bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality, Length of Stay, and Healthcare Costs Associated With Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Infections Among Elderly Hospitalized Patients in the United States
Authors: Nelson Richard E , Hyun David , Jezek Amanda , Samore Matthew H 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study reports estimates of the healthcare costs, length of stay, and mortality associated with infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria among elderly individuals in the United States.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of patients aged ≥65 admitted for inpatient stays in the Department of Veterans Affairs healthcare system between 1/2007–12/2018. We identified those with positive cultures for multidrug-resistant bacteria and matched each infected patient to ≤10 control patients. We then performed multivariable regression models to estimate the attributable cost and mortality due to the infection. We also constructed multistate models to estimate the attributable length of stay due to the infection. Finally, we multiplied these pathogen-specific attributable cost, length of stay, and mortality estimates by national case counts from hospitalized patients in 2017.ResultsOur cohort consisted of 87 509 patients with infections and 835 048 matched controls. Costs were higher for hospital-onset invasive infections, with attributable costs ranging from $22 293 (95% confidence interval: $19 101–$24 485) for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) to $57 390 ($34 070–$80 710) for carbapenem-resistant (CR) Acinetobacter. Similarly, for hospital-onset invasive infections, attributable mortality estimates ranged from 14.2% (12.2–16.2%) for MRSA to 24.1% (12.1–36.0%) for CR Acinetobacter. The aggregate cost of these infections was an estimated $1.9 billion ($1.3 billion–$2.5 billion) with 11 852 (8719–14 985) deaths and 448 224 (354 513–541 934) inpatient days in 2017.ConclusionsEfforts to prevent these infections due to multidrug-resistant bacteria could save a significant number of lives and healthcare resources.
Urgent, Comprehensive Federal Action Needed To Stem Mortality and Medicare Costs Associated With Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Fowler Vance G , Jezek Amanda , Spivak Emily S , Talkington Kathy 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper is a call to action for the policies necessary to reduce the burden of antimicrobial resistance, including federal investments in antibiotic stewardship, antibiotic innovation, surveillance, research, diagnostics, infection prevention, the infectious diseases workforce, and global coordination.
The Political Logic of Status Competition: Leaders, Status Tradeoffs, and Beijing’s Vietnam Policy, 1949–1965
Authors: Wang Ziyuan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Students of status politics among nations could hardly evade two broad questions: how do status aspirations drive state foreign policy? And when do leaders consider international conflict a vehicle for status assertion? Conventional wisdom holds that humiliating international events could sensitize leaders to great-power status, increase their propensity for geopolitical competition, and fuel domestic agitation for provocative policies abroad. This assertion is empirically and theoretically flawed. In response, my argument underscores the fact that leaders often have to reconcile their status claims with the imperatives of national security and political survival. Two hypotheses follow. First, in the aftermath of humiliating international events, leaders tend to abstain from provocative policies. That is because such policies risk escalation of conflicts abroad which could jeopardize leaders’ interests in national security and domestic political survival. However, should the moderate approach either encourage the rival power to threaten leaders’ ties with a client state or stir a domestic backlash, leaders may pursue a provocative policy (a second hypothesis). Beijing’s Vietnam policy in 1949–1965 provides crucial evidence for these hypotheses, which carry implications for theory and current events.
Digital Microfluidic Hemagglutination Assays for Blood Typing, Donor Compatibility Testing, and Hematocrit Analysis
Authors: Sklavounos Alexandros A , Lamanna Julian , Modi Dimpy , Gupta Sidharth , Mariakakis Alex , Callum Jeannie , Wheeler Aaron R 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundBlood typing, donor compatibility testing, and hematocrit analysis are common tests that are important in many clinical applications, including those found in high-stakes settings such as the trauma center. These tests are typically performed in centralized laboratories with sample batching; the minutes that are lost in this mode can lead to adverse outcomes, especially for critical-care patients. As a step toward providing rapid results at the bedside, we developed a point-of-care hemagglutination system relying on digital microfluidics (DMF) and a unique, automated readout tool, droplet agglutination assessment using digital microfluidics (DAAD).MethodsABO and Rhesus blood grouping, donor crossmatching, and hematocrit assays were developed on a portable DMF platform that allowed for automated sample processing. The result of each assay could be determined by eye or automatically with the DAAD imaging tool.ResultsDMF-DAAD was applied to 109 samples collected from different sources (including commercial samples, pinpricks from volunteers, and a hospital blood bank), with perfect fidelity to gold-standard results. Some of these tests were carried out by a nonexpert in a hospital trauma center. Proof-of-concept results were also collected from smaller sample sets for donor compatibility testing and hematocrit analysis.ConclusionDMF-DAAD shows promise for delivering rapid, reliable results in a format well suited for a trauma center and other settings where every minute counts.
Benchmark for Discriminating Power of Edge Centrality Metrics
Authors: Bao Qi , Xu Wanyue , Zhang Zhongzhi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEdge centrality has found wide applications in various aspects. Many edge centrality metrics have been proposed, but the crucial issue that how good the discriminating power of a metric is, with respect to other measures, is still open. In this paper, we address the question about the benchmark of the discriminating power of edge centrality metrics. We first use the automorphism concept to define equivalent edges, based on which we introduce a benchmark for the discriminating power of edge centrality measures and develop a fast approach to compare the discriminating power of different measures. According to the benchmark, for a desirable measure, equivalent edges have identical metric scores, while inequivalent edges possess different scores. However, we show that even in a toy graph, inequivalent edges cannot be discriminated by three existing edge centrality metrics. We then present a novel edge centrality metric called forest centrality (FC). Extensive experiments on real-world networks and model networks indicate that FC has better discriminating power than three existing edge centrality metrics.
Minimal Rare Pattern-Based Outlier Detection Approach For Uncertain Data Streams Under Monotonic Constraints
Authors: Cai Saihua , Chen Jinfu , Chen Haibo , Zhang Chi , Li Qian , Shi Dengzhou , Lin Wei 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Existing association-based outlier detection approaches were proposed to seek for potential outliers from huge full set of uncertain data streams ($UDS$), but could not effectively process the small scale of $UDS$ that satisfies preset constraints; thus, they were time consuming. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a novel minimal rare pattern-based outlier detection approach, namely Constrained Minimal Rare Pattern-based Outlier Detection (CMRP-OD), to discover outliers from small sets of $UDS$ that satisfy the user-preset succinct or convertible monotonic constraints. First, two concepts of ‘maximal probability’ and ‘support cap’ are proposed to compress the scale of extensible patterns, and then the matrix is designed to store the information of each valid pattern to reduce the scanning times of $UDS$, thus decreasing the time consumption. Second, more factors that can influence the determination of outlier are considered in the design of deviation indices, thus increasing the detection accuracy. Extensive experiments show that compared with the state-of-the-art approaches, CMRP-OD approach has at least 10% improvement on detection accuracy, and its time cost is also almost reduced half.
Efficient sampling of complex interdependent and multiplex networks
Authors: Subasi Omer , Chatterjee Samrat 
Published: September 2021

AbstractEfficient sampling of interdependent and multiplex infrastructure networks is critical for effectively applying failure and recovery algorithms in real-world settings, as well as to generate property-preserving reduced-order graph-based ensembles that address topological uncertainties. In this article, we first explore the performance, that is, the success in preserving graph properties, of graph sampling algorithms for interdependent and multiplex networks with synthetic and real-world graphs. We simulate sampling algorithms under different parameter settings. These settings include probabilistic graph generators, coupling patterns and various performance metrics. Our results show that while Random Node and Random Walk sampling algorithms perform best for interdependent networks, Random Edge and Forest Fire sampling algorithms perform best for multiplex networks. Second, we propose and implement a novel similarity-based sampling algorithm for multiplex networks that samples only ${\it log}(N)$ number of layers of an $N$-layer multiplex network while yielding computational savings with performance guarantees. Experimental results show that similarity-based sampling outperforms complete sampling of all layers while decreasing performance costs from a linear scale to a logarithmic one. Our results also indicate that similarity-based sampling outperforms complete sampling and random selection in nearly all scenarios when tested with real-world data.
Shakespeare’s suppliants: the ‘rotten custom’ of ancient asylum seeking inCoriolanus
Authors: Wald Christina 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLooking back to the early modern period from the current immigration crisis, this article reads Shakespeare’s tragedy Coriolanus as a tragedy of displacement and asylum seeking. It argues that just like theatrical productions today, Shakespeare might have harked back to ancient Greek tragedy as a cultural resource for coming to terms with the challenges of immigration. It traces the possible migrations between the ritual of asylum seeking that was reflected in a number of Greek tragedies including Aeschylus’s Hiketides, the earliest surviving play about refugees from the fifth century BCE, and Shakespeare’s Coriolanus. In this respect, this article is part of the current critical re-evaluation of the relations between Shakespeare’s work and ancient Greek tragedy. It places Coriolanus into the intertextual and intermedial hiketeia rhizome, in which one transmission line from Greek tragedy via Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Plutarch, Amyot, and North to Shakespeare can be corroborated by evidence, while other lines are more uncertain. Asking whether hiketeia, the ancient verbal and gestural repertoire of a stranger pleading for protection and integration into the polis, is only present as ‘rotten custom’ in Shakespeare’s tragedy, as a trace of cultural history without any considerable force in the new context, the article explores the paradoxical negotiation of displacement in Coriolanus, where both the exiled and the exiler become suppliants. It proposes that Shakespeare’s transformative reactivation of hiketeia as a theatrically, affectively, and politically potent form created an opportunity to negotiate the immigration crisis in Jacobean England.
Cardiovascular comorbidities, inflammation, and cerebral small vessel disease
Authors: Evans Lowri E , Taylor Jade L , Smith Craig J , Pritchard Harry A T , Greenstein Adam S , Allan Stuart M 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) is the most common cause of vascular cognitive impairment and affects all levels of the brain’s vasculature. Features include diverse structural and functional changes affecting small arteries and capillaries that lead to a decline in cerebral perfusion. Due to an ageing population, incidence of cSVD is continually rising. Despite its prevalence and its ability to cause multiple debilitating illnesses, such as stroke and dementia, there are currently no therapeutic strategies for the treatment of cSVD. In the healthy brain, interactions between neuronal, vascular, and inflammatory cells are required for normal functioning. When these interactions are disturbed, chronic pathological inflammation can ensue. The interplay between cSVD and inflammation has attracted much recent interest, and this review discusses chronic cardiovascular diseases, particularly hypertension, and explores how the associated inflammation may impact on the structure and function of the small arteries of the brain in cSVD. Molecular approaches in animal studies are linked to clinical outcomes in patients, and novel hypotheses regarding inflammation and cSVD are proposed that will hopefully stimulate further discussion and study in this important area.
Chromosome-level genome assembly of Gynostemma pentaphyllum provides insights into gypenoside biosynthesis
Authors: Huang Ding , Ming Ruhong , Xu Shiqiang , Wang Jihua , Yao Shaochang , Li Liangbo , Huang Rongshao , Tan Yong 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino is an economically valuable medicinal plant belonging to the Cucurbitaceae family that produces the bioactive compound gypenoside. Despite several transcriptomes having been generated for G. pentaphyllum, a reference genome is still unavailable, which has limited the understanding of the gypenoside biosynthesis and regulatory mechanism. Here, we report a high-quality G. pentaphyllum genome with a total length of 582 Mb comprising 1,232 contigs and a scaffold N50 of 50.78 Mb. The G. pentaphyllum genome comprised 59.14% repetitive sequences and 25,285 protein-coding genes. Comparative genome analysis revealed that G. pentaphyllum was related to Siraitia grosvenorii, with an estimated divergence time dating to the Paleogene (∼48 million years ago). By combining transcriptome data from seven tissues, we reconstructed the gypenoside biosynthetic pathway and potential regulatory network using tissue-specific gene co-expression network analysis. Four UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs), belonging to the UGT85 subfamily and forming a gene cluster, were involved in catalyzing glycosylation in leaf-specific gypenoside biosynthesis. Furthermore, candidate biosynthetic genes and transcription factors involved in the gypenoside regulatory network were identified. The genetic information obtained in this study provides insights into gypenoside biosynthesis and lays the foundation for further exploration of the gypenoside regulatory mechanism.
Potential of Ultrasound to Control Sesamia cretica (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Agah-Manesh Hamzeh , Rajabpour Ali , Yarahmadi Fatemeh , Farsi Afrooz 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The pink stalk borer, Sesamia cretica Led. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is one of the most important sugarcane pests in many regions of the world, causing severe damage to sugarcane every year. This insect has a specialized form of the auditory organ called the tympanal organ, and ultrasound can be employed as a potential tactic employed in physical control strategy against the pest. The present study evaluates the efficacy of ultrasound in controlling the pest in laboratory conditions. For this purpose, the repellent properties of various ultrasonic frequencies ranging from 21 to 100 kHz with 0.5 kHz intervals and wave shapes, including Sin(x), Cos(x) square, and sawtooth, were studied in choice experiments on the moths. The repellent effects of ultrasonic waves at frequencies 39.5 and 37.5 kHz were more significant than other frequencies in male and female moths, respectively. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the repellent properties of different wave shapes. In non-choice experiments, the effects of the most repellent ultrasonic treatment, at frequency 37.5 kHz, on biological characteristics of various life stages and distribution patterns of the moths were investigated. The results showed that the ultrasonic treatment causes substantial reductions in many biological parameters of the immature life stages of pests, including longevity, weight, survival rate, and fecundity. Moreover, the pattern indicated that the moths tended to escape from the ultrasound. The findings of this study can be employed for manufacturing the ultrasonic repeller to be used in sugarcane fields.
Long-term prognostic value of ischaemia and cardiovascular magnetic resonance-related revascularization for stable coronary disease, irrespective of patient’s sex: a large retrospective study
Authors: Pezel Théo , Garot Philippe , Kinnel Marine , Hovasse Thomas , Champagne Stéphane , Sanguineti Francesca , Toupin Solenn , Unterseeh Thierry , Garot Jérôme 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Aims
To assess the sex-specific, long-term prognostic value of myocardial ischaemia induced by stress cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) and early CMR-related revascularization in consecutive patients from a large registry.

Methods and results
Between 2008 and 2010, all consecutive patients referred for stress CMR were followed for the occurrence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), defined by cardiovascular mortality or recurrent non-fatal myocardial infarction (MI). Early CMR-related revascularization was defined as any revascularization within 90 days after CMR. Among 3664 patients (56.9% male, mean age 69.9 ± 11.8 years), 472 (12.9%) had MACE (163 women and 309 men) after a median follow-up of 8.8 (IQR 6.9-9.5) years. Inducible ischaemia and late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) by CMR were associated with MACE in women and men (all P &lt; 0.001). In multivariable Cox regression, inducible ischaemia, LGE, and CMR-related revascularization were independent predictors of MACE both in women [heart rate (HR) 4.79, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.17–9.10; HR 1.82, 95% CI 1.22–2.71; HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.54–0.92, respectively; all P &lt; 0.001] and men (HR 3.88, 95% CI 2.33–5.98; HR 1.48, 95% CI 1.16–1.89; HR 0.78, 95% CI 0.65–0.97, respectively; all P &lt; 0.001). The addition of CMR-parameters led to improved model discrimination for MACE (C-statistic 0.61 vs. 0.71; NRI = 0.212; IDI = 0.032) for both women and men. CMR-related revascularization was associated with a lower incidence of MACE in patients with left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)&lt;50%.

Conclusion
Inducible ischaemia and early CMR-related revascularization were good long-term predictors of MACE irrespective of sex. CMR-related revascularization was associated with a lower MACE incidence in the sole sub-set of patients with LVEF &lt; 50%.
Low attendance on a peer tutoring scheme for English language learners
Authors: Mackenzie Lee 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This study identifies reasons for the low attendance of a peer-tutoring scheme for English language learners at a Colombian university. In what may be the first study of its kind, the article draws on concepts from realist evaluation to analyse the data from semi-structured interviews with six EFL teachers and two peer tutoring scheme staff. The findings suggest the importance of regular communication between tutees and their English teachers for the success of such schemes. The study also identified other factors that impact low attendance such as the value of English, student anxiety, motivation, and institutional constraints. These findings have implications not only for the implementation of English language peer-tutoring programmes in other EFL contexts, but also for EFL teaching more generally. To boost participation rates in such programmes, the study recommends compulsory participation for struggling learners, teacher training in motivational strategies, and activities aimed at increasing stakeholder involvement.
Mediterranean diet, walking outdoors and polypharmacy in older patients with type II diabetes
Authors: Fortes Cristina , Mastroeni Simona , Tubili Claudio , Gianni Simona , Pandolfo Mayme Mary , Fano Valeria 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Polypharmacy and its adverse health effects is an emerging public health issue, with increasing prevalence among patients with multiple chronic conditions, such as older adults with diabetes. A healthy lifestyle has been shown to improve both diabetes and polypharmacy incidence. We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the association of a healthy lifestyle with polypharmacy and comorbidities in older people with diabetes.

Methods
All out-patients from January 2013 to June 2015 with type II diabetes aged 65 years or more from a Lazio Region reference centre for diabetes were included in the study. Socio-demographic, clinical and lifestyle data were collected from medical records and through face-to-face standardized questionnaires. The comorbidity-polypharmacy score (CPS) was used to characterize the overall patients’ frailty, by assessing concurrently the presence of comorbidities and polypharmacy. The cumulative logit model was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results
Adjusted ORs for age, sex, body mass index, physical activity and cognitive status, showed that CPS score was inversely related to weekly consumption of cruciferous vegetables (OR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.35–0.90; P-trend = 0.015), leafy green vegetables (OR: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.33–0.87; P-trend = 0.013) and daily intake of fruits (OR: 0.63, 95% CI: 0.41–0.97; P-trend = 0.036). Walking outdoors was found inversely related to CPS score (age- and sex-adjusted OR: 0.60, 95% CI: 0.42–0.86).

Conclusion
Our findings suggest that eating some dietary factors present in the Mediterranean diet and walking outdoors regularly is associated with a lower intensity of medicines need to treat comorbidities among older people with diabetes.
Hepatorenal syndrome in acute-on-chronic liver failure with acute kidney injury: more questions requiring discussion
Authors: Liu Songtao , Meng Qinghua , Xu Yuan , Zhou Jianxin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn cirrhosis with ascites, hepatorenal syndrome (HRS) is a specific prerenal dysfunction unresponsive to fluid volume expansion. Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) comprises a group of clinical syndromes with multiple organ failure and early high mortality. There are differences in the characterization of ACLF between the Eastern and Western medical communities. Patients with ACLF and acute kidney injury (AKI) have more structural injuries, contributing to confusion in diagnosing HRS-AKI. In this review, we discuss progress in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management of HRS-AKI, especially in patients with ACLF. Controversy regarding HRS-AKI in ACLF and acute liver failure, hepatic carcinoma, shock, sepsis, and chronic kidney disease is also discussed. Research on the treatment of HRS-AKI with ACLF needs to be more actively pursued to improve disease prognosis.