bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COVID-19 and Internship Opportunities at Health Organizations in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Bugis Bussma Ahmed 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Higher education is one of the communities that has been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has caused disruptions and jeopardized supervised internships. COVID-19 has challenged graduating students to find internship opportunities at health organizations during the summer of 2020.

Objective:
The purpose of this paper was to explore how COVID-19 impacted summer 2020 internship opportunities for graduating health sciences students in Saudi Arabia.

Methods:
This study is a secondary analysis of existing private data. The data set was extracted from the original data of health sciences students who were expected to do their internships during the summers of 2018, 2019, and 2020 to explore summer internship opportunities.

Results:
The method of data analysis was descriptive statistics. A total of 440 health sciences students and interns were expected to start their internships during the summers of 2018, 2019, and 2020. Summer internship offers decreased from more than 70% offers in 2018 and 2019 to less than 35% in 2020. Of those who received summer internship offers in summer 2020, the majority received offers from public health organizations (74.67%), while 25.33% received offers from private and other health organizations.

Conclusion:
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on summer 2020 internship opportunities at health organizations has been profound in Saudi Arabia. Health organizations were influenced by the COVID-19 pandemic to offer summer internship opportunities for graduating students. This study contributes to understanding the present situation in attempting to predict the future impacts of pandemics with characteristics similar to COVID-19 on internships.
Noninvasive Real-Time Mortality Prediction in Intensive Care Units Based on Gradient Boosting Method: Model Development and Validation Study
Authors: Jiang Huizhen , Su Longxiang , Wang Hao , Li Dongkai , Zhao Congpu , Hong Na , Long Yun , Zhu Weiguo 
Published: January 2021

Background
Monitoring critically ill patients in intensive care units (ICUs) in real time is vitally important. Although scoring systems are most often used in risk prediction of mortality, they are usually not highly precise, and the clinical data are often simply weighted. This method is inefficient and time-consuming in the clinical setting.

Objective
The objective of this study was to integrate all medical data and noninvasively predict the real-time mortality of ICU patients using a gradient boosting method. Specifically, our goal was to predict mortality using a noninvasive method to minimize the discomfort to patients.

Methods
In this study, we established five models to predict mortality in real time based on different features. According to the monitoring, laboratory, and scoring data, we constructed the feature engineering. The five real-time mortality prediction models were RMM (based on monitoring features), RMA (based on monitoring features and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation [APACHE]), RMS (based on monitoring features and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment [SOFA]), RMML (based on monitoring and laboratory features), and RM (based on all monitoring, laboratory, and scoring features). All models were built using LightGBM and tested with XGBoost. We then compared the performance of all models, with particular focus on the noninvasive method, the RMM model.

Results
After extensive experiments, the area under the curve of the RMM model was 0.8264, which was superior to that of the RMA and RMS models. Therefore, predicting mortality using the noninvasive method was both efficient and practical, as it eliminated the need for extra physical interventions on patients, such as the drawing of blood. In addition, we explored the top nine features relevant to real-time mortality prediction: invasive mean blood pressure, heart rate, invasive systolic blood pressure, oxygen concentration, oxygen saturation, balance of input and output, total input, invasive diastolic blood pressure, and noninvasive mean blood pressure. These nine features should be given more focus in routine clinical practice.

Conclusions
The results of this study may be helpful in real-time mortality prediction in patients in the ICU, especially the noninvasive method. It is efficient and favorable to patients, which offers a strong practical significance.
Second Generation Biofuel – An Alternate Source of Energy
Authors: R. Devika  , M. Subathra  , J. Madhusudhanan  , Rajesh  , UditSagar  
Published: January 2021

The use of fossil fuels in the current situation has been increased. These fossil fuels do not come under the category of sustainable sources due to its depleting nature. Fossil fuels also pollutes the environment by increased emission of Greenhouse Gases (GHG). In order to produce an alternate renewable energy and to reduce the percentage of environmental pollution caused, many technologies like solar energy, tidal energy, wind energy etc. came into existence. But all these forms of energy can be produced in terms of electricity. To meet the increasing fuel demand, renewable biofuels came into the field where biomasses are utilized to produce biofuels. Second generation renewable biofuels are produced from conventional plant sources with higher oil content whose efficiency is determined by the amount of Green House Gases (GHG) emitted and the life cycle cost whether positive, neutral or negative. High yielding energy crops such as sugarcane, corn, switchgrass, wheat etc. are subjected to various processes / fermentation to yield biofuels like bioethanol, biobutanol, biohydrogen, biodiesel etc. The US and Brazil are replacing the demand for gasoline with around 15% of bioethanol and it has a higher octane rating, increased engine’s compression ratio, increased thermal efficiency and ultimately reduces atmospheric pollution emissions. In future biofuels will be recognized as alternative fuel in transportation, energy generation, heat producer, charging electronics, environmental friendly cleaners, cooking, lubricants, adhesives etc. This review provides a brief outline about the second generation biofuels which would serve as an alternative energy in the near future.
Impact of Hearing Impairment on Marital Adjustment In Elderly Couples
Authors: Vivek Kumar Jha  , Rajbir Singh  
Published: January 2021

This present study was conducted to determine the relationship of marital adjustment with loss of hearing in elderly couples. To carry out the study, the subjects were audiologically tested and the marital adjustment questionnaire (MAQ) was administered along with hearing handicap inventory (HHI). The audiological assessment consisted of pure tonal audiometry (PTA), which was carried out in a sound treated room by air conduction (from 250 Hz to 8000 Hz) and the bone conduction (500 Hz to 4000 Hz). Hearing threshold was calculated by using the MAICO brand Audiometer (MA-42). The sample was 30 elderly couples without hearing aids. Among them, 15 couples having B/L severe hearing loss in male partner and female partner with normal hearing were placed in experimental group, while other 15 couples having no hearing loss placed in control group. Data analysis was carried out with the help of IBM-SPSS software. For statistical analysis, the Pearson correlation was used among pure tone average, marital adjustment and hearing handicap inventory. To see the difference in mean adjustment score of experimental and control group, t-test was applied. Pearson correlation showed negative significant correlation between HHI and Marital adjustment, between PTA and Marital adjustment. HHI and PTA revealed high positive correlation. The results show a strong connection between hearing loss in elderly couples and poor adjustment.
Producción audiovisual y Educación a Distancia: nuevos retos para el docente
Authors: Román González Roberto 
Published: January 2021

Durante más de 25 años, la producción de materiales didácticos audiovisuales ha proyectado el quehacer de la UNED a la sociedad costarricense. Hoy la tecnología ocasiona marcados cambios socioculturales. Estas variables exigen transformaciones en el modelo de producción para que la UNED pueda servir de la mejor manera a sus estudiantes y a los distintos grupos sociales. Este trabajo pone énfasis en la necesidad de la participación del docente , en el desarrollo eficaz de las técnicas de mercadeo, distribución y análisis de rentabilidad de producción de los materiales audiovisuales y en la unidad de los procesos de producción Este estudio se encamina a tratar de comprender la actualidad y el destino que debe seguir el modelo de producción de materiales didácticos audiovisuales en la UNED . Señalamos los problemas y proponemos las soluciones para que la institución logre una eficaz proyección hacia la sociedad y contribuya con la democratización de la educación.
All scientists are equal but some are more equal than others: theory of justice applied to academic institutions to create a fair community with true equality of opportunities
Authors: Morimoto Juliano 
Published: January 2021

1. The lack of diversity and equality of opportunities in academia
is often seen as evidence of unfair processes in academic institutions
when it comes to the distribution of goods. In this paper, I propose a
novel framework to address this issue.
2. The framework integrates the body of literature on human
developmental ecology with the theory of justice by John Rawls. The
underlying premise of the framework is that academic institutions should
account for the arbitrary ecological factors (e.g., culture,
socioeconomic background) that influence the opportunities for academic
achievements by individuals throughout their lives prior to application
for goods.
3. The framework is designed to help academic institutions mitigate
(or potentially, eliminate) the benefits accrued over time by
individuals that experienced arbitrary but favourable ecological
conditions, and assess and judge candidates relative to the expected
academic performance given candidates’ ecological contexts (i.e.,
objective fairness). In doing so, this framework is a process that, if
adopted by academic institutions, can result in fair equality of
opportunities in the distribution of goods.
4. I also discuss the concept of ‘years post-PhD’, which attempts to
make competition fair by discretising career trajectories. I propose a
different landmark, which takes into account years post-first authorship
publication, and argue that years post-first authorship publication is
less relativistic and accounts for differences in academic structure
between countries. I discuss the limitations and alternative attempts to
make processes in academic institutions fair throughout the text.
5. Overall, this paper proposes a framework designed to improve the
academic environment by creating fairness in the distribution of goods
by academic institutions, thereby generating true equality of
opportunities to all.
Keywords: social justice; policy; equality; minorities
Palavras de amigo: carta de Francisco Schettino a Lima Barreto sobre concurso literário promovido pela Academia Brasileira de Letras
Authors: Correa de Moraes Junior Luciano 
Published: January 2021

Autor de romances como Triste fim de Policarpo Quaresma (1911) e Clara dos Anjos (póstumo - 1948), Lima Barreto é considerado um dos maiores autores brasileiros do período pré-modernista. À época, dentre os maiores incentivadores de seu trabalho, destaca-se Francisco Schettino, seu amigo pessoal e o responsável pela publicação da única coletânea de contos publicados pelo autor através da Gianlorenzo Schettino Livraria Editora. Visando a propiciar mais informações aos admiradores e estudiosos da vida e obra do autor, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo disponibilizar uma edição conservadora de uma carta escrita por Francisco Schettino a Lima Barreto aconselhando-o a escrever um romance para concorrer a um prêmio oferecido pela Academia Brasileira de Letras ao melhor romance de assunto nacional. O documento pertence à Coleção Lima Barreto – que está custodiada pela Divisão de Manuscritos da Biblioteca Nacional – e está disponível no Acervo Digital da Instituição http://acervo.bndigital.bn.br/sophia/index.asp?codigo_sophia=99736. Palavras-chave: Lima Barreto. Edição. Cartas pessoais. Manuscrito. Literatura.
Non- Bank Islamic Mortgage in Maqashid al-Sharia Perspective
Authors: Syam Fahmi , Kadir Afifuddin , Salma Ayuesha Nur 
Published: January 2021

Home mortgage or KPR is regarded as an alternative answer for possessing a house recently, Home mortgage should be possible either through Conventional bank and sharia bank. However, recently there have been new alternatives of owning home by using non-bank Islamic mortgage. Where the mortgage can presently be directly handled by the developer without involving the bank. The issues of this Paper are describing the opinion that non-Bank Islamic Mortgage is more sharia than Islamic Banking in providing Islamic Housing, such as no BI Checking, no riba, no fines, no confiscation, and etc. The purpose of this research is to identify the scheme of non-bank Islamic Mortgage, and analyse the scheme in Maqasid Sharia perspective as Importance foundation in religion. The methods in this study are descriptive analysis research. The data used is secondary data and data collection techniques are literature studies. After discussing, the results showed that Non-Bank Islamic Mortgage cause a lot of harm in term of customer and sharia developer it self in Maqāsid Sharia perspective.
Hadis Tentang Perempuan Setengah Akal Dan Agamanya
Authors: Bullah Habib 
Published: January 2021

Islam sebagai agama rah}matan li al-‘a>lami>n menekankan keistimewaan manusia sebagai makhluk ciptaan Allah SWT, baik laki-laki maupun perempuan. Keduanya diciptakan dari “nafs wa>h}idah” serta memiliki kedudukan yang sama di hadapan Allah. Perbedaannya hanya dalam tingkatan ketaqwaannya saja. Selain laki-laki, perempuan adalah makhluk ciptaan Allah SWT yang juga diberikan emban menjadi khalifah di muka bumi ini dengan memikul tanggung jawab yang sama, yaitu Amar ma’ru>f Nahi Munkar. Namun, terdapat perbedaan kodrati dan naluri yang dimiliki laki-laki dan perempuan, sehingga ada sebagian permasalahan perempuan diperlakukan khusus oleh syari’at Islam, seperti mendapatkan dispensasi dalam melakukan kewajiban shalat dan puasa ketika sedang haid atau nifas. Begitu juga perempuan mempunyai kodrat yang berbeda dengan laki-laki, misalnya dalam hal reproduksi dan naluri keibuan yang tidak dimiliki oleh laki-laki. Dalam berbagai literatur diungkap tentang bagaimana Islam mengentaskan berbagai ketidakadilan terutama jika dikaitkan dengan persoalan kaum perempuan dari penindasan. Di sisi lain, terdapat sebuah hadis Nabi Saw yang menyatakan bahwa perempuan itu akal dan agamanya “setengah” atau bisa dikatakan kurang akal dan agamanya. Hal tersebut terkesan diskrimanasi terhadap kaum perempuan. Dengan menggunakan legitimasi agama dari dalil hadis Nabi Muhammad Saw yang menyematkan perempuan akal dan agamanya setengah/separuh inilah, maka Islam bukanlah agama yang mengangkat derajat perempuan dan memberikan hak yang sama di antara makhluk ciptaan Tuhan. Dengan demikian perlu ada pemaknaan yang komprehensif tentang hadis tersebut sehingga memberi kesimpulan bahwa Islam benar-benar agama yang menjanjikan rahmat bagi semua makhluk.
Virus Persistence Of Mosaic Causes In Chili Seed At Different Temperatures
Authors: Sopialena  
Published: January 2021

The study entitled Persistence of the virus that causes mosaic disease in chili seeds originating from the production of chili plants that are attacked by a virus that is treated by soaking at some temperature aims to see the persistence or presence of the virus that causes the mosaic. The persistence of the virus is done by observing the chilli seedlings that are 8 weeks after planting. The research was carried out at the Plant Pest and Disease Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Mulawarman University, Samarinda.
The study was conducted using the observation method that is directly observing the treatment carried out. This study used 5 treatments and each of 4 replications, consisting of: C1 = treatment of warm water with a temperature of 40 ° C for 10 minutes, C2 = treatment of warm water with a temperature of 45 ° C for 10 minutes, C3 = treatment of warm water with a temperature 50 ° C for 10 minutes, C4 = treatment of warm water with a temperature of 55 ° C for 10 minutes, Cs = treatment of warm water with a temperature of 60 ° C for 10 minutes.
The results showed that soaking warm water had an influence on the persistence of viruses carried in the seeds to the development of mosaic disease in chilies. Temperatures of 50 ° C and above have been able to prevent mosaics disease at chillie plant.
Effectiveness of Endophyte Fungi as a Controling of Blast Disease on Paddy (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Sopialena  , Devi Tantiani  
Published: January 2021

The research was conducted to determine: endophyte fungi on paddy plant (Oryza sativa); the antagonistic percentageof endophyte fungi against to Pyricularia oryzae Cav.; and the antagonistic mechanisms between each endophyte fungi to Pyricularia oryzae Cav..The experiment was conducted at the Integrated Laboratory of Agriculture Faculty of Mulawarman University, and samples of infected plant was collected from Sungai Kapih village, Sambutan Sub-district of Samarinda City The experimental treatments was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), consisting of four treatments and each treatment was repeated ten times.The results showed that endophyte fungi isolated from the paddy plant (Oryza sativa) were Trichoderma sp., Rhizopus sp., Gliocladium sp., and Penicillium sp. The competition was proved as the antagonistic mechanism of Rhizopus sp. against, while antibiosis was proved as the antagonistic mechanism of Penicillium sp. against. Trichoderma sp. and Gliocladium sp. against were shown to have two antagonistic mecanism are competition and parasitsm. The capability of endophyte fungi as a biological agents to compete those P. Oryzae was express an antagonism capacity differences, the highest rate of inhibition was occurred on the P. oryzae vs Gliocladium sp.(78,96%).
Keywords :Pyricularia oryza Cav., Endophyte fungi, Antagonistic mechanim
Introduction to early clinical exposure as learning tool in physiology
Authors: Warkar Anil B. , Asia Anju A. 
Published: January 2021

Objectives:Early years of undergraduate medical education (especially the first 2 years) are critical for the academic success of medical students. In the traditional curricula of medical education, students learn theoretical knowledge without contact with the patient in a clinical context. Early clinical exposure (ECE) has been suggested to help medical fresh students overcome their stresses and motivate them to develop better insight and awareness to the medical profession.Materials and Methods:We devised a teaching-learning ECE intervention study module in endocrine physiology, which comprised traditional didactic lectures, supplemented with an ECE program in a hospital setting, a hospital visit to see patients. The study group was given the intervention of ECE, through the ECE designed module. The outcomes and effectiveness of this intervention were assessed by a multiple-choice pretest/post-test model of learning knowledge gain and effectiveness of the educational intervention by calculating learning matrices. Students feedback toward ECE was assessed by a 5 point Likert-scale responses and their views through a validated questionnaire.Results:Mean pre-test and post-test scores of students learning improved significantly from 9.6 ± 2.58 (48%) to 13.2 ± 2.53 (66%), (P= 0.043) in the study group. The learning gain (gi) for individual students was tabulated and average single student normalised gain Gi(avg) was calculated. For the study group, it was 29 ± 33% and control group 7 ± 14%. To assess the intervention effectiveness class average normalised gain G was found to be 34%, in the study group and 13% in the control group (P< 0.05). The study group students (96.4%) gave an overall rating of good/excellent to ECE on a five-point Likert scale. The mean score was (4.3 ± 1.4) showing that the overall rating of ECE was good to excellent.Conclusion:The pre-test/post-test model with a calculation of various measures of learning gain provides an objective and informative means to document learner performance and demonstrate the effectiveness of the educational intervention. The students’ satisfaction and their positive attitude toward ECE suggested that this interventional study improves the quality of basic science courses and adds substantial relevance to clinical application.
Recording of length-tension relationship of elbow flexors and extensors by varying elbow angle in human
Authors: Sharma Hanjabam Barun , Das Arani , Tayade Prashant , Deepak Kishore K. 
Published: January 2021

Objectives:The concept of length-tension relationship in skeletal muscle can be studied in a living person by demonstrating the relationship between isometric strength and joint angles. There is lack of an effective practical module to demonstrate this concept in living person, hence the study was planned.Materials and Methods:A simple, feasible and novel practical is designed using a custom-made isometric elbow flexion-extension exercising instrument, in which isometric elbow strength is measured using a dynamometer against various elbow joint angles measured using a goniometer.Result:Elbow isometric strength varied across its joint angles and was maximum at the optimum angle, which was 90°.Conclusion:We propose a simple and novel practical to understand the skeletal muscle length-tension relationship in a living person partly, by using the angle-strength relationship for undergraduate teaching in physiology.
Parents’ experience of receiving their child’s diagnosis of Down’s syndrome
Authors: Rasendrakumar Arabi , Prabaharan Krithika , Ramanan Padmasani Venkat , Rasendrakumar Niruby 
Published: January 2021

Objectives:
The objectives of the study were to study the parents’ satisfaction with the experience of receiving the diagnosis of Down’s syndrome (DS) for their child.

Materials and Methods:
Children studying in special schools in the city with DS were identified and a retrospective study of their parents’ experience on receiving their child’s diagnosis was done using a semi-structured, questionnaire, developed, and validated by us.

Results:
Forty-two parents participated. In 7 (16.6%), diagnosis was made in the neonatal period, in 15 (35.7%) between 1 month and 1 year, and in 20 (47.6%) after the 1st year of life. Forty (95.2%) had been given printed information, 32 (76.2%) were provided with contacts numbers of resource centers. Thirty-eight (90.5%) were referred to support groups. Only 9 (21.4%) were provided a timetable of care. Twenty (47.6%) felt that all the positive aspects had been clarified, 15 (35%) felt that all the negative aspects were completely explained, and 29 (69%) felt that the doctor had shown compassion. Overall satisfaction 9.5% were very satisfied with the experience, 45.2% were quite satisfied,11.9% were neutral, 19.1% were quite dissatisfied, and 14.3% were very dissatisfied. The factors significantly associated with satisfaction included having a time table of care, having both positive and negative aspects completely explained and the health-care professional showing compassion at the time of breaking the diagnosis.

Conclusion:
Only 54.8% of parents of children with DS were satisfied with the way the diagnosis of their child’s condition was broken to them. Efforts to include the factors associated with satisfaction and avoidance of factors causing dissatisfaction will help improve the experience of these parents.