bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing genotypes and antibiotic resistance profiles of Mycobacterium abscessus and Mycobacterium massiliense clinical isolates in China
Authors: Wang Yiting , He Wencong , He Ping , Zheng Huiwen , Zhao Yanlin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate differences in the antimicrobial susceptibility of members of the Mycobacterium abscessus complex (MABC): subsp. massiliense and subsp. abscessus, and to identify associations between strain genotypes and antimicrobial resistance phenotypes. A total of 383 clinical MABC isolates (subsp. abscessus: n = 218, 56.9%; subsp. massiliense: n = 163, 42.6%; subsp. bolletii: n = 2, 0.5%) were characterised using multilocus variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) typing and drug susceptibility testing. Most isolates exhibited susceptibility to amikacin, clarithromycin and azithromycin but resistance to cefoxitin and minocycline was statistically more associated with isolates unclustered by VNTR type. The Simpson's diversity indexes of VNTR typing for M. abscessus and M. massiliense isolates were 0.999 and 0.997, respectively. Genotyping of M. abscessus and M. massiliense isolates by VNTR may provide valuable information for predicting resistance phenotype.
When the law is silent: stigma and challenges faced by male sex workers in Japan
Authors: Takahashi Mana 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study considers how invisibility under the law can lead to stigmatisation. It examines how legal silence affects the stigmatisation process and the identity of male sex workers in Japan. Since male sex work is currently not recognised under Japanese law, male sex workers are not subject to control, regulation, punishment or protection. However, the number of male sex workers in Japan is increasing. Many studies have noted that male sex workers may experience double stigmatisation – referring to the stigma associated with homosexuality and the stigma associated with commercial sex. Male sex workers in Japan, however, may face an additional stigma caused by the fact that the law essentially ignores their existence. This paper draws on fieldwork interviews to show how the silence of the law can exacerbate the marginalisation and disempowerment of a vulnerable social group.
‘We are not like them’: stigma and the Destitute Persons Act of Singapore
Authors: Tan Harry 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUsing a legal-consciousness approach, this paper discusses the issue of stigma and law from the perspectives of a group of older homeless people in Singapore. Focusing specifically on the Destitute Persons Act 2013 Rev. Ed. (DPA), the paper shows the different ways in which homeless people make sense of, negotiate, resist or succumb to the stigma of a homeless identity ascribed by the DPA. From these experiences, two fundamental problems with the DPA are highlighted. First, the DPA imposes a homeless identity that is entangled in archaic legal definitions that often do not relate to contemporary experiences of homelessness in Singapore. Second, the enforcement of the DPA legitimises a differential treatment of homeless people, without addressing the broader complexities of homelessness.
The invisible stigmatisation of female practitioners in international arbitration
Authors: Sharma Umika 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe paper is a study of the gender-based stigmatisation process of elite professionals in an international legal field. It uses commercial arbitration as an example of an international profession and adds to the prevalent understanding of gender inequality by developing a framework called ‘invisible stigmatisation’. The main theoretical framework is supported by twenty-two semi-structured interviews conducted across five international arbitration jurisdictions and two original datasets. These data have helped to contextualise the nuances of gender-based stigmatisation in prestigious arbitral appointments and at the echelons of international arbitration law firms. The paper establishes that the stigmatising experiences drive elite female professionals and their gender-equality consciousness. These experiences also lead to them devise innovative strategies to minimise the effects of gender inequality on their professional lives.
Estimation of the Mode Conversion Effect on the Determination of Southern Boundary for the ∼100 MeV Electron Precipitations
Authors: Remenets G. F. , Astafiev A. M. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPreviously the parameters of sporadic layer of electric conductivity caused by ultraenergetic relativistic electron (URE) precipitations were determined by us due to indirect electromagnetic method. Then we determined the southern boundaries of these precipitations in the frames of the following supposition: the effect of a normal wave reflection and its conversion into other normal waves on the boundary between disturbed and undisturbed parts of a radio path might have been ignored. Now we show by accurate simulation that it was true for strong and moderate URE precipitations. For the powerful disturbances of the same nature (16 events for 11 years) the effect is significant. In order to obtain these results, we had to change a traditional statement of problem about a normal wave conversion in the terrestrial waveguide and to solve numerically this new problem with an abrupt change of inhomogeneous properties on a transverse surface of the waveguide. We did not divide a near‐Earth waveguide at two artificial altitude parts: with vacuum and with inhomogeneous conducting medium along the transverse coordinate. Formally the waveguide was considered by us as inhomogeneous from its top to its bottom.
Temporal Scale‐Dependent Sensitivity Analysis for Hydrological Model Parameters Using the Discrete Wavelet Transform and Active Subspaces
Authors: Bittner Daniel , Engel Michael , Wohlmuth Barbara , Labat David , Chiogna Gabriele 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGlobal sensitivity analysis is an important step in the process of developing and analyzing hydrological models. Measured data of different variables are used to identify the number of sensitive model parameters and to better constrain the model output. However, data scarcity is a common issue in hydrology. Since in hydrology we are dealing with multi‐scale time dependent problems, we want to overcome that issue by exploiting the potential of using the decomposed wavelet temporal scales of the discharge signal for the identification of sensitive model parameters. In the proposed methodology, we coupled the discrete wavelet transform with a technique for model parameter dimension reduction, that is, the active subspace method. We apply the proposed methodology to the LuKARS model, a lumped karst aquifer model for the Kerschbaum spring in Waidhofen/Ybbs (Austria). Our results demonstrate that the temporal scale dependency of hydrological processes affects the structure and dimension of the active subspaces. The results reveal that the dimensionality of an active subspace increases with the increasing number of hydrologic processes affecting a temporal scale. As a consequence, different parameters are sensitive on different temporal scales. Finally, we show that the total number of sensitive parameters identified at different temporal scales is larger than the number of sensitive parameters obtained using the complete spring discharge signal. Hence, instead of using multiple time series to determine the number of sensitive parameters, we can also obtain more information about parameter sensitivities from one single, decomposed time series.
Asymmetric Topography Causes Normal Stress Perturbations at the Rupture Front: The Case of the Cajon Pass
Authors: Kyriakopoulos Christodoulos , Wu Baoning , Oglesby David D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe use 3D dynamic rupture simulations to discover a previously un‐described effect of asymmetric topography on the earthquake process. With the Cajon Pass along the San Andreas Fault as an example, we find that asymmetric topography generates an alternating normal stress perturbation around the rupture front, near the free surface. When topography lies to the right of the propagating right‐lateral front, the normal stress perturbation is clamping ahead of the rupture front and unclamping behind. When topography alternates to the left, the perturbation reverses sign. The process is analogous to the normal stress variations on dip‐slip faults. While this effect does not strongly affect rupture propagation and slip in our current parametrization, it requires explanation and exploration. An understanding of the normal stress perturbation due to asymmetric topography will help prevent its misattribution to other sources and lead to a better understanding of the interplay of multiple processes during earthquakes.
Time‐Scales of a Dune‐Beach System and Implications for Shoreline Modeling
Authors: Montaño Jennifer , Coco Giovanni , Chataigner Teddy , Yates Marissa , Le Dantec Nicolas , Suanez Serge , Cagigal Laura , Floc'h France , Townend Ian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the interactions between dune systems and beaches is critical to determining the short‐term shoreline response and the long‐term resilience. In this study, almost 15 years of monthly beach/dune measurements were analyzed for three diﬀerent proﬁles at Vougot Beach, France to understand and predict shoreline changes from intra‐annual to multi‐annual time‐scales. Four migration modes: advance/retreat (translation modes) and steepening/flattening (rotation modes) were identified through a centroid analysis. The analysis showed that translation and rotation can occur simultaneously, with long‐term trends of beach retreat and profile steepening (lower beach retreating and upper beach advancing), which was interrupted by two energetic wave events causing profile ﬂattening (lower beach advancing and upper beach retreating). These two observations are evidence of how the sediment contribution resulting from the dune erosion events temporarily caused a large advance in the shoreline position. A recent modeling approach that accounts for diﬀerent time‐scales is applied to predict the shoreline changes, showing signiﬁcant improvements in comparison to a traditional shoreline equilibrium model when time‐scales related with the dune erosion and recovery are considered. The results showed that the dune system aﬀects the beach proﬁle evolution both spatially, with diﬀerent impacts at diﬀerent elevations along the cross‐shore proﬁle, and temporally, by periodically redistributing the sediment in the system.
Considerable Uncertainties in Simulating Land Carbon Sinks Induced by Different Precipitation Products
Authors: Wang Meirong , Wang Jun , Cai Qixiang , Zeng Ning , Lu Xuehe , Yang Ruqi , Jiang Fei , Wang Hengmao , Ju Weimin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPrecipitation, a key determinant of soil moisture variations, plays an important role in regulating terrestrial carbon fluxes on multiple time scales. It is a critical meteorological forcing to drive terrestrial biosphere model (TBM), however, with a large uncertainty itself. We here investigated to what extent precipitation alone can cause uncertainties of model‐simulated carbon flux from terrestrial ecosystems to atmosphere (FTA), based on eight precipitation products and a TBM, VEGAS. We find that the pattern of uncertainties in simulated FTA obviously differs from the pattern of discrepancies in precipitation, owing to divergent water sensitivities of vegetation over different regions. Globally, the uncertainty in FTA can be up to approximately 40.73% of the uncertainty in TRENDYv6 multi‐model simulated FTA which is caused by model structural and parameter uncertainty. A good linear relationship emerges between global area‐averaged land climatological annual precipitation and simulated total FTA with the slope of −0.0040 PgC yr−1 per mm yr−1 ( = 0.03; negative for carbon sink), where 70% is explained by the sensitivity over extra‐tropical Northern Hemisphere (NH). For seasonal cycle, compared to nearly constant inter‐precipitation spreads over tropics plus extra‐tropical southern hemisphere (Trop + SH), uncertainties in corresponding simulated FTA show obvious seasonal differences with the relatively larger uncertainties in March‐April‐May (MAM) and August‐September‐October (ASO). For interannual variability, uncertainties in simulated total FTA are, albeit smaller, nonnegligible, which are 40.61% (global), 38.17% (Trop + SH), and 29.63% (NH) of the TRENDYv6 inter‐model uncertainty, respectively. Therefore, generating better global precipitation product is important for reducing the uncertainty in simulating terrestrial carbon sinks.
Machine Learning‐Based Modeling of Vegetation Leaf Area Index and Gross Primary Productivity Across North America and Comparison With a Process‐Based Model
Authors: Zhang Zhicheng , Xin Qinchuan , Li Wanjing 
Published: October 2021

AbstractVegetation plays a key role in regulating the material and energy exchanges among the biosphere, the atmosphere, and the pedosphere. Modeling and predicting vegetation key variables such as leaf area index (LAI) and gross primary productivity (GPP) are crucial to understand and project the processes of vegetation growth in response to climate change. While a number of studies developed models to simulate vegetation GPP using satellite‐derived LAI, the requirement of satellite‐based model inputs largely limits the predicting power of these developed models. This study developed a machine learning scheme, utilizing both support vector regression (SVR) and random forests (RF), which are capable of modeling LAI and GPP time series using only meteorological variables. We first simulated the LAI time series directly using meteorological variables as inputs and then buffered its unrealistic day‐to‐day fluctuation, and further modeled the GPP time series using meteorological variables and modeled LAI time series. This scheme enhanced the interpretability of machine learning models by considering the nonnegligible coupling between LAI and GPP. We tested our methods for four main plant functional types across North America and evaluated the models using both satellite‐based and flux tower data. The results demonstrated that the machine learning models perform well on simulating the time series of both LAI and GPP. We identified that there is a need to improve the phenology representation in the Biome‐BGCMuSo model. The machine learning models provide an alternative way to predict time series of LAI and GPP using only meteorological variables across large geographic regions, and also provide benchmarking accuracies for future developments of the process‐based models.
Deep Convolutional Autoencoders for Robust Flow Model Calibration Under Uncertainty in Geologic Continuity
Authors: Jiang Anyue , Jafarpour Behnam 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSubsurface flow model calibration is commonly performed by assuming that a known conceptual model of geologic continuity is available and can be used to constrain the solution search space. In real applications, however, the knowledge about geologic continuity is far from certain and subjective interpretations can lead to multiple distinct plausible geologic scenarios. Conventional parameterization methods that are widely used in model calibration, such as the principal component analysis, encounter difficulty in capturing diverse spatial patterns from distinct geologic scenarios. We propose a deep learning architecture, known as variational auto‐encoder, for robust dimension‐reduced parameterization of spatially distributed aquifer properties, such as hydraulic conductivity, in solving model calibration problems under uncertain geostatistical models. We show that convolutional autoencoders offer the versatility and robustness required for nonlinear parameterization of complex subsurface flow property distributions when multiple distinct geologic scenarios are present. The robustness of these models results, in part, from the use of many convolutional filters that afford the redundancy needed to extract, classify and encode very diverse spatial patterns at different abstraction levels/scales and enable their mapping onto low‐dimensional variables in a learned latent space. The resulting low‐dimensional latent variables control the salient spatial patterns in different geologic continuity models and are effective for parameterization of model calibration problems under uncertainty in geologic continuity, a task that is not trivial to accomplish using traditional parameterization methods. Several numerical experiments are used to demonstrate the robustness of convolutional deep learning models for reduced‐order parameterization of flow model calibration problems when alternative plausible geologic continuity models are present.
Leukotriene B4 receptor-2 contributes to KRAS-driven lung tumor formation by promoting interleukin-6-mediated inflammation
Authors: Jang Jae-Hyun , Park Donghwan , Park Guen-soo , Kwak Dong-Wook , Park JaeIn , Yu Dae-Yeul , You Hye Jin , Kim Jae-Hong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlthough lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide and KRAS is the most frequently mutated oncogene in lung cancer cases, the mechanism by which KRAS mutation drives lung cancer has not been fully elucidated. Here, we report that the expression levels of leukotriene B4 receptor-2 (BLT2) and its ligand-producing enzymes (5-LOX, 12-LOX) were highly increased by mutant KRAS and that BLT2 or 5-/12-LOX blockade attenuated KRAS-driven lung cell proliferation and production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a principal proinflammatory mediator of lung cancer development. Next, we explored the roles of BLT2 and 5-/12-LOX in transgenic mice with lung-specific expression of mutant KRAS (KrasG12D) and observed that BLT2 or 5-/12-LOX inhibition decreased IL-6 production and tumor formation. To further determine whether BLT2 is involved in KRAS-driven lung tumor formation, we established a KrasG12D/BLT2-KO double-mutant mouse model. In the double-mutant mice, we observed significantly suppressed IL-6 production and lung tumor formation. Additionally, we observed high BLT2 expression in tissue samples from patients with KrasG12D-expressing lung adenocarcinoma, supporting the contributory role of BLT2 in KRAS-driven human lung cancer. Collectively, our results suggest that BLT2 is a potential contributor to KRAS-driven lung cancer and identify an attractive therapeutic target for KRAS-driven lung cancer.
Overexpression of DTL enhances cell motility and promotes tumor metastasis in cervical adenocarcinoma by inducing RAC1-JNK-FOXO1 axis
Authors: Liu Sijia , Gu Lina , Wu Nan , Song Jiayu , Yan Jiazhuo , Yang Shanshan , Feng Yue , Wang Zhao , Wang Le , Zhang Yunyan , Jin Yan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCervical adenocarcinoma is an important disease that affects young women and it has a high mortality and poor prognosis. Denticleless E3 ubiquitin protein ligase homolog (DTL) gene with oncogenic function has been evaluated in several cancers. Through this study, we aimed to clarify the clinical and molecular characteristics of cervical adenocarcinoma involving overexpression of DTL and elucidate its molecular mechanism. Bioinformatics analysis was performed through multiple databases. RNA sequencing was used to obtain differentially expressed genes after DTL was overexpressed in cells. The role of DTL in cervical adenocarcinoma was explored through in vitro and in vivo experiments. We found that DTL has an unfavorable prognostic implication for patients with cervical adenocarcinoma. Overexpression of DTL induced the migration and invasion of tumor cells in vitro and promoted intra-pulmonary metastasis in vivo. In addition, DTL activated JNK through RAC1 and upregulated FOXO1 to induce epithelial–mesenchymal transition, and the migration and invasion of tumor cells. Therefore, we conclude that overexpression of DTL enhanced cell motility and promoted tumor metastasis of cervical adenocarcinoma by regulating the RAC1-JNK-FOXO1 axis. These results suggest that DTL may become a potential therapeutic target for antitumor metastasis of cervical adenocarcinoma.
Formation of a single quasicrystal upon collision of multiple grains
Authors: Han Insung , Wang Kelly L. , Cadotte Andrew T. , Xi Zhucong , Parsamehr Hadi , Xiao Xianghui , Glotzer Sharon C. , Shahani Ashwin J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractQuasicrystals exhibit long-range order but lack translational symmetry. When grown as single crystals, they possess distinctive and unusual properties owing to the absence of grain boundaries. Unfortunately, conventional methods such as bulk crystal growth or thin film deposition only allow us to synthesize either polycrystalline quasicrystals or quasicrystals that are at most a few centimeters in size. Here, we reveal through real-time and 3D imaging the formation of a single decagonal quasicrystal arising from a hard collision between multiple growing quasicrystals in an Al-Co-Ni liquid. Through corresponding molecular dynamics simulations, we examine the underlying kinetics of quasicrystal coalescence and investigate the effects of initial misorientation between the growing quasicrystalline grains on the formation of grain boundaries. At small misorientation, coalescence occurs following rigid rotation that is facilitated by phasons. Our joint experimental-computational discovery paves the way toward fabrication of single, large-scale quasicrystals for novel applications.
Mechanism of RNA polymerase III termination-associated reinitiation-recycling conferred by the essential function of the N terminal-and-linker domain of the C11 subunit
Authors: Mishra Saurabh , Hasan Shaina H. , Sakhawala Rima M. , Chaudhry Shereen , Maraia Richard J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRNA polymerase III achieves high level tRNA synthesis by termination-associated reinitiation-recycling that involves the essential C11 subunit and heterodimeric C37/53. The C11-CTD (C-terminal domain) promotes Pol III active center-intrinsic RNA 3′-cleavage although deciphering function for this activity has been complicated. We show that the isolated NTD (N-terminal domain) of C11 stimulates Pol III termination by C37/53 but not reinitiation-recycling which requires the NTD-linker (NTD-L). By an approach different from what led to current belief that RNA 3′-cleavage activity is essential, we show that NTD-L can provide the essential function of Saccharomyces cerevisiae C11 whereas classic point mutations that block cleavage, interfere with active site function and are toxic to growth. Biochemical and in vivo analysis including of the C11 invariant central linker led to a model for Pol III termination-associated reinitiation-recycling. The C11 NTD and CTD stimulate termination and RNA 3′-cleavage, respectively, whereas reinitiation-recycling activity unique to Pol III requires only the NTD-linker. RNA 3′-cleavage activity increases growth rate but is nonessential.