bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corporate Default Risk and Environmental Deterioration (International Evidence)
Authors: Rehman Obaid Ur , Liu Xiaoxing 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study explores the impact of corporate default risk on environmental deterioration in the international context. We find that corporate bankruptcy is positively associated with CO2 emissions and its decomposed components. These findings are reliable in low-income and highly uncertain countries but weak in countries having more market competition. We also find that the negative impact of corporate default risk on environment is more robust in countries with more population density and less forest area thresholds. Using instrumental variable approach, we provide preliminary evidence that firm-level political risk (for U.S. and Canadian firms only) tend to increase corporate default risk leading to degrading environment. Our research will help environmental authorities to consider corporate-default risk as a determinant when formulating environmental-related strategies.
Autoantibody formation after alloimmunization inducing bystander immune hemolysis
Authors: Mota M. , Bley C. , Aravechia M.G. , Hamerschlak N. , Sakashita A. , Kutner J.M. , Castilho L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The development of RBC autoantibodies resulting from or associated with allogeneic blood transfusions is not an easily determined complication of RBC transfusions. This report discusses one patient who developed RBC autoantibodies in association with an allogeneic blood transfusion and alloimmunization leading to a temporary bystander immune hemolysis. A 72-year-old woman was hospitalized as a result of severe anemia and received two units of ABO- and D-compatible RBCs. She had a history of two pregnancies 40 years before, but no history of RBC transfusion, and her antibody screen was negative. On the tenth day after transfusion her hemoglobin dropped, and alloanti-c was identified in her serum and eluate. At this time she received another two units of compatible blood according to her phenotype (group O, R1R1, K:-1). After 48 hours, she developed joint pain, pyrexia, and hemoglobinuria, and her Hb dropped from 9.2 g/dL to 5.3 g/dL. The direct antiglobulin test was positive, an IgG autoantibody was present in the eluate, and the antibody investigation revealed the presence of anti-Jkb in addition to the previously identified alloanti-c. Her genotype was determined, and, based on the findings, two additional units were selected, found to be compatible, and transfused without incident. Transfusions were discontinued, and she was treated with IVIG and corticosteroids. Her Hb increased to 9.7 g/dL, and the patient made an uneventful recovery. It was concluded that transfusion of incompatible RBCs induced the formation of an autoantibody in this patient, resulting in lysis of bystander RBCs. The need for additional blood transfusion was successfully avoided by treatment with IVIG, steroid therapy, and rituximab.
Immunohematology

2009;25:9–12.
The ABO blood group system revisited: a review and update
Authors: Storry J.R. , Olsson M.L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The antigens of the ABO system were the first to be recognized as blood groups and actually the first human genetic markers known. Their presence and the realization of naturally occurring antibodies to those antigens lacking from the cells made sense of the erratic failure of blood transfusion hitherto and opened up the possibility of a safe treatment practice in life-threatening blood loss. Although initially apparently simple, the ABO system has come to grow in complexity over the years. The mass of knowledge relating to carbohydrate chemistry, enzymology, molecular genetics, and structural and evolutionary biology is now enormous thanks to more than a century of research using ABO as a principal model. This has provided us with data to form a solid platform of evidence-based transfusion and transplantation medicine used every day in laboratories and clinics around the globe. This review aims to summarize key findings and recent progress made toward further understanding of this surprisingly polymorphic system.
Immunohematology

2009;25:48–59.
Clinical evaluation for lymphoproliferative disease prompted by finding of IgM warm autoanti-IT in two cases
Authors: Leger R.M. , Lowder F. , Dungo M.C. , Chen W. , Mason H.M. , Garratty G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Anti-IT is an unusual specificity originally described as a naturally occurring cold agglutinin. The antibody reacts strongly with cord RBCs, weakly with adult I RBCs, and most weakly with the rare adult i RBCs. IgG anti-IT in patients with hemolytic anemia has been associated with Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Difficulties in blood grouping tests and the presence of a warm reactive agglutinin in samples from two patients with hemolytic anemia led to further serologic studies and the identification of anti-IT. In both cases, the anti-IT was a rarely encountered IgM warm reactive agglutinin; in one case, the IgG component was also anti-IT, whereas in the second case the IgG antibody was broadly reactive. The unusual serologic finding of anti-IT prompted further clinical evaluation for lymphoproliferative disease in these two patients.
Immunohematology

2009;25:60–62.
MNS blood group system: a review
Authors: Reid M.E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The MNS blood group system is second only to the Rh blood group system in its complexity. Many alloantibodies to antigens in the MNS system are not generally clinically significant although antibodies to low-prevalence and high-prevalence MNS antigens have caused hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn. The MNS antigens are carried on glycophorin A (GPA), glycophorin B (GPB), or hybrids thereof, which arise from single-nucleotide substitution, unequal crossing over, or gene conversion between the glycophorin genes. Antigens in the MNS system are fully developed at birth. This review summarizes aspects of the MNS system, including the molecular basis of some antigens in the MNS blood group system. Readers are referred to existing excellent reviews for background information.1–9 Throughout this document, information given without references can be found in the reviews listed previously, and the reader is referred to these reviews for references to original reports.
Immunohematology

2009;25:95–101.
Logistical aspects of human surgical tissue management in a hospital setting
Authors: Alden B.M. , Schlueter A.J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Many hospital transfusion services have assumed responsibility for the coordinated management of human allograft tissue. This overview summarizes logistical aspects of tissue management based on the experience of a centralized tissue service at a large academic hospital, in which tissue is stored in a location remote from patient care areas. Operational aspects include determination of which personnel classifications will perform the necessary functions, establishment and maintenance of the standing tissue inventory (including pros and cons of alternative approaches to inventory acquisition), and necessary considerations for making tissue available for surgical cases in the hospital. The nature of communications regarding tissue orders for individual surgical cases is discussed, as well as mechanisms for storage of tissue and transportation and delivery of tissue to the surgical suites. Finally, options for the disposition of tissue that has been dispensed from the tissue service but was not used during the surgical procedure are summarized. With attention to these details, a tissue service can provide reliable, high-quality tissue in a timely fashion.
Immunohematology

2009;25:107–111.
Lutheran
Authors: Daniels G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The Lutheran blood group system consists of 19 antigens: four pairs of antithetical antigens—Lua /Lub, Lu6/Lu9, Lu8/Lu14, and Aua /Aub —and 11 antigens of very high frequency. These antigens are located on four of the five immunoglobulin-like domains of both isoforms of the Lutheran glycoprotein. The LU gene is on chromosome 19 and comprises 15 exons. The two glycoprotein isoforms differ in the length of their cytoplasmic tails as a result of alternative splicing of intron 13. Lunullphenotype arises from homozygosity for inactivating mutations in the LU gene. The dominantly inherited Lumodphenotype, In(Lu), results from heterozygosity for inactivating mutations in KLF1, the gene for the erythroid transcription binding factor EKLF. Clinically, antibodies of the Lutheran system are relatively benign. When hemolytic, they generally cause only mild, delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions or hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn that can be treated by phototherapy. The Lutheran glycoproteins, which are members of the immunoglobulin superfamily of adhesion molecules and receptors, bind isoforms of laminin with α5 chains, components of the extracellular matrix abundant in vascular endothelia. The primary function of the Lutheran glycoproteins on RBCs could involve the transfer of maturing RBCs from the bone marrow to the peripheral circulation. They could also be involved in vascular occlusion and thrombotic events as complications of sickle cell disease and polycythemia vera, respectively.
Immunohematology

2009;25:152–159.
Cost-effectiveness of FDA variance for blood collection from individuals with hereditary hemochromatosis at a 398-bed hospital-based donor center
Authors: Gribble D.M. , Chaffin D.J. , Bryant B.J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is treated by therapeutic phlebotomy to reduce excess body iron. This 398-bed, hospital-based donor center wanted to determine whether there was a financial advantage to requesting FDA approval to allow transfusion of blood components from eligible individuals with HH. Donor center records from 2008 were reviewed to identify all therapeutic phlebotomy patients with a diagnosis of HH. HH patients were contacted and asked to complete the AABB Uniform Donor History Questionnaire (UDHQ) to determine their eligibility as potential allogeneic blood donors. Financial ramifications attributable to loss of revenue from the therapeutic phlebotomies ($100/collection) were compared with the potential gain in revenue from collecting units for transfusion ($429/collection) in a 12-month period. Nineteen HH patients were identified and screened for allogeneic eligibility. Seventeen patients (89%) met the eligibility criteria for allogeneic donors, and two patients (11%) did not. Retrospective review of donor records indicated that a total of 60 units were collected from these HH patients from January 2008 through December 2008. Fifty-five of the 60 units collected (92%) were eligible for allogeneic use, potentially generating gross revenue of $23,595. After deducting expenses for infectious disease testing and loss of revenue for the nonqualified therapeutic phlebotomies, the net revenue from the collection of 55 RBC units that could have potentially been used for allogeneic transfusion was $20,345. In contrast, the current revenue generated by the collection of 60 therapeutic phlebotomies was only $6,000. In 2008, using eligible HH individuals as allogeneic blood donors would have resulted in an increase in revenue of $14,345 for our blood center. This study demonstrates that even at a medium-size, hospital-based donor center, obtaining a variance from the FDA to establish an HH blood donor program is a cost-effective endeavor, which does not compromise donor or patient safety.
Immunohematology

2009;25:170–173.
The ARC Hemovigilance Program: advancing the safety of blood donation and transfusion
Authors: Eder A.F. , Dy B.A. , Barton J. , Kennedy J.M. , Benjamin R.J. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Since 2005, the American Red Cross (ARC) Hemovigilance Program has systematically evaluated adverse reactions and complications after blood donation and transfusion, which has led to improvements in safety for both donors and patients. After establishing baseline estimates of the risk of transfusion reactions such as transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI) and sepsis from bacterially contaminated platelet components, the program has demonstrated that the preventive measures that were implemented to reduce their occurrence were effective.1–4 Reports of transfusion-transmitted infections, most commonly babesiosis linked to RBC components, have identified the need for targeted interventions.5 The program has also described the spectrum of adverse reactions experienced by healthy volunteers after whole blood or apheresis donation, including systemic (e.g., vasovagal), phlebotomy-related, and other complications.6,7 The information about donor reactions has led to several initiatives to reduce the already low rates of complications among the most susceptible groups and improve the donors’ experience.8,9 In this report, we present annual data on donation and transfusion complications in the ARC in 2007 and discuss the strengths and limitations of our national hemovigilance program.
Technical issues in neonatal transfusions
Authors: Sloan S.R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Neonatal transfusions provide challenges at several steps in the process. Neonates are often transfused with relatively small volumes at slow flow rates from syringes,whereas at other times they require relatively massive transfusions or exchange transfusions. To facilitate these specialized transfusions, blood banks often modify their procedures to provide small volumes of blood components that are sometimes dispensed in syringes or to reconstitute whole blood for exchange transfusions. Hospitals must implement policies and procedures to ensure that the blood components are transfused safely when using these specialized techniques for infants. Nevertheless, some issues remain in many hospitals, such as the difficulty in safely warming blood components for neonatal transfusions and the difficulties in using approved labels for small containers that are sometimes prepared at the bedside.
Immunohematology

2008;24:4–9.
Automation in the transfusion service
Authors: Butch S.H. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Several instruments are now available for full automation of serologic testing in the transfusion service. Selection of an instrument is based on the facility’s needs for testing and its resources. Installation, validation, interfacing, and operations require new skill sets for most transfusion service personnel. The newer instruments are suitable for use in smaller transfusion services, where procedures may not have changed recently and installing new equipment is a rarity. It is difficult to compare turnaround times and the cost of operating the instrument because the number of specimens and specific tests per run and test optimization features of the instrument’s software all can vary. Automated instruments have proved to be suitable for testing most, but not all, specimens submitted for testing. While automation reduces overall turnaround time, the quickest way to determine a patient’s blood type remains the manual tube test. Autoverification of results and placing these instruments in an automation line in a core laboratory may lie in the future.
Immunohematology

2008;24:86–92.
Cryopreserving and deglycerolizing sickle cell trait red blood cell components using an automated cell-processing system
Authors: Ackley R.J. , Lee-Stroka A.H. , Bryant B.J. , Stroncek D.F. , Byrne K.M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
RBC components with rare phenotypes are sometimes required for patients with sickle cell disease, and these rare components can often be found among donors with sickle cell trait. Cryopreserving RBC components from sickle cell trait donors requires a modified deglycerolization method to preserve the integrity of the RBCs. This study evaluated the feasibility of using an automated cell-processing system to cryopreserve and deglycerolize sickle cell trait donor RBC components. CP2D/AS-3 RBC components were collected from three donors with sickle cell trait. Each component was processed with an automated cell-processing system (ACP 215, Haemonetics Corp., Braintree, MA) and cryopreserved within 6 days of collection. The components were stored at –65°C or less for at least 2 days and were deglycerolized using the automated cell-processing system’s standard procedure. Before cryopreservation and after deglycerolization, several variables were measured. Deglycerolization resulted in recovery of 43.0, 76.5, and 67.5 percent of RBCs from the three sickle-cell-trait donor components compared with 80 percent or greater for all six control components. A small, dark red, jelly-like mass was noted in the bowl of the disposable set after deglycerolization of each of the three RBC sickle cell trait components. The osmolalities of all three sickle cell trait components were less than 400 mOsm/kg, but only one of the three was acceptable for a 14-day outdate. Freezing and deglycerolization of sickle cell trait donor RBC components with the automated cell-processing system resulted in recovery of some RBCs, but a decrease in RBC recovery was problematic. Modifications of the procedure are needed for processing sickle cell trait donor RBC components.
Immunohematology

2008:24:107–111.
Overt immediate hemolytic transfusion reaction attributable to anti-Wra
Authors: Boctor F.N. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Wra is a low-prevalence antigen. Anti-Wra is a relatively common antibody present in approximately 1 in 100 healthy blood donors. Anti-Wra is reported to cause different degrees of hemolysis in transfusion and in HDN, ranging from benign to severe. This report describes an acute overt hemolytic transfusion reaction in a patient whose serum contained anti-Wra and who received a Wr(a+) RBC component.
Immunohematology

2008;24:113–115.
Rapid, single-subject genotyping to predict red blood cell antigen expression
Authors: Slezak S.L. , Adams S. , Lee-Stroka H. , Martin J.E. , Caruccio L. , Stroncek D.F. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Genotyping is useful to predict the expression of those RBC antigens for which antisera are difficult to obtain and to determine the probable phenotype of highly transfused patients, and it can be used to test stored DNA when a blood sample is not available. This study assessed a sequence-specific primer (SSP)-based genotyping system for blood group alleles suitable for the rapid testing of a small number of samples and assessed the use of stored whole blood. Genomic DNA was isolated from fresh and 1- and 2-week-old stored blood from 20 donors with known ABO and Rh phenotypes and was used for ABO, RHD, and RHCE genotyping using SSPs. The amplicons were analyzed using gel electrophoresis and a novel microfluidic onchip electrophoresis system. Analysis of DNA from fresh and 1- and 2-week-old blood by SSP and gel electrophoresis yielded the correct ABO, RHD, and RHCE type in all samples, but with DNA from 2-week-old stored blood the amplicons were more difficult to visualize. Analysis of the same samples with the SSP on-chip electrophoresis assay correctly typed all samples except for one RHCE typing discrepancy of a fresh sample and one RHCE typing discrepancy of a 2-week-old sample. Analysis of amplicons by on-chip electrophoresis required one tenth the DNA that gel electrophoresis did and could be completed within 30 minutes compared with 2 hours with gel electrophoresis. Amplicons were also more readily visualized with on-chip electrophoresis. Fresh and 1- and 2-week-old samples could be ABO and RH genotyped with SSP. Analysis using on-chip electrophoresis was easier and more rapid than that using gel electrophoresis, but test reliability was slightly more variable.
Immunohematology

2008;24:154–159.
From DNA to blood groups
Authors: Reid M.E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A blood group antigen is a protein or carbohydrate on the outer surface of a RBC. Portions of DNA are transcribed and translated into proteins. A protein-based blood group antigen is the direct product of a gene whereas a carbohydrate-based blood group antigen is an indirect product of a gene; the gene product is a glycosyltransferase that transfers a carbohydrate moiety to a protein, or to another carbohydrate to form a chain of sugars. This report gives a brief description of a gene, its processing from DNA through RNA to an amino acid sequence, and how changes in nucleotides give rise to blood group antigens.
Immunohematology

2008;24:166–169.
Principles of PCR-based assays
Authors: Hue-Roye K. , Vege S. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
DNA-based assays are powerful tools to predict the blood group of an individual and are rapidly gaining in popularity. DNA, which can be extracted from various sources using commercial kits, is amplified by PCR to obtain a sufficient amount of the target of interest for analysis. There are different types of PCR assays: standard single PCR (followed by RFLP or sequencing), allele-specific PCR, multiplex PCR, and real-time PCR. Microarray platforms are a newer application of molecular testing, popular because they analyze multiple nucleotides in a single assay and have a high-throughput potential. This review briefly describes the principles of PCR-based assays that are commonly used in transfusion medicine.
Immunohematology

2008;24:170–175.
Value of DNA-based assays for donor screening and regulatory issues
Authors: Strauss D. , Reid M.E. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Hemagglutination, the gold standard method to detect the presence or absence of blood group antigens on RBCs, has served the transfusion community well for decades. It is simple, and, when done correctly, it has a specificity and sensitivity that is appropriate for most testing in the vast majority of patients requiring blood transfusion. The limitations of hemagglutination for screening donor blood include that both testing and data entry are labor-intensive, that the required antibody is not always commercially available, and that it may be limited in volume, weakly reactive, or costly. These scenarios can make it difficult to screen for large numbers of antigen-negative blood donors. The knowledge of the molecular bases of blood group antigens makes it possible to screen donors to predict their antigen status. High-throughput platforms provide a means to test relatively large numbers of donors, thereby opening the door to change the way antigen-negative blood is provided to patients. This review discusses testing for blood group antigens by hemagglutination and bead chip technology. It also reviews regulatory issues, including validation and training, and suggests an algorithm for screening and confirming blood types of donors.
Immunohematology

2008;24:175–179.