bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jan Sobieski’s latifundium and the soldiers (1652-1696)
Authors: Ujma Magdalena 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
An analysis of the relationship between Jan III Sobieski and the people he distinguished shows that there were many mutual benefits. Social promotion was more difficult if the candidate for the office did not come from a senatorial family34. It can be assumed that, especially in the case of Atanazy Walenty Miączyński, the economic activity in the Sobieski family was conducive to career development. However, the function of the plenipotentiary was not a necessary condition for this. Not all the people distinguished by Jan III Sobieski achieved the same. More important offices were entrusted primarily to Marek Matczyński. Stanisław Zygmunt Druszkiewicz’s career was definitely less brilliant. Druszkiewicz joined the group of senators thanks to Jan III, and Matczyński and Szczuka received ministerial offices only during the reign of Sobieski. Jan III certainly counted on the ability to manage a team of people acquired by his comrades-in-arms in the course of his military service. However, their other advantage was also important - good orientation in political matters and exerting an appropriate influence on the nobility.
The economic basis of the magnate’s power is an issue that requires more extensive research. This issue was primarily of interest to historians dealing with latifundia in the 18th century. This was mainly due to the source material. Latifundial documentation was kept much more regularly in the 18th century than before and is well-organized. The economic activity of the magnate was related not only to the internal organization of landed estates. It cannot be separated from the military, because the goal of the magnate’s life was politics and, very often, also war. Despite its autonomy, the latifundium wasn’t isolated. Despite the existence of the decentralization process of the state, the magnate families remained in contact with the weakening center of the state and influenced changes in its social structure. The actual strength of the magnate family was determined not only by the area of land goods, but above all by their profitability, which depended on several factors: geographic location and natural conditions, the current situation on the economic market, and the management method adopted by the magnate. In the 17th century, crisis phenomena, visible in demography, agricultural and crafts production, money and trade, intensified. In these realities, attempts by Jan III Sobieski to reconstruct the lands destroyed by the war and to introduce military rigor in the management center did not bring the expected results. Sobieski, however, introduced “new people” to the group of senators, who implemented his policy at the sejmiks and the Parliament, participated in military expeditions and managed his property.
Processes and problems of pulp and paper industry: an overview
Authors: Pathak Puneet , Sharma Chhavi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe pulp and paper industry is a highly energy-intensive and water-consuming industry. This industry is known for the utilization of a wide range of raw materials, containing cellulose fibers (generally wood, recycled paper, and agricultural residues), for the production of various grades of paper. There are several processes involved in the conversion of raw materials to the paper product such as raw material preparation, pulping, pulp washing and screening, bleaching, stock preparation, papermaking and chemical recovery. All the processes are facing issues regarding process efficiency, product quality, energy & water consumption, and cost and environment. There is a need for further improvement and upgrading the technologies but the scale of operations, technological obsolesce and cost of implementing new technologies are some of the major issues. The main thrust areas of pulp and paper processing require major interventions in the adoption of green and clean technologies.
Interventions to Improve Children's Health by Improving the Housing Environment
Authors: Chaudhuri Nita 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Young children spend more than 90% of their time in the household environment-a likely place of exposure to hazardous substances. In the developing world, childhood diarrheal disease and acute lower respiratory infections represent a large portion of the global burden of disease and are strongly related to housing conditions. In the developed world, allergies and asthma are also strongly linked to housing conditions. Therefore, intervention to improve housing is essential to improve and maintain children's health. This paper will review several factors that have been shown to mediate housing and health relations, including psychosocial, environmental, socioeconomic, behavior-cultural, and physiological factors, and will provide examples of intervention to improve child health, with housing as a focus. Environmental contaminants found in the household include biological (for example, vector-borne diseases, dustmites, mold, water and sanitation-related), chemical (for example, lead, volatile organic compounds, asbestos) or physical (for example, radon, electric and magnetic fields). Socioeconomic factors include bousehold income, the ability to obtain adequate and appropriate housing, and the ability to implement ongoing preventative maintenance. Housing tenure has been used as a proxy for socioeconomic status and shown some relation with health outcome. Socioeconomic factors can be relevant to the ability of households to create social networks that affect bealth. Psychosocial factors, including stress and depression, can also be related to housing type or design. Behavioral-cultural factors include practices that might influence exposure to chemical, biological, or radiation hazards like time-activity patterns, including gender relations and household decision-making patterns. Physiological factors include genetics or the nutritional and immune status of household members, which can influence the extent to which other housing factors like biological or chemical contaminants adversely affect children. Examples of intersectoral interventions and strategies to improve child health globally, with housing and health as a focus, include integrated pest-management programs to control vector-borne diseases like malaria and Chagas disease and energyefficiency programs to improve thermal comfort and to reduce the presence of allergens like mold and dustmites. Other interventions include housing and health policy, regulation and standard setting, education, training, and participation.
Housing and Health in Later Life
Authors: Oswald Frank , Wahl Hans-Werner 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The goal of this paper is to compile recent data on the housing and health in old age, with special emphasis on geropsychological and gerontological studies. The authors first introduce their understanding of both housing and health. Second, theoretical models that are important to understand better the relation between housing- and health-related outcomes are incorporated into an analytic scheme. Third, data on objective and subjective aspects of housing in old age in relation to healthrelated outcomes are presented. Among the objective functional housing aspects are healthrelevant micro-environmental indicators like housing hazards and amenities, retrofitting and assistive devices, as well as meso- and macroenvironmental indicators like housing type, neighborhood conditions, or urban-rural differences. Relocation is a classic field in environmental gerontology in which drastic environmental change has been linked to health outcomes. Among subjective housing aspects are residential satisfaction, housing-related control beliefs, and meaning of home. Direct health-related outcomes, such as physical and mental diseases and functional limitations, as well as indirect health-related outcomes like satisfaction or well-being receive attention. We conclude with a discussion addressing the environment and health dynamics of aging in the future.
Housing and Health Transition in Thailand
Authors: Friel S. , McMichael A. J. , Kjellstrom T. , Prapamontol T. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Over the past half-century, Thailand's health profile has been undergoiog an epidemiologic transition in association with various fundamental societal changes, shifting from one with a predominant burden of communicable disease to one in which noncommunicable diseases and accidents now predominate. The primary question is why have the disease rates in the Thai population changed? Answering this question requires an examination of the underlying transitions in social and contextual factors. This paper explores, using published data, how housing conditions, as one set of environmental health risks, have undergone transition in recent years and how this change maps on the health-transition process. A combination of economic development, urbanization, modernization, and increased health literacy resulted in a range of health-protecting changes in housing design and materials. Pre-eminent among such changes are improvements in household sanitation and in equipment, ventilation, and fuel pertaining to indoor cooking and heating. In tropical countries like Thailand, gains have been made in mosquito-proofing houses and in minimizing open pools of water to combat the risks of malaria, dengue fever, and other mosquito-borne infections. Meanwhile, the growth in shantytown and slum housing around the urban fringe, often in precarious environmental settings, introduced a negative dimension to the evolving profile of housing-related health risks, whereas the urban sprawl of modern residences creates health risks that are due to traffic crashes and the lack of walking in daily transport.
Lead Poisoning in South African Children: The Hazard is at Horne
Authors: Mathec Angela , Schirnding Yasmin von , Montgomery Mary , Röllin Halina 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Lead is a toxic heavy metal that has been used extensively in modern society, causing widespread environmental contamination even in isolated parts of the world. Irrefutable evidence associates lead at different exposure levels with a wide spectrum of health and social effects, including mild intellectual impairment, hyperactivity, shortened concentration span, poor school performance, violent/aggressive behavior, and hearing loss. Lead has an impact on virtually all organ systems, including the heart, brain, liver, kidneys, and circulatory system, resulting in coma and death in severe cases. In recent years, a consensus was reached regarding the absence of a threshold for the key health effects associated with lead exposure and the permanent and irreversible nature of many health and social consequences of lead exposure. The public health problem of environmental lead exposure has been widely investigated in developed countries like the United States of America, where actions taken have led to significant reductions in children's blood lead concentrations. In contrast, there is a relative dearth of information and action regarding lead poisoning in developing countries, particularly in African countries, despite evidence of widespread and excessive childhood lead exposure. In this paper, we will review the information from available published papers, the 'grey Literature', and unpublished reports to give an overview of lead exposure in South African children over the past two decades, with particular emphasis on sources of exposure in the home environment.
Homelessness-On the Health Agenda in Wales?
Authors: Pritchard John W. , Puzey John W. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Building a sustainable and inclusive future for Wales is at the heart of the constitution of the National Assembly for Wales, which means forging a crosscutting approach to social policy. Improving health is a strategic priority within this agenda, and homelessness and housing appear to be at the center of the Assembly Government's vision of developing sustainable and cohesive communities and promoting social inclusion. This article considers the links between homelessness and mental and physical ill health and the importance of combating homelessness and poor housing within the health agenda in Wales. The article cites the links between homelessness and health identified in the United Kingdom and in international research and highlights the growth in homelessness witnessed during the late 1990s and beginning of the 21"1 Century. The paper considers the significant increase of homelessness and assesses whether, in reality, sufficient practical measures are being taken to combat homelessness as a means of tackling ill health in Wales. The authors conclude that although Wales is making progress toward an integrated approach to health and well-being and that the need to tackle broader health determinants has gained recognition, investment in effectively tackling homelessness and exclusion is needed. Integrating the broader housing, homelessness, and health agendas could contribute to health gains in Wales.
Residential Environment and Health: A Review of Methodological and Conceptual Issues
Authors: Kamp Irene van , Loon Jeanne van , Droomers Mariel , Hollander Augustinus de 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Geographic patterns of poor health and mortality risk are found in most countries. Important health effects at the neighborhood level are mortality, general health, illness and disabilities, mental health, and healthcare utilization. Awareness of the influence of social class on health has been growing during the last decades. Studies show that individuals with lower socioeconomic status (SES) have a shorter life expectancy than do their 'well-off' counterparts. Yet SES-related health inequalities cannot be fully explained by individual characteristics, and environmental qualities should be taken into account. Many aspects of local areas that might be related to health or access to opportunities to live healthily are systematically poorer in socially disadvantaged areas. Such factors have the potential to explain health differences between deprived and prosperous neighborhoods. Investigating health differences at the neighborhood level implies conceptual as well as methodological issues pertaining to selection, accumulation, multiple level measurement, objective features versus perceptions, and time dynamic aspects. This article reviews such issues and evaluates several exemplary theoretical approaches from the fields of public health and environmental health in their ability to overcome such problems.
Cloud Point Extraction of Direct Blue 71 Dye using Triton X-100 as Nonionic Surfactant
Authors: Alibrahim Moussa 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A surfactant-mediated cloud point extraction (CPE) method using the non-ionic surfactant Triton X-100 (TX-100) has been developed to remove the dye Direct Blue 71 (DB71) from a waste water. Most of the dye molecules are solubilized in the coacervate phase so that the dilute phase remains free of the dye. The effects of surfactant concentration, temperature and salt concentration on the different dye concentrations were studied to determine the optimal conditions for removing DB71. The concentration of DB71 in the dilute phase was measured using UV-Vis spectrophotometer. It was found that the separation of phases was complete and the recovery of DB71 was very effective in the presence of NaCl as an electrolyte. The results showed that up to 25 ppm DB71, i.e. more than 95%, can be quantitatively removed by cloud point extraction procedures in a single extraction at optimal conditions. It was also observed that at a dye concentration of 1 ppm, 100% of the blue dye DB71 can be directly removed with a TX-100 concentration of 12% by weight. At higher dye concentrations of up to 30 ppm, 94.7%-100% dye can be removed. The TX-100 concentration was 12 wt%, the salt concentration (NaCl) 0.005 M and the temperature 75°C. It is concluded that the surfactant mediated cloud point extraction method for dye removal can be an alternative to current dye removal methods.
Understanding Bench Press Biomechanics—The Necessity of Measuring Lateral Barbell Forces
Authors: Mausehund Lasse , Werkhausen Amelie , Bartsch Julia , Krosshaug Tron 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Mausehund, L, Werkhausen, A, Bartsch, J, and Krosshaug, T. Understanding bench press biomechanics—The necessity of measuring lateral barbell forces. J Strength Cond Res 36(10): 2685–2695, 2022—The purpose of this study was to advance the expertise of the bench press exercise by complementing electromyographic (EMG) with net joint moment (NJM) and strength normalized NJM (nNJM) measurements, thus establishing the magnitude of the elbow and shoulder muscular loads and efforts. Normalized NJMs were determined as the ratio of the bench press NJMs to the maximum NJMs produced during maximum voluntary isokinetic contractions. Furthermore, we wanted to assess how changes in grip width and elbow positioning affected elbow and shoulder NJMs and nNJMs, and muscle activity of the primary movers. Thirty-five strength-trained adults performed a 6–8 repetition maximum set of each bench press variation, while elbow and shoulder NJMs and EMG activity of 7 upper extremity muscles were recorded. The results show that all bench press variations achieved high elbow and shoulder muscular efforts. A decrease in grip width induced larger elbow NJMs, and larger EMG activity of the lateral head of the triceps brachii, anterior deltoid, and clavicular head of the pectoralis major (p ≤ 0.05). An increase in grip width elicited larger shoulder NJMs and nNJMs, and larger EMG activity of the abdominal head of the pectoralis major (p ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, all bench press variations may stimulate strength gains and hypertrophy of the elbow extensors and shoulder flexors and horizontal adductors. However, greater adaptations of the elbow extensors and shoulder flexors may be expected when selecting narrower grip widths, whereas wider grip widths may induce greater adaptations of the shoulder horizontal adductors.
Effect of a Law Enforcement Academy Training Program on Validated Fitness Outcomes of Cadets
Authors: Martinez Gabriel J. , Abel Mark G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Martinez, GJ and Abel, MG. Effect of a law enforcement academy training program on validated fitness outcomes of cadets. J Strength Cond Res 35(4): 955–962, 2021—The purpose of this investigation was to assess the efficacy of a law enforcement training program on physical fitness outcomes in police cadets. A convenience sample of 138 male and 8 female police cadets participated in a 23-week law enforcement training academy with validated fitness assessments conducted at entrance, midpoint, and exit from the academy. Demographic, anthropometric, and fitness data (i.e., 1.5-mile run, 1 repetition maximum bench press, sit-up repetitions, push-up repetitions, and 300-m run) were retrospectively collected. Analysis of variance was used to identify the influence of training on fitness outcomes over time and between cadet subgroup stratifications. Statistical significance for this study was set at p ≤ 0.05. All cadet subgroups (specialty-stratified and sex-stratified cohorts) exceeded the validated fitness standards on academy entrance and exit (p ≤ 0.01). The entire cohort significantly improved all fitness outcomes throughout the training program. Furthermore, improvements in all fitness outcomes were significantly greater from entrance to midpoint (4.4–35.7%, p ≤ 0.001) vs. midpoint to exit (1.2–15.4%, p < 0.05). Specifically, there were greater relative improvements in push-ups and sit-ups (57.5 and 28.7%, respectively; p < 0.001) compared with bench press (13.8%, p < 0.001), 300-m run (5.8%, p < 0.001), and 1.5-mile run (12.1%, p < 0.001). Regarding female cadets, the average relative improvement in fitness outcomes from entrance to exit assessments was superior compared to male counterparts for all fitness tests except sit-ups. Moreover, the specialty cadets produced lower 1.5-mile run times than nonspecialty cadets throughout the academy. Overall, the academy improved occupationally relevant fitness outcomes, with greater improvements occurring earlier in the academy.
Atherogenic dyslipidemia, but not hyperglycemia, is an independent factor associated with liver fibrosis in subjects with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD: a population-based study
Authors: Julián María Teresa , Pera Guillem , Soldevila Berta , Caballería Llorenç , Julve Josep , Puig-Jové Carlos , Morillas Rosa , Torán Pere , Expósito Carmen , Puig-Domingo Manel , Castelblanco Esmeralda , Franch-Nadal Josep , Cusi Kenneth , Mauricio Didac , Alonso Nuria 
Published: February 2021

Objective
To investigate the prevalence and risks factors associated with the presence of liver fibrosis in subjects with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D).

Design and methods
This study was part of a population-based study conducted in the Barcelona metropolitan area among subjects aged 18–75 years old. Secondary causes of steatosis were excluded. Moderate-to-advanced liver fibrosis was defined as a liver stiffness measurement (LSM) ≥ 8.0 kPa assessed by transient elastography.

Results
Among 930 subjects with NAFLD, the prevalence of moderate-to-advanced liver fibrosis was higher in subjects with T2D compared those without (30.8% vs 8.7%). By multivariable analysis, one of the main factors independently associated with increased LSM in subjects with NAFLD was atherogenic dyslipidemia but only in those with T2D. The percentage of subjects with LSM ≥ 8.0 kPa was higher in subjects with T2D and atherogenic dyslipidemia than in those with T2D without atherogenic dyslipidemia both for the cut-off point of LSM ≥8.0 kPa (45% vs 24% P = 0.002) and ≥13 kPa (13% vs 4% P = 0.020). No differences were observed in the prevalence of LSM ≥8.0 kPa regarding glycemic control among NAFLD-diabetic subjects.

Conclusions
Factors associated with moderate-to-advanced liver fibrosis in NAFLD are different in subjects with and without T2D. Atherogenic dyslipidemia was associated with the presence of moderate-to-advanced liver fibrosis in T2D with NAFLD but not in non-diabetic subjects. These findings highlight the need for an active search for liver fibrosis in subjects with T2D NAFLD and atherogenic dyslipidemia.
Preservation, Sustainable Use and Revitalisation of the Roman Heritage along the Danube – the EU Interreg DTP Project “Living Danube Limes”
Authors: Kaiser Anna , Woller Raffaela 
Published: February 2021

The Interreg DTP project “Living Danube Limes” aims to establish a stepping stone and sound foundation for the creation of a cultural route spanning the whole Danube area. The project identifies the Roman heritage in the Danube Region as unifying, common historical and cultural heritage. Four tiers compose the holistic approach to valorising the Roman heritage along the Danube: archaeology and history, museums and sites, preservation and sustainable tourism solutions, and raising public awareness on the importance of the Roman heritage; the latter is achieved by an authentic reconstruction of a Roman Danube ship.Az Európai Unió Interreg Dunai Transznacionális Programja keretében megvalósuló „Elő Dunai Limes”, vagyis „Living Danube Limes” elnevezésű projekt célja, hogy egy kezdő lépcsőfokot, egyúttal szilárd alapot biztosítson egy, a Duna teljes vonalán végighúzódó kulturális útvonal létrehozásához. A projekt a Dunai Régió római kori örökségét egységesítő, közös történeti és kulturális értékként azonosítja. Négy szint alkotja a Duna menti római örökség értékelésének holisztikus megközelítését: régészet és történelem, múzeumok és helyszínek, megőrzés és fenntartható turisztikai megoldások, valamint a római örökség fontosságának tudatosítása a lakosságban. Ez utóbbi célt segíti elő egy római dunai hajó hiteles rekonstruálása.