bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of food sources of nitrate, polyphenols, L-arginine and L-citrulline on endurance exercise performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: d’Unienville Noah M. A. , Blake Henry T. , Coates Alison M. , Hill Alison M. , Nelson Maximillian J. , Buckley Jonathan D. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundIncreasing nitric oxide bioavailability may induce physiological effects that enhance endurance exercise performance. This review sought to evaluate the performance effects of consuming foods containing compounds that may promote nitric oxide bioavailability.MethodsScopus, Web of Science, Ovid Medline, EMBASE and SportDiscus were searched, with included studies assessing endurance performance following consumption of foods containing nitrate, L-arginine, L-citrulline or polyphenols. Random effects meta-analysis was conducted, with subgroup analyses performed based on food sources, sex, fitness, performance test type and supplementation protocol (e.g. duration).ResultsOne hundred and eighteen studies were included in the meta-analysis, which encompassed 59 polyphenol studies, 56 nitrate studies and three L-citrulline studies. No effect on exercise performance following consumption of foods rich in L-citrulline was identified (SMD=-0.03, p=0.24). Trivial but significant benefits were demonstrated for consumption of nitrate and polyphenol-rich foods (SMD=0.15 and 0.17, respectively,p<0.001), including performance in time-trial, time-to-exhaustion and intermittent-type tests, and following both acute and multiple-day supplementation, but no effect of nitrate or polyphenol consumption was found in females. Among nitrate-rich foods, beneficial effects were seen for beetroot, but not red spinach or Swiss chard and rhubarb. For polyphenol-rich foods, benefits were found for grape, (nitrate-depleted) beetroot, French maritime pine, Montmorency cherry and pomegranate, while no significant effects were evident for New Zealand blackcurrant, cocoa, ginseng, green tea or raisins. Considerable heterogeneity between polyphenol studies may reflect food-specific effects or differences in study designs and subject characteristics. Well-trained males (V̇O2max≥65 ml.kg.min-1) exhibited small, significant benefits following polyphenol, but not nitrate consumption.ConclusionFoods rich in polyphenols and nitrate provide trivial benefits for endurance exercise performance, although these effects may be food dependent. Highly trained endurance athletes do not appear to benefit from consuming nitrate-rich foods but may benefit from polyphenol consumption. Further research into food sources, dosage and supplementation duration to optimise the ergogenic response to polyphenol consumption is warranted. Further studies should evaluate whether differential sex-based responses to nitrate and polyphenol consumption are attributable to physiological differences or sample size limitations.OtherThe review protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/u7nsj) and no funding was provided.
Circulating extracellular vesicles activate the pyroptosis pathway in the brain following ventilation-induced lung injury
Authors: Chavez Laura , Meguro Julia , Chen Shaoyi , de Paiva Vanessa Nunes , Zambrano Ronald , Eterno Julia M. , Kumar Rahul , Duncan Matthew R. , Benny Merline , Young Karen C. , Dietrich W. Dalton , Brambilla Roberta , Wu Shu , Schmidt Augusto F. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Mechanical ventilation of preterm newborns causes lung injury and is associated with poor neurodevelopmental outcomes. However, the mechanistic links between ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI) and brain injury is not well defined. Since circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) are known to link distant organs by transferring their cargos, we hypothesized that EVs mediate inflammatory brain injury associated with VILI.

Methods
Neonatal rats were mechanically ventilated with low (10 mL/kg) or high (25 mL/kg) tidal volume for 1 h on post-natal day 7 followed by recovery for 2 weeks. Exosomes were isolated from the plasma of these rats and adoptively transferred into normal newborn rats. We assessed the effect of mechanical ventilation or exosome transfer on brain inflammation and activation of the pyroptosis pathway by western blot and histology.

Results
Injurious mechanical ventilation induced similar markers of inflammation and pyroptosis, such as increased IL-1β and activated caspase-1/gasdermin D (GSDMD) in both lung and brain, in addition to inducing microglial activation and cell death in the brain. Isolated EVs were enriched for the exosomal markers CD9 and CD81, suggesting enrichment for exosomes. EVs isolated from neonatal rats with VILI had increased caspase-1 but not GSDMD. Adoptive transfer of these EVs led to neuroinflammation with microglial activation and activation of caspase-1 and GSDMD in the brain similar to that observed in neonatal rats that were mechanically ventilated.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that circulating EVs can contribute to the brain injury and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes in preterm infants with VILI through activation of GSDMD.
Establishment of a simple method to evaluate mixing times in a plastic bag photobioreactor using image processing based on freeware tools
Authors: Wurm Henrike , Sandmann Michael 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Objective
Accurate determination of the mixing time in bioreactors is essential for the optimization of the productivity of bioprocesses. The aim of this work was to develop a simple optical method to determine the mixing time in a photobioreactor. The image processing method should be based on freeware tools, should not require programming skills, and thus could be used in education within high schools and in early stages of undergraduate programs.

Results
An optical method has been established to analyze images from recorded videos of mixing experiments. The steps are: 1. Extraction of a sequence of images from the video file; 2. Cropping of the pictures; 3. Background removal; and 4. Image analysis and mixing time evaluation based on quantification of pixel-to-pixel heterogeneity within a given area of interest. The novel method was generally able to track the dependency between aeration rate and mixing time within the investigated photobioreactor. In direct comparison, a pearson correlation coefficient of rho = 0.99 was obtained. Gas flow rates between 10 L h−1, and 300 L h−1 resulted from mixing times of between 48 and 14 s, respectively. This technique is applicable without programming skills and can be used in education with inexperienced user groups.
Optic neuropathy secondary to granulomatosis with polyangiitis in a patient with Graves’ disease: a case report
Authors: Sato-Akushichi Miki , Kinouchi Reiko , Kawai Naoko , Nomura Kenichiro 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Dysthyroid optic neuropathy is the most commonly suspected diagnosis of optic neuropathy in Graves’ patients; however, other causes need to be ruled out. We present a unique case of optic neuropathy secondary to hypertrophic pachymeningitis with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis, which was suspected to be antithyroid drug related.

Case presentation
A 79-year-old Japanese male presented with acute visual loss in the left eye. He had a 24-year history of Graves’ disease and was taking methimazole. Best-corrected visual acuity was 0.8 in the right eye and light perception in the left eye, and relative afferent pupillary defect in the left eye was seen. Ocular movement was normal, and there were no findings explaining visual loss in intermediate optic media and fundus in the left eye. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated thickened dura mater. Tests for myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, proteinuria, and hematuria were positive; pulmonary nodule lesions and a blood clot in the left lower leg were also found. After excluding the presence of diseases that could lead to hypertrophic pachymeningitis, we diagnosed optic neuropathy due to hypertrophic pachymeningitis with granulomatosis with polyangiitis—a subtype of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis. Since he had history of using methimazole, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis was considered as drug related. We started high-dosage steroid pulse therapy followed by 1 mg/kg body weight daily of oral prednisolone, and subsequently tapered. Methimazole was stopped. Best-corrected visual acuity recovered to 0.9, 2 weeks after starting treatment. Though myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody remained negative, the symptom relapsed 6 months after treatment initiation. We gave a second high-dose steroid pulse therapy followed by prednisolone tapered together with methotrexate. Remission remained, and using 4 mg/week methotrexate without prednisolone, myeloperoxidase-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody was kept within the normal limit until now, 4 years after onset.

Conclusion
We present a case of optic neuropathy with hypertrophic pachymeningitis related to antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis, which was suspected to be drug related. The patient had good visual recovery after quitting the drug and receiving immunosuppressive therapy with systemic steroids. Hypertrophic pachymeningitis with antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis related to antithyroid drugs should be considered as a differential diagnosis for optic neuropathy in Graves’ patients in whom optic nerve compression is not obvious.
Selinexor in combination with standard chemotherapy in patients with advanced or metastatic solid tumors
Authors: Thein Kyaw Z. , Piha-Paul Sarina A. , Tsimberidou Apostolia , Karp Daniel D. , Janku Filip , Fu Siqing , Subbiah Vivek , Hong David S. , Yap Timothy A. , Shah Jatin , Milton Denái R. , McQuinn Lacey , Gong Jing , Tran Yanyan , Carter Brett W. , Colen Rivka , Meric-Bernstam Funda , Naing Aung 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSelinexor, an oral selective inhibitor of nuclear export (SINE), was demonstrated to hinder the DNA damage repair (DDR) system by reducing DDR proteins while enhancing the killing of cancer cells by DDR-based therapeutics in vivo studies. In this single-center, multi-arm phase 1b study, selinexor with carboplatin, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (DC), irinotecan with fluorouracil and folinic acid (FOLFIRI), irinotecan, and capecitabine and oxaliplatin (XELOX), were employed as separate parallel arms. Eligible patients have relapsed/ metastatic refractory solid tumors following standard therapy or addition of selinexor to systemic therapy was appropriate. Nineteen patients were treated in the 5 arms. Tumor types included were colorectal (n  = 3), breast (n  = 3), neuroendocrine (n  = 2), ovarian (n  = 2), and pancreas cancers (n  = 2). All patients developed one treatment-related adverse events (TRAE). The most prevalent TRAE were thrombocytopenia (84%), nausea (68%), leukopenia (68%), neutropenia (63%), and fatigue (58%). The common grade 3/4 TRAE were neutropenia (42%), leukopenia (26%), and hyponatremia (21%). Three patients had dose-limiting toxicities (DLT) in 3 separate arms. Fourteen patients were evaluable for response. Although no patients achieved complete or partial response (CR or PR), seven patients attained stable disease (SD). Disease control rate (DCR) was 14%. The combination of oral selinexor with different standard chemotherapies showed limited clinical activity despite toxicity and DLT prevented further dose escalation. Optimizing supportive care, the utility of growth factors, and aggressive measures on antiemetics strategies remain tangible.Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02419495. Registered 14 April 2015, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02419495). Sponsor(s): Karyopharm Therapeutics
Digital topics on cultural heritage investigated: how can data-driven and data-guided methods support to identify current topics and trends in digital heritage?
Authors: Münster Sander , Utescher Ronja , Ulutas Aydogan Selda 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn research and policies, the identification of trends as well as emerging topics and topics in decline is an important source of information for both academic and innovation management. Since at present policy analysis mostly employs qualitative research methods, the following article presents and assesses different approaches – trend analysis based on questionnaires, quantitative bibliometric surveys, the use of computer-linguistic approaches and machine learning and qualitative investigations. Against this backdrop, this article examines digital applications in cultural heritage and, in particular, built heritage via various investigative frameworks to identify topics of relevance and trendlines, mainly for European Union (EU)-based research and policies. Furthermore, this article exemplifies and assesses the specific opportunities and limitations of the different methodical approaches against the backdrop of data-driven vs. data-guided analytical frameworks. As its major findings, our study shows that both research and policies related to digital applications for cultural heritage are mainly driven by the availability of new technologies. Since policies focus on meta-topics such as digitisation, openness or automation, the research descriptors are more granular. In general, data-driven approaches are promising for identifying topics and trendlines and even predicting the development of near future trends. Conversely, qualitative approaches are able to answer “why” questions with regard to whether topics are emerging due to disruptive innovations or due to new terminologies or whether topics are becoming obsolete because they are common knowledge, as is the case for the term “internet”.
Effective GH Replacement With Once-weekly Somapacitan vs Daily GH in Children with GHD: 3-year Results From REAL 3
Authors: Sävendahl Lars , Battelino Tadej , Højby Rasmussen Michael , Brod Meryl , Saenger Paul , Horikawa Reiko 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Context
Current GH therapy requires daily injections, which can be burdensome. Somapacitan is a long-acting GH derivative in development for treatment of GH deficiency (GHD).

Objective
Evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of once-weekly somapacitan after 3 years of treatment.

Design
A multicenter, randomized, controlled, phase 2 study comparing somapacitan and once-daily GH for 156 weeks (NCT02616562).

Setting
Twenty-nine sites in 11 countries.

Patients
Fifty-nine children with GHD randomized (1:1:1:1) and exposed to treatment. Fifty-three children completed the 3-year period.

Interventions
Patients received somapacitan (0.04 [n = 14], 0.08 [n = 15], or 0.16 [n = 14] mg/kg/wk) or daily GH (n = 14) (0.034 mg/kg/d, equivalent to 0.238 mg/kg/wk) subcutaneously during the first year, after which all patients on somapacitan received 0.16 mg/kg/wk.

Main Outcome Measures
Height velocity (HV) at year 3; changes from baseline in height SD score (HSDS), HVSDS, and IGF-I SDS.

Results
The estimated treatment difference (95% CI) in HV for somapacitan 0.16/0.16 mg/kg/wk vs daily GH at year 3 was 0.8 cm/y (−0.4 to 2.1). Change in HVSDS from baseline to year 3 was comparable between somapacitan 0.16/0.16 mg/kg/wk, the pooled somapacitan groups, and daily GH. A gradual increase in HSDS from baseline was observed for all groups. At year 3, mean HSDS was similar for the pooled somapacitan groups and daily GH. Change from baseline to year 3 in mean IGF-I SDS was similar across treatments.

Conclusions
Once-weekly somapacitan in children with GHD showed sustained efficacy over 3 years in all assessed height-based outcomes with similar safety and tolerability to daily GH. A plain language summary (1) is available for this study.

Clinical trial information
This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02616562 (REAL 3).
Contextualizing Educational Disparities in Health: Variations by Race/Ethnicity, Nativity, and County-Level Characteristics
Authors: Hargrove Taylor W. , Gaydosh Lauren , Dennis Alexis C. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Educational disparities in health are well documented, yet the education–health relationship is inconsistent across racial/ethnic and nativity groups. These inconsistencies may arise from characteristics of the early life environments in which individuals attain their education. We evaluate this possibility by investigating (1) whether educational disparities in cardiometabolic risk vary by race/ethnicity and nativity among Black, Hispanic, and White young adults; (2) the extent to which racial/ethnic-nativity differences in the education–health relationship are contingent on economic, policy, and social characteristics of counties of early life residence; and (3) the county characteristics associated with the best health at higher levels of education for each racial/ethnic-nativity group. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we find that Black young adults who achieve high levels of education exhibit worse health across a majority of contexts relative to their White and Hispanic counterparts. Additionally, we observe more favorable health at higher levels of education across almost all contexts for White individuals. For all other racial/ethnic-nativity groups, the relationship between education and health depends on the characteristics of the early life counties of residence. Findings highlight place-based factors that may contribute to the development of racial/ethnic and nativity differences in the education–health relationship among U.S. young adults.
2022 Fitness Trends from Around the Globe
Authors: Kercher Vanessa M. , Kercher Kyle , Bennion Trevor , Levy Paul , Alexander Chris , Amaral Paulo Costa , Li Yong-Ming , Han Jia , Liu Yang , Wang Ran , Huang Hai-Yan , Gao Bing-Hong , Batrakoulis Alexios , Gómez Chávez Lino Francisco Jacobo , Haro Jorge López , Zavalza Adrián Ricardo Pelayo , Rodríguez Luis Eduardo Aguirre , Veiga Oscar L. , Valcarce-Torrente Manel , Romero-Caballero Alejandro 
Published: December 2021

Apply It!
From this article, the reader should be able to
• Identify top 20 fitness trends for Australia, Brazil, China, Europe, Mexico, Spain, and the United States.
• Recognize individual and unique fitness trends represented within Australia, Brazil, China, Europe, Mexico, Spain, and the United States.
Engaging Young People in Running Clubs: Best Practices from Marathon Kids’ Volunteer Coaches
Authors: Springer Andrew E. , Deitz Desma , Pettee Gabriel Kelley , Harris Makenzie , Trodick Brandon , Guzman Yolanda , Ediger Stefanie , Hawkins Cami , Kohl Harold W. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Current deficiencies in children’s leisure-time physical activity in the United States and globally underscore a pressing and ongoing need to enhance child ecosystems that include school and out-of-school time settings with physical activity supports and opportunities. Marathon Kids (MK) is an international nonprofit organization that promotes children’s physical activity via school and community-based running clubs and programs. Building from the importance of indigenous knowledge and colearning with stakeholders within real-world settings for children’s physical activity promotion, we explore best practices for the implementation of children’s running clubs based on a national sample of U.S. adult volunteer MK coaches. As a secondary aim, we describe selected implementation characteristics of MK running clubs as relates to when clubs are implemented and average weekly minutes scheduled for running clubs.

Methods
This study was guided primarily by a phenomenological approach to qualitative research. Data were collected in 2019 from MK coaches via an online survey that included open and closed-ended items on MK delivery and best practices. Qualitative analyses were based on thematic analysis; quantitative analyses were based primarily on descriptive statistics.

Results
MK coaches (n = 478 out of 676 coaches; 70.7% response) from across the United States (n = 35 states) participated. Eight primary themes encapsulated the best practice recommendations: running club leadership and support network; general organization and planning; student recruitment; running club implementation; tracking/logging miles; social support; communication and public promotion of running clubs; and guiding principles for running clubs. MK coaches reported an average of 112 weekly minutes scheduled for running/walking.

Conclusions
MK coach best practice recommendations hold promise to enhance and further disseminate the establishment of volunteer-led running clubs for young people.
Subways and Urban Air Pollution
Authors: Gendron-Carrier Nicolas , Gonzalez-Navarro Marco , Polloni Stefano , Turner Matthew A. 
Published: December 2021

We investigate the effect of subway system openings on urban air pollution. On average, particulate concentrations are unchanged by subway openings. For cities with higher initial pollution levels, subway openings reduce particulates by 4 percent in the area surrounding a city center. The effect decays with distance to city center and persists over the longest time horizon that we can measure with our data, about four years. For highly polluted cities, we estimate that a new subway system provides an external mortality benefit of about $1 billion per year. For less polluted cities, the effect is indistinguishable from zero. Back of the envelope cost estimates suggest that reduced mortality due to lower air pollution offsets a substantial share of the construction costs of subways. (JEL I12, L92, O13, O18, Q51, Q53, R41)