bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A $$2~{\times }~2$$ random switching model and its dual risk model
Authors: Behme Anita , Strietzel Philipp Lukas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this article, a special case of two coupled M/G/1-queues is considered, where two servers are exposed to two types of jobs that are distributed among the servers via a random switch. In this model, the asymptotic behavior of the workload buffer exceedance probabilities for the two single servers/both servers together/one (unspecified) server is determined. Hereby, one has to distinguish between jobs that are either heavy-tailed or light-tailed. The results are derived via the dual risk model of the studied coupled M/G/1-queues for which the asymptotic behavior of different ruin probabilities is determined.
Modeling the Effect of HIV/AIDS Stigma on HIV Infection Dynamics in Kenya
Authors: Levy Ben , Correia Hannah E. , Chirove Faraimunashe , Ronoh Marilyn , Abebe Ash , Kgosimore Moatlhodi , Chimbola Obias , Machingauta M. Hellen , Lenhart Suzanne , White K. A. Jane 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStigma toward people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) has impeded the response to the disease across the world. Widespread stigma leads to poor adherence of preventative measures while also causing PLWHA to avoid testing and care, delaying important treatment. Stigma is clearly a hugely complex construct. However, it can be broken down into components which include internalized stigma (how people with the trait feel about themselves) and enacted stigma (how a community reacts to an individual with the trait). Levels of HIV/AIDS-related stigma are particularly high in sub-Saharan Africa, which contributed to a surge in cases in Kenya during the late twentieth century. Since the early twenty-first century, the United Nations and governments around the world have worked to eliminate stigma from society and resulting public health education campaigns have improved the perception of PLWHA over time, but HIV/AIDS remains a significant problem, particularly in Kenya. We take a data-driven approach to create a time-dependent stigma function that captures both the level of internalized and enacted stigma in the population. We embed this within a compartmental model for HIV dynamics. Since 2000, the population in Kenya has been growing almost exponentially and so we rescale our model system to create a coupled system for HIV prevalence and fraction of individuals that are infected that seek treatment. This allows us to estimate model parameters from published data. We use the model to explore a range of scenarios in which either internalized or enacted stigma levels vary from those predicted by the data. This analysis allows us to understand the potential impact of different public health interventions on key HIV metrics such as prevalence and disease-related death and to see how close Kenya will get to achieving UN goals for these HIV and stigma metrics by 2030.
Effect of high-fidelity simulation on alpha-amylase activity and concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin class A, cortisol, and testosterone among medical students
Authors: Bialka Szymon , Copik Maja , Ubych Adam , Marciniak Radosław , Smereka Jacek , Szarpak Lukasz , Misiolek Hanna 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
High-fidelity simulation calls heavily upon cognitive capacities and generates stress and anxiety. The objective of this prospective, observational study was to evaluate the degree of stress in medical students by measuring hormone levels during critical care classes.

Methods
Overall, 55 students (senior years of medical faculty) of both sexes were divided into 5-person teams. Demographic data and information on diagnosed diseases, stimulants used, and previous experience in the field of medical simulation were collected with a personal questionnaire. Before starting the scenario (T0), after the end of the scenario (T1), and 120 min thereafter (T2), stress level was measured. For this purpose, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, mean blood pressure, heart rate and blood oxygen saturation were evaluated. In addition, saliva was collected to determine alpha-amylase activity and the concentrations of secretory immunoglobulin class A, cortisol, and testosterone.

Results
Among hemodynamic parameters, systolic and mean blood pressure and heart rate were significantly higher in T1 than in T0 and T2 time points (p < 0.05). Cortisol concentration was higher at T2 compared with T0 and T1. Alpha-amylase activity was highest at T1. Secretory immunoglobulin class A concentration was highest at T0, followed by T1 and then T2. These differences were not statistically significant. Testosterone concentration showed significantly higher values at T2 compared with T0 and T1 (p < 0.05). The analysis of team leaders vs. other members revealed significantly lower cortisol and alpha-amylase values in leaders (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
High-fidelity simulation is a useful education method in medical subjects, especially in cases where a mistake could produce serious or irreversible consequences. It can increase stress hormone concentrations and thus can be assumed effective as a learning aid even in senior-year students of medical faculty.
Video image of genital melanosis provides strong evidence to support identification of a sexual offender
Authors: Yamada Atsushi , Demitsu Toshio , Umemoto Naoka , Kitamura Osamu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA man in his thirties was suspected of committing a sexual offense against a young girl. A video on his mobile telephone provided the only evidence. Photographs obtained from the video showed male genitalia in two views, with the penis in both views exhibiting unique pigmentation. We appraised this case with the cooperation of dermatologists, who diagnosed the pigmentation as male genital melanosis, a relatively rare disease, which matched that on the suspected perpetrator’s penis. Photographs obtained from the video were thus decisive evidence of sexual offense and identified the perpetrator.
The Engulfing Property for Sections of Convex Functions on the Heisenberg Group and the Associated Quasi-distance
Authors: Calogero A. , Pini R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper we investigate the property of engulfing for H-convex functions defined on the Heisenberg group $${\mathbb {H}^n}$$

H

n

. Starting from the horizontal sections introduced by Capogna and Maldonado (Proc Am Math Soc 134:3191–3199, 2006) , we consider a new notion of section, called $${\mathbb {H}^n}$$

H

n

-section, as well as a new condition of engulfing associated to the $${\mathbb {H}^n}$$

H

n

-sections, for an H-convex function defined in $$\mathbb {H}^n.$$

H

n

.

These sections, that arise as suitable unions of horizontal sections, are dimensionally larger; as a matter of fact, the $${\mathbb {H}^n}$$

H

n

-sections, with their engulfing property, will lead to the definition of a quasi-distance in $${\mathbb {H}^n}$$

H

n

in a way similar to Aimar et al. in the Euclidean case (J Fourier Anal Appl 4:377–381, 1998). A key role is played by the property of round H-sections for an H-convex function, and by its connection with the engulfing properties.
Two-Photon Direct Laser Writing Beyond the Diffraction Limit Using the Nanopositioning and Nanomeasuring Machine
Authors: Mohr-Weidenfeller Laura , Häcker Annika-Verena , Reinhardt Carsten , Manske Eberhard 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSince the first realization of two-photon direct laser writing (DLW) in Maruo et al. (Opt Lett 22:132–134, 1997), the manufacturing using direct laser writing techniques spread out in many laboratories all over the world. Photosensitive materials with different material properties open a new field for micro- and nanofabrication. The achievable structuring resolution using this technique is reported to be sub-100 nm (Paz et al. in J. Laser Appl. 24:042004, 2012), while a smallest linewidth of 25 nm could be shown in Tan et al. (Appl Phys Lett 90:071106, 2007). In our approach, the combination of DLW with the nanopositioning and nanomeasuring machine NMM-1 offers an improvement of the technique from the engineering side regarding the ultra-precise positioning (Weidenfeller et al. in Adv Fabr Technol Micro/Nano Opt Photon XI 10544:105440E, 2018). One big benefit besides the high positioning resolution of 0.1 nm is offered by the positioning range of $$25\,\hbox {mm} \times 25\,\hbox {mm} \times 5\,\hbox {mm}$$

25

mm
×
25

mm
×
5

mm

(Jäger et al. in Technisches Messen 67:319–323, 2000; Manske et al. in Meas Sci Technol 18:520–527, 2007). Thus, a trans-scale fabrication without any stitching or combination of different positioning systems is necessary. The immense synergy between the highly precise positioning and the DLW is demonstrated by the realization of resist lines and trenches whose center-to-center distance undergoes the modified diffraction limit for two-photon processes. The precise positioning accuracy enables a defined distance between illuminated lines. Hence, with a comparable huge width of the trenches of $$1.655\,\upmu \hbox {m}$$

1.655

μ
m

due to a low effective numerical aperture of 0.16, a resist line of 30 nm between two written trenches could be achieved. Although the interrelationships for achieving such narrow trenches have not yet been clarified, much smaller resist lines and trench widths are possible with this approach in the near future.
Striving for the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): what will it take?
Authors: Saxena Anurag , Ramaswamy Meghna , Beale Jon , Marciniuk Darcy , Smith Preston 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs) aim to develop healthy societies aligned with collective well-being. Although commendable efforts have been made, there has been a paucity of coordination and integration across sectors. While progress towards these goals has made a marked difference in peoples’ lives, it has been slow, episodic, and geographically isolated. This article dissects the challenges and opportunities and addresses the interplay between conceptualization, implementation, and evaluation. We suggest that philosophic, strategic, and operational alignment between and strategic attention to transformative learning for education and organizational learning, leadership (that involves moral courage, judicious use of power and narratives, creating a sense of belonging, and adopting an integrated and dialectic approach) and robust partnerships across public, private and plural (civil society) sectors would increase the likelihood of success and sustainability beyond 2030. A dialectic approach integrating outcomes with SDGs’ inspirational nature to guide the discourse would allow for emergence.
Money Laundering and Deprivation of Illegally Obtained Assets in Brazil: An Overview of the Current National Legislation
Authors: Giuliani Emília Merlini 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe present paper aims to provide a comprehensive yet critical overview of current Brazilian legislation on money-laundering prevention and control. Given that stripping criminals of their illegal profits has for a long time been considered one of the most important measures in the fight against international and organized crime, a part of this paper explores the legal mechanisms that allow for this to take place as a consequence of crime and, especially, in connection with money laundering in the context of the Brazilian criminal justice system.
Eyes of a Hurricane: The Effect of Hurricane Harvey on Ophthalmology Consultations at Houston’s County Hospital
Authors: Go Jonathan A. , Lee Maxwell , Alexander Nicole L. , Khan Mahmood , Al-Mohtaseb Zaina 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective:
This study aimed to characterize ophthalmology consultations ordered after Hurricane Harvey compared to consultations ordered during the same time period of the prior year.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review was performed at an urban, level 1 trauma center of a county hospital. All patients were included who received an electronic health record, documented ophthalmology consultation order between September 2017 and October 2017 (the time period immediately following Hurricane Harvey) or September 2016 and October 2016. Patient demographic risk factors were collected. Patient ICD10 clinical diagnoses were categorized as extraocular, intraocular, infectious, physiological, or other, and then subcategorized as trauma or non-trauma-related. A geographical heat map was generated to compare the changes in diagnosis volume by zip code to the magnitude of rainfall in the county.

Results:
Following Hurricane Harvey, ophthalmology consultation volume decreased, number of infectious ophthalmology diagnoses increased (P < 0.001), percentage of patients on immunosuppression increased (P < 0.001), and the number of private insurance payers increased while the number of county-funded insurance payers decreased (P = 0.003).

Conclusions:
The risk of infectious eye diagnosis was double the risk of traumatic eye diagnosis from Hurricane Harvey flooding. During public disaster planning, different ophthalmological medical resources and responses should be considered for flooding versus high-wind events.
The impact of COVID-19 on a cohort of patients treated with clozapine
Authors: Fahy Y. , Dineen B. , McDonald C. , Hallahan B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectives:To examine the psychological and social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and its associated restrictions on a cohort of patients with severe and enduring mental illness treated with clozapine.Methods:Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 63 individuals attending a clozapine clinic within the Galway–Roscommon Mental Health Services to determine the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on anxiety and depressive symptoms, social and occupational functioning and quality of life, by utilising Likert scale data. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) were additionally utilised to measure anxiety symptoms cross-sectionally.Results:Anxiety symptoms were low with a median BAI score of 4.0 and HAM-A score of 4.0. Likert scale measurements recorded only a modest adverse impact of COVID-19 restrictions on anxiety and depressive symptoms, quality of life and occupational and social functioning. Free-text comments from patients (n = 55), were grouped into five themes: neutral impact (n = 22), negative psychological impact (n = 13), negative social impact (n = 11), positive psychological impact (n = 5) and media coverage inducing anxiety (n = 4).Conclusions:Three months into the COVID-19 pandemic and its restrictions, the impact on individuals with treatment-resistant psychotic disorders attending a clozapine clinic has been modest, with preliminary evidence demonstrating minimal increases in subjective symptoms of anxiety and reduced social functioning. Reduced social engagements and supports attainable both within the community and from mental health services were noted by some participants.
Glacier–plume or glacier–fjord circulation models? A 2-D comparison for Hansbreen–Hansbukta system, Svalbard
Authors: De Andrés Eva , Otero Jaime , Navarro Francisco J. , Walczowski Waldemar 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUp to 30% of the current tidewater mass loss in Svalbard corresponds to frontal ablation through submarine melting and calving. We developed two-dimensional (2-D) glacier–line–plume and glacier–fjord circulation coupled models, both including subglacial discharge, submarine melting and iceberg calving, to simulate Hansbreen–Hansbukta system, SW Svalbard. We ran both models for 20 weeks, throughout April–August 2010, using different scenarios of subglacial discharge and crevasse water depth. Both models showed large seasonal variations of submarine melting in response to transient fjord temperatures and subglacial discharges. Subglacial discharge intensity and crevasse water depth influenced calving rates. Using the best-fit configuration for both parameters our two coupled models predicted observed front positions reasonably well (±10 m). Although the two models showed different melt-undercutting front shapes, which affected the net-stress fields near the glacier front, no significant effects on the simulated glacier front positions were found. Cumulative calving (91 and 94 m) and submarine melting (108 and 118 m) along the simulated period showed in both models (glacier–plume and glacier–fjord) a 1:1.2 ratio of linear frontal ablation between the two mechanisms. Overall, both models performed well on predicting observed front positions when best-fit subglacial discharges were imposed, the glacier–plume model being 50 times computationally faster.
Interactions between the nitrergic and the endocannabinoid system in rats exposed to the elevated T-maze
Authors: Batista Luara Augusta , de Araújo Moreira Fabricio , Aguiar Daniele Cristina de 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective:
The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) and activation of CB1 receptors have opposite effects in a behavioural animal model of panic and anxiety.

Methods:
To test the hypothesis, male Wistar rats were exposed to the elevated T-maze (ETM) model under the following treatments: L-Arginine (L-Arg) was administered before treatment with WIN55,212-2, a CB1 receptor agonist; AM251, a CB1 antagonist, was administered before treatment with L-Arg. All treatments were by intraperitoneal route.

Results:
The CB1 receptor agonist, WIN55,212-2 (1 mg/kg), induced an anxiolytic-like effect, which was prevented by pretreatment with an ineffective dose of L-Arg (1 mg/kg). Administration of AM251 (1 mg/kg), a CB1 antagonist before treatment with L-Arg (1 mg/kg) did not produce anxiogenic-like responses.

Conclusion:
Altogether, this study suggests that the anxiolytic-like effect of cannabinoids may occur through modulation of NO signalling.
Protocol for a systematic review on the role of the gut microbiome in paediatric neurological disorders
Authors: Hill Lee , Popov Jelena , Figueiredo Melanie , Caputi Valentina , Hartung Emily , Moshkovich Michal , Pai Nikhil 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
The gut–brain axis refers to the bidirectional communication that occurs between the intestinal tract and central nervous system (CNS). Through a series of neural, immune, endocrine, and metabolic signalling pathways, commensal microbiota are able to influence CNS development and neurological function. Alterations in gut microbiota have been implicated in various neuropathologies. The purpose of this review is to evaluate and summarise existing literature assessing the role of specific bacterial taxa on the development of neurodevelopmental, neuropsychiatric, and neurodegenerative pathologies of childhood. We will also discuss microbiota-based therapies dietary interventions and their efficacy.

Methods and analysis:
We will search PubMed, Cochrane Library, and OVID electronic databases for articles published between January 1980 and February 2021. A search method involving two rounds of reviewing the literature using a three-step method in each round will be performed. Two researchers will be selected, and screen titles and abstracts independently. The full text of selected articles will be assessed against inclusion criteria. Data will be extracted and evaluated using the appropriate Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist.

Ethics and dissemination:
Findings from this study will be shared across relevant paediatric neurology and gastroenterology societies and submitted for peer review. This study did not require institutional ethics approval.
A measurement of source noise at low frequency: Implications for modern interferometers
Authors: Morgan J. S. , Ekers R. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe report on the detection of source noise in the time domain at 162 MHz with the Murchison Widefield Array. During the observation, the flux of our target source Virgo A (M87) contributes only$\sim$1% to the total power detected by any single antenna; thus, this source noise detection is made in an intermediate regime, where the source flux detected by the entire array is comparable with the noise from a single antenna. The magnitude of source noise detected is precisely in line with predictions. We consider the implications of source noise in this moderately strong regime on observations with current and future instruments.
Food insecurity (hunger) and fast-food consumption among 180 164 adolescents aged 12–15 years from sixty-eight countries
Authors: Smith Lee , Barnett Yvonne , López-Sánchez Guillermo F. , Shin Jae Il , Jacob Louis , Butler Laurie , Cao Chao , Yang Lin , Schuch Felipe , Tully Mark , Koyanagi Ai 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFood insecurity has been shown to be associated with fast-food consumption. However, to date, studies on this specific topic are scarce. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the association between food insecurity and fast-food consumption in adolescents aged 12–15 years from sixty-eight countries (seven low-income, twenty-seven lower middle-income, twenty upper middle-income, fourteen high-income countries). Cross-sectional, school-based data from the Global School-based Student Health Survey were analysed. Data on past 30-d food insecurity (hunger) and fast-food consumption in the past 7 d were collected. Multivariable logistic regression and meta-analysis were conducted to assess associations. Models were adjusted for age, sex and BMI. There were 180 164 adolescents aged 12–15 years (mean age 13·8 (sd 1·0) years; 50·8 % boys) included in the analysis. Overall, severe food insecurity (i.e. hungry because there was not enough food in home most of the time or always) was associated with 1·17 (95 % CI 1·08, 1·26) times higher odds for fast-food consumption. The estimates pooled by country-income levels were significant in low-income countries (adjusted OR (aOR) = 1·30; 95 % CI 1·05, 1·60), lower middle-income countries (aOR = 1·15; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·29) and upper middle-income countries (aOR = 1·26; 95 % CI 1·07, 1·49), but not in high-income countries (aOR = 1·04; 95 % CI 0·88, 1·23). The mere co-occurrence of food insecurity and fast-food consumption is of public health importance. To tackle this issue, a strong governmental and societal approach is required to utilise effective methods as demonstrated in some high-income countries such as the implementation of food banks and the adoption of free school meals.
Fair Share? Equality and Equity in American Attitudes Toward Trade
Authors: Brutger Ryan , Rathbun Brian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAmerican politicians repeatedly and strenuously invoke concerns about fairness when pitching their trade policies to their constituents, unsurprisingly since fairness is one of the most fundamental and universal moral concepts. Yet studies to date on public opinion about trade have not been designed in such a way that they test whether fairness is important, nor whether the mass public applies fairness standards impartially. Drawing on findings in social psychology and behavioral economics, we develop and find evidence for an “asymmetric fairness” argument. In a national survey of Americans, we find strong evidence that fairness, conceived in terms of equality, is crucial for understanding support for potential trade deals and support for renegotiating existing ones. Americans view as most fair and most preferable outcomes in which concessions and benefits are equal across countries, especially when those equal benefits match productivity. However, we find that Americans have an egoistically biased sense of fairness, responding particularly negatively to any outcome that leaves the United States relatively worse off—a sense of injustice that does not extend to the same degree to relative gains for Americans.