bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arterial Catheters, Endothelin, and ROP
Authors: YAMANOUCHI ITSURO , IGARASHI IKUKO 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
During the 15 years from 1976 to 1990, a total of 615 cases of very low birth weight (VLBW) infants weighing between 500 and 1500 g were treated at the Okayama National Hospital Children's Medical Center. 497 of them survived. There were 121 cases of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), 15 of which were treated with cryocoagulation. The Table shows the classification of the VLBW cases according to birth weight and International Classification of ROP.
Causes of Encopresis
Authors: PILAPIL VIRGILIO R. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
I appreciate Dr Weintraub's thoughtful comment regarding my reply on the report on encopresis by de Vos et al.1 In reality, the plan for the case I described2 was for the mother to familiarize the child with the nature of the toilet setting and to demonstrate casually the safety and harmlessness of sitting on the toilet but not necessarily at the time of the private function. However, that was the extent to which it was carried out by the mother, perhaps with the thought that it was a more realistic approach.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: HUSTON REBECCA , KELLOGG NANCY , PARRA JUAN M. , FOULDS D. MICHAEL 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
We read with interest the statement by the Committee on Child Abuse and Neglect, "Guidelines for the Evaluation of Sexual Abuse of Children."1 However, we are very concerned with the Committee's statement that routine cultures for sexually transmitted diseases are not necessary. There are several reasons for these concerns.
1. It has been our experience that even after a thorough interview, many children only reveal some details of their abuse. We have seen many children who initially report only fondling, then later report penetration.
Sexually Transmitted Diseases in Childhood Sexual Abuse
Authors: KRUGMAN RICHARD D. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
The authors, who are apparently seeing a referred population of children who are suspected or known to be sexually abused, have decided, based on their experience and the published data from other referral centers, to do cultures (presumably from at least two or three sites) for gonorrhea, chlamydia, as well as a serologic test for syphilis on all cases of suspected sexual abuse.
The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines are not written for referral centers, but instead they are an attempt to assist the primary care practitioner to know how to recognize and/or manage a case of suspected or known sexual abuse.
THE SCRABBLING FOR RECOGNITION RESULTS IN TOO MANY UNDERSIZED CLINICAL TRIALS
Authors: STUDENT  
Published: December 2021

. . . medical journals are cluttered with inconclusive, contradictory trials of small size from which it is almost impossible to make generalisations for clinical practice.
Many important clinical questions would be answered quickly and efficiently if the junior doctors currently scrabbling for research publications could be allowed to turn their efforts to multicentre trials.
Prenatal Origin of Hemiparetic Cerebral Palsy: How Often and Why?
Authors: NELSON KARIN B. 
Published: December 2021

"Consider what must be accomplished during the course of fetal brain development. In effect, in a few months the entire work of hundreds of millions of years of evolution must be reachieved. . . . Tens of billions of neurons must be born. . . . These new cells must find their way to their anatomical destinations, sometimes moving over substantial distances in an embryo that is constantly changing in form. . . Once the cell is fixed in place, the axon must find its way to its own destination. . . . They must not only get where they are going and make a connection, but they must avoid making any number of other connections that they might wrongly make in places they pass. Each nerve cell must develop one or more of at least a dozen neurotransmitters. . . ." The product of that miracle is the most complicated object in the known universe, a human brain.
In this "Decade of the Brain," we can anticipate the emergence of a great deal more information about how the nervous system develops, prenatally and thereafter, and how and when that development can go awry. That information will come from laboratories, clinics, and nurseries. Neuroimaging of the infant brain, a subject now producing a rich harvest in journals of pediatrics, neurology, radiology, and obstetrics, will contribute important new information about the processes of brain development in our species, the timing of derailment from the normal course of brain development, and some aspects of pathogenesis. Neuropathology and the enormous flowering of new approaches in the basic and clinical neurosciences will help in explication of the mechanisms of maldevelopment and early injury. And we can hope that identification of mechanisms will allow us to develop strategies to prevent at least some of the problems leading to prenatal damage of the developing human brain.
PMA SURVEY IDENTIFIES 114 DRUGS, VACCINES IN DEVELOPMENT FOR CHILDREN
Authors: L. J. F. 
Published: December 2021

WASHINGTON, D. C.—The first-ever survey to identify pediatric medicines in development has found that 114 drugs and vaccines are in testing for use in children. The survey, conducted by Pharmaceutical Manufacturers Association, revealed that these medicines are involved in 127 research projects, because some are being tested for more than one use.
"The results of this survey are remarkable considering the difficulties of testing drugs in children," said PMA President Gerald J. Mossinghoff. "Although researchers are faced with problems of recruitment, safety and costs for pediatric clinical trials, the medical community has expressed an increasing need for child-specific testing, and America's pharmaceutical research companies are making an enormous commitment to fulfilling that need."
A Prospective Study of Infants of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Seropositive and Seronegative Women with a History of Intravenous Drug Use or of Intravenous Drug-Using Sex Partners, in the Bronx, New York City
Authors: Mayers Marguerite M. , Davenny Katherine , Schoenbaum Ellie E. , Feingold Anat R. , Selwyn Peter A. , Robertson Verna , Ou Chin-Yih , Rogers Martha F. , Naccarato Marcella 
Published: December 2021

A prospective study was conducted in the Bronx, New York, of 70 infants of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected (n = 33) and uninfected (n = 37) mothers who had a history of intravenous drug use or of intravenous drug-using sex partners. Infants were observed from birth to a median age of 23 months (range 3 to 54 months).
HIV infection was confirmed in seven infants (21%) of seropositive mothers; six developed HIV disease, with symptoms observed in the first year. Of these, three died (3, 9, and 36 months) of HIV-related causes; 3 of 4 survivors were &gt;25 months of age. HIV symptoms preceded or were concurrent with abnormalities in T-lymphocyte subsets; postneonatal polymerase chain reaction confirmed HIV infection in five infants with symptoms and one without symptoms.
Among infants of seropositive mothers, seven without laboratory evidence of HIV (including polymerase chain reaction) had findings suggestive of HIV infection, including persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, oral candidiasis, parotitis, and inverted T-lymphocyte ratios. These findings were not observed in infants of seronegative mothers.
Although the presence of HIV proviral sequences was associated with HIV disease, the observation of indeterminate symptoms in at-risk infants indicates the importance of long-term clinical follow-up to exclude HIV infection. Disease manifestations in comparable infants of seronegative mothers are important for assessment of the impact of maternal drug use, development of specific clinical criteria for early diagnosis of HIV and eligibility for antiretroviral therapy.
Cimetidine and Breast-Feeding
Authors: BERNSHAW NICOLE 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
In the September 1983 report from the AAP Committee on Drugs1 cimetidine (Tagamet) is classified with the "Drugs That Are Contraindicated During Breast-Feeding" and refers to a 1979 publication in the British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology2 by Somogyi and Gugler. Reported signs or symptoms are "May suppress gastric acidity in infant, inhibit drug metabolism, and cause CNS stimulation." In the November 1989 report from the AAP Committee on Drugs,3 this same drug is listed under "Maternal Medication Usually Compatible With Breast-Feeding" while referring to the same 1979 British publication and adding no other reference.
Cimetidine and Breast-Feeding
Authors: BERLIN CHESTON M. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
When the Committee on Drugs revised the statement on the transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk, the decision was made to include only drugs for which there were published data on the measurement of the compound in milk, maternal serum, and/or infant urine and serum. This resulted in the reclassification of a number of drugs other than cimetidine. The publication that is cited in the 1983 and the 1989 publication for cimetidine in human milk1 is a Letter to the Editor describing an experience with a single mother and nursing infant and the measurement of cimetidine in the milk.
Lomotil Overdose
Authors: WASSERMAN GARY S. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
I read with disappointment the Lomotil overdose article by McCarron et al.1 The title states "an update" and yet 6 of the 8 new cases are from the 1970s with the most recent case from 1986. The last part of the title claims a "review of the literature," yet two thirds of the published acute pediatric overdoses are not included. My case series of 45 exposures with 13 hospitalized acute intoxications is cited as an early reference yet excluded from "Table 2: Diphenoxylate/Atropine (DPX/ATR) Intoxication in Children: 28 Cases From the Literature."
Viremic Phase in a Leukemic Child After Live Varicella Vaccination
Authors: IHARA TOSHIAKI , KAMIYA HITOSHI , TORIGOE SADAYOSHI , SAKURAI MINORU , TAKAHASHI MICHIAKI 
Published: December 2021

Live varicella vaccine has been shown to be efficacious for prevention of varicella even in immunocompromised children.1-4 Although the site and extent of viral replication in vaccinated hosts have not been fully defined, vaccinees have developed humoral and cellular immunity.1-5 A viremic phase has been demonstrated in immunocompromised and normal children with natural varicella.6,7 However, a viremic phase has not been reported in vaccinated children.
We report our observation of viremia in a leukemic child in whom vesicles and hepatitis developed after live varicella vaccination.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Human embryonic lung fibroblasts (HEFs) were used for virus isolation. The cells were grown in 25-cm2 plastic tissue culture flasks containing Eagle's minimal essential medium with 7.5% fetal bovine serum.
Repeated, Childhood Vaginal Bleeding Is Not Always Precocious Puberty
Authors: YANOVSKI JACK A. , NELSON LAWRENCE M. , WILLIS ENGLISH D. , CUTLER GORDON B. 
Published: December 2021

Vaginal bleeding is an uncommon problem in childhood. In infants and children, vaginal bleeding may result from the hormonal fluctuations of precocious puberty.1-4 However, many cases are related to local vaginal problems. We report a case of recurrent vaginal bleeding caused by infection with Shigella flexneri that was difficult to diagnose and treat. This patient was considered by her general pediatrician possibly to have precocious puberty because of her repeated episodes of bleeding.
CASE REPORT
The patient was a 2-year-old Peruvian girl who was suffering from severe nonbloody, nonpurulent diarrhea when she met her adoptive parents in July 1989. The diarrhea persisted for almost 2 months, and although stool cultures in Peru were unrevealing, she was treated with 10-day courses of both trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and metronidazole.
Do You Remember E-Ferol? The Penalty for Selling Untested Drugs in Neonatology: Fines and a Jail Sentence
Authors: Lucey Jerold F. 
Published: December 2021

The most recent therapeutic disaster in neonatology occurred in 1984 when E-Ferol killed at least 38 newborns.1 It's not the first time that this kind of thing has happened. Let's hope it will be the last.
Previous iatrogenic disasters have been caused primarily by well-intentioned physicians using logical therapies which turned out to have unexpected, lethal side effects. The E-Ferol chapter was a different story. A poorly managed, avaricious company, O'Neil, Jones and Feldman, Inc, a subsidiary of Carter-Glogau, decided to get the jump on the market and sell an untested preparation of intravenous vitamin E. The physicians assumed it had been tested and approved for use.
Time for a Change
Authors: Harvey Birt 
Published: December 2021

This edition of Pediatrics ushers in a number of changes. You will have noticed the new cover design, the first in more than 20 years. We hope that you will welcome this change, but other changes are of more importance.
We have been concerned for a long time about our inability to publish more than 20% of the over 1200 articles that we receive each year; many worthy articles have been rejected for reasons of space. We could not expand the size of each issue because of postal regulations and other limiting factors. We have decided on a new page format and a new size of type that, while approximating those of other leading medical journals, should permit us to publish about 40 more articles each year.
Micropremies
Authors: GINSBERG HARLEY G. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
We read with great interest the editorial submitted by Drs Moro and Minoli describing the neurodevelopmental outcome of an infant who was delivered at 27 weeks gestation with a birth weight of 450 g.1 We were disappointed, however, that they overlooked our recent report of a 380-g female infant who was delivered at 25 3/7 weeks gestation.2 Our infant, Monica, is developing normally after a 122-day hospitalization. Her 20-month Bayley developmental assessment revealed a mental development index of 69 (102 when corrected for prematurity), and psychomotor developmental index of 97 (122 when corrected for prematurity).
Not All Severe Hyperglycemia Is Diabetes
Authors: BOULWARE SUSAN D. , TAMBORLANE WILLIAM V. 
Published: December 2021

Severe hyperglycemia without ketosis at the clinical onset of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) has been reported in children and adolescents.1 Non-diabetic children can develop modest hyperglycemia (usually in the range of 11 to 14 mmol/L (200 to 250 mg/dL)) without ketosis in response to physiologic stress such as trauma, burns, or sepsis,2,3 but severe hyperglycemia is seen rarely in this setting. We recently encountered the case of a 22-month-old infant with severe nonketotic hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome due to gastroenteritis and dehydration who rapidly recovered and has had no subsequent evidence of diabetes mellitus.
CASE REPORT
A 22-month-old Hispanic male infant was brought to the Yale-New Haven Hospital Pediatric Emergency Room with a 48-hour history of fever, diarrhea (8 to 10 stools/day), and vomiting (approximately hourly for the previous 24 hours).
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Neonates With Retinal Hemorrhages
Authors: SMITH WILBUR L. , ALEXANDER RANDELL C. , JUDISCH G. FRANK , SATO YUTAKA , KAO SIMON C. S. 
Published: December 2021

Retinal hemorrhages occur frequently in association with abusive head trauma.1 The injuries are venous
[See table in the PDF]
in origin and, as such, are similar to the retinal hemorrhages which frequently occur in full-term neonates after vaginal delivery. Because retinal hemorrhages in child abuse frequently are associated with intracranial bleeding, we questioned the possibility of a relationship between parturitional retinal hemorrhages and concurrent intracranial injuries.
To answer this question we designed a prospective study in which we performed magnetic resonance imaging on 10 randomly selected full-term neonates in whom the presence of retinal hemorrhages was confirmed on fundascopic examination by a pediatric ophthalmologist.
Pediatrician's Role in the Development and Implementation of an Individual Education Plan (IEP) and/or an Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP)
Authors:   Committee on Children With Disabilities
Published: December 2021

Approximately 10% of young persons between the ages of 6 and 17 years receive special education and related services.1 An additional 750 000 neonates each year may have or be at risk for having developmental disabilities.2 Therefore, pediatricians have many patients who have disabling conditions or are at risk for them.
Federal legislation requires each child identified as having a disability to have a written plan of service: an Individual Education Plan (IEP) for children aged 3 through 21 years or an Individual Family Service Plan (IFSP) for children aged birth through 2 years. The pediatrician is in a unique position to be involved in planning and providing care for both groups of children.
BACKGROUND
The Individual Education Plan
In 1975 Congress passed Public Law 94-142, the Education for All Handicapped Children Act, as an educational bill of rights to guarantee handicapped children a free and appropriate education. The law required that identification, diagnosis, education, and related services be provided for children 5 to 18 years of age. In 1977, the age range was extended to include children aged 3 to 21 years, with services for children aged 3 to 5 years remaining optional. Not only were these services to be provided, but states also were encouraged to seek out children who had not been served previously.
Conditions eligible under Public Law 94-142 include mental retardation, hearing deficiencies, speech and language impairments, specific learning disabilities, visual handicaps, emotional disturbances, orthopedic impairments, and a variety of other medical conditions categorized as "other health impaired."
Mental Retardation and ADHD!
Authors: VOIGT ROBERT G. , JOHNSON GRAEME H. , BROWN FRANK R. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
This letter cautions the general practitioner about prescribing methylphenidate to children with mental retardation, despite the reported utility in nine patients.1 Methylphenidate is understood to be an effective medication for treatment of children who have attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), characterized by a developmentally inappropriate attention span, level of impulsiveness, and motor activity. For the general practitioner, ADHD typically is identified in children with normal neurodevelopment. Because children with mental retardation may have attention spans, impulse control, and activity levels inappropriate for their chronologic age, albeit appropriate for their underlying level of cognitive function, we are concerned about the general practitioner's ability to identify ADHD in children with mental retardation.
Varicella Vaccine Reflux
Authors: MANGANO MARK F. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
I have just completed reading the article published in Pediatrics on the live, attenuated varicella vaccine (Varivax), written by the groups from Merck Sharp & Dohme and Biogen Incorporated.1 I was quite impressed with their clinical data concerning the relatively small number of acute side effects and the apparent immunogenicity of the vaccine. Although I'm sure that more studies are in progress, on the basis of the above data, one would think that United States licensure should be right around the corner.
Varicella Vaccine Reflux
Authors: WHITE C. J. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
Herpes zoster (shingles) is the dermatomal skin eruption resulting from the reactivation of varicella-zoster virus remaining latent in posterior sensory root ganglia following childhood chickenpox (the primary infection with varicella-zoster virus). Since the live attenuated varicella-zoster virus contained in the vaccine replicates in the vaccinee similar to the wild-type virus, establishment of latency is possible for the attenuated strain. Several publications have addressed latency of the attenuated virus following immunization.
Two studies have examined the incidence of zoster in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) following immunization with live attenuated varicella-zoster virus.
Risks with Translocation in "Typus Edinburgensis"
Authors: LAING IAN A. , HENDRY LYNN M. , LYALL E. G. HERMIONE , ELLIS PATRICIA M. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
We are grateful to the Drs Hecht for their stimulating comments on our paper and appreciate their criticisms. The purist approach of eliminating data because of `bias of ascertainment' is admired, but it is hard for clinicians to offer the suggestion of an 8% risk when the two confirmed carriers who have had offspring have a total of 10 pregnancies between them resulting in one healthy girl, two spontaneous abortions, one carrier status, and six cases of `Typus Edinburgensis.'
Very Low Birth Weight Outcomes
Authors: TARNOW-MORDI WILLIAM , WILKINSON ANDREW 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
In their valuable report1 Dr Hack and colleagues confirm large variations between centers in the perinatal histories, treatment, and outcomes of very low birth weight infants. Unfortunately, in contrast to earlier reports,2,3 they neglect to mention the need for measures of initial disease severity.
This is an important omission. In a survey of nine pediatric intensive care centers Pollack et al4 showed that hospital mortality varied from 3.6% to 17%. This large variation was explained completely by differences between hospital populations in initial severity of disease, calculated from routine indices of physiologic stability on the day of admission.
Infimary-Style Sick Child Day Care
Authors: FURMAN LYDIA 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
I appreciate the opportunity to respond to Dr Auerback's letter.
I find the community hospital versus university hospital distinction that Dr Auerback raises neither compelling nor helpful. Community hospital patients are also susceptible to rotavirus and respiratory syncytial virus, for example, with their attendant morbidities, even though the illnesses may not be life-threatening as they can be for the tertiary care hospital patients with leukemia or bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Anecdotal evidence regarding the two-way spread of illness between sick care attendees and hospitalized patients is superficially reassuring, but does not provide the information we need to evaluate what the risks really are for either population.
Curmudgeon Strikes
Authors: LUCEY JEROLD F. 
Published: December 2021

In Reply.—
I envy Dr Silverman because he, of course, is right! Editors, reviewers, and copy editors are losing the battle against abbreviations. We try but it's hard to save space and not use abbreviations. Language changes; have you tried reading Beowulf? We may be destined to communicate via hated abbreviations.
As for fillers, which we use to fill up empty space in the Journal, some of these are chosen to reflect current social problems. I'm sorry he didn't enjoy the irony of the items I chose; others did.
Cholesterol Screening
Authors: FEEMAN W. E. 
Published: December 2021

To the Editor.—
The commentary by Neil A. Holtzman, MD (Pediatrics. 1991;87:943-945)1 is a swing of the pendulum diametrically away from the overly aggressive recommendations of the National Cholesterol Education Program. Whenever there exist diametrically opposed points of view,the truth can usually be found somewhere in between.
The comments that I am about to make are based on my own study of the primary and secondary prevention of atherosclerotic disease (ASD). From November 1,