bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of ZnO, g-C3N4 and ZnO/g-C3N4 composite and their photocatalytic activity under vilsible light irradiation
Authors: Nguyen Thi Tu Anh  , Nguyen Huong Lan  , Vu Anh Tuan  
Published: May 2021

ZnO, C3N4 and ZnO/g-C3N4 composite were prepared for degradation of methylene blue (MB) under visible light irradiation. The obtained samples were characterized by N2 adsorption/desorption isotherm and Ultraviolet–Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-vis DRS). The results showed that the ZnO/g-C3N4 composite had a lower surface area and pore volume than ZnO and g-C3N4. The bandgap energy of ZnO/g-C3N4 composite was 3.20 eV showing a slight decrease with that of pure ZnO (3.21 eV). The degradation of MB on g-C3N4 was higher than those of ZnO and ZnO/g-C3N4 composite in initial 40 min, but its degradation reaction rate was lower than those of ZnO and ZnO/g-C3N4 composite in 90 min. As the result, the ZnO/g-C3N4 composite exhibited the highest degradation efficiency (93.2 %) among the prepared samples. In addition, the effect of molar ratio of ZnO:g-C3N4 on photocatalytic activity and photocatalytic mechanism under visible light was investigated. The remarkable improvement photocatalytic activity of ZnO/g-C3N4 composite could be attributed to reduced recombination rate of photogenerated electron-hole pairs by the presence of g-C3N4 in the composite.
Rizobacterias aisladas de Jatropha curcas L.: actividad antagonista de fitopatógenos y promotora del crecimiento de plantas
Authors: Toledo-Hernández Erubiel , Peña-Chora Guadalupe , Toribio-Jiménez Jeiry , Romero-Ramírez Yanet , Bolaños-Dircio Alejandro , Velázquez-del Valle Miguel G. , Hernández-Lauzardo Ana N. , León-Rodriguez Renato , Vero Silvana 
Published: May 2021

Introducción: Jatropha curcas L. es una especie nativa de México que recientemente se ha considerado un cultivo importante para la producción de biocombustible. Objetivo: Aislar e identificar rizobacterias de J. curcas con actividad antagónica frente a hongos fitopatógenos (Curvularia lunata y Fusarium equiseti) de este cultivo y evaluar la capacidad de estas para promover el crecimiento de plantas de jitomate. Materiales y métodos: Las cepas bacterianas se obtuvieron por dilución en serie. La actividad antagónica se evaluó mediante compuestos volátiles y difusibles en medio de cultivo PDA; además, se determinó la producción de compuestos antifúngicos y metabolitos que promueven el crecimiento de plantas. Las cepas se identificaron mediante la amplificación de los genes ARNr 16S y sodA; posteriormente, se inocularon en semillas de jitomate para evaluar la germinación de las plantas y la promoción del crecimiento. Resultados y discusión: Las bacterias antagonistas se identificaron como Bacillus mojavensis, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus thuringiensis y Pseudomonas aeruginosa. El efecto antifúngico sobre el crecimiento micelial de C. lunata y F. equiseti se debió a la presencia de compuestos volátiles y difusibles con inhibición de entre 30 % y 79 %. Pseudomonas aeruginosa mostró el efecto inhibitorio más fuerte (48.7 a 79.8 %). Bacillus subtilis (A1), B. mojavensis (A4) y B. thuringiensis (A6, A8) mostraron la mayor germinación (70 % a 88 %). El crecimiento de las plantas de jitomate tratadas con cepas bacterianas fue significativamente mayor (P < 0.05) que el de las plantas testigo. Conclusión: Ocho aislados de rizobacterias de J. curcas mostraron actividad antagónica frente a C. lunata y F. equiseti, y demostraron su capacidad para mejorar la germinación y promover el crecimiento de las plantas de jitomate.
Respons Apologetis terhadap Limited Godism yang Membatasi Persona Allah
Authors: Sihombing Aeron Frior 
Published: May 2021

Fenomena-fenomena yang terjadi di dalam kekristenan yaitu: ada seruan yang menyatakan bahwa Allah adalah mahakuasa dan tidak dapat dibatasi oleh apa pun, namun di sisi lain dikatakan bahwa Allah dapat digerakkan oleh orang percaya (Luk.18:1-8); pujian dan penyembahan dilakukan untuk dapat mengenal Allah, dan juga untuk dapat memuaskan kebutuhan spiritual maupun untuk menjawab masalah orang percaya; fenomena Allah berbicara kepada orang percaya secara khusus, yang disebut dengan rhema. Itu merupakan kehendak Allah secara khusus kepadanya; minyak urapan (Mrk.6:12), melaluinya orang percaya dapat disembuhkan dari berbagai penyakit, menyelamatkan orang percaya dari kecelakaan dan sebagai syarat atau kunci untuk pintu masuk ke dalam pintu surga; pemuja nama Yahweh menyatakan bahwa tiada nama Allah selain Yahweh. Sebab, nama ini adalah nama yang suci dan yang paling benar; marketing gereja, yang mana Injil telah dikomersialkan untuk keuntungan gereja. Injil telah diperdagangkan, sehingga menghasilkan untung dan untuk menambah jumlah anggota jemaat.
Perkawinan, Perceraian dan Perkawinan Ulang
Authors: Sahardjo Hadi P. 
Published: May 2021

Sebenarnya sudah sangat banyak tulisan yang membahas maslah perkawinan, perceraian dan perkawinan kembali. Namun penulis terdorong untuk kembali mengangkat topik ini sebagai bahan perenungan bagi setiap orang Kristen, khususnya para hamba Tuhan. Anda boleh setuju ataupun tidak dengan apa yang penulis paparkan di sini. Tetapi ini suatu fakta yang kita hadapi saat ini. Dari tahun ke tahun, perceraian bukannya berkurang, tetapi justru semakin menunjukkan peningkatan. Hal ini juga sering melanda kehidupan jemaat Tuhan. Akhirnya gereja diperhadapkan dengan masalah yang sulit antara yang “harus” merupakan perintah Allah dengan “keharusan” untuk menghadapi anggota jemaatnya yang tertimpa kasus semacam itu. Meskipun yang menjadi pokok pembahasan dalam tulisan ini adalah tentang perceraian dan perkawinan ulang, namun untuk menjembatani keterkaitan dan guna mendapatkan suatu konsep yang runtut, maka selain masalah perceraian juga akan dibahas dua hal yang terkait erat dengan masalah perceraian, yaitu tentang perkawinan dan perkawinan kembali (remarriage).
Masalah Kekerasan dalam Masyarakat
Authors: Sunarto  
Published: May 2021

Kekerasan dalam kacamata Alkitab bukan hanya terjadi di dunia modern saja, jauh sebelum terjadi di dunia modern kekerasan sudah terjadi di dunia purba. Sejak era Adam dan Hawa lalu melahirkan keturunan yang pertama sudah terjadi kekerasan. Kisah Kain yang membunuh Habel memberikan gambaran bahwa kekerasan sudah terjadi dalam sejarah kehidupan manusia yang paling kuno (Kej. 4:8). Setiap kekerasan yang terjadi di masyarakat bukan terjadi tanpa sebab musabab.Ada berbagai faktor yang bisa menjadi sumber pemicu terjadinya sebuah kekerasan. Faktor politik, ekonomi, keluarga, ras atau suku, bahkan masalah olah raga pun bisa menyebabkan seseorang atau kelompok melakukan kekerasan. Sehubungan dengan hal itu maka ada berbagai pendekatan yang seharusnya dilakukan untuk menanggulangi kekerasan yang terjadi di masyarakat yaitu: pendekatan hukum, sosial dan spiritual. Manusia baru di dalam Kristus hidupnya bukan menggunakan jalan kekerasan,tetapi belajar mengasihi Allah dan sesamanya. Semakin banyak orang mengalami pertobatan di dalam Kristus semakin mempengaruhi situasi yang terjadi di masyarakat.
Comparison of the oxygen isotope signatures in speleothem records and iHadCM3 model simulations for the last millennium
Authors: Bühler Janica C. , Roesch Carla , Kirschner Moritz , Sime Louise , Holloway Max D. , Rehfeld Kira 
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Improving the understanding of changes in the mean and variability of climate variables as well as their interrelation is crucial for reliable climate change projections.
Comparisons between general circulation models and paleoclimate archives using indirect proxies for temperature or precipitation have been used to test and validate the capability of climate models to represent climate changes. The oxygen isotopic ratio δ18O, a proxy for many different climate variables, is routinely measured in speleothem samples at decadal or higher resolution, and single specimens can cover full glacial–interglacial cycles. The calcium carbonate cave deposits are precisely dateable and provide well preserved (semi-)continuous albeit multivariate climate signals in the lower and mid-latitudes, where the measured δ18O in the mineral does not directly represent temperature or precipitation. Therefore, speleothems represent suitable archives to assess climate model abilities
to simulate climate variability beyond the timescales covered by meteorological observations (101–102 years). Here, we present three transient isotope-enabled simulations from the Hadley Center Climate Model version 3 (iHadCM3) covering the last millennium (850–1850 CE) and compare them to a large global dataset of speleothem δ18O records from the Speleothem Isotopes Synthesis and AnaLysis (SISAL) database version 2 (Comas-Bru et al., 2020b). We systematically evaluate offsets in mean and variance of simulated δ18O and test for the main climate drivers recorded in δ18O for individual records or regions. The time-mean spatial offsets between the simulated δ18O and the speleothem data are fairly small. However, using robust filters and spectral analysis, we show that the observed archive-based variability of δ18O is lower than simulated by iHadCM3 on decadal and higher on centennial timescales. Most of this difference can likely be attributed to the records' lower temporal resolution and averaging or smoothing processes affecting the δ18O signal, e.g., through soil water residence times. Using cross-correlation analyses at site level and modeled grid-box level, we find evidence for highly variable but generally low signal-to-noise ratios in the proxy data. This points to a high influence of cave-internal processes and regional climate particularities and could suggest low regional representativity of individual sites. Long-range strong positive correlations dominate the speleothem correlation network but are much weaker in the simulation. One reason for this could lie in a lack of long-term internal climate variability in these model simulations, which could be tested by repeating similar comparisons with other isotope-enabled climate models and paleoclimate databases.
Regional variation in the effectiveness of methane-based and land-based climate mitigation options
Authors: Hayman Garry D. , Comyn-Platt Edward , Huntingford Chris , Harper Anna B. , Powell Tom , Cox Peter M. , Collins William , Webber Christopher , Lowe Jason , Sitch Stephen , House Joanna I. , Doelman Jonathan C. , van Vuuren Detlef P. , Chadburn Sarah E. , Burke Eleanor , Gedney Nicola 
Published: May 2021

Abstract. Scenarios avoiding global warming greater than 1.5 or 2 ∘C, as stipulated in the Paris Agreement, may require the combined mitigation of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions alongside enhancing negative emissions through approaches such as afforestation–reforestation (AR) and biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS). We use the JULES land surface model coupled to an inverted form of the IMOGEN climate emulator to investigate mitigation scenarios that achieve the 1.5 or 2 ∘C warming targets of the Paris Agreement. Specifically, within this IMOGEN-JULES framework, we focus on and characterise the global and regional effectiveness of land-based (BECCS and/or AR) and anthropogenic methane (CH4) emission mitigation, separately and in combination, on the anthropogenic fossil fuel carbon dioxide (CO2) emission budgets (AFFEBs) to 2100. We use consistent data and socio-economic assumptions from the IMAGE integrated assessment model for the second Shared Socioeconomic Pathway (SSP2). The analysis includes the effects of the methane and carbon–climate feedbacks from wetlands and permafrost thaw, which we have shown previously to be significant constraints on the AFFEBs. Globally, mitigation of anthropogenic CH4 emissions has large impacts on the anthropogenic fossil fuel emission budgets, potentially offsetting (i.e. allowing extra) carbon dioxide emissions of 188–212 Gt C. This is because of (a) the reduction in the direct and indirect radiative forcing of methane in response to the lower emissions and hence atmospheric concentration of methane and (b) carbon-cycle changes leading to increased uptake by the land and ocean by CO2-based fertilisation. Methane mitigation is beneficial everywhere, particularly for the major CH4-emitting regions of India, the USA, and China. Land-based mitigation has the potential to offset 51–100 Gt C globally, the large range reflecting assumptions and uncertainties associated with BECCS. The ranges for CH4 reduction and BECCS implementation are valid for both the 1.5 and 2 ∘C warming targets. That is the mitigation potential of the CH4 and of the land-based scenarios is similar for regardless of which of the final stabilised warming levels society aims for. Further, both the effectiveness and the preferred land management strategy (i.e. AR or BECCS) have strong regional dependencies. Additional analysis shows extensive BECCS could adversely affect water security for several regions. Although the primary requirement remains mitigation of fossil fuel emissions, our results highlight the potential for the mitigation of CH4 emissions to make the Paris climate targets more achievable.
Continuidad del cuidado
Authors: Villalon Gabriel Esteban 
Published: May 2021

El concepto de continuidad del cuidado (CoC) suele utilizarse para describir en qué medida los pacientes ven al mismo profesional a lo largo del tiempo, aunque mas específicamente es un atributo o característica del proceso de atención de salud de un individuo en el que la calidad de la conexión y retroalimentación de los eventos que se suceden influyen en la experiencia final de "sentirse cuidado".
La CoC abarca diferentes dominios conceptuales: la continuidad de la información, de la relación y del manejo. Se han utilizado diferentes instrumentos de medición que pueden agruparse en herramientas elaboradas a partir de reportes de pacientes (como por ej., encuestas) o a partir de datos administrativos (como los indicadores de prestador usual de cuidados o el indicador de Bice y Boxerman).
Existen también investigaciones que evaluaron el impacto sanitario de la CoC. Si bien muchas de ellas muestran gran heterogeneidad en cuanto a los indicadores y los desenlaces utilizados, se observa una tendencia clara que parece indicar que a mayor nivel de continuidad del cuidado, mejores resultados en salud.
TEST OF TYROSINASE ENZYME INHIBITOR ACTIVITY OF BIDARA ARAB LEAVES ETHANOL EXTRACT (ZIZIPHUS SPINA-CHRISTI L.) BY IN VITRO
Authors: Purnamasari Dini Rizky 
Published: May 2021

Bidara Arab (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) is one of the tropical trees that is very useful and is often called a versatile plant. Several studies have proven that this plant is used as an antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antipireutic, anticancer and also has the potential to inhibit the enzyme tyrosinase. Kojic acid is one of the agents used to inhibit the tyrosinase enzyme so that it prevents hyperpigmentation. This study aims to determine the inhibitory activity of the tyrosinase enzyme from the ethanol extract of Bidara Arab leaves (Ziziphus spina-christi L.) in vitro. The method used in extraction is the maceration method using 70% ethanol until thick extract is obtained. Tests were carried out using 2 substrate namely L-Tyrosine and L-DOPA, ethanol extract of Bidara Arab leaves with concentrations of 10000, 8000, 4000, 2000 and 1000 μg / mL and kojat acid as positive controls and then measured absorption using microplate reader at wavelength 510 nm. The results showed that the Bidara Arab ethanol extract had tyrosinase inhibitor activity with IC50 values of 5364,186 in L-Tyrosine and 5568,362 in L-DOPA. Keywords: Bidara Arab; Kojic Acid; Tyrosinase Enzyme; Hyperpigmentation; Microplate reader
uji aktivitas antibakteri sediaan sabun cair fraksi methanol-air daun mangkokan (Polyscias scutellaria (Burm.f.) Fosberg.) terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis
Authors: Nisa Khoirun 
Published: May 2021

Kulit mempunyai fungsi untuk melindungi dari pengaruh luar. Sabun merupakan kebutuhan yang berguna untuk mandi, dan pembersih kebutuhan lain. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui aktivitas antibakteri fraksi metanol-air dan formulasi sabun cair fraksi metanol-air daun mangkokan terhadap bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis, serta konsentrasi formula sabun cair terbaik dari hasil uji evaluasi. Daun mangkokan diekstraksi menggunakan etanol 70% dengan metode maserasi hingga didapatkan ekstrak kental. Kemudian ekstrak kental ini difraksinasi dengan tiga pelarut yaitu n-heksan, etil asetat dan metanol. Dilakukan uji pendahuluan aktivitas antibakteri menggunakan metode disc diffusion pada fraksi etil asetat dan fraksi metanol-air, dari hasil yang didapatkan fraksi metanol-air memiliki zona hambat lebih besar dari fraksi etil asetat. Fraksi metanol-air diuji aktivitas antibakteri dengan tiga konsentrasi yaitu 5000 µg/disk, 6000 µg/disk, dan 7000 µg/disk dengan rata-rata zona hambat secara berurutan sebesar 11,30 mm; 12,16 mm; dan 13,20 mm. selanjutnya dibuat sediaan sabun cair dengan empat variasi konsentrasi sebesar 0% (F1 basis), 25% (F2), 30% (F3) dan 35% (F4). Lalu diuji aktivitas antibakteri, hasil pengujian rata-rata zona hambat secara berurutan sebesar 0 mm; 11,09 mm; 11,94 mm; dan 12,27 mm. Formula sabun cair terbaik pada konsentrasi 30% dilihat dari hasil evaluasi. Kata kunci : daun mangkokan (Polyscias scutellaria (Burm.F)Fosberg.), antibakteri, sediaan sabun cair, Staphylococcus epidermidis
دراسة حول انظمة الاثارة في الخزانات ذات السطح العائم
Authors: مجيد عدنان ياسر , راشد منير محسن 
Published: May 2021

تتطرق الدراسة الى استعراض انظمة اثارة الترسبات في الخزانات ذات السطح العائم والموجودة في شركة نفط الجنوب والمستخدمة لخزن النفط الخام قبل تصديره وتحديد مميزات ومساويء كل نظام من الانظمة المستخدمة حاليا ثم تتطرق الدراسة الى اقتراح اسلوب جديد لاثارة تلك الترسبات ومنعها من التجمع في اسفل الخزان .
Quantum-Chemical Modelling of Clusters NH3· (Н2О) N, Forming in Processes of Gas and Oil - Refining Industry.
Authors: Rajab Najlaa 
Published: May 2021

A number of significant structures of NH3 (H2O) n (n= 1- 6) clusters have been identified by the quantum chemical methods ( RHF/3-21G, RHF/6-31G**, В3LYP/6-31G**, MP2/6-31G**). The cluster’s geometry configurations and intermolecular energy have been calculated
Horizontal Wells: Applications, Considerations, and Case Histories
Authors: Zalzala Adnan 
Published: May 2021

This paper discusses many aspects of the application of horizontal wells for field development, starting with the basic question of why to opt to this technology. The different considerations to be taken into account when dealing with the technology are reviewed, including some inherent downsides like higher cost and operational complications. The main emphasis, however, is placed on practical reservoir engineering aspects, including well planning and performance, and the handling of horizontal wells in specific technical applications like well test
analysis and numerical modeling.

The theoretical basis and pertinent differences in physics and flow regimes around vertical and
horizontal wells are discussed in the context, together with the inherent practical implications.
Case histories and examples are presented for several successful applications worldwide that the author was involved in. In one case, a medium size field offshore Canada was developed with waterflood utilizing very few horizontal producers, with a set of horizontal and vertical water injectors. Detailed planning and intensive modeling, carried out by a team of engineers and geoscientists, led to a remarkably
successful field development. In another case, few horizontals were used among many directional wells to develop a Mediterranean oil reservoir under aquifer and gas cap drives in an attempt to reduce coning problems, raising an opportunity to compare the long term performance of different geometry wells.
A brief description is also presented to some advanced techniques and special cases of implementing horizontal wells such as thermal recovery (Steam-Assisted-Gravity-Drainage, or SAGD Process), multi-lateral wells, and multi-fractured wells, with discussion on these applications. Under favorable conditions, horizontal wells can also be used as an Improved Oil Recovery (IOR) tool in mature fields, an application that became very common in many super giant fields in the Arabian Gulf Area.
Oxidation Studies On 209 T1 and 213 T11 Alloys With Inhibition Corrosion By Using MgO
Authors: Al-Sultani Dr Kadhim. F. 
Published: May 2021

Hot ash corrosion of high temperature combustion equipment from burning petroleum fuels containing Na, S and V, and recommendations for preventing or controlling fuel oil may result in severe damage to metal surfaces.
The use of MgO as a fuel additive to combact vanndic corrosion is widely accepted practice for boilers operating on residual or low grade fuels. MgO has the ability to form high melting stable vanadate but the presence of Na2SO4 can react with the magnesium and reduce its effectiveness. This paper aims to
quantify the effectiveness of MgO as an inhibitor in the presence of increasing amounts of Na2SO4. Amethod of determining permissible levels of Na2SO4 to satisfy predict remind corrosion rates or additive efficiencies is described. Examples of the loss of additive efficiency with weight of Na2SO4 at temperature of 750 and 850°C are given for both 209 T1 and 213 T11 alloys.
Economic Feasibility Study for Petroleum Projects (Practical Aspects)
Authors: Shaallan Dr. Hisham Yas 
Published: May 2021

An increasing importance is given to the Economic Feasibility Study of Petroleum Projects. The reason behind that is the critical role played by the Petroleum Industry in Society, Economy and Foreign Trade. In general, Petroleum Industry is involved with the Exploitation of Oil and Gas Resources to satisfy the country's needs (households and industrial sectors) and to export these resources, in order to, gain foreign currencies which are necessary for
funding the country's social and economic requirements. Petroleum Projects have diversity features in terms of location, size, capital, technology and risks. On the Other hand, because of the importance of the Petroleum Industry, high significance should be given to the Economic Feasibility Study, especially the necessary of good knowledge of the nature of Petroleum Activities, Projects and Contracts, as well as the fundamentals of Advanced Feasibility Study.
Performance Of some Corrosion Inhibitors For Carbon Steel In Hydrochloric Acid
Authors: Slaiman Qasim J. M. , Hasan Basim O. , Turki Hayder M. 
Published: May 2021

Corrosion tests on commercial carbon steel pipe in aerated 0.1N HCl solution under static and flow conditions with ranges of rotation velocity of 400–1400 rpm and temperature of 35 – 60ºC, were carried out by weight loss method, in absence and presence of several inhibitors which were thiourea, ethylenediamine, diethano-lamine and formaldehyde as an adsorption type inhibitors in concentration range 400 – 2000 ppm using rotating cylinder arrangement. The experimental results showed that the corrosion rate in absence and presence of inhibitors is increased with the increasing temperature of the corrosive solution and the rotational velocity and is decreased with increasing the inhibitors concentration for the whole range of

temperatures and rotational velocities. Highest inhibition efficiency was attained by thiourea with considerable efficiencies for other inhibitors. The order of corrosion inhibitors efficiencies was as follows: thiourea > ethylenediamine > diethanolamine > formaldehyde. Under static conditions maximum inhibition efficiency obtained was 77.59% for thiourea and the minimum inhibition efficiency was 37.12% for formaldehyde depending on inhibitor concentration and temperature. Also the results revealed that the inhibitors efficiency increases with increasing its concentration and decreases with increasing agitation speed and temperature. The thiouurea was found to be good inhibitor even at high agitation velocity while the formaldehyde failed to inhibit corrosion at high velocity.