bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Uzawa differs from Lucas
Authors: Sasakura By Kazuyuki 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Uzawa–Lucas model is a benchmark model in endogenous growth theory. But Lucas is so influential that the Uzawa–Lucas model is virtually the Lucas model. This article distinguishes between the Uzawa model and the Lucas model, and examines the Uzawa model in detail for the first time. It is certainly true that the two models have much in common. However, there are also important differences. Economically, in the Uzawa model, people choose between working in the production sector and working in the education sector, whereas in the Lucas model people choose between working in the production sector and not working in order to go to school. Mathematically, the potentially maximum growth rate must be smaller than the rate of time preference (less population growth) in the former, whereas the opposite must hold in the latter. This means that the two models are not applicable to the same economy.
A cluster of atypical resistance genes in soybean confers broad-spectrum antiviral activity
Authors: Yan Ting , Zhou Zikai , Wang Ru , Bao Duran , Li Shanshan , Li Aoga , Yu Ruonan , Wuriyanghan Hada 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSoybean mosaic virus (SMV) is a severe soybean (Glycine max) pathogen. Here we characterize a soybean SMV resistance cluster (SRC) that comprises five resistance (R) genes. SRC1 encodes a Toll/interleukin-1 receptor and nucleotide-binding site (TIR-NBS [TN]) protein, SRC4 and SRC6 encode TIR proteins with a short EF-hand domain, while SRC7 and SRC8 encode TNX proteins with a noncanonical basic secretory protein (BSP) domain at their C-termini. We mainly studied SRC7, which contains a noncanonical BSP domain and gave full resistance to SMV. SRC7 possessed broad-spectrum antiviral activity toward several plant viruses including SMV, plum pox virus, potato virus Y, and tobacco mosaic virus. The TIR domain alone was both necessary and sufficient for SRC7 immune signaling, while the NBS domain enhanced its activity. Nuclear oligomerization via the interactions of both TIR and NBS domains was essential for SRC7 function. SRC7 expression was transcriptionally inducible by SMV infection and salicylic acid (SA) treatment, and SA was required for SRC7 triggered virus resistance. SRC7 expression was posttranscriptionally regulated by miR1510a and miR2109, and the SRC7-miR1510a/miR2109 regulatory network appeared to contribute to SMV–soybean interactions in both resistant and susceptible soybean cultivars. In summary, we report a soybean R gene cluster centered by SRC7 that is regulated at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels, possesses a yet uncharacterized BSP domain, and has broad-spectrum antiviral activities. The SRC cluster is special as it harbors several functional R genes encoding atypical TIR-NBS-LRR (TNL) type R proteins, highlighting its importance in SMV–soybean interaction and plant immunity.
Evaluation of mitochondrial dysfunction due to oxidative stress in therapeutic, toxic and lethal concentrations of tramadol
Authors: Mohammadnejad Leila , Soltaninejad Kambiz , Seyedabadi Mohammad , Ghasem Pouri Seyed Khosro , Shokrzadeh Mohammad , Mohammadi Hamidreza 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTramadol (TR) is a centrally acting analgesic drug that is used to relieve pain. The therapeutic (0.1–0.8 mg/l), toxic (1–2 mg/l) and lethal (&gt;2 mg/l) ranges were reported for TR. The present study was designed to evaluate which doses of TR can induce liver mitochondrial toxicity. Mitochondria were isolated from the five rats’ liver and were incubated with therapeutic to lethal concentrations (1.7–600 μM) of TR. Biomarkers of oxidative stress including: reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein carbonyl content, glutathione (GSH) content, mitochondrial function, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and mitochondrial swelling were assessed. Our results showed that ROS and LPO at 100 μM and protein carbonylation at 600 μM concentrations of TR were significantly increased. GSH was decreased specifically at 600 μM concentration. Mitochondrial function, MMP and mitochondrial swelling decreased in isolated rat liver mitochondria after exposure to 100 and 300 μM, respectively. This study suggested that TR at therapeutic and toxic levels by single exposure could not induce mitochondrial toxicity. But, in lethal concentration (≥100 μM), TR induced oxidative damage and mitochondria dysfunction. This study suggested that ROS overproduction by increasing of TR concentration induced mitochondrial dysfunction and caused mitochondrial damage via Complex II and membrane permeability transition pores disorders, MMP collapse and mitochondria swelling.
Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine System for Endometrial Hyperplasia
Authors: Mittermeier Theresa , Farrant Charlotte , Wise Michelle R. 
Published: November 2021

(Abstracted from Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020;9(9):CD012658)
Endometrial hyperplasia (EH) is a histological diagnosis of excessive production of cells in the endometrium that represents a precursor in the development of endometrial cancer (EC), the sixth most common cancer in women globally. Obesity is the leading risk factor for both EH and EC in premenopausal women with abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB).
Analysis of Patient-reported Outcomes Measures Used in Lumbar Fusion Surgery Research for Degenerative Spondylolisthesis
Authors: Ravishankar Pavitra , Winkleman Robert , Rabah Nicholas , Steinmetz Michael , Mroz Thomas 
Published: November 2021

Study Design:
Meta-analyses.

Objective:
This study aims to document the most common Patient-reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) used to assess lumbar fusion surgery outcomes and provide an estimate of the average improvement following surgical treatment.

Summary of Background Data:
As health care institutions place more emphasis on quality of care, accurately quantifying patient perceptions has become a valued tool in measuring outcomes. To this end, greater importance has been placed on the use of PROMs. This is a systemic review and meta-analysis of randomly controlled trials published between 2014 and 2019 assessing surgical treatment of degenerative spondylolisthesis.

Methods:
A fixed effect size model was used to calculate mean difference and a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Linear regression was used to calculate average expected improvement, adjusted for preoperative scores.

Results:
A total of 4 articles (7 study groups) were found for a total of 444 patients. The 3 most common PROMs were Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) (n=7, 100%), Short-Form-12 or Short-Form-36 (SF-12/36) (n=4, 57.1%), and visual analog scale-back pain (n=3, 42.8%). Pooled average improvement was 24.12 (95% CI: 22.49–25.76) for ODI, 21.90 (95% CI: 19.71–24.08) for SF-12/36 mental component score, 22.74 (95% CI: 20.77–24.71) for SF-12/36 physical component score, and 30.87 (95% CI: 43.79–47.97) for visual analog scale-back pain. After adjusting for preoperative scores, patients with the mean preoperative ODI (40.47) would be expected to improve by 22.83 points postoperatively.

Conclusions:
This study provides a range of expected improvement for common PROMs used to evaluate degenerative spondylolisthesis with the goal of equipping clinicians with a benchmark value to use when counseling patients regarding surgery. In doing so, it hopes to provide a comparison point by which to judge individual patient improvement.

Level of Evidence:
Level II.
Trends in rectal cancer incidence, relative survival, and mortality in Denmark during 1978–2018
Authors: Urbute Aivara , Sand Freja L. , Belmonte Federica , Iversen Lene H. , Munk Christian , Kjaer Susanne K. 
Published: November 2021

Objective
Rectal cancer is common in developed countries, though incidence varies globally. We assessed time trends in incidence, relative survival and mortality in Denmark.

Methods
Rectal cancer cases (N = 50 461) diagnosed in 1978–2018 were identified in the Danish Cancer Registry. We calculated age-standardized incidence rates, overall and according to sex and age. Average annual percentage changes (AAPC) were estimated using Poisson regression. We estimated 5-year relative survival and evaluated the effect of age, calendar year of diagnosis, sex and stage of disease on mortality using the Cox proportional hazards model.

Results
The incidence of rectal cancer tended to decrease in all age groups and both sexes during 1978–1997, but increased since 1998, more in men (AAPC = 2.05%; 95% CI,1.80; 2.31) than in women (AAPC = 0.99%; 95% CI,0.68; 1.30). It increased in men until 79 years and in women up to 59 years. Mortality decreased over time when adjusting for age, stage and sex. Overall, men had the highest 5-year mortality after adjusting for age, calendar period and stage. Five-year relative survival improved (1978–2018) for all stages. Initially, the overall 5-year relative survival tended to be better for women, but in recent years, it has been similar in both sexes.

Conclusion
Incidence of rectal cancer increased in the last two decades, most markedly in women 59 years and younger. Mortality decreased when adjusting for age and stage. Relative survival improved over time more for men than for women, so in recent years, it has been virtually identical in men and women.
Disparities in Kangaroo Care for Premature Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Brignoni-Pérez Edith , Scala Melissa , Feldman Heidi M. , Marchman Virginia A. , Travis Katherine E. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT:

Objective:
The aim of this study was to investigate whether preterm infants whose families have lower socioeconomic status (SES) or communicate with clinical staff in a language other than English experience differences in the rate, frequency, and duration of kangaroo care (KC) in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) compared with preterm infants of higher SES or primarily English-speaking families.

Methods:
Participants were infants born <32 weeks' gestational age (GA), N = 116. We defined SES by the infants' health insurance (private/higher vs public/lower) and language by the language mothers used to communicate with clinical staff (English vs Other language). SES or language groups were compared on (1) rate of KC infants experienced during hospitalization per visitation days, (2) frequency of KC per visitation days, and (3) duration of KC events per day.

Results:
Infants in the lower SES and Other language groups experienced KC in reduced amounts, lower frequencies, and shorter durations than infants in either the higher SES or English language groups. SES and language group differences remained significant after controlling for family visitation and GA at birth. After controlling for SES, language group differences in KC duration remained significant.

Conclusion:
Our findings revealed disparities in the rate, frequency, and duration of KC experienced in the NICU as a function of both SES and language. Such disparities reduced infants' access to this developmental care practice shown to stabilize clinical status and promote neurodevelopment. We recommend that hospital nurseries implement policies that minimize these disparities.
Characteristics of Lower Extremity Infection Rates Following Mohs Micrographic Surgery
Authors: Niklinska Eva B. , Hicks Alexander , Wheless Lee , Hanlon Allison 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND
Surgical site infection (SSI) is the most common complication for Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS). Lower extremity surgical sites are at an increased risk for developing SSI.

OBJECTIVE
This study aimed to evaluate lower extremity SSI rates post-MMS based on closure type and antibiotic usage.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
A retrospective review was performed of all lower extremity MMS cases from 2011 to 2016 at Vanderbilt University Medical Center. Patient history, surgical details, and follow-up appointments were reviewed.

RESULTS
Six hundred twenty MMS lower extremity surgeries were eligible. Review identified an overall lower extremity SSI rate of 7.4%. Infection rates were significantly increased in wound closed by flaps/grafts (p < .001). Although wound size and preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis were initially associated with increased infection rate (p = .03, p = .015), the associations were fully attenuated when adjusting for closure type.

CONCLUSION
More complicated repair techniques (flap/graft) for larger wound sizes contribute to increased SSI risk among lower extremity MMS cases. Providers can use this information to guide antibiotic prophylaxis.
MORPHOLOGIC AND ANATOMICAL FEATURES OF TYPE 1 MACULAR NEOVASCULARIZATION TRUNKS IN AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION USING OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY
Authors: Choi Kwang-Eon , Kim Seong-Woo , Yun Cheolmin , Oh Jaeryung 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
To evaluate the morphologic features of macular neovascularization (MNV) trunks at different layers using optical coherence tomography angiography.

Methods:
Type 1 MNV trunks in age-related macular degeneration were retrospectively evaluated at the subretinal pigment epithelium and sub-Bruch membrane (subBM) layers. The detectability and location of the trunks were compared. MNV trunks at the subBM layer on optical coherence tomography angiography B-scans were evaluated using a flow overlay. The correlations of the MNV trunk with optical coherence tomography angiography and optical coherence tomography parameters were evaluated.

Results:
Among the 63 included eyes, 27 showed core vessels at the subretinal pigment epithelium layer and 52 showed MNV trunks at the subBM layer, which were connected with the MNV at the subretinal pigment epithelium layer. The locations of the MNV trunks in each layer were different. MNV trunk types at the subBM layer were related to disease duration, distance from the large choroidal vessels, and MNV vessel density. The large choroidal vessel diameter was correlated with the MNV trunk diameter at the subBM layer.

Conclusion:
Macular neovascularization trunks at the subBM layer were detected more frequently than distal MNV trunks at the subretinal pigment epithelium layer. Macular neovascularization trunk features at the subBM layer may be related to disease duration and a large choroidal vessel.
Recent developments in anterior capsulotomy for cataract surgery
Authors: Abbas Anser A. , Bu Jennifer J. , Chung Jinkwon , Afshari Natalie A. 
Published: November 2021

Purpose of review
Successful anterior capsulotomy is an important step in cataract surgery. This article reviews the various anterior capsulotomy techniques available to surgeons to optimize the step, including those that have become available since the introduction of femtosecond-laser-assisted cataract surgery (FLACS). Studies comparing the relative advantages of each technique will be emphasized.

Recent findings
Manual continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis (CCC) and FLACS remain the two most widely studied techniques for achieving anterior capsulotomy. Each technique has been shown to be effective for a wide range of patients and cataract surgery complications. Meta-analyses have shown that FLACS provides similar results to manual CCC for long-term cataract surgery outcomes. Several alternative methods for anterior capsulotomy have been described, which aim to provide some of the advantages of laser capsulotomy at a lower cost; among these, precision pulse capsulotomy (PPC) and selective laser capsulotomy (SLC) have been investigated the most in the literature so far.

Summary
Cataract surgeons have an increasing number of techniques for anterior capsulotomy available. Manual CCC and FLACS remain the most widely used, and most well studied. The latest techniques, PPC and SLC, have shown promise in the few studies performed since they were introduced.
Efficient use of ultrasound in cataract surgery
Authors: Bu Jennifer J. , Chung Jinkwon , Afshari Natalie A. 
Published: November 2021

Purpose of review
Modern phacoemulsification machines apply ultrasound through a variety of settings and parameters to remove a cataract. Using these new technologies efficiently is critical for both reducing surgical times and improving postoperative outcomes. The present article reviews recent findings in phacodynamics to explore the optimum use of ultrasound in cataract surgery.

Recent findings
In studies seeking to determine the optimum parameters in both fluidics and power, increased power and aspiration does not necessarily equate to more efficiency. New developments, such as torsional ultrasound, micropulse, and burst mode have shown increased efficiency in randomized control trials and in-vitro compared with conventional ultrasound. Regarding vacuums, the venturi pump has demonstrated greater efficiency compared with the peristaltic pump. We also explore other parameters, such as chamber pressure and tip selection. Meta-analyses on femtosecond-laser assisted cataract surgery (FLACS) have shown similar long-term visual outcomes compared to conventional cataract surgery.

Summary
Though conventional cataract surgery remains highly effective, surgeons have increasing options for customizing their ultrasound settings and phacoemulsification techniques.
Efficacy of omega-3-rich Camelina sativa on the metabolic and clinical markers in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Musazadeh Vali , Dehghan Parvin , Khoshbaten Manouchehr 
Published: November 2021

Objective
Recently, omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants co-supplementation was considered as alternative treatment in the management of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This trial evaluated effects of Camelina sativa oil (CSO) as a rich source of omega-3 fatty acids and antioxidants on anthropometric indices, lipid profile, liver enzymes, and adiponectin in NAFLD patients.

Participants and methods
This triple-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial was conducted on 46 NAFLD patients who were randomly assigned to either a CSO supplement or placebo for 12 weeks. Both groups received a loss weight diet. Levels of liver enzymes, adiponectin, lipid profile, atherogenic index, and anthropometric indices were assessed for all patients at baseline and post-intervention.

Results
CSO caused significant differences in weight, BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, triglyceride, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), TC/HDL-c, LDL-c/HDL-c, atherogenic index, alanine aminotransferase, and adiponectin concentrations in the CSO group compared with the placebo group (P < 0.046 for all). No significant differences were found in hip circumference, neck circumference, HDL-c, and other liver enzymes in the CSO group compared with the placebo group (P = 0.790, P = 0.091, P = 0.149, P < 0.159 for liver enzymes, respectively).

Discussion and conclusion
This study showed that CSO supplementation for 12 weeks causes significant changes in all of anthropometric indices (except hip circumference and neck circumference), ALT, lipid profile (except HDL-c), atherogenic index, and adiponectin in NAFLD patients.
Structural Stigma and Sexual Health Disparities Among Gay, Bisexual, and Other Men Who Have Sex With Men in Australia
Authors: Saxby Karinna , Chan Curtis , Bavinton Benjamin R. 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Discrimination and stigmatization at the institutional and sociocultural level (conceptualized as “structural stigma”) has been associated with adverse health outcomes among sexual and gender minorities. However, few studies explore whether structural stigma is associated with sexual health outcomes. Addressing this gap, here, we explore this relationship among Australian gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (GBM)—a population disproportionately affected by HIV.

Setting and Methods:
Using responses from the 2017 Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey, we operationalized structural stigma related to sexual minority status as the regional percentage of votes against legalizing same-sex marriage. These responses were then linked to national HIV behavioral surveillance data from Australian GBM (43,811 responses between 2015 and 2019). Controlling for a rich set of individual and regional level confounders, regression analyses were used to estimate the extent to which structural stigma was associated with testing for, and diagnoses of, HIV and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and awareness and use of HIV prevention and treatment interventions (pre-exposure and postexposure prophylaxis, combination therapy, and HIV-related clinical care).

Results:
Australian GBM living in regions with higher levels of structural stigma were less likely to undergo HIV/STI testing, receive HIV/STI diagnoses, and be taking, or aware of, biomedical prevention strategies. Among GBM living with HIV, structural stigma was associated with a reduced likelihood of being on combination therapy and fewer HIV-related clinical visits.

Conclusions:
Altogether, these results suggest that structural stigma may undermine HIV prevention strategies as well as adequate management of HIV infection among GBM.
A Systems-Based Morbidity and Mortality Conference Was Associated With a Transient Reduction in ECG Completion Times
Authors: Levy Andrew E. , Whittington Melanie D. , Anstett Tyler J. , Simon Steven T. , Wentworth Allen , Carter James E. , Ho P. Michael 
Published: November 2021

Background and Objectives:
During its monthly morbidity and mortality conference (MMC), the University of Colorado Division of Cardiology reviewed a “near-miss” patient safety event involving the delayed completion of a Stat-priority (ie, statim, meaning high priority) electrocardiogram (ECG). Because critical and interprofessional stakeholders participated in the conference, we hypothesized that the MMC would be associated with reduced ECG completion times.

Methods:
Data were collected for in-hospital ECGs performed at the University of Colorado Hospital between January 1, 2017, and June 30, 2018. An interrupted time series analysis was used to estimate the immediate and ongoing impact of the MMC (held on February 28, 2018) on ECG completion times, stratified by order priority (Stat, Now, or Routine). The percentage of delayed Stat-priority ECGs was analyzed as a secondary outcome.

Results:
Before the MMC, ECG completion times were stable for all order priorities (P > .2), but the proportion of delayed Stat-priority ECGs increased from 5% in January 2017 to 20% in February 2018 (P < .01). The MMC was associated with an immediate reduction in average daily ECG completion times for Routine (−18.4 minutes, P = .03) and Now (−8 minutes, P = .024) priority ECGs. No reduction was seen for Stat ECGs (P = .97), though the percentage of delayed Stat ECGs stopped increasing (P = .63). In the post-MMC period, completion times for Routine-priority ECGs increased and approached pre-MMC levels.

Conclusions:
The MMC was associated with an immediate, but temporary, improvement in ECG completion times. Although the observed clinical benefit of the MMC is novel, these data support the need for more durable reforms to sustain initial improvements.