bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Similarity of Form observed in Snow Crystals as compared with those of Camphor under certain conditions of Crystallization
Authors: Spencer Joseph 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Investigations tending to throw some light on the laws which determine the external forms and internal structure of crystallized bodies, may not be considered devoid of interest. The field of research is so extensive, the forms of crystals so varied and beautiful, and a knowledge of their primitive and resulting forms of such importance to the kindred science of chemistry, that any additional facts on the subject may be considered desirable. Much attention has been given of late to the peculiar forms assumed by snow, or to speak more correctly, by water under certain conditions of crystallization. The subject was first introduced, I believe, by a distinguished member of this Society, and has since been most ably worked out by him. Every one must have been struck with the beauty and variety of snow crystals, and some very truthful delineations of them have been published. A great difficulty sometimes has been felt by those desirous of studying them from their very perishable nature, as they require to be maintained at a temperature below the melting point of ice, or 32 degrees of Fahrenheit’s thermometer. The usual plan of viewing them has been by the microscope in the open air, or at a window. Having tried both plans, and found them beyond my powers of endurance for any length of time, I have been driven to devise a plan for viewing them within doors, and in comparatively warm rooms. This plan I shall be happy to explain, at the conclusion of this paper, to any members of this Society who may be interested in the subject Very considerable interest attaches to the forms assumed by snow, from the intimate connexion that appears to exist between the production of certain forms of crystallization, and certain states of the atmosphere. Meteorology has of late years obtained that attention which its importance deserves, as only by a slow and laborious collection of facts, extending over a series of years, can we hope to arrive at a knowledge of the laws which control the mighty agencies at work in the atmosphere of our earth, and the study of which is of such importance to the health and well-being of man. It would be very desirable, however, in the study of snowcrystals, to find some substance similar in its habits of crystallization but of a less perishable nature, and which would enable us to trace the progress of the crystals from the simplest up to the most complicated forms ; so that reasoning by analogy we might be able to throw some light on the subject.
On Defining the Position and Measuring the Magnitude of Microscopic Objects
Authors: Hodgson W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is a matter of great practical convenience that the Microscopical Society have adopted, as one of their standards for size, a slide which measures exactly three inches by one. Of the three square inches thus fixed upon, the middle square inch is that which alone is employed to carry the object. The inch on the right hand is appropriated to the label, or name ; that on the left may be given up to registering the position of any object, or may be left unoccupied altogether. The middle square inch, therefore, is the only one to which any measurements need refer. Let, then, the bounding lines of this square inch at the bottom and on the left hand be taken as what geometers would call the axes of rectangular co-ordinates, or what, in the language of map-makers and geographers, would be the equator and the first meridian, and let the measurements be made in hundredths of an inch.
On the Development of the Enamel
Authors: Tomes John 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Before proceeding with this article, which was commenced in the last Number of the Journal, I must take the opportunity afforded by the publication of the second part to correct certain typographical errors which have crept into the last pages of the first. The first error is somewhat important, as it makes me contradict a previous statement. At page 102, and in the ninth line, not is left out after the word contracted’, and in the tenth line after the word dentine, or has been substituted for but. At the fifth line from the bottom of the page, alteratives has been substituted for alterations. In page 103, at the twentieth line from the bottom of the page, the word sockets has been printed instead of sections; in the eleventh fitted for filled ; in the seventh meshes for masses ; and in the fifth line from the bottom of the page, fibrilea for fibrilla. In page 104, distant will be found instead of distinct in the eighteenth line from the bottom of the page.
Algarum Unicellularium Genera nova et minus cognita, præmissis Observationibus de Algis Unicellularibus in genere
Authors: Braun Alex 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The organs of fructification, and in particular the cells, by which the Algæ and cryptogamous plants in general are propagated, have received the most various names, for the most part insufficiently defined and applied in different senses.* Propagative cells undoubtedly occur widely differing among themselves, and frequently differing, and this is a point of the greatest importance, in the same plant. † For some differ but little, others as widely as possible from the vegetative cells; some are endogenous in their origin (in a simple parent-cell, or in two conjugated cells), some acrogenous;‡ they may be enclosed in a membrane either soft or rigid, simple or multiple; they may be inert or active (furnished with motile cilia); some are subservient to fecundation either in a direct § or indirect || manner, some to germination, others altogether sterile. ¶ Among those which germinate, some require fecundation, others germinate spontaneously, some at once, others after a long or shorter term of rest, some in totality, others after throwing off the perispore; most producing only a single individual, whilst some (under a divided germination) give rise to several individuals.* Propagative corpuscles (spores), moreover, also occur, either bicellular or multicellular. This being the case, a diversity of terms also becomes requisite, but what these should be, and upon what principle they should be framed, is at present not easy to determine, seeing that numerous considerations relative both to the origin and to the structure of the propagative cells, but more especially concerning their physiological import, fecundation, and germination, have not as yet been sufficiently inquired into. The terms, therefore, here set forth are proposed more for the temporary purpose of their being considered and judged of, than for use.
Hints on the Pathology, Diagnosis, Prevention, and Treatment of Thoracic Consumption
Authors: Hall J. C. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the ordinary course of noticing works interesting to those who use the microscope, we are not often called on to bring before our readers works devoted to the practical departments of medical science. At the same time, we are convinced that this does not arise from any deficiency in the microscope: but from the want of skill in the use of it amongst those who practise the medical profession. In an art so dependent on a correct appreciation of facts only known to exist by sight, it must be evident that the microscope will become essential to all conclusive investigations, and that scarcely any correct diagnosis will be made without its aid. We notice, therefore, Dr. Hall’s book, because in the first place we think he has made good use of the microscope in the diagnosis of disease, and in the second place because he has been kind enough to put one of the plates, illustrating his work, at our disposal (Pl. X.) We shall not, however, criticise Dr. Hall’s book, but let him speak for himself on the subject of the use of the microscope in the diagnosis of tubercle. He says:
On Rhabdonema, and a new allied genus
Authors: Walker-Arnott G. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The late Professor Smith was justly entitled to be placed at the head of those whose attention was directed to the Diatomacæ. Possessed of excellent instruments, and of a mind clear and discriminating as to what the limits of a genus or species were, he was alone qualified, if he had obtained access to authentic perfect specimens, to correct the unavoidable errors of Kutzing, or extract what is valuable from the chaotic writings of Ehrenberg ; the latter of whom, by his figures of numerous forms of which he had only seen very imperfect specimens, unaccompanied by precise, sufficient diagnostical characters, has done more to cumber the science with a load of useless names than can be rectified for many years to come.
On a Simple Method of Applying the Compound Microscope to the Upper or Lateral Surfaces of Aquaria
Authors: Redfern Peter 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is important and convenient to have some simple method of examining objects in Aquaria with the compound microscope without disturbing them from day to day. The plan adopted by Mr. Warrington, and described in the ‘Microscopical Journal,’ admits of the instrument being adapted to a limited surface with facility; but it is often desirable to be able to apply it to any part of a surface measuring two feet or more in extent. This end is gained by the arrangement described below.
On Arachnoidiscus
Authors: Walker-Arnott G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Before having a complete knowledge of the natural history of Diatoms, it is necessary that we know—1st, where, when, and by whom any object was first observed and brought under the notice of naturalists, whether by name, description, or a figure: 2d, where, when, and by whom it was first correctly named and defined by a precise differential (generic or specific) character, the latter of these alone giving a claim of priority. /
On the Anatomical Constitution of the Nerves of Sense in the Genus Aplysia
Authors: Martini M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is well known that the integuments, tentacles, and mouth of these Gasteropods are extremely sensitive to the least mechanical stimulation. I have also noticed the effects of a weak galvanic current applied to the organs of sense; the excitation of two closely approximated points, beyond the oesophageal ring, induces the contraction of nearly the entire muscular layer of the integument and foot. This fact shows that not only the ganglia of the oesophageal ring, but the other ganglia also are capable of reflecting centripetal into centrifugal actions, and of becoming the central pole of a nervous circulation, as has been proved by M, Flourens from physiological proofs, and by M. Jacubowitsch from anatomical facts.
A Manual of Botany
Authors: Bentley Robert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
After the valuable manuals of Lindley, Balfour, and Henfrey, the critic may be forgiven for asking, What need could there be for another? We imagine that this is a question which the publisher rather than the author ought to answer. If the publisher, who is the great middle-man between the author and the public, thinks that another manual of botany will pay, then it is his business, and all the critic has to do is to see that the public is likely to get its money’s worth. Now, Churchill’s manuals have been a great public benefit, and they would have been imperfect without a manual of botany. The editor of an encyclopædia might as well omit the article botany because it had been done in all other encyclopædias, as for Mr. Churchill to omit a manual of botany because so many good ones exist. Having said thus much as an apology for both publisher and author, we would now draw attention to the histological portion of Professor Bentley’s manual. As in all other parts of his book, Mr. Bentley does not present himself as an original observer or discoverer, but as a teacher of what is known upon the subject; and in turning over the various parts of the manual devoted to microscopic investigation, we must confess that he has given a very fair interpretation of the facts in the structure and functions of plants which are elicited by the aid of the microscope. Mr. Bentley has evidently been more anxious to make his book an orthodox volume, available for all classes and examinations, than a work representing or attempting any advance in the science of botany. We think, however, he might have consulted more frequently original papers—and many such have appeared in our own pages—with advantage.
On the Concentric Bodies of the Thymus1
Authors: Afanassiew B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The concentric bodies of the thymus, known as Hassall’s corpuscles, represent, as is well known, multinuclear elements of a more or less concentric arrangement in the interior. Their development and nature has been variously described by different observers. Afanassiew shows that they owe their origin to a retrogressive metamorphosis of blood-vessels from whose endothelium they are directly derived. Preparations obtained from glands which, while fresh, were hardened in monochromate of ammonia, then washed in distilled water and alcohol, pencilled and stained in haematoxylin and ammoniacal eosin solution, show all intermediary forms, viz. vascular tubes whose endothelial cells are enlarged, further tubes, whose lumina appear entirely plugged with these enlarged cells, and finally, vessels whose endothelial cells possess a concentric arrangement, and partially or entirely occupy the lumen.
Description of a new species of micrasterias (ag. et aliorum, non ehr.), with remarks on the distinctions between micrasterias rotata (ralfs) and m. denticulata (BréB.).
Authors: Archer William 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
To those who in this day advocate the non-existence of species it must doubtless seem but a profitless task and an illusory effort to try, by a definition or diagnosis, to fix a boundary to that which they assert is only imaginary ; but they who defend this bold and sweeping hypothesis, however justly celebrated some of their names may be, are, I imagine, still in the minority, though that circumstance, I admit, is in itself far from proving that they have not truth on their side. But, as far as I can at present see, their case, however plausibly put, seems far indeed from proven; but, on the contrary, geological data, and our experience of the world around us, seem hitherto, at least to my humble judgment, to combine in subverting and disproving it. Species, as usually understood—some more, some less variable—I, for the present at least, conceive to exist, and not less amongst the microscopic forms than amongst those of larger growth.
Beiträge zur neuern mikroskopie
Authors: Fried Von Reinicke 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We welcome the appearance of another part—the third—of Professor Reinicke’s useful contributions to microscopy, and the more warmly because the present part contains some observations of greater interest, perhaps, to English microscopists than were those embraced in the former parts. Judicious as were the previous notices, and useful, no doubt, as they would be to many, they were, for the most part, of too elementary a nature to be of much interest to the majority of English microscopists, who, furnished so abundantly by our microscope makers with every variety of contrivance and adjunct to the instrument, would not require to be told much of the very simple matters which have formed, for the most part, the subject of M. Reinicke’s former lucubrations.
On the Morphology of Hemileia Vastatrix, Berk, and Br. (the Fungus of the Coffee Disease of Ceylon)
Authors: Ward H. Marshall 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During the past twelve months the progress of my investigations into the-life history of Hemileia vastatrix, the fungus so prominent in the so-called “coffee-leaf disease “of Ceylon, has resulted in the accumulation of a series of facts concerning its structure and development which have been hitherto undiscovered, or, in some cases, misunderstood. Sufficient material being now at hand to throw light upon the morphology of this remarkable parasite, I purpose bringing together shortly the main points which have been established. 1
On the Nature of the Organ in Adult Teleosteans and Ganoids, which is usually regarded as the Head-Kidney or Pronephros
Authors: Balfour F. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
While working at the anatomy of Lepidosteus I was led to doubt the accuracy of the accepted accounts of the anterior part of the kidneys in this and in allied species of Fishes. In order to test my doubts I first examined the structure of the kidneys in the Sturgeon (Acipenser), of which I fortunately had a well-preserved specimen.
Note on the Organ of Jacobson
Authors: Harvey Reuben T. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During the spring of this year, when engaged in some work on the histology of the nasal mucous membrane in the mouse, my attention was directed by Dr. Klein’s paper in the January number of this Journal to the organ of Jacobson. The distinctly olfactory character of the epithelium in this organ induced me to seek for the junction which was supposed to exist between it and the mouth, with a view of determining how the transition in the character of the epithelium took place, or of discovering some vestige of the connection which exists in the early fœtal condition between these tubes and the nasal cavity. With the the material which I then had at my disposal, I failed to discover any communication between the organ of Jacobson and the mouth ; and my sections left no doubt on my mind but that the opening from it was into the nostril, although they did not demonstrate the exact manner in which such opening took place.
On the Origin and Growth of the Eggs and Egg-strings in Nephelis, With Some Observations on the “Spiral Asters”
Authors: Iijima Isao 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following investigation was begun in the spring of 1880, and continued through the summer of the following year. Its entire course was completed in the Zoological Laboratory of the University of Tokio, under the instruction of Professor Whitman. To his advice, never-failing encouragement, and unremitting efforts to render this work as complete as time and circumstances would permit, I must ascribe much of whatever success I may have achieved.
A Contribution to the Morphology of the Amphineura
Authors: Hubrecht A. A. W. , Leyden  
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In August, 1881, I was invited by the editor of this Journal to furnish him with a few diagrams concerning the anatomy of the Amphineura, and with a short explanatory text indicating the actual state of our knowledge about this class of animals. Different engagements have obliged me to postpone the fulfilment of this wish till now. I am not sorry for this delay, now that it enables me to mention the latest researches upon Chiton, by Mr. A. Sedgwick, which have thrown a welcome light on the difficult subject of the renal organs of the class.
Notes on Echinoderm Morphology, No. VI. On the Anatomical Relations of the Vascular System
Authors: Carpenter P. Herbert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
I drew attention in my last note1 to the striking variations in the results of observations upon the vascular system of the Echinoderms, which have been made by different Continental naturalists. The leading member of the French School, Professor E. Perrier, asserts positively that the so-called “heart “of the Echinozoa is an excretory gland, which communicates with the exterior through the madreporite, and is entirely free at its inner end, no vessel proceeding from it to join an oral ring; in fact, it is not a part of the blood-vascular system at all. Professor Perrier had arrived at this conclusion as the result of his own observations upon Urchins and Starfishes, together with those of Apostolidès upon the Ophiurids. He totally denies the existence of the radial blood-vessels described by Ludwig in the Asterids; and as regards the Urchins he, like Hoffmann, is able to find but one vascular ring around the mouth. This is described as connected with the water-tube (stone-canal) and the radial vessels supplying the tentacles, and also as the ring in which the ventral or internal marginal vessel of the intestine originates. “Il y a done bien réellement communication entre l’appareil vasculaire intestinal et le prétendu appareil aquifère.”2
On the Osteology and Development of Syngnathus Peckianus (Storer)
Authors: McMurrich J. Playfair 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It is now some time since I began the study of Syngnathus, recognising the fact that little, if anything, had been done towards elucidating many points in the anatomy and development of the grotesque group of the Lophobranchs. Other matters have prevented as rapid work, and as close application to the subject in hand, as would have been wished for, and even now the work is exceedingly incomplete. Nevertheless it has seemed to me to be wise to publish the observations as far as completed, inasmuch as I have been able to throw some light on certain points, and to correct some mistakes made by authors who have preceded me.
Notes on Echinoderm Morphology, No. VII. On the Apical System of the Ophiurids
Authors: Carpenter P. Herbert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a previous volume of this Journal1 I have discussed the bearings of Ludwig’s researches into the early development of the skeleton in Starfishes and Ophiurids on his views respecting the homologies of these two types of Stellerids. Further consideration of this question, especially with respect to the Ophiurid-skeleton, has led me to results of some interest, which I propose to explain in the following pages. I should wish, however, first of all, in justice to my friend Ludwig, to correct an error which unfortunately found its way into my last paper. He is represented, on p. 385, as still believing the so-called “odontophore “of Asterids to be homologous with the mouth-shields of Ophiurids. This is a view which he expressed in his earlier papers2; and whatever its intrinsic merits, it is altogether untenable if the mouth-shields of Ophiurids represent the so-called ff genitals “of Asterids, on account of their mutual relationship to the water-pore, as Ludwig has since suggested,1 I ought, however, to have remembered that in his last-published paper, describing the development of As terin a gibbosa, he had definitely (though for the first time) withdrawn his earlier suggestion; for I had specially marked the passage in the copy of his memoir which he was good enough to send me. It is as follows;2
The Ancestral History of the Inflammatory Process
Authors: Metschnikoff Elias 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Under the name of “phagocytes” I have recently described certain cells which have the power of ingesting and sometimes of absorbing food particles. This character of the mesoderm is most marked where we find a number of amoeboid cells devouring dead or degraded elements of the body of the animal in which they live. Pathology already furnishes numerous examples of the exercise of this function by white blood-corpuscles; only it has not been recognised that the ingestion of foreign matter by a blood-corpuscle is a true act of feeding, and that the absorption of such a body (a red corpuscle, for example) is comparable to digestion. The results of investigations of Invertebrates, and the fact that in Sponges a great part of the whole function of nutrition is performed by amoeboid cells of the mesoderm, while in Bipinnaria, Phyllirhoe, &c., such cells function indirectly as absorbent organs, made it probable that a similar intracellular absorption would be found in the Vertebrate mesoderm.