bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fifty years of research on the brain renin–angiotensin system: what have we learned?
Authors: Cruz-López Edwyn O. , Uijl Estrellita , Danser A.H. Jan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Although the existence of a brain renin–angiotensin system (RAS) had been proposed five decades ago, we still struggle to understand how it functions. The main reason for this is the virtual lack of renin at brain tissue sites. Moreover, although renin’s substrate, angiotensinogen, appears to be synthesized locally in the brain, brain angiotensin (Ang) II disappeared after selective silencing of hepatic angiotensinogen. This implies that brain Ang generation depends on hepatic angiotensinogen after all. Rodrigues et al. (Clin Sci (Lond) (2021) 135:1353–1367) generated a transgenic mouse model overexpressing full-length rat angiotensinogen in astrocytes, and observed massively elevated brain Ang II levels, increased sympathetic nervous activity and vasopressin, and up-regulated erythropoiesis. Yet, blood pressure and kidney function remained unaltered, and surprisingly no other Ang metabolites occurred in the brain. Circulating renin was suppressed. This commentary critically discusses these findings, concluding that apparently in the brain, overexpressed angiotensinogen can be cleaved by an unidentified non-renin enzyme, yielding Ang II directly, which then binds to Ang receptors, allowing no metabolism by angiotensinases like ACE2 and aminopeptidase A. Future studies should now unravel the identity of this non-renin enzyme, and determine whether it also contributes to Ang II generation at brain tissue sites in wildtype animals. Such studies should also re-evaluate the concept that Ang-(1-7) and Ang III, generated by ACE2 and aminopeptidase A, respectively, have important functions in the brain.
3D bioprinted and integrated platforms for cardiac tissue modeling and drug testing
Authors: Yong Uijung , Kang Byeongmin , Jang Jinah 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Recent advances in biofabrication techniques, including 3D bioprinting, have allowed for the fabrication of cardiac models that are similar to the human heart in terms of their structure (e.g., volumetric scale and anatomy) and function (e.g., contractile and electrical properties). The importance of developing techniques for assessing the characteristics of 3D cardiac substitutes in real time without damaging their structures has also been emphasized. In particular, the heart has two primary mechanisms for transporting blood through the body: contractility and an electrical system based on intra and extracellular calcium ion exchange. This review introduces recent trends in 3D bioprinted cardiac tissues and the measurement of their structural, contractile, and electrical properties in real time. Cardiac models have also been regarded as alternatives to animal models as drug-testing platforms. Thus, perspectives on the convergence of 3D bioprinted cardiac tissues and their assessment for use in drug development are also presented.
Parallel‐to‐orthogonal polarisation‐state converter for dual‐mode Nd:YVO4 microchip laser
Authors: Hyodo Masaharu , Zhang Yun , Watanabe Masayoshi , Saito Shingo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPolarisation‐state conversion from parallel linear polarisation to orthogonal linear polarisation was successfully demonstrated using a birefringence crystal for the two longitudinal oscillation modes of a dual‐mode Nd:YVO4 microchip laser. The laser emitted two longitudinal oscillation modes simultaneously in the vertical linear polarisation state with a frequency difference of 101 GHz. In the experiment, it was shown that by using a 17‐mm‐long LiNbO3 birefringence crystal, it was possible to almost perfectly convert the polarisation state of the two oscillation modes by providing a π‐rad difference in phase retardations between the two oscillation modes. The residual elliptic component was eliminated using a pair of waveplates.
Structured velocity field in the inner envelope of B335: ALMA observations of rare CO isotopologues
Authors: Cabedo Victoria , Maury Anaëlle , Girart Josep M. , Padovani Marco 
Published: July 2021

Context. Studies of Class 0 objects allow to characterize the dynamical processes taking place at the onset of the star formation process and to determine the physical mechanisms responsible for the outcome of the collapse. Observations of dense gas tracers allow for the characterization of key kinematics of the gas that are directly involved in the star formation process, such as infall, outflow, and rotation.
Aims. This work is aimed at investigating the molecular line velocity profiles of the Class 0 protostellar object B335 and attempts to place constraints on the infall motions happening in the circumstellar gas of the object.
Methods. We present observations of C17O (1–0), C18O (1–0), and 12CO (2–1) transitions along with an analysis of spectral profiles at envelope radii between 100 and 860 au.
Results. C17O emission presents a double-peaked line profile distributed in a complex velocity field. Both peaks present an offset of 0.2–1 km s−1 from the systemic velocity of the source in the probed area. The optical depth of the C17O emission has been estimated and found to be less than 1, suggesting that the two velocity peaks trace two distinct velocity components of the gas in the inner envelope.
Conclusions. After discarding possible motions that could produce the complex velocity pattern, such as rotation and outflow, we conclude that infall motions are responsible for producing the velocity field. Because inside-out symmetric collapse cannot explain those observed profiles, it is suggested that these are produced by non-isotropic accretion from the envelope into the central source along the outflow cavity walls.
Combining white light and UV Lyman-αcoronagraphic images to determine the solar wind speed
Authors: Bemporad A. , Giordano S. , Zangrilli L. , Frassati F. 
Published: July 2021

Context.The availability of multi-channel coronagraphic images in different wavelength intervals acquired from the space will provide a new view of the solar corona, allowing us to investigate the 2D distribution and time evolution of many plasma physical parameters, such as plasma density, temperature, and outflow speed.Aims.This work focuses on the combination of white light (WL) and UV (Lyα) coronagraphic images to demonstrate the capability of measuring the solar wind speed in the inner corona directly with the ratio of these two images (a technique called the quick inversion method), thus avoiding having to account for the line-of-sight (LOS) integration effects in the inversion of data.Methods.After a derivation of the theoretical basis and illustration of the main hypotheses in the quick inversion method, the data inversion technique is tested first with 1D radial analytic profiles and then with 3D numerical MHD simulations in order to show the effects of variabilities related to different phases of the solar activity cycle and the complex LOS distribution of plasma parameters. The same technique is also applied to average WL and UV images obtained from real data acquired by the SOHO UVCS and LASCO instruments around the minimum and maximum of the solar activity cycle.Results.Comparisons between input and output velocities show a good agreement overall, demonstrating that this method, which allowed us to infer the solar wind speed with the WL-to-UV image ratio, can be complementary to more complex techniques requiring the full LOS integration. The analysis described here also allowed us to quantify the possible errors in the outflow speed, and to identify the coronal regions where the quick inversion method performs at the best. The quick inversion applied to real UVCS and LASCO data also allowed us to reconstruct the typical bimodal distribution of fast and slow wind at solar minimum, and to derive a more complex picture around the solar maximum.Conclusions.The application of the technique shown here will be very important for the future analyses of data acquired with multi-channel WL and UV (Lyα) coronagraphs, such as Metis on board the Solar Orbiter, LST on board ASO-S, and any other future WL and UV Lyαmulti-channel coronagraphs.
Safety and Efficacy of amplitude-modulated radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Blackstock Arthur W. , Benson Al B. , Kudo Masatoshi , Jimenez Hugo , Achari Preeya F. , McGrath Callum , Kirchner Volker , Wagner Lynne I. , O’Connell Nathaniel S. , Walker Kathy , Pasche Valerie K. , D’Agostino Ralph , Barbault Alexandre , Pasche Boris 
Published: July 2021

Importance: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Despite the recent approval of several new agents, long-term disease control remains elusive for most patients. Administration of 27.12 MHz radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF) by means of a spoon-shaped antenna (TheraBionic P1 device) placed on the anterior part of the tongue results in systemic delivery of low and safe levels of RF EMF from head to toe.
Objective: To report treatment outcomes and adverse events associated with treatment with the TheraBionic P1 device in comparison to suitable historical placebo and actively treated controls.
Design: Pooled case series with comparison to historical controls.
Participants: Patients with advanced HCC receiving this treatment, 18 real-world patients and 41 patients from a previously reported phase II study. Historical controls from previously conducted clinical trials.
Interventions: Three hours daily treatment with the TheraBionic P1 device compared with standard of care as received by historical controls in the previously conducted trials.
Main outcomes and measures: Overall survival (OS), time to progression, response rate, and adverse events in the combined pooled patients and in appropriate subgroups comparable to the historical control groups.
Results: In the pooled treatment group, median OS of patients with Child-Pugh A disease (n = 32) was 10.36 (95% CI 5.42–14.07) months, 4.44 (95% CI 1.64–7.13) months for patients with Child-Pugh B disease (n = 25), and 1.99 (95% CI 0.76–3.22) months for patients with Child-Pugh C disease (n = 2). Median OS for Child-Pugh A patients was 2.62 (33.9%) months longer than the 7.74 months OS of comparable historical controls (p = 0.036). The 4.73 (95% CI 1.18–8.28) months median OS for Child-Pugh B patients receiving TheraBionic P1 device as first line therapy is slightly higher than the 4.6 months median OS of historical controls receiving Sorafenib as first line therapy. Only grade 1 mucositis and fatigue were reported by patients using the device, even among Child-Pugh B and C patients. No patients discontinued treatment because of adverse events.
Conclusions and Relevance: Treatment of advanced HCC with the TheraBionic P1 device is well tolerated, even in patients with severely impaired liver function, and results in improved overall survival compared to historical controls without any significant adverse events, even after many years of continuous treatment. This treatment modality appears to be well suited for patients who have failed or are intolerant to currently approved therapies.
An Oppositional Tolerance Account for Potential Cognitive Deficits Caused by the Discontinuation of Antidepressant Drugs
Authors: Beste Christian , Stock Ann-Kathrin , Colzato Lorenza , Zhang Wenxin , Walter Henrik 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDepression is the leading cause of disability worldwide, making antidepressant drugs the most used psychiatric drugs in the USA. Withdrawal effects and rebound symptoms frequently occur after the reduction and/or discontinuation of these drugs. Although these phenomena have been investigated with respect to the clinical symptomatology, no studies have systematically investigated the effects of withdrawal/rebound on general cognition. We present a novel framework based on the idea of allostatic adaptation, which allows to predict how different antidepressants likely impair different cognitive processes as a result of withdrawal and rebound effects. This framework relies on the assumptions that the type of cognitive impairments evoked by an antidepressant is determined by the targeted neurotransmitter systems, while the severity of deficits depends on its half-life. Our model predicts that the severity of detrimental cognitive withdrawal and rebound effects increases with a shorter half-life of the discontinued antidepressant drug. It further proposes drug-specific effects: antidepressants mainly targeting serotonin should primarily impair aversive and emotional processing, those targeting norepinephrine should impair the processing of alerting signals, those targeting dopamine should impair motivational processes and reward processing, and those targeting acetylcholine should impair spatial learning and memory. We hope that this framework will motivate further research to better understand and explain cognitive changes as a consequence of antidepressant discontinuation.
Synthesis, Antimicrobial Evaluation of Substituted Indole and
Nitrobenzenamine based Cr(III), Mn(III) and Fe(III) Metal
Complexes
Authors: Sharma Preeti , Singh Varun Kumar , Kumar Gajendra 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSchiff base ligand (E)-5-methyl-3-(1-(4-nitrophenylimino)ethyl)-1H-indol-2-amine
was synthesized by the condensation of
1-(2-amino-5-methyl-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanone and 4-nitrobenzenamine in methanol at
70 oC. The prepared Schiff base ligand doped with
Cr(III), Mn(III) and Fe(III) ion, respectively and it is denoted as
[M(C34H32N8O4)X]X2.
The complexes have been characterized with the help of elemental analysis,
conductance measurements, magnetic measurements and their structural
configuration have been determined by various spectroscopic (electronic, IR,
1H NMR, 13C NMR, GCMS) techniques. Electronic and
magnetic moments of the complexes indicate that the geometry of the metal center
was five coordinate square pyramidal. These metal complexes were also tested for
their antimicrobial activities to assess their inhibiting potential against
Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis (positive bacteria) and
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi
(negative bacteria) and fungi Rizoctonia sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium
sp.
[Cr(C34H32N8O4)OAc](OAc)2
shows best antimicrobial activity against all the pathogens.
Diagnostic accuracy of a novel artificial intelligence system for adenoma detection in daily practice: a prospective nonrandomized comparative study
Authors: Zippelius Carolin , Alqahtani Saleh A. , Schedel Jörg , Brookman-Amissah Dominic , Muehlenberg Klaus , Federle Christoph , Salzberger Andrea , Schorr Wolfgang , Pech Oliver 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background Adenoma detection rate (ADR) varies significantly between endoscopists, with adenoma miss rates (AMRs) up to 26 %. Artificial intelligence (AI) systems may improve endoscopy quality and reduce the rate of interval cancer. We evaluated the efficacy of an AI system in real-time colonoscopy and its influence on AMR and ADR.
Methods This prospective, nonrandomized, comparative study analyzed patients undergoing diagnostic colonoscopy at a single endoscopy center in Germany from June to October 2020. Every patient was examined concurrently by an endoscopist and AI using two opposing screens. The AI system, overseen by a second observer, was not visible to the endoscopist. AMR was the primary outcome. Both methods were compared using McNemar test.
Results 150 patients were included (mean age 65 years [standard deviation 14]; 69 women). There was no significant or clinically relevant difference (P = 0.75) in AMR between the AI system (6/197, 3.0 %; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.1–6.5) and routine colonoscopy (4/197, 2.0 %; 95 %CI 0.6–5.1). The polyp miss rate of the AI system (14/311, 4.5 %; 95 %CI 2.5–7.4) was not significantly different (P = 0.72) from routine colonoscopy (17/311, 5.5 %; 95 %CI 3.2–8.6). There was no significant difference (P = 0.50) in ADR between routine colonoscopy (78/150, 52.0 %; 95 %CI 43.7–60.2) and the AI system (76/150, 50.7 %; 95 %CI 42.4–58.9). Routine colonoscopy detected adenomas in two patients that were missed by the AI system.
Conclusion The AI system performance was comparable to that of experienced endoscopists during real-time colonoscopy with similar high ADR (> 50 %).
A Rare Anatomical Variation in the Pedicle of Anterolateral Thigh (ALT) Flap
Authors: Mishra Jiten Kumar , Sahu Shamendra Anand 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFree anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap finds its place in the front row among the soft-tissue flaps used for complex reconstruction of various defects. Its versatile tissue component and ease of harvesting with minimal donor site morbidity made it a popular flap. However, its variable vascular anatomy alerts the reconstructive surgeon to remain aware of the common variation and vigilant with regard to unusual variation. Commonly described variations are about the origin and course of pedicle and perforators. There are rare reports regarding the presence of double arteries and single vein in the flap pedicle. Here, the authors describe these unusual anatomical variations in the pedicle of ALT flap, with two arteries and one vein, and discuss the surgical implication of the same.
Outcome of Surgical Management of Sacrococcygeal Pilonidal Sinus Disease with Rotation Flap in 52 Patients—A Retrospective Study
Authors: Mistry Abbas , Shaikh Parvez , Mohammed Aizaz , Bagasrawala Samir , Chauhan Ankit , Anthony George 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background Surgical treatment of sacrococcygeal pilonidal sinus disease (SPSD) consists of radical excision of the entire tract and treatment of the resultant raw area. Here, the authors have reviewed the results of the rotation flap for closure of the SPSD.
Aim This study aims to evaluate the outcomes following SPSD excision and rotation flap closure.
Materials and Methods All patients were treated for SPSD with excision and closure using a rotation flap from January 2010 to September 2018. Cases having a follow-up of at least 6 months post surgery were evaluated.
Result A total of 52 patients were included in the study; 42 cases were of primary disease while 10 were of recurrent disease. The patients’ follow-up records on the 3rd day, 10th day, 1 month, and 6 months were evaluated.None of the patients showed any signs of recurrence on follow-ups. One patient developed a hematoma on the third day post surgery which was treated conservatively. One patient developed a seroma in the perianal region on the fifth postoperative day which required aspiration. Both these patients healed well subsequently.
Conclusion Rotation flap is a (simple and reliable) treatment option for closure of postexcision SPSD defect. It not only takes the tension away from suture line, but also pushes the gluteal fat from the sides into the midline, obliterating the deep crevice of the natal cleft which is believed to be one of the important factors in the causation of SPSD, thus minimizing recurrence.
Mechanical Anastomotic Coupling Device versus Hand-sewn Venous Anastomosis in Head and Neck Reconstruction—An Analysis of 1694 Venous Anastomoses
Authors: Arora Rajan , Mishra Kripa Shanker , Bhoye Hemant T. , Dewan Ajay Kumar , Singh Ravi K. , Naalla Ravikiran 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background There is a steep learning curve to attain a consistently good result in microvascular surgery. The venous anastomosis is a critical step in free-tissue transfer. The margin of error is less and the outcome depends on the surgeon’s skill and technique. Mechanical anastomotic coupling device (MACD) has been proven to be an effective alternative to hand-sewn (HS) technique for venous anastomosis, as it requires lesser skill. However, its feasibility of application in emerging economy countries is yet to be established.
Material and Method We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients who underwent free-tissue transfer for head and neck reconstruction between July 2015 and October 2020. Based on the technique used for the venous anastomosis, the patients were divided into an HS technique and MACD group. Patient characteristics and outcomes were measured.
Result A total of 1694 venous anastomoses were performed during the study period. There were 966 patients in the HS technique group and 719 in the MACD group. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups in terms of age, sex, prior radiotherapy, prior surgery, and comorbidities. Venous thrombosis was noted in 62 (6.4%) patients in the HS technique group and 7 (0.97%) in the MACD group (p = 0.000). The mean time taken for venous anastomosis in the HS group was 17 ± 4 minutes, and in the MACD group, it was 5 ± 2 minutes (p = 0.0001). Twenty-five (2.56%) patients in the HS group and 4 (0.55%) patients in MACD group had flap loss (p = 0.001).
Conclusion MACD is an effective alternative for HS technique for venous anastomosis. There is a significant reduction in anastomosis time, flap loss, and return to operation theater due to venous thrombosis. MACD reduces the surgeon’s strain, especially in a high-volume center. Prospective randomized studies including economic analysis are required to prove the cost-effectiveness of coupler devices.
Hip Fractures in Malta: Are we Missing an Opportunity?
Authors: Bugeja Mark , Curmi Arthur , Desira Daniel , Bologna Gregory Apap , Galea Francesco , Esposito Ivan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Introduction Osteoporosis is a bone disease that is both preventable and treatable. It usually becomes evident when a fragility fracture occurs. Unfortunately, most studies show that only a small percentage of individuals at increased risk of fracture are assessed and treated, even following a fragility fracture.
Objective The aim of this study was to determine whether patients suffering from a low-energy hip fractures in the Maltese Islands are given osteoporosis treatment.
Method All patients older than 50 years presenting to the acute care hospitals in Malta and Gozo with a fragility hip fracture during December 1, 2015 and November 30, 2016 were included. Data on mortality, other fragility fractures, prescription of calcium, vitamin D, and antiresorptive therapy were collected.
Results Calcium with vitamin D supplements were prescribed to 40% of patients; however, only 2.64% of patients were given pharmacological therapy. Following a hip fracture, the mortality rate was 18.5% at 1 year and 26.21% at 2 years. Apart from a high mortality rate, 28.19% of individuals sustained another fragility fracture before or after the hip fracture.
Conclusion There should be increased osteoporosis awareness in Malta and a national bone mineral density screening program should be set up. An active role of the orthogeriatrics team in the management and treatment of osteoporosis following a fragility fracture might improve treatment rate and decrease refracture and mortality rates.