bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rectal Chlamydia trachomatis Infection: A Narrative Review of the State of the Science and Research Priorities
Authors: Khosropour Christine M. , Dombrowski Julia C. , Vojtech Lucia , Patton Dorothy L. , Campbell Lee Ann , Barbee Lindley A. , Franzi Michaela C. , Hybiske Kevin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is the most commonly reported infection in the United States. Most chlamydial research to date has focused on urogenital infection, but a growing body of research has demonstrated that rectal chlamydia is a relatively common infection among clinic-attending men and women. We know that most rectal CT infections are asymptomatic, but the health implications of these infections, particularly for women, are unclear. In addition, there are key knowledge gaps related to the epidemiologic parameters of rectal chlamydia, the routes of acquisition, the duration of infection, and the clinical significance of a positive rectal CT test result. This lack of information has led to a blind spot in the potential role of rectal chlamydia in sustaining high levels of CT transmission in the United States. Furthermore, recent findings from animal models suggest that the immune response generated from gastrointestinal chlamydial infection can protect against urogenital infection; however, it remains to be determined whether rectal chlamydia similarly modulates anti-CT immunity in humans. This is a critical question in the context of ongoing efforts to develop a CT vaccine. In this narrative review, we summarize the state of the science for rectal chlamydia and discuss the key outstanding questions and research priorities in this neglected area of sexual health research.
Identifying Sexually Transmitted Infection Risk Groups Based on Behavioral and Psychological Characteristics Among Heterosexuals During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: van Wees Daphne A. , Godijk Noortje G. , den Daas Chantal , Kretzschmar Mirjam E.E. , Heijne Janneke C.M. 
Published: September 2021

Background
Measures to reduce coronavirus disease (COVID-19) transmission may impact sexual health. We aimed to examine the impact of COVID-19 on sexual behavior and sexually transmitted infection (STI) testing and to characterize individuals who were at high STI risk.

Methods
Dutch heterosexual males and females who participated in a cohort study in 2016 to 2018 were invited to fill out 2 questionnaires again in 2020 (age, 21–28 years). We used behavioral and psychological data from: prelockdown (September 2019 to February 2020), lockdown (March to May 2020), and postlockdown (June to August 2020). Behavior change was compared between subgroups identified with latent class analysis.

Results
Four latent classes were identified (n = 238). Individuals in class 1 (48% of study population) and class 2 (36%) were at low STI risk and reported mostly steady partnerships. Individuals in class 3 (9%) and class 4 (7%) reported multiple casual partners prelockdown. Class 4 was characterized by lower condom use and health goals, negative infection prevention attitudes, and higher impulsiveness compared with class 3. Furthermore, same/increased partner numbers during lockdown (class 3, 18%; class 4, 56%) and postlockdown (class 3, 36%; class 4, 42%) compared with prelockdown was often reported. Of individuals who wanted an STI test during the pandemic, 62% in class 3 and 56% in class 4 did not get tested, mainly because they were unable to get an appointment.

Conclusions
A subgroup of individuals, characterized by low health goals, negative infection prevention attitudes, and high impulsiveness, engaged in high-risk behavior during the pandemic. Identifying these individuals may help provide appropriate health care during strict lockdowns and after relaxation of measures.
Report From the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine—STI: Adopting a Sexual Health Paradigm—A Synopsis for Sexually Transmitted Infection Practitioners, Clinicians, and Researchers
Authors: Rietmeijer Cornelis A. , Kissinger Patricia J. , Guilamo-Ramos Vincent , Gaydos Charlotte A. , Hook Edward W. , Mead Aimee , Yang Sophie , Geller Amy , Vermund Sten H. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Despite decades of medical, diagnostic, and public health advances related to diagnosis and management of sexually transmitted infections (STIs), rates of reportable STIs continue to grow. A 2021 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report on the current state of STI management and prevention in the United States, entitled Sexually Transmitted Infections: Adopting a Sexual Health Paradigm, offers recommendations on future public health programs, policy, and research. This new report builds upon the 1997 Institute of Medicine report, The Hidden Epidemic: Confronting Sexually Transmitted Diseases, and provides 11 recommendations organized under 4 action areas: (1) adopt a sexual health paradigm, (2) broaden ownership and accountability for responding to STIs, (3) bolster existing systems and programs for responding to STIs, and (4) embrace innovation and policy change to improve sexual health. We present our interpretive synopsis of this report, highlighting elements of particular interest to STI and sexual health practitioners, including clinicians, researchers, disease intervention specialists, community outreach workers, and public health staff. The report asserts that it is possible to create a healthier and more equitable future where fewer adolescents and adults are infected, fewer babies are born with STIs, and people entering their sexual debut and continuing throughout the life span are taught the language and skills to conceptualize and enact their own vision for what it means to be sexually healthy.
Enhancing Gonococcal Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance in Cisgender Women, Strengthening the US Response to Resistant Gonorrhea, 2018 to 2019
Authors: Wendel Karen A. , Mauk Kerry , Amsterdam Lori , McNeil Candice J. , Pfister John R. , Mobley Victoria , Mettenbrink Christie , Nishiyama Masayo , Terrell Erica , Baldwin Tamara , Pham Cau D. , Nash Evelyn E. , Kirkcaldy Robert D. , Schlanger Karen 
Published: September 2021

Background
Cisgender women have been underrepresented in antibiotic-resistant gonorrhea (ARGC) surveillance systems. Three of 8 project sites (City of Milwaukee [MIL], Guilford County [GRB], Denver County [DEN]), funded under the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Strengthening the US Response to Resistant Gonorrhea (SURRG), focused efforts to better include cisgender women in ARGC surveillance.

Methods
MIL, GRB, and DEN partnered with diverse health care settings and developed gonorrhea culture criteria to facilitate urogenital specimen collection in cisgender women and men. Regional laboratories within the Antibiotic Resistance Laboratory Network performed agar dilution antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST) of gonococcal isolates. Data from 2018 and 2019 were analyzed.

Results
In SURRG, 90.5% (11,464 of 12,667) of the cisgender women from whom urogenital culture specimens were collected were from MIL, GRB, and DEN. Of women in SURRG whose gonococcal isolates underwent AST, 70% were from these 3 sites. In these 3 sites, a substantial proportion of cisgender women with positive urogenital cultures and AST were from health care settings other than sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics (non-STD clinics; MIL, 56.0%; GRB, 80.4%; and DEN, 23.5%). Isolates with AST were obtained from 5.1%, 10.2%, and 2.4% of all diagnosed gonorrhea cases among cisgender women in MIL, GRB, and DEN, respectively, and were more often susceptible to all antibiotics than those from cisgender men from each of these sites.

Conclusions
With focused efforts and partnerships with non-STD clinics, 3 SURRG sites were able to include robust ARGC surveillance from cisgender women. These findings may guide further efforts to improve gender equity in ARGC surveillance.
Training Death Investigators to Identify Decedents' Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity
Authors: Blosnich John R. , Butcher Barbara A. , Mortali Maggie G. , Lane Andrew D. , Haas Ann P. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
There is growing impetus within mortality surveillance to identify decedents' sexual orientation and gender identity (SOGI), but key personnel to this effort (eg, death investigators) are not currently trained to collect SOGI information. To address this gap, we developed a training for death investigators on this topic and tested its feasibility with 114 investigators in 3 states. Participants completed pretraining and posttraining questionnaires that measured 4 perceived outcomes: training relevance, success of delivery, adequacy for future use, and likelihood of future use. Overall, strongly positive responses affirmed the training's relevance, success of delivery, and adequacy for future use. Responses about attempting to identify the decedent's SOGI in future cases were not quite as positive, with close to 80% of the participants saying that they were at least “somewhat likely” to collect this information. Despite design limitations, the study results support the feasibility of training death investigators to gather SOGI information. Although not systematically assessed in the study, investigators' positive endorsement of training outcomes seemed higher in training sites where leadership strongly supported SOGI identification, suggesting that the role of leadership may be key to encouraging SOGI identification among death investigators.
Common Differential Diagnostic Issues in Bone Tumor Pathology
Authors: Hakim Muhammad O. , Behtaj Mohadese , Torres Jaylou Velez , Montgomery Elizabeth A. , Rosenberg Andrew E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Bone tumors are a diverse group of lesions that have a broad spectrum of biological behavior. They range from reactive conditions to benign and malignant neoplasms, and their accurate distinction from one another requires careful correlation with their clinical and imaging findings. Clues to the correct diagnosis can be derived from the patient's age, symptoms, and location of the tumor both within the skeleton and the individual bone. Tumor size, radiodensity, margination, cortical integrity, periosteal reaction, and extension into the soft tissues are useful imaging characteristics in determining phenotype and estimating biological potential. In combination, these attributes help build a differential diagnosis that should form the framework for the interpretation of the pathological findings. There are many diagnostic pitfalls, as common bone tumors may have uncommon clinical presentations, and conversely, rare bone tumors may masquerade as garden variety neoplasms. The most important task of the pathologist is to distinguish whether a tumor is reactive or neoplastic, and if neoplastic, benign or malignant—this interpretation can be extremely challenging. In this review, a select group of diagnostically challenging differential diagnoses is explored to provide a guide in generating the correct diagnosis.
Chondromyxoid Fibroma of the Temporal Bone: Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Grover Abhinav , Mannem Rajeev R. , Hunt Bryan C. , Singh Reena 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chondromyxoid fibroma (CMF) is a rare, benign, cartilaginous bone tumor that commonly affects the metaphysis of the lower-extremity long bones in young adults. Involvement of the craniofacial bones, especially the temporal bone, is exceedingly rare. We report a case of a 64-year-old man who presented with a left ear mass, but on subsequent imaging was found to have a more extensive mass centered in the temporal bone. Initial biopsy raised the concern for a low-grade chondrosarcoma. However, following surgical resection, a diagnosis of CMF was rendered. The clinical findings, radiographic features, histology, and differential diagnoses are discussed.
Myxofibrosarcoma-Like Pleomorphic Liposarcoma
Authors: Hariri Dana J. , Benyounes Amin , Davis Derik L. , Mulligan Michael E. , Ng Vincent Y. , Kallen Michael Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Pleomorphic liposarcoma is the least common subtype of liposarcoma, accounting for less than 5% of cases, but is important to distinguish from other liposarcoma subtypes due to a significantly worse prognosis closer to that of a high-grade sarcoma. A substantial proportion of cases demonstrate histologic features overlapping with myxofibrosarcoma, except for the presence of diagnostic pleomorphic lipoblasts. These lipoblasts are essential to the diagnosis of pleomorphic liposarcoma, in contrast to the other subtypes of liposarcoma, but can be highly focal/variable in extent, mandating extensive gross sampling and thorough histologic examination and representing a pitfall in diagnosis particularly in small biopsies. Awareness of the less common histologic patterns of this uncommon entity will hopefully facilitate correct diagnosis.
A Dedifferentiated Solitary Fibrous Tumor of Soft Tissue With Retiform and Papillary Features: Report of a Case and Review of the Literature
Authors: Roitman Pablo Daniel , Cóccaro Nicolás , Jauk Federico , Rene Nicholas , Pandolfi Julieta Belen , Castiglioni Alejandro 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We report a case of a dedifferentiated solitary fibrous tumor (SFT) arising in the arm of a 74-year-old man, with the dedifferentiated component showing a unique retiform and papillary architecture. The patient presented with a tumor first noticed 12 years ago, which was diagnosed as a schwannoma. It remained clinically stable for about 10 years until he noticed growth of the mass 2 years ago. On comparative magnetic resonance imaging scans, while most of the tumor did not show major changes, a proximal lobule demonstrated increase in its size. After a new biopsy, which was interpreted as malignant, preoperative radiotherapy and surgical excision were performed. The surgical specimen had areas of typical SFT, with diffuse immunohistochemical expression of STAT6 and only focal CD34 and p16. The lobule that demonstrated growth showed a much more cellular, retiform/papillary proliferation, with plump atypical cells, necrosis, diffuse expression of STAT6 and p16, and complete lack of CD34 expression. With next-generation sequencing, the NAB2(3)-STAT6(18) fusion transcript was detected in both areas of the tumor. Only a few cases of SFT with papillary or retiform/papillary features were reported, most of them in the central nervous system, and none of them interpreted as a dedifferentiated SFT. To the best of our knowledge, these morphological features have not been reported in SFT of the soft tissue or in dedifferentiated SFT of any site. We think pathologists should be aware of this rare finding, which becomes particularly challenging in small biopsies or if classic areas of SFT are not found.
Polyostotic Fibrous Dysplasia With Extensive Cartilaginous Differentiation: A Rare Case Clinically Mimicking Ollier Disease
Authors: Hakar Melanie H. , Chapman Courtney M. , Hansford Barry G. , Davis Jessica L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Fibrous dysplasia is a dysplastic disorder of bone caused by missense mutations of the GNAS1 gene. Fibrocartilaginous dysplasia (also known as fibrochondrodysplasia or fibrous dysplasia with extensive cartilaginous differentiation) is a rare variant of fibrous dysplasia with extensive cartilaginous differentiation that shows a predilection for the lower extremities and can affect one or multiple bones. Although benign, this entity causes progressively expansile lesions that can lead to deformity and ultimately pathologic fracture. On imaging, this entity can show features consistent with a variety of benign and malignant cartilage-forming tumors. We present the case of a 16-year-old male patient who presented with clinical history of Ollier disease and multiple presumed enchondromas. He underwent below-the-knee amputation for progressive tibial deformity, pathologic fracture, and pain. Microscopic examination of multiple lower-extremity bones revealed a fibro-osseous lesion with massive cartilaginous differentiation consistent with fibrocartilaginous dysplasia.
Doing More With Fewer: Optimizing Value With Limited Numbers of Autopsies
Authors: Williamson Alex K. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The value of autopsy is best demonstrated when the procedure is competently practiced in an appropriate clinical setting. Autopsy performance is expectedly restricted when a death raises certain forensic, religious, legal, or safety concerns. Additionally, limiting the scope of postmortem examinations to deaths that fulfill various clinical indications for the procedure will be important moving forward. This is especially true as institutions that finance autopsy services face uncertain and likely difficult financial conditions in the wake of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. Autopsy pathologists should actively engage with clinicians in promoting responsible autopsy practice and delivering quality postmortem care. Using a problem-oriented autopsy record, thoughtfully evaluating postmortem histology, and purposefully reporting autopsy findings can help pathologists provide valuable data to autopsy's various stakeholders.
Four Lessons in Transcranial Lesions
Authors: Johnson Nicole K. , Richard Hope T. 
Published: September 2021

Background
Lesions involving the skull are rare and often discovered incidentally by imaging studies. Skull lesions are most commonly benign but may also be malignant. Typically, lesions of the skull are evaluated by computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging. Imaging features can also suggest whether an identified lesion is benign or malignant. Definitive diagnosis of transcranial lesions ultimately requires biopsy and surgical resection.

Cases

Atypical meningioma: A 57-year-old woman with a history of hypertension and arthritis presented with a left frontal scalp mass. Imaging revealed a large left frontal transcranial heterogeneous mass with intracranial and extracranial extension. Malignant ossifying fibromyxoid tumor: A 26-year-old woman with history of hypothyroidism, polycystic ovarian syndrome, and sciatica presented with a left parietal scalp mass. Imaging demonstrated a large left homogenous parietal transcranial mass with intracranial and extracranial extension. Breast carcinoma metastasis: A 64-year-old woman with history of ER/PR/Her2-neu–negative, high-grade invasive ductal carcinoma status post mastectomy, lymph node dissection, and chemotherapy with early termination due to adverse effects presented with a left parietal scalp mass. Imaging demonstrated a large left parietal transcranial mass. Glioblastoma: A 52-year-old man with a history of glioblastoma status post resection x2, chemoradiation, and craniectomy, who was found to have a second recurrence. Imaging demonstrated tumor surrounding the resection cavity in the left parietal/temporal region with extension through the craniotomy defect into the scalp soft tissue.
Danon Cardiomyopathy: Asymmetric Hypertrophy and Extensive Scarring in an Explanted Heart
Authors: Jacobs Jonathan , Burke Allen , Drachenberg Cinthia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We report the gross and histologic findings of an explant with Danon cardiomyopathy, and discuss the differential diagnosis of left ventricular hypertrophy with a genetic basis.
Diagnosis of Sinonasal Ectopic Pituitary Adenomas
Authors: Berry Debra M. , Ornan David , Lopes M. Beatriz 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Ectopic pituitary adenomas (EPAs) are uncommon sinonasal neoplasms that present a diagnostic challenge in practice. We present a case of a patient presenting with progressive headache. Workup revealed an enhancing mass on magnetic resonance imaging at the anterior clivus with extension into the sphenoid sinus. Resection of the tumor was performed, and microscopic examination showed a neuroendocrine tumor composed of monomorphic cells arranged in nests. The tumor expressed synaptophysin, chromogranin, growth hormone, prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, α-subunit of the glycoproteins, and transcription factors steroidogenic factor 1 and Pit-1, diagnosed as a plurihormonal pituitary adenoma. Given the radiologic and surgical impression of an intact and uninvolved pituitary gland, the lesion was identified as a pituitary adenoma arising in ectopic adenohypophyseal tissue. This case demonstrates the multitude of possible tissue types involved in tumor histogenesis in the sinonasal cavity. We highlight the radiographic, intraoperative, cytologic, and histologic features of sinonasal pituitary adenoma to emphasize the role of an expanded differential, including central nervous system lesions, for neoplasms in this anatomic region.
SMARCB1 (INI1)–Deficient Sinonasal Carcinoma With Yolk Sac Tumor Differentiation: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Gradecki Sarah E. , Kelting Sarah M. , Stelow Edward B. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
SMARCB1 (INI1)–deficient sinonasal carcinoma is a recently described primary neoplasm of the sinonasal tract that occurs infrequently and displays aggressive clinical behavior. Classic histopathologic findings of INI1-deficient sinonasal carcinoma include sheets and nests of basaloid tumors cells with a monomorphic appearance. Variable amounts of rhabdoid and glandular differentiation have been reported. Diagnosis of this lesion can be challenging because of significant morphologic and immunohistochemical overlap between other primary lesions of the sinonasal tract, including basaloid and other nonkeratinizing squamous cell carcinomas, sinonasal undifferentiated carcinoma, and the newly described BRG1-deficient sinonasal carcinoma, among others. Recently, yolk sac tumor (YST)–like differentiation has been described in multiple reports of INI1-deficient sinonasal carcinoma, which expands both the histologic spectrum of this lesion and its differential diagnosis. Although there is significant immunophenotypic overlap between primary YST and INI1-deficient sinonasal carcinoma with YST differentiation, loss of INI1 expression by immunohistochemistry is not seen in YST. INI1 immunohistochemistry is a sensitive and specific marker for identifying INI1-deficient sinonasal carcinoma, and pathologists should have a low threshold for performing this test on tumors with a myriad of histologic features.
Sinonasal Lymphoma: Extranodal Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma and Its Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Girton Mark R. , Aguilera Nadine S. , Bateman Henry R. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Lymphoma is the second most common malignancy in the nasal tract and paranasal sinuses after squamous cell carcinoma (Acta Oncol 1997;36:45–50). Sinonasal lymphoma is the most common hematolymphoid lesion at the site, accounting for approximately 1% of all lymphomas (Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 1989;414:399–405). These neoplasms are diverse, including B cell, T cell, and natural killer cell differentiation. This group of lymphomas includes chronic and aggressive entities, some with clearly defined etiologies and associations including Epstein-Barr virus, HIV, and human T-cell leukemia virus infections, with variable differentiation and distinctive growth patterns. In this report, we will review the most prevalent entities with a focus on extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. A sinonasal lymphoma differential diagnosis is provided with review of the epidemiologic, histomorphologic, and immunophenotypic characteristics and discuss diagnostic pitfalls. The discussion is accompanied by representative micrographs, with an explanation of the particular features of each diagnosis. Lastly, we will briefly discuss important clinical characteristics.