bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association mapping and pathway analysis of ear rot disease caused byAspergillus flavusin a panel of tropical maize germplasm
Authors: Bertagna Filipe Augusto Bengosi , Kuki Maurício Carlos , Zeni Neto Hugo , Tessmann Dauri José , Pinto Ronald José Barth , Scapim Carlos Alberto , Williams William Paul , Warburton Marilyn 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe fungusAspergillus flavuscan produce high, unsafe levels of aflatoxin in maize (Zea maysL.) and other high‐oil seed crops under environmental conditions favoring fungal growth and sporulation. At high levels, aflatoxin can kill, and chronic exposure to lower levels causes liver cancer, stunted growth during childhood, and depressed immune systems in humans and animals. Aspergillus ear rot (AER) is especially problematic in tropical environments, but most gene identification studies have been done in temperate or subtropical maize. Thus, the objectives of this research include identifying and mapping chromosomal regions and genes associated with AER resistance in tropical maize inbred lines via genome‐wide association study (GWAS) and tying these genes to metabolic pathways and potential resistance mechanisms. A panel of 320 tropical field corn and popcorn inbred lines was analyzed with phenotypic data for AER collected in two environments after harvest, and a set of 291,633 high‐quality polymorphic single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) generated via genotyping by sequencing. Seven SNPs significantly associated with AER were identified. Pathway analysis identified 56 associated pathways, yielding possible resistance mechanisms related to flavonoid and phytoalexin plant compounds, plant signaling via hormones, starch biosynthesis, and general plant growth and metabolism. Many of the same genes were identified by both analyses, but GWAS and pathway analysis jointly identified more candidate genes than either alone.
Modeling of Electron‐Transfer Kinetics in Magnesium Electrolytes: Influence of the Solvent on the Battery Performance
Authors: Drews Janina , Jankowski Piotr , Häcker Joachim , Li Zhenyou , Danner Timo , García Lastra Juan Maria , Vegge Tejs , Wagner Norbert , Friedrich K. Andreas , Zhao‐Karger Zhirong , Fichtner Maximilian , Latz Arnulf 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe performance of rechargeable magnesium batteries is strongly dependent on the choice of electrolyte. The desolvation of multivalent cations usually goes along with high energy barriers, which can have a crucial impact on the plating reaction. This can lead to significantly higher overpotentials for magnesium deposition compared to magnesium dissolution. In this work we combine experimental measurements with DFT calculations and continuum modelling to analyze Mg deposition in various solvents. Jointly, these methods provide a better understanding of the electrode reactions and especially the magnesium deposition mechanism. Thereby, a kinetic model for electrochemical reactions at metal electrodes is developed, which explicitly couples desolvation to electron transfer and, furthermore, qualitatively takes into account effects of the electrochemical double layer. The influence of different solvents on the battery performance is studied for the state‐of‐the‐art magnesium tetrakis(hexafluoroisopropyloxy)borate electrolyte salt. It becomes apparent that not necessarily a whole solvent molecule must be stripped from the solvated magnesium cation before the first reduction step can take place. For Mg reduction it seems to be sufficient to have one coordination site available, so that the magnesium cation is able to get closer to the electrode surface. Thereby, the initial desolvation of the magnesium cation determines the deposition reaction for mono‐, tri‐ and tetraglyme, whereas the influence of the desolvation on the plating reaction is minor for diglyme and tetrahydrofuran. Overall, we can give a clear recommendation for diglyme to be applied as solvent in magnesium electrolytes.
Versatile Pendant Polymer for Selective Charge Carrier Transport via Controlling the Supramolecular Self‐Assembly
Authors: Lim Jihyun , Kim Min‐Sung , Jang Woongsik , Park Jin Kuen , Wang Dong Hwan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPolyvinyl carbazole (P0)‐based pendant polymers were synthesized by modifying carbazole motifs with pyrene derivatives (P1 and P4) to manipulate the bandgap and frontier orbital energy levels. To establish the electronic properties of pendant polymers according to structural differences, the polymers were utilized as additional hole transport layers in planar‐type perovskite solar cells and organic photovoltaic cells. When P4 with thiophene‐pyrene pendant was used as hole transport layer, all device parameters, except open‐circuit voltage, were significantly improved in comparison with P0 and P1 (conjugated with t‐butyl pyrene derivatives). Since P4 had more electrically conductive thiophene units than benzene units with fewer alkyl groups, the supramolecular assembly of P4 was found to be more favorable in electronic devices. Furthermore, devices with P4 demonstrated lower dark current than others, which could potentially be useful for charge carrier transport and sensitive photo detecting devices.
Significance of hepatocyte atypia in liver fine needle aspiration
Authors: Shyu Susan , Ali Syed Z. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFine needle aspiration (FNA) of the liver is frequently the diagnostic procedure of choice for sampling hepatic lesions. One of the main diagnostic challenges in the interpretation of liver FNA is distinguishing dysplastic lesions and well‐differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma (WD‐HCC) from benign processes, as they share significant cytomorphologic overlap. Furthermore, the diagnosis of HCC often requires evaluation of stroma for invasion, which may not be present on cytology and small needle biopsy specimens. A reporting system for liver cytopathology has yet to be instituted. Without standardized and well‐defined criteria for hepatocyte atypia, we recommend limiting the use of atypia in evaluation of liver FNA specimens to describe a diagnosis of exclusion, in which all known benign and neoplastic processes have been ruled out. The cytologic findings on the FNA of a liver nodule may be best reported as atypical hepatocytes in the absence of a core needle biopsy or cell block sufficient to render a definitive diagnosis of HCC.
Applying the ESC 2016, H2FPEF, and HFA‐PEFF diagnostic algorithms for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction to the general population
Authors: Nikorowitsch Julius , Bei der Kellen Ramona , Kirchhof Paulus , Magnussen Christina , Jagodzinski Annika , Schnabel Renate B. , Blankenberg Stefan , Wenzel Jan‐Per 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimsHeart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is common in patients presenting with dyspnoea. Recently, clinical tools were developed to facilitate the diagnosis of HFpEF. Here, we apply the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) 2016 heart failure guidelines and the H2FPEF and HFA‐PEFF scores to a middle‐aged sample of the general population and compared the different groups with each other.Methods and resultsThis study included the first 10 000 participants of the population‐based Hamburg City Health Study. A total of 5613 subjects, aged 62 ± 8.7 years (51.1% women), qualified for the analysis. Unexplained dyspnoea was present in 407 (7.3%) subjects. In those, the estimated prevalence of HFpEF was 20.4% (ESC 2016), 12.3% (H2FPEF), and 7.6% (HFA‐PEFF). The majority of subjects was classified as HFpEF not excludable according to the HFA‐PEFF (57.7%) and H2FPEF (59.2%) scores. For all algorithms, subjects diagnosed with HFpEF showed elevated age and body mass index as well as a higher prevalence of atrial fibrillation, diabetes, and arterial hypertension compared with those without HFpEF or HFpEF not excludable. The distribution of those co‐morbidities and risk factors varied between the differently diagnosed HFpEF groups with the highest burden in the HFpEF group defined by the H2FPEF score. The overlap of subjects diagnosed with HFpEF according to the different algorithms was very limited.ConclusionsUnexplained dyspnoea is common in the middle‐aged general population. The ESC 2016 algorithm and the H2FPEF and HFA‐PEFF scores detect different, discordant subpopulations of probands with breathlessness. Further classification of the HFpEF syndrome is desirable.
The potential of scanning electrochemical probe microscopy and scanning droplet cells in battery research
Authors: Daboss Sven , Rahmanian Fuzhan , Stein Helge S. , Kranz Christine 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSpatially resolved characterization of electrode surfaces or electrode–electrolyte interfaces is of fundamental interest in battery research to unravel the complex underlying physicochemical processes. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) techniques and derived methods have recently gained importance in in situ or operando studies of battery electrodes. This minireview provides an overview on well‐established and advanced SPM methods such as scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM) and hybrid atomic force microscopy–scanning electrochemical microscopy (AFM‐SECM) and their future potential for in situ/operando studies providing correlated structure/reactivity information. Although, most studies so far are focusing on lithium (Li)‐ion batteries, the potential for post‐Li battery chemistries is clearly evident. Future approaches for rapid performance assessment using scanning droplet cell electrochemistry in combination with advanced scanning probe microscopy are proposed and contrasted with the emerging challenges in the characterization of novel battery chemistries, as SPM methods have not yet been much used in this research area.
Mutagenicity of a novel 2‐phenylbenzotriazole (non‐chlorinated 2‐phenylbenzotriazole‐9) in mice
Authors: Rodrigues Tanamachi Amanda , Fernandes Fábio Henrique , de Souza Vendemiatti Josiane Aparecida , Prediger Patrícia , Camparotto Natália Gabriele , Sousa Rocha Noeme , Aragão Umbuzeiro Gisela , Fávero Salvadori Daisy Maria 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDinitrophenylazo dyes can form 2‐phenylbenzotriazoles (PBTAs) in the textile dyeing process upon the addition of chemical reducing agents. Some dinitrophenylazo dyes, as well as their respective reduced (non‐chlorinated) and chlorinated PBTAs, are now found in rivers owing to wastewater from textile plants. This study aimed to investigate the genotoxicity of a new PBTA derived from C.I. Disperse Violet 93 azo dye, namely non‐Cl PBTA‐9. Primary DNA damage in the blood, liver, and colon cells, micronucleated cells in the bone marrow, and gene expression (NAT2, CYP1A1, TRP53, and CDKN1A) in liver cells were observed in mice, at acute oral exposure (gavage) doses of 5, 50, and 500 μg/kg body weight (b.w.). The non‐chlorinated PBTA‐9 caused DNA damage in the blood and liver (at 500 μg/kg b.w.) and in colon cells (at 5, 50, and 500 μg/kg), and increased the frequency of micronucleated cells in the bone marrow (at 5 and 50 μg/kg). No histological alterations or gene expression changes were observed. In conclusion, in vivo exposure to non‐chlorinated PBTA‐9 induced genetic damage in various rodent tissues, corroborating results previously obtained from the Ames test. Because this compound has been detected in rivers, exposure to humans and biota is a major concern.
Participants' experience of approach bias modification training with transcranial Direct Current Stimulation as a combination treatment for binge eating disorder
Authors: Gordon Gemma , Williamson Grace , Gkofa Vasiliki , Schmidt Ulrike , Brockmeyer Timo , Campbell Iain 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study explored participants' experience of approach bias modification training (ABM) with transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for binge eating disorder (BED) within a randomised controlled trial (RCT). A subset of participants who completed the RCT were interviewed to attain feedback on treatment experience and outcomes.Method15 participants with BED who completed the RCT were recruited, using purposive sampling. Participants received six sessions of concurrent ABM training with either real or sham tDCS. Semi‐structured interviews relating to study experience and treatment outcomes were conducted and data were analysed thematically.ResultsThe combined ABM and tDCS intervention was deemed acceptable and worthwhile by participants interviewed across both intervention groups. Negative preconceptions of tDCS were an initial deterrent to study participation for some, yet the brain stimulation experience was found to be tolerable. Minor and transient sensations and side effects attributed to tDCS were reported by most participants during and after stimulation, in addition to less pleasant aspects of ABM training, with no significant adverse effects reported by interviewees. Positive outcomes were described by participants across both intervention groups, relating to changes in BED symptoms and to broader beneficial effects on associated cognitive and emotional factors. Two participants experienced a shift in autonomy, attributed to tDCS and the combined intervention respectively.ConclusionsAdults with symptoms of BED found concurrent ABM and tDCS sessions to be acceptable, despite initial apprehension about the safety of tDCS. Findings are relevant to the neuroethics literature and may inform science communication strategies on neuromodulation treatments.
Burnout in microvascular reconstructive otolaryngology – head and neck surgeons: Potential modifiable workplace factors
Authors: Kejner Alexandra E. , Patel Rusha , McMullen Caitlin , Sykes Kevin J. , Shnayder Yelizaveta 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundBurnout has been previously assessed in head and neck microvascular reconstructive surgeons (HNMVS), but not in the context of modifiable workplace factors.MethodsAnonymous, cross‐sectional survey. The Abbreviated Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey for Medical Personnel (aMBI‐HSS) was utilized to assess emotional exhaustion (EE), depersonalization (DP), and personal achievement (PA). Modifiable risk factors were also evaluated.ResultsHigh risk of burnout by EE, DP, and PA was demonstrated in 24%, 9%, and 27% of respondents, respectively. EE was associated with <10% dedicated research time, lack of autonomy over clinic schedule, inadequate inpatient support, and lack of supportive clinical partner. DP was associated with >3 operative days, difficulty balancing academic commitments, and lack of supportive clinical partner. Dedicated research time and two or fewer days of block time were protective.ConclusionsBurnout was associated with several modifiable workplace factors. Addressing these may prevent moderate to severe burnout in HNMVS.
Catalyst‐Controlled Chemoselective Nitrene Transfers
Authors: Noda Hidetoshi , Tang Xinxin , Shibasaki Masakatsu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTransition metal catalyzed nitrene transfers provide nitrogen containing compounds through C−H bond insertion, aziridination of olefins, and other types of reactions. Given the importance of these compounds in natural products and pharmaceuticals, tremendous efforts have been devoted to the development of efficient and reliable catalytic methods. In particular, the last decade has seen a remarkable progress in catalyst‐controlled chemoselective nitrene transfers, wherein different products can be obtained from a single substrate by the choice of catalyst. This Minireview covers this important and emerging area. We explain the principle of catalyst‐controlled synthesis, followed by highlighting literature examples for intra‐ and intermolecular reactions with an emphasis on the understanding of the nature of reactive intermediates and the strategy needed to realize selectivity. Finally, future directions are discussed based on the literature precedents.
Comparison of liver cancer incidence and survival by subtypes across seven high‐income countries
Authors: Rutherford Mark J. , Arnold Melina , Bardot Aude , Ferlay Jacques , De Prithwish , Tervonen Hannah , Little Alana , Bucher Oliver , St Jacques Nathalie , Gavin Anna , Engholm Gerda , Møller Bjørn , O'Connell Dianne L. , Merrett Neil , Parkin Donald Maxwell , Bray Freddie , Soerjomataram Isabelle 
Published: August 2021

AbstractInternational comparison of liver cancer survival has been hampered due to varying standards and degrees for morphological verification and differences in coding practices. This article aims to compare liver cancer survival across the International Cancer Benchmarking Partnership's (ICBP) jurisdictions whilst trying to ensure that the estimates are comparable through a range of sensitivity analyses. Liver cancer incidence data from 21 jurisdictions in 7 countries (Australia, Canada, Denmark, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom) were obtained from population‐based registries for 1995‐2014. Cases were categorised based on histological classification, age‐groups, basis of diagnosis and calendar period. Age‐standardised incidence rate (ASR) per 100 000 and net survival at 1 and 3 years after diagnosis were estimated. Liver cancer incidence rates increased over time across all ICBP jurisdictions, particularly for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with the largest relative increase in the United Kingdom, increasing from 1.3 to 4.4 per 100 000 person‐years between 1995 and 2014. Australia had the highest age‐standardised 1‐year and 3‐year net survival for all liver cancers combined (48.7% and 28.1%, respectively) in the most recent calendar period, which was still true for morphologically verified tumours when making restrictions to ensure consistent coding and classification. Survival from liver cancers is poor in all countries. The incidence of HCC is increasing alongside the proportion of nonmicroscopically verified cases over time. Survival estimates for all liver tumours combined should be interpreted in this context. Care is needed to ensure that international comparisons are performed on appropriately comparable patients, with careful consideration of coding practice variations.
Extracellular acidity in tumor tissue upregulates programmed cell death ligand 1 expression on tumor cells via proton‐sensing G protein‐coupled receptors
Authors: Mori Daichi , Tsujikawa Takahiro , Sugiyama Yoichiro , Kotani Shin‐ichiro , Fuse Shinya , Ohmura Gaku , Arai Akihito , Kawaguchi Tsutomu , Hirano Shigeru , Mazda Osam , Kishida Tsunao 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAcidity in the tumor microenvironment has been reported to promote cancer growth and metastasis. In our study, we examined a potential relation between extracellular acidity and expression level of the immune checkpoint molecule programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) in murine squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and melanoma cell lines. PD‐L1 expression in the tumor cells was upregulated by culturing in a low pH culture medium. Tumor‐bearing mice were allowed to ingest sodium bicarbonate, resulting in neutralization of acidity in the tumor tissue, a decrease in PD‐L1 expression in tumor cells and suppression of tumor growth in vivo. Proton‐sensing G protein‐coupled receptors, T‐cell death‐associated gene 8 (TDAG8) and ovarian cancer G‐protein‐coupled receptor 1 (OGR1), were upregulated by low pH, and essentially involved in the acidity‐induced elevation of PD‐L1 expression in the tumor cells. Human head and neck SCC RNAseq data from the Cancer Genome Atlas also suggested a statistically significant correlation between expression levels of the proton sensors and PD‐L1 mRNA expression. These findings strongly suggest that neutralization of acidity in tumor tissue may result in reduction of PD‐L1 expression, potentially leading to inhibition of an immune checkpoint and augmentation of antitumor immunity.
Clinical outcomes in higher‐order multiples reduced to dichorionic diamniotic (DCDA) twins compared with primary twins and singletons: A prospective observational study
Authors: Singh Chanchal , Thakur Seema , Shahnaz Gazala , Dagar Savita , Shastri Aditi , Khurana Deeksha 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo compare outcomes in higher‐order multiple pregnancies reduced to dichorionic diamniotic (DCDA) twins with primary DCDA twins and singleton pregnancies.MethodsThis prospective observational study included all higher‐order multiple pregnancies that underwent ultrasound‐guided transabdominal fetal reduction at 11–13 weeks of gestation from January 2018 to June 2020. Outcomes were compared with 100 primary DCDA twins and 1078 singletons.ResultsSixty‐four higher‐order multiples underwent reduction at mean gestational age of 11.46 weeks. Of the reduced pregnancies, 3.12% resulted in miscarriage before 24 weeks compared with 2% (2/100) of primary twins and 0.74% of singletons (P = 0.09). The mean gestational age at delivery was 33.48 weeks for reduced twins, 34.52 weeks for primary twins (P = 0.10) and 38.14 weeks for singletons (P < 0.001). Compared with primary twins, the adjusted odds of preterm delivery before 34 weeks and before 36 weeks for reduced twins were 0.56 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.48–3.54, P = 0.62) and 0.84 (95% CI 0.78–8.85, P = 0.08), respectively. There was no significant difference in rates of pre‐eclampsia, Cesarean delivery, birth weight below the 10th and 3rd centiles, and perinatal mortality among primary and reduced twins. All risks were significantly lower in singleton pregnancies.ConclusionReduced twins have similar obstetric and perinatal outcomes as primary twins, but adverse outcomes are significantly higher in both groups when compared with singleton pregnancies.
The bilateral trade effects of announcement shocks: Brexit as a natural field experiment
Authors: Douch Mustapha , Edwards Terence Huw 
Published: August 2021

SummaryWe analyse the effects of uncertainty and anticipation shocks associated with the 2016 Brexit vote as a treatment on trade between the UK and 14 EU and 14 non‐EU trading partners, using the synthetic control method (SCM). After controlling for exchange rate and GDP changes, UK exports to both groups of countries fell below those of the ‘synthetic Britain’, with much of the shortfall developing over the year prior to the referendum, following the 2015 Conservative general election win. The results indicate that UK exports to EU countries may have lost nearly 25% by early 2018, due to the Brexit shock, somewhat more than those to non‐EU countries. Imports from the EU and non‐EU countries also declined a little, although there is tentative evidence that UK consumers may have been avoiding countries with preferential trade agreements (PTAs) with the EU, and possibly turning towards the Commonwealth. Overall, the results confirm that policy uncertainty has a major effect upon trade and that uncertainty about supply chain costs is a potential explanation for at least some of the shortfall.
Size, size potential, and expected stock returns
Authors: Taussig* Roi D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe financial literature shows that, on average, larger firms earn lower returns. This study examines the relationship between market capitalization and stock returns, as well as the size growth potential of firms according to their economies of scale (size and size potential are not correlated). According to generally accepted beliefs, larger firms do earn lower returns on average. This study adds to the literature by finding that firms’ size potential (according to their economies of scale) is also negatively related to firms' average returns. This new information is significant–both statistically and economically.