bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are populations of economically important bonefish and queen conch 'open' or 'closed' in the northern caribbean basin?
Authors: Douglas Marlis R. , Chafin Tyler K. , Claussen Julie E. , Philipp David P. , Douglas Michael E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDemographics of co‐occurring species can often be diagnosed through population genomic analyses of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). These data can define population structure, gene flow, and candidate regions in the genome that potentially reflect local adaptations. They can also gauge whether populations are demographically “open” or “closed” (i.e., with global or local recruitment). We derived SNPs from double‐digest restriction‐site associated DNA (ddRAD) to test the demographics of commercially important bonefish Albula vulpes (N = 117) and queen conch Lobatus gigas (N = 60) from two northeast Caribbean Basin islands (Grand Bahama to the north and Eleuthera to the south). Specifically, we tested the hypothesis that the strong west‐to‐east current in the Great Bahama Canyon is a vicariant barrier separating the two islands. We conducted Bayesian assignment tests on putatively neutral (A. vulpes = 36,206 SNPs; L. gigas = 64,863) and highly differentiated outlier datasets (A. vulpes = 123 and 79 SNPs; L. gigas = 88 and 51, respectively). For bonefish, results diagnosed asymmetrical gene flow and north‐south differentiation, as potentially driven by adult mobility and easterly currents. However, both analyses indicated genetic structure in conch, substantiating the vicariant hypothesis. These results provide templates for future research endeavors with these impacted species. Outlier loci, for example, can potentially place populations of each within a demographic continuum, rather than within a dichotomous “open/closed” framework, as well as diagnose “source” and “sink” populations, as herein. These methodologies can then be applied to co‐distributed species with similar but less well‐understood ecologies so as to evaluate basin‐wide trends in connectivity and local adaptation.
UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative: Providing, receiving and leading infant feeding care in a hospital maternity setting—A critical ethnography
Authors: Byrom Anna , Thomson Gill , Dooris Mark , Dykes Fiona 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAlthough breastfeeding is known to improve health, economic and environmental outcomes, breastfeeding initiation and continuation rates are low in the United Kingdom. The global WHO/UNICEF Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) aims to reverse declining rates of breastfeeding by shifting the culture of infant feeding care provision throughout hospital maternity settings. In the United Kingdom, the global BFHI has been adapted by UNICEF UK reflecting a paradigm shift towards the experiences of women and families using maternity services. This research used a critical ethnographic approach to explore the influence of the national UNICEF UK Baby Friendly Initiative (BFI) standards on the culture of one typical maternity service in England, over a period of 8 weeks, across four phases of data collection between 2011 and 2017. Twenty‐one staff and 26 service users were recruited and engaged in moderate‐level participant observation and/or guided interviews and conversations. Basic, organising and a final global theme emerged through thematic network analysis, describing the influence of the BFI on providing, receiving and leading infant feeding care in a hospital maternity setting. Using Antonovsky's sense of coherence construct, the findings discussed in this paper highlight how the BFI offers ‘informational’ (comprehensible), ‘practical’ (manageable) and ‘emotional’ (meaningful) support for both staff and service users, strengthened by effective, local leadership and a team approach. This is juxtaposed against the tensions and demands of the busy hospital maternity setting. It is recommended that ongoing infant feeding policy, practice and leadership balance relational and rational approaches for positive infant feeding care and experiences to flourish.
Genomic landscape of geographically structured colour polymorphism in a temperate marine fish
Authors: Casas Laura , Saenz‐Agudelo Pablo , Villegas‐Ríos David , Irigoien Xabier , Saborido‐Rey Fran 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe study of phenotypic variation patterns among populations is fundamental to elucidate the drivers of evolutionary processes. Empirical evidence that supports ongoing genetic divergence associated with phenotypic variation remains very limited for marine species where larval dispersal is a common homogenizing force. We present a genome‐wide analysis of a marine fish, Labrus bergylta, comprising 144 samples distributed from Norway to Spain, a large geographical area that harbours a gradient of phenotypic differentiation. We analysed 39,602 biallelic single nucleotide polymorphisms and found a clear latitudinal gradient of genomic differentiation strongly correlated with the variation in phenotypic morph frequencies observed across the North Atlantic. We also detected a strong association between the latitude and the number of loci that appear to be under divergent selection, which increased with differences in coloration but not with overall genetic differentiation. Our results demonstrate that strong reproductive isolation is occurring between sympatric colour morphs of L. bergylta found at the southern areas and provide important new insights into the genomic changes shaping early stages of differentiation that might precede speciation with gene flow.
Tinea capitis in children: A single‐institution retrospective review from 2011 to 2019
Authors: Zhi Huilin , Shen Hong , Zhong Yan , Sang Bo , Lv Wenwen , Li Qiuping , Liu Zehu , Xia Xiujiao 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTinea capitis remains a common public health problem worldwide, especially in developing countries.ObjectivesTo investigate the changes of the predominant dermatophytes of tinea capitis in children in Hangzhou in recent 9 years.MethodsThe age, gender and pathogen spectrum of 650 children with tinea capitis at the Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Third People's Hospital of Hangzhou, Anhui Medical University from 2011 to 2019 were analysed, and the distribution of pathogens from 1998 to 2000 was compared.ResultsAmong the 650 cases, 340 cases (48.2%) were males and 310 cases (51.8%) were females. The main population infected with tinea capitis was children aged 0–10 years (620 cases, 95.4%). From 2011 to 2019, the predominant dermatophyte was changed from Trichophyton violaceum (2011) to Trichophyton mentagrophytes complex (2012‐2015) and later to Microsporum canis (2016‐2019). In the past 9 years, M. canis (250 cases, 38.5%) was the most common dermatophyte and followed by T mentagrophytes complex (209 cases, 32.2%). The dermatophyte spectrum was statistically different between the years 2011 and 2019 (Chi square: χ2 = 69.75, P < .05), and the differences in anthropophilic and zoophilic pathogens between 1989‐2000 and 2011‐2019 were statistically significant (χ2 = 24.4, P < .05).ConclusionsResearch showed that children diagnosed with tinea capitis were mainly 0‐10 years old. With age, the percentage of anthropophilic dermatophytes gradually increased, while the percentage of zoophilic dermatophytes decreased. M. canis was the predominant dermatophyte of tinea capitis in children, followed by T. mentagrophytes complex. The dermatophytes have shifted from anthropophilic to zoophilic dermatophytes in the past two decades.
Comparative genomics of opportunistic Phialophora species involved in divergent disease types
Authors: Song Yinggai , Menezes da Silva Nickolas , Vicente Vania A. , Quan Yu , Teixeira Marcus , Gong Jie , de Hoog Sybren , Li Ruoyu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundBlack opportunists Phialophora verrucosa complex species can cause different disease types in competent and in immunocompromised individuals, but are remarkably overrepresented in CARD9‐related infections.ObjectivesTo better understand the ecology and potential pathogenicity of opportunistic Phialophora species and reveal eventual genetic parameters associated with the behaviour in vivo and genetic profiles in patients with CARD9 immunodeficiency.MethodsGenomes of 26 strains belonging to six species of the Phialophora verrucosa complex were sequenced. Using multilocus analysis, all environmental and clinical strains were identified correctly. We compared the genomes of agents from different disease types among each other including CARD9 immunodeficiency.ResultsWe obtained genome sizes of the 26 Phialophora strains ranged between 32 and 37 MB. Some species showed considerable intraspecific genomic variation. P americana showed the highest degree of variability. P verrucosa was variable in CAZy enzymes, whereas P americana varied in PKS‐related genes. Phialophora species, particularly P verrucosa, are relatively frequent in patients with CARD9‐related immunodeficiency. Different mutations in the CARD9 gene seem to increase susceptibility for infection by different groups of species, that is either Candida, dermatophytes or black fungi. A number of patients with chromoblastomycosis revealed an as yet unknown CARD9 mutation. TNFα impairment was prevalent in patients with CARD9 infections, while CBM patients were invariably IFNγ.ConclusionsFrom genomic investigations, the known virulence factors between clinical and environmental strains did not reveal any significant difference. Phialophora complex has an equal chance to cause infection in humans, either healthy or CARD9‐impaired.
Optimal carbon partitioning helps reconcile the apparent divergence between optimal and observed canopy profiles of photosynthetic capacity
Authors: Buckley Thomas N. 
Published: January 2021

Summary

Photosynthetic capacity per unit irradiance is greater, and the marginal carbon revenue of water (∂A/∂E) is smaller, in shaded leaves than sunlit leaves, apparently contradicting optimization theory. I tested the hypothesis that these patterns arise from optimal carbon partitioning subject to biophysical constraints on leaf water potential.

In a whole plant model with two canopy modules, I adjusted carbon partitioning, nitrogen partitioning and leaf water potential to maximize carbon profit or canopy photosynthesis, and recorded how gas exchange parameters compared between shaded and sunlit modules in the optimum.

The model predicted that photosynthetic capacity per unit irradiance should be larger, and ∂A/∂E smaller, in shaded modules compared to sunlit modules. This was attributable partly to radiation‐driven differences in evaporative demand, and partly to differences in hydraulic conductance arising from the need to balance marginal returns on stem carbon investment between modules. The model verified, however, that invariance in the marginal carbon revenue of N (∂A/∂N) is in fact optimal.

The Cowan–Farquhar optimality solution (invariance of ∂A/∂E) does not apply to spatial variation within a canopy. The resulting variation in carbon–water economy explains differences in capacity per unit irradiance, reconciling optimization theory with observations.
Adaptive introgression: how polyploidy reshapes gene flow landscapes
Authors: Schmickl Roswitha , Yant Levi 
Published: January 2021

SummaryRare yet accumulating evidence in both plants and animals shows that whole genome duplication (WGD, leading to polyploidy) can break down reproductive barriers, facilitating gene flow between otherwise isolated species. Recent population genomic studies in wild, outcrossing Arabidopsis arenosa and Arabidopsis lyrata indicate that this WGD‐potentiated gene flow can be adaptive and highly specific in response to particular environmental and intracellular challenges. The mechanistic basis of WGD‐mediated easing of species barrier strength seems to primarily lie in the relative dosage of each parental genome in the endosperm. While generalisations about polyploids can be fraught, this evidence indicates that the breakdown of these barriers, combined with diploid to polyploid gene flow and gene flow between polyploids, allows some polyploids to act as adaptable ‘allelic sponges’, enjoying increased potential to respond to challenging environments.
Protein glycosylation during infection by plant pathogenic fungi
Authors: Liu Caiyun , Talbot Nicholas J. , Chen Xiao‐Lin 
Published: January 2021

SummaryGlycosylation is a conserved set of post‐translational modifications that exists in all eukaryotic cells. During the last decade, the role of glycosylation in plant pathogenic fungi has received significant attention and considerable progress has been made especially in Ustilago maydis and Magnaporthe oryzae. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the role of N‐glycosylation, O‐glycosylation and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors during plant infection by pathogenic fungi. We highlight the roles of these processes in regulatory mechanisms associated with appressorium formation, host penetration, biotrophic growth and immune evasion. We argue that improved knowledge of glycosylation pathways and the impact of these modifications on fungal pathogenesis is overdue and could provide novel strategies for disease control.
Resveratrol prevents steroid‐induced osteonecrosis of the femoral head via miR‐146a modulation
Authors: Nan Kai , Pei Jun‐peng , Fan Li‐hong , Zhang Yuan‐kai , Zhang Xin , Liu Kang , Shi Zhi‐bin , Dang Xiao‐qian , Wang Kun‐zheng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the possible use of resveratrol (Res) to reverse abnormal osteogenesis/osteoclastogenesis activity that occurs during femoral head osteonecrosis and to explore the detailed mechanisms. Application of Res to bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cellsin vitropromoted survival, inhibited apoptosis, and downregulated expression of reactive oxygen species expression. Moreover, Res application was associated with elevated microRNA‐146a (miR‐146a) expression, osteogenic differentiation, and suppressed osteoclastic differentiation, which were markedly reversed by miR‐146a inhibitor. Histopathological observations and micro‐computed tomography scanning results indicated that the Res‐treated group had lower incidence of osteonecrosis and better bone microstructure than the untreated group. Res inhibited osteoclastogenesis through altering the levels of sirtuin1 (Sirt1), nuclear transcription factor‐κB (NF‐κB), and receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL). Simultaneously, Res treatment improved bone formation and increased β‐catenin and runt‐related transcription factor 2 (Runt2) expression levels, while reducing forkhead box class O (FOXO) family protein levels. The results of our study suggest that Res prevents steroid‐induced osteonecrosis by upregulating miR‐146a, and thereby stabilizes osteogenesis/osteoclastogenesis homeostasis via Wnt/FOXO and Sirt1/NF‐κB pathways.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids as modulators of fat mass and lean mass in human body composition regulation and cardiometabolic health
Authors: Monnard Cathriona R. , Dulloo Abdul G. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryIt is now recognized that the amount and type of dietary fat consumed play an important role in metabolic health. In humans, high intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been associated with reductions in cardiovascular disease risk, improvements in glucose homeostasis, and changes in body composition that involve reductions in central adiposity and, more recently, increases in lean body mass. There is also emerging evidence, which suggests that high intakes of the plant‐based essential fatty acids (ePUFAs)—n‐6 linoleic acid (LA) and n‐3 α‐linolenic acid (ALA)—have a greater impact on body composition (fat mass and lean mass) and on glucose homeostasis than the marine‐derived long‐chain n‐3 PUFA—eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). In addition, high intake of both ePUFAs (LA and ALA) may also have anti‐inflammatory effects in humans. The purpose of this review is to highlight the emerging evidence, from both epidemiological prospective studies and clinical intervention trials, of a role for PUFA, in particular ePUFA, in the long‐term regulation of body weight and body composition, and their impact on cardiometabolic health. It also discusses current notions about the mechanisms by which PUFAs modulate fat mass and lean mass through altered control of energy intake, thermogenesis, or lean–fat partitioning.
High‐spatiotemporal‐resolution transcriptomes provide insights into fruit development and ripening in Citrus sinensis
Authors: Feng Guizhi , Wu Juxun , Xu Yanhui , Lu Liqing , Yi Hualin 
Published: January 2021

SummaryCitrus fruit has a unique structure with soft leathery peel and pulp containing vascular bundles and several segments with many juice sacs. The function and morphology of each fruit tissue are different. Therefore, analysis at the organ‐wide or mixed‐tissue level inevitably obscures many tissue‐specific phenomena. High‐throughput RNA sequencing was used to profile Citrus sinensis fruit development based on four fruit tissue types and six development stages from young fruits to ripe fruits. Using a coexpression network analysis, modules of coexpressed genes and hub genes of tissue‐specific networks were identified. Of particular, importance is the discovery of the regulatory network of phytohormones during citrus fruit development and ripening. A model was proposed to illustrate how ABF2 mediates the ABA signalling involved in sucrose transport, chlorophyll degradation, auxin homoeostasis, carotenoid and ABA biosynthesis, and cell wall metabolism during citrus fruit development. Moreover, we depicted the detailed spatiotemporal expression patterns of the genes involved in sucrose and citric acid metabolism in citrus fruit and identified several key genes that may play crucial roles in sucrose and citric acid accumulation in the juice sac, such as SWEET15 and CsPH8. The high spatial and temporal resolution of our data provides important insights into the molecular networks underlying citrus fruit development and ripening.
Source decomposition of the frontocentral auditory steady‐state gamma band response in schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects
Authors: Koshiyama Daisuke , Miyakoshi Makoto , Joshi Yash B. , Nakanishi Masaki , Tanaka‐Koshiyama Kumiko , Sprock Joyce , Light Gregory A. 
Published: January 2021

AimGamma‐band auditory steady‐state response (ASSR) is a neurophysiologic index that is increasingly used as a translational biomarker in the development of treatments of neuropsychiatric disorders. While gamma‐band ASSR is generated by distributed networks of highly interactive temporal and frontal cortical sources, the majority of human gamma‐band ASSR studies using electroencephalography (EEG) highlight activity from only a single frontocentral scalp site, Fz, where responses tend to be largest and reductions in schizophrenia patients are most evident. However, no previous study has characterized the relative source contributions to Fz, which is a necessary step to improve the concordance of preclinical and clinical EEG studies.MethodsA novel method to back‐project the contributions of independent cortical source components was applied to assess the independent sources and their proportional contributions to Fz as well as source‐resolved responses in 432 schizophrenia patients and 294 healthy subjects.ResultsIndependent contributions of gamma‐band ASSR to Fz were detected from orbitofrontal, bilateral superior/middle/inferior temporal, bilateral middle frontal, and posterior cingulate gyri in both groups. In contrast to expectations, the groups showed comparable source contribution weight to gamma‐band ASSR at Fz. While gamma‐band ASSR reductions at Fz were present in schizophrenia patients consistent with previous studies, no group differences in individual source‐level responses to Fz were detected.ConclusionSmall differences in multiple independent sources summate to produce scalp‐level differences at Fz. The identification of independent source contributions to a single scalp sensor represents a promising methodology for measuring dissociable and homologous biomarker targets in future translational studies.
Epidermolysis bullosa simplex due to bi‐allelic DST mutations: Case series and review of the literature
Authors: Ganani Dalit , Malovitski Kiril , Sarig Ofer , Gat Andrea , Sprecher Eli , Samuelov Liat 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundEpidermolysis bullosa simplex (EBS) is a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders characterized by skin fragility due to intraepidermal separation. Most cases result from heterozygous mutations in KRT5 or KRT14; however, a minority of affected individuals carry mutations in non‐keratin genes including DST encoding an epithelial isoform of dystonin. DST‐associated EBS is transmitted as an autosomal recessive trait. Here, we report a series of EBS patients carrying bi‐allelic DST mutations and review previously reported cases aiming to delineate phenotype‐genotype correlations.MethodsWhole‐exome and direct sequencing were used for variant analysis. Review of previously reported cases was performed.ResultsMutation analysis revealed DST mutations in five patients belonging to three families. Two variants have not been previously reported: c.7097dupA (p.Tyr2366X) and c.7429delC (p.Leu2477Serfs*13). We identified an additional six cases in the literature, bringing the total number of individuals affected with EBS due to DST variants to 11. Patients displayed distinctive phenotypes regardless of the causative variant.ConclusionsThe current study expands the clinical and genetic spectrum of DST‐associated EBS subtype.
ACE2 expression is elevated in airway epithelial cells from older and male healthy individuals but reduced in asthma
Authors: Wark Peter A.B. , Pathinayake Prabuddha S. , Kaiko Gerard , Nichol Kristy , Ali Ayesha , Chen Ling , Sutanto Erika N. , Garratt Luke W. , Sohal Sukhwinder S. , Lu Wenying , Eapen Mathew S. , Oldmeadow Christopher , Bartlett Nathan , Reid Andrew , Veerati Punnam , Hsu Alan C.‐Y. , Looi Kevin , Iosifidis Thomas , Stick Stephen M. , Hansbro Philip M. , Kicic Anthony 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveCOVID‐19 is complicated by acute lung injury, and death in some individuals. It is caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 that requires the ACE2 receptor and serine proteases to enter AEC. We determined what factors are associated with ACE2 expression particularly in patients with asthma and COPD.MethodsWe obtained lower AEC from 145 people from two independent cohorts, aged 2–89 years, Newcastle (n = 115) and Perth (n = 30), Australia. The Newcastle cohort was enriched with people with asthma (n = 37) and COPD (n = 38). Gene expression for ACE2 and other genes potentially associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 cell entry was assessed by qPCR, and protein expression was confirmed with immunohistochemistry on endobronchial biopsies and cultured AEC.ResultsIncreased gene expression of ACE2 was associated with older age (P = 0.03) and male sex (P = 0.03), but not with pack‐years smoked. When we compared gene expression between adults with asthma, COPD and healthy controls, mean ACE2 expression was lower in asthma patients (P = 0.01). Gene expression of furin, a protease that facilitates viral endocytosis, was also lower in patients with asthma (P = 0.02), while ADAM‐17, a disintegrin that cleaves ACE2 from the surface, was increased (P = 0.02). ACE2 protein expression was also reduced in endobronchial biopsies from asthma patients.ConclusionIncreased ACE2 expression occurs in older people and males. Asthma patients have reduced expression. Altered ACE2 expression in the lower airway may be an important factor in virus tropism and may in part explain susceptibility factors and why asthma patients are not over‐represented in those with COVID‐19 complications.