bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of workplace perceptions among federal, state, and local public health staff in the US, 2014 to 2017
Authors: Leider Jonathon P. , Sellers Katie , Owens-Young Jessica , Guerrero-Ramirez Grace , Bogaert Kyle , Gendelman Moriah , Castrucci Brian C. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
The governmental public health workforce in the United States comprises almost 300,000 staff at federal, state, and local levels. The workforce is poised for generational change, experiencing significant levels of retirement. However, intent to leave for other reasons is also substantial, and diversity is lacking in the workforce.

Methods
Workforce perception data from 76,000 staff from Health and Human Services (HHS) including 14,000 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention were analyzed across 2014 and 2017. Additionally, data from 32,000 state and local health department staff in 46 agencies reporting in both years. Estimates were constructed accounting for survey design and non-response.

Results
In 2017, women made up 43% of the total US government workforce and 33% of supervisors or higher, compared to 73 and 68% generally in State Health Agencies (p < .0001); and 62% vs 52% in HHS (p < .0001). Among state staff, intent to leave increased from 22 to 31% (p < .0001), but fell in 2017 from 33 to 28% for HHS (p < .0001). Correlates of intent to leave included low job satisfaction, pay satisfaction, and agency type. Federal entities saw the highest proportion respondents that indicated they would recommend their organization as a good place to work.

Conclusions
While intent to leave fell at federal agencies from 2014 to 2017, it increased among staff in state and local health departments. Additionally, while public health is more diverse than the US government overall, significant underrepresentation is observed in supervisory positions for staff of color, especially women.
Intensity, dynamics and deficiencies of empathy in medical and non-medical students
Authors: Sobczak Krzysztof , Zdun-Ryżewska Agata , Rudnik Agata 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundEmpathy is an important competence in the professional development of medical students. The purpose of our study was to compare the levels and scales of empathy in people studying in different educational strategies.MethodsThe study was conducted between April 2019 and March 2020. Medicine, nursing, midwifery, physiotherapy, psychology, pedagogy and sociology students were the participants of this study. University students preparing for medical professions (n = 1001) and students of programs unrelated to medicine (n = 700) underwent the Empathy Quotient test (EQ-40). We have compared results in both study groups with the use of the distribution of density, analysis of variance and student’s t-test.ResultsThe average results received by students of the university preparing for medical professions were lower (M = 42.6) than those of the non-medical university students (M = 45.3) and the differences between the universities turned out to be statistically important (t = − 5.15, df = 1699,p < 0.001). As many as 14.6% of the students in the 1st EQ class were preparing for various medical professions while 9% studied social sciences. 18.2% of all medical programme students (n = 412) manifested the lowest empathy class. Our research has revealed that the students with Asperger profile (AP) and high-functioning autism (HFA) studied at universities preparing for medical professions (n = 18) more frequently than at non-medical universities (n = 5).ConclusionsWe have noticed a serious indicator of erosion in the levels of empathy in medical students and an increase in the number of people with AP and HFA. Empathy decreases in students after the third year of their studies, regardless of the kind of university. We recommend an introduction of career counselling when specialization is being chosen.
Risk factors for poor health-related quality of life in patients with colon cancer include stoma and smoking habits
Authors: Tiselius Catarina , Rosenblad Andreas , Strand Eva , Smedh Kenneth 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
Previous studies have shown that health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is associated with the prognosis of cancer patients. The aim of this study was to investigate risk factors for poor HRQoL in patients with colon cancer.

Methods
This was a prospective population-based study of patients with colon cancer included between 2012 and 2016. HRQoL was measured using the cancer-specific European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire C30. Multiple linear regression analysis adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, smoking habits, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification, emergency/elective surgery, resection with/without a stoma and tumour stage was used.

Results
A total of 67% (376/561) of all incident patients with colon cancer (196 [52.1%] females) was included. Mean (range) age was 73 (30–96) years. Patients with worse health (American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status 3 and 4), those with higher body mass index, smokers and those planned to undergo surgical treatment with a stoma were at a higher risk for poor HRQoL than the other included patients at baseline and 6-month follow-up.

Conclusions
Patient characteristics such as smoking, high body mass index and worse physical health as well as treatment with a stoma were associated with lower HRQoL. Health care for such patients should focus on social and lifestyle behavioural support and stoma closure, when possible.
Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT 03910894).
Survival outcomes of adjuvant taxanes, platinum plus fluoropyrimidines versus platinum and fluoropyrimidines for gastric cancer patients after D2 gastrectomy: a retrospective propensity score-matched analysis
Authors: Wu Lili , Feng Ying , Wu Zhijun , Xu Hui , Zhang Cheng , Ning Jie , Wang Rong , Chen Jianqiong , Xie Minmin , Zhang Yi , Bu Lijia , Hao Jiqing , Ma Tai 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
To evaluate whether the addition of taxanes to platinum and fluoropyrimidines in adjuvant chemotherapy would result in longer survival than platinum plus fluoropyrimidines in gastric cancer patients who received D2 gastrectomy.

Methods
Data of patients with gastric adenocarcinoma who received D2 gastrectomy and adjuvant chemotherapy with platinum plus fluoropyrimidines or taxanes, platinum plus fluoropyrimidines was retrospectively collected and analyzed. 1:1 Propensity score matching analysis was used to balance baseline characteristics between two groups. Survival curves were estimated using Kaplan-Meier method, and the differences were compared using the log-rank test.

Results
Four hundred twenty-five patients in the platinum plus fluoropyrimidines group and 177 patients in the taxanes, platinum plus fluoropyrimidines group were included into analysis. No statistical differences in disease-free survival and overall survival were observed between two groups. After propensity score matching, 172 couples of patients were matched, the baseline characteristics were balanced. The median disease-free survival were 15.8 months (95% CI, 9.3~22.4) in the platinum plus fluoropyrimidines group and 22.6 months (95% CI, 15.9~29.4) in the taxanes, platinum plus fluoropyrimidines group (HR = 0.63; 95% CI, 0.48~0.85; P = 0.002). The median overall survival was 25.4 months for patients in the platinum plus fluoropyrimidines group (95% CI, 19.4~31.3) and 33.8 months (95% CI, 23.5~44.2) for those in the taxanes, platinum plus fluoropyrimidines group (HR = 0.68; 95% CI, 0.53-0.87; log-rank test, P = 0.002).

Conclusions
For gastric adenocarcinoma patients, the adjuvant triplet combination of taxanes, platinum, and fluoropyrimidines regimen after D2 gastrectomy was superior to platinum plus fluoropyrimidines regimen in disease-free survival as well as overall survival.

Trial registration
This project has been registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (ChiCTR1800019978).
The CD112R/CD112 axis: a breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Zeng Taofei , Cao Yuqing , Jin Tianqiang , Tian Yu , Dai Chaoliu , Xu Feng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe recent discovery of immune checkpoint inhibitors is a significant milestone in cancer immunotherapy research. However, some patients with primary or adaptive drug resistance might not benefit from the overall therapeutic potential of immunotherapy in oncology. Thus, it is becoming increasingly critical for oncologists to explore the availability of new immune checkpoint inhibitors. An emerging co-inhibitory receptor, CD112R (also called PVRIG), is most commonly expressed on natural killer (NK) and T cells. It binds to its ligand (CD112 or PVRL2/nectin-2) and inhibits the strength with which T cells and NK cells respond to cancer. Therefore, CD112R is being presented as a new immune checkpoint inhibitor with high potential in cancer immunotherapy. CD112 is easily detectable on antigen-presenting or tumor cells, and its high level of expression has been linked with tumor progression and poor outcomes in most cancer patients. This review explores the molecular and functional relationship between CD112R, TIGIT, CD96, and CD226 in T cell responses. In addition, this review comprehensively discusses the recent developments of CD112R/CD112 immune checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy and prognosis.
Between-centre differences in care for in-hospital cardiac arrest: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Gravesteijn B. Y. , Schluep M. , Lingsma H. F. , Stolker R. J. , Endeman H. , Hoeks S. E. ,   the ROUTINE-study consortium, Wils Evert-Jan , Kuijs Cees , Blans Michiel , van den Bogaard Bas , Koopman – van Gemert Ankie , Hukshorn Chris , van der Meer Nardo , Knook Marco , van Melsen Trudy , Peters René , Perik Patrick , Assink Jan , Spijkers Gerben , Vermeijden Wytze 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
Survival after in-hospital cardiac arrest is poor, but current literature shows substantial heterogeneity in reported survival rates. This study aims to evaluate care for patients suffering in-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) in the Netherlands by assessing between-hospital heterogeneity in outcomes and to explain this heterogeneity stemming from differences in case-mix or differences in quality of care.

Methods
A prospective multicentre study was conducted comprising 14 centres. All IHCA patients were included. The adjusted variation in structure and process indicators of quality of care and outcomes (in-hospital mortality and cerebral performance category [CPC] scale) was assessed with mixed effects regression with centre as random intercept. Variation was quantified using the median odds ratio (MOR), representing the expected odds ratio for poor outcome between two randomly picked centres.

Results
After excluding centres with less than 10 inclusions (2 centres), 701 patients were included of whom, 218 (32%) survived to hospital discharge. The unadjusted and case-mix adjusted MOR for mortality was 1.19 and 1.05, respectively. The unadjusted and adjusted MOR for CPC score was 1.24 and 1.19, respectively. In hospitals where personnel received cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) training twice per year, 183 (64.7%) versus 290 (71.4%) patients died or were in a vegetative state, and 59 (20.8%) versus 68 (16.7%) patients showed full recovery (p < 0.001).

Conclusion
In the Netherlands, survival after IHCA is relatively high and between-centre differences in outcomes are small. The existing differences in survival are mainly attributable to differences in case-mix. Variation in neurological outcome is less attributable to case-mix.
Analysis of contamination in cluster randomized trials of malaria interventions
Authors: Multerer Lea , Glass Tracy R. , Vanobberghen Fiona , Smith Thomas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn cluster randomized trials (CRTs) of interventions against malaria, mosquito movement between households ultimately leads to contamination between intervention and control arms, unless they are separated by wide buffer zones.MethodsThis paper proposes a method for adjusting estimates of intervention effectiveness for contamination and for estimating a contamination range between intervention arms, the distance over which contamination measurably biases the estimate of effectiveness. A sigmoid function is fitted to malaria prevalence or incidence data as a function of the distance of households to the intervention boundary, stratified by intervention status and including a random effect for the clustering. The method is evaluated in a simulation study, corresponding to a range of rural settings with varying intervention effectiveness and contamination range, and applied to a CRT of insecticide treated nets in Ghana.ResultsThe simulations indicate that the method leads to approximately unbiased estimates of effectiveness. Precision decreases with increasing mosquito movement, but the contamination range is much smaller than the maximum distance traveled by mosquitoes. For the method to provide precise and approximately unbiased estimates, at least 50% of the households should be at distances greater than the estimated contamination range from the discordant intervention arm.ConclusionsA sigmoid approach provides an appropriate analysis for a CRT in the presence of contamination. Outcome data from boundary zones should not be discarded but used to provide estimates of the contamination range. This gives an alternative to “fried egg” designs, which use large clusters (increasing costs) and exclude buffer zones to avoid bias.
A high solids field-to-fuel research pipeline to identify interactions between feedstocks and biofuel production
Authors: Chandrasekar Meenaa , Joshi Leela , Krieg Karleigh , Chipkar Sarvada , Burke Emily , Debrauske Derek J. , Thelen Kurt D. , Sato Trey K. , Ong Rebecca G. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
Environmental factors, such as weather extremes, have the potential to cause adverse effects on plant biomass quality and quantity. Beyond adversely affecting feedstock yield and composition, which have been extensively studied, environmental factors can have detrimental effects on saccharification and fermentation processes in biofuel production. Only a few studies have evaluated the effect of these factors on biomass deconstruction into biofuel and resulting fuel yields. This field-to-fuel evaluation of various feedstocks requires rigorous coordination of pretreatment, enzymatic hydrolysis, and fermentation experiments. A large number of biomass samples, often in limited quantity, are needed to thoroughly understand the effect of environmental conditions on biofuel production. This requires greater processing and analytical throughput of industrially relevant, high solids loading hydrolysates for fermentation, and led to the need for a laboratory-scale high solids experimentation platform.

Results
A field-to-fuel platform was developed to provide sufficient volumes of high solids loading enzymatic hydrolysate for fermentation. AFEX pretreatment was conducted in custom pretreatment reactors, followed by high solids enzymatic hydrolysis. To accommodate enzymatic hydrolysis of multiple samples, roller bottles were used to overcome the bottlenecks of mixing and reduced sugar yields at high solids loading, while allowing greater sample throughput than possible in bioreactors. The roller bottle method provided 42–47% greater liquefaction compared to the batch shake flask method for the same solids loading. In fermentation experiments, hydrolysates from roller bottles were fermented more rapidly, with greater xylose consumption, but lower final ethanol yields and CO2 production than hydrolysates generated with shake flasks. The entire platform was tested and was able to replicate patterns of fermentation inhibition previously observed for experiments conducted in larger-scale reactors and bioreactors, showing divergent fermentation patterns for drought and normal year switchgrass hydrolysates.

Conclusion
A pipeline of small-scale AFEX pretreatment and roller bottle enzymatic hydrolysis was able to provide adequate quantities of hydrolysate for respirometer fermentation experiments and was able to overcome hydrolysis bottlenecks at high solids loading by obtaining greater liquefaction compared to batch shake flask hydrolysis. Thus, the roller bottle method can be effectively utilized to compare divergent feedstocks and diverse process conditions.
Using hierarchical similarity to examine the genetics of Behçet’s disease
Authors: Shenoi Samuel J. , Baker Erich J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Objective
Behçet’s disease (BD) is a multisystem inflammatory disease that affects patients along the historic silk road. Thus far, the pathogenesis of the disease has proved elusive due to the complex genetic interactions of the disease. In this paper, we seek to clarify the genetic factors of the disease while also uncovering other diseases of interest that present with a similar genotype as BD.

Results
To do this, we employ a convergent functional genomics approach by leveraging the hierarchical similarity tool available in Geneweaver. Through our analysis, we were able to ascertain 7 BD consensus genes and 16 autoimmune diseases with genetic overlap with BD. The results of our study will inform further research into the pathogenesis of Behçet’s disease.
Survey on reconfigurable intelligent surfaces below 10 GHz
Authors: Tapio Visa , Hemadeh Ibrahim , Mourad Alain , Shojaeifard Arman , Juntti Markku 
Published: September 2021

AbstractReconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) is a programmable structure that can be used to control the propagation of electromagnetic waves by changing the electric and magnetic properties of the surface. By placing these surfaces in an environment, the properties of radio channels can be controlled. This opens up new opportunities to improve the performance of wireless systems. In this paper, the basic operation of antenna array and metasurface based RIS is described. While the current long term (6G) research on RIS often prioritizes very high frequencies from tens to hundreds of GHz, this paper puts emphasis rather on operating frequencies below 10 GHz which promise a much faster to market track for RIS applications. For this purpose, review of the literature on the use of RIS in wireless communication applications operating below 10 GHz frequency band is provided.
Revising the Hardy–Rogers–Suzuki-type Z-contractions
Authors: Noorwali Maha 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study is to introduce a new interpolative contractive mapping combining the Hardy–Rogers contractive mapping of Suzuki type and $\mathcal{Z}$
Z
-contraction. We investigate the existence of a fixed point of this type of mappings and prove some corollaries. The new results of the paper generalize a number of existing results which were published in the last two decades.
Knowledge, attitudes and behaviors on antibiotic use and resistance among healthcare workers in Italy, 2019: investigation by a clustering method
Authors: Barchitta Martina , Sabbatucci Michela , Furiozzi Francesca , Iannazzo Stefania , Maugeri Andrea , Maraglino Francesco , Prato Rosa , Agodi Antonella , Pantosti Annalisa 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
Identifying healthcare workers (HCW) who have less awareness and knowledge on antibiotic use and resistance represents a challenge for public health, since it might help the development of novel educational and training initiatives tailored on specific subgroups of professionals. This work aims to compare knowledge, attitudes and behaviors on antibiotic use and resistance across different groups of Italian HCW.

Methods
We used data from the multi-country and multi-professional survey launched by the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control between 28 January to 4 March 2019 to assess knowledge, attitude and behaviors of HCW on antibiotics, antibiotic use and resistance. We distinguished three clusters of HCW using the Two-Step Cluster analysis, based on their personal and professional characteristics (i.e. profession, role, activity as prescriber, setting, and activity as antibiotic use advisor).

Results
In general, cluster 1 consisted mostly of allied healthcare workers, while clusters 2 and 3 were made up almost completely of pharmacists and medical doctors, respectively. Interestingly, healthcare workers in cluster 3 had the highest knowledge on antibiotic use and resistance. Workers in cluster 1, instead, were those reporting the highest awareness of the importance and role of hand hygiene as an infection prevention and control measure. However, HCW in cluster 2 were those who recognized more their role of advisors on prudent antibiotic use.

Conclusions
Italian HCW exhibited different knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors on antibiotic use and resistance. These findings raised the need for educational and training interventions targeting specific professional groups.
Contemporary Chinese anthropology: reflections, developments and prospects
Authors: Liu Shigang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSince the 16th World Congress of the International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (IUAES) was successfully held in Kunming in July 2009, Chinese anthropologists have been committed to exploring the new direction of Chinese anthropology, striving to build the discipline system of Chinese anthropology in the new era, thus making it a prominent discipline in the study of contemporary Chinese society. After more than ten years’ efforts, Chinese anthropologists have made great progress both in theory and practice, which is embodied in two aspects: the first one is interdisciplinary comprehensive researches and cross-cultural comparative researches based on the thinking and efforts of prestigious anthropologists such as Qiao Jian, Fei Xiaotong, and Li Yiyuan; the second one is the new direction and construction of discipline system of Chinese anthropology in the new era pursued by contemporary Chinese anthropologists. Over the past decades, significant achievements have been made in Chinese anthropology, especially in three aspects. The first is localization of anthropology with less dependency on Western theories and more self-dependence, so as to establish Chinese anthropological schools enjoying localized concepts and theories. The second is modernization of anthropology which demands more adaptability and less discipline inertia and calls for practical researches on current social topics and modernization transformation from the perspective of anthropology. The third is internationalization of anthropology to reduce discipline closeness by conducting overseas researches and exchanges, thereby strengthening international communication and cooperation.