bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reclaiming Sovereignty: Resistance to Transnational Authority and the Investor-State Regime
Authors: Cutler A. Claire 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses upon the contesting social forces seeking to reclaim national control over processes of investor-protection. The investor-state regime constitutes a form of transnational authority that is reconfiguring state sovereignty in the world and creating a new constitutionalism by delocalizing and denationalizing the regulation of foreign direct investment. Indeed, this regime plays an integral role in the operation of contemporary capitalism by disrupting conventional understandings and practices of sovereignty, but this is obscured by the theories underpinning these conventions. Adopting a critical political economy approach, the analysis places politics at the center of analysis by questioning “who gets what” from transnational law. It challenges conventional approaches to transnational law for obscuring the powerful corporate forces that are driving the regime and eroding democracy by facilitating the loss of national sovereignty. However, growing resistance to the regime suggests the emergence of a new form of sovereignty: transnational sovereignty.
Cybercultures
Authors: Johansson Sverker , Lindberg Ylva 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter aims to describe how cultures have emerged in interactions among users of the multitude of online platforms that have become available over the past few decades. It discusses innovations regarding uses of representations to communicate identity, time, and space in social practices with technology, and how cybercultures are played out in theory and in practice. Cybercultures resemble cultures in the non-virtual world—but display significant differences regarding social rules, identity, and spatiotemporal issues. Case studies of three types of cybercultures in social media: information and knowledge building on Wikipedia, culture, and virtual world building on Second Life, and dating practices on online dating services, such as Tinder, will shed light on how cyberspace allows for developing both symbolic representations and social practices through computer-mediated communication (CMC), and how users are situated in the continuum virtual-real.
How to Tell a Slave
Authors: duBois Page 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
After pointing out the significant differences between ancient slavery and modern racialized slavery, this chapter considers the manifold difficulties entailed in distinguishing between enslaved and free persons in the ancient Greek and Roman worlds. It stresses the social, economic, and legal importance of maintaining these distinctions even as it acknowledges their elusive nature. It goes on to describe the ways in which behaviours, bodies—often scarred or tattooed, sometimes tortured—dress, disguise, names, and language, revealed or disguised the status of enslaved persons. It ends with a brief discussion of a dramatic text that stages the complexities of policing the boundaries between enslaved and free persons.
The Precautionary Principle in Zoonotic Disease Control
Authors: van Herten J , Bovenkerk B 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has shown that zoonotic diseases are a great threat for humanity. During the course of such a pandemic, public health authorities often apply the precautionary principle to justify disease control measures. However, evoking this principle is not without ethical implications. Especially within a One Health strategy, that requires us to balance public health benefits against the health interests of animals and the environment, unrestricted use of the precautionary principle can lead to moral dilemmas. In this article, we analyze the ethical dimensions of the use of the precautionary principle in zoonotic disease control and formulate criteria to protect animals and the environment against one-sided interpretations. Furthermore, we distinguish two possible conceptions of the precautionary principle. First, we notice that because of the unpredictable nature of zoonotic diseases, public health authorities in general focus on the idea of precaution as preparedness. This reactive response often leads to difficult trade-offs between human and animal health. We therefore argue that this policy should always be accompanied by a second policy, that we refer to as precaution as prevention. Although zoonotic diseases are part of our natural world, we have to acknowledge that their origin and global impact are often a consequence of our disturbed relation with animals and the environment.
Association of adalimumab trough concentrations and treatment response in patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Doeleman Martijn J H , de Roock Sytze , El Amrani Mohsin , van Maarseveen Erik M , Wulffraat Nico M , Swart Joost F 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the relationship between adalimumab trough concentrations and treatment response in paediatric patients with JIA.MethodsThis was a monocentric cohort study of JIA patients treated with adalimumab. Clinical data and samples were collected during routine follow-up. Adalimumab trough concentrations were quantified by a novel liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry assay. Anti-adalimumab antibodies were measured in samples with trough concentrations of ≤5mg/l. Disease activity was evaluated using the clinical Juvenile Arthritis DAS with 71-joint count (cJADAS71). Response to adalimumab was defined according to recent international treat-to-target guidelines.ResultsA total of 35 adalimumab trough samples were available from 34 paediatric patients with JIA. Although there was no significant difference in adalimumab dose, trough concentrations were significantly lower in patients with secondary failure [median 1.0 mg/l; interquartile range (IQR) 1.0–5.3] compared with patients with primary failure (median 13.97 mg/l; IQR 11.81–16.67) or an adequate response (median 14.94 mg/l; IQR 10.31–16.19) to adalimumab.ConclusionAdalimumab trough concentrations were significantly lower in JIA patients with secondary failure compared with patients with primary failure or an adequate response to adalimumab. Our results suggest that trough concentration measurements could identify JIA patients who require increased adalimumab doses to achieve or maintain therapeutic drug concentrations.
Long-term safety and efficacy of sarilumab over 5 years in patients with rheumatoid arthritis refractory to TNF inhibitors
Authors: Fleischmann Roy , Genovese Mark C , Maslova Karina , Leher Henry , Praestgaard Amy , Burmester Gerd R 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective
The objective of this study was to evaluate the long-term safety and efficacy of sarilumab over 5 years in patients with RA refractory to TNF inhibitors (TNFis).

Methods
Patients in the 24-week randomized controlled trial (RCT) TARGET (NCT01709578) who received double-blind placebo or sarilumab 150 or 200 mg every 2 weeks (q2w), plus conventional synthetic DMARDs (csDMARDs), were eligible to receive open-label sarilumab 200 mg q2w plus csDMARDs in the open-label extension (OLE), EXTEND (NCT01146652). OLE dose reduction to 150 mg q2w was permitted per investigators’ judgement or protocol-mandated safety concerns. Safety and efficacy were assessed through treatment-emergent adverse events (AEs), laboratory abnormalities and clinical DASs. All statistics are descriptive.

Results
Of 546 patients, 454 (83%) were treated with sarilumab in the OLE. The cumulative observation period was 1654.8 patient-years (PY; n = 521); 268 patients (51%) had ≥4 years’ exposure. Incidence rates per 100 PY of AEs, and AEs leading to discontinuation, infection and serious infection were 160.4, 8.1, 57.8 and 3.9, respectively. Neutropenia was the most common AE (15.3 per 100 PY). An absolute neutrophil count of &lt;1000 cells/mm3 (Grade 3/4 neutropenia) was observed in 74 patients (14.2%) and normalized on treatment in 48. Clinical efficacy was sustained through 5 years’ follow-up. Efficacy was similar for patients with 1 and &gt;1 TNFi failure, and similar for patients who either remained on 200 mg or reduced to 150 mg.

Conclusion
In patients with RA refractory to TNFi, sarilumab’s long-term term safety profile was consistent with previous clinical studies and post-marketing reports. Efficacy was sustained over 5 years.

Trial registration
TARGET, ClinicalTrials.gov, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01709578, NCT01709578; EXTEND, ClinicalTrials.gov, https://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01146652, NCT01146652.
Polymorphism of genetic ambigrams
Authors: Dudas Gytis , Huber Greg , Wilkinson Michael , Yllanes David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Double synonyms in the genetic code can be used as a tool to test competing hypotheses regarding ambigrammatic narnavirus genomes. Applying the analysis to recent observations of Culex narnavirus 1 and Zhejiang mosquito virus 3 ambigrammatic viruses indicates that the open reading frame on the complementary strand of the segment coding for RNA-dependent RNA polymerase does not code for a functional protein. Culex narnavirus 1 has been shown to possess a second segment, also ambigrammatic, termed ‘Robin’. We find a comparable segment for Zhejiang mosquito virus 3, a moderately diverged relative of Culex narnavirus 1. Our analysis of Robin polymorphisms suggests that its reverse open reading frame also does not code for a functional protein. We make a hypothesis about its role.
Oil Price Shocks and Civil Conflict: Evidence from Nigeria
Authors: Nwokolo Arinze 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
When and for what reason do governments choose to monopolize violence and consolidate power? Theory suggests three channels: when the government has coercive power against the opposition, if it shifts the distribution of power in its favor, and when contingent spoils are large. Using international oil price shocks and a novel dataset on oil-producing local government areas, this article examines how commodity prices affect civil conflict in Nigeria. Results show that a rise in oil price leads to a more than proportionate increase in government attacks on rebel groups in the oil region. The findings are consistent with the theoretical predictions: positive oil price shocks increase the monopoly of violence by the government through an increase in coercion, a rise in regaining territories from rebel groups, and an increase of violence in areas with large oil fields.
Diabetic Foot Amputation Prevention During COVID-19
Authors: Shankhdhar Kshitij 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In this case report, the treatment of a patient with a diabetic foot ulcer on his left foot was interrupted by the novel coronavirus 2019 pandemic lockdown in India. The author guided the patient via telephone and online services. Based on the history given by the patient, the lesion started as blistering from improperly fitted footwear that then evolved into multiple infected ulcerations on the dorsal surface of the great toe (osteomyelitis with septic arthritis of the joint). Based on a radiograph and other photographs of the foot lesions, the author prescribed amoxicillin/clavulanic acid in combination with linezolid for 2 weeks. Further, the author guided the patient to dress the wound at home using a medical-grade honey-based product. With no option for an outpatient visit, the author guided the patient to use a plastic ruler and place it below the toe during each dressing. Healing (complete epithelialization) was achieved within 4 weeks.
Virtual reality for pediatric periprocedural care
Authors: Wang Ellen , Thomas James J. , Rodriguez Samuel T. , Kennedy Kristin M. , Caruso Thomas J. 
Published: April 2021

Purpose of review
Commercial availability of virtual reality headsets and software has exponentially grown over the last decade as it has become more sophisticated, less expensive, and portable. Although primarily used by the general public for entertainment, virtual reality has been adopted by periprocedural clinicians to improve patient experiences and treatments. The purpose of this review is to explore recently reported evidence for virtual reality effectiveness for pediatric periprocedural care and discuss considerations for clinical implementation.

Recent findings
In the preprocedure setting, practitioners use virtual reality to introduce children to periprocedural environments, distract attention from preprocedural vascular access, and increase cooperation with anesthesia induction. Intraprocedure, virtual reality decreases sedation requirements, and in some instances, eliminates anesthesia for minor procedures. Virtual reality also augments pain reduction therapies in the acute and extended rehabilitation periods, resulting in faster recovery and improved outcomes. Virtual reality seems to be well treated for pediatric use, given close clinical care and carefully curated content.

Summary
Given the multiple clinical applications of virtual reality to supplement pediatric periprocedural care, practitioners should consider developing clinical programs that reliably provide access to virtual reality. Future research should focus on identification of patient characteristics and types of software that yield optimal patient outcomes.
Peripartum considerations in sickle cell disease
Authors: Ezihe-Ejiofor Ada , Jackson Jaleesa 
Published: April 2021

Purpose of review
Pregnancy exacerbates sickle cell disease (SCD) and is associated with increased frequency and severity of complications resulting in high levels of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. We review recent recommendations for managing SCD in pregnancy.

Recent findings
An updated pathobiological model of SCD now attributes the clinical picture to a vicious cycle of four major cellular disturbances. Management decisions should be guided by an understanding of this upgraded model. Red cell transfusions are a key therapeutic intervention used in managing several acute and chronic complications. Transfusion however has significant drawbacks. The American Society of Hematology recently published transfusion guidelines to support care providers.

Summary
Patients should be managed by a multidisciplinary and experienced team. The perioperative episode is a recognized period of disease exacerbation and informed anesthetic management can contribute to improved patient outcomes.
Perioperative frailty: lessons learned and future directions
Authors: Adeleke Ibukunoluwa , Blitz Jeanna 
Published: April 2021

Purpose of review
As the surgical population ages, preoperative diagnosis and optimization of frailty becomes increasingly important. Various concepts are used to define frailty, and several tools have been validated for use in the perioperative period. This article reviews current conceptual frameworks of frailty, references current literature and provides a practical approach to the preoperative frailty assessment with a focus on potential interventions.

Recent findings
A multipronged approach toward preoperative optimization should be used in patients with frailty syndrome. Oral protein supplementation and immunonutrition therapy can reduce complications in patients with malnutrition. Initiating a preoperative physical exercise regimen may mitigate frailty. Nonpharmacologic interventions to reduce preoperative anxiety and improve mood are effective, low-cost adjuncts associated with improvement in postoperative outcomes. Engaging in shared decision making is a critical component of the preoperative evaluation of frail patients.

Summary
Emerging evidence suggests that frailty may be mitigated with patient-specific, multidimensional preoperative interventions, thus potentially improving postoperative outcomes in this vulnerable patient population.
Changes in Assessment of and Satisfaction With Discharge Preparation From the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit
Authors: Smith Vincent C. , Mao Wenyang , McCormick Marie C. 
Published: April 2021

Background:
A successful transition from the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) to home is aided by a comprehensive discharge planning program that keeps families involved and engaged with the discharge preparation process.

Purpose:
To compare the assessment of parental NICU discharge preparedness with parental satisfaction with the NICU discharge preparation.

Methods:
Families were surveyed 4 to 6 weeks after NICU discharge, and those selecting “very prepared” were considered “satisfied” with their discharge preparation. On discharge day, families were considered “prepared” for discharge based on their overall level of preparedness and their nurse's rating of them on a discharge readiness assessment tool.

Results:
In total, 1104 families (60%) reported being both “satisfied” and “prepared”; 293 families (16%) were “satisfied” but not “prepared”; 297 families (16%) were not “satisfied” but were “prepared”; and 134 families (7%) were neither “satisfied” nor “prepared.” Compared with families that were both “satisfied” and “prepared,” families that were neither “satisfied” nor “prepared” were more likely to be raising the infant alone, of Black race, and to have sicker infants.

Implications for Practice:
Some families are at a higher risk and merit more consideration during NICU discharge planning. Assess the discharge readiness of all families prior to discharge. Those at an increased risk may benefit from more discharge education and training, specifically for single mothers, those with limited resources, or others considered at high risk.
Cardiovascular, Brain, and Lung Involvement in a Newborn With a Novel FLNA Mutation
Authors: Meliota Giovanni , Vairo Ugo , Ficarella Romina , Milella Leonardo , Faienza Maria Felicia , D'Amato Gabriele 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Filamin A (FLNA) is an intracellular actin-binding protein, encoded by the FLNA gene, with a wide tissue expression. It is involved in several cellular functions, and extracellular matrix structuring. FLNA gene alterations lead to diseases with a wide phenotypic spectrum, such as brain periventricular nodular heterotopia (PVNH), cardiovascular abnormalities, skeletal dysplasia, and lung involvement.

Clinical Findings:
We present the case of a female infant who showed at birth aortic valve stenosis and PVNH, and subsequently developed interstitial lung disease with severe pulmonary hypertension.

Primary Diagnosis:
The association of aortic valve dysplasia, left ventricular outflow obstruction, persistent patent ductus arteriosus, and brain heterotopic gray matter suggested a possible FLNA gene alteration. A novel heterozygous intronic variant in the FLNA gene (NM_001110556.1), c.4304-1G >A, was detected.

Interventions:
In consideration of valve morphology and severity of stenosis, the neonate was scheduled for a transcatheter aortic valvuloplasty. At 3 months of life, she developed hypoxemic respiratory failure with evidence of severe pulmonary hypertension. Inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) and milrinone on continuous infusion were started. Because of a partial response to iNO, an intravenous continuous infusion of sildenafil was introduced.

Outcomes:
In consideration of severe clinical course and fatal outcome, the new FLNA gene mutation described in our patient seems to be associated with a loss of function of FLNA.

Practice Recommendations:
Lung and brain involvement, in association with left ventricular outflow obstruction and persistent patency of ductus arteriosus, should be considered highly suggestive of FLNA gene alterations, in a female newborn.
Selection of Mediastinal Lymphoma Patients for Proton Therapy Within the Proton Collaborative Group Registry
Authors: Tseng Yolanda D. , Pankuch Mark , Mohindra Pranshu , McGee Lisa , Rossi Carl , Flampouri Stella , Hajj Carla , Molitoris Jason K. , Chang John H. , Tsai Henry , Stevens Craig , Rosen Lane , Vargas Carlos , Hartsell William 
Published: April 2021

Purpose:
As patients with mediastinal lymphoma are typically young with curable disease, advanced radiation techniques such as proton therapy are often considered to minimize subacute and late toxicity. However, it is unclear which mediastinal lymphoma patients are treated with proton therapy. Within a prospective, multi-institutional proton registry, we characterized mediastinal lymphoma patients treated with proton therapy and assessed concordance with consensus recommendations published in 2018 by the International Lymphoma Radiation Oncology Group (ILROG).

Methods:
Eligible patients included those with lymphoma of the mediastinum treated exclusively with proton therapy for whom digital imaging and communications in medicine (DICOM) treatment data were available for review. Given the challenge with reliably visualizing the left mainstem coronary artery, the inferior-most aspect of the left pulmonary artery (PA) was used as a surrogate. Extent of disease was characterized as upper mediastinum (above level of left PA), middle mediastinum (below left PA but at or above level of T8), or low mediastinum (below T8).

Results:
Between November 2012 and April 2019, 56 patients were treated and met inclusion criteria. Patients treated with proton therapy were young (median, 24 y; range: 12 to 88), with over half being female (55%). Patients were most commonly treated at initial diagnosis (86%) and had Hodgkin lymphoma (79%). Most patients (96%) had mediastinal disease that extended down to the level of the heart: 48% had middle and 48% had low mediastinal involvement. Nearly all patients (96%) met the ILROG consensus recommendations: 95% had lower mediastinal disease, 46% were young females, and 9% were heavily pretreated. Heart (mean) and lung dose (mean, V5, V20) were significantly associated with lowest extent of mediastinal disease.

Conclusions:
Mediastinal lymphoma patients treated with proton therapy are typically young with lower mediastinal involvement. Within a prospective, multi-institutional proton registry, nearly all treated patients fit the ILROG consensus recommendations regarding which mediastinal lymphoma patients may most benefit from proton therapy.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury and Knee Osteoarthritis: An Umbrella Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Webster Kate E. , Hewett Timothy E. 
Published: April 2021

Objective:
To conduct a systematic review of reviews to summarize the (1) risk for development and (2) prevalence of knee osteoarthritis (OA) after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and surgical treatment and (3) compare prevalence rates between surgical and nonsurgical treatment of ACL injury.

Date sources:
Five electronic databases were searched using medical subject heading and text words up to February 2020 to identify English language reviews.

Study selection:
Studies were included if they were a systematic review or meta-analysis.

Data extraction:
Thirteen eligible reviews were included, and the main outcome extracted was knee OA prevalence or risk data and any meta-analysis results.

Data synthesis:
Results from reviews were combined with a summary meta-analysis based on odds ratios (ORs) or proportions. There was a near 7-fold and 8-fold increase in the odds for the development of knee OA post ACL injury [OR = 6.81 (5.70-8.13)] and ACL reconstruction [OR = 7.7, (6.05-9.79)]. Data were too heterogenous to specify a point estimate prevalence for OA after ACL injury, but OA prevalence was estimated at 36% (19.70-53.01) at near 10 years after reconstruction surgery. A significantly higher prevalence of OA was found for those who received surgical treatment at a minimum 10-year follow-up [OR = 1.40 (1.17-1.68)].

Conclusions:
This study combines all data from previous systematic reviews into a single source to show that ACL injury markedly increases the risk for development of knee OA, which is likely to be present in the long term in approximately a third of patients who have reconstruction surgery. Surgical treatment does not reduce OA prevalence in the longer term compared with nonsurgical treatment.