bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the perspectives of key stakeholders on the design and delivery of an intervention to rehabilitate people with cognitive deficits post-stroke
Authors: O' Donoghue Mairéad , Boland Pauline , Leahy Siobhan , Galvin Rose , Hayes Sara 
Published: July 2021

Background: Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Cognitive impairment is common post-stroke and can result in negative sequalae such as a lower quality of life, increased carer burden and increased healthcare costs. Despite the prevalence and associated burden of post-stroke cognitive impairment, there is uncertainty regarding the optimum intervention to improve cognitive function post-stroke. By exploring the perspectives of people post-stroke, carers and healthcare professionals on cognitive impairment, this qualitative study aims to inform the design and development of an intervention to rehabilitate cognitive impairment post-stroke. Methods: A qualitative descriptive approach will be applied, using semi-structured interviews with people post-stroke, carers and healthcare professionals. People post-stroke will be recruited via gatekeepers from a local stroke support group and Headway, a brain injury support service. Carers will be recruited via a gatekeeper from a local carers branch. Healthcare professionals will be recruited via gatekeepers from relevant neurological sites and via Twitter. The final number of participants recruited will be guided by information power. Data will be collectively analysed and synthesised using thematic analysis. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies (COREQ) guidelines will be used to standardize the conduct and reporting of the research. Conclusions: It is anticipated that exploring the perspectives of people post-stroke, carers and healthcare professionals on cognitive impairment post-stroke will inform the development of an evidence-based optimal intervention to rehabilitate cognitive deficits post-stroke. This study was granted ethical approval from the Faculty of Education and Health Sciences Research Ethics Committee at the University of Limerick. Study findings will be disseminated locally through presentations at stroke support groups, as well as internationally through academic conferences and peer-reviewed journals.
Government plans in the 2016 and 2021 Peruvian presidential elections: A natural language processing analysis of the health chapters
Authors: Carrillo-Larco Rodrigo M. , Castillo-Cara Manuel , Lovón-Melgarejo Jesús 
Published: July 2021

Background:While clinical medicine has exploded, electronic health records for Natural Language Processing (NLP) analyses, public health, and health policy research have not yet adopted these algorithms. We aimed to dissect the health chapters of the government plans of the 2016 and 2021 Peruvian presidential elections, and to compare different NLP algorithms.Methods:From the government plans (18 in 2016; 19 in 2021) we extracted each sentence from the health chapters. We used five NLP algorithms to extract keywords and phrases from each plan: Term Frequency–Inverse Document Frequency (TF-IDF), Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), TextRank, Keywords Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (KeyBERT), and Rapid Automatic Keywords Extraction (Rake).Results:In 2016 we analysed 630 sentences, whereas in 2021 there were 1,685 sentences. The TF-IDF algorithm showed that in 2016, nine terms appeared with a frequency of 0.10 or greater, while in 2021 43 terms met this criterion. The LDA algorithm defined two groups. The first included terms related to things the population would receive (e.g., ’insurance’), while the second included terms about the health system (e.g., ’capacity’). In 2021, most of the government plans belonged to the second group. The TextRank analysis provided keywords showing that ’universal health coverage’ appeared frequently in 2016, while in 2021 keywords about the COVID-19 pandemic were often found. The KeyBERT algorithm provided keywords based on the context of the text. These keywords identified some underlying characteristics of the political party (e.g., political spectrum such as left-wing). The Rake algorithm delivered phrases, in which we found ’universal health coverage’ in 2016 and 2021.Conclusion:The NLP analysis could be used to inform on the underlying priorities in each government plan. NLP analysis could also be included in research of health policies and politics during general elections and provide informative summaries for the general population.
Lengthening of the ulna by callotasis in children with multiple hereditary exostoses: Comparison of methods with and without internal fixation
Authors: Chomiak Jiří , Ošťádal Martin , Frydrychová Monika , Dungl Pavel 
Published: July 2021

Purpose The goal of this retrospective study was to compare the gradual lengthening of the ulna in children with multiple hereditary exostoses with and without an elastic intramedullary nail. Methods Between 1998 to 2018, the ulna was lengthened in 28 forearms in 21 patients (aged 7.1 to 16.6 years) using a monolateral external fixator when relative ulnar shortening exceeded 15 mm. In total, 16 forearms were lengthened with the external fixator (group I) and 12 forearms with the addition of an intramedullary elastic nail (group II). Subjective assessment of function, range of movement (ROM) of the wrist and elbow and complications were compared. Ulnar shortening, radial head dislocation, radial articular angle (RAA) and percentage of carpal slip and radial bowing were followed radiographically. The difference between the groups has been evaluated statistically. Results The function of the extremity improved partially in 81% of patients in group I and in 83% of patients in group II. ROM was not improved except for radial deviation. Radial head position did not change. The values in group II in comparison with group I are higher for gain of length and lower for bone lengthening index and for bone healing index. Carpal slip decreased insignificantly. The RAA and radial bowing decreased, the comparison of values between groups and age under and over ten years were not statistically significant. Complications were more common in group I. No permanent complications were noted. Conclusion The addition of an intramedullary nail during the gradual ulnar lengthening improves the gain, bone healing index and rate of complications. Level of Evidence III.
Assessing risk of damage to posterior ankle structures during total ankle arthroplasty
Authors: Callaghan Christopher J. , McKinley John C. 
Published: July 2021

Aims Arthroplasty has become increasingly popular to treat end-stage ankle arthritis. Iatrogenic posterior neurovascular and tendinous injury have been described from saw cuts. However, it is hypothesized that posterior ankle structures could be damaged by inserting tibial guide pins too deeply and be a potential cause of residual hindfoot pain. Methods The preparation steps for ankle arthroplasty were performed using the Infinity total ankle system in five right-sided cadaveric ankles. All tibial guide pins were intentionally inserted past the posterior tibial cortex for assessment. All posterior ankles were subsequently dissected, with the primary endpoint being the presence of direct contact between the structure and pin. Results All pin locations confer a risk of damaging posterior ankle structures, with all posterior ankle structures except the flexor hallucis longus tendon being contacted by at least one pin. Centrally-aligned transcortical pins were more likely to contact posteromedial neurovascular structures. Conclusion These findings support our hypothesis that tibial guide pins pose a considerable risk of contacting and potentially damaging posterior ankle structures during ankle arthroplasty. This study is the first of its kind to assess this risk in the Infinity total ankle system. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(7):503–508.
High-power 813-nm Tm3+-doped ZBLAN fiber MOPA with
signal-light photodarkening suppression
Authors: Kajikawa Eiji , Ishii Tomohiro , Ogawa Kazuhiko , Musha Mitsuru 
Published: July 2021

The photodarkening suppression effect of an 813-nm

T
m

3
+

-doped ZBLAN fiber amplifier has been
investigated. We have experimentally observed that a photodarkened
fiber can be bleached by an 813-nm light and that the photoinduced
loss during the amplifier operation is effectively suppressed with the
help of the high-power signal. To the best of our knowledge, this is
the first investigation of the photodarkening suppression by using a
higher power signal in

T
m

3
+

-doped fiber amplifiers. Based on
these signal photodarkening suppression effects, we have designed a
multistage fiber amplifier, and demonstrated the stable operation of
the 1.15-W fiber master oscillator power amplifier at 813 nm without
additional photobleaching light.
Ultracompact temporal integrator using graphene-based long-range hybrid plasmonic waveguides
Authors: Karimi Azadeh , Zarifkar Abbas , Miri Mehdi 
Published: July 2021

A microdisk-resonator add–drop temporal integrator, composed of a long-range hybrid plasmonic waveguide, with graphene as the central layer, is proposed for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The integrator benefits from a considerable integration time of

∼

5.55

p
s

, which is about 11 times longer than our previously proposed plasmonic integrator, and also is fairly comparable with the integration time of a microring-based integrator with a ring radius of 47.5 µm. Based on 3D-finite-difference time-domain simulations, the integrator, with a significantly compact footprint of

∼

4

µ

m

×

3

µ

m

, shows the FWHM of 53 GHz. The presented graphene-based temporal integrator, with a highly miniaturized footprint and satisfactory integration time, may find applications in ultrafast plasmonic-based signal processing systems.
Graphene-based metasurface absorber for the active and broadband manipulation of terahertz radiation
Authors: Boşdurmaz Ekin Bircan , Hajian Hodjat , Erçağlar Veysel , Özbay Ekmel 
Published: July 2021

Graphene-based metasurface nearly perfect absorbers (MPAs) can be used as an efficient tool for the active control and manipulation of waves in the terahertz (THz) gap. Here, we propose a novel, to the best of our knowledge, graphene-based MPA that is designed based on a simple configuration and is capable of absorbing THz radiation within a broad bandwidth of almost 3 THz with polarization-insensitive and omnidirectional characteristics. The MPA comprises a periodic array of graphene patches with two different dimensions that are separated from a gold bottom reflector with an

S
i
O

2

spacer layer. The broadband spectral response of the MPA, which is also verified by analytical calculations, is due to the support of propagating surface plasmon excitations and can be either actively tuned via changes in the chemical potential of graphene or passively adjusted by the modification of the geometrical parameters of the patches and thickness of the spacer layer. As a complement to the previous studies in the literature, due to the simplicity of its design and broad spectral response, it is believed that the suggested graphene-based MPA will find potential applications in THz spectroscopy and communications.
Highly efficient cryogenic Yb:YLF regenerative amplifier with 250  W average power
Authors: Demirbas Umit , Kellert Martin , Thesinga Jelto , Hua Yi , Reuter Simon , Pergament Mikhail , Kärtner Franz X. 
Published: July 2021

We report an efficient diode-pumped high-power cryogenic regenerative amplifier operating at 1019 nm employing the c axis of Yb:YLF. Compared to the usually selected 1017 nm transition of the a axis, the c-axis 1019 nm line has a three-fold higher emission cross section and still possesses a full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of 6.5 nm at 125 K. The chirped-pulse amplifier system is seeded by a fiber front-end with energy of 30 nJ and a stretched pulse width of 2 ns. In regenerative amplification studies, using the advantage of higher gain in the c axis, we have achieved record average powers up to 370 W with an extraction efficiency of 78% at a 50 kHz repetition rate. The output pulses were centered on 1019.15 nm with a FWHM bandwidth of 1.25 nm, which supports sub-1.5 ps pulse durations. The output beam maintained a

T
E
M

00

beam profile at output power levels below 250 W with an

M

2

below 1.2. Above this power level, the thermally induced lensing in Yb:YLF created a multimode output beam. The thermal lens was rather dynamic and deteriorated the system stability above a 250 W average power level.
Intense 2.1–4.2 µm broadband emission of Co/Er:PbF2 mid-infrared laser crystal
Authors: Zhang Peixiong , Liao Jiayu , Niu Xiaochen , Tan Huiyu , Li Shanming , Zhu Siqi , Yin Hao , Ma Fengkai , Yang Qiguo , Hang Yin , Li Zhen , Chen Zhenqiang 
Published: July 2021

A novel mid-infrared (MIR) laser crystal

C
o

/

E
r

:

P
b
F

2

was successfully grown. The use of

E
r

3
+

ion co-doping to sensitize a

C
o

2
+

ion and enhance the 2.1–4.2 µm broadband MIR emission of the

C
o

2
+

ion in a

P
b
F

2

crystal was studied for the first time, to the best of our knowledge. The

E
r

3
+

ion was demonstrated to be an effective sensitizer of the

C
o

2
+

ion, making the

C
o

/

E
r

:

P
b
F

2

crystal propitious to be pumped by commercialized laser diodes. Furthermore, with

E
r

3
+

ion co-doping, the local symmetry of

C
o

2
+

and

E
r

3
+

ions was seriously distorted, thereby enhancing the 2.1–4.2 µm MIR emissions. This study provides a path for designing MIR laser materials with optimal performance.
High-performance germanium avalanche photodetector for 100  Gbit/s photonics receivers
Authors: Hu Xiao , Zhang Hongguang , Wu Dingyi , Chen Daigao , Wang Lei , Xiao Xi , Yu Shaohua 
Published: July 2021

A high-bit rate and low-bias voltage waveguide-integrated vertical germanium avalanche photodetector is reported with doping optimization. This scheme alleviates the necessity of complex epitaxial single-crystal silicon layer and multiple ion implantation schemes. The optical absorption and carrier avalanche multiplication gain occur in the same germanium layer. The maximum gain is estimated to be 112.4 at an input power of

−

30.2

d
B
m

. With the input optical power of

−

16.1

d
B
m

, the gain-bandwidth product of nearly 141 GHz is obtained at 7.8 V bias. Meanwhile, a 4.6 dB sensitivity improvement for 60 Gbit/s signal reception is demonstrated with an avalanche gain of 5.1 at a soft-decision forward-error correction threshold (SD-FEC), i.e., bit-error-rate of

2
×

10

−

2

. The absolute sensitivities of photonics receivers are

−

21

,

−

18.6

,

−

15.9

, and

−

11.5

d
B
m

for 40, 60, 80, and 100 Gbit/s non-return-to-zero signals at the SD-FEC threshold. These demonstrated characteristics enable the reliable and robust on-chip photodetection for energy efficienct silicon photonic interconnects in the future.
Sachet water consumption as a risk factor for cholera in urban settings: Findings from a case control study in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo during the 2017–2018 outbreak
Authors: Mbala-Kingebeni Placide , Vogt Florian , Miwanda Berthe , Sundika Tresor , Mbula Nancy , Pankwa Isaac , Lubula Leopold , Vanlerberghe Veerle , Magazani Alain , Afoumbom Mildred Tita , Muyembe-Tamfum Jean-Jacques 
Published: July 2021

Background
Behavioural risk factors for cholera are well established in rural and semi-urban contexts, but not in densely populated mega-cities in Sub-Saharan Africa. In November 2017, a cholera epidemic occurred in Kinshasa, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, where no outbreak had been recorded for nearly a decade. During this outbreak, we investigated context-specific risk factors for cholera in an urban setting among a population that is not frequently exposed to cholera.

Methodology/Principal findings
We recruited 390 participants from three affected health zones of Kinshasa into a 1:1 matched case control study. Cases were identified from cholera treatment centre admission records, while controls were recruited from the vicinity of the cases’ place of residence. We used standardized case report forms for the collection of socio-demographic and behavioural risk factors. We used augmented backward elimination in a conditional logistic regression model to identify risk factors.
The consumption of sachet water was strongly associated with the risk of being a cholera case (p-value 0.019), which increased with increasing frequency of consumption from rarely (OR 2.2, 95% CI 0.9–5.2) to often (OR 4.0, 95% CI 1.6–9.9) to very often (OR 4.1, 95% CI 1.0–16.7). Overall, more than 80% of all participants reported consumption of this type of drinking water. The risk factors funeral attendance and contact with someone suffering from diarrhoea showed a p-value of 0.09 and 0.08, respectively. No socio-demographic characteristics were associated with the risk of cholera.

Conclusions/Significance
Drinking water consumption from sachets, which are sold informally on the streets in most Sub-Saharan African cities, are an overlooked route of infection in urban cholera outbreaks. Outbreak response measures need to acknowledge context-specific risk factors to remain a valuable tool in the efforts to achieve national and regional targets to reduce the burden of cholera in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Prevalence of neutralising antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in acute infection and convalescence: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Savage Helen R. , Santos Victor S. , Edwards Thomas , Giorgi Emanuele , Krishna Sanjeev , Planche Timothy D. , Staines Henry M. , Fitchett Joseph R. A. , Kirwan Daniela E. , Cubas Atienzar Ana I. , Clark David J. , Adams Emily R. , Cuevas Luis E. 
Published: July 2021

Background
Individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2 develop neutralising antibodies. We investigated the proportion of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies after infection and how this proportion varies with selected covariates.

Methodology/Principal findings
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined the proportion of individuals with SARS-CoV-2 neutralising antibodies after infection and how these proportions vary with selected covariates. Three models using the maximum likelihood method assessed these proportions by study group, covariates and individually extracted data (protocol CRD42020208913). A total of 983 reports were identified and 27 were included. The pooled (95%CI) proportion of individuals with neutralising antibodies was 85.3% (83.5–86.9) using the titre cut off >1:20 and 83.9% (82.2–85.6), 70.2% (68.1–72.5) and 54.2% (52.0–56.5) with titres >1:40, >1:80 and >1:160, respectively. These proportions were higher among patients with severe COVID-19 (e.g., titres >1:80, 84.8% [80.0–89.2], >1:160, 74.4% [67.5–79.7]) than those with mild presentation (56.7% [49.9–62.9] and 44.1% [37.3–50.6], respectively) and lowest among asymptomatic infections (28.6% [17.9–39.2] and 10.0% [3.7–20.1], respectively). IgG and neutralising antibody levels correlated poorly.

Conclusions/Significance
85% of individuals with proven SARS-CoV-2 infection had detectable neutralising antibodies. This proportion varied with disease severity, study setting, time since infection and the method used to measure antibodies.
Micro-computed tomography analysis of the lumbar pedicle wall
Authors: Irie Tomoyo Y. , Irie Tohru , Espinoza Orías Alejandro A. , Segami Kazuyuki , Iwasaki Norimasa , An Howard S. , Inoue Nozomu 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundAlthough the pedicle is routinely used as a surgical fixation site, the pedicle wall bone area fraction (bone area per unit area) and its distribution at the isthmus of the pedicle remain unknown. The bone area fraction at the pedicle isthmus is an important factor contributing to the strength of pedicle screw constructs. This study investigates the lumbar pedicle wall microstructure based on micro-computed tomography.MethodsSix fresh-frozen cadaveric lumbar spines were analyzed. Left and right pedicles of each vertebra from L1 to L5 were resected for micro-computed tomography scanning. Data was analyzed with custom-written software to determine regional variation in pedicle wall bone area fraction. The pedicular cross-section was divided into four regions: lateral, medial, cranial, and caudal. The mean bone area fraction values for each region were calculated for all lumbar spine levels.ResultsThe lateral region showed lower bone area fraction than the medial region at all spinal levels. Bone area fraction in the medial region was the highest at all levels except for L4, and the median values were 99.8% (95.9–100%). There were significant differences between the lateral region and the caudal region at L1, L2 and L3, but none at L4 and L5. The bone area fraction in the lateral region was less than 64% at all spinal levels and that in the caudal region was less than 67% at the L4 and L5 levels.ConclusionsThis study provides initial detailed data on the lumbar pedicle wall microstructure based on micro-computed tomography. These findings may explain why there is a higher incidence of pedicle screw breach in the pedicle lateral and caudal walls.
This is me: A qualitative investigation of young people’s experience of growing up with visual impairment
Authors: Robertson Alexandra O. , Tadić Valerija , Rahi Jugnoo S. 
Published: July 2021

Background
Childhood visual impairment (VI) has a profound impact on many aspects of childhood and adolescence. This is well-documented in cross-sectional and/or quantitative studies utilizing self-report instruments which compare children with and without VI. Young people’s views on the experience of growing up with VI as a developmental, change-driven process remain largely unexplored.

Methods
As part of our broader research programme on quality of life of visually impaired children and young people in the United Kingdom, in-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted between March and June 2015, with a stratified sample of 17 young people with VI, aged 16–19 years. An age-sensitive, empirically-based topic guide encouraged retrospective reflections on participants’ experiences of growing up with VI, including age-normative and vision-specific challenges.

Results
Descriptions of growing up with VI largely centered on an overarching higher-order theme labelled becoming me. Four themes representing everyday activities, attitudes, preferences and perceptions in relation to i) social relationships, ii) independence and responsibilities, iii) the future, and iv) rising to challenges emerged and were used by participants in their description of three stages in which they developed a sense of self: i) laying the foundations, ii) testing the waters, and iii) this is me. Differences in manifestation of VI influenced how young people made sense of their experiences and their sense of self.

Conclusions
Findings are discussed in relation to normative and vision-specific changes in psychosocial development during adolescence, including the development of identity. They highlight the need for ongoing monitoring of subjective well-being in a clinical population with a unique early life course trajectory.