bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hedging and grand strategy in Southeast Asian foreign policy
Authors: Jones David Martin , Jenne Nicole 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article examines recent interest in hedging as a feature of international politics in the Asia Pacific. Focusing on the small states of Southeast Asia, we argue that dominant understandings of hedging are misguided for two reasons. Despite significant advances in the literature, hedging has remained a vague concept rendering it a residual category of foreign policy behavior. Moreover, current accounts of hedging tend to overstate the strategic intentions of ostensible hedgers. This article proposes that a better understanding of Southeast Asia’s foreign policy behavior needs to dissociate hedging from neorealist concepts of international politics. Instead, we locate the concept in the context of classical realism and the diplomatic practice of second-tier states. Exploring Southeast Asia’s engagement with more powerful actors from this perspective reveals the strategic limitations of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations and the dilemma that Southeast Asian states face from a rising China challenging the status quo in the western Pacific.
Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) Is a Marginal Host for Brown Marmorated Stink Bug
Authors: Jaffe Benjamin D , Wallin Makaila , Fox Matthew , Guédot Christelle 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), is a well-documented pest of agricultural crops across the globe. However, not all crops are suitable hosts for H. halys, and it is necessary to proactively document the susceptibility of economically important specialty crops, such as cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon; Ericaceae), a native fruit crop that contributes millions of dollars to the North American economy. In this study, we tested whether cranberry is a suitable host for H. halys by measuring the development and feeding injury inflicted by H. halys on cranberry fruit and foliage. We found that H. halys nymphs cannot successfully develop on cranberry fruit or foliage alone, but that the fruit are susceptible to adult feeding. On the basis of these findings, cranberry does not seem to be a suitable host to support nymph development, but adult feeding could negatively impact fruit quality. Future research should consider the impacts of adult feeding on fruit quality and how adult abundance in and near agricultural crops might change the risk profile of this pest.
Field Biology of Scolothrips sexmaculatus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) as a Predator of Tetranychus pacificus (Acari: Tetranychidae) in California Almonds
Authors: Haviland David R , Rill Stephanie M , Gordon Chelsea A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Biological control of tetranychid spider mites in California almonds has predominantly been associated with predatory mites in the family Phytoseiidae. However, changes in production practices, including shifts to more sustainable chemical control programs, have resulted in a trophic shift leading to the predominance of six-spotted thrips, Scolothrips sexmaculatus Pergande, as the primary mite predator. Over a 3-yr period, we studied S. sexmaculatus biology and relationship to Tetranychus pacificus McGregor in almond orchards in the southern San Joaquin Valley of California. Scolothrips sexmaculatus had two periods of activity in response to increases in T. pacificus density, one in the spring and one in the summer. Sex ratios were consistently skewed to more than 90% females captured on yellow sticky traps, with females producing eggs from May to October. Female thrips were larger than males, and both sexes were larger from June to September when temperatures were warmer and food was more abundant. In response to spider mite outbreaks, S. sexmaculatus increased from approximately 2/trap/wk to an average of 1,272/trap/wk over a 5-wk period, representing a population doubling time of 4.0 d. Over this time, we described trends in T. pacificus and S. sexmaculatus density that are consistent with population regulation through predator–prey relationships by a specialist predator.
Floral biology of Salvia stachydifolia, a species visited by bees and birds: connecting sexual phases, nectar dynamics and breeding system to visitors’ behaviour
Authors: Barrionuevo Camila N , Benitez-Vieyra Santiago , Sazatornil Federico 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Aims
Adaptive convergence in floral phenotype among plants sharing a pollinator guild has been acknowledged in the concept of pollination syndrome. However, many plants display traits associated with a given syndrome, but are visited by multiple pollinators. This situation may indicate the beginning of a pollinator shift or may result in a stable situation with adaptations to different pollinators. In Salvia stachydifolia, a previous study suggested that flower shape is optimized to maximize the contribution to pollination of bees and hummingbirds. Here, we studied three additional aspects of its floral biology: sexual phases, nectar dynamics and breeding system, and examined their connection with pollinators’ behaviour to explore the presence of adaptations to bee and/or hummingbird pollination.

Methods
Using a greenhouse population, we applied five pollination treatments to characterize breeding system. To determine sexual phases, we recorded flower opening, anther dehiscence, corolla fall and stigma receptivity. Additionally, we characterized nectar volume and concentration dynamics along the day. Finally, to determine pollinator assemblage and visitation patterns, we performed field observations and recorded pollinators’ behaviour.

Important Findings
Salvia stachydifolia was partially protandrous and self-compatible, but open-pollinated plants attained the highest reproductive success, suggesting that reproduction is mainly dependent on pollinator activity. Bombus opifex bumblebees were the most frequent visitors, but Sappho sparganura hummingbirds dominated visits early in the morning and at dusk. Nectar was typical of bumblebee pollination. We suggest that the bee–hummingbird mixed visitation constitutes an unstable evolutionary situation, making S. stachydifolia an ideal system to understand the ecological circumstances in which pollination shifts occur.
Auto-identification of unphysical source reconstructions in strong gravitational lens modelling
Authors: Maresca Jacob , Dye Simon , Li Nan 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
With the advent of next-generation surveys and the expectation of discovering huge numbers of strong gravitational lens systems, much effort is being invested into developing automated procedures for handling the data. The several orders of magnitude increase in the number of strong galaxy–galaxy lens systems is an insurmountable challenge for traditional modelling techniques. Whilst machine learning techniques have dramatically improved the efficiency of lens modelling, parametric modelling of the lens mass profile remains an important tool for dealing with complex lensing systems. In particular, source reconstruction methods are necessary to cope with the irregular structure of high-redshift sources. In this paper, we consider a convolutional neural network (CNN) that analyses the outputs of semi-analytic methods that parametrically model the lens mass and linearly reconstruct the source surface brightness distribution. We show the unphysical source reconstructions that arise as a result of incorrectly initialized lens models can be effectively caught by our CNN. Furthermore, the CNN predictions can be used to automatically reinitialize the parametric lens model, avoiding unphysical source reconstructions. The CNN, trained on reconstructions of lensed Sérsic sources, accurately classifies source reconstructions of the same type with a precision P &gt; 0.99 and recall R &gt; 0.99. The same CNN, without retraining, achieves P = 0.89 and R = 0.89 when classifying source reconstructions of more complex lensed Hubble Ultra-Deep Field (HUDF) sources. Using the CNN predictions to reinitialize the lens modelling procedure, we achieve a 69 per cent decrease in the occurrence of unphysical source reconstructions. This combined CNN and parametric modelling approach can greatly improve the automation of lens modelling.
κTNG: effect of baryonic processes on weak lensing with IllustrisTNG simulations
Authors: Osato Ken , Liu Jia , Haiman Zoltán 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We study the effect of baryonic processes on weak lensing (WL) observables with a suite of mock WL maps, the κTNG, based on the cosmological hydrodynamic simulations IllustrisTNG. We quantify the baryonic effects on the WL angular power spectrum, one-point probability distribution function (PDF), and number counts of peaks and minima. We also show the redshift evolution of the effects, which is a key to distinguish the effect of baryons from fundamental physics such as dark energy, dark matter, and massive neutrinos. We find that baryonic processes reduce the small-scale power, suppress the tails of the PDF, peak and minimum counts, and change the total number of peaks and minima. We compare our results to existing semi-analytical models and hydrodynamic simulations, and discuss the source of discrepancies. The κTNG suite includes 10 000 realizations of $5 \times 5 \, \mathrm{deg}^2$ maps for 40 source redshifts up to zs = 2.6, well covering the range of interest for existing and upcoming WL surveys. We also produce the κTNG-Dark suite of maps, generated based on the corresponding dark matter-only IllustrisTNG simulations. Our mock maps are not only suitable for developing analytical models that incorporate the effect of baryons, but also particularly useful for studies that rely on mass maps, such as non-Gaussian statistics and machine learning with convolutional neural networks. The suite of mock maps is publicly available at Columbia Lensing (http://columbialensing.org).
Self-calibration of weak lensing systematic effects using combined two- and three-point statistics
Authors: Pyne Susan , Joachimi Benjamin 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigate the prospects for using the weak lensing bispectrum alongside the power spectrum to control systematic uncertainties in a Euclid-like survey. Three systematic effects are considered: the intrinsic alignment of galaxies, uncertainties in the means of tomographic redshift distributions, and multiplicative bias in the measurement of the shear signal. We find that the bispectrum is very effective in mitigating these systematic errors. Varying all three systematics simultaneously, a joint power spectrum and bispectrum analysis reduces the area of credible regions for the cosmological parameters Ωm and σ8 by a factor of 90 and for the two parameters of a time-varying dark energy equation of state by a factor of almost 20, compared with the baseline approach of using the power spectrum alone and of imposing priors consistent with the accuracy requirements specified for Euclid. We also demonstrate that including the bispectrum self-calibrates all three systematic effects to the stringent levels required by the forthcoming generation of weak lensing surveys, thereby reducing the need for external calibration data.
Mapping exomoon trajectories around Earth-like exoplanets
Authors: Zotos Euaggelos E , Papadakis Konstantinos E , Wageh S 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
We consider a system in which both the parent star and the Earth-like exoplanet move on circular orbits. Using numerical methods, such as the orbit classification technique, we study all types of trajectories of possible exomoons around the exoplanet. In particular, we scan the phase space around the exoplanet and we distinguish between bounded, collisional, and escaping trajectories, considering both retrograde and prograde types of motion. In the case of bounded regular motion, we also use the grid method and a standard predictor-corrector procedure for revealing the corresponding network of symmetric periodic solutions, while we also compute their linear stability.
The Transcriptional and Splicing Changes Caused by Hybridization Can Be Globally Recovered by Genome Doubling during Allopolyploidization
Authors: Qin Jinxia , Mo Ruirui , Li Hongxia , Ni Zhongfu , Sun Qixin , Liu Zhenshan 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPolyploidization is a major driving force in plant evolution. Allopolyploidization, involving hybridization and genome doubling, can cause extensive transcriptome reprogramming which confers allopolyploids higher evolutionary potential than their diploid progenitors. To date, little is known about the interplay between hybridization and genome doubling in transcriptome reprogramming. Here, we performed genome-wide analyses of transcriptome reprogramming during allopolyploidization in wheat and brassica lineages. Our results indicated that hybridization-induced transcriptional and splicing changes of genes can be largely recovered to parental levels by genome doubling in allopolyploids. As transcriptome reprogramming is an important contributor to heterosis, our finding updates a longstanding theory that heterosis in interspecific hybrids can be permanently fixed through genome doubling. Our results also indicated that much of the transcriptome reprogramming in interspecific hybrids was not caused by the merging of two parental genomes, providing novel insights into the mechanisms underlying both heterosis and hybrid speciation.
Guidelines for biomarker discovery in endometrium: correcting for menstrual cycle bias reveals new genes associated with uterine disorders
Authors: Devesa-Peiro Almudena , Sebastian-Leon Patricia , Pellicer Antonio , Diaz-Gimeno Patricia 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTranscriptomic approaches are increasingly used in reproductive medicine to identify candidate endometrial biomarkers. However, it is known that endometrial progression in the molecular biology of the menstrual cycle is a main factor that could affect the discovery of disorder-related genes. Therefore, the aim of this study was to systematically review current practices for considering the menstrual cycle effect and to demonstrate its bias in the identification of potential biomarkers. From the 35 studies meeting the criteria, 31.43% did not register the menstrual cycle phase. We analysed the menstrual cycle effect in 11 papers (including 12 studies) from Gene Expression Omnibus: three evaluating endometriosis, two evaluating recurrent implantation failure, one evaluating recurrent pregnancy loss, one evaluating uterine fibroids and five control studies, which collected endometrial samples throughout menstrual cycle. An average of 44.2% more genes were identified after removing menstrual cycle bias using linear models. This effect was observed even if studies were balanced in the proportion of samples collected at different endometrial stages or only in the mid-secretory phase. Our bias correction method increased the statistical power by retrieving more candidate genes than per-phase independent analyses. Thanks to this practice, we discovered 544 novel candidate genes for eutopic endometriosis, 158 genes for ectopic ovarian endometriosis and 27 genes for recurrent implantation failure. In conclusion, we demonstrate that menstrual cycle progression masks molecular biomarkers, provides new guidelines to unmask them and proposes a new classification that distinguishes between biomarkers of disorder or/and menstrual cycle progression.
The spectrum of kidney biopsies in hospitalized patients with COVID-19, acute kidney injury and/or proteinuria
Authors: Ferlicot Sophie , Jamme Matthieu , Gaillard François , Oniszczuk Julie , Couturier Aymeric , May Olivia , Grünenwald Anne , Sannier Aurélie , Moktefi Anissa , Le Monnier Ophélie , Petit-Hoang Camille , Maroun Nadine , Brodin-Sartorius Albane , Michon Arthur , Dobosziewicz Hélène , Andreelli Fabrizio , Guillet Matthieu , Izzedine Hassane , Richard Christian , Dekeyser Manon , Arrestier Romain , Stehlé Thomas , Lefèvre Edouard , Mathian Alexis , Legendre Christophe , Mussini Charlotte , Verpont Marie-Christine , Pallet Nicolas , Amoura Zahir , Essig Marie , Snanoudj Renaud , Brocheriou-Spelle Isabelle , François Hélène , Belenfant Xavier , Geri Guillaume , Daugas Eric , Audard Vincent , Buob David , Massy Ziad A , Zaidan Mohamad ,   the AP-HP/Universities/Inserm COVID-19 research collaboration
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be associated with kidney injury, which may impact patient's prognosis.

Methods
We report a multicentric retrospective case series of patients with COVID-19 who developed acute kidney injury (AKI) and/or proteinuria and underwent a kidney biopsy in Paris and its metropolitan area.

Results
Forty-seven patients (80.9% men) with COVID-19 who underwent a kidney biopsy between 8 March and 19 May 2020 were included. The median age was 63 years (interquartile range 52–69). Comorbidities included hypertension (66.0%), diabetes mellitus (27.7%), obesity (27.7%), history of chronic kidney disease (25.5%), cardiac diseases (38.6%) and respiratory diseases (27.3%). Initial symptoms were fever (85.1%), cough (63.8%), shortness of breath (55.3%) and diarrhoea (23.4%). Almost all patients developed AKI (97.9%) and 63.8% required renal replacement therapy. Kidney biopsy showed two main histopathological patterns, including acute tubular injury in 20 (42.6%) patients, and glomerular injury consisting of collapsing glomerulopathy (CG) and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in 17 (36.2%) patients. Two (4.3%) patients had acute vascular nephropathy, while 8 (17%) had an alternative diagnosis most likely unrelated to COVID-19. Acute tubular injury occurred almost invariably in the setting of severe forms of COVID-19, whereas patients with glomerular injury had various profiles of COVID-19 severity and CG was only observed in patients harbouring a combination of APOL1 risk variants. At the last follow-up, 16 of the 30 patients who initially required dialysis were still on dialysis, and 9 had died.

Conclusions
This study describes the spectrum of kidney lesions in patients with COVID-19. While acute tubular injury is correlated with COVID-19 severity, the pattern of glomerular injury is intimately associated with the expression of APOL1 risk variants.
Japan’s Grand Strategy for a Free and Open Indo-Pacific
Authors: Michishita Narushige 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
There are two major objectives in Japan’s grand strategy: to maintain the balance of power in the face of a rising China, and to bring about economic prosperity, peace, and stability in the Indo-Pacific region. To achieve these objectives, Japan is strengthening its defense capabilities, security ties with the United States, and security partnerships with the countries such as Australia, India, Southeast Asian nations, and South Korea; it also seeks to promote the rule of law, freedom of navigation, and free trade; enhance connectivity; and provide capacity-building assistance to regional partners. Japan’s vision of Free and Open Indo-Pacific has evolved over time. In 2018 the Japanese government desecuritized its FOIP concept in order to ease China’s concern and to make the policy more acceptable to China’s neighbors. It also stopped emphasizing the importance of “universal values” so that countries such as Vietnam and Myanmar could sign up for it. Those decisions indicate that Japan’s guiding principle is based more on realist calculations than liberal ideologies.
Musical Borrowings, Copyright, and the Canard of “Cultural Appropriation”
Authors: Manuel Peter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This essay reviews the basic contours of the cultural appropriation controversies as they have been waged in reference to music in both academic and vernacular circles. It discusses some of the debates that have involved white performers’ musical borrowings from African American culture, and also musical flows outside the Euro-American mainstream. It explores relations of these ethical polemics to notions of copyright and argues that the latter can provide a moral guide to the propriety of many cultural interactions. It further critiques the terminological and conceptual distortions and obfuscations that have tended to plague discussions, both on scholarly and popular levels. These problems are evident in the very notion of “cultural appropriation,” which can be seen to emerge as a confused attempt to reconcile the anxiety generated by hegemonic borrowings, on the one hand, with the inevitability and ultimate desirability of cultural flows on the other.
Key Issues in the Political Economy of the Gulf Cooperation Council States
Authors: Hanieh Adam 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The six Gulf Cooperation Council monarchies—Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman—hold a distinctive position in the Middle East. Located on the strategically significant Arabian Peninsula, they rank among the most important producers of oil and gas in the world. This chapter examines some of the key political economy issues in the Gulf, including the role of the region’s hydrocarbon production within global oil markets, debates around the nature of state and class in the Gulf, and the Gulf’s growing political and economic influence on the wider Middle East. The possible implications of these dynamics for the Gulf’s future trajectories—and those of the wider Middle East—are surveyed.
The Social Life of Nonprofit and Third Sector in the Middle East
Authors: Challand Benoît 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The chapter reconstructs the moments and turning points in which the themes of “not-for-profit” and “third sector” emerge as a basis for the creation of new institutions and new types of social research, both in the Western and Middle Eastern contexts. Such institutions are connected to the (re-)emergence of the theme of civil society in the 1990s in Middle Eastern studies and request a critical reappraisal since the blooming of these concepts was deeply connected to the spread of neoliberal ideology and practices. The chapter maps the various origins of civil society, some in Arab philosophy, and the recent trends in the use of these concepts in the Middle East as well as in academic and professional literature dedicated to the third sector. It shows how a rich internal debate around civil society has existed within the Middle East itself, disproving theories that civil society is only a “Western” concept or practice. The chapter finally argues that, like civil society, the third sector entails a zone of shadow and exclusions.
Youth Unemployment and Alienation in the Middle East
Authors: De Bel-Air Françoise 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The chapter highlights the structural reasons behind the persistence of youth unemployment in the Mashreq and the Gulf Cooperation Council countries. Youth unemployment is a major focus of public policymaking in the region, especially since 2011. In a political demography approach, which uses labor and population statistics, the chapter questions, deconstructs, and re-politicizes the issue of youth unemployment. The demonstration questions the prominence of graduates’ unemployment. It also highlights the scale of inactivity, which compounds unemployment among youth, especially women. Youth unemployment incurs “waithood” and delayed adulthood and underscores youth’s political alienation from the social contract. The chapter concludes that the main obstacle to channeling young Arabs to sustainable employment is political by essence. It is structurally incompatible with the current clientelist, authoritarian systems ruling in the region. Policies currently enacted to alleviate youth unemployment address its political consequences (youth discontent), not its root causes.