bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Expression of Melanocytic Markers in Myoid, Lipomatous, and Vascular Components of Renal Angiomyolipomas
Authors: Roma Andres A. , Magi-Galluzzi Cristina , Zhou Ming 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Renal angiomyolipoma is a tumor composed of varying amounts of fat, smooth muscle, and blood vessels. Characteristically, tumor cells express melanocytic markers such as HMB-45 and Melan-A. Recently, several other markers have been described as having excellent diagnostic sensitivity in cutaneous melanocytic lesions.
Objectives.—To compare the sensitivities of 5 melanocytic markers in renal angiomyolipoma and to study the expression patterns of these markers in the 3 different components of angiomyolipoma.
Design.—A tissue microarray of 20 renal angiomyolipomas was constructed. For each case, 3 cores containing fat, blood vessels, and smooth muscle were taken. The tissue microarray was then stained for HMB-45, Melan-A, tyrosinase, NK1-C3, and CD117.
Results.—HMB-45 was positive in 95%, Melan-A in 85%, NK1-C3 in 70%, tyrosinase in 50%, and CD117 in 40% of the cases. All (20/20) were positive for HMB-45 and Melan-A combined. These 5 markers had different sensitivities in the 3 components. HMB-45 was positive in 90%, 85%, and 80% of fat, smooth muscle, and blood vessel components, respectively; Melan-A in 70%, 60%, and 40%; NK1-C3 in 55%, 55%, and 45%; tyrosinase in 30%, 40%, and 10%; and CD117 in 20%, 40%, and 10%, respectively, of these 3 components.
Conclusions.—HMB-45 and Melan-A combined were positive in 100% of the renal angiomyolipomas. We recommend the use of these 2 markers in the workup of this entity, including those with predominantly 1 component. Other melanocytic markers are of limited use. A tissue block comprising predominantly fat or smooth muscle components should be used when performing melanocytic marker immunostain.
Placental Mesenchymal Dysplasia
Authors: Parveen Zahida , Tongson-Ignacio Jane Elaine , Fraser Cory R. , Killeen Jeffery L. , Thompson Karen S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Placental mesenchymal dysplasia is characterized by placentomegaly and may be mistaken for molar pregnancy both clinically and macroscopically because of the presence of “grapelike vesicles.” It may be associated with a completely normal fetus, a fetus with growth restriction, or a fetus with features of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome.
Objective.—To review the etiology, molecular pathology, gross and microscopic features, clinical presentation, complications, and differential diagnosis of placental mesenchymal dysplasia.
Data Sources.—The PubMed and the Medline databases were systematically searched for articles between 1970 and 2006. The following keywords were used: placental mesenchymal dysplasia, mesenchymal hyperplasia, molar pregnancy, pseudomolar pregnancy, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, and placentomegaly. Relevant references from review articles were also searched.
Conclusions.—Placental mesenchymal dysplasia should be considered in the differential diagnosis when the ultrasonographic findings show a cystic placenta. Close attention should be paid to fetal morphology for early recognition of fetal complications and to prevent unnecessary termination of pregnancy in cases associated with a normal fetus.
Agranular CD4+/CD56+ Hematodermic Neoplasm: A Distinct Entity Described in the Recent World Health Organization–European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Classification for Cutaneous Lymphomas
Authors: Niakosari Firouzeh , Sur Monalisa 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Agranular CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm is a distinct form of lymphoma with aggressive behavior and marked predilection for cutaneous involvement. Because of CD56 positivity, natural killer cells were initially suggested as the cell of origin in this tumor. In the recent World Health Organization–European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer classification, the term blastic natural killer cell lymphoma has been replaced with CD4+/CD56+ hematodermic neoplasm because of its derivation from a plasmacytoid dendritic cell precursor. Clinicopathologic features, immunohistochemical features, and differential diagnosis of this rare neoplasm with emphasis on the recent World Health Organization–European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer classification are discussed.
Claudin-7 Immunohistochemistry in Renal Tumors: A Candidate Marker for Chromophobe Renal Cell Carcinoma Identified by Gene Expression Profiling
Authors: Hornsby Christopher D. , Cohen Cynthia , Amin Mahul B. , Picken Maria M. , Lawson Diane , Yin-Goen Qiqin , Young Andrew N. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—The differential diagnosis of eosinophilic renal tumors can be difficult by light microscopy. In particular, chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is difficult to distinguish from oncocytoma. This differential diagnosis is important because chromophobe RCC is malignant, whereas oncocytoma is benign. Furthermore, chromophobe RCC has distinct malignant potential and prognosis compared with eosinophilic variants of other RCC subtypes. Immunohistochemistry is useful for distinguishing chromophobe RCC from other subtypes of renal carcinoma, but no expression marker reliably separates chromophobe RCC from oncocytoma.
Objective.—In a previous gene expression microarray analysis of renal tumor subtypes, we found the distal nephron markers claudin-7 and claudin-8 to be overexpressed in chromophobe RCC versus oncocytoma and other tumor subtypes. We have confirmed similar findings in independent microarray data and validated differential claudin-7 protein expression by immunohistochemistry.
Design.—Immunohistochemical analysis of claudin-7 in 36 chromophobe RCCs, 43 oncocytomas, 42 clear cell RCCs, and 29 papillary RCCs.
Results.—Membranous claudin-7 expression was detected in 67% chromophobe RCCs, compared with 0% clear cell RCCs, 28% papillary RCCs, and 26% oncocytomas (P &lt; .001).
Conclusions.—Based on microarray and immunohistochemical data, we propose claudin-7 to be a candidate expression marker for distinguishing chromophobe RCC from other renal tumor subtypes, including the morphologically similar oncocytoma. The clinical utility of claudin-7 should be validated in independent studies of renal tumors, possibly in combination with additional targets in a multiplex immunohistochemical panel.
Yield of Primary and Repeat Induced Sputum Testing forPneumocystis jiroveciin Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Positive and –Negative Patients
Authors: Wang Yihong , Doucette Saryn , Qian Qinfang , Kirby James E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractContext.—Induced sputum sampling has an approximate 70% sensitivity for detection of Pneumocystis jiroveci in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients. Bronchoalveolar lavage sampling has greater than 90% sensitivity but is a far more invasive procedure. Therefore, bronchoalveolar lavage testing is often recommended as a follow-up after a negative induced sputum. In HIV-negative patients, the utility of induced sputum testing is still not well defined.Objective.—To determine whether repeat induced sputum sampling increases diagnostic yield and might thereby reduce the need for follow-up bronchoalveolar lavage sampling. To determine the utility of induced sputum sampling in HIV-negative patients.Design.—A 2-year retrospective review of the utility of repeat induced sputa testing in patients with previous first and/or second negative induced sputa. Retrospective review of induced sputa detection in HIV-negative patients.Results.—Repeat testing of induced sputa for Pneumocystic jirovecii did not significantly increase diagnostic yield. Furthermore, in HIV-negative patients, induced sputum testing was diagnostically insensitive.Conclusions.—Bronchoalveolar lavage testing should be performed initially in HIV-negative patients and after a first negative induced sputum in HIV-positive patients.
Second Messenger Systems in Human Gliomas
Authors: McLendon Roger E. , Turner Kristi , Perkinson Kathryn , Rich Jeremy 
Published: February 2021

AbstractContext.—Patients with glioblastoma (astrocytoma, World Health Organization grade IV) exhibit 2-year survival rates of less than 20% despite significant advances in therapeutic options available to patients. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) hyperexpression is one of the most commonly encountered abnormalities in this tumor. However, EGFR expression, amplification, and mutations are poorly predictive of patient survival. Investigators have taken to exploiting the sensitivities of activated downstream targets in the EGFR second messenger pathways to certain inhibitory drugs to downregulate their neoplastic messages promoting cell growth and inhibiting cell death.Objective.—It is important to both gain some understanding of the functional significance of these pathways and to understand the role the pathologist might play in characterizing the activation status of certain downstream messenger proteins that are targeted in these brain tumor therapies. We have reviewed the literature regarding histologic assays that have been incorporated into trials of these new drugs and report on the methods used to study these proteins and the conclusions of these studies.Data Sources.—Literature review and primary material from Duke University (Durham, NC) Department of Pathology archives.Conclusions.—To date, drug trial reports indicate that identification of the presence of the EGFR variant, EGFRvIII, and measurement of the activated downstream targets, phospho-Akt, phospho-S6, and phospho-MAPK, may be useful in predicting sensitivity to some of the EGFR kinase inhibitors. No studies to date have identified prognostic significance related to immunoreactivity status among any of these markers that is independent of histologic grade.
Canalicular Adenoma Arising in the Esophagus
Authors: Grimm Erin E. , Rulyak Stephen J. , Sekijima John H. , Yeh Matthew M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Canalicular adenomas are benign neoplasms that arise from salivary glands and often present as painless enlarging nodules. They have a predilection for upper lip but can be found throughout the oropharynx. To our knowledge, canalicular adenoma arising in the esophagus has never been described in the English literature. Here we report a canalicular adenoma occurring in the esophagus.
Eosinophilic Pustular Folliculitis
Authors: Sufyan Wajiha , Tan Kong-Bing , Wong Soon-Tee , Lee Yoke-Sun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractClassical eosinophilic pustular folliculitis, or Ofuji's disease, is a chronic and relapsing dermatosis that is predominantly reported in East Asian populations. Clinically, the disease typically begins as small papules, which enlarge and coalesce into a large plaque, usually on the face. The histopathology is characterized by a prominent eosinophilic infiltrate in the dermis with concentration around pilosebaceous units, often with eosinophilic microabscess formation. The differentiation of eosinophilic pustular folliculitis from other eosinophilic dermatoses is practically challenging and requires close clinicopathologic correlation. Eosinophilic pustular folliculitis may also be associated with human immunodeficiency virus infection, various drugs, and some lymphomas and could also be thought of as a nonspecific dermatopathologic pattern in such settings. The cause of classical eosinophilic pustular folliculitis is unknown, although immune processes are almost certain to play a key role in its pathogenesis.
Site-Specific Morphologic Differences in Extranodal Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphomas
Authors: Rawal Ajay , Finn William G. , Schnitzer Bertram , Valdez Riccardo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractContext.—Lymphoepithelial lesions (LELs) are a useful diagnostic feature of extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (EMZL); however, there is scant literature comparing their frequency and morphology at various sites.Objective.—To evaluate any diagnostically useful, site-specific, morphologic patterns in EMZLs.Design.—In this retrospective review, we evaluated 136 EMZLs from different sites for LEL pattern and other pathologic differences, including CD43 coexpression and plasma cell component features.Results.—Prominent and destructive LELs were most common in salivary and thyroid gland cases, and LELs were rare to absent in breast, skin, and ocular adnexa cases. An LEL pattern with lymphocytes “stuffing” glandular lumina was seen in lung, thyroid, and salivary gland cases. Monoclonal plasma cells were most common in breast, upper aerodigestive tract, skin, and salivary gland cases. CD43 coexpression was seen in 36% of cases, most commonly in salivary gland, stomach, and upper aerodigestive tract.Conclusions.—The relative importance of LEL pattern, CD43 coexpression, and clonal plasma cell component in EMZLs is site-dependent, and the differences may aid in the diagnosis of EMZLs at different anatomic sites.
Vimentin Reactivity in Renal Oncocytoma: Immunohistochemical Study of 234 Cases
Authors: Hes Ondrej , Michal Michal , Kuroda Naoto , Martignoni Guido , Brunelli Matteo , Lu Yi , Adley Brian P. , Alvarado-Cabrero Isabel , Yang Ximing J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—The expression of vimentin in benign renal oncocytomas has been controversal. However, this is of clinical significance because immunostains may be used in differential diagnosis of renal tumors on limited biopsy specimens. Using different staining and analysis methods, we studied vimentin immunoreactivity in a large series of renal oncocytomas with a special emphasis on the immunoreactivity patterns.
Objective.—Immunohistochemical expression of vimentin has been used in the differential diagnosis of renal epithelial neoplasms. Although typically expressed in most renal cell carcinomas, the immunoreactivity of this intermediate filament in renal oncocytomas has been controversial.
Design.—We studied vimentin immunoreactivity in a large series of 234 renal oncocytomas using 2 staining methods as well as manual and automated imaging analyses.
Results.—We found that the focal vimentin immunoreactivity can be seen in most (72.6%) renal oncocytomas with vimentin-positive tumor cells usually found in the edge of a central scar or in small clusters scattered throughout the tumor. Computer-aided imaging analysis using ChromaVision Automatic Cellular Imaging System II confirmed the difference in vimentin immunoreactivity between oncocytoma and other renal neoplasms.
Conclusions.—Our study of vimentin immunohistochemistry in a series of renal oncocytomas, which to our knowledge is the largest ever published, showed focal vimentin positivity detected in most oncocytomas. Because the vimentin staining patterns in renal oncocytomas are different from those seen in clear cell or papillary renal cell carcinomas, we consider vimentin staining to be helpful in the differential diagnosis of oncocytoma from other renal tumor mimics. Furthermore, strong vimentin positivity in a renal cell neoplasm does not exclude the diagnosis of renal oncocytoma, particularly in a limited biopsy specimen.
Amnion Nodosum Revisited: Clinicopathologic and Placental Correlations
Authors: Adeniran Adebowale J. , Stanek Jerzy 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAmnion nodosum is commonly regarded as a placental hallmark of severe and prolonged oligohydramnios. It consists of nodules of amorphous granular material present on the surface of the amnion. We reviewed all 45 cases of amnion nodosum from our placental database from 1994 through 2003 (study group). The control group consisted of 45 cases from the same database matched for gestational age but without amnion nodosum. Oligohydramnios, multiple pregnancy, perinatal mortality, macerated stillbirths, and chronic twin-twin transfusion were the most common clinical features encountered in the study group. Luminal vascular abnormalities of chorionic villi, fibrosis of chorionic villi, and placental edema were the placental features that were more frequently present in the study group.
Low-Level Genomic Instability Is a Feature of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: An Array Comparative Genomic Hybridization Study of Laser Capture Microdissected Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma Tumors and Clonal Cell Lines
Authors: Finn Stephen , Smyth Paul , O'Regan Esther , Cahill Suzanne , Toner Mary , Timon Conrad , Flavin Richard , O'Leary John , Sheils Orla 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Context.—Previous chromosomal comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) studies of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) have demonstrated a low prevalence of aberrations, with the majority of tumors showing no evidence of chromosomal instability. The technique of CGH can be optimized, however, using array CGH and laser capture microdissection to ensure pure cell populations for analysis.
Objective.—To assess PTC using array CGH applied to laser capture microdissected tumor cells and pure cell cultures.
Design.—Well-characterized PTC (known ret/PTC and BRAF mutation status), including samples from 5 tumors with classic morphology, 3 follicular variant tumors, and 3 clonal PTC cell lines, were analyzed.
Results.—Copy gain and loss occurred in all of the tumor cases and cell lines examined. The most common recurrent aberrations involved gains on chromosomes 1, 5, 7, 11, 15, 17, and 22, with recurrent deletions occurring on chromosomes 4, 18, and 19. Analysis of the data from the 8 tumor samples showed that amplifications of TP73 (1p36.33), SNRPN (15q12), and PDGFB (22q13.1) occurred exclusively in tumors with a wild type BRAF.
Conclusions.—This study shows a higher prevalence of aberrations detected using array CGH allied to laser capture microdissection than previously described in the literature, and it appears that the combination of laser capture microdissection and arrayed clones optimizes studies utilizing CGH. Copy gain of PDGFB occurs in a subset of tumors showing no evidence of mutated BRAF or rearranged ret, suggesting that copy gain of PDGFB may underlie the increased expression of platelet-derived growth factor described recently in the literature.
Pathologists Overseas: Coordinating Volunteer Pathology Services for 19 Years
Authors: Hoenecke Heinz , Lee Victor , Roy Indrojit 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPathologists Overseas is a nonprofit organization that has been coordinating the efforts of volunteer pathologists and technologists for 19 years to improve and provide affordable pathology services to underserved patients worldwide. This is accomplished by aiding and establishing pathology laboratories, providing diagnostic pathology services, and training local physicians as pathologists. Projects have been completed or are currently active in Kenya, Eritrea, Madagascar, Ghana, Nepal, Bhutan, Peru, El Salvador, and St Lucia. The main challenge is finding enough volunteers to provide uninterrupted service to maintain a project. Our goal is to build on these experiences and continue to both support existing and establish more pathology laboratories worldwide.
La fábula del ratón de campo y el ratón de ciudad y el monólogo de Areúsa sobre la vida de las criadas
Authors: Beltrán Rafael 
Published: February 2021

Este artículo trata de presentar algunas posibles huellas de la fábula del ratón de campo y el ratón de ciudad (ATU, 112: Country Mouse Visits Town Mouse), en el monólogo de Areúsa sobre la vida de las criadas, que se da al final de la segunda escena el noveno auto de La Celestina. Se estudia el monólogo, los ecos de la conclusión de varias versiones latinas y vernáculas de la fábula, muy conocida en la Edad Media. Y se propone que Areúsa identifica su pasado en «palacio» (como el de ratón de ciudad) y su presente, más humilde, pero también más libre.
The bed in images of the Annunciation of the 14th and 15th centuries: a dogmatic symbol according to Greek-Eastern Patrology / El lecho en imágenes de la Anunciación de los siglos XIV y XV: un símbolo dogmático según la Patrología greco-oriental
Authors: Salvador-González José María 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this article is to interpret the deep doctrinal meanings underlying the bed that appear in the symbolic depiction of some images of the Annunciation of the 14th and 15th centuries. To do so, I adopt two complementary methodological strategies, based on comparative analysis. In essence, from the outset I analyze an abundant corpus of explanatory texts by Fathers of the Greek-Eastern Church when they interpret some quotations from the Old Testament that include metaphorical terms such as thalamus, Sponsus, and Sponsa; second, I analyze twelve images from the Annunciation of the period that include a bed. Based on the fact that these Greek-Eastern Fathers unanimously consider that these metaphorical expressions signify the dogmas of the human incarnation of God the Son in the womb of the Virgin, and, as a consequence, also the divine virginal motherhood of Mary, I conclude that the bed included in these Annunciations is an eloquent visual symbol or metaphor for both dogmas.

KEYWORDS
Christian Iconography, Medieval Art, Annunciation, Christ’s Incarnation, Virginal Divine Motherhood.
RESUMEN: Este artículo tiene el propósito de interpretar los profundos significados doctrinales subyacentes en el lecho que aparece en la escenografía de algunas imágenes de la Anunciación de los siglos XIV y XV. Para ello adoptamos dos estrategias metodológicas complementarias, basadas en análisis comparativos: de entrada analizamos un abundante corpus de textos exegéticos de Padres de la Iglesia Greco-oriental cuando interpretan algunos textos del Antiguo Testamento que incluyen términos metafóricos tales como thalamus, Sponsus y Sponsa; en segundo lugar, analizamos doce imágenes de la Anunciación del período que incluyen un lecho. Basándonos en el hecho de que dichos Padres greco-orientales consideran unánimemente que esas expresiones metafóricas significan los dogmas de la encarnación humana de Dios Hijo en el vientre de la Virgen, y, como consecuencia, también la virginal maternidad divina de María, concluimos que el lecho incluido en esas Anunciaciones es un elocuente símbolo o metáfora visual de ambos dogmas.