bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on Earthworms. No. II
Authors: Benham William Blaxland 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
IN continuation of Part II of my previous paper on this subject,1 I shall describe three new genera belonging to Perrier’s group of Intraclitelliani. Although Beddard has shown2 that the grouping of Earthworms according to the relative position of the male pore and the clitellum, does not hold good even within the limits of one genus, yet it is a convenient classification, and, I think, may be used at present till a more satisfactory system is introduced. The genus Acanthodrilus to which I refer is post-clitellian in most of its species, but Beddard describes A. novæ-zelandiæ and other species as having the male pore situated in the clitellum.
Notes on Echinoderm Morphology, No. XI. On the Development of the Apical Plates in Amphiura squamata
Authors: Carpenter F. Herbert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Some very important observations “On the Development of the Calcareous Plates of Amphiura” have been recently published by Dr. J. W. Fewkes,1 who has also entered into a discussion respecting the morphological relations of these plates. Amphiura squamata is viviparous, and the young undergo a direct or abbreviated development without passing through a definite Pluteus form, so that it is easy to follow the various larval stages and to study the mode of appearance of the skeletal plates.
On the Construction and Purpose of the so-called Labyrinthine Apparatus of the Labyrinthic Fishes
Authors: Zograff Nicholas 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the year 1797 two Dutch sailors, Daldorf and John, sent information to the Linnean Society of London as to the remarkable capacity of Anabas scandens to crawl from one pool of water into another, to climb up bushes and trees, to spend several days without water, &c., before the beginning of a dry season.1 Since then almost every year one or the other journal or paper has given various travellers’ accounts of the interesting life and habits of these fishes. Notwithstanding the variety of these accounts they all agree in one respect, viz. in trying to show that the Labyrinthici are remarkable for their highly-developed capacity of accommodation, and for their striking viability. Cuvier and Valenciennes, for example, in their natural history of fish, tell us how the Anabus can spend hot seasons in the slime of a dry water-basin (very much like the Protopteri), or how in the markets of the East Indies the Ophiocephali will keep on moving a long time after their insides have been cleaned out by the fishmongers. Besides that, we learn from the accounts of travellers that these fishes develope more mental activity than any other species of the same class ; such instances we see, for example, in their mode of nest building (Macropodus, Trichogaster), their changes of basins (Anabas, Ophiocephalus), and, lastly, in their way of getting food (Toxotes). Whilst communicating their observations on the life of Labyrinthici, travellers have not found it necessary to acquaint us with the anatomy of these fishes.
Note on the Colouring Matter of the Red Sea
Authors: Carter H. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
To those who have sought for all that has been published on the colouring matter of the Red Sea, it will be well known that the excellent memoirs on this subject by M. C. Montagne in 1844, and M. C. Dareste in 1855 (both in the ‘Ann. des Sc. Nat.,’ the former in sér. 3 (“Bot.”), t. ii, p. 331, and the latter in sér. 4 (“Zool.”), t. iii, p. 179), are the most elaborate. But to Ehrenberg is due the merit of having first described (in 1826) the nature of the organism from which this colouring matter is derived. He found it in the Bay of Tor itself, pronounced it to be an Oscillatoria, and called it Trichodesmium erythrœum which Montagne has advisedly changed to T. Ehrenbergii.
On Some Points of the Anatomy of Polyxenus lagurus
Authors: Heathcote F. G. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The following does not profess to be a complete account of the anatomy of this interesting little Myriapod. In working out the development of Julus terrestris, certain questions occurred which led me to investigate the adult anatomy of some other forms, amongst them of Polyxenus, and I considered that the following notes might be of interest to other observers. I found it very difficult to obtain material, and had it not been for the kindness of Dr. St. Remy, who was also working at Myriapods, and who took great trouble to procure a supply of Polyxenus for me, I must have delayed the publication of these notes for a considerable time. This form has been investigated by several naturalists, especially by Fabre and Bode (2, 1). 1 I have also availed myself of the excellent work of Latzel (4).
Further Observations on the Histology of Striped Muscle
Authors: Marshall C. F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a recent paper published in this Journal1 I gave the results of some researches on the histology of muscular fibre. The present paper is a record of my further investigations on this subject. These are somewhat incomplete owing to want of time to finish them satisfactorily, but several results have been obtained which I trust are worthy of publication.
Hekaterobranchus Shrubsolii. A New Genus and Species of the Family Spionidæ
Authors: Bucliannn Florence 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This worm was found at Sheppey by the members of the University College Biological Society during an expedition made there in July, 1889. It appears to have been already known to naturalists living at Sheppey, but no one had tried to identify it. Not being able to find any published account of it, I believe it to be as yet undescribed, and have therefore, at Professor Lankester’s kind suggestion, undertaken the examination and description of it.2
Studies On The Comparative Anatomy Of Sponges: IV.—On the Flagellated Chambers and Ova of Halichondria panicea
Authors: Dendy Arthur 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The purpose of the present short communication is, as indicated in the title, to call attention to the minute structure of the flagellated chambers and ova in the common British sponge —Halichondria panicea.
On a New Species of Phymosoma, with a Synopsis of the Genus and Some Account of its Geographical Distribution
Authors: Shipley Arthur E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During a visit to the Bahama Islands in 1887, Professor Weldon made an excursion to the neighbouring island of Bimini. Whilst investigating the fauna of the lagoon in that island he came across a few specimens of what appeared to him to be a new species of Phymosoma. One or two of these he dissected on the spot; the remaining three he brought to England, and was good enough to give them to me for description at the time when he handed over to me his specimens of Phymosoma varians which form the subject of a previous memoir.
On the Nature of the Excretory Processes in Marine Polyzoa
Authors: Harmer Sidney F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The observations described below were made during an occupation of the Cambridge University table at the Zoological Station at Naples, in the course of the Easter vacation, 1891. The results obtained by Kowalevsky1 on the excretion of car-minate of ammonia and of indigo-carmine in various Invertebrates had suggested an inquiry, by means of the same methods, into the physiological meaning of the periodic formation of “brown bodies “in Ectoproctous Polyzoa, since there seemed reason to suppose that this process might serve as a means of excretion, a view which has been most definitely formulated by Ostroumoff.2 My experiments made with artificial pigments confirm the view that the marine Ectoprocta are not provided with definite nephridia; and appear to show that the excretory processes are carried on principally by the “brown bodies,” the funicular (connective) tissue, and the free mesoderm-cells contained in the meshes of the latter.
On the Differentiation of Leprosy and Tubercle Bacilli
Authors: Slater Charles 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the course of an investigation of a case of tubercular leprosy the question arose as to the nature of certain lesions of the lungs. It is well known that patients suffering from leprosy frequently succumb to an affection of the lungs closely resembling ordinary phthisis. Whether this phthisis is the result of an intercurrent tuberculosis, or is of the same nature as the undoubtedly leprotic lesions of viscera other than the Iings, is still a matter of dispute. While certain observers, such as Hansen, Neisser, and Leloir, regard the phthisis as an intercurrent disease attacking a weakened patient, others, as Bonomé and Arning, think that the lesions are due to the spread of the leprotic process to the lungs. As a subsidiary branch of the inquiry it was thought advisable to examine the statements of previous investigators as to the differential staining and morphological differences of the bacilli present in the two diseases, and to test their results on material supplied by this undoubted case of leprosy.
The Development of the Oviduct in the Frog
Authors: MacBride Ernest W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The investigation which forms the subject of the present memoir was commenced in July, 1890, at Mr. Sedgwick’s suggestion. A collection of tadpoles, which were preserved in the Morphological Laboratory, Cambridge, was first examined without result. None of them showed any trace of the oviduct, though in some cases both pairs of limbs were well developed. Through the kindness of Mr. Sedgwick I was enabled to procure a considerable number of Frogs, in which the tail was being absorbed or had just vanished; and amongst these I found all the necessary stages for my work.
On the Innervation of the Cerata of some Nudibranchiata.
Authors: Herdman W. A. , Clubb J. A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A few years ago (1889) one of us read a paper at the Newcastle-on-Tyne meeting of the British Association “On the Structure and Functions of the Cerata in Nudibranchiata,” in which these dorso-lateral processes were regarded as being probably epipodial outgrowths. In other papers2 published since, we have compared the conditions of these structures in various genera of Nudibranchs, and have tried to show that they are all modifications of simple lateral epipodial ridges. Gars tang also, in papers3 published about the same time, came independently to the same conclusions from the examination of a somewhat different series of forms.
The Larva of Asterias vulgaris
Authors: Field George W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This work was undertaken at the suggestion of Professor W. K. Brooks for the purpose of getting, if possible, some further hint upon the significance of the larval form in Echinoderm phylogeny. It was carried on from October, 1889, to April, 1891; from June to October, 1890, at the Laboratory of the United States Fish Commission at Wood’s Hall, Massachusetts, where the living animals were studied, and for the remainder of the time in the Biological Laboratory of the Johns Hopkins University, where the work was upon the preserved material. My heartiest acknowledgments are due to Professor Marshall McDonald, U.S. Fish Commissioner, for the advantages furnished at the Government Laboratory; and to Professor Brooks, of this university, who has so kindly placed at my service the preserved material, the preparations, and drawings, which formed the basis of his recent paper before the National Academy (4).
On the Importance of Raphides as Natural Characters in Botany
Authors: Gulliver George 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It seems amazing that the importance of raphides in vegetable economy, and their great value as natural characters in systematic botany, should have received so little attention. Probably the chief reasons for this neglect are, that these beautiful crystals have been commonly regarded simply as curiosities, rather accidental than essential, and that sphæ-raphides and other forms have been too often confounded with raphides. Hence, indeed, has arisen such confusion that we frequently hear them alluded to merely as microscopic marvels and irregular products; and the character of raphis-bearing, which I have assigned to such orders as Bal-saminaceæ, Rubiaceæ, and Onagraceæ, regarded as worthless. But if we restrict the term raphides, as proposed and defined etymologically in one of my former papers (‘Ann. Nat. Hist.’ for Sep. 1863), taking care to distinguish raphides from sphæraphides, that objection will cease altogether, and the value of raphides, as natural characters, become at once evident. Among British plants, it will be immediately seen what very different things the sphæraphides of Lythraceæ and Haloragaceæ are from the raphides of the intervening order, Onagraceæ; and that, though Oxalis Acetosella is not a raphidiferous plant, it abounds in sphæraphides. Numberless examples of the same kind might be cited.
“A Contribution to the Minute Anatomy of the Retina of Amphibia and Reptiles
Authors: Hulke J. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The animals of which the retina was examined were the frog, the black and yellow salamander, the edible turtle, the water- and the land-tortoise, the Spanish Gecko, the blindworm, and the common snake. The method adopted was to examine the retina (where possible) immediately after decapitation of the animal, alone and with chemical agents; and to make sections of the retina hardened in alcohol or in an aqueous solution of chromic acid, staining them with iodine or carmine, and adding glycerine, pure and diluted, to make them transparent. The following is a summary of the results of the examination:
On the Communication between the Cœlom and the Vascular System in the Leech, Hirudo medicinalis
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The investigation, of which an account is given in the following pages, was undertaken with the object of ascertaining for certain whether, in the medicinal leech, the cavities of the so-called sinus system do, or do not, communicate with those of the contractile vascular system.
The Anatomy of Pleurotomaria Beyrichii, Hilg
Authors: Woodward Martin F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The vast antiquity which characterises the genus Pleurotoinaria—for no one can doubt the identity of the living and fossil shells which are customarily grouped together under this name—has justly endowed this mollusc with great interest for those studying the ancestry of the Prosobranchia. When, therefore, a living example was obtained by Agassiz in 1871, and later in 1879 several specimens of both P. Quoyana and P. Adansoniana were dredged by the United States steamer “Blake,” the result of an investigation of the anatomy of these forms was awaited with great interest. Unfortunately, however, the specimens all turned out to be in a bad state of preservation, and although falling into such skilled hands as those of Dr. Dall, it was found impossible to make out much of their anatomy. Dall, however, published 1 figures and descriptions of the external characters of the animals, of the radulæ and of some few points in connection with the pallial complex, the rest of the body being too much decomposed for investigation.
On the Structure and Affinities of Saccocirrus
Authors: Goodrich Edwin S. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
When studying the morphology of the excretory organs of the Polychæta, I thought it advisable to investigate those few cases of worms in which the true nephridia have been alleged to function as genital ducts. Of these Polychætes, Saccocirrus papillocercus, Bobr., is one of the most interesting ; and whilst occupying for a short time last winter, at the Zoological Station at Naples, a table kindly placed at my disposal by the committee of the British Association, I had an opportunity of studying its structure.
The Anatomy of Scalibregma inflatum, Rathke
Authors: Ashworth J. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
My attention was drawn to our scanty knowledge of Scalibregma when discussing the affinities of Arenicola with other Polychætes (1900, 1 p. 544). It was found impossible to make any definite statement regarding the affinities of these two genera, owing to the small amount of information available regarding the structure of Scalibregma. This Polychæte has received little attention from zoologists, perhaps on account of its comparative rarity and the somewhat small size of the majority of specimens in museum collections. Most of the references to this animal in zoological literature are mere records of its capture. There are only three or four memoirs which refer, quite briefly, to some details of its structure, and only one, by Danielssen (1859, p. 69), which contains a connected account of its internal anatomy. This memoir contains no mention of the nephridia, although the accompanying figures show structures which are obviously nephridia, but which Danielssen considered to be ovaries. He also stated that Scalibregma is hermaphrodite, and that its nerve-cord is provided with typical ganglionic swellings. Subsequent authors do not throw light on any of these matters. In these points there was such marked difference between Scalibregma and Arenicola, which in other respects seemed to have much in common, that I was anxious to reinvestigate the anatomy of the former as soon as specimens were available, chiefly with the intention of comparing the nephridia, gonads, and nerve-cord of these two genera. The material placed at my disposal has enabled me to study the anatomy and histology of this northern Annelid, and to determine some interesting points connected with most of the systems of organs.
Notes on the Relations of the Kidneys in Haliotis tuberculata, etc
Authors: Fleure H.J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Numerous accounts of the structure and relations of the kidneys of Diotocard Gastropods have been written, chiefly by workers interested in the question of the homology of the Monotocard kidney, but in the various descriptions occur several contradictory statements, which naturally lessen the value of current theories on the subject. The present paper is the first-fruits of a study of the gastropod kidney, and it endeavours, by throwing new light on one or two disputed points, to help on the solution of this difficult problem. There are also brought forward certain suggestions concerning the kidney and reproductive organs of Monotocards which I feel convinced should be studied together; these suggestions are naturally extremely tentative, pending further work. In making this communication I wish to express my deep indebtedness to Professor Ainsworth Davis, whose advice and encouragement have alone made this research possible.
On a Cestode from Cestracion
Authors: Haswell William A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The Cestode, the results of a study of which are embodied in the present paper, occurs, usually in abundance, in the large intestine of the Port Jackson shark. It is one of these remarkable forms to which attention appears to have been first specially directed by P. J. van Beneden (1 and 2), in which the proglottides are set free from the posterior end of the strobila long before full maturity has been reached, and only attain a stage corresponding to that of the “ripe” proglottides of a Tænia after having pursued an independent existence for some considerable time.
The Anatomy of Pœcilochætus, Claparède
Authors: Allen E. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Claparède, in his ‘Beobachtungen über Anatomie und Entwicklungsgeschichte wirbelloser Thiere an der Küste von Normandie Angestellt,’ published in 1863, describes and figures (pp. 77—80, Taf. vi, fig’s. 1—11) several stages in the development of an annelid larva, which he was unable at the time to assign to any known genus. This larva was very common in the plankton at St. Vaast, and the same, or a very similar one; had previously been found (in 1855) by Claparède on the coast of Norway. He surmised that the larva must belong to some common worm at that time still undescribed.
A Preliminary Consideration as to the possible Factors concerned in the Production of the various Forms of Spicules
Authors: Woodland W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
So many misconceptions prevailing as to the essential nature of spicules, and in consequence as to the causes which can possibly give rise to the multitudinous and remarkable forms which spicules assume, a brief consideration of the subject seems to be called for. Such at least will serve to remove sundry erroneous ideas which are continually being put forward in explanation of these phenomena and will also point out the direction in which further investigation is necessary for their better comprehension.
Researches on the Intestinal Protozoa of Frogs and Toads
Authors: Dobell C. Clifford 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The observations recorded in the following pages are the results of an attempt to discover the life-histories of the protists which inhabit the gut of the common frog and toad. My original intention was the investigation of the life-history of Trichomonas. But so great is the number of organisms which live in company with this form that I very soon perceived that it would be almost impossible to confine my investigations to a single species. Every organic particle in the alimentary canal had to be tested regarding its possible relationship to the organism which, in particular, I was examining. For example, I not infrequently found a number of cysts occurring side by side with Trichomonas in the frog’s gut. To connect the two, without further evidence, would be ridiculous. I therefore had to discover to what organism the cysts belonged. And thus, time after time, I found myself driven to determine, to the best of my ability, the life-histories of all the protists which I encountered. The number of these is considerable. Therefore there were many difficulties in the way of success, and therefore, also, my work remains still far from finished.
Chromidia and the Binuclearity Hypotheses: A Review and a Criticism
Authors: Dobell C. Clillord 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Since the seed of the chromidia hypothesis was sown by Richard Hertwig in 1902, it has displayed such an amazing ability to absorb new or previously uncorrelated facts, for its own growth, that it now—in its more mature form—stands out as one of the most conspicuous objects in the whole wide field of cytology. And it has not—one may be allowed to think—merely flourished on the soil where none other could take root : it has also, in so doing, thrown into the shade many a less showy upgrowth. Yet it is not beyond the bounds of possibility that these smaller growths, being rooted in a firmer foundation of facts, may remain to ripen long after the chromidia hypothesis has fallen to the earth— from the sheer weight of its own overgrowth and the insecurity of the ground in which it grew.
The Entry of Zooxanthellæ into the Ovum of Millepora, and some Particulars concerning the Medusae
Authors: Mangan Joseph 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During the present winter Prof. S. J. Hickson kindly gave me an opportunity of examining1 the material from Jamaica in which he discovered the female Medusas of Millepora (‘99). The results of my inquiry are mainly concerned with the manner in which the symbiotic zooxauthellæ, found to exist in the free ova of that genus, infect the germ cells. I also wish to record the occurrence of free male medusai amongst the free female meduste collected in the above locality, and to make some remarks upon the oogenesis.