Irreversibility analysis of the couple stress hybrid nanofluid flow under the effect of electromagnetic field
Authors: Gul Taza , Qadeer Abdul , Alghamdi Wajdi , Saeed Anwar , Mukhtar Safyan , Jawad Muhammad 
Published: May 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to consider the heat transportation together with irreversibility analysis for the flow of couple stress hybrid nanofluid past over a stretching surface. The innovative characteristics of this paper include electro-magnetohydrodynamic (EMHD) term, viscous dissipation, Joule heating and heat absorption\omission. The hybrid nanofluid is prepared due to the suspension of the solid nanoparticles of the single wall and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs and MWCNTs) in the blood for the testing purpose of heat transfer and drug deliveries. The experimental value of the Prandtl number used for the blood is 21 from the available literature and very large as compared to the Prandtl number of the other base fluids. Appropriate transformations are incorporated to convert the modeled partial differential equations into the nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The homotopy analysis method (HAM) is used to obtain the solution. The explanation for velocity, energy and entropy are exposed under the influence of various parameters such as E, M, k, Q, S and Ec. The numerical values are calculated and summarized for dimensionless Cf and Nu.

Design/methodology/approach
In this investigation, heat transportation together with irreversibility analysis for the flow of couple stress hybrid nanofluid past over a stretching surface is considered. The innovative characteristics of this paper include EMHD term, viscous dissipation, Joule heating and heat absorption\omission. The hybrid nanofluid is prepared due to the suspension of the solid nanoparticles of the SWCNTs and MWCNTs in the blood for the testing purpose of heat transfer and drug deliveries. The experimental value of the Prandtl number used for the blood is 21 from the available literature and very large as compared to the Prandtl number of the other base fluids. Appropriate transformations are incorporated to convert the modeled partial differential equations into the nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The HAM is used to obtain the solution. The explanation for velocity, energy and entropy are exposed under the influence of various parameters such as E, M, k, Q, S and Ec. The numerical values are calculated and summarized for dimensionless Cf and Nu.

Findings
The explanation for velocity, energy and entropy are exposed and the flow against various influential factors is discussed graphically. The numerical values are calculated and summarized for dimensionless In addition, the current study is compared for various values of to that published literature and an impressive agreement in terms of finding is reported. It has also been noticed that the and factors retards the hybrid nanofluid flow, while the temperature of fluid becomes upsurges by the rise in these factors.

Originality/value
This is examined while evaluating the previously discussed publications that study on EMHD aspects of magnetized Casson type hybrid nanofluid via entropy generation research is innovative but also acknowledging that the couple stress model challenged bilaterally on stretching surface has not yet been studied. So, there is an ongoing attempt to bridge such a space.