bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prolonged response time helps eliminate residual errors in visuomotor adaptation
Authors: Langsdorf Lisa , Maresch Jana , Hegele Mathias , McDougle Samuel D. , Schween Raphael 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOne persistent curiosity in visuomotor adaptation tasks is that participants often do not reach maximal performance. This incomplete asymptote has been explained as a consequence of obligatory computations within the implicit adaptation system, such as an equilibrium between learning and forgetting. A body of recent work has shown that in standard adaptation tasks, cognitive strategies operate alongside implicit learning. We reasoned that incomplete learning in adaptation tasks may primarily reflect a speed-accuracy tradeoff on time-consuming motor planning. Across three experiments, we find evidence supporting this hypothesis, showing that hastened motor planning may primarily lead to under-compensation. When an obligatory waiting period was administered before movement start, participants were able to fully counteract imposed perturbations (Experiment 1). Inserting the same delay between trials – rather than during movement planning – did not induce full compensation, suggesting that the motor planning interval influences the learning asymptote (Experiment 2). In the last experiment (Experiment 3), we asked participants to continuously report their movement intent. We show that emphasizing explicit re-aiming strategies (and concomitantly increasing planning time) also lead to complete asymptotic learning. Findings from all experiments support the hypothesis that incomplete adaptation is, in part, the result of an intrinsic speed-accuracy tradeoff, perhaps related to cognitive strategies that require parametric attentional reorienting from the visual target to the goal.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN INDICATORS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING OF THE INDIVIDUAL, SUBJECTIVE PROFESSIONAL AND ECONOMIC WELL-BEING OF EMPLOYEES
Authors: Обознов А.А. , Петрович Д.Л. , Кожанова И.В. 
Published: January 2021

Рассматривается проблема психологического благополучия одних и тех же работников в профессиональной, экономической (материальной) и других сферах жизни. Актуальность исследования определяется недостаточной изученностью данной проблемы в отечественной психологии. Цель исследования состояла в выявлении связей показателей психологического благополучия личности работников, их субъективного профессионального и экономического благополучия. Проведено эмпирическое исследование связей показателей психологического благополучия личности, профессионального и экономического благополучия сотрудников налоговой службы России (260 чел.). Использовался корреляционный анализ Пирсона. Выявлены тесные прямые связи рассматриваемых показателей.
The problem of psychological well-being of the same employees in professional, economic (material) and other spheres of life is considered. The relevance of the study is determined by the lack of knowledge of this problem in Russian psychology. The aim of the study was to identify the relationships between indicators of psychological well-being of employees, their subjective professional and economic well-being. An empirical study of the relationship between the indicators of psychological well-being of the individual, professional and economic well-being of employees of the Tax Service of Russia (260 people) was conducted. Pearson's correlation analysis was used. Close direct connections of the considered indicators are revealed.
A Synoptic VLBI Technique for Localizing Nonrepeating Fast Radio Bursts with CHIME/FRB
Authors: Leung Calvin , Mena-Parra Juan , Masui Kiyoshi , Bandura Kevin , Bhardwaj Mohit , Boyle P. J. , Brar Charanjot , Bruneault Mathieu , Cassanelli Tomas , Cubranic Davor , Kaczmarek Jane F. , Kaspi Victoria , Landecker Tom , Michilli Daniele , Milutinovic Nikola , Patel Chitrang , Pleunis Ziggy , Rahman Mubdi , Renard Andre , Sanghavi Pranav , Stairs Ingrid H. , Scholz Paul , Vanderlinde Keith ,   (CHIME/FRB Collaboration)
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We demonstrate the blind interferometric detection and localization of two fast radio bursts (FRBs) with subarcminute precision on the 400 m baseline between the Canadian Hydrogen Intensity Mapping Experiment (CHIME) and the CHIME Pathfinder. In the same spirit as Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI), the telescopes were synchronized to separate clocks, and the channelized voltage (herein referred to as baseband) data were saved to a disk with correlation performed offline. The simultaneous wide field of view and high sensitivity required for blind FRB searches implies a high data rate—6.5 terabits per second (Tb/s) for CHIME and 0.8 Tb s−1 for the Pathfinder. Since such high data rates cannot be continuously saved, we buffer data from both telescopes locally in memory for

, and write to the disk upon receipt of a low-latency trigger from the CHIME Fast Radio Burst Instrument (CHIME/FRB). The

deg2 field of view of the two telescopes allows us to use in-field calibrators to synchronize the two telescopes without needing either separate calibrator observations or an atomic timing standard. In addition to our FRB observations, we analyze bright single pulses from the pulsars B0329+54 and B0355+54 to characterize systematic localization errors. Our results demonstrate the successful implementation of key software, triggering, and calibration challenges for CHIME/FRB Outriggers: cylindrical VLBI outrigger telescopes which, along with the CHIME telescope, will localize thousands of single FRB events with sufficient precision to unambiguously associate a host galaxy with each burst.
The JCMT BISTRO Survey: Alignment between Outflows and Magnetic Fields in Dense Cores/Clumps
Authors: Yen Hsi-Wei , Koch Patrick M. , Hull Charles L. H. , Ward-Thompson Derek , Bastien Pierre , Hasegawa Tetsuo , Kwon Woojin , Lai Shih-Ping , Qiu Keping , Ching Tao-Chung , Chung Eun Jung , Coudé Simon , Francesco James Di , Diep Pham Ngoc , Doi Yasuo , Eswaraiah Chakali , Falle Sam , Fuller Gary , Furuya Ray S. , Han Ilseung , Hatchell Jennifer , Houde Martin , Inutsuka Shu-ichiro , Johnstone Doug , Kang Ji-hyun , Kang Miju , Kim Kee-Tae , Kirchschlager Florian , Kwon Jungmi , Lee Chang Won , Lee Chin-Fei , Liu Hong-Li , Liu Tie , Lyo A-Ran , Ohashi Nagayoshi , Onaka Takashi , Pattle Kate , Sadavoy Sarah , Saito Hiro , Shinnaga Hiroko , Soam Archana , Tahani Mehrnoosh , Tamura Motohide , Tang Ya-Wen , Tang Xindi , Zhang Chuan-Peng 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We compare the directions of molecular outflows of 62 low-mass Class 0 and I protostars in nearby (<450 pc) star-forming regions with the mean orientations of the magnetic fields on 0.05–0.5 pc scales in the dense cores/clumps where they are embedded. The magnetic field orientations were measured using the JCMT POL-2 data taken by the BISTRO-1 survey and from the archive. The outflow directions were observed with interferometers in the literature. The observed distribution of the angles between the outflows and the magnetic fields peaks between 15° and 35°. After considering projection effects, our results could suggest that the outflows tend to be misaligned with the magnetic fields by 50° ± 15° in three-dimensional space and are less likely (but not ruled out) randomly oriented with respect to the magnetic fields. There is no correlation between the misalignment and the bolometric temperatures in our sample. In several sources, the small-scale (1000–3000 au) magnetic field is more misaligned with the outflow than the large-scale magnetic field, suggesting that the small-scale magnetic field has been twisted by the dynamics. In comparison with turbulent MHD simulations of core formation, our observational results are more consistent with models in which the energy densities in the magnetic field and the turbulence of the gas are comparable. Our results also suggest that the misalignment alone cannot sufficiently reduce the efficiency of magnetic braking to enable formation of the observed number of large Keplerian disks with sizes larger than 30–50 au.
Cloudy Atmospheres on Directly Imaged Exoplanets: The Need for Accurate Particulate Representation in Photopolarimetric Simulations
Authors: Sanghavi Suniti , West Robert , Jiang Jonathan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Missions like the upcoming Roman Space Telescope and its follow-on missions, Habitable Exoplanet Observatory (HabEx) and the Large UV/Optical/IR Surveyor (LUVOIR), will provide direct imaging observations of stellar light reflected by exoplanets with successively closer orbits. The synergistic use of ground-based polarimeters like Gemini Planet Imager and Very Large Telescope/Spectro-Polarimetric High-contrast Exoplanet Research instrument (SPHERE) would allow us to characterize cloudy exoplanet atmospheres using spectropolarimetric direct imaging. We present an extension of our semianalytic 3D radiative transfer modeling framework for brown dwarfs to include stellar light reflected by exoplanets with cloudy atmospheres. Using Mie theory to compute scattering by cloud and haze consisting of spherical particles, we show that the currently widespread use of approximations like the scalar Two-Term Henyey–Greenstein or the vector Henyey–Greenstein Rayleigh (HGR) composite result in a blurring of the phase-dependent features of exoplanet lightcurves, causing a 10%–39% loss of sensitivity to atmospheric parameters in an average measurement for signal-to-noise ratios (S/Ns) between 5 and 500. The HGR approximation creates the misleading impression that clouds are as polarizing as Rayleigh scatterers, regardless of their droplet size. This not only causes significant errors in the scientific interpretation of polarimetric measurements, but also results in a negligible sensitivity of HGR simulations to polarization measurements at the S/Ns considered, whereas Mie simulations show a 10%–30% gain in parametric sensitivity through the addition of polarimetry.
Phase Shift of Planetary Waves and Wave–Jet Resonance on Tidally Locked Planets
Authors: Wang Shuang , Yang Jun 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Recent studies found that atmospheric superrotation (i.e., west-to-east winds over the equator) on tidally locked planets can modify the phase of planetary waves. But a clear relationship between the superrotation and the magnitude of the phase shift was not examined. In this study, we re-investigate this problem using a 2D linear shallow-water model with a specified uniform zonal flow. We find that the degree of the phase shift is a monotonic but nonlinear function of the strength of the mean flow and the phase shift has two limits of -π and +π. The existence of these limits can be explained using the energy balance of the whole system. We further show that a resonance between the Rossby wave and the mean flow occurs when the speed of an eastward jet approaches to the westward phase speed of the Rossby wave, or a resonance between the Kelvin wave and the mean flow happens when the speed of a westward jet approaches to the eastward phase speed of the Kelvin wave. The resonance mechanism is the same as that found in the previous studies on Earth and hot Jupiters. Moreover, in the spin-up period of a 3D global atmospheric general circulation simulation for tidally locked rocky planet, we also find these two phenomena: phase shift and wave–jet resonance. This study improves the understanding of wave–mean-flow interactions on tidally locked planets.
Modeling of Cosmic-Ray Production and Transport and Estimation of Gamma-Ray and Neutrino Emissions in Starburst Galaxies
Authors: Ha Ji-Hoon , Ryu Dongsu , Kang Hyesung 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Starburst galaxies (SBGs) with copious massive stars and supernova (SN) explosions are the sites of active cosmic-ray production. Based on the predictions of nonlinear diffusive shock acceleration theory, we model the cosmic-ray proton (CRP) production by both pre-SN stellar winds (SWs) and supernova remnants (SNRs) from core-collapse SNe inside the starburst nucleus. Adopting different models for the transport of CRPs, we estimate the γ-ray and neutrino emissions due to pp collisions from nearby SBGs such as M82, NGC 253, and Arp 220. We find that with the current γ-ray observations by Fermi-LAT, Veritas, and H.E.S.S., it would be difficult to constrain CRP production and transport models. Yet, the observations are better reproduced with (1) the combination of a single power-law (PL) momentum distribution for SNR-produced CRPs and a diffusion model in which the CRP diffusion is mediated by the strong Kolmogorov-type turbulence of

δ
B

/

B
∼
1

, and (2) the combination of a double-PL model for SNR-produced CRPs and a diffusion model in which the scattering of CRPs is controlled mostly by self-excited waves rather than the preexisting turbulence. The contribution of SW-produced CRPs could be substantial in Arp 220, where the star formation rate is higher and the slope of the initial mass function would be flatter. We suggest that M82 and NGC 253 might be detectable as point sources of high-energy neutrinos in the upcoming KM3NET and IceCube-Gen2, when optimistic models are applied. Future observations of neutrinos, as well as γ-rays, would provide constraints for the production and diffusion of CRPs in SBGs.
Radio Counterparts of Gamma-Ray Sources in the Cygnus Region
Authors: Benaglia Paula , Ishwara-Chandra C. H. , Paredes Josep M. , Intema Huib T. , Colazo Marcelo E. , Isequilla Natacha L. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The view of the gamma-ray universe is being continuously expanded by space high-energy (HE) and ground-based very-high-energy (VHE) observatories. Yet, the angular resolution limitation still precludes a straightforward identification of these gamma-ray emitting sources. Radio observations are an effective tool for searching their possible counterparts at lower energies because the same population of relativistic electrons responsible for radio emission can also produce HE/VHE emission via inverse-Compton scattering. The Cygnus region is crowded by many gamma-ray sources, most of them remaining unidentified. In order to find possible counterparts to unidentified gamma-ray sources, we carried out a deep survey of the Cygnus region using the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope at 610 and 325 MHz. We did a detailed search for counterparts in the error circle of HE/VHE sources. We report 36 radio sources found in the error ellipse of 15 HE sources, and 11 in those of VHE sources. Eight sources have a very steep radio spectral index α < −1.5, these are most likely to be pulsars and will be followed up for a periodicity search. Such a significant number of pulsar candidates within the error circle of HE/VHE sources prompts a fresh look at the energetics and efficacy of pulsars and pulsar wind nebulae in this context.
Tropospheric Composition and Circulation of Uranus with ALMA and the VLA
Authors: Molter Edward M. , de Pater Imke , Luszcz-Cook Statia , Tollefson Joshua , Sault Robert J. , Butler Bryan , de Boer David 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We present Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and Very Large Array (VLA) spatial maps of the Uranian atmosphere taken between 2015 and 2018 at wavelengths from 1.3 mm to 10 cm, probing pressures from ∼1 to ∼50 bar at spatial resolutions from 0.″1 to 0.″8. Radiative transfer modeling was performed to determine the physical origin of the brightness variations across Uranus’s disk. The radio-dark equator and midlatitudes of the planet (south of ∼50°N) are well fit by a deep H2S mixing ratio of

(

solar) and a deep NH3 mixing ratio of

(

solar), in good agreement with models of Uranus’s disk-averaged spectrum from the literature. The north polar region is very bright at all frequencies northward of ∼50°N, which we attribute to strong depletions extending down to the NH4SH layer in both NH3 and H2S relative to the equatorial region; the model is consistent with an NH3 abundance of

and an H2S abundance of <1.9 × 10−7 between ∼20 and ∼50 bar. Combining this observed depletion in condensible molecules with methane-sensitive near-infrared observations from the literature suggests large-scale downwelling in the north polar vortex region from ∼0.1 to ∼50 bar. The highest-resolution maps reveal zonal radio-dark and radio-bright bands at 20°S, 0°, and 20°N, as well as zonal banding within the north polar region. The difference in brightness is a factor of ∼10 less pronounced in these bands than the difference between the north pole and equator, and additional observations are required to determine the temperature, composition, and vertical extent of these features.
H2SO4 and Organosulfur Compounds in Laboratory Analogue Aerosols of Warm High-metallicity Exoplanet Atmospheres
Authors: Vuitton Véronique , Moran Sarah E. , He Chao , Wolters Cédric , Flandinet Laurène , Orthous-Daunay Francois-Régis , Moses Julianne I. , Valenti Jeff A. , Lewis Nikole K. , Hörst Sarah M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Recent transit spectra suggest organic aerosol formation in the atmosphere of sub-Neptunes. Sulfur gases are expected to be present in warm exoplanet atmospheres with high metallicity. Many aspects of the sulfur fixation process by photochemistry in planetary atmospheres are not fully understood. In this work, tholins produced in a CO2-rich atmosphere simulation experiment with H2S were analyzed with very high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) that allows for searching specific molecules in addition to providing some insight on the mixture complexity. To our knowledge, this is the first experimental investigation of sulfur-bearing organic aerosol formation from irradiation of H2S at temperatures relevant to warm exoplanets. The analysis of the mass spectra shows that the soluble organic fraction of the solid particles contains over 2500 organosulfur (CHS/CHOS/CHNS/CHNOS) molecular formulas (73% of all assigned signals) within a broad mass range (from 50 to 400 u, atomic mass unit). In particular, 14 sulfuric acid derivatives were detected and 13 unique molecular formulae that could correspond to amino acid derivatives were identified. This high molecular diversity indicates a rich and active sulfur chemistry triggered by irradiation of H2S. The average elemental composition (wt%) of the soluble fraction of the particles is 40%C, 30%O, 21%S, 6%H, and 3%N, making the sulfur abundance a factor of ∼14 larger than in the initial gas composition. Our analysis of experimental simulations shows that organosulfur species are likely an important component of the haze in exoplanet atmospheres.
Pratiques de l’antifascisme, France 2020
Authors: AFA-PB  , la Horde  , Jeune Garde Lyon  , Palheta Ugo , Roueff Olivier 
Published: January 2021

Il existe aujourd’hui en France de nombreuses organisations qui se définissent spécifiquement comme antifascistes. Nous avons souhaité en réunir quelques-unes pour une table ronde qui permette à la fois de mieux les faire connaître et de contribuer à la discussion de leurs analyses, de leurs options stratégiques et de leurs pratiques militantes. La conjonction des agendas militants et sanitaires en a décidé autrement. Trois collectifs ont néanmoins pris le temps de répondre par écrit ou enregistrements audios à quelques questions communes. On y voit des différences d’appréciation, d’élaboration et d’intervention, liées notamment à des analyses différentes du fascisme et de la manière dont il progresse et s’enracine, mais aussi à la vocation spécifique de chaque organisation : La Horde se veut un outil transversal au service des groupes antifascistes, tels que La Jeune Garde Lyon et l’Action Antifasciste Paris-Banlieues (AFA-PB), eux-mêmes forgés dans des contextes sociaux, politiques et militants différents. Mais on y voit également d’indéniables convergences – autour notamment de la perception d’une urgence antifasciste, de l’ancrage dans une histoire qui est aussi une alliance entre générations militantes, ou encore de la double nécessité de l’autonomie antifasciste et de son articulation avec les luttes de classe, antiracistes, féministes et écologiques.
La révolte des kada du FPR (1997-1998), un « moment critique » dans l’évolution du Rwanda post-génocide
Authors: Kimonyo Jean-Paul 
Published: January 2021

Cet article examine depuis l’intérieur du Front patriotique rwandais un moment crucial du processus de sortie de crise post-génocide au Rwanda, « la révolte des cadres du FPR » en 1997 et 1998. Pour ce faire, il s’appuie sur la notion de « moments critiques », périodes de contingence politique durant lesquelles le champ des possibles s’élargit. La révolte des kada contre les pratiques néo-patrimoniales des dirigeants politiques et militaires de leur mouvement et des autres partis de la coalition gouvernementale a favorisé l’accession au pouvoir suprême de Paul Kagame ainsi qu’un profond changement de gouvernance.
La Renamo à l’heure de sa sixième défaite aux élections générales (15 octobre 2019)
Authors: Cahen Michel 
Published: January 2021

Le 15 octobre 2019, le Mozambique a connu ses sixièmes élections pluralistes. Pour la sixième fois, la Renamo, l’ancienne rébellion (1977-1992), y a été battue et n’a pas reconnu les résultats, alléguant de fraudes. Le Frelimo, au pouvoir depuis 1975 a remporté ce scrutin avec un score de 73 % auquel personne ne croit. La puissance de ce parti-État est un élément explicatif central, mais il ne saurait être unique. La énième défaite de la Renamo questionne aussi la nature et la culture de ce parti.
The Evolution of Independent Expenditures in U.S. Federal Elections Before and After Citizens United
Authors: Sebold Karen , Dowdle Andrew 
Published: January 2021

L’une des caractéristiques distinctes du financement des campagnes électorales aux États-Unis est le rôle important que jouent les dépenses indépendantes (DI) des groupes et des individus dans le financement des élections. Les critiques des dépenses indépendantes accusent ces dernières d’accroître la polarisation partisane, de diminuer la transparence politique et d’exacerber l’influence disproportionnée de certains intérêts économiques. Le Congrès a tenté de réguler les dépenses indépendantes dans les années 1970 avec la loi sur la réforme des campagnes électorales fédérales, mais en 1976, la Cour suprême des États-Unis en a fortement réduit la réglementation tant qu’elles ne sont pas utilisées pour soutenir ou s’opposer expressément à un candidat. Bien que la décision de 2010 de la Cour dans l’affaire Citizens United contre Federal Election Commission soit souvent accusée, à juste titre, d’amplifier l’influence des dépenses indépendantes, nous soutenons que c’est une interdiction antérieure du « soft money » qui a en fait conduit à l’augmentation de ce type d’activité électorale. L’interdiction du « soft money » est advenue en 2002 avec la loi sur la réforme des campagnes électorales bipartites (Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act, BCRA), mais les groupes ont réagi en orientant l’argent des partis politiques vers des comités extérieurs. L’interdiction du « soft money » par la BCRA et ses restrictions sur les DI ont également incité les groupes à organiser des contestations judiciaires, dont l’une a finalement abouti à l’affaire Citizens United. L’effort de déréglementation des activités des groupes d’intérêt lors des élections s’est poursuivi bien après l’affaire Citizens. Bien que les données sur les effets des différentes décisions de la Cour suprême, des arrêts de la Cour fédérale et des avis consultatifs de la FEC offrent des résultats mitigés, nous constatons un changement notable dans la portée de ces DI. Alors qu’elles étaient à l’origine utilisées par des groupes principalement pour encourager les candidatures de certains candidats à des fonctions électives, elles sont maintenant de plus en plus utilisées pour cibler et attaquer les opposants.