bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congenital and Developmental Abnormalities of the Hand and Wrist
Authors: Vanhoenacker Filip M. , Simoni Paolo , Bosmans Frederik , Boutry Nathalie 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIdentification of congenital skeletal abnormalities is complex because of the large variety of individual syndromes and dysplasias that are often difficult to remember. Although a correct diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical, radiologic, and genetic tests, imaging plays an important role in selecting those patients who should be referred for further genetic counseling and expensive genetic tests. In addition to information derived from radiologic analysis of other skeletal elements, radiographs of the hand and wrist may provide particular useful information. In the first part of this article, we provide a guide for a systematic radiologic analysis of the hand and wrist bones that may help characterize congenital and developmental diseases. Special attention is given to the use of correct terminology. In the second part, we discuss typical examples of congenital and developmental diseases involving the hand and wrist, with an emphasis on skeletal dysplasias.
Treatment of Nonthrombotic Iliac Vein Lesions
Authors: Joh Maria , Desai Kush R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNonthrombotic iliac vein lesions (NIVLs) most frequently result from extrinsic compression of various segments of the common or external iliac vein. Patients develop symptoms associated with chronic venous insufficiency (CVI); female patients may develop symptoms of pelvic venous disease. Given that iliac vein compression can be clinically silent, a thorough history and physical examination is mandatory to exclude other causes of a patient's symptoms. Venous duplex ultrasound, insufficiency examinations, and axial imaging are most commonly used to assess for the presence of a NIVL. Catheter venography and intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) are the mainstay for invasive assessment of NIVLs and planning prior to stent placement. IVUS in particular has become the primary modality by which NIVLs are evaluated; recent evidence has clarified the lesion threshold for stent placement, which is indicated in patients with moderate to severe symptoms. In appropriately selected patients, stent placement results in improved pain, swelling, quality of life, and, when present, healing of venous stasis ulcers. Stent patency is well preserved in the majority of cases, with a low incidence of clinically driven need for reintervention. In this article, we will discuss the clinical features, workup, endovascular management, and treatment outcomes of NIVL.
Endoscopic Ultrasound for Detection of Liver Metastasis: Hope or Hype?
Authors: Singh Anupam Kumar , Rana Surinder S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTransabdominal ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are the common diagnostic tests for the detection of hepatic lesions. Use of enhanced and advanced MRI technique, that is, diffusion weighted MRI and hepatocyte-specific contrast agents, has further improved the accuracy of detection of metastatic liver lesions ≤ 10 mm in diameter. However, even with these advanced imaging modalities sensitivity is low for lesions smaller than 10 mm when compared with standard intraoperative ultrasound. Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is an emerging imaging modality with resolution sufficient to detect and sample lesions as small as 5 mm in diameter. In this news and views, we have discussed the role of standard and enhanced EUS for the detection of metastatic liver lesions.
Rheumatoid Hand and Other Hand-deforming Rheumatic Conditions
Authors: Sudoł-Szopińska Iwona , Teh James , Cotten Anne 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe hand and wrist are commonly involved in rheumatic conditions, particularly rheumatoid arthritis and other systemic connective tissue diseases. With spondyloarthritis, hand and wrist involvement frequently occurs in psoriatic arthritis but generally does not occur in the remaining subtypes. The hand and wrist may also be affected in various metabolic and endocrine diseases, but these lie beyond the scope of this review.Radiographs may demonstrate the presence of joint space narrowing, bone loss, cysts and erosions, malalignments, and osteolysis. They may also show regions of soft tissue swelling or thinning, and detect calcifications. Ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enable evaluation of the soft tissues, particularly the synovium, tenosynovium, and tendons. Furthermore, erosions are better demonstrated than on radiographs. MRI allows evaluation of periarticular bone marrow edema.This article discusses typical imaging features of the hand and wrist in rheumatologic conditions including the advantages and limitations of the various methods.
Comparison of Single versus Double Lateral Plating in Treatment of Feline Ilial Fractures Using Veterinary Cuttable Plates
Authors: Wiersema Tijn , Koolen Ties , Theyse Lars F. H. , Maarschalkweerd Roelof J. , van Zuilen Cornelis D. , van Rijn Sarah J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to compare the frequency of implant failure and the extent of pelvic canal narrowing associated with the fixation of ilial fractures in cats with a single veterinary cuttable plate (SLP) or double veterinary cuttable plates (DLP) applied to the lateral surface of the ilium.
Study Design Radiographic evaluation of feline ilial fractures plated laterally using SLP or DLP. Pelvic canal narrowing directly postoperatively and at 6 weeks follow-up was objectively measured using the sacral index (SI). Radiographs were evaluated for implant failure and fracture healing.
Results Seventy-seven cats satisfied the inclusion criteria. Twenty-nine fractures were treated with a SLP and 48 with DLP. Implant failure occurred significantly more (p = 0.001) in the SLP group (14/29) compared with the DLP group (6/48). Follow-up SI was significantly different between the two groups (p = 0.048, SLP median: 1.0 range: 0.83–2.4, DLP median: 0.98; range: 0.76–1.45). Median change in SI was −0.04 (range: −1.4 to 0.05) in the SLP group and 0.0 (range: −0.23 to 0.23) in the DLP group. This difference was significantly different (p = 0.031).
Conclusion DLP leads to significantly less implant failure and significantly less pelvic canal narrowing compared with SLP. This difference in pelvic canal narrowing was small and the clinical relevance remains unclear.
Skin Necrosis Following Rhinoplasty: A Review and Proposed Strategy on Identifying High-Risk Patients
Authors: Ferzli George , Araslanova Rakhna , Sukato Daniel , Romo Thomas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractVascular compromise leading to cutaneous loss following surgical rhinoplasty is a devastating complication. The objective of this review is to identify all reported cases in literature published in English and summarize the current evidence to identify the patients at risk of this complication following surgery. A comprehensive literature review using Medline and Embase databases was performed to capture all reported cases of cutaneous vascular compromise following rhinoplasty from database inception through September 2020. Nonsurgical rhinoplasty cases were excluded. We identified eight studies that featured vascular cutaneous compromise following surgical rhinoplasty. A total of 18 patients were included in the analysis. The majority of the patients were females with a mean age of 30.9. Risk factors included smoking in 23.5% patients and revision setting. Extensive tip thinning, tight splinting and taping with dorsal onlay grafting, or combining extended alar base excision with revision open rhinoplasty were among surgical techniques associated with vascular compromise. The most commonly affected aesthetic nasal subunit in our review was the dorsum followed by the nasal tip. Conservative management primarily was utilized in 72.2% of patients, allowing the defect to heal by secondary intention. Studies reporting on cutaneous vascular compromise following surgical rhinoplasty are of low level of evidence. This review is the largest summary reporting on this complication to date, aiming to caution surgeons about associated techniques and management options. We also share an expert opinion on preoperative assessment of nasal skin to guide surgeons to potentially avoid rhinoplasty surgery in this subset of patients.
Impact of Changes in EHR Use during COVID-19 on Physician Trainee Mental Health
Authors: Holzer Katherine J. , Lou Sunny S. , Goss Charles W. , Strickland Jaime , Evanoff Bradley A. , Duncan Jennifer G. , Kannampallil Thomas 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Objectives This article investigates the association between changes in electronic health record (EHR) use during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on the rate of burnout, stress, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and anxiety among physician trainees (residents and fellows).
Methods A total of 222 (of 1,375, 16.2%) physician trainees from an academic medical center responded to a Web-based survey. We compared the physician trainees who reported that their EHR use increased versus those whose EHR use stayed the same or decreased on outcomes related to depression, anxiety, stress, PTSD, and burnout using univariable and multivariable models. We examined whether self-reported exposure to COVID-19 patients moderated these relationships.
Results Physician trainees who reported increased use of EHR had higher burnout (adjusted mean, 1.48 [95% confidence interval [CI] 1.24, 1.71] vs. 1.05 [95% CI 0.93, 1.17]; p = 0.001) and were more likely to exhibit symptoms of PTSD (adjusted mean = 15.09 [95% CI 9.12, 21.05] vs. 9.36 [95% CI 7.38, 11.28]; p = 0.035). Physician trainees reporting increased EHR use outside of work were more likely to experience depression (adjusted mean, 8.37 [95% CI 5.68, 11.05] vs. 5.50 [95% CI 4.28, 6.72]; p = 0.035). Among physician trainees with increased EHR use, those exposed to COVID-19 patients had significantly higher burnout (2.04, p < 0.001) and depression scores (14.13, p = 0.003).
Conclusion Increased EHR use was associated with higher burnout, depression, and PTSD outcomes among physician trainees. Although preliminary, these findings have implications for creating systemic changes to manage the wellness and well-being of trainees.
Online moisture measurement of dead fine fuel on the forest floor using near-infrared reflectometry
Authors: Peng Bo , Zhang Jiawei , Xing Jian , Liu Jiuqing 
Published: June 2021

A method for online measurement of the levels of moisture in dead fine fuels on the forest floor is proposed based on near-infrared reflectometry. A linear relationship is found between the moisture content of dead fine fuels and the intensity of light absorption at a wavelength of 1450 nm, and this forms the basic principle of measurement for different forest species. An online moisture-monitoring device is designed and developed based on this principle. This uses long-distance wireless data-transmission to adapt to the lack of telecoms service in remote forests. Moisture-measurement experiments were conducted continuously for 24 h in rainless weather during the summer of 2019 in the Harbin Urban Forestry Demonstration Base of Northeast Forestry University using leaves from four different forest species, specifically, larch, dryland willow, silver birch, and walnut. These measurements were verified using simultaneous measurements employing a weighing method. The results from the field experiments agreed well with the weighing results. The uncertainty in the moisture-content measurements using the proposed system was ∼3.4% when the true moisture content was 20.0% or less. This proposed system has the advantages of online measurement and high accuracy. This method for monitoring moisture levels in dead fine fuels is an important advance in terms of improving the accuracy and simultaneity of measurements for prediction of forest-fire-risk ratings and fire behavior.
Ultrafast element-resolved magneto-optics using a fiber-laser-driven extreme ultraviolet light source
Authors: Möller Christina , Probst Henrike , Otto Johannes , Stroh Karen , Mahn Carsten , Steil Sabine , Moshnyaga Vasily , Jansen G. S. Matthijs , Steil Daniel , Mathias Stefan 
Published: June 2021

We present a novel setup to measure the transverse magneto-optical Kerr effect in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range based on a fiber laser amplifier system with a repetition rate between 100 and 300 kHz, which we use to measure element-resolved demagnetization dynamics. The setup is equipped with a strong electromagnet and a cryostat, allowing measurements between 10 and 420 K using magnetic fields up to 0.86 T. The performance of our setup is demonstrated by a set of temperature- and time-dependent magnetization measurements with elemental resolution.
Monitoring war destruction from space using machine learning
Authors: Mueller Hannes , Groeger Andre , Hersh Jonathan , Matranga Andrea , Serrat Joan 
Published: June 2021

Significance
Satellite imagery is becoming ubiquitous. Research has demonstrated that artificial intelligence applied to satellite imagery holds promise for automated detection of war-related building destruction. While these results are promising, monitoring in real-world applications requires high precision, especially when destruction is sparse and detecting destroyed buildings is equivalent to looking for a needle in a haystack. We demonstrate that exploiting the persistent nature of building destruction can substantially improve the training of automated destruction monitoring. We also propose an additional machine-learning stage that leverages images of surrounding areas and multiple successive images of the same area, which further improves detection significantly. This will allow real-world applications, and we illustrate this in the context of the Syrian civil war.
Coevolutionary phage training leads to greater bacterial suppression and delays the evolution of phage resistance
Authors: Borin Joshua M. , Avrani Sarit , Barrick Jeffrey E. , Petrie Katherine L. , Meyer Justin R. 
Published: June 2021

Significance
The evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria threatens to claim over 10 million lives annually by 2050. This crisis has renewed interest in phage therapy, the use of bacterial viruses to treat infections. A major barrier to successful phage therapy is that bacteria readily evolve phage resistance. One idea proposed to combat resistance is “training” phages by using their natural capacity to evolve to counter resistance. Here, we show that training phages by coevolving them with their hosts for 1 mo repeatably enhances their capacity for suppressing bacterial growth and delays the emergence of resistance. Enhanced suppression was caused by several mechanisms, suggesting that the coevolutionary training protocol produces a robust therapeutic that employs complementary modes of action.
Knowledge extraction and transfer in data-driven fracture mechanics
Authors: Liu Xing , Athanasiou Christos E. , Padture Nitin P. , Sheldon Brian W. , Gao Huajian 
Published: June 2021

Significance
Data-driven approaches have launched a new paradigm in scientific research that is bound to have an impact on all disciplines of science and engineering. However, at this juncture, the exploration of data-driven techniques in the century-old field of fracture mechanics is highly limited, and there are key challenges including accurate and intelligent knowledge extraction and transfer in a data-limited regime. Here, we propose a framework for data-driven knowledge extraction in fracture mechanics with rigorous accuracy assessment which employs active learning for optimizing data usage and for data-driven knowledge transfer that allows efficient treatment of three-dimensional fracture problems based on two-dimensional solutions.
Electromagnetic wave induced resonance in infinitely long and hollow square cobalt nano-prisms
Authors: Aziz M M , McKeever C 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Confined metallic ferromagnetic nano-structures are desirable constituents in magnetic composites and devices for applications in telecommunications and electromagnetic wave absorption. Removing the core of these elements or substituting with non-magnetic fillers leads to immediate reduction in their weight and potential for tailoring their magnetic, dielectric and geometrical properties to enable the development of light-weight, high-frequency and efficient composites and devices. However the effect of this geometry change on the electromagnetic wave absorption and magnetic response in these hollow structures is not clear in comparison to their solid counterparts. In this article, electromagnetic wave propagation in long and hollow square cobalt nano-prisms with side lengths of 100 and 500 nm and with different wall thicknesses in the range 25–200 nm is simulated by solving the coupled system of Maxwell’s equations and the Landau–Lifshitz–Gilbert equation using the finite-difference time-domain method. The simulated dynamic magnetisation and power dissipation spectra indicated that the core of the long cobalt prisms can be removed up to wall thicknesses equal to the magnetic skin depth (about 50 nm estimated for cobalt) without significantly impacting electromagnetic wave absorption at the fundamental resonance frequencies. The simulations also revealed prominent higher frequency corner resonance modes in the small 100 nm prism with 25 nm wall thickness, but whose contribution becomes negligible with increasing prism size.
Nanosecond resolved ro-vibrational CO2 excitation measurement
Authors: Du Yanjun , Tsankov Tsanko V , Luggenhölscher Dirk , Czarnetzki Uwe 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We report first ns-resolved absorption measurements of the ro-vibrational excitation of CO2. The high temporal resolution of 8 ns is made possible by a fast detector (rise-time 5 ns), sensitive in the mid-infrared region. The resolution is achieved by a slow temperature scan of a quantum cascade laser and a segmented data capturing scheme. A repetitively pulsed ns discharge in 10% CO2 + 90% He at 150 mbar and a repetition rate of 2 kHz is investigated. The evolution of the population densities of the different vibration modes as well as the associated vibrational and rotational temperatures within the discharge pulse of only 150 ns length are simultaneously determined and provide valuable insight into the CO2 excitation dynamics. A preferential excitation in the asymmetric vibrational mode is observed in the discharge phase shortly after the breakdown.
Production of ibuprofen-magnetite nanocomposites by pulsed laser ablation
Authors: Gera Tamás , Smausz Tomi , Ajtai Tibor , Kurilla Boldizsár , Homik Zsolt , Kopniczky Judit , Bozóki Zoltán , Szabó-Révész Piroska , Ambrus Rita , Hopp Béla 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We investigated the application of pulsed laser ablation (PLA) for the production of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)/drug nanocomposites. Magnetic drug delivery vehicles can provide a multifunctional theranostic platform and allow for a combination of diagnostics, monitoring and therapeutics. We applied nanosecond laser pulses at two different wavelengths (Nd:YAG laser, λ
1 = 532 nm/λ
2 = 1064 nm, FWHM = 6 ns) for the ablation of target tablets consisting of a mixture of ibuprofen (as a model drug) and magnetite NPs in various mass ratios. Fourier-transform infrared and Raman spectroscopy investigations of the ablated particles revealed that PLA induced no chemical changes in the pharmaceutical compound. The size distributions of the composite particles were established using a particle size analyzer (scanning mobility particle sizer), and 100–150 nm mean particle size values were obtained. SEM, energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy and fast photography studies provided morphological and compositional information about the ablated particles. We demonstrated that PLA offers a simple and chemical free method for producing MNPs/drug nanocomposites, and it can be applied for the future development of new theranostic nanosystems.
Modelling of runaway electron dynamics during argon-induced disruptions in ASDEX Upgrade and JET
Authors: Insulander Björk K , Vallhagen O , Papp G , Reux C , Embreus O , Rachlew E , Fülöp T , Upgrade Team the ASDEX , contributors JET , MST1 Team the EUROfusion 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Disruptions in tokamak plasmas may lead to the generation of runaway electrons that have the potential to damage plasma-facing components. Improved understanding of the runaway generation process requires interpretative modelling of experiments. In this work we simulate eight discharges in the ASDEX Upgrade and JET tokamaks, where argon gas was injected to trigger the disruption. We use a fluid modelling framework with the capability to model the generation of runaway electrons through the hot-tail, Dreicer and avalanche mechanisms, as well as runaway electron losses. Using experimentally based initial values of plasma current and electron temperature and density, we can reproduce the plasma current evolution using realistic assumptions about temperature evolution and assimilation of the injected argon in the plasma. The assumptions and results are similar for the modelled discharges in ASDEX Upgrade and JET. For the modelled discharges in ASDEX Upgrade, where the initial temperature was comparatively high, we had to assume that a large fraction of the hot-tail runaway electrons were lost in order to reproduce the measured current evolution.
Sex ratio, age group and length at first maturity of mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus Cuvier, 1833) in the Southern waters of Ambon, Eastern Indonesia
Authors: Silooy F D , Tupamahu A , Ongkers O T S , Haruna  , Matrutty D D P , Pattikawa J A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The existence of mackerel scad in Ambon waters, Moluccas Indonesia has decreased from year to year mainly due to the over exploitation. This research aimed to study the biological aspects, in particular were sex ratio, age group and length at first maturity of mackerel scad (Decapterus macarellus) from this area. Sampling was done on September 2016 to July 2017 at the southern waters of Ambon Island. Samples collected were dissected to determine their sex and their gonad maturity level then measured. Bhattacharya method was used to determine age group while Spearman- Kaber method was used to identify length at the first maturity of this species. It was found that mackerel scad in the southern waters of Ambon Island had an equal number of male and female that consists of four age groups with length at first maturity for male and female were 24.9 cm and 24.8 cm, respectively.
Population dynamics of Strombus luhuanus, Linneaus 1758 from Oma coastal waters, Central Maluku, Eastern Indonesia
Authors: Haumahu S , Uneputty P A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Strombus luhuanus (strawberry conch), Linneaus 1758 is a marine mesogastropod belongs to Strombidae family. S. luhuanus is locally consumed by coastal communities in Maluku province to fulfill their protein needed, which will decreasing the stock in natural environment. The biological study including population dynamics needed to maintain S. luhuanus population. The research was conducted in Oma coastal water, Central Maluku, Eastern Indonesia during January to December 2019. The objectives of this research were to study the aspect of population dynamics of S. luhuanus such as asymptotic length (L∞), growth coeficient (K), natural mortality (Z), exploitation rate (E) and recruitment. A total of 1823 individual of S. luhuanus found in this study which consisted of 831 individual of males and 992 individual of females population. Shell size of S. luhuanus varied monthly. The result showed that in general, the male population showed five cohort, while the female showed six cohort. L∞ = 63.40 mm, K = 0.65 for females population; whilst for the males population, L∞ = 69.80 and K = 0.5. Total mortality (Z) for both population were Z = 3.03 and Z = 4.32, respectively. Exploitation rate of S. luhuanus in this study area showed that the population was overexploited (E = 0.64 and E = 0.79 for females and males population, respectively).