bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refugees and Beneficiaries of Subsidiary Protection: Measuring and Comparing Integration Policies
Authors: Pasetti Francesco , Conte Carmine 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn the last decade, the study of migration policy has increasingly made use of synthetic measures, such as indicators and indexes, to compare and evaluate states’ responses to international migration. But major research gaps exist in the assessment of integration policies targeting beneficiaries of international protection (BIPs). Comprehensive, comparative data on the subject are also lacking. How can we measure and compare BIPs integration policies? And how can we evaluate their effectiveness in meeting BIPs’ integration needs? To answer these questions, this article uses the National Integration Evaluation Mechanism (NIEM), which provides a set of 173 indicators to evaluate BIP integration systems in EU member states. Following a review of the literature in the field, this paper describes NIEM’s methodology and then presents the key findings in the 2019 data for 14 EU countries. The conclusions reflect on the main contributions and limitations of the study.
Chloride channel accessory 1 integrates chloride channel activity and mTORC1 in aging‐related kidney injury
Authors: Lee Hak Joo , Donati Andrew , Feliers Denis , Sun Yuyang , Ding Yanli , Madesh Muniswamy , Salmon Adam B. , Ikeno Yuji , Ross Corinna , O'Connor Christopher L. , Ju Wenjun , Bitzer Markus , Chen Yidong , Choudhury Goutam Ghosh , Singh Brij B. , Sharma Kumar , Kasinath Balakuntalam S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe mechanism of kidney injury in aging are not well understood. In order to identify hitherto unknown pathways of aging‐related kidney injury, we performed RNA‐Seq on kidney extracts of young and aged mice. Expression of chloride (Cl) channel accessory 1 (CLCA1) mRNA and protein was increased in the kidneys of aged mice. Immunostaining showed a marked increase in CLCLA1 expression in the proximal tubules of the kidney from aged mice. Increased kidney CLCA1 gene expression also correlated with aging in marmosets and in a human cohort. In aging mice, increased renal cortical CLCA1 content was associated with hydrogen sulfide (H2S) deficiency, which was ameliorated by administering sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a source of H2S. In order to study whether increased CLCA1 expression leads to injury phenotype and the mechanisms involved, stable transfection of proximal tubule epithelial cells overexpressing human CLCA1 (hCLCA1) was performed. Overexpression of hCLCA1 augmented Cl− current via the Ca++‐dependent Cl− channel TMEM16A (anoctamin‐1) by patch‐clamp studies. hCLCA1 overexpression also increased the expression of fibronectin, a matrix protein, and induced the senescence‐associated secretory phenotype (SASP). Mechanistic studies underlying these changes showed that hCLCA1 overexpression leads to inhibition of AMPK activity and stimulation of mTORC1 as cellular signaling determinants of injury. Both TMEM16A inhibitor and NaHS reversed these signaling events and prevented changes in fibronectin and SASP. We conclude that CLCA1‐TMEM16A‐Cl− current pathway is a novel mediator of kidney injury in aging that is regulated by endogenous H2S.
Q134R: Small chemical compound with NFAT inhibitory properties improves behavioral performance and synapse function in mouse models of amyloid pathology
Authors: Sompol Pradoldej , Gollihue Jenna L. , Kraner Susan D. , Artiushin Irina A. , Cloyd Ryan A. , Chishti Emad A. , Koren Shon A. , Nation Grant K. , Abisambra Jose F. , Huzian Orsolya , Nagy Lajos I. , Santha Miklos , Hackler Laszlo , Puskas Laszlo G. , Norris Christopher M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractInhibition of the protein phosphatase calcineurin (CN) ameliorates pathophysiologic and cognitive changes in aging rodents and mice with aging‐related Alzheimer's disease (AD)‐like pathology. However, concerns over adverse effects have slowed the transition of common CN‐inhibiting drugs to the clinic for the treatment of AD and AD‐related disorders. Targeting substrates of CN, like the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATs), has been suggested as an alternative, safer approach to CN inhibitors. However, small chemical inhibitors of NFATs have only rarely been described. Here, we investigate a newly developed neuroprotective hydroxyquinoline derivative (Q134R) that suppresses NFAT signaling, without inhibiting CN activity. Q134R partially inhibited NFAT activity in primary rat astrocytes, but did not prevent CN‐mediated dephosphorylation of a non‐NFAT target, either in vivo, or in vitro. Acute (≤1 week) oral delivery of Q134R to APP/PS1 (12 months old) or wild‐type mice (3–4 months old) infused with oligomeric Aβ peptides led to improved Y maze performance. Chronic (≥3 months) oral delivery of Q134R appeared to be safe, and, in fact, promoted survival in wild‐type (WT) mice when given for many months beyond middle age. Finally, chronic delivery of Q134R to APP/PS1 mice during the early stages of amyloid pathology (i.e., between 6 and 9 months) tended to reduce signs of glial reactivity, prevented the upregulation of astrocytic NFAT4, and ameliorated deficits in synaptic strength and plasticity, without noticeably altering parenchymal Aβ plaque pathology. The results suggest that Q134R is a promising drug for treating AD and aging‐related disorders.
Vulval lichen sclerosus: An Australasian management consensus
Authors: Yeon Janice , Oakley Amanda , Olsson Ann , Drummond Catherine , Veysey Emma , Marshman Gillian , Saunders Helen , Opie Jacinta , Bradford Jennifer , Cole Judith , DeAmbrosis Kate , Cook Kathryn , Pepall Linda , Eva Lois Jane , Sladden Michael , Selva‐Nayagam Priya , Phillips Roderic , Ball Sally , Hill Sarah , Bohl Tanja , Day Tania , Lee Geoffrey , Fischer Gayle 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground/ObjectivesVulval lichen sclerosus (VLS) is a chronic inflammatory skin condition predominantly affecting the anogenital region in women and children. To date, there is lack of agreement amongst experts on a severity scale to aid assessment, research and treatment stratification on VLS. Furthermore, literature on best practice for long‐term management of VLS is lacking. The aim of this consensus is to provide broad guidelines on the short and long‐term management of VLS.MethodsAn initial focus group of Australasian experts in vulval dermatology developed a draft consensus statement for the management of VLS. Based on the results of the draft statement, a consensus panel of 22 Australasian experts, comprised of the initial and additional members, participated in an anonymous four‐stage eDelphi process. Round 1 involved generation and voting on statements from the draft consensus statement developed by the focus group. In Rounds 2, 3 & 4, panel members were presented formal feedback from previous rounds and asked to indicate their level of agreement. Consensus was reached if there was ≥70% agreement on the importance of an item in the 4 (agree) to 5 (strongly agree) range.ResultsThe expert panel, with a total of 504 collective years of experience in the field of VLS, reached consensus on a core set of 51 management statements related to diagnosis, severity, initial and long‐term management, follow‐up, and complications of VLS.ConclusionsThis study has identified a set of management statements for VLS that may be useful in clinical practice in the Australasian population.
The implications of deteriorating state‐owned enterprise performance on the South African economy
Authors: Chitiga‐Mabugu Margaret , Henseler Martin , Mabugu Ramos Emmanuel , Maisonnave Hélène 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTThis paper constructs and uses a recursive dynamic general equilibrium model for South Africa to examine the economywide consequences of a continued deterioration in performance of state‐owned enterprises and rise in foreign interest rates. A decline in state‐owned enterprisesproductivity has substantial negative ramifications on the rest of the economy. Government would increase its domestic borrowing and therefore hamper private investment, leading to a decrease in gross domestic product and rising unemployment, particularly the unskilled. The model shows that the effects get worse in the long run compared to the short run and when foreign interest rates increase. Preparedness and awareness of these economywide consequences point to the importance of addressing the problems of competitiveness in the state‐owned entities.
Development of a risk prediction nomogram for disposition of acute toxic exposure patients to intensive care unit
Authors: Elgazzar Fatma M. , Afifi Ahmed M. , Shama Mohamed Abd Elhady , Askary Ahmad El , El‐Sarnagawy Ghada N. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEarly risk stratification of acutely poisoned patients is essential to identify patients at high risk of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. We aimed to develop a prognostic model and risk‐stratification nomogram based on the readily accessible clinical and laboratory predictors on admission for the probability of ICU admission in acutely poisoned patients. This retrospective cohort study included adult patients with acute toxic exposure to a drug or a chemical substance. Patients' demographic, toxicologic, clinical and laboratory data were collected. Among the 1260 eligible patients, 180 (14.3%) were admitted to the ICU. We developed a generalized prognostic model for predicting ICU admission in patients with acute poisoning. The predictors included the Glasgow coma scale, oxygen saturation, diastolic blood pressure, respiratory rate and blood bicarbonate concentration. The model displayed excellent discrimination and calibration (optimistic‐adjusted area under the curve = 0.924 and optimistic‐adjusted Hosmer and Lemeshow test = 0.922, respectively) when internally validated. Additionally, we developed prognostic models that determine ICU admission in patients with specific poisonings. Furthermore, we constructed risk‐stratification nomograms that rank the probability of ICU admission in these patients. The developed risk‐stratification nomograms help decision‐making regarding ICU admission in acute poisonings. Future external validation in independent cohorts is necessary before clinical application.
Organizational perspectives on outdoor talking therapy: Towards a position of ‘environmental safe uncertainty’
Authors: Cooley Sam J. , Jones Ceri R. , Moss Duncan , Robertson Noelle 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesThere is growing support within the therapy professions for using talking therapy in alternative environments, such as outdoor spaces. The aim of the present study was to further understand how the organizational culture in clinical psychology may prevent or enable practitioners to step outside the conventional indoor consulting room.DesignInformed grounded theory methodology was used within a pragmatist philosophy.MethodsParticipants (N = 15; nine male, six female) were identified using theoretical sampling. The sample consisted of experts and leaders within the profession of clinical psychology (e.g., heads of services, training programme directors, chairs of professional bodies, and developers of therapy models; M years in the profession = 34.80, SD = 9.77). One‐to‐one interviews and analysis ran concurrently over 9 months (April–December 2020). Mason’s model of safe uncertainty was drawn upon to illuminate and organize themes.ResultsThe main themes comprised organizational factors that either support a practitioner in maintaining a position of curiosity and flexibility towards the environment where therapy is located (‘environmental safe uncertainty’), or push them towards adopting a more fixed position (‘environmental certainty’). Themes included influences from therapy traditions, accessibility of alternative environments, internalized risk, workplace subcultures, business models, biomedical approaches, and the COVID‐19 pandemic.ConclusionsWhether therapy is located in a consulting room, outdoors, clients’ homes, or digitally, practitioners, clients, and services are encouraged to maintain a position of environmental safe uncertainty.Practitioner Points

The therapy process and outcomes are influenced by the physical environment in which talking therapy is situated.

Practitioners have often remained fixed in their preferred therapy environment, such as the indoor consulting room, without exploring the potential benefits of alternative environments or involving the client in this decision‐making (i.e., ‘environmental certainty’).

Outdoor environments, as well as other alternatives to the consulting room (e.g., digital, home visits, and public places), can support access to therapy, subsequent engagement, and therefore health care equity.

Practitioners and clients are encouraged to adopt a position of ‘environmental safe uncertainty’, which is defined as having openness, critical curiosity, and collaboration regarding the therapy environment and the possibility of other environments being more conducive to therapy.
Advanced theory of mind in children with mild intellectual disability and deaf or hard of hearing children: A two‐year longitudinal study in middle childhood
Authors: Smogorzewska Joanna , Osterhaus Christopher 
Published: June 2021

The present study investigates the development of advanced theory of mind (AToM) among typically developing (TD) children, children with mild intellectual disability (MID), and deaf or hard of hearing (DHH) children. The 2‐year longitudinal study comprised three waves and included a large sample of children from Poland in middle childhood aged around 7.5–9.5 years (N = 779; M = 7.7, SD = 0.92 at wave 1). The analysis of children’s understanding of second‐order false belief and the Faux‐Pas Recognition Test showed that TD children outperformed children with MID and DHH children on both measures. At 7.5 years, almost 60% of the TD children correctly solved the second‐order false belief task; correct performance at 7.5 years in children with MID and DHH children was 27 and 38% respectively. Two years later, correct performance rose to 80% (TD children), 45% (children with MID), and 63% (DHH children). Despite these differences, the speed of AToM development did not differ across the groups. The development of faux‐pas recognition followed a non‐linear pattern, with TD children showing no further significant development after mid‐elementary school. Our findings show differences in AToM development between TD children, children with MID, and DHH children, and they suggest that children’s development of AToM may follow different developmental pathways, depending on the aspect of AToM under study.
Nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor suppresses experimental autoimmune neuritis in mice via declining macrophages polarization to M1 type
Authors: Shen Donghui , Chu Fengna , Lang Yue , Zheng Chao , Li Chunrong , Liu Kangding , Zhu Jie 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute inflammatory and immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Macrophages play a central role in its animal model, experimental autoimmune neuritis (EAN), which has been well accepted. Additionally, nuclear factor (NF)-κB inhibitors have been used to treat cancers and have shown beneficial effects. Here, we investigated the therapeutic effect of M2 macrophage and the NF-κB pathway's correlation with macrophage activation in EAN in C57BL/6 mice. We demonstrate that M2 macrophage transfusion could alleviate the clinical symptoms of EAN by reducing the proportion of M1 macrophage in the peak period, inhibiting the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. The NF-κB inhibitor (BAY-11-7082) could alleviate the clinical symptoms of EAN and shorten the duration of symptoms by reducing the proportion of M1 macrophages and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Consequently, BAY-11-7082 exhibits strong potential as a therapeutic strategy for ameliorating EAN by influencing the balance of M1/M2 macrophages and inflammatory cytokines.
Bioethics in Africa: A contextually enlightened analysis of three cases
Authors: Jecker Nancy S. , Atuire Caesar 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAcross sub‐Saharan Africa, bioethics is an emerging field of scholarly inquiry, informed by contextual features distinct to the region. A cultural mix comprised of Euro‐American influences, indigenous traditions, Christian faiths and Muslim communities, a bioethics for the sub‐Saharan region must be responsive to this milieu. This paper asks, what values and methods can best promote the practice of bioethics in Africa? We set forth a strategy that leans one way or another in response to contextual features of a particular setting. Since our aim is to be responsive to context, we begin with a series of cases and develop values and methods in response to each case as we work through its ethical analysis. Section I introduces a case involving setting priorities for public funding of services that produce large benefits for a small group of people, using the example of dialysis in Ghana. Section II presents a situation involving determining the permissibility of a double standard of quality for healthcare devices in rich and poor nations, using the example of explanting pacemakers from deceased people in wealthy nations for use by people in low‐ and middle‐income nations. Section III describes a scenario where international groups clash with religious and spiritual healers over the chaining of people with severe mental illness at prayer camps and healing centers in Ghana. Section IV articulates a three‐pronged strategy for engaging in bioethics brought to light by the case analyses and defends it against objections. Throughout the paper, we tag certain views ‘African’ and others ‘Western’ to indicate ethical beliefs commonly found in these regions and less commonly found elsewhere. We do not mean to imply that all Africans hold a certain ethical stance or that all Westerners do; nor do we mean to suggest that people outside these regions do not hold the views in question.
How fast is too fast? Water velocity differentially affects growth of four Gila River, native cyprinids
Authors: Hedden Crosby , Gido Keith B. , Cameron Alexander C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractUnderstanding trade‐offs associated with occupying various aquatic habitats provides a mechanistic understanding of habitat needs that can be used to evaluate the consequences of habitat loss or alteration. We used instream enclosures and field observations to identify how velocity affects the growth rates of four native species in the upper Gila River basin: longfin dace (Agosia chrysogaster) and speckled dace (Rhinichthys osculus), two species of no conservation concern, and loach minnow (Tiaroga cobitis) and spikedace (Meda fulgida), two federally endangered species. Elevated velocity was predicted to increase food delivery through drift or stimulation of benthic primary production. Energetic costs of high‐velocity habitat were predicted to vary with morphology and behaviour and be lowest for speckled dace and loach minnow because they are adapted to occupy interstitial spaces of the substrate in riffles. Spikedace and longfin dace should perform best in moderate velocities, where the trade‐off between exposure to drifting macroinvertebrates outweighs the energetic costs of maintaining position in the water column. Growth rates of loach minnow and speckled dace increased in higher velocities, but contrary to our initial predictions, spikedace growth rates also increased in high‐velocity habitats while longfin dace grew fastest in low‐velocity habitats; similar to the locations these species occupied based on field observations. These results indicate that for spikedace, the increased abundance of drifting macroinvetebrates in high‐velocity habitats outweighs the energy expenditure, but for longfin dace the energetic costs of occupying moderate to high‐velocity habitats outweigh the benefit to increased food availability. Our experiment provides a mechanistic understanding of habitat requirements across species and may inform predictions on how modifications or restoration of riverine ecosystems influence native fish diversity.
It’s complicated: Heterogeneous patterns of genetic structure in five fish species from a fragmented river suggest multiple processes can drive differentiation
Authors: Gehri Rebecca R. , Gruenthal Kristen , Larson Wesley A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFragmentation of river systems by dams can have substantial genetic impacts on fish populations. However, genetic structure can exist naturally at small scales through processes other than isolation by physical barriers. We sampled individuals from five native fish species with varying life histories above and below a dam in the lower Boardman River, Michigan, USA, and used RADseq to investigate processes influencing genetic structure in this system. Species assessed were white sucker Catostomus commersonii, yellow perch Perca flavescens, walleye Sander vitreus, smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu, and rock bass Ambloplites rupestris. We detected significant differentiation within each species, but patterns of population structure varied substantially. Interestingly, genetic structure did not appear to be solely the result of fragmentation by the dam. While genetic structure in yellow perch and walleye generally coincided with “above dam” and “below dam” sampling locations, samples from our other three species did not. Specifically, samples from rock bass, smallmouth bass, and, to a much lesser extent, white sucker, aligned with a putative Great Lakes (GL) group that contained mostly individuals sampled below the dam and a putative Boardman River (BR) group that contained individuals sampled both above and below the dam, with some evidence of admixture among groups. We hypothesize that the GL and BR groups formed prior to dam construction and our samples largely represent a mixed stock that was sampled sympatrically outside of the spawning season. Support for this hypothesis is especially strong in smallmouth bass, where GL fish were 151 mm smaller than BR fish on average, suggesting a potential ontogenetic habitat shift of young GL fish into the lower river for feeding and/or refuge. Our study illuminates the complex dynamics shaping genetic structure in fragmented river systems and indicates that conclusions drawn for a single species cannot be generalized.