bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Watt-level and sub-100-fs self-starting mode-locked 2.4-µm Cr:ZnS oscillator enabled by GaSb-SESAMs
Authors: Barh A. , Heidrich J. , Alaydin B. O. , Gaulke M. , Golling M. , Phillips C. R. , Keller U. 
Published: February 2021

Femtosecond lasers with high peak power at wavelengths above 2 µm are of high interest for generating mid-infrared (mid-IR) broadband coherent light for spectroscopic applications. Cr2+-doped ZnS/ZnSe solid-state lasers are uniquely suited since they provide an ultra-broad bandwidth in combination with watt-level average power. To date, the semiconductor saturable absorber mirror (SESAM) mode-locked Cr:ZnS(e) lasers have been severely limited in power due to the lack of suitable 2.4-µm SESAMs. For the first time, we develop novel high-performance 2.4-µm type-I and type-II SESAMs, and thereby obtain state-of-the-art mode-locking performance. The type-I InGaSb/GaSb SESAM demonstrates a low non-saturable loss (0.8%) and an ultrafast recovery time (1.9 ps). By incorporating this SESAM in a 250-MHz Cr:ZnS laser cavity, we demonstrate fundamental mode-locking at 2.37 µm with 0.8 W average power and 79-fs pulse duration. This corresponds to a peak power of 39 kW, which is the highest so far for any saturable absorber mode-locked Cr:ZnS(e) oscillator. In the same laser cavity, we could also generate 120-fs pulses at a record high average power of 1 W. A comparable laser performance is achieved using type-II InAs/GaSb SESAM as well. These results pave the way towards a new class of high-power femtosecond SESAM mode-locked oscillators operating directly above 2-µm wavelength.
Megacities as drivers of national outbreaks: The 2017 chikungunya outbreak in Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Mahmud Ayesha S. , Kabir Md. Iqbal , Engø-Monsen Kenth , Tahmina Sania , Riaz Baizid Khoorshid , Hossain Md. Akram , Khanom Fahmida , Rahman Md. Mujibor , Rahman Md. Khalilur , Sharmin Mehruba , Hossain Dewan Mashrur , Yasmin Shakila , Ahmed Md. Mokhtar , Lusha Mirza Afreen Fatima , Buckee Caroline O. 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundSeveral large outbreaks of chikungunya have been reported in the Indian Ocean region in the last decade. In 2017, an outbreak occurred in Dhaka, Bangladesh, one of the largest and densest megacities in the world. Population mobility and fluctuations in population density are important drivers of epidemics. Measuring population mobility during outbreaks is challenging but is a particularly important goal in the context of rapidly growing and highly connected cities in low- and middle-income countries, which can act to amplify and spread local epidemics nationally and internationally.MethodsWe first describe the epidemiology of the 2017 chikungunya outbreak in Dhaka and estimate incidence using a mechanistic model of chikungunya transmission parametrized with epidemiological data from a household survey. We combine the modeled dynamics of chikungunya in Dhaka, with mobility estimates derived from mobile phone data for over 4 million subscribers, to understand the role of population mobility on the spatial spread of chikungunya within and outside Dhaka during the 2017 outbreak.ResultsWe estimate a much higher incidence of chikungunya in Dhaka than suggested by official case counts. Vector abundance, local demographics, and population mobility were associated with spatial heterogeneities in incidence in Dhaka. The peak of the outbreak in Dhaka coincided with the annual Eid holidays, during which large numbers of people traveled from Dhaka to other parts of the country. We show that travel during Eid likely resulted in the spread of the infection to the rest of the country.ConclusionsOur results highlight the impact of large-scale population movements, for example during holidays, on the spread of infectious diseases. These dynamics are difficult to capture using traditional approaches, and we compare our results to a standard diffusion model, to highlight the value of real-time data from mobile phones for outbreak analysis, forecasting, and surveillance.
Electrocardiographic and echocardiographic abnormalities in urban African people living with HIV in South Africa
Authors: Roozen Geert V. T. , Meel Ruchika , Peper Joyce , Venter William D. F. , Barth Roos E. , Grobbee Diederick E. , Klipstein-Grobusch Kerstin , Vos Alinda G. 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundStudies from high income countries report that HIV-positive people have an impaired systolic and diastolic cardiac function compared to HIV-negative people. It is unclear if results can be translated directly to the Sub-Saharan Africa context. This study assesses electro- and echocardiographic characteristics in an urban African population, comparing HIV-positive people (treated and not yet treated) with HIV-negative controls.MethodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study in Johannesburg, South Africa. We enrolled HIV-positive participants from three randomized controlled trials that had recruited participants from routine HIV testing programs. HIV-negative controls were recruited from the community. Data were collected on demographics, cardiovascular risk factors, medical history and electrocardiographic and echocardiographic characteristics.ResultsIn total, 394 HIV-positive participants and 153 controls were enrolled. The mean age of HIV-positive participants was 40±9 years (controls: 35±10 years), and 34% were male (controls: 50%). Of HIV-positive participants 36% were overweight or obese (controls: 44%), 23% had hypertension (controls: 28%) and 12% were current smoker (controls: 37%). Median time since HIV diagnosis was 6.0 years (IQR 2.3–10.0) and median treatment duration was 4.0 years (IQR 0.0–8.0), 50% had undetectable viral load. The frequency of anatomical cardiac abnormalities was low and did not differ between people with and without HIV. We observed no relation between HIV or anti-retroviral therapy (ART) and systolic or diastolic heart function. There was an association between ART use and corrected QT interval: +11.8 ms compared to HIV-negative controls (p<0.01) and +18.9 ms compared to ART-naïve participants (p = 0.01). We also observed a higher left ventricular mass index in participants on ART (+7.8 g/m2, p<0.01), but this association disappeared after adjusting for CD4 cell count, viral load and HIV-duration.ConclusionThe low number of major cardiac abnormalities in this relatively young, well managed urban African HIV-positive population is reassuring. The increase in corrected QT interval and left ventricular mass may contribute to higher cardiac mortality and morbidity in people living with HIV in the long term.
Young people’s attitudes towards wife-beating: Analysis of the Ghana demographic and health survey 2014
Authors: Anaba Emmanuel Anongeba , Manu Adom , Ogum-Alangea Deda , Modey Emefa Judith , Addo-Lartey Adolphina , Torpey Kwasi 
Published: February 2021

Introduction
Intimate Partner Violence is a global public health problem. Attitude towards wife-beating is a major determinant of both intimate partner violence perpetration and victimization. However, little is known about the attitudes of Ghanaian young people towards wife-beating. The objectives of this study were to assess young people’s attitudes towards wife-beating, and identify salient factors influencing young people’s acceptance of wife-beating.

Methods
Data used in this study were obtained from the 2014 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey. The survey was nationally representative and provides estimates for population and health indicators across the former ten regions of Ghana, including rural and urban areas. Data were analyzed with Stata/SE version 16.

Results
We found that 32% of young women and 19% of young men accepted wife-beating. Among young women, acceptance of wife-beating was significantly influenced by younger age, wealth index, low educational status, religion, the region of residence, ethnicity, frequency of reading newspaper and frequency of listening to radio (p < 0.05). Among young men, acceptance of wife-beating was significantly influenced by wealth index, the region of residence and frequency of reading newspaper (p < 0.05).

Conclusion
This study demonstrates that a substantial proportion of young people in Ghana accept wife-beating. Young women were more likely to accept wife-beating compared to young men. Acceptance of wife-beating was influenced by socio-demographic and behavioral factors. Efforts to end violence against women and girls in Ghana should focus on promoting girl education, economic empowerment of women and public education on laws that prohibit Intimate Partner Violence.
Assessment of pressure-volume relations in univentricular hearts: Comparison of obtainment by real-time 3D echocardiography and mini pressure-wire with conductance technology
Authors: Linden Katharina , Winkler Christian , Breuer Johannes , Herberg Ulrike 
Published: February 2021

Objectives
The gold standard to obtain pressure-volume relations (PVR) of the heart, the conductance technology (PVRCond), is rarely used in children. PVR can also be obtained by 3D-echocardiography volume data combined with simultaneously measured pressure data by a mini pressure-wire (PVR3DE). We sought to investigate the feasibility of both methods in patients with univentricular hearts and to compare them, including hemodynamic changes.

Methods
We studied 19 patients (age 2–29 years). PVR3DE and PVRCond were assessed under baseline conditions and stimulation with dobutamine.

Results
Obtaining PVR3DE was successful in all patients. Obtaining PVRCond was possible in 15 patients during baseline (79%) and in 12 patients under dobutamine (63%). Both methods showed that end-systolic elastance (Ees) and arterial elastance (Ea) increased under dobutamine and that Tau showed a statistically significant decrease. Intraclass correlation (95% confidence interval) showed moderate to good agreement between methods: Ees: 0.873 (0.711–0.945), Ea: 0.709 (0.336–0.873), Tau: 0.867 (0.697–0.942). Bland-Altman analyses showed an acceptable bias with wider limits of agreement: Ees: 1.63 mmHg/ml (-3.83–7.08 mmHg/ml), Ea: 0.53 mmHg/ml (-5.23–6.28 mmHg/ml), Tau: -0,76 ms (-10.73–9.21 ms).

Conclusion
Changes of PVR-specific parameters under dobutamine stimulation were reflected in the same way by both methods. However, the absolute values for these parameters could vary between methods and, therefore, methods are not interchangeable. Obtaining PVR3DE in a single ventricle was easier, faster and more successful than PVRCond. PVR3DE provides a promising and needed alternative to the conductance technology for the assessment of cardiac function in univentricular hearts.
Prognosis of colorectal cancer in Tikur Anbessa Specialized Hospital, the only oncology center in Ethiopia
Authors: Etissa Eyob Kebede , Assefa Mathewos , Ayele Birhanu Teshome 
Published: February 2021

Introduction
Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in males and the second in females worldwide. According to the Addis Ababa cancer registry, it is the first in male and fourth in female in Ethiopia. However, there have not been studies on prognostic factors and survival of colorectal cancer. Hence, this study aimed to estimate survival time and identify prognostic factors.

Methods
In this institution based retrospective study, medical records review of 422 colorectal cancer patients and telephone interview was used as sources of data. Survival time was estimated using Kaplan-Meier estimator. Prognostic factors were identified using the multivariable Cox regression model.

Results
Patients diagnosed with rectal cancer had 76% (HR: 1.761, 95% CI: 1.173–2.644) increased risk of dying compared to colon cancer patients. Node positive patients were 3.146 (95% CI: 1.626–6.078) times likely to die compared to node-negative and metastatic cancer were 4.221 (95% CI: 2.788–6.392) times likely to die compared to non-metastatic patients. Receiving adjuvant therapy reduced the risk of death by 36.1% (HR: 0.639 (95% CI: 0.418–0.977)) compared to patients who had an only surgical resection. The median survival time was 39 months and the overall five years survival rate was 33%.

Conclusions
The overall survival rate was low and a majority of the patients were young at presentation. Patient’s survival is largely influenced by the advanced cancer stage at presentation and delays in the administration of adjuvant therapy. Receiving adjuvant therapy was among the good prognostic factors.
Assessing the impact of group antenatal care on gestational length in Rwanda: A cluster-randomized trial
Authors: Sayinzoga Felix , Lundeen Tiffany , Musange Sabine F. , Butrick Elizabeth , Nzeyimana David , Murindahabi Nathalie , Azman-Firdaus Hana , Sloan Nancy L. , Benitez Alejandra , Phillips Beth , Ghosh Rakesh , Walker Dilys 
Published: February 2021

Background
Research on group antenatal care in low- and middle-income contexts suggests high acceptability and preliminary implementation success.

Methods
We studied the effect of group antenatal care on gestational age at birth among women in Rwanda, hypothesizing that participation would increase mean gestational length. For this unblinded cluster randomized trial, 36 health centers were pair-matched and randomized; half continued individual antenatal care (control), half implemented group antenatal care (intervention). Women who initiated antenatal care between May 2017 and December 2018 were invited to participate, and included in analyses if they presented before 24 weeks gestation, attended at least two visits, and their birth outcome was obtained. We used a generalized estimating equations model for analysis.

Findings
In total, 4091 women in 18 control clusters and 4752 women in 18 intervention clusters were included in the analysis. On average, women attended three total antenatal care visits. Gestational length was equivalent in the intervention and control groups (39.3 weeks (SD 1.6) and 39.3 weeks (SD 1.5)). There were no significant differences between groups in secondary outcomes except that more women in control sites attended postnatal care visits (40.1% versus 29.7%, p = 0.003) and more women in intervention sites attended at least three total antenatal care visits (80.7% versus 71.7%, p = 0.003). No harms were observed.

Interpretation
Group antenatal care did not result in a difference in gestational length between groups. This may be due to the low intervention dose. We suggest studies of both the effectiveness and costs of higher doses of group antenatal care among women at higher risk of preterm birth. We observed threats to group care due to facility staff shortages; we recommend studies in which antenatal care providers are exclusively allocated to group antenatal care during visits.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03154177
Leap into Action: Critical Performative Pedagogies in Art & Design Education, Lee Campbell (ED.) (2020)
Authors: Lockheart Julia 
Published: February 2021

Review of: Leap into Action: Critical Performative Pedagogies in Art & Design Education, Lee Campbell (ED.) (2020)
New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 290 pp.,
ISBN-13 978-1-43316-640-2, h/bk, £64.00 (on sale £56.00 on Amazon)
Analisis Nitrat dan Fosfat Terhadap Sebaran Fitoplankton Sebagai Bioindikator Kesuburan Perairan Muara Sungai Bodri
Authors: Mishbach Imam , Zainuri Muhammad , Widianingsih Widianingsih , Kusumaningrum Hermin Pancasakti , Sugianto Denny Nugroho , Pribadi Rudhi 
Published: February 2021

Nitrat dan fosfat adalah unsur nutrien yang menjadi pembatas kelimpahan fitoplankton. Kandungan nitrat dan fosfat di perairan muara akan dipengaruhi oleh faktor biologi, fisika dan kimia perairan, yang menyebabkan timbulnya suatu persebaran. Hal tersebut menjadi permasalahan di Muara Sungai Bodri, Kendal. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji kandungan nitrat dan fosfat beserta pola persebarannya, serta keterkaitannya dengan struktur populasi fitoplankton sebagai bioindikator kesuburan perairan di Perairan Muara Sungai Bodri, Kabupaten Kendal. Penelitian dilaksanakan berdasarkan metoda observasi dengan pendekatan spatio-temporal. Sejumlah 9 stasiun penelitian dan 3 kali waktu sampling yaitu 30 Juni, 1 September dan 27 Oktober 2018. Kandungan nitrat dan fosfat serta kelimpahan fitoplankton ditetapkan sebagai variabel terikat. Sedangkan parameter fisika dan kimia perairan seperti suhu, salinitas, derajat keasaman (pH), oksigen terlarut, kecerahan dan arus ditetapkan sebagai variabel kontrol. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa kandungan nitrat berkisar 0,49-0,9 mg/l serta kandungan fosfat berkisar 0,01-0,29 mg/l yang menunjukkan bahwa perairan Muara Sungai Bodri, Kabupaten Kendal dalam kondisi subur/eutrofik. Kelimpahan fitoplankton menunjukkan nilai kisaran diantara 2.356 sampai dengan 162.626 sel/l, yang tersusun oleh 5 kelas dan 45 jenis/species dengan pola persebaran berbentuk konvergen yang bertumpu pada stasiun 3 dan 5. Perairan Muara Sungai Bodri, Kabupaten Kendal menunjukkan tingkat kesuburan yang tinggi atau eutrofik. Nitrate and Phosphate are the nutrient element which influence as limiting factor to the phytoplankton population. Nitrate and Phosphate in the water were influence by physical and chemical factors, and will affect to the distribution. The distribution of nitrate and phosphate will affect the distribution of phytoplankton population. The purpose of the research is to analyze the distribution of phytoplankton population due to the influence of nitrate and phosphate contents at Bodri Estuary, Kendal. The research was apllied based on the spatio-temporel approach. There are 9 stations and triple sampling of 30 June, 1st Septembre and 27 Octobre, 2018. The nitrate and phosphate contents and phytoplankton abundance was set as dependent variables. The parameters temperature, salinity, pH, Dissolved Oxygen, transparency and current were used as variable control. The research result show the nitrate content range between 0,49-0,9 mgr./l and the phosphate content range between 0,01-0,29 mgr./l, which indicate that the Bodri Estuary, Kendal is eutrophic. The distribution of nitrate and phosphate contens show a model of convergen on west area of sampling and tend to along the coastline in the east part. The phytoplankton abundance show a range of 2.356 - 162.626 cell /l, which composed of 5 Class and 45 species.
Seminal plasma protein profile based on molecular weight and their correlation with semen quality of Simmental bull
Authors: Baharun A. , Arifiantini I. , Karja N. W. K. , Said S. 
Published: February 2021

Artificial Insemination Center (AIC) produces frozen semen that was taken from superior bull. The selection of superior bull was based on breeding soundness evaluation. This study is aimed to evaluating the correlation between the molecular weight (MW) of seminal plasma protein and semen quality of Simmental bulls. Semen ejaculates from nine Simmental Bulls, that belong to AIC of Central Java, at Ungaran, were collected by using an artificial vagina. The sub population of sperm in ejaculates was evaluated through macroscopically and microscopically, in which the semen then centrifugated 6500 rpm for 30 minutes. The supernatant was collected and inserted into mini straw and stored in liquid nitrogen container. The concentration of seminal plasma protein was determined by the Bradford method. The Bradford protocol of analysis was suitable with User Guide Coomasize (Bradford) Protein Assay Kit. Thermo Skanlt RE for Multiskan Go Software, 3.2 version was applied for analyzing of the data, and protein characterization used was 1D-SDS-PAGE. The Coomassie Brilliant Blue was used for coloring the gels, and the proteins MW was determined by MW markers. The result demonstrated that there was no significant correlation between protein concentration and semen quality (P>0.05). Protein expressions based on MW were 62-48 kD, 100-71 kD found in this study. The analysis of correlation showed that the proteins with 100-71 kD MW correlated with sperm motility, normal sperm morphology, and sperm concentration. Semen quality in all parameters was significant (P˂0.05 and P>0.01) with 62-48 kD protein MW. The result concluded that seminal plasma protein had a correlation with semen quality and can be used as additional indicator for bull’s candidate selection.
Neuromodulation Can Be Simple: Myoinhibitory Peptide, Contained in Dedicated Regulatory Pathways, Is the Only Neurally-Mediated Peptide Modulator of Stick Insect Leg Muscle
Authors: Liessem Sander , Kowatschew Daniel , Dippel Stefan , Blanke Alexander , Korsching Sigrun , Guschlbauer Christoph , Hooper Scott L. , Predel Reinhard , Büschges Ansgar 
Published: February 2021

In the best studied cases (Aplysiafeeding, crustacean stomatogastric system), peptidergic modulation is mediated by large numbers of peptides. Furthermore, inAplysia, excitatory motor neurons release the peptides, obligatorily coupling target activation and modulator release. Vertebrate nervous systems typically contain about a hundred peptide modulators. These data have created a belief that modulation is, in general, complex. The stick insect leg is a well-studied locomotory model system, and the complete stick insect neuropeptide inventory was recently described. We used multiple techniques to comprehensively examine stick insect leg peptidergic modulation. Single-cell mass spectrometry (MS) and immunohistochemistry showed that myoinhibitory peptide (MIP) is the only neuronal (as opposed to hemolymph-borne) peptide modulator of all leg muscles. Leg muscle excitatory motor neurons contained no neuropeptides. Only the common inhibitor (CI) and dorsal unpaired median (DUM) neuron groups, each neuron of which innervates a group of functionally-related leg muscles, contained MIP. We described MIP transport to, and receptor presence in, one leg muscle, the extensor tibiae (ExtTi). MIP application reduced ExtTi slow fiber force and shortening by about half, increasing the muscle's ability to contract and relax rapidly. These data show neuromodulation does not need to be complex. Excitation and modulation do not need to be obligatorily coupled (Aplysiafeeding). Modulation does not need to involve large numbers of peptides, with the attendant possibility of combinatorial explosion (stomatogastric system). Modulation can be simple, mediated by dedicated regulatory neurons, each innervating a single group of functionally-related targets, and all using the same neuropeptide.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTVertebrate and invertebrate nervous systems contain large numbers (around a hundred in human brain) of peptide neurotransmitters. In prior work, neuropeptide modulation has been complex, either obligatorily coupling postsynaptic excitation and modulation, or large numbers of peptides modulating individual neural networks. The complete stick insect neuropeptide inventory was recently described. We comprehensively describe here peptidergic modulation in the stick insect leg. Surprisingly, out of the large number of potential peptide transmitters, only myoinhibitory peptide (MIP) was present in neurons innervating leg muscles. Furthermore, the peptide was present only in dedicated regulatory neurons, not in leg excitatory motor neurons. Peptidergic modulation can thus be simple, neither obligatorily coupling target activation and modulation nor involving so many peptides that combinatorial explosion can occur.