bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Enzymatic and Acidic Fractionation of Corn Fiber for Glucose-rich Hydrolysate and Bioethanol Production by Candida boidinii
Authors: Fehér Anikó , Bedő Soma , Fehér Csaba 
Published: May 2021

Corn fiber is a by-product of the corn wet milling process and a promising raw material to produce bioethanol in a bio-refinery process. In this study, enzymatic and acidic fractionations of corn fiber were compared with particular attention to produce glucose-rich hydrolyzates. The acidic fractionation contained two, sequential, sulphuric acid-catalyzed, hydrolysis steps based on our previous study. In the enzymatic fractionation process, corn fiber was pre-treated by soaking in aqueous ammonia (18.5 % (w/w) dry matter, 15 % (w/w) ammonia solution, 24 hours) and then hydrolyzed by using Hemicellulase (NS 22002) enzyme cocktail. The cellulose part of the solid residues obtained after the acidic and enzymatic fractionation processes was enzymatically hydrolyzed by using Cellic Ctec2 and Novozymes 188 (12.5 % (w/w) dry matter, 50 °C, 72 hours). Cellulose hydrolysis after the acidic and enzymatic fractionation resulted in a supernatant containing 64 g/L and 25 g/L glucose, respectively. Therefore, ethanol fermentation experiments were performed in Separated Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) and Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) configurations after the acidic fractionation of corn fiber. SHF configuration was found to be more advantageous regarding the achievable ethanol yield. Although the fermentation with Candida boidinii NCAIM Y.01308 was accomplished within longer time (43 hours) compared to Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5 hours), the achieved ethanol yields were similar (79%) during the SHF process. It was concluded that acidic fractionation is more efficient to produce glucose-rich hydrolyzate from corn fiber compared to enzymatic fractionation, and Candida boidinii is suitable for ethanol fermentation on the glucose-rich hydrolyzate.
Pengaruh Covid-19 Terhadap Proses Pembelajaran Daring di Yayasan Pendidikan Cawan Bethel
Authors: Tambunan Witarsa , Tampubolon Hotner , Sinaga Dameria 
Published: May 2021

Kegiatan Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat (PKM) yang diadakan oleh Dosen Program Study Manajemen Pendidikan Pascasarjana di Yayasan Pendidikan Cawan mensosialisasikan alternatif pembelajaran penggunaan daring pada masa pandemic covid 19. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk 1).Membuktikan Ketidak siapan Sekolah Melaksanakan Pembelajaran Daring, 2). Membantu Keterbatasan Sarana Dan Prasarana di Yayasan Pendidikan Cawan, 3). Meningkatkan penguasaan Tekonologi Tinggi guru di Yayasan Pendidikan Cawan, 4). Membangun Jaringan Internet Kurang Memadai di Yayasan Pendidikan Cawan, 5). Meningkatkan Gadget yang dimiliki siswa di Yayasan Pendidikan Cawan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif sebab akibat (causalitatif) dengan pendekatan Pohon Masalah , Pohon Sasaran dan Pohon Alternatif . Hasilnya : 1). Ternyata Pandemic covid -19 memaksa guru-guru di Yayasan Pendidikan Cawan untuk dapat menggunakan teknologi dalam proses pembelajaran, 2.)Ternyata Kemampuan guru dalam menggunakan tekonologi pada proses pembelajaran merupakan salah satu indikator kesiapan sekolah dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran daring, 3). Ternyata Inovasi dan kreativitas dalam menggunakan media teknologi sebagai media pembelajaran menjadi hal yang mutlak diperlukan di era globalisasi, khususnya di masa pandemic saat ini, 4).Ternyata Pemberdayaan guru melalui berbagai pelatihan penggunaan teknologi, informasi dan computer yang ada dapat membantu guru untuk meningkatkan kemampuan dasarnya sehingga dapat menggunakan teknologi dalam pembelajaran.
Kata kunci : Pembelajaran Daring, Pandemic Covid 19, Pemberdayaan Guru.
A Landscape-Level Assessment of Restoration Resource Allocation for the Eastern Monarch Butterfly
Authors: Solis-Sosa Rodrigo , Mooers Arne Ø. , Larrivée Maxim , Cox Sean , Semeniuk Christina A. D. 
Published: May 2021

The Monarch butterfly eastern population (Danaus plexippus) is in decline primarily due to habitat loss. Current habitat restoration programs focus on re-establishing milkweed, the primary food resource for Monarch caterpillars, in the central United States of America. However, individual components of the Monarch life cycle function as part of an integrated whole. Here we develop the MOBU-SDyM, a migration-wide systems dynamics model of the Monarch butterfly migratory cycle to explore alternative management strategies’ impacts. Our model offers several advances over previous efforts, considering complex variables such as dynamic temperature-dependent developmental times, dynamic habitat availability, and weather-related mortality across the entire range. We first explored whether the predominant focus of milkweed restoration in the mid-range of the Monarch’s migration could be overestimating the Monarch’s actual habitat requirements. Second, we examined the robustness of using the recommended 1.2–1.6 billion milkweed stems as a policy objective when accounting for factors such as droughts, changes in temperature, and the stems’ effective usability by the Monarchs. Third, we used the model to estimate the number and distribution of stems across the northern, central, and southern regions of the breeding range needed to reach a self-sustainable long-term Monarch population of six overwintering hectares. Our analysis revealed that concentrating milkweed growth in the central region increases the size of the overwintering colonies more so than equivalent growth in the south region, with growth in the northern region having a negligible effect. However, even though simulating an increase in milkweed stems in the south did not play a key role in increasing the size of the overwintering colonies, it plays a paramount role in keeping the population above a critically small size. Abiotic factors considerably influenced the actual number of stems needed, but, in general, our estimates of required stems were 43–91% larger than the number of stems currently set as a restoration target: our optimal allocation efforts were 7.35, 92, and 0.15% to the south, central, and northern regions, respectively. Systems dynamics’ analytical and computational strengths provided us with new avenues to investigate the Monarch’s migration as a complex biological system and to contribute to more robust restoration policies for this unique species.
Novel Anti-Cytokine Strategies for Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Allergic Diseases
Authors: Gubernatorova Ekaterina O. , Namakanova Olga A. , Gorshkova Ekaterina. A. , Medvedovskaya Alexandra D. , Nedospasov Sergei A. , Drutskaya Marina S. 
Published: May 2021

Asthma is a heterogeneous inflammatory disease characterized by airflow obstruction, wheezing, eosinophilia and neutrophilia of the airways. Identification of distinct inflammatory patterns characterizing asthma endotypes led to the development of novel therapeutic approaches. Cytokine or cytokine receptor targeting by therapeutic antibodies, such as anti-IL-4 and anti-IL-5, is now approved for severe asthma treatment. However, the complexity of cytokine networks in asthma should not be underestimated. Inhibition of one pro-inflammatory cytokine may lead to perturbed expression of another pro-inflammatory cytokine. Without understanding of the underlying mechanisms and defining the molecular predictors it may be difficult to control cytokine release that accompanies certain disease manifestations. Accumulating evidence suggests that in some cases a combined pharmacological inhibition of pathogenic cytokines, such as simultaneous blockade of IL-4 and IL-13 signaling, or blockade of upstream cytokines, such as TSLP, are more effective than single cytokine targeting. IL-6 and TNF are the important inflammatory mediators in the pathogenesis of asthma. Preliminary data suggests that combined pharmacological inhibition of TNF and IL-6 during asthma may be more efficient as compared to individual neutralization of these cytokines. Here we summarize recent findings in the field of anti-cytokine therapy of asthma and discuss immunological mechanisms by which simultaneous targeting of multiple cytokines as opposed to targeting of a single cytokine may improve disease outcomes.
CD40 Activity on Mesenchymal Cells Negatively Regulates OX40L to Maintain Bone Marrow Immune Homeostasis Under Stress Conditions
Authors: Bassani Barbara , Tripodo Claudio , Portararo Paola , Gulino Alessandro , Botti Laura , Chiodoni Claudia , Jachetti Elena , Bolli Niccolò , Ciciarello Marilena , Joehrens Korinna , Anagnostopoulos Ioannis , Na Il-Kang , Curti Antonio , Colombo Mario P. , Sangaletti Sabina 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundWithin the bone marrow (BM), mature T cells are maintained under homeostatic conditions to facilitate proper hematopoietic development. This homeostasis depends upon a peculiar elevated frequency of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and immune regulatory activities from BM-mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs). In response to BM transplantation (BMT), the conditioning regimen exposes the BM to a dramatic induction of inflammatory cytokines and causes an unbalanced T-effector (Teff) and Treg ratio. This imbalance negatively impacts hematopoiesis, particularly in regard to B-cell lymphopoiesis that requires an intact cross-talk between BM-MSCs and Tregs. The mechanisms underlying the ability of BM-MSCs to restore Treg homeostasis and proper B-cell development are currently unknown.MethodsWe studied the role of host radio-resistant cell-derived CD40 in restoring Teff/Treg homeostasis and proper B-cell development in a murine model of BMT. We characterized the host cellular source of CD40 and performed radiation chimera analyses by transplanting WT or Cd40-KO with WT BM in the presence of T-reg and co-infusing WT or - Cd40-KO BM-MSCs. Residual host and donor T cell expansion and activation (cytokine production) and also the expression of Treg fitness markers and conversion to Th17 were analyzed. The presence of Cd40+ BM-MSCs was analyzed in a human setting in correlation with the frequency of B-cell precursors in patients who underwent HSCT and variably developed acute graft-versus-host (aGVDH) disease.ResultsCD40 expression is nearly undetectable in the BM, yet a Cd40-KO recipient of WT donor chimera exhibited impaired B-cell lymphopoiesis and Treg development. Lethal irradiation promotes CD40 and OX40L expression in radio-resistant BM-MSCs through the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines. OX40L favors Teff expansion and activation at the expense of Tregs; however, the expression of CD40 dampens OX40L expression and restores Treg homeostasis, thus facilitating proper B-cell development. Indeed, in contrast to dendritic cells in secondary lymphoid organs that require CD40 triggers to express OX40L, BM-MSCs require CD40 to inhibit OX40L expression.ConclusionsCD40+ BM-MSCs are immune regulatory elements within BM. Loss of CD40 results in uncontrolled T cell activation due to a reduced number of Tregs, and B-cell development is consequently impaired. GVHD provides an example of how a loss of CD40+ BM-MSCs and a reduction in B-cell precursors may occur in a human setting.
D-Amphetamine Rapidly Reverses Dexmedetomidine-Induced Unconsciousness in Rats
Authors: Kato Risako , Zhang Edlyn R. , Mallari Olivia G. , Moody Olivia A. , Vincent Kathleen F. , Melonakos Eric D. , Siegmann Morgan J. , Nehs Christa J. , Houle Timothy T. , Akeju Oluwaseun , Solt Ken 
Published: May 2021

D-amphetamine induces emergence from sevoflurane and propofol anesthesia in rats. Dexmedetomidine is an α2-adrenoreceptor agonist that is commonly used for procedural sedation, whereas ketamine is an anesthetic that acts primarily by inhibiting NMDA-type glutamate receptors. These drugs have different molecular mechanisms of action from propofol and volatile anesthetics that enhance inhibitory neurotransmission mediated by GABAA receptors. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that d-amphetamine accelerates recovery of consciousness after dexmedetomidine and ketamine. Sixteen rats (Eight males, eight females) were used in a randomized, blinded, crossover experimental design and all drugs were administered intravenously. Six additional rats with pre-implanted electrodes in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were used to analyze changes in neurophysiology. After dexmedetomidine, d-amphetamine dramatically decreased mean time to emergence compared to saline (saline:112.8 ± 37.2 min; d-amphetamine:1.8 ± 0.6 min, p &lt; 0.0001). This arousal effect was abolished by pre-administration of the D1/D5 dopamine receptor antagonist, SCH-23390. After ketamine, d-amphetamine did not significantly accelerate time to emergence compared to saline (saline:19.7 ± 18.0 min; d-amphetamine:20.3 ± 16.5 min, p = 1.00). Prefrontal cortex local field potential recordings revealed that d-amphetamine broadly decreased spectral power at frequencies &lt;25 Hz and restored an awake-like pattern after dexmedetomidine. However, d-amphetamine did not produce significant spectral changes after ketamine. The duration of unconsciousness was significantly longer in females for both dexmedetomidine and ketamine. In conclusion, d-amphetamine rapidly restores consciousness following dexmedetomidine, but not ketamine. Dexmedetomidine reversal by d-amphetamine is inhibited by SCH-23390, suggesting that the arousal effect is mediated by D1 and/or D5 receptors. These findings suggest that d-amphetamine may be clinically useful as a reversal agent for dexmedetomidine.
Evaluation of Inter-Observer Reliability of Animal Welfare Indicators: Which Is the Best Index to Use?
Authors: Giammarino Mauro , Mattiello Silvana , Battini Monica , Quatto Piero , Battaglini Luca Maria , Vieira Ana C. L. , Stilwell George , Renna Manuela 
Published: May 2021

This study focuses on the problem of assessing inter-observer reliability (IOR) in the case of dichotomous categorical animal-based welfare indicators and the presence of two observers. Based on observations obtained from Animal Welfare Indicators (AWIN) project surveys conducted on nine dairy goat farms, and using udder asymmetry as an indicator, we compared the performance of the most popular agreement indexes available in the literature: Scott’s π, Cohen’s k, kPABAK, Holsti’s H, Krippendorff’s α, Hubert’s Γ, Janson and Vegelius’ J, Bangdiwala’s B, Andrés and Marzo’s ∆, and Gwet’s γ(AC1). Confidence intervals were calculated using closed formulas of variance estimates for π, k, kPABAK, H, α, Γ, J, ∆, and γ(AC1), while the bootstrap and exact bootstrap methods were used for all the indexes. All the indexes and closed formulas of variance estimates were calculated using Microsoft Excel. The bootstrap method was performed with R software, while the exact bootstrap method was performed with SAS software. k, π, and α exhibited a paradoxical behavior, showing unacceptably low values even in the presence of very high concordance rates. B and γ(AC1) showed values very close to the concordance rate, independently of its value. Both bootstrap and exact bootstrap methods turned out to be simpler compared to the implementation of closed variance formulas and provided effective confidence intervals for all the considered indexes. The best approach for measuring IOR in these cases is the use of B or γ(AC1), with bootstrap or exact bootstrap methods for confidence interval calculation.
Cost-effectiveness of oral ondansetron for children with acute gastroenteritis in primary care: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Weghorst Anouk AH , Holtman Gea A , Bonvanie Irma J , Wolters Pien I , Kollen Boudewijn J , Vermeulen Karin M , Berger Marjolein Y 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundAcute gastroenteritis is a common childhood condition with substantial medical and indirect costs, mostly because of referral, hospitalisation, and parental absence from work.AimTo determine the cost-effectiveness of adding oral ondansetron to care as usual (CAU) for children with acute gastroenteritis presenting to out-of-hours primary care (OOH-PC).Design and settingA pragmatic randomised controlled trial from December 2015 to January 2018, at three OOHPC centres in the north of the Netherlands (Groningen, Zwolle, and Assen) with a follow-up of 7 days.MethodChildren were recruited at the OOH-PC and parents kept a parental diary. Inclusion criteria were: aged 6 months–6 years; diagnosis of acute gastroenteritis; at least four reported episodes of vomiting 24 hours before presentation, at least one of which was in the 4 hours before presentation; and written informed consent from both parents. Children were randomly allocated at a 1:1 ratio to either CAU (oral rehydration therapy) or CAU plus one dose of 0.1 mg/kg oral ondansetron.ResultsIn total, 194 children were included for randomisation. One dose of oral ondansetron decreased the proportion of children who continued vomiting within the first 4 hours from 42.9% to 19.5%, (a decrease of 54.5%), with an odds ratio of 0.4 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.2 to 0.7; number needed to treat: four). Total mean costs in the ondansetron group were 31.2% lower (€488 [£420] versus €709 [£610]), and the total incremental mean costs for an additional child free of vomiting in the first 4 hours was −€9 (£8) (95% CI = −€41 [£35] to €3 [£3]).ConclusionA single oral dose of ondansetron for children with acute gastroenteritis, given in OOH-PC settings, is both clinically beneficial and cost-effective.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cancer assessment in primary care: a qualitative study of GP views
Authors: Archer Stephanie , Calanzani Natalia , Honey Stephanie , Johnson Margaret , Neal Richard , Scott Suzanne E , Walter Fiona M 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundEarly diagnosis is key to improve cancer outcomes, and most cancers are diagnosed in primary care after initial symptomatic presentation. Emerging evidence suggests an increase in avoidable cancer deaths owing to the COVID-19 pandemic.AimTo understand GPs’ views on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the clinical assessment of possible cancer.Design & settingA qualitative semi-structured interview study with GPs from the East of England.MethodGPs were purposively sampled based on age, sex, and years of experience. Interviews were conducted via Zoom or Microsoft Teams in August and September 2020. Transcribed recordings were analysed inductively using thematic analysis. The Model of Pathways to Treatment guided the analysis.ResultsThree themes were identified across 23 interviews on GP views on the impact of: (1) changes in patient help-seeking behaviour on symptoms at presentation; (2) remote consultations on managing patients with possible cancer symptoms; and (3) the COVID-19 pandemic on triaging and referring patients with possible cancer. There were positive changes to practice, but concerns were raised about the adequacy of remote consultations for assessing symptoms. Some GPs reported delayed cancer diagnoses, and uncertainty about how backlog in referrals would be managed.ConclusionThis study provides new evidence on the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on assessing symptomatic patients. Recommendations are made to inform safe and effective primary care clinical practice. Urgent action is needed to mitigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and ensure appropriate symptomatic assessment now and in the future.
STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN USAHA DAUR ULANG SAMPAH PLASTIK DI BANK SAMPAH KOTA PEKALONGAN
Authors: Purwanto Edy , Rahman Hakim Miftahur 
Published: May 2021

Abstract: The Waste Bank is a waste collection concept with business management such as banking, but what is saved is the selected dry waste. The purpose of this study is to design an appropriate alternative strategy with a business model canvas approach for plastic waste recycling at BSKP. The research method used a qualitative descriptive approach with data analysis techniques using SWOT analysis and the business model canvas. The results showed that the development of a business model was prioritized on 4 blocks, namely key resources, key partners, key activities and customer relationships. The development of key resource blocks is carried out by increasing the skills and understanding of human resources regarding the use of technology and information. Development of key partner blocks by creating creative programs to improve relationships with partners, especially customers. Development of block key activities by establishing relationships with customers in the use of micro-scale plastic waste. Whereas in developing customer relationships, it is necessary to improve personal and group services by creating social media channels to maintain and communicate instinctively with customers and potential customers. Abstrak: Bank Sampah merupakan konsep pengumpulan sampah dengan manajemen usaha seperti perbankan namun yang ditabung merupakan sampah kering yang sudah dipilih. Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu merancang strategi alternatif yang tepat dengan pendekatan business model canvas usaha daur ulang sampah plastik di BSKP. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif dengan Teknik analisis data menggunakan analisis SWOT dan business model canvas. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan dalam pengembangan model bisnis diprioritaskan pada 4 blok yaitu key resources, key partner, key activities dan customer relationship. Pengembangan pada blok key resources dilakukan dengan cara peningkatan ketrampilan dan pemahaman SDM tentang pemanfaatan teknologi dan informasi. Pengembangan pada blok key partner dengan membuat program yang kreatif dalam meningkatkan hubungan dengan mitra khususnya nasabah. Pengembangan pada blok key activities dengan cara menjalin hubungan dengan nasabah dalam pemanfaatan sampah plastik skala mikro. Sedangkan dalam pengembangan customer relationship perlu ditingkatkan dalam layanan personal maupun kelompok dengan membuat channel media sosial guna mempertahankan dan komunikasi yang instens dengan pelanggan dan calon pelanggan Garbage Bank, Plastic Waste, SWOT, Business Model Canvas