bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Azo Coupling Reaction for indirect Spectrophotometric Determination of Furosemide using Resorcinol as a Reagent
Authors: Abdullah Ali I. , Abass Sumayha M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A simple and accurate method to determinate furosemide (FUR) based on converting the secondary amine to primary amine with acidic hydrolysis then azotization by nitrous acid and coupled with resorcinol as a coupling agent in aqueous medium at pH 13. The optical characteristic like beers law limit found to be (0.25-2.5) μg.ml−1, detection and quantification limits (0.0196) (0.0654) μg.ml−1respectivly and Sandel sensitivity was 0.006738 μg.cm−2. The least-square method was used to evaluate the regression equation and the correlation coefficient. The resulted azo dye has a maximum absorbance at 430 nm with light orange color. The developed method was successfully applied to determinate FUR in its formulation with 84-105 % as a recovery with a relative standard deviation not more 2% and less than 5% relative error. To validate the proposed method, the standard addition method was applied to evaluate FUR in different formulation sources.
Estimation of some active compounds in members from Cynareae tribe (Asteraceae) growing in central and northern Iraq
Authors: Hamad Wijdan S. A. , Al-Khesraji Talib O. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this study, 8 monoterpenes compounds (α-pinene, Camphor, Cineole, Limonene, Linalool, Myrcene, Sabinen and Terpinene) were identified in volatile oils or essential oils (EOs) from leaves and flowerheads, and total carotenoids from the flowerheads of 7 Cynareae taxa (Asteraceae) growing in Iraq were studied. Linalool is the main ingredient in all leaves of the studied species (ranging 12.3 - 13.4%), while the proportion of myrcine ranged (15.0-26.8%) in the flowerheads in the rest of the studied species Cineole in both plant parts exhibited the lowest amounts in all studied species. the flowerheads showed higher EOS contents than the leaves. In all species studied Centaurea Hyalolipids showed the highest EOs content compared to the other studied species. Centaurea benedicta showed the highest carotenoid content (15.96 mg/L) while Centaurea bruguieriana exhibited the lowest (8.88 mg/L).
Correlated reconstruction for the phase-only Fourier hologram with incoherent illumination
Authors: Zhao Ya-Nan , Zhang Su-Heng , Cui Wen-Le , Cao De-Zhong , Liang Bao-Lai 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Regarding a phase-only Fourier hologram, coherent illumination is required in its optical reconstruction. However, this requirement faces a challenge in lensless Fourier-transform correlated imaging with thermal sources. In this research, a correlated reconstruction scheme for the phase-only Fourier hologram with spatially incoherent illumination by utilizing intensity fluctuation correlation measurements is proposed. Numerical simulation and optical experiments were conducted to verify the feasibility of the correlated reconstruction scheme. Because the proposal requires neither a coherent light source nor a lens, holographic reconstruction can circumvent the limitation of the spatial coherence light source and the influence of lens aberrations.
Music in a global world
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
‘Music in a global world’ discusses the relationship of music to colonization and globalization. In the colonies music contributed to the legitimizing of hegemony, while at home it functioned as a means of representing foreign cultures, generally portraying them as both different and inferior. This illustrates how music can serve the ends of cultural and political ideologies, but it can equally be a means to neutralize, resist, or interrogate power. It can also be an instrument of modernization and nation building, as illustrated by the example of China. There are many examples of cross-cultural interaction and hybridization, ranging from classical and modernist music to the development and globalization of popular musics. In addition, there are a number of alternative conceptions of ‘world music’ that range from the commercial to the speculative. Looking again at the Prudential commercial shows the value of music in contemporary society.
Marketing: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Le Meunier-FitzHugh Kenneth 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Marketing: A Very Short Introduction provides a general overview of the function and importance of marketing to modern organizations. Marketing is pivotal in today’s world as it stands at the interface between customers and businesses, determining and responding to customer needs, while also providing competitor and customer information to an organization. This VSI discusses how marketing remains central to creating competitive advantage, and why it needs to be forward looking and constantly reinventing itself in line with new developments in the marketplace, such as the growth of social media. It also considers the importance of ethics and responsible marketing in a globalized world.
Segmentation, targeting, and positioning, and the role of branding
Authors: Le Meunier-FitzHugh Kenneth 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses marketing segmentation, targeting, and positioning, and considers the role of branding. Marketing segmentation ensures that the organization’s resources are directed at the customer segments that are going to provide the best returns. The four generic segmentation methods that are commonly used to group customers by their overall characteristics are described as: geographic, demographic, psychographic, and behavioural. Positioning concerns the act of designing the organization’s offering so that it occupies a distinct position within its customers’ minds. Meanwhile, the four types of targeted marketing strategies of undifferentiated, differentiated, focused, and customized are explored. Lastly, the importance of brand (an intangible asset of the organization that embodies their values) to marketing efforts is discussed.
Product, new product development, and service marketing
Authors: Le Meunier-FitzHugh Kenneth 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights the product (goods or services) that the organization provides to their customers to generate money by satisfying their needs. Product characteristics can be configured or manipulated to meet the needs of various target customer groups. The concept of the product lifecycle helps marketers to decide how and when to market various products to different target groups, and to decide when the offer needs to be refreshed or repositioned in the marketplace. The chapter then explores new product development (NPD), which is how and when existing products are replaced with an improved offer. It also considers the product portfolio or product mix; market/product growth strategies; and service marketing.
Penal law
Authors: Baderin Mashood A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
‘Penal law’ reviews Islamic penal law, the most controversial aspect of Islamic law that often prompts heated debate about its applicability in contemporary times. Classical Islamic law classifies crimes and their punishments into three main categories: hudūd, qisās, and ta’zīr. Substantively, the hudūd and qisās offences are specifically prescribed in the Qur’an and/or the Sunnah, while the ta’zīr offences are left to the discretion of the ruling authority or judges. There are a number of evidential requirements and standard of proving criminal offences under Islamic law. The classical Islamic penal rules are now codified into the current penal codes of a few Muslim-majority states, with necessary modifications.
Putting the Appropriator Back in Cultural Appropriation
Authors: Tuvel Rebecca 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper seeks to clear up the confusion surrounding debates over cultural appropriation. To do so, I argue for an agent-centred approach—a focus on appropriators more than appropriation. In my view, cultural misappropriation involves agents who exhibit disregard toward a relevant culture and its members. I argue further that this approach improves upon recent alternative philosophical approaches to cultural appropriation, which I divide into two camps: toleration-based and power-based.
Data Sources That Enumerate People Experiencing Homelessness in the United States: Opportunities and Challenges for Epidemiologic Research
Authors: Mosites Emily , Morris Sapna Bamrah , Self Julie , Butler Jay C 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Homelessness is associated with a multitude of poor health outcomes. However, the full extent of the risks associated with homelessness is not possible to quantify without reliable population data. Here, we outline 3 federal, publicly available data sources for estimating the number of people experiencing homelessness in the United States. We describe the appropriate uses and limitations of each data source in the context of infectious disease epidemiology. These data sources provide an opportunity to expand current research and develop actionable analyses.
Long-term physicochemical stability of acyclovir 5 mg/mL solution stored in polypropylene bags as a simulated hospital stock preparation
Authors: Legeron Rachel , Bougueon Guillaume , Berroneau Aude , De-Germay Sybille , Bernadou Jean-Marc , Djabarouti Sarah , Crauste-Manciet Sylvie , Xuereb Fabien 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Purpose
To investigate the long-term chemical and physical stability of 5-mg/mL acyclovir solution in polypropylene bags stored at 5°C ± 3°C for 2 months in order to determine the feasibility of batch production by a centralized intravenous additive service.

Methods
Eight empty 100-mL polypropylene bags (bags A) and 8 empty 250-mL bags (bags B) were respectively filled with 60 mL and 200 mL of 5-mg/mL acyclovir and 0.9% sodium chloride injection (NaCl) under aseptic conditions through a semiautomated manufacturing process and vacuum packed before storage at 5°C ± 3°C. Four bags A and 4 bags B were tested for chemical stability via a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method immediately after preparation (time 0) and after 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, and 63 days. Samples for microbiological assay were collected on days 0 and 63 from 4 bags A and 4 bags B immediately after breaking the vacuum. Osmolality, pH, and physical stability were assessed by visual examination, Subvisible particle counting was performed on 6 additional bags (3 each of bags A and B).

Results
Mean percentage loss of acyclovir relative to the mean experimental concentration at time 0 was below 5% over the 63-day study period.. No significant differences of pH, no change in color and no precipitate were observed during the study. Subvisible particle counts were compliant with European Pharmacopoeia requirements. Acyclovir solutions remained sterile over the 63 days of the study.

Conclusion
Extemporaneously prepared acyclovir 5 mg/mL solutions in 0.9% NaCl stored in polypropylene bags were chemically and physically stable over 63 days when stored at 5°C ± 3°C.
Moral worth and accidentally right actions
Authors: Coates Allen 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The reasons view holds that morally worthy actions are right actions motivated by the reasons that make them right. Opponents object that such actions are only accidentally right, and it is widely held that morally worthy actions cannot be accidentally right. My aim here is to defend the reasons view from this objection by considering conditional reasons. Once these reasons are in view, actions motivated by the reasons that make them right will no longer appear accidentally right.
Keywords: Moral worth; Moral reasons; Conditional reasons
Three founding ancestral genomes involved in the origin of sugarcane
Authors: Pompidor Nicolas , Charron Carine , Hervouet Catherine , Bocs Stéphanie , Droc Gaëtan , Rivallan Ronan , Manez Aurore , Mitros Therese , Swaminathan Kankshita , Glaszmann Jean-Christophe , Garsmeur Olivier , D’Hont Angélique 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsModern sugarcane cultivars (Saccharum spp.) are high polyploids, aneuploids (2n = ~12x = ~120) derived from interspecific hybridizations between the domesticated sweet species Saccharum officinarum and the wild species S. spontaneum.MethodsTo analyse the architecture and origin of such a complex genome, we analysed the sequences of all 12 hom(oe)ologous haplotypes (BAC clones) from two distinct genomic regions of a typical modern cultivar, as well as the corresponding sequence in Miscanthus sinense and Sorghum bicolor, and monitored their distribution among representatives of the Saccharum genus.Key ResultsThe diversity observed among haplotypes suggested the existence of three founding genomes (A, B, C) in modern cultivars, which diverged between 0.8 and 1.3 Mya. Two genomes (A, B) were contributed by S. officinarum; these were also found in its wild presumed ancestor S. robustum, and one genome (C) was contributed by S. spontaneum. These results suggest that S. officinarum and S. robustum are derived from interspecific hybridization between two unknown ancestors (A and B genomes). The A genome contributed most haplotypes (nine or ten) while the B and C genomes contributed one or two haplotypes in the regions analysed of this typical modern cultivar. Interspecific hybridizations likely involved accessions or gametes with distinct ploidy levels and/or were followed by a series of backcrosses with the A genome. The three founding genomes were found in all S. barberi, S. sinense and modern cultivars analysed. None of the analysed accessions contained only the A genome or the B genome, suggesting that representatives of these founding genomes remain to be discovered.ConclusionsThis evolutionary model, which combines interspecificity and high polyploidy, can explain the variable chromosome pairing affinity observed in Saccharum. It represents a major revision of the understanding of Saccharum diversity.
Blinking statistics and molecular counting in direct stochastic reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM)
Authors: Patel Lekha , Williamson David , Owen Dylan M. , Cohen Edward A. K. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMotivationMany recent advancements in single-molecule localization microscopy exploit the stochastic photoswitching of fluorophores to reveal complex cellular structures beyond the classical diffraction limit. However, this same stochasticity makes counting the number of molecules to high precision extremely challenging, preventing key insight into the cellular structures and processes under observation.ResultsModelling the photoswitching behaviour of a fluorophore as an unobserved continuous time Markov process transitioning between a single fluorescent and multiple dark states, and fully mitigating for missed blinks and false positives, we present a method for computing the exact probability distribution for the number of observed localizations from a single photoswitching fluorophore. This is then extended to provide the probability distribution for the number of localizations in a direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy experiment involving an arbitrary number of molecules. We demonstrate that when training data are available to estimate photoswitching rates, the unknown number of molecules can be accurately recovered from the posterior mode of the number of molecules given the number of localizations. Finally, we demonstrate the method on experimental data by quantifying the number of adapter protein linker for activation of T cells on the cell surface of the T-cell immunological synapse.Availability and implementationSoftware and data available at https://github.com/lp1611/mol_count_dstorm.Supplementary informationSupplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
CCmed: cross-condition mediation analysis for identifying replicable trans-associations mediated by cis-gene expression
Authors: Yang Fan , Gleason Kevin J. , Wang Jiebiao , Duan Jubao , He Xin , Pierce Brandon L. , Chen Lin S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Motivation
Trans-acting expression quantitative trait loci (eQTLs) collectively explain a substantial proportion of expression variation, yet are challenging to detect and replicate since their effects are often individually weak. A large proportion of genetic effects on distal genes are mediated through cis-gene expression. Cis-association (between SNP and cis-gene) and gene-gene correlation conditional on SNP genotype could establish trans-association (between SNP and trans-gene). Both cis-association and gene-gene conditional correlation have effects shared across relevant tissues and conditions, and trans-associations mediated by cis-gene expression also have effects shared across relevant conditions.

Results
We proposed a Cross-Condition Mediation analysis method (CCmed) for detecting cis-mediated trans-associations with replicable effects in relevant conditions/studies. CCmed integrates cis-association and gene-gene conditional correlation statistics from multiple tissues/studies. Motivated by the bimodal effect-sharing patterns of eQTLs, we proposed two variations of CCmed, CCmedmost and CCmedspec for detecting cross-tissue and tissue-specific trans-associations, respectively. We analyzed data of 13 brain tissues from the Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) project, and identified trios with cis-mediated trans-associations across brain tissues, many of which showed evidence of trans-association in two replication studies. We also identified trans-genes associated with schizophrenia loci in at least two brain tissues.

Availability and implementation
CCmed software is available at http://github.com/kjgleason/CCmed.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Trading Animal Lives: Ten Tricky Issues on the Road to Protecting Commodified Wild Animals
Authors: Macdonald David W , Harrington Lauren A , Moorhouse Tom P , D'Cruze Neil 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWildlife commodification can generate benefits for biodiversity conservation, but it also has negative impacts; overexploitation of wildlife is currently one of the biggest drivers of vertebrate extinction risk. In the present article, we highlight 10 issues that in our experience impede sustainable and humane wildlife trade. Given humanity's increasing demands on the natural world we question whether many aspects of wildlife trade can be compatible with appropriate standards for biodiversity conservation and animal welfare, and suggest that too many elements of wildlife trade as it currently stands are not sustainable for wildlife or for the livelihoods that it supports. We suggest that the onus should be on traders to demonstrate that wildlife use is sustainable, humane, and safe (with respect to disease and invasion risk), rather than on conservationists to demonstrate it is not, that there is a need for a broad acceptance of responsibility and, ultimately, widespread behavior change. We urge conservationists, practitioners, and others to take bold, progressive steps to reach consensus and action.
Impact of neoadjuvant chemotherapy on thrombus viability in patients with Wilms tumour and caval extension: systematic review with meta-analysis
Authors: Boam T D , Gabriel M , Shukla R , Losty P D 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
Inferior vena cava (IVC) tumour thrombus in children with Wilms tumour is typically managed with neoadjuvant chemotherapy with the intention of achieving thrombus regression in order to minimize the risks associated with complex vascular surgery.

Methods
A systematic review of Medline and Embase databases was undertaken to identify all eligible studies with reference to thrombus viability in Wilms tumour index cases with caval/cardiac extension. A meta-analysis of proportions was utilized for pooled thrombus viability data across studies. Logistic regression was used to analyse the relationship between thrombus viability and duration of chemotherapy.

Results
Thirty-five eligible observational studies and case reports met inclusion criteria describing a total of 236 patients with thrombus viability data. The pooled proportion of patients with viable tumour thrombus after neoadjuvant chemotherapy was 0.53 (0.43–0.63). Logistic regression analysis of 54 patients receiving either a standard (4–6 weeks) or extended (more than 6 weeks) course of neoadjuvant chemotherapy resulted in an odds ratio of 3.14 (95 per cent c.i. 0.97 to 10.16), P = 0.056, with extended course therapy trending towards viable tumour thrombus.

Conclusion
Preoperative chemotherapy is successful in achieving non-viability of caval and cardiac thrombi in around 50 per cent of children, without added benefit from extended cycles of neoadjuvant chemotherapy. Risks versus benefits of extirpative vascular surgery must be considered, therefore, for these high-risk patients.
MALAT1 Maintains the Intestinal Mucosal Homeostasis in Crohn’s Disease via the miR-146b-5p-CLDN11/NUMB Pathway
Authors: Li Ying , Zhu Liguo , Chen Peng , Wang Ying , Yang Guang , Zhou Gaoshi , Li Li , Feng Rui , Qiu Yun , Han Jing , Chen Baili , He Yao , Zeng Zhirong , Chen Minhu , Zhang Shenghong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsIntestinal homeostasis disorder is critical for developing Crohn’s disease [CD]. Maintaining mucosal barrier integrity is essential for intestinal homeostasis, preventing intestinal injury and complications. Among the remarkably altered long non-coding RNAs [lncRNAs] in CD, we aimed to investigate whether metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 [MALAT1] modulated CD and consequent disruption of intestinal homeostasis.MethodsMicroarray analyses on intestinal mucosa of CD patients and controls were performed to identify dysregulated lncRNAs. MALAT1 expression was investigated via qRT-PCR and its distribution in intestinal tissues was detected using BaseScope. Intestines from MALAT1 knockout mice with colitis were investigated using histological, molecular, and biochemical approaches. Effects of intestinal epithelial cells, transfected with MALAT1 lentiviruses and Smart Silencer, on monolayer permeability and apical junction complex [AJC] proteins were analysed. MiR-146b-5p was confirmed as a critical MALAT1 mediator in cells transfected with miR-146b-5p mimic/inhibitor and in colitis mice administered agomir-146b-5p/antagomir-146b-5p. Interaction between MALAT1 and miR-146b-5p was predicted via bioinformatics and validated using Dual-luciferase reporter assay and Ago2-RIP.ResultsMALAT1 was aberrantly downregulated in the intestine mucosa of CD patients and mice with experimental colitis. MALAT1 knockout mice were hypersensitive to DSS-induced experimental colitis. MALAT1 regulated the intestinal mucosal barrier and regained intestinal homeostasis by sequestering miR-146b-5p and maintaining the expression of the AJC proteins NUMB and CLDN11.ConclusionsDownregulation of MALAT1 contributed to the pathogenesis of CD by disrupting AJC. Thus, a specific MALAT1-miR-146b-5p-NUMB/CLDN11 pathway that plays a vital role in maintaining intestinal mucosal homeostasis may serve as a novel target for CD treatment.