bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Financialization of Indian agricultural commodities: the case of index investments
Authors: RL Manogna , Mishra Aswini Kumar 
Published: September 2021

PurposeThe phenomenon known as financialization of commodities, arising from the speculation in commodity derivatives market, has raised serious concerns in the recent past. This has prompted distortion in agricultural commodity prices driving them away from rational levels of supply and demand shocks. In the backdrop of financialized commodities leading to increase in price of agricultural products and their interaction with equity markets, the authors examine the investment of institutional investors in impacting the agricultural returns. The paper aims to focus on the financial mechanism that drives extreme values and the mean of agricultural returns.Design/methodology/approachThe authors employ the Threshold AutoRegressive Quantile (TQAR) methodology to find evidence of linkages between the Indian agricultural and equity markets from January 2010 to May 2020 consistent with the rise in inflows of institutional investors in agricultural markets.FindingsThe results reveal that the investors impact the agricultural commodity markets strongly when the composite commodity index value (COMDEX) is low. Additionally, in the lower extreme quantiles (0.25) of agricultural returns, the integration between the equity index and agricultural returns is found to be highly significant compared to insignificant values in the higher quantiles (0.75 and 0.95) in both the regimes. The results suggest that low values of agricultural commodities are more closely linked to equity indices when composite commodity index value is low. This implies that, at the lower quantiles of COMDEX return (bad day), the investors move to the stock market. In that way, the commodity index returns are seen to be as a strong channel for the financialization of Indian agricultural commodities and suggesting potential involvement of investors during those regime.Research limitations/implicationsRegulators need to anticipate the price fluctuations in spot and futures markets. Investors in commodity markets need to strengthen risk awareness to carry out portfolio strategies.Practical implicationsFrom policy perspective, it is of pivotal importance to enhance the understanding of the financialization of agricultural products. The findings provide reference measures to stabilize the commodity markets, alleviate price distortions and carry out further evidence of price discovery and risk management in Indian commodity markets.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to highlight the potential influence of financial markets on the financialization of agricultural commodities in an emerging economy like India.
Exploring the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on sport tourism
Authors: Mirehie Mona , Cho Inje 
Published: September 2021

PurposeThe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and consequent economic shutdown have had severe impacts on the tourism industry. Acquiring an understanding of the impacts and ongoing response procedures is crucial to recovery planning. The purpose of this study is to explore the management procedures undertaken by sport tourism stakeholders during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indiana, USA, a state that relies heavily on sport tourism for its economic vibrancy.Design/methodology/approachA constructivist grounded theory approach was adopted. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 high-rank managers in sport tourism organizations.FindingsContinued uncertainty, psychological and financial distress were found to be the main challenges. Contingency planning, adaptability and focus on doable tasks were the core elements of the strategic response plan. Resilience management, particularly social and financial, appeared to be key in the recovery process. A stronger return was predicted with technological advancements and new collaborations. Intra-destination collaboration and creative programs were found to be key in the long-term resilience of the destination.Originality/valueFindings shed light on the challenges faced, response actions undertaken, and the projected future which helps to understand the stories behind decisions and proposals, identify the gaps, and plan the best possible practices. Recommendations for leveraging sports to revitalize the destinations and help businesses survive the crisis are provided that can guide sport tourism communities on their path to recovery from COVID-19.
The identity change of rural–urban transformational tourism development in Chiang Mai heritage city: local residents’ perspectives
Authors: Wanitchakorn Thanapa , Muangasame Kaewta 
Published: September 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to develop an empirical understanding of the local identity changes of Chiang Mai heritage city from residents’ perspectives from when the city was pushed forward to inscription on the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites during a period of transformation in tourism development. The indicative themes of identity change are proposed in a conceptualised model of the multiple stages of identity change in transformational tourism development.

Design/methodology/approach
This study applied the qualitative approach to gain insight on local residents in Chiang Mai. Twenty-two semi-structured interviews were conducted with local residents who underwent transformational experiences with the city, including life-changing tourism experiences with mixtures of senior citizens who were born in the city, migrants and local experts. Site observations and secondary data supplemented the interviews were used in triangulation with identity changes during the transformational tourism period.

Findings
This study’s findings revealed identity changes in locals’ way of life regarding tradition and culture and the increased urbanisation. The indicative themes that caused local identity changes included tourism demand, national policy and new critical emerging issues of capitalism and education are underlined. The way of life in local community transition, tradition and culture has been distorted by effective destination marketing, However, the positive perspectives of identity changes were explored in this study.

Originality/value
This study fills a research gap, given that few scholars (Gu and Ryan, 2007; Lean, 2009; Lemmi et al., 2018; Reisinger, 2015; Robledo and Batle, 2017; Willson et al., 2013; Xue et al., 2017) have conducted in-depth studies on identity change problems that are caused by rural to urban transformational tourism development.
What’s in a King? Unveiling the pragmatic micro-perceived value attributes of a fulfilling corporate governance code for responsible sustainable development
Authors: Thakhathi Andani , De Jongh Derick , Langeni Phumzile 
Published: September 2021

Purpose
A recent contribution entitled Global Responsibility and the King Reports was made to the literature that represents a significant advancement in the understanding of how standards of good governance are practised. The corpus revealed key insights about macro-institutional governance regimes, yet, extraordinarily little about meso-organisational and even less so, micro-individual corporate governance practice. This study aims to shed light on the micro-individual level of corporate governance practice which has remained obscured by drawing pragmatic insights from the landmark South African King Code experience that may be applied to other governance jurisdictions for global organisational responsibility.

Design/methodology/approach
To unearth micro-individual corporate governance code practices, a phenomenological exploration of corporate governance practitioners’ (CGPs) perceptions was conducted. Qualitative semi-structured interviews with senior board members of securities-exchange listed companies were conducted with 10 directors of leading multinational South African corporations listed on Africa’s largest formal financial market; the Johannesburg Stock Exchange. Recursive analysis of the qualitative data revealed key attributes that render a corporate governance code “fulfilling” as a consequence of being perceived as subjectively valuable by practitioners who are the ultimate end-users of the King Codes for advancing good corporate governance practice in each of their respective companies.

Findings
Two categories of fulfilling micro-perceived value attributes (MPVAs) of corporate governance codes emerged, namely, internal and external MPVAs. The three internal MPVAs are, namely, (I1) Meaningful innovation, (I2) Ethical pragmatism and (I3) Cultural transformation. The three external MPVAs are, namely, (E1) Governance legitimacy, (E2) Societal licencing and (E3) Risk mitigation. From these six attributes, two testable corporate governance code development propositions are advanced, namely, (P1) a corporate governance code with a higher constitution of MPVAs will fulfil CGPs more than one with less. (P2) A more fulfilling corporate governance code will enjoy higher adoption, application and/or compliance rates.

Originality/value
Illumining the subjective experiential perceptions that constitute the fulfilment of a corporate governance code deepens the pragmatic understanding of the “demand-side” or consumption of such codes in practice. Knowing these fulfilling MPVAs may also result in the development of codes that enjoy wider adoption and compliance rates thereby enhancing global corporate responsibility pragmatism through enhanced good governance. This study sheds light on the nexus where normative corporate governance principles and the enactment thereof meet at the coalface of organisational activity with an emphasis on those attributes that render them valuable to practitioners.
Commercialising public health during the 1918-1919 Spanish flu pandemic in Britain
Authors: O’ Hagan Lauren Alex 
Published: September 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to use the advertisements of three major brands – Chymol, Formamint and Lifebuoy Soap – to examine how advertisers responded to the 1918–1919 influenza pandemic in Great Britain influenza pandemic. It looks particularly at the ways in which marketing strategies changed and how these strategies were enacted in the lexical and semiotic choices (e.g. language, image, colour, typography, texture, materiality, composition and layout) of advertisements.

Design/methodology/approach
A total of 120 advertisements for the three brands were collected from the British Newspaper Archive and analysed using the theory and analytical tools of multimodal critical discourse analysis. The general themes and semiotic structures of the advertisements were identified, with the aim of deconstructing the meaning potentials of verbal and visual resources used to convey ideas about the pandemic, and how they work to shape public understanding of the products and make them appear as effective and credible.

Findings
Each brand rapidly changed their marketing strategy in response to the influenza pandemic, using such techniques as testimonials, hyperbole, scaremongering and pseudoscientific claims to persuade consumers that their products offered protection. Whilst these strategies may appear manipulative, they also had the function of fostering reassurance and sympathy amongst the general public in a moment of turmoil, indicating the important role of brands in building consumer trust and promoting a sense of authority in early twentieth-century Britain.

Originality/value
Exploring the way in which advertisers responded to the 1918‐1919 influenza pandemic reminds us of the challenges of distinguishing legitimate and illegitimate medical advice in a fast-moving pandemic and highlights the need to cast a critical eye to the public health information, particularly when it comes from unofficial sources with vested interests.
Economic factors and the Kauffman startup activity index
Authors: Felan Joe T. , Bell Joe R. , Upadhyay Sadiksha , Johnson Vess L. 
Published: September 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to examine entrepreneurial activity in the USA and whether it supports a “pull” or a “push” theory of startup creation. The “push” theory argues that individuals are pushed into entrepreneurship by negative external forces, such as job dissatisfaction, difficulty finding employment, insufficient salary or inflexible work schedule. The “pull” theory contends that individuals are attracted into entrepreneurial activities seeking independence, self-fulfillment, wealth and other desirable outcomes.Design/methodology/approachThis paper incorporates three well-established measures when looking at impact factors; unemployment rates, gross domestic product (GDP) and household income. The current study is unique in that it introduces the Kauffman Startup Activity Index (KSAI) as the measure of entrepreneurial activity when examining impact factors.FindingsThe results of this study support the “pull” theory (or the entrepreneurial effect) of startup activity and further supports the idea that entrepreneurs look for opportunities in the marketplace, rather than being “forced” into self-employment.Research limitations/implicationsResearch is limited to having US data at the national level. Follow-up research could include parsing the data out to the state and local levels.Social implicationsThe results of this study suggest to the economic development community that incentives during times of economic growth could further incent entrepreneurial activity.Originality/valueThe tact used by the authors is unique in that it relied upon three historical variables – unemployment rates, US GDP and household income – and introduced a new variable, the KSAI, rather than the previously relied upon national startup activity data or startup activity.
Conservation of woody species in China under future climate and land‐cover changes
Authors: Peng Shijia , Zhang Jian , Zhang Xiaoling , Li Yaoqi , Liu Yunpeng , Wang Zhiheng 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Climate and land‐cover changes are major threats to biodiversity, and their impacts are expected to intensify in the future. Protected areas (PAs) are crucial for biodiversity conservation. However, their effectiveness under future climate and land‐cover changes remains to be evaluated. Moreover, the impacts of climate and land‐cover changes on multi‐dimensions of biodiversity are rarely considered when expanding PAs.

Using distributions of 8,732 woody species in China and species distribution models, we identified species that will be threatened by future climate and land‐cover changes (i.e. species with significant projected loss of suitable habitats by the 2070s) under different dispersal scenarios. We then estimated the geographical patterns in species richness (SR) and phylogenetic diversity (PD) of threatened species, evaluated the effectiveness (i.e. the changes in SR and PD) of Chinese PAs and identified conservation priorities for future PA expansion.

Approximately 12%–38% of woody species will be threatened under different scenarios. These species tend to be clustered in the tree of life, and their SR and PD show consistent spatial patterns, being highest at low latitudes. PAs currently protect 90% of threatened species. However, their SR and PD of threatened species within PAs will decrease by 30%–40% by the 2070s, which reduces the PA effectiveness, especially for PAs at low elevations and those with low topographic heterogeneity and high natural vegetation loss.

The conservation priorities identified from the SR and PD of the threatened species are mainly in mountains in southern China, the Yunnan‐Guizhou Plateau and Taiwan Island. PA expansion and ecological corridors in these regions are needed to conserve threatened species.

Synthesis and applications. We present a systematic study of the impacts of future climate and land‐cover changes on the conservation status of woody species and PA effectiveness in China. Our results suggest that future climate and land‐cover changes will reduce PA effectiveness, and the spatial prioritization of biodiversity conservation should consider the influences of future global changes on biodiversity. These results shed new light on the conservation priorities for the post‐2020 expansion of PAs in China.
Bright spots of carbon storage in temperate forests
Authors: Crockett Erin T. H. , Vennin Sydney , Botzas‐Coluni Julie , Larocque Guillaume , Bennett Elena M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Mitigating climate change is an urgent challenge for society. Increasing carbon storage in forests, which cover more than 30% of the global land surface, presents a key opportunity to meet this challenge. Although the biophysical and ecological factors that affect carbon storage have been well studied, the relative importance of social factors in privately owned forests, such as people's goals and management actions, is less well understood.

We examine how well typical biophysical and ecological variables can explain differences in above‐ground carbon storage across 1,561 plots in temperate forests of southern Quebec, Canada. We then identify bright spots and dark spots of above‐ground carbon storage, where forests are performing much better or worse than predicted based on biophysical and ecological conditions alone. We conducted surveys with forest owners to assess whether their individual goals, values and management actions explain the differences in carbon storage between bright and dark spots.

Biophysical and ecological variables collectively explained a substantial fraction of the variation in carbon storage between forest plots (R2 = 0.42). The ecological variables of stand age, species richness and functional diversity within the plots were the most important variables in explaining carbon storage.

Surveys showed that bright spots (plots that stored more carbon than predicted) were often managed by forest owners who expressed a strong connection to, or dependence on, their forested property. Dark spots were often associated with forest harvesting and hunting.

Synthesis and applications. Ecologically based policies that aim to increase the average forest age, species richness and functional diversity—and socially based policies that incentivise long‐term forest ownership, stronger connections between people and their properties, and maple syrup production—could help increase carbon storage over multidecadal time‐scales and thereby reduce the harmful effects of climate change.
Species stress tolerance and community competitive effects drive differences in species composition between calcareous and siliceous plant communities
Authors: Nemer David , Liancourt Pierre , Delerue Florian , Randé Hugo , Michalet Richard 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Both chemical and physical properties of soils have been used for two centuries for explaining differences in species composition and diversity between plant communities from calcareous and siliceous soils. Here, we examine the prediction from the ‘physical hypothesis’, which proposes that species from siliceous soils are absent from calcareous soils because of high drought stress, while species from calcareous soils are absent from siliceous soils because of high competition due to higher water availability. This hypothesis therefore predicts a trade‐off between stress tolerance and competitive response that allows calcareous and siliceous species to dominate their respective communities. There has been no attempt to experimentally assess these predictions.

We cross‐transplanted with and without neighbours using a removal experiment, two dominant species from calcareous soils (Bromus erectus and Brachypodium sylvaticum) and two species from siliceous soils (Pseudarrhenatherum longifolium and Deschampsia flexuosa) in herbaceous communities from the two soils types. We repeated the experiment 4 years, taking advantage of inter‐annual climatic variability to test the interplay between year quality (dry vs. wet years) and soil types on survival responses with and without neighbours. We quantified species stress tolerances, their competitive responses and the competitive effect of the two community types.

In the absence of neighbours, species from siliceous soils had much lower survival than species from calcareous soils during dry years, in particular on calcareous soils. It indicates a lower stress tolerance of siliceous species and a higher level of stress occurring on calcareous soils. Competition strongly reduced the survival of calcareous but not siliceous species, indicating a greater competitive response of the latter and competition was more important on siliceous soils than on calcareous soils during wet years. However, we found that species stress tolerances were more important than competitive effect of neighbours in driving differences in species composition.

Synthesis. The contrasting responses found for dominant species from calcareous and siliceous soils support the trade‐off between stress tolerance and competitive response proposed by the physical hypothesis. Our results bring additional evidence that differences in water availability and stress between the two soil types are driving species responses to bedrock types.
Fluctuating formality: homeownership, inheritance, and the official economy in urban South Africa★
Authors: Bolt Maxim 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOne of Malinowski's legacies was a sensitivity to the ways institutions unevenly shape lives and relationships. Taking his lead, this article develops an approach to the formal economy, combining, sharpening, and extending theories of state and market infrastructures in political and economic anthropology. Focusing on urban South Africa, it examines property inheritance among the black majority previously excluded from property rights. As a lens on the formal economy, this moves beyond production to consider how social reproduction – passing on property – weaves through disjointed state processes. The article argues that the formal economy is sustained by particular performances of its scripts: different actors connect fragments of process in their own projects, with little commitment to the official logics that notionally make systems. In a setting where state responsibility over inheritance has expanded, formality's advancing frontiers throw its fluctuating character into relief: institutions’ apparently coherent abstractions are given force in piecemeal fashion.
MAKING PROPERTY OUTLAWS: Law and Relegation
Authors: Blomley Nicholas ,   The Right to Remain Collective
Published: September 2021

AbstractDrawing from community‐based research in the Downtown Eastside, the poorest part of Vancouver, Canada, a neighbourhood long demonized as an ‘outlaw zone’, we suggest that what may appear to be illegal property practices in the area's infamous Single Room Occupancy (SRO) hotels are, in fact, harder to detach from formal legality than supposed. We characterize the state's withdrawal of tenancy law from SRO in the 1970s as productive of property outlaws. A form of legal relegation, outlawry places SRO residents in a space of lesser protection, stripping them of rights. A space of decades of systematic legal relegation, the outlaw zone is a product of law, not its antithesis, predicated on organized forms of devaluation and discrimination.