bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors affecting greenhouse gas emissions in fisheries: evidence from Iceland's demersal fisheries
Authors: Kristofersson Dadi , Gunnlaugsson Stefan , Valtysson Hreidar 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Fishing produces low CO2 emissions per unit output compared to other animal protein sources. However, emissions from fishing grew by 28% from 1990 to 2011 and fishing currently contributes about 4% of the emissions of world food production. The purpose of this paper is to identify the relationship between various factors and emissions in fisheries. We analyse the development of CO2 emissions from the Icelandic individual transferable quota regulated fishing fleet from 1997 to 2018. The results show that emissions per unit of catch fell around 40% during this period. The main findings are that overall catches and abundance are by far the most important factors determining emissions, the bigger the catches and the greater the abundance, the smaller the emissions per unit of output. Fuel prices are a distant third factor and technological change has played a minor role in this development. In addition, the importance of different factors affecting emissions, varies between vessels depending on types of fishing gear. The results indicate that building up fish stocks not only increases output but also increases profitability and reduces emissions per unit of output, as long as the fisheries management system preserves incentives for efficient fishing.
Physical activity and risk of benign proliferative epithelial disorders of the breast, in the Women’s Health Initiative
Authors: Peila Rita , Chlebowski Rowan T , Ballinger Tarah J , Kamensky Victor , Richey Phyllis A , Saquib Nazmus , Shadyab Aladdin H , Wassertheil-Smoller Sylvia , Rohan Thomas E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Recreational physical activity (PA) has been shown to be inversely associated with breast cancer risk. However, the association of recreational PA with benign proliferative epithelial disorders (BPED) of the breast, conditions associated with increased risk of breast cancer, has not been adequately studied.

Methods
We used data from an ancillary study of benign breast disease conducted among the 68 132 postmenopausal women (aged 50–79 at recruitment) participating in the Women's Health Initiative randomized clinical trials. All clinical trial participants underwent annual or biennial mammogram screening. During the follow-up, for women who reported breast biopsies but were cancer free, the associated histological sections were obtained and subjected to standardized central pathology review. Self-reported recreational PA at baseline (n = 61 684) and at 3 years of the follow-up (n = 55 923) were quantified as metabolic equivalents [MET]-h/week. There were 1624 confirmed BPED cases during an average follow-up time of 7.7 years. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results
Higher average PA over 4 years was associated with lower risk of non-atypical BPED (P-trend = 0.02). There was a 6% lower risk of non-atypical BPED for every 5 MET-h/week increase between baseline and year 3 (HR = 0.94, 95% CI 0.89–0.99). Compared with women who remained inactive (PAbaseline and PAyear3 &lt;9 MET-h/week), those who became active (PAbaseline&lt;9 MET-h/week to PAyear3 ≥9 MET-h/weekee), remained active (PAbaseline and PAyear3 ≥9 MET-h/week), or decreased activity (PAbaseline ≥9 MET-h/week to PAyear3 &lt;9 MET-h/week) had lower BPED risk.

Conclusions
Recreational physical activity after menopause was associated with lower BPED risk among postmenopausal women.
ER membrane protein complex 1 interacts with STIM1 and regulates store-operated Ca2+ entry
Authors: Kawata Kazuhiko , Baba Akemi , Shiota Masayuki , Wanibuchi Hideki , Baba Yoshihiro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractStore-operated calcium entry (SOCE) is the process by which the emptying of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) Ca2+ stores causes an influx of Ca2+ across the plasma membrane (PM). It is the major Ca2+ influx pathway in nonexcitable cells and has a wide array of physiological functions. Upon store depletion, stromal interaction molecule 1 (STIM1), an ER calcium sensor relocates into discrete puncta at the ER–PM junction region, which results in the coupling of Ca2+ channels to initiate SOCE. However, the mechanism regulating STIM1 activity remains poorly understood. Here, we performed affinity purification of STIM1 and uncovered ER membrane protein complex 1 (EMC1) as an STIM1 binding partner. We showed that this interaction occurred in the ER through the intraluminal region of STIM1. After store depletion, EMC1 does not cluster adjacent to the PM, which suggests that it is distributed differently from STIM1. EMC1 knockdown with small interfering RNA resulted in a marked decrease in SOCE. Thus, these findings suggest that EMC1 functions as a positive regulator of SOCE.
Distinguishing Health from Pathology
Authors: Thorell Amanda 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This essay provides an account of how to distinguish between health and pathology of trait tokens in medical theory. It (1) proposes to distinguish between two health/pathology concepts—health/pathology pertaining to survival and health/pathology pertaining to reproduction. It (2) defines measures for survival-efficiency and reproduction-efficiency of performances of physiological functions. It (3) provides an account of how, using the efficiency measures, to draw the line between health and pathology. The account draws, but seeks to improve, on Christopher Boorse’s biostatistical theory. In relation to that theory, the suggested account has the advantages (1) that it defines efficiency and (2) that it harmonizes with judgments in medical theory in cases of common diseases and “normal aging.” Furthermore, the essay argues against a competing idea of how to improve on the biostatistical theory, advocated by Peter Schwartz and Daniel Hausman.
Radiotherapy and Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibition for Solid Cancers (ROCKIT): A Meta-Analysis of 13 Studies
Authors: Tchelebi Leila T , Batchelder Emma , Wang Ming , Lehrer Eric J , Drabick Joseph J , Sharma Navesh , Machtay Mitchell , Trifiletti Daniel M , Zaorsky Nicholas G 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
We hypothesized that the addition of receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKis, e.g., lapatinib, erlotinib, cetuximab, bevacizumab, panitumumab) to radiotherapy-based treatment for solid tumors does not increase overall survival but may increase toxicity.

Methods
Population, Intervention, Control, Outcome, Study Design; Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses; and Meta-analysis of Observational Studies in Epidemiology methods were used to identify prospective randomized studies including patients with solid tumor cancers treated with radiotherapy with or without RTKis. Extracted variables included use of radiotherapy vs chemoradiotherapy, RTKi type (antibody vs small molecule), outcomes, and toxicities. The primary endpoint was overall survival; the secondary endpoint was grade 3+ toxicity. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed for each outcome measure. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results
A total of 405 studies met the initial search criteria, of which 13 prospective randomized trials of radiotherapy with or without RTKi met the inclusion criteria, encompassing 5678 patients. The trials included cancers of the head and neck (6 trials, 3295 patients), esophagus (3 trials, 762 patients), lung (2 trials, 550 patients), and brain (2 trials, 1542 patients). Three studies evaluated a small molecule and radiotherapy in 949 patients, and 10 studies evaluated antibodies and radiotherapy in 4729 patients. The addition of RTKis to radiotherapy-based treatment did not improve overall survival (hazard ratio = 1.02, 95% confidence interval = 0.90 to 1.15, P = .76) but increased grade 3+ toxicity (relative risk = 1.18, 95% confidence interval = 1.06 to 1.33, P = .009).

Conclusions
The addition of RTKis to radiotherapy does not improve survival and worsens toxicity.
From Checkers to Chess: Using Social Science Lessons to Advance Wildfire Adaptation Processes
Authors: Paveglio Travis B 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis synthesis uses an overarching analogy to outline key wildfire social science lessons and present human adaptation to wildfire as an ongoing process of negotiated trade-offs dictated by the site-specific context of particular places. Use of an overarching analogy allows presentation of cross-cutting concepts or considerations for: (1) documenting local social diversity and determining how it might influence future efforts for wildfire adaptation; (2) understanding how landscape-scale patterns of social diversity or land management influence efforts to ‘coexist’ with wildfire; and (3) determining how alignments between local, regional, and federal influences necessitate diverse experimental adaptation approaches. The synthesis closes with specific recommendations for fostering wildfire adaptation coordinators and systematic processes that help facilitate diverse, tailored efforts from which generalizable best-practices could be derived. This article also outlines key considerations for research or monitoring of emergent organizations and efforts that bridge scales of collective action surrounding wildfire management.
Early tibial component loosening of medial UKA after severe medial plateau SONK—report of three cases
Authors: Danieli Marcus Vinicius , Guerreiro João Paulo Fernandes , Queiroz Alexandre Oliveira , Piovesana Guilherme José Miyasaki 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Spontaneous osteonecrosis or subchondral bone insufficiency fracture of the knee is a frequent injury in elderly female patients. The medial femoral condyle followed by the medial plateau is the most prevalent sites. When its evolution after conservative treatment is not favorable, medial unicompartimental arthroplasty is a surgical option with good results. We report three cases of early tibial component loosening of medial unicompartimental arthroplasty that could be related to a severe subchondral bone insufficiency fracture of the tibial plateau. In these cases of severe involvement of the tibial plateau, a more careful evaluation would be recommended to choose between unicompartimental and total knee replacement to avoid this early loosening.
General Comparative Report
Authors: Girsberger Daniel , Graziano Thomas Kadner , Neels Jan L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the General Comparative Report, which addresses, article by article, the Hague (or HCCH) Principles on Choice of Law in International Commercial Contracts of 2015 (the Hague Principles). The General Comparative Report compares the Hague Principles with the state of the law in over sixty jurisdictions worldwide and with supranational rules and soft law principles. It aims to encourage legislators, courts, practitioners, and academics to further develop their domestic private international law systems and possibly benefit hereby from the Hague Principles by consistently and adequately applying, interpreting, and amending domestic, supranational, and regional private international law (PIL) in the context of party choice of law. The chapter then details the structure of the Report and the questionnaire used to address the issues covered by the Hague Principles. It also provides an introduction and a comparative overview of each of the Articles of the Hague Principles.
International Commercial Arbitration
Authors: Gama Lauro , Girsberger Daniel , Rodríguez José Antonio Moreno 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies how the private international law rules of most jurisdictions have traditionally addressed State court litigation, without considering the specificities of international arbitration. Many nations have now created their own legislation for international arbitration or adopted the UNCITRAL Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration. These laws regularly contain their own rules dealing with parties’ choice of law on the merits. The chapter then explores choice of law in international arbitration with a particular view on the Hague Principles which are, as paragraph 4 of their Preamble discloses, intended to apply equally to courts and arbitral tribunals. It analyses the approach arbitral tribunals have taken when confronted with choice of law issues, and particularly a party choice of the law applicable to the merits of the dispute. The chapter also assesses whether it is correct and if so, for which reasons, and in which way, that commercial parties have a larger autonomy in arbitration, compared to litigation, to choose non-State rules of law, and which types of rules they may choose. Finally, it demonstrates why, how, and to what extent the Hague Principles can contribute to define, delineate, interpret, and supplement existing (conflict of law) regimes in the field of international arbitration.
Egypt
Authors: Ibrahim Badr Yehya Ikram 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents Egyptian perspectives on the Hague Principles. The Egyptian private international law rules for international commercial contracts are found mainly in the Egyptian Civil Code no 131/1948 and the Egyptian Arbitration Code no 27/1994. Egyptian private international law, in general, accepts party autonomy as a private international law rule for determining the applicable law to international contracts. However, the Egyptian legislature has decided to exclude certain contracts, such as contracts for the transfer of technology and commercial agency, from the private international law rule in respect of party autonomy. To date, the Egyptian government has not expressed any plans to revise Egyptian private international law, despite some Egyptian scholars believing that the Egyptian conflicts rules are outdated and in desperate need of being replaced with more modern rules in this regard. Nonetheless, Article 24 of the Egyptian Civil Code allows the Egyptian Courts to resort to ‘[t]he principles of private international law [which] apply in the case of conflict of laws for which no provision is made in the preceding articles’. In principle, the courts are therefore allowed to refer to the Hague Principles to supplement either Article 19 of the Egyptian Civil Code or Article 39 of the Egyptian Arbitration Code.
Morocco
Authors: Zaher Khalid 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Moroccan perspectives on the Hague Principles. In Morocco, the sources of private international law applicable to international commercial contracts are both of a national and an international nature. International sources include mainly treaties and, to a lesser extent, international customs to which the Moroccan courts may refer in particular cases. National sources are statutory law, case law, and scholarly writings. Case law has always played a vital role in the development and the interpretation of the rules applicable to international commercial contracts. It is indeed the role of the courts to determine the scope of law chosen by the parties and to delimit the boundaries of international public policy as a limit to the application of the law chosen by the parties. Moroccan courts consider international customs as important sources in respect of international contracts and arbitration. Having frequently used the universally accepted principles of private international law, Moroccan courts could easily draw on the Hague Principles to find solutions to certain questions that have not been addressed by the legislature.
South Africa
Authors: Neels Jan L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides the reader with comments on the Hague Principles from the perspective of South African private international law of contract.Private international law in the Republic of South Africa is historically based on Roman–Dutch and English law, but is today influenced by domestic constitutional values, especially in the fields of international family and succession law. In the realm of the international law of obligations, the impact of the English common law is particularly strong. The notion of ‘the proper law of the contract’ is therefore widely used to indicate the law applicable to contractual obligations. The sources of private international law of contract are almost exclusively case law and the opinions of academic authors. The South African courts have always followed a comparative approach in respect of private international law, initially under the influence of an internationalist understanding of the conflict of laws. The courts would therefore certainly be entitled to refer to the Hague Principles as persuasive authority in the interpretation, supplementation, and development of the rules and principles of South African private international law.
Hong Kong
Authors: Reyes Anselmo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Hong Kong perspectives on the Hague Principles. Hong Kong has no enacted code of private international law rules. In relation to contracts dealing with commercial matters, the choice of law principles of Hong Kong law are largely to be found at common law. Decisions of the English court, in particular, are often cited in Hong Kong as exemplifying the law on a given question. To a lesser degree, principles may be found in statute. While Hong Kong judges must look to case law to discern relevant choice of law principles, nothing prevents them from also having regard to the Hague Principles and holding that one or more articles therein accurately reflect Hong Kong law. Indeed, articles of the Hague Principles can be referred to by Hong Kong judges as accurate statements of present day Hong Kong law, as foundations for the refinement of existing common law rules, or as indications of how Hong Kong choice of law principles may be extended to deal with novel situations.
Israel
Authors: Einhorn Talia 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter reflects on Israeli perspectives on the Hague Principles. Israeli private international law (PIL) has not been codified. The only statute having a rather comprehensive set of PIL rules is the Succession Law, 5765-1966. The PIL rules contained in the separate statutes were included in the Draft Civil Code, but apart from the Draft CC chapter on succession, which contains a comprehensive set of PIL rules, their fragmentary contents have been retained in the various chapters. With one exception, namely, contracts for the international sale of goods, no conflict rules governing international commercial contracts have been adopted by the Knesset. Regarding Israel’s international obligations, Israel is a member of the Hague Conference on Private International Law and has ratified a number of the Hague Conventions. However, at this point in time, especially in view of the paucity of conflict rules adopted by the Knesset, it is difficult to predict whether the Knesset would adopt the Hague Principles in an Israeli statute.
Qatar
Authors: Elrifai Silke Noa 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses Qatari perspectives on the Hague Principles. The State of Qatar has two legal frameworks: the onshore civil law system and the offshore common law-based the Qatar Financial Centre, established in 2005 and not covered in this chapter. In onshore Qatar, private international law is codified in Articles 10–38 of Subchapter 3 (conflict of laws in space) of Chapter 1 of the Qatar Civil Code (Federal Law No 22 of 2004). In comparison to its European counterparts, the Qatari private international law codification contains significant gaps. Though only promulgated in 2004, Articles 10–38 are near copies of the conflict of law rules contained in the Egyptian Civil Code of 1949, with a few differences. In accordance with Article 34 Civil Code, ‘the [general] principles of private international law’ shall apply in the case of a conflict of laws absent any statutory provision. The provision opens the doors for Qatari courts to refer to the Hague Principles.
South Korea
Authors: Hyun Suk Kwang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter studies South Korean perspectives on the Hague Principles. Korea has enacted choice of law rules for courts in litigation and choice of law rules for arbitral tribunals. The former are set forth in the Private International Law Act of Korea (KPILA) and the latter in the Arbitration Act of Korea (KAA). The single most important Korean legislation on private international law is the KPILA, which mainly consists of provisions on applicable law and on international jurisdiction in civil and commercial matters. As for the KAA, it was modelled on the 1985 Model Law on International Commercial Arbitration of United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL), and further amended in 2016 in order to reflect the amendments adopted in 2006 to the UNCITRAL Model Arbitration Law. Since Korea has detailed choice of law rules for courts and arbitral tribunals, the role which could be played by the Hague Principles in Korea will be very limited. Korean courts could use them for reference in the interpretation, supplementation, and/or development of applicable rules of choice of law regarding matters not covered by the choice of law rules of the KPILA.
Brazil
Authors: Gama Lauro , Tiburcio Carmen , Albuquerque Felipe 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter evaluates Brazilian perspectives on the Hague Principles. Despite the proposition of several bills in the 1960s, no legislative initiative to modernize the Brazilian private international law has succeeded so far. The most recent legislative proposals have focused on modifying Article 9 of the Law of Introduction to the Norms of Brazilian Law (LINDB) rather than the whole system. One of these proposals, pending before the Senate, amends the Brazilian Code of Consumer Protection and updates and expands the contents of Article 9 LINDB. This bill incorporates several provisions of the Hague Principles; it states the basic principle of party autonomy and authorizes choice of law in respect of international contracts (B2B transactions). As Brazil still waits for law reform, the Hague Principles may be relevant as persuasive authority before the Brazilian courts. In this sense, the Hague Principles may be used in the interpretation, supplementation, and development of the applicable rules and principles of Brazilian private international law.
Peru
Authors: Galván Rorick Tovar , Sotelo Sara 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents Peruvian perspectives on the Hague Principles. The principal provisions on Peruvian private international law are embedded in Book X of the Peruvian Civil Code. They date from 1984 and expressly grant parties the right to freely choose the law governing their contracts. These rules leave significant leeway for their interpretation to courts and omit the regulation of important issues related to the scope and limitations on the party autonomy. Still, they do offer a well-structured conflict of laws system capable of resolving in a systematic manner issues arising from international judicial assistance, competence of national courts, choice of law, and recognition and execution of decisions rendered abroad. The Peruvian conflict of law systems does not differentiate between commercial and non-commercial contracts; it does not include any definition of the concept of international contract. The Hague Principles can be used by Peruvian courts to fill lacunas in the Civil Code related to the limits and scope of choice of law agreements concluded by parties to contracts with international elements.