bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Who's Afraid of Sunlight? Explaining Opposition to Transparency in Economic Development
Authors: Jensen Nathan M. , Thrall Calvin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFirms and governments often negotiate economic development deals, such as tax abatements, with limited transparency, using exceptions to public records laws or other strategies for nondisclosure. In this article we explore the motivations of firms for keeping economic development deals out of the public eye. We explore legal challenges to public records requests for deal-specific, company-specific participation in a state economic development incentive program. By examining applications for participation in a major state economic program, the Texas Enterprise Fund, we find that a company is more likely to challenge a formal public records request if it has renegotiated the terms of the award to reduce its job-creation obligations. We interpret this as companies challenging transparency when they have avoided being penalized for noncompliance by engaging in nonpublic renegotiations. These results provide evidence regarding those conditions that prompt firms to challenge transparency and illustrate some of the limitations of safeguards such as clawbacks (or incentive-recapture provisions) when such reforms aren't coupled with robust transparency mechanisms. We speculate that the main motivation for these challenges is to limit scrutiny of these deals that could lead to backlashes against future economic development agreements.
Thinking What One is Doing: Knowledge-how, Methods, and Reliability
Authors: Turman John 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThere has been renewed interest over the last twenty years in Ryle's claims and arguments about knowledge-how. Elzinga (2018) and Löwenstein (2017) have both recently defended independent Ryle-inspired accounts of knowledge-how. In what follows, I will propose and defend an amendment to accounts of knowledge-how like those of Elzinga and Löwenstein. I argue that this amendment provides an additional needed distinction between the performance robustness provided by certain performance methods (or styles), and the robustness of an agent's ability to perform according to such methods (or styles). Additionally, the proposed amendment, if adopted, will make the amended views even more Rylean. I argue for this, in part, through original exegetical work on an under-discussed theme in Ryle's philosophy of mind: the relation between semi-hypothetical statements, methodological act-description, and knowledge-how.
Attributable mortality of vancomycin resistance in ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium bacteremia in Denmark and the Netherlands: A matched cohort study
Authors: Rottier Wouter C. , Pinholt Mette , van der Bij Akke K. , Arpi Magnus , Blank Sybrandus N. , Nabuurs-Franssen Marrigje H. , Ruijs Gijs J.H.M. , Tersmette Matthijs , Ossewaarde Jacobus M. , Groenwold Rolf H. , Westh Henrik , Bonten Marc J.M. ,   for the Dutch VRE Bacteremia Investigators,   the Danish Collaborative Bacteraemia Network (DACOBAN)
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjective:To study whether replacement of nosocomial ampicillin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (ARE) clones by vancomycin-resistant E. faecium (VRE), belonging to the same genetic lineages, increases mortality in patients with E. faecium bacteremia, and to evaluate whether any such increase is mediated by a delay in appropriate antibiotic therapy.Design:Retrospective, matched-cohort study.Setting:The study included 20 Dutch and Danish hospitals from 2009 to 2014.Patients:Within the study period, 63 patients with VRE bacteremia (36 Dutch and 27 Danish) were identified and subsequently matched to 234 patients with ARE bacteremia (130 Dutch and 104 Danish) for hospital, ward, length of hospital stay prior to bacteremia, and age. For all patients, 30-day mortality after bacteremia onset was assessed.Methods:The risk ratio (RR) reflecting the impact of vancomycin resistance on 30-day mortality was estimated using Cox regression with further analytic control for confounding factors.Results:The 30-day mortality rates were 27% and 38% for ARE in the Netherlands and Denmark, respectively, and the 30-day mortality rates were 33% and 48% for VRE in these respective countries. The adjusted RR for 30-day mortality for VRE was 1.54 (95% confidence interval, 1.06–2.25). Although appropriate antibiotic therapy was initiated later for VRE than for ARE bacteremia, further analysis did not reveal mediation of the increased mortality risk.Conclusions:Compared to ARE bacteremia, VRE bacteremia was associated with higher 30-day mortality. One explanation for this association would be increased virulence of VRE, although both phenotypes belong to the same well-characterized core genomic lineage. Alternatively, it may be the result of unmeasured confounding.
Prediction of type 2 diabetes mellitus based on nutrition data
Authors: Katsimpris Andreas , Brahim Aboulmaouahib , Rathmann Wolfgang , Peters Anette , Strauch Konstantin , Flaquer Antònia 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Numerous predictive models for the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exist, but a minority of them has implemented nutrition data so far, even though the significant effect of nutrition on the pathogenesis, prevention and management of T2DM has been established. Thus, in the present study, we aimed to build a predictive model for the risk of T2DM that incorporates nutrition data and calculates its predictive performance. We analysed cross-sectional data from 1591 individuals from the population-based Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) FF4 study (2013–14) and used a bootstrap enhanced elastic net penalised multivariate regression method in order to build our predictive model and select among 193 food intake variables. After selecting the significant predictor variables, we built a logistic regression model with these variables as predictors and T2DM status as the outcome. The values of area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of our predictive model were calculated. Eleven out of the 193 food intake variables were selected for inclusion in our model, which yielded a value of area under the ROC curve of 0⋅79 and a maximum PPV, NPV and accuracy of 0⋅37, 0⋅98 and 0⋅91, respectively. The present results suggest that nutrition data should be implemented in predictive models to predict the risk of T2DM, since they improve their performance and they are easy to assess.
Where in the cell is my protein?
Authors: DeRosier David J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe application of cryo-correlative light and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-CLEM) gives us a way to locate structures of interest in the electron microscope. In brief, the structures of interest are fluorescently tagged, and images from the cryo-fluorescent microscope (cryo-FM) maps are superimposed on those from the cryo-electron microscope (cryo-EM). By enhancing cryo-FM to include single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), we can achieve much better localization. The introduction of cryo-SMLM increased the yield of photons from fluorophores, which can benefit localization efforts. Dahlberg and Moerner (2021, Annual Review of Physical Chemistry, 72, 253–278) have a recent broad and elegant review of super-resolution cryo-CLEM. This paper focuses on cryo(F)PALM/STORM for the cryo-electron tomography community. I explore the current challenges to increase the accuracy of localization by SMLM and the mapping of those positions onto cryo-EM images and maps. There is much to consider: we need to know if the excitation of fluorophores damages the structures we seek to visualize. We need to determine if higher numerical aperture (NA) objectives, which add complexity to image analysis but increase resolution and the efficiency of photon collection, are better than lower NA objectives, which pose fewer problems. We need to figure out the best way to determine the axial position of fluorophores. We need to have better ways of aligning maps determined by FM with those determined by EM. We need to improve the instrumentation to be easier to use, more accurate, and ice-contamination free. The bottom line is that we have more work to do.
Migraine: interactions between brain’s trait and state
Authors: Szabo Edina , Green Stephen , Karunakaran Keerthana Deepti , Sieberg Christine B. , Elman Igor , Burstein Rami , Borsook David 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIt is well established that migraine is a multifactorial disorder. A deep understanding of migraine should be based upon both the underlying traits and the current states affected by different physiological, psychological, and environmental factors. At this point, there is no framework fully meeting these criteria. Here, we describe a broader view of the migraine disorder defined as a dysfunctional brain state and trait interaction. In this model, we consider events that may enhance or diminish migraine responsivity based on an individual’s trait and state. This could provide an expanded view for considering how migraine attacks are sometimes precipitated by “triggers” and sometimes not, how these factors only lead to migraine attacks in migraine patients, or how individuals with an increased risk for migraine do not show any symptoms at all. Summarizing recent studies and evidence that support the concept of migraine as a brain state–trait interaction can also contribute to improving patient care by highlighting the importance of precision medicine and applying measures that are able to capture how different traits and states work together to determine migraine.
2,4-D and dicamba removal from the surface of plastic mulch using overhead irrigation: analytical analysis and cucurbit bioassay crop response
Authors: Hand Lavesta C. , Eason Kayla M. , Randell Taylor M. , Grey Timothy L. , Culpepper A. Stanley 
Published: June 2021

AbstractGlyphosate and paraquat are effective preplant burndown herbicide options for multicrop vegetable production that uses plastic mulch, but problematic weeds such as wild radish, cutleaf evening primrose, annual morningglory, or horseweed may not be adequately controlled with these herbicides alone. The herbicides 2,4-D and dicamba could help control these troublesome weeds prior to planting if they can be removed from plastic mulch and thus avoid crop damage. Treatments included 2,4-D (1,065 and 2,130 g ae ha−1) and dicamba (560 and 1,120 g ae ha−1) applied broadcast over plastic mulch a day before transplanting. Just before transplanting, treatments received either 0.76 cm of water via overhead irrigation or no irrigation. Plastic mulch samples were collected at application and planting to determine herbicide presence using analytical techniques, and cantaloupe and zucchini squash were subsequently transplanted on the plastic beds. Analytical ultra-high performance liquid chromatography revealed that 88% to 99% of the initial herbicide concentration was present at crop planting when irrigation was not implemented. At most, a 1/50 rate of dicamba and a 1/500 rate of 2,4-D was present at planting when overhead irrigation was applied prior to transplanting. Maximum cantaloupe and squash injury from 2,4-D with irrigation was 10% and did not influence plant growth, biomass, or yield. For dicamba with overhead irrigation, cantaloupe injury was 35%, vine lengths were reduced by 24%, and maturity was delayed, whereas squash injury ranged from 9% to 12%, with no influence on growth or yield. Without irrigation to wash herbicides from the mulch prior to planting, 60% to 100% injury of both crops occurred with both herbicides. Zucchini squash was more tolerant to dicamba than cantaloupe. Results demonstrated that 2,4-D can be adequately removed from the surface of plastic mulch with irrigation, whereas a single irrigation event was not sufficient to remove dicamba.
Climate Impacts on Source Contributions and Evaporation to Flow in the Snake River Basin Using Surface Water Isoscapes (δ2H and δ18O)
Authors: Windler Grace , Brooks J. Renée , Johnson Henry M. , Comeleo Randy L. , Coulombe Rob , Bowen Gabriel J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRising global temperatures are expected to decrease the precipitation amount that falls as snow, causing greater risk of water scarcity, groundwater overdraft, and fire in areas that rely on mountain snowpack for their water supply. Streamflow in large river basins varies with the amount, timing, and type of precipitation, evapotranspiration, and drainage properties of watersheds; however, these controls vary in time and space making it difficult to identify the areas contributing most to flow and when. In this study, we separate the evaporative influences from source values of water isotopes from the Snake River basin in the western United States to relate source area to flow dynamics. We developed isoscapes (δ2H and δ18O) for the basin and found that isotopic composition of surface water in small watersheds is primarily controlled by longitude, latitude, and elevation. To examine temporal variability in source contributions to flow, we present a 6‐years record of Snake River water isotopes from King Hill, Idaho, after removing evaporative influences. During periods of low flow, source water values were isotopically lighter indicating a larger contribution to flow from surface waters in the highest elevation, eastern portion of the basin. River evaporation increases were evident during summer likely reflecting climate, changing water availability, and management strategies within the basin. Our findings present a potential tool for identifying critical portions of basins contributing to river flow as climate fluctuations alter flow dynamics. This tool can be applied in other continental‐interior basins where evaporation may obscure source water isotopic signatures.
Probing the Southern Cascadia Plate Interface With the Dense Amphibious Cascadia Initiative Seismic Array
Authors: Alongi T. , Schwartz S. Y. , Shaddox H. R. , Small D. T. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFault coupling is vital in determining the amount of strain that is accumulated along faults. The magnitude and location of stored elastic strain energy in highly coupled regions has important implications for understanding the full range of slip behavior at plate boundary faults, as well as earthquake and tsunami hazards. We use the temporary dense amphibious array of seismometers offered by the Cascadia Initiative to create a high‐resolution catalog of events to examine the spatio‐temporal behavior of earthquakes near the plate interface. The data show that in southern Cascadia the plate interface updip of the geodetically locked region is nearly devoid of seismicity, therefore likely highly coupled and accumulating strain. The catalog reveals events that are clustered at the downdip edge of the highly coupled megathrust that correlate in time with nearby strain transient observations. Template matching of events in the cluster using permanent stations of the Northern California Seismic Network over a 10‐year period between 2010 and 2020 indicates that this cluster is unique in space and time. Its activity only during the strain transient provides support for the utility of seismic observations in the identification of strain transients.
Cocaine induces paradigm-specific changes to the transcriptome within the ventral tegmental area
Authors: Campbell Rianne R. , Chen Siwei , Beardwood Joy H. , López Alberto J. , Pham Lilyana V. , Keiser Ashley M. , Childs Jessica E. , Matheos Dina P. , Swarup Vivek , Baldi Pierre , Wood Marcelo A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDuring the initial stages of drug use, cocaine-induced neuroadaptations within the ventral tegmental area (VTA) are critical for drug-associated cue learning and drug reinforcement processes. These neuroadaptations occur, in part, from alterations to the transcriptome. Although cocaine-induced transcriptional mechanisms within the VTA have been examined, various regimens and paradigms have been employed to examine candidate target genes. In order to identify key genes and biological processes regulating cocaine-induced processes, we employed genome-wide RNA-sequencing to analyze transcriptional profiles within the VTA from male mice that underwent one of four commonly used paradigms: acute home cage injections of cocaine, chronic home cage injections of cocaine, cocaine-conditioning, or intravenous-self administration of cocaine. We found that cocaine alters distinct sets of VTA genes within each exposure paradigm. Using behavioral measures from cocaine self-administering mice, we also found several genes whose expression patterns corelate with cocaine intake. In addition to overall gene expression levels, we identified several predicted upstream regulators of cocaine-induced transcription shared across all paradigms. Although distinct gene sets were altered across cocaine exposure paradigms, we found, from Gene Ontology (GO) term analysis, that biological processes important for energy regulation and synaptic plasticity were affected across all cocaine paradigms. Coexpression analysis also identified gene networks that are altered by cocaine. These data indicate that cocaine alters networks enriched with glial cell markers of the VTA that are involved in gene regulation and synaptic processes. Our analyses demonstrate that transcriptional changes within the VTA depend on the route, dose and context of cocaine exposure, and highlight several biological processes affected by cocaine. Overall, these findings provide a unique resource of gene expression data for future studies examining novel cocaine gene targets that regulate drug-associated behaviors.
PKCδ-mediated SGLT1 upregulation confers the acquired resistance of NSCLC to EGFR TKIs
Authors: Chen Chia-Hung , Wang Bo-Wei , Hsiao Yu-Chun , Wu Chun-Yi , Cheng Fang-Ju , Hsia Te-Chun , Chen Chih-Yi , Wang Yihua , Weihua Zhang , Chou Ruey-Hwang , Tang Chih-Hsin , Chen Yun-Ju , Wei Ya-Ling , Hsu Jennifer L. , Tu Chih-Yen , Hung Mien-Chie , Huang Wei-Chien 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) targeting epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been widely used for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, but the development of acquired resistance remains a therapeutic hurdle. The reduction of glucose uptake has been implicated in the anti-tumor activity of EGFR TKIs. In this study, the upregulation of the active sodium/glucose co-transporter 1 (SGLT1) was found to confer the development of acquired EGFR TKI resistance and was correlated with the poorer clinical outcome of the NSCLC patients who received EGFR TKI treatment. Blockade of SGLT1 overcame this resistance in vitro and in vivo by reducing glucose uptake in NSCLC cells. Mechanistically, SGLT1 protein was stabilized through the interaction with PKCδ-phosphorylated (Thr678) EGFR in the TKI-resistant cells. Our findings revealed that PKCδ/EGFR axis-dependent SGLT1 upregulation was a critical mechanism underlying the acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs. We suggest co-targeting PKCδ/SGLT1 as a potential strategy to improve the therapeutic efficacy of EGFR TKIs in NSCLC patients.
A bioinspired and chemically defined alternative to dimethyl sulfoxide for the cryopreservation of human hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Gilfanova Renata , Callegari Andrea , Childs Adam , Yang Gaomai , Luarca Miranda , Gutierrez Alan G. , Medina Karla I. , Mai Justin , Hui Alvin , Kline Mark , Wei Xiaoxi , Norris Philip J. , Muench Marcus O. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe cryopreservation of hematopoietic cells using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and serum is a common procedure used in transplantation. However, DMSO has clinical and biological side effects due to its toxicity, and serum introduces variation and safety risks. Inspired by natural antifreeze proteins, a novel class of ice-interactive cryoprotectants was developed. The corresponding DMSO-, protein-, and serum-free cryopreservation media candidates were screened through a series of biological assays using human cell lines, peripheral blood cells, and bone marrow cells. XT-Thrive-A and XT-Thrive-B were identified as lead candidates to rival cryopreservation with 10% DMSO in serum based on post-thaw cell survival and short-term proliferation assays. The effectiveness of the novel cryopreservation media in freezing hematopoietic stem cells from human whole bone marrow was assessed by extreme limiting dilution analysis in immunodeficient mice. Stem cell frequencies were measured 12 weeks after transplant based on bone marrow engraftment of erythroid, myeloid, B-lymphoid, and CD34+progenitors measured by flow cytometry. The recovered numbers of cryopreserved stem cells were similar among XT-Thrive A, XT-Thrive B, and DMSO with serum groups. These findings show that cryoprotectants developed through biomimicry of natural antifreeze proteins offers a substitute for DMSO-based media for the cryopreservation of hematopoietic stem cells.
Tumour irradiation combined with vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy enhances antitumour effects in pre-clinical prostate cancer
Authors: Sjoberg Hanna T. , Philippou Yiannis , Magnussen Anette L. , Tullis Iain D. C. , Bridges Esther , Chatrian Andrea , Lefebvre Joel , Tam Ka Ho , Murphy Emma A. , Rittscher Jens , Preise Dina , Agemy Lilach , Yechezkel Tamar , Smart Sean C. , Kinchesh Paul , Gilchrist Stuart , Allen Danny P. , Scheiblin David A. , Lockett Stephen J. , Wink David A. , Lamb Alastair D. , Mills Ian G. , Harris Adrian , Muschel Ruth J. , Vojnovic Boris , Scherz Avigdor , Hamdy Freddie C. , Bryant Richard J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
There is a need to improve the treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) and reduce treatment side effects. Vascular-targeted photodynamic therapy (VTP) is a focal therapy for low-risk low-volume localised PCa, which rapidly disrupts targeted tumour vessels. There is interest in expanding the use of VTP to higher-risk disease. Tumour vasculature is characterised by vessel immaturity, increased permeability, aberrant branching and inefficient flow. FRT alters the tumour microenvironment and promotes transient ‘vascular normalisation’. We hypothesised that multimodality therapy combining fractionated radiotherapy (FRT) and VTP could improve PCa tumour control compared against monotherapy with FRT or VTP.

Methods
We investigated whether sequential delivery of FRT followed by VTP 7 days later improves flank TRAMP-C1 PCa tumour allograft control compared to monotherapy with FRT or VTP.

Results
FRT induced ‘vascular normalisation’ changes in PCa flank tumour allografts, improving vascular function as demonstrated using dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. FRT followed by VTP significantly delayed tumour growth in flank PCa allograft pre-clinical models, compared with monotherapy with FRT or VTP, and improved overall survival.

Conclusion
Combining FRT and VTP may be a promising multimodal approach in PCa therapy. This provides proof-of-concept for this multimodality treatment to inform early phase clinical trials.