bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using dried kitchen food wastes as untraditional feed in growing rabbit's diets
Authors: Helal Farouk Imam Saad , El Badawi Alaa Eldin Yehia , Basyony Mohamed Mohamed , El Sabaawy Eman , El Naggar Soad 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Kitchen food wastes (KFW) are food lost from human especially from hotels, hospitals, cafeterias and home, could be alternative feed resources and create the attention of researchers to process these wastes and recycling it as animal feeding not only to reduce the use of expensive feed ingredients but also to decrease the environmental pollution. The main objective of this study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary KFW inclusion on growth performance, digestibility, carcass traits, and some blood biochemical parameters of growing New Zealand White rabbits.

Results
The results showed that rabbits fed on diets containing 30% KFW achieved significantly (P < 0.05) higher daily weight gain (22.61 g) than the control (20.79 g) and there were no difference between diets 10% and 20%, and the lowest daily gain was with diet 40%. The highest organic matter (OM) and crude protein (CP) digestibility were recorded in rabbits fed on a diet containing 30% KFW (64.08 and 64.29%, respectively), while the lowest was observed in 40% group (61.11 and 55.54%, respectively). Diets containing KFW decreased caecal ammonia nitrogen (NH3–N) and increased propionate up to 30% substitution. The addition of KFW to rabbits diets had no significant effect (P < 0.05) on serum globulin, glucose, ALT, and AST values and increased significantly (P < 0.05) serum total protein, albumin, triglycerides, cholesterol and creatinine.

Conclusion
It can be concluded that the best growth performance and economical feed efficiency was observed in rabbits fed on a diet containing 30% KFW and surpassing all treated groups and achieved the best body weight gain.
Drug target ranking for glioblastoma multiforme
Authors: Saraf Radhika , Agah Shaghayegh , Datta Aniruddha , Jiang Xiaoqian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Glioblastoma Multiforme, an aggressive primary brain tumor, has a poor prognosis and no effective standard of care treatments. Most patients undergoing radiotherapy, along with Temozolomide chemotherapy, develop resistance to the drug, and recurrence of the tumor is a common issue after the treatment. We propose to model the pathways active in Glioblastoma using Boolean network techniques. The network captures the genetic interactions and possible mutations that are involved in the development of the brain tumor. The model is used to predict the theoretical efficacies of drugs for the treatment of cancer.

Results
We use the Boolean network to rank the critical intervention points in the pathway to predict an effective therapeutic strategy for Glioblastoma. Drug repurposing helps to identify non-cancer drugs that could be effective in cancer treatment. We predict the effectiveness of drug combinations of anti-cancer and non-cancer drugs for Glioblastoma.

Conclusions
Given the genetic profile of a GBM tumor, the Boolean model can predict the most effective targets for treatment. We also identified two-drug combinations that could be more effective in killing GBM cells than conventional chemotherapeutic agents. The non-cancer drug Aspirin could potentially increase the cytotoxicity of TMZ in GBM patients.
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Omani pomegranate peel extract and two polyphenolic natural products: characterization and comparison of their antioxidant, antibacterial, and cytotoxic activities
Authors: Saad Pasent Gharib , Castelino Rohan Daniel , Ravi Vimal , Al-Amri Issa Sulaiman , Khan Shah Alam 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) has gained popularity due to the economical and eco-friendly approach associated with it. The aim of the study was to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles using pomegranate peel extract (PPE), quercetin (Q), and gallic acid (GA) and to evaluate their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities.

Results
A sharp color change from yellow to brown, appearance of a peak in a UV spectrum around 413–425 nm, and four intense peaks in XRD spectra matching with the reference silver crystal confirmed the formation of AgNPs. SEM and TEM analysis revealed particles to be mostly spherical with few aggregates. Average particle size distribution and zeta potential was found to be 43.6 nm and −18.01mV, 31.6 nm and −21.5 mV, and 21.7 nm and −27.9 mV for Q-AgNPs, P-AgNPs, and GA-AgNPs, respectively. P-AgNPs showed excellent in vitro antioxidant activity (84.85–89.20%) and cytotoxic activity (100% mortality). P-AgNPs and GA-AgNPs exhibited good antimicrobial activity against the four bacterial strains comparable to the reference antibiotics but Q-AgNPs failed to inhibit the growth of P. vulgaris.

Conclusions
Omani pomegranate peel extract seems to be a potential and alternative source for the simple, one pot, eco-friendly green synthesis of extracellular stable AgNPs. The synthesized nanoparticles have the potential to be developed as possible antimicrobial agents and antioxidants.

Graphical abstract
Regulation and Differentiation within Field-districts in Imaginal Discs of Drosophila
Authors: Hadorn E. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Genital imaginal discs of third instar larvae of Drosophila have been cut into medial, paramedial, or transverse parts of different sizes. The fragments were then implanted into the body cavity of a host larva. This medium provides the implants with ample nutritional material and hormones. The fragments thus differentiate their imaginal structures simultaneously with the metamorphosing host. A detailed analysis of the respective differentiations of the various parts has led to the following results and revealed the following properties of the different blastemata which are embodied in a genital disc (Hadorn et al., 1946, 1949,1950).
La Teneur des noyaux en acide désoxyribonucléique (DNA) au cours du développement, de la différenciation et de la croissance
Authors: Pasteels J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Un des plus grands paradoxes de la cytologie actuelle est de pressentir le rôle fondamental que doit jouer le DNA dans le fonctionnement cellulaire et d’être incapable de l’exprimer de façon concrète.
Sea-urchin Development in the Light of Enzymic and Mitochondrial Studies
Authors: Gustafson Tryggve 
Published: April 2021

The sea-urchin egg is characterized by a very high morphogenetic plasticity. Its trend in differentiation can in fact be controlled by means of various chemical agents. The development of the entoderm is thus favoured at the expense of that of the ectoderm by adding lithium ions to the sea-water (Herbst, 1892; Lindahl, 1936). Iodosobenzoic acid (Runnström & Kriszat, 1952) and thiocyanate (Herbst, 1892; Lindahl, 1936) have an opposite effect, i.e. they favour ectodermal development. The mechanism of segregation of the egg into the primary germ-layers might be elucidated if we knew more about the biochemical mode of action of these agents. A series of biochemical studies on lithium-treated and normal eggs and larva was therefore undertaken. The studies began on the level of amino acids and peptides and continued on the levels of enzymes and intracellular inclusions.
The total changes in the amino-acid composition of the egg were found to be rather small (Gustafson & Hjelte, 1951).
Influence of Implanted Micromeres on Reduction Gradients and Mitochondrial Distribution in developing Sea-urchin Eggs
Authors: Hörstadius Sven 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Child (1936) has described reduction gradients in different stages of developing sea-urchin and starfish larvae. His results concerning the gradients in seaurchin mesenchyme blastulae and early gastrulae have been confirmed with Janus green. There exists a stronger vegetal (acropetal) reduction gradient and a weaker animal one, appearing later, in the normal whole larva. Isolated vegetal halves show a similar vegetal reduction gradient, but in most cases no animal gradient. In isolated animal halves the reduction starts in the thick plate of the enlarged apical tuft and no vegetal gradient appears. Micromeres implanted laterally in the animal part of a whole egg induce there a reduction centre. Four micromeres implanted into an isolated animal half induce a new vegetal reduction gradient and restrict the animal gradient, so that the reduction gradient system now resembles that of a normal egg. A comparison of isolated animal and vegetal halves shows that the reduction seems to start at the same time and to proceed simultaneously in both kinds of halves. We can, therefore, state that the metabolism in isolated animal halves is not identical with that of the same material when forming the animal part of a normal larva. A comparison of the reduction gradients in these different cases shows a remarkable conformity with the animal and vegetal morphogenetic gradients known from the analysis by fragmentation and transplantation experiments. (These results have been published in full, Horstadius, 1952.)
Changes in the Differentiation Level of Transplanted Tumours
Authors: Klein George 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It has been well established that the serial transplantation of an originally highly differentiated mammalian neoplasm leads regularly to a gradual loss of most or all visible expressions of histological differentiation within the tumour tissue. In a tumour that has undergone many years of serial transplantation there can usually be detected no resemblance to the tissue of origin, but rather a similarity to early embryonic tissue. Simultaneously with these morphological changes a gradual increase in growth rate takes place. The completely anaplastic tumour with a long transplantation history grows usually at a very rapid rate as compared to the original spontaneous tumour. The growth rate of such tumours is, however, still inferior to, or, at its maximum, equal to the growth rate of embryos of the same species (Schrek, 1936; Klein & Révész, 1953), but has never been found to exceed it. These changes in growth rate and level of differentiation are usually coincident with a gradual decrease in the number of histocompatibility factors the presence of which in the implanted host is necessary for the progressive growth of the tumour. This decrease has been interpreted as somatic mutation (Strong, 1926), antigenic simplification (Gorer, 1948), or, more recently, as immunological selection from among the antigenic variants in a population of malignant cells, where the antigenic variants arise mainly as a consequence of disturbances in chromosome number (Hauschka, 1952).
Developmental Morphology of the Skin and Hair Follicles in Normal and in “Ragged” Mice
Authors: Slee J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTRagged (Ra) is a semi-dominant mutant gene which was first reported by Carter & Phillips (1954). The adult morphology, the genetics, and the embryology of the mutant mice were described by Slee (1957 a, b). It was found that adult ragged heterozygotes (Ra+) had sparser coats than normal, many of their hair follicles being incompletely developed and non-functional. Ragged homozygotes (RaRa) were almost naked. Most of their pelage hair follicles were either absent, or abnormal and non-functional. Ra+ embryos could be identified from 16 days’ gestation by the retardation of their sinus hair-growth. RaRa embryos were characterized from 13 days’ gestation by the occurrence of a generalized subcutaneous oedema which persisted until birth, and also by retardation in the development of their sinus hairs and follicles. Pelage follicle primordia appeared at the normal time (14 days’ gestation) in Ra+ and RaRa embryos but subsequently developed slowly in RaRa embryos, especially when the oedema was pronounced.
An Experimental Study on the Relationships between Limb and Spinal Cord in the Embryo of Eleutherodactylus martinicensis
Authors: Hughes Arthur 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A technique for grafting limb-buds in Eleutherodactylus is outlined, and the early development of the limb-nerves and of the ventral horns of the cord is described. Limb ablation of 6-day embryos results in marked reduction after 24 hours of the number of cells in the related ventral horn. Axon severance by amputation after 8 days first leads to chromatolysis of ventral horn cells followed by a period of degeneration some 10 days after the operation. If another limb-bud is grafted in place of a forelimb and becomes in-nervated, the loss in number of neurones in the related ventral horn is checked, mainly through the differentiation of fresh cells. When grafted at 5 days, a transplanted limb can maintain the number of ventral horn cells at 80 per cent, of the normal level. This effect declines with increasing age of operation, especially with hind limbs transplanted in the place of forelimbs. The proportion of innervations in batches of embryos bearing grafted limbs decreases with advancing age of the embryo at the time of operation. The host neurones lose their ability to innervate fresh territory as their axons become capable of regeneration along a previous path. When a hind limb bud is grafted above an undisturbed forelimb, it may be innervated from collaterals of the brachial nerve, fibres of which have already made contact with the ipsilateral limb. With such transplants, the frequency of innervation for operations at six days is much higher for autografts than for homografts when the animals are kept at 30° C. At a lower temperature, both types of graft are innervated equally readily. At the higher temperature, some degree of hypertrophy of the sympathetic system of the host is occasionally seen with transplanted hind limbs, or with homografts of front limbs.
The Developmental Capacity of Nuclei taken from Intestinal Epithelium Cells of Feeding Tadpoles
Authors: Gurdon J. B. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Nuclei from differentiated intestinal epithelium cells of feeding tadpoles and from control blastulae of Xenopus have been transplanted into enucleated recipient eggs. The differentiated state of the intestinal epithelium cells was shown by their possession of a striated border. The cleavage and embryonic development resulting from the intestinal epithelium cell nuclei was much more abnormal than that resulting from control blastula transfers. per cent. (10 out of 726) of the first transfers of intestine nuclei resulted in normal feeding tadpoles. The serial transplantation of nuclei and of their mitotic products showed that some of the intestine nuclei which promoted abnormal development after first transfer could nevertheless promote the formation of normal feeding tad-poles after serial transfer. The combined results of first transfers and of serial transfers demonstrated that at least 7 per cent, of the intestine nuclei possessed the genetic information required for the formation of normal feeding tadpoles. The cytological examination of eggs fixed soon after receiving transplanted nuclei indicated that the lack of cleavage and abortive cleavage following trans-plantation result from nuclei which were not effectively exposed to the recipient egg cytoplasm or which were transplanted at an unsuitable stage in their mitotic cycle. If these cases are excluded from the results, the intestine nuclei capable of promoting the formation of feeding tadpoles then constitute 24 per cent, of the remaining successful transfers. A similar interpretation of the experimental results shows that 70 per cent, of the successfully transplanted intestine nuclei have the genetic information required to form muscular response stage tadpoles with functional muscle- and nerve-cells. These results show that a nucleus can promote the formation of a differentiated intestine cell and at the same time contain the genetic information necessary for the formation of all other types of differentiated somatic cell in a normal feeding tadpole. It is concluded that the differentiation of a cell cannot be dependent upon the incapacity of its nucleus to give rise to other types of differentiated cell.
The effect of dimethylsulphoxide on the microtubular system of the mouse oocyte
Authors: Johnson Martin H. , Pickering Susan J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The effect of dimethylsulphoxide (DMSO) on the organization of the microtubular system of the mouse oocyte has been examined. Exposure to DMSO causes the immediate appearance of multiple, cold-resistant microtubular asters associated with the foci of peri-centriolar material (PCM) normally present in the oocyte. More prolonged exposure to DMSO leads to progressive disassembly of the spindle, and as a result dispersal of the chromosomes and polar PCM foci occurs, and tubulin polymerization becomes confined to PCM-organized asters. Those astral microtubules located between the PCM foci and the cortex of the oocyte appear to be particularly stable, resulting in the development of lengthening radial bundles of microtubules between the PCM and the surface and the progressive movement of the PCM′foci towards the centre of the cell. In contrast, after activation of the oocyte the microtubules generated in the presence of DMSO remain located in a cortical mesh. The effects of DMSO do not appear to be fully reversible in most oocytes. We discuss the implications of these results both for the cytoplasmic organization of the oocyte and zygote, and for the attempts at cryopreservation of human oocytes for therapeutic use in infertility programmes.
An ECM substratum allows mouse mesodermal cells isolated from the primitive streak to exhibit motility similar to that inside the embryo and reveals a deficiency in the T/T mutant cells
Authors: Hashimoto Koichiro , Fujimoto Hirokazu , Nakatsuji Norio 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The mesodermal cell layer is created by ingression and migration of the cells from the primitive streak region in mouse embryos on day 7 of pregnancy. In order to study the mechanisms of mesodermal cell migration during development, the mesodermal cells isolated from the primitive streak were cultured on various substrata, and cell behaviour and motility were analysed with a time-lapse video system. The mesodermal cells on the surface of extracellular matrix (ECM)-coated dishes (ECM produced by bovine corneal endothelial cells) showed extensive migration at a mean rate of approx. 50μmh-1. They also showed frequent cell division and exhibited contact paralysis of lamellipodia and contact inhibition of movement. On plastic or glass surfaces, however, the mesodermal cells became more flattened and less motile (approx. 20–30μm h-1). Cell shape and mean rate of movement on the ECM were very similar to those in situ, as investigated in a previous study (Nakatsuji, Snow & Wylie, 1986). Therefore, this culture condition could provide a useful experimental system for analysing the cellular basis of normal and abnormal morphogenetic movements in mouse embryos.
Employing such a culture system, we studied motility of the mesodermal cells from embryos homozygous for Brachyury (T) mutation, which are lethal at the midgestation stage in utero. Histological observations have suggested that anomalous morphogenesis of the T/T embryos may be brought about by defects in migration of the mesodermal cells derived from the primitive streak. When mesodermal cells from the primitive streak of the T/T mutant embryos on days 8–9 were cultured on the ECM substratum, mean rate of cell migration was significantly reduced compared to cells from normal embryos. Results support the idea of retarded migration by the mutant mesodermal cells as an important factor causing abnormalities in morphogenesis.
Changes in the distribution of tenascin during tooth development
Authors: Thesleff Irma , Mackie Eleanor , Vainio Seppo , Chiquet-Ehrismann Ruth 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Tenascin is an extracellular matrix molecule that was earlier shown to be enriched in embryonic mesenchyme surrounding the budding epithelium in various organs including the tooth. In the present study tenascin was localized by immunohistology throughout the course of tooth development in the mouse and rat using polyclonal antibodies against chick tenascin. The results indicate that tenascin is expressed by the lineage of dental mesenchymal cells throughout tooth ontogeny. The intensity of staining with tenascin antibodies in the dental papilla mesenchyme was temporarily reduced at cap stage when the tooth grows rapidly and undergoes extensive morphogenetic changes. During the bell stage of morphogenesis, the staining intensity increased and tenascin was accumulated in the dental pulp even after completion of crown development and eruption. Tenascin was present in the dental basement membrane at the time of odontoblast differentiation. The dental papilla cells ceased to express tenascin upon differentiation into odontoblasts and tenascin was completely absent from dentin. It can be speculated that the remarkable expression of tenascin in the dental mesenchymal cells as compared to other connective tissues is associated with their capacity to differentiate into hard-tissue-forming cells.
Posterior apical ectodermal ridge removal in the chick wing bud triggers a series of events resulting in defective anterior pattern formation
Authors: Todt William L. , Fallon John F. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The ability of the anterior apical ectodermal ridge to promote outgrowth in the chick wing bud when disconnected from posterior apical ridge was examined by rotating the posterior portion of the stage-19/20 to stage-21 wing bud around its anteroposterior axis. This permitted contact between the anterior and posterior mesoderm, without removing wing bud tissue. In a small but significant number of cases (10/54), anterior structures (digit 2) formed spatially isolated from posterior structures (digits 3 and 4). Thus, continuity with posterior ridge is not a prerequisite for anterior-ridge function in the wing bud. Nevertheless, posterior-ridge removal does result in anterior limb truncation. To investigate events leading to anterior truncation, we examined cell death patterns in the wing bud following posterior-ridge removal. We observed an abnormal area of necrosis along the posterior border of the wing bud at 6-12 h following posterior-ridge removal. This was followed by necrosis in the distal, anterior mesoderm at 48 h postoperatively and subsequent anterior truncation. Clearly, healthy posterior limb bud mesoderm is needed for anterior limb bud survival and development. We propose that anterior truncation is the direct result of anterior mesodermal cell death and that this may not be related to positional specification of anterior cells. In our view, cell death of anterior mesoderm, after posterior mesoderm removal, should not be used as evidence for a role in position specification by the polarizing zone during the limb bud stages of development. We suggest that the posterior mesoderm that maintains the anterior mesoderm need not be restricted to the mapped polarizing zone, but is more extensively distributed in the limb bud.