayer Carsten , Schweizer Leonille , Goebel Hans‐Hilmar , Nishino Ichizo , Stenzel Werner 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTSporadic late‐onset nemaline myopathy (SLONM) is a rare adult‐onset non‐hereditary disease with subacute proximal muscle and often axial muscle weakness, characterized by the presence of nemaline bodies in skeletal muscle biopsies. Considering its association with concurrent monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS), the disease is classified into two major subtypes (1) SLONM without MGUS (SLONM‐noMGUS) and (2) with MGUS (SLONM‐MGUS) association. SLONM associated with HIV infection (SLONM‐HIV) is also reported. SLONM‐MGUS has been shown to be associated with poorer prognosis and required aggressive treatment including high‐dose melphalan and autologous stem cell transplantation. The approach is currently debatable as recent reports suggested effectiveness of intravenous immunoglobulin as initial treatment with indifference of overall survival despite the presence of MGUS. Our study aimed to find an underlying basis by review of pathological features in 49 muscle biopsy proven‐SLONM from two large tertiary centers in Japan and Germany (n = 49: SLONM‐noMGUS = 34, SLONM‐MGUS = 13, SLONM‐HIV = 2). We compared pathological findings in SLONM‐noMGUS and SLONM‐MGUS and focused on the presence of any detectable inflammatory features by immunohistochemistry. The clinical and histological features in SLONM‐noMGUS and SLONM‐MGUS were not distinctively different except for more common regenerating fibers (>5% of myofibers) present in SLONM‐MGUS (p < 0.01). HLA‐ABC expression and fine granular p62 were observed in 66.7% and 78.3% of SLONM, respectively. The predominant inflammatory cells were CD68+ cells. The inflammatory cells showed positive correlations with the percentage of nemaline‐containing fibers (p < 0.001). In conclusion, inflammatory features are present although rather mild in SLONM. This finding contributes to the hypothesis of an acquired inflammatory disease pathogenesis and opens the possibility to offer immunotherapy in SLONM with inflammatory features regardless of the monoclonal gammopathy status.
Temporal resource partitioning mitigates interspecific competition and promotes coexistence among insect parasites
Authors: Hood Glen Ray , Blankinship Devin , Doellman Meredith M. , Feder Jeffrey L. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTA key to understanding life's great diversity is discerning how competing organisms divide limiting resources to coexist in diverse communities. While temporal resource partitioning has long been hypothesized to reduce the negative effects of interspecific competition, empirical evidence suggests that time may not often be an axis along which animal species routinely subdivide resources. Here, we present evidence to the contrary in the world's most biodiverse group of animals: insect parasites (parasitoids). Specifically, we conducted a meta‐analysis of 64 studies from 41 publications to determine if temporal resource partitioning via variation in the timing of a key life‐history trait, egg deposition (oviposition), mitigates interspecific competition between species pairs sharing the same insect host. When competing species were manipulated to oviposit at (or near) the same time in or on a single host in the laboratory, competition was common, and one species was typically inherently superior (i.e. survived to adulthood a greater proportion of the time). In most cases, however, the inferior competitor could gain a survivorship advantage by ovipositing earlier (or in a smaller number of cases later) into shared hosts. Moreover, this positive (or in a few cases negative) priority advantage gained by the inferior competitor increased as the interval between oviposition times became greater. The results from manipulative experiments were also correlated with patterns of life‐history timing and demography in nature: the more inherently competitively inferior a species was in the laboratory, the greater the interval between oviposition times of taxa in co‐occurring populations. Additionally, the larger the interval between oviposition times of competing taxa, the more abundant the inferior species was in populations where competitors were known to coexist. Overall, our findings suggest that temporal resource partitioning via variation in oviposition timing may help to facilitate species coexistence and structures diverse insect communities by altering demographic measures of species success. We argue that the lack of evidence for a more prominent role of temporal resource partitioning in promoting species coexistence may reflect taxonomic differences, with a bias towards larger‐sized animals. For smaller species like parasitic insects that are specialized to attack one or a group of closely related hosts, have short adult lifespans and discrete generation times, compete directly for limited resources in small, closed arenas and have life histories constrained by host phenology, temporal resource subdivision via variation in life history may play a critical role in allowing species to coexist by alleviating the negative effects of interspecific competition.
Recent advances in pharmacological treatment of heart failure
Authors: Iacoviello Massimo , Palazzuoli Alberto , Gronda Edoardo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundOver the last years, several trials offered new evidence on heart failure (HF) treatment.Design and resultsFor HF with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, type 2 sodium—glucose cotransporter inhibitors, aside from sacubitril—valsartan, demonstrated extraordinary efficacy in ameliorating patients' prognosis. Some new molecules (eg vericiguat, omecamtiv mecarbil and ferric carboxymaltose) correct iron deficiency and have shown to be capable of furthering reducing the burden of HF hospitalisation. Finally, there is new evidence on the possible therapeutic approaches of HF patients with mid‐range or preserved left ventricular ejection fraction.ConclusionsThis review aimed to revise the main novelties in the field of HF therapy and focus on how the daily clinical approach to patient treatment is changing.
Cardiac pre‐purchase examination in horses – evaluation, outcome and athletic follow‐up
Authors: ter Woort F. , Reef V. , Stefanovski D. , Slack J. 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThis retrospective study describes the clinical, echocardiographic and electrocardiographic data for 174 horses presented for a cardiac evaluation as part of their pre‐purchase examination (PPE). Follow‐up information regarding outcome and performance was obtained via interview and/or FEI records. The objectives of this study were to (1) describe the abnormalities found on cardiac pre‐purchase examinations (PPE), (2) assess whether athletic prognosis generated by comprehensive cardiovascular examination at the time of the PPE was predictive of cardiac limitations to intended athletic activity and (3) evaluate whether signalment, murmur characteristics, presence of an arrhythmia or final diagnosis could predict either the prognosis or cardiac limitations to performance. The majority of horses had mild disease or physiological murmurs/arrhythmias (142 horses). However, performance‐limiting conditions were found in 29 horses, and this included moderate or severe mitral and aortic regurgitation, cardiomyopathy, myocarditis, large ventricular septal defects, an aortocardiac fistula, atrial fibrillation, atrial tachycardia with second degree AV block and frequent ventricular premature complexes during exercise. Athletic prognosis was excellent in 142 horses (with 60 normal horses and 82 horses with mild disease and an excellent prognosis), fair in 18 horses and poor in 11 horses. Athletic outcome was analysed in 96 horses. Prognosis given at the time of the PPE was the only significant predictor of the athletic outcome. Signalment, auscultation findings and diagnosis were not significantly associated with prognosis or outcome. Comprehensive cardiac examinations in horses with murmurs and arrhythmias at the time of the pre‐purchase examination should be recommended and provide a unique opportunity to eliminate at‐risk horses from the sport.
A novel three‐dimensionally printed model to assess biofilm removal by ultrasonically activated irrigation
Authors: Choi Min‐Ji , Kim Mi‐Ah , Choi Yoorina , Neelakantan Prasanna , Yu Mi‐Kyung , Min Kyung‐San 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimTo apply an innovative three‐dimensionally printed tooth model to investigate the efficacy of three ultrasonically activated irrigation (UAI) systems in removing multispecies biofilms from dentine samples.MethodologyThree‐dimensionally printed teeth with a curved root canal were fabricated with a standardized slot in the apical third of the root to achieve precision fit of human root dentine specimens. Multispecies biofilms including Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus mitis and Campylobacter rectus were developed in the root canal for 21 days. The canals were allocated to be irrigated with 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) using a syringe and needle or ultrasonically activated NaOCl with a stainless‐steel file (Irrisafe), a conventional nickel‐titanium (Ni‐Ti) file (CK) or a blue heat‐treated Ni‐Ti file (Endosonic Blue). Infected root canals irrigated with distilled water served as controls. Bacterial reduction was determined by colony‐forming unit (CFU) counting (n = 20), whilst biofilms were analysed using confocal laser scanning microscopy (n = 7) and field emission scanning electron microscopy. For CFU counting, the independent two‐sample t‐test (Welch's t‐test) was examined to compare overall bacterial reduction amongst groups. For CLSM analysis, the data were analysed using one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Scheffé post hoc test. The p‐values <.05 were considered to indicate statistical significance.ResultsAll groups in which NaOCl was ultrasonically activated had significantly lower CFU values than the syringe‐and‐needle irrigation and control groups (p < .05). Ultrasonic activation with the stainless‐steel file and blue heat‐treated Ni‐Ti file significantly reduced the biofilm volume compared with other groups (p < .05). Overall, UAI with the blue heat‐treated file resulted in the highest antibacterial and biofilm removal efficacy.ConclusionsUAI with different inserts had differential antibiofilm effects. The blue heat‐treated Ni‐Ti ultrasonic insert resulted in the greatest antibacterial and biofilm removal from dentine in this standardized root canal model.
Home and expatriate nurses’ perceptions of job satisfaction: Qualitative findings
Authors: Almansour Husam , Gobbi Mary , Prichard Jane 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimThis paper is part of a larger doctoral study that investigated the impact of nationality on the job satisfaction of nurses and their intentions to leave Saudi Arabian government hospitals. The paper aims to gain an understanding of the impact of expatriate status on nurses’ perceptions, by comparing the factors that influence job satisfaction among Saudi nurses to those that affect nurses recruited from other countries.BackgroundJob satisfaction is a known predictor of nurse retention. Although there is a broad understanding of the factors that affect job satisfaction, little is known about how these vary between home and expatriate nurses working in countries which rely on a multicultural migrant workforce.MethodsA descriptive qualitative approach was taken, in which 26 semi‐structured interviews were conducted with nurses selected from different nationalities, all of whom were working in Saudi Arabian hospitals. Eight participants were Saudi Arabian, six Filipino, four Indian, four South African, two Jordanian and two Malaysian.FindingsFive themes were identified that differentiated the perceptions of expatriates regarding their job satisfaction from those of the home nurses: separation from family, language and communication, fairness of remuneration, moving into the future and professionalism.ConclusionFocusing on the enhancement of job satisfaction experienced by expatriate nurses can result in a healthier work environment and greater retention of these nurses.Implications for nursing and nursing policyTo enhance nurse retention, policy makers in countries with migrant nurses should address their socio‐economic needs. This includes providing both greater access to their dependent family members, and language lessons and cultural orientation to reduce linguistic and cultural challenges.
Natural variations of BrHISN2 provide a genetic basis for growth‐flavour trade‐off in different Brassica rapa subspecies
Authors: Su Tongbing , Wang Weihong , Li Peirong , Xin Xiaoyun , Yu Yangjun , Zhao Xiuyun , Zhang Deshuang , Yu Shuancang , Zhang Fenglan 
Published: May 2021

Summary

Selection for yield during B. rapa breeding may have unintended consequences for other traits, such as flavour. LYH‐type (light yellow head) Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis) and wucai (Brassica rapa L. ssp. chinensis var. rosularis) varieties are becoming popular because of their unique flavour and yellow leaves. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the interplay for these traits remains unknown.

We conducted a fine mapping and genome‐wide exploration analysis of the leaf yellowing of LYH and wucai, including transgenic plants, to identify causal genes.

We identified that BrHISN2, a rate‐limiting enzyme in histidine biosynthesis, causes leaf yellowing by destroying LYH chloroplasts. Normal growing Brhisn2 mutant plants became etiolated and senesced at the cotyledon‐seedling stage. Sequence variations in the promoter confers cold‐dependent expression on BrHISN2, probably resulting in leaf yellowing in LYH and wucai. Insertions of two DRE cis elements and the subsequent recruitment of two CBF2 proteins by the DREs to the promoter provided the cold‐induced expression plasticity of BrHISN2 in plants. Both LYH and wucai are farmed in the fall, in which the temperature gradually decreases, therefore the CBF2‐BrHISN2 module probably maximises the benefits of gene–environment interaction for breeding.

We determined the mechanistic connections of chlorophyll synthesis and the growth‐flavour trade‐off in these B. rapa varieties.
How divided is the attitudinal context for policymaking? Changes in public attitudes to the welfare state, inequality and immigration over two decades in Britain
Authors: Cooper Kerris , Burchardt Tania 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIf public attitudes towards the welfare state, inequality and immigration are becoming increasingly polarized, as recent political events might suggest, the space for progressive social policies is more constrained. Using data from the British Social Attitudes Survey (BSA) spanning 23years, we analyse trends in these attitudes, examining whether there has been divergence between those who have been more and less exposed to disadvantage through changes in the economy and the welfare state across more than two decades. Taken in this longer term context, and examining characteristics not previously considered in relation to public attitudes such as lone parenthood and disability, we find little evidence of polarization in attitudes to welfare, inequality and immigration and even some evidence of attitudinal gaps narrowing. We conclude that given this lack of division, there may be greater room for more pro‐welfare and progressive policies than the prevalent narrative of polarization suggests.
International activities and innovation: Evidence from Italy with a special regressor approach
Authors: Iandolo Stefano , Ferragina Anna 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBy using panel data on Italian manufacturing firms, this paper contributes to the literature on the nexus between firms’ internationalisation and innovation performance, taking into account the impact of different internationalisation strategies (with a focus on exports, foreign direct investments and outsourcing) on firms’ product and process innovation. Being robust to the implementation of different and complementary methodologies (impact evaluation analysis, multivariate probit and a special regressor approach to instrumental variables), our results suggest that accessing foreign markets through the different strategies considered may ensure different returns in terms of both types of innovation. We find evidence in support of the learning‐by‐exporting literature since exporting shows positive effects on the probability of carrying out both product and process innovation. Moreover, while investing abroad enhances product innovation, suggesting a more market‐seeking oriented strategy (i.e. rather than resource‐seeking), on the contrary, outsourcing raises the probability of introducing process innovation. Our results may prompt further reflections on public policies and on incentives for supporting domestic firms’ internationalisation.
Implications of the Heat Generation of LMR-NCM on the Thermal Behavior of Large-Format Lithium-Ion Batteries
Authors: Kraft Ludwig , Hoefling Alexander , Zünd Tanja , Kunz Alexander , Steinhardt Marco , Tübke Jens , Jossen Andreas 
Published: May 2021

Lithium- and manganese-rich NCM (LMR-NCM) cathode active materials exhibit a pronounced energy inefficiency during charge and discharge that results in a strong heat generation during operation. The implications of such a heat generation are investigated for large-format lithium-ion batteries. Small laboratory cells are generally considered isothermal, but for larger cell formats this heat cannot be neglected. Therefore, the heat generation of LMR-NCM/graphite coin cells and NCA/graphite coin cells as a reference is measured for varying charge/discharge rates in an isothermal heat flow calorimeter and scaled to larger standardized cell formats. With the aid of thermal 3D models, the temperature evolution within these cell formats under different charge/discharge operations and cooling conditions is analyzed. Without an additional heat sink and any active cooling of larger LMR-NCM/graphite cells, discharge C-rates lower than C/2 are advisable to keep the cell temperature below a critical threshold. If the loads are increased, the cooling strategy has to be adapted to the specific cell format, otherwise critical temperatures above 60 °C are easily reached. For the investigated convective surface cooling and base plate cooling scenarios, thick prismatic cell formats with LMR-NCM are generally unfavorable, as the large amount of heat cannot be adequately dissipated.
Contacts with Macrophages Promote an Aggressive Nanomechanical Phenotype of Circulating Tumor Cells in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Osmulski Pawel A. , Cunsolo Alessandra , Chen Meizhen , Qian Yusheng , Lin Chun-Lin , Hung Chia-Nung , Mahalingam Devalingam , Kirma Nameer B. , Chen Chun-Liang , Taverna Josephine A. , Liss Michael A. , Thompson Ian M. , Huang Tim H.-M. , Gaczynska Maria E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Aggressive tumors of epithelial origin shed cells that intravasate and become circulating tumor cells (CTC). The CTCs that are able to survive the stresses encountered in the bloodstream can then seed metastases. We demonstrated previously that CTCs isolated from the blood of prostate cancer patients display specific nanomechanical phenotypes characteristic of cell endurance and invasiveness and patient sensitivity to androgen deprivation therapy. Here we report that patient-isolated CTCs are nanomechanically distinct from cells randomly shed from the tumor, with high adhesion as the most distinguishing biophysical marker. CTCs uniquely coisolated with macrophage-like cells bearing the markers of tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). The presence of these immune cells was indicative of a survival-promoting phenotype of “mechanical fitness” in CTCs based on high softness and high adhesion as determined by atomic force microscopy. Correlations between enumeration of macrophages and mechanical fitness of CTCs were strong in patients before the start of hormonal therapy. Single-cell proteomic analysis and nanomechanical phenotyping of tumor cell–macrophage cocultures revealed that macrophages promoted epithelial–mesenchymal plasticity in prostate cancer cells, manifesting in their mechanical fitness. The resulting softness and adhesiveness of the mechanically fit CTCs confer resistance to shear stress and enable protective cell clustering. These findings suggest that selected tumor cells are coached by TAMs and accompanied by them to acquire intermediate epithelial/mesenchymal status, thereby facilitating survival during the critical early stage leading to metastasis.

Significance:
The interaction between macrophages and circulating tumor cells increases the capacity of tumor cells to initiate metastasis and may constitute a new set of blood-based targets for pharmacologic intervention.
Myeloid Resistance is not Futile: Biomarkers of Immunotherapy in Bladder Cancer
Authors: Drake Charles G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The majority of patients with urothelial cancer do not respond to immune checkpoint blockade directed at the PD-(L)1 axis. Recently, robust profiling data were used to derive predictive biomarker signatures for both protumorigenic immunity and adaptive antitumor immunity; combining these has greater predictive power than either alone. Clinically, these results suggest that myeloid cells may be primary drivers of nonresponsiveness in urothelial cancer.
See related article by Wang et al., p. 4287