bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complete Integrity Assessment of a Non-Piggable Multi-Diameter Cross Country Pipeline in a Network Shared by Multiple Electrically Continuous Parallel Pipelines
Authors: Mishra Amit , Vats Saurabh , Palacios T. Carlos A. , Joshi Himanshu , Khurana Ishan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A complete Pipeline Integrity Management System is the need of the hour. Apart from keeping in mind the enormous environment concerns in this rapidly dwindling era of hydrocarbons, a successful pipeline owner always strives to profitably operate their precious assets.
To operate a pipeline efficiently, a plan is required to maintain its health and increase the remaining life. Various types of pipelines pose various problems which the owner needs to resolve systematically and with a well-ordered approach.
A similar challenge was faced by a refinery in India. The refinery has a design capacity to process 15 MMTPA of crude per annum. The imports and exports are carried out through the local Port Trust which is one of the deepest inner harbour on the west coast. Multiple pipelines run to and from the refinery and the port trust (approximate distance — 10 km).
The subject pipeline in question currently transports Mixed Xylene (MX) from refinery to port. The pipeline has a diversified operating history with various other products being transferred in the past. However, the pipeline is used very scarcely.
The problem posed by the subject pipeline was similar to what many other cross-country pipelines face — the pipeline was not piggable. Five (5) other parallel pipelines share the same right-of-way, all of which are piggable and have their integrity assessment performed via Intelligent Pigging on a planned basis. There was also a concern about collecting the most accurate data since the pipeline had not undergone an integrity assessment since its commissioning in 2001. However, it was yearly pressure tested to ensure integrity of the pipeline. Parallel pipelines pose a bigger challenge for obtaining accurate data for a particular pipeline amongst them.
Keeping all this in mind, a complete integrity management was planned for the MX pipeline and thus concluded on performing a turnkey Direct Assessment (DA) program. The DA program included Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment (ICDA) to assess and manage the threats of internal corrosion, External Corrosion Direct Assessment (ECDA) for external corrosion threats and Stress Corrosion Cracking Direct Assessment (SCCDA) for determining susceptibility towards the threat of stress corrosion cracking on the pipeline.
Utilization of latest technologies helped in adapting and overcoming the multiple problems faced by legacy technologies especially in difficult ROW conditions and complex pipeline networks, such as the MX pipeline. This paper provides an insight into how an operator can combine latest available technologies and deploy it in unison with the complete integrity management plan.
Effect of Computational Constraints on Zero-Dimensional Computations for the Nanosecond-Order Ignition Process of the CH4/Air Mixture
Authors: Suzuki M. , Morii Y. , Nakamura H. , Maruta K. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Zero-dimensional computations of nanosecond-order ignition using a nanosecond discharge are performed with two constraints. The effects of these constraints are assessed to study the experimental rapid pressure change properly at the initial stages. The computations are carried out with the following constraints: constant internal energy and volume (U&V) and constant enthalpy and pressure (H&P), revealing differences between the two solutions. As the pressure remains constant under the H&P constraint, the total number density of all species decreases during ignition. In this case, O radicals are less generated and consumed. The progression of all reactions and temperatures increases under the H&P constraint less intensely than under the U&V constraint. Significant differences are found between the results calculated under the U&V and H&P constraints. Therefore, large discrepancies with real phenomena can be caused if the loss due to pressure reduction is not treated well.
Impact of COVID-19 social distancing measures on future incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease in England and Wales: a mathematical modelling study
Authors: Choi Yoon Hong , Miller Elizabeth 
Published: September 2021

ObjectivesIn January 2020, the UK moved to a 1+1 schedule for the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) with a single priming dose at 3-month and a 12-month booster. We modelled the impact on invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) out to 2030/2031 of reductions in PCV13 coverage and population mixing associated with restrictions on non-essential healthcare visits and social distancing measures introduced in 2020/2021 to reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission.DesignUsing an existing model of pneumococcal transmission in England and Wales, we simulated the impact of a 40% reduction in coverage and a 40% reduction in mixing between and within age groups during two lockdowns in spring 2020 and autumn/winter 2020/2021. More and less extreme reductions in coverage and mixing were explored in a sensitivity analysis.Main outcome measuresPredicted annual numbers of IPD cases under different coverage and mixing reduction scenarios with uncertainty intervals (UIs) generated from minimum and maximum values of the model predictions using 500 parameter sets.ResultsThe model predicted that any increase in IPD cases resulting from a reduction in PCV13 coverage would be more than offset by a reduction in pneumococcal transmission due to social distancing measures and that overall reductions in IPD cases will persist for a few years after resumption of normal mixing. The net reduction in cumulative IPD cases over the five epidemiological years from July 2019 was predicted to be 13 494 (UI 12 211, 14 676) all ages. Similar results were obtained in the sensitivity analysis.ConclusionCOVID-19 lockdowns are predicted to have had a profound effect on pneumococcal transmission resulting in a reduction in pneumococcal carriage prevalence and IPD incidence for up to 5 years after the end of the lockdown period. Carriage studies will be informative in confirming the predicted impact of the lockdown measures after they have been lifted.
Practical and validated tool to assess falls risk in the primary care setting: a systematic review
Authors: Meekes Wytske MA , Korevaar Joke C , Leemrijse Chantal J , van de Goor Ien AM 
Published: September 2021

ObjectiveAlthough several falls risk assessment tools are available, it is unclear which have been validated and which would be most suitable for primary care practices. This systematic review aims to identify the most suitable falls risk assessment tool for the primary care setting (ie, requires limited time, no expensive equipment and no additional space) and that has good predictive performance in the assessment of falls risk among older people living independently.DesignA systematic review based on prospective studies.MethodsAn extensive search was conducted in the following databases: PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane and PsycINFO. Tools were excluded if they required expensive and/or advanced software that is not usually available in primary care units and if they had not been validated in at least three different studies. Of 2492 articles published between January 2000 and July 2020, 27 were included.ResultsSix falls risk assessment tools were identified: Timed Up and Go (TUG) test, Gait Speed test, Berg Balance Scale, Performance Oriented Mobility Assessment, Functional Reach test and falls history. Most articles reported area under the curve (AUC) values ranging from 0.5 to 0.7 for these tools. Sensitivity and specificity varied substantially across studies (eg, TUG, sensitivity:10%–83.3%, specificity:28.4%–96.6%).ConclusionsGiven that none of the falls risk assessment tools had sufficient predictive performance (AUC <0.7), other ways of assessing high falls risk among independently living older people in primary care should be investigated. For now, the most suitable way to assess falls risk in the primary care setting appears to involve asking patients about their falls history. Compared with the other five tools, the falls history requires the least amount of time, no expensive equipment, no training and no spatial adjustments. The clinical judgement of healthcare professionals continues to be most important, as it enables the identification of high falls risk even for patients with no falls history.Trial registraion numberThe Netherlands Trial Register, NL7917; Pre-results.
Healing Right Way: study protocol for a stepped wedge cluster randomised controlled trial to enhance rehabilitation services and improve quality of life in Aboriginal Australians after brain injury
Authors: Armstrong Elizabeth , Coffin Juli , Hersh Deborah , Katzenellenbogen Judith M , Thompson Sandra , Flicker Leon , McAllister Meaghan , Cadilhac Dominique A , Rai Tapan , Godecke Erin , Hayward Colleen , Hankey Graeme J , Drew Neil , Lin Ivan , Woods Deborah , Ciccone Natalie 
Published: September 2021

IntroductionDespite higher incidence of brain injury among Aboriginal compared with non-Aboriginal Australians, suboptimal engagement exists between rehabilitation services and Aboriginal brain injury survivors. Aboriginal patients often feel culturally insecure in hospital and navigation of services post discharge is complex. Health professionals report feeling ill-equipped working with Aboriginal patients. This study will test the impact of a research-informed culturally secure intervention model for Aboriginal people with brain injury.Methods and analysisDesign:Stepped wedge cluster randomised control trial design; intervention sequentially introduced at four pairs of healthcare sites across Western Australia at 26-week intervals.Recruitment:Aboriginal participants aged ≥18 years within 4 weeks of an acute stroke or traumatic brain injury.Intervention:(1) Cultural security training for hospital staff and (2) local, trial-specific, Aboriginal Brain Injury Coordinators supporting participants.Primary outcome: Quality-of-life using EuroQOL-5D-3L (European Quality of Life scale, five dimensions, three severity levels) Visual Analogue Scale score at 26 weeks post injury. Recruitment of 312 participants is estimated to detect a difference of 15 points with 80% power at the 5% significance level. A linear mixed model will be used to assess the between-condition difference.Secondary outcome measures: Modified Rankin Scale, Functional Independence Measure, Modified Caregiver Strain Index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale at 12 and 26 weeks post injury, rehabilitation occasions of service received, hospital compliance with minimum care processes by 26 weeks post injury, acceptability of Intervention Package, feasibility of Aboriginal Brain Injury Coordinator role.Evaluations: An economic evaluation will determine the potential cost-effectiveness of the intervention. Process evaluation will document fidelity to study processes and capture changing contexts including barriers to intervention implementation and acceptability/feasibility of the intervention through participant questionnaires at 12 and 26 weeks.Ethics and disseminationThe study has approvals from Aboriginal, university and health services human research ethics committees. Findings will be disseminated through stakeholder reports, participant workshops, peer-reviewed journal articles and conference papers.Trial registration numberACTRN12618000139279.
Association between newborn separation, maternal consent and health outcomes: findings from a longitudinal survey in Kenya
Authors: Nakphong Michelle Kao , Sacks Emma , Opot James , Sudhinaraset May 
Published: September 2021

ObjectivesDisrespectful and poor treatment of newborns such as unnecessary separation from parents or failure to obtain parental consent for medical procedures occurs at health facilities across contexts, but little research has investigated the prevalence, risk factors or associated outcomes. This study examined these experiences and associations with healthcare satisfaction, use and breast feeding.DesignProspective cohort study.Setting3 public hospitals, 2 private hospitals, and 1 health centre/dispensary in Nairobi and Kiambu counties in Kenya.ParticipantsData were collected from women who delivered in health facilities between September 2019 and January 2020. The sample included 1014 women surveyed at baseline and at least one follow-up at 2–4 or 10 weeks post partum.Primary and secondary outcome measures(1) Outcomes related to satisfaction with care and care utilisation; (2) continuation of post-discharge newborn care practices such as breast feeding.Results17.6% of women reported newborn separation at the facility, of whom 71.9% were separated over 10 min. 44.9% felt separation was unnecessary and 8.4% reported not knowing the reason for separation. 59.9% reported consent was not obtained for procedures on their newborn. Women separated from their newborn (>10 min) were 44% less likely to be exclusively breast feeding at 2–4 weeks (adjusted OR (aOR)=0.56, 95% CI: 0.40 to 0.76). Obtaining consent for newborn procedures corresponded with 2.7 times greater likelihood of satisfaction with care (aOR=2.71, 95% CI: 1.67 to 4.41), 27% greater likelihood of postpartum visit attendance for self or newborn (aOR=1.27, 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.55), and 33% greater likelihood of exclusive breast feeding at 10 weeks (aOR=1.33, 95% CI: 1.10 to 1.62).ConclusionsNewborns, mothers and families have a right to high-quality, respectful care, including the ability to stay together, be informed and properly consent for care. The implications of these experiences on health outcomes a month or more after discharge illustrate the importance of a positive experience of postnatal care.
Incidence, trends and risk factors for obstetric massive blood transfusion in China from 2012 to 2019: an observational study
Authors: Xie Yanxia , Liang Juan , Mu Yi , Liu Zheng , Wang Yanping , Dai Li , Li Xiaohong , Li Qi , Li Mingrong , Chen Peiran , Zhu Jun , Wang Xiaodong 
Published: September 2021

ObjectivesThis study aims to use the high-quality national monitoring data from the China’s National Maternal Near Miss Surveillance System (NMNMSS) to ascertain the incidence, trends and risk factors of obstetric massive blood transfusion (MBT) from 2012 to 2019 in China and determine its clinical outcomes.SettingsObservational study of hospitalised pregnancies who had given birth or ended their pregnancy among member hospitals of NMNMSS.Participants11 667 406 women were included in this study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresWe screened for the incidence, trends, risk factors and main reasons for obstetric MBT, and the outcomes after obstetric MBT. MBT was defined as the transfusion of ≥5 units of red blood cells or ≥1000 mL of whole blood. The incidence of MBT was defined as the MBT cases per 10 000 pregnancies.ResultsObstetric MBT occurred in 27 626 cases, corresponding to an incidence of 23.68 per 10 000 maternities, which exhibited an increasing trend in China during 2012–2019 (14.03–29.59 per 10 000 maternities, p for trend <0.001). Obstetric MBT was mainly associated with amniotic fluid embolism, uterine atony, abnormal placenta, severe anaemia, ectopic pregnancy, abortion, caesarean section, advanced maternal age and multiparous from biological effect. While from sociological effects, uterine atony, severe anaemia and placenta previa are the top three complications which more likely to undergo obstetric MBT in the Chinese population. Overall, the secular trends of hysterectomy incidence (25.07%–9.92%) and MMR during hospitalisation (21.41‰–7.48‰) among women who underwent MBT showed decreasing trends (p for trend <0.001).ConclusionTo minimise the incidence of obstetric MBT, more attention should be paid to education on the importance of the antenatal visit, evidence-based transfusion practice and females who are multiparous and have an advanced age, amniotic fluid embolism, uterine atony, severe anaemia and placenta previa.
Acceptability of and symptom findings from an online symptom check-in tool for COVID-19 outpatient follow-up among a predominantly healthcare worker population
Authors: Kerr Colm , O’ Regan Simon , Creagh Donnacha , Hughes Gerry , Geary Una , Colgan Mary-Paula , Canning Caitriona , Martin Zenia , Merry Concepta , Noonan Noirin , Bergin Colm 
Published: September 2021

IntroductionHealth systems worldwide have had to prepare for a surge in volume in both the outpatient and inpatient settings since the emergence of COVID-19. Early international healthcare experiences showed approximately 80% of patients with COVID-19 had mild disease and therfore could be managed as outpatients. However, SARS-CoV-2 can cause a biphasic illness with those affected experiencing a clinical deterioration usually seen after day 4 of illness.ObjectiveWe created an online tool with the primary objective of allowing for virtual disease triage among the increasing number of outpatients diagnosed with COVID-19 at our hospital. Secondary aims included COVID-19 education and the promotion of official COVID-19 information among these outpatients, and analysis of reported symptomatology.MethodsOutpatients with acute COVID-19 disease received text messages from the hospital containing a link to an online symptom check-in tool which they were invited to complete.Results296 unique participants (72%) from 413 contacted by text completed the online check-in tool at least once, generating 831 responses from 1324 texts sent. 83% of text recipients and 91% of unique participants were healthcare workers. 7% of responses to the tool were from participants who admitted to a slight worsening of their symptoms during follow-up. Fatigue was the most commonly reported symptom overall (79%), followed by headache (72%). Fatigue, headache and myalgia were the most frequently reported symptoms in the first 3 days of illness. 8% of responses generated in the first 7 days of illness did not report any of the cardinal symptoms (fever, cough, dyspnoea, taste/smell disturbance) of COVID-19. Participants found the tool to be useful and easy to use, describing it as ‘helpful’ and ‘reassuring’ in a follow-up feedback survey (n=140). 93% said they would use such a tool in the future. 39% reported ongoing fatigue, 16% reported ongoing smell disturbance and 14% reported ongoing dyspnoea after 6 months.ConclusionThe online symptom check-in tool was found to be acceptable to participants and saw high levels of engagement and satisfaction. Symptomatology findings highlight the variety and persistence of symptoms experienced by those with confirmed COVID-19 disease
Characterisation of social support following incarceration among black sexual minority men and transgender women in the HPTN 061 cohort study
Authors: Scheidell Joy D , Dyer Typhanye V , Hucks-Ortiz Christopher , Abrams Jasmyn , Mazumdar Medha , Cleland Charles , Irvine Natalia , Turpin Rodman E , Severe MacRegga , Mayer Kenneth , Khan Maria 
Published: September 2021

ObjectiveTo examine longitudinal associations between recent incarceration and subsequent social support among black sexual minority men and transgender women, and whether associations differed between those who did and did not have support prior to incarceration.DesignA secondary analysis in 2020 of data from the HIV Prevention Trials Network 061, a cohort study of black sexual minority men and transgender women recruited in 2009–2010 and followed for 12 months.SettingSix US cities (Atlanta, Boston, Los Angeles, New York City, San Francisco and Washington DC).ParticipantsIndividuals ≥18 years of age who identified as black, reported being male or assigned male at birth, reported ≥1 unprotected anal intercourse event with a male partner in the past 6 months, and reported on incarceration at the 6-month follow-up visit.ExposureHaving spent ≥1 night in jail/prison in the past 6 months reported at the 6-month follow-up visit.OutcomeSocial support measured using a six-item scale assessing frequency of emotional/informational, affectionate and tangible support (range 6–30); and dichotomous indicators of low support for each item (ie, receiving that form of support none/little of the time).ResultsAmong participants who returned for the 6-month visit (N=1169), 14% had experienced incarceration in the past 6 months. Mean support score was 20.9; 18.9 among those with recent incarceration versus 21.2 among those without. Recent incarceration predicted lower support (adjusted β −2.40, 95% CI −3.94 to –0.85). Those recently incarcerated had increased risk of lacking emotional/informational (eg, no one to talk to adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 1.55, 95% CI 1.13 to 2.13) and affectionate (aRR 1.51, 95% CI 1.11 to 2.04) but not tangible support. Effects appeared somewhat stronger among those who had support at baseline.ConclusionsIncarceration may reduce support on re-entry among black sexual minority men and transgender women, populations unequally targeted for incarceration and at risk for low support.
Malnutrition modifies the response to multimodal prehabilitation: a pooled analysis of prehabilitation trials
Authors: Gillis C. , Fenton T.R. , Gramlich L. , Keller H. , Sajobi T.T. , Culos-Reed S.N. , Richer L. , Awasthi R. , Carli F. 
Published: September 2021

Patients with colorectal cancer are at risk of malnutrition before surgery. Multimodal prehabilitation (nutrition, exercise, stress reduction) readies patients physically and mentally for their operation. However, it is unclear whether extent of malnutrition influences prehabilitation outcomes. We conducted a pooled analysis from five 4-week multimodal prehabilitation trials in colorectal cancer surgery (prehabilitation: n = 195; control: n = 71). Each patient’s nutritional status was evaluated at baseline using the Patient-Generated Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA; higher score, greater need for treatment of malnutrition). Functional walking capacity was measured with the 6-minute walk test distance (6MWD) at baseline and before surgery. A multivariable mixed effects logistic regression model evaluated the potential modifying effect of PG-SGA on a clinically meaningful change of ≥19 m in 6MWD before surgery. Multimodal prehabilitation increased the odds by 3.4 times that colorectal cancer patients improved their 6MWD before surgery as compared with control (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.6 to 7.3; P = 0.001, n = 220). Nutritional status significantly modified this outcome (P = 0.007): Neither those patients with PG-SGA ≥9 (adjusted odds ratio: 1.3; 95% CI: 0.23 to 7.2, P = 0.771, n = 39) nor PG-SGA <4 (adjusted odds ratio: 1.3; 95% CI: 0.5 to 3.8, P = 0.574, n = 87) improved in 6MWD with prehabilitation. In conclusion, baseline nutritional status modifies prehabilitation effectiveness before colorectal cancer surgery. Patients with a PG-SGA score 4–8 appear to benefit most (physically) from 4 weeks of multimodal prehabilitation. Novelty: Nutritional status is an effect modifier of prehabilitation physical function outcomes. Patients with a PG-SGA score 4–8 benefited physically from 4 weeks of multimodal prehabilitation.