bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perception, emotion, and synesthesia: Metaphorical combining in Keats
Authors: Brannon Katrina 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article attempts to demonstrate the elaboration of poetic conceptual metaphor by way of perception verbs, emotion verbs, and expressions of synesthesia (sensorial mixing and blending). The instances of conceptual metaphor – various, but always emotionally based in nature – generally include expressions of force-dynamics, taking place within the emotional or psychosocial realm. The analyses, while focusing on a textual analysis as a whole, particularly concentrate on the grammatical and stylistic interplay between verbs and prepositions.
How to define ecology on the basis of its current understanding?
Authors: Urban Peter , Sabo Peter , Plesník Jan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The frequently used term ecology is currently interpreted in various ways. This scientific discipline has undergone relatively dynamic development since its inception, and its character is still widening and changing. Therefore, in this contribution we attempt to briefly summarize the subject and contents of current ecology, as well as to propose its more systemic and comprehensive definition. We try to enhance its present definitions especially by putting emphasis on the dynamics of nature (the dynamics of natural processes). We define current ecology as the science dealing with the structure, dynamics and functions of nature including evolution, where structure involves the distribution and abundance of individual organisms, habitats and ecosystems; dynamics include all the aspects of their life trajectories and cycles, including growth, development, reproduction or renewal, interactions and their changes, the cycling of matter, flows of energy and information and their transformations; and functions involve the properties, traits and niches of individual organisms and species in an ecosystem, as well as the properties and niches of ecosystems in the landscape, ecoregion or in the whole Earth system.
Mid-term changes in the physiognomy of plant communities and functional plant groups define successional pathways of mountain vegetation in the province of Córdoba (Argentina)
Authors: Karlin Marcos Sebastián , Arnulphi Sebastián Abel , Salazar Javier Rodolfo Bernasconi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
To identify restoration strategies over degraded semi-natural plant communities, successional pathways and their local controls should be identified. The objective of this work is to quantify the changes in the physiognomy and functional groups of plant communities in the Sierras Chicas of Córdoba along seven years. Lyapunov coefficients were calculated and arranged in two-phase diagrams, identifying different successional pathways over two soil categories and six plant communities. Du Rietz`s life forms were identified defining several plant functional groups. Results showed two successional pathways in the field of azonal soils and three in the field of intrazonal soils. Rainfall, extent of human-caused disturbances, and plant interactions are the leading causes explaining the changes in the structure of the plant communities. Fire and overgrazing retract the successions by altering the cover of plant communities and their functional groups.
Arsenic in forests – a short review
Authors: Michopoulos Panagiotis 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The inputs of As in forest ecosystems have declined since the eighties when the higher concentrations of that metalloid were observed due to industrial activities. The As inputs to the forest floor include throughfall and litterfall where dry deposition is an appreciable percentage. This is manifested by the higher As concentration in older needles of conifers and the enrichment of throughfall relative to the bulk deposition. The throughfall and the forest floor convert the inorganic As into methylated organic As and in this way reduce its toxicity. In unpolluted forests the vast percentage of As is retained in soils because the oxides of Fe and Al are very efficient holders. In polluted forested soils the As can become mobile and enrich the surface runoff waters approaching even the threshold value set by the World Health Organization. For this reason forest soils with high concentration of As due to former high loads should be monitored.
Analysis of the Impact of the Type of Sampling of Representative Properties on the Results of Mass Appraisal
Authors: Gnat Sebastian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Research background: Mass valuation is a process in which many properties are valued simultaneously with a uniform approach. An example of a procedure used for mass real estate valuation is the Szczecin Algorithm of Real Estate Mass Appraisal (SAREMA), which can be developed into a multiple regression model. The algorithm is based on a set of drawn representative properties. This set determines, inter alia, the quality of obtained valuations.

Purpose: The objective of the study is to verify the hypothesis whether changing the method of sampling representative properties from the originally used simple random sampling to stratified sampling improves the results of the SAREMA econometric variant.

Research methodology: The article presents a study that uses two methods of representative properties sampling – simple random sampling and stratified sampling. Errors of the models of valuation created taking into account both methods of sampling and different number of representative properties are compared. A key aspect of the survey is the choice of a better sampling method.

Results: The study has shown that stratified sampling improves valuation results and, more specifically, allows for lower root mean square errors. Stratified sampling yielded better results in the initial phase of the study with more observations, but reducing the percentage of strata participating in the draws, despite the increase in RMSE, guaranteed lower errors than the corresponding results based on simple sampling in all variants of the study.

Novelty: The article confirms the possibility of improving the results of mass property valuation by changing the scheme of representative properties sampling. The results allowed for the conclusion that stratified sampling is a better way of creating a set of representative properties.
Personal Characteristics Inspiring Initial Trust – What Matters in Service Encounters?
Authors: Hernik Joanna , Sagan Adam 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Research background: The following article concerns initial trust, i.e. trust which is formed during the first contact with a customer. Trust is, of course, an interdisciplinary category and as such it is defined in various ways; however, it is most often emphasized that it entails a positive attitude towards another person and a conviction that the person will meet our expectations. In relation to a particular individual, trust is connected with their identity, that is, with the attributes that distinguish them from other people, such as gender, skin color, way of dressing, or age.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to determine which qualities inspire trust in the case of financial services.

Research methodology: Research was conducted using the paradigm of a mixed approach and combines the use of a projection technique and multilevel regression. The respondents assessed their perceived initial trust towards 100 salespersons shown to them in photographs depicting financial service encounters. The multilevel regression model (mixed regression) and conjoint analysis using the conjoint library of the R program and the STATA and Mplus programs were used to analyze the obtained nested data.

Results: The obtained results revealed that among the main qualities inspiring initial trust are appropriate appearance (a gray or blue outfit is desired), white skin color (people were less trustful towards other races), owning a cell phone as a symbol of professionalism, and also a black-and-white background. Gender is also significant, since the research showed that men inspired more trust than women. On the other hand, age is less important than we thought.

Novelty: Trust testing using projection techniques is rare in economic articles. The authors did not find similar works, so the novelty will be both the method used and the area of research.
The Perception of the Generational Assessment of Selected Social Behaviour – A Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Authors: Stanimir Agnieszka 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Research background: The search for stable factors affecting latent variables that reflect the assessment of quality of life in three areas of an individual’s functioning is the background of the study. In the analysis was assumed the existence of the relationships between QoL assessment and subjective factors related to socio-economic aspects.

Purpose: The aim of the study was to recognize assessments in given areas of transferring subjective satisfaction with a level of social factors and checking the stability of the assumed relationship between factors describing three areas of functioning: household, country of residence, EU. The next goal was to compare the results obtained in the study of natural relationships between factors with the given systems of these factors in the areas of an individual’s functioning. Characteristics of behaviour were compared in three generations of Europeans. The application objective of the study was to indicate the usefulness of SEM in the research problem.

Research methodology: The Standard Eurobarometer, autumn 2018, provided data describing adults from the generations Y, X, and BB. Structural equation models were used.

Results: The effect of the used method is the determination of the factors that affect the assessments made by three European Generations in the areas of an individual’s functioning: direct, close and further.

Novelty: The analysis showed the usefulness of structural equation models to achieve the goals of the study.
Identification of Outliers in High Density Areas with the Use of a Quantile Regression Model
Authors: Szkutnik Tomasz 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Research background: The study exemplifies the issues presented in the international trade data, which can affect the efficiency of customs controls in clearance systems.

Purpose: The purpose of the research is to find a method of identifying suspicious transactions in datasets, where the risk factor is related to the overvaluation of goods covered under export procedure and data that are affected by areas of extra high density.

Research methodology: The proposed methodology is two-step. Firstly, to eliminate areas of extra high density, with the use of a sampling scheme set reciprocally to the intensity point pattern, defined by means of a two-dimensional kernel estimator. Next, based on sampled data, a quantile regression model is built. Moreover, the inference about the type of model is provided by using the Khmaladze test.

Results: The example highlights the benefits of the use of the two-step approach in model building. The proposed methodology provides the foundation for the inference by means of the Khmaladze test. The reliable threshold for selecting the suspicious transactions can be built.

Novelty: The paper addresses some of the previously identified issues in a two-dimensional intensity assessment. Moreover, the proposed methodology based on quantile regression and the Khmaladze test provides the foundation for the customs gap measure in export data.
The Relationship Between Consumer Behaviour, Attitudes and Acceptance of Public Policy Tools Advancing Sustainable Food Consumption
Authors: Wielicka-Regulska Anna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Research background: The great importance of food consumption for the sustainability of food systems means that active public policy in this area can have a lot of positive effects.

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to present the challenges facing the agri-food sector and to study consumer attitudes towards seasonal and organic food, local food, urban agriculture, food waste and meat consumption, carbon footprints and how these attitudes relate to the acceptance of public policy tools (a tax on junk food, a green public procurement, a deposit on plastic bottles, a tax-free donation of food to public benefit organisations, a fee for wasted food for large retailers) that could transform food distribution and consumption.

Research methodology: cardinality tables and interdependence analysis using Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient

Results: The study revealed that most respondents buy seasonal food when possible and limit meat consumption to some extent. They are rarely influenced by the impact of food on the climate. Most people are in favour of offering dishes based on local food in public institutions with catering (hospitals, schools, prisons, etc.). Most respondents were negative about gardening for food production. Involvement in local food was associated with a higher acceptance for green public procurement and higher VAT on junk food.

Novelty: Both the range of considered policy instruments and the analysis of their acceptance in the context of selected behaviours and attitudes have not been previously studied and make up a new area of inquiry essential in the debate on sustainable food consumption.
Green Marketing: The Environmentally-Friendly Attributes of Products and Decision to Purchase
Authors: Witek Lucyna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Research background: Currently the degradation of the environment which consumers contribute to is an important problem. Purchase behavior plays a key role as it is associated with the choice of products by consumers who are increasingly taking into account environmentally-friendly criteria. The effective implementation of marketing strategies that take into account the principles of sustainable development is possible under the condition of changes in the behavior of purchasers.

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to analyze the importance of environmentally-friendly attributes for product purchasers.

Research methodology: The research was conducted among 650 Polish consumers. An online survey method was applied.

Results: The study confirms that environmentally-friendly attributes do not play a primary role while choosing products. Hedonic, health and economic benefits take place before environmental benefits. For women, eco-friendly attributes were more important when choosing products, while men were more driven by economic and functional benefits. Young people are hedonists guided by taste and aesthetics, and they do not pay much attention to the environmentally-friendly attributes of products. In turn, older respondents are economical and pragmatic buyers for whom energy efficiency and product durability are of particular importance.

Novelty: The research adds the value as for understanding the phenomenon of the green purchase gap, especially in developing countries where positive attitudes towards green products are not translated into real purchasing behavior. The research quotes some implication for marketing, especially for marketing communication strategies.
Renamings and a Condition-free Formalization of Kronecker’s Construction
Authors: Schwarzweller Christoph 
Published: April 2021

Summary
In [7], [9], [10] we presented a formalization of Kronecker’s construction of a field extension E for a field F in which a given polynomial p ∈ F [X]\F has a root [5], [6], [3]. A drawback of our formalization was that it works only for polynomial-disjoint fields, that is for fields F with F ∩ F [X] = ∅. The main purpose of Kronecker’s construction is that by induction one gets a field extension of F in which p splits into linear factors. For our formalization this means that the constructed field extension E again has to be polynomial-disjoint.
In this article, by means of Mizar system [2], [1], we first analyze whether our formalization can be extended that way. Using the field of polynomials over F with degree smaller than the degree of p to construct the field extension E does not work: In this case E is polynomial-disjoint if and only if p is linear. Using F [X]/<p> one can show that for F = ℚ and F = ℤ
n
the constructed field extension E is again polynomial-disjoint, so that in particular algebraic number fields can be handled.
For the general case we then introduce renamings of sets X as injective functions f with dom(f) = X and rng(f) ∩ (X ∪ Z) = ∅ for an arbitrary set Z. This, finally, allows to construct a field extension E of an arbitrary field F in which a given polynomial p ∈ F [X]\F splits into linear factors. Note, however, that to prove the existence of renamings we had to rely on the axiom of choice.
Formalization of Quasilattices
Authors: Kulesza Dominik , Grabowski Adam 
Published: April 2021

Summary
The main aim of this article is to introduce formally one of the generalizations of lattices, namely quasilattices, which can be obtained from the axiomatization of the former class by certain weakening of ordinary absorption laws. We show propositions QLT-1 to QLT-7 from [15], presenting also some short variants of corresponding axiom systems. Some of the results were proven in the Mizar [1], [2] system with the help of Prover9 [14] proof assistant.
Decline of Black Alder Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. along the Narewka River in the Białowieża Forest District
Authors: Malewski Tadeusz , Topor Robert , Nowakowska Justyna Anna , Oszako Tomasz 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Black Alder Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. is an important tree commonly growing in Poland. Alders are actinorhizal plants that play an important ecological role in riparian ecosystems through atmospheric nitrogen fixation, filtration and purification of waterlogged soils as well as providing a refuge for terrestrial and aquatic organisms thus helping to stabilize stream banks. Black alder used to be considered a very pest and disease resistant species but, the situation changed in 2000, when an unprecedented decline of Alders was observed in Poland. In the Białowieża Forest District, this decline has been observed on wet meadow habitats and along rivers or watercourses.
Currently, there are several hypotheses explaining Alder dieback, among them climatic changes and Phytophthora infections. In terms of climate, Black Alder requires a high atmospheric humidity during all phases of its reproductive cycle. It tolerates neither long-term summer flooding nor a significant decrease in the groundwater level. In terms of pests, oomycete pathogens of the genus Phytophthora are the most destructive plant pathogens known and many of them are present in forests and nurseries all over Europe.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the health of Black Alder along the Narewka River in the Białowieża Forest District. Selected areas were monitored in 2012 and 2018, but no relationship between drought and alder health was found. A preliminary analysis of soil and water samples by real time PCR revealed the presence of two Phytophthora species: P. alni and P. cactorum. Further and more detailed research is required to elucidate the role of these pathogens in Alder dieback.
Relationship between Canine Lymphocyte AgNOR Counts and Haematological Indices of Health
Authors: Antia R. E. , Ogunsola J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A modified agyrophil technique was applied to peripheral blood smears to determine the mean AgNOR counts (MAC) of lymphocytes and ultimately assess the state of the lymphoid system in various clinical conditions of dogs. Fifty dogs, from clinically normal to pets with leukaemia, presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, were recruited. Blood smears from each dog were stained with routine Romanowsky and modified agyrophil stains. Signalment, clinical diagnoses and hematologic parameters of the dogs were related to the MAC. An AgNOR proliferative index (AgPI) — percentage of lymphocytes with 3 or more AgNORs, was determined, and correlated with MAC. The statistical significance was determined at P < 0.05. MAC ranged from 1.17 in clinically healthy patients to 6.00 in leukaemic patients. The MAC was 2.00 in patients (n = 26) with lymphocyte counts within reference intervals (900—2400 per microliter); 2.23 in patients (n = 4) with lymphopenia; 2.18 in patients with lymphocytosis (n = 18) and 4.73 in patients (n = 4) with lymphocytic leukemia. Also, the MAC was 2.00 in non-anemic dogs while it was 2.47, 2.49 and 3.06 in patients with mild, moderate and severe anaemia, respectively. The MAC correlated strongly with AgPI (r = 0.91). The ancillary AgNOR technique provides a cheaper, more rapid and sensitive tool than routine lymphocyte counts in assessing the state of lymphoid proliferation in a variety of conditions in the dog.
Detection of Residues of Antimicrobial Compounds in Eggs by the Rapid Screening Methods
Authors: Krišová M. , Kožárová I. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Eggs belong to the most frequently consumed products of animal origin worldwide, and therefore the safety of eggs is a substantiated issue. Conventional poultry rearing involves the use of antimicrobials added to their feed or potable water particularly for disease treatment, however, in some countries also for the prevention of diseases, promotion of growth and better utilisation of the feed. Thus, effective control of residues of such substances in eggs is very important for the protection of the public health. The aim of this study was to detect the potential presence of antimicrobial residues in fresh hen eggs using commercially available rapid screening methods (Premi®Test and EXP Ampulle test) and compare the results of both of these tests. We examined 22 samples randomly selected from among 66 samples purchased in 11 European countries. We respected the procedures as supplied by the manufacturers of the tests together with their respective test kits. The examination of eggs by the Premi®Test did not detect the presence of antimicrobial residues in the samples, while the EXP Ampulle test provided 8 positive and 6 dubious results. Our results allowed us to conclude that the EXP Ampulle appears to be more sensitive and allows one to carry out more effective control of the presence of antimicrobial residues in hen eggs intended for human consumption.
Positive, Negative or Not at All? What Drives Consumers to Post (Accurate) Product Reviews?
Authors: Moe Wendy W. , Schweidel David A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Online consumer reviews are a convenient, valuable pool of information for potential buyers as well as for marketers. But how reliable is this information? A closer look at the motives behind posted product reviews shows that online opinions should indeed be interpreted with care. The study results reveal that the composition of the customer base can exert a substantial influence on the posted online opinion. Due to selection bias and adjustment effects over time, the content posted may not necessarily reflect the customer base’s overall opinion of the product. Individuals were more likely to submit ratings when they were either very satisfied or not satisfied. In addition, consumers were more likely to post an opinion when the ratings already posted were more positive. Highly engaged consumers who frequently post their opinions tend to be more negative than less-engaged individuals. Even though decision-makers can gain valuable insights from the analysis of this pool of information, they should not rely on this source exclusively.
Covid 19 between globalisation, mobility and complexity
Authors: Figus Alessandro , de Serio Ludovico 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the article, the authors analyse how Covid 19 have influenced and modified the dynamics generated by the globalization processes in the last decades, in comparison with other recent global crises. Globalization is here treated as a complex phenomenon, that led to major changes in every aspect of modern society, on a large scale and on a small one. To this purpose, an in-depth analysis of the current socio-economic scenario in both developed and developing countries is carried out, with a focus on the data regarding the sectors that were most influenced by the pandemic outbreak.