bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equilibrium Tax Rates under Ex-ante Heterogeneity and Income-dependent Voting
Authors: Chang Bo Hyun , Chang Yongsung , Kim Sun-Bin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The standard models with incomplete markets (e.g. Aiyagari) have difficulty justifying the current income tax rates as an optimal or political equilibrium outcome. Given the highly skewed income distribution, the majority of the population would be in favor of raising taxes to a much higher level. We show that incorporating (i) the ex-ante heterogeneity of earnings and (ii) income-dependent voting behavior helps us to reconcile the large gap between the model and data.
Determination of sex-specific 99th percentile upper reference limits for a point of care high sensitivity cardiac troponin I assay
Authors: Apple Fred S. , Schulz Karen , Schmidt Christian W. , van Domburg Trees S. Y. , Fonville Judith M. , de Theije Femke K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objectives
High sensitivity (hs) cardiac troponin (cTn) assays are defined per the IFCC Committee on Clinical Application of Cardiac Biomarker (C-CB) by the ability to measure ≥ 50% of concentrations greater than the limit of detection (LoD) with an impression of ≤10% at sex-specific 99th percentiles. Our study determined the sex-specific 99th percentile upper reference limits for males and females utilizing heparinized plasma from AACC universal sample bank for the Siemens point of care (POC) Atellica® VTLi hs-cTnI immunoassay.

Methods
Apparently healthy subjects, included overall 693, males 363, and females 330, following exclusionary surrogate biomarker use of hemoglobin A1c, NT-proBNP, and eGFR, along with statin medication. hs-cTnI was measured in a central laboratory, on multiple POC Atellica® VTLi immunoassay analyzers. The LoD was 1.24 ng/L and the 10%CV concentration was 6.7 ng/L. 99th percentile URLs were determined by the nonparametric (NP) method.

Results
Histograms of the hs-cTnI concentrations (ng/L) for males and females were used to visualize the distributions and concentrations in men and women and differed significantly (pre- and post-exclusion, both p <0.001). 99th percentile URLs were: overall 23 ng/L (90% CI 20–32 ng/L); male 27 ng/L (CI 21–37 ng/L); female 18 ng/L (CI 9–78 ng/L). The percentages of subjects having a measurable concentration ≥ the LoD were: overall 83.7%, male 87.3%, female 79.7%.

Conclusions
Our findings show the novel POC Atellica® VTLi hs-cTnI assay meets the designation of a ‘high-sensitivity’ assay using heparinized plasma.
Is Trikatu an ayurvedic formulation effective for the management of flu-like illness? A narrative review
Authors: Javed Danish , Dixit Ashish Kumar 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this review is to summarise and appraise the findings of various studies on Trikatu.

Content
COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 disease a pandemic principally contaminating the respiratory tract and bringing about Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome is liable for significant mortality around the world. Far-fetched, there is no exact treatment accessible till today. Consequently, it is critical to discover the alternative methodology which can decrease the weight of illness. Trikatu powder recommended by authorities for the management of mild cases of COVID-19 is a conventional ayurvedic formulation containing three spices; Zingiber officinale, Piper nigrum, and Piper longum. A comprehensive search of the articles published since inception to 01/08/2020 on Trikatu was carried out. Major electronic medical databases such as Pub Med/MEDLINE and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were used for the literature search.

Summary
A total of 21 records were identified by electronic searches between since inception to 01/08/2020 of which 13 records were included for review. The reviewed articles highlight Trikatu as a safe, anti-inflammatory, and immune-modulatory property by suppression of the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, IL-17, alteration in levels of circulating immune complexes, anti-dyslipidaemia agent by reduced triglycerides and LDL cholesterol and increased HDL cholesterol, enhancing bio-availability of co-drug by reducing the elimination half-life (t1/2β) and zero time intercept of the elimination phase.

Outlook
The findings of this review seem to show Trikatu as a potential anti-inflammatory, anti-dyslipidaemia, and immune-modulatory ayurvedic formulation can be used for combating flu like illnesses and also in the management of COVID-19 as an adjuvant. However, rigorous double blind randomized controlled trials with larger sample size are warranted for better validation in such clinical conditions.
Moral ambivalence. A comment on non-invasive prenatal testing from an ethical perspective
Authors: Heinrichs Bert 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) has been available for almost 10 years. In many countries the test attracted considerable criticism from the start. While most critical comments in this context deal with the (alleged) problem of eugenic selection, I will concentrate on a somewhat broader issue.

Content
I will argue that NIPT clearly has the potential to increase reproductive autonomy and benefit expectant parents. However, NIPT can also put people in a situation that is morally overwhelming for them and from which there is no easy way out. In this sense, such tests can have a dilemma-generating effect.

Summary and Outlook
I will conclude that this can be adequately described by the term “moral ambivalence”.
Fracture characterization and modeling of Gyroid filled 3D printed PLA structures
Authors: Torun Ahmet Refah , Dike Ali Sinan , Yıldız Ege Can , Sağlam İsmail , Choupani Naghdali 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a commonly used biodegradable material in medical and increasingly in industrial applications. These materials are often exposed to various flaws and faults due to working and production conditions, and increasing the demand for PLA for various applications requires a full understanding of its fracture behavior. In addition to ABS, PLA is a widely used polymeric material in 3D printing. The gyroid type of filling is advantageous for overcoming the relatively higher brittleness of PLA in comparison with conventional thermoplastic polymers. In this study, the effects of various filling ratios on the fracture toughness of 3D printed PLA samples with gyroid pattern were investigated numerically and experimentally for pure mode I, combined mode I/II, and pure mode II. Two-dimensional finite element modeling was created, and the two-dimensional functions of stress intensity coefficients were extracted in loading mode I, mode I/II, and mode II at varied filling ratios of the gyroid PLA samples. Mixed-mode fracture tests for 3D printed PLA samples with a gyroid pattern at various filling ratios were performed by using a specially developed fracture testing fixture. The results showed that the amount of fracture toughness of the samples under study in tensile mode was much higher than those values in shear mode. Also, as the percentages of the filling ratios in the samples increased, both tensile and shear fracture toughness improved.
Mechanical behavior of composite parts joined through different processes
Authors: Sülü İsmail Yasin , Temiz Şemsettin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this research, composite parts joined according to different joining methods such as single-lap and double-lap embedded adhesive subjected to tensile load were analyzed via the 3-D finite element method (FEM). The study differed from other studies in terms of joining techniques used and the specified parameter and model design. This study aims to emphasize the advantages of joining techniques in terms of aesthetically and joining methods over each other. In the analysis, composite parts carbon/epoxy (T 700) at varied fiber orientation angles and adhesive DP 410 were used. The models for numerical analyses were created in an ANSYS 14.5 software package. Finite element analysis (FEA) was successful in predicting failure loads. Stress in the x, y, z directions, shear stress and von-Mises stress on the adhesive were obtained at the time of failure for predetermined parameters. As a result, the effects of orientation angles, overlap lengths, adhesive layer and bonding methods were investigated. The maximum effect parameter and joining technique was determined for the composite parts joined through varied joining methods.
A comparative analysis of the queuing search algorithm, the sine-cosine algorithm, the ant lion algorithm to determine the optimal weight design problem of a spur gear drive system
Authors: Abderazek Hammoudi , Hamza Ferhat , Yildiz Ali Riza , Gao Liang , Sait Sadiq M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Metaheuristic optimization algorithms have gained relevance and have effectively been investigated for solving complex real design problems in diverse fields of science and engineering. In this paper, a recent meta-heuristic approach inspired by human social concepts, namely the queuing search algorithm (QSA), is implemented for the first time to optimize the main parameters of the spur gear, in particular, to minimize the weight of a single-stage spur gear. The effectiveness of the algorithm introduced is examined in two steps. First, the algorithm used is compared with descriptions in previous studies and indicates that the final results obtained by QSA lead to a reduction in gear weight by 7.5 %. Furthermore, the outcomes obtained are compared with those for the other five algorithms. The results reveal that the QSA outperforms the techniques with which it is compared such as the sine-cosine optimization algorithm, the ant lion optimization algorithm, the interior search algorithm, the teaching-learning-based algorithm, and the jaya algorithm in terms of robustness, success rate, and convergence capability.
Effects of MgO Powder addition on mechanical, physical and thermal properties of Al waste bagasse composite
Authors: Dwivedi Shashi Prakash , Saxena Ambuj , Srivastava Nitin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Environmental pollution from various industries is a serious issue in most countries. Bagasse is a waste product from sugar factory industries. Bagasse pollutes the soil and the air. In the present investigation, an attempt has been made to utilize bagasse waste as a primary reinforcement material in the development of an aluminum-based metal matrix composite. Magnesium oxide (MgO) powder was mixed with bagasse ash to enhance the wettability of the bagasse ash and the aluminum matrix. The microstructure results of the bagasse reinforced hybrid composite showed a proper distribution of carbonized bagasse ash and MgO powder in the aluminum base matrix material. Minimum porosity and minimum corrosion loss were measured at 1.43 % and 0.05 mg, respectively for a selected composition Al+2.5 wt.-% carbonized bagasse ash +12.5 wt.-% MgO hybrid metal matrix composite. The composition of the Al+10 wt.-% carbonized bagasse ash metal matrix composite exhibited the maximum specific strength of 39.59 kN × m × kg-1 which is much better than than that of the base matrix material. In addition, as the percentage of reinforcement in the casting increases, the cost and density of the final cast composite reinforced by bagasse, continually decrease. Sample G13 (Al+ 5 wt.-% carbonized bagasse ash + 10 wt.-% MgO powder) shows a small change in dimensions due to thermal expansion.
Experimental validation of the predicted peak cutting force for seafloor polymetallic sulfide
Authors: Wu Hongyun , Chuai Xiaosheng , Wang Chunlai , Gao Ansen , Shi Feng , Hou Xiaolin , Meng Zhonghua , Liu Guoqing 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
With the gradual reduction of mineral resources, marine mining has increasingly been developed as a method of exploiting resources. However, the cutting efficiency of submarine mineral deposits requires additional improvement. Investigating the preferable cutting efficiency in marine mining, it is important to establish a theoretical model of predicting the peak cutting force for polymetallic sulfide. The polymetallic sulfide was taken from the floor of the Indian Ocean and maintained at constant temperature and humidity conditions during transportation. In the paper, some experiments were conducted to study the physicomechanical properties of polymetallic sulfide. And the cutting experiments were conducted to investigate the cutting force at room temperature and atmosphere pressure, preliminarily. Then, based on maximum tensile stress theory, the theoretical equation of predicting the peak cutting force was derived, and an improved high-precision theoretical model was established. The reliability and accuracy of this model was verified using the experimental data. Based on the improved theoretical model, the brittleness index and the cutting depth, which influenced the peak cutting force, were investigated. Results show that the established model improved the accuracy of predictions. The peak cutting force decreased with the increase of the brittleness index, but it increased with the increase of the depth, which followed the power-law pattern. The power-law coefficient was generally at 1-2. The experiments verified that this improved theoretical model and the related conclusions can predict the peak cutting force. It is significant for the design and study of conical picks and cutting mechanisms in marine mining.
The materiality of languages in engagements with the environment
Authors: Siragusa Laura , Virtanen Pirjo Kristiina 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCommunication, an apparently intangible practice, does in fact affect the way people engage with their social worlds in very material ways. Inspired by both ethnographic and archival-driven research, this special issue aims to fill the gap in studies of language materiality by addressing entanglements with other-than-human agencies. The contributions of this special issue on verbal and non-verbal communicative practices among Indigenous peoples and ethnic minorities in the Global North and the South interpret language materiality as practice- and process-oriented, performative, and embodied relations between humans and other-than-human actors. The articles cover three major sub-themes, which ostensibly intertwine to a greater or lesser degree in all the works: (in-)visible actors and elements-related language; language materiality narrating and producing sociality; and the emotions and affect of language. The topic of this special issue, the materiality of languages, manifested in multiple engagements with the environment, proves particularly critical at the moment, given the current environmental crisis and the need to comprehend in more depth social relations with numerous other-than-human agencies.
Palestinian Firms’ Status and Employment Under the Israeli Security Regime: Evidence from Establishment Censuses
Authors: Hlasny Vladimir , AlAzzawi Shireen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Israeli occupation of Palestine is accompanied by violence and a repressive security regime affecting firms’ operations. We assess firms’ status, and female and total employment during 1997–2017 across region–years seeing differently repressive regimes. Indicators of the security regime come from OCHA-oPt, B’Tselem, and World Bank databases. Data on the entire population of establishments come from five waves of the Palestinian Establishment Census allowing for pooled-cross sectional and limited longitudinal analysis. We find that establishments facing tighter regimes – mobility restrictions, physical violence and building demolitions in their governorate – are more likely to suspend their operations or engage in restructuring, rather than continue operating. Repressive regimes are also associated with falling employment levels and in some cases, falling female employment shares. Repressive regimes are thus damaging to employment in Palestine through several channels. Some establishments do not survive, or enter hibernation. Surviving establishments retain fewer workers.
Reactive nitrogen compounds and their influence on human health: an overview
Authors: Nieder Rolf , Benbi Dinesh K. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is a critical component of food security, economy and planetary health. Human production of reactive nitrogen (Nr) via Haber-Bosch process and cultivation-induced biological N2 fixation (BNF) has doubled global N cycling over the last century. The most important beneficial effect of Nr is augmenting global food supplies due to increased crop yields. However, increased circulation of Nr in the environment is responsible for serious human health effects such as methemoglobinemia (“blue baby syndrome”) and eutrophication of coastal and inland waters. Furthermore, ammonia (NH3) emission mainly from farming and animal husbandary impacts not only human health causing chronic lung disease, inflammation of human airways and irritation of eyes, sinuses and skin but is also involved in the formation of secondary particulate matter (PM) that plays a critical role in environment and human health. Nr also affects human health via global warming, depletion of stratospheric ozone layer resulting in greater intensity of ultra violet B rays (UVB) on the Earth’s surface, and creation of ground-level ozone (through reaction of NO2 with O2). The consequential indirect human health effects of Nr include the spread of vector-borne pathogens, increased incidence of skin cancer, development of cataracts, and serious respiratory diseases, besides land degradation. Evidently, the strategies to reduce Nr and mitigate adverse environmental and human health impacts include plugging pathways of nitrogen transport and loss through runoff, leaching and emissions of NH3, nitrogen oxides (NO
x
), and other N compounds; improving fertilizer N use efficiency; reducing regional disparity in access to N fertilizers; enhancing BNF to decrease dependence on chemical fertilizers; replacing animal-based proteins with plant-based proteins; adopting improved methods of livestock raising and manure management; reducing air pollution and secondary PM formation; and subjecting industrial and vehicular NO
x
emission to pollution control laws. Strategic implementation of all these presents a major challenge across the fields of agriculture, ecology and public health. Recent observations on the reduction of air pollution in the COVID-19 lockdown period in several world regions provide an insight into the achievability of long-term air quality improvement. In this review, we focus on complex relationships between Nr and human health, highlighting a wide range of beneficial and detrimental effects.
Linarite from Cap Garonne
Authors: Paulsen Christian , Benndorf Christopher , Günther Daniel , Oeckler Oliver , Osthues Helena , Doltsinis Nikos L. , Galéa-Clolus Valérie , Clolus Pierre , Pöttgen Rainer 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Linarite, PbCuSO4(OH)2, crystallizes as secondary mineral in form of clusters of crystals in Mine du Pradet at Cap Garonne in France. A tiny single crystal was isolated and its structure was refined from synchrotron diffraction data (λ = 0.049592 nm): P121/m1, a = 467.75(2), b = 563.48(4), c = 967.64(5) pm, β = 102.647(5)°, wR = 0.0544, 819 F
2 values and 56 variables. The proton positions were also refined. The Cu2+ cations are located within Cu(OH)2 ribbons and exhibit pronounced Jahn-Teller distortion (d(Cu–O): 2 × 191.9, 2 × 197.3 and 2 × 252.8 pm). The Cu(OH)2 ribbons are condensed with the sulfate tetrahedra and the lead cations. The latter are coordinated to eight oxygen atoms in a slightly anisotropic manner. Calculations of the electron localization function (ELF) of PbO (litharge), PbSO4 (anglesite) and PbCuSO4(OH)2 (linarite) show pronounced lone-pair character for PbO but rather isotropic ELF values around the lead cations in PbSO4 and PbCuSO4(OH)2.
Approximate estimation of the critical diameter in Koenen tests
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Wahler Sabrina 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A simple correlation between computed detonation parameters and the critical diameter obtained using the Koenen (steel-sleeve) test is reported. This correlation is
not
meant to replace a proper Koenen test, but rather, to act as an aid to help to know which orifice diameter to start testing with.
Impact of Single and Multiple Specimen Suction Control Oedometer Testing on the Measurement of the Soil–Water Characteristic Curve
Authors: Tripathy Snehasis , Al-Khyat Sahar , Cleall Peter John 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Devices that simultaneously facilitate controlling suction and applying a net stress on soil specimen provide soil–water characteristic curves (SWCCs) in terms of both the water content and degree of saturation, and volumetric deformations at various applied suctions. Such tests determine the water content of soil specimens based on the measured water volume changes at various applied suctions. However, studies have shown disagreements between the water volume–based calculated water content and the actual water content of soil specimens determined by the oven-drying method. Testing multiple soil specimens at predetermined suctions and measuring water content by the oven-drying method can overcome this but are a time-consuming approach. In this study, the impact of testing single and multiple soil specimens on the subsequently determined suction-water content and suction-degree of saturation SWCCs for the wetting process were studied. Statically compacted specimens of a sandy clay were used for establishing SWCCs using a suction control oedometer. Differences were noted between the calculated and measured water content and degree of saturation for an applied suction range of 0 to 95 kPa. Differences were noted between the SWCC fitting parameters obtained from the test results of single and multiple soil specimens. Statistical analysis suggested the differences between the results from single and multiple soil specimens testing were not significant. Corrections applied to the water volume change measurements were found to minimize these differences.
Mechanical Properties of Warm Mix Asphalt–Stone Matrix Asphalt Modified with Nano Zeolite Material
Authors: Ahmadzadegan Farhad , Sarkar Alireza 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this article is to present an experimental study to characterize the mechanical performance of modified warm mix asphalt mixtures with synthetic zeolite in nano and granule form. The effects of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 % of zeolite in nanocrystal powder and granule form have been evaluated by conducting indirect tensile strength (ITS) for conditioned and unconditioned specimens and wheel track tests. The tensile strength (TS), compressive stress at failure (CSF), equivalent modulus, toughness index, and moisture susceptibility (tensile strength ratio [TSR]) parameters have been calculated by ITS test. Also, rutting depth has been calculated by the wheel track test. According to the results, using zeolite material in nanocrystal powder and granule form has a similar effect on decreasing the TSR content and increasing the moisture susceptibility. Moreover, zeolite decreased the rutting depth, and because of the results, it should be noted that nanocrystal powder material reduced the rutting depth by about 40 % more than granule form. Furthermore, zeolite caused an increase in all the parameters obtained from the ITS test about 21–70 %. Overall, the results show that zeolite had a good effect on the physical properties of the mixture; however, zeolite in granule form caused a reduction in TS (dry condition) and CSF (wet condition).