bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Carina Nebula and Gum 31 Molecular Complex. III. The Distribution of the 1–3 GHz Radio Continuum across the Whole Nebula
Authors: Rebolledo David , Green Anne J. , Burton Michael G. , Breen Shari L. , Garay Guido 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We report the most detailed 1–3 GHz radio continuum emission map of the nearest region of massive-star formation, the Carina Nebula. As part of a large program with the Australia Telescope Compact Array, we have covered ∼12 deg2, achieving an angular resolution of ∼16″, representing the largest and most complete map of the radio continuum to date. Our continuum map shows a spectacular and complex distribution of emission across the nebula, with multiple structures such as filaments, shells, and fronts across a wide range of size scales. The ionization fronts have advanced far into the southern and northern region of the Galactic plane, as fronts are clearly detected at distances of ∼80 pc from the stellar clusters in the center. We estimated an ionization photon luminosity Q
H = (7. 8 ± 0.8) × 1050 s−1, which corresponds to ∼85% of the total value obtained from stellar population studies. Thus, approximately 15% of the ionizing flux has escaped from the nebula into the diffuse Galactic interstellar medium. Comparison between radio continuum and the hydrogen atomic and molecular gas maps offers a clear view of the bipolar outflow driven by the energy released by the massive stellar clusters that also affects the fraction of molecular gas across the nebula. Comparison between 8 μm and 70 μm emission maps and the radio continuum reveals how the hot gas permeates through the molecular cloud; shapes the material into features such as pillars, small shells, and arc-like structures; and ultimately escapes.
Nonequilibrium Flux Rope Formation by Confined Flares Preceding a Solar Coronal Mass Ejection
Authors: Kliem Bernhard , Lee Jeongwoo , Liu Rui , White Stephen M. , Liu Chang , Masuda Satoshi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We present evidence that a magnetic flux rope was formed before a coronal mass ejection (CME) and its associated long-duration flare during a pair of preceding confined eruptions and associated impulsive flares in a compound event in NOAA Active Region 12371. Extreme-ultraviolet images and the extrapolated nonlinear force-free field show that the first two (impulsive) flares, SOL2015-06-21T01:42, result from the confined eruption of highly sheared low-lying flux, presumably a seed flux rope. The eruption spawns a vertical current sheet, where magnetic reconnection creates flare ribbons and loops, a nonthermal microwave source, and a sigmoidal hot channel that can only be interpreted as a magnetic flux rope. Until the subsequent long-duration flare, SOL2015-06-21T02:36, the sigmoid’s elbows expand, while its center remains stationary, suggesting nonequilibrium but not yet instability. The “flare reconnection” during the confined eruptions acts like “tether-cutting reconnection” whose flux feeding of the rope leads to instability. The subsequent full eruption is seen as an accelerated rise of the entire hot channel, seamlessly evolving into the fast halo CME. Both the confined and ejective eruptions are consistent with the onset of the torus instability in the dipped decay index profile that results from the region’s two-scale magnetic structure. We suggest that the formation or enhancement of a nonequilibrium but stable flux rope by confined eruptions is a generic process occurring prior to many CMEs.
Exploring the Energy-dependent Radiation Properties in Dissipative Magnetospheres with Fermi Pulsars
Authors: Yang Xiongbang , Cao Gang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The equatorial current sheets outside the light cylinder (LC) are thought to be promising sites of high-energy emission based on the results of recent numerical simulations. We explore the pulsar light curves and energy spectra by computing the curvature radiation based on the FIDO magnetospheres. The FIDO magnetospheres with a near force-free regime inside the LC and a finite but high conductivity outside the LC are constructed using a spectral algorithm. The pulsar high-energy emission properties are explored by integrating the trajectories of the test particles under the influence of both the accelerating electric field and the curvature radiation losses. As an application, we compare the predicted energy-dependent light curves and energy spectra with those of the Crab and Vela pulsars published in the Fermi 2PC catalog. We find that the observed characteristics of the light curves and energy spectra from the Crab and Vela pulsars can be well reproduced by the FIDO model.
The Polar Precursor Method for Solar Cycle Prediction: Comparison of Predictors and Their Temporal Range
Authors: Kumar Pawan , Nagy Melinda , Lemerle Alexandre , Binay Karak Bidya , Petrovay Kristof 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The polar precursor method is widely considered to be the most robust physically motivated method to predict the amplitude of an upcoming solar cycle. It uses indicators of the magnetic field concentrated near the poles around the sunspot minimum. Here, we present an extensive analysis of the performance of various such predictors, based on both observational data (Wilcox Solar Observatory (WSO) magnetograms, Mount Wilson Observatory polar faculae counts, and Pulkovo A(t) index) and outputs (polar cap magnetic flux and global dipole moment) of various existing flux transport dynamo models. We calculate Pearson correlation coefficients (r) of the predictors with the next cycle amplitude as a function of time measured from several solar cycle landmarks: setting r = 0.8 as a lower limit for acceptable predictions, we find that observations and models alike indicate that the earliest time when the polar predictor can be safely used is 4 yr after the polar field reversal. This is typically 2–3 yr before the solar minimum and about 7 yr before the predicted maximum, considerably extending the usual temporal scope of the polar precursor method. Reevaluating the predictors another 3 yr later, at the time of the solar minimum, further increases the correlation level to r ≳ 0.9. As an illustration of the result, we determine the predicted amplitude of Cycle 25 based on the value of the WSO polar field at the now official minimum date of 2019 December as 126 ± 3. A forecast based on the value in early 2017, 4 yr after the polar reversal would have only differed from this final prediction by 3.1 ± 14.7%.
Disk Tearing: Numerical Investigation of Warped Disk Instability
Authors: Raj A. , Nixon C. J. , Doğan S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We present numerical simulations of misaligned disks around a spinning black hole covering a range of parameters. Previous simulations have shown that disks that are strongly warped by a forced precession—in this case, the Lense–Thirring effect from the spinning black hole—can break apart into discrete disks or rings that can behave quasi-independently for short timescales. With the simulations we present here, we confirm that thin and highly inclined disks are more susceptible to disk tearing than thicker disks or those with lower inclination, and we show that lower values of the disk viscosity parameter lead to instability at lower warp amplitudes. This is consistent with detailed stability analysis of the warped disk equations. We find that the growth rates of the instability seen in the numerical simulations are similar across a broad range of parameters, and are of the same order as the predicted growth rates. However, we did not find the expected trend of growth rates with viscosity parameter. This may indicate that the growth rates are affected by numerical resolution, or that the wavelength of the fastest-growing mode is a function of local disk parameters. Finally, we also find that disk tearing can occur for disks with a viscosity parameter that is higher than predicted by a local stability analysis of the warped disk equations. In this case, the instability manifests differently, producing large changes in the disk tilt locally in the disk, rather than the large changes in disk twist that typically occur in lower-viscosity disks.
Disk Tearing: Implications for Black Hole Accretion and AGN Variability
Authors: Raj A. , Nixon C. J. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Accretion disks around black holes power some of the most luminous objects in the universe. Disks that are misaligned to the black hole spin can become warped over time by Lense–Thirring precession. Recent work has shown that strongly warped disks can become unstable, causing the disk to break into discrete rings producing a more dynamic and variable accretion flow. In a companion paper, we present numerical simulations of this instability and the resulting dynamics. In this paper, we discuss the implications of this dynamics for accreting black hole systems, with particular focus on the variability of active galactic nuclei (AGN). We discuss the timescales on which variability might manifest, as well as the impact of the observer orientation with respect to the black hole spin axis. When the disk warp is unstable near the inner edge of the disk, we find quasi-periodic behavior of the inner disk, which may explain the recent quasi-periodic eruptions observed in, for example, the Seyfert 2 galaxy GSN 069 and in the galactic nucleus of RX J1301.9+2747. These eruptions are thought to be similar to the “heartbeat” modes observed in some X-ray binaries (e.g., GRS 1915+105 and IGR J17091-3624). When the instability manifests at larger radii in the disk, we find that the central accretion rate can vary on timescales that may be commensurate with, e.g., changing-look AGN. We therefore suggest that some of the variability properties of accreting black hole systems may be explained by the disk being significantly warped, leading to disk tearing.
Exploring quality of life among head-and-neck cancer patients in Western India using European organization for research and treatment of cancer questionnaires
Authors: Parkar Sujal , Sharma Abhishek , Shah Mihir 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Head-and-neck cancers (HNCs) are one of the major public health problems for both patients and the health-care providers in India. The clinical manifestations of HNC and its treatment can lead to negative effects on the quality of life (QoL) of the patient. The study is aimed to explore the QoL using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QoL questionnaires among HNC patients in Western part of India.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional prospective study was conducted among 400 HNC patients attending the tertiary cancer center. The QoL was assessed by using the EORTC core questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30) and EORTC head- and neck-specific questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-H and N35). The data were explored using means, standard deviation, medians, ranges, and proportions.

Results:
All the 400 patients had completed the questionnaire having a compliance rate of 100%. There was no missing data at the item level for the EORTC QLQ-C30 questionnaire. While the missing items for EORTC QLQ-H and N35 were: problems while swallowing food, problems with teeth, and sexuality. The mean functional score ranged from 74.22 to 93.49 for EORTC QLQ-C30. The mean symptoms score was found in the range from 3.25 to 81.50 for EORTC QLQ-H and N35.

Conclusion:
Both questionnaires were comprehensive and well accepted by the patients. These questionnaires provided the information-related disease-specific QoL data, which otherwise is often missed. Health-care providers should not only focus on the clinical effects of treatment but also on QoL issues because it will improve overall patient care and survival.
Histopathologic changes in aborted placenta
Authors: Ashour A , Gheryani Nabeia , Meidan Tunis 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Introduction: Histopathological examination of the placenta with clinical implications helps to make the diagnosis and deduce the cause of abortion, fetal mortality, morbidity, and pregnancy complications. Aim: This study aims to determine the frequencies and types of abnormalities of the chorionic villi in the aborted placentae. Materials and Methods: All specimens of products of conception submitted to a private histopathology laboratory in Benghazi during the period (from January 01, 2016 to December 31, 2018) were formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, and histopathology reviewed using hematoxylin and eosin stain under light microscopy. The data collected and statistically analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: The study involved 92 specimens, of which 86 were abnormal and the pathological changes include partial mole (48%), hydropic changes (19%), increased vascularity (chorioangiosis) (13%), fibrosis (10%), numerous Hofbauer macrophages (8%), and abnormal premature calcification (2%). The rest of the specimens (6.5%) were normal placentae. Most of the cases of partial mole (73%) were at the age group of ≥30 years, and cases of abnormal premature calcification were at the age of >40 years. Conclusion: The histopathologic examination is an important tool for diagnosing the placental abnormalities. Most cases of abortion have abnormalities in chorionic villi; the most common abnormality is the partial mole, followed by hydropic change, then increased vascularity (chorioangiosis), fibrosis, and numerous Hofbauer macrophages. Abnormal premature calcification is the least finding. Partial mole occurs at an older age group of ≥30 years.
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION ON KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER IN SOCIAL LEARNING DAYAKNESE BAKATI' RARA IN 3T REGION
Authors: Vasantan Priska 
Published: March 2021

In the globalization era, there are various forms of modern life, in Indonesia, especially in Bengkayang. It is still found an isolated and disadvantaged village named Tampe village which is located far from residential city Bengkayang. The research was conducted in Indonesian language, English, technology, and so forth, so the research funded by the Direktorat Riset dan Pengabdian Masyarakat Diirektorat Jenderal Penguatan Riset dan Pengembangan Kementerian Riset, Teknologi, dan Pendidikan Tinggi Anggaran 2018 Research Contract no. 115 / SP2H / LT / DRPM / 2018 using grounded theory method, a method that greatly influences sociological perspectives on human activities in terms of talking and communicating. The data collecting was conducted by observing three children of Dayaknese Bakati’ Rara 11-14 years old. They are 5th grader at SDN 15 Tampe Atas. The results of this study have been used as a language for childhood. However, it is known that these three children are unfavorable influences on knowledge transfer in social learning.
APPLICATION OF FLIPPED LEARNING MODEL AS IMPLEMENTATION OF BASIC MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS
Authors: Januari Ayu Fridayani  , Fransisca Desiana Pranatasari  
Published: March 2021

This study explains how the basic functions of management—planning, organizing, leading and controlling (POLC)—are packaged in a flipped learning model. The basic functions of management, in general, are introduced at the beginning of lectures and become the basis for further learning in Management Department. As basic course material, the learning process of basic functions management must be arranged systematically and interestingly to motivate students to involve in the next learning materials enthusiastically. Through a case study on the subject of Organizational Management in the Management Department, Faculty of Economics, Sanata Dharma University, this study provides an overview of the learning process of flipped learning to introduce the basic functions of management to students. By utilizing description qualitative approach, this study shows that the flipped learning model can be one of the prospective alternative learning model in implementing basic management functions, both for lecturers and students.
Keywords: basic functions of management, learning models, flipped learning

Abstrak
Studi ini menjelaskan bagaimana fungsi dasar manajemen—planning, organizing, leading dan controlling (POLC)—dikemas dalam suatu model flipped learning. Fungsi dasar manajemen, pada umumnya, dikenalkan pada masa awal perkuliahan dan menjadi basis untuk pembelajaran selanjutnya pada program studi manajemen. Sebagai materi kuliah dasar, proses pembelajaran terkait fungsi dasar manajemen harus disusun secara sistematis dan menarik untuk memotivasi mahasiswa mengikuti materi-materi pembelajaran selanjutnya dengan antusias. Melalui studi kasus pada mata kuliah Manajemen Organisasi di Program Studi Manajemen, Fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Sanata Dharma, studi ini memberikan gambaran proses pembelajaran flipped learning untuk mengenalkan fungsi dasar manajemen kepada mahasiswa. Dengan memanfaatkan pendekatan deskripsi kualitatitif, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa model flipped learning dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif bentuk pembelajaran yang prospektif dalam mengimplementasikan fungsi dasar manajemen, baik bagi dosen maupun mahasiswa.
Kata kunci: fungsi dasar manajemen, model pembelajaran, flipped learning
Populasyon değişimş Antalya ili turunçgillerinde zararlı Turunçgil Pamuklu Beyazsineği Aleurothrixus floccosus maskell ve Turunçgil Beyazsineği Dialeurodes citri (ashmead) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) ile bazı doğal düşmanlarının populasyon gelişmeleri
Authors: Arzuman Şenay , İsmail KARACA  , Mehmet Salih ÖZGÖKÇE  
Published: March 2021

Bu çalışmada iki beyazsinek türü (Aleurotrhrixus floccosus ve Dialeurodes citri) ile bazı doğal düşmanlarının (Chilocorus bipustulatus, Oenopia conglobata, Chrysoperla carnea, Cales noacki ve Encarsia lahorensis) populasyon değişimleri 2012 ve 2013 yıllarında Gıda, Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığı’na bağlı, BATEM (Batı Akdeniz Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü)’in mandarin, altıntop, washington portakal, yafa portakal ve limon bahçelerinde incelenmiştir.
Örneklemelerde beyazsinek nimflerinin populasyon değişimini belirlemek için iki farklı örnekleme metodu kullanılmıştır. Yaprak örneklemeleriyle sürdürülen bu metodlar rastgele örnekleme ve yönlendirilmiş örnekleme yöntemleridir. Çok az yaprak üstünde kümülatif bir dağılım gösterdiği için A. floccosus’da yönlendirilmiş örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Nispeten daha çok yaprak üstünde ve rasgele bir dağılım gösterdiği için D. citri için rastgele örnekleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bunlara ilaveten sarı yapışkan tuzaklar kullanarak ergin populasyon yoğunlukları belirlenmiştir.
İlk ergin uçuşlarının mart sonu- nisan ayının ilk haftasında görüldüğü D. citri ve A. floccosus’un haziran ayında populasyon yoğunluğunun arttığı görülmüştür. Aynı şekilde zararlıların nisan ayında yumurta bırakmaya başladığı ve eylül ayına kadar yumurta bırakmaya devam ettiği, kışı nimf veya pupa döneminde geçirdiği saptanmıştır.
Bazı Buğdaygil Çim Türü ve Çeşitlerinin Adaptasyonları İle Çim Alan Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesi
Authors: Erdal ÖZAYDIN  , Tahir POLAT  , Mustafa OKANT  
Published: March 2021

Bu araştırma Şanlıurfa'da 2015-2016 yaz yetiştirme sezonunda, Harran Üniversitesi Osman Bey yerleşkesi Ziraat Fakültesi araştırma ve uygulama alanında yürütülmüştür. Araştırmada; kamışsı yumak (Festuca arundinaceae), İngiliz çimi (Lolium perenne), rizomsuz kırmızı yumak (Festuca rubra L. subsp. Commutate), rizomlu kırmızı yumak (Festuca rubra L. subsp. rubra), koyun yumağı (Festuca ovina), çayır salkım otu (Poa pratensis) materyal olarak kullanılmış, tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre 3 tekerrürlü olacak şekilde kurulmuştur. Bu çalışmada; çim yaş ot verimi (kg/da), çim kuru ot verimi (kg/da), çıkış hızı (gün), kışa dayanıklılık (1-9), kaplama hızı (gün), kaplama derecesi (%), yaprak dokusu (1-9), kardeş sayısı (1-5) ve seyrekleşme derecesi (1-9) gibi karakterler incelenmiştir. Deneme bulgularına göre; Şanlıurfa ekolojik şartları için önerilebilecek sıcak mevsim çim tür çeşitlerinin pek çok özellik açısından kamışsı yumak (Festuca arundinaceae) Golden Gate çeşidinin kullanılması uygun olacaktır.
RESISTANCE TO CHANGE MAHASISWA PSIKOLOGI UNIVERSITAS ESA UNGGUL YANG MENGIKUTI PERKULIAHAN ONLINE
Authors: Sulis Mariyanti 
Published: March 2021

AbstrakDengan teknologi internet yang semakin canggih, beberapa institusi pendidikan termasuk Universitas Esa Unggul mulai menyesuaikan diri dengan mengembangkan pola pembelajaran online/daring yang dinilai lebih efektif dan efisien, tidak hanya bagi dosen tetapi juga bagi para mahasiswa. Perubahan pola pembelajaran dari yang konvensional dengan menggunakan tatap muka penuh berganti dengan pola pembelajaran yang menggunakan pembelajaran jarak jauh atau yang dikenal dengan pembelajaran online tampaknya menuai beragam respon maupun sikap dari para mahasiswa psikologi yang mengikuti materi kuliah online maksimal 3 materi kuliah online di setiap semester. Setiap perubahan akan diikuti oleh ketidaknyamanan sehingga ada yang bersikap tidak mendukung dan menolak perubahan atau dikenal dengan istilah resistance to change, namun ada pula mahasiswa yang merasa beruntung dengan diterapkannya perkuliahan online. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui profil resistance to change mahasiswa psikologi yang mengikuti perkuliahan online. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif deskriptif dengan sampel 87 mahasiswa psikologi UEU yang pernah mengikuti perkuliahan tatap muka dan online minimum satu semester. Skala Resistance To Change (RTC) disusun berdasarkan acuan dari Oreg (2008) dengan 42 item valid dan nilai reliabilitas 0,97. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan lebih banyak mahasiswa psikologi yang rendah RTC nya (61%) atau lebih banyak yang menerima perubahan pola pembelajaran konvensional menjadi online. Mahasiswa yang rendah RTC nya adalah yang berstatus bekerja, belum menikah, berjenis kelamin laki-laki. Kata kunci: Resistance To Change, Pola Belajar Online, Mahasiswa Psikologi