bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phenomena and Principles: Analysis–Synthesis and Reduction–Deduction in Eighteenth-Century Experimental Physics
Authors: Steinle Friedrich 
Published: December 2024

AbstractIn the Encylopédie, d’Alembert hinted that “experimental physics,” unlike mathematical sciences, had a specific epistemic goal, which he characterized as “reducing” the multitude of phenomena to a few “principal facts” that should serve as principles for “deducing” all others. However, he did not detail precisely how he understood that goal, the status of the principal facts, nor the process of “multiplying” the phenomena. Neither did Diderot, who supported d’Alembert’s view. Herein, I present d’Alembert’s ideas and examine a prominent and highly successful case of experimental research as illustration: Charles Dufay, whose work d’Alembert certainly knew. Dufay not only managed to impose a firm order on the bewildering phenomena of electricity but also presented his research using the same epistemological notions that d’Alembert would himself later use. Similar notions may be found in the earlier writings of Edme Mariotte, who defined “principles of experience” as the goal of experimental research. This may suggest a specific tradition of spelling out the age-old idea of a double pathway of empirical science—from particular experience to general statements, and back again to the level of experiences—in a detailed manner that differed considerably from how Newton would frame it in his famous notions of analysis and synthesis.
Contesting the Musical Ear: Hermann von Helmholtz, Gottfried Weber and Carl Stumpf Analyzing Mozart
Authors: Kursell Julia 
Published: December 2024

AbstractMusic analysis emerged in the late nineteenth century as an occupation in its own right, independent from the education of composers. This chapter uses three case studies to describe how and with what aims three authors, in analyzing music by Mozart, produced samples to which to compare his music. It thereby traces how a pairing of the notions of analysis and composition increasingly created room for a concept of synthesis that eventually replaced the notion of the “fine ear” for music with procedures devised by the analyst that take into account a genuine malleability of hearing and listening. The cases are Hermann von Helmholtz’s charts for indicating the harmoniousness of its component chords in Mozart’s Ave verum corpus, K. 618; Gottfried Weber’s fabricated alternatives to the famous dissonances opening the string quartet C major, K. 465; and, finally, Carl Stumpf’s comments on his listening of the Serenade B-flat major, K. 361, after having extensively used the first technical analysis and synthesis of the sound of musical instruments.
Descartes, Leibniz, and Newton on Analysis and Synthesis
Authors: Guicciardini Niccolò 
Published: December 2024

AbstractEarly modern European mathematicians understood the terms “analysis” and “synthesis” according to the definitions provided by Pappus in the Collectiones mathematicae, which had been available in Latin translation since 1588. This chapter surveys the meanings that the two Pappusian methods acquired in the works of Descartes, Leibniz, and Newton to appreciate the different approaches that these authors adopted to the new symbolical analytical methods of algebra and calculus and to the synthetic tracing of curves. Tracing curves was important not only for the construction of geometrical solutions but also for several practical applications.
Cutting Through the Epistemic Circle: Analysis, Synthesis, and Method in Late Sixteenth- and Early Seventeenth-Century Anatomy
Authors: Baker Tawrin 
Published: December 2024

AbstractThis chapter examines several late sixteenth-century anatomical works that adopted either the terms and/or methods of analysis and synthesis. Following a general discussion of the various roles that images could play in anatomy, I compare methodological discussions of anatomy as analysis and synthesis with the actual dissection procedures and results of anatomical investigation of the eye found in works by Costanzo Varolio (1543–1575), André du Laurens (1558–1609), Girolamo Fabrici d’Acquapendente (1533–1619), and Giulio Casserio (1552–1616). The “method of anatomy” is discussed from several perspectives: as a dissection procedure leading to discovery, with physiological/theoretical implications only implied; as a pedagogical ordering of a text or course on anatomy, whereby one chooses either analysis or synthesis as one’s method; as an art (analysis) or a science (synthesis); as human artifice (analysis) vs. nature’s processes (synthesis/genesis); and finally as an ordered procedure, wherein one first dissects animal bodies, discovers temperaments and structures, and then conceptually reassembles the newly discovered and understood parts, with the aim of understanding the animal soul.
Social Virtual Reality für Inter- und Transkulturelles Lernen und Lehren im Englischunterricht
Authors: Hein Rebecca , Steinbock Jeanine , Eisenmann Maria , Wienrich Carolin , Latoschik Marc Erich 
Published: December 2024

ZusammenfassungFür die Integration von Social Virtual Reality (SVR) in den Englischunterricht zur Förderung inter- und transkultureller Kompetenzen fehlen ein umfassender Rahmen, empirische Belege, Bewertungsmethoden und Überlegungen zur Skalierbarkeit. Das limitiert den effektiven und evidenzbasierten Einsatz von SVR in der Bildung und schränkt potenziell seine Fähigkeit ein, den Aufbau von inter- und transkultureller Kompetenz zu unterstützen und Diskriminierung, Stereotypenbildung und rassistisches Denken beim Sprachenlernen zu bekämpfen. Das Teilprojekt von CoTeach leistet hier einen wichtigen Beitrag, indem ein Seminar für angehende Lehrpersonen entwickelt und evaluiert wurde, das die Teilnehmenden über Potenziale und Herausforderungen von SVR im inter- und transkulturellen Kompetenzaufbau informierte. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht das Seminarkonzept das Einüben wichtiger Handlungskompetenzen im Umgang mit SVR, sodass ein Übertrag für spätere Unterrichtsplanung gelingen kann. Der interdisziplinäre Ansatz hebt die Synergie zwischen inter- und transkultureller Bildung und Human–Computer Interaction (HCI) hervor und zeigt die Wichtigkeit innovativer Lehrkonzepte mithilfe von digitalen Tools.
Philosophie und Psychologie im interdisziplinären Dialog
Authors: Tulis Maria 
Published: December 2024

ZusammenfassungIn Österreich wird das Unterrichtsfach Psychologie und Philosophie (PP) als Pflicht- bzw. Wahlpflichtfach an Allgemeinbildenden Höheren Schulen (Gymnasien) und Berufsbildenden Höheren Schulen (z. B. Bildungsanstalten für Elementarpädagogik) unterrichtet und ist dementsprechend auch Bestandteil der universitären Lehrer*innenbildung. In der Praxis werden die Möglichkeiten eines interdisziplinären Zugangs im Rahmen dieses Doppelfaches aber kaum genutzt, obwohl sich beide Fächer hervorragend eignen, lebensweltliche Probleme zum Ausgangspunkt sowohl fachspezifischer als auch fachübergreifender Lern- und Austauschprozesse zu machen. Basierend auf Aspekten psychologischer Bildung sowie Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen Psychologiedidaktik und einer modernen Philosophiedidaktik stellt der Beitrag die Bedeutsamkeit der Verbindung beider Fächer heraus und skizziert unterrichtspraktische Umsetzungsmöglichkeiten für einen interdisziplinären Dialog zwischen Psychologie und Philosophie.
Was hat die Philosophie je für uns getan?
Authors: Burkard Anne 
Published: December 2024

ZusammenfassungInspiriert durch einen Dialog aus Monty Pythons „Life of Brian“, in dem Widerstandskämpfer:innen zähneknirschend eingestehen müssen, dass die kulturellen Errungenschaften beträchtlich sind, die sie den Römern verdanken, frage ich in diesem Beitrag nach Bildungsbeiträgen der Philosophie in ihrem eigenen Recht. Vor dem Hintergrund skeptischer Anfragen ist es mein Anliegen daran zu erinnern, dass die Philosophie für die Entfaltung ihres spezifischen Bildungsbeitrags nicht auf interdisziplinäre Unterstützung angewiesen ist. Als Errungenschaften, mit denen die Philosophie in ihrem eigenen Recht im schulischen Kontext zur Geltung kommen kann und sollte, führe ich exemplarisch die Arbeit mit methodischen Werkzeugen der Philosophie, das Nachdenken über Dissense und Relativismus sowie die Reflexion migrationsethischer Fragen an. Die Bildungspotenziale der Philosophie können insbesondere dann entwickelt werden, so argumentiere ich, wenn wir im Philosophie- und Ethikunterricht ebenso wie in der Lehrkräftebildung der Fächergruppe einen klaren Fokus auf philosophische Gegenstände und Methoden legen. So kann der Philosophie- und Ethikunterricht die Schüler:innen dazu in die Lage versetzten, sich mit einer philosophischen Perspektive in die ebenfalls anzustrebenden fächerübergreifenden, fächerverbindenden oder interdisziplinären Projekte einzubringen.
A Simple Single Bounding Surface Model of Undrained Saturated Clays
Authors: Cheng Xinglei , Lu Dechun , Wang Piguang 
Published: December 2024

AbstractA simple single bounding surface constitutive model is developed to predict the undrained behaviors of saturated clays under cyclic loads. The new model does not involve complex kinematic hardening rules, and it is only required to memorize important stress reverse events; therefore, the simplicity should be the largest advantage of the model. A new interpolation function of an elastoplastic shear modulus is proposed based on bounding surface theories.
Higher categories of push–pull spans, I: construction and applications
Authors: Riva Lorenzo 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This is the first part of a project aimed at formalizing Rozansky–Witten models in the functorial field theory framework. Motivated by work of Calaque–Haugseng–Scheimbauer, we construct a family of symmetric monoidal

$$(\infty ,3)$$

(
∞
,
3
)

-categories "Equation missing", parametrized by an

$$\infty $$

∞

-category "Equation missing" with finite limits and a representable functor "Equation missing" with pushforwards, which contains correspondences in "Equation missing" with local systems in "Equation missing" that compose via a push–pull formula. We apply this general construction to provide an approximation "Equation missing" to the 3-category of Rozansky–Witten models whose existence was conjectured by Kapustin–Rozansky–Saulina; this approximation behaves like a “commutative” version of the conjectured 3-category and is related to work of Stefanich on higher quasicoherent sheaves.
Representations of symmetric and alternating groups and their double covers that remain irreducible modulo every prime
Authors: Fayers Matthew , Morotti Lucia 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
We classify globally irreducible representations of alternating groups and double covers of symmetric and alternating groups. In order to achieve this classification we also completely characterise irreducible representations of such groups which reduce almost homogeneously in every characteristic. This also allows us to classify irreducible representations that remain irreducible in every characteristic as well as irreducible representations of these groups that can appear as composition factors of globally irreducible representations of groups containing

$${\mathfrak {A}}_{n}$$

A
n

or

$${\hat{\mathfrak {A}}}_{n}$$

A
^

n

as normal subgroups. In particular we show that, apart from finitely many exceptions, for any of these questions such representations are either 1-dimensional or basic spin representations.
A family of non-isomorphic maximal function fields
Authors: Beelen Peter , Montanucci Maria , Niemann Jonathan , Quoos Luciane 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The problem of understanding whether two given function fields are isomorphic is well-known to be difficult, particularly when the aim is to prove that an isomorphism does not exist. In this paper we investigate a family of maximal function fields that arise as Galois subfields of the Hermitian function field. We compute the automorphism group, the Weierstrass semigroup at some special rational places and the isomorphism classes of such function fields. In this way, we show that often these function fields provide in fact examples of maximal function fields with the same genus, the same automorphism group, but that are not isomorphic.
Alterations of upper-extremity functional muscle networks in chronic stroke survivors
Authors: O’Reilly David , Delis Ioannis 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Current clinical assessment tools don’t fully capture the genuine neural deficits experienced by chronic stroke survivors and, consequently, they don’t fully explain motor function throughout everyday life. Towards addressing this problem, here we aimed to characterise post-stroke alterations in upper-limb control from a novel perspective to the muscle synergy by applying, for the first time, a computational approach that quantifies diverse types of functional muscle interactions (i.e. functionally-similar (redundant), -complementary (synergistic) and -independent (unique)). From single-trials of a simple forward pointing movement, we extracted networks of functionally diverse muscle interactions from chronic stroke survivors and unimpaired controls, identifying shared and group-specific modules across each interaction type (i.e. redundant, synergistic and unique). Reconciling previous studies, we found evidence for both the concurrent preservation of healthy functional modules post-stroke and muscle network structure alterations underpinned by systemic muscle interaction re-weighting and functional reorganisation across all interaction types. Cluster analysis of stroke survivors revealed two distinct patient subgroups from each interaction type that all distinguished less impaired individuals who were able to adopt novel motor patterns different to unimpaired controls from more severely impaired individuals who did not. Our work here provides a nuanced account of post-stroke functional impairment and, in doing so, paves new avenues towards progressing the clinical use case of muscle synergy analysis.
5-years outcomes following arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction comparing quadruple hamstring and peroneus longus tendon autografts: a randomized control trial
Authors: Butt Umer , Vuletic Filip , Shaikh M Ali Ahmed , Amanullah  , Rehman Ghufran ur , Shah Imran Ali , Stålman Anders , Khan Zainab Aqeel 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Aims
This study presents clinical outcomes, functional results, and return to sports after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction using quadruple hamstring tendon autograft or peroneus longus tendon autograft in a randomized controlled trial.

Patients and methods
Between February 2018 and July 2019, patients who underwent ACL reconstruction were randomly assigned to two groups: hamstring and peroneus longus. Patient related outcome measurements and pain intensity were evaluated using IKDC, Lysholm, and visual analog scores at 3 and 6 months, 1, 2, and 5 years after the surgery. At the 5 year follow-up, anterior stability was tested using the 3D printable Knee Arthrometer. In addition, in the peroneus longus group, ankle functional assessment was performed using the American foot and ankle score. Additionally, data on the return to sports/activities was collected for both groups at the last follow-up.

Results
Sixty patients, with 30 in the hamstring group and 30 in the peroneus group, were included in the study. Patients were predominately male and with low activity demands. After five years of follow-up, there was no significant difference in functional assessment scores (IKDC and Lysholm) between the two groups (P n.s). The median graft diameter was 7.9 ± 0.4 mm in the hamstring tendon group and 8.9 ± 0.2 mm in the PL group (P < 0.001). The improvement in Arthrometer testing measurements (AMT) for the operated knees in the hamstring and peroneus longus groups were similar. In the peroneus longus group, the mean postoperative foot and ankle score was 98.6 ± 3.9 (range = 85–100).

Conclusion
Using Peroneus longus tendon autograft for arthroscopic ACL reconstruction is a feasible alternative as studied in this cohort of predominately male patients with low activity demands. The graft diameter in this study was sufficient, and the results regarding laxity and patient related outcome measurements were similar to those achieved with hamstring tendon autografts.

Level of evidence
Level I

Trial registration
ChiCTR2000036989
One direction? Cultural aspects of the mental number line beyond reading direction
Authors: Bulut Merve , Roth Lilly , Bahreini Narjes , Cipora Krzysztof , Reips Ulf Dietrich , Nuerk Hans-Christoph 
Published: December 2024

AbstractSpatial-Numerical Associations (SNAs) refer to the demonstrations of spatial processing of numbers. The Mental Number Line (MNL) is a representation model describing numbers as aligning left-to-right (LR) and was suggested to account for directional biases in participants’ responses during numerical tasks. One common behavioral demonstration of this is the Spatial-Numerical Associations of Response Codes (SNARC) effect, which describes faster left-/right-hand responses to smaller/larger numbers, respectively. The MNL, and, consequently, directional SNAs, show variabilities across different cultures. Reading direction is considered to be the main factor in explaining these differences. In line with this, individuals with right-to-left (RL) reading habits show a weaker or even reverse SNARC effect. In the present study, we investigated whether SNAs are influenced not only by reading direction, but also by cultural directional preferences such as drawing lines, arranging objects, imagining objects (i.e., rightward or leftward facing), or representing events in time (i.e., mentally representing the past/future on the left/right, respectively). To test this hypothesis, we measured the cultural directional preferences and the SNARC effect across three cultures in an online setup; German, Turkish, and Iranian. LR preferences in the Cultural Directional Preferences Questionnaire were most prominent in German participants, intermediate in Turkish participants, and least prominent in Iranian participants. In line with this, the LR SNARC effect was strongest in German, intermediate in Turkish, and weakest (but not RL) in Iranian culture. These findings suggest that cultural directional preferences are involved in the emergence of adult SNAs in addition to the reading direction.
Einsatz von SmED bei Notfallpatient:innen mit geringer Fallschwere in einem universitären Notfallzentrum
Authors: Ebbers Marcel , Rovas Alexandros , Köhnke Richard , Düsing Helena , Bernhard Michael , Gräff Ingo , Pavenstädt Hermann , Kümpers Philipp 
Published: December 2024

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Zur optimalen Disposition von Notfallpatient:innen mit geringer Fallschwere wurde der Einsatz digitaler Assistenzsysteme in der Notaufnahme vorgeschlagen.

Fragestellung
Die vorliegende Studie hatte zum Ziel, die Eignung des digitalen Assistenzsystems SmED (Strukturierte medizinische Ersteinschätzung in Deutschland) für die Bestimmung der Behandlungsdringlichkeit und der Versorgungsstufe von Notfallpatient:innen mit geringer Fallschwere eines universitären Notfallzentrums zu evaluieren.

Material und Methoden
275 erwachsene Patient:innen der Manchester-Triage-System(MTS)-Kategorien 3, 4 und 5 wurden prospektiv mithilfe von SmED eingeschätzt. Die tatsächlich erfolgten stationären Aufnahmen (Aufnahmequote) und der Bedarf an Notfallressourcen wurden zwischen den von SmED diskriminierten Gruppen verglichen.

Ergebnisse
In 70 % der Fälle empfahl SmED eine Behandlung in der Notaufnahme; in 30 % der Fälle wurde eine vertragsärztliche Vorstellung empfohlen. In 79,4 % der Fälle empfahl SmED einen sofortigen bzw. schnellstmöglichen Behandlungsbeginn. 17,9 % der Patient:innen wurde eine Behandlung innerhalb von 24 h und 2,7 % ein Behandlungsbeginn jenseits von 24 h empfohlen. Die Aufnahmequote derjenigen Patient:innen, die von SmED in die Notaufnahme bzw. zum Vertragsarzt gelenkt worden wären, unterschied sich nicht (Notaufnahme: 56,7 % vs. Vertragsarzt: 49,4 %, p = 0,28). Ebenso war der Ressourcenverbrauch zwischen den Gruppen nicht unterschiedlich.

Schlussfolgerung
Die Diskriminationsfähigkeit des digitalen Assistenzsystems SmED erweist sich in unserer Studienpopulation als unzureichend.
p53 and Ki-67 combined with periodic acid-Schiff staining for the diagnosis of early stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma lesions in biopsy specimens
Authors: Liu Feifei , Zhao Hongying , Li Xue 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Background
Esophageal cancer is highly prevalent in China, predominantly represented by squamous cell carcinoma. This retrospective study sought to evaluate the diagnostic efficacy of four staining protocols in identifying early stage esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Methods
A consecutive series of ninety biopsy samples of esophageal mucosa, collected retrospectively from March 2016 to December 2019, were obtained at Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital, a tertiary care facility in Beijing, China. These samples were categorized into four groups: non-neoplastic squamous lesions (Non-NSL), low-grade dysplasia (LGD), high-grade dysplasia (HGD), and early stage ESCC. Baseline, molecular analyses (p53 by immunohistochemistry and Ki-67 by immunohistochemistry), and staining analyses (hematoxylin & eosin (HE) and periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) were conducted across the categories. The staining protocols included HE, HE + p53 + Ki-67, HE + p53 + Ki-67 + PAS, and HE + p53/PAS + Ki-67/PAS.

Results
Patients with HGD and ESCC were significantly older and had larger lesions. Elevated p53 and Ki-67 mutation rates were observed in HGD and ESCC, while increased PAS positivity was noted in RE and LGD. The p53, Ki-67, and PAS staining results showed mostly no correlation among the four groups. Abnormal Ki-67 basal layer distribution pattern correlated with histological grades, with higher proportions in HGD and ESCC. HE + p53 + Ki-67 + PAS and HE + p53/PAS + Ki-67/PAS demonstrated complete consistency with the reference standard, with weighted κ values of 1. HE + p53 + Ki-67 + PAS and HE + p53/PAS + Ki-67/PAS protocols exhibited 100% accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity for diagnosing ESCC or ESCC combined with HGD, outperforming the other protocols.

Conclusions
Incorporating specific staining protocols, particularly HE + p53 + Ki-67 + PAS and HE + p53/PAS + Ki-67/PAS, enhances the diagnostic accuracy for early stage ESCC, showing promise in advancing the pathology diagnostic pathway.
Perceived Biological Bases of Sexual Orientation and Sexual Prejudice: The Moderating Role of Gender and Religious Beliefs
Authors: Falomir-Pichastor Juan M. , Confino Dan , Anderson Joel R. , Koc Yasin 
Published: December 2024

AbstractPrior correlational studies have shown that belief in the biological theory of sexual orientation (BTSO) is associated with more positive attitudes toward homosexuality. However, individuals often interpret scientific evidence in ways that align with their pre-existing beliefs and motivations. This research experimentally investigated whether gender and religiosity moderate heterosexual individuals’ responses to scientific evidence either supporting or refuting BTSO. In two studies, heterosexual men (Study 1, N = 118) and both men and women (Study 2, N = 280) reported their religiosity and were exposed to evidence suggesting either biological differences or similarities between heterosexual and gay individuals. Results showed that, in the biological differences condition, heterosexual women and less religious men were more likely to perceive homosexuality as a natural biological variation and expressed more positive attitudes toward it. In contrast, more religious men interpreted the same evidence as indicating a biological anomaly in gay individuals and displayed more negative attitudes toward homosexuality.