bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual tree detection using UAV-lidar and UAV-SfM data: A tutorial for beginners
Authors: Mohan Midhun , Leite Rodrigo Vieira , Broadbent Eben North , Wan Mohd Jaafar Wan Shafrina , Srinivasan Shruthi , Bajaj Shaurya , Dalla Corte Ana Paula , do Amaral Cibele Hummel , Gopan Gopika , Saad Siti Nor Maizah , Muhmad Kamarulzaman Aisyah Marliza , Prata Gabriel Atticciati , Llewelyn Emma , Johnson Daniel J. , Doaemo Willie , Bohlman Stephanie , Almeyda Zambrano Angelica Maria , Cardil Adrián 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Applications of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have proliferated in the last decade due to the technological advancements on various fronts such as structure-from-motion (SfM), machine learning, and robotics. An important preliminary step with regard to forest inventory and management is individual tree detection (ITD), which is required to calculate forest attributes such as stem volume, forest uniformity, and biomass estimation. However, users may find adopting the UAVs and algorithms for their specific projects challenging due to the plethora of information available. Herein, we provide a step-by-step tutorial for performing ITD using (i) low-cost UAV-derived imagery and (ii) UAV-based high-density lidar (light detection and ranging). Functions from open-source R packages were implemented to develop a canopy height model (CHM) and perform ITD utilizing the local maxima (LM) algorithm. ITD accuracy assessment statistics and validation were derived through manual visual interpretation from high-resolution imagery and field-data-based accuracy assessment. As the intended audience are beginners in remote sensing, we have adopted a very simple methodology and chosen study plots that have relatively open canopies to demonstrate our proposed approach; the respective R codes and sample plot data are available as supplementary materials.
Characteristics and management of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections
Authors: Tanriover Mine Durusu , Fathi Anahita , Raspe Matthias , Novais António Grilo , Uyaroğlu Oğuz Abdullah 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has caused and is still causing tremendous morbidity, mortality, and damage to our societies. The disease course of COVID-19 can be unpredictable ranging from asymptomatic infections to multi-organ failure and death. Transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) from an asymptomatic infected individual to others has been observed early in the pandemic. Asymptomatic individuals have been shown to have quantitative SARS-CoV-2 viral loads, there may or may not be radiological and/or laboratory abnormalities. No antiviral therapy has been approved for the treatment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV2- infection. The management of asymptomatic individuals at home requires that the person can be monitored for any signs and symptoms of deterioration and that the requirements for infection prevention and control measures can be fulfilled. It is crucial to properly diagnose and manage asymptomatic COVID-19 cases with effective testing, contact tracing, quarantine, and isolation strategies. Preventing asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections that have a major role in the unhindered transmission of the virus is a milestone to take control of the pandemic. Vaccination has been proven to be the crucial pillar for preventing asymptomatic infections and real-life data will continue to exhibit the effects of community vaccination in breaking the transmission chain of SARS-CoV-2 infections.
Properties of wood-based composites manufactured from densified beech wood in viscoelastic and plastic region of the force-deflection diagram (FDD)
Authors: Sikora Adam , Gaff Milan , Németh Róbert 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
It is still little or no knowledge about the properties of layered wood-based composites and nonwood components in the viscoelastic and plastic region of the force-deflection diagram (FDD). The properties of composites in this area are influenced by several factors such as the composition of the layered composite, the method of modification of the individual layers, the type of adhesive used, etc. This paper focuses on the analysis of the effect of the thickness of individual layers (5 and 9 mm) of beech wood (Fagus sylvatica L.), modification of these layers with different degrees of densification (10, 20, 30, and 40%) and the type of the nonwood component (carbon and high-strength glass fibers) used to reinforce the layered composite on the properties of materials in the plastic region of the FDD. The paper describes the impact of selected factors and those interactions behavior of the tangent modulus in the whole FDD. This is the first study that describes the development of layered wood-based composites and nonwood components in the viscoelastic and plastic region and analyzes the impact of most imported types of modifications on the characteristics in the viscoelastic and plastic regions.
Two-phase verbs: a crosslinguistic look at an actional class
Authors: Polančec Jurica 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper documents the properties and realizations of the actional (aspectual,Aktionsart) class of two-phase verbs, with a particular focus on languages with inflectional (obligatory) grammatical aspect. The paper adopts a descriptive (non-formal) and typological perspective. Two-phase verbs are defined, for the purposes of the paper, as verbs whose inflectional (obligatory) aspect grams (e.g., imperfective, progressive, etc.) can express both the durative phase of the situation leading up to the culmination, as well as the durative phase resulting from that culmination. The realizations of the class in perfective-imperfective languages are compared to realizations in two languages with idiosyncratic aspect systems, Belhare and Nyakyusa.
The robustness of Botne and Kershner aspectual classes in Nyamwezi
Authors: Kanijo Ponsiano Sawaka 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe framework proposed in the works of Robert Botne and Tiffany Kershner has been widely used to classify verbs in Bantu languages. In this framework, verbs encode events which consist of maximally three phases: onset (represents the coming-to-be phase), nucleus (represents the state change itself; can also be represented as a coming-to-be phase if the verb lacks an onset) and coda (represents the result-state phase). Hence, verbs are defined depending on which phases they encode and whether particular phases are punctual or durative. The phasal structures of verbs can be diagnosed using various tests. The application of these diagnostics to Nyamwezi (a Tanzanian Bantu language, [nym]) produces three significant variations. First, Botne and Kershner’s conception of statives as events with no phasal structure is not tenable in Nyamwezi. The tests show that in Nyamwezi, statives have structure. Second, some classes described in Botne and Kershner do not occur in Nyamwezi. Third, in Botne and Kershner’s works, classes are described depending on whether particular phases are punctual or durative. In addition to this characteristic, the classes in Nyamwezi can also be described depending on whether particular phases are dynamic or static, and whether the result state is permanent or reversible.
Actionality across (sub)paradigms
Authors: Tatevosov Sergei 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper explores the verbal system of Tundra Nenets and offers a partition of the entire set of derivationally minimal verbs into actional classes, which include stative, process, inceptive-stative, ingressive-atelic, durative and punctual telic, durative and punctual ingressive, and bi-telic verbs. This classification is established in a bottom-up manner, starting from the lowest level of actional interpretations of individual subparadigms of a verb. As a result, 18 subparadigmatic classes are established. At the next stage, an actional characteristic is assigned to the entire paradigm and the 18 subparadigmatic classes are reduced to seven actional macroclasses. However, at the paradigmatic level, one discovers that for certain types of verbs actional information available paradigm-internally does not suffice. To recover the missing information, one needs to examine derivationally related lexical items that realize semantic configurations unavailable paradigm-internally. This paradigm-external perspective leads to the recognition of cross-paradigmatic actional characteristics assigned to groups of derivationally related verbs.
STK25 and MST3 Have Overlapping Roles to Regulate Rho GTPases during Cortical Development
Authors: Matsuki Tohru , Iio Akio , Ueda Masashi , Tsuneura Yumi , Howell Brian W. , Nakayama Atsuo 
Published: September 2021

Precise control of neuronal migration is required for the laminar organization of the neocortex and critical for brain function. We previously reported that the acute disruption of theStk25gene (Stk25conditional knock-out; cKO) during mouse embryogenesis causes anomalous neuronal migration in the neocortex, but paradoxically theStk25cKO did not have a cortical phenotype, suggesting some forms of compensation exist. In this study, we report that MST3, another member of the GCKIII subgroup of the Ste20-like kinase family, compensates for loss ofStk25and vice versa with sex independent manner. MST3 overexpression rescued neuronal migration deficit and abnormal axonogenesis inStk25cKO brains. Mechanistically, STK25 leads to Rac1 activation and reduced RhoA levels in the developing brain, both of which are required to fully restore neuronal migration in theStk25cKO brain. Abnormal migration phenotypes are also rescued by overexpression of Bacurd1and Cul3, which target RhoA for degradation, and activate Rac1. This study reveals that MST3 upregulation is capable of rescuing acuteStk25deficiency and resolves details of signaling downstream STK25 required for corticogenesis both common to and distinct from MST3 signaling.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTProper neuronal migration during cortical development is required for normal neuronal function. Here, we show that STK25 and MST3 kinases regulate neuronal migration and polarization in a mutually compensatory manner. Furthermore, STK25 balances Rac1 activity and RhoA level through forming complexes with α-PIX and β-PIX, GTPase regulatory enzymes, and Cullin3-Bacurd1/Kctd13, a pair of RhoA ubiquitination molecules in a kinase activity-independent manner. Our findings demonstrate the importance of overlapping and unique roles of STK25 and MST3 to regulate Rho GTPase activities in cortical development.
Hippocampal Inputs in the Prelimbic Cortex Curb Fear after Extinction
Authors: Szadzinska Weronika , Danielewski Konrad , Kondrakiewicz Kacper , Andraka Karolina , Nikolaev Evgeni , Mikosz Marta , Knapska Ewelina 
Published: September 2021

In contrast to easily formed fear memories, fear extinction requires prolonged training. The prelimbic cortex (PL), which integrates signals from brain structures involved in fear conditioning and extinction such as the ventral hippocampus (vHIP) and the basolateral amygdala (BL), is necessary for fear memory retrieval. Little is known, however, about how the vHIP and BL inputs to the PL regulate the display of fear after fear extinction. Using functional anatomy tracing in male rats, we found two distinct subpopulations of neurons in the PL activated by either the successful extinction or the relapse of fear. During the retrieval of fear extinction memory, the dominant input to active neurons in the PL was from the vHIP, whereas the retrieval of fear memory, regardless of the age of a memory and testing context, was associated with greater BL input. Optogenetic stimulation of the vHIP–PL pathway after one session of fear extinction increased conditioned fear, whereas stimulation of the vHIP inputs after several sessions of extinction decreased the conditioned fear response. This latter effect was, however, transient, as stimulation of this pathway 28 d after extinction increased conditioned fear response again. The results show that repeated fear extinction training gradually changes vHIP–PL connectivity, making fear suppression possible, whereas in the absence of fear suppression from the vHIP, signals from the BL can play a dominant role, resulting in high levels of fear.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTBehavioral therapies of fear are based on extinction learning. As extinction memories fade over time, such therapies produce only a temporary suppression of fear, which constitutes a clinical and societal challenge. In our study, we provide a framework for understating the underlying mechanism by which extinction of fear memories fade by demonstrating the existence of two subpopulations of neurons in the prelimbic cortex associated with low and high levels of fear. Insufficient extinction and exposure to the context in which fear memory was formed promoted high fear neuronal activity in the prelimbic cortex, leading to fear retrieval. Extensive extinction training, on the other hand, boosted low fear neuronal activity and, as a result, extinction memory retrieval. This effect was, however, transient and disappeared with time.
Thyroid sarcoidosis: a rare entity in the differential diagnosis of thyroid cancer
Authors: Katsamakas Michail , Tzitzili Eleni , Boudina Maria , Kiziridou Anastasia , Valeri Rosalia , Zafeiriou Georgios , Chrisoulidou Alexandra 
Published: September 2021

Summary
We present two cases of thyroid sarcoidosis that were misdiagnosed as thyroid cancer. In the first patient, fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAc) of a suspicious thyroid nodule indicated the presence of papillary thyroid cancer, and the patient underwent thyroid surgery. However, histopathology identified a sarcoid granuloma, without any sign of malignancy. The second patient had a history of papillary microcarcinoma with suspicious lymph nodes diagnosed years after the initial diagnosis and was referred for assessment of cervical lymphadenopathy. Fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAc) of the suspicious lymph nodes erroneously indicated metastasis from thyroid cancer, and lateral modified lymph node dissection was performed, based on FNAc and ultrasonographic features. Histopathology excluded malignancy and identified non-caseating granulomas. Sarcoidosis of the thyroid may have a clinical presentation similar to well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma and, although rare, should be considered in the differential diagnosis, especially when other signs of the disease are already present. In these cases, FNAc provided a false diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma and lymph node metastases that led to unnecessary surgery.

Learning points

Sarcoidosis may share clinical and ultrasonographic features with papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Fine needle aspiration cytology is helpful in the diagnosis of both conditions; however, the overlapping cytological characteristics may lead to erroneous diagnosis.

The present cases illustrate the importance of cytological identification of these difficult cases. Every piece of information provided by the clinician is essential to the cytologist.
Valores económicos relativos para caracteres de finura en fibra de alpacas de la Región Puno
Authors: Apaza Zuñiga Edgar , Cazorla Chambi Samuel , Condori Carbajal Cesar , Arpasi Meléndez Fredy Ricardo , Tumi Figueroa Isabel , Yana Viveros William , Quispe Coaquira Jesús Esteban 
Published: September 2021

El estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar pesos económicos relativos para 10 caracteres relacionados a la calidad de la fibra en alpacas Huacaya, a través del Recíproco de la desviación estándar fenotípica del carácter y la Regresión de los caracteres sobre el benéfico económico. Se utilizaron 22 543 datos por carácter, determinados en muestras de vellón de alpacas de la Región Puno. Los pesos económicos obtenidos por el primer procedimiento asumen diferentes valores, los que son inversamente proporcionales al valor de la desviación estándar fenotípica del carácter, y cuantifican el número de veces que la variancia contiene a la desviación estándar fenotípica pertinente. Los obtenidos por el método de regresión asumen también valores diferentes (positivos y negativos), que no necesariamente orientan la tendencia, pero cuantifican el cambio en la pendiente a un cambio en una unidad promedio del fenotipo. Los valores de pesos económicos no son similarmente proporcionales por ambos métodos. Los pesos económicos obtenidos son los más apropiados para las características relacionadas con la finura de la fibra en alpacas, pero no necesariamente considerados como criterio de selección.
Teaching Basic Life Support to 5- to 8-Year-Old Children: A Cluster Randomized Trial
Authors: Varela-Casal Cristina , Abelairas-Gómez Cristian , Otero-Agra Martín , Barcala-Furelos Roberto , Rodríguez-Núñez Antonio , Greif Robert 
Published: September 2021

OBJECTIVE
We aimed to compare traditional basic life support (BLS) education with specific and innovative educative didactic material that has been previously designed and validated.

METHODS
Fifteen classes of schoolchildren aged 5 to 8 years (n = 237) were randomly assigned to 4 groups in which different didactic and complementary materials were used: (1) the Rescube tool with a cuddly toy (n = 61), (2) the Endless Book tool with a cuddly toy (n = 74), (3) traditional teaching with a cuddly toy (n = 46), and (4) traditional teaching with a manikin (n = 55). The BLS sequence was assessed at baseline (T0). After that, children took part in a one-hour theory and practice session in their assigned training modality. BLS sequence was assessed again within one week (T1) and after one month (T2).

RESULTS
The 4 modalities were successful in improving children’s skills when comparing T0 with both T1 and T2 (P &lt; .05). At T2, more schoolchildren remembered the complete BLS sequence after using the Rescube (75%) compared with the number of schoolchildren who remember the complete BLS sequence after using the Endless Book (53%), a manikin (42%), or a cuddly toy (13%) (P &lt; .05). A higher proportion of participants who used the Rescube correctly performed all the BLS steps analyzed compared with those who used only the manikin or a cuddly toy during the learning phase. The Endless Book was also more effective except for learning to check consciousness and breathing.

CONCLUSION
Better BLS learning and knowledge retention outcomes were achieved by using our specific and adapted didactic materials (Rescube and Endless Book). These new educational tools have the potential to substantially support BLS school education programs.
Calidad composicional y sensorial de la carne bovina y su determinación mediante infrarrojo cercano
Authors: Barragán-Hernández Wilson Andrés , Mahecha-Ledesma Liliana , Olivera-Angel Martha , Angulo-Arizala Joaquín 
Published: September 2021

Introducción. La carne bovina es un alimento de alto valor biológico para la nutrición humana, es fuente de grasa, proteína, vitaminas y minerales. Sin embargo, aspectos asociados al impacto ambiental del sistema productivo y asociación con enfermedades no trasmisibles, han promovido nuevas tendencias en el consumo de proteína (vegetal, insectos, laboratorio), por lo que se hace necesario identificar y ofrecer información sobre los atributos de la carne que favorecen la aceptación de los consumidores, de forma rápida y confiable a través de técnicas no destructivas y amigables al ambiente como el infrarrojo cercano. Objetivo. Revisar las experiencias asociadas a la implementación de la Espectroscopia de Infrarrojo Cercano (NIRS) como alternativa en la determinación de la calidad de la carne bovina. Desarrollo. Los atributos de la carne con mayor relación con los consumidores pueden ser segmentados en apariencia, consumo y confianza. Estas características involucran elementos intrínsecos de la carne como color, grasa y terneza. Dada las limitantes en la aplicación de técnicas de laboratorio para la determinación de atributos cárnicos, se revisa la aplicación del NIRS con experiencias exitosas en características de interés para el consumidor. Además, se estudia la aplicación del NIRS en líneas de producción y otros usuarios de interés en la industria como detección de anomalías en la carne y autenticación de producto. Conclusión. La aplicación del NIRS, permite determinar de forma rápida y confiable atributos de la calidad de la carne que tienen una estrecha relación con el consumidor. Esta herramienta permite obtener resultados que respondan a la velocidad de producción de la industria y discriminar y autenticar aspectos relacionados con la carne y el sistema de producción.
Estabilidad fenotípica de arveja (Pisum sativum L.) en la zona productora de Nariño, Colombia
Authors: Cadena-Guerrero Máryory Maricela , Yepes-Chamorro Dionicio Bayardo , Romero Juan Vicente 
Published: September 2021

Introducción. La arveja (Pisum sativum L.) es una leguminosa de gran importancia para la economía campesina de la zona altoandina del departamento de Nariño, Colombia. La mayor parte de la producción de arveja en este departamento, se comercializa en vaina en fresco; sin embargo, es necesario fortalecer el mercado local de grano seco, para eso, se requiere de variedades adaptadas a las condiciones regionales. Objetivo. Evaluar quince genotipos de arveja por la estabilidad fenotípica del rendimiento en grano seco, en la zona productora de Nariño. Materiales y métodos. Entre el 2013 y 2014, se evaluaron quince genotipos de arveja en tres ambientes de Nariño. Los experimentos se establecieron con un diseño de bloques completos al azar y cuatro repeticiones. Para el análisis de estabilidad de rendimiento en grano seco se utilizó el modelo GGE biplot. Resultados. En el análisis de varianza, a través de los tres ambientes, se presentaron efectos significativos (p<0,05) de ambientes (A), genotipos (G) e interacción de GA, para rendimiento en grano seco y número de granos por vaina. El promedio de rendimiento para todos los ambientes, estuvo entre 747,5 y 1357,3 kg ha-1 y los granos por vaina entre 4,4 y 5,4. Los genotipos ARUDN-3562 y VOUDN-7350 sobresalieron por ser estables y por sus altos rendimientos (kg ha-1) con 1357,3 y 1144,1, respectivamente, que superaron a la media general (1057,9) y estadísticamente similares a los testigos Alcalá (1227,8), Obonuco Andina (1238,1) y Santa Isabel (1013,6). Conclusión. Los genotipos estudiados mostraron alta variabilidad en rendimiento y en estabilidad fenotípica, lo que permitirá ampliar la colección de trabajo para mejoramiento de arveja en Nariño. Se destacaron los genotipos ARUDN-3562 y VOUDN-7350, con los cuales se podría avanzar en forma individual o ser usados como parentales.