bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Minimally invasive ethyl cellulose ethanol ablation in domesticated cats with naturally occurring head and neck cancers: Six cats
Authors: Lai Yen‐Hao Erik , Morhard Robert , Ramanujam Nirmala , Nolan Michael W. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIt is difficult to retain tumoricidal doses of ethanol in large or unencapsulated tumours without causing intoxication or damaging surrounding tissue. Ethyl cellulose‐ethanol ablation (ECEA) overcomes this limitation by trapping ethanol intratumorally. To evaluate the safety of ECEA and to develop a clinically feasible workflow, a single‐arm pilot study was performed in cats with lingual/sublingual squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Six cats underwent intratumoral injection of 6% ethyl cellulose in ethanol. Subjects were observed overnight. There was mild bleeding and transient hyperthermia, and injection site pain and swelling that improved with anti‐inflammatory drugs. Serum ethanol was minimally elevated; the mean concentration peaked 1 hour after injection (129 +/− 15.1 nM). Cats were rechecked at weeks 1 and 2; booster treatments were given in cats (n = 3) with stable quality of life and partial response to therapy. Recheck examinations were then performed monthly. The longest tumour dimension increased in each animal (progressive disease via cRECIST); however, estimated tumour volume was reduced in 3 of 6 cats, within 1 week of ECEA. All cats were euthanized (median survival time 70 days) because of local tumour progression and/or lingual dysfunction that was likely hastened by ECEA. ECEA is not a viable treatment for feline lingual/sublingual SCC; tumour volume was effectively reduced in some cats, but the simultaneous loss of lingual function was poorly tolerated. Further optimization may make ECEA a useful option for SCC at other oral sites in the cat, and for head and neck malignancies in other species.
Comparison of needle arthroscopy, traditional arthroscopy, and computed tomography for the evaluation of medial coronoid disease in the canine elbow
Authors: Hersh‐Boyle Rebecca A. , Chou Po‐Yen , Kapatkin Amy S. , Spriet Mathieu , Filliquist Barbro , Garcia Tanya C. , Marcellin‐Little Denis J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the diagnostic value of still images of needle arthroscopy (SNAR), still images of traditional arthroscopy (STAR), and computed tomography (CT) to diagnose medial coronoid process (MCP) pathology.Study designProspective clinical trial.AnimalsDogs (n = 17) presented for evaluation of elbow dysplasia.MethodsFor each case, two SNAR and STAR images of the MCP were reviewed independently and in random order by three board‐certified surgeons. Computed tomographic images were reviewed by one board‐certified radiologist. Reviewers were blinded to surgical and clinical findings. Surgical findings from real‐time TAR with palpation were used as the gold standard. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and concordance statistics tests for the diagnostic accuracy of MCP fissure, MCP fragment, medial compartment condition, and cartilage score were calculated.ResultsImages of 27 elbows joints were reviewed. For MCP fissure detection, areas under the ROC curves for CT (0.84), STAR (0.73), and SNAR (0.57) did not differ. For the detection of MCP fragment, STAR had a larger area under the ROC curve (0.93) compared with SNAR (0.74,P = .015) and CT (0.54,P < .001). Still images of TAR and SNAR had comparable concordance for cartilage score (0.80 and 0.77, respectively) and medial compartment pathology (0.80 and 0.73, respectively).ConclusionStill images of NAR, STAR, and CT had similar diagnostic value to identify MCP fissures. Still images of TAR was superior to SNAR and CT to identify MCP fragments.Clinical significanceThe diagnostic accuracy of SNAR varied on the basis of the coronoid lesion being evaluated.
Effect of bupivacaine concentration and formulation on canine chondrocyte viability in vitro
Authors: Rengert Roger , Snider Darren , Gilbert Peter J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo quantitate bupivacaine concentration and formulation effects on chondrocyte viability in vitro.Study designControlled laboratory study.Sample populationPrimary canine chondrocyte isolates.MethodsCell passage 3 and 4 canine chondrocytes were exposed to 0.9% saline; canine chondrocyte growth medium; 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, or 5 mg/mL preservative‐free standard formulation bupivacaine (SFB); or 13.3 or 6.65 mg/mL liposomal encapsulated bupivacaine (LEB) for 1 hour. Chondrocyte viability and clonogenicity were quantitated with 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐31 yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and clonogenic assays, respectively. Differences among concentrations and formulations were assessed with Kruskal‐Wallis and Dwass‐Steel‐Critchlow‐Fligner post hoc tests.ResultsGrowth medium had the highest cell viability based on MTT metabolism. Similarly, all LEB concentration groups had higher cell viability compared with SFB concentration cells treated with 3.5 or 5 mg/mL SFB (P < .03). Among SFB concentrations, cell viability was higher at 0.6 mg/mL compared with at 2.5 mg/mL or greater (P < .03). Cell clonogenicity was not significantly different between saline, culture medium, or 0.5 mg/mL SFB. Clonogenicity was lower with all tested LEB concentrations compared with saline or medium (P < .02).ConclusionIn vitro toxicity of SFB on canine chondrocytes is concentration dependent. Liposomal encapsulated bupivacaine may have time‐dependent effects resulting in chondrotoxicity.Clinical significanceClinically relevant concentrations of SFB after a single injection may not result in chondrotoxic effects in vitro. Liposomal encapsulated bupivacaine should not be used in the articular environment.
A cluster epidemic of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus infection in four captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)
Authors: Usui Tatsufumi , Ueda Miya , Azumano Akinori , Nomura Mika , Arima Toru , Murata Koichi , Ito Toshihiro , Yamaguchi Tsuyoshi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn January 2019, four cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) kept at a Japanese zoo intermittently showed respiratory signs following the incidence of seasonal influenza in animal caregivers. Respiratory materials (saliva, sputum and food tray swabs) were non‐invasively collected from the four cheetahs. Although we were unable to isolate the virus, the NP gene of influenza A virus was detected in three of the cheetahs but not in the fourth cheetah that had nearly recovered. From a food tray swab which tested weakly positive by a commercial influenza detection kit, we were able to obtain the whole‐genome sequence of the influenza A virus. Analysis of the genome, A/cheetah/Kanagawa/2/2019(H1N1), revealed that the virus was closely related to influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 viruses isolated from humans in Japan in the 2018–2019 winter. Production of haemagglutinin inhibition (HI) antibodies (64–128 HI) against an A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in plasma samples confirmed infection of all four cheetahs. The animals continued to produce antibodies for at least 314 days after disease onset. These findings strongly suggest that reverse zoonotic transmission of A(H1N1)pdm09 virus occurred from human to cheetah and subsequently from cheetah to cheetah in the zoo. We also show that specimens can be safely and non‐invasively collected from non‐domesticated animals and used to investigate respiratory infectious diseases.
DEBUNKING ARGUMENTS GAIN LITTLE FROM COGNITIVE SCIENCE OF RELIGION
Authors: Launonen Lari 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCognitive science of religion (CSR) has inspired a number of debunking arguments against god‐belief. They aim to show that the belief‐forming processes that underlie belief in god(s) are unreliable. The debate surrounding these arguments gives the impression that CSR offers new scientific evidence that threatens the rationality of religious belief. This impression, however, is partly misleading. A close look at a few widely discussed debunking arguments shows, first, that CSR theories as such are far from providing sufficient empirical evidence that the belief‐forming processes behind god‐belief are unreliable. Thus, appealing solely to CSR theories makes a debunking argument weak. Second, there are strong arguments that also invoke CSR, but these gain their strength primarily from more familiar claims about evolutionary epistemology and religious diversity. What CSR actually does in these arguments is providing an explanation of why people might believe in gods even if gods did not exist. But explaining is not debunking.
A Theoretical Investigation of the Maximum-Lift Coefficient
Authors: von Kármán Th. , Millikan Clark B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the present paper the application of a laminar boundary-layer theory, previously developed by the authors, to the problem of the maximum-lift coefficient of airfoils is discussed. The calculations are carried through in detail for a first approximation, called a single-roof profile, to the potential velocity distribution over the upper surface of an airfoil. The results indicate a large variation in Clmax with turbulence but the quantitative dependence on Reynolds’ number and turbulence is not satisfactory. The calculations are then repeated for a so-called double-roof profile which approximates to the flow over the upper surface of an N.A.C.A. 2412 airfoil. These results are compared with those obtained from an experimental investigation on the same airfoil. The agreement is considered to indicate that for moderate values of R and Clmax the phenomenon of the maximum-lift coefficient is controlled by a contest between the separation and transition points of the laminar boundary layer over the nose of the airfoil. The difficulties involved in extending the theory to larger values of R, or to airfoils whose Cl vs. α curves are not approximately linear up to the stall, are mentioned.
A Numerical Study on Channel Deformation and Springback Using Tool Rollers
Authors: Nikhare Chetan P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A sudden increase in the usage of automotive vehicles results in sudden increases in the fuel consumption which results in an increase in air pollution. To cope up with this challenge federal government is implying the stricter environmental regulation to decrease air pollution. To save from the environmental regulation penalty vehicle industry is researching innovation which would reduce vehicle weight and decrease the fuel consumption. Thus, the innovation related to light-weighting is not only an option anymore but became a mandatory necessity to decrease fuel consumption. To achieve this target, the industry has been looking at fabricating components from high strength to ultra-high strength steels or lightweight materials. With the usage of advanced high strength steels, the lightweight was achieved by reducing a gage thickness without compromising the strength aspect. However due to their high strength property often challenges occurred are higher machine tonnage requirement, sudden fracture, geometric defect, etc. The geometric defect comes from the elastic recovery of a material, which is also known as a springback. Springback is commonly known as a manufacturing defect due to the geometric error in the part, which would not be able to fit in the assembly without secondary operation or compensation in the forming process. It is learned that the springback of the material increases with an increase in the material strength and/or decrease in material thickness. In advanced high strength steels, higher strength and lower gage thickness options make the part prone to higher springback. Due to these many challenges with the materials and their properties which affect the springback, other research routes involved are innovative forming processes which would reduce the springback such as applying electricity through the material after forming and before the release of the load, performing warm or hot forming, die compensation, etc. One such innovative and patented process which is studied in the paper is using rollers in the tool i.e., in die and punch during the forming process. In this paper, the 2D channel strip of the aluminum 2024 high strength and thin material will be used in the bending processes. The process will be simulated in ABAQUS finite element software. First, the conventional channel bending process will be performed and springback will be analyzed as compared to the desired shape. Then the tool rollers will be implied to the die and punch corner radius and then the channel bending process will be performed and springback will be analyzed. The roller rotations will be set constant in this study, but the motion i.e., clockwise or counterclockwise in both die and punch will be studied on the springback of the channel. In addition, the no rotation of the roller effect on the springback will be studied and results will be compared. Further the maximum stress before and after springback and the stress distribution all cases will be analyzed and presented.
Mechanical and System Simulation Modeling and Analysis of Surge Relief Valve
Authors: Zhou Hao , Yang Changqun , Yuan Jun , Zhao Shengdun , Chen Yuyang , Dong Peng , Dong Guodong , Wang Yongfei 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Surge pressure relief valve is widely used in oil transportation. When water hammer occurs in the pipeline, the valve shall be opened in time to release the high pressure so as to ensure the safety of the oil pipeline. This paper discusses the structure and principle of the surge relief valve. Combined with the working process, the stress and working state of the main valve and the pilot valve are analyzed. The mechanical model of the pilot valve is established. This paper focuses on the analysis of the parameters affecting the closing process of the main valve. The relevant laws of the structure and performance parameters of the pilot valve to the main valve closing are obtained. The model of relief valve is modeled and simulated in detail by the AMESim software. The dynamic characteristics of the surge relief valve are analyzed and the correctness of the main parameters and rules that affect the main valve closing is verified by using the model. According to the analysis and simulation results, the friction force of the pilot valve can only affect whether the two valves can close normally. The closing time of the main valve is inversely proportional to the diameter of the inlet pressure orifice. In the normal operating range, the closing time of main valve gradually increases with the diameter of outlet pressure pipes, but does not change with the length of outlet pressure pipes.
Development of a Novel Modular Robot for Vertical Pipeline Climbing
Authors: Gharib Mohamed , Alnouri Leen , Alsulaiti Abdulrahman , Buhendi Ibrahim , Al-Hamidi Yasser 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Crude oil pipelines are always at risk of failing as a result of cracking or corrosion. Failing pipelines can be hazardous to personnel, damaging to the environment, and extremely costly. This makes it essential that all pipelines have a schedule of inspection and maintenance. Robots that inspect pipelines from the outside are preferable to ones that work from the inside, because they can undertake inspections without causing any disruption to production processes and can be put to work at any point of the pipeline. Nevertheless, external robots and associated machinery have several challenges and limitations.
This research proposes the design, fabrication, and testing of a novel climbing robot that incorporates a drone-like means of propulsion. The purpose of this robot will be to undertake detection of external defects and to monitor the health of the horizontal and vertical pipelines. This climbing mobile robot is intended to assist the production of new system that will improve pipeline longevity using a minimum of energy and needing little human control. The robot proposed is a modular one, capable of motion on vertical pipes, exhibiting flexibility where there are bends in pipes, can adapt itself to different diameters of pipe, and employs a robust quadcopter propulsion mechanism. The robot itself exists without inspection techniques; it can carry a payload of modules that are incorporated into the design that are able to scan pipelines for inspection. The suggested design has a number of features that will help it to work efficiency, including the ability to carry multiple payloads, the ability to cope with both vertical and curved pipes, the ability to adapt to different sizes of pipe, being able to move autonomously, and being able to transport health monitoring systems.
In this paper, a literature survey is presented to show the different types of climbing robots. Compared to the developed robots in literature, the proposed robot is novel in the concept and design. The design of the robot components is discussed in details and the robot prototype is illustrated. This paper focuses on the new mechanical designs for the robot and prototype workability. The robot consists of multiple modules, to include payload modules, suspension modules, and propulsion modules. The suggested innovative design is economical and can be easily installed. Several industries would be very interested in this type of novel reliable means of inspecting pipelines. Future work is presented to show the continuity of the proposed robot development.
An Active Control Methodology to Improve Pulsatile Turbocharger Operating Conditions and Performance
Authors: Song Yue , Ding Shuiting , Xu Zheng , Du Farong , Zhou Yu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
As a critical component of an Internal Combustion Engine (ICE), a turbocharger suffers highly pulsatile airflow from the exhaust pipe, which determines the turbocharger performance is very different from that under steady and quasi-steady conditions. Faced with the theoretical and computational challenges associated with the optimization of the inlet and outlet conditions of the turbocharger, this paper presents an active control methodology (ACM) to improve turbocharger operating conditions and performance based on the redistribution of air mass flow and fuel flow. Considering the poor-efficiency of constant pressure turbocharging system and high structural-dependent pulse turbocharging system, the ACM proposes 3 essential steps: extract partial compressed air from the compressor outlet, then heat the compressed air with the appropriate amount of fuel in a burner and finally supply the high-pressure and high-temperature gas to the turbine inlet. These three control steps are executed in every cycle of the engine operating period, which can achieve cycle-level active control for turbine inlet compressor outlet conditions and finally achieve the purpose of overall performance amelioration for turbocharger and engine. In this paper, a two-cylinders two-stroke turbocharged diesel engine with this active control system (ACS) is modeled using 1-D modeling software to validate the effectiveness of the methodology. System performance simulations are conducted with exemplifications of control strategies and 5 different extraction pipe diameters in the 1-D simulation model. Results show that 7mm is the optimal pipe size for the ACS corresponding to the adapted control strategies, which is supported by the 62.5% wider surge margin of the compressor and better instantaneous performance of the turbine. The presented ACM combines the features of high energy utilization for pulse exhaust and stable operating conditions for the turbocharger, which can achieve a wider surge margin and better engine performance. This paper provides an initial and rather unique insight for designing and optimizing the high-performance turbocharging system for engines.
Particle Image Velocimetry As Applied to Inlet Flow Field of a Turbocharger Compressor at Varying Rotational Speeds With Emphasis on Surge
Authors: Banerjee Deb , Dehner Rick , Selamet Ahmet , Miazgowicz Keith 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Turbocharger surge remains an area of concern for the automotive industry as it limits the permissible operating range on the compressor map, while also adversely impacting the compressor’s pressure rise, efficiency, and acoustics. The present study uses Stereoscopic Particle Image Velocimetry (SPIV) to investigate the flow field at the inlet of an automotive turbocharger compressor without a recirculating channel. Experiments were carried out at four different speeds, including 80, 100, 120, and 140 krpm, which represent a substantial portion of the compressor map. The mass flow rates investigated ranged from choke to deep surge, thus spanning the entire mass flow regime at each rotational speed. The current work aims to characterize how the compressor inlet velocity field varies with rotational speed, with a specific emphasis on surge. The qualitative nature of the flow field (radial dependence of axial and tangential velocity profiles), over the choke to mild surge range, was observed to be nearly independent of rotational speed for comparable operating conditions (for example, comparison of mild surge at different rotational speeds). A quantitative comparison of the velocity profiles at the choke or mild surge operating points showed an increase in the velocity magnitudes with increasing rotational speed. The flow field at deep surge, however, was observed to change substantially from 80 krpm to 140 krpm. At 80 krpm, the character of the flow field at different times (at different points on the surge cycle) was observed to be similar: the core flow near the center of the duct was always directed into the impeller, whereas the reversed flow occupied an annular region near the periphery in nearly all time instances. However, as the rotational speed was increased to 140 krpm, the variation in the flow field at different instances within a deep surge cycle increased. At 140 krpm, the negative flow rate (where the cross-sectional average flow is directed out of the inducer back into the inlet duct) portion of the surge cycle was still similar to the overall surge flow field at 80 krpm, but over a substantial part of the positive flow rate (cross-sectional average flow is directed into the impeller) portion of the surge cycle, there was no sign of reversed flow within the visualization domain. As the rotational speed was increased, the surge loop (obtained by combining the PIV and pressure transducer data) extended over a wider portion of the compressor map with higher maximum (positive) and minimum (negative) flow rates, along with higher amplitude pressure fluctuations. The mean amplitude of mass flow rate and pressure ratio fluctuations at deep surge increased in nearly a quadratic fashion with rotational speed. The deep surge frequency did not change substantially over the range of rotational speeds examined in this study.