bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competition and IP Policy for AI— Socio-economic Aspects of Innovation
Authors: Sanders Anselm Kamperman 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
With the publication of its White Paper on Artificial Intelligence—A European Approach to Excellence and Trust, the European Commission has set the stage for regulatory measures to ensure that the diffusion of artificial intelligence (AI) will remain acceptable to market participants, data subjects, and citizens. While recognizing the immense promise that AI holds for economic development, it also points to serious concerns over privacy, accuracy, and equity of automated decision systems, and economic dominance and abuse by platform providers. Intellectual property rights (IPRs) have, from the perspective of competition law and policy, always raised questions about the justification of their exercise in light of economic dominance. The use of AI in traditional business models involving sales and online services, but also new applications such as Internet of Things (IoT), digital twinning and AI of Things (AIoT), otherwise known as Edge Computing, is set to create new forms of dominance that is reinforced by intellectual property in relation to data, software, and trade secrecy. This chapter deals with the intellectual property system and how it may have to be adapted for its continued acceptance as instrument to engender trust in the sustainable development of Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) platform technologies, and AI in particular. It is argued that competition policy that recognizes and safeguards consumer interests in AI-dominated markets is key to the smooth functioning of such a platform economy.
Empowering professionalism in mission-oriented innovation
Authors: Bugge Markus M. , Siddiq Fazilat 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the literature on mission-oriented innovation supply side and tech-oriented approaches have been complemented by broader and more inclusive societal approaches. Here, it is highlighted that both directionality and broad anchoring of diverse stakeholders across private, public, and civic domains are key to successful implementation. Still, it is unclear how these dimensions relate and unfold in practice. Using digital literacy in education as an example of mission-oriented innovation, this paper investigates what prerequisites and capabilities are needed to envision and govern such processes. Based upon a case study of innovative teaching practices in twenty-five classes at ten primary schools in Norway, the paper finds that the motivation, dedication, and engagement of the teachers is not primarily related to the digital technologies themselves, but to the professional and pedagogical anchoring of the digital teaching tools. The mobilization of the professionalism of the teachers is enabled by a process of balanced empowerment.
Diagnosing and managing patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: DiBaise Michelle , Kohn Samantha 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, progressive, inflammatory condition that affects about 1% of the world's population. The multifactorial nature of RA has created continuous research discoveries leading to improved identification of specific pathways for the pathogenesis of RA. Improved understanding of the pathways has allowed the development of new targeted drugs. Clinicians must understand the most common pathways for pathogenesis of RA, proper diagnostic techniques, and the appropriate management of this disease given the many possible options at their disposal.
Managing patients with high-risk breast lesions, precursors on the breast neoplasia pathway
Authors: D'Antonio Katherine B. , McGuire Meaghan , Rupert Karlyn 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Breast cancer remains the most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. Imaging abnormalities may be noted on routine breast cancer screenings and require biopsy for further evaluation. Atypia and carcinoma in situ are nonmalignant lesions identified via breast biopsy and are associated with an increased risk of invasive carcinoma. Because of the lack of specialized breast cancer prevention and risk reduction programs, patients may not be able to access optimal management of the various subtypes of atypia and carcinoma in situ. By understanding the pathology of high-risk breast lesions and the resulting elevated cancer risk, healthcare providers, specifically primary care providers, can better counsel, manage, and treat patients to provide comprehensive quality care.
Sacral Fracture Completeness in Lateral Compression Type 1 Pelvic Ring Injuries Has Weak Interobserver Reliability
Authors: Hadeed Michael , Strage Katya , Heare Austin , Stacey Stephen C. , Mauffrey Cyril , Parry Joshua A. 
Published: April 2021

Objectives:
To determine the agreement between fellowship-trained orthopaedic trauma surgeons in evaluating sacral fracture completeness in the setting of minimally displaced lateral compression type 1 pelvic ring injuries.

Design:
Survey study.

Setting:
Urban Level 1 trauma center.

Patients/Participants:
This study included 10 fellowship-trained orthopaedic trauma surgeons reviewing 10 cases of minimally displaced lateral compression type 1 injuries with proven occult instability (≥10 mm of fracture displacement on lateral stress radiographs). Sacral fractures were considered complete (n = 5; fracture line exiting posterior cortex of sacrum) or incomplete (n = 5).

Intervention:
Participants reviewed videos of all axial computed tomography images of the sacrum and were asked if the sacral fracture was complete or incomplete.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Interobserver reliability of completeness of sacral fracture.

Results:
Interobserver reliability among surgeons for completeness of sacral fractures was considered to be weak (k = 0.46) with a 95% confidence interval that ranged from minimal (k = 0.37) to weak (k = 0.55). None of the 5 unstable sacral fractures that were considered to be complete garnered 100% agreement among surgeons. Agreement for each of these cases ranged from 40% to 90%. In contrast, 4 of the 5 unstable sacral fractures considered to be incomplete had 100% agreement.

Conclusions:
Completeness of sacral fractures had weak interobserver reliability among fellowship-trained orthopaedic trauma surgeons. Sacral fractures that were considered incomplete by all surgeons did have occult instability. These results highlight the large potential for error created by using sacral fracture completeness as a criterion to rule out occult instability.

Level of Evidence:
Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Evaluation and Management of Colorectal Cancer Hepatic Metastases
Authors: Jacobson Richard A. , Bhama Anuradha R. 
Published: April 2021

Case Summary:
A 65-year-old man presents with new liver lesions on surveillance imaging 2 years after a right hemicolectomy for cecal adenocarcinoma. The primary tumor was pT3N1, microsatellite stable, and KRAS wild type. He completed adjuvant FOLFOX. His CEA level is 22 ng/mL. There are two 1.5-cm lesions in the right lobe near the dome of the liver and a 4-cm lesion in segment II. No luminal recurrence is detected endoscopically, and there is no evidence of peritoneal or pulmonary disease.
Global interventions in hypertension: new and emerging concepts
Authors: Ferdinand Keith C. , Reddy Tina K. , Vo Thanh N. 
Published: April 2021

Purpose of review
Hypertension (HTN) is the most prevalent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) worldwide, affecting 1.39 billion people. This review discusses recent literature regarding the global burden of HTN and emerging concepts in prevalence, treatment, and control in different regions around the globe.

Recent findings
Community-based interventions and telemedicine may be useful in increasing access to care and identifying/assisting patients with HTN, especially in populations with geographical and economic barriers to healthcare. Home blood pressure monitoring is beneficial for HTN control in diverse regions. Polypills have proven benefits to decrease HTN and CVD risk. Continuation of treatment with angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin-receptor blockers in high risk COVID-19 patients appears appropriate.

Summary
Extensive research demonstrates that early screening/treatment, lifestyle modification, and pharmacotherapy are essential to control HTN worldwide. This review highlights recent research and novel concepts on effective interventions being used globally.
AUTOMATED QUANTIFICATION OF VITREOUS HYPERREFLECTIVE FOCI AND VITREOUS HAZE USING OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN PATIENTS WITH UVEITIS
Authors: Lee Hyungwoo , Kim Seungmin , Chung Hyewon , Kim Hyung Chan 
Published: April 2021

Purpose:
Development of an automated method to quantify the count of vitreous hyperreflective foci (vHF) and intensity of vitreous haze in patients with uveitis by optical coherence tomography.

Methods:
A method based on deep learning to automatically segment the vHF, vitreous, and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in optical coherence tomography was developed using 1,058 scans from 88 optical coherence tomography volumes of 33 patients with intermediate, posterior or panuveitis. Based on segmented images, the vHF count and the relative intensity of vitreous to RPE (VIT/RPE-relative intensity) were quantified. Dice coefficient and intraclass correlation coefficient were calculated between ground truth and the trained network.

Results:
The segmented area of vHF, vitreous, and RPE by the deep learning-based model showed good agreement with the clinicians' results, yielding a Dice coefficient of 0.69, 0.99, and 0.88, respectively. The intraclass correlation coefficient of the vHF count and the VIT/RPE-relative intensity per scan was 0.99 and 1.00, respectively. In eyes of test set, changes in vHF and VIT/RPE-relative intensity during treatment did not show similar patterns.

Conclusion:
Automated segmentation of the vHF, vitreous, and RPE in optical coherence tomography images of patients with uveitis was accomplished by a deep learning approach. The vHF count and VIT/RPE-relative intensity could be quantified with high reliability.
The translocator protein gene is associated with endogenous pain modulation and the balance between glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid in fibromyalgia and healthy subjects: a multimodal neuroimaging study
Authors: Fanton Silvia , Sandström Angelica , Tour Jeanette , Kadetoff Diana , Schalling Martin , Jensen Karin B. , Sitnikov Rouslan , Ellerbrock Isabel , Kosek Eva 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A cerebral upregulation of the translocator protein (TSPO), a biomarker of glial activation, has been reported in fibromyalgia subjects (FMS). The TSPO binding affinity is genetically regulated by the Ala147Thr polymorphism in the TSPO gene (rs6971) and allows for a subject classification into high affinity binders (HABs) and mixed/low affinity binders (MLABs). The aim of the present multimodal neuroimaging study was to examine the associations of the TSPO polymorphism with: (1) conditioned pain modulation, (2) expectancy-modulated pain processing assessed during functional magnetic resonance imaging, and (3) the concentration and balance of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex and thalamus using proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy in FMS (n = 83) and healthy controls (n = 43). The influence of TSPO on endogenous pain modulation presented in the form of TSPO HABs, as opposed to MLABs, displaying less efficient descending pain inhibition and expectancy-induced reduction of pain. Translocator protein HABs in both groups (FM and healthy controls) were found to have higher thalamic glutamate concentrations and exhibit a pattern of positive correlations between glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex, not seen in MLABs. Altogether, our findings point to TSPO-related mechanisms being HAB-dependent, brain region-specific, and non–FM-specific, although in FMS the disadvantage of an aberrant pain regulation combined with an HAB genetic set-up might hamper pain modulation more strongly. Our results provide evidence for an important role of TSPO in pain regulation and brain metabolism, thereby supporting the ongoing drug development targeting TSPO-associated mechanisms for pain relief.
Beyond T Staging in the “Treat-All” Era: Severity and Heterogeneity of Kaposi Sarcoma in East Africa
Authors: Freeman Esther E. , Semeere Aggrey , McMahon Devon E. , Byakwaga Helen , Laker-Oketta Miriam , Regan Susan , Wenger Megan , Kasozi Charles , Ssemakadde Matthew , Bwana Mwebesa , Kanyesigye Michael , Kadama-Makanga Philippa , Rotich Elyne , Kisuya Job , Wools-Kaloustian Kara , Bassett Ingrid V. , Busakhala Naftali , Martin Jeffrey 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Although many patients with Kaposi sarcoma (KS) in sub-Saharan Africa are diagnosed with AIDS Clinical Trials Group (ACTG) T1 disease, T1 staging insufficiently captures clinical heterogeneity of advanced KS. Using a representative community-based sample, we detailed disease severity at diagnosis to inform KS staging and treatment in sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods:
We performed rapid case ascertainment on people living with HIV, aged 18 years or older, newly diagnosed with KS from 2016 to 2019 at 3 clinic sites in Kenya and Uganda to ascertain disease stage as close as possible to diagnosis. We reported KS severity using ACTG and WHO staging criteria and detailed measurements that are not captured in the current staging systems.

Results:
We performed rapid case ascertainment within 1 month for 241 adults newly diagnosed with KS out of 389 adult patients with suspected KS. The study was 68% men with median age 35 years and median CD4 count 239. Most of the patients had advanced disease, with 82% qualifying as ACTG T1 and 64% as WHO severe/symptomatic KS. The most common ACTG T1 qualifiers were edema (79%), tumor-associated ulceration (24%), extensive oral KS (9%), pulmonary KS (7%), and gastrointestinal KS (4%). There was marked heterogeneity within T1 KS, with 25% of patients having 2 T1 qualifying symptoms and 3% having 3 or more.

Conclusion:
Most of the patients newly diagnosed with KS had advanced stage disease, even in the current antiretroviral therapy “treat-all” era. We observed great clinical heterogeneity among advanced stage patients, leading to questions about whether all patients with advanced KS require the same treatment strategy.
Analysis of Complication in Mandibular Angle Fracture: Champy Technique Versus Rigid Fixation
Authors: Sakong Yong , Kim Yong-Ha , Chung Kyu Jin 
Published: April 2021

Introduction:
The mandibular angle endures tension and compression during mastication, and proper internal fixation is essential when a fracture occurs. The authors analyzed the complication rate between Champy technique and rigid fixation, used in the treatment of mandibular angle fracture.

Methods:
The retrospective study included patients with mandibular angle fracture in single center, from January 2003 to December 2019. The patients were categorized into 2 groups by fixation method of angle fracture: Champy technique which uses single miniplate and rigid fixation which uses multiple miniplate, reconstruction plate, compression plate, lag screw, and wire. Pearson chi-square test was used to analyze the complication rates.

Results:
A total of 64 patients met inclusion criteria. Thirty-four patients had isolated angle fractures and 30 patients had multiple mandibular fractures. In isolated angle fracture, there were no significant differences in all complications between the Champy technique group and rigid fixation group. In multiple mandibular fractures, there were no significant differences in all complications between 2 groups.

Conclusions:
For isolated angle fractures, Champy technique is a reliable treatment method. Additionally, in case of multiple mandibular fractures, Champy technique is an effective fixation method in angle fractures when proper rigid fixation is performed for accompanying fractures.
Post mortem mapping of connectional anatomy for the validation of diffusion MRI
Authors: Yendiki Anastasia , Aggarwal Manisha , Axer Markus , Howard Amy F. D. , van Cappellen van Walsum Anne-Marie , Haber Suzanne N. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDespite the impressive advances in diffusion MRI (dMRI) acquisition and analysis that have taken place during the Human Connectome era, dMRI tractography is still an imperfect source of information on the circuitry of the brain. In this review, we discuss methods for post mortem validation of dMRI tractography, fiber orientations, and other microstructural properties of axon bundles that are typically extracted from dMRI data. These methods include anatomic tracer studies, Klingler’s dissection, myelin stains, label-free optical imaging techniques, and others. We provide an overview of the basic principles of each technique, its limitations, and what it has taught us so far about the accuracy of different dMRI acquisition and analysis approaches.
Reduced visitation to the buzz-pollinatedCyanella hyacinthoidesin the presence of other pollen sources in the hyperdiverse Cape Floristic Region
Authors: Kemp Jurene E. , Telles Francismeire J. , Vallejo-Marin Mario 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMany plant species have floral morphologies that restrict access to floral resources, such as pollen or nectar, and only a subset of floral visitors can perform the complex handling behaviours required to extract restricted resources. Due to the time and energy required to extract resources from morphologically complex flowers, these plant species potentially compete for pollinators with co-flowering plants that have more easily accessible resources. A widespread floral mechanism restricting access to pollen is the presence of tubular anthers that open through small pores or slits (poricidal anthers). Some bees have evolved the capacity to remove pollen from poricidal anthers using vibrations, giving rise to the phenomenon of buzz-pollination. These bee vibrations that are produced for pollen extraction are presumably energetically costly, and to date, few studies have investigated whether buzz-pollinated flowers may be at a disadvantage when competing for pollinators’ attention with plant species that present unrestricted pollen resources. Here, we studiedCyanella hyacinthoides(Tecophilaeaceae), a geophyte with poricidal anthers in the hyperdiverse Cape Floristic Region of South Africa, to assess how the composition and relative abundance of flowers with easily accessible pollen affect bee visitation to a buzz-pollinated plant. We found that the number of pollinator species was not influenced by community composition. However, visitation rates toC. hyacinthoideswere negatively related to the abundance of flowers with more accessible resources. Visitation rates were strongly associated with petal colour, showing that flower colour is important in mediating these interactions. We conclude that buzz-pollinated plants might be at a competitive disadvantage when many easily accessible pollen sources are available, particularly when competitor species share its floral signals.
Pyroptosis-related gene signatures can robustly diagnose skin cutaneous melanoma and predict the prognosis
Authors: Ju Anji , Tang Jiaze , Chen Shuohua , Fu Yan , Luo Yongzhang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSkin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is a chronically malignant tumor with a high mortality rate. Pyroptosis, a kind of pro-inflammatory programmed cell death, has been linked to cancer in recent studies. However, the value of pyroptosis in the diagnosis and prognosis of SKCM is not clear. In this study, it was discovered that 20 pyroptosis-related genes (PRGs) differed in expression between SKCM and normal tissues, which were related to diagnosis and prognosis. Firstly, based on these genes, nine machine-learning algorithms were shown to perform well in constructing diagnostic classifiers, including K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN), logistic regression, Support Vector Machine (SVM), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), decision tree, random forest, XGBoost, LightGBM, and CatBoost. Secondly, the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) Cox regression analysis was applied and the prognostic model was constructed based on 9 PRGs. Subgroups in low and high risks determined by the prognostic model were shown to have different survival. Thirdly, functional enrichment analyses were performed by applying the gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), and results suggested that the risk was related to immune response. Finally, immune infiltration analysis was carried out, which showed that fractions of activated CD4+ memory T cells, γδ T cells, Ml macrophages, and M2 macrophages were significantly different between subgroups. In conclusion, the expression signatures of pyroptosis-related genes are effective and robust in the diagnosis and prognosis of SKCM, which is related to immunity.
Is coagulation-protein consumption upon admission linked to COVID-19 severity and mortality?
Authors: Ceballos Francisco C. , Ryan Pablo , Gómez-Casero Rafael Blancas , Martin-Vicente María , Vidal-Alcántara Erick Joan , Peréz-García Felipe , Bartolome Sofía , Churruca-Sarasqueta Juan , Virseda-Berdices Ana , Martínez-González Oscar , Brochado-Kith Oscar , Rava Marta , Vilches-Medkouri Carolina , Blanca-López Natalia , Martinez-Acitores Ignacio Ramirez , Moreira-Escriche Patricia , De Juan Carmen , Resino Salvador , Fernández-Rodríguez Amanda , Jiménez-Sousa María Ángeles 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe link between coagulation system disorders and COVID-19 has not yet been fully elucidated. With the aim of evaluating the association of several coagulation proteins with COVID-19 severity and mortality, we performed a cross-sectional study in 134 patients classified according to the highest disease severity reached during the disease. We found higher levels of antithrombin, prothrombin, factor XI, factor XII and factor XIII in asymptomatic/mild and moderate COVID-19 patients than healthy individuals. Interestingly, decreased levels of antithrombin, factor XI, XII and XIII were observed in those patients who eventually developed severe illness. Additionally, survival models showed us that patients with lower levels of these coagulation proteins had an increased risk of death. In conclusion, COVID-19 provokes early increments of some specific coagulation proteins in most patients. However, lower levels of these proteins at diagnosis might “paradoxically” imply a higher risk of progression to severe disease and COVID-19-related mortality.
Multiple acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency killsMycobacterium tuberculosisin vitro and during infection
Authors: Beites Tiago , Jansen Robert S , Wang Ruojun , Jinich Adrian , Rhee Kyu , Schnappinger Dirk , Ehrt Sabine 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTThe human pathogenMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) devotes a significant fraction of its genome to fatty acid metabolism. Although Mtb depends on host fatty acids as a carbon source, fatty acid β-oxidation is mediated by genetically redundant enzymes, which has hampered the development of antitubercular drugs targeting this metabolic pathway. Here, we identifyrv0338c, referred to asetfDMtb, to encode a membrane dehydrogenase essential for fatty acid β-oxidation in Mtb. AnetfDdeletion mutant (ΔetfD) was incapable of growing on fatty acids in vitro, with long-chain fatty acids being bactericidal, and failed to grow and survive in mice. The ΔetfDmetabolome revealed a block in β-oxidation at the step catalyzed by acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (ACADs). In many organisms, including humans, ACADs are functionally dependent on an electron transfer flavoprotein (ETF) and cognate dehydrogenase. Immunoprecipitation identified EtfD in complex with FixA (EtfBMtb). FixA (EtfBMtb) and FixB (EtfAMtb) are homologous to the human ETF subunits. Our results demonstrate that EtfBAMtbconstitutes Mtb’s ETF, while EtfDMtb, although not homologous to human EtfD, functions as the dehydrogenase. These findings identify Mtb’s fatty acid β-oxidation as a novel potential target for TB drug development.