bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nano‐silica/chitosan composite coatings on biodegradable magnesium alloys for enhanced corrosion resistance in simulated body fluid
Authors: Ma Yucong , Talha Mohd , Wang Qi , Zhao Qian , Li Zhonghui , Lin Yuanhua 
Published: December 2021

AbstractChitosan (CTS) coatings have been studied as a biocompatible coating on biodegradable magnesium (Mg) alloys to improve the corrosion resistance and bioactivity for medical implants. However, the loose structure of the CTS coating cannot provide ideal long‐time corrosion resistance in the physiological environment. In this study, a nano‐SiO2/CTS composite coating was applied on an Mg alloy substrate using the sol–gel method. The surface characteristics of the samples were examined by Fourier‐transform infrared analysis, X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy‐energy‐dispersive spectrometry, and contact angle measurements. The particle size and suitable dispersion of the SiO2 nanoparticles inside the composite coating were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Further, the corrosion protection behavior of the coatings was examined in a simulated body fluid using potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and scanning electrochemical microscopy analyses. Atomic force microscopy was used to determine the surface morphologies of the samples after the polarization test. The surface characteristics, electrochemical measurements, and immersion test revealed that the SiO2 nanoparticles effectively filled the voids of the CTS coating and significantly improved the corrosion resistance. The optimal concentration of nano‐SiO2 is 1.0 g/L.
Chemikalien‐Regularien: Komplexes Klassifizieren
Authors: Meier‐Kirchner Katrin , Schüler Fabian 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWill ein Unternehmen Stoffe wie Titandioxid, L‐(+)‐Milchsäure oder Perfluoroctansäure verkaufen, ist es an nationale und internationale Regularien gebunden, die sich oft ändern. Das harmonisierte System zur Einstufung und Kennzeichnung von Chemikalien der Vereinten Nationen soll einen Rahmen für den internationalen Warenaustausch schaffen, was nicht immer gelingt.
A survey of social network status and its related factors for older adults with type 2 diabetes in Beijing, China
Authors: Yang Kailian , Liu Yu , Yin Xing , Wu Shishi , Wu Quanying , Wang Li , Li Jiayue 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimTo understand the social network status of older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Beijing, China and explore its related factors.DesignA cross‐sectional survey using a sample of convenience was conducted.MethodsFrom April to September 2019, Lubben Social Network Scale‐6 (LSNS‐6) was used to evaluate the social network of 300 older adults with T2DM from the outpatient and inpatient departments of three hospitals and five communities in Beijing. Self‐designed demographics and clinical sheets, Summary of Diabetes Self‐Care Activities Scale, Social Support Rating Scale and Geriatric Depression Scale‐15 were used to investigate the related factors of their social networks. The Equator Research Checklist used in this study is STROBE checklist.ResultsThe score of LSNS‐6 of the older adults was 16.75 ± 7.02 (scale: 0 ~ 30), the score of family network dimension was 8.32 ± 3.63 (scale: 0 ~ 15), and friends network dimension was 8.43 ± 4.74 (scale: 0 ~ 15). Additionally, 22.67% of the older adults had social isolation. Social support, medical payment, self‐assessed health status, residential arrangement and smoking status were associated with the social network level of the older adults with T2DM (p < .05).
Quantitative risk assessment for ammonia ship‐to‐ship bunkering based on Bayesian network
Authors: Fan Hongjun , Enshaei Hossein , Jayasinghe Shantha Gamini , Tan Sock Hua , Zhang Chunchang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe maritime industry is getting prepared for using ammonia as a fuel to meet the decarbonization goal. However, ammonia is toxic, corrosive, and flammable, which poses specific safety challenges during bunkering compared with conventional fuels. The corrosion can be prevented by selecting suitable materials. However, the impact of toxic gas dispersion and fire has high uncertainties, thus risk assessment should be conducted. Currently, there are insufficient risk assessment guidelines for ammonia bunkering available. Therefore, this paper proposes a Bayesian network (BN) based quantitative risk assessment framework to investigate the potential risks of ammonia in ship‐to‐ship bunkering considering the toxicity and flammability. The study validates the utility of the proposed framework and demonstrates the BN as an efficient model in performing the probabilities calculations and flexible in conducting causal diagnosis. The results show that toxicity has the greatest impact on the risks of ammonia bunkering compared with flammability. The main innovation of this work is realizing the efficient quantification of risks for ammonia ship‐to‐ship bunkering by using the BN.
Effect of low glyphosate doses on flowering and seed germination of glyphosate‐resistant and ‐susceptible Digitaria insularis
Authors: Anunciato Vitor M , Bianchi Leandro , Gomes Giovanna LGC , Velini Edivaldo D , Duke Stephen O , Carbonari Caio A 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDHerbicide hormesis is characterized by stimulation of various growth and developmental parameters, such as biomass and height, at low herbicide doses. Other possible hormetic effects are earlier flowering, higher seed weight, more seeds, and a shorter plant life cycle, which could favor the propagation of the species. This study tested the early flowering in glyphosate‐resistant and ‐susceptible Digitaria insularis biotypes under treatment with low glyphosate doses.RESULTSHormesis caused by low glyphosate doses occurred in all experiments. The hormetic effects were a decrease in time necessary for the formation of inflorescences and increased seed weight and germination speed. Higher glyphosate doses were required for the hormetic effect in the glyphosate‐resistant than the ‐susceptible D. insularis biotype.CONCLUSIONSHormesis caused by low glyphosate doses in D. insularis may provide an advantage for the dissemination of this species, helping to alter the weed flora. As the doses that cause stimulation in glyphosate‐resistant biotypes are higher than in glyphosate‐susceptible biotypes, the selection of resistant biotypes may be favored in glyphosate‐sprayed fields, increasing the rate of infestation of glyphosate‐resistant biotypes.
Dry Reforming of Methane for Hydrogen Production Using Bimetallic Catalysts of Pt‐Fe Supported on γ‐Alumina
Authors: Pérez José Manuel Martínez , Lucio‐Ortiz Carlos J. , de la Rosa Javier Rivera , Maldonado Carolina Solis , De Haro Del Río David A. , Sandoval‐Rangel Ladislao , Garza‐Navarro M. A. , Martínez‐Vargas Daniela Xulú , Morales‐Leal Francisco José 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBiogas is a combustible composed mostly by methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2). Methane, the main component of biogas, is the responsible for the characteristics of the fuel itself. Greenhouse gases (GHG), including methane, along with global warming and depletion of fossil fuels have become issues of global concern. In the present work, Pt−Fe catalysts supported on γ‐Al2O3 varying the metal load were synthesized, characterized, and applied in the hydrogen production through dry reforming of methane. The synthesized catalysts were extensively characterized by analytical techniques such as X‐Ray diffraction (XRD), thermal gravimetric analysis coupled with differential thermal analysis (DTA/TGA), infrared spectroscopy with Fourier transform (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), N2 physisorption, X‐ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS) and high–resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR‐TEM). The results from the catalytic tests exhibited that methane conversion reached values up to 95 % for all studied catalysts. The maximum H2 selectivity was 68 % (973 K) and 55 % (1173 K), for the bimetallic catalysts 0.15 PFAc (0.5 % Pt‐0.15 % Fe wt/Al2O3) and 0.5 PFAc (0.5 % Pt–0.5 % Fe wt/Al2O3) respectively. XPS and HR‐TEM results confirmed the iron‐platinum phase (FePt). Catalyst characteristics such as specific surface area, average crystallite size and morphology showed to play a role in the methane reforming performance.
Facile Synthesis of Pd and PdPtNi Trimetallic Nanosheets as Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysts
Authors: Shi Lijie , Wang Qian , Ren Quan , Yang Qian , Zhao Donghui , Feng Yuhua , Chen Hongyu , Wang Yawen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWhile bimetallic 2D metallic nanomaterials are widely synthesized and used as electrocatalysts with enhanced performance, trimetallic 2D structures are less commonly reported. In this work, a facile wet chemical method for synthesizing Pd nanosheets and PdPtNi trimetallic alloy nanosheets is developed. Without the introduction of gaseous CO and pressurized equipment, Pd nanosheets with a thickness of ≈2.85 nm and sizes in the range of 1–2 µm can be obtained. The facile synthesis conditions allow for a comprehensive study of the nanosheet growth mechanism. It is found that 2D growth is closely related to the product of solvent decomposition and the additive ligand diethylenetriamine. Further, by depositing Pt and Ni onto the Pd nanosheets, trimetallic nanosheets with tunable compositions can be obtained and applied as oxygen reduction reaction electrocatalysts. Typically, the Pd9Pt1Ni1 nanosheets have the highest half‐wave potential of 0.928 V (vs reversible hydrogen electrode), which is 34 mV higher than that of commercial Pt/C and 28 mV higher than that of Pd/C, and also have high durability.
Surface‐Anchored Acetylcholine Regulates Band‐Edge States and Suppresses Ion Migration in a 21%‐Efficient Quadruple‐Cation Perovskite Solar Cell
Authors: Zhang Zhiang , Jiang Jikun , (Xiao) Liu Xiao , Wang Xin , Wang Luyao , Qiu Yuankun , Zhang Zhanfei , Zheng Yiting , Wu Xueyun , Liang Jianghu , Tian Congcong , Chen Chun‐Chao 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAlthough incorporating multiple halogen (bromine) anions and alkali (rubidium) cations can improve the open‐circuit voltage (Voc) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), severe voltage loss and poor stability have remained pivotal limitations to their further commercialization. In this study, acetylcholine (ACh+) is anchored to the surface of a quadruple‐cation perovskite to provide additional electron states near the valence band maximum of the perovskite surface, thereby enhancing the band alignment and minimizing the Voc loss significantly. Moreover, the quaternary ammonium and carbonyl units of ACh+ passivate the antisite and vacancy defects of the organic/inorganic hybrid perovskite. Because of strong interactions between ACh+ and the perovskite, the formation of lead clusters and the migration of halogen anions in the perovskite film are suppressed. As a result, the device prepared with ACh+ post‐treatment delivers a power conversion efficiency (PCE) (21.56%) and a value of Voc (1.21 V) that are much higher than those of the pristine device, along with a twofold decrease in the hysteresis index. After storage for 720 h in humid air, the device subjected to ACh+ treatment maintained 70% of its initial PCE. Thus, post‐treatment with ACh+ appears to be a useful strategy for preparing efficient and stable PSCs.
Modulating the Graphitic Domains of Hard Carbons Derived from Mixed Pitch and Resin to Achieve High Rate and Stable Sodium Storage
Authors: Yin Xiuping , Zhao Yufeng , Wang Xuan , Feng Xiaochen , Lu Zhixiu , Li Yong , Long Hongli , Wang Jing , Ning Jinyan , Zhang Jiujun 
Published: December 2021

AbstractResin derived hard carbons (HCs) generally demonstrate remarkable electrochemical performance for both sodium ion batteries (SIBs) and potassium‐ion batteries (KIBs), but their practical applications are hindered by their high price and high temperature pyrolysis (≈1500 °C). Herein, low‐cost pitch is coated on the resin surface to compromise the cost, and meanwhile manipulate the microstructure at a relatively low pyrolysis temperature (1000 °C). HC‐0.2P‐1000 has a large number of short graphitic layer structures and a relatively large interlayer spacing of 0.3743 nm, as well as ≈1 nm sized nanopores suitable for sodium storage. Consequently, the as produced material demonstrates a superior reversible capacity (349.9 mAh g−1 for SIBs and 321.9 mAh g−1 for KIBs) and excellent rate performance (145.1 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1 for SIBs, 48.5 mAh g−1 at 20 A g−1 for KIBs). Furthermore, when coupled with Na3V2(PO4)3 as cathode, the full cell exhibits a high energy density of 251.1 Wh kg−1 and excellent stability with a capacity retention of 73.3% after 450 cycles at 1 A g−1.
Seismic collapse performance of reinforced concrete moment frame structures with plan irregularity
Authors: He Liusheng , Wang Yong , Liu Yuan , Yu Xiyang , Bai Yongtao 
Published: December 2021

SummaryTo study the effect of plan irregularity on the collapse performance of reinforced concrete (RC) moment frame structures, three groups of seven‐story RC frame structures with different plan layout, one rectangular and two L‐shaped with different dimensions, were designed and numerically studied. The length‐to‐width ratio, protrusion ratio (length of protruding part divided by the total length), and the length‐to‐width ratio of the protruding part were selected as the study parameters. The fragility curves for the collapse limit state of each structure were generated through incremental dynamic analysis, and the collapse margin ratios of the structures were derived. It is found that the seismic collapse performance of the structure with the rectangular plan is significantly affected by the length‐to‐width ratio, and setting a threshold value of 6 is reasonable. For the L‐shaped structure, the influence of the protrusion ratio and the length‐to‐width ratio of the protruding part on the average collapse resistance capacity is not significant. A larger value increases the collapse resistance under rare earthquake. Effect of setting seismic joint in the L‐shaped structure is also studied, and the results indicate that setting the seismic joint or not hardly influences its seismic collapse performance.
Effects of microbial fermentation on enzyme activity and volatile properties ofMassa Medicata Fermentata
Authors: Wang Zitai , Okutsu Kayu , Yoshizaki Yumiko , Futagami Taiki , Tamaki Hisanori , Maruyama Takuro , Toume Kazufumi , Komatsu Katsuko , Hashimoto Fumio , Takamine Kazunori 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTAimMassa Medicata Fementata(MMF) is a crude drug used in East Asia to treat anorexia and dyspepsia. It is prepared from wheat and several herbs through microbial fermentation usingAspergillussp. andRhizopussp. There is great difference in the quality of commercial MMF, and the microbes of MMF are suggested to affect its quality. We investigated the effects of microbial fermentation on the quality of MMF.MethodsRaw materials of MMF were mixed according to the ratio listed in the National Standard for Chinese Patent Drugs, and MMF was prepared using pure cultures ofAspergillus oryzaeorRhizopus oryzae. Digestive enzyme activities (α‐amylase, protease, and lipase) and volatile compounds were measured using an analytical kit and GC–MS, respectively.ResultsEnzyme activity increased in MMF. MMF prepared withA.oryzae(MMF‐A) showed higher α‐amylase and lipase activities than that prepared withR.oryzae(MMF‐R). Protease activity was marginally higher in MMF‐R than in MMF‐A. GC–MS analysis revealed that terpenoids decreased with fermentation; however, 2,3‐butanediol, acetoin, and guaiacol were detected in MMF only. C8 compounds such as 1‐octen‐3‐ol were higher in MMF‐A than MMF‐R; however, aromatic compounds such as 4‐vinylguaiacol and pyrazines were higher in MMF‐R than MMF‐A.ConclusionMicrobial fermentation contributes to increased enzyme activity and changes in MMF volatiles. These properties of MMF were considerably affected by the microbes used, and it is proposed in this study that it is important to have microbial control in the production of commercial MMF.
A Terbium‐Based MOF as fluorescent probe for the detection of Malachite Green, Fe3+ and MnO4−
Authors: Yuan Zhuang‐Dong , Hou Guo‐Zheng , Han Li‐Juan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLanthanide MOFs (Ln‐MOFs) have been widely used in biological imaging and fluorescence detection due to their remarkable optical advantages and variable structural designability. We prepared a terbium‐based metal‐organic framework (Tb‐TDA) and applied to the research of fluorescence detection. The detection result demonstrated that Tb‐TDA can efficiently recognize malachite green (MG), Fe3+ and MnO4− by fluorescent quenching, having high quenching efficiency Ksv (7.02×104 M−1 for MG; 1.06×104 M−1 for Fe3+; 1.59×104 M−1 for MnO4−) and low detection limit (MG: 0.0765 μM; Fe3+: 0.697 μM; MnO4−: 0.612 μM). The quenching of Tb‐TDA's fluorescence emission by MG, Fe3+ and MnO4− was likely due to the spectral overlap, energy transfer and competition. Among seven analytes, 13 metal cations and 13 anions, Tb‐TDA can fast and effectively recognize MG, Fe3+ and MnO4− with high quenching efficiency Ksv and low detection limit, representing excellent selectivity and sensitivity. This work provides new perspectives for the development of lanthanide MOFs in detecting malachite green and heavy metal ions, possessing the potential applications in wastewater disposal and environmental protection.
Space, Place and Educational Settings: An Introduction
Authors: Freytag Tim , Lauen Douglas Lee , Robertson Susan L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe present this volume as an invitation to explore and critically reflect the interplay between space, place, and educational settings. As part of the Knowledge and Space series, this book’s authors follow a comprehensive approach bringing together a set of contributions reflecting various disciplines with their methodologies and theoretical backgrounds. We understand educational settings as the broader framing of education, which includes the out-of-school environment, neighborhoods, and institutional arrangements, as well as the agendas of the multilateral and corporate world. Education literally takes place in the neighborhood and educational landscapes are embedded in local communities, although they are exposed to and are part and parcel of educational policies and the ongoing dynamics of transformation at regional, national and international scales.
Setting Aside Settings: On the Contradictory Dynamics of “Flat Earth,” “Ordinalization,” and “Cold Spot” Education Governing Projects
Authors: Robertson Susan L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPlace matters, and for schools located in the neighborhoods of towns and cities, place not only holds meaning for individuals, but shapes their experiences of school and education trajectories. This is not simply a question of meaning and identity. Rather, it is that education settings and their opportunity structures shape and are shaped by structural inequalities, in turn reproducing differences. In this paper, I make the case that the state plays an important role in producing inequality by the ways in which it governs, and that contemporary forms of governing on the global level exacerbate these differences whilst erasing the differences that matter. I explore these dynamics by focusing on socio-economic differences between schools in England, UK. I argue that a particular politics of state spatial power is at play, and that the national state and shadow sovereigns manage questions of authority and legitimacy through the use of ideologies (e.g., school effectiveness, social mobility), devices (such as rankings and league tables), and explanations of cause (such as aspiration gaps), with which one can re-express the problem of difference, not as structurally caused, but as a failure of individual effort, expectations, and aspirations.
Return Migration from the Gulf Region to India Amidst COVID-19
Authors: Rajan S Irudaya , Arokkiaraj H. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Covid-19 pandemic has directly affected the millions of migrant workers in Gulf countries, mostly employed as temporary labour in construction and allied sectors. The Gulf region historically has been the most favoured destination for such jobs. However, the pandemic crisis has halted construction projects in these countries as the drastic fall in oil prices has affected Gulf oil and non-oil economies severely. This has had an adverse effect on Indian migrant workers as they face the threat of unemployment, leading to their voluntary or forced return to India. For example, at the end of 2020, half a million Kerala emigrants, most of them in the Gulf, had lost their jobs abroad due to the pandemic, making their return inevitable given their temporary status in these countries. This chapter examines how India is prepared to handle the changing trends in Indo-Gulf migration corridor and the subsequent return emigration from the Gulf. The chapter highlights major sending-state perspectives, such as that of Kerala and others, and their responses towards Gulf returnees. Moreover, it provides insights by revisiting the existing economic and social security measures for returning migrants and their families within the framework of state welfare schemes, thereby examining rehabilitation and re-integration mechanisms for return migrants at the central and state levels in India.
(In)Essential Bordering: Canada, COVID, and Mobility
Authors: Macklin Audrey 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe global spread of Covid-19 not only disrupted transborder movement. In many (if not most) states, stasis and closure became the default norm at and within borders. This, in turn, generated exceptions organised around an idea of ‘essential’ entry. The category of ‘essential’ was produced, revised, and represented through the interaction of pandemic-driven exigencies and nationally-specific articulations of the legal, political, and economic priorities and constraints in play. To understand how the admission into Canada of certain people was accepted as legally, economically, and/or politically essential, one must take account of Canada’s character as a settler society and its economic integration with the United States. Other relevant considerations are the growing dependence on migrant workers to subsidise the cost of food production for Canadian agribusiness, and on international students to subsidize the cost of higher education for nationals.