bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gunshot wounds sustained during legal intervention versus those inflicted by civilians: A comparative analysis
Authors: Schellenberg Morgan , Liasidis Panagiotis , Inaba Kenji , Demetriades Demetrios 
Published: July 2021

BACKGROUND
Existing data demonstrate that injuries sustained during legal intervention (LI) differ from those incurred during civilian interpersonal violence (CIV), but gunshot wounds (GSWs) have not yet been specifically examined. This study was undertaken to provide an in-depth analysis of patients shot during LI versus CIV.

METHODS
Patients injured by GSW and captured by the National Trauma Data Bank (2007–2017) were included. Exclusions were transfer from outside hospital or self-inflicted, accidental, or undetermined injury intent GSWs. Study groups were defined by injury circumstances: GSWs sustained during LI versus CIV. Univariable analysis compared demographics, clinical/injury data, and outcomes.

RESULTS
In total, 248,726 patients met inclusion/exclusion criteria: 98% (n = 243,150) CIV versus 2% (n = 5,576) LI. Race varied significantly between study groups (p < 0.001). White patients were the most commonly injured race after LI (n = 2,176, 39%). Black patients were the most commonly injured race after CIV (n = 139,067, 57%). Psychiatric disease (9% vs. 2%, p < 0.001) was more common among LI GSWs. The LI patients were more frequently tachycardic (18% vs. 13%, p < 0.001), hypotensive (26% vs. 14%, p < 0.001), and comatose (34% vs. 15%, p < 0.001). The LI patients had higher Injury Severity Scores (13 vs. 9, p < 0.001), required emergent surgical intervention (39% vs. 28%, p < 0.001) and intensive care unit admission (47% vs. 32%, p < 0.001) more often, and had longer hospital stay (4 vs. 3 days, p < 0.001). Mortality was higher after LI (27% vs. 14%, p < 0.001).

CONCLUSION
Significant racial and injury severity differences exist between patients shot during LI and CIV. White patients were the most commonly injured race after LI, while Black patients were the most commonly injured race during CIV. In addition, Black patients were overrepresented in both groups when compared with their proportion in the US population. LI patients were more significantly injured, as quantified by clinical, injury, and outcomes variables including increased mortality. Further study of patients shot during LI is needed to better understand this increased burden of injury.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Prognostic and epidemiological, level IV.
Treatment of gambling disorder: review of evidence-based aspects for best practice
Authors: Bodor Davor , Ricijaš Neven , Filipčić Igor 
Published: July 2021

Purpose of review
Despite a significant body of literature related to the treatment of gambling disorder, there are still an insufficient number of evaluation studies regarding their effectiveness or firm conclusions on specific treatment elements that contribute to it. The aim of this article was to provide a review of scientific results regarding the treatment of gambling disorder, to present the most commonly applied modalities of treatment and to explore the elements of the most successful therapeutic interventions.

Recent findings
A substantial body of literature has shown that the most successful therapeutic protocols are psychological interventions, especially based on cognitive-behavioral therapy/methods and/or motivational interviewing. Other interventions with promising results include different self-help interventions and mindfulness. Interventions such as couples therapy and support groups, may have positive effects in terms of increasing therapeutic adherence and retention, while pharmacotherapy is especially useful in patients with comorbidities.

Summary
Gambling disorder is a complex mental health problem caused by a wide spectrum of different biological, psychological, and social risk factors. Treatment options for gambling disorder need to be wide, flexible, accessible, and economically justified, providing early inclusion, retention, and sustainability of long-term effects of the treatment, that is, abstinence and higher quality of psychosocial functioning.
Adaptive hearing aid benefit in children with mild/moderate hearing loss: A registered, double-blind, randomized clinical trial
Authors: Stewart Hannah J. , Cash Erin K. , Pinkl Joseph , von Mentzer Cecilia Nakeva ,   CCHMC Division of Audiology, Hunter Lisa L. , Moore David R. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTObjectivesWe completed a registered double-blind randomized control trial to compare acclimatization to two hearing aid algorithms by experienced pediatric hearing aid users with mild to moderate hearing loss. We hypothesized that extended use (up to 13 months) of the adaptive algorithm with integrated directionality and noise reduction, OpenSound Navigator (OSN), would result in improved performance compared to the control algorithm, omnidirectional (Omni), on auditory, cognitive and academic tasks.DesignWe recruited 42 children, aged 6 - 13 years old, through Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center’s Division of Audiology. Two children withdrew from the study due to noncompliance or discomfort. The remaining 40 children were paired by age (within one year) and hearing loss (level and configuration). The individuals from each pair were randomly assigned to a group: OSN (experimental) and Omni (control). Each child completed an audiology evaluation, hearing aid fitting, a follow up audiological appointment and two research visits up to 13 months apart. Research visit outcome measures covered speech perception (in quiet and in noise), novel grammar and word learning, cognition, academic ability and caregiver report of listening behaviours.ResultsThe children with the experimental algorithm did not show improved performance on the outcome measures compared to the control algorithm. There was a significant relationship between age at first hearing aid use and Reading and Mathematical ability across all participants. Data from six children were not included in the analysis due to daily hearing aid usage of less than 6 hours.ConclusionsUse of the experimental algorithm (OSN) neither enhanced nor reduced performance on auditory, cognitive and academic tasks compared to the control algorithm (Omni).
Paradoxical Sex-Specific Patterns of Autoantibodies Response to SARS-CoV-2 Infection
Authors: Liu Yunxian , Ebinger Joseph E. , Mostafa Rowann , Budde Petra , Gajewski Jana , Walker Brian , Joung Sandy , Wu Min , Bräutigam Manuel , Hesping Franziska , Schäfer Elena , Schubert Ann-Sophie , Zucht Hans-Dieter , Braun Jonathan , Melmed Gil Y. , Sobhani Kimia , Arditi Moshe , Van Eyk Jennifer E. , Cheng Susan , Fert-Bober Justyna 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundAmidst the millions of individuals affected directly by the pandemic, pronounced sex differences in the susceptibility and response to SARS-CoV-2 infection remain poorly understood. Emerging evidence has highlighted the potential importance of autoimmune activation in modulating not only the acute response but also recovery trajectories following SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Given that immune-inflammatory activity can be sex-biased in the setting of severe COVID-19 illness, we deliberately examined sex-specific autoimmune reactivity to SARS-CoV-2 in the absence of extreme clinical disease.MethodsWe used a bead-based array containing over 90 autoantigens previously linked to a range of classic autoimmune diseases to assess autoantibody (AAB) titers in 177 participants. All participants had confirmed evidence of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection based on presence of positive anti-nucleocapsid IgG serology results (Abbott Diagnostics, Abbott Park, Illinois). We used multivariate analysis to determine whether sex-bias was associated with increased rates of AABs reactivity and symptom burden after SARS-CoV2 infection.Results82.4% of AABs reactivity was associated with being male compared to 17.6% with female. We found a diversity of AABs responses that exhibited sex-specific patterns of frequency distribution as well as associations with symptomatology and symptom burden.ConclusionOur results reveal a remarkable sex-specific prevalence and selectivity of AAB responses to SARS-CoV-2. Further understanding of the nature of triggered and persistent AAB activation among men and women exposed to SARS-CoV-2 will be essential for developing effective interventions against immune-mediated sequelae of COVID-19.
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Pseudoviruses: A Useful tool to study virus entry and address emerging neutralization escape phenotypes
Authors: Kalkeri Raj , Cai Zhaohui , Lin Shuling , Farmer John , Kuzmichev Yury V. , Koide Fusataka 
Published: July 2021

AbstractSARS-CoV-2 genetic variants are emerging around the globe. Unfortunately, several SARS-CoV-2 variants, especially, variants of concern (VOC) are less susceptible to neutralization by the convalescent and post-vaccination sera, raising concerns of increased disease transmissibility and severity. Recent data suggests the SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing anti-body levels as a good correlate of vaccine mediated protection. However, currently used BSL3 based virus micro-neutralization (MN) assays are more laborious, time consuming and expensive, underscoring the need for BSL2 based, cost effective neutralization assays against SARS-CoV-2 variants. In light of this unmet need, we have developed a BSL2 pseudovirus based neutralization assay (PBNA) in cells expressing Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor for SARS-CoV-2. The assay is reproducible (R2=0.96), demonstrates a good dynamic range and high sensitivity. Our data suggests that the biological Anti-SARS-CoV-2 research reagents such as NIBSC 20/130 show lower neutralization against B.1.351 RSA and B1.1.7 UK VOC, whereas a commercially available monoclonal antibody MM43 retains activity against both these variants. SARS-CoV-2 Spike Pseudovirus based neutralization assays for VOC would be useful tools to measure the neutralization ability of candidate vaccines in both preclinical models and clinical trials and further help develop effective prophylactic countermeasures against emerging neutralization escape phenotypes.
Post-COVID Syndrome. A Case Series and Comprehensive Review
Authors: Anaya Juan-Manuel , Rojas Manuel , Salinas Martha L. , Rodríguez Yhojan , Roa Geraldine , Lozano Marcela , Rodríguez-Jiménez Mónica , Montoya Norma , Zapata Elizabeth ,   Post-COVID study group, Monsalve Diana M , Acosta-Ampudia Yeny , Ramírez-Santana Carolina 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe existence of a variety of symptoms with a duration beyond the acute phase of COVID-19, is referred to as post-COVID syndrome (PCS). We aimed to report a series of patients with PCS attending a Post-COVID Unit and offer a comprehensive review on the topic. Adult patients with previously confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection were systematically assessed through a semi-structured and validated survey. Total IgG, IgA and IgM serum antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated by an electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. A systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis were conducted, following PRISMA guidelines. Univariate and multivariate methods were used to analyze data. Out of a total of 100 consecutive patients, 53 were women, the median of age was 49 years (IQR: 37.8 to 55.3), the median of post-COVID time after the first symptoms was 219 days (IQR: 143 to 258), and 65 patients were hospitalized during acute COVID-19. Musculoskeletal, digestive (i.e., diarrhea) and neurological symptoms including depression (by Zung scale) were the most frequent observed in PCS patients. A previous hospitalization was not associated with PCS manifestation. Arthralgia and diarrhea persisted in more than 40% of PCS patients. The median of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was 866.2 U/mL (IQR: 238.2 to 1681). Despite this variability, 98 patients were seropositive. Based on autonomic symptoms (by COMPASS 31) two clusters were obtained with different clinical characteristics. Levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were not different between clusters. A total of 40 articles (11,196 patients) were included in the meta-analysis. Fatigue/muscle weakness, dyspnea, pain and discomfort, anxiety/depression and impaired concentration were presented in more than 20% of patients reported. In conclusion, PCS is mainly characterized by musculoskeletal, pulmonary, digestive and neurological involvement including depression. PCS is independent of severity of acute illness and humoral response. Long-term antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and a high inter-individual variability were confirmed. Future studies should evaluate the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 may cause PCS and the best therapeutic options.HighlightsPCS is mainly characterized by musculoskeletal, pulmonary, digestive and neurological involvement including depression.PCS is independent of severity of acute illness and humoral immune response.Autonomic symptoms may help to classify patients with PCS.Long-term antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 infection and a high inter-individual variability were confirmed.
Unnecessary antibiotic treatment of children hospitalized with RSV-bronchiolitis: risk factors and prescription patterns
Authors: Obolski Uri , Kassem Eias , Na’amnih Wasef , Tannous Shebly , Kagan Viktoria , Muhsen Khitam 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a main cause of respiratory tract infections, especially affecting young children. Antibiotics are often unnecessarily prescribed for the treatment of RSV. Such treatments can have effects on antibiotic resistance in future bacterial infections of treated patients and the general population.ObjectivesWe sought to understand the risk factors for and patterns of unnecessary antibiotic prescription in children with RSV.MethodsIn a single center retrospective study in Israel, we obtained data of children aged <2 years (n=1015) hospitalized for RSV-bronchiolitis during 2008-2018, and ascertained not to have bacterial coinfections. Antibiotic misuse was defined as prescription of antibiotics during hospitalization of the study population. Patient and clinical variables were assessed as predictors of unnecessary antibiotic treatment in a multivariable logistic regression model.ResultsUnnecessary antibiotic treatment rate of children infected with RSV and ascertained not to have a bacterial coinfection was estimated at 33.4% (95% CI 30.5%-36.4%). Increased likelihood of antibiotic misuse was associated with drawing bacterial cultures, and with variables indicative of a severe patient status: lower oxygen saturation, higher body temperature, tachypnea and prior recent emergency room visit. Older age and female sex were also associated with increased likelihood of unnecessary antibiotic treatment.ConclusionsUnnecessary antibiotic treatment in RSV patients was highly common and may be largely attributed to the physicians’ perception of patients’ severity. Improving prescription guidelines, implementing antibiotic stewardship programs and utilizing decision support systems may help achieve a better balance between prescribing and withholding antibiotic treatment.
Artificial Intelligence-rationalized balanced PPARα/γ dual agonism resets the dysregulated macrophage processes in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Katkar Gajanan D. , Sayed Ibrahim M. , Anandachar Mahitha Shree , Castillo Vanessa , Vidales Eleadah , Toobian Daniel , Usmani Fatima , Sawires Joseph R. , Leriche Geoffray , Yang Jerry , Sandborn William J. , Das Soumita , Sahoo Debashis , Ghosh Pradipta 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTA computational platform, the Boolean network explorer (BoNE), has recently been developed to infuse AI-enhanced precision into drug discovery; it enables querying and navigating invariant Boolean Implication Networks of disease maps for prioritizing high-value targets. Here we usedBoNEto query an Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)-map and prioritize a therapeutic strategy that involves dual agonism of two nuclear receptors, PPARα/γ. Balanced agonism of PPARα/γ was predicted to modulate macrophage processes, ameliorate colitis in network-prioritized animal models, ‘reset’ the gene expression network from disease to health, and achieve a favorable therapeutic index that tracked other FDA-approved targets. Predictions were validated using a balanced and potent PPARα/γ-dual agonist (PAR5359) in two pre-clinical murine models, i.e.,Citrobacter rodentium-induced infectious colitis and DSS-induced colitis. Using a combination of selective inhibitors and agonists, we show that balanced dual agonism promotes bacterial clearance more efficiently than individual agonists, bothin vivoandin vitro. PPARa is required and its agonism is sufficient to induce the pro-inflammatory cytokines and cellular ROS, which are essential for bacterial clearance and immunity, whereas PPARg-agonism blunts these responses, delays microbial clearance and induces the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL10; balanced dual agonism achieved controlled inflammation while protecting the gut barrier and ‘reversal’ of the transcriptomic network. Furthermore, dual agonism reversed the defective bacterial clearance observed in PBMCs derived from IBD patients. These findings not only deliver a macrophage modulator for use as barrier-protective therapy in IBD, but also highlight the potential ofBoNEto rationalize combination therapy.
A Novel Proposal for an Index for Regional Cerebral Perfusion Pressure – A Theoretical Approach Using Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Kameyama Masashi , Momose Toshimitsu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractCerebral blood flow (CBF) / cerebral blood volume (CBV) ratio derived by [15O] H2O/ CO2 and CO positron emission tomography (PET) examination has been used empirically as an index for cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP). However, this equation lacks a theoretical basis and furthermore, has not been confirmed to be proportionate to CPP, as direct measurement of local CPP is not practical.We have developed a new index for CPP using the Poiseuille equation based on a simple model. Our model suggests that CBF/CBV2 is proportionate to CPP and that it is mathematically a more accurate index than CBF/CBV.
Ecotoxicological effects of silver nanoparticles in marine mussels
Authors: Calisi A. , Lorusso C. , Gallego-Urrea J.A. , Hassellöv M. , Dondero F. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn the marine bioindicator species M. galloprovincialis Lam we predicted toxicity and bioaccumulation of 5 nm alkane-coated and 50 nm uncoated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) along with Ag+, as a function of the actual dose level. We generated a time persistence model of silver concentration in seawater and used the Area Under the Curve (AUC) as independent variable in hazard assessment. This approach allowed us to evaluate unbiased ecotoxicological endpoints for acute (survival) and chronic toxicity (byssal adhesion). Logistic regression analysis rendered LC5096h values of 0.68 ± 0.08; 1.00 ± 0.20; 1.00 ± 0.42 mg h L−1 respectively for Ag+, 5 nm and 50 nm AgNP posing no evidence the silver form is a necessary variable to predict the survival outcome. By contrast, for byssal adhesion regression analysis revealed a much higher toxicological potential of Ag+ vs AgNPs, 0.0021 ± 0.0009; 0.053 ± 0.016; 0.021 (no computable error for 50 nm AgNP) mg h L−1, and undoubtedly confirmed a role of the silver form.Bioaccumulation was higher for Ag+ > 5 nm AgNP > 50 nm AgNP reflecting a parallel with the preferential uptake route / target organ.We, eventually, provided a full range of toxicological endpoints to derive risk quotients.
Singlet oxygen leads to structural changes to chloroplasts during degradation in the Arabidopsis thaliana plastid ferrochelatase two mutant
Authors: Fisher Karen E. , Krishnamoorthy Praveen , Joens Matthew S. , Chory Joanne , Fitzpatrick James A. J. , Woodson Jesse D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDuring photosynthesis, chloroplasts can produce large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS), particularly under stressful conditions. Along with other nutrients, chloroplasts also contain 80% of a leaf’s nitrogen supply. For these reasons, chloroplasts are prime targets for cellular degradation to protect cells from photo-oxidative damage and to redistribute nutrients to sink tissues. Multiple chloroplast degradation pathways have been described and are induced by photo-oxidative stress and nutrient starvation. However, the mechanisms by which damaged or senescing chloroplasts are identified, transported to the central vacuole, and ultimately degraded are not well characterized. Here, we investigated the subcellular structures involved with degrading chloroplasts induced by the ROS singlet oxygen (1O2) in the Arabidopsis thaliana plastid ferrochelatase two (fc2) mutant. Using a three-dimensional serial-block face electron microscopy analysis, we show up to 35% of degrading chloroplasts in fc2 mutants protrude into the central vacuole. While the location of a chloroplast within a cell had no effect on the likelihood of its degradation, chloroplasts in spongy mesophyll cells were degraded at a higher rate than those in palisade mesophyll cells. To determine if degrading chloroplasts have unique structural characteristics allowing them to be distinguished from healthy chloroplasts, we analyzed fc2 seedlings grown under different levels of photo-oxidative stress. A clear correlation was observed between chloroplast swelling, 1O2-signaling, and the state of degradation. Finally, plastoglobule enzymes involved in chloroplast disassembly were shown to be upregulated while plastoglobules increased their association with the thylakoid grana, implicating an interaction between 1O2-induced chloroplast degradation and senescence pathways.
Absolute copy number fitting from shallow whole genome sequencing data
Authors: Sauer Carolin M , Eldridge Matthew D , Vias Maria , Hall James A , Boyle Samantha , Macintyre Geoff , Bradley Thomas , Markowetz Florian , Brenton James D 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLow-coverage or shallow whole genome sequencing (sWGS) approaches can efficiently detect somatic copy number aberrations (SCNAs) at low cost. This is clinically important for many cancers, in particular cancers with severe chromosomal instability (CIN) that frequently lack actionable point mutations and are characterised by poor disease outcome. Absolute copy number (ACN), measured in DNA copies per cancer cell, is required for meaningful comparisons between copy number states, but is challenging to estimate and in practice often requires manual curation. Using a total of 60 cancer cell lines, 148 patient-derived xenograft (PDX) and 142 clinical tissue samples, we evaluate the performance of available tools for obtaining ACN from sWGS. We provide a validated and refined tool called Rascal (relative to absolute copy number scaling) that provides improved fitting algorithms and enables interactive visualisation of copy number profiles. These approaches are highly applicable to both pre-clinical and translational research studies on SCNA-driven cancers and provide more robust ACN fits from sWGS data than currently available tools.