bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Social Indicators and their Legitimacy in Transnational Law
Authors: Siems Mathias , Nelken David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Skeptical views tend to dominate the debate about the role of global social indicators in transnational law. However, the reason global social indicators have emerged is often that local and national legislation would not be sufficient and that agreement on international legal norms is not feasible. Indeed, it can be observed that global social indicators have proliferated in recent years as they reach across many societal fields. Moreover, this chapter shows that at all levels of legitimacy (“input,” “output,” and “throughput”), it is at least possible to make indicators more legitimate. This also acknowledges that some indicators fall short of these standards of legitimacy. Problems of the legitimacy of global social indicators will therefore remain relevant in the foreseeable future.
Primate Cognition in Captivity
Authors: Leavens David A. , Bard Kim A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The study of primates in captivity has both advantages and disadvantages. On the one hand, researchers gain experimental control over such variables as the locations and timing of stimulus presentations. In principle, this permits high confidence in claims of relations between manipulated variables and responses. On the other hand, large differences in the specific ecologies of captive environments impose constraints on generalizations beyond the specific laboratories in which animals are tested. Here, the authors highlight some recent contributions to understanding primate cognition from work in captivity. The authors give special attention to the value of captive populations for understanding environmental influences on cognitive development, which is especially apparent and easily measured among captive primate populations. Primates adapt to the specific ecological circumstances of their direct experience, and this flexibility in developmental mechanisms across a range of rearing environments is not manifest in any single ontogenetic context, but requires consideration across diverse contexts.
How Viruses Made Us Human
Authors: Witzany Guenther 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Current research on the origin of DNA and RNA, viruses, and mobile genetic elements prompts a re-evaluation of the origin and nature of genetic material as the driving force behind evolutionary novelty. While scholars used to think that novel features resulted from random genetic mutations of an individual’s specific genome, today we recognize the important role that acquired viruses and mobile genetic elements have played in introducing evolutionary novelty within the genomes of species. Viral infections and subviral RNAs can enter the host genome and persist as genetic regulatory networks. Persistent viral infections are also important to understand the split between great apes and humans. Nearly all mammals and nonhuman primates rely on olfaction, i.e., chemoreception as the basis of the sense of smell for social recognition, group membership, and the coordination of organized social life. Humans, however, evolved other means to establish social bonding, because several infection waves by endogenous retroviruses caused a loss of odor receptors in human ancestors. The human independence from olfaction for social recognition was in turn one driver of the rather abrupt human transition to dependence on visual information, gesture production, and facial recognition that are at the roots of language-based communication.
Evolution of Intentional Teaching
Authors: Gärdenfors Peter , Högberg Anders 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Only among humans is teaching intentional, socially structured, and symbolically mediated. In this chapter, evidence regarding the evolution of the mindreading and communicative capacities underlying intentional teaching is reviewed. Play, rehearsal, and apprenticeship are discussed as central to the analyses of teaching. We present a series of levels of teaching. First of all, we separate non-intentional from intentional teaching. For non-intentional teaching, we discuss facilitation and approval/disapproval and analyze examples from non-human species. We then distinguish between six levels of intentional teaching: (1) intentional approval/disapproval, (2) drawing attention, (3) demonstrating, (4) communicating concepts, (5) explaining concept relations, and (6) narrating. We hypothesize that level after level has been added during the evolution of teaching. We analyze communicative requirements for the levels, concluding that displaced communication is required for level 4 and symbolic language only for levels 5 to 6. We focus on the role of demonstration and pantomime and argue that pantomime has been instrumental in the evolution of language. We present archaeological evidence for when the different levels of teaching emerge. We argue that learning Oldowan technology requires teaching by demonstration, and that learning Acheulean hand-axe technology requires communicating concepts. It follows that several levels of intentional teaching predate homo sapiens.
The Author
Authors: Steinberg Justin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter will examine Dante both as an historical author as well as the ‘author figure’ he performs in his texts, with particular attention to the tension between these two forms of authorship. The chapter proceeds through three interrelated sections: 1) Dante-poet and Dante-character; 2) Authorship and authority; and 3) Dante and autobiography. In each section the focus is not just on what Dante-the-author is but also on what Dantean authorship does. The casting of himself as the character of some of his works, the establishment of the authoritative status of vernacular poets alongside the ancients, and the ‘pact’ made with his readers are all strategies in the creation of his truly original figure of the author.
Memory
Authors: Bolzoni Lina 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins from the image of the book of memory with which the Vita Nova opens in order to demonstrate both the role that it plays in the structure of the libello and its links with the tradition of the art of memory. In the Convivio, memory takes on an ethical dimension, meaning that the writer feels the need to give knowledge to humankind. In the Commedia, memory continues to be essential in the writing of the work, however, it is memory of the other world, which endows it with a new value. The ordered structure of the three realms of the other world is animated by Dante’s encounters with diverse characters, who become in their turn imagines agentes of the sin committed or of the virtue that defined them. Thus, the pilgrim’s journey imprints on his body and mind the memory of divine order and generates an internal transformation.
Travelling/Wandering/Mapping
Authors: Cachey Theodore J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Dante deploys in the Commedia archetypal tropes of travel, including pilgrimage, biblical exodus, the journey to the underworld and to Italy, and the Bonaventuran itinerarium mentis in Deum, as an antidote to the existential experience of wandering in exile. His cosmological poem involved nothing less than a remapping of the cosmos, of the inhabited world, and of Italy. The poet re-inscribes his own place in the cosmos by alluding to his birth in Florence in three signature passages that reaffirm the Florentine citizenship denied the exiled poet and his sacred destiny within the cosmic order. The three passages are positioned strategically according to the medieval practice of numerical composition, one in each of the three canticles: Inferno XXIII, 94-6; Purgatorio XIV, 16-21; and Paradiso VI, 52-4.
Empirical Aesthetics
Authors: Leder Helmut , Pelowski Matthew 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In most people’s lives, aesthetic experiences are probably frequent and occur in multiple, often very different and idiosyncratic situations. Usually, aesthetic experience involves an episode with the experiencing person in a specific situation, stretched out over time, in which certain objects, their environment, and various constituting elements are brought together. In this chapter, the authors provide a general introduction on the importance of such contextual factors in aesthetic experiences. The chapter begins with a brief overview of the nature of aesthetic experiences as a topic beyond typical aesthetic objects, with regard to how aesthetic experiences emerge as interactions between person, objects, and environment, and thus how they are embedded in informational contexts. In particular, the importance of information context is discussed: how we frame, anticipate, explain, and understand the factors of our experience as we live them. Also examined is how, in psychological studies, extra information or titles presented with pictures and artworks, or instructions regarding the context—so-called framing effects—have been shown to affect aesthetic experiences. The chapter ends with an outlook on major challenges, goals, and future directions.
New concepts and difficulties with progesterone supplementation in the luteal phase
Authors: Martínez María Cerrillo , Rodríguez-Varela Cristina , Labarta Demur Elena 
Published: April 2021

Purpose of review
Management of the luteal phase (LP) in assisted reproductive cycles has aroused interest in recent years. The reason is that it seems that the individualization of LP support may be necessary, since the concept of ‘one size fits all’ does not apply to this treatment.

Recent findings
Studies carried out in hormone replacement therapy cycles (also called artificial cycles) have shown that serum levels of progesterone (P) are related to pregnancy outcomes. This represents a milestone in the management of artificial cycles (AC), because until a few years ago it was believed that serum levels did not really reflect the effectiveness of P, which is why they were neglected. However, it is not as straightforward as it seems, because the interpretation of serum progesterone values will depend on the type of progesterone used and its route of administration. Likewise, the findings observed in AC are not applicable to what occurs in a fresh transfer cycle after ovarian stimulation or an embryo transfer in the context of a natural cycle.

Summary
In this manuscript, we will summarize the current situation in LP management.
Frame to Improve the Fit of N95 Filtering Face Mask Respirators
Authors: Stemen Daniel , Ge Marshall , Hwang Darryl , Qaddoumi Burhan , Roden Mark , Nanda Neha , Ference Elisabeth 
Published: April 2021

Objective:
Test a device that can improve upon the seal of filtering face mask respirators (FFRs).

Methods:
A 3-D prototype for a fit improvement frame (FIF) was created and quantitative fit testing was performed for FFRs with and without the FIF.

Results:
Thirty eight volunteers underwent fit testing. The overall fit pass rate was 100% for the 3M model 1860 masks, 50% for the 3M model 8511 masks, 13% for the BYD CARE model DE2322, and 7% for the Honeywell DC300N95. When using the FIF the overall passing rate increase to 87% for the DE2322 + FIF (P < 0.01) and for the DC300N95 + FIF the passing rate increase to 73% (P < 0.01)

Conclusion:
The FIF is effective in improving the mask fit of a common flat fold N95 masks and potentially other N95 masks.
Improving Safety and Quality During Interhospital Transfer of Patients With Nontraumatic Intracranial Hemorrhage: A Simulation-Based Pilot Program
Authors: Ray Jessica M. , Wong Ambrose H. , Finn Emily B. , Sheth Kevin N. , Matouk Charles C. , Sudikoff Stephanie N. , Auerbach Marc A. , Sather John E. , Venkatesh Arjun K. 
Published: April 2021

Background
The presentation of critically ill patients to emergency departments often necessitates interhospital transfer (IHT) to a tertiary care center for specialized neurocritical care. Patients with nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage represent a critically ill population subject to high rates of IHT and who is thus an important target for research and quality improvement of IHT. We describe the use of an innovative simulation methodology engaging transfer staff, clinicians, and stakeholders to refine and facilitate the adoption of a standardized IHT protocol for transferring patients with neurovascular emergencies.

Methods
This was a qualitative study using a phenomenological approach. Participants consisted of IHT call center staff members, neurointensivists, neurosurgeons, and emergency physicians. We conducted a standardized telephone-based simulation case to prime participants for feedback on their experiences with IHT for intracranial hemorrhage patients. Facilitators conducted focus groups immediately after the simulation to identify process improvement opportunities. A structured thematic analysis identified overarching concepts from the data.

Results
We achieved data saturation with 7 simulations and a total of 24 participants. Thematic analysis identified 3 IHT-specific themes: (1) challenges unique to multispecialty critical illness, (2) interdisciplinary relationships and dynamics, and (3) communication and information processing for IHT. Three quality improvement initiatives emerged from the debriefings: standardized communication checklist, early acceptance protocol, and structure for telephone-based care handoffs.

Conclusions
We demonstrate the use of telephone-based simulation technology to identify potential pitfalls and accelerate the adoption of a new IHT protocol for patients with nontraumatic intracranial hemorrhage. New quality improvement strategies can organically result through interprofessional debriefings for patients with potentially complex handoffs between hospitals.
What Contributes to Diagnostic Error or Delay? A Qualitative Exploration Across Diverse Acute Care Settings in the United States
Authors: Barwise Amelia , Leppin Aaron , Dong Yue , Huang Chanyan , Pinevich Yuliya , Herasevich Svetlana , Soleimani Jalal , Gajic Ognjen , Pickering Brian , Kumbamu Ashok 
Published: April 2021

Objectives
Diagnostic error and delay is a prevalent and impactful problem. This study was part of a mixed-methods approach to understand the organizational, clinician, and patient factors contributing to diagnostic error and delay among acutely ill patients within a health system, as well as recommendations for the development of tailored, targeted, feasible, and effective interventions.

Methods
We did a multisite qualitative study using focus group methodology to explore the perspectives of key clinician stakeholders. We used a conceptual framework that characterized diagnostic error and delay as occurring within 1 of 3 stages of the patient’s diagnostic journey—critical information gathering, synthesis of key information, and decision making and communication. We developed our moderator guide based on the sociotechnical frameworks previously described by Holden and Singh for understanding noncognitive factors that lead to diagnostic error and delay. Deidentified focus group transcripts were coded in triplicate and to consensus over a series of meetings. A final coded data set was then uploaded into NVivo software. The data were then analyzed to generate overarching themes and categories.

Results
We recruited a total of 64 participants across 4 sites from emergency departments, hospital floor, and intensive care unit settings into 11 focus groups. Clinicians perceive that diverse organizational, communication and coordination, individual clinician, and patient factors interact to impede the process of making timely and accurate diagnoses.

Conclusions
This study highlights the complex sociotechnical system within which individual clinicians operate and the contributions of systems, processes, and institutional factors to diagnostic error and delay.
Germline Mutation Analysis in Sporadic Breast Cancer Cases with Clinical Correlations
Authors: Ajaz Sadia , Zaidi Sani-e-Zehra , Ali Saleema Mehboob , Siddiqa Aisha , Memon Muhammad Ali 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDemographics for breast cancers vary widely among nations. The frequency of germline mutations in breast cancers, which reflects the hereditary cases, has not been investigated adequately in Pakistani population. In the present case series, germ-line mutations in twenty-seven breast cancer candidate genes were investigated in eighty-four sporadic breast cancer patients along with the clinical correlations. The germ-line variants were also assessed in two healthy gender-matched controls. The most frequent parameters associated with hereditary cancer cases are age and ethnicity. Therefore, the clinico-pathological features were evaluated by descriptive analysis and Pearson Χ2 test (with significant p-value <0.05). The analyses were stratified on the basis of age (<40 years vs >40 years) and ethnicity. The breast cancer gene panel assay was carried out by a genomic capture, massively parallel next generation sequencing assay on Illumina Hiseq2000 assay with 100bp read lengths. Copy number variations were determined by partially-mapped read algorithm. Once the mutation was identified, it was validated by Sanger sequencing. The ethnic analysis stratified on the basis of age showed that the frequency of breast cancer at young age (<40 years) was higher in Sindhis (n=12/19; 64%) in contrast to patients in other ethnic groups. Majority of the patients had stage III (38.1%), grades II and III (46.4%), tumor size 2-5cm (54.8%), and invasive ductal carcinoma (81%). Overall, the analysis revealed germ-line mutations in 11.9% of the patients. The mutational spectrum was restricted to three genes: BRCA1, BRCA2, and TP53. The identified mutations consist of seven novel germ-line mutations, while three mutations have been reported previously. All the mutations are predicted to result in protein truncation. No mutations were identified in the remaining twenty-four candidate breast cancer genes. The present study provides the framework for the development of preventive and treatment strategies against breast cancers in Pakistani population.
GWAS and ExWAS of blood Mitochondrial DNA copy number identifies 73 loci and highlights a potential causal role in dementia
Authors: Chong Michael , Mohammadi-Shemirani Pedrum , Perrot Nicolas , Nelson Walter , Morton Robert W. , Narula Sukrit , Lali Ricky , Khan Irfan , Khan Mohammad , Judge Conor , Machipisa Tafadzwa , Cawte Nathan , O’Donnell Martin , Pigeyre Marie , Akhabir Loubna , Paré Guillaume 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMitochondrial DNA copy number (mtDNA-CN) is an accessible blood-based measurement believed to capture underlying mitochondrial function. The specific biological processes underpinning its regulation, and whether those processes are causative for disease, is an area of active investigation. We developed a novel method for array-based mtDNA-CN estimation suitable for biobank-scale studies, called “AutoMitoC”. We applied AutoMitoC to 395,781 UKBiobank study participants and performed genome and exome-wide association studies, identifying novel common and rare genetic determinants. Overall, genetic analyses identified 73 loci for mtDNA-CN, which implicated several genes involved in rare mtDNA depletion disorders, dNTP metabolism, and the mitochondrial central dogma. Rare variant analysis identified SAMHD1 mutation carriers as having higher mtDNA-CN (beta=0.23 SDs; 95% CI, 0.18-0.29; P=2.6×10−19), a potential therapeutic target for patients with mtDNA depletion disorders, but at increased risk of breast cancer (OR=1.91; 95% CI, 1.52-2.40; P=2.7×10−8). Finally, Mendelian randomization analyses suggest a causal effect of low mtDNA-CN on dementia risk (OR=1.94 per 1 SD decrease in mtDNA-CN; 95% CI, 1.55-2.32; P=7.5×10−4). Altogether, our genetic findings indicate that mtDNA-CN is a complex biomarker reflecting specific mitochondrial processes related to mtDNA regulation, and that these processes are causally related to human diseases.
Adipose tissue distribution from body MRI is associated with cross-sectional and longitudinal brain age in adults
Authors: Beck Dani , de Lange Ann-Marie G. , Alnæs Dag , Maximov Ivan I. , Pedersen Mads L. , Leinhard Olof Dahlqvist , Linge Jennifer , Simon Rozalyn , Richard Geneviève , Ulrichsen Kristine M. , Dørum Erlend S. , Kolskår Knut K. , Sanders Anne-Marthe , Winterton Adriano , Gurholt Tiril P. , Kaufmann Tobias , Steen Nils Eiel , Nordvik Jan Egil , Andreassen Ole A. , Westlye Lars T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThere is an intimate body-brain connection in ageing, and obesity is a key risk factor for poor cardiometabolic health and neurodegenerative conditions. Although research has demonstrated deleterious effects of obesity on brain structure and function, the majority of studies have used conventional measures such as waist-to-hip ratio, waist circumference, and body mass index. While sensitive to gross features of body composition, such global anthropomorphic features fail to describe regional differences in body fat distribution and composition, and to determine visceral adiposity, which is related to a range of metabolic conditions. In this mixed cross-sectional and longitudinal design (interval mean and standard deviation = 19.7 ± 0.5 months), including 790 healthy individuals (mean (range) age = 46.7 (18-94) years, 53% women), we investigated cross-sectional body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI, n = 286) measures of adipose tissue distribution in relation to longitudinal brain structure using MRI-based morphometry and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). We estimated tissue-specific brain age at two time points and performed Bayesian multilevel modelling to investigate the associations between adipose measures at follow-up and brain age gap (BAG) at baseline and follow-up. We also tested for interactions between BAG and both time and age on each adipose measure. The results showed credible associations between T1-based BAG and liver fat, muscle fat infiltration (MFI), and weight-to-muscle ratio (WMR), indicating older-appearing brains in people with higher measures of adipose tissue. Longitudinal evidence supported interaction effects between time and MFI and WMR on T1-based BAG, indicating accelerated ageing over the course of the study period in people with higher measures of adipose tissue. The results show that specific measures of fat distribution are associated with brain ageing and that different compartments of adipose tissue may be differentially linked with increased brain ageing, with potential to identify key processes involved in age-related transdiagnostic disease processes.
Family Planning Performance in 113 Countries Using a New Composite Performance Index
Authors: Chaurasia Aalok Ranjan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper we measure family planning performance in 113 countries of the world using a composite performance index that takes into account both the met demand for family planning and the composition of the met demand. The composite performance index used in the present paper is an improvement over the existing approaches of measuring family planning performance. The analysis reveals that family planning performance varies widely across countries and it remains either poor or very poor in more than 40 per cent countries. There is no country where the performance is very high. Moreover, there are many countries where the family planning performance appears to have deteriorated over time. There are only a few countries where family planning performance has improved in recent years. The analysis calls for increased investment in family planning to meet the target set under the Sustainable Development Goals.