bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remote optical measurements of cracks in concrete structures using computer image processing
Authors: Vashpanov Y , Heo G , Son J-Y , Podousova T 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This report develops non-contact optical methods for measuring concrete cracks for remote diagnostics of hard-to-reach building surfaces using drones. The drone’s high-resolution digital camera captures remote close-up photography of the concrete surface under high light intensity levels. The digital image of the crack converted in a data matrix, each element of which contains information about the level of reflected light from the concrete surface and the crack. Using the formulas obtained by us earlier, with the help of computer processing of the image, the morphology of the crack in real geometrical dimensions can be calculated. Using special tools computer programs, the crack’s geometrical parameters can be measured maximal accurately as possible. The proposed remote optical method for non-contact detection of cracks in concrete when photographing with a drone from a close distance allows achieving an accuracy of measuring the length and width of a crack of 5%, and its depth of 10%.
Vibration analysis of the simply supported R/C beam
Authors: Stoynova I 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A mechanical vibration can be of different origins-caused by machines, due to a shock impact, by motors, etc. In this paper the behaviour of a reinforced concrete beam with a static scheme of a simply supported beam under the action of vibrations has been studied. The paper presents differences between static and dynamic analysis of the simply supported reinforced concrete beam. Concrete and the reinforcement bars are modelled with their material characteristics by applying linear-elastic material models. The load area is in the middle of the beam. A numerical model by the Finite Element Method was developed. To perform the vibration analysis, a time-history analysis has been employed. Dynamic analysis of the numerical model was performed using a software product based on the Finite Element Method. The dynamic time-history analysis was adopted to determine the dynamic response of the simply supported R/C beam under the action of time variables.
Dynamic research of dome structures
Authors: Handruleva A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this paper the dynamic responses of discrete single-layer domes are discussed. As objects of the study, computational models of domes have been analysed. These models differ in the type of their boundary conditions, the grid configuration, and in the height of the spheres. The analysis was conducted in two stages: a modal and a spectral analysis. In the modal analysis, a coefficient of the effective modal mass and the type of natural forms of vibration have been observed. Comparison has been made between CQC and SRSS being two different methods for combining modal contributions, as well as between two other methods of combining modal responses in the direction of seismic effects, namely: SRSS method and the “Rule of 30%”. The purpose of the study is to work out the dynamic response of the discrete single-layer spherical domes.
Numerical study of random material properties within a soil specimen
Authors: Amad M , Ray R P 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Material properties derived from laboratory soil tests often assume that the property is uniform throughout the specimen. For some exceptional soils, this may hold true, but for many others it is obviously false. We have been performing cyclic and irregular torsional simple shear (TOSS) tests on hollow cylinder samples for decades and were intrigued by the idea of how to model inherently non-uniform specimens. As an added corollary, we wanted to understand the influence of imperfections (voids, inclusions) on the measured stress-strain behaviour in these tests. This paper examines two general classes of problems: (a) uniform specimens with inclusions of voids or imperfections, and (b) non-uniform specimens with random distributions of material properties within the specimen. Finite element modelling was performed on a TOSS specimen (ID = 4cm, OD = 6cm, L = 14cm) using a set of over 500 different elastoplastic material properties within the specimen. Various distributions (Normal, Log-normal, Bimodal) of stiffness and strength properties were examined. The results were examined as torque vs. twist curves since those values are typically measured in the TOSS laboratory test before being converted (with assumptions of uniformity) to shear stress-shear strain hysteresis. The Bimodal distributions were used to represent soils with distinct hard and soft zones. Additionally, distributions with some degree of spatial correlation were also examined.
Comparative analysis on laboratory bearing tests for beams made of OSB3 and of solid timber
Authors: Poenaru (Coflea) O A , Isopescu D N , Neculai O 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Current times impose the usage of less raw building and more recycled materials. Wood is a material that can be recycled and processed in the factory in order to create new materials. Due to its mechanical characteristics, OSB3 has been chosen to create glued beams, which are hybrid elements with a configuration similar to GLULAM. This paper presents an analysis of the results obtained in four points bending tests on real scale beams made of solid wood and of glued OSB3 lamellae. The current research intends to compare solid wood beams with OSB3 glued beams, from failure load and elastic behaviour points of view.
A meshfree formulation for CFD and linear elasticity problems
Authors: Saucedo-Zendejo F R 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This paper documents the development and application of a meshless procedure for computational fluid dynamics and linear elasticity problems. The meshfree nature of this method gives the advantage of dealing with highly distorted domains and even fragmentations without the need of using computationally expensive remeshing approaches and with a very simple implementation. A description of the implementation of this method and also the solutions of some benchmark problems will be presented in order to demonstrate the potential of this formulation for dealing with problems in these fields and to introduce promising future fields of application.
Design and wind simulation of steel structures in a parametric environment
Authors: Kis Á 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Nowadays, parametric design and various simulation methods are gaining ground in almost every engineering and creative profession. The paper investigates the practical applicability of the combination of these methods, by analysing a specific freeform structure with Grasshopper 3D and OpenFOAM and pointing out the differences between the results of a CFD simulation and the recommended methods of the Eurocode. The case study highlights the new perspectives that are opening up in the field of structural design, especially in the examination of wind effects.
Numerical comparison between Hashin and Chang-Chang failure criteria in terms of inter-laminar damage behavior of laminated composite
Authors: Shao J R , Liu N , Zheng Z J 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a general three-dimensional finite element model composed of eight-node three-dimension cohesive elements and eight-node solid elements with reduced integration for low-velocity impact analysis of composite materials is established. Firstly, the continuum damage mechanics is applied to simulate the initiation and evolution of the intra-laminar damage. Based on cohesive zone model, the cohesive elements are inserted between layers to predict the inter-laminar damage. Three failure criteria, including 2D Hashin, 3D Hashin and Chang-Chang criteria, are coded in VUMAT and are implemented in ABAQUS/Explicit. The numerical results of energy time curves, force time curves, force displacement curves and damage distribution under three impact energies (7.35 J, 11.03 J and 14.7 J) are in good agreement with previously published data in literature, which indicates that the finite element model is suitable for studying the mechanical response and damage distribution of composites laminates subjected to low-velocity impact. Moreover, the influence of stacking sequence and friction coefficient on mechanical response and damage distribution is analyzed. It is concluded that the composite laminate with a stacking sequence of [45°/0°/−45°/90°]S can reduce the area of damage region compared to [0°/90°]2S because the ±45° layer can improve the shear resistance of composite laminate. Also, the computation accuracy will be the best when the friction coefficient is adopted between 0.5 and 0.7.
Alloying effect of Mg on microstructure and mechanical properties at 300 °C of Al–5Cu–1Mn–0.5Ni heat-resistant alloy
Authors: Chen Jinlong , Zhang Jianmei , Shen Honglei , Liao Hengcheng , Li Hualong 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The effect of Mg alloying on microstructure and mechanical properties at 300 °C of Al–5Cu–1Mn–0.5Ni heat-resistant aluminum alloy was investigated by microstructure observation and tensile test. Alloying with 0.5 wt%Mg addition considerably increases the yield strength at 300 °C of samples at as-cast, as-solutionized and as-aged states. It also greatly enhances the strengthening effects from solution and ageing treatments, however, simultaneously, decreases the elongation greatly. During the solidification process of the alloy with Mg addition, a great amount of whisker-like Al–Cu–Mg compound phase is formed at the eutectic boundary zones in the form of ridge configuration, which is determined as AlCuMg intermetallic compound by TEM. During the solution treatment, this whisker-like AlCuMg phase is completely dissolved into Al matrix that leads to a remarkable rise in the increment of yield strength at 300 °C by solution strengthening. The alloying of Mg has a significant influence on the precipitation behavior during the ageing treatment, for examples, promoting the formation of finer θ′′ particles and a great number of Cu–Mg atomic clusters. During high temperature tensile test, theses clusters evolve into fine cube-like Al5Cu2Mg particles with orthorhombic structure. It is the significant microstructure evolution induced by alloying of Mg that leads to the great rise in yield strength at 300 °C. Addition of Mg in Al–Cu–Mn–Ni alloy dose not lead to the formation of meta-stable or stable S phase, but whisker-like AlCuMg and cube-like Al5Cu2Mg compounds are determined by TEM.
Structural, morphological and electrical properties of chitosan/methylcellulose blend polymer doped with different concentrations of NH4NO3
Authors: Abdulkareem Sarkew S 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Polymer blend electrolytes based on chitosan: methylcellulose loaded with ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) were fabricated by solution cast method and characterized by XRD, FTIR, EIS, FESEM, and TNM techniques. XRD is used to show the decrease of the crystalline structure. FTIR method is used to confirm the interaction between electrolyte elements. The maximum room temperature DC conductivity of 3.54 × 10−4 S cm−1 is provided by the highest conducting system using EIS data. The FESEM method showed that the morphology of the film has a uniform smooth surface at the highest salt concentration. This is in good agreement with the XRD, FTIR, and EIS results. The dielectric constant is high at the low frequency region due to electrode polarization. Transference number measurement (TNM) is used to show the dominant charge carriers. The values of the transference number of electron (telectron) and ion (tion) showed that the ions are dominant. The TNM measurement shows the compatibility of the system for electrochemical energy storage device application.
Spatial distribution characteristics of stomata at the areole level inMichelia cavalerieivar.platypetala(Magnoliaceae)
Authors: Shi Peijian , Jiao Yabing , Diggle Peter J , Turner Rolf , Wang Rong , Niinemets Ülo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsIn hierarchically reticulate venation patterns, smaller orders of veins form areoles in which stomata are located. This study aimed to quantify the spatial relationship among stomata at the areole level.MethodsFor each of 12 leaves of M. cavaleriei var. platypetala, we assumed that stomatal characteristics were symmetrical on either side of the midrib, and divided the leaf surface on one side of the midrib into six layers equidistantly spaced along the apical–basal axis. We then further divided each layer into three positions equidistantly spaced from midrib to leaf margin, resulting in a total of 18 sampling locations. In addition, for 60 leaves, we sampled three positions from midrib to margin within only the widest layer of the leaf. Stomatal density and mean nearest neighbour distance (MNND) were calculated for each section. A replicated spatial point pattern approach quantified stomatal spatial relationships at different distances (0–300 μm).Key ResultsA tendency towards regular arrangement (inhibition as opposed to attraction or clustering) was observed between stomatal centres at distances &lt;100 μm. Leaf layer (leaf length dimension) had no significant effect on local stomatal density, MNND or the spatial distribution characteristics of stomatal centres. In addition, we did not find greater inhibition at the centre of areoles, and in positions farther from the midrib.ConclusionsSpatial inhibition might be caused by the one-cell-spacing rule, resulting in more regular arrangement of stomata, and it was found to exist at distances up to ~100 μm. This work implies that leaf hydraulic architecture, consisting of both vascular and mesophyll properties, is sufficient to prevent important spatial variability in water supply at the areole level.
Use of Racial and Ethnic Categories in Medical Testing and Diagnosis: Primum Non Nocere
Authors: Kaufman Jay S , Merckx Joanna , Cooper Richard S 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundUse of race and ethnicity is common in medical tests and procedures, even though these categories are defined by sociological, historical, and political processes, and vary considerably in their definitions over time and place. Because all societies organize themselves around these constructs in some way, they are undeniable facets of the human experience, with myriad health consequences. In the biomedical literature, they are also commonly interpreted as representing biological heterogeneity that is relevant for health and disease.ContentWe review the use of race and ethnicity in medical practice, especially in the USA, and provide 2 specific examples to represent a large number of similar instances. We then critique these uses along a number of different dimensions, including limitations in measurement, within- versus between-group variance, and implications for informativeness of risk markers for individuals, generalization from arbitrary or nonrepresentative samples, perpetuation of myths and stereotypes, instability in time and place, crowding out of more relevant risk markers, stigmatization, and the tainting of medicine with the history of oppression. We conclude with recommendations to improve practice that are technical, ethical, and pragmatic.SummaryMedicine has evolved from a mystical healing art to a mature science of human health through a rigorous process of quantification, experimentation, and evaluation. Folkloric traditions, such as race- and ethnic-specific medicine will fade from use as we become increasingly critical of outdated and irrational clinical practices and replace these with personalized, evidenced-based tests, algorithms, and procedures that privilege patients’ individual humanity over obsolete and misleading labels.
Incidence, clinical relevance and therapeutic options for outflow graft stenosis in patients with left ventricular assist devices
Authors: Dimitrov Kamen , Kaider Alexandra , Angleitner Philipp , Schlöglhofer Thomas , Gross Christoph , Beitzke Dietrich , Granegger Marcus , Riebandt Julia , Wiedemann Dominik , Sandner Sigrid , Schaefer Anne-Kristin , Schima Heinrich , Laufer Günther , Zimpfer Daniel 
Published: August 2021

Abstract OBJECTIVESWe reviewed our institutional experience with outflow graft stenosis (OGS) in 3 contemporary left ventricular assist devices (LVAD).METHODSData from 347 consecutive adult recipients of LVAD [Medtronic HVAD (n = 184, 53.0%), Abbott HeartMate II (n = 62, 17.9%) and Abbott HeartMate 3 (n = 101, 29.1%)] implanted between March 2006 and October 2019 were analysed retrospectively. Primary study end points were the incidence of OGS necessitating treatment and survival on LVAD support.RESULTSDuring the study period, 17 patients (4.9%) developed OGS requiring treatment with a probability of 0.6% at 1 year, 1.9% at 2 years, 3.8% at 3 years, 4.7% at 4 years and 5.9% at 5 years of LVAD support. Notably, in 13.8% of patients, a compression-related narrowing of the outflow graft with a probability of 1.5% at 6 months, 1.8% 1 year, 6.0% at 2 years, 12.3% at 3 years, 15.4% at 4 years and 16.6% at 5 years of LVAD support with no difference between devices (P = 0.26) was observed. There was a trend towards increased risk of mortality with OGS (hazard ratio 2.21, 95% confidence interval 0.87–5.51; P = 0.09). OGS preferentially occurred in segments of the outflow graft covered by a protective coating.CONCLUSIONSOGS is a rare but potentially lethal complication during LVAD support. Modifications of pump design and implant techniques may be needed because OGS preferentially occurs within covered portions of the outflow graft. Systematic screening may be warranted.
Beyond Tehran and Nairobi: Can Attacks against Embassies Serve as a Basis for the Invocation of Self-defence?
Authors: Kajtár Gábor , Balázs Gergő Barna 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Forty years have elapsed since the Iran hostage crisis, yet the question whether a state can lawfully resort to force in reaction to an attack against its diplomatic or consular mission remains unanswered. This issue is subject to contradictory scholarly interpretations, whereas self-defence as a justification regularly reappears in state practice. A recent example is provided by the US position regarding the killing of Qasem Soleimani in January 2020. This article revisits this controversial issue from an empirical perspective, focusing on extensive analysis of state practice based on 730 incidents. Both the empirical and the theoretical inquiry led the authors to call into question the possibility that states may lawfully rely on self-defence in such circumstances. Only one state has ever invoked self-defence regarding attacks against its embassies, and it only did so on five occasions, which were all contested by the international community. In all other 725 instances, the sending state and the international community reacted in ways other than the use of force. This research also analyses these various responses triggered by attacks against embassies. Moreover, it is virtually impossible to prove the fulfilment of the necessity and proportionality criteria of the action taken in self-defence in light of state practice over the last 70 years. Finally, this article also calls for a close re-reading of the Tehran Hostages judgment to challenge the judgment’s widely accepted interpretation as recognizing self-defence in such situations.
Using learning journals to promote learner autonomy
Authors: Chinpakdee Muthita 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article presents some of the findings from a larger research project which aimed to promote learner autonomy among Thai secondary school learners through strategy-based intervention. It looks specifically at how reflective journal writing, as a part of the intervention programme, helped learners develop the capacity to direct their own learning. The article also identifies potential challenges in using learning journals to promote learner autonomy in a language classroom. Findings indicate that guided reflective learning journals can be an effective tool to help learners develop metacognitive awareness about their learning process and the ability to independently direct their learning activities. The article concludes by considering how reflective journal writing can be incorporated into regular classroom practice to promote autonomous language learning.
Draft genome assemblies for tree pathogensPhytophthora pseudosyringaeandPhytophthora boehmeriae
Authors: Thorpe Peter , Vetukuri Ramesh R , Hedley Pete E , Morris Jenny , Whisson Maximilian A , Welsh Lydia R J , Whisson Stephen C 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSpecies of Phytophthora, plant pathogenic eukaryotic microbes, can cause disease on many tree species. Genome sequencing of species from this genus has helped to determine components of their pathogenicity arsenal. Here, we sequenced genomes for two widely distributed species, Phytophthora pseudosyringae and Phytophthora boehmeriae, yielding genome assemblies of 49 and 40 Mb, respectively. We identified more than 270 candidate disease promoting RXLR effector coding genes for each species, and hundreds of genes encoding candidate plant cell wall degrading carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZymes). These data boost genome sequence representation across the Phytophthora genus, and form resources for further study of Phytophthora pathogenesis.
ADMM-based full-waveform inversion for microseismic imaging
Authors: Aghamiry H S , Gholami A , Operto S , Malcolm A 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARYFull waveform inversion (FWI) is beginning to be used to characterize weak seismic events at different scales, an example of which is microseismic event (MSE) characterization. However, FWI with unknown sources is a severely underdetermined optimization problem, and hence requires strong prior information about the sources and/or the velocity model. The frequency-domain wavefield reconstruction inversion (WRI) method has shown promising results to mitigate the non-linearity of the FWI objective function generated by cycle-skipping. WRI relies on the reconstruction of data-assimilated wavefields, which approach the true wavefields near the receivers, a helpful feature when the source is added as an additional optimization variable. We present an adaptation of a recently proposed version of WRI based on the alternating direction method of multipliers that first finds the location of the MSEs and then reconstructs the wavefields and the source signatures jointly. Finally, the subsurface model is updated to focus the MSEs at their true locations. The method does not require prior knowledge of the number of MSEs. The inversion is stabilized by sparsifying regularizations separately tailored to the source location and velocity model subproblems. The method is tested on the Marmousi model using one MSE and two clusters of MSEs with two different initial velocity models, an accurate one and a rough one, as well as with added noise. In all cases, the method accurately locates the MSEs and recovers their source signatures.