bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The United States Is No Longer a Land of Upward Mobility and Opportunity
Authors: Rank Mark Robert , Eppard Lawrence M. , Bullock Heather E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 16 explores the extent of economic mobility in the United States compared with other industrialized countries. The amount of relative intergenerational mobility as measured by the intergenerational elasticity statistic is lower in the United States than in most other OECD countries. Furthermore, the extent to which adult children are earning more than their parents has been declining over the past 50 years. The American dream of each generation doing economically better than the previous generation is becoming harder to achieve. We are a society in which the rungs on the ladder of opportunity have grown further apart, resulting in greater numbers of Americans struggling and falling further behind.
The Playing Field Is Uneven
Authors: Rank Mark Robert , Eppard Lawrence M. , Bullock Heather E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 17 argues that the economic playing field in the United States is not level. Rather, the process is characterized by cumulative advantage and disadvantage. Those starting off with advantages or disadvantages with respect to their social class background will tend to experience a cumulative process of escalating advantage or disadvantage. This includes the quality of education one receives, the acquisition of human capital, the likelihood of being exposed to crime or environmental hazards, and the overall quality of life. In addition, race plays a prominent role in the process of cumulative inequality.
Why Do the Myths Persist?
Authors: Rank Mark Robert , Eppard Lawrence M. , Bullock Heather E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 19 reviews why, despite strong evidence to the contrary, the poverty myths continue to exist. Two sets of factors are examined—psychologically based factors and sociologically based factors. Psychological factors include particular personality traits, system justification, the use of stereotypes, confirmation bias, and attribution errors. Sociological factors include an understanding of who in society benefits from the existence of these myths. They include political actors, the affluent, and society as a whole. Summoning a newfound willingness to interrogate the role of individualism and meritocracy in shaping our attitudes toward each other and the distribution of resources is likely to prove especially difficult. Changing the paradigm toward one based on fact and reality moves us closer to effectively addressing and alleviating poverty.
Reshaping Social Policy
Authors: Rank Mark Robert , Eppard Lawrence M. , Bullock Heather E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Chapter 20 discusses social policy changes necessary to effectively alleviate poverty in the United States. These include ensuring the availability of decent-paying jobs. Raising the minimum wage and raising the earned income tax credit are two approaches for increasing the wages of low-paying jobs. A second social policy initiative essential for reducing poverty is to provide an effective social safety net along with access to key social goods such as health care, affordable housing, and child care. Also discussed is the idea of a universal basic income. A final strategy discussed are policies that allow lower income households to build their economic assets.
Introduction
Authors: McBride Spencer W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Introduction to the book explains the reasons that Joseph Smith ran for president in 1844. Though electoral victory was extremely unlikely for Smith, his unlikely campaign is significant to the history of the United States because it encapsulates the discontent of thousands of Americans with the political status quo. The campaign also illuminates the political obstacles to universal religious freedom in nineteenth-century America. In particular, it demonstrates that political philosophies such as the states’ rights doctrine, which, on the surface, had nothing to do with religious freedom, had a discriminatory effect on religious minorities when implemented. Accordingly, Joseph Smith found himself on the vanguard of Americans calling for a stronger federal government, one that could enforce the Bill of Rights in individual states.
A Lesson in Political Negotiations
Authors: McBride Spencer W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this chapter Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, and Elias Higbee travel from Nauvoo, Illinois, to Washington, D.C., to petition the federal government for reparations for their lost property in Missouri. The chapter summarizes the history of the Mormons and the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, including the violent persecution of Joseph Smith and his followers by mobs in Missouri, and their ultimate expulsion from the state under threat of state-sanctioned extermination. Smith and Higbee meet with President Martin Van Buren at the White House and request his assistance with their petition to Congress. Van Buren declines to assist the Latter-day Saints, losing the political support of the group. Joseph Smith learns an important lesson about political negotiations in Washington, D.C.
Electioneering Missionaries
Authors: McBride Spencer W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the electioneering efforts of more than 400 missionaries that Mormon leaders dispatched throughout the United States to campaign for Smith, carrying copies of Smith’s political pamphlet aimed to win political support for their prophet. The experiences of these missionaries varied by location. One large rally led by campaign missionaries in Boston ended with a brawl between hecklers and the police. Other missionaries faced the threat of mob violence in the South because of their distribution of Smith’s pamphlet, which contained calls for the end of slavery. Missionaries in New York City created a campaign newspaper, The Prophet, to help boost Smith’s electoral profile.
Vice Presidents and Protest Candidates
Authors: McBride Spencer W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of Joseph Smith’s search for a running mate. Smith and the Council of Fifty first determine to ask respected New York educator and recent Mormon convert James Arlington Bennet to run for vice president with Smith. When Bennet is unable to accept, Smith invites Solomon Copeland of Tennessee to join him on the ticket. When Copeland does not reply to the request and in a crunch for time, Smith invites one of his fellow Mormon leaders, Sidney Rigdon of Pennsylvania, to join him as a candidate for the vice presidency. Rigdon accepts and the ticket is set. This chapter also considers the prospects of another third party candidate, James G. Birney, who runs for the Liberty party, calling for the total and immediate abolition of slavery.
Convention Season
Authors: McBride Spencer W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the 1844 Whig nominating convention held in Baltimore, Maryland. Henry Clay was the clear favorite and was nominated by acclamation on the convention floor. The convention selected Theodore Frelinghuysen as his running mate, in part because they believed his presence on the Whig ticket would help win the votes of the country’s evangelical Christians. The Mormons sent delegates to observe the convention, and possibly to try to earn support for Smith, if not sympathy for the Mormons’ plight. However, the convention concluded its business in just one day, which meant that when the Mormons finally arrived in the city, the convention was over.
American Royalty
Authors: McBride Spencer W. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter tells the story of a visit to Nauvoo by two men from illustrious American families, Charles Francis Adams and Josiah Quincy. Adams and Quincy were touring the American West in 1844 when, in May of that year, their steamboat stopped at Nauvoo. The men spent the night in the city, and the next morning they met Joseph Smith at his home. Adams and Quincy spent the entire day together and toured the city and surrounding farms in Smith’s coach. Both men would record their impressions of Smith and Nauvoo, including Smith’s political opinions and presidential ambitions. Smith did not win over their political support, be he sustained their curiosity.
Conclusion
Authors: Cassibry Kimberly 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Conclusion reviews the role of material culture in mediating imaginations of place in the Roman empire, with reference to the Itinerary Cups describing journeys from Spain to Rome, the Spectacle Cups depicting chariot racing and gladiatorial combat, the Fort Pans documenting Hadrian’s Wall, and the Bay Bottles visualizing Baiae and Puteoli. To demonstrate the flexibility of the book’s analytical framework, two final sets of artifacts are presented. One focuses on spectacle souvenirs that were made in Roman Spain and include the date of the event and the name of its sponsor with unusual specificity. The other is an ornamental metal vessel that was excavated in a distant province, yet was created in workshops around Rome’s Circus Flaminius and bears that place name as a mark of prestigious craftmanship. Whereas the book’s introduction constructed an interdisciplinary analytical framework, the Conclusion reconsiders the place of material culture in Roman studies.
Sterne
Authors: Bolens Guillemette 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Laurence Sterne’s masterpiece Tristram Shandy experiments with dynamics in nonverbal communication. Tonic shifts and variations in pace are systematically narrated in the interactions between characters. This chapter focuses on the moment when Walter Shandy, emotionally shocked, throws himself across his bed and lies on his stomach for a long time, Uncle Toby patiently waiting next to him. The kinesic dialogue taking place between the two men is echoed by the relationship Sterne establishes with his readers through his work. In both instances, the novel shows that making inferences about the mental states of others is practiced on the basis of unstable kinesic data. In this section of Tristram Shandy, Sterne theorizes that the meaning of movements and gestures comes from the transitions between attitudes, rather than from fixed facial or postural representations. The text prompts perceptual simulations of such dynamic transitions, leading to humorous effects involving readers.
Mutinies in Revolutionary Times
Authors: Grint Keith 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter concerns four mutinies that occur against the background of revolutionary times, when the status quo is under threat, the military subordinates are no longer willing to acquiesce quietly, and the establishment is in a high state of nervous anxiety. The first two mutinies, at Spithead and the Nore in 1797, shook the British Royal Navy to its core: in the face of revolutionary acts across the channel in France, the seamen at Spithead effectively stop working until their claims of better pay and conditions are met. Given the precarious nature of the British Admiralty and government at this time, the mutiny is a success, but the consequences for a very similar mutiny just weeks later at the Nore are catastrophic for the mutineers as the British establishment unveils the mailed fist that it had been unable to deploy at Spithead. A few months later, in the same year, the crew of the Hermione undertake one of the bloodiest mutinies in British naval history, but one aimed at disposing of the officers and escaping to foreign lands, not securing improved pay and conditions. Some of the mutineers disappear for good, while others are hunted down and executed in a show of terror as meticulous as the original mutiny. The final mutiny covered here occurs on the Russian ship the Potemkin in 1905. Once again, the action occurs against the background of revolutionary fervour, but the requisite political support remains inadequate and the mutiny ultimately fails.
Mutinies in Civil Wars
Authors: Grint Keith 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIf mutinies during wartime are amongst the most dangerous to the establishment, mutinies during civil wars generate the most angst, for one-time comrades now become enemies and neither side celebrates success, even if there is a recognition that the day of reckoning has arrived. This chapter begins with the mutinies in the English Civil Wars that saw the Parliamentary side rent between its conservative side, led by Cromwell amongst others, and its radical side, who supported the Levellers. The mutinies also reveal the complexity of the rebels’ cause: some saw the mutiny as a way of securing a more democratic polity, while others were simply intent on securing their backpay before embarking for Ireland to eliminate Irish and Royalist dissent. Nearly 300 years later a similar situation in Russia saw the sailors of Krondstadt rebel against their erstwhile comrades in the Bolshevik Government in a failed attempt to pull the revolution back to its original roots.
The Travel Sketch
Authors: Evelev John 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Focusing on the early work of three well-known American Romantic authors who are not best known as travel writers, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Margaret Fuller, and Henry David Thoreau, the first chapter examines the midcentury rise in popularity of the picturesque travel sketch genre. Writers engaged in this genre used the picturesque to consider the effects of history on the landscape and meditate on America’s past and future. Although modern scholarship has typically dismissed the picturesque travel sketch as superficial, this chapter demonstrates that writers used the spatiotemporal protocols of the picturesque to think through American exceptionalism, particularly the view that the frontier landscape helps to make the nation unique. This topic is filtered through the travelers’ views of picturesque scenery that touch upon the relationship of human to natural time (“deep time”), the resonances of the national past on the present (particularly in the residual presence of Native Americans and the colonial past), and the future effects of spatial expansion and new people (particularly immigrants) on the American landscape.
The City Sketch
Authors: Evelev John 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Although the picturesque sketch genre is primarily associated with rural subjects, it was also applied to city life during the mid-nineteenth century, when urban populations were undergoing unprecedented growth. Chapter 2 argues that the newly popular picturesque city sketch helped the emergent middle class to establish its identity as it attained a distinctive position between the wealthy and the working classes. Walking the streets, the middle-class picturesque city sketcher turned the class-divided city into picturesque tableaux that were far less antagonistic to city life than the sensationalist characterizations that were central to the dominant mode of city writing in midcentury. The chapter examines city sketches and fiction derived from the genre, written by Edgar Allan Poe, Lydia Maria Child, George “Gaslight” Foster, Margaret Fuller, Cornelius Mathews, and others. Although city sketchers helped articulate a middle-class identity, the picturesque at times tended to give way to a sublime mode in which the city crowd threatened to absorb the middle class into its undifferentiated mass.
The Country Book
Authors: Evelev John 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Picturesque aesthetics and an increased focus on men’s domestic life shaped the rapid growth of the suburbs in the mid-nineteenth century, one of the most consequential reconfigurations of American understandings of national space. This suburban development had its own popular literary genre in the period, the country book. Although the country book is now largely forgotten and many of its more prominent examples have lapsed into obscurity, canonical writers such as Herman Melville wrote in the genre, and Thoreau’s Walden can also be understood in the context of this genre. The country book’s vision of the suburbs as a site of picturesque male domesticity that allowed for both privacy and homosocial intimacy countered a dominant vision of urban masculinity as public, individualistic, and competitive. Although the country book in general offers an idealized vision of male suburban life, individual texts also often feature deferrals, debility, and even death that threaten both male privacy and intimacy. The country book promoted the imaginative investments in suburban development at the same time that it hinted at the contradictions at the heart of middle-class masculine identity that foreclosed on that dream. In this way, as with the park movement texts discussed in Chapter 3, the country books that supported mid-nineteenth-century suburban development expressed both the social aspirations and fears of bourgeois men.
The New England Village Novel and Picturesque Reform
Authors: Evelev John 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the New England village novel, a prestigious subgenre that figured in many of the midcentury’s critical assessments of what constituted “American literature” but that is now largely forgotten. Once important novels like Sylvester Judd’s Margaret (1845), Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s Kavanagh (1849), Oliver Wendell Holmes’s Elsie Venner (1861), and Henry Ward Beecher’s Norwood (1869) tell us about middle-class social values and their investment in reform in their depictions of New England village life during this period of time. This chapter explores some of the contradictions inherent in locating idealized theological and social change within the residual space of the New England village. As a consequence of these contradictions, the utopia of the New England village novel becomes literally “no place,” frozen between nostalgia for a unified national community that never existed and hope that through reform the village could fulfill utopian possibilities for the nation. This genre also maps out the transformation of attitudes toward social reform from the picturesque utopianism of Judd’s Margaret to a much narrower vision of the transformative possibilities of the picturesque in Beecher’s post-Civil War novel, Norwood, a quarter of a century later. This transformation reveals the importance of the picturesque to an alternative history of the mid-nineteenth-century American novel and explores the rise and decline of middle-class use of the picturesque as an authoritative discourse to reshape spaces and enact social change in American life.
The Venetian Bride
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A true story of vendetta and intrigue, triumph and tragedy, exile and repatriation in early modern Venice, this book focuses on the marriage between the feudal lord Count Girolamo Della Torre and Giulia Bembo, daughter of a powerful Venetian senator and grand-niece of Cardinal Pietro Bembo. Exiled to Crete for pursuing vendetta to avenge the murder of his father, Girolamo marries Giulia with the aim of enlisting her father as a powerful ally. Thus begins a challenging itinerary that leads from the Mediterranean back to Venice and its mainland territories in the Veneto and the Patria del Friuli. It plays out against a backdrop of the birth of ten children, the Council of Trent, papal and imperial politics, the rise of Girolamo’s brother Michele to the cardinalate, the Ottoman threat, and the golden age of Venetian art. Once a pawn in a marital strategy that failed, Giulia is celebrated after her death with the first independent biography of an ordinary woman published in Italy. The fortunes and misfortunes of the Della Torre bloodline, which survived the end of the Venetian Republic in 1797, are emblematic of a change in feudal culture from clan solidarity to individualism and intrafamily strife, and ultimately redemption. This epic tale opens a precious window into a contentious period in which Venetian republican values clash with the deeply rooted feudal traditions of honour and blood feuds of the mainland.
A Future Bride
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The story begins in Venice in the last decade of the fifteenth century with the unhappy marriages of Antonia Bembo, sister of Cardinal Pietro Bembo and mother of Marcella Marcello. Drawing upon Pietro’s abundant correspondence, we learn of unfaithful husbands and faithful wives, the mal francese (syphilis), marriage strategies, dowries, and the special significance of brides in Venice. Marcella is married in 1519 to Gian Matteo Bembo, an up-and-coming young patrician. They start a family in Ca’ Bembo, the family palace at Santa Maria Nova. With the birth of their daughter Giulia in 1531, they establish a bloodline that will run through the book.
A Bitter Bequest
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the turbulent childhood of Girolamo Della Torre, the future husband of Giulia Bembo, in the Patria del Friuli in the first decade of the sixteenth century. Part of Venice’s mainland empire, the Friuli is divided from within by two factions: the Strumieri, a consortium of feudal lords led by Girolamo’s father Alvise I; and the Zamberlani, a populist movement led by Antonio Savorgnan. Alvise I Della Torre and several dozen Strumieri nobles are massacred by Savorgnan partisans in Udine during the Cruel Carnival of 1511. Castles are sacked and palaces burned to the ground. These include the Della Torre castle at Villalta and family palace in Udine. Savorgnan is murdered in revenge, and the vendetta is on, with a bitter bequest of blood and tears that would shape the destiny of Girolamo and the extended Della Torre family.
Restitution
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Giovanni da Udine returns to his native city after the Sack of Rome and participates in a campaign of urban renewal. The Della Torre brothers engage in protracted litigation to receive financial restitution from the Savorgnan heirs, during which time Raimondo dies. The three surviving brothers also petition for entrance into the hereditary Venetian nobility, a rare distinction held by the Savorgnan, but are rejected. The rebuff is lessened in 1533 when the brothers are named cavalieri aureati—Knights of the Golden Spur—by the Emperor Charles V, just two weeks after he granted the same honour to Titian (Tiziano Vecellio). Girolamo, now head of the family, takes the lead in rebuilding Palazzo Torriani. Alvise II attends to family affairs at Villalta. Michele becomes a favourite of Pope Paul III, thus creating lasting links with the powerful Farnese family, and rises in the hierarchy of the church in Rome.
Honour and Disgrace
Authors: Fortini Brown Patricia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Michele is elected Bishop of Ceneda in 1547 and is dispatched as papal envoy to the King of France. Girolamo, serving as Michele’s procurator, writes Titian a letter of introduction to Cardinal Cristoforo Madruzzo, Bishop of Trent. A surviving portrait of Girolamo, possibly by Paris Bordone, may date to this period. Girolamo’s fortunes change in the winter of 1549: he is exiled to Crete for ten years for engaging in a sword fight with a Savorgnan contingent in Padua, killing two and wounding others. On the eve of Girolamo’s departure, his brother Alvise II and brother-in-law Giambattista Colloredo are assassinated on the Grand Canal by Tristan Savorgnan, seeking to avenge the insult to his family. Girolamo’s departure is postponed and Alvise II is interred in a tomb in the Frari. Girolamo determines to seek a marital alliance that would benefit him politically and allow him to perpetuate the family bloodline.