bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brokerage trading volume and analysts’ earnings forecasts: a conflict of interest?
Authors: Lehmer Tiana , Lourie Ben , Shanthikumar Devin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractUsing unique new data, we examine whether brokerage trading volume creates a conflict of interest for analysts. We find that earnings forecast optimism is associated with higher brokerage volume, even controlling for forecast and analyst quality, recommendations, and target prices. However, forecast accuracy is also significantly associated with higher volume. When analysts change brokerage houses, they bring trading volume with them, influencing trading volume at the new brokerage. This indicates that analysts drive the volume effects we observe. Consistent with a reward for generating volume, brokerage houses are less likely to demote analysts who generate more volume. Finally, analysts strategically adjust forecast optimism based on expected volume impact. Analysts become more (less) optimistic if their optimistic forecasts in the prior year were more (less) successful at generating volume. However, consistent with higher costs to increasing accuracy, analysts do not update accuracy based on expected volume impact. Overall, our results are consistent with a brokerage trading volume conflict of interest moving analysts towards more optimistic earnings forecasts, despite the volume reward for accuracy.
The promise of refugee lifelong education: A critical review of the field
Authors: Morrice Linda 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe increasing number of refugees, coupled with the protracted nature of refugee situations around the globe, underline the critical importance of refugee education. Since 2010, education has been one of the global strategic priorities of the United Nations Refugee Agency (UNHCR), but much of the focus and resourcing has been on primary education and, to a lesser extent, secondary education. Recognition of the role of lifelong learning for refugees has been much slower, only recently entering into prominence in global documents and policies. For refugees, the hope and desire for education that will enable them to achieve sustainable and dignified livelihoods has always been a core part of their realities. Lifelong learning has the potential to provide the bridge between disrupted schooling and future aspirations of self-reliance and participation in society. This article situates the emerging agenda for refugee lifelong learning in a postcolonial and global context. The author begins with a critical examination of the postcolonial “logics” which continue to construct and frame the study of refugees, before problematising how lifelong learning is incorporated and conceptualised in global policy. She draws the conclusion that despite global commitments, the realisation of lifelong learning for refugee youth and adults is likely remain frustrated for some time by normative assumptions firmly embedded in the conceptualisation of lifelong learning and the education frameworks of nation states. However, she argues that the recent global disruption to education and the inequalities that have been exposed by the COVID-19 pandemic provide an opportunity to rethink how education is conceptualised and the importance of providing lifelong learning opportunities to enable young people and adults to fulfil their aspirations.
Presence of N-fixing neighbors increases leaf N and δ13C in Castilleja applegatei, a root hemiparasite
Authors: Haynes Audrey F. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractParasitic plants are known for their high transpiration rates and low water use efficiency (WUE), which the N-parasitism hypothesis posits is driven by N limitation. Thus, availability of N-fixing hosts may affect parasite’s WUE and in turn impact the surrounding plant community. Here, I investigate how the availability of an N-fixing host affects the root hemiparasite, Castilleja applegatei, and examines host-mediated effects on community structure and soil moisture. I surveyed plant diversity and percent cover and measured soil moisture in 120 1 × 1 m plots within Sagehen Experimental Forest, CA. Fifty percent of the plots included C. applegatei. In a subset of plots, I measured leaf N, C/N, δ13C, and δ15N in C. applegatei and in one N-fixer (Ceanothus prostratus) and two non-N-fixing plants (Artemisia tridentata and Wyethia mollis). In C. applegatei availability of N-fixing hosts corresponded to a significant increase in leaf %N, a distinct δ15N signature, and an increase in δ13C (which typically signifies an increased WUE). The presence of parasites was associated with a marginally significant decrease in WUE in N-fixing neighbors, but had no effect on the two non-N-fixing species. The presence of parasites did not impact diversity, percent cover, or soil moisture. These results broadly support the N-parasitism hypothesis and indicate that host type can affect parasite’s physiology and therefore have the potential to mediate parasite’s effects in the community; however, community-level impacts were not found here.
A dose- and time-dependent effect of oxythiamine on cell growth inhibition in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Bai Lin , Zhu Hui-li 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe high mortality rate of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is mostly due to the high risk of recurrence. A comprehensive understanding of proliferation mechanisms of NSCLC would remarkably contribute to blocking up the invasion and metastasis of tumor cells. In our previous study, the remarkable decreased activity of Thiamine-dependent enzymes (TDEs), involving in intermediary metabolism responsible for energy production of tumor, was found under conditions of thiamine deficiency in vivo. To explore the effect of Oxythiamine (OT), a TDEs antimetabolite, on cell growth, we co-cultured A549 cells with OT in vitro at various doses (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μM) and time periods (6, 12, 24 and 48 h) and subsequent cell proliferation and apoptosis assays were performed respectively. Our findings demonstrated that A549 cells proliferation was significantly downregulated by OT treatment in a progressively dose as well as time dependent manner. Inhibition of TDEs resulted in antagonism of lung cancer growth by inducing cells to cease the cycle as well as apoptotic cell death. We concluded a critical role of OT, a TDEs antagonistic compound, indicating the potential target of its practical use.
Probabilistic Forecasts of Arctic Sea Ice Thickness
Authors: Gao Peter A. , Director Hannah M. , Bitz Cecilia M. , Raftery Adrian E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn recent decades, warming temperatures have caused sharp reductions in the volume of sea ice in the Arctic Ocean. Predicting changes in Arctic sea ice thickness is vital in a changing Arctic for making decisions about shipping and resource management in the region. We propose a statistical spatio-temporal two-stage model for sea ice thickness and use it to generate probabilistic forecasts up to three months into the future. Our approach combines a contour model to predict the ice-covered region with a Gaussian random field to model ice thickness conditional on the ice-covered region. Using the most complete estimates of sea ice thickness currently available, we apply our method to forecast Arctic sea ice thickness. Point predictions and prediction intervals from our model offer comparable accuracy and improved calibration compared with existing forecasts. We show that existing forecasts produced by ensembles of deterministic dynamic models can have large errors and poor calibration. We also show that our statistical model can generate good forecasts of aggregate quantities such as overall and regional sea ice volume. Supplementary materials accompanying this paper appear on-line.
Secondary prevention implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy: value in octogenarians
Authors: Hauck Christian , Schober Andreas , Schober Alexander , Fredersdorf-Hahn Sabine , Hubauer Ute , Keyser Andreas , Maier Lars , Jungbauer Carsten , Ücer Ekrem 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) therapy is well established for secondary prevention, but studies on the efficacy and safety in elderly patients are still lacking. This retrospective study compared the outcome after ICD implantation between octogenarians and other age groups.

Methods
Data were obtained from a local ICD registry. Patients who received ICD implantation for secondary prevention at our department were included. All-cause mortality, appropriate ICD therapy and acute adverse events requiring surgical intervention were compared between different age groups.

Results
519 patients were enrolled, 34 of whom were aged ≥ 80 years. During the median follow-up of 35 months after ICD implantation 129 patients (annual mortality rate 5.0%) had died, including 16 patients aged ≥ 80 years (annual mortality rate 9.4%). The mortality rate of patients aged ≥ 80 years was significantly higher than that of patients aged ≤ 69 years (p < 0.001), but similar to that of patients aged 70–79 years. Age at the time of ICD implantation was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality (p < 0.001). 29.7% of patients had appropriate ICD therapy with no difference between age groups. Acute adverse events leading to surgical intervention were low (n = 13) and not age-related.

Conclusion
Age is an independent predictor of mortality after ICD implantation for secondary prevention. Mortality rates did not differ significantly between octogenarians and other elderly aged 70–79 years. Appropriate ICD therapy and acute adverse events leading to surgical intervention were not age-related. Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator therapy for secondary prevention seems to be an effective and safe treatment modality in octogenarians.
Hydrazinecarbothioamide Derivative as an Effective Inhibitor for Corrosion Control: Electrochemical, Surface and Theoretical Studies
Authors: Bairy Manjunath , Pais Mikitha , Kumari P. Preethi , Rao Suma A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAluminium has played a significant role in the advancement of metal matrix composites (MMC) and has drawn the attention of researchers since Al composites find extensive application in aerospace, military and automobile industries. This paper describes the corrosion property of 6061 Al-15 vol%. SiC(p)composites in hydrochloric acid medium. This composite with high strength-to-weight ratio and other alluring properties undergoes corrosion in acid media and a study has been made in 0.5 M hydrochloric acid using (2Z)-2-(2-hydroxy-3methoxybenzylidene) hydrazinecarbothioamide (HCT) as an inhibitor. Results of the electrochemical studies and surface morphology are presented. With the increase in HCT concentration, inhibition efficiency increased. But efficiency decreased with an increase in temperature. The maximum efficiency was found to be 56.8% for the addition of 10 × 10–5 M HCT concentration at 303 K. The inhibitor was found to behave as a mixed inhibitor affecting both anodic metal dissolution reaction and cathodic hydrogen evolution to the same extent. The HCT molecules were found to physisorb over the Al-composite surface and adsorption followed Langmuir’s adsorption isotherm. Adsorption of HCT was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Computational studies using density functional theory (DFT) supported experimental findings. Density functional theory calculations gave a clear insight into the mechanistic aspects of corrosion inhibition.Graphic Abstract
Corporatism as usual? – Staat und organisierte Wirtschaftsinteressen in der Coronakrise
Authors: Fuchs Sebastian , Sack Detlef 
Published: November 2021

ZusammenfassungDer Artikel widmet sich den Beziehungen zwischen Staat und organisierten Interessen der deutschen Wirtschaft in der Coronakrise 2020. Es werden zwei Fragen fokussiert, nämlich erstens, ob und wie Arbeitgeberverbände, Wirtschaftsverbände und -kammern sich in der Krise politisch artikulieren. Und zweitens, ob die Interaktion zwischen Regierung und organisierten Wirtschaftsinteressen den Charakter eines spezifischen ‚Krisenkorporatismus‘ annimmt. Ausgangspunkt sind Überlegungen zur pfadabhängigen Revitalisierung etablierter Interaktionsmuster in der Krise. Die Studie nimmt den Zeitraum zwischen März 2020 und Februar 2021 in den Blick. Auf Grundlage der Auswertung von Formen und Frequenz der Staat-Verbände-Interaktion werden drei Phasen identifiziert, denen sodann eingehende Fallstudien gewidmet werden. Für die Frühphase der Coronakrise (März–Juni 2020) werden a) die Angebote und politischen Forderungen von Arbeitgeberverbänden, Wirtschaftsverbänden und -kammern quantitativ ausgewertet und b) die inhaltliche Kongruenz zwischen Verbandsforderungen und den politischen Maßnahmen des Konjunkturpakets untersucht. Sodann wird die Ausformung des branchenspezifischen ‚Automobilkorporatismus‘ in der zweiten Phase (Juli–September 2020) in den Blick genommen. Schließlich wird für die dritte Phase (Oktober 2020–Februar 2021) eine Veränderung der Staat-Verbände-Interaktion anhand der Diskussionen um erneute Lockdowns und weitere wirtschaftspolitische Maßnahmen nachgezeichnet. Im Ergebnis identifiziert die Studie einen ‚Korporatismus ohne Verbrennungsmotor‘, der durch wechselseitige Ressourcenabhängigkeit, Vernetzungen und einen spezifischen ‚krisenkorporatistischen‘ Tausch zwischen organisierten Wirtschaftsinteressen und Staat geprägt und erhalten wird.
Investigating Malware Propagation and Behaviour Using System and Network Pixel-Based Visualisation
Authors: Williams Jacob , Legg Phil 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMalicious software, known as malware, is a perpetual game of cat and mouse between malicious software developers and security professionals. Recent years have seen many high profile cyber attacks, including the WannaCry and NotPetya ransomware attacks that resulted in major financial damages to many businesses and institutions. Understanding the characteristics of such malware, including how malware can propagate and interact between systems and networks is key for mitigating these threats and containing the infection to avoid further damage. In this study, we present visualisation techniques for understanding the propagation characteristics in dynamic malware analysis. We propose the use of pixel-based visualisations to convey large-scale complex information about network hosts in a scalable and informative manner. We demonstrate our approach using a virtualised network environment, whereby we can deploy malware variants and observe their propagation behaviours. As a novel form of visualising system and network activity data across a complex environment, we can begin to understand visual signatures that can help analysts identify key characteristics of the malicious behaviours, and, therefore, provoke response and mitigation against such attacks.
Direct assessment of individual connotation and experience
Authors: Reuter Lisa , Mansell Jordan , Rhea Carter , Kiesel Andrea 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe introduce cognitive-affective maps (CAMs) as a novel tool to assess individual experiences and belief systems. CAMs were first presented by the cognitive scientist and philosopher Paul Thagard as a graphical representation of a mental network, visualizing attitudes, thoughts, and affective connotations toward the topic of interest. While CAMs were originally used primarily to visualize existing data, the recent release of the new software toolValencehas facilitated the applicability of CAMs for empirical data collection. In this article, we explain the concept and the theoretical background of CAMs. We exemplify how CAMs can be applied in research practice, including different options for analysis. We propose CAMs as a user-friendly and versatile methodological bridge between qualitative and quantitative research approaches and encourage incorporating the method into studies to access and visualize human attitudes and experience.
How many cattle can be infected by Trypanosoma vivax by reusing the same needle and syringe, and what is the viability time of this protozoan in injectable veterinary products?
Authors: de Melo Junior Rubens Dias , Azeredo Bastos Thiago Souza , Heller Luciana Maffini , Couto Luiz Fellipe Monteiro , Zapa Dina María Beltrán , de Assis Cavalcante Alliny Souza , Cruvinel Leonardo Bueno , Nicaretta João Eduardo , Iuasse Haryie Victória , Ferreira Lorena Lopes , Soares Vando Edésio , de Souza Guilherme Rocha Lino , Cadioli Fabiano Antônio , Lopes Welber Daniel Zanetti 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIt was investigated how many cattle become infected with Trypanosoma vivax by subcutaneous (SC), intramuscular (IM) and intravenous (IV) routes, using the same syringe and needle from an animal with acute T. vivax infection. Besides, the T. vivax viability in 109 injectable veterinary drugs (antibiotics, antiparasitics, reproductive hormones, vitamin complex and derivatives, vaccines, anaesthetics, anti-inflammatory/antipyretics, antitoxics). In the field assay, four groups were performed: T01, T02 and T03 animals that received saline solution with the same syringe and needle contaminated with T. vivax via SC, IM and IV routes, respectively, and T04 control animals that received only saline solution with the same syringe and needle IV. In the laboratory, drugs had their pH measured and T. vivax viability verified. The number of cattle infected with T. vivax via SC (3/20) was lower (P ≤ 0.05) compared to via IM (9/20), which was lower (P ≤ 0.05) compared to IV (15/20). The solution pH did not influence T. vivax viability. In 44% (48/109) of the products, T. vivax remained viable regardless of time, stooding out that in 100% of oxytocins the protozoan was verified, at some evaluation times. The mean of T. vivax quantified in foot-and-mouth and brucellosis vaccines and in doramectin-based products were higher (P ≤ 0.05) than found in blood + saline solution.
Integrating Cardinality Constraints into Constraint Logic Programming with Sets
Authors: CRISTIÁ MAXIMILIANO , ROSSI GIANFRANCO 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFormal reasoning about finite sets and cardinality is important for many applications, including software verification, where very often one needs to reason about the size of a given data structure. The Constraint Logic Programming tool
$$\{ log\} $$
provides a decision procedure for deciding the satisfiability of formulas involving very general forms of finite sets, although it does not provide cardinality constraints. In this paper we adapt and integrate a decision procedure for a theory of finite sets with cardinality into
$$\{ log\} $$
. The proposed solver is proved to be a decision procedure for its formulas. Besides, the new CLP instance is implemented as part of the
$$\{ log\} $$
tool. In turn, the implementation uses Howe and King’s Prolog SAT solver and Prolog’s CLP(Q) library, as an integer linear programming solver. The empirical evaluation of this implementation based on +250 real verification conditions shows that it can be useful in practice.Under consideration in Theory and Practice of Logic Programming (TPLP)
Identifying Key Drivers of Peatland Fires Across Kalimantan's Ex‐Mega Rice Project Using Machine Learning
Authors: Horton Alexander J. , Virkki Vili , Lounela Anu , Miettinen Jukka , Alibakhshi Sara , Kummu Matti 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThroughout Indonesia ecological degradation, agricultural expansion, and the digging of drainage canals has compromised the integrity and functioning of peatland forests. Fragmented landscapes of scrubland, cultivation, degraded forest, and newly established plantations are then susceptible to extensive fires that recur each year. However, a comprehensive understanding of all the drivers of fire distribution and the conditions of initiation is still absent. Here we show the first analysis in the region that encompasses a wide range of driving factors within a single model that captures the inter‐annual variation, as well as the spatial distribution of peatland fires. We developed a fire susceptibility model using machine learning (XGBoost random forest) that characterizes the relationships between key predictor variables and the distribution of historic fire locations. We then determined the relative importance of each predictor variable in controlling the initiation and spread of fires. The model included land‐cover classifications, a forest clearance index, vegetation indices, drought indices, distances to infrastructure, topography, and peat depth, as well as the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI). The model performance consistently scores highly in both accuracy and precision across all years (>75% and >67.5% respectively), though recall metrics are much lower (>25%). Our results confirm the anthropogenic dependence of extreme fires in the region, with distance to settlements and distance to canals consistently weighted the most important driving factors within the model structure. Our results may help target the root causes of fire initiation and propagation to better construct regulation and rehabilitation efforts to mitigate future fires.
The Rift and Continent‐Ocean Transition Structure Under the Tagus Abyssal Plain West of the Iberia
Authors: Merino I. , Ranero C. R. , Prada M. , Sallarès V. , Grevemeyer I. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe West Iberia margin is the focus of intense research since the 1980s, with some of the most exemplary geophysical cross‐sections and drilling expeditions. Those data sets have been used to create conceptual models of rifting used as a template to interpret margins worldwide. We present two collocated ∼350 km long lines of multi‐channel seismic (MCS) streamer data and wide‐angle seismic (WAS) data collected across the Tagus Abyssal Plain (TAP). We use travel‐times of first arrivals identified at WAS and reflected seismic phases identified at both WAS and MCS records to jointly invert for the P wave velocity (Vp) distribution and the geometry of a sediment unconformity, the top of the basement, and the Moho boundary. The Vp model shows that the TAP basement is more complex than previously inferred, presenting abrupt boundaries between five domains. Domain I under the foot of the slope and Domain III under the abyssal plain display Vp values and gradients of thin continental crust. In between, Domain II displays a steep Vp gradient and high Vp values at shallow depth that support that basement is made of exhumed partly serpentinized mantle. Domain IV and Domain V, further oceanward, have oceanic crust Vp structure. The new results support an unanticipated complex rift history during the initial separation of Iberia and America. We propose a geodynamic scenario characterized by two phases of extension separated by a jump of the locus of extension, caused by the northward propagation of the oceanic spreading center during the J‐anomaly formation, which terminated continental rifting.