bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phragmidium mucronatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phragmidium mucronatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide variety of cultivated and wild
Rosa
species. DISEASE: Rust of roses. Infects branches, petioles, leaves. calyces and fruits. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably widespread throughout Europe and North America. Recorded in most other countries where ornamental roses are grown but often it is not certain whether the records refer to
P. mucronatum
proper or to
P. tuberculatum
or
P. rosae-pimpinellifoliae
. TRANSMISSION: The rust overwinters as teliospores, as mycelium in the stems (3: 428; 18: 184; Dodov & Tanev, 1963) and, where winters are mild, as urediospores (Cochrane, 1945). Teliospores germinate in spring after exposure to winter conditions (3: 428; 15: 653; Williams, 1938); basidiospores infect both leaves and stems, whilst urediospores infect only through lower leaf surfaces (Cochrane, 1945).
Phragmidium rosae-setigerae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phragmidium rosae-setigerae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: On
Rosa setigera
. DISEASE: Rust on cultivated setigera rose and its hybrids. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Eastern U.S.A., possibly also in Canada (Ontario).
Phragmidium tuberculatum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phragmidium tuberculatum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide variety of cultivated and wild
Rosa
species. DISEASE: Rust on stems, leaves and petioles of many diverse cultivated roses. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably widespread throughout Europe and extending through central U.S.S.R. Also recorded in Asia from Turkey, Pakistan and China; in North Africa from Morocco and in U.S.A. from Alaska and Connecticut.
Phragmidium violaceum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phragmidium violaceum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Rubus fruticosus
(European blackberry) and occasionally recorded on
R. caesius
(dewberry) and
R. ursinus
(loganberry). DISEASE: Blackberry leaf rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe and the Middle East, also recorded from China, Morocco and S. Africa. Recorded once in U.S.A. (Miss.). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by wind-blown spores. Teliospores overwinter on the old leaves and germinate in spring.
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Subramanian C. V. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On cultivated banana and abaca (
Musa
spp.) and wild spp. of
Heliconia (Musaceae
), esp.
H. caribaea
(42: 80); three species of grass (
Paspalum fasciculatum, Panicum purpurascens andlxophorus unisetus
), and
Commelina diffusa (Commelinaceae
) may serve as alternative hosts (Waite & Dunlap, 1953). DISEASES: Panama disease (vascular wilt) of banana (banana wilt) and vascular wilt in abaca (
Musa textilis
). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread: Africa, Asia, Australasia and Oceania, C. America and W. Indies, N. & S. America (CMI Map 31). TRANSMISSION: Primarily soil-borne; possibly air-borne also. Pathogen may spread in infected leaf trash or soil and debris in surface flood-water. Infected planting material is another source of infection and spread.
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. elaeidis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. elaeidis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Elaeis guineensis
. DISEASE: A vascular wilt of the oil palm was first reported from Africa (26: 103; 28: 124). In young palms the first symptom is an extensive chlorosis in some of the central leaves (4th-15th). This is followed by leaf necrosis (giving a flat-topped appearance) and death within a year. In mature palms leaf wilt and necrosis and breaking of the rachis may be rapid, causing death in a few months (acute form). But in the chronic form the progressive dying of the crown inwards may be very slow with new, though smaller, leaves being produced. The vascular tissue in roots and stems becomes orange, darkening progressively to black. It is very characteristic of the disease that the internal necrosis is restricted to the xylem region.
Elaeis madagascariensis
and
E. melanococca
have also been found to be affected (37: 52). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: First found in the Congo, then later in Nigeria (27: 523), Cameroon (40: 148) and Colombia (46, 3389). TRANSMISSION: Presumably through soil.
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cucumis melo
. DISEASE: Causes a destructive wilt of muskmelon and cantaloupe. The casaba or winter melon is resistant (e.g. var. Honey Dew). Infection occurs on seedlings (pre-emergence and post-emergence damping-off) and older plants (leaf chlorosis, stunting and generai wilt). Streaks appear on the stems up to 0.6 m long; they become necrotic and bear the salmon-pink sporulating masses. In some cases stem cracks develop and a brownish exudate forms. The vascular elements become orange-red and the fruit is much reduced in size. The formae speciales of
F. oxysporum
from muskmelon and watermelon (
Citrullus lanatus
) will each attack the seedlings of both hosts, but older plants are susceptible only to their own f.sp. Generally the virulence of a given isolate is greater on its original host (12: 744; 27: 307; 31: 473; Leach, 1936). Cucumber (
Cucumis sativus
) and marrow (
Cucurbita pepo
) are resistant (39: 117). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Generai in North America (U.S.A., Canada) and Europe. Also reported from Asia (Formosa, Iraq, Japan, Philippines) and Australasia (Australia). TRANSMISSION: Through soil and seed (Leach, 1936).
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. tracheiphilum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. tracheiphilum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Glycine max, Vigna sinensis
and
V. unguiculata
. DISEASE: A fairly widespread disease of both soyabean and cowpea and generally most serious in U.S.A. In cowpea the leaves become flaccid and chlorotic; in young plants a fairly rapid wilt can occur and leads to death. On older plants infection causes stunting, and chlorosis precedes leaf fall and a gradual wilt. The vascular tissue is necrotic and the roots may be more severely diseased than the above-ground symptoms suggest. The lower stem may become swollen before any chlorosis occurs. In the woody soyabean a generai wilt is not usually found. The plants become stunted, with the ehlorotic leaves gradually falling. Death ensues later than in the case of cowpea. Internal stem necrosis is a conspicuous symptom and removal of the petioles reveals this. Although the fungus chiefly causes the typical vascular disorders of this pathogenic group, there are reports of soyabean pod infection from Japan (19: 453). Infection of cowpea in India has also been described (35: 503). Some isolates from cowpea have proved pathogenic to bean (
Phaseolus vulgaris
) and it has been suggested that isolates of
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. phaseoli
might be virulent towards cowpea (43, 1472). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada (Ontario) and in U.S.A., on cowpea, general in the southern states; on soyabean it occurs from Florida, La, Texas, Neb. and California); South America (Colombia); Asia (Formosa, India, U.S.S.R.); Australasia (Australia). Reports of its presence in Central Africa require confirmation. TRANSMISSION: Through soil and probably seed (11: 220; 29: 453).
Sydowia polyspora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Sydowia polyspora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Cupressus lusitanica, Juniperus
sp.,
Picea engelmannii, P. excelsa, Pinus albicaulis, P. attenuata, P. khasya, P. caribaea, P. laricis, P. montizumae, P. murrayana, P. nigra, P. patula, P. pinaster, P. radiata, P. sylvestris
. DISEASES: Pine leaf-blight and die-back, associated frequently with injury caused by the pine needle midge,
Cecidomyia baeri
Prell. The needles remain attached hanging downwards from the tree for some time. Complete defoliation may take place on severely affected shoots. Also common on needles of Corsican pine showing die-back due to unsuitable climatic conditions aided by
Scleroderris lagerbergii
[Gremmeniella abietina]
, and on Douglas fir attacked by aphids,
Chermes cooleyi
Gill. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Tanzania); Australia & Oceania (Australia); Europe (Finland, France, Germany, U.K., U.S.S.R.); North America (Canada, U.S.A.). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne spores. In pine the pathogen first develops at the base of the pairs of needles where the gall midge,
Cecidomyia baeri
burrows (Peace, 1962) and on Douglas fir attacked by
Chermes cooleyi
the pathogen invades the carcases of the aphids and uses these as a food base before penetrating the stomata of the needle (47, 3240).
Pseudomonas coronafaciens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas coronafaciens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Avena sativa
and very rarely
Secale cereale
. Also infects the following when spray inoculated without wounding:
Hordeum vulgare, Triticum aestivum
(Elliott, 1920),
Bromus catharticus, Festuca elatior, Hordeum stenostachys, H. bulbosum, Lolium multiflorum
and
L. perenne
(Tessi, 1949).
Briza maxima, Bromus hordaceus
and
B. rubens
are reported as slightly susceptible when artificially inoculated (Tessi, 1953). DISEASE: Halo blight of oats. Lesions usually appear on leaves, but may occur on sheaths or glumes occasionally. They are oval and light green at first and centred around the stomata, which are the points of infection. The centres become slightly depressed, one to several mm diam., greyish and dry, with a pale green to yellowish halo-like margin that often is 1 cm wide. The tissues are not water-soaked and exudate is not usualy produced. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably occurs in most oat-growing areas (CMI Map 356, ed. 2, 1968). An additional record not included is Argentina (Tessi, 1949). TRANSMISSION: Within the field transmission by wind and rain occurs, with infection usually taking place through stomata or wounds. It is seed borne (Elliott, 1920). Dickson (36: 259) states that insects are important in distribution, but gives no reference to support this.
Alternaria longipes
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ellis M. B. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria longipes
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Nicotiana tabacum
. DISEASE: Brown spot of tobacco. Symptoms first occur on the lower leaves as small, water-soaked spots, becoming brown, orbicular, zonate, up to 3 cm diam., with the centre becoming lighter lesion is surrounded by a yellow halo, which is absent from spots formed on seedlings. Severe spotting leads to general leaf necrosis and death. The spotting is liable to extend during curing. Symptoms are much less conspicuous on young leaves. Necrotic lesions (halo absent) also occur on petioles, seed capsules and stems, in the later forming dark brown elongated longitudinal depressions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, see CMI Map 63, ed. TRANSMISSION: Air-dispersed conidia are more abundant on dry sunny days but spread by splash droplets probably occurs also. The pathogen is harboured in host debris and is also possibly seedborne.
Puccinia leveillei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Puccinia leveillei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Geranium
spp. DISEASE: Rust of geranium. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Malawi) Asia (India); Europe; North and South America.
Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Puccinia pelargonii-zonalis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Pelargonium zonale
. DISEASE: Rust of pelargonium. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Malagasy Republic, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Rhodesia, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia), Australasia and Oceania (Australia, New Guinea, Hawaii, New Caledonia, New Zealand), Europe (Belgium, Channel Islands, France, Germany, Gibraltar, Italy, Sardinia,? Spain, Switzerland, U.K.); North America (Bermuda). (CMI Map 412, ed. 2, 1967.).
Uromyces aloes
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Uromyces aloes
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Aloe baumii, A. glauca, A. maculata, A. saponaria, A. greatleadii, A. inyangensis, A. spicata, A. polyphylla, A. abyssinica
and
A. thraskii
. DISEASE: Rust of aloe. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Rhodesia, Tanzania, Uganda); Asia (India); Europe (U.K. (in glasshouses)).
Uromyces dolicholi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Uromyces dolicholi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Rhynchosia minima, R. reticulata, R. senna
and
R. texana
. DISEASE: Rust of rhynchosia. GEOGRAPHICAL. DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya); North America (Mexico, Texas); Central America and West Indies (Cuba, Puerto Rico, St Vincent, Trinidad); South America (Argentina, Colombia).
Didymella lycopersici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Didymella lycopersici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Lycopersicon esculentum
. DISEASE: Stem and fruit rot of tomato. A girdling canker, dark brown and sunken, develops at, or just above, soil level. Secondary cankers may later develop higher up the stem. The plant collapses and dies. The soft, outer diseased tissues contain numerous pycnidia and in damp conditions conidia are extruded in slimy pink masses. The perfect state is rarely found (24: 78; 35: 349). Infection can occur on roots, leaves and flowers. Fruit is also attacked. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread (CMI Map 324, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Infection arises via conidia from infected organic material in the soil, usually host debris or composting waste. This is probably the main source of infection (36: 138) and the pathogen overwinters readily in such debris. Air dispersal by ascospores appears less important than splash and soil dispersal by conidia (39: 626). Seed transmission is considered less important. Hyphae and pycnidia are found within the hairy seed coat (9: 70; 24: 480; 34: 554; 40: 386). More seed transmission occurs in Jan. sowings than in Mar. and Apr. (41: 546). Conidia do not survive more than 9 months on the surface of seed (36: 138).
Diplodia pinea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Diplodia pinea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Pinus
species. Also on
Abies excelsa, Araucaria cunninghamii, Chamaecyparis lawsoniana, Cupressus macrocarpa, Cupressus lusitanica, Cupressus sempervirens, Picea abies, Pseudotusga menziesii, P. taxifolia
and
Thuja orientalis
[Platycladus orientalis]
. DISEASES: Tip and twig blight, stag-head, red top, bud-wilt and seedling collar rot of conifers. Causes stunting of new growth, browning of needles, bending or curling of young shoots and discoloration and death of parts of the crown. Also affecting germination of
Pinus
seed and causing blight and dieback of coniferous seedlings in the nursery. Frequently found as a wound parasite of injured or weak trees causing bark cankers and dieback of branches and as a saprophyte causing blue-stain of sap-wood of fallen or freshly cut timbers (17: 150; 36: 436; 41: 339). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rhodesia, S. Africa, Tanzania, Uganda); Asia (Japan, Malaysia, Thailand); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Zealand); Europe (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Rumania, Spain, Sweden, U.K.); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); Central America & West Indies (Jamaica), South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay). (CMI Map 459, 1969). TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is disseminated as spores by wind, rain and in fluid secreted by the pine spittle-bug,
Aphrophora parallela
and as mycelium on seed of
Pinus
(16: 219; 21: 398). Infection may take place through natural infection courts such as leaf traces or cones and cone-stalks (5: 708; 48, 3187) as well as through living tissues following wounding (31: 1; 44, 889; 48, 3187) or damage from hail (8: 535; 16: 219; 20: 150), frost (21: 398; 40: 388) or insects (pine spittle-bug, 21: 398; bark beetles,
Myelophilus piniperda
[Tomicus piniperda]
, 14: 727) or attack by rust,
Cronartiurn ribicola
, causing progressive wilt in
Pinus halepensis
(25: 493) or by drought (14: 65) or other unfavourable growing conditions (13: 426, 553; 16: 148). Gilmour found that the amount of infection in
P. radiata
appeared to be correlated with trunk wounding and varied with the type of pruning tool used: secateurs, 12%; axe, 48%, slasher, 68% (44, 889). The pathogen may persist in infected tissues up to 400 days (48, 3187) and is commonly saprophytic on forest debris which provides a source of abundant spores during periods of rain (41: 339).
Septoria helianthi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Holliday P. , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria helianthi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Helianthus annuus, Helianthus grosseserratus
and
Helianthus rigidus
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of sunflower. Yellowish spots up to 1.5 cm develop over the whole lamina, gradually turning necrotic and becoming almost black. The numerous pycnidia are mostly on the adaxial surface. The lesions have a polygonal outline, being sharply delimited by the veins. Infection may begin on the cotyledons and young leaves, spreading to later developing leaves. Severe attacks lead to defoliation and loss in yield. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Fairly widespread in E. Europe and the U.S.S.R. in Asia, China, Japan, Australia (Qd.); E. and S. Africa, N. America (CMI Map 468, ed. 1, 1970). TRANSMISSION: Overwintering occurs in host debris. Seed treatment is recommended although seed transmission does not appear to have been demonstrated. Introduction of the fungus into Hungary may have been via seed (43, 2013).
Coleosporium ipomoeae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Coleosporium ipomoeae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia on several species of
Pinus
(especially southern pines), uredial aecia and telia on several genera of the
Convolvulaceae
(
Argyreia, Convolvulus, Ipomoea
and
Jacquemontia
). DISEASES: Orange rust of sweet potato (
Ipomoea batatas
). One of the needle rusts of pines. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably widespread in the warmer regions of the American continent and the West Indies. Recorded on
Ipomoea
spp. other than sweet potato as far north as Illinois, Ohio and New Jersey. Not recorded in western states of USA or outside the western hemisphere. TRANSMISSION: Transmission of the
Coleosporium
rusts in Florida has been described by Weber (23: 245). Short-lived basidiospores, which rarely travel more than 1.6 km in a viable condition, infect pine needles during late summer and autumn probably through the stomata. The aeciospores formed in the spring are very resistant and can travel long distances to infect the alternate host by direct penetration of the cuticle.
Cronartium ribicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Rainbow A. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cronartium ribicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia on numerous members of
Pinus
sect.
Strobus
(= sect.
Cembra
) (white pines) especially
P. albicaulis, P. lambertiana, P. monticola
and
P. strobus
; uredia and telia on almost all
Ribes
and
Grossularia
species, the cultivated black currant being particularly susceptible. DISEASE: White pine blister rust, currant rust. Causes stem cankers on pines and leaf lesions on currants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia, Europe and N. America (CMI Map 6, ed. 3). TRANSMISSION: Overwinters almost exclusively on pines from which aeciospores may be blown hundreds of kilometres (7: 813) to infect
Ribes
leaves through stomata (Spaulding, 1922). In contrast, basidiospores (38: 393) travel only a few hundred metres to infect pine needles through stomata (Patton & Johnson, 1970), from where the mycelium grows into the stem to form cankers. The importation of large quantities of white pine seedlings from Europe at the turn of the century carried the disease to N. America (Spaulding, 1922; 1929).