bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shedding light onto the spectra of lime—Part 2: Raman spectra of Ca and Mg carbonates and the role of d‐block element luminescence
Authors: Schmid Thomas , Kraft Ronja , Dariz Petra 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe previously described the observation of a characteristic narrowband red luminescence emission of burnt lime (CaO), whose reason was unknown so far. This study presents Raman spectra of Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O, Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2, MgCO3, CaMgCO3 and CaCO3 (in limestone powder) as well as luminescence spectra of their calcination products. Comparison of the latter revealed MgO:Cr3+ as the source of the red lime luminescence in all studied samples, containing magnesium oxide as major component, minor component or trace. Spectral characteristics and theoretical background of the luminescence emission of d‐block elements integrated in crystal lattices are discussed with the aim of sharpening the awareness for this effect in the Raman community and promoting its application in materials analysis. The latter is demonstrated by the Raman microspectroscopic imaging of the distributions of both Raman‐active and Raman‐inactive phases in clinker remnants in a 19th‐century meso Portland cement mortar sample, which contain relatively high amounts of free lime detected in the form of both luminescing CaO and Raman‐scattering Ca(OH)2, owing to exposure of the surface of the thin section to humid air. A combination of light and Raman spectroscopy revealed a calcium–magnesium–iron sulphide phase, indicating sulphurous raw materials and/or solid fuels employed in the calcination process, which in contrast to previously described morphologies of sulphides in cement clinker form extensive greenish black layers on free lime crystals.
Towards standardization of management of gallbladder carcinoma with obstructive jaundice: Analysis of 113 cases over 10 years at a single institution
Authors: Goel Mahesh , Gupta Amit M. , Patkar Shraddha , Parray Amir M. , Shetty Nitin , Ramaswamy Anant , Patil Prachi , Chopra Supriya , Ostwal Vikas , Kulkarni Suyash , Engineer Reena , Mehta Shaesta 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundPresence of jaundice in gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is considered a sign of inoperability with no defined treatment pathways.MethodsRetrospective analysis of all surgically treated GBC patients from January 2010 to December 2019 was performed for evaluating etiology of obstructive jaundice, resectability, postoperative morbidity, mortality, disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS).ResultsOut of 954 patients, 521 patients (54.61%) were locally advanced gallbladder carcinoma (LAGBC: Stage III and IV) and 113 patients (11.84%) had jaundice at presentation. Thirty‐four (30%) patients had benign cause of obstructive jaundice. Median OS of the whole cohort (n=113) was 22 months (16.5–27.49 months) with resectability rate of 62% (70/113). Median OS of curative resection group (n=70) was 32 months and DFS was 25 months. Treatment completion was achieved in 30% (n= 21/70) patients with median OS of 46 months and median DFS of 27 months. Isolated bile duct infiltration subgroup fared the best with median OS of 74 months with a 5‐year survival of 66.7%.ConclusionSurgical resection as a part of multimodality treatment improves survival in carefully selected locally advanced gallbladder cancer patients with jaundice. Early introduction of systemic therapy is the key in the management of this disease with aggressive tumor biology.
The Nasoseptal Flap for Reconstruction of Lateral Oropharyngectomy Defects: A Clinical Series
Authors: Turner Meghan T. , Geltzeiler Mathew N. , Ramadan Jad , Moskovitz Jessica M. , Ferris Robert L. , Wang Eric W. , Kim Seungwon 
Published: June 2021

Objectives/HypothesisTo study use of the nasoseptal flap (NSF) to reconstruct lateral transoral robotic surgery (TORS) oropharyngectomy defects.Study DesignRetrospective case series.MethodsA clinical series of six patients undergoing NSF reconstruction of lateral TORS oropharyngectomy defects was retrospectively studied. All patients underwent TORS for the treatment of intermediate‐risk human papillomavirus (HPV)‐positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma of the lateral pharyngeal wall between January and June 2017. All patients underwent NSF reconstruction of lateral TORS defects with retrospective analysis of outcomes and complications.ResultsSix patients underwent NSF reconstruction of lateral TORS defects. Operative times decreased from 180 minutes to 90 minutes over the study period. There were two cases of partial flap dehiscence and partial necrosis. There were no major donor site complications. All patients had temporary nasal obstruction and crusting. Two experienced temporary aural fullness. In all patients, the lateral wall was mucosalized in 1–3 weeks. Cephalometric analysis of preoperative imaging revealed that patients with high‐arched palates (>3 cm) and defect lengths that are longer than NSF flap lengths are poor candidates for this technique.ConclusionsThis NSF is a vascularized, locoregional rotational flap that can reconstruct lateral TORS defects in salvages cases or those where the parapharyngeal carotid or mandibular bone are exposed. Postoperative morbidity is limited to temporary nasal dyspnea, aural fullness, and crusting. Preoperative imaging can determine which patient will have successful defect coverage.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 132:53–60, 2022
Vertical migration timing illuminates the importance of visual and nonvisual predation pressure in the mesopelagic zone
Authors: Benoit‐Bird Kelly J. , Moline Mark A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEach day, motile pelagic organisms of all sizes undergo vertical movements tied to sunset and sunrise. Diel migration of animals is thought to result from the competing need to feed in energy rich surface waters while avoiding visual predators. Previous study using a newly adapted autonomous vehicle to measure individual characteristics in scattering layers provided the first measures of the internal layer structure, demonstrating that deep scattering layers can be made up of many topologically scaled, mono‐specific aggregations, or “schools.” Follow‐up measurements presented here show these schools of mesopelagic animals remain coherent during upward migration at dusk. We found that groups of smaller animals began migrating sooner each night than larger individuals, consistent with their relatively lower detectability by visual predators. We also found a correlation with taxonomic differences in swimming capabilities, suggesting that the ability to avoid predators if they are encountered also plays a role in the patterns of migration observed. The presence of acoustic predators, Risso's dolphins (Grampus griseus), however, altered this pattern for their primary prey, causing squid to remain at depth for approximately 40 min longer than others. The risk of predation by this air‐breathing predator decreases with depth, making delaying migration an appropriate response to this largely nonvisual predation risk. Understanding the timing of individual migration patterns provides insights into the bioenergetic and predator–prey processes in the mesopelagic zone that are critical for understanding the ecological and biogeochemical impacts of these high biomass layers in the ocean.
Breather Molecular Complexes in a Passively Mode‐Locked Fiber Laser
Authors: Peng Junsong , Zhao Zihan , Boscolo Sonia , Finot Christophe , Sugavanam Srikanth , Churkin Dmitry V. , Zeng Heping 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBreathing solitons are nonlinear waves in which the energy concentrates in a localized and oscillatory fashion. Similarly to stationary solitons, breathers in dissipative systems can form stable bound states displaying molecule‐like dynamics, which are frequently called breather molecules. So far, the experimental observation of optical breather molecules and the real‐time detection of their dynamics are limited to diatomic molecules, that is, bound states of only two breathers. In this work, the observation of different types of breather complexes in a mode‐locked fiber laser: multibreather molecules, and molecular complexes originating from the binding of two breather‐pair molecules or a breather pair molecule and a single breather is reported. The intermolecular temporal separation of the molecular complexes attains several hundreds of picoseconds, which is more than an order of magnitude larger than that of their stationary soliton counterparts and is a signature of long‐range interactions. Numerical simulations of the laser model support the experimental findings. Moreover, nonequilibrium dynamics of breathing solitons are also observed, including breather collisions and annihilation. This work opens the possibility of studying the dynamics of many‐body systems in which breathers are the elementary constituents.
Optical Fiber Optofluidic Bio‐Chemical Sensors: A Review
Authors: Li Like , Zhang Ya‐nan , Zhou Yifan , Zheng Wanlu , Sun Yutong , Ma Guoming , Zhao Yong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOptofluidic, as an emerging technology that combines photons and microfluidics, has become a powerful, intelligent, and universal sensing platform in the field of bio‐chemical sensing. Optical fiber optofluidic (OFOF), as a branch of optofluidic technology, has stimulated a host of remarkable achievements in the field of bio‐chemical sensing due to its superiority of compact structure, immunity to electromagnetic interference, low sample consumption, high sensitivity, and real‐time dynamic response. In this paper, an overview of OFOF bio‐chemical sensors is presented. The OFOF system architectures are introduced and some advanced functional materials and coating technologies that can be utilized in the OFOF sensing platform to achieve high‐performance biochemical sensing are summarized. Research progress and current status of OFOF bio‐chemical sensors based on various sensing mechanisms are summarized and analyzed, with emphases on their sensing principles, sensing structures, sensing applications, advantages, and disadvantages. Lastly, the existing challenges and future development trends of OFOF biochemical sensors are briefly discussed.
Efficacy and Safety of Topical Silymarin Versus Low Fluence 1064‐nm Q Switched Nd:YAG Laser in the Treatment of Melasma: A Comparative Randomized Trial
Authors: Ibrahim Shady M. A. , Farag Asmaa S. , Ali Mona S. , El‐Gendy Wafaa M.A.F. 
Published: June 2021

Background and ObjectivesThe management of melasma is challenging and requires multiple uses of available therapeutic options. To compare the short‐term efficacy and safety of topical silymarin and low fluence 1064‐nm Q‐switched ND:YAG laser for treatment of melasma with dermoscopic follow‐up.Study Design/Materials and MethodsFifty female patients with melasma were included in this study. They were randomly divided into two groups. Group A: 25 patients were treated with six sessions of low fluence Q switched ND:YAG 1064‐nm laser, and group B: 25 patients were treated with topical silymarin cream 1.4% with a 3‐month treatment duration. Patients were evaluated clinically by the modified melasma area and severity index (mMASI) score. Dermoscopic examinations were performed before and after the treatment sessions.ResultsThe severity of melasma, as evaluated dermoscopically and clinically by mMASI score, was significantly reduced after treatment in all patients with no recorded side effects. There was no statistically significant difference between both studied groups regarding the change in mMASI score and dermoscopic assessment of the patients after the treatment sessions.ConclusionBoth low fluence Q switched ND:YAG 1064‐nm laser and topical silymarin cream appear to be safe and effective modalities in the treatment of melasma. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Synthesis of Photo, Oxidation, Reduction Triple‐Stimuli‐Responsive Interface‐Cross‐Linked Polymer Micelles as Nanocarriers for Controlled Release
Authors: Guo Qiong , Liu Jiangtao , Yang Hong , Lei Zhongli 
Published: June 2021

AbstractStimuli‐responsive chemical bonds have already been widely applied to construct nanomaterials, however, such materials rarely have great amounts of responsive groups and stable structures. Herein, a triple‐stimuli‐responsive interface‐cross‐linked (ICL) copolymer which is synthesized via Cu(I)‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition click polymerization and atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), is reported. N, N′‐bis(bromoacetyl) cystamine is used for intramolecular crosslinking of the linear polymer chains. The ο‐nitrobenzyl groups, peroxalate ester bonds, disulfide bonds, and triazole units are regularly and repeatedly arranged in the hydrophobic blocks, therefore enabling the polymer a large amount of responsive chemical bonds. The polymer self‐assembles into spherical micelles with uniform size in deionized water. Using hydrophobic dye Nile red (NR) as a model drug to evaluate the effect of release in vitro, the multi‐stimuli‐sensitive release properties of the ICL micelles are investigated in detail by means of UV–vis, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and fluorescence spectrophotometry, and the results indicate the ICL micelles can respond to the photo, oxidation, or reduction responsiveness either independently or synergistically. Furthermore, the cross‐linked structure enhances the stability of the micelles and rarely impacts the total amount of drug release. The research may have applications in the field of drug delivery systems for cancer therapy.
Social good or self‐interest: Incentivizing consumer social media engagement behaviour for health messages
Authors: Siuki Helen , Webster Cynthia M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the impact of incentive type and ad appeal on consumers' social media engagement in health‐related ads. The aim is to determine whether self‐oriented incentives versus other‐oriented social incentives encourage (crowd in) or discourage (crowd out) consumers to engage in health‐related ads on social media. Four experimental studies examine the level of social media consumer engagement under three different incentive conditions for two types of ad appeals and two different health issues. Findings show among incentives, the social good incentive has a significantly greater impact on social media consumer engagement for alcohol ads, with the social good incentive triggering people's intrinsic motivations and encouraging social media engagement. For smoking ads, the social good incentive again promotes engagement, although not significant, This study finds that overall people are significantly more likely to engage in emotional health‐related ads on social media compared to rational ads. This study also sheds light on the moderating role of gender on social media engagement for health campaigns. Finally, this study provides insights on the interaction effect of ad appeal and incentives in generating social media engagement.
Anticancer activities of parthenolide in primary effusion lymphoma preclinical models
Authors: Karam Louna , Abou Staiteieh Soumaiah , Chaaban Rady , Hayar Berthe , Ismail Bassel , Neipel Frank , Darwiche Nadine , Abou Merhi Raghida 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe sesquiterpene lactone parthenolide is a major component of the feverfew medicinal plant, Tanacetum parthenium. Parthenolide has been extensively studied for its anti‐inflammatory and anticancer properties in several tumor models. Parthenolide's antitumor activities depend on several mechanisms but it is mainly known as an inhibitor of the nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB) pathway. This pathway is constitutively activated and induces cell survival in primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), a rare aggressive AIDS‐related lymphoproliferative disorder that is commonly caused by the human herpesvirus 8 (HHV‐8) infection. The aim of this study is to evaluate the targeted effect of Parthenolide both in vitro and in vivo. Herein, parthenolide significantly inhibited cell growth, induced G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, and induced massive apoptosis in PEL cells and ascites. In addition, parthenolide inhibited the NF‐ĸB pathway suppressing IĸB phosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation. It also reduced the expression of the DNA methylase inhibitor (DNMT1). Parthenolide induced HHV‐8 lytic gene expression without inhibiting latent viral gene expression. Importantly, DMAPT, the more soluble parthenolide prodrug, promoted delay in ascites development and prolonged the survival of PEL xenograft mice. This study supports the therapeutic use of parthenolide in PEL and encourages its further clinical development.
Photonic digital‐to‐analog converter based on spectral encoding
Authors: Zhang Qiulin , Chi Hao 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA photonic digital‐to‐analog converter with a parallel structure based on spectral encoding using a mode‐locked laser is proposed in this article. The key of the method lies in the spectral segmentation, weighting and parallel modulation. The proposed scheme can effectively realize the conversion while ensures a stable coherent superposition. A proof‐of‐concept experiment is successfully demonstrated. Further simulation results are presented to show the potentials of the proposed approach.
Report of AAPM Task Group 155: Megavoltage photon beam dosimetry in small fields and non‐equilibrium conditions
Authors: Das Indra J. , Francescon Paolo , Moran Jean M. , Ahnesjö Anders , Aspradakis Maria M. , Cheng Chee‐Wai , Ding George X. , Fenwick John D. , Saiful Huq M. , Oldham Mark , Reft Chester S. , Sauer Otto A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSmall‐field dosimetry used in advance treatment technologies poses challenges due to loss of lateral charged particle equilibrium (LCPE), occlusion of the primary photon source, and the limited choice of suitable radiation detectors. These challenges greatly influence dosimetric accuracy. Many high‐profile radiation incidents have demonstrated a poor understanding of appropriate methodology for small‐field dosimetry. These incidents are a cause for concern because the use of small fields in various specialized radiation treatment techniques continues to grow rapidly. Reference and relative dosimetry in small and composite fields are the subject of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) dosimetry code of practice that has been published as TRS‐483 and an AAPM summary publication (IAEA TRS 483; Dosimetry of small static fields used in external beam radiotherapy: An IAEA/AAPM International Code of Practice for reference and relative dose determination, Technical Report Series No. 483; Palmans et al., Med Phys 45(11):e1123, 2018). The charge of AAPM task group 155 (TG‐155) is to summarize current knowledge on small‐field dosimetry and to provide recommendations of best practices for relative dose determination in small megavoltage photon beams. An overview of the issue of LCPE and the changes in photon beam perturbations with decreasing field size is provided. Recommendations are included on appropriate detector systems and measurement methodologies. Existing published data on dosimetric parameters in small photon fields (e.g., percentage depth dose, tissue phantom ratio/tissue maximum ratio, off‐axis ratios, and field output factors) together with the necessary perturbation corrections for various detectors are reviewed. A discussion on errors and an uncertainty analysis in measurements is provided. The design of beam models in treatment planning systems to simulate small fields necessitates special attention on the influence of the primary beam source and collimating devices in the computation of energy fluence and dose. The general requirements for fluence and dose calculation engines suitable for modeling dose in small fields are reviewed. Implementations in commercial treatment planning systems vary widely, and the aims of this report are to provide insight for the medical physicist and guidance to developers of beams models for radiotherapy treatment planning systems.
Fully automated segmentation of brain tumor from multiparametric MRI using 3D context deep supervised U‐Net
Authors: Lin Mingquan , Momin Shadab , Lei Yang , Wang Hesheng , Curran Walter J. , Liu Tian , Yang Xiaofeng 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurposeOwing to histologic complexities of brain tumors, its diagnosis requires the use of multimodalities to obtain valuable structural information so that brain tumor subregions can be properly delineated. In current clinical workflow, physicians typically perform slice‐by‐slice delineation of brain tumor subregions, which is a time‐consuming process and also more susceptible to intra‐ and inter‐rater variabilities possibly leading to misclassification. To deal with this issue, this study aims to develop an automatic segmentation of brain tumor in MR images using deep learning.MethodIn this study, we develop a context deep‐supervised U‐Net to segment brain tumor subregions. A context block which aggregates multiscale contextual information for dense segmentation was proposed. This approach enlarges the effective receptive field of convolutional neural networks, which, in turn, improves the segmentation accuracy of brain tumor subregions. We performed the fivefold cross‐validation on the Brain Tumor Segmentation Challenge (BraTS) 2020 training dataset. The BraTS 2020 testing datasets were obtained via BraTS online website as a hold‐out test. For BraTS, the evaluation system divides the tumor into three regions: whole tumor (WT), tumor core (TC), and enhancing tumor (ET). The performance of our proposed method was compared against two state‐of‐the‐arts CNN networks in terms of segmentation accuracy via Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and Hausdorff distance (HD). The tumor volumes generated by our proposed method were compared with manually contoured volumes via Bland–Altman plots and Pearson analysis.ResultsThe proposed method achieved the segmentation results with a DSC of 0.923 ± 0.047, 0.893 ± 0.176, and 0.846 ± 0.165 and a 95% HD95 of 3.946 ± 7.041, 3.981 ± 6.670, and 10.128 ± 51.136 mm on WT, TC, and ET, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieved comparable to significantly (p < 0.05) better segmentation accuracies than other two state‐of‐the‐arts CNN networks. Pearson correlation analysis showed a high positive correlation between the tumor volumes generated by proposed method and manual contour.ConclusionOverall qualitative and quantitative results of this work demonstrate the potential of translating proposed technique into clinical practice for segmenting brain tumor subregions, and further facilitate brain tumor radiotherapy workflow.
Changes in motor function in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients after travel restrictions due to COVID‐19
Authors: Nishizawa Hitomi , Nakamura Akinori 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIntroduction/AimThis retrospective study aimed to quantify the changes in motor function in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) due to the government‐imposed travel restrictions associated with the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic.MethodsTwelve DMD patients were enrolled in this investigation (mean ± SD age: 9.8 ± 3.6 y). Their physical characteristics and motor function were evaluated approximately 3 mo before, immediately before, and approximately 3 mo after the travel restrictions were decreed. Statistical comparisons were performed of the changes in motor function before and after the travel restrictions.ResultsThe change in range of motion (ROM) of ankle dorsiflexion was significantly decreased after the travel restrictions. Changes in body mass index and other motor function parameters were not significant.DiscussionAn apparent decrease in the amount of physical activity due to travel restrictions in response to COVID‐19 negatively affected ankle dorsiflexion ROM but not other motor functions. A more sedentary lifestyle and lack of regular physical therapy services most likely contributed to this reduction. The use of remote rehabilitation tools with the involvement of physiotherapists may help mitigate such changes and prevent more severe physical decline.