bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wisdom Psalms
Authors: Bellinger W.H. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Psalms scholars from the last century have grappled with the question of whether “Wisdom psalms” exist as a distinctive type of psalms, and if so, what criteria should be used to define them. This essay offers an overview of various answers to these questions by drawing on form-critical observations on Wisdom psalms as well as the insights from those who cultivate the “shape and shaping” discussions of the Hebrew Psalter. In addition to these traditional studies, recent works suggest more flexible or modified concepts of genre as ways to identify Wisdom psalms and correlate wisdom with torah and cult. Varying understandings of wisdom in Psalms highlight that Psalms bear didactic elements both within the individual psalms and in the Psalter as a whole.
Mesopotamian Wisdom Literature
Authors: Cohen Yoram , Wasserman Nathan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of Mesopotamian Wisdom Literature. The introduction discusses the origins and distribution of Mesopotamian Wisdom Literature. It moves on to demonstrate how Mesopotamian Wisdom Literature can be approached. The chapter treats four subcategories of Wisdom Literature: proverbs and instructions, Vanity Theme works, existential works, and satire and parody. The conclusion offers an assessment of the nature of Mesopotamian Wisdom Literature and refers to its transmission and diffusion to other literatures of the East Mediterranean basin, the ancient Near East, the biblical Wisdom books, and beyond.
Genetics and the Law
Authors: Hartlev Mette 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses how the legal and ethical aspects of gene technology are both a national concern for European states and a European concern addressed by both the Council of Europe (CoE) and the European Union (EU). The CoE has been engaged in bioethical issues since the beginning of the 1980s and has adopted a number of recommendations and resolutions concerned with developments in biomedical science and technologies. Most notable is the adoption of the CoE Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (Oviedo Convention) in 1997, which focuses on a number of selected human rights aspects of developments in biomedicine. The Convention includes a number of general legal principles applying to medical interventions on human beings, including informed consent and the right to privacy. The chapter then assesses informed consent and genetic counselling, as well as specific issues related to genetic testing of adults, children, fetuses, and embryos. It also considers genetic research, direct-to-consumer genetic testing, genetic discrimination, gene therapy, and the protection of genetic information.
Genetics and the Law
Authors: Mehlman Maxwell , Hartlev Mette , Suter Sonia 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the similarities and differences in the legal approaches in the United States and Europe to genetic issues. Both the United States and Europe value informed consent and autonomy in this context. As a result, individuals must give informed consent to genetic testing and can decide to opt out of being informed by their health professionals about genetic sequencing results, including results that are clinically relevant. All states in the United States conduct newborn screening using DNA samples, and most do so without parental consent. In Europe, most countries have a newborn screening program, and most of these require parental consent. The chapter also looks at the legal approaches to genetic discrimination, as well as human gene therapy and gene therapy research. As genetic technologies continue to evolve, the United States and Europe will likely continue to face similar ethical and legal issues regarding the regulation of that genetic technology. However, their approaches will likely overlap in some ways and diverge in others, reflecting differences in the legal structures and cultures of each jurisdiction.
Humanism and Gender
Authors: Miller Monica R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Framed in terms of the problems associated with traditional thinking on gender within humanism, this chapter sets about the task of carving out an approach to humanism that would enable flexible, fluid, and malleable understandings of social difference, such as gender, by calling for a re-orientation of humanism that can account for human variability over time, space, and place. Essentially, the chapter argues that humanism’s reliance on fixed categories of reason and human nature has reinforced a White, male logic of domination. First, it suggests a rethinking of humanism as a constructed concept, rather than an idea that somehow metaphysically emanates from some universal core of “human nature.” The chapter suggests a charting of humanism that moves beyond essences insomuch that free-floating “essences” (e.g., gender) collapse the construction (of humanism) back onto, and within, the domain of metaphysics. Next, it looks at origins, attempting to disrupt the science-based situativity in Enlightenment notions of (white, male, objective) “rationality” that were constructed over and against “irrational” categories of difference, such as gender.
Eighteenth-Century Catholic Reception of Aquinas
Authors: Lynch Reginald M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe eighteenth century was a time of intellectual innovation, political change, and social upheaval. After the close of the second scholastic period and the age of the great Thomistic commentaries, philosophers and theologians were confronted with the challenge of interpreting Aquinas in light of the many new intellectual paradigms that had become so powerful during the European Enlightenment. Although textual commentary continued in some places, in many ways the reception of Aquinas in this century was defined by the need to navigate pressing questions in dogmatic and moral theology. Rationalism posed new challenges for Catholic systematic and dogmatic theology, either as a foil or as an aid, and moral theologians continued to confront the tension between rigorism and laxism that had divided Catholic approaches to graced human action since the late sixteenth century.
The Reception of Aquinas in Early Twentieth-century Catholic Neo-Scholastic and Historical Theologians
Authors: Nutt Roger W. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the reception of Thomas Aquinas by a number of theologians of the early twentieth century. While each of these students of Aquinas could be labelled as ‘neo-scholastic’ theologians, the authors represented here also embody a wide range of approaches (historical, pastoral) to the theological teaching of Thomas Aquinas. This chapter introduces each of these neo-scholastic Thomist theologians in relation to their reception of Aquinas on key topics related to the principal ecclesial crises of the period, especially the nature of theology, Christian faith, and dogma. Furthermore, the reception of Aquinas’ doctrine of grace and pneumatology as a source for the moral and spiritual renewal of the Church by key neo-scholastic authors is also presented.
The Reception of Aquinas in Twentieth-Century Transcendental Thomism
Authors: Fields Stephen M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Principally a Jesuit movement, transcendental Thomism owes its origin to Pierre Rousselot, who recovered in Aquinas the distinctive role of the intellectus, the mind’s synthetic power. His disciple Joseph Maréchal used the renewed intellect to buttress metaphysics against Kant’s eroding critique. By focusing on the intellect’s faculty of judgement, Maréchal recast the analogy of being, a central Thomist doctrine. Its recasting enabled Karl Rahner to extend the movement into theology, especially its fundamental and systematic branches. Bernard Lonergan, conducting his own distinctive study of intellectus in Aquinas, incorporated into realist metaphysics an expansive phenomenology of understanding.
Karl Barth’s Reception of Thomas Aquinas
Authors: Oakes Kenneth 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Four different pictures of Thomas Aquinas can be found in the works of Karl Barth: Thomas as representative of Roman Catholic theology; Thomas as forerunner to positions later adopted by the Reformers and the Reformed scholastics; Thomas as an ally in countering aspects of Roman Catholic theology that Barth deems problematic; and Thomas as a common doctor of the Church. Additionally, Barth agrees with Thomas on many issues regarding the Trinity, the doctrine of God, the relationship between God and the world, providence, and predestination, while he disagrees on with Thomas on issues related to the natural knowledge of God, the relationship between nature and grace, and the analogy of being. Barth’s interpretation of Thomas Aquinas’ theology was influenced by Erik Peterson and Erich Przywara, and his main sources for understanding Thomas were the Summa contra gentiles and the Summa theologiae.
The Contemporary Reception of Aquinas on the Natural Knowledge of God
Authors: VanDrunen David 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter considers key themes from Thomas Aquinas’ view of the natural knowledge of God, or natural theology, from the opening of his Summa theologiae. It is written from the perspective of Reformed theology, which has traditionally supported natural theology of a certain kind, despite its recent reputation as an opponent of natural theology. According to Thomas, natural theology is insufficient for salvation and is inevitably laden with errors apart from the help of supernatural revelation. But human reason, operating properly, can demonstrate the existence and certain attributes of God from the natural order, and this natural knowledge constitutes preambles to the articles of the Christian faith. The chapter thus engages in a critically sympathetic analysis of these themes and suggests how a contemporary reception of Thomas might appropriate them effectively.
ThePharus latifoliusgenome bridges the gap of early grass evolution
Authors: Ma Peng-Fei , Liu Yun-Long , Jin Gui-Hua , Liu Jing-Xia , Wu Hong , He Jun , Guo Zhen-Hua , Li De-Zhu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe grass family (Poaceae) includes all commercial cereal crops and is a major contributor to biomass in various terrestrial ecosystems. The ancestry of all grass genomes includes a shared whole-genome duplication (WGD), named rho (ρ) WGD, but the evolutionary significance of ρ-WGD remains elusive. We sequenced the genome of Pharus latifolius, a grass species (producing a true spikelet) in the subfamily Pharoideae, a sister lineage to the core Poaceae including the (Panicoideae, Arundinoideae, Chloridoideae, Micrairoideae, Aristidoideae, and Danthonioideae (PACMAD) and Bambusoideae, Oryzoideae, and Pooideae (BOP) clades. Our results indicate that the P. latifolius genome has evolved slowly relative to cereal grass genomes, as reflected by moderate rates of molecular evolution, limited chromosome rearrangements and a low rate of gene loss for duplicated genes. We show that the ρ-WGD event occurred approximately 98.2 million years ago (Ma) in a common ancestor of the Pharoideae and the PACMAD and BOP grasses. This was followed by contrasting patterns of diploidization in the Pharus and core Poaceae lineages. The presence of two FRIZZY PANICLE-like genes in P. latifolius, and duplicated MADS-box genes, support the hypothesis that the ρ-WGD may have played a role in the origin and functional diversification of the spikelet, an adaptation in grasses related directly to cereal yields. The P. latifolius genome sheds light on the origin and early evolution of grasses underpinning the biology and breeding of cereals.
The Paradox of Pain
Authors: Bradley Adam 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBodily pain strikes many philosophers as deeply paradoxical. The issue is that pains seem to bear both physical characteristics, such as a location in the body, and mental characteristics, such being mind-dependent. In this paper I clarify and address this alleged paradox of pain. I begin by showing how a further assumption, Objectivism, the thesis that what one feels in one’s body when one is in pain is something mind-independent, is necessary for the generation of the paradox. Consequently, the paradox can be avoided if one rejects this idea. However, doing so raises its own difficulties, for it is not obvious how anything can possess all of the features we typically associate with bodily pain. To address this puzzle and finally put the paradox of pain to rest, I develop the Embodied View, a novel metaphysical account on which pains are constitutively mind-dependent features of parts of a subject’s body.
Is Ankle Plantar Flexor Strength Associated With Balance and Walking Speed in Healthy People? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Tavakkoli Oskouei Sanam , Malliaras Peter , Jansons Paul , Hill Keith , Soh Sze-Ee , Jaberzadeh Shapour , Perraton Luke 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between ankle plantar flexor muscle (PF) strength and balance and walking speed in healthy adults.

Methods
Four databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, CINAHL Plus, and SPORTDiscus) were searched from inception to December 2019. Studies with any design were included if the association between PF strength and balance and walking speed was investigated among healthy adults. Articles were screened for eligibility independently by 2 reviewers. Study characteristics and Pearson r values derived from the association between PF strength and balance and walking speed were extracted. Thirty-four studies were eligible. The main group of interest in the studies was older adults. Pearson r values were transformed to rz values using Fisher z-transformation. Meta-analysis of rz values was conducted and then back-transformed to r.

Results
In older adults, PF maximal isometric strength had a positive weak association with static balance (r = 0.20; 95% CI = 0.08–0.32), a positive moderate association with dynamic reactive balance (r = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.32–0.57) and proactive balance (r = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.18–1.06), and a positive weak association with preferred walking speed (r = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.19–0.41) and maximum walking speed (r = 0.34; 95% CI = 0.06–0.63). In younger adults, there was a moderate association between early-phase PF rate of torque development and reactive balance (0.42 &lt; r &lt; 0.52).

Conclusions
PF strength appears to be moderately associated with dynamic reactive and proactive balance and weakly associated with static balance and walking speed. This finding highlights the potential role of PF strength in dynamic reactive and proactive balance.

Impact
This meta-analysis showed that ankle PF strength might be important for challenging dynamic balance tasks.
Measurement Precision and Efficiency of Computerized Adaptive Testing for the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale in People With Stroke
Authors: Seamon Bryant A , Kautz Steven A , Velozo Craig A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
Administrative burden often prevents clinical assessment of balance confidence in people with stroke. A computerized adaptive test (CAT) version of the Activities-specific Balance Confidence Scale (ABC CAT) can dramatically reduce this burden. The objective of this study was to test balance confidence measurement precision and efficiency in people with stroke with an ABC CAT.

Methods
We conducted a retrospective, cross-sectional, simulation study with data from 406 adults approximately 2 months post-stroke in the Locomotor-Experience Applied Post-Stroke trial. Item parameters for CAT calibration were estimated with the Rasch model using a random sample of participants (n = 203). Computer simulation was used with response data from the remaining 203 participants to evaluate the ABC CAT algorithm under varying stopping criteria. We compared estimated levels of balance confidence from each simulation to actual levels predicted from the Rasch model (Pearson correlations and mean standard error [SE]).

Results
Results from simulations with number of items as a stopping criterion strongly correlated with actual ABC scores (full item, r = 1, 12-item, r = 0.994; 8-item, r = 0.98; 4-item, r = 0.929). Mean SE increased with decreasing number of items administered (full item, SE = 0.31; 12 item, SE = 0.33; 8 item, SE = 0.38; 4 item, SE = 0.49). A precision-based stopping rule (mean SE = 0.5) also strongly correlated with actual ABC scores (r = 0.941) and optimized the relationship between number of items administrated with precision (mean number of items 4.37, range [4–9]).

Conclusion
An ABC CAT can determine accurate and precise measures of balance confidence in people with stroke with as few as 4 items. Individuals with lower balance confidence may require a greater number of items (up to 9) which could be attributed to the Locomotor-Experience Applied Post-Stroke trial excluding more functionally impaired persons.

Impact
Computerized adaptive testing can drastically reduce the ABC test’s administration time while maintaining accuracy and precision. This should greatly enhance clinical utility, facilitating adoption of clinical practice guidelines in stroke rehabilitation.

Lay Summary
If you have had a stroke, your physical therapist will likely test your balance confidence. A CAT version of the ABC scale can accurately identify balance with as few as 4 questions, which takes much less time.
Reliability and Concurrent Validity of Shoulder Tissue Irritability Classification
Authors: Kareha Stephen M , McClure Philip W , Fernandez-Fernandez Alicia 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
Rating tissue irritability has been recommended to aid decision making in several recent clinical practice guidelines. An explicit method for rating tissue irritability was proposed as part of the Staged Algorithm for Rehabilitation Classification: Shoulder Disorders (STAR-Shoulder), but the reliability and validity of this classification are unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and concurrent validity of shoulder tissue irritability ratings as part of a system designed to guide appropriate treatment strategy and intensity.

Methods
A clinical measurement, prospective repeated-measures cross-sectional design was used. The 101 consecutive participants with primary complaints of shoulder pain were assessed by pairs of blinded raters (24 raters in total) and rated for tissue irritability. Patients completed 3 patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures reflecting both pain and disability, and these scores were compared with ratings of tissue irritability. Paired ratings of irritability were analyzed for reliability with prevalence-adjusted, bias-adjusted Kappa for ordinal scales. Analysis of variance was used to compare PRO measures across different levels of irritability. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was utilized to derive cut-off scores for 3 PRO instruments.

Results
Interrater reliability was 0.69 (95% CI = 0.59–0.78), with 67% agreement. All PRO measures were significantly different among 3 levels of tissue irritability.

Conclusion
There appears to be acceptable reliability and a strong relationship between PRO measures and therapist-rated tissue irritability, supporting the use of the STAR-Shoulder irritability rating system.

Impact
Several clinical practice guidelines have recommended that clinicians rate tissue irritability as part of their examination. This study provides important new information supporting the reliability and validity of the STAR-Shoulder tissue irritability rating system.
The effects of long- or short-term increased feed allowance prior to first service on litter size in gilts
Authors: Bruun Thomas S , Bache Julie K , Amdi Charlotte 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Replacing stock is costly in any pig production. In addition, it takes time for young animals to reach the same level of productivity as more mature animals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of long- or short-term increased feed allowance (covering the luteal and follicular phases) prior to service in the second estrus on first parity performance. In order to achieve this, altrenogest was used to synchronize the gilts cycle to allow a precise feeding strategy, and only gilts inseminated 0–10 d after altrenogest withdrawal were included in the study. Altrenogest was given at days 0–18 to control the luteal phase and, therefore, treatments covered different feeding strategies in either or both the luteal phase (days 0–18) and follicular phase (days 18–25). High feed allowance (H) was induced using 0.97 kg more feed per day compared to the low feed allowance (L) given 2.33 kg/d. Four feeding strategies, low–low (LL), high–high (HH), high–low (HL), and low–high (LH), were included. Once gilts had been inseminated, feed allowance was reduced to 2.23 kg/d to prevent the loss of embryos in early gestation. A tendency was observed between feeding strategy and backfat thickness before altrenogest treatment, showing that total born piglets were positively correlated to backfat in the LL and LH (no increased feed allowance or short-term increased feed allowance), treatments (P = 0.076), compared to when gilts had longer periods with high feed allowance (HH and HL). High feed allowance in the follicular phase (LH) tended to increase the number of total born piglets compared to the other groups (P = 0.069) when applied in the follicular phase of the second standing estrus after the gilts were given altrenogest. This would be equivalent to the last 5–7 d of a 21-d cycle in gilts. The three other feeding strategies, comprising either the luteal and follicular phases (HH) or the luteal phase (HL) or none (LL), did not increase litter size. The weight of the gilt when entering the insemination section also had an effect on total born piglets (P &lt; 0.001) with an increase in litter size with increased weight of the sow, but no differences between treatments. In conclusion, the weight of the gilt had an influence on the total litter size and gilts with low backfat tended to respond more positively to a longer period with high feed allowance than fatter gilts.
Critical survey and panel review of sustained acoustic medicine in the treatment of sports-related musculoskeletal injuries by professional sports athletic trainers
Authors: Draper David O. , Best Thomas 
Published: January 2021

Background:
The purpose of our study was two-fold. First, it was to discover American professional sports athletic trainers’ (PSAT) use and opinions regarding the treatment with a small, portable ultrasound Sustained Acoustic Medicine (SAM) device on their athletes. Second, it was to discover the effectiveness of SAM treatment in their professional sports players (PSP).

Methods:
There were two ways of collecting data from the PSATs. The first was by written survey. Questions included qualitative and quantitative feedback on SAM device use, clinical applications, and acceptance among PSP. The second part involved a panel discussion of four PSATs, who shared their personal experiences with SAM. Questions focused on the use of the technology, confidence level, manner of application, and communication with PSPs regarding the application of the SAM and recommended treatment protocols.

Results:
The survey found that SAM is wearable, easy to use, comfortable, and that it can be used as a “go-to” device outside of the athletic training facility. PSATs reported an 87% satisfaction and increased confidence in the ability of SAM to accelerate the healing process. Thus, SAM was considered a recommended treatment for professional athletes to use as an adjunct therapy. PSATs agreed that SAM is one of the recommended choices as an adjunct therapy in multiple musculoskeletal injuries.

Conclusions:
The survey and panel discussion concluded that SAM treatment is easy to use with no adverse effects and can be used at multiple stages of the healing process.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.