bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children in Armed Conflict: A Human Rights Crisis in Somalia
Authors: Regilme Salvador Santino Jr. Fulo , Spoldi Elisabetta 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Despite the consolidated body of public international law on children’s rights and armed conflict, why do armed rebel groups and state forces deploy children in armed conflict, particularly in Somalia? First, due to the lack of alternative sources of income and livelihood beyond armed conflict, children join the army due to coercive recruitment by commanders of armed groups. Their participation in armed conflict generates a fleeting and false sense of material security and belongingness in a group. Second, many Somali children were born in an environment of existential violence and material insecurity that normalized and routinized violence, thereby motivating them to view enlistment in armed conflict as morally permissible and necessary for existential survival.
Theory vs practice: Patterns of the ASEAN-10 agri-food trade
Authors: Mizik Tamás 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
During the past decades, agricultural trade is enormously expanded. One of its driving factors is the World Trade Organization. However, regional agreements can give further trade opportunities for the participating countries. Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is one of them. This article aims to give a detailed overview of ASEAN members’ agri-food trade by using the world and regional level data. The country level competitiveness is calculated by four different Balassa-type indices and highlights whether the agri-food trade (practice) of these countries is in line with the revealed comparative advantages/competitiveness of the different product groups (theory). According to the results, commodities with the highest comparative advantages overlap with the most important export products. This confirms a tight connection between theory and practice. It should also be noted that world level values are generally higher than that of the regional levels. Moreover, countries with significant agri-food production (Thailand, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Malaysia) can be characterized by higher comparative advantages compared to the other ASEAN member states. These results can help to better understand these countries’ trade specialization and international trade performance.
Structures with BŪDAMAS: their semantics and morphosyntactic marking
Authors: Vaičiulytė-Semėnienė Loreta 
Published: March 2021

The paper discusses half-participle structures where the half-participle of būti (‘to be') functions as a copula. The discussion is based on extensive typological linguistic research and universal grammatical hierarchies. Such structures function as free secondary predicates: either as (a) depictives or as (b) circumstantial predicates, cf. (a) Kalanta mirtį pasirinko būdamas devyniolikmetis (‘Kalanta Nom [his] death Acc chose being Nom a nineteen-year old Nom'); (b) Būdamas mažas ganė gyvulius (‘Being Nom small Nom [=a child] [he] pastured herds Acc'). Typically, in unmarked cases, circumstantial predicates are used (but not confined to the position) before the main predicate thus constituting part of a sentence and (or) analytically. Depictives, however, tend to occur after the main predicate and are encoded as a bare case.
On place adverbials ČIA end TEN in East Aukštaitian Utena subdialect
Authors: Judžentytė Gintarė 
Published: March 2021

The article deals with one case of the usage of the adverbs of place čia and ten in East Aukštaitian Utena dialect (to be more precise, the dialect used at the boundary of North East Aukštaitian Vilnius and Utena). The aim of the article is to analyse the meanings of the adverbs of place čia and ten used in deictic situations on the basis of Karl Bühler's theory of deixis. The analysis of dialectal texts has revealed that: 1. Apart from the main meanings of ‘in this place' and ‘in a further place', in this sub-dialect the adverbs of place čia and ten, when accompanied by gestures, acquire other meanings: depending on which side the speaker is pointing to, they may refer to the right and the left side. This conclusion is based on the following reasons: a) in direct deixis, adverbs of place referring to the right and the left side are not necessary since the speaker may show to the objects seen by the interlocutor using his/her hand; b) in the case of imaginary deixis the addresser projects the reality from his own perspective, therefore in this situation čia and ten, when accompanied by gestures, may also mean both the right and the left side; c) in the case of anaphora adverbs čia and ten function as substitutes and may also refer to a place in either the left or the right side. 2. When adverbs čia and ten acquire the meanings of ‘right' and ‘left', the correlation of distance between them disappears: from the perspective of origo, they both refer to a place further, to the right or to the left. 3. Adverbs of place meaning left or right (dešinėj, dešinėjè, dešinėn, iš dešinės, po dešine, po dešinei, kairėj, kairėjè, kairėn, iš kairės, po kaire, po kairei) should be treated as deictic, because: a) they are used synonymously together with adverbs of place čia and ten accompanied by a gesture; b) they are directly related to origo, i.e. refer to a place in either one or the other side. 4. The studies carried out lead to a conclusion that the adverbs of place under investigation are used under the same linguistic circumstances in the Lithuanian language in general.
Languages used in the Vilniškiai subdialect
Authors: Kardelis Vytautas 
Published: March 2021

Based on the data collected during dialectological expeditions in 2009–2012 in the districts of Švenčionys, Ignalina and Utena, the article discusses the state of the languages used in the area under investigation. Since the expeditions were more of a pilot study type of research, the data provided in the article are preliminary and are indicative of possible guidelines for a further, comprehensive and thorough investigation.
With respect to the languages used, the whole region under investigation could be divided into the following areas:

Linguistically homogeneous or more or less homogeneous areas:

the area of dialectal language, marked by the usage of either the subdialect of Vilniškiai or Uteniškiai (the area of Labanoras–Ignalina–Salakas);
the areas of the variations of Slavic languages in which: a) Slavic language variations are dominant with minimal use of Lithuanian (area of Gaidė), b) there is some linguistic dynamics and change in linguistic attitudes (area of Bačkininkai).

Linguistically heterogeneous areas:

Slavic language variations are used together with partially non-dialectal Lithuanian, however, Slavic language variations dominate. These areas include the regions of Pabradė-Joniškis and Turmantas;
the dialect is used together with Slavic language variations, but the Lithuanian language is dominant (the dialect and partially non-dialectal language). This area encompasses Strūnaitis-Švenčionėliai, Didžiasalis, Neverėnai;
the dialect, Slavic language variations and non-dialectal Lithuanian are used (Svirkos-Adutiškis area).

This division could be useful for prospective sociolinguists and especially valuable in the research of language contacts; in addition, it may facilitate researchers in their choice of methodology for studies of this kind.
On the use of the adverbs of place ČIA and TEN in the area of Pabradė-Joniškis
Authors: Judžentytė Gintarė 
Published: March 2021

The article deals with one case of the meaning of the adverbs of place čia (‘here’) and ten (‘there’) in the area of Pabradė–Joniškis. The main goal of the article is to demonstrate that in deictic situations, the adverbs čia and ten acquire new meanings. The adverbs of place under consideration are analysed in four different deictic situations: in the case of direct deixis and in imaginary deixis, to be more precise, in its three types. The research has shown that the meanings of čia and ten in deictic situations change and this shift in meaning depends on the direction of the coordinate source (origo) that a subject/agent posits or identifies with.
The analysis of dialectal texts in the area of Pabradė–Joniškis has revealed that:
1. Apart from their main meanings of ‘in this place’ and ‘in that place’, based the usage of language in the area under analysis, the adverbs of place čia and ten, when accompanied by a gesture in a deictic situation acquire new meanings. Depending on the direction that the speaker is pointing to, they can mean the right or the left side, whereas if the speaker points directly, these words can obtain the meaning of ‘straight’.
a) When the adverbs čia and ten acquire the meanings of ‘right’ and ‘left’, the correlation of distance between them disappears, i.e. with respect to origo they both refer to a place that is further, to the right or to the left.
b) When the adverbs čia and ten acquire the meaning of ‘straight’, the distance correlation between them also disappears, i.e. from the point of view of origo they both refer to a place that is straight.
2. The most outstanding is the first type of imaginary deixis in the usage of these adverbs:
a) Since the conceptual space is transferred to the space between the interlocutors and they both understand that space as being proximal, in this situation the deictic ten is not used at all, i.e. only cases of the deictic čia are used.
b) Only in the first case of imaginary deixis does the deictic čia acquire a very unconventional meaning of distance. When used together with a deictic gesture, apart from the meaning of ‘in this place (between us)’, it could also mean ‘this distance’.
3.The analysis carried out has demonstrated that in the language of Pabradė–Joniškis area the deictic čia and ten acquire the same meanings as in the East Aukštaitian Utena subdialect.
The relation between the codification and actual usage of the preposition VIRŠ
Authors: Vaičiakauskienė Sonata 
Published: March 2021

The analysis of Lithuanian syntax phenomena shows that there are many inconsistencies in the actual usage of some cases and prepositions and the codified rules of grammar that apply to them. This article concentrates on the actual usage of the Lithuanian preposition virš (‘above’) over the last decade. Thus the aim of the article is to discuss the relation between the codified rules of grammar and the current use of the preposition virš and to provide some guidelines in relation to the specification of its codified rules. The analysis of the usage of virš reveals that this preposition is used to refer to some excess in quantity, weight, time, distance, property or characteristic as well as to some overbalance, especially in periodical press. Such usage of the preposition virš is quite frequent both in spoken and written language. Currently, such usage of virš is considered by language standardisers as avoidable or even unacceptable in standard language. Such attitudes of linguists are based on the fact that the usage of virš in the sense of excess is a result of the influence of Slavic languages and dialects. The data of the analysis suggest that the usage of the preposition virš is becoming more common not only due to the above-mentioned reason but also because of the similarity or even overlap between the meanings of constructions used to refer to excess that are standardised and those that are considered to be avoidable. Systemic characteristics of the usage of the preposition virš show that its usage in the sense of excess is not necessarily in conflict with the standard language system. As a result, the pervasive use of the preposition virš in the sense of excess suggests that with regard to language users’ habits but not conflicting with language systematicity, linguists should consider the possibility of standardising the usage of virš in the sense of ‘excess’. Certainly, before anything can be put forward, more research on the usage of the preposition virš has to be carried out.
Multifunctionality of the mental verbs MANYTI ‘think’, SUPRASTI ‘understand’, ŽINOTI ‘know’: epistemicity and pragmaticalization
Authors: Liauksminienė Justina 
Published: March 2021

The paper presents the results of the pilot study on the multifunctionality of the Lithuanian mental verbs manyti ‘think’, žinoti ‘know’ and suprasti ‘understand’. The study focuses on the first person singular present tense forms and imperative forms of the verbs and analyses their tendencies to function as markers of epistemicity or pragmatic markers in fiction. The data for the analysis have been taken from the Corpus of Contemporary Lithuanian Language (http://tekstynas.vdu.lt), namely the subcorpus of fiction. The analysis of the data reveals that out of the three Lithuanian mental verbs under consideration, the first person singular present tense form manau ‘I think’ is most frequently used as a marker of epistemicity. It expresses author’s judgement on the truth value of the proposition or source of information. It should be noted that individual imperative forms of the mental verbs have not fully lost their primary lexical meaning, yet they have been frequently found to function as pragmatic markers. The imperative forms of the verbs are used to establish and maintain a relationship with the interlocutor, introduce the opposite point of view, summarize the facts that were previously mentioned, boost or hedge the proposition. They exhibit such features as syntactic mobility, absence of the propositional meaning, and rise of pragmatic functions in discourse. Consequently, the forms under analysis may be comparable to sentence adverbs which modify the proposition rather than constitute a part of it.
Seven stages of Lithuanian dialectology
Authors: Kardelis Vytautas 
Published: March 2021

This article is a continuation of ongoing debate on the development of Lithuanian dialectology, the issues of which were first addressed and published in 2015. One of the key ideas expressed by the specialists of dialectology was a proposal to start the development of an extensive model of interests of Lithuanian dialectology. The model could encompass a historical approach, i.e. issues of the development of Lithuanian dialects, essential features of that development as well as the most significant empirical and methodological transformations. The second approach would focus on the perspectives of Lithuanian dialectology which can be placed on the basis of the existing model of interests in Lithuanian dialectology and specific studies carried out in the field. This article proposes a perspective-based plan of research into dialectology and attempts to suggest a tool to implement that plan. The article begins with several introductory remarks about the author’s view towards the existing state of Lithuanian dialectology. It could be briefly described in the following way: traditional dialectology: neogrammarian atomism (exclusive of the theory of dialectology) → structural dialectology: → phonology and natural morphology (inclusive of the theory of phonology and natural morphology but exclusive of the theory of structural dialectology) → the new dialectology: (inclusive of the theory of dialectology: geolinguistics and sociolinguistics, the dynamic socio-cognitive view). The proposed perspective-based plan of research consists of seven stages, namely: typological, varieties (lects) and variants, dialectometry, sociolinguistics and language contacts, perceptive, salience, and empirical. The article does not seek to describe each of the stages in great detail or to review extensive research literature existing on the aspects discussed above. The main aim of this article is to identify and discuss some research trends which are relatively new in Western linguistics and to suggest their application in Lithuanian dialectology. Perhaps this could initiate a discussion among Lithuanian and, possibly, foreign dialectologists working with Lithuanian and Slavic languages with regard to theoretical and methodological issues pertaining to dialectology research. Arguably, the foundation of such a prospective discussion was laid in the work “Lithuanian Dialects of the Early 21st Century: A Geolinguistic and Sociolinguistic Study. Maps and their Commentaries”. Hopefully, this review article will also contribute to the prospective discussions and motivate young researchers of dialects to embark on dialectology research by applying new trends in Lithuanian dialectology.
Verbal nouns abstracts with the suffix -imas / -ymas in the catechism of M. Petkevičius (1598): the formation and translation
Authors: Smetonienė Anželika 
Published: March 2021

The catechism of M. Petkevičius (1598) is the first book in Lithuanian language by Reformers in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the second book in Lithuanian language in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the first hymnal in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, however, there are only few studies of it. In this article verbal nouns abstracts, derivatives with suffix -imas / -ymas from verbs, are analysed. The aim is to determinate whether such abstract making type in the sixteenth century was most numerous, as is it today, and is some rare type of making such derivative abstracts recorded in the catechism of M. Petkevičius. Also, it was fond what Polish words were translated to Lithuanian language as verbal nouns abstracts. In order to achieve the aim, from the catechism of M. Petkevičius were elected all such abstracts: 220 different abstracts with suffix -imas / -ymas, that was used a total of 780 times. In conclusion it can be said that already in the catechism of M. Petkevičius derivatives from verbs with the suffix -imas / -ymas significantly prevails, although there are recorded a different pattern of verbal abstract derivatives (eg. mėgumas). Moreover, at the end of a sixteenth century the formation of verbal abstracts with suffix -imas / -ymas was established and little different from the formation of such abstracts in the current Lithuanian language. Also, there is some correlation between most numerous verbal noun formation type (-imas / -ymas derivatives) in the Lithuanian language and most numerous verbal noun formation type (-anie, -enie, -cie derivatives) in the Polish language: all Polish nomina actionis with suffixes -anie, -enie, -cie were translated to the Lithuanian language as verbal abstracts with suffix -imas / -ymas.
Lithuanian temporal adverbials: position in the system of temporal expressions and a review of semantic research
Authors: Makauskaitė Indrė 
Published: March 2021

Expression of time is an important field in linguistic research. In Lithuanian linguistics, the study of time has focused first and foremost on tense and aspect systems. Therefore, Lithuanian language has developed a big diversity of means to encode time, e.g. noun cases (vasarą ‘in summer’) and noun phrases (liepos vakarą ‘in July evening’), prepositional phrases (po darbo ‘after work’), adverbs (netrukus ‘soon’), subordinate clauses (kai nustos lyti ‘when it stops raining’). All of them despite their different grammatical status are suggested to be called temporal adverbials. ‘Adverbial’ is a quite new notion in Lithuanian linguistics, it was first presented in the studies of stance adverbials but is also convenient in the field of linguistic expression of time. The purpose of the paper is to demonstrate the necessity of distinguishing a semantic-functional class of temporal adverbials in Lithuanian linguistics and to show their position in the system of means that encode time. The second part of the paper presents a few semantic models of the temporal adverbials made by foreign linguists and the semantic research of Lithuanian temporal means that should be regarded as temporal adverbials.
What does say these forms as VALGU or ŽINĖJAU, created by foreign speakers
Authors: Ramonaitė Jogilė Teresa 
Published: March 2021

This paper focuses on Lithuanian L2 verb forms that do not exist in the target language. The data is drawn from the Lithuanian L2 corpus and includes spontaneous speech data by 17 speakers of different L1s and all three acquisition varieties (pre-basic, basic and post-basic). The non-existent verb forms make only a small part of the overall verb forms used, however, when distinguished from occasional mistakes, the forms that indicate grammatical development that are analysed show notable systematicity among different speakers. Five distinct and most frequent formants are analyzed in detail, namely -u, -a, -o, -(i)au, ė, that are used by several speakers with seemingly similar function. The analysis reveals specific functions and discusses different factors that have an effect on the acquisition of these formants. In many cases frequency is an important factor, however, with formants -u and -ė transparency and regularity seem to have a stronger effect and thus facilitate the acquisition. Formant -a, being nearly the most common and extremely multifunctional (i.e. rather unmarked), is incorporated into the system firstly as part of the base form and holds this position till a very advanced stage of Lithuanian L2 acquisition. Verb stem type also has an effect with the regularly suffixed verbs being acquired the easiest, while the mixed type and the primary ones cause many difficulties for the speakers. Overall, the systematicity discovered shows the creative structuring of the interlanguage that only occurs more actively in the post-basic variety of acquisition.
Bavarian geographer's Prissani and (Old) Prussians
Authors: Ardoino Diego 
Published: March 2021

It is a widespread opinion in literature that the ethnonym Prussians is first encountered as the form Bruzi in a short Latin manuscript headed Descriptio civitatum et regionum ad septentrionalem plagam Danubii. Indeed among the 58 tribes listed in the Bavarian Geographer's Descriptio there is another ethnonym, Prissani, which formally could be compared with the (Old) Prussians. On the base of the context in which the ethnonym is attested, of a thorough philological and linguistic examination of it and of onomastic data, the paper states that a) Prissani were probably settled in Moravia or not far from it, namely next to the region in which the Bavarian Geographer located the Bruzi; b) it is likely that Bruzi ir Prissani are corradicals and show different Latin ethnonym-forming suffixes; c) Bruzi and Prissani indicate the same tribe or two different groups of the same tribe; d) Bruzi and Prissani in the early Middle Ages have moved to the north, along the Vistula, from Moravia and the region located between the Rhine and the Enns rivers to the Prussia; e) we cannot say whether Bruzi and Prissani were really Balts or not.