bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evaluation of alternative biodegradable and reusable drinking straws as alternatives to single‐use plastic
Authors: Jonsson Amanda , Andersson Kent , Stelick Alina , Dando Robin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe manufacture of single‐use plastic items uses fossil fuels, and releases greenhouse gases. Plastic waste is also harmful to humans and wildlife. Recent attention towards the regulation or elimination of plastic straws has led to the development of many alternatives to single‐use plastic straws, some intended to be disposed of immediately after use, and others to be cleaned and reused. Unfortunately, anecdotes are widespread of inferior sensory experiences from such alternatives, with straws either losing stability when wet, imparting negative flavor properties to a beverage, or feeling unpleasant in the mouth. Despite such reports, little formal research exists categorizing these alternatives. Here, we examine popular choices for straw materials in a focus group (n = 9) and in a consumer sensory test (n = 102), as well as testing the durability of straws when soaked in water. Cornstarch straws offered the most similar sensory experience to plastic, whereas options such as paper, wheat, pasta, and rice straws all scored low on mouthfeel and flavor liking, with off‐flavors commonly reported in beverages consumed with these straws. A Kano analysis (n = 193) to determine the factors consumers find essential in drinking straws confirmed the most important to be that no flavors were imparted to beverages when used. Finally, a consumer survey (n = 579) confirmed that straw consumers primarily use them out of default availability; most use them only if they are given without asking, and most would readily give up plastic straws, but may be unfamiliar with other options.Practical ApplicationPlastic straws contribute to waste and result in the release of greenhouse gases in their manufacture. Despite this, they provide a superior sensory experience compared to other options. Here, we review aspects of this experience, along with consumers motivations for using straws.
Mañana Today: A Long View of Economic Value Creation in Latin America
Authors: García R Enrique , Mendez Alvaro 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis commentary concerns the significant opportunities which the global economy’s current nearshoring trend offers the Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) region owing to a US–China decoupling. Yet the region, generally, is woefully unprepared. The state of the LAC will make or break the peoples’ attempts to exploit the new potential to better themselves. Yet the short‐termist myopia and public policy neglect of politicians is the greatest obstacle to the kind of development the region needs the most: high‐quality FDI enabling educated innovators to push LAC up the rank of global value chains; or else it will be trapped in middle income, at best.
Digital‐based Services Globalization and Multilateral Trade Cooperation
Authors: van der Marel Erik 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe pandemic crisis will likely shift global trade into digital services. This turn is consistent with the broader picture in which the nature of globalization becomes increasingly based on the Internet, ideas, information, and data. That provides new trade opportunities for poorer countries to participate in digital services. To harness the benefits of this trend, policymakers around the globe should take action to stop the reversal of open digital trade policies, find common grounds to foster regulatory cooperation on cross‐border data flows, and enhance the understanding of the economic impact of new trade restrictions in digital services.
Unbiased population heterozygosity estimates from genome‐wide sequence data
Authors: Schmidt Thomas L. , Jasper Moshe‐Elijah , Weeks Andrew R , Hoffmann Ary A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Heterozygosity is a metric of genetic variability frequently used to inform the management of threatened taxa. Estimating observed and expected heterozygosities from genome‐wide sequence data has become increasingly common, and these estimates are often derived directly from genotypes at single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. While many SNP markers can provide precise estimates of genetic processes, the results of ‘downstream’ analysis with these markers may depend heavily on ‘upstream’ filtering decisions.

Here we explore the downstream consequences of sample size, rare allele filtering, missing data thresholds and known population structure on estimates of observed and expected heterozygosity using two reduced‐representation sequencing datasets, one from the mosquito Aedes aegypti (ddRADseq) and the other from a threatened grasshopper, Keyacris scurra (DArTseq).

We show that estimates based on polymorphic markers only (i.e. SNP heterozygosity) are always biased by global sample size (N), with smaller N producing larger estimates. By contrast, results are unbiased by sample size when calculations consider monomorphic as well as polymorphic sequence information (i.e. genome‐wide or autosomal heterozygosity). SNP heterozygosity is also biased when differentiated populations are analysed together while autosomal heterozygosity remains unbiased. We also show that when nucleotide sites with missing genotypes are included, observed and expected heterozygosity estimates diverge in proportion to the amount of missing data permitted at each site.

We make three recommendations for estimating genome‐wide heterozygosity: (a) autosomal heterozygosity should be reported instead of (or in addition to) SNP heterozygosity; (b) sites with any missing data should be omitted and (c) populations should be analysed in independent runs. This should facilitate comparisons within and across studies and between observed and expected measures of heterozygosity.
Epigenetic clock and methylation studies in elephants
Authors: Prado Natalia A. , Brown Janine L. , Zoller Joseph A. , Haghani Amin , Yao Mingjia , Bagryanova Lora R. , Campana Michael G. , E. Maldonado Jesús , Raj Ken , Schmitt Dennis , Robeck Todd R. , Horvath Steve 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAge‐associated DNA‐methylation profiles have been used successfully to develop highly accurate biomarkers of age ("epigenetic clocks") in humans, mice, dogs, and other species. Here we present epigenetic clocks for African and Asian elephants. These clocks were developed using novel DNA methylation profiles of 140 elephant blood samples of known age, at loci that are highly conserved between mammalian species, using a custom Infinium array (HorvathMammalMethylChip40). We present epigenetic clocks for Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), African elephants (Loxodonta africana), and both elephant species combined. Two additional human‐elephant clocks were constructed by combining human and elephant samples. Epigenome‐wide association studies identified elephant age‐related CpGs and their proximal genes. The products of these genes play important roles in cellular differentiation, organismal development, metabolism, and circadian rhythms. Intracellular events observed to change with age included the methylation of bivalent chromatin domains, and targets of polycomb repressive complexes. These readily available epigenetic clocks can be used for elephant conservation efforts where accurate estimates of age are needed to predict demographic trends.
Evaluation of tenrec population viability and potential sustainable management under hunting pressure in northeastern Madagascar
Authors: Annapragada A. , Brook C. E. , Luskin M. S. , Rahariniaina R. P. , Helin M. , Razafinarivo O. , Ambinintsoa Ralaiarison R. , Randriamady H. J. , Olson L. E. , Goodman S. M. , Golden C. D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAcross the Global South, wildlife is an important source of nutrition and income, particularly for rural communities. While wildlife consumption provides a valuable source of nutrition, high levels of hunting can endanger wildlife species. In the Makira region of north‐eastern Madagascar, human health is threatened by food insecurity and malnutrition, and spiny tenrecs are a crucial source of subsistence bushmeat with 91% of households consuming tenrecs at least once per year. Moreover, Makira’s human populations are increasing, resulting in forest decline and degradation. In order to inform conservation and public health efforts, we investigated the influence of hunting, habitat loss and forest degradation on spiny tenrec population dynamics in the Makira region. We collected data on tenrec population densities as well as hunting and consumption by humans in 51 communities. We used these data to conduct a population viability analysis for the two most commonly hunted spiny tenrecs (Tenrec ecaudatus and Setifer setosus). We found that current harvest rates for these species are generally sustainable in the Makira region, largely due to tenrecs’ extraordinary fecundity. However, even assuming no change in current hunting rates, tenrec populations could become threatened if fecundity were to decline or background mortality to increase, both possible scenarios under future trajectories of habitat loss and degradation. We find that any future increase in hunting‐induced mortality rates for tenrecs are similarly unsustainable – and likely to occur as human populations expand and hunting areas decline. We conclude that there is a vanishing window of opportunity to sustainably manage tenrec hunting in northeastern Madagascar in order to avoid negative conservation and human health outcomes.
The effect of gamma and microwave radiation sterilization on periodontological grafts for microbiological evaluation
Authors: Bargh Saharnaz , Silindir‐Gunay Mine , Ozer A. Yekta , Ekizoglu Melike , Kart Didem , Kutlu Burak , Nohutcu Rahime 
Published: June 2021

Periodontological grafts are materials used in dentistry to regenerate lost gingival soft tissues or bone parts. In the case of direct contact with blood, the possibility of disease transmission from the source to the patient is high. This source can be an animal or a human. Therefore, the sterilization of grafts before implanting to the patient is of significant importance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate gamma radiation and microwave sterilization processes from microbiological and sterility perspectives and to compare the effectiveness of these two sterilization methods. Grafts were irradiated with 2, 4, 5, 10, 25 and 50 kGy doses of gamma radiation. Another group of same materials was irradiated by microwave for 1, 2, 3 and 4 min at 24,500 MHz and 900 W. Gamma radiation and microwave sterilization methods were evaluated as successful at minimum doses as 5 kGy and 3 min, respectively. Both gamma and microwave sterilization successfully sterilized periodontological grafts coded as PBG1, HBG1, HL1, PDG1, MBG3, MDG2 and PDG3. Moreover, microwave sterilization can be used as an alternative novel method to gamma radiation sterilization.
The association of polymorphisms in related circadian rhythm genes and clopidogrel resistance susceptibility
Authors: Su Jia , Yu Qinglin , Yang Jin , Zheng Nan , Zhong Jinyan , Ji Lindan , Li Jiyi , Chen Xiaomin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPrevious studies have confirmed that a dynamic change in circadian rhythm will affect platelet activity, resulting in clopidogrel resistance (CR). We attempted to evaluate whether polymorphisms of related circadian rhythm genes are involved in CR in stable coronary artery disease (SCAD) patients. A sum of 204 SCAD patients met our requirements and were recruited, and 96 patients were considered to have CR. After clinical data collection and platelet function evaluation, genomic DNA was isolated from human peripheral blood, and 23 tagSNPs from related circadian rhythm genes were genotyped by GenomeLab SNPstream Genotyping System. After RNA isolation, relative expression of related gene mRNAs (CLOCK, CRY1, CACNA1C and PRKCG) was measured by real‐time PCR. The results showed that polymorphisms in CRY1, CACNA1C and PRKCG changed the response to clopidogrel. And then, the rs1801260 polymorphism might lead to higher mRNA expression in CLOCK and potentially induce the occurrence of CR. Additionally, the TC genotype of rs3745406 might lower mRNA expression of PRKCG, resulting in CR. These findings support the hypothesized role of circadian rhythm genes in CR and indicate probable biomarkers for CR susceptibility, providing new insight into individualized medicine for coronary heart disease.
Fear of compassion is associated with treatment ambivalence and negative expectations for treatment in people with anxiety
Authors: Merritt Olivia A. , Purdon Christine 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesFears of compassion are hypothesized to be associated with treatment attitudes, but this relationship has not yet been explored.MethodsMeasures of fear of compassion and treatment expectations and ambivalence were administered to those with above‐average anxiety (N = 302) and those who met criteria for an anxiety or related disorder (N = 40).ResultsIn those with anxiety disorders, fear of receiving compassion and fear of self‐compassion were strongly correlated with treatment ambivalence. In both samples, higher fear of receiving compassion was associated with more negative expectations for treatment.ConclusionsFear of compassion is associated with treatment ambivalence and treatment expectations and may be an important target early in treatment.Practitioner Points

Fears of receiving compassion and self‐compassion were related to treatment ambivalence and negative treatment expectations

There may be benefit in targeting fear of compassion early in treatment
Reconciling with capitalism: Selling Crown land to settle with First Nations
Authors: Whiteside Heather 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article examines the connection between privatization and reconciliation in Canada, witnessed through the disposal of federal and provincial land in Vancouver. The Jericho Lands were sold to the Musqueam, Squamish, and Tsleil‐Waututh Development Corporation (MST) in joint partnership with the federal Crown corporation Canada Lands Company (CLC). This deal was partially funded through Crown‐provided accommodation payments seeking to address unceded territory claims through commercial transactions. The remainder of the MST land purchase featured a vendor take‐back mortgage (where a seller lends money to the buyer) that tethers MST repayment to revenue earned through land speculation, thus merging Indigenous reconciliation with capitalist imperatives. With scant scholarly literature on the subject, the article makes extensive use of relevant primary sources like Hansard transcripts, government reports, press statements, and planning documents. It finds land development conflicts familiar to privatization generally, namely problems of secrecy, affordability, and commercialization.
CD70 antibody‐drug conjugate: A potential novel therapeutic agent for ovarian cancer
Authors: Shiomi Mayu , Matsuzaki Shinya , Serada Satoshi , Matsuo Koji , Mizuta‐Odani Chihiro , Jitsumori Mariko , Nakae Ruriko , Matsuzaki Satoko , Nakagawa Satoshi , Hiramatsu Kosuke , Miyoshi Ai , Kobayashi Eiji , Kimura Toshihiro , Ueda Yutaka , Yoshino Kiyoshi , Naka Tetsuji , Kimura Tadashi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate the cytotoxicity of a cluster of differentiation 70 antibody‐drug conjugate (CD70‐ADC) against ovarian cancer in in vitro and in vivo xenograft models. CD70 expression was assessed in clinical samples by immunohistochemical analysis. Western blotting and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting analyses were used to determine CD70 expression in the ovarian cancer cell lines A2780 and SKOV3, and in the cisplatin‐resistant ovarian cancer cell lines A2780cisR and SKOV3cisR. CD70 expression after cisplatin exposure was determined in A2780 cells transfected with mock‐ or nuclear factor (NF)‐κB‐p65‐small interfering RNA. We developed an ADC with an anti‐CD70 monoclonal antibody linked to monomethyl auristatin F and investigated its cytotoxic effect. We examined 63 ovarian cancer clinical samples; 43 (68.3%) of them expressed CD70. Among patients with advanced stage disease (n = 50), those who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy were more likely to exhibit high CD70 expression compared to those who did not (55.6% [15/27] vs 17.4% [4/23], P < .01). CD70 expression was confirmed in A2780cisR, SKOV3, and SKOV3cisR cells. Notably, CD70 expression was induced after cisplatin treatment in A2780 mock cells but not in A2780‐NF‐κB‐p65‐silenced cells. CD70‐ADC was cytotoxic to A2780cisR, SKOV3, and SKOV3cisR cells, with IC50 values ranging from 0.104 to 0.341 nmol/L. In A2780cisR and SKOV3cisR xenograft models, tumor growth in CD70‐ADC treated mice was significantly inhibited compared to that in the control‐ADC treated mice (A2780cisR: 32.0 vs 1639.0 mm3, P < .01; SKOV3cisR: 232.2 vs 584.9 mm3, P < .01). Platinum treatment induced CD70 expression in ovarian cancer cells. CD70‐ADC may have potential therapeutic implications in the treatment of CD70 expressing ovarian cancer.
The Roles of Privacy and Trust in Children's Evaluations and Explanations of Digital Tracking
Authors: Gelman Susan A. , Cuneo Nicole , Kulkarni Sanika , Snay Sarah , Roberts Steven O. 
Published: June 2021

A “digital revolution” has introduced new privacy violations concerning access to information stored on electronic devices. The present two studies assessed how U.S. children ages 5–17 and adults (N = 416; 55% female; 67% white) evaluated those accessing digital information belonging to someone else, either location data (Study 1) or digital photos (Study 2). The trustworthiness of the tracker (Studies 1 and 2) and the privacy of the information (Study 2) were manipulated. At all ages, evaluations were more negative when the tracker was less trustworthy, and when information was private. However, younger children were substantially more positive overall about digital tracking than older participants. These results, yielding primarily medium‐to‐large effect sizes, suggest that with age, children increasingly appreciate digital privacy considerations.
Five‐year results of a prospective, randomised, contralateral eye trial of corneal crosslinking for keratoconus
Authors: Meyer Jay J. , Jordan Charlotte A. , Patel Dipika V. , Gokul Akilesh , Dean Simon J. , Ahmed Suheb , Subbiah Shanu , McGhee Charles N. J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundFew studies have evaluated corneal crosslinking (CXL) in a prospective, randomised fashion. This study aimed to determine the efficacy and safety of CXL to reduce the progression of keratoconus.MethodsProspective, unmasked, randomised, contralateral eye controlled trial at a tertiary eye centre. Participants: Individuals with bilateral progressive keratoconus. One eye from each subject was randomised to CXL and the contralateral, untreated eye acted as the control. Primary outcome measure: change in maximum keratometry. Secondary outcome measures: uncorrected distance visual acuity, spectacle corrected distance visual acuity, spherical equivalent refraction, simulated keratometry, corneal astigmatism, minimum pachymetry and complications.ResultsThirty‐eight individuals (mean age 21.1 ± 6.7 years) were enrolled with one eye treated with CXL. At 5 years, there was a mean decrease in maximum keratometry of treated eyes (−1.45 ± 2.25 D) compared to an increase among the controls (1.71 ± 2.46 D; p < 0.001). There were significant differences between the treated and control groups in the mean change of Steep SimK (−1.07 ± 1.22 vs. 0.96 ± 1.97 D; p < 0.001), Flat SimK (−0.61 ± 1.34 vs. 0.43 ± 1.12 D; p < 0.001), corneal astigmatism (−0.45 ± 1.31 vs. 0.63 ± 1.52 D; p < 0.01) and minimum pachymetry (−32.49 ± 26.32 vs. −13.57 ± 24.11 μm; p < 0.01). Complications included sterile infiltrates (n = 2), microbial keratitis (n = 1), persistent corneal haze/scarring at 5 years (n = 4) and loss of ≥2 lines of corrected distance visual acuity (n = 3).ConclusionsCXL is an effective and relatively safe intervention to halt or reduce the progression of keratoconus in the majority of eyes for at least 5 years.
Efficacy of bone‐substitute materials use in immediate dental implant placement: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zaki John , Yusuf Nermin , El‐Khadem Ahmed , Scholten Rob J. P. M. , Jenniskens Kevin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the efficacy of using a bone substitute material (BSM) in the fixture–socket gap in patients undergoing tooth extraction and immediate implant placement.Materials and methodsMEDLINE, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). RCTs were screened for eligibility, and data were extracted by two authors independently. Risk of bias (ROB) was assessed using Cochrane's ROB tool 2.0. Primary outcomes were implant failure, overall complications, and soft‐tissue esthetics. Secondary outcomes were vertical buccal bone resorption, vertical interproximal bone resorption, horizontal buccal bone resorption, and mid‐buccal mucosal recession. Meta‐analysis was performed using random‐effects model with generic inverse variance weighing. GRADE was used to grade the certainty of the evidence.ResultsAfter screening 19 544 potentially eligible references, 20 RCTs were included in this review, with a total of 848 patients (916 sites). Most included RCTs were deemed of some concerns (53%) or at low (38%) risk of bias, except for overall complications (high ROB). Implant failure did not differ significantly RR = 0.92 (confidence intervals [CI] 0.34 to 2.46) between using a BSM compared with not using a BSM (NoBSM). BSM use resulted in less horizontal buccal bone resorption (MD = −0.52 mm [95% CI −0.74 to −0.30]), a higher esthetic score (MD = 1.49 [95% CI 0.46 to 2.53]), but also more complications (RR = 3.50 [95% CI 1.11 to 11.1] compared with NoBSM. Too few trials compared types of BSMs against each other to allow for pooled analyses. The certainty of the evidence was considered moderate for all outcomes except implant failure (low), overall complications (very low), and vertical interproximal bone resorption (very low).ConclusionBSM use during immediate implant placement reduces horizontal buccal bone resorption and improves the periimplant soft‐tissue esthetics. Although BSM use increases the risk of predominantly minor complications.
At what price should Bordeaux wines be released?
Authors: Masset Philippe , Weisskopf Jean‐Philippe 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper models optimal release prices of an experience good recurrently issued on markets. Using a sample of Bordeaux wines, we find that using a minimal number of intrinsic and extrinsic attributes is sufficient to explain a large proportion of release prices. We further observe a significant relationship between primary market prices and secondary market prices and general economic conditions. Release prices can deviate from secondary market prices in the short run but remain aligned over the long run. Finally, an out‐of‐sample analysis indicates that short‐run mispricing directly affects the purchase behavior of customers.