bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Freeze tolerance influenced forest cover and hydrology during the Pennsylvanian
Authors: Matthaeus William J. , Macarewich Sophia I. , Richey Jon D. , Wilson Jonathan P. , McElwain Jennifer C. , Montañez Isabel P. , DiMichele William A. , Hren Michael T. , Poulsen Christopher J. , White Joseph D. 
Published: October 2021

SignificanceComputer-assisted studies of natural history that consider extinct plant function contribute to the understanding of how Paleozoic glacial cycles controlled the distribution of forest cover and continental surface erosion. Simulated plant water balance supports widespread vegetation during the late Paleozoic ice age (LPIA). However, physiological inference suggests that plant freezing limited the geographic distribution of vegetation. Assuming LPIA plants had limited freeze tolerance, we found that increased surface runoff could have contributed to late Paleozoic climate change. Modeling that combines deep time climate reconstructions and paleobotanical data improves understanding of past Earth systems, which can help project future change.
Opt-out choice framing attenuates gender differences in the decision to compete in the laboratory and in the field
Authors: He Joyce C. , Kang Sonia K. , Lacetera Nicola 
Published: October 2021

Significance
How can we close the gender gap in high-level positions in organizations? Interventions such as unconscious bias training or the “lean in” approach have been largely ineffective. This article suggests, and experimentally tests, a “nudge” intervention, altering the choice architecture around the decision to apply for top positions from an “opt in” to an “opt out” default. Evidence from the laboratory and the field shows that a choice architecture in which applicants must opt out from competition reduces gender differences in competition. Opt-out framing thus seems to remove some of the bias inherent in current promotion systems, which favor those who are overconfident or like to compete. Importantly, we show that such an intervention is feasible and effective in the field.
Translating narrative style
Authors: Molés-Cases Teresa , Cifuentes-Férez Paula 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWithin the context of the Thinking-for-translating framework, this paper analyses the translation of boundary-crossing events including Manner from English into German (both satellite-framed languages) and Catalan and Spanish (both verb-framed languages) to investigate whether student translators transfer these specific types of motion event or otherwise omit (or modulate) some information. Three groups of student translators (having respectively German, Catalan and Spanish as their mother tongues) were asked to translate a series of excerpts from English narrative texts into their respective first languages. The resulting data suggest that the way student translators deal with the translation of these events is influenced by their mother tongues and the nature of the event itself (axis, suddenness, type of Figure, type of Path, type of Manner). It is also noted that German students’ translations are much more similar to the published versions than the Catalan and Spanish ones, and that Catalan and Spanish-speaking students tend to omit boundary-crossing.
Identity and investment in language learning
Authors: Ali Farah 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Norton (2000) argues that investment in L2 acquisition is also an investment in learner identity, which changes in the context of time and space – a notion that also has relevance for heritage learners. As such, the purpose of this study is to examine investment in language learning among HL Spanish speakers and the role of identity in their learning experiences. This study comprises of ten participants enrolled in an HL Spanish course who completed a background questionnaire, interviews, and writing prompts. Using narrative analysis, this study examines participants’ reflections on their heritage identity, HL exposure, and their investment, experiences and progress in their HL course. Results show that participants demonstrate varying degrees of investment in the HL, and heritage identity plays a role in this variance.
Trapped mode resonances in symmetric rectangular-hole tetramers
Authors: Yin Xiao-gang , Liu You-wen , Huang Cheng-ping 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
High Q-factor trapped mode resonances are mostly supported by weakly asymmetric metamolecules. In this paper, we study theoretically and experimentally a planar all-metallic metamaterial comprising highly symmetric metamolecules (rectangular-hole tetramers in a freestanding metallic plate) and find that high Q-factor trapped mode resonances can also be realized. The effect comes from the destructive interference between two anti-phased excitations: the electric dipole modes of the two inner and two outer rectangular holes within individual tetramers. Here, the high Q-factor resonance is dominated by the hole separation that affects greatly the coupling and radiation. At the resonance, a huge enhancement of electric field in each hole appears, accompanied by a significant slow-wave effect in the reflection process. Our design has potential applications in constructing high Q-factor filters, highly sensitive sensors and slow-wave devices.
X-ray beams produced by hot electrons with directional drift velocity in fusion plasmas
Authors: Hui (惠得轩) De-Xuan , Hu (胡章虎) Zhang-Hu , Shang (尚万里) Wan-Li , Mei (梅显秀) Xian-Xiu , Wang (王友年) You-Nian 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Spectra and emission efficiencies of x-rays produced by hot electrons (hot-e’s) with drift Maxwellian distribution are studied using both analytical and numerical methods. The analytic expressions are particularly useful for the analysis of x-ray spectra produced by hot-e’s in laser-produced plasma. Both analytical and numerical results show that when hot-e’s have a nonzero drift velocity, the bremsstrahlung spectrum is still approximately a linear function in logarithmic coordinates, which indicates that the process of inferring hot-e’s temperature from the slope of x-ray spectrum needs to be revisited under certain circumstances.
First results from beam emission spectroscopy in SPIDER negative ion source
Authors: Barbisan M , Zaniol B , Pasqualotto R , Serianni G , Ugoletti M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The SPIDER experiment, part of the neutral beam test facility at Consorzio RFX (Padua, Italy), is the prototype of the negative ion source for the ITER neutral beam injectors; the source is coupled to a 100 kV three-grid acceleration system. A beam emission spectroscopy (BES) diagnostic was installed in SPIDER to study and optimize the energy distribution, aim, uniformity and divergence of the H−/D− beam extracted from the source. The diagnostic is based on analysis of the Doppler shifted Hα
/Dα
light emitted in the interaction between the beam particles and the H
2/D
2 molecules of the background. In 2019 the BES diagnostic in SPIDER was installed and calibrated, allowing us to characterize the first hydrogen beams extracted from the SPIDER source, in cesium-free conditions. The number of active beamlets of which the beam was composed was reduced from 1280 to 80, affecting the BES diagnostic capabilities. This paper presents the BES diagnostic setup and discusses the first collected results. Under limited extracted current density (∼10 A m−2) and ion energy (⩽35 keV), no significant vertical beam deflection caused by the magnetic filter field in the source was detected. In some cases the beamlets were observed to be elongated in the horizontal direction; beamlet divergence values down to 20 mrad and 30 mrad e-folding were measured in the vertical and horizontal directions, respectively; the intensity of the Doppler shifted radiation was found to be strongly correlated to the beam current and to the beam divergence. The progressive compensation of beamlet deflections (caused by electron suppression filter fields), with increasing voltage in the extraction gap, was studied.
Angular dependence of the critical current density in FeSe0.5Te0.5 thin films on metal substrates
Authors: Fan Fan , Zhang Xianping , Cai Chuanbing , Ma Yanwei 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Biaxially textured FeSe0.5Te0.5 (FST) thin films were fabricated on ion-beam assisted-deposition LaMnO3 (LMO) buffered metal substrate with additional CeO2 as a buffer layer. Profiting from the implementation of CeO2 layers, the resultant FST films show a small out-of-plane misalignment of about 2.04° and an in-plane misalignment around 4.02°. In addition, the films have a high superconducting transition temperature (T
c) ∼ 17 K and a comparatively high critical current density (J
c) of 0.78 MA cm−2 in self-field at 4.2 K. On the other hand, a high J
c peak for H//c above H//ab at temperatures below 10 K was observed, which results from grain boundaries along the c-axis. In addition, J
c peaks for H//ab emerge above 10 K and become more pronounced than those for H//c at 12 K, indicating both a temperature- and field-dependent pinning mechanism. Moreover, J
c(θ) data except for in the vicinity of H//ab and H//c can be successfully scaled using the anisotropic Ginzburg–Landau approach with an appropriate J
c anisotropy ratio of γJ

c ∼ 1.5, implying the presence of both ab-plane and c-axis correlated flux pinning centers in FST films.
Doubled J
c of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O
x
wires by partial melting and recrystallization heat treatment under 10 bar after vacuum degassing of the precursor powder and pre-densifying of the wires
Authors: Hao Q , Li C , Xu X , Jiao G , Liu G , Zheng H , Qin J , Jin L , Zhang S , Li G , Bai L , Feng J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Final heat treatment involving partial melting and recrystallization under a high pressure of 50–100 bar is not conducive to the preparation of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O
x
(Bi2212) magnets; it also greatly increases the cost of research into Bi2212 wires. To solve these problems, in this work a final heat treatment under 10 bar was used to prepare Bi2212 wires with a high bulk density and high critical current density (J
c). The ambient pressure of the final heat treatment in this paper is only one-fifth of that of the traditional overpressure for final heat treatment of Bi2212 wires. The J
c of the wires is more than 2.4 times higher than that of Bi2212 wires with a final heat treatment at 1 bar and is consistent with that of samples having a final heat treatment at the traditional 50–100 bar. The reason why the ambient pressure of the final heat treatment can be greatly reduced in this work is: (a) vacuum degassing of the precursor powder eliminated the adsorption and interstitial impurity gases in the long Bi2212 wires, and reduced the internal gas pressure of the wires; (b) pre-treatment at 800 °C and 250 bar compressed the Bi2212 wires to their full density. Thus, during the subsequent final heat treatment, the low ambient pressure of 10 bar can overcome the difference between the residual gas pressure inside the wires and the yield strength or creep strength of the Ag sheath, and prevent expansion of the internal gas in the wires, so that the Bi2212 wires are always close to full density. The ambient pressure of the final heat treatment in this paper needs to prevent the expansion of the Bi2212 wires not compress them, so the pressure can be very low. The 10 bar low pressure final heat treatment will solve the problems of the high cost of research into Bi2212 wires and the difficult overpressure heat treatment of Bi2212 magnets.
Realistic inflation in no-scale U(1)
R
symmetric flipped SU(5)
Authors: Abid Mian Muhammad Azeem , Mehmood Maria , Rehman Mansoor Ur , Shafi Qaisar 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We have realized non-minimal Higgs inflation and standard hybrid inflation in the supersymmetric flipped SU(5) model with U(1)
R
symmetry using the no-scale form of the Kähler potential. In non-minimal Higgs inflation the waterfall Higgs field plays the role of inflaton, and in standard hybrid inflation the gauge singlet field S is employed as an inflaton. The predictions of both models are in good agreement with the Planck 2018 data. For numerical calculations we have fixed the gauge symmetry breaking scale, M, around 2 × 1016 GeV. In both models the inflaton field values are constrained below mP
. The tensor to scalar ratio r in non-minimal inflation is of the order of 10-3 and for standard hybrid inflation r is tiny, of order 10-15–10-4. The scalar spectral index in both cases lie within the Planck 1-σ bounds, and the running of the scalar spectral index lies in the range, -dns
/d ln k ∼ 6 × 10-4 for non-minimal model and 10-9–10-3 for the standard hybrid model. A realistic scenario of reheating and non-thermal leptogenesis is employed with reheat temperature Tr
∼ 109 GeV for non-minimal model and 106–1010 GeV for standard hybrid model. The R-symmetry plays a vital role in forbidding rapid proton decay, but at the same time it also suppresses terms responsible for generating right handed neutrino masses. A realistic scenario of right handed neutrino masses is obtained by considering effective R symmetry breaking at the nonrenormalizable level with adequate suppression of rapid proton decay.
Performance of non-parametric reconstruction techniques in the late-time universe
Authors: Escamilla-Rivera Celia , Levi Said Jackson , Mifsud Jurgen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In the context of a Hubble tension problem that is growing in its statistical significance, we reconsider the effectiveness of non-parametric reconstruction techniques which are independent of prescriptive cosmological models. By taking cosmic chronometers, Type Ia Supernovae and baryonic acoustic oscillation data, we compare and contrast two important reconstruction approaches, namely Gaussian processes (GP) and the Locally weighted Scatterplot Smoothing together with Simulation and extrapolation method (LOESS-Simex or LS). In the context of these methods, besides not requiring a cosmological model, they also do not require physical parameters in their approach to their reconstruction of data (but they do depend on statistical hyperparameters). We firstly show how both GP and LOESS-Simex can be used to successively reconstruct various data sets to a high level of precision. We then directly compare both approaches in a quantitative manner by considering several factors, such as how well the reconstructions approximate the data sets themselves to how their respective uncertainties evolve. In light of the puzzling Hubble tension, it is important to consider how the uncertain regions evolve over redshift and the methods compare for estimating cosmological parameters at current times. For cosmic chronometers and baryonic acoustic oscillation compiled data sets, we find that GP generically produce smaller variances for the reconstructed data with a minimum value of σGP-min = 1.1, while the situation for LS is totally different with a minimum of σLS-min = 50.8. Moreover, some of these characteristics can be alleviate at low z, where LS presents less underestimation in comparison to GP.
Unprecedented threats to cities from multi-century sea level rise
Authors: Strauss Benjamin H , Kulp Scott A , Rasmussen D J , Levermann Anders 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A portion of human-caused carbon dioxide emissions will stay in the atmosphere for hundreds of years, raising temperatures and sea levels globally. Most nations’ emissions-reduction policies and actions do not seem to reflect this long-term threat, as collectively they point toward widespread permanent inundation of many developed areas. Using state-of-the-art new global elevation and population data, we show here that, under high emissions scenarios leading to 4 ∘C warming and a median projected 8.9 m of global mean sea level rise within a roughly 200- to 2000-year envelope, at least 50 major cities, mostly in Asia, would need to defend against globally unprecedented levels of exposure, if feasible, or face partial to near-total extant area losses. Nationally, China, India, Indonesia, and Vietnam, global leaders in recent coal plant construction, have the largest contemporary populations occupying land below projected high tide lines, alongside Bangladesh. We employ this population-based metric as a rough index for the potential exposure of the largely immovable built environment embodying cultures and economies as they exist today. Based on median sea level projections, at least one large nation on every continent but Australia and Antarctica would face exceptionally high exposure: land home to at least one-tenth and up to two-thirds of current population falling below tideline. Many small island nations are threatened with near-total loss. The high tide line could encroach above land occupied by as much as 15% of the current global population (about one billion people). By contrast, meeting the most ambitious goals of the Paris Climate Agreement will likely reduce exposure by roughly half and may avoid globally unprecedented defense requirements for any coastal megacity exceeding a contemporary population of 10 million.
Intrinsic winding of braided vector fields in tubular subdomains
Authors: Prior Christopher B , Yeates Anthony R 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Braided vector fields on spatial subdomains which are homeomorphic to the cylinder play a crucial role in applications such as solar and plasma physics, relativistic astrophysics, fluid and vortex dynamics, elasticity, and bio-elasticity. Often the vector field’s topology—the entanglement of its field lines—is non-trivial, and can play a significant role in the vector field’s evolution. We present a complete topological characterisation of such vector fields (up to isotopy) using a quantity called field line winding. This measures the entanglement of each field line with all other field lines of the vector field, and may be defined for an arbitrary tubular subdomain by prescribing a minimally distorted coordinate system. We propose how to define such coordinates, and prove that the resulting field line winding distribution uniquely classifies the topology of a braided vector field. The field line winding is similar to the field line helicity considered previously for magnetic (solenoidal) fields, but is a more fundamental measure of the field line topology because it does not conflate linking information with field strength.
The alarmin S100A12 causes sterile inflammation of the human chorioamniotic membranes as well as preterm birth and neonatal mortality in mice
Authors: Motomura Kenichiro , Romero Roberto , Plazyo Olesya , Garcia-Flores Valeria , Gershater Meyer , Galaz Jose , Miller Derek , Gomez-Lopez Nardhy 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSterile inflammation is triggered by danger signals, or alarmins, released upon cellular stress or necrosis. Sterile inflammation occurring in the amniotic cavity (i.e. sterile intra-amniotic inflammation) is frequently observed in women with spontaneous preterm labor resulting in preterm birth, the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide; this condition is associated with increased amniotic fluid concentrations of alarmins. However, the mechanisms whereby alarmins induce sterile intra-amniotic inflammation are still under investigation. Herein, we investigated the mechanisms whereby the alarmin S100A12 induces inflammation of the human chorioamniotic membranes in vitro and used a mouse model to establish a causal link between this alarmin and adverse perinatal outcomes. We report that S100A12 initiates sterile inflammation in the chorioamniotic membranes by upregulating the expression of inflammatory mediators such as pro-inflammatory cytokines and pattern recognition receptors. Importantly, S100A12 induced the priming and activation of inflammasomes, resulting in caspase-1 cleavage and the subsequent release of mature IL-1β by the chorioamniotic membranes. This alarmin also caused the activation of the chorioamniotic membranes by promoting MMP-2 activity and collagen degradation. Lastly, the ultrasound-guided intra-amniotic injection of S100A12 at specific concentrations observed in the majority of women with sterile intra-amniotic inflammation induced preterm birth (rates: 17% at 200 ng/sac; 25% at 300 ng/sac; 25% at 400 ng/sac) and neonatal mortality (rates: 22% at 200 ng/sac; 44% at 300 ng/sac; 31% at 400 ng/sac), thus demonstrating a causal link between this alarmin and adverse perinatal outcomes. Collectively, our findings shed light on the inflammatory responses driven by alarmins in the chorioamniotic membranes, providing insight into the immune mechanisms leading to preterm birth in women with sterile intra-amniotic inflammation.
Molecular trans-dural efflux to skull bone marrow in humans with CSF disorders
Authors: Ringstad Geir , Eide Per Kristian 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDural sinuses were recently identified as a hub for peripheral immune surveillance of brain-derived antigens cleared through CSF. However, animal studies have also indicated that substances and cells may enter the intracranial compartment directly from bone marrow.We used MRI and a CSF tracer to investigate in vivo whether intracranial molecules can move via dura to skull bone marrow in patients with suspicion of CSF disorders. Tracer enrichment in CSF, dural regions and within skull bone marrow was assessed up to 48 h after intrathecal administration of gadobutrol (0.5 ml, 1 mmol/ml) in 53 patients. In participants diagnosed with disease, tracer enrichment within diploe of skull bone marrow was demonstrated nearby the parasagittal dura, nearby extensions of parasagittal dura into diploe, and in diploe of skull bone remote from the dura extensions.This crossing of meningeal and skull barriers suggests that bone marrow may contribute in brain immune surveillance also in humans.
ECG-AI: electrocardiographic artificial intelligence model for prediction of heart failure
Authors: Akbilgic Oguz , Butler Liam , Karabayir Ibrahim , Chang Patricia P , Kitzman Dalane W , Alonso Alvaro , Chen Lin Y , Soliman Elsayed Z 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAimsHeart failure (HF) is a leading cause of death. Early intervention is the key to reduce HF-related morbidity and mortality. This study assesses the utility of electrocardiograms (ECGs) in HF risk prediction.Methods and resultsData from the baseline visits (1987–89) of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study was used. Incident hospitalized HF events were ascertained by ICD codes. Participants with good quality baseline ECGs were included. Participants with prevalent HF were excluded. ECG-artificial intelligence (AI) model to predict HF was created as a deep residual convolutional neural network (CNN) utilizing standard 12-lead ECG. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to evaluate prediction models including (CNN), light gradient boosting machines (LGBM), and Cox proportional hazards regression. A total of 14 613 (45% male, 73% of white, mean age ± standard deviation of 54 ± 5) participants were eligible. A total of 803 (5.5%) participants developed HF within 10 years from baseline. Convolutional neural network utilizing solely ECG achieved an AUC of 0.756 (0.717–0.795) on the hold-out test data. ARIC and Framingham Heart Study (FHS) HF risk calculators yielded AUC of 0.802 (0.750–0.850) and 0.780 (0.740–0.830). The highest AUC of 0.818 (0.778–0.859) was obtained when ECG-AI model output, age, gender, race, body mass index, smoking status, prevalent coronary heart disease, diabetes mellitus, systolic blood pressure, and heart rate were used as predictors of HF within LGBM. The ECG-AI model output was the most important predictor of HF.ConclusionsECG-AI model based solely on information extracted from ECG independently predicts HF with accuracy comparable to existing FHS and ARIC risk calculators.