bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic architecture of type 1 diabetes with low genetic risk score informed by 41 unreported loci
Authors: Qu Hui-Qi , Qu Jingchun , Bradfield Jonathan , Marchand Luc , Glessner Joseph , Chang Xiao , March Michael , Li Jin , Connolly John J. , Roizen Jeffrey D. , Sleiman Patrick , Polychronakos Constantin , Hakonarson Hakon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractType 1 diabetes (T1D) patients with low genetic risk scores (GRS) may be non-autoimmune or autoimmune mediated by other genetic loci. The T1D-GRS2 provides us an opportunity to look into the genetic architecture of these patients. A total of 18,949 European individuals were included in this study, including 6599 T1D cases and 12,323 controls. 957 (14.5%) T1D patients were identified with low GRS (GRS < 8.43). The genome-wide association study on these patients identified 41 unreported loci. Two loci with common variants and 39 loci with rare variants were identified in this study. This study identified common SNPs associated with both low GRS T1D and expression levels of the interferon-α-inducedMNDAgene, indicating the role of viral infection in T1D. Interestingly, 16 of the 41 unreported loci have been linked to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by previous studies, suggesting that genes residing at these loci may underlie both T1D and autism.
3D test sample for the calibration and quality control of stimulated emission depletion (STED) and confocal microscopes
Authors: van der Wee Ernest B. , Fokkema Jantina , Kennedy Chris L. , del Pozo Marc , de Winter D. A. Matthijs , Speets Peter N. A. , Gerritsen Hans C. , van Blaaderen Alfons 
Published: July 2021

AbstractMultiple samples are required to monitor and optimize the quality and reliability of quantitative measurements of stimulated emission depletion (STED) and confocal microscopes. Here, we present a single sample to calibrate these microscopes, align their laser beams and measure their point spread function (PSF) in 3D. The sample is composed of a refractive index matched colloidal crystal of silica beads with fluorescent and gold cores. The microscopes can be calibrated in three dimensions using the periodicity of the crystal; the alignment of the laser beams can be checked using the reflection of the gold cores; and the PSF can be measured at multiple positions and depths using the fluorescent cores. It is demonstrated how this sample can be used to visualize and improve the quality of STED and confocal microscopy images. The sample is adjustable to meet the requirements of different NA objectives and microscopy techniques and additionally can be used to evaluate refractive index mismatches as a function of depth quantitatively.
Nanoscopic investigation of C9orf72 poly-GA oligomers on nuclear membrane disruption by a photoinducible platform
Authors: Chien Hung-Ming , He Ruei-Yu , Lee Chi-Chang , Huang Yung-An , Hung I-Ju , Hou Kai-Ting , Hsiao Jye-Chian , Lu Po-Chao , Agnihotri Diksha , Hwang Eric , Huang Joseph Jen-Tse 
Published: July 2021

AbstractGlycine-alanine dipeptide repeats (GA DPRs) translated from the mutated C9orf72 gene have recently been correlated with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). While GA DPRs aggregates have been suggested as amyloid, the biophysical features and cytotoxicity of GA DPRs oligomers has not been explored due to its unstable nature. In this study, we develop a photoinducible platform based on methoxynitrobenzene chemistry to enrich GA DPRs that allows monitoring the oligomerization process of GA DPRs in cells. By applying advanced microscopies, we examined the GA DPRs oligomerization process nanoscopically in a time-dependent manner. We provided direct evidences to demonstrate GA DPRs oligomers rather than nanofibrils disrupt nuclear membrane. Moreover, we found GA DPRs hamper nucleocytoplasmic transport in cells and cause cytosolic retention of TAR DNA-binding protein 43 in cortical neurons. Our results highlight the toxicity of GA DPRs oligomers, which is a key step toward elucidating the pathological roles of C9orf72 DPRs.
Cochlear Implant Behavioral Outcomes for Children With Auditory Neuropathy Spectrum Disorder: A Mini-Systematic Review
Authors: Myers Katherine , Nicholson Nannette 
Published: July 2021

Objective
The aim of this mini-systematic review was to evaluate the evidence reporting speech, language, and auditory behavioral outcome measures for children with a diagnosis of auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) who received cochlear implants (CIs) prior to 3 years of age.

Method
A mini-systematic review of the literature supporting evidence-based practices was performed. Two databases were searched utilizing a search strategy derived from the PICO (patient, intervention, comparison, outcome) framework. Peer-reviewed articles published between 2009 and 2019 evaluating children with a diagnosis of ANSD who were implanted prior to 3 years of age with a range of speech, language, and auditory behavioral outcomes were included. Four articles meeting inclusion criteria were critically appraised for reputable research design and risks of bias. Each of the four studies was assigned a level of evidence for effectiveness and quality assessment rating.

Results
Evidence supports cochlear implantation as an appropriate intervention for children with ANSD. Improvements in outcome performance were observed in all the included studies. Children with ANSD fit with CIs can achieve outcomes similar to children with sensorineural hearing loss and CIs, despite the heterogeneity of ANSD.

Conclusion
These findings have implications for clinical practice and for future research with current CI technology for facilitating parent education, counseling, and realistic expectations for children with ANSD and CIs.
Calibration of Consonant Perception to Room Reverberation
Authors: Vlahou Eleni , Ueno Kanako , Shinn-Cunningham Barbara G. , Kopčo Norbert 
Published: July 2021

Purpose
We examined how consonant perception is affected by a preceding speech carrier simulated in the same or a different room, for different classes of consonants. Carrier room, carrier length, and carrier length/target room uncertainty were manipulated. A phonetic feature analysis tested which phonetic categories are influenced by the manipulations in the acoustic context of the carrier.

Method
Two experiments were performed, each with nine participants. Targets consisted of 10 or 16 vowel–consonant (VC) syllables presented in one of two strongly reverberant rooms, preceded by a multiple-VC carrier presented in either the same room, a different reverberant room, or an anechoic room. In Experiment 1, the carrier length and the target room randomly varied from trial to trial, whereas in Experiment 2, they were fixed within a block of trials.

Results
Overall, a consistent carrier provided an advantage for consonant perception compared to inconsistent carriers, whether in anechoic or differently reverberant rooms. Phonetic analysis showed that carrier inconsistency significantly degraded identification of the manner of articulation, especially for stop consonants and, in one of the rooms, also of voicing. Carrier length and carrier/target uncertainty did not affect adaptation to reverberation for individual phonetic features. The detrimental effects of anechoic and different reverberant carriers on target perception were similar.

Conclusions
The strength of calibration varies across different phonetic features, as well as across rooms with different levels of reverberation. Even though place of articulation is the feature that is affected by reverberation the most, it is the manner of articulation and, partially, voicing for which room adaptation is observed.
A model‐driven robust deep learning wireless transceiver
Authors: Duan Sirui , Xiang Jingyi , Yu Xiang 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecently, deep learning (DL) has been successfully applied in computer vision and natural language processing. The communication physical layer based on deep learning has received widespread attention. Introducing domain‐knowledge into neural networks (NNs), autoencoder based end‐to‐end communication system, incorporating radio transformer networks (RTNs) (RTNs‐AE) has achieved desirable performance with a channel model in the middle layer. The advent of RTNs underscores the power of expertise at DL. However, a tap‐length in the design of RTNs network must be assumed, which requires some channel information. To address this issue, a new deep learning wireless transceiver named pilot‐aided autoencoder (PA‐AE) is proposed. It can decode on a multipath fading channel without knowing the channel information and the equalization module design. The proposed scheme introduces a well‐designed auxiliary pilot, which carries the learned channel information into decoding with the transmitted signal. The decoding part recovers the sent information from the collected signal without specially designed modules for parameter estimation and equalization.
The relationship between bipolar magnetic regions and their sunspots
Authors: Yeo K. L. , Solanki S. K. , Krivova N. A. , Jiang J. 
Published: July 2021

Context. The relationship between bipolar magnetic regions (BMRs) and their sunspots is an important property of the solar magnetic field, but it is not well constrained. One consequence is that it is a challenge for surface flux transport models (SFTMs) based on sunspot observations to determine the details of BMR emergence, which they require as input, from such data.
Aims. We aimed to establish the relationship between the amount of magnetic flux in newly emerged BMRs and the area of the enclosed sunspots, and examine the results of its application to an established SFTM.
Methods. Earlier attempts to constrain BMR magnetic flux were hindered by the fact that there is no extensive and reliable record of the magnetic and physical properties of newly emerged BMRs currently available. We made use of the empirical model of the relationship between the disc-integrated facular and network magnetic flux and the total surface coverage by sunspots reported in a recent study. The structure of the model is such that it enabled us to establish, from these disc-integrated quantities, an empirical relationship between the magnetic flux and sunspot area of individual newly emerged BMRs, circumventing the lack of any proper BMR database.
Results. Applying the constraint on BMR magnetic flux derived here to an established SFTM retained its key features, in particular its ability to replicate various independent datasets and the correlation between the model output polar field at the end of each cycle and the observed strength of the following cycle. The SFTM output indicates that facular and network magnetic flux rises with increasing sunspot magnetic flux at a slowing rate such that it appears to gradually saturate. This is analogous to what earlier studies comparing disc-integrated quantities sensitive to the amount of faculae and network present to sunspot indices had reported. The activity dependence of the ratio of facular and network flux to sunspot flux is consistent with the findings of recent studies: although the Sun is faculae-dominated (such that its brightness is mostly positively correlated with activity), it is only marginally so as facular and network brightening and sunspot darkening appear to be closely balanced.
Implementation of an Enhanced Recovery after Surgery Pathway to Reduce Inpatient Opioid Consumption after Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Tepper Jared L. , Harris Olivia M. , Triebwasser Jourdan E. , Ewing Stephanie H. , Mehta Aasta D. , Delaney Erica J. , Sehdev Harish M. 
Published: July 2021

Objective Opioid prescription after cesarean delivery is excessive and can lead to chronic opioid use disorder. We assessed the impact of an enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) pathway on inpatient opioid consumption after cesarean delivery.
Study Design An ERAS pathway was implemented as a quality improvement initiative in December 2019. Preintervention (PRE) data were collected from March to May 2019 to assess baseline opioid consumption. Postintervention (POST) data were collected from January to March 2020. The primary outcome was inpatient postoperative opioid consumption in morphine milligram equivalents (MME). Secondary outcomes included the consumption of any opioids, postpartum length of stay, and opioid prescription at discharge.
Results A total of 92 women were in the PRE group and 91 were in the POST group. Inpatient opioid consumption decreased by 87.3% from PRE to POST, from 124.7 (interquartile range [IQR]: 10–181.6) MME to 15.8 (IQR: 0–75) MME (p < 0.001). There was no difference in median postpartum length of stay (3.4 days PRE vs. 3.3 days POST; p = 0.12). The proportion of women who did not consume any opioids increased by 75.4% from PRE to POST (p = 0.02). The proportion of women discharged with an opioid prescription decreased by 25.6% from PRE to POST (p = 0.007), despite no formal change to prescribing practices. After adjustment for differences in race/ethnicity and gravidity, there was still a reduction in total inpatient opioid consumption (p < 0.001) and an increase in the proportion of women not consuming any opioids (adjusted relative risk (RR): 2.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.18–3.87), but the difference in rate of prescription of opioids at discharge was no longer statistically significant (adjusted RR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.48–1.02).
Conclusion Adoption of an ERAS pathway for cesarean delivery resulted in a marked reduction in inpatient opioid consumption. Such a pathway can be implemented across institutions and may be a powerful tool in combating the opioid epidemic.
Key Points
Clinical Profile of Indian Children with Down Syndrome
Authors: Panigrahi Inusha , Bhatt Yogita , Malik Shivani , Kaur Parminder , Kaur Anupriya 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis retrospective study was performed on 208 patients with Down syndrome (DS) from heterogeneous ethnic population and admitted under Genetics Metabolic Unit. The aim of the study was to look for phenotypic variability and associated complications in children and adolescents with DS. The average age of the evaluated DS patients was 34 months. Cardiac anomalies were found in 128 (62%) of the 208 cases. Among the cardiac disorders, atrial septal defects accounted for 30% of cases. Other complications observed were hypothyroidism and developmental delay in around 31% cases and neonatal cholestasis in 14% cases. Also, we report two cases with Moya-Moya disease and one case with atlanto-axial dislocation.
‘No One Should Be Terrified Like I Was!’ Exploring Drivers and Impacts of Child Marriage in Protracted Crises Among Palestinian and Syrian Refugees
Authors: Hamad Bassam Abu , Elamassie Samah , Oakley Erin , Alheiwidi Sarah , Baird Sarah 
Published: July 2021

AbstractExacerbated by 9 years of conflict and displacement, child marriage among Syrian refugees appears to be increasing, while in Gaza, the noticeable reduction in child brides over the past two decades has recently plateaued. This comparative study explores drivers and consequences of child marriage in protracted crises, drawing on mixed-methods research from Gaza and Jordan with married adolescent girls and their parents. Our findings suggest that conflict reignites pre-existing drivers of child marriage, especially conservative norms around family honour and clan inter-marriage. Poverty is a strong driver of child marriage among Syrian refugees, while social protection programmes and educational opportunities for girls have played a protective role in Gaza. In both contexts, our findings underscore the multiple and intersecting negative effects of child marriage on girls’ health and bodily integrity, and point to the urgency of tackling this harmful practice to ensure that no adolescent is left behind.
How epidemic psychology works on Twitter: evolution of responses to the COVID-19 pandemic in the U.S.
Authors: Aiello Luca Maria , Quercia Daniele , Zhou Ke , Constantinides Marios , Šćepanović Sanja , Joglekar Sagar 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDisruptions resulting from an epidemic might often appear to amount to chaos but, in reality, can be understood in a systematic way through the lens of “epidemic psychology”. According to Philip Strong, the founder of the sociological study of epidemic infectious diseases, not only is an epidemic biological; there is also the potential for three psycho-social epidemics: of fear, moralization, and action. This work empirically tests Strong’s model at scale by studying the use of language of 122M tweets related to the COVID-19 pandemic posted in the U.S. during the whole year of 2020. On Twitter, we identified three distinct phases. Each of them is characterized by different regimes of the three psycho-social epidemics. In the refusal phase, users refused to accept reality despite the increasing number of deaths in other countries. In the anger phase (started after the announcement of the first death in the country), users’ fear translated into anger about the looming feeling that things were about to change. Finally, in the acceptance phase, which began after the authorities imposed physical-distancing measures, users settled into a “new normal” for their daily activities. Overall, refusal of accepting reality gradually died off as the year went on, while acceptance increasingly took hold. During 2020, as cases surged in waves, so did anger, re-emerging cyclically at each wave. Our real-time operationalization of Strong’s model is designed in a way that makes it possible to embed epidemic psychology into real-time models (e.g., epidemiological and mobility models).
Should Munanga learn Kriol?
Authors: Hendy Caroline , Bow Catherine 
Published: July 2021

AbstractKriol, an English-lexifier contact language, has approximately 20,000 speakers across northern Australia. It is the primary language of the remote Aboriginal community of Ngukurr. Kriol is a contact language, incorporating features of English and traditional Indigenous languages. The language has been perceived both positively and negatively, although recent literature suggests a shift towards more favorable views. This paper investigates how community members in Ngukurr responded to the question of non-Indigenous residents (known locally asMunanga) learning Kriol. Interviews with local Indigenous residents showed positive attitudes to Kriol, with respondents providing a number of perceived benefits for outsiders learning the language. Our interviews provide empirical evidence for pride in the language, affirming a shift to more positive attitudes.
Paradigmatic consequences of the suffixing preference
Authors: Berg Thomas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAs one of the most robust typological findings, the suffixing preference captures the empirical observation that grammatical categories are more likely to be coded by suffixes than by prefixes. The goal of this contribution is to explore the effects that this asymmetry may have on the inflectional paradigms of the languages of the world. Three empirical issues are addressed: do languages with either possessive prefixes or suffixes and languages with both possessive prefixes and suffixes differ in their suffix-to-prefix ratio? Do prefixes and suffixes differ in the number of cases that they code? Do prefixes and suffixes differ in their probability of explicit singular in addition to plural marking? The answer to all three questions is in the affirmative. These effects are understood in terms of a response to an inherent disadvantage of prefixes. Morphological systems reduce the processing difficulty incurred by prefixes by assigning them fewer tasks (i.e. number of cases), by limiting their occurrence in highly competitive contexts (i.e. inconsistent possessive-affix coding) and by creating prefix paradigms, which are conceived of as protective structures in which the individual members strengthen one another. The general claim these three effects lead up to is that morphological systems develop “repair strategies” which reduce the processing cost involved in using inherently disadvantaged units. These repair strategies shape morphological structure.
Corynebacterium insidiosum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Corynebacterium insidiosum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Medicago saliva
: also on
Medicago falcata
, and other species of
Medicago
and
Melilotus alba
(see 34: 155; 39: 114). DISEASE: Wilt, chiefly vascular, causing dwarfed yellow or pale green foliage associated with discoloured young wood in the root close beneath the bark. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Italy, U.S.S.R., Canada, Mexico, United States including Alaska (31: 436) and possibly Chile (37: 497). See CMI Map 67 ed. 2. 1962. TRANSMISSION: The bacteria overwinter in roots and crowns of diseased plant and enter healthy plants through wounds made at harvesting. Seed transmission from severely, but not moderately, infected plants has been shown. The bacterium occurs in the intercellular spaces of the seed parenchyma and in the vascular tissues of pedicels and pods (35: 896; 36: 249). A high degree of viability was retained throughout 10 years in dried lucerne stems stored at 70-80°F. Infective capacity in leaves and pods was lower. In seed samples the bacterium has been shown to be still highly infective after 3 years (see also 35: 157). The pathogen survives poorly in non-sterile soil (39: 152).
Pseudomonas solanacearum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Hayward A. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas solanacearum
[Ralstonia solanacearum]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On numerous hosts including tobacco, potato, tomato and eggplant among the
Solanaceae
; various members of the
Musaceae, Compositae, Leguminosae
etc. For complete list see Kelman (32: 671) pp. 48-64. DISEASE: A vascular wilt disease with or without browning of the vascular bundles of stems (variation according to strain). Disease variously known as Granville wilt (of tobacco), wilt disease, slime disease, bacterial ring disease (of potato), brown rot of
Solanaceae
and Moko disease of banana etc., according to host and territory. When diseased potato tubers are cut open and gently squeezed, cream-like drops of sticky liquid containing bacteria are exuded from the severed vascular bundles. The disease may be distinguished from ring rot of potato tubers caused by
Corynebacterium sepedonicum
(CMI Descript. 14), by the more variable nature of the ring of infected vascular bundles and surrounding tissue which may not always be accompanied by brown discoloration, and the bacterial ooze which may be putty-like rather than viscous or slimy. Methods for differentiating the two diseases are given in 41: 57. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in topical, sub-tropical and warm-temperate parts of Asia, Africa, Australasia, Europe, N. America, C. America and West Indies (CMI Map 138 Ed. 2). TRANSMISSION: In potato tubers (41: 57), in the transplanting of infected seedlings of tobacco, tomato, pepper and eggplant etc. By movement of contaminated soil in cultural practices, or in irrigation water. On banana by contaminated pruning knives (37: 493), by insects (Nature 194: 164-165, 1962), and by movement of infected rhizomes (40: 551). There is some indication that the pathogen is seed borne on groundnut (1: 328).