bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disruption of the circadian rhythms and its relationship with pediatric obesity
Authors: Kawai Masanobu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe circadian clock system is an evolutionarily conserved system by which organisms adapt their metabolic activities to environmental inputs, including nutrient availability. The disruption of this system has been pathogenically linked to the disintegration of metabolic homeostasis, leading to the development of metabolic complications, including obesity. Lifestyle factors that disrupt this system have been found to be associated with the development of metabolic disorder, which is most evidenced by the finding that shift workers are at an increased risk of developing various disorders, such as obesity and obesity‐related complications. Lifestyle factors that contribute to a misalignment between the internal clock system and environmental rhythms have also been identified in children. A short sleep duration and skipping breakfast are prevalent in children and there is mounting evidence that these factors are associated with an increased risk of pediatric obesity; however, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated in detail. Our current understanding of the impact of lifestyle factors that cause a misalignment between the internal clock system and environmental rhythms on the development of pediatric obesity is summarized herein, with a discussion of potential mechanistic factors.
Effect of flunixin meglumine treatment during and after embryo transfer on the pregnancy rate in cattle
Authors: Karasahin Tahir , Alkan Hasan , Satilmis Fatma , Dursun Sukru , Erdem Huseyin 
Published: September 2021

ContentsThis study aimed to determine the effect of flunixin meglumine treatment during and after the transfer of in vivo produced embryos to Angus (cows) and Holstein (cows and heifers) breeds of cattle on pregnancy rate. Holstein cows were used as donors in the study. A double dose of prostaglandin F2α was administered to the recipient animals for synchronization. Uterine flushing was performed in donors on day 7 after artificial insemination. A total of 295 transferable embryos were obtained. These embryos were transferred to Angus cows (n = 85), Holstein heifers (n = 80) and Holstein cows (n = 130). After the transfer, these animals were divided into three subgroups. The first subgroup (TI) was administered flunixin meglumine during embryo transfer, and the second subgroup (TII) was administered flunixin meglumine both during embryo transfer and on days 8 and 9 after the transfer. The third subgroup (TIII) was not administered anything and it was considered the control group. Pregnancy examination of the recipients was performed on days 30–35 after the transfer using real‐time ultrasonography. The pregnancy rates after embryo transfer were found to be 43.52% in Angus cows, 42.5% in Holstein heifers, and 24.61% in Holstein cows (p < .05). When the animals were not classified according to breed, the pregnancy rates in subgroups TI, TII and TIII were found to be 29.29%, 45.10% and 29.79%, respectively (p < .05). In addition, the pregnancy rates were higher in TII and TIII subgroups of Angus cows and Holstein heifers compared to that of Holstein cows (p < .05). As a result, the pregnancy rates obtained after embryo transfer in Angus cows and Holstein heifers were found to be higher than that in Holstein cows. In addition, it was concluded that the administration of flunixin meglumine during and during/after embryo transfer has a positive effect on pregnancy rates in Angus cows and Holstein heifers.
A Downscaling Approach to Compare COVID-19 Count Data from Databases Aggregated at Different Spatial Scales
Authors: Python Andre , Bender Andreas , Blangiardo Marta , Illian Janine B. , Lin Ying , Liu Baoli , Lucas Tim C.D. , Tan Siwei , Wen Yingying , Svanidze Davit , Yin Jianwei 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
As the COVID-19 pandemic continues to threaten various regions around the world, obtaining accurate and reliable COVID-19 data is crucial for governments and local communities aiming at rigorously assessing the extent and magnitude of the virus spread and deploying efficient interventions. Using data reported between January and February 2020 in China, we compared counts of COVID-19 from near-real-time spatially disaggregated data (city level) with fine-spatial scale predictions from a Bayesian downscaling regression model applied to a reference province-level data set. The results highlight discrepancies in the counts of coronavirus-infected cases at the district level and identify districts that may require further investigation.
Sports elites, counter‐stereotypical statements, and immigration attitudes
Authors: Wilkinson Betina Cutaia , Michelson Melissa R. , Webster Alexis 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectivePolitical and social elite rhetoric can have a robust impact on individuals’ policy stances, particularly when recipients of persuasive messages share an in‐group identity with the messenger and when the information is counter‐stereotypical. In this study, we build on Harrison and Michelson's (2017) theory of dissonant identity priming (TDIP) and examine an understudied topic, the effectiveness of National Football League (NFL) elite pro‐immigration statements in shifting individuals’ perspectives on immigration topics.MethodsWe explore this question using two unique randomized survey experiments, one conducted face‐to‐face with residents of Winston‐Salem, North Carolina, and one using a national Internet‐based sample.ResultsWe find little support for our expectation that counter‐stereotypical messages on immigration and immigrants delivered by NFL elites can be effective in shaping the views of their shared in‐groups (those who are NFL fans or those who share their race).ConclusionWhile TDIP can explain individuals’ shift in support of same‐sex marriage, we cannot say the same for the effectiveness of sports elites’ statements on immigration and immigrants.
Behaviors of a Hole-Pattern Seal With Wet-Gas
Authors: Zhang Min , Childs Dara W. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Hole-pattern (HP) seals are widely used in centrifugal compressors to control leakage. This paper investigates the behaviors of an HP with wet-gas mixtures. The mixture consists of oil and air with inlet liquid volume fraction (LVF) up to 8%. Injecting oil into the air stream increases the leakage mass flowrate. Direct stiffness K is frequency-dependent and increases with increasing excitation frequency Ω. Injecting oil into the airflow makes this stiffening effect more pronounced. At low frequencies, increasing inlet LVF shows no appreciable impact on K; however, as Ω increases, the effects of changing LVF become more pronounced; i.e., at high frequencies, increasing LVF increases K. The effective damping Ceff value at half of the running speed is indicative of the system stability because many compressor rotors frequently show instabilities at ∼50% of the running speed. At 50% of the running speed, Ceff is positive, and it increases with increasing inlet LVF. Predictions based on San Andrés's (2011) homogenous-mixture bulk-flow model show a good agreement with test results for leakage mass flowrate, K, and the Ceff value near 50% of the running speed. When Ω = 0.5ω, the predicted value of Ceff is smaller than the measured value by ∼12.5%, giving a safe margin for the compressor design.
Factors associated with severe respiratory syncytial virus disease in hospitalised children: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Anderson Jeremy , Oeum Michelle , Verkolf Eva , Licciardi Paul V , Mulholland Kim , Nguyen Cattram , Chow Kim , Waller Gregory , Costa Anna-Maria , Daley Andrew , Crawford Nigel W , Babl Franz E , Duke Trevor , Do Lien Anh Ha , Wurzel Danielle 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundEarly recognition of children at risk of severe respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) lower respiratory tract infection is important as it informs management decisions. We aimed to evaluate factors associated with severe disease among young children hospitalised with RSV infection.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort study of all children <2 years of age hospitalised for RSV lower respiratory tract infection at a single tertiary paediatric hospital over three RSV seasons (January 2017–December 2019). We classified children as having ‘moderate’ or ‘severe’ disease based on the level of respiratory intervention and used univariable and multivariable regression models to determine factors associated with severe disease.ResultsOf 970 hospitalised children, 386 (40%) were classified as having ‘severe’ and 584 (60%) as having ‘moderate’ RSV disease. On multivariable analyses, age <2 months (OR: 2.3, 95% CI 1.6 to 3.3, p<0.0001), prematurity (OR: 1.6, 95% CI 1.1 to 2.4, p=0.02) and RSV–parainfluenza virus type 3 (PIV3) codetection (OR: 2.6, 95% CI 1.05 to 6.5, p=0.04) were independently associated with severe disease.ConclusionYounger age, prematurity and PIV3 codetection were associated with severe RSV disease in children <2 years of age hospitalised with RSV infection. The association between PIV3 and severe RSV disease is a novel finding and warrants further investigation.
Screening and prevention of colorectal cancer
Authors: Kanth Priyanka , Inadomi John M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Mortality from colorectal cancer is reduced through screening and early detection; moreover, removal of neoplastic lesions can reduce cancer incidence. While understanding of the risk factors, pathogenesis, and precursor lesions of colorectal cancer has advanced, the cause of the recent increase in cancer among young adults is largely unknown. Multiple invasive, semi- and non-invasive screening modalities have emerged over the past decade. The current emphasis on quality of colonoscopy has improved the effectiveness of screening and prevention, and the role of new technologies in detection of neoplasia, such as artificial intelligence, is rapidly emerging. The overall screening rates in the US, however, are suboptimal, and few interventions have been shown to increase screening uptake. This review provides an overview of colorectal cancer, the current status of screening efforts, and the tools available to reduce mortality from colorectal cancer.
A household-based community health worker programme for non-communicable disease, malnutrition, tuberculosis, HIV and maternal health: a stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trial in Neno District, Malawi
Authors: Wroe Emily B , Nhlema Basimenye , Dunbar Elizabeth L , Kulinkina Alexandra V , Kachimanga Chiyembekezo , Aron Moses , Dullie Luckson , Makungwa Henry , Chabwera Benson , Phiri Benson , Nazimera Lawrence , Ndarama Enoch P L , Michaelis Annie , McBain Ryan , Brown Celia , Palazuelos Daniel , Lilford Richard , Watson Samuel I 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundCommunity health worker (CHW) programmes are a valuable component of primary care in resource-poor settings. The evidence supporting their effectiveness generally shows improvements in disease-specific outcomes relative to the absence of a CHW programme. In this study, we evaluated expanding an existing HIV and tuberculosis (TB) disease-specific CHW programme into a polyvalent, household-based model that subsequently included non-communicable diseases (NCDs), malnutrition and TB screening, as well as family planning and antenatal care (ANC).MethodsWe conducted a stepped-wedge cluster randomised controlled trial in Neno District, Malawi. Six clusters of approximately 20 000 residents were formed from the catchment areas of 11 healthcare facilities. The intervention roll-out was staggered every 3 months over 18 months, with CHWs receiving a 5-day foundational training for their new tasks and assigned 20–40 households for monthly (or more frequent) visits.FindingsThe intervention resulted in a decrease of approximately 20% in the rate of patients defaulting from chronic NCD care each month (−0.8 percentage points (pp) (95% credible interval: −2.5 to 0.5)) while maintaining the already low default rates for HIV patients (0.0 pp, 95% CI: −0.6 to 0.5). First trimester ANC attendance increased by approximately 30% (6.5pp (−0.3, 15.8)) and paediatric malnutrition case finding declined by 10% (−0.6 per 1000 (95% CI −2.5 to 0.8)). There were no changes in TB programme outcomes, potentially due to data challenges.InterpretationCHW programmes can be successfully expanded to more comprehensively address health needs in a population, although programmes should be carefully tailored to CHW and health system capacity.
Attitudes, stressors and work outcomes related to the COVID-19 pandemic among dental assistants in Germany: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Dreher Annegret , Pietrowsky Reinhard , Loerbroks Adrian 
Published: September 2021

ObjectivesThe COVID-19 pandemic has posed great challenges to medical professionals worldwide. Dental assistants (DAs) are at exceptionally high risk of infection with SARS-CoV-2 due to frequent and close patient contact and involvement in various high-risk dental procedures. This study aimed to investigate attitudes, stressors and work outcomes among DAs from all over Germany at the peak of cases in spring 2020.DesignCross-sectional study. Descriptive analysis and logistic regression.SettingDental, maxillofacial surgery and orthodontic practices across Germany, April 2020.ParticipantsParticipants aged 18 years and above and currently working as DAs in Germany.Primary and secondary outcome measuresA self-devised online questionnaire was employed comprising questions on SARS-CoV-2-related attitudes, stressors and work outcomes. Validated scales assessed symptoms of depression and anxiety.ResultsAmong 1481 participating DAs (median age 35 years, 98.4% female, 91.8% working in dental practices), major stressors were uncertainty about the pandemic’s temporal scope (97.9% agreement, n=1450), uncertainty about one’s financial situation (87.8%, n=1301), uncertainty about how to act correctly (87.6%, n=1298) and thoughts about a possible infection during work (83.8%, n=1241). Forty-two per cent of DAs (n=622) felt sufficiently prepared for dealing with patients with SARS-CoV-2. Only 17.5% (n=259) agreed that material for personal protection was sufficiently available. Multivariable logistic regression analyses suggested that working in a dental practice, compared with orthodontic and maxillofacial surgery practices, was significantly associated with uncertainty about one’s financial situation (OR 2.13 (95% CI 1.33 to 3.44)) and with the reported availability of personal protective equipment (PPE) (0.55 (0.36 to 0.84)).ConclusionsTraining about correct behaviour of DAs during future infectious disease outbreaks is needed, especially for DAs working in dental practices. In the future, it will also be necessary to strengthen supply chains to ensure that PPE is sufficiently available in a timely manner.
Treatment patterns and survival outcomes for patients with non-small cell lung cancer in the UK in the preimmunology era: a REAL-Oncology database analysis from the I-O Optimise initiative
Authors: Snee Michael , Cheeseman Sue , Thompson Matthew , Riaz Majid , Sopwith Will , Lacoin Laure , Chaib Carlos , Daumont Melinda J , Penrod John R , Hall Geoff 
Published: September 2021

ObjectivesTo report characteristics, treatment and overall survival (OS) trends, by stage and pathology, of patients diagnosed with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) at Leeds Teaching Hospital NHS Trust in 2007–2018.DesignRetrospective cohort study based on electronic medical records.SettingLarge NHS university hospital in Leeds.Participants3739 adult patients diagnosed with incident NSCLC from January 2007 to August 2017, followed up until March 2018.Main outcome measuresPatient characteristics at diagnosis, treatment patterns and OS.Results34.3% of patients with NSCLC were clinically diagnosed (without pathological confirmation). Among patients with known pathology, 45.2% had non-squamous cell carcinoma (NSQ) and 33.3% had squamous cell carcinoma (SQ). The proportion of patients diagnosed at stage I increased (16.4%–27.7% in 2010–2017); those diagnosed at stage IV decreased (57.0%–39.1%). Surgery was the most common initial treatment for patients with pathologically confirmed stage I NSCLC. Use of radiotherapy alone increased over time in patients with clinically diagnosed stage I NSCLC (39.1%–60.3%); chemoradiation increased in patients with stage IIIA NSQ (21.6%–33.3%) and SQ (24.2%–31.9%). Initial treatment with systemic anticancer therapy (SACT) increased in patients with stages IIIB–IV NSQ (49.0%–67.5%); the proportion of untreated patients decreased (30.6%–15.0%). Median OS improved for patients diagnosed with stage I NSQ and SQ and stage IIIA NSQ over time. Median OS for patients with stages IIIB–IV NSQ and SQ remained stable, <10% patients were alive 3 years after diagnosis. Median OS for clinically diagnosed stages IIIB–IV patients was 1.2 months in both periods.ConclusionsOS for stage I and IIIA patients improved over time, likely due to increased use of stereotactic ablative radiation, surgery (stage I) and chemoradiation (stage IIIA). Conversely, OS outcomes remained poor for stage IIIB–IV patients despite increasing use of SACT for NSQ. Many patients with advanced-stage disease remained untreated.
Multimorbidity and mortality in an older, rural black South African population cohort with high prevalence of HIV findings from the HAALSI Study
Authors: Wade Alisha N , Payne Collin F , Berkman Lisa , Chang Angela , Gómez-Olivé F Xavier , Kabudula Chodziwadziwa , Kahn Kathleen , Salomon Joshua A , Tollman Stephen , Witham Miles , Davies Justine 
Published: September 2021

ObjectivesMultimorbidity is associated with mortality in high-income countries. Our objective was to investigate the relationship between multimorbidity (≥2 of the following chronic medical conditions: hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, anaemia, HIV, angina, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, alcohol dependence) and all-cause mortality in an older, rural black South African population. We further investigated the relationship between HIV multimorbidity (HIV as part of the multimorbidity cluster) and mortality, while testing for the effect of frailty in all models.DesignPopulation cohort study.SettingAgincourt subdistrict of Mpumalanga province, South Africa.Participants4455 individuals (54.7% female), aged ≥40 years (median age 61 years, IQR 52–71) and resident in the study area.Primary and secondary outcome measuresThe primary outcome measure was time to death and the secondary outcome measure was likelihood of death within 2 years of the initial study visit. Mortality was determined during annual population surveillance updates.Results3157 individuals (70.9%) had multimorbidity; 29% of these had HIV. In models adjusted for age and sociodemographic factors, multimorbidity was associated with greater risk of death (women: HR 1.72; 95% CI: 1.18 to 2.50; men: HR 1.46; 95% CI: 1.09 to 1.95) and greater odds of dying within 2 years (women: OR 2.34; 95% CI: 1.32 to 4.16; men: OR 1.51; 95% CI: 1.02 to 2.24). HIV multimorbidity was associated with increased risk of death compared with non-HIV multimorbidity in men (HR 1.93; 95% CI: 1.05 to 3.54), but was not statistically significant in women (HR 1.85; 95% CI: 0.85 to 4.04); when detectable, HIV viral loads were higher in men (p=0.021). Further adjustment for frailty slightly attenuated the associations between multimorbidity and mortality risk (women: HR 1.55; 95% CI: 1.06 to 2.26; men: HR 1.36; 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.82), but slightly increased associations between HIV multimorbidity and mortality risk.ConclusionsMultimorbidity is associated with mortality in this older black South African population. Health systems which currently focus on HIV should be reorganised to optimise identification and management of other prevalent chronic diseases.
Economic burden of road traffic injuries in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review of existing literature
Authors: Ryan-Coker Marcella Farrelle Dorothea , Davies Justine , Rinaldi Giulia , Hasselberg Marie , Marke Dennis H , Necchi Marco , Haghparast-Bidgoli Hassan 
Published: September 2021

ObjectiveThis systematic review aims to explore and synthesise existing literature on the direct and indirect costs from road traffic injuries (RTIs) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), the quality of existing evidence, methods used to estimate and report these costs, and the factors that drive the costs.MethodologyMEDLINE, SCOPUS, ProQuest Central, Web of Science, Global Index Medicus, Embase, World Bank Group e-Library, Econlit, Google Scholar and WHO webpages were searched for relevant literature. References of selected papers were also examined for related articles. Screening was done following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Articles were included in this review if they were published by March 2019, written in English, conducted in SSA and reported original findings on the cost of illness or economic burden of RTIs. The results were systematically examined, and the quality assessed by two reviewers using a modified Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) checklist.ResultsEleven studies met the inclusion criteria. RTIs can cost between INT$119 and 178 634 per injury and INT$486 and 12 845 per hospitalisation. Findings show variability in costing methods and inadequacies in the quality of existing evidence. Prolonged hospital stays, surgical sundries and severity of injury were the most common factors associated with cost.ConclusionWhile available data are limited, evidence shows that the economic burden of RTIs in SSA is high. Poor quality of existing evidence and heterogeneity in costing methods limit the generalisability of costs reported.
Cohort profile: The ‘Children’s Health in Care in Scotland’ (CHiCS) study—a longitudinal dataset to compare health outcomes for care experienced children and general population children
Authors: Allik Mirjam , Brown Denise , Taylor Browne Lūka Courtney , Macintyre Cecilia , Leyland Alastair H , Henderson Marion 
Published: September 2021

PurposeThe Children’s Health in Care in Scotland Cohorts were set up to provide first population-wide evidence on the health outcomes of care experienced children (CEC) compared with children in the general population (CGP). To date, there are no data on how objective health outcomes, mortality and pregnancies for CEC are different from CGP in Scotland.ParticipantsThe CEC cohort includes school-aged children who were on the 2009/2010 Scottish Government’s Children Looked After Statistics (CLAS) return and on the 2009 Pupil Census (PC). The children in the general population cohort includes those who were on the 2009 PC and not on any of the CLAS returns between 1 April 2007 and 31 July 2016.Findings to dateData on a variety of health outcomes, including mortality, prescriptions, hospitalisations, pregnancies, and Accident & Emergency attendances, were obtained for the period 1 August 2009 to 31 July 2016 for both cohorts. Data on socioeconomic status (SES) for both cohorts were available from the Birth Registrations and a small area deprivation measure was available from the PC. CEC have, on average, lower SES at birth and live in areas of higher deprivation compared with CGP. A higher proportion of CEC have recorded events across all health data sets, and they experienced higher average rates of mortality, prescriptions and hospitalisations during the study period. The reasons for contacting health services vary between cohorts.Future plansAge-standardised rates for the two cohorts by sex and area deprivation will be calculated to provide evidence on population-wide prevalence of main causes of death, reasons for hospitalisation and types of prescription. Event history analysis will be used on matched cohorts to investigate the impact of placement histories and socioeconomic factors on health.