bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making a harpsichord sound like a piano
Authors: Adelson Robert 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Following an apprenticeship with the Strasbourg-based Silbermann brothers, the young Sébastien Erard moved to Paris to begin building keyboard instruments. There he benefited from the patronage of the duchesse de Villeroy, who offered him a workshop, where he was soon joined by his brother Jean-Baptiste. The Erards’ success with pianos motivated them to find a way of giving harpsichords the same expressive possibilities. Their innovations were considered a threat by musical instrument makers and dealers in Paris, who specialised in the import and resale of English pianos. In 1785, Louis XVI granted the Erards a royal privilege exempting them from membership in the guild which governed the activities of Paris instrument builders.
Liszt and the introduction of the new piano
Authors: Adelson Robert 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Erards realised that as brilliant as the double-escapement action was, it required an equally brilliant pianist to introduce it to the public. The Erards first thought to ask the Austrian pianist and composer Johann Nepomuk Hummel (1778–1837), but soon found another pianist to promote their invention: a musician whose talents eclipsed not only those of Morel, but also those of all other living pianists. Franz Liszt (1811–86), then only twelve years old and largely unknown outside of Vienna, arrived in Paris and became the leading advocate for Erard’s new invention. Liszt’s relationship with the Erard family quickly became advantageous to both parties. For the Erards, Liszt’s arrival was a godsend, as his superhuman technique demonstrated the advantages of their invention. Similarly, Erard’s new piano became an essential part of Liszt’s early success, as its magnificently responsive action and powerful tone allowed the pianist to push his virtuosity to new heights.
Reforming the French National Church
Authors: Bruening Michael W. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Marguerite of Navarre’s evangelical network never abandoned its strategy of pushing for reform within the existing French church. The Meaux group of the early 1520s, led by Bishop Guillaume Briçonnet and Jacques Lefèvre d’Étaples, sought to “bring the Gospel to the people.” Lefèvre and Gérard Roussel made a crucial decision in 1526 to return to France from exile, instead of joining the international Reformed community. This move paved the way for them to continue down the path of internal reform, an effort that hit its peak in 1533, when Roussel preached to huge crowds in Paris. Hopes were dashed the next year with the royal reaction to the Affair of the Placards, but Roussel continued to encourage evangelical reform during his last years as Bishop of Oloron.
Introduction to Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The scanning tunnelling microscope (STM) was invented by Binnig and Rohrer and received a Nobel Prize of Physics in 1986. Together with the atomic force microscope (AFM), it enables non-destructive observing and mapping atoms and molecules on solid surfaces down to a picometer resolution. A recent development is the non-destructive observation of wavefunctions in individual atoms and molecules, including nodal structures inside the wavefunctions. STM and AFM have become indespensible instruments for scientists of various disciplines, including physicists, chemists, engineers, and biologists to visualize and utilize the microscopic world around us. Since the publication of the first edition in 1993, this book has been recognized as a standard introduction for everyone that starts working with scanning probe microscopes, and a useful reference book for those more advanced in the field. After an Overview chapter accessible for newcomers at an entry level presenting the basic design, scientific background, and illustrative applications, the book has three Parts. Part I, Principles, provides the most systematic and detailed theory of its scientific bases from basic quantum mechancis and condensed-metter physics in all available literature. Quantitative analysis of its imaging mechanism for atoms, molecules, and wavefunctions is detailed. Part II, Instrumentation, provides down to earth descriptions of its building components, including piezoelectric scanners, vibration isolation, electronics, software, probe tip preparation, etc. Part III, Related methods, presenting two of its most important siblings, scanning tunnelling specgroscopy and atomic force miscsoscopy. The book has five appendices for background topics, and 405 references for further readings.
Electronics and Control
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses electronics and computer interfaces for STM and AFM. For STM, the detection of the minute tunneling current is of paramount importance. Thus, the basic concepts and analysis of the current amplifier, or more accurately speaking, the transimpedence amplifier, is discussed. It includes the typical circuits and an analysis of the gain, noise, frequency response, microphone effect due to the coaxial cable, and the logarithmic amplifier to make the distance dependence of the output signal linear. the feedback system is then discussed, including a typical circuit, as well as the analyses of the steady-state response and the transient response. Finally, the architecture of the computer interface system with the algorithm of automatic approaching is discussed.
Earthing Philosophy of Technology
Authors: Roos Andreas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter reviews four major strands of twentieth-century philosophy of technology and shows how all of them have predominantly thought of technology as immaterial. This suggests that modern people have widely embraced the popular image of ‘lightbulbs as bright ideas’ in relation to technology. While research on the biosphere emerged from an understanding of the world as a complex interplay of geological forces and biogeochemical cycles of matter-energy, technology was interpreted as ontologically immaterial, springing forth from human cognition, consciousness, design, or semiotic networks. It follows that the interpretation of nature that is today employed to understand the dire state of the planet is broadly absent in the conception of the most favoured (technological) solutions. To remedy this discrepancy, this chapter argues that we should understand technology as ontologically material in order to see how it is essentially a means for ecologically unequal exchange.
Aristotle’s Viewpoint
Authors: Charles David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Aristotle’s view, as understood in Chapters 1–6, is summarized and then distinguished from several more recent theories of psychological phenomena, such as various versions of functionalism and non-reductionist materialism. His hylomorphic theory of natural objects is also differentiated from various forms of neo-Aristotelian hylomorphism. Aristotle, it is argued, is attempting to account for the causal role of form, its being definitionally prior to matter, and its role in grounding the unity of natural objects in a way different from that suggested in these contemporary theories. The ontological nature of Aristotle’s forms is further discussed. The aim of this chapter is to emphasize the distinctness of Aristotle’s account from several recent theories, not to argue for its superiority.
Conclusion
Authors: Dean Andrew 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter briefly examines the endurance of debates about ‘irony’ today. It argues that contemporary claims about the politics of irony in fact reflect unresolved debates from the reception of ‘postmodern metafiction’ more generally. This is especially the case following the emergence of a ‘new sincerity’. The chapter suggests that the contemporary public reception of ‘postmodernism’—its aesthetics and politics—generally misrecognizes the object of critique. This reception does not recognize what career metafictionists such as J. M. Coetzee, Janet Frame, and Philip Roth were actually doing. The chapter concludes by suggesting the history of postwar fiction, freed from the encumbrances of various critical enterprises, should now proceed by paying closer attention to the careers and archives of the writers we are examining.
Determinants of phytoplankton size structure in warm, shallow lakes
Authors: Erdoğan Şeyda , Beklİoğlu Meryem , Litchman Elena , Miller Elizabeth T , Levі Etі E , Bucak Tuba , Tavşanoğlu Ülkü Nіhan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBody size is an important trait of any organism, including phytoplankton, because it affects physiological and morphological performance, reproduction, population growth rate and competitive interactions. Understanding how interacting top-down and bottom-up factors influence phytoplankton cell size in different aquatic environments is still a challenge. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is a comprehensive multivariate statistical tool for detecting cause–effect relationship among different variables and their hierarchical structure in complex networks (e.g. trophic interactions in ecosystems). Here, several SEM models were employed to investigate the direct and indirect interaction pathways affecting the phytoplankton size structure in 44 mostly eutrophic and hypereutrophic permanent lakes in western Turkey. Among the 15 environmental variables tested, only rotifers and Carlson’s Trophic Index (TSI) had significant direct positive effect on the mean phytoplankton size and size variance, respectively. The results indicate that both bottom-up and top-down factors significantly affect phytoplankton community size structure in eutrophic and hypereutrophic lakes in warm climates. Rotifer grazing increased the abundance of large-sized phytoplankton species, such as filamentous and colonial cyanobacteria and TSI affected phytoplankton size variance, with a higher size variance in hypereutrophic lakes.
The effect of COVID-19 public health restrictions on the health of people with musculoskeletal conditions and symptoms: the CONTAIN study
Authors: Macfarlane Gary J , Hollick Rosemary J , Morton LaKrista , Heddle Maureen , Bachmair Eva-Maria , Anderson R Stuart , Whibley Daniel , Keenan Karen Forrest , Murchie Peter , Stelfox Kevin , Beasley Marcus J , Jones Gareth T 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective
To quantify the change in quality of life, disease-specific indicators, health and lifestyle before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among people with musculoskeletal diagnoses and symptoms.

Methods
We undertook an additional follow-up of two existing UK registers involving people with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) or psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and participants in a trial in the UK who had regional pain and were identified at high risk of developing chronic widespread pain. Participants completed the study questionnaire between July and December 2020, throughout which time there were public health restrictions in place.

Results
The number of people taking part in the study was 1054 (596 axSpA, 162 PsA, 296 regional pain). In comparison with their previous (pre-pandemic) assessment, there was an age-adjusted significant, small decrease in quality of life measured by EQ-5D [−0.020 (95% CI −0.030, −0.009)] overall and across all population groups examined. This was primarily related to poorer mental health and pain. There was a small increase in fibromyalgia symptoms, but a small decrease in sleep problems. There was a small deterioration in axSpA disease activity, and disease-specific quality of life and anxiety in PsA participants. Predictors of poor quality of life were similar pre- and during the pandemic. The effect of lockdown on activity differed according to age, gender and deprivation.

Conclusion
Important lessons include focusing on addressing anxiety and providing enhanced support for self-management in the absence of normal health care being available, and awareness that all population groups are likely to be affected.
Do Country-Level Creditor Protections Affect Firm-Level Debt Structure Concentration?
Authors: John Kose , Kaviani Mahsa S , Kryzanowski Lawrence , Maleki Hosein 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe study the effects of country-level creditor protections on the firm-level choice of debt structure concentration. Using data from forty-six countries, we show that firms form more concentrated debt structures in countries with stronger creditor protection. We propose a trade-off framework of optimal debt structure and show that in strong creditor rights regimes, the benefit of forming concentrated structures outweighs its cost. Because strong creditor protections increase liquidation bias, firms choose concentrated debt structures to improve the probability of successful distressed debt renegotiations. Firms with ex ante higher bankruptcy costs, including those with higher intangibility, cash flow volatility, R&D expenses, and leverage, exhibit stronger effects. Firms with restricted access to capital are also affected more. A difference-in-differences analysis of firms’ debt structure responses to creditor rights reforms confirms the cross-country results. Our findings are robust to alternative settings and a battery of robustness checks.
LncRNA MEG3 Involved in NiO NPs-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis via Regulating TGF-β1-Mediated PI3K/AKT Pathway
Authors: Zhan Haibing , Sun Xingchang , Wang Xiaoxia , Gao Qing , Yang Mengmeng , Liu Han , Zheng Jinfa , Gong Xuefeng , Feng Sanwei , Chang Xuhong , Sun Yingbiao 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Long noncoding RNA maternally expressed gene 3 (MEG3) involves in fibrotic diseases, but its role in nickel oxide nanoparticles (NiO NPs)-induced pulmonary fibrosis remains unclear. The present study aimed to explore the relationships among MEG3, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway in NiO NPs-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Wistar rats were intratracheally instilled with NiO NPs twice a week for 9 weeks, and human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549 cells) were exposed to NiO NPs for 24 h. The pathological alterations and increased hydroxyproline indicated that NiO NPs caused pulmonary fibrosis in rats. The up-regulated type I collagen (Col-I) suggested that NiO NPs-induced collagen deposition in A549 cells. Meanwhile, NiO NPs could significantly down-regulate MEG3, up-regulate TGF-β1 and activate PI3K/AKT signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro. However, we found that the PI3K/AKT pathway activated by NiO NPs could be suppressed by 10 μM TGF-β1 inhibitor (SB431542) in A549 cells. The protein markers (Col-I, Fibronectin, and alpha-smooth muscle actin) of collagen deposition up-regulated by NiO NPs were reduced by 10 μM PI3K inhibitor (LY294002). Furthermore, we further found that overexpressed MEG3 inhibited the expression of TGF-β1, resulting in the inactivation of PI3K/AKT pathway and the reduction of collagen formation. In summary, our results validated that MEG3 could arrest NiO NPs-induced pulmonary fibrosis via inhibiting TGF-β1-mediated PI3K/AKT pathway.
LoReTTA, a user-friendly tool for assembling viral genomes from PacBio sequence data
Authors: Al Qaffas Ahmed , Nichols Jenna , Davison Andrew J , Ourahmane Amine , Hertel Laura , McVoy Michael A , Camiolo Salvatore 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Long-read, single-molecule DNA sequencing technologies have triggered a revolution in genomics by enabling the determination of large, reference-quality genomes in ways that overcome some of the limitations of short-read sequencing. However, the greater length and higher error rate of the reads generated on long-read platforms make the tools used for assembling short reads unsuitable for use in data assembly and motivate the development of new approaches. We present LoReTTA (Long Read Template-Targeted Assembler), a tool designed for performing de novo assembly of long reads generated from viral genomes on the PacBio platform. LoReTTA exploits a reference genome to guide the assembly process, an approach that has been successful with short reads. The tool was designed to deal with reads originating from viral genomes, which feature high genetic variability, possible multiple isoforms, and the dominant presence of additional organisms in clinical or environmental samples. LoReTTA was tested on a range of simulated and experimental datasets and outperformed established long-read assemblers in terms of assembly contiguity and accuracy. The software runs under the Linux operating system, is designed for easy adaptation to alternative systems, and features an automatic installation pipeline that takes care of the required dependencies. A command-line version and a user-friendly graphical interface version are available under a GPLv3 license at https://bioinformatics.cvr.ac.uk/software/ with the manual and a test dataset.
Initial Choice of Spinal Manipulative Therapy for Treatment of Chronic Low Back Pain Leads to Reduced Long-term Risk of Adverse Drug Events Among Older Medicare Beneficiaries
Authors: Whedon James M. , Kizhakkeveettil Anupama , Toler Andrew WJ , MacKenzie Todd A. , Lurie Jon D. , Hurwitz Eric L. , Bezdjian Serena , Bangash Maria , Uptmor Sarah , Rossi Daniel , Haldeman Scott 
Published: April 2021

Study Design.
Retrospective observational study.

Objective.
Opioid Analgesic Therapy (OAT) and Spinal Manipulative Therapy (SMT) are evidence-based strategies for treatment of chronic low back pain (cLBP), but the long-term safety of these therapies is uncertain. The objective of this study was to compare OAT versus SMT with regard to risk of adverse drug events (ADEs) among older adults with cLBP.

Summary of Background Data.
We examined Medicare claims data spanning a 5-year period on fee-for-service beneficiaries aged 65 to 84 years, continuously enrolled under Medicare Parts A, B, and D for a 60-month study period, and with an episode of cLBP in 2013. We excluded patients with a diagnosis of cancer or use of hospice care.

Methods.
All included patients received long-term management of cLBP with SMT or OAT. We assembled cohorts of patients who received SMT or OAT only, and cohorts of patients who crossed over from OAT to SMT or from SMT to OAT. We used Poisson regression to estimate the adjusted incidence rate ratio for outpatient ADE among patients who initially chose OAT as compared with SMT.

Results.
With controlling for patient characteristics, health status, and propensity score, the adjusted rate of ADE was more than 42 times higher for initial choice of OAT versus initial choice of SMT (rate ratio 42.85, 95% CI 34.16–53.76, P < 0.0001).

Conclusion.
Among older Medicare beneficiaries who received long-term care for cLBP the adjusted rate of ADE for patients who initially chose OAT was substantially higher than those who initially chose SMT.

Level of Evidence: 2
The Actual Incidence and Types of Hearing Losses in Bullous Myringitis: Case Series and Systematic Review
Authors: Ungar Omer J. , Handzel Ophir , Oron Yahav , Eta Rani Abu , Muhanna Nidal , Warshavsky Anton , Horowitz Gilad , Simani Liam 
Published: April 2021

Objective:
To calculate the incidence of sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL; pure or as part of a mixed hearing loss, MHL) among bullous myringitis (BM) patients with a coexisting HL to assess whether steroidal treatment should be initiated even before the findings of a formal audiogram are available.

Methods:
Retrospective medical record review in a tertiary referral center and systematic review of the English literature.

Results:
The medical records of 81 patients with BM were retrieved among whom 50 patients (62%) had actually sustained a HL, although only 39/81 patients reported a HL when asked. Twenty-four patients had a MHL, 18 had a SNHL, and eight had a conductive HL (CHL). The systematic review included 106 ears: 17 had no HL, 53 had a MHL, 20 had a SNHL, and 16 had a CHL. The combined published and current results yielded a SNHL and MHL rates of 38/139 (27%) and 77/139 (55%), respectively of all BM patients with confirmed HL.

Conclusion:
BM is intuitively associated with a CHL resulting from the impeded function of the affected middle ear. Medical history and physical examination are not sufficient to exclude a SNHL in BM patients, and formal audiometry is mandatory for exclusion/confirmation in this setting. Nevertheless, steroidal treatment should not be delayed until the performance of formal audiometry because the actual rate of pure CHL in this setting is very low.

Level of Evidence: 2
Magnetically Controlled Capsule Endoscopy Versus Conventional Gastroscopy
Authors: Geropoulos Georgios , Aquilina Julian , Kakos Christos , Anestiadou Elisavet , Giannis Dimitrios 
Published: April 2021

Background:
The introduction of magnetically controlled capsule endoscopy overcame the restriction of passive capsule endoscopy movement, thus allowing an improved visualization of the gastrointestinal lumen, where other imaging studies seem to be unhelpful. The aim of this study is to systematically review the performance of magnetically controlled capsule endoscopy and evaluate its potential as a less invasive diagnostic method in the detection of gastric lesions.

Methods:
A systematic search was performed in PubMed (Medline), EMBASE, Google Scholar, Scopus, Who Global Health Library (GHL), Virtual Health Library (VHL), Clinicaltrials.gov, Cochrane Library, and ISI Web of Science databases. Proportion meta-analyses were performed to estimate the pooled sensitivity of magnetically controlled capsuled endoscopy in the detection of gastrointestinal lesions.

Results:
Among the 3026 studies that were initially assessed, 7 studies were finally included, with a total of 916 patients and 745 gastric lesions. The mean capsule endoscopy examination time was 21.92±8.87 minutes. The pooled overall sensitivity of magnetically controlled capsule endoscopy was 87% [95% confidence interval (CI), 84%-89%]. Subgroup analysis showed that the sensitivity of identifying gastric ulcers was 82% (95% CI: 71%-89%), gastric polyps was 82% (95% CI: 76%-87%), and gastric erosions was 95% (95% CI: 86%-98%). In general, magnetically controlled capsule endoscopy was well tolerated by the participants with minimal adverse events.

Conclusion:
The magnetically controlled capsule endoscopy demonstrated an acceptable sensitivity of identifying gastric lesions. Further prospective comparative studies are needed to identify the risks and benefits of this new technique, as well as to determine its role as a replacement for conventional gastroscopy.
Hyperbaric oxygen therapy in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Singh Anupam Kumar , Jha Daya Krishna , Jena Anuraag , Kumar-M Praveen , Sebastian Shaji , Sharma Vishal 
Published: April 2021

Background
Translational data suggest a potential role of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in a subset of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis for the efficacy and safety of HBOT in IBD.

Methods
We searched Pubmed, Embase and CENTRAL to identify studies reporting the efficacy of HBOT in ulcerative colitis or Crohn’s disease. We pooled the response rates for HBOT in ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease separately.

Results
A total 18 studies were included in the systematic review and 16 in the analysis. The overall response rate of HBOT in ulcerative colitis was 83.24% (95% confidence interval: 61.90–93.82), while the response in Crohn’s disease was 81.89 (76.72–86.11). The results of randomized trials for HBOT as adjuvant therapy in ulcerative colitis were conflicting. The complete healing of fistula in fistulizing Crohn’s disease was noted 47.64% (22.05–74.54), while partial healing was noted in 34.29% (17.33–56.50%). Most of the adverse events were minor.

Conclusion
Observational studies suggest benefit of use of HBOT in ulcerative colitis flares and Crohn’s disease. However, adequately powered randomized trials are needed to draw a definite conclusion.