bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spiral Metalens for Phase Contrast Imaging
Authors: Kim Youngjin , Lee Gun‐Yeal , Sung Jangwoon , Jang Junhyeok , Lee Byoungho 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSpiral phase contrast imaging offers an excellent opportunity to observe non‐labeled biological samples with slight variations in refractive index or thickness. However, the overall system covering previous works is still complex and bulky, hindering miniaturization and compatibility with conventional systems. Furthermore, high‐resolution imaging, particularly for observing biological specimens such as cellular structures, requires several refractive optical elements like objectives and relay optics which dramatically increases the system form factor. Here, it is demonstrated that a metalens, in which the phase profile is a sum of the hyperbolic phase and spiral phase with a topological charge of 1, performs 2D isotropic edge‐enhanced imaging. The metalens achieves a submicrometer resolution of up to 0.78 µm operated under visible broadband range in conjunction with a compact form factor. Furthermore, experiments with biological samples can additionally prove the feasibility of practical usage. Capitalizing on compactness and high‐resolution characteristics, it is believed that the scheme provides a stepping stone to biomedical imaging technologies and analog computing.
PtCo@PtSn Heterojunction with High Stability/Activity for pH‐Universal H2 Evolution
Authors: Chen Jinli , Qian Guangfu , Zhang Hao , Feng Shouquan , Mo Yanshan , Luo Lin , Yin Shibin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDeveloping highly efficient Pt‐based catalysts through interface engineering is significant for hydrogen production by water electrolysis working at pH‐universal conditions but still challenging. Herein, a PtCo@PtSn heterojunction with good hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance in pH‐universal electrolytes is designed and prepared by combining the advantages of a Pt‐based bimetallic alloy and heterojunction. Density functional theory simulations illustrate that the surface electronic structure of Pt is optimized by interface engineering to effectively improve the ability of water dissociation and decrease the PtH bond strength for obtaining the suitable H* Gibbs free energy (∆GH*). It shows low HER overpotentials in 1.0 m KOH (η−10 = 25 mV), 1.0 m phosphate‐buffered saline (η−10 = 18 mV), and 0.5 m H2SO4 (η−10 = 21 mV) solutions, respectively, and it can steadily work for 100 000 (100k) cycles by cyclic voltammetry method. Thus, this work provides a novel strategy to design Pt‐based hydrogen evolution catalyst with robust catalytic performance.
Emergent Enhanced Electrocaloric Effect within Wide Temperature Span in Laminated Composite Ceramics
Authors: Yin Ruowei , Li Junjie , Su Xiaopo , Qin Shiqiang , Yu Chengye , Hou Yuxuan , Liu Chuanbao , Su Yanjing , Qiao Lijie , Lookman Turab , Bai Yang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAn outstanding challenge for high‐efficient and zero‐emissions ferroelectric refrigeration is to maintain a large adiabatic temperature change (ΔT) over a wide temperature span (Tspan) resulting from the electrocaloric effect (ECE). A multilayer ferroelectric structure with interlayer synergistic phase transitions as a means to address this problem is proposed. BaTi0.89Sn0.11O3, BaTi0.85Zr0.15O3, and BaTi0.89Hf0.11O3 were selected as the components of each layer, the compositions of which are fixed at the tricritical point (TP) in each system and where the transition temperatures increase sequentially. Ferroelectrics near TP have a high sensitivity to external fields and the good co‐firing adhesion leads to strong electrical and stress interface coupling between adjacent layers. The electric‐field‐induced phase transition in one layer then synergistically induces a phase transition in the near interface part of the adjacent layer, which is close to but is not at the transition point yet. As a result, the enhanced ECE performance, including both a large ΔTmax = 0.63 K and a wide Tspan = 57 °C (ΔT ≥ 80% ΔTmax), exceeds that associated with the sum of the individual components. An efficient composite materials design strategy to develop high‐performance electrocaloric materials with excellent ECE properties for practical refrigeration applications is thus proposed.
Surface Reconstruction for Stable Monolithic All‐Inorganic Perovskite/Organic Tandem Solar Cells with over 21% Efficiency
Authors: Chen Weijie , Li Dong , Chen Xu , Chen Haiyang , Liu Shuo , Yang Haidi , Li Xinqi , Shen Yunxiu , Ou Xuemei , Yang Yang (Michael) , Jiang Lin , Li Yaowen , Li Yongfang 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe construction of monolithic two‐terminal tandem solar cells (2T TSCs) offers the possibility of pursuing high power conversion efficiency (PCE) by overcoming the single‐junction Shockley–Queisser limit in photovoltaics. However, little attention is paid to simultaneously improve the stability by utilizing the complementary properties of various photoactive layers. Here, beyond the stacked photoactive layers featuring complementary absorption, all‐inorganic perovskite (CsPbI1.8Br1.2) is chosen as the photoactive layer of the front wide‐bandgap subcell for its intrinsic high thermal stability and ultraviolet (UV)‐filtering function to address the burn‐in and UV degradation of organic rear subcells. To realize their monolithic integration, the charge recombination efficiency in the interconnecting layer (ICL) between the two types of subcells is tentatively improved by surface reconstruction of all‐inorganic perovskite using trimethylammonium chloride. The repaired CsPbI1.8Br1.2 surface enables effective suppression of nonradiative recombination and facilitates hole transport, providing efficient charge recombination in the ICL in the 2T TSC. As a result, the all‐inorganic perovskite/organic 2T TSC delivers a promising PCE of 21.04%, accompanied by an ultrahigh open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of 2.05 V, which is nearly equal to the superposition of the respective Voc values of the subcells. More importantly, the 2T TSC simultaneously shows outstanding operational and UV stabilities.
Implanting a Fire‐Extinguishing Alkyl in Sodium Metal Battery Electrolytes via a Functional Molecule
Authors: Liu Xuyang , Zheng Xueying , Deng Ya , Qin Xiao , Huang Ying , Dai Yiming , Wu Wangyan , Wang Zhongqiang , Luo Wei 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRoom‐temperature sodium metal batteries (SMBs) have gained tremendous interest owing to the cost‐efficiency and wide geographical availability of sodium, whereas severe safety issues have long handicapped their practical applications. Here a fire‐extinguishant‐implanted electrolyte (FEIE) is demonstrated where a nonpolar fluoroether simultaneously bonds the fluorinated carbonate‐based electrolyte and a sodium‐compatible extinguishant via its amphiphilicity. The as‐designed FEIE enables intrinsic safety and eliminates fire hazards. Furthermore, the FEIE‐induced inorganic‐enriched solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) dramatically improves the Na deposition, Coulombic efficiency (CE), and further offers the cycling stability for 1100 h at 10 mAh cm−2 in symmetric cells and 1000 cycles with a high average CE (99.8%) in full cells. Usage of the functional molecules possessing amphiphilicity extends the scope for applying immiscible agents in battery electrolytes.
Recent Advances in Hypoxia‐Overcoming Strategy of Aggregation‐Induced Emission Photosensitizers for Efficient Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Chen Huan , Wan Yingpeng , Cui Xiao , Li Shengliang , Lee Chun‐Sing 
Published: October 2021

AbstractHypoxia is an inherent physiologic barrier in the microenvironment of solid tumor and has badly restricted the therapeutic effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT). Meanwhile, the photosensitizer (PS) agents used for PDT applications regularly encounter the tiresome aggregation‐caused quenching effect that seriously decreases the production efficiency of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species. The aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) PSs with antiquenching characteristics in the aggregate state are considered as a promising tool for achieving highly efficient PDT applications, and plenty of studies have widely demonstrated their advantages in various diseases. Herein, the recent progress of AIE PSs in the battle of antitumor hypoxia issue is summarized and the practical molecular principles of hypoxia‐overcoming AIE PSs are highlighted. According to the hypoxia‐overcoming mechanism, these representative cases are divided into low O2‐dependent (type I PDT) and O2‐dependent tactics (mainly including O2‐enrichment type II PDT and combination therapy). Furthermore, the underlying challenges and prospects of AIE PSs in hypoxia‐overcoming PDT are proposed and thus expect to promote the next development of AIE PSs.
Recent Advances in Fluorinated Graphene from Synthesis to Applications: Critical Review on Functional Chemistry and Structure Engineering
Authors: Chen Xinyu , Fan Kun , Liu Yang , Li Yu , Liu Xiangyang , Feng Wei , Wang Xu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFluorinated graphene (FG), as an emerging member of the graphene derivatives family, has attracted wide attention on account of its excellent performances and underlying applications. The introduction of a fluorine atom, with the strongest electronegativity (3.98), greatly changes the electron distribution of graphene, resulting in a series of unique variations in optical, electronic, magnetic, interfacial properties and so on. Herein, recent advances in the study of FG from synthesis to applications are introduced, and the relationship between its structure and properties is summarized in detail. Especially, the functional chemistry of FG has been thoroughly analyzed in recent years, which has opened a universal route for the functionalization and even multifunctionalization of FG toward various graphene derivatives, which further broadens its applications. Moreover, from a particular angle, the structure engineering of FG such as the distribution pattern of fluorine atoms and the regulation of interlayer structure when advanced nanotechnology gets involved is summarized. Notably, the elaborated structure engineering of FG is the key factor to optimize the corresponding properties for potential applications, and is also an up‐to‐date research hotspot and future development direction. Finally, perspectives and prospects for the problems and challenges in the study of FG are put forward.
Nanotechnology Enables Novel Modalities for Neuromodulation
Authors: Yang Xiao , McGlynn Eve , Das Rupam , Paşca Sergiu P. , Cui Bianxiao , Heidari Hadi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNeuromodulation is of great importance both as a fundamental neuroscience research tool for analyzing and understanding the brain function, and as a therapeutic avenue for treating brain disorders. Here, an overview of conceptual and technical progress in developing neuromodulation strategies is provided, and it is suggested that recent advances in nanotechnology are enabling novel neuromodulation modalities with less invasiveness, improved biointerfaces, deeper penetration, and higher spatiotemporal precision. The use of nanotechnology and the employment of versatile nanomaterials and nanoscale devices with tailored physical properties have led to considerable research progress. To conclude, an outlook discussing current challenges and future directions for next‐generation neuromodulation modalities is presented.
Self‐Complementary Zwitterionic Peptides Direct Nanoparticle Assembly and Enable Enzymatic Selection of Endocytic Pathways
Authors: Huang Richard H. , Nayeem Nazia , He Ye , Morales Jorge , Graham Duncan , Klajn Rafal , Contel Maria , O'Brien Stephen , Ulijn Rein V. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSupramolecular self‐assembly in biological systems holds promise to convert and amplify disease‐specific signals to physical or mechanical signals that can direct cell fate. However, it remains challenging to design physiologically stable self‐assembling systems that demonstrate tunable and predictable behavior. Here, the use of zwitterionic tetrapeptide modalities to direct nanoparticle assembly under physiological conditions is reported. The self‐assembly of gold nanoparticles can be activated by enzymatic unveiling of surface‐bound zwitterionic tetrapeptides through matrix metalloprotease‐9 (MMP‐9), which is overexpressed by cancer cells. This robust nanoparticle assembly is achieved by multivalent, self‐complementary interactions of the zwitterionic tetrapeptides. In cancer cells that overexpress MMP‐9, the nanoparticle assembly process occurs near the cell membrane and causes size‐induced selection of cellular uptake mechanism, resulting in diminished cell growth. The enzyme responsiveness, and therefore, indirectly, the uptake route of the system can be programmed by customizing the peptide sequence: a simple inversion of the two amino acids at the cleavage site completely inactivates the enzyme responsiveness, self‐assembly, and consequently changes the endocytic pathway. This robust self‐complementary, zwitterionic peptide design demonstrates the use of enzyme‐activated electrostatic side‐chain patterns as powerful and customizable peptide modalities to program nanoparticle self‐assembly and alter cellular response in biological context.
Electron and Ion Co‐Conductive Catalyst Achieving Instant Transformation of Lithium Polysulfide towards Li2S
Authors: Hao Xiaoge , Ma Jiabin , Cheng Xing , Zhong GuiMing , Yang Jin‐Lin , Huang Ling , Ling Huajin , Lai Chen , Lv Wei , Kang Feiyu , Sun Xueliang , He Yan‐Bing 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMost of the catalysts in lithium sulfur (Li–S) batteries present low electronic conductivity and the lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) must diffuse onto the surface of the carbon materials to achieve their conversion reaction. It is a significant challenge to achieve the instantaneous transformation of LiPSs to Li2S in Li–S batteries to suppress the shuttle effect of LiPSs. Herein, a unique electron and ion co‐conductive catalyst of carbon‐coated Li1.4Al0.4Ti1.6(PO4)3 (C@LATP) is developed, which not only possesses strong adsorption to LiPSs, but, more importantly, also promotes the instantaneous conversion reaction of LiPSs to Li2S. The C@LATP nanoparticles as catalytic active sites can synchronously and efficiently provide both Li ions and electrons to facilitate the conversion reaction of LiPSs. The conversion reaction path of LiPSs using C@LATP changes from traditional “adsorption–diffusion–conversion” to novel “adsorption–conversion,” which effectively lowers the decomposition barrier of Li2S6 and promotes faster conversion of LiPSs. The shuttle effect of LiPSs is considerably suppressed and utilization of sulfur is greatly improved. The Li–S batteries using C@LATP present excellent rate, cycling, and self‐discharge properties. This work highlights the significance of electron and ion co‐conductive solid‐state electrolytes for the instantaneous transformation of LiPSs in advanced Li–S batteries.
Layer‐by‐Layer Alignment of Silver Nanowires for Transparent and Flexible Energy‐Saving Windows
Authors: Hu Hebing , Wang Shancheng , Meng Yun , Liu Guowei , Li Ming , Vu Tuan Duc , Long Yi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe energy consumption in buildings through the thermal radiation of windows has become a big challenge in modern life. The low mid‐infrared emissivity (εMIR) and near‐infrared blocking windows with high visible transmittance (Tvis) are highly required in modern energy‐saving buildings, while most existing low εMIR windows are severely limited by their complex and high‐cost processing conditions and could not be retrofitted to existing windows. Herein low εMIR foils based on aligned silver nanowires (AgNWs) fabricated via an economical solution process are reported with good energy‐saving performance. The foils with aligned AgNWs give lower εMIR and higher Tvis compared with randomly oriented AgNWs foils. The low‐cost process, high Tvis, low εMIR, and flexibility to apply on any surface opens a new avenue to cut down energy consumption in existing windows.
Energy Transfer Mediated Enhancement of Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence of Carbon Dots Embedded in Matrixes
Authors: Zhou Zhishan , Song Zhijian , Liu Jinkun , Lei Bingfu , Zhuang Jianle , Zhang Xuejie , Liu Yingliang , Hu Chaofan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEnergy transfer (EnT) is a commonly used study method in the research of organic luminescent materials, but rarely reported in carbon dots (CDs) related work. In this work, an efficient EnT mediated method for enhancing room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) of CDs through embedding pure phosphorescent CDs into afterglow matrixes is brought up for the first time. In such design system, the emission intensity, phosphorescence lifetime, and emission time of CDs are prolonged significantly, and all the CD‐based materials emit more than 20 s phosphorescence visible to eye after the ultraviolet excitation. The overlap between the phosphorescence excitation spectra of CDs and the afterglow emission spectra of afterglow matrixes reveal the possibility of the EnT from matrixes to CDs, and the phosphorescence emission and lifetimes spectra of CDs, matrixes, and CDs@matrix further verify the presence of EnT process. Besides, phosphorescent CDs embedded in nonafterglow emission matrixes are also synthesized for analysis and comparison. To employ the outstanding characteristics of the compound of pure phosphorescent CDs and afterglow matrix, advanced information encryption/decryption and rapid fingerprint detection applications are designed. This EnT medicated enhancing RTP strategy provides a new design route to construct the CD‐based material with long phosphorescence emission and high emission intensity.
Janus Emulsion Solar Concentrators as Photocatalytic Droplet Microreactors
Authors: Simón Marqués Pablo , Frank Bradley D. , Savateev Aleksandr , Zeininger Lukas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEfficiently harvesting and conveying photons to photocatalytic reaction centers is one of the great obstacles in photocatalysis. To address this challenge, a new approach is reported that is based on employing biphasic complex emulsions as droplet‐based solar concentrators. Specifically, substrates and photocatalysts are compartmentalized into the confined space of Janus emulsion droplets comprised of a hydrocarbon partially encapsulated inside fluorocarbon oil with a large refractive index contrast. Optical confinement of the incident light due to total internal reflection at the concave internal interface of the biphasic emulsion droplets leads to a strong increase of the light intensity inside the reaction medium. In addition, the high gas solubility within the outer fluorocarbon phase promotes oxygen delivery in photocatalytic oxidation reactions. Both effects mutually contribute to a strong performance increase of a series of homogeneous and heterogeneous photocatalytic reactions even under diffuse sunlight conditions.
Synchronous Temperature and Magnetic Field Dual‐Sensing by Luminescence in a Dysprosium Single‐Molecule Magnet
Authors: Ferreira Rute A. S. , Mamontova Ekaterina , Botas Alexandre M. P. , Shestakov Mikhail , Vanacken Johan , Moshchalkov Victor , Guari Yannick , Chibotaru Liviu F. , Luneau Dominique , André Paulo S. , Larionova Joulia , Long Jérôme , Carlos Luís D. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSensors are increasingly present in the everyday life in widespread technological applications, and engineering smart systems able to simultaneously detect different physical quantities represents a scientific challenge. Taking advantage of the molecular chemistry realm that offers the possibility to finely adjust physical properties, it is demonstrated herein that the luminescent single‐molecule magnet [Dy(acac)3(H2O)2]·H2O (acac = acetylacetonate) acts as a dual and synchronous thermometric/magnetic optical sensor in large ranges (10.0–180.0 K and up to ≈45 T) holding the promise to detect their variations in future devices.
Suppression of Eu2+ Luminescence Loss
Authors: He Jin , Shi Rui , Wang Zhiqiang , Li Minsi , Sham Tsun‐Kong , Fu Lianshe 
Published: October 2021

AbstractOwing to the intriguing luminescence properties, Eu2+ is one of the most desirable activators for next‐generation lighting devices. Yet the application of Eu2+‐doped phosphors is limited because of the drawback of inferior luminescence efficiency. Understanding of this issue is generally from perspectives of frame structural rigidity and electronic band structure, while the lack of persuasiveness of this paradigm is frequently noticed. Herein, the analysis is conducted from a fresh view to investigate the outstanding luminescence properties of Eu2+‐doped SrMgP2O7 owning the narrow‐band emission and near‐unity quantum yield. The structural rigidity of materials is elaborately evaluated, and the influence of ionization on the luminescence efficiency of material is carefully discussed. Efforts are also made to assess the effect of vibronic coupling on 4f−5d transition of Eu2+ and clarify the excitation energy transfer route by using X‐ray spectroscopy. Based on these discussions, the synergy of weak electron−vibration interaction and inactive ionization causes the suppression of Eu2+ luminescence loss, which is associated with highly rigid local coordination and strong binding of Eu2+ to its valence electrons in the system, respectively. This work provides insight into the luminescence mechanism of Eu2+, which benefits the exploration of novel phosphors with superior luminescence features.
Environmental Impacts of Aqueous Zinc Ion Batteries Based on Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Iturrondobeitia Maider , Akizu‐Gardoki Ortzi , Amondarain Oier , Minguez Rikardo , Lizundia Erlantz 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) are gaining widespread scientific and industrial attention thanks to their safety and potential environmental sustainability in comparison with other battery chemistries relying on organic electrolytes. AZIBs are good candidates for sustainable stationary storage, covering household energy needs or smoothing the intermittency associated with wind and solar energy. In spite of their potential as a sustainable energy storage technology, the study of their environmental repercussions remains unexplored. The environmental impacts associated with the fabrication of AZIBs are quantified using a cradle‐to‐gate life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. Six laboratory‐scale battery designs offering high delivered capacity, energy density and operating lifespan are selected. The contribution of different battery components to eighteen environmental impact indicators is shown. An average value of 45.1 kg CO2 equiv per 1 kWh is obtained considering the metallic Zn anode, the cathode, the separator, the aqueous electrolyte and the electricity required for cell assembly. AZIBs are environmentally competitive with lithium‐ion, lithium‐oxygen, lithium‐sulfur, and sodium‐ion battery technologies and are attractive from a Circular Economy viewpoint given the potential of renewable materials as separators and the high recycling rates of electrodes. The obtained results prove the suitability of zinc ion batteries as a sustainable stationary energy storage solution.