bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of flexibility factors for a residential building
Authors: Hall Monika , Geissler Achim 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Buildings that are able to shift their loads without comfort restraints are important for the ongoing transformation of the power supply. This flexibility potential can be expressed in flexibility factors. The usefulness of four factors is investigated based on load control for the heat pump of a small apartment building according to electricity prices (high/low tariffs, spot market prices), CO2eq emissions share in the grid and a restricted operation period during daytime. The calculation methodology of the presented flexibility factors GSC, RIP, FF and FI is very different. RIP and FF are preferable because they have defined valid ranges which makes them easier to understand. Current electricity prices force the heat pump operation mainly into the night. The optimization of CO2eq emissions encourages operation mainly during the day. The optimization goals costs or CO2eq emissions thus lead to opposing heat pump operation times and can currently therefore not both be met simultaneously.
Self-adjusting model predictive control for modular subsystems in HVAC systems
Authors: Kümpel Alexander , Stoffel Phillip , Müller Dirk 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In order to reduce the energy consumption and CO2 emissions in the building sector, an efficient control strategy, such as model predictive control (MPC) is required. However, MPC is rarely applied in buildings since the implementation and modeling is complex, time consuming and costly. To bring MPC into practice, controllers and models are needed, that automatically adapt their behavior to the controlled system. In this work, such a self-adjusting MPC applicable to heating, ventilation and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems is developed. The MPC is based on a simple grey-box model that is able to cover the general dynamics of the considered subsystem. The controller adapts the model parameters online according to the past measurements of the controlled system using a moving horizon estimation. The developed self-adjusting MPC is applied to three heating coils in a simulation. Compared with a PID controller, the self-adjusting MPC is able to increase the control quality up to 10%, while no manual tuning is needed. Additionally, the model predictive approach is able to reduce the power consumption of the pump by 80%.
An investigation on the radiant heat balance for different urban tissues in Mediterranean climate: a case study
Authors: Evola G , Costanzo V , Marletta L , Nocera F , Detommaso M. , Urso A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The outdoor radiant field is a key aspect to determine outdoor comfort conditions for humans, especially in urban areas. In order to unveil the dependence of the radiant field on the features of the urban fabrics, this study analyses the space distribution of the Mean Radiant Temperature (TMRT) and the radiant field in various urban tissues of the city of Catania (Italy) in a typical Mediterranean climate. The study is based on simulations through the Solar and LongWave Environmental Irradiance Geometry model (SOLWEIG) implemented in UMEP. Results show that the worst conditions occur in areas with moderately deep urban canyons, abundant impervious surfaces and lack of vegetation: here, the TMRT can easily reach 78 °C while in more than 80% of the area it exceeds 60 °C. By modelling the time trends of the shortwave and longwave radiant heat fluxes perceived by a pedestrian, it has been possible to observe that the highest contribution to the outdoor radiant field comes from the downward solar irradiance. However, the downward and upward longwave radiant flux closely follows: this suggests the importance of providing shading rather than using highly reflective surfaces that can exacerbate heat stress by means of the increased reflected shortwave radiation.
Linking urban scenarios with energy simulations for dense urban planning under climate change
Authors: Felkner J , Marshall B , Richter S , Mbata E , Zigmund S , Nagy Z 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This research aims at linking Urban Planning, Energy Simulations and Climate Change projections into the year 2100 for hot climates. The workflow of going back and forth between urban and city scale plans and individual neighborhood parcels to building scale, for the sake of simulating energy demand for a given city into the future is complex. It is prone to rely on many assumptions and simplifications in order to aid the simulations. In this work, we streamline the process with new computational tools, with the goal of communicating a more precise impact of building scale and neighborhood morphological scale design and retrofit strategies in order to meet energy reduction and carbon emission targets focusing on 2030, 2050 and 2100. Urban scenarios are developed using Envision Tomorrow. The building archetypes used therein are associated with energy demand profiles which we simulate using EnergyPlus for various climate change scenarios to improve the forecasting ability of Envision Tomorrow. Denser developments yield far lower neighborhood energy use.
Quantifying the impacts of urban morphology on modifying microclimate conditions in extreme weather conditions
Authors: Javanroodi K. , Nik V.M. , Scartezzini JL. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
It is well-known that the morphology of urban areas modifies the variations of climate variables at microscale; known as microclimate conditions. The complexity of urban morphology can lead to undesired wind conditions or excessive air temperature; particularly in extreme weather conditions. This study attempts to quantify the impacts of urban morphology on the evolution of wind speed and air temperature at the urban canopy layer using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulations. In this regard, three urban neighbourhoods are generated based on a novel urban morphology parameterization method and assessed in two extreme low and high wind conditions. Results showed that wind speed (up to 75%) and air temperature (up to 28%) at the microscale can get amplified or dampened in extreme conditions. A negative correlation was observed between wind speed and air temperature variations indicating a great potential to reduce outdoor air temperature through heat removal in urban canyons. The findings of the study are categorized based on the morphological parameters to present a series of design-based strategies for the newly-built urban neighbourhoods.
Climate change and indoor temperature variation in Venetian buildings: the role of density and urban form
Authors: Maiullari D , Gherri B , Finizza C , Maretto M , Naboni E 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Although the influence of urban form on microclimate and building thermal processes has been acknowledged, few studies have addressed the influence of overheating mechanisms on heterogeneous urban fabrics for existing historical cities. This study investigates the impact of changing urban climate on indoor temperatures by focusing on three Venice morphological patterns. Through microclimate modelling techniques, outdoor and indoor temperatures are simulated in 2020 and 2050 scenarios. Results show that the compactness of the urban fabric contributes to reducing indoor building temperatures. The analysis suggests that the increased density of shadow areas can mitigate the outdoor temperature values and reduce direct radiation on façades. When comparing the two climate scenarios 2020 and 2050, average indoor temperatures increase in the latter. However, the analysis highlights that the absence of insulation and the relatively high thermal mass of typical Venetian envelopes plays a crucial role in the building thermal processes preserving indoor comfort in a warmer climate future.
Simulation-based optimization of energy performance with focus on sustainable building services engineering
Authors: Kierdorf Daniel , Banihashemi Farzan , Harter Hannes , Vollmer Michael , Lang Werner 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study is to compare and validate a building energy simulation model of a university building with monitored data. In addition, different building services engineering concepts are compared with each other regarding their ecological life cycle-based performance using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods. Optimizing these performances regarding sustainability indicators plays an essential role in realizing a climate-neutral building stock. A university building from the 90s, which consists of almost 900 thermal zones, is used as a case study. Detailed heating consumption data are available for the inspected building and are compared to the simulation results. Different energy supply concepts are first subjected to conducting LCA and then to a detailed energy performance simulation. This paper presents a procedure that enables decision-makers to examine building services engineering issues and to derive conclusions in a time-saving manner regarding appropriate sustainable actions. The focus on sustainable energy supply systems is an essential milestone for the realization of climate-neutral building stocks. The scientific innovation is in the detailed reproduction of the existing building and the comparison between simulation data and real-time data as well as an innovative and experimental approach to building and Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) system simulation.
The Energy Performance Gap in Swiss residential buildings: a roadmap for improvement
Authors: Cozza Stefano , Chambers Jonathan , Patel Martin K. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This work deals with the Energy Performance Gap (EPG) in buildings, defined as the difference between actual and theoretical energy consumption. This paper investigates how to close the EPG of existing buildings in Switzerland, by which measures, until when, and at which costs. To address these questions an extensive literature review was conducted combined with qualitative interviews in order to better understand practitioners’ experience and to support the findings from the literature. Several approaches have been found to reduce the EPG. These include both measures to make the building consume as expected and to arrive at a more accurate calculation of the theoretical consumption. We highlight the most relevant solutions for the Swiss context.
The influence of envelopes in the thermal performance of residential buildings, from the perspective of bioclimatic architecture
Authors: Guarda Emeli Lalesca Aparecida da , Gnecco Veronica Martins , Kamimura Artur Martins , Mizgier Martin Ordenes , Fossati Michele 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Energy efficiency measures (EEMs) and their impact on the thermal performance of buildings as well as on the user's thermal comfort, have become the focus of several studies. Bioclimatic strategies can contribute to improving thermal performance while increasing indoor thermal comfort for users. This paper aims to verify the bioclimatic potential of two types of dwellings in three Brazilian cities. The first one is the baseline, with basic construction systems. The other includes EEMs. The method consists of the verification of bioclimatic potential by psychometric charts for indoor and outdoor conditions. The results show significant indoor discomfort caused by heat in both dwellings—thermal comfort conditions during more than 95% of annual hours in Manaus, and during 85% in São Paulo. Therefore, energy efficiency strategies such as shading, ventilation and HVAC systems are necessary to promote thermal comfort conditions in hot climates.
Embodied greenhouse gas emissions reduction for structural elements in office buildings
Authors: Alaux Nicolas , Hoxha Endrit , Saade Marcella Ruschi Mendes , Passer Alexander 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In order to reach the COP21 objectives, mitigation strategies must be identified in all economic sectors. In Austria, the construction sector represents one of the greatest sources of carbon intensive activities. Within this sector, buildings have a significant role to play. Through a systematic literature review, this paper identifies strategies to reduce the embodied carbon emissions of structural building materials. Then, by implementing the most promising alternatives in building case studies and performing a life cycle assessment, up to 15% reduction of the embodied greenhouse gas emissions was observed. This paper, however, intends to show that there is no technology that is intrinsically best at surpassing all others.
LCA evaluation and Energy performance of a housing building in different technological scenarios
Authors: Costardi Luigi , Tagliabue Lavinia Chiara , Hamdy Mohamed , Dotelli Giovanni 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Reaching nearly Zero Energy Building (nZEB) standards through retrofit can be achieved by adopting controlled procedures and assessment tools. The main issue of operational energy consumption before and after refurbishment should be calculated with reliable predictive models to support investment payback time evaluations. For that purpose, dynamic simulation can reduce the performance gap between simulated and actual performance, however, multiple issues are involved. In the EU Directives, the nZEB framework addresses the operational consumption, which traditionally was the main portion in the building life cycle. However, where nZEB is concerned, the running energy is strongly reduced and embedded energy and disposal assume a higher contribution to the energy life cycle cost. It is worthy to note that LC-ZEBs (Life Cycle Zero Energy Buildings) have been conceptualized more than 10 years ago and the LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) approach is now integrated into the most advanced CVEs (Calculation Virtual Environments) to enable a broader evaluation of building energy during the lifespan. The paper presents LCA scenarios for a housing case study located in Italy and Norway where energy saving is regulated and suitable solutions are strongly connected to materials and energy supply contexts.
CARES research: product and process digitalization for design and manufacturing of prefabricated cardboard panels
Authors: Gallo Paola , Romano Rosa , Belardi Elisa 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Building prefabrication is facing the challenge to reduce the life-cycle impact of construction, enhance material circularity, and increase the quality of building products and processes. The paper presents the first phase of the research CARES - CArdboard RElocatable School developed with the Italian brand Archicart by Area S.r.l with the aim to prototype a temporary school unit. The work presented is focused on the industrialization of a prefabricated building technology based on the use of cardboard panels (PACOTECTM Stre-Wall panels). Cardboard is a circular and environmentally sustainable material but currently the design and manufacturing process lacks digital integration, resulting in poor quality control, limited adaptability, and lack of material optimization. To address sustainability goals, the work implemented a “file-to-factory” approach to redesign the design-manufacturing process of prefabricated cardboard panels, integrating industry 4.0 paradigms in manufacturing (automation, high-precision manufacturing) and the use of BIM tools for design to achieve better product-process quality and predictability. The redesigned workflow allows achieving sustainability goals, such as reduction of errors, reduction of material wastes, cost and time predictability, product customization, and adaptability. The workflow will be verified and tested in the design and manufacturing of prefabricated cardboard panels to build a temporary school unit.
Noise factor and reception bandwidth in optoacoustical GW antenna
Authors: Krysanov V A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An expression has extracted from the OGRAN project theory, which provides connection between numerical values of noise factor F and achieved displacement resolution and antenna’s threshold signal in metric variations. Noise factor and “reception bandwidth” connects across displacement resolution. There is defined analytical expression and numerical value for design displacement resolution (sensitivity) on the base intention F = 1. It has appeared that the extracted analytical expression for readout resolution does not correspond to applied Pound-Drever-Hall technique and AURIGA circuitry. This requires an improvement in theoretical design. The achieved resolution value 2·10−15 cm/Hz1/2 is matched to the value for metric sensitivity in pulse hmin
≃ 10−18, which is 15 dB higher than the thermal sensitivity limit.
Spinor vacuum and C, P, T inversions
Authors: Monakhov V V , Kozhedub A V 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We have developed the theory of Clifford reflections and extended spacetime inversions. This extended spacetime has two additional dimensions associated with the presence of internal degrees of freedom of spinors. Inversions C, P, and T contain not only reflections of the basis Clifford vectors and transformations of basis spinors, but also transformations of the components of vector and spinor quantities. The research is carried out on the basis of algebraic quantum field theory using the superalgebraic representation of spinors as well as the 8-component matrix representation of spinors. We have proved that due to the presence of internal degrees of freedom of spinors, there are two vacua, the vacuum of our Universe and an alternative vacuum. The inversion operators C and T transform the vacuum into an alternative one, and therefore cannot be operators of the exact symmetry of our Universe.
Improving professional skills in a multidisciplinary team of undergraduate engineering students through project-based learning
Authors: Ccama-Mamani K R , Chipoco Haro D , Gutierrez M R , Palomino-Marcelo L , Rodriguez-Reyes J C F 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Even though undergraduate engineering education often considers laboratory experiments as its practical component, these activities may not contribute to the development of soft (professional) skills. At “Universidad de Ingenieria y Tecnologia”, Perú, a series of courses called interdisciplinary projects has been created to promote the development of professional skills through project-based learning; herein, we report the experience of an interdisciplinary group of students focused on designing an indoor air filtration system to improve air quality and to reduce the spread of coronavirus diseases. Eight undergraduate engineering students were organized into three groups and worked collaboratively to learn about antiviral nanocomposites, user-centered design, and electromechanical systems design; they showed their progress and received feedback from each other through weekly meetings. In addition, they leaned on applications to organize the group work and share the bibliography consulted; finally, we collected feedback from these students on the proposed learning method. The positive impact of our problem-based learning approach on undergraduate engineering students is discussed.
Analysis of cognitive states in response to stimuli from augmented reality applications for teaching physics
Authors: Rojas-Contreras M , Peña-Cortés C A , Moreno-Cuevas L A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The scope of this article is to analyze the behavior of children’s brain waves in response to interaction with an augmented reality application that aims to support the concept of measurement in physics teaching. In particular, the analysis of brain waves is carried out through a brain-computer interface that measures 6 cognitive states such as engagement, interest, stress, focus, excitation, and relaxation. The method used to perform the analysis is carried out by means of electroencephalography, which is an electrophysiological process to record the electrical activity of the brain, and which is captured by means of sensors located on the scalp. Once the signals are captured, they are amplified, digitized, and stored in a computer for processing and analysis. Initially, electrical signals are recorded in response to a measurement stimulus with traditional methods and later with an augmented reality application stimulus. Among the most relevant findings, it was possible to establish that interest and commitment increase in response to the teaching method supported with an augmented reality application for the measurement concept with respect to the traditional teaching method. The use of vision technologies in teaching the concept of measurement improves cognitive states of interest, commitment and reduces the level of stress.
Development of a virtual bench for the analysis of the physical processes of internal combustion engines
Authors: Rojas Suárez J P , Pabón León J A , Orjuela Abril M S 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Currently, internal combustion engines face the challenge of reducing fuel consumption and reducing polluting emissions due to their significant impact on the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to use tools that allow us to evaluate the operating characteristics of this type of thermal machines. In the present investigation, the development of a virtual bench was proposed for the analysis of the behavior and performance characteristics of an internal combustion engine for use as a learning tool in higher education students. From the results obtained, it could be demonstrated that the pressure curves of the combustion chamber and the rate of heat release obtained by means of the virtual bench presented a high concordance with the experimental records. The maximum deviation obtained was 5% and 15% for the pressure curve and the heat release rate. Comparing the performance parameters of the brake specific fuel consumption of the engine and energy efficiency, a maximum deviation of 2.96% was shown compared to the real engine. In general, the virtual development bank can describe the behavior of the engine, allowing the characterization of physical phenomena, as well as evaluating the effect of auxiliary technologies such as turbo-compression systems.
Effect of aging on the physical-mechanical characteristics of an asphalt mixture with rubber
Authors: Bastidas-Martínez J G , Ruge J C , Zuluaga R A G , Medina L 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper evaluated the physical-mechanical characteristics of two asphalt mixtures. One mix with conventional asphalt and the other with asphalt modified with recycled rubber grain. For this purpose, the asphalt mix designs were made by means of the Marshall methodology. Subsequently, asphalt mixtures were manufactured to analyze the action of monotonic loads (indirect tensile strength) and dynamic loads (resilient modulus). Previously, each type of asphalt mix was subjected to short- and long-term aging conditions, following Aastho guidelines. It is concluded that the incorporation of recycled rubber grain makes the changes in mechanical properties with aging not very noticeable in relation to mixtures without this material.