bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spinosad resistance in field populations of melon fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (Coquillett), in Hawaii
Authors: Hsu Ju‐Chun , Chou Ming‐Yi , Mau Ronald FL , Maeda Colby , Shikano Ikkei , Manoukis Nicholas C , Vargas Roger I 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDControl of Zeugodacus cucurbitae, a serious agricultural pest worldwide, often includes or is dependent on the use of spinosad‐based insecticides. This is especially the case in Hawaii, where GF‐120, a protein bait containing spinosad as the active ingredient, has been in use as a key integrated pest management (IPM) tool against this Tephritid for the last two decades. Here, we report on resistance to spinosad [resistance ratios (RRs) and median lethal concentration (LC50)] in Hawaii's populations of Z. cucurbitae.RESULTSHigh resistance was found in populations from three farms on Oahu (RR = 102–303; LC50 = 191–567 mg L–1) and in a population from Maui (RR = 8.50; LC50 = 15.9 mg L–1). These will be problematic for control given that the most concentrated dilution ratio on the GF‐120 label is 96 mg L–1 of spinosad (1 part GF‐120 to 1.5 parts water). Background resistance in a naïve wild population from the Island of Hawaii (RR = 2.73; LC50 = 5.1 mg L–1) was relatively low compared with a spinosad‐susceptible laboratory colony (LC50 = 1.87 mg L–1). Resistance in the three Oahu and one Maui populations declined over generations in the absence of spinosad but remained elevated in some cases. Moreover, melon flies collected from one of the Oahu farms 1 year after the cessation of spinosad use revealed high persistence of resistance.CONCLUSIONCompared with a 2008 survey of spinosad resistance, our findings indicate a 34‐fold increase in resistance on one of the Oahu farms over 9 years. The evolution and persistence of high levels of resistance to spinosad in Z. cucurbitae in Hawaii highlights the need for alternative control tactics, particularly rotation of active ingredients. © 2021 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Quantum Entanglement Among Multiple Memories for Continuous Variables
Authors: Yan Zhihui , Wu Liang , Jia Xiaojun , Xie Changde , Peng Kunchi 
Published: July 2021

AbstractQuantum network is constituted by quantum channels and quantum nodes. The interaction between non‐classical optical modes and quantum nodes, as well as quantum entanglement among multiple distant quantum nodes are the building blocks of quantum network, which enable to achieve a plethora of quantum information protocols, such as distributed quantum computation, quantum state transfer across quantum nodes, and quantum clock network. On one hand, the multipartite non‐classical states of optical modes, which can directly interact with atomic ensembles, are required for the practical applications of quantum network. On the other hand, a crucial goal of quantum network is to unconditionally generate and on‐demand store and retrieve multipartite entangled states in atomic ensembles. This paper presents an up‐to‐date review on recent developments in these areas: multipartite continuous‐variable polarization entangled optical modes have been created by transforming quantum state from quadrature into polarization components; and a scalable quantum network with deterministic entanglement among multiple quantum memories has been constructed by transferring spatially separated entangled optical modes into atomic ensembles.
Mechanobiology of the female reproductive system
Authors: Matsuzaki Sachiko 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundMechanobiology in the field of human female reproduction has been extremely challenging technically and ethically.MethodsThe present review provides the current knowledge on mechanobiology of the female reproductive system. This review focuses on the early phases of reproduction from oocyte development to early embryonic development, with an emphasis on current progress.Main findings (Results)Optimal, well‐controlled mechanical cues are required for female reproductive system physiology. Many important questions remain unanswered; whether and how mechanical imbalances among the embryo, decidua, and uterine muscle contractions affect early human embryonic development, whether the biomechanical properties of oocytes/embryos are potential biomarkers for selecting high‐quality oocytes/embryos, whether mechanical properties differ between the two major compartments of the ovary (cortex and medulla) in normally ovulating human ovaries, whether durotaxis is involved in several processes in addition to embryonic development. Progress in mechanobiology is dependent on development of technologies that enable precise physical measurements.ConclusionMore studies are needed to understand the roles of forces and changes in the mechanical properties of female reproductive system physiology. Recent and future technological advancements in mechanobiology research will help us understand the role of mechanical forces in female reproductive system disorders/diseases.
Characterizing some improperly posed problems in proportional‐derivative control
Authors: Méndez‐Barrios César‐Fernando , Niculescu Silviu‐Iulian , Martínez‐González Alejandro , Ramírez Adrián 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis article focuses on the root behavior of the characteristic function of some LTI SISO systems controlled by a PD‐control when a delay‐difference operator is used to approximate the derivative action. We will focus on the cases when the corresponding stability problem is improperly posed for “small” delay values. In this context, we will express the solutions of the corresponding characteristic function as power series and exploit their structure in deriving the asymptotic behavior of the characteristic roots. This analysis will allow detecting and explicitly characterizing the cases when delay‐difference approximations lead to improperly posed stability problems. Furthermore, in the case when the derivative approximation guarantees the properly posedness of the closed‐loop system, the robustness of the scheme with respect to the delay margin of the delay‐difference approximation and control gains parameters are explicitly addressed. More precisely, upper bounds on the delays as well as the robustness of the corresponding controller are computed. Some illustrative examples complete the presentation.
Estimating basis functions in massive fields under the spatial mixed effects model
Authors: Pazdernik Karl , Maitra Ranjan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSpatial prediction is commonly achieved under the assumption of a Gaussian random field by obtaining maximum likelihood estimates of parameters, and then using the kriging equations to arrive at predicted values. For massive datasets, fixed rank kriging using the expectation–maximization algorithm for estimation has been proposed as an alternative to the usual but computationally prohibitive kriging method. The method reduces computation cost of estimation by redefining the spatial process as a linear combination of basis functions and spatial random effects. A disadvantage of this method is that it imposes constraints on the relationship between the observed locations and the knots. We develop an alternative method that utilizes the spatial mixed effects model, but allows for additional flexibility by estimating the range of the spatial dependence between the observations and the knots via an alternating expectation conditional maximization algorithm. Experiments show that our methodology improves estimation without sacrificing prediction accuracy while also minimizing the additional computational burden of extra parameter estimation. The methodology is applied to a temperature dataset archived by the United States National Climate Data Center, with improved results over previous methodology.
Fe–Ni Alloy Nanoclusters Anchored on Carbon Aerogels as High‐Efficiency Oxygen Electrocatalysts in Rechargeable Zn–Air Batteries
Authors: Li Hong , Shu Xinxin , Tong Peiran , Zhang Jihui , An Pengfei , Lv Zhengxing , Tian He , Zhang Jintao , Xia Haibing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this work, Fe–Ni alloy nanoclusters (Fe–Ni ANCs) anchored on N, S co‐doped carbon aerogel (Fe–Ni ANC@NSCA catalysts) are successfully prepared by the optimal pyrolysis of polyaniline (PANI) aerogels derived from the freeze‐drying of PANI hydrogel obtained by the polymerization of aniline monomers in the co‐presence of tannic acid (TA), Fe3+, and Ni2+ ions. In addition, the optimal molar ratio of the TA, Fe3+, and Ni2+ ions for synthesis of Fe–Ni ANC@NSCA catalysts are 1:2:5, which can guarantee the formation of carbon aerogel composed of quasi‐2D porous carbon sheets and the formation of high‐density Fe–Ni ANCs with an ultrasmall size between 2 to 2.8 nm. These Fe–Ni ANCs consisting of N4–Fe–O–Ni–N4 moiety are proposed as a new type of active species for the first time, to the best of the authors’ knowledge. Thanks to their unique features, the Fe–Ni ANC@NSCA catalysts show excellent performance in oxygen reduction reaction with a half‐wave potential (E1/2) of 0.891 V and oxygen evolution reaction (260 mV @ 10 mA cm−2) in alkaline media as bifunctional catalysts, which are better than the state‐of‐the‐art commercial Pt/C catalysts and RuO2 catalysts. Moreover, Zn–air battery assembled with the Fe–Ni ANC@NSCA catalysts also shows a remarkable performance and exceptionally high stability over 500 h at 5 mA cm−2.
Tungsten Oxide/Reduced Graphene Oxide Aerogel with Low‐Content Platinum as High‐Performance Electrocatalyst for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Li Yi , Jiang Kaiyue , Yang Jing , Zheng Yuanyuan , Hübner René , Ou Zhaowei , Dong Xin , He Lanqi , Wang Honglei , Li Jian , Sun Yujing , Lu Xubing , Zhuang Xiaodong , Zheng Zhikun , Liu Wei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDesigning cost‐effective, highly active, and durable platinum (Pt)‐based electrocatalysts is a crucial endeavor in electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, the low‐content Pt (0.8 wt%)/tungsten oxide/reduced graphene oxide aerogel (LPWGA) electrocatalyst with excellent HER activity and durability is developed by employing a tungsten oxide/reduced graphene oxide aerogel (WGA) obtained from a facile solvothermal process as a support, followed by electrochemical deposition of Pt nanoparticles. The WGA support with abundant oxygen vacancies and hierarchical pores plays the roles of anchoring the Pt nanoparticles, supplying continuous mass transport and electron transfer channels, and modulating the surface electronic state of Pt, which endow the LPWGA with both high HER activity and durability. Even under a low loading of 0.81 μgPt cm−2, the LPWGA exhibits a high HER activity with an overpotential of 42 mV at 10 mA cm−2, an excellent stability under 10000‐cycle cyclic voltammetry and 40 h chronopotentiometry at 10 mA cm−2, a low Tafel slope (30 mV dec−1), and a high turnover frequency of 29.05 s−1 at η = 50 mV, which is much superior to the commercial Pt/C and the low‐content Pt/reduced graphene oxide aerogel. This work provides a new strategy to design high‐performance Pt‐based electrocatalysts with greatly reduced use of Pt.
A Feasible Strategy for Identifying Single‐Atom Catalysts Toward Electrochemical NO‐to‐NH3 Conversion
Authors: Niu Huan , Zhang Zhaofu , Wang Xiting , Wan Xuhao , Kuai Chunguang , Guo Yuzheng 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCombining NO removal and NH3 synthesis, electrochemical NO reduction reaction (NORR) toward NH3 is considered as a novel and attractive approach. However, exploring suitable catalysts for NO‐to‐NH3 conversion is still a formidable task due to the lack of a feasible method. Herein, utilizing systematic first‐principles calculations, a rational strategy for screening efficient single‐atom catalysts (SACs) for NO‐to‐NH3 conversion is reported. This strategy runs the gamut of stability, NO adsorbability, NORR activity, and NH3 selectivity. Taking transition metal atom embedded in C2N (TM‐C2N) as an example, its validity is demonstrated and Zr‐C2N is selected as a stable NO‐adsorbable NORR catalyst with high NH3 selectivity. Therefore, this work has established a theoretical landscape for screening SACs toward NO‐to‐NH3 conversion, which will contribute to the application of SACs for NORR and other electrochemical reactions.
LINT‐Web: A Web‐Based Lipidomic Data Mining Tool Using Intra‐Omic Integrative Correlation Strategy
Authors: Li Fengsheng , Song Jia , Zhang Yingkun , Wang Shuaikang , Wang Jinhui , Lin Li , Yang Chaoyong , Li Peng , Huang He 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLipidomics is a younger member of the “omics” family. It aims to profile lipidome alterations occurring in biological systems. Similar to the other “omics”, lipidomic data is highly dimensional and contains a massive amount of information awaiting deciphering and data mining. Currently, the available bioinformatic tools targeting lipidomic data processing and lipid pathway analysis are limited. A few tools designed for lipidomic analysis perform only basic statistical analyses, and lipid pathway analyses rely heavily on public databases (KEGG, Reactome, and HMDB). Due to the inadequate understanding of lipid signaling and metabolism, the use of public databases for lipid pathway analysis can be biased and misleading. Instead of using public databases to interpret lipidomic ontology, the authors introduce an intra‐omic integrative correlation strategy for lipidomic data mining. Such an intra‐omic strategy allows researchers to unscramble and predict lipid biological functions from correlated genomic ontological results using statistical approaches. To simplify and improve the lipidomic data processing experience, they designed an interactive web‐based tool: LINT‐web (http://www.lintwebomics.info/) to perform the intra‐omic analysis strategy, and validated the functions of LINT‐web using two biological systems. Users without sophisticated statistical experience can easily process lipidomic datasets and predict the potential lipid biological functions using LINT‐web.
Orientation and Wayfinding: Measuring Visibility
Authors: van Nes Akkelies , Yamu Claudia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, we explain how the analytical logic of space syntax is applied for visibility analysis. In the previous chapter, the focus was on presenting all public spaces as axial sightlines. The individual axial line is a one-dimensional (1D) representation of public space and is useful for analysing the interrelationship of public spaces on a citywidescale. At the neighbourhoodscale, a two-dimensional (2D) representation of spatial elements can be useful. In particular, the public realm, such as public squares, parks, and wide streets, benefits from a 2D spatial analysis with a visual field using araster-based as well as an all-line modelling approach. In order to explain visibility analysis in space syntax, we start with the well-known 2D geographical visibility analysis ‘isovist’ as a field of vision. We build upon and explain visibility point-depthanalysisand visual graph analysis. Further, we demonstrate how the simple point-depth calculations contribute to a theory on space and urban centrality. In addition, we discuss 3D isovists. Furthermore, we also demonstrate and discuss the use of the all-lineanalysis. Finally, we expound upon agent-based modelling. Exercises are provided at the end of this chapter.
Private and Public Space: Analysing Spatial Relationships Between Buildings and Streets
Authors: van Nes Akkelies , Yamu Claudia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, we discuss and demonstrate how to analyse the urban micro-spatial relationships between private and public spaces. These methods allow one to analyse intervisibility between buildingsandstreets, entrancedensity from buildings towards streets, streetconstitutedness, and the topological depth between private and public spaces. These urban micro-scaleanalyses are a quantification of Jane Jacob’s (1960) and Jan Gehl’s (1996) presumptions about the interrelation between streets and building entrances and windows. Exercises are provided at the end of this chapter.
Space Syntax Applied in Urban Practice
Authors: van Nes Akkelies , Yamu Claudia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, we discuss the application of space syntax in consultancyforurbanplanningdesign and practice. First, we present the scientific challenges to tying general understandings and theoriesto urban planning and design practice. Some elementary principles for communicating results from research and theories to practitioners are demonstrated. We further explain the principles for successful master planning and the principles for designing vital and safe public realms related to the use of space syntax. This is followed by a discussion on how to avoid common errors when planning for vital neighbourhoods and cities. We present examples from practice where space syntax has played a major role. These include regenerating Trafalgar Square in London, evaluating various proposals for a new road link in the Dutch city of Leiden, developing strategies for the whole province of North Holland, and densification strategies in the Norwegian town of Bergen. In the conclusion, we discuss major pitfalls when applying space syntax to urban design and planning projects in practice. Exercises are provided at the end of the chapter.
Teachers’ Perspective on Fostering Computational Thinking Through Educational Robotics
Authors: Chevalier Morgane , El-Hamamsy Laila , Giang Christian , Bruno Barbara , Mondada Francesco 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWith the introduction of educational robotics (ER) and computational thinking (CT) in classrooms, there is a rising need for operational models that help ensure that CT skills are adequately developed. One such model is the Creative Computational Problem Solving Model (CCPS) which can be employed to improve the design of ER learning activities. Following the first validation with students, the objective of the present study is to validate the model with teachers, specifically considering how they may employ the model in their own practices. The Utility, Usability and Acceptability framework was leveraged for the evaluation through a survey analysis with 334 teachers. Teachers found the CCPS model useful to foster transversal skills but could not recognise the impact of specific intervention methods on CT-related cognitive processes. Similarly, teachers perceived the model to be usable for activity design and intervention, although felt unsure about how to use it to assess student learning and adapt their teaching accordingly. Finally, the teachers accepted the model, as shown by their intent to replicate the activity in their classrooms, but were less willing to modify it or create their own activities, suggesting that they need time to appropriate the model and underlying tenets.
Exploring a Handwriting Programming Language for Educational Robots
Authors: El-Hamamsy Laila , Papaspyros Vaios , Kangur Taavet , Mathex Laura , Giang Christian , Skweres Melissa , Bruno Barbara , Mondada Francesco 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRecently, introducing computer science and educational robots in compulsory education has received increasing attention. However, the use of screens in classrooms is often met with resistance, especially in primary school. To address this issue, this study presents the development of a handwriting-based programming language for educational robots. Aiming to align better with existing classroom practices, it allows students to program a robot by drawing symbols with ordinary pens and paper. Regular smartphones are leveraged to process the hand-drawn instructions using computer vision and machine learning algorithms, and send the commands to the robot for execution. To align with the local computer science curriculum, an appropriate playground and scaffolded learning tasks were designed. The system was evaluated in a preliminary test with eight teachers, developers and educational researchers. While the participants pointed out that some technical aspects could be improved, they also acknowledged the potential of the approach to make computer science education in primary school more accessible.
Lattice regularisation and entanglement structure of the Gross-Neveu model
Authors: Roose Gertian , Bultinck Nick , Vanderstraeten Laurens , Verstraete Frank , Van Acoleyen Karel , Haegeman Jutho 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We construct a Hamiltonian lattice regularisation of the N-flavour Gross-Neveu model that manifestly respects the full O(2N) symmetry, preventing the appearance of any unwanted marginal perturbations to the quantum field theory. In the context of this lattice model, the dynamical mass generation is intimately related to the Coleman-Mermin-Wagner and Lieb-Schultz-Mattis theorems. In particular, the model can be interpreted as lying at the first order phase transition line between a trivial and symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phase, which explains the degeneracy of the elementary kink excitations. We show that our Hamiltonian model can be solved analytically in the large N limit, producing the correct expression for the mass gap. Furthermore, we perform extensive numerical matrix product state simulations for N = 2, thereby recovering the emergent Lorentz symmetry and the proper non-perturbative mass gap scaling in the continuum limit. Finally, our simulations also reveal how the continuum limit manifests itself in the entanglement spectrum. As expected from conformal field theory we find two conformal towers, one tower spanned by the linear representations of O(4), corresponding to the trivial phase, and the other by the projective (i.e. spinor) representations, corresponding to the SPT phase.
HEE and HSC for flavors: perturbative structure in open string geometries
Authors: Banerjee Avik , Bhattacharya Aranya , Maulik Sabyasachi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Introduction of electric field in the D-brane worldvolume induces a horizon in the open string geometry perceived by the brane fluctuations. We study the holographic entanglement entropy (HEE) and subregion complexity (HSC) in these asymptotically AdS geometries in three, four and five dimensions aiming to capture these quantities in the flavor sector introduced by the D-branes. Both the strip and spherical subregions have been considered. We show that the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy associated with the open string horizon, which earlier failed to reproduce the thermal entropy in the boundary, now precisely matches with the entanglement entropy at high temperatures. We check the validity of embedding function theorem while computing the HEE and attempt to reproduce the first law of entanglement thermodynamics, at least at leading order. On the basis of obtained results, we also reflect upon consequences of applying Ryu-Takayanagi proposal on these non-Einstein geometries.