bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Evolution Dynamical Processes of Ural Blocking Through the Lens of Local Finite‐Amplitude Wave Activity Budget Analysis
Authors: Wang Mengling , Zhang Yang , Lu Jian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the dynamical processes of Ural blocking (UB) during its different phases of development is of great importance for the prediction of UB and the subsequent meteorological impacts in Asia. Using the 6‐hourly ERA‐Interim reanalysis data, this study quantifies the conservative and non‐conservative processes in the lifecycle of UB through the lens of the hybrid Eulerian‐Lagrangian local finite‐amplitude wave activity (LWA) diagnostics. It is found that (a) as a wave activity source, eddy heat flux assists the zonal LWA flux in initiating the UB, it also works to prevent the wave activity of the blocking from dispersing downstream—the key characteristic of blocking; (b) both wave propagation and wave advection are indispensable for the evolution of UB, playing a tug‐of‐war on the downstream development of wave activity; (c) throughout the lifespan of UB, diabatic heating acts as a damping mechanism for the wave activity both upstream and downstream.
How Strongly Are Mean and Extreme Precipitation Coupled?
Authors: Nishant Nidhi , Sherwood Steven C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractChanges in mean and extreme precipitation are among the most important consequences of climate change. Here, we examine the relationship between the mean and three different measures of extreme precipitation over Australia, from a regional climate model (RCM) ensemble. We show that model uncertainty in mean and extreme precipitation are tightly coupled for both the present‐day climate and future changes. On the continental scale, strong correlations (0.79–0.99) are observed across models between the changes in mean and extreme precipitation. We also find that except in eastern coastal regions, precipitation statistics projected by RCM are highly predictable (up to 60%–70% of variance explained) from the mean precipitation of the global climate model (GCM) providing the boundary conditions. In coastal locations where RCMs are more accurate than GCMs for the present climate, they are less predictable, hence provide information—but this impact disappears for climate change, suggesting that improved present‐day accuracy may not carry over to climate change.
Predicting Light Regime Controls on Primary Productivity Across CONUS River Networks
Authors: Savoy Phil , Harvey Judson W. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSolar radiation is a fundamental driver of ecosystem productivity, but widespread estimates of light available for primary producers in rivers are lacking. We developed a model to predict light available for river primary producers and used it to estimate river primary production across the contiguous United States (CONUS). Successively accounting for riparian and water column processes improved predictions of primary production as a function of light. We calculated the ratio of river width to riparian tree height and used this metric to predict whether riparian zones or water column processes most limit productivity for over 2 million reaches. Water column processes limited productivity for 50% of the nation's river length and 80% of its surface area, with variations across ecoregions related to riparian forest cover. Our findings facilitate large‐scale predictions of stream and river ecosystem productivity, as well as understanding the processes controlling productivity across networks.
Experimental Determination of Mantle Solidi and Melt Compositions for Two Likely Rocky Exoplanet Compositions
Authors: Brugman K. , Phillips M. G. , Till C. B. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFor rocky exoplanets, knowledge of their geologic characteristics such as composition and mineralogy, surface recycling mechanisms, and volcanic behavior are key to determining their suitability to host life. Thus, determining exoplanet habitability requires an understanding of surface chemistry, and understanding the composition of exoplanet surfaces necessitates applying methods from the field of igneous petrology. Piston‐cylinder partial melting experiments were conducted on two hypothetical rocky exoplanet bulk silicate compositions. HEX1, a composition with molar Mg/Si = 1.42 (higher than bulk silicate Earth's Mg/Si = 1.23) yields a solidus similar to that of Earth's undepleted mantle. However, HEX2, a composition with molar Ca/Al = 1.07 (higher than Earth Ca/Al = 0.72) has a solidus with a slope of ∼10°C/kbar (vs. ∼15°C/kbar for Earth) and as result, has much lower melting temperatures than Earth. The majority of predicted adiabats point toward the likely formation of a silicate magma ocean for exoplanets with a mantle composition similar to HEX2. For adiabats that do intersect HEX2's solidus, decompression melting initiates at pressures more than 4x greater than in the modern Earth's undepleted mantle. The experimental partial melt compositions for these exoplanet mantle analogs are broadly similar to primitive terrestrial magmas but with higher CaO, and for the HEX2 composition, higher SiO2 for a given degree of melting. This first of its kind exoplanetary experimental data can be used to calibrate future exoplanet petrologic models and predict volatile solubilities, volcanic degassing, and crust compositions for exoplanets with bulk compositions and ƒO2 similar to those explored herein.
Localized Pollution Impacts on Greenhouse Gas Dynamics in Three Anthropogenically Modified Asian River Systems
Authors: Begum Most Shirina , Bogard Matthew J. , Butman David E. , Chea Eliyan , Kumar Sanjeev , Lu Xixi , Nayna Omme K. , Ran Lishan , Richey Jeffrey E. , Tareq Shafi M. , Xuan Do Thi , Yu Ruihong , Park Ji‐Hyung 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDespite growing research on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from inland waters, few systematic efforts have been made to assess the regional‐scale GHG emissions from Asian rivers under increasing anthropogenic stress. We examined factors controlling longitudinal and seasonal variations in the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), and CH4 and N2O concentrations in the Ganges, Mekong, and Yellow River by simultaneously measuring gas concentrations and stable C isotopes, and optical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from 2016 to 2019. The levels of pCO2 and CH4 were distinctively higher in polluted tributaries and affected reaches of the Ganges and Mekong than in the Yellow River. The highest levels of N2O were found in the Ganges, followed by the Yellow River and Mekong. Across these basins, dry‐season mean concentrations of CO2, CH4, and N2O were 1.6, 2, and 7 times higher than those measured in the monsoon season, respectively. This seasonality was consistent with that of δ13C‐CO2, while δ13C‐CH4 showed an opposite pattern. GHG concentrations exhibited significant positive relationships with DOM concentrations and optical properties including fluorescence index and protein‐like fluorescence, implying the contribution of anthropogenic, labile DOM to production of GHGs in the polluted reaches. Graphical mixing models of δ13C‐CO2 and δ13C‐CH4 support the stronger impact of wastewater on the Ganges and Mekong than on the Yellow River. The overall results suggest that neglecting localized pollution impacts on GHG emissions from increasingly urbanized river basins can result in a substantial underestimation of global riverine GHG emissions.
Status of Basement Terranes in Orogens: Insights From the Cadomian Domain of the North Armorican Variscides, Western France
Authors: Le Gall Bernard , Authemayou Christine , Graindorge David , Duperret Anne , Kaci Tassadit , Ehrhold Axel , Schmitt Thierry 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe stable versus mobile behavior of basement terranes in orogens is discussed about the North Armorican Cadomian‐floored domain (NAD) in the Armorican Variscides, Western France. Our onshore/offshore structural study demonstrates the heterogeneous nature of the NAD which comprises: (a) a southern part which remained stable during both the Paleozoic extensional and compressional (Variscan) events and (b) a northern part which was initially the locus of extensive Paleozoic sedimentary basins before recording Variscan deformation. Our work supplies a more complete structural picture of the Variscan pattern in Northern Armorica as a whole: (a) as precising the spatial distribution of Variscan strain, (b) as emphasizing its importance with a bulk shortening estimated at 30% in the North Cotentin fold‐and‐thrust belt, and (c) as regarding a newly identified pattern of sinistral ductile shear zones in the Morlaix area as lateral ramps that parallel the western edge of the rigid (southern) Cadomian block in a indenter kinematic setting. At a wider scale, compiling structural data set from others Cadomian terranes in the Variscan belt of Central (Bohemia) and Western (Iberia) Europe leads us to hypothetize that their stability versus reworking during the Variscan orogeny relies primarily on the mechanical/thermal state of their lithosphere at the end of the Paleozoic extensional stage.
Variable 21st Century Climate Change Response for Rivers in High Mountain Asia at Seasonal to Decadal Time Scales
Authors: Khanal S. , Lutz A.F. , Kraaijenbrink P. D. A. , van den Hurk B. , Yao T. , Immerzeel W. W. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe hydrological response to climate change in mountainous basins manifests itself at varying spatial and temporal scales, ranging from catchment to large river basin scale and from sub‐daily to decade and century scale. To robustly assess the 21st century climate change impact for hydrology in entire High Mountain Asia (HMA) at a wide range of scales, we use a high resolution cryospheric‐hydrological model covering 15 upstream HMA basins to quantify the compound effects of future changes in precipitation and temperature based on the range of climate change projections in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 climate model ensemble. Our analysis reveals contrasting responses for HMA's rivers, dictated by their hydrological regimes. At the seasonal scale, the earlier onset of melting causes a shift in the magnitude and peak of water availability, to earlier in the year. At the decade to century scale, after an initial increase, the glacier melt declines by the mid or end of the century except for the Tarim river basin, where it continues to increase. Despite a large variability in hydrological regimes across HMA's rivers, our results indicate relatively consistent climate change responses across HMA in terms of total water availability at decadal time scales. Although total water availability increases for the headwaters, changes in seasonality and magnitude may diverge widely between basins and need to be addressed while adapting to future changes in a region where food security, energy security as well as biodiversity, and the livelihoods of many depend on water from HMA.
Kinetics of Magnetic Hole Behind Dipolarization Front
Authors: Liu C. M. , Fu H. S. , Liu Y. Y. , Xu Y. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMagnetic holes (MHs)—depressions in magnetic field strength—have been reported around dipolarization fronts (DFs), but their generation and dynamics remain elusive owing to the limited capacity of previous spacecraft measurements. Taking advantage of magentospheric multiscale mission high‐resolution data, here we present the first observational evidence for MH generation by electron mirror instability behind a DF. The MH is sustained by an electron flow vortex at sub‐proton scale and primarily drifting downward. Instability analysis shows that local condition is unstable to electron mirror instability, suggesting that the MH is electron mirror mode. The MH contains strong field‐aligned currents which may contribute to the magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling. The MH also hosts oscillatory energy conversion with energy loads dominant (integral of E·J is positive), suggesting that it can be efficient in transferring electromagnetic energy into particle energy. Sub‐ion‐scale dissipation of the magnetic field is coupled with electron‐scale whistlers and Debye‐scale solitary waves, indicating cross‐scale coupling therein.
Removal of CD276+ cells from haploidentical memory T-cell grafts significantly lowers the risk of GVHD
Authors: Hashimoto Hisayoshi , Kasteleiner Patrick , Kressin Jakob , Müller Friederike , Bühring Hans-Jörg , Handgretinger Rupert , Schilbach Karin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDetrimental graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) still remains a major cause of death in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). The recently explored depletion of naive cells from mobilized grafts (CD45RA depletion) has shown considerable promise, yet is unable to eliminate the incidence of GVHD. Analysis of CD45RA-depleted haploidentical mixed lymphocytes culture (haplo-MLC) revealed insufficient suppression of alloresponses in the CD4+compartment and identified CD276 as a marker for alloreactive memory Th1 T cells. Conclusively, depleting CD276+cells from CD45RA-depleted haplo-MLC significantly attenuated alloreactivity to recipient cells while increasing antiviral reactivity and maintaining anti-third party reactivity in vitro. To evaluate these findings in vivo, bulk, CD45RA-depleted, or CD45RA/CD276-depleted CD4+T cells from HLA-DR4negativehealthy humans were transplanted into NSG-Ab°DR4 mice, a sensitive human allo-GVHD model. Compellingly, CD45RA/CD276-depleted grafts from HLA-DR4negativedonors or in vivo depletion of CD276+cells after transplant of HLA-DR4negativememory CD4 T cells significantly delay the onset of GVHD symptoms and significantly alleviate its severity in NSG-Ab°DR4 mice. The clinical courses correlated with diminished Th1-cytokine secretion and downregulated CXCR6 expression of engrafted peripheral T cells. Collectively, mismatched HLA-mediated GVHD can be controlled by depleting recipient-specific CD276+alloreacting T cells from the graft, highlighting its application in haplo-HSCT.
EGFR phosphorylates HDAC1 to regulate its expression and anti-apoptotic function
Authors: Bahl Sonali , Ling Hongbo , Acharige Nuwan P. N. , Santos-Barriopedro Irene , Pflum Mary Kay H. , Seto Edward 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHDAC1 is the prototypical human histone deacetylase (HDAC) enzyme responsible for catalyzing the removal of acetyl group from lysine residues on many substrate proteins. By deacetylating histones and non-histone proteins, HDAC1 has a profound effect on the regulation of gene transcription and many processes related to cell growth and cell death, including cell cycle progression, DNA repair, and apoptosis. Early studies reveal that, like most eukaryotic proteins, the functions and activities of HDAC1 are regulated by post-translational modifications. For example, serine phosphorylation of HDAC1 by protein kinase CK2 promotes HDAC1 deacetylase enzymatic activity and alters its interactions with proteins in corepressor complexes. Here, we describe an alternative signaling pathway by which HDAC1 activities are regulated. Specifically, we discover that EGFR activity promotes the tyrosine phosphorylation of HDAC1, which is necessary for its protein stability. A key EGFR phosphorylation site on HDAC1, Tyr72, mediates HDAC1’s anti-apoptotic function. Given that HDAC1 overexpression and EGFR activity are strongly related with tumor progression and cancer cell survival, HDAC1 tyrosine phosphorylation may present a possible target to manipulate HDAC1 protein levels in future potential cancer treatment strategies.
A minimalistic cyclic ice-binding peptide from phage display
Authors: Stevens Corey A. , Bachtiger Fabienne , Kong Xu-Dong , Abriata Luciano A. , Sosso Gabriele C. , Gibson Matthew I. , Klok Harm-Anton 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDeveloping molecules that emulate the properties of naturally occurring ice-binding proteins (IBPs) is a daunting challenge. Rather than relying on the (limited) existing structure–property relationships that have been established for IBPs, here we report the use of phage display for the identification of short peptide mimics of IBPs. To this end, an ice-affinity selection protocol is developed, which enables the selection of a cyclic ice-binding peptide containing just 14 amino acids. Mutational analysis identifies three residues, Asp8, Thr10 and Thr14, which are found to be essential for ice binding. Molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the side chain of Thr10 hydrophobically binds to ice revealing a potential mechanism. To demonstrate the biotechnological potential of this peptide, it is expressed as a fusion (‘Ice-Tag’) with mCherry and used to purify proteins directly from cell lysate.
Targeting Treg cells with GITR activation alleviates resistance to immunotherapy in murine glioblastomas
Authors: Amoozgar Zohreh , Kloepper Jonas , Ren Jun , Tay Rong En , Kazer Samuel W. , Kiner Evgeny , Krishnan Shanmugarajan , Posada Jessica M. , Ghosh Mitrajit , Mamessier Emilie , Wong Christina , Ferraro Gino B. , Batista Ana , Wang Nancy , Badeaux Mark , Roberge Sylvie , Xu Lei , Huang Peigen , Shalek Alex K. , Fukumura Dai , Kim Hye-Jung , Jain Rakesh K. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractImmune checkpoint blockers (ICBs) have failed in all phase III glioblastoma (GBM) trials. Here, we show that regulatory T (Treg) cells play a key role in GBM resistance to ICBs in experimental gliomas. Targeting glucocorticoid-induced TNFR-related receptor (GITR) in Treg cells using an agonistic antibody (αGITR) promotes CD4 Treg cell differentiation into CD4 effector T cells, alleviates Treg cell-mediated suppression of anti-tumor immune response, and induces potent anti-tumor effector cells in GBM. The reprogrammed GBM-infiltrating Treg cells express genes associated with a Th1 response signature, produce IFNγ, and acquire cytotoxic activity against GBM tumor cells while losing their suppressive function. αGITR and αPD1 antibodies increase survival benefit in three experimental GBM models, with a fraction of cohorts exhibiting complete tumor eradication and immune memory upon tumor re-challenge. Moreover, αGITR and αPD1 synergize with the standard of care treatment for newly-diagnosed GBM, enhancing the cure rates in these GBM models.
Nanoscale real-time detection of quantum vortices at millikelvin temperatures
Authors: Guthrie A. , Kafanov S. , Noble M. T. , Pashkin Yu. A. , Pickett G. R. , Tsepelin V. , Dorofeev A. A. , Krupenin V. A. , Presnov D. E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSince we still lack a theory of classical turbulence, attention has focused on the conceptually simpler turbulence in quantum fluids. Reaching a better understanding of the quantum case may provide additional insight into the classical counterpart. That said, we have hitherto lacked detectors capable of the real-time, non-invasive probing of the wide range of length scales involved in quantum turbulence. Here we demonstrate the real-time detection of quantum vortices by a nanoscale resonant beam in superfluid 4He at 10 mK. Essentially, we trap a single vortex along the length of a nanobeam and observe the transitions as a vortex is either trapped or released, detected through the shift in the beam resonant frequency. By exciting a tuning fork, we control the ambient vortex density and follow its influence on the vortex capture and release rates demonstrating that these devices are capable of probing turbulence on the micron scale.
Peripheral-specific Y1 receptor antagonism increases thermogenesis and protects against diet-induced obesity
Authors: Yan Chenxu , Zeng Tianshu , Lee Kailun , Nobis Max , Loh Kim , Gou Luoning , Xia Zefeng , Gao Zhongmin , Bensellam Mohammed , Hughes Will , Lau Jackie , Zhang Lei , Ip Chi Kin , Enriquez Ronaldo , Gao Hanyu , Wang Qiao-Ping , Wu Qi , Haigh Jody J. , Laybutt D. Ross , Timpson Paul , Herzog Herbert , Shi Yan-Chuan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObesity is caused by an imbalance between food intake and energy expenditure (EE). Here we identify a conserved pathway that links signalling through peripheral Y1 receptors (Y1R) to the control of EE. Selective antagonism of peripheral Y1R, via the non-brain penetrable antagonist BIBO3304, leads to a significant reduction in body weight gain due to enhanced EE thereby reducing fat mass. Specifically thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue (BAT) due to elevated UCP1 is enhanced accompanied by extensive browning of white adipose tissue both in mice and humans. Importantly, selective ablation of Y1R from adipocytes protects against diet-induced obesity. Furthermore, peripheral specific Y1R antagonism also improves glucose homeostasis mainly driven by dynamic changes in Akt activity in BAT. Together, these data suggest that selective peripheral only Y1R antagonism via BIBO3304, or a functional analogue, could be developed as a safer and more effective treatment option to mitigate diet-induced obesity.
CopyCatchers are versatile active genetic elements that detect and quantify inter-homolog somatic gene conversion
Authors: Li Zhiqian , Marcel Nimi , Devkota Sushil , Auradkar Ankush , Hedrick Stephen M. , Gantz Valentino M. , Bier Ethan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCRISPR-based active genetic elements, or gene-drives, copied via homology-directed repair (HDR) in the germline, are transmitted to progeny at super-Mendelian frequencies. Active genetic elements also can generate widespread somatic mutations, but the genetic basis for such phenotypes remains uncertain. It is generally assumed that such somatic mutations are generated by non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), the predominant double stranded break repair pathway active in somatic cells. Here, we develop CopyCatcher systems in Drosophila to detect and quantify somatic gene conversion (SGC) events. CopyCatchers inserted into two independent genetic loci reveal unexpectedly high rates of SGC in the Drosophila eye and thoracic epidermis. Focused RNAi-based genetic screens identify several unanticipated loci altering SGC efficiency, one of which (c-MYC), when downregulated, promotes SGC mediated by both plasmid and homologous chromosome-templates in human HEK293T cells. Collectively, these studies suggest that CopyCatchers can serve as effective discovery platforms to inform potential gene therapy strategies.
A neural basis for brain leptin action on reducing type 1 diabetic hyperglycemia
Authors: Fan Shengjie , Xu Yuanzhong , Lu Yungang , Jiang Zhiying , Li Hongli , Morrill Jessie C. , Cai Jing , Wu Qi , Xu Yong , Xue Mingshan , Arenkiel Benjamin R. , Huang Cheng , Tong Qingchun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCentral leptin action rescues type 1 diabetic (T1D) hyperglycemia; however, the underlying mechanism and the identity of mediating neurons remain elusive. Here, we show that leptin receptor (LepR)-expressing neurons in arcuate (LepRArc) are selectively activated in T1D. Activation of LepRArc neurons, Arc GABAergic (GABAArc) neurons, or arcuate AgRP neurons, is able to reverse the leptin’s rescuing effect. Conversely, inhibition of GABAArc neurons, but not AgRP neurons, produces leptin-mimicking rescuing effects. Further, AgRP neuron function is not required for T1D hyperglycemia or leptin’s rescuing effects. Finally, T1D LepRArc neurons show defective nutrient sensing and signs of cellular energy deprivation, which are both restored by leptin, whereas nutrient deprivation reverses the leptin action. Our results identify aberrant activation of LepRArc neurons owing to energy deprivation as the neural basis for T1D hyperglycemia and that leptin action is mediated by inhibiting LepRArc neurons through reversing energy deprivation.