bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fundamental values of European legal culture in the provisions of the polish constitution 1791
Authors: Kachur V.O. 
Published: August 2021

The article reveals the importance of legal culture for the social and state life of any country and for ensuring the life of both an individual and social groups, communities and humanity as a whole, which is due to its ability to involve a person in the system of legal values, accumulate legal experience and transfer it from generation to generation.
It is noted that the European legal culture, in addition to natural rights, democracy, the rule of law, has other values that ensure the sustainable development of society, social justice and legal progress. It is emphasized that the analysis of legal monuments, which are so rich in European state-legal history, helps to trace the evolution of the formation of value-legal guidelines in modern Europe.
Based on the analysis of the text of the Polish Constitution of 1791, those provisions that contain the fundamental values of European legal culture that have become value guidelines for the further state-legal development of Poland are highlighted. All values that stem from their content are divided into two groups: 1) values that reflect the value guidelines of the Polish society of that time (patriotism, religious tolerance, freedom, dignity, equality, property, inviolability of legal certainty, people); 2) values that reflect value guidelines for the organization of state power (the principle of sovereignty of the people, the principle of separation of powers, the principle of popular representation, the constancy of the constitution, the principle of majority, the principle of political responsibility).
According to the results of the study, the Polish Constitution of 1791 is an example of an amazing symbiosis of traditions and innovations, when such progressive values as patriotism, religious tolerance, people, territorial integrity, freedom, the principle of sovereignty of the people, the principle of separation of powers, political responsibility, the principle of popular representation, the principle of majority coexist with traditional estate privileges and the institution of dependent peasants. It is indicated about the special attitude of the Polish people to this document as a certain state symbol.
The theory of the executive process and its conceptual apparatus
Authors: Fursa S.Ya. , Fursa E.I. 
Published: August 2021

The article reveals the essence of the science of executive process as one of the branches of general science of law, which is a theoretical views, opinions, ideas, theories, concepts, concepts in the field of executive procedural relations, based on Ukrainian legislation, international law, achievements other countries in this field, which studies the patterns of origin, history of development and functioning of enforcement proceedings and executive procedural legal relations, their essence, place in the legal system, the role of social functions and the principles of their regu-lation and analyzes them makes development forecasts and proposals for the implementation of scientific forecasts to the legislation on enforcement proceedings and examines the organizational issues of such activities. With regard to the procedural part, the following components should be distinguished in the theory of enforcement proceedings:
1. Enforcement acts as a basis for enforcement proceedings2. Subjects of enforcement proceedings, which in turn are divided into persons:– who enforce decisions;– participants in enforcement proceedings (parties to enforcement proceedings; other interested parties; representatives in enforcement proceedings);– involved in enforcement actions;– persons on the rights that may be affected by the ongoing enforcement proceedings3. General conditions for enforcement proceedings;4. General rules of enforcement proceedings;5. Special rules for enforcement proceedings.6. Transnational enforcement process.The subject and object of science are revealed. Significant attention is paid to the conceptual apparatus, in particular, such concepts as enforcement proceedings, enforcement proceedings, debtor, debt collector, voluntary, enforcement of decisions, etc. are formulated. The essence of the method of legal regulation of public relations in enforcement proceedings as a «method of sanctioned coercion» due to the specifics of the activities of executors in the enforcement of court decisions and decisions of other bodies (officials).
Detection of Subclinical Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation and Its Correlation with Candidate Genes in Patients with Cryptogenic Ischemic Stroke and TIA
Authors: Petrovicova A , Kurca E , Andrasova A , Bernatova J , Blasko P , Burjanivova T , Duris T , Grendar M , Hasilla J , Malicherova B , Nosal V , Obona P , Patrovic L , Sivak S , Snopek P , Svetlosak M , Vahala P , Cierny D 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Introduction: Cardioembolic etiology is assumed to be the most frequent cause of cryptogenic strokes. The detection of subclinical paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) is important in the correct choice of preventive treatment. The aim of this prospective study was to detect the incidence of AF in patients with a cryptogenic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA) and to evaluate the association between the presence of AF and selected single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP).
Methods: Patients with a cryptogenic stroke/ TIA (n=100) and a control group (n=15) of volunteers without significant cardiovascular disease were included in the study during the period of 2014 to 2019. To detect AF they underwent 12 months of ECG monitoring using an implanted loop recorder (ILR). Genotyping for SNPs rs10033464, rs2200733, rs225132, and rs2106261 was performed by a high resolution melting analysis.
Results: We found AF to be present in 24 (24%) patients with a cryptogenic stroke/TIA, versus no subjects in the control group. The SNPs rs2106261, rs2200733, rs225132, and rs10033464 were not found to be associated with AF in our study (p=0.240; 1.000; 0.887; 0.589). However, a weak trend for a higher frequency of rs2106261 risk allele A homozygotes was observed in the patients with AF compared to the patients without AF (0.416 vs. 0.263, p=0.073). Homozygotes for allele A of rs2106261 were also present in a significantly higher frequency in AF patients compared to the controls (0.416 vs. 0.133, p = 0.012).
Conclusion: In our study paroxysmal AF was a probable etiological factor in 24% of patients with cryptogenic ischemic stroke / TIA during the 12 months of monitoring. The homozygous allele A of rs2106261 was identified to be the possible genetic risk factor of AF, but this should be verified in larger cohorts.
The study has been registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov, identifier NCT02216370.
Activating Large Lecture Financial Learning: Collaboration and Clickers During Covid-19
Authors: Royer Dan W. , Mcatee Olga 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper examines our approach to teaching a large-lecture personal finance course promoting students’ financial literacy. We identify the context of this course, including the rationale for large-enrolment courses and issues with the format in general, describing how using clickers and active learning strategies results in increased engagement, attendance, and critical thinking. Learning outcomes designed to support student formation of both internal and external views of finance are holistic and expansive, broader than measures of wealth accumulation alone. Moreover, a strategic initiative focused on career readiness aligns specific competencies with course content focused on developing transferrable skills through practical, real-world examples designed to engage problem-solving and critical thinking. This pragmatic and practical focus linked these transferable skills to a framework of learning grounded in the twin concepts of financial capability and competency. Additionally, we address how Covid-19 disrupted these courses, detailing adjustments necessitated by the new reality of social distancing while adjusting our approach to student participation as we met simultaneously in face-to-face and synchronous Zoom sessions. We concluded that additional considerations must include equitable access to resources based on our pandemic experience. Future research should examine these adjustments in light of developing culturally responsive methods to promote equitable learning.
Binding or Non-Binding: Analysing the Nature of the Asean Agreements
Authors: Mahaseth Harsh , Subramaniam Karthik 
Published: August 2021

Summary
ASEAN has gradually attempted to assert itself as a diplomatic force to reckon with. However, over the recent past, it’s ability to deal with regional issues and situations has come under scrutiny. This paper argues that the reason behind such lack of clear decision making arises from the large presence of Soft Law nomenclature in ASEAN agreements, resulting in the lack of any Hard Law obligations on these nations. The paper attempts to highlight the lack of clarity in the nomenclature used in ASEAN agreements, the problems that arise from the same, and the possible reasoning behind the usage of such nomenclature. In conclusion, the paper provides a few solutions and recommendations that could be adopted by the ASEAN community of nations to establish themselves as an economic community.
“This Content is not Available in your Country” A General Summary on Geo-Blocking in and Outside the European Union
Authors: Hamuľák Ondrej , Kiss Lilla Nóra , Gábriš Tomáš , Kocharyan Hovsep 
Published: August 2021

Summary
The phenomenon of geo-blocking is one of the new challenges of the digital era. Geo-blocking is a modern form of discrimination that differentiates between consumers on the basis of their geographical location. The phenomenon ultimately affects the situation of the citizen concerned and may also constitute an obstacle to the single market. Digital time has put a number of issues to be resolved on the legislator’s table in recent years, one of which is the phenomenon of geo-blocking. Already in 2015, the European Commission led by Juncker (2014–2019) adopted the Digital Single Market (DSM) strategy, which marked the European Union’s (EU) path towards innovation by creating a new digital dimension of the Single Market. In order to achieve the DSM strategy and the digital objectives, a number of legislative acts have been put in place to address the elements of the DSM and exploit the benefits of technological modernisation. The geo-blocking phenomenon is presented in this study, partly in terms of practical aspects and partly with regard to the geo-blocking regulation. The Ursula von der Leyen-led Commission (2019–2024) identifies “a Europe fit for the digital age” among its six priorities. Among the priorities, the “promotion of a European way of life”, must be linked to the digital priorities, as our smart tools and our digital presence are becoming an integral part of our lives – and our common way of life – especially at this time of the COVID-19 pandemic. Innovation has also been accelerated by the current exceptional situation, the health emergency caused by COVID-19, forcing us to work remotely, remote contacts and the constant use of our smart tools. The realisation of digital well-being is therefore also an integral part of our lifestyle. In the intersection of digitalisation and development and the promotion of a common European way of life, we can find a single market in which we can experience a significant aspect of our European way of life – the free movements and cross-border transactions – even through our online presence. The internal market is the dimension for the proper functioning of which the Union institutions can adopt a legislative act. In addition, measures taken to remove barriers and remove obstacles are essential for the functioning of the internal market. Joint action against geo-blocking as an internal market barrier will also play a role in creating digital prosperity by promoting the proper functioning of the internal market by promoting e-commerce and electronic content access. The aim of the study on the one hand is to present issues related to geo-blocking in a brief and descriptive manner from the perspective of the social, economic and legal environment linked to the internal market. On the other hand, the study briefly presents the legal environment of geo-blocking in the USA, Russia, China and Japan.
Occurrence of marine biotoxins in bivalve molluscs available in Poland in 2014–2018
Authors: Madejska Anna , Osek Jacek 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Marine biotoxins are toxic substances that may cause illness and death in marine organisms and humans. This article disseminates the results of a 4-year study on the occurrence of marine biotoxins in raw bivalve molluscs purchased from Polish suppliers.

Material and Methods
A total of 256 samples of 8 different molluscs species were analysed for the presence of biotoxins using the ELISA method for paralytic shellfish poison, diarrhoetic shellfish poison, and amnaesic shellfish poison.

Results
The permitted limits of marine biotoxin content were not exceeded in any of the analysed samples and the majority of them were free from these compounds.

Conclusion
The results of the study indicate that the tested raw bivalve molluscs available in Poland were safe for consumers.
Methodology for assessing the severity of diffuse peritonitis and prognosis of relaparotomy
Authors: Sigua B. V. , Zemlyanoy V. P. , Petrov S. V. , Ignatenko V. A. , Kotkov P. A. 
Published: August 2021

INTRODUCTION. The problem of treating patients with peritonitis has always been and still remains relevant in surgery. Moreover, aspects of treating patients with tertiary peritonitis requiring repeated interventions are of particular importance. The OBJECTIVE of this work was to develop and evaluate the clinical effectiveness of a score-prognostic scale that allows to identify groups of patients with a high risk of persistent surgical infection in the abdominal cavity, in which a single intervention cannot be considered effective even despite the elimination of the primary surgical infection focus.METHODS AND MATERIALS. To achieve the goal, a correlation was evaluated between a number of factors and the likelihood of relaparotomy in a retrospective group consisting of 111 patients with secondary peritonitis. Based on the achieved data, score-prognostic scale for assessing the severity of peritonitis was developed, which allowed to formulate an algorithm of surgical tactics, which was used in the treatment of 109 patients. A group of 34 people with a high risk of tertiary peritonitis development was allocated from the number of patients – of which 20 patients had a total number of 39 planned surgical interventions.RESULTS. The use of the developed scale led to an increase in the total number of surgical interventions, however, reducing postoperative mortality by 1.7 times (p = 0.001) mainly due to improved survival rates in the group of patients with severe forms of peritonitis.CONCLUSION. The obtained results allowed to recommend the developed integral prognostic scale for assessing the severity of peritonitis for use in clinical practice.
Forms of sternal reconstruction in oncology
Authors: Kurilchik A. A. , Usachev V. S. , Ivanov V. E. , Starodubtsev A. L. , Zubarev A. L. 
Published: August 2021

INTRODUCTION. Chest wall tumors represent a variety of morphological forms and variants of lesions. According to different authors, primary malignant tumors of the chest wall account for 0.2–2 % of all malignant neoplasms. Of them, soft tissue sarcomas constitute about 45 %. Metastatic tumors of the chest wall occur much more frequently and most commonly develop from malignant tumors of the mammary, prostate and thyroid glands, lungs, kidneys and ovaries.MATERIALS AND METHODS. The standard of the treatment of primary and metastatic tumors of the chest wall is combination or comprehensive therapy. In some cases, preoperative care allows to create a more favorable environment for performing surgical treatment being considered the best option for chest wall tumors. The choice of a technique for the replacement of the post-resection chest wall defect is of special importance to preserve the physiological chest volume, to restore chest rigidity, to prevent paradoxical respiration and to seal the pleural cavity.RESULTS. There are different surgical techniques for skeleton reconstruction. A wide range of materials used for a skeleton reconstruction include bone tissues obtained from patient’s own body (bone autoplasty, autografts), polymeric mesh (polypropylene, polytetrafluoroethylene (Gore-Tex), bone cement (polymethyl methacrylate), stainless steel and titanium constructions as well as titanium bars and rib clips (STRATOS). In spite of a large number of techniques for sternal reconstruction described in the literature, searching for new materials and ways of their usage appears relevant.CONCLUSION. Our clinical case studies demonstrate that modern reconstructive techniques combined with careful surgical planning allow to perform radical surgery with a successful outcome preventing serious postoperative complications.
Production of grain molasses
Authors: Мансуров А.П. , Булатов С.Ю. , Сизова Ю.В. , Нечаев В.Н. 
Published: August 2021

Для увеличения производства продуктов молочного животноводства большое значение для хозяйства имеет рациональное и экономное использование концентрированных кормов собственного производства. В связи с этим проведены исследования по приготовлению жидкой зерновой (кормовой) патоки. Материалом для изучения являлось зерно собственного производства, а именно ячменя и пшеницы, взятого из хозяйства Княгининского района Нижегородской области. Переработка зерна в жидкую патоку осуществлялась на установке, разработанной в Княгининском университете, с использованием двух ферментов: МЭК-СХ-3 и «Полифермента». Существенный интерес вызывала массовая доля сахара в приготовленной патоке. В результате исследований установлено, что при использовании фермента МЭК-СХ-3 содержание сухого вещества, сырого протеина, сырого жира и сахара в пшеничной патоке было выше по сравнению с ячменным продуктом. Исследование выявили более эффективное использование «Полифермента». Так, уровень сахара в пересчёте на сухое вещество в приготовленных патоках составлял 7,3 и 8,77% из сырья ячменя и пшеницы соответственно. Следует отметить, что количество сырой клетчатки в пшеничной патоке было самое низкое — 1,48%. При производстве зерновой патоки с использованием «Полифермента», содержащего комплекс ферментов, содержание сухого вещества в готовом продукте по сравнению с цельным зерном было ниже. Добавление жидкой зерновой патоки в рацион сельскохозяйственных животных позволяет восполнить дефицит сахара. Известно, что молочные коровы положительно реагируют на увеличенное содержание сахара в корме, что приводит к повышению уровня поедаемости и усвояемости кормов, следовательно, положительно повлияет на молочную продуктивность коров.
Optimal forage distribution is crucial for the dairy production sphere. This paper reports on the preparation of liquid grain molasses. Barley and wheat grain were obtained from the Knyaginino rayon, the Nizhny Novgorod region. Processing grain into liquid molasses was performed on the equipment developed at the Knyaginino University using MEK-SKh-3 and “Poliferment” enzymes. Sugar content was of particular interest in the molasses produced. Wheat molasses exceeded the barley one in contents of dry matter (DM), crude protein, crude fat, and sugar after MEK-SKh-3 application. “Poliferment” showed higher effectiveness. Sugar content amounted to 7.3 and 8.77% in barley and wheat molasses, respectively. Wheat molasses had the lowest concentration of crude fiber — 1.48%. “Poliferment” application reduced DM content in molasses. Feeding liquid grain molasses to livestock compensates for sugar deficiency. Higher sugar concentration in forage positively affects cow performance increasing fodder consumption and digestion.
Nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance for high-productive cows fed by polysaccharides
Authors: Косолапов А.В. 
Published: August 2021

Изложены результаты изучения переваримости питательных веществ и баланса азота у высокопродуктивных коров при введении в рацион полисахаридов. Коровы 1-й (контрольной) группы в составе основного рациона получали свекловичную патоку, коровы 2-й и 3-й опытных групп ― полисахариды в количестве 100 и 150 г на голову в сутки. Использование полисахаридов в количестве 150 г способствовало повышению валового удоя 4 % молока на 6,18 %, выхода молочного белка ― на 4,87 %. Суточные удои молока натуральной жирности у коров 3-й опытной группы составляли 33,15 кг, что на 2,27 кг больше, чем в контрольной группе. Переваримость сухого и органического вещества в контрольной и опытных группах достоверно не различалась. Переваримость сырого протеина была выше у животных, получавших полисахариды. Включение в рационы коров полисахаридов в количестве 150 г на голову в сутки способствовало достоверному повышению переваримости сырой клетчатки до 54,4 % против 50,8 % в контроле. Азот рациона лучше переваривался и использовался в группах, в которых скармливались полисахариды. Экскреция азота с мочой была наибольшей в контрольной группе и составляла 302,16 г против 296,9 и 283,79 г в 2-й и 3-й опытных группах соответственно. Увеличение выведения азота из организма животных существенно отразилось на его использовании. У животных контрольной группы этот показатель составил 166,31 г, у коров 3-й опытной группы он был достоверно выше и составил 178,72 г. Баланс азота у животных во всех группах был положительный, но в 3-й опытной группе он был выше контроля на 10,5 %. Добавление в рацион 150 г полисахаридов способствовало увеличению выделения азота с молоком и его использованию от принятого с кормом, что в конечном итоге благоприятно сказалось на продуктивности.
The cows of the reference group obtained beet molasses, groups 2 and 3 ― 100 and 150 g of polysaccharides per head daily. 150 g of polysaccharides increased gross yield of 4 %–milk by 6.18 %, milk protein ― by 4.87 %. Daily milk yield for the third group made up 33.15 kg, exceeding the reference group by 2.27 kg. Dry and organic matter digestibility had no significant differences among the groups. Crude protein digestibility was higher for the cows fed by polysaccharides. 150 g of polysaccharides significantly increased crude fiber digestibility up to 54.4 % versus 50.8 % of the reference variant. Nitrogen digestibility was better for the second and third groups. Nitrogen excretion via urine for the reference group was 302.16 g versus 296.9 and 283.79 g for the experimental groups. Increase in nitrogen excretion significantly affected its utilization being 166.31 g for the reference group and 178.72 g ― for the third group. All the groups had positive nitrogen balance but the third group exceeded the reference one by 10.5 %. 150 g of polysaccharides increased nitrogen secretion through milk and milk productivity.