bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Measure of Lifeyears Lost due to COVID‐19 in 2020: A Comparison across Countries and with Past Disasters
Authors: Doan Vu Nguyen , Noy Ilan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTypically, disaster damages are measured separately in four dimensions: fatalities, injuries, dislocations, and the financial damage that they wreak. Noy (2016) developed a lifeyears index of disaster damage which aggregates these disparate measures. Here, we use this lifeyears index to assess the costs of the COVID‐19 pandemic across countries and compare these costs to the average annual costs of all other disasters that have occurred in all countries in the past 20 years. We find that the costs of the pandemic, measured for 2020, far outweigh the annual costs associated with other disasters in the past two decades. It is the economic loss that dominates this impact. The human and social implications of this economic loss are plausibly much greater than the direct toll in mortality and morbidity in almost all countries. Finally, it is small countries like the Maldives and Guyana that have experienced the most dramatic and painful crisis, largely under the radar of the world’s attention. Our conclusion from these findings is not that governments’ policy reactions were unwarranted. If anything, we find that the loss of lifeyears is correlated positively across the three dimensions we examine. Countries that experienced a deeper health crisis also experienced a deeper economic one.
COVID, Deglobalization and The Decline of Diplomacy: Could Tele‐diplomacy Revitalize Diplomacy’s Capacity to Promote Consensus?
Authors: Manfredi‐Sánchez Juan‐Luis , Hare Paul Webster 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe pandemic has shown a diplomatic system that is dysfunctional. No institution or groups of states was willing or able to take the lead in crafting shared actions to shared problems. The crisis coincided with pressures on diplomacy from deglobalization. This has accelerated a fragmentation of norms and increased willingness to use public diplomacy and digital communication as a point‐scoring unidirectional method of self‐gratification. The private, painstaking discourse of diplomacy is fading fast. The United Nations needs to urge its members to reassert the values and give new attention to how diplomacy is conducted, building on existing conventions. Meanwhile, tele‐diplomacy offers a medium where diplomacy could reassert itself as the core activity that will enable collective global issues to be addressed. The paper examines how such tele‐diplomacy might be established.
Sending people to care homes in lower‐income countries: A qualified defence
Authors: de Vries Bouke 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn recent years, a proportion of older Germans has been sent to relatively high‐end care homes within lower‐income countries where the care tends to be cheaper and more extensive than that in German care homes. Destination countries are found predominantly within Eastern Europe (e.g. Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic), but to a lesser extent also within South‐East Asia (e.g. Thailand). At the same time, these expatriations have caused much controversy, with some German commentators calling them ‘inhumane’ and ‘shameful’. In this article, I argue that such criticisms are overdrawn. Although sending an older individual to a care home within a lower‐income country can be morally impermissible, I find that there are at least three sets of conditions under which it is not.
Impact of Late Cretaceous inversion and Cenozoic extension on salt structure growth in the Baltic sector of the North German Basin
Authors: Ahlrichs Niklas , Noack Vera , Hübscher Christian , Seidel Elisabeth , Warwel Arne , Kley Jonas 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Late Cretaceous to Cenozoic is known for its multiple inversion events, which affected Central Europe's intracontinental sedimentary basins. Based on a 2D seismic profile network imaging the basin fill without gaps from the base Zechstein to the seafloor, we investigate the nature and impact of these inversion events on Zechstein salt structures in the Baltic sector of the North German Basin. These insights improve the understanding of salt structure evolution in the region and are of interest for any type of subsurface usage. We link stratigraphic interpretation to previous studies and nearby wells and present key seismic depth sections and thickness maps with a new stratigraphic subdivision for the Upper Cretaceous and Cenozoic covering the eastern Glückstadt Graben and the Bays of Kiel and Mecklenburg. Time‐depth conversion is based on velocity information derived from refraction travel‐time tomography. Our results show that minor salt movement in the eastern Glückstadt Graben and in the Bay of Mecklenburg started contemporaneous with Late Cretaceous inversion in the Coniacian‐Santonian. Minor salt movement continued until the end of the Late Cretaceous. Overlying upper Paleocene and lower Eocene deposits show constant thickness without indications for salt movement suggesting a phase of tectonic quiescence from the late Paleocene to middle Eocene. In the late Eocene to Oligocene, major salt movement recommenced in the eastern Glückstadt Graben. In the Bays of Kiel and Mecklenburg, late Neogene uplift removed much of the Eocene‐Miocene succession. Preserved deposits indicate major post‐middle Eocene salt movement, which likely occurred coeval with the revived activity in the Glückstadt Graben. Cenozoic salt structure growth critically exceeded salt flow during Late Cretaceous inversion. Cenozoic salt movement could have been triggered by Alpine/Pyrenean‐controlled thin‐skinned compression, but is more likely controlled by thin‐skinned extension, possibly related to the beginning development of the European Cenozoic Rift System.
First‐line pembrolizumab vs chemotherapy in metastatic non‐small‐cell lung cancer: KEYNOTE‐024 Japan subset*
Authors: Satouchi Miyako , Nosaki Kaname , Takahashi Toshiaki , Nakagawa Kazuhiko , Aoe Keisuke , Kurata Takayasu , Sekine Akimasa , Horiike Atsushi , Fukuhara Tatsuro , Sugawara Shunichi , Umemura Shigeki , Saka Hideo , Okamoto Isamu , Yamamoto Nobuyuki , Sakai Hiroshi , Kishi Kazuma , Katakami Nobuyuki , Horinouchi Hidehito , Hida Toyoaki , Okamoto Hiroaki , Atagi Shinji , Ohira Tatsuo , Rong Han Shi , Noguchi Kazuo , Ebiana Victoria , Hotta Katsuyuki 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This prespecified subanalysis of the global, randomized controlled phase III KEYNOTE‐024 study of pembrolizumab vs chemotherapy in previously untreated metastatic non‐small‐cell lung cancer without EGFR/ALK alterations and a programmed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) tumor proportion score of 50% or greater evaluated clinical outcomes among patients enrolled in Japan. Treatment consisted of pembrolizumab 200 mg every 3 weeks (35 cycles) or platinum‐based chemotherapy (four to six cycles). The primary end‐point was progression‐free survival; secondary end‐points included overall survival and safety. Of 305 patients randomized in KEYNOTE‐024 overall, 40 patients were enrolled in Japan (all received treatment: pembrolizumab, n = 21; chemotherapy, n = 19). The hazard ratio (HR) for progression‐free survival by independent central review (data cut‐off date, 10 July 2017) was 0.25 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.10‐0.64; one‐sided, nominal P = .001). The HR for overall survival (data cut‐off date, 15 February 2019) was 0.39 (95% CI, 0.17‐0.91; one‐sided, nominal P = .012). Treatment‐related adverse events occurred in 21/21 (100%) pembrolizumab‐treated and 18/19 (95%) chemotherapy‐treated patients; eight patients (38%) and nine patients (47%), respectively, had grade 3‐5 events. Immune‐mediated adverse events and infusion reactions occurred in 11 patients (52%) and four patients (21%), respectively; four patients (19%) and one patient (5%), respectively, had grade 3‐5 events. Consistent with results from KEYNOTE‐024 overall, first‐line pembrolizumab improved progression‐free survival and overall survival vs chemotherapy with manageable safety among Japanese patients with metastatic non‐small‐cell lung cancer without EGFR/ALK alterations and a PD‐L1 tumor proportion score of 50% or greater. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02142738.
RNF43 pathogenic Germline variant in a family with colorectal cancer
Authors: Mikaeel Reger R. , Young Joanne P. , Li Yun , Poplawski Nicola K. , Smith Eric , Horsnell Mehgan , Uylaki Wendy , Tomita Yoko , Townsend Amanda R. , Feng Jinghua , Zibat Arne , Kaulfuß Silke , Müller Christian , Yigit Gökhan , Wollnik Bernd , Scott Hamish , Rawlings Lesley , Henry Denae , Vakulin Cassandra , Dubowsky Andrew , Price Timothy J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe role of RNF43 as a cause of an inherited predisposition to colorectal cancer (CRC) is yet to be fully explored. This report presents our findings of two individuals with CRC from a single family carrying a likely‐pathogenic inherited germline variant in RNF43. The proband (III:1) and the proband's mother (II:2) were diagnosed with mismatch repair proficient CRCs at the age of 50 years and 65 years, respectively. Both patients had BRAFV600E mutated colon tumours, indicating that the CRCs arose in sessile serrated lesions. The germline variant RNF43:c.375+1G>A was identified in both patients. RNA studies showed that this variant resulted in an aberrantly spliced transcript, which was predicted to encode RNF43:p.Ala126Ilefs*50 resulting in premature termination of protein synthesis and was classified as a likely‐pathogenic variant. Our report adds further evidence to the hereditary role of RNF43 as a tumour suppressor gene in colorectal tumorigenesis and supports the inclusion of RNF43 as a gene of interest in the investigation of CRC predispositions outside the setting of serrated polyposis.
Complex effects of habitat amount and fragmentation on functional connectivity and inbreeding in a giant panda population
Authors: Connor Thomas , Qiao Maiju , Scribner Kim , Zhang Jindong , Hull Vanessa , Bai Wenke , Shortridge Ashton , Li Rengui , Zhang Hemin , Liu Jianguo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe relationships between habitat amount and fragmentation level and functional connectivity and inbreeding remain unclear. Thus, we used genetic algorithms to optimize the transformation of habitat area and fragmentation variables into resistance surfaces to predict genetic structure and examined habitat area and fragmentation effects on inbreeding through a moving window and spatial autoregressive modeling approach. We applied these approaches to a wild giant panda population. The amount of habitat and its level of fragmentation had nonlinear effects on functional connectivity (gene flow) and inbreeding. Functional connectivity was highest when approximately 80% of the surrounding landscape was habitat. Although the relationship between habitat amount and inbreeding was also nonlinear, inbreeding increased as habitat increased until about 20% of the local landscape contained habitat, after which inbreeding decreased as habitat increased. Because habitat fragmentation also had nonlinear relationships with functional connectivity and inbreeding, we suggest these important responses cannot be effectively managed by minimizing or maximizing habitat or fragmentation. Our work offers insights for prioritization of protected areas.
Improving the time to ileostomy closure following an anterior resection for rectal cancer in the UK
Authors: Vogel Irene , Vaughan‐Shaw Peter G. , Gash Katherine , Withers Kathleen L. , Carolan‐Rees Grace , Thornton Michael , Dhruvao Rao Pawan Kumar , Torkington Jared , Cornish Julie A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimDelayed closure of ileostomy following an anterior resection for rectal cancer in the UK is common. The aims of this study were (i) to investigate the variation in patient pathways between hospitals, (ii) to identify the key learning points from units with the shortest time to closure and (iii) to develop guidance for a pathway to minimize delay in ileostomy closure.MethodThis was a mixed methods study. Thirty‐eight colorectal units in the UK completed a short online survey. Nine colorectal units in Wales filled in an additional, expanded version of the survey. Semi‐structured interviews were performed with clinicians from the six best performing units in terms of timely ileostomy closure. The optimal pathway suggested is based on the best evidence available and the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland guidelines.ResultsQualitative analysis revealed that 5% of units (n = 2) have a local target time for ileostomy closure. Of all units, 90% (n = 34) would consider implementing a pathway if guidelines were developed. In‐depth interviews highlighted the importance of a multidisciplinary approach, a dedicated coordinator to facilitate timely booking, and consensus on whether closure should be performed before or after adjuvant chemotherapy.ConclusionThere is a lack of national guidance in timing of contrast studies and ileostomy closure. Key aspects to consider are better information at consent regarding stoma closure timing, a dedicated person to track patients and the planning of contrast studies at discharge from initial surgery. With a dedicated approach closure of ileostomy within 10–12 weeks is feasible for most units.
Rattenbissfieber, eine diagnostische Herausforderung: Fallbericht und Übersicht von 29 Fällen
Authors: Kämmerer Till , Lesmeister Tony , Wollenberg Andreas , French Lars Einar , Strobel Erwin , Reinholz Markus 
Published: September 2021

ZusammenfassungRatten können Streptobacillus moniliformis übertragen, das Rattenbissfieber (RBF), eine seltene und potenziell letale Zoonose, verursachen kann. Anspruchsvolle Kulturbedingungen und unspezifische Symptome, einschließlich Fieber, Arthralgie und polymorphe Hautläsionen, erschweren die Diagnose. Rattenbissfieber wird durch Exposition gegenüber kontaminierten Körperflüssigkeiten infizierter Nagetiere verursacht; Berichte über Infektionen durch Streptobacillus moniliformis sind bisher jedoch selten. Wir berichten über einen Fall von RBF durch Streptobacillus moniliformis bei einer Patientin, die Umgang mit Ratten hatte. Eine Patientin stellte sich mit schmerzhaften hämorrhagischen Pusteln und lividen Läsionen an Händen und Füßen vor. Sie entwickelte Fieber und eine migratorische Polyarthralgie. In Blutkulturen wuchs Streptobacillus moniliformis. Da die Patientin Ratten besaß und Kontakt mit kontaminiertem Rattenkot und ‐urin hatte, war dies die wahrscheinlichste Ursache der Infektion. Schwierigkeiten bei der klinischen und mikrobiologischen Diagnose unterstreichen die Notwendigkeit einer gründlichen und vollständigen Erfassung der Anamnese und eines besseren Verständnisses für diese seltene Infektionskrankheit.
Disconnected pancreatic duct syndrome and outcomes of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided treatment of pancreatic fluid collections: Systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hamada Tsuyoshi , Iwashita Takuji , Saito Tomotaka , Shiomi Hideyuki , Takenaka Mamoru , Isayama Hiroyuki , Yasuda Ichiro , Nakai Yousuke ,   for the WONDERFUL study group in Japan
Published: September 2021

BackgroundDisconnected pancreatic duct syndrome (DPDS) frequently occurs in patients with acute necrotizing pancreatitis and resultant pancreatic fluid collection (PFC). We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to evaluate outcomes of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided treatment of PFCs according to the presence of DPDS.MethodsUsing PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane database, we identified clinical studies published until January 2021 with data comparing outcomes of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided drainage of PFCs between DPDS and non‐DPDS patients. We pooled data on technical and clinical success rates, PFC recurrence, and adverse events using the random‐effects model.ResultsWe identified five eligible articles including 941 PFC patients treated with endoscopic ultrasound‐guided interventions. Clinical success, defined as resolution of the PFC and symptoms, was achieved in a majority of the cases irrespective of DPDS (pooled odds ratio [OR] comparing DPDS to non‐DPDS patients, 0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.33–1.81). Compared to patients without DPDS, patients with DPDS were more likely to undergo PFC recurrence (pooled OR 6.72; 95% CI 2.72–16.6) after clinical resolution of PFC. Prolonged plastic stent placement following the clinical resolution was more frequently performed in DPDS patients than in non‐DPDS patients (pooled OR 15.9; 95% CI 2.76–91.9). No statistically significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of the rate of technical success, adverse events, or mortality.ConclusionDisconnected pancreatic duct syndrome was associated with higher rate of PFC recurrence after successful endoscopic treatment of PFCs. Future studies should evaluate effectiveness and optimal duration of long‐term placement of transmural plastic stents for PFCs with DPDS.
Nasal high flow oxygen therapy in hospitalised neonatal foals
Authors: Floyd Emily , Danks Sophie , Comyn Imogen , Mackenzie Catriona , Marr Celia M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundRespiratory disease is common in critically ill neonatal foals. Traditional oxygen therapy (TOT) with nasal insufflation of oxygen is often used to provide first‐line respiratory support. Mechanical ventilation is used in foals which require a greater level of support but requires specialist expertise and can be associated with significant complications. Non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) enables a greater level of respiratory support without the need for intubation. High flow oxygen therapy (HFOT) is a mode of NIV commonly used in human intensive care.ObjectivesTo describe the use of HFOT in hospitalised neonatal foals.Study designRetrospective case series.MethodsHospital records of neonatal foals admitted between 2018 and 2019 that received treatment with HFOT were reviewed. Clinical data and complications were recorded.ResultsFourteen foals were identified and the median duration of use was 43 hours (range 2‐93 hours) with a median flow rate of 0.7L/kg/min (range 0.42‐1.67). Ten foals survived to discharge. No significant complications associated with the technique were recorded.Main limitationsA small study population which was retrospectively reviewed.ConclusionsThis study provides preliminary information about the clinical use of HFOT in neonatal foals. The technique was well tolerated and no significant adverse effects were noted. However, further study is required to evaluate efficacy.
Profiling the microbial community structure and functional diversity of a dam‐regulated river undergoing gravel bar restoration
Authors: Serrana Joeselle M. , Li Bin , Sumi Tetsuya , Takemon Yasuhiro , Watanabe Kozo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Comprehensive restoration programs are expected to influence sediment‐associated microbial community structure and functional diversity following changes attributed to the restoration of habitat characteristics in the dam‐impacted channel.

To address if the construction or recreation of in‐channel structures, i.e., gravel bars, by implementing gravel augmentation and ecological flow restoration, resulted in habitat restoration and enhanced environmental heterogeneity, we profiled the community composition, estimated diversity, and annotated putative metabolic functions of the sediment microbial communities of the dam‐regulated Trinity River in northern California.

Our results provided supporting evidence on the positive impact of habitat restoration conducted in the Trinity River with the non‐dam influenced, undisturbed tributaries as the basis of comparison. In addition, gravel bar recreation and restoration contributed to the increased microbial beta diversity, possibly through the increased environmental heterogeneity at the river scale.

The significant positive correlation between the taxonomic and functional diversity of the identified microbial taxa suggests that differences in the detected putative metabolic functions were closely related to dissimilarities in community composition. We also provided valuable insights into the potential microbial processes in the sediment that might be contributing to the biogeochemical processes carried out by the microbial communities in the river.

The results of this study have implications on the impact of construction and restoration of gravel bars in a dam‐impacted river on environmental heterogeneity and how this influences the taxonomic and functional diversities of sediment‐associated microbial communities.
What is this accent? Effects of accent and language in international advertising contexts
Authors: Laroche Michel , Li Rong , Richard Marie‐Odile , Xu Lu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhile accent effects have been studied in Western advertising contexts, there are contradictory findings on accent effects, and the moderating role of country‐of‐origin (COO), in other contexts. Few studies extended such accent effects to non‐English‐speaking cultural settings, particularly in emerging countries. This article fills this knowledge gap by examining accent and language effects on consumers’ perceived effectiveness of a spokesperson in Chinese advertising contexts. We explore how Chinese consumers evaluate spokespersons with standard and non‐standard accents, whether these accents are associated with belongingness, sophistication, and modernity, and whether COO moderates such accent and language effects on the perceived effectiveness of spokespersons. Across three studies, the findings demonstrate that compared with a spokesperson with a non‐standard accent (i.e., English‐accented Mandarin), spokespersons with standard accents (i.e., standard Mandarin and standard English) are perceived to be more effective. Furthermore, Chinese consumers associate standard Mandarin with belongingness, and standard English with sophistication and modernity, whereas English‐accented Mandarin has the lowest degree of these associations among the three accents. Although the moderating effect of COO is observed in Study 3, standard English is preferred for both advertised domestic and foreign products.
Failure to replicate the basic dilution effect in performance prediction
Authors: Highhouse Scott , Freier Lindsey M. , Stevenor Brent A. , Shea Michael A. , Childers Marie , Melick Sarah R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA preregistered replication was conducted to examine the evidence for the basic dilution effect in a performance prediction context. Participants (n = 796) were presented with either diagnostic information alone or diagnostic + nondiagnostic information in a grade point average (GPA) prediction task. The diagnostic information was either indicative of a low GPA or a high GPA. The basic dilution effect predicts less extreme predictions when nondiagnostic information (e.g., the student describes himself as a cheerful person) is included with the diagnostic information. Despite an unusually large sample, a strong manipulation, and the use of stimulus sampling, results showed no evidence for dilution in GPA predictions. Reasons for the failure to replicate under optimal conditions are discussed.