bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discussion of Issues Related to Language Assessment Literacy in Second Signed and Spoken Languages
Authors: Boers-Visker Eveline , Eberharter Kathrin , Hammer Annemiek , Harding Luke , Kremmel Benjamin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter is a joint discussion of key items related to language assessment literacy related to signed and spoken language assessment that were discussed in Chapters 11.1 and 11.2, and the implications that these issues might have on the other field. It is clear that language assessment literacy (LAL) in the context of signed languages—(S)LAL by the authors—is still in a very nascent form. Although in the field of spoken language assessment there is a tendency to discuss LAL as being a “new” development and recent scholarship suggests that issues and constructs remain undertheorized, there is a considerable body of literature on LAL oriented toward spoken language (as surveyed in the Chapter 11.1), to the extent that LAL is now a core area of research and scholarship in the field. This is in sharp contrast with the paucity addressing LAL in the context of signed languages. This chapter is the result of a collaborative process during which the two sets of authors read each other’s chapters and responded to a set of guided questions. The result is the synthesis of this dialogic process.
New Technologies in Second Language Signed Assessment
Authors: Ebling Sarah , Camgöz Necati Cihan , Bowden Richard 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, two signed language technologies are introduced: signed language recognition and signed language synthesis/animation. The modality-specific challenges of these technologies are discussed, originating in the multichannel nature of signs and the lack of a standardized writing system. The state of research of each technology is outlined, demonstrating that the existing body of research is considerably smaller than that of the field of automatic spoken language processing. The chapter describes the combination of the two signed language technologies in real-world applications. Most importantly, it explores the potential application of each technology to second language (L2) signed language assessment. Finally, an example of an existing use case is given: the application of signed language recognition to a vocabulary test for adult L2 learners of Swiss German Sign Language.
Introduction
Authors: McOsker Michael 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe introduction describes Philodemus’ works, especially the On Poems (and its structure and content), and lays out the background, methods, and conclusions of the whole book. Certain background topics in Epicurean philosophy are discussed and applied to poetry, such as epistemology, the prolēpsis, and hypographai. These answer questions like “how do you we know this is a poem?” and “how do we know that this is a good poem?” as well as grounding and explaining the possibility of an Epicurean theory of poetry. Poems, generally, are nonprosaic language: specially composed language that communicates some content. That is, they are defined by their formal elaboration. Meter presents a special problem, and here it is argued that Philodemus assumed it would be present in any poem properly so called.
Flipping the Record
Authors: Reed S. Alexander 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This interstitial chapter considers the discourse of postmodernism as it applies to Laurie Anderson’s Big Science. Placing the concept in its historical context, the chapter ultimately downplays postmodernism, using Sara Ahmed’s feminist critique of its apparent relevance to “everything.” In recognizing what postmodernism fails to encompass or relate to, the chapter likewise notices the qualities of everythingness on the album and points out the gaps and cracks therein. It also takes up the circa 1982 concerns of the vinyl LP as a physical medium for music.
Elements of Classical Field Theory
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this chapter is to recall the principles of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian classical mechanics. Many results are presented without detailed proofs. We obtain the Euler–Lagrange equations of motion, and show the equivalence with Hamilton’s equations. We derive Noether’s theorem and show the connection between symmetries and conservation laws. These principles are extended to a system with an infinite number of degrees of freedom, i.e. a classical field theory. The invariance under a Lie group of transformations implies the existence of conserved currents. The corresponding charges generate, through the Poisson brackets, the infinitesimal transformations of the fields as well as the Lie algebra of the group.
Particle Physics Phenomenology
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The most important milestones in particle physics are put in a historical perspective. We follow a century of scattering experiments, from Rutherford to LHC. We introduce successively the concept of the atomic nucleus, the study of β-decay and the proposal of the neutrino, the first internal symmetries, the Fermi theory and the Yukawa meson. In parallel we present the technical achievements in accelerator and detector technologies which made these advances possible. We end with the discovery of strange particles, the flavour SU(3) unitary symmetry, and the introduction of the quarks. This chapter follows a descriptive rather than a deductive approach and summa- rises many aspects of particle physics phenomenology which preceded the discovery of the Standard Model.
From Classical to Quantum Fields. Free Fields
Authors: Iliopoulos J. , Tomaras T.N. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We apply the canonical and the path integral quantisation methods to scalar, spinor and vector fields. The scalar field is a generalisation to an infinite number of degrees of freedom of the single harmonic oscillator we studied in Chapter 9. For the spinor fields we show the need for anti-commutation relations and introduce the corresponding Grassmann algebra. The rules of Fermi statistics follow from these anti-commutation relations. The canonical quantisation method applied to the Maxwell field in a Lorentz covariant gauge requires the introduction of negative metric states in the Hilbert space. The power of the path integral quantisation is already manifest. In each case we expand the fields in creation and annihilation operators.
Emotion and the History of Rhetoric in the Middle Ages
Authors: Copeland Rita 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Rhetoric is an engine of social discourse and the art charged with generating and swaying emotion. The history of rhetoric provides a continuous structure by which we can measure how emotions were understood, articulated, and mobilized under various historical circumstances and social contracts. This book is about how rhetoric in the West from Late Antiquity to the later Middle Ages represented the role of emotion in shaping persuasions. It is the first book-length study of medieval rhetoric and the emotions, coloring in what has largely been a blank space between about 600 ce and the cusp of early modernity. Rhetoric in the Middle Ages, as in other periods, constituted the gateway training for anyone engaged in emotionally persuasive writing. Medieval rhetorical thought on emotion has multiple strands of influence and sedimentations of practice. The earliest and most persistent tradition treated emotional persuasion as a property of surface stylistic effect, which can be seen in the medieval rhetorics of poetry and prose, and in literary production. But the impact of Aristotelian rhetoric, which reached the Latin West in the thirteenth century, gave emotional persuasion a core role in reasoning, incorporating it into the key device of proof, the enthymeme. In Aristotle, medieval teachers and writers found a new rhetorical language to explain the social and psychological factors that affect an audience. With Aristotelian rhetoric, the emotions became political. The impact of Aristotle’s rhetorical approach to emotions was to be felt in medieval political treatises, in poetry, and in preaching.
Emotion in the Rhetorical Arts and Literary Culture c.1070–c.1400
Authors: Copeland Rita 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 explores how style itself became an explosive field in the professional rhetorics of the eleventh through thirteenth centuries, the ars dictaminis and the ars poetriae. These new pragmatics of rhetorical theory trace their roots back to the epideictic teaching of late antiquity, where the whole range of emotions is a property of style. The arts of poetry and of letter-writing have proved extremely resistant to modern theoretical probing of their affective and aesthetic principles, because they stress the technical dimension of composition. But they also see rhetoric as a performance-oriented enterprise, and for them the obvious resource for generating strong emotion lies in style. This apotheosis of style is the most durable medieval tradition of teaching how to respond affectively to texts and to write affectively oneself. It manifests itself with joyful zeal in all quarters, from lowly classroom poetry and exemplary anthologies to Petrarch’s commanding high style and Chaucer’s parodies of emotive style.
Aristotle’s Rhetoric in the Latin West
Authors: Copeland Rita 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 turns from following the long and varied tradition of stylistic teaching and practice to dedicated theory: now the reception of Aristotle’s Rhetoric and especially its analytic of the emotions from antiquity to the late thirteenth century. This chapter treats pathos and enthymeme in Aristotle’s Rhetoric. It contrasts other ancient philosophical traditions of the passions with Aristotle’s phenomenological treatment of emotion in the Rhetoric. It traces the post-classical reception of the Rhetoric through medieval Arabic commentators on the emotions, Moerbeke’s authoritative Latin translation, Giles of Rome’s important commentary on the Rhetoric, c.1272, and other scholastic commentators on the relevant sections of Aristotle’s text. It also contrasts other medieval philosophies of the passions with what readers would have found in Aristotle’s Rhetoric. In his first engagement with the Rhetoric, Giles did not grasp the political significance of Aristotle’s treatment of emotions because his thinking was still embedded in contemporary medieval theories of the passions.
Preaching, Emotion, and the Aristotelian Turn
Authors: Copeland Rita 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores the impact of Aristotelian rhetoric on the emotional work of preaching. Many manuscripts of Aristotle’s Rhetoric (and a good proportion of manuscripts of De regimine principum) belonged to clerical institutions; some of the most interesting responses to Aristotelian rhetoric are left to us by readers who were actively engaged in preaching. The many medieval artes praedicandi offer nothing like Aristotle’s Rhetoric in terms of teaching emotional appeal. The preachers who encountered the Rhetoric would find that it voiced the theory behind what was already lodged in their practice but which the preceptive traditions they had inherited did not articulate. It affirmed, in theoretical terms, what no medieval art of preaching articulated so systematically: the behavioral psychology of emotion and the strategies for appealing to emotions through argument. This chapter gives particular attention to three preachers who used the Rhetoric in their own practice: Thomas Eborall of London, Engelbert of Admont, and Mathias of Linköping (confessor to Birgitta of Sweden). Finally, the chapter explores the impact of the Rhetoric on an anonymous fifteenth-century pastoral reader who composed a short English verse on “Piers the Plowman” which he left in a copy of Aristotle’s Rhetoric next to the section on amicitia; it considers how this preacher brought together the emotional concerns of English poetry (the broad Piers Plowman phenomenon) and the theory of emotion in the Rhetoric.
Gendered Glissandos
Authors: Rice Alison 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 explores how worldwide women writers have adopted new approaches to feminist concerns. They find inspiration in their own heterogeneity, their diverse backgrounds and proclivities, as well as their familiarity with the experiences of many others to create literary compositions that weigh questions of undeniable importance to women, ranging from professional fulfillment to sexual harassment. Gendered requirements for women in various countries and cultures are evoked in literary compositions that portray the complexity of choices that women who have come to France from elsewhere often face on a regular basis. These authors explore in vivid terms the pressures to conform that so many women experience in this country, regardless of their origin, with a special focus on the seemingly inflexible expectation that women will become mothers. They also delve into conceptions of femininity in a variety of contexts, and extol malleable, multiple, even musical models of behavior that transcend gender-based stereotypes. While they give voice to a wide range of viewpoints in their texts, in my interviews they exhibit an almost unanimous reluctance to accept the label “feminist,” due in large part to the pejorative connotations the term took acquired in many circles in France in the years following the women’s movements of the 1970s. Just as their spoken comments reveal judicious reconsiderations of the term, their written work hints that it isn’t wise to dismiss it altogether; they urge instead the creation of expressions that promote women’s human rights in ways that vary according to context.
Motivating Non-Contingency
Authors: Dorr Cian , Hawthorne John , Yli-Vakkuri Juhani 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter takes up the question of how to motivate the crucial ‘Non-Contingency’ premise in the Tolerance Puzzles introduced in Chapter 2, a question that has received surprisingly little attention in the literature on these puzzles. We articulate and set aside some dubious motivations for the premise, including motivations which assimilate Tolerance Puzzles to the well-known Sorites Paradox. In place of these, we develop a ‘Security Argument’ for Non-contingency, based on the thought that it is not just a matter of chance or luck that we avoid error in believing the Tolerance premise.
Coincidence Puzzles
Authors: Dorr Cian , Hawthorne John , Yli-Vakkuri Juhani 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents and discusses a general schema that subsumes a variety of puzzles having to do with the modal behaviour of material objects, some new and some familiar. These puzzles involve ‘Robustness’ premises according to which certain objects of a given kind are counterfactually robust in certain respects; ‘Non-coincidence’ premises according to which distinct objects of that kind are incapable of coinciding, and ‘Non-distinctness’ premises that rule out the scenarios in which actually distinct objects could have been identical; these jointly entail an absurd conclusion.
Rejecting Iteration
Authors: Dorr Cian , Hawthorne John , Yli-Vakkuri Juhani 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This is the first of two chapters exploring the option of resolving various Tolerance Puzzles by denying Iteration, the claim that whatever is possibly possible is possible. In this chapter we grant for the sake of argument that Iteration fails for metaphysical necessity, and consider whether there are other Tolerance Puzzles which remain problematic even on that assumption. Our main focus is on puzzles involving ancestral metaphysical possibility—the status of being either possible, or possibly possible, or possibly possibly possible, or…—for which Iteration is guaranteed by our basic modal logic. We argue that plausible higher-order identities suggest that ancestral metaphysical possibility is not a trivial status even for those who deny Iteration for metaphysical possibility.
Tolerance and Counterpart Theory
Authors: Dorr Cian , Hawthorne John , Yli-Vakkuri Juhani 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Many philosophers have thought that Tolerance Puzzles can be easily dissolved by adopting some form of counterpart theory, which is roughly the view that being possibly a certain way is having a counterpart that is that way. This chapter shows how standard versions of counterpart theory involve radical departures from standard modal logic (going far beyond Iteration-denial) which we claim are unacceptable, and argues that once counterpart theory is developed in such a way as to avoid such logical revisionism, it has no special capacity to resolve the puzzles.
Non-Qualitativeness and Aboutness
Authors: Dorr Cian , Hawthorne John , Yli-Vakkuri Juhani 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This is the second of two chapters devoted to a special subclass of Tolerance Puzzles based on ‘indiscernible modality’, on which qualitative truths are automatically necesssary. This chapter develops our favoured solution to these puzzles, which involves denying the qualitativeness of properties like being a table. We introduce a metaphysical notion of “aboutness” which can be used to probe the sources of non-qualitativeness, and consider some special challenges that arise on the assumption that there could be new objects that aren’t among the objects there actually are.
Internalism, Externalism, and Autonomous Belief
Authors: Carter J. Adam 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
What must be the case for an autonomous belief condition on knowledge (motivated in Chapter 1) to be satisfied by a knower? Chapter 2 takes up this question by investigating whether or not the knowledge-relevant (viz., epistemic) autonomy of a belief is determined entirely by the subject’s present mental structure. What I’ll call ‘internalists’ about epistemically autonomous belief say ‘yes’, and externalists say ‘no.’ Internalism about epistemic autonomous belief turns out to be problematic for reasons entirely independent from those we might have for rejecting internalist approaches to epistemically justified belief. What is shown to fare much better is a kind of ‘history-sensitive’ externalist approach to epistemically autonomous belief. On the particular account I go in for, which draws from externalist thinking about attitudinal autonomy more generally (as well as from virtue epistemology), a belief lacks the kind of epistemic autonomy that’s needed for propositional knowledge if the subject comes to possess the belief in a way that (put simply) bypasses or pre-empts the subject’s cognitive abilities and is such that the subject lacks easy (enough) opportunities to competently shed that belief.
A Promising Youth
Authors: Jackson Christine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The Crown’s dependence upon the gentry to govern the provinces grew during the sixteenth century and education and family connections became the key routes to public service. Chapter 1 explores Herbert’s birth, upbringing, and educational background and their long-term impact upon his character, public career, and private life. It considers the ambitions of his parents for their first-born son and the role played by his mother and Newport grandmother in shaping the early development of his elite masculine values, commitment to the preservation of family honour, and Protestant beliefs and practice. It examines Herbert’s enthusiasm for study, his classical education under the supervision of private tutors, and his experience of university education and socialization in late-Tudor Oxford. It probes the repercussions of his father’s untimely death, the arrangements for his wardship, his acceptance at age fifteen of an ambitious but ultimately unhappy marriage to an older Herbert heiress, and the family’s relocation to London.
Framing in and through Public International Law
Authors: van Aaken Anne , Elm Jan-Philip 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Framing is pervasive in public international law. International legal norms and international politics both inevitably frame how international actors perceive a given problem. Although framing has been an object of study for a long time, it has not been systematically explored in the context of social cognition and knowledge production processes in public international law. We aim to close this gap by examining the implications of framing effects—that is, issue framing and equivalence (including gain-loss) framing—for preference and belief formation in specific settings. After providing an overview of the experimental evidence of both types of framing, we identify typical situations in public international law where framing effects play an important role in social cognition and knowledge production processes. Without claiming to be exhaustive, we focus on international negotiations, international adjudication, global performance indicators, and norm framing.
Prosociality, International Law, and Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Broude Tomer 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A significant insight of behaviouralism and social psychology, well-established through experimental research, is that actors display ‘social preferences’, other-regarding or non-self-interested decision-making. Contrary to rational choice assumptions, people may have only ‘bounded selfishness’ in decisions, caring not only about their own payoffs, but about those of others. This chapter provides a broad framework for assessing the relevance of prosociality to international law, discussing the levels of analysis problem that inheres in any shift from individual psychology to corporate actors such as states. The chapter focuses on one area in which prosociality may enrich discussion of a contested issue in international law and the problems it raises—humanitarian intervention. How can motivation and personality—the main variables of prosociality—apply to international actors? Is the ‘bystander effect’ prevalent in international relations? Which other areas of international law relate to prosociality? And can (or should) international law encourage prosociality?
Labels as the Visible Part of International Law’s Invisible Frames
Authors: Melillo Margherita 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The chapter explores how labels can be used in international law-making to reinforce cognitive associations. Its first section defines the notion of labels and explains the relevance of labels in the literature on framing. The second section presents an empirical case-study on the use of frames and labels: the history of negotiations of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). Drawing on primary sources and on the travaux préparatoires, the chapter reviews how the making of the FCTC was supported by framing and labelling. Finally, the third section of the chapter reflects on how analysing labels can enhance our understanding of international law.
Reflections on the International Telecommunication Union: International Organizations as Epistemic Structures
Authors: Klabbers Jan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of international organizations in the production and dissemination of knowledge. Outlining a notion of epistemic authority suitable for international organizations (distinguishing between authority based on knowledge, and authority by means of knowledge), it then zooms in on the work of the International Telecommunication Union, one of the oldest (and least visible) international organizations around. The analysis of the ITU’s work, in turn, feeds back into further thinking about the law of international organizations: how, if at all, can the law and its underlying theoretical framework take epistemic authority into account?