bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and development of a compact ion implanter and plasma diagnosis facility based on a 2.45 GHz microwave ion source
Authors: Swaroop Ram , Kumar Narender , Rodrigues G. , Kanjilal D. , Banerjee I. , Mahapatra S. K. 
Published: May 2021

A project on developing a 2.45 GHz microwave ion source based compact ion implanter and plasma diagnostic facility has been taken up by the Central University of Punjab, Bathinda. It consists of a double-wall ECR plasma cavity, a four-step ridge waveguide, an extraction system, and an experimental beam chamber. The mechanical design has been carried out in such a way that both types of experiments, plasma diagnosis and ion implantation, can be easily accommodated simultaneously and separately. To optimize microwave coupling to the ECR plasma cavity, a four-step ridge waveguide is designed. Microwave coupling simulation for the ECR plasma cavity has been performed at different power inputs using COMSOL Multiphysics. An enhanced electric field profile has been obtained at the center of the ECR plasma cavity with the help of a four-step ridge waveguide compared to the WR284 waveguide. The magnetic field distribution for two magnetic rings and the extraction system’s focusing properties have been simulated using the computer simulation technique. A tunable axial magnetic field profile has been obtained with a two permanent magnetic ring arrangement. The dependency of the beam emittance and beam current on accelerating voltages up to 50 kV has been simulated with different ions. It shows that ion masses have a great impact on the beam emittance and output current. This facility has provision for in situ plasma diagnosis using a Langmuir probe and optical emission spectroscopy setups. This system will be used for ion implantation, surface patterning, and studies of basic plasma sciences.
New local electrical diagnostic tool for dielectric barrier discharge (DBD)
Authors: Tyl Clémence , Martin Stéphane , Combettes Céline , Brillat Gilles , Bley Vincent , Belinger Antoine , Dap Simon , Brandenburg Ronny , Naudé Nicolas 
Published: May 2021

A new diagnostic tool to study dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs) at atmospheric pressure by local electrical measurements is introduced. The square ground electrode is divided into 64 square segments (3.44 mm side length) so as to measure the discharge currents and gas voltages with spatial resolutions, which allows a 2D mapping. The electrical measurement results are validated by a comparison with short exposure time photographs taken from the top view of the discharge cell. For this purpose, we changed the local discharge behavior by varying locally the gas gap and the barrier capacitance and also by using a gas flow. Then, in both situations, the breakdown voltage depends on the position, and the discharge current and gas voltage are different as well. The measurements performed for a planar DBD in nitrogen with admixed nitrous oxide gas show that even if the discharge operates in a diffuse regime, the discharge does not behave exactly homogeneously on the whole surface area. The resulting electrical parameters allow us to refine the understanding of planar DBDs. The discharge activity changes the gas composition and thus, the level of preionization in the direction of the gas flow. This influences the local breakdown voltage and thus, the discharge morphology and local power density on the surface. The use of this new electrical diagnostic tool will allow us to refine the analysis of the spatial development of the discharge. This work gives some clues to improve the spatial resolution of this tool in the future.
Ammonium fluoride’s analogy to ice: Possibilities and limitations
Authors: Conway L. J. , Brown K. , Loveday J. S. , Hermann A. 
Published: May 2021

Ammonium fluoride, NH4F, is often seen as an analog to ice, with several of its solid phases closely resembling known ice phases. While its ionic and hydrogen-ordered nature puts topological constraints on the ice-like network structures it can form, it is not clear what consequences these constraints have for NH4F compound formation and evolution. Here, we explore computationally the reach and eventual limits of the ice analogy for ammonium fluoride. By combining data mining of known and hypothetical ice networks with crystal structure prediction and density functional calculations, we explore the high-pressure phase diagram of NH4F and host–guest compounds of its hydrides. Pure NH4F departs from ice-like behavior above 80 GPa with the emergence of close-packed ionic structures. The predicted stability of NH4F hydrides shows that NH4F can act as a host to small guest species, albeit in a topologically severely constraint configuration space. Finally, we explore the binary NH3–HF chemical space, where we find candidate structures for several unsolved polyfluoride phases; among them is the chemical analog to H2O2 dihydrate.
Spreading and epigenetic inheritance of heterochromatin require a critical density of histone H3 lysine 9 tri-methylation
Authors: Cutter DiPiazza Amber R. , Taneja Nitika , Dhakshnamoorthy Jothy , Wheeler David , Holla Sahana , Grewal Shiv I. S. 
Published: May 2021

SignificanceIn multicellular organisms, a single genome gives rise to a multitude of cell types by enforcing appropriate gene expression patterns. Epigenetic mechanisms involving modification of histones, including tri-methylation of histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me3), assemble and propagate repressive heterochromatin to prevent untimely gene expression. Dysregulation of epigenetic gene-silencing mechanisms is a hallmark of a variety of diseases including cancer. However, the requirements for epigenetic transmission of heterochromatin are not well understood. This study reveals the mechanism by which methylated histones provide an epigenetic template for heterochromatin propagation. We discover that a critical threshold of H3K9me3 is required for effective chromatin-association of the histone methyltransferase, which binds to and catalyzes additional H3K9me to propagate heterochromatin and enforce stable gene silencing.
The mediated voice
Authors: Du Biyu (Jade) 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article examines how the voices of trial participants are mediated by court interpreters. The research focuses on closing statements articulated by defendants in Chinese criminal trials, the last chance for their voices to be heard prior to sentencing. Drawing upon the concept of voice and theories of speech acts and pragmatic equivalence, and based on the discourse analysis of seven authentic trial recordings, this study reveals how the discursive performance of the defendant is constructed, altered, and sometimes undermined through interpreting. The findings reveal that speech acts performed by the defendant are often not maintained in the interpreted renditions and that the concept of closing statements is difficult to convey. It is argued that when interpreters fail to convey the pragmatic force of defendants’ utterances, the voice of the defendants is not fully heard, which places them at a disadvantage and impacts upon their right to equality and justice. The article also reveals system-bound constraints on the effective provision of language assistance and the safeguarding of defendants’ legal rights.
Translanguaging sequel
Authors: Sato Eriko 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe paper examines the products of interlingual and intralingual translanguaging and qualitatively analyzes three origin-based lexical varieties in Japanese,wago(native Japanese words),kango(Sino-Japanese words), andgairaigo(foreign loanwords other thankango) in terms of how they have been complementing, competing against, or being in conflict with each other, how they engage word-formation processes as deep as morpheme-levels, and how they are perceived and manipulated by language users, including translators. This study shows that translanguaging has been practiced recursively and multi-directionally over a long period of time, yielding the phenomenon ‘translanguaging sequel’. The qualitative study of a Japanese translation of a Korean poem reveals a translator’s ideology-driven translanguaging practice that crosses not only interlingual but also intralingual boundaries, causing an international socio-political dispute. This study supports the view that translanguaging has been shaping and reshaping the norms of languages and language use. It also suggests the benefits of analyzing the products and traces of translanguaging in translated texts as well as the process of translanguaging during translation activities that can be promoted and implemented in language classrooms.
Etched ion-track membranes as tailored separators in Li–S batteries
Authors: Lee Pui Lap Jacob , Thangavel Vigneshwaran , Guery Claude , Trautmann Christina , Toimil-Molares Maria Eugenia , Morcrette Mathieu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are considered a promising next generation alternative to lithium-ion batteries for energy storage systems due to its high energy density. However, several challenges, such as the polysulfide redox shuttle causing self-discharge of the battery, remain unresolved. In this paper, we explore the use of polymer etched ion-track membranes as separators in Li–S batteries to mitigate the redox shuttle effect. Compared to commercial separators, their unique advantages lie in their very narrow pore size distribution, and the possibility to tailor and optimize the density, geometry, and diameter of the nanopores in an independent manner. Various polyethylene terephthalate membranes with diameters between 22 and 198 nm and different porosities were successfully integrated into Li–S coin cells. The reported coulombic efficiency of up to 97% with minor reduction in capacity opens a pathway to potentially address the polysulfide redox shuttle in Li–S batteries using tailored membranes.
Modelling of a miniature microwave driven nitrogen plasma jet and comparison to measurements
Authors: Klute Michael , Kemaneci Efe , Porteanu Horia-Eugen , Stefanović Ilija , Heinrich Wolfgang , Awakowicz Peter , Brinkmann Ralf Peter 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The MMWICP (miniature microwave ICP) is a new plasma source using the induction principle. Recently Klute et al presented a mathematical model for the electromagnetic fields and power balance of the new device. In this work the electromagnetic model is coupled with a global chemistry model for nitrogen, based on the chemical reaction set of Thorsteinsson and Gudmundsson and customized for the geometry of the MMWICP. The combined model delivers a quantitative description for a non-thermal plasma at a pressure of p = 1000 Pa and a gas temperature of T
g = 650–1600 K. Comparison with published experimental data shows a good agreement for the volume averaged plasma parameters at high power, for the spatial distribution of the discharge and for the microwave measurements. Furthermore, the balance of capacitive and inductive coupling in the absorbed power is analyzed. This leads to the interpretation of the discharge regime at an electron density of n
e ≈ 6.4 × 1018 m−3 as E/H-hybridmode with an capacitive and inductive component.
Differentiation between strain and charge mediated magnetoelectric coupling in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.7Ti0.3O3(001)
Authors: Bhatnagar-Schöffmann T , Kentzinger E , Sarkar A , Schöffmann P , Lan Q , Jin L , Kovács A , Grutter A J , Kirby B J , Beerwerth R , Waschk M , Stellhorn A , Rücker U , Dunin-Borkowski R E , Brückel Th 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Magnetoelectric (ME) coupling in La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.7Ti0.3O3 (LSMO/PMN–PT (001)) has been probed in the past years to identify the underlying mechanism behind it. PMN–PT, which is well known for its excellent piezoelectric properties, also exhibits ferroelectricity. This motivates our interest to differentiate which effect is dominant for this ‘voltage control of magnetism’. Here, we present results for the ME coupling at different temperatures: 300 K and 80 K. In this article we discuss and explain, how the nature of ME coupling is influenced by different parameters such as magnetic field, electric field, directional dependence (hard axis, easy axis) and temperature. Owing to large lattice mismatch between LSMO and PMN–PT, the strain-mediated coupling is strongly prevalent, however the change in strain behaviour from butterfly loop to linear loop is observed as a function of temperature. ME measurements are performed along hard axis [100] and easy axis [110] of LSMO in the presence of remanent magnetic field which showcases the pure influence of electric field on the system, resulting in a combination of strain- and charge-mediated coupling. The magnetic depth profile is probed by polarized neutron reflectometry as a function of electric field which demonstrates the existence of an interlayer with reduced nuclear scattering length density and reduced magnetic scattering length density at the interface. From transmission electron microscopy, stoichiometric variations are observed due to the presence of Mn3O4 particles at the interface.
Signatures of self-trapping in the driven-dissipative Bose–Hubbard dimer
Authors: Seclì Matteo , Capone Massimo , Schirò Marco 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We investigate signatures of a self-trapping transition in the driven-dissipative Bose Hubbard dimer, in presence of incoherent pump and single-particle losses. For fully symmetric couplings the stationary state density matrix is independent of any Hamiltonian parameter, and cannot therefore capture the competition between hopping-induced delocalization and the interaction-dominated self-trapping regime. We focus instead on the exact quantum dynamics of the particle imbalance after the system is prepared in a variety of initial states, and on the frequency-resolved spectral properties of the steady state, as encoded in the single-particle Green’s functions. We find clear signatures of a localization-delocalization crossover as a function of hopping to interaction ratio. We further show that a finite a pump-loss asymmetry restores a delocalization crossover in the steady-state imbalance and leads to a finite intra-dimer dissipation.
Exploring the heat transfer for spherical nanoparticles under electron irradiation
Authors: Zhang Peng , Zhang Lidan , Dambire Ruvarashe F , Zhang Yanlin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
To explore the thermal effect of an electron beam irradiation during a scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging process, a Monte Carlo (MC) method has been used to calculate the spatial distributions of local temperature rise in a spherical gold (Au) nanoparticle (i.e. Au Nano sphere (Au-NS)). The influencesofthe size of the nanoparticle, incident angle of the primary electron (PE) beam, PE energy and the PE beam size on the heat generation were systematically investigated. First of all, this work verified that Au-NSs with various sizes present different heat capacities under the same condition of the electron irradiation. The smaller the sphere, the less heat is accumulated. Besides, the heat in the periphery of a relatively large Au-NS is less than that inside. As the incident angle increases, the distribution regions of the temperature rise gradually expand from the contact surface deep into the interior and its amount rises proportionately. This rule is the same for an Au-NS with the diameter of 40 nm under various PE energies, but is quite opposite for the case of an Au-NS with the diameter of 5 nm. This study next presents that the PE beam size affects the heat generation in a spherical Au nanoparticle significantly. The distribution of temperature rise specifically shows a gradually reduced intensity towards the larger PE beam size. In addition, this work found that the total electron (TE) line-scan profile inversely relates the temperature contour map. The underlying mechanisms of these results were explained in detail primarily with the analysis of the trajectory of electrons as well as the interaction of electron-solid. This work, on the one side, greatly benefits the study of the relationship between the sample structures and the local thermal effect under the electron irradiation. On the other side, this work provides a further understanding and elucidation of the mechanism of electron-beam-induced deposition, compared to those earlier reports only focusing on plane bulks. It is believed that the proceeding of the semiconductor industry would be significantly promoted by this study.
Novel evidence for the σ-bond linear-chain molecular structure in 14C *
Authors: Yu Han-zhou , Li Jing , Ye Yan-Lin , Yang Biao , Lin Cheng-Jian , Jia Hui-Ming , Lou Jian-Ling , Yang Xiao-Fei , Baba T. , Li Qi-Te , Ge Yu-Cheng , Li Zhi-Huan , Hua Hui , Xu Jin-Yan , Yang Zai-Hong , Feng Jun , Zang Hong-Liang , Liu Qiang , Jiang Wei , Liu Yang , Li Jing-Jing , Liu Wei , Bai Shi-Wei , Chen Jie , Han Jia-Xing , Chen Jia-Hao , Ma Kai , Wang Dong-Xi , Yang Lei , Ma Nan-Ru , Sun LI-Jie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A multi-nucleon transfer and cluster decay experiment,

Li(

B,

C

+

Be)

, is conducted at an incident beam energy of 55 MeV. This reaction channel has a significantly large Q-value, which favors populating the high lying resonant states in

C. The decay paths, from these resonances to various states of the final nucleus

Be, can be selected, owing to the experimentally achieved optimal resolution of the Q-value spectrum. A number of resonant states are reconstructed from the forward emitting

Be +

fragments, and their major molecular structures can be detected according to the selective decay paths and relative decay widths. A state at 22.4(2) MeV validates the previously measured and theoretically predicted band head of the positive-parity

-bond linear-chain molecular band. Two additional resonances at 22.9(2) and 24.2(2) MeV are identified and consistent with the predicted

and

members of the same molecular band, thus providing novel evidences for the existence of the exotic clustering chain structure in neutron-rich carbon isotopes. A few high energy resonances, which also indicate the presence of the

-bond molecular structure, are observed; however, further studies are still required to clarify their ascription in band systematics.
Formation of mixes with specified characteristics from the available small batches of multicomponent mixes, subject to their full use
Authors: Evseev A V , Alekseev A A , Kasatkin G V , Preys V V 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Methods, decision algorithms and examples of tasks of new mixes formation with the set characteristics from the available small batches of components or mixes are given in this research. This analysis continues previous researches by the authors on the formation of mixes with specified quality characteristics. This article presents a solution technique, algorithms, and corresponding examples of tasks for the formation of new mixtures, provided that some small batches of mixes or components must be spent completely. Technique and technology solutions of these tasks can be of interest and to be demanded in the different industries of production, for example, at production of premixes for livestock production, at preparation of different food mixes, products and additives, medicines, metal powder materials, in construction, in military industry, by production of thixotropic mixes, fertilizers, household chemicals and in many other technology processes.
The estimate of Hertz dipole patterns using finite difference time domain (FDTD) simulation for case a layered-inhomogeneous underlying surface
Authors: Yashchenko A S , Krivaltsevich S V 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The directional characteristics of horizontal Hertz dipole obtained at the result of the modeling process are presented. The elementary emitter was situated near the vertically layered dielectric surface. The vertical heterogeneity corresponded to frozen soil covered with a layer of snow. The modeling considered two types of soils: sandy and loamy clay. We used the finite difference time domain method for modeling. It was found that snow and soil’s properties affect the directional characteristics of the dipole. These results can be used to assess the influence of the underlying surface on the directional characteristics of antennas located on the territory with season snowfall.
Research on Structure-Node Design and Performance of High-Performance Multifunctional Integrated Wall Panel
Authors: Gao Yuxin , Wang Jun , Cheng Baojun , Ma Pengfei , Shi Boyuan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A high-performance multifunctional integrated composite wall panel system, which was composed of a high-performance thin-walled large cavity shell and multifunctional core, was proposed in consideration of the advantages of ultrahigh-toughness cement-based composite materials, the standard panel surface density was ≤75 kg/m2, and the minimum ultimate flexural load was 2,333 N/m2, and according to the thermal engineering theory, the heat transfer coefficient of modified polystyrene particles foamed concrete for the multifunctional core was calculated as 0.756W/(m2·K), and that of the designed three-layer (standard panel + 35 mm rock wool+ gypsum plasterboard) composite structure was 0.481W/(m2·K). By combining the characteristics of standard panel, customized exterior wall, sealing, waterproof, and other measures were proposed, and meanwhile, multiple structural combinations were constructed to meet the energy conservation design needs in different climatic regions.
Morphological Characteristics of Sugar Palm [Arenga Pinnata Merr.] Seedling Growth Based on Cotyledon Petiole Position
Authors: Sari A , Anwar A , Dwipa I , Hervani D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Sugar palm is a bioenergy plant with great potential in food security, biopolymers, biofuel, and herbal medicine. Sugar palm seed germination is indicated by the appearance of cotyledon petiole, where there are several different positions. Morphological characteristics of sugar palm seeds at various positions of cotyledon petiole are not currently available. This research aimed to study the morphology characters of sugar palm seedlings with different cotyledon petiole positions. The research applied Experiment in Completely Random Design with four treatments, each repeated three times. The four treatments are the cotyledon petiole position, namely P1: cotyledon petiole in right-center, P2: cotyledon petiole in left-center, P3: cotyledon petiole in left-bottom, and P4: cotyledon petiole in right-bottom. The results showed that morphologically, there was no significant difference in the sugar palm seedling growth with each cotyledon petiole position [256 DAS]. Range of seed height 47,63-57,50 cm, range number of leaf midribs 2-3,33, range of primary root length 13,73-21,76 cm and, range of secondary root length 28,60-44,26 cm.