bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Twin Types: Variations and Common Themes/Twin Research Reviews: Birth Weight and Brain Development; Twinning and Vocabulary Knowledge; Fetal Loss in Twin Pregnancy; Twin-Family Olympic Medal Winners/Human Interest: Young Twin Soldiers; Twin-Run Laundry; Male-Female Pair and Politics; Twin-Based Graphic Novel; Twin Sisters’ Deliveries
Authors: Segal Nancy L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractModern reproductive technology and revisions of conventional family structures have yielded a curious array of twin-like sibships. Many of these pairings pose the same rearing questions and educational issues for parents and teachers as do ordinary monozygotic and dizygotic twins. This article considers how we classify these sibships, given the important implications for the pair members, their families, their friends and the professionals who care for them. Next, reviews of research on twins’ birth weight and brain development, twinning and vocabulary knowledge, fetal loss in twin pregnancy and twin-family Olympic medal winners are presented. The final topic covers recent media attention to young twin soldiers, a twin-run laundry, a male-female pair’s political differences, a twin-based graphic novel and twin sisters’ deliveries.
Ascending Volcanic Fluids Portended by Spatiotemporal Variations of the Earthquake Mechanisms in the Tatun Volcano Group in Northern Taiwan
Authors: Pu Hsin‐Chieh , Lin Cheng‐Horng , Lee Hsiao‐Fen , Lai Ya‐Chuan , Chang Li‐Chin , Shih Min‐Hung 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo investigate the possible precursors of surface volcanism, we examined 2,473 earthquake focal mechanisms and the relative abundance of total sulfur (St) to carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Tatun Volcano Group in the northern Taiwan, where various reports have indicated ongoing volcanic activities. We analyzed three time‐dependent observations: the occurrence rate of both shallower (0–2 km) reverse‐type earthquakes and deeper (2–4 km) normal‐type earthquakes, as well as the surface St/CO2 ratio. Among these observations, we found a series of similar variations, which progressed in a stepwise manner as the depth range of the observation decreased. To interpret the spatiotemporal variations of three observations, we construct a model involving the ascending volcanic fluids in the conduit and hydrothermal layer. The significant variations in deeper and shallower faulting behaviors portend a double warning of surface volcanism associated with the ascending fluids at ∼4 and ∼1 month(s) ago, respectively.
Reduction in Riverine Freshwater Supply Changes Inorganic and Organic Carbon Dynamics and Air‐Water CO2 Fluxes in a Tropical Mangrove Dominated Estuary
Authors: Akhand Anirban , Chanda Abhra , Watanabe Kenta , Das Sourav , Tokoro Tatsuki , Hazra Sugata , Kuwae Tomohiro 
Published: April 2021

AbstractReduction in riverine freshwater supply due to climate change as well as anthropogenic activities are documented throughout the globe. How river discontinuity in upstream reaches and the subsequent reduction in freshwater influx alter inorganic and organic carbon dynamics in downstream estuaries adjacent to mangroves has been rarely reported. We investigated the dynamics of the inorganic carbon system and organic matter (OM) in two Indian estuaries near mangroves; riverine freshwater supply to the Matla Estuary was reduced and that to the Dhamra Estuary was uninterrupted. Seasonal sampling was conducted over an annual cycle. We used elemental and stable isotope signatures to delineate the sources of OM and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). We found that compared to the Dhamra, the reduced riverine freshwater supply to the Matla increased the marine influence in the estuary on the OM degradation pathways and decreased CO2 emissions to the atmosphere. In the Dhamra, higher seasonal variability in biogeochemical pathways, facilitated high internal carbonate buffering capacity; in contrast in the Matla, the greater marine influence increased the carbonate buffering capacity, resulting in retention of higher DIC concentrations and low CO2 emissions. Dissolved and particulate organic carbon concentrations were higher in the Dhamra than the Matla, indicating higher riverine supply of these. The present study can contribute an overlooked effect of long‐term changes in riverine freshwater supply on the carbon dynamics of mangrove‐dominated estuaries, which might help to improve the understanding of coastal carbon budgets in a changing world.
Evaluation of Five Reanalysis Products With Radiosonde Observations Over the Central Taklimakan Desert During Summer
Authors: Huang Jie , Yin Jinfang , Wang Minzhong , He Qing , Guo Jianping , Zhang Jiantao , Liang Xudong , Xie Yanxin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo provide guidance for the use of reanalysis data in the Central Taklimakan Desert (CTD), five reanalysis products are evaluated based on the radiosonde data obtained from two field experiments during summer for the first time in the CTD, including the European Center for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Reanalysis version 5 (ERA5), ECMWF Reanalysis‐Interim (ERA‐Interim), Japanese 55‐years Reanalysis (JRA55), Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA2), and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction‐Department of Energy Reanalysis version 2 (NCEP2). The results show that reanalysis temperature (T), specific humidity (Q), geopotential height (GPH), and wind field (U and V components) are consistent with the radiosonde observations in terms of the vertical distribution. In general, ERA5 has the best performance in the CTD during the study period, followed closely by ERA‐Interim. However, NCEP2 produces the largest error. The errors of all the reanalysis data show significant diurnal variations, and the diurnal variations differ from each other. Moreover, the results indicate that the reanalysis datasets have the largest deviation at 850 hPa (near the ground), which means that in the desert region complex interactions may exist between the land surface and the atmosphere. Therefore, more attention should be paid to the description of complex interactions between land and atmosphere over the moving‐sand desert region in the numerical models.
Optimal Climate Normals for North Atlantic Hurricane Activity
Authors: Schreck Carl J. , Klotzbach Philip J. , Bell Michael M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMost climatologies use 30‐year epochs that are updated at the start of each decade. They will shift from 1981–2010 to 1991–2020 in 2021. North Atlantic hurricane activity has large interdecadal variability that may lead to biases in a 30‐year climatology. A previous inactive hurricane period included 1981–1990, while 2011–2020 is a part of the ongoing active era. As a result, the 1991–2020 normals are more active than the 1981–2010 normals, with the median accumulated cyclone energy increasing by ∼40%. A 50‐year epoch would be more likely to capture a full cycle of multidecadal variability, and this study demonstrates that 50‐year climatologies have historically been better predictors of the subsequent decade's hurricane activity. This paper argues that the 1971–2020 climatology should, therefore, be the baseline for hurricane activity for the next decade with a possible adjustment for the non‐climatic increase in observed short‐lived tropical cyclones.
Statistics of Jet Drop Production
Authors: Berny A. , Popinet S. , Séon T. , Deike L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBubbles bursting at the ocean surface are an important source of sea‐spray aerosol. We describe jet drop production, from ensembles of high fidelity numerical simulations of bubble bursting, validated against experimental results. The number of jet drops, their size, and velocity are controlled by the ratio of the bubble size, Rb, and the visco‐capillary length, , where γ is the surface tension, ρw, μw the water density and viscosity. The mean drop size follows and the ejected number of drops , accounting for temperature variations. We confirm that submicrons jet drops are produced by bubbles in the 10–40 microns range. We compute the distribution of jet drops formed by a range of bubbles present under a breaking wave which compares well against laboratory experiments. We discuss the applicability of the proposed formulation in the context of sea spray generation function.
Energy Spectra Near Ganymede From Juno Data
Authors: Paranicas C. , Szalay J. R. , Mauk B. H. , Clark G. , Kollmann P. , Haggerty D. K. , Westlake J. , Allegrini F. , Ebert R. W. , Connerney J. E. P. , Bolton S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe moon Ganymede has a strong internally generated magnetic field that separates the surface into two regions, with the polar surface magnetically connected to the Jovian environment. Consequently, the weathering of Ganymede's surface by plasma and energetic charged particles trapped in the Jovian magnetosphere is not uniform. At the same time, optical data suggest differences in the surface ice between the poles and the equator, with further refinements in the equatorial surface that have a longitudinal dependence. Here, we use Juno spacecraft data to characterize the charged particle environment along Ganymede's orbit (from about 50 eV to 1 MeV for electrons and 10 eV to 6 MeV for protons). These results put us into a better position to test the hypothesis that space weathering by electrons causes the brighter poles of Ganymede, given that electron fluxes are likely to be more clearly separated between the polar and equatorial regions.
Continuous presence of proto-cereals in Anatolia since 2.3 Ma, and their possible co-evolution with large herbivores and hominins
Authors: Andrieu-Ponel Valérie , Rochette Pierre , Demory François , Alçiçek Hülya , Boulbes Nicolas , Bourlès Didier , Helvacı Cahit , Lebatard Anne-Elisabeth , Mayda Serdar , Michaud Henri , Moigne Anne-Marie , Nomade Sébastien , Perrin Mireille , Ponel Philippe , Rambeau Claire , Vialet Amélie , Gambin Belinda , Alçiçek Mehmet Cihat 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCereals are a central resource for the human diet and are traditionally assumed to have evolved from wild grasses at the onset of the Neolithic under the pressure of agriculture. Here we demonstrate that cereals may have a significantly longer and more diverse lineage, based on the study of a 0–2.3 Ma, 601 m long sedimentary core from Lake Acıgöl (South-West Anatolia). Pollen characteristic of cereals is abundant throughout the sedimentary sequence. The presence of large lakes within this arid bioclimatic zone led to the concentration of large herbivore herds, as indicated by the continuous occurrence of coprophilous fungi spores in the record. Our hypothesis is that the effects of overgrazing on soils and herbaceous stratum, during this long period, led to genetic modifications of the Poaceae taxa and to the appearance of proto-cereals. The simultaneous presence of hominins is attested as early as about 1.4 Ma in the lake vicinity, and 1.8 Ma in Georgia and Levant. These ancient hominins probably benefited from the availability of these proto-cereals, rich in nutrients, as well as various other edible plants, opening the way, in this region of the Middle East, to a process of domestication, which reached its full development during the Neolithic.
The TLR-2/TonEBP signaling pathway regulates 29-kDa fibronectin fragment-dependent expression of matrix metalloproteinases
Authors: Hwang Hyun Sook , Lee Mi Hyun , Kim Hyun Ah 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTonicity-responsive enhancer-binding protein (TonEBP; nuclear factor of activated T cells 5) is a transcription factor that responds to changes in osmolality. However, recent studies have shown that it also modulates immune responses under inflammatory conditions independently of hyperosmolality. Fibronectin fragments (FN-fs), which are abundant in the synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis (OA), induce expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) via the toll-like receptor-2 (TLR-2) signaling pathway. In this study we examined whether TonEBP is involved in 29-kDa FN-f-induced expression of MMPs. The expression of TonEBP was significantly higher in human osteoarthritis compared with normal cartilage samples. 29-kDa FN-f affected the expression of MMPs 1, 3, and 13 via TonEBP, and expression and nuclear accumulation of TonEBP were induced by activation of the phospholipase C/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway and, in particular, modulated by TLR-2. In addition, 29-kDa FN-f induced the expression of osmoregulatory genes, including Tau-T, SMIT, and AR, as well as voltage-dependent calcium channels via the TonEBP/TLR-2 signaling pathway. These results show that 29-kDa FN-f upregulates MMPs in chondrocytes via the TLR-2/TonEBP signaling pathway.
Effects of elevated CO2 on resistant and susceptible rice cultivar and its primary host, brown planthopper (BPH), Nilaparvata lugens (Stål)
Authors: Senthil-Nathan Sengottayan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe elevated CO2(eCO2) has positive response on plant growth and negative response on insect pests. As a contemplation, the feeding pattern of the brown plant hopper,Nilaparvata lugensStål on susceptible and resistant rice cultivars and their growth rates exposed toeCO2conditions were analyzed. TheeCO2treatment showed significant differences in percentage of emergence and rice biomass that were consistent across the rice cultivars, when compared to the ambient conditions. Similarly, increase in carbon and decrese in nitrogen ratio of leaves and alterations in defensive peroxidase enzyme levels were observed, but was non-linear among the cultivars tested. Lower survivorship and nutritional indices ofN. lugenswere observed in conditions ofeCO2levels over ambient conditions. Results were nonlinear in manner. We conclude that the plant carbon accumulation increased due toeCO2, causing physiological changes that decreased nitrogen content. Similarly,eCO2increased insect feeding, and did alter other variables such as their biology or reproduction.
Intraocular pressure and choroidal thickness postural changes in multiple system atrophy and Parkinson’s disease
Authors: De Bernardo Maddalena , Salerno Giulio , Gioia Marco , Capasso Luigi , Russillo Maria Claudia , Picillo Marina , Erro Roberto , Amboni Marianna , Barone Paolo , Rosa Nicola , Pellecchia Maria Teresa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo evaluate intraocular pressure (IOP) and choroidal thickness (ChT) postural changes in multiple system atrophy (MSA), Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and healthy controls (HC). 20 MSA patients, 21 PD patients and 14 HC, were examined. All subjects underwent a complete examination, including corneal thickness, ChT, IOP and axial length (AL) measurements. IOP measurement was performed in supine, sitting, and standing positions, whereas ChT in sitting and standing positions. Supine to standing IOP variations were significantly higher in MSA vs PD(p = 0.01) and in MSA vs HC (p < 0.0001), whereas no significant differences were observed between PD and HC (p = 0.397). Mean sub-foveal ChT in MSA was 240 ± 92 μm in sitting position, and 215 ± 94 μm in standing position with a significant reduction (p = 0.008). Mean sub-foveal ChT in PD was 258 ± 79 μm in sitting position, and 259 ± 76 μm in standing position (p = 0.887). In HC it was 244 ± 36 μm in sitting position, and 256 ± 37 μm in standing position with a significant increase (p = 0.007). The significant IOP and ChT postural changes can be considered additional hallmarks of autonomic dysfunction in MSA and further studies are needed to consider them as biomarkers in the differential diagnosis with PD.
Numerical approach towards gyrotactic microorganisms hybrid nanoliquid flow with the hall current and magnetic field over a spinning disk
Authors: Lv Yu-Pei , Algehyne Ebrahem A. , Alshehri Maryam G. , Alzahrani Ebraheem , Bilal Muhammad , Khan Muhammad Altaf , Shuaib Muhammad 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe article explores the effect of Hall current, thermal radiation, and magnetic field on hybrid nanofluid flow over the surface of a spinning disk. The motive of the present effort is to upgrade the heat transmission rate for engineering and industrial purposes. The hybrid nanofluids as compared to the conventional fluids have higher thermal properties. Therefore, in the present article, a special class of nanoparticles known as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and iron ferrite nanoparticles are used in the base fluid. The system of modeled equations is depleted into dimensionless differential equations through similarity transformation. The transform equations are further solved through the Parametric Continuation method (PCM). For the parametric study, the physical parameters impact on velocity, energy, mass transmission, and motile microorganism’s concentration profiles have been sketched. The obtained results are compared with the existing literature, which shows the best settlement. It concluded that the heat transmission rate reduces for Hall current and rises with radiative parameter. The results perceived that the addition of CNTs in carrier fluid is more efficacious than any other types of nanoparticles, due to its C–C bond. CNTs nanofluid can be more functionalized for the desired achievement, which can be utilized for a variety of applications by functionalization of non-covalent and covalent modification.
Exploring the spatial heterogeneity and temporal homogeneity of ambient PM10 in nine core cities of China
Authors: Feng Rui , Zhou Rong , Shi Weiwei , Shi Nanjing , Fang Xuekun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe focus on the causes of fluctuations in wintertime PM10 in nine regional core cities of China using two machine learning models, Random Forest (RF) and Recurrent Neural Network (RNN). RF and RNN both show high performance in predicting hourly PM10 using only gaseous air pollutants (SO2, NO2 and CO) as inputs, showing the predominance of the secondary inorganic aerosol and implying the existence of thermodynamic equilibrium between gaseous air pollutants and PM10. Also, we find the following results. The correlation of gaseous air pollutants and PM10 were more relevant than that of meteorological conditions and PM10. CO was the predominant factor for PM10 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain and the Yangtze River Delta while SO2 and NO2 were also important features for PM10 in the Pearl River Delta and Sichuan Basin. The spatial heterogeneity and temporal homogeneity of PM10 in China are revealed. The long-range transported PM10 was substantiated to be insignificant, except in the sandstorms. The severity of PM10 was attributable to the lopsided shift of thermodynamic equilibrium and the phenology of indigenous flora.
C21 preserves endothelial function in the thoracic aorta from DIO mice: role for AT2, Mas and B2 receptors
Authors: González-Blázquez Raquel , Alcalá Martín , Fernández-Alfonso María S. , Steckelings Ulrike Muscha , Lorenzo M. Paz , Viana Marta , Boisvert William A. , Unger Thomas , Gil-Ortega Marta , Somoza Beatriz 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Compound 21 (C21), a selective agonist of angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2R), induces vasodilation through NO release. Since AT2R seems to be overexpressed in obesity, we hypothesize that C21 prevents the development of obesity-related vascular alterations. The main goal of the present study was to assess the effect of C21 on thoracic aorta endothelial function in a model of diet-induced obesity (DIO) and to elucidate the potential cross-talk among AT2R, Mas receptor (MasR) and/or bradykinin type 2 receptor (B2R) in this response.
Five-week-old male C57BL6J mice were fed a standard (CHOW) or a high-fat diet (HF) for 6 weeks and treated daily with C21 (1 mg/kg p.o) or vehicle, generating four groups: CHOW-C, CHOW-C21, HF-C, HF-C21. Vascular reactivity experiments were performed in thoracic aorta rings. Human endothelial cells (HECs; EA.hy926) were used to elucidate the signaling pathways, both at receptor and intracellular levels.
Arteries from HF mice exhibited increased contractions to Ang II than CHOW mice, effect that was prevented by C21. PD123177, A779 and HOE-140 (AT2R, Mas and B2R antagonists) significantly enhanced Ang II-induced contractions in CHOW but not in HF-C rings, suggesting a lack of functionality of those receptors in obesity. C21 prevented those alterations and favored the formation of AT2R/MasR and MasR/B2R heterodimers. HF mice also exhibited impaired relaxations to acetylcholine (ACh) due to a reduced NO availability. C21 preserved NO release through PKA/p-eNOS and AKT/p-eNOS signaling pathways.
In conclusion, C21 favors the interaction among AT2R, MasR and B2R and prevents the development of obesity-induced endothelial dysfunction by stimulating NO release through PKA/p-eNOS and AKT/p-eNOS signaling pathways.
Intact Correction for Self-Produced Vowel Formant Variability in Individuals With Cerebellar Ataxia Regardless of Auditory Feedback Availability
Authors: Parrell Benjamin , Ivry Richard B. , Nagarajan Srikantan S. , Houde John F. 
Published: April 2021

Purpose
Individuals with cerebellar ataxia (CA) caused by cerebellar degeneration exhibit larger reactive compensatory responses to unexpected auditory feedback perturbations than neurobiologically typical speakers, suggesting they may rely more on feedback control during speech. We test this hypothesis by examining variability in unaltered speech. Previous studies of typical speakers have demonstrated a reduction in formant variability (centering) observed during the initial phase of vowel production from vowel onset to vowel midpoint. Centering is hypothesized to reflect feedback-based corrections for self-produced variability and thus may provide a behavioral assay of feedback control in unperturbed speech in the same manner as the compensatory response does for feedback perturbations.

Method
To comprehensively compare centering in individuals with CA and controls, we examine centering in two vowels (/i/ and /ɛ/) under two contexts (isolated words and connected speech). As a control, we examine speech produced both with and without noise to mask auditory feedback.

Results
Individuals with CA do not show increased centering compared to age-matched controls, regardless of vowel, context, or masking. Contrary to previous results in neurobiologically typical speakers, centering was not affected by the presence of masking noise in either group.

Conclusions
The similar magnitude of centering seen with and without masking noise questions whether centering is driven by auditory feedback. However, if centering is at least partially driven by auditory/somatosensory feedback, these results indicate that the larger compensatory response to altered auditory feedback observed in individuals with CA may not reflect typical motor control processes during normal, unaltered speech production.
Steady‐state power operation region of a modular multilevel converter connecting to an AC grid
Authors: Wang Jiecong , Liu Chongru , Annakkage Udaya D. , Li Xiao , Su Chenbo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe modular multilevel converter (MMC) has become a widely used topology for voltage source converter–based high‐voltage direct current transmission projects. To calculate the power operation region of an MMC directly and efficiently, we propose a novel steady‐state phasor model of the MMC. The model is expressed as an equivalent capacitance in series with a voltage source, where parameters are independent of alternating current (AC) electrical quantity. Based on the model, we propose an open‐loop approach to determine the operation region boundary of MMC by calculating the envelopes of the P–Q curves. The effect of MMC parameters, the circulating current control, and the short‐circuit ratio of the AC grid to the power operation region can be determined by the size and position of the power operation region. The proposed approach and analysis results were verified by an MMC/AC simulation model built in PSCAD/EMTDC.