bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE AND PERCEPTIONS OF RACISM
Authors: Maggio Christopher 
Published: August 2021

AbstractVarious research has demonstrated that rapid racial demographic change may aid in triggering various forms of backlash under certain conditions. This has led scholars to speak of Whites “defending” their local environment in the face of eroding racial dominance. However, little research has addressed how perceptions of racism among minorities may be triggered under conditions of demographic change. This study attempts to fill this gap in the literature by examining the relationship between racial demographic change for Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians and perceptions of racial problems among these groups in the United States. Using standard OLS regressions, ordered logistic regressions, multinomial logistic regressions, and techniques accounting for selection into treatment, I find that Blacks and Hispanics living in counties undergoing rapid growth of Black and Hispanic populations, respectively, have higher perceptions of racial problems. Asians show no evidence of increased perceptions of racial problems in counties undergoing rapid Asian growth. For Blacks, this relationship is concentrated among those without at least a four-year degree and residents of counties with lower initial White populations (and higher initial Black populations). For Hispanics, it is similarly concentrated among those without at least a four-year degree, but also is likely stronger among residents of counties with higher initial White populations (and lower initial Hispanic populations), highlighting unique racial dynamics. This research adds to a growing body of work showing the importance of examining demographic change at the local level in order to understand some of today’s most pressing political and social issues.
The legal protection of persons living under the control of non-State armed groups
Authors: Rodenhäuser Tilman 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn recent non-international armed conflicts in countries such as the Central African Republic, Iraq, Libya, Nigeria, South Sudan, Syria, Ukraine and Yemen, various non-State armed groups (NSAGs) have exercised control over territory and people living therein. In many cases, and for a variety of reasons, NSAGs perform some form of governance in these territories, which can include the maintenance of order or the provision of justice, health care, or social services. The significance of such measures became particularly apparent when in 2020 not only governments but also armed groups took steps to halt the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. This article examines key legal issues that arise in these contexts. First, it analyzes the extent to which international humanitarian law protects the life and dignity of persons living under the control of NSAGs, rebutting doubts as to whether this field of international law has a role in regulating what is sometimes called “rebel governance”. Second, it provides a brief overview of aspects of the lives of people in armed group-controlled territory that are addressed by international humanitarian law and aspects that instead fall into the realm of human rights law. Third, the article discusses whether and to what extent human rights law can be said to bind NSAGs as a matter of law and flags issues that need further attention in current and future debates.
Twins Separated at Birth: Across a Country and Around the World/Twin Research: Memorial Tribute to Isaac Blickstein, MD; Infanticide and Sacrifice of Archaic-Aged Twins and Triplets; Prehistoric Twin Burials; Highlights from a Conference onThree Identical Strangers/Media Reports: An Atypical Twin Father; An Actor’s Twin Brother; Twin Link to Tulsa, Oklahoma Massacre; Superfetated Twins; Twin Comedians and Script Writers; Indian Twins’ Loss to COVID-19
Authors: Segal Nancy L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEvery reared-apart monozygotic (MZ) twin pair offers a fresh perspective on human developmental questions. This is true regardless of whether the co-twins were raised in the same country or across the globe. The members of two pairs of separated MZ female twins have recently come to attention. In one case the twins were raised by different families in Argentina; in the other case the twins were raised by different families in Sweden and Vietnam. The perceptions and perspectives of these twins are insightful. The twin research section that follows begins with a tribute to our late esteemed colleague, Dr Isaac Blickstein (1953−2020). Research concerning the infanticide and sacrifice of Archaic-aged twins and triplets and prehistoric twin burials is reviewed next. Highlights from a conference focused on the 2018 filmThree Identical Strangersare also included in this portion. The final section of this article includes media reports of an atypical twin father, an actor’s twin brother, a twin link to the 1921 Tulsa, Oklahoma massacre, the birth of superfetated twins, twin comedians and script writers and Indian twins’ tragic loss to COVID-19.
Antecedent Rainfall, Excessive Vegetation Growth and Its Relation to Wildfire Burned Areas in California
Authors: Hernández Ayala José J. , Mann Jenna , Grosvenor Elisabeth 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn recent years, California has experienced wildfire seasons of increasing frequency and magnitude, especially in terms of wildfire burned areas. Here, we investigate the precipitation and vegetation growth preceding each wildfire season for the 2001–2020 period to determine if antecedent rainfall led to enhanced vegetation growth in wildfire burned areas in California. Precipitation data from the Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) Mission and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and the Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI) data are examined to determine if antecedent rainfall and vegetation were normal, above, or below average, for the peak wet (December–February) and peak growth (March–May) periods preceding each wildfire season, as well as for the two previous wet and growth seasons. Then spatial correlations are done between precipitation and the vegetation indexes to determine the statistical significance of the relationships. Eleven of the 20 wildfire seasons were generally found to be preceded by above average levels of precipitation and vegetation growth. In three of the six seasons with more wildfire activities, linear regression model results show high positive correlations between precipitation and vegetation, suggesting that antecedent rainfall fueled vegetation growth that might have caused a significant impact on wildfire burned areas. Most of the larger wildfires in California, including the largest on record, exhibited positive correlations between antecedent rainfall and vegetation. Our results suggest that antecedent rainfall in California led to enhanced vegetation growth that later fueled more than half of the wildfire seasons analyzed in this study.
Cultivating a New Field at the Boundary Between Geoscience and Education Research
Authors: Kastens Kim A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractI was privileged to contribute to the creation of a new field, Geoscience Education Research. This liminal field, with roots in both education research and geosciences, is deepening how people think and learn about the Earth. In this article, I recount some of my twists and turns along way, and ponder whether such a zig‐zagging pathway was essential or a distraction. And if essential, what made it possible? Twenty‐first century geosciences aporous boundaries, with insights flowing in and out from health sciences, social sciences, humanities, business, and other physical sciences. Such boundary regions are fertile ground for both basic and use‐inspired research. If you feel drawn to a boundary region, perhaps my story can provide encouragement or advice.
The Landslide Hazard Chain in the Tapovan of the Himalayas on 7 February 2021
Authors: Jiang Ruochen , Zhang Limin , Peng Dalei , He Xin , He Jian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOn February 7, 2021, a catastrophic landslide occurred in Chamoli, India on the southern hills of the Himalayas (N, E). About 28 × 106 m3 of landslide mass detached from the mountain face, entrained deposits in the valley and riverbed, and generated a huge debris flood along the Dhauliganga River. In this study, the geomorphological and volumetric characteristics of the disaster chain were interpreted from satellite images. The full process of the disaster chain and the erosion, deposition and flow discharge processes were reproduced using a cell‐based analysis program, Erosion–Deposition Debris Flow Analysis (EDDA). The results indicate a peak flow discharge of the debris flood at Tapovan Hydropower Station of about 25,000–28,000 m3/s. The main erosion and deposition zones are distributed along the valley floor and the Dhauliganga River, respectively. This study serves as basis for understanding the disaster chain dynamics in high mountain areas.
Electrical Conductivity of Aqueous NaCl at High Pressure and Low Temperature: Application to Deep Subsurface Oceans of Icy Moons
Authors: Pan Yilong , Yong Wenjun , Secco Richard A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSodium chloride (NaCl) may be an antifreeze in subsurface oceans of icy moons, so its electrical conductivity provides information on properties and processes complementing models of internal structure. We conducted experimental measurements of electrical conductivity of aqueous NaCl (NaCl(aq)) at 212–1,713 MPa and 233–295 K in a multianvil press, simulating high‐pressure and low‐temperature (HPLT) conditions of the subsurface oceans of icy moons such as Titan and Ganymede. A numerical model is proposed with , where σ is the conductivity (S/m), T the temperature (K), c* the NaCl(aq) molality (mol/kg), ρ the water density (g/cm3), ρ0 the NaCl(aq) density at standard condition (g/cm3), Λ0 is the limiting equivalent conductance (S cm2 equiv−1). We used this to generate conductivity distributions over a wide range of HPLT and at different concentrations. Significantly high electrical conductivity and large temperature sensitivity allow our data to provide useful experimental reference for future flyby observations.
Downscaling CESM2 in CLM5 to Hindcast Preindustrial Equilibrium Line Altitudes for Tropical Mountain Glaciers
Authors: Heavens Nicholas G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTropical mountain glaciers are an important water resource and highly impacted by recent climate change. Tropical mountain glaciation also occurred in the recent and deep past, which presents opportunities for better validating paleoclimate simulations in continental interiors and mountainous regions but requires bridging global model scales (hundreds of kilometers) with the 1–10 km scale of glaciers when paleotopography is poorly known. Here, we hindcast tropical mountain glaciation in preindustrial time by using global climate model meteorology to force standalone simulations in its land component that use high‐resolution topography to resolve selected tropical mountain glaciers. These simulations underestimate observed equilibrium line altitudes (ELAs) by 249 330 m, but the simulated ELA and snow lines capture observed intermountain ELA variability. Errors in large‐scale model precipitation and ELA reconstruction uncertainty are the main contributors to this bias.
A Metamorphic Origin for Europa's Ocean
Authors: Melwani Daswani Mohit , Vance Steven D. , Mayne Matthew J. , Glein Christopher R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEuropa likely contains an iron‐rich metal core. For it to have formed, temperatures within Europa reached1250 K. Going up to that temperature, accreted chondritic minerals — for example, carbonates and phyllosilicates — would partially devolatilize. Here, we compute the amounts and compositions of exsolved volatiles. We find that volatiles released from the interior would have carried solutes, redox‐sensitive species, and could have generated a carbonic ocean in excess of Europa's present‐day hydrosphere, and potentially an earlyatmosphere. No late delivery of cometary water was necessary. Contrasting with prior work,could be the most abundant solute in the ocean, followed by,, and. However, gypsum precipitation going from the seafloor to the ice shell decreases the dissolved S/Cl ratio, such that ClS at the shallowest depths, consistent with recently inferred endogenous chlorides at Europa's surface. Gypsum would form a 3–10 km thick sedimentary layer at the seafloor.
Reply to Comment on “An Active Plume Eruption on Europa During Galileo Flyby E26 as Indicated by Energetic Proton Depletions”
Authors: Huybrighs H. L. F. , Roussos E. , Blöcker A. , Krupp N. , Futaana Y. , Barabash S. , Hadid L. Z. , Holmberg M. K. G. , Witasse O. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn Huybrighs et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl087806) we investigated energetic proton depletions along Galileo's Europa flyby E26. Based on a particle tracing analysis, we proposed that depletions are caused by perturbed electromagnetic fields combined with atmospheric charge exchange and possible plumes. One depletion feature identified as a plume signature was shown to be an artifact (Jia et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl091550). Despite that, here we emphasize that Huybrighs et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020gl087806) demonstrates that plumes can cause proton depletions and that these features should be sought after. Furthermore, the conclusions on the importance of perturbed electromagnetic fields and atmospheric charge exchange on the depletions are unaffected. We suggest that the artifact's cause is a mistagging of protons as heavier ions by EPD. The artifact prevents us from confirming or excluding that there is a plume‐associated depletion. We also address comments on the MHD simulations and demonstrate that 540–1,040 keV losses are not necessarily inconsistent with 115–244 keV losses by plume‐associated charge exchange.
Night‐Time Ionospheric Localized Enhancements (NILE) Observed in North America Following Geomagnetic Disturbances
Authors: Chartier A. T. , Datta‐Barua S. , McDonald S. E. , Bust G. S. , Tate J. , Goncharenko L. P. , Romeo G. , Schaefer R. K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Ionospheric Data Assimilation Four‐Dimensional (IDA4D) technique has been coupled to Sami3, which is another model of the ionosphere (SAMI3). In this application, ground‐based and space‐based GPS total electron content (TEC) data have been assimilated into SAMI3, while in‐situ electron densities, autoscaled ionosonde NmF2, and reference GPS stations have been used for validation. IDA4D/SAMI3 shows that night‐time ionospheric localized enhancements (NILE) are formed following geomagnetic storms in November 2003 and August 2018. The NILE phenomenon appears as a moderate, longitudinally extended enhancement of NmF2 at 30°–40°N MLAT, occurring in the late evening (20–24 LT) following much larger enhancements of the equatorial anomaly crests in the main phase of the storms. The NILE appears to be caused by upward and northward plasma transport around the dusk terminator, which is consistent with eastward polarization electric fields. Independent validation confirms the presence of the NILE, and indicates that IDA4D is effective in correcting random errors and systematic biases in SAMI3. In all cases, biases and root‐mean‐square errors are reduced by the data assimilation, typically by a factor of 2 or more. During the most severe part of the November 2003 storm, the uncorrected ionospheric error on a GPS 3D position at 1LSU (Louisiana) is estimated to exceed 34 m. The IDA4D/SAMI3 specification is effective in correcting this down to 10 m.
The Critical Effect of Subgrid‐Scale Scheme on Simulating the Climate Impacts of Deforestation
Authors: Wang Dashan , Wu Jie , Huang Maoyi , Li Laurent Z. X. , Wang Dagang , Lin Ting , Dong Li , Li Qi , Yang Long , Zeng Zhenzhong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLand surface schemes (LSSs) in Earth System Models simulate how vegetation regulates land‐atmosphere fluxes of heat, water, carbon, and momentum. Despite advances in the spatial resolution of regional climate modeling, significant land cover changes occured at sub‐grid scale still not properly treated. Here, we investigate the response of evapotranspiration, representing the fluxes of heat and water, to deforestation in Southeast Asian Massif by employing three LSSs (Noah mosaic, Noah‐MP and Community Land Model (CLM)) with different approaches in representing sub‐grid variability, implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Two experiments, with and without satellite‐observed deforestation, were performed for each scheme. Results show that the simulations are highly sensitive to the subgrid‐scale approaches embedded in the LSSs. Compared with the observed historical climate, CLM outperforms other schemes and Noah mosaic shows the largest bias. However, if we target the simulation of the climate impacts of land cover change, the Noah mosaic scheme taking the sub‐grid approach can better capture the response of evapotranspiration to deforestation. The NoahMP and CLM schemes underestimate the evapotranspiration response in the grid cells where the dominant land cover type has not changed, but overestimate the response in those grid cells with dominant type changed, which is a characteristic of dominant‐grid approach. To improve our understanding of climate impacts induced by fine‐scale land cover change, future efforts to better represent subgrid‐scale variability and land‐atmosphere flux exchange in climate models are desirable.
PreMevE Update: Forecasting Ultra‐Relativistic Electrons Inside Earth's Outer Radiation Belt
Authors: Sinha Saurabh , Chen Yue , Lin Youzuo , Pires de Lima Rafael 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEnergetic electrons inside Earth's Van Allen belts pose a major radiation threat to space‐borne electronics that often play vital roles in modern society. Ultra‐relativistic electrons with energies greater than or equal to two megaelectron‐volt (MeV) are of particular interest, and thus forecasting these ≥2 MeV electrons has a significant meaning to all space sectors. Here, we update the latest development of the predictive model for MeV electrons in the outer radiation belt. The new version, called PREdictive MEV Electron (PreMevE)‐2E, forecasts ultra‐relativistic electron flux distributions across the outer belt, with no need for in situ measurements of the trapped MeV electron population except at the geosynchronous orbit (GEO). Model inputs include precipitating electrons observed in low‐Earth‐orbits by NOAA satellites, upstream solar wind speeds and densities from solar wind monitors, as well as ultra‐relativistic electrons measured by one Los Alamos GEO satellite. We evaluated 32 supervised machine learning models that fall into four different classes of linear and neural network architectures, and successfully tested ensemble forecasting by using groups of top‐performing models. All models are individually trained, validated, and tested by in situ electron data from NASA's Van Allen Probes mission. It is shown that the final ensemble model outperforms individual models at most L‐shells, and this PreMevE‐2E model can provide 25‐h (∼1‐day) and 50‐h (∼2‐day) forecasts with high mean performance efficiency and correlation values. Our results also suggest that this new model is dominated by nonlinear components at L‐shells <∼4 for ultra‐relativistic electrons, different from the dominance of linear components for 1 MeV electrons as previously discovered.
A high-resolution temporal atlas of the SARS-CoV-2 translatome and transcriptome
Authors: Kim Doyeon , Kim Sukjun , Park Joori , Chang Hee Ryung , Chang Jeeyoon , Ahn Junhak , Park Heedo , Park Junehee , Son Narae , Kang Gihyeon , Kim Jeonghun , Kim Kisoon , Park Man-Seong , Kim Yoon Ki , Baek Daehyun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCOVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which infected >200 million people resulting in >4 million deaths. However, temporal landscape of the SARS-CoV-2 translatome and its impact on the human genome remain unexplored. Here, we report a high-resolution atlas of the translatome and transcriptome of SARS-CoV-2 for various time points after infecting human cells. Intriguingly, substantial amount of SARS-CoV-2 translation initiates at a novel translation initiation site (TIS) located in the leader sequence, termed TIS-L. Since TIS-L is included in all the genomic and subgenomic RNAs, the SARS-CoV-2 translatome may be regulated by a sophisticated interplay between TIS-L and downstream TISs. TIS-L functions as a strong translation enhancer for ORF S, and as translation suppressors for most of the other ORFs. Our global temporal atlas provides compelling insight into unique regulation of the SARS-CoV-2 translatome and helps comprehensively evaluate its impact on the human genome.
Co-targeting CDK4/6 and AKT with endocrine therapy prevents progression in CDK4/6 inhibitor and endocrine therapy-resistant breast cancer
Authors: Alves Carla L. , Ehmsen Sidse , Terp Mikkel G. , Portman Neil , Tuttolomondo Martina , Gammelgaard Odd L. , Hundebøl Monique F. , Kaminska Kamila , Johansen Lene E. , Bak Martin , Honeth Gabriella , Bosch Ana , Lim Elgene , Ditzel Henrik J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCDK4/6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) combined with endocrine therapy have shown impressive efficacy in estrogen receptor-positive advanced breast cancer. However, most patients will eventually experience disease progression on this combination, underscoring the need for effective subsequent treatments or better initial therapies. Here, we show that triple inhibition with fulvestrant, CDK4/6i and AKT inhibitor (AKTi) durably impairs growth of breast cancer cells, prevents progression and reduces metastasis of tumor xenografts resistant to CDK4/6i-fulvestrant combination or fulvestrant alone. Importantly, switching from combined fulvestrant and CDK4/6i upon resistance to dual combination with AKTi and fulvestrant does not prevent tumor progression. Furthermore, triple combination with AKTi significantly inhibits growth of patient-derived xenografts resistant to combined CDK4/6i and fulvestrant. Finally, high phospho-AKT levels in metastasis of breast cancer patients treated with a combination of CDK4/6i and endocrine therapy correlates with shorter progression-free survival. Our findings support the clinical development of ER, CDK4/6 and AKT co-targeting strategies following progression on CDK4/6i and endocrine therapy combination, and in tumors exhibiting high phospho-AKT levels, which are associated with worse clinical outcome.
Current gene panels account for nearly all homologous recombination repair-associated multiple-case breast cancer families
Authors: Matis Thibaut S. , Zayed Nadia , Labraki Bouchra , de Ladurantaye Manon , Matis Théophane A. , Camacho Valenzuela José , Hamel Nancy , Atayan Adrienne , Rivera Barbara , Tabach Yuval , Tonin Patricia N. , Orthwein Alexandre , Mes-Masson Anne-Marie , El Haffaf Zaki , Foulkes William D. , Polak Paz 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIt was hypothesized that variants in underexplored homologous recombination repair (HR) genes could explain unsolved multiple-case breast cancer (BC) families. We investigated HR deficiency (HRD)-associated mutational signatures and second hits in tumor DNA from familial BC cases. No candidates genes were associated with HRD in 38 probands previously tested negative with gene panels. We conclude it is unlikely that unknown HRD-associated genes explain a large fraction of unsolved familial BC.