bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Milton and Transcendent Authorship
Authors: Dobranski Stephen B. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Milton’s notion and practice of authorship over the first half of his career. Beginning with Sonnet 8 and some of Milton’s other early poems—‘On Shakespeare’, Mansus, ‘The Passion’, and Lycidas—the chapter shows how as a young writer he embraced an idealistic notion of poetry’s preservative power but always in terms of his texts’ material transmission. Two crucial experiences helped to develop Milton’s thinking about his authorship: the outrage prompted by his divorce tracts underscored his works’ vulnerability, while the printing of his Poems in 1645 drove home the need for collaboration if his writing were to survive. All of Milton’s early works illustrate how his concept of authorship anticipates the monist philosophy that will animate Paradise Lost. He understood early on that his writing was both letter and spirit: his words needed an appropriate material form if they were to have a lasting spiritual life.
Repackaging Milton for the Late Seventeenth-Century Book Trade
Authors: Depledge Emma 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the magisterial 1688 folio edition of Paradise Lost, published by Jacob Tonson and Richard Bentley, exploring the possible reasons why these men chose to publish Milton at this time, as well as the impact the edition had both on Milton’s authorial afterlife and on their careers as stationers. The chapter places the 1688 Paradise Lost folio in the wider context of Tonson’s career, including his involvement in pirate publication schemes and his status (from 1678) as Dryden’s publisher, to argue that the 1688 edition of Paradise Lost, one of the most profound turning points in Milton’s authorial afterlife, had less to do with the political context of 1688 and the perceived vendibility of the poem and more to do with Tonson’s own ambitions and frustrations as a stationer.
Young Milton’s Pauline Temper
Authors: Reisner Noam 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter attempts to look at young Milton’s formative negotiation of Pauline theology, idiom, and authorial self-representation in his early poetry and anti-prelatical political writings. Specifically, the chapter argues that the classical-Christian tension so often commented on in Milton’s early poetry and prose is not an abstract productive tension between classical humanism and Protestant theology but instead a specific authorial tension between Milton’s competing admiration above all for his two favourite writers—Ovid and Paul. In channelling and synthesizing the erotic creativity of the former with the spiritual teachings on sin and redemption of the latter, Milton slowly developed a unique poetic-spiritual stance that in time formed the basis of his future mature work, as an exploration of ‘peculiar grace’ always struggling in the world for poetically creative inward liberty.
Milton’s Ludlow Maske and Remaking English Nationhood
Authors: Loewenstein David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Recent scholarship has devoted increasing critical attention to the complexities of Milton’s expressions of nationalism and England’s exceptionalism, although with less attention to his early works. This chapter examines Milton’s Ludlow Maske (1634) in order to address the young writer’s efforts to assert himself as an author engaged in debates about remaking English nationhood. Milton treats significant national issues uniquely at a moment when the Caroline masque, including Thomas Carew’s lavish Coelum Britannicum (1634), was giving national exceptionalism spectacular representation. In A Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle the notion of refashioned English nationhood remains an ideal not yet realized in ‘this dim spot / Which men call Earth’; English nationhood requires continual and strenuous testing. A Maske looks forward to the arduous remaking of godly English nationhood that would characterize Milton’s controversial writings during the crises of the revolutionary decades and their aftermath.
Inscribing Textuality
Authors: Willie Rachel 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In The Preface to Gondibert (1650), William Davenant proposes a new literary aesthetic predicated upon philosophical and scientific learning. Like Milton, he was concerned with poetic form, though, unlike Milton, Davenant wrote numerous plays. Milton’s minimal engagement with dramatic form could be construed as representative of him positioning himself in opposition to the aesthetics of drama and the politics of the Restoration stage. This chapter addresses how Davenant’s notions of aesthetics and how Milton’s engagement with the theatricality of ink informed their ideas of drama. By placing these two authors in dialogue with one another, we are presented with a rich cultural poetics that is underpinned by questions of authorship and continued anxieties regarding the moral and didactic space of the stage and of the page.
‘Londini Sum Natus’
Authors: Hale John K. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Milton’s record of his own life and character in the Second Defence, to see what is lost in the translations or is becoming dulled by their familiarity. The chapter examines sentence length, syntax, imagery, and more, to show that the plainness of the life account is not entirely plain, and certainly not flat. The presentation of his life modulates into his thought, and the style changes with it, into a more complex self-characterization, occasioned by the events of the crisis of Church and state to 1654, when Milton was 45. As a whole, the life account in Defensio Secunda does match other evidence, yet it was also composed as self-defence. Milton tells the truth, as he wishes it be seen, against outside vilification. The chapter elicits from close reading and from Latin style what can be revealed of Milton’s mind, ultimately asking: how open was it?
Milton Among the Iconoclasts
Authors: Zlatar Antoinina Bevan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter seeks to focus on an aspect of Milton’s alleged Puritan persona, namely his iconoclasm. Since E. B. Gilman’s subtly nuanced Iconoclasm and Poetry in the English Reformation (1986), it has become fashionable to discuss Milton the iconoclastic polemicist or to debate the extent of his iconoclastic poetic strategies. All too often this criticism rehearses the old Puritan / Laudian binary and assumes that Milton the Puritan is intrinsically iconoclastic. Yet, as the notorious 1632 Star Chamber trial of Henry Sherfield demonstrates, Calvinist iconoclasm was but the most extreme end of a rich spectrum of Protestant attitudes to images in seventeenth-century England. By reading Milton’s embodied representation of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit in Paradise Lost in the context of the Sherfield trial, I hope to make the case for a more iconophile poet, thus rescuing Milton from the refashioning conducted by later writers and critics.
Milton’s Erotic Dramas
Authors: Forsyth Neil 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers recent performances of Book IX of Paradise Lost, preceded by a play in Middle English from the York Mystery Cycle also telling the Fall of Adam and Eve, and A Maske Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle. Considering the first two together emphasizes anew the intensity with which Milton dramatizes the quarrel and the Fall sequence. The production served as a brilliant reminder of how theatrical is the scene, and how it echoes, or anticipates, the other major dramas among Milton’s works such as A Maske. Seeing the scene from the epic in relation to the medieval play made it obvious how Milton’s imagination worked in dramatic terms, and indeed reminds us that Milton had originally set out to write a tragedy of the story. The chapter focuses on the extremely odd choice that Milton made to retell the myth of Adam and Eve as a love story.
Afterword
Authors: Sauer Elizabeth 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Afterword situates the subject of ‘making Milton’ in the broader context of Milton’s value, that is, of making Milton matter, historically, intellectually, and materially. Sauer explains how the volume’s contributions bring Milton Studies into conversation with scholarship on book history, material culture, and the mechanisms of public dissemination. The volume’s tripartite structure is shown to highlight relationships among printing and book trade practices, authorship, and the generation of afterlives, while the collection at large demonstrates how the historical and material operations of ‘making Milton’ intersect. Marking a material turn in Milton Studies, Making Milton serves as a welcome resource and rewarding contribution to the cultural capital of collective book production and reception. While reviewing the book’s key features and arguments, the Afterword also maps out future directions in this ever expanding field.
The Jus Post Bellum of Illegally Transferred Settler Populations
Authors: Kontorovich Eugene 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies the jus post bellum regime for dealing with settlers in occupied territories. This chapter proceeds by examining several major conflicts that involve the migration of civilians from the territory of an occupying power into an occupied territory, since the adoption of the Fourth Geneva Convention. After describing the nature of possible violations in each case, the chapter examines the post bellum treatment of the settlers. Several of these conflicts (Indonesia/East Timor; Vietnam/Cambodia; Russia/the Baltics) have actually gone through the post bellum phase. These provide the most robust evidence for how workable conflict resolution deals with settlers. Regarding the ongoing conflicts, this chapter examines the proposed international models for the post bellum situation, none of which contemplates a removal of settlers.
Population Genetics with R
Authors: Láruson Áki Jarl , Reed Floyd Allan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Population genetics is an inherently quantitative discipline. Because the focus of population genetics studies is usually on abstract concepts like the frequencies of genetic variants over time, it can at first glance be difficult to conceptualize and appropriately visualize. As more and more quantitative models and methods have become established in the discipline, it has become necessary for people just entering the field to quickly develop a good understanding of the many layers of complex approaches, so as to correctly interpret even basic results. An unfortunate side effect of the widespread implementation of ready-to-use quantitative software packages is that some facets of analysis can become rote, which at best might lead to implementation without the full understanding of the user and at worst, inappropriate application leading to misguided conclusions. In this book a “learning by doing” approach is employed to encourage readers to begin developing an intuitive understanding of population genetics concepts. The analytical software R, which has increasingly been the program of choice for early exposure to basic statistical programming, is freely available online, has cross-platform compatibility (Windows, Mac, and Linux all support distributions of R), and offers the potential for hands-on implementation by the students, in addition to using pre-packaged functions.
Population Differences
Authors: Láruson Áki J. , Reed Floyd A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses different approaches to quantifying genetic divergence between populations. It discusses the concept of “missing heterozygosity” and uses this to quantify the level of divergence between two populations with a measure called FST. The chapter works through how to determine a population of origin from blue whale data and touches on the concept of DNA fingerprinting to identify individuals.
Pointing the Way to Additional Topics
Authors: Láruson Áki J. , Reed Floyd A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter highlights many of the concepts that are important to understanding modern-day population genetics research and explains that while they may not have been covered in this book, they are built on the foundations laid out in the preceding chapters. A series of small sections are provided which briefly introduce important concepts for continued learning. These focus especially on the coalescent theory but also touch on tests of neutrality, linkage disequilibrium, deleterious alleles, fixation probability, selfish genetic elements, future directions, and R packages.
Understanding Professional Expertise in Unfamiliar Face Matching
Authors: White David , Towler Alice , Kemp Richard I. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Deciding whether or not two images are of the same unfamiliar face is an important task in many professions. These decisions are a critical part of modern identity verification processes with direct—and often profound—consequences for individual rights and the security of society. As a result, the public expect the people entrusted with these decisions to perform accurately. But do they? Here we review 29 published tests comparing face matching accuracy in professional and novice groups. Twelve of these tests show no significant differences between professional and novice groups, suggesting that merely performing the task in daily work is not sufficient to improve accuracy. However, specialist groups of facial examiners and police super-recognizers consistently outperform novices. Staff selection, mentorship, deliberate practice, motivation, feedback and training may all contribute to enhancing the performance of individuals working in these groups, and future research is necessary to delineate their relative contributions.
Possession, Relative Title, and Ownership in English Law
Authors: Rostill Luke 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This book is concerned with two foundational principles of English property law: the principle of relativity of title and the principle that possession is a source of title. It is impossible to understand the relationship between possession and ownership in English law unless one has a sound understanding of these principles. Yet the principles have been interpreted in different ways by judges, practitioners, and academics. The book seeks to illuminate this area of law by addressing four questions: (1) What is possession? (2) What is the nature of the title acquired through possession? (3) What are the grounds of relativity of title? (4) What is the relationship between relativity of title and ownership?
The Grounds of Relative Title
Authors: Rostill Luke 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Since it is not possible to fully understand a rule unless one understands its grounds, this chapter seeks to identify the grounds of the rules that confer proprietary interests on possessors. It argues that there is a genuine obligation-based reason for conferring a right to exclude on possessors who owe a special duty to keep the chattel safe, but that this is not, and has not been regarded by the law as, a reason to institute rules that confer general property interests on possessors generally. The chapter goes on to argue that the rules that confer proprietary interests on possessors are primarily based on the genuine need to provide greater certainty over title to chattels and (unregistered) land and greater security to those who possess or deal with such things.
Taking Soundings
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces themes that are important throughout this work. Augustine’s doctrine of original sin continues to hold sway for many theologians and the chapter briefly discusses recent works that have taken his thinking seriously in the light of evolution. The chapter also begins to map the relationships between sin, evil, natural evil, and moral evil. This blurring between natural and moral evil represents the most recent example of why an adequate understanding of sin that takes account of humanity’s embedded relationship with the natural world is so important. The chapter begins with a very brief discussion of shame, conscience, and evolutionary explanations of religion in early human societies. Following this is a brief review of Western theological explanations for the persistence of evil through a review of current literature on original sin. The chapter then argues, following traditional sources, that sin is worth exploring in order to understand virtue; in other words, an exploration of vices helps to elucidate the meaning of virtues. The chapter then comments on the common dichotomy between natural and moral evil and argues for a much greater blurring of that boundary in thinking through the biocultural origins of sin and guilt. J.M. Coetze’s novel Disgrace captures the complex and ambiguous interlacing of human sin and animality. The rest of the present volume intends to show more clearly what that blurring signifies as well as the distinctive nature of human sin and its symbolic character, which has semiotic properties amounting to a grossly distorted form of wisdom, shadow sophia.
Greed, Envy, and Gluttony
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The vices of greed, envy, and gluttony are named as three of the ‘deadly sins’ in the Christian tradition. All are more specific instances of what ‘free riding’ looks like by individuals in a community. Evolutionary psychology introduced the concept of ‘free riding’ as a problem that arises in a cooperative community. This chapter will focus most attention on greed or avarice understood as taking more than is needed. The chapter will explore key theological and biblical issues related to greed and discuss how the perception of the vice has changed through time. Moreover, the chapter will briefly explore envy, the desire for the goods of another, before moving to gluttony, which is self-indulgence related to food. In the classic tradition, gluttony included alcoholic drink and negatively impacted the body, but it also has wider implications for the community. The chapter will end by discussing how evolutionary, psychological, and medical theories for the origins of these vices compare with theological interpretations.
Deception, Lying, and Lust
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Primatologists have identified the apparent ability to deceive others in more dominant positions in order to gain sexual or other privileges. Evidence for the deliberative quality of deception in primates is much harder to assess. This chapter explores the biological capacity to deceive and shows how common it is among social animals even though relationships involving honest signalling are usually dominant. The chapter investigates the potential evolutionary roles for deception and how it plays out in the human sphere at different societal levels. Lying, however, which relies on language, brings in aspects to deception which are unique to our species. The human capacity for complex symbolic thought in which language emerges also influences the biocultural evolution of language and associated capacity for lying. Theological ethical debates about whether Thomas Aquinas ever permitted lying in situations where greater harm would ensue are worth considering in the light of the biological advantages of deception. Lust (illicit sexual desire) is another of the seven deadly sins and has been given perhaps greater pride of place in the Christian tradition because of a common interpretation of Augustine linking sex with original sin.
The Emotion of Fulfillment and Its Phenomenology
Authors: Kim Hyunseop 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, I identify and analyze the emotion of fulfillment and explain its evaluative phenomenology and the value thereof. I build on Susan Wolf’s account of meaning in life and argue that meaningfulness consists in correct fulfillment (Section 1). I analyze fulfillment into attraction and satisfaction, and argue that its evaluations are non-conceptual (Section 2). I argue that fulfillment has a distinctive evaluative phenomenology that is irreducible to sensory, cognitive, or agentive phenomenology (Section 3). Finally, I argue that the evaluative phenomenology of fulfillment has hedonic, epistemic, and motivational values (Section 4).
From Known to Knower
Authors: Adamson Peter 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the history of a certain kind of argument in the philosophy of mind, which stretches from Plato to the medieval period. According to this style of argument, we can establish the nature of the mind by thinking about the nature of its object. Thus, from the fact that the mind grasps propositions that are universal in scope and necessary in modality, we can rule out that the mind is made of a physical organ, which would “particularize” the content of its thoughts. It will be shown how this sort of assumption underlies arguments for the incorporeality of mind in several philosophers of the Islamic world, especially Averroes and Avicenna, and then shown how the affinity argument was rejected by thinkers who came after Avicenna and arguably defended intuitions much closer to those held by philosophers today.
Locke on Persons and Personal Identity
Authors: Boeker Ruth 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This book offers a new perspective on John Locke’s account of persons and personal identity by considering it within the context of his broader philosophical project and the philosophical debates of his day. Ruth Boeker’s interpretation emphasizes the importance of the moral and religious dimensions of his view. She argues that taking seriously Locke’s general approach to questions of identity over time, means that his account of personhood should be considered separately from his account of personal identity over time. On this basis, Boeker argues that Locke endorses a moral account of personhood, according to which persons are subjects of accountability, and that his particular thinking about moral accountability explains why he regards sameness of consciousness as necessary for personal identity over time. Moreover, she shows that Locke’s religious beliefs in an afterlife and a last judgement make it attractive to distinguish between the ideas of persons, human beings, and substances, and to defend a consciousness-based account of personal identity. In contrast to some neo-Lockean views about personal identity, she argues that Locke’s account of personal identity is not psychological per se, but rather his underlying moral, religious, metaphysical, and epistemic background beliefs are relevant for understanding why he argues for a consciousness-based account of personal identity. Taking his underlying background beliefs into consideration not only sheds light on why many of his early critics do not adopt Locke’s view, but also shows why his view cannot be as easily dismissed as some of his critics assume.
Introduction
Authors: Boeker Ruth 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter outlines Locke’s innovative contributions to debates about persons and personal identity. His view builds, first, on moral and legal conceptions of a person, which can be found in natural law theory, second, on metaphysical debates about individuation and identity, and, third, on metaphysical and religious debates about the afterlife and the state of the soul between death and resurrection. The chapter shows that he not only builds on these debates, but also how he systematically brings the different debates together in new ways and how his distinction between the ideas of person, man, and substance makes it possible to advance the debates of his day. Moreover, this chapter presents the aims and scope of the book and offers a summary of the subsequent chapters.