bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Promise and Challenges of New Actors and New Technologies in International Justice
Authors: D’Alessandra Federica , Sutherland Kirsty 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This article addresses the role of new technologies in the international justice and accountability landscape, drawing from research we conducted into new United Nations (UN) accountability mechanisms that have the explicit mandate to collect, collate, analyse and preserve evidence of international crimes according to criminal justice standards. The article is divided in four parts. First, we contextualize our research by discussing some of our findings and situating them against what we define as a ‘third wave’ of institutional developments in international justice, prompted by an ‘accountability-turn’ affecting civil society groups and UN mandates. Secondly, we discuss — using real-world examples — both the opportunities and challenges arising from the use of digital and new documentation technologies in the field. Thirdly, the article pays particular attention to the role of UN mandates affected by the ‘accountability-turn’; our research reveals such UN mandates now often sit at the heart of the ‘life cycle’ of information and evidence collected for justice and accountability purposes. In this section of the article, we also briefly discuss issues relating to third party control of information, in particular by social media companies. Finally, we discuss the need (and welcome initiative) to develop better international guidance and best practices for actors across the board in order to maximize the effective use of new technologies and digital evidence in international justice and accountability processes.
Understanding the Spatial Pattern and Driving Factors Associated with Timberland Ownership Change in the Northern United States
Authors: Pandit Karun , Bevilacqua Eddie , Newman David H , Butler Brett J 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study analyzes changes in timberland ownership from 2003 to 2012 across the northern United States based on Forest Inventory and Analysis data identified according to five ownership categories. A total of 26,940 FIA plots that were remeasured between selected years were used for the analysis. Publicly available corporate ownership data were investigated and used to differentiate industrial and institutional (timber investment management organizations [TIMO] and real estate investment trusts [REIT]) ownership. Kernel density, Ripley’s K-function, and multinomial logistic regression (MLR) methods were used to study spatial patterns of timberland ownership and to explore statistical relationships. Among FIA plots showing ownership changes, the largest observed shift was from industrial to institutional ownership, with a 45% increase in the number of plots, equivalent to almost 1.4 million acres of timberland area. Bivariate Ripley’s K-function showed significant clustering for shifts between industrial and institutional ownership. A MLR model identified forest type as a significant factor associated with the transition of industrial timberlands to either institutional or family forest ownership. In addition, shifts from industrial to institutional ownership were related to road access and population density.
Evolution of herbs: key to the conundrum might be tolerance not avoidance
Authors: Klimeš Adam , Weiser Martin , Koubek Tomáš , Herben Tomáš 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Aims
Woody plants represent the ancestral growth form in angiosperms with herbs evolving repeatedly from them. While there are a number of hypotheses about drivers of the evolution of the herbaceous habit, the ability to avoid frost damage in winter by discarding their aboveground biomass has often been invoked as the main force in their evolution. We propose instead that any unpredictable disturbance might have been much more important than the seasonal frost, as herbs easily survive repeated disturbance.

Methods
We tested this hypothesis by comparing herbs and woody plants in their ability to deal with three types of simulated disturbances, more predictable winter freezing, less predictable spring freezing and herbivory. Comparison was made in an experimental common garden setup with 20 species differing in woodiness. We evaluated the effects of these disturbances on mortality and regrowth of plants.

Important Findings
Herbs did not have an advantage over woody plants in survival when exposed to winter freezing. In less predictable conditions of spring freezing herbs survived the treatment better than woody plants and this advantage was even larger in case of the simulated herbivory treatment. The advantage of herbs over woody plants in less predictable conditions suggests that herbaceous growth form might be an adaptation to unpredictable disturbance, which herbs are able to tolerate thanks to their ability to survive loss of aboveground biomass. Consequently, factors such as mammal herbivory or fire might have been the most likely factors in the transition from woody species to herbs.
Planning for Belonging: Including Refugee and Asylum Seeker Students
Authors: Sellars Maura 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The education of students from refugee and asylum seeker backgrounds is an international concern. It calls for inspired teachers, sensitive interventions, and informed leadership. This writing discusses the views of students, teachers, general staff, parents, and the principal of a primary school in regional New South Wales, Australia regarding the sense of belonging that is so critical to the very diverse school culture. It is intended to inform and challenge others engaged in school leadership to reflect on their strategies and policies for welcoming students with refugee and asylum seeker status into their communities. It details the strategies and perspectives planned by one principal and his staff to provide an authentically inclusive environment for refugee and asylum seeker students in an already fractured community. Working with the principles of the components of the SCARF model, status, certainty, acceptance, relatedness, and fairness, originally designed as a collaborative workplace model, the principal adopted this model to guide the creation of unique, social justice-focussed school ethos and culture in a dominantly white education system and local culture. The data from the participants is recorded in their own words and includes comments from refugee parents and their children. This study provides evidence of the need for strategic planning for inclusion and the importance of perspectives, which acknowledge the vulnerabilities and difficulties of these communities whilst also interacting and developing relationships of human dignity and respect.
Guillain–Barre Syndrome Associated With COVID-19 Pneumonia—The First Documented Case in a U.S. Military Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Yiu Alvin C , Hussain Ali , Okonkwo Uzoagu A , Villacorta-Lyew Rachel , McMahon Michael J , Blattner Matthew 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a significant cause for intensive care unit (ICU) admission worldwide. Most COVID-19 infections are associated with lower respiratory abnormalities but it has been increasingly associated with extra-pulmonary manifestations. Guillain–Barre syndrome (GBS) is a rarely diagnosed but severe disease associated with COVID-19 infection. We describe the diagnostic process behind diagnosing GBS in an elderly male who developed acute-onset quadriparesis and respiratory muscle failure associated with severe COVID-19 pneumonia in a military ICU. A 69-year-old male was admitted to the ICU for acute hypoxemic respiratory failure due to COVID-19 pneumonia. He was subsequently intubated and treated with dexamethasone and remdesivir with improvement. On hospital day 32, the patient was extubated. Three days later, he developed acute, symmetric limb quadriparesis and respiratory muscle failure requiring reintubation. Analysis of his cerebrospinal fluid showed a cytoalbuminologic dissociation, and electromyography/nerve conduction study showed slowed nerve conduction velocity. These findings are consistent with GBS. Blood cultures, serum polymerase chain reaction testing, and clinical symptoms were not suggestive of other common pathogens causing his GBS. The patient’s acute GBS in the setting of recent severe COVID-19 infection strongly suggests association between the two entities, as supported by a growing body of case literature. The patient was subjected to intravenous immunoglobulin treatment and was discharged with greatly improved strength in the upper and lower extremities. Our goal in describing this case is to highlight the need for providers to consider, accurately diagnose, and treat GBS as a consequence of severe COVID-19 infection.
Asexuality Associated with Marked Genomic Expansion of Tandemly Repeated rRNA and Histone Genes
Authors: McElroy Kyle E , Müller Stefan , Lamatsch Dunja K , Bankers Laura , Fields Peter D , Jalinsky Joseph R , Sharbrough Joel , Boore Jeffrey L , Logsdon John M , Neiman Maurine 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHow does asexual reproduction influence genome evolution? Although is it clear that genomic structural variation is common and important in natural populations, we know very little about how one of the most fundamental of eukaryotic traits—mode of genomic inheritance—influences genome structure. We address this question with the New Zealand freshwater snail Potamopyrgus antipodarum, which features multiple separately derived obligately asexual lineages that coexist and compete with otherwise similar sexual lineages. We used whole-genome sequencing reads from a diverse set of sexual and asexual individuals to analyze genomic abundance of a critically important gene family, rDNA (the genes encoding rRNAs), that is notable for dynamic and variable copy number. Our genomic survey of rDNA in P. antipodarum revealed two striking results. First, the core histone and 5S rRNA genes occur between tandem copies of the 18S–5.8S–28S gene cluster, a unique architecture for these crucial gene families. Second, asexual P. antipodarum harbor dramatically more rDNA–histone copies than sexuals, which we validated through molecular and cytogenetic analysis. The repeated expansion of this genomic region in asexual P. antipodarum lineages following distinct transitions to asexuality represents a dramatic genome structural change associated with asexual reproduction—with potential functional consequences related to the loss of sexual reproduction.
Unique Presentation and Diagnostic Challenges in Metastatic Cerebral Angiosarcoma: Case Report
Authors: Shields Lisa B E , Nickols Hilary H , LaRocca Renato V , Spalding Aaron C , Shields Christopher B , Rao Abigail J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE
Angiosarcoma is a malignant endothelial tumor arising from vascular or lymphatic tissue. Metastatic cerebral angiosarcoma has been rarely reported and is associated with a poor prognosis.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
We report a 22-yr-old man who presented with a complex partial seizure. Contrasted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed 3 enhancing masses of the left frontal-parietal junction, right occipital lobe, and right caudate nucleus. Computed tomography (CT) of the chest, abdomen, and pelvis and a cardiac MRI revealed no evidence of primary tumor. Immunohistochemistry following biopsy was positive for the ETS transcription factor ERG, CD31, FLI-1, and FosB, confirming angiosarcoma. CT/positron emission tomography (PET) scan showed skeletal metastases in the left iliac bone, sacrum, and T6 vertebral body. The patient underwent resection of the 2 cortical masses, stereotactic radiosurgery to the intracranial lesions as well as to his oligometastases, and was treated with 9 cycles of paclitaxel and bevacizumab. Brain MRI and CT/PET body imaging after cycle 9 revealed no tumor recurrence or progression. The progression-free and overall survival following the diagnosis of brain metastases was 27 mo.

CONCLUSION
Neurosurgeons should be aware of the unique presentation and diagnostic challenges in metastatic cerebral angiosarcoma, particularly in cases when the primary tumor site is unknown. Furthermore, combined surgery, ablative radiation, and targeted systemic and biological therapy can result in prolonged survival even in patients with metastases.
Elevational niche-shift migration: Why the degree of elevational change matters for the ecology, evolution, and physiology of migratory birds
Authors: Williamson Jessie L , Witt Christopher C 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Elevational migration can be defined as roundtrip seasonal movement that involves upward and downward shifts in elevation. These shifts incur physiological challenges that are proportional to the degree of elevational change. Larger shifts in elevation correspond to larger shifts in partial pressure of oxygen, air density, temperature, and ultraviolet (UV) exposure. Although most avian examples of elevational migration involve subtle shifts that would have minimal impacts on physiology, shifts of any magnitude have previously been considered under the broad umbrella of “elevational migration”. Here, we consider extreme seasonal elevational movements (≥2,000 m), sufficient to shift the elevational dimension of the eco-climatic niche. Migratory bird populations typically maintain inter-seasonal stability in the temperature, precipitation, and elevational aspects of their climatic niches, a tendency that likely reflects genetic physiological specialization on environmental conditions such as atmospheric pressure. A shift of ≥2,000 m involves a ≥20% change in air density and oxygen partial pressure, sufficient to incur functionally impactful declines in arterial blood-oxygen saturation and require compensatory shifts in respiratory physiology. We refer to this phenomenon as elevational niche-shift migration (ENSM). In this review, we analyzed &gt;4 million occurrence records to identify 105 populations, representing 92 bird species, that undergo complete or partial ENSM. We identified key ecological and evolutionary questions regarding the causes and consequences of ENSM. Our synthesis reveals that ENSM has evolved independently in at least 29 avian families spanning 10 orders. Nonetheless, ENSM is rare relative to other forms of seasonal migration, consistent with the general tendency of seasonal niche conservatism by migratory species and evolutionarily conserved elevational range limits. For many migratory species and populations, within-species patterns of migratory connectivity are not sufficiently understood to determine ENSM status. ENSM is distinguished by its scale within the broader phenomenon of elevational migration. Critical examination of ENSM illustrates fundamental constraints on the ecology and evolution of migration systems, topographical influences on geographic patterns of migratory connectivity, and the remarkable metabolic flexibility of certain bird species that allows them to occupy disparate elevations across different seasons.
H-Town
Authors: Korver-Glenn Elizabeth 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the Houston, Texas, context, providing a historical overview of the city’s rapid urbanization and diversification; its persistent and, in some cases, growing racial segregation; and its housing market. The chapter also introduces six Houston neighborhoods—Denver Harbor, Fifth Ward, Golden Acres, Heights, Lindale Park, and Riverside Terrace—to anchor the city to local areas that served as the reference points for the housing market professionals researched by the author. The chapter shows that although Houston is unique, it is also an exemplary case for understanding how an ostensibly free market approach to housing and development obscures the very active role market professionals play in shaping unequal urban landscapes.
The Mahjong Phenomenon
Authors: Heinz Annelise 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Key changes in popular culture and the economy—most importantly, the growth of mass consumerism and a market for goods from the “exotic East”—primed the pump for a mahjong craze in the 1920s. Entrepreneurs made use of the latest techniques in advertising, store display, and new forms of media like film to create and corner a mahjong market. Marketers successfully promoted an image of the game that linked it to social elites, enabling it to ride the shirttails of media attention to activities of the rich and famous. However, mahjong’s appeal—both as a game and as a form of class aspiration—spread across lines of class, race, and region, and its varied forms made the game available to the masses. The mahjong industry connected novel forms of production, distribution, and marketing with established markets for “Oriental” goods and patterns of home entertainment.
Making a Transpacific Game
Authors: Heinz Annelise 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
As the American market developed a voracious appetite for mahjong, in 1923 Chinese and Western merchants launched new kinds of large-scale factories in Shanghai that standardized production with artisanal workmanship. Mahjong factories encompassed multiple paradoxes, implementing old-world aesthetics and “primitive” techniques in a factory model that advertised its modernity. The mahjong craze sparked the development of hybrid forms of production and helped shape a key period in the evolving economic and cultural relationship between China and the United States. Mahjong marked a significant change in Americans’ increasingly direct economic and cultural engagement with China. For the first time, Americans jumped on a Chinese good on their own, rather than in response to European tastemakers. Manufacturing mahjong presented one of the troubling challenges of modernity: how to translate the sensory and class-based satisfactions of artisanal and natural materials while still fulfilling modern promises of cleanliness, safety, and efficiency.
White Women and a Chinese Game
Authors: Heinz Annelise 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the 1920s, mahjong allowed middle-class and elite Americans to imagine, appropriate, or reject an exotic Asian sexuality while maintaining their own respectability. Gendered ideas of race, specifically of Asian cultures as feminine, also encouraged Americans to understand the game as a feminine pastime. In turn, Chinese Americans leveraged mahjong’s popularity for economic opportunities. The choices that these Chinese Americans faced, however, were fraught with pitfalls. As the game spread across the nation, mahjong unleashed criticisms of Chinese influence and women’s leisure that linked female mahjong players with neglectful and self-centered domesticity. The ways in which mahjong symbolized modern American culture, buttressed by Orientalist ideas of race and gender, allowed the game to stand in for debates over white femininity. Rather than merely a temporary foray into the exotic, mahjong came to represent the threats posed by changing gender, sexual, and racial norms during the 1920s.
Asian Exclusion and Enforced Leisure
Authors: Heinz Annelise 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Despite their differences, Chinese and Japanese migrants and their American children occupied a shared location in an American racial framework that placed them outside the possibility of inclusion through cultural and political assimilation, regardless of long residence or native birth. The detention of Chinese Americans at the Pacific border and the incarceration of Japanese Americans during World War II were physical manifestations of exclusion. Even as social scientists challenged earlier fears about cultural and biological blending, most Americans consistently held Asian people apart as inherently foreign and often threatening. Detention as a measure of national defense, enacted at Angel Island Immigration Station and in wartime incarceration (or “internment”) camps, separated detainees from the norms of work, family, and sociability. Even as the United States screened working-class immigrants for their risk of becoming “public charges,” the government enforced leisure on those incarcerated. Unchosen leisure thus became a problem to be solved.
Justice and Egalitarian Relations
Authors: Schemmel Christian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Why does equality matter, as a social and political value, and what does it require? Relational egalitarians argue that it does not primarily require that people receive equal distributive shares of some good, but that they relate as equals. This book develops a liberal conception of relational equality, which understands relations of non-domination and egalitarian norms of social status as stringent demands of social justice. First, it argues that expressing respect for the freedom and equality of individuals in social cooperation requires stringent protections against domination; develops a substantive, liberal conception of non-domination; and argues that non-domination is a particularly important, but not the only, concern of social justice. These features set it apart from, and provide it with crucial advantages over, neo-republican accounts of non-domination. Second, the book develops an account of the wrongness of inegalitarian norms of social status, which shows how status-induced foreclosure of important social opportunities is a social injustice in its own right, over and above the role of status inequality in enabling domination, and the threats it poses to individuals’ self-respect. Finally, it works out the implications of liberal relational egalitarianism for political, economic, and health justice, showing that it demands, in practice, far-reaching forms of equality in all three domains. In so doing, the book draws on, and brings together, several different literatures: on social justice and liberalism, distributive and relational equality, the distinct value of social equality, and neo-republicanism and non-domination.
Allegorical Mimesis
Authors: Haynes Justin A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of twelfth-century conceptions of allegory as integumentum. It also discusses the precedents—both medieval and modern—for reading an epic as an imitation of the allegorical reading of the Aeneid. In particular, this chapter lays out the evidence that allegorical readings of the Aeneid—especially the sixth book—were sometimes cited as structural models for allegorical poems in the Middle Ages. The plot structures of the Anticlaudianus and Architrenius are shown to have only small portions in common with the poems most generally said to be their models, such as Martianus’s De nuptiis, Prudentius’s Psychomachia, and Claudian’s In Rufinum. The chapter concludes with a short discussion of Fulgentius’s overall plot of the allegorical Aeneid and its tantalizing similarities to the plots of the Anticlaudianus and Architrenius.
Conclusion
Authors: Haynes Justin A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The conclusion suggests that Virgil’s importance was greater in the twelfth century than previously thought. Dante was not the first to “resuscitate” Virgilianism after the Carolingian period, as is often claimed, nor were Renaissance authors the first—another thing sometimes claimed. Furthermore, the importance of the Virgilian commentary tradition in shaping these epics suggests an alternative origin for the Platonism that has previously been detected in the poetry of this period. Winthrop Wetherbee had argued in Platonism and Poetry that the reason for such Platonism in the poetry of the twelfth century was due to the so-called Chartrian interest in Calcidius’s translation of the Timaeus. The research presented in this book suggests that nearly all of such Platonism detected by Wetherbee—especially the Platonic ascent of the soul to the creator—can be explained through commentary on the Aeneid without direct recourse to the Timaeus.