bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adiposity may differently affect bone mass in black, brown and white post‐menopausal women (257.6)
Authors: Chain Amina , Faerstein Eduardo , Bezerra Flavia 
Published: June 2021

We evaluated bone mass adequacy and its association with waist and hip circumferences in Brazilian post‐menopausal women stratified by self‐reported skin color. Participants (n=161, mean age 57y) were part of a university staff cohort at Rio de Janeiro (the Pró‐Saúde study). Bone mineral content (BMC) and density (BMD) of total body (TB), lumbar spine (L1‐L4), total hip (TH) and femoral neck (FN) were assessed by DXA. Waist and hip circumferences were measured using standard methods. Differences between skin color groups (black, n=48; brown, n=47 and white, n=66) were evaluated by one‐way ANOVA. Associations between bone parameters and waist or hip circumferences were investigated by Pearson´s and by partial correlation. Prevalence of osteopenia and osteoporosis were 38% and 3%, respectively. TB, TH and FN BMD T‐scores were higher in black compared to white women (P<0.05). Waist and hip circumferences correlated positively with BMC, BMD and BMD T‐score at all bone sites in all skin color groups (r蠅0.29; P<0.05). After adjustment for weight and post‐menopausal period, associations between bone parameters and waist and/or hip circumferences were not significant or, in the case of white women, became negative (r蠄‐0.29; P<0.05) for TB and TH BMC, BMD and BMD T‐scores. Our results indicate higher bone mass in blacks compared to brown and white post‐menopausal women and suggest that waist and hip adiposity may be detrimental to bone mass, especially in white women.Grant Funding Source: Supported by CAPES, FAPERJ (Brazil)
Systemic arginine depletion: effects on protein synthesis and blood pressure in mice (258.4)
Authors: Marini Juan , Didelija Inka 
Published: June 2021

Arginine (Arg) is a semi‐essential amino acid involved in protein synthesis (PS) and blood pressure (BP) regulation. Arg deiminase (ADI) is a bacterial enzyme that hydrolyses Arg imino group to yield citrulline (Cit) and NH3. Pegylated ADI (ADI‐PEG) administration in animals and humans results in the depletion of circulating Arg. To investigate the effect of ADI‐PEG on PS and BP, ADI‐PEG or Saline (Sal) were administered i.m. to male mice. Plasma Arg concentration was negligible (<1; Sal 80 µmol/L), but Cit increased several fold (1100; Sal 80 µmol/L) in ADI‐PEG treated mice. Arg and Cit fluxes were greater in ADI‐PEG mice (Arg 543 vs 910, Cit 126 vs 402 µmol•kg‐1•h‐1, Sal and ADI‐PEG, resp.). The conversion of Arg to Cit, usually used as a proxy for NO production, increased from 4.1 to 496 µmol•kg‐1•h‐1, demonstrating the activity of the deiminase. Phenylalanine and tyrosine fluxes and phenylalanine hydroxylation were not different between the two treatments, indicating no changes in whole body protein kinetics. Protein fractional synthesis rate was not different for most tissues, but it was lower in the brain, thymus and testicles of ADI‐PEG treated mice. 14C Cit incorporation showed an identical pattern. Mean BP was reduced in ADI‐PEG treated mice (105 vs Sal 118 mm Hg, P< 0.008), despite the virtual absence of Arg in blood. These results demonstrate the capacity of many cell types to derive ARG from Cit to meet their needs.Grant Funding Source: Supported by USDA/ARS Cooperative Agreement No 58‐6250‐6‐001
Differences in extramyocellular lipid and physical function in older adults with sufficient and insufficient vitamin D status (260.2)
Authors: Redzic Maja , Powell David , Lutz Charles , Thomas D. 
Published: June 2021

The metabolic role of extramyocellular lipid (EMCL) has yet to be elucidated. An inverse relationship between EMCL and physical function, and EMCL and vitamin D status has been described in vitamin D‐deficiency (25(OH)D < 20 ng/mL). The purpose of this study was to assess differences in muscle lipid and physical function in community dwelling elderly with vitamin D insufficiency (25(OH)D 蠄 30 ng/mL) compared to vitamin D levels that may promote extra‐skeletal health (25(OH)D 蠅 40 ng/mL). 25(OH)D and four square step test (FSST) were assessed in 21 adults aged 65 to 83 years. Gastrocnemius IMCL and EMCL were measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy and fat ratio segmentation, respectively. Mean body mass index (BMI) was 26.9±0.9 kg/m2. Mean EMCL was 20.2±0.9% with a range of 11.8 to 25.9% and intramyocellular lipid (IMCL) to water ratio was 0.5±0.06. Participants who were vitamin D insufficient (23.9±1.1 ng/mL) had significant higher levels of lateral gastrocnemius EMCL and slower FSST times compared to vitamin D replete (54.7±3 ng/mL) (p<0.05). IMCL, BMI, age, and activity levels were not significantly different between vitamin D groups. These data suggest that vitamin D status 蠄 30 ng/mL may contribute to EMCL accumulation and impaired physical function independent of activity and body mass. A vitamin D status higher than what is normally deemed as sufficient may be needed to measure muscle function.Grant Funding Source: Partially sponsored by NIH CTSA UL1TR000117.
Supplementation with milk proteins and micronutrients improves bone mineralization and micronutrient intake but is equally effective than nutrition education to reduce body weight of obese children (262.6)
Authors: Oropeza Lorena , García Olga , Ronquillo Dolores , Martínez Guadalupe , Camacho Mariela , Caamaño María , Rosado Jorge 
Published: June 2021

In a longitudinal controlled and randomized study the effect of supplementing with milk proteins and multiple micronutrients on anthropometry, body composition, and metabolic syndrome indicators was evaluated. A total of 152 obese children (8.5 ± 1.3y) were assigned to one of two groups: a) Nutrition Education (NE) + two daily doses (237mL each) of a supplement with milk proteins and multiple micronutrients (MPMS), b) NE alone. Both treatments were given for 24 wk. Weight, height, waist circumference, and blood pressure were measured at 0, 12 and 24 wk. Diet was evaluated using three 24 hr‐recalls at 0 and 24 wk. Body composition was evaluated at baseline and after 24 wk. A fasting blood sample was taken at 0 and 24 weeks to determine glucose, insulin and lipids profile. A total of 134 children finished the study. Bone mineral content and bone mineral density were significantly higher in the NE+MPMS group than the NE group at the end of the study (P<0.01). Micronutrient intake was higher in the NE+MPMS group than in the NE group (p<0.05). Both groups significantly reduced BMI for age, waist‐height ratio, total fat percent, abdominal fat percent, and energy intake (p<0.05), but no differences were observed between groups. Also, both groups reduced the indicators of metabolic syndrome but no differences were found between groups. In conclusion, MPMS together with a NE increases bone mineral mass and micronutrient intake. Both treatments are beneficial to reduce obesity in school‐aged children.Grant Funding Source: Supported by CONACYT
Relation between sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption and incident hypertension: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective cohorts (267.4)
Authors: Jayalath Viranda , de Souza Russell , Ha Vanessa , Kendall Cyril , Jenkins David , Sievenpiper John 
Published: June 2021

Background: The role of fructose‐containing sugar‐sweetened beverages (SSBs) in incident hypertension is unclear.Aims: To quantify the relation between fructose‐containing SSBs and incident hypertension, we conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective cohorts.Methods: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and the Cochrane registry were searched (through August 4, 2013) for relevant prospective cohorts. We pooled risk ratios (RR) of extreme (lowest vs. highest) quantiles of intake using generic inverse variance random effects models. Heterogeneity and cohort quality were assessed.Results: Five prospective cohorts (n=240,508) with 79,584 cases of hypertension observed over 蠅3‐million person‐years were included. SSB intake ranged from none to 蠅1‐serving (200mL, 8 or 12 oz)/day. Comparing extreme quantiles, SSBs significantly increased the risk of developing hypertension by 11% (RR:1.11 [95%CI: 1.06 to 1.17]), and a positive linear dose‐response was established (β=0.0027, p<0.001). However, significant heterogeneity was observed (I²=64%, p=0.02).Limitations: Significant unexplained heterogeneity and residual confounding due to important collinearity with a Western dietary pattern.Conclusions: SSBs are associated with a small risk of developing hypertension in five cohorts. Its contribution to hypertension risk appears to be small relative to other established risk factors.Grant Funding Source: Supported by Calorie Control Council
Household food insecurity and maternal dietary quality during pregnancy and early postpartum period in rural Bangladesh (268.3)
Authors: Na Muzi , West Keith , Shamim Abu , Shaikh Saijuddin , Mehra Sucheta , Labrique Alain , Ali Hasmot , Wu Lee , Klemm Rolf , Christian Parul 
Published: June 2021

Household food insecurity (HFI) is a cause of chronic malnutrition in rural South Asia, although little is known about how measured, long‐term diets of women of reproductive age covary by reported level of food security (FS). This relationship was examined during a micronutrient intervention trial in rural northern Bangladesh. We prospectively assessed diet by a 7‐day food frequency questionnaire among a cohort of 14,377 mothers in the 1st and 3rd trimester of pregnancy, and at 3 mo postpartum, or ~1 yr period. A HFI index was created from a 9‐item standardized tool, asked at 6 mo postpartum. At each time, dietary quality, reflected by the number of major food groups represented in the diet, decreased progressively with poorer FS, driven by reductions in animal source and other nutrient dense foods. On average, the proportion with which women reported any weekly intake of dairy, meat, eggs and fruit decreased from 51 to 19%, 51 to 17%, 56 to 16% and 34 to 10% as the HFI decreased from secure to severely insecure (all p for trend <0.001). Staple grains changed little (~90% to 85%, p<0.001), but edible oil intake was unaffected (at ~100%) by gradient of HFI. Although declining with HFI (p<0.001), 蠅80% of all women reported eating fish the previous week. Antenatal and early postnatal dietary quality is lower in a dose‐response way, while grain and oil intake are least affected by chronic HFI in rural Bangaldesh.Grant Funding Source: Supported by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (Grant GH614)
Influence of dose and intensity of 6 months of aerobic exercise training on body composition and lipid profiles in participants with pre‐diabetes (272.2)
Authors: Starr Kathryn , Bales Connie , Granville Esther , Slentz Cris , Bateman Lori , Willis Leslie , Piner Lucy , Kraus William 
Published: June 2021

The Studies Targeting Risk Reduction Intervention through Defined Exercise (STRRIDE) compared exercise of varied dose/intensity to the “gold standard” of diet + exercise as used in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP). The findings for body composition and lipid responses to 3 exercise treatments, low dose/moderate intensity (LMEX; n=36), high/moderate (HMEX; n=34), and high/vigorous (HVEX; n=36) relative to weight‐loss diet+ LMEX (D+LMEX; n=41) are reported here. The D+LMEX reached the same weight loss as DPP at 6 mo., namely 6.6% (‐6.1+5.0 kg). Body mass changes were ‐0.9+3.3, ‐2.1+2.5, and ‐1.6+2.5 kg for LMEX, HMEX, and HVEX, respectively. The corresponding reduction in body fat was greatest (p<0.05) for D+LMEX (‐6.1+5.0 kg). Lean mass varied <1 kg and both LDL and total cholesterol were unchanged. HDL cholesterol increased equally (p<0.05) in D+LMEX (+2.3+6.1 mg/dL) and HVEX (+2.2+4.4 mg/dL) and also improved in HMEX (+1.6+4.6 mg/dL). Only D+LMEX (p<0.0001) and HVEX (p<0.05) reduced triglycerides (TG); however, D+LMEX had a greater reduction (p<0.05) compared to HVEX (‐28.3+34.7 vs ‐16.7+45.4 mg/dL). In summary, body weight, fat mass, and TG were most robustly improved by D+LMEX. HDL cholesterol was modestly increased in all groups but LMEX. These findings illustrate the importance of matching exercise prescription to the clinical goal and underscore the unique metabolic benefits of diet‐induced weight loss.Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIDDK R01‐DK081559 and NIA AG000029
Daily pistachio consumption benefits multiple cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes (272.3)
Authors: West Sheila , Sauder Katherine , McCrea Cindy , Ulbrecht Jan , Kris‐Etherton Penny 
Published: June 2021

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in type 2 diabetes, and dietary modification continues to be the first line of therapy recommended for risk management. This study compared the effects of two healthy diets that differed in fat content on multiple cardiovascular risk factors. We enrolled 30 adults with type 2 diabetes in a randomized, crossover, controlled‐feeding study with isocaloric diet periods. After a 2wk run‐in on a typical Western diet (36% total fat, 12% saturated fat), participants consumed a low‐fat control diet (27% total fat, 7% saturated fat) and a moderate fat pistachio diet (33% total fat, 7% saturated fat) for 4wk each. While on the pistachio diet, participants consumed pistachios equivalent to 20% of daily calories (ranging from 2‐5 ounces/day). At the end of each diet period, we assessed blood pressure, systemic hemodynamics, lipids and lipoproteins, glucose control, endothelial function, inflammation, and heart rate variability. Treatment effects were assessed with the mixed models procedure in SAS v9.3. Compared to the low‐fat control diet, the pistachio diet reduced total peripheral resistance (1682 vs 1746 dyne‐sec/cm5), systolic ambulatory blood pressure (113.8 vs 117.3 mmHg), fasting triglycerides (140 vs 164 mg/dl), the total:HDL cholesterol ratio (4.0 vs. 4.3), and fructosamine (228 vs 233 µmol/L); and improved several indices of heart rate variability. There was no difference between treatments in resting blood pressure, endothelial function, fasting glucose, and inflammation. This study provides further evidence that daily pistachio consumption can improve the cardiovascular risk profile in adults with type 2 diabetes.Grant Funding Source: Supported by American Pistachio Growers
CCR2 deficiency fails to protect mice with renal artery stenosis from chronic renal injury (278.7)
Authors: Grande Joseph , Kashyap Sonu , Knudsen Bruce , Warner Gina 
Published: June 2021

Recent studies have implicated CCR2 ‐ CCL2 signaling in macrophage influx and development of chronic renal disease in human and experimental renal artery stenosis (RAS). We sought to test the hypothesis that development of chronic renal disease would be abrogated in CCR2 knockout (KO) mice. We established RAS in CCR2 KO and WT mice (n=10) through placement of a cuff on the right renal artery We have shown that the cuff reproducibly reduces blood flow by 65% to the kidney. Sham mice underwent manipulation of the right renal artery without cuff placement. Both CCR2 KO and WT mice developed hypertension, which persisted throughout the 4 week study. There was no difference in renal atrophy between CCR2 KO (53+//‐14.6% cortical surface area) and WT (61.2%+/‐14%) mice. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in F4/80+ macrophage infiltration (12.78+/‐4.9% surface area for CCR2 KO mice and 13.13+/‐ 3.1% for WT mice) or CD3+ T cell infiltration. Infiltrating macrophages were predominantly iNOS+ M1 phenotype; few arginase+ cells were observed in any group. Urine protein excretion was similar in CCR2 KO and WT mice. CCL was induced to a similar extent in CCR2 KO and WT mice. Furthermore, no differences in CCL5, CCL7, CCR5, CCR1, or iNOS expression was observed between CCR2 KO and WT mice. We conclude that macrophage infiltration and chronic renal damage occurs in mice with deletion of CCR2. Future studies will identify signaling pathway(s) responsible for macrophage influx and chronic renal damage in this model.Grant Funding Source: AI‐100911
The chordate origins of the second heart field and head muscle stem cells (345.2)
Authors: Christiaen Lionel 
Published: June 2021

The vertebrate head and cardiac muscles share a common origin in the pharyngeal mesoderm, but the cellular and molecular details of the initial fate choices remain obscured by the complexity of vertebrate embryos. In ascidians, common progenitors of heart and atrial siphon muscle (ASM) undergo stereotyped asymmetric divisions to produce first heart precursors, second heart precursors and ASM precursors. The ASM‐specific transcription factor COE is necessary and sufficient to promote pharyngeal muscle specification and block the heart program. We found that a cross‐antagonism between Tbx1 and NK4/Nkx2‐5 activities acts upstream of COE and GATAa to direct pharyngeal muscle versus heart specification in separate ASM and second heart precursors, respectively.Using a genomics approach, we showed both the cardiac and pharyngeal muscle programs are primed in cardiopharyngeal progenitors. We show that, following fate restriction, ASM precursors produce the myofibers that differentiate, and Notch‐mediated lateral inhibition suppresses MyoD expression and promote “stemness” in stem‐like progenitors that produce most body wall muscles. Our analyses of the ascidian cardiopharyngeal mesoderm shed new light on the evolutionary and ontogenic origins of the second heart field and head muscle stem cells.
The molecular mechanism of amphetamine action (358.2)
Authors: Sitte Harald , Hofmaier Tina , Anderluh Andreas , Kudlacek Oliver , Klotzsch Enrico , Yang Jae‐Won , Geier Petra , Schicker Klaus , Böhm Stefan , Schütz Gerhard 
Published: June 2021

Serotonin plays an important role as neurotransmitter in the brain in a number of circuits which can also be linked to reward and cognition. The transporters for these neurotransmitters are located in presynaptic specializations; they inactivate serotonin‐mediated neurotransmisison following exocytotic release by a simple reuptake mechanism. Recent crystallographic examination of bacterial homologs to the mammalian neurotransmitter transporters provides a structural scaffold which supports transport by an alternative access mechanism.Serotonin transporters are the clinically relevant target of antidepressant drugs; they inhibit the reuptake of monoamines by competitively blocking the transporters. Thereby, these compounds enhance the extracellular concentration of serotonin which is relevant for clinical success. Serotonin transporters also provide a route for non‐exocytotic neurotransmitter release (efflux) triggered by amphetamines. Recent advancement in the understanding of the structural and molecular mechanisms of amphetamine‐induced efflux via serotonin transporters will be discussed. Furthermore, the mechanisms underlying the activity of the recently introduced “bath salts”, a class of amphetamine‐like compounds, will be highlighted.
Neighborhood walkability is associated with increased physical activity of women living in an urban area of Brazil (37.4)
Authors: Trude Angela , Vedovato Gabriela , Kharmats Anna , Santana Angelica , Gittelsohn Joel , Martins Paula 
Published: June 2021

Physical inactivity is one of the biggest risk factors for many chronic diseases and mortality, and is one of the most pressing public health problems today. Little is known about the relationship between the built environment and physical activity in mid‐ and low‐income countries. We investigated this relationship among urban Brazilian women living in Santos, Brazil, using the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) to measure physical activity (PA) levels collected through home interviews (n = 526). The Pedestrian Environmental Data Scan (PEDS) was used to calculate neighborhood walkability scores. After adjusting for age and educational level, high neighborhood walkability scores for pedestrian walkways ‐ no path obstruction, no garage entrance and stop signs ‐ was associated with PA (OR 3.05; 95% CI 1.44‐6.46). Interestingly, the neighborhoods classified as safer through the walkability score was found to be associated with reduced PA level (OR 0.26; 95% CI 0.11‐0.64). Women living in low‐income areas had less access to PA resources than women in high‐income areas. These findings highlight the importance of an intervention program with multilevel environmental strategies to improve pedestrian walkways and to evaluate their effects on individual behavior.Funded by: Sao Paulo State Foundation for Research Support. Process n 2011/05641‐9.Grant Funding Source: Supported by: Sao Paulo State Foundation for Research Support. Process n 2011/05641‐9.
Xylooligosaccharide increases bifidobacteria but not lactobacilli demonstrating potential for obesity prevention and treatment (37.6)
Authors: Li Zhaoping , Finegold Sydney , Summanen Paula , Downes Julia , Thames Gail , Corbett Karen , Dowd Scot , Krak Michael , Heber David 
Published: June 2021

Background: Prebiotics can alter gut bacteria in obese subjects towards patterns seen in lean individuals.Objective: This study was conducted to determine the tolerance and effects of xylooligosaccharide (XOS) on human colonic microbiota, pH and short chain fatty acids (SCFA).Design: Healthy adult subjects (n=32) were randomized to receive 1.4 g, 2.8 g XOS or placebo in a 12 week study consisted of a 2‐week run‐in, an 8‐week intervention,and a 2‐week washout. Stool samples were collected at baseline, after 4 and 8 weeks of intervention and 2 weeks after the intervention for culture, pyrosequencing of community DNA, pH and SCFA analyses.Results: XOS was tolerated without significant gastrointestinal side effects. Both XOS groups achieved increases in Bifidobacterium counts compared to the placebo subjects, with the 2.8 g/day group showing significantly greater increases than the 1.4g/day group. Total anaerobic counts and Bacteroides fragilis group counts were significantly higher in the 2.8 g/day XOS group. There were no significant differences in the counts of Lactobacillus, Enterobacteriaceae and Clostridium between the three groups.XOS had no significant effect on stool pH, SCFA or lactic acid. Pyrosequencing showed no notable shifts in bacterial diversity.Conclusions: XOS supplementation may be beneficial to gastrointestinal microbiota and 2.8 g/day may be more effective than 1.4 g/day.
Risk factors for moderate inflammation in Chinese adults with and without central obesity (370.1)
Authors: Thompson Amanda , Houck Kelly , Adair Linda , Gordon‐Larsen Penny , Popkin Barry 
Published: June 2021

The relationship between lifestyle factors and inflammation varies by weight status. Whether the risk factors associated with inflammation differ with central obesity is less well understood, particularly in populations exposed to both the higher pathogen burdens and obesogenic behaviors associated with moderate elevations in C‐reactive protein (CRP). We examined the distribution of moderate inflammation (CRP 3‐10mg/L) with and without high waist circumference (WC) in 1190 adults participating in the China Health Nutrition Survey and tested whether the risk factors for inflammation differed between those with and without high WC. Men were less likely to have elevated CRP with high WC than women (43.9% vs. 72.3%, p<0.001). In men, better household sanitation was associated with greater odds of elevated CRP with high WC (OR: 1.57, 95%CI: 1.21‐2.03). In women, post‐secondary education (OR: 0.27, 95%CI: 0.11‐0.62) and high fat‐ high energy diets (OR: 0.47, 95%CI: 0.25‐0.87) were associated with lower odds of elevated CRP with high WC. Similar results were seen in household‐level analyses controlling for spousal similarities in dietary and sanitation exposures. These results document different underlying risk factors for inflammation in Chinese men and women, suggesting that sex‐specific strategies may be needed to prevent and treat inflammation.Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH NICHD (K01 HD071948‐01)