bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recognition
Authors: Rhode Deborah L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores recognition, or what social scientists sometimes label status. Recognition is a fundamental need, but it takes different forms. Some people crave respect from peers; others want the applause of multitudes. The quest for recognition can have positive consequences in driving performance and encouraging generosity. But it can easily turn toxic, because acclaim is addictive and the desire can never be fully satisfied. For many people, the more recognition they receive, the more they require -- and fame is often fleeting. Overt self-aggrandizement is usually self-defeating. Mental health and satisfaction is lower among people strongly invested in acclaim than in intrinsic goals such as relationships, personal growth, and contributing to a larger cause or community. Although our craving for recognition is deeply rooted, our culture can do more to refocus what people seek recognition for and to reward those who serve socially valued ends beyond their own.
The Role of Families, Schools, and Colleges
Authors: Rhode Deborah L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the challenges for families and schools in channeling ambitions in more productive directions. Today’s adolescents confront a world of growing pressures, which are also increasing mental health challenges. Parents’ vicarious ambitions can compound the problems if they push children to focus too much on extrinsic markers of success at the expense of intrinsic motivations to learn and ethical values. Both schools and families should help students to develop persistence, resilience, a strong moral compass, and commitment to the common good. Opportunities for service learning, internships and mentorships can encourage constructive ambitions. So too, parents and colleges must better control the preoccupation with prestige that has hijacked admission processes and encouraged gaming the system. Educators should also modify admission criteria such as legacy, donor, and athletic preferences that advantage already advantaged applicants.
Ambition for What? At What Cost?
Authors: Rhode Deborah L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the ambitions that are most likely to yield happiness, well-being, and meaning and examines the costs of ambitions that are more narrowly focused on money, power, and recognition. Although what individuals will find most fulfilling is deeply personal, individuals can benefit from the insights of the world’s great thinkers and contemporary researchers. Discussion focuses on what philosophers have claimed and positive psychologists have documented about contributors to what is variously termed happiness, well-being or flourishing. In general people benefit from a mix of pursuits that supply pleasure, accomplishment, meaning, purpose, and positive relationships. Families, societies, and even individuals themselves are most likely to thrive when people pursue goals beyond their own satisfaction and success. The chapter closes with tools to help them think more deeply about their legacy and what ambition means and should mean for them.
Introduction
Authors: Pasternak Avia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Holding states responsible for their wrongdoings is a common practice. At both the domestic and the international level, states routinely pay compensation and other forms of reparation for wrongs they inflicted on other states and individuals. This introductory chapter identifies the core questions which this common practice raises, and which are explored in the book: How should a state’s corporate remedial responsibilities with regard to its wrongdoings be distributed among its citizens? What factors should determine the shape of the distribution? Can the common practice of letting the burden fall on the citizenry at large be justified? If so, in what type of states? The chapter explains these questions and outlines the key findings the book offers in response.
Intentional Participation and Nonproportional Distribution
Authors: Pasternak Avia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops a justification for a nonproportional distribution of a group’s remedial liabilities for its wrongdoings. The justification is grounded in the group members’ participation in their group. Drawing on Christopher Kutz’s model of collective action, it suggests that people participate in a group act when they have a participatory intention in take part in the act. It then argues that when people intentionally participate in collective action, they incur the duty to accept a nonproportional share of the burdens that flow from that action, in circumstances where a proportional distribution is not feasible or is very costly. However, there are limits to this obligation: it arises only when the group members’ participatory intentions are genuine, and not forced on them against their will.
Intentional Citizenship and Regime Types
Authors: Pasternak Avia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter applies the idea of “intentional citizenship” to real-world states and their citizens. It examines people’s attitudes to their state as reported in cross-national attitude surveys on national identity. This data demonstrates that in most democratic countries, large majorities of the population have a fairly strong attachment to their country or their state, and are its intentional participants. As such they are liable for a nonproportional distribution of their states’ remedial obligations. The chapter then turns to examine the scope of intentional citizenship in nondemocratic states. Using recent studies from comparative politics on the nature of nondemocratic states, it examines the ways in which patterns of civic participation, state oppression and state manipulation affect intentional citizenship.
“As Different . . . as Light Is from Darkness”
Authors: Steward Gary L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that the clergy’s overall perspective on political resistance remained consistent, even as political loyalties shifted with the Declaration of Independence in 1776. John Witherspoon, the leading clergyman to publicly support independence, remained consistent in his rejection of political absolutism and his belief in the doctrine of resistance. He did not agree with the perspective of Thomas Paine and other political radicals but argued for resistance along the lines of his own theological tradition. Support for political independence, it is argued, should not be viewed as signaling a broader shift in Witherspoon’s ethical and philosophical views. He did not embrace a secular understanding of moral virtue held by philosophers like Francis Hutcheson. His moral philosophy and approach to moral questions remained consistent with his own theological tradition, and no major shift needs to be asserted in this regard.
Conclusion
Authors: Steward Gary L. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter concludes by hinting at the broader implications for understanding the clergy’s political resistance thought during this time period. The clergy’s justification of political resistance in the American Revolution cannot be used to argue for a major shift in American Protestant thought. Nor should the Revolution be understood in purely secular terms. The justifications of resistance made by the clerical leaders highlight the religious nature of many people’s thought processes in this time period. While the patriot clergy rejected political absolutism and supported active measures of defensive resistance, this should not be understood as a defection from their historic Protestant tradition.
Liquid Meaning in Sanskrit Poetics
Authors: Jarow E. H. Rick 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chapter three surveys classical Indian literary theory and looks at how rasa (liquid meaning) became considered to be the goal of the literary work of art. The chapter considers a vision of the poetic work of art that is radically different from the models of private, silent reading that most Westerners have been brought up with. The text discusses how rasa is achieved through resonant suggestion, and how the meaning of a poem is understood in terms of its taste. The production of rasa is viewed through classical Indian aesthetics as well as though works of Western literary critics who have put forth resonant ideas. The Meghadūta is seen as an exemplary work in this regard.
Narrational Complexity
Authors: Cutting James E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
What makes a narrative complex? Different disciplines have defined complexity in a number of ways, but all of them reduce to the notion of counting. In education, one often finds complexity metrics based on counts of the words in the average sentence and the number of syllables in the words. Is there anything in movies like this? Not clearly. But rather than focusing on the narrative (the story) per se, this chapter focuses on the narration (how the story is told). One possible measure of narrational complexity is the number of narrational shifts in a given movie. Given the growth in number of syntagma during the past 50 years—a reflection of the construction of the narration—there is ample evidence for these shifts being a reasonable measure of complexity. They also appear to reinforce emotional commitment in the viewer.
The New Math
Authors: Bronner Yigal 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the first concentrated effort to theorize and defend Madhva’s inversion against traditional interpretive theory. The protagonist of this chapter is Vyāsatīrtha, the great architect of Dualist Vedānta as a major philosophical, social, and political movement under the auspices of the Vijayanagara Empire. Vyāsatīrtha assembles a systematic defense of the power of the closing. He builds his argument out of existing Mīmāṃsā case law, gathering an array of interpretive decisions in which, he argues, it is really the closing that is the deciding factor. He also reexamines the cases traditionally thought to illustrate the power of the opening, demonstrating in each that some interpretive criterion other than sequence really dictates the agreed-upon conclusion. Thus, without actually challenging the existing interpretive conclusions of the entire Mīmāṃsā tradition, Vyāsatīrtha develops (or, in his mind, reveals) a “new math” that both upholds Madhva’s theory and explains a variety of old results.
The New Attitude
Authors: Bronner Yigal 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter features Vijayīndratīrtha, the grand-pupil of Vyāsatīrtha, author of Conquest of the Closing (Upasaṃhāravijaya), which attacks Appayya Dīkṣita’s monograph. However, he and his nemesis had much more in common than either was prepared to acknowledge. Appayya Dīkṣita had pioneered the technique of inverting any principle that prioritizes the closing by showing that it cuts both ways and could be used to support the power of the opening. Vijayīndratīrtha adopts this technique and shows that Appayya Dīkṣita’s arguments can work against him in the same way. He thereby effectively defuses Appayya Dīkṣita’s arguments for the power of the opening, without decisively confirming the counterposition. This method leaves him, possibly by design, with a strong debater’s argument against his opponent but with a weak and possibly insincere defense of his own position. This mode of argumentation gives Vijayīndratīrtha’s work a distinctly flippant tone, rarely seen in earlier Sanskrit scholastic thought.
From Sheikhs to Sultanism
Authors: Davidson Christopher M. 
Published: September 2021

Muhammad bin Salman Al-Saud and Muhammad bin Zayed Al-Nahyan, the respective princely strongmen of Saudi Arabia and the UAE, have torn up the old rules. They have spurred game-changing economic master plans, presided over vast anti-corruption crackdowns, tackled entrenched religious forces, and overseen the mass arrest of critics. In parallel, they also appear to have replaced the old ‘sheikhly’ consensus systems of their predecessors with something more autocratic, more personalistic, and perhaps even analytically distinct. Moreover, ‘MBS’ and ‘MBZ’, as they are known, are now effectively in command of the two wealthiest and most populous Gulf monarchies, and increasingly important global actors--Saudi Arabia is a G20 member, and the UAE will be the host of the World Expo in 2021–2022. Such sweeping changes to the two countries’ statecraft and authority structures could thus end up having a direct impact--for better or worse--on policies, economies, and individual lives all around the world. This study tests the hypothesis that Saudi Arabia and the UAE are now effectively contemporary or even ‘advanced’ sultanates, and situates these influential states within an international model of autocratic authoritarianism. Drawing on a range of primary sources, including new interviews and surveys, the book puts forward an original, empirically grounded interpretation of the rise of both de facto rulers.
Introduction
Authors: Coker Christopher 
Published: September 2021

Of all the explanations that have been advanced for the persistence of war over time the most compelling is by the Dutch ethologist Nico Tinbergen. His study of animal behavior led him to propose an investigative strategy which raises four questions about war: what are its origins; what are the mechanisms which allow it to flourish; what is its ontogeny, or its historical evolution over time; and how does it function- how does its adaptive significance facilitate its reproductive success? War continues to evolve, to offer new opportunities and options. The question is whether it will escape human control. Thanks to scientists like Tinbergen we have discovered that our intelligence is specific to one species – it’s different from that of other animals and it will be different again from the machine intelligence we are about to create.
Introduction
Authors: Walter Ryan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes how the book departs from the existing historiography that concerns the work of Thomas Robert Malthus and David Ricardo. In short, the approach here is to focus on intellectual contexts and linguistic evidence. This excludes the usual treatment of these authors in terms of their methods and models, and it also forecloses the study of their work in relation to ‘classical political economy’ since this category is a retrospective invention of Karl Marx that he coined for the purpose of establishing his supersession of these writers. The implications of the general revision attempted here are far-reaching, especially in relation to the propriety of approaching past thinkers in terms of their ‘method’ and the nature of political economy as a vocation in the early nineteenth century.
Introduction to Part III
Authors: Walter Ryan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This Introduction indicates the aim of the next three chapters: to study the doctrinal contest between Malthus and Ricardo in historical terms. This is a challenge since the temptation is to treat the articulation of correct doctrine as the natural form for economic knowledge. Yet it is crucial to note that doctrinal elaboration was pioneered by Malthus and Ricardo, such that this development needs to be registered as a historical event. This is achieved by studying doctrinal claims alongside the appraisive vocabularies that Malthus and Ricardo used, which reveals that the vocabulary of theory and practice was once again at the centre of the contest. In particular, Malthus used this vocabulary to impugn Ricardo’s reasoning as dangerous because it neglected the needs of legislators and because it seemed to be the product of an undisciplined mind.
Doctrinal Contest III
Authors: Walter Ryan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter completes the study of doctrinal contest between Malthus and Ricardo by considering their rival treatments of profits. Ricardo’s account gave a central role to his idea of the ‘natural wage’, in which he adapted Malthus’s arguments on population for his own purposes. Ricardo also completed his destruction of Smith’s arguments regarding capital allocation and the quasi-providential properties of the system of natural liberty, as expressed in Smith’s overly quoted notion of an ‘invisible hand’. Ricardo’s uncomprehending reading of Wealth of Nations combined with his doctrinal correction of Smith appears, in hindsight, to have been a toxic reception context for Smith’s work. Malthus responded to Ricardo’s account of profits by claiming to have bested him both theoretically and practically by keeping his analysis open to all causal factors and by being able to account for the relevant facts of Britain’s commercial history. Once again, Malthus targeted the hastiness of Ricardo the theorist in attempting to simplify what could not be simplified. In his response, Ricardo had few rhetorical resources with which to defend the legitimacy of abstract theory.
Plurals and Second-Order Logic
Authors: Florio Salvatore , Linnebo Øystein 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
While plural logic can be interpreted in monadic second-order logic, the full system of second-order logic cannot be interpreted in plural logic. This means it is formally possible to eliminate plural logic in favor of monadic second-order logic. However, a number of philosophical considerations militate against such an elimination. The conclusion of this chapter echoes that of the preceding ones: although the two systems can occasionally be used for similar purposes, the notions they represent are different and must be kept apart.
Superplurals
Authors: Florio Salvatore , Linnebo Øystein 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Can the step from the singular to the plural be iterated? The resulting superplurals would have many valuable applications but are often met with skepticism. This chapter clarifies what superplural reference would be and distinguishes four grades of superplural involvement, ranging from the possibility of a superplural logic to the existence of superplurals in natural language. While the lower grades are shown to be unproblematic, the chapter provides a careful analysis of arguments for and against the higher grades, concluding, in particular, that a strong case can be made for the existence of superplurals in natural language.
Absolute Generality and Singularization
Authors: Florio Salvatore , Linnebo Øystein 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Is it possible to assert something of absolutely everything there is? While such absolute generality appears possible, it faces serious theoretical challenges. This chapter examines one such challenge, based on the possibility of one-to-one mappings from pluralities to objects. The challenge gives rise to a trilemma. First, generality relativists deny the possibility of absolute generality, at the cost of being unable to express various important insights. Second, traditional generality absolutists deny the possibility of the mentioned mappings, but are pushed up a hierarchy of logics of higher and higher order, resulting in an expressibility deficit akin to that of the relativists. This motivates taking a closer look at the third option, which restricts traditional plural logic.
Critical Plural Logic
Authors: Florio Salvatore , Linnebo Øystein 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops and motivates an alternative, more critical plural logic, thus exploring the third horn of the trilemma from the previous chapter. First, a liberal view of mathematical definitions is defended, according to which any objects can be used to define a set. This entails that the traditional plural comprehension scheme needs to be restricted. Some successor principles are then formulated on the basis of the idea that any plurality needs to be circumscribed. Finally, the resulting critical plural logic is shown to give rise to a natural and elegant approach to set theory.
Mr Spectator and the Doctor
Authors: Cowan Brian 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Joseph Addison and Henry Sacheverell were almost exact contemporaries. Born within two years of one another, both men attended Magdalen College, Oxford in their youth, and they both took up their studies at the college in the wake of the Glorious Revolution. From this moment onward, the lives and public careers of Addison and Sacheverell would be curiously intertwined. Scholarship and college life would bring them together as friends, but politics and public fame would pull them apart. A contrast between the agreeable Addison and the distasteful Sacheverell is commonplace in eighteenth-century studies, and not without reason. As perhaps the chief proponent of a new culture of ‘politeness’ for post-revolutionary Britain, Addison is well known for his friendliness, if not perhaps for his volubility, in company. Addison’s powerful reputation as the patron saint of eighteenth-century politeness did not sit well with his ties to Sacheverell, whose firebrand reputation was deeply controversial in his lifetime and only declined further as time went by. For this reason, the youthful friendship of the two Magdalen scholars has been a source of awkwardness for later commentators. This chapter places the friendship between Addison and Sacheverell within the context of post-revolutionary political and literary culture.
Coins and Circulation in Addison’s Prose
Authors: Power Henry 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In his Remarks on Several Parts of Italy (1705), Addison regularly draws on his deep knowledge of Latin poetry in order to ‘compare the natural face of the country with the Landskips that the Poets have given us of it’. Less conventionally, but just as regularly, he elucidates landscape, history, and antiquities through reference to ancient coins. Roughly contemporaneously, Addison wrote a defence of numismatics in the Dialogues Upon the Usefulness of Ancient Medals (published posthumously in 1721), in which one character, Philander, seeks to persuade Cynthio from his view that numismatists are mere ‘critics in Rust’ (Cynthio’s view closely resembling the attacks on Bentley and others by satirists such as William King). Addison, through Philander’s person, sees the poems and medals he juxtaposes as representing ‘the same design executed by different hands’; ‘A reverse often clears up the passages of an old poet, as the poet often serves to unriddle a reverse.’ But coins have, for Addison, a moral as well as an explanatory function, publicizing the characters and deeds of great men and women by keeping them in circulation. This chapter explores the relationship between the moral and the fiscal function of coins, drawing out connections between Addison’s views on ancient numismatics and his approach both to modern British coinage and to the circulation of texts and ideas.