bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance analysis of the MICRO-V (Multifunctional, Integrated, Climate-responsive, Opaque, and Ventilated) façade with different ventilation modes
Authors: Soudian Shahrzad SS , Berardi Umberto UB 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Climate-responsive facades (CRFs) are a potential solution to respond to transient energy exchanges in buildings to control and enhance the indoor environmental quality (IEQ). In addition to space heating and cooling, adequate ventilation within a thermally comfortable range is critical in new and retrofit constructions, particularly as current high-performance facades maximize airtightness. In this study, an opaque multifunctional CRF (MICRO-V) was investigated to regulate the flow of heat and air into buildings with daily and seasonal responses. This façade is made of phase change materials (PCMs), an adjustable insulation system, and an embedded ventilation unit to provide conditioned fresh air. The effect of different ventilation modes (balanced, only-exhaust, only-supply) on the overall thermal performance of the façade was studied. A CFD simulation study in the context of Toronto, Canada, in the cooling season was performed. The study showed a correlation between increased airspeed and overall heat recovery in the façade, with an average of 75-80% heat recovery between the indoor exhaust air and fresh supply air. The results showed how the façade’s operational modes could be adjusted based on the outdoor climate conditions. MICRO-V is a decentralized façade system with simultaneous air supply and exhaust, the findings showed the interconnected behaviour of the components in the façade and how it can provide conditioned fresh air.
Calibration of DSF model for real-time control
Authors: Gennaro G. , Favoino F. , Goia F. , Michele G. De , Perino M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Double Skin Façades are complex fenestration systems capable to control solar heat gain and ventilation in buildings. Due to the high flexibility of such innovative components, having energy models able to replicate the thermal behaviour of the Double Skin Facades is of utmost importance for their optimal control and integration with building automation strategies. In this context, a numerical model has been developed and validate within the experimental data. The methodological steps are presented in this work and in the last section, the potential applications of the model are discussed.
Sensor specifications for in-situ measurement of the temperature distribution inside the wall material for evaluating thermal performance of residential buildings
Authors: Nagai T , Eto J 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
It is important to measure and ensure the thermal insulation performance of newly built or existing residential buildings to promote energy-efficient and comfortable housing throughout society. Among various in-situ measurement methods for this purpose, this study focuses on the probe insertion method, in which a borescope and a temperature sensor are inserted through a tiny hole drilled in the interior side of the wall to visually inspect and measure the temperature distribution inside the wall. In this method, the temperature sensor itself can act as a thermal bridge, which causes a deviation from the original temperature distribution inside the insulation material. In this paper, based on physical considerations and heat conduction simulation, we introduce two dominant dimensionless numbers that determine the temperature deviation: the Biot number and the newly defined Nc
value. In addition, we draw schematic charts to find the temperature deviation from the introduced dimensionless numbers, and suggest a procedure to determine the required specifications of a temperature sensor that can accurately measure the temperature distribution.
Hygrothermal performance assessment of split insulated cork wall assemblies under various moisture load conditions
Authors: Ghazaryan T , Tariku F 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Every year along with the implementation of energy-saving, energy conservation and other green energy initiatives the demand for effective, but sustainable, renewable insulation materials in the construction industry increases. It is worth mentioning that the selection of insulation materials nowadays is not limited to its cost and technical characteristics only, but health-related aspects and carbon footprint are also taken into consideration. However, there are not many insulation materials that have competitive technical characteristics, are sustainable, renewable and do not pose risk for health. Cork and cork-based materials like insulation cork boards (ICB) are of these types of materials which have unusual combination of material properties, have low to negative carbon footprint and have low to almost zero negative impact on the ecology and human health during the whole life cycle and later on. That is why with the increasing demand for sustainable, renewable and ecological materials the interest toward cork in North America is expected to increase. However, there are not so many researches performed on lightweight wall assemblies common in North America with cork insulation applications. In this paper, the hygrothermal performance of natural cork insulation used in split wall assemblies is compared against similar, commonly used mineral wool and expanded polystyrene (EPS) wall assemblies for three different Canadian climates, using WUFI hygrothermal analysis computer simulation tool. The relative performance of seven wall assemblies, with various combinations of insulation type and vapor control strategies, exposed to different moisture loads including elevated indoor humidity, air leakage and rain penetration are presented. The simulation results suggest that, in general, assemblies with cork have a slight advantage in performance against the EPS assemblies, especially when the amount of moisture affecting the assemblies is high. In most cases, assemblies with mineral wool perform better than that of with cork and EPS insulations.
Hygrothermal simulation and risk evaluation - The impact of discretization on numerical results and performance
Authors: Sarkany Andreas , Bednar Thomas 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Regulations for modelling when deducting thermal simulations are represented in the standards [1]. However, the level of model detail regarding discretization in hygrothermal simulations and especially for evaluating the mould risk on surfaces of organic vapour barriers is almost never discussed. The presented approach shows that the chosen discretization of the simulation model is one of the most influencing factors for the risk analysis of surfaces of very fine layers, such as paper vapour barriers, in walls with interior insulation via hygrothermal simulations. To reduce the computational performance issues caused by very fine finite volume meshes [2], the hygrothermal properties of the connecting surfaces of the finite volumes can be calculated instead. For the risk analysis the VTT-Model was implemented in the hygrothermal simulation program HAM4D_VIE, followed by a comparison of the effect of discretization on the results of the surfaces of the vapour barrier. The results of the comparison are discussed with regard to numerical results and their qualitative impact on computational performance. The presented numerical model will be proposed as an alternative for risk analysis on surfaces of vapour barriers, where mould growth would either stay undetected or the necessary discretization with elements comes at the cost of computational performance.
Heat and Moisture Modelling of Vacuum Insulated Retrofits with Experimental Validation
Authors: Conley B , Cruickshank C A , Baldwin C 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Vacuum insulation panels (VIPs) offer 8-10 times the thermal resistance of fiberglass insulation and would fit the need for a low conductivity exterior insulation. A composite insulation panel using VIPs encased in rigid foam was developed, built, and tested. Two different sizes of VIPs were used for that stage of the project, and after monitoring and evaluation, they showed contrasting results. A simulation study was performed to find the optimal VIP solution that maximized the effective thermal conductivity and minimized the mould growth potential. In total, 5 wall assemblies with VIPs used as the exterior insulation were simulated using WUFI and WUFI2D. The simulations showed that the humidity levels at the inside face of the OSB inboard of the VIPs decreased when 200 mm by 300 mm VIPs were used, but they did not reach the thermal performance thresholds of R5.28 m2K/W. The hygrothermal analysis showed that under similar conditions, a VIP insulated wall assembly would have a lower relative humidity at the sheathing surface compared to EPS and XPS. The one-and two-dimensional simulations were compared and found that WUFI Pro was capable to evaluate a VIP-insulated wall assembly.
Process induced building defects in Norway – development and climate risks
Authors: Bunkholt N S , Gullbrekken L , Time B , Kvande T 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The SINTEF building defects archive is an important source to knowledge on building defects in Norway. This study presents a review of defects investigated by SINTEF in the period 2017–2020, including 175 defect cases registered in 125 reports. The main goal is to understand the primary causes of process induced building defects today and which building elements may be considered as risk spots. The review shows that almost 3 of 4 defects is related to moisture, caused by sources as precipitation, condensation of humid indoor air or built-in moisture. Defects associated with the building envelope make up more than 70% of the cases, of which most defects are linked to exterior wall or roof constructions. The results from the present study have been compared to a review of defects reported in the archive during the period 1993–2002. The comparison reveals that the share of damages caused by precipitation is almost doubled, while the share of damages caused by humid air from the interior is approximately halved. The results imply that climate adaptation of buildings is important. As climate change causes more precipitation with higher intensities, the load on buildings increases and a larger focus on risk reduction and protection towards penetration of water from the outside is required.
Comparison of indoor moisture excess in three different terraced housing projects
Authors: Harreither C , Gengler J , Bednar T 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this study three neighbourhoods of terraced houses have been investigated. In 16 to 29 houses of each project, indoor temperature and indoor humidity have been measured, inhabitants have been interviewed and Blower-Door Tests have been performed. PSG is a project with 91 similar, very airtight detached houses. More than 29 of these houses have been investigated. TES is a low-rise high-density project with 46 single family houses built in 1974. The measuring results of 20 houses with very poor airtightness have been analysed. APW is a project with 26 terraced houses built in 2012, which have mechanical ventilation systems. From APW 16 houses have participated in the study. It will be illustrated that the airtight houses of PSG have the highest absolute indoor humidity, the TES houses with the poor airtightness have medium absolute indoor humidity and the APW with the mechanical ventilation systems have the lowest absolute indoor humidity. Box plots of the moisture excess in the diagram with the humidity classes from EN ISO 13788 [1] show that the boxes do not overlap.
CIB W040: International Surveys Considering Moisture Safety in Buildings During Design and Construction
Authors: Morishita-Steffen N , Laukkarinen A , Lewis T , Wolny S , Peuhkuri R , Vinha J , Bednar T 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We conducted comparative surveys of design consultants in three countries to determine current knowledge and experienced moisture problems. The study is part of the CIB W040 research roadmap needs analyses for realigning research efforts with stakeholder requirements for moisture safety. Survey results show that a third of construction projects in the last five years were affected by moisture problems, even though practitioners applied multiple preventative measures at least some of the time. Water installations caused approximately 20 % of the moisture damage. In each country, preventing moisture damage was necessary; the means to address problems varied, with no one dominating solution. Design and construction guidelines were more helpful than the building code requirements. Information is available, but designers need dedicated time and budget for implementing better moisture safety. A quantitative goal is to increase the frequency of moisture safety measures while increasing the availability of tools. The usefulness of selected measures and instruments is strongly case-specific. Subtopic analysis such as causes of moisture damage due to leaky water installations needs more detailed investigation. Further research is needed building upon the online survey results to develop intelligent tools preventing moisture damage in the design, construction, and building occupancy phases.
Pore-scale investigation of dynamic effects on the moisture retention curve during spontaneous imbibition
Authors: Janetti Michele Bianchi , Janssen Hans 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The moisture retention curve of porous materials is often assumed to be independent of the process dynamics, i.e., of the drying/wetting rate. Experimental outcomes and pore-scale simulations put this assumption into question though. It has been shown that dynamic effects can significantly affect the moisture retention curve, which presents different behaviours, depending on whether it is determined at transient or steady-state conditions. The cause of this phenomenon is addressed as “dynamic effects” in the literature. While dynamic effects of the drainage process have been widely studied, the data concerning spontaneous imbibition are still quite limited. We attempt at reducing this lack of knowledge by modelling spontaneous imbibition in an artificial material sample represented by a pore network model. In our model, the liquid flow is described via the Hagen-Poiseuille equation, while a percolation algorithm controls the dynamics of liquid-gas interfaces through the network junctions. A dynamic contact angle between liquid water and pore surface is considered, depending on the velocity of the meniscus. Dynamic states are determined by linking the local capillary pressure to the local moisture content in the artificial material sample subject to spontaneous imbibition. Our investigation demonstrates that dynamic effects due to contact angle variations may have a major impact on the imbibition process.
Capillary rising damp in Venetian context: state of the art and numerical simulation
Authors: Guolo E , Romagnoni P , Peron F 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The fragility of Venice and its buildings are linked to the floods, observed since ancient times and emphasized in recent years: the periodic sea level rise, accompanied by rising damp, are the main causes of the alteration. In particular, the rising damp causes a series of complex diseases in the historic buildings, such as physical decay, chemical or biological, with loss of aesthetic and economic value. In addition, greater heat dispersion and reduced thermal comfort can also occur in interior spaces, with consequent risks for human health. This is a sign of “Sick Building Syndrome”. It is very important to develop models for assessing the vulnerability of assets and to manage sustainable plans related to maintenance processes and activities, satisfying the requirements of effectiveness and compatibility. Basing on numerical models performed with the WUFI 2D software, the paper analyses the different behavior of rising damp in relation to materials or masonry structures. In particular, the construction techniques and typical materials used in Venetian buildings were investigated, such as clay brick walls, lime plaster, Marmorino and Cocciopesto, adopted mainly to limit the capillary rise also caused by the phenomenon of “acqua alta”.
Influence of the disparities between lab and in-situ application on the penetration depth of a hydrophobic agent
Authors: Deckers D , Vereecken E , Roels S , Janssen H 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Over the last few years, the application of a hydrophobic agent on a masonry wall has become popular due to its ability to reduce the amount of rain water absorption without changing the facade’s appearance. While the hygric properties of such hydrophobised materials are often investigated, research towards its penetration depth into materials is limited. Additionally, most existing research involves small samples made in a lab rather than masonry walls. This paper therefore focuses on two key differences between lab application and application on an actual masonry wall and their influence on the penetration depth of a hydrophobic agent. As the hydrophobic agent is applied differently on an in-situ masonry wall than on laboratory samples, the method of hydrophobisation is investigated first. It is shown that the penetration depth varies significantly for different methods of hydrophobisation as well as within single samples. Secondly, the existing research often targets separate brick or mortar samples rather than full-scale masonry walls. Therefore, several experimental methods are used to quantify the penetration depth in a masonry wall. From these experiments, it is shown that the penetration depth is not only variable throughout this wall, but within separate bricks or mortar joints as well.
Experimental investigation of a novel metal-organic framework (MOF) based humidity pump under high humidity conditions
Authors: Zu Kan , Qin Menghao 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Latent heat load accounts for a significant proportion of air-conditioning energy consumption and particularly for specific environment in humid climates. Traditional vapor-compression refrigeration dehumidification faces the problem of refrigerant leakage, overcooling and complicated mechanical systems. Here, we report a novel humidity pump that uses semiconductor refrigeration and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as dehumidification method, which can efficiently transport moisture from a relatively ‘low-humidity’ space to a high-humidity one. The working principles of the humidity pump were introduced that the process air flows through the cold desiccant coated heat exchanger and then comes into direct contact with the MOF coatings to transfer heat and mass. The dehumidification performance of humidity pump was investigated in high humidity, and the dehumidification coefficient of performance (DCOP), dehumidification rate and moisture removal efficiency using MIL-100(Fe) coatings were calculated. The results indicated that the MOF humidity pump possesses excellent moisture transfer ability.
Characterising the effects of wind-driven rain on the thermophysical performance of cavity walls by means of a Bayesian framework
Authors: Gori V , Marincioni V , Altamirano-Medina H 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Cavity wall is one of the most common construction types in temperate maritime climates, including the UK. However, water penetration may lead to damp within the structure, freeze-thaw damage at the outer surface and a reduction in thermal resistance. The magnitude of wetting effects on the energy performance of cavity walls is still unclear, with potentially significant implications for climate-change-mitigation strategies. This paper investigates the thermophysical performance of uninsulated and insulated cavity walls and its degradation as the element is wettened. Experiments were performed in a hygrothermal laboratory where two cavity-wall specimens (one of which coated with external waterproofing treatment) were tested under a high wind-driven rain exposure. Changes in the thermophysical performance between dry and wet conditions were evaluated through U-value testing and Bayesian inference. Substantial U-value increase was observed for wet uninsulated specimens (compared to dry conditions); conversely, closer U-value ranges were obtained when insulated with EPS grey beads. Moreover, latent-heat effects through the external masonry leaf of the untreated specimen were predicted by the Bayesian framework. Results suggest a negligible efficacy of waterproofing surface treatments as strategies for the reduction of heat transfer within the element, and possible effects of these agents on the evaporative and drying process.
Fundamental study on the thermodynamic non-equilibrium freezing probability prediction model taking into account the super cooling phenomena in porous material
Authors: Kishimoto Y 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
It is commonly considered that frost damage is caused by sudden freezing of supercooled water, which is a random phenomenon. Therefore, the aims of this study are to establish a prediction model for the probability of freezing until any lowest reached temperature, and to obtain the probability distribution function of the freezing point for the proposed analytical prediction model. First, theoretical prediction model for the probability of the instantaneous increment of ice content when lowest achieving temperature was known was derived based on these assumptions that building structure is an aggregation of small elements. Next, the freezing point measurement was carried out by using saturated mortar samples as the small element. As the results, it could be found that the first freezing due to supercooling occurred from -4 to -11 deg. C and the maximum probability was appeared at -7.5 deg. C. The average increment of ice content at every temperature closed to the 40 % volume of pore water until the thermodynamically-based freezing point. Moreover, the proposed method that can calculate the probability distributions of the instantaneous increment of ice content for any lowest achieving temperature from pore size distribution had good agreements with the measurement results.
Importance of Microscale Climate Simulations in City Scale Overheating Assessments
Authors: Shu C , Gaur A , Bartko M , Laouadi A , Ji L , Lacasse M , Wang L (L) 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This study demonstrates the importance of high-resolution climate simulations when conducting city-scale outdoor heat wave alert and indoor overheating assessments. This is done by modelling urban climate of the Ottawa and Montreal cities at 1 km and 25 km, typical for regional climate modelling respectively, over the summer of 2018 when an extreme heat event caused around 100 deaths in these cities. It is shown that urban climate characteristics (higher temperatures, lower wind speeds, lower relative humidity in the urban core than surroundings) are better simulated at 1 km than at 25 km spatial resolution. Indoor conditions are simulated for an archetype model of a single detached house using EnergyPlus software for two locations within the cities: a) city center and b) airport location. It is shown that the simulated indoor air temperature in the building is highly correlated with the outdoor air temperature. Furthermore, it is found that the maximum indoor air temperature difference of the city center and the airport can be as high as 8°C in Montreal and 9°C in Ottawa. Such intra-urban differences in overheating in buildings will be ignored if microscale simulations are not performed, highlighting their importance for building overheating assessments in cities.