bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PTH Gradient as a Predictor of Post Thyroidectomy Hypocalcemia
Authors: Garg Surabhi , Mishra Anand K. , Singh Kul R. , Enny Loreno E. , Ramakant Pooja 
Published: December 2021

Background:Post thyroidectomy hypocalcemia is a common complication. Post thyroidectomy PTH estimation at varying cut offs and time have been used to predict hypocalcemia and aid in early and safe discharge. Single post thyroidectomy PTH values may be spuriously normal or high in a patient that subsequently develops unanticipated low calcium levels. This study aimed to evaluate the percentage change in preoperative and postoperative PTH (Gradient) in predicting post thyroidectomy hypocalcemia.Methods:Forty-one patients of thyroidectomy had PTH preoperatively, postoperatively one-hour (PTH0) and day 1 (PTH1). PTH gradient was calculated as percentage change in postoperative PTH to preoperative (PTHG0, PTHG1). Hypocalcemia was categorized into mild or severe based on corrected calcium values and presence of clinical signs and/or symptoms of hypocalcemia.Results:Ten (24.3%) and 11 (26.8%) patients had mild and severe hypocalcemia, respectively. PTHG0 and PTHG1 were significantly associated with risk for hypocalcemia (P-0.006 vsP-0.002). Higher PTH0 and PTH1 gradients were significantly associated with risk of hypocalcemia (PTH0 gradient OR-0.006, 95% CI 0.00–0.175,P-0.006; PTH1 gradient OR- 0.008, 95% CI 0.00–0.166,P-0.002). PTH0 gradient was the best predictor of hypocalcemia (AUC 0.855, SE-0.065, 95% CI0.710 to 0.945,Pvalue <0.001) and PTH1 value was a better predictor of severe/clinical hypocalcemia (AUC 0.844, SE-0.072, 95% CI 0.697 to 0.938,P-value-0.001). Based on ROC, cutoffs of PTH0 gradient and PTH1 gradient for predicting hypocalcemia and severe/clinical hypocalcemia were taken as 60% and 75%, respectively (sensitivity 70%, specificity 90.5% for hypocalcemia; sensitivity 65%, specificity 90.9% for severe hypocalcemia).Conclusion:PTH gradient may be a better predictor of hypocalcemia and PTH1 gradient of >75% correlates with high risk of severe/clinical post thyroidectomy hypocalcemia.
The “Cosmopolitan” Historian I. P. Schmidt: Chapters of a Biography
Authors: Genina Elena S. , Ovchinnikov Vladislav A. 
Published: December 2021

The article is devoted to the reconstruction of the biography of Isai Pavlovich Schmidt, a Professor of History, propagandist and the head of the flight on the route Moscow – Beijing (1925). The life and work of I. P. Schmidt (1896–1975) have already been the object of studies in modern historiography. However, the complex of new sources, which were available to the authors of the present article, made it possible to revisit some facts of the professor's biography, introducing the necessary additions and clarifications. The purpose of the study is the reconstruction of the biography of I. P. Schmidt in the context of the Soviet history with a focus on the impact of the anti-cosmopolitan campaign in the USSR on the professional career and further life of the professor. As a result of the analysis, the authors identified the main stages of the biography of I. P. Schmidt and noted the peculiar features of his worldview. The obtained results of the study led the authors to the conclusion that events of the anti-cosmopolitan campaign had resulted in the beginning of a new stage in the I. P. Schmidt’s biography – his research and pedagogical activities in Uzbekistan and Siberia. The study determines peculiarities of the activities and life of the “cosmopolitan” historian in the country’s periphery. This article is intended for teachers and university students, researchers as well as local historians.
Fraud - A multidisciplinary element. Famous case studies in such different fields
Authors: Chiriac (Matei) Alina , Nișulescu Ileana , Kamer-Ainur Aivaz 
Published: December 2021

Research Question: RQ1: What is fraud? RQ2: Where do we find fraud? It is fraud a multidisciplinary element? Why?
Motivation: Most of the literature states that fraud is a topic of great interest, but no one has tried to prove why, but also to show how much interest in publishing about the subject of fraud has increased.
Idea: Our study looked at an international database (Web of Science) to demonstrate the growing interest in studying fraud in various fields. But we also did a case study presenting a complex case of fraud, discovered by DGAF in Romania.
Data: The data were collected from Web of Science database and an analysis was made based on the 17,825 results found when searching for the word "fraud", and then we also did a case study presenting a complex case of fraud, discovered by DGAF in Romania, collecting data by direct observation of one of the authors.
Tools: To test study’s hypotheses, we analyzed the Web of Science database.
Findings: The results answer in the affirmative to the research question. Also, the implications of the results are that all actors can outline an overview of the phenomenon, but especially reveals the gaps in the discovery of the phenomenon.
Contribution: Most of the literature states that fraud is a topic of great interest, but no one has tried to prove why, but also to show how much interest in publishing about the subject of fraud has increased.
CONSTITUENCY DEVELOPMENT FUND (CDF) AND ITS EFFECTS ON COMMUNITY WELFARE IN TIGANIA EAST CONSTITUENCY, MERU COUNTY KENYA
Authors: Akwalu Julius Ng’olua , Muchai Serah 
Published: December 2021

Purpose: The objective of the study was to identify the effects of Constituency Development Fund (CDF) on community welfare in Tigania East Constituency.
Methodology: The study adopted descriptive design. The target population was the Constituency Development Fund beneficial groups and project leaders including project management committees (PMCs) of Tigania East Constituency currently implementing projects funded by the CDF. The population comprised of 500 project-member committee drawn from the ongoing CDF-funded projects in Tigania East Constituency. The study employed stratified sampling where the Constituency was divided into Sub Counties. This study utilized a sample size of 100. The study used structured questionnaire and semi structured interviews to collect data. Pilot study was done on ten randomly picked members, two from each sub county and would not participate in the actual study. The researcher used Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version to analyse data. Data analysis employed both descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: The findings showed that devolved funding has impacted positively on the community welfare of the people of Tigania East constituency. The findings revealed that all the independent variables notably; (X1) youth projects, (X2) health programmes, (X3) infrastructure projects and (X4) educational programmes have a significance influence on community welfare. Youth projects, health programmes, infrastructure projects and educational programmes have p-value of 0.022, 0.004, 0.049, and 0.007 respectively. These p-values are statistically significant at 5% significant level. The study concludes that youth projects, health programmes, infrastructure projects and educational programmes had a significant positive relationship with community welfare in constituency offices. The findings show there are several projects that are being funded/ have been funded by the CDF. It also shows that there are positive outcomes to the community from CDF and that the level of community participation in the projects funded by devolved funds is high.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The study recommends that all stakeholders have to participate in ensuring sustainability of positive strategies adopted in the management of the fund so as to continue realizing their effects. The study also recommends that the national government should fasten the processes leading to disbursement of funds to local units so as not to delay the implementation of projects. The study further recommends that there is the need to train CDF Funds staff as well as the community representatives on issues of project prioritizing, choice and management.
OUTCOMES OF LIVELIHOOD DIVERSIFICATION AMONG AGRO-PASTORAL HOUSEHOLDS IN LAIKIPIA COUNTY, KENYA
Authors: Irungu Martin , Muriithi Joan , Njue Jane 
Published: December 2021

Purpose: The purpose aimed to investigate livelihood diversification strategies and livelihood outcomes among agro-pastoral households in Laikipia North Sub-county, Kenya.
Methodology: The study adopted a cross sectional survey design where a sample of the population was selected, and from these individuals, data was collected to help answer the research questions. A total of 422 households were systematically sampled. Data were collected using two instruments; household interview guides and key informant interview guide. Data analysis was done using SPSS (version 20) computer software program. Frequency tables, pie charts and bar graphs are used to present the findings of the study. Descriptive statistics were presented using maximum, minimum, mean, percentage, and standard deviations. Significance correlation between descriptive variables was tested using Chi square test and Spearman correlation coefficient at 0.05 level of significance.
Results: The findings of the study revealed that there was a response rate of 90.3% with more than half of the respondents being household heads. The average number of years the respondents had lived in the area was 43. The researcher sought livelihood strategies pursued in the past, presently and enumerated the reasons for disparity where it existed. Climate change was cited as a major cause of disparity at 40.7% followed by increased levels of education, changing land use and need to increase income and availability of market in that order. Assets (physical, financial and social) were found to have a significant influence on livelihoods outcomes. Challenges the respondents faced however was found to have no significant influence on the livelihood outcomes (χ=1.017, df =1, p=0.313). Finally, there was significant relationship between the adopted livelihood strategies and livelihood outcomes (χ2=14.730, df =1, p=0.000, r=-0.197).
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: The government should strengthen Cooperative Development and Trade and Industry to the ward level. Such efforts will enhance the formation and effective running of cooperative societies as well as equip local community members with skills of running profitable businesses.
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS AND UPTAKE OF SOLAR COOKING PROJECTS- KAKUMA REFUGEE CAMP IN KENYA
Authors: Kaburu Godfrey Mawira , James Dr. Rosemary , Mortimer Kevin 
Published: December 2021

Purpose: To investigate the influence of social determinants on uptake of solar cooking projects in Kakuma Refugee Camp in Kenya.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study of 122 systematically sampled households in Kakuma Refugee Camp was done. Questionnaires were completed to collect information about social norms, family size, security and safety, education level and beneficiary participation. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the findings.
Findings: All the 122 questionnaires completed by respondents had a mean age (SD) 37.8 (8.6); 85% female. Households in Kakuma mainly acquire their domestic fuel via different means within the camp such as firewood collection, purchases from local vendors or donations from aid agencies. Firewood on open fires was the modal cooking practice at 83.6%, followed by charcoal at 15.6% and solar cooking at 0.8%, while use of alternative fuels like gas, ethanol or kerosene was found to be insignificant. Adoption of solar cooking was observed to be under influence of social norms, family size and education. A greater uptake of solar cooking was noted among respondents with higher education levels and lower uptake among large families.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Firewood is given to refugees for domestic fuel in Kakuma Refugee Camp; however, getting adequate supplies for the sprawling camp population is getting increasingly difficult, and environmentally damaging. Solar cooking projects have been implemented as possible solutions albeit with little success. There is a need for humanitarian agencies to make refugees aware and conversant with use of the free, sustainable solar fuel to cook and cognizant of benefits of shifting from wood-based cooking to the cleaner solar cooking option. Household cooking is such a socio-culturally embedded practice in Kakuma that context-specific solar cookers that can fry, boil, and bake using ordinally cooking styles of refugees would be key to a wider-spread solar cooking uptake. In addition, there is a gap between the refugees’ preferred fuel option and their ability to pay. To get solar cooking to scale, more investment is needed and agencies should explore working with local businesses to subsidize cost of solar cookers in camps. Finally, the Kenya and the ISO standards for clean cookstoves need developing since there is a gap and the existing standards mainly focus on solid fuel, biomass or ethanol cookstoves.
Perancangan Sistem Informasi Pengenalan Tempat Wisata Di Aceh
Authors: Munar Munar , Taufiq Taufiq 
Published: December 2021

Sistem Informasi ini bertujuan untuk mempromosikan tempat wisata di Provinsi Aceh. Sistem informasi dirancang berbasis web yang medianya memiliki unsur teks, gambar, animasi bahkan suara. Unsur-unsur tersebut menjadikan media ini menjadi menarik. Selain itu sistem informasi yang dirancang berbasis web ini menjadi sebuah media yang memiliki informasi yang cukup lengkap bagi wisatawan yang dapat dilihat setiap waktu yang dibutuhkan. Perancangan Sistem ini tidak lepas dari aspek desain dan teknologi didalam proses pembuatannya. Seperti halnya media informasi lain, keberhasilan media ini juga ditentukan oleh keberhasilan dalam penyampaian informasi. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah dengan pengumpulan data melalui studi literatur, wawancara, dan observasi, serta menganalisa kebutuhan perangkat lunak, membangun database dengan mysql, merancang antar muka menggunakan photosop dan PHP, melakukan pengujian program sebagai tahap akhir dalam pembuatan sistem informasi pariwisata berbasis web. Dalam Perancangan Sistem Informasi Pariwisata Berbasis Web, terdapat proses prosedural yang dilakukan untuk mengumpulkan data. Dalam pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah observasi berkaitan dengan obyek wisata di Provinsi Aceh. Selain observasi juga dilakukan wawancara tak terstruktur, dimana wawancara dilakukan secara bebas, tidak menggunakan pedoman wawancara secara sistematis, selain itu data dalam perancangan ini adalah data mengenai pariwisata di dapat dari buku, brosur, dan browsing di internet. Hasil perancangan berupa sitem informasi pariwisata berbasis web yang diharapkan mampu menjadi sebuah media yang dapat mempromosikan objek wisata yang ada di Aceh
EFEKTIFITAS PEMBELAJARAN DENGAN METODE AIR (AUDITORY INTELLECTUALLY REPETITION) DALAM MENUMBUHKAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR SISWA
Authors: AFRYANTO GURUH FAJAR 
Published: December 2021

Generally this article aims to find out the learning model that is applied in school which is generally still centered on the teacher, that effecting students are bored, causing low learning motivation. Now learning uses is the active, innovative and creative learners is by developing learning with the AIR method (Auditory Intellectually Repetition). The Air Learning Model (Auditory Intellectually Repetition) is a learning model considers that a learning will be effective if you pay attention to three things; auditory, intellectually, and repetition. Auditory means ear senses used in learning by listening, speaking, presentations, arguments, suggesting opinions and responding. Intellectually means the ability to think needs to be trained through reasoning exercises, creating, solving problems, currying and implementing. Repetition is needed in learning so that the understanding is more profound and wider. Students need to be trained through the work of questions, practice tasks, and quis. So that with the learning model with AIR methods can increase students motivation. Motivation is a process to grow the motives/power into deeds or behavior to meet needs and achieve certain goals. Students motivation can arise from individuals (intrinsic motivation) and can arise from outside students / extrinsic motivation.
ABSTRAKSecara garis besar artikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui model pembelajaran yang diterapkan disekolah yang pada umumnya masih berpusat pada guru, yang mengakibatkan siswa merasa bosan, sehingga menyebabkan motivasi belajarnya rendah. Pembelajaran yang digunakan sekarang adalah pembelajan yang aktif, inovatif dan kreatif yaitu dengan mengembangkan pembelajaran dengan metode AIR (Auditory Intellectually Repetition). Model pembelajaran AIR (Auditory Intellectually Repetition) adalah model pembelajaran yang menganggap bahwa suatu pembelajaran akan efektif jika memperhatikan tiga hal yaitu Auditory, Intellectually, dan repetition. Auditory berarti indera telinga digunakan dalam belajar dengan cara menyimak, berbicara, presentasi, argumentasi, mengemukakan pendapat dan menanggapi. Intellectually berarti kemampuan berfikir perlu dilatih melalui latihan bernalar, mencipta, memecahkan masalah, mengkontruksi dan menerapkan. Repetition/pengulangan diperlukan dalam pembelajaran agar pemahaman lebih mendalam dan lebih luas. Siswa perlu dilatih melalui pengerjaan soal, pemberian tugas (praktek), dan quis. Sehingga dengan model pembelajaran dengan metode AIR dapat meningkatkan motivasi siswa. Motivasi adalah suatu proses untuk menggiatkan motif/daya menjadi perbuatan atau tingkah laku untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dan mencapai tujuan tertentu. Motivasi siswa dapat timbul dari dalam diri individu (motivasi intrinsik) dan dapat timbul dari luar diri siswa/ motivasi ekstrinsik.
Advances in altimetric snow depth estimates using bi-frequency SARAL and CryoSat-2 Ka–Ku measurements
Authors: Garnier Florent , Fleury Sara , Garric Gilles , Bouffard Jérôme , Tsamados Michel , Laforge Antoine , Bocquet Marion , Fredensborg Hansen Renée Mie , Remy Frédérique 
Published: December 2021

Abstract. Although snow depth on sea ice is a key parameter for sea ice thickness (SIT) retrieval, there currently does not exist reliable estimations.
In the Arctic, nearly all SIT products use a snow depth climatology (the modified Warren-99 climatology, W99m) constructed from in situ data obtained prior to the first significant impacts of climate change.
In the Antarctic, the lack of information on snow depth remains a major obstacle in the development of reliable SIT products. In this study, we present the latest version of the altimetric snow depth (ASD) product computed over both hemispheres from the difference of the radar penetration into the snow pack between the Ka-band frequency SARAL/Altika and the Ku-band frequency CryoSat-2.
The ASD solution is compared against a wide range of snow depth products including model data (Pan-Arctic Ice-Ocean Modelling and Assimilation System (PIOMAS) or its equivalent in the Antarctic the Global Ice-Ocean Modeling and Assimilation System (GIOMAS), the MERCATOR model, and NASA's Eulerian Snow On Sea Ice Model (NESOSIM, only in the Arctic)), the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-2 (AMSR2) passive radiometer data, and the Dual-altimeter Snow Thickness (DuST) Ka–Ku product (only in the Arctic).
The ASD product is further validated in the Arctic against the ice mass balance (IMB) buoys, the CryoSat Validation Experiment (CryoVEx) and Operation Ice Bridge's (OIB) airborne measurements.
These comparisons demonstrate that ASD is a relevant snow depth solution, with spatiotemporal patterns consistent with those of the alternative Ka–Ku DuST product but with a mean bias of about 6.5 cm.
We also demonstrate that ASD is consistent with the validation data:
comparisons with OIB's airborne snow radar in the Arctic during the period of 2014–2018 show a correlation of 0.66 and a RMSE of about 6 cm.
Furthermore, a first-guess monthly climatology has been constructed in the Arctic from the ASD product, which shows a good agreement with OIB during 2009–2012.
This climatology is shown to provide a better solution than the W99m climatology when compared with validation data.
Finally, we have characterised the SIT uncertainty due to the snow depth from an ensemble of SIT solutions computed for the Arctic by using the different snow depth products previously used in the comparison with the ASD product.
During the period of 2013–2019, we found a spatially averaged SIT mean standard deviation of 20 cm.
Deviations between SIT estimations due to snow depths can reach up to 77 cm. Using the ASD data instead of W99m to estimate SIT over this time period leads to a reduction in the average SIT of about 30 cm.
Fractionation of O2∕N2 and Ar∕N2 in the Antarctic ice sheet during bubble formation and bubble–clathrate hydrate transition from precise gas measurements of the Dome Fuji ice core
Authors: Oyabu Ikumi , Kawamura Kenji , Uchida Tsutomu , Fujita Shuji , Kitamura Kyotaro , Hirabayashi Motohiro , Aoki Shuji , Morimoto Shinji , Nakazawa Takakiyo , Severinghaus Jeffrey P. , Morgan Jacob D. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract. The variations of δO2/N2 and δAr/N2 in the Dome Fuji ice core were measured from 112 m (bubbly ice) to 2001 m (clathrate hydrate ice). Our method, combined with the low storage temperature of the samples (−50 ∘C), successfully excludes post-coring gas-loss fractionation signals from our data. From the bubbly ice to the middle of the bubble–clathrate transition zone (BCTZ) (112–800 m) and below the BCTZ (>1200 m), the δO2/N2 and δAr/N2 data exhibit orbital-scale variations similar to local summer insolation. The data in the lower BCTZ (800–1200 m) have large scatter, which may be caused by millimeter-scale inhomogeneity of air composition combined with finite sample lengths. The insolation signal originally recorded at the bubble close-off remains through the BCTZ, and the insolation signal may be reconstructed by analyzing long ice samples (more than 50 cm for the Dome Fuji core). In the clathrate hydrate zone, the scatter around the orbital-scale variability decreases with depth, indicating diffusive smoothing of δO2/N2 and δAr/N2. A simple gas diffusion model was used to reproduce the smoothing and thus constrain their permeation coefficients. The relationship between δAr/N2 and δO2/N2 is markedly different for the datasets representing bubble close-off (slope ∼ 0.5), bubble–clathrate hydrate transformation (∼1), and post-coring gas loss (∼0.2), suggesting that the contributions of the mass-independent and mass-dependent fractionation processes are different for those cases. The method and data presented here may be useful for improving the orbital dating of deep ice cores over the multiple glacial cycles and further studying non-insolation-driven signals (e.g., atmospheric composition) of these gases.