bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Family‐type public goods and intra‐household decision‐making by co‐resident South African couples
Authors: Guvuriro Sevias , Booysen Frederik 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe current study examines sources of bargaining power that inform financial decision‐making processes within co‐resident couples and determines how bargaining power and decision‐making impact on family‐type public goods expenditure. The study uses South Africa's National Income Dynamics Study, which offers a direct measure of financial decision‐making responsibility. In terms of analysis, probit regression models are used to establish socioeconomic determinants of decision‐making for female partners in co‐resident couples, while ordinary least squares linear regression models are employed to determine the extent to which financial decision‐making responsibility and power influence expenditure on family‐type public goods by households. There is evidence of the relevance of economic factors in explaining financial decision‐making as postulated by the resource theory. Households with wives who gain a decision‐making role spend more on family‐type public goods. The findings suggest that policy has to focus on gender mainstreaming and empowerment, which would enhance the decision‐making role of women within co‐resident couples.
Artificial Intelligence, Forward‐Looking Governance and the Future of Security
Authors: Fischer Sophie‐Charlotte , Wenger Andreas 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOver the last years, AI applications have come to play a role in many security‐related fields. In this paper, we show that scholars who want to study AI’s link to power and security should widen their perspective to include conceptual approaches from science and technology studies (STS). This way, scholars can pay attention to critical dynamics, processes, practices, and non‐traditional actors in AI politics and governance. We introduce two STS‐inspired concepts – the micro‐politics of design and development and co‐production – and show how the study of AI and security could benefit from them. In the final section, we turn to the study of AI in the context of Switzerland to underscore what aspects the two previously introduced concepts help to highlight that remain invisible for traditional approaches.
Discrepancies in the spatial extent of common GIS highway networks
Authors: Weber Joe 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Federal Highway Administration's Highway Performance Monitoring System (HPMS) and the U.S. Census Bureau's TIGER geospatial database are relied on by countless professionals, but the two databases differ by 6.9 million km (4.3 million miles), a discrepancy greater than the Federal Highway Administration's national total of 6.6 million km (4.1 million miles). While there are several methodological reasons why a GIS network will give different answers from the HPMS, these cannot explain a difference of this magnitude. The difference exists because TIGER was based on roads shown on USGS topographic maps, the majority of which are not considered public highways today. This overestimate of highway extent can affect a range of network operations in GIS. There is, however, reason to consider TIGER's overestimate an underestimate of the actual extent of roads in the country, as well as questioning which roads should be included in a study.
Advanced defluoridation from industrial wastewater with high‐concentration fluoride through a novel three‐stage treatment process
Authors: Xu Dechao , Yu Boping , Lu Xingxing , Luo Sushuang , Wang Weimian , Zeng Yonghui , Jin Xingliang , Dai Zhiguang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA novel three‐stage treatment process corresponding to three reactors (R1, R2 and R3) was developed for advanced defluoridation from industrial wastewater with fluoride concentration as high as 245 mg/L. In the first stage (R1), 90.6 ± 0.8% of fluoride was removed through CaF2 precipitation. Subsequently, the second stage (R2) was operated for advanced defluoridation through fluorapatite (FAP) precipitation. Importantly, the residual calcium in effluent of R1 participated in FAP precipitation in R2, reducing extra calcium dosage. In the third stage (R3), further defluoridation was observed in R3, and the final fluoride content in the effluent was as low as 0.15 mg/L in Phase 2. Advanced defluoridation from industrial wastewater with high‐concentration fluoride could be obtained through this process without coagulant addition to reduce sludge production and obtain relative pure chemical precipitates, and residual reagents could be utilized again in the next step during the process to decrease reagents dosage.
Microstructural Evolution During a Solid State Tube Pinch Weld of Type 304l Stainless Steel
Authors: Korinko Paul S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Microstructure development is examined for a specialized spot weld that is used as a solid-state closure process for austenitic stainless steel tubing, referred to as pinch welding. In order to elucidate the microstructural evolution of the weld, a series of test welds were made at nominal conditions using tubing and production like components. These pinch welds normally terminate after twelve cycles of a 60 Hz AC weld process. In this study, production tubes were welded from one to twelve cycles and the microstructure and weld variables after each individual weld cycle number were characterized using radiography and optical metallography. Two electrochemical etchants were used to highlight different microstructural features. The study revealed that: (1) this type pinch weld is largely complete after about six cycles of 60 Hz AC current, half the weld time utilized; (2) the resistance, deformation, and closure length approach “steady-state” conditions after six cycles; and (3) both oxalic and nitric acid electrolytic etchants are useful for highlighting specific microstructural attributes of type 304 L stainless steel. Finally, two distinct microstructural regions can be identified for these welds: the edge of the weld, which is driven by concentrated deformation, recrystallization, and grain growth, and the center region, which is more typical of forge welding and micro-asperity breakdown followed by diffusion and grain-growth.
Short-chain cyanoacrylates and long-chain cyanoacrylates (Dermabond) have different antimicrobial effects
Authors: Hida Richard Yudi , Silva Cely Barreto , Romero-Kusabara Ivana Lopes , Mimica Lycia Mara Jenne 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveTo compare the antimicrobial effect in vitro of a short-chain cyanoacrylate with a long-chain cyanoacrylate (Dermabond, Ethicon, Johnson and Johnson, USA) against bacterial strains.Methods and analysisThe following bacterial strains were analysed:Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli,Klebsiella pneumoniaandPseudomonas aeruginosa. For each microorganism, standardised sterile discs (6 mm) containing 10 µL of ethyl-cyanoacrylate and 2-octyl cyanoacrylate were applied to the plate. All plates received a blank filter-paper disc with no adhesive (control). All plates were incubated for 24 hours, after which the bacterial inhibitory halos, if present, were measured in millimetres in its greater length.ResultsInhibitory halos were observed for both adhesives forS. aureus. Inhibition halos were observed only for ethyl-cyanoacrylate forK. pneumoniaeandE. coli. No inhibition halo was observed forP. aeruginosain any sample. The relationship between the total size of the inhibition halos and the diameter of the paper filter forS. aureuswas statistically significant compared with 2-octyl cyanoacrylate.ConclusionData shown conclude that ethyl-cyanoacrylate showed in vitro bacteriostatic activity forS. aureus,E. coliandK. pneumoniae. 2-Octyl cyanoacrylate showed in vitro lower bacteriostatic activity only againstS. aureuswhen compared with ethyl-cyanoacrylate. No in vitro bactericidal activity of ethyl-cyanoacrylate or 2-octyl cyanoacrylate was observed.
Tackle technique knowledge alone does not translate to proper tackle technique execution in training
Authors: den Hollander Steve , Lambert Mike , Jones Ben , Hendricks Sharief 
Published: March 2021

ObjectivesEffective tackle technique is associated with reduced injury risks and improved performance in contact. Injury prevention programmes aim to provide players with knowledge of effective technique. However, little is known of the impact of this knowledge on a player’s technique in the tackle. This study aimed to determine the association between knowledge of proper tackle technique and tackle technique proficiency in training.MethodsFifty-three rugby union players participated in a tackle contact drill and, thereafter, completed a questionnaire. The drill was filmed, and the players’ tackle and ball-carry technique were assessed using standardised technical proficiency. In the questionnaire, the players were asked to rate the importance of each tackle and ball-carry technique on a 5-point Likert scale, for both injury prevention and performance tackle outcomes. Linear regression was performed to assess the relationship between the knowledge of the importance of proper tackle technique and tackle technique proficiency during the drill.ResultsNo association was found between players’ knowledge of the importance of proper technique and tackle contact technique in training for both injury prevention and performance.ConclusionThe lack of association between players’ knowledge and actual tackle contact technique reveals the gap between the knowledge of safe and effective techniques and the knowledge of how to execute the said techniques.
Validation of intraosseous delivery of valproic acid in a swine model of polytrauma
Authors: Biesterveld Ben E , O’Connell Rachel , Kemp Michael T , Wakam Glenn K , Williams Aaron M , Pai Manjunath P , Alam Hasan B 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundIntraosseous (IO) drug delivery may be necessary in emergency situations when intravenous access is unattainable. Valproic acid (VPA) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor that has previously been shown to improve survival in preclinical models of lethal polytrauma. In this study, we sought to compare serum levels of intravenously and IO-delivered VPA, and to analyze the effect of IO-delivered VPA.MethodsSwine were subjected to 40% blood volume hemorrhage, brain injury, femur fracture, rectus crush injury and liver laceration. After 1 hour of shock, animals were randomized (n=3/group) to receive normal saline resuscitation (control), normal saline+intravenous VPA 150 mg/kg (intravenous group) or normal saline +IO VPA 150 mg/kg (IO group). Serum levels of VPA were assessed between groups, and proteomics analyses were performed on IO and control groups on heart, lung and liver samples.ResultsIntravenous and IO serum VPA levels were similar at 1, 3, 5 and 7 hours after starting the infusion (p>0.05). IO-delivered VPA induced significant proteomics changes in the heart, lung and liver, which were most pronounced in the lung. Biologic processes affected included inflammation, metabolism and transcriptional & translational machinery. The control group had 0% survival, and the intravenous and IO group both had 100% survival to the end of the experiment (p<0.05).DiscussionIO-delivered VPA is noninferior to intravenous administration and is a viable option in emergent situations when intravenous access is unattainable.Level of evidenceNot applicable (animal study).
Dual path integral: a non-perturbative approach to strong coupling
Authors: Vanchurin Vitaly 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe develop a non-perturbative method for calculating partition functions of strongly coupled quantum mechanical systems with interactions between subsystems described by a path integral of a dual system. The dual path integral is derived starting from non-interacting subsystems at zeroth order and then by introducing couplings of increasing complexity at each order of an iterative procedure. These orders of interactions play the role of a dual time and the full quantum partition function is expressed as a transition amplitude in the dual system. More precisely, it is expressed as a path integral from a deformation-operators dependent initial state at zero time/order to the inverse-temperature dependent final state at later time/order. We provide examples of strongly coupled systems with up to first-order interactions (e.g. Ising model) and arbitrary high-order interactions (e.g. $$1+1\hbox {D}$$

1
+
1
D

QFT). We also discuss a possible emergence of space-time, quantum field theories and general relativity in context of the dual path integral.
Investigation on steering of ultrarelativistic $$e^{\pm }$$ beam through an axially oriented bent crystal
Authors: Bandiera L. , Kyryllin I. V. , Brizzolari C. , Camattari R. , Charitonidis N. , De Salvador D. , Guidi V. , Mascagna V. , Mazzolari A. , Prest M. , Romagnoni M. , Shul’ga N. F. , Soldani M. , Sytov A. , Vallazza E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn investigation on stochastic deflection of high-energy charged particles in a bent crystal was carried out. In particular, we investigated the deflection efficiency under axial confinement of both positively and negatively charged particles as a function of the crystal orientation, the choice of the bending plane, and of the charge sign. Analytic estimations and numerical simulations were compared with dedicated experiments at the H4 secondary beam line of SPS North Area, with 120 GeV/c electrons and positrons. In the work presented in this article, the optimal orientations of the plane of bending of the crystal, which allow deflecting the largest number of charged particles using a bent crystal in axial orientation, were found.
In Vitro Cell Selectivity of Reversible and Irreversible
Authors: Hunter David W. , Kostecki Geran , Fish Jeffrey M. , Jensen James A. , Tandri Harikrishna 
Published: March 2021

Background:
Pulmonary vein isolation is a common catheter ablation technique used to treat atrial fibrillation originating from the pulmonary veins. However, incomplete lesion formation, pulmonary vein reconnection, and collateral damage to the phrenic nerve and esophagus can occur. Electroporation is a new modality to ablate and has the potential for permanent pulmonary vein isolation and selective efficacy on cardiac tissue; however, strong evidence of selective myocardial injury using electroporation is lacking.

Methods:
Monolayers of neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes, rat cortical neurons, and esophageal smooth muscle cells were stained with propidium iodide to measure shock-induced cell death. Biphasic shocks (10 ms) were delivered from line electrodes (1 mm separation). Neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes were optically mapped to evaluate postelectroporation electrical conduction.

Results:

Conduction block occurred when 50% to 80% of the cells near the electrode were killed and required 400±50 V/cm with the electrodes in contact versus 690±70 V/cm with the electrodes 1 mm above the cells (
P
<0.01). For 400 V/cm shocks applied in contact with cells, neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocyte cultures yielded the highest degree of cell death (≈60%) compared with rat cortical neurons (≈40%) and smooth muscle cells (≈20%). When the electrode was raised 1 mm, smooth muscle cells were nearly unaffected by the shock.

Conclusions:
Cell type alone yielded selective efficacy to electroporation without the confounding influences present in clinical studies, but electrode proximity to the target tissue remains important for efficacy. This exciting result suggests that electroporation may be a more selective modality for pulmonary vein isolation.

Graphic Abstract:

A
graphic abstract
is available for this article.
Descriptions of Trichodorus lownsberyi sp. n., Nanidorus minor (Colbran, 1956) Siddiqi, 1974 (Nematoda: Trichodoridae) and Longidorus quercus sp. n. (Nematoda: Longidoridae) from Mexico
Authors: Cid del Prado Vera Ignacio , Subbotin Sergei A. , Decraemer Wilfrida 
Published: March 2021

Summary
A new species of stubby root nematode, Trichodorus lownsberyi sp. n., collected from soil around Buxus sempervirens at Montecillo Campus, Colegio de Postgraduados, Mexico, is described and illustrated. Trichodorus lownsberyi sp. n. is characterised by the abundant males with a characteristic spicule shape, the narrower part about mid-blade having visible bristles in most specimens, and the presence and position of the three ventromedian cervical papillae, which are all anterior to the secretory-excretory pore. Females possess a rhomboid-shaped vagina and oval to rounded triangular vaginal sclerotised pieces with a pore-like vulva. The phylogenetic relationships of T. lownsberyi sp. n. with related species were constructed using the ITS2 rRNA and the D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rRNA gene sequences. Trichodorus lownsberyi sp. n. was a sister species to T. viruliferus in the phylogenetic trees. A Mexican population of Nanidorus minor from a peach orchard is also described and illustrated. The new needle nematode, Longidorus quercus sp. n., was recovered from soil around roots of oak, Quercus crassipes, from Cerro Jusda ‘El Diablo’ in Mexico State. Longidorus quercus sp. n. females are characterised by the C-shaped posterior end of the body after fixation, L = 4.9 (3.9-5.6) mm, a = 71 (60.8-93.2), lip region rounded, sometimes slightly flattened, marked by depression, odontostylet 170 (144-206) μm long, hemispherical to bluntly conoid tail and no males. The new species was characterised using the D2-D3 of 28S rRNA and COI gene sequences. The phylogenetic relationships of L. quercus sp. n. with other Longidorus species were reconstructed using the D2-D3 of 28S rRNA gene sequences.
Women Living a Discourse of Resistance: South African Islamist Biographies as Journeys of Everyday Political Islam
Authors: Ahjum Gadija 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
For many Muslim South African antiapartheid activists, a renewed understanding of religion in the form of Islamist ideology provided purpose, perseverance, and direction. Becoming part of a collective shaped and informed their public engagement with religion. This paper shows how they used religious discourse to navigate the complexities and ambiguities within their private domains while embarking on an Islamist journey. By suggesting that South African Islamism can best be viewed as the sum of a multitude of journeys of everyday political Islam, this paper argues for an approach that examines a long-term narrative, takes heed of perfectionist ideals, and remains cognizant of everyday realities.
Understanding Religion and Politics in Africa: A Call for the Re-enchantment of the Scholarly Imagination
Authors: Fast Anicka 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In his 2015 book Christianity, Development, and Modernity in Africa, Paul Gifford argues that Christianity in Africa is bifurcated into an ‘enchanted’ and a ‘disenchanted’ form. He presents the conundrum that the enchanted form is pervasive yet incompatible with modernity and consistently ignored by scholars. In this review article I draw on Gifford’s conundrum as a springboard to propose a new angle from which to analyse religion and politics in postcolonial Africa: one that moves beyond received dichotomies between tradition and modernity, public and private life, or this-worldly and otherworldly concerns. The work of Michael Schatzberg, Peter Geschiere, Ogbu Kalu, and Emmanuel Katongole moves in various ways past the oppositions that undermine Gifford’s work. In dialogue with these scholars, I articulate a plea to scholars of religion and politics in Africa to develop an appreciation for the powerful role of the religious imagination in African and global arenas of power.
The 1951–52 Benin City Catholic Church Crisis: Irish Catholic Clergy versus African Nationalism
Authors: Usuanlele Uyilawa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper draws attention to the neglected episode of a crisis that engulfed the Benin City Roman Catholic Station from 1951 to 1952. It examines how a disagreement between an Irish priest and an African catechist degenerated into a crisis that pitted the majority of the African laity against the Irish clergy. This crisis was not only reported in national newspapers and taken up by nationalist agitators, but also attracted the concern of Roman Catholics outside the diocese as well as the Vatican. This paper contends that the disagreement became a crisis because of the Irish clergy’s upholding of their policy of gradual incorporation of the African laity into participation in the administration of the diocese, and the African laity’s determination to pursue their aspirations of full and unhindered participation in the administration on their own terms. The crisis was also fueled by African nationalist ferment of the period, which prolonged the issue. The argument is supported with archival sources, newspaper reports and oral interviews with participants and members of the diocese.
Parallelism and Beyond: The Relationship between Targum Psalms and Rabbinic Literature
Authors: Berkovitz Abraham Jacob 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This study examines six manners in which rabbinic literature and Targum Psalms interact. 1. An earlier rabbinic tradition provides the backdrop against which the Targum’s translation must be understood. 2. The Targum applies a tradition it uses to translate one part of a psalm towards translating another verse in that same psalm. 3. The Targum revises earlier rabbinic traditions to suit its own ideological and literary concerns. 4. The Targum adapts interpretations that were originally generated well beyond the confines of the psalm being translated and even the Psalter as a whole. 5. The Targum inserts itself into popular late antique exegetical discourses of particular psalms. 6. It rejects a widespread interpretive trend attested to in rabbinic literature. Overall, by moving beyond the mere notation of parallelism, we gain a clearer portrait of the translator’s relationship with rabbinic literature, his working methods, and the ideologies that impelled his creative endeavours.
Influence of the Eurasian Spring Snowmelt on Summer Land Surface Warming over Northeast Asia and Its Associated Mechanism
Authors: Sun Yue , Chen Haishan , Zhu Siguang , Zhang Jie , Wei Jiangfeng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUnder the background of global warming, the Eurasian warming features evident spatial heterogeneity, and Northeast Asia (NEA) is one of the regions with the most significant summer warming. Based on reanalysis data and the CESM1.2.2 model, we investigated the possible impacts of spring Eurasian snowmelt on recent NEA summer warming and the relevant mechanisms. Results show that increased (decreased) spring snowmelt over eastern Europe to western Siberia (EEWS) is closely linked to NEA summer warming (cooling). Increased spring snowmelt can wet the soil, weakening surface sensible heating to the atmosphere and cooling the atmosphere. The persistent anomalous soil moisture and surface sensible heat induce geopotential height decrease over EEWS and strengthen the eastward-propagating wave train. Furthermore, positive geopotential height anomalies appear in downstream NEA in summer via the adjustment of the atmospheric circulation. Controlled by the anomalous high pressure system, the west part of NEA is affected by the southerly warm advection, while the east is affected by adiabatic warming induced by the dominant descending motion. Meanwhile, decreased cloud and increased incident solar radiation over NEA favor summer land surface warming. Model results suggest that CESM1.2.2 can basically reproduce the positive correlation between NEA summer land surface temperature and EEWS spring snowmelt. With the positive spring snowmelt forcing, the simulated positive soil moisture and negative sensible heat anomalies persist from spring to summer over EEWS. Consequently, negative geopotential height anomalies appear over the snowmelt region while positive anomalies occur around Lake Baikal, resulting in evident NEA land surface warming.