bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface temperature variability in climate models with large and small internal climate variability
Authors: Yeh Sang‐Wook , Hyun Seung‐Hwon , Park In‐Hong , Zheng Xiao‐Tong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBy analyzing large ensemble simulations using the Community Earth System Model (CESM_LE), the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model Grand Ensemble (MPI_GE), and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) climate models, we quantified internal climate variability (ICV) of surface temperature in each model based on the spread of simulated global mean surface temperature from the ensemble mean. Then, we examined the characteristics of simulated surface temperature variability in climate models with large and small ICV in the present climate and in a future climate. Both the CESM_LE and MPI_GE members with large ICVs tended to simulate larger surface temperature variability at low latitudes, including El Niño and Southern Oscillation (ENSO) variability, and larger cooling and warming trends of the global mean surface temperatures than those with small ICVs in the present climate. Similar characteristics were observed in CMIP5 climate models with large and small ICVs in the present climate. This implies that surface temperature variability including extreme climate events should be cautiously examined in climate models with large and small ICVs. On the other hand, the characteristics of surface temperature variability simulated in the CMIP5 climate models with large or small ICVs were similar from the present climate to future climate with magnitude of ICVs. This was in contrast to that simulated in the CESM_LE and MPI_GE, in which the magnitude of ICV changes between the present climate and the future climate. We inferred that these differences between CMIP5 climate models and large ensemble simulations could primarily be attributed to intermodel differences in the CMIP5 climate models, including model physics and parameterizations.
Correcting the representations used in teaching fundamentals of Quantum spin to undergraduate and graduate students
Authors: Cherkaoui Mustapha , Mourid El Hassane 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAmong a high number of concepts taught in physical sciences, some of them are not formulated correctly in an adequate way, which allows that their comprehension by students can be ambiguous and lead to a false representation. The concept of spin in general and that of electronic spin are part of this topic. For this reason, the main aim of this paper is to clarify from students' life the effect of teaching the spin concept in its fuzzy way; this is included in the didactics of science in teaching quantum mechanics. Then, we will suggest how to behave vigilantly when we are responsible for teaching such concepts.
A Homobivalent SPECT Radioligand ‐ Serinol Appended Methoxyphenyl Piperazine Derivative for Serotonin Receptor Imaging**
Authors: Rangaswamy Sandhya , Saklani Meenakshi , Kumar Rajnish , Mathur Rashi , Kaul Ankur , Tiwari Anjani K. , Kaur‐Ghuman Sandeep , Mishra Anil K. , Varshney Raunak 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSerotonin receptor subtypes are predominantly accountable for various neurophysiologic and cognitive processes and are expressed in the hippocampus region. SPECT based radioligands offer a cost effective understanding to the molecular changes which are used in the diagnoses of various neurological disorders. A Homobivalent approach was used to synthesize 1‐(2‐methoxyphenyl) piperazine based ligand by using click chemistry to incorporate two moieties of MPP via a linker (serinol) for SPECT (Single Photon Emission Computerised Tomography) evaluation. Molecular docking studies show better affinity for radiolabeled DO3 A‐serinol‐bis‐MPP complex. The radiolabeling efficiency of conjugate was optimized and evaluated for stability by various parameters and was found to be 99 %. The complex shows appreciable brain uptake in rabbit. Ex Vivo pharmacology indicated approximately 50 % of the total brain uptake in the hippocampus region which showed the selective preference of the ligand for serotonin receptor. This study could be considered as a novel, informative and preclinical finding for using the synthesised 99mTc‐DO3 A‐serinol‐bis‐MPP ligand to target serotonin receptor by SPECT imaging.
Benzophenone‐Functionalized Oligo(Amido Amine)/Iodonium Salt Systems as Visible Light Photoinitiators
Authors: Gencoglu Turkan , Graff Bernadette , Morlet‐Savary Fabrice , Lalevée Jacques , Avci Duygu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTwo water soluble oligomeric photoinitiators (OAA‐B and OAA‐BP) were synthesized by first preparing an oligo(amido amine) (OAA) via aza‐Michael addition reaction of N,N’‐methylene bisacrylamide and 1,4‐diaminobutane, then carrying out another aza‐Michael addition reaction between OAA and 4‐benzoylphenyl acrylate for OAA‐B and also diethyl vinylphosphonate for OAA‐BP. Photopolymerization kinetics of 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and HEMA: poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA, Mn = 575) mixture initiated by these photoinitiators were monitored by real‐time FTIR spectrophotometer and photo‐DSC. These photoinitiators together with bis‐(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐iodonium hexafluorophosphate (Iod) have high polymerization efficiencies under UV and unexpectedly visible light exposure. The efficiency of the photoinitiators is based on two separate mechanisms, oxidative interaction between benzophenone group and Iod and charge transfer complex (CTC) formation between Iod and amines in OAA; verified by absorption, steady state photolysis, electron spin resonance and laser flash photolysis. The CTC formation mechanism was also studied by molecular modeling studies; and both mechanisms generating aryl radicals.
Study on Microstructure and Photocatalytic Mechanism of g‐C3N4/WO3 Heterojunctions Prepared by Ice Template
Authors: Zhang Ke , Jin Yaran , Guo Yongxiang , Wang Haiwang , Liu Kefan , Fu Weijie , Zhang Jinrui , Pan Haijun , Wang Bingzhu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFor semiconductor photocatalyst, such as g‐C3N4/WO3, heterojunction contact area and specific surface area are the main reasons that limit their photocatalytic activity. Simultaneously, the photogenerated electron‐hole transport mechanism of g‐C3N4/WO3 is still controversial. In this article, g‐C3N4/WO3 semiconductor photocatalysts were synthesized by ice template method. XRD, SEM, BET, etc. were used to characterize the microstructure and morphology of g‐C3N4/WO3 with different quality scores of WO3, and it was found that the specific surface area of 10 wt% g‐C3N4/WO3 reached 54.8 m2/g, which was 1.92 times that of g‐C3N4. The photocatalytic performance of semiconductor photocatalysts was measured by photolysis of aquatic hydrogen and degradation of RhB solution. The results show that the cumulative hydrogen production of 10 wt% g‐C3N4/WO3 is 780.11 μmol/g, which is 27.5 % higher than that of g‐C3N4. Simultaneously, the degradation rate of the g‐C3N4/WO3 composite material to Rhodamine B solution is 4.27 times that of g‐C3N4. The mechanism of electron hole separation was obtained by EPR, and it is proved that g‐C3N4/WO3 composite material constructs Z‐type heterojunction.
Best practices for online team‐based learning: Strengthening teams through formative peer evaluation
Authors: Brown Tom , Rongerude Jane , Leonard Bruce , Merrick Laura C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis chapter describes best practices for the peer evaluation process in online team‐based learning (TBL). Formative peer evaluation is an essential element of effective course delivery for online TBL classes, and when done well, shapes a group of individuals with a shared set of tasks into an interdependent team of learners. More generally, emphasizing the formative over the summative aspects of peer evaluation supports the development of the soft skills and behaviors students require to become more adaptive, resilient, reflective, and collaborative human beings.
JORDAN–KRONECKER INVARIANTS OF LIE ALGEBRA REPRESENTATIONS AND DEGREES OF INVARIANT POLYNOMIALS
Authors: BOLSINOV A. , IZOSIMOV A. , KOZLOV I. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFor an arbitrary representation ρ of a complex finite-dimensional Lie algebra, we construct a collection of numbers that we call the Jordan–Kronecker invariants of ρ. Among other interesting properties, these numbers provide lower bounds for degrees of polynomial invariants of ρ. Furthermore, we prove that these lower bounds are exact if and only if the invariants are independent outside of a set of large codimension. Finally, we show that under certain additional assumptions our bounds are exact if and only if the algebra of invariants is freely generated.
Robust simulation of mineral precipitation–dissolution problems with variable mineral surface area
Authors: Kräutle Serge , Hodai Jan , Knabner Peter 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe consider a macroscale model of transport and reaction of chemical species in a porous medium with a special focus on mineral precipitation–dissolution processes. In the literature, it is frequently proposed that the reaction rate should depend on the reactive mineral surface area, and so on the amount of mineral. We point out that a frequently used model is ill posed in the sense that it admits non-unique solutions. We investigate what consequences this non-uniqueness has on the numerical solution of the model. The main novelty in this article is our proposal of a certain substitution which removes the ill-posedness from the system and which leads to better numerical results than some “ad hoc methods.” We think that the proposed substitution is a rather elegant way to get rid of the non-uniqueness and the numerical difficulties and is much less technical than other ideas. As a proof of concept, we present some numerical tests and simulations for the new model.
The generation of Tollmien–Schlichting waves by free-stream turbulence in transonic flow
Authors: Ruban A. I. , Broadley H. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper studies the generation of Tollmien–Schlichting waves by free-stream turbulence in transonic flow over a half-infinite flat plate with a roughness element using an asymptotic approach. It is assumed that the Reynolds number (denoted Re) is large, and that the free-stream turbulence is uniform so it can be modelled as vorticity waves. Close to the plate, a Blasius boundary layer forms at a thickness of $$O(\mathrm{{Re}}^{-{1}/{2}})$$

O
(

Re

-
1
/
2

)

, and a vorticity deformation layer is also present with thickness $$O(\mathrm{{Re}}^{-{1}/{4}})$$

O
(

Re

-
1
/
4

)

. The report shows that there is no mechanism by which the vorticity waves can penetrate from the vorticity deformation layer into the classical boundary layer; therefore, a transitional layer is introduced between them in order to prevent a discontinuity in vorticity. The flow in the interaction region in the vicinity of the roughness element is then analysed using the triple-deck model for transonic flow. A novel asymptotic expansion is used to analyse the upper deck, which enables a viscous–inviscid interaction problem to be derived. In order to make analytical progress, the height of the roughness element is assumed to be small, and from this, we find an explicit formula for the receptivity coefficient of the Tollmien–Schlichting wave far downstream of the roughness.
Characterizations of preschool technology education: analyses of seven individual preschool teachers’ and childcare attendants’ descriptions of their teaching
Authors: Sundqvist Pernilla 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn recent decades the preschool has leaned more towards a learning-oriented pedagogy, where the subject of technology has been given a more prominent place. Still, studies on how individual preschool staff members perceive and teach technology is scarce. This study shows how seven preschool staff in Sweden describe their work with the subject of technology and how technology education is characterized in these descriptions. The data was produced by means of semi-structured interviews and a questionnaire and analyzed with narrative analysis. The results show very diverse practices of technology education, implying the learning possibilities for children in different preschools are not equal. Some of the staff describe a clear and conscious teaching of technology, while others describe teaching what can be viewed as a limited and/or shallow technology education, where technology is sometimes used as means for learning other subjects or contents rather than being the learning objective. Six ways to characterize technology education was found, namely: technology education (1) concerns technological objects and systems in children’s environment, (2) concerns learning to handle technological objects, (3) is doing experiments, (4) involves developing abilities, (5) is naturally included in children’s play and (6) departs from digital technology.
Lumbar cerebrospinal fluid-to-brain extracellular fluid surrogacy is context-specific: insights from LeiCNS-PK3.0 simulations
Authors: Saleh Mohammed A. A. , Loo Chi Fong , Elassaiss-Schaap Jeroen , De Lange Elizabeth C. M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPredicting brain pharmacokinetics is critical for central nervous system (CNS) drug development yet difficult due to ethical restrictions of human brain sampling. CNS pharmacokinetic (PK) profiles are often altered in CNS diseases due to disease-specific pathophysiology. We previously published a comprehensive CNS physiologically-based PK (PBPK) model that predicted the PK profiles of small drugs at brain and cerebrospinal fluid compartments. Here, we improved this model with brain non-specific binding and pH effect on drug ionization and passive transport. We refer to this improved model as Leiden CNS PBPK predictor V3.0 (LeiCNS-PK3.0). LeiCNS-PK3.0 predicted the unbound drug concentrations of brain ECF and CSF compartments in rats and humans with less than two-fold error. We then applied LeiCNS-PK3.0 to study the effect of altered cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics, CSF volume and flow, on brain extracellular fluid (ECF) pharmacokinetics. The effect of altered CSF dynamics was simulated using LeiCNS-PK3.0 for six drugs and the resulting drug exposure at brain ECF and lumbar CSF were compared. Simulation results showed that altered CSF dynamics changed the CSF PK profiles, but not the brain ECF profiles, irrespective of the drug’s physicochemical properties. Our analysis supports the notion that lumbar CSF drug concentration is not an accurate surrogate of brain ECF, particularly in CNS diseases. Systems approaches account for multiple levels of CNS complexity and are better suited to predict brain PK.
ReliefE: feature ranking in high-dimensional spaces via manifold embeddings
Authors: Škrlj Blaž , Džeroski Sašo , Lavrač Nada , Petković Matej 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFeature ranking has been widely adopted in machine learning applications such as high-throughput biology and social sciences. The approaches of the popular Relief family of algorithms assign importances to features by iteratively accounting for nearest relevant and irrelevant instances. Despite their high utility, these algorithms can be computationally expensive and not-well suited for high-dimensional sparse input spaces. In contrast, recent embedding-based methods learn compact, low-dimensional representations, potentially facilitating down-stream learning capabilities of conventional learners. This paper explores how the Relief branch of algorithms can be adapted to benefit from (Riemannian) manifold-based embeddings of instance and target spaces, where a given embedding’s dimensionality is intrinsic to the dimensionality of the considered data set. The developed ReliefE algorithm is faster and can result in better feature rankings, as shown by our evaluation on 20 real-life data sets for multi-class and multi-label classification tasks. The utility of ReliefE for high-dimensional data sets is ensured by its implementation that utilizes sparse matrix algebraic operations. Finally, the relation of ReliefE to other ranking algorithms is studied via the Fuzzy Jaccard Index.
Suitability of satellite remote sensing data for yield estimation in northeast Germany
Authors: Vallentin Claudia , Harfenmeister Katharina , Itzerott Sibylle , Kleinschmit Birgit , Conrad Christopher , Spengler Daniel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractInformation provided by satellite data is becoming increasingly important in the field of agriculture. Estimating biomass, nitrogen content or crop yield can improve farm management and optimize precision agriculture applications. A vast amount of data is made available both as map material and from space. However, it is up to the user to select the appropriate data for a particular problem. Without the appropriate knowledge, this may even entail an economic risk. This study therefore investigates the direct relationship between satellite data from six different optical sensors as well as different soil and relief parameters and yield data from cereal and canola recorded by the thresher in the field. A time series of 13 years is considered, with 947 yield data sets consisting of dense point data sets and 755 satellite images. To answer the question of how well the relationship between remote sensing data and yield is, the correlation coefficient r per field is calculated and interpreted in terms of crop type, phenology, and sensor characteristics. The correlation value r is particularly high when a field and its crop are spatially heterogeneous and when the correct phenological time of the crop is reached at the time of satellite imaging. Satellite images with higher resolution, such as RapidEye and Sentinel-2 performed better in comparison with lower resolution sensors of the Landsat series. The additional Red Edge spectral band also has advantage, especially for cereal yield estimation. The study concludes that there are high correlation values between yield data and satellite data, but several conditions must be met which are presented and discussed here.
The organizational architecture of entrepreneurial universities across the stages of entrepreneurship: a conceptual framework
Authors: Cunningham James A. , Lehmann Erik E. , Menter Matthias 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEntrepreneurial universities contribute directly and indirectly to supporting all stages of entrepreneurship. The challenge for entrepreneurial universities is how they can best support academic entrepreneurs through these stages of entrepreneurship. This has led to the creation of different and often ad hoc organizational units within an entrepreneurial university. The organizational challenge for entrepreneurial universities is the selection of the appropriate formal organizational architecture to support the stages of entrepreneurship. The purpose of this paper is to examine the organizational architecture of entrepreneurial universities and how it supports the stages of entrepreneurship — latent, emergent, launch, and growth. Our conceptual organizational framework conflates the stages of entrepreneurship with the actual needs of university-based entrepreneurs and how these needs are supported through different formal organizational units within the organizational architecture of entrepreneurial universities. Therein, we categorize three types of formal organizational units — those that focus on exploration stages of entrepreneurship, those that straddle exploration and exploitation stages of entrepreneurship, and those that boundary span all stages of entrepreneurship. We conclude by discussing the resultant organizational tensions for entrepreneurial universities and highlight future avenues of research.
A Simple Mechanistic Model for Friction of Rough Partially Lubricated Surfaces
Authors: Costagliola Gianluca , Brink Tobias , Richard Julie , Leppin Christian , Despois Aude , Molinari Jean-François 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe report experimental measurements of friction between an aluminum alloy sliding over steel with various lubricant densities. Using the topography scans of the surfaces as input, we calculate the real contact area using the boundary element method and the dynamic friction coefficient by means of a simple mechanistic model. Partial lubrication of the surfaces is accounted for by a random deposition model of oil droplets. Our approach reproduces the qualitative trends of a decrease of the macroscopic friction coefficient with applied pressure, due to a larger fraction of the micro-contacts being lubricated for larger loads. This approach relates direct measurements of surface topography to realistic distributions of lubricant, suggesting possible model extensions towards quantitative predictions.
Reproductive biology, embryonic development and matrotrophy in the phylactolaemate bryozoan Plumatella casmiana
Authors: Bibermair Julian , Ostrovsky Andrew N. , Wanninger Andreas , Schwaha Thomas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBryozoa is a phylum of aquatic, colonial suspension-feeders within the Lophotrochozoa. In the Phylactolaemata embryonic development occurs in an internal brood sac on the body wall accompanied by extraembryonic nutrition. Owing to previous contradictive descriptions, many aspects of their sexual reproduction require restudy. Consequently, this study analyses embryogenesis of the freshwater bryozoan Plumatella casmiana by serial sections, 3D reconstruction and transmission electron microscopy. Early embryos cleave and soon develop into blastulae with a small central cavity. The mesoderm forms by delamination starting from the distal side towards the proximal end. In later embryos two polypides form on the posterior side that ultimately will be covered by a ciliated mantle in the larva. Embryos increase in size during development and form temporary cell contacts to the embryo sac. Mesodermal cells of the embryo sac show signs of transcellular transport indicating that embryos are nourished by transferring nutrients from the maternal coelom towards the brood cavity. This study clarifies several details such as mesoderm formation and the onset of bud development. Embryos are connected to their respective embryo sacs by a variety of temporary cytoplasmic processes formed by both tissues during embryogenesis, including a ‘placental’ ring zone. Although ultrastructural data of these cell contacts are not entirely conclusive about their function, we suggest that embryos absorb nutrients via the entire surface. The close opposition of embryos to the embryo sac implies placentation as matrotrophic mode in phylactolaemate bryozoans, with embryo sacs acting as placental analogues.
A case of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease with amelioration of refractory cyst infections following prolonged hemodialysis time
Authors: Ieiri Norio , Hotta Osamu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRenal cyst infection is a frequent and serious problem in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Cyst infection is often a refractory complication of treatment that leads to sepsis and death in patients with ADPKD. It was previously reported that a higher dose of dialysis demonstrated clearly better survival than shorten-time dialysis. The relationship between the frequency of cyst infection episodes in hemodialysis (HD) patients with ADPKD and the dialysis dose has not yet been fully elucidated. In this report, we describe a case of an HD patient with ADPKD that was provided elongation of HD time from 4-h twice weekly HD to 8-h thrice weekly nocturnal HD. As a result, the frequency of cyst infection episodes decreased from 10.0 to 1.5 days a month. Our findings suggest that prolonged HD time might contribute to amelioration of refractory cyst infections in patients with ADPKD.