bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Waisted: The Biology of Body Fat
Authors: Denton Nathan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Waisted outlines the fascinating and misunderstood biology of fat (i.e., adipose tissue). This controversial, much-maligned organ plays a crucial yet curiously overlooked role in the global obesity crisis currently wreaking havoc on the world’s healthcare systems and economies. Attaining a better appreciation of the biology of fat, its social meanings, and how these intersect is essential for improving the world’s physical and mental health. Far from being a passive layer of blubber under the skin, fat plays a highly dynamic role in energy metabolism, reproductive health, and immunity, with these links having ancient origins in the evolution of modern humanity. Waisted provides a comprehensive, evidence-based perspective on the biology of fat and its crucial role in human evolution, health, disease, and society. Waisted draws upon biomedical, epidemiological, and evolutionary research to understand adipose tissue biology and the striking relationship between body fat distribution and health outcomes. Waisted demonstrates the practical implications of key conceptual points through relatable real-world cases and highlights how seemingly disparate common and rare diseases may be underpinned by adipose tissue dysfunction. Overall, Waisted covers a wide breadth of material that challenges and reframes the generally negative perspective of fat to highlight the underappreciated importance of adipose tissue biology in humans.
Defining Your Shape
Authors: Denton Nathan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Fat defines our body shape and our body shape often reflects our biological destiny. The regional distribution of fat emerges from the complex interplay between many players, particularly hormones, genetics, and epigenetics. Several external factors can shift this dynamic balance though, such as exercise or drugs (by design or as an unintended side effect), whereas surgical interventions that modify regional fat mass can have good, bad, or ugly consequences. This chapter draws upon the concepts introduced in previous chapters to understand how a number of different factors and interventions influence body fat distribution and considers the associated health consequences.
Oxford Handbook of Medical Ethics and Law
Authors: Smajdor Anna , Herring Jonathan , Wheeler Robert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The Oxford Handbook of Medical Ethics and law provides a practical and accessible guide to the legal and ethical issues which a medical professional might face. It explains the major ethical theories - consequentialism, deontology, virtue ethics and principlism -and presents a method for moral decision-making, based on the application of theory and critical reasoning. The books sets out the key legal principles governing medical practice including the obtaining of consent; the law of negligence; the principles of confidentiality; the law on organ donation; and the legal regulation of end of life. The book goes on to present a number of ‘real life’ situations in which the ethical and legal principles are applied in a concrete and clear way. The book also contains extracts from the key legislation governing the practice of medicine.
Key articles of law
Authors: Smajdor Anna , Herring Jonathan , Wheeler Robert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of human rights and some of the key rights recognised in English law. This includes rights such as the right to life, liberty, freedom from torture and inhuman treatment, privacy and respect for private and family life. It also explores the importance concept of discrimination and the commitment the law to ensure that people are not discriminated against in respect of their rights.
Ethico-legal issues by medical specialism A–M
Authors: Smajdor Anna , Herring Jonathan , Wheeler Robert 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers Ethico-legal issues by medical specialism and includes topics on the following subjects (A-M): Anaesthetics: Child refusing treatment, Cardiac Surgery: Candour, Dentistry: Gillick Competence, Dermatology; a right to treatment?, Diabetology: Maintaining clinical records, Elderly Care: Refusal of Treatment, Emergency Department: Knife Crime, Emergency Department: Restraint/Self-Defence, Endocrinology: Wishes/Feelings, ENT: Consent/Necessity, Family Planning: Gillick Competence, Gastroenterology: Mental Health Act, General Practice: Cultural Circumcision, General Surgery: Need for clinicians to keep up to date, Genetics: Confidentiality, Gynaecology: abortion, HIV: Confidentiality, Intensive Care: DNACPR, Interventional Radiology: Relative Risks, and Maxillofacial: Candour.
MODELLING THE EXPOSURE OF RESIDENTS OF A RADIUM-CONTAMINATED LIVING PLACE
Authors: Murith Christophe , Di Tommaso Gennaro , Estier Sybille , Flury Thomas , Palacios-Gruson Martha , Stalder Claudio , Baechler Sébastien 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Within the framework of the Swiss Radium Action Plan 2015–22, which aims to investigate and remediate sites contaminated by the radium used in the Swiss watch industry, a reference level of 1 mSv per y has been defined for the exposure of residents. An additional protection objective has been set for soil contamination, which should not exceed the value of 1000 Bq per kg 226Ra. Based on measurements on the study sites, the doses received by residents were calculated accordingly to the methodology, in both indoor and outdoor areas, taking into account external exposure and ingestion. The site diagnosis approach consists of a screening procedure based on a rapid measurement, followed, if necessary, by additional analysis to estimate doses. Sites where modelling indicates that the reference level or the complementary protection objective for soil contamination have been exceeded are subject to remediation. The application of the methodology based on these radiological criteria to 752 sites diagnosed until December 2020 indicates a rate of sites (buildings and outdoor areas) requiring remediation of ~16%. The annual doses to residents calculated by modelling are between 1 and 20 mSv per y for these sites.
Environmental exposures: evolving evidence for their roles in adult allergic disorders
Authors: Harada Kaoru , Miller Rachel L. 
Published: November 2021

Purpose of review
Allergic disorders are the result of complex interactions between genetic predisposition and environmental exposures. Elucidating how specific environmental exposures contribute to allergic diseases in adults is crucial, especially as the world population ages in a rapidly changing environment.

Recent findings
The effects of environmental exposures on allergic diseases remain understudied in adults. Although epidemiological studies suggest various environmental exposures are associated with the development and exacerbation of allergic diseases, further longitudinal studies are needed across various age groups in adults to pinpoint the exposures of concerns and the time windows of susceptibility. Mechanistic studies in adults are few. A multicomponent strategy targeting several allergens has been conditionally recommended for asthma, but recent findings on mitigation strategies remain limited.

Summary
Further research on how environmental exposures cause and exacerbate allergic disorders is needed in adults, particularly across disease phenotypes. The effects of mitigation strategies against environmentally induced adult allergic diseases remain large research gaps. A better understanding of how and which environmental exposures contribute to allergic disorders is necessary to identify patients who are at higher risk and would benefit from specific interventions.
Temporal Transitions in Fibrinolysis after Trauma: Adverse Outcome Is Principally Related to Late Hypofibrinolysis
Authors: Rossetto Andrea , Vulliamy Paul , Lee Kim May , Brohi Karim , Davenport Ross 
Published: November 2021

Background
The relationship between late clinical outcomes after injury and early dynamic changes between fibrinolytic states is not fully understood. The authors hypothesized that temporal transitions in fibrinolysis states using rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM) would aid stratification of adverse late clinical outcomes and improve understanding of how tranexamic acid modulates the fibrinolytic response and impacts mortality.

Methods
The authors conducted a secondary analysis of previously collected data from trauma patients enrolled into an ongoing prospective cohort study (International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial Number [ISRCTN] 12962642) at a major trauma center in the United Kingdom. ROTEM was performed on admission and at 24 h with patients retrospectively grouped into three fibrinolysis categories: tissue factor–activated ROTEM maximum lysis of less than 5% (low); tissue factor–activated ROTEM maximum lysis of 5 to 15% (normal); or tissue factor–activated ROTEM maximum lysis of more than 15% (high). Primary outcomes were multiorgan dysfunction syndrome and 28-day mortality.

Results
Seven-hundred thirty-one patients were included: 299 (41%) were treated with tranexamic acid and 432 (59%) were untreated. Two different cohorts with low-maximum lysis at 24 h were identified: (1) severe brain injury and (2) admission shock and hemorrhage. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome was greatest in those with low-maximum lysis on admission and at 24 h, and late mortality was four times higher than in patients who remained normal during the first 24 h (7 of 42 [17%] vs. 9 of 223 [4%]; P = 0.029). Patients that transitioned to or remained in low-maximum lysis had increased odds of organ dysfunction (5.43 [95% CI, 1.43 to 20.61] and 4.85 [95% CI, 1.83 to 12.83], respectively). Tranexamic acid abolished ROTEM hyperfibrinolysis (high) on admission, increased the frequency of persistent low-maximum lysis (67 of 195 [34%]) vs. 8 of 79 [10%]; P = 0.002), and was associated with reduced early mortality (28 of 195 [14%] vs. 23 of 79 [29%]; P = 0.015). No increase in late deaths, regardless of fibrinolysis transition patterns, was observed.

Conclusions
Adverse late outcomes are more closely related to 24-h maximum lysis, irrespective of admission levels. Tranexamic acid alters early fibrinolysis transition patterns, but late mortality in patients with low-maximum lysis at 24 h is not increased.

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Functional Surgery for Subungual Melanoma: Surgical Tips Based on Histological Analysis of 21 Cadavers
Authors: Kim Byung Jun , Kim Jinhyun , Hu Julong , Kwak Yoonjin , Kwon Sung Tack 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND
Amputation has been the standard treatment for subungual melanoma. Although there is growing attention toward a more conservative functional surgery, specific operative techniques are not yet available.

OBJECTIVE
We aimed to provide objective measurements for use in functional surgery by analyzing the anatomy of the nail apparatus obtained from 21 cadavers.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Nailbed thickness was histologically measured in each subunit, and skin surface anatomy was evaluated to determine the proximal resection margin. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to analyze microvessel distribution according to the nail subunit.

RESULTS
The nailbed thickness was the thinnest at the most proximal point of the nail matrix (thumbs, 1.10 ± 0.42 mm; big toes, 1.15 ± 0.37 mm) and the thickest at the hyponychium (thumbs, 2.86 ± 0.82 mm; big toes, 2.72 ± 0.84 mm). The distance from the eponychium to the skin surface closest to the bony cortex of extensor tendon insertion was 6.92 ± 5.13 mm in thumbs and 5.14 ± 1.59 mm in big toes. The median microvessel density was the highest at the hyponychium (25.74 vessels/mm2) and lowest at the germinal matrix (16.26 vessels/mm2) (p < .05).

CONCLUSION
This histological study offers practical tips, including those to help decide the proximal and deep resection margins, in functional surgery.
Evaluation of Device-Based Cutaneous Channels Using Optical Coherence Tomography: Impact for Topical Drug Delivery
Authors: Wang Jordan V. , Mehrabi Joseph N. , Zachary Christopher B. , Geronemus Roy G. 
Published: November 2021

BACKGROUND
Topical medications play a large role in the management of cutaneous diseases, but penetration is limited. Device-assisted drug delivery using mechanical destruction, lasers, and other energy-based modalities can increase penetration and absorption through creation of transcutaneous channels.

OBJECTIVE
To examine real-time, in vivo cutaneous changes in response to various devices used to improve topical drug delivery through optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging.

METHODS AND MATERIALS
Treatment was performed with 8 medical devices, including mechanical destruction, lasers, and other energy-based modalities. Optical coherence tomography was used for real-time, noninvasive, in vivo imaging.

RESULTS
Using OCT, microneedling and radiofrequency microneedling demonstrated no cutaneous channels. Both low-energy, low-density, fractional nonablative lasers produced transient channels, which closed within hours. The fractional nonablative 1,927-nm thulium fiber and 1,550-nm erbium fiber lasers created channels with epidermal debris within, which were still closing at 24 hours. The fractional thermomechanical ablative device and the fractional ablative CO2 laser produced channels that were still open at 24 hours. CO2 laser channels had thick rims of coagulated tissue and remained open for longer.

CONCLUSION
Demonstrable differences among the devices were seen, and only some can produce observable channels, the characteristics of which vary with each technology.
Case Report of Conjunctival Melanoacanthoma
Authors: Rao Nitya , Reed Donovan , Epstein Aliza , Wang Min , Silberman Mark , Durairaj Vikram 
Published: November 2021

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to describe a case of conjunctival melanoacanthoma, an exceedingly rare condition that has yet to be fully described in the literature.

Methods:
Melanoacanthomas are most commonly seen on the skin or oral mucosa and are believed to result from local irritation or trauma. A 34-year-old Hispanic man presented with a painless, solitary, pigmented conjunctival lesion, in addition to bilateral pterygia suggesting chronic solar damage. The lesion was excised and sent for analysis.

Results:
Histopathologic analysis of tissue samples demonstrated melanocyte proliferation and epithelial dysplasia, yielding a final pathologic diagnosis of conjunctival melanoacanthoma with dysplastic and acantholytic-type features. The patient is being closely followed and has not had recurrence of the lesion.

Conclusions:
Only 1 prior case of conjunctival melanoacanthoma has been documented. As such, there is no standard of care regarding appropriate management.
Interactions between cannabinoid and opioid receptors in a mouse model of diabetic neuropathy
Authors: Toniolo Elaine F. , Gupta Achla , Franciosi Adriano C. , Gomes Ivone , Devi Lakshmi A. , Dale Camila S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy, often associated with diabetes mellitus, is a painful condition with no known effective treatment except glycemic control. Studies with neuropathic pain models report alterations in cannabinoid and opioid receptor expression levels; receptors whose activation induces analgesia. We examined whether interactions between CB1R and opioid receptors could be targeted for the treatment of diabetic neuropathy. For this, we generated antibodies that selectively recognize native CB1R-MOR and CB1R-DOR heteromers using a subtractive immunization strategy. We assessed the levels of CB1R, MOR, DOR, and interacting complexes using a model of streptozotocin-induced diabetic neuropathy and detected increased levels of CB1R, MOR, DOR, and CB1R-MOR complexes compared with those in controls. An examination of G-protein signaling revealed that activity induced by the MOR, but not the DOR agonist, was potentiated by low nanomolar doses of CB1R ligands, including antagonists, suggesting an allosteric modulation of MOR signaling by CB1R ligands within CB1R-MOR complexes. Because the peptide endocannabinoid, hemopressin, caused a significant potentiation of MOR activity, we examined its effect on mechanical allodynia and found that it blocked allodynia in wild-type mice and mice with diabetic neuropathy lacking DOR (but have CB1R-MOR complexes). However, hemopressin does not alter the levels of CB1R-MOR complexes in diabetic mice lacking DOR but increases the levels of CB1R-DOR complexes in diabetic mice lacking MOR. Together, these results suggest the involvement of CB1R-MOR and CB1R-DOR complexes in diabetic neuropathy and that hemopressin could be developed as a potential therapeutic for the treatment of this painful condition.
Health-Related Quality of Life in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: KIM Yujeong 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT

Background
The percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the most common treatment for coronary artery disease. Health-related quality of life (HRQoL), alongside mortality and recurrence rates, is a key outcome indicator for PCI.

Purpose
The aim of this study was to investigate the factors influencing HRQoL in patients with coronary artery disease who had received PCI.

Methods
A convenience sample from the cardiovascular center of a tertiary hospital in South Korea was recruited for this descriptive, cross-sectional study. This study was conducted using a structured questionnaire and patients' medical records on a sample of 210 patients with coronary artery disease who were ≥ 18 years old and > 1 month post-PCI. The questionnaire collected information on general, clinical, and psychosocial characteristics. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, independent t test, one-way analysis of variance, the Scheffé test, and the Pearson correlation test. A multiple linear regression, together with the significant variables in univariate analysis, was used to determine the variables that significantly influenced HRQoL.

Results
HRQoL was found to vary significantly with age, marital status, subjective economic status, primary caregiver, duration since first PCI, New York Heart Association class, anxiety, depression, and social support. The significant general characteristics shown to affect HRQoL in patients who had undergone PCI included age, marital status, and primary caregiver. The significant clinical characteristics shown to affect HRQoL included duration from first PCI and New York Heart Association class. The significant psychosocial characteristics shown to affect HRQoL included anxiety and depression. Primary caregiver and New York Heart Association class were identified as having the greatest impact on HRQoL in the PCI patients in this study.

Conclusions
To enhance HRQoL in patients who had received PCI, their post-PCI physical and psychological symptoms should be regularly assessed. Furthermore, intervention strategies aimed to improve quality of life in patients with severe functional limitations and those receiving family care are necessary.
Long Working Hours and Risk of Depression by Household Income Level
Authors: Park Min Young , Lee Jongin , Kim Hyoung-Ryoul , Lee Yu Min , Ahn Joonho , Lee Dong-Wook , Kang Mo-Yeol 
Published: November 2021

Objectives:
To investigate the relationship between working hours and the risk of depression according to household income level.

Methods:
We used the data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The information on working hours was obtained from the questionnaire, and depression was assessed by The Patient Health Questionnaire-9. After stratifying by household income level, the risk of depression for long working hour group (more than or equal to 52 hours a week), compared with the 30 to 51 working hour group as a reference, were calculated using multiple logistic regression.

Results:
It was found that long working hours associated with high risk for depression in the group with the highest income, but not in the group with the lowest income.

Conclusions:
The relationship between long working hours and the risk of depression varied by household income level.
Obesity and myosteatosis: the two characteristics of dynapenia in patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Sugiyama Yoshiaki , Ishizu Yoji , Ando Yusuke , Yokoyama Shinya , Yamamoto Kenta , Ito Takanori , Imai Norihiro , Nakamura Masanao , Honda Takashi , Kawashima Hiroki , Ishikawa Tetsuya , Ishigami Masatoshi 
Published: November 2021

Objective
In patients with liver cirrhosis, the clinical characteristics of dynapenia, a condition in which skeletal muscle mass is maintained but muscle strength is reduced, are not yet known. This study aimed to clarify the characteristics of dynapenia and its impact on quality of life (QOL) in patients with liver cirrhosis.

Methods
We retrospectively analyzed 116 patients with cirrhosis. Based on grip strength and skeletal muscle mass measured by the bioelectrical impedance analysis method, patients were divided into four groups: normal muscle status, dynapenia, pre-sarcopenia (a condition involving only low muscle mass), and sarcopenia. The characteristics of dynapenia and its influence on QOL were examined.

Results
Fourteen patients had dynapenia. Liver function did not differ among the four groups. In patients with dynapenia, BMI was highest and computed tomography attenuation of skeletal muscle at the third lumbar spine vertebra was lowest among the four groups. The percentage of patients with both BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and myosteatosis was significantly higher in patients with dynapenia [9/14 (64.3%)] than in those with sarcopenia [2/23 (8.7%), P = 0.004] and pre-sarcopenia [0/18 (0%), P < 0.001] and tended to be higher than those with normal muscle status [16/61 (26.2%), P = 0.065]. The physical QOL in patients with dynapenia was as low as that in those with sarcopenia and significantly lower than that in those with normal muscle status.

Conclusion
Cirrhotic patients with dynapenia had high BMI and myosteatosis, and impaired physical QOL.