bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal detection of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody responses with different serological methods
Authors: Emmerich Petra , von Possel Ronald , Hemmer Christoph Josef , Fritzsche Carlos , Geerdes-Fenge Hilte , Menge Babett , Messing Claudia , Borchardt-Lohölter Viola , Deschermeier Christina , Steinhagen Katja 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTSerological testing for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is used to detect ongoing or past SARS-CoV-2 infections. To study the kinetics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and to assess the diagnostic performances of eight serological assays, we used 129 serum samples collected on known days post symptom onset (dpso) from 42 patients with PCR-confirmed COVID-19 and 54 serum samples from healthy blood donors, and children infected with seasonal coronaviruses.The sera were analyzed for the presence of IgG, IgM and IgA antibodies using indirect immunofluorescence testing (IIFT) based on SARS-CoV-2-infected cells. They were further tested for antibodies against the S1 domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (IgG, IgA) and against the viral nucleocapsid protein (IgG, IgM) using ELISA.The assay specificities were 94.4%-100%. The sensitivities varied largely between assays, reflecting their respective purposes. The sensitivities of IgA and IgM assays were highest between 11 and 20 dpso, whereas the sensitivities of IgG assays peaked between 20 and 60 dpso.IIFT showed highest sensitivities due to the use of the whole SARS-CoV-2 as substrate and provided information whether or not the individual has been infected with SARS-CoV-2. ELISAs provided further information about both the prevalence and concentration of specific antibodies against selected antigens of SARS-CoV-2.
A pair of non-competing neutralizing human monoclonal antibodies protecting from disease in a SARS-CoV-2 infection model
Authors: Peter Antonia Sophia , Roth Edith , Schulz Sebastian R. , Fraedrich Kirsten , Steinmetz Tobit , Damm Dominik , Hauke Manuela , Richel Elie , Mueller-Schmucker Sandra , Habenicht Katharina , Eberlein Valentina , Issmail Leila , Uhlig Nadja , Dolles Simon , Grüner Eva , Peterhoff David , Ciesek Sandra , Hoffmann Markus , Pöhlmann Stefan , McKay Paul F. , Shattock Robin J. , Wölfel Roman , Wagner Ralf , Eichler Jutta , Schuh Wolfgang , Neipel Frank , Ensser Armin , Mielenz Dirk , Tenbusch Matthias , Winkler Thomas H. , Grunwald Thomas , Überla Klaus , Jäck Hans-Martin 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTTRIANNI mice carry an entire set of human immunoglobulin V region gene segments and are a powerful tool to rapidly generate human monoclonal antibodies. After immunizing these mice against the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2, we identified 29 hybridoma antibodies that reacted with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Nine antibodies neutralized SARS-CoV-2 infection at IC50 values in the subnanomolar range. ELISA-binding studies and DNA sequence analyses revealed one cluster of clonally related neutralizing antibodies that target the receptor-binding domain and compete with the cellular receptor hACE2. A second cluster of neutralizing antibodies binds to the N-terminal domain of the spike protein without competing with the binding of hACE2 or cluster 1 antibodies. SARS-CoV-2 mutants selected for resistance to an antibody from one cluster are still neutralized by an antibody from the other cluster. Antibodies from both clusters markedly reduced viral spread in mice transgenic for human ACE2 and protected the animals from SARS-CoV-2 induced weight loss. Thus, we report two clusters of potent non-competing SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies providing potential candidates for therapy and prophylaxis of COVID-19. The study further supports the use of transgenic animals with human immunoglobulin gene repertoires in pandemic preparedness initiatives.
The Impact of Means‐Tested Premium Rebates and Tax Penalties on the Demand for Private Hospital Cover in Australia*
Authors: Bilgrami Anam , Cutler Henry , Sinha Kompal , Cheng Zhiming 
Published: April 2021

Many governments intervene in private health insurance markets to incentivise demand, balance efficiency and equity, and counter adverse selection. In the context of rising health‐care costs, this is a complex task, and understanding the relative effectiveness of interventions can help governments design an optimal policy mix. We evaluate the impact of means‐testing a premium rebate and increasing an income tax penalty rate on private health insurance hospital coverage in Australia. We employ difference‐in‐difference (DID) analysis on a Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey panel of 6,179 individuals. To construct a valid control group, we employ income band restriction and match individuals below the policy income threshold to the treatment group using entropy balancing on pre‐treatment covariates and trends. Our analyses suggest that Australia’s Fairer Private Health Insurance Incentives (FPHII) reform in 2012 increased the probability of holding hospital cover by 1.5 percentage points (P < 0.1). The effect was driven by a significant increase in coverage of 2.4 percentage points (P < 0.1) for those in the highest income tier, despite this group experiencing the largest premium increase from the reform. Estimates were relatively robust to sensitivity analyses, including removing those with complicated income streams and removing potential income shifters. Our results suggest that increased tax penalty rates had a stronger impact than means‐testing premium rebates, most likely due to the low price elasticity of private health insurance demand in Australia. We discuss these findings in the context of developing an effective policy mix to attract and maintain private health insurance members and promote private health insurance market sustainability.
Europe's migration crisis: Local contact and out‐group hostility
Authors: RUDOLPH LUKAS , WAGNER MARKUS 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDoes a large influx of asylum seekers in the local community lead to a backlash in public opinion towards foreign populations? We assess the effects of asylum seeker presence using original survey and macro‐level municipality data from Austria, exploiting exogenous elements of the placement of asylum seekers on the municipality level. Methodologically, we draw on entropy balancing for causal identification. Our findings are threefold. First, respondents in municipalities receiving asylum seekers report substantially higher exposure on average, but largely without the stronger contact that would allow for meaningful interaction. Second, hostility towards asylum seekers on average increased in areas that housed them. Third, this backlash spilt over: general attitudes towards Muslims and immigrants are less favourable in contexts with local asylum seeker presence, while vote intention for the main anti‐immigration party is higher. Our findings go beyond existing work by examining contact directly as a mechanism, by showing a backlash effect in the medium term, and by focusing on a broad set of attitudinal and behavioural measures. Our results point to a need to design policy interventions that minimise citizen backlash against rapid migration inflows.
Prostate cancer management in the era of COVID‐19: Recommendations from the Hong Kong Urological Association and Hong Kong Society of Uro‐oncology
Authors: Poon Darren Ming‐Chun , Chan Chi‐Kwok , Chan Tim‐Wai , Cheung Foon‐Yiu , Ho Lap‐Yin , Kwong Philip Wai‐Kay , Lee Eric Ka‐Chai , Leung Angus Kwong‐Chuen , Leung Simon Yiu‐Lam , So Hing‐Shing , Tam Po Chor , Ma Wai‐Kit 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimIn response to the fast‐developing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, special arrangement and coordination are urgently required in the interdisciplinary care of patients across different medical specialties. This article provides recommendations on the management of different stages of localized or metastatic prostate cancer (PC) amid this pandemic.MethodsThe Hong Kong Urological Association and Hong Kong Society of Uro‐oncology formed a joint discussion panel, which consisted of six urologists and six clinical oncologists with extensive experience in the public and private sectors. Following an evidence‐based approach, the latest relevant publications were searched and reviewed, before proceeding to a structured discussion of relevant clinical issues.ResultsThe joint panel provided recommendations for PC management during the pandemic, in terms of general considerations, diagnostic procedures, different disease stages, treatment modules, patient support, and interdisciplinary collaboration. The overall goal was to minimize the risk of infection while avoiding unnecessary delays and compromises in management outcomes. Practical issues during the pandemic were addressed such as the use of invasive diagnostic procedures, robotic‐assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy, hypofractionated radiotherapy, and prolonged androgen deprivation therapy. The recommendations were explicated in the context of Hong Kong, a highly populated international city, in relation to the latest international guidelines and evidence.ConclusionA range of recommendations on the management of PC patients during the COVID‐19 pandemic was developed. Urologists, oncologists, and physicians treating PC patients may refer to them as practical guidance.
Validation of the factors influencing family consent for organ donation in the UK
Authors: Curtis R. M. K. , Manara A. R. , Madden S. , Brown C. , Duncalf S. , Harvey D. , Tridente A. , Gardiner D. 
Published: April 2021

SummaryBetween 2013 and 2019, there was an increase in the consent rate for organ donation in the UK from 61% to 67%, but this remains lower than many European countries. Data on all family approaches (16,896) for donation in UK intensive care units or emergency departments between April 2014 and March 2019 were extracted from the referral records and the national potential donor audit held by NHS Blood and Transplant. Complete data were available for 15,465 approaches. Consent for donation after brain death was significantly higher than for donation after circulatory death, 70% (4260/6060) vs. 60% (5645/9405), (OR 1.58, 95%CI 1.47–1.69). Patient ethnicity, religious beliefs, sex and socio‐economic status, and knowledge of a patient's donation decision were strongly associated with consent (p < 0.001). These factors should be addressed by medium‐ to long‐term strategies to increase community interventions, encouraging family discussions regarding donation decisions and increasing registration on the organ donor register. The most readily modifiable factor was the involvement of an organ donation specialist nurse at all stages leading up to the approach and the approach itself. If no organ donation specialist nurse was present, the consent rates were significantly lower for donation after brain death (OR 0.31, 95%CI 0.23–0.42) and donation after cardiac death (OR 0.26, 95%CI 0.22–0.31) compared with if a collaborative approach was employed. Other modifiable factors that significantly improved consent rates included less than six relatives present during the formal approach; the time from intensive care unit admission to the approach (less for donation after brain death, more for donation after cardiac death); family not witnessing neurological death tests; and the relationship of the primary consenter to the patient. These modifiable factors should be taken into consideration when planning the best bespoke approach to an individual family to discuss the option of organ donation as an end‐of‐life care choice for the patient.
Efficient detection and classification of epigenomic changes under multiple conditions
Authors: Baldoni Pedro L. , Rashid Naim U. , Ibrahim Joseph G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEpigenomics, the study of the human genome and its interactions with proteins and other cellular elements, has become of significant interest in recent years. Such interactions have been shown to regulate essential cellular functions and are associated with multiple complex diseases. Therefore, understanding how these interactions may change across conditions is central in biomedical research. Chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by massively parallel sequencing (ChIP‐seq) is one of several techniques to detect local changes in epigenomic activity (peaks). However, existing methods for differential peak calling are not optimized for the diversity in ChIP‐seq signal profiles, are limited to the analysis of two conditions, or cannot classify specific patterns of differential change when multiple patterns exist. To address these limitations, we present a flexible and efficient method for the detection of differential epigenomic activity across multiple conditions. We utilize data from the ENCODE Consortium and show that the presented method, epigraHMM, exhibits superior performance to current tools and it is among the fastest algorithms available, while allowing the classification of combinatorial patterns of differential epigenomic activity and the characterization of chromatin regulatory states.
Parent‐Adolescent Emotion Dynamics at Multiple Time Scales
Authors: Lougheed Jessica P. , Keskin Gizem 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDevelopmental processes are embedded in social contexts, such as with family members. Adolescent development involves significant reorganization of the parent‐adolescent relationship, which is fundamental to the continued psychosocial development of both the adolescent and the parent. In this article, we introduce the model of parent‐adolescent dyads as temporal interpersonal emotion systems (TIES), which specifies the emotion‐related processes at multiple time scales that are implicated in the psychosocial development of both individuals. Building off our previous work, we outline study designs to examine development in parent‐adolescent TIES, which will lead to important new directions in research on developing adolescents and parents.
Transitions to adulthood from care in late 19th century England
Authors: Ward Harriet 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSince the mid‐19th century, there have been concerns in England about suboptimal outcomes for care leavers. This paper draws on original data from case files of children who were admitted to the Children's Society between 1887 and 1894, and a contemporary study of outcomes for girls who had been brought up in Poor Law district schools, to explore the basis for these concerns. Widespread destitution in the community meant that many children in care were better fed, clothed and educated than their contemporaries. However, those who left the Poor Law schools were singularly ill prepared for independence, and the much vaunted training offered by the voluntary societies did not prepare children to enter occupations that would provide stable or well‐paid employment. Emerging understanding of the needs of care leavers for continuing support and protection was translated into policies and practices that continue to be relevant a hundred years later. However, factors that shaped the experiences of 19th century care leavers, such as short‐term financial considerations which led to compressed and accelerated transitions, and the principle of less eligibility, still tend to conflict with attempts to ensure that their needs are adequately met today.
From ‘the New Man’ to care‐leaver activists—Communist and contemporary discourses shaping 50 years of leaving care in Romania
Authors: Anghel Roxana 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper explores discourses that have informed debates concerning care leavers in Romania over the last 50 years to understand why rights‐based reforms introduced in the mid‐2000s have been difficult to implement. The discussion is based on the analysis of a maximum variation sample of 40 documents published between 1951 and 2018. Across two historical periods during and after communism, framed by three political events which changed significantly the context of public childcare and leaving care, this paper explores how dominant discourses on ‘public childcare’, ‘care leavers’ and ‘children's rights’ have evolved, what mechanisms established them and with what consequences. The analysis revealed the stealthy presence of a ‘dinosaur discourse’ of deficit and ‘undeserving’, unsuccessfully challenged by the rights discourse, which alongside a neglectful attitude to social protection, informs the practice and ultimately the experience of public childcare and leaving care. However, the growing and increasingly clear voice of care‐leaver activists counterbalances this through a new narrative of strengths, value and capability aiming towards concrete change from below. The paper proposes a number of ‘absent discourses’ that could offer a powerful context for this new voice and avenues for meaningful action, with implications for research.
Sexualhormone und Akne: Aktueller Stand
Authors: Hu Tingting , Wei Ziyu , Ju Qiang , Chen WenChieh 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungAkne ist eine androgenabhängige entzündliche Erkrankung der Talgdrüsen. Diese Studie beschäftigt sich mit den zugrundeliegenden Signalwegen der Androgen‐Biosynthese und des Androgen‐Metabolismus, mit der nicht‐genomischen Regulation der Androgenrezeptor‐Expression und –Funktion sowie mit der post‐translationalen Regulation des Androgenüberschusses bei Akne und akne‐assoziierten Syndromen. Zu diesen zählen beispielsweise das Syndrom der polyzystischen Ovarien (PCOS, polycystic ovary syndrome) und die kongenitale Nebennierenhyperplasie. Neue Erkenntnisse zur Rolle der Sexualhormone – insbesondere der Androgene – für die Homöostase der Haut und die Pathogenese der Akne werden diskutiert, einschließlich Komedogenese, Lipogenese, Mikrobiom und Entzündung. Die Wirkmechanismen klassischer Akne‐Therapeutika werden vorgestellt, ebenso neu entwickelte topische und systemische Antiandrogene.
Einfluss von Keratolytika auf die kutane Pharmakokinetik von Glukokortikoiden
Authors: Wohlrab Johannes 
Published: April 2021

ZusammenfassungHintergrundZur Beschleunigung und Verbesserung des therapeutischen Ansprechens hyperkeratotischer Dermatosen werden häufig Keratolytika eingesetzt. Keratolytika sind eine chemisch inhomogene Gruppe von Substanzen und Substanzgemischen, die klinisch zu einer Abnahme der Symptome einer Verhornungsstörung führen, aber unterschiedliche Effekte vermitteln. So werden keratolytische, keratoplastische, keratoemulgierende und keratodiluierende Effekte unterschieden. Durch die physikochemischen Effekte beziehungsweise pharmakologischen Wirkungen der jeweiligen Keratolytika ergeben sich unterschiedliche Effekte sowie Risiken bezüglich der lokalen oder systemischen Verträglichkeit. Bisher wird bei der Auswahl von Keratolytika kaum auf die unmittelbaren Konsequenzen für Diffusionsbedingungen und Pharmakokinetik sequenziell applizierter Topika, insbesondere Glukokortikoide, geachtet.Patienten und MethodikDie vorliegende Arbeit befasst sich mit dem Einfluss von Keratolytika auf das Penetrations‐Zeit‐Profil von Betamethasondipropionat in sequenzieller Applikation. Dazu wurden im Franzkammertest die kutane Bioverfügbarkeit mittels Tritium‐markiertem Wirkstoff in Abhängigkeit von der vorherigen Anwendung eines Keratolytikums untersucht und die Daten vergleichend analysiert.ErgebnisseDabei zeigte sich, dass keratoplastische Substanzen die Diffusion des Glukokortikoids deutlich fördern, keratoemulgierende Substanzgemische üben diesbezüglich keine relevanten Effekte aus und keratodiluierende Substanzgemische hemmen die Penetration.SchlussfolgerungenDurch die gezielte Auswahl eines Keratolytikums können der therapeutische Effekt optimiert und die Bioverfügbarkeit sequenziell aufgetragener Topika entscheidend beeinflusst werden.
Primary cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Wohlmuth‐Wieser Iris 
Published: April 2021

SummaryPrimary cutaneous lymphomas are extranodal non‐Hodgkin lymphomas of T‐ or B‐ cell origin, that predominantly affect older patients but have been reported in all age groups and as early as in the first years of life. Diagnosis of cutaneous lymphomas is challenging and requires high clinical suspicion and close collaboration between dermatologists, pediatric oncologists and pathologists. Skin involvement of non‐Hodgkin lymphomas in children or adolescents can either be primary cutaneous or secondary due to an underlying nodal lymphoma. The most common primary cutaneous lymphomas encountered in children are of T‐cell origin, with mycosis fungoides being the most prevalent cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma, followed by CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders. While cutaneous lymphomas share clinicopathologic characteristics between juvenile and adult forms, there are important differences in terms of clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment. The hypopigmented variant of mycosis fungoides seems to be overrepresented in the pediatric age group. Prognosis and treatment of mycosis fungoides are stage dependent. The majority of children present with early‐stage disease and respond well to topical corticosteroids and phototherapy.
Perceived impact of short‐term professional development for foreign language teachers of adults: A case study
Authors: Shin Joan Kang , Kim Woomee 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUsing Desimone's (2009) framework for studying the effects of teacher professional development (PD), this qualitative study examines the effectiveness and impact of a 10‐week professional development course on 31 foreign language (FL) instructional faculty and staff in a U.S. Government language school. Data sources included 31 K‐W‐L reflections, 15 questionnaire responses, and nine semistructured interviews from course participants. Etic and emic analysis revealed evidence of Desimone's framework as well as emerging themes that showed the importance of modeling, expanding the professional community, confirming beliefs, increasing confidence, and developing a learner‐centered mindset to effective PD for FL teachers. These emerging themes are presented as an expansion of Desimone's core conceptual framework based on contextual factors specific to PD for FL instructors of adult learners. The results of this study can inform the development and evaluation of FL teacher PD and ground future studies in this context using Desimone's framework.