bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat unit requirement and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties under different growing environment in mid hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh
Authors: RANU PATHANIA  , RAJENDRA PRASAD  , RANBIR SINGH RANA  , S. K. MISHRA  
Published: December 2021

A eld experiment was conducted during rabi seasons of 2015-16 and 2016-17 to study the accumulated growing degree days (GDD), helio-thermal unit (HTU), photo-thermal unit (PTU), heat use efciencies (HUE) at different phenological stages and performance of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties grown under different sowing dates. Results of present study revealed that the crop sown on 20th October required maximum calendar days, growing degree days, photo-thermal unit and helio-thermal unit for tillering, owering, earing and maturity which was signicantly reduced with subsequent delay in sowing time. The grain yield recorded in 20th November (4065 kgha-1) was statistically at par with 5th November yield (3863 kgha-1). The signicant reduction in grain yield on varieties was recorded when sowing was delayed beyond 20th November. Among the varieties 'VL-907' produced highest grain yield(3771 kgha-1) which was statistically on par with 'VL-829' (3726 kgha-1). The early and timely sown wheat variety like VL-829 and VL-907 took highest calendar days, GDD, HTU and PTU for earing and maturity. The variety 'VL-907' recorded the highest grain yield (4196 and 4168 kgha-1) at 5th and 20th November sowing as compared to all other sowing dates.
Trend analysis of weather parameters over Indian Sundarbans
Authors: UTTAM KUMAR MANDAL  , DIBYENDU BIKAS NAYAK  , SOURAV MULLICK  , ARPAN SAMUI  , AMIT KUMAR JANA  , K.K. MAHANTA  , SHISHIR RAUT  , SHIVAJI ROY  , D. BURMAN  
Published: December 2021

Sundarbans in West Bengal of India by virtue of its strategic location in the Eastern coast on the Bay of Bengal falls in one of the most vulnerable zones of abrupt climate change. Temporal trends of weather parameters of Canning Town (22o18'10.8'' N Latitude, 88o39'58.4'' E Longitude, elevation 3.52 m msl) representing Indian Sundarbans were analysed by non-parametric Mann-Kendall test and Sen's slope approaches. Analysis of long term rainfall data (1966-2015) indicated that Canning receives a mean annual rainfall of 1821 mm (±341.8 mm) with a considerable variation (CV = 18.8%). The results revealed that total annual rainfall trend decreased non-signicantly at the rate of 0.94 mm yr-1. On an average 84.4 rainy days in a year was recorded in the region, whereas during last ten years (2006-2015), the number of rainy days was reduced to 79.7 days yr-1. There was no signicant change in maximum, minimum and mean temperature of the region. Bright sunshine hours declined signicantly at an annual rate of 0.055 hr yr-1. Reference crop evapotranspiration (ET ) calculated using FAO Penman-Monteith method revealed that annual ET signicantly decreased at the rate of 5.98 mm yr-1. There was 2.7 times surplus rainfall than crop evapotranspiration during monsoon months indicating very high scope of water harvesting to tackle water logging during the monsoon season and unavailability of fresh water for irrigation during lean season.
Reference evapotranspiration modeling using radial basis function neural network in different agro-climatic zones of Chhattisgarh
Authors: DIWAKAR NAIDU  , BABITA MAJHI  
Published: December 2021

Precise estimation of evapotranspiration (ET) is extremely essential for efficient utilization of available water resources. Among the empirical models, FAO-Penman-Monteith equation (FAO-PM) is considered as standard method to determine reference evapotranspiration (ET ). In developing countries like India, application of FAO-PM equation for ET estimation has certain limitations due to unavailability of specific data requirements. Several empirical models such as Hargreaves, Turc, Blaney-Criddle etc., arealso considered for ET estimation. However, ET estimates obtain with these models are not comparable with benchmark FAO-PM ET . To address this issue, potential of radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) is investigated to estimate FAO-PM ET . Result obtained with proposed RBFNN models are compared with equivalent multi-layer artificial neural network (MLANN) and empirical approach of Hargreaves, Turc and Blaney-Criddle. Lower RMSE values obtained with RBFNN and MLANN models is an indication of improved performance over empirical models. Similarly, higher R2 and Efficiency Factor obtained with RBFNN and MLANN models also approves the superiority of machine learning techniques over empirical models. Among the two machine learning techniques, RBFNN models performed better as compared to MLANN. In a nut shell, proposed RBFNN models can simulate FAO-PM ET even with limited meteorological parameters and consistence degree of accuracy level.
Characterisation of rice fallow period for increasing cropping intensity in Khordha district of Odisha
Authors: S. PATTANAYAK  , B.S. RATH  , S. PASUPALAK  , A.K.B. MOHAPATRA  , A. BALIARSINGH  , A. NANDA  , G.S. PANIGRAHI  
Published: December 2021

The possibility of increasing the cropping intensity in Khordha district was assessed by block-wise characterisation of rainfall, soil texture, available water holding capacity of soil and district level temperature during the rice fallow period as well as deciding the appropriate sowing window for both kharif and rabi crops. More than 50% chances of occurrence of wet weeks at the beginning of the kharif season (20-22 SMW) indicated that the summer ploughing and initial seed bed preparation could be taken up during the period followed by sowing of rice from 23 SMW. The 42-43 SMW with greater than 30% initial probability of wet week at 20 mm threshold limit. Considering the length of growing period (LGP) available, the adjustment of rice variety duration by 10-15 days in medium land and advancement of pulse sowing almost by 15 days before harvest of the rice crop (Pira crop) in low land was registered as the best su suitable option for rabi pulses to ensure better utilisation of rice fallow. In addition to these, harvesting surplus water during kharif and storing in farm ponds for judicious utilisation during rabi season further enhanced the possibility of utilisation of rice fallow and increasing the cropping intensity. In the event of delayed monsoon the rice duration has to be adjusted accordingly not to sacrifice the designated suitable period for rabi pulses.
Direitos Humanos, reparação e história em espaços de memória na América Latina
Authors: Setemy Adrianna 
Published: December 2021

Os fatos históricos se expressam no espaço topográfico das cidades, onde capas de memória do passado se sobrepõem e se condensam ao longo do tempo. Ainda que permeados de marcas, muitas vezes os espaços das cidades tornam-se esvaziados de seu significado social, histórico e político em decorrência do ritmo acelerado da vida cotidiana. Percebe-se que entre o estabelecimento de políticas públicas memoriais visando à celebração e à homenagem, e a divulgação de conteúdos e conhecimento histórico que resulte em uma conscientização dos sujeitos que circulam pelos espaços de memória há uma distância que precisa ser discutida com cuidado. Neste texto buscamos analisar a escolha, preservação e a gestão de espaços de memória relacionados às últimas ditaduras militares na América Latina, e o desafio de “conferir sentido histórico” a esses espaços sob a ótica dos Direitos Humanos.
Lei do aborto em Portugal: barreiras atuais e desafios futuros
Authors: Feio Miguel Areosa 
Published: December 2021

A despenalização do aborto previu eliminar os abortos clandestinos, embora ainda existam barreiras ao aborto seguro que afetam mais as mulheres desfavorecidas: objeção de consciência, prazos demasiado curtos para o procedimento, períodos de reflexão obrigatórios ou a estigmatização. Foi investigada a relação entre a formulação legislativa e a sua implementação, sendo que eventuais discrepâncias atestam a falência parcial dos seus objetivos. Foram analisados os dados quantitativos da DGS e qualitativos provenientes de entrevistas e focus group com especialistas e profissionais de saúde. As evidências produziram orientações para debates futuros.
Sociological game theory: agency, social structures and interaction processes
Authors: Burns Tom R. , Roszkowska Ewa , Machado Nora , Corte Ugo 
Published: December 2021

This article presents two sociological theories, alternatives to classical game theory. These social science-based game theories discussed here present reformulations of classical game theory in applied mathematics (CGT). These theories offer an important advance to classical game theory, thanks to the application of central concepts in sociology and social psychology, as well as the results of empirical analyses of individual and collective behaviour. These two theories emerging in the social sciences are, the first, based on systems theory, is social science game theory (SGT); the other is Erwing Goffman’s interactionist theory (IGT) based on social psychology. Each of these theories, both focused on the analysis of social games, are presented and contrasted with classical game theory, highlighting the centrality of social rules in structuring and regulating human behaviour, and the need to include them in any analysis.
1D Nanowire Heterojunction Electrocatalysts of MnCo2O4/GDY for Efficient Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Qi Lu , Zheng Zhiqiang , Xing Chengyu , Wang Zhongqiang , Luan Xiaoyu , Xue Yurui , He Feng , Li Yuliang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRational design and synthesis of non‐precious metal‐based electrocatalysts for efficient overall water splitting (OWS) in an integrated electrolyzer are of great significance for the development of hydrogen energy. To this end, nanowire‐structured heterogenous MnCo2O4/graphdiyne arrays are synthesized on the surface of 3D carbon cloth (NW‐MnCo2O4/GDY) by using in situ assembly and coupling strategy. Experiments demonstrated that the special core/shell‐nanowire structure and synergistic interaction between the MnCo2O4 and GDY can greatly improve the electric conductivity, facilitate the mass/ion transport and gas emissions, expose more active sites, and thus lead to the enhancement of the catalytic activity and long‐term stability of the electrocatalysts for OWS. For example, the alkaline water electrolyzer assembled by NW‐MnCo2O4/GDY shows high‐performance with only 1.47 and 1.60 V required to reach a current density of 10 and 100 mA cm−2, respectively, which is even better than that of previously reported electrocatalysts.
Low Tortuosity and Reinforced Concrete Type Ultra‐Thick Electrode for Practical Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Han Zhilong , Li Shuping , Xiong Ruoyu , Jiang Zhipeng , Sun Mengjun , Hu Wei , Peng Linfeng , He Renjie , Zhou Huamin , Yu Chuang , Cheng Shijie , Xie Jia 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHigh‐energy density and ultra‐long cycling lifespan are of great significance in pursuit of practical lithium–sulfur (Li‐S) batteries, in which the construction of ultrathick, high‐areal‐capacity, and stable‐cycling sulfur cathodes remains challenging. Here, a unique layered reinforced concrete structure (LRCS) is reported by integrating an ice‐template method with incorporating carbon fibers in the thick electrodes for Li‐S batteries. The LRCS enables aligned through‐channel structure and intertwined conductive network, which lead to both fast kinetics of ions/electrons transport and strengthened electrode integrity to tolerate the volume change during cycling and the dimensional deformation under a high compaction density. Benefiting from the unique structure, the ultra‐thick Se0.05S0.95 @ pPAN cathode (20.2 mg cm−2) delivers a high capacity of 10 mAh cm−2 and excellent capacity retention of 80.8% over 140 cycles at a low electrolyte‐to‐sulfur ratio of 2 and a negative‐to‐positive capacity ratio of 2.7, corresponding to a calculated energy density of 390 Wh kg−1. This investigation not only provides guidance for the design of thick sulfur electrodes but also paves the way for the development of practical Li‐S batteries.
A Biomimetic Drosera Capensis with Adaptive Decision‐Predation Behavior Based on Multifunctional Sensing and Fast Actuating Capability
Authors: Qiu Ye , Wang Chengjun , Lu Xiaoyan , Wu Huaping , Ma Xiaolong , Hu Jiahui , Qi Hangcheng , Tian Ye , Zhang Zheng , Bao Guanjun , Chai Hao , Song Jizhou , Liu Aiping 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe sophistication, adaptability, and complexity of biological systems have provided enormous inspiration and have been a continuous source of numerous innovations. Soft living organisms like drosera capensis have amazing predatory behavior that can capture prey of ideal size, enabling them to interact with environmental stimuli efficiently. Mimicking such natural intelligence in artificial systems with systematical functions of multiple information perception, neuronal transmission, and adaptive motility remains a grand challenge. Here, a biomimetic drosera capensis is reported that is capable of multifunctional self‐sensing, automatic regulation, and adaptive actuation in response to diverse stimuli with intelligent predation capability in an entirely closed‐loop fashion. The functional system heterogeneously integrates the thermal‐responsive soft actuator as the muscle‐like motor and flexible tactile, strain, and piezoelectric multimodal sensors as somatosensory receptors. With the synergistic effect of multifunctional sensing and fast actuating schemes, the artificial drosera capensis deconvolutes multiple characteristics of the catching process (e.g., strain rate, magnitude, and direction) and thus holds impressive predatory behavior for ideal‐sized prey. This electronically innervated artificial drosera capensis with multimodal sensing and self‐regulated actuating capability through the closed‐loop control of sensing and actuating system paves the way for the development of adaptive soft robots.
An Asymmetry Field‐Effect Phototransistor for Solving Large Exciton Binding Energy of 2D TMDCs
Authors: Ra Hyun‐Soo , Ahn Jongtae , Jang Jisu , Kim Tae Wook , Song Seung Ho , Jeong Min‐Hye , Lee Sang‐Hyeon , Yoon Taegeun , Yoon Tea Woong , Kim Seungsoo , Taniguch Takashi , Watanabe Kenji , Song Young Jae , Lee Jong‐Soo , Hwang Do Kyung 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe probing of fundamental photophysics is a key prerequisite for the construction of diverse optoelectronic devices and circuits. To date, though, photocarrier dynamics in 2D materials remains unclear, plagued primarily by two issues: a large exciton binding energy, and the lack of a suitable system that enables the manipulation of excitons. Here, a WSe2‐based phototransistor with an asymmetric split‐gate configuration is demonstrated, which is named the “asymmetry field‐effect phototransistor” (AFEPT). This structure allows for the effective modulation of the electric‐field profile across the channel, thereby providing a standard device platform for exploring the photocarrier dynamics of the intrinsic WSe2 layer. By controlling the electric field, this work the spatial evolution of the photocurrent is observed, notably with a strong signal over the entire WSe2 channel. Using photocurrent and optical spectroscopy measurements, the physical origin of the novel photocurrent behavior is clarified and a room‐temperature exciton binding energy of 210 meV is determined with the device. In the phototransistor geometry, lateral p–n junctions serve as a simultaneous pathway for both photogenerated electrons and holes, reducing their recombination rate and thus enhancing photodetection. The study establishes a new device platform for both fundamental studies and technological applications.
Auxetics‐Inspired Tunable Metamaterials for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Wu Ke , Zhao Xiaoguang , Bifano Thomas G. , Anderson Stephan W. , Zhang Xin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAuxetics refers to structures or materials with a negative Poisson's ratio, thereby capable of exhibiting counterintuitive behaviors. Herein, auxetic structures are exploited to design mechanically tunable metamaterials in both planar and hemispherical configurations operating at megahertz (MHz) frequencies, optimized for their application to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Specially, the reported tunable metamaterials are composed of arrays of interjointed unit cells featuring metallic helices, enabling auxetic patterns with a negative Poisson's ratio. The deployable deformation of the metamaterials yields an added degree of freedom with respect to frequency tunability through the resultant modification of the electromagnetic interactions between unit cells. The metamaterials are fabricated using 3D printing technology and an ≈20 MHz frequency shift of the resonance mode is enabled during deformation. Experimental validation is performed in a clinical (3.0 T) MRI system, demonstrating that the metamaterials enable a marked boost in radiofrequency field strength under resonance‐matched conditions, ultimately yielding a dramatic increase in the signal‐to‐noise ratio (≈4.5×) of MRI. The tunable metamaterials presented herein offer a novel pathway toward the practical utilization of metamaterials in MRI, as well as a range of other emerging applications.
Non‐Contact Mass Density and Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Organic Thin Films Using Frequency–Domain Thermoreflectance
Authors: Perez Christopher , Knepper Robert , Marquez Michael P. , Forrest Eric C. , Tappan Alexander S. , Asheghi Mehdi , Goodson Kenneth E. , Ziade Elbara O. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThin‐film organic materials are broadly used to study amorphous stabilization of active pharmaceuticals, control explosive detonation phenomena, and introduce insulation in novel thermal barriers. Their synthesis, however, introduces defects and thickness variations that warrant careful characterization of local thermophysical properties such as thermal conductivity and mass density. Here, wide bandwidth (200 Hz to 20 MHz) frequency–domain thermoreflectance (FDTR) is demonstrated to simultaneously extract the thermal conductivity and mass density of 1 μm physical vapor‐deposited indomethacin films on Si and SiO2 substrates, as well as 10 and 100 μm films on Si. By assuming a bulk specific heat capacity, mass densities are determined with FDTR measurements of volumetric heat capacity and are in good agreement with the literature, as well as models based upon a dependence on porosity and the kinetic theory for phonons. Lastly, it is found that for broad‐band FDTR measurements, insulating substrates provide improved fidelity for the extraction of thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity in organic thin films. Overall, this work demonstrates the potential for FDTR as a non‐contact method to determine microscale mass density variations across the surface and thickness of organic thin films.
Dual Modification of Carbon Support Enables Robust Anchoring of Ruthenium Nanoclusters for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution and Aromatic Nitroreduction
Authors: Wang Feng , Qin Shuaibo , Zhu Botao , Jin Peng , Cai Jiahao , He Yunpeng , Cong Hailin , Feng Lai 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGraphite carbons have been widely used as catalyst support due to their low‐cost, tunable porous structure, high electrical conductivity, and good resistance to harsh conditions. To date, various defect engineerings have been adopted to enhance the cohesion between graphite carbons and metallic nanocatalysts. Nevertheless, the modification of carbon basal plane has been less explored. In this work, a dual modification strategy is developed to achieve novel carbon support (denoted as NCf) incorporating both C60 units and trace N‐defects. Benefiting from the dual anchoring modes (Ru–C and Ru–N–C), ultrafine ruthenium (Ru) nanoclusters (average size: 2.26 ± 0.38 nm) can be well‐dispersed and robustly anchored on the NCf support. The optimal Ru0.013@NCf catalyst exhibits decent catalytic activities and long‐term stabilities toward both alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and aromatic nitroreduction (ANR), outperforming the individually modified counterparts. Computational studies suggest that introducing both C60 and N‐defects into carbon support leads to electron‐deficient Ru nanocluster, which is critical for not only HER but also ANR. This work thus provides a new guideline for rational design of advanced carbon supported nanocatalysts for multipurpose applications.
Superhydrophobic and Photothermal PVDF/CNTs Durable Composite Coatings for Passive Anti‐Icing/Active De‐Icing
Authors: Jiang Guo , Liu Zhongyang , Hu Jinhuan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe formation and accumulation of ice on the surfaces of external facilities and instrumentation can often cause irreparable damage and disaster. It is significant to develop an easily used technology with a passive anti‐icing property to improve the de‐icing/anti‐icing efficiency. In this work, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are combined to modulate a hierarchical coating structure. The coating surface is treated by 1H,1H,2H,2H‐perfluorodecyltrimethoxysilane vapor with a lower surface energy. The resultant coating has excellent anti‐icing properties with a water contact angle of 163°, icing delay time up to 584 s, and low ice adhesion of 13.2 kPa (easily removed by a natural wind), which is a result of the multilayered structure (provided by the micro‐size PVDF particles and nano‐size CNTs). The excellent anti‐icing properties are kept even after mechanical abrasion and chemical attacking. The robustness of the coating is from the continuous network formed by PVDF melt in the heating process. The efficient photothermal conversion of CNTs can generate additional heat at low temperatures under the light illumination, which makes the coating achieve a photothermal de‐icing performance. This multifunctional photothermal de‐icing coating will have a wide range of applications in the outside environment.
Stable and Efficient Oxygen Evolution from Seawater Enabled by Graphene‐Supported Sub‐Nanometer Arrays of Transition Metal Phosphides
Authors: Qi Lei , Li Ang , Wang Mei , Zhang Yin , Zhang Kai , Li Xinheng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractElectrolysis of seawater will alleviate strain on fresh water scarcity. Non‐noble metal compounds as substitutes for precious metals for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) have been intensively studied. However, to make OER electrocatalyst efficient and stable in seawater is still an issue to be solved. In view of this, an attempt to fabricate nickel foam (NF)‐enclosed reduced graphene oxide (rGO) supported sub‐nanometer arrays of NiFe phosphide is reported. The as‐obtained NiFeP/P‐doped rGO/NF (NiFeP/P‐rGO/NF) at current densities of 100 and 400 mA cm–2 shows overpotentials of 290 and 340 mV respectively, well below 490 mV overpotential that avoided triggering chloride oxidation in seawater (1 m KOH+1 m NaCl). The Tafel slope of NiFeP/P‐rGO/NF is as low as 71.9 mV dec–1. Moreover, no considerable loss of current density is observed after 450 h at 35 mA cm–2. This strategy is extended to fabricate CoFeP/P‐rGO/NF and IrO2/rGO/NF and they also show superior activity. The combination of ultrathin NiFeP arrays and conductive network of rGO are the key to superior activity. Hydrophobicity of the rGO is accountable for good durability in seawater.