bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bright Electrically Controllable Quantum‐Dot‐Molecule Devices Fabricated by In Situ Electron‐Beam Lithography
Authors: Schall Johannes , Deconinck Marielle , Bart Nikolai , Florian Matthias , von Helversen Martin , Dangel Christian , Schmidt Ronny , Bremer Lucas , Bopp Frederik , Hüllen Isabell , Gies Christopher , Reuter Dirk , Wieck Andreas D. , Rodt Sven , Finley Jonathan J. , Jahnke Frank , Ludwig Arne , Reitzenstein Stephan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSelf‐organized semiconductor quantum dots represent almost ideal two‐level systems, which have strong potential to applications in photonic quantum technologies. For instance, they can act as emitters in close‐to‐ideal quantum light sources. Coupled quantum dot systems with significantly increased functionality are potentially of even stronger interest since they can be used to host ultra‐stable singlet‐triplet spin qubits for efficient spin‐photon interfaces and for deterministic photonic 2D cluster‐state generation. An advanced quantum dot molecule (QDM) device is realized and excellent optical properties are demonstrated. The device includes electrically controllable QDMs based on stacked quantum dots in a pin‐diode structure. The QDMs are deterministically integrated into a photonic structure with a circular Bragg grating using in situ electron beam lithography. A photon extraction efficiency of up to (24 ± 4)% is measured in good agreement with numerical simulations. The coupling character of the QDMs is clearly demonstrated by bias voltage dependent spectroscopy that also controls the orbital couplings of the QDMs and their charge state in quantitative agreement with theory. The QDM devices show excellent single‐photon emission properties with a multi‐photon suppression of . These metrics make the developed QDM devices attractive building blocks for use in future photonic quantum networks using advanced nanophotonic hardware.
Organic contamination detection for isotopic analysis of water by laser spectroscopy
Authors: Millar Cody , Janzen Kim , Nehemy Magali F. , Koehler Geoff , Hervé‐Fernández Pedro , McDonnell Jeffrey J. 
Published: May 2021

RationaleHydrogen and oxygen stable isotope ratios (δ2H, δ17O, and δ18O values) are commonly used tracers of water. These ratios can be measured by isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS). However, IRIS approaches are prone to errors induced by organic compounds present in plant, soil, and natural water samples. A novel approach using 17O‐excess values has shown promise for flagging spectrally contaminated plant samples during IRIS analysis. A systematic assessment of this flagging system is needed to prove it useful.MethodsErrors induced by methanol and ethanol water mixtures on measured IRIS and isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) results were evaluated. For IRIS analyses both liquid‐ and vapour‐mode (via direct vapour equilibration) methods are used. The δ2H, δ17O, and δ18O values were measured and compared with known reference values to determine the errors induced by methanol and ethanol contamination. In addition, the 17O‐excess contamination detection approach was tested. This is a post‐processing detection tool for both liquid and vapour IRIS triple‐isotope analyses, utilizing calculated 17O‐excess values to flag contaminated samples.ResultsOrganic contamination induced significant errors in IRIS results, not seen in IRMS results. Methanol caused larger errors than ethanol. Results from vapour‐IRIS analyses had larger errors than those from liquid‐IRIS analyses. The 17O‐excess approach identified methanol driven error in liquid‐ and vapour‐mode IRIS samples at levels where isotope results became unacceptably erroneous. For ethanol contaminated samples, a mix of erroneous and correct flagging occurred with the 17O‐excess method. Our results indicate that methanol is the more problematic contaminant for data corruption. The 17O‐excess method was therefore useful for data quality control.ConclusionsOrganic contamination caused significant errors in IRIS stable isotope results. These errors were larger during vapour analyses than during liquid IRIS analyses, and larger for methanol than ethanol contamination. The 17O‐excess method is highly sensitive for detecting narrowband (methanol) contamination error in vapour and liquid analysis modes in IRIS.
A Case of Hypereosinophilia with Digital Ischaemia Successfully Treated with Intravenous Prostaglandin E1
Authors: Kaga M. , Takeuchi H. , Iwahara K. , Ihara H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the therapeutic management of eosinophilic disorder, it is important to prevent hypereosinophilia (HE)-related organ damage even in the process of diagnosis. We describe here a unique clinical and histopathological findings of the patient with HE accompanied with digital ischaemia. Treatment with intravenous prostaglandin E1 was essential for digital ischaemia in our case while benralizumab, humanized monoclonal antibody against interleukin-5 receptorα, did not affect. Our case suggests an earlier intervention for digital ischaemia in the therapeutic management of eosiniphilic disorder.
How I cope at university: Self‐directed stress management strategies of Australian students
Authors: Reis Arianne , Saheb Rowena , Parish Patricia , Earl Andrea , Klupp Nerida , Sperandei Sandro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUniversities across the world remain under‐resourced and frequently unequipped to provide the required support to the increasing demand of students experiencing mental health problems. While there is a considerable amount of research focusing on university student stress levels, interventions to address them, and coping strategies adopted by students, little research has reported on the strategies students choose to manage their stress and how that relates to their self‐identified sources of stress as well as to what universities are offering to support their mental health and wellbeing. The present study provides a contribution in this direction, reporting on a study that surveyed over 3200 students from three large Australian metropolitan universities and interviewed three groups of university staff who provide student wellbeing services. Results highlight differences between what students and staff perceive as main sources of stress and best strategies to address them. In addition, students recommend task‐oriented, pro‐active coping strategies more often to their peers than engage in them themselves. The findings of the study further reinforce the need to develop an understanding of student coping strategies with a lens considerate of students' perspectives and preferences to authentically support their wellbeing, better informing planning and service delivery.
Neural Network Analysis of Electron Microscopy Video Data Reveals the Temperature‐Driven Microphase Dynamics in the Ions/Water System
Authors: Kashin Alexey S. , Boiko Daniil A. , Ananikov Valentine P. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractReal‐time field‐emission scanning electron microscopy (FE‐SEM) measurements and neural network analysis were successfully merged to observe the temperature‐induced behavior of soft liquid microdomains in mixtures of different ionic liquids with water. The combination of liquid FE‐SEM and in situ heating techniques revealed temperature‐driven solution restructuring for ions/water systems with different water states and their critical point behavior expressed in a rapid switch between thermal expansion and shrinkage of liquid microphases at temperatures of ≈100–130 °C, which was directly recorded on electron microscopy videos. Automation of FE‐SEM video analysis by a neural network approach allowed quantification of the morphological changes in ions/water systems during heating on the basis of thousands of images processed with a speed almost equal to the frame rate of original electron microscopy videos. Tracking and evolution of the micro‐heterogeneous domains, hypothesized in the Ioliomics concept, was mapped and quantified for the first time. The present study describes the concept for quick acquisition of big data in electron microscopy, develops rapid neural network analysis and shows how to link microscopic data to fundamental molecular properties.
Mechanophotonics—Mechanical Micromanipulation of Single‐Crystals toward Organic Photonic Integrated Circuits
Authors: Chandrasekar Rajadurai 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe advent of molecular crystals as “smart” nanophotonic components namely, organic waveguides, resonators, lasers, and modulators are drawing wider attention of solid‐state materials scientists and microspectroscopists. Crystals are usually rigid, and undeniably developing next‐level crystalline organic photonic circuits of complex geometries demands using mechanically flexible crystals. The mechanical shaping of flexible crystals necessitates applying challenging micromanipulation methods. The rise of atomic force microscopy as a mechanical micromanipulation tool has increased the scope of mechanophotonics and subsequently, crystal‐based microscale organic photonic integrated circuits (OPICs). The unusual higher adhesive energy of the flexible crystals to the surface than that of crystal shape regaining energy enables carving intricate crystal geometries using micromanipulation. This perspective reviews the progress made in a key research area developed by my research group, namely mechanophotonics—a discipline that uses mechanical micromanipulation of single‐crystal optical components, to advance nanophotonics. The precise fabrication of photonic components and OPICs from both rigid and flexible microcrystal via AFM mechanical operations namely, moving, lifting, cutting, slicing, bending, and transferring of crystals are presented. The ability of OPICs to guide, split, couple, and modulate visible electromagnetic radiation using passive, active, and energy transfer mechanism are discussed as well with recent literature examples.
4D Printing of Hygroscopic Liquid Crystal Elastomer Actuators
Authors: Kim Keumbee , Guo Yuanhang , Bae Jaehee , Choi Subi , Song Hyeong Yong , Park Sungmin , Hyun Kyu , Ahn Suk‐Kyun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLiquid crystal elastomers (LCEs) are broadly recognized as programmable actuating materials that are responsive to external stimuli, typically heat or light. Yet, soft LCEs that respond to changes in environmental humidity are not reported, except a few examples based on rigid liquid crystal networks with limited processing. Herein, a new class of highly deformable hygroscopic LCE actuators that can be prepared by versatile processing methods, including surface alignment as well as 3D printing is presented. The dimethylamino‐functionalized LCE is prepared by the aza‐Michael addition reaction between a reactive LC monomer and N,N′‐dimethylethylenediamine as a chain extender, followed by photopolymerization. The humidity‐responsive properties are introduced by activating one of the LCE surfaces with an acidic solution, which generates cations on the surface and provides asymmetric hydrophilicity to the LCE. The resulting humidity‐responsive LCE undergoes programmed and reversible hygroscopic actuation, and its shape transformation can be directed by the cut angle with respect to a nematic director or by localizing activation regions in the LCE. Most importantly, various hygroscopic LCE actuators, including (porous) bilayers, a flower, a concentric square array, and a soft gripper, are successfully fabricated by using LC inks in UV‐assisted direct‐ink‐writing‐based 3D printing.
Anisotropic Evaporator with a T‐Shape Design for High‐Performance Solar‐Driven Zero‐Liquid Discharge
Authors: Liu Hanwen , Jin Ruizhi , Duan Sicong , Ju Yujun , Wang Zhuoyue , Yang Ke , Wang Baodui , Wang Bo , Yao Yonggang , Chen Fengjuan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSolar‐driven evaporation is regarded as a sustainable wastewater treatment strategy for clean water recovery and salt condensation. However, achieving both high evaporation rate and long‐term stability remain challenging due to poor thermal management and rapid salt accumulation and blocking. Here, a T‐shape solar‐driven evaporator, composed of a surface‐carbonized longitudinal wood membrane (C‐L‐wood) is demonstrated as the top “” for solar harvesting/vapor generation/salt collection and another piece of natural L‐wood as the support “” for brine transporting and thermally insulating. The horizontally aligned micro‐channels of C‐L‐wood have a low perpendicular thermal conductivity and can effectively localize the thermal energy for rapid evaporation. Meanwhile, the brine is guided to transport from the support L‐wood (“”) to the centerline of the top evaporator and then toward the double edge (“”), during which clean water is evaporated and salt is crystallized at the edge. The T‐shape evaporator demonstrates a high evaporation rate of 2.43 kg m−2 h−1 under 1 sun irradiation, and is stable for 7 days of the outdoor operation, which simultaneously realizes clean water evaporation and salt collection (including Cu2+, CrO42−, Co2+), and achieves zero‐liquid discharge. Therefore, the T‐shape design provides an effective strategy for high performance wastewater treatment.
Reversible Light‐Responsive Coacervate Microdroplets with Rapid Regulation of Enzymatic Reaction Rate
Authors: Huang Yan , Wang Xiaoliang , Li Junbo , Lin Youping , Chen Haixu , Liu Xiaoman , Huang Xin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMembrane‐free coacervate microdroplets are widely utilized as protocell or membrane‐less organelle models in the study of cell physicochemical properties. Dynamic regulation of coacervate microdroplets is of great significance because of the close connection between the formation/dissociation of condensate in vivo and physiology and pathology. Here, we describe light‐responsive coacervate microdroplets prepared from azobenzene cation trans‐azobenzenetrimethylammonium bromide (trans‐azoTAB) and anion succinylated amylose (Su‐Amy), which are formed by hydrophobic interaction and electrostatic interaction. The rapid and accurate response of azoTAB to light makes the microdroplets disassemble and reassemble within seconds under UV and within minutes under blue light, which provides a method to regulate the enzymatic reaction rates by the light‐induced assembly‐disassembly‐reassembly of the coacervate microdroplets. Our results show a new type of membrane‐less protocell model that can realize flexible spatiotemporal control and demonstrate a method for dynamically regulating the rate of enzymatic reactions inside the microdroplets, which provides a feasible scheme for exploring the relationship between physiology and disease in vitro.
Halogen Bonding: An Odd Chemistry?
Authors: Turunen Lotta , Hansen Jørn H. , Erdélyi Máté 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHalogen bonding is a flourishing field of research, but has for long been little recognized. The same goes for its scientific hero, Odd Hassel, who laid the foundations for all current developments. The crystallographic observation of halogen−oxygen interatomic distances shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii of the involved atoms, and the interpretation of this phenomenon as a charge‐transfer interaction, have been ground‐breaking. Today, charge‐transfer to a polarized halogen is not any longer seen as “odd”, but is commonly referred to as halogen bonding, and is widely exploited in chemistry. Despite the recognition of Hassel's work with a Nobel prize in 1969, surprisingly little appreciation is given to date to the devoted scientist, who established a world‐leading laboratory during one of the darkest eras of history. Herein, we wish to revive the legacy and highlight the impact of Odd Hassel's ground‐breaking discoveries.
Ovarian characteristics and in vitro nuclear and cytoplasmic oocyte maturation in Duroc and Landrace pigs
Authors: Jochems Reina , Gaustad Ann Helen , Zak Louisa J. , Grindflek Eli , Zeremichael Teklu T. , Oskam Irma C. , Myromslien Frøydis D. , Kommisrud Elisabeth , Krogenæs Anette K. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDifferences in total number of piglets born per litter are observed between the Norwegian Duroc (ND) sire and Norwegian Landrace (NL) dam line. The aim of this study was to evaluate ovarian characteristics, and in vitro nuclear and cytoplasmic oocyte maturation in both breeds. One day after weaning, follicular phase ovaries were collected. Ovary length and weight were measured and the number of follicles (< 3 mm and 3–8 mm) was counted. Cumulus‐oocyte complexes (COCs) were collected and matured for 48 hr. To assess cumulus expansion, COC area was analysed at 0 and 20 hr. Nuclear maturation and cortical granule (CG) distribution were analysed at 20 and 48 hr, and total glutathione (GSH) was measured at 48 hr to further elucidate cytoplasmic maturation. In first parity sows, a smaller ovary length and fewer 3 to 8 mm follicles were observed in ND compared to NL. For all sows, ND COCs covered a significantly smaller area at 0 hr, but a higher cumulus expansion ratio was observed at 20 hr compared to NL (364 ± 46% versus. 278 ± 27%, p < 0.001). At 20 hr, more ND oocytes exhibited advanced stages of nuclear maturation, while more NL oocytes showed advanced stages of CG distribution. Nuclear maturation to MII stage at 48 hr did not differ between ND and NL oocytes (90.1% and 87.7%, respectively). Moreover, no significant differences were observed for GSH content or CG distribution after maturation. In conclusion, differences with regard to ovarian characteristics as well as to cumulus expansion, and nuclear and cytoplasmic oocyte maturation at 20 hr were observed between the breeds. Further studies are required to determine if this subsequently affects in vitro fertilization and embryo development.
The effects of melt grafted maleated polybutylene succinate on the properties of poly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyhexanoate)/polybutylene succinate blends
Authors: Ahmad Thirmizir Mohd Zharif , Mohd Ishak Zainal Arifin , Mat Taib Razaina , C. Kanapathi Pillai K. Sudesh Kumar , Salim Muhamad Saifuddin , Hassan Aziz , Abu Bakar Mohd Bashree 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPoly(hydroxybutyrate‐co‐hydroxyhexanoate) (PHBHH)/poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) blends were prepared using a melt blending technique. A compatibilizer of maleated PBS (PBSgMA) was produced using reactive melt grafting by varying the maleic anhydride (MA) monomer concentration ranging from 3 to 10 parts per hundred resin (phr). Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy analyses confirmed the grafting reaction of the PBSgMA. The PBSgMA was incorporated in the 80PHBHH/20PBS and 50PHBHH/50PBS blends to investigate the effect of maleated compatibilizer on the tensile, flexural, drop weight impact, and water absorption properties of the blends with droplets dispersed and co‐continuous morphology. The incorporation of PBSgMA increased the tensile and flexural strength of both the 80PHBHH/20PBS and 50PHBHH/50PBS blends, where the optimum properties achieved at 5 phr concentration of MA. The drop weight impact test results showed that uncompatibilized and compatibilized 50PHBHH/50PBS blends had higher critical strain energy release rate (Gc) than the neat PHBHH. However, blending and compatibilizing did not have a positive effect on the critical stress intensity factor (Kc) of the neat PHBHH. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) confirmed the improvement of interfacial adhesion and PBS polymer dispersion in PHBHH/PBS blends when incorporated with 5PBSgMA. The water absorption test results demonstrated that compatibilized blends absorbed slightly more water than uncompatibilized blends due to the presence of hygroscopic carboxyl groups of the PBSgMA. However, water absorption effects were reversible and did not result in severe permanent damage to the blends.
Hybrid heterojunction solar cells based on single‐walled carbon nanotubes and amorphous silicon thin films
Authors: Rajanna Pramod M. , Lund Peter D. , Nasibulin Albert G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHybrid heterojunction solar cells based on silicon and single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) thin films have a simple structure and their manufacture employ simple low‐temperature processes. Moreover, their progress has been rapid during the last decade, wherein the efficiency of heterojunction solar cells combining hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a‐Si:H) and SWCNTs thin film has increased from 0.03% to 8.80%. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the state‐of‐the‐art on SWCNTs/a‐Si:H heterojunction solar cells. In addition to a comprehensive technology review, important special features such as adhesion of SWCNT film to a‐Si:H, the interface between SWCNT and a‐Si:H, and their influence on the performance of the heterojunctions are included. Future paths for improving the performance of such solar cells are also suggested. Finally, key challenges and trends for further research and development of SWCNTs/amorphous silicon heterojunction solar cells are discussed.This article is categorized under:
Photovoltaics > Science and Materials
A path toward the clinical translation of nano‐based imaging contrast agents
Authors: Miyasato Dominie L. , Mohamed Ahmed W. , Zavaleta Cristina 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRecently, nanoparticles have evolved ubiquitously in therapeutic applications to treat a range of diseases. Despite their regular use as therapeutic agents in the clinic, we have yet to see much progress in their clinical translation as diagnostic imaging agents. Several clinical and preclinical studies support their use as imaging contrast agents, but their use in the clinical setting has been limited to off‐label imaging procedures (i.e., Feraheme). Since diagnostic imaging has been historically used as an exploratory tool to rule out disease or to screen patients for various cancers, nanoparticle toxicity remains a concern, especially when introducing exogenous contrast agents into a potentially healthy patient population, perhaps rationalizing why several nano‐based therapeutic agents have been clinically translated before nano‐based imaging agents. Another potential hindrance toward their clinical translation could be their market potential, as most therapeutic drugs have higher earning potential than small‐molecule imaging contrast agents. With these considerations in mind, perhaps a clinical path forward for nano‐based imaging contrast agents is to help guide/manage therapy. Several studies have demonstrated the ability of nanoparticles to produce more accurate imaging preoperatively, intraoperatively, and postoperatively. These applications illustrate a more reliable method of cancer detection and treatment that can prevent incomplete tumor resection and incorrect assessment of tumor progression following treatment. The aim of this review is to highlight the research that supports the use of nanoparticles in biomedical imaging applications and offer a new perspective to illustrate how nano‐based imaging agents have the potential to better inform therapeutic decisions.This article is categorized under:
Diagnostic Tools > In Vivo Nanodiagnostics and Imaging
Defects and perturbation
Authors: Brehm Enrico M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We investigate perturbatively tractable deformations of topological defects in two-dimensional conformal field theories. We perturbatively compute the change in the g-factor, the reflectivity, and the entanglement entropy of the conformal defect at the end of these short RG flows. We also give instances of such flows in the diagonal Virasoro and Super-Virasoro Minimal Models.