bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of the predictive model for I stage breast cancer
Authors: Ismagilov A. Kh. , Vanesyan A. S. , Khuzina D. R. 
Published: September 2021

Objective: development of a predictive model based on binary regression to determine the likelihood of progression of I stage breast cancer.Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of data of 385 patients with T1N0M0 stage breast cancer was performed. The minimum follow-up period was 120 months and the maximum made 256 months, with an average follow-up of 191 ± 36 months (16 ± 3 years). Using a forward stepwise selection (binary regression), the most important prognostic factors were selected, on the basis of which the predictive model “Risk Assessment Algorithm for Recurrence of Breast Carcinoma” was constructed.Results. During the study period, recurrence of stage I breast cancer was reported in 67 patients, representing 17.4 % of the total cohort. Five prognostic factors were selected by binary regression: grade, histological type, estrogen receptor expression, HER2 / neu overexpression and Ki-67 amplification. Kaplan–Meier analysis and Cox proportional hazards method demonstrated the influence of each of the selected factors on disease-free survival. Comparative analysis with other existing models showed that our prognostic model is inferior to Adjuvant! Online in terms of sensitivity (85 % ver- sus 95 %). However, it is superior in specificity (58 % versus 38 %), PPV (69 % versus 63 %) and AUC (84 % versus 70 %).Conclusions. In I stage breast cancer, factors such as grade, histological type, estrogen receptor expression, HER2 / neu overexpression and Ki-67 amplification are the most significant predictive factors influencing recurrence rates. The algorithm for assessing the risk of recurrence of stage I breast cancer can predict the risk of tumour progression with a sensitivity of 84 % and a specificity of 58 % (p <0.05).
Early postoperative complications in patients operated on for breast cancer using different surgical techniques
Authors: Ismagilov A. Kh. , Karasev V. E. 
Published: September 2021

Background. Given the steady and intense increase in the incidence of breast cancer, the problem of the development of early complications of reconstructive operations, depending on the characteristics of surgery, remains urgent.Objective: to analyze the characteristics of the early postoperative period in patients operated on for breast cancer using different surgical techniques.Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of clinical examination data was carried out, as well as laboratory and instrumental diagnostic methods for 353 women with stage I to IIIA breast cancer after various surgical treatment options and 40 patients after mammoplasty.Results and conclusions. It has been shown that neither single-step nor delayed reconstructive operations after radical mastectomy increase the incidence of complications in the early postoperative period. Single-step breast reconstruction with the help of an expander can be used in patients with I–IIIA stages of the tumor process.
Glassy cell carcinoma of cervix
Authors: Safronova K. V. , Artemieva A. S. , Ulrikh E. A. , Berlev I. V. , Urmancheeva A. F. 
Published: September 2021

Objective:to identify the features of the frequency of occurrence, clinical presentation, methods of diagnosis and treatment of vitreous cell carcinomas of the cervix.Materials and methods.The publication highlights 4 cases of diagnosed GCC of the cervix at the N. N. Petrov National Medical Research Oncology Center for a five-year period from 2015 to 2020.Results.The incidence of vitreous cell carcinomas of the cervix is 1.08 % of all cases of cervical cancer. The study included only patients with locally advanced forms of stage II and III diseases. All patients underwent individualized treatment. In three cases, progression of the disease was observed during treatment.Conclusions.The main problem is the rare occurrence of vitreous cell carcinomas of the cervix. The choice of treatment tactics is decided only on a multidisciplinary basis and requires further research.
Some methods for determining acceleration and tilt by use of pendulums and accelerometers
Authors: Bradner Hugh , Reichle Michael 
Published: September 2021

abstract
We consider the use of a system of horizontal and vertical pendulums to determine linear and rotational components of ground motion. Accelerometers can be viewed as a special case of pendulums. Fourth-order equations are always required for determining horizontal displacement unless the natural period of at least one sensor lies far below the passband of interest.
Applications to guidance and to seismology are mentioned briefly.
A procedure for elucidating fine structure of the crust and upper mantle from seismological data
Authors: Kurita Tuneto 
Published: September 2021

abstract
A formulation is presented to elucidate the layered structure down to a depth of over 200 km from long-period body-wave records of teleseismic deep-focus earthquakes. This formulation utilizes the ratios of vertical to horizontal motions of P and SV waves, and the ratio of SH motion to horizontal motion of SV waves. A strong advantage of the basic assumption of this method is that a postulation of horizontal parallel layering is limited to a few hundred kilometers. A two-step procedure is proposed and justified which makes a separate determination of the structure of crust and upper mantle. In each step, the truncated transfer ratio is used in which factors naturally incorporated in observed spectra, such as finiteness of the record, data window, instrumental response, source function, and later phases are all taken into account. Methods are developed to evaluate effects of the noise and the deviation of the direction of wave approach on the transfer ratio. This formulation makes it possible to elucidate the fine, regionalized structure of the crust and upper mantle such as transitional layering and details of the upper-mantle low-velocity zone.
A routine procedure for determining fine structure of the crust and upper mantle around recording stations is proposed. This cyclic procedure is a combined study of all available seismological methods such as body-wave transfer ratios, surface-wave dispersion, travel times, and synthetic seismograms, and a study of body-wave transfer ratios is in the heart of it. This approach leads to an unambiguous estimation of the layered structure in the upper part of the Earth.
Trans-California seismic profile, death Valley to Monterey Bay
Authors: Carder Dean S. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
An experiment to investigate the major earth structure along a profile from the Nevada Test Site (NTS) to the Pacific Ocean across two sections of the Sierra Nevada, one in the Kings Canyon area and the other which includes Huntington Lake, was undertaken by the Earthquake Mechanism Laboratory of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Instrumental coverage included 35 temporary and seven permanent seismographs. Energy sources included four high-yield and 20 intermediate- to low-yield nuclear explosions under the NTS, one high-yield explosion under Amchitka Island of Alaska, two earthquakes near Santa Rosa, and one earthquake in Monterey Bay. An upper-mantle speed of 7.9 km/sec satisfied most of the observed data except under the Sierra where the velocity was somewhat lower than this. An earthquake in Monterey Bay helped to close the west end of the profile. The Sierra Nevada “root” in large part can be attributed to relatively low upper-mantle speed under the Sierras (estimated at 7.64 km/sec) which extends to an indefinite depth and which possibly may serve as lens to refract late arriving high-energy waves to coastal areas. Crustal thickness from the Sierra foothills eastward varies from 25 to 35 km, the thinner portion under the Sierra crest and Owens Valley, near Independence, and the thicker sections under the western Sierra and the basin ranges east of Owens Valley. West of Fresno, the crust thins more or less gradually to about 20 km in thickness under the western coast ranges. This profile contrasts with that from an earlier study, across the Central Valley south of Stockton, where no such thinning under the Central Valley was observed. The sub-Sierra crust east of Fresno is somewhat complicated. Low-angle thrusting toward the east is indicated.
Upper-mantle discontinuity from amplitude data ofP′P′and its precursors
Authors: Teng Ta-Liang , Tung James P. 
Published: September 2021

abstractRecent observations of P′P′ and its precursors, identified as reflections from within the Earth's upper mantle, are used to examine the structure of the uppermantle discontinuities with specific reference to the density, the S velocity, and the Q variations. The Haskell-Thomson matrix method is used to generate the complex reflection spectrum, which is then Fourier synthesized for a variety of upper-mantle velocity-density and Q models. Surface displacements are obtained for the appropriate recording instrument, permitting a direct comparison with the actual seismograms. If the identifications of the P′P′ precursors are correct, our proposed method yields the following: (1) a structure of Gutenberg-Bullen A type is not likely to produce observable P′P′ upper-mantle reflections, (2) in order that a P′P′ upper-mantle reflection is strong enough to be observed, first-order density and S-velocity discontinuities together with a P-wave discontinuity are needed at a depth of about 650 km, and (3) corresponding to a given uppermantle velocity-density model, an estimate can be made of the Q in the upper mantle for short-period seismic body waves.
Effect of topography on surface motion
Authors: Bouchon Michel 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The effect of topography on surface motion is investigated in the cases of incident SH, P and SV waves. Several types of topography ranging from a ridge to a valley are used. Different incidence angles are considered for a wavelength interval extending from 2h to 20h, where h is the vertical dimension of the anomaly. The computation is made by using a single frequency method developed by Aki and Larner and by synthesizing the results in order to get a solution in the time domain. A method of correction taking into account the residual stress is added. The surface displacement appears to be very much influenced by surface irregularities. In the case of a ridge, a zone of amplification takes place near the top, whereas, for a depression, a zone of attenuation occurs near the bottom. An application to the Pacoima Dam accelerograph site suggests that the high accelerations recorded there during the San Fernando earthquake could have been amplified between 30 and 50 per cent by the uneven topography.
Some aspects of band-pass filtering of surface waves
Authors: Herrmann Robert B. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Narrow band-pass filtering of multi-mode surface-wave signals can be used to extract information concerning the group velocities and spectral amplitudes of each mode. A detailed examination of narrow band-pass filtering shows the effect of epicentral distance and the shape of the group-velocity curve upon the filtered signal. With this knowledge, the filtered signal can be used to make accurate estimates of the spectral amplitudes of each mode. A rectangular and a Gaussian filter are considered in detail. A numerical example is provided to indicate the values and limitations of the technique for determining the spectral amplitudes of each mode.
Upper mantle velocities determined from local observations of deep earthquakes
Authors: Smith Warwick D. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
A method for determining upper mantle velocities is presented. Observations of deep earthquakes at small epicentral distances enable standard travel-time tables to be modified for regional studies. This is done by calculating the ratio of the actual travel time to that given in the tables, for a range of focal depths. Local velocity models may then be determined.
The Jeffreys-Bullen travel times have been modified to suit the New Zealand region. Strong evidence is presented for velocities higher than the Jeffreys-Bullen values at depths less than about 160 km, and below that a low-velocity zone extending to a depth of at least 300 km.
Prediction and suppression of long-period nonpropagating seismic noise
Authors: Ziolkowski Anton 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Approximately half the noise observed by long-period seismometers at LASA is nonpropagating; that is, it is incoherent over distances greater than a few kilometers. However, because it is often strongly coherent with microbarograph data recorded at the same site, a large proportion of it can be predicted by convolving the microbarogram with some transfer function. The reduction in noise level using this technique can be as high as 5 db on the vertical seismometer and higher still on the horizontals. If the source of this noise on the vertical seismogram were predominantly buoyancy, the transfer function would be time-invariant. It is not. Buoyancy on the LASA long-period instruments is quite negligible. The noise is caused by atmospheric deformation of the ground and, since so much of it can be predicted from the output of a single nearby microbarograph, it must be of very local origin. The loading process may be adequately described by the static deformation of a flat-earth model; however, for the expectation of the noise to be finite, it is shown that the wave number spectrum of the pressure distribution must be band-limited.
An expression for the expected noise power is derived which agrees very well with observations and predicts the correct attenuation with depth. It is apparent from the form of this expression why it is impossible to obtain a stable transfer function to predict the noise without an array of microbarographs and excessive data processing. The most effective way to suppress this kind of noise is to bury the seismometer: at 150 m the reduction in noise level would be about 10 db.
Deterrence and false alarms in seismic discrimination
Authors: Weichert D. H. , Basham P. W. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
The statistical capabilities of Ms:mb earthquake-explosion discrimination are derived from cumulative distributions of a linear discrimination parameter with confidence limits estimated by a distribution-free method. Cumulative discriminant distributions are shown to be preferable to previously employed “operating characteristics” because of difficulties of construction and interpretation of the latter. Three sets of Ms:mb discrimination data, two regional (North American and Eurasian) and one global, are employed to estimate false alarm probabilities at given “deterrence” (probability of correct identification of an explosion) for situations of both a ban and no ban on underground testing. In the hypothetical situation of monitoring a test ban using the Ms:mb criterion, reasonable deterrence (nominally 30 per cent, with a 95 per cent confidence that it is greater than 10 per cent) will be accompanied by a false alarm probability estimated from global data of about 0.1 per cent.
Regional variations in the structure of the crust in the central United States from P-wave spectra
Authors: Kurita Tuneto 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Regional variations in the crustal structure in the central United States have been inferred by the transfer ratio method from an analysis of long-period P waves recorded at SHA, OXF, FLO and MDS, the stations nearly along 89°W longitude. The crustal structure in this region is approximated by a stack of horizontal parallel layers except possibly in the area around FLO, where the structure is rather complicated. The crustal thickness is predominantly controlled by the thick silicic upper crust, whereas the mafic lower crust is about 10 km thick throughout this region. The P-wave velocity of the lower crust is about 6.9 to 7.0 km/sec except probably in the area around FLO, where 7.4 km/sec velocity is more likely. A sedimentary layer with a velocity of about 3.0 km/sec, having a thickness of about 3 km near the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, tapers out to the north within the Gulf Coastal Plain. Deep discontinuities in the crust may be replaced by transitional layers up to 10 km thick. The Moho is about 33 km deep near the coast of the Gulf of Mexico, deepens to about 41 km near an intersection of the Gulf coastal plain and the interior plain, reaches about 47 km or more in the midst of the interior plain, and rises to about 41 km toward an intersection of the interior plain and the superior upland. As for the midst of the interior plain, however, the depth of the Moho reduces by as much as 5 km, if the velocity in the lower crust is about 7.0 km/sec instead of about 7.4 km/sec. In any case, the general trend of the depth of the Moho may match with the topographic feature from the Gulf of Mexico to Lake Superior.
Seismicity of the southeastern United States
Authors: Bollinger G. A. 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Review and analysis of the existing data base for southeastern United States earthquakes indicate that the spatial pattern of energy release can be interpreted to occur in zones both parallel (southern Appalachian seismic zone) and transverse (central Virginia and South Carolina-Georgia seismic zones) to the regional Appalachian structural trend. The temporal pattern, for events V ≦ Io ≦ VIII, can be expressed by the recursion relationship, log N = 3.01 − 0.59 Io.
Felt areas are, in general, one order of magnitude greater than for similar west coast events. Their configuration is elliptical and aligned with regional structure, except in central Virginia and Alabama and in coastal South Carolina. These latter areas have circular or lobate felt areas that may be caused by differences in focal depths and/or focal mechanisms.
A tentative local magnitude formula is developed that employs the vertical component of the short-period Lg phase. It appears that the regional attenuation characteristics of this phase are similar to those found by Nuttli (1973a) in the central United States.
Local Richter magnitude and total signal duration in southern California
Authors: Real Charles R. , Teng Ta-Liang 
Published: September 2021

abstract
Seismograms of 320 earthquakes (1,486 observations) from short-period seismometers occurring from January 1969 to April 1971 and 91 earthquakes (257 observations) during 1971 have been used to establish a relationship between total signal duration and the local Richter magnitude for the CIT and BHSN telemetered seismic networks in southern California. The data have been fitted using regression analysis to relationships of the form
M τ = C 0 + C 1 log ⁡ τ + C 2 Δ M τ ≦ 3.8 M τ = C 0 + C 1 ( log ⁡ τ ) 2 + C 2 Δ M τ &gt; 3.8
where τ is the total duration in seconds and Δ is the epicentral distance in kilometers. These relations explain up to 88 per cent (CIT) and 94 per cent (BHSN) of the variation in the data and yield magnitudes having standard deviations as low as 0.15 (CIT) and 0.14 (BHSN) magnitude units. It has been found that the local magnitude based on signal duration is relatively insensitive to variations in azimuth and source effects.
In view of the limited distribution and low magnifiation of the Wood-Anderson torsion seismometer, and the previously recognized problems of “saturation” and instrument response associated with the amplitude technique, it is concluded that the method of duration applied to vertical short-period seismograph records will greatly improve the assignment of local magnitude to earthquakes in the southern California region.
Travel-time equations and energy propagation for an elastic, heterogeneous, isotropic medium: Correction and approximate inversion
Authors: Jobert Georges 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Expressions identical to the formulas of a preceding paper are obtained when due allowance is made for the variation of quantities which were erroneously taken as constant. A method for the approximate inversion of the travel-time curves is presented for the case where the surfaces of equal velocity are planes with an infinitesimal dip.
The time distribution of the reservoir-associated foreshocks and its importance to the prediction of the principal shock
Authors: Papazachos B. C. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The time distribution in the occurrence of foreshocks of the Kremasta, Koyna, and Kariba large earthquakes, which are believed to be associated with artificial lakes, has been studied. The relation, n(t)dt = no(τ−t)−hdt, fits the data well. The values of the parameter h are between 1.5 and 2.6, and the durations of the foreshock sequences are of the order of several months. The possibility of using this relation to predict the time of occurrence of the principal earthquakes associated with artificial lakes is examined, and the importance of systematic investigation of the time distribution of foreshocks for controlling the earthquake risk is noted.
Use of reflection phases on microearthquake seismograms to map an unusual discontinuity beneath the Rio Grande rift
Authors: Sanford Allan R. , Alptekin Ömer , Toppozada Tousson R. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Microearthquake seismograms recorded by stations located in or bordering the Rio Grande rift near Socorro, New Mexico, frequently have two sharp impulsive phases following direct S. These phases have been identified as SxP and SxS reflections from a sharp discontinuity that has a depth beneath Socorro of 18 km and dips northward at an angle near 6° for a distance of 30 km. Farther north, the dip steepens so that at a distance of 60 km from Socorro the depth is about 30 km. Ratios of SxP to SxS amplitudes in conjunction with plane-wave reflection theory indicate a zone of very low rigidity beneath the discontinuity. Large SxS amplitudes are believed to be the result of the large velocity contrast across the discontinuity and a fault mechanism that radiates more S-wave energy downward than outward from the focus.
Problems related to PcP and the core-mantle boundary illustrated by two nuclear events
Authors: Buchbinder Goetz G. R. , Poupinet Georges 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Two large nuclear explosions produced a considerable number of PcP phases. Analysis of the P and PcP travel times shows a scatter of ±2 sec. It is pointed out that PcP and P times must be considered together to eliminate gross upper mantle effects on the travel times. On a worldwide basis, the PcP peak-to-peak amplitudes exhibit a scatter of up to one order of magnitude, and, thus, the reflection coefficient of the core-mantle boundary (cmb) may not be determined with any significance from them. Comparing the wave form of PcP and the wave form of P waves convolved with thin-layered models of the cmb suggests that the cmb may be approximated by a thin high-impedance liquid layer of several kilometers in thickness embedded between the mantle and the core. Such a model can explain observed dilatational arrivals and a small decrease in amplitude near Δ ≈ 30°. The data do not permit exact determination of the model parameters because of uncertainty in the data and insensitivity of the method and because the cmb also may be laterally inhomogeneous.
The frequency-dependence of the reflection and transmission coefficients of a layered cmb would have serious effects on the determination of inner core parameters.