bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mathematical modeling of vibratory shear‐enhanced nanofiltration in the preconcentration of coffee extracts for soluble coffee manufacturing
Authors: Laurio Michael Vincent O. , Yenkie Kirti M. , Eusebio Ramon Christian P. , Hesketh Robert P. , Savelski Mariano J. , Slater C. Stewart 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA semi‐empirical model was applied to evaluate the performance of a vibratory nanofiltration (NF) system, using 150‐Da TS80 NF membrane, for the preconcentration of coffee extracts in soluble coffee processing. The effects of transmembrane pressure (TMP), feed concentration, and module vibration on flux enhancement were correlated with membrane surface concentrations and fouling resistances under steady state operation. Vibratory shear thinned the boundary layer and increased the mass transfer coefficient of the solvent (water) by a factor of 3.5. Membrane surface concentrations and fouling resistances reduced by 60% compared with crossflow (CF) NF operation. These reductions enhanced permeate fluxes by about 2–3 times that of CF operation, with low flux decline. Feed concentration and TMP promoted polarization more than the negative effect of vibration. Osmotic pressure resistances were dominant under low feed concentrations and TMP. However, concentration polarization resistances exceeded osmotic pressure resistances as TMP and feed concentrations were increased. Real rejections relative to membrane surface chemical oxygen demand (COD) were above 0.99, indicating the potential of the operation to recover permeate that is reusable for ancillary plant operations. Overall, the experimental and theoretical permeate fluxes and CODs were in reasonable agreement, indicating the reliability of the model.Practical ApplicationsVibratory membrane processes alleviate the issues on membrane fouling that is advantageous when integrated into food and beverage processes. Its application as a coffee extract preconcentration alternative to thermal evaporation opens opportunities for sustainable soluble coffee production that can be adapted in other food and beverage industries. However, the unique dynamic nature of the vibratory membrane system challenges conventional approaches for understanding and predicting the mechanisms of the process. This gap limits the overall transferability of the technology to broader industry sectors. The semi‐empirical resistance‐in‐series model developed in this study correlates the important factors with the vibratory NF performance based on fundamental concepts: concentration polarization, osmotic pressure effects, and fouling resistance. The model is not only useful in managing membrane fouling in vibratory systems, but also in optimizing and developing alternative approaches on similar lines and their scale‐up to promote other industrial applications.
Reperfusion therapy for acute ischemic stroke in older people: An observational real‐life study
Authors: Sudre Justine , Venditti Laura , Ancelet Claire , Chassin Olivier , Sarov Mariana , Smadja Didier , Chausson Nicolas , Lun François , Laine Olga , Duron Emmanuelle , Verny Christiane , Spelle Laurent , Rouquette Alexandra , Legris Nicolas , Denier Christian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundWhile randomized clinical trials have shown the benefit of thrombolysis and endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS), we aimed to describe in a real‐life study the differences between older (>80 years old) and younger patients treated for AIS.MethodsThousand patients treated with thrombolysis and/or EVT were consecutively included in a prospective monocentric database (admitted from December 2015 to May 2019 in our comprehensive stroke center). Demographic data with detailed history, baseline physical examinations and treatments, laboratory and imaging data, prestroke functional status, and outcome 3 months after stroke were analyzed.ResultsOlder patients (n = 357) had more baseline comorbidities and lower levels of prestroke independence (modified Rankin scale ≤2; 67.2% vs. 96.1%) and more severe strokes (median National Institute of Health Stroke Score [NIHSS] 15 vs. 12; p < 0.001) than younger patients (n = 643). There was no difference in the reperfusion treatments used or treatment timelines. In older patients, good functional status at 3 months was less common (29.7% vs. 61.3%) and mortality was higher (37.1% vs. 11.4%) than in younger patients. Younger age was independently associated with better prognosis (odds ratio [OR] 0.37, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.20–0.67; p = 0.001) and lower mortality (OR 4.38, 95% CI: 2.11–9.09; p < 0.001). Among older adults, features associated with good outcome at 3 months were age (OR 0.89, 95% CI: 0.81–0.97; p = 0.01), initial NIHSS (OR 0.89, 95% CI: 0.83–0.94; p < 0.0001), and absence of severe leukoaraiosis, anticoagulant treatment, and symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage following reperfusion therapy (respectively, OR 0.42, 95% CI: 0.19–0.93; p = 0.03; OR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.01–0.70; p = 0.02; and OR = 0.07, 95% CI: 0.01–0.61; p = 0.02).ConclusionAlthough reperfusion therapy was less successful in older patients, these patients may benefit from acute recanalization despite their age. With an increasing older adult population, high‐quality prospective studies are still required to better predict functional outcome and clarify the criteria that would allow better selection of appropriate treatment.
The representation of ethnic economies in industry clusters and the earnings differences of ethnic members from others: A case of Chinese in Canada
Authors: Fong Eric , Shu Binbin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDrawing from organizational, organizational ecology, and social network perspectives, we examined how earning differences between coethnic members (i.e., Chinese in Canada) and others (i.e., non‐Chinese in Canada) were relatedto whether they participated in ethnic economy and also to the percentage of ethnic economies among related industrial sectors in a larger industry cluster. The study envisages ethnic economy is embedded in larger industry cluster and its operation is shaped by the larger industrial context. Drawing from the 2011 Canadian National Survey, we found thatthe percentage of ethnic economies among all related industrial sectors in an industry cluster was related to lower differences in the earnings of its coethnic members and others working there. The findings further showed that the relationship was significant for coethnic employees, but not for coethnic employers.
Access to emergency paediatric surgery for testicular torsion or intestinal volvulus in New Zealand: A system perspective
Authors: Castle Cameron , Beasley Spencer W , Taghavi Kiarash 
Published: August 2021

AimThe risk of organ loss is increased in children with testicular torsion or intestinal volvulus if surgical management is not expedient. The current retrospective study aims to review the time‐course from first symptom to ‘knife to skin’ in these conditions, to determine where delays occur and facilitate a systems approach to better manage these children.MethodsOne hundred consecutive paediatric cases of scrotal exploration for presumed testicular torsion, and 100 neonatal cases presenting with possible malrotation/volvulus were analysed to evaluate the exact time‐course of events from admission to surgery.Results(i) Scrotal exploration: the median time from onset of symptoms to presentation was 12 h (interquartile range (IQR): 5–48 h). In children over 5 years of age, 36% (33/93) were transferred from an external district service area. (ii) Malrotation/volvulus: the median duration of symptoms prior to arrival/assessment was 12 h (IQR: 4–24 h). The median cumulative in‐hospital time was over 6 h (368 min, IQR: 247–634 min).ConclusionsTime to presentation contributes significantly to testicular ischaemic time. This delay to timely surgical intervention is multi‐factorial, and must be addressed at a public health level. Support and training in the management of testicular torsion should be provided to all adult surgeons/trainees that may care for these children. In general, this condition is best managed at the presenting hospital whenever appropriate expertise is available. Novel pathways that streamline care may improve efficiency at an institutional level. Addressing issues of access to specialised neonatal surgery is more vexed on account of the tyranny of distance, and the pre‐requisite level of surgical expertise required.
Salt grains in hypervelocity impacts in the laboratory: Methods to sample plumes from the ice worlds Enceladus and Europa
Authors: Fisher C. R. , Price M. C. , Burchell M. J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe plumes naturally erupting from the icy satellite Enceladus were sampled by the Cassini spacecraft in high‐speed fly‐bys, which gave evidence of salt. This raises the question of how salt behaves under high‐speed impact, and how it can best be sampled in future missions to such plumes. We present the results of 35 impacts onto aluminum targets by a variety of salts (NaCl, NaHCO3, MgSO4, and MgSO4·7H2O) at speeds from 0.26 to 7.3 km s−1. Using SEM‐EDX, identifiable projectile residue was found in craters at all speeds. It was possible to distinguish NaCl and NaHCO3 from each other, and from the magnesium sulfates, but not to separate the hydrous from anhydrous magnesium sulfates. Raman spectroscopy on the magnesium sulfates and NaHCO3 residues failed to find a signal at low impact speeds (<0.5 km s−1) where there was insufficient projectile material deposited at the impact sites. At intermediate speeds (0.5 to 2–3 km s−1), identifiable Raman spectra were found in the impact craters, but not at higher impact speeds, indicating a loss of structure during the high speed impacts. Thus, intact capture of identifiable salt residues on solid metal surfaces requires impact speeds between 0.75 and 2 km s−1.
Mapping culture with latent class analysis: A response to Eger and Hjerm
Authors: Bonikowski Bart , DiMaggio Paul 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEger and Hjerm's methodological critique of our 2016 study of Americans' sentiments towards the nation asserts that the latent class (LCA) models employed in our paper did not fit the data and that consequently, the paper fails to demonstrate the existence of multiple varieties of American nationalism. We challenge E&H's analyses and argue that their conclusions stem from erroneous assumptions, both about our models and about best practices for applied LCA‐based research. Based on a review of their results and additional analyses carried out with their preferred measures, we demonstrate that our model choices were justified and our 2016 findings are robust. In so doing, we offer a critique of unreflective adherence to inappropriate model fit criteria that ignores theory and concerns over the parsimony, interpretability, construct validity and external validity of model results.
“That Tesla of ours”: Modular nationalism and the cult of Nikola Tesla
Authors: Larson Ethan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper uses a comparative case study of Nikola Tesla's use as a symbol in interwar Yugoslavia and the contemporary United States to build upon Anderson's theory of modular nationalism. The modularity of national symbols, I argue, is driven by their utility in addressing similar social, political and economic transformations in different countries and may be transmissible through emigrant communities—albeit not without some changes in substance. Just as Yugoslavia used Tesla to bridge ethnic divisions, Yugoslav emigrants deployed Tesla to enhance their status in the United States. The cult of Tesla, moreover, is doubly modular, with its Yugoslav incarnation drawing inspiration from the American cult of Thomas Edison, just as Edison's current obsolescence as a symbol led to the cult of Tesla's adoption in the United States.
Phosphatic carapace of the waptiid arthropod Chuandianella ovata and biomineralization of ecdysozoans
Authors: Liu Cong , Fu Dongjing , Zhang Xingliang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractArthropods other than trilobites or bradoriids constitute a major component of many Cambrian Burgess‐Shale‐type Lagerstätten. Owing to their scarcity in other less well‐preserved deposits, they are generally regarded as lightly sclerotized but non‐mineralized. Here we show that Chuandianella ovata, one of the typical lightly sclerotized arthropods from the Chengjiang biota, reinforced its carapace with phosphatic mineralization. Multiple methods reveal a pitted microstructure and organophosphatic composition of the carapace. Nanogranules of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) on the fossil carapace are comparable to those of recent crustacean microstructures, implying that arthropods may have a conserved mechanism of phosphatic mineralization since the Cambrian. The fossil record indicates that the mineralization of ecdysozoans, preceded by the mineralization of lophotrochozoans in the Terreneuvian (~541–521 Ma), appeared in Cambrian Stage 3 (~521–514 Ma) and surpassed the range of living counterparts in phylogenetic coverage. This phenomenon strengthens the view that biomineralization has evolved multiple times independently within the Metazoa. The sudden appearance of mineralized skeletons in the early history of metazoan evolution is frequently attributed to external environment drivers. However, this viewpoint cannot explain the minerology and appearance time of metazoan lineages with mineralized hard parts during the Cambrian explosion.
The Metaphysical Problem of Other Minds
Authors: Merlo Giovanni 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a distinctively metaphysical version of the problem of other minds. The main source of this version of the problem lies in the principle that, when it comes to consciousness, no distinction can sensibly be drawn between appearance and reality. I will argue that, unless we want to call that principle into question, we should seriously consider the possibility of accepting the conclusion that other minds are not like our own. This option is less problematic than it might seem at first if we are willing to reconceive facts of consciousness as subjective rather than objective in nature.
Evaluating the genetic effects of seed dormancy regulatory genes Qsd1 and Qsd2 in a global collection of cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) with functional kompetitive allele‐specific PCR markers
Authors: Yan Luxi , Jiang Congcong , Cai Yu , Pan Yuhan , Xu Rugen , Luan Haiye , Shen Huiquan , Ahmar Sunny , Zhang Jing , Yang Ping , Feng Zongyun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSeed dormancy is agronomically important trait that associates with plant survival and seed production. Wild species present long dormancy to protect their seeds from unfavourable climate conditions until the next growing season. In contrast, shortened dormancy extends crop adaptability and promotes crop rotation in agriculture. However, the shortened dormancy brought about the risk of preharvest sprouting (PHS) on cereal crops in temperate and subtropical regions. Recently, two major quantitative genetic loci Qsd1 and Qsd2 that control the seed dormancy in barley have been cloned. In this study, two kompetitive allele‐specific PCR (KASP) markers were developed and applied in a genotypic survey among 859 accessions of cultivated barley. Long‐dormancy‐associated alleles at both loci were over‐represented within East Asian accessions. Both Qsd1 and Qsd2 had significant genetic effects on seed dormancy variations in cultivated barley. Thus, the two KASP markers could be applied in selecting favourable alleles in breeding practice to optimize the seed dormancy duration.
A systematic review of romantic relationship initiation and maintenance factors in autism
Authors: Yew Rui Ying , Samuel Priscilla , Hooley Merrilyn , Mesibov Gary B. , Stokes Mark A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAutistic individuals report similar levels of interest in romantic relationships to their nonautistic peers but experience greater challenges with the initiation and maintenance of these relationships. This systematic review synthesizes the factors that contribute to romantic relationship initiation and maintenance among autistic individuals to inform relationship support programs. Both successes (e.g., ability to initiate relationships and maintain a satisfying relationship) and challenges (e.g., relationship dissatisfaction) were investigated. Out of 1403 potentially relevant articles, 11 articles comprising 13 studies met the inclusion criteria (investigated factor[s] of romantic relationship success of challenges, involved participants with a formal autism diagnosis and/or their partners, presented quantitative results in relationship factors, and was available in an English‐language version). Social and communication challenges were studied to the greatest extent and were associated with difficulties in both relationship initiation and satisfaction. Several factors relating to the partner of the autistic individual were associated with successful relationships, including reciprocal liking, partner support, and the ability to meet the autistic partner's needs. Conclusions are limited by the small number of studies but provide initial indications that social and communicative factors, as well as the role of nonautistic partners, are important to the success of romantic relationships for autistic individuals. In keeping in line with the community's preference for identity‐first language (i.e., “autistic individual” rather than “individual with autism”), this language has been used throughout this review.
Uncommon Legislative Attitudes: Why a Theory of Legislative Intent Needs Nontrivial Aggregation
Authors: Tan David 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSince the publication of Ekins’sThe Nature of Legislative Intent, significant attention has been paid to common attitude models of legislative intention, that is, models that require unanimity among its group members. A common interpretation of Ekins is that these common attitudes are to be preferred over aggregated attitudes. I argue that any feasible theory of legislative attitudes will require nontrivial aggregation (i.e., not based on unanimity rules alone). Two arguments are put forward in this regard: first, that nontrivial aggregation better explains uncooperative legislative behaviour and, second, that mathematical problems with aggregation apply to common attitudes as well, since they involve trivial aggregation. These arguments generalise to theories of common attitudes other than Ekins’s.
Attending to science concepts during planning: Exploring and supporting the process
Authors: Nixon Ryan S. , Campbell Benjamin K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTeachers make many important decisions about instruction during the process of planning. While educational researchers have extensively explored teacher planning, this research has largely neglected the ways teachers attend to subject matter while planning. We first explore ways a sample of 13 experienced secondary biology teachers attend to science concepts in planning. Teachers in this study reported attending to science ideas in order to decide what was important to teach and to enhance their own knowledge of science concepts. We next introduced teachers to a tool, called the concept model, that is designed to support teachers in attending to science concepts while planning. After completing a concept model, participants reported that the tool influenced them to focus on important aspects of the concept, recognize the range of complexity in the topic, consider aspects students find difficult, evaluate their own understanding, and identify connected concepts. These findings extend our understanding of how teachers attend to subject matter during planning and suggest the potential of a tool like the concept model for supporting that process.
High-Performance Computing Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics Implementation for Gas Turbine Rotor Disks on Distributed Architectures Including Graphics Processing Units
Authors: Gajjar1 Mrugesh , Amann Christian , Kadau Kai 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We present an efficient Monte Carlo-based probabilistic fracture mechanics simulation implementation for heterogeneous high-performance computing (HPC) architectures including central processing units (CPUs) and graphics processing units (GPUs). The specific application focuses on large heavy-duty gas turbine rotor components for the energy sector. A reliable probabilistic risk quantification requires the simulation of millions to billions of Monte Carlo (MC) samples. We apply a modified Runge–Kutta algorithm in order to solve numerically the fatigue crack growth for this large number of cracks for varying initial crack sizes, locations, material, and service conditions. This compute intensive simulation has already been demonstrated to perform efficiently and scalable on parallel and distributed HPC architectures including hundreds of CPUs utilizing the message passing interface (MPI) paradigm. In this work, we go a step further and include GPUs in our parallelization strategy. We develop a load distribution scheme to share one or more GPUs on compute nodes distributed over a network. We detail technical challenges and solution strategies in performing the simulations on GPUs efficiently. We show that the key computation of the modified Runge–Kutta integration step speeds up over two orders of magnitude on a typical GPU compared to a single threaded CPU. This is supported by our use of GPU textures for efficient interpolation of multidimensional tables utilized in the implementation. We demonstrate weak and strong scaling of our GPU implementation, i.e., that we can efficiently utilize a large number of GPUs/CPUs in order to solve for more MC samples, or reduce the computational turn-around time, respectively. On seven different GPUs spanning four generations, the presented probabilistic fracture mechanics simulation tool ProbFM achieves a speed-up ranging from 16.4× to 47.4× compared to single threaded CPU implementation.