bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cooperative operation of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam reduces Nile riverine floods
Authors: Basheer Mohammed 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD) on the Nile River has triggered much debate between Ethiopia, Sudan, and Egypt on the dam's effects. Once completed, the GERD will be Africa's largest hydropower plant. This study analyzes the implications of cooperative long‐term operation of the GERD for Nile riverine flooding downstream of the dam. A daily river system model of the Eastern Nile is developed and used to examine how cooperative long‐term operation of the GERD would affect the occurrence of three flood alarm levels (alert, critical, and flooding) in Sudan downstream of the dam. A reconnaissance‐level flood inundation model is developed for the Nile within Khartoum State (Sudan's capital) to assess the GERD's impacts on the flood extent in the state based on simulated flows from the river system model. Assuming the GERD is operated to achieve a 90% power reliability and active upstream‐downstream data sharing between Ethiopia and Sudan on the dam's daily outflows, results show that the GERD would reduce the occurrence of the three alarm levels. Based on 34 simulated river flow sequences, the proportion of years with at least one flooding alarm day at Khartoum Gage declined from 37% without the GERD to 11% with the GERD. Seasonal coordination and planning between Ethiopia and Sudan are necessary to mitigate the remaining riverine flood hazard. Although cooperative long‐term operation of the GERD could play a positive role in reducing the riverine flood hazard in Sudan, the associated river flow alterations would adversely impact recession agriculture and the environment.
Capturing hedgerow structure and flowering abundance with UAV remote sensing
Authors: Smigaj Magdalena , Gaulton Rachel 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHedgerows are an abundant and ecologically important feature of many rural areas. Their biodiversity value depends on composition, structure and availability of food resources, which can be significantly impacted by poor management. However, information about hedgerow condition is very limited due to field surveys being costly and labour‐intensive. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with miniaturized cameras could prove a more cost‐effective and time‐efficient hedgerow surveying solution while preserving a high level of detail unattainable with airborne or satellite sensors. This study explored whether UAV remote sensing is a viable alternative for performing hedgerow condition surveys at local scale, focusing on hedgerow structure and flowering abundance. We acquired UAV Red, Green and Blue (RGB) and multispectral nadir and oblique imagery of structurally different hedgerows and used them to generate 3D point clouds and models with SfM workflow. Height thresholding allowed extraction of hedgerow extents, with root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of height and width ranging from 0.11 to 0.23 m. RGB flower classification showed poor relationship with ground measurements (R2 = 0.31–0.42) due to confusion with woody material of hedgerows. Inclusion of a near‐infrared channel in multispectral imagery significantly improved the relationship (R2 = 0.68–0.75, RMSE = 10%). Our study shows UAV remote sensing has high potential for performing detailed surveys of hedgerows, providing better characterization of structural variations and distribution of flowers than traditional ground surveys due to larger coverage. More comprehensive understanding of hedgerow, or other vegetated buffer strips, conditions offered by UAV surveys can enable better informed decisions on habitat management and biodiversity conservation in rural areas. Acquisitions over larger areas, potentially integrated with satellite remote sensing, can allow assessment of hedgerow connectivity over farm to landscape scales, contributing to better understanding of the hedgerow network and its role as a wildlife corridor.
Hypothesis‐Driven Palladium‐Catalyzed Transformations for the Construction of New Molecular Architectures
Authors: Kumar Ketan , Kumar Prashant , Singh Bara , Yadav Sonu , Mishra Uttam K. , Ansari Arshad J. , Ramasastry S. S. V. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe development of new synthetic protocols to access diverse molecular scaffolds from readily available starting compounds is of significance in both academia and industry. Towards this, the catalysis by transition metals has been employed as a powerful tool to access molecules with broad structural and functional diversity. An overview of the recent literature manifested the tremendous potential of transition metal‐catalyzed processes in advancing organic synthesis in a new direction. This account compiles new conceptual advancements in the palladium‐catalyzed Alder‐ene type cycloisomerization reactions, C−H functionalizations, and one‐pot multicatalytic processes, which have become essential tools to access new classes of molecules.
Assessment of the relationship between microbiological quality of groundwater sources and the status of the sources
Authors: Fadipe Olusola Olayemi , Oladepo Kamar Taiwo , Oguntola Babajide Benjamin , Zubayr Rasheedah Olamide 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGroundwater contamination is now a global issue, and the sources of contamination differ from countries. The study reports the assessment of microbiological characteristics of different groundwater sources in Ilesa west local government area for potability status. Also, it examined the strength of the relationship between the microbiological results with the construction and sanitation characteristics of the sources to determine the cause of the pollution. The work involved an on‐site survey of 69 drinking water sources extracted from a gridded map of the study area to gather information on water sources, treatment, construction, and sanitary status. Water sampling from each household was conducted during rainy and dry seasons for microbiological characteristics using the most probable number (MPN) of counting coliforms. Most of the water samples were heavily polluted and exceeded the WHO guidelines with MPN/100 mL ranging from 0 to > 1.1 × 103. The Kendall's tau_b correlation revealed that the water source in form of hand‐dug wells has the strongest correlation (r = 0.94) with the microbiological result. The hand‐dug wells that were partially lined, and those not lined at all, correlate (r = 0.95 and r = 0.94), respectively, with the microbiological results. The microbiological loads of all the water sources are high, and the status of the casing has proved to be the major factor influencing the pollution in the hand‐dug wells. There is a need to enforce the construction standards for household hand‐dug wells, perform routine water quality assessment for boreholes, and authority should encourage the treatment of all water sources before drinking.
Synthesis, Crystal Structures, and Thermal Analyses of Two New Antimony Tellurite Sulfates: [Sb2(TeO4)](SO4) and [Sb2(TeO3)2](SO4)
Authors: Zhang Jiayuan , Zhao Xiao , Wu Yuandong , Mei Dajiang , Wen Shaoguo , Doert Thomas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTwo new antimony (III) tellurite sulfates [Sb2(TeO4)](SO4) (1) and [Sb2(TeO3)2](SO4) (2) were successfully synthesized through a conventional hydrothermal method and their crystal structures were determined by X‐ray single crystal analysis. [Sb2(TeO4)](SO4) crystallizes in the triclinic space group Pī (No. 2) with lattice parameters a=5.572(2), b=7.247(2), c=9.540(3) Å, V=358.5(2) Å3, and Z=2, while [Sb2(TeO3)2](SO4) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca (No. 61) with lattice parameters a=7.368(2), b=14.571(3), c=16.521(3) Å, V=1773.7(6) Å3, and Z=8. The structure of [Sb2(TeO4)](SO4) features a three‐dimensional framework, composed of [SbO4] trigonal bipyramids and [TeO4] polyhedra to form a cationic 2∞[Sb2(TeO4)]2+ corrugated cationic layers along [100], linked by SO42− anions. [Sb2(TeO3)2](SO4) forms a three‐dimensional framework consisting of two dimensional wrinkled layers of 2∞[Sb2(TeO3)2]2+ that are linked by SO42− anions. The band gaps of 4.16 eV and 3.72 eV for [Sb2(TeO4)](SO4) and [Sb2(TeO3)2](SO4) respectively are estimated from the solid state UV‐vis‐NIR diffuse reflectance spectra. Thermal analysis indicated that both compounds are thermally stable up to about 500 °C. The electrochemical specific capacity of [Sb2(TeO4)](SO4) was determined to 245 mA h g−1 on the first cycle in a Li‐ion half‐cell, the capacity remains at about 106 mA h g−1 after 500 cycles.
Applying Insights of Theories of Migration to the Study of Environmental Migration Aspirations
Authors: Van Praag Lore 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe growing interest in environmental migration has led to a wide range of organisations raising awareness on this topic. Politicians and policymakers, for instance, are using arguments that reference environmental migration in their political discourses or increasingly reflect on how to manage this seemingly emerging trend. The rise of this topic on ‘the agenda’ of policymakers, politicians, non-governmental organisations, and artists, to name a few, immediately calls for some scientific support, framing, or input, which is suddenly in high demand. Also, from a scientific perspective, how people are dealing with ongoing and increasing environmental changes lays bare existing social, ethnic, and gender inequalities. To be specific, when studying environmental changes and disasters, more knowledge can be derived about a society’s social and economic structure, relationship dynamics, and the nature of its adaptation capacity. Additionally, more knowledge can be gained about how external communities or countries are related to the studied society (Oliver-Smith 1999).
Connecting Environmental Changes, Migration Causality, and Transnational Practices. Insights from the Moroccan Diaspora in Belgium
Authors: Hut Elodie , Zickgraf Caroline 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this chapter we turn to relevant findings arising from fieldwork conducted in Belgium in the context of the MIGRADAPT project. Although the Moroccan case study that forms the core of this book must be interpreted independently from the empirical data provided in this chapter (and vice versa), both case studies hinge on the same theoretical framework and are, as such, inherently complementary and connected, although not meant to be directly comparative.
Migrant Cosmopolitanism in Emirati and Saudi Cities: Practices and Belonging in Exclusionary Contexts
Authors: Thiollet Hélène , Assaf Laure 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMass migration to the Gulf cities has produced, over time, de facto cosmopolitan situations. Even though cosmopolitanism is somewhat present in national narratives and official propaganda, foreign residents face exclusionary contexts where policies and practices keep them excluded from the national community. This chapter unpacks the internal tensions characteristic of cosmopolitanism in the exclusionary contexts of the Gulf by comparing cities in the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. These tensions operate within migrants’ everyday practices and modes of consumption in urban spaces. We argue that these practices are best understood as a form of segregated cosmopolitanism through which the different migrant communities both acknowledge (and at times consume) urban diversity and maintain certain boundaries. Building upon the analysis of discourses and ethnographic fieldwork in Abu Dhabi, Riyadh and Jeddah, this research engages with theories of cosmopolitanism from a situated perspective. It moves away from the classical, normative approach to cosmopolitanism and highlights the fragility of everyday cosmopolitan situations.
Dakar by Night: Engaging with a Cosmopolitanism by Contrast
Authors: Fouquet Thomas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDrawing on 20 years of anthropological research in Dakar, this study aims at bringing to light some ways of being-in-town that organize towards desires for being-in-the-world. It relies on a simple and yet substantial premise: a very large number of urban Senegalese youths express a strong willingness to move North, or West, while only a small minority is able to achieve such an expectation. The questioning focuses on those who actually stay, but whose modes of sticking here are deeply influenced by their longings for a larger world. Such configurations can be understood through the concrete urban cosmopolitan experiences they convey, which rely on inherently relational terms, that is: being cosmopolitan ‘rather than…’, citizen of the world ‘rather than…’, and so on. This relative, relational and contrastive cosmopolitanism emerges in the wake of constant non-travelers’ paths into the city, as compared to “frequent travelers” moving around the world. Empirically, these issues are addressed from the standpoint of the contrasted uses of urban temporalities, the nocturnal one in particular. The Dakar-by-night is thus engaged as a scene revealing thecosmopoliticaldynamics that inhabit, cross or impregnate the metropolis.
AI and ML for Human-Robot Cooperation in Intelligent and Flexible Manufacturing
Authors: Ruiz Garcia Manuel A. , Rauch Erwin , Vidoni Renato , Matt Dominik T. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHuman–robot cooperation aims to increase the flexibilization of manufacturing systems. This requires safe human–machine interaction (e.g. with collaborative robots) as well as self and environment awareness capabilities to interact autonomously and smartly between humans and machines. Therefore, the goal of this chapter is to conceptualize and identify the set of real-time information processing and decision-making capabilities required for collaborative robots to be considered as a safe companion in the context of human–robot cooperation (HRC). In particular, the chapter provides an overview of appropriate artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) concepts, formally introduces the concept of a safety-aware cyber-physical system and defines a general taxonomy for the perceptive and cognitive problems arising in the context of intelligent and flexible HRC.
Transition of SMEs Towards Smart Factories: Business Models and Concepts
Authors: Modrák Vladimír , Šoltysová Zuzana 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWhen focusing on business models in the context of Industry 4.0 transformation, it is quite obvious that such models will need to adopt new businesses trends, such as mass customization, platform-based businesses, networking manufacturing or creativity-based businesses, respectively. This chapter aims to analyse implementation success factors of Industry 4.0 especially from business models perspective, and also to address some features of human-centred manufacturing in terms of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). The motivation of this research is awareness of the importance that just a combination of the selected decisive success factors can significantly help businesses to become more competitive and improving their performance.
WannaCry as a Creeping Crisis
Authors: Prevezianou Maria F. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis chapter deepens our understanding of cyber crises with the help of the creeping crisis concept. The chapter shows that although emerging technologies make malicious activities in cyberspace more sophisticated, vulnerabilities enabling such threats have been inherent in cyber assets for a very long time in the form of creeping crises. The question is: was WannaCry the acute crisis or just a precursor event to a bigger explosion? It is argued that the WannaCry ransomware attack in 2017 should be considered a wake-up call. The chapter demonstrates how the cyber threat was lurking in the background, gradually evolving in time and space in a non-linear fashion and receiving varying levels of attention.
Remaining Foreign Fighters: Fear, Misconceptions and Counterproductive Responses
Authors: Landström Yrsa 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Syrian conflict gave rise to a large mobilization of Islamist foreign fighters. In recent years, many of these foreign fighters have asked to be repatriated from overcrowded refugee camps in northern Syria, camps known as hotbeds for radicalization. While researchers and humanitarian organizations largely agree that repatriation can prevent further radicalization and transnational threats, political leaders refuse to act. As the dire humanitarian situation in the camps and a denial of responsibility at home intensify, the situation is becoming more acute. This chapter explores the issue of remaining foreign fighters in Syria and the evolving threat situation as an example of a creeping crisis. The chapter focuses specifically on the Swedish handling of these foreign fighters. At least three hundred Swedish citizens traveled to Syria in 2012. In recent years, many of these have asked to be repatriated. Similar to its European counterparts, the Swedish government has refused to meet these foreign fighters’ requests, potentially generating a broader global threat. The Swedish response is the focus of this chapter and illuminates one of the key aspects of a creeping crisis.
Resonant third-generation leptoquark signatures at the Large Hadron Collider
Authors: Haisch Ulrich , Polesello Giacomo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Given the hints of lepton-flavour non-universality in B-meson decays, leptoquarks (LQs) are enjoying a renaissance. We propose novel Large Hadron Collider (LHC) searches for such hypothetical states that do not rely on strong production only, but can also receive important contributions from quark-lepton annihilation. For the cases of a resonant signal involving a bottom quark and a tau lepton (b + τ), a top quark and missing transverse energy ($$ {E}_T^{\mathrm{miss}} $$

E
T
miss

) and light-flavour jets plus $$ {E}_T^{\mathrm{miss}} $$

E
T
miss

, we develop realistic analysis strategies and provide detailed evaluations of the achievable sensitivities for the corresponding LQ signatures at future LHC runs. Our analyses allow us to derive a series of stringent constraints on the masses and couplings of third-generation singlet vector LQs, showing that at LHC Run III and the high-luminosity LHC the proposed search channels can probe interesting parts of the LQ parameter space addressing the B-physics anomalies. In view of the reach of the proposed b + τ signature, we recommend that dedicated resonance searches for this final state should be added to the exotics search canon of both ATLAS and CMS.
Genetic predisposition in the 2′-5′A pathway in the development of type 1 diabetes: potential contribution to dysregulation of innate antiviral immunity
Authors: Pedersen Kristina , Haupt-Jorgensen Martin , Krogvold Lars , Kaur Simranjeet , Gerling Ivan C. , Pociot Flemming , Dahl-Jørgensen Knut , Buschard Karsten 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Aims/hypothesis
The incidence of type 1 diabetes is increasing more rapidly than can be explained by genetic drift. Viruses may play an important role in the disease, as they seem to activate the 2′-5′-linked oligoadenylate (2′-5′A) pathway of the innate antiviral immune system. Our aim was to investigate this possibility.

Methods
Innate antiviral immune pathways were searched for type 1 diabetes-associated polymorphisms using genome-wide association study data. SNPs within ±250kb flanking regions of the transcription start site of 64 genes were examined. These pathways were also investigated for type 1 diabetes-associated RNA expression profiles using laser-dissected islets from two to five tissue sections per donor from the Diabetes Virus Detection (DiViD) study and the network of Pancreatic Organ Donors (nPOD).

Results
We found 27 novel SNPs in genes nominally associated with type 1 diabetes. Three of those SNPs were located upstream of the 2′-5′A pathway, namely SNP rs4767000 (p = 1.03 × 10−9, OR 1.123), rs1034687 (p = 2.16 × 10−7, OR 0.869) and rs739744 (p = 1.03 × 10−9, OR 1.123). We also identified a large group of dysregulated islet genes in relation to type 1 diabetes, of which two were novel. The most aberrant genes were a group of IFN-stimulated genes. Of those, the following distinct pathways were targeted by the dysregulation (compared with the non-diabetic control group): OAS1 increased by 111% (p < 1.00 × 10−4, 95% CI −0.43, −0.15); MX1 increased by 142% (p < 1.00 × 10−4, 95% CI −0.52, −0.22); and ISG15 increased by 197% (p = 2.00 × 10−4, 95% CI −0.68, −0.18).

Conclusions/interpretation
We identified a genetic predisposition in the 2′-5′A pathway that potentially contributes to dysregulation of the innate antiviral immune system in type 1 diabetes. This study describes a potential role for the 2′-5′A pathway and other components of the innate antiviral immune system in beta cell autoimmunity.

Graphical abstract
Contact interactions in complex fibrous metamaterials
Authors: Spagnuolo Mario , Cazzani Antonio M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this work, an extension of the strain energy for fibrous metamaterials composed of two families of parallel fibers lying on parallel planes and joined by connective elements is proposed. The suggested extension concerns the possibility that the constituent fibers come into contact and eventually scroll one with respect to the other with consequent dissipation due to friction. The fibers interact with each other in at least three different ways: indirectly, through microstructural connections that could allow a relative sliding between the two families of fibers; directly, as the fibers of a family can touch each other and can scroll introducing dissipation. From a mathematical point of view, these effects are modeled first by introducing two placement fields for the two fiber families and adding a coupling term to the strain energy and secondly by adding two other terms that take into account the interdistance between the parallel fibers and the Rayleigh dissipation potential (to account for friction).
A complexity problem for Borel graphs
Authors: Todorčević Stevo , Vidnyánszky Zoltán 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe show that there is no simple (e.g. finite or countable) basis for Borel graphs with infinite Borel chromatic number. In fact, it is proved that the closed subgraphs of the shift graph on $$[\mathbb {N}]^\mathbb {N}$$

[
N
]

N

with finite (or, equivalently, $$\le 3$$

≤
3

) Borel chromatic number form a $$\varvec{\Sigma }^1_2$$

Σ

2
1

-complete set. This answers a question of Kechris and Marks and strengthens several earlier results.
Mixed-integer programming approaches for the time-constrained maximal covering routing problem
Authors: Sinnl Markus 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we study the recently introduced time-constrained maximal covering routing problem. In this problem, we are given a central depot, a set of facilities, and a set of customers. Each customer is associated with a subset of the facilities which can cover it. A feasible solution consists ofkHamiltonian cycles on subsets of the facilities and the central depot. Each cycle must contain the depot and must respect a given distance limit. The goal is to maximize the number of customers covered by facilities contained in the cycles. We develop two exact solution algorithms for the problem based on new mixed-integer programming models. One algorithm is based on a compact model, while the other model contains an exponential number of constraints, which are separated on-the-fly, i.e., we use branch-and-cut. We also describe preprocessing techniques, valid inequalities and primal heuristics for both models. We evaluate our solution approaches on the instances from literature and our algorithms are able to find the provably optimal solution for 267 out of 270 instances, including 123 instances, for which the optimal solution was not known before. Moreover, for most of the instances, our algorithms only take a few seconds, and thus are up to five magnitudes faster than previous approaches. Finally, we also discuss some issues with the instances from literature and present some new instances.