bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emerging Thermal Technology Enabled Augmented Reality
Authors: Parida Kaushik , Bark Hyunwoo , Lee Pooi See 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn the past decade, remarkable progress has been made in the domain of augmented reality/virtual reality (AR/VR). The need for realistic and immersive augmentation has propelled the development of haptics interfaces‐enabled AR/VR. The haptics interfaces facilitate direct interaction and manipulation with both real and virtual objects, thus augmenting the perception and experiences of the users. The level of augmentation can be significantly improved by thermal stimulation or sensing, which facilitates a higher degree of object identification and discrimination. This review discusses the thermal technology‐enabled augmented reality and summarizes the recent progress in the development of different thermal technology such as thermal haptics including thermo‐resistive heater and Peltier devices, thermal sensors including resistive, pyroelectric, and thermoelectric sensors, which can be utilized to improve the realism of augmentation. The fundamental mechanism, design strategies, and the rational guidelines for the adoption of these technologies in AR/VR is explicitly discussed. The conclusion provides an outlook on the existing challenges and outlines the future roadmap for the realization of next‐generation thermo‐haptics enabled augmented reality.
Tumor‐Activated Photosensitization and Size Transformation of Nanodrugs
Authors: Wang Yuanbo , Shi Leilei , Wu Wenbo , Qi Guobin , Zhu Xinyuan , Liu Bin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEffective intratumoral distribution of anticancer agents with good tumor penetration is of practical importance for photo‐chemotherapy. Herein, a metal‐organic framework (MOF) assisted strategy is reported for smart delivery of aggregation‐induced emission photosensitizer (AIE PS) and chemodrug for deep tumor penetration to realize effective image‐guided photo‐chemotherapy. A newly designed AIE PS is loaded inside an iron(III) carboxylate‐based MOF, MIL‐100, to produce PS@MIL‐100, which is encapsulated by doxorubicin (Dox) conjugated poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether (PEG) to yield Dox‐PEG‐PS@MIL nanoparticles (NPs) with a diameter of 120 nm. After Dox‐PEG‐PS@MIL NPs reached the tumor site, intratumoral H2O2 can cause the release of the loaded PS at the tumor surface for activatable photodynamic therapy (PDT). The Dox‐PEG segment is simultaneously triggered to self‐assemble into ultrasmall Dox NPs. Under light irradiation, PDT is activated at the tumor surface, synergistically enhancing the tumor penetration of Dox NPs along with their ultrasmall size. After endocytosis of Dox NPs, free Dox is released from Dox NPs under low pH to enter cell nuclei for effective chemotherapy. Accompanied by bright far‐red/near‐infrared emission from the PS, image‐guided photo‐chemotherapy with enhanced efficacy is achieved.
Multiresponsive Emissions in Luminescent Ions Doped Quaternary Piezophotonic Materials for Mechanical‐to‐Optical Energy Conversion and Sensing Applications
Authors: Zhao Yingjie , Peng Dengfeng , Bai Gongxun , Huang Youqiang , Xu Shiqing , Hao Jianhua 
Published: February 2021

AbstractVisualization and noncontact sensing can be achieved based on multimode luminescent materials, which is essential to flexible optoelectronics, information encryption, and infrastructure monitoring. However, the development of optical sensors is primally limited by developing high‐performance luminescent functional materials with energy conversion. Here, by codoping transition metal and lanthanide ions into quaternary piezophotonic semiconductors MZnOS (M = Ca, Sr, Ba) microcrystals, the efficient multimode luminescent materials are successfully synthesized. They can simultaneously respond to ultraviolet, near‐infrared and stress, and exhibit completely different optical characteristics. Specifically, both composite film and block are prepared by mixing luminescent particles and polymers for mechanical‐to‐optical energy conversion. The developed composite based on mechanoluminescence can be utilized for visualizing pressure distribution, even E‐signature, and anti‐counterfeiting systems. In addition, temperature detection is researched based on upconversion emissions. The results suggest that these materials have great potential applications in advanced optical multimode sensors, which is of significance for integrated optoelectronic devices.
Robust Surface Reconstruction Induced by Subsurface Ni/Li Antisites in Ni‐Rich Cathodes
Authors: Li Xinyan , Gao Ang , Tang Zhexin , Meng Fanqi , Shang Tongtong , Guo Shengnan , Ding Jiarun , Luo Yanhong , Xiao Dongdong , Wang Xuefeng , Su Dong , Zhang Qinghua , Gu Lin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLoss of active materials is a critical problem of layered oxide cathodes for lithium‐ion batteries and undermines their long‐term electrochemical performance. However, the atomic‐scale outward migration mechanism of transition metals and oxygen remains elusive due to a highly localized environment at surface. Here, the robust surface reconstruction of LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) induced by artificially introduced Ni/Li antisites is reported. Using scanning transmission electron microscopy, the outward co‐migration process of nickel and oxygen ions is directly revealed at the atomic scale, finally resulting in a stable surface structure. The robust nature of this surface structure originates from the strong linear superexchange interaction between subsurface NiLi and surface Ni as supported by first‐principles calculations. An idealized subsurface structure with NiLi is designed to suppress the outward migration of transition metal and oxygen ions and provide a universal lattice‐coherent surface protection strategy for layered lithium transition metal oxide cathodes.
Noncentrosymmetric Tetrel Pnictides RuSi4P4 and IrSi3P3: Nonlinear Optical Materials with Outstanding Laser Damage Threshold
Authors: Lee Shannon , Carnahan Scott L. , Akopov Georgiy , Yox Philip , Wang Lin‐Lin , Rossini Aaron J. , Wu Kui , Kovnir Kirill 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNoncentrosymmetric (NCS) tetrel pnictides have recently generated interest as nonlinear optical (NLO) materials due to their second harmonic generation (SHG) activity and large laser damage threshold (LDT). Herein nonmetal‐rich silicon phosphides RuSi4P4 and IrSi3P3 are synthesized and characterized. Their crystal structures are reinvestigated using single crystal X‐ray diffraction and 29Si and 31P magic angle spinning NMR. In agreement with previous report RuSi4P4 crystallizes in NCS space group P1, while IrSi3P3 is found to crystallize in NCS space group Cm, in contrast with the previously reported space group C2. A combination of DFT calculations and diffuse reflectance measurements reveals RuSi4P4 and IrSi3P3 to be wide bandgap (Eg) semiconductors, Eg = 1.9 and 1.8 eV, respectively. RuSi4P4 and IrSi3P3 outperform the current state‐of‐the‐art infrared SHG material, AgGaS2, both in SHG activity and laser inducer damage threshold. Due to the combination of high thermal stabilities (up to 1373 K), wide bandgaps (≈2 eV), NCS crystal structures, strong SHG responses, and large LDT values, RuSi4P4 and IrSi3P3 are promising candidates for longer wavelength NLO materials.
Broadband Enhanced Chirality with Tunable Response in Hybrid Plasmonic Helical Metamaterials
Authors: Kilic Ufuk , Hilfiker Matthew , Ruder Alexander , Feder Rene , Schubert Eva , Schubert Mathias , Argyropoulos Christos 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDesigning broadband enhanced chirality is of strong interest to the emerging fields of chiral chemistry and sensing, or to control the spin orbital momentum of photons in recently introduced nanophotonic chiral quantum and classical optical applications. However, chiral light‐matter interactions have an extremely weak nature, are difficult to control and enhance, and cannot be made tunable or broadband. In addition, planar ultrathin nanophotonic structures to achieve strong, broadband, and tunable chirality at the technologically important visible to ultraviolet spectrum still remain elusive. Here, these important problems are tackled by experimentally demonstrating and theoretically verifying spectrally tunable, extremely large, and broadband chiroptical response by nanohelical metamaterials. The reported new designs of all‐dielectric and dielectric‐metallic (hybrid) plasmonic metamaterials permit the largest and broadest ever measured chiral Kuhn's dissymmetry factor achieved by a large‐scale nanophotonic structure. In addition, the strong circular dichroism of the presented bottom‐up fabricated optical metamaterials can be tuned by varying their dimensions and proportions between their dielectric and plasmonic helical subsections. The currently demonstrated ultrathin optical metamaterials are expected to provide a substantial boost to the developing field of chiroptics leading to significantly enhanced and broadband chiral light‐matter interactions at the nanoscale.
PbSe Nanocrystals Produced by Facile Liquid Phase Exfoliation for Efficient UV–Vis Photodetectors
Authors: Gao Lingfeng , Wang Rui , Kuklin Artem V. , Zhang Han , Ågren Hans 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLead selenide (PbSe)‐based nanomaterials have been extensively investigated as building blocks for next‐generation optoelectronic devices owing to their unique properties. In this work, PbSe nanocrystals (NCs) have been successfully fabricated by a facile liquid phase exfoliation approach and directly applied as active materials for photo‐electrochemical (PEC)‐type photodetectors (PDs). Taking advantage of broadband absorption and fast carrier dynamics, the PbSe NCs‐based PDs exhibit excellent photo‐current density (11.88 μA cm−2), photo‐responsivity (12.37 mA W−1), response/recovery time (0.12/0.13 s), and long‐term cycling stability. The working mechanism of PbSe NCs‐based PDs is explored by density functional theory calculations based on their structural and electronic properties under various conditions. It is anticipated that this contribution paves the way to readily fabricate low‐dimensional PbSe NCs and extend their practical applications in PEC‐type PDs.
Multifunctional Surfaces for Improving Soft Tissue Integration
Authors: Vilaça Adriana , Domingues Rui M. A. , Tiainen Hanna , Mendes Bárbara B. , Barrantes Alejandro , Reis Rui L. , Gomes Manuela E. , Gomez‐Florit Manuel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMetallic implants are widely used in diverse clinical applications to aid in recovery from lesions or to replace native hard tissues. However, the lack of integration of metallic surfaces with soft tissue interfaces causes the occurrence of biomaterial‐associated infections, which can trigger a complicated inflammatory response and, ultimately, implant failure. Here, a multifunctional implant surface showing nanoscale anisotropy, based on the controlled deposition of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), and biological activity derived from platelet lysate (PL) biomolecules sequestered and presented on CNC surface, is proposed. The anisotropic radial nanopatterns are produced on polished titanium surfaces by spin‐coating CNC at high speed. Furthermore, CNC surface chemistry allows to further sequester and form a coating of bioactive molecules derived from PL. The surface anisotropy provided by CNC guides fibroblasts growth and alignment up to 14 days of culture. Moreover, PL‐derived biomolecules polarize macrophages toward the M2‐like anti‐inflammatory phenotype. These results suggest that the developed multifunctional surfaces can promote soft tissue integration to metallic implants and, at the same time, prevent bacterial invasion, tissue inflammation, and failure of biomedical metallic implants.
Growing Living Composites with Ordered Microstructures and Exceptional Mechanical Properties
Authors: Xin An , Su Yipin , Feng Shengwei , Yan Minliang , Yu Kunhao , Feng Zhangzhengrong , Hoon Lee Kyung , Sun Lizhi , Wang Qiming 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLiving creatures are continuous sources of inspiration for designing synthetic materials. However, living creatures are typically different from synthetic materials because the former consist of living cells to support their growth and regeneration. Although natural systems can grow materials with sophisticated microstructures, how to harness living cells to grow materials with predesigned microstructures in engineering systems remains largely elusive. Here, an attempt to exploit living bacteria and 3D‐printed materials to grow bionic mineralized composites with ordered microstructures is reported. The bionic composites exhibit outstanding specific strength and fracture toughness, which are comparable to natural composites, and exceptional energy absorption capability superior to both natural and artificial counterparts. This report opens the door for 3D‐architectured hybrid synthetic–living materials with living ordered microstructures and exceptional properties.
Ordered Macroporous Superstructure of Nitrogen‐Doped Nanoporous Carbon Implanted with Ultrafine Ru Nanoclusters for Efficient pH‐Universal Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wu Yu‐Lin , Li Xiaofang , Wei Yong‐Sheng , Fu Zhaoming , Wei Wenbo , Wu Xin‐Tao , Zhu Qi‐Long , Xu Qiang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is an attractive technology for the mass production of hydrogen. Ru‐based materials are promising electrocatalysts owing to the similar bonding strength with hydrogen but much lower cost than Pt catalysts. Herein, an ordered macroporous superstructure of N‐doped nanoporous carbon anchored with the ultrafine Ru nanoclusters as electrocatalytic micro/nanoreactors is developed via the thermal pyrolysis of ordered macroporous single crystals of ZIF‐8 accommodating Ru(III) ions. Benefiting from the highly interconnected reticular macro–nanospaces, this superstrucure affords unparalleled performance for pH‐universal HER, with order of magnitude higher mass activity compared to the benchmark Pt/C. Notably, an exceptionally low overpotential of only 13 mV@10 mA cm−2 is required for HER in alkaline solution, with a low Tafel slope of 40.41 mV dec−1 and an ultrahigh turnover frequency value of 1.6 H2 s−1 at 25 mV, greatly outperforming Pt/C. Furthermore, the hydrogen generation rates are almost twice those of Pt/C during practical overall alkaline water splitting. A solar‐to‐hydrogen system is also demonstrated to further promote the application. This research may open a new avenue for the development of advanced electrocatalytic micro/nanoreactors with controlled morphology and excellent performance for future energy applications.
Efficient Reversible Conversion between MoS2 and Mo/Na2S Enabled by Graphene‐Supported Single Atom Catalysts
Authors: Chen Biao , Wang Tianshuai , Zhao Shiyong , Tan Junyang , Zhao Naiqin , Jiang San Ping , Zhang Qianfan , Zhou Guangmin , Cheng Hui‐Ming 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) based on conversion‐type metal sulfide (MS) anodes have attracted extraordinary attention due to relatively high capacity and intrinsic safety. The highly reversible conversion of M/Na2S to pristine MS in charge plays a vital role with regard to the electrochemical performance. Here, taking conventional MoS2 as an example, guided by theoretical simulations, a catalyst of iron single atoms on nitrogen‐doped graphene (SAFe@NG) is selected and first used as a substrate to facilitate the reaction kinetics of MoS2 in the discharging process. In the following charging process, using a combination of spectroscopy and microscopy, it is demonstrated that the SAFe@NG catalyst enables an efficient reversible conversion reaction of Mo/Na2S→NaMoS2→MoS2. Moreover, theoretical simulations reveal that the reversible conversion mechanism shows favorable formation energy barrier and reaction kinetics, in which SAFe@NG with the Fe–N4 coordination center facilitates the uniform dispersion of Na2S/Mo and the decomposition of Na2S and NaMoS2. Therefore, efficient reversible conversion reaction MoS2↔NaMoS2↔Mo/Na2S is enabled by the SAFe@NG catalyst. This work contributes new avenues for designing conversion‐type materials with an efficient reversible mechanism.
Toward Practical High‐Areal‐Capacity Aqueous Zinc‐Metal Batteries: Quantifying Hydrogen Evolution and a Solid‐Ion Conductor for Stable Zinc Anodes
Authors: Ma Longtao , Li Qing , Ying Yiran , Ma Feixiang , Chen Shengmei , Li Yangyang , Huang Haitao , Zhi Chunyi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe hydrogen evolution in Zn metal battery is accurately quantified by in situ battery–gas chromatography–mass analysis. The hydrogen fluxes reach 3.76 mmol h−1 cm−2 in a Zn//Zn symmetric cell in each segment, and 7.70 mmol h−1 cm−2 in a Zn//MnO2 full cell. Then, a highly electronically insulating (0.11 mS cm−1) but highly Zn2+ ion conductive (80.2 mS cm−1) ZnF2 solid ion conductor with high Zn2+ transfer number (0.65) is constructed to isolate Zn metal from liquid electrolyte, which not only prohibits over 99.2% parasitic hydrogen evolution but also guides uniform Zn electrodeposition. Precisely quantitated, the Zn@ZnF2//Zn@ZnF2 cell only produces 0.02 mmol h−1 cm−2 of hydrogen (0.53% of the Zn//Zn cell). Encouragingly, a high‐areal‐capacity Zn@ZnF2//MnO2 (≈3.2 mAh cm−2) full cell only produces maximum hydrogen flux of 0.06 mmol h−1 cm−2 (0.78% of the Zn//Zn cell) at the fully charging state. Meanwhile, Zn@ZnF2//Zn@ZnF2 symmetric cell exhibits excellent stability under ultrahigh current density and areal capacity (10 mA cm−2, 10 mAh cm−2) over 590 h (285 cycles), which far outperforms all reported Zn metal anodes in aqueous systems. In light of the superior Zn@ZnF2 anode, the high‐areal‐capacity aqueous Zn@ZnF2//MnO2 batteries (≈3.2 mAh cm−2) shows remarkable cycling stability over 1000 cycles with 93.63% capacity retained at ≈100% Coulombic efficiency.
Capturing Mobile Lithium Ions in a Molecular Hole Transporter Enhances the Thermal Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Kim Seul‐Gi , Le Thi Huong , de Monfreid Thybault , Goubard Fabrice , Bui Thanh‐Tuân , Park Nam‐Gyu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA thermally stable perovskite solar cell (PSC) based on a new molecular hole transporter (MHT) of 1,3‐bis(5‐(4‐(bis(4‐methoxyphenyl) amino)phenyl)thieno[3,2‐b]thiophen‐2‐yl)‐5‐octyl‐4H‐thieno[3,4‐c]pyrrole‐4,6(5H)‐dione (coded HL38) is reported. Hole mobility of 1.36 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 and glass transition temperature of 92.2 °C are determined for the HL38 doped with lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and 4‐tert‐butylpyridine as additives. Interface engineering with 2‐(2‐aminoethyl)thiophene hydroiodide (2‐TEAI) between the perovskite and the HL38 improves the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 19.60% (untreated) to 21.98%, and this champion PCE is even higher than that of the additive‐containing 2,2′,7,7′‐tetrakis(N,N‐di‐p‐methoxyphenylamine)‐9,9′‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐MeOTAD)‐based device (21.15%). Thermal stability testing at 85 °C for over 1000 h shows that the HL38‐based PSC retains 85.9% of the initial PCE, while the spiro‐MeOTAD‐based PSC degrades unrecoverably from 21.1% to 5.8%. Time‐of‐flight secondary‐ion mass spectrometry studies combined with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveal that HL38 shows lower lithium ion diffusivity than spiro‐MeOTAD due to a strong complexation of the Li+ with HL38, which is responsible for the higher degree of thermal stability. This work delivers an important message that capturing mobile Li+ in a hole‐transporting layer is critical in designing novel MHTs for improving the thermal stability of PSCs. In addition, it also highlights the impact of interface design on non‐conventional MHTs.
Targeted Dual Small Interfering Ribonucleic Acid Delivery via Non‐Viral Polymeric Vectors for Pulmonary Fibrosis Therapy
Authors: Ji Qijian , Hou Jiwei , Yong Xueqing , Gong Guangming , Muddassir Mohd. , Tang Tianyu , Xie Jinbing , Fan Wenpei , Chen Xiaoyuan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractInhibiting the myofibroblast differentiation of lung‐resident mesenchymal stem cells (LR‐MSCs) is a promising yet challenging approach for pulmonary fibrosis (PF) therapy. Here, micelles formed by a graft copolymer of multiple PEGs modified branched polyethylenimine are used for delivering runt‐related transcription factor‐1 (RUNX1) small interfering RNA (siRNA) (siRUNX1) to the lung, aiming to inhibit the myofibroblast differentiation of LR‐MSCs. LR‐MSC targeting is achieved by functionalizing the micelle surface with an anti‐stem‐cell antigen‐1 antibody fragment (Fab′). Consequently, therapeutic benefits are obtained by successful suppression of myofibroblast differentiation of LR‐MSCs in bleomycin‐induced PF model mice treated with siRUNX1‐loaded micelles. Furthermore, an excellent synergistic effect of PF therapy is achieved for this micelle system loaded siRUNX1 and glioma‐associated oncogene homolog‐1 (Gli1) small interfering RNA (siGli1), a traditional anti‐PF siRNA of glioma‐associated oncogene homolog‐1. Hence, this work not only provides RUNX1 as a novel PF therapeutic target, but also as a promising dual siRNA‐loaded nanocarrier system for the therapy of PF.
Understanding Oxygen Bubble‐Triggered Exfoliation of Graphite Toward the Low‐Defect Graphene
Authors: Yang Juan , Zhang Xiaqing , Liu Yajie , Tai Zhixin , Yan Xingbin , Ma Jiantai 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAlthough graphene has been developed and widely used in many fields over the past decades, the effect of oxygen (O2) on the exfoliation of graphite is still unclear. Here, a simple bubble‐triggered exfoliation method is employed for controllable synthesis of graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) with low‐oxidation level and high electrical conductivity. The exfoliation process is studied and a formation mechanism for the synthesis of the low‐defect GNPs is proposed. The results show that the synergistic effect of H2SO4 and H2O2 plays an important role in the procession of exfoliation of graphite. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) simulations exhibit that H2O2 would preferentially adsorb on the edge of graphite, indicating the possibility to initiate the exfoliation by O2. In the whole process, some oxygen free radicals can be released from H2O2, resulting in some O2 and oxygen functional groups formed on the graphite edge, and which can finally lead to the fast exfoliation of graphite. In addition, a time‐dependent temperature profile under an applied voltage of 5 V exhibits a steady‐state with temperature up to 275 °C. Overall, this work elucidates the selectivity of gas bubble absorbed on the side edge of graphite and presents a potential application for high‐electrical conductivity graphene.
Excited‐State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT) for Optical Sensing in Solid State
Authors: Chen Ling , Fu Peng‐Yan , Wang Hai‐Ping , Pan Mei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractExcited‐state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) process brings about ultrafast keto‐enol tautomerism, which simultaneously induces the unique four‐leveled energy state cycle and concomitant multi‐emissions. Such transformation is easily affected by the environmental conditions, leading to intricate spectral responses. In contrast with the widely reported researches that inclined to the solution systems dissolved with ESIPT molecules, ESIPT materials including small organic molecules, metal‐organic materials, covalent‐organic frameworks, and so on, which can be formed in solid state are emerging in recent years, bringing more scientific information and novel applications for the family of ESIPT materials. In this short review, the progress for the different types of these materials will be introduced, especially their optical sensing performances and mechanisms, like responses to external physical stimulations (pressure, temperature, light), solvent polarities, pH, ions, and small molecule compounds. And the potential photophysical and photochemical applications will also be surveyed.