bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Co‐creating youth justice practice with young people: Tackling power dynamics and enabling transformative action
Authors: Smithson Hannah , Jones Anna 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper provides an account of an innovative research project that enabled the co‐creation with justice‐involved young people of a transformative framework of practice, termed Participatory Youth Practice (PYP). We present a description of our participatory research processes and reflect on our attempts to rebalance inherent power dynamics when working with marginalised young people. We demonstrate how young people's meaningful participation in research can strengthen their participation in service design and delivery. The embedding of the PYP framework in youth justice practice across a large region in England is a formative step in understanding the importance of young people's participation.
Diagnosis of colorectal and emergency surgical site infections in the era of enhanced recovery: an all‐Wales prospective study
Authors: Reeves Nicola , Cuff Simone , Boyce Kathryn , Harries Rhiannon , Roberts Christopher , Harrison Wendy , Torkington Jared ,   Welsh Barbers SSI Research Collaborative
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimSurgical site infections (SSIs) are associated with increased morbidity, hospital stay and cost. The literature reports that 25% of patients who undergo colorectal surgical procedures develop a SSI. Due to the enhanced recovery programme, patients are being discharged earlier with some SSIs presenting in primary care, making accurate recording of SSIs difficult. The aim of this study was to accurately record the 30‐day SSI rate after surgery performed by colorectal surgeons nationally within Wales.MethodDuring March 2019, a national prospective snapshot study of all patients undergoing elective or emergency colorectal and general surgical procedures under the care of a colorectal consultant at 12 Welsh hospitals was completed. There was a multimodal 30‐day follow‐up using electronic records, clinic visits and/or telephone calls. Diagnosis of SSI was based on Centers for Disease Control and Prevention diagnostic criteria.ResultsWithin Wales, of the 545 patients included, 13% developed a SSI within 30 days, with SSI rates of 14.3% for elective surgery and 11.7% for emergency surgery. Of these SSIs, 49.3% were diagnosed in primary care, with 28.2% of patients being managed exclusively in the community. There were two peaks of diagnosis at days 5–7 and days 22–28. SSI rates between laparoscopic (8.6%) and open (16.2%) surgeries were significantly different (p = 0.028), and there was also a significantly different rate of SSI between procedure groups (p = 0.001), with high SSI rates for colon (22%) and rectal (18.9%) surgery compared with general surgical procedures.ConclusionThis first all‐Wales prospective study demonstrated an overall SSI rate of 13%. By incorporating accurate primary care follow‐up it was found that 49.3% of these SSIs were diagnosed in primary care.
The efficacy of health warnings and package branding on perceptions of cannabis products among youth and young adults
Authors: Leos‐Toro Cesar , Fong Geoffrey T. , Hammond David 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionLittle empirical evidence exists about the efficacy of labelling and marketing restrictions in a regulated cannabis market. This study examined perceptions of cannabis product packaging designs, health warning labels (HWL) and perceptions of packs displaying brand imagery and leading descriptors on measures of appeal, and perceived consumer attributes.MethodsAn online experimental survey of Canadian cannabis users and non‐users (n = 870) aged 16–30 years containing eight between‐group experiments was conducted in October 2017. Primary outcomes were appeal and perceived consumer attributes of cannabis product packaging, including the likelihood of being younger, female, fashionable, health conscious and likely to go out and party.ResultsWhen cannabis product branding was present, respondents were more likely (P = 0.027) to report greater appeal than when branding was absent. When an HWL was present, respondents were less likely (P = 0.010) to report greater appeal than when absent. The presence of a celebrity sponsor (P < 0.001), music references (P < 0.001) or party references (P < 0.001) increased the likelihood that respondents perceived the product as targeted at someone younger, and a party lifestyle. Differences by cannabis use status were observed across experiments; those who had used were more likely to find branding elements appealing.Discussion and ConclusionsThe findings demonstrate that brand imagery on cannabis packaging can promote lifestyle associations and increase the appeal of cannabis products among young people. Plain/standardised packs displaying HWLs were perceived as less appealing than packs with branding or without HWLs. Lifestyle associations can be communicated through brand imagery on cannabis packaging.
The Canadian Alcohol Policy Evaluation project: Findings from a review of provincial and territorial alcohol policies
Authors: Vallance Kate , Stockwell Tim , Wettlaufer Ashley , Chow Clifton , Giesbrecht Norman , April Nicole , Asbridge Mark , Callaghan Russell , Cukier Samantha , Hynes Geoff , Mann Robert , Solomon Robert , Thomas Gerald , Thompson Kara 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionEffective alcohol control measures can prevent and reduce alcohol‐related harms at the population level. This study aims to evaluate implementation of alcohol policies across 11 evidence‐based domains in Canada's 13 jurisdictions.MethodsThe Canadian Alcohol Policy Evaluation project assessed all provinces and territories on 11 evidence‐based domains weighted for scope and effectiveness. A scoring rubric was developed with policy and practice indicators and peer‐reviewed by international experts. The 2017 data were collected from publicly‐available regulatory documents, validated by government officials, and independently scored by team members.ResultsThe average score for alcohol policy implementation across Canadian provinces and territories was 43.8%; Ontario had the highest (63.9%) and Northwest Territories the lowest (38.4%) jurisdictional scores. Only six of 11 policy domains had average scores above 50% with Monitoring and Reporting scoring the highest (62.8%) and Health and Safety Messaging the lowest (25.7%). A 2017 provincial/territorial current best practice score of 86.6% was calculated taking account of the highest scores for any individual policy indicators implemented in at least one jurisdiction across the country.Discussion and ConclusionsMost of the evidence‐based alcohol policies assessed by the Canadian Alcohol Policy Evaluation project were not implemented across Canadian provinces and territories as of 2017, and many provinces showed declining scores since 2012. However, the majority of policies assessed have been implemented in at least one jurisdiction. Improved alcohol policies to reduce related harm are therefore achievable and could be implemented consistently across Canada.
Tissue harmonic versus contrast‐enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography for the diagnosis of pancreatic tumors: Prospective multicenter study
Authors: Omoto Shunsuke , Kitano Masayuki , Fukasawa Mitsuharu , Ashida Reiko , Kato Hironari , Shiomi Hideyuki , Sugimori Kazuya , Kanno Atsushi , Chiba Yasutaka , Takano Shinichi , Yamamoto Naoki , Ezaki Takeshi , Miwa Haruo , Yokomura Akitaka , Hoshikawa Masato , Tanaka Takamitsu , Kudo Masatoshi 
Published: February 2021

ObjectivesThis prospective multicenter study aimed to assess and compare the accuracy of tissue harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography (TH‐EUS) and contrast‐enhanced harmonic endoscopic ultrasonography (CH‐EUS) for differentiating pancreatic carcinoma from other pancreatic tumors.MethodsConsecutive patients with solid pancreatic tumors were prospectively enrolled between August 2013 and December 2014. To assess the accuracy of TH‐EUS and CH‐EUS, we compared four parameters of TH‐EUS (fuzzy edge, irregular periphery, hypoechogenicity, and heterogeneous internal echogenicity) and four parameters of CH‐EUS (hypoenhancement and heterogeneous enhancement in the early and late phases, respectively) to investigate which parameter of each method was most suitable to diagnose pancreatic carcinomas. Interobserver agreement and the diagnostic ability of pancreatic carcinoma using TH‐EUS and CH‐EUS were assessed and compared.ResultsA total of 204 patients were enrolled. For the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma, interobserver agreement by experts and nonexperts was 0.33–0.50 and 0.35–0.50 for TH‐EUS, respectively, and 0.72–0.74 and 0.20–0.54 for CH‐EUS, respectively. Irregular periphery was the most accurate diagnostic parameter among TH‐EUS findings for differentiating pancreatic carcinomas, with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 95.0%, 42.9%, and 78.9%, respectively. Late phase hypoenhancement was the most accurate diagnostic parameter among CH‐EUS findings for differentiating pancreatic carcinomas, with sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 90.8%, 74.6%, and 85.8%, respectively. The accuracy of CH‐EUS (late phase hypoenhancement) for diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma was significantly higher than that of TH‐EUS (irregular periphery) (p < 0.001).ConclusionIn comparison with TH‐EUS, CH‐EUS increased the diagnostic ability and reproducibility for the diagnosis of pancreatic carcinoma. UMIN (000011124).
Communication changes when infants begin to walk
Authors: West Kelsey L. , Iverson Jana M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLearning to walk allows infants to travel faster and farther and explore more of their environments. In turn, walking may have a cascading effect on infants’ communication and subsequent responses from caregivers. We tested for an inflection point—a dramatic shift in the developmental progression—in infant communication and caregiver responses when infants started walking. We followed 25 infants longitudinally over 7 months surrounding the onset of walking (mean walk onset age = 11.76 months, SD = 1.56). After learning to walk, the pace of gesture growth (but not vocalization growth) increased substantially, and infants increasingly coordinated gestures and vocalizations with locomotion (e.g., by walking to a caregiver and showing off a toy bear). Consequently, caregivers had more opportunities to respond contingently to their infants during walking months compared to crawling months (e.g., “What did you find? Is that your bear?”). Changes in communication were amplified for infants who began walking at older ages, compared to younger walkers. Findings suggest that learning to walk marks a point in development when infants actively communicate in new ways, and consequently elicit rich verbal input from caregivers.
UBE3A reinstatement as a disease‐modifying therapy for Angelman syndrome
Authors: Elgersma Ype , Sonzogni Monica 
Published: February 2021

Half a century ago, Harry Angelman reported three patients with overlapping clinical features, now well known as Angelman syndrome. Angelman syndrome is caused by mutations affecting the maternally inherited UBE3A gene, which encodes an E3‐ubiquitin ligase that is critical for typical postnatal brain development. Emerging evidence indicates that UBE3A plays a particularly important role in the nucleus. However, the critical substrates that are controlled by UBE3A remain elusive, which hinders the search for effective treatments. Moreover, given the multitude of signalling mechanisms that are derailed, it is unlikely that targeting a single pathway is going to be very effective. Therefore, expectations are very high for approaches that aim to restore UBE3A protein levels. A particular promising strategy is an antisense oligonucleotide approach, which activates the silenced paternal UBE3A gene. When successful, such treatments potentially offer a disease‐modifying therapy for Angelman syndrome and several other neurodevelopmental disorders.
What this paper adds

Loss of UBE3A affects multiple signalling pathways in the brain.

Emerging evidence suggests that UBE3A plays a critical role in the cell nucleus.

Trials using antisense oligonucleotides to restore UBE3A levels are continuing.
On the ability of experimental impact measures to predict tooth injuries in an ex vivo swine model
Authors: Houg Kathryn P. , Adanty Kevin , MacGillivray Samantha R. , McAllister Lowell , Levin Liran , Alexiou Maria , Graf Daniel , Romanyk Dan L. , Dennison Christopher R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackground/AimImpact to the orofacial region, in particular teeth, is a frequent incident leading to injury in many sports and can result in health and economic costs for the injured individual. The majority of previous work has applied synthetic models such as plaster or stone, to form analogs of relevant structures to study the potential for impact‐induced injury. Biomechanical studies that have applied tissue models (animal or human) for the purpose of determining the biomechanical measures associated with dental injury are rare. The aim of this study was to apply a simple ex vivo model based on swine dentition to ascertain which of a select list of measurable quantities associated with impact mechanics could predict luxation and fracture of teeth due to impact.MethodsMandibular central incisors of ex vivo swine dentitions were impacted using a linear drop tower with heights ranging from 1.20 m to 2.42 m. Seven mechanical predictors were assessed at impact and were then subjected to binary logistic regression techniques to determine which was the best predictor of luxations or fractures of the teeth.ResultsOf the seven mechanical predictors, (1) the velocity of the impacting body (R2 = 0.477), (2) a proxy measure for the change in kinetic energy of the impacting body (R2 = 0.586), and (3) the approximate energy absorbed by the tissue (R2 = 0.722) were found to be statistically significantly different (p < .05), offering the greatest specificity as indicated by receiver operator characteristics. Other measures that are frequently used in impact mechanics, including peak linear acceleration and velocity change, were not statistically significant predictors of tooth injury.ConclusionIdentifying mechanical predictors for dental injury of unprotected teeth provides a first step in understanding which aspects of an impact event attribute to dental injury and can lay the foundation for future studies that examine alteration in injury mechanics associated with protection devices.
The impact of lenalidomide maintenance on second‐line chemotherapy in transplant eligible patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Cherniawsky Hannah M. , Kukreti Vishal , Reece Donna , Masih‐Khan Esther , McCurdy Arleigh , Jimenez‐Zepeda Victor H. , Sebag Michael , Song Kevin , White Darrell , Stakiw Julie , LeBlanc Richard , Reiman Anthony , Louzada Martha , Aslam Muhammad , Kotb Rami , Gul Engin , Atenafu Eshetu , Venner Christopher P. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo understand the impact of therapy sequencing on progression‐free (PFS) and overall survival (OS) for the treatment of multiple myeloma (MM). The use of daily, low‐dose, lenalidomide maintenance (LM) has raised concern for fostering resistance, preventing its use in the relapsed setting.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of survival outcomes from the Canadian Myeloma Research Group Database. Patients were grouped based on receipt of LM after autologous stem cell transplant and receipt of lenalidomide in second‐line therapy, 575 patients were included.ResultsPatients treated with LM had statistically similar 2nd PFS when re‐exposed to lenalidomide in second‐line therapy compared to those receiving non‐lenalidomide‐containing regimens (10.2 vs 14.0 months, P =.53). This cohort also had the longest 2nd OS, 18 months longer than patients treated with LM who did not receive lenalidomide at relapse (55.3 vs 37 months, P =.004). Patients treated with LM also demonstrated deeper responses to second‐line therapy than their non‐LM counterparts.ConclusionOur data suggest that patients progressing on LM who receive lenalidomide‐containing therapy at first relapse have comparable 2nd PFS and better 2nd OS compared to non‐lenalidomide‐containing second‐line regimens. Identification of patients mostly likely to benefit from further lenalidomide‐containing therapy is paramount.
A change of mind: Globus pallidus activity and effective connectivity during changes in choice selections
Authors: Fiore Vincenzo G. , Guertler Ann‐Cathrin V. , Yu Ju‐Chi , Tatineni Chandana C. , Gu Xiaosi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe basal ganglia are a group of interconnected subcortical nuclei that plays a key role in multiple motor and cognitive processes, in a close interplay with several cortical regions. Two conflicting theories postulate that the basal ganglia pathways can either foster or suppress the cortico–striatal output or, alternatively, they can stabilize or destabilize the cortico–striatal circuit dynamics. These different approaches significantly impact the understanding of observable behaviours and cognitive processes in healthy, as well as clinical populations. We investigated the predictions of these models in healthy participants (N = 28), using dynamic causal modeling of fMRI BOLD activity to estimate time‐ and context‐dependent changes in the indirect pathway effective connectivity, in association with repetitions or changes of choice selections. We used two multi‐option tasks that required the participants to adapt to uncontrollable environmental changes, by performing sequential choice selections, with and without value‐based feedbacks. We found that, irrespective of the task, the trials that were characterized by changes in choice selections (switch trials) were associated with a neural response that mostly overlapped with a network commonly described for the encoding of uncertainty. More interestingly, dynamic causal modeling and family‐wise model comparison identified with high likelihood a directed causal relation from the external to the internal part of the globus pallidus (i.e., the short indirect pathway in the basal ganglia), in association with the switch trials. This finding supports the hypothesis that the short indirect pathway in the basal ganglia drives instability in the network dynamics, resulting in changes in choice selection.
Ecological mechanism of climate‐mediated selection in a rapidly evolving invasive species
Authors: Mushegian Alexandra A. , Neupane Naresh , Batz Zachary , Mogi Motoyoshi , Tuno Nobuko , Toma Takako , Miyagi Ichiro , Ries Leslie , Armbruster Peter A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRecurring seasonal changes can lead to the evolution of phenological cues. For example, many arthropods undergo photoperiodic diapause, a programmed developmental arrest induced by short autumnal day length. The selective mechanisms that determine the timing of autumnal diapause initiation have not been empirically identified. We quantified latitudinal clines in genetically determined diapause timing of an invasive mosquito, Aedes albopictus, on two continents. We show that variation in diapause timing within and between continents is explained by a novel application of a growing degree day (GDD) model that delineates a location‐specific deadline after which it is not possible to complete an additional full life cycle. GDD models are widely used to predict spring phenology by modelling growth and development as physiological responses to ambient temperatures. Our results show that the energy accumulation dynamics represented by GDD models have also led to the evolution of an anticipatory life‐history cue in autumn.
Letter: Trophic interactions regulate peatland carbon cycling
Authors: Wyatt Kevin H. , McCann Kevin S. , Rober Allison R. , Turetsky Merritt R. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPeatlands are the most efficient natural ecosystems for long‐term storage of atmospheric carbon. Our understanding of peatland carbon cycling is based entirely on bottom‐up controls regulated by low nutrient availability. Recent studies have shown that top‐down controls through predator‐prey dynamics can influence ecosystem function, yet this has not been evaluated in peatlands to date. Here, we used a combination of nutrient enrichment and trophic‐level manipulation to test the hypothesis that interactions between nutrient availability (bottom‐up) and predation (top‐down) influence peatland carbon fluxes. Elevated nutrients stimulated bacterial biomass and organic matter decomposition. In the absence of top‐down regulation, carbon dioxide (CO2) respiration driven by greater decomposition was offset by elevated algal productivity. Herbivores accelerated CO2 emissions by removing algal biomass, while predators indirectly reduced CO2 emissions by muting herbivory in a trophic cascade. This study demonstrates that trophic interactions can mitigate CO2 emissions associated with elevated nutrient levels in northern peatlands.
Status of clinical research in neurology in Germany—A national survey
Authors: Lohmann Lisa , Lammerskitten Anna , Korsen Melanie , Dodel Richard , Gaul Charly , Hamer Hajo M. , Kleineberg Nina N. , Ludolph Albert C. , Mayer Geert , Poli Sven , Saur Dorothee , Steinhoff Bernhard J. , Timmermann Lars , Klotz Luisa , Meuth Sven G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeTo provide an overview on the status of clinical research in neurology in Germany.MethodsGerman university hospitals, nonuniversity hospitals, and neurological medical practices were surveyed regarding their clinical research activities during the period 2013 to 2017.ResultsFifty percent of university hospitals, 10.6% of nonuniversity hospitals, and 5.2% of medical practices in Germany responded to our questionnaire. More than 80% of the clinical studies conducted have been phase III/IV and noninterventional trials (NISs), whereas <1% have been phase I and 3.5% investigator‐initiated trials (IITs). University hospitals have conducted most of the phase II–IV trials. NISs have been predominantly performed by medical practices. Fifty‐six percent of the university hospitals and less of the nonuniversity institutions confirmed the implementation of standard operating procedures (SOPs). In university hospitals, on average, 11 physicians had acquired a good clinical practice certificate. Overall, 43% of all trials have been performed in neuroimmunology.ConclusionsThe status of clinical research in neurology in Germany is predominated by NISs and late‐phase trials, potentially due to a general lack of easily accessible funding, which leads to a highly competitive environment and fewer opportunities to perform early‐phase clinical trials as well as IITs. Our results indicate that there is substantial need for structured support for creating and implementing SOPs to maintain quality standards and guarantee uniformity of performance. This survey assessed many aspects of clinical research and serves as guidance for providing ideas for structured improvement of clinical research in neurology in Germany.