bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Driven black holes: from Kolmogorov scaling to turbulent wakes
Authors: Andrade Tomas , Pantelidou Christiana , Sonner Julian , Withers Benjamin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
General relativity governs the nonlinear dynamics of spacetime, including black holes and their event horizons. We demonstrate that forced black hole horizons exhibit statistically steady turbulent spacetime dynamics consistent with Kolmogorov’s theory of 1941. As a proof of principle we focus on black holes in asymptotically anti-de Sitter spacetimes in a large number of dimensions, where greater analytic control is gained. We focus on cases where the effective horizon dynamics is restricted to 2+1 dimensions. We also demonstrate that tidal deformations of the horizon induce turbulent dynamics. When set in motion relative to the horizon a deformation develops a turbulent spacetime wake, indicating that turbulent spacetime dynamics may play a role in binary mergers and other strong-field phenomena.
Supersymmetric graphene on squashed hemisphere
Authors: Gupta Rajesh Kumar , Ray Augniva , Sil Karunava 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We compute the partition function of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 supersymmetric mixed dimensional QED on a squashed hemisphere using localization. Mixed dimensional QED is an abelian gauge theory coupled to charged matter fields at the boundary. The partition function is a function of the complex gauge coupling τ, the choice of R-symmetry and the squashing deformation. The superconformal R-symmetry is determined using the 3-dimensional F-maximization. The free energy as a function of squashing deformation allows computing correlation functions that contain the insertion of the energy-momentum tensor. We compute the 2-point correlation function of the energy-momentum tensor of 3-dimensional theory by differentiating the free energy with respect to the squashing parameter. We comment on the behaviour of the 2-point function as we change the complex coupling τ.
Floating norms for individualising the ANB angle and the WITS appraisal in orthodontic cephalometric analysis based on guiding variables
Authors: Paddenberg Eva , Proff Peter , Kirschneck Christian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The sagittal skeletal relationship of maxilla and mandible (skeletal class) can generally be determined via lateral cephalograms (ANB angle or Wits appraisal) by comparing measurements to empirical norms based on the respective population mean. However, values differing from these empirical norms also enable a therapeutically desired, normal class I occlusion depending on individual craniofacial pattern, thus requiring floating norms based on guiding variables. As available regression equations consider only few predictor variables and are not up-to-date regarding a contemporary patient collective, the aim of this study was to establish improved and extended regression equations for individualising the ANB angle and Wits appraisal.

Methods
This retrospective, cross-sectional multicentre study was based on 71 Caucasian male and female subjects of any age with normal dental occlusion. We cephalometrically analysed digitised pretreatment lateral radiographs and performed multiple linear regression analyses to identify suitable skeletal predictor variables for individualising the ANB angle and Wits appraisal.

Results
Inter- and intrarater reliability tests showed mostly perfect measurement concordance. Both original regression equations by Panagiotidis/Witt and Järvinen could be updated for a contemporary population with new regression coefficients. The equation for individualising the ANB could be further optimised in its prediction reliability by adding the skeletal predictor variables NL-NSL, NSBa, facial axis (Ricketts) and index (Hasund), whereas the recalculated Wits equation could not be further improved by additional guiding variables.

Conclusions
The improved regression formulae for individualising the ANB angle and Wits appraisal should help to improve the assessment of sagittal skeletal class in clinical orthodontic practice.
12 × 6 Gy stereotactic radiotherapy for lung tumors. Is there a difference in response between lung metastases and primary bronchial carcinoma?
Authors: Lubgan Dorota , Semrau Sabine , Lambrecht Ulrike , Gaipl Udo S. , Fietkau Rainer 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and long-term tumor control after stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT) with 12 × 6 Gy of patients with primary bronchial carcinoma (BC) or with pulmonary metastases (MET) of various solid tumors. Local progression-free survival (LPFS), progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and prognostic factors were compared.MethodsBetween May 2012 and January 2020, 168 patients with 206 pulmonary lesions (170 MET and 36 primary BC) were treated with 12 × 6 Gy (BED10116 Gy). The irradiated pulmonary MET were from the following cancers: 47 (27.6%) head and neck, 37 (21.8%) rectum or colon, 30 (17.6%) bronchial, 13 (7.6%) malignant melanoma, 9 (5.3%) esophageal, 9 (5.3%) sarcoma, and 25 (14.8%) other.ResultsThe median follow-up was 16.26 months (range: 0.46–89.34) for BC and 19.18 months (0.89–91.11) for MET. Survival rates at 3 years were: OS 43% for BC and 35% for MET; LPFS BC 96% and MET 85%; PFS BC 35% and MET 29%. The most frequently observed grade 3 adverse events (AEs) were pneumonitis (5.9% BC, 4.8% MET), pulmonary fibrosis (2.9% BC, 4% MET), and pulmonary embolism (2.9% BC, 0.8% MET). The favorable prognostic effects on overall survival of patients with MET were female gender (log-rank:p < 0.001), no systemic progression (log-rank;p = 0.048, multivariate COX regressionp = 0.039), and malignant melanoma histology (log-rank;p = 0.015, multivariate COX regressionp = 0.020). For patients with BC, it was tumor location within the lower lobe (vs. upper lobe, log-rankp = 0.027). LPFS of patients with metastatic disease was beneficially influenced by female gender (log-rank:p = 0.049).ConclusionThe treatment concept of 12 × 6 Gy is associated with 96% local progression-free survival for BC and 85% for pulmonary metastases after 3 years. There was no difference in response after SRT of primary lung carcinoma or pulmonary metastases.
Implikationen der prähospitalen Einschätzung des Traumapatienten auf den Behandlungsverlauf – Eine Auswertung aus dem TraumaRegister DGU®
Authors: Jaekel C. , Oezel L. , Bieler D. , Grassmann J. P. , Rang C. , Lefering R. , Windolf J. , Thelen S. ,   Sektion Notfall‑, Intensivmedizin und Schwerverletztenversorgung (Sektion NIS) der DGU
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
In der prähospitalen Versorgungsphase schwer verletzter Patienten steht die Stabilisierung der Vitalparameter im Vordergrund. Die zügige und möglichst genaue Einschätzung des vorliegenden Verletzungsmusters durch den Notarzt ist entscheidend für die Auswahl der Zielklinik und die Initialbehandlung.

Ziel der Arbeit
Ziel dieser Studie ist es zu eruieren, welchen Einfluss die notärztliche Einschätzung der Verletzungsschwere auf die prähospitale Versorgung und die Schockraumbehandlung hat.

Material und Methoden
Es erfolgt eine Analyse der Daten des TraumaRegister DGU® im Fünfjahreszeitraum von 2015–2019 innerhalb Deutschlands. Die prähospitale notärztliche Einschätzung des Verletzungsmusters wurde anhand des Notarzteinsatzprotokolls erfasst und mit den innerklinischen dokumentierten Diagnosen gemäß den Abbreviated Injury Scale Codes abgeglichen.

Ergebnisse
Insgesamt wurden 47.838 Patienten mit einem durchschnittlichen Injury Severity Score (ISS) von 18,7 Punkten (SA 12,3) eingeschlossen. Zusammenfassend wurden innerklinisch 127.739 verletzte Körperregionen dokumentiert. Von diesen wurden 68,8 % prähospital vom Notarzt richtig vermutet. Somit wurden 31,2 % verletzte Körperregionen nicht detektiert. In insgesamt 42.530 Fällen wurde eine Körperregion als verletzt vermutet, ohne dass sich der Verdacht innerklinisch betätigte. Bei den fehleingeschätzten Verletzungen wurden Schädel-Hirn-Traumata und Gesichtsverletzungen am häufigsten überdiagnostiziert (13,5 % bzw. 14,7 % notärztlich dokumentiert bei nichtvorliegender Diagnose). Thoraxverletzungen wurden am häufigsten unterdokumentiert (17,3 % notärztlich nichtdokumentiert bei abschließend gesicherter Diagnose). Die tatsächliche Gesamtmortalität aller Gruppen entsprach nahezu der erwarteten Mortalität, berechnet mit dem Revised Injury Severity Classification II(RISC II)-Score (12,0 % vs. 11,3 %).

Diskussion
In der prähospitalen Phase der Versorgung von schwer verletzten Patienten wird die durch den Notarzt erfasste Gesamtverletzungsschwere gut eingeschätzt und korreliert mit den eingeleiteten Therapien, der Auswahl der Zielklinik als auch dem innerklinischen Verlauf sowie dem Outcome des Patienten. Die Erfassung von Verletzungen einzelner Körperregionen scheint prähospital jedoch herausfordernd zu sein.
Robotische Hernienchirurgie II
Authors: Baur Johannes , Ramser Michaela , Keller Nicola , Muysoms Filip , Dörfer Jörg , Wiegering Armin , Eisner Lukas , Dietz Ulrich A. 
Published: July 2021

ZusammenfassungDie endoskopische Versorgung von Umbilikal- und Inzisionalhernien hat sich in den vergangenen 30 Jahren an die Limitationen der konventionellen laparoskopischen Instrumente angepasst. Dazu gehört die Entwicklung von Netzen für die intraperitoneale Lage (intraperitoneales Onlay-Mesh, IPOM) mit antiadhäsiven Beschichtungen; allerdings kommt es bei einem beträchtlichen Teil dieser Patienten doch zu Adhäsionen. Minimal-invasive Verfahren führen zu weniger perioperativen Komplikationen, bei einer etwas höheren Rezidivrate. Mit den ergonomischen Ressourcen der Robotik, die abgewinkelte Instrumente anbietet, besteht erstmals die Möglichkeit, Netze minimal-invasiv in unterschiedliche Bauchdeckenschichten zu implantieren und gleichzeitig eine morphologische und funktionelle Rekonstruktion der Bauchdecke zu erreichen. In diesem Videobeitrag wird die Versorgung von Ventral- und Inzisionalhernien mit Netzimplantation in den präperitonealen Raum (robotische ventrale transabdominelle präperitoneale Patchplastik, rv-TAPP) sowie in den retrorektalen Raum (r-Rives bzw. robotische transabdominelle retromuskuläre umbilikale Patchplastik [r-TARUP]) präsentiert. Es werden die Ergebnisse einer Kohortenstudie an 118 konsekutiven Patienten vorgestellt und im Hinblick auf den Mehrwert der robotischen Technik in der Extraperitonealisierung der Netze und in der Weiterbildung diskutiert.
Assessment of tumor depth in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma with multiparametric MRI: correlation with pathology
Authors: Tang Weiqing , Wang Ying , Yuan Ying , Tao Xiaofeng 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objectives
To compare the correlation of depth of invasion (DOI) measured on multiple magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences and pathological DOI, in order to determine the optimal MRI sequence for measurement.

Methods
A total of 122 oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) patients were retrospectively analyzed, who had received preoperative MRI and surgical resection. DOIs measured on fat-suppressed T2-weighted imaging (T2WI), diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), dynamic enhanced-T1 high-resolution insotropic volume examination (e-THRIVE), and contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed T1WI (CE-T1WI) were respectively compared to those measured in pathologic specimens. The cutoff value of the best correlated MRI sequence was determined, and the T staging accuracy of MRI-derived DOI was evaluated.

Results
DOI derived from e-THRIVE showed the best correlation (r = 0.936, p < 0.001) with pathological DOI. The area under the curve values of MRI-derived DOI distinguishing T1 stage from T2 stage and distinguishing T2 stage from T3 stage were 0.969 and 0.974, respectively. The T staging criteria of MRI-derived DOI were 6.2 mm and 11.4 mm, with a staging accuracy of 86.9% compared to pathological DOI criteria of 5 mm and 10 mm.

Conclusion
E-THRIVE was the optimal MR sequence to measure the MR-derived DOI, and DOI derived from e-THRIVE could serve as a potential cut-off value as a clinical T staging indicator of OTSCC.

Key Points
• Multiparametric MRI helps radiologists to assess the neoplasm invasion in patients with oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.
• Retrospective study indicated that measurement was most accurate on enhanced-T1 high-resolution insotropic volume examination dynamic contrast enhancement images.
• T staging of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma was accurate according to the dynamic contrast enhancement MRI-derived depth of invasion.
Coronary calcium scoring potential of large field-of-view spectral photon-counting CT: a phantom study
Authors: van der Werf Niels R. , Si-Mohamed S. , Rodesch P. A. , van Hamersvelt R. W. , Greuter M. J. W. , Boccalini S. , Greffier J. , Leiner T. , Boussel L. , Willemink M. J. , Douek P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objective
The aim of the current study was, first, to assess the coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring potential of spectral photon-counting CT (SPCCT) in comparison with computed tomography (CT) for routine clinical protocols. Second, improved CAC detection and quantification at reduced slice thickness were assessed.

Methods
Raw data was acquired and reconstructed with several combinations of reduced slice thickness and increasing strengths of iterative reconstruction (IR) for both CT systems with routine clinical CAC protocols for CT. Two CAC-containing cylindrical inserts, consisting of CAC of different densities and sizes, were placed in an anthropomorphic phantom. A specific CAC was detectable when 3 or more connected voxels exceeded the CAC scoring threshold of 130 Hounsfield units (HU). For all reconstructions, total CAC detectability was compared between both CT systems. Significant differences in CAC quantification (Agatston and volume scores) were assessed with Mann-Whitney U tests. Furthermore, volume scores were compared with the known CAC physical.

Results
CAC scores for routine clinical protocols were comparable between SPCCT and CT. SPCCT showed 34% and 4% higher detectability of CAC for the small and large phantom, respectively. At reduced slice thickness, CAC detection increased by 142% and 169% for CT and SPCCT, respectively. In comparison with CT, volume scores from SPCCT were more comparable with the physical volume of the CAC.

Conclusion
CAC scores using routine clinical protocols are comparable between conventional CT and SPCCT. The increased spatial resolution of SPCCT allows for increased detectability and more accurate CAC volume estimation.

Key Points
• Coronary artery calcium scores using routine clinical protocols are comparable between conventional CT and spectral photon-counting CT.
• In comparison with conventional CT, increased coronary artery calcium detectability was shown for spectral photon-counting CT due to increased spatial resolution.
• Volumes scores were more accurately determined with spectral photon-counting CT.
Error analysis of contactless optical temperature probing methods for cryogenic Yb:YAG
Authors: Demirbas Umit , Thesinga Jelto , Kellert Martin , Reuter Simon , Kärtner Franz X. , Pergament Mikhail 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn this work, we have investigated six different in situ optical contactless temperature probing methods for cryogenic Yb:YAG systems. All the methods are based on variation of fluorescence spectra with temperature, and they either look at the width of the emission line, the ratio of the emission intensity at different wavelengths and to the overall spectral change at selected wavelength intervals. We have shown that, for Yb:YAG crystal with homogeneous temperature distribution, one can perform real-time contactless optical temperature measurements with a ± 1 K accuracy in the 78–300 K range. We have further tested the methods in measuring the average temperature of Yb:YAG rods at up to 500 W absorbed pump power level. We have seen that, a real-time temperature measurement accuracy of ± 5 K is feasible in both lasing and non-lasing situations for estimating the average temperature of crystals under nonhomogeneous thermal load. The techniques are quite valuable in evaluating the bonding quality of Yb:YAG crystals in cryogenic systems. Moreover, the real-time temperature information provides feedback on parameters like cavity alignment status and extraction efficiency to the laser engineers while optimizing the system.
Epithelial circulating tumor cells with a heterogeneous phenotype are associated with metastasis in NSCLC
Authors: Zhang Yujuan , Men Yu , Wang Jianyang , Xing Puyuan , Zhao Jun , Li Junling , Xu Danfei , Hui Zhouguang , Cui Wei 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objectives
To analyze the clinical relevance of heterogeneous phenotypes of peripheral circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Materials and Methods
CTCs in 5 mL venous blood were enriched using the Canpatrol™ CTC technique in 82 NSCLC patients. And then, CTCs were subjected to RNA in situ hybridization with a combination of epithelial (EpCAM and CK8/18/19) and mesenchymal (vimentin and TWIST1) markers.

Results
According to the fluorescent dots, CTCs were classified into three groups, including epithelial CTCs (E-CTC), hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal phenotypes (E/M-CTCs) and mesenchymal CTCs (M-CTCs). In 82 NSCLC cohort, only 2 patients didn’t detect CTCs, the overall CTCs detection rate was 97.5% (80/82). For 60 treatment naïve NSCLC, only one patient didn’t detect CTCs. The median number of total CTCs, hybrid E/M phenotype CTCs, E-CTCs and M-CTCs per 5 mL blood was 22 (range 1–90), 13 (range 0–83), 1 (range 0–17 and 0–47), respectively. Hybrid E/M CTCs, especially the e = m-CTCs, significantly differed between patients with and without distant metastasis. M-CTCs in advanced NSCLC patients were significantly more than the numbers observed in early stage patients. Patients with pure hybrid E/M-CTCs showed a lower proportion in distant metastasis positive cohort compared to negative ones (7% vs 22%), while patients with E + E/M CTCs (20% vs 9%) and E/M + M CTCs (33% vs 20%) showed a higher proportion. CTCs dynamic changes after treatment in 12 advanced NSCLC patients suggested that hybrid E/M-CTCs were related to the primary tumor size at baseline, while M-CTCs may suggest the progression of NSCLC.

Conclusion
We concluded that E-CTCs with a hybrid E/M phenotype are associated to metastasis in therapy-naïve NSCLC patients.
Analysis of risk factors for hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric patients
Authors: Kloehn Jaspar , Brodt Grit , Ernst Jana , Gruhn Bernd 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (SOS) represents a serious complication following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Our study aimed to investigate important risk factors of SOS in a pediatric population.

Methods
This retrospective study analyzed 105 children, adolescents and young adults who underwent allogeneic HSCT at our pediatric HSCT center in Jena. The observation period was 12 years and SOS was defined by the pediatric criteria of the European Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT).

Results
15 out of all 105 patients developed SOS (14.3%). The median time from HSCT to SOS diagnosis was 12 days. The mortality rate of SOS was 20.0%. In univariate analyses, we identified the significant risk factors of patient age < 1 year [odds ratio (OR) = 7.25, p = 0.037], prior treatment with gemtuzumab ozogamicin (OR = 11.00, p = 0.020), high pretransplant ferritin levels above 1500 ng/mL (OR = 4.00, p = 0.033), 2000 ng/mL (OR = 4.69, p = 0.016), and 2400 ng/mL (OR = 5.29, p = 0.005) as well as international normalized ratio (INR) ≥ 1.3 (OR = 5.91, p = 0.009). The following risk factors could be confirmed in multivariate analysis: treatment with gemtuzumab ozogamicin (OR = 9.24, p = 0.048), ferritin > 2400 ng/mL (OR = 5.74, p = 0.023), and INR ≥ 1.3 (OR = 8.02, p = 0.007).

Conclusion
Our study confirms several risk factors from the current literature. Additionally, this is the first report on the risk factor of high pretransplant INR.
An fMRI study of cognitive remediation in drug-naïve subjects diagnosed with first episode schizophrenia
Authors: Furtner Julia , Schöpf Veronika , Erfurth Andreas , Sachs Gabriele 
Published: July 2021

Summary
Objective
The purpose of our functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study was to examine brain activity using a “1-back” paradigm as working memory task in drug-naïve subjects with first episode schizophrenia before and after cognitive remediation training.

Methods
In this study 15 drug-naïve first episode subjects who met DSM-IV criteria for schizophrenia were randomized to receive either atypical antipsychotics (AP, n = 8) or atypical antipsychotics in combination with cognitive remediation therapy (AP + CR, n = 7), 11 subjects had a follow-up fMRI examination after therapy (AP, n = 5; AP + CR, n = 6).

Results
In 4 of the 6 AP + CR subjects the number of activation clusters increased, whereas in 4 out of the 5 AP subjects the number of clusters decreased (mean number of clusters: AP + CR = 5.53, SD 12.79, AP = −5.8, SD 6.9).

Conclusion
In this randomized study the number of activation clusters during a working memory task increased after cognitive remediation training. Our data show that neurobiological effects of cognitive remediation can be identified in the very early course of schizophrenia.
Overcoming the Curse of Dimensionality in the Numerical Approximation of Parabolic Partial Differential Equations with Gradient-Dependent Nonlinearities
Authors: Hutzenthaler Martin , Jentzen Arnulf , Kruse Thomas 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPartial differential equations (PDEs) are a fundamental tool in the modeling of many real-world phenomena. In a number of such real-world phenomena the PDEs under consideration contain gradient-dependent nonlinearities and are high-dimensional. Such high-dimensional nonlinear PDEs can in nearly all cases not be solved explicitly, and it is one of the most challenging tasks in applied mathematics to solve high-dimensional nonlinear PDEs approximately. It is especially very challenging to design approximation algorithms for nonlinear PDEs for which one can rigorously prove that they do overcome the so-called curse of dimensionality in the sense that the number of computational operations of the approximation algorithm needed to achieve an approximation precision of size $${\varepsilon }> 0$$

ε
>
0

grows at most polynomially in both the PDE dimension $$d \in \mathbb {N}$$

d
∈
N

and the reciprocal of the prescribed approximation accuracy $${\varepsilon }$$
ε
. In particular, to the best of our knowledge there exists no approximation algorithm in the scientific literature which has been proven to overcome the curse of dimensionality in the case of a class of nonlinear PDEs with general time horizons and gradient-dependent nonlinearities. It is the key contribution of this article to overcome this difficulty. More specifically, it is the key contribution of this article (i) to propose a new full-history recursive multilevel Picard approximation algorithm for high-dimensional nonlinear heat equations with general time horizons and gradient-dependent nonlinearities and (ii) to rigorously prove that this full-history recursive multilevel Picard approximation algorithm does indeed overcome the curse of dimensionality in the case of such nonlinear heat equations with gradient-dependent nonlinearities.