bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regional variation in nitric oxide‐dependent cutaneous vasodilatation during local heating in young adults
Authors: McGarr Gregory W. , King Kelli E. , Saci Samah , Leduc Daphnee , Akerman Ashley P. , Fujii Naoto , Kenny Glen P. 
Published: June 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Are regional differences in nitric oxide (NO)‐dependent cutaneous vasodilatation during local skin heating present in young adults?

What is the main finding and its importance?
NO‐dependent cutaneous vasodilatation varied across the body. The abdomen demonstrated larger NO contributions, while the chest demonstrated smaller NO contributions, compared to other regions. This exploratory work is an important first step in characterizing regional heterogeneity of cutaneous microvascular control across the torso and limbs. Equally, it serves to generate hypotheses for future studies examining regional cutaneous microvascular control in ageing and disease.

AbstractRegional variations in cutaneous vasodilatation during local skin heating exist across the body. While nitric oxide (NO) is a well‐known modulator of this response, the extent of regional differences in NO‐dependent cutaneous vasodilatation during local skin heating remains uncertain. In 16 habitually active young adults (8 females; 25 ± 5 years), cutaneous vascular conductance, normalized to maximum vasodilatation (% CVCmax), was assessed at the upper chest, abdomen, dorsal forearm, thigh and lateral calf during local skin heating. Across all regions, local skin temperatures were simultaneously increased from 33 to 42°C (1°C per 10 s), and held until a stable heating plateau was achieved (∼40 min). Next, with local skin temperature maintained at 42°C, 20 mM of NG‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME) was continuously infused at each site until a stable l‐NAME plateau was achieved (∼40 min). The difference between heating and l‐NAME plateaus was identified as the NO contribution for each region. There was no evidence for region‐specific responses at baseline (P = 0.561), the heating plateau (P = 0.351) or l‐NAME plateau (P = 0.082), but there was for the NO contribution (P = 0.048). Overall, point estimates for between‐region differences in the NO contribution varied across the body from 0 to 19% CVCmax. The greatest effects were observed for the abdomen, wherein the NO contribution was consistently greater than for the other regions (range: 9–19% CVCmax). The chest was consistently lower than the other regions (range: 7–19% CVCmax). The smallest effects were observed between limb regions (range: 0–2% CVCmax). These findings advance our understanding of the mechanisms influencing regional variations in the cutaneous vasodilator response to local skin heating in young adults.
Detailed Evaluation of Automotive Turbocharged Diesel Engine During Typical Transient Working Condition Based on Thermodynamic Analysis
Authors: Liu Changcheng , Liu Zhongchang , Tian Jing , Yang Zeyu , Wang Penghui 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In this study, the impacts of transient time, intake air temperature, coolant temperature, and piecewise transient strategies on energy and exergy terms during typical transient process of automotive diesel engine were researched based on experiment and numerical means. The results show that first, distortion of energy and exergy is relatively significant during shorter transient time. Fuel incomplete combustion is the root of energy and exergy distortion during transient process. Second, low intake air temperature is helpful to restrain work distortion and enhance efficiency during transient process, and comprehensive effects of local equivalence ratio (ER) and local in-cylinder temperature make in-cylinder exergy destruction (IED) little change at different intake air temperature. Third, enhancing the heat insulation characteristics of heat transfer boundary during transient process can effectively improve efficiency, while weaken the distortion degree of work. Tiny differences of local ER and local in-cylinder temperature at different coolant temperature result in the little change of IED during transient process. Fourth, the influences of different piecewise transient elements on efficiency are from strong to weak: first stage transient time &gt; stagnation time &gt; second stage transient time. Longer first-stage transient time and stagnation time are helpful to reduce energy and exergy distortion degree. Finally, there are some similarities on IED production mechanism between transient and steady-state process, moreover, the adjustment routes of boundary parameters to realize high efficiency during transient process: longer transient time coupling stagnation time, lower intake air temperature, and higher coolant temperature.
Investigation of Pump Failure-Induced Waterhammer Waves: A Case Study
Authors: Triki Ali , Essaidi Badreddine 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This study analyzes the effect of the pipe material type on the transient flow behavior in a pumping system due to an accidental pump shutdown. The material types addressed in this study include steel and high- or low-density polyethylene (HDPE) or (LDPE), involving elastic and plastic rheological pipe-wall behavior. The numerical solution is developed based on the method of characteristics used for the discretization of the extended one-dimensional pressurized-pipe flow model, incorporating the Kelvin-Voigt and Vitkovsky rules. Experimental data from the literature were used to validate the numerical solver. The proposed numerical algorithm is then used to investigate the transient pressure-wave behavior induced by the power failure to a pumping station composed of an inline connection using different pipe material types. The findings show the severity of such a scenario, in terms of the magnitudes of induced up-surge and down-surge pressure waves. Furthermore, this research demonstrates that plastic pipe-wall materials allow for substantial attenuation of surge magnitude in conjunction with the expansion of the period of pressure-wave oscillations. The observed attenuation and expansion effects are also found to be highly dependent on the plastic material type. In this respect, the findings indicate that the (LDPE-steel) piping system's specific layout allows for the best tradeoff between the two last effects.
Pure sediment-derived granites in a subduction zone
Authors: Xu Jian , Xia Xiao-Ping , Wang Qiang , Spencer Christopher J. , Lai Chun-Kit , Ma Jin-Long , Zhang Le , Cui Ze-Xian , Zhang Wan-Feng , Zhang Yan-Qiang 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Earth is unique in the Solar System due to significant volumes of granite in the lithosphere. However, the origins of granites are still highly debated, especially sediment-derived granites, which are often treated as a geochemical end-member of the continental crust. In the Yunnan region of South China, we identify the occurrence of pure sediment-derived granite in a subduction system. The suite of strongly peraluminous granite reported herein is interpreted to represent pure metasedimentary melts based on their whole-rock elemental and Sr-Nd-B and zircon Hf-O isotopic compositions. These Late Permian–Early Triassic (ca. 254–248 Ma) granites are characterized by radiogenically enriched Sr, Nd, and Hf isotopic signatures. They show δ11B and δ18O signatures akin to those of continental shales. Geochemical modeling indicates no contributions from the mantle that can be detected. Considering the regional tectonic evolution, these granites are suggested to be formed in a subduction zone by decompression melting of rapidly exhumed back-arc sediments. We posit that decompression melting was triggered by widespread extension and thinning of the crust prompted by rollback of the subducting oceanic crust. These granites thus provide evidence that granite formation in subduction zones does not necessarily contribute to crustal growth. These subduction-related pure sediment-derived granites have different elemental ratios and contents (e.g., Al2O3/TiO2 and Yb) from the Himalayan leucogranites. Considering their source compositions (e.g., pelitic rocks), which are similar to those of the Himalayan leucogranites, these differences are likely due to their higher formation temperature and lower pressure despite a great similarity in isotopic compositions. Identification of pure sediment-derived, strongly peraluminous granites (SPGs) in subduction systems provides an important geodynamic mechanism for crustal anatexis, which can both geochemically and tectonically complement their collisional counterparts identified in the Himalayas.
Family integrated care: very preterm neurodevelopmental outcomes at 18 months
Authors: Synnes Anne R , Petrie Julie , Grunau Ruth E , Church Paige , Kelly Edmond , Moddemann Diane , Ye Xiang , Lee Shoo K , O'Brien Karel ,   Canadian Neonatal Network Investigators
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo examine whether the family integrated care (FICare) programme, a multifaceted approach which enables parents to be engaged as primary caregivers in the neonatal intensive care unit, impacts infant neurodevelopment and growth at 18 months’ corrected age.Design/MethodsProspective cohort study of infants born <29 weeks’ gestational age (GA) who participated in the FICare cluster randomised control trial (cRCT) and were assessed in the Canadian Neonatal Follow-Up Network (CNFUN). The primary outcome measure, Cognitive or Language composite score <85 on the Bayley-III, was compared between FICare exposed and routine care children using logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders and employing generalised estimation equations to account for clustering of infants within sites.ResultsOf 756 infants <29 weeks’ GA in the FICare cRCT, 505 were enrolled in CNFUN and 455 were assessed (238 FICare, 217 control). Compared with controls, FICare infants had significantly higher incidence of intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH) (19.5% vs 11.7%, p=0.024) and higher proportion of employed mothers (76.6% vs 73.6%, p=0.043). There was no significant difference in the odds of the primary outcome (adjusted OR: 0.92 (0.59 to 1.42) FiCare vs Control) on multivariable analyses adjusted for GA, IVH and maternal employment. However, Bayley-III Motor scores (adjusted difference in mean (95% CI) 3.87 (1.22 to 6.53) and body mass index 0.67 (0.36 to 0.99) were higher in the FICare group.ConclusionsVery preterm infants exposed to FICare had no significant difference in incidence of cognitive or language delay but had better motor development.Trial registration numberParticipants in this cohort study were previously enrolled in a registered trial: NCT01852695
Caregiver burden versus intensity of anxiety and depression symptoms in parents of children with cerebral palsy as well as factors potentially differentiating the level of burden: a cross-sectional study (Poland)
Authors: Gugała Barbara 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesTo assess the relationship between caregiver burden and severity of symptoms of anxiety/depression in parents of children with cerebral palsy (CP), and to identify factors differentiating the level of caregiver burden.SettingRegional rehabilitation centres in South-Eastern Poland.ParticipantsThe study involved 190 parents of children with CP, that is, 138 women and 52 men.Primary and secondary outcome measuresCaregiver burden was assessed using Caregiver Burden Scale (CBS), while the intensity of anxiety and depression symptoms was measured using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Potential predictors were examined using Gross Motor Function Classification System for Cerebral Palsy (GMFCS), Barthel Index (BI) as well as a questionnaire focusing on the characteristics of the child, the parent and the family. The analyses applied Pearson’s linear correlation coefficient as well as multiple regression analysis.ResultsAll the CBS measures are significantly correlated to HADS-A (anxiety) and HADS-D (depression). Intensity of anxiety is most visibly linked to CBS measures of disappointment and environment (p<0.0001), while severity of depression is related to emotional involvement and general strain (p<0.0001). The factors differentiating caregiver burden measure in the subscales of general strain (p<0.0001) and social isolation (p<0.0001) include the child’s age and BI, and the parent’s health status; in the subscale of disappointment (p<0.0001)—the child’s age, BI, GMFCS, as well as the parent’s age and health status; in the subscale of emotional involvement (p=0.0007)—BI, and the parent’s health status; in the subscale of environment (p=0.0002)—the child’s age and BI.ConclusionsThere is a positive linear relationship between the caregiver burden measures and severity of anxiety and depression. Effort should be made to relieve caregiver burden in parents of children with CP.
Development and validation of the OUTCoV score to predict the risk of hospitalisation among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in ambulatory settings: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Jacquerioz Frederique , Baggio Stéphanie , Gayet-Ageron Angele , Chappuis François , Getaz Laurent , Guessous Idris , Kaiser Laurent , Vernaz Nathalie , Yerly Sabine , Salamun Julien , Spechbach Herve 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesTo develop and validate a rule-out prediction model for the risk of hospitalisation among patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection in the ambulatory setting to derive a simple score to determine outpatient follow-up.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingSwiss university hospital.Participants1459 individuals with a positive result for SARS-CoV-2 infection between 2 March and 23 April 2020.MethodsWe applied the rule of 10 events per variable to construct our multivariable model and included a maximum of eight covariates. We assessed the model performance in terms of discrimination and calibration and performed internal validation to estimate the statistical optimism of the final model. The final prediction model included age, fever, dyspnoea, hypertension and chronic respiratory disease. To develop the OUTCoV score, we assigned points for each predictor that were proportional to the coefficients of the regression equation. Sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios were estimated, including positive and negative predictive values in different thresholds.Main outcome measureThe primary outcome was COVID-19-related hospitalisation.ResultsThe OUTCoV score ranged from 0 to 7.5 points. The two threshold parameters with optimal rule-out and rule-in characteristics for the risk of hospitalisation were 3 and 5.5, respectively. Outpatients with a score <3 (997/1459; 68.3%) had no follow-up as at low risk of hospitalisation (1.8%; 95% CI 1.1 to 2.8). For a score ≥5.5 (20/1459; 1.4%), the hospitalisation risk was higher (30%; 95% CI 11.9 to 54.3).ConclusionsThe OUTCoV score allows to rule out two-thirds of outpatients with SARS-CoV-2 infection presenting a low hospitalisation risk and to identify those at high risk that require careful follow-up to assess the need for hospitalisation. The model provides a simple decision-making tool for an effective allocation of resources to maintain quality care for outpatient populations.
Understanding the beliefs and attitudes towards mental health problems held by Muslim communities and acceptability of cognitive behavioural therapy as a treatment: systematic review and thematic synthesis protocol
Authors: Alharbi Hind , Farrand Paul , Laidlaw Ken 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionMany barriers prevent Muslims’ accessing mental health services, the aim of this systematic review is to gain an understanding regarding these barriers and consider how they vary across different Muslim communities resident in different countries.Methods and analysisSystematic review of PubMed/MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Ovid MEDLINE, Embase and Index Islamicus databases for studies published in English in addition to the Saudi Digital Library for studies published in Arabic. The review will include quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods studies published in peer-review journals since 1980. Methodological quality and risk of bias of included papers will be critically appraised independently according to the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool. Thematic synthesis will be used to extract outcome and analyse data from studies included in the review.Ethics and disseminationThere are considered to be no ethical issues. Findings will be disseminated in both English and Arabic to clinicians and researchers via journal publication and conference presentation(s).Trial registration numberCRD42020192854.
Validity of self-reported diagnoses of gynaecological and breast cancers in a prospective cohort study: the Japan Nurses’ Health Study
Authors: Takamatsu Kiyoshi , Ideno Yuki , Kikuchi Mami , Yasui Toshiyuki , Maruoka Naho , Nagai Kazue , Hayashi Kunihiko 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesTo validate the self-reported diagnoses of gynaecological and breast cancers in a nationwide prospective cohort study of nursing professionals: the Japan Nurses’ Health Study (JNHS).Design and settingRetrospective analysis of the JNHS.Participants and measuresData were reviewed for 15 717 subjects. The mean age at baseline was 41.6±8.3 years (median: 41), and the mean follow-up period was 10.5±3.8 years (median: 12). Participants are regularly mailed a follow-up questionnaire once every 2 years. Respondents who self-reported a positive cancer diagnosis were sent an additional confirmation questionnaire and contacted the diagnosing facility to confirm the diagnosis based on medical records. A review panel of experts verified the disease status. Regular follow-up, confirmation questionnaires and expert review were validated for their positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV).ResultsNew incidences were verified in 37, 47, 26 and 300 cervical, endometrial, ovarian and breast cancer cases, respectively. The estimated incidence rates were 22.0, 25.4, 13.8 and 160.4 per 100 000 person-years. These were comparable with those of national data from regional cancer registries in Japan. For regular follow-up, the corresponding PPVs for cervical, endometrial, ovarian and breast cancer were 16.9%, 54.2%, 45.1% and 81.4%, and the NPVs were 100%, 99.9%, 99.9% and 99.9%, respectively. Adding the confirmation questionnaire improved the PPVs to 31.5%, 88.9%, 76.7% and 99.9%; the NPVs were uniformly 99.9%. Expert review yielded PPVs and NPVs that were all ~100%.ConclusionsGynaecological cancer cannot be accurately assessed by self-reporting alone. Additionally, the external validity of cancer incidence in this cohort was confirmed.
Validation of the Workplace Integrated Safety and Health (WISH) assessment in a sample of nursing homes using Item Response Theory (IRT) methods
Authors: López Gómez María Andrée , Gundersen Daniel A , Boden Leslie I , Sorensen Glorian , Katz Jeffrey N , Collins Jamie E , Wagner Gregory , Vriniotis Mary G , Williams Jessica AR 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesTo validate and test the dimensionality of six constructs from the Workplace Integrated Safety and Health (WISH) assessment, an instrument that assesses the extent to which organisations implement integrated systems approaches for protecting and promoting worker health, safety and well-being, in a sample of nursing homes in the USA.DesignValidation of an assessment scale using data from a cross-sectional survey.SettingNursing homes certified by the Centers for Medicaid and Medicare services in three states of the USA: Ohio, California and Massachusetts.Participants569 directors of nursing from nursing homes serving adults and with more than 30 beds participated in the study.ResultsGraded response Item Response Theory (IRT) models showed that five out of six constructs were unidimensional based on balanced interpretation of model fit statistics—M2 or C2 with p value >0.05, Comparative Fit Index >0.95, lower bound of the root mean squared error of approximation 90% CI <0.06 and standardised root mean square residual <0.08. Overall measure and construct reliability ranged from acceptable to good. Category boundary location parameters indicated that items were most informative for respondents in lower range of latent scores (ie, β1, β2, β3 typically below 0). A few items were recommended to be dropped from future administrations of the instrument based on empirical and substantive interpretation.ConclusionsThe WISH instrument has utility to understand to what extent organisations integrate protection and promotion of worker health, safety and well-being; however, it is most informative in organisations that present lower scores.
Women’s empowerment and fertility decision-making in 53 low and middle resource countries: a pooled analysis of demographic and health surveys
Authors: Haque Rezwanul , Alam Khorshed , Rahman Syed Mahbubur , Keramat Syed Afroz , Al-Hanawi Mohammed Khaled 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveWomen’s empowerment and its association with fertility preference are vital for central-level promotional health policy strategies. This study examines the association between women’s empowerment and fertility decision-making in low and middle resource countries (LMRCs).DesignThis cross-sectional study uses the Demographic and Health Survey database.Settings53 LMRCs from six different regions for the period ranging from 2006 to 2018.ParticipantsThe data of women-only aged 35 years and above is used as a unit of analysis. The final sample consists of 91 070 married women.MethodsWe considered two outcome variables: women’s perceived ideal number of children and their ability to achieve preferred fertility desire and the association with women empowerment. Women empowerment was measured by their participation in household decision-making and attitude towards wife-beating. The negative binomial regression model was used to assess women’s perceived ideal number of children, and multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate women’s ability to achieve their preferred fertility desire.ResultsOur study found that empowered women have a relatively low ideal number of children irrespective of the measures used to assess women empowerment. In this study, the measures were participation in household decision-making (incidence rate ratio (IRR): 0.92, 95% CI: 0.91 to 0.93) and attitude towards wife-beating (IRR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.95 to 0.97). In the LMRCs, household decision-making and negative attitude towards wife-beating have been found associated with 1.12 and 1.08 times greater odds of having more than their ideal number of children.ConclusionOur findings suggest that women’s perceived fertility desire can be achieved by enhancing their empowerment. Therefore, a modified community-based family planning programme at the national level is required, highlighting the importance of women’s empowerment on reproductive healthcare as a part of the mission to assist women and couples to have only the number of children they desire.