bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrafascicular chondroid‐like bodies in the ageing equine superficial digital flexor tendon comprise glycosaminoglycans and type II collagen
Authors: Ali Othman J. , Ehrle Anna , Comerford Eithne J. , Canty‐Laird Elizabeth G. , Mead Ashleigh , Clegg Peter D. , Maddox Thomas W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) is considered functionally equivalent to the human Achilles tendon. Circular chondroid depositions scattered amongst the fascicles of the equine SDFT are rarely reported. The purpose of this study was the detailed characterization of intrafascicular chondroid‐like bodies (ICBs) in the equine SDFT, and the assessment of the effect of ageing on the presence and distribution of these structures. Ultrahigh field magnetic resonance imaging (9.4T) series of SDFT samples of young (1–9 years) and aged (17–25 years) horses were obtained, and three‐dimensional reconstruction of ICBs was performed. Morphological evaluation of the ICBs included histology, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. The number, size, and position of ICBs was determined and compared between age groups. There was a significant difference (p = .008) in the ICB count between young and old horses with ICBs present in varying number (13–467; median = 47, mean = 132.6), size and distribution in the SDFT of aged horses only. There were significantly more ICBs in the tendon periphery when compared with the tendon core region (p = .010). Histological characterization identified distinctive cells associated with increased glycosaminoglycan and type II collagen extracellular matrix content. Ageing and repetitive strain frequently cause tendon micro‐damage before the development of clinical tendinopathy. Documentation of the presence and distribution of ICBs is a first step towards improving our understanding of the impact of these structures on the viscoelastic properties, and ultimately their effect on the risk of age‐related tendinopathy in energy‐storing tendons.
Systemically impaired fracture healing in small animal research: A review of fracture repair models
Authors: Ryan Gareth , Magony Richard , Gortler Hilary , Godbout Charles , Schemitsch Emil H. , Nauth Aaron 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFracture healing is a complex process requiring mechanical stability, an osteoconductive matrix, and osteoinductive and osteogenic biology. This intricate process is easily disrupted by various patient factors such as chronic disease and lifestyle. As the medical complexity and age of patients with fractures continue to increase, the importance of developing relevant experimental models is becoming paramount in preclinical research. The objective of this review is to describe the most common small animal models of systemically impaired fracture healing used in the orthopedic literature including osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, smoking, alcohol use, obesity, and ageing. This review will provide orthopedic researchers with a summary of current models of systemically impaired fracture healing used in small animals and present an overview of the methods of induction for each condition.
Acetabular development and fate of inverted limbus in rabbits: Experimental observation from an animal model
Authors: Liu Jiahui , Zhou Weizheng , Chen Yufan , Li Lianyong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUsing an animal model, we aimed to investigate the effects of an inverted limbus on acetabular development following closed reduction of developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH). We interpositioned the menisci of 5‐week‐old rabbits (n = 40) into the hip joints to simulate limbus inversion following closed reduction for DDH. The acetabular index (AI) on anteroposterior pelvic radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging were used to evaluate acetabular development. Animals were euthanized at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery. Histological sections of the acetabular cartilage were stained and scored in accordance with the modified Mankin system. Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were used to examine the ultrastructure of the acetabular cartilage. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end‐labeling staining was used to evaluate chondrocyte apoptosis. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot analyses were used to examine the expression of type X collagen (Col‐X) and matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP‐13) in the acetabular cartilage. AI values increased over a period and were higher in the experimental group than in the sham group. In the experimental group, the acetabular surface had become rough and had split in some cases. Chondrocytes within the acetabular cartilage had become hypertrophic, gradually forming clusters, and taking on an apoptotic appearance. Col‐X and MMP‐13 expression also increased with time. Our findings suggest that residual limbus inversion following closed reduction for DDH can cause progressive dysplasia of the acetabulum, apoptosis of acetabular chondrocytes, accelerated cartilage degeneration, and even early‐stage osteoarthritis.
Development of a murine model of ischemic osteonecrosis to study the effects of aging on bone repair
Authors: Yamaguchi Ryosuke , Kamiya Nobuhiro , Kuroyanagi Gen , Ren Yinshi , Kim Harry K. W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAge at onset is one of the most important predictors of outcome following ischemic osteonecrosis (ON). Currently, there is no well‐established animal model to study the effects of age on the repair process following ischemic ON. The purpose of this study was to further advance a murine model of ischemic ON using four age groups of mice to determine the effects of aging on revascularization and bone repair following ischemic ON. Ischemia was surgically induced in the distal femoral epiphysis of four age groups of skeletally immature and mature mice; juvenile (5 weeks), adolescent (12 weeks), adult (22 weeks), and middle age (52 weeks). Mice were euthanized at 2 days or 4 weeks post‐ischemia surgery to evaluate the extent of ON, revascularization, and bone repair. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick‐end labeling staining showed extensive cell death in the epiphysis of all four age groups at 2 days post‐ischemia surgery. At 4 weeks, the juvenile mice followed by the adolescent mice had significantly greater revascularization and repair of the necrotic marrow space, increased osteoblast and osteoclast numbers, and increased bone formation rates compared to the adult and middle‐age mice. Faster revascularization and bone healing were observed in the skeletally immature mice compared to the skeletally mature mice following ischemic ON. The findings resemble the clinical observation of aging on bone repair following ischemic ON. The mouse model may serve as a useful tool to investigate the mechanisms underlying the age‐related impairment of bone repair in adolescent and adult ON and to develop novel therapeutic strategies.
3D‐printed, bioactive ceramic scaffold with rhBMP‐2 in treating critical femoral bone defects in rabbits using the induced membrane technique
Authors: Cho Jae‐Woo , Kim Beom‐Soo , Yeo Do‐Hyun , Lim Eic Ju , Sakong Seungyeob , Lim Junyoung , Park SungNam , Jeong Yong‐Hoon , Jung Tae‐Gon , Choi Hyuk , Oh Chang‐Wug , Kim Hak Jun , Park Jong Woong , Oh Jong‐Keon 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAlthough autogenous bone grafts are an optimal filling material for the induced membrane technique, limited availability and complications at the harvest site have created a need for alternative graft materials. We aimed to investigate the effect of an rhBMP‐2‐coated, 3D‐printed, macro/microporous CaO–SiO2–P2O5–B2O3 bioactive ceramic scaffold in the treatment of critical femoral bone defects in rabbits using the induced membrane technique. A 15‐mm segmental bone defect was made in the metadiaphyseal area of the distal femur of 14 rabbits. The defect was filled with polymethylmethacrylate cement and stabilized with a 2.0 mm locking plate. After the membrane matured for 4 weeks, the scaffold was implanted in two randomized groups: Group A (3D‐printed bioceramic scaffold) and Group B (3D‐printed, bioceramic scaffold with rhBMP‐2). Eight weeks after implantation, the radiographic assessment showed that the healing rate of the defect was significantly higher in Group B (7/7, 100%) than in Group A (2/7, 29%). The mean volume of new bone formation around and inside the scaffold doubled in Group B compared to that in Group A. The mean static and dynamic stiffness were significantly higher in Group B. Histological examination revealed newly formed bone in both groups. Extensive cortical bone formation along the scaffold was found in Group B. Successful bone reconstruction in critical‐sized bone defects could be obtained using rhBMP‐2‐coated, 3D‐printed, macro/microporous bioactive ceramic scaffolds. This grafting material demonstrated potential as an alternative graft material in the induced membrane technique for reconstructing critical‐sized bone defects.
Early changes in osteochondral tissues in a rabbit model of post‐traumatic osteoarthritis
Authors: Huang Lingwei , Riihioja Ilari , Tanska Petri , Ojanen Simo , Palosaari Sanna , Kröger Heikki , Saarakkala Simo J. , Herzog Walter , Korhonen Rami K. , Finnilä Mikko A. J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractConcurrent osteoarthritic (OA) manifestations in bone and cartilage are poorly known. To shed light on this issue, this study aims to investigate changes in subchondral bone and articular cartilage at two time points after anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT) in a rabbit model. 2 (N = 16) and 8 (N = 10) weeks after ACLT, the subchondral bone structure, cartilage thickness, Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) score, fixed charged density (FCD), and collagen orientation angle were analyzed. OA related changes were evaluated by comparing the ACLT to the contralateral (C‐L) and control knees. Already 2 weeks after ACLT, higher trabecular number in the medial femoral condyle and femoral groove, greater OARSI score in the femoral condyles, and thinner trabeculae in the lateral tibial plateau and femoral groove were observed in ACLT compared to C‐L knees. Only minor changes of cartilage collagen orientation in the femoral condyles and femoral groove and smaller FCD in the femoral condyles, medial tibial plateau, femoral groove and patella were observed. 8 weeks post‐ACLT, the surgical knees had thinner subchondral plate and trabeculae, and smaller trabecular bone volume fraction in most of the knee locations. OARSI score was greater in the femoral condyle and lateral tibial plateau cartilage. FCD loss was progressive only in the femoral condyle, femoral groove, and patellar cartilage, and minor changes of cartilage collagen orientation angle were present in the femoral condyles, femoral groove, and lateral tibial plateau. We conclude that ACLT induces progressive subchondral bone loss, during which proteoglycan loss occurs followed by their partly recovery, as indicated by FCD results.
Depletion and enrichment of phytosterols in soybean oil lipid emulsions directly associate with serum markers of cholestasis in preterm parenteral nutrition–fed pigs
Authors: Guthrie Greg , Stoll Barbara , Chacko Shaji , Mohammad Mahmoud , Style Candace , Verla Mariatu , Olutoye Oluyinka , Schady Deborah , Lauridsen Charlotte , Tataryn Nick , Burrin Douglas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundClinical reports show a positive correlation between phytosterol concentrations and severity of cholestatic liver disease markers in infants during long‐term administration of parenteral lipid emulsions. Establishing a causal link between phytosterols and cholestasis has been complicated by confounding factors of lipid emulsion load, fatty acid composition, and vitamin E in many of these studies. The goal of this study is to determine whether altering the phytosterol concentration within a common soybean oil–based emulsion will alter the onset and severity of cholestasis in parenterally fed preterm piglets.MethodsPreterm piglets were administered, for 21 days, either enteral nutrition (ENT) or parenteral nutrition (PN) prepared from a soybean oil–based emulsion containing either 24.0% (depleted [DEP]), 100% (Intralipid; normal phytosterol [NP] concentration), or 144% (enriched [ENR]) total phytosterol concentration.ResultsAt the end of the study, plasma and liver phytosterol concentrations were highest in the ENR group, followed by NP and then DEP and ENT. Serum direct bilirubin, serum bile acids, and γ‐glutamyltransferase were higher in the ENR and NP groups compared with either DEP or ENT groups. All PN lipid groups showed evidence of mild hepatic steatosis but no change in hepatic expression of proinflammatory cytokines or Farnesoid X receptor target genes.ConclusionThe increase in serum direct bilirubin was lower in the DEP group vs the lipid emulsions with normal or ENR phytosterols. Our results provide additional evidence that phytosterols are linked to an increase in serum markers of cholestasis in preterm PN‐fed pigs.
Autophagic activation of IRF‐1 aggravates hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury via JNK signaling
Authors: Li Shipeng , He Jindan , Xu Hongwei , Yang Jiaxing , Luo Yutian , Song Wenyue , Qiao Bingbing , Zhang Haiming 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIncreasing evidence has accrued indicating that autophagy is associated with hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury (IRI). This report demonstrates that interferon regulatory factor‐1 (IRF‐1) was upregulated in response to hepatic IRI and was associated with autophagic activation. As a result of these processes, there is an aggravation of liver damage, effects that can be offset by IRF‐1 depletion. In addition, these effects of IRF‐1 are associated with JNK pathway activation followed by increases in Beclin1 protein levels. This JNK‐induced autophagic cell death then leads to cell failure, and plays an important role in liver function damage. We conclude that IRF‐1 activates autophagy through JNK‐mediated autophagy. Accordingly, these findings indicating that the IRF‐1/JNK pathway activates autophagy to exacerbate liver IRI in this mouse model may provide new insights into novel protective therapies for hepatic IRI.
Neurotized free VRAM used to create myoelectric signals in a muscle‐depleted area for targeted muscle reinnervation for intuitive prosthesis control: A case report
Authors: Li Jialun , Huang Tony Chieh‐Ting , Chaudhry Arif R. , Cantwell Sean , Moran Steven L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTargeted muscle reinnervation enables native muscles to send electromyographic signals to myoelectric receptors, which drive movements in a prosthesis. This system requires voluntary contracture of muscles for sequential control of powered prosthetic joints. This report describes a surgical solution for cases where the chest wall is depleted of muscle targets. A 13‐year‐old boy with left forequarter amputation and pectoralis major resection as a result of extended necrotizing facilities 8 years prior received a neurotized free Vertical Rectus Abdominus Mycocutaneous (VRAM) flap (28 × 10 cm) designed to produce myoelectric signals, reduce pain, and provide stability for prosthetic fitting. Five intercostal nerves from the VRAM were coapted to portions of the brachial plexus to create a myoelectric interface for targeted muscle reinnervation. The postoperative course was uneventful. At 39 months of follow‐up, the patient gained control of the transferred VRAM and was able to operate a custom‐fitted myoelectric prosthesis together with contraction of the ipsilateral infraspinatus muscle. The neurotized VRAM transfer created a neural interface in an area with depleted neuromuscular targets while decreasing pain and adding tissue bulk for proper prosthesis fitting. Such a surgical strategy may have applications in other areas of the body.
Exploring the predictive value of additional peritumoral regions based on deep learning and radiomics: A multicenter study
Authors: Wu Xiangjun , Dong Di , Zhang Lu , Fang Mengjie , Zhu Yongbei , He Bingxi , Ye Zhaoxiang , Zhang Minming , Zhang Shuixing , Tian Jie 
Published: February 2021

PurposeThe present study assessed the predictive value of peritumoral regions on three tumor tasks, and further explored the influence of peritumors with different sizes.MethodsWe retrospectively collected 333 samples of gastrointestinal stromal tumors from the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, and 183 samples of gastrointestinal stromal tumors from Tianjin Medical University Cancer Hospital. We also collected 211 samples of laryngeal carcinoma and 233 samples of nasopharyngeal carcinoma from the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University. The tasks of three tumor datasets were risk assessment (gastrointestinal stromal tumor), T3/T4 staging prediction (laryngeal carcinoma), and distant metastasis prediction (nasopharyngeal carcinoma), respectively. First, deep learning and radiomics were respectively used to construct peritumoral models, to study whether the peritumor had predictive value on three tumor datasets. Furthermore, we defined different sizes peritumors including fixed size (not considering tumor size) and adaptive size (according to average tumor radius) to explore the influence of peritumor of different sizes and types of tumors. Finally, we visualized the deep learning and radiomic models to observe the influence of the peritumor in three datasets.ResultsThe performance of intra‐peritumors are better than intratumors alone in three datasets. Specifically, the comparisons of area under receiver operating characteristic curve in the testing set between intra‐peritumoral and intratumoral models are: 0.908 vs 0.873 (P value: 0.037) in gastrointestinal stromal tumor datasets, 0.796 vs 0.756 (P value: 0.188) in laryngeal carcinoma datasets and 0.660 vs 0.579 (P value: 0.431) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma datasets. Furthermore, for gastrointestinal stromal tumor datasets, deep learning is more stable to learn peritumors with both fixed and adaptive size than radiomics. For laryngeal carcinoma datasets, the intra‐peritumoral radiomic model could make model performance more balanced. For nasopharyngeal carcinoma datasets, radiomics is also more suitable for modeling peritumors than deep learning. The size of the peritumor is critical in this task, and only the performance of 1.5 mm–4.5 mm peritumors is stable.ConclusionsOur results indicate that peritumors have additional predictive value in three tumor datasets through deep learning or radiomics. The definitions of the peritumoral region and artificial intelligence method also have great influence on the performance of the peritumor.
The role of PQL genes in response to salinity tolerance in Arabidopsis and barley
Authors: Alqahtani Mashael , Lightfoot Damien J. , Lemtiri‐Chlieh Fouad , Bukhari Ebtihaj , Pardo José M. , Julkowska Magdalena M. , Tester Mark 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWhile soil salinity is a global problem, how salt enters plant root cells from the soil solution remains underexplored. Non‐selective cation channels (NSCCs) are suggested to be the major pathway for the entry of sodium ions (Na+), yet their genetic constituents remain unknown. Yeast PQ loop (PQL) proteins were previously proposed to encode NSCCs, but the role of PQLs in plants is unknown. The hypothesis tested in this research is that PQL proteins constitute NSCCs mediating some of the Na+ influx into the root, contributing to ion accumulation and the inhibition of growth in saline conditions. We identified plant PQL homologues, and studied the role of one clade of PQL genes in Arabidopsis and barley. Using heterologous expression of AtPQL1a and HvPQL1 in HEK293 cells allowed us to resolve sizable inwardly directed currents permeable to monovalent cations such as Na+, K+, or Li+ upon membrane hyperpolarization. We observed that GFP‐tagged PQL proteins localized to intracellular membrane structures, both when transiently over‐expressed in tobacco leaf epidermis and in stable Arabidopsis transformants. Expression of AtPQL1a, AtPQL1b, and AtPQL1c was increased by salt stress in the shoot tissue compared to non‐stressed plants. Mutant lines with altered expression of AtPQL1a, AtPQL1b, and AtPQL1c developed larger rosettes in saline conditions, while altered levels of AtPQL1a severely reduced development of lateral roots in all conditions. This study provides the first step toward understanding the function of PQL proteins in plants and the role of NSCC in salinity tolerance.
Age‐dependent increase in α‐tocopherol and phytosterols in maize leaves exposed to elevated ozone pollution
Authors: Wedow Jessica M. , Burroughs Charles H. , Rios Acosta Lorena , Leakey Andrew D. B. , Ainsworth Elizabeth A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTropospheric ozone is a major air pollutant that significantly damages crop production. Crop metabolic responses to rising chronic ozone stress have not been well studied in the field, especially in C4 crops. In this study, we investigated the metabolomic profile of leaves from two diverse maize (Zea mays) inbred lines and the hybrid cross during exposure to season‐long elevated ozone (~100 nl L−1) in the field using free air concentration enrichment (FACE) to identify key biochemical responses of maize to elevated ozone. Senescence, measured by loss of chlorophyll content, was accelerated in the hybrid line, B73 × Mo17, but not in either inbred line (B73 or Mo17). Untargeted metabolomic profiling further revealed that inbred and hybrid lines of maize differed in metabolic responses to ozone. A significant difference in the metabolite profile of hybrid leaves exposed to elevated ozone occurred as leaves aged, but no age‐dependent difference in leaf metabolite profiles between ozone conditions was measured in the inbred lines. Phytosterols and α‐tocopherol levels increased in B73 × Mo17 leaves as they aged, and to a significantly greater degree in elevated ozone stress. These metabolites are involved in membrane stabilization and chloroplast reactive oxygen species (ROS) quenching. The hybrid line also showed significant yield loss at elevated ozone, which the inbred lines did not. This suggests that the hybrid maize line was more sensitive to ozone exposure than the inbred lines, and up‐regulated metabolic pathways to stabilize membranes and quench ROS in response to chronic ozone stress.
Unmet social care needs of people living with and beyond cancer: prevalence and predictors from an English longitudinal survey
Authors: Gousia Katerina , Towers Ann‐Marie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis study estimates the prevalence of unmet social care needs of people over 50 living in England with cancer and the effect of cancer on unmet needs.MethodsWe used data from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing. We estimated the mean, standard deviation and 95% CI of the prevalence of unmet social care needs among people with cancer. Logistic regression analysis with individual random effects was used to estimate the effect of cancer on unmet needs controlling for other determinants. Pain measures were included stepwise in the regression to estimate their mediating effect.ResultsThe prevalence rate of unmet social care needs among people living with cancer is 9% (SD = 0.29; 95% CI: 8.3–10) compared to 6% (SD = 0.24; 95% CI: 6.1–6.5) among people without cancer. People with cancer have significantly higher odds of having unmet needs by a factor of 1.44 (95% CI: 1.20–1.72), after controlling for the effect of other characteristics. Adding pain measures reduces the effect of cancer to a factor of 1.36 (95% CI: 1.14–1.64) in the odds of unmet needs but still remains statistically significant.ConclusionsA more integrated approach to cancer care is more likely to address the high level of unmet needs and consequent adverse implications.