bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling the epidemiological impact of the UNAIDS 2025 targets to end AIDS as a public health threat by 2030
Authors: Stover John , Glaubius Robert , Teng Yu , Kelly Sherrie , Brown Tim , Hallett Timothy B. , Revill Paul , Bärnighausen Till , Phillips Andrew N. , Fontaine Christopher , Frescura Luisa , Izazola-Licea Jose Antonio , Semini Iris , Godfrey-Faussett Peter , De Lay Paul R. , Benzaken Adèle Schwartz , Ghys Peter D. 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundUNAIDS has established new program targets for 2025 to achieve the goal of eliminating AIDS as a public health threat by 2030. This study reports on efforts to use mathematical models to estimate the impact of achieving those targets.Methods and findingsWe simulated the impact of achieving the targets at country level using the Goals model, a mathematical simulation model of HIV epidemic dynamics that includes the impact of prevention and treatment interventions. For 77 high-burden countries, we fit the model to surveillance and survey data for 1970 to 2020 and then projected the impact of achieving the targets for the period 2019 to 2030. Results from these 77 countries were extrapolated to produce estimates for 96 others. Goals model results were checked by comparing against projections done with the Optima HIV model and the AIDS Epidemic Model (AEM) for selected countries. We included estimates of the impact of societal enablers (access to justice and law reform, stigma and discrimination elimination, and gender equality) and the impact of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Results show that achieving the 2025 targets would reduce new annual infections by 83% (71% to 86% across regions) and AIDS-related deaths by 78% (67% to 81% across regions) by 2025 compared to 2010. Lack of progress on societal enablers could endanger these achievements and result in as many as 2.6 million (44%) cumulative additional new HIV infections and 440,000 (54%) more AIDS-related deaths between 2020 and 2030 compared to full achievement of all targets. COVID-19–related disruptions could increase new HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths by 10% in the next 2 years, but targets could still be achieved by 2025. Study limitations include the reliance on self-reports for most data on behaviors, the use of intervention effect sizes from published studies that may overstate intervention impacts outside of controlled study settings, and the use of proxy countries to estimate the impact in countries with fewer than 4,000 annual HIV infections.ConclusionsThe new targets for 2025 build on the progress made since 2010 and represent ambitious short-term goals. Achieving these targets would bring us close to the goals of reducing new HIV infections and AIDS-related deaths by 90% between 2010 and 2030. By 2025, global new infections and AIDS deaths would drop to 4.4 and 3.9 per 100,000 population, and the number of people living with HIV (PLHIV) would be declining. There would be 32 million people on treatment, and they would need continuing support for their lifetime. Incidence for the total global population would be below 0.15% everywhere. The number of PLHIV would start declining by 2023.
STUDY OF THE FLAVONOID COMPOSITION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF HAWTHORN`S LEAVES CRATAEGUS PONTICA
Authors: Raimova Kamola Vakhabjanova , Abdulladzhanova Nodira Gulomzhanovna , Toshpulatov Farrukh Nazimovich , Ergashev Nurali Azamovich , Matchanov Alimzhan Davlatbaevich 
Published: October 2021

The results of studies of the content of polyphenolic compounds and their antioxidant activity in the Pontic hawthorn plant Crataegus pontica K.Koch., growing in the mountainous regions of the Tashkent region of the Republic of Uzbekistan are presented. The collection of raw materials took place in the spring at the beginning of October 2019 and at the end of April 2020. The conditions for the isolation of polyphenolic compounds were selected under various conditions. It was shown that the optimal content of polyphenols is extracted with 70% acetone, followed by fractionation of the aqueous residue with ethyl acetate and precipitation with hexane. It was shown that in the plants harvested in spring, the amount of polyphenols was 4.28%, and the collected volume was 2.6%, of the air-dry mass of the raw material. Chromatographic methods (BC and TLC) revealed that the composition of plant leaves collected in spring contains more polyphenols than those collected in autumn. This plant contains compounds belonging to the class of flavonols, phenolic acids and flavan-3-ols. Polyphenols were identified by rutin, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-β-galactoside, catechin, and gallic acid by BC and TLC methods.
The antioxidant activity of the sum of polyphenolic compounds was studied in the model of lipid peroxidation (LPO) in rat liver mitochondria. It was found that polyphenols have a protective effect on mitochondria, a reduced damaging effect of Fe2+ / ascorbate and antioxidant activity depends on the concentration of the studied polyphenolic substances. The introduction of rutin into the incubation medium in 5 μM medium inhibits LPO processes by 32.0%, and at 10 μM – by 85.9% and in 20 μM – by 96.8%, compared with the control.
Perbaikan Sifat Fisik dan Kimia Tanah dengan Pembenah Tanah Anting-anting, Bandotan, dan Lamtoro untuk Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Bawang Merah (Allium ascalonicum L.)
Authors: Aprisa Relita , Hastuti Endah Dwi , Suedy Sri Widodo Agung 
Published: October 2021

Pembenah tanah merupakan bahan-bahan sintetis atau alami yang digunakan untuk memperbaiki sifat fisik dan kimia tanah, sehingga dapat mendukung pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman. Anting-anting, bandotan dan lamtoro merupakan tumbuhan yang mengandung bahan organik > 5% sehingga dapat digunakan sebagai pembenah tanah. Penambahan pembenah tanah ini diharapkan akan meningkatkan sifat fisik tanah, kimia tanah, pertumbuhan dan produksi bawang merah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh penambahan konsentrasi dan jenis pembenah tanah terhadap sifat fisik tanah, kimia tanah, pertumbuhan dan produksi bawang merah. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan Kawasan Tembalang, Laboratorium BSF Tumbuhan Jurusan Biologi FSM Universitas Diponegoro, Laboratorium Tanah Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana Salatiga. Rancangan yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) pola faktorial dengan dua faktor. Faktor yang pertama yaitu konsentrasi pembenah tanah dan faktor yang kedua yaitu jenis pembenah tanah. Masing-masing perlakuan dengan 3 ulangan. Sedangkan data kualitas kimia tanah dianalisis secara deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsentrasi dan jenis pembenah tanah berpengaruh terhadap sifat fisik dan kimia tanah namun tidak berpengaruh terhadap pertumbuhan serta produksi bawang merah. Interaksi antara konsentrasi dan jenis pembenah tanah berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan kapasitas lapang tanah. Interaksi yang memberikan pengaruh yaitu jenis pembenah Lamtoro konsentrasi 25%, 50% dan 75%, pembenah Bandotan konsentrasi 50% dan 75% serta pembenah Anting-anting konsentrasi 25%. Jenis pembenah Lamtoro konsentrasi 75% memberikan pengaruh optimal terhadap kapasitas lapang tanah. Kata kunci : pembenah tanah, Anting-anting, Bandotan, Lamtoro, Bawang merah
Perkecambahan Biji, Kandungan Pigmen Fotosintesis dan Pertumbuhan Tanaman Kacang Tunggak (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) pada Kondisi Naungan
Authors: Azhari Nadya Aulia , Izzati Munifatul , Saptiningsih Endang 
Published: October 2021

Kacang tunggak merupakan salah satu jenis kacang yang memiliki kandungan protein tertinggi kedua setelah kedelai. Pemanfaatan yang belum optimal menyebabkan kurangnya pengembangan intensif dalam produksi kacang tunggak, termasuk dalam budidayanya. Budidaya yang dilakukan secara tumpang sari dengan tanaman lainnya menyebabkan kacang tunggak ternaungi. Naungan pada tanaman dapat menyebabkan perubahan lingkungan mikro yang berdampak pada pertumbuhan tanaman. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh naungan terhadap perkecambahan benih, kandungan pigmen fotosintesis dan pertumbuhan kacang tunggak. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan faktor tunggal berupa naungan. Perlakuan terdiri dari kontrol (tanpa naungan) dan perlakuan naungan (40%). Masing-masing perlakuan dengan 3 ulangan. Parameter yang diamati berupa daya perkecambahan biji, tinggi batang, jumlah daun, waktu munculnya bunga pertama, jumlah polong, berat basah, berat kering, klorofil a, klorofil b, total klorofil dan karotenoid. Data dianalisis dengan uji T pada taraf signifikansi 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perlakuan naungan tidak berpengaruh terhadap kandungan klorofil a, klorofil b, klorofil total dan karotenoid, namun menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan terhadap persentase perkecambahan, tinggi tanaman, jumlah daun, durasi kemunculan bunga pertama, jumlah polong, berat basah serta berat kering tanaman. Kata kunci : kacang tunggak, naungan pigmen fotosintesis, menghindar, polong
Causal Priority in Metaphysics Θ.8
Authors: Meadows Katherine 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Aristotle’s Metaphysics Θ.8 argument for the priority of actuality to potentiality poses an immediate interpretive problem: the argument uses two distinct tests for priority, one of which threatens to reverse the results of the other. This paper argues that the standard approach to this passage, according to which one thing is prior to another when it satisfies the ontological independence test from Metaphysics Δ.11, fails to secure the argumentative unity of the passage. It introduces a new, causal account of priority which explains both Aristotle’s claims about priority and the way he argues for them.
Exploration of novel biomarkers for hypertensive disorders of pregnancy by comprehensive analysis of peptide fragments in blood: their potential and technologies supporting quantification
Authors: Araki Yoshihiko , Miura Yoshiki , Fujiwara Hiroshi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Among the many complications associated with pregnancy, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) constitute one of the most important. Since the pathophysiology of HDP is complex, new disease biomarkers (DBMs) are needed to serve as indicators of disease activity. However, in the current status of laboratory medicine, despite the fact that blood pressure measurement has been used for a long time, not many DBMs contribute adequately to the subsequent diagnosis and treatment. In this article, we discuss studies focusing on peptide fragments in blood identified by comprehensive quantitative methods, among the currently proposed DBM candidates. Furthermore, we describe the basic techniques of peptidomics, especially quantitative proteomics, and outline the current status and challenges of measuring peptides in blood as DBM for HDP.
Restructuring IUPAC at the Turn of the 20th Century
Authors: Becker Edwin D. , Van Tiggelen Brigitte 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAround the turn of the century IUPAC undertook a major restructuring. Commissions, which had been the heart of IUPAC’s scientific work for most of its 80-year history, were virtually eliminated and largely replaced with a system of peer-reviewed projects [1, 2, 3]. Brigitte Van Tiggelen asked Ted Becker, Secretary General in that key transition period (1996-2003) and a central figure in the restructuring effort, to reflect on the rationale for this significant change and to describe just what was done.
One House for €1: Case Studies on the Governance of Abandoned Properties in Small Villages
Authors: Pera Alessandra 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This proposal aims at analyzing the Italian initiative “Case a 1 €” launched in 2009 for the preservation of abandoned goods, in Gangi, a small village near Palermo. The Municipality has put for sale the ruined houses for the symbolic prize of 1 €. As this initiative has been imitated by other municipalities in Italy and thus become a model, my intention is to explore how it works based on two different levels of investigation, in terms of: 1) contractual schemes (parties and respective rights and obligations) and 2) policy choices, comparing proposed and achieved goals by the administrations and the parties. Some relevant issues arise after 12 years: is the initiative an appropriate answer for the management of abandoned properties, both private and public? Is it an effective instrument to undermine the idea that such properties are a burden? Can they become a resource for collective, social and economic development? Is it a model to regain cultural identity revitalizing the small, abandoned centers, promoting inclusion, participation and environmental sustainability? I will use both inductive and deductive methods, examining and comparing some case studies in Sicily, among those municipalities that adopted this policy (Cammarata, Sambuca, Gangi, Itala, Salemi, Regalbuto, Mussomeli and Saponara). In order to investigate level 1), I will identify the contractual frames and documents provided online by the Municipalities administrations. To find answers on level 2), I will analyze (when available) the number of goods transferred from private parties to Municipalities and of those finally assigned to the final buyer. I will interview the administration’s civil servants and the final buyers to understand if their expectations (private and collective) have been satisfied.
Reviewing the Indonesian Anticorruption Court: A Cost-Effective Analysis
Authors: Ramadhan Choky Risda 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
As part of anticorruption reform, the Indonesian Anticorruption Court Law 2009 mandated the establishment of 514 anti-corruption courts in every city. The Indonesian Supreme Court, however, could only establish 34 courts. Three factors that explain this delay: (1) a lack of budget to fund the court; (2) the limited number of people with the integrity and capacity to serve as ad hoc judges; and (3) distrust from citizens regarding the conviction rate and corruption that occurred within the anticorruption court. Some activist and legal scholars proposed either to evaluate or even abolish the anticorruption court. This article contributes in evaluating the newly created court. There are two indicators, cost per case and collection of monetary penalty that could serve as the basis of cost-effectiveness analysis of the Indonesian Anticorruption Court. As a preliminary review, the prosecution of the crime of corruption is cost-effective if the cases had been prosecuted by the Anticorruption Agency (KPK). Alternative policies based on cost-effectiveness are proposed to improve the performance of the anticorruption court without sacrificing resources.
The tribological properties of single-layer hybrid PTFE/Nomex fabric/phenolic resin composites underwater
Authors: Ying Liu , Gengyuan Gao , Dan Jiang , Zhongwei Yin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this study, the tribological properties of hybrid polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/Nomex fabric/phenolic resin composites were investigated under three operating conditions: dry sliding, dry sliding after soaking in water for 12 h, and water dripping lubrication. The friction coefficient (COF) was measured with a pin-on-disk tribometer. The wear surface was analyzed with a scanning electron microscope. The results show that water weakens the tribological properties of single-layer hybrid PTFE/Nomex fabric/phenolic resin composites. The fabric composites show slight abrasive wear with stable COF under dry sliding conditions, significant abrasive wear with oscillating COF after soaking, and destruction with severely oscillating COF under water dripping lubrication. Generally, water weakens the effect in two ways. The first is weakening the binding force between phenolic resin and Nomex fiber. The second is that Nomex fiber absorbs water and expands, which reduces its strength. Finally, the ideas to improve the tribological properties under water dripping lubrication are presented.
Menschen unterscheiden. Grundlinien einer Theorie der Humandifferenzierung
Authors: Hirschauer Stefan 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungDieser Aufsatz entwickelt ein analytisches Vokabular für die Erforschung von Prozessen der Humandifferenzierung – einer Form kultureller Differenzierung, die neben Formen sozialer und gesellschaftlicher Differenzierung wirkt und ihre Ansatzpunkte in unterstellten ‚Eigenschaften‘ von Menschen findet. Der Beitrag unterscheidet verschiedene Stufen der Humandifferenzierung: zunächst die elementaren Prozesse der vorsprachlichen Unterscheidung, der Kategorisierung, der materiellen Dissimilierung und der Klassifikation. Dann arbeitet er vier Besonderheiten der Humandifferenzierung heraus: die Agentivität und Relationalität ihrer Objekte, die Perspektivität von Selbst- versus Fremdkategorisierung sowie ihr besonderes Potenzial für Asymmetrien – ihre Entfaltungen in Wir/die-Alterisierungen sowie in unterschiedlichen Modi asymmetrischen Unterscheidens (Distinktion, Devaluierung, Diskriminierung und Stigmatisierung). Prozesse der Humandifferenzierung können durch ihre Verschränkung mit Formen sozialer und gesellschaftlicher Differenzierung in Grenzbildung und Polarisierung eskalieren, sie können aber auch praktisch minimiert, normativ eingehegt und institutionell abgeschwächt werden.
Bildung um jeden Preis? Über den Zusammenhang zwischen fehlender Gymnasialempfehlung und Entwicklung von Kompetenzen, Lebenszufriedenheit und anderer Faktoren in der Sekundarstufe
Authors: Bittmann Felix 
Published: October 2021

Zusammenfassung
Bildung ist ein zentraler Prädiktor des beruflichen Erfolgs. Da dies Eltern bekannt ist, versuchen sie meistens ihren Kindern den Gymnasialbesuch zu ermöglichen, da dort der höchste Bildungsabschluss erworben werden kann. Dazu wird mitunter die Übergangsempfehlung ignoriert. Wie sich dies auf die weitere Entwicklung des Kindes auswirkt, ist bisher nur unzureichend bekannt. Die folgenden Analysen demonstrieren mittels Mehrebenen-Wachstumskurvenmodellen, dass SchülerInnen ohne Empfehlung häufiger das Gymnasium ohne Abschluss verlassen, signifikant schlechtere Kompetenzen aufweisen und diese Differenzen auch nach mehreren Schuljahren in der Sekundarstufe nicht aufholen können. Zudem berichten sie ein geringeres Wohlbefinden und lesen weniger gerne. Die Gesundheit sowie Fehltage sind jedoch nicht beeinflusst. Schließlich kann in Mediationsanalysen gezeigt werden, dass diese Nachteile besonders durch die unzureichenden akademischen Leistungen erklärt werden können.
Tonic GABAAReceptor-Mediated Currents of Human Cortical GABAergic Interneurons Vary Amongst Cell Types
Authors: Field Martin , Lukacs Istvan P. , Hunter Emily , Stacey Richard , Plaha Puneet , Livermore Laurent , Ansorge Olaf , Somogyi Peter 
Published: October 2021

Persistent anion conductances through GABAAreceptors (GABAARs) are important modulators of neuronal excitability. However, it is currently unknown how the amplitudes of these currents vary among different cell types in the human neocortex, particularly among diverse GABAergic interneurons. We have recorded 101 interneurons in and near layer 1 from cortical tissue surgically resected from both male and female patients, visualized 84 of them and measured tonic GABAAR currents in 48 cells with an intracellular [Cl–] of 65 mmand in the presence of 5 μmGABA. We compare these tonic currents among five groups of interneurons divided by firing properties and four types of interneuron defined by axonal distributions; rosehip, neurogliaform, stalked-bouton, layer 2–3 innervating and a pool of other cells. Interestingly, the rosehip cell, a type of interneuron only described thus far in human tissue, and layer 2–3 innervating cells exhibit larger tonic currents than other layer 1 interneurons, such as neurogliaform and stalked-bouton cells; the latter two groups showing no difference. The positive allosteric modulators of GABAARs allopregnanolone and DS2 also induced larger current shifts in the rosehip and layer 2–3 innervating cells, consistent with higher expression of the δ subunit of the GABAAR in these neurons. We have also examined how patient parameters, such as age, seizures, type of cancer and anticonvulsant treatment may alter tonic inhibitory currents in human neurons. The cell type-specific differences in tonic inhibitory currents could potentially be used to selectively modulate cortical circuitry.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTTonic currents through GABAAreceptors (GABAARs) are a potential therapeutic target for a number of neurologic and psychiatric conditions. Here, we show that these currents in human cerebral cortical GABAergic neurons display cell type-specific differences in their amplitudes which implies differential modulation of their excitability. Additionally, we examine whether the amplitudes of the tonic currents measured in our study show any differences between patient populations, finding some evidence that age, seizures, type of cancer, and anticonvulsant treatment may alter tonic inhibition in human tissue. These results advance our understanding of how pathology affects neuronal excitability and could potentially be used to selectively modulate cortical circuitry.
Long-Range Respiratory and Theta Oscillation Networks Depend on Spatial Sensory Context
Authors: Sheriff Andrew , Pandolfi Guinevere , Nguyen Vivian S. , Kay Leslie M. 
Published: October 2021

Neural oscillations can couple networks of brain regions, especially at lower frequencies. The nasal respiratory rhythm, which elicits robust olfactory bulb oscillations, has been linked to episodic memory, locomotion, and exploration, along with widespread oscillatory coherence. The piriform cortex is implicated in propagating the olfactory-bulb-driven respiratory rhythm, but this has not been tested explicitly in the context of both hippocampal theta and nasal respiratory rhythm during exploratory behaviors. We investigated systemwide interactions during foraging behavior, which engages respiratory and theta rhythms. Local field potentials from the olfactory bulb, piriform cortex, dentate gyrus, and CA1 of hippocampus, primary visual cortex, and nasal respiration were recorded simultaneously from male rats. We compared interactions among these areas while rats foraged using either visual or olfactory spatial cues. We found high coherence during foraging compared with home cage activity in two frequency bands that matched slow and fast respiratory rates. Piriform cortex and hippocampus maintained strong coupling at theta frequency during periods of slow respiration, whereas other pairs showed coupling only at the fast respiratory frequency. Directional analysis shows that the modality of spatial cues was matched to larger influences in the network by the respective primary sensory area. Respiratory and theta rhythms also coupled to faster oscillations in primary sensory and hippocampal areas. These data provide the first evidence of widespread interactions among nasal respiration, olfactory bulb, piriform cortex, and hippocampus in awake freely moving rats, and support the piriform cortex as an integrator of respiratory and theta activity.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTRecent studies have shown widespread interactions between the nasally driven respiratory rhythm and neural oscillations in hippocampus and neocortex. With this study, we address how the respiratory rhythm interacts with ongoing slow brain rhythms across olfactory, hippocampal, and visual systems in freely moving rats. Patterns of network connectivity change with behavioral state, with stronger interactions at fast and slow respiratory frequencies during foraging as compared with home cage activity. Routing of interactions between sensory cortices depends on the modality of spatial cues present during foraging. Functional connectivity and cross-frequency coupling analyses suggest strong bidirectional interactions between olfactory and hippocampal systems related to respiration and point to the piriform cortex as a key area for mediating respiratory and theta rhythms.