bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and synthesis of thermosensitive block resin as carrier for immobilization of penicillin G acylase
Authors: Tu Hongyi , Liu Donglei , Chen Zhenbin , Liu Chunli 
Published: November 2021

Purpose
Using a reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer reaction, a series of resins were prepared by using N, N-diethyl acrylamide (DEA), poly (ß-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) as hydrophilic blocks and poly (glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) as hydrophobic blocks (and as a target for immobilizing penicillin G acylase [PGA]) and the low critical solution temperature (LCST) of which could be adjusted by changing the segment length of blocks.

Design/methodology/approach
To make the catalytic conversion temperature of immobilized PGA fallen into the temperature range of the sol state of thermosensitive block resin, a type of thermosensitive block resin, i.e. PDEA-b-PHEMA-b-PGMA (DHGs) was synthesized to immobilize PGA, and the effect of segment order of block resin was investigated on the performance of PGA.

Findings
Carrier prepared with monomers molar ratio of n(DEA) : n(HEMA): n(GMA) = 100: 49: 36 presented loading capacity (L) and enzyme activity recovery ratio (Ar) of 110 mg/g and 90%, respectively, and a block resin with LCST value of 33 °C was essential for keeping higher Ar of PGA.

Originality/value
PGA has become an important biocatalyst in modern chemistry industry. However, disadvantages include difficulty in separation, poor repeatability and high cost, which limits the scope of PGA applications. The effective method is to immobilize the enzyme to the carrier, which could overcome the disadvantage of free enzyme.
Are consumers willing to pay for in‐vitro meat? An investigation of naming effects
Authors: Asioli Daniele , Bazzani Claudia , Nayga Rodolfo M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCurrently, there is an ongoing debate about whether ‘in‐vitro meat’ (IVM) should be labelled and communicated differently from conventional meat. Naming and labelling IVM can have significant implications and consequences for consumers’ acceptance of this new product as well as for future labelling policies. We provide, for the first time, information on how the use of different terms (i.e., ‘cultured’, ‘lab‐grown’ and ‘artificial’) shapes US consumers’ preferences and marginal willingness to pay for IVM. Using a choice experiment involving chicken meat products that vary across four attributes (i.e., production method, carbon trust label, antibiotics use and price), our results show that consumers prefer chicken meat produced through the conventional production method and tend to generally reject IVM. However, the term ‘cultured’ is less disliked than the terms ‘lab‐grown’ and ‘artificial’, and ‘artificial’ is less disliked than ‘lab‐grown’. Results also indicate that consumers’ valuations are heterogeneous over differing consumer attitudes. Our findings provide insights into the psychology of consumers’ level of acceptance and attitudes, which can be useful in communicating the nature of the IVM to the public. They also have important implications for future labelling policies.
Chromosome‐level genome assembly of the Chinese three‐keeled pond turtle (Mauremys reevesii) provides insights into freshwater adaptation
Authors: Liu Jianjun , Liu Siqi , Zheng Kai , Tang Min , Gu Liping , Young James , Wang Ziming , Qiu Yeyan , Dong Jinxiu , Gu Shengli , Xiong Lei , Zhou Ruanbao , Nie Liuwang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMauremys reevesii is an endangered freshwater turtle that symbolizes longevity in Chinese culture. Despite its importance, genetic studies of this species remain limited, with no genomic sequence reported to date. Here, we report a high‐quality, chromosome‐level genomic sequence of M. reevesii obtained using a combination of Nanopore and Hi‐C sequencing technologies. The 2.37 Gb M. reevesii genome was assembled from a total of ~226.80 Gb of Nanopore sequencing data. The M. reevesii genome contig N50 is 34.73 Mb, the highest value in published turtle genomes. In total, 18,238 genes were functionally annotated. The contigs were clustered and ordered onto 27 pseudochromosomes covering ~96.55% of the genome assembled with Hi‐C data. To explore genome evolution, synteny analysis was performed between M. reevesii (freshwater turtle) and Gopherus evgoodei (terrestrial turtle) genomes. In general, each chromosome of M. reevesii corresponded to one chromosome of Gopherus evgoodei, but some interchromosomal rearrangements occurred between the two species based on the assembled genomes. These interchromosomal rearrangements were further confirmed by mapping of the long‐read nanopore data to the assembly. The reconstructed demographic history showed varied effective population size among freshwater, marine and terrestrial turtles. We also discovered expansion of genes related to the innate immune system in M. reevesii that may provide defence against freshwater pathogens. The high‐quality genomic sequence provides a valuable genetic resource for further studies of genetics and genome evolution in turtles.
Signaling versus Auditing
Authors: Bester Helmut , Lang Matthias , Li Jianpei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe analyze a competitive labor market in which workers signal their productivities through education, and firms have the option of auditing to learn workers' productivities. Audits are costly and non‐contractible. We characterize the trade‐offs between signaling by workers and costly auditing by firms. Auditing is always associated with (partial) pooling of worker types, and education is used as a signal only if relatively few workers have low productivity. Our results feature new auditing patterns and explain empirical observations in labor economics like wage differentials and comparative statics of education choices. Our analysis applies also to other signaling problems, for example, the financial structure of firms, warranties, and initial public offerings.
Mig‐6 could inhibit cell proliferation and induce apoptosis in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Cui Yuantao , Kang Ying , Zhang Peng , Wang Yuanguo , Yang Zhaoyu , Lu Chao , Zhang Peng 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundTo investigate the expression and biological functions of mitogen‐induced gene 6 (Mig‐6) in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).MethodsThe expression of Mig‐6 in ESCC tissues and normal esophageal epithelial tissues were measured by immunohistochemistry (IHC) assay. MTT test was applied to detect the proliferative ability of ESCC cells after Mig‐6 was upregulated by transfection. A fluid cytology assay was used to detect apoptosis of ESCC cells. Agilent whole human genome oligo microarray was used to screen different expressed genes and the possible signaling pathways which might be involved.ResultsThe expression of Mig‐6 protein was lower in ESCC tissues compared to normal esophageal epithelial tissues. Mig‐6 could restrain the ESCC cell growth and induce cell apoptosis. PPAR, CAMs and MAPK signaling pathways might be involved.ConclusionsMig‐6 might be a new tumor suppressor gene and a possible target for the specific therapy of ESCC.
Leveraging dynamic norms to reduce alcohol use among college students: A proof‐of‐concept experimental study
Authors: Graupensperger Scott , Lee Christine M. , Larimer Mary E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundNorm‐correcting interventions are an effective alcohol harm‐reduction approach, but innovation is needed to increase modest effect sizes. Recent social psychology research shows that individuals may be influenced by social norms that are increasing in prevalence. Contrary to static norms that reflect the current state of normative behavior, dynamic norms reflect behavioral norms that are shifting over time. This proof‐of‐concept study tested the utility of dynamic norms messages within norm‐correcting interventions.MethodUndergraduate student drinkers (N = 461; Mage = 19.97; 64.43% female) were randomly assigned to receive (a) dynamic norms messages highlighting a steady decrease over the past six years in heavy drinking among college students; (b) static norms messaging stating only the current norms; or (c) a control condition without normative information. Proximal outcomes assessed immediately following the experimental paradigm included intentions for total weekly drinks and heavy episodic drinking. Self‐reported information on alcohol use behavior was collected at 1‐month follow‐up.ResultsFollowing the experimental paradigm, participants in the dynamic norms condition estimated that future drinking norms would decrease, while those in the static norms and control groups estimated that future drinking norms would increase. Participants in the dynamic norms condition reported lower intentions for weekly drinks and heavy episodic drinking than those in the static norms and control conditions. No significant differences between conditions were found on alcohol use indices reported at the 1‐month follow‐up. However, dynamic norms messaging had a favorable indirect effect on heavy episodic drinking intentions mediated through lower perceived future drinking norms.ConclusionsThese findings provide proof‐of‐concept that dynamic norms messaging may be a prudent strategy for reducing alcohol use intentions, which can be integrated into or used alongside existing norm‐correcting strategies.
Clinical implications of retinal oximetry in retinal vein occlusion: a review
Authors: Belamkar Aditya V. , Jabbehdari Sayena , Harris Alon , Hajrasouliha Amir R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurposeTo review retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and its relationship with retinal oxygen saturation via automated retinal oximetry in eyes with RVO.MethodsA literature review was performed in PubMed and Medline until October 2021 utilizing specific keywords and cross‐matched reference lists.ResultsThis review found RVO to be associated with risk factors including age, hypertension, cardiovascular and metabolic conditions, male gender, and glaucoma. These may be attributed to a breakdown of regulatory processes in the retina. Retinal venous oxygen saturation (SvO2) and arteriovenous difference in eyes with central RVO have been found to be reduced and elevated, respectively. The literature indicates variable and contradictory findings in regard to branch RVO and retinal oxygenation. Additionally, ischaemic eyes have been found to have elevated retinal arterial oxygen saturation; however, the literature reports variable results regarding SvO2 levels. Medications have been suggested to increase SvO2 in RVO eyes, which may represent an important mechanism for disease management. Ranibizumab is currently the most studied drug for retinal oxygenation in RVO and has been suggested to increase SvO2 in RVO eyes. In comparison, dexamethasone was found to decrease SvO2.ConclusionThe current literature on retinal oxygenation in ischaemic subtypes of RVO and in drug therapies is minimal, and further work is required to expand upon our understanding of how ischaemia and drugs influence retinal oxygenation and clinical outcomes.
Specific dento‐craniofacial characteristics in non‐syndromic children can predispose to sleep‐disordered breathing
Authors: Hansen Camilla , Markström Agneta , Sonnesen Liselotte 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAimTo ascertain and illustrate specific clinical dento‐craniofacial characteristics associated with sleep‐disordered breathing (SDB) in non‐syndromic children.MethodsNarrative review of literature on SDB, dental occlusion and craniofacial morphology retrieved through online literature database search for these terms. The review focused on clinical examples and graphical illustrations in order to ascertain the association between dento‐craniofacial characteristics and SDB. Only publications concerning healthy non‐syndromic children without any somatic or psychological diagnosis were included.ResultsDento‐craniofacial characteristics such as anterior open bite, large overjet, cross bite and facial appearance such as convex profile due to mandibular retrognathia and inclination, narrow and high palate can predispose to SDB in non‐syndromic children. Furthermore, extended head posture, mouth breathing and general adenoidal face may be symptoms or predisposing factors to SDB in non‐syndromic children.ConclusionDento‐craniofacial characteristics as anterior open bite, large overjet due to mandibular retrognathia, cross bite, and narrow and high palate can predispose to SDB in non‐syndromic children. Facial characteristics predisposing to SDB can be a convex facial profile, extended head posture, mouth breathing and general adenoidal face. Interdisciplinary collaboration between medical doctors and dentists can prove valuable in diagnostics, prevention and treatment of SDB in non‐syndromic children.
Large qualitative sample and thematic analysis to redefine student dropout and retention strategy in open online education
Authors: Greenland Steven J. , Moore Catherine 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOpen online education experiences persistently high dropout rates, and the efficacy of dropout interventions has been questioned. Despite considerable research, dropout reasons are not fully understood, and further in‐depth investigation has been called for. Prior qualitative retention studies have frequently relied on smaller samples that are unable to generate deeper appreciation of dropout reasons. Over 200 in‐depth interviews were therefore conducted with students that had dropped out of open online education. The probability‐based qualitative sample facilitated capture of subthemes down to a 5% incidence level or frequency of occurrence. Thematic analysis revealed 41 subthemes within 10 broad dropout reasons. While the broad dropout themes have been identified previously, the subthemes are new and provide richer understanding. This study also captured students' suggestions for what might have prevented their dropout. Thematic analysis identified 19 subthemes within 5 broad intervention themes that respond to the root dropout causes. Many intervention subthemes address personal and learner context dropout factors that have often been considered uncontrollable and unavoidable. This paper therefore redefines dropout in open online education and offers new insights for improving retention. It also provides a strategic framework for evaluating dropouts and prioritising student‐informed interventions that respond to the main dropout causes.Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topicPersistently high open online education dropout suggests existing interventions are ineffective.Prior qualitative retention studies identified the main dropout reasons, but small sample sizes failed to generate deeper insights and more in‐depth investigation has been called for.What this paper addsA probability‐based qualitative sample of 226 participants captured dropout subthemes down to a 5% level of incidence or frequency of occurrence.Thematic analysis identified 41 subthemes, within 10 broad dropout reasons. These subthemes are new and offer richer understanding.Thematic analysis also identified 19 subthemes within 5 broad dropout intervention areas that students suggested could have prevented their dropout. These include new insights for addressing dropout causes that have often previously been considered unavoidable.Implications for practice and/or policyThe strategic framework provides a retention management approach that prioritises responding to the main dropout causes with student‐informed interventions.This approach and the deeper understanding afforded by robust qualitative investigation should help reduce persistently high dropout rates.
Intention to adhere to test, trace, and isolate during the COVID‐19 pandemic (the COVID‐19 Rapid Survey of Adherence to Interventions and Responses study)
Authors: Smith Louise E. , Potts Henry W. W. , Amlȏt Richard , Fear Nicola T. , Michie Susan , Rubin G. James 
Published: November 2021

Objectives(1) To investigate factors associated with intention to self‐isolate, request a test, and share details of close contacts when required. (2) To determine whether associations were stronger during periods when less stringent national COVID‐19 restrictions were in place.DesignSeries of cross‐sectional nationally representative surveys. We selected survey waves where different national restrictions were in place in England (first lockdown, summer release, second lockdown, third lockdown).MethodsWe investigated whether psychological factors and increased out‐of‐home activity in the last week were associated with intention to self‐isolate and request a test if you were to develop COVID‐19 symptoms, and intention to share details of contacts if you were to test positive. We also investigated whether the strength of associations differed by timepoint in the pandemic.ResultsIntention to self‐isolate, request a test and share details of contacts were associated with greater perceived risk of COVID‐19 to people in the United Kingdom, knowing that COVID‐19 transmission can be asymptomatic, and agreeing that personal behaviour has an impact on COVID‐19 transmission. There were few differences in strength of associations by timepoint suggesting these effects are broadly stable over time.ConclusionsPsychological factors were associated with intention to adhere to key components of the contact tracing system; there was no evidence for an association with increased out‐of‐home activity. Messages that increase knowledge that COVID‐19 can be transmitted even if someone does not have symptoms and that an individual’s actions can contribute to the spread of the virus may promote engagement with the test, trace, and isolate system.
Reduced‐dose bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) in an era of BCG shortage: real‐world experience from a tertiary cancer centre
Authors: Lobo Niyati , Bree Kelly K. , Hensley Patrick J. , Nogueras‐Gonzalez Graciela M. , Abraham Prasanth , Navai Neema , Dinney Colin P. , Kamat Ashish M. 
Published: November 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of one‐third‐dose (1/3D) bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) on oncological outcomes in a large cohort of patients with non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) treated with adequate BCG (as defined by the US Food & Drug Administration (FDA)) in a real‐world setting.Patients and MethodsWe performed an institutional review board‐approved review of patients with NMIBC treated with adequate BCG at our institution between 2000 and 2020. Patients were stratified according to whether they had received 1/3D BCG or full‐dose (FD) BCG. Time to recurrence, time to progression and cancer‐specific survival were estimated using Kaplan–Meier methods.ResultsOf 563 patients with NMIBC treated with adequate BCG, 150 (26.6%) received 1/3D and 413 (73.4%) received FD. The use of 1/3D BCG did not adversely affect time to recurrence (P = 0.449) or time to progression (P = 0.716), and this remained consistent when patients were stratified by individual 2021 European Association of Urology (EAU) prognostic factor risk groups. Cancer‐specific survival was similar in patients receiving 1/3D and those receiving FD BCG (P = 0.320).ConclusionThe use of 1/3D BCG was not associated with adverse oncological outcomes in a large cohort of patients receiving adequate BCG for intermediate‐ and high‐risk NMIBC. Based on this real‐world experience, risk‐stratified split‐vial dosing may represent a valuable approach for other institutions facing BCG shortages whilst also providing reassurance to patients who may be concerned about suboptimal outcomes.
Application of artificial intelligence to overcome clinical information overload in urological cancer
Authors: Stenzl Arnulf , Sternberg Cora N. , Ghith Jenny , Serfass Lucile , Schijvenaars Bob J.A. , Sboner Andrea 
Published: November 2021

ObjectiveTo describe the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in medical literature and trial data extraction, and its applications in uro‐oncology. This bridging review, which consolidates information from the diverse applications of AI, highlights how AI users can investigate more sophisticated queries than with traditional methods, leading to synthesis of raw data and complex outputs into more actionable and personalised results, particularly in the field of uro‐oncology.MethodsLiterature and clinical trial searches were performed in PubMed, Dimensions, Embase and Google (1999–2020). The searches focussed on the use of AI and its various forms to facilitate literature searches, clinical guidelines development, and clinical trial data extraction in uro‐oncology. To illustrate how AI can be applied to address questions about optimising therapeutic decision making and individualising treatment regimens, the Dimensions‐linked information platform was searched for ‘prostate cancer’ keywords (76 publications were identified; 48 were included).ResultsAI offers the promise of transforming raw data and complex outputs into actionable insights. Literature and clinical trial searches can be automated, enabling clinicians to develop and analyse publications expeditiously on complex issues such as therapeutic sequencing and to obtain updates on documents that evolve at the pace and scope of the landscape. An AI‐based platform inclusive of 12 trial databases and >100 scientific literature sources enabled the creation of an interactive visualisation.ConclusionAs the literature and clinical trial landscape continues to grow in complexity and with increasing speed, the ability to pull the right information at the right time from different search engines and resources, while excluding social media bias, becomes more challenging. This review demonstrates that by applying natural language processing and machine learning algorithms, validated and optimised AI leads to a speedier, more personalised, efficient, and focussed search compared with traditional methods.
Multiple sounds degrade the frequency representation in monkey inferior colliculus
Authors: Willett Shawn M. , Groh Jennifer M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHow we distinguish multiple simultaneous stimuli is uncertain, particularly given that such stimuli sometimes recruit largely overlapping populations of neurons. One commonly proposed hypothesis is that the sharpness of tuning curves might change to limit the number of stimuli driving any given neuron when multiple stimuli are present. To test this hypothesis, we recorded the activity of neurons in the inferior colliculus while monkeys made saccades to either one or two simultaneous sounds differing in frequency and spatial location. Although monkeys easily distinguished simultaneous sounds (~90% correct performance), the frequency selectivity of inferior colliculus neurons on dual‐sound trials did not improve in any obvious way. Frequency selectivity was degraded on dual‐sound trials compared to single‐sound trials: neural response functions broadened and frequency accounted for less of the variance in firing rate. These changes in neural firing led a maximum‐likelihood decoder to perform worse on dual‐sound trials than on single‐sound trials. These results fail to support the hypothesis that changes in frequency response functions serve to reduce the overlap in the representation of simultaneous sounds. Instead, these results suggest that alternative possibilities, such as recent evidence of alternations in firing rate between the rates corresponding to each of the two stimuli, offer a more promising approach.