bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
<p><strong>Herpetological higher taxa nomina. </strong><strong>6. Gymnophiona Rafinesque, 1814</strong></p>
Authors: DUBOIS ALAIN , FRÉTEY THIERRY 
Published: June 2021

A taxon, traditionally referred to the rank order, encompassing all recent taxa of caecilians and their close fossil relatives, is highly supported as holophyletic in all recent cladistic analyses of Amphibia. Under the Duplostensional Nomenclatural System, among 12 nomina available in the literature, only one, Gymnophiona Rafinesque, 1814, qualifies as a sozodiaphonym and should be used for this amphibian taxon. We show here that the authorship of this nomen, as well as of 32 other nomina published in 1814, is ‘Rafinesque’, not ‘Rafinesque-Schmaltz’. The nomen Apoda Oppel, 1811, that has often been used for this taxon, proves to be a distagmonym and a junior homonym of Apodes Linnaeus, 1758 and five other distagmonyms, and as such it is invalid under DONS. In total, we identified 34 distinct class-series nomina derived from the stems ἄπους (apous) or Apus in 13 distinct zoological groups, only two of which are valid under DONS Criteria: Apodiformia Wetmore, 1947, for the suborder of Aves currently known as Apodi Wetmore, 1947, and Apodomorpha Sibley, Ahlquist & Monroe, 1988 for the order of Aves currently known as Apodiformes Peters, 1940. Several other nomenclatural findings were made in the course of this study: [1] in the Teleostei, the nomina "Eupercaria" and "Syngnatharia", like all the other new nomina proposed in the paper by Betancur-R. et al. (2017) are anoplonyms and cannot be used as valid; [2] in the Mammalia, the nomina Cetus and Cetacea should be credited to Brisson (1759); [3] in the Holothuroidea, the nomen Apoda Claus, 1868, currently considered valid under the apograph Apodida, is invalid and should be replaced by the nomen Paractinopoda Ludwig, 1891; [4] in the Isopoda, the subordinal nomen Cymothoida Wägele, 1989 should be replaced by its senior synonym Darwinida Lakshminarayana & Rama Rao, 1977.
A new species of the genus Cylindera (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae) from southern Bolivia with imitating behaviour to co-occurring ants
Authors: ŠAFRÁNEK ONDŘEJ , AMAYA MARCELO 
Published: June 2021

Cylindera (Cylindera) julietae sp. nov. (Cicindelidae: Cicindelini) is described as new for science from southern Bolivia. The new species is compared to a similar species Cylindera (Cylindera) confluentesignata (W. Horn, 1915). Colour photographs of habitus, habitat and diagnostic characters of the two similar species are presented. The behaviour of adults of the new species, imitating that of co-occurring ants, is discussed.
Observed Bulk Hook Echo Drop Size Distribution Evolution in Supercell Tornadogenesis and Tornadogenesis Failure
Authors: Tuftedal Kristofer S. , French Michael M. , Kingfield Darrel M. , Snyder Jeffrey C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe time preceding supercell tornadogenesis and tornadogenesis “failure” has been studied extensively to identify differing attributes related to tornado production or lack thereof. Studies from the Verification of the Origins of Rotation in Tornadoes Experiment (VORTEX) found that air in the rear-flank downdraft (RFD) regions of non- and weakly tornadic supercells had different near-surface thermodynamic characteristics than that in strongly tornadic supercells. Subsequently, it was proposed that microphysical processes are likely to have an impact on the resulting thermodynamics of the near-surface RFD region. One way to view proxies to microphysical features, namely drop size distributions (DSDs), is through use of polarimetric radar data. Studies from the second VORTEX used data from dual-polarization radars to provide evidence of different DSDs in the hook echoes of tornadic and non-tornadic supercells. However, radar-based studies during these projects were limited to a small number of cases preventing result generalizations. This study compiles 68 tornadic and 62 non-tornadic supercells using Weather Surveillance Radar–1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) data to analyze changes in polarimetric radar variables leading up to, and at, tornadogenesis and tornadogenesis failure. Case types generally did not show notable hook echo differences in variables between sets, but did show spatial hook echo quadrant DSD differences. Consistent with past studies, differential radar reflectivity factor (ZDR) generally decreased leading up to tornadogenesis and tornadogenesis failure; in both sets, estimated total number concentration increased during the same times. Relationships between DSDs and the near-storm environment, and implications of results for nowcasting tornadogenesis, also are discussed.
Cervicofacial Actinomycosis in the Pediatric Population: Presentation and Management
Authors: Gandhi Karan , van der Woerd Benjamin D. , Graham M. Elise , Barton Michelle , Strychowsky Julie E. 
Published: June 2021

Background: Infection caused by Actinomyces species is a rare cause of head and neck infection in children. This chronic cervicofacial infection can present with localized swelling, abscess formation, sinus drainage and can be complicated by osteomyelitis. Methods: Presented are 2 pediatric cases of secondary actinomycosis in the context of congenital lesions: 1 patient with a previously excised preauricular sinus and another with a persistent sublingual mass. A comprehensive literature search was conducted for reported cases of pediatric actinomycosis in the cervicofacial region. Results: Both cases presented were successfully treated with a combination of complete surgical excision of the lesions and prolonged antibiotic therapy. Thirty-four pediatric cases of cervicofacial actinomycosis are reviewed, 2 presented herein, and 32 from the published literature. There was equal gender distribution and the median age was 7.5 years. The most common site for infection was the submandibular area. Four (12%) of cases arose in pre-existing congenital lesions. Most patients were treated with penicillin-based antibiotics for a median duration of 6 months following surgical excision or debridement. Conclusions: Actinomycosis is a rare infection of the cervicofacial region; secondary infections arising from congenital lesions of the head and neck are even more rare. A previously excised pre-auricular sinus and a sublingual dermoid cyst are not previously reported sites of infection. Actinomycosis should be suspected in chronically draining sinuses of the head and neck region and confirmed through anaerobic culture. Osteomyelitis is a potential complication and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is warranted. Long-term antibiotic therapy with a penicillin-based antibiotic and surgical excision should be considered.
Mortality Benefit From the Passive Leg Raise Maneuver in Guiding Resuscitation of Septic Shock Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials
Authors: Azadian Moosa , Win Suyee , Abdipour Amir , Kim Carolyn Krystal , Nguyen H. Bryant 
Published: June 2021

Background: Fluid therapy plays a major role in the management of critically ill patients. Yet assessment of intravascular volume in these patients is challenging. Different invasive and non-invasive methods have been used with variable results. The passive leg raise (PLR) maneuver has been recommended by international guidelines as a means to determine appropriate fluid resuscitation. We performed this systematic review and meta-analysis to determine if using this method of volume assessment has an impact on mortality outcome in patients with septic shock. Methods: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched available data in the MEDLINE, CINAHL, EMBASE, and CENTRAL databases from inception until October 2020 for prospective, randomized, controlled trials that compared PLR-guided fluid resuscitation to standard care in adult patients with septic shock. Our primary outcome was mortality at the longest duration of follow-up. Results: We screened 1,425 article titles and abstracts. Of the 23 full-text articles reviewed, 5 studies with 462 patients met our eligibility criteria. Odds ratios (ORs) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for mortality at the longest reported time interval were calculated for each study. Using random effects modeling, the pooled OR (95% CI) for mortality with a PLR-guided resuscitation strategy was 0.82 (0.52 -1.30). The included studies were not blinded and they ranged from having low to high risk of bias using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Conclusion: Our analysis showed there was no statistically significant difference in mortality among septic shock patients treated with PLR-guided resuscitation vs. those with standard care.
DNA Mini-Barcodes, a Potential Weapon for Conservation and Combating Illegal Trade of Pangolin
Authors: Xie Xuena , Ye Haoting , Cai Xuan , Li Chan , Li Fang , Tian Enwei , Chao Zhi 
Published: June 2021

Background Smuggling and illegal trade of pangolins and their scales has drastically reduced the wild population of pangolins. Accurate species identification is currently in urgent need as a powerful weapon for combating pangolin smuggling and trade and conserving the already endangered pangolin species. Aim of the study To develop an efficient method based on DNA mini-barcodes for accurate pangolin species identification and authentication of processed pangolin scales against the non-target species. Materials and methods The primers for amplifying the DNA mini-barcodes were designed based on cytochrome C oxidase subunit I (COI) gene fragments. The mini-barcodes were compared with the two universal barcodes (COI and Cytb) for performance in pangolin species identification by calculating the Kimura-2-parameter (K2P) distance, assessing the clustering dendrogram, and analyzing the BLAST similarity and barcoding gap. The accuracy of the three barcodes was also compared for authentication of pangolin scales against non-target species. Results Comparison of the three barcodes showed that the mini-barcode form COI had the highest amplification success rate (100%) and high variable sites (40.0%), with the ratio of mean inter- to intraspecific distance ratio was 25 and a distinct DNA barcoding gap. In the neighbor-joining (NJ) tree constructed based on the mini-barcode regions, each species of the pangolin family formed an obvious clade respectively, and the clades were all separated from those of the non-target species, indicating that the genetic information in the mini-barcode was sufficient for species identification. Conclusion The DNA mini-barcodes based on COI gene fragments provide an effective and accurate method for identification of pangolin species and authentication of pangolin scale products.
Vascular cell‐specific roles of mineralocorticoid receptors in pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Menon Divya P. , Qi Guanming , Kim Seung K. , Moss M. Elizabeth , Penumatsa Krishna C. , Warburton Rod R. , Toksoz Deniz , Wilson Jamie , Hill Nicholas S. , Jaffe Iris Z. , Preston Ioana R. 
Published: June 2021

Abnormalities that characterize pulmonary arterial hypertension include impairment in the structure and function of pulmonary vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Aldosterone levels are elevated in human pulmonary arterial hypertension and in experimental pulmonary hypertension, while inhibition of the aldosterone‐binding mineralocorticoid receptor attenuates pulmonary hypertension in multiple animal models. We explored the role of mineralocorticoid receptor in endothelial and smooth muscle cells in using cell‐specific mineralocorticoid receptor knockout mice exposed to sugen/hypoxia‐induced pulmonary hypertension. Treatment with the mineralocorticoid receptor inhibitor spironolactone significantly reduced right ventricular systolic pressure. However, this is not reproduced by selective mineralocorticoid receptor deletion in smooth muscle cells or endothelial cells. Similarly, spironolactone attenuated the increase in right ventricular cardiomyocyte area independent of vascular mineralocorticoid receptor with no effect on right ventricular weight or interstitial fibrosis. Right ventricular perivascular fibrosis was significantly decreased by spironolactone and this was reproduced by specific deletion of mineralocorticoid receptor from endothelial cells. Endothelial cell‐mineralocorticoid receptor deletion attenuated the sugen/hypoxia‐induced increase in the leukocyte‐adhesion molecule, E‐selectin, and collagen IIIA1 in the right ventricle. Spironolactone also significantly reduced pulmonary arteriolar muscularization, independent of endothelial cell‐mineralocorticoid receptor or smooth muscle cell‐mineralocorticoid receptor. Finally, the degree of pulmonary perivascular inflammation was attenuated by mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism and was fully reproduced by smooth muscle cell‐specific mineralocorticoid receptor deletion. These studies demonstrate that in the sugen/hypoxia pulmonary hypertension model, systemic‐mineralocorticoid receptor blockade significantly attenuates the disease and that mineralocorticoid receptor has cell‐specific effects, with endothelial cell‐mineralocorticoid receptor contributing to right ventricular perivascular fibrosis and smooth muscle cell‐mineralocorticoid receptor participating in pulmonary vascular inflammation. As mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists are being investigated to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension, these findings support novel mechanisms and potential mineralocorticoid receptor targets that mediate therapeutic benefits in patients.
Sandwich compression of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) and hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) wood: density distribution, surface hardness and their controllability
Authors: Huang Rongfeng , Fujimoto Noboru , Sakagami Hiroki , Feng Shanghuan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe sapwood and heartwood of plantation sugi wood (Cryptomeria japonica), and plantation hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) wood were flat-sawn into timbers, then kiln-dried to a MC level below 12%. These timbers were further processed into specific sizes and wetted on the surfaces, preheated at 150 °C and radially compressed into sandwich compressed timbers. Density distribution, compressed layer(s) position and thickness, surface hardness were investigated. It was demonstrated that sugi and hinoki timbers were both applicable for sandwich compression. By controlling the preheating time, sugi heartwood timber, sugi sapwood timber and hinoki timber can be all sandwich compressed, which resulted in surfaces compressed timbers, interior compressed timbers and center compressed timbers. When sugi timbers were sandwich compressed, density only tremendously increased in the earlywood. The increased density of the compressed sugi earlywood was independent of compressed layer(s) position, compressing distance or annual growth width, while for hinoki timbers compression, density increased both in earlywood and latewood. Surface hardness of the uncompressed sugi sapwood was almost twice of that of the uncompressed sugi heartwood. Surface compression sharply increased the surface hardness of sugi heartwood and sugi sapwood. Interior compression and center compression also contributed to increased surface hardness for the compressed timbers, but to smaller extents. Surface hardness change due to the surface compression was consistent with the surface average density change of timbers. Compression layer(s) position exerted statistically significant effects on the surface hardness, while surface hardness of the compressed wood was almost unrelated to the original density of the used wood or average density of the sandwich compressed wood. However, bigger compressing distance led to bigger surface hardness for the surface compressed wood.
Methods to study organogenesis in decapod crustacean larvae II: analysing cells and tissues
Authors: Melzer R. R. , Spitzner F. , Šargač Z. , Hörnig M. K. , Krieger J. , Haug C. , Haug J. T. , Kirchhoff T. , Meth R. , Torres G. , Harzsch S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCells and tissues form the bewildering diversity of crustacean larval organ systems which are necessary for these organisms to autonomously survive in the plankton. For the developmental biologist, decapod crustaceans provide the fascinating opportunity to analyse how the adult organism unfolds from organ Anlagen compressed into a miniature larva in the sub-millimetre range. This publication is the second part of our survey of methods to study organogenesis in decapod crustacean larvae. In a companion paper, we have already described the techniques for culturing larvae in the laboratory and dissecting and chemically fixing their tissues for histological analyses. Here, we review various classical and more modern imaging techniques suitable for analyses of eidonomy, anatomy, and morphogenetic changes within decapod larval development, and protocols including many tips and tricks for successful research are provided. The methods cover reflected-light-based methods, autofluorescence-based imaging, scanning electron microscopy, usage of specific fluorescence markers, classical histology (paraffin, semithin and ultrathin sectioning combined with light and electron microscopy), X-ray microscopy (µCT), immunohistochemistry and usage of in vivo markers. For each method, we report our personal experience and give estimations of the method’s research possibilities, the effort needed, costs and provide an outlook for future directions of research.
Non-elective and revision arthroplasty are independently associated with hip and knee prosthetic joint infection caused by Acinetobacter baumannii: a Brazilian single center observational cohort study of 98 patients
Authors: da Silva Raquel Bandeira , Araujo Rodrigo Otavio , Salles Mauro José 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
Prosthetic joint infection (PJI) caused by Acinetobacter baumannii (Ab) has become a growing concern due to its overwhelming ability to express resistance to antibiotics and produce biofilm.

Aim
This study aimed to identify independent risk factors (RFs) associated with Ab-associated PJI and their role in the treatment outcome.

Methods
This was a single-centre, retrospective cohort study of PJI patients diagnosed between January 2014 and July 2018. A PJI diagnosis was made based upon the MSIS 2018 criteria. To estimate RFs associated with Ab-associated PJI, multivariate analyses with a level of significance of p < 0.05 were performed. To evaluate treatment failure, Kaplan–Meier analysis and log-rank test were performed.

Results
Overall, 98 PJI cases were assessed, including 33 with Ab-associated PJI and 65 with PJI involving other microorganisms (non–Ab-associated PJI). Independent RFs associated with Ab-associated PJI were revision arthroplasty [odds ratio (OR) = 3.01; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.15–7.90; p = 0.025] and nonelective arthroplasty (OR = 2.65; 95% CI = 1.01–7.01; p = 0.049). Ab-associated PJI was also more likely than non–Ab-associated PJI to be classified as a chronic late infection (OR = 5.81; 95% CI = 2.1–16.07; p = 0.001). Ab-associated PJI was not associated with treatment failure (p = 0.557).

Conclusions
Late chronic infections, surgical revision and nonelective arthroplasty are well-known predictors of PJI but were also independently associated with Ab-associated PJI. Infections caused by Ab and surgical treatment with debridement, antibiotics and implant retention were not associated with PJI treatment failure.

Trial registration
Study data supporting our results were registered with the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (https://www.ensaiosclinicos.gov.br/rg/RBR-6ft5yb/), an open-access virtual platform for the registration of studies on humans performed in Brazil.
Registration no.RBR-6ft5yb.
Diversity of tsetse flies and trypanosome species circulating in the area of Lake Iro in southeastern Chad
Authors: Signaboubo Djoukzoumka , Payne Vincent Khan , Moussa Ibrahim Mahamat Alhadj , Hassane Hassane Mahamat , Berger Petra , Kelm Soerge , Simo Gustave 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
African trypanosomiases are vector-borne diseases that affect humans and livestock in sub-Saharan Africa. Although data have been collected on tsetse fauna as well as trypanosome infections in tsetse flies and mammals in foci of sleeping sickness in Chad, the situation of tsetse fly-transmitted trypanosomes remains unknown in several tsetse-infested areas of Chad. This study was designed to fill this epidemiological knowledge gap by determining the tsetse fauna as well as the trypanosomes infecting tsetse flies in the area of Lake Iro in southeastern Chad.

Methods
Tsetse flies were trapped along the Salamat River using biconical traps. The proboscis and tsetse body were removed from each fly. DNA was extracted from the proboscis using proteinase K and phosphate buffer and from the tsetse body using Chelex 5%. Tsetse flies were identified by amplifying and sequencing the cytochrome c oxydase I gene of each tsetse fly. Trypanosome species were detected by amplifying and sequencing the internal transcribed spacer 1 of infecting trypanosomes.

Results
A total of 617 tsetse flies were trapped; the apparent density of flies per trap per day was 2. 6. Of the trapped flies, 359 were randomly selected for the molecular identification and for the detection of infecting trypanosomes. Glossina morsitans submorsitans (96.1%) was the dominant tsetse fly species followed by G. fuscipes fuscipes (3.1%) and G. tachinoides (0.8%). Four trypanosome species, including Trypanosoma vivax, T. simiae, T. godfreyi and T. congolense savannah, were detected. Both single infection (56.7%) and mixed infections of trypanosomes (4.6%) were detected in G. m. submorsitans. The single infection included T. simiae (20.5%), T. congolense savannah (16.43%), T. vivax (11.7%) and T. godfreyi (9.8%). The trypanosome infection rate was 61.4% in G. m. submorsitans, 72.7% in G. f. fuscipes and 66.6% in G. tachinoides. Trypanosome infections were more prevalent in tsetse bodies (40.6%) than in the proboscis (16.3%).

Conclusion
This study revealed the presence of different tsetse species and a diversity of trypanosomes pathogenic to livestock in the area of Lake Iro. The results highlight the risks and constraints that animal African trypanosomiasis pose to livestock breeding and the importance of assessing trypanosome infections in livestock in this area.

Graphical Abstract