bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Unusual Case of Pelvic Appendicitis
Authors: LaCombe Michael A. 
Published: December 2021

The atypical signs and symptoms, the misleading interpretation of symptoms by the patient's family, and the remarkable radiograph in the following case emphasize the difficulty in early diagnosis of pelvic appendicitis.
CASE REPORT
A 10-year-old boy came to the Emergency Department of Community Memorial Hospital, Toms River, New Jersey, complaining of pain in the pubic bone of four hours' duration. His mother thought he might have fallen on the cross-bar of his bike and was concerned about a possible fracture of the pelvis. The boy denied any nausea, vomiting, anorexia, or change in bowel habit and had no pain elsewhere. He had noticed no gross hematuria.
Environmental Autism
Authors: Zisman Alan S. 
Published: December 2021

In their article on infantile autism and psychosis,1 Knobloch and Pasamanick present strong evidence to show that the children with autism seen in their developmental center all have organic brain disease, frequently have convulsions, and are mostly mentally deficient.
Certainly the view that autism derives from an organic disorder of the nervous system is the popular one. However, I think that the pediatrician among others should know that there is an "environmentalist" point of view.
Epidemiologic Characteristics of Infections Caused by Ampicillin-Resistant Hemophilus influenzae
Authors: Jacobson Jay A. , McCormick Joseph B. , Hayes Peggy , Thornsberry Clyde , Kirvin Linda 
Published: December 2021

From February 1974 through May 1975, 58 isolates of ampicillin-resistant Hemohilus influenzae from patients were submitted to the Center for Disease Control from 23 states and the District of Columbia. The epidemiologic characteristics of these widely scattered cases were strikingly similar to those of cases previously reported from individual communities or institutions.
Because of the nationwide distribution of resistant isolates and the adverse consequences of ineffective therapy, the use of chloramphenicol is recommended for the initial management of systemic illness definitely or probably due to H. influenzae type b.
Genetic screening: For better or for worse?
Authors: Holtzman Neil A. 
Published: December 2021

Cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, Tay-Sachs disease, and thalassemia are autosomal-recessive diseases that occur more frequently than once in 4,000 live births in subgroups of the American population. Tay-Sachs disease can be diagnosed by mid-trimester amniocentesis, a safe procedure.1 Early intrauterine detection of sickle cell anemia and thalassemia by placental aspiration has been reported2,3; the safety and accuracy of the techniques require confirmation. In the future, diagnosis of the 16-week fetus with cystic fibrosis will also be possible.
Prenatal diagnosis could drastically reduce the incidence of these disorders, but there are two prerequisites. First, couples in whom both mates are carriers must be identified before they have any children.
Dr. Lebenthal et al. Reply
Authors: Lebenthal Emanuel , Shwachman Harry , Vardy Peter A. 
Published: December 2021

We appreciate the comments by Dr. Salazar de Sousa and agree with him on the association of nephrosis and intestinal lymphangiectasia. Since publication of our article,1 we have seen an infant who suffered from congenital nephrotic syndrome, mesangial proliferation and focal global glomerulosclerosis, and intestinal lymphangiectasia. It seems that a connection between the two entities is possible.
Secondary intestinal lymphangiectasia was found in five of 11 biopsy specimens taken from patients with intractable diarrhea of infancy.2
IMPROPER ADVERTISING OF BABY FOODS CONDEMNED
Authors:   Student
Published: December 2021

Very strict rules should be adopted for the advertising of children's foods. Publicity for breast milk substitutes should in no case be aimed directly at the public or at families. Publicity for ready-made baby foods should make it quite clear that they are not intended for children of less than three months. The distribution of free samples and other means of sales promotion should be prohibited for everything relating to food for the young child. These are some of the conclusions reached by members of a WHO Working Group who met in Algiers from 26 to 30 October 1976 in order to study the problems of nutrition in relation to public health. The meeting was organized by the WHO Regional Office for Europe and in attendance were experts from 10 countries in the Region and representatives from FAO and WHO.
The necessity for better dietary education of the public and health workers and for emphasizing the value of breast-feeding was clearly stated, the themes to be stressed depending on the general socioeconomic status of the country or the area. For example, in industrialized countries where milk preparations for infants are easily available, stress should be laid primarily on the "immunological" advantages of breast milk and on the importance of infants being breastfed for at least six weeks. In developing countries the crucial nature of breast-feeding in the prevention of infections and malnutrition should be stressed.
Rational Management of Allergic Disease: The Role of Immunotherapy
Authors: Twarog F. J. , Colten H. R. 
Published: December 2021

Objective support for the use of immunotherapy in the management of allergic disease has been obtained in several well-designed clinical studies. From these results, one should not expect total "desensitization," but rather an increased ability to tolerate antigen exposure and a corresponding decrease in the need for other therapeutic measures.
Immunotherapy is only a part of the total care of allergic patients. It should not be a substitute for appropriate environmental controls and pharmacologic management.
The rapid advances of the past few years in understanding of the biochemical basis of allergic disease should lead to more effective management of these frequent clinical problems.
TOYS FOR CHILDREN IN 1898
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The Archives of Pediatrics, established in 1884, was the first American journal devoted exclusively to diseases of children. Each issue for a span of many years usually contained an editorial or two. The one below is a good example of an editorial published toward the end of the 19th century.
The amusement of young children is largely derived from toys and playthings. The character, therefore, of their toys becomes of importance even in the case of healthy children.
One of the most noticeable peculiarities of childhood is a tendency to become attached to certain things and to cling to them most persistently. The young child loves certain nursery songs, and never tires of hearing the mother sing them over and over. He loves certain stories, and listens with minute attention to their hundredth repetition. He becomes attached to certain toys and persistently goes back to them in preference to the new and more handsome ones, and clings to the old dilapidated doll in preference to the most gorgeous new one. All this is common knowledge to every observer of children.
An explanation, or a partial explanation at least, is not difficult to reach. A child's mental capacity is yet undeveloped and his comprehension is very small. He knows and appreciates the old familiar doll and its few clothes. The new one, with its closing eyes and jointed limbs and its colnplex and elaborate dress, is beyond his small comprehension. It tires him as much to investigate and unravel all its mysteries as it does his lawyer father to master an intricate case.
Epstein-Barr Virus Is Not Synonymous With Infectious Mononucleosis
Authors: Steigman Alex J. 
Published: December 2021

Infectious mononucleosis (IM) is a defined clinical syndrome, until recently regarded as of uncertain etiology affecting only a limited number of persons. The etiology of IM can now be ascribed correctly to primary infection with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a member of the herpesvirus family.
It is increasingly evident that primary infection with EBV may also induce a range of clinical responses from no detectable illness1 to a variety of disorders without the clinical or hematologic hallmarks of the IM syndrome.
Growth of Escherichia coli and Concentration of Iron in an Infant Feeding Formula
Authors: Baltimore Robert S. , Vecchitto John S. , Pearson Howard A. 
Published: December 2021

Iron deficiency reaches epidemic proportions in infants, particularly those of low socioeconomic status.1 In an attempt to decrease the frequency of this deficiency, iron fortification of infant cereals and cow's milk formulas has been advocated.2
Although the prevention of iron deficiency is a valid nutritional goal, concern has recently been voiced about possible detrimental effects of iron supplementation.3,1 This concern has been based on studies indicating an association between hyperferremia and serious infection,3,6 and also by denionstrations that the bacteriostatic properties of serum and milk can be abolished by the addition of iron.7,8 These findings have been extrapolated into suggestions that the iron supplementation of cow's milk formulas might predispose the infants consuming them to an increased risk of bacterial infection and even that ironcontaining formulas might be contraindicated.4
Estrogen Receptor Binding and Growth of the Reproductive Tract
Authors: Clark James H. , Hardin James W. , McCormack Shirley A. 
Published: December 2021

It is well known that normal growth and development of the reproductive tract depends on the proper stimulation by estrogen and other sex hormones. Likewise, it has been recognized for years that estrogenic stimulation provides an environment that is conducive to the development of neoplasia.1 The interrelationships between normal and abnormal estrogenic stimulation are not well understood. However, because of recent developments in biochemical and molecular biology, the mechanism of action of estrogen is beginning to be understood. In this article, we present some of these findings and relate them to normal and abnormal estrogeninduced growth.
At physiological temperatures, estrogen readily enters all cells (Fig. 1). In hormone-sensitive cells, estrogen is retained by binding to soluble macromolecules in the cytoplasm. These macromolecules are called cytosol receptors (Rc); while their exact nature in vivo is not known, they appear to be large proteins made up of two or more subunits. The binding reaction is specific for estrogens and results in the formation of receptor estrogen complexes (RcE) that undergo translocation to nuclear sites (RnE). The translocation process depletes the cytosol of Rc sites and these are subsequently replenished by mechanisms discussed below. Nuclear binding of the RnE complexes can be classified as either acceptor (A) or nonacceptor (NA) sites. Acceptor sites are generally visualized as a specific complex of chromosomal proteins, probably nonhistone proteins, that the RnE complex recognizes and binds to with a very high affinity. Nonacceptor sites are considered to be secondary sites on chromatin where the RnE complex can bind with a lower affinity.
A Review of the Evidence Linking Estrogens and Cancer in Animals
Authors: Hertz Roy 
Published: December 2021

This Conference has involved a very highly qualified treatment of the biochemical, clinical, and epidemiological aspects of the estrogen-cancer problem. Accordingly, I have assumed that it is my assignment to cover the experimental biological facets of this problem. This I shall endeavor to do with a major emphasis on the historical development of our knowledge in this field.
It is instructive to examine the very early experimental observations that initially raised the question of the role of steroid hormones in the etiology and pathogenesis of cancer in the recognized target organs.
Almost at the very beginning of modern endocrinology, Allen and Doisy1 reported the cornification of the vaginal epithelium of the mouse following administration of ovarian extracts. They appreciated that this represented a remarkably active tissue proliferation requiring a degree of mitotic activity seldom seen in normal tissues. Thus, Allen et al.2 actually used colchicine to arrest the mitotic activity induced by estrogen in the vaginal mucosa and in the myometrium of the rat. They reported that a transverse section of the vagina at 37 hours after a single injection of estrogen contained as many as 1,585 mitoses. Equal mitotic activity was also reported for the estrogen-treated uterus.3 These observations provided the experimentalist with a potent growth-stimulating agent that profoundly affected the female genital tract, so commonly the site of cancer in women.
These findings arose against a background of both experimental and clinical knowledge of the relationships of ovarian function to the pathogenesis of breast cancer, for Beatson4 had shown as early as 1898 that ovariectomy ameliorated the clinical course of breast cancer in women.
Behavioral Effects of Estrogen Treatment in Human Males
Authors: Meyer-Bahlburg Heino F. L. 
Published: December 2021

Human males are exposed to exogenous estrogens in various treatment regimens: (1) Prenatally, (a) if the pregnant mother continues to ingest certain contraceptive steroids, or (b) if she is administered estrogens for pregnancy maintenance; (2) in adolescence and adulthood, when treated (a) for the control of deviant sexual behavior or (b) for demasculinization and feminization in the case of transsexualism; and (3) in midlife or later, when treated for androgen-dependent cancer, especially of the prostate. In spite of the diversity of treatment goals, each regimen provides an experimental model for the investigation of the effects of exogenous hormones on behavior—some of which may be considered undesirable side effects in a risk-benefit analysis of estrogen treatment.
In this report, I will briefly review the current status of knowledge with respect to regimens 1, 2, and, to a minor degree, 3. The discussion will focus on sex-dimorphic behavior (i.e., behavior in which males and females typically differ), intelligence, and general psychopathology. In the section on prenatal effects, progestogens will be discussed along with estrogens because both are frequently administered in combination.
EFFECTS OF PRENATAL EXPOSURE TO ESTROGENS AND/OR PROGESTOGENS
As outlined in another Conference article by Ehrhardt (page 1166), animal research has shown prenatal exogenous estrogens to masculinize sex-dimorphic behavior in the female and to interfere with normal masculinization in the male. This is in contrast to progesterone, which is assumed to have demasculinizing effects in both males and females.1,2 With regard to mental abilities and general psychopathology, I am not aware of any animal models that would allow us to predict effects of prenatal estrogens and/or progestogens in man.
DAVID HOSACK OF NEW YORK DESCRIBES AN EPIDEMIC OF GERMAN MEASLES IN 1813
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

Physicians of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries probably observed cases of rubella, but it was not until 1829 that it was finally separated from measles and scarlet fever and considered as a distinct entity.1
David Hosack (1769-1835)2 observed an epidemic of an eruptive disease in New York in 1813 resembling measles. His description fits that of rubella and was far better one than any other report of this disease until Henry R. Veale's (1832-1908)3 in 1866. Hosack wrote:
An eruptive disease in many respects resembling the measles, has prevailed to a considerable extent during the last three months [1813]. Such was the resemblance it bore to the measles in its invasion, the character and extent of the eruption, that by many it was called the French measles. It, however, differed from the measles (rubeola vulgaris) in several particulars. The fever preceding the eruption, was very inconsiderable in degree, and of short duration, not more than twenty-four hours; and in some few cases the eruption appeared without any preceding fever; the eruption itself generally disappeared at the end of the second or beginning of the third day; the eyes were rarely affected with it as in measles, and in no cases as in the latter disease, was it attended with cough or oppression, excepting such as are attendant upon most febrile complaints.
In several cases this disease occurred in children, who some time afterwards, were attacked with the measles, attended with all its characteristic symptoms, and in other instances, adults who were certainly known to have had the measles in early life, were the subjects of this eruptive complaint.
Caffeine Toxicity in a Neonate
Authors: Kulkarni Prakash B. , Dorand Rodney D. 
Published: December 2021

Caffeine poisoning in children is extremely rare. So far only four cases have been reported.1-4 Two children expired and two others survived. Review of the literature fails to show any reports of caffeine poisoning in a neonate. The purpose of this report is to present such a case and review the literature.
CASE REPORT
Patient T.B. was a full-term infant delivered to a 28-year-old gravida 1, para 0, black woman by emergency cesarean section for eclampsia and cephalopelvic disproportion. Apgar scores were 3 and 4 at one and five minutes, respectively. The infant was resuscitated with bag and mask. At 20 minutes of age, the infant was given 125 mg of caffeine (1,3,7-trimethyl xanthine) and sodium benzoate intramuscularly followed by 0.2 ml of Nalline for poor respiratory effort.
Congenital Absence of the Pancreas and Intrauterine Growth Retardation
Authors: Lemons James A. , Ridenour Robert , Orsini Edmund N. 
Published: December 2021

Recent investigations support the concept that insulin is a primary growth hormone during fetal life. The importance of insulin in fetal development is illustrated by the following case presentation, a severely growth-retarded infant who possessed no detectable pancreatic tissue at postmortem examination.
CASE REPORT
Patient B.G.C. was born following an uncomplicated pregnancy to a 19-year-old gravida 1, para 0, abortus 1 mother by emergency Cesarean section for fetal distress. The baby weighed 1,350 gm with Apgar scores of 2 at one minute, 2 at five minutes, and 4 at ten minutes, requiring immediate intubation and ventilation. Gestational age was 41 weeks by dates, 36 to 37 weeks by clinical examination, and greater than 36 weeks by radiologic evidence of teeth calcification.1
EARLY NEONATAL MORTALITY
Authors: R. R. H. 
Published: December 2021

The United States has had a substantial decline in infant mortality rates. Mortality rates for low birth weight infants remained fairly stable prior to 1965, but have "decreased sharply" since then. The decrease in mortality among these infants accounted for more than half of the overall fall. The most likely explanation is the development and proliferation of medical technology for management of the low birth weight infant.
Comment: Nice to hear some good news of what we are doing well. Regionalization and intensive care do make a difference.
Hypertension and Sports
Authors: Strong William B. 
Published: December 2021

The article "Response of Hypertensive Adolescents to Dynamic and Isometric Exercise Stress" which appears in this issue of Pediatrics (p 579) raises a number of interesting and practical questions for pediatricians. For example, What is hypertension? What does hypertension mean to the child or youth? Should the youth with hypertension be allowed to participate in competitive athletics? What is the role of exercise testing in the evaluation of hypertension? What additional information does it provide?
WHAT IS HYPERTENSION?
Blood pressure (BP) is the resultant of cardiac output (CO), and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Because CO and SVR vary from one person to another, it is not surprising that there is a wide range of normal BP values.
Excessive Sweating in an Apparently Normal Teenager
Authors: Fan Warner J-W. , Cohen Nathaniel M. 
Published: December 2021

Excessive sweating is a common complaint in pediatrics. In most cases it is normal, but may occasionally be a manifestation of an underlying disorder. We recently encountered an apparently normal teenager who sweated most dramatically.
S.M., a 12-year-old girl, presented with the complaint of excessive sweating. This had started three years previously in Virginia, but had worsened in Hawaii. The sweating was constant, independent of activity or anxiety level, and was sufficient to form a small puddle around the feet after some 30 minutes.
Intelligence in Dysautonomia
Authors: Day Richard L. 
Published: December 2021

The study of 53 patients with dysautonomia by Welton et al (Pediatrics 63:708, 1979) is the most extensive survey of mental ability in this condition yet published. The conclusion is drawn "that the same proportion of the dysautonomic population scored within the average range of intelligence as if found in the general population."
The unwary reader might conclude that the brain in dysautonomia has escaped the otherwise widespread damage to more easily assessed parts of the nervous system.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Miller Michael E. , Stiehm E. Richard 
Published: December 2021

Interest in the mechanisms by which the human neonate derives protection against microorganisms has become a major consideration in the prevention and management of neonatal infections. As such, a conference on Host Defenses in the Fetus and Neonate was co-sponsored by the Kroc Foundation and the National Foundation/March of Dimes at the Kroc Foundation's headquarters in the Santa Ynez Valley, California, October 16-19, 1978. This supplement contains the proceedings of the conference.
Extensive discussions followed each presentation, and these have been summarized by the rapporteur for that session. The rapporteurs were: Richard B. Johnston, Jr, MD, Robert C. Seeger, MD, Jane Pitt, MD, Harvey R. Colten, MD, R. Michael Blaese, MD, Rebecca H. Buckley, MD, and Diane Wara, MD.
On behalf of all the participants, we express our profound gratitude to Dr Peter Amacher of the Kroc Foundation for his efforts in ensuring a successful meeting.
Contemporary Plagues and Social Progress
Authors: Weller Thomas H. 
Published: December 2021

For this address at the opening session of the First Mexican National Congress of Infectious Diseases in Children (ler, Congreso National de Infectologia Pediatrica), I have chosen as my title "Contemporary Plagues and Social Progress." While in medicine the term plague usually refers to diseases caused by Pasteurella pestis, the word has broader meanings and usages. It describes that which smites or troubles, can refer to an afflictive evil or anything troublesome or vexatious, or can be applied to any malignant disease, especially those that are contagious. It can be used as an expression of annoyance, as a mild oath, or with the implication of harassment. Thus, today we are concerned with the plague of plagues, the afflictive evils of the cumulative insults of infectious disease. Additionally, we might be tempted to cast a plague on the system of medical education and on the political process that neither conveys the continuing importance of infectious diseases nor funds the mechanisms for their containment. Or, should the shoe be on the other foot? Should not society cast a plague on us?
As experts in the field of infectious disease, have we not failed to publicize that, on a global basis, the combination of diarrheal disease and malnutrition is the leading cause of death in infants and children? Has not our successful use of antibiotics induced unjustified public complacency regarding the problems of infectious disease? Why have our low-keyed reports of resistant typhoid bacilli, or pneumococci or of gonococci failed to dispel the prevalent mystique that science has controlled infectious agents, leaving cancer and heart disease in the public eye as the major unconquered problems in the health field?