bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engineering Chameleon Prodrug Nanovesicles to Increase Antigen Presentation and Inhibit PD‐L1 Expression for Circumventing Immune Resistance of Cancer
Authors: Zhou Fengqi , Gao Jing , Tang Yang , Zou Zhifeng , Jiao Shi , Zhou Zhaocai , Xu Huixiong , Xu Zhi Ping , Yu Haijun , Xu Zhiai 
Published: August 2021

AbstractImmune evasion is the major obstacle for T‐cell‐based cancer immunotherapy. The insufficient expression of the tumor‐rejection antigen causes the intrinsic immune resistance and high expression of programmed death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) induced by interferon gamma (IFN‐γ), which accounts for the inducible immune resistance. To deal with both the intrinsic and inducible immune resistance of cancer, a multifunctional prodrug nanovesicle is sequentially developed. It is first sorted out that doxycycline (Doxy) efficiently inhibits autophagy of the tumor cells, and increases the surface level of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC‐I). Then, chameleon‐inspired prodrug nanovesicles are engineered for tumor‐targeted delivery of Doxy. The prodrug nanovesicles integrating a sheddable poly(ethylene glycol) shell and CRGDK ligand are kept stable during blood circulation, while exposing the targeting ligand in the tumor, which significantly inhibits autophagy, elicits MHC‐I expression, increases tumor antigen presentation, recruits more tumor‐infiltrating T lymphocytes, and suppresses FN‐γ‐induced intratumoral PD‐L1 expression. After a proof of concept for overcoming intrinsic and inducible immune evasion, the prodrug nanovesicles are applied to validate the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy in two tumor‐bearing mouse models. This research thus provides a novel targeting strategy for reducing tumor immune resistance and potentiating tumor immunotherapy.
Observing Electrochemical Reactions on Suspended Graphene: An Operando Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy Approach
Authors: Khatun Salma , Cohen Sidney R. , Peled Sa'ar Shor , Rosenhek‐Goldian Irit , Weatherup Robert S. , Eren Baran 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAn electrochemical micro‐reactor sealed with a single‐layer graphene (SLG) membrane is demonstrated that allows straightforward measurement with established scanning probe microscopies. SLG serves as a working electrode which separates the liquid electrochemical environment from the ambient to enable direct energy‐level determination. Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) thereby reveals the shifts in Fermi‐level of suspended SLG under electrochemical reaction conditions in aqueous alkaline media. Polymer‐free transfer to create suspended SLG minimizes contributions to doping related to any support or contaminants, such that changes in work function (WF) relate predominantly to the electrochemical system under study. These WF changes are rationalized in the context of a simple model of electrochemical gating, providing insight into the interplay between electronic and electrochemical doping (through redox of water) of suspended graphene. Further changes in WF are attributable to the reversible functionalization of graphene during the oxygen evolution reaction. Mechanical changes in the suspended graphene in the form of bulging also occur, which are attributed to electro‐wetting of graphene induced by charge‐carrier doping.
Remote Functionalization of 4‐(Alk‐1‐en‐1‐yl)‐3‐Cyanocoumarins via the Asymmetric Organocatalytic 1,6‐Addition
Authors: Romaniszyn Marta , Gronowska Katarzyna , Albrecht Łukasz 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAn organocatalytic 1,6‐addition using 4‐(alk‐1‐en‐1‐yl)‐3‐cyanocoumarins as acceptors has been developed. Dienolates derived from 5‐substituted‐furan‐2(3H)‐ones have been employed as pronucleophiles, therefore, enabling the synthesis of hybrid molecules bearing two biologically relevant units. Appropriate design of substrates and the application of quinine‐derived catalyst resulted in very good site‐selectivity as well as chemical and stereochemical efficiency of the process.magnified image
Facile synthesis, characterization of various polymer immobilized on magnetite nanoparticles applying the coprecipitation method
Authors: Hayashi Kodai , Tomonaga Hitoshi , Matsuyama Tatsushi , Ida Junichi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this study, systematic examination of the effect of different polymer types (functional groups) on the one‐step synthesis of polymer immobilized magnetite nanoparticle via the modified coprecipitation method was carried out. By using five different polymers with different functional groups of polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyacrylamide (PAM), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyethylene imine (PEI), and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), the effect of the polymer difference on magnetite nanoparticle formation, polymer immobilization, composite particle size, zeta potential and magnetic properties of the resulting composite were measured in detail. The results show that the immobilized polymer yield varied significantly depending on the type of polymer used and their order was as follows; PEG < PEI < PAM < PAA < PVA. Despite the simple method, PVA/MNP achieved high immobilized polymer amount of 0.2 g/(g‐Fe3O4), which was about 1.8 times larger than that prepared by a conventional method. Furthermore, the different zeta potentials and hydrodynamic diameter corresponding to each functional group of the immobilized polymer were observed. The results of the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) measurement confirmed that all the polymer/MNP composites showed a superparamagnetic behavior. These results showed that the proposed method is very simple, facile, and applicable to various polymers to synthesize polymer immobilized on magnetite nanoparticle.
Postsynthetic ion exchange and characterization of alkali metal ions ordered in the pores of anionic Zr metal–organic framework
Authors: Chun Hyungphil 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBinding alkali metal ions in solutions is an important yet difficult task and it is especially true for a solid host in aqueous systems. This study shows that a water stable, anionic metal–organic framework (Zr‐dobdc) is capable of capturing M+ (M = Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs) ions dissolved in water through ion exchange. The alkali metal ions captured at the unique cation‐binding pockets of Zr‐dobdc and their ordered alignments in the crystal lattice are unambiguously characterized by X‐ray single‐crystal and powder diffraction studies. The apparent selectivity for alkali metal ions over other metal ions is also explained.
Deflate‐inflate: Exploiting hashing trick for bringing inference to the edge with scalable convolutional neural networks
Authors: Nazir Azra , Naaz Mir Roohie , Qureshi Shaima 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWith each passing year, the compelling need to bring deep learning computational models to the edge grows, as does the disparity in resource demand between these models and Internet of Things edge devices. This article employs an old trick from the book "deflate and inflate" to bridge this gap. The proposed system uses the hashing trick to deflate the model. A uniform hash function and a neighborhood function are used to inflate the model at runtime. The neighborhood function approximates the original parameter space better than the uniform hash function according to experimental results. Compared to existing techniques for distributing the VGG‐16 model over the Fog‐Edge platform, our deployment strategy has a 1.7 ‐ 7.5 speedup with only 1–4 devices due to decreased memory access and better resource utilization.
Mirror therapy for phantom limb pain in moderate intellectual disability. A case report
Authors: Folch Annabel , Gallo Daniel , Miró Jordi , Salvador‐Carulla Luis , Martínez‐Leal Rafael 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundPhantom limb pain (PLP) is a common problem after limb amputation. There is mounting evidence supporting the use of mirror therapy (MT) in the treatment of individuals with PLP. However, there is no research studying the effects of MT on PLP in individuals with intellectual developmental disorders (IDD). The aim of this study was to increase our understanding of MT when used with adults with IDD and PLP through a case study approach.MethodsHere, we describe the use of MT with a 53‐year‐old female with moderate IDD and PLP, related to her left leg being amputated after ulcer complications. The study followed an A‐B‐A‐B design (baseline—treatment—withdrawal of treatment—re‐introduction of treatment), lasting 2 years, which included a long‐term follow‐up.ResultsThe data showed that the PLP sensation decreased after the MT treatment, with a raw change of 3.92 points and a 48% decrease in mean pain intensity ratings from pre‐ to post‐treatment.ConclusionsThis is a unique case‐report on the use of MT with an individual with IDD suffering from PLP. The findings show that MT helped to significantly reduce the intensity of the PLP in this patient.SignificanceThis is a case‐report that illustrates how mirror therapy can be applied to people with intellectual developmental disorders and phantom limb pain. The results showed that phantom limb pain decreased after the mirror therapy, with a raw change of 3,92 points and a percent change of 48%.
Implicit sentiment analysis based on graph attention neural network
Authors: Yang Shanliang , Xing Linlin , Li Yongming , Chang Zheng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSentiment analysis is one of the crucial tasks in the field of natural language processing. Implicit sentiment suffers a significant challenge because the sentence does not include explicit emotional words and emotional expression is vague. This paper proposed a novel implicit sentiment analysis model based on graph attention convolutional neural network. A graph convolutional neural network is used to propagate semantic information. The attention mechanism is employed to compute the contribution to the emotional expression of words. In order to solve the problem of multiple attention preserving repeated information, orthogonal attention constraint was used to make different attention store different emotional information; given the uneven distribution of emotional information, score attention constraint was proposed to make the model focus on a limited number of essential words. The performance of the proposed model was verified on implicit sentiment datasets. The F value reached 88.16%, which is higher than the benchmark model in the literature. The attention mechanism is analyzed to verify the effectiveness of orthogonal constraint and score constraint.
Investigation of MHD free convection of power‐law fluids in a sinusoidally heated enclosure using the MRT‐LBM
Authors: Afsana Sadia , Parvin Afroja , Nag Preetom , Molla Md. Mamun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMagnetohydrodynamical free convective heat transfer flow of non‐Newtonian power‐law fluids has been analyzed numerically. For numerical simulation, the multiple‐relaxation‐time (MRT) lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) has been employed based on graphics process unit (GPU) computing. The computational domain is a two‐dimensional square cavity with thermally adiabatic upper and base walls, uniformly heated left wall, and sinusoidal heat distribution on the right wall. There is no research on non‐Newtonian fluid using MRT‐LBM using this configuration. Hence it is a new study in this field and novel results have been achieved with the magnetic field effect and sinusoidal wall temperature. The numerical simulations are carried out for different vital parameters such as thermal Rayleigh number , Hartmann number , and power‐law index () to study the characteristics of heat transport along with the flow physics inside the square enclosure. The streamlines and isotherms elucidate the distribution of fluid flow and energy within the cavity. The energy transfer phenomena are interpreted as the local Nusselt number distribution and the average Nusselt number along the heated wall. Computational results show that the rate of energy transfer is attenuated due to the augmentation of the magnetic field. However, exhibits direct correspondence with the Rayleigh number and an inverse relation with the power‐law index . The elevation of Hartmann number results in the diminution of and for pseudoplastic fluid () by 82.65% and 86.04%, respectively. Moreover, the temperature distribution () of amplifies by 95.83% compared to as the fluid transitions from pseudoplastic to dilation behavior. For GPU computing, the NVIDIA CUDA C programming platform is used in the present study.
The secondary tumor of the prostate derived from upper tract urothelial carcinoma: An autopsy case
Authors: Goto Keisuke , Kambara Takahiro , Kagiyama Yoshito , Takemoto Kenshiro , Kobatake Kohei , Ikeda Kenichiro , Inoue Shogo , Hayashi Tetsutaro , Takeshima Yukio , Teishima Jun 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionMetastatic urothelial carcinomas are common in lung, liver, and lymph nodes. We present rare secondary tumor of the prostate metastasized from upper tract urothelial carcinoma.Case presentationAn 87‐year‐old man was diagnosed as urothelial carcinoma of left upper tract and bladder. Only transurethral resection of bladder tumor was performed as palliative therapy to control hematuria. Thereafter, the tumor of left upper tract showed aggressive progression with multiple metastases involving lymph nodes and bilateral lungs. Finally, autopsy revealed swelling of left kidney due to tumor growth and systemic cancer disseminations involving bilateral lungs and renal hilar lymph nodes. In addition, prostate tumor was found incidentally. Histological examination including immunohistochemistry revealed the prostate tumor as metastatic tumor from urothelial carcinoma of left renal pelvis.ConclusionWe reported rare secondary tumor of the prostate, derived from upper tract urothelial carcinoma. Further consideration would be required to provide better knowledge of the disease.
Effects of understory removal and litter addition on leaf and twig decomposition in a subtropical Chinese fir plantation
Authors: Wan Songze , Fu Shenglei , Zhang Chenlu , Liu Juan , Zhang Yun , Mao Rong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSubtropical plantations have been undergoing understory removal and increased plant litter inputs due to global change and anthropogenic activities. However, how understory removal and increased litter inputs affect litter decomposition is still unclear in these plantations. Using a field manipulation experiment, we assessed the effects of understory removal and litter addition on decomposition rates of leaf litter, twig litter, and mixed leaf and twig litter over 16 months of incubation in a subtropical Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation in southern China. We also examined the changes in soil chemical properties and fungal and bacterial phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) after understory removal and litter addition. Litter decomposition rates were inhibited by understory removal due to the decreased fungal PLFAs and the associated declines in the ratio of fungal to bacterial biomass. Litter addition also retarded litter decomposition rates, despite the increases in soil NH4+‐N concentration and fungal PLFAs. However, both litter decomposition rates and soil microbial PLFAs remained unchanged in the presence of both understory removal and litter addition. In all treatments, mixed leaf and twig litter produced additive effects on litter decomposition rates. These results suggest that understory removal and litter addition interact to affect litter decomposition dynamics and highlight that litter mixture decomposition rates could be easily predicted from component litter in subtropical Chinese fir plantations of southern China.
Limited‐information learning observer for simultaneous estimation of states and parameters
Authors: Ran Dechao , Zhang Chengxi , Xiao Bing 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe problem of simultaneous estimation of states and uncertainties by using limited information is investigated in this article. A sampled‐data learning observer (SLO) is presented for linear time‐invariant continuous systems, which can achieve successful estimation while only needs intermittent sampled‐data, saves computing resources, and does not require persistent excitation signals. The observer's demand for continuous measurement is reduced, that is, limited‐information is sufficient. Notably, the uncertainty estimation is performed by a learning equation with only simple addition operations, which is particularly suitable for actual digital system scenarios. Simulation results illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed SLO.
Effects of 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid on the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy‐related proteins as well as the protective effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide in neonatal rats
Authors: Zhou Jian , Li Honghui , Wang Faxuan , Wang Hengquan , Chai Ru , Li Jiangping , Jia Leina , Wang Kai , Zhang Pengju , Zhu Lingqin , Yang Huifang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe pesticide 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) has neurotoxic effects, but its mechanism is not clear. In this study, a 2,4‐D (75 mg/kg. b.w) exposure model was established in SD rats with colostrum. Lipopolysaccharide (1 mg/kg b.w) was used as the positive control, and Lycium barbarum polysaccharide (LBP, 50 mg/kg b.w) was used as an intervention factor to explore the neurotoxic effect of 2,4‐D and the neuroprotective effect of LBP. Our research results show that 2,4‐D causes a decrease in the number of hippocampal CA3 pyramidal cells and pyknosis in nuclei with a triangular or irregular shape and that rats show signs of anxiety or depression. In rat serum, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activity decreased, while malondialdehyde content increased. Protein and mRNA levels of TNFα, IL‐6, IL‐1β, IL‐18, NLRP3, ASC, caspase‐1, IL‐1β, IL‐18, and p62 increased, while those of LC3‐II/LC3‐I and Beclin‐1 decreased in hippocampal tissues. In conclusion, 2,4‐D increased the oxidative stress level, induced neuroinflammatory response, and decreased the autophagy level in experimental rats. LBP may have upregulated the autophagy level in the body by inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, thus playing a neuroprotective role.
Health, Work and Education
Authors: Danisi Carmelo , Dustin Moira , Ferreira Nuno , Held Nina 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, we look at the experiences of SOGI minorities who are claiming asylum or who have reached the end of the asylum process in relation to health, work and education. We define these three spheres broadly, including, for example, volunteering and impacts from having experienced sexual violence torture, as well as sex work. Ostensibly, LGBTIQ+ asylum claimants experience the same difficulties in applying for work and accessing health and education as most other asylum claimants. In reality, this is not always the case. Here, referring back to our theoretical underpinnings, including intersectionality, highlights some particular areas of need, in many cases relating to the discrimination they encounter on the basis of SOGI in addition to other characteristics. As with the previous chapter, we again show that SOGI minorities encounter particular problems outside the legal asylum process as well as within it.
Amok
Authors: Sell Madlen 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungIm folgenden Kapitel wird, zunächst in Form einer chronologischen Übersicht, das Ergebnis einer intensiven Recherche nach historischen Quellentexten mit Bezug zu Amok vorgestellt. Die Quellen umfassen einen Untersuchungszeitraum von rund 500 Jahren und können in drei Gruppen eingeteilt werden: Literatur, Forschungsliteratur und Forschungsreiseliteratur.
School Shooting
Authors: Sell Madlen 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungQuantitative Erhebungen verzeichnen eine kontinuierliche Häufigkeitszunahme von angedrohten oder tatsächlich ausgeführten School Shootings weltweit seit Mitte der 1970er-Jahre. Mit einer Fallzahl von weniger als zehn School Shootings pro Jahr weltweit handelt es sich jedoch auch weiterhin um ein extrem seltenes Phänomen, dessen Häufigkeit in einem starken Gegensatz zu dem medialen Interesse an derartigen Gewalttaten steht. Um ein Vielfaches häufiger als tatsächlich ausgeführte School Shootings sind allerdings angedrohte oder angekündigte Taten.
Zusammenfassung
Authors: Sell Madlen 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungAmok leitet sich von dem malaiischen Wort „mĕngamok“ ab, das ins Deutsche übersetzt „wütend angreifen“ bedeutet. Mit den Schiffen der ersten Weltumsegler erreichte der in Europa bis dahin gänzlich unbekannte Begriff vor rund 600 Jahren erstmals die westliche Welt. Obwohl es sich um ein sehr seltenes Phänomen handelt, besitzen Amoktaten aufgrund der Plötzlichkeit ihres Auftretens, ihrer Explosivität und ihres rätselhaften Motivcharakters eine Sonderstellung im Spektrum aggressiver Verhaltensweisen.
Arbeits- & lernkulturelle Besonderheiten
Authors: Hein Rüdiger 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungFür die Kategorie „Arbeits- und lernkulturelle Besonderheiten“ lassen sich folgende Unterkategorien herausarbeiten, die für SE von besonderer und ebenso von eigener Relevanz sind und die in diesem Kapitel in dieser Reihenfolge dargestellt und diskutiert werden: Mission des Social Entrepreneurs und sozialunternehmerisch verankerten Vision; Networking/Kooperationsmanagement innerhalb und außerhalb der SE(O)-Landschaft; Gründung und Arbeitsverständnis im Team – oder als Solist; Personalarbeit/Human Resources Management; Sonderstatus: ehrenamtliche Mitarbeiter; Handlungsprinzipien in Belastungssituationen; Bewertung des Scheiterns; Qualitätsbewusstsein und ganzheitlich-prozessorientiertes Präventionsverständnis. Schilderungen der Interviewpartner zu generierten Kodes werden zur Illustration eingearbeitet. Die Erkenntnisse werden im internationalen Forschungskontext gespiegelt und in der Forschungslandschaft verortet. Kapitelabschließend wird die Bedeutung der Erkenntnisse für das Wirkungsmodell zur Arbeitsgestaltung aufgezeigt.
The Relationship Between Age and Happiness Varies by Income
Authors: Toshkov Dimiter 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe link between age and happiness has been the subject of numerous studies. It is still a matter of controversy whether the relationship is U-shaped, with happiness declining after youth before bouncing back in old age, or not. While the effect of age has been examined conditional on income and other socio-demographic variables, so far, the interactions between age and income have remained insufficiently explored. Using data from the European Social Survey, this article shows that the nature of the relationship between age and happiness varies strongly with different levels of relative income. People in the lowest decile of the income distribution experience a ‘hockey stick’: a deep decline in self-reported happiness until around age 50–55 and a small bounce back in old age. The classic U-curve is found mostly in the middle-income ranks. For people at the top of the income distribution, average happiness does not vary much with age. These results demonstrate the important role of income in moderating the relationship between age and happiness.