bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
141 Relationship Between Dietary Fiber and Basal Ileal Endogenous Losses of Amino Acids in Growing Pigs
Authors: Park Chan Sol , Ragland Darryl , Adeola Olayiwola 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the influence of sources or concentrations of dietary fiber in nitrogen-free diets (NFD) on basal ileal endogenous losses (BEL) of amino acids (AA) and subsequent standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in feed ingredients for pigs derived from such BEL. In Exp. 1, 20 pigs (initial body weight = 46.5 ± 2.97 kg) were assigned to five diets in a quadruplicate 5 × 2 incomplete Latin square design with two periods. Three NFD containing cellulose (insoluble and fermentable fiber), inulin (soluble and fermentable fiber), or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC; soluble and non-fermentable fiber) at 40 g/kg plus two diets containing soybean meal (SBM) or wheat distillers’ dried grains (WDDG) as the sole source of nitrogen were prepared. Pigs fed NFD containing CMC had greater (P &lt; 0.05) BEL of AA, except for Arg and Pro, than those fed the other NFD. The SID of most AA in SBM and WDDG corrected by BEL of AA from NFD containing CMC were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than those corrected by BEL of AA from the other NFD. Experiment 2 was conducted with 21 barrows (initial body weight = 34.1 ± 2.57 kg) assigned to seven diets in a triplicate 7 × 3 incomplete Latin square design with 3 periods. Seven diets consisted of three NFD containing 4, 8, or 12 g/kg cellulose and four diets containing corn, wheat, SBM, or canola meal as the sole source of nitrogen. There was no difference in the BEL of AA, except for Pro, among pigs fed NFD with increasing concentration of cellulose. The SID of AA in test ingredients were not affected by BEL of AA from NFD containing increasing concentration of cellulose. In conclusion, chemical characteristics of dietary fiber, but not concentration, affect the BEL of AA in pigs.
143 Impact of Replacing Soybean Meal with Corn DDGS and Crystalline Amino Acids on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Growing Pigs
Authors: Anderson Brooke E , Holt Jon P , Boyd R D , van Heugten Eric 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with DDGS and crystalline amino acids on growth and carcass lean. Pigs (n = 512; 38.51±0.13 kg BW) were blocked by BW and sex and placed in 64 pens (4 gilts and barrows per pen). Treatments were arranged as a 2×4 factorial with DDGS included at 0 or 25% and L-lysine-HCl (LYS) added at 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6%. Dietary SBM inclusion declined as LYS increased from 32.06 to 13.14% (Phase 1) and 28.25 to 9.40% (Phase 2) for control diets. It declined from 27.85 to 8.89% (Phase 1) and 24.05 to 5.10% (Phase 2) for DDGS diets. Diets contained 1.00 (Phase 1, 21 days) and 0.90% (Phase 2, 18 days) SID lysine and were balanced for ideal protein and net energy. During Phase 1, DDGS decreased ADG (P = 0.06; 786 vs. 821 g/d). Increasing LYS increased (quadratic, P ≤ 0.05) ADG and ADFI with the greatest response at 0.4% LYS. G:F decreased (linear, P = 0.035) with increasing LYS. During Phase 2, increasing LYS in control, but not DDGS diets, decreased (linear, P &lt; 0.005) ADG and ADFI. G:F declined (P = 0.054) with DDGS inclusion (370 vs. 383 g/kg). Overall, ADG decreased (linear, P = 0.005) as LYS increased in control (959, 929, 908, 860 g/d), but not DDGS diets (863, 908, 931, 832 g/d). ADFI decreased (linear, P = 0.014) with increasing LYS in control (2270, 2198, 2186, 2130 g/d), but increased (quadratic, P = 0.039) in DDGS diets (2112, 2207, 2324, 2103 g/d). DDGS reduced (P≤0.03) ADG (883 vs. 914 g/d), G:F (405 vs. 417 g/kg) and LEA (34.5 vs. 35.3 cm2), while increasing LYS decreased (linear, P &lt; 0.005) G:F (417, 419, 409, 401 g/kg) and LEA (35.34, 35.17, 35.46, 33.64 cm2). Displacement of SBM with DDGS reduced growth and LYS addition negatively affected growth and G:F for diets with SBM, but not DDGS.
136 Mycotoxin Contamination in United States Corn and Corn DDGS from 2019 and 2020 Harvest
Authors: Zheng Lan , Pender Chasity , Gott Paige N , Schwandt Erin F , Ramirez Shelby M , Hofstetter Ursula , Murugesan G Raj 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites central to food and feed safety management. These toxins are detrimental to animal health and even at low levels can compromise performance. Focus on clinical signs like decreased feed intake and vomiting overlook significant impacts of mycotoxicosis, including increased disease incidence and severity, immune dysfunction, inflammation, and modulation of the gastrointestinal environment. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of harvest year on five major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins (Afla), type A trichothecenes (A-Trich), type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), and zearalenone (ZEN) in corn and corn DDGS samples. For each mycotoxin group within ingredient, 2019 harvest (329 corn and 20 corn DDGS) were compared with 2020 harvest (27 corn and 21 corn DDGS). Data were analyzed using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with harvest year as fixed effect and sample as the experimental unit. Average B-Trich and FUM contamination levels in corn are significantly (P &lt; 0.05) affected by harvest year. However, B-Trich levels remained consistent, whereas FUM decreased (P &lt; 0.05) from 2019 to 2020. Contamination levels in corn for Afla, A-Trich, and ZEN have remained consistent (P &gt; 0.05) from 2019 to 2020. In corn DDGS, B-Trich contamination level was decreased (P &lt; 0.05) from 2019 to 2020, whereas FUM and ZEN contamination levels remained similar (P &gt; 0.05). The 2020 crop risk profile is likely to change as the sample pool expands. A combination of hot weather, storm events, and drought during the 2020 growing season resulted in crop stress and damage, ultimately leading to grain quality and mycotoxin contamination concerns. Due to the continued risk of mycotoxin co-occurrence, expanding mitigation strategies beyond adsorption by mycotoxin deactivation with biotransformation and additional support of immune and liver function is essential.
134 Meta-analysis to Determine the Effects of Particle Size on Nursery and Finishing Pig’s Growth Performance and Stomach Morphology
Authors: Kippert Carlos J , Vier Carine M , Lu Ning , Cast Wayne R , Navales Ron A , Dritz Steve S , Orlando Uislei A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A meta-analysis was conducted to determine grain particle size (PS) effects on pig growth performance and stomach morphology. Data from 29 trials (11 in the nursery and 18 in the finisher) published from 1986 to 2016 for a total of 140 observations were recorded in a database. The response variables were average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain-to-feed ratio (G:F), ulceration and keratinization scores. Tested predictors included the interactions between PS linear and quadratic effects, production phase, diet form, and main effects of grain type, ingredient inclusion, and mill type. Trial was included as a random effect. Data were analyzed with the lmer function from the lme4 package in R. Significant predictors (P &lt; 0.05) and with improved model fit remained in the final model. Results indicated a significant interaction (P &lt; 0.05) between diet form and quadratic PS for ADFI and G:F. Nursery and finishing pigs fed meal diets linearly reduced ADFI and improved G:F as PS reduced. Nursery pigs fed pelleted diets had reduced ADFI and improved G:F with PS reduced to 500–600µ, with increased ADFI and poorer G:F at lower PS. Finishing pigs fed pelleted diets had reduced ADFI and improved G:F with PS reduced to 500–600µ, with no further changes at lower PS. Regardless of diet form and production phase, ADG increased (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) as PS reduced until approximately 600µ and decreased at lower PS. There was no evidence of PS effect on ulceration score (P = 0.12). Keratinization score increased (P &lt; 0.05) as PS decreased. Reducing PS in meal diets linearly increased keratinization scores, reduced ADFI, and improved G:F. However, no further benefits in performance were observed at grain PS below 500–600µ in pelleted diets.
218 Ileal Digestibility of Amino Acids Is Greater in Sunflower Expellers Than in Sunflower Meal When Fed to Growing Pigs
Authors: Ibagon Jimena A , Lee Su A , Stein Hans H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to test the null hypothesis that country of origin and oil extraction method does not affect the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in sunflower co-products. Six sources of sunflower meal (SFM) and one source of sunflower expeller (SFE) were obtained from Ukraine, Hungary, Italy, and the United States. Eight barrows (initial BW: 28.5 ± 2.4 kg) that had a T-cannula installed in the distal ileum were housed individually and allotted to an 8 × 8 Latin square design with 8 diets and eight 7-d periods. Each source of SFM or SFE was included in one diet as the only source of CP and AA. A nitrogen-free diet was also used. Data for SFM were analyzed using PROC MIXED of SAS with the fixed effect of ingredient and the random effects of animal and period. A contrast statement was used to compare results for SFM and SFE. Pig was the experimental unit and an alpha value of 0.05 was used. Results indicated that the SID of most AA in SFM sources 2 and 6 were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in source 4, but the SID of Lys, Met, and Trp were not different among the 6 sources of sunflower meal (Table 1). The SID of all AA, except Trp, was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in SFE compared with SFM. In conclusion, differences in the SID of all AA except Lys, Met, and Trp in SFM sourced from Ukraine, Hungary, Italy, or the United States were observed, but the SID of all AA, except Trp, was greater in SFE than in SFM indicating that country of origin or site of production as well as oil extraction method influence SID of AA.
246 Effects of Feeding Thermally Processed Spray-dried Egg Whites on Growth Performance, Apparent Digestibility, and Oxidative Stress in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Wilson Victoria C , Kerr Brian J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine if feeding thermally processed (TP, heated at 100°C for 120 h) spray-dried egg whites (SDEW) to nursery pigs would impact growth performance, apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of GE, N, and S, and oxidative stress. Thirty-two barrows, (initial BW 7.1 kg) were randomly assigned to dietary treatments with 1 pig per pen. In a preliminary study, thermally processing SDEW at 100°C for 120 h increased protein carbonyls (PC) from 6 µmol/g to 19.4 µmol/g (P ≤ 0.01). Diets included either 12% SDEW, 6% TP-SDEW plus 6% SDEW, or 12% TP-SDEW. The experiment lasted 24 d for collection of growth performance data, while plasma was collected on d 21 and liver tissue harvested on d 24 to analyze for markers of oxidative stress. Feces were collected on d 22 for measures of ATTD. Daily gain, daily feed intake, feed efficiency, and ATTD of GE were not found to be different among dietary treatments (P ≥ 0.57). In contrast, ATTD of N (P = 0.11) and S (P = 0.03) were found to increase with increasing protein oxidation in the diet. There was no change in the plasma or liver F2-isoprostanes and 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine among dietary treatments (P ≥ 0.28). An increase in plasma PC (P = 0.02) was observed in pigs fed 12% TP-SDEW compared to pigs fed 12% SDEW and pigs fed 6% TP-SDEW. In contrast, a decrease in liver tissue PC (P = 0.04) was observed in pigs fed 6% TP-SDEW compared to pigs fed 12% SDEW and 12% TP-SDEW. These results indicate that feeding TP-SDEW does not affect growth performance, ATTD of GE, and oxidative stress as indicated by F2-isoprostanes or 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine; but appeared to have variable effects on oxidative stress as measured by PC.
244 Effect of Fiber Source and Crude Protein Level on Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: Hammers Kelsey , Calderon Hilda I , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , Dritz Steve S , DeRouchey Joel M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A total of 360 pigs (DNA 200′400, initially 5.0 kg) were used in a 45-d growth trial to determine the effects of fiber source and crude protein (CP) level in diets without pharmacological levels of ZnO on nursery pig growth performance and fecal dry matter (DM). Pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 8 treatments with 5 pigs/pen and 9 pens/treatment. Treatments were arranged in a 2×4 factorial with main effects of CP (21 or 18%) and fiber source [none, coarse wheat bran (CWB), oat hulls, or cellulose (Arbocel, J. Rettenmaier USA, Schoolcraft, MI)]. Fiber source was added to equalize the level of insoluble fiber contributed from 4% CWB, resulting in the addition of 1.85% oat hulls or 1.55% cellulose. Diets were fed in two phases (d 0 to 10 and 10 to 24) followed by a common diet (d 24 to 45). The 21% CP diets contained 1.40% SID Lys in phase 1 and 1.35% SID Lys in phase 2. Treatment diets were formulated to a maximum SID Lys:digestible CP level of 6.35%, thus SID Lys decreased in the 18% CP (1.25% SID Lys) diets. Data were analyzed using the lmer function in R. No fiber source × CP level interactions (P &gt;0.05) were observed. Decreasing dietary CP decreased (P = 0.05) ADG, G:F, and d 24 BW. Overall, ADG and d 45 BW decreased (P &lt; 0.05) for pigs fed 18% CP diets. No main effects of fiber source were observed for growth performance throughout the study. Fecal DM increased (P &lt; 0.05) for pigs fed added cellulose compared to pigs fed no fiber or CWB in the experimental period. In conclusion, reducing dietary CP decreased growth performance and the inclusion of cellulose improved fecal DM of nursery pigs.
243 Effects of Initial Nursery Diet Budget on Growth Performance of 5.5- to 23-kg Pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Swalla Luke A , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of the initial nursery diet budget on growth performance. A total of 3,264 pigs (initial BW = 5.5 kg), placed in pens with 51 pigs each, were used in a 45-d trial. There were 4 treatments consisting of different feed budgets of the initial nursery diet: 4.1 kg, 5.4 kg, 6.8 kg, or 8.2 kg. The experimental diet was corn, soybean meal, and whey permeate-based and contained 1.38% SID Lys. After the allocated budget was consumed, pigs were provided a common corn and soybean meal-based diet. There were 16 replicates per treatment. Pigs were weighed weekly to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data were analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. In the first 14 d of the trial there was no evidence for differences (P &gt; 0.10) in growth performance as all pigs were receiving their allocated budget of the initial diet. From d 14 to 21 as well as d 0 to 21, pigs that received a budget of 6.8 or 8.2 kg had improved ADG (quadratic, P &lt; 0.05) and G:F (linear, P &lt; 0.05) compared to those fed budgets of 4.1 or 5.4 kg. From d 21 to 45, when all pigs received a common diet, there was no evidence for differences (P &gt; 0.10) in ADG. However, there was a linear response (P &lt; 0.05) in G:F, with pigs previously fed the lowest feed budget presenting improved G:F. Overall (d 0 to 45), there was an improvement (linear, P &lt; 0.05) in ADG and ADFI as feed budgets increased, with the best performance observed when pigs were fed 6.8 or 8.2 kg of the initial nursery diet. In conclusion, providing a 6.8 or 8.2 kg budget of the initial nursery diet resulted in improved overall nursery performance.
267 Evaluating the Interaction Between Nursery Diet Complexity and Pharmacological Zinc and Copper
Authors: De Mille Carson M , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Weaned pigs are typically fed complex, highly digestible diets to maximize feed intake and weight gain as they transition into the nursery. Further, pharmacological concentrations of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) are commonly fed to mitigate weaning-related diarrhea and performance reductions. A 2 x 2 factorial design was utilized to determine the effect of diet complexity with or without Zn and Cu. Four-hundred and thirty-two weaned pigs were randomly allotted to 48 pens (n = 9 pigs/pens). Pens were assigned to one of four diets: 1) A high soybean meal diet (Simple), 2) Simple + ZnCu, 3) Low soybean meal diet with spray-dried plasma, casein, and oats (Complex), and 4) Complex + ZnCu. Diets were fed in two 14 d phases. For ZnCu there were 3,000 and 2,000 ppm Zn in phase 1 and 2, and 200 ppm Cu in both phases. Bodyweight and feed intake were determined in phase 1 (d 0–14) and phase 2 (d 15–28). Pen was the experimental unit and all data were analyzed by diet complexity, pharmacological minerals and their interaction. No complexity by ZnCu interaction or diet complexity effects were observed in the 28 d study. However, ZnCu increased ADG (0.23 vs. 0.16 kg/day, P &lt; 0.0001), ADFI (0.28 vs. 0.24 kg/d, P &lt; 0.0001), and GF (0.80 vs. 0.69, P &lt; 0.0001) in phase 1. In phase 2, ZnCu increased ADG by 9% (P = 0.008) and ADFI by 16% (P = 0.0001) compared to non-supplemented counterparts. Overall (0–28 d), ZnCu pigs had heavier end bodyweight (15.9 vs. 14.5 kg, P = 0.009), and greater ADFI (0.47 vs. 0.41 kg/d, P &lt; 0.0001). In conclusion, diet complexity (high levels of soybean meal versus specialized protein alternatives) did not alter nursery performance. Irrespective of diet complexity, pharmacological Zn and Cu improved performance parameters.
271 Investigating the Relationship Between Nursery Pig Performance and Markers of Intestinal Morphology and Integrity
Authors: De Mille Carson M , Gabler Nicholas K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Weaning induces major structural and function changes to the small intestine of pigs and they transition from milk to solid feedstuffs. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine how intestinal morphology and function markers relate to feed intake and growth rates of nursery pig. Forty-eight weaned pigs (5.63 ± 0.50 kg) were randomly selected, individually penned and fed a common diet. Pig bodyweights and feed intake were determined at d 2, 7, and 21. At each time point, 16 pigs were randomly selected and euthanized. Sections of ileum were assessed for morphology [villus height (VH), crypt depth (CD) and VH:CD] and ex vivo transepithelial resistance (TER), macromolecule permeability (FD4), and active transport of glucose and glutamine via modified Ussing chambers. Within each period (d 0–2, 0–7, and 0–21), Pearson correlations were performed between ADG, ADFI, VH, VH:CD, TER, FD4 and active transport of glucose and glutamine. At d 2 post-weaning, no correlations (P &gt; 0.05) were observed between performance and intestinal variables. By d 7, moderate positive correlations between VH and ADFI (r = 0.69, P = 0.005), VH and ADG (r = 0.68, P = 0.006) were reported. At 21 d post-weaning, moderate positive correlations were still observed for VH and ADFI (r = 0.55, P = 0.026) and between VH and ADG (r = 0.51, P = 0.042). Interestingly, ADFI and ADG tended to be negatively correlated with active glucose transport (r = -0.45, P = 0.083 and r = -0.47, P = 0.064, respectively) and active glutamine transport (r = -0.45, P = 0.083 and r = -0.46, P = 0.073, respectively). Markers of ileal integrity (TER and FD4) were not correlated with ADG or ADFI at any time point. Altogether, these data highlight the importance of intestinal morphology on early nursery pig performance.
104 The Danish Perspective to Remove Medicinal Zinc and Reducing the Use of Antibiotics in Swine Production
Authors: Maribo Hanne 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Diarrhoea in weaners has been commonly controlled by adding medicinal zinc (2500 ppm), but by June 2022 this was no longer allowed. In Denmark, antibiotics are accepted for therapeutic use only and usage is registered on pen level and is monitored by Danish authorities. This increases the risk of post-weaning diarrhoea. SEGES has tested several tools, additives e.g. organic acids, diet composition, raw materials e.g. blood plasma. Lowering the protein level in the diet post-weaning is very efficient, but adversely affects productivity. The latest results show on average that a reduction in protein from 19% to 15% in the weaner diet (6-9kg) results in a 60% reduction in diarrhoea; however, it also leads to a productivity loss of 1-1,5 euro. Reducing the protein level from 19% to 16,5% reduces the frequency of diarrhoea by 30% and the productivity loss by approx. 0,3 euro. A trial testing the possibility for compensation for this loss in the weaner period by adding extra protein and amino acids in the finisher diet (30–115 kg) is running now and preliminary results will be presented. Further results from trials reducing diarrhoea by reducing protein, a new way to calculate ideal protein and amino acid balances as well as results from concept tests with weaners will be presented. Further new results evaluating ideal protein and amino acid balances will be presented.
106 Agriculture Residues as a Possible Sustainable Approach to Replacing Antibiotics in Animal Nutrition
Authors: Ekmay Ricardo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The last several years has seen a substantial increase in the investment and development of alternative proteins to lower the environmental footprint of animal agriculture. In addition to insects, single cell proteins (SCP), i.e. algae, bacteria, yeast, have received renewed attention due to their ability to utilize unconventional carbon feedstocks. Traditionally, conventional sugar streams such as corn syrup or molasses have been used for cultivation of SCP. However, algal and bacterial meals are looked at as potential solutions for industrial carbon waste such as carbon dioxide and methane. Yeasts have the ability to use pentose sugars that are found in lignocellulosic materials, i.e. agricultural and forestry residues. Much of the discourse surrounding these alternative protein sources has been on the environmental impact of their production, but less so on the impact of their use. In particular, the impact of single cell proteins on nutrient utilization and gastrointestinal health warrants attention. Nutritional value remains varied among SCP products and dependent on microbial strain and down-stream processes. Maintaining high protein digestibility, and reducing fermentable protein, as well as maintaining high phosphorus digestibility remains a critical nutritional and environmental strategy. Recent findings have indicated that the microbial strain and the carbon feedstock on which it is grown on may have an interactive effect on gastrointestinal health. In particular, yeast products can be characterized as generally anti-inflammatory, but cultivation on lignocellulosic residues appears to enhance these properties. Bacterial meals are known to contain pro-inflammatory components such as lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycans, however, in some instances, they may also produce bioactive molecules that result in a net positive impact. It remains critical to evaluate alternative proteins in the context of whole animal health and consider the environmental impact of their use as well as their production.