bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parametric Kinematic Tolerance Analysis of Planar Pairs With Multiple Contacts
Authors: Sacks Elisha , Joskowicz Leo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We present an efficient algorithm for worst-case limit kinematic tolerance analysis of planar kinematic pairs with multiple contacts. The algorithm extends computer-aided kinematic tolerance analysis from mechanisms in which parts interact through permanent contacts to mechanisms in which different parts or part features interact at different stages of the work cycle. Given a parametric model of a pair and the range of variation of the parameters, it constructs parametric kinematic models for the contacts, computes the configurations in which each contact occurs, and derives the sensitivity of the kinematic variation to the parameters. The algorithm also derives qualitative variations, such as under-cutting, interference, and jamming. We demonstrate the algorithm on a 26 parameter model of a Geneva mechanism.
Feature Based Problems in Inverse Airfoil Design
Authors: Venkataraman P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A new approach to the design of optimal airfoil shapes is presented in the paper. This requires redefinition of airfoil geometry through Bezier parametric curves whose vertices are the design variables of the problem. A basic panel method incorporating an integral boundary layer development model provides the aerodynamic analysis necessary to solve the optimization problems in airfoil shapes. The optimization technique can be easily adapted to solve the inverse design problem of determining the airfoil geometry for a specified pressure distribution. In this paper it is shown how the inverse problem can be further extended to incorporate additional aerodynamic and geometric features that are important in determining useful airfoil shapes.
Incorporating Dimensional Requirements Into Material Selection and Design of Injection Molded Parts
Authors: Beiter Kurt A. , Ishii Kosuke 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a methodology for incorporating part dimensional tolerancing into material selection for engineering thermoplastics. This work builds on the authors’ previous efforts on integration of mechanical performance and manufacturing cost into candidate design selection. The benefit of this approach is the simultaneous consideration of the implications of material selection and part geometry on estimated manufacturing cost during candidate design selection. The research approach uses the Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) method to estimate shrinkage in thermoplastic parts. The authors then present a method for calculating production costs for meeting part tolerance requirements. Example calculations and a computer program illustrate the proposed methodology.
Rational Bézier and B-Spline Ruled Surface Patches
Authors: Ge Q. J. , Kang Donglai 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a geometric method for constructing bounded rational Bézier and B-spline ruled surfaces directly from line-segments. Oriented line-segments in a Euclidean three-space are represented by vectors with four homogeneous components over the ring of dual numbers. Projective algorithms for rational Bézier and B-spline curves are dualized to yield algorithms for rational Bézier and B-spline ruled surfaces.
Identification of the Optimal Product Configuration and Parameters for Improving Manufacturability
Authors: Xue Deyi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A global optimization approach for identifying the optimal product configuration and parameters is proposed to improve manufacturability measures including feasibility, cost, and time of production. Different product configurations, including alternative design candidates and production processes, are represented by an AND/OR graph. Product parameters are described by variables including continuous variables, integer variables, Boolean variables, and discrete variables. Two global optimization methods, genetic algorithm and simulated annealing, are employed for identifying the optimal product configuration and parameters. The introduced approach serves as a key component in an integrated concurrent design system. A case study example is given to show how the proposed method is used for solving the engineering problems.
Robust Design Using Second-Order Shape Design Sensitivity Analysis
Authors: Chen Chin-Jung , Choi Kyung K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The performance of high-quality products should be insensitive to environmental disturbances. Traditional design attempts to create quality in design by tightening manufacturing tolerances, which leads to high manufacturing cost. In spite of the apparent high-quality, when environmental variations appear, performance of products can be degraded. A robust design methodology is presented in this research, to produce a high-quality and low-cost product. By considering manufacturing tolerances and environmental disturbances early in the design stage, a robust design can be obtained. Because robust design requirements that involve first-order sensitivity are formulated as an optimization problem, to accurately evaluate gradients of constraints, a reliable second-order shape design sensitivity analysis (DSA) method is used.
Reconstruction of Cross-Sectional Data Using Implicit Solid Modelling
Authors: Lim Chek T. , Ensz Mark T. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we present a new technique for constructing mathematical representations of solids from cross-sectional data sets. A collection of 2D cross-sections is generated from the sliced data by merging circular primitives using Implicit Solid Modelling (ISM) techniques which approximate Boolean unions. The spatial locations and radii of the circles for each slice are determined through a nonlinear optimization process. The cost function employed in these optimizations is a measure of discrepancies in the distance from points to the boundary of the reconstructed cross-section. The starting configuration of the optimization, (i.e. initial size and location of the primitives) is determined from a 2D Delaunay triangulation of each slice of the data set. A morphing technique utilizing blending functions is applied to merge the implicit functions describing each slice into a 3D solid. The effectiveness of the algorithm is demonstrated through the reconstruction of several sample data sets, including a femur and a vertebra.
Characteristic Measures for the Representation of Manufactured Surface Quality
Authors: Turner Irem Y. , Srinivasan R. S. , Wood Kristin L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we investigate four methods that yield mathematical measures to analyze the precision of surfaces of manufactured parts. These four methods, namely the autocorrelation function, the Fourier spectrum, the Karhunen-Loève expansion, and a fractal-wavelet representation, are applied to surfaces produced from grinding processes. The first two methods are standard methods used in the surface analysis literature for qualitative signal characterization. The Karhunen-Loève expansion method, used in various signal processing applications, has never been applied to the field of surface characterization and representation. The fractal-wavelet representation has been previously proposed by the authors; its suitability to generate characteristic measures is investigated in this paper. The existence of characteristic measures of surface precision should aid designers in choosing process and design parameters and in comparing the precision between competing machining processes. The use of such measures is essential in taking a forward step towards integrating the fields of design and manufacturing.
Process Improvements in Fused Deposition of Ceramics (FDC): Progress Towards Structurally Sound Components
Authors: Jamalabad Vikram R. , Agarwala Mukesh K. , Langrana Noshir A. , Danforth Stephen C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Fused Deposition of Ceramics (FDC) is a Solid Freeform Fabrication (SFF) technique under development at Rutgers University. This technique is based on Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)2, a commercially available SFF technology. Freeform fabrication of ceramic and metal parts is a means of significantly lowering the cost of currently expensive components. The feasibility of Fused Deposition of Ceramics (FDC) has been demonstrated in the recent past. Crucial to the viable fabrication of ceramic components is the elimination of defects in the parts. Apart from some of the usual traits of SFF techniques, some distinct features of FD Processing lead to defects in fabricated parts. The focus of this work is to study and improve the build procedure of FDM, thereby reducing the defects that are associated with FD processing. Predictable errors in the FDC/FDM components need to be consistently eliminated to increase the yield of fully dense, defect free, green parts. Changes in the manufacturing procedure and operation of FDC are shown to reduce these errors. Fully dense green components are further processed to obtain defect free fully dense sintered ceramic parts.
Application of Convex Hull for Tool Interference Avoidance in 5-Axis CNC Machining
Authors: Lee Yuan-Shin , Chang Tien-Chien 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a methodology of applying convex hull property in solving the tool interference problem is presented for 5-axis NC machining of free-form surfaces. Instead of exhausted point-by-point checking for possible tool interference, a quick checking can be done by using the convex hull constructed from the control polygon of free-form surface modeling. Global tool interference in 5-axis NC machining is detected using the convex hull of the free-form surface. A correction method for removing tool interference has also been developed to generate correct tool path for 5-axis NC machining. The inter-surface tool interference can be avoided by using the developed technique.
A Virtual Design of an Airport Inspection System
Authors: Harper E. , Langrana N. , Burdea G. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Virtual simulations are becoming increasingly important in many areas of engineering and design. Increased computing power is enabling more realistic interactions as well as more complex simulations. A virtual luggage inspection system has been developed incorporating a realistic suitcase model. The models are obtained from several different methods, demonstrating flexibility. Contact detection has been implemented allowing object interaction and manipulation. Force feedback has been integrated, and a force response scheme developed, enabling grasped objects to be felt and evaluated. A fairly robust virtual system capable of handling several applications is presented.
The Role of Compliance in the Design of MEMS
Authors: Ananthasuresh G. K. , Kota Sridhar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A great majority of the available micro devices and systems use compliant (or flexible) structures and mechanisms. This trend in design takes advantage of micromachining techniques while satisfying the constraints imposed by them. By citing relevant literature, this article briefly notes the influence of compliance on the mechanical design and analysis of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS).
Data Partitioning for Parallel Intersection of Solids
Authors: Hui K. C. , Kan Y. M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Set-theoretic operation in solid modelling is a basis for various applications in design and manufacturing such as interference detection and NC tool path verification. However, evaluating set-theoretic operation is one of the most time consuming process in solid modelling. Considerable amount of time is required for performing boolean operations on complex objects consisting of large amount of geometric data. It is thus desirable to increase the speed of set-theoretic operations in order to widen the scope of applications of solid modelling systems. This paper presents a method for distributing various entities of two solid models in an array of processors for parallel intersection tests in evaluating set-theoretic operations. A recursive spatial subdivision technique is adopted for partitioning and distributing entities for parallel intersection computation. Parallel algorithms are developed for distributing entities among an array of processors which are mapped to a set of 3-D rectangular regions in the object space. Test results on an experimental system implemented on a DECmpp 12QQQ/Sx/8K distributed memory SIMD computer show that the data partitioning and distribution process requires O(N) time on the average, where N is the number of entities involved.
Modeling and NC Programming for Free-Form Surfaces by Haptic Interfaces
Authors: Kanai Satoshi , Takahashi Hidetomo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The haptic interfaces were developed and applied to free-form surface CAD/CAM systems to improve the user interaction with geometric models. Two types of haptic interfaces were designed; a passive force feedback device and an active force feedback device. Two application systems were developed with these devices; the surface modeling system by the passive force feedback device, and the NC programming system by the active force feedback device. In the surface modeling system, the operator can generate the surface geometry by cutting the virtual clay model. In the NC programming system, the operator can directly teach the NC program by tracing the model with active force feedback device. The structure, control method, simulation software and representation of the geometric model in these systems are discussed. The performance and operating efficiency and accuracy of the systems are experimentally examined.
A Technique for Planar Contact Recognition in Automatic Assembly Planning
Authors: Golabi Sa’id , Abhary Kazem , Luong Lee H. S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Recognition of all assembly sequences and selection of the most efficient one have been the main concerns of researchers in assembly planning during the last decade. Few of these researchers attempted to automatically generate assembly sequences using the geometric and solid model data of the product. To solve the problem of contact recognition a broad research was conducted to recognise contact between planar, cylindrical and conical faces during this research. This paper explains one of the techniques developed herein to recognise contact between two planar faces. The necessary geometrical data of a solid model has been extracted from AutoCAD. The method includes new approaches for detecting a point within the solid part of a face, and investigating the intersection of two curved edges.
Experiencing Product Realisation on the World Wide Web
Authors: Radcliffe David F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Experiencing the product realisation process through the creation of an artefact is a vital element in the education of engineering designers. Providing such experiences at University can prove problematic. A new approach is described in which mechanical engineering students achieve such experiences through using the World Wide Web (WWW) as a rapid prototyping and production medium. They work in teams to design, develop, prototype and deliver a simple homepage on the WWW on the subject of concurrent engineering. Concurrent engineering principles and practice provide both the subject matter and a means for developing the product on the Web. The exercise is founded on an experiential model of learning and a coherent framework for describing concurrent engineering. Through provision of structured mechanisms for student reflection on their process, the students can demonstrate learning as illustrated in this paper.
Process Metrics for Asynchronous Concurrent Engineering: Communication in an Internet Newsgroup
Authors: Taylor Dean 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper shows how computer mediated communication in a collaborative design process can be characterized and measured. The example data set is a very large Internet newsgroup captured during a sophomore design course. This paper addresses questions relevant to the management of the design process.
Because the entire transaction has been captured, the messages in a newsgroup provide a wealth of information other than the name of the author. This paper attempts to use the topic and the time/date stamp to draw out deeper more subtle relationships.
The weighted communication matrix is developed and a transformation is used to show that communication patterns can be detected. A dual concept, the Affinity Matrix, is presented to show relationships between topics.
The topic space is developed to represent topic duration and participation. This leads to a formal definition of topic robustness.
Communication activity is grouped by Myers-Briggs Personality Type of the participants. Based on analysis of cognitive modes, individuals tending to analytical and invention modes made active use of the newsgroup while individuals tending to affiliation and implementation made low use of the newsgroup.
Integrating Product Design With Manufacturing Process Design Using the Robust Concept Exploration Method
Authors: Peplinski Jesse D. , Allen Janet K. , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
How can the manufacturability of different product design alternatives be evaluated efficiently during the early stages of concept exploration? The benefits of such integrated product and manufacturing process design are widely recognized and include faster time to market, reduced development costs and production costs, and increased product quality. To reap these benefits fully, however, one must examine product/process trade-offs and cost/schedule/performance trade-offs in the early stages of design. Evaluating production cost and lead time requires detailed simulation or other analysis packages which 1) would be computationally expensive to run for every alternative, and 2) require detailed information that may or may not be available in these early design stages. Our approach is to generate response surfaces that serve as approximations to the analyses packages and use these approximations to identify robust regions of the design space for further exploration. In this paper we present a method for robust product and process exploration and illustrate this method using a simplified example of a machining center processing a single component. We close by discussing the implications of this work for manufacturing outsourcing, designing robust supplier chains, and ultimately designing the manufacturing enterprise itself.
HVAC CAD Layout Tools: A Case Study of University/Industry Collaboration
Authors: Cagan Jonathan , Clark Richard , Dastidar Pratip , Szykman Simon , Weisser Paul 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
An effective partnership between industry and the university resulted in the system of design tools for the layout of HVAC systems presented in this paper and illustrated with the design of a heat pump. The system provides tools to assist in the placement of components and routing of tubes between the components. Traditional tubes, tubes that have minimized length and number of bends, and those that are impossible to route in the traditional manner, are generated. The paper provides insight on both the collaborative research interaction and the resulting set of tools.
The Identification and Use of Key Characteristics in the Product Development Process
Authors: Lee Don J. , Thornton Anna C. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The method of “Key Characteristics” (KCs) is gaining popularity in many US companies as a way to focus the organization on important product features that have a significant impact on product and customer requirements. (Lee et al., 1995; Lee and Thornton, 1996) Research was undertaken at several major US corporations to understand the current and best-practice use of key characteristics. The methods in use were found to be lacking in formality and ease of application. Our observations and subsequent research has resulted in the enhanced key characteristic definitions, categorization, prioritization, and identification methodology presented in this paper. Two case studies using an automotive and an aircraft product are used to illustrate the key characteristic identification method. A high risk key characteristic (referred to as “StatKCs” in this paper) identification technique was also developed that establishes a quantitative relationship between customer requirements and manufacturing costs. The methods presented in this paper can be used to support efficient and effective strategic and operational decisions during the product realization process.
Metrics for Assessing Design Freedom and Information Certainty in the Early Stages of Design
Authors: Simpson Timothy W. , Rosen David , Allen Janet K. , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Our primary focus in this paper is on open engineering systems which are readily adaptable to changing design requirements. Designing an open engineering system allows a family of products to be developed around a common baseline model. This entails increasing design freedom and design knowledge during the early stages of design. Toward this end, developing ranged sets (as opposed to points sets) of top-level design specifications provides a means to improve system flexibility by increasing design knowledge while maintaining design freedom. Consequently, our secondary focus in this paper is on metrics for assessing the design freedom and information certainty associated with a ranged set of top-level design specifications. As a demonstration, these metrics are applied to an example problem, namely, the conceptual design of a family of aircraft. Our emphasis in this paper is on introducing open engineering systems and metrics for design freedom and information certainty, not on our example, per se.
A Survey of PDM Implementation Projects in Selected Swedish Industries
Authors: Sellgren Ulf , Hakelius Cecilia 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Technology and engineering might be characterized as becoming more knowledge-intensive. A huge amount of data is used and produced in most product development projects. Increasing competition requires shorter reaction time to customer demands and a higher level of innovation. Concurrent Engineering (CE) is a strategic response to competition. It has proved to be a powerful approach to integrating engineering activities in product development. However, integration and parallel activities, that is the essence of CE, add complexity to the process. Consequently, information management is recognized as a major component in many CE models.
Product Data Management (PDM) systems are a class of computer based systems that address the need to manage product related information that is mainly formal and computer interpretable. PDM systems are sometimes referred to as CE enablers.
Results from a resent survey of PDM implementation projects in six Swedish industrial companies, with products ranging from telecommunications systems to trucks and medical equipment, indicate the importance of also utilizing the Concurrent Engineering (CE) approach in the process of implementing an enterprise-wide PDM solution.