bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soft tissue metric parameters, methods and aesthetic indices in implant dentistry: A critical review
Authors: Cosyn Jan , Wessels Retief , Garcia Cabeza Ricardo , Ackerman Julie , Eeckhout Célien , Christiaens Véronique 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe primary objective was to provide an overview of soft tissue metric parameters, methods, and aesthetic indices in implant dentistry. The secondary objective was to describe reliability and validity of aesthetic indices.Materials and methodsTwo independent reviewers conducted an electronic literature search in Pubmed, Web of Science, Embase, and Cochrane databases up to October 2020 to identify studies on soft tissue metric parameters, methods, and aesthetic indices. Aesthetic indices were evaluated in terms of reliability and validity. Data extraction was performed by the same reviewers.ResultsFive metric parameters (papilla height, linear changes in soft tissue level, color assessment, soft tissue thickness, and profilometric soft tissue changes) registered by means of several methods (intra‐oral registrations, radiographic assessments, digital analyses, and ultrasonic assessments), and 15 aesthetic indices (Papilla Index (PI), ad hoc questions scored with Visual Analogue Scales, Pink Esthetic Score (PES), Implant Crown Aesthetic Index (ICAI), Implant Aesthetic Score (IAS), Rompen Index, Subjective Esthetic Score, White Esthetic Score, Copenhagen Index, Complex Esthetic Index, Californian Dental Association Index (CDAI), Peri‐Implant, and Crown Index, Functional Implant Prosthodontic Score, Implant Restoration Esthetic Index (IREI), and Mucosal Scarring Index (MSI)) could be identified. With respect to metric parameters and methods, intra‐oral registrations were least accurate whereas profilometric soft tissue changes on the basis of digital surface models were most accurate. Six aesthetic indices showed good inter‐rater reliability (PI, PES, ICAI, CDAI, IREI, and MSI). Good validity could only be shown for two indices (PES and CEI). Given this and on the basis of ease of use and ease of interpretation, PES qualified best for clinical research on single implants. None of the indices fulfilled the quality criteria for clinical research on multiple implants.ConclusionMany soft tissue assessment methods with varying reliability and validity have been described and used, which hampers uniform reporting in implant dentistry. Clinical investigators are advised to measure linear and profilometric soft tissue changes using digital surface models, and to use a reliable and validated aesthetic index. Currently, PES qualifies best for aesthetic evaluation of single implants. An index is to be developed to assess the aesthetic outcome of rehabilitations on multiple implants.
Patient‐reported outcome measures following soft‐tissue grafting at implant sites: A systematic review
Authors: Stefanini Martina , Tavelli Lorenzo , Barootchi Shayan , Sangiorgi Matteo , Zucchelli Giovanni 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo review the available literature on patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) following soft tissue augmentation at implant sites.Materials and MethodsA comprehensive electronic and manual search was performed to identify clinical studies that involved soft tissue augmentation around dental implants and reported PROMs, including post‐operative morbidity, painkillers intake, quality of life, aesthetics and satisfactions.ResultsNineteen articles were included in the qualitative analysis. Autogenous grafts (free gingival graft and connective tissue graft), acellular dermal matrix and xenogeneic collagen matrix were utilized, either with a bilaminar‐ or an apically positioned flap approach. PROMs reported in the literature included perceived hardship of the procedure and pain during the surgery, post‐operative morbidity, painkillers intake, number of days with discomfort, satisfaction, aesthetic evaluation, quality of life and willingness to undergo the treatment again. Most of the included studies showed similar PROMs between autogenous grafts and substitutes, in terms of post‐operative morbidity, painkillers intake, quality of life, aesthetic assessment and satisfaction. Nevertheless, a trend towards lower post‐operative discomfort was observed for graft substitutes. High scores for patient satisfaction and aesthetic evaluation were observed in all the interventions compared to non‐grafted sites.ConclusionsPROMs represent a crucial endpoint of clinical studies evaluating the outcomes of soft tissue grafts at implant sites. Most of the studies did not find significant differences in terms of patient morbidity and painkillers between autogenous grafts and substitutes. Soft tissue grafting can enhance patient satisfaction and aesthetic evaluation compared to non‐grafted sites.
Impact of timing of dental implant placement and loading: Summary and consensus statements of group 1—The 6th EAO Consensus Conference 2021
Authors: Donos Nikos , Asche Nele Van , Akbar Aron Naim , Francisco Helena , Gonzales Oscar , Gotfredsen Klaus , Haas Robert , Happe Arndt , Leow Natalie , Navarro Jose Manuel , Ornekol Turker , Payer Michael , Renouard Franck , Schliephake Henning 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis publication reports on the EAO workshop group 1 summaries, discussions and consensus statements based on four systematic reviews evaluating the impact of timing of dental implant placement and loading.Materials and methodsThe first of the systematic reviews was on the influence of the timing of implant placement and loading in the biological outcomes of implant‐supported fixed partial dentures. The second systematic review evaluated the influence of the timing of implant placement and loading on the aesthetic outcomes in single‐tooth implants. The third systematic review was on the long‐term outcomes of maxillary single‐tooth implants in relation to timing protocols of implant placement and loading and the fourth on patient's perception of timing concepts in implant dentistry. The group evaluated these systematic reviews, provided comments and additions as required and agreed on the relevant consensus statements as well as on clinical and research recommendations.ResultsDifferent timings of implant placement/loading presented with high implant survival rates. The systematic reviews evaluated from this working group provided a number of conclusions based on the available/current literature. However, the specific topic of timing is an area that further research is required in order to provide detailed guidelines for the different protocols to be employed.
Impact of design elements of the implant supracrestal complex (ISC) on the risk of peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis: A critical review
Authors: Mattheos Nikos , Janda Martin , Acharya Aneesha , Pekarski Stephanie , Larsson Christel 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this review was to investigate the evidence correlating the emergence profile (EP) and emergence angle (EA), peri‐implant tissue height, implant neck design, abutment and/or prosthesis material, retention and connection types with risk of peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis.MethodsSeven focus questions were identified, and seven electronic search queries were conducted in PubMed. Human studies reporting on bleeding on probing, probing depth or case definitions of peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis were included.ResultsEmerging evidence with bone‐level implants suggests a link between EA combined with convex EP and peri‐implantitis. Depth of the peri‐implant sulcus of ≥3 mm is shown to be reducing the effectiveness of treatment of established peri‐implant mucositis. Modification of the prosthesis contour is shown to be an effective supplement of the anti‐infective treatment of peri‐implant mucositis. Limited evidence points to no difference with regard to the risk for peri‐implant mucositis between tissue‐ and bone‐level implants, as well as the material of the abutment or the prosthesis. Limited evidence suggests the use or not of prosthetic abutments in external connections and does not change the risk for peri‐implantitis. Literature with regard to prosthesis retention type and risk for peri‐implantitis is inconclusive.ConclusionsLimited evidence indicates the involvement of EA, EP, sulcus depth and restricted accessibility to oral hygiene in the manifestation and/or management of peri‐implant mucositis/peri‐implantitis. Conclusions are limited by the lack of consensus definitions and validated outcomes measures, as well as diverse methodological approaches. Purpose‐designed studies are required to clarify current observations.
Changes in peri‐implant soft tissue levels following surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sanz‐Martín Ignacio , Cha Jae‐Kook , Sanz‐Sánchez Ignacio , Figuero Elena , Herrera David , Sanz Mariano 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimTo assess the changes in peri‐implant soft tissue levels after the surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis.MethodsRandomized controlled trials, controlled clinical trials, cohort studies and case series, evaluating the changes in the position of the mucosal margin before and after surgical treatment of peri‐implantitis, were searched. Secondary outcomes were changes in keratinized mucosa (KM), radiographic bone levels, probing depths (PD), plaque indices, bleeding on probing and patient perception. Meta‐analyses were performed to determine weighted mean differences (WMD) or effects (WME).ResultsTwenty‐six articles, reporting 20 investigations, were included. Reconstructive approaches yielded significantly less increase in mucosal recession, when compared to access flaps (n = 3, WMD = −1.35 mm, 95% confidence interval [CI] [−2.62; −0.07], p = .038). When comparing among reconstructive surgical interventions similar outcomes were observed irrespective of the use of a barrier membrane (n = 3, WMD = −0.01 mm, 95% CI [−0.15; 0.13], p = .917). When considering the effects over time, limited mucosal recession was observed after reconstructive procedures (n = 23, WME = 0.389 mm, 95% CI [0.204; 0.574]), p = .001), while increased recession was reported with either resective or access flap surgery (n = 6, WME = 1.21 mm, 95% CI [0.70; 1.72], p = <.001; and n = 3, WME = 0.95 mm, 95% CI [0.20; 2.10], p = .106; respectively). When resective and reconstructive approaches were combined the highest values on peri‐implant recession were reported (n = 2, WME = 1.97 mm, 95% CI [0.81; 3.14], p < .001). Reconstructive surgical interventions were associated with greater radiographic bone level gains, while similar values were reported for PD reduction when comparing reconstructive, access and resective procedures.ConclusionsResective surgical procedures were associated with significant post‐surgical recession while minimal recession was observed in regenerative interventions.
Patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) of implant‐supported reconstructions using digital workflows: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Bishti Shaza , Tuna Taskin , Rittich Anne , Wolfart Stefan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo summarize the existing evidence on patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs) of implant‐supported restorations fabricated using a digital workflow in comparison to conventional manufacturing procedures.MethodsA PICO strategy was executed using an electronic and manual search focusing on clinical studies evaluating PROMs of implant‐supported restorations. Only clinical trials assessing conventional versus digital workflows for implant‐supported restorations were included. PROMS on implant impression procedures and fabrication of final restorations were evaluated using random and fixed effects meta‐analyses, while implant planning/placement was reported descriptively.ResultsAmong 1062 titles identified, 14 studies were finally included, and only seven studies were eligible for meta‐analysis. For implant planning and placement, only a qualitative analysis was possible due to heterogeneity between the studies. For impression procedures, the random effects model revealed statistically significant differences in taste, anxiety, nausea, pain, shortness of breath, and discomfort in favor of optical impressions. No significant difference in the subjective perception of the duration of an impression could be reported. For the final fabrication of restorations, no significant difference between veneered and monolithic posterior restorations was found in terms of esthetic, function, and general satisfaction.ConclusionMost of the studies reporting about PROMs were published during the last ten years and limited to implant‐supported single crowns in the posterior region. Based on PROMs, no scientifically proven recommendation for guided implant placement could be given at this time. Patients showed high preference for optical impressions, whereas no differences between veneered and monolithic restorations could be reported.
Does the timing of implant placement and loading influence biological outcomes of implant‐supported multiple‐unit fixed dental prosthesis—A systematic review with meta‐analyses
Authors: Aiquel Louise Leite , Pitta João , Antonoglou Georgios N. , Mischak Irene , Sailer Irena , Payer Michael 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the impact of timing of implant placement and loading on implant survival and biological outcomes of multiple‐unit implant‐supported fixed dental prosthesis (FDPs).Material and MethodsA literature search was performed by three independent reviewers for studies reporting on ≥10 patients with FPDs supported by ≥two implants over ≥3 years of follow‐up. Data were analyzed on implant survival and biological complications as primary outcomes and biological events, including changes in peri‐implant marginal bone level (MBL), probing depth, soft‐tissue level, and health condition as secondary outcomes.Results7002 titles were identified, 360 full‐texts were screened, and 14 studies were included. These comprised 6 randomized controlled studies (RCTs), 5 cohort studies, and 3 case series with identifiable implant placement and loading protocols in five of 09 possible combinations. All groups but one (IPIL) showed implant survival rates >90%. A meta‐analysis based on 3 RCTs found no differences in survival rate between DPIL and DPDL (p = .227).ConclusionsHigh survival rates for all studied implant placement and loading combinations were shown for FPDs over ≥3 years of follow‐up. When a delayed implant placement protocol is applied, immediate or delayed loading demonstrated similar survival rates. The heterogeneity of the data did not allow to draw any further conclusions on the occurrence of biological complications related to timing of implant placement/loading.
Multistakeholder Partnerships for Development and the Financialization of Development Assistance
Authors: Erdem Türkelli Gamze 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTMultistakeholder partnerships (MSPs) for development are being revitalized in the post‐2015 era as essential vehicles in financing and realizing sustainable development. This article argues that MSPs for development play a central role as new financial actors in shaping the legal and ideational structures of development assistance, pushing for a financialized development assistance model that relies on the steady multiplication of new financial markets and instruments. The article tracks the trajectory of MSPs and their transition over time into key actors in the financialization of development assistance. After summarizing the key axes of this financialization, the article describes how MSPs have become new financial actors by offering to play a four‐in‐one role (gap‐filling, catalysing, brokering and optimizing) in development financing. To do so, they use private legal mechanisms to create and roll‐out so‐called ‘innovative’ financial instruments and mechanisms such as up‐front incentives and subsidies, frontloading mechanisms, results‐based instruments and debt swaps. The resulting financialized development assistance model has amplified the power and influence of MSPs and their private donors over development governance and led to accountability shortcomings by downplaying the possible socio‐economic impacts of new proposed instruments and by creating risks of increased development assistance policy fragmentation.
Humanizing Security through Action‐oriented Research in Latin America
Authors: Pearce Jenny , Abello Colak Alexandra 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTThis article critically reflects on the use of action‐oriented participatory research to rethink violence and security in Latin America. The authors draw on 12 years of such research (2008‒20) in Colombia, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica and Mexico, working with communities living in the midst of chronic violence and criminality. Despite innovative experiments, security policies and practices in the region continue to be dominated by counterproductive militarized responses that have failed to address violence and crime. This article argues that in order to challenge politically potent punitive approaches to security and to highlight the interconnected social and economic drivers of insecurity, communities living these realities need to develop their own understanding of ‘security’. This can be used to inform sustainable solutions that address people's complex experiences of insecurity on the ground. The article brings the agency of those living amidst chronic violence into the security debate through participatory action research. It demonstrates that people living amidst such violence can contribute to making public security equitable, accessible and capable of protecting them while addressing the conditions that reproduce violence and crime without reproducing further violence. This is what is meant by ‘humanizing security’.
Four decades of the Bart’s Oxford study: Improved tests to predict type 1 diabetes
Authors: Gillespie Kathleen M. , Fareed Rana , Mortimer Georgina L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRecent success in clinical trials to delay the onset of type 1 diabetes has heralded a new era of type 1 diabetes research focused on the most accurate methods to predict risk and progression rate in the general population. Risk prediction for type 1 diabetes has been ongoing since the 1970s and 1980s when human leucocyte antigen (HLA) variants and islet autoantibodies associated with type 1 diabetes were first described. Development of prediction methodologies has relied on well‐characterised cohorts and samples. The Bart's Oxford (BOX) study of type 1 diabetes has been recruiting children with type 1 diabetes and their first (and second)‐degree relatives since 1985. In this review, we use the timeline of the study to review the accompanying basic science developments which have facilitated improved prediction by genetic (HLA analysis through to genetic risk scores) and biochemical strategies (islet cell autoantibodies through to improved individual tests for antibodies to insulin, glutamate decarboxylase, the tyrosine phosphatase IA‐2, zinc transporter 8 and tetraspanin 7). The type 1 diabetes community are poised to move forward using the best predictive markers to predict and delay the onset of type 1 diabetes
Hyperlactatemia in diabetic ketoacidosis
Authors: Masharani Umesh , Strycker Lisa A. , Lazar Ann A. , Wu Karin , Brooks George A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimsThe study examined the prevalence and degree of lactate elevation in diabetic ketoacidosis, and explored which biochemical abnormalities predicted L‐lactate levels.MethodsWe reviewed episodes of diabetic ketoacidosis from 79 diabetes patients (one episode per patient). Separate univariate linear regression models were specified to predict lactate level from each of nine biochemical variables. Significant predictors from the univariate models were included in a final multivariate linear regression model to predict lactate levels.ResultsMean (SD) lactate level was 3.05 (1.66) mmol/L; about 65% of patients had lactate levels >2 mmol/L. In the final multivariate linear regression model (R2 = 0.45), higher lactate levels were associated with greater hydrogen ion concentration (standardised β = .60, t = 4.16, p < 0.0001), higher blood glucose (standardised β = .28, t = 2.67, p = 0.009) and lower glomerular filtration rate estimated from creatinine (standardised β = −.23, t = 2.29, p = 0.025). Bicarbonate, beta‐hydroxybutyrate, body mass index, mean arterial pressure and calculated osmolality were not significant predictors of lactate level. There were three distinct patterns of lactate levels with treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis: group 1 = gradual decline, group 2 = initial increase and then decline and group 3 = initial decline followed by a transient peak and subsequent decline.ConclusionsElevated lactate level is the norm in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis. Higher blood glucose levels and higher hydrogen ion concentrations are related to greater lactate. With treatment, there are different patterns of decline in lactate levels.
“Formalizing rights: The case for linking legal rights to noncitizen statuses in Jordan”
Authors: Frost Lillian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHow can Jordan's experiences hosting Palestinian refugees inform policymaking toward Syrian refugees? As the 10‐year anniversary of the Syrian uprisings approaches, Syrian refugees remain displaced with limited opportunities for repatriation, resettlement, or naturalization. Although there are many important differences between Syrian and Palestinian refugees—particularly Syrians' right to a sovereign state's nationality—there are increasing similarities between these two protracted refugee groups. One of the most critical among these similarities is holding ambiguous membership statuses in Jordan, where groups hold more rights than other non‐Jordanians but fewer rights than Jordanian citizens. The experiences of noncitizen Palestinian refugees, such as those who fled to Jordan from the Gaza Strip after the 1967 war, highlight the destructive precarities that accompany an absence of legal rights, including insecure access to work, education, and healthcare. These experiences suggest that securing some Syrian rights in law can help mitigate the precarity of sustained refugee status. Further, Jordan has expressed a willingness to provide legal rights to some noncitizen groups, including investors and the children of Jordanian women and non‐Jordanian men. Overall, formalizing critical, less politicized rights in law is one tangible way to improve the daily lives of Syrian, as well as other, protracted refugees.
Education and alienation: The case of displaced Syrians and refugees
Authors: Zeno Basileus 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBefore the Syrian uprising (2011) and the subsequent war, Syria's literacy rates were among the highest in the Middle East and North Africa region. However, after a decade‐long humanitarian crisis and devastating war, all aspects of life, including education, have been fundamentally transformed. Building on ethnographic fieldwork (2014–2019) that includes 76 interviews with Syrian refugees and asylum seekers in the United States and six remote interviews with displaced families inside Syria, this contribution examines the impact of the Syrian conflict on education by showing the challenges that contribute to the alienation of displaced Syrian children and youth inside Syria as well as in the United States. Inside Syria, I discuss the institutionalization of violence and the construction of internal “othering” through the implementation of different and competing educational curriculums that invest in identity politics. Outside Syria, I examine how educational gaps affected asylum seekers and refugees in the United States. I show the ways in which the lack of systematic and sustainable support to address linguistic, cultural, and financial challenges that displaced Syrians face sustained this gap. I conclude by proposing policy recommendations that address these challenges which, I argue are key determinants to any future efforts of peacebuilding and reconciliation in Syria.