bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contributions of Oral Narrative Skills to English Reading in Spanish–English Latino/a Dual Language Learners
Authors: Huang Becky H. , Bedore Lisa M. , Ramírez Rica , Wicha Nicole 
Published: December 2021

Purpose:
The study examined the contributions of Spanish and English oral narrative skills to English reading among 95 early elementary dual language learners (DLLs) from Spanish-speaking homes in the United States. This sample of first- and third-grade DLL children attended Spanish–English dual language immersion programs and received language and literacy instruction in both English and Spanish.

Method:
All participants completed a storytelling task in both languages and two English reading tests in decoding and reading comprehension. The story narratives were analyzed for microstructures (number of different new words, lexical diversity [D], mean length of utterance, subordination index [SI]) using the Computerized Language ANalysis program. The narrative samples were also evaluated for macrostructures (i.e., discourse-level features) using the Narrative Scoring Scheme.

Results:
Grade, English D, and Spanish SI significantly predicted English reading. Grade level was the strongest predictor of the three for both decoding and comprehension. However, Spanish SI was more robust than English D for decoding whereas English D was a stronger predictor than Spanish SI for comprehension.

Conclusions:

Young DLL children's oral narrative skills in English as well as in their home language Spanish contributed to their English reading outcomes. The study further specified the contributions of narrative elements to different reading skills. Microstructural elements appeared to play a stronger role in English reading than macrostructural elements for DLLs in dual language programs in early elementary grades. The results provided support for the
simple view of reading
and the
linguistic interdependence hypothesis
. The results also implicated that maintaining young DLL children's home language skills may be beneficial, rather than harmful, to their English reading development.
Effect of Environmental Factors on Plectranthus Neochilus Volatile Composition: A GC-MS-Based Metabolomics Approach
Authors: Galbiatti Maria Isabel , Pinheiro Guilherme Perez , Antunes Elisa Ribeiro Miranda , Hernandes Vinicius Verri , Sawaya Alexandra Christine Helena Frankland 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPlectranthus neochilus Schltr. is an aromatic species, commonly used for digestive, antispasmodic, and analgesic purposes. Although many studies have reported the chemical composition of its essential oil, variations in the volatile profile were observed, which may be due to multiple factors linked to growth and field conditions. In order to detect metabolic variations in this species, we employed a GC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics approach analyzing samples of four P. neochilus individuals collected over a year. From all analyses, 24 mass features were detected and 21 were identified according to their respective chromatographic peaks. All features varied among samples, particularly (2E)-hexenal, 3-octanone and δ-3-carene, which showed the highest coefficient of variation percentage in our study. Although the four individuals presented the same peaks in the chromatograms, significant differences in the intensity of specific mass features were detected between individuals throughout the year. Time of sampling did not affect P. neochilus volatile composition; the chemical profile remained constant throughout the day. Seasonal trends were observed for the species. Winter months coincided with a drop in the intensity of most components. Air temperature showed a positive correlation with some feature intensities, while myrcene and α-thujene resulted in a positive and a negative correlation with rainfall, respectively. This study was the first attempt to correlate metabolic variation and environmental factors in P. neochilus. Our approach was successful in identifying the composition and variation of the headspace volatiles of P. neochilus leaves.
Alterations in Bone Turnover during Chemotherapy in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Gupta Vineeta , Dash Shalini , Aggarwal Priyanka , Singh Surya Kumar 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background Disturbances of bone metabolism frequently occur in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), leading to increased risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis at diagnosis, during and after completion of chemotherapy. The present study was performed to evaluate alteration in bone mineral metabolism in children with ALL during chemotherapy.
Method Fifty newly diagnosed patients with ALL in the age group of 2 to 14 years were included. Relapsed and refractory cases were excluded. Enrolled children were stratified into standard and high risk according to National Cancer Institute criteria. Quantitative analysis of bone resorptive marker carboxyl-terminal telopeptide of human type 1 collagen (ICTP) was assessed at baseline and 3 months after chemotherapy by the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique.
Results Of 50 patients enrolled, 21 were standard and 29 were high risk. The mean age was 7.75 ± 4.0 years and the male-to-female ratio was 3.5:1. ICTP levels were analyzed in 44 patients, of which 37 (84%) showed significantly increased levels. The mean ICTP level in patients at diagnosis and controls was 1.78 ± 1.39 and 0.96 ± 0.32 µg/L, respectively (p = 0.001). The mean ICTP level at 3 months after chemotherapy increased to 3.55 ± 1.40 µg/L (p = 0.000). It was significantly increased in males (p = 0.000) and in B cell ALL group (p = 0.000) in comparison to females and T cell group. Both standard and high risk groups were equally affected (p = 0.000). On multivariate analysis, no single risk factor could be identified.
Conclusion The marker of bone resorption (ICTP) in children with ALL was increased at diagnosis, which further increased during chemotherapy. The disease itself and the intensive chemotherapy both contributed to the increased levels.
Morphometric Anatomy of the Posterior Aspect of the Atlas and the Vertebral Artery Groove in Relation to Lateral Mass Screw Placement
Authors: Aksoy Selda , Yalcin Bulent 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background Atlantoaxial instability is an important disorder that causes serious symptoms such as difficulties in walking, limited neck mobility, sensory deficits, etc. Atlantal lateral mass screw fixation is a surgical technique that has gained important recognition and popularity. Because accurate drilling area for screw placement is of utmost importance for a successful surgery, we aimed to investigate morphometry of especially the posterior part of C1.
Methods One hundred and fifty-eight human adult C1 dried vertebrae were obtained. Measurements were performed directly on dry atlas vertebrae, and all parameters were measured by using a digital caliper accurate to 0.01 mm for linear measurements.
Results The mean distance between the tip of the posterior arch and the medial inner edge of the groove was found to be 10.59 ± 2.26 and 10.49 ± 2.20 mm on the right and left, respectively. The mean distance between the tip of the posterior arch and the anterolateral outer edge of the groove was 21.27 ± 2.28 mm (right: 20.96 ± 2.22 mm; left: 21.32 ± 2.27 mm). The mean height of the screw entry zone on the right and left sides, respectively, were 3.86 ± 0.81 and 3.84 ± 0.77 mm. The mean width of the screw entry zone on both sides was 13.15 ± 1.17 and 13.25 ± 1.3 mm.
Conclusion Our result provided the literature with a detailed database for the morphometry of C1, especially in relation to the vertebral artery groove. We believe that the data in the present study can help surgeons to adopt a more accurate approach in terms of accurate lateral mass screw placement in atlantoaxial instability.
Beware of the Impostors—Scalp Pathology Primer for the Hair Transplant Surgeon
Authors: Venkataram Aniketh , Venkataram Mysore 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHistopathological features are important for the practicing hair transplant surgeon to ensure proper case selection, diagnosis, choice of proper treatment, and successful outcome. While the primary focus of the hair transplant surgeon is androgenetic alopecia (AGA), it is important to be aware of other conditions that can mimic AGA, whose treatment may be different. This article outlines some of these conditions such as scarring alopecias, alopecia areata, etc., and how to distinguish them. Proper identification will ensure proper treatment and avoid potential missteps in management.
Overview of Follicular Extraction
Authors: Garg Anil , Garg Seema 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFollicular unit extraction (FUE), now named as follicular unit excision, is one of the methods of harvesting hair follicles from the donor area for implanting in the recipient area. The occipital scalp area is the most common donor area, but nonscalp donor areas like beard, chest, and other hairy body parts can be used as donor hair follicle area. The extraction of the hair follicle leaves a tiny circular scar over the donor area. Over the past 20 years, various devices for FUE have been developed, starting from manual, simple motorized to highly advanced motors with rotation, oscillation, and vibration. Similarly, different types of punch are used: dull, sharp, ultrasharp, serrated, hybrid and specially designed punch blade for long hair follicles harvesting in various diameters from 0.7 mm to 1.1 mm. The follicles can be harvested either by manual method or by motorized method.
Patient Counselling and Medicolegal Aspects of Hair Transplant Surgery
Authors: Sattur Sandeep Suresh , Sattur Indu Sandeep 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHair transplantation being an elective aesthetic surgery, the importance of informed consent cannot be overstated. Explaining the condition of hair loss, the causes, progress, prognosis, and all available treatment options is a part of this process. Providing conflict-free information, ensuring that the patient comprehends this information, and allowing him/her to make the decision to authorize the surgeon to perform the procedure is the moral obligation of the hair transplant surgeon. The benefits of this approach are noticeable and one of the most effective ways to have a satisfied patient and reduce the possibility of claims.
High performing designer glass platform to host versatile photonic devices
Authors: Fernandez T. Toney , Gross Simon , Arriola Alexander , Privat Karen , Withford Michael J. 
Published: December 2021

The aluminum to alkaline earth ratio (Al:[AE]) in borosilicate glass is introduced as a novel compositional parameter to produce high index waveguides through femtosecond laser inscription. Alkaline earths are considered to be major refractive index providers for laser written optical waveguides due to their collective migration toward the guiding region. Contrary to the existing belief that increasing the concentration of such index providers within a glass composition will help to produce high index change waveguides, we demonstrate that high index waveguides can be fabricated by tuning the Al:[AE] ratio while keeping the absolute concentration of the index provider to a minimum.
Compressional wave propagation in saturated porous media and its numerical analysis using a space–time conservation element and solution element method
Authors: Yang Duoxing 
Published: December 2021

Compressional waves in saturated porous media are relevant to many fields from oil exploration to diagnostic of human cancellous bone and can be used to interpret physical behaviors of materials. In this work, based on Biot’s theory in the low frequency range, a key finding is that there exists a critical frequency of Biot’s theory in the low frequency range, which determines the coincidence of the properties of Biot waves of the first and second kinds. Furthermore, we have investigated the dispersion and attenuation of the coalescence of the first and second compressional waves in the low frequency range. The coalescence of the first and second waves is strongly attenuated with a moderate phase velocity and shows the in-phase feature. In addition, acoustic wave propagation has been calculated numerically using the space–time conservation element and solution element (CESE) method. The CESE-simulated results are compared to the experimental data and to those of the classical transfer function approach. We show that the CESE scheme preserves the local and global flux conservations in the solution procedure of Biot’s theory. It is found that the CESE method provides more accurate predictions of high dispersion and strong attenuation of compressional waves in the low frequency range and is well suitable for predicting compressional wave fields in saturated porous media.
Magnetic stray field mapping of stainless steel sheets using spin Hall magnetoresistance sensor
Authors: Lu Ling , Li Xiaomin , Hua Younan , Wu Yihong 
Published: December 2021

Recently, we have developed a spin Hall magnetoresistance (SMR) sensor featuring high-sensitivity, low-noise, zero-offset, and negligible hysteresis. Here, we demonstrate that the SMR sensor can be used to map the self-magnetic leakage field (SMLF) of stainless steel sheets. The SMLF serves as an effective knob for probing magnetism in steel sheets induced by either stress or composition inhomogeneity, which, in turn, affects its mechanical properties and corrosion resistance. However, the SMLF is typically quite weak, and thus the high-sensitivity and low-noise SMR sensor is uniquely suited for this application. The self-magnetic flux leakage mapping experiments have been conducted on SUS304 steel sheets with emphasis on the lift-off effect. Both analytical model and finite element modeling have been used to account for the experimental results. Although the SMLF mapping alone is unable to pinpoint the root cause of magnetism, i.e., whether it is due to stress or composition inhomogeneity, it does provide an efficient way for pre-screening of steel sheets to prevent defect formation at early stages.
Superior elasto-optic tetragonal SrTiO3 films
Authors: Tyunina M. , Nepomniashchaia N. , Vetokhina V. , Dejneka A. 
Published: December 2021

Cutting-edge acousto-optic devices require optically transparent thin films, which possess a high index of refraction and large elasto-optic coefficients. For the wide near-infrared to ultraviolet spectral region, the mainstream technology employs lithium niobate crystals, which interferes with the vital demands of global sustainability. Here, we demonstrate unprecedented elasto-optic properties in thin films of sustainable and environmentally friendly strontium titanate [SrTiO3 (STO)]. Compared to cubic STO, a nearly twofold increase in elasto-optic coefficients is achieved in epitaxial tetragonal STO films, which concurrently exhibit excellent transparency and a high index of refraction at wavelengths from 400 to 1700 nm. The room-temperature non-polar state is evidenced by the thermo-optical behavior of the films. The obtained enhancement is related to the tetragonal antiferrodistortive phase of STO. It is suggested that such films can form a platform for future sustainable acousto-optic materials.
Common sequence motifs of nascent chains engage the ribosome surface and trigger factor
Authors: Deckert Annika , Cassaignau Anaïs M. E. , Wang Xiaolin , Włodarski Tomasz , Chan Sammy H. S. , Waudby Christopher A. , Kirkpatrick John P. , Vendruscolo Michele , Cabrita Lisa D. , Christodoulou John 
Published: December 2021

Significance
Proteins are produced by ribosomes in the cell, and during this process, can begin to adopt their biologically active forms assisted by molecular chaperones such as trigger factor. This fundamental cellular mechanism is crucial to maintaining a functional proteome and avoiding deleterious misfolding. Here, we study how disordered nascent chains emerge from the ribosome exit tunnel, and find that interactions with the ribosome surface dominate their dynamics in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, we show that the types of amino acids that mediate such interactions are also those that recruit trigger factor. This lays the foundation to describe how nascent chains are handed over from the ribosome surface to chaperones during biosynthesis within the crowded cytosol.
Accounting for spatial sampling patterns in Bayesian phylogeography
Authors: Guindon Stéphane , De Maio Nicola 
Published: December 2021

Significance
Statistical phylogeography has led to substantial progress in our understanding of the pace and means by which organisms colonize their habitats. Yet, inference from these models often relies on implicit assumptions pertaining to spatial sampling design, potentially leading to biased estimation of key biological parameters. While sampled locations sometimes convey signal about the processes that shape spatial biodiversity, they do not always do so. We present a statistical approach that permits accurate estimation of dispersal rates, even in cases where spatial sampling is driven by practical motivations unrelated to the outcome of the evolutionary process. The proposed framework paves the way to further developments in phylogeography with key applications, including the efficient monitoring of pandemics and invasive species during the course of their evolution.
Large contribution of biomass burning emissions to ozone throughout the global remote troposphere
Authors: Bourgeois Ilann , Peischl Jeff , Neuman J. Andrew , Brown Steven S. , Thompson Chelsea R. , Aikin Kenneth C. , Allen Hannah M. , Angot Hélène , Apel Eric C. , Baublitz Colleen B. , Brewer Jared F. , Campuzano-Jost Pedro , Commane Róisín , Crounse John D. , Daube Bruce C. , DiGangi Joshua P. , Diskin Glenn S. , Emmons Louisa K. , Fiore Arlene M. , Gkatzelis Georgios I. , Hills Alan , Hornbrook Rebecca S. , Huey L. Gregory , Jimenez Jose L. , Kim Michelle , Lacey Forrest , McKain Kathryn , Murray Lee T. , Nault Benjamin A. , Parrish David D. , Ray Eric , Sweeney Colm , Tanner David , Wofsy Steven C. , Ryerson Thomas B. 
Published: December 2021

SignificanceUnderstanding the sources of tropospheric ozone is important for effective air quality management and accurate radiative forcing attribution. Biomass burning emits large quantities of ozone precursors to the lower atmosphere. This source can drive regional-scale ozone production, but its impact on global tropospheric ozone is poorly constrained. Here, we present unique global in situ aircraft observations of ozone and continental pollution tracers. Ozone enhancements attributable to biomass burning equal or exceed those from urban emissions, a result that is not predicted by current chemical transport models. These findings represent a potentially major shift in the understanding of the sources of ozone in the lower atmosphere and indicate the need for model developments to improve the representation of global tropospheric ozone.
The biosynthesis of thymol, carvacrol, and thymohydroquinone in Lamiaceae proceeds via cytochrome P450s and a short-chain dehydrogenase
Authors: Krause Sandra T. , Liao Pan , Crocoll Christoph , Boachon Benoît , Förster Christiane , Leidecker Franziska , Wiese Natalie , Zhao Dongyan , Wood Joshua C. , Buell C. Robin , Gershenzon Jonathan , Dudareva Natalia , Degenhardt Jörg 
Published: December 2021

Significance
The monoterpene alcohols thymol, carvacrol, and thymohydroquinone are characteristic flavor compounds of thyme, oregano, and other Lamiaceae. These specialized metabolites are also valuable for their antibacterial, anti-spasmolytic, and antitumor activities. We elucidated the complete biosynthetic pathway of these compounds, which starts with the formation of γ-terpinene from geranyl diphosphate. The aromatic backbone of thymol and carvacrol is formed by P450 monooxygenases in combination with a dehydrogenase via an unstable intermediate. Additional P450s hydroxylate thymol and carvacrol to form thymohydroquinone. Our findings demonstrate a mechanism for the formation of phenolic monoterpenes that differs from previous predictions and provides targets for metabolic engineering of high-value terpenes in plants.
Are Americans less likely to reply to emails from Black people relative to White people?
Authors: Block Ray , Crabtree Charles , Holbein John B. , Monson J. Quin 
Published: December 2021

SignificanceAlthough previous attempts have been made to measure everyday discrimination against African Americans, these approaches have been constrained by distinct methodological challenges. We present the results from an audit or correspondence study of a large-scale, nationally representative pool of the American public. We provide evidence that in simple day-to-day interactions, such as sending and responding to emails, the public discriminates against Black people. This discrimination is present among all racial/ethnic groups (aside from among Black people) and all areas of the country. Our results provide a window into the discrimination that Black people in the United States face in day-to-day interactions with their fellow citizens.
Hierarchical cortical networks of “voice patches” for processing voices in human brain
Authors: Zhang Yang , Ding Yue , Huang Juan , Zhou Wenjing , Ling Zhipei , Hong Bo , Wang Xiaoqin 
Published: December 2021

Significance
The human voice contains information about a speaker's identity and emotional state. How the brain processes the human voice remains largely unknown. We recorded electrocorticographic signals from intracranial electrodes implanted in epilepsy patients while they listened to different categories of voice and nonvoice sounds. We identified several spatially distinct “voice patches” in the temporal lobe that exhibited preferences for human voices. Further analyses suggested that the voice patches are functionally connected, and form a dual-directional hierarchical network for voice processing. This study provides clear evidence to demonstrate the existence of an interconnected “voice patch system” in the human brain, which is analogous to the face patch system of primate visual cortex, suggesting similar cortical architectures for processing faces and voices.
Variability of ecosystem carbon source from microbial respiration is controlled by rainfall dynamics
Authors: Huang Heng , Calabrese Salvatore , Rodriguez-Iturbe Ignacio 
Published: December 2021

Significance
The variability of the different ecosystem carbon fluxes directly influences the global carbon budget and future climate trajectory. Heterotrophic respiration is particularly uncertain and the extent to which its dynamics are driven by climate, soil, and vegetation properties remains poorly understood. Here we combine a global carbon flux dataset with a probabilistic model of microbial growth to show that despite its complexity the ecosystem-scale heterotrophic respiration can be described as a function of rainfall characteristics and vegetation primary productivity, regardless of ecosystem type. This emergent simplicity in ecosystem-scale heterotrophic respiration may help close the ecosystem carbon budgets and provide a quantitative framework to forecast the possible impacts of climate change on the soil carbon balance.