bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Social Connection/Engagement in Episodic Memory Change in Stroke
Authors: Elayoubi Joanne , Nelson Monica E , Haley William E , Hueluer Gizem 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Positive associations between social connection/engagement and cognitive function are well documented. However, little is known about whether social connection/engagement can buffer the impact of serious brain injury such as stroke on cognitive functioning.

Research Design and Methods
Participants were 898 individuals with incident stroke from the Health and Retirement Study between 1998 and 2012. Multilevel modeling was used to examine how social connection/engagement was associated with episodic memory pre- and poststroke. Models controlled for age, gender, education, race/ethnicity, number of health conditions, and functional health.

Results
Participants who were lonely prestroke recalled significantly fewer words at the time of stroke, and participants who had children residing within 10 miles prestroke showed significantly less decline in word recall over time. Participants who provided help to others prestroke showed less stroke-related decline in word recall. Within-person increase in partnered status, having friends, and helping others were related to better word recall in the poststroke period.

Discussion and Implications
Higher prestroke levels of social connection/engagement predicted better episodic memory at stroke, a smaller decline in episodic memory with stroke, and less decline in episodic memory over time. Increases in social connection/engagement from pre- to poststroke also predicted better poststroke episodic memory. Beyond the widely documented benefits of social connection/engagement to well-being, they may also increase cognitive stimulation and cognitive reserve and thus contribute to stroke recovery in the cognitive domain. Social connection/engagement is an important and modifiable risk factor in older adults.
The Pathway Towards Digital Superpower: Copyright Reform in China
Authors: Lee Jyh-An , Li Yangzi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
After going through four drafts and several consultations in the past decade, the Third Amendment of Copyright Law was finally adopted in China on 11 November 2020. The new Copyright Law came into effect on 1 June 2021. This report presents a comprehensive analysis of the major changes in the Third Amendment, including originality, copyright subject matter, scope of exclusive rights, copyright collective management organisations, digital rights management, and remedies. In addition, this report discusses unsolved issues in the Third Amendment ‒ namely orphan works and those associated with artificial intelligence technologies ‒ for future copyright reform. By examining the amended provisions in the Third Amendment, this report illustrates the multiple purposes underlying China’s recent copyright reform.
Intestinal Biopsies for the Evaluation of Environmental Enteropathy and Environmental Enteric Dysfunction
Authors: Hodges Phoebe , Tembo Mizinga , Kelly Paul 
Published: July 2021

AbstractEnvironmental enteric dysfunction (EED) is a syndrome characterized by impairments of digestion and absorption and intestinal barrier failure in people living in insanitary or tropical environments. There is substantial evidence that it contributes to impaired linear growth of millions of children in low- and middle-income countries, to slowed neurocognitive development, and to diminished responses to oral vaccines. It represents the functional consequences of environmental enteropathy, an asymptomatic inflammatory disorder of the mucosa, and there is considerable overlap with the enteropathy observed in severe clinical malnutrition. The majority of studies of EED have employed functional tests based on lactulose permeation to define the presence of abnormal leak in the gut. However, where intestinal biopsies can safely be collected the opportunity then arises to study the underlying enteropathy in cellular and molecular detail, as well as to measure important functional elements such as enzyme expression. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the current understanding of environmental enteropathy obtained from small intestinal biopsies, and prospects for future work. We review histology, electron microscopy, transcription and protein expression, physiological measures, and the microbiome. We conclude that while noninvasive biomarkers of enteropathy and intestinal dysfunction permit large-scale studies of unquestionable value, intestinal biopsies are still required to investigate pathophysiology in depth.
Gulliver Unleashed? International Order, Restraint, and The Case of Ancient Athens
Authors: Reiter Dan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractInternational relations often include orders of smaller powers led by major powers. Perhaps the most significant aspect of international order is whether the major power leader is restrained or nonrestrained. Restrained major powers respect smaller powers’ preferences, eschew wielding power to impose their preferences, and avoid violating the smaller powers’ sovereignties, often using binding institutions and rules. Nonrestrained major powers violate decision-making rules, seek to impose their preferences, and violate smaller powers’ sovereignties using coercion and force. This article asks, what causes an order to evolve from restrained to nonrestrained? It argues that when a major power grows in strength relative to smaller power order members, the major power becomes more likely to abandon restraint, using coercion and force to impose its preferences on the order. Further, there is a snowball effect, as initial acts of nonrestraint undermine the credibility of the major power's commitment to restraint, encouraging smaller powers to exit the order, fueling further major power nonrestraint. The theory is tested on the fifth-century BCE Athenian order. Athens’ transition from restraint to nonrestraint, what some call a transition from alliance to empire, supports the predictions of the theory. Neither ideology nor rent-seeking theories explain this transition.
Gender, Internal Armed Conflict, and High Court Decision-Making in Transitioning Societies
Authors: Walker Lee Demetrius , Martinez Melissa , Pace Christopher 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBuilding on research that applies the policy deference model to high court decision-making during external war, we propose that conflict intensity, political government's preference on liberalization, and the gender of appellant impact the manner in which courts follow policy deference during internal war in transitioning countries. Contextually, we argue that shifts in women's roles and gender relations during internal conflict in transitioning societies condition the manner in which civilian courts make decisions on civil and political rights cases. During external war in advanced democracies, policy deference infers that courts will rule more conservatively on civil and political rights cases. Using habeas corpus cases as a representation of civil and political rights’ protection from El Salvador's civil war period (1980–1992) and two measures of conflict intensity, our findings indicate that the court's decision-making process deviates from conventional expectations derived from the policy deference model in three ways: (1) conflict intensity solely affects the court's decision-making on habeas corpus cases involving men; (2) the political government's choice for political liberalization affects the court's decision-making on both women and men cases; and (3) gender conditions the manner in which policy deference applies in a society that is experiencing societal change.
Impact of a vancomycin loading dose on the achievement of target vancomycin exposure in the first 24 h and on the accompanying risk of nephrotoxicity in critically ill patients
Authors: Hodiamont C J , Juffermans N P , Berends S E , van Vessem D J , Hakkens N , Mathôt R A A , de Jong M D , van Hest R M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
The advocated pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) target for vancomycin, AUC/MIC ≥ 400 mg·h/L, may not be reached with a conventional fixed starting dose of 1000 mg in critically ill patients, but increasing the dose may cause nephrotoxicity.

Objectives
To evaluate the effect of a weight-based loading dose of 25 mg/kg vancomycin on PK/PD target attainment in the first 24 h (AUC0–24) in critically ill patients and to evaluate whether this increases the risk of acute kidney injury (AKI).

Patients and methods
A prospective observational before/after study was performed in ICU patients, comparing the percentage of vancomycin courses with AUC0–24 ≥ 400 mg·h/L and the incidence of AKI, defined as worsening of the risk, injury, failure, loss of kidney function and end-stage kidney disease (RIFLE) score. The conventional dose group received 1000 mg of vancomycin as initial dose; the loading dose group received a weight-based loading dose of 25 mg/kg. A population PK model developed using non-linear mixed-effects modelling was used to estimate AUC0–24 in all patients.

Results
One hundred and four courses from 82 patients were included. With a loading dose, the percentage of courses achieving AUC0–24 ≥ 400 mg·h/L increased significantly from 53.8% to 88.0% (P = 0.0006). The percentage of patients with new-onset AKI was not significantly higher when receiving a 25 mg/kg loading dose (28.6% versus 37.8%; P = 0.48). However, the risk of AKI was significantly higher in patients achieving AUC0–24 &gt; 400 mg·h/L compared with patients achieving AUC &lt; 400 mg·h/L (39.0% versus 14.8%; P = 0.031).

Conclusions
A weight-based loading dose of 25 mg/kg vancomycin led to significantly more patients achieving AUC0–24 ≥ 400 mg·h/L without increased risk of AKI. However, some harm cannot be ruled out since higher exposure was associated with increased risk of AKI.
The United States and the ICC
Authors: Douglas Lawrence 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This comment argues that President Biden’s revocation of Trump’s Executive Order 13928, which declared a national emergency and authorized the imposition of various sanctions on officials of the International Criminal Court (ICC), does not represent a fundamental reorientation in the relationship between the United States and the ICC. Offering an overview of this vexed relationship, the author argues that the fundamental sticking point remains the United States’ untenable insistence that the ICC lacks jurisdiction over the personnel of non-State Parties.
A Comprehensive Comparison of Early-Onset and Average-Onset Colorectal Cancers
Authors: Cercek Andrea , Chatila Walid K , Yaeger Rona , Walch Henry , Fernandes Gustavo Dos Santos , Krishnan Asha , Palmaira Lerie , Maio Anna , Kemel Yelena , Srinivasan Preethi , Bandlamudi Chaitanya , Salo-Mullen Erin , Tejada Prince R , Belanfanti Kimeisha , Galle Jesse , Joseph Vijai , Segal Neil , Varghese Anna , Reidy-Lagunes Diane , Shia Jinru , Vakiani Efsevia , Mondaca Sebastian , Mendelsohn Robin , Lumish Melissa A , Steinruecke Felix , Kemeny Nancy , Connell Louise , Ganesh Karuna , Markowitz Arnold , Nash Garrett , Guillem Jose , Smith J Joshua , Paty Phillip B , Zhang Liying , Mandelker Diana , Birsoy Ozge , Robson Mark , Offit Kenneth , Taylor Barry , Berger Michael , Solit David , Weiser Martin , Saltz Leonard B , Aguilar Julio Garcia , Schultz Nikolaus , Diaz Luis A , Stadler Zsofia K 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
The causative factors for the recent increase in early-onset colorectal cancer (EO-CRC) incidence are unknown. We sought to determine if early-onset disease is clinically or genomically distinct from average-onset colorectal cancer (AO-CRC).

Methods
Clinical, histopathologic, and genomic characteristics of EO-CRC patients (2014-2019), divided into age 35 years and younger and 36-49 years at diagnosis, were compared with AO-CRC (50 years and older). Patients with mismatch repair deficient tumors, CRC-related hereditary syndromes, and inflammatory bowel disease were excluded from all but the germline analysis. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results
In total, 759 patients with EO-CRC (35 years, n = 151; 36-49 years, n = 608) and AO-CRC (n = 687) were included. Left-sided tumors (35 years and younger = 80.8%; 36-49 years = 83.7%; AO = 63.9%; P &lt; .001 for both comparisons), rectal bleeding (35 years and younger = 41.1%; 36-49 years = 41.0%; AO = 25.9%; P = .001 and P &lt; .001, respectively), and abdominal pain (35 years and younger = 37.1%; 36-49 years = 34.0%; AO = 26.8%; P = .01 and P = .005, respectively) were more common in EO-CRC. Among microsatellite stable tumors, we found no differences in histopathologic tumor characteristics. Initially, differences in TP53 and Receptor Tyrosine Kinase signaling pathway (RTK-RAS)alterations were noted by age. However, on multivariate analysis including somatic gene analysis and tumor sidedness, no statistically significant differences at the gene or pathway level were demonstrated. Among advanced microsatellite stable CRCs, chemotherapy response and survival were equivalent by age cohorts. Pathogenic germline variants were identified in 23.3% of patients 35 years and younger vs 14.1% of AO-CRC (P = .01).

Conclusions
EO-CRCs are more commonly left-sided and present with rectal bleeding and abdominal pain but are otherwise clinically and genomically indistinguishable from AO-CRCs. Aggressive treatment regimens based solely on the age at CRC diagnosis are not warranted.
Repercussions of the Degrees of Hearing Loss and Vestibular Dysfunction on the Static Balance of Children With Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Authors: Melo Renato S , Lemos Andrea , Raposo Maria Cristina Falcão , Monteiro Milena Guimarães , Lambertz Daniel , Ferraz Karla Mônica 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to assess the static balance of children with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) according to the degrees of SNHL and the function of the vestibular system.

Methods
This cross-sectional study was conducted in public schools located in Caruaru, Pernambuco state, Brazil, with 130 children (65 with normal hearing and 65 with SNHL as documented by air and bone conduction audiometry) of both sexes between 7 and 11 years old. Static balance was assessed by a stabilometric analysis using a force platform consisting of the circular area of center-of-pressure displacement of the children evaluated in 3 positions: bipedal support with feet together and parallel (PF), tandem feet (TF), and 1 foot (OF), carried out under 2 sensory conditions each, with eyes open and eyes closed. After balance assessments, the children with SNHL received examinations of auditory and vestibular functions—through audiometry and computerized vectoelectronystagmography, respectively—to compose the groups according to degrees of SNHL and vestibular function.

Results
The children with severe and profound SNHL demonstrated more static balance instabilities than the children with normal hearing in 5 positions assessed with eyes open (PF, TF, and OF) and eyes closed (PF and TF). The same phenomenon occurred in children with SNHL and associated vestibular dysfunction in all of the positions assessed with eyes open and eyes closed (PF, TF, and OF).

Conclusion
The larger the degree of SNHL, the greater the balance instability of the children. The children with SNHL and associated vestibular dysfunction showed the highest balance instabilities in this study.

Impact
Children with larger degrees of SNHL and associated vestibular dysfunction might require prolonged periods to rehabilitate their balance.
Insecticide resistance profiles in malaria vector populations from Sud-Kivu in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: N'Do Sévérin , Bandibabone Janvier B , Soma Dieudonné D , Musaka Bertin Z , Prudhomme Jorian , Habamungu Claude C , Namountougou Moussa , Sangaré Ibrahim , Kientega Mahamadi , Kaboré Didier A P , Bayili Koama , Yerbanga R Serge , Diabate Abdoulaye , Dabire Roch K , Ouedraogo Jean-Bosco , Belem Adrien M G , Boëte Christophe , Guardiola-Claramonte Maite , Chimanuka Bantuzeko 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Insecticide resistance has become a widespread problem causing a decline in the effectiveness of vector control tools in sub-Saharan Africa. In this situation, ongoing monitoring of vector susceptibility to insecticides is encouraged by the WHO to guide national malaria control programmes. Our study was conducted from April to November 2018 in Tchonka (Sud-Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo) and reported primary data on the resistance status of Anopheles funestus and Anopheles gambiae.

Methods
Insecticide susceptibility bioassays were performed on wild populations of A. funestus and A. gambiae using WHO insecticide-impregnated papers at discriminating concentration. In addition, PCR was performed to identify mosquito species and to detect kdr and ace-1R mutations involved in insecticide resistance.

Results
Bioassay results show resistance to all tested insecticides except pirimiphos-methyl, propoxur, fenitrothion and malathion with a mortality rate ranging from 95.48 to 99.86%. The addition of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) increased the susceptibility of vectors to deltamethrin and alpha-cypermethrin by exhibiting a mortality ranging from 91.50 to 95.86%. The kdr mutation was detected at high frequencies (approximately 0.98) within A. gambiae while ace-1R was not detected.

Conclusions
This study provides useful data on the insecticide resistance profiles of malaria vector populations to better manage vector control. Our results highlight that, despite the high level of resistance, organophosphorus compounds and pyrethroids + PBO remain effective against the vectors.
8Postcolonial Theory
Authors: Knudsen Eva Rask , Rahbek Ulla 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers selected research in postcolonial theory published in 2020 and some work delayed and published in early 2021. It begins with a discussion of a new edition of an introduction to postcolonialism and a journal issue with an article cluster devoted to the legacy of Edward Said’s Orientalism (1978) before it focuses on two books that rethink postcolonial studies. The work discussed demonstrates how the ideas in the postcolonial theory and methodology toolbox can still be put to good scholarly use in explorations of bottom-up postcolonialism and activism as well as in top-down postcolonialism and the reading of texts. The book-length studies propose reframing exercises and practical demonstrations that point to new avenues where postcolonial perspectives are still invigorating and, possibly, invaluable.
Immunization practices and risk of anaphylaxis: a current update, comprehensive of COVID-19 vaccination data
Authors: Arcolaci Alessandra , Bronte Vincenzo , Zanoni Giovanna 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
This review aims to provide an updated report in regards to the correlation between vaccines and anaphylaxis and the related risk in the population.

Recent findings
Initial reports showed higher incidence of anaphylaxis following messenger RNA COVID-19 vaccines compared with ‘routine’ vaccinations, likely influenced by the great attention paid to these ‘new’ vaccines. However, anaphylaxis has still to be considered quite rare and its incidence will be systematically reconsidered in the light of additional data collected.

Summary
Adverse reactions to vaccines are commonly reported but most of them are nonspecific mild events, whereas vaccine-related anaphylaxis is considered a rare event, with an incidence rate equal to 1.3 cases per million vaccine doses administered. As anaphylaxis reports usually start to be reported to passive pharmacovigilance during postmarketing surveillance, the first data are used to be influenced by under- and over-reporting and lack of denominators and following studies are needed to confirm the causal relationship. This might create an initial overcautiously approach to new immunization practices but, being anaphylaxis a potential life-threatening event, every suspected contraindication has to be deepened to maximize effectiveness and safety profile and constantly redefined not to exclude an overestimated population group who could receive the vaccine uneventfully.
Autologous serum eye drops for ocular surface disorders
Authors: Cui David , Li Gavin , Akpek Esen K. 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
Ocular surface disease is a prevalent, diverse group of conditions that cause patient discomfort and decreased visual acuity and present considerable expense to both patients and healthcare systems. Autologous serum eye drops are a topical treatment modality derived from the patient's own blood. Use of serum eye drops for ocular surface disease has been promising due to biochemical similarities to endogenous tears.

Recent findings
Use of serum eye drops for moderate to severe ocular surface diseases such as dry eye, corneal epithelial defects, and inflammatory conditions has become more prevalent. Recent studies have demonstrated that the use of serum eye drops is well-tolerated by patients and associated with improvement in patient-reported outcomes and objective dry eye parameters. Production of serum eye drops may vary, treatment costs can be significant, and the quality of evidence for serum eye drop use published from randomized controlled trials is modest, particularly for long-term treatment. Accessibility remains an area for improvement and may be complemented by allogeneic serum eye drops.

Summary
Serum eye drops are frequently used as a safe, well-tolerated, and effective treatment for ocular surface disease. Further research is needed to assess long-term outcomes and improve accessibility.
Differences in Health Care Access and Satisfaction Across Intersections of Race/Ethnicity and Sexual Identity
Authors: Turpin Rodman E. , Akré Ellesse-Roselee L. , Williams Natasha D. , Boekeloo Bradley O. , Fish Jessica N. 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
Racial/ethnic and sexual minorities experience numerous health disparities compared with their White and heterosexual counterparts, which may be exacerbated when these social identities intersect. The authors tested for differences in health care access and satisfaction across intersections of sexual identity and race/ethnicity.

Method
A cross-sectional secondary data analysis of the 2012–2018 waves of the Association of American Medical Colleges biannual online Consumer Survey of Health Care Access was conducted. This survey captures a national sample of U.S. adults who reported needing health care in the past 12 months. The analytic sample included 29,628 participants. Sixteen possible combinations of sexual identity and race/ethnicity were examined. Health care access and satisfaction were measured with 10 items and an index created from these items. Cumulative prevalence ratios (PRs) for the index and PRs across sexual identity, both individually and in combination with race/ethnicity, for each health care access and satisfaction item were generated.

Results
Compared with White heterosexuals, all other groups had significantly more barriers to care before adjustment. The greatest barriers were observed among non-Hispanic Asian/Pacific Islander/Hawaiian gay/lesbian (unadjusted PR = 3.08; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.45, 3.88; adjusted PR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.59, 2.53), non-Hispanic Black bisexual (unadjusted PR = 2.73; 95% CI: 2.28, 3.27; adjusted PR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.52, 2.20), non-Hispanic Black other sexual identity (unadjusted PR = 2.27; 95% CI: 1.69, 3.06; adjusted PR = 2.07; 95% CI: 1.53, 2.78), and Hispanic/Latino other sexual identity (unadjusted PR = 2.06; 95% CI: 1.60, 2.65; adjusted PR = 1.39; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.79) participants.

Conclusions
Persons of both racial/ethnic and sexual minority status generally had less health care access and satisfaction than White heterosexuals. An intersectional perspective is critical to achieving equity in quality health care access.