bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practical output consensus control of uncertain nonlinear multi‐agent systems without using the higher‐order states of neighbours
Authors: Wang Gang , Wang Chaoli , Ji Yunfeng , Li Qingdu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCurrently, most existing consensus methods require each agent to access the higher‐order states of its neighbouring agents, thereby increasing communication and computation costs in a multi‐agent system. This work considers the practical consensus problem without such requirements for multi‐agent systems in a strict‐feedback form. Specifically, this study addresses the distributed control problem with asymmetric time‐varying output constraints under a general communication topology that contains a directed spanning tree. One salient feature of this work is to present a new dynamic reference output for dealing with both the directed topology and the satisfaction of the output constraints. Based on this reference output, a distributed consensus scheme is developed such that each agent utilizes only its states and the output information of its neighbours to update the control input. The proposed method is straightforward to implement because the complex analytic computation of the derivatives of the virtual controllers is not needed. Theoretical and simulation verifications of the proposed scheme, ensuring that output consensus can be achieved without violation of the constraints and that all closed‐loop signals remain bounded, are rigorously studied.
Charge migration of multilayer oil paper on the process of partial discharge under AC voltage
Authors: Gao Bo , Li Yixuan , Liu Kai , Li Xiaonan , Yang Yan , Wu Guangning 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAs one of the main reasons for the deterioration of Nomex paper and charge migration, partial discharge (PD) plays a critical role during PD degradation. In this study, the PD characteristics of multilayer oil paper are focused on. In order to explore the characteristics of charge migration, the experiments of the relative permittivity, conductivity, isothermal surface potential decay, scanning electron microscopy and Fourier infrared spectroscopy have been carried out. The results show that the discharge branches of the second layer are two and three times longer than those in the first layer. In addition, the trap level of the first layer for PD degradation samples increases with the degree of PD degradation. The charges captured by deep traps provide seed charges for PD on the surface of the first layer. The charge transportation will accelerate the formation of shallow traps. The charge distribution and shallow traps contribute to the expansion of discharge branches.
Robust object detection under harsh autonomous‐driving environments
Authors: Kim Youngjun , Hwang Hyekyoung , Shin Jitae 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn the autonomous driving environment, object instances in an image can be affected by various factors such as camera, driving state, weather, and system component. However, the deep learning‐based vision systems are vulnerable to perturbation, which contains noise. Thus, robust object detection under harsh autonomous‐driving environments is a more difficult than the generic situation. In this paper, it is found that not only the accuracy, but also the speed of the non‐maximum suppression‐based detector can be degraded under harsh environments. Therefore, object detection is handled under a harsh situation with adversarial mechanisms such as adversarial training and adversarial defence. Adversarial defence modules are designed to improve robustness in feature extraction level and define perturbations under a harsh environment for training object detectors to improve the robustness of the model's decision boundary. The proposed adversarial defence and training mechanisms improve the object detector in both accuracy and speed. The proposed method shows a 43.7% mean average precision for the COCO2015 dataset in generic object detection and 39.0% mean average precision for the BDD100K dataset in a driving environment. Furthermore, it achieves a real‐time capability of 23 frames per second.
Gas terminal velocity from MIRO/Rosetta data using neural network approach
Authors: Rezac L. , Zorzi A. , Hartogh P. , Pinzón-Rodríguez O. , Marshall D. , Biver N. , Bockelée-Morvan D. , Crovisier J. , Ip W. H. , Gulkis S. ,   the MIRO team
Published: March 2021

Context. The Microwave Instrument on the Rosetta Orbiter (MIRO) on board the Rosetta spacecraft was designed to investigate the surface and gas activity of the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. The MIRO spectroscopic measurements carry information about the velocity of gas emanating from the nucleus surface. Knowledge of the terminal velocity of the H2O gas is valuable for interpretation of in situ measurements, calibrating 3D coma simulations, and studying the physics of gas acceleration.
Aims. Using a neural network technique, we aim to estimate the gas terminal velocity from the entire MIRO dataset of nadir geometry pointings. The velocity of the gas is encoded in the Doppler shift of the measured rotational transitions of o-H216O and o-H218O even when the spectral lines are optically thick with quasi or fully saturated line cores.
Methods. Neural networks are robust nonlinear algorithms that can be trained to recognize underlying input to output functional relationships. A training set of about 2200 non-LTE simulated spectra for the two transitions is computed for known input cometary atmospheres, varying column density, temperature, and expansion velocity profiles. Two four-layer networks are used to learn and then predict the gas terminal velocity from the MIRO nadir measured o-H216O and o-H218O spectra lines, respectively. We also quantify the accuracy, stability, and uncertainty of the estimated parameter.
Results. Once trained, the neural network is very effective in inverting the measured spectra. We process the entire dataset of MIRO measurements from August 2014 to July 2016, and investigate correlations and temporal evolution of terminal velocities derived from the two spectral lines. The highest terminal velocities obtained from H218O are higher than those from H216O with differences that evolve in time and reach about 150 m s−1 on average around perihelion. A discussion is provided on how to explain this peculiar behavior.
Predicting Burn Mortality Using a Simple Novel Prediction Model
Authors: Sharma Sneha , Tandon Raman 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background Prediction of outcome for burn patients allows appropriate allocation of resources and prognostication. There is a paucity of simple to use burn-specific mortality prediction models which consider both endogenous and exogenous factors. Our objective was to create such a model.
Methods A prospective observational study was performed on consecutive eligible consenting burns patients. Demographic data, total burn surface area (TBSA), results of complete blood count, kidney function test, and arterial blood gas analysis were collected. The quantitative variables were compared using the unpaired student t-test/nonparametric Mann Whitney U-test. Qualitative variables were compared using the ⊠2-test/Fischer exact test. Binary logistic regression analysis was done and a logit score was derived and simplified. The discrimination of these models was tested using the receiver operating characteristic curve; calibration was checked using the Hosmer—Lemeshow goodness of fit statistic, and the probability of death calculated. Validation was done using the bootstrapping technique in 5,000 samples. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant.
Results On univariate analysis TBSA (p <0.001) and Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score (p = 0.004) were found to be independent predictors of mortality. TBSA (odds ratio [OR] 1.094, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.037–1.155, p = 0.001) and APACHE II (OR 1.166, 95% CI 1.034–1.313, p = 0.012) retained significance on binary logistic regression analysis. The prediction model devised performed well (area under the receiver operating characteristic 0.778, 95% CI 0.681–0.875).
Conclusion The prediction of mortality can be done accurately at the bedside using TBSA and APACHE II score.
Homeopathy Assessment—Contribution of the Human Sciences
Authors: Renoux Hélène 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe recent questions about homeopathy raised by some sceptics have focused an awareness on this therapy and led different protagonists among the scientific community to seek a much-needed re-assessment. The inputs coming from external but benevolent experts will broaden the knowledge and the consciousness of the whole medical community, and more widely of the public, about the meaning and the value of homeopathy.Looking at this from the point of view of the human sciences gives a perspective on the universality of the philosophy that underlies homeopathic thinking, which is particularly visible in the methodological similarities between homeopathic provings and sociological or anthropological observations. It also explains how this view of health and care coincides with the expectations of the public, who no longer want a limited mechanical approach to the human body or more generally to the environment.The input to homeopathy of the human sciences, with their methodological tools and approaches, and highlighting the possibilities offered by mixed-methods research, could enable these notions to be heard and shared in the wider scientific community.
Neonatal Microsurgical Repair of a Congenital Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm with a Cadaveric Graft
Authors: Joharifard Shahrzad , Le-Nguyen Annie , Côté Geneviève , Borsuk Daniel , Ghali Rafik , Lallier Michel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCongenital abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) are an extremely rare entity. We present the case of a female fetus diagnosed with an AAA on routine prenatal ultrasound. A postnatal computed tomography angiogram revealed an infrarenal AAA with a narrow proximal neck. Surgery was performed on day of life 14 using a cadaveric femoral artery graft. The proximal anastomosis was performed under the microscope given the severity of the aortic stenosis and the proximity of the renal arteries. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful and she is developing normally 1 year after surgery. The graft remains permeable, albeit with evidence of proximal and distal stenosis and graft calcification on imaging.
Hypospadias and the Use of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire to Evaluate Neurodevelopmental Status of Boys with Hypospadias
Authors: Cakmak Murat , Gollu Gulnur , Ates Ufuk , Ergun Ergun , Khanmammadov Ferid , Sozduyar Sumeyye , Telli Onur , Kose Kenan , Dilsiz Habibe , Cakmak Aytul , Kapci Emine G. , Kucuker Sevgi , Oner Ozgur , Bingol-Kologlu Meltem , Yagmurlu Aydin , Uslu Rana I. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroduction Placental insufficiency is one of the reasons for the reduction of hormone production. Thus, if one of the suspected causes of hypospadias is placental insufficiency, then the neurodevelopmental status of boys with hypospadias may be impaired. The aim of this study was to evaluate the neurodevelopmental status of boys with hypospadias and guide the parents of those who need support to related departments for early intervention.Materials and Methods Boys were divided into two groups, those with hypospadias (group H) and healthy children undergoing traditional circumcision (group C). The parents of the boys completed the Ages and Stages Questionnaire (ASQ) and ASQ–Social Emotional (SE), both of which are screening instruments for the early identification of developmental and social–emotional problems, respectively.Results Seventy-eight boys had hypospadias and 59 were admitted for traditional circumcision. The group H had statistically significant more impaired scores than group C in communication, gross motor, and personal–social skill sections. The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that hypospadias was the independent predictive factor for communication and personal–social skills.Conclusion Hypospadias and neurologic impairment may share common etiologic factors. Accordingly, physicians should keep in mind that if a boy presents with hypospadias, the possibility of having neurologic impairment is higher than normal population and early intervention has crucial importance. Every boy with hypospadias should be evaluated for neurodevelopmental status.
Moderate Dose of Tranexamic Acid and Complications after Valvular Heart Surgery
Authors: Hulde Nikolai , Zittermann Armin , Deutsch Marcus-Andre , von Dossow Vera , Gummert Jan E. , Koster Andreas 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background In valvular open-heart surgery, data regarding the effect of a moderate dose of tranexamic acid (TXA) on clinical outcomes are limited.
Methods Out of a cohort of 13,293 patients, we performed a propensity-score-matched analysis in 6,106 patients and assessed the risk of convulsive seizures (CS, primary endpoint), stroke, renal replacement therapy, and mortality (secondary endpoints). In the entire study cohort of 13,293 patients, we also assessed the multivariable-adjusted association of CS with postoperative outcomes.
Results The risk of CS was significantly higher in the TXA group (2.4%; n = 72) than in the non-TXA group (1.0%; n = 32), with a relative risk ratio (RR) of 2.28 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.50–3.47; p < 0.001). The risk of CS was also higher in patients receiving TXA doses ≥25 mg/kg body weight (3.7%; n = 40) than in patients receiving <25 mg/kg body weight (1.6%; n = 32; p < 0.001). Perioperative secondary clinical endpoints and 1-year mortality did not differ significantly between study groups (p-value > 0.05). Compared with non-CS patients (n = 13,000), patients with nonhemorrhagic, nonembolic CS (n = 253) revealed higher multivariable-adjusted in-hospital risks of stroke (RR: 3.82 [95% CI: 2.44–5.60; p < 0.001]) and mortality (RR: 2.07 [95% CI: 1.23–3.48; p = 0.006]), and a higher 1-year mortality risk (RR: 1.85 [95% CI: 1.42–2.41; p < 0.001]).
Conclusion A moderate TXA dose was associated with a significantly higher risk of seizure, but not with other clinical complications such as stroke, renal replacement therapy, and mortality. However, in the small group of patients experiencing a seizure, the risks of stroke and short- and mid-term mortality were substantially higher than in patients not experiencing a seizure, indicating that the use of a low-dose TXA protocol (<25 mg/kg body weight) should be considered.
Impacts of COVID-19 on agriculture and food security in developing countries: potential mitigation strategies
Authors: Erinle Kehinde O. , Ogwu Matthew C. , Evivie Smith E. , Zaheer Muhammad S. , Ogunyemi Solabomi O. , Adeniran Samson O. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Despite efforts to reduce global food insecurity, success has been limited in many developing countries due to numerous inherent problems. The challenges and vulnerabilities associated with food security in these countries have been exacerbated by the current coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic. As a rapid response strategy to minimize the coronavirus’ spread, countries have put in place different forms of movement restrictions, locally and globally, which have therefore affected agricultural production, food availability, and accessibility. Focusing on the four pillars of food security, this paper provides an overview of the pandemic’s impacts on food availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability drawing examples from different developing countries. The report also suggests some response strategies that could be adopted or (where already in existence) strengthened to promote food security in developing countries, during and after a pandemic/crisis. The strategies of major concern to ensure continued availability and accessibility of food during and after a pandemic/crisis include (i) establishment of community-based food networks, (ii) food and agriculture data collection and maintenance, (iii) stabilizing food prices, (iv) infrastructural development for food security, (v) increasing investment in agricultural research and policies, (vi) adopting modern farming practices, and (vii) reduction and management of agricultural and food waste.
Weed science as a new discipline and its status in some South Asian universities and colleges: examples from Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan
Authors: Shrestha Anil , Anwar Md. Parvez , Islam A.K.M. Mominul , Gurung Tulsi , Dhakal Suman , Tanveer Asif , Javaid Muhammad Mansoor , Nadeem Mubashar , Ikram Nabeel Ahmad 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy and livelihood in South Asia. Of the many biotic stresses in agriculture, weeds pose a continuous threat and cause considerable yield losses in the major crops. In the past, ample human labour was available for weed management in South Asia. However, in recent years, there has been a steady decline in labour availability in this region due to migration to other better-paying sectors. Thus, farmers are rapidly adopting less labour-intensive, chemical weed control methods. Adoption of chemical control methods requires formal and nonformal education in herbicide mode of action, safety and weed biology. We emphasize that sound formal and nonformal education in weed science is thus a necessity for this region as adoption of herbicides increases. In this paper, we review existing problems with weeds, current weed management options, herbicide use trends and development of curricula in weed science in academic institutions in Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and Pakistan. We emphasize that herbicide resistance management programmes need to be developed before it becomes a major problem in the region.
Metrology and characterization of SU-8 microstructures using autofluorescence emission
Authors: Ramkumar Pradeep Kumar , Rountree Corey M , Saggere Laxman , Finan John D 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Sophisticated three-dimensional microstructures fabricated using the negative tone SU-8 photoresist are used in many biomedical and microfluidic applications. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and profilometry are commonly used metrological techniques for the dimensional characterization of fabricated SU-8 microstructures but are not viable for non-destructive measurements and characterization of subsurface features like hidden microchannels. In this study, we report a unique methodology for the non-destructive dimensional characterization of SU-8 microstructures using the emitted autofluorescence radiation from fabricated SU-8 microstructures to generate depth profiles. The relationship between autofluorescence emission intensities and the thicknesses of the microstructures measured using SEM was determined and used to characterize the dimensions of unknown SU-8 microstructures based on their autofluorescence intensities. Lateral dimensions were also measured. This relationship was used to create highly accurate depth profiles for different types of microstructures including hidden subsurface features. These results were validated by comparison with SEM. The results suggest a feasible and accurate non-destructive, low cost, metrological technique to characterize SU-8 surface and subsurface microstructures using autofluorescence emission intensities.
Flow and heat transfer analysis of carbon nanotubes based nanofluid flow inside a cavity with modified Fourier heat flux
Authors: Reddy P Sudarsana , Sreedevi P 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Impact of modified Fourier heat flux on flow and heat transfer characteristics of magnetic nanofluid inside a cavity packed with

Ethylene

Glycol
−
Multiwalled

carbon

nanotubes

type nanofluid by taking thermal radiation into the account is numerically examined in this analysis. The cavity is filled with nanofluid made up of multi—walled carbon nanotubes as nanoparticle and Ethylene glycol as base fluid. Finite difference method is employed to solve the dimensionless partial differential equations represents energy and fluid flow equations of the present problem. Streamlines and Isotherms with different values of pertinent variables, such as, Magnetic parameter

(
0.1
≤
M
≤
0.3
)
,

volume fraction parameter

(
0.01
≤
ϕ
≤
0.03
)
,

Prandtl number

(
6.2
≤
Pr
≤
8.2
)
,

thermal relaxation parameter

(
0.1
≤
γ
≤
0.3
)
,

Rayleigh number

(
100
≤
Ra
≤
1000
)

and radiation number

(
0.01
≤
R
≤
0.03
)

are plotted through graphs. Average Nusselt number values are also calculated for several values of parameters and are also represented through plots. It is perceived from this investigation that the rates of heat transfer enriched from 4.8% to 12.6% when multi-walled carbon nanotubes of volume fraction 0.03 are added to the base fluid. Thermal relaxation parameter insentifies the rates of heat transfer of

EG
−
MWCNTs

type nanofluid inside the cavity.
Comparing the electric fields of transcranial electric and magnetic perturbation
Authors: Sheltraw D J , Inglis B , Labruna L , Ivry R 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Significance. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) by quasistatic electromagnetic means is presently comprised of two methods: magnetic induction methods (transcranial magnetic perturbation or TMP) and electrical contact methods (transcranial electric perturbation or TEP). Both methods couple to neuronal systems by means of the electric fields they produce. Both methods are necessarily accompanied by a scalp electric field which is of greater magnitude than anywhere within the brain. A scalp electric field of sufficient magnitude may produce deleterious effects including peripheral nerve stimulation and heating which consequently limit the spatial and temporal characteristics of the brain electric field. Presently the electromagnetic NIBS literature has produced an accurate but non-generalized understanding of the differences between the TEP and TMP methods. Objective. The aim of this work is to contribute a generalized understanding of the differences between the two methods which may open doors to novel TEP or TMP methods and translating advances, when possible, between the two methods. Approach. This article employs a three shell spherical conductor head model to calculate general analytical results showing the relationship between the spatial scale of the brain electric fields and: (1) the scalp-to-brain mean-squared electric field ratio for the two methods and (2) TEP-to-TMP scalp mean-squared electric field ratio for similar electric fields at depth. Main results. The most general result given is an asymptotic limit to the TEP-to-TMP ratio of scalp mean-squared electric fields for similar electric fields at depth. Specific example calculations for these ratios are also given for typical TEP electrode and TMP coil configurations. While TMP has favorable mean-squared electric field ratios compared to TEP this advantage comes at an energetic cost which is briefly elucidated in this work.