bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A universal fully reconfigurable 12-mode quantum photonic processor
Authors: Taballione Caterina , van der Meer Reinier , Snijders Henk J , Hooijschuur Peter , Epping Jörn P , de Goede Michiel , Kassenberg Ben , Venderbosch Pim , Toebes Chris , van den Vlekkert Hans , Pinkse Pepijn W H , Renema Jelmer J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Photonic processors are pivotal for both quantum and classical information processing tasks using light. In particular, linear optical quantum information processing requires both large-scale and low-loss programmable photonic processors. In this paper, we report the demonstration of the largest universal quantum photonic processor to date: a low-loss 12-mode fully tunable linear interferometer with all-to-all mode coupling based on stoichiometric silicon nitride waveguides.
The English origins
Authors: Tyler Amanda L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the origins of the common law writ of habeas corpus, finding that it was born out of a simple idea: the need to serve the king and demand justification for the detention of one of his subjects. It was not so much for those courts to question the king himself, for he could do no wrong. This chapter details how all of this changed over the course of the seventeenth century, and specifically the important role that the English Habeas Corpus Act of 1679 played in this shift. As is also explored, Parliament’s objectives in passing the Habeas Corpus Act sprang from its intention to expand its power at the expense of the king much more so than a desire to protect individual liberty. But in time, Blackstone and others came to praise the Act as a “second Magna Carta” for curtailing the detention of so-called “state prisoners.”
Revolution
Authors: Tyler Amanda L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter details how across the Atlantic, Americans widely studied Henry Care’s treatise and Blackstone’s Commentaries, both of which glorified as the foundation of English law and liberties Magna Carta, the Petition of Right, and the Habeas Corpus Act. Yet, as explored here, Americans did not know many of these rights and protections, being denied them as colonists. Over time, the denial of the protections of the Habeas Corpus Act to the colonists became a major source of complaint regarding British rule. As the chapter explores, the British viewed the American “Rebels” as traitors and therefore not in the service of a foreign sovereign. This meant that once American prisoners started coming to English shores, a suspension was necessary to detain them outside the criminal process. The chapter explores the Revolutionary War suspension that Parliament adopted, as well as its lapsing at the end of the war.
A novel method of literature mining to identify candidate COVID-19 drugs
Authors: Muramatsu Tomonari , Tanokura Masaru 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Summary
COVID-19 is a serious infectious disease that has recently emerged and continues to spread worldwide. Its spreading rate is too high to expect that new specific drugs will be developed in sufficient time. As an alternative, drugs already developed for other diseases have been tested for use in the treatment of COVID-19 (drug repositioning). However, to select candidate drugs from a large number of compounds, numerous inhibition assays involving viral infection of cultured cells are required. For efficiency, it would be useful to narrow the list of candidates down using logical considerations prior to performing these assays. We have developed a powerful tool to predict candidate drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 and other diseases. This tool is based on the concatenation of events/substances, each of which is linked to a KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) code based on a relationship obtained from text mining of the vast literature in the PubMed database. By analyzing 21 589 326 records with abstracts from PubMed, 98 556 KEGG codes with NAME/DEFINITION fields were connected. Among them, 9799 KEGG drug codes were connected to COVID-19, of which 7492 codes had no direct connection to COVID-19. Although this report focuses on COVID-19, the program developed here can be applied to other infectious diseases and used to quickly identify drug candidates when new infectious diseases appear in the future.

Availability and implementation
The programs and data underlying this article will be shared on reasonable request to the corresponding authors.

Contact
atmuramatsu@g.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp, amtanok@mail.ecc.u-tokyo.ac.jp

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics Advances online.
Python interfaces for the Smoldyn simulator
Authors: Singh Dilawar , Andrews Steven S 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Motivation
Smoldyn is a particle-based biochemical simulator that is frequently used for systems biology and biophysics research. Previously, users could only define models using text-based input or a C/C++ application programming interface (API), which were convenient, but limited extensibility.

Results
We added a Python API to Smoldyn to improve integration with other software tools, such as Jupyter notebooks, other Python code libraries and other simulators. It includes low-level functions that closely mimic the existing C/C++ API and higher-level functions that are more convenient to use. These latter functions follow modern object-oriented Python conventions.

Availability and implementation
Smoldyn is open source and free, available at http://www.smoldyn.org and can be installed with the Python package manager pip. It runs on Mac, Windows and Linux.

Documentation is available at http://www.smoldyn.org/SmoldynManual.pdf and https://smoldyn.readthedocs.io/en/latest/python/api.html.
Quantifying the invasion and migration ability of cancer cells with a 3D Matrigel drop invasion assay
Authors: Aslan Merve , Hsu En-Chi , Liu Shiqin , Stoyanova Tanya 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Metastasis is the main cause of cancer-associated morbidity which will account for ∼ 600,000 deaths in the USA in 2021. Defining new mechanisms that drive cancer metastasis is vital for developing new therapeutic strategies and improving clinical outcomes for cancer patients. Herein, we describe a recently established 3D Matrigel drop invasion assay to measure cancer cell invasion and migration capability in vitro. This assay is a versatile and simple tool to test the ability of cells to invade and migrate, test the functional role of genes of interest in cell invasion and migration, analyze the localization of the target proteins at the cell invasion edge in situ, and screen drug effects on cancer cell invasion and migration.
“Pollen tube shower” inBertolonia(Melastomataceae): a new delayed selfing mechanism in flowers with poricidal anthers
Authors: Passos Luan Salles , Telles Francismeire Jane , Goldenberg Renato , Maia Fabiano Rodrigo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAbout one-fifth of angiosperms reproduce predominantly through self-fertilization, mediated by morphological and functional flower traits. Autonomous selfing is rare in Melastomataceae, a megadiverse family with most species featuring poricidal anthers and herkogamy. However, previous studies suggested that some Bertolonia spp. were capable of autonomous selfing. Here, we investigated the existence of autonomous selfing in the group and, considering its specialized floral morphology, the mechanisms involved in this process. We conducted studies on floral biology, pollination experiments and pollinator visitation rates for Bertolonia paranaensis (anthers with introrse pores) and Bertolonia mosenii (anthers with extrorse pores). The transient absence of herkogamy and the dynamics of the movements of the flower parts during post-anthesis events promoted delayed selfing in both species. In post-anthesis flowers, pollen grains germinate inside the anthers, the pollen tubes come out through the anther pores and then reach the stigma, penetrating the transmission tissue, and fertilize the ovules. Both species received visits from buzzing bees and have a mixed mating system, i.e. the capacity of cross-pollination and delayed selfing-pollination. We present the first description of an autonomous selfing mechanism for plants with poricidal anthers, for which we coin the name “pollen tube shower”. Pollen tube shower promotes reproductive assurance to flowers that have not been pollinated and ensures reproductive success of individuals in the absence of pollinators.
Of losers and laggards: the interplay of material conditions and individual perceptions in the shaping of EU discontent
Authors: Díaz-Lanchas Jorge , Sojka Aleksandra , Di Pietro Filippo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Two principal strands of scholarship analyse the material roots of European Union (EU) discontent. Some focus on the effects of regional decline, while others examine the role of individual socioeconomic factors. This paper brings these two perspectives together. We argue that EU discontent is a multifaceted phenomenon structured by the spatially-rooted interplay between individual and regional material conditions and subjective perceptions. We apply PLS-SEM to Eurobarometer public opinion data (2018–2019) and find that the geographical location and the socioeconomic position shape EU discontent directly. However, material factors’ relevance for EU discontent is the greatest in structuring individual future expectations. Furthermore, democratic dissatisfaction turns out to be a key factor, pointing to the importance of institutional perceptions in the geography of discontent.
The change in the prevalence of obesity and new-onset diabetes in Chinese peritoneal dialysis patients over 25 years
Authors: Than Win Hlaing , Ng Jack Kit-Chung , Chan Gordon Chun-Kau , Fung Winston Wing-Shing , Chow Kai-Ming , Szeto Cheuk-Chun 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT

Background
The global prevalence of both obesity and end-stage kidney diseases (ESKDs) has increased in recent decades. Given the complicated interaction between obesity and ESKD, we examined the change in the prevalence of obesity in incident Chinese peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients over the past 25 years.

Methods
We reviewed the anthropometric measures of incident PD patients in a single Hong Kong center from 1995 to 2019. The results are reported in five 5-year periods. Patients with and without diabetes were analyzed separately, and the incidence of new-onset diabetes after PD was explored.

Results
We reviewed 1681 patients. Their mean age was 58.4 ± 12.5 years; 931 patients (55.4%) had pre-existing diabetes. From 1995–99 to 2015–19, the prevalence of obesity or overweight at the initiation of PD increased progressively for every 5-year period (from 21.9% to 26.2, 37.9, 42.7 and 47.3%, P &lt; 0.001 for linearity). The increase in the prevalence of obesity or overweight was more pronounced in diabetic patients (from 33.7% to 59.6%) than non-diabetic ones (from 13.2% to 32.3%). Among nondiabetics patients, the incidence of new-onset diabetes after started on PD showed an insignificant rising trend during that period (from 18.0, 19.7, 17.8 and 22.4% to 23.3%, P = 0.106). The incidence of new-onset impaired fasting glucose or diabetes was significantly higher in obese or overweight patients than the others (56.9% versus 51.4%, P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
The prevalence of obesity has increased substantially in both diabetic and nondiabetic new PD patients in Hong Kong over the past 25 years. The incidence of new-onset diabetes was significantly higher in new PD patients with pre-existing obesity or overweight than those without obesity. The prognostic implication and impacts on the healthcare system deserve further studies.
Toward An Understanding of the Economics of Apologies: Evidence from a Large-Scale Natural Field Experiment
Authors: Halperin Basil , Ho Benjamin , List John A , Muir Ian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
We use a theory of apologies to design a nationwide field experiment involving 1.5 million Uber ridesharing consumers who experienced late rides. Several insights emerge. First, apologies are not a panacea—the efficacy of an apology and whether it may backfire depend on how the apology is made. Second, across treatments, money speaks louder than words—the best form of apology is to include a coupon for a future trip. Third, in some cases sending an apology is worse than sending nothing at all, particularly for repeated apologies and apologies that promise to do better. For firms, caveat venditor should be the rule when considering apologies.
Unintended Consequences of COVID-19 Social Distancing Among Older Adults With Kidney Disease
Authors: Bowling C Barrett , Berkowitz Theodore S Z , Smith Battista , Whitson Heather E , DePasquale Nicole , Wang Virginia , Maciejewski Matthew L , Olsen Maren K 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
While social distancing policies protect older adults with advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) from exposure to COVID-19, reduced social interaction may also have unintended consequences.

Methods
To identify subgroups of patients at risk for unintended health consequences of social distancing, we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of data from a national cohort study of older veterans with advanced CKD (n = 223). Characteristics included activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental ADLs (IADLs), cognition score, depression score, social support, financial stress, symptom burden, and number of chronic conditions. Unintended consequences of social distancing included restricted Life Space mobility, low willingness for video telehealth, reduced in-person contact with caregivers, and food insecurity. We identified subgroups of patients at risk of unintended consequences using model-based recursive partitioning (MoB).

Results
Participants had a mean age of 77.9 years, 64.6% were white, and 96.9% were male. Overall, 22.4% of participants had restricted Life Space, 33.9% reported low willingness for video telehealth, 19.0% reported reduced caregiver contact, and 3.2% reported food insecurity. For Life Space restriction, 4 subgroups partitioned (ie, split) by IADL difficulty, cognition score, and ADL difficulty were identified. The highest rate of restricted Life Space was 54.7% in the subgroup of participants with &gt;3 IADL difficulties. For low willingness for telehealth and reduced caregiver contact, separate models identified 2 subgroups split by cognition score and depression score, respectively.

Conclusions
Measures of function, cognition, and depressive symptoms may identify older adults with advanced CKD who are at higher risk for unintended health consequences of social distancing.
Racialized Disgust, Embodied Affect, and the Portrayal of Native Americans in Classic Hollywood Westerns
Authors: Flory Dan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDuring the early part of the classic Hollywood sound period (1930–60), filmmakers sharpened a standardized way to portray Native American characters in Westerns. Such figures were depicted as disgusting by virtue of being beyond the pale in terms of their “acceptable” moral behavior, as measured by common white sensibilities of the era. This behavior was attributed to their nonwhiteness and therefore presumptively stemmed from their allegedly subhuman, “savage” nature. This stock depiction of Native American characters became one of creatures who communicated by means of silence, war whoops, animal sounds, or unintelligible language, and committed grievous moral transgressions without qualm. In this article I analyze the theoretical structure of such depictions and how these depictions work in terms of typical audience reaction, using recent work in philosophy of film, philosophy of emotion, and cognitive film theory.
Effects of Imidacloprid Applied Alone or in Combination With Organosilicone Surfactants on Biological Traits and Predatory Feeding ofChrysoperla nipponensis(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Authors: Liu Zhongfang , Zhang Pengjiu , Yang Jing , Gao Yue , Fan Jianbin , Fan Renjun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOrganosilicone adjuvants are widely used to increase insecticide application on targeted surfaces. In this work, our aim was to investigate side effects of imidacloprid treatment, either applied alone or in combination with organosilicone compounds, against Chrysoperla nipponensis, an important predator of aphids. Four types of organosilicones were mixed with imidacloprid at different concentrations. The toxicity of the mixture to C. nipponensis was measured under laboratory conditions. The LC50 and LC30 of imidacloprid applied alone and in combination with 0.05% organosilicone were determined. Imidacloprid (LC30) applied alone or in combination with 0.05% organosilicone was used to treat second instar larvae of C. nipponensis; thereafter, its effects on the growth, development, longevity, reproduction, and predatory ability of C. nipponensis were evaluated The results demonstrated that the organosilicone Silwet L-77 reduced the LC50 and LC30 of imidacloprid to 6.09 (95% CI: 2.31–9.42) and 10.95 mg/L (95% CI: 8.16–13.63), respectively, and enhanced imidacloprid toxicity to C. nipponensis, as reflected by the resulting extension of the growth and developmental period, reduction in female longevity, and inhibition of reproduction. When applied alone or in combination with an organosilicone, imidacloprid reduced the consumption of Corcyra cephalonica eggs by C. nipponensis. The functional response of C. nipponensis treated with imidacloprid alone or in combination with organosilicone was type II. Concomitantly, the attack rate was reduced and the handling time of prey increased.
The Tuna Bond Scandal: The Continued Lack of Transparency in Bank-to-State Credit Facilities Agreements
Authors: Connelly Stephen 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development Principles on Promoting Responsible Sovereign Lending and Borrowing provide inter alia that creditors should ensure debt contracts are duly authorized; yet, the Mozambique Tuna Bond Scandal suggests that in the market for private bank-to-state credit facilities agreements, there is still work to do. This article presents empirical evidence suggesting growth in the amount of private bank-to-state loans and argues that this growth, combined with a lack of transparency, will lead to increasing numbers of legal disputes over want and abuse of official authority. The English law doctrines of ultra vires contracting in private international law and abuse of agent authority, usually applied in the context of corruption, are considered, and various reforms are proposed, including a transparency register and a legislative reversal of presumption of agent authority.
Cost-effectiveness analysis for the parenteral anticoagulants in Jordan
Authors: Alquraan Shatha , Darwish El-Hajji Feras 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Pharmacoeconomic dimensions linking clinical effectiveness of parenteral anticoagulants for management of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) and cost of treatment are needed to support choices by healthcare providers. The objective of the study was to conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis for 5-day treatment with parenteral anticoagulants in Jordan.

Methods
Cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted based on decision analysis tree model. The perspective was the payer, considering direct medical costs. Probabilities of failure of treatment and major bleeding were derived from published clinical studies. Costs were estimated based on 2019 prices in Jordan.

Key findings
The average cost of VTE hospitalization and major bleeding management in Jordan were 2324.00 US$ and 3347.40 US$, respectively. Bemiparin was associated with the highest clinical efficacy and lowest probability of major bleeding. Nadroparin had the lowest clinical efficacy, while tinzaparin was found to have the highest risk of major bleeding. Bemiparin had the lowest average cost-effectiveness ratio (101.63 US$/success) and nadroparin had the highest cost-effectiveness ratio (295.56 US$/success). Throughout the sensitivity analysis calculations, bemiparin and nadroparin had the lowest and highest cost of treatment, respectively.

Conclusions
The cost of parenteral anticoagulant drugs, the same as many other drugs, does not always correlate with cost of VTE treatment. Other direct medical costs (e.g. treatment failure and management of bleeding) have a high contribution to the total cost calculation. Pharmacoeconomically, bemiparin is the dominant cost-effective parenteral anticoagulant in Jordan, while nadroparin is the dominated one.
gwsim: a code to simulate gravitational waves propagating in a potential well
Authors: He Jian-hua 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a code to simulate the propagation of GWs in a potential well in the time domain. Our code uses the finite element method based on the publicly available code deal.ii. We test our code using a point source monochromatic spherical wave. We examine not only the waveform observed by a local observer but also the global energy conservation of the waves. We find that our numerical results agree with the analytical predictions very well. Based on our code, we study the propagation of the leading wavefront of GWs in a potential well. We find that our numerical results agree with the results obtained from tracing null geodesics very well. Based on our simulations, we also test the accuracy of the thin-lens model in predicting the positions of the wavefront. We find that the analytical formula of the Shapiro time delay is only accurate in regimes that are far away from the centre of the potential well. However, near the optic axis, the analytical formula shows significant differences from the simulated ones. Besides these results, we find that unlike the conventional images in geometric optics, GWs cannot be sheltered by the scatterer due to wave effects. The signals of GWs can circle around the scatterer and travel along the optic axis until they arrive at a distant observer, which is an important observational consequence in such a system.
The puzzling origin of massive compact galaxies in MaNGA
Authors: Schnorr-Müller A , Trevisan M , Riffel R , Chies-Santos A L , Furlanetto C , Ricci T V , Lohmann F S , Flores-Freitas R , Mallmann N D , Alamo-Martínez K A 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We characterized the kinematics, morphology, and stellar population (SP) properties of a sample of massive compact quiescent galaxies (MCGs, $10\, \lesssim \, \log M_\star$/M$_\odot \, \lesssim \, 11$ and re ∼ 1–3 kpc) in the MaNGA Survey, with the goal of constraining their formation, assembly history, and assessing their relation with non-compact quiescent galaxies. We compared their properties with those of a control sample of median-sized quiescent galaxies (re ∼ 4–8 kpc) with similar effective velocity dispersions. MCGs have elevated rotational support, as evidenced by a strong anticorrelation between the Gauss–Hermite moment h3 and V/σ. In contrast, 30${{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of control sample galaxies (CSGs) are slow rotators, and fast-rotating CSGs generally show a weak h3–V/σ anticorrelation. MCGs and CSGs have similar ages, but MCGs are more metal-rich and α-enhanced. Both MCGs and CSGs have shallow negative metallicity gradients and flat [α/Fe] gradients. On average, MCGs and CSGs have flat age gradients, but CSGs have a significantly larger dispersion of gradient values. The kinematics and SP properties of MCGs suggest that they experienced highly dissipative gas-rich events, such as mergers, followed by an intense, short, and centrally concentrated burst of star formation, between 4 and 10 Gyr ago (z ∼ 0.4–2), and had a quiet accretion history since then. This sequence of events might be analogous to, although less extreme than, the compaction events that formed compact quiescent galaxies at z ∼ 2. The small sizes of MCGs, and the high efficiency and short duration of their last star formation episode suggest that they are descendants of compact post-starburst galaxies.