bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis on impact of ‘switching off light’ event on indian grid frequency
Authors: Logeswaran Dr.T. , Loganathan N. , Senthil kumar Dr.S. , Uthirasamy Dr.R. , Shanmugasundaram Ravivarman 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Electricity places a vital role in the development of economy of a country. Electrical power grids are the most complex of all human engineered systems. This paper presents the progress made in the energy grid and outlines the power scenario in India. It reports the impact created by the event “Switching off lights” on grid frequency. Role of POSOCO in the management of the event has been vividly described. The paper provides us the most important input for prioritizing measures or steps to be taken to cope up with the situation and possible action plan have been summarized.
Impact of dimensionless length scale parameter on material dependent thermoelastic attenuation and study of frequency shifts of rectangular microplate resonators
Authors: Resmi R. , Suresh Babu V. , Baiju M.R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Quality factor is one of the decisive performance parameters of micro/nano plate resonators based sensors and filters .Various energy dissipation mechanisms limit the maximum attainable quality factor, and in micro/nano scales thermoelastic damping is a critical energy loss mechanism. When the devices are scaled down, in order to accurately model micro/nano scale resonators, non-classical elasticity theories like Modified Couple Stress Theory (MCST) are valid. In this paper, by including a length scale parameter (l) the size effects were incorporated in the analysis and thermoelastic energy dissipation and related attenuation were found to be diminished by selecting a dimensionless length scale parameter i.e. l/h. Thermoelastic attenuation and frequency shifts related to thermoelastic damping in microplate rectangular resonators with five structural materials (SiC, polySi, diamond, Si and GaAs) were investigated with l/h =0.The attenuation related to thermoelastic energy dissipation and frequency shifts were found to be minimum for polySi material. With the inclusion of size effect, the impact of dimensionless length scale parameter on thermoelastic attenuation of polySi based microplate resonators was also explored. The conventional thermoelastic damping analysis in rectangular plate was modified by applying Modified Couple Stress Theory and the impact of dimensionless length scale (l/h) on thermoelastic energy attenuation was simulated numerically using MATLAB 2015.
Experimental studies on mechanical and durability characteristics of lc3 concrete
Authors: Kavya Sree S , Chandra Mohan Rao B D V , Yadav Maganti Janardhan , Swamy Naga Ratna Giri P 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the present day context utilization of natural resources is increasing day by day, which is a burden for future generations. Limiting the usage of natural raw materials and development of sustainable methodologies is needed in all aspects of construction activities. In this regard, manufacturing of cement requires large amount of limestone deposits, fuel energy and on the other hand cement manufacturing liberates carbon dioxide (CO2) into atmosphere. Liberation of CO2 results in global warming which leads to climatic changes. Hence there is a need to develop an alternative material superior to cement without compromising its properties. To address the above problem present study is focused on examining the usage of Limestone Calcined Clay Cement (LC3) as partial replacement to clinker to an extent of 50% in concretes. M 30 grade of concrete is considered for investigation with three types of binders (i.e. LC3, Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) and Pozzolana Portland Cement (PPC). From the studies on strength and durability it is evident that the performance of LC3 concrete is better than OPC and PPC based concrete.
Influence of Ultrasound on Alkaline Treatment of Empty Fruit Bunch Fibre: Preliminary Study
Authors: Mohd Eqhwan Iskandar Wan , Ruey Ong Huei , Rahman Khan Md. Maksudur , Ramli Ridzuan , Mohamed Halim Rohaya 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This research underlines the effect of ultrasound in NaOH surface modification of empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibre. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) were used to characterized the fibres. It can be seen that surface morphology treated by ultrasound assisted alkali treatment shows smooth surface with minor impurities. Additionally, the elimination of hemicellulose on EFB fibre surface can be proven by the disappearance of peak between 2900-1700 cm−1 (C-H). Furthermore, Ultrasound assisted alkali method demonstrate the admirable value (300 N/mm2) in enhancing the tensile stress of EFB fibre and comparable with alkali soaking technique (292 N/mm2). The findings indicate that ultrasound-assisted alkali treatment has the potential to be used as surface modification method in the industry.
Effect of Different Nickel Percentage in Solder Alloy towards Intermetallic Compound Formation and Growth
Authors: Asyraf Abdullah Muhammad , Rabiatul Aisha Idris Siti 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The growth of electronics product has increased rapidly and hence drive challenges among the designers as well as manufacturers to select the best electronic packaging materials for their products. Among those materials, lead free solders has become the best replacement for lead-containing solders even though its performance still could not meet the original specification. Thus, this paper is aiming at studying the effect Nickel (Ni) additional with difference percentage into solder alloy toward intermetallic compound formation (IMC) and growth at the interface of the solder joint. The work was carried out by producing Sn-xNi (x = 0.0, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0) through powder metallurgy method. The process started with powder milling at the speed of 1400 rpm for 3 hours. Then it was compacted into a thin pallet with size of 6mm diameter at the pressure of 5 ton. After that, the sample were subjected to reflow soldering for 250˚C for 25min heating duration and 15min holding time. Solder joint strength was carried out using ASTM D1002. Finally, characterisation was made in terms of IMC morphology, thickness and solder joint strength using metallographic microscope as well as scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive x-ray (SEM-EDX). Results showed that the addition of Ni with different percentage produced different morphology of IMC at the interface after reflow soldering which also affects its growth behaviour. The IMC’s formed after reflow soldering produced closed and packed grain boundary when solder with higher Ni content was used. The type of IMC formed at the solder joint was Cu6Sn5 and its thickness increased with Ni addition. These results were the proof that Ni is a good candidate to improve solder joint performance by restricting the formation and growth of Cu3Sn IMC. In addition, the solder joint strength was found to be increasing upon Ni percentage increment. The highest strength value of 5.885MPa was produce when Ni was added up to 1.0%. This showed that Ni not only a good candidate to improve joint performance in IMC formation but also help in strengthening the solder joint.
Machinability study of JFRP composite using design of experiment
Authors: Akmam Noor Rashid Mir , Mohd Zain Zakaria , Nor Khairusshima M K , Ibne Noor Wazed , Mullah Momin , Ahmed Khan Shaheer 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Recently, the machining of composite materials has increased to a large extent to get the required shape and design during the assembly stage of Jute fiber reinforcement polymer (JFRP). The output performance of milled JFRP composite depends on the input machining parameter such as spindle speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. The output responses like tool wear, surface roughness (Ra), and delamination factor (Fd) affect the dimensional stability, structural integrity, and accuracy of the final product. The objective of this study to find out the most significant factor of the output performances on JFRP. In this machining study, the JFRP composite panels were fabricated according to the hand’s lay-up technique and the milling was done by using an uncoated carbide cutting tool. The DOE (Design of Experiment) tool was used to design the experimental table based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A Central Composite Design was used to analyze the data and the most significant factor that effect the output parameters. According to Analysis of variance (ANOVA), it was found that the feed rate has a significant influence on tool life, surface roughness, and delamination factor. The spindle speed has also an effect on output responses comparing to the depth of cut. Another objective of this research is to obtain an optimum setting of the input parameters and mathematical modeling equation to reduce the tool wear, surface roughness, and delamination factor. The optimum parameter of the input machining was found that the input parameter spindle speed 4293.88 rev/min, feed rate 150 mm/min, and depth of cut 1 mm in where the lowest surface roughness, delamination, and longer tool life would be achieved.
Analyzing the bearing wear using direct spectrum method when transferring the torque motion from the machine
Authors: Dmitry Gennadievich Allenov , Siamak Ghorbani , Kashyzadeh Kazem Reza 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The present article examines rolling bearings with varying degrees of wear using direct spectrum method when operating from a machine drive. To achieve this purpose, a narrow-band spectrum analyzer was used. Also, several experiments were carried out to determine the effects of different types of bearing wear on the frequency characteristics of the vibroacoustic signal, which allows to predict the occurrence of defects in the bearing structure. Eventually, data were gathered on the increase in vibroacoustic noise in different types of wear and conclusions were drawn about the possibility of using the spectral method to predict failures during the operation of bearings. The results showed the lack of lubrication in the bearing and the presence of corrosion leads to an increase in amplitude frequencies in the high frequency range of 4000 - 10000 Hz. Moreover, the amplitude of the bearing without lubrication is about 35% higher than the amplitude of the worn bearing. Finally, due to the research carried out, it becomes possible to create a method for determining the type and nature of wear of rolling bearings of metal-cutting and other equipment. This will allow in the future to create a system for monitoring malfunctions directly during the operation of technological equipment without disassembling its units, reduce the cost of repair work and prevent emergency failures.
Chemical Composition, Distribution and Morphology of Beranang Laterite and Granite Aggregate
Authors: Hasan Nasiha Muawiya , Ariffin Afiq , Wahida Kamaruzaman Norul 
Published: March 2021

AbstractImbalance ecosystem due to massive construction projects taken by the government and developers need to be tackled seriously. Replacement on the construction material nowadays become a trend in solving the part of the issue or as a whole. Investigation on the most popular concrete material, concrete need to be done properly in order to find potential replacements especially on the aggregate as it takes approximately 60 to 70 % of concrete constituents. Laterite aggregate seems to have the potential as it is abundantly available in most region in Malaysia. This paper presents the chemical composition, distribution and morphological study on the Beranang laterite aggregate as compared to granite aggregate. The size use in the study is 20 mm maximum. The aggregates were subjected to, chemical elements, chemical elements distribution and the morphology analyses. From the results, it can be discussed that the main compositions such as carbon, silica, and oxygen were detected on the surfaces of both aggregates with similar peaks trend. Furthermore, the structural and morphology of both aggregates were also similar. In conclusion, based on the experimental carried out, Malaysian laterite aggregate has the potential to be acted as coarse aggregate in concrete mix. However, further experiments must be conducted to investigate the physical properties of it.
Experimental and simulation of aerodynamic performance of the small-scale wind turbine blades for usage in Malaysia
Authors: Jamil T A M T , Roslan S A H , Rasid Z A , Hassan M Z 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The enormous growth in manufacturing technology has contributed to the global climate change as well as the extinction of the conventional energies. The effort of replacing these energies with renewable energy found that the energy return of investment is high for wind energy. While the required minimum wind speed for operating efficient wind turbine is 3.5-7 m/s, certain locations in Malaysia meets the requirement for implementing the wind turbine. In this paper, a comparison is made between two wind turbines with equal blade length: the first turbine blade (TB1) does not use any airfoils while the second turbine blade (TB2) applies airfoils of SG6042, NACA4412, NACA5510 after undergoing shape optimization process. Both blades were fabricated using a 3D printing machine. Aerodynamic performances of the TB1 were studied through experimental work i.e. the turbine blade was given wind, flowing at several speeds in a wind tunnel. For the TB2, Q-blade software was used for conducting the shape optimization process and determining its aerodynamic performances. It was decided to use several airfoils throughout the blade length of the TB2. Experimental work was also conducted on the TB2 similar to the TB1. Analysis from Q-blade software showed that TB2 produces power efficiency of around 40%. It was found from the experiment that the TB2 gives twice amount of power compared to TB1.
Studying the possibility of algorithmic compensation of temperature instrumental errors of string accelerometers as a composition of a strapdown inertial unit
Authors: Dmitry Gennadievich Allenov , Lazarenko S.V. , Lazarenko O.I. , Ghorbani Siamak 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The article is devoted to the study of temperature errors of the string accelerometer used as part of a strapdown inertial unit. One of the main tasks facing the development of string accelerometers is the problem of compensating temperature effects to eliminate the resulting errors. One of the methods to solve such problems is to provide compensation for changes in the parameters of the string accelerometer, to level the appearance of the instrumental error in measuring the acceleration in the output signal of the device. On the prepared bench base at Scientific and Production Association of Measuring Technology (AO NPO IT) for setting up and conducting experiments, a study of string accelerometers, which are part of the strapdown inertial unit, was carried out. The study consisted of collecting output information from the device during its temperature calibration. During the experiment, the strapdown inertial unit was oriented in space so that its measuring axes of the accelerometer channels were directed alternately vertically upward or vertically downward with a smooth temperature change. The data obtained were analyzed to determine the dependence of the change in the initial vibration frequency of the string accelerometer and the design parameter of the accelerometer on the temperature in the operating temperature range of the device. An assessment of the possible level of efficiency of algorithmic compensation for changes in the accelerometer parameters was also shown. The studies carried out have shown the possibility, due to the algorithmic compensation of the temperature instrumental errors of one-component string accelerometers, to provide the accuracy requirements for the linear acceleration sensor channel of the strapdown inertial unit device in the operating temperature range. In particular, the use of algorithmic compensation for the temperature error of the initial frequency of the accelerometer f
0 reduced the absolute value of the parameter change by more than two orders of magnitude, and the maximum value of the error in approximating the change in the design parameter k from temperature is an order of magnitude less than the value before algorithmic compensation.
Comparison between lignin extraction by alkaline and ultrasound-assisted alkaline treatment from oil palm empty fruit bunch
Authors: Sultana Toma Farhana , Jemaat Z , Beg M D H , Khan M R , Yunus R M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Lignin is the second most abundant terrestrial biopolymer after cellulose and is the largest renewable source of aromatic groups in nature. In this work, the study was carried out on the selective extraction of lignin from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) using alkaline and ultrasound-assisted alkaline methods. OPEFB is available in high amounts as solid waste of palm oil industries, which is considered as lignocellulosic and has fairly high lignin content. The pretreatment of OPEFB for lignin production depends on the effect of particle size, liquid to solid ratio, the concentration of NaOH, reaction temperature, type of solvent, and sonication time. OPEFB was treated with 7.5%, 10%, and 15% NaOH at 900C for 1.5h without ultrasound irradiation and with ultrasonic time for 10, 20, 30, and 40 min. Extracted lignin was characterized by FT-IR, UV-Vis, TGA, and elemental analysis. Considerably improved results were obtained by using the ultrasound-assisted time for 30 min. The percentage yield and purity of lignin extracted by the ultrasound-assisted alkali method was higher than that lignin fraction which was achieved by the alkali method, and their purity was improved with the addition of sonication time from 10 to 30 min.
Evaluation of Improved Mode Shape Curvature-Based Damage Detection using Robust Regression Method
Authors: Man M H C , Amiruddin M A , Fawazi N 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) is an important tool to maintain structures integrity and safety. Gapped Smoothing Method (GSM) is a high sensitivity algorithm for damage detection using mode shape curvature (MSC) to identify small size of damage. However, it has limited capability to localize wide size of damage with decent accuracy. The objective of this study is to improve GSM algorithm using Robust Regression i.e., Iteratively Re-weighted Least Square (IRLS) methods. Subsequently, evaluate the proposed algorithm’s capability to localize damage with different size and number of measurements of an aluminum beam numerically. Damage Estimate Reliability (DER) was used to evaluate effectiveness of the improved GSM algorithm. The obtained result shows inclusion of robust regression in the original GSM algorithm increase Damage Estimate Reliability (DER) for 50mm damage size with damage level 20% by 11.6%. IRLS reduces influence of an outlier towards estimation of undamaged MSC that cause noise around damage area (in damage index plot) therefore produce more accurate estimation of damage size. Improvement of GSM allows this method to localize different level of damage in structures.
Vibration Response Analysis of a Structural Metal Mild Steel under the Effect of Crack
Authors: Ahmed N , Mamun M , Ahmed A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
When a crack is present in a structure then the probability of failure of that structure is higher. Failure occurs when the natural frequency of the periodic force and the natural frequency of the structure are in a state of superposition. To avoid this phenomenon, it is essential to calculate the natural frequency. The aim of this study is to analyze the behavior of natural frequency for different parameters such as crack position, crack depth, crack opening and mesh sensitivity. In this study, the first five modes of vibration of both cracked and uncracked I beam has been extracted. A further analysis of resonance for a fixed vertical load has also been done. An amalgamation of hexahedral and wedge elements has been used to study the behavior of the cracked structure. As this is a problem of discontinuity, thus it is very troublesome to make a solution analytically. Therefore, ‘ABAQUS CAE’, one of the most popular finite element analysis software, was used for the analysis of cracked structure. The discoveries of this examination are that the presence of crack decreases the natural frequency of the beam, this decrease is identified with the position of the crack, its opening and its depth. Another finding of this examination is that the impact of vibration is huge for I beam when the break arrives at its web segment. It was also discovered that resonance happens before if the crack profundity is bigger or the existence of the crack is nearer to the fixed end.
Experimental analysis the effect of end mill flutes on delamination in milling of synthetic FRP composite
Authors: Ling M C H , Haliah N H , Tan C L , Azmi A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites often employed the milling process to achieve the final geometrical shapes and dimensional tolerances. However, the random variations material properties and abrasiveness of FRP composite make the milling process become a challenge. An experimental approach has been committed in this study to analysis the effect of tool geometry in end-milling on unidirectional FRP composites with its machinability indices. The experiment methodology was conducted by altering the cutting tool geometry (number of flutes) and types of reinforcement fibres. Overall, the milling experiments induced various damages on FRP composite such as fibre pull-out, delamination and epoxy matrix interfacial de-bonding are associated to the rapid deterioration of tool sharpness. Besides that, the performance of four flutes end mill tool is distinguished with better surface finish when machining across carbon fibre orientation under same spindle speed and feed rate. This is likely due to the tool engagement during cutting process and nature properties of carbon FRP composite.
Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Crystal and Morphological sizes of Fe2O3/SiO2 Nanocomposites
Authors: Hassan Y M , Zaid H M , Guan B H , Hamza M F , Adam A A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Annealing the synthesized materials at different temperatures is very significant in ensuring the complete removal of the impurities during the particle formation process. Recently, nanocomposites material has shown reasonable outcomes and performed exclusively over bare single nanoparticles (NPs) in various fields of studies. In this paper, the composite of Fe2O3/SiO2 nanomaterial was synthesized via a Sol-gel auto-combustion method with aid of organic precursors. The material was synthesized at various concentrations and annealed at different temperatures. Characterization of the composite material was done by analyzing crystal structures, elemental composite distributions, morphologies, and chemical compositions via X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersed X-ray (EDX), Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The chemical interaction between amorphous silica and iron oxide nanoparticles has been established due to the manifestation of the characteristic wavelengths corresponding to the linkage bond between the amorphous silica and iron oxide nanoparticles. The FESEM imaging revealed that the morphological size increased significantly with an increase in temperature. Furthermore, in the XRD experiment, it was found that increasing the temperature has significantly improved the crystal properties of the composite material. Hence, annealing temperature can serve as a reliable method that can control the morphological size and crystal structure of the materials