bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Encapsulation of the psyllid‐pathogenic fungusPandorasp. nov. inedit. and experimental infection of target insects1
Authors: Muskat Linda C , Görg Louisa M , Humbert Pascal , Gross Jürgen , Eilenberg Jørgen , Patel Anant V 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDPandorasp. nov. inedit. (Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae) (ARSEF 13372) is a recently isolated entomophthoralean fungus with potential for psyllid pest control. This study aimed to develop a formulation based on biocompatible hydrogel beads in order to transfer the fungus into an easily applicable form and to test the effects on psyllids.RESULTSAfter encapsulation in calcium alginate beads,Pandorasp. nov. grew from the beads and discharged conidia over 12 days under optimal humidity conditions at 18 °C. Conidial number was increased 2.95‐fold by the addition of skimmed milk as nutritional formulation adjuvant to the beads. The virulence of the encapsulated fungus was assessed with the two target psyllid species; the summer apple psyllid,Cacopsylla pictaand the pear psyllid,Cacopsylla pyri. Beads containing skimmed milk as nutritional adjuvant led to the highest mortalities (48.3% onC.pictaand 75.0% onC.pyri). In a second bioassay, survival time ofC.pyriexposed to beads containing different concentration (10%, 20% or 40%) ofPandorasp. nov. was tested. The survival time ofC.pyriwas significantly reduced when exposed to beads containing 10% or 20%Pandorasp. nov. The median survival time was reached after 5–6 days past inoculation and the cumulative mortality forC.pyritreated withPandorasp. nov. beads showed up to 89% mortality.CONCLUSIONThe promising results of this study will ease the way for large‐scale field application of a novelPandoraspecies in biological psyllid pest control.
Intentional teaching in early childhood education: A scoping review
Authors: Grieshaber Susan , Krieg Susan , McArdle Felicity , Sumsion Jennifer 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDespite large‐scale studies demonstrating the benefits of teacher interaction to support young children's learning, intentional teaching (IT) in early childhood education (ECE) remains a contested concept. Given the different perspectives associated with IT, the purpose of this study was to undertake a scoping review of the literature focused on IT in ECE. A systematic approach was adopted to map the evidence to identify key concepts, theories, sources and knowledge gaps. Such a review has the potential to assist researchers, practitioners and policy makers to make informed decisions about the different approaches to IT. The 101 items reviewed were selected according to the following criteria: investigated IT in some way; focused on learners aged birth to 8 years; made a conceptual contribution to understanding IT in ECE; full text availability, and published in English between 2010 and 2019, inclusive. The search incorporated a range of items including peer‐reviewed journal articles, research reports, professional journals, an unpublished thesis and books. Results foregrounded the difficulties involved in reconciling IT and child‐led learning through play, and that these difficulties were most fiercely experienced in the 3–5 age group. An overarching conclusion was that theoretical differences influenced how learning was understood, and determined which learning outcomes were articulated and measured. This review suggests that decisions about IT in ECE are dependent on how the purposes of ECE are defined in and through policy.
Context and implicationRationale for this study: There appear to have been no systematic reviews of the concept of intentional teaching (IT) in early childhood education (ECE). This scoping literature review sought clarity about the nature and role of intentional teaching. It investigated issues about what, how and when IT is applicable for young children’s learning.Why the new findings matter: Intentional teaching in ECE is a contested concept despite large‐scale studies demonstrating the need for a balance between child‐led and teacher directed learning. This scoping review maps the evidence to identify key concepts, theories, sources and knowledge gaps.Implications for educational researchers and policy makers: This scoping review assists researchers, practitioners and policy makers to make informed decisions about the various approaches to IT. Decisions about IT were related to the purposes of ECE that were identified in policy, making policy influential. Theoretical perspectives framed how learning is understood and the role of educators in that learning. The disjuncture between IT and child‐led learning prevailed especially for children aged 3–5 years.
Relationships of on‐farm soil health scores with corn and soybean yield in the midwestern United States
Authors: Crookston Bradley , Yost Matt , Bowman Maria , Veum Kristen 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSoil health assessments are interpretive frameworks that estimate a soil's health by scoring various soil biological, chemical, and physical attributes to guide soil and crop management. Few large‐scale analyses of soil health assessment scores exist. Thus, our objectives were to (a) summarize soil health scores at farms across much of the midwestern United States, (b) evaluate how individual soil health indicators influence assessment composite scores, (c) assess correlations among composite scores, and (d) determine the strength of significant correlations between soil health assessment scores and crop yield at three spatial and temporal scales: individual site‐year, individual site, and all sites and years combined. Soil health and yield data were collected from 96 Soil Health Partnership (SHP) farmers across nine midwestern states over 2–5 yr. Soil texture influenced soil health indicator values and scores in the study region. Correlation strengths among the comprehensive assessment of soil health (CASH), the soil management assessment framework (SMAF), and the Haney soil health tool (HSHT) composite scores were soil texture dependent. Multiple years of data at individual sites improved the statistical correlations between yield and soil health scores compared with individual site years. When practitioners judge how well crop yield relates to soil health scores, examining data over time should enhance relationships. These results demonstrate that a multiyear commitment greatly improves soil health monitoring at the site level.
A Sustainable Iodine Catalyzed C(sp3)‐H Bond Functionalization of Benzylamines towards Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes and Tris(indolyl)methanes
Authors: Kadu Vikas D. , Gund Maruti S. , Godage Amar S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA simple process of arylmethylamines C(sp3)−H bond functionalization under aerobic condition has been developed for 3,3’‐bis(indolyl)methanes (BIMs) and tris(indolyl)methanes synthesis in presence of various substituted indoles. The present transformation accounts BIMs in excellent yields up to 94 %viaC−C and C−N bond formation in short reaction time represents fine alternative route. The catalytic performance of iodine shows good tolerance towards different functional groups, and has great utility in exploring substrate scope.
On‐Chip Optical Nano‐Tweezers for Culture‐Less Fast Bacterial Viability Assessment
Authors: Tardif Manon , Picard Emmanuel , Gaude Victor , Jager Jean‐Baptiste , Peyrade David , Hadji Emmanuel , Marcoux Pierre R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBecause of antibiotics misuse, the dramatic growth of antibioresistance threatens public health. Tests are indeed culture‐based, and require therefore one to two days. This long time‐to‐result implies the use of large‐spectrum antibiotherapies as a first step, in absence of pathogen characterization. Here, a breakthrough approach for a culture‐less fast assessment of bacterial response to stress is proposed. It is based on non‐destructive on‐chip optical tweezing. A laser loads an optical nanobeam cavity whose evanescent part of the resonant field acts as a nano‐tweezer for bacteria surrounding the cavity. Once optically trapped, the bacterium‐nanobeam cavity interaction induces a shift of the resonance driven by the bacterial cell wall optical index. The analysis of the wavelength shift yields an assessment of viability upon stress at the single‐cell scale. As a proof of concept, bacteria are stressed by incursion, before optical trapping, at different temperatures (45, 51, and 70 °C). Optical index changes correlate with the degree of thermal stress allowing to sort viable and dead bacteria. With this disruptive diagnosis method, bacterial viability upon stress is probed much faster (typically less than 4 h) than with conventional culture‐based enumeration methods (24 h).
Characterising Social Integration Between Rural Migrants and Local Residents in Urban China: An Exploratory Social Network Analysis of Care Workers in Shanghai
Authors: Zhang Wenjing , Wang Yiming 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRecentdecades have witnessed large migration flows from rural to urban China. This chapter explores the potential of social network analysis (SNA) for assessing and understanding social integration in contemporary Chinese cities. We begin by presenting the background and the complex, multi-dimensional and inter-connected factors that typically affect segregation and inequality within urban China. SNA is introduced as a potential analytical approach for characterising and examining the ongoing dynamic social integration process. We discuss some initial findings based upon an exploratory case study in Shanghai on multi-dimensional segregation in the social care sector. We also identify the limitations of SNA as a relatively innovative method for researching social integration and call for a mixed-methods approach towards its application in examining the intricacy and complexity of social integration in contemporary urban China.
Social Frontiers: Estimating the Spatial Boundaries Between Residential Groups and Their Impacts on Crime
Authors: Křížková Ivana , Le Zhang Meng , Olner Dan , Pryce Gwilym 
Published: November 2021

AbstractInthischapter, we highlight the importance of social frontiers—sharp spatial divisions in the residential make-up of adjacent communities—as a potentially important form of segregation. The handful of studies estimating the impacts of social frontiers have been based in the USA and the UK, both of which are free-market democracies with a long history of immigration, ethnic mix and segregation. There are currently no studies of social frontiers in former socialist countries, for example, or in countries where immigration and ethnic mix are only a recent phenomenon or non-existent. This chapter aims to address this research gap by estimating the impacts of social frontiers on crime rates in a post-socialistcountry, Czechia. We demonstrate how a Bayesianspatial conditional autoregressive estimation can be used to detect social frontiers in this setting, and we use a fixed effect quasi-Poisson model to investigate the impact on crime. Our results suggest that in new immigration destinations, social frontiers may not be associated with higher rates of crime, at least in the short run. Moreover, our use of cultural distance measures helps to promote a more nuanced approach to studying the impact of segregation and highlights the role of cultural diversity in understanding the link between immigrant segregation and crime. We reflect on how this approach could contribute to the study of segregation and inequality in the Chinese context.
Deprivation Indices in China: Establishing Principles for Application and Interpretation
Authors: Owen Gwilym , Chen Yu , Pryce Gwilym , Birabi Tim , Song Hui , Wang Bifeng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIndicesofMultiple Deprivation(IMDs) aim to measure living standards at the small area level. These indices were originally developed in the United Kingdom, but there is a growing interest in adapting them for use in China. However, due to data limitations, Chinese deprivation indices sometimes diverge considerably in approaches and are not always connected with the underlying concepts within UK analysis. In this paper, we seek to bring direction and conceptual rigour to this nascent literature by establishing a set of core principles for IMD estimation that are relevant and feasible in the Chinese context. These principles are based on specifying deprivation domains from theory, selecting the most appropriate measurements for these domains, and then applying rigorous statistical techniques to combine them into an IMD. We apply these principles to create an IMD for Shijiazhuang, the capital city of Hebei Province. We use this to investigate the spatial patterns of deprivation in Shijiazhuang, focussing on clusteringand centralisationof deprivation as well as exploring different deprivation typologies. We highlight two distinct types of deprived areas. One is clustered in industrial areas on the edge of the city, while the second is found more centrally and contains high proportions of low-skilled service workers.
Future Directions for Research on Residential Segregation and Inequality in China
Authors: Pryce Gwilym 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis chapter summarises some of the key findings and themes of the book and considers their implications for future research on inequality and segregation in China. I highlight four priority areas. First, there is a need for more research on the dynamics of residential segregation. I argue that the real story of segregation is revealed in the factors and processes that drive long-term change. Second, I emphasise the need for more research on the spatial foundations of inequality—how inequality leads to the geographical separation of rich and poor and how this segregation mediates and reinforces almost every aspect of inequality. Third, I consider the relational and psychological impacts of inequality and the imperative for them to be included in the calculus of policy planning. Fourth, I consider the implications of the Causal Revolution in research methods and argue that they potentially offer the prospect of achieving a scientific approach to policy development and evaluation. I conclude with some reflections on the implications of our findings for future policy directions in China.
The Role of Migration Costs in Residential Sorting
Authors: Liang Wenquan , Song Ran , Timmins Christopher 
Published: November 2021

AbstractEconomistsgenerallyemploytwo ‘revealed preference’ approaches to measure households’ preferences for non-market amenities—the hedonic and equilibrium sorting models. The conventional hedonic model assumes free mobility across space. Violation of this assumption can bias the estimates of household willingness to pay for local amenities. Mobility constraints are more easily handled by the sorting framework. In this chapter, we examine the role of migration costs in household residential sorting and apply these two models to estimate the willingness to pay for clean air in the USAand China. Our results demonstrate that ignoring mobility costs in spatial sorting will underestimate the implicit value of non-market amenities in both countries. Such a downward bias is larger in developing countries, such as China, where migration costs are higher.
Public Service Provision in China: Towards a More Equal Access System
Authors: Shan Jingjing , Geng Yanan , Fu Jin , Yu Binglei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThechallengefacingurban policymakersis how to tackle the long-standing differences in social welfareand basic public services provision for migrant and incumbent workers arising from the dual-household registration system. In this chapter, we quantify inequalities in access to basic public services between migrant workers and the local urban population across different regions of China. We consider both inequalities within urban areas, and inequalities that exist between urban and rural areas. For urban areas, we find large inequalities in access to basic public services between the indigenous urban population and migrant workers. There are also significant differences between urban and rural areas. The level of basic public services in the West of China lags behind other regions. Across China as a whole, the gap within regions is greater than the gap between regions. Internal variations within a region arise mainly from inequality in access to basic public services between urban and rural populations and across urban neighbourhoods. Chinese public services are characterised by ‘dualisation’ in urban–rural provision and ‘fragmentation’ across regions in terms of the level and quality of service. These two features constitute a formidable obstacle for the ‘citizenisation’ of migrant workers. We provide detailed examples from across China of countermeasures and strategies currently being implemented to reduce inequalities in public service provision.
Building Resilience in Temporary Organizations: Lessons from a Shipyard
Authors: Russel Anne , Tillement Stéphanie , Journé Benoit 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis chapter discusses the organizational and occupational dimensions of resilience in temporary organizing contexts and how these contribute to sustained reliable performance. When dealing with issues related to high levels of safety in complex settings, longstanding organizations with strong organizational routines are often described as the most appropriate forms of organizing. However, temporary forms of organizing are developing and little is known on how actors engaged in such contexts can enhance and sustain resilience when facing uncertainty in safety-critical contexts. This chapter addresses this gap in the literature by demonstrating that temporary organizations, such as project-based ones, can also deal with major safety issues, and that temporary forms of organizing can help complex projects to be efficiently and safely carried out. We examine this proposition by studying the case of an inter-organizational and safety-critical project: the construction by a shipyard of a series of ships. Looking at the meso-level, i.e. the occupational groups involved in the project, we show how temporary forms of organizing and occupational groups together contribute to the resilience of the whole project. We highlight that the ability of the project to coordinate temporary organizing forms is key in achieving (safe) performance.
Surface Profilometry
Authors: Taudt Christopher 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAs outlined in the previous chapter, existing technologies for surface profilometry show certain drawbacks in terms of resolution, dynamic measurement range, three-dimensional measurement capabilities and speed. The following chapter introduces a novel approach to surface profilometry which aims to provide solutions to the problems named. The basic setup for all experiments is centered around a two-beam interferometer of the Michelson type.
Polymer Characterization
Authors: Taudt Christopher 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAs discussed in section 10.1007/978-3-658-35926-3_2, the characterization of cross-linking and especially its spatial distribution is crucial for the fabrication of micro optics, MEMS, and semiconductors. Some studies have found that the measurement of the refractive index over the cross-linking process can be used as an indicator for the degree of cross-linking of a sample. According to Kudo et al., [130], the cross-linking of a polymeric material leads to a densification which can be directly related to an increase in refractive index using the Lorentz-Lorenz equation.
Thin-film Characterization
Authors: Taudt Christopher 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe third intended application for the proposed dispersion-encoded low-coherence interferometry is the evaluation of thin-film characteristics on substrate materials. Due to the usage of thin-film technologies in high-volume production in e.g. the photovoltaics and semiconductor industry, process monitoring becomes relevant in order to ensure functional parameters such as solar cell efficiency, [289]. In this context, film thickness as well as film homogeneity over large areas are important criteria for quality assurance.
Second Order Regularity for a Linear Elliptic System Having BMO Coefficients
Authors: Moscariello Gioconda , Pascale Giulio 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe consider linear elliptic systems whose prototype is$$\begin{aligned} div \, \Lambda \left[ \,\exp (-|x|) - \log |x|\,\right] I \, Du = div \, F + g \text { in}\, B. \end{aligned}$$divΛexp(-|x|)-log|x|IDu=divF+ginB.HereBdenotes the unit ball of$$\mathbb {R}^n$$Rn, for$$n > 2$$n>2, centered in the origin,Iis the identity matrix,Fis a matrix in$$W^{1, 2}(B, \mathbb {R}^{n \times n})$$W1,2(B,Rn×n),gis a vector in$$L^2(B, \mathbb {R}^n)$$L2(B,Rn)and$$\Lambda $$Λis a positive constant. Our result reads that the gradient of the solution$$u \in W_0^{1, 2}(B, \mathbb {R}^n)$$u∈W01,2(B,Rn)to Dirichlet problem for system (0.1) is weakly differentiable provided the constant$$\Lambda $$Λis not large enough.
Integration of radiation oncology teaching in medical studies by German medical faculties due to the new licensing regulations
Authors: Dapper H. , Belka C. , Bock F. , Budach V. , Budach W. , Christiansen H. , Debus J. , Distel L. , Dunst J. , Eckert F. , Eich H. , Eicheler W. , Engenhart-Cabillic R. , Fietkau R. , Fleischmann D. F. , Frerker B. , Giordano F. A. , Grosu A. L. , Herfarth K. , Hildebrandt G. , Kaul D. , Kölbl O. , Krause M. , Krug D. , Martin D. , Matuschek C. , Medenwald D. , Nicolay N. H. , Niewald M. , Oertel M. , Petersen C. , Pohl F. , Raabe A. , Rödel C. , Rübe C. , Schmalz C. , Schmeel L. C. , Steinmann D. , Stüben G. , Thamm R. , Vordermark D. , Vorwerk H. , Wiegel T. , Zips D. , Combs S. E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe new Medical Licensing Regulations 2025 (Ärztliche Approbationsordnung, ÄApprO) will soon be passed by the Federal Council (Bundesrat) and will be implemented step by step by the individual faculties in the coming months. The further development of medical studies essentially involves an orientation from fact-based to competence-based learning and focuses on practical, longitudinal and interdisciplinary training. Radiation oncology and radiation therapy are important components of therapeutic oncology and are of great importance for public health, both clinically and epidemiologically, and therefore should be given appropriate attention in medical education. This report is based on a recent survey on the current state of radiation therapy teaching at university hospitals in Germany as well as the contents of the National Competence Based Learning Objectives Catalogue for Medicine 2.0 (Nationaler Kompetenzbasierter Lernzielkatalog Medizin 2.0, NKLM) and the closely related Subject Catalogue (Gegenstandskatalog, GK) of the Institute for Medical and Pharmaceutical Examination Questions (Institut für Medizinische und Pharmazeutische Prüfungsfragen, IMPP). The current recommendations of the German Society for Radiation Oncology (Deutsche Gesellschaft für Radioonkologie, DEGRO) regarding topics, scope and rationale for the establishment of radiation oncology teaching at the respective faculties are also included.