bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Asociación entre el estrés y el índice cintura-talla en estudiantes de medicina de una universidad privada de Lima, Perú en el 2018
Authors: Mendez Carolina Isabel , Quevedo Ramirez Andrés , De la Borda Prazak Guillermo , Silva Pérez Claudia , Oscco Tenorio Mauricio , Pinedo Torres Isabel 
Published: August 2021

-Objetivo: Determinar la asociación entre el estrés y el índice cintura-talla (ICT) en estudiantes de Medicina Humana de una universidad privada de Limaen el 2018.
-Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico. Los sujetos de estudio estuvieron conformados por estudiantes de 2.° a 5.° año de Medicina Humana de una universidad privada de Lima. Además, las principales variables fueron estrés e índice cintura-talla. Los datos fueron ingresados al programa STATA 14.0, en el cual, se calculó la frecuencia de las variables categóricas, y las medidas de tendencia central y dispersión de las cuantitativas. Posteriormente, se realizó el análisis bivariado y multivariable, este último a través de la regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta.
-Resultados: Se analizaron 234 sujetos de estudio. No se halló asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el estrés e ICT, ni el análisis crudo (p=0.93), niajustado por edad, sexo, año académico y actividad física (p=0.43). Se halló asociación estadísticamente significativa entre el sexo e ICT (p<0.00).-Conclusiones: No se halló asociación entre el estrés e ICT; sin embargo, un 46.58% de la población presentó un ICT elevado y un 29.06% presentó estrés.
-Palabras clave: Relación Cintura-Estatura; Estrés Psicológico; Estudiantes de Medicina
Performance Assessment of PPP-AR Positioning and Zenith Total Delay Estimation with Modernized CSRS-PPP
Authors: Atiz Omer Faruk , Kalayci Ibrahim 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The precise point positioning (PPP) method has become more popular due to powerful online global navigation satellite system (GNSS) data processing services, such as the Canadian Spatial Reference System-PPP (CSRS-PPP). At the end of 2020, the CSRS-PPP service launched the ambiguity resolution (AR) feature for global positioning system (GPS) satellites. More reliable results are obtained with AR compared to the results with traditional ambiguity-float PPP. In this study, the performance of the modernized CSRS-PPP was comparatively assessed in terms of static positioning and zenith total delay (ZTD) estimation. Data for 1 month in the year 2019 obtained from 47 international GNSS service (IGS) stations were processed before and after modernization of the CSRS-PPP. The processes were conducted for GPS and GPS + GLONASS (GLObalnaya NAvigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema) satellite combinations. Besides, the results were analyzed in terms of accuracy and convergence time. According to the solutions, the AR feature of the CSRS-PPP improved the accuracy by about 50% in the east component for GPS + GLONASS configuration. The root-mean-square error (RMSE) of the ZTD difference between modernized CSRS-PPP service and IGS final troposphere product is 5.8 mm for the GPS-only case.
Evaluating Hungary’s Participation in the European Union’s Common Security and Defence Policy
Authors: Juhász Krisztina 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Hungary joined the European Union in 2004 but started to participate in EU crisis management operations well before. Since the Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) was a new policy area at that time, it was an extraordinary experience for Hungary to be integrated into a policy still under development.
Aft er briefly detailing the foreign and security policy options Hungary faced right after the transition from communism, this paper analyses Hungary’s contribution to the CSDP. The CSDP is based on two pillars — one operational and the other related to capability-building. The paper first analyses Hungary’s participation in the civilian and military operations launched in the framework of the CSDP. Specifically, it explores the operations Hungary has joined, the kind of capacities it has contributed and the deficiencies and problems that have emerged in this sphere. Second, the paper addresses Hungary’s perspectives and aspirations regarding capability development. Specifically, it looks at how Hungary views the future of the CSDP, especially in light of the country’s participation in permanent structured cooperation (PESCO), the central element in the EU’s joint defence capability development.
Methodologically, the paper employs qualitative content and discourse analysis, drawing on relevant secondary literature and analyses of official EU and Hungarian (legislative and non-legislative) documents. Surveying Hungary’s participation in EU crisis management operations since the beginning of the CSDP, the paper finds it has joined 42 per cent of civilian and 70 per cent of military operations. These have been in the immediate neighbourhood but also distant locations (Africa, Central Asia, and the Near East). At the same time, distinct challenges have hampered Hungary’s contribution to certain operations, such as a dearth of foreign language skills and a lack of strategic airlift and mobile logistics capabilities. The paper also finds that regional defence cooperation was not the central driver of cooperation within PESCO projects. Overall, Hungary is somewhere in the middle of the pack in terms of the number of PESCO projects it participates in.
Registry-based pilot epidemiological study of traumatic brain injury in a tertiary trauma care center in Kerala, India – Difficulties encountered during data collection warranting the need for standardized electronic database
Authors: Gopal Vinu V. 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Head injury is referred to as a “silent epidemic” globally. Studies regarding epidemiology of head injury are very few especially in Kerala and most have conflicting reports. Unlike developed countries, there is no well-established system for collecting and managing information on traumatic brain injury (TBI) in India, especially in Kerala. The present study shares the difficulties encountered and the insights acquired by conducting a registry-based epidemiological pilot study for collecting a baseline data of traumatic head injury patients in a tertiary care center in Kerala.

Methods:
The pilot study was conducted to know the efficiency of present reporting system of a tertiary hospital in Kerala. We tried to collect retrospective data from December 2018 to December 2019 in the department of neurosurgery. As there was no standardized protocol or electronic database for data collection in hospital, we made a sample proforma for data collection. The patient details were obtained from medical records (case sheets), resident doctor’s, and staff nurse’s notes which included demography, clinical details, and radiological findings which were analyzed.

Results:
We were not able to fill the full details regarding demography, prehospital data, and clinicoetiological details which are important as far as head injury management is considered. The hospital records were grossly inadequate for full retrieval of information. Inadequate case definition and lack of centralized electronic reporting mechanisms were some of the major difficulties we faced obviating the need for collecting, managing, and utilizing epidemiological data using an electronic database.

Conclusion:
We believe that the present pilot study will give an insight regarding the difficulties encountered in collecting data regarding TBI. This study will be the first of its kind in Kerala highlighting the importance of maintaining a proper head injury electronic registry. The data from this study would definitely guide future experimental operational research on these unexplored areas which will be relevant in head injury policy-making in Kerala as well as in India.
Awareness and Approaches of Family Physicians about Chronic Pain
Authors: ERDEM SULTANOĞLU Tuba , GAMSIZKAN Zerrin , ATAOĞLU Sarfinaz , SULTANOĞLU Hasan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose: We aimed to investigate family physicians’ awareness and approaches to chronic pain in its management.
Methods: This study was planned as a descriptive-crosssectional study to investigate family physicians’ awareness and approaches to chronic pain between September and November 2020.A questionnaire were used as data collection tools.The physicians sociodemographic characteristics, the number of registered patients, the percentage of patients with chronic pain, the status of participation in training activities on pain management, the most common cause of chronic pain, initial approach to chronic pain management were recorded. They were also questioned about the medical treatment option that they preferred for the treatment of patients with chronic pain, the most commonly demanded medication group by their patients and their practice of prescribing those medications, their views on traditional and complementary medicine, and the most effective treatment option for chronic pain.
Results:81 family physicians participated in the study.The mean age was 34.2±7.3.58% of the participants are women;42% of them were male.Half of the family physicians participating reported that low back pain was the most common cause of chronic pain. In our country, the responses given to the question about the most common causes of chronic pain were psychiatric problems and low back pain. Initial approach to a patient presenting with chronic pain, the most the physicians responsed ‘I treat the patient’.66.7% of the physicians agreed with multidisciplinary approach.
Conclusions: Developing algorithms for chronic pain management, structuring specialist training and planning continuous training after graduation will contribute significantly to increasing awareness of chronic pain.
Extrusion Tooling
Authors: Sauer Günther , Ames Adolf 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with a description of the requirements of tooling and tooling material for hot extrusion. It covers the processes of designing tool and die sets for direct and indirect extrusion. Next, the chapter provides information on extrusion tooling and die sets for direct external and internal shape production and tools for copper alloy extrusion. Further, it addresses design, calculation, and dimensioning of single-piece and two-part containers and describes induction heating for containers. Information on static- and elastic-based analysis and dimensioning of containers loaded in three dimensions is provided. Examples of calculations for different containers, along with their stresses and dimensions, are presented and the manufacture, operation, and maintenance of containers are described. The chapter further discusses the properties and applications of hot working materials for the manufacture of extrusion tooling and of different extruded materials for the manufacture of extrusion tooling for direct and indirect forming.
CYSTATIN–C AS AN EARLY INDICATOR FOR INCIPIENT RENAL DISEASE IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS-A HOSPITAL BASED CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Authors: Choudhary Kishor Singh , Jain Arvind Kumar , Kachhawaha Ashok Kumar , Choudhary Narendra 
Published: August 2021

Background: The aim of the present study was to examine the diagnostic capacity of this new parameter towards early signs of renal disease in patients suffering from prolonged RA requiring potential nephrotoxic therapy.
Methods: The present study was a cross sectional observational type of study conducted in the department of medicine Mathura Das Mathur Hospital, Dr. S.N. Medical College, Jodhpur. A total of 50 subjects that fulfilled the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled in the study after informed and written consent. As per methodology complete blood count, ESR, liver function test, kidney function test, cystatin-c, urine complete, 24 hours urine creatinine, USG abdomen for kidney size were performed.
Results: cystatin–C level below 0.95 mg/dl was considered normal. 19 patients have normal and 31 patients have abnormal more than 0.95 mg/dl.
Conclusion: In conclusion, as compared to serum creatinine, the determination of serum cystatin C is comparably simple, but by far more sensitive for the diagnosis of incipient renal damage in RA, and therefore valuable for clinical screening particularly in cases with prolonged antirheumatic treatment.
Keywords: Cystatin C, RA, KFT
Origen, significado y práctica de la “gobernanza global” en la época de la globalización: una mirada histórica desde la perspectiva de los cambios climáticos
Authors: Petrone Francesco 
Published: August 2021

En este paper nos proponemos de contextualizar de manera crítica el origen y el sentido de la “gobernanza global” en la época de la globalización, y luego analizamos su aplicación en la gestión de los cambios climáticos. Antes de todo describimos el concepto de globalización, interpretado bajo su enfoque pluridisciplinar, subrajando su complejidad y sobre todo el efecto que ha habido sobre el policy making y la así llamada “crisis del Estado”. Analizamos después el significato de la gobernanza global y sus implicaciones en una época en que ya no existe una centralidad en la gestión de problemas globales, si no que hay siempre más intereses diversos y plurales en juego. Finalmente aplicamos este concepto, bajo una perspectiva histórica, al ámbito de los cambios climáticos. Es éste un campo amplio, por eso nos limitamos a hablar, tomandolos como exemplos, de las cumbres originarias (Estocolmo y Río de Janeiro) y de la COP21 (Paris), para evaluar, finalmente, si y como es posible superar los límites de la gobernanza delante a semejantes desafíos.
Evaluación en línea: fortalezas y debilidades de la evaluación en línea desde la percepción de estudiantes y profesores de la carrera de trabajo social
Authors: Venegas Meza Ángela , Galdames Paredes Ana María 
Published: August 2021

Considerando la importancia de la evaluación dentro del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje, las posibilidades formativas que otorga la tecnología a través de las plataformas educativas virtuales y la baja utilización de la plataforma virtual que dispone la Universidad Central de Chile, se implementó un proyecto de innovación educativa destinado a identificar fortalezas y debilidades en la aplicación de evaluaciones en línea de una asignatura disciplinar correspondiente al primer semestre de la carrera de Trabajo Social, considerando un total de 25 estudiantes, ajustando dicha evaluación a los objetivos de aprendizaje establecidos para tal asignatura, a través de una metodología mixta que recogió datos cuantitativos mediante una encuesta, mientras que, desde lo cualitativo, se realizó un grupo focal. Los resultados arrojaron como fortalezas la posibilidad de contar con retroalimentación inmediata acerca del avance de los aprendizajes obtenidos, lo que incide favorablemente en la motivación de los y las estudiantes, así como la fácil aplicabilidad de ciertos instrumentos evaluativos, y la posibilidad de entrenar el uso de las TICs en el escenario docente actual.Entre las debilidades, se identificó el mayor tiempo que implica el diseño instruccional y validación de los instrumentos evaluativos para el equipo docente, la escasa preparación de los docentes respecto al uso de todas las aplicaciones del aula virtual.Los hallazgos de la implementación del proyecto de innovación educativa se constituyen en un aporte al trabajo del comité curricular de la carrera, ya que deja en evidencia las posibilidades de réplica en los distintos niveles por su incidencia positiva en la motivación del estudiante y al mismo tiempo dan cuenta de la necesidad de generar instancias formativas que tributen al desarrollo de competencias digitales tanto en profesores y especialmente en estudiantes con la finalidad de desarrollar una actitud positiva, crítica y realista respecto de las fortalezas y debilidades del uso de la tecnología en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en el actual contexto de aprendizaje en la sociedad del conocimiento y la era digital en dónde el acceso a los diversos beneficios de la política social a los cuales se accedía de manera presencial se ha trasladado a plataformas virtuales.Así mismo, este artículo aporta a la reflexión de la evaluación en línea implementada en la educación superior, desde la perspectiva de profesores y estudiantes, que puede facilitar su ajuste y desarrollo en otros contextos similares.
Saccharification and Fermentation of Cellulolytic Agricultural Biomass to Bioethanol using Locally Isolated Aspergillus niger S48 and Kluyveromyces sp. Y2, respectively
Authors: Adeyemo Olumuyiwa , Ja'afaru Mohammed , Abdulkadir Sani , Salihu Aishatu 
Published: August 2021

Due to increase in demand for energy as a result of human population explosion, industrialization and environmental hazards posed by fossil fuels, there is a need to source for alternative energy sources that are cheaper and environmental friendly. Three different lignocellulosic biomasses were studied for their suitability for bioethanol production. Fungi and yeasts were isolated using serial dilution and spread plate methods. Identification of both fungi and yeasts was done using their cultural and microscopy characteristics. Saccharification of the pre-treated biomass was done with both crude cellulase and mycelia inoculant. Bioethanol was produced using batch culture fermentation. Ethanol produced was detected using spectrometric method and quantified using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The effects of substrate concentration, pH and temperature on ethanol yield were optimized. Fifty fungal isolates were obtained from soil collected. Six yeasts, all Kluyveromyces species fermented three sugars to ethanol with isolate Kluyveromyces sp.Y2 having the shortest time. It was selected for fermentation. Aspergillus niger S48 had highest cellulase activity measured in a zone of hydrolysis of 26.0 mm. It had the highest glucanase activity, endoglucanase (0.462 U/mL) and exoglucanase (0.431 U/mL). The outcome of this study indicated that crude cellulase produced by Aspergillus niger S48 hydrolyzed the pre-treated rice chaff with 1.07 mg/mL of fermentable sugars higher than 0.87 mg/mL when the mycelia of the fungus was inoculated to pretreated rice chaff for hydrolysis. Ethanol was optimally produced at 12 % substrate concentration using rice chaff, at a temperature of 35 °C and pH 5.0.
Faktor Ekonomi Memengaruhi Pernikahan Remaja Perempuan
Authors: Fitriyani Dian 
Published: August 2021

World Health Organization (WHO) in collaboration with UNICEF which aims to improve the health of mothers and newborns in 25 countries that contributed the highest maternal mortality rate, one of them is in Indonesia. Adolescent who become pregnant will increase the health risks for her and baby. The maternal mortality reach approximately 70,000 deaths each year and maternal mortality is closely related to pregnancy and childbirth by adolescents aged 15 – 19 years in the worldwide. Objective of the research is to analyze the factors that influence adolescent girls’ marriage in Indramayu regency. This study uses qualitative method, the paradigm fenomenology. The subjects taken by purposive sampling technique. The informants is adolescent women who married about aged <20 years, her husband, and her family as much as 21 people. The results shows that family economic factors affecting marriage adolescent girls in the Indramayu regency that is caused economic status, the attitude of materialistic. Limitations of the study, there are several girls who live outside the city because they took the husband or for work outside the city, so it's likely there are many factors that have not been revealed. Economic factors affecting marriage adolescent girls in Indramayu regency, is causes by economic status and the attitude of materialistic. It is necessary to consider the policy of the Marriage Law with the age of >20 years and the prohibition of marriages <20 years so that young girls avoid negative impacts, both physical and psychological.
RASISME DALAM NOVEL THE KITE RUNNER
Authors: Al Ramadhan Muhammad Fakhran 
Published: August 2021

Racism is rooted from colonial era that the colonizer considers their race that is different and higher than others. It produces social inequality between colonizer and their colonized. The Kite Runner depicts the story of life in Afghanistan in the middle of the tribal conflicts and war; Hazaras, the minority ethnic group genocide done by the Pashtun, the majority, children and women rapes, and civilians slaughter by Taliban. In the middle of the war, live two main characters, Amir and Hassan, ten years old boys who come from different social class yet living in the same roof. They both have the same father without their knowing, but with different mix of race. Different race and social class results in discriminative acts not just between the two of them but also among society. This research aims to analyze and find out how The Kite Runner depicts the racism in Afghanistn during 1970s up to 2001. Pashtun Taliban represented by Assef as the villain vs Pashtun, Amir as the main character. Pashtun vs Hazara is also known by the characters; Assef with Hassan, Amir and Hassan, Assef and Sohrab, Baba and Ali, Baba and Sanaubar. This research uses descriptive analytical method. This analysis is focusing on five aspects of racism, namely (1) discrimination, (2) segregation, (3) slavery, (4) prejudice, and (5) stereotype. It can be found that the discrimination is done by Amir and his Father, Baba who treat Hassan and Ali, who are from minority ethnic, as their slaves. Next is segregation and discrimination depicted by Assef, a young Afghanistan who praises Hitler and assumes that his ethnic is more decorous than others in Afghanistan and he tries to chase Hazara from Afghanistan. The slavery can be seen when Baba and Amir treats Ali and Hassan as their maid in their house. The prejudice can be seen when there are some Pashtun thinks of the hazrasa existence living together with Baba and Amir. From Prejudice, it results the stereotyping from other people of imagining the Hazara. The authoritarian government, Taliban, also show the mistreatment of racism to the Afghans. Afghans often get sexual harassment, being raped, or even being killed if the break the law of Taliban.
EVALUATION OF HEALTHY NUTRITION INDEX-2015, DENTAL HEALTH AND ORAL FLORA RELATIONSHIP IN SCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN
Authors: KARĞIN Dicle , OMURTAG KORKMAZ Burcu , MUNGAN Nil Ceren , AKYÜZ Serap 
Published: August 2021

Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate the role of diet quality and oral flora on the dental health in the childhood period.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out with the participation of 98 children aged 9-14 and their parents who applied to the Pedodontics Clinic Dental Faculty of Marmara University. The decayed, missing, filled tooth and surfaces and DMFT, DMFS indexes were determined through visual dental examination. Anthropometric measurements and saliva samples, as well as 24 h food consumption records, were taken from each child. Saliva samples were analyzed microbiologically. To evaluate dietary quality from intakes Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) scores were calculated.
Results: The mean age of children was 10.8±1.5 and study sample compromised 44.9% males and 55.1% females. 75% of the children had normal height and 58.2% of them had normal BMI according to World Health Organisation (WHO) references. The mean number of decayed tooth and surface was 3.07±2.35; 4.34±3.78 respectively and the mean number of DMFT and DMFS indexes were 5.88±2.31; 8.05±4.58 respectively. The mean number of decayed, missing, filled teeth and DMFT, DMFS scores were found to be higher in children with poor diets (according to HEI-2015) but the difference was not statistically significant (p>0.05). The presence of lactobacilli in saliva samples of 5.5% of the children was observed and children have lactobacilli in their saliva samples had more decayed teeth (p