bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improved spatial representation of a highly resolved emission inventory in China: evidence from TROPOMI measurements
Authors: Wu Nana , Geng Guannan , Yan Liu , Bi Jianzhao , Li Yanshun , Tong Dan , Zheng Bo , Zhang Qiang 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Emissions in many sources are estimated in municipal district totals and spatially disaggregated onto grid cells using empirically selected spatial proxies such as population density, which might introduce biases, especially in fine spatial scale. Efforts have been made to improve the spatial representation of emission inventory, by incorporating comprehensive point source database (e.g. power plants, industrial facilities) in emission estimates. Satellite-based observations from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) with unprecedented pixel sizes (3.5 × 7 km2) and signal-to-noise ratios offer the opportunity to evaluate the spatial accuracy of such highly resolved emissions from space. Here, we compare the city-level NO
x
emissions from a proxy-based emission inventory named the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China (MEIC) with a highly resolved emission inventory named the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China - High Resolution (MEIC-HR) that has nearly 100 000 industrial facilities, and evaluate them through NO
x
emissions derived from the TROPOMI NO2 tropospheric vertical column densities (TVCDs). We find that the discrepancies in city-level NO
x
emissions between MEIC and MEIC-HR are influenced by the proportions of emissions from point sources and NO
x
emissions per industrial gross domestic product (IGDP). The use of IGDP as a spatial proxy to disaggregate industrial emissions tends to overestimate NO
x
emissions in cities with lower industrial emission intensities or less industrial facilities in the MEIC. The NO
x
emissions of 70 cities are derived from one year TROPOMI NO2 TVCDs using the exponentially modified Gaussian function. Compared to the satellite-derived emissions, the cities with higher industrial point source emission proportions in MEIC-HR agree better with space-constrained results, indicating that integrating more point sources in the inventory would improve the spatial accuracy of emissions on city scale. In the future, we should devote more efforts to incorporating accurate locations of emitting facilities to reduce uncertainties in fine-scale emission estimates and guide future policies.
Design of a viscoelastic layer by incorporating graphite wafers in a zig-zag pattern for the augmented hybrid damping treatment of beam
Authors: Gupta Abhay , Reddy Rajidi Shashidhar , Panda Satyajit 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the present work, the ascendancy of actively constrained zig-zag 1-3 viscoelastic composite (VEC) layer on hybrid damping is studied. For this analysis, structural beam is taken that consists of substrate layer/beam, constrained zig-zag 1-3 VEC layer and constraining extension actuated piezoelectric layer. The zig-zag 1-3 VEC is configured by incorporating graphite wafers in zig-zag pattern within conventional viscoelastic material (VEM). In order to investigate the hybrid damping characteristics, the finite element (FE) model for structural beam is evolved. In order to study the ascendancy of incorporating graphite wafers in zig-zag pattern within VEM layer, initially, bending and shear strain distributions are evaluated. Moreover, optimal geometrical configuration of present zig-zag 1-3 VEC layer is obtained based on maximal hybrid damping using exhaustive search optimization technique. The results reveal that the augmentation in energy dissipation or hybrid damping for the beam with zig-zag 1-3 VEC layer occurs due to rise in both bending and shear strain in VEM by incorporating graphite wafers in zig-zag pattern while for conventional VEM layer it occurs due to shear strain only. And this augmented energy dissipation ameliorates extension and shear counterparts as well as overall modal loss factor of beam with actively constrained zig-zag 1-3 VEC layer compared to conventional VEM layer.
Effect of annealing on structural and optical properties of SnS2 thin films grown by thermal evaporation and post sulphur annealing technique
Authors: Anlin Lazar K , Cicily Rigi V J , Divya D , Saji K J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Recently, two-dimensional layered semiconductors caught attention due to their tuneable thickness dependent properties and its optoelectronic device applications. This paper reports the effect of annealing temperature and annealing duration on structural, compositional and optical properties of tin disulphide thin films (SnS2) fabricated using a bi- stage process. The process involves thermal evaporation of metallic tin precursor films and post sulphur annealing process in a non-vacuum furnace. The annealing temperatures ranged from 300 °C to 500 °C while annealing time varied from 0.5 to 3 hours. The annealing at 300°C improved the crystallinity of SnS2 thin films. Raman analysis showed a prominent peak at 207 cm−1, while at higher temperatures nanocrystalline SnS2 phase is observed. Optical bandgap got reduced as annealing temperature increased and at 300°C, the bandgap was 2.7 eV. The above obtained properties of SnS2 opens a pathway for using these films for potential applications.
Impact of Ground Nut Shell Ash on Cobalt-Chromium metal matrix composites synthesized using Powder metallurgy process.
Authors: Raghav G R , Suraj R , Janardhanan Sheeja , Chandran Vidya , Nagarajan K J , Asok Nikhil 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Co-based composites are extensively utilized in the field of prosthesis and dental implants. Hybrid composites made using Powder metallurgy process, Co-10Cr-GNSA were studied. The surface morphology of the hybrid composites were studied using Scanning Electron Microscope. The elemental analysis was carried out using X-Ray Diffraction technique. The hybrid composites were analyzed for its various mechanical properties like microhardness, compressive strength, and density. Value of micro hardness of the composite materials showed slight improvement with addition of GNSA reinforcement. The value of density of the hybrid composites was found to be decreasing linearly with the addition of GNSA. Compressive strength of the materials showed a reasonable increment. Wear analysis to study the tribological characterization of the hybrid composites were done with the help of a pin on disc wear testing machine. The wear and COF studies show that with a rise in GNSA content, wear resistance increases because of the presence of oxides of GNSA particles. From the worn out surfaces of the hybrid composite it is concluded that the deformation of the composites takes places initially due to abrasive wear followed by plastic deformation. An electrochemical workstation was used to understand the corrosion characteristics of the hybrid composites in the presence of 3% NaClelectrolyticsolution.Co-5Cr-5GNSA hybrid composites exhibit better electrochemical corrosion resistance compared to other specimens.
Influence of H2S on the growth of sputter deposited Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film
Authors: Hajara P , Priya Rose T , Jayaraj M K , Saji K J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) is considered as a suitable absorber layer for thin film solar cells. In the present study, the effect of flow rates of H2S on the fabrication of CZTS thin films are studied in detail. RF magnetron sputtering in the presence of Ar and H2S gas was adopted to deposit sulphides of Cu, Sn and Zn, followed by annealing at higher temperature in H2S ambience in the same chamber to complete the crystallization process. Raman spectra showed peaks corresponding to kesterite CZTS and new impurity peaks observed while the H2S flow rate increases. XRD result helped to identify various secondary phases present along with CZTS phase. It was revealed by FESEM images that the samples prepared at different H2S flow rates exhibiting different nano shapes. Compositional study indicated that the Zn/Sn ratio decreases with H2S flow rate. Surface roughness was calculated by AFM technique and big sulphur aggregates were present on the surface of the sample prepared at high H2S flow rate. Optical bandgap value of the CZTS films was varied from 1.28 to 1.74 eV and electrical parameters were calculated for samples prepared at lower H2S flow rate. This study presents the importance of choosing appropriate H2S flow rates for the fabrication of CZTS thin films.
Effect of payload security in MQTT protocol over transport and application layer
Authors: Varma Arunima , UniKrishnan Srija 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Digital revolution has made our life dependent on devices that are can be connected to the internet. Hence, making Internet of things (Iot) an inevitable part for now and years to come. The transition from normal devices to those devices that can be connected to internet, has been exponential, in contrast, the technique used by the protocols in those devices to prevent cyber-attacks and keep user data intact has not been in the same pace as that of its usage. This concerns the end user as it risks the data, allowing it to be misused. In this paper we discuss, MQTT (message queue telemetry transport) a lightweight messaging protocol, wherein the payload is acting as the driver for the data to be carried. This payload can include all sort of information, private as well as public. The paper experiments with the vulnerability of the payload when exposed to a cyber-attack, here, Man in the middle (MITM) attack when the same payload is provided with 2 different types of security. Initially at the transport layer and later at the application layer. At first a channel-based security using Transport security layer (TLS) is provided to the payload and later, an object-based security using Advanced Encryption Scheme (AES) is provided to the same payload. Both of these payload encryption technique for MQTT protocol is discussed elaborately.
Growth, Nonlinear Optical, Electrical, Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of Zinc Sulphate Doped L-Alanine Single Crystal for Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Hareeshkumar M R , Jagadeesh M R , Shankaramurthy G J , Prasanna B M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Zinc sulphate added L-alanine (LAZS) crystals were obtained from solvent evaporation of solution method. The obtained samples were taken for diverse characterizations tool such as, XRD, functional group identification, optical transparency, simultaneous thermal analysis, dielectric, hardness and second harmonic generation studies. Crystal diffraction study proves that LAZS crystal fit into orthorhombic system and having space group P212121. FTIR confirms presences of various functional groups present in the sample. The thermal study infers that LAZS is steady up to 288 ºC. High transmittance and extended transparency of LAZS is noticed from linear optical study. The calculated hardness values were found to be considerable and the dielectric parameters are noticed characteristically followed by NLO study.
Implementation of MIMO OFDM NOMA System using Iterative Algorithm
Authors: Anil S , Pappa M , Ramesh C 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this modern world, technology has improved a lot and wireless communications are much necessary. MIMO wireless technology is very much essential for providing increased connectivity and spectral efficiency combined with the reliability of advanced connectivity using what were previously considered as interference paths. The multiple access system is considered such that they provide the different methods in communication for multi-users. In this work, the iterative algorithm is used such that it helps in defining random array of signals and assigning the phase to the given measured amplitude. Different types of multiple access systems such as Non-Orthogonal multiple access (NOMA), Orthogonal multiple access (OMA) and Adaptive Orthogonal multiple access (AOMA)which are used to analyze transmission of multiple data stream over power domain in the presence of AWGN and Rayleigh channel. The data transmitted over the channel may vary due to some interference on its path. The signal strength is calculated in the receiver using the fading channel and the other noises that gets added in the channel. MATLAB software tool is used for simulation and the performance analysis in terms of average sum value i.e. the signal strength with respect to SNR for all the above mentioned multiple access techniques is compared. The simulation results clearly exhibits that NOMA outperforms the other two cases and is one of the promising technology for fifth generation wireless communications.
In-silico Investigation of Cyl. Gate all Around (GAA) Tunnel Field Effect Transistor (TFET) Biosensor
Authors: Tiwari Sanjana , Dutt Arya , Joshi Mayuresh , Nigam Prakhar , Beohar Ankur , Mathew Ribu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
For some time now, the advancement of low power and high sensitivity biosensors has been the center of attention for in-situ detection and monitoring which form an integral part of portable health monitoring systems. This paper elucidates the design-optimization of a cylindrical (cyl.) gate all around (GAA) tunnel field effect transistor (TFET) biosensor with retrograde doping using numerical modeling. The device consists of n+ heavily doped SiGe substrate and two insulated gates i.e. primary gate (PrG) and biasing gate (BG) with suitable work functions. Sensitivity of the biosensor is investigated by varying dielectric constant (k) and charge density (ρ) in the active region of device. TFET biosensor design and simulation is performed using TCAD Synopsys software. Computations are carried out for various conditions of dielectric constant (k) and charge density (ρ) for analyzing the sensor sensitivity. Simulation results show that for k=10 and ρ = 3.0x1012cm−2, there is low leakage current (IOFF) = 1.0x10−16A/µm, and high ON current (ION) = 1.0x10−6 A/µm. Results obtained in this work as useful as it will act as a design guideline for developing TFET biosensors for various biological applications.
On the Corrosion behavior of 4A and 5A cast duplex stainless steel under different heat treatment conditions
Authors: Edward Anand E , Gopi C , Moorthy N , Prince Richard J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this analysis, corrosion efficiency and mechanical properties of duplex stainless steel castings (DSS-4A and DSS-5A) were compared to their wrought counterparts. Cast duplex stainless steel DSS-4A and DSS-5A are characterized in two separate solution treated settings, while their wrought counterparts are characterized in both solutions treated and forged form. Optical microscopy and X-ray diffractometry were employed to perform the metallurgical characterization. Electrochemical techniques such as Tafel extrapolation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to investigate corrosion activity. An electrochemical workstation was used to perform the corrosion studies. To compare the stability and changes in corrosion properties of both grades, an ASTM standard B117 salt spray test was performed in a 3.5 percent NaCl medium. Without any intermetallic phases, the XRD showed austenite and ferrite phases. The elements were partitioned further into the phases that they promoted, according to the elemental study of the phases. The ultimate tensile strength and hardness values of DSS-5A are higher than those of DSS-4A. DSS-5A had a higher corrosion resistance than DSS-4A. When comparing the two media used (H2SO4 and NaCl), DSS-5A demonstrated superior corrosion resistance.
Near-infrared frequency comb generation from a silicon microresonator
Authors: Zhang Yaojing , Kumar Rakesh Ranjan , Zhong Keyi , Tsang Hon Ki 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Optical frequency combs (OFCs) have been widely explored in the silica and silicon nitride platforms, from visible light to mid-infrared wavelength. Although silicon has a larger nonlinear coefficient, it suffers from larger two-photon absorption and consequent free-carrier absorption. Therefore, microresonator-based OFCs have not been experimentally demonstrated in the silicon platform with a single pump in the near-infrared region. Here, we experimentally demonstrated the Kerr comb generation (KCG) in a high-quality-factor silicon microresonator using sub-milliwatt pump power without any reverse bias for removing the free carriers. We experimentally investigated the effects of pump powers and quality factors (Qs) on the comb output power and number of comb lines. Under low pump power, either larger pump power or larger Q can yield higher comb output power and more comb lines. However, at higher pump powers, the comb output power is limited by nonlinear absorptions. The KCG was well established by using pump wavelengths in the range from 1340 nm to 1650 nm. The further combination of this microresonator with a p-i-n diode is possible to obtain considerable comb output powers. This work shows the possibility of microresonator-based OFCs in silicon chips at telecom wavelengths.
Synthetic Control Methods for the Evaluation of Single-Unit Interventions in Epidemiology: A Tutorial
Authors: Bonander Carl , Humphreys David , Degli Esposti Michelle 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Evaluating the impacts of population-level interventions (e.g., changes to state legislation) can be challenging as conducting randomized experiments is often impractical and inappropriate, especially in settings where the intervention is implemented in a single, aggregate unit (e.g., a country or state). A common nonrandomized alternative is to compare outcomes in the treated unit(s) with unexposed controls both before and after the intervention. However, the validity of these designs depends on the use of controls that closely resemble the treated unit on before-intervention characteristics and trends on the outcome, and suitable controls may be difficult to find because the number of potential control regions is typically limited. The synthetic control method provides a potential solution to these problems by using a data-driven algorithm to identify an optimal weighted control unit—a “synthetic control”—based on data from before the intervention from available control units. While popular in the social sciences, the method has not garnered as much attention in health research, perhaps due to a lack of accessible texts aimed at health researchers. We address this gap by providing a comprehensive, nontechnical tutorial on the synthetic control method, using a worked example evaluating Florida’s “stand your ground” law to illustrate methodological and practical considerations.
The Utility of the Test of Memory Malingering Trial 1 in Differentiating Neurocognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Functioning in a Pediatric Concussion Population
Authors: Smith Alphonso , Thomas Julia , Friedhoff Claire , Chin Esther 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objective
In concussion populations, suboptimal task engagement detected by performance validity tests (PVTs) has been associated with poorer neuropsychological scores and greater post-concussive symptoms (PCS). This study examined if Pass/Fail status on the Test of Memory Malingering—TOMM Trial 1—differentiated the neurocognitive, emotional, and behavioral profile of pediatric patients with concussion.

Method
This study utilized archival data from 93 patients (mean age = 14.56 and SD = 2.01) with a history of concussion who were assessed at ~5–6 weeks post-injury (mean days = 40.27 and SD = 35.41). Individuals were divided into “Pass” and “Fail” groups based on TOMM Trial 1 performance. The testing battery included ACT, CPT-II and III, HVLT-R, WJ-III and IV ACH, ImPACT, BASC-2, and BRIEF.

Results
The overall pass rate on Trial 1 was 70% (mean = 46.04 and SD = 4.55). Findings suggested that a passing score on Trial 1 may be associated with adequate performance across the remaining two trials of the TOMM. The Fail group scored significantly lower across attention, memory, and processing speed measures when compared with the Pass group. On rating scales, significantly more concerns were endorsed with the Fail group for attention and executive functioning relative to the Pass group. Parents generally endorsed significantly more concerns for executive functioning when compared with their children’s self-reported symptoms. There was a trend for the Fail group to report more PCS; however, they did not significantly differ from the Pass group for depression, anxiety, or somatization.

Conclusions
This study highlights the importance of utilizing PVTs when evaluating concussion recovery.
Addressing data imbalance problems in ligand-binding site prediction using a variational autoencoder and a convolutional neural network
Authors: Nguyen Trinh-Trung-Duong , Nguyen Duc-Khanh , Ou Yu-Yen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Since 2015, a fast growing number of deep learning–based methods have been proposed for protein–ligand binding site prediction and many have achieved promising performance. These methods, however, neglect the imbalanced nature of binding site prediction problems. Traditional data-based approaches for handling data imbalance employ linear interpolation of minority class samples. Such approaches may not be fully exploited by deep neural networks on downstream tasks. We present a novel technique for balancing input classes by developing a deep neural network–based variational autoencoder (VAE) that aims to learn important attributes of the minority classes concerning nonlinear combinations. After learning, the trained VAE was used to generate new minority class samples that were later added to the original data to create a balanced dataset. Finally, a convolutional neural network was used for classification, for which we assumed that the nonlinearity could be fully integrated. As a case study, we applied our method to the identification of FAD- and FMN-binding sites of electron transport proteins. Compared with the best classifiers that use traditional machine learning algorithms, our models obtained a great improvement on sensitivity while maintaining similar or higher levels of accuracy and specificity. We also demonstrate that our method is better than other data imbalance handling techniques, such as SMOTE, ADASYN, and class weight adjustment. Additionally, our models also outperform existing predictors in predicting the same binding types. Our method is general and can be applied to other data types for prediction problems with moderate-to-heavy data imbalances.
Exploring the Impact of the First Wave of COVID-19 on Social Work Practice: A Qualitative Study in England, UK
Authors: Kingstone Tom , Campbell Paul , Andras Alina , Nixon Karen , Mallen Christian , Dikomitis Lisa ,   the Q-COVID-19 Group
Published: July 2021

Summary
The COVID-19 pandemic signalled a radical shift in health and social care services globally. In UK, many of the people with existing social care needs were identified as ‘clinically vulnerable’ to COVID-19. Those at greatest risk were encouraged to adhere to additional public health measures that inadvertently exacerbated social disadvantages. Social workers were challenged to ‘dig deep’ to continue to provide services as usual. However, problems implementing new ways of working were reported but not examined in-depth through research. Our study explored experiences and perceptions of social workers responding to the first wave (April–July 2020) of COVID-19, in England, UK. Interviews with thirteen social workers, all working in the West Midlands region, were conducted via telephone or online video. Transcripts were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. We use ‘managing uncertainty’ as a central concept underpinning the four themes identified after analysis: (1) providing social care at a physical distance, (2) negotiating home/work boundaries, (3) managing emerging risks and (4) long-term implications for social work. We discuss our findings in the context of resilience and organisational adaptation. Social workers in our study demonstrated resilience in action and rapid adaptation to new practices, but equally expressed concern about short-term efficiencies being prioritised over individual service user needs.