bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Correction format has a limited role when debunking misinformation
Authors: Swire-Thompson Briony , Cook John , Butler Lucy H. , Sanderson Jasmyne A. , Lewandowsky Stephan , Ecker Ullrich K. H. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGiven that being misinformed can have negative ramifications, finding optimal corrective techniques has become a key focus of research. In recent years, several divergent correction formats have been proposed as superior based on distinct theoretical frameworks. However, these correction formats have not been compared in controlled settings, so the suggested superiority of each format remains speculative. Across four experiments, the current paper investigated how altering the format of corrections influences people’s subsequent reliance on misinformation. We examined whether myth-first, fact-first, fact-only, or myth-only correction formats were most effective, using a range of different materials and participant pools. Experiments 1 and 2 focused on climate change misconceptions; participants were Qualtrics online panel members and students taking part in a massive open online course, respectively. Experiments 3 and 4 used misconceptions from a diverse set of topics, with Amazon Mechanical Turk crowdworkers and university student participants. We found that the impact of a correction on beliefs and inferential reasoning was largely independent of the specific format used. The clearest evidence for any potential relative superiority emerged in Experiment 4, which found that the myth-first format was more effective at myth correction than the fact-first format after a delayed retention interval. However, in general it appeared that as long as the key ingredients of a correction were presented, format did not make a considerable difference. This suggests that simply providing corrective information, regardless of format, is far more important than how the correction is presented.
Quantification of H217O by 1H-MR imaging at 3 T: a feasibility study
Authors: Martí-Bonmatí Luis , Rodríguez-Ortega Alejandro , Ten-Esteve Amadeo , Alberich-Bayarri Ángel , Celda Bernardo , Ferrer Eduardo 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Indirect 1H-magnetic resonance (MR) imaging of 17O-labelled water allows imaging in vivo dynamic changes in water compartmentalisation. Our aim was to describe the feasibility of indirect 1H-MR methods to evaluate the effect of H217O on the MR relaxation rates by using conventional a 3-T equipment and voxel-wise relaxation rates.

Methods
MR images were used to calculate the R1, R2, and R2* relaxation rates in phantoms (19 vials with different H217O concentrations, ranging from 0.039 to 5.5%). Afterwards, an experimental animal pilot study (8 rats) was designed to evaluate the in vivo relative R2 brain dynamic changes related to the intravenous administration of 17O-labelled water in rats.

Results
There were no significant changes on the R1 and R2* values from phantoms. The R2 obtained with the turbo spin-echo T2-weighted sequence with 20-ms echo time interval had the higher statistical difference (0.67 s−1, interquartile range 0.34, p < 0.001) and Spearman correlation (rho 0.79). The R2 increase was adjusted to a linear fit between 0.25 and 5.5%, represented with equation R2 = 0.405 concentration + 0.3215. The highest significant differences were obtained for the higher concentrations (3.1–5.5%). The rat brain MR experiment showed a mean 10% change in the R2 value after the H217O injection with progressive normalisation.

Conclusions
Indirect 1H-MR imaging method is able to measure H217O concentration by using R2 values and conventional 3-T MR equipment. Normalised R2 relative dynamic changes after the intravenous injection of a H217O saline solution provide a unique opportunity to map water pathophysiology in vivo, opening the analysis of aquaporins status and modifications by disease at clinically available 3-T proton MR scanners.
A General Framework for Approximating Min Sum Ordering Problems
Authors: Happach Felix , Hellerstein Lisa , Lidbetter Thomas 
Published: December 2021

We consider a large family of problems in which an ordering (or, more precisely, a chain of subsets) of a finite set must be chosen to minimize some weighted sum of costs. This family includes variations of min sum set cover, several scheduling and search problems, and problems in Boolean function evaluation. We define a new problem, called the min sum ordering problem (MSOP), which generalizes all these problems using a cost and a weight function defined on subsets of a finite set. Assuming a polynomial time α-approximation algorithm for the problem of finding a subset whose ratio of weight to cost is maximal, we show that under very minimal assumptions, there is a polynomial time [Formula: see text]-approximation algorithm for MSOP. This approximation result generalizes a proof technique used for several distinct problems in the literature. We apply this to obtain a number of new approximation results. Summary of Contribution: This paper provides a general framework for min sum ordering problems. Within the realm of theoretical computer science, these problems include min sum set cover and its generalizations, as well as problems in Boolean function evaluation. On the operations research side, they include problems in search theory and scheduling. We present and analyze a very general algorithm for these problems, unifying several previous results on various min sum ordering problems and resulting in new constant factor guarantees for others.
Tobacco Leaf Grading Based on Deep Convolutional Neural Networks and Machine Vision
Authors: Lu Mengyao , Jiang Shuwen , Wang Cong , Chen Dong , Chen Tian’en 
Published: December 2021

HighlightsA classification model for the front and back sides of tobacco leaves was developed for application in industry.A tobacco leaf grading method that combines a CNN with double-branch integration was proposed.The A-ResNet network was proposed and compared with other classic CNN networks.The grading accuracy of eight different grades was 91.30% and the testing time was 82.180 ms, showing a relatively high classification accuracy and efficiency.Abstract. Flue-cured tobacco leaf grading is a key step in the production and processing of Chinese-style cigarette raw materials, directly affecting cigarette blend and quality stability. At present, manual grading of tobacco leaves is dominant in China, resulting in unsatisfactory grading quality and consuming considerable material and financial resources. In this study, for fast, accurate, and non-destructive tobacco leaf grading, 2,791 flue-cured tobacco leaves of eight different grades in south Anhui Province, China, were chosen as the study sample, and a tobacco leaf grading method that combines convolutional neural networks and double-branch integration was proposed. First, a classification model for the front and back sides of tobacco leaves was trained by transfer learning. Second, two processing methods (equal-scaled resizing and cropping) were used to obtain global images and local patches from the front sides of tobacco leaves. A global image-based tobacco leaf grading model was then developed using the proposed A-ResNet-65 network, and a local patch-based tobacco leaf grading model was developed using the ResNet-34 network. These two networks were compared with classic deep learning networks, such as VGGNet, GoogLeNet-V3, and ResNet. Finally, the grading results of the two grading models were integrated to realize tobacco leaf grading. The tobacco leaf classification accuracy of the final model, for eight different grades, was 91.30%, and grading of a single tobacco leaf required 82.180 ms. The proposed method achieved a relatively high grading accuracy and efficiency. It provides a method for industrial implementation of the tobacco leaf grading and offers a new approach for the quality grading of other agricultural products. Keywords: Convolutional neural network, Deep learning, Image classification, Transfer learning, Tobacco leaf grading
Calf/female ratio and population dynamics of wild forest reindeer in relation to wolf and moose abundances in a managed European ecosystem
Authors: Kojola Ilpo , Hallikainen Ville , Heikkinen Samuli , Forsman Jukka T. , Kukko Tuomas , Pusenius Jyrki , Antti Paasivaara 
Published: December 2021

Background
The alternative prey hypothesis describes the mechanism for apparent competition whereby the mortality of the secondary prey species increases (and population size decreases decreases) by the increased predation by the shared predator if the population size of the primary prey decreases. Apparent competition is a process where the abundance of two co-existing prey species are negatively associated because they share a mutual predator, which negatively affects the abundance of both prey Here, we examined whether alternative prey and/or apparent competition hypothesis can explain the population dynamics and reproductive output of the secondary prey, wild forest reindeer (Rangifer tarandus fennicus) in Finland, in a predator-prey community in which moose (Alces alces) is the primary prey and the wolf (Canis lupus) is the generalist predator.

Methods
We examined a 22-year time series (1996–2017) to determine how the population size and the calf/female ratio of wild forest reindeer in Eastern Finland were related to the abundances of wolf and moose. Only moose population size was regulated by hunting. Summer predation of wolves on reindeer focuses on calves. We used least squares regression (GLS) models (for handling autocorrelated error structures and resulting pseudo-R2s) and generalized linear mixed (GLMs) models (for avoidance of negative predictions) to determine the relationships between abundances. We performed linear and general linear models for the calf/female ratio of reindeer.

Results and synthesis
The trends in reindeer population size and moose abundance were almost identical: an increase during the first years and then a decrease until the last years of our study period. Wolf population size in turn did not show long-term trends. Change in reindeer population size between consecutive winters was related positively to the calf/female ratio. The calf/female ratio was negatively related to wolf population size, but the reindeer population size was related to the wolf population only when moose abundance was entered as another independent variable. The wolf population was not related to moose abundance even though it is likely to consist the majority of the prey biomass. Because reindeer and moose populations were positively associated, our results seemed to support the alternative prey hypothesis more than the apparent competition hypothesis. However, these two hypotheses are not mutually exclusive and the primary mechanism is difficult to distinguish as the system is heavily managed by moose hunting. The recovery of wild forest reindeer in eastern Finland probably requires ecosystem management involving both habitat restoration and control of species abundances.
The Implementation of AIDS Care Community (ACC) Work Program as an Efforts for Handling HIV / AIDS Cases in Poncol Community Health Center Work Area
Authors: Wafah Siti Ekfiyatil , Husodo Besar Tirto , Handayani Novia 
Published: December 2021

Introduction: Semarang City has the highest number of HIV / AIDS cases in Central Java. Several attempts to control HIV / AIDS cases, such as the organization for AIDS that is named after AIDS Care Community (ACC) in every village scope. The purpose of this study is to describe the implementation of the ACC program in Poncol Community Health Center.Methods: This is a descriptive research, uses qualitative methods using in-depth interview for data collection techniques. There are 9 informants who are selected by using purposive sampling method. Data is analyzed using descriptive method. The process of data analysis begins with collecting data, and then reducing the data that has been generated. After that, the data are presented and concluded.Results: The results show that the implementation of ACC program in the work area of Poncol Community Health Center is assisted by Poncol Puskesmas. There is 1 ACC out of 9 ACC that is actively implementing the ACC program while the others are not running well. It is found that low capacity of ACC members, lack of funds, low of support from the local government (village), low community support, inadequate facilities and infrastructure that affect the implementation of ACC programs. Therefore, the output is not achieved optimally.Conclusions: The implementation of the of the ACC program in Poncol Community Health Center work area has not been running optimally. Support from all parties is needed, including from the members of the ACC, local government, AIDS commission, and the community in order to achieve the ACC goals.
The Association of Work Environments and Nurse-Nurse Collaboration: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Ghasemi Roya , Ghafourifard Mansour , Hassankhani Hadi , Dehghannezhad Javad 
Published: December 2021

Background: Along with the recent healthcare reform, intraprofessional collaboration in nursing is considered an essential factor for managing the challenges related to diverse roles and tasks of nurses in providing high quality care. There is lack of knowledge on how the nursing work environment could influence nurse-nurse collaboration. Purpose: The study aimed to assess the relationship between nursing work environment and nurses’ intraprofessional collaboration.Methods: A total of 300 nurses working in four teaching hospitals participated in this multicenter cross-sectional study. Data were collected using the Nurse-Nurse Collaboration Scale (NNCS) and the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES–NWI). The Pearson correlation test was used to analyze the data.Results: The results showed that the mean score of the PES–NWI was 2.65±0.32 out of 4. The highest and lowest scores belonged to the subscales of the nursing foundations for quality of care (2.86±0.31) and staffing and resource adequacy (2.24±0.49), respectively. The mean total score of nurse-nurse collaboration was 2.94±0.21 out of a score of 4. The results showed a significant positive relationship between nursing work environment and nurses’ intraprofessional collaboration (r=0.49, p<0.05).Conclusion: The nursing practice environment has a positive and significant relationship with nurse-nurse collaboration. Therefore, improving nurses’ practice environment and providing healthy workplaces could improve the intraprofessional nurse’s collaboration. Moreover, nurse managers should improve nurses’ skills in some areas of collaboration such as conflict management.
NAUCZANIE ZDALNE NA KIERUNKU LINGWISTYKA STOSOWANA – MIĘDZY KONIECZNOŚCIĄ A WYBOREM
Authors: Krenz-Brzozowska Lucyna , Błaszkowska Hanka 
Published: December 2021

W Instytucie Lingwistyki Stosowanej (ILS) jak na całym Uniwersytecie im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu (UAM) zajęcia stacjonarne zostały zawieszone z dniem 11 marca 2019 roku wskutek ogłoszenia stanu pandemii i do chwili obecnej (kwiecień 2021) odbywają się w trybie zdalnym. Władze dziekańskie zezwoliły zarówno na asynchroniczne prowadzenie zajęć, np. droga mejlową, z wykorzystaniem wydziałowej platformy Moodle, jak i synchroniczne, początkowo z wykorzystaniem komunikatorów internetowych takich jak Zoom, MS Teams czy Skype. Obecnie synchroniczne prowadzenie zajęć dozwolone jest wyłącznie z użyciem MS Teams. Konieczność przestawienia się z nauczania stacjonarnego na nauczanie zdalne spadła więc zarówno na wykładowców jak i studentów nagle, powodując chwilową dezorganizację procesu nauczania. W krótkim czasie obie strony musiały jednak zorganizować się na nowo i podjąć nieznane dotąd wyzwanie nauki i nauczania całkowicie na odległość, mimo iż sama forma komunikacji przez Internet nie była przecież nowa. Z jakimi problemami to się wiązało i do jakich wniosków prowadzi przedstawia ten artykuł. Celem jego jest refleksja nad formą i realizacją nauczania zdalnego w ramach wybranych przedmiotów na studiach I i II stopnia lingwistyki stosowanej w ILS w roku akademickim 2019/20 i 2020/21 wypływająca z doświadczeń prowadzących te zajęcia autorek artykułu a także uczestniczących w nich studentów, oraz wyciągnięcie wniosków w zakresie efektywności tej formy nauczania oraz podnoszenia jakości kształcenia w ramach badanych przedmiotów.
Illegal Control Over the Territory in International Law and the Status of Donbas Determination
Authors: Kresin Oleksiy , Kresina Iryna 
Published: December 2021

Total rejection of the aggression and territory occupation in the international law leads to their hybrid and concealed forms using gangs and mercenaries, proclaiming new “states” etc. These activities constitute serious threat to international security, can cause and already cause the fragmentation of states, anarchy, criminalization of politics, new forms of expansionism and so on. The authors of the article generalize the forms of illegal control over the territory in international law and their application considering the status of Donbas determination.
International law for more than a century provides for the possibility of separate regulation of the sovereignty and legal rights of the state to the territory, on the one hand, and the implementation of the regime of illegal control over the territory – on the other. Authors argue that in the modern sense, primarily developed by doctrine and courts, illegal control over the territory can be considered as a legal regime, one of the forms of which is occupation, while others are defined as effective, overall, general, de facto control and related to undisclosed actions and informal means used by the aggressor states. This regime is characterized by the exercise of power over the territory by the will of a foreign state, and the forms of implementation of the regime differ depending on whether such a will is officially recognized or concealed.
The transformation of international humanitarian law after the Second World War erased the boundaries between recognized and officially unrecognized occupation. But unlike occupation, the fact of which may be obvious, the fact of effective or other control over the territory requires the determination by judicial authorities.
The qualification of illegal control by the Russian Federation of the Donbas in national and international law is ambiguous. The authors argue that the full recognition of the international armed conflict between Ukraine and Russia in Donbas, as well as Russia’s illegal control over latter should be expected in the process of consideration of a number of cases in the international judicial institutions.
Cities Towards Global Climate Governance: How the Practices of City Diplomacy Foster Hybrid Multilateralism
Authors: Strachová Nikola 
Published: December 2021

One of the effects of globalization is the increasing number of transnational ties that central governments not only ceased to control but also ceased to participate in; therefore, in recent decades, cities have been increasingly motivated to respond to international issues and initiate various contacts with foreign economic, cultural, and political centres. This article examines practices of city diplomacy in light of the current climate crisis. Albeit cities could be in conflict with their central government, they are executing the global climate agenda. Nonetheless, how do we frame cities’ autonomous activities in the global governance agenda? The article seeks to determine whether the framework of hybrid multilateralism is the niche for cities to assume the role of the central government in defending common global values such as preservation of the environment when the state fails to do so. Based on a dataset consisting of various subnational initiatives responding to climate change, we suggest a remarkable growth in the pledges to the international climate agreements’ commitments involving many subnational actors. Through these pledges, cities enter the international negotiations with various partners under hybrid policy architecture.
Cities hold an enormous potential to influence the global conversation on climate change agenda. Furthermore, we conclude that cities are taking on the states’ role in global issues when they identify the inadequacy of the central governments’ action. Their conflict position forces them to carry out autonomous activities and fosters the new phenomenon of hybrid multilateralism.
Improving the stability of beech wood with polyester treatment based on malic acid
Authors: Chabert Adèle J. , Fredon Emmanuel , Rémond Romain 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The improvement of durability and dimensional stability of wood properties via modification of the microstructure and wood–water interaction has been widely utilised. This study investigated polyester treatments, a possible alternative, using environmentally friendly chemicals such as malic acid to improve the beech wood (Fagus sylvatica) properties. The modified properties have been studied with four treatments using malic acid, glycerol, butanediol and succinic anhydride, mixing polycarboxylic acids and polyols. Results showed that the anti-swelling-efficiency (ASE) improved up to 70%, and the bulking coefficient improved around 23%, exhibiting an efficient penetration within the cell walls. The leaching rates (LR) of treatments and the extractables remained low, between 0.05 and 2.4%. The equilibrium moisture content (EMC) decreased by 50% for the four treatments, compared to untreated beech wood.
Opening the Chrysalis: Willard D. Straight’s Sketches, Photographs, and Accounts of Korea’s Interaction with the Outside World, 1904–5
Authors: Gürsel Bahar 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Willard D. Straight – architect, diplomat, photographer, publisher, sketcher, and writer – arrived in Korea in 1904 as a correspondent during the Russo-Japanese War, and became the US vice consul in Seoul in 1905. By utilizing a number of images from the Willard Dickerman Straight Papers of Cornell University Library’s Division of Rare and Manuscript Collections, and by referring to other relevant sources of/about Straight, this essay presents a textual analysis and comprehensive visual reading about the country which Straight observed in a very crucial transition period in global history. It provides a glimpse at the perspective of an early twentieth-century American diplomat, eyewitness, photographer, and writer on the cultural, industrial, and technological transformations that Korea experienced in the early 1900s as a consequence of its interaction with major world powers.