bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Politikgestaltung im Dialog? Umweltgruppen und ihre Mitwirkung bei der Regulierung von Spurenstoffen in Gewässern
Authors: Schaub Simon , Tosun Jale 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Belastung von Gewässern mit sogenannten Spurenstoffen wie etwa Medikamentenrückstände wird zunehmend als ein handlungsrelevantes Problem wahrgenommen. Inwiefern tragen Umweltgruppen als Knowledge Broker zwischen Wissenschaft und Politik zu einer evidenz-basierten Politikgestaltung in Hinblick auf die Regulierung von Spurenstoffen in Gewässern bei? Um diese Forschungsfrage zu beantworten, wird in diesem Beitrag der Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland (BUND) und dessen Einfluss auf den Politikgestaltungsprozess untersucht. Spezifisch geht es in dieser Abhandlung um die Darlegung der Strategien des BUND hinsichtlich der Interessenvermittlung und dessen konkreter Mitwirkung an Stakeholder-Konsultationen sowie der Umsetzung eines Lösungsansatzes auf der lokalen Ebene. Hierbei wird aufgezeigt, dass der BUND durch seine fachliche Expertise als ein Knowledge Broker wahrgenommen wird. Die wissenschaftliche Fundierung der Positionen des BUND wird auch dadurch deutlich, dass dieser im Lichte neuer Erkenntnisse seine politischen Forderungen verändert hat. Diese Abhandlung argumentiert, dass die Darlegung von Unsicherheit in der Bewertung des Problems sowie die Bereitschaft, die politischen Forderungen zu ändern, dem BUND den Status als Knowledge Broker verleiht. Dadurch eröffnen sich der Organisation vielfältige Möglichkeiten der Teilnahme an Entscheidungsprozessen. Zudem wendet sich der BUND an die Öffentlichkeit und bedient sich einer Strategie der indirekten Interessenvertretung. Der zentrale Beitrag dieser Untersuchung besteht darin, dass dargelegt werden kann, dass beide Strategien – direkter Zugang zur Politik und indirekte Beeinflussung über die Medien und die Öffentlichkeit – komplementär angewandt werden, um den politischen Entscheidungsprozess effektiv zu beeinflussen. Dies bedeutet, dass selbst wenn Umweltorganisationen bei der Politikgestaltung mitwirken können, sie zusätzlich die Öffentlichkeit für ihr Anliegen aufsuchen, um ihre Verhandlungsposition zu stärken.
Religion, Memory, and Materiality: Exploring the Origins and Legacies of Sectarianism in the North of Ireland
Authors: Horning Audrey 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe early 17th-century Plantation of Ulster, in which the English Crown sought to plant loyal British colonists in the north of Ireland, is commonly understood as overtly religious in intent and action, and is viewed as the foundation for today’s divide between Protestant and Catholic communities in Northern Ireland. Archaeological and documentary evidence complicates this straightforward narrative by demonstrating considerable cultural exchange and the emergence of hybrid practices—suggesting that, during the plantation period itself, religion may have been less influential than economic and political pragmatism. By the end of the 17th century, however, religion took on a more prominent political and cultural role, overtly materialized in objects, settlement patterns, and landscapes. The nature and timing for this transition is examined through archaeological case studies and considered in light of contemporary historical memories regarding the plantation and the origins of sectarianism in Ireland.
The Idea of Discursive Constituent Power
Authors: Fichera Massimo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe question addressed by this article is whether a form of constituent power exists at the EU level. It is argued that European integration has not suppressed the idea of people as constituent power. Instead, the idea of ‘people’ has been constructed through the discourses of security and rights. Ever since the early stages of European integration, the security and rights discourses have consisted in the articulation of a meta-constitutional rationale, which is here called the ‘security of the European project’, i.e. a form of political morality that is pursued by the EU as a polity over time and aims at its own survival. Security and rights discourses have contributed to constructing two ideas of ‘people-as-constituent-power’. The first idea is that of ‘mobile people’, i.e. people exercising EU free movement rights. The second idea is that of ‘peoples’ in the plural, conceived as States and citizens at the same time. Nevertheless, these discourses are characterised by a certain degree of ambiguity and have been unrolling as if the development of the EU polity was a mere technical, neutral matter. This state of affairs cannot continue: the European project has always been a political project, and, as integration reaches its more advanced stages, the time has come to disclose its political nature and address conflict openly.
Multi-focus Image Fusion Based on Random Walk
Authors: Wang Zhaobin , Wang Ziye , Cui Zijing , Chen Lina , Zhang Yaonan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAn effective multi-focus image fusion algorithm based on random walk is proposed in this paper. Random walk and guided filter have attracted extensive attention in image fusion. Random walk is usually used to solve probability problems and it has a good smoothing effect, and guided filter can preserve the gradient information of the image well. The combination of two algorithms can better retain the edge information of the input image. Six sets of source images and five existing methods are used in the experiment and the experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms the existing methods in both subjective and objective evaluation.
Asymmetric Exchange Rate Pass-Through in Southeast Asian Rice Trade
Authors: Wiseman Taylor , Luckstead Jeff , Durand-Morat Alvaro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAsian countries consume approximately 90% of the world’s rice supply. Between 2007 and 2014, Thailand, Vietnam, and India accounted for 60% of the world’s exports of rice. A nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag (NARDL) econometric model is utilized to estimate the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on rice trade in Southeast Asia. Focusing on the largest importing countries and exporting country by volume, the analysis considers Malaysian, Indonesian, the Philippines, and Chinese rice imports from Thailand. Results show that importing countries’ state trading enterprises (STEs) generally do not follow profit-maximizing behavior in reacting to exchange rate volatility.
A neurocognitive model of ideological thinking
Authors: Zmigrod Leor 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIdeological behavior has traditionally been viewed as a product of social forces. Nonetheless, an emerging science suggests that ideological worldviews can also be understood in terms of neural and cognitive principles. The article proposes a neurocognitive model of ideological thinking, arguing that ideological worldviews may be manifestations of individuals’ perceptual and cognitive systems. This model makes two claims. First, there areneurocognitive antecedents to ideological thinking: the brain’s low-level neurocognitive dispositions influence its receptivity to ideological doctrines. Second, there areneurocognitive consequences to ideological engagement: strong exposure and adherence to ideological doctrines can shape perceptual and cognitive systems. This article details the neurocognitive model of ideological thinking and synthesizes the empirical evidence in support of its claims. The model postulates that there are bidirectional processes between the brain and the ideological environment, and so it can address the roles of situational and motivational factors in ideologically motivated action. This endeavor highlights that an interdisciplinary neurocognitive approach to ideologies can facilitate biologically informed accounts of the ideological brain and thus reveal who is most susceptible to extreme and authoritarian ideologies. By investigating the relationships between low-level perceptual processes and high-level ideological attitudes, we can develop a better grasp of our collective history as well as the mechanisms that may structure our political futures.
ANALOGY REVERSED
Authors: Swaminathan Shivprasad 
Published: August 2021

AbstractStandard accounts of analogy in law picture it as reasoningfromthe past case (source)toa solution in the case at hand (target). This article argues that the normatively constraining invocations of similarity or likeness presupposed by standard accounts do not obtain. It then sketches an alternative account based on Michael Polanyi's idea of polycentricity (not Lon Fuller's) on which the orientation of analogical reasoning isreversed. A past case (here “target”) is picked and framed in certain ways topersuadethe interlocutor about the decision independently reached in the present case (here “source”) through the guidance oftacit knowledge(involving anticipation of what is likely to pass muster with the legal community) which normatively constrains the process.
Medium-term effect of fertilizer, compost, and dolomite on cocoa soil and productivity in Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Fungenzi Thomas , Sakrabani Ruben , Burgess Paul J. , Lambert Smilja , McMahon Peter 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn Indonesia, management practices that reduce soil fertility could be limiting cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) production. To address this, we investigated the effects of fertilizers and organic amendments comprising different combinations of NPK + urea, dolomite, and manure-based compost on soil properties and cocoa productivity. We extended an existing field experiment in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, to assess these treatments’ effects on cocoa trees from the age of 2.9 years to 7.4 years. The treatments were first applied 5 months after planting and subsequently twice a year. Soil analyses were performed before planting, after 3 years, and finally after 7 years. Productivity was assessed yearly between the age of 3.5 and 7.4 years. The highest yields were obtained from the plots receiving compost, although the yield benefits diminished over time. Inorganic fertilizer alone doubled the yield compared to the control, while the yields with compost and compost + fertilizer were three times that of the control. With dolomite alone, the yield cumulated over 4 years was 41% higher than the control. The positive effect of compost on cocoa yields can potentially be attributed to (1) physical changes increasing soil water availability, (2) the chemical improvement of nutrient availability, and (3) biologically, by promoting the activity of beneficial organisms. The application of dolomite increased soil pH, Ca, and Mg contents. Soil organic carbon greatly declined in the composted treatments, even though 10 kg of compost was applied per tree per year, probably because of the low C:N ratio of the compost. Future studies should assess different fertilizer formulations and combinations with organic inputs and explore the mechanisms by which compost promotes cocoa productivity.
Coming to Terms: The Politics of Sovereign Bond Denomination
Authors: Ballard-Rosa Cameron , Mosley Layna , Wellhausen Rachel L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGovernments interact strategically with sovereign bond market creditors: they make choices not only about how often and how much to borrow, but also under what terms. The denomination of debt, in domestic or foreign currency, is a critical part of these terms. The “original sin” logic has long predicted that creditors have little appetite for developing-country government debt issued in domestic currency. Our novel data, including bond issues by 131 countries in 240,000 primary market transactions between 1990 and 2016, suggest otherwise. Domestic-denominated bonds have come to dominate the market, although domestic-currency issuance often is accompanied by shorter bond maturities. We argue that ideologically rooted policy preferences play an important role in this unexpected trend in denomination. All else equal, right governments choose foreign denomination as a means of mitigating currency risk and thus minimizing borrowing costs. In contrast, left governments opt for the flexibility of domestic denomination, and they are better able to act on their preferences in the presence of risk-mitigating monetary institutions and macroeconomic stability. We find support for our argument that partisanship has a robust and enduring relationship with denomination outcomes, even in a marketplace in which domestic-denominated developing-country sovereign bonds have become the norm.
Londinium's Landward Wall: Material Acquisition, Supply and Construction
Authors: Barker Simon J. , Hayward Kevin , Coombe Penny 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTThe construction of a free-standing stone wall was a significant occasion in Londinium's history, remarkable for the quantity of masonry used and for the continuing additions to the defences over at least three identifiable phases. Since the local geology in the London Basin does not offer suitable building stone, Londinium's walls offer an exceptional example by which to examine the logistics of construction and the transportation of materials in the context of Romano-British building projects. We examine the sources of the materials used, their transport and the scale of labour and investment involved in the construction of the Landward Wall using an energetics-based methodology. Finally, we provide new insights into Londinium's Landward Wall and the socio-economic and practical implications of its construction. Supplementary material is available online (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X21000088) and comprises technical data related to the architectural energetics.
Municipal modernity: the politics of leisure and Johannesburg's swimming baths, 1920s to 1930s
Authors: Grundlingh Louis 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn the 1920s and 1930s, the all-powerful Johannesburg Council, comprising English-speaking middle-class white males, realized the importance of providing leisure spaces and sport facilities for its white residents and prioritized the building of swimming baths in their suburbs. It was regarded as the ideal facility, supporting the growing demand for outdoor activity. The upswing in the economy in the 1920s and especially in the 1930s, expedited this endeavour, as it eased the financial expenditure. As a result, Johannesburg could boast 10 new swimming baths by the end of the 1930s. The council was adamant that the swimming baths should be on a par with international standards. This venture fitted comfortably into the larger project of transforming the economically vibrant Johannesburg into a modern city. In contrast, the first swimming bath for Johannesburg's black residents was only built in the mid-1930s, proving that racial considerations determined the council's provision of leisure facilities.
Rise of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: An Imminent Public Health Threat Mandating Counter-Terrorism Medicine Preparedness for Potential Mass-Casualty Attacks
Authors: Tin Derrick , Kallenborn Zachary , Hart Alexander , Hertelendy Attila J. , Ciottone Gregory R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe mass proliferation and increasing affordability of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in recent years has given rise to weaponized UAV use by terrorists, leading to mounting and credible concerns this attack methodology will be the next terrorism modus operandi. Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM) specialists need to consider how UAVs alter or create new mass-casualty scenarios that can further exploit existing medical preparedness vulnerabilities. With an opportunity to be proactive in disaster prevention, mitigation, and preparedness, it is imperative this gathering storm be acknowledged and stakeholders explore how best to prepare for, respond to, and mitigate the consequences of UAV incidents.
Commemorating Oliver Williamson, a founding father of transaction cost economics
Authors: Sent Esther-Mirjam , Kroese Annelie L. J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis contribution commemorates Oliver Williamson, who recently passed away, as one of the founding fathers of Transaction Cost Economics (TCE). It does so by touching on some of the details of his personal life and connecting these with his professional career. The latter was devoted to putting the study of institutions on the economic agenda. Closer scrutiny reveals that three phases may be identified. Williamson first developed an interest in analysing vertical integration. During the second phase, he elaborated this interest in TCE, and during the third, he positioned his contributions within the area of institutional economics. Furthermore, the article considers the various influences of institutional and organizational economists on Williamson. Finally, the article considers the reception, criticism, and further elaborations of Williamson's contributions.
Atmosphere, private ordering, and industrial pluralism: Williamson's evolving science of organization
Authors: Chassagnon Virgile 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe major contribution of Oliver Williamson, who was a 2009 Nobel Prize co-Laureate in economics, consists of proposing a heuristic analysis of governance structures, namely, the firm, the market, and what he will later call the ‘hybrid forms’. This cardinal issue in organizational economics has made it possible to propose rigorous arbitration tools for the famous ‘make or buy’ decisions in modern market economies based on asset specificity and quasi-rents. However, Williamson's work goes far beyond these contributions alone. His contribution is based on a multidisciplinary theoretical background in building the science of organization. This is the important but sometimes neglected aspect of Williamson's work that I wish to highlight in this paper in memory of Williamson in regard to three major pieces on atmosphere (and informal organization), private ordering, and industrial pluralism. In doing so, I also propose reconsidering the different stages of Williamson's evolving science of organization from recent neo-institutional works.
Specific investments, cognitive resources, and specialized nature of research production in academic institutions: why shared governance matters for performance
Authors: Degli Antoni Giacomo , Fia Magali , Sacconi Lorenzo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNew institutional economics (NIE) studies institutions and how they emerge, operate, and evolve. They also include organizational arrangements, intended as modes of governing economic transactions. Universities offer an exciting ground for testing the role of different institutional arrangements (governance forms) in coordinating (academic) transactions. In a context of contractual incompleteness where production is characterized by a highly specialized nature and requires the cooperation among co-essential figures, we argue that shared governance models (versus models with more concentrated authority) foster idiosyncratic investments in human capital and promotes performance. From the evolutionary viewpoint, we explain why institutions based on shared governance have developed within universities. The normative question of how universities should be governed is a debated issue in the literature. Since the 1980s, the new public management paradigm provides a theoretical framework that suggests analyzing university like firms. It is based on the firm's archetypical conception as top-down hierarchical organizations and as a descending sequence of principal–agent problems. We advance a different interpretation of the university–firm analogy leveraging on the NIE and its developments. To empirically analyze our hypothesis, we collected original data from Italian universities in 2015. We find that more shared decision-making processes are correlated with better research performance.
Automated detection and staging of malaria parasites from cytological smears using convolutional neural networks
Authors: Davidson Mira S. , Andradi-Brown Clare , Yahiya Sabrina , Chmielewski Jill , O’Donnell Aidan J. , Gurung Pratima , Jeninga Myriam D. , Prommana Parichat , Andrew Dean W. , Petter Michaela , Uthaipibull Chairat , Boyle Michelle J. , Ashdown George W. , Dvorin Jeffrey D. , Reece Sarah E. , Wilson Danny W. , Cunningham Kane A. , Ando D. Michael. , Dimon Michelle , Baum Jake 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMicroscopic examination of blood smears remains the gold standard for laboratory inspection and diagnosis of malaria. Smear inspection is, however, time-consuming and dependent on trained microscopists with results varying in accuracy. We sought to develop an automated image analysis method to improve accuracy and standardization of smear inspection that retains capacity for expert confirmation and image archiving. Here, we present a machine learning method that achieves red blood cell (RBC) detection, differentiation between infected/uninfected cells, and parasite life stage categorization from unprocessed, heterogeneous smear images. Based on a pretrained Faster Region-Based Convolutional Neural Networks (R-CNN) model for RBC detection, our model performs accurately, with an average precision of 0.99 at an intersection-over-union threshold of 0.5. Application of a residual neural network-50 model to infected cells also performs accurately, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.98. Finally, combining our method with a regression model successfully recapitulates intraerythrocytic developmental cycle with accurate lifecycle stage categorization. Combined with a mobile-friendly web-based interface, called PlasmoCount, our method permits rapid navigation through and review of results for quality assurance. By standardizing assessment of Giemsa smears, our method markedly improves inspection reproducibility and presents a realistic route to both routine lab and future field-based automated malaria diagnosis.
The Correlates of State Policy and the Structure of State Panel Data
Authors: Grossmann Matt , Jordan Marty P. , McCrain Joshua 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe American states offer a wealth of variation across time and space to understand the sources, dynamics, and consequences of public policy. As laboratories of socioeconomic and political differences, they enable both wide-scale assessments of change and studies of specific policy choices. To leverage this potential, we constructed and integrated a database of thousands of state-year variables for designing and executing social research: the Correlates of State Policy Project (CSPP). The database offers one-stop shopping for accurate and reliable data, allows researchers to assess the generalizability of the relationships they uncover, enables assessment of causal inferences, and connects state politics researchers to larger research communities. We demonstrate CSPP’s use and breadth, as well as its limitations. Through an applied empirical approach familiar to the state politics literature, we show that researchers should remain attentive to regional variation in key variables and potential lack of within-state variation in independent and dependent variables of interest. By comparing commonly used model specifications, we demonstrate that results are highly sensitive to particular research design choices. Inferences drawn from state politics research largely depend on the nature of over time variation within and across states and the empirical leverage it may or may not provide.
Den Bewegungen folgen
Authors: Furrer Maya , Burr Christian 
Published: August 2021

Was ist zu diesem Thema bekannt? Somatic Experiencing© (SE) gilt als eine wirksame körperbezogene Methode zur Behandlung von Menschen mit posttraumatischen Stressreaktionen. Wie wird eine neue Perspektive eingebracht? SE spricht alle Berufsgruppen an, die regelmäßig mit Menschen mit posttraumatischen Stressreaktionen in Kontakt stehen. Es werden Möglichkeiten aufgezeigt, wie dieses körperbezogene Konzept in der pflegerischen Arbeit genutzt werden kann. Was sind die Auswirkungen für die Praxis? SE bietet einen Zugang zu Ebenen des Nervensystems, die für die Integration und Regulierung von Trauma-Stressreaktionen zentral sind und auch von Pflegefachpersonen in der Arbeit mit Klient_innen und für sich selber genutzt werden können.