bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legal Practitioners
Authors: Klose Fabian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In the wake of the efforts to fight the transatlantic slave trade during the nineteenth century the first system of international jurisdiction emerged, the so-called Mixed Commissions for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. These courts sought to guarantee the conviction of captured slave ships by a uniform set of practices, functions, and procedures for all of the commissions established throughout the Atlantic area. However, the Mixed Commissions were far from being a body of frictionless international cooperation. Instead, they were a fiercely contested place, where each member state sought to enforce its competing national interests concerning abolition. The aim of this chapter is to focus on this rather ambiguous character of the Mixed Commissions and its members. It focuses on the ambiguous roles of the commission members as legal actors, diplomats, and advocates in order to present the first system of international courts as a fiercely contested body of early international cooperation.
Pornography, Subordination, and Silencing
Authors: Kramer Matthew H. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Whereas the first four chapters of this book have sought to articulate the content and implications of the principle of freedom of expression and have likewise sought to justify the sway of that principle as a moral absolute, the present chapter seeks to rebut some sophisticated arguments that have been propounded in recent decades by Rae Langton and other analytic feminist philosophers (including Ishani Maitra, Mary Kate McGowan, and Jennifer Hornsby) on the topic of pornography. With the aid of J.L. Austin’s speech-act philosophy, Langton has argued that the widespread availability of hard-core pornography in a society constitutes the subordination of women and causes the silencing of women. This chapter, the longest in the book, first refutes Langton’s claims about the constituting of women’s subordination and then contends that her claims about the causation of silencing—even if correct—are otiose as considerations in support of legal restrictions on pornography.
Countering Public Hate Speech
Authors: Lepoutre Maxime 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers how we should respond to deeply disrespectful or hateful public speech. Unless public hate speech is countered appropriately, it risks eroding the standing or dignity of its targets, and thereby preventing them from participating effectively in democratic public discourse. It is often held that this problem cannot adequately be addressed via ‘more speech’, and that, consequently, we must legally suppress hate speech. But this view relies on an overly limited understanding of how we might counter hate speech with more speech. First, it overlooks the role that the state can play in endowing ‘counterspeech’ with authority. Second, it overlooks the distinction between ‘negative’ counterspeech (which focuses on rejecting hateful perspectives) and ‘positive’ counterspeech (which instead affirms a countervailing and inconsistent perspective). Counterspeech that is both state-sponsored and positively framed constitutes a prima facie preferable tool than legal norms for upholding the standing of targets of hate speech.
The Problem of Goodwill
Authors: Lepoutre Maxime 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the problem of goodwill. According to this concern, productive public discourse requires more goodwill—and, in particular, more trust—than typically obtains in divided societies. The chapter offers a two-pronged response to this worry. First, once we appreciate the systemic character of public discourse, it becomes apparent that productive public discourse demands far less goodwill than one might think. Second, even when levels of mutual dislike are too high for people productively to engage with one another, we can use public discourse to regenerate the missing goodwill. More specifically, features of public discourse that are widespread in non-ideal conditions—namely hypocrisy, anger, and even the occurrence of hate speech—have properties that can be harnessed to rebuild goodwill in divided societies. This might seem counter-intuitive: prima facie, these features of public speech seem wholly at odds with trust and goodwill. The present chapter, however, challenges this common intuition.
The Problem of Political Ignorance
Authors: Lepoutre Maxime 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter turns to the problem that political ignorance poses for democratic public discourse. It is often held (1) that ordinary citizens know too little to engage competently in public debates about politics and (2) that, because of the influence of group identity on political beliefs (or ‘group cognition’), this problematic ignorance is here to stay. The chapter argues that this influential worry fails, because it misunderstands the epistemic function of social group identities. The experiences involved in being a member of a particular social group are epistemically useful for deciding whose political judgment and what political information to trust. This is true even when it comes to scientific questions that bear on political issues, and even when people are dogmatically committed to their group perspectives. So, group cognition constitutes a useful tool for managing and overcoming political ignorance—and, by extension, for defusing the threat it raises for public discourse.
Resisting Political Minimalism
Authors: Lepoutre Maxime 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In light of the challenges to inclusive public discourse discussed in Chapters 5 to 7, one might lose patience with this ideal. On this line of thought, we would do better, for the time being, to pursue a more minimalistic political ideal, which jettisons diverse and large-scale public discourse. The present chapter demonstrates that this is a mistake. Even if widespread political ignorance, together with the mutual ill will, dogmatism, and fragmentation that sustain it, are problematic for inclusive public discourse, they are just as problematic for the political models that are touted as alternatives. Accordingly, departing from the ideal of inclusive discourse because of these difficulties is misguided. Far from being the source of the problem, inclusive democratic speech is best understood as an attempted solution to these difficulties. The chapter concludes that, given that these difficulties are ubiquitous, and given the promise of speech-based innovations, we must try to make this solution work.
An Evaluative Framework
Authors: Lyman R. Lee 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
North American anthropologists and archaeologists have long confused the Midas-touch-like transformational evolution of Lewis Henry Morgan, Edward B. Tylor, and Herbert Spencer with the variational evolution of Charles Darwin. Following Franz Boas, evolution as a theory of change was allegedly discarded by North American anthropologists and archaeologists at the beginning of the twentieth century. However, they used the term “development” instead of “evolution” and spoke of culture change in evolutionary terms, often mixing elements of the theories and ontologies of transformational and variational evolution. Documenting culture change under variational evolution demands the materialist paradox be circumvented. This paradox highlights the question: How do we measure change in continuously variable phenomena? Paleontologists adopted the approach that each population of organisms is polymorphic; individuals are members of the same species but formally variable. Paleontologists compare central tendencies of temporally sequent populations, or chronospecies. Archaeologists who undertook frequency seriations adopted an approach that focuses on morphospecies, forms or types that occur in two or more temporally sequent populations. The occurrence of multiple types per temporal period highlights the variation upon which a sorting mechanism such as selection works, and the occurrence of one or more types in each of two or more temporally sequent assemblages provides evidence of connection between them required of studies of change. Recognizing that graph types, how phenomena are parsed into types, and theories of change are mutually influential allows evaluation of archaeological graphs of change in terms of their implied theories and ontologies.
Shopping Around and One-Off Graphs
Authors: Lyman R. Lee 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Given explicit recognition between ~1915 and the 1930s that certain artifact types display unimodal frequency distributions over time, archaeologists initially presented tables of those frequencies but by the 1930s were experimenting with different types of graphs to present visual images of culture change. The lack of familiarity with graph theory and graph grammar meant numerous kinds of graph were published, often only once each as researchers sought effective (readily deciphered) and efficient (minimal ink and space) graph forms. These experimental graph types range from fairly simplistic to complex and virtually indecipherable. Lack of decipherability and errors in some graphs reflect poor understanding of the principles of graph construction and the precise nature of what a graph type is meant to illustrate. The analytical focus on culture history and recognition that artifact form varied along both time and geographic space led to some efforts to incorporate all three dimensions—form, time, space—into some graphs. It is not surprising that in the search for a useful graph type, the one-off graphs variously implied transformational, variational, and a combination of variational and transformational evolutionary change.
The Fourth (and Influential) Introduction of Spindle Graphs
Authors: Lyman R. Lee 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Close examination of James A. Ford’s self-reported 1952 history of how he developed the centered and stacked bars style of spindle graph for which he is famous indicates he likely invented this kind of spindle graph with a bit of assistance from his colleagues George Quimby and Gordon Willey. In the 1930s, his diagrams of culture change were spatio-temporal rectangles or bar graphs; his first centered and stacked bars spindle diagram appeared in the 1949 published version of his doctoral dissertation. That graph style was picked up by American Southwest archaeologist Paul S(ydney) Martin that same year; Martin had, like many of his colleagues, initially used line graphs and bar graphs to illustrate culture change. Subsequently, numerous individuals adopted Ford’s centered and stacked bars form of spindle diagram. During the 1950s in Europe, French Paleolithic archaeologist François Bordes adopted ogive or cumulative relative frequency curves as a graphic means to compare assemblages of lithic tools. Quickly adopted by many European archaeologists, this graph type was only occasionally used in North America. After Ford, most graphs diagramed variational evolutionary change.
Final Thoughts
Authors: Lyman R. Lee 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Graphs are analytical tools and communication tools, and they summarize visually what has been learned. Granting that a major purpose of archaeology is to document and explain culture change, it is odd that the hows and whys of graphing culture change have received minimal attention in the archaeology literature. Spindle graphs will likely continue to be the most frequently used graph type for diagraming change, but continued development of computer software may result in new graph types and styles. Recent modifications to spindle graphs include scaling bar thickness to temporal duration of the represented assemblage. Classic data on temporal change in kaolin pipe stem hole diameters can be graphed using a regression line, a bar graph, and a spindle graph; the different graphs highlight that how phenomena are classified, how data are graphed, and one’s theory of change are mutually influential. Deciding which graph type to use in any particular situation will depend on what the researcher hopes to illustrate, along with the goal to produce a readily deciphered graph. The majority of archaeological graphs that appeared in the twentieth century depict variational evolution. Once developed in the late 1940s, spindle graphs quickly became the graph type preferred by North American archaeologists. There is weak circumstantial evidence archaeologists may have borrowed the idea of spindle graphs from paleontology, but it seems more likely the idea was stumbled upon by early archaeologists who perceived unimodal pulses in artifact frequencies over time and developed general models of those pulses.
Gelatin-biofermentative unsulfated glycosaminoglycans semi-interpenetrating hydrogels via microbial-transglutaminase crosslinking enhance osteogenic potential of dental pulp stem cells
Authors: La Gatta Annalisa , Tirino Virginia , Cammarota Marcella , La Noce Marcella , Stellavato Antonietta , Pirozzi Anna Virginia Adriana , Portaccio Marianna , Diano Nadia , Laino Luigi , Papaccio Gianpaolo , Schiraldi Chiara 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGelatin hydrogels by microbial-transglutaminase crosslinking are being increasingly exploited for tissue engineering, and proved high potential in bone regeneration. This study aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the combination of enzymatically crosslinked gelatin with hyaluronan and the newly developed biotechnological chondroitin in enhancing osteogenic potential. Gelatin enzymatic crosslinking was carried out in the presence of hyaluronan or of a hyaluronan–chondroitin mixture, obtaining semi-interpenetrating gels. The latter proved lower swelling extent and improved stiffness compared to the gelatin matrix alone, whilst maintaining high stability. The heteropolysaccharides were retained for 30 days in the hydrogels, thus influencing cell response over this period. To evaluate the effect of hydrogel composition on bone regeneration, materials were seeded with human dental pulp stem cells and osteogenic differentiation was assessed. The expression of osteocalcin (OC) and osteopontin (OPN), both at gene and protein level, was evaluated at 7, 15 and 30 days of culture. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and two-photon microscope observations were performed to assess bone-like extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and to observe the cell penetration depth. In the presence of the heteropolysaccharides, OC and OPN expression was upregulated and a higher degree of calcified matrix formation was observed. Combination with hyaluronan and chondroitin improved both the biophysical properties and the biological response of enzymatically crosslinked gelatin, fastening bone deposition.
Estate deadlock—when unanimity between executors is a pipe dream
Authors: Gardner Robert , Minns Sonia 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This article looks at a recent judgment of the Royal Court of Jersey in which two of the five executors sought relief from the Court aimed at breaking the deadlock which had plagued the administration of the estate for much of its 19 years. The Court agreed to a request to delegate the final stages of the administration (which mainly related to selling some apartments in Malaysia) to the court appointed administrator. Whilst final sign off for any material steps rests with the executors themselves, a mechanism has been built into the orders which allows the Viscount of Jersey to sign documents on behalf of any recalcitrant executor, subject to that executor being able to apply to Court if he or she feels strongly enough to file an objection.
Trusts of the family home: it’s not just the judges who are confused
Authors: Atkins Scott 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The decision of the Court of Appeal in the recent case of O’Neill v Holland was, on the one hand, a useful reminder that detrimental reliance is always part of the necessary ingredients to establish a constructive trust of the family home.
The Court of Appeal agreed that the District Judge, at trial, had misdirected herself on the issue of detrimental reliance and had not appeared to realise that it was a key attribute required to underpin a constructive trust. On the other hand, the approach taken by the Court of Appeal in its decision could itself be clearer and it is suggested that, when the surface of the decision is scratched away, the decision does little to clarify the principles in this area. Rather oddly, it might be an instance of where going back to first principles is not necessarily the best approach to take.
Myo1c, an unconventional motor that maintains glomerular filtration function
Authors: Arif Ehtesham , Mallik Leena , Rathore Yogendra S , Kumari Babita , Ostap Michael , Ashish FNU , Holzman Lawrence B , Nihalani Deepak 
Published: June 2021

Podocytes and their specialized junctions “slit diaphragm” are key components of glomerular filtration system and their dysfunction is associated with impaired kidney function. We recently demonstrated that motor protein Myo1c mediates translocation of slit diaphragm proteins Neph1 and Nephrin from cytoplasm to podocytes cell membrane that is critical for renal function. In this study, we investigated physiological significance of Myo1c in maintaining glomerular filtration barrier using zebrafish as a model system. In addition, we performed structural and biochemical experiments to decipher the interacting regions in Myo1c and Neph1 that provides mechanistic insight into the assembly of Neph1 and its complexes at podocyte membrane. Knockdown of Myo1c in zebrafish using morpholinos impaired the glomerular filtration function. The solution structures of full length Myo1c in complex with the cytoplasmic domain of Neph1 was resolved using small/wide angle X‐ray scattering. The structural analysis revealed multiple regions in Myo1c and Neph1 that mediate this interaction. Binding mutants derived from this analysis confirmed the validity of this approach and the imaging experiments further demonstrated the inability of these mutants to localize at podocyte cell membrane and rescue a renal phenotype in zebrafish Neph1 knockdown model. Collectively, these results support a critical role for Myo1c in renal physiology.Research support: Research support from NIH and NIDDK, Grant RO1 1R01DK087956 to D. N., DK080751 to L.B.H and NephCure foundation (NCF) for the NephCure Postdoctoral Grant, 2012‐RFP‐001 to E. A.
Chronic Exposure of Clonal Pancreatic β‐cells (INS‐1 832/13) to Pyruvate Inhibits Glucose‐induced Insulin Secretion
Authors: Burritt Nathan Edward , Corkey Barbara , Deeney Jude T. 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveType 2 diabetes (T2D) occurs when pancreatic β‐cells fail to compensate for insulin resistance. Insulin resistance can be caused by a sustained elevation in insulin secretion, which may develop through a mechanism independent of the well‐established pathway described for fuel‐stimulated secretion. We hypothesize that nutrient availability can alter the redox state (NAD(P)H/NAD(P) ratio) leading to increases in reactive oxygen species (ROS) ultimately affecting insulin secretion.MethodsTo test this hypothesis we have incubated clonal pancreatic β‐cells (INS‐1 832/13) in increasing concentrations of Pyruvate (Pyr) (1–20 mM) or in varying ratios of Pyr and Lactate (Lac) for18–72 hrs in order to modify the REDOX capacity of the cell. Insulin secretion (HTRF), REDOX (autofluorescence), while insulin secretion and total insulin content where measured for Pyr and Lac.ResultsPyr exposure decreased insulin secretion in a concentration dependent manner with a maximal inhibition of ~60% occurring at 5 mM.ConclusionChronic exposure of INS‐1 cells to extracellular Pyr and Acoc inhibits insulin secretion by changing the REDOX state of the cells, affecting both insulin secretion and insulin content in a dose dependent manner.
Dairy foods intake and bone health
Authors: de França Natasha Aparecida Grande , Peters Barbara Santarosa Emo , de Souza Wysllenny Nascimento , Camargo Marilia Rodrigues , Lazaretti‐Castro Marise , Martini Ligia Araujo 
Published: June 2021

The association between dairy intake and bone metabolism was evaluated. A cross‐sectional study with 89 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis, mean age 68.4 ± 8.7 years was performed. Dietary intake was obtained by a 3‐day food record, bone mineral density and body composition were measured, and biomarkers of bone metabolism were analyzed. The mean intake of dairy was 345.2 ± 193.6 g. The calcium and vitamin D intake was 854.7 ± 367.7 mg and 4.6 ± 2.3 mcg respectively. The concentration of parathyroid hormone (PTH) was 61.5 ± 28.9 pg/mL and serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) was 24.6 ± 10.4 ng/mL. The loss of bone density was most notable in lumbar spine (T‐score −2.8 ± 1.0) than in femur neck (T‐score −1.8 ± 0.8). The BMI was 26.6 ± 3.9 kg/m2, with 36.1 ± 5.8% of body fat. There was no correlation between dairy and bone mass density, PTH, 25(OH)D, and body composition. When the sample was divided according to the percentiles of dairy intake, there were statistically significant differences only in dietary parameters. The group with higher dairy intake (more than 455 g/day) ingested more energy, calcium and vitamin D, compared to the other groups (p < 0.05). There was no relation between dairy intake and markers of bone metabolism. Allow vitamin D status was observed in these postmenopausal women with osteoporosis. Furthermore the association with dairy foods intake suggests a potential benefit of dietary recommendation. FAPESP.Grant Funding Source: FAPESP
Dentists′ Dietary Perception and Practice Patterns in a Dental Practice‐Based Research Network
Authors: Yokoyama Yoko , Kakudate Naoki , Sumida Futoshi , Matsumoto Yuki , Gilbert Gregg H , Gordan Valeria V 
Published: June 2021

Objective(1) To examine discordance between dentists’ perception of the importance of diet in caries treatment planning and their actual provision of diet counseling to patients, and (2) identify dentists’ characteristics associated with their provision of diet counseling.MethodsThe cross‐sectional study was conducted using US the National Dental Practice‐Based Research Network (PBRN) questionnaire. The study queried dentists working in outpatient dental practices who were affiliated with the Dental PBRN Japan (n=282).ResultsThe majority of participants (n=116, 63%) recognized that diet is important to oral health. However, among participants who think diet is important (n=116), only 48% (n=56) provide diet counseling to more than 20% of their patients. Multiple logistic regression analysis suggested that several variables were associated with providing diet counseling: dentist gender, percentage of patients interested in caries prevention, and who receive blood pressure screening.ConclusionsSome discordance exists between dentists’ perception of the importance of diet in caries treatment planning and their actual practice pattern regarding diet counseling to patients. Reducing this discordance may require additional dentist education, including nutritional and systemic disease concepts; patient education to increase understanding of the importance of caries prevention.Grant Funding Source: NIH grants U01‐DE‐16746, U01‐DE‐16747, and U19‐DE‐22516