bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In vitro and in vivo metabolism of the anabolic‐androgenic steroid oxandrolone in the horse
Authors: Harding Caitlin , Viljanto Marjaana , Cutler Charlotte , Habershon‐Butcher Jocelyn , Biddle Simon , Scarth James 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOxandrolone is an anabolic‐androgenic steroid with favourable anabolic to androgenic ratio, making it an effective anabolic agent with less androgenic side effects. Although its metabolism has been studied in humans, its phase I and II metabolism has not been previously reported in the horse. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro metabolism of oxandrolone (using both equine liver microsomes and S9) and in vivo metabolism following oral administration (three daily doses of 50 mg of oxandrolone to a single Thoroughbred horse), using both gas and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry techniques. The in vitro phase I transformations observed included 16‐hydroxylated (two epimers), 17‐methyl‐hydroxylated and 16‐keto metabolites. In addition to parent oxandrolone and these hydroxylated metabolites, the 17‐epimer and a 17,17‐dimethyl‐18‐norandrost‐13‐ene analogue were detected in biological samples following the administration. 16‐keto‐oxandrolone was only observed in urine. The 16‐ and 17‐methyl‐hydroxylated oxandrolone metabolites were predominantly excreted as sulfate conjugates in urine, whereas parent oxandrolone, its epimer and 17,17‐dimethyl‐18‐norandrost‐13‐ene derivative were found predominantly in the unconjugated urine fraction. The most abundant analyte detected in both plasma and urine was parent oxandrolone. However, the longest detection period using the developed analytical method was provided by 17‐hydroxymethyl‐oxandrolone in both matrices. The results of this study provided knowledge of how best to detect the use of oxandrolone in regulatory samples.
Three‐dimensional analysis of mesonephric tubules remodeling into efferent tubules in the male mouse embryo
Authors: Omotehara Takuya , Nakata Hiroki , Itoh Masahiro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundSpermatozoa are transported to the epididymal duct through efferent tubules. Although the origin of the efferent tubules is thought to be mesonephric tubules (MTs), their detailed developmental process, for example, where the rete testis and efferent tubules are connected, is unclear. We investigated the structural changes of the MTs in the male mouse embryo using a three‐dimensional reconstruction method.ResultsThree to six MTs were connected to the Wolffian duct, and some of them branched, resulting in five to nine tips. Rete cells contacted the three to six tips. The MTs showed a folded shape when the gonadal fate was determined. After the testis development started, they became short and straight but emerged as long and twisting by birth. Before birth, the efferent duct was composed of MTs and a cranial portion of the folded Wolffian duct.ConclusionsThe contact between the rete testis and efferent tubules is possibly established at the tip of each MT. The MTs regress after gonadal fate is determined but is remodeled to the twisting efferent tubules by birth. The efferent tubules are composed of the MTs but also a cranial portion of the folded Wolffian duct in the mouse.
Torii‐Type Electrosynthesis of α,β‐Unsaturated Esters from Furfurylated Ethylene Glycols and Amino Alcohols
Authors: Darzina Madara , Lielpetere Anna , Jirgensons Aigars 
Published: August 2021

AbstractElectrosynthesis of unsaturated esters from furan derivatives, reported by Torii et al. in 1976, is an attractive method for the valorization of furanoic platform chemicals. Nevertheless, it has received practically no attention, presumably due to specific reaction conditions including the use of expensive Pt electrodes. With the aim of expanding the application of Torii‐type ester electrosynthesis, we explored the electrochemical transformation of O‐furfuryl ethylene glycols and N‐furfuryl amino alcohols to esters 5. These can be obtained in two consecutive electrochemical steps: bis‐alkoxylation of the furan derived substrates 3 to give spirocycles 4, followed by ring‐opening involving oxidative fragmentation of the C−C bond. Both steps can be carried out at ambient conditions, using inexpensive graphite electrodes; however, each step required a different supporting electrolyte and acidic additive to achieve good yields of the product. Additionally, conditions were found for efficient one‐pot transformation of N‐furfuryl amino alcohols to esters 5 while O‐furfuryl ethylene glycols under the same conditions gave esters 5 in moderate yields.
Greenhouse and field experiments revealed that clove oil can effectively reduce bacterial blight and increase yield in pomegranate
Authors: Kumar Pavan , Lokesh Veeresh , Doddaraju Pushpa , Kumari Aprajita , Singh Pooja , Meti Bharati S. , Sharma Jyotsana , Gupta Kapuganti Jagadis , Manjunatha Girigowda 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBacterial blight in pomegranate is a devastating disease caused by bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae (XAP), recording huge damage to pomegranate crop worldwide. Antibiotics and copper‐based chemicals are being used for the management of this blight, while in this present work, we investigated the effect of eugenol and clove oil either singly or in combination with copper oxychloride (COC) on the induction of plant defense responses and concomitant prevention of bacterial blight. Our results provided evidence that clove oil (0.2%–1%) and eugenol (0.1% and 0.2%) successfully inhibit the growth of XAP in paper disk diffusion assay. Strikingly under the greenhouse condition, clove oil (0.2%) as foliar application 24 h before XAP inoculation recorded the lowest disease severity of 7.34%, whereas eugenol (0.2%) recorded maximum disease severity of 14.56%. However, the combination of clove oil (0.2%) and copper oxychloride (0.3%) recorded the least disease severity of 2.38%. A similar trend was observed in field conditions. Prophylactic application of clove oil leads to enhanced nitrate reductase activity and nitric oxide production which was further enhanced in clove oil pre‐treated plants challenged with XAP. Strikingly, the total ROS and H2O2 levels were reduced in response to clove oil application. Clove oil also induced the systemic response by inducing expression levels of defense genes. The reduction of disease severity by clove oil and COC combination also reflected on total yield recording via large‐scale field experiments where maximum yield of 14.04 tonnes/acre was observed, whereas streptocycline application recorded 11.12 tonnes/acre. Application of COC and clove oil resulted in a high remunerative value of ₹ 1:5.6, compared to streptocycline (1:4.85) and control (1:1.85). The present study revealed that clove oil as a plant derivative and eugenol as a synthetic option can be effectively used for the successful management of bacterial blight in pomegranate.
Merging Scientific Silos: Integrating Specialized Approaches for Thinking about and Using Spatial Data That Can Provide New Directions for Persistent Fisheries Problems
Authors: Mather Martha E , Smith Joseph M , Boles Kayla M , Taylor Ryland B , Kennedy Cristina G , Hitchman Sean M , Rogosch Jane S , Frank Holly J 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
By merging our specialization silos, fisheries professionals can expand the options that are available to them to address difficult fisheries and aquatic conservation problems, which require an understanding of spatial patterns in geographically large systems. Our purpose is to start a profession-wide conversation about additional ways to think about and use spatial data. We use case studies to illustrate how identifying and merging multiple specialized approaches (e.g., fish tracking, fish surveys, geomorphology, social science, jurisdictional viewpoints) can create an ensemble that has advantages over the use of any single approach alone. Thus, our perspective is not about solving a specific technical problem with a new tool, but about the benefits of identifying gaps in data from one specialized approach, and filling those gaps with data from other specialized approaches. If multiple approaches are coordinated through a larger, problem-specific planning strategy, the result can be better outcomes for difficult problems through creative integration. We encourage others to add constructive ideas to the views initiated here.
The role of education and income for cognitive functioning in old age: A cross‐country comparison
Authors: Rodriguez Francisca S. , Hofbauer Lena M. , Röhr Susanne 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesPrevious studies have shown that higher education promotes cognitive health. This effect, however, is embedded in the living conditions of a particular country. Since it is not clear to what extent the country and its specific living standards are necessary preconditions for the observed effect, we investigated whether the impact of education and income on cognitive functioning differs between countries.MethodsAnalyses were based on harmonized data from the World Health Organization's multi‐country Study on global AGEing and adult health, the Health and Retirement Study, and the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe of over 85,000 individuals aged 50 years and older. Analyses were conducted via multivariate regression analyses and structural equation modeling adjusted for age, gender, marital status, health status, and depression.ResultsThe effect of education was twice as large as the effect of income on cognitive functioning and indirectly moderated the effect of income on cognitive functioning. The effect sizes varied strongly between countries. The country's gross domestic product per capita seems to influence cognitive functioning.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that education has a dominant effect on cognitive functioning in people aged 50 years and older, which might even offset the adverse implications of living with low income on cognitive health. Therefore, expanding efforts to achieve universal education are essential to mitigate health disparities due to low income and early life disadvantages, including chances for good cognitive functioning over the life‐span.
Influences of local hydroclimatology and teleconnections on Florida's precipitation and temperature variability
Authors: Sharma Priyank J. , Teegavarapu Ramesh S. V. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the influences of local hydroclimatology and two large‐scale oceanic‐atmospheric oscillations (i.e., Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO)) on seasonal precipitation (P) and temperature (T) relationships for a tropical region (i.e., Florida) is the focus of this study. The warm and cool phases of AMO and ENSO are initially identified using sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The associations of SSTs and regional minimum, maximum and average surface air temperatures (SATs) with precipitation are then evaluated. The seasonal variations in P‐SATs and P‐SSTs associations considering AMO and ENSO phases for sites in (1) two soil temperature regimes (i.e., thermic and hyperthermic); (2) urban and non‐urban regions; and (3) regions with and without water bodies, are analysed using two monthly datasets. The analyses are carried out using trend tests, two association measures, nonparametric and parametric statistical hypothesis tests and kernel density estimates. Decreasing (increasing) trend in precipitation (SATs) is noted in the recent multi‐decadal period (1985–2019) compared to the previous one (1950–1984) indicating a progression towards warmer and drier climatic conditions across Florida. Spatially and temporally non‐uniform variations in the associations of precipitation with SATs and SSTs are noted. Strong positive (weak negative) P–T associations are noted during the wet (dry) season for both AMO phases and El Niño, while significant (positive) P–T associations are observed across southern Florida during La Niña in the dry season. The seasonal influences are predominant in governing the P–T relationship over the regions with and without water bodies; however, considerable variations between El Niño and La Niña are noted during the dry season. The climate variability influences on P–T correlations for hyperthermic and thermic soil zones are found to be insignificant (significant) during the wet (dry) season. Nonparametric clustering is performed to identify the spatial clusters exhibiting homogeneous P–T relationships considering seasonal and climate variability influences.
NICU music therapy effects on maternal mental health and preterm infant's emotional arousal
Authors: Palazzi Ambra , Meschini Rita , Piccinini Cesar Augusto 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn recent decades, music therapy in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) has been shown to regulate preterm infant's physiological responses and improve maternal mental health. This study investigated the effects of the music therapy intervention for the mother–preterm infant dyad (MUSIP) for maternal anxiety, postnatal depression, and stress, and preterm infants’ weight gain, length of hospitalization, heart rate (HR), and oxygen saturation (So2). A pre‐experimental design was used with 33 mother–preterm infant dyads in a Brazilian NICU: 16 dyads in the Music Therapy Group (MTG) and 17 dyads in the Control Group (CG). The MTG took part in the MUSIP, aimed at supporting maternal singing with the preterm baby. Infants’ HR and So2 were recorded at each minute from 10 min before to 10 min after sessions 1, 3, and 6. Before infants’ discharge, maternal anxiety and depression scores were lower in the MTG compared to the CG. Anxiety, depression, and stress levels decreased significantly after the intervention in the MTG. With regard to infants, HR and So2 ranges were higher during music therapy, compared to before and after sessions. MUSIP improved maternal mental health and affected preterm infants’ emotional arousal, with positive trends in decreasing HR, stabilizing So2, and reducing length of hospitalization.
Depression‐related emotional problems mediate the relation between hopelessness and suicidal ideation severity
Authors: López Roberto , Follet Lia , Defayette Annamarie B. , Whitmyre Emma D. , Wolff Jennifer , Spirito Anthony , Esposito‐Smythers Christianne 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveCross‐sectional research with adult samples suggests that hopelessness may indirectly affect suicidal ideation (SI) through overall depressive symptom severity. However, particular depressive symptom constellations, rather than overall symptoms, may underlie the association between hopelessness and SI. Yet, the cross‐sectional nature of these studies precludes examination of the temporal associations among these constructs.MethodsUsing path analysis, the present study examined whether depression‐related emotional problems mediate the relation between hopelessness and SI in a clinical sample of 110 adolescents over a 6‐month period. The specificity of depression‐related emotional problems as a mediator was also evaluated.ResultsAfter accounting for covariates, results supported the specificity of 3‐month depression‐related emotional problems as a mediator of the association between baseline levels of hopelessness and 6‐month SI.ConclusionResults suggest that treatment targeted specifically at hopelessness may help reduce depression‐related emotional problems and lower SI, and ultimately, adolescent suicide risk.
Mental health and discrimination among migrants from Africa: An Italian cross‐sectional study
Authors: Voglino Gianluca , Gualano Maria Rosaria , Lo Moro Giuseppina , Forghieri Pietro , Caprioli Marco , Elhadidy Heba Safwat Mhmoued Abdo , Bert Fabrizio , Siliquini Roberta 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to assess depression, anxiety, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and discrimination in African migrants and investigate determinants. A cross‐sectional study was conducted in Italy (July 2019–February 2020). Inclusion criteria: being a citizen of an African country or having parents who are citizens of an African country. Questionnaires included tests for depression, anxiety, PTSD, discrimination. Multivariable regressions were performed. Participants were 293. The prevalence of depression, anxiety, and PTSD was: 12.1%, 12.1%, and 24.4%. Only 7.2% declared not to be discriminated. Among significantly associated factors, waiting for/being in possession of temporary permits and discrimination were associated with all mental outcomes. Being (or having parents from) Sub‐Saharan Africa increased the likelihood of discrimination. A relevant prevalence of mental illnesses was reported. Particularly, Sub‐Saharan Africans potentially offer a unique point of view. Migrants' mental health should be a priority for national and international programs of health monitoring.
Connection between interannual variation of spring precipitation in Northeast China and preceding winter sea ice over the Barents Sea
Authors: Zhang Shiyue , Zeng Gang , Yang Xiaoye , Iyakaremye Vedaste , Hao Zhixin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis study discusses the interannual variation of spring precipitation in Northeast China (NECSP) from 1980 to 2016 and its relationship with Arctic sea ice based on observation data and numerical experiments. The observed results reveal that the leading mode of NECSP mainly exhibits a homogenous pattern with a significant interannual variation. The NECSP has a significant negative correlation with the preceding winter Barents Sea ice concentration (BSIC) at the interannual scale. In the preceding winter, the decreased BSIC resulted in positive geopotential height anomalies over the polar region, which could weaken the polar vortex and westerly winds, forming a cyclonic anomaly indirectly over West Siberia. The circulation anomalies resulted in a zonal dipole pattern of preceding winter snow water equivalent (SWE) anomalies in the mid‐high latitudes of Eurasia with less SWE over Eastern Europe and more SWE over West Siberia. The SWE anomalies in winter could persist to the subsequent spring and facilitate more precipitation over Northeast China (NEC) by local thermal processes affecting circulation anomalies over Eurasia. On the other hand, the negative preceding winter BSIC anomalies can persist to spring, increasing the NECSP by strengthening the cyclonic anomalies over NEC. In this study, the response of the atmosphere to the thermal effect of SWE is further verified by using the linear baroclinic model (LBM). The response of NECSP to BSIC loss is tested by using the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3 (CAM5.3).
A comparison of different approaches for the definition of seasons in the Mediterranean region
Authors: Kotsias George , Lolis Christos J. , Hatzianastassiou Nikolaos , Lionello Piero , Bartzokas Aristides 
Published: August 2021

AbstractΑ new method, based on the definition of weather types (WTs), for the determination of seasons in the Mediterranean region is adopted. This method combines principal component analysis and k‐means Cluster Analysis on daily grid point meteorological data for the 70‐year period 1949–2018 obtained from the NCEP/NCAR database. At first, the method is applied to the classification of WTs and subsequently to the definition of seasons based on the mean intra‐annual variations of the WTs' frequency. The resulting seasons are compared to a previous method of the seasons' definition, based on the long‐term mean intra‐annual variations of climatological parameters. Furthermore, a synthesis of the two methods is proposed. The analysis is applied not only to the 70‐year period 1949–2018, but also to the five overlapping 30‐year sub‐periods 1949–1978, 1959–1988, 1969–1998, 1979–2008, 1989–2018 in order to investigate possible long‐term changes of the seasons' characteristics. Four seasons are identified for all periods and for both methodological approaches. These seasons broadly correspond to the four conventional ones, but they differ in their onset and cessation dates as well as their duration. For the composite method, it is found that winter lasts about 4 months, summer is a little longer than 3 months and spring and autumn last around 2.5 months. The most remarkable findings regarding the seasons' characteristics are: (a) the start/end dates and duration of winter are almost identical in all three approaches, while summers' characteristics differ; (b) shortening of winter and spring in recent periods, associated with the delayed start and expedited end dates, respectively; and (c) the prolongation of autumn and summer, due to the delay of its end date, and the earlier onset and delayed end dates, respectively.
Does central nervous system dysfunction underlie patellofemoral pain in young females? Examining brain functional connectivity in association with patient‐reported outcomes
Authors: Diekfuss Jed A. , Grooms Dustin R. , Nissen Katharine S. , Coghill Robert C. , Bonnette Scott , Barber Foss Kim D. , Dudley Jonathan A. , Berz Kate , Logan Kelsey , Gubanich Paul , Saltman Anna J. , Slutsky‐Ganesh Alexis B. , Hansen Emma , Leach James , Yuan Weihong , Myer Gregory D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPatellofemoral pain (PFP) is defined as retro‐ or peri‐patellar knee pain without a clear structural abnormality. Unfortunately, many current treatment approaches fail to provide long‐term pain relief, potentially due to an incomplete understanding of pain‐disrupted sensorimotor dysfunction within the central nervous system. The purposes of this study were to evaluate brain functional connectivity in participants with and without PFP, and to determine the relationship between altered brain functional connectivity in association with patient‐reported outcomes. Young female patients with PFP (n = 15; 14.3 ± 3.2 years) completed resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI) and patient‐reported outcome measures. Each patient with PFP was matched with two controls (n = 30, 15.5 ± 1.4 years) who also completed identical rs‐fMRI testing. Six bilateral seeds important for pain and sensorimotor control were created, and seed‐to‐voxel analyses were conducted to compare functional connectivity between the two groups, as well as to determine the relationship between connectivity alterations and patient‐reported outcomes. Relative to controls, patients with PFP exhibited altered functional connectivity between regions important for pain, psychological functioning, and sensorimotor control, and the connectivity alterations were related to perceived disability, dysfunction, and kinesiophobia. The present results support emergent evidence that PFP is not localized to structural knee dysfunction, but may actually be resultant to altered central neural processes. Clinical significance: These data provide potential neuro‐therapeutic targets for novel therapies aimed to reorganize neural processes, improve neuromuscular function, and restore an active pain‐free lifestyle in young females with PFP.