bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex‐specific associations between traumatic experiences and resting‐state functional connectivity in the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort
Authors: Wang Shiying , Malins Jeffrey G. , Zhang Heping , Gruen Jeffrey R. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundTraumatic experiences during childhood or adolescence are a significant risk factor for multiple psychiatric disorders and adversely affect multiple cognitive functions. Resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging has been used to investigate the effects of traumatic experiences on functional connectivity, but the impact of sex differences has not been well documented. This study investigated sex‐specific associations between resting‐state functional connectivity (rsFC) and traumatic experiences in typically developing youth.MethodsThe sample comprised 1395 participants, aged 8–21 years, from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort. Traumatic experiences were assessed based on the structured psychiatric evaluation. Sex, the number of traumatic events, and their interaction were regressed onto voxel‐wise intrinsic connectivity distribution parameter values derived from resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging. Brain regions that passed cluster correction were used as seeds to define resting‐state networks.ResultsAfter quality control, the final sample had 914 participants with mean (SD) age 14.6 (3.3) years; 529 (57.8%) females; 437 (47.8%) experienced at least one kind of traumatic event. Four discrete anatomical clusters showed decreased functional connectivity as the number of traumatic events increased. The resting‐state networks defined by using these four clusters as seeds corresponded with the somatomotor network. Sex‐specific associations were identified in another three clusters for which males showed increased connectivity, and females showed decreased connectivity as the number of traumatic events increased. The resting‐state networks defined by the three sex‐specific clusters corresponded with the default mode network (DMN).ConclusionsIn youth without psychiatric diagnoses, traumatic experiences are associated with an alteration of rsFC in brain regions corresponding with the somatomotor network. Associations differ in direction between males and females in brain regions corresponding with the DMN, suggesting sex‐specific responses to early exposure to trauma.
Millisecond dynamic of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike and its interaction with ACE2 receptor and small extracellular vesicles
Authors: Lim Keesiang , Nishide Goro , Yoshida Takeshi , Watanabe‐Nakayama Takahiro , Kobayashi Akiko , Hazawa Masaharu , Hanayama Rikinari , Ando Toshio , Wong Richard W. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein (S) binds to human angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (hACE2), allowing virus to dock on cell membrane follow by viral entry. Here, we use high‐speed atomic force microscopy (HS‐AFM) for real‐time visualization of S, and its interaction with hACE2 and small extracellular vesicles (sEVs). Results show conformational heterogeneity of S, flexibility of S stalk and receptor‐binding domain (RBD), and pH/temperature‐induced conformational change of S. S in an S‐ACE2 complex appears as an all‐RBD up conformation. The complex acquires a distinct topology upon acidification. S and S2 subunit demonstrate different membrane docking mechanisms on sEVs. S‐hACE2 interaction facilitates S to dock on sEVs, implying the feasibility of ACE2‐expressing sEVs for viral neutralization. In contrary, S2 subunit docks on lipid layer and enters sEV using its fusion peptide, mimicking the viral entry scenario. Altogether, our study provides a platform that is suitable for real‐time visualization of various entry inhibitors, neutralizing antibodies, and sEV‐based decoy in blocking viral entry.Teaser: Comprehensive observation of SARS‐CoV‐2 spike and its interaction with receptor ACE2 and sEV‐based decoy in real time using HS‐AFM.
Lipopolysaccharide and tyloxapol accelerate the development of atherosclerosis in mice
Authors: Jin Meiyu , Zhang Di , Zheng Lianwen , Wei Yunfei , Yan Siru , Qin Haiyan , Wang Qi , Zhao Lilei , Feng Haihua 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe occurrence of atherosclerosis is closely related to inflammation and lipid metabolism disorder. It has been found that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) could induce inflammation, and tyloxapol (Ty) could induce hyperlipidemia. However, the effects of LPS and Ty on the development and mechanism of atherosclerosis have not been investigated thoroughly. To answer this question, we used assay kits to detect total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) content to evaluate dyslipidemia. We used hematoxylin and eosin staining to evaluate the pathological structure of the aorta and liver, and then used Oil Red O staining to access lipid accumulation in the aortic wall. Subsequently, we used the alanine transaminase (ALT) kit to examine the liver injury. Finally, we used the Western blot experiment to measure proteins that regulate lipid metabolism. We found that the LPS + Ty group could increase the levels of TC, TG, and LDL in the serum and promote lipid accumulation in the aortic wall in mice. Moreover, our study showed that the LPS + Ty group induced pathological changes in hepatocytes and increased ALT content in mice. Significantly, we found that the LPS + Ty group could activate acetyl‐CoA carboxylase, sterol regulatory element‐binding protein‐1c, and inhibit peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors α in mice. Therefore, we suppose that LPS and Ty aggravated the development of atherosclerosis by promoting hyperlipidemia and the disorder of lipid metabolism in mice. These findings are significant for the study of the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and the selection of animal models.
A Viologen Polymer and a Compact Ferrocene: Comparison of Solution Viscosities and Their Performance in a Redox Flow Battery with a Size Exclusion Membrane
Authors: Borchers Philipp S. , Elbert Johannes , Anufriev Ilya , Strumpf Maria , Nischang Ivo , Hager Martin D. , Schubert Ulrich S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this work, the synthesis and characterization of a compact, ferrocene tetramer and a linear viologen polymer is reported. The latter material is a new, 4,4′‐bipyridine containing, organo‐soluble polymer. As aimed for solubility in nonpolar solvents, a 2‐ethylhexyl‐moiety to promote organosolubility and 4‐vinylbenzyl serving as a polymerizable group are introduced to a 4,4′‐bipyridine. The halide anions of the monomer cation are exchanged to bis(trifluoromethansulfon)imide, which further enhances organosolubility. The monomer is subsequently copolymerized with styrene by free radical polymerization. In addition, a four‐ferrocene‐containing compact structure, based on pentaerythritol, is synthesized via the straightforward radical thiol‐ene reaction. The polymer solutions are thoroughly characterized hydrodynamically. Subsequently, propylene carbonate‐based solutions of both materials are prepared to allow an assessment for future energy storage applications. This is done by testing battery characteristics in a custom‐made flow‐cell with a simple dialysis membrane for physical separation of the active materials. The capability of energy storage is verified by leaving the charged materials in solution in an open circuit for 24 h. Here, more than 99% of the stored charges can be recovered. Cycling the battery for 100 times reveals the remarkable stability of the materials of only 0.2% capacity loss per day in the battery setup.
Facile Aluminum Porphyrin Complexes Enable Flexible Terminal Epoxides to Boost Properties of CO2‐Polycarbonate
Authors: Mo Wenjie , Zhuo Chunwei , Cao Han , Liu Shunjie , Wang Xianhong , Wang Fosong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIncorporation of flexible monomer is regarded as a valid way to the chemical modification of the highly brittle poly(cyclohexene carbonate) (PCHC), which derived from the copolymerization of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide (CHO). However, toxic metal catalyst such as cobalt dominates these terpolymerizations which against the green development philosophy. Here, a series of environmentally benign aluminum porphyrin catalysts with different steric and electronic effects for the terpolymerization of CO2, CHO, and terminal epoxides with various flexible pendant alkyl groups to adjust the properties of PCHC is reported. The resulting terpolymers display a random distribution of cyclohexene carbonate along the backbone with a regulated terminal epoxide insertion from 30% to 70%. Moreover, the mechanical properties can be well regulated in a wide range indicating the feasibility of the present approach. The present study provides a green way to chemical modification of rigid PCHC.
High Barrier Nanocomposite Film with Accelerated Biodegradation by Clay Swelling Induced Fragmentation
Authors: Timmins Renee L. , Kumar Anil , Röhrl Maximilian , Havlíček Karel , Agarwal Seema , Breu Josef 
Published: December 2021

AbstractConventional biodegradable polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) are an attractive alternative to replace traditional nondegradable food packaging films which plague the environment. However, PLA has shown to not be degradable in some environmentally relevant conditions, including within the freshwater systems. Additionally, PLA suffers from very poor barrier properties, which could result in food spoilage. Compositing with clay has been used to improve barrier properties according to tortuous path theory. Here a synthetic, large aspect ratio Na‐Hectorite is used that may be utterly delaminated in an organic solvent and composited with PLA by modification with 18‐crown‐6 (18C6Hec), yielding a castable, homogeneous nematic suspension. Upon drying, thermodynamics drive the suspension toward segregation into sublayers of PLA and partially restacked 18C6Hec in situ. This unique self‐assembled nanostructure combines the best of two worlds: The aspect ratio remains high and results in a 99.3% reduction in oxygen permeability. Additionally, the film shows surprisingly high resistance to swelling at elevated humidity, but once soaked in water, clay swelling is triggered, which fragments the film and drastically increases the surface area by 2500%. Accelerated degradation is observed under controlled enzymatic conditions and in an environmentally relevant wastewater medium during CO2 evolution testing.
Recent Trends in the Pyrolysis of Non‐Degradable Waste Plastics
Authors: Gebre Shushay Hagos , Sendeku Marshet Getaye , Bahri Mohamed 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWaste plastics are non‐degradable constituents that can stay in the environment for centuries. Their large land space consumption is unsafe to humans and animals. Concomitantly, the continuous engineering of plastics, which causes depletion of petroleum, poses another problem since they are petroleum‐based materials. Therefore, energy recovering trough pyrolysis is an innovative and sustainable solution since it can be practiced without liberating toxic gases into the atmosphere. The most commonly used plastics, such as HDPE, LDPE (high‐ and low‐density polyethylene), PP (polypropylene), PS (polystyrene), and, to some extent, PC (polycarbonate), PVC (polyvinyl chloride), and PET (polyethylene terephthalate), are used for fuel oil recovery through this process. The oils which are generated from the wastes showed caloric values almost comparable with conventional fuels. The main aim of the present review is to highlight and summarize the trends of thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastic into valuable fuel products through manipulating the operational parameters that influence the quality or quantity of the recovered results. The properties and product distribution of the pyrolytic fuels and the depolymerization reaction mechanisms of each plastic and their byproduct composition are also discussed.
Prenatal phenotype of 47, XXY (Klinefelter syndrome)
Authors: Swanson Kate , Bishop Juliet C. , Al‐Kouatly Huda B. , Makhamreh Mona , Felton Thomas , Vora Neeta L. , Sparks Teresa N. , Jelin Angie C. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectiveThere is a paucity of knowledge regarding the prenatal presentation of Klinefelter syndrome, or 47, XXY. Accurate prenatal counseling is critical and in utero diagnosis is currently limited by a poor understanding of the prenatal phenotype of this condition.MethodsThis is a case series of fetuses with cytogenetically confirmed 47, XXY in the prenatal period or up to age 5 years, with prenatal records available for review from four academic institutions between 2006 and 2019. Ultrasound reports were reviewed in detail to assess for increased nuchal translucency and structural abnormalities. Additionally, we reviewed results of cell‐free DNA and serum analyte testing when performed to inform our understanding of the detection of fetal 47, XXY through standard genetic screening tests.ResultsForty‐one cases with confirmed cytogenetic diagnosis of 47, XXY and prenatal records available for review were identified: 37 had a prenatal diagnosis and 4 had a postnatal diagnosis. Nuchal translucency was increased ≥3.0 mm in 23.1% (6/26) of cases with a documented measurement. In 29.2% (7/24) of cases with a second trimester anatomical ultrasound available for review, a fetal abnormality was identified (3 brain anomalies, 1 cardiac abnormality, 1 echogenic bowel, and 2 limb abnormalities). Among those who had cell‐free DNA and serum analytes performed, 92.6% (25/27) and 36.3% (4/11) had an abnormal result respectively.ConclusionThis case series expands our knowledge of the prenatal presentation of 47, XXY by identifying first and second trimester fetal sonographic abnormalities. Prenatal identification of this condition enables accurate counseling, focused prenatal management, and early postnatal interventions to ameliorate some of the known complications.
Registration of two rice mapping populations using weedy rice ecotypes as a novel germplasm resource
Authors: Jia Yulin , Singh Vijay , Gealy David , Liu Yan , Ma Jianbing , Thurber Carrie , Roma‐Burgos Nilda , Olsen Kenneth M. , Caicedo Ana 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTwo mapping populations were developed from crosses of the Asian indica rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar ‘Dee Geo Woo Gen’ (DGWG; PI 699210 Parent, PI 699212 Parent) and two weedy rice ecotypes, an early‐flowering straw hull (SH) biotype AR‐2000‐1135‐01 (PI 699209 Parent) collected in Arkansas and a late‐flowering black hull (BHA) biotype MS‐1996‐9 (PI 699211 Parent) collected in Mississippi. The weed and crop‐based rice recombinant inbred line (RIL) mapping populations have been used to identify genomic regions associated with weedy traits as well as resistance to sheath blight and rice blast diseases. The mapping population consists of 185 (DGWG/SH; Reg. no. MP‐9, NSL 541035 MAP) and 234 (BHA/DGWG; Reg. no. MP‐10, NSL 541036 MAP) F8 RILs, of which 175 (DGWG/SH) and 224 (BHA/DGWG) were used to construct two linkage maps using single nucleotide polymorphic markers to identify weedy traits, sheath blight, and blast resistance loci. These mapping populations and related datasets represent a valuable resource for basic rice evolutionary genomic research and applied marker‐assisted breeding efforts in disease resistance.
Disparities and inequalities in cancer care and outcomes in patients with severe mental illness: Call to action
Authors: Grassi Luigi , Riba Michelle B. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivesPeople with severe mental illness (SMI) are at extreme risk of being stigmatized and to receive poor quality physical care. It has been demonstrated that they have higher morbidity and poorer prognosis of several medical diseases than the general population, with an at least 10–20‐year reduction in life expectancy.MethodsA special issue of Psycho‐Oncology focusing on cancer care among patients affected by SMI was called by the Editorial Board of the journal, with the aim to explore cancer health disparities and inequalities among people with SMI, mortality from cancer, problems of communication between multidisciplinary oncology and psychiatric teams and need for more structured intervention (i.e., screening, prevention, treatment).ResultsAuthors from eight countries contributed. The problem of stigma and barriers to cancer care provision for patients with SMI were studied (e.g., the complex nature of SMI and healthcare providers' misunderstanding of SMI). Key barriers were related to both patients, clinicians and institutional problems, such as fragmentation of care. A higher mortality from cancer and poor knowledge about cancer risk‐factors was shown in patients with SMI. Models of intervention were also proposed.ConclusionsSeveral conclusions have been recommended by the authors, such as the need for guidelines and clinical procedures specific for cancer care in mental health settings; large‐scale studies to address the disparities of care in people with SMI; a larger vision of psychosocial oncology as the facilitator of the liaison between oncology and psychiatry.
Mini review on environmental issues concerning conventional gas hydrate inhibitors
Authors: Haq Ihtisham Ul , Qasim Ali , Lal Bhajan , Zaini Dzulkarnain B. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn the offshore oil and gas fields, the formation of gas hydrates creates critical issues, and these issues or challenges become more pervasive as productive activities proceed to deep sea waters. Further, a number of chemical additives that are used to prevent gas hydrate formation in pipelines pose toxicity issues and are harmful to the environment. Commercially available inhibitors such as methanol, glycols, polyvinyl caproclatum (PVCap), and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), which are being used for gas hydrate mitigation, have shown toxicity issues such as corrosion and mass loss due to their volatile nature, resulting in their high consumption. Methanol and glycols are identified as thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THIs), while PVCap and PVP are classified as low‐dosage hydrate inhibitiors. There has been considerable discussion in the literature on whether to use THIs or low‐dosage gas hydrate inhibitors (LDHIs) but less discussion on their toxicity and harmful effects on the environment. Therefore, in this mini review we intend to throw light on the environmental issues concerning conventional gas hydrate inhibitors used currently.
Mapping the spatial distribution of stand age and aboveground biomass from Landsat time series analyses of forest cover loss in tropical dry forests
Authors: George‐Chacón Stephanie P. , Mas Jean François , Dupuy Juan Manuel , Castillo‐Santiago Miguel Angel , Hernández‐Stefanoni José Luis 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSpatial information on the timing of forest cover loss is important to identify and map stand age, which is a key factor driving the recovery of carbon pools and can also be used to estimate aboveground biomass (AGB) based on its relationship with stand age. Here, we estimated the spatial distribution of stand age and AGB of young forest (<20 years) in three types of tropical dry forest in the Yucatan peninsula using Landsat NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) time series from 2000 to 2020. We estimated AGB based on chronosequence data and compared these results to reference field data and estimations obtained from remote‐sensing studies. The overall and user accuracy of the age map was high (95.7–99.9% and 87.35–98.5% respectively). However, lower producer accuracy values (from 31.2 to 67.2%) suggest an underestimation of the extension of young forests. We found a greater extent of young forests in the semi‐deciduous and deciduous forests compared to the semi‐evergreen ones. Mean AGB estimated from stand age (53.1 Mg ha−1) was lower than that estimated from remote‐sensing studies (67.5 to 95.2 Mg ha−1). These results indicate that spatial information of forest age can be accurately assessed from Landsat time series, and that the combination of stand age with chronosequence data can reduce the overestimation of AGB of recovering forests commonly found in remotely sensed data.
Synthesis and Promising Cytotoxic Activity of Betulonic Acid Modified Derivatives
Authors: Giniyatullina Gulnara V. , Petrova Anastasiya V. , Mustafin Akhat G. , Zileeva Zulfia R. , Kuzmina Ulyana Sh. , Vakhitova Yulia V. , Kazakova Oxana B. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a series of betulonic acid N‐methylpiperazinyl amide derivatives, especially holding C2‐nicotinoylidene/furfurylidene/fluorobenzylidene fragments, have been synthesized and evaluated for their cytotoxic activity against the NCI‐60 cancer cell line panel. N‐Methylpiperazinyl amide of betulinic acid 11 (GI50=0.49 μM for leukemia CCRF‐CEM cell line), 2‐(4‐pyridinoylidene)‐betulinic 9 and betulonic 14 acids (GI50=1.60 and 1.36 μM for colon cancer HCT‐116 cell line, respectively), as well as 2‐(furfurylidene)‐betulonic acid 16 (GI50=1.66 μM for melanoma LOX IMVI cell line) were found to be the lead compounds. The activity displayed for these compounds was higher than for the standard drug doxorubicin against colon cancer HCT‐15 and ovarian cancer NCI/ADR‐RES cell lines. Cell cycle analysis indicates that compound 11 promotes cytotoxic activity through the apoptosis induction both in conditionally normal (HEK293) and in cancer (A549, MCF‐7) cells, whereas compound 14 exhibits both cytostatic and cytotoxic activity, dependently on cell line evaluated. In particular, in HEK293 cells the compound 14 induces mainly apoptotic cell death, while in A549 and MCF‐7 cells cytostatic effect is dependent on cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Compounds 11 and 14 are promising molecules for future antitumor drug development.
Single‐Column‐Based Heck Coupling, Condensation and Alkylation Strategy: Synthesis of 2‐Benzoyl‐2‐alkyl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐inden‐1‐ones
Authors: Dorjay Lama Penang , Bhaskara Rao Latchipatula , Sreenivasulu Chinnabattigalla , Ravi Kishore Dakoju , Satyanarayana Gedu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAn efficient method for the synthesis of alkyl benzoyl indanonesviaa simple intermolecular Heck coupling followed by intramolecular condensation, and alkylation is presented. Notably, the strategy exhibited good substrate scope and enabled the synthesis of diverse alkyl substituted 1,3‐dicarbonyl products. Significantly, this protocol was successful using a single‐column purification technique.
In Situ Generated Crude Trithiocarbonate for Visible Light‐Mediated RAFT Polymerization of Acrylates**
Authors: Yang Qizhi , Yang Yili , Liu Wenli , Tian Wei , Xing Feiyue , Xiao Pu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractReversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) radical polymerization holds great promise in the design and massive production of functional polymeric materials. However, its practical application was restricted by the scale‐up production of chain transfer agents, the insufficient oxygen tolerance, and its environmental impact. In this work, a trithiocarbonate (TTC)‐based RAFT agent ethyl 2‐(((butylthio)carbonothioyl)thio)propanoate was synthesized in situ using shelf‐stable RAFT precursors, i. e., sodium n‐butyl trithiocarbonate (TTCS) and ethyl 2‐bromopropionate (EBrP). The crude product was then directly used in RAFT polymerization of acrylates under the irradiation of LED at 405 nm. First‐order polymerization kinetics was evidenced by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and size exclusion chromatography analysis. The measured molecular weights were close to the theoretical values and the dispersities of poly(tert‐butyl acrylate)s (PtBAs) are as low as 1.08, thanks to the light‐induced activation of the RAFT agent. Well‐defined PtBA is also obtained in the presence of air, due to the intrinsic catalytic behavior of TTC. The proposed method greatly simplifies the set‐up of RAFT polymerization without compromising its control for the polymerization. And it also contributes to reducing the cost and environmental impact of the RAFT polymerization, being promising for the industrialization of RAFT polymerization.