bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stream flow trends in up and midstream of Kirindi Oya river basin in Sri Lanka and its linkages to rainfall
Authors: ABEYSINGHA N. S. , JAYASEKARA J. M. N. S. , MEEGASTENNA T. J. 
Published: December 2021

Trend analysis of hydro-climatic variables provide useful information for effective planning, designing and management of water resources and agricultural production. Trends in observed stream flow at upstream and midstream gauging stations (GS), Wellawaya, Thanamalwila & rainfall and temperature in the Kirindi Oya river basin were assessed using the Mann-Kendall, Modified Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope. Average rainfalls for the two catchments and for the entire basin were computed using ‘Thessen polygon’ method. The relationships between trends in stream flow and catchment rainfall were studied by Spearman’s Rho correlation coefficient .

Five year Moving averaged Standardize Anomalies (FMSA) of both annual stream flow and rainfall at Wellawaya and Thanamalwila catchments were in a non-significant (p < 0.05) decreasing trend for 1994 to 2010.Though there was a positive correlation between annual catchment rainfall and stream flow of these two catchments, correlation was significant (p < 0.05) only at Thanamalwila (0.69) suggesting that the variation of annual stream flow at Thanamalwila GS was mainly attributed to the variation of catchment rainfall. However, variation of stream flow during North East Monsoon (NEM) season was mainly attributed to the variation of respective catchment rainfall of both the catchments as evident by significant higher ‘p’ at Wellawaya (0.61) and Thanamalwila (0.69). This study also found that trend of FMSA of South West Monsoon (SWM) rain was significantly (p < 0.05) decreasing for the entire basin, Thanamalwila and Wellawaya sub-catchments. Stream flow at Wellawaya GS during SWM was also found to be significantly decreasing while Thanamalwila stream flow was non-significantly decreasing. Both rainfall and stream flow during First Inter Monsoon (FIM) was in a significant increasing trend particularly in the month of April. These observed trends during SWM and FIM suggest an apparent early onset of SWM in the basin, or drastic deviation in receiving rain during SWM in the Kirindi Oya river basin.
Impact of Diwali firework emissions on air quality of New Delhi, India during 2013-2015
Authors: PESHIN SUNIL KUMAR , SINHA PRIYANKA , BISHT AMIT 
Published: December 2021

Diwali is one of the major and most important festivals celebrated all over India which falls in the period late October to early November every year. It is associated with burning of firecrackers especially during the night of Diwali day that leads to degradation of air quality that lasts for a longer duration of time. Firecrackers on burning releases huge amount of trace gases such as NOx, CO, SO2 and O3 and huge amount of aerosols and particulate matter. The present study focuses on the influence of firecrackers emissions on surface ozone(O3) ,oxides of nitrogen (NOx) and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5)concentration over the capital urban metropolis of India, New Delhi during Diwali festivity period from 2013-2015. A sharp increase is observed in surface ozone, NOx and particulate matter concentration during the Diwali day as compared to control day for 2013 to 2015 which is mainly attributed to burning of firecrackers. However the average concentration levels of the gaseous pollutants and particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) on Diwali day exhibited a decline in 2015 and 2014 as compared to 2013 due to increase in awareness campaigns among public and increased cost of firecrackers.
Spatial analysis of rainfall variability and rainfed rice crop using GIS Technique in West Bengal (India)
Authors: SINGH P. K. , RATHORE L. S. , RAO D. V. BHASKAR , SINGH K. K. , Baxla A. K. , BHAN S. C. , GUPTA AKHIESH , SINGH SOMPAL 
Published: December 2021

The rainfed areas receive mean annual precipitation in range of 500-1500 mm with high degree of variability and are beset with problems of mid-season drought and associated impacts on the crop productivity. In this paper, analysis of weekly, monthly, annual rainfall and weekly rainfall probabilities in relation to crop productivity has been carried out for all the stations of the study area in West Bengal where rain-fed agriculture is predominant. However, duration of dry spells and its probabilities, climatic derivatives like commencement and cessation of rainy season, length of growing period (LGP) and estimates of water balance parameters have been carried out, in respect of all blocks in the identified three districts in West Bengal. The mean productivity during kharif season indicated that, highest productivity values of 3 to 3.5 t/ha are noticed in the block of central districts of Burdwan, Bankura, Birbhum, Hoogly districts. Perhaps, irrigation facilities in these districts might have helped in arriving at such high productivity rates. Low productivity of 1 to 1.5 t/ha have been noticed in two to three blocks of South 24-Paraganas and in Jalpaiguri districts. The productivity levels of northern districts, viz., Jalpaiguri, Coochbehar, West Dinajpur, South 24-Paranagas vary from 1.5 to 2.0 t/ha. The lowest productivity of 11.28 q /ha in Jaldha and 14.89 q /ha in Manbazar in 1996 can be due to heavy rainfall conditions in June and again in August. The mean productivity pattern of rice crop during kharif season in identified districts was analyzed with respect to occurrence of number of dry spells at different growth stages and average MAI values. The productivity was also related to monthly rainfall (July) and correlations have been mentioned for Jaldha block (0.22) and Manbazar block (0.64). The highest productivity of 2-3 t/ha are recorded in hot sub-humid to humid regions of West Bengal where LGP vary from 150 to 200 days. From the study of the probability of dry and wet spells and MAI during different crop phenophases, the most vulnerable phases can be identified in each region.
Implementasi Naïve bayes Clasifier dalam Klasifikasi Jenis Berita
Authors: Santi Dessy , Nangi Jumadil , Ransi Natalis 
Published: December 2021

Sometimes the classification of news categories is still an obstacle. Classification can be wrong because it is still subjective. As a result, the selected category does not match the uploaded news description. Based on these problems, the authors feel the need to make Classification of News Types with the Naïve Bayes Classifier Algorithm. The importance of this system is to be able to classify news and help news seekers to get the news they want.
Based on the test results, the Naïve Bayes Classifier algorithm has a good performance for the classification of news types. This is evidenced in testing using news data taken from www.kompasiana.com, then news is classified into four categories namely politics, economics, sports, and entertainment. The classification results using 16 test news obtained an accuracy of 87.5%.
Fear of Falling in Older Adults: A Scoping Review of Recent Literature
Authors: MacKay Scott , Ebert Patricia , Harbidge Cathy , Hogan David B. 
Published: December 2021

Background
Fear of falling (FOF) is prevalent among older adults and associated with adverse health outcomes. Over recent years a substantial body of research has emerged on its epidemiology, associated factors, and consequences. This scoping review summarizes the FOF literature published between April 2015 and March 2020 in order to inform current practice and identify gaps in the literature.
Methods
A total of 439 articles related to FOF in older adults were identified, 56 selected for full-text review, and 46 retained for data extraction and synthesis.
Results
The majority of included studies were cross-sectional. Older age, female sex, previous falls, worse physical performance, and depressive symptoms were the factors most consistently associated with FOF. Studies that measured FOF with a single question reported a significantly lower prevalence of FOF than those using the Falls Efficacy Scale, a continuous measure. FOF was associated with higher likelihoods of future falls, short-term mortality, and functional decline.
Conclusions
Comparisons between studies were limited by inconsistent definition and measurement of FOF, falls, and other characteristics. Consensus on how to measure FOF and which participant characteristics to evaluate would address this issue. Gaps in the literature include clarifying the relationships between FOF and cognitive, psychological, social, and environmental factors.
Diasporic Pariah: A Study of Bessie Head’s Maru
Authors: Turki Harith Ismael , Işık Zeliha 
Published: December 2021

Home is a very important notion in human life which helps people establish emotional, social and intellectual belonging and identifications so that they can hold on to life. When the sense of home is contested, the sense of identity is impaired too. Those people who are characterized by the sense of disconnectedness and desire to re-establish their home are known as diasporic people. The protagonist of Maru (1971), Margaret is one of those diasporic people who long for home and attachments to people. This article is an attempt to examine the struggle of Margaret against a ruthless and cruel society. In her status as a diasporic individual, Margaret is seen as a nonhuman being due to her race, as a Masarwa, living in Botswana. She is alienated, and treated as a pariah, because she does not belong to a superior race defined by the colonial British forces which ruled Botswana. The article tries to view the protagonist’s estrangement and her experience as a diasporic pariah through the lenses of some of the famous postcolonial critics and writers. It also tries to explore the origins and aspects of this kind of treatment.
Online Information Seeking Behavior among Indonesian during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Sulistyawati Sulistyawati , Yuliansyah Herman , Asti Mulasari Surahma , Sukesi Tri Wahyuni 
Published: December 2021

Background: The COVID-19 vaccination movement in Indonesia until mid-2021 has still not reached the expected number, which is less than 20% of the Indonesian population who receive the first dose of vaccine. Meanwhile, the government's target for accelerating herd immunity is to achieve immunization coverage of 70% by November 2021. Several issues have arisen regarding the public's reluctance to accept the COVID-19 vaccine, such as vaccine readiness, efficacy, conspiracy, halal issues, and the negative side of this vaccine.
Aims: This study aims to assess the online behavior of the Indonesian community in seeking information related to the COVID-19 vaccine.
Methods: Google trends was used as a data source to see the public interest in several issues including COVID, vaccines, and government policies.
Analysis: The analysis was carried out descriptively.
Results: The results of this study indicate the movement over time of society towards several terminologies in line with events or the implementation of policies in Indonesia.
Conclusion: This research contributes to surveillance of the public's information needs on the COVID-19 issue to avoid misinformation.
Phytochemical Characterization, Hepatoprotective Activity on Alcohol-Induced Toxicity of the Aqueous Extract of Curcuma longa (Zingiberaceae) in Wistar Rats
Authors: Nkempu Ameaka Fatima , Estella Tembe , Edwige Tchadji Mayoudom Vanessa , Herve Bayaga , Fonmboh Dobgima John , Berinyuy Eustace Bonghan , Nono Njinkio Borgia , Omgba Tabi Yves , Bathelemy Ngameni , Charles Fokunang 
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Liver or hepatic disease refers to different conditions that affect the liver. Chronic alcohol consumption is one of the most frequent causes of liver disease and accounts for about 55% of liver cirrhosis deaths recorded in Cameroon in 2020. Standard accessible treatments focus on end-stage liver disease with safety and efficacy obstacles. We have a research gap in Cameroon to understand the alternative use of natural products as treatment with a long traditional history of safe use. Curcuma longa has long been a source of traditional and modern medicine. It is commonly used in Cameroon as a spice and herbal product with some level of activity against various forms of liver disease.
Objective: To phytochemically screen for bioactive metabolites and evaluate the hepatoprotective activity of the aqueous extract of Curcuma longaon alcohol-induced toxicity in Wistar rats.
Methods: Phytochemical screening was carried out on the aqueous extract obtainedfrom maceration of plant rhizomes. Three doses (125, 250 and 500mg/Kg) of the plant extract and the reference (Silymarin 50mg/Kg) were administered daily (p.o) to rats 30 min before administration of 40% alcohol (2mL/100g p.o) for 21 days. Biochemical parameters such as ALAT, ASAT, GGT, Bilirubin and Lipid profile were quantified and histological studies of the liverwas carried out using standard procedures.
Results: Phytochemical screening of the aqueous extract of C. longa revealed polyphenols such as flavonoids, tannins, quinones, saponins and phlobatanins. The plant showed hepatoprotective activity by decreasing liver toxicity markers such as ASAT, ALAT, GGT and Bilirubin. Histology revealed dose-dependent protection with 500 mg/Kg showing the most cellular integrity, no central vein occlusion and minimal fibrosis.
Conclusion: This study indicated the presence of polyphenols like flavonoids and tannins in the aqueous extract of C. longa. The presence of these secondary metabolites in the studied extract justifies its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties confirmed by its hepatoprotective effects on alcohol-induced toxicity. This was clearly shown by biochemical and histological parameters. More sensitive and specific methods are required to test for these secondary metabolites in serum.
Exposure assessment to inhalable and respirable dust in the post — earthquake construction sites in the city of l’Aquila
Authors: Mastrantonio Riccardo , Civisca Angela , Siciliano Eugenio , Inglese Enrica , Lippolis Tamara , Pompei Domenico , Cococcetta Lucio , Scatigna Maria , Fabiani Leila 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Following an earthquake that occurred in middle Italy in 2009, the involved territory hosted in 10 years thousands of construction sites. The aim of this study is to assess inhalable, respirable, and respirable crystalline silica exposure of the construction workers involved in the rebuilding activities.

Methods
Six construction companies joined the study and hosted the air sampling activities. We identified four work tasks: bricklayer and similar; scaffolder and carpenter; manual demolition; other tasks. We reported 8-h time-weighted concentrations.

Results
The “All tasks” geometric mean concentration of inhalable dust was 4.73 mg/m3 and the higher, TLV exceeding exposure was observed for “Manual demolition workers” (13.92 mg/m3, GM). The “All tasks” geometric mean concentration of respirable dust was 0.25 mg/m3 and no TLV-exceeding exposure (geometric mean values) was observed among the work-related groups. About the respirable crystalline silica dust exposure, the “All tasks” average concentration was 0.004 mg/m3. No TLV-exceeding exposure was observed among the whole data sample.

Conclusions
The comparison of the results shows that manual demolition workers are exposed to high levels of inhalable dust, exceeding the TLV-TWA (Threshold Limit Values-Time Weighted Average) limit of 10 mg/m3. About the respirable dust concentration, none of the analyzed work task dust concentrations exceeded the TLV-TWA limit of 3 mg/m3 (geometric mean values). Measurements of respirable crystalline silica dust have shown levels below the threshold limit value of 0.025 mg/m3. Our findings overall match with the available scientific data.
Integrated Full‐Spectrum Solar Energy Catalysis for Zero‐Emission Ethylene Production from Bioethanol
Authors: Deng Yu , Batmunkh Munkhbayar , Ye Liqun , Song Chenjie , Ge Teng , Xu Yixue , Mu Xiaoyang , Liu Wei , Jin Xiaoli , Wong Po Keung , Huang Hongwei , Wang Qingfeng , Zhuang Xinshu , Ma Tianyi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEthylene, a hydrocarbon (C2H4), is one of the widely used products in the chemical industry. A traditional dehydration method of ethanol to ethylene relies strongly on high‐temperature and high‐pressure process with significant energy consumption. In this regard, producing ethylene from bioethanol through dehydration is a promising and sustainable approach, but, this process under mild conditions results in low yields and poor selectivity. Herein, an integrated solar energy catalytic system driven by only sun energy under ambient conditions is established for the first time for bioethanol dehydration using oxygen‐vacancy‐abundant (Ov) WO3 coupled with a thin layer of carbon coating (CL) (WO3−x@C). A record‐high ethylene selectivity of 98.1% is achieved driven by full solar spectrum without any external power, featuring zero pollution emission nature. In this process, Ov acts as a solid acid center, which is the key to initiate the dehydration of ethanol to ethylene via a solar thermal process, while the CL promotes solar thermal synergy, ensuring the high reaction temperature and hot carriers transmission simultaneously. In‐situ infrared spectroscopy and thermodynamic calculations demonstrate a novel proton hydrogen‐mediated catalytic process over WO3−x@C. This work provides a new opportunity of using full‐spectrum solar energy for catalytic generation of value‐added chemicals.
High‐Current‐Density Organic Electrochemical Diodes Enabled by Asymmetric Active Layer Design
Authors: Kim Youngseok , Kim Gunwoo , Ding Bowen , Jeong Dahyun , Lee Inho , Park Sungjun , Kim Bumjoon J. , McCulloch Iain , Heeney Martin , Yoon Myung‐Han 
Published: December 2021

AbstractOwing to their outstanding electrical/electrochemical performance, operational stability, mechanical flexibility, and decent biocompatibility, organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors have shown great potential as implantable electrodes for neural recording/stimulation and as active channels for signal switching/amplifying transistors. Nonetheless, no studies exist on a general design rule for high‐performance electrochemical diodes, which are essential for highly functional circuit architectures. In this work, generalizable electrochemical diodes with a very high current density over 30 kA cm−2 are designed by introducing an asymmetric active layer based on organic mixed ionic–electronic conductors. The underlying mechanism on polarity‐sensitive balanced ionic doping/dedoping is elucidated by numerical device analysis and in operando spectroelectrochemical potential mapping, while the general material requirements for electrochemical diode operation are deduced using various types of conjugated polymers. In parallel, analog signal rectification and digital logic processing circuits are successfully demonstrated to show the broad impact of circuits incorporating organic electrochemical diodes. It is expected that organic electrochemical diodes will play vital roles in realizing multifunctional soft bioelectronic circuitry in combination with organic electrochemical transistors.
Defect‐Selectivity and “Order‐in‐Disorder” Engineering in Carbon for Durable and Fast Potassium Storage
Authors: Chen Yaxin , Xi Baojuan , Huang Man , Shi Liluo , Huang Shaozhuan , Guo Nannan , Li Da , Ju Zhicheng , Xiong Shenglin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDefect‐rich carbon materials possess high gravimetric potassium storage capability due to the abundance of active sites, but their cyclic stability is limited because of the low reversibility of undesirable defects and the deteriorative conductivity. Herein, in situ defect‐selectivity and order‐in‐disorder synergetic engineering in carbon via a self‐template strategy is reported to boost the K+‐storage capacity, rate capability and cyclic stability simultaneously. The defect‐sites are selectively tuned to realize abundant reversible carbon‐vacancies with the sacrifice of poorly reversible heteroatom‐defects through the persistent gas release during pyrolysis. Meanwhile, nanobubbles generated during the pyrolysis serve as self‐templates to induce the surface atom rearrangement, thus in situ embedding nanographitic networks in the defective domains without serious phase separation, which greatly enhances the intrinsic conductivity. The synergetic structure ensures high concentration of reversible carbon‐vacancies and fast charge‐transfer kinetics simultaneously, leading to high reversible capacity (425 mAh g−1 at 0.05 A g−1), high‐rate (237.4 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1), and superior cyclic stability (90.4% capacity retention from cycle 10 to 400 at 0.1 A g−1). This work provides a rational and facile strategy to realize the tradeoff between defect‐sites and intrinsic conductivity, and gives deep insights into the mechanism of reversible potassium storage.
Does Social Security promote food security? Evidence for older households
Authors: Brucker Debra L. , Jajtner Katie , Mitra Sophie 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study examines the effect of Social Security benefits received in old age on food security among older adults. Using repeated cross sections from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics and an instrumental variable approach to address the endogeneity between the decision to claim Social Security and household food security, we find that an increase in Social Security benefits or becoming a Social Security beneficiary significantly increases the probability of being food secure. Our results were robust to changes of the dependent variable or the endogenous variable but were sensitive to some of the expansions or contractions of the sample.
Reframing explanation as an interactive medium: The EQUAS (Explainable QUestion Answering System) project
Authors: Ferguson William , Batra Dhruv , Mooney Raymond , Parikh Devi , Torralba Antonio , Bau David , Diller David , Fasching Josh , Fiotto‐Kaufman Jaden , Goyal Yash , Miller Jeff , Moffitt Kerry , Montes de Oca Alex , Selvaraju Ramprasaath R. , Shrivastava Ayush , Wu Jialin , Lee Stefan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis letter is a retrospective analysis of our team's research for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Explainable Artificial Intelligence project. Our initial approach was to use salience maps, English sentences, and lists of feature names to explain the behavior of deep‐learning‐based discriminative systems, with particular focus on visual question answering systems. We found that presenting static explanations along with answers led to limited positive effects. By exploring various combinations of machine and human explanation production and consumption, we evolved a notion of explanation as an interactive process that takes place usually between humans and artificial intelligence systems but sometimes within the software system. We realized that by interacting via explanations people could task and adapt machine learning (ML) agents. We added affordances for editing explanations and modified the ML system to act in accordance with the edits to produce an interpretable interface to the agent. Through this interface, editing an explanation can adapt a system's performance to new, modified purposes. This deep tasking, wherein the agent knows its objective and the explanation for that objective, will be critical to enable higher levels of autonomy.