bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arnetta technologies: minimum viable product
Authors: Singh Puran , Sinha Ray Suryani 
Published: April 2021

Theoretical basis
The case fosters discussions on basic concepts of entrepreneurship that include building a minimum viable product before launching a finished product, the importance of doing market research for early-stage startups, challenges in understanding an unfamiliar domain or industry and understanding the dynamics of business to business market.

Research methodology
Team Arnetta’s founders were interviewed in relation to the case. After the initial round of interviews, a product demonstration was given by Arnetta. Follow up interviews were conducted to delve-deeper into the problem while secondary research was conducted to understand the market dynamics and competitive landscape at the point in time in the case.

Case overview/synopsis
The four founders of Arnetta Technologies debate go-to-market timing for Integrated Breeding and Research Management Software, a data handling software for the R&D process followed by seed enterprises in India. The founders had spent over US$75,000 on the product development on which they had been working for more than one year. Two of the founders had given up their full-time jobs to work dedicatedly on the venture. The product was being customized to the requirements of their only client. Product development was taking longer than anticipated. To add to the challenges, international competitors had started capturing the Indian market. The founders had two options. First, they could wait and finish the product development before reaching out to their prospective clients – leading to delays and losing out on the market. Second, they could reach out to prospective clients and convince them to use the work-in-progress version of the product – which could turn out to be a deal breaker. The founders had to come to a consensus soon.

Complexity academic Level
The case is intended for students in undergraduate or graduate-level courses related to entrepreneurship, new venture creation, innovation management and business management.
Contextual factors associated with high‐intensity drinking events among young adults: A qualitative inquiry
Authors: Merrill Jennifer E. , Boyle Holly K. , López Gabriela , Miller Mary Beth , Barnett Nancy P. , Jackson Kristina M. , Carey Kate B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundMuch of the prior research addressing risky drinking among young adults has focused on heavy episodic drinking (4+/5+ drinks in a single sitting for females/males). However, 1 in 3 young adults engaged in past‐year high‐intensity drinking (HID, 8+/10+ drinks in a single sitting for females/males). Consuming such large amounts of alcohol is associated with serious acute consequences (e.g., severe injury, overdose) and the development of alcohol use disorder. This qualitative study aimed to gain an in‐depth understanding of contextual influences on HID from drinkers’ perspectives.MethodsWe conducted individual interviews of 28 young adults (57% female, aged 20 to 25 years old) who engage in HID to assess the role of context in the prediction of HID (relative to non‐HID events). Two authors coded each interview following a structured codebook and thematic analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data.ResultsBased on identified themes, factors that may increase HID likelihood include being in larger groups or in social contexts where others are drinking heavily, having close relationships with others who are present, on special occasions, when feeling safe, being comfortable in a given situation, and experiencing intense affective states (especially positive ones). Noted deterrents for HID included friends’ extreme intoxication, perceptions that heavy drinking is less acceptable in certain contexts (i.e., at work, family events) or among others present, cost/financial constraints, next‐day responsibilities, and needing to drive.ConclusionsYoung adults identified a number of social and psychological factors that they perceived influenced their likelihood of engaging in HID. However, they also generated a number of factors that constrained this style of drinking. Understanding the contexts in which HID is most likely to occur will inform interventions that aim to reduce this high‐risk behavior.
18F‐2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose‐positron emission tomography metabolic pattern assessment in the brain of betel quid dependent individuals
Authors: Yuan Fulai , Yu Jie , Liao Guang , Li Jian , Long Tingting , Li Yulai , Chen Dengming , Dai Qionghai , Zhu Xueling , Hu Shuo , Qian Zhaoxin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe primary objective of this study was to identify the metabolic pattern in the brains of betel quid dependent (BQD) individuals using 18F‐2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose‐positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG‐PET). A total of 42 individuals (16 BQD individuals and 26 healthy controls, HCs) enrolled at the Department of Nuclear Medicine of Xiangya Hospital underwent brain 18F‐FDG‐PET. Group comparisons using statistical parametric mapping (SPM) were performed to identify the 18F‐FDG‐PET patterns. Standardized uptake value ratios of anterior cingulate, frontal, thalamus, parietal, occipital, temporal and cerebellum were calculated by SPM. The characteristics of abnormal metabolism in brain regions were quantified using the xjView toolbox, and a 3‐D brain map was drawn using BrainNet Viewer. We found significant metabolic reduction in the bilateral middle prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the left orbital frontal gyrus (OFC). In contrast, hypermetabolism was observed in the inferior cerebellum, fusiform, superior cerebellum, parahippocampal, vermis, lingual and thalamus. However, we found no significant difference between the BQD and HC group in the anterior cingulate, thalamus, cerebellum and frontal, temporal, parietal and occipital lobes. In summary, we found abnormal 18F‐FDG‐PET metabolic pattern in BQD individuals, and this pattern may help the treatment of BQD.
Life stages of the non‐native Ommatoiulus moreleti (Lucas, 1860) (Julida, Julidae) in Australian small grain systems
Authors: Heddle Thomas , Umina Paul A. , van Helden Maarten , Alhwash Lamyaa , Cheng Xuan , Binns Matthew , Hoffmann Ary A. 
Published: April 2021

The Portuguese millipede, Ommatoiulus moreleti (Lucas, 1860), is increasingly a pest of grains crops in Australian agricultural ecosystems. With the rapid uptake of minimum‐tillage practices, habitat quality has been enhanced for several species of soil dwelling invertebrates, in particular O. moreleti.
To understand the population dynamics of O. moreleti in Australian grains crops, populations were sampled at multiple sites for more than 2 years using pitfall traps and cardboard roll traps. Specimens were dissected to investigate reproductive status and developmental stage.
Millipede trapping rates varied between sites and across the year, and tended to be lower when soil water content (m3/m3) was high. Both sexes were active year round, however females were relatively more abundant when ground temperatures were higher.
Males in a copulatory state and females with mature eggs were collected year round although females lacking mature eggs were more common when ground temperatures were higher and the soil was drier, and female egg load was higher under cooler conditions. Females at a stadium 9 or later carried mature eggs and copulatory males tended to be from stadium 8 or later. Different developmental stages could be recovered at all times of the year.
These findings indicate persistent populations of O. moreleti across fields throughout the year, with a key breeding period in autumn but likely opportunistic breeding all year. Control of millipedes will need to focus on increasing the impact of biological agents, decreasing suitable habitat for millipede breeding and intensive control at susceptible crop periods.
Development and Feasibility Study of an Addiction‐Focused Phenotyping Assessment Battery
Authors: Keyser‐Marcus Lori A. , Ramey Tatiana , Bjork James , Adams Amanda , Moeller F. Gerard 
Published: April 2021

Background and ObjectivesCurrent methods of classifying individuals with substance use disorder (SUD) result in vast heterogeneity among persons within a given diagnosis. These approaches, while clinically allowing for distinctions between patient groups, are less than ideal when attempting to recruit a neurobehaviorally defined subset of subjects into clinical trials. To address this gap, alternative strategies have been proposed, including behavioral phenotyping. The NIDA Phenotyping Assessment Battery (PhAB) is a modular package of assessments and neurocognitive tasks that was developed for use in clinical trials. The goal of the present study is to assess the feasibility of the NIDA PhAB with regard to ease of administration and time burden.MethodsHealthy controls, persons with cocaine use disorder (CocUD), opioid use disorder (OUD), cannabis use disorder (CanUD), and combined opioid and cocaine use disorder (OCUD) were recruited from various sources (N = 595). Participants completed screening and one to three assessment visits. Time to complete the measures was recorded and a satisfaction interview was administered.ResultsOf the participants enrolled, 381 were deemed eligible. The majority of eligible participants (83%) completed all assessments. The average completion time was 3 hours. High participant satisfaction ratings were noted, with over 90% of participants endorsing a willingness to participate in a similar study and recommend the study to others.Conclusion and Scientific SignificanceThese findings corroborate the ease with which the PhAB may be easily incorporated into a study assessment visit without undue participant burden. The PhAB is an efficient method for behavioral phenotyping in addiction clinical trials. (Am J Addict 2021;00:00–00)
Modeling acid‐base balance for in‐series extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal and continuous venovenous hemofiltration devices
Authors: Leypoldt John K. , Kurz Jörg , Echeverri Jorge , Storr Markus , Harenski Kai 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPatients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute kidney injury (AKI) treated by kidney replacement therapy may also require treatment with extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R) devices to permit protective or ultraprotective mechanical ventilation. We developed a mathematical model of acid‐base balance during extracorporeal therapy using ECCO2R and continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) devices applied in series for the treatment of mechanically ventilated AKI patients. Published data from clinical studies of mechanically ventilated AKI patients treated by CVVH at known infusion rates of substitution fluid without ECCO2R were used to adjust the model parameters to fit plasma levels of arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2), arterial plasma bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3]), and plasma pH (as well as certain other unmeasured physiological variables). The effects of applying ECCO2R at an unchanged and a reduced tidal volume on PaCO2, [HCO3] and plasma pH were then simulated assuming carbon dioxide removal rates from the ECCO2R device measured in the clinical studies. Agreement of such model predictions with clinical data was good whether the ECCO2R device was positioned proximal or distal to the CVVH device in the extracorporeal circuit. Although carbon dioxide removal rates from the ECCO2R device measured in one previous clinical study were higher when it was placed proximal to the CVVH device, suggesting that such in‐series positioning was optimal, the current mathematical model demonstrates that proximal positioning of the ECCO2R device also results in lower bicarbonate (and, therefore, total carbon dioxide) removal from the distal CVVH device. Thus, the removal of total carbon dioxide by such extracorporeal circuits is relatively independent of the position of the in‐series devices. It is concluded that the described mathematical model has quantitative accuracy; these results suggest that the overall acid‐base balance when using ECCO2R and CVVH devices in a single extracorporeal circuit will be similar, independent of their in‐series position.
Hypothermic oxygenated perfusion with defatting cocktail further improves steatotic liver grafts in a transplantation rat model
Authors: Lin Fan , Zhen Fu , Yan Xiong , Shaojun Ye , Guizhu Peng , Yanfeng Wang , Qifa Ye 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this study, we evaluated the restoring and defatting effect of hypothermic oxygenated perfusion (HOPE) on severe steatotic liver grafts with a defatting cocktail (DF) in a rat model. Severe (≥60%) hepatic macrosteatosis was induced by a high‐fat diet (HFD) for 6 weeks, after which the rats were randomly divided into four following groups: Control group, with lean livers being preserved in static cold storage (SCS) at 0°C‐4°C for 45 minutes; SCS group, with a steatotic liver graft (SLG) being preserved in SCS at 0°C‐4°C for 4 hours; HOPE group, where SLG was perfused with 3‐hours HOPE followed by 1‐hours SCS; and HOPE + DF group, HOPE with the addition of DF. Graft function after orthotopic liver transplantation was assessed in terms of mitochondrial function (adenosine triphosphate [ATP], Glycogen), endoplasmic reticulum stress (PPY, GRP78, CHOP, and ATF‐6), cell apoptosis (Tunel assay, Caspase‐3), inflammatory level (HMGB1, TLR4, IL‐1β, IL‐6. TNF‐α, Factor V), and posttransplantation survival. HOPE protected steatotic liver grafts from microcirculation disturbance and endoplasmic reticulum stress and then promoted ATP and glycogen synthesis that improved mitochondrial function. Meanwhile, under conditions of ischemia‐reperfusion injury, it prevented nuclear injury and endothelial damage by suppressing the release of an inflammatory mediator. The high efficacy of HOPE was enhanced after the addition of the DF. DF agents cannot promote the lipid decomposition of the steatotic liver graft at 0°C‐4°C, but they can further improve steatotic liver and postoperative survival compared to the HOPE. The defatted steatotic liver grafts can be safely used in rat orthotopic liver transplantation.
Association of lactation with maternal risk of type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies
Authors: Pinho‐Gomes Ana‐Catarina , Morelli Georgia , Jones Alexandra , Woodward Mark 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimTo investigate the association between lactation and maternal risk of type 2 diabetes, including a potential graded association according to lactation duration.MethodsA systematic review and meta‐analysis of observational studies that investigated the reported association between lactation (irrespective of duration, intensity or mode) and maternal risk of type 2 diabetes was conducted.ResultsA total of 22 studies (17 cohort studies and five cross‐sectional studies) were included in this systematic review, and 16 contributed to the meta‐analysis. Studies that investigated the association of lactation with risk of type 2 diabetes in the first months after birth in women with gestational diabetes reported conflicting results. Studies with a longer follow‐up showed a graded protective association for lactation and the risk of type 2 diabetes, with a potentially larger risk reduction in women with gestational diabetes than in those without gestational diabetes. Overall, ever versus never lactation was associated with a 27% lower risk of type 2 diabetes (RR 0.73, 95% CI [0.65, 0.83]). Each additional month of lactation was associated with a 1% lower risk of type 2 diabetes (RR 0.99, 95% CI [0.98, 0.99]). However, the overall quality of the studies was modest.ConclusionsLactation is associated with a significantly reduced risk of maternal type 2 diabetes over the life course, particularly in women with gestational diabetes. The protective effect seems to increase with longer duration of lactation. Further research is warranted to understand whether this association is modified by exposure to other risk factors.
Randomized trial of a photography‐aided behavioural intervention to reduce risk factors for caries and malocclusion in high‐risk infants
Authors: Pereira Marina B. B. , Pereira Vinícius B. P. , Pereira Vitor B. P. , Pereira Vanessa G. F. , Paula Viviane M. B. , Caetano Aline P. F. , Amaral Waldemar N. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the efficacy of a photography‐aided behavioural intervention in reducing risk factors for dental caries and malocclusion in high‐risk infants.Materials and methodsIn this randomized trial conducted in a maternity hospital, 55 mothers of recently born infants at high risk of developing oral diseases were allocated to either the intervention (n = 28) or usual care (n = 27). The intervention arm received the same usual care plus an enhanced, behaviour‐oriented, photography‐aided, two‐stage (0 and +6 months) educational programme addressing nutritional, behavioural, lifestyle and familial factors that affect child's oral health. The primary outcome was the proportion of children classified as being at a ‘low risk’ of developing dental caries at the age of 12 months using a modified score based on the Caries‐risk Assessment Form of the American Academy of Pediatric Dentistry. Secondary outcomes included risk factors for malocclusion, such as duration of exclusive breastfeeding, pacifier use and bottle‐feeding and/or sippy cup usage.ResultsAt 12 months, the proportion of children considered at low risk for dental caries was significantly higher in the intervention group compared to usual care (71% vs 15%, respectively, relative risk = 4.82, 95% confidence interval = 1.89–12.3, p < 0.001). The median duration of exclusive breastfeeding in the intervention group was 1.7 times higher than in the control arm (5 months vs 3 months, p = 0.03).ConclusionAltogether, our findings provide evidence that a low‐cost, two‐stage preventive strategy using photographs to deliver a stronger visual impact might significantly reduce the incidence of risk factors for dental caries and malocclusion in 12‐month‐old children.
Evaluation of parameters associated with growth retardation in children with coeliac disease
Authors: Taskin Didem G , Sursal Alihan , Dogan Ali E , Ozdener Fatih 
Published: April 2021

AimsCoeliac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder with a prevalence ≤2% that causes an immune reaction to gluten. Growth retardation (GR) generally accompanies CD due to gastrointestinal complications and should be treated as early as possible along with initiation of a gluten‐free diet. The aim of this study was to determine the indicators of GR in patients with CD.MethodsThis single‐centre retrospective study included paediatric outpatients with CD. All patients were diagnosed with CD via serological analysis and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy if necessary. Patient records were obtained from Adana City Training and Research Hospital. Patients that were diagnosed with GR accompanying CD were given oral nutritional supplements and followed‐up every 3–6 months. Statistical relationships between demographics, and anthropometric measurements, duration of breastfeeding, gluten contact time, diet duration, presenting complaints and serological findings were evaluated.ResultsThis study included 169 paediatric outpatients between ages 1 and 18. Longer symptom duration and shorter breastfeeding duration were significantly correlated with GR accompanying CD (P = 0.007 and P = 0.029, respectively). Vomiting was the only symptom that was correlated with the presence of GR (P = 0.010). Helicobacter pylori infection was not correlated with the presence of GR (P = 0.277).ConclusionsGR should be treated as early as possible to reduce the severity of CD and a 6 months sole breastfeeding followed by solid foods accompanied by breastfeeding for 2 years is crucial for preventing GR. Moreover, vomiting as a presenting complaint in patients with CD might be indicative of the presence of GR.
Is That a Philosophical Question? The Philosopher as Teacher
Authors: Emmerman Karen S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn Philosophy for Children (P4C) theory there is a long‐standing commitment to democratizing the classroom. It is widely believed that to properly democratize the classroom question‐asking and question selection should be undertaken by the students rather than the adult facilitator. In practice, this commitment to democratization generates a tension. Asking and identifying philosophical questions is an acquired skill. For P4C practitioners, it is difficult to find a balance between the desire to democratize the classroom through a student‐centered P4C practice and the need to help students build philosophical skills. This paper examines theoretical approaches to question‐asking and question selection in P4C and, using examples from the classroom, considers possible solutions to the tension. The aim is a method that respects students’ epistemic authority and agency in the community of philosophical inquiry while enabling P4C practitioners to aid the students in developing the skills necessary for philosophical engagement.
The roles of conduit redundancy and connectivity in xylem hydraulic functions
Authors: Mrad Assaad , Johnson Daniel M. , Love David M. , Domec Jean‐Christophe 
Published: April 2021

Summary

Wood anatomical traits shape a xylem segment’s hydraulic efficiency and resistance to embolism spread due to declining water potential. It has been known for decades that variations in conduit connectivity play a role in altering xylem hydraulics. However, evaluating the precise effect of conduit connectivity has been elusive. The objective here is to establish an analytical linkage between conduit connectivity and grouping and tissue‐scale hydraulics.

It is hypothesized that an increase in conduit connectivity brings improved resistance to embolism spread due to increased hydraulic pathway redundancy. However, an increase in conduit connectivity could also reduce resistance due to increased speed of embolism spread with respect to pressure. We elaborate on this trade‐off using graph theory, percolation theory and computational modeling of xylem. The results are validated using anatomical measurements of Acer branch xylem.

Considering only species with vessels, increases in connectivity improve resistance to embolism spread without negatively affecting hydraulic conductivity. The often measured grouping index fails to capture the totality of the effect of conduit connectivity on xylem hydraulics.

Variations in xylem network characteristics, such as conduit connectivity, might explain why hypothesized trends among woody species, such as the ‘safety‐efficiency’ trade‐off hypothesis, are weaker than expected.
The Role of Time in Risk and Risk Analysis: Implications for Resilience, Sustainability, and Management
Authors: Logan Tom M. , Aven Terje , Guikema Seth , Flage Roger 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThere is a persistent misconception that risk analysis is only suited for considering the immediate consequences of an event. Such a limitation would make risk analysis unsuitable for many challenges, including resilience, sustainability, and adaptation. Fortunately, there is no such limitation. However, this notion has stemmed from a lack of clarity regarding how time is considered in risk analysis and risk characterization. In this article, we discuss this issue and show that risk science provides concepts and frameworks that can appropriately address time. Ultimately, we propose an adjusted nomenclature for explicitly reflecting time in risk conceptualization and characterizations.