bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Peer Education Model for Basic Life Support Training among High School Children: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Kesici Selman , Bayrakci Zeynep , Birbilen Ahmet Ziya , Hanalioglu Damla , Öztürk Zeynelabidin , Teksam Özlem , Hüyüklü İlkay , Durgu Ersin , Bayrakci Benan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackground and Objectives:The aim of the study was to test the effectiveness of the peer education method on the learning and application of Basic Life Support (BLS) in high school students and to test the effectiveness of the peer education model on the BLS instructor training.Methods:High school grade one students were included in the study. Students were divided in two groups (Group A and Group B). Peer instructors who were trained by health professionals trained students in Group A. Peer instructors who were trained by their peers trained students in Group B. Pre- and post-training awareness and knowledge tests were applied to measure the awareness and knowledge of all students. Students’ success in applying BLS steps was evaluated by a practical exam that was coordinated by physicians using a checklist.Results:Result of the pre-post training awareness questionnaire, pre-post training knowledge tests, and practical exam indicated that instructors trained by their peers were as effective as the instructors trained by medical physicians in terms of giving BLS training to high school students. In the 16-step BLS application competence evaluation, the students in Group A applied BLS with a success rate of 90.2% and in Group B with a success rate of 93.4%.Conclusion:In the current study, it was shown that the peer education model is effective in BLS training and BLS instructor training in high school students. This novel method of peer education gives an opportunity to overcome the stated shortage in the budget and in trained instructors.
Appraising the Potential of Using Satellite‐Based Rainfall Estimates for Evaluating Extreme Precipitation: A Case Study of August 2014 Event Across the West Rapti River Basin, Nepal
Authors: Talchabhadel Rocky , Nakagawa Hajime , Kawaike Kenji , Yamanoi Kazuki , Musumari Herman , Adhikari Tirtha Raj , Prajapati Rajaram 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHeavy precipitation events are recurrently occurring in Nepal, affecting lives and properties every year, especially in the summer monsoon season (i.e., June‐September). We investigated an extreme (heavy) precipitation event of August 2014 over the West Rapti River (WRR) Basin, Nepal. First, we forced a rainfall‐runoff model with ground‐based (gauge) hourly rainfall data of nine stations. Second, we validated against hourly water level at an outlet of the WRR Basin. This study then evaluated the performance of different satellite‐based rainfall estimates (SREs) in capturing an extreme precipitation event. We considered the use of half‐hourly data of Integrated Multi‐satellite Retrievals for GPM (IMERG) (Early, Late, and Final versions), spatial resolution (10 km), and hourly data of Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN), spatial resolution (25 km), and Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information using Artificial Neural Networks‐Cloud Classification System (PERSIANN‐CCS), spatial resolution (4 km). Also, we used 3 h data of Tropical Multi‐satellite Precipitation Analysis (TMPA) product real‐time (3B42RT), spatial resolution (25 km). In general, we find that all selected SREs depicted a similar pattern of extreme precipitation as shown by the gauge data on a daily scale. However, we find these products could not replicate precisely on a sub‐daily scale. Overall, IMERG and TMPA showed a better performance than PERSIANN and PERSIANN‐CCS. Finally, we corrected poor‐performed SREs with respect to gauge data and also filled data gaps of gauge rainfall using the information of good‐performed SREs. Our study reveals that there is a great challenge in local flood simulation employing SREs at high‐temporal resolution in Nepal.
Gradients of Anthropogenic Nutrient Enrichment Alter N Composition and DOM Stoichiometry in Freshwater Ecosystems
Authors: Wymore Adam S. , Johnes Penny J. , Bernal Susana , Brookshire E. N. Jack , Fazekas Hannah M. , Helton Ashley M. , Argerich Alba , Barnes Rebecca T. , Coble Ashley A. , Dodds Walter K. , Haq Shahan , Johnson Sherri L. , Jones Jeremy B. , Kaushal Sujay S. , Kortelainen Pirkko , López‐Lloreda Carla , Rodríguez‐Cardona Bianca M. , Spencer Robert G. M. , Sullivan Pamela L. , Yates Christopher A. , McDowell William H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA comprehensive cross‐biome assessment of major nitrogen (N) species that includes dissolved organic N (DON) is central to understanding interactions between inorganic nutrients and organic matter in running waters. Here, we synthesize stream water N chemistry across biomes and find that the composition of the dissolved N pool shifts from highly heterogeneous to primarily comprised of inorganic N, in tandem with dissolved organic matter (DOM) becoming more N‐rich, in response to nutrient enrichment from human disturbances. We identify two critical thresholds of total dissolved N (TDN) concentrations where the proportions of organic and inorganic N shift. With low TDN concentrations (0–1.3 mg/L N), the dominant form of N is highly variable, and DON ranges from 0% to 100% of TDN. At TDN concentrations above 2.8 mg/L, inorganic N dominates the N pool and DON rarely exceeds 25% of TDN. This transition to inorganic N dominance coincides with a shift in the stoichiometry of the DOM pool, where DOM becomes progressively enriched in N and DON concentrations are less tightly associated with concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). This shift in DOM stoichiometry (defined as DOC:DON ratios) suggests that fundamental changes in the biogeochemical cycles of C and N in freshwater ecosystems are occurring across the globe as human activity alters inorganic N and DOM sources and availability. Alterations to DOM stoichiometry are likely to have important implications for both the fate of DOM and its role as a source of N as it is transported downstream to the coastal ocean.
Pharmacological and genetic manipulations at the µ-opioid receptor reveal arrestin-3 engagement limits analgesic tolerance and does not exacerbate respiratory depression in mice
Authors: He Li , Gooding Sarah W. , Lewis Elinor , Felth Lindsey C. , Gaur Anirudh , Whistler Jennifer L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOpioid drugs are widely used analgesics that activate the G protein-coupled µ-opioid receptor, whose endogenous neuropeptide agonists, endorphins and enkephalins, are potent pain relievers. The therapeutic utility of opioid drugs is hindered by development of tolerance to the analgesic effects, requiring dose escalation for persistent pain control and leading to overdose and fatal respiratory distress. The prevailing hypothesis is that the intended analgesic effects of opioid drugs are mediated by µ-opioid receptor signaling to G protein, while the side-effects of respiratory depression and analgesic tolerance are caused by engagement of the receptor with the arrestin-3 protein. Consequently, opioid drug development has focused exclusively on identifying agonists devoid of arrestin-3 engagement. Here, we challenge the prevailing hypothesis with a panel of six clinically relevant opioid drugs and mice of three distinct genotypes with varying abilities to promote morphine-mediated arrestin-3 engagement. With this genetic and pharmacological approach, we demonstrate that arrestin-3 recruitment does not impact respiratory depression, and effective arrestin-3 engagement reduces, rather than exacerbates, the development of analgesic tolerance. These studies suggest that future development of safer opioids should focus on identifying opioid ligands that recruit both G protein and arrestin-3, thereby mimicking the signaling profile of most endogenous µ-opioid receptor agonists.
Safety and preliminary immunogenicity of JNJ-64041809, a live-attenuated, double-deleted Listeria monocytogenes-based immunotherapy, in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Drake Charles G. , Pachynski Russell K. , Subudhi Sumit K. , McNeel Douglas G. , Antonarakis Emmanuel S. , Bauer Todd M. , Lauer Peter , Brockstedt Dirk , Patricia Daniel , Wade Mark , Zudaire Enrique , Bandyopadhyay Nibedita , Parasrampuria Dolly A. , Girgis Suzette , Mason Gary E. , Knoblauch Roland E. , Stone Nicole , Infante Jeffrey R. , Gottardis Marco M. , Fong Lawrence 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
The safety and immunogenicity of JNJ-64041809 (JNJ-809), a live-attenuated, double-deleted Listeria monocytogenes (LADD Lm)-based immunotherapy targeting 4 relevant prostate cancer antigens, was evaluated in a phase 1 study in patients with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

Methods
Men with progressive mCRPC who had received ≥2 prior approved therapies were enrolled. Primary study objectives were to determine the recommended phase 2 dose (RP2D) and to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of JNJ-809.

Results
A total of 26 patients received JNJ-809 (1 × 108 CFU (n = 6); 1 × 109 CFU (n = 20)). No dose-limiting toxicities were reported, and 1 × 109 CFU was selected as the RP2D. The most common adverse events (AEs) reported were chills (92%), pyrexia (81%), and fatigue (62%). The most frequent grade ≥3 AEs were lymphopenia (27%) and hypertension (23%). Serious AEs were reported in 27% of patients including 1 patient with grade 3 intestinal obstruction. JNJ-809 transiently induced peripheral cytokines, including interferon-γ, interleukin-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Of the 7 patients evaluable for T cell responses at the 1 × 109 CFU dose, evidence of post-treatment antigenic responses were observed in 6 to the Listeria antigen listeriolysin O and in 5 to ≥1 of the 4 encoded tumor antigens. Best overall response was stable disease in 13/25 response-evaluable patients. The study was terminated early as data collected were considered sufficient to evaluate safety and immunogenicity.

Conclusions
JNJ-809 has manageable safety consistent with other LADD Lm-based therapies. Limited antigen-specific immune responses were observed, which did not translate into objective clinical responses.
Reprogrammed CRISPR-Cas13b suppresses SARS-CoV-2 replication and circumvents its mutational escape through mismatch tolerance
Authors: Fareh Mohamed , Zhao Wei , Hu Wenxin , Casan Joshua M. L. , Kumar Amit , Symons Jori , Zerbato Jennifer M. , Fong Danielle , Voskoboinik Ilia , Ekert Paul G. , Rudraraju Rajeev , Purcell Damian F. J. , Lewin Sharon R. , Trapani Joseph A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe recent dramatic appearance of variants of concern of SARS-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) highlights the need for innovative approaches that simultaneously suppress viral replication and circumvent viral escape from host immunity and antiviral therapeutics. Here, we employ genome-wide computational prediction and single-nucleotide resolution screening to reprogram CRISPR-Cas13b against SARS-CoV-2 genomic and subgenomic RNAs. Reprogrammed Cas13b effectors targeting accessible regions of Spike and Nucleocapsid transcripts achieved >98% silencing efficiency in virus-free models. Further, optimized and multiplexed Cas13b CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs) suppress viral replication in mammalian cells infected with replication-competent SARS-CoV-2, including the recently emerging dominant variant of concern B.1.1.7. The comprehensive mutagenesis of guide-target interaction demonstrated that single-nucleotide mismatches does not impair the capacity of a potent single crRNA to simultaneously suppress ancestral and mutated SARS-CoV-2 strains in infected mammalian cells, including the Spike D614G mutant. The specificity, efficiency and rapid deployment properties of reprogrammed Cas13b described here provide a molecular blueprint for antiviral drug development to suppress and prevent a wide range of SARS-CoV-2 mutants, and is readily adaptable to other emerging pathogenic viruses.
High crystallinity design of Ir-based catalysts drives catalytic reversibility for water electrolysis and fuel cells
Authors: Lee Woong Hee , Ko Young-Jin , Kim Jung Hwan , Choi Chang Hyuck , Chae Keun Hwa , Kim Hansung , Hwang Yun Jeong , Min Byoung Koun , Strasser Peter , Oh Hyung-Suk 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe voltage reversal of water electrolyzers and fuel cells induces a large positive potential on the hydrogen electrodes, followed by severe system degradation. Applying a reversible multifunctional electrocatalyst to the hydrogen electrode is a practical solution. Ir exhibits excellent catalytic activity for hydrogen evolution reactions (HER), and hydrogen oxidation reactions (HOR), yet irreversibly converts to amorphous IrOx at potentials > 0.8 V/RHE, which is an excellent catalyst for oxygen evolution reactions (OER), yet a poor HER and HOR catalyst. Harnessing the multifunctional catalytic characteristics of Ir, here we design a unique Ir-based electrocatalyst with high crystallinity for OER, HER, and HOR. Under OER operation, the crystalline nanoparticle generates an atomically-thin IrOx layer, which reversibly transforms into a metallic Ir at more cathodic potentials, restoring high activity for HER and HOR. Our analysis reveals that a metallic Ir subsurface under thin IrOx layer can act as a catalytic substrate for the reduction of Ir ions, creating reversibility. Our work not only uncovers fundamental, uniquely reversible catalytic properties of nanoparticle catalysts, but also offers insights into nanocatalyst design.
China’s greenhouse gas emissions for cropping systems from 1978–2016
Authors: Liang Dijuan , Lu Xi , Zhuang Minghao , Shi Guang , Hu Chengyu , Wang Shuxiao , Hao Jiming 
Published: July 2021

AbstractChina has committed to reaching carbon neutrality by 2060, which will require a drastic cut in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from all sectors, including those from agricultural activities. A comprehensive, long-term, and spatially-precise profile of agricultural GHG emissions can help to accurately understand drivers of historical emissions and their implications for future mitigation. This study constructs province-level agricultural GHG emissions in China from 1978 to 2016. It considers primary and secondary emissions from a full range of agricultural activities related to crop farming, including crop residue open burning, rice cultivation, cropland change, cropland emissions, machinery use, nitrogen fertilizer production, and pesticide production. Annual or interpolated activity data from official sources and the latest emission factors available for China were adopted in this study. The data can be used in spatial and temporal analysis of emissions from cropping systems as well as the design of mitigation strategy in China.
Penetration of MeV electrons into the mesosphere accompanying pulsating aurorae
Authors: Miyoshi Y. , Hosokawa K. , Kurita S. , Oyama S.-I. , Ogawa Y. , Saito S. , Shinohara I. , Kero A. , Turunen E. , Verronen P. T. , Kasahara S. , Yokota S. , Mitani T. , Takashima T. , Higashio N. , Kasahara Y. , Matsuda S. , Tsuchiya F. , Kumamoto A. , Matsuoka A. , Hori T. , Keika K. , Shoji M. , Teramoto M. , Imajo S. , Jun C. , Nakamura S. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPulsating aurorae (PsA) are caused by the intermittent precipitations of magnetospheric electrons (energies of a few keV to a few tens of keV) through wave-particle interactions, thereby depositing most of their energy at altitudes ~ 100 km. However, the maximum energy of precipitated electrons and its impacts on the atmosphere are unknown. Herein, we report unique observations by the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) radar showing electron precipitations ranging from a few hundred keV to a few MeV during a PsA associated with a weak geomagnetic storm. Simultaneously, the Arase spacecraft has observed intense whistler-mode chorus waves at the conjugate location along magnetic field lines. A computer simulation based on the EISCAT observations shows immediate catalytic ozone depletion at the mesospheric altitudes. Since PsA occurs frequently, often in daily basis, and extends its impact over large MLT areas, we anticipate that the PsA possesses a significant forcing to the mesospheric ozone chemistry in high latitudes through high energy electron precipitations. Therefore, the generation of PsA results in the depletion of mesospheric ozone through high-energy electron precipitations caused by whistler-mode chorus waves, which are similar to the well-known effect due to solar energetic protons triggered by solar flares.
Tele-EMS physicians improve life-threatening conditions during prehospital emergency missions
Authors: Schröder Hanna , Beckers Stefan K. , Ogrodzki Klaudia , Borgs Christina , Ziemann Sebastian , Follmann Andreas , Rossaint Rolf , Felzen Marc 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAlmost seven years ago, a telemedicine system was established as an additional component of the city of Aachen’s emergency medical service (EMS). It allows paramedics to engage in an immediate consultation with an EMS physician at any time. The system is not meant to replace the EMS physician on the scene during life-threatening emergencies. The aim of this study was to analyze teleconsultations during life-threatening missions and evaluate whether they improve patient care. Telemedical EMS (tele-EMS) physician consultations that occurred over the course of four years were evaluated. Missions were classified as involving potentially life-threatening conditions based on at least one of the following criteria: documented patient severity score, life-threatening vital signs, the judgement of the onsite EMS physician involved in the mission, or definite life-threatening diagnoses. The proportion of vital signs indicating that the patient was in a life-threatening condition was analyzed as the primary outcome at the start and end of the tele-EMS consultation. The secondary outcome parameters were the administered drug doses, tracer diagnoses made by the onsite EMS physicians during the missions, and quality of the documentation of the missions. From January 2015 to December 2018, a total of 10,362 tele-EMS consultations occurred; in 4,293 (41.4%) of the missions, the patient was initially in a potentially life-threatening condition. Out of those, a total of 3,441 (80.2%) missions were performed without an EMS physician at the scene. Records of 2,007 patients revealed 2,234 life-threatening vital signs of which 1,465 (65.6%) were remedied during the teleconsultation. Significant improvement was detected for oxygen saturation, hypotonia, tachy- and bradycardia, vigilance states, and hypoglycemia. Teleconsultation during missions involving patients with life-threatening conditions can significantly improve those patients' vital signs. Many potentially life-threatening cases could be handled by a tele-EMS physician as they did not require any invasive interventions that needed to be performed by an onsite EMS physician. Diagnoses of myocardial infarction, cardiac pulmonary edema, or malignant dysrhythmias necessitate the presence of onsite EMS physicians. Even during missions involving patients with life-threatening conditions, teleconsultation was feasible and often accessed by the paramedics.
COVID-19 mitigation by digital contact tracing and contact prevention (app-based social exposure warnings)
Authors: Soldano Germán J. , Fraire Juan A. , Finochietto Jorge M. , Quiroga Rodrigo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA plethora of measures are being combined in the attempt to reduce SARS-CoV-2 spread. Due to its sustainability, contact tracing is one of the most frequently applied interventions worldwide, albeit with mixed results. We evaluate the performance of digital contact tracing for different infection detection rates and response time delays. We also introduce and analyze a novel strategy we call contact prevention, which emits high exposure warnings to smartphone users according to Bluetooth-based contact counting. We model the effect of both strategies on transmission dynamics in SERIA, an agent-based simulation platform that implements population-dependent statistical distributions. Results show that contact prevention remains effective in scenarios with high diagnostic/response time delays and low infection detection rates, which greatly impair the effect of traditional contact tracing strategies. Contact prevention could play a significant role in pandemic mitigation, especially in developing countries where diagnostic and tracing capabilities are inadequate. Contact prevention could thus sustainably reduce the propagation of respiratory viruses while relying on available technology, respecting data privacy, and most importantly, promoting community-based awareness and social responsibility. Depending on infection detection and app adoption rates, applying a combination of digital contact tracing and contact prevention could reduce pandemic-related mortality by 20–56%.
Modeling and optimization of radish root extract drying as peroxidase source using spouted bed dryer
Authors: Hamedi Shahrbanoo , Afsahi M. Mehdi , Riahi-Madvar Ali , Mohebbi Ali 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe main advantages of the dried enzymes are the lower cost of storage and longer time of preservation for industrial applications. In this study, the spouted bed dryer was utilized for drying the garden radish (Raphanus sativus L.) root extract as a cost-effective source of the peroxidase enzyme. The response surface methodology (RSM) was used to evaluate the individual and interactive effects of main parameters (the inlet air temperature (T) and the ratio of air flow rate to the minimum spouting air flow rate (Q)) on the residual enzyme activity (REA). The maximum REA of 38.7% was obtained at T = 50 °C and Q = 1.4. To investigate the drying effect on the catalytic activity, the optimum reaction conditions (pH and temperature), as well as kinetic parameters, were investigated for the fresh and dried enzyme extracts (FEE and DEE). The obtained results showed that the optimum pH of DEE was decreased by 12.3% compared to FEE, while the optimum temperature of DEE compared to FEE increased by a factor of 85.7%. Moreover, kinetic parameters, thermal-stability, and shelf life of the enzyme were considerably improved after drying by the spouted bed. Overall, the results confirmed that a spouted bed reactor can be used as a promising method for drying heat-sensitive materials such as peroxidase enzyme.