bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent developments in the law of secured transactions of movables under the new Chinese Civil Code
Authors: Zhang Jing 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In May 2020, the first Chinese Civil Code was enacted. This Civil Code incorporates several modifications of the law of secured transactions concerning corporeal movables and receivables. These modifications are made under the influence not only of international conventions, model laws, and legislative guides by the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law and the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law but also of overseas legislation, especially Article 9 of the Uniform Commercial Code. First, a semi-functional approach is taken by the Civil Code. The security agreement includes, in addition to typical security contracts, ‘other contracts having a function of security’. Consequently, the rules concerning the property right of charge (hypothec) are also applicable to reservation of ownership, financial lease, factoring, and other security interests, provided that there is no lex specialis. This leaves a larger space of autonomy for individual parties. Moreover, the new Civil Code intends to construct a more inclusive register by requiring reservation of ownership, financial lease, factoring, and other types of security rights to be registered to be effective against third parties. The future register for ordinary corporeal movables and claims will very possibly be a notice-filing system.
Integrating animal movements with phylogeography to model the spread of PRRSV in the USA
Authors: Makau Dennis N , Alkhamis Moh A , Paploski Igor a. D , Corzo Cesar A , Lycett Samantha , VanderWaal Kimberly 
Published: June 2021

AbstractViral sequence data coupled with phylodynamic models have become instrumental in investigating the outbreaks of human and animal diseases, and the incorporation of the hypothesized drivers of pathogen spread can enhance the interpretation from phylodynamic inference. Integrating animal movement data with phylodynamics allows us to quantify the extent to which the spatial diffusion of a pathogen is influenced by animal movements and contrast the relative importance of different types of movements in shaping pathogen distribution. We combine animal movement, spatial, and environmental data in a Bayesian phylodynamic framework to explain the spatial diffusion and evolutionary trends of a rapidly spreading sub-lineage (denoted L1A) of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) Type 2 from 2014 to 2017. PRRSV is the most important endemic pathogen affecting pigs in the USA, and this particular virulent sub-lineage emerged in 2014 and continues to be the dominant lineage in the US swine industry to date. Data included 984 open reading frame 5 (ORF5) PRRSV L1A sequences obtained from two production systems in a swine-dense production region (∼85,000 mi2) in the USA between 2014 and 2017. The study area was divided into sectors for which model covariates were summarized, and animal movement data between each sector were summarized by age class (wean: 3–4 weeks; feeder: 8–25 weeks; breeding: ≥21 weeks). We implemented a discrete-space phylogeographic generalized linear model using Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling trees (BEAST) to infer factors associated with variability in between-sector diffusion rates of PRRSV L1A. We found that between-sector spread was enhanced by the movement of feeder pigs, spatial adjacency of sectors, and farm density in the destination sector. The PRRSV L1A strain was introduced in the study area in early 2013, and genetic diversity and effective population size peaked in 2015 before fluctuating seasonally (peaking during the summer months). Our study underscores the importance of animal movements and shows, for the first time, that the movement of feeder pigs (8–25 weeks old) shaped the spatial patterns of PRRSV spread much more strongly than the movements of other age classes of pigs. The inclusion of movement data into phylodynamic models as done in this analysis may enhance our ability to identify crucial pathways of disease spread that can be targeted to mitigate the spatial spread of infectious human and animal pathogens.
Morphology-based cladistics splinters the century-old dichotomy of the pied harvestmen (Arachnida: Gonyleptoidea: Cosmetidae)
Authors: Medrano Miguel , Kury Adriano Brilhante , Mendes Amanda Cruz 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The cosmetids are conspicuous harvestmen, remarkably diverse in size, shape and colour. However, the effectiveness of all these morphological traits for diagnosing groups is scarcely explored in the literature. Since the early 20th century, the family Cosmetidae has been divided into two subfamilies, Cosmetinae and Discosomaticinae, and there has been no further effort to delimit additional or alternative subfamilial groups.
In this analysis, we aim to test the issue of the basal dichotomy of Cosmetinae and Discosomaticinae. Thus, we propose a more comprehensive phylogenetic analysis using both parsimony and Bayesian approach, comprising 103 terminals of Cosmetidae, plus seven outgroup terminals scored for 130 morphological characters. Discosomaticinae is revisited and all its species were included in our matrix. To offer a real challenge to the monophyly of Discosomaticinae, members of 36 genera of Cosmetinae have also been scored. Our results support neither Cosmetinae nor Discosomaticinae sensu Pickard-Cambridge/Roewer as monophyletic groups. We found that Cosmetidae may be organized into a few major clades, which are here diagnosed. Accordingly, taxonomic changes in the arrangement of the family are introduced: description of one new tribe, five new subfamilies and revalidation of a sixth, description of three new genera, and proposition of synonymies, transfers and revalidations at generic level.
Myiasis in Neglected Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck: Review of Management and Current Protocol Recommendations
Authors: Grinblat Golda , Frenkel Yulia , Shochat Isaac , Košec Andro , Midbari Ayelet , Rysin Roman , Dandinarasaiah Manjunath , Braverman Itzhak , Wolf Yoram 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE
To propose a first-aid management protocol for myiasis in neglected cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) in the ED based on a recent literature review.

DATA SOURCES
PubMed.

STUDY SELECTION
Inclusion criteria were all series and case reports of primary/secondary cutaneous SCC with myiasis of the head and neck, including orbital SCC cases, published after 2005.

DATA EXTRACTION
A total of 14 articles including 15 patients were included.

DATA SYNTHESIS
Demographics, socioeconomic situation, site of the lesion, larvae species with bacterial suprainfection, and first-aid treatment options were discussed. Two representative cases are described.

CONCLUSIONS
Large, ulcerated, necrotic, myiasis-burdened SCC lesions in the head and neck area present a challenge for treatment, and to date, no consensus regarding first-aid management exists. The authors’ proposed four-pillar first-aid management scheme may be a valid option to rapidly improve wound condition through disinfection, pain relief, and malodor and discharge eradication as a bridge to surgery.
The Effects of Biological Sex on Sepsis Treatments in Animal Models: A Systematic Review and a Narrative Elaboration on Sex- and Gender-Dependent Differences in Sepsis
Authors: Zhang MengQi , Montroy Joshua , Sharma Rahul , Fergusson Dean A. , Mendelson Asher A. , Macala Kimberly F. , Bourque Stephane L. , Schlechte Jared M. , Eng Mikaela K. , McDonald Braedon , Gill Sean E. , Fiest Kirsten M. , Liaw Patricia C. , Fox-Robichaud Alison , Lalu Manoj M. 
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVES:
Preclinical studies provide an opportunity to evaluate the relationship between sex and sepsis, and investigate underlying mechanisms in a controlled experimental environment. The objective of our systematic review was to assess the impact of biological sex on treatment response to fluid and antibiotic therapy in animal models of sepsis. Furthermore, we provide a narrative elaboration of sex-dependent differences in preclinical models of sepsis.

DATA SOURCES:
MEDLINE and Embase were searched from inception to March 16, 2020.

STUDY SELECTION:
All studies reporting sex-stratified data comparing antibiotics and/or fluid resuscitation with a placebo or no treatment arm in an in vivo model of sepsis were included.

DATA EXTRACTION:
Outcomes of interest were mortality (primary) and organ dysfunction (secondary). Risk of bias was assessed. Study selection and data extraction were conducted independently and in duplicate.

DATA SYNTHESIS:
The systematic search returned 2,649 unique studies, and two met inclusion criteria. Both studies used cecal ligation and puncture models with imipenem/cilastatin antibiotics. No eligible studies investigated fluids. In one study, antibiotic therapy significantly reduced mortality in male, but not female, animals. The other study reported no sex differences in organ dysfunction. Both studies were deemed to be at a high overall risk of bias.

CONCLUSIONS:
There is a remarkable and concerning paucity of data investigating sex-dependent differences in fluid and antibiotic therapy for the treatment of sepsis in animal models. This may reflect poor awareness of the importance of investigating sex-dependent differences. Our discussion therefore expands on general concepts of sex and gender in biomedical research and sex-dependent differences in key areas of sepsis research such as the cardiovascular system, immunometabolism, the microbiome, and epigenetics. Finally, we discuss current clinical knowledge, the potential for reverse translation, and directions for future studies.

REGISTRATION:
PROSPERO CRD42020192738.
Intravenous Drug Use–Associated Infective Endocarditis in Canada: A Call for a Standardized Treatment Strategy That Includes In-Hospital Addiction Medicine and Harm Reduction Services
Authors: Dreaddy Kim , Greene Alison , Adams Corey 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Amidst the Canadian opioid crisis, the incidence of infective endocarditis associated with intravenous drug use (IVDU-IE) has increased. A survey assessing current perceptions and practice patterns of Canadian cardiac surgeons found a lack of objective evidence to guide decision making, limited interprofessional management programs, and a need and willingness to create a national strategy to better respond to IVDU-IE. These findings are in keeping with evidence of gaps in health care services for people who inject drugs and the need for a multidisciplinary approach that includes the specialty of addiction medicine and the implementation of harm prevention and reduction services. This commentary is a call for the Canadian Society of Cardiac Surgeons to take the lead in initiating an effective treatment strategy for IVDU-IE in Canadian hospitals.

Au centre de la crise des opioïdes au Canada, l’incidence de l’endocardite infectieuse associée à l’usage de drogues intraveineuses (IVDU-IE) a augmenté. Une enquête évaluant les perceptions et les modèles de pratique actuels des chirurgiens cardiaques canadiens a révélé un manque de preuves objectives pour guider la prise de décision, des programmes de gestion interprofessionnelle limités et un besoin et une volonté de créer une stratégie nationale pour mieux répondre à l’IVDU-IE. Ces résultats sont conformes aux preuves de lacunes dans les services de santé pour les personnes qui s’injectent des drogues et à la nécessité d’une approche multidisciplinaire que comprend la spécialité de la médecine de l’addiction et la mise en œuvre de services de prévention et de réduction des méfaits. Cette présente anyalyse est un appel à la Société canadienne des chirurgiens cardiaques pour qu’elle prenne l’initiative de lancer une stratégie de traitement efficace pour l’IVDU-IE dans les hôpitaux canadiens.
Androgen Receptor is Expressed in Breast Cancer Brain Metastases
Authors: Bergen Elisabeth S. , Berghoff Anna S. , Steindl Ariane , Rajky Orsolya , Mercea Petra A. , Kiesel Barbara , Tendl-Schulz Kristina , Bago-Horvath Zsuzsanna , Exner Ruth , Fitzal Florian , Dieckmann Karin , Widhalm Georg , Steger Guenther G. , Preusser Matthias , Bartsch Rupert 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Androgen receptor (AR) expression is a potential therapeutic target in breast cancer (BC) as it is frequently expressed in the luminal A and B subtypes and in approximately one third of basal-like cancers. As AR-positive BC displays a distinct biological behavior, we aimed to analyze AR expression in the particular context of BC brain metastases (BM).

Materials and Methods:
Patients with newly diagnosed BC BM treated with neurosurgical resection were identified from the Vienna Brain Metastasis Registry and clinical data including patient characteristics, biological tumor subtypes and overall survival were obtained by retrospective chart review. Formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimen containing BM tissue were retrieved from the Neuro-Biobank. Immunohistochemical staining of AR was performed and AR expression in the tumor-cell nucleus was evaluated.

Results:
Fifty-seven BM samples from 57 individual patients with BC were available for this analysis. AR expression of ≥1% tumor cells was evident in 20/57 (35.1%) BM specimens; the median AR-expression rate was 10% (range: 1% to 60%). AR expression was observed in 11/21 (52.4%) BM of the luminal/human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative subtype, 3/13 (23.1%) of the luminal/HER2-positive subtype, 2/7 (28.6%) of the HER2-positive subtype and 4/16 (25.0%) of the triple-negative subtype (P=0.247). Median survival from diagnosis of BM was 10 months (range: 0 to 104 mo) in the entire cohort. No significant association of overall survival and AR expression ≥1% was observed (15 vs. 13 mo; P>0.05).

Conclusion:
AR is expressed in more than one third of BC BM with the highest rates among the luminal/HER2-negative BC subtype and may therefore be a potential prognostic and predictive biomarker in this particular BC population.
Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitor Use in Patients Undergoing Decompression Surgery for Lumbar Spinal Stenosis
Authors: Pham Tri , Butler Adam , Weideman Rick A. , Annaswamy Thiru M. 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveOur objectives were to explore the association between phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor use and lumbar decompression surgery by evaluating the prevalence of lumbar decompression surgery in a treatment group of patients with lumbar spinal stenosis compared with a control group.DesignWe performed database review and extracted data including lumbar decompression surgery prevalence, phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor dosage, and fill dates. Treatment group was defined as those with phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor fill dates of less than 30 days before surgery, and control group was defined as those with phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor fill dates at any other time. Lumbar decompression surgery prevalence rates for both groups were calculated.ResultsOur study found 599 lumbar spinal stenosis patients who were prescribed phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor. Three hundred thirty-eight underwent lumbar decompression surgery. Of these, 71 (21%) filled their prescription of less than 30 days before surgery, whereas 267 (79%) filled their prescription during a different period. The majority (94.6%) of surgical patients received decompression at two or more spinal levels.ConclusionsPrevalence of lumbar decompression surgery for lumbar spinal stenosis was significantly lower in patients in the treatment group on phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor therapy compared with the control group. Among many potential explanations, the vasodilatory effect of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor may have contributed to a lower surgical rate. This is the first study to explore this novel association. Future prospective studies are necessary to better define the utility of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitor in lumbar spinal stenosis.
A songbird adjusts its heart rate and body temperature in response to season and fluctuating daily conditions
Authors: Linek Nils , Volkmer Tamara , Shipley J. Ryan , Twining Cornelia W. , Zúñiga Daniel , Wikelski Martin , Partecke Jesko 
Published: June 2021

In a seasonal world, organisms are continuously adjusting physiological processes relative to local environmental conditions. Owing to their limited heat and fat storage capacities, small animals, such as songbirds, must rapidly modulate their metabolism in response to weather extremes and changing seasons to ensure survival. As a consequence of previous technical limitations, most of our existing knowledge about how animals respond to changing environmental conditions comes from laboratory studies or field studies over short temporal scales. Here, we expanded beyond previous studies by outfitting 71 free-ranging Eurasian blackbirds (Turdus merula) with novel heart rate and body temperature loggers coupled with radio transmitters, and followed individuals in the wild from autumn to spring. Across seasons, blackbirds thermoconformed at night, i.e. their body temperature decreased with decreasing ambient temperature, but not so during daytime. By contrast, during all seasons blackbirds increased their heart rate when ambient temperatures became colder. However, the temperature setpoint at which heart rate was increased differed between seasons and between day and night. In our study, blackbirds showed an overall seasonal reduction in mean heart rate of 108 beats min−1(21%) as well as a 1.2°C decrease in nighttime body temperature. Episodes of hypometabolism during cold periods likely allow the birds to save energy and, thus, help offset the increased energetic costs during the winter when also confronted with lower resource availability. Our data highlight that, similar to larger non-hibernating mammals and birds, small passerine birds such as Eurasian blackbirds not only adjust their heart rate and body temperature on daily timescales, but also exhibit pronounced seasonal changes in both that are modulated by local environmental conditions such as temperature.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Measuring physiology in free-living animals (Part I)’.
Environmental Influences on Childhood Asthma Prevalence in Philadelphia
Authors: Mulloth Raeva N. , Blackley Alexander J , Koszuta Peter J. , Nemes Kaitlyn M. , Vail Maddison M. , Zhang Monglin L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn 2019, the American Lung Association found that, for the second year in a row, the Philadelphia metro has worsened the surrounding area’s air quality, due to worsening ozone smog. This spike in unhealthy air quality in Philadelphia has affected the health of the city’s population. Unhealthy air quality can be exacerbated by asbestos, which has been found in many Philadelphia elementary schools. Although asbestos usage is now highly regulated, it can still be found in consumer products and construction material today. Among the many factors contributing to asthma onset and other lung diseases, air pollution and dangerous air particles such as asbestos are important contributors. Children in these asbestos infected schools became exposed and ultimately sick which led to their school’s eventual closure. Due to children’s immature and more vulnerable airways, this exposure may have led to increasing cases of respiratory distress.MethodsThis research study analyzed publicly available asbestos data from Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act (AHERA) reports from four Philadelphia elementary schools (Laura H. Carnell, James J. Sullivan, Clara Barton, and Thomas M. Peirce) from 2016-2018 to further understand the influence of asbestos particles on asthma in children. Secondary data analysis determined the levels of asbestos contamination in each elementary school and the severity of the condition for each school. This was compared to children’s asthma prevalence during the selected time period.ResultsAsbestos was mainly found in the 2-6 inch pipe insulation and tiles within each school. Between 0.06 and 1.18% asbestos damage was found in 2-6inch pipe insulation in schools closed for asbestos abatement. An r2 of 0.9997 was found when comparing the 206inch pipe damage percentage and the newly friable material found in each school. Thomas M. Pierce Elementary was determined to be the highest concern according to the analysis of the AHERA reports.ConclusionChildren exposed to asbestos in elementary schools, and with a predisposition to asthma, were more likely to suffer from respiratory distress, due to the multiple contributing environmental factors.
Fitness barriers to spread of colistin resistance overcome by first establishing niche in patients with enhanced colistin exposure
Authors: Lapp Zena , Han Jennifer H , Choudhary Divya , Castaneda Stuart , Pirani Ali , Alby Kevin , Tolomeo Pam C , Goldstein Ellie JC , Lautenbach Ebbing , Snitkin Evan S 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThere is an urgent need to improve our understanding of how new antibiotic resistant organisms emerge and spread. A high-priority resistance threat is the ST258 lineage of carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Here, we studied resistance to the last-line drug colistin among ST258 by tracking its evolution across 21 U.S. hospitals over the course of a year. Phylogenetic analysis supported a significant fitness cost being associated with resistance, as resistance emergence was common but resistance variants were rarely transmitted. Furthermore, several resistance variants that were transmitted had acquired secondary variants that reverted the strain to susceptible. The exceptions to the general pattern of instability associated with resistance were two large clusters of resistant strains in one sublineage (clade IIB) present across Southern California hospitals. Quantification of transmission fitness in the healthcare environment indicated that, while resistant isolates from other clades were less fit than their susceptible counterparts, clade IIB resistant isolates were more fit, despite having similar resistance variants. Additional analyses supported the increased fitness of colistin-resistant clade IIB isolates being driven by a lineage-defining variant that increased clade IIB’s association with patient subpopulations with enhanced colistin exposure. These results show that a favorable genetic background and sustained selective pressure led to the emergence and spread of a colistin-resistant ST258 sublineage across a regional healthcare network. These findings highlight the utility of integrating pathogen genomic and corresponding clinical data from regional healthcare networks to detect emerging antibiotic resistance threats and understand the clinical practices and patient populations that drive their spread.Significance StatementSelective pressure in hospitals leads to frequent antibiotic resistance evolution. However, emergent resistance alleles are often not transmitted to other individuals because of fitness costs associated with resistance. Due to the difficulty of studying pathogen fitness in humans, our understanding of how resistant organisms circumvent these costs is limited. We integrate genomic and clinical data to understand the evolutionary trajectories leading to transmissible resistance for the last-line antibiotic colistin. While colistin resistance is generally associated with a fitness cost that hinders transmission, this cost was mitigated in a sublineage that had previously acquired mutations increasing its association with patient populations more likely to receive colistin, suggesting a key role for historical contingency in the emergence and spread of stable resistance.