bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Initial Characterization of a Reversible, Selective 18F-Labeled Radiotracer for Human Butyrylcholinesterase
Authors: Gentzsch Christian , Chen Xinyu , Spatz Philipp , Košak Urban , Knez Damijan , Nose Naoko , Gobec Stanislav , Higuchi Takahiro , Decker Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose
A neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the presence of amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques in the brain, which are observed in a significant number of cognitively normal, older adults as well. In AD, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) becomes associated with Aβ aggregates, making it a promising target for imaging probes to support diagnosis of AD. In this study, we present the synthesis, radiochemistry, in vitro and preliminary ex and in vivo investigations of a selective, reversible BChE inhibitor as PET-tracer for evaluation as an AD diagnostic.

Procedures
Radiolabeling of the inhibitor was achieved by fluorination of a respective tosylated precursor using K[18F]. IC50 values of the fluorinated compound were obtained in a colorimetric assay using recombinant, human (h) BChE. Dissociation constants were determined by measuring hBChE activity in the presence of different concentrations of inhibitor.

Results
Radiofluorination of the tosylate precursor gave the desired radiotracer in an average radiochemical yield of 20 ± 3 %. Identity and > 95.5 % radiochemical purity were confirmed by HPLC and TLC autoradiography. The inhibitory potency determined in Ellman’s assay gave an IC50 value of 118.3 ± 19.6 nM. Dissociation constants measured in kinetic experiments revealed lower affinity of the inhibitor for binding to the acylated enzyme (K2 = 68.0 nM) in comparison to the free enzyme (K1 = 32.9 nM).

Conclusions
The reversibly acting, selective radiotracer is synthetically easily accessible and retains promising activity and binding potential on hBChE. Radiosynthesis with 18F labeling of tosylates was feasible in a reasonable time frame and good radiochemical yield.
Einfluss der Ergometrie sowie der sportlichen Belastung auf die Konzentration der Blutparameter Kreatininkinase, Laktatdehydrogenase und prostataspezifisches Antigen
Authors: Oremek G. M. , Bendels M. H. , Schneider M. , Ohlendorf D. 
Published: March 2021

ZusammenfassungDurch körperliche Aktivität oder auch im Rahmen einer Ergometrie (Laufband oder Fahrrad) wird die Muskulatur derart belastet, dass sich die Herz-Kreislauf-Funktion verändert. Hierdurch ist ca. 2 h nach der Belastung der Anstieg der Kreatininkinase (CK) und der Laktatdehydrogenase (LDH) im Blut als Indikator für die Muskelbeanspruchung messbar. Auch der Wert des prostataspezifischen Antigens (PSA), insbesondere bei Männern, ist ein diagnostischer Parameter zur Beurteilung der Prostatafunktion, der bei Belastung der Prostataregion, wie z. B. Rennradfahren, beeinträchtigt werden kann. CK samt Isoenzyme, LDH und PSA können gezielt als Indikatoren für körperliche Belastung eingesetzt werden, insofern eine Aussage zur Vitalität des Patienten formuliert werden soll.
Towards enriching and isolation of uncultivated archaea from marine sediments using a refined combination of conventional microbial cultivation methods
Authors: Hu Haining , Natarajan Vengadesh Perumal , Wang Fengping 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe archaea that can be readily cultivated in the laboratory are only a small fraction of the total diversity that exists in nature. Although molecular ecology methods, such as metagenomic sequencing, can provide valuable information independent of cell cultivation, it is only through cultivation-based experiments that they may be fully characterized, both for their physiological and ecological properties. Here, we report our efforts towards enriching and isolation of uncultivated archaea from marine sediments using a refined combination of conventional microbial cultivation methods. Initially, cells were retrieved from the sediment samples through a cell extraction procedure and the sediment-free mixed cells were then divided into different size-range fractions by successive filtration through 0.8 µm, 0.6 µm and 0.2 µm membranes. Archaeal 16S rRNA gene analyses indicated noticeable retention of different archaeal groups in different fractions. For each fraction, supplementation with a variety of defined substrates (e.g., methane, sulfate, and lignin) and stepwise dilutions led to highly active enrichment cultures of several archaeal groups with Bathyarchaeota most prominently enriched. Finally, using a roll-bottle technique, three co-cultures consisting of Bathyarchaeota (subgroup-8) and a bacterial species affiliated with either Pseudomonas or Glutamicibacter were obtained. Our results demonstrate that a combination of cell extraction, size fractionation, and roll-bottle isolation methods could be a useful protocol for the successful enrichment and isolation of numerous slow-growing archaeal groups from marine sediments.
Mediators of the longitudinal relationship between childhood adversity and late adolescent psychopathology
Authors: Healy Colm , Eaton Aisling , Cotter Isabel , Carter Ellen , Dhondt Niamh , Cannon Mary 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundChildhood adversity (CA) is commonly associated with an increased risk of subsequent psychopathology. It is important to identify potential mediators of this relationship which can allow for the development of interventions. In a large population-based cohort study we investigated the relationship between CA and late adolescent psychopathology and early adolescent candidate mediators of this relationship.MethodsWe used data from three waves (n = 6039) of Cohort 98′ of the Growing up in Ireland Study (age 9, 13 and 17). We used doubly robust counterfactual analyses to investigate the relationship between CA (reported at age-9) with psychopathology (internalizing and externalizing problems), measured using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire at age-17. Counterfactual and traditional mediation was used to investigate the mediating effects of the parent-child relationship, peer relations, self-concept, computer usage and physical activity.ResultsCA was associated with an increased risk of internalizing and externalizing problems at age-17. Parent-child conflict mediated 35 and 42% of the relationship between CA and late adolescent externalizing problems and internalizing problems, respectively. Self-concept and physical activity mediated an additional proportion of the relationship between CA and internalizing problems. These results were robust to unmeasured confounding.ConclusionsParent-child conflict explains more than a third of the relationship between CA and later psychopathology. Self-concept and physical activity explain the additional proportion of the relationship between CA and internalizing problems. This suggests that these factors may be good targets for intervention in young people who have experienced CA to prevent subsequent psychopathology.
Beyond four decades of Elaeidobius kamerunicus Faust (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in the Malaysian oil palm industry: a review
Authors: Zulkefli Muhamad Haziq Hadif , Jamian Syari , Adam Nur Azura , Jalinas Johari , Mohamad Saharul Abillah , Mohd Masri Mohamed Mazmira 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) is an economically important crop in South-east Asia, especially in Malaysia and Indonesia. In Malaysia, oil palm is the most profitable commodity in the agriculture sector. The future of oil palm lies in obtaining a higher yield that is aligned and directed towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) by 2030. Elaeidobius kamerunicus was introduced into Malaysia during the late 1980s to boost the production of oil palm fruit bunches. Almost 40 years since the introduction of E. kamerunicus, significant improvements have been witnessed in the increase of oil palm yield. Nevertheless, the current concern in the oil palm sector is regarding the decreasing of fruit set that may be affected by E. kamerunicus. The weevil population plays a crucial factor in the pollination of oil palm. Several factors had been reported to reduce the weevil population such as natural enemies, interaction with local insects, pesticides, climate and male inflorescence. These factors have been addressed in this article based on various studies conducted since the first investigation in Cameroon by Syed in 1977. The role of the pollinator in terms of its biology, behaviour and pollination mechanism is also described in this article, together with the population management of the weevils. This review article will provide a summary of the current state of Elaeidobius kamerunicus in Malaysia and other neighbouring oil palm-producing countries.
ʾABŪ SAʿĪD AL-SIǦZĪ AND THE “STRUCTURE OF THE ORBS,” THE EARLIEST KNOWN WORK ON HAYʾA
Authors: Mahdavi Younes 
Published: March 2021

AbstractʾAbū Saʿīd al-Siǧzī was a prominent fourth/tenth century astronomer and mathematician who was one of the first contributors to the new genre of ʿilm al-hayʾa (science of the configuration). However, little is known about the initial steps taken in the formation of the discipline, or its independence from other astronomical writings and practices. In this paper, I will discuss new findings about Siǧzī’s life to determine details of his biography and a more precise time period for his scientific activities. I then describe, for the first time, a composition in theoretical astronomy from the fourth/tenth century, the “Structure of the orbs” (Tarkīb al-aflāk) by Siǧzī to show its place in the formation of the discipline of ʿilm al-hayʾa, comparing Siǧzī’s book to the earlier work of al-Farġānī on the size of the earth and the number of celestial spheres. I conclude that Siǧzī’s Tarkīb al-aflāk is the earliest known example of a book that contains only topics found in later hayʾa and may be the first appearance of the ninth celestial orb that became standard in the later genre.
Flow Intensification Due to the Superposition of Near‐Inertial Internal Waves in the Abyssal Yamato and Tsushima Basins of the Japan Sea (East Sea)
Authors: Senjyu Tomoharu , Shin Hong‐Ryeol 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNear‐inertial internal waves (NIWs) in the abyssal Yamato and Tsushima Basins of the Japan Sea (East Sea) were investigated using data from a moored acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and single‐point current meters. The NIW events with duration of 3–5 days were observed intermittently in both basins. In particular, an active NIW event occurred below 2,475 m in the Yamato Basin during May 12–16, 2014. This was followed by the upward propagation of a wave packet from 2,475 to 950 m. The near‐inertial flows (1.07f) during the event exhibited a vertically coherent phase and intensification with depth by a factor of 1.5 from 2,475 to 2,635 m. The near‐inertial flows (1.05f) in the Tsushima Basin also showed a vertically coherent phase and intensification with depth, although the amplitude of the flow exhibited a middepth maximum rather than monotonic intensification. As a possible explanation of the observed flow characteristics, the superposition of downward‐propagating NIWs that can be excited by a strong wind event and upward‐propagating NIWs that bounced off the seabed was examined. The time series of the Richardson number based on the observed shear showed sporadic unstable conditions during the initial stage of the NIW event during May 2014 in the Yamato Basin. In addition, relatively small values of Richardson number were observed over the range of 2,475–2,635 m during the period of active NIWs. This suggests the promotion of vertical mixing in the deep sea during significant NIW events.
Weight loss and risk reduction of obesity-related outcomes in 0.5 million people: evidence from a UK primary care database
Authors: Haase Christiane Lundegaard , Lopes Sandra , Olsen Anne Helene , Satylganova Altynai , Schnecke Volker , McEwan Phil 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHigh body mass index (BMI) is known to be associated with various conditions, including type 2 diabetes (T2D), osteoarthritis, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and sleep apnoea; however, the impact of intentional weight loss on the risk of these and other outcomes is not well quantified. We examined the effect of weight loss on ten selected outcomes in a population from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) GOLD database. Included individuals were >18 years old at the index date (first BMI value between January 2001 and December 2010). They were categorised by their weight pattern between year 1 post-index and year 4 post-index (baseline period) as having stable weight (−5% to +5%) or weight loss (−25% to −10%, plus evidence of intervention or dietary advice to confirm intention to lose weight). For inclusion, individuals also required a BMI of 25.0–50.0 kg/m2 at the start of the follow-up period, during which the occurrence of ten obesity-related outcomes was recorded. Cox proportional hazard models adjusted for BMI, comorbidities, age, sex and smoking status were used to estimate relative risks for weight loss compared with stable weight. Individuals in the weight-loss cohort had median 13% weight loss. Assuming a BMI of 40 kg/m2 before weight loss, this resulted in risk reductions for T2D (41%), sleep apnoea (40%), hypertension (22%), dyslipidaemia (19%) and asthma (18%). Furthermore, weight loss was associated with additional benefits, with lower risk of T2D, chronic kidney disease, hypertension and dyslipidaemia compared with maintaining the corresponding stable lower BMI throughout the study. This study provides objective, real-world quantification of the effects of weight loss on selected outcomes, with the greatest benefits observed for the established CVD risk factors T2D, hypertension and dyslipidaemia.
Frequent post-operative monitoring of colorectal cancer using individualised ctDNA validated by multiregional molecular profiling
Authors: Yaegashi Mizunori , Iwaya Takeshi , Sasaki Noriyuki , Fujita Masashi , Ju Zhenlin , Siwak Doris , Hachiya Tsuyoshi , Sato Kei , Endo Fumitaka , Kimura Toshimoto , Otsuka Koki , Sugimoto Ryo , Sugai Tamotsu , Liotta Lance , Lu Yiling , Mills Gordon B. , Nakagawa Hidewaki , Nishizuka Satoshi S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) is known as a tumour-specific personalised biomarker, but the mutation-selection criteria from heterogeneous tumours remain a challenge.

Methods
We conducted multiregional sequencing of 42 specimens from 14 colorectal tumours of 12 patients, including two double-cancer cases, to identify mutational heterogeneity to develop personalised ctDNA assays using 175 plasma samples.

Results
“Founder” mutations, defined as a mutation that is present in all regions of the tumour in a binary manner (i.e., present or absent), were identified in 12/14 tumours. In contrast, “truncal” mutations, which are the first mutation that occurs prior to the divergence of branches in the phylogenetic tree using variant allele frequency (VAF) as continuous variables, were identified in 12/14 tumours. Two tumours without founder and truncal mutations were hypermutators. Most founder and truncal mutations exhibited higher VAFs than “non-founder” and “branch” mutations, resulting in a high chance to be detected in ctDNA. In post-operative long-term observation for 10/12 patients, early relapse prediction, treatment efficacy and non-relapse corroboration were achievable from frequent ctDNA monitoring.

Conclusions
A single biopsy is sufficient to develop custom dPCR probes for monitoring tumour burden in most CRC patients. However, it may not be effective for those with hypermutated tumours.
An approach for security evaluation and certification of a complete quantum communication system
Authors: Sajeed Shihan , Chaiwongkhot Poompong , Huang Anqi , Qin Hao , Egorov Vladimir , Kozubov Anton , Gaidash Andrei , Chistiakov Vladimir , Vasiliev Artur , Gleim Artur , Makarov Vadim 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAlthough quantum communication systems are being deployed on a global scale, their realistic security certification is not yet available. Here we present a security evaluation and improvement protocol for complete quantum communication systems. The protocol subdivides a system by defining seven system implementation sub-layers based on a hierarchical order of information flow; then it categorises the known system implementation imperfections by hardness of protection and practical risk. Next, an initial analysis report lists all potential loopholes in its quantum-optical part. It is followed by interactions with the system manufacturer, testing and patching most loopholes, and re-assessing their status. Our protocol has been applied on multiple commercial quantum key distribution systems to improve their security. A detailed description of our methodology is presented with the example of a subcarrier-wave system. Our protocol is a step towards future security evaluation and security certification standards.
Habitual fish intake negatively correlates with prevalence of frailty among patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Minamino Hiroto , Katsushima Masao , Torii Mie , Hashimoto Motomu , Fujita Yoshihito , Ikeda Kaori , Yamamoto Wataru , Watanabe Ryu , Murakami Kosaku , Murata Koichi , Nishitani Kohei , Tanaka Masao , Ito Hiromu , Ohmura Koichiro , Arai Hidenori , Inagaki Nobuya , Matsuda Shuichi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFrailty is a geriatric syndrome characterized by anabolic-catabolic imbalance and multisystem dysregulation resulting in increased adverse health outcomes, and is closely related with dietary habits in the general population. Although chronic inflammatory diseases are thought to accelerate development of frailty, correlations between rheumatoid arthritis (RA), frailty and dietary habits have not been examined. We performed a cross-sectional study using our cohort database (KURAMA cohort), and classified 306 participants into three groups (robust, prefrail and frail) according to the Study of Osteoporotic Fracture (SOF) criteria. Multivariate logistic analysis revealed that the presence of frailty/prefrailty was significantly correlated with the disease activity score (DAS28-ESR) (OR 1.70 (1.30–2.22), p < 0.0001). Additional analyses of frailty and food intake showed that 5 foods (fish, meat, milk, vegetables and fruits) of 20 groups on the questionnaire were inversely associated with the prevalence of frail/prefrail categories. In multivariate analysis with the five nutrients, fish intake (> two times a week) was an independent covariate negatively correlated with frailty/prefrailty (OR 0.35 (0.19–0.63), p = 0.00060). In conclusion, habitual fish intake may play a key role in nutritional intervention to prevent progression of frailty and RA.
Smart optical cross dipole nanoantenna with multibeam pattern
Authors: Moshiri Seyyed Mohammad Mehdi , Nozhat Najmeh 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this paper, an optical smart multibeam cross dipole nano-antenna has been proposed by combining the absorption characteristic of graphene and applying different arrangements of directors. By introducing a cross dipole nano-antenna with two V-shaped coupled elements, the maximum directivity of 8.79 dBi has been obtained for unidirectional radiation pattern. Also, by applying various arrangements of circular sectors as director, different types of radiation pattern such as bi- and quad-directional have been attained with directivities of 8.63 and 8.42 dBi, respectively, at the wavelength of 1550 nm. The maximum absorption power of graphene can be tuned by choosing an appropriate chemical potential. Therefore, the radiation beam of the proposed multibeam cross dipole nano-antenna has been controlled dynamically by applying a monolayer graphene. By choosing a suitable chemical potential of graphene for each arm of the suggested cross dipole nano-antenna without the director, the unidirectional radiation pattern shifts ± 13° at the wavelength of 1550 nm. Also, for the multibeam nano-antenna with different arrangements of directors, the bi- and quad-directional radiation patterns have been smartly modified to uni- and bi-directional ones with the directivities of 10.1 and 9.54 dBi, respectively. It is because of the graphene performance as an absorptive or transparent element for different chemical potentials. This feature helps us to create a multipath wireless link with the capability to control the accessibility of each receiver.
A network‐decomposition‐based multi‐rate parallel transient simulation technique for active distribution networks
Authors: Wang Zhaoqi , Tang Wei , Wang Yue , Zhang Bo , Cai Yongxiang , Zhang Lu , Zhang Han 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEmerging power sources and load demands penetrating the power system on demand side lead to diversified dynamic processes of distribution networks and thus create challenges for transient simulation of large‐scale active distribution networks. This paper proposes a network‐decomposition‐based multi‐rate parallel transient simulation technique for active distribution networks. Prominent advantages of the proposed method are accentuated by balancing computational complexities of CPU cores and devised core‐oriented adaptive step sizes in terms of the simulated elements with various dynamic characteristics. First, an optimised decomposition strategy of active distribution networks is proposed with the goals of balancing the computational burden of each core and minimising interactive data between cores. On that basis, coordinating models of multi‐port networks and equivalent models of interfaces are established. Then, a parallel simulation method of coordinated adaptive step sizes is proposed to accelerate the transient simulation. Case studies on eight feeders connecting to a common 10‐kV bus are carried out to verify the simulation speed and precision of the proposed parallel simulation method.
Kernel correlation filter tracking strategy based on adaptive fusion response map
Authors: Xiu Chunbo , Ma Yunfei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAiming at the problem that the tracking performance of the traditional kernel correlation filter tracking algorithm is easy to be affected by illumination variation, occlusion and motion blur during tracking, an improved tracking strategy is proposed. A new Histogram of Hue Gradient (HHG) feature is designed, and the new HOG‐HHG feature is obtained by connecting the HOG and the HHG in series. Two features, CN and HOG‐HHG, are extracted respectively, and two kernel correlation filter classifiers are constructed base on the two features above to establish the corresponding response maps of the tracking scenes, respectively. The response maps are fused adaptively to improve the tracking robustness to the complex situations in the tracking process. The updating strategy of the target model is designed based on peak sidelobe ratio (PSR) and its difference, and the adaptive thresholds are used to improve the stability of the target model. Simulation results show that the proposed method has better tracking adaptability to the illumination variation, occlusion and motion blur. Both the precision and the success rate can be enhanced.