bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Highlighting Theodor W. Engelmann's “Farbe und Assimilation” [Color and Assimilation]
Authors: Hintz Nils Hendrik 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn 1883, Theodor Wilhelm Engelmann, a German scientist, wrote his essay “color and assimilation” (Ger.: “Farbe und Assimilation”) describing the state of the art in photosynthesis research, his recent findings, and further assumptions based upon his presented results. Nearly 140 years later, many of his assumptions were proven correct. By his still well‐known bacteria experiments using aerotactic, heterotrophic bacteria, he identified the chloroplasts as the location in which photosynthesis and oxygen production takes place. Furthermore, by evaluating the effects of different light spectra, he constructed the first action spectra that demonstrated the implication of the “green gap” of chlorophylls. He further posited that accessory photosynthetic pigments existed to extend the absorption range of chlorophyll. Although infrequently cited, his work was foundational for current ecological research of the vertical appearance of algae species within the underwater gradient in light spectrum due to specific harvesting of different light spectra, hence complementary chromatic adaptation of communities. This short retrospective highlights this piece of literature that represents an early step toward our current understanding of ecological competition for light spectra.
Effect of antipsychotics on serum lithium levels and white blood cell counts
Authors: Obara Ryo , Tomita Takashi , Goto Hidekazu , Kohda Yukinao , Yoshida Tadashi , Kudo Kenzo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLithium carbonate is used to increase white blood cell counts as a means of counteracting leukopenia caused by the administration of antipsychotic drugs. To evaluate the effect of antipsychotics on the leukocyte‐enhancing effect of lithium, we compared white blood cell counts, serum lithium levels, and lithium dosage in patients receiving antipsychotics and lithium in combination and patients receiving lithium alone. Chlorpromazine equivalent values were used as an indicator of the antipsychotic dose.Lithium serum levels were measured in 41 hospitalized patients. The lithium dose in the combination group (median, 800 mg) was significantly higher than that in group receiving only lithium (median, 400 mg) (P = 0.03). The lithium doses in the combination group receiving ≥1000 mg chlorpromazine equivalents (overdosing; median lithium dose 800 mg) and the combination group treated with 600‐999 mg chlorpromazine equivalents (high dosing; median lithium dose 800 mg) were significantly higher than the group that was not treated with antipsychotic medication, with median lithium dose 400 mg (P < 0.05).There were no significant differences in the white blood cell counts and serum lithium levels.Because of the large variety of antipsychotic drugs used in combination with lithium and the various doses used, it was difficult to evaluate the effects of lithium, with or without antipsychotic administration, on leukocyte count enhancement. We are planning to study a larger number of patients and, since renal function could not be assessed in this study, we will also focus on renal function, including urine output.
Comparisons of two definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia for the premature infants
Authors: Li Jiahui , Xu Haiyan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveBronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a very common respiratory disease in premature infants, but there is still a different understanding of the definition of BPD. Therefore, this study is intended to compare are main clinical results and health economic expenditures under different BPD definitions.MethodsThis study included premature infants who came into the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) from January 2018 to January 2020, who were not more than 32 weeks of premenstrual age. The main clinical consequences and health economic expenditures were analyzed by the National Institute of Health and Human Development definition (Workshop) and Jensen definition.ResultsTotal 303 survivors were evaluated at 36 weeks. BPD was performed in 47.5% and 37.6% of infants, respectively, with Workshop's and Jensen's definitions. The percentage of unclassified BPD infants was 0.9% in Workshop's and 3.3% in Jensen's definitions. Further discussing the health economic burden and found that Jensen's definitions had a significantly correlated with NICU charges than the Workshop's definitions.ConclusionComparing the Workshop definition of BPD, the Jensens definition was better correlated to health expenditure.
Modelling extreme precipitation over the Dinaric Alps: An evaluation of the CNRM‐ALADIN regional climate model
Authors: Ivušić Sarah , Güttler Ivan , Somot Samuel , Guérémy Jean‐François , Horvath Kristian , Alias Antoinette 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOne of the Mediterranean hotspots for extreme precipitation is the coastal mountainous eastern Adriatic and Dinaric Alps regions, which are often affected by heavy precipitation events (HPEs) that can cause severe damage. Representing these events at different time scales and projecting their future evolution using regional climate models (RCMs) remains a key modelling challenge. This study evaluates the impact of model configuration on the representation of extreme daily precipitation in an RCM at climatological (1979–2012) and event scales (HPEs). Additionally, the impact of the spectral nudging (SN) technique is analysed. We compare two CNRM‐ALADIN model configurations, and perform several sensitivity tests on specific parameters within a configuration. All simulations are driven by the ERA‐Interim re‐analysis over the Med‐CORDEX domain at 0.11° horizontal resolution. On all examined time scales, model configuration shows a considerable impact on the mean and extreme daily precipitation. The new physical parameterizations of moist processes show improvement at the climatological (precipitation intensity, extreme precipitation and frequency of light precipitation) and event (the occurrence, spatial pattern and structure of HPEs) scales. Extreme precipitation shows limited sensitivity to specific parameters and is highly dependent on HPE. The use of SN improves the temporal variability at climatological scales and the location and occurrence of HPEs. We conclude that extreme precipitation representation in CNRM‐ALADIN is more sensitive to change in the model configuration, particularly in the physical parameterizations, than to the application of SN. This study shows that the development and advancement of physical parameterizations can improve the model representation of extreme precipitation at several time scales and can therefore be considered as a means to reduce uncertainties in future climate projections.
Gastrointestinal transit and contractility in diabetic constipation: A wireless motility capsule study on diabetes patients and healthy controls
Authors: Sangnes Dag A. , Lundervold Katarina , Bekkelund Mattis , von Volkmann Hilde L. , Berentsen Birgitte , Gilja Odd Helge , Dimcevski Georg , Søfteland Eirik 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundDiabetic constipation is traditionally attributed to slow colonic transit, despite limited evidence. More than half of patients find treatment unsatisfactory. To improve treatment, there is a need for better diagnostic understanding of the condition.ObjectiveIn this wireless motility capsule study, we aimed to investigate gastrointestinal transit and contractility in diabetes patients with and without constipation, and in healthy controls.MethodsWe prospectively included type 1 or type 2 diabetes patients with gastrointestinal symptoms. Based on the Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale we distinguished into two groups: with constipation and without constipation. Non‐diabetic controls were asymptomatic. All were examined with wireless motility capsule, determining transit times and contractility parameters.Results57 patients (42 women, 46 with type 1 diabetes) and 26 healthy controls (14 women) were included. We found no difference in transit times between diabetes patients with and without constipation. Compared to healthy controls (35:55, h:min), whole‐gut transit was slower in both diabetes patients with constipation (66:15, p = 0.03) and without constipation (71:16, p < 0.001). Small bowel motility index correlated rs = −0.32 (p = 0.01) with constipation symptoms.ConclusionsDiabetes patients with constipation had similar transit times as those without constipation. Both groups had slower whole‐gut transit than healthy controls. Constipation was associated with reduced small bowel, but not colonic contractility. Our results imply that other mechanisms than slow colonic transit may be more important in the pathogenesis of diabetic constipation.
Seminal vesiculitis in a Vietnamese pot‐bellied boar
Authors: Savitske Bridget , White Bradley , Rogovskyy Artem , Washburn Kevin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAn 8‐month‐old Vietnamese pot‐bellied boar was presented with a 3‐week history of constipation and an enlarged scrotum. Abdominal and scrotal ultrasonography was performed to assess the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. An obstructive gastrointestinal lesion was ruled out, although a large cavitated heterogeneous mass was identified dorsal to the body of the bladder, which was consistent with the location of the seminal vesicles. Culture of a sample of preputial discharge revealed growth of four bacterial types, includingEscherichia coliandTrueperella abortisuis. Given the clinical findings, a diagnosis of seminal vesiculitis was made and antimicrobial therapy was initiated.
Sugar‐seeking insects as a source of diverse bread‐making yeasts with enhanced attributes
Authors: Madden Anne A. , Lahue Caitlin , Gordy Claire L. , Little Joy L. , Nichols Lauren M. , Calvert Martha D. , Dunn Robert R. , Smukowski Heil Caiti 
Published: October 2021

AbstractInsects represent a particularly interesting habitat in which to search for novel yeasts of value to industry. Insect‐associated yeasts have the potential to have traits relevant to modern food and beverage production due to insect–yeast interactions, with such traits including diverse carbohydrate metabolisms, high sugar tolerance, and general stress tolerance. Here, we consider the potential value of insect‐associated yeasts in the specific context of baking. We isolated 63 yeast strains from 13 species of hymenoptera from the United States, representing 37 yeast species from 14 genera. Screening for the ability to ferment maltose, a sugar important for bread production, resulted in the identification of 13 strains of Candida, Lachancea, and Pichia species. We assessed their ability to leaven dough. All strains produced baked loaves comparable to a commercial baking strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The same 13 strains were also grown under various sugar and salt conditions relevant to osmotic challenges experienced in the manufacturing processes and the production of sweet dough. We show that many of these yeast strains, most notably strains of Lachancea species, grow at a similar or higher rate and population size as commercial baker's yeast. We additionally assessed the comparative phenotypes and genetics of insect‐associated S. cerevisiae strains unable to ferment maltose and identified baking‐relevant traits, including variations in the HOG1 signaling pathway and diverse carbohydrate metabolisms. Our results suggest that non‐conventional yeasts have high potential for baking and, more generally, showcase the success of bioprospecting in insects for identifying yeasts relevant for industrial uses.
How to Write an Abstract?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAn abstract is a crisp, short, powerful, and self-contained summary of a research manuscript used to help the reader swiftly determine the paper’s purpose. Although the abstract is the first paragraph of the manuscript it should be written last when all the other sections have been addressed.
How to Write a Letter to the Editor?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMost journals have a section called ‘Letters to the Editor’, the purpose of which is to obtain feedback from the readers of an article regarding whether they have a different interpretation of the results, wish to provide constructive comments or clarify any missing links in the piece [1, 2]. This is usually in the form of a short communication and written in response to original articles, case reports or reviews. The editors prefer this type of communication to be sent online initially as it is quicker and for the person who writes such a letter it is an additional publication when it is printed.
How to Give an Oral Presentation?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAn oral presentation is a form of communication, where you impart and then exchange information with your audience. This can be either one-way, a didactic, or two-way called a Socratic or a Dialectic presentation. There are many forms of oral presentation and you should find out where and when you are required to speak [1]. The National Training Laboratory in Maine, USA has suggested a ‘cone’ of learning or learning ‘pyramid’. In this, they have found that the most effective way of learning is through teaching others. Most students remembered only 10% of the material given in books but remembered 90% of the facts they learned when they had to teach others [2] (Fig. 38.1).
When Should We Start Doing Research and Publishing Papers?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlthough basic statistics are covered during the Preventive Medicine posting in the majority of medical schools in India there is no attention paid to research. However, globally many leading universities encourage their undergraduates to do research. A classic example of this was in 1923 when Charles Best was an undergraduate at the University of Toronto, he together with Banting and Mcleod, discovered insulin. Banting shared the Nobel Prize that he was subsequently awarded with his student Best. Another Nobel laureate, Alan Hodgkin, won the Nobel Prize in 1972 for his work on nerve transmission that he had begun as an undergraduate in Cambridge, England.
Does Research Improve Patient Care?
Authors: Nundy Samiran , Kakar Atul , Bhutta Zulfiqar A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPatient care and research are complementary. If you do research it helps you to become a better clinician. The first step in doing clinical research is to formulate a research question [1]. The chain of events which helps in studying gaps in knowledge comes from regularly reading published scientific papers which in turn are based upon the data generated by others. Patients are living teachers and each one teaches us something new.
De Sitter quantum breaking, swampland conjectures and thermal strings
Authors: Blumenhagen Ralph , Kneißl Christian , Makridou Andriana 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We argue that under certain assumptions the quantum break time approach and the trans-Planckian censorship conjecture both lead to de Sitter swampland constraints of the same functional form. It is a well known fact that the quantum energy-momentum tensor in the Bunch-Davies vacuum computed in the static patch of dS breaks some of the isometries. Proposing that this is a manifestation of quantum breaking of dS, we analyze some of its consequences. In particular, this leads to a thermal matter component that can be generalized to string theory in an obvious way. Imposing a censorship of quantum breaking, we recover the no eternal inflation bound in the low temperature regime, while the stronger bound from the dS swampland conjecture follows under a few reasonable assumptions about the still mysterious, presumably topological, high-temperature regime of string theory.
More about the Grassmann tensor renormalization group
Authors: Akiyama Shinichiro , Kadoh Daisuke 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We derive a general formula of the tensor network representation for d-dimensional lattice fermions with ultra-local interactions, including Wilson fermions, staggered fermions, and domain-wall fermions. The Grassmann tensor is concretely defined with auxiliary Grassmann variables that play a role in bond degrees of freedom. Compared to previous works, our formula does not refer to the details of lattice fermions and is derived by using the singular value decomposition for the given Dirac matrix without any ad-hoc treatment for each fermion. We numerically test our formula for free Wilson and staggered fermions and find that it properly works for them. We also find that Wilson fermions show better performance than staggered fermions in the tensor renormalization group approach, unlike the Monte Carlo method.
Subgroups of patients with young-onset type 2 diabetes in India reveal insulin deficiency as a major driver
Authors: Prasad Rashmi B. , Asplund Olof , Shukla Sharvari R. , Wagh Rucha , Kunte Pooja , Bhat Dattatrey , Parekh Malay , Shah Meet , Phatak Sanat , Käräjämäki Annemari , Datta Anupam , Kakati Sanjeeb , Tuomi Tiinamaija , Saboo Banshi , Ahlqvist Emma , Groop Leif , Yajnik Chittaranjan S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Aim/hypothesis
Five subgroups were described in European diabetes patients using a data driven machine learning approach on commonly measured variables. We aimed to test the applicability of this phenotyping in Indian individuals with young-onset type 2 diabetes.

Methods
We applied the European-derived centroids to Indian individuals with type 2 diabetes diagnosed before 45 years of age from the WellGen cohort (n = 1612). We also applied de novo k-means clustering to the WellGen cohort to validate the subgroups. We then compared clinical and metabolic-endocrine characteristics and the complication rates between the subgroups. We also compared characteristics of the WellGen subgroups with those of two young European cohorts, ANDIS (n = 962) and DIREVA (n = 420). Subgroups were also assessed in two other Indian cohorts, Ahmedabad (n = 187) and PHENOEINDY-2 (n = 205).

Results
Both Indian and European young-onset type 2 diabetes patients were predominantly classified into severe insulin-deficient (SIDD) and mild obesity-related (MOD) subgroups, while the severe insulin-resistant (SIRD) and mild age-related (MARD) subgroups were rare. In WellGen, SIDD (53%) was more common than MOD (38%), contrary to findings in Europeans (Swedish 26% vs 68%, Finnish 24% vs 71%, respectively). A higher proportion of SIDD compared with MOD was also seen in Ahmedabad (57% vs 33%) and in PHENOEINDY-2 (67% vs 23%). Both in Indians and Europeans, the SIDD subgroup was characterised by insulin deficiency and hyperglycaemia, MOD by obesity, SIRD by severe insulin resistance and MARD by mild metabolic-endocrine disturbances. In WellGen, nephropathy and retinopathy were more prevalent in SIDD compared with MOD while the latter had higher prevalence of neuropathy.

Conclusions /interpretation
Our data identified insulin deficiency as the major driver of type 2 diabetes in young Indians, unlike in young European individuals in whom obesity and insulin resistance predominate. Our results provide useful clues to pathophysiological mechanisms and susceptibility to complications in type 2 diabetes in the young Indian population and suggest a need to review management strategies.

Graphical abstract
Medial bicompartmental arthroplasty patients display more normal gait and improved satisfaction, compared to matched total knee arthroplasty patients
Authors: Garner Amy J. , Dandridge Oliver W. , van Arkel Richard J. , Cobb Justin P. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Medial bicompartmental arthroplasty, the combination of ipsilateral medial unicompartmental and patellofemoral arthroplasty, is an alternative to total knee arthroplasty for patients with medial tibiofemoral and severe patellofemoral arthritis, when the lateral tibiofemoral compartment and anterior cruciate ligament are intact. This study reports the gait and subjective outcomes following medial bicompartmental arthroplasty.

Methods
Fifty-five subjects were measured on the instrumented treadmill at top walking speeds, using standard metrics of gait. Modular, single-stage, medial bicompartmental arthroplasty subjects (n = 16) were compared to age, body mass index, height- and sex-matched healthy (n = 19) and total knee arthroplasty (n = 20) subjects. Total knee arthroplasty subjects with pre-operative evidence of tricompartmental osteoarthritis or anterior cruciate ligament dysfunction were excluded. The vertical component of ground reaction force and temporospatial measurements were compared using Kruskal–Wallis, then Mann–Whitney test with Bonferroni correction (α = 0.05). Oxford Knee and EuroQoL EQ-5D scores were compared.

Results
Objectively, the medial bicompartmental arthroplasty top walking speed of 6.7 ± 0.8 km/h was 0.5 km/h (7%) slower than that of healthy controls (p = 0.2), but 1.3 km/h (24%) faster than that of total knee arthroplasty subjects (5.4 ± 0.6 km/h, p < 0.001). Medial bicompartmental arthroplasty recorded more normal maximum weight acceptance (p < 0.001) and mid-stance forces (p = 0.03) than total knee arthroplasty subjects, with 11 cm (15%) longer steps (p < 0.001) and 21 cm (14%) longer strides (p = 0.006). Subjectively, medial bicompartmental arthroplasty subjects reported Oxford Knee Scores of median 41 (interquartile range 38.8–45.5) compared to total knee arthroplasty Oxford Knee Scores of 38 (interquartile range 30.5–41, p < 0.02). Medial bicompartmental arthroplasty subjects reported EQ-5D median 0.88 (interquartile range 0.84–0.94) compared to total knee arthroplasty median 0.81 (interquartile range 0.73–0.89, p < 0.02.)

Conclusion
This study finds that, in the treatment of medial tibiofemoral osteoarthritis with severe patellofemoral arthritis, medial bicompartmental arthroplasty results in nearer-normal gait and improved patient-reported outcomes compared to total knee arthroplasty.

Level of evidence
III.
Simultaneous serotonin and dopamine monitoring across timescales by rapid pulse voltammetry with partial least squares regression
Authors: Movassaghi Cameron S. , Perrotta Katie A. , Yang Hongyan , Iyer Rahul , Cheng Xinyi , Dagher Merel , Fillol Miguel Alcañiz , Andrews Anne M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMany voltammetry methods have been developed to monitor brain extracellular dopamine levels. Fewer approaches have been successful in detecting serotonin in vivo. No voltammetric techniques are currently available to monitor both neurotransmitters simultaneously across timescales, even though they play integrated roles in modulating behavior. We provide proof-of-concept for rapid pulse voltammetry coupled with partial least squares regression (RPV-PLSR), an approach adapted from multi-electrode systems (i.e., electronic tongues) used to identify multiple components in complex environments. We exploited small differences in analyte redox profiles to select pulse steps for RPV waveforms. Using an intentionally designed pulse strategy combined with custom instrumentation and analysis software, we monitored basal and stimulated levels of dopamine and serotonin. In addition to faradaic currents, capacitive currents were important factors in analyte identification arguing against background subtraction. Compared to fast-scan cyclic voltammetry-principal components regression (FSCV-PCR), RPV-PLSR better differentiated and quantified basal and stimulated dopamine and serotonin associated with striatal recording electrode position, optical stimulation frequency, and serotonin reuptake inhibition. The RPV-PLSR approach can be generalized to other electrochemically active neurotransmitters and provides a feedback pipeline for future optimization of multi-analyte, fit-for-purpose waveforms and machine learning approaches to data analysis.
Graphical abstract