bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abnormal Phase Structure of Thermal Tides During Major Dust Storms on Mars: Implications for the Excitation Source of High‐altitude Water Ice Clouds
Authors: Wu Zhaopeng , Li Tao , Li Jing , Zhang Xi , Yang Chengyun , Cui Jun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInteractions among the thermal tide, airborne dust, and water ice clouds significantly influence the Martian atmosphere. The absence of a stratosphere on Mars allows easier identification of the thermal tides from observational data than that on Earth, making Mars a natural laboratory to study the tidal excitation and propagation processes. However, the global tidal phase structure and its response to the tidal excitation sources on Mars have not been studied from observations. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the phase structure of migrating diurnal tide (DW1) using multi‐local‐time observations of the Mars Climate Sounder. The DW1 phase at low‐to‐mid latitudes shows a downward phase progression, which indicates upward tidal energy and momentum propagation throughout the year but with an apparent hemispheric asymmetry. The entire DW1 phase structure rises and falls with the dust height at the southern mid‐latitudes suggesting a modulation of vertical dust extent on the altitude of the excitation source. During major regional dust storms, the DW1 phase propagates anomalously upward from 10 to 1 Pa in the Southern hemisphere. The Hough analysis suggests that the DW1 in the dust layer can only propagate upward to 10 Pa while the downward propagating mode above 10 Pa may be excited from a high‐altitude source. Evidence suggests that the enhanced high‐altitude water ice clouds could be a potential excitation source for these downward propagating tidal modes. These findings demonstrate how thermal tides can locally behave like inertia‐gravity waves and the importance of water ice clouds to Martian atmospheric dynamics.
Connecting Hydrometeorological Processes to Low‐Probability Floods in the Mountainous Colorado Front Range
Authors: Yu Guo , Wright Daniel B. , Holman Kathleen D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEstimating the probabilities of rare floods in mountainous watersheds is challenging due to the hydrometeorological complexity of seasonally varying snowmelt and soil moisture dynamics, as well as spatiotemporal variability in extreme precipitation. Design storm methods and statistical flood frequency analyses often overlook these complexities and how they shape the probabilities of rare floods. This study presents a process‐based approach that combines gridded precipitation, stochastic storm transposition (SST), and physics‐based distributed rainfall‐runoff modeling to simulate flood peak and volume distributions up to the 10,000‐year recurrence interval and to provide insights into the hydrometeorological drivers of those events. The approach is applied to a small mountainous watershed in the Colorado Front Range in the United States. We show that storm transposition in the Front Range can be justified under existing definitions of regional precipitation homogeneity. The process‐based results show close agreement with a statistically based mixture distribution that considers underlying flood drivers. We further demonstrate that antecedent conditions and snowmelt drive frequent peak discharges and rarer flood volumes, while the upper tail of the flood peak distribution appears to be controlled by heavy rainfall and rain‐on‐snow. In particular, we highlight the important role of early fall extreme rainfall in controlling rare flood peaks (but not volumes), despite only one such event having been observed in recent decades. Notwithstanding issues related to the accuracy of gridded precipitation datasets, these findings highlight the potential of SST and process‐based modeling to help understand the relationships between flood drivers and flood frequencies.
A perspective on corrosion of multi-principal element alloys
Authors: Birbilis N. , Choudhary S. , Scully J. R. , Taheri M. L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMetallic alloys are critical to essentially all advanced technologies and engineered systems. The well-documented impact of corrosion (and oxidation) of alloys, remains a significant industrial and economic challenge, year on year. Recent activity in the field of metallurgy has revealed a class of metallic alloys, termed multi principal element alloys (MPEAs) that present unique physical properties. Such MPEAs have in many instances also demonstrated a high resistance to corrosion – which may permit the broader use of MPEAs as corrosion resistant alloys (CRAs) in harsh environments. Herein, the progress in MPEA research to date, along with prospects and challenges, are concisely reviewed—with potential future lines of research elaborated.
A genome sequence from a modern human skull over 45,000 years old from Zlatý kůň in Czechia
Authors: Prüfer Kay , Posth Cosimo , Yu He , Stoessel Alexander , Spyrou Maria A. , Deviese Thibaut , Mattonai Marco , Ribechini Erika , Higham Thomas , Velemínský Petr , Brůžek Jaroslav , Krause Johannes 
Published: April 2021

AbstractModern humans expanded into Eurasia more than 40,000 years ago following their dispersal out of Africa. These Eurasians carried ~2–3% Neanderthal ancestry in their genomes, originating from admixture with Neanderthals that took place sometime between 50,000 and 60,000 years ago, probably in the Middle East. In Europe, the modern human expansion preceded the disappearance of Neanderthals from the fossil record by 3,000–5,000 years. The genetic makeup of the first Europeans who colonized the continent more than 40,000 years ago remains poorly understood since few specimens have been studied. Here, we analyse a genome generated from the skull of a female individual from Zlatý kůň, Czechia. We found that she belonged to a population that appears to have contributed genetically neither to later Europeans nor to Asians. Her genome carries ~3% Neanderthal ancestry, similar to those of other Upper Palaeolithic hunter-gatherers. However, the lengths of the Neanderthal segments are longer than those observed in the currently oldest modern human genome of the ~45,000-year-old Ust’-Ishim individual from Siberia, suggesting that this individual from Zlatý kůň is one of the earliest Eurasian inhabitants following the expansion out of Africa.
Target familiarity and visual working memory do not influence familiarity effect in visual search
Authors: Guo Zhihan , Niu Maolong , Wang Qi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFamiliarity effect refers to the phenomenon that searching for a novel target among familiar distractors is more efficient than that searching for a familiar target among novel distractors. While the familiarity of distractors is considered as a key role on familiarity effect, the familiarity of targets contribute to this asymmetric visual search is unclear. The present study investigated how target familiarity influences visual search efficiency from the perspective of perceptual load. Experiment 1 using two similar Chinese characters (“甲” and “由”) suggested that searching for a familiar target from familiar distractors is an inefficient search process in Chinese context. Experiment 2 adopted a dual-task paradigm with a visual working memory task to increase the perceptual load and attempt to affect the efficiency of searching a novel target (mirrored “舌”) from familiar distractors (“舌”). Results demonstrated no difference in the search efficiency between single and dual-task conditions. The present study suggests that the familiarity of target does not influence the search efficiency with familiar distractors when involving semantic processing of Chinese characters. Additionally, the interference of extra working memory load would not impair the efficiency of searching target among familiar distractors, supporting the critical effect of distractor familiarity on the efficiency of visual search.
Cooper Pairs Distribution function for bcc Niobium under pressure from first-principles
Authors: González-Pedreros G. I. , Camargo-Martínez J. A. , Mesa F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we report Cooper Pairs Distribution function $${D}_{cp}(\omega ,{T}_{c})$$

D

cp

(
ω
,

T
c

)

for bcc Niobium under pressure. This function reveals information about the superconductor state through the determination of the spectral regions for Cooper-pairs formation. $${D}_{cp}(\omega ,{T}_{c})$$

D

cp

(
ω
,

T
c

)

is built from the well-established Eliashberg spectral function and phonon density of states, calculated by first-principles. $${D}_{cp}(\omega ,{T}_{c})$$

D

cp

(
ω
,

T
c

)

for Nb suggests that the low-frequency vibration region $$\left(\omega <6 \,{\text{meV}}\right)$$

ω
<
6

meV

is where Cooper-pairs are possible. From $${D}_{cp}(\omega ,{T}_{c})$$

D

cp

(
ω
,

T
c

)

, it is possible to obtain the $${N}_{cp}$$

N

cp

parameter, which is proportional to the total number of Cooper-Pairs formed at a temperature $${T}_{c}$$

T
c

. The $${N}_{cp}$$

N

cp

parameter allows an approach to the understanding of the Nb $${T}_{c}$$

T
c

anomalies, measured around 5 and 50 GPa.
Diagnostic accuracy of deep learning in medical imaging: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Aggarwal Ravi , Sounderajah Viknesh , Martin Guy , Ting Daniel S. W. , Karthikesalingam Alan , King Dominic , Ashrafian Hutan , Darzi Ara 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDeep learning (DL) has the potential to transform medical diagnostics. However, the diagnostic accuracy of DL is uncertain. Our aim was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of DL algorithms to identify pathology in medical imaging. Searches were conducted in Medline and EMBASE up to January 2020. We identified 11,921 studies, of which 503 were included in the systematic review. Eighty-two studies in ophthalmology, 82 in breast disease and 115 in respiratory disease were included for meta-analysis. Two hundred twenty-four studies in other specialities were included for qualitative review. Peer-reviewed studies that reported on the diagnostic accuracy of DL algorithms to identify pathology using medical imaging were included. Primary outcomes were measures of diagnostic accuracy, study design and reporting standards in the literature. Estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. In ophthalmology, AUC’s ranged between 0.933 and 1 for diagnosing diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration and glaucoma on retinal fundus photographs and optical coherence tomography. In respiratory imaging, AUC’s ranged between 0.864 and 0.937 for diagnosing lung nodules or lung cancer on chest X-ray or CT scan. For breast imaging, AUC’s ranged between 0.868 and 0.909 for diagnosing breast cancer on mammogram, ultrasound, MRI and digital breast tomosynthesis. Heterogeneity was high between studies and extensive variation in methodology, terminology and outcome measures was noted. This can lead to an overestimation of the diagnostic accuracy of DL algorithms on medical imaging. There is an immediate need for the development of artificial intelligence-specific EQUATOR guidelines, particularly STARD, in order to provide guidance around key issues in this field.
Mechanical homeostasis of liver sinusoid is involved in the initiation and termination of liver regeneration
Authors: Ishikawa Jun , Takeo Makoto , Iwadate Ayako , Koya Junko , Kihira Miho , Oshima Masamitsu , Suzuki Yuki , Taniguchi Kazushi , Kobayashi Ayaka , Tsuji Takashi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOrganogenesis and regeneration are fundamental for developmental progress and are associated with morphogenesis, size control and functional properties for whole-body homeostasis. The liver plays an essential role in maintaining homeostasis of the entire body through various functions, including metabolic functions, detoxification, and production of bile, via the three-dimensional spatial arrangement of hepatic lobules and has high regenerative capacity. The regeneration occurs as hypertrophy, which strictly controls the size and lobule structure. In this study, we established a three-dimensional sinusoidal network analysis method and determined valuable parameters after partial hepatectomy by comparison to the static phase of the liver. We found that mechanical homeostasis, which is crucial for organ morphogenesis and functions in various phenomena, plays essential roles in liver regeneration for both initiation and termination of liver regeneration, which is regulated by cytokine networks. Mechanical homeostasis plays critical roles in the initiation and termination of organogenesis, tissue repair and organ regeneration in coordination with cytokine networks.
IGF2 deficiency causes mitochondrial defects in skeletal muscle
Authors: Zhu Yiyi , Gui Weiwei , Tan Bowen , Du Ying , Zhou Jiaqiang , Wu Fang , Li Hong , Lin Xihua 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Exercise training improves muscle fitness in many aspects, including induction of mitochondrial biogenesis and maintenance of mitochondrial dynamics. The insulin-like growth factors were recently proposed as key regulators of myogenic factors to regulate muscle development. The present study aimed to investigate the physical exercise impact on insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and analyzed its functions on skeletal muscle cells in vitro. Using online databases, we stated that IGF2 was relatively highly expressed in skeletal muscle cells and increased after exercise training. Then, IGF2 deficiency in myotubes from C2C12 and primary skeletal muscle cells (PMSCs) led to impaired mitochondrial function, reduced mitochondria-related protein content, and decreased mitochondrial biogenesis. Furthermore, we explored the possible regulatory pathway and found that mitochondrial regulation in skeletal muscle cells might occur through IGF2-Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1)-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ co-activator-1α (PGC1α) signaling pathway. Therefore, the present study first demonstrated the relationship between IGF2 and mitochondria in skeletal muscle.
The Benefit of the “And” for Considerations of Language Modality for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children
Authors: Secora Kristen , Smith David 
Published: April 2021

PurposeLanguage modality choices for deaf children continue to be an area of debate, but we argue that the dichotomy of “either/or” for language modality is outdated in a world that increasingly values bilingualism. Evidence is provided that a bilingual approach to language for deaf children is not contraindicated and that deaf children can learn both spoken and signed language given an adequate amount of exposure to each language.ConclusionsWe note that exposure to signed language during the early phases of auditory evaluation and rehabilitation can reduce missed opportunities for language acquisition. We further suggest that professionals who work with these children and their families need to consider their own biases in how language modality choices are presented in order to provide the best possible support services.
Bayesian decomposition of the Galactic multi-frequency sky using probabilistic autoencoders
Authors: Milosevic Sara , Frank Philipp , Leike Reimar H. , Müller Ancla , Enßlin Torsten A. 
Published: April 2021

Context.All-sky observations show both Galactic and non-Galactic diffuse emission, for example from interstellar matter or the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The decomposition of the emission into different underlying radiative components is an important signal reconstruction problem.Aims.We aim to reconstruct radiative all-sky components using spectral data, without incorporating knowledge about physical or spatial correlations.Methods.We built a self-instructing algorithm based on variational autoencoders following three steps: (1)We stated a forward model describing how the data set was generated from a smaller set of features, (2) we used Bayes’ theorem to derive a posterior probability distribution, and (3) we used variational inference and statistical independence of the features to approximate the posterior. From this, we derived a loss function and optimized it with neural networks. The resulting algorithm contains a quadratic error norm with a self-adaptive variance estimate to minimize the number of hyperparameters. We trained our algorithm on independent pixel vectors, each vector representing the spectral information of the same pixel in 35 Galactic all-sky maps ranging from the radio to theγ-ray regime.Results.The algorithm calculates a compressed representation of the input data. We find the feature maps derived in the algorithm’s latent space show spatial structures that can be associated with all-sky representations of known astrophysical components. Our resulting feature maps encode (1) the dense interstellar medium (ISM), (2) the hot and dilute regions of the ISM, and (3) the CMB, without being informed about these components a priori.Conclusions.We conclude that Bayesian signal reconstruction with independent Gaussian latent space statistics is sufficient to reconstruct the dense and the dilute ISM, as well as the CMB, from spectral correlations only. The computational approximation of the posterior can be performed efficiently using variational inference and neural networks, making them a suitable approach to probabilistic data analysis.
An artificial intelligence system for distinguishing between gastrointestinal stromal tumors and leiomyomas using endoscopic ultrasonography
Authors: Yang Xintian , Wang Han , Dong Qian , Xu Yonghong , Liu Hua , Ma Xiaoying , Yan Jing , Li Qian , Yang Chenyu , Li Xiaoyu 
Published: April 2021

Background Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and gastrointestinal leiomyomas (GILs) are the most common subepithelial lesions (SELs). All GISTs have malignant potential; however, GILs are considered benign. Current imaging cannot effectively distinguish GISTs from GILs. We aimed to develop an artificial intelligence (AI) system to differentiate these tumors using endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS).Methods The AI system was based on EUS images of patients with histologically confirmed GISTs or GILs. Participants from four centers were collected to develop and retrospectively evaluate the AI-based system. The system was used when endosonographers considered SELs to be GISTs or GILs. It was then used in a multicenter prospective diagnostic test to clinically explore whether joint diagnoses by endosonographers and the AI system can distinguish between GISTs and GILs to improve the total diagnostic accuracy for SELs.Results The AI system was developed using 10 439 EUS images from 752 participants with GISTs or GILs. In the prospective test, 132 participants were histologically diagnosed (36 GISTs, 44 GILs, and 52 other types of SELs) among 508 consecutive subjects. Through joint diagnoses, the total accuracy of endosonographers in diagnosing the 132 histologically confirmed participants increased from 69.7 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 61.4 %–76.9 %) to 78.8 % (95 %CI 71.0 %–84.9 %; P = 0.01). The accuracy of endosonographers in diagnosing the 80 participants with GISTs or GILs increased from 73.8 % (95 %CI 63.1 %–82.2 %) to 88.8 % (95 %CI 79.8 %–94.2 %; P = 0.01).Conclusions We developed an AI-based EUS diagnostic system that can effectively distinguish GISTs from GILs and improve the diagnostic accuracy of SELs.
Shared-Task Worklists Improve Clinical Trial Recruitment Workflow in an Academic Emergency Department
Authors: Naceanceno Kevin S. , House Stacey L. , Asaro Phillip V. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background Clinical trials performed in our emergency department at Barnes-Jewish Hospital utilize a centralized infrastructure for alerting, screening, and enrollment with rule-based alerts sent to clinical research coordinators. Previously, all alerts were delivered as text messages via dedicated cellular phones. As the number of ongoing clinical trials increased, the volume of alerts grew to an unmanageable level. Therefore, we have changed our primary notification delivery method to study-specific, shared-task worklists integrated with our pre-existing web-based screening documentation system.
Objective To evaluate the effects on screening and recruitment workflow of replacing text-message delivery of clinical trial alerts with study-specific shared-task worklists in a high-volume academic emergency department supporting multiple concurrent clinical trials.
Methods We analyzed retrospective data on alerting, screening, and enrollment for 10 active clinical trials pre- and postimplementation of shared-task worklists.
Results Notifications signaling the presence of potentially eligible subjects for clinical trials were more likely to result in a screen (p < 0.001) with the implementation of shared-task worklists compared with notifications delivered as text messages for 8/10 clinical trials. The change in workflow did not alter the likelihood of a notification resulting in an enrollment (p = 0.473). The Director of Research reported a substantial reduction in the amount of time spent redirecting clinical research coordinator screening activities.
Conclusion Shared-task worklists, with the functionalities we have described, offer a viable alternative to delivery of clinical trial alerts via text message directly to clinical research coordinators recruiting for multiple concurrent clinical trials in a high-volume academic emergency department.
Bridging the gap between risk and uncertainty in insurance
Authors: Zweifel Peter 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis contribution evokes Orio Giarini’s courage to think ‘outside the box’. It proposes a practical way to bridge the gap between risk (where probabilities of occurrence are fully known) and uncertainty (where these probabilities are unknown). However, in the context of insurance, neither extreme applies: the risk type of a newly enrolled customer is not fully known, loss distributions (especially their tails) are difficult to estimate with sufficient precision, the diversification properties of a block of policies acquired from another company can be assessed only to an approximation, and rates of return on investment depend on decisions of central banks that cannot be predicted too well. This contribution revolves around the launch of an innovative insurance product, where the company has a notion of whether a favourable market reception is more likely than an unfavourable one, of the chance of obtaining approval from the regulatory authority and the risk of a competitor launching a similar innovation. Linear partial information theory is proposed and applied as a particular practical way to systematically exploit the imprecise information that may exist for all of these aspects. The decision-making criterion is maxEmin, an intuitive modification of the maximin rule known from games against nature.
The giant axolotl genome uncovers the evolution, scaling, and transcriptional control of complex gene loci
Authors: Schloissnig Siegfried , Kawaguchi Akane , Nowoshilow Sergej , Falcon Francisco , Otsuki Leo , Tardivo Pietro , Timoshevskaya Nataliya , Keinath Melissa C. , Smith Jeramiah James , Voss S. Randal , Tanaka Elly M. 
Published: April 2021

Significance
The axolotl is an important model organism because it is a tetrapod with a similar body plan to humans. Unlike humans, the axolotl regenerates limbs and other complex tissues. Therefore, the axolotl contributes to understanding evolution, development, and regeneration. With sophisticated tools for gene modification and tissue labeling, a fully assembled genome sequence was a sorely missing resource. Assembly was difficult because the genome size is 10× that of humans. Here, we use a cross-linking strategy called Hi-C to link together fragmented genome sequences to chromosome scale. We show that gene regulation occurs over very large genomic distances and that mitotic chromosomes are packaged efficiently.