bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in 3D Weaving for Textile Preforming
Authors: Dickinson Larry , Mohamed Mansour 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
There have been many publications on “3D Weaving”, and there are numerous patents on a variety of devices that may be used to make a “3D Woven” structure. The majority of the 3D woven products that are currently commercially available are formed by a 2D weaving process that is used to build up a preform with fibers oriented in three dimensions. Recent advances have lead to multiple insertion 3D weaving, i.e. 3D fabric formation with each process cycle, or multi-layers at one time. The 3Weaving™ process is a multiple insertion 3D weaving technology that is different from traditional weaving. These distinctions about the different processes will be detailed in this paper. Additionally, the economics, manufacturing and performance of 3D woven textile preforms for composites will be discussed. Problems and solutions in each of these areas that prevent the large scale production of advanced composites will be presented. The advantage of 3D textile preforming is the ability to take complexity and labor out of manually intensive and expensive composites fabrication processes, and put it in the relatively inexpensive automated preforming process.
Silent Chain Noise of Cab Motorcycles
Authors: Pan M. , Shieh Eddy T. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the design of driving systems, silent chains have extensively replaced roller chains thanks to annoying noise problems. But, for some types of cab-motorcycles, especially sheet-frame cabs, the annoying noise originated from silent chains can still not been accepted. In this study, silent chain noise of cab motorcycles has been well investigated by firstly the order analysis and time-frequency analysis of measured noise, and secondly the analysis of noise-origination, transmission and amplification via frame. Thus the noise mechanism can be precisely uncovered and understood. Some experiments were conducted to discover three primary issues of a noise problem, i.e., noise source, transmission path, and response. In addition, an odd mode shape, i.e. mode (1,3), was constructed based on the running mode principle. Then, a dominant noise component resulting from structure resonance can be interpreted. In the study, different engineering modifications have been validated to reduce this transmission-part noise.
Modeling of an Elastic Fin Micromotor
Authors: Lu P. , Lee K. H. , Lim S. P. , Dong S. , Lin W. Z. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the present work, a simplified mathematical model of ultrasonic elastic fin micromotors has been developed. According to the operating principle of this type of motors, motions of rotor in each cycle of stator vibration are divided into several stages based on whether the fin tip and the stator is in contact with slip, contact without slip or separation, respectively. The motion equations of the rotor in each stage are established and derived. The validity range of the model has been discussed through numerical examples. This work provides an initial effort to construct a model for the elastic fin motor by considering dynamical deformation of the rotor as well as intermittent contacts.
Design and Simulation of Robust and Adaptive Controls for a Nonlinear String System
Authors: Jin Weiwei , Qu Zhihua , Lin Kurt 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper, vibration control of a nonlinear string system is considered. The system consists of a nonlinear string, two boundary supporting mechanisms, and a moving transporter at the base. To suppress the vibration, boundary control designs are carried out. A new robust and adaptive boundary controller is designed using the Lyapunov direct method. The proposed control is implemented at the two ends supporting the string to compensate for vibration induced by the base motion. It is shown that the adaptive/robust boundary control can asymptotically stabilize the nonlinear string. Numerical simulation of the closed loop system demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed control.
Adaptive Learning Algorithm for Cerebellar Model Articulation Controller: Neural Network Based Hybrid-Type Controller—Part II
Authors: Abdelhameed Magdy Mohamed , Pinson Unat , Cetinkunt Sabri 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Cerebellar model articulation controller (CMAC) is a useful neural network learning technique. It was developed two decades ago but yet lacks adequate learning algorithm especially when it is used in a hybrid-type controller. Part I of this work was devoted to introduce a new CMAC adaptive learning algorithm. Part II will be directed to experimental application of new learning algorithm of a CMAC based hybrid-type real time controller. The proposed controller is applied for the trajectory tracking of a piezoelectric actuated tool post. It has been proven that the piezoelectric actuated tool post has hysteretic behavior. Extensive experiments have been carried out on the experimental setup to evaluate the proposed adaptive learning algorithm of CMAC. Only few experiments and their results are being presented. In these experiments, the performance of the piezoelectric actuated tool post has been examined and evaluated using different types of control algorithms and applying external load disturbance. The control performance of the proposed controller is compared with those of conventional controllers (PI controller and the conventional CMAC based controller). The experimental results showed that performance of the hybrid-type controller using the proposed learning algorithm is stable and more effective than that of the conventional controllers. Testing and comparing the learning ability of the proposed learning algorithm with that of the conventional CMAC learning algorithm indicated the effectiveness of the learning ability of the proposed algorithm. Finally, the response using the proposed hybrid-type controller is slightly better than using the conventional PI controller under the effect of external load disturbance.
Chatter Synchronization in Vibratory Drilling
Authors: Gouskov Alexander M. , Voronov Sergey A. , Batzer Stephen A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The influence of tool dynamics on the chip formation process during vibratory drilling is analyzed. Regenerative effects and external excitation influences are considered. The mathematical models presented accounts for hole bottom surface formation and the possibility of intermittent cutting. Various technological system configurations are analytically and numerically analyzed.
Second Order Poincaré Map to Study Dynamical Behavior of Nonsymmetrical Gyrostat Satellite
Authors: Shirazi K. H. , Ghaffari-saadat M. H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The second order poincare’ map is described and used for investigation of the dynamical behavior of a gyrostat satellite. The normalized attitudinal equations of motion for a typical non-symmetric gyrostat satellite are considered. For different sets of initial conditions the equations simulated by Runge-Kutta method. The poincare’ section is used to dimension reduction of system phase space. By this map the dimension reduced from six to five. Using secondary map the dimension of phase space can be reduced to four and considering symmetry of phase space the final space has two dimensions that is presentable at the plane. Bifurcation in the attitudinal behavior can be demonstrated easily by the derived map.
The Effects of Indocyanine Green Dye-Enhanced Photocoagulation on the Blood Flow in the Choriocapillaris and the Choroidal Neovascularization (CNV)
Authors: von Kerczek C. , Zhu L. , Ernest A. , Eggleton C. , Topoleski L. D. T. , Flower R. W. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of vision loss in patients aged 65 years and older in the United States. In the majority of cases, the loss of central vision is secondary to exudative changes and fibrovascular scarring following choroidal neovascularization (CNV). Prompt laser treatment is recommended [Asrani et al., 1996; Macular Photocoagulation Study Group, 1993; Schneider et al, 1998]. However, direct laser treatment to the entire subfoveal lesion is almost invariably associated with immediate loss of central vision. Loss of central vision may be due to direct damage to foveal photoreceptors and retinal pigment epithelium or from damage to the nerve fiber layer serving foveal function [Han et al., 1988].
Optimization of Organ Freezing Protocols With Specified Allowable Thermal Stress Levels
Authors: Dennis Brian H. , Dulikravich George S. , Rabin Yoed 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A novel concept of determining optimized cooling protocols for freezing three-dimensional organs has been developed and its feasibility examined computationally. The concept is based on determining correct spatial variation of temperature distribution on the walls of a freezing container at every instant of time during the cooling process so that local thermal stresses in the heterogeneous organ are always kept below a specified level while maximizing the local cooling rates. The cryo-preservation medium must be gelatin which prevents thermal convection. The optimized cooling protocol was simulated by developing a time-accurate finite element computer program to predict unsteady heat conduction with phase change and thermal stresses within a realistically shaped and sized organ made of tissues with temperature-dependent physical properties. A micro-genetic optimization algorithm was then used to achieve nonlinear constrained optimization of parameterized time-varying container wall temperature distribution so that the prescribed maximum allowable thermal stresses are never exceeded in the organ.
Modeling of the Local Heating of Non-Perfused Tissue With Directionally Dependent Thermal Diffusivity and Heat-Induced Damage
Authors: Davis Sean E. , Thamire Chandrasekhar , Wright Neil T. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Minimally invasive heat therapies are of continued clinical interest to alter the functional attributes of tissue in the treatment of a number of pathologies. The extent of heating and tissue alteration is governed by the physics of the mode of heating, the geometry of the heater, and the properties of the tissue. Analytical models are needed to optimize the design of protocols and predict clinical outcomes. Presented here are the results of a finite difference model of the heating and alteration of a hypothetical non-perfused artery adjacent to a joule-heated, catheter-mounted balloon as might be used to enhance coronary angioplasty. The calculations suggest that shorter heating times (∼20 s) at greater balloon lumen temperatures (95 °C) better localize heating-induced changes to tissue than longer heating at lower temperatures (470 s at 60 °C) for the same alteration of the target arterial tissue.
A New Thermal-Fatigue Life Prediction Model for Wafer Level Chip Scale Package (WLCSP) Solder Joints
Authors: Lau John H. , Pan Stephen H. , Chang Chris 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A new empirical equation for predicting the thermal-fatigue life of wafer level chip scale package (WLCSP) solder joints on printed circuit board (PCB) is presented. The solder joints are subjected to thermal cycling and their crack lengths at different thermal cycles are measured. Also, the average strain energy density around the crack tip of different crack lengths in the corner solder joint is determined by a time-dependent nonlinear fracture mechanics with finite element method. The solder is assumed to be a temperature-dependent elastic-plastic and a time-dependent creep material.
Interfacial Delamination Propagation in Multi-Layered High-Density Wiring Electronic Packaging Structures
Authors: Hu Hurang , Xie Weidong , Sitaraman Suresh 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
One of the most common failure modes in multi-layered electronic packaging structures is interfacial delamination. The objective of this research is to examine the possibilities of interfacial delamination in a next-generation electronic packaging structure under thermal loading. A sophisticated analytical model has been developed to determine energy release rate and stress intensity factor for delamination propagation. The model takes into consideration the temperature-dependent material properties as well as direction-dependent material properties. Although delamination between two adjacent layers is studied, the model takes into consideration the effect of all dielectric, metallization, and substrate layers in the multi-layered structure.
Assuming that an initial delamination exists between the base layer and the Copper metallization layer, the present work studies the propagation of delamination. In the analytical model, the base layer is modeled as an orthotropic thermo-elastic material. Copper and the polymer dielectric materials are modeled as isotropic thermo-elastic material. For the Copper/base layer interface, the variation of bimaterial constant (ε) with temperature is obtained through the analytical model. The effect of some key parameters, such as materials Young’s modulus, coefficient of thermal expansion, and the base layer thickness on energy release rate is presented. Design recommendations for improved thermo-mechanical reliability are proposed.
Thermomechanical Durability of High I/O BGA Packages
Authors: Davuluri Pavan , Dasgupta Abhijit , Young Steven 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Efficient modeling strategies are developed to study thermomechanical durability of high I/O Ball Grid Array (BGA) packages, in order to facilitate virtual qualification and accelerated testing of component designs. A viscoplastic stress analysis technique is developed where the critical solder joint(s) (joint(s) at which failure first occurs) are modeled in detail with a multi-domain Rayleigh-Ritz (MDRR) methodology (Ling and Dasgupta, 1996; Ling and Dasgupta 1997; Ling 1997; and Rassian and Lee, 1998) while the load-sharing offered by non-critical joints is modeled with a simplified compact model. This hybrid technique is used to study the behavior of solder interconnects in selected Ball Grid Array (BGA) package under thermal cycling environments. Parametric studies are conducted to determine the optimal scheme for allocating a critical number of solder joints to the MDRR model, and the remaining non-critical joints to the compact models. Damage calculations are made with the Energy Partitioning Solder Durability model (Dasgupta et al., 1992) and cycles-to-failure predictions are compared with both finite element model predictions as well as experimental failure data provided by CALCE EPSC sponsors. Parametric studies on change in solder joint durability with interconnect volume are also discussed in this paper.
Damage Mechanics Based Fatigue Life Prediction for 63Sn-37Pb Solder Material
Authors: Wei Y. , Chow C. L. , Neilsen M. K. , Fang H. E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a method of TMF analysis based on the theory of damage mechanics to examine the fatigue damage accumulation in 63Sn-37Pb solder. The method is developed by extending a viscoplastic damage model proposed earlier by the authors (Wei, et al 1999, 2000). A computer simulation is carried out to calculate hysteresis loops at three different strain ranges. The damage-coupled fatigue damage model is applied to predict the cyclic softening behavior of the material and the prediction is found to agree well with the experiment. With a proposed failure criterion based on the concept of damage accumulation, the TMF model is also found to predict successfully the fatigue life of 63Sn-37Pb solder.
Thermal Fatigue Analysis of PBGA Solder Joints With the Consideration of Damage Evolution
Authors: Lee Shi-Wei Ricky , Newman Keith , Hu Livia 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a computational thermal fatigue analysis for the life prediction of solder joints in a plastic ball grid array-printed circuit board (PBGA-PCB) assembly. The PBGA has a full grid array of 256 solder balls with 1.0 mm ball pitch. The PCB is a 4-layer FR-4 laminate with a thickness of 1.57 mm (62 mils). The assembly is subjected to −40∼125°C thermal cycling (one-hour cycle). Finite element analysis is performed to obtain the creep hysteresis loops. Based on a previously developed model, the evolution of damage is considered in the life prediction of solder joints. Besides, PCBs with various thicknesses (40 mils and 20 mils) are investigated. The results from different cases are compared and discussed.
Optimizing a Lithium Niobate Slicing Process Using ID Saw in Wafer Manufacturing
Authors: Fang Tong , Jundt Dieter H. , Lambropoulos John C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The paper summarizes a systematic study of the lithium niobate wafer slicing process using inner diameter (ID) diamond blade. The dynamometer is used for the measurement of cutting forces in ID slicing when changing various process parameters. Experimental observations regarding the radial and axial dressing effect, removal rate effect, and contact geometry effect are reported. The normal and tangential cutting forces under typical ID slicing conditions with fixed abrasive diamond blade correlate to the feed rate, geometrical contact length, and diamond sharpness. The axial cutting forces are related to blade deflections. An interpretation of slicing of lithium niobate in terms of a micromechanics model of material removal by inclined cracking along cleavage planes is presented.
Simulating Motion of an Operator-Controlled Gantry Crane in a Cluttered Work Environment
Authors: Frakes David , Grosser Karen , Fortgang Joel , Singhose William 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Manipulating payloads with overhead gantry cranes can be challenging due to the oscillations induced by the crane motion and by external disturbances. The problem gets increasingly difficult when the work environment is cluttered with obstacles that must be avoided. This paper examines this problem and investigates the role of the operator actions. To do this, simple mathematical models of the operator behavior and crane dynamics are developed. Furthermore, the effect of adding an input shaping controller to reduce oscillations is examined.
Imaging and Motion Prediction for an Automated Live-Bird Transfer Process
Authors: Lee Kok-Meng , Joni Jeffry , Yin Xuecheng 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the illumination design of a real-time live-bird imaging system for determining the size and initial presentation of a bird on a moving conveyor. A real-time live-bird imaging system presents a challenging design problem, for it must minimize the variability of the birds’ visual reflexes to mechanical processes, it must account for variations in bird size/shape/color, it must meet the cycle-time requirement, and yet provide an adequately illuminated environment to ease human supervision. In this paper, we first identify the variables needed for motion prediction. Second, by analyzing the bird visual perception we have developed a two-stage structured illumination that has the potential to minimize the demand on the control efforts of the transfer system, and to improve birds’ welfare and the ultimate product quality. Finally, we present the image algorithms and experimental results of the design evaluation using live birds. It is expected that the design principles presented in this paper provide essential bases for motion analysis, prediction, and control of an automated live-bird transfer process.
The Modeling and Control of the Hydraulic Servo System by Using On-Off Valve
Authors: Wang Xuanyin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper researches on the hydraulic servo system by using ordinary on-off valves. The mathematic model of an asymmetric hydraulic cylinder servo control system is built, and its characteristic is analysed here. To reduce the static and dynamic characteristic differences between forward and reverse motion of asymmetric cylinder, and improve system’s performance, a self-tuning linear quadratic gaussian optimum controller (SLQG) is designed successful. In the end, an asymmetric hydraulic cylinder servo system of paint robot is researched. The result shows that the above method is effective.
Modeling the Internal Leakage of Hydraulic Servovalves
Authors: Eryilmaz Bora , Wilson Bruce H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper considers flow, in particular, leakage flow, between a servovalve spool and valve body. Although often ignored, experimentation and analysis indicate that at small spool displacements this flow is much larger than orifice flow. In precision positioning applications, where the servovalve operates within the null region, leakage flow may severely degrade the performance of conventional servohydraulic designs based on ideal orifice relation. Hence, servovalve models for such applications should include leakage flow. We have developed a model for leakage flow in a servovalve. This has been achieved by reviewing experimental leakage flow data and identifying a simple mathematical form that (1) makes physical sense and (2) can replicate experimental data. The resulting model accurately captures leakage behavior, which is modeled as turbulent flow with a flow area inversely proportional to the overlap between the spool land and valve orifices. When combined with orifice relations, the model extends the accuracy and region of applicability of existing servovalve models. Furthermore, the leakage model is easily parameterized, an important feature for controller design and adaptive methods.
Control-Oriented Modeling of an Injection Molding Machine Including the Fill-to-Pack Transition
Authors: Zheng Danian , Alleyne Andrew , Havlicsek Heather 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper the modeling of a typical injection cycle for an injection molding machine (IMM) is examined. Both the mold filling and mold packing phases of the cycle are examined along with a critical fill-to-pack transition. The novelty in this modeling work is that the non-linear model considers both the machine hydraulic actuator and polymer flow characteristics in extensive detail. The resulting model will provide simulation capabilities to facilitate machine controller design; however the actual controller is not the focus of the current work. The modeling is based on (a) the characteristics of digitally controlled electrohydraulic valves, (b) the dynamics of the hydraulic actuator ram system, and (c) the gross polymer melt behavior determined from simple polymer engineering models. The simulation model is validated against experimental data and demonstrates the availability of a relatively accurate system model for full cycle control of this electrohydraulic system.
Comparison of Two Distributed Fuzzy Logic Controllers for Flexible-Link Manipulators
Authors: Shi Linda Z. , Trabia Mohamed B. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Fuzzy logic control presents a computationally efficient and robust alternative to conventional controllers. An expert in a particular system can usually design a fuzzy logic controller for it easily as can be seen in many applications where fuzzy logic has been already successfully implemented. On the other hand, fuzzy logic controllers are not readily available for flexible-link manipulators. This paper presents two different approaches to design distributed controllers for flexible-link manipulators. The first approach, which is based on observing the performance of flexible manipulators, uses a distributed controller composed of two PD-like fuzzy logic controllers; one controller controls the joint angle while the other controls the tip vibration. The second distributed controller is based on evaluating the importance of the parameters of the system. The most two important parameters, joint and tip point velocities, are grouped together in the same fuzzy logic controller. The other parameters, joint angle and tip point displacement, are used in the second fuzzy logic controller. Both approaches are tuned using nonlinear programming. The paper compares these two approaches with tracking using a linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR).