bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
After The Music Man
Authors: McHugh Dominic 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
It was difficult for Willson to choose a follow-up to The Music Man because it was such a big hit. This chapter charts his struggles with his second musical The Unsinkable Molly Brown, including the problems with the show’s director, Dore Schary, which are revealed through newly uncovered production documents. The musical is based on the real life exploits of Molly Brown, who survived the sinking of the Titanic, and was a modest success upon its debut on Broadway. The chapter also briefly explores the 1964 MGM film adaptation starring Debbie Reynolds.
The European Nations and Their Jihadis
Authors: Khosrokhavar Farhad 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The comparative analysis of jihadis in different European countries is of major significance. Chapter 5 focuses on the ethnic and national origin of migrants and their sons in Europe, the political culture of the host European country, and the social and economic process of the integration of migrants’ progenies within each European country. In France, for instance, laïcité is a distinguishing feature compared to the rest of Europe. Likewise, English multiculturalism is a characteristic that affects immigrants in the UK differently from those in other countries. These differences in political culture among various countries may provide important information regarding the factors that led to jihadism. Still, the common denominator among disaffected youth in Europe was a strong sense of non-belonging among the European jihadis. IS was quick to exploit the enduring malaise of young Muslims, middle-class or disaffected, into a massive fascination through its promises of reconquered dignity, economic promotion, and the status of hero in the war against the Infidels.
Liberal States, Authoritarian Families
Authors: Koganzon Rita 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
How can liberals justify adult authority over children? Children are born requiring both subordination to adults and education to equip them for citizenship. These requirements are especially vexing for liberal democracies, for whom the exercise of authority is at odds with the natural liberty and equality of citizens. This difficulty has led some liberal theorists to appeal to the liberal state as a model for familial relations and reject parental authority. My book shows that this effort is misguided, and that early liberals understood parental authority as a necessary protection for children’s own future liberty. It was early modern absolutist theorists—Bodin, Filmer, and Hobbes—who sought congruence between the family and the state, arguing that absolute paternal authority was a salutary education for absolutism’s subjects. But early liberals like Locke and Rousseau opposed congruence. Even as they sought to restrict public authority and limit the formal power of parents, they nonetheless sought to strengthen their private authority over children. They saw that undermining traditional authorities would not issue straightforwardly in freedom but would instead elevate the authority of public opinion to new heights and subject citizens to a new tyranny of opinion. To counteract this threat, they buttressed the pedagogical authority of the family to protect children’s future intellectual liberty and defend liberal citizenship. Their educational writings reveal an important corrective insight for modern liberalism: authority is not only not the enemy of liberty, but actually a necessary prerequisite for it.
Entitlement’s Cruel Cousins
Authors: Anderson Kristin J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2, Entitlement’s Cruel Cousins, surveys the psychological correlates of entitlement. What attitudes coincide with entitlement that perpetuate inequality? For example, entitlement is associated with overconfidence and immodesty. Entitlement is also associated with individualism and the belief in the myth of meritocracy. From poverty to sexual assault, those who value individualism and meritocracy tend to see bad things happening to people as their own fault. Entitlement is linked to narcissism as well. Finally, entitlement is also correlated with dangerous worldviews such as authoritarianism and social dominance orientation—both of which are necessary to examine given trends toward increased authoritarian political tactics in the United States and globally.
Legitimization of Greed—Heartbreak to Workers
Authors: Drobak John N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 discusses the changes in norms that have made it acceptable to make as much money as possible in any legal way, even at great harm to labor and communities. The chapter also considers the role of the media in glorifying the wealthy, along with its constant reporting of stock prices—which reinforces the belief that corporations exist only for shareholders. The chapter shows how the quest for wealth this century has led to a large, growing disparity in both income and wealth. Then the chapter examines the imprecision of unemployment statistics, showing how the statistics (1) overlook people who are not seeking work, and (2) disregard the change in pay and benefits when displaced workers take new jobs. In trying to assess the permanence of the harm caused to displaced workers, the chapter examines retaining programs under the Trade Adjustment Assistance program, which was designed to help workers who lost their jobs as a result of outsourcing. In what may be a surprising result, a number of studies have shown that retraining generally does not improve the employment prospects of displaced workers. Finally, the chapter looks at the tragic effects on two communities from the closing of an automobile manufacturing plant in Janesville, Wisconsin, and the shrinkage of a glass manufacturing company in Lancaster, Ohio.
Using international human rights law to mobilize for children’s rights and reproductive rights in Ireland
Authors: de Búrca Gráinne 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter uses the experimentalist framework to examine two processes of social change in Ireland in recent decades—children’s rights reform and reproductive rights reform—which included the engagement of domestic advocacy groups with international human rights law as a key element of those campaigns. In the case of child rights, a coalition of hitherto separate organizations and groups came together following Ireland’s ratification of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, and re-oriented their work and advocacy around the idea of children’s rights. By bringing issues before the Committee on the Rights of the Child, and requiring the government to engage repeatedly with the Committee and with the meaning and consequences in practice of the obligations taken on under the Convention, they injected fresh impetus into existing campaigns, opened a public conversation about children’s rights, and placed Ireland’s practices and attitudes towards children and the family in the context of international standards. In the case of abortion law reform which was a bitterly divisive and difficult issue in Ireland, domestic activists drew upon and engaged with a variety of international human rights institutions and laws over decades to keep pressure on the government and the state to introduce change, as well as to create public awareness of the suffering of specific women and to highlight existing and emerging international norms on reproductive rights. Both campaigns ultimately succeeded in pressing for the adoption of a range of important legislative and policy reforms.
Negotiated Contracts for Cloud Services
Authors: Kuan Hon W , Millard Christopher , Walden Ian , Ward Conor 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines negotiated contracts for cloud services. Given that the use of cloud services has now become widely accepted and in light of the fact that providers' standard contract terms have evolved if not improved, do customers still deem it necessary to seek to negotiate contracts and if so, which issues are typically focused on? Are providers willing to negotiate or have they hardened their attitudes to negotiation? The chapter outlines providers' perspectives on cloud contract terms and customers' perspectives on cloud contracts including the role of integrators. It looks at the factors that customers take into account when considering specific terms, including whether or not to negotiate the terms in question or look at other methods of risk mitigation. The fact that data breach response and liability for data breaches tops the list of most-negotiated terms suggests that cloud providers and customers are still grappling with the General Data Protection Regulation's (GDPR) requirements and trying to come up with terms that will satisfy both customers' and providers' needs.
Information Ownership in the Cloud
Authors: Reed Chris 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses information ownership in the cloud. The law has struggled with ownership of digital information precisely because it is no longer recorded in permanent form on a physical object which can be owned. The law attempts to solve this problem by creating legal rights in some types of information, in the form of intellectual property rights. However, intellectual property rights are highly limited in scope in order to prevent the monopolisation of information. Thus, disputes over information ownership, and negotiations involving transfer of digital information, can be surprisingly difficult to resolve. The chapter then looks at copyright, database right, and the protection of confidential information. It shows that owning property rights in information, most likely copyright and database right, has little importance in terms of the cloud relationship. Cloud computing does, however, create some risks to confidential information because each player in the cloud is handing over some element of control to other players.
Digital Assets in Clouds
Authors: Michels Johan David , Millard Christopher 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines digital assets in clouds. When storing data on a provider's servers, the customer effectively shares control of that information with the provider. The chapter reviews the extent to which the law of property may impose obligations on cloud providers with respect to customers' digital assets. It focuses on a subset of digital assets, namely information uploaded by a customer to a cloud service, which can be called 'customer data'. Customer data typically takes the form of digital files such as documents, databases, emails, photographs, or audio and visual content. The chapter first considers the extent to which cloud customers have property rights in respect of customer data. It then studies the legal implications of the absence of property rights for the obligations of cloud providers and customers.
Responsibilities of Controllers and Processors of Personal Data in Clouds
Authors: Kamarinou Dimitra , Millard Christopher , Turton Felicity 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines the roles and responsibilities of controllers and processors of personal data in clouds. The realisation of the rights of data subjects whose personal data are processed in cloud computing environments depends, in large part, on whom they may be exercised against. The concepts of 'controller' and 'processor' play a crucial role in this respect since they determine who is responsible for compliance with the core obligations set out in the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The chapter then addresses the fundamental question of what constitutes a controller or processor and looks at the circumstances in which two or more controllers may be characterised as joint controllers. It considers the contractual rights and obligations of controllers and processors. The chapter also analyses the allocation of responsibility for compliance with a range of GDPR obligations, including security, breach notification requirements, requirements relating to Data Protection Impact Assesments (DPIA), consultations with data protection regulators, record-keeping, and audits. Finally, it examines the role of Data Protection Officers (DPO) and at the role of supervisory authorities in enforcing compliance with the GDPR.
Accessing Data in the Cloud
Authors: Walden Ian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the legal framework governing law enforcement access to data in a cloud environment, giving particular attention to developments in the European Union, the United States, and international law, specifically the Council of Europe Cybercrime Convention (Cybercrime Convention). The Convention addresses the investigation and prosecution of cybercrime within the domestic jurisdiction, as well as facilitating international co-operation against transborder cybercrimes. The provisions represent a certain consensus among the signatories about the appropriate exercise of law enforcement powers in cyberspace, including a cloud environment. However, the exercise of law enforcement agency (LEA) powers raises a number of jurisdictional questions. Each of these issues presents a boundary issue for LEAs, cloud service providers, and cloud users; a boundary between lawful and unlawful behaviours or regulated and unregulated activities. The chapter looks at how and when those boundaries apply and what mechanisms and procedures have been adopted, or are proposed, to address the needs of LEAs in a cloud environment.
Global Middle Ages
Authors: Holmes Catherine 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers societies and cultures outside western Europe from the early thirteenth to later fifteenth centuries by focusing with particular intensity on eastern Mediterranean societies. Rather than offering micro-surveys of a series of different contexts, some close to Europe and others further away, the chapter considers the late medieval world in global terms. The discussion focuses on the creation, projection, and realization of power by rulers during a period which has traditionally been associated with widespread turbulence and disintegration, and yet in which certain commonalities of political structures and culture can also be perceived. The global approach is comparative and largely political, but it also analyses dynamics which relate more to connectedness on social, economic, and cultural levels, and which also often involved movement over scales of all sorts: local, regional, transregional and even intercontinental. The principal relationship examined is between those with aspirations to high, supralocal power, and those who peopled the more fluid, fractured, and sometimes highly mobile formations that typify so much of the economic, social, religious, and cultural landscape of the late medieval centuries.
Divine Action and the Preferential Option for the Poor
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter engages some strains of recent liberation theology and its claims about divine action, most of all God’s “preferential option for the poor.” It contends that any serious treatment of divine agency and action cannot ignore this powerful strain in theology, especially its desire to place divine liberation at the center of God’s actions. These claims can be understood in a variety of ways, and the chapter proposes to answer this problem by looking at how liberation theology conceives God, what it means for God to liberate the oppressed, the central warrants for that claim, and the problems that arise from it. It undertakes this task by looking at Victorio Araya’s God of the Poor.
Divine Action and the Charge of Sexist Discourse
Authors: Abraham William J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter responds to a serious objection to traditional canonical Christian theology: that it depicts God in sexist terms. Not only this, but the tradition holds that a male figure is at the heart of the faith itself. The chapter lists several complaints by modern critics of traditional Christian “male-centered” language. Engaging the concerns of feminist philosophers Elizabeth Johnson and Sarah Coakley, the chapter argues that there is no good reason to change the canonical Trinitarian and Christological language. This position will require courage, but it is argued that the consequences for jettisoning the traditional language will be far worse than keeping them.
Mind and Matter
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses different views on the basis of human consciousness. A major problem with much popular speculation about the biological roots of consciousness is that those who advocate a gene-based view of consciousness often appear to have little understanding of modern genetics, while speculation about how brain structures shape that consciousness often bear little resemblance to emerging knowledge about the complexity of an actual human brain. There is a common thread here, which is that idealised genes and brains have been substituted for real ones. Unfortunately, because of this tendency, it is not clear how much we have really advanced forwards from René Descartes and his belief that the human mind was an unknowable entity, or for that matter, the behaviourists with their view that the human mind could be treated as a black box. In contrast, to understand human consciousness, there is a need to understand real genes, real brains, and how these have evolved in humans compared to other species.
Tool and Symbol
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the emergence of tool use and human language in human brain evolution. Increasing use and design of tools made possible by the bipedalism of our proto-human ancestors was a key step in the development of language. Indeed, communal tool use ‘helped to bring the members of society together by increasing the cases of mutual support and joint activity’. During this process, ‘the reaction of labour and speech on the development of the brain and its attendant senses, of the increasing clarity of consciousness, power of abstraction and of conclusion, gave both labour and speech an ever renewed impulse to further development’. The chapter then considers the studies which assess the fundamental differences in terms of language capacity between humans and apes. While the behaviourist view that human language acquisition is simply an accumulation of conditioned reflexes now looks incorrect, recent studies have also challenged the view of a biological basis for a ‘universal grammar’ shared by all humans. Instead, increasing evidence points to both human biology and the process of growing up in a specific human society as being factors of equal importance in the formation of language.
Growth and Development
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses the linked processes of brain growth and development. Each human life begins with the union of a sperm and an egg. Embryogenesis is the process by which the fertilized egg divides repeatedly to produce the 37 trillion cells that make up a person. But embryo development is about far more than just this dramatic increase in cell number. It also involves the formation of all the specialised cell types of the body, and their organization into tissues and organs. Initially, the embryo is just a ball of cells called a blastocyst. But then a dramatic transformation takes place called gastrulation, which is a key event in the formation of a human being. While these are the gross structural changes underlying brain development, equally important are the cellular changes. The development of the human brain occurs at such a rapid rate that a newborn baby’s brain has almost the same number of neurons as that of an adult. However, brain growth continues after birth due to the creation of new glial cells and connections between neurons.
Thought and Language
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how language helps human beings to group, distinguish, and differentiate between things in the world around them. In other words, what is the basis of conceptual thought, and how does this relate to language capacity as a whole? On the one hand, behaviourists have argued that human beings start life as a ‘blank slate’, and our language capacity is something that we learn by exposure to the language of others. On the other, Noam Chomsky proposed that humans are born with an innate capacity for language, as shown by the ease with which children rapidly learn a wide vocabulary, but also by their remarkable capacity for linking words together in complex grammatical structures. The chapter then looks at developments in the search for a biological basis for human language. Studies suggest that language in humans involves a complex interplay between a number of different genes, FOXP2 being a key one, which affect the connections between neurons in specific parts of the brain. However, it still remains unclear whether FOXP2 gene affects neurons involved in language processing per se or those that control muscles involved in speech.
Creativity and Imagination
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes another aspect of human uniqueness—the links between consciousness, creativity, and imagination. Russian psychologist Lev Vygotsky believed that human consciousness is transformed by social interactions, particularly through language, in a similar fashion to how tools have allowed us to transform the natural world. Vygotsky saw imagination as no less influenced by this social input than other aspects of consciousness. To deal with a changing environment, he argued that the human brain ‘combines and creatively reworks elements of this past experience and uses them to generate new propositions and new behaviour [making] the human being a creature oriented toward the future, creating the future and thus altering his own present’. Vygotsky thought that imagination was particularly stimulated in the developing child through the process of play. Some aspects of adult human culture have attributes in common with play, including the link with imagination.
Mind and Machine
Authors: Parrington John 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how future technologies might impact on human consciousness. It begins by discussing how new techniques are continuing to add to the understanding of the human mind. There are many exciting technologies available now to the neuroscientist, such as genomic analysis, optogenetics, gene editing, and brain organoids. To what extent could such technologies be used to investigate the model of human consciousness outlined in this book? The chapter then considers whether artificial intelligence might come to rival that of human beings, and possible interfaces between human and machine intelligence. Our growing ability to develop functioning robots raises the question of whether an artificial human brain might be used to control such a robot, creating in effect a cyborg. However, the creation of such an entity could make a big difference in terms of an artificial brain’s sense of identity in the world, as well as its rights.