bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mobile Teleophthalmology Unit in Rural and Underserved Areas of South India
Authors: John Sheila , Allimuthu Lavanya , Kannan Ranjitha , BabuSekar Ramesh , Mathiyazahan Martin Manoj , Appasamy Padmavathy , Srinivasan Sangeetha 
Published: April 2021

Objective: Our objective was to provide an eye care service to rural and underserved areas in Chennai, Kanchipuram, and Thiruvallur districts of Tamil Nadu, South India.
Design: We conducted eye camps to provide ophthalmic services to the underserved and rural areas, where people cannot afford to go to a hospital due to lack of accessibility, lack of awareness, or financial constraints.
Setting: The study was conducted in rural and underserved areas of Thiruvallur, Chennai, and Kanchipuram districts from January 2015 to December 2019.
Participants: Patients (N = 1,05,827) underwent comprehensive eye examination in eye camps with the state-of-art ophthalmic equipment.
Main outcome measures: To report on the number of patients examined, number of eye disorders screened, and different types of ocular pathology screened, all clinical findings were recorded and all ocular images were uploaded in the electronic medical records. All patients with ocular diseases underwent teleconsultation with an ophthalmologist at the base hospital with internet connectivity. Video conferencing and teleconsultation were feasible only in areas with good internet connectivity.
Results: Over the 5-year study period, 1,05,827 patients underwent eye evaluation at 1,061 eye camps. Among these, 48,354 (45.7%) patients were males, 57,473 (54.3%) patients were females, 15,515 patients were emmetropes. The most common cause of avoidable blindness was uncorrected refractive error detected in 66,137 eyes, referable cataract was seen in 13,536 eyes, 2,491 eyes were identified to have retinal diseases, and there were 789 patients with only diabetic retinopathy, thus totaling to 3,280 comprising of all retinal disease. 2424 patients received teleconsultations. For further investigations and treatment, which were provided free of cost, patients were referred to the base hospital in Chennai. There were 6,309 patients who received free spectacles and an additional 31,192 patients received spectacles at a low cost; 13,536 patients had referable cataract and were referred to the base hospital for further evaluation and surgery.
Conclusions: Teleophthalmology holds great potential to overcome barriers, improve quality, access, and affordability to eye care, and has proven to be an innovative means of taking comprehensive eye care facilities to the doorsteps of rural India.
Exploratory evaluation of muscle strength and skin surface temperature responses to contemporary cryotherapy modalities in sport
Authors: Alexander Jill , Selfe James , Greenhalgh Olivia , Rhodes David 
Published: April 2021

BACKGROUND: The effects of contemporary cryo-compression devices on function are limited compared to traditional applications of cooling. Development of cooling protocols are warranted. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of three different cryo-compressive modalities applied at the knee on the isokinetic strength of the quadriceps over a re-warming period. METHODS: Eleven healthy male participants took part (23 [Formula: see text] 14 years; 78.3 [Formula: see text] 14.5 Kg; 180 [Formula: see text] 9.5 cm) randomly assigned to receive all modalities (Game Ready[Formula: see text] (GR), Swellaway[Formula: see text] (SA), Wetted Ice (WI)) applied for 15-min, separated by 1-week. Skin surface temperature (T[Formula: see text]) via thermography and the concentric peak moment (PM) of the quadriceps at 60 and 180[Formula: see text]/s were collected pre-, immediately-post and at 20-min post-intervention. RESULTS: Significant reductions occurred in T[Formula: see text] across all timepoints for all modalities ([Formula: see text] 0.05). Significant reductions in PM for WI were noted across all timepoints and PM for GR and SA immediately-post ([Formula: see text] 0.05) only. CONCLUSION: Precaution for immediately returning to sport following cryotherapy is required and influenced by type of cooling on muscle strength responses. Alternate targeted treatment modalities to minimise deferred deleterious effects on muscle strength may be considered. Research into length of application, periodisation and location is warranted for the development of such contemporary cryo-compressive modalities in applied practice.
Can the risk of epidemic of prediabetes and diabetes in Poland be reduced?
Authors: Pachocka L M 
Published: April 2021

<p><strong>ABSTRACT</strong><br />Prediabetes, i.e. impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), are associated with an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular deaths, dementia, and cancer (1-4). According to the recommendations of the Polish Diabetes Association, both pre-diabetes and diabetes are indications for lifestyle modification (5). The joint efforts of many specialists in various fields may slow down this epidemic of the 21st century. The aim of the study is to answer the question “Is it possible to reduce the risk of an epidemic of prediabetes and diabetes in Poland?”</p>
<p><strong>STRESZCZENIE</strong><br />Stan przedcukrzycowy (prediabetes), czyli nieprawidłowa glikemia na czczo (IFG) oraz nieprawidłowa tolerancja glukozy (IGT) jest związany ze zwiększonym ryzykiem rozwoju cukrzycy typu 2, zgonów z przyczyn sercowonaczyniowych, demencji oraz nowotworów (1-4). Według zaleceń Polskiego Towarzystwa Diabetologicznego zarówno stan przedcukrzycowy, jak i cukrzyca są wskazaniem do modyfikacji stylu życia (5). Wspólne działania wielu specjalistów z różnych dziedzin być może wyhamują tę epidemię XXI wieku.<br />Celem pracy jest znalezienie odpowiedzi na pytanie „Czy można zmniejszyć ryzyko epidemii stanu przedcukrzycowego i cukrzycy w Polsce?”</p>
EFL Teachers’ Code-switching in Post Lesson Discussion: A Window into English Supervision
Authors: ALKINDI AlGHALIYA , AHMAD ISMAIL SHEIKH 
Published: April 2021

Naturally, code-switching occurs in a normal conversation between bilingual speakers who are familiar with the spoken languages as an intellectual trans-languaging process. A puzzling process, still in a positive way, that has been under the attention of linguists for decades regardless of the ethnographic or geographic characteristics of the spoken languages and/or their speakers. This research study explored this phenomenon from a pedagogical aspect that is directly linked with the Omani teachers of English Language of Cycle One (C1) Muscat Basic Education Schools (BES) as native speakers of Arabic. For the first time, yet beyond the classroom borders, the issue of code-switching is locally tackled from the continuous professional development outlook; the post lesson discussion (PLD) or as also known, the post classroom observation discussion. Qualitatively, the researchers investigated this controversial phenomenon, in the world of foreign languages, from the perspective of the English Language Supervision; Supervisors and Senior Supervisors, in specific, in relation to its functions and the driving reasons, potential pros and cons and how it could be handled properly. The findings of this case study address future educational implications to the best practices of the PLD interaction language as well as to promote heightened understanding of the C1 EFL teachers’ code-switching nature to manage it for the greater good of their continuous professional development (CPD).
Application and Justification of Eclectic Approach (an Innovative Teaching Style) for ELT Practitioners in both Private and Public Universities in Bangladesh
Authors: Summa Sumya Alam 
Published: April 2021

The use of modern innovative techniques is an essential requirement for language pedagogy. One single method cannot meet all the needs of learners in language teaching. The purpose of this paper is to figure out the contextual application of eclecticism and compare two perspectives of learning which relates to public and private educational institutions. (Reference: both AIUB and BSMRSTU where I had been teaching for years). This study intends to draw the picture of real-life teaching experiences in both private and public universities. My focus will be on justification of practicing all four skills, specially listening and speaking skill through eclecticism. It is all about a teacher’s unique innovations and his/her own creations to cover up all skills in one lesson. To conduct this research, a comparative study based of literature review was done to find out real problems of each institution. Some new innovative techniques and activities have been applied in learning and acquiring English in my classroom. All the students were given some tasks and they were asked to follow some instructions given. They became interested to accomplish all the tasks and learn lessons promptly. My goal is to talk about how successful a teacher can be to introduce a new technique. For example, teachers are suggested here to practice on the basis of ‘realia’ like playing and listening songs and music videos as innovative texts to exercise on all for skills. At last, the general purpose of this paper is to discuss a very authentic new technique, its future implications, results, problems and solutions. To talk about these, limitations of all other single methods and some current practices will be mentioned to investigate learners’ needs on the basis of “Needs Analysis”. Some solutions will be suggested at the very end of this paper.
An Investigation of the English Vocabulary Knowledge of Lower Secondary Students: A Case Study of a Malaysian School
Authors: Mayadi Noor Syahira Noor , Yamat Hamidah 
Published: April 2021

This preliminary study aimed to investigate the vocabulary level of lower secondary students in Kedah, specifically in a school located at a sub-urban area. The purpose was to gather the base data for a study on the effectiveness of using audio-visual materials in enhancing students’ vocabulary. In this preliminary study, quantitative approach was employed to identify the vocabulary level of the secondary school students. The samples consisted of 30 Form 1 students from a sub-urban school in Kepala Batas, Kedah, Malaysia. A vocabulary checklist was used to identify their knowledge of vocabulary and a vocabulary test was used to identify their vocabulary levels. The finding of this study shows that the students are at intermediate level on vocabulary knowledge. Based on this finding, the researcher will be able to conduct a suitable activity according to the students’ vocabulary knowledge for the study on the effectiveness of using audio-visual materials in enhancing students’ vocabulary.
Translation Technique of “Red Herring” as a Conversation Topic Change in Big Little Lies Novel by Liane Moriarty
Authors: Prihartanti Gandis Octya , M. R. Nababan  , Djatmika  
Published: April 2021

Through this paper, the authors expose “Red Herring” as a kind of logical fallacy used to change conversation topic caused by sensitive topics that attack someone’s face. The authors choose qualitative research design since format data is presented by words. Thus, the utterances in Big Little Lies novel by Liane Moriarty are selected as data. To collect the data, the authors applied a documentary study which covers document analysis and Focus Group Discussion (FGD). FGD is done by raters who have capability of translation studies and linguistics whose role is to recognize translation technique and assess translation qualities as well. There are 10 translation techniques that are used for “Red Herring.” Moreover, after the calculation, the results for translation qualities are as follows 2.96 (accuracy), 2.88 (acceptability), and 2.92 (readability). The translation technique that affects Red Herring’s quality score of accuracy is literal. Meanwhile, borrowing translation technique affects the acceptability and readability score. Although there are translation aspects whose scores are reduced due to translation techniques, its quality is still relatively good. It is because of the majority of translation techniques which are used do not have this impact.
The Impact of Students’ Proficiency in English on Science Courses in a Foundation Year Program
Authors: Kadwa Mohammed Siddique , Alshenqeeti Hamza 
Published: April 2021

English plays a crucial role in determining a student’s academic success and career path in Saudi Arabia. This is one of the reasons why all Saudi Arabian universities offer mandatory foundation year programs to university entrants. The assumption is that if a student has high proficiency levels in the English language, the student will be able to meet the challenges and demands of other science courses that are taught in the English language in the first-year program as well as the subsequent bachelor's programs. In order to prepare students for academic success, the trend at Saudi Arabian universities is to use US or UK publishers to provide the resources for its curriculum which is based on the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). This study investigates the relationship between Saudi Arabian university students’ English language levels and their performance in science courses in a foundation year program. Using Oxford University’s Q: Skills Placement Test, quantitative data is used to establish the students’ language levels according to the internationally accepted CEFR scales. The scores were then correlated with students’ overall averages in the science courses. Data was gathered over a period of five academic years and statistical analyses were conducted using Pearson’s Correlation Coefficient formula and scatter plots. The findings and conclusions have serious implications for curriculum designers at Saudi Arabian universities as well as institutions of higher learning in the Middle East and the Arab world.
Man-Woman Conflict in Selected Carlos Palanca: Award Winning Plays of the 1980’s
Authors: Ibrahim Bai Salam Macapia 
Published: April 2021

The study attempted to help shape a fuller and deeper understanding of man-woman relationships and its attendant tensions, complications and intricacies seen and refracted through the feminist perspective and psychoanalytic lens. To achieve this objective, three selected Palanca award winning plays in the Philippines were critically examined to this end: The Chieftain’s Daughter by Felix Clemente, Celadons by Dhelia Racines, and Brisbane by Bobby Flores Villasis. Freudian psychoanalytic criticism and feminist perspective guided the analysis and interpretation of the text. It aimed to identify the type of man-woman conflicts in each play and the literary devices which are employed in the plays. It also aimed to examine the confluence factors which underlie the conflicts and the insights into the man-woman relationship conveyed by the selected plays. Based on the analysis, among the devices used to highlight the conflict were dialectics and symbolism. Some of the underlying factors which affect the conflicts were the pressure of traditional value and practices, greed, and insecurities. Thus, this study unveiled the nature of gender and conflict and the understanding of the man-woman relationships through the intervention or mediation of literature.
Pidgin Language at Present: The Alternative Language for Nigerian Contemporary Performing Artists
Authors: Rukaye OHWONOHWO Titus , Ebele CHIEDU Rosemary 
Published: April 2021

Pidgin language (PL) is cardinal o many Nigerians especially in the South-South region, where the language is mostly used. The pidgin language is mostly employed to solve the issues of language difficulties in terms of usage. This is because of the enormous population of illiterates in Nigeria. The pidgin language is for everybody: the educated, uneducated, rich, poor, etc. The way it is used in Nigeria and elsewhere does not require one going to school to study it before one can actually speak it. It is a fast-growing language in Nigeria. New lexical items are brought into the province of the language daily especially by Nigerian musicians from the Niger-Delta and Lagos areas. The pidgin language that has been frowned at decades ago is now a contemporary communicative instrument used by different people and for different purposes. This paper, therefore, seeks to demonstrate that pidgin language plays a prevailing role than English Language in Nigeria these days. The paper goes further to state that in the absence of the pidgin language, disseminating messages through songs will not get to the actual target.
Linguistic Features of Kakawing Speeches: A Critical Discourse Analysis
Authors: Pantao Alyanah 
Published: April 2021

This study took a serious and more probing look at one of the most interesting and well-developed art forms – i.e. Meranaw orature, rhetoric, or public speaking, specifically ceremonial speeches delivered at formal occasions during weddings. The study is qualitative and ethnographicas as it involved participant-observation. Using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) as enunciated by Norman Fairclough (1995) and Textual Analysis of Teun Van Dijk (1998), this study aimed to identify the linguistic features of the ceremonial speeches and discover the values reflected that shaped the ideology of the Meranaws. The values dicoveres were classified to three frameworks-social, political and religious.The findings revealed that Meranaw speech is rich with islamic lexicons that praises Allah, compliments and honorifics, lietmotifs, local words, idiomatics expression and figures of speech which describes the nature of marriage and its relevance in Meranaw society. The study revealed that the values identified defined and shaped what is essential among the Meranaws-the concept of Bangsa (clan). Marriage among the Meranaws is not just a union between the bride and groom but the union of the clans to maintan the status que of the family and preserve purity of the blood line. Marriage is used to impower and elevate the status of the family through kathothonganaya (close family ties), kapagisa-isa (unity) and kambatabata (tightening relationship).
Role of Short Stories in EFL Classes
Authors: Luis Chiossa Luis 
Published: April 2021

The research seeks to investigate why most teachers at Cristiano Paulo Secondary School are not using short stories in English Language Teaching despite the fact that they know the importance of short stories, and suggest techniques to increase the use of short stories in ELT (English Language Teaching). The study will take place in Niassa Province, specifically at Cristiano Paulo Taimo Secondary School – Lichinga. The sample of this study will be students and teachers of English of grade 12 of the school aforementioned and will be determined through simple random sampling, mixed approach will be the approach in use for this study and data for this study will be collected through questionnaires and observation. 2 teachers of English and 10 students of grade 12 participated in the survey study. The data will be analyzed through statistics and themes. Searching for practical ways to improve students’ English language skills is a real concern for all English teachers. There is a consensus among English Language Teaching practitioners regarding the significance of reading for learning new languages, since reading gives depth to language learning (Stern, 2001). Therefore, teachers are obligated to provide their students with interesting and suitable texts to read. Real stories are by far more interesting and involving than scientific and historical texts. Thus, the researcher expects that this study will help teachers to improve the teaching of English Language through short stories and students will be able to develop speaking skills.
A Study of Vocabulary Learning Strategies and their Effect on Vocabulary Development
Authors: Nagodavithana Sunimali , Premarathne Kaushika 
Published: April 2021

Language learners use Vocabulary Learning Strategies to learn new words or to consolidate the meaning of words they have already learnt. This paper presents findings of a study conducted to examine the vocabulary learning strategies (VLS) used by English as a second language (ESL) learners when learning English at tertiary level, in Sri Lanka. The aim of the study was to gain a better understanding of VLS used by ESL learners with the view of adopting better vocabulary teaching methods in the classroom. The study made use of a questionnaire, a vocabulary learning activity and a delayed post-test to obtain data. Schmitt’s (1997) taxonomy of vocabulary learning strategies was utilized in categorizing the data collected. The research brought to light the common strategies used by learners when learning the meaning of unfamiliar words in the target language and the strategies used by them when recalling the meaning of already learnt words. The results show that when students fall back on their mother tongue to learn and retain the meaning of target language vocabulary it impedes the vocabulary learning process, the development of reading skills and target language proficiency.
Pragmatic Analysis of ex-President Donald Trump’s interviews and its relation with the Grice’s (1975) Cooperative Principle
Authors: Kwarteng Michael 
Published: April 2021

This analytical-descriptive paper investigates the violation and the keeping of Grice's (1975) cooperative principles (CPs) in an interview between some American Journalists and former President Donald Trump. The study involved the observation and analysis of ten Donald Trump’s interviews in the context and content of racism, coronavirus, election, politics, leadership and social relation that were randomly selected via YouTube. Its aim was to assess critically the violation and the keeping of Grice's (1975) cooperative principles (CPs) and its maxims, the speech act theory, and also improve upon interlocutor’s communication skills. Also, pragmatically, the current study examines the perlocutionary effect of utterances on interlocutors and listeners in general, and further investigates a new way of understanding speakers' non-cooperative and cooperative attitude and their violation of Cooperative Principles and its maxims throughout the communication process. The research sample was solely analyzed through conversational implicature and the consideration of Grice’s four propounded maxims under cooperative principle, as well as the speech act theory. According to the results, speakers' uncooperative attitude is mostly influenced by psychological factors like frustration, irritation, nervousness, anxiety, conflict of interest, and other factors such as politeness, cheap praise, lack of adequate information, entertainment, and sometimes deliberate violation. It was also revealed that language users do sometimes cooperate most often than not due to the perlocutionary effect on listeners and themselves. Besides, interlocutors sometimes violate some maxims, because they have least or no idea about the consequences of their responses on their listeners as well as themselves. Also, it was evident that, albeit speakers might not be aware of Grice’s maxims and its Cooperative principles yet they habitually conform to it in communication process. The study recommends a deeper way for readers understanding of Paul Grice’s CP and its maxims, the speech act theory, and also improve upon their communication skills. In summary, it recommends that communicators, language learners, teachers and linguists are to be mindful about their diction and its consequences on their participants and the society as a whole.