bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of IL‐15/IL‐15R‐α expression in response to HSV‐1 infection reveal a novel mode of viral immune evasion counteracted by iNKT cells
Authors: Sobkowiak Michał J. , Paquin‐Proulx Dominic , Bosnjak Lidija , Moll Markus , Sällberg Chen Margaret , Sandberg Johan K. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHerpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) infects and persists in most of the human population. Interleukin‐15 (IL‐15) has an important role in the activation of cell‐mediated immune responses and acts in complex with IL‐15 receptor alpha (IL‐15R‐α) through cell surface transpresentation. Here, we have examined the IL‐15/IL‐15R‐α complex response dynamics during HSV‐1 infection in human keratinocytes. Surface expression of the IL‐15/IL‐15R‐α complex rapidly increased in response to HSV‐1, reaching a peak around 12 h after infection. This response was dependent on detection of viral replication by TLR3, and enhancement of IL15 and IL15RA gene expression. Beyond the peak of expression, levels of IL‐15 and IL‐15R‐α gradually declined, reaching a profound loss of surface expression beyond 24 h of infection. This involved the loss of IL15 and IL15RA transcription. Interestingly, invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells inhibited the viral interference with IL‐15/IL‐15R‐α complex expression in an IFNγ‐dependent manner. These results indicate that rapid upregulation of the IL‐15/IL‐15R‐α complex occurs in HSV‐1 infected keratinocytes, and that this response is targeted by viral interference. Shutdown of the IL‐15 axis represents a novel mode of HSV‐1 immune evasion, which can be inhibited by the host iNKT cell response.
Perspectives on the Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems as Tools for Small-Scale Fisheries Research and Management
Authors: Amorim Reis-Filho José , Giarrizzo Tommaso 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are increasingly used in marine wildlife research and have rapidly expanded across many scientific disciplines. As recent technological developments have improved the versatility and functionality of UAVs, the potential of these systems for research on small-scale and artisanal fisheries has grown considerably, although this potential is still underexploited. However, there is growing interest in the application of cost-effective UAVs for aerial surveys of fishery activities, but few empirical studies have produced reliable findings to aid the development of effective management actions. Common challenges for effective management include funding limitations and problems related to survey design, coverage, and implementation. In this context, aerial devices have the capacity to fill a niche for intensive fine-scale sampling in which data gathering strategies need to be tailored to specific operational requirements. Detailed documentation and monitoring of harvest processes and fisheries practices by UAVs can provide important insights into fishing gear and techniques (e.g., gillnets and seine nets), the operation of stationary artisanal fishing devices (e.g., traps and tidal fishing weirs), area coverage, fishery territories, and the number of fishers and/or fleet size. Here, we present and discuss the potential use of UAVs for surveying small-scale fishing activities as a complement to traditional research methods (e.g., fishery-dependent approaches, such as landing monitoring, electronic logbooks, dealer reports, dockside intercepts, and fishery cruises). We predict that the use of UAV as a fishery survey tool will become increasingly widespread as the technology and associated methods are refined and become more affordable with potential to generate significant advances in fishery management practices.
SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine response in CAR T‐cell therapy recipients: A systematic review and preliminary observations
Authors: Abid Muhammad Abbas , Abid Muhammad Bilal 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEvolving data suggest that SARS‐CoV‐2 vaccine responses are blunted in allogeneic hematopoeitic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. Responses to the vaccine in chimeric antigen receptor T‐cell (CAR‐T) therapy are unknown and are likely to be even more diminished. We manually searched vital databases and identified 5 studies that have so far reported COVID‐19 vaccine response in a total of 70 CAR‐T recipients. The cumulative humoral response rate across all 5 studies was 31%. However, the results are not generalizable due to non‐standardized units of humoral response measurement and a lack of external validation. Heterogeneity existed in studies regarding the timing of vaccination post‐CAR‐T, intervals between the vaccine doses, platforms of response assessment, vaccine platforms, and pre‐vaccine immune status. CAR‐T‐related factors that independently impact vaccine response to prevent COVID‐19 have further been reviewed. We conclude that the results must be interpreted with caution given the limitations of small sample sizes, differences in immunoassays, lack of standard definitions and clinical correlates of SARS‐CoV‐2 immune response, and lack of cellular responses. Until large‐scale, homogenous prospective data become available, these preliminary observations will help transplant and infectious disease clinicians with their decision‐making while providing care to this profoundly immunosuppressed cohort of patients.
Status and perception toward the COVID‐19 vaccine: A cross‐sectional online survey among adult population of Bangladesh
Authors: Rahman Md Mostafizur , Chisty Musabber Ali , Sakib Mohammed Sadman , Quader Masrur Abdul , Shobuj Ifta Alam , Alam Md Ashraful , Halim Md. Abdul , Rahman Farzana 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionCOVID‐19 has become a global public health concern. Safe and effective vaccines are required to control the pandemic. However, positive perception toward the vaccine is also necessary for a successful vaccination effort.ObjectiveA rapid online survey was conducted to evaluate the status and perception toward the newly administered COVID‐19 vaccine among the adult population (18 years and above) of Bangladesh.MethodsA total of 850 adult people participated. χ2 or Fisher's exact test was performed to determine the association between the first dose of vaccination and sociodemographic information. Logistic regression analyses were carried out to examine the predictors of knowledge, attitude, and hesitation toward the vaccine.ResultsExactly 24.12% of the study population received their first dose of COVID‐19 vaccine, whereas 30.23% expressed hesitation about pursuing the vaccine. Older age groups (>70%), married people (49.62%), capital Dhaka city outsiders (32.76%), and high‐income groups (>50%) received the vaccine much higher than their counter group. Age, marital status, educational attainment, monthly income, and prior COVID‐19 positive status were all significantly associated with the knowledge regarding the vaccine. Only age (>55 years age group = aOR: 4.10; 95% CI: 1.30, 14.31) and level of knowledge (poor knowledge = aOR: 0.17; 95% CI: 0.12, 0.23) were significant determinants of attitudes. In case of hesitation, age group and monthly income were found as significant determinants. Fear of adverse consequences (86.67%) was the most common reason for hesitation, followed by insufficient information (73.85%).ConclusionThis study sought to determine the status and perception of the newly administered COVID‐19 vaccine to aid in the current inoculation campaign's effectiveness. Collaboration between academics, government officials, and communities is essential in developing a successful COVID‐19 vaccination program for the entire population. The authority should develop effective strategies to ensure the implementation of its policy of widespread COVID‐19 vaccination coverage.
Using mixed methods to explore diabetes care in a medium‐secure setting in England: A case study
Authors: Walker Tammi , Edmondson Amanda , Riley Fleur , Harper Mark , Lucock Mike , Wright Nat 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackground and aimsDiabetes is highly prevalent among individuals with serious mental illness. Managing diabetes in forensic mental health settings presents unique challenges which are under‐reported and poorly understood. This study aimed to explore diabetes care in a medium‐secure setting and identify key areas for improvement.MethodsA single case study design used a retrospective chart review. Qualitative interviews and a focus group were analyzed using thematic analysis.ResultsPrevalence of diabetes was over twice that of the general population and highest in female service users. Evidence suggests limited understanding and lack of diabetes education for staff and service users, and difficulties in accessing external diabetes recourses.ConclusionConstraints inherent to forensic mental health settings contribute to difficulties in accessing external resources and adequate diabetes education. Secure mental health services should adopt a collaborative approach to diabetes care and provide appropriate specialist training to both staff and service users.
Selenium and cancer risk: Wide‐angled Mendelian randomization analysis
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Mason Amy M. , Carter Paul , Vithayathil Mathew , Kar Siddhartha , Burgess Stephen , Larsson Susanna C. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEvidence on the association between selenium and cancer risk is inconclusive. We conducted a Mendelian randomization study to examine the associations of selenium levels with 22 site‐specific cancers and any cancer. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) strongly associated with toenail and blood (TAB) and blood selenium levels in mild linkage disequilibrium (r2 < .3) were used as instrumental variables. Genetic associations of selenium‐associated SNPs with cancer were obtained from the UK Biobank including a total of 59 647 cancer cases and 307 914 controls. Associations with P < .1 in UK Biobank were tested for replication in the FinnGen consortium comprising more than 180 000 individuals. The inverse‐variance weighted method accounting for linkage disequilibrium was used to estimate the associations. Genetically predicted TAB selenium levels were not associated with the risk of the 22 site‐specific cancers or any cancer (all 22 site‐specific cancers). Similarly, we observed no strong association for genetically predicted blood selenium levels. However, genetically predicted blood selenium levels showed suggestive associations with risk of kidney cancer (odds ratio [OR] per one‐unit increase in log‐transformed levels: 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.67‐1.03) and multiple myeloma (OR: 1.40; 95% CI: 1.02‐1.93). The same direction of association for kidney cancer but not for multiple myeloma was observed in FinnGen. In the metaanalysis of UK Biobank and FinnGen, the OR of kidney cancer was 0.83 (95% CI: 0.69‐1.00). Our study suggests that high selenium status may not prevent cancer development. The associations for kidney cancer and multiple myeloma need to be verified in well‐powered studies.
Wake flow patterns and turbulence around naturally deposited and installed trees in a gravel bed river
Authors: Schnauder Ingo , Anlanger Christine , Koll Katinka 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLarge wood structures, such as wood fragments, debris jams, or entire trees, create flow and habitat diversity in rivers. A key flow feature associated with such structures is the wake, characterised by a core zone of reduced velocity and shear layers at its margins. Wakes are largely controlled by geometric and structural properties of the wood. In the present study, the flow patterns and turbulence created by different wood structures were compared at two study sites: naturally eroded and fragmented oaks (Site A) and artificial poplar installations (Site B). Flow and turbulence were quantified using pointwise velocity measurements with acoustic Doppler velocimeters (ADVs) and surface particle tracking velocimetry (SPTV). The measured flow patterns exhibited similarities with shallow porous wakes that feature fluid advection through the structure into the wake core downstream. Two additional features of wood structures were identified in the present study: (i) the growth of the shear layers was hindered by bed friction like for shallow mixing layers and (ii) the presence of a tree stem and sediment deposit in the wake centre delayed or even suppressed the interaction of the shear layers and vortex street formation similar to a wake‐splitter plate. Methodologically, the combined ADV/SPTV measurement approach and the use of analytical models for shallow mixing layers proved to be highly valuable to decipher the complex flow patterns around wood structures in the field.
Polyethyleneimine‐anchored liposomes as scavengers for improving the efficiency of protein‐bound uremic toxin clearance during dialysis
Authors: Shen Yuqi , Shen Yue , Li Jiaolun , Ding Feng , Wang Yifeng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractProtein‐bound uremic toxins (PBUTs) are significant toxins that are closely related to the prognosis of chronic kidney disease. They cannot be effectively removed by conventional dialysis therapies due to their high albumin binding affinity. Our previous research revealed that cationic liposomes (i.e., polyethyleneimine [PEI]‐decorated liposomes) could enhance the clearance of PBUTs via electrostatic interactions. However, the poor biocompatibility (hemolysis) restricted their applications in clinical dialysis treatment. Herein, we produced PEI‐anchored, linoleic acid‐decorated liposomes (CP‐LA liposomes) via the conjugation of PEI to cholesterol chloroformate (Chol‐PEI, CP), and linoleic acid (LA) was added to provide liposomal colloidal stability. The CP‐LA liposomes outperformed the plain liposomes, demonstrating significantly higher PBUT binding rates and removal rates. In addition, in vitro dialysis simulation verified that the CP‐LA liposomes had a better capacity for PBUT clearance than the plain liposomes, especially for PBUTs with a strong negative net charge. Hemolysis and cytotoxicity tests revealed that the biocompatibility of the CP‐LA liposomes was better than that of the physically‐decorated PEI‐liposome. CP‐LA liposomes possess great potential for PBUT clearance in clinical dialysis therapy.
Liquid metal polymer composite: Flexible, conductive, biocompatible, and antimicrobial scaffold
Authors: Houshyar Shadi , Rifai Aaqil , Zizhou Rumbidzai , Dekiwadia Chaitali , Booth Marsilea A. , John Sabu , Fox Kate , Truong Vi Khanh 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGallium and its alloys, such as eutectic gallium indium alloy (EGaIn), a form of liquid metal, have recently attracted the attention of researchers due to their low toxicity and electrical and thermal conductivity for biomedical application. However, further research is required to harness EGaIn‐composites advantages and address their application as a biomedical scaffold. In this research, EGaIn‐polylactic acid/polycaprolactone composites with and without a second conductive filler, MXene, were prepared and characterized. The addition of MXene, into the EGaIn‐composite, can improve the composite's electrochemical properties by connecting the liquid metal droplets resulting in electrically conductive continuous pathways within the polymeric matrix. The results showed that the composite with 50% EGaIn and 4% MXene, displayed optimal electrochemical properties and enhanced mechanical and radiopacity properties. Furthermore, the composite showed good biocompatibility, examined through interactions with fibroblast cells, and antibacterial properties against methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Therefore, the liquid metal (EGaIn) polymer composite with MXene provides a first proof‐of‐concept engineering scaffold strategy with low toxicity, functional electrochemical properties, and promising antimicrobial properties.
Tenofovir diphosphate levels in dried blood spots are associated with virologic failure and resistance to first‐line therapy in South Africa: a case–control cohort study
Authors: Castillo‐Mancilla Jose R. , Edwards Johnathan A. , Brijkumar Jaysingh , Moosa Mahomed‐Yunus , Zhao Yuan , Ofotokun Igho , Johnson Brent A. , Lee Mitchell H. , Pillay Selvan , Pillay Melendhran , Moodley Pravi , Kuritzkes Daniel R. , Sunpath Henry , Bushman Lane R. , Ellison Lucas , Anderson Peter L. , Marconi Vincent C. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionTenofovir diphosphate (TFV‐DP) in dried blood spots (DBS), a measure of cumulative antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence, is associated with viral suppression and predicts future viremia in persons with HIV (PWH). However, its utility to identify those at risk for virologic failure (VF) and drug resistance is unknown. To address this, we aimed to establish the association between this adherence biomarker and VF with drug resistance in a cohort of PWH initiating first‐line ART in KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa.MethodsPWH initiating TFV disoproxil fumarate (TDF)‐based ART within a parent prospective cohort were evaluated. Using a nested design, DBS for TFV‐DP were collected from cases who developed VF (HIV‐1 RNA ≥1000 copies/ml) after ≥5 months on ART versus controls, matched 1:2 by site, age, gender, race and ART duration. Cases were categorized as having VF with or without resistance using genotyping. One‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare TFV‐DP for controls, cases with VF and resistance, and cases with VF without resistance. Data are presented as mean (standard deviation, SD) or geometric mean [95% confidence interval, 95% CI].Results and discussionOne thousand participants were enrolled in the parent study between 2014 and 2016, of which 288 (29%) had DBS available. Of these, 94 (33%) were cases and 194 (67%) were controls; 59% were women. Mean age of our population was 33 (SD 8) years. Genotyping was available in 50 (53%) of the 94 cases. Geometric mean TFV‐DP in DBS from controls was 708 [95% CI; 647–773] fmol/punch, which was higher compared to participants having VF with resistance (n = 36), 386 [95% CI; 241–617] fmol/punch and VF without resistance (n = 14), 61 [95% CI; 22–164] fmol/punch; p<0.001. Genotype could not be obtained in 44 (47%) cases.ConclusionsTFV‐DP in DBS showed a stepwise association with VF and drug resistance in South African PWH. Participants having VF with resistance had mid‐range concentrations of TFV‐DP, which were higher than those for PWH without resistance. Future research on the clinical utility of TFV‐DP concentrations in DBS to predict and prevent the development of VF and drug resistance is needed.
Reduction and optimization for combustion mechanism of dimethyl ether–air mixtures
Authors: Li Yuxuan , Su Shichuan , Wang Lei , Yin Jie , Idiaba Samuel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAs an alternative fuel, dimethyl ether (DME) has attracted much attention due to its high efficiency and low emission. In this study, first, a skeletal mechanism of DME is obtained using a directed relation graph with error propagation (DRGEP) and sensitivity analysis (SA). Then the Arrhenius preexponential factors of the selected reactions in the skeletal mechanism are adjusted by the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to improve the prediction accuracy. Finally, an optimized mechanism with 30 species and 65 elementary reactions is proposed to describe the combustion of DME–air mixtures. This reaction mechanism is validated against the experimental data of ignition delay time, species concentration, and laminar flame speed, covering a wide range of initial temperatures (298–1600 K), pressures (1.0–60 bar), and equivalence ratios (0.5–2.0). Comparing the previous skeletal mechanisms, the optimized mechanism can excellently reproduce the experiment results, especially in the prediction of the ignition delay time of low‐temperature zone and laminar flame speed of high‐pressure conditions. It means that this mechanism corresponds to higher precision and more extensive applicability.
Tributary chloride loading into Lake Michigan
Authors: Dugan Hilary A. , Rock Linnea A. , Kendall Anthony D. , Mooney Robert J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAnthropogenic salt sources have contributed to rising salinities in the Laurentian Great Lakes. In Lake Michigan, chloride concentrations have risen from ~ 1–2 mg L−1 in the 1800s to > 15 mg L−1 in 2020. The watersheds of the approximately 300 tributaries of Lake Michigan vary in size and represent a wide range of land use, from undeveloped forested watersheds to urbanized and agricultural areas. The spatial variability in both size and land cover among Lake Michigan's tributaries contributes to enormous variation in chloride concentrations and loads. We performed a spatial assessment of Lake Michigan tributaries to calculate total annual salt loading, infer future conditions based on current patterns, evaluate the use of synoptic sampling, and identify watershed characteristics that drive high chloride concentrations. We found that the tributary load to Lake Michigan is 1.08 Tg yr−1 of chloride, and that chloride concentrations in Lake Michigan will likely continue to slowly rise in the coming decades.
Cascade Tumor Therapy Platform for Sensitized Chemotherapy and Penetration Enhanced Photothermal Therapy
Authors: Liu Sen , Shen Can , Jiang Dongsheng , Qian Cheng , Yang Zhongmei , Wang Jianquan , Ye Wei 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAs a stand‐alone therapy strategy may not be sufficient for effective cancer treatment and a combination of chemotherapy with other therapies is a main trend in cancer treatment. A combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy (PTT) is reported here to achieve the goal of cascade multistage cancer treatment. A thermally responsive amphiphilic copolymer is designed and then a CuS nanoparticles (NPs)‐based carbon monoxide (CO) photoinduced release system and doxorubicin (Dox) are encapsulated to construct the nanomedicine. The large‐sized nanomedicine can accumulate in tumors after long circulation in vivo and will generate heat to act as a photothermal therapeutic agent by near infrared (NIR) light. Moreover, synergically release of CO and Dox is achieved and acted as a sensitized chemotherapeutic agent. The combination of PTT and chemotherapy sensitization can effectively eliminate active tumor cells in the periphery of the tumor. CuS NPs are also released after the degradation of nanomedicine and small‐sized CuS NPs possess better tumor penetration and achieve penetration‐enhanced PTT by further NIR irradiation, thereby effectively eliminating tumor cells inside solid tumors. Hence, cascade multistage cancer treatment of “combined PTT and chemotherapy sensitization”—“penetration‐enhanced PTT” is achieved, and tumor cells are comprehensively and effectively eliminated.
Polarization properties of random electromagnetic vortex beam propagating in gradient‐index fiber
Authors: Zhao Chungang , Yin Xiaojin , Yang Chen , Wang Jing , Li Jinhong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe built the cross‐spectral density matrix elements analytical expression of random electromagnetic Gaussian vortex (REGV) beam propagating in gradient‐index (GRIN) fiber, which is used to study the polarization properties of the beam. The distribution of spectral degree of polarization (SDOP) and state of polarization (SOP) show the same periodicity and symmetry. The distribution law of SDOP and SOP is unchanging with the topological charge m changing and is changed by adjusting the spatial self‐correlation length σxx. The research results have guiding significance for the propagation of random electromagnetic vortex beams in optical fibers, which could be considerable value in high‐speed and large‐capacity optical fiber secure communication.