bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interactive Analysis of CNN Robustness
Authors: Sietzen Stefan , Lechner Mathias , Borowski Judy , Hasani Ramin , Waldner Manuela 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWhile convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have found wide adoption as state‐of‐the‐art models for image‐related tasks, their predictions are often highly sensitive to small input perturbations, which the human vision is robust against. This paper presents Perturber, a web‐based application that allows users to instantaneously explore how CNN activations and predictions evolve when a 3D input scene is interactively perturbed. Perturber offers a large variety of scene modifications, such as camera controls, lighting and shading effects, background modifications, object morphing, as well as adversarial attacks, to facilitate the discovery of potential vulnerabilities. Fine‐tuned model versions can be directly compared for qualitative evaluation of their robustness. Case studies with machine learning experts have shown that Perturber helps users to quickly generate hypotheses about model vulnerabilities and to qualitatively compare model behavior. Using quantitative analyses, we could replicate users’ insights with other CNN architectures and input images, yielding new insights about the vulnerability of adversarially trained models.
m6A reader protein YTHDF2 regulates spermatogenesis by timely clearance of phase‐specific transcripts
Authors: Qi Meijie , Sun Haifeng , Guo Yueshuai , Zhou Yu , Gu Xueying , Jin Jiachuan , Chen Xiaoxu , Wang Fangzhu , Ma Honghui , Guo Xuejiang , Chen Hao , Shen Bin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivesAccumulating evidences show that the regulatory network of m6A modification is essential for mammalian spermatogenesis. However, as an m6A reader, the roles of YTHDF2 remain enigmatic due to the lack of a proper model. Here, we employed the germ cell conditional knockout mouse model and explored the function of YTHDF2 in spermatogenesis.Materials and methodsYthdf2 germ cell conditional knockout mice were obtained by crossing Ythdf2‐floxed mice with Vasa‐Cre and Stra8‐Cre mice. Haematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, immunofluorescent staining and Western blotting were used for phenotyping. CASA, IVF and ICSI were applied for sperm function analysis. RNA‐seq, YTHDF2‐RIP‐seq and quantitative real‐time PCR were used to explore transcriptome changes and molecular mechanism analysis.ResultsOur results showed that YTHDF2 was highly expressed in spermatogenic cells. The germ cell conditional knockout males were sterile, and their sperm displayed malformation, impaired motility, and lost fertilization ability. During differentiated spermatogonia transiting to pachytene spermatocyte, most m6A‐modified YTHDF2 targets that were degraded in control germ cells persisted in pachytene spermatocytes of Ythdf2‐vKO mice. These delayed mRNAs were mainly enriched in pathways related to the regulation of transcription, and disturbed the transcriptome of round spermatid and elongated spermatid subsequently.ConclusionOur data demonstrate that YTHDF2 facilitates the timely turnover of phase‐specific transcripts to ensure the proper progression of spermatogenesis, which highlights a critical role of YTHDF2 in spermatogenesis.
Wuhan Household Food Provisioning under Blockaded COVID‐19 Lockdown
Authors: Henrici Jane , Ju Aojie 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHow might people under blockaded lockdown during a pandemic obtain food? The experiences of those inside Wuhan who underwent the January–April 2020 COVID‐19 blockaded lockdown have generated multiple investigations. The topic is of relevance to those concerned with food systems in general and food security during disasters in particular. This article presents a primary analysis of original survey and interview material on household‐level food provisioning, using a gender and intersectional approach to disasters, together with a review of reports by others. The key observation is that a highly contagious coronavirus proved less threatening to food security in a large and diverse city than did socio‐economic inequalities. However, although Wuhan households under blockaded pandemic lockdown were differentiated and conditions more difficult for some than others, overall food provisioning succeeded. This occurred through an established governmental system linked with social networks adapted to the circumstances across a set of digital applications.
Declining youth drinking: A matter of faith?
Authors: Raninen Jonas , Livingston Michael , Holmes John , Svensson Johan , Larm Peter 
Published: December 2021

AbstractYouth drinking has declined in many high‐income countries for two decades. This development is still largely unexplained. Developing evidence and extending our understanding as to the mechanisms behind these changes is imperative for advising governments and policy makers on how to support and maintain the trends. Given the international scope of the trends, comparative studies have been suggested for improving our understanding of the development. In this commentary, we explore the patterns observed across several waves of the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs between 1999 and 2019, and how these match‐up with the World Values Survey. We found that the declines in youth drinking are limited to a smaller number of countries and that in Europe these are all found in two groups from the World Values Survey, protestant Europe and English‐speaking countries. If the declines in youth drinking are systematic and limited to a smaller number of countries, this challenges some of the hypothesised drivers of this development, but can also help guide future research.
Intelligent algorithm for detection of dengue using mobilenetv2‐based deep features with lymphocyte nucleus
Authors: Mayrose Hilda , Sampathila Niranjana , Bairy G. Muralidhar , Belurkar Sushma , Saravu Kavitha , Basu Akash , Khan Saman 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDengue is a vector‐borne disease that is highly endemic in countries located in tropical regions. It can cause severe complications and can even lead to death in the case of delayed diagnosis. Detection of dengue is done by manually examining the platelets and lymphocytes in Leishman's stained peripheral blood smear (PBS) images. PBS examination is considered the gold standard for diagnosing various haematological disorders. However, manual analysis of the PBS is labour‐intensive, tedious, and time‐consuming, requiring a skilled and experienced haematologist. Today, soft computing methods and artificial intelligence have made their way into every science and technology branch. One such area which has adopted this approach is digital pathology, for automatically identifying and diagnosing various diseases. The main objective of this work was to design an intelligent algorithm to classify normal and dengue patients with the help of digital microscopic blood smear images. A total of 94 normal and dengue‐infected PBSs were acquired at a magnification of 100×. Grey‐level segmentation based on Otsu's thresholding was used for the segmentation of the nucleus of lymphocytes. Distinct features from the nucleus that differentiated infected cells from normal were extracted using a pre‐trained MobileNetV2 network and local binary pattern. Significant features were selected using the ReliefF algorithm. Subsequently, these features were fed to the support vector machine (SVM) classifier. Our proposed system gave an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 95.74%, 98.14%, and 92.50%, respectively. Hence, the developed intelligent model with deep and hand‐crafted features can be valuable for dengue diagnosis.
The politics of Uber in Quebec. A discursive institutionalist study
Authors: Coiquaud Urwana , Morissette Lucie 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDigital platforms have led to the disruption of public policy in many sectors. Five years after the arrival of Uber in Quebec (Canada), the old regulatory framework was replaced by a policy which espouses the business model of the multinational. Following the discursive institutionalist approach, this research reveals the dynamic by which Uber penetrated the political sphere to take advantage of it and the roles of ideas and institutions in legitimizing the transformations.
Nitrogen supplement attenuates drought stress for non‐leguminous hybrid plant fescue and does not affect nitrogen‐fixing alfalfa
Authors: Januškaitienė Irena , Kacienė Giedrė , Dikšaitytė Austra , Žaltauskaitė Jūratė , Miškelytė Diana , Sujetovienė Gintarė , Juknys Romualdas 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis work focuses on the investigation of forage crops hybrid fescue and legume alfalfa response to drought at different levels of nitrogen fertilization. Plants were grown in pots filled with a mixture of field soil, perlite and fine sand with three (N0, N60 and N90 kg/ha) levels of nitrogen fertilization in a greenhouse. Drought stress was applied by withholding watering for 1 week, after which plants were left for a recovery period of 1 week. In most cases, the morphological indices of alfalfa did not differ significantly between the treatments. In contrast, the above‐ground biomass of fescue grown under well‐watered conditions was largely enhanced by N addition. The main trend of JIP test parameters was that nitrogen fertilizer did not have a significant effect on alfalfa. Contrarily, additional nitrogen content increased energy fluxes (such as absorption, trapping, electron transport, reduction of end acceptors) and density of reaction centres not only in well‐watered but also in drought‐affected fescue plants. An increase in nitrogen fertilizers increased content of pigments and flavonoids in fescue leaves. In conclusion, the stress tolerance index of hybrid fescue increased along with the increase in N content due to more efficient use of light energy and increased antioxidative capacity, all of which led to significantly higher production of above‐ground biomass at higher N levels and drought stress.
Electromagnetic interference from left ventricular assist devices detected in patients with implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators
Authors: Sheldon Seth H. , Jazayeri Mohammad‐Ali , Pierpoline Michael , Mohammed Moghniuddin , Parikh Valay , Robinson Alexander , Noheria Amit , Haglund Nicholas , Sauer Andrew J. , Reddy Y. Madhu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionElectromagnetic interference (EMI) from left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) can cause implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) oversensing. We sought to assess the frequency of inappropriate shocks/oversensing due to LVAD‐related EMI and prospectively compare integrated (IB) versus dedicated bipolar (DB) sensing in patients with LVADs.MethodsSingle‐center study in LVAD patients with Medtronic or Abbott ICDs between September 2017 and March 2020. We excluded patients that were pacemaker dependent. Measurements were obtained of IB and DB sensing and noise to calculate a signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). Device checks were reviewed to assess appropriate and inappropriate sensing events.ResultsForty patients (age 52 ± 14 years, 75% men, 38% ischemic cardiomyopathy) were included with the median time between LVAD implantation and enrollment of 6.7 months (2.3, 11.4 months). LVAD subtypes included: HeartWare (n = 22, 55%), Heartmate II (n = 10, 25%), and Heartmate III (n = 8, 20%). Over a follow‐up duration of 21.6 ± 12.9 months after LVAD implantation, 5% of patients (n = 2) had oversensing of EMI from the LVAD (both with HeartWare LVADs and Abbott ICDs) at 4 days and 10.8 months after LVAD implantation. Both patients underwent adjustment of ventricular sensing with resolution of oversensing and no further events over 5 and 15 months of further follow‐up. The SNR was similar between IB and DB sensing (50 [29–67] and 57 [41–69], p = 0.89).ConclusionICD oversensing of EMI from LVADs is infrequent and can be managed with reprogramming the sensitivity. There was no significant difference in the R‐wave SNR with IB versus DB ICD leads.
3D printed implant surgical guides with internally routed irrigation for temperature reduction during osteotomy preparation: A pilot study
Authors: Teich Sorin , Bocklet Michael , Evans Zachary , Gutmacher Zvi , Renne Walter 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe purpose of this study was to test a novel through‐the‐guide means of irrigation in an in‐vitro bovine bone model and to explore the method clinical applicability.Materials and MethodsSurgical guides were designed to fit over five fresh bovine samples. Control osteotomy sites were compared to experimental sites irrigated through a 3D printed surgical guide with customized channels that direct the coolant toward the interface of the alveolar crest and drill. Temperature was measured during surgery with thermocouples located at 3 and 6 mm from the crestal height of the bone, and with an infrared thermal camera taking direct temperature readings from a window cut into axial wall at 9 mm from the crestal height of the ridge.ResultsIncorporation of routed irrigation significantly decreased heat generation, keeping temperature consistently below 47°C. A clinical case illustrates the method applicability using standard implant planning software, 3D printing technology, and regular implant armamentarium.ConclusionsThe in‐vitro analysis shows that this method mitigates temperature increase caused by static surgical guide irrigation blockade at the osteotomy site. This technique can be incorporated in the surgical guide design using commercially available software and 3D printing technology and has immediate applications in practice.Clinical SignificanceThe in‐vitro analysis shows that this method can significantly mitigate the temperature increase caused by static surgical guide irrigation blockade at the osteotomy site. This technique also has the advantage that it can be incorporated in the digital surgical guide design using commercially available software and 3D printing technology. The method has immediate applications in practice, and especially in the treatment of edentulism in esthetic zone where use of guided surgery for implant placement is crucial in obtaining consistent results.
Degradability of bulk‐fill resin composites after cyclic immersion in different distilled alcoholic beverages
Authors: Tanthanuch Saijai , Kukiattrakoon Boonlert , Jantaravisoot Janejira , Chanaphai Chonnikan , Areewong Chutikarn , Ampawa Nuthamol 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate effect of distilled alcoholic beverages on surface hardness, roughness, and erosion of bulk‐fill resin composites.Materials and MethodsSixty eight specimens of each bulk‐fill resin composite (Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative, SonicFill 2, and Tetric N‐Ceram Bulk Fill) were prepared. Baseline data of surface hardness and roughness value were recorded. The specimens were divided into five groups: vodka, whisky, tequila, brandy, and deionized water (served as a control). Specimens were then alternately immersed in 25 ml of a storage agent for 5 s and in 25 ml of artificial saliva for 5 s over 10 cycles. This process was repeated for 14 days. After immersion, specimens were subjected to evaluation of surface hardness, roughness, and erosion on days 7 and 14. The data were statistically analyzed by two‐way repeated analysis of variance, Tukey's honestly significant difference, and a t test (p < 0.05).ResultsDistilled alcoholic beverages caused significant hardness decrement, roughness and erosion increment (p < 0.05), where the greatest degradation was found in brandy group. Tetric N‐Ceram Bulk Fill had the most significant decrement in hardness and increment in roughness and erosion than the other resin composites (p < 0.05).ConclusionDistilled alcoholic beverages affected hardness, roughness, and erosion of all the bulk‐fill resin composites.Clinical SignificanceRegarding the bulk‐fill resin composites tested, Filtek One Bulk Fill Restorative was the most appropriate restorative material in patients who consume distilled alcoholic beverages.
Association of predation risk with a heterospecific vocalization by an anabantoid fish
Authors: Seigel Alex R. , DeVriendt Isabel G. , Strand Madisen C. , Shastri Ananda , Wisenden Brian D. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHoney gouramis (Trichogaster chuna) received chemical alarm cues derived from conspecific epidermal tissue and, simultaneously, the vocalization produced by a heterospecific gourami species, the sparkling pygmy gourami (Trichopsis pumila). Control trials paired water with the vocalization. In trials that received alarm cues, honey gouramis significantly increased activity relative to control trials that received water, suggesting an attempt to flee and search for refuge. When the recording of the vocalization was later replayed to test fish without any additional chemical cue, fish that had previously experienced the alarm cue froze while those that had received water with the vocalization did not change their behaviour. These data indicate that honey gouramis recognize and respond to chemical alarm cues, making this report the second anabantoid species to be recorded with this response. Second, these data indicate that honey gouramis can associate risk of predation with a novel auditory stimulus, including vocalizations from other species. These data suggest the potential for vocalizations to evolve into alarm signals in this group of fishes.
Effect of oral processing on texture, rheology properties, and microstructure of three rice varieties
Authors: Asimi Sailimuhan , Xin Ren , Min Zhang , Dongxiao Liu , Sohail Amjad , Meng Li , Jie Peng , Zhenhua Wang , Shan Liang , Ziyuan Wang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe differences of physical properties of cooked rice among different mastication processes were studied in three rice cultivars differing in amylose contents, that is, japonica rice (JR), indica rice (IR), and waxy rice (WR). The results indicated that the average amount of saliva added was 303.4 ± 15.9 mg/g for JR, 351.5 ± 16.1 mg/g for IR, and 299.1 ± 13.5 mg/g for WR during oral processing. The proportion of free water in JR significantly increased (p < .05), whereas the proportion of weak bound water significantly decreased (p < .05). With the progress of mastication, the apparent viscosity of cooked rice decreased, and the elastic modulus G′ decreased more than the viscous modulus G″. In addition, small boluses were mostly produced in the early stage of oral processing. The proportion of small particles of JR and IR increased with extended mastication, but no significant change in that of WR. The hardness of bolus also significantly decreased (p < .05) in the early stage of mastication. With the progress of mastication, the cohesiveness of JR rice boluses increased significantly (p < .05). At the swallowing point, the cohesiveness were 0.23 ± 0.03 for JR, 0.25 ± 0.02 for IR, and 0.32 ± 0.05 for WR, respectively. Saliva secretion and mastication allowed cooked rice to be swallowed by decreasing its hardness and apparent viscosity, increasing its cohesiveness, water content, and proportion of small particles.Practical applicationsThis article investigated the changes of physical properties of three varieties of cooked rice during oral processing.
Oral pathogen in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer
Authors: Yu Ta‐Chung , Zhou Yi‐Lu , Fang Jing‐Yuan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe human body contains more than 100 trillion microorganisms, including the oral cavity, the skin, and the gastrointestinal tract. After the gastrointestinal tract, the oral cavity harbors one of the most diverse microbial communities within the human body and harbors more than 770 species of bacteria. The composition of the oral and gut microbiomes is quite different, but there may be a microbiological link between the two mucosal sites during the course of disease. More studies indicate that oral bacteria can disseminate to the distal gut via enteral or hematogenous routes. This is mostly obvious in periodontitis, where specific bacteria, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis, show this pathogenic feature. The translocation of oral microbes to the gut may give rise to a variety of gastrointestinal diseases, including colorectal cancer. However, the precise role that oral microbe play in colorectal cancer has not been fully illustrated. Here, we summarize the current researches on possible pathways of ectopic gut colonization by oral bacteria and their possible contribution to the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer. Understanding the correlation of the oral‐to‐gut microbial axis in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancer will contribute to precise diagnosis and effective treatment.
A half century of fish gonadotropin‐releasing hormones: Breaking paradigms
Authors: Zohar Yonathan , Zmora Nilli , Trudeau Vance L. , Muñoz‐Cueto José A. , Golan Matan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe field of fish gonadotropin‐releasing hormones (GnRHs) is also celebrating its 50th anniversary this year. This review provides a chronological history of fish GnRH biology over the past five decades. It demonstrates how discoveries in fish regarding GnRH and GnRH receptor multiplicity, dynamic interactions between GnRH neurons, and additional neuroendocrine factors acting alongside GnRH, amongst others, have driven a paradigm shift in our understanding of GnRH systems and functions in vertebrates, including mammals. The role of technological innovations in enabling scientific discoveries is portrayed, as well as how fundamental research in fish GnRH led to translational outcomes in aquaculture. The interchange between fish and mammalian GnRH research is discussed, as is the value and utility of using fish models for advancing GnRH biology. Current challenges and future perspectives are presented, with the hope of expanding the dialogue and collaborations within the neuroendocrinology scientific community at large, capitalizing on diversifying model animals and the use of comparative strategies.