bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic and prognostic capabilities of a biomarker and EMR‐based machine learning algorithm for sepsis
Authors: Taneja Ishan , Damhorst Gregory L. , Lopez‐Espina Carlos , Zhao Sihai Dave , Zhu Ruoqing , Khan Shah , White Karen , Kumar James , Vincent Andrew , Yeh Leon , Majdizadeh Shirin , Weir William , Isbell Scott , Skinner James , Devanand Manubolo , Azharuddin Syed , Meenakshisundaram Rajamurugan , Upadhyay Riddhi , Syed Anwaruddin , Bauman Thomas , Devito Joseph , Heinzmann Charles , Podolej Gregory , Shen Lanxin , Timilsina Sanjay Sharma , Quinlan Lucas , Manafirasi Setareh , Valera Enrique , Reddy Bobby , Bashir Rashid 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSepsis is a major cause of mortality among hospitalized patients worldwide. Shorter time to administration of broad‐spectrum antibiotics is associated with improved outcomes, but early recognition of sepsis remains a major challenge. In a two‐center cohort study with prospective sample collection from 1400 adult patients in emergency departments suspected of sepsis, we sought to determine the diagnostic and prognostic capabilities of a machine‐learning algorithm based on clinical data and a set of uncommonly measured biomarkers. Specifically, we demonstrate that a machine‐learning model developed using this dataset outputs a score with not only diagnostic capability but also prognostic power with respect to hospital length of stay (LOS), 30‐day mortality, and 3‐day inpatient re‐admission both in our entire testing cohort and various subpopulations. The area under the receiver operating curve (AUROC) for diagnosis of sepsis was 0.83. Predicted risk scores for patients with septic shock were higher compared with patients with sepsis but without shock (p < 0.0001). Scores for patients with infection and organ dysfunction were higher compared with those without either condition (p < 0.0001). Stratification based on predicted scores of the patients into low, medium, and high‐risk groups showed significant differences in LOS (p < 0.0001), 30‐day mortality (p < 0.0001), and 30‐day inpatient readmission (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, a machine‐learning algorithm based on electronic medical record (EMR) data and three nonroutinely measured biomarkers demonstrated good diagnostic and prognostic capability at the time of initial blood culture.
Generating data sets for teaching the importance of regression analysis
Authors: Murray Lori L. , Wilson John G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSummary statistics and data visualizations are often used to explore data and draw preliminary conclusions. Although valuable, these tools do not always reveal the underlying patterns and trends in the data and can sometimes be misleading. We describe an approach for teaching the need for more advanced statistical analysis using multiple linear regression. Our approach is based on using a method we developed for generating alternative multivariate data sets where all the variables (both independent and dependent) have the same summary statistics. However, we can deliberately change the statistical significance of one (or more) of the independent variables in the regression to illustrate why it is important to go beyond simple descriptive measures and examine inferential statistics on the inherent relationships in the data. Implementation of this methodology is provided in the R statistical programming language and an add‐in for Excel spreadsheets.
Scoring the 10‐year risk of ambulatory disability in multiple sclerosis: the RoAD score
Authors: Gasperini Claudio , Prosperini Luca , Rovira Àlex , Tintoré Mar , Sastre‐Garriga Jaume , Tortorella Carla , Haggiag Shalom , Galgani Simonetta , Capra Ruggero , Pozzilli Carlo , Montalban Xavier , Río Jordi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeBoth baseline prognostic factors and short‐term predictors of treatment response can influence the long‐term risk of disability accumulation in patients with relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). The objective was to develop and validate a scoring system combining baseline prognostic factors and 1‐year variables of treatment response into a single numeric score predicting the long‐term risk of disability.MethodsWe analysed two independent datasets of patients with RRMS who started interferon beta or glatiramer acetate, had an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score <4.0 at treatment start and were followed for at least 10 years. The first dataset (‘training set’) included patients attending three MS centres in Italy and served as a framework to create the so‐called RoAD score (Risk of Ambulatory Disability). The second (‘validation set’) included a cohort of patients followed in Barcelona, Spain, to explore the performance of the RoAD score in predicting the risk of reaching an EDSS score ≥6.0.ResultsThe RoAD score (ranging from 0 to 8) derived from the training set (n = 1225), was based on demographic (age), clinical baseline prognostic factors (disease duration, EDSS) and 1‐year predictors of treatment response (number of relapses, presence of gadolinium enhancement and new T2 lesions). The best cut‐off score for discriminating patients at higher risk of reaching the disability milestone was ≥4. When applied to the validation set (n = 296), patients with a RoAD score ≥4 had an approximately 4‐fold increased risk for reaching the disability milestone (p < 0.001).DiscussionThe RoAD score is proposed as an useful tool to predict individual prognosis and optimize treatment strategy of patients with RRMS.
Oral health‐related quality of life among Brazilian adults with mental disorders
Authors: Lopes Alexandre Gomes , Ju Xiangqun , Jamieson Lisa , Mialhe Fábio Luiz 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate associations of sociodemographic, lifestyle, medical conditions, and caries experience with oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) in a large sample of adults with mental disorders. A sample of 753 adults diagnosed with schizophrenia or depression, who were users of 10 public mental health outpatient clinics located in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, participated in the study. Participants provided data on sociodemographic characteristics, psychiatric diagnosis, medication use, and health behaviors. Oral examinations to evaluate dental caries (using the decayed, missing, and filled teeth ([DMFT] index) and dental plaque (using the Silness–Löe plaque index) were conducted. Oral health‐related quality of life was evaluated using the 14‐item Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14) questionnaire. Log‐Poisson regression was used to evaluate associations between the outcome and independent variables. The prevalence of one or more OHIP‐14 impacts occurring fairly often/often was 72.3%. Physical pain was the OHIP domain with the highest prevalence, followed by psychological discomfort. Multivariable analysis showed that higher prevalence of the reponses ‘fairly often/often’ in the OHIP‐14 was associated with being female, aged 35 to 54 years, having a low family income, a diagnosis of depression, a smoking habit, and fewer than 20 teeth. Adults with mental disorders had a high prevalence of impacts on their OHRQoL, which were associated with caries experience, sociodemographic characteristics, type of psychiatric diagnosis, and behavioral risk indicators.
Proteomic profile of the acquired enamel pellicle of professional wine tasters with erosive tooth wear
Authors: Silva Natália Caldeira , Ventura Talita Mendes Oliveira , Oliveira Bethania Paludo , dos Santos Nicole Marchioro , Pelá Vinícius Taioqui , Buzalaf Marília Afonso Rabelo , Rodrigues Jonas Almeida 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to compare the acquired enamel pellicle protein profile of professional wine tasters with mild and moderate erosive tooth wear. Twelve professional wine tasters participated (3 from a low tooth wear group; 9 from a high tooth wear group). Acquired enamel pellicle samples were collected and processed for proteomic analysis (nLC‐ESI‐MS/MS). The acquired enamel pellicle proteomic profile was different between the groups. The proteins found exclusively in the low tooth wear group were histatins 1 and 3 and mucins 7 and 21. When comparing the wear groups, proteins with higher levels in the low tooth wear group included neutrophil defensins (1 and 3), lysozyme C, lysozyme, myeloperoxidase, and squalene monooxygenase. In conclusion, the findings indicate that the proteins found at higher levels in the low tooth wear group and proteins exclusively found in the low tooth wear group might be protective and, therefore, could be good candidates for further studies regarding their potential to be added to dental products to protect professional wine tasters from extrinsic erosive tooth wear.
Evaluation of masticatory function in patients with cleft lip and/or palate
Authors: Cassi Diana , Di Blasio Alberto , Di Benedetto Laura , De Biase Corrado , Pedrazzi Giuseppe , Piancino Maria Grazia 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the masticatory pattern in children with cleft lip and/or palate (CL/P) through investigation of the prevalence of reverse sequencing chewing cycles. The study group included 18 patients with CL/P (mean age: 7.4 yr, SD: 1.4 yr), 15 of whom had dental crossbite. The controls included a group of 18 non‐CL/P children with the same types of crossbite as the study group (mean age: 7.2 yr, SD: 1.5 yr) and a group of 18 non‐CL/P subjects with normal occlusion (mean age: 9.8 yr, SD: 1.9 yr). Mandibular movements during chewing of soft and hard bolus were recorded with a kinesiograph. Kinematic signals were analysed using a custom‐made software. A statistical analysis was performed to compare the degree of reverse‐sequencing chewing cycles between patients and controls (Kruskal–Wallis test with Dwass‐Steel‐Critchlow‐Fligner pairwise comparisons post hoc test). A significant difference between patients with CL/P and non‐CL/P subjects with normal occlusion was highlighted on the left side of mastication, which was the side with the higher prevalence of crossbite with both types of bolus. No statistical differences were found between CL/P patients and healthy controls with crossbite. Cleft‐affected patients with posterior crossbite exhibited an anomalous masticatory pattern with increased reverse chewing cycles on the crossbite side.
Effect of ischemic preconditioning on radiation damage to the submandibular gland in rats
Authors: Wu Yan‐Hui , Yao Qing‐Ting , Liu Shao‐Hua , Song Xiao‐Bin , Yakupu Ai‐Pi‐Zi‐Gu‐Li , Lu Li‐Dan , Shi Liang , Xu Hui 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTo investigate the effects of radiation on rat submandibular glands and the possible protective effects of ischemic preconditioning, the submandibular glands of Wistar rats were subjected to in situ radiation after ischemic preconditioning. The glands were exposed to X‐radiation at a single dose of 20 Gy. Ischemic preconditioning was achieved by three min of ischemia and three min of reperfusion, repeated three times before irradiation. Salivary secretion, histological changes, alterations in tight junctions, and the levels of oxidative stress, pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and water secretion proteins mediated by the muscarinic acetylcholine M3 subtype receptor were determined at 1 and 12 weeks post‐irradiation. In glands subjected to irradiation only, the secretion, superoxide dismutase activity, tight junction width, acinar cell number, and M3 receptor and aquaporin‐5 levels were lower at 1 and 12 weeks than seen in the ischemically preconditioned irradiated glands. In contrast, tumor necrosis factor‐α, malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase activity, and the expression of the tight junction protein claudin‐4 were significantly higher in the irradiated only glands. Our study revealed that radiation caused a series of injury‐stress responses, especially damage to the water secretion pathway mediated by the M3 receptor that ultimately led to hyposecretion, which might play an important role in the dysfunction of the irradiated only glands. Ischemic preconditioning reduced the radiation‐induced injury to submandibular glands and ameliorated salivary hyposecretion.
Theory of consumption values in consumer behaviour research: A review and future research agenda
Authors: Tanrikulu Ceyda 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCurrent marketing philosophy is value‐oriented, whereas marketing theory explaining value from the consumer perspective is limited. The theory of consumption value (TCV) is a marketing theory that provides insight into the motivation for consumers' consumption behaviour through consumption values. Although it offers theoretical explanations about consumer behaviour on a large scale, there is no single article in the literature providing comprehensive and integrated knowledge of TCV and a future research agenda based on a systematic literature review. The main aims of this paper are to present integrated knowledge and provide propositions for future research. This review research covers peer‐reviewed journal articles that used this theory and were published between 1991 and 2020. The major findings in the review demonstrate that this theory has remained up to date in the consumer behaviour literature, has been dynamic and has been comprehensively used to explain choice behaviour. Thus, further understanding has been provided for consumer behaviour related to drivers of consumption, although some issues require further examination. Directions for future research are developed in more detail to encourage and advance the understanding of value through TCV.
Community‐level responses to increasing dryness vary with plant growth form across an extensive aridity gradient
Authors: Ding Jingyi , Eldridge David J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimPerennial plant communities are crucial for regulating ecological processes and maintaining ecosystem functions. Variation in community structure is driven by both biotic and abiotic factors, reflecting adaptation strategies of plant communities to various environments. Although much is known about the response of individual perennial plants to drier climates, empirical evidence of the community‐level responses to increasing dryness is limited.LocationEastern Australia; 1500 km gradient.TaxonPerennial plants.MethodsWe measured the abundance and size distribution (median, skewness and variance) of perennial plant communities from different growth forms (trees, shrubs and grasses), the spatial arrangement of trees in the overstorey and both biotic (competition) and abiotic (climate, soil properties) factors at 150 sites along an extensive aridity gradient from humid to arid areas. We used regression analyses and linear models to explore variation in community structure with increasing aridity and key driving factors for different perennial plant communities.ResultsVariation in community structure differed with growth form. As aridity increased, trees had wider canopies and were spatially aggregated, shrubs became miniaturised, but highly variable in size, and grasses comprised more larger individuals. Biotic and abiotic factors exerted different effects on different growth forms, with trees and shrubs consistently affected by competition and aridity, respectively, whereas grasses were weakly affected by aridity, summer rainfall and soil texture.Main conclusionsOur study highlights the idiosyncratic adaptation strategies used by trees, shrubs and grasses in response to drying climates at the community level through their effect on the size distribution or spatial aggregation. The structure of different perennial growth forms was influenced by different effects from either biotic (competition) or abiotic (climate, soil) factors. Under forecasted drier climates, canopy expansion and greater aggregation of trees might enhance resource sinks and shelter for diverse biota, potentially shielding plant communities against predicted aridification.
Characterizing neuroanatomic heterogeneity in people with and without ADHD based on subcortical brain volumes
Authors: Li Ting , van Rooij Daan , Roth Mota Nina , Buitelaar Jan K. ,   The ENIGMA ADHD Working Group, Hoogman Martine , Arias Vasquez Alejandro , Franke Barbara 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundAttention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder. Neuroanatomic heterogeneity limits our understanding of ADHD’s etiology. This study aimed to parse heterogeneity of ADHD and to determine whether patient subgroups could be discerned based on subcortical brain volumes.MethodsUsing the large ENIGMA‐ADHD Working Group dataset, four subsamples of 993 boys with and without ADHD and to subsamples of 653 adult men, 400 girls, and 447 women were included in analyses. We applied exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to seven subcortical volumes in order to constrain the complexity of the input variables and ensure more stable clustering results. Factor scores derived from the EFA were used to build networks. A community detection (CD) algorithm clustered participants into subgroups based on the networks.ResultsExploratory factor analysis revealed three factors (basal ganglia, limbic system, and thalamus) in boys and men with and without ADHD. Factor structures for girls and women differed from those in males. Given sample size considerations, we concentrated subsequent analyses on males. Male participants could be separated into four communities, of which one was absent in healthy men. Significant case–control differences of subcortical volumes were observed within communities in boys, often with stronger effect sizes compared to the entire sample. As in the entire sample, none were observed in men. Affected men in two of the communities presented comorbidities more frequently than those in other communities. There were no significant differences in ADHD symptom severity, IQ, and medication use between communities in either boys or men.ConclusionsOur results indicate that neuroanatomic heterogeneity in subcortical volumes exists, irrespective of ADHD diagnosis. Effect sizes of case–control differences appear more pronounced at least in some of the subgroups.
The effects of temperature and salinity on the endocrinology in two life stages of juvenile rainbow/steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Giroux Marissa , Schlenk Daniel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe San Francisco Bay Delta is experiencing seasonally warmer waters and saltwater intrusion into historically freshwater ecosystems due to climate change. Steelhead/rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are resident in the Bay‐Delta from juvenile development through the smoltification process. Due to increases in sea level, premature seawater (SW) acclimation may co‐occur with increased temperatures on pre‐smolt juveniles. To evaluate the interactive effects of salinity and temperature on juvenile life stages of salmonids, rainbow trout alevin (3 days post‐hatching) were exposed to 13, 16.4 and 19°C for 10 days and then challenged for 24 h to 18 parts per thousand SW. Similarly, fry (4 weeks post‐hatching) were exposed to 13, 16.4 and 19°C for 2 weeks (14 days) and then challenged to SW. Estradiol‐17β (E2), cortisol, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) were measured in whole animal homogenates and muscle tissue using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. Transcripts of gill Na+/K+ ATPase β (NKAα1b), brain growth hormone I (gh1) and brain gonadotropin‐releasing hormone receptor 2 (gnrh2) were also measured. Alevin exhibited a significant temperature‐dependent decrease in survival, and fry showed a temperature‐dependent decrease in condition factor. The gene expression of NKAα1b, gh1 and gnrh2 significantly decreased in all SW‐challenged alevin, and a significant decrease in gnrh2 expression was observed in fry with temperature. Alevin T3 and T4 concentrations significantly increased with increasing temperature. There was a temperature‐dependent increase in E2 of fry but not of alevin. The results of this study demonstrate that increasing temperature and SW exposure may adversely affect the survival and SW acclimation of alevin and fry stages of salmonids and that the tolerances of younger juvenile stages should be considered when assessing the response of salmonid populations to climate change stressors.
The prognostic value of modified NUTRIC score for patients in cardiothoracic surgery recovery unit: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Zheng Chao , Xie Kai , Li Xiao‐Kun , Wang Gao‐Ming , Luo Jing , Zhang Chi , Jiang Zhi‐Sheng , Wang Yi‐Lin , Luo Chao , Qiang Yong , Hu Li‐Wen , Wang Yan‐Qing , Shen Yi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundMalnutrition is highly prevalent in critically ill patients. The modified Nutrition Risk in the Critically ill (mNUTRIC) score has been introduced to evaluate the nutritional risk of patients in an intensive care unit (ICU). The mNUTRIC score is a predictive factor of mortality for patients in a medical or mixed ICU, whereas the relationship between mNUTRIC and prognosis of patients in a cardiothoracic surgery recovery unit (CSRU) is unclear and related researches are limited.MethodsWe conducted this retrospective cohort study to explore the value of mNUTRIC score in CSRU patients. We identified totally 4059 patients from the Multiparameter Intelligent Monitoring in Intensive Care III (MIMIC III) database.ResultsThe optimal cut‐off value of mNUTRIC score was 4 and a total of 1498 (36.9%) patients were considered to be at high nutritional risk (mNUTRIC ≥ 4). A multivariate logistic regression model indicated that patients at high nutritional risk have higher hospital mortality compared to those at low nutritional risk (odds ratio = 2.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.32‐4.70, p = 0.005]. Furthermore, a Cox regression model was established adjusted for age, white blood cell and body mass index. The Kaplan–Meier curve indicated that patients at high nutritional risk have poorer 365‐days [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.30‐2.37, p < 0.001] and 1000‐days (HR = 2.30, 95% CI = 1.87–2.83, p < 0.001) overall survival.ConclusionsThe mNUTRIC score could not only predict hospital mortality, but also be an independent prognostic factor for long‐term survival in CSRU patients. More well‐designed clinical trials are needed to verify and update our findings.