bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Redefining the study of sexual dimorphism in bats: following the odour trail
Authors: Muñoz‐Romo Mariana , Page Rachel A. , Kunz Thomas H. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Sexual dimorphism is the condition in which males and females of the same species are easily distinguished by specific traits (secondary sex characteristics), often related to body size, colour patterns, weapons, and ornaments. Males of many mammal species tend to be larger or more ornamented than females, and these characteristics tend to be more pronounced in polygynous, diurnal, and open‐habitat species.

Bats have long been considered a largely non‐sexually dimorphic group due to lack of conspicuous differences in body size and other cranial and skeletal characters. However, bats, like many mammals, exhibit a diverse array of soft‐tissue integumentary glands and non‐glandular odour‐producing structures with intense odorous substances that have not been thoroughly investigated, although postulated functions include facilitating mate selection in their generally polygynous associations.

To date, there has been no systematic assessment of the occurrence or expression of sexually dimorphic traits in bats, many of which show intriguing sexual dimorphism in soft tissue, and most of which involve intense odours. In this study, we review evidence of integumentary glands and non‐glandular odour‐producing structures known in bats, as a first step towards identifying future research pathways to study sexual dimorphism in bats.

Highly variable glands and non‐glandular odour‐producing structures have been noticed in ten different regions of the body, but are most frequently found on the head and the ventral region of the neck. They have been described in nearly 9% of bat species and in 70% of 21 extant bat families.

Our review, based on extremely scattered and unevenly detailed literature, unveils the extraordinary sexual dimorphism that has been observed in Chiroptera to date, identifying not only target body parts where sexually dimorphic traits are likely to be found, but also critical avenues for future investigation and discoveries, and stressing the importance of the timing of secondary sexual trait observations, behavioural studies, and chemical analyses.
Psychological profile and unexpected pain in oral lichen planus: A case–control multicenter SIPMO studya
Authors: Adamo Daniela , Calabria Elena , Coppola Noemi , Lo Muzio Lorenzo , Giuliani Michele , Bizzoca Maria Eleonora , Azzi Lorenzo , Croveri Fabio , Colella Giuseppe , Boschetti Ciro Emiliano , Montebugnoli Lucio , Gissi Davide , Gabriele Mario , Nisi Marco , Sardella Andrea , Lodi Giovanni , Varoni Elena M. , Giudice Amerigo , Antonelli Alessandro , Cabras Marco , Gambino Alessio , Vescovi Paolo , Majorana Alessandra , Bardellini Elena , Campisi Giuseppina , Panzarella Vera , Spadari Francesco , Marino Sonia , Pentenero Monica , Ardore Marco , Biasotto Matteo , Gobbo Margherita , Guarda Nardini Luca , Romeo Umberto , Tenore Gianluca , Serpico Rosario , Lajolo Carlo , Gioco Gioele , Aria Massimo , Mignogna Michele Davide 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo analyze psychological profiles, pain, and oral symptoms in patients with oral lichen planus (OLP).Materials and methods300 patients with keratotic OLP (K‐OLP; reticular, papular, plaque‐like subtypes), 300 patients with predominant non‐keratotic OLP (nK‐OLP; erythematosus atrophic, erosive, ulcerative, bullous subtypes), and 300 controls were recruited in 15 universities. The number of oral sites involved and oral symptoms were recorded. The Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Total Pain Rating Index (T‐PRI), Hamilton Rating Scales for Depression and for Anxiety (HAM‐D and HAM‐A), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) were administered.ResultsThe OLP patients, especially the nK‐OLP, showed higher scores in the NRS, T‐PRI, HAM‐D, HAM‐A and PSQI compared with the controls (p‐value < .001**). A positive correlation between the NRS, T‐PRI, HAM‐A, HAM‐D, and PSQI was found with the number of oral symptoms and number of oral sites involved. Pain was reported in 67.3% of nK‐OLP and 49.7% of K‐OLP cases with poor correspondence between the site of lesions and the site of the symptoms.ConclusionsMood disorders are frequently associated with OLP with an unexpected symptomatology correlated with the number of oral symptoms and with the extension of disease suggesting a peripheral neuropathy.
Accidental intraosseous displacement of mandibular premolar root during extraction with guidance and literature review
Authors: Kamaraldin Lujain , Hussain Issar , McAnerney David 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTIntroductionIatrogenic displacement of teeth during extraction is a rare complication, commonly associated with third permanent molars and their displacement into fascial spaces. We wish to raise awareness of intraosseous tooth displacement as a potential risk of routine exodontia with possible serious consequences. The prevention and management of displaced teeth are discussed. We present a rare case of apical, intraosseous displacement of a mandibular premolar root during attempted extraction; resulting in paraesthesia.Presentation of CaseA 30‐year‐old woman was referred to the Oral and Maxillofacial department with paraesthesia to the left lower lip, chin and anterior gingivae following a failed extraction of the lower left second premolar tooth (LL5) by her general dental practitioner. Intra‐oral examination showed no visible tooth at the extraction site, but an orthopantogram (OPG) and Computed Tomography (CT) mandible confirmed apical, horizontal and intraosseous displacement of the retained LL5 root which was in close proximity to the inferior dental nerve, and inferior to the LL6. Surgical intervention was required and involved raising a mucoperiosteal flap, buccal bone removal and root retrieval through the bony window. Post‐operatively, the surgical site healed uneventfully, however, there was persistent paraesthesia.ConclusionOn literature search, this is the first reported intraosseous displacement of a mandibular premolar during dental extraction.This case highlights the importance of safe extraction techniques. Care must be taken to ensure controlled force and correct positioning of instruments to minimise such complications.
Attitudes toward pediatric rheumatology among residency‐trained pediatricians
Authors: Chowichian Monthira , Sonjaipanich Suprapath , Charuvanij Sirirat 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundPediatric rheumatology (PR) is a relatively new and rare subspecialty in emerging countries. This study aimed to investigate physicians' attitudes toward and real‐life clinical practice in PR among residency‐trained pediatricians in Thailand.MethodsAn electronic questionnaire was developed and sent via email to pediatricians from Thailand who completed their residency training between 2007 and 2015. Confidence in treating and managing children with rheumatic diseases was rated using a 5‐point Likert scale.ResultsThe response rate was 281 out of 902 (31%), and the mean ± standard deviation age of respondents was 33.8 ± 2.7 years. Confidence was rated as adequate for history taking of children with rheumatic diseases (mean 2.76, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.66–2.91), but low for musculoskeletal (MSK) examination (2.42, 95% CI: 2.29–2.54), arthrocentesis (2.01, 95% CI: 1.91–2.11), and rheumatology investigation (2.49, 95% CI: 2.39–2.60). Confidence was high for diagnosis and management of Henoch‐Schönlein purpura (3.83, 95% CI: 3.74–3.92) and Kawasaki disease (3.46, 95% CI: 3.38–3.55), but low for juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) (2.41, 95% CI: 2.30–2.52) and chronic systemic vasculitis (1.97, 95% CI: 1.85–2.08). Confidence to perform an MSK examination and arthrocentesis was significantly higher in respondents who had a full‐time pediatric rheumatologist working in their pediatric residency training center (P = 0.02, P = 0.01, respectively), and in those who had experienced a PR rotation (P < 0.001, P = 0.01, respectively). Most respondents agreed that more teaching in PR is essential (95.3%) and that case‐based discussion was the preferred teaching method.ConclusionThe self‐rated confidence of pediatricians was low in MSK examination, arthrocentesis, and rheumatology investigation and therefore, teaching on PR is needed.
Schopenhauer on Death, Salvation and Consolation☆
Authors: Papadaki Lina 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFor Schopenhauer, life is pain, and we are in need of a release from it. Death offers this release and should therefore be considered as a good thing, something desirable, a friend. He is well aware, however, that it is far from easy to reconcile ourselves with the idea of death. The purpose of this paper is to navigate the path towards the possibility of consolation in Schopenhauer’s philosophy. Quite remarkably, Schopenhauer is not only successful in consoling us for death; he also offers an equally important consolation for life.
Lingual necrosis leading to the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis
Authors: dos Reis Leonardo Amaral , Faustino Isabel Schausltz Pereira , Vargas Pablo Agustin , dos Santos‐Silva Alan Roger , Lopes Marcio Ajudarte 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGiant cell arteritis (GCA) is a chronic vasculitis comprising large‐ and medium‐sized arteries branches originating from the aortic arch. GCA diagnosis might be challenging due to its several clinical characteristics. This clinical report describes a case of a 91‐year‐old woman who was admitted with tongue necrosis. Medical history revealed mild headache episodes and jaw numbness. Summing up clinical and laboratory findings, the diagnosis of GCA was established. Surgical debridement and corticotherapy led to complete resolution of the tongue lesion with no need for any additional intervention. In this case report, we highlight the importance of GCA early diagnosis in order to avoid more serious complications.
Multiphysics Hemodynamic Behavior of Polylactic Acid-Based Stent: A Coupled Simulation Approach
Authors: Badal Ruturaj , Mohapatra Subham , Bhoi Chittaranjan , Sharma Nitin , Jena Shreeshan , Panda Subrata Kumar 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study investigates the structural and hemodynamic behavior of bioresorbable polylactic acid (PLA)-based stent designs for applications in treating coronary artery disease. Three stent designs were chosen and their geometry was modeled in SolidWorks and appropriate meshing was done before importing into the finite element analysis platform (ANSYS). The behavior of the stent designs was analyzed for structural loading conditions equivalent to human arterial blood pressure and similarly, the hemodynamic analysis was carried out under conditions simulating the blood flow. The stent porosity, structural stresses, wall shear stresses (WSS) and the velocity were analyzed, and the results from this multiphysics analysis show that the stresses occurring in the modified cordis stent (MCS) design present a maximum von Mises stress (273.01 MPa). Besides, the maximum WSS of 12.67 Pa is obtained from the hemodynamic flow analysis. The current findings are in the line of literature data for the possible usage of PLA as stent materials that pose a reduced risk of restenosis.
Clearance-Induced Orientation Uncertainty of Spherical Linkages
Authors: Chan Cody Leeheng , Ting Kwun-Lon 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes a kinematic model to evaluate the orientation uncertainty range of spherical linkages caused by the joint clearances. Based on the concepts of imaginary clearance link, spherical N-bar rotatability laws, and the invariant link rotatability, the uncertainty of the output angle can be treated as a mobility problem. The uncertainty region of the end-effector is treated as a workspace problem for the remodeled linkage. This paper highlights the orientation error by isolating the kinematic effects of joint clearance from other error factors. The discussion is carried out through spherical four-bar linkages and five-bar linkages. Numeric examples are presented to demonstrate the uncertainty range of the output angle and the uncertainty region of the end-effector. The result shows that, in the worst case, the error of each joint clearance will be magnified in a closed-loop structure compared with linearly adding all the clearance error. This implies that from a kinematics point of view, closed-loop spherical linkages or parallel manipulators will lead to a greater deviation on the end-effector than their open-loop counterparts. Using more passive joints in the manipulator may result in bigger error possibilities.
A Quasi-Dimensional Fuel Distribution Model for a Radially Stratified Engine
Authors: Robertson Dennis , O'Donnell Patrick , Lawler Benjamin , Prucka Robert 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Several combustion strategies leverage radial fuel stratification to adapt cylinder composition between the center of the chamber and the outer regions independently. Spark-assisted compression ignition (SACI) relies on careful tuning of this radial stratification to maximize the combined performance of flame propagation and auto-ignition. Established techniques for determining in-cylinder fuel stratification are computationally intensive, limiting their feasibility for control strategy development and real-time control. A fast running model for radial fuel stratification is developed for control-oriented objectives. The model consists of three submodels: spray penetration, fuel distribution along the spray axis, and postinjection mixing. The spray penetration model is adapted from fuel spray models presented in the literature. The fuel distribution and mixing submodels are validated against injection spray results from an large eddy simulation (LES) three-dimensional (3D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) reference model for three test points as a function of crank angle. The quasi-dimensional model matches the CFD results with a root-mean-square error (RMSE) for equivalence ratio of 0.08–0.11. This is a 50% reduction from the 0.16–0.20 RMSE for a model that assumes a uniform fuel distribution immediately after injection. The computation time is 230 ms on an Intel (Santa Clara, CA) Xeon E5-1620 v3 to solve each case without optimizing the code for execution speed.
Complex Fracture Depletion Model for Reserves Estimations in Shale
Authors: Mehana Mohamed , Callard Jeffrey , Kang Qinjun , Viswanathan Hari 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Reserve estimation is a subject of continuous importance in the petroleum industry; controlling field development related decisions and providing valuation of corporations. Tight formations are usually completed with multistage hydraulic fractures and horizontal wellbores. However, these completion scheme results in heterogeneous fracture lengths and spacing. Consequently, some counterparts of the reservoir would experience boundary-dominated flow, while others are still experiencing an infinite-acting linear flow which creates a composite flow regime dubbed as complex fracture depletion (CFD). It is worth noting that the CFD flow regime might be preceded by a linear flow depending on the fracture complexity. We are proposing a unified model that integrates the flow regime analysis and the well performance analysis. Our model utilizes the derivative of the cumulative production with respect to the square root of produced time where the linear flow exhibits a horizontal line and the CFD exhibits an exponential straight line. Therefore, the onset of the CFD becomes the only variable for the regression analysis. Another consequence of utilizing an exponential fit of the flow derivative is a continuous reduction in the Arps’ “b” exponent from a “b” value of two during CFD. We also validated our model estimations to the estimations of Arap’s and stretch exponential production decline (SEPD) with recent production data from the Bone Spring formation, New Mexico, and major shale/tight reservoirs.
Effect of dietary energy density and folic acid supplementation on white striping occurrence and growth performance of broiler chickens
Authors: Adewole Deborah I. , MacIsaac Janice , Yang Chengbo 
Published: January 2021

Broilers were allocated to eight treatments consisting of two energy levels: normal (NE) and high (HE), and four folic acid (FA) levels (2.2, 5, 10, and 15 ppm). On day 42, two male and two female chickens were euthanized per pen, and white striping (WS) evaluation was performed on the pectoralis major. Birds fed HE diets had reduced (P < 0.05) feed intake and feed conversion rate than those on NE diets. With increasing FA levels, there was reduced (P < 0.05) WS score and increased (P < 0.05) normal breast fillet percentage in female chickens but not in the males. WS scores were higher (P < 0.01) in male chickens than in the females.
Immediacy in Aristotle’s Epistemology
Authors: Zuppolini Breno 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This article discusses immediate premises in Aristotle’s epistemology. The traditional interpretation identifies immediacy with indemonstrability: immediate truths are the indemonstrable principles of science from which the theorems are derived by demonstration. Against this common reading, I argue that Aristotle’s recognition of two kinds of epistemic priority (priority by nature and priority to us) commits him to the existence of two types of immediacy, only one of which is equivalent to indemonstrability. As a result, my interpretation offers a better understanding of a puzzling passage (APo. 1.13, 78a22–b4) that seems to contradict the standard view.
Negotiation Inaction Inertia: A Dynamic Model of the Impact of Missed Opportunities on Negotiation Decisions in Multi-issue Disputes
Authors: Terris Lesley G. , Lishner-Levy Noya , Tykocinski Orit E. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Negotiations aimed at resolving international disputes often end in deadlock. In the current article, we focus on deadlocks triggered by missed opportunities. The consequences of missing an advantageous opportunity have been studied extensively in the field of psychology within the context of the inaction inertia effect. The concept was recently introduced into the negotiation literature. Forgoing an attractive action opportunity creates vulnerability to regret and increases the likelihood of forgoing subsequent inferior opportunities, even if they still have positive value. The current article deepens the applicability of inaction inertia to international negotiations, by adopting a new multi-step multi-issue paradigm, which better approximates real-life negotiations. Using the new platform, we demonstrate the inaction inertia effect in a dynamic negotiation setting and link an individual’s inertia mindset to the experience of regret. The methodology and analysis presented will help researchers and practitioners explain inertia-induced deadlocks, and facilitate interventions that expedite successful resolutions.
Theory of Mind Increases Aesthetic Appreciation in Visual Arts
Authors: Iosifyan Marina 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Theory of mind is a cognitive ability that enables us to understand mental states of others, important in real-life communications as well as in aesthetic cognition. The present research investigated whether understanding intentions and emotions is related to aesthetic appreciation. Study 1 tested whether there is a link between aesthetic appreciation of cinematic films and attempts to understand the intentions and emotions of the artists and the film characters. It showed that a self-reported understanding of emotions and intentions is positively associated with aesthetic appreciation. Studies 2 and 4 investigated a causal relationship between the attempt to understand emotions and an aesthetic appreciation of artistic photos. Study 3 investigated an actual understanding of emotions and aesthetic appreciation of movie shots. The results show that when people evaluate the emotional state of the characters, they aesthetically appreciate artistic photos more, compared to when they evaluate non-mental characteristics of these photos (age of the characters, the colour of the photos). Moreover, better understanding of another’s emotions is related to greater aesthetic appreciation.
Treatment of anterior column posterior hemitransverse fracture with supra-ilioinguinal approach
Authors: Wan Yizhou , Yao Sheng , Chen Kaifang , Zeng Lian , Zhu FengZhao , Sun TingFang , Guo XiaoDong 
Published: January 2021

Objective To report the feasibility and effect of the supra-ilioinguinal approach for treatment of anterior posterior hemitransverse fracture of the acetabulum. Methods Nineteen consecutive patients who underwent treatment for an anterior column posterior hemitransverse fracture of the acetabulum from January 2013 to June 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent treatment by the single supra-ilioinguinal approach with at least 1 year of follow-up. Results The mean time to surgery, operative time, incision length, and blood loss were 10.2 ± 3.8 days, 157 ± 125 minutes, 10.2 ± 0.6 cm, and 876 ± 234 mL, respectively. According to the Matta scoring system, the reduction quality was excellent in 13 patients, good in 6, and poor in 0. According to the Merle d'Aubigné scoring system, the outcome at the last follow-up was excellent in 12 patients, good in 5, fair in 1, and poor in 1. Postoperative complications occurred in three patients (deep vein thrombosis in one, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve injury in one, and both complications in one). Conclusions Use of the supra-ilioinguinal approach for treatment of anterior column posterior hemitransverse fracture of the acetabulum produced excellent clinical results because of the direct visualization of the anterior column and quadrilateral plate.
Testing the content of vitamin A in dietary supplements
Authors: Ślifirczyk Marcin , Jędrzejewska Barbara , Ślifirczyk Anna , Denisiuk Grażyna 
Published: January 2021

Vitamins in the human body perform regulatory functions, determine the development, health and physical performance of the body. Most of them are not synthesised in the body, therefore they must be supplied with food. They interact with enzymes, which is why they are often called coenzymes or catalysts. Vitamins regulate many life processes. Their deficiency may cause disturbances in metabolic processes and promote the development of various types of diseases.
The aim of the work was to analyse the level of vitamin A content available on the Polish pharmaceutical market and dietary supplements.
Assessment of the level of anxiety of caring for disabled
Authors: Mess Eleonora Anna , Rybakiewicz Alice , Pawelak Agnieszka , Lisowska Aleksandra , Ornat Maciej 
Published: January 2021

Admission: Care for disabled child may present many difficulties and cause stressful situations that generate negative emotions. One of them is fear.
Objective of the work: Assessment of the level of anxiety state and trait in people taking care of a disabled child.
Materials and methods: The study was conducted among 100 employees center for disabled children and Wierzbice in Katy Wroclawskie. The research tool was the Inventory and the State Trait Anxiety (Iscle).
Results: The level of anxiety carers of people with disabilities depends on the age of the subjects (p = 0.025), professional experience (p = 0.047), operating system (0.002) and the degree of disability of children (p = 0.004). While the intensity of the drug is not affected by gender, education and occupation.
Discussion:Both the age and experience of the work associated with sophistication and getting used to disability beneficiaries. The impact may also have a stable position in the life of the elderly. The importance of the degree of disability is unmistakable, taking into account both the physical stress and emotional caregivers.