bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Welfare Worked in the Early United States
Authors: Loiacono Gabriel J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
What was American welfare like in George Washington’s day? It was expensive, extensive, and run by local governments. Known as “poor relief,” it included much of what we would now call welfare and social work. Unlike other aspects of government, poor relief remained the same, in structure, between the establishment of British colonies in the 1600s and the New Deal of the 1930s. How Welfare Worked in the Early United States: Five Microhistories tells the story of poor relief through the lives of five people: a long-serving overseer of the poor, a Continental Army veteran who was repeatedly banished from town, a nurse who was paid by the government to care for the poor, an unwed mother who cared for the elderly and struggled to remain with her daughter, and a young paralyzed man trying to be a Christian missionary inside a poorhouse. Of Native, African, and English descent, these five Rhode Islanders’ life stories show how poor relief actually worked. For them and for millions, all over the United States, poor relief was both generous and controlling, local and yet largely uniform around the nation. Two centuries ago, Americans paid for—and relied on—an astonishing government system that provided food, housing, and medical care to those in need, while also shaping American families and where they could live. Students of history and of today’s social provision have much to learn about how welfare worked in the early United States.
Introduction
Authors: Loiacono Gabriel J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
These five stories tell how poor relief shaped Americans’ lives in the early United States. Although the five subjects were unique individuals, living in the local contexts of Rhode Island towns, their stories teach much about welfare around the country at the time. This is because nearly every American state inherited colonial laws based on the Elizabethan Poor Law of England. How Welfare Worked in the Early United States focuses on several aspects of how these laws were implemented. Some aspects are rarely discussed in other histories: the difficulty of financing this safety net, the prominence of healthcare in poor relief, the use of paupers as temporary workers, and the isolation of poorhouse inmates. Other aspects, described well in other histories, are carefully illustrated in these narrative-style biographies: the benevolent effects of poor relief, the economic stimulus of poor relief spending, and the racialized application of the poor laws.
Overseer of the Poor
Authors: Loiacono Gabriel J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The year George Washington was finishing his first term as president, 1792, William Larned was beginning his first term as overseer of the poor for Providence, Rhode Island. Larned would be reelected for another thirty-five one-year terms and arguably exercised more authority over locals than any president could. Larned’s long career in this little-known but powerful local government position illustrates several aspects of early American poor laws. Overseers of the poor could be lifesavers to locals in need. They could also upend lives, forcing families out of town. They controlled the largest portion of local tax dollars, which dwarfed state and federal tax levies from the individual taxpayer’s perspective. Overseers used these tax dollars to provide food, housing, healthcare, and other necessaries to people in need. An ancillary benefit was that these dollars also buoyed the incomes of local government relief contractors.
Warned Out
Authors: Loiacono Gabriel J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The freeborn son of an enslaved father and a free mother, Cuff Roberts’s life would be changed forever by the Revolutionary War. He served a five-year tour as part of the Continental Army, including at the Battle of Yorktown. As a veteran returning to Rhode Island, however, Roberts was not free to move around the country he helped make free. American poor laws, dating back to the seventeenth century, empowered Overseer of the Poor William Larned to repeatedly banish Roberts back to the town of Roberts’s birth. Roberts’s life would be shaped in powerful ways by American poor laws. Roberts helped local overseers by housing a needy neighbor, but came into conflict with other overseers over where he could live. After qualifying for a veterans’ pension, Roberts tried to make the life he wanted for his family in spite of the poor laws.
Epilogue
Authors: Loiacono Gabriel J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Much has happened in the history of welfare since 1850. The epilogue surveys these events, highlighting when they mark changes or continuities with the themes in the five chapters. Some innovations, such as increased involvement of state and federal governments in poor relief, were real changes in how poor relief was financed and governed. Other aspects of recent welfare will sound familiar to readers of the five chapters: debates over how to give humane, fair, and yet inexpensive aid, or efforts at governing families and unwed mothers. We still debate how welfare is best provided, and we do the important work of helping those in need. Knowing the ideas of those who debated welfare in the past, along with those who experienced it and those who made it happen, can give us perspective and courage for the work that still needs to be done.
The Dynamics of the Social Worker-Client Relationship
Authors: Walsh Joseph 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
While the effectiveness of direct social work practice always requires one’s competence in providing a variety of intervention modalities, outcomes are also dependent on the social worker’s ability to develop and maintain constructive relationships with clients. This book describes in depth the many ways that such relationships can be developed with clients who display a wide range of presenting problems in many types of social service agencies. Each chapter focuses on a particular challenge that social workers may encounter in that process, including the benefits and limitations of theory selection, boundaries, the use of self, the working alliance, relationship ruptures, special issues presented by children and adolescents, terminations and transfers, clients about whom a social worker experiences highly positive or negative feelings, the uses of touch and humor, working with psychotic clients, and the uses of technology. The book is filled with case studies written by students to illustrate how relationships can be formed and challenges can be resolved. The book is targeted to social work students in their field placements, although it can also be useful for practicing professionals.
Definitions and Theoretical Perspectives
Authors: Walsh Joseph 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter includes a definition of the social worker/client relationship and its significance to client goal attainment in many fields of practice. Next, the therapeutic effects of positive relationships that are common to all practice theories are summarized. Following this content are descriptions of how various prominent practice theories conceptualize the appropriate nature of that relationship, including the person-centered, psychodynamic (object relations, attachment, and relational approaches), narrative, behavioral, cognitive, crisis, and family systems approaches. Various obstacles to the development of productive relationships are identified, as well as environmental factors (including agency policies) that are both facilitative and detractive to those relationships.
Physical Contact in Relationships
Authors: Walsh Joseph 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Relationship encounters are characterized by both verbal and nonverbal behaviors, one of which is physical touch. Other than handshakes (perhaps), touch is considered in Western society to be a relatively intimate form of emotional expression, and as such tends to be used with caution. The potential benefits and dangers of non-erotic physical contact between social workers and their clients, including handshakes, hugs, holding hands, patting, and stroking, have been debated for decades. Some theorists and practitioners assert that touch, when done with discretion and consent, may promote a client’s positive change, while others caution that such contact, regardless of intent, risks being harmful to clients. The purposes of this chapter are to review the literature on the effects of physical contact between clients and practitioners on their working relationship and to provide 10 recommendations for social workers who consider engaging in such contact.
Introduction
Authors: Dukalskis Alexander 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Authoritarian states try to present a positive image of themselves abroad. They invest in foreign-facing media, retain public relations firms, and showcase their successes to elite and popular foreign audiences. But there is also a darker side to these efforts. Authoritarian states try to obscure or censor bad news about their governments and often discredit their critics abroad. In extreme cases, authoritarian states intimidate, physically attack, or even murder their opponents overseas. This book is about how authoritarian states manage their image abroad using both “promotional” tactics of persuasion and “obstructive” tactics of repression. They adopt these practices to enhance their internal and external regime security, or put differently, to make their world safe for dictatorship. This chapter introduces the main arguments, themes, and data of the book.
Selling Dictatorship and Silencing Dissent
Authors: Dukalskis Alexander 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a global, cross-national snapshot of two dimensions of authoritarian image management, one promotional and one obstructive. First, to capture primarily the “promotional” mechanisms of authoritarian image management, it presents data on public relations and lobbying by authoritarian states in the United States. Analysis of 113 filings from 33 countries active in 2018 and 2019 reveal a glimpse of what authoritarian states do with the tens of millions of dollars they invest in trying to cultivate a positive image of themselves in the United States. Second, to illustrate the “obstructive” side of authoritarian image management, the chapter presents and analyzes the Authoritarian Actions Abroad Database (AAAD). The AAAD reveals nearly 1,200 individual cases in which an authoritarian state attempted to threaten, attack, abduct, arrest, detain, or assassinate one or more of its citizens abroad perceived to be politically threatening.
Projecting Peace and Prosperity
Authors: Dukalskis Alexander 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter unpacks and assesses the Rwandan government’s authoritarian image management strategies under the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). As relatively small, and aid dependent for much of the period under analysis, Rwanda under the RPF had special incentives to pay attention to authoritarian image management as the latter entrenched its power domestically. Perhaps for this reason, the RPF has been an unusually successful authoritarian image manager in attaining regime security. After presenting a brief historical background, the chapter establishes how the RPF works to create a foundation on which to build its promotional image management efforts by obstructing outsider critics. Next, it discusses how part of Rwanda’s promotional strategy entails retention of public relations firms to burnish the image of the RPF and its leader Paul Kagame. Finally, the chapter turns to the most brazen element of the RPF’s image management, namely the intimidation and repression of critics abroad.
Introduction to Motives
Authors: Auerbach Brent 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 of Musical Motives provides a general introduction to the topic of motives. The etymology and origins of the word “motive” are briefly considered, along with its parallels to the “motifs” of visual art and architecture. A working definition for “motive” from Arnold Schoenberg (“the smallest part of a piece or section of a piece that, despite change and repetition, is recognizable as present throughout”) is presented in advance of more formal definitions to be presented in chapters 4–7. For the purposes of this study, motives are required “to move” and “to move listeners.” Analyses of excerpts from Sousa, Beethoven, and Mozart introduce readers to proper motivic identification and labeling technique.
A Brief History of Motives—Composition
Authors: Auerbach Brent 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 provides a brief history of the role of motives in Western music composition. Motive is posited as one of the several generative forces in music, alongside harmony, counterpoint, and form. Motive’s relative prominence is tracked in style periods of the last four centuries, with peak influence manifesting in the late Romantic and early twentieth-century periods. This changing role of motives is illustrated by a set of analyses of chronologically ordered pieces by Handel, Mozart, Brahms, Wagner, Holst, and Schoenberg. The musical examples, in addition to supporting the historical narrative, serve to introduce readers to the new conventions of nomenclature and rules motivic association that will be presented in detail in the methodology chapters of the book.
A History of Motives—Theory and Analysis
Authors: Auerbach Brent 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 provides a history of the role of motives in Western music theory and analysis. The first section covers 1600–1750 c.e., the last period in which motive remained in its conceptual prehistory. At that time, the preeminent musical structure was the “figure,” a passage of music that conveyed a single character. The second section covers 1750–1890, a period in which the influence of figures waned as authors began theorizing about the smaller musical cells that make melodies logical, pleasant, and memorable. The third section of the survey concentrates on the work of Arnold Schoenberg, the composer-theorist who did the most during that time to popularize motive-based views of music. The fourth section covers 1950 to 2010, a period marked by stark changes in how motive was conceived and handled in analysis. Specifically, motives in the late twentieth century underwent intense fragmentation, a “boiling away” of their elements, often leaving behind only pitch intervals and/or rhythms. The chapter closes with a rumination on past and present conventions of motive and motivic analysis, laying groundwork for the rules and conventions to follow in chapters 4–7, the methodology portion of Musical Motives.
A Universal Nomenclature for Pitch and Rhythm Motives
Authors: Auerbach Brent 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 proposes a universal nomenclature for pitch (and pitch-class) and rhythm motives. The system eschews nicknames and abstract letter variables in favor of more objective labels. In the domain of pitch and pitch-class, motives are characterized according to their interval content and their length in terms of “number of notes” (as opposed to their duration in time). These symbols may be supplemented by reference to certain iconic pitch shapes, such as “arpeggiation” and “neighbor” gestures. Altered typescripts are used to indicate pitch ascent versus descent, leaping or “gapped” motives, and chromatically filled motives. Two kinds of addition signs, signaling simple and elided addition, are prescribed for naming composite motives. In the domain of rhythm, a motive is first labeled according to its durations, which are assessed locally in relative terms as long (L), short (S), and medium (M). Sounding (note) events must always be accounted for; rest (silent) durations may be specified by parentheses or disregarded as the analyst sees fit. Extensions to the nomenclature exist to handle cases of subdivided rhythms and composite motives. Demonstrations of proper application of the nomenclature are provided throughout the chapter.
CMA Narrative Archetypes
Authors: Auerbach Brent 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This Interlude on the topic of narrative, the second of two, serves as the bridge between the sections on basic motivic analysis (BMA) and complex motivic analysis (CMA). Chapter 7, which formally presents CMA, will explore the ramifications of broadening the Focal Point entity to include domains beyond pitch and rhythm and permitting it to occur anywhere in the piece, not just at the beginning. These shifts necessitate a second set of narrative archetypes for modeling the flow of motivic material across a work. The dominant archetype from BMA, Propagation (BMA-1), occurs in CMA as well. Now, however, it may be deployed in hierarchic fashion across the large sections of a piece, with the central Focal Point radiating packets of material to section-controlling Local Points. Other novel CMA archetypes are proposed to document cases where Focal Point material occurs later within a work (Accretion narrative) or multiple times within a work (Cyclic narrative). Detailed schematic diagrams support the discussion of all CMA types. The chapter concludes with presentation of a summary chart of all BMA and CMA narratives.
Prologue
Authors: Sheehy Daniel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
What happens when an ethnographic, cultural relativistic approach to arts funding runs head-on into a “fine arts” approach governed by assumptions of excellence, appropriate targets of funding, and methods of distributing funds? This chapter, based on twenty-three years (1978–2000) working at the National Endowment for the Arts, will respond to this question through my personal conceptual and methodological challenges and experiences. When the National Endowment for the Arts and National Endowment for the Humanities were created in 1965, there was talk of creating a third endowment for folklore. This effort was unsuccessful, but it points to the belief at the time that American folk art traditions would not be well served by the federal endowments. There was much truth to this, as I and my colleagues regularly bumped into “glass ceilings and walls” that silently worked against us in supporting our field of hundreds of cultural traditions and thousands of art forms. My ethnomusicological training and experience were invaluable, not only in understanding the art forms and responding to their needs, but also understanding the biases of the institutional culture in which we were housed. At the same time, while certain aspects of my training at UCLA helped in navigating the waters of arts funding, much of the knowledge I applied to my work was learned “on the job” in extra-academic activities and mentorships rather than in university courses and seminars. This line of reflection will yield observations and recommendations to improve training and to increase ethnomusicology’s applicability and social and cultural relevance.
Sustainable Ethnomusicology
Authors: Corona León F. García 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Most ethnomusicological training requires fieldwork and lab techniques in which students gain technical skills related to the acquisition of data related to fieldwork. Although the work we do as ethnomusicologists sits at the forefront of gathering engaging, relevant content related to musical expressions, most ethnomusicologists are ill equipped in delivering their findings to a broader audience through the use of new media and post-production techniques such as video, sound, and image editing, web development, database administration, and network administration, among many others. Although plenty of literature about developing these skills exists as stand-alone instruction, in this essay I present a bird’s-eye view of content production from an ethnomusicological perspective, providing an understanding of not only content production but how intersects with revenue and ethnomusicological goals. I do so by sharing more than twenty years of experience as an IT specialist and consultant and by exploring some examples of content production at Smithsonian Folkways.
Inside the Insurgency
Authors: Sen Rumela 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the entangled historical narrative of the Maoist insurgency in India, its ideological origin, military strategy, organizational characteristics, recruitment mechanisms, and ties to the local communities, with particular emphasis on North-South variation in the dependent and independent variables that concern the book. It analyses the distinct social terrains on which rebels operated in the North and the South, despite being part of the same insurgent organization, united by one ideology and highly centralized command. This chapter also shows how pre-existing local conditions shape patterns and outcomes of insurgent mobilization, leading to robust informal exit networks in the South and scrawny ones in the North.
Rebel Retirement in the South through Harmonic Exit Networks
Authors: Sen Rumela 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows how grassroots civic associations that grew in the gray zone of state-insurgency interface in the South became sites of incubation of informal exit networks, which facilitate safe passage of Maoists from insurgency to democracy in Telangana. Based on the rebels’ account of the protracted process of retirement, this chapter also highlights, both empirically and theoretically, the various actors and processes in rebel retirement, including the operation of the two mechanisms of trust and side payment that help resolve the problem of credible commitment locally. This chapter shows that the militant mass mobilization by the Maoists in the South created conditions for vibrant associational life in the gray zones of the South, which allowed various actors and processes of rebel retirement to function and proliferate.
Exuberant Life
Authors: Durham William H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Why is Galápagos so endlessly fascinating, whether to read about, to visit, or both? Reasons include its menagerie of truly unusual organisms (like tree daisies, marine iguanas, and flightless cormorants), its relatively low human impact (most of its endemic biodiversity is still extant), and its unrivalled role in the history of science ever since Charles Darwin. Exuberant Life offers a contemporary synthesis of what is known about the evolution of the curiously wonderful organisms of Galápagos, of how they are faring in the tumultuous world of human-induced change, and how evolution can guide efforts today for their conservation. In eight case-study chapters, the book looks at each organism’s ancestry, at how and when it came to Galápagos, and how and why it changed since its arrival, all with an eye to its conservation today. Such analysis often provides surprises and suggestions not previously considered, like the potential benefits to joint conservation efforts with tree daisies and tree finches, for example, or ways that a new explanation for peculiar behaviors in Nazca and blue-footed boobies can benefit both species today. In each chapter, a social-ecological systems framework is used, because human influence is always present, and because it allows an explicit link to evolution. We see how the evolutionary fitnesses of Galápagos organisms are now a product of both ecological conditions and human impact, including climate change. Historically, Galápagos has played a central role in the understanding of evolution; what it now offers to teach us about conservation may well prove indispensable for the future of the planet.