bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating firearm examiner conclusion variability using cartridge case reproductions
Authors: Law Eric F. , Morris Keith B. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe forensic science pattern comparison areas, including fingerprints, footwear, and firearms, have been criticized for their subjective nature. While much research has attempted to move these disciplines to more objective methods, examiners are still coming to conclusions based on their own training and experience. To complement this subjectivity, black box studies are necessary to establish the accuracy of these feature‐comparison methods. However, when cartridges are fired by a firearm to create cartridge case test sets there may be significant variability within the resulting impressions. This can result in different participants receiving test sets with varying levels of difficulty based on differences in impression quality. Therefore, comparison of accuracy between examiners is not straightforward. To compare accuracy between examiners, a method called double‐casting was used to create plastic cartridge case reproductions. Double‐casts of twenty‐one test sets of master cartridge cases were created and mailed to firearm examiners. The double‐casts ensured that all participants were comparing exhibits with the same level of detail. The examiners were tasked with determining if the unknown cartridge case in each set was fired by the same firearm as the three knowns. Automated comparisons were also used to compare the cartridge cases within each set. The results from this study showed that there are differences in examiner conclusions when examining the same evidence. Furthermore, it was shown that automated comparison metrics would benefit examiners as a quality control measure to correct any potential errors and strengthen conclusions.
Effects of microwave vacuum drying on the moisture migration, microstructure, and rehydration of sea cucumber
Authors: He Xiu , Lin Rong , Cheng Shasha , Wang Siqi , Yuan Lijing , Wang Haitao , Wang Huihui , Tan Mingqian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEffectsof microwave vacuum drying (MVD) on moisture migration, microstructure, and rehydration of sea cucumber were investigated in this paper. Vacuum condition avoided the exposure of sea cucumber to high temperature. Low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation results revealed that the peaks of three water components in sea cucumber shifted to short relaxation time during MVD process, and the peak area of major water component—immobilized water—decreased significantly due to water evaporation. Magnetic resonance imaging found that the water in the internal layer of sea cucumber body wall was first removed due to the internal heating of microwave, and then the water in the outer layer. Higher microwave power could promote the moisture transfer motion during drying process, and shorten the drying time. Porous microstructure was observed by Cryo scanning electronic microscope images in sea cucumber dried with microwave power of 200 and 250 W, which might be responsible for high values of rehydration ratio and water holding capacity. High microwave power caused the increase of amino acids content, but had no significant effect on the change of saponins content. In addition, excellent prediction models of moisture ratio have been developed by partial least squares regression analysis based on transverse relaxation data, which proved the feasibility of low‐field nuclear magnetic resonance to monitor moisture changes of sea cucumber during MVD process.Practical ApplicationEffects of microwave vacuum drying (MVD) on moisture migration, microstructure, and rehydration of sea cucumber were investigated. Understanding the impacts of MVD drying on water status, texture, and nutritional characteristics of sea cucumber is important to improve the processing quality of dried sea cucumber.
On optimum dynamic temperature profiles for thermal inactivation kinetics determination
Authors: Giannakourou Maria C. , Saltaouras Konstantinos‐Philip , Stoforos Nikolaos G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDetermination of inactivation kinetics, associated with thermal processing of foods and obtained from dynamic temperature experiments, requires carefully designed experiments, the primary element being the selection of the appropriate temperature profile along with a carefully planned sampling schedule. In the present work, a number of different dynamic temperature profiles were investigated in terms of their ability to generate accurate kinetic parameters with low confidence intervals (CIs). Although alternative models have been also tested, our work was concentrated on thermal inactivation kinetics that could be described by the classicalD‐zvalues. A pair ofDandzvalues was assumed, and for each temperature profile tested, concentration data at different processing times were generated through the appropriate models. Next, an error (up to ±2.5% or ±5%) was introduced on these theoretical values to generate pseudo‐experimental data, and the back‐calculation of the assumed kinetic parameters by non‐linear regression was performed. The accuracy and the 95% CIs of the estimated kinetic parameters were evaluated; joint confidence regions were also constructed to investigate parameters correlation. The effect of temperature profile pattern, level of error, number of experimental points, and reference temperature was assessed. A stepwise increasing and a single triangle‐pattern temperature profile were the best profiles among those tested. As a general observation, based on different kinetic models investigated, temperature profiles and sampling intervals that result in concentration versus time diagrams having shapes as suggested by the primary model used when isothermally applied are not considered appropriate for parameter estimation.
First Discovery ofDicerorhinus sumatrensisfrom Yanjinggou Provides Insights into the Pleistocene Rhinocerotidae of South China
Authors: CHEN Shaokun , PANG Libo , YAN Yaling , WEI Guangbiao , YUE Zongying 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Rhinocerotidae is one of the most common and important families in the Pleistocene mammalian fauna of South China. Since the last century, most of the Pleistocene rhinocerotid fossils were prematurely assigned toRhinoceros sinensis, which has resulted in confusion of taxonomy for decades, especially in South China. The Yanjinggou area in Chongqing Municipality of China, where the neotype ofR. sinensiscame from, has yielded abundant rhinocerotid fossils and is a key area to solve this problem. A recently discovered juvenile skull from a karstic fissure in this area can be referred toDicerorhinus sumatrensis(Fischer, 1814), which is the first confirmed non‐Rhinocerosrhinocerotid from the area. This new finding indicates that non‐Rhinocerosfossils might have been mixed in AMNH collection from Yanjinggou and thus the diagnosis ofRhinoceros sinensisneeds reformation. On the other hand,Stephanorhinus?kirchbergensisis also detected in Granger's collection based on our reobservation. The coexistence ofRhinoceros, DicerorhinusandStephanorhinusshows the higher diversity of Pleistocene rhinocerotids in South China.
Origin of Shallow Jurassic Heavy Oils in the Northwestern Margin of the Junggar Basin, NW China: Constraints from Molecular, Isotopic and Elemental Geochemistry
Authors: HUANG Shaohua , QIN Mingkuan , Xu Qiang , LIU Zhangyue 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOil group separation, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis of saturated hydrocarbons, carbon isotope analysis of fractions and tests on trace elements were all carried out to determine the origin of shallow Jurassic heavy oils in the northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin, northwestern China. Results showed that all the crude oils had been subjected to different degrees of biodegradation, on an order ranging from PM 6 to 9, which yielded many unresolved complex mixtures (UCM) and formed a huge spike in the mass chromatogram (M/Z = 85). Two heavy oils from the Karamay area underwent slight biodegradation, characterized by the consistent ratios of biomarker parameters. C21/C23 and C23/H of the two samples were 0.81 and 0.85, while G/H, C27/C29 and C28/C29 were 0.38 and 0.40, 0.16 and 0.27, 0.87 and 0.86, respectively. The isomerization parameters of terpane and steranes were 0.50–0.53, and 0.48–0.49, respectively. The above geochemical indices indicated that the crude oils in the study area were in the marginally mature stage. The parent materials were a mixture, consisting of bacteria, algae and some higher plants, formed under reducing depositional conditions, which is in agreement with the source rocks of the Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu depression. The carbon isotopic compositions of saturated hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, NSO and asphaltene were –31‰– to –30.3‰, –29.5‰ to –29.03‰, –29.4‰ to –28.78‰ and –28.62‰ to –28.61‰, respectively. These findings are in agreement with the light carbon isotope of kerogen from the lower Permian Fengcheng Formation. Furthermore, V/Ni and Cr/Mo of all the crude oils were 0.01 to 0.032, 0.837 to 10.649, which is in good agreement with the ratios of the corresponding elements of the extracts from the Fengcheng Fm. carbonate source rock. As a result, a two–stage formation model was established: (1) the oil generated from the carbonate source rocks of the Fengcheng Formation migrated to the Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic traps during the Late Triassic, forming the primary oil reservoirs; (2) during the Late Jurassic period, the intense tectonic activity of Yanshan Episode II resulted in the readjustment of early deep primary reservoirs, the escaped oils gradually migrating to the shallow Jurassic reservoir through cross‐cutting faults, unconformities and sand body layers. The oils then finally formed secondary heavy oil reservoirs, due to long–term biodegradation in the later stage. Therefore, joint methods of organic, isotopic and element geochemistry should be extensively applied in order to confirm the source of biodegradation oils.
Felsic Igneous Rocks in the Hua'aobaote Pb‐Zn‐Ag Polymetallic Orefield, Southern Great Xing'an Range: Genesis, Metallogenetic and Tectonic Significance
Authors: SHANG Zhi , CHEN Yongqing , GUO Xiangguo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Hua'aobaote Pb‐Zn‐Ag Polymetallic orefield is situated in the southern section of the Great Xing'an Range (GXAR), which has experienced extensive magmatism. Since the Paleozoic, there are two stages of magmatism in Hua'aobaote orefield occurred in the Paleozoic and Mesozoic. The Mesozoic magmatism is of great significance for the Pb‐Zn‐Ag Polymetallic mineralization in Hua'aobaote orefield. In this study, new geochemical data was obtained to discuss the timing and petrogenesis of the magmatic rocks and its geodynamic and metallogenic significance. Zircon U‐Pb ages reveal that the felsic igneous rocks from the Hua'aobaote orefield were formed in the Early Permian (294.8 ± 3.2 Ma) and Early Cretaceous (132.6 ± 1.4 Ma). Geochemically, the Early Permian granodiorite porphyrite is characterized by high Sr/Y (42–63) ratios and Mg#(62.24–70.74) values and low heavy rare earth element (HREE) (5.09–6.79 ppm) contents. The granodiorite porphyrite is also characterized by depleted Sr–Nd initial isotopic signatures [∊Nd(t) = 5.91–7.59, (87Sr/86Sr)i= 0.7029–0.7030], exhibiting adakitic characteristics. The Early Cretaceous granite porphyry and rhyolite are A‐type felsic igneous rocks, and demonstrate high SiO2, Na2O + K2O and rare earth element (REE) contents, low CaO and MgO contents, low (87Sr/86Sr)iratios (0.7044–0.7058), and positive∊Nd(t) values (2.57–4.65). Whole‐rock Pb isotopic compositions in granodiorite porphyrite are:206Pb/204Pb = 17.631–18.149,207Pb/204Pb = 15.422–15.450, and208Pb/204Pb = 37.325–37.729. The granite porphyry and rhyolite have initial206Pb/204Pb,207Pb/204Pb, and208Pb/204Pb ratios of 18.106–19.309, 15.489–15.539, and 37.821–38.05, respectively. Sr‐Nd‐Pb isotopic evidence suggests that the Early Permian granodiorite porphyrite is likely to derive from slab melts and modified by peridotitic mantle wedge in the subduction tectonic setting of the Paleo‐Asian Ocean. The Early Cretaceous A‐type felsic igneous rocks were derived from juvenile lower crust, accompanied by limited crustal contamination and various degree of fractional crystallisation during magma emplacement. The Early Cretaceous magmatism and related mineralization were formed in a post‐orogenic tectonic setting that attributed to the closure of the Mongol–Okhotsk Ocean. Pb isotopic data for the various rock units in the study area indicate that the Mesozoic magma source contributed substantial Pb, Zn, and Ag to the Hua'aobaote deposit.
Modeling of the Shale Volume in the Hendijan Oil Field Using Seismic Attributes and Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: TAHERI Mahdi , CIABEGHODSI Ali Asghar , NIKROUZ Ramin , KADKHODAIE Ali 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPetrophysical properties have played an important and definitive role in the study of oil and gas reservoirs, necessitating that diverse kinds of information are used to infer these properties. In this study, the seismic data related to the Hendijan oil field were utilised, along with the available logs of 7 wells of this field, in order to use the extracted relationships between seismic attributes and the values of the shale volume in the wells to estimate the shale volume in wells intervals. After the overall survey of data, a seismic line was selected and seismic inversion methods (model‐based, band limited and sparse spike inversion) were applied to it. Amongst all of these techniques, the model‐based method presented the better results. By using seismic attributes and artificial neural networks, the shale volume was then estimated using three types of neural networks, namely the probabilistic neural network (PNN), multi‐layer feed‐forward network (MLFN) and radial basic function network (RBFN).
Hydrocarbon Generation Characteristics of Source Rocks from Different Saline Environments in the Dongpu Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China
Authors: LI Wendu , ZHANG Pengyuan , JIANG Fujie , ZHANG Yunxian , HUANG Renda , XU Tianwu , ZHOU Yongshui , LI Longlong , JIANG Wenli 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Dongpu Depression is a secondary salt‐bearing tectonic unit in the Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China. The depositional environment of this depression regarding its Paleogene strata is clearly different in plane, including the saltwater environment (SE) in the north, the freshwater environment (FE) in the south and the brackish water environment (BE) in the middle. The result of oil and gas exploration in the Dongpu Depression shows that more than 90% of the proven oil reserves are distributed in the northern saltwater environment. Previous studies indicate that the organic geochemistry characteristics and the hydrocarbon generation capacity of the source rocks are very clearly diverse under different environments, which results in the significant differences in the proved reserves between the north and the south. In order to further explore the differences in the hydrocarbon generation capacity of the source rocks under distinct depositional environments and the mechanism of their occurrence, three samples from different depositional environments (W18‐5 for SE, H7‐18 for BE, CH9 for FE) were used for confined gold tube pyrolysis experiments. The results show that the CH4 yields of W18‐5, H7‐18 and CH9 increase with increasing temperature, the maximum yields being 405.62 mg/g TOC, 388.56 mg/g TOC and 367.89 mg/g TOC, respectively. The liquid hydrocarbon yields of W18‐5, H7‐18 and CH9 firstly increase with increasing temperature and then decrease after the critical temperatures. The maximum yields of C6–14 are 149.54 mg/g TOC, 140.18 mg/g TOC and 116.94 mg/g TOC, the maximum yields of C14+ being 852.4 mg/g TOC, 652.6 mg/g TOC and 596.41mg/g TOC, respectively for W18‐5, H7‐18 and CH9. To summarize, the order of hydrocarbon potential from high to low is W18‐5, H7‐18 and CH9. On this basis, through analyzing the influencing factors of hydrocarbon differences, this paper reveals that the saltwater environment is characterized by 4 factors: higher salinity, halophilic algae, high paleo‐productivity and a strongly reducing environment, which are beneficial to the enrichment of organic matter and lead to the formation of high levels of sapropelite and exinite. According to the variation of oil and gas components in the pyrolysis experiments, the hydrocarbon generation process is divided into three stages: kerogen cracking, oil cracking and C2–5 cracking. Combined with hydrocarbon generation characteristics and stages, the evolutionary model of hydrocarbon generation for source rocks under different environments is established.
Effect of patient‐led cooperative follow‐up by general practitioners and community pharmacists on osteoporosis treatment persistence
Authors: Poivret Didier , Goetz Christophe , Zevering Yinka , Wilcke Christophe , Noirez Véronique 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimOsteoporosis is a major risk factor for fractures. Poor persistence with osteoporosis medication hampers outcomes. This study assessed whether encouraging the formation of patient‐led follow‐up cooperatives between general practitioners (GPs) and community pharmacists improved medication persistence.MethodsAll consecutive patients who attended an osteoporosis patient education program were invited to participate. They were given a logbook containing questionnaires they would bring to 6‐monthly visits to their GP and pharmacist. The effect of this 3‐year cooperative follow‐up on persistence with medication and lifestyle changes was assessed.ResultsIn total, 121 patients (average age, 67 years; 93% female) participated. Poor cooperation between GPs and pharmacists was noted. Nevertheless, medication persistence ranged from 83% to 91% over the 6 visits. However, since patient drop‐out rates were high and questionnaire return rates were low, a post‐study medical chart review was performed. This confirmed that persistence was high (74%‐83%) at 3 years post‐enrollment, even for oral bisphosphonate‐treated patients (73%‐76%). However, adoption of anti‐osteoporosis lifestyle changes was poor throughout the study: one‐ to two‐thirds of the patients did not alter their diet, physical activity, or surroundings to prevent falls.ConclusionOne study goal, namely, to encourage GPs and pharmacists to cooperate in patient follow‐up, was not achieved. However, high medication persistence was observed. This may reflect the education program, patient empowerment, personalized attention from study personnel, and being in a study. Patient‐centered approaches can thus significantly increase medication persistence in osteoporosis. Ongoing education may be needed to improve patient adoption of and persistence with lifestyle changes.
On distance based goodness of fit tests for missing data when missing occurs at random
Authors: Dhar Subhra Sankar , Das Ujjwal 
Published: May 2021

SummaryVarious non‐parametric goodness of fit tests have already been investigated in the literature. However, those tests are rarely used in the case of missing observations. We here study the goodness of fit test for missing data based on Lp distances along with Kolmogorov–Smirnov and Cramer–von‐Mises distances when missingness occurs at random. The asymptotic distributions of the proposed test statistics have been derived under contiguous alternatives that enable us to investigate the asymptotic local power of the tests. We also study the performance of the tests for finite samples using simulation, and the tests perform well for those cases. The usefulness of the tests is illustrated on three real data sets.
Intercooperation, flexicurity and their impact on workers: The case of Fagor Electrodomésticos
Authors: Santos‐Larrazabal Josu , Basterretxea Imanol 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMondragon cooperatives have used flexible employment, training and labour protection policies to deal with economic crises since the 1970s. These policies were also used in 2013 to alleviate the social consequences of the demise of their biggest industrial cooperative, Fagor Electrodomésticos. This article aims to analyze—through 40 interviews with different stakeholders—the advantages and limitations of wage, working time and functional flexibility policies by framing them under the flexicurity concept. In contrast with previous research on Mondragon cooperatives, this study has found a strong worker‐owner resistance to flexicurity policies, mainly before the firm's bankruptcy. The study has also found the main reasons for worker resistance and for some successful Mondragon cooperatives’ reluctance to offer permanent relocations to redundant Fagor Electrodomésticos’ members. This research will help cooperatives to maintain and improve their flexicurity policies and their resilience. Some findings can be extrapolated to the growing number of firms that aim to implement flexicurity policies without harming their workers’ social welfare.
Morphology of the temporal skull region in tetrapods: research history, functional explanations, and a new comprehensive classification scheme
Authors: Abel Pascal , Werneburg Ingmar 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTThe morphology of the temporal region in the tetrapod skull traditionally has been a widely discussed feature of vertebrate anatomy. The evolution of different temporal openings in Amniota (mammals, birds, and reptiles), Lissamphibia (frogs, salamanders, and caecilians), and several extinct tetrapod groups has sparked debates on the phylogenetic, developmental, and functional background of this region in the tetrapod skull. This led most famously to the erection of different amniote taxa based on the number and position of temporal fenestrae in their skulls. However, most of these taxa are no longer recognised to represent natural groupings and the morphology of the temporal region is not necessarily an adequate trait for use in the reconstruction of amniote phylogenies. Yet, new fossil finds, most notably of parareptiles and stem‐turtles, as well as modern embryological and biomechanical studies continue to provide new insights into the morphological diversity of the temporal region. Here, we introduce a novel comprehensive classification scheme for the various temporal morphotypes in all Tetrapoda that is independent of phylogeny and previous terminology and may facilitate morphological comparisons in future studies. We then review the history of research on the temporal region in the tetrapod skull. We document how, from the early 19th century with the first recognition of differences in the temporal region to the first proposals of phylogenetic relationships and their assessment over the centuries, the phylogenetic perspective on the temporal region has developed, and we highlight the controversies that still remain. We also compare the different functional and developmental drivers proposed for the observed morphological diversity and how the effects of internal and external factors on the structure of the tetrapod skull have been interpreted.