bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Russian Troll Efforts to Sow Discord on Twitter during the 2016 U.S. Election
Authors: Rains Stephen A , Shmargad Yotam , Coe Kevin , Kenski Kate , Bethard Steven 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAlthough experts agree that the Russian Internet Research Agency deployed trolls on Twitter to disrupt the 2016 U.S. presidential election, questions remain about the nuances of their efforts. We examined almost 350,000 original tweets made during the two-year electoral cycle to investigate the emphasis, timing, content, and partisanship of the trolls’ efforts targeting leading candidates. Despite only dedicating a fraction of their tweets to candidates, troll behavior generally tracked the relevance of Donald Trump, Hillary Clinton, Bernie Sanders, and Ted Cruz during the election cycle. Trolls were significantly more likely to engage in name-calling in tweets about Trump, Clinton, and Cruz than in tweets about other topics. Name-calling peaked in tweets addressing Clinton during the general election. Right trolls were more likely to focus their attention on Trump, Clinton, and Cruz than were other partisan trolls.
Ultra-processed food consumption and the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in the Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Systemic Inflammation and Health Cohort Study
Authors: Zhang Shunming , Gan Shinan , Zhang Qing , Liu Li , Meng Ge , Yao Zhanxin , Wu Hongmei , Gu Yeqing , Wang Yawen , Zhang Tingjing , Wang Xuena , Sun Shaomei , Wang Xing , Zhou Ming , Jia Qiyu , Song Kun , Qi Lu , Niu Kaijun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundGrowing evidence supports a link between ultra-processed food consumption and human health outcomes. However, the association between ultra-processed food consumption and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is not known. We aimed to explore the association between ultra-processed food consumption and risk of NAFLD.MethodsThe prospective study included 16 168 participants aged 18–90 years from the Tianjin Chronic Low-grade Systemic Inflammation and Health (TCLSIH) Cohort Study. Information on ultra-processed food consumption was collected at baseline using a validated food frequency questionnaire. NAFLD was defined as the presence of sonographic fatty liver in the absence of significant alcohol intake (≥210 g/week for men and ≥140 g/week for women, respectively) and other liver diseases. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine the association between ultra-processed food consumption and risk of NAFLD.ResultsDuring 56 935 person-years of follow-up, we documented 3752 incident NAFLD cases. After adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, smoking, alcohol drinking, education, occupation, income, physical activity, total energy intake, personal and family history of disease and overall diet quality, the multivariable hazard ratios (95% confidence interval) of NAFLD across increasing quartiles of ultra-processed food consumption were 1.00 (reference), 0.99 (0.90, 1.08), 1.13 (1.03, 1.25) and 1.18 (1.07, 1.30), respectively (P for trend &lt;0.0001). The hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) per one standard deviation increase in ultra-processed food consumption, equivalent to a 62.7 g/1000 kcal per day, was 1.06 (1.03, 1.09), P = 0.0001.ConclusionsOur study indicates that higher ultra-processed food consumption is associated with a higher risk of NAFLD. This finding suggests that ultra-processed food, which is widely consumed worldwide, might be a modifiable dietary target to reduce the risk of NAFLD.
On Generic Topological Type of Complex Plane Polynomial Mappings
Authors: Farnik M , Jelonek Z 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
For given natural numbers $d_1,d_2$, let $\Omega _2(d_1,d_2)$ be the set of all polynomial mappings $F=(f,g):\mathbb{C}^2\to \mathbb{C}^2$ such that $\deg f\le d_1$, $\deg g\le d_2$. We describe the generic topological type in $\Omega _2(d_1,d_2)$. In particular, we show how to effectively determine a member of $\Omega _2(d_1,d_2)$ with generic topology.
Getting Cozy, or How the European Commission Produces Legitimacy in the EU
Authors: Hensell Stephan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
International organizations increasingly resort to strategies of legitimation in order to justify their authority and policies. This article explores one such strategy of the European Commission that targets organized interest groups with the aim to build a legitimating constituency. The members of this constituency not only contribute expertise to a policy, but also benefit from that policy and, therefore, participate in the development and confirmation of a claim to the policy's legitimacy that is put forward by EU officials. As a consequence, the agents seeking legitimacy and the addressees granting it become closely associated and “get cozy” with each other. EU officials address their claim to legitimacy to a community of co-opted elites who are likely to confirm this claim and in whose own interests it is to do so. The result is legitimation as a collaborative activity with preordained outcomes. Taking the case of the European Commission's research and innovation policy, and building in part on an ethnographic practitioner's account, the article provides an original insight into how this legitimation strategy works in everyday EU policymaking.
Is a Pedagogy of Indigenous Solidarity Possible in the International Relations Theory Classroom?
Authors: Khalid Maryam , McMillan Mark , Symons Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
How should teachers of international relations in settler-colonial states engage with First Nations’ sovereignty claims? While a growing body of recent scholarship explores how teaching might acknowledge and move beyond the discipline's racist and colonial origins, less research investigates how pedagogy might rectify inattention to Indigenous sovereignty. This paper reports on a class activity that sought to highlight how the discipline's foundational assumptions can naturalize Indigenous dispossession. In the class, students were asked to conduct discourse analysis of debates surrounding the “Uluru Statement from the Heart,” and to consider practices of Indigenous transnationalism. Although students generally succeeded in identifying how discursive practices consolidate the authority of the settler-colonial state, class discussion tended to reproduce the state's justificatory narratives and to classify First Nations’ claims as akin to those of any other ethnic minority. At a time when many universities are seeking to embed more Indigenous content within curriculum, we reflect on how the activity revealed epistemic colonialism's operation within educational settings. We argue that in addition to introducing Indigenous perspectives and knowledges, it is valuable for teaching in settler-colonial states to focus critical attention onto non-Indigenous practices that reproduce systemic injustice.
The impact of direct-maternal genetic correlations on international beef cattle evaluations for Limousin weaning weight
Authors: Bonifazi Renzo , Vandenplas Jérémie , ten Napel Jan , Veerkamp Roel F , Calus Mario P L 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In beef cattle maternally influenced traits, estimates of direct-maternal genetic correlations (rdm) are usually reported to be negative. In international evaluations, rdm can differ both within countries (rdm_WC) and between countries (rdm_BC). The rdm_BC are difficult to estimate and are assumed to be zero in the current model for international beef cattle evaluations (Interbeef). Our objective was to investigate re-ranking of international estimated breeding values (IEBVs) in international beef cattle evaluations between models that either used estimated values for rdm or assumed them to be 0. Age-adjusted weaning weights and pedigree data were available for Limousin beef cattle from ten European countries. International EBVs were obtained using a multi-trait animal model with countries modeled as different traits. We compared IEBVs from a model that uses estimated rdm_BC (ranging between −0.14 and +0.14) and rdm_WC (between −0.33 and +0.40) with IEBVs obtained either from the current model that assumes rdm_BC to be 0, or from an alternative model that assumes both rdm_BC and rdm_WC to be 0. Direct and maternal IEBVs were compared across those three scenarios for different groups of animals. The ratio of population accuracies from the linear regression method was used to further investigate the impact of rdm on international evaluations, for both the whole set of animals in the evaluation and the domestic ones. Ignoring rdm_BC, i.e., replacing estimated values with 0, resulted in no (rank correlations &gt; 0.99) or limited (between 0.98 and 0.99) re-ranking for direct and maternal IEBVs, respectively. Both rdm_BC and rdm_WC had less impact on direct IEBVs than on maternal IEBVs. Re-ranking of maternal IEBVs decreased with increasing reliability. Ignoring rdm_BC resulted in no re-ranking for sires with IEBVs that might be exchanged across countries and limited re-ranking for the top 100 sires. Using estimated rdm_BC values instead of considering them to be 0 resulted in null to limited increases in population accuracy. Ignoring both rdm_BC and rdm_WC resulted in considerable re-ranking of animals’ IEBVs in all groups of animals evaluated. This study showed the limited impact of the current practice of ignoring rdm_BC in international evaluations for Limousin weaning weight, most likely because the estimated rdm_BC was close to 0. We expect that these conclusions can be extended to other traits that have reported rdm values in the range of rdm_WC values for weaning weight in Limousin.
Addition of dietary methionine but not dietary taurine or methyl donors/receivers to a grain-free diet increases postprandial homocysteine concentrations in adult dogs
Authors: Banton Sydney , Pezzali Júlia G , Verbrugghe Adronie , Bakovic Marica , Wood Katie M , Shoveller Anna K 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Grain-based ingredients are replaced in part by pulse ingredients in grain-free pet foods. Pulse ingredients are lower in methionine and cysteine, amino acid (AA) precursors to taurine synthesis in dogs. Although recent work has investigated plasma and whole blood taurine concentrations when feeding grain-free diets, supplementation of a grain-free diet with various nutrients involved in the biosynthesis of taurine has not been evaluated. This study aimed to investigate the effects of supplementing a complete grain-free dry dog food with either methionine (MET), taurine (TAU), or methyl donors (choline) and methyl receivers (creatine and carnitine; CCC) on postprandial AA concentrations. Eight healthy Beagle dogs were fed one of the three treatments or the control grain-free diet (CON) for 7 d in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. On day 7, cephalic catheters were placed and one fasted sample (0 min) and a series of nine post-meal blood samples were collected at 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, and 360 min. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using the PROC GLIMMIX function in SAS (Version 9.4). Dogs fed MET had greater plasma and whole blood methionine concentrations from 30 to 360 min after a meal (P &lt; 0.0001) and greater plasma homocysteine concentrations from 60 to 360 min after a meal (P &lt; 0.0001) compared with dogs fed CON, TAU, and CCC. Dogs fed TAU had greater plasma taurine concentrations over time compared with dogs fed CON (P = 0.02) but were not different than dogs fed MET and CCC (P &gt; 0.05). In addition, most AAs remained significantly elevated at 6 h post-meal compared with fasted samples across all treatments. Supplementation of creatine, carnitine, and choline in grain-free diets may play a role in sparing the methionine requirement without increasing homocysteine concentrations. Supplementing these nutrients could also aid in the treatment of disease that causes metabolic or oxidative stress, including cardiac disease in dogs, but future research is required.
Effects of dietary macronutrient profile on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility and fecal microbiota, fermentative metabolites, and bile acids of female dogs after spay surgery
Authors: Phungviwatnikul Thunyaporn , Alexander Celeste , Do Sungho , He Fei , Suchodolski Jan S , de Godoy Maria R C , Swanson Kelly S 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Obesity and estrogen reduction are known to affect the gut microbiota and gut microbial-derived metabolites in some species, but limited information is available in dogs. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of dietary macronutrient profile on apparent total tract macronutrient digestibility, fecal microbiota, and fecal metabolites of adult female dogs after spay surgery. Twenty-eight adult intact female beagles (age: 3.02 ± 0.71 yr, BW: 10.28 ± 0.77 kg; BCS: 4.98 ± 0.57) were used. After a 5-wk baseline phase (week 0), 24 dogs were spayed and randomly allotted to one of three experimental diets (n = 8 per group): 1) control (CO) containing moderate protein and fiber (COSP), 2) high-protein, high-fiber (HPHF), or 3) high-protein, high-fiber plus omega-3 and medium-chain fatty acids (HPHFO). Four dogs were sham-operated and fed CO (COSH). All dogs were fed to maintain BW for 12 wk after spay and then allowed to consume twice that amount for 12 wk. Fecal samples were collected at weeks 0, 12, and 24 for digestibility, microbiota, and metabolite analysis. All data were analyzed using repeated measures and linear mixed models procedure of SAS 9.4, with results reported as a change from baseline. Apparent organic matter and energy digestibilities had greater decreases in HPHF and HPHFO than COSH and COSP. Increases in fecal acetate, total short-chain fatty acids, and secondary bile acids were greater and decreases in primary bile acids were greater in HPHF and HPHFO. Principal coordinates analysis of weighted UniFrac distances revealed that HPHF and HPHFO clustered together and separated from COSH and COSP at weeks 12 and 24, with relative abundances of Faecalibacterium, Romboutsia, and Fusobacterium increasing to a greater extent and Catenibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Prevotella 9, Eubacterium, and Megamonas decreasing to a greater extent in HPHF or HPHFO. Our results suggest that high-protein, high-fiber diets alter nutrient and energy digestibilities, fecal metabolite concentrations, and fecal gut microbiota, but spay surgery had minor effects. Future research is needed to investigate how food intake, nutrient profile, and changes in hormone production influence gut microbiota and metabolites of dogs individually and how this knowledge may be used to manage spayed pets.
The Influence of Gut Microbiota on the Fecundity of Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Li Hanwen , Zhao Changwei , Yang Yang , Zhou Zhixiong , Qi Jingwei , Li Chuanren 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The gut microbiota of insects usually plays an important role in the development and reproduction of their hosts. The fecundity of Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (Fabricius) varies greatly when they develop on different host plants. Whether and how the gut microbiota regulates the fecundity of H. vigintioctopunctata was unknown. To address this question, we used 16S rRNA sequencing to analyze the gut microbiomes of H. vigintioctopunctata adults fed on two host plant species (Solanum nigrum and Solanum melongena) and one artificial diet. The development of the ovaries and testes was also examined. Our results revealed that the diversity and abundance of gut microorganisms varied significantly in insects reared on different diets. The gut microbiota of H. vigintioctopunctata raised on the two host plants was similar, with Proteobacteria being the dominant phylum in both groups, whereas Firmicutes was the dominant phylum in the group reared on the artificial diet. The predominant microbiota in the S. nigrum group were Acinetobacter soli and Acinetobacter ursingii (Acinetobacter, Moraxellaceae); Moraxella osloensis (Enhydrobacter, Moraxellaceae); and Empedobacter brevis (Empedobacter, Weeksellaceae). The microbiota in this group are associated with high lipid metabolism. In addition, the beetles’ ovaries and testes were more highly developed in the S. nigrum group than in the other two groups. These findings provide valuable information for elucidating the complex roles the gut microbiota play in the fecundity of H. vigintioctopunctata, and may also contribute to developing future novel control strategies involving this economically important pest.
Open Science, Closed Doors? Countering Marginalization through an Agenda for Ethical, Inclusive Research in Communication
Authors: Fox Jesse , Pearce Katy E , Massanari Adrienne L , Riles Julius Matthew , Szulc Łukasz , Ranjit Yerina S , Trevisan Filippo , Soriano Cheryll Ruth R , Vitak Jessica , Arora Payal , Ahn Sun Joo (Grace) , Alper Meryl , Gambino Andrew , Gonzalez Carmen , Lynch Teresa , Williamson Lillie D , L Gonzales Amy 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The open science (OS) movement has advocated for increased transparency in certain aspects of research. Communication is taking its first steps toward OS as some journals have adopted OS guidelines codified by another discipline. We find this pursuit troubling as OS prioritizes openness while insufficiently addressing essential ethical principles: respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. Some recommended open science practices increase the potential for harm for marginalized participants, communities, and researchers. We elaborate how OS can serve a marginalizing force within academia and the research community, as it overlooks the needs of marginalized scholars and excludes some forms of scholarship. We challenge the current instantiation of OS and propose a divergent agenda for the future of Communication research centered on ethical, inclusive research practices.
The interactive effects of nitrogen addition and increased precipitation on gross ecosystem productivity in an alpine meadow
Authors: Shen Ruo-Nan , Zhang Yang-Jian , Zhu Jun-Tao , Chen Ning , Chen Yao , Zhao Guang , Zhu Yi-Xuan , Tang Ze , Li Wen-Yu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe ecological consequences of precipitation change and increased atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition have profound impacts on ecosystem CO2 exchange in grassland ecosystems. Water and N can largely influence grassland productivity, community composition and ecosystem functions. However, the influences of water and N addition on the ecosystem CO2 exchange of alpine grassland ecosystems remain unclear. A field manipulative experiment with water and N additions was conducted in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau over 4 years with contrasting precipitation patterns. There were four treatments: control (Ctrl), N addition (N), water addition (W) and N and water addition (NW), each replicated three times. N addition, but not water addition, increased gross ecosystem productivity (GEP), plant biomass, community cover and community-weighted mean height. The responses of ecosystem CO2 exchange to water and N addition varied between the wet and dry years. Water addition had a positive effect on net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE) due to a larger increase in GEP than in ecosystem respiration (ER) only in the dry year. On the contrary, N addition significantly enhanced ecosystem CO2 exchange only in the wet year. The increased GEP in N addition was attributed to the larger increase in NEE than ER. Moreover, N addition stimulated NEE mainly through increasing the cover of dominant species. Our observations highlight the important roles of precipitation and dominant species in regulating ecosystem CO2 exchange response to global environmental change in alpine grasslands.
Successful delivery of subretinal aflibercept (new surgical technique) for the treatment of submacular hemorrhage in idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy
Authors: Chalam K V , Gasparian Suzie 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Submacular hemorrhage (SMH) is often a result of trauma, wet age-related macular degeneration or IPCV and frequently leads to blindness secondary to extreme toxicity of hemoglobin products on photoreceptors. We describe a new technique of subretinal aflibercept injection during pars plana vitrectomy for the treatment of SMH in idiopathic polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (IPCV). A 55-old male presented with sudden loss of vision (HM) secondary to massive subretinal hemorrhage associated with IPCV. Subretinal injection of aflibercept with a 25 g/42 g cannula coupled to the viscous fluid control unit of a standard vitrectomy system was performed during parsplana vitrectomy. Controlled injection of aflibercept intra-operatively has resulted in a resolution of SMH (confirmed with OCT and ICG). Visual acuity improved from HM to 20/20. This combined approach delivered anti-VEGF agent to target tissue in controlled fashion with the assistance of VFC system (similar to gene therapy) and restored full vision with resolution of SMH.
Radiation hydrodynamics simulations of line-driven AGN disc winds: metallicity dependence and black hole growth
Authors: Nomura Mariko , Omukai Kazuyuki , Ohsuga Ken 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Growth of the black holes (BHs) from the seeds to supermassive BHs (SMBHs, $\sim \!10^9\, M_\odot$) is not understood, but the mass accretion must have played an important role. We performed 2D radiation hydrodynamics simulations of line-driven disc winds considering the metallicity dependence in a wide range of the BH mass, and investigated the reduction of the mass accretion rate due to the wind mass-loss. Our results show that denser and faster disc winds appear at higher metallicities and larger BH masses. The accretion rate is suppressed to ∼0.4–0.6 times the mass supply rate to the disc for the BH mass of $M_{\rm BH}\gtrsim 10^5\, M_{\odot }$ in high-metallicity environments of Z ≳ Z⊙, while the wind mass-loss is negligible when the metallicity is subsolar (∼0.1Z⊙). By developing a semi-analytical model, we found that the metallicity dependence of the line force and the BH mass dependence of the surface area of the wind launch region are the cause of the metallicity dependence (∝ Z2/3) and BH mass dependencies ($\propto \! M_{\rm BH}^{4/3}$ for $M_{\rm BH}\le 10^6\, M_\odot$ and ∝ MBH for $M_{\rm BH}\ge 10^6\, M_\odot$) of the mass-loss rate. Our model suggests that the growth of BHs by the gas accretion effectively slows down in the regime ≳ 105M⊙ in metal-enriched environments ≳ Z⊙. This means that the line-driven disc winds may have an impact on late evolution of SMBHs.
Common envelope jets supernovae with a black hole companion as possible high-energy neutrino sources
Authors: Grichener Aldana , Soker Noam 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
We study high-energy neutrino emission from relativistic jets launched by a black hole (BH) spiraling-in inside the envelope of a red supergiant (RSG), and find that such common envelope jets supernovae (CEJSNe) are a potential source for the $\gtrsim 10^{15} ~\rm {eV}$ neutrinos detected by IceCube. We first use the stellar evolution code mesa to mimic the effect of the jets on the RSG envelope, and find that the jets substantially inflate the envelope. We then study the propagation of jets inside the extended RSG envelope and find that in most cases the jets do not penetrate the envelope but are rather stalled. We show that such jets can accelerate cosmic rays to high enough energies to produce high-energy neutrinos. While the neutrinos stream out freely, the gamma-rays that accompany the neutrino production remain trapped inside the optically thick envelope. This explains the lack of observational association between high-energy neutrinos and gamma rays. We crudely estimate the diffuse neutrino spectrum from a CEJSN and find that CEJSNe with BH companions might have a substantial contribution to the high-energy neutrinos flux detected by IceCube.