bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wege zur Gestaltung agiler Klimaanpassungsprojekte
Authors: Häußler Simone , Hofmann Martina , Müller Martin 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Auswirkungen des Klimawandels stellen Städte vor große Herausforderungen. Sie sind besonders vulnerabel für Schäden infolge von Extremwetterereignissen. Daher besteht eine besondere Dringlichkeit, wirkungsvolle Klimaanpassungsmaßnahmen in den Städten zu initiieren. Die Umsetzung und die Verstetigung dieser Maßnahmen bleiben bis dato häufig hinter dem Notwendigen zurück. Es besteht die Gefahr, dass wichtige Klimaanpassungsprojekte möglicherweise zu spät oder gar nicht umgesetzt werden und dadurch ihre Wirkung nur bestenfalls unzureichend entfalten können. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist, die Ursachen dieser Hemmnisse am Beispiel Baden-Württemberg aufzudecken, um agiles und fokussiertes Handeln im kommunalen Bereich zu den drängenden Fragen der Klimaanpassung zu verbessern. Es geht um die Beantwortung der Frage: Wo liegen die Hemmnisse für die effektive Integration von Klimaanpassungsmaßnahmen in Kommunen? Und darauf aufbauend: Welche Lösungsansätze tragen zur Überwindung dieser Hemmnisse bei? Hierzu wurde mit Fach- und Führungskräften der Bereiche Klimaschutz und Klimaanpassung aus baden-württembergischen Kommunen ein zweitägiger Workshop durchgeführt. Die entwickelten Lösungsvorschläge zur Überwindung der Hemmnisse in den Bereichen Politik, Kommunikation und Organisation sind im Wesentlichen: die Schaffung lokaler Interessensvertretungen in Form von Netzwerken; die Etablierung strategischer Stakeholder-Kooperationen für Wissenstransfers sowie Veränderungen in den kommunalen Prozessen und Organisationsstrukturen.
Anwendungen für Mehrphasen-CFD am Fahrzeugexterieur
Authors: Demel Daniel , Schütz Thomas , Kölzer Christian , Tropea Cameron 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungIn der Automobilindustrie werden einphasige Strömungssimulationen seit vielen Jahren zur Aerodynamik- und Aeroakustikentwicklung eingesetzt. Sie gewähren einen detaillierten Einblick in das Strömungsfeld und helfen bei der Optimierung des Luftwiderstands und des Innenraumpegels in frühen Phasen des Fahrzeugentwicklungsprozesses. Daneben spielen zweiphasige Strömungssimulationen eine zunehmende Rolle, z. B. bei der Funktion der Scheibenwischer, der Sichtfreihaltung von Scheiben, der Reinigung von Sensoren oder dem Abtropfen von Regenwasser beim Öffnen von Türen und Klappen. Solche Mehrphasenströmungen sind jedoch weitaus komplexer und weniger gut verstanden. BMW arbeitet zusammen mit der TU Darmstadt an der Weiterentwicklung von Simulationsmethoden zur frühzeitigen Analyse und Auslegung des externen Wassermanagements.Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden drei Anwendungsfälle mit zweiphasigen Strömungen betrachtet. Der erste Anwendungsfall umfasst die Beaufschlagung der Frontscheibe mit Regenwasser, dessen Verdrängung durch die Scheibenwischer und das Abfließen des Wassers. Beim zweiten Anwendungsfall wird das Ablaufverhalten von Regenwasser am stehenden Fahrzeug berechnet und überprüft, ob und wie das Wasser beim Öffnen der Heckklappe in den Fahrzeuginnenraum abtropft. Der letzte Anwendungsfall betrifft die Reinigung von Sensoren zur Fahrzeugumfeldüberwachung im Rahmen des teil-, hoch- und vollautomatisierten Fahrens. Damit das Reinigungsmedium jederzeit effizient seinen Zweck erfüllt, wird das Sensorreinigungssystem simulativ optimiert. Für alle drei Anwendungsfälle werden die zugrundeliegenden Methoden erläutert, Simulationsergebnisse präsentiert und ein Abgleich mit experimentellen Daten zur Validierung durchgeführt.
Towards estimating affective states in Virtual Reality based on behavioral data
Authors: Holzwarth Valentin , Schneider Johannes , Handali Joshua , Gisler Joy , Hirt Christian , Kunz Andreas , vom Brocke Jan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInferring users’ perceptions of Virtual Environments (VEs) is essential for Virtual Reality (VR) research. Traditionally, this is achieved through assessing users’ affective states before and after being exposed to a VE, based on standardized, self-assessment questionnaires. The main disadvantage of questionnaires is their sequential administration, i.e., a user’s affective state is measured asynchronously to its generation within the VE. A synchronous measurement of users’ affective states would be highly favorable, e.g., in the context of adaptive systems. Drawing from nonverbal behavior research, we argue that behavioral measures could be a powerful approach to assess users’ affective states in VR. In this paper, we contribute by providing methods and measures evaluated in a user study involving 42 participants to assess a users’ affective states by measuring head movements during VR exposure. We show that head yaw significantly correlates with presence, mental and physical demand, perceived performance, and system usability. We also exploit the identified relationships for two practical tasks that are based on head yaw: (1) predicting a user’s affective state, and (2) detecting manipulated questionnaire answers, i.e., answers that are possibly non-truthful. We found that affective states can be predicted significantly better than a naive estimate for mental demand, physical demand, perceived performance, and usability. Further, manipulated or non-truthful answers can also be estimated significantly better than by a naive approach. These findings mark an initial step in the development of novel methods to assess user perception of VEs.
Environmental aspects and economic evaluation of new green hydrolysis method for waste feather processing
Authors: Solcova Olga , Knapek Jaroslav , Wimmerova Lenka , Vavrova Kamila , Kralik Tomas , Rouskova Milena , Sabata Stanislav , Hanika Jiri 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In recent years, an increase in the chicken meat process industry has been growing quickly, which brings a large amount of difficult to process waste, chicken feathers. These billions of kilograms create a serious waste problem over the world, furthermore, poultry feather processing is not only particularly difficult but also relatively expensive. In fact, there is no technology suitable for processing such huge quantities of feathers to guarantee sustainable development of the chicken meat industry together with processing of waste feathers. This article introduces a newly designed and original, highly efficient and environmentally friendly method of physicochemical hydrolysis of waste feathers. The hydrolysis is carried out in the presence of a weak organic carboxylic acid; thus, the resulting hydrolysate does not contain any salts or ashes. Therefore, a resulting hydrolysate, which includes a mixture of amino acids, peptides, proteins, glycoproteins and free fatty acids, is suitable for a variety of applications; e.g. as a chondroprotective agent in the treatment of joint diseases, nutrients for crop plants or targeted biostimulants for agriculture. This paper is focused not only on the process scale-up but also on environmental aspects and economic evaluations to bring general view of the process.

Graphic abstract
Mass media coverage and vaccination uptake: evidence from the demand for meningococcal vaccinations in Hungary
Authors: Bíró Anikó , Szabó-Morvai Ágnes 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe estimate the effect of mass media coverage of the meningococcal disease on the uptake of meningococcal vaccinations in Hungary. Our analysis is based on administrative county-level data on vaccination purchases linked to indicators of media coverage of the meningococcal disease and to administrative records of disease incidence. Using geographical and time variations in these indicators, our fixed effects estimates indicate a strong positive effect of mass media coverage of the disease on the rate of vaccination with all types of the meningococcal vaccine. At the same time, we do not find evidence that disease incidence itself has a positive impact on vaccination. These findings are broadly in line with imperfect information and the principles of bounded rationality and highlight the responsibility of mass media in influencing health-related behaviours.
Correction to: The biotechnological importance of the plant-specific NAC transcription factor family in crop improvement
Authors: Singh Sadhana , Koyama Hiroyuki , Bhati Kaushal K. , Alok Anshu 
Published: April 2021

The article The biotechnological importance of the plant-specific NAC transcription factor family in crop improvement, written by Sadhana Singh, Hiroyuki Koyama, Kaushal K. Bhati and Anshu Alok, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal on February 22, 2021 without open access.
Investigating the determinants of vaccine hesitancy within undergraduate students’ social sphere
Authors: Siani Alessandro , Driscoll Megan , Hurst Tia-mai , Coker Tutu , Grantham Alice Georgina , Bunet Amrit 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Aims
Vaccine hesitancy is widely recognised as one of the most serious threats to current global health. While the causes underlying vaccine hesitancy have been extensively described and several mitigation strategies trialled amongst current and prospective parents, there is a relative scarcity of research investigating its extent and causative factors amongst university students, a critical demographic due to its temporal proximity to the average child-rearing age. The present study sought to address this literature gap by elucidating the social and demographic factors that might underpin vaccine hesitancy in university students.

Subject and methods
An anonymous online survey was carried out to investigate the opinions and perspectives on the practice of vaccination within undergraduate students’ social sphere. The statistical significance of the differences observed between groups of participants was analysed using non-parametric tests of variance.

Results
Amongst the 739 volunteers who participated in the survey, vaccine confidence varied significantly (p < 0.001) with age, ethnicity and religion, and to a lesser (yet still statistically significant) extent (p < 0.05) with graduate status. No statistically significant differences were observed with regard to gender or number of children.

Conclusions
By shedding new light on the factors underpinning vaccine hesitancy within undergraduate students’ social network, the present study provides a stepping stone towards the development of targeted mitigation strategies.
Structuring Communication Effectively—The Causal Effects of Communication Elements on Cooperation in Social Dilemmas
Authors: Koessler Ann-Kathrin , Ortiz-Riomalo Juan Felipe , Janke Mathias , Engel Stefanie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMany environmental problems represent social dilemma situations where individually rational behaviour leads to collectively suboptimal outcomes. Communication has been found to alleviate the dilemma and stimulate cooperation in these situations. Yet, the knowledge of the basic elements, i.e. the types of information that need to be provided and exchanged to make communication effective, is still incomplete. Previous research relies on ex post methods, i.e. after conducting an experiment researchers analyse what information was shared during the communication phase. By nature, this ex post categorization is endogenous. In this study, we identify the basic elements of effective communication ex ante and evaluate their impact in a more controlled way. Based on the findings of previous studies, we identify four cooperation-enhancing elements of communication: (i) problem awareness, (ii) identification of strategies, (iii) agreement, and (iv) ratification. In a laboratory experiment with 560 participants, we implement interventions representing these components and contrast the resulting levels of cooperation with the outcomes under free (unstructured) or no communication. We find that the intervention facilitating agreement on a common strategy (combination of (ii) and (iii)) is particularly powerful in boosting cooperation. And if this is combined with interventions promoting problem awareness and ratification, similar cooperation levels as in settings with free-form communication can be reached. Our results are relevant not only from an analytical perspective, but also provide insights for social dilemma situations in which effective communication processes cannot be successfully self-organized, calling for some form of external, structured facilitation or moderation.
Comparison of three sampling methods for small-bodied fish in lentic nearshore and open water habitats
Authors: Merz Joseph E. , Anderson Jesse T. , Wiesenfeld Jesse , Zeug Steven C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe performed a preliminary evaluation of a mobile sampling platform with adjustable push net and live box (Platform) against two common methods for sampling small-bodied fish (i.e., 10–100 mm) in two distinct lentic habitats. Nearshore (NS) littoral habitat was sampled by Platform and beach seine, and open water (OW) pelagic habitat by Platform and Kodiak trawl. Our goal was to evaluate the Platform’s ability to describe fish assemblage structure across habitat types in contrast to common techniques restricted to single habitat types that are less comparable due to gear-specific bias. Platform sample speed had a significant positive effect on recapture efficiency of both nearly neutrally buoyant objects and marked fish. Marked fish recapture efficiencies were similar for Platform in NS and OW, indicating similar efficiency across habitat types. Platform capture efficiency was similar to beach seine and greater than Kodiak trawl. With similar sampling time, the Platform collected more individuals and taxa in NS relative to beach seine and in OW relative to Kodiak trawl. Greater taxa detection by the Platform suggests that it may be effective at detecting species that are numerically rare in specific habitats when compared to these methods. Fish CPUE was significantly greater NS regardless of technique. However, by using the Platform, there is greater confidence that this difference was reliable and not a gear selectivity artifact. Overall, this preliminary study demonstrates the Platform’s potential to collect standardized data across NS and OW habitats, track ontogenetic habitat shifts, and detect differences in small-bodied fish taxa richness, relative abundance, and density between NS and OW habitats. Continued experimentation beyond a single reservoir and fish size range is required before consensus can be established regarding the utility of this new push net design.
Statistically responsible artificial intelligences
Authors: Smith Nicholas , Vickers Darby 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs artificial intelligence (AI) becomes ubiquitous, it will be increasingly involved in novel, morally significant situations. Thus, understanding what it means for a machine to be morally responsible is important for machine ethics. Any method for ascribing moral responsibility to AI must be intelligible and intuitive to the humans who interact with it. We argue that the appropriate approach is to determine how AIs might fare on a standard account of human moral responsibility: a Strawsonian account. We make no claim that our Strawsonian approach is either the only one worthy of consideration or the obviously correct approach, but we think it is preferable to trying to marry fundamentally different ideas of moral responsibility (i.e. one for AI, one for humans) into a single cohesive account. Under a Strawsonian framework, people are morally responsible when they are appropriately subject to a particular set of attitudes—reactive attitudes—and determine under what conditions it might be appropriate to subject machines to this same set of attitudes. Although the Strawsonian account traditionally applies to individual humans, it is plausible that entities that are not individual humans but possess these attitudes are candidates for moral responsibility under a Strawsonian framework. We conclude that weak AI is never morally responsible, while a strong AI with the right emotional capacities may be morally responsible.
Long-term fate of fertilizer sulfate- and elemental S in co-granulated fertilizers
Authors: Degryse Fien , Baird Roslyn , Andelkovic Ivan , McLaughlin Michael J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn previous studies, we assessed sulfur (S) uptake by crops from elemental S (ES) and sulfate-S (SO4-S) in S-fortified monoammonium phosphate fertilizers over two years. The recovery by the crop ranged from 16 to 28% for ES and from 9 to 86% for SO4-S. Here, we used a model which takes into account organic S cycling, SO4-S leaching and ES oxidation to explain the observed recoveries. Higher recoveries of ES than SO4-S in two of the four sites could be explained by partial leaching of SO4-S and relatively fast oxidation of ES, due to a warm climate and high S-oxidizing soils. The same model was used for longer-term (5-year) predictions, and a sensitivity analysis was carried out. The size of the labile soil S pool and total S uptake strongly affected the recovery of both SO4-S and ES. Predicted recoveries after 5 years were over threefold higher for a small than for a large labile organic S pool and for a high-uptake than for a low-uptake scenario. Leaching mainly affected SO4-S, with predicted recoveries halved under a high-leaching scenario. Slow oxidation resulted in recoveries in the first year being fourfold lower for ES than for SO4-S or even lower in case of a long lag-time. However, it is predicted that total recoveries of ES will eventually reach those of SO4-S or exceed them if there is SO4-S leaching. Our model demonstrates that long-term trials are needed to evaluate the true effectiveness of a slow-release fertilizer source such as ES.
Adapting Bodies to Infrastructures
Authors: Schindler Larissa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe material interrelations between bodies and objects are a wide, worthwhile and absorbing field, which has not been sufficiently examined yet. Focusing on such interrelations within air travel, this article contributes to the exploration of this field. It delineates that such interrelations do not simply happen, but that they have to be accomplished continuously by different participants with a certain risk to fail at many points. Within mobilities, such processes of interrelating occur under the specific circumstances of a moving vehicle. Based on empirical data from an ethnographic study on air travel, the paper is concerned with the ongoing dynamics of body-object-interrelations. Based on this analysis, it suggests emphasizing the continuous modification that material assemblages built of people and objects undergo even when “only” staying immobile during a flight. Passengers do not simply enter and exit a vehicle staying identical with themselves. Rather, they are continuously adapting to a material infrastructure that shapes and adjusts their corporeal needs and capacities, including their senses.
Automatic discovery of interpretable planning strategies
Authors: Skirzyński Julian , Becker Frederic , Lieder Falk 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhen making decisions, people often overlook critical information or are overly swayed by irrelevant information. A common approach to mitigate these biases is to provide decision-makers, especially professionals such as medical doctors, with decision aids, such as decision trees and flowcharts. Designing effective decision aids is a difficult problem. We propose that recently developed reinforcement learning methods for discovering clever heuristics for good decision-making can be partially leveraged to assist human experts in this design process. One of the biggest remaining obstacles to leveraging the aforementioned methods for improving human decision-making is that the policies they learn are opaque to people. To solve this problem, we introduce AI-Interpret: a general method for transforming idiosyncratic policies into simple and interpretable descriptions. Our algorithm combines recent advances in imitation learning and program induction with a new clustering method for identifying a large subset of demonstrations that can be accurately described by a simple, high-performing decision rule. We evaluate our new AI-Interpret algorithm and employ it to translate information-acquisition policies discovered through metalevel reinforcement learning. The results of three large behavioral experiments showed that providing the decision rules generated by AI-Interpret as flowcharts significantly improved people’s planning strategies and decisions across three different classes of sequential decision problems. Moreover, our fourth experiment revealed that this approach is significantly more effective at improving human decision-making than training people by giving them performance feedback. Finally, a series of ablation studies confirmed that our AI-Interpret algorithm was critical to the discovery of interpretable decision rules and that it is ready to be applied to other reinforcement learning problems. We conclude that the methods and findings presented in this article are an important step towards leveraging automatic strategy discovery to improve human decision-making. The code for our algorithm and the experiments is available athttps://github.com/RationalityEnhancement/InterpretableStrategyDiscovery.
Evaluating risks-based communities of Mafia companies: a complex networks perspective
Authors: Castellano Nicola Giuseppe , Cerqueti Roy , Franceschetti Bruno Maria 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a data-driven complex network approach, to show similarities and differences—in terms of financial risks—between the companies involved in organized crime businesses and those who are not. At this aim, we construct and explore two networks under the assumption that highly connected companies hold similar financial risk profiles of large entity. Companies risk profiles are captured by a statistically consistent overall risk indicator, which is obtained by suitably aggregating four financial risk ratios. The community structures of the networks are analyzed under a statistical perspective, by implementing a rank-size analysis and by investigating the features of their distributions through entropic comparisons. The theoretical model is empirically validated through a high quality dataset of Italian companies. Results highlights remarkable differences between the considered sets of companies, with a higher heterogeneity and a general higher risk profiles in companies traceable back to a crime organization environment.
Lustre I/O performance investigations on Hazel Hen: experiments and heuristics
Authors: Seiz Marco , Offenhäuser Philipp , Andersson Stefan , Hötzer Johannes , Hierl Henrik , Nestler Britta , Resch Michael 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWith ever-increasing computational power, larger computational domains are employed and thus the data output grows as well. Writing this data to disk can become a significant part of runtime if done serially. Even if the output is done in parallel, e.g., via MPI I/O, there are many user-space parameters for tuning the performance. This paper focuses on the available parameters for the Lustre file system and the Cray MPICH implementation of MPI I/O. Experiments on the Cray XC40 Hazel Hen using a Cray Sonexion 2000 Lustre file system were conducted. In the experiments, the core count, the block size and the striping configuration were varied. Based on these parameters, heuristics for striping configuration in terms of core count and block size were determined, yielding up to a 32-fold improvement in write rate compared to the default. This corresponds to 85 GB/s of the peak bandwidth of 202.5 GB/s. The heuristics are shown to be applicable to a small test program as well as a complex application.