bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Breast Milk Zinc Transfer to Appropriate‐ for‐Gestational‐Age (AGA) and Small‐for‐Gestational‐Age (SGA) Bangladeshi Infants: Studies of Milk Volume, Using Deuterium‐To‐Mother, and Milk Zinc Concentrations
Authors: Islam M Munirul , Brown Kenneth H 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo measure breast milk zinc transfer by mothers of AGA and SGA infants.MethodsWe studied breast milk transfer (using the deuterium “dose‐to‐the‐mother” technique) and milk zinc concentration of 73 mother‐infant pairs (33 AGA, 40 SGA) at 4, 12 and 24 wks post‐partum. In each round, 30 g deuterium was given orally to the mother following baseline blood and saliva collection from mothers and infants. Saliva samples were then obtained for deuterium analysis on days 1, 2, 3, 4, 13, and 14 from infants and days 1, 2, 13 and 14 from mothers. Breast milk zinc concentration was measured in milk collected at baseline and day 4 each round.ResultsBreast milk intake increased significantly with infant age (643 ± 190; 756 ± 150; 804 ± 150 g/d at 4, 12 and 24 weeks, respectively; p=0.000), and differed by birth weight (BW) groups only at 4 weeks post‐partum (AGA = 714 ± 193 vs SGA = 579 ± 164 g/d; p=0.005). Milk zinc concentration decreased significantly from 2.46 mg/L at 4 weeks to 1.02 mg/L at 24 weeks (p=0.000), but did not differ by BW group at any time point. Zinc transfer through breast milk declined significantly with infant age (1.60 ± 0.62; 1.08 ± 0.41; 0.81 ± 0.32 mg/d at 4, 12 and 24 weeks respectively; p=0.000), but did not differ by BW group.ConclusionsMilk zinc concentrations and total milk zinc transfer of Bangladeshi mothers are consistent with published data, and do not differ for mothers of AGA and SGA infants.
Inhibitory Effects of Poly‐gamma‐glutamate on Abdominal Fat Adipogenesis in Dietary Induced Obese Rats
Authors: Chang Moon‐Jeong , Kim Boram , Park Jee‐Ho , Kim Sun‐Hee 
Published: June 2021

High molecular weight polymer, poly–γ‐glutamate(γ‐PGA) that produced by Bacillus Subtilis subsp. Chungkookjang isolated from traditional Korean fermented sticky soybean products is a multi‐anionic‐ γ‐polypeptide. The purpose of the present study was to test the biological efficacy of γ‐PGA on weight control and abdominal fat adipogenesis in dietary induced obese rats. Sixty male Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed a normal fat diet(10%) or high fat diet(45%) for 4 weeks and subsequently fed a normal fat diet (NN), a normal fat diet containing 0.1% γ‐PGA (NNP), a high fat diet(HH), a high fat diet containing 0.1% γ‐ PGA (HHP), a normal fat diet (HN), or a normal fat diet containing 0.1% γ‐PGA(HNP) for 4 weeks. γ‐ PGA prevented the high fat diet induced elevations in body weight, the weights of liver and visceral adipose tissues (epididymal and perirenal). γ‐PGA also significantly decreased C/EBP β mRNA expression after they had been increased by a high fat diet. γ‐PGA significantly increased hormone sensitive lipase mRNA level and decreased aP2 mRNA expression. In conclusion, γ‐PGA prevents and improves obesity. These effects appear to stem from the action of γ‐PGA in altering mRNAs expression that control adipogenesis, or increasing hormone sensitive lipolysis in white adipocyte.This study was supported by 2009 Seoul B&RD program.
Quercetin from Onion Peel Extract Improves the Features of Metabolic Syndrome in Male Smokers
Authors: Lee Kyunghea , Lee Hye jin , Kim Myeong ok , Cha Young jun , Park Eunju , Shin Min jeoung 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveThis study tested the effects of supplemental quercetin derived from onion peel extract on the components of metabolic syndrome in healthy male smokers.MethodsRandomized assigned subjects were instructed to take either a placebo (n=43) or 4 quercetin capsules per day for a total of 100 mg of quercetin (n=49). Blood pressure and blood lipids were measured at baseline and after 10 weeks of intervention.ResultsQuercetin supplementation significantly reduced serum total cholesterol (p<0.05) and LDL‐cholesterol (p<0.01), whereas these effects were not shown in the placebo group. In addition, there were significant increases in serum HDL‐cholesterol both in the placebo (p<0.005) and quercetin supplementated group (p<0.001); however, changes in HDL‐cholesterol were significantly greater in subjects receiving supplemental quercetin compared to the placebo. Both systolic (p<0.05) and diastolic blood pressure (p<0.01) was significantly reduced in the quercetin supplemented group. Glucose levels were significantly decreased after 10 weeks of quercetin supplementation (p<0.05).ConclusionsThe results will be discussed that daily supplementation of onion peel extract improved the components of metabolic syndrome including blood lipid profiles, glucose and blood pressure, suggesting quercetin's beneficial role in onion peel extracts as a preventive measure against cardiovascular risks.
Chemopreventive Effect in HepG2 cells exposed to L. Reuteri with Antioxidant Supplements
Authors: Green Kevin M. , Ibrahim Salam , Holmes‐McNary Minnie 
Published: June 2021

There is the limited treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) which is one of the most common cancers. Preventive control has been strongly emphasized for HCC. Researchers have begun to consider complementary and alternative medicines (CAM) as a means to treat and reduce the risk of gastrointestinal diseases. The probiotic bacteria Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) is shown to exert beneficial effects on the host by decreasing side effects of illnesses such as diarrhea, lactose intolerance, colorectal and liver cancer. Antioxidants are bioactive nutrients found in fruits and vegetables that can prevent or slow oxidative damage. Antioxidants act as “free radical scavengers“ to prevent free radical damage. Both probiotic and antioxidants are shown to have a beneficial inhibitor response in promoting apoptosis. To date, there is no research study on HCC with the probiotic L. Reuteri. Therefore, we hypothesize that probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri (L. reuteri) supplemented with selected antioxidants will enhance cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma. In this human‐derived HEPG2 cell culture study L. reuteri with our selected antioxidants demonstrates the effectiveness in altering the cancerous morphology and demonstrates a synergistic chemopreventive effect.Grant Funding Source: NSF Opt‐ED, Biology
Changes in Biomarkers of SH Rats Fed Novel and Traditional Sources of Vegetables
Authors: Powe Michelle , Stevens Amy M , Dawkins Norma L , Pace Ralphenia D 
Published: June 2021

Purslane, sweet potato greens and collard greens have been known to decrease the complications of hypertension due to their high antioxidant capacity. The purpose of this study was to determine if the consumption of these greens decreased blood pressure, weight, and injury to the glomeruli of the kidney. Five week old Spontaneously Hypertensive (SHR) rats (n=44) were separated equally into four diet groups: control (AIN‐76A diet), purslane, sweet potato greens, and collard greens each added at 4%. SHR were fed their respective diets for six weeks. Blood pressure measurements and weight were recorded weekly and twice per week, respectively.Animals were euthanized and the kidneys were removed and placed in 10 % formalin. Tissues were fixed on two slides; stained with hematoxylin and eosin stain (H&E) and the other stained with Periodic acid‐Schiff (PASH).Minimal variation in food intake was observed among the treatment groups, however, a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in systolic blood pressure in animals fed purslane and sweet potato greens were observed. Preliminary results in kidney glomeruli are inconclusive.The results from these studies indicate that these novel and traditional vegetables show significant promise in significantly reducing risk factors associated with heart disease and other inflammatory chronic diseases.Grant Funding Source: USDA/AFRI
Ingestion of Wheat Germ in Healthy Subjects Does Not Acutely Elevate Plasma Wheat Germ Agglutinin Concentrations
Authors: Kuzma Jessica N , Cordain Loren 
Published: June 2021

Dietary fiber content (15 g/day) of the typical U.S. diet is considerably lower than recommended values (25–30 g), hence the public is encouraged to increase consumption of whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. Whole grains are a rich source of the lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), which has been poorly studied in humans but has elicited adverse health effects in laboratory animals. It is unclear if it can breach the gut barrier, enter circulation, and influence physiology. Apart from animal studies, characterization of lectin behavior in humans is limited to tomato lectin (TL) and peanut lectin (PNA) feeding studies; both of which were able to detect lectin in systemic circulation within hours of ingestion of tomato juice and peanuts, respectively.The purpose of this study was to determine if WGA enters the circulation of healthy subjects following ingestion of wheat germ. Fourteen normal males and females between 17 and 40 yrs completed preliminary screening and reported to the lab after an overnight fast. Following baseline blood measurements, subjects consumed 50 g wheat germ within a 60 min interval. Blood samples were obtained at 30, 60, 90, 120, 240 min, and at 24 hrs post ingestion. Venous plasma concentrations of WGA were determined via WGA‐specific Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) at the six time intervals, including baseline.According to the protocol utilized, WGA was not detected in venous plasma samples from any of the subjects following consumption of 50 g of wheat germ. Further research will be required to determine if WGA enters the bloodstream and binds formed elements such as erythrocytes, platelets, and leukocytes in addition to other tissues and organs. This research was supported by the department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University.
Effects of 20% fat and 1% cholesterol diet‐induced obesity on gene expression profiles of T cells
Authors: Han Sung Nim , Kim Min Soo 
Published: June 2021

Obesity accompanies various metabolic and immunological changes. Higher incidence and severity of infectious illnesses and a poor antibody response in obese persons support the dysregulation of immune functions with obesity. We studied the gene expression profile of T cells to understand the molecular changes associated with obesity in T cells. C57BL mice were fed diets containing 5% fat (Control) or 20% fat and 1% cholesterol (HFD) by weight for 12 wks. Samples were collected at 4 and 12 wks after being on diets. T cells were purified from splenocytes by negative selection and cultured with media or plate‐bound anti‐CD3 and soluble anti‐CD28 for 2 hours. Gene expression profile was assessed using Illumina microarray analysis containing 45281 probes. Genes showing more than 2 fold changes and p values less than 0.05 after Benhamini‐Hochberg multiple‐testing correction were selected. Proliferative responses of T cells were determined at 72 hrs after stimulation. Proliferative response of T cells were similar between control and HFD groups at 4 wks, but, 20% lower in HFD group at 12 wks. While 37 and 43 genes showed significant upregulation in 4wk control and HFD groups upon stimulation and 27 genes showed significant upregulation in 12wk control group, none of the genes from 12wk HFD group showed significant upregulation with stimulation. Genes failed to show significant upregulated expression in 12wk HFD group include IL2, Gfi1, Bcl2, and CD69. These findings suggest that obesity is associated with an impairment of T cell activation.Supported by Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (2009‐0063409).
High fat feeding impairs select features of M1 polarization in CD11c+ adipose tissue macrophages
Authors: Bennett Grace , Shaul Merav E. , Strissel Katherine J. , Defuria Jason , Greenberg Andrew S. , Obin Martin S. 
Published: June 2021

IntroductionToll‐Like Receptor (TLR) activation by saturated fatty acids and endotoxin is proposed to polarize recruited CD11c expressing adipose tissue macrophages (ATMΦ) toward the pro‐inflammatory (M1) state. This activation exacerbates adipose tissue (AT) inflammation as well as the metabolic and cardiovascular complications of obesity. Our objective was to assess M1/M2 activation of ATMΦ in high fat‐fed (obese) mice.MethodsGene expression (GE) of TLR2/4 and the M1 hallmark, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was measured by QPCR in ATMΦs isolated by FACS from perigonadal AT of male C57BL/6j mice fed either a high fat diet (HFD, 60%/54% total energy from fat/lard) or low fat diet (LFD, 10%/4% energy from fat/lard) for 8 or 12 weeks.ResultsM1 markers (IL‐1β, IL‐12) were upregulated and M2 markers (CD206, CD163, IL‐10) were downregulated in CD11c+ ATMΦs from HFD mice, indicating M1 polarization. Surprisingly, TLR4 GE was reduced by 50% in CD11c+ ATMΦs at weeks 8 and 12 (p<0.05), and TLR2 GE was reduced 2–3 fold at week 12 (p= 0.001). iNOS GE was reduced >5‐fold at weeks 8 and 12 (p≤0.01). These data suggest that chronic HFD selectively impairs important aspects of innate immunity. How and where (bone marrow? circulation?) these effects of HFD on ATMΦs are initially manifest, their impact on metabolism and the role of specific fatty acids in this process remain to be elucidated.Grant Funding Source: NIH DK074979, NIH T32 HL069772‐07, Takeda Pharmaceuticals and USDA‐ARS # 5819507707
Expression of FoxP3 in Tregs cells from obese clinically healthy subjects
Authors: Gomez Francisco Enrique , Valencia‐Barragan Karla Ivet , Saldana Reyna , Furuzawa‐Carballeda Janette , Kaufer‐Horwitz Martha 
Published: June 2021

Obesity is characterized by a low‐grade systemic inflammation due to increased levels of inflammatory proteins. FOXP3 code for a nuclear transcription factor in regulatory T cells (Tregs), which provide the “off” signal to maintain immune homeostasis and control inflammation. The aim of this study was to determine the levels of FoxP3 (mRNA and protein) in Tregs from obese clinically healthy patients to compare them with non‐obese controls.MethodsWe studied 18 (10♀,8♂) obese (O) patients (BMI 40±2, 31±9y) who had no other disease (diabetes, hypertension) or taking antinflammatory drugs. Control (C) group consisted of 46 (39♀,7♂) healthy non‐obese (BMI 21±1, 25±5y) volunteers. Serum levels of leptin, adiponectin, TNFa, IL‐1, IL‐6 and IL‐8 were determined by standard methods. Levels of FoxP3 mRNA by RT‐PCR, and CD4+FoxP3+ Tregs by flow cytometry.ResultsAn inflammatory milleau (high levels of leptin, TNFa and IL‐6, and low of adiponectin) was present in the serum of O subjects. IL‐1 and IL‐8 were not different (table). Despite a 25% increase in FoxP3 mRNA in O, %Tregs (CD4+FoxP3+) were very low compared to C.
Results in the groups (×±sd) (*p≤0.02)

Control
Obese

Leptin (pg/mL)
1129 ± 890
5293 ± 2482*

Adiponectin (ng/mL)
4768 ± 1840
3367 ± 1196*

TNFa (pg/mL)
5.5 ± 2.1
6.8 ± 2.0*

IL‐1 (pg/mL)
0.9 ± 0.4
0.8 ± 0.5

IL‐6 (pg/mL)
4.7 ± 0.5
8.4 ± 4.5*

IL‐8 (pg/mL)
3.3 ± 2.6
3.6 ± 0.9

FoxP3 mRNA
1.00
1.25

%Tregs (CD4+FoxP3+)
6.7
5.1

ConclusionIncreased transcription of FOXP3 (mRNA) does not result in normal values in Tregs in O subjects. This may partially explain their inflammatory status. (Partially supported by Conacyt‐Mexico).
Exposure of activated alveolar macrophages to brominated flame retardants augments the release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines in vitro
Authors: Hennigar Stephen R , Ronan Anne M , Myers Jay L , Tagliaferro Anthony R 
Published: June 2021

Several environmental pollutants have been shown to have adverse effects on immune function that may result in respiratory conditions. In addition to diet, inhalation of dust is a major route of exposure of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) however; the impact of PBDEs on the immune response is unclear. The objective of this in vitro study was to determine the impact of physiological levels of PBDEs on the release of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine, TNFα, by activated alveolar macrophages. Porcine alveolar macrophages were seeded in three 24‐well plates in RPMI growth media supplemented with 10% porcine serum and incubated for 24‐hours (5% CO2, 37°C). After 24‐hours, the cells were activated by inoculation with PMA (0.01 mg/ml) and ionomycin (0.05 mg/ml) in 1% DMSO. In addition to the activating stimulus, three different concentrations of the PBDE mixture DE‐71 in MeOH were introduced to the wells (500 ng/mL DE‐71, 0.02% MeOH; 1000 ng/mL DE‐71, 0.04% MeOH; 2000 ng/mL DE‐71, 0.08% MeOH) (n = 9 per treatment). After 6‐hour incubation, conditioned media was removed, centrifuged, and stored at −80°C until analysis of TNFα via ELISA. Compared to controls, cells exposed to PMA and 1000 and 2000 ng/mL of PBDEs released 33 and 28% more TNFα, respectively (p < 0.05). As increased TNFα may indicate an increase in inflammation, findings suggest that chronic exposure to airborne PBDEs may be a cause of chronic respiratory inflammation.UNH Experimental Station Project H495.Grant Funding Source: UNH Experimental Station Project H495
Dietary milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) provides protection against gastrointestinal stress in mice treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
Authors: Snow Dallin , Ward Robert E , Olsen Aaron , Jimenez‐Flores Rafael , Hintze Korry Joseph 
Published: June 2021

Inflammation is known to decrease gut barrier integrity. MFGM is a protein‐lipid complex containing phospholipids and membrane glycoproteins that may increase gut barrier properties. We sought to determine if MFGM enhances gut barrier integrity and decreases inflammation in LPS challenged mice. Mice were randomly assigned to one of two diets differing only in fat source: control diet (AIN‐76A, corn‐oil fat source) and AIN‐76A diet (equal amount of MFGM and anhydrous milk fat as the fat source). Mice were fed diets for 5 weeks then injected with saline control or LPS (10 mg/kg BW) and gavaged with dextran‐fluorescein (D‐FITC) to assess gut barrier integrity. Serum samples were assayed for D‐FITC 24 h after gavage, and a panel of 16 cytokine concentrations was measured to determine inflammatory response. Gut permeability was 45% less in LPS challenged mice fed MFGM diet compared to mice fed control diets (P < 0.05). LPS injection did not increase gut permeability compared to saline injection in mice fed MFGM diets. Conversely, LPS injection of mice fed control diets significantly increased gut permeability compared to saline injected cohorts (P < 0.05). LPS injected mice fed MFGM diets had lower serum levels of IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐17, MCP‐1, IFNγ, and TNFα; compared to LPS injected mice fed control diets (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that MFGM inhibits the inflammatory response and protects against LPS induced gut permeability.Grant Funding Source: Dairy Management Incorporated
A synthetic fiber affects early calcium metabolism and inulin‐based fibers affect bone biomechanical properties in ovariectomized rats
Authors: Legette LeeCole L , Martin Berdine R , Campbell Jessica K , Weaver Connie M 
Published: June 2021

Age‐related deficiencies in calcium metabolism play a role in the development of osteoporosis. Recent evidence indicates that various dietary fibers may enhance calcium absorption and attenuate post‐menopausal bone loss. A 4‐ wk feeding study was conducted in 5 mo. old ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague Dawley rats to assess the effect of various dietary fibers on calcium metabolism and bone health parameters. There were 6 treatment groups (n=16/group): SHAM Control, OVX Control, OVX rats receiving daily estradiol injections, and OVX rats receiving an AIN 93M diet supplement with either an inulin based fiber (Synergy® or Frutafit®) or a synthetic fiber (Polydextrose) at 5%. Calcium metabolic balance was performed after early exposure (3 d) to dietary treatments. Rats receiving polydextrose had significantly higher net calcium absorption efficiency than all control groups and a trend (p≤0.10) for higher calcium absorption when compared to inulin‐based fibers. Rats consuming Synergy® and Frutafit®, as well as rats receiving daily E2 injections, had similar femoral breaking strength as SHAM control and higher than OVX Control and OVX rats on Polydextrose.Grant Funding Source: General Mills
The effect of calorie restriction and exercise on cell proliferation rates in female mice
Authors: Thompson Airlia , Bruss Matthew D 
Published: June 2021

Calorie restriction (CR) inhibits tumor growth, which is associated with reduced cell proliferation in tumorigenic tissues. Exercise also slows tumor growth, however, the effect of exercise on cell proliferation has not been systematically investigated. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of voluntary wheel running (EX) and CR on cell proliferation in tumorigenic tissues. In this study, mice were randomized into four groups; ad libitum‐fed, sedentary (AL/SED), ad libitum‐fed, exercise (AL/EX), pair‐fed to AL/SED, exercise (PF/EX) or calorie restricted, sedentary (CR/SED). We found that cell proliferation was significantly lower in liver tissue, skin epidermis and splenic T‐cells in CR/SED as compared to AL/SED. In contrast, cell proliferation was not different in any of the tissues in either of the exercise groups compared to AL/SED, despite higher food intake and energy expenditure in AL/EX and lower body weight in PF/EX. In addition, serum IGF‐1 was significantly lower in CR/SED compared to AL/SED while there was no difference in either exercise group. We conclude that the effect of CR on cell proliferation in tumorigenic tissues cannot be mimicked by exercise despite its associated increase in energy expenditure and comparable reduction in body weight. These data have implications for understanding the mechanism by which CR and EX inhibit tumor growth and promote longevity.Grant Funding Source: NIH
Television viewing at mealtime reduces satiety and increases food intake in peripubertal, but not postpubertal, girls
Authors: Patel Barkha P , Bellissimo Nick , Pencharz Paul B , Anderson G. Harvey 
Published: June 2021

Television viewing (TVV) is associated with obesity in children, suggesting that TVV decreases activity and increases energy intake. However the effect of TVV on satiety and satiation in children has only recently been investigated. We reported that TVV at mealtime reduced satiety and increased food intake (FI) in 9 – 14 y old boys after a pre‐meal glucose drink (Bellissimo et al, 2007). Therefore, we examined the effect of TVV at mealtime and pubertal status on appetite and FI in girls (9 – 14 y) after a glucose drink. Following a randomized, counterbalanced design, 25 girls received equally sweetened drinks containing sucralose or glucose (1.0 g/kg body weight) in 250 mL of water 2 h after a standard breakfast. FI from an ad libitum pizza meal was measured 30 min later with or without TVV. Appetite was measured over the entire study. Glucose reduced FI more when the girls ate without vs. with TVV (24 vs. 10%, p < 0.001). However, there was an interaction with pubertal status. Glucose reduced FI by 21% in the peripubertal girls (n = 17) without TVV (p = 0.029), but not with TVV. Conversely, in the postpubertal girls (n = 8), glucose reduced FI (~ 30%, p < 0.001), with or without TVV. Appetite was not altered by drink or TVV, but was correlated with FI at 30 min (r = 0.34, p = 0.001). Thus, TVV at mealtime reduced physiological responses to the pre‐meal glucose drink and delayed satiation during the meal in peripubertal, but not postpubertal, girls.Grant Funding Source: Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR)