bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observing a superposition
Authors: Skokowski Paul 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe bare theory is a no-collapse version of quantum mechanics which predicts certain puzzling results for the introspective beliefs of human observers of superpositions. The bare theory can be interpreted to claim that an observer can form false beliefs about the outcome of an experiment which produces a superpositional result. It is argued that, when careful consideration is given to the observer’s belief states and their evolution, the observer does not end up with the beliefs claimed. This result leads to questions about whether there can be any allure for no-collapse theories as austere as the bare theory.
The epistemic value of deliberative democracy: how far can diversity take us?
Authors: Benson Jonathan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper contributes to growing debates over the decision-making ability of democracy by considering the epistemic value of deliberative democracy. It focuses on the benefits democratic deliberation can derive from its diversity, and the extent to which these benefits can be realised with respect to the complexities of political problems. The paper first calls attention to the issue of complexity through a critique of Hélène Landemore and the Diversity Trumps Ability Theorem. This approach underestimates complexity due to its reliance on an ‘oracle assumption’ and this is shown to highlight more general difficulties for applying the benefits of diversity to the realities of political problems. The paper then develops a new model of deliberation—based on an relationship between cognitive diversity and diminishing returns to cognitive type—which does not involve an oracle assumption and can therefore support the epistemic value of deliberative democracy even for complex problems. The benefits of diversity are also argued to be better realised though sortition than either democratic elections or epistocracy, pointing to the value of deliberation between randomly selected citizens. Finally, and contrary to past work, the new account suggests that diversity cannot alone establish the superiority of democratic deliberation over all non-democratic alternatives, and that it is insufficient to mount a purely epistemic argument for deliberative democracy. The paper therefore furthers our understanding of the epistemic value of deliberative democracy by clarifying when and to what extent diversity is a benefit to political problem solving.
Influence of Steel Surface Composition on ZDDP Tribofilm Growth Using Ion Implantation
Authors: Ueda Mao , Kadiric Amir , Spikes Hugh 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper examines the influence of steel surface composition on antiwear tribofilm formation by ion-implanting typical steel alloying elements, Ni, Mo, Cr, V and W, into AISI 52100 bearing steel surfaces. Such implantation changes the chemical composition of the steel surface but has relatively little effect on its mechanical properties or topography. The behaviour of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) antiwear additive was studied. The study employs a ball on disc tribometer with ability to monitor tribofilm development and a range of analytical tools including STEM-EDX, XPS and FIB-TEM to analyse the formed tribofilms. It was found that Ni implantation promotes ZDDP tribofilm formation while Mo and Cr implantation deters tribofilm growth. V and W implantation do not significantly change tribofilm formation. Results on the influence of ZDDP concentration on tribofilm formation rate with different implanted metals suggest that one important mechanism by which steel composition influences tribofilm formation may be by controlling the extent of ZDDP adsorption. This study shows the importance of steel surface composition on ZDDP response and also demonstrates a powerful way to study and potentially improve the tribological performance of machine components via a combination of lubricant formulation and surface modification.
Agency and Choice in Evolution
Authors: Delafield-Butt Jonathan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDenis Noble has produced a succinct analysis of the ‘Illusions of the Modern Synthesis’. At the heart of the matter is the place of agency in organisms. This paper examines the nature of conscious agent action in organisms, and the role of affects in shaping agent choice. It examines the dual role these have in shaping evolution, and in the social worlds of scientists that shape evolutionary theory. Its central claim follows Noble, that agency is central to the structure of organisms, and raises careful consideration for the role animal agency and affective evaluations in biology, and in biologists.
Student Development in Logical Reasoning: Results of an Intervention Guiding Students Through Different Modes of Visual and Formal Representation
Authors: Bronkhorst Hugo , Roorda Gerrit , Suhre Cor , Goedhart Martin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDue to growing interest in twenty-first-century skills, and critical thinking as a key element, logical reasoning is gaining increasing attention in mathematics curricula in secondary education. In this study, we report on an analysis of video recordings of student discussions in one class of seven students who were taught with a specially designed course in logical reasoning for non-science students (12th graders). During the course of 10 lessons, students worked on a diversity of logical reasoning tasks: both closed tasks where all premises were provided and everyday reasoning tasks with implicit premises. The structure of the course focused on linking different modes of representation (enactive, iconic, and symbolic), based on the model of concreteness fading (Fyfe et al., 2014). Results show that students easily link concrete situations to certain iconic referents, such as formal (letter) symbols, but need more practice for others, such as Venn and Euler diagrams. We also show that the link with the symbolic mode, i.e. an interpretation with more general and abstract models, is not that strong. This might be due to the limited time spent on further practice. However, in the transition from concrete to symbolic via the iconic mode, students may take a step back to a visual representation, which shows that working on such links is useful for all students. Overall, we conclude that the model of concreteness fading can support education in logical reasoning. One recommendation is to devote sufficient time to establishing links between different types of referents and representations.
Occupational exposure of librarians to mold spores and metal particles: a real-time case study
Authors: Baldelli Alberto , Couch Brett , Loosley Benjamin , Bartlett Karen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn a university library, activities typical of librarians, such as unpacking boxes, removing books from the shelves, dusting, packing boxes, cataloguing, conservation and repair, photocopying, setting materials for class, and walking in a main hallway, were found to reduce indoor air quality through the production of airborne mold spores, metal dusts, and particulate matter of different size bins. Analyzing three libraries, the activity of conservation generated 9000 spores/m3 of mold spores, nearing the exposure limit of 104 spores/m3 reported for Penicillium sp., and silver nanoparticles of about 15 µg/m3, that over 8 h would exceed the occupational exposure limit of 0.19 µg/m3. For none of the activities, the levels of particulate matter with a diameter lower than 2.5 µm (PM2.5) and 10 µm (PM10) did not exceed the 8-h time weight average limits of exposure. However, by analyzing the 5th percentile of the real-time PM10 data, values of about 1.5 mg/m3, which is concerning for occupational exposure. Measuring real-time exposures of PM could generate an estimation of levels of mold spores and metal dusts in libraries. We demonstrate a high Spearman’s rank correlation (0.70) between the 5th percentile of PM with a diameter lower than 1 µm and different metals. A high linearity (R2 = 0.85) is obtained between the total average of PM with a diameter lower than 10 µm and mold spores/m3.
DNA Methylation in Ovarian Tumors—a Comparison Between Fresh Tissue and FFPE Samples
Authors: Oliveira Douglas V.N.P. , Hentze Julie , O’Rourke Colm J. , Andersen Jesper B. , Høgdall Claus , Høgdall Estrid V. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAmong women, ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most severe forms of malignancy, accounting for a low 5-year survival rate, of approximately 52%. Early symptoms are unspecific and hence hard to detect. The origin of OC and its subtypes are still unclear, underlying the need for efficient diagnostic biomarkers. In that regard, epigenetics studies are emerging in cancer diagnostics, with encouraging outcomes. Among them, DNA methylation profiling has shown that the origins of the cancer epigenome are associated with molecular factors that are crucial to carcinogenesis, such as regulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Furthermore, those events have been detected in abnormal cell morphology before neoplastic formation, indicating its potential crucial use in the OC diagnostics in the future. Nonetheless, studies are limited, and whether methylation analysis can be performed optimally in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) preparations of OC cases is still elusive. In the present report, we investigated the performance of DNA methylation analysis in FFPE samples, compared to their matched fresh frozen tissue in a small cohort of OC samples. We found that the overall DNA methylation profile in FFPE tissue showed high concordance to that found in fresh frozen tissue, and accounting for the small cohort size, the differentially methylated sites found primarily in frozen tissue, compared to benign samples, were also reproducible in FFPE. Overall, by using samples from our current clinical setting of tissue preservation, these preliminary observations might provide insights into the clinical use of FFPE tissues in methylation studies without critically compromising the outcome.
An experimental study on autologous transplantation of fresh ovarian tissue in sheep
Authors: Cheng Hongyan , Ye Xue , Zhu Honglan , Li Yi , liang Xudong , Chang Xiaohong , Cui Heng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate current autologous transplantation methods and sites of ovarian tissues in sheep.MethodsSheep ovaries were resected. Ovarian cortices were sliced and transplanted orthotopically into the ovarian mesangial latum and heterotopically into the greater omentum and under groin skin. The grafts were removed two months after transplantation and examined to evaluate the survival of follicles (hematoxylin-eosin staining) and help determining feasible graft sites and transplantation methods.ResultsGraft nodules were found in the transplanted sites. HE staining of the grafts showed that multipleprimordial follicleswere able to survive in the grafts on both sides of the ovarian mesangial latum, the right side of the greater omentum, and the left inguinal subcutaneous tissue. Secondary or cystic follicles were found in almost all of the grafts.ConclusionThe ovarian mesangial latum, the greater omentum and the inguinal subcutaneous tissue can be used as autologous transplantation sites, where sheep ovarian tissue can survive and the follicles grow and develop in good condition.
Analysis of the clinical characteristics and neonatal outcomes of seven cases of pregnancy luteoma discovered incidentally at cesarean section
Authors: Shen Junhua , Tang Lanlan , Huang Genping , Bai Xiaoxia , Li Baohua , Wang Zhengping 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveIn this study, we summarize the clinical characteristics and neonatal outcomes of patients with pregnancy luteomas that were identified incidentally at cesarean section in our hospital. We also provide a review of the existing literature relating to this condition.MethodsA total of seven cases of pregnancy luteoma were enrolled from our hospital into this retrospective study between March 2013 and February 2018. We then evaluated the clinical characteristics and neonatal outcomes of these patients.ResultsAll seven patients with pregnancy luteomas found incidentally during Cesarean sections at term as a result of obstetric indications. These masses were unilateral and ranged from 2 to 10 cm in size. All patients underwent partial ovariectomies or oophorocystectomy due to presumptive benign ovarian tumors. Two patients had gestational diabetes and one patient had gestational hypertension. One patient developed hirsutism and a deepened voice. Of the seven newborns, three were girls and four were boys. Physical examinations of the newborns were normal and no virilization was detected among the infant girls.ConclusionPregnancy luteoma may be more common than expected. Better strategies are now needed to educate obstetricians about the clinical features of pregnancy luteoma so that they can avoid unnecessary surgery.
Evaluation of an interactive virtual surgical rotation during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Byrnes Yasmeen M. , Luu Neil N. , Frost Ariel S. , Chao Tiffany N. , Brody Robert M. , Cannady Steven B. , Rajasekaran Karthik , Shanti Rabie M. , Newman Jason G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate medical student and attending surgeon experiences with a novel interactive virtual Otolaryngology ‐ Head and Neck Surgery (OHNS) medical student elective during the COVID‐19 pandemic.Study DesignA virtual OHNS elective was created, with three components: (1) interactive virtual operating room (OR) experience using live‐stream video‐conferencing, (2) telehealth clinic, (3) virtual didactics.SettingOHNS Department at the University of Pennsylvania (May 2020 to June 2020).MethodsSix medical students from the University of Pennsylvania; five attending otolaryngologists. Two surveys were designed and distributed to participating medical students and attending surgeons. Surveys included 5‐point Likert scale items, with 1 indicating “not at all” and 5 indicating “very much so”.ResultsResponse rate was 100% for both surveys. Students on average rated the educational value of the telehealth experience as 4.2 ± 1.2, and the virtual OR experience as 4.0 ± 0.6. Most students (n = 5, 83%) indicated that they had enough exposure to faculty they met on this rotation to ask for a letter of recommendation (LOR) for residency if needed, while attending surgeons had an average response of 3.0 ± 1.0 when asked how comfortable they would feel writing a LOR for a student they met through the rotation. A majority of students (n = 4, 67%) felt they connected enough with faculty during the rotation to ask for mentorship. Half the students (n = 5, 50%) indicated that the rotation allowed them to evaluate the department's culture either “extremely well” or “somewhat well”.ConclusionsOverall, participating students described this innovative virtual surgical rotation as an educationally and professionally valuable experience. With the continued suspension of visiting student rotations due to the COVID‐19 pandemic, this virtual model may have continued relevance to medical education.
Air‐Water Exchange and Gas‐Particle Partitioning of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Coral Reef Areas of the South China Sea
Authors: Feng Ziyue , Wang Chenglong , Zhang Chuchu , Wang Wanzhi , Wang Jiajia , Li Yali , Zou Xinqing 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this study, we collected gas, particulate, and surface water‐dissolved phase samples from 16 sites in the South China Sea from March 21 to April 12, 2018. Thereafter, all the samples were analyzed for the air‐water exchange and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Thus, it was observed that the overall PAH concentrations in the water and gas phases were 8.0 ± 5.5 ng/L and 41.3 ± 24.7 ng/m3, respectively. Back trajectory simulation showed that the air masses in the South China Sea primarily originated from mainland China during the heating period, and air‐water exchange analysis showed net deposition from air to water, with fluxes ranging from −5.53 to −89.72 ng/m2/d. Further, the logarithmic gas‐particle partitioning coefficient (logKp) of the PAHs regressed linearly with the logarithmic subcooled liquid vapor pressure (log P0 L), with an average slope of −0.3 ± 0.13.
Fate of Pollution Emitted During the 2015 Indonesian Fire Season
Authors: Park Mijeong , Worden Helen M. , Kinnison Douglas E. , Gaubert Benjamin , Tilmes Simone , Emmons Louisa K. , Santee Michelle L. , Froidevaux Lucien , Boone Chris D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe El Niño‐driven fire season in Indonesia in September–October 2015 produced the largest fire emissions on record since NASA's EOS satellites started making observations of tropospheric pollutants from space. In this study, measurements of carbon monoxide (CO) from the Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) on Terra and the Microwave Limb Sounder are used to characterize the anomalously high CO emitted during the 2015 Indonesian fire season transported into the tropical upper troposphere and stratosphere. The satellite measurements indicate that CO emitted from wildfires was transported into the upper troposphere with time lags up to ∼2 months and continued to be transported into the stratosphere, which resulted in higher concentrations of CO extending up to ∼20 hPa by the end of 2016. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) measured by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE‐FTS) confirms that anomalously high HCN emitted from the same wildfires was also transported into the tropical stratosphere and persisted throughout 2017. Simulations of CO from the Community Atmosphere Model with Chemistry (CAM‐chem) show a significant increase in CO concentrations in the troposphere in October 2015. However, comparisons between CAM‐chem and MOPITT CO suggest that the model underestimates the amount of CO even with doubled emissions of CO in October 2015. Both the satellite measurements and the model simulations show that the pollution emitted from the wildfires over Indonesia was transported to and persisted in the tropical stratosphere much longer than the previous El‐Niño driven fire events due to unprecedented amount of the fire emissions.
Dynamics of Subsurface Migration of Water on the Moon
Authors: Reiss P. , Warren T. , Sefton‐Nash E. , Trautner R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe investigate the dynamics of a water pumping mechanism driven by temperature variations in the lunar subsurface. The thermal environment at three polar sites and three sites in the Clavius region was simulated, taking into account local terrain and scattered radiation. A separate heat and mass transfer model was used to simulate depth‐dependent, temperature‐dependent, and pressure‐dependent properties of the lunar subsurface. The results suggest that diurnally varying heat fluxes create suitable conditions for water migration at many sites across the lunar surface. Enabled by a constant supply to the lunar surface, water molecules typically migrate a few centimeters deep via the formation of distinct concentration peaks, and a downward flux driven by the repeated desorption and resorption. With a constant supply rate of 10−15 kg/(m2 s), the quantity of adsorbed water stored at Ga timescales reaches values on the order of 10−10 to 10−7 mol/m2 at the investigated sites. Based on our results, we present a new relation for the water migration depth that takes into account the ratios of surface temperatures. The results of a sensitivity analysis show that the desorption activation energy is a dominant factor for the quantity and depth of water migration. In addition to long‐term accumulation of subsurface adsorbate, the model shows that temporarily captured water at shallower depths can be released during the lunar day at quantities of up to several µg m−2. This, as well as exposure of shallow water disturbed by impacts, may be a relevant source for surface water in illuminated areas.
Stratigraphy and Volumes of the Units Within the Massive Carbon Dioxide Ice Deposits of Mars
Authors: Alwarda R. , Smith I. B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe south polar layered deposits of Mars contain a massive CO2 ice reservoir formed during periods of low planetary obliquity and partial atmospheric collapse. Within the reservoir are bounding layers (BLs) that are believed to consist entirely of water ice and modify CO2 ice stability during periods of higher obliquity and insolation. Here we use three‐dimensional data from the Shallow Radar instrument to extend and update past mapping efforts of the reservoir in order to evaluate its internal structure and mass distribution. By mapping the entirety of each BL as two distinct reflectors, we provide individual volumetric calculations of the multiple CO2 units for the first time (146, 1,472, and 5,493 km3) and discover a new, smaller unit (12 km3). Our volumetric measurements provide critical parameters to understanding past climatic states and climatological modeling, including the magnitude of atmospheric collapse and rebound over three separate events. We also provide updated thickness and areal extent measurements of BL1 (31 ± 5 m, 1,001 km2), BL2 (32 ± 9 m, 5,415 km2) and BL2+3 (42 ± 12 m, 4,232 km2), with maximum thickness of ∼80 m. By mapping the entirety of the BLs, we find novel radar observations, attainable only in 3D, which support previous interpretations that both BL are composed of water ice. Our novel measurements will support climatological studies of Mars’ atmosphere in the past 500 kyr.
Deep North Atlantic Last Glacial Maximum Salinity Reconstruction
Authors: Homola Kira , Spivack Arthur J. , Murray Richard W. , Pockalny Robert , D'Hondt Steven , Robinson Rebecca 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe reconstruct deep water‐mass salinities and spatial distributions in the western North Atlantic during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM, 19–26 ka), a period when atmospheric CO2 was significantly lower than it is today. A reversal in the LGM Atlantic meridional bottom water salinity gradient has been hypothesized for several LGM water‐mass reconstructions. Such a reversal has the potential to influence climate, ocean circulation, and atmospheric CO2 by increasing the thermal energy and carbon storage capacity of the deep ocean. To test this hypothesis, we reconstructed LGM bottom water salinity based on sedimentary porewater chloride profiles in a north‐south transect of piston cores collected from the deep western North Atlantic. LGM bottom water salinity in the deep western North Atlantic determined by the density‐based method is 3.41–3.99 ± 0.15% higher than modern values at these sites. This increase is consistent with: (a) the 3.6% global average salinity change expected from eustatic sea level rise, (b) a northward expansion of southern sourced deep water, (c) shoaling of northern sourced deep water, and (d) a reversal of the Atlantic's north‐south deep water salinity gradient during the LGM.