bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experiences and perceptions of pharmacy students and pharmacists with a community pharmacy‐based objective structured clinical examination
Authors: Cornelison Bernadette , Zerr Beth 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionSelf‐care therapeutics teaches students how to apply the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process to determine if a patient's concern is appropriate for self‐care and then independently prevent, diagnose, and treat the condition. Objective structured clinical examinations (OSCEs) have been shown to be a reliable and valid form of assessment used in pharmacy education. There is limited research examining the use of a community pharmacy‐based OSCE to evaluate self‐care clinical skills in first year pharmacy (P1) students.ObjectivesTo evaluate P1 students' and facilitators' experiences and perceptions of a community pharmacy‐based OSCE. Student performance on the OSCE was evaluated as a secondary objective.MethodsStudents completed an OSCE that consisted of two patient cases. Students' experiences with the OSCE were collected using a standardized questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of 41 questions that assessed four areas: attributes of the OSCE, quality of the OSCE performance, OSCE scoring and objectivity, and comparison with other assessment methods. Facilitator experiences and perceived value of the OSCE were assessed using a questionnaire. The responses were evaluated using a chi‐square test.ResultsEighty‐eight students completed the OSCE and questionnaire. Students found the OSCE to be fair (91%) and cover a wide range of skills (76%). The majority of the students (91%) agreed that the OSCE provided opportunities to learn and was a practical and useful experience (86%). Approximately two‐thirds (66%) of the students felt that the OSCE provided a true measure of essential clinical skills needed in self‐care therapeutics. Fourteen facilitators participated in the OSCE and completed the questionnaire. Community pharmacists represented most of the facilitators (57%). Facilitators agreed that the OSCE tests the knowledge and skills needed to practice in community pharmacy (100%).ConclusionA community pharmacy‐based OSCE may be a valuable tool to assess clinical skills and provide clinical learning experiences for pharmacy students.
Role of infectious diseases pharmacists in outpatient intravenous and complex oral antimicrobial therapy: Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists insights
Authors: Rivera Christina Grace , Mehta Meera , Ryan Keenan Levy , Stevens Ryan William , Tucker Kendall Jamaal , Mahoney Monica Victoria 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOutpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT) is a well‐established mechanism to facilitate patient discharge, lower inpatient admission cost, and decrease the risk of health care–acquired infections. Although there are numerous benefits to patients and health care institutions, OPAT is complex and not without risks. Patients may be discharged on long courses of oral antimicrobials, known as complex outpatient antimicrobial therapy (COpAT), which also requires careful monitoring and oversight. This, coupled with the need for antimicrobial stewardship across the continuum of care, positions pharmacists with infectious diseases (ID) training as crucial leaders in the field of OPAT. The development, implementation, and maintenance of these services requires the careful attention of health care personnel in discharge antimicrobial selection, continuity of care at key care transitions, implementation of optimal care bundles, provision of thorough patient education throughout the OPAT process, coordination with a multidisciplinary team including home infusion and nursing, and monitoring of program metrics to determine successes and opportunities for improvement. Ongoing support for optimal delivery of patient care will be required as OPAT practice, and health care delivery at large, continues to evolve. This involves continued advocacy for collaborative practice development, optimizing payment for nondispensatory OPAT services, and integration of effective telehealth programs. This article summarizes the need for practice expansion of ID pharmacist specialists in OPAT/COpAT management across the care continuum and best practices for establishment of these services.
A need for engagement opportunities and personal connections: Understanding the social community outcomes of engineering undergraduates in a mentoring program
Authors: Washington Valerie , Mondisa Joi‐Lynn 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundSocial community may play a role in how successful undergraduate engineering mentoring programs are in increasing diversity, retention rates, and graduation rates. However, there is minimal research about how mentoring programs influence the development of the social community outcomes of connectedness, satisfaction, social capital, resilience, and communities of practice, or whether these outcomes differ among demographic groups.PurposeThis work examines the social community outcomes of undergraduate engineering mentoring program participants and makes recommendations for programs based on participant experiences and outcomes.MethodsIn this exploratory multi‐methods study, we use quantitative and qualitative methods to examine social community among participants in a mentoring program for undergraduate engineering students. More specifically, we administered a survey and conducted interviews to examine the five social community outcomes among engineering undergraduate participants in the University of Michigan's Michigan Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (M‐STEM) Academies. Survey results were evaluated for social community outcomes among demographic groups and a thematic analysis was performed on the interview responses.ResultsOur findings indicate that (1) female participants value their M‐STEM connections differently from male participants; (2) program alumni engagement has a positive impact on current participants' social community outcomes; and (3) strategies for resilience vary based on sex and race.ConclusionsWe recommend that mentoring programs offer face‐to‐face activities to help female participants develop stronger connections with other participants. Programs should also offer ways for program alumni to remain engaged with the program and continue to support younger mentoring program cohorts.
Surgical implications of the confluence patterns of the left intrahepatic bile ducts in right hepatectomy for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Hosokawa Isamu , Furukawa Katsunori , Takayashiki Tsukasa , Kuboki Satoshi , Takano Shigetsugu , Miyazaki Masaru , Ohtsuka Masayuki 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough the most important goal in surgery for perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (PHC) is to achieve tumor‐free proximal ductal margins, little is known about the implications of confluence patterns of the left intrahepatic bile ducts for the proximal ductal margin status in right hepatectomy (RH) for PHC.MethodsOf 203 patients who underwent surgical resection for PHC with curative intent, confluence patterns of the left intrahepatic bile duct were evaluated in 94 consecutive patients who underwent RH, and they were classified into the following two types: normal type: the bile duct of segment 4 (B4) drained into the common trunk of the bile ducts of segment 2 (B2) and segment 3 (B3) at the right side of the umbilical portion of the left portal vein to form the left hepatic duct; and hepatic confluence type: B2 entered the common trunk of B3 and B4 at the hepatic confluence or B4 entered the common trunk of B2 and B3 at the hepatic confluence. The proximal ductal margin status following RH was compared between the two types of confluence patterns.ResultsOf 94 consecutive patients, 69 (73%) were the normal type, and 25 (27%) were the hepatic confluence type. There were no significant differences in patients' characteristics, surgical characteristics, surgical outcomes, and histopathological features between the two groups. However, in patients with Bismuth‐Corlette type II and IIIa PHC, the achievement rates of negative proximal ductal margins at the first dividing line were significantly higher in the hepatic confluence type group than in the normal type group (16/16 [100%] vs 34/52 [65%], respectively; P = .007).ConclusionsConfluence patterns of the left intrahepatic bile ducts might affect proximal ductal margin status in RH for PHC.
A narrative review of current and emerging MRI safety issues: What every MRI technologist (radiographer) needs to know
Authors: Mittendorff Lisa , Young Adrienne , Sim Jenny 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been traditionally regarded as a safe imaging modality due to the absence of ionising radiation. However, MRI is a source of potential hazards with a variety of risks including, but not limited to, those associated with the various electromagnetic fields used for imaging. All MRI technologists (radiographers) require sound knowledge of the physical principles of the MRI scanner and must understand the associated safety risks and how to avoid adverse events from occurring. MRI technologists now assume more responsibility in clinical decision‐making, and their knowledge base has consequently had to expand significantly. In addition, rapid advancements in MRI technology and other correlated areas such as medical implant technology, and the associated increase in MRI safety issues, place increasing demands on the MRI technologist to constantly keep abreast of current and future developments. This article reviews current and emerging MRI safety issues relevant to the three MRI electromagnetic fields and highlights the key information that all MRI technologists should be fully cognisant of to ensure competent and safe practice within the MRI environment.
Chronological salp swarm algorithm based deep belief network for intrusion detection in cloud using fuzzy entropy
Authors: Karuppusamy Loheswaran , Ravi Jayavadivel , Dabbu Murali , Lakshmanan Srinivasan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCloud computing is susceptible to the existing information technology attacks, as it extends and uses the traditional operating system, information technology infrastructure, and applications. However, in addition to the existing threats, the cloud computing environment faces various security issues in detecting anomalous network behaviors. In order to resolve the security issues, an effective intrusion detection system named Chronological Salp Swarm Algorithm‐based Deep Belief Network is proposed for detecting the suspicious intrusions in a cloud environment. Accordingly, the proposed Chronological Salp Swarm Algorithm‐based Deep Belief Network is developed by integrating the Chronological concept with the Salp Swarm Algorithm. The optimal solution for detecting the intrusion is revealed using the fitness function, which accepts the minimal error vale as the optimum solution. Here, the weights are optimally tuned by the proposed algorithm to generate an effective and optimal solution for detecting the intruders. The proposed Chronological Salp Swarm Algorithm‐based Deep Belief Network obtained better performance through the facility of exploitation and the exploration in search space. The performance of the proposed method is analyzed using two datasets, namely KDD cup dataset and BoT‐IoT dataset, the comparative analysis is performed with the existing methods, such as Host based intrusion detection system, Deep learning, and Deep Neural Network + Genetic Algorithm. The proposed Chronological Salp Swarm Algorithm‐based Deep Belief Network obtained better performance in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity, with the values of 0.9618%, 0.9702%, and 0.9307% using KDD cup dataset, and 0.9764%, 0.9824%, and 0.9309% using BoT‐IoT dataset.
Genetics, sex, and gender
Authors: Reale Chiara , Invernizzi Federica , Panteghini Celeste , Garavaglia Barbara 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis review aims to give an overview of what has been discovered so far and what still needs to be analyzed about how sex and gender affect the disease development. These two terms are often confused and indifferently used. In principle, the term “sex” refers to biological differences between males and females, specifically reproductive organs and their functions, while the term “gender” refers to the social context in which people live and which contributes to a subjective sexual identity, masculine or feminine. This dichotomy, however, is not so rigid and both sex and gender influence different aspects of human health, such as brain, health and aging and drug treatment and pharmacokinetics. In particular, we want to focus on genetic differences between men and women: indeed, the expression of the genes mapped on X chromosome or Y chromosome and all epigenetic interactions affect the diseases development. Finally, we will briefly outline sex and gender differences in clinical manifestations of three neurological diseases: Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and obsessive compulsive disorder. In the era of personalized medicine, we must not forget the importance of gender medicine to promote personalized care for any kind of patients.
Confocal Raman microspectroscopy combined with chemometrics as a discrimination method of clostridia and serotypes of Clostridium botulinum strains
Authors: Zhang Jin , Jiang Hong , Gao Pengya , Wu Yuan , Sun Hui , Huang Ying , Xu Xuefang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRapid and accurate identification of Clostridium botulinum is of great importance because it has been considered as an emerging food‐borne pathogen and potential zoonotic agent. Raman spectroscopy can differentiate bacteria based on Raman scattering spectral patterns of whole cells in a fast, reagentless, and easy‐to‐use manner. This study demonstrates that confocal Raman microspectroscopy (CRM) combined with chemometrics can serve as a fast, reliable, and nondestructive method for detection and identification of C. botulinum at both species and serotypes level without any laborious pre‐treatments. Three significant bacillus pathogens including C. botulinum, C. perfringens, and C. difficile were investigated with CRM. Additionally, two main C. botulinum strains causing botulism, C. botulinum type A, and C. botulinum type B were examined with CRM. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to differentiate the three species. PCA and linear discrimination analysis (LDA) were used for serotyping C. botulism strains. Four common and important preprocessing methods including Savitzky–Golay algorithm smoothing (SG), standard normal variate (SNV), multivariate scatter correction (MSC), and Savitzky–Golay algorithm 1st Derivative (SG 1st Der) were applied to improve the accuracy of identification and explore the impact of various single preprocessing methods on the model. The results proved that CRM coupled with chemometrics can be utilized for fast, reliable, and nondestructive identification of clostridia and serotypes of C. botulinum strains. This study proves for the first time that the CRM combined with chemometrics methods can be used as a potential means to detect and identify C. botulinum.
Study on physicochemical characteristics of lutein nanoemulsions stabilized by chickpea protein isolate‐stevioside complex
Authors: Xu Yayuan , Song Jiangfeng , Dai Zhuqing , Niu Liying , Dajing Li , Wu Caie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDChickpea protein isolate (CPI) originating from chickpeas has the advantages of facilitating the stability of food emulsions. Stevioside (STE) exhibits a notable surface activity and can improve the water solubility of numerous hydrophobic nutrients. STE and protein mixtures show great potential as emulsions stabilizers. The present study aimed to prepare a novel nanoemulsion for encapsulating lutein (LUT) by ultrasonic homogenization using chickpea protein isolate‐stevioside complex (CPI‐STE) as a stabilizer and also to investigate the physicochemical characteristics.RESULTSThe results obtained showed that different preparation conditions demonstrated significant influences on the physicochemical properties of CPI‐STE‐LUT nanoemulsions. Under the optimal condition, the average particle size of CPI‐STE‐LUT nanoemulsions was 195.1 nm, and the emulsifying and encapsulation efficiencies of lutein were 91.04% and 87.56%, respectively. CPI‐STE‐LUT nanoemulsions stabilized by CPI‐STE could significantly increase the emulsifying and encapsulation efficiencies of lutein compared to that stabilized by CPI. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that hydrogen bond was the main binding force of CPI and lutein, and there was a covalent bond between the two molecules. Furthermore, the stability of CPI‐STE‐LUT nanoemulsions in gastrointestinal phase was higher than that of CPI‐LUT nanoemulsions, which could load lutein more effectively and be more resistant to digestive enzymes.CONCLUSIONThe present study reports the physicochemical characterization of CPI‐STE‐LUT nanoemulsions for the first time. CPI‐STE‐LUT nanoemulsions were characterized by a small average particle size lower than 200 nm, as well as high emulsifying and encapsulation efficiencies, and good stability. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Highly active biostimulant Paecilomyces variotii extracts reduced controlled‐release urea application while maintaining rice yield
Authors: Wang Xiaoqi , Yao Yuanyuan , Liu Zhiguang , Chen Baocheng , Zhang Min , Wang Qingbin , Ma Jinzhao 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe high cost of controlled‐release urea (CRU) has prompted this study to explore whether the amount of CRU can be reduced by adding biostimulants while maintaining or increasing rice yield. A 2 year field experiment was conducted with CRU at three levels (60%, 80%, and 100% of the recommended nitrogen (N) fertilizer) and a novel biostimulant Paecilomyces variotii extract (ZNC), to investigate their synergistic effects on yield, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and net profitability of rice.RESULTSControlled‐release urea achieved a significantly higher gain yield and NUE than conventional urea with the same N level, which could be attributed to its N supply. Even if the N level of CRU was reduced by 40%, both rice yield and net profit were still significantly higher than for the full amount of urea. Paecilomyces variotii extract sprayed on the surface of CRU at a dose of only 87.5 mL ha−1 exhibited ultra‐high effectiveness by increasing the panicles, the N accumulation, and the rice yield. Controlled‐release urea enriched by ZNC achieved significantly higher gain yield than CRU alone, increasing the yield by 9.2% and 8.7%, respectively, in 2 years under the full recommended N rate. The combination of 80% CRU and ZNC showed no significant difference in rice yield from treatment with 100% CRU, indicating that the rate of CRU could be reduced by ZNC. The application of ZNC further increased NUE, N partial factor productivity, and net profit.CONCLUSIONThe CRU and ZNC combination provided a feasible approach for reducing N input while maintaining rice yield and agricultural sustainability. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
It's more than just cancer biology: Health disparities in patients with pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors
Authors: Underwood Patrick W. , Riner Andrea N. , Neal Dan , Cameron Miles E. , Yakovenko Anastasiya , Reddy Sushanth , Rose John Bart , Hughes Steven J. , Trevino Jose G. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesPancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) represent a rare form of pancreatic cancer. Racial/ethnic disparities have been documented in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, but health disparities have not been well described in patients with PNETs.MethodsA retrospective review of patients with PNETs in the National Cancer Database was performed for 2004–2014. Approximately 16 605 patients with PNETs and available vital status were identified. Survival was compared by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status using Kaplan–Meier methods and Cox regression.ResultsThere were no significant differences in survival between Non‐Hispanic, White; Hispanic, White; or Non‐Hispanic, Black patients on univariate analysis. Kaplan–Meier analysis showed that patients from communities with lower median household income and education level had worse survival (p < 0.001). Patients age less than 65 without insurance, similarly, had worse survival (p < 0.001). Multivariable modeling found no association between race/ethnicity and risk of mortality (p = 0.37). Lower median household income and lower education level were associated with increased mortality (p < 0.001).ConclusionsUnlike most other malignancies, race/ethnicity is not associated with survival differences in patients with PNETs. Patients with lower socioeconomic status had worse survival. The presence of identifiable health disparities in patients with PNETs represents a target for intervention and opportunity to improve survival in patients with this malignancy.
Body size, trophic position, and the coupling of different energy pathways across a saltmarsh landscape
Authors: Keppeler Friedrich W. , Olin Jill A. , López‐Duarte Paola C. , Polito Michael J. , Hooper‐Bùi Linda M. , Taylor Sabrina S. , Rabalais Nancy N. , Fodrie F. Joel , Roberts Brian J. , Turner R. Eugene , Martin Charles W. , Jensen Olaf P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBody size is considered an important structuring mechanism of food webs because consumers are usually larger and more mobile than their prey and may couple energy among habitats. We explored the links among trophic position (TP), body size, and the coupling of different energy channels (phytoplankton and C4‐marsh plants) in a saltmarsh landscape in the northern Gulf of Mexico—a dynamic system considered weakly shaped by biotic interactions. Body size was positively associated with TP, and this relationship was stronger in the phytoplankton pathway vs. the C4‐marsh pathway. There was a gradual increase in the coupling of phytoplankton and C4‐marsh plants at larger body sizes and higher TP. Phytoplankton supported longer food chains and larger body sizes than C4‐marsh plants. Results support predictions of the landscape theory for food web architecture and indicate that the role of body size in determining trophic interactions may vary across food web compartments.
Monitoring of lubricating oils used in diesel engine by biodiesel contamination from fuel dilution
Authors: da S. Bezerra Kelly , de O. Zuppa Neto Tatiana , Souza Carita L. S. , Gomes Lucas O. , Antoniosi Filho Nelson R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhen the biodiesel enters the crankcase, its degradation can lead to the formation of organic acids and polymerisation, to the point of clogging the system and the internal combustion engines. Therefore, this article proposed the study of lubricant oils in order to trace its biodiesel contamination. The results showed that in relation to the viscosity at 40°C there was reduction above the limit allowed for some samples. The viscosity index results showed considerable changes. Using infrared spectroscopy was noted that the contamination by fatty acid esters does not follow a pattern related to time of use in the motor. However, as the lubricant oil samples were used, they probably contain degradation products that altered the levels of oxygenated compounds. For this reason, the mass spectrometry coupled to gas chromatography quantified the predominant oil and fat steroids contents and confirmed the contamination by biodiesel.