bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Graphene Energy Transfer for Single‐Molecule Biophysics, Biosensing, and Super‐Resolution Microscopy
Authors: Kamińska Izabela , Bohlen Johann , Yaadav Renukka , Schüler Patrick , Raab Mario , Schröder Tim , Zähringer Jonas , Zielonka Karolina , Krause Stefan , Tinnefeld Philip 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGraphene is considered a game‐changing material, especially for its mechanical and electrical properties. This work exploits that graphene is almost transparent but quenches fluorescence in a range up to ≈40 nm. Graphene as a broadband and unbleachable energy‐transfer acceptor without labeling, is used to precisely determine the height of molecules with respect to graphene, to visualize the dynamics of DNA nanostructures, and to determine the orientation of Förster‐type resonance energy transfer (FRET) pairs. Using DNA origami nanopositioners, biosensing, single‐molecule tracking, and DNA PAINT super‐resolution with <3 nm z‐resolution are demonstrated. The range of examples shows the potential of graphene‐on‐glass coverslips as a versatile platform for single‐molecule biophysics, biosensing, and super‐resolution microscopy.
A General Control Strategy to Micropattern Topological Defects in Nematic Liquid Crystals Using Ionically Charged Dielectric Surface
Authors: Sasaki Yuji , Takahashi Junnosuke , Yokokawa Shunsuke , Kikkawa Takuho , Mikami Ryota , Orihara Hiroshi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTailoring self‐organized nano/microstructures in soft materials is crucial for exploiting intrinsic functional properties toward emerging applications. Engineered topological defects in liquid crystals are interesting for electro‐optical devices as well as for soft actuators morphing surface. Despite the promising potential, there are currently few bottom‐up methods for positioning a large number of defects periodically over a large area. It is highly challenging to develop essential techniques for achieving high‐throughput fabrication with simple procedure. Using ultraviolet/ozone treatment, herein we present a general and robust strategy to produce the surface that can be a platform for a self‐organized micropattern of topological defects in nematic liquid crystals, irrespective of the chemical structure of compounds including polymerizable monomers. The micropattern formation is controllable by applying area‐selective surface modification, which dramatically improves the fabrication efficiency. By low frequency impedance spectroscopy, the distinctive frequency dependence of the apparent threshold voltage at the micropattern formation is experimentally assigned to a unique reorientational response which occurs when a dielectric surface is charged by ionic additives. This characterization provides crucial guidance in further engineering self‐organized topological defects in liquid crystals.
Mechanical Deformation Induced Circular Dichroism in Propeller‐Shaped Terahertz Metamaterials
Authors: Han Donghai , Zhang Liuyang , Becton Matthew , Chen Xuefeng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the manipulation of terahertz (THz) waves is of tremendous importance to the development of functional devices with excellent performance in communication and imaging sectors. THz chiral metamaterials (MMs) are emerging as candidates exhibiting selective polarization‐state modulations. Here, mechanically tunable chiral MMs composed of propeller‐shaped units on a pre‐stretched flexible substrate, are proposed. Due to the reversible tensile mechanical deformation induced by the elastic substrate, the structural chirality as well as the circular dichroism (CD) upon circular‐polarized THz incidence are significantly enhanced. The intensity and position of CD spectra can be sensitively regulated by an externally applied strain on the deformable device. Additionally, it is found that CD spectra are highly sensitive to the geometrical configuration, including rotational symmetries and handedness. The MM with the lowest rotational symmetry demonstrates the most prominent CD performance and the opposite structural handedness can reverse CD over the whole spectra, respectively. The reconfigurable THz MM with facile mechanical deformation unfolds a new degree of freedom for tuning the CD while simultaneously shedding light on the development of novel THz modulation in flexible functional devices.
Steep‐Slope Gate‐Connected Atomic Threshold Switching Field‐Effect Transistor with MoS2 Channel and Its Application to Infrared Detectable Phototransistors
Authors: Kim Seung‐Geun , Kim Seung‐Hwan , Kim Gwang‐Sik , Jeon Hyeok , Kim Taehyun , Yu Hyun‐Yong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFor next‐generation electronics and optoelectronics, 2D‐layered nanomaterial‐based field effect transistors (FETs) have garnered attention as promising candidates owing to their remarkable properties. However, their subthreshold swings (SS) cannot be lower than 60 mV/decade owing to the limitation of the thermionic carrier injection mechanism, and it remains a major challenge in 2D‐layered nanomaterial‐based transistors. Here, a gate‐connected MoS2 atomic threshold switching FET using a nitrogen‐doped HfO2‐based threshold switching (TS) device is developed. The proposed device achieves an extremely low SS of 11 mV/decade and a high on‐off ratio of ≈106 by maintaining a high on‐state drive current due to the steep switching of the TS device at the gate region. In particular, the proposed device can function as an infrared detectable phototransistor with excellent optical properties. The proposed device is expected to pave the way for the development of future 2D channel‐based electrical and optical transistors.
Parameterization of Metallic Grids on Transparent Conductive Electrodes for the Scaling of Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Burwell Gregory , Burridge Nicholas , Bond Eloise , Li Wei , Meredith Paul , Armin Ardalan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntense research interest in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices has resulted in steadily improving figures of merit in recent years. Typically, these devices are fabricated by processing active and buffer layers on transparent conductive electrodes (TCEs). Superlative OPV devices are small (<≈0.1 cm2). The sheet resistance of available monolithic transparent conductive oxide (TCO) materials limits the performance of larger devices and hence the practically attainable cell area. Here, the use of metallic grids in combination with TCOs to create composite TCEs as a means of scaling solution‐processed photovoltaics devices to practical sizes is parameterized. Finite element modeling is used to investigate the relevant design parameters and to estimate figures of merit for realistic organic solar cells. It is shown that the scalability of devices with metallic grids improves significantly when grids are implemented at micrometer scales. Representative silver grids are fabricated and the optical and electrical properties of the resulting structures are measured. Overall, these findings indicate that metallic grids can be designed to develop large‐area solution‐processed solar cells with currently available fabrication techniques.
Association of Life's Simple 7 with incident dementia and its modification by the apolipoprotein E genotype
Authors: Guo Jing , Brickman Adam M. , Manly Jennifer J. , Reitz Christiane , Schupf Nicole , Mayeux Richard P. , Gu Yian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionThere is limited and inconsistent reporting on the association between Life's Simple 7 (LS7) and dementia in the elderly population.MethodsBased on the Washington Heights‐Inwood Columbia Aging Project (WHICAP), LS7 scores were estimated to assess cardiovascular health status. Associations between LS7 scores and incident dementia were investigated by Cox proportional hazards models.ResultsAmong 1987 subjects, 291 incident cases of dementia were identified over a median follow‐up of 5.84 years. Compared with subjects in the poor cardiovascular health group (scores 0 to 5), those in intermediate (6 to 9) and optimal (10 to 14) groups had lower dementia risk, with the hazard ratio (HR; 95% confidence interval) being 0.74 (0.54 to 1.00) and 0.59 (0.38 to 0.91), respectively. These results were significant in apolipoprotein E genotype ε4 (APOE ε4) allele non‐carriers but not in carriers.DiscussionHigher LS7 scores are protective for dementia, especially among the APOE ε4 noncarriers.
Magnetic resonance imaging under isoflurane anesthesia alters cortical cyclooxygenase‐2 expression and glial cell morphology during sepsis‐associated neurological dysfunction in rats
Authors: Dhaya Ibtihel , Griton Marion , Konsman Jan Pieter 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of rodents combined with histology allows to determine what mechanisms underlie functional and structural brain changes during sepsis‐associated encephalopathy. However, the effects of MRI performed in isoflurane‐anesthetized rodents on modifications of the blood‐brain barrier and the production of vasoactive prostaglandins and glia cells, which have been proposed to mediate sepsis‐associated brain dysfunction, are unknown.MethodsThis study addressed the effect of MRI under isoflurane anesthesia on blood‐brain barrier integrity, cyclooxygenase‐2 expression, and glial cell activation during cecal ligature and puncture‐induced sepsis‐associated brain dysfunction in rats.ResultsCecal ligature and puncture reduced food intake and the righting reflex. MRI under isoflurane anesthesia reduced blood‐brain barrier breakdown, decreased circularity of white matter astrocytes, and increased neuronal cyclooxygenase‐2 immunoreactivity in the cortex 24 hours after laparotomy. In addition, it annihilated cecal ligature and puncture‐induced increased circularity of white matter microglia. MRI under isoflurane anesthesia, however, did not alter sepsis‐associated perivascular cyclooxygenase‐2 induction.ConclusionThese findings indicate that MRI under isoflurane anesthesia of rodents can modify neurovascular and glial responses and should, therefore, be interpreted with caution.
Bath‐Induced Collective Phenomena on Superconducting Qubits: Synchronization, Subradiance, and Entanglement Generation
Authors: Cattaneo Marco , Giorgi Gian Luca , Maniscalco Sabrina , Paraoanu Gheorghe Sorin , Zambrini Roberta 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA common environment acting on a pair of qubits gives rise to a plethora of different phenomena, such as the generation of qubit–qubit entanglement, quantum synchronization, and subradiance. Here, time‐independent figures of merit for entanglement generation, quantum synchronization, and subradiance are defined, and an extensive analytical and numerical study of their dependence on model parameters is performed. A recently proposed measure of the collectiveness of the dynamics driven by the bath is also addressed, and it is found that it almost perfectly witnesses the behavior of entanglement generation. The results show that synchronization and subradiance can be employed as reliable local signatures of an entangling common‐bath in a general scenario. Finally, an experimental implementation of the model based on two transmon qubits capacitively coupled to a common resistor is proposed, which provides a versatile quantum simulation platform of the open system in any regime.
Conformational Control of Chemical Reactivity for Surface‐Confined Ru‐Porphyrins
Authors: Knecht Peter , Reichert Joachim , Deimel Peter S. , Feulner Peter , Haag Felix , Allegretti Francesco , Garnica Manuela , Schwarz Martin , Auwärter Willi , Ryan Paul T. P. , Lee Tien‐Lin , Duncan David A. , Seitsonen Ari Paavo , Barth Johannes V. , Papageorgiou Anthoula C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe assess the crucial role of tetrapyrrole flexibility in the CO ligation to distinct Ru‐porphyrins supported on an atomistically well‐defined Ag(111) substrate. Our systematic real‐space visualisation and manipulation experiments with scanning tunnelling microscopy directly probe the ligation, while bond‐resolving atomic force microscopy and X‐ray standing‐wave measurements characterise the geometry, X‐ray and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy the electronic structure, and temperature‐programmed desorption the binding strength. Density‐functional‐theory calculations provide additional insight into the functional interface. We unambiguously demonstrate that the substituents regulate the interfacial conformational adaptability, either promoting or obstructing the uptake of axial CO adducts.
Aktivierung der katalytischen Aktivität von Thrombin für die Bildung von Fibrin durch Ultraschall
Authors: Zhao Pengkun , Huo Shuaidong , Fan Jilin , Chen Junlin , Kiessling Fabian , Boersma Arnold J. , Göstl Robert , Herrmann Andreas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDie Regulierung der Aktivität von Enzymen ist eine Methode zur Steuerung biologischer Funktionen. Wir berichten über zwei Systeme, die die ultraschallinduzierte Aktivierung von Thrombin ermöglichen, das für die sekundäre Hämostase wichtig ist. Erstens entwickelten wir Polyaptamere, die spezifisch an Thrombin binden können und dessen katalytische Aktivität hemmen. Mit Hilfe von Ultraschall, der Trägheitskavitation erzeugt, und therapeutisch‐medizinischem fokussiertem Ultraschall lösen sich die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Polyaptamer und Enzym, wodurch die Aktivität zur Katalyse der Umwandlung von Fibrinogen in Fibrin wiederhergestellt wird. Zweitens verwendeten wir gespaltene Aptamere, die an die Oberfläche von Gold‐Nanopartikeln (AuNPs) konjugiert sind. In Gegenwart von Thrombin assemblieren diese zu einer Aptamer‐Tertiärstruktur, induzieren die Aggregation der AuNPs und deaktivieren das Enzym. Durch Behandlung mit Ultraschall lösen sich die AuNP‐Aggregate reversibel, setzen das Enzym frei und aktivieren es. Wir glauben, dass dieser Ansatz eine Blaupause für die Steuerung der Funktion anderer Proteine durch mechanische Stimuli im Bereich der Sonogenetik sein wird.
Extreme primordial black holes
Authors: Chongchitnan Siri , Chantavat Teeraparb , Zunder Jenna 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe present a formalism for calculating the probability distribution of the most massive primordial black holes (PBHs) expected within an observational volume. We show how current observational upper bounds on the fraction of PBHs in dark matter translate to constraints on extreme masses of primordial black holes. We demonstrate the power of our formalism via a case study, and argue that our formalism can be used to produce extreme‐value distributions for a wide range of PBH formation theories.
A guided‐inquiry investigation of genetic variants using Oxford nanopore sequencing for an undergraduate molecular biology laboratory course
Authors: Rodriguez Princess D. , Mariani Michael , Gay Jamie , Hogan Tyler C. , Amiel Eyal , Deming Paula B. , Frietze Seth 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNext Generation Sequencing (NGS) has become an important tool in the biological sciences and has a growing number of applications across medical fields. Currently, few undergraduate programs provide training in the design and implementation of NGS applications. Here, we describe an inquiry‐based laboratory exercise for a college‐level molecular biology laboratory course that uses real‐time MinION deep sequencing and bioinformatics to investigate characteristic genetic variants found in cancer cell‐lines. The overall goal for students was to identify non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell‐lines based on their unique genomic profiles. The units described in this laboratory highlight core principles in multiplex PCR primer design, real‐time deep sequencing, and bioinformatics analysis for genetic variants. We found that the MinION device is an appropriate, feasible tool that provides a comprehensive, hands‐on NGS experience for undergraduates. Student evaluations demonstrated increased confidence in using molecular techniques and enhanced understanding of NGS concepts. Overall, this exercise provides a pedagogical tool for incorporating NGS approaches in the teaching laboratory as way of enhancing students' comprehension of genomic sequence analysis. Further, this NGS lab module can easily be added to a variety of lab‐based courses to help undergraduate students learn current DNA sequencing methods with limited effort and cost.
Trametinib therapy for children with neurofibromatosis type 1 and life‐threatening plexiform neurofibroma or treatment‐refractory low‐grade glioma
Authors: Ronsley Rebecca , Hounjet Celine D. , Cheng Sylvia , Rassekh Shahrad Rod , Duncan Walter J. , Dunham Christopher , Gardiner Jane , Ghag Arvindera , Ludemann Jeffrey P. , Wensley David , Rehmus Wingfield , Sargent Michael A. , Hukin Juliette 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurposeTo describe a series of children with extensive PNF or treatment refractory PLGG treated on a compassionate basis with trametinib.MethodsWe report on six patients with NF‐1 treated with trametinib on a compassionate basis at British Columbia Children's Hospital since 2017. Data were collected retrospectively from the patient record. RAPNO and volumetric criteria were used to evaluate the response of intracranial and extracranial lesions, respectively.ResultsSubjects were 21 months to 14 years old at the time of initiation of trametinib therapy and 3/6 subjects are male. Duration of therapy was 4–28 months at the time of this report. All patients had partial response or were stable on analysis. Two patients with life‐threatening PNF had a partial radiographic response in tandem with significant clinical improvement and developmental catch up. One subject discontinued therapy after 6 months due to paronychia and inadequate response. The most common adverse effect (AE) was grade 1–2 paronychia or dermatitis in 5/6 patients. There were no grade 3 or 4 AEs. At the time of this report, five patients remain on therapy.ConclusionTrametinib is an effective therapy for advanced PNF and refractory PLGG in patients with NF‐1 and is well tolerated in children. Further data and clinical trials are required to assess tolerance, efficacy and durability of response, and length of treatment required in such patients.
Electrochemical Synthesis of Organic Polysulfides from Disulfides by Sulfur Insertion from S8 and an Unexpected Solvent Effect on the Product Distribution
Authors: Fährmann Jan , Hilt Gerhard 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAn electrochemical synthesis of organic polysulfides through sulfur insertion from elemental sulfur to disulfides or thiols is introduced. The highly economic, low‐sensitive and low‐priced reaction gives a mixture of polysulfides, whose distribution can be influenced by the addition of different amounts of carbon disulfide as co‐solvent. To describe the variable distribution function of the polysulfides, a novel parameter, the “absorbance average sulfur amount in polysulfides” (SAP) was introduced and defined on the basis of the “number average molar mass” used in polymer chemistry. Various organic polysulfides were synthesized with variable volume fractions of carbon disulfide, and the yield of each polysulfide was determined by quantitative 13C NMR. Moreover, by using two symmetrical disulfides or a disulfide and a thiol as starting materials, a mixture of symmetrical and asymmetrical polysulfides could be obtained.
Hydroxyapatite Growth on Amelogenin‐Amelotin Recombinamers
Authors: Athanasiadou Dimitra , Danesi Alexander L. , Umbrio Liana , Holcroft James , Ganss Bernhard , Carneiro Karina M. M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractStrategies to improve hydroxyapatite mineralization for enamel repair are essential for tissue regeneration. Amelogenin and amelotin (AMTN) are enamel matrix proteins playing critical roles in enamel formation. Amelogenin acts as a scaffold for hydroxyapatite, while AMTN (specifically its ‘SSEEL’ domain) is necessary for proper enamel mineralization. The functional relationship between recombinant AMTN and amelogenin, and their combined ability to guide uniaxial hydroxyapatite growth in vitro has been investigated recently. However, incorporation of the active domain of AMTN within recombinant amelogenins has not been studied yet. Here we describe the synthesis of modified amelogenin by inserting, internally and at its C‐terminus, the mineralizing AMTN‐derived motif SSEEL. C‐terminus modified amelogenin promoted hydroxyapatite formation, whereas internal incorporation of the motif initially resulted in amorphous calcium phosphate formation. Here we show that modified amelogenin with the mineralizing AMTN‐motif SSEEL can promote hydroxyapatite growth. These results give new insights for mineralized tissue regeneration using recombinamer proteins.
Evaluation of potential complication of interstitial lung disease with abemaciclib and palbociclib treatments
Authors: Nawa Hideki , Niimura Takahiro , Yagi Kenta , Goda Mitsuhiro , Zamami Yoshito , Ishizawa Keisuke 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundVarious cyclin‐dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) inhibitors have demonstrated promising anti‐tumor effects. The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare has issued a warning about interstitial lung diseases as an adverse effect of CDK4/6 inhibitors. However, a large‐scale evaluation of potential complications has not been conducted to date, and the occurrence of these adverse effects is unclear.AimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical incidence of interstitial lung disease caused by two CDK4/6 inhibitors, abemaciclib and palbociclib, and assess the relationship between each drug and interstitial lung disease.Methods and resultsWe evaluated the relationship between the CDK4/6 inhibitors (abemaciclib and palbociclib) and interstitial lung disease in clinical practice using data from the Japanese Adverse Drug Event Report (JADER) database and FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) to detect adverse event signals with reported odds ratios (RORs). Furthermore, we performed an adverse event‐time analysis for each drug using data from the JADER database to examine the time of onset of the adverse events.The analysis of the reports in the JADER database showed that the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of ROR for abemaciclib was >1 regardless of age, and a signal was detected. Interstitial lung disease associated with abemaciclib and palbociclib use has been reported, with an average onset period from treatment initiation [median (25th‐75th quartile)] of 65.1 [56.0 days (25.3‐98.3 days)] and 53.1 days [38.0 days (10.8‐76.0 days)], respectively. The analysis of the reports in the FAERS showed that the lower limit of the 95% CI of the ROR for the two drugs was >1, and a signal was detected.ConclusionTreatment with abemaciclib and palbociclib is associated with a potential complication of interstitial lung disease, regardless of age.