bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimalisasi Kadar Asam Asetat Ananas Comosus l dengan	Penambahan Induk Cuka
Authors: Fitria Fitria  , Mimin Septian  , Irhamni Nuhardin  
Published: July 2021

Ananas comosus L. (Pineapple) is one of the superior fruit commodities in Indonesia. The amount of production in 2016 pineapples placed fourth after bananas, oranges and mangoes which amounted to 1.4 million tons/year. Pineapple production for East Kalimantan, Balikpapan city has an area of 8,572 hectares of pineapple with a production of 7,206 tons of pineapple. Pineapple skin contains 17.53% carbohydrates and 13.65% sugar. This led researchers to develop the manufacture of acetic acid from the skin waste of Ananas comosus L. The research method consists of materials used namely, pineapple skin, water, granulated sugar, yeast, vinegar, ammonium sulfate, oxalic acid, sodium hydroxide, pp indicators and aquades obtained from STTI Bontang laboratory. The working procedure of this study consists of 3 stages of the method: the first fermentation stage with the addition of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the second fermentation stage with variations in the addition of the parent vinegar and the calculation of acetic acid levels with time intervals of 2 days /sample (days 16, 18, 20, 22 and 24). The third stage is carried out by alkaline method. Optimum results from research with the main variation of vinegar and fermentation time were obtained on the 20th day with the addition of a 2.3 mL vinegar master obtained a acetic acid content of 6.24 g/mL. Further researchers are expected to develop better analytical methods to make the concentration of acetic acid obtained more optimal.
Pembuatan Biodisel dari Minyak Jarak dengan Metode TransesterifikasI Menggunakan Etanol Teknis dan Metanol PA
Authors: Saripah sobah  , Muhammad Naufal Ariq H  , Siahaan Theresia  
Published: July 2021

Increased fuel use can lead to air pollution and other environmental impacts. Substitution of fuel Oil with environmentally friendly fuel alternatives is one solution. Castor oil (Jatropha curcas L) contained in castor seeds can be processed into biodiesel with transesterification process. The most widely used alcohol in the manufacture of biodiesel is methanol. Methanol is made from a material that is not renewable. While ethanol from renewable materials and pure ethanol are expensive. In this study used campurn ethanol to reduce the use of methanol. The purpose of this study is to find out the optimum comparison of methanol-ethanol. The manufacture of biodicells is carried out by a 2-stage process, namely the esterification process and the transesterification process. The esterification process uses HCL catalysts. The transesterification process uses a comparison of methanol and ethanol with variations of 3:1,2:1,1:1,1:2 and 1:3. The catalyst used in the transesterification process is KOH 0.1%. The results showed that the optimum condition in the use of methanol: Technical Etahol is 2:1 within 30 minutes, yielding a yield of 56.1%. The quality test score of type weight and viscosity shows a value of 0.86-0.89 g/mL and 2.9-3.5 so that the results of the study are declared to pass the product test with density and viscosity test standards
Suppressive effect of dexamethasone on murine Th9 cell-mediated nasal eosinophilic inflammation
Authors: Koyama Teidai , Miura Kento , Yamasaki Norimasa , Ogata Sawako , Ito Daiki , Saeki Mayumi , Hiroi Takachika , Mori Akio , Kaminuma Osamu 
Published: July 2021

Background
Th9 cells have been implicated in the development of allergic inflammation, though its contribution to allergic rhinitis and the effect of steroid on Th9 cell-mediated nasal responses are unclear.

Objective
In this study, allergen-induced nasal inflammatory responses and their steroid responsiveness were investigated in ovalbumin (OVA)-specific Th9 cell-transferred mice.

Methods
BALB/c mice were transferred with in vitro-differentiated Th9 cells and challenged by intranasal injection of OVA with or without subcutaneous administration of dexamethasone (Dex). Then, the infiltration of inflammatory cells in the nasal mucosa and nasal hyperresponsiveness (NHR) was assessed.

Results
The significant NHR accompanied by nasal infiltration of eosinophils as well as allergen-specific T cells was induced in Th9 cell-transferred mice upon allergen challenge. These responses were strongly suppressed by the treatment with Dex.

Conclusion
The participation of Th9 cells in the pathogenesis of allergic rhinitis was suggested.
Regulering van toeristische verhuur: grenzen en mogelijkheden
Authors: Botman M.R. 
Published: July 2021

Regulering van toeristische verhuur: grenzen en mogelijkheden. De gevolgen van het arrest Cali Apartments voor de Nederlandse rechtspraktijk
In deze bijdrage wordt aan de hand van het arrest Cali Apartments onderzocht welke ruimte de Europese Dienstenrichtlijn laat om toeristische verhuur van woonruimte te reguleren. In dit licht wordt tevens de Wet toeristische verhuur besproken.HvJ 22 september 2020, gevoegde zaken C-724/18 en C-727/18, ECLI:EU:C:2020:743 (Cali Apartments en HX).
Preparation of Graphene Oxide from Expanded Graphite at Different Microwave Heating Times
Authors: Moosa Ahmed A , Mahdi Zainab H. , Mutar Mohammed A. 
Published: July 2021

Exfoliated graphite (EG) was prepared by mixing graphite with HNO3 and KMnO4 at weight ratio 1:2:1 using microwave heating at times 20, 60, 80 and 120 sec. Graphene oxide (GO) was then prepared using EG as precursor by the modified Hummer’s method. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analyses showed successful conversion of EG into GO. The XRD results of the GO showed that the maximum interplanar distance (d-spacing) increased from 0.344 to 0.831 nm. The AFM showed a minimum thickness of 0.519 nm for a single layer of GO prepared from EG 80 sec. The XRD examination also showed an increase in the d-spacing between the GO layers after sonication compared to before sonication.
Combining Analytical Models and Mesh Morphing Based Optimization Techniques for the Design of Flying Multihulls Appendages
Authors: Cella Ubaldo , Groth Corrado , Porziani Stefano , Clarich Alberto , Franchini Francesco , Biancolini Marco Evangelos 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The fluid dynamic design of hydrofoils involves most of the typical difficulties of aeronautical wings design with additional complexities related to the design of a device operating in a multiphase environment. For this reason, “high fidelity” analysis solvers should be, in general, adopted also in the preliminary design phase. In the case of modern fast foiling sailing yachts, the appendages accomplish both the task of lifting up the boat and to make possible upwind sailing by contributing balance to the sail side force and the heeling moment. Furthermore, their operative design conditions derive from the global equilibrium of forces and moments acting on the system which might vary in a very wide range of values. The result is a design problem defined by a large number of variables operating in a wide design space. In this scenario, the device performing in all conditions has to be identified as a trade-off among several conflicting requirements. One of the most efficient approaches to such a design challenge is to combine multi-objective optimization strategies with experienced aerodynamic design.
This paper presents a numerical optimization procedure suitable for foiling multihulls. As a proof of concept, it reports, as an application, the foils design of an A-Class catamaran. The key point of the method is the combination of opportunely developed analytical models of the hull forces with high fidelity multiphase analyses in both upwind and downwind sailing conditions. The analytical formulations were tuned against a database of multiphase analyses of a reference demihull at several attitudes and displacements.
An aspect that significantly contributes to both efficiency and robustness of the method is the approach adopted to the geometric parametrization of the foils which was implemented by a mesh morphing technique based on Radial Basis Functions.
Overwelding and distortion control for naval surface combatants
Authors: Huang T. D. , Harbison M. , Kvidahl L. , Niolet D. , Walks J. , Stefanick K. , Phillipi M. , Dong P. , DeCan L. , Caccese V. , Blomquist P. , Kihl D. , Wong R. , Nappi N. , Gardner J. , Wong C. , Bjornson M. , Manuel A. 
Published: July 2021

As high-strength thin-steel usage in ship design increases, dimensional management becomes very critical to control rework costs and schedule delays in ship production. Prior Office of Naval Research (ONR) and National Shipbuilding Research Program (NSRP) projects have helped Ingalls Shipbuilding to emphasize dimensional control for thin steel structures. Huntington-Ingalls (previous Northrop Grumman Shipbuilding) has, in recent years, substantially increased its emphasis on dimensional management as an enabler to achieving its aggressive goals for the future. These goals include cost and lead time reduction for hull erection and increasing early-stage outfitting.
Nevertheless, improvements to shipbuilding facilities and process technology have not kept pace with the rate of change in ship design. Worse, new designs using thinner steels are subject to legacy weld size requirements. These two factors result in widespread overwelding. Severe plate buckling in naval vessels has been attributed to oversized welds in thin plate ship structures. The problem of overwelding has two distinct sources:
- The weld sizing method developed in the 1980s is still used in most shipbuilding specifications regardless of ship class. This prevents the incentive of application of latest technologies that can make strong, precision fillet welds for modern lightweight thin steel naval surface combatants.
- Shipyard welders tend to make welds even larger than design requirement in order to satisfy Quality Assurance (QA) inspection. In a number of investigations, fillet welds requiring a leg size of 5mm are typically found to have an average size of 8mm, resulting in more than double the heat input and distortion. The approach to the solution of this overwelding problem will be described in detail in this paper:
- Develop appropriate weld sizing criteria for thin plate structures-this can be facilitated by numerical modeling to ensure adequate static shear, tensile, bending, fatigue and dynamic impact capacity of structural welds;
- Perform a robust designed experiment to confirm the models and establish confidence that precision weld sizes can provide necessary performance and strength throughout the design service life of the vessel.
Minimising the Cost of Coating Ships
Authors: Broderick Darren , Wright Peter , Kattan Raouf 
Published: July 2021

In the current economic climate the pressures on both ship builders and ship owners to minimise the cost of their operations is stronger than ever. Although paint material cost, to coat an entire vessel, only represents a very small percentage of the total for a new build vessel. For a ship builder the labour cost of applying coatings to a vessel can represent in excess of 10-15% of the total labour costs to build a vessel, in some cases as much a 30% this can be attributable to rework. For the ship owner coatings can have significant impact on the operating costs, and the availability of the vessel.
With greater emphasis being placed on sustainability and life cycle costs it is in the interest of both ship builders and the owner/operators to seek ways to minimise the cost of the coatings at both the application stage and maintenance during the service life of the vessel. This paper will present work that has been undertaken to examine the life cycle process of designing, building, operating and recycling a ship, and how the activities within the different stages effect the application of paint and the influence this has on costs.
Genetic hypervariability of a Northeastern Atlantic venomous rockfish
Authors: Francisco Sara M. , Castilho Rita , Lima Cristina S. , Almada Frederico , Rodrigues Francisca , Šanda Radek , Vukić Jasna , Pappalardo Anna Maria , Ferrito Venera , Robalo Joana I. 
Published: July 2021

Background
Understanding the interplay between climate and current and historical factors shaping genetic diversity is pivotal to infer changes in marine species range and communities’ composition. A phylogeographical break between the Atlantic and the Mediterranean has been documented for several marine organisms, translating into limited dispersal between the two basins.

Methods
In this study, we screened the intraspecific diversity of 150 individuals of the Madeira rockfish (Scorpaena maderensis) across its distributional range (seven sampling locations in the Atlantic and Mediterranean basins) using the mitochondrial control region and the nuclear S7 first intron.

Results
The present work is the most comprehensive study done for this species, yielding no genetic structure across sampled locations and no detectable Atlantic-Mediterranean break in connectivity. Our results reveal deep and hyper-diverse bush-like genealogies with large numbers of singletons and very few shared haplotypes. The genetic hyper-diversity found for the Madeira rockfish is relatively uncommon in rocky coastal species, whose dispersal capability is limited by local oceanographic patterns. The effect of climate warming on the distribution of the species is discussed.
Opportunistic sightings of blue whales off Sydney, Australia
Authors: Pirotta Vanessa , Harcourt Robert 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Two subspecies of blue whale occur in Australian waters, (1) the pygmy blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda) and (2) the Antarctic blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus intermedia). Understanding blue whale presence in Australian waters is critical to ensuring Australia’s protection of these marine mammals as both subspecies were heavily exploited during historical whaling. This short note documents pygmy blue whale sightings in New South Wales waters over the last 18 years. Observations were opportunistically made via citizen science and verified by scientists. Sightings in this note contribute to our limited knowledge of pygmy blue whale distribution along the east coast of Australia and may help understand the migratory movements of New Zealand pygmy blue whales off Australia and in the Tasman Sea. Overall, information presented in this note contributes to Australia’s national and international conservation efforts to protecting blue whales as a migratory and threatened species.
Design of a Community-Based Anaerobic Digester for Sustainable Solid Waste Management in Ile-Oluji Ondo State Nigeria
Authors: Areola R. I. , Ipindola O. O. 
Published: July 2021

Aim: A Community-Based Anaerobic Digester was designed in this study for sustainable solid waste management in Ile-Oluji, Ondo state Nigeria.
Methodology: Waste samples were collected from selected households for a period of one month and the components and percentage composition were determined. Afterwards, the physico-chemical characteristics of the substrate was investigated and the result used to design a community-based anaerobic digester.
Results: The quantity, components and characteristics of waste generated was determined. The rate of waste generation was found to be 0.2kg/capita/day while the organic fraction of the total waste generated was found to be 55.7%. Physico-chemical characterization of the substrate was also investigated. The pH was found to be 6.36 ± 0.18, while the alkalinity 692.81 ± 78.62. The moisture content was found to be in the range of 71.20 ± 4.63%. Total solid was in the range 38.91 ± 5.25 while volatile solid was found to be 26.44 ± 2.83. carbon oxygen demand was found to be 834.33 ± 12.61, total phosphorus was in the range 4.20 ± 0.33. The Carbon on a dry weight basis was found to be in the range 60.41 ± 2.38, while nitrogen was found to be 4.79 ± 1.03. The C/N ration was found to be 21.61. The biogas yield ranged from 0 – 320 cm3 and 0 – 380cm3 per litre of substrate for biodegradable-only samples and biodegradable-cow dung samples respectively, for a forty days period of retention. The cylindrical dome type biogas digester was chosen for this study because of its simplicity in design and maintenance coupled with lower set up cost. The optimum volume of hydraulic chamber and gas storage chamber were designed to be the same as 850m3. Volume of fermentation chamber and sludge layer were calculated to be 2014m3 and 246m3 respectively, while the height and diameter of the fermentation chamber were 7m and 17m respectively.
Conclusion: Anaerobic digestion of the biodegradable fraction of solid waste is a viable alternative that government and non-government organizations can key into for the improvement of public health especially in developing countries. The standardization of digester design parameters may pose challenges because of varying climatic conditions and complex socio-economic factors across different geographical contexts. Solutions may have to be adapted and localized to achieve a sustainable world.
Technical Note: Volumetric computed tomography for radiotherapy simulation and treatment planning
Authors: Young Heather M. , Park Claire Keun Sun , Chau Oi‐Wai , Lee Ting‐Yim , Gaede Stewart 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeFor lung and liver tumors requiring radiotherapy, motion artifacts are common in 4D‐CT images due to the small axial field‐of‐view (aFOV) of conventional CT scanners. This may negatively impact contouring and dose calculation accuracy and could lead to a geographic miss during treatment. Recent advancements in volumetric CT (vCT) enable an aFOV up to 160 mm in a single rotation, which may reduce motion artifacts. However, the impact of large aFOV on CT number required for dose calculation needs to be evaluated before clinical implementation. The objective of this study was to determine the utility of a 256‐slice vCT scanner for 4D‐CT simulation by evaluating image quality and generating relative electron density (RED) curves.MethodsImages were acquired on a 256‐slice GE Revolution CT scanner with 40 mm, 80 mm, 120 mm, 140 mm, and 160 mm aFOV. Image quality was assessed by evaluating CT number linearity, uniformity, noise, and low‐contrast resolution. The relationship between each quality metric and aFOV was assessed.ResultsCT number linearity, uniformity, noise, and low‐contrast resolution were within the expected range for each image set, except CT number in Teflon and Delrin, which were underestimated. Spearman correlation coefficient (ρ) showed that the CT number for Teflon (ρ = 1.0, p = 0.02), Delrin (ρ = 1.0, p = 0.02), and air (ρ = 1.0, p = 0.02) was significantly related to aFOV, while all other measurements were not. The measured deviations from expected values were not clinically significant.ConclusionThese results suggest that vCT can be used for CT simulation for radiation treatment planning.
Impact of RbF and NaF Postdeposition Treatments on Charge Carrier Transport and Recombination in Ga‐Graded Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Solar Cells
Authors: Chang Yu‐Han , Carron Romain , Ochoa Mario , Tiwari Ayodhya N. , Durrant James R. , Steier Ludmilla 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTwo key strategies for enhancing the efficiency of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells are the bandgap gradient across the absorber and the incorporation of alkali atoms. The combined incorporation of Na and Rb into the absorber has brought large efficiency gains compared to Na‐containing or alkali‐free layers. Here, transient absorption spectroscopy is employed to study the effect of NaF or combined NaF+RbF postdeposition treatments (PDT) on minority carrier dynamics in different excitation volumes of typical composition‐graded Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells. Electron lifetimes are found to be highly dependent on the film composition and morphology, varying from tens of nanoseconds in the energy notch to only ≈100 ps in the Ga‐rich region near the Mo‐back contact. NaF PDT improves recombination lifetimes by a factor of 2–2.5 in all regions of the absorber, whereas the effectiveness of the RbF PDT is found to decrease for higher Ga‐concentrations. Electron mobility measured in the absorber region with large grains is promoted by both alkali PDTs. The data suggest that NaF PDT passivates shallow defect states (Urbach tail) throughout the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 film (including the interior of large grains), whereas the additional RbF PDT is effective at grain boundary surfaces (predominantly in regions with medium to low Ga‐concentrations).
Hundreds of nuclear and plastid loci yield novel insights into orchid relationships
Authors: Pérez‐Escobar Oscar Alejandro , Dodsworth Steven , Bogarín Diego , Bellot Sidonie , Balbuena Juan A. , Schley Rowan J. , Kikuchi Izai A. , Morris Sarah K. , Epitawalage Niroshini , Cowan Robyn , Maurin Olivier , Zuntini Alexandre , Arias Tatiana , Serna‐Sánchez Alejandra , Gravendeel Barbara , Torres Jimenez Maria Fernanda , Nargar Katharina , Chomicki Guillaume , Chase Mark W. , Leitch Ilia J. , Forest Félix , Baker William J. 
Published: July 2021

PREMISEThe inference of evolutionary relationships in the species‐rich family Orchidaceae has hitherto relied heavily on plastid DNA sequences and limited taxon sampling. Previous studies have provided a robust plastid phylogenetic framework, which was used to classify orchids and investigate the drivers of orchid diversification. However, the extent to which phylogenetic inference based on the plastid genome is congruent with the nuclear genome has been only poorly assessed.METHODSWe inferred higher‐level phylogenetic relationships of orchids based on likelihood and ASTRAL analyses of 294 low‐copy nuclear genes sequenced using the Angiosperms353 universal probe set for 75 species (representing 69 genera, 16 tribes, 24 subtribes) and a concatenated analysis of 78 plastid genes for 264 species (117 genera, 18 tribes, 28 subtribes). We compared phylogenetic informativeness and support for the nuclear and plastid phylogenetic hypotheses.RESULTSPhylogenetic inference using nuclear data sets provides well‐supported orchid relationships that are highly congruent between analyses. Comparisons of nuclear gene trees and a plastid supermatrix tree showed that the trees are mostly congruent, but revealed instances of strongly supported phylogenetic incongruence in both shallow and deep time. The phylogenetic informativeness of individual Angiosperms353 genes is in general better than that of most plastid genes.CONCLUSIONSOur study provides the first robust nuclear phylogenomic framework for Orchidaceae and an assessment of intragenomic nuclear discordance, plastid‐nuclear tree incongruence, and phylogenetic informativeness across the family. Our results also demonstrate what has long been known but rarely thoroughly documented: nuclear and plastid phylogenetic trees can contain strongly supported discordances, and this incongruence must be reconciled prior to interpretation in evolutionary studies, such as taxonomy, biogeography, and character evolution.