bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multimodal (inter)action analysis of task instructions in language teaching via videoconferencing: A case study
Authors: Wigham Ciara R. , Satar Müge 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOnline language teaching is gaining momentum worldwide and an expanding body of research analyses online pedagogical interactions. However, few studies have explored experienced online teachers’ practices in videoconferencing particularly while giving instructions, which are key to success in task-based language teaching (Markee, 2015). Adopting multimodal (inter)action analysis (Norris, 2004, 2019) to investigate the multimodal construction of instructions in a single case study, we examine instruction-giving as a social practice demonstrated in a specific site of engagement (a synchronous online lesson recorded for research purposes). Drawing on the higher-level actions (instruction-giving fragments) we have identified elsewhere (Satar & Wigham, 2020), in this paper we analyse the lower-level actions (modes) that comprise these higher-level actions, specifically focusing on the print mode (task resource sheets, URLs, text chat, and online collaborative writing spaces) wherein certain higher-level actions become frozen. Our findings are unique in depicting the modal complexity of sharing task resources in synchronous online teaching due to semiotic misalignment and semiotic lag that precludes the establishment of a completely shared interactional space. We observe gaze shifts as the sole indicator for learners that the teacher is multitasking between different higher-level actions. Further research is needed to fully understand the interactional features of online language teaching via videoconferencing to inform teacher training policy and practice.
Profiling household double and triple burden of malnutrition in sub-Saharan Africa: prevalence and influencing household factors
Authors: Christian Aaron K , Dake Fidelia AA 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjective:Undernutrition and anaemia (the commonest micronutrient deficiency), continue to remain prevalent and persistent in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) alongside a rising prevalence of overweight and obesity. However, there has been little research on the co-existence of all three conditions in the same household in recent years. The current study examines the co-existence and correlates of the different conditions of household burden of malnutrition in the same household across SSA.Setting:The study involved twenty-three countries across SSA who conducted Demographic and Health Surveys between 2008 and 2017.Participants:The analytical sample includes 145 020 households with valid data on the nutritional status of women and children pairs (i.e. women of reproductive age; 15–49 years and children under 5 years).Design:Logistic regression analyses were used to determine household correlates of household burden of malnutrition.Results:Anaemia was the most common form of household burden of malnutrition, affecting about seven out of ten households. Double and triple burden of malnutrition, though less common, was also found to be present in 8 and 5 % of the households, respectively. The age of the household head, location of the household, access to improved toilet facilities and household wealth status were found to be associated with various conditions of household burden of malnutrition.Conclusions:The findings of the current study reveal that both double and triple burden of malnutrition is of public health concern in SSA, thus nutrition and health interventions in SSA must not be skewed towards addressing undernutrition only but also address overweight/obesity and anaemia.
Response to governmental COVID-19 restrictions: the role of informal institutions
Authors: Bentkowska Katarzyna 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper explains how informal institutions influence the reaction to the COVID-19 pandemic and the response to formal restrictions. I claim that it is not enough to introduce countermeasures, as individuals must follow them if they are to be effective. The acceptance of such measures is reflected in individuals' degrees of mobility decrease and contact reduction, the aims of governmental restrictions. I identify a group of attitudes connected with individuals' responses that differ across countries. They are associated with social relations and approaches to dealing with problems. The analysis confirms that formal restrictions can be seen as successful only if they are supported by strong informal institutions. In some cases, they even define individuals' reactions more than formal recommendations. The findings are useful not only for explaining the special case of reaction to pandemic restrictions but also for investigating what generally determines individuals' compliance with formal rules.
Quantifying CO2 Uptakes Over Oceans Using LIDAR: A Tentative Experiment in Bohai Bay
Authors: Shi Tianqi , Han Ge , Xin Ma  , Gong Wei , Chen Weibiao , Liu Jiqiao , Zhang Xingying , Pei Zhipeng , Gou Hailong , Bu Lingbing 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOceans are widely regarded as major offsets for anthropogenic carbon emissions, leading to an evident lower measured atmospheric CO2 concentration than expected. It is thus of great significance to develop effective means to monitor CO2 fluxes over oceans globally. In this work, we utilized observations obtained by an airborne CO2‐IPDA LIDAR to evaluate the potential of such means in estimating sea‐air CO2 flux. During a flight experiment in 2019, we have estimated the CO2 exchange rate, −1.5 ± 0.18 mmol/m2/h, between the Bohai Bay and the atmosphere using equilibrium atmospheric boundary layer theory. These findings indicated that the forthcoming space‐borne CO2‐IPDA LIDAR is capable of identifying CO2 uptakes over oceans qualitatively, which would be a novel means and a basis for monitoring CO2 fluxes over global oceans.
Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere‐Thermosphere (M‐I‐T) Coupling Leading to Equatorial Upward and Westward Drifting Supersonic Plasma Bubble Development and Amplified Subauroral Polarization Streams (SAPS) During the January 21, 2005 Moderate Storm
Authors: Horvath Ildiko , Lovell Brian C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBy utilizing multipoint observations, we investigate the January 21, 2005 moderate storm's prompt penetration electric field (PPEF) effects in the American sector, Rayleigh‐Taylor (R‐T) instability driven polarization electric (E) field effects in the African sector, and disturbance dynamo electric field (DDEF) effects in the Northern Hemisphere. We study how these E field effects impacted the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) and underlying forward fountain, the midlatitude trough, and the subauroral polarization streams (SAPS). In the daytime sector during the initial phase, the PPEF development was produced by solar wind pressure enhancements. In the dusk sector, the undershielding PEFs triggered R‐T instability mechanisms, which impacted the EIA during a prereversal enhancement (PRE) like scenario and afterwards. These led to the development of supersonic plasma bubbles drifting upward and westward. Supersonic bubbles are characteristics of superstorms, and their detections further verify the January 21, 2005 moderate storm's turbulent and superstorm nature. While the disturbance dynamo‐driven anti‐Sq current system operated, the net subauroral westward currents became enhanced and the net zonal (E‐ and F‐region) drift created a deep O+ trough that deepened the midlatitude trough and led to amplified SAPS flows via positive feedback mechanisms. We conclude that strong magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere coupling was present at equatorial latitudes where forward fountain plasma drift‐signatures were seen in the thermospheric neutral wind speed data and where the supersonic bubbles developed, and at subauroral latitudes where the midlatitude trough became deepened during the anti‐Sq current system's operation amplifying the SAPS flows by positive feedback mechanisms.
Photosynthesis‐Irradiance Response in the Eddy Dipole in the Western South China Sea
Authors: Liao Jianzu , Xu Jie , Li Ruihuan , Shi Zhen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPhotosynthesis‐irradiance (P‐E) parameters, such as the maximum photosynthetic rate () and maximum light utilization coefficient (α), are key parameters of primary production (PP) models. It is necessary to understand the response of P‐E parameters to mesoscale eddies to accurately model PP in eddies. The P‐E parameters and phytoplankton communities were examined at the surface and the deep chlorophyll maximum (DCM) of the eddy dipole in the western South China Sea. The surface differed significantly between the edge and center of both eddies. The at the center was significantly higher than that at the edge of the cyclonic eddy (CE), while the opposite trend was observed in the anticyclonic eddy (AE). Phytoplankton community composition modulated variability in P‐E parameters in the eddy dipole. Over 75% of the variance in surface P‐E parameters could be explained by the pico‐phytoplankton communities and environmental factors (nutrients and temperature). In contrast, the ratio of Synechococcus abundance to chlorophyll a concentration was primarily responsible for the variability in P‐E parameters at the DCM. These relationships allowed us to model and α at all stations and depths sampled. The integrated primary production (IPP) determined from these modeled P‐E parameters was coincident with the IPP determined from on‐deck incubations. The modeled ‐α‐based IPP exhibited a higher IPP at the CE center than that at the AE center. Our findings can improve the parameterization of the physical‐biogeochemical coupling models of eddies.
Quantifying the Impact of Synoptic Weather Systems on High PM2.5 Episodes in the Seoul Metropolitan Area, Korea
Authors: Chang L.‐S. , Lee G. , Im H. , Kim D. , Park S.‐M. , Choi W. J. , Lee Y. , Lee D.‐W. , Kim D.‐G. , Lee D. , Kim Y.‐W. , Kim J. , Ho C.‐H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractVariations in concentrations of PM2.5, particulate matters of diameters below 2.5 μm, vary following both meteorological conditions and emissions controls. Meteorological conditions particularly affect short‐term high PM2.5 episodes through accumulations, transports, and secondary formations. This study quantifies the meteorological impacts on high PM2.5 episodes in the Seoul Metropolitan Area (SMA), Korea, for the period 2016–2018 using empirical and statistical methods. Synoptic weather maps of 77 high PM2.5 episodes in 2016 are grouped into two synoptic types: onshore winds associated with migratory pressure systems over the SMA and offshore winds from continental high pressure extending toward the SMA. We applied principal component analysis and regression to extract the dominant synoptic types controlling PM2.5 variability. It identifies two major principal components (PCs) from 12 surface and upper‐air meteorological variables for 2017–2018. Weather patterns in 49 examples of the high‐positive PCs show that the two PCs are capable of reproducing the synoptic weather patterns relevant for high PM2.5 episodes. To quantify the relationship between the synoptic weather patterns and PM2.5 levels, the two PCs are further classified into four groups according to their signs. Positive‐ and negative‐PC groups are associated with about 82% and 73% of high‐ and low‐PM2.5 episodes, respectively, suggesting that most of the high/low PM2.5 episodes in the SMA can occur under the two PCs‐dominant weather conditions. The results can be utilized as a reference for daily predictions of high PM2.5 episodes, as well as for quantitative analysis of the climatic influence on the long‐term PM2.5 variability.
Toward the diagnosis of rare childhood genetic diseases: what do parents value most?
Authors: Pollard Samantha , Weymann Deirdre , Dunne Jessica , Mayanloo Fatemeh , Buckell John , Buchanan James , Wordsworth Sarah , Friedman Jan M. , Stockler-Ipsiroglu Sylvia , Dragojlovic Nick , Elliott Alison M. , Harrison Mark , Lynd Larry D. , Regier Dean A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGenomic testing is becoming routine for diagnosing rare childhood genetic disease. Evidence underlying sustainable implementation is limited, focusing on short-term endpoints such as diagnostic yield, unable to fully characterize patient and family valued outcomes. Although genomic testing is becoming widely available, evidentiary and outcomes uncertainty persist as key challenges for implementation. We examine whether the current evidence base reflects public tolerance for uncertainty for genomics to diagnose rare childhood genetic disease. We conducted focus groups with general population parents in Vancouver, Canada, and Oxford, United Kingdom, to discuss expectations and concerns related to genomic testing to diagnose rare childhood genetic disease. Applying a purposive sampling technique, recruitment continued until thematic saturation was reached. Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis. Thirty-three parents participated across four focus groups. Participants valued causal diagnoses alongside management strategies to improve patient health and wellbeing. Further, participants valued expanding the evidence base to reduce evidentiary uncertainty while ensuring security of information. Willingness to pay out of pocket for testing reflected perceived familial health benefit. Diagnostic yield fails to fully capture valued outcomes, and efforts to resolve uncertainty better reflect public priorities. Evaluations of genomic testing that fully integrate valued endpoints are necessary to ensure consistency with best practices and public willingness to accept the uncertain familial benefit.
Autonomic nervous system dysfunction in schizophrenia: impact on cognitive and metabolic health
Authors: Stogios Nicolette , Gdanski Alexander , Gerretsen Philip , Chintoh Araba F. , Graff-Guerrero Ariel , Rajji Tarek K. , Remington Gary , Hahn Margaret K. , Agarwal Sri Mahavir 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSchizophrenia (SCZ) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by a wide range of positive, negative and cognitive symptoms, along with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease that contribute to a 15–20-year reduced life expectancy. Autonomic dysfunction, in the form of increased sympathetic activity and decreased parasympathetic activity, is postulated to be implicated in SCZ and its treatment. The aim of this narrative review is to view SCZ through an autonomic lens and synthesize the evidence relating autonomic dysfunction to different domains of SCZ. Using various methods of assessing autonomic activity, autonomic dysfunction was found to be associated with multiple aspects of SCZ pathophysiology, including symptom severity, cognitive impairment, and the development of cardiometabolic comorbidities, such as metabolic syndrome and high BMI. The strongest association of low heart rate variability was noted among patients on antipsychotic treatment with high-affinity muscarinic antagonism (i.e., clozapine, olanzapine and quetiapine). The review will also suggest ways in which studying autonomic dysfunction can help reduce morbidity and mortality associated with SCZ and its treatment.
Dual impacts of coronavirus anxiety on mental health in 35 societies
Authors: Chen Sylvia Xiaohua , Ng Jacky C. K. , Hui Bryant P. H. , Au Algae K. Y. , Wu Wesley C. H. , Lam Ben C. P. , Mak Winnie W. S. , Liu James H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has affected both physical health and mental well-being around the world. Stress-related reactions, if prolonged, may result in mental health problems. We examined the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in a multinational study and explored the effects of government responses to the outbreak. We sampled 18,171 community adults from 35 countries/societies, stratified by age, gender, and region of residence. Across the 35 societies, 26.6% of participants reported moderate to extremely severe depression symptoms, 28.2% moderate to extremely severe anxiety symptoms, and 18.3% moderate to extremely severe stress symptoms. Coronavirus anxiety comprises two factors, namely Perceived Vulnerability and Threat Response. After controlling for age, gender, and education level, perceived vulnerability predicted higher levels of negative emotional symptoms and psychological distress, whereas threat response predicted higher levels of self-rated health and subjective well-being. People in societies with more stringent control policies had more threat response and reported better subjective health. Coronavirus anxiety exerts detrimental effects on subjective health and well-being, but also has the adaptive function in mobilizing safety behaviors, providing support for an evolutionary perspective on psychological adaptation.
Systematic STR analysis of old post-vasectomy seminal fluid stains to examine evidence stored for 16 years
Authors: Romero Julianna Kesselring , Bittencourt Eloisa Auler , Soares-Vieira José Arnaldo , Pacheco Ana Claudia , Soares Alexandre Learth , Iwamura Edna Sadayo Miazato 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo understand stored evidence and the insertion in genetic databases is important in forensic investigations. Blood, pre- and post-vasectomy semen from 90 fertile male individuals, aged 24 to 45, were donated for research after informed consent. The semen samples were stored in the form of 30 µL stains on cotton fabric, for 16 years at room temperature in the laboratory. As well as the seminal fluid post vasectomy stains, which were performed after microscopy analyzes and certainty of the absence of spermatozoon. The pre vasectomy stains contained mainly haploid spermatozoon and the post vasectomy stains diploid epithelial cells and leukocytes. DNA extraction was performed with magnetic resin, followed by quantification and analysis of degradation of DNA. In this study we analyze these genetic profiles of DNA from stains on cotton fabric, using two Short Tandem Repeat multiplex systems, the PowerPlex Fusion 6C and Y23. Electrophoresis was performed on a 3500xL and analyzed using the Gene Mapper ID-X software. The genetic profiles of the 90 individuals were fully amplified in pre-vasectomy and partially in post-vasectomy stain samples, using the both multiplex systems. The results provide information about 0.25 cm2 semen stains on cotton fabric from 90 individuals, correlating concentration, degradation, and allele analysis. It also provides an understanding of the cells present in semen stains and the implications of individual factors. In the stains of post-vasectomy samples the small quantity of DNA was one of the limiting factors, in addition to degradation. Considering that all evaluations were carried out in a laboratory that has a quality control certificate and audited for being part of the national genetic profile database, the results were very consistent. Many aspects of the semen samples stored in the form of stains on cotton fabric have been clarified. The performance and sensitivity of the amplification systems used in the genotyping of azoospermic individuals were assessed. Conclusions: Genetic profiles were satisfactorily amplified in pre-vasectomy stain samples, and partially amplified in post-vasectomy stain samples, stored for almost two decades at room temperature in a tropical country. The small amount of DNA was one of the limitations in post-vasectomy stain samples, in addition to degradation and fragmentation. There are no publications in the literature on PowerPlex Fusion 6C and Y23 analyses using blood, sperm, and seminal fluids of the same individual, much less in the form of stains. This study can serve as a benchmark for the tracking analyses of stored samples. In addition, it anticipates a few social issues related to the analysis of post-vasectomy samples in forensic cases, most notably sex crimes.
Machine learning and deep learning to predict mortality in patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection
Authors: Krittanawong Chayakrit , Virk Hafeez Ul Hassan , Kumar Anirudh , Aydar Mehmet , Wang Zhen , Stewart Matthew P. , Halperin Jonathan L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMachine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) can successfully predict high prevalence events in very large databases (big data), but the value of this methodology for risk prediction in smaller cohorts with uncommon diseases and infrequent events is uncertain. The clinical course of spontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is variable, and no reliable methods are available to predict mortality. Based on the hypothesis that machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) techniques could enhance the identification of patients at risk, we applied a deep neural network to information available in electronic health records (EHR) to predict in-hospital mortality in patients with SCAD. We extracted patient data from the EHR of an extensive urban health system and applied several ML and DL models using candidate clinical variables potentially associated with mortality. We partitioned the data into training and evaluation sets with cross-validation. We estimated model performance based on the area under the receiver-operator characteristics curve (AUC) and balanced accuracy. As sensitivity analyses, we examined results limited to cases with complete clinical information available. We identified 375 SCAD patients of which mortality during the index hospitalization was 11.5%. The best-performing DL algorithm identified in-hospital mortality with AUC 0.98 (95% CI 0.97–0.99), compared to other ML models (P < 0.0001). For prediction of mortality using ML models in patients with SCAD, the AUC ranged from 0.50 with the random forest method (95% CI 0.41–0.58) to 0.95 with the AdaBoost model (95% CI 0.93–0.96), with intermediate performance using logistic regression, decision tree, support vector machine, K-nearest neighbors, and extreme gradient boosting methods. A deep neural network model was associated with higher predictive accuracy and discriminative power than logistic regression or ML models for identification of patients with ACS due to SCAD prone to early mortality.
Evaluation of skin cancer resection guide using hyper-realistic in-vitro phantom fabricated by 3D printing
Authors: Ock Junhyeok , Kim Taehun , Lee Sangwook , Yang Tae Seong , kim Minji , Jeong Wooshik , Choi Jongwoo , Kim Namkug 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSkin cancer usually occurs in the facial area relatively exposed to sunlight. Medical imaging can confirm the invasiveness and metastasis of skin cancer, which is used to establish a surgical plan. However, there is no method of directly marking this information on the patient's skin in the operating room. We evaluated a skin cancer resection guide that marks resection areas including safety margins on the patient's skin based on medical images and in-vitro phantom fabricated via 3D printing. The in-vitro phantom, which includes the skull, skin, and five different cancer locations was designed and fabricated based on a CT image of a patient. Skin cancer resection guides were designed using a CT image of an in-vitro phantom, with a safety margin, and four injection points at each cancer. The guide was used to insert 16 cc intravenous catheters into each cancer of the phantom, which was rescanned by CT. The catheter insertion point and angle were evaluated. The accuracy of the insertion points was 2.09 ± 1.06 mm and cosine similarities was 0.980 ± 0.020. In conclusion, skin cancer resection guides were fabricated to mark surgical plans on the patient's skin in the operating room. They demonstrated reasonable accuracies in actual clinical settings.