bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Stress Distribution in a Strip Loaded in Tension by Means of a Central Pin
Authors: Theocaris P. S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
It is the purpose of this paper to give an exact solution for the stress distribution resulting from loading a perforated strip in tension through a rigid pin filling the hole. The strip is regarded as of an infinite length and having a single axial hole. Stress distributions are found by an alternating approximation method and the stresses are tabulated in the form of stress-concentration factors for different values of diameter of the hole. The influence of size of the hole on the stress concentration in the strip is investigated and the optimum diameter of the hole is evaluated.
Unsteady Radial Flow of Gas Through Porous Media—Variable Viscosity and Compressibility
Authors: Aronofsky J. S. , Porter J. D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Calculations of pressure-time histories and flow rates are presented for radial unsteady flow of gases through porous media. Some nonideal gas properties are considered by expressing gas viscosity and gas compressibility (z-factor) as simple functions of pressure. These calculations were obtained by using the high-speed, electronic computer called “Whirlwind” which is located at the Digital Computer Laboratory of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The results demonstrate that variable viscosity and compressibility can exert a substantial effect on transient gas-flow systems. A simple means is suggested for estimating the velocity of gas flowing across an inner radial boundary into a hole when the gas pressure is held constant at that boundary.
Buckling of Simply Supported Plates Tapered in Planform
Authors: Klein Bertram 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Design curves are presented for determining the elastic buckling loads of simply supported flat plates of isosceles trapezoidal planform and loaded in compression along the parallel edges. Shear loads are assumed to act along the sloping edges so that any ratio of axial loads may act along the parallel edges of the given plate. Isosceles triangular plates are included as a special limiting case, and the range of the values of the various geometric and load parameters presented in the curves is considered large enough to cover practically all conditions of the type treated which are encountered in practice.
Creep Stresses and Deflections of Columns
Authors: Lin T. H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A direct method (no iteration is involved) of calculating stresses and deflection of a pin-ended column with creep is shown. The relaxation moment in a particular time interval is treated as an additional initial curvature of the column. This method is applicable to stress-strain-time relationship obtained directly from test data without the necessity of making restrictive assumptions. An illustrative example is shown and the results are compared to those obtained by iteration method (10) and test data. Stress distributions across different sections at different instants are shown. The stress distribution at mid-section deviates considerably from being linear as the creep deflection becomes large.
Plastic Deformation of Semi-Infinite Beams Subject to Transverse Impact Loading at the Free End
Authors: Conroy M. F. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The object of this paper is to consider the plastic deformation of semi-infinite beams subject to dynamic transverse loading at the free end. The type of loading considered is that of a constant bending moment, together with a transverse force the magnitude of which is inversely proportional to the square root of time. Part 1 of the paper consists of a plastic-rigid analysis of the problem, based on the plastic-rigid analysis of infinite beams under transverse, constant velocity, impact loading developed by the author. Part 2 of the paper consists of an elastic-plastic solution of the problem, based on a theoretical analysis of the plastic deformation of infinite beams subject to transverse, constant-velocity impact loading developed by H. F. Bohnenblust. Specific problems are considered for which the deflection solutions obtained by elastic ideally plastic and rigid ideally plastic analyses are compared.
On the Wake Energy of Moving Cascades
Authors: Kemp N. H. , Sears W. R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The rate of transfer of energy to the vortex-wake pattern is calculated for isolated thin airfoils and cascades of thin airfoils in unsteady flow. This part of the work parallels earlier investigations by Garrick (7) and Keller (1). Application is made to the elementary two-row stages treated in an investigation (2) of the induction effects due to relative motion of the blade rows. The results show that the energy transferred to the wake pattern is a small fraction of the work absorbed by the rotor. Cross-induced contributions for a two-row stage may be negative but are small. By far the greatest contribution to the wake energy is that due to the circulation fluctuations induced in a blade row by the relative motion of the adjacent downstream row.
Stress Functions for Rotating Plates
Authors: Hodge P. G. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The general theory of two-dimensional bodies subjected to body forces is well known. However, except for a few examples in which gravity is the body force, and various examples of rotationally symmetric rotating disks, comparatively little appears to have been done with this theory. The present paper applies the theory to the general case of a thin plate rotating about an axis in its plane. As specific examples, a circular plate rotating about a diameter, and a triangular plate rotating about a side are considered. For the case of a long thin triangle, the result is shown to reduce to that previously obtained by using an extension of beam theory.
Propagation of a Sudden Rotary Disturbance in an Elastic Plate in Plane Stress
Authors: Goodier J. N. , Jahsman W. E. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Detailed results are found for two plane-stress problems of an elastic plate with a hole from which a symmetrical disturbance is propagated. In the first a uniform shear stress is suddenly applied and maintained at the hole. In the second a uniform (rotary) velocity is suddenly applied and maintained. The subsequent motion is entirely rotary and involves shear stress only. The problems are mathematically analogous to those of symmetrical pressure and radial velocity at the hole, already solved by Kromm, and his analysis is followed. The existence of a similar analogy in the statical cases is well known.
Transient Temperature Rise in a Semi-Infinite Solid Due to a Uniform Disk Source
Authors: Atalla M. M. , Preston K. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A transient solution is presented for the temperature rise in a semi-infinite solid due to a circular-disk source with a uniform and constant rate of heat flux. The solution is obtained only along the axis of the disk. It is shown that the temperature-time relation at any point along this axis is obtainable from the corresponding well-known one-dimensional solution for a semi-infinite rod by the relation [ θ ( z , t ) ] 3-dimensional = [ θ ( z , t ) - θ ( z 2 + a 2 , t ) ] 1-dimensional where θ, z, a, and t are the temperature rise, distance from the surface, radius of the heat source, and time, respectively.
The Mean Stress Around a Small Opening of Any Shape in a Uniformly Loaded Plate
Authors: Brock J. S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes a theorem concerning the mean stress around an opening in a uniform stress field. The theorem states that the mean stress along the free boundary of an opening of any shape in a uniformly loaded plate is equal to the sum of the co-ordinate normal stresses applied to the plate at a great distance from the opening. The theorem is proved by using well-known properties of harmonic functions in conjunction with Green’s theorem.
Critical Thickness of Surface Film in Boundary Lubrication
Authors: Feng I-Ming , Chang C. M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
When the combined equivalent thickness of the surface film approaches and finally becomes greater than the critical value, the weakening of the interlocking effect of the plastic roughening results in rapid decrease in wear and ultimately reduces wear to practically zero. This is verified by experimental results of wear of pure metals with controlled surface film thickness in the region near the critical thickness.
The Bauschinger Effect on Columns
Authors: Paris P. C. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Earthquakes or the passing shock wave of an atomic blast may cause tensile yield in members before collapse in compression (1). In order to examine the effect of this reversal, the reduction of compressive properties of structural steel are analyzed after a variety of tensile pre-strains and these properties are applied to calculate collapse loads. The calculated maximum loads are then compared with test results to determine a practical method whereby they may be predicted.
On the Transmission of a Concentrated Load Into the Interior of an Elastic Body
Authors: Neidhardt G. L. , Sternberg Eli 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
An exact solution in series form is presented for the stresses and displacements in an elastic body bounded by one sheet of a two-sheeted hyperboloid of revolution, subjected to an axial concentrated load at the vertex. The problem is reduced to one governed by finite surface tractions with the aid of a scheme developed in (1), and the solution is based on the Boussinesq stress functions referred to spheroidal co-ordinates. The corresponding known solutions appropriate to the half space and to the circular cone are obtained as limiting cases. Numerical results are given for the normal stress on planes perpendicular to the axis of symmetry, at points on this axis. These values are utilized in a discussion aimed at the influence of the curvature of the boundary at the load point upon the transmission of the load into the interior of the body; the results indicate that this influence may be considerable.
The Boundary Layer Inside a Conical Surface Due to Swirl
Authors: Weber H. E. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
An analysis of the axially symmetric boundary layer on the inside of a conical surface due to swirl flow about the conical axis is presented. The momentum integrals of the boundary layer are derived, and both the laminar and turbulent boundary-layer solutions are obtained numerically. In the free stream the flow is assumed to be a potential vortex. A comparison between theory and experiment is made by using the particle paths on the conical surface of a cyclone dust separator.
A Theory for Base Pressures in Transonic and Supersonic Flow
Authors: Korst H. H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A physical flow model is devised based on the concepts of interaction between the dissipative shear flow and the adjacent free stream and the conservation of mass in the wake. Four flow components are integrated in the model; namely, the flow approaching the trailing edge, the expansion around the trailing edge, the mixing within the free-jet boundary, and the recompression at the end of the wake. A unique and stable solution results for the base pressure. Theoretical results obtained for thin approaching boundary layer do not require empirical information and are, therefore, best suited to evaluate the merits of the theory. Here emphasized is the case of isoenergetic constant-pressure mixing in the turbulent free-jet boundary and agreement is found between theory and experimental data.
The Influence of Blast Characteristics on the Final Deformation of Circular Cylindrical Shells
Authors: Hodge P. G. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The final maximum deformation of a reinforced circular cylindrical shell caused by a briefly applied, intense loading is considered. The maximum deformation is obtained in a form which requires a double quadrature of the pressure where the limits of the integration are determined from side conditions. Attempts are made to find a simple analytic approximation, but the attempts are unsuccessful for loads of practical importance. A straightforward graphical-numerical method of solution is devised. Several examples are considered in support of the conclusions. The shell is assumed to be infinitely long, so that end effects may be neglected. The load is assumed to be applied to the entire shell simultaneously. The shell is assumed a perfect cylinder, and the reinforcements are taken as rigid. Finally, the shell is assumed to be made of an ideal rigid-plastic material which satisfies a certain simplified yield condition and the associated flow rule.
Approximate Energy and Equilibrium Equations for Cylindrical Shells
Authors: Kennard E. H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In a recent paper (1) additional results were reported for cylindrical shells of uniform thickness h, obtained by the method of systematic expansion in powers of h (2, 3). The expressions thus obtained are so lengthy, however, that their chief practical value seems to lie in checking the precision of simpler approximate expressions.
Cardiovascular-related deaths at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak: a prospective analysis based on the UK Biobank
Authors: Wang Junren , Zhu Jianwei , Yang Huazhen , Hu Yao , Sun Yajing , Ying Zhiye , Qu Yuanyuan , Valdimarsdottir Unnur , Fang Fang , Song Huan 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on cardiovascular disease (CVD) related mortality and hospitalisation.DesignCommunity-based prospective cohort study.SettingThe UK Biobank.Participants421 372 UK Biobank participants who were registered in England and alive as of 1 January 2020.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome of interest was CVD-related death, which was defined as death with CVD as a cause in the death register. We retrieved information on hospitalisations with CVD as the primary diagnosis from the UK Biobank hospital inpatient data. The study period was 1 January 2020 to June 30 2020, and we used the same calendar period of the three preceding years as the reference period. In order to control for seasonal variations and ageing of the study population, standardised mortality/incidence ratios (SMRs/SIRs) with 95% CIs were used to estimate the relative risk of CVD outcomes during the study period, compared with the reference period.ResultsWe observed a distinct increase in CVD-related deaths in March and April 2020, compared with the corresponding months of the three preceding years. The observed number of CVD-related deaths (n=218) was almost double in April, compared with the expected number (n=120) (SMR=1.82, 95% CI 1.58 to 2.07). In addition, we observed a significant decline in CVD-related hospitalisations from March onwards, with the lowest SIR observed in April (0.45, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.49).ConclusionsThere was a distinct increase in the number of CVD-related deaths in the UK Biobank population at the beginning of the COVID-19 outbreak. The shortage of medical resources for hospital care and stress reactions to the pandemic might have partially contributed to the excess CVD-related mortality, underscoring the need of sufficient healthcare resources and improved instructions to the public about seeking healthcare in a timely way.
Optimising the measurement of blood glucose and cholesterol in patients who had an acute stroke: a quality improvement project
Authors: Khan Ayesha Rehan , Dorai Shruti , Serry Yaseen 
Published: June 2021

Hypercholesterolaemia and diabetes are established modifiable risk factors for cerebrovascular disease. A baseline audit carried out on an acute stroke ward at a District General Hospital in East Kent showed variability in blood tests being requested on admission for patients who had a suspected stroke, in particular serum glucose and cholesterol levels. Our aim was to ensure that at least 80% of patients admitted to the stroke ward with a suspected stroke had blood glucose and cholesterol levels measured on admission, over an 18-week period.The percentage of patients admitted with a suspected stroke on the ward who had the appropriate investigations requested on admission was measured weekly. Quality improvement methodology was used to formulate three interventions in the form of Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles: (1) an educational email sent to doctors regarding the assessment of patients who had a stroke and admission blood tests required; (2) adaptation of the ‘Stroke Admission Clerking Proforma’ to include a list of bloods to be requested; (3) production of an all-inclusive ‘Stroke Bloods Panel’ on the online system for requesting bloods.At baseline, an average of 30% and 34% of patients had glucose and cholesterol levels requested on admission, respectively. These results increased to 43% and 40% after the first intervention; 71% and 61% after the second intervention; and after the final intervention, on average, 82% and 85% of patients had glucose and cholesterol levels requested, respectively. We therefore achieved our aim of ensuring that more than 80% of patients who had an acute stroke had the appropriate blood tests requested on admission.The modified stroke proforma and the blood panel were the most effective interventions. The changes were implemented in an additional hospital within the same Trust. We anticipate greater compliance with Royal College of Physicians (RCP), National Institute for Health & Care Excellence (NICE) and Trust guidelines regarding appropriate and timely prescription of antidiabetic and cholesterol-lowering medications for secondary preventative measures.
Effectiveness of angiotensin-neprilysin inhibitor treatment versus renin-angiotensin system blockade in older adults with heart failure in clinical care
Authors: Desai Rishi J , Patorno Elisabetta , Vaduganathan Muthiah , Mahesri Mufaddal , Chin Kristyn , Levin Raisa , Solomon Scott D , Schneeweiss Sebastian 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate the effectiveness of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI) versus renin-angiotensin system (RAS) blockade alone in older adults with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF).MethodsWe conducted a cohort study using US Medicare fee-for-service claims data (2014–2017). Patients with HFrEF ≥65 years were identified in two cohorts: (1) initiators of ARNI or RAS blockade alone (ACE inhibitor, ACEI; or angiotensin receptor blocker, ARB) and (2) switchers from an ACEI to either ARNI or ARB. HR with 95% CI from Cox proportional hazard regression and 1-year restricted mean survival time (RMST) difference with 95% CI were calculated for a composite outcome of time to first worsening heart failure event or all-cause mortality after adjustment for 71 pre-exposure characteristics through propensity score fine-stratification weighting. All analyses of initiator and switcher cohorts were conducted separately and then combined using fixed effects.Results51 208 patients with a mean age of 76 years were included, with 16 193 in the ARNI group. Adjusted HRs comparing ARNI with RAS blockade alone were 0.92 (95% CI 0.84 to 1.00) among initiators and 0.79 (95% CI 0.74 to 0.85) among switchers, with a combined estimate of 0.84 (95% CI 0.80 to 0.89). Adjusted 1-year RMST difference (95% CI) was 4 days in the initiator cohort (−1 to 9) and 12 days (8 to 17) in the switcher cohort, resulting in a pooled estimate of 9 days (6 to 12) favouring ARNI.ConclusionARNI treatment was associated with lower risk of a composite effectiveness endpoint compared with RAS blockade alone in older adults with HFrEF.
Neurology and neuropsychiatry of COVID-19: a systematic review and
meta-analysis of the early literature reveals frequent CNS manifestations
and key emerging narratives
Authors: Rogers Jonathan P , Watson Cameron J , Badenoch James , Cross Benjamin , Butler Matthew , Song Jia , Hafeez Danish , Morrin Hamilton , Rengasamy Emma Rachel , Thomas Lucretia , Ralovska Silviya , Smakowski Abigail , Sundaram Ritika Dilip , Hunt Camille Kaitlyn , Lim Mao Fong , Aniwattanapong Daruj , Singh Vanshika , Hussain Zain , Chakraborty Stuti , Burchill Ella , Jansen Katrin , Holling Heinz , Walton Dean , Pollak Thomas A , Ellul Mark , Koychev Ivan , Solomon Tom , Michael Benedict Daniel , Nicholson Timothy R , Rooney Alasdair G 
Published: June 2021

There is accumulating evidence of the neurological and neuropsychiatric
features of infection with SARS-CoV-2. In this systematic review and
meta-analysis, we aimed to describe the characteristics of the early
literature and estimate point prevalences for neurological and
neuropsychiatric manifestations.
We searched MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO and CINAHL up to 18 July 2020 for
randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, case-control studies,
cross-sectional studies and case series. Studies reporting prevalences of
neurological or neuropsychiatric symptoms were synthesised into
meta-analyses to estimate pooled prevalence.
13 292 records were screened by at least two authors to identify 215
included studies, of which there were 37 cohort studies, 15 case-control
studies, 80 cross-sectional studies and 83 case series from 30 countries.
147 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The symptoms with the
highest prevalence were anosmia (43.1% (95% CI 35.2% to 51.3%), n=15 975, 63
studies), weakness (40.0% (95% CI 27.9% to 53.5%), n=221, 3 studies),
fatigue (37.8% (95% CI 31.6% to 44.4%), n=21 101, 67 studies), dysgeusia
(37.2% (95% CI 29.8% to 45.3%), n=13 686, 52 studies), myalgia (25.1% (95%
CI 19.8% to 31.3%), n=66 268, 76 studies), depression (23.0% (95% CI 11.8%
to 40.2%), n=43 128, 10 studies), headache (20.7% (95% CI 16.1% to 26.1%),
n=64 613, 84 studies), anxiety (15.9% (5.6% to 37.7%), n=42 566, 9 studies)
and altered mental status (8.2% (95% CI 4.4% to 14.8%), n=49 326, 19
studies). Heterogeneity for most clinical manifestations was high.
Neurological and neuropsychiatric symptoms of COVID-19 in the pandemic’s
early phase are varied and common. The neurological and psychiatric academic
communities should develop systems to facilitate high-quality methodologies,
including more rapid examination of the longitudinal course of
neuropsychiatric complications of newly emerging diseases and their
relationship to neuroimaging and inflammatory biomarkers.