bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Erythropoiesis-Stimulating Agents for Anemia Treatment among Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Authors: Elamin Zeinab Mohamed , Badi Safaa , Yousef Bashir Alsiddig 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Renal anemia is a cause of significant morbidity, and to lesser extent mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), the leading causes of anemia in CKD primarily are the lack of erythropoietin (EPO) and iron. Thus, effective management is possible using oral and intravenous (IV) iron preparation and genetically engineered erythropoiesis-stimulating agents such as EPO. This study aimed to assess the effect of EPO in the treatment of anemia among hemodialysis (HD) patients.

Methods:
A descriptive, retrospective hospital-based study was conducted in Elshaheeda Salma Hospital, Khartoum, Sudan. All patients who were anemic or had a history of anemia and undergoing HD during the period (January to June 2018) were recruited. Data were collected using a checklist and analyzed with the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software.

Results:
A total of 191 anemic patients were included: 60% of them were males, and more than half of the participants were aged between 41 and 65 years. Clinically, the average duration of the dialysis among participants was 7.7 ± 5 years, and 97% of them had two dialysis sessions per week. Patients were used either IV or subcutaneous injection of EPO. 8000 IU/week were the most prescribed (52.2%) EPO dose. Whereas, only 6% and 18% were taking 100 mg IV and 150 mg oral ferrous sulfate, respectively. Furthermore, 70% of them were taking 5 mg folic acid. Moreover, the mean hemoglobin level among the participants at the end of the study was 10 ± 2.1 g/dl.

Conclusion:
EPO was effective in treating renal anemia in HD patients. Among the studied patients, 8000 IU/week was the most frequently used dose. The present study highlights significant low adherence to international guidelines in the management of anemia in patients on HD.
Correlation of Hepatic Steatosis with Hepatic Fibrosis in NAFLD Patients by Fibroscan
Authors: Sehgal Rishabh , Mittal Jyotisterna , Singh Inderpal 
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant cause of liver injury in the world. Transient elastography with controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) is now days commonly used as a non-invasive modality to quantify liver steatosis and stage of Fibrosis in the Liver. This study was done to the correlation of hepatic Steatosis with hepatic Fibrosis in NAFLD Patients by fibroscan. Subjects and Methods: All NAFLD patients coming to DMCH from 1/1/18 to 30/11/18 were retrospectively analysed for the presence of any correlation between Steatosis and Fibrosis using a controlled attenuation parameter (CAP) and liver stiffness measurement (kPa), respectively by Fibroscan. Patients with a history of significant alcohol intake, viral infection, severe weight loss, on TPN, on drugs like amiodarone, diltiazem, steroids were excluded. Along with this history of hypertension, diabetes and smoking were noted from the available data. Results: The mean CAP of all 446 patients was 310.58 53.55 and the mean kPa was 7.14 4.75. Overall there was a significant correlation between CAP and kPa in all NAFLD patients (p <0.000). This was also true in patients who were more than 20 years of age, who have increased levels of triglycerides and were obese. Patients with S0 steatosis had a mean kPa value of 5.33 and as the steatosis stage worsened to S3 mean kPa value also increased to a maximum of 7.63. Conclusion: Quantification of Steatosis by CAP has a significant correlation with the stage of Fibrosis, especially in patients with increasing age, obese and who have high triglyceride levels.
Evaluation of EHO Algorithm’s in solving various real-life problems
Authors: Ridwan Ahmed R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract: This paper, presents a new swarm-based metaheuristic search algorithm, known as Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO), which is proposed for solving various daily real-life problems such as benchmark problems, Service Selection in QoS-Aware Web Service Composition, Energy-Based Localization, PID controller tuning, Appliance Scheduling in Smart Grid identification and other problems. The EHO method is inspired by the herding behavior of elephant group. In nature, elephants live in clans under the leadership of a matriarch (female elephant), while the male elephants separate from their family when they grow up. These two behaviors are used by EHO as two operators: clan updating operator and separating operator, which will be used in the optimizing process. Elephant Herding Optimization (EHO) is used to solve NP-Hard problems.
Use of Healthy Life Expectancy to Estimate Future Provision of Household and Personal Use Services
Authors: Foster Edward 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Healthy life expectancy (HLE) combines a measure of morbidity with life expectancy to measure the average years of healthy life (YHL) projected for a cohort based on age, sex, and perhaps race or other characteristics, developed by public health officials to set goals and measure accomplishments in improving public health. Some forensic economists have adopted this data source to project how far into the future lost household or personal services should appropriately be claimed in case of death or injury. The measure of YHL adopted for the U.S. by the Department of Health and Human Services is not well suited to this forensic economic application; in the author's opinion, it is likely to overstate years of lost provision of household or personal services for an average member of the cohort; whether or not this opinion is correct, use of HLE invites vigorous cross-examination. The note concludes with suggested modification that would remove two objections to use of the measure for forensic economic application.
The Distribution Process of the Housing Stimulant Grants Program (BSPS) during COVID-19 Pandemic Situation in Muncan Village, Karangasem Regency
Authors: Juniartini Ni Luh Putu , Juniartha I Wayan , Setiawan I Nyoman Anom Fajaraditya 
Published: January 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to know the existence of BSPS as a government program through PUPR and the review focuses on Muncan Village, Karangasem Regency, as one of the beneficiary areas. The program follows the decisions, directions, rules, and procedures established by the provincial government of Bali.
Research methods: The data are analyzed to separate criteria related to problems and solutions, and also solutions based on procedures and purposely determine informants based on specific criteria and considerations.
Findings: Constraints were complicated by the emergence of the Covid-19 pandemic, which has an impact on various lines globally. Particular action needs to be taken primarily by TFL with the community. In addition to having to carry out procedures and rules in the distribution of aid, preventive measures addressing various field conditions also need to be considered. The analysis is divided into two categories: conditional on BSPS verification activities to keep going and initiatives to address the Covid-19 pandemic crisis in the field.
Implications: The various obstacles faced are expected to become a consideration or study for the next period, especially with things that are unpredictable and are force majeure along with the team that is tasked directly in the field.
Pengobatan Tradisional Bali Usadha Tiwang
Authors: Arsana I Nyoman , Sudiartawan I Putu , Sudaryati Ni Luh Gede , Wirasuta I Made Agus Gelgel , Armita Pande Made Nova , Warditiani Ni Kadek , Astuti Ni Made Widi , Santika I Wayan Martadi , Wiryanatha Ida Bagus , Cahyaningrum Putu Lakustini , Suta Ida Bagus Putra 
Published: January 2021

Tujuan: Artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengobatan tradisional Bali, dengan mengambil fokus kajian pada pengobatan yang tertuang dalam lontar Usadha Tiwang.
Metode penelitian: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kepustakaan (Library Research). Unit analisis berupa naskah lontar Usadha Tiwang, yang telah ditransliterasi dari aksara Bali ke aksara Latin.
Temuan: Hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa tiwang adalah penyakit yang mempunyai gejala badan terasa meluang, sakit dan ngilu, gelisah, mata mendelik, otot kaku bahkan sampai pingsan. Jenis tiwang dicirikan berdasarkan gejala yang muncul. Pengobatan dilaksanakan secara holistik oleh pengusada sesuai tatalaksana pengusada, dengan menggunakan ramuan obat-obatan yang terbuat dari campuran berbagai jenis tumbuh-tumbuhan atau bahan lainnya seperti arak, lengis tanusan, garam, gula, kapur, maupun santen, bahkan tain seksek serta iduh bang. Penggunaannya dengan cara dimakan, diminum, ditutuhkan, disemburkan, diuapkan atau dilulurkan, maupun ditempelkan. Takaran, cara pengolahan, serta cara pemakaian masih belum jelas.
Implikasi: Masyarakat Bali tetap percaya terhadap sistim pengobatan tradisional Bali. Namun demikian, masyarakat Bali yang berobat ke tempat praktik pengobatan tradisional sangat sedikit. Simpulannya adalah pengobatan tradisional Bali dilakukan secara holistik untuk mencapai keseimbangan antara shtula sarira-suksma sarira-antahkarana sarira.
Phytochemical and Antioxidant Capacity Test on Turmeric Extract (Curcuma Longa) Traditionally Processed in Bali
Authors: Permatananda Pande Ayu Naya Kasih , Aryastuti Anak Agung Sri Agung , Cahyawati Putu Nita , Udiyani Desak Putu Citra , Wijaya D. , Pandit I Gde Suranaya , Wirajaya Anak Agung Ngurah Mayun 
Published: January 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the ways and objectives of the use of turmeric by Balinese, as well as the phytochemical content and antioxidant capacity of turmeric extract which is traditionally processed in Bali.
Research methods: The method and purpose of utilizing turmeric were obtained through observation and interviews with 900 Balinese respondents. Quantitative phytochemical tests include starch, protein, flavonoid, tannin, phenol and vitamin C levels and qualitatively for the presence of triterpenes, steroids, alkaloids, and saponins. Antioxidant capacity was measured using the DPPH method.
Findings: Through this research, we found there were only 36.8% of respondents had ever used turmeric as a traditional medicine. Utilization of turmeric was mostly in the form of loloh or traditional drinks. Phytochemical test results showed turmeric extract had 67.38% starch, 3.42% protein, 2709.39 mg/100 gr flavonoids, tannins 291.64 mg/100gr, phenol 1584.04 mg/100 gr, and vitamin C 0.06 mg/100gr. Qualitatively, turmeric extract contained triterpenes, alkaloids, and saponins, but did not contain steroids. The antioxidant capacity of turmeric extract was 70.9 mg/L GAEAC.
Implications: Turmeric extract is a traditional medicine made from nature that is most commonly used by Balinese and very potential to be developed as an antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, or other benefits that still need further investigation.
Bali in the Covid-19 Pandemic: Population and Employment Dilemmas
Authors: Yasa I Gusti Wayan Murjana 
Published: January 2021

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has a huge impact on the lives of Balinese citizens. The aim of this study is to find the right steps and frameworks that enable to reduce the spread and death caused by COVID-19 as quickly and as minimally as possible, so that the sustainable impact on the socioeconomic can be reduce.
Research methods: Preventive measures are needed, especially for the Field Facilitator Staff as the front guard, so that the BSPS program channelled adequately. The key to smooth distribution, in addition to the precise mechanism, must also follow the government's recommendations and implement health protocols.
Findings: The results show that the population and employment structure of Bali has high potential for the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. This is due to the high level of population mobility, both population mobility between regions within the country and population mobility between countries. The second cause is the Balinese population structure consists of many elderly people, thus causing a high potential case fatality rate from a pandemic.
Implications: Based on the results of the study, it is recommend minimize the possibility of the spread of covid-19 through the first and second rapid tests involving as many residents that potential to be covid-19 deployment carrier, both through local transmission and imported cases.
Identifikasi Potensi dan Pengembangan Sistem Pertanian Organik menuju Bali Pulau Organik
Authors: Kesumadewi Anak Agung Istri , Susila I Wayan , Gunadi Gusti Alit , Sarjana Dewa Gede Raka , Diara I Wayan , Wirya Gusti Ngurah Alit Susanta 
Published: January 2021

Tujuan: Dengan mengadopsi sistem pertanian yang selaras alam melalui pendekatan sistem pertanian organik diharapkan menghasilkan komoditas yang sehat dan aman untuk dikonsumsi dan memiliki nilai jual yang lebih tinggi sehingga ke dua misi tersebut dalam jangka panjang dapat dicapai.
Metode Penelitian: Penelitian mengenai identifikasi potensi dan pengembangan sistem pertanian organik menuju Bali pulau organik telah dilakukan diseluruh wilayah kabupaten dan Kota di Provinsi Bali sejak bulan Mei – Desember 2019. Penelitian dilakukan melalui survei lapang dan hasilnya disepakati melalui FGD bersama para stakeholder.
Temuan: Pengembangan sistem pertanian organik potensial dilakukan hampir seluruh kabupaten di Bali kecuali di Kabupaten Klungkung dan Kota Denpasar.
Implikasi: Inovasi yang dihasilkan dari penelitian ini adalah sistem database pertanian organik Provinsi Bali yang online, terintegrasi, kompak, ringan, dan mudah dioperasikan.
Lagrangian detection of precipitation moisture sources for an arid region in northeast Greenland: relations to the North Atlantic Oscillation, sea ice cover, and temporal trends from 1979 to 2017
Authors: Schuster Lilian , Maussion Fabien , Langhamer Lukas , Moseley Gina E. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Temperature in northeast Greenland is expected to rise at a faster rate than the global average as a consequence of anthropogenic climate change. Associated with this temperature rise, precipitation is also expected to increase as a result of increased evaporation from a warmer and ice-free Arctic Ocean. In recent years, numerous palaeoclimate projects have begun working in the region with the aim of improving our understanding of how this highly sensitive region responds to a warmer world. However, a lack of meteorological stations within the area makes it difficult to place the palaeoclimate records in the context of present-day climate. This study aims to improve our understanding of precipitation and moisture source dynamics over a small arid region located at 80∘ N in northeast Greenland. The origin of water vapour for precipitation over the study region is detected by a Lagrangian moisture source diagnostic, which is applied to reanalysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ERA-Interim) from 1979 to 2017. While precipitation amounts are relatively constant during the year, the regional moisture sources display a strong seasonality. The most dominant winter moisture sources are the North Atlantic above 45∘ N and the ice-free Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean, while in summer the patterns shift towards local and north Eurasian continental sources. During the positive phases of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), evaporation and moisture transport from the Norwegian Sea are stronger, resulting in larger and more variable precipitation amounts. Testing the hypothesis that retreating sea ice will lead to an increase in moisture supply remains challenging based on our data. However, we found that moisture sources are increasing in the case of retreating sea ice for some regions, in particular in October to December. Although the annual mean surface temperature in the study region has increased by 0.7 ∘C per decade (95 % confidence interval [0.4, 1.0] ∘C per decade) according to ERA-Interim data, we do not detect any change in the amount of precipitation with the exception of autumn where precipitation increases by 8.2 [0.8, 15.5] mm per decade over the period. This increase is consistent with future predicted Arctic precipitation change. Moisture source trends for other months and regions were non-existent or small.
Standardized Method for Defining a 1-mm2 Region of Interest for Calculation of Mitotic Rate on Melanoma Whole Slide Images
Authors: Wang Minhua , Aung Phyu P. , Prieto Victor G. 
Published: January 2021

Context.—
Mitotic rate counting is essential in pathologic evaluations in melanoma. The American Joint Committee on Cancer recommends reporting the number of mitotic figures (MFs) in a 1-mm2 area encompassing the “hot spot.” There is currently no standard procedure for delineating a 1-mm2 region of interest for MF counting on a digital whole slide image (WSI) of melanoma.

Objective.—
To establish a standardized method to enclose a 1-mm2 region of interest for MF counting in melanoma based on WSIs and assess the method's effectiveness.

Design.—
Whole slide images were visualized using the ImageScope viewer (Aperio). Different monitors and viewing magnifications were explored and the annotation tools provided by ImageScope were evaluated. For validation, we compared mitotic rates obtained from WSIs with our method and those from glass slides with traditional microscopy with 30 melanoma cases.

Results.—
Of the monitors we examined, a 32-inch monitor with 3840 × 2160 resolution was optimal for counting MFs within a 1-mm2 region of interest in melanoma. When WSIs were viewed in the ImageScope viewer, ×10 to ×20 magnification during screening could efficiently locate a hot spot and ×20 to ×40 magnification during counting could accurately identify MFs. Fixed-shape annotations with 500 × 500-μm squares or circles can precisely and efficiently enclose a 1-mm2 region of interest. Our method on WSIs was able to produce a higher mitotic rate than with glass slides.

Conclusions.—
Whole slide images may be used to efficiently count MFs. We recommend fixed-shape annotation with 500 × 500-μm squares or circles for routine practice in counting MFs for melanoma.
Identification of a novel association for the WWOX/HIF1A axis with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM)
Authors: Baryla Izabela , Pluciennik Elzbieta , Kośla Katarzyna , Wojcik Marzena , Zieleniak Andrzej , Zurawska-Klis Monika , Cypryk Katarzyna , Wozniak Lucyna Alicja , Bednarek Andrzej K 
Published: January 2021

Background
Although the WW-domain-containing oxidoreductase (WWOX)/Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1) pathway is a well-known regulator of cellular glucose and energy metabolism in pathophysiological processes, its role in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), remains elusive. We undertook this study to determine the effect of WWOX/HIF1A signaling on the expression of glucose metabolism genes in GDM patients.

Methods
Leukocytes were obtained from 135 pregnant women with (n = 98) or without (n = 37) GDM and, in turn, 3 months (n = 8) and 1 year (n = 12) postpartum. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed to determine gene expression profiles of the WWOX/HIF1A-related genes, including those involved in glucose transport (SLC2A1, SLC2A4), glycolytic pathway (HK2, PKM2, PFK, LDHA), Wnt pathway (DVL2, CTNNB1), and inflammatory response (NFKB1).

Results
GDM patients displayed a significant downregulation of WWOX with simultaneous upregulation of HIF1A which resulted in approximately six times reduction in WWOX/HIF1A ratio. As a consequence, HIF1A induced genes (SLC2A1, HK2, PFK, PKM) were found to be overexpressed in GDM compared to normal pregnancy and negative correlate with WWOX/HIF1A ratio. The postpartum WWOX expression was higher than during GDM, but its level was comparable to that observed in normal pregnancy.

Conclusions
The obtained results suggest a significant contribution of the WWOX gene to glucose metabolism in patients with gestational diabetes. Decreased WWOX expression in GDM compared to normal pregnancy, and in particular reduction of WWOX/HIF1A ratio, indicate that WWOX modulates HIF1α activity in normal tissues as described in the tumor. The effect of HIF1α excessive activation is to increase the expression of genes encoding proteins directly involved in the glycolysis which may lead to pathological changes in glucose metabolism observed in gestational diabetes.
Comparative analysis and implications of the chloroplast genomes of three thistles (Carduus L., Asteraceae)
Authors: Jung Joonhyung , Do Hoang Dang Khoa , Hyun JongYoung , Kim Changkyun , Kim Joo-Hwan 
Published: January 2021

Background
Carduus, commonly known as plumeless thistles, is a genus in the Asteraceae family that exhibits both medicinal value and invasive tendencies. However, the genomic data of Carduus (i.e., complete chloroplast genomes) have not been sequenced.

Methods
We sequenced and assembled the chloroplast genome (cpDNA) sequences of three Carduus species using the Illumina Miseq sequencing system and Geneious Prime. Phylogenetic relationships between Carduus and related taxa were reconstructed using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses. In addition, we used a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the protein coding region of the matK gene to develop molecular markers to distinguish C. crispus from C. acanthoides and C. tenuiflorus.

Results
The cpDNA sequences of C. crispus, C. acanthoides, and C. tenuiflorus ranged from 152,342 bp to 152,617 bp in length. Comparative genomic analysis revealed high conservation in terms of gene content (including 80 protein-coding, 30 tRNA, and four rRNA genes) and gene order within the three focal species and members of subfamily Carduoideae. Despite their high similarity, the three species differed with respect to the number and content of repeats in the chloroplast genome. Additionally, eight hotspot regions, including psbI-trnS_GCU, trnE_UUC-rpoB, trnR_UCU-trnG_UCC, psbC-trnS_UGA, trnT_UGU-trnL_UAA, psbT-psbN, petD-rpoA, and rpl16-rps3, were identified in the study species. Phylogenetic analyses inferred from 78 protein-coding and non-coding regions indicated that Carduus is polyphyletic, suggesting the need for additional studies to reconstruct relationships between thistles and related taxa. Based on a SNP in matK, we successfully developed a molecular marker and protocol for distinguishing C. crispus from the other two focal species. Our study provides preliminary chloroplast genome data for further studies on plastid genome evolution, phylogeny, and development of species-level markers in Carduus.