bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Economic and Monetary Union
Authors: Jones Erik 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this chapter is to explain why so many experts were surprised by the politics that surrounded Europe’s economic and monetary union (EMU) both during and after the financial crisis that dominated the first two decades of the twenty-first century. This question is important because it has changed fundamentally the relationship between the euro as a single currency and the European Union (EU) as a larger project. Before the crisis, it was fair to say that the euro existed to serve the EU, as one of the many important building blocks in the wider project of European integration. During and after the crisis, it became more common to assert that an end of the euro would entail the end of the European project. That inversion of priorities was unexpected–and it explains, more than anything else, why the politics of economic and monetary union can no longer be ignored.
The EMU and the European Social Dimension
Authors: Costamagna Francesco 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Economic Monetary Union (EMU) has been famously portrayed as a ‘metaphor for the European Union’, involving high stakes for the integration process as a whole. Since its origins, the creation of the EMU was an eminently political project, with a direct bearing on the prospects of the European Union (EU) as a polity, its social model, and its constitutional identity. Yet, the main political aspects of the project were mostly discarded in the process that led to the establishment of the EMU’s institutional structure and its substantive rules. The creation of the common currency was not accompanied by the establishment of supranational institutions with a strong political mandate to accommodate conflicting interests, while the exercise of political autonomy at national level has been increasingly seen as a potential danger for the stability of the whole edifice. The crisis and the ensuing reform of the European economic governance consolidated the technocratic character of the EMU architecture and hardened its grip on national political processes.
The European Central Bank
Authors: Ioannidis Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe European Central Bank (ECB) is the only central bank governed by supranational constitutional law. As such, it is not only the most important institution of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), but it also marks a new stage in the history of central banking in general. Historically, the tasks and functions of the ECB have reflected the different stages of development of the EMU. The basic principles governing its function were set out in Maastricht, reflecting the interests and ideas about Europe’s economic constitution prevailing at that time. The sovereign debt crisis that hit Europe in 2010 was the second defining moment for the ECB after Maastricht. It posited the ECB–like the rest of the EMU–to challenges that some of the drafters of the Maastricht Treaty had not fully anticipated. These new challenges led to the adoption of novel instruments and the further clarification of fundamental rules and principles. Most important of these developments was the entrustment of the ECB with a new task, banking supervision, and the adoption of unconventional measures, which proved necessary to fulfil its monetary-policy mandate. Ultimately, not only did the ECB withstand the crisis but it emerged as a protagonist in securing the unity and integrity of the EMU.
European Monetary Union and the Courts
Authors: Sarmiento Daniel , Hartmann Moritz 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEuropean Monetary Union (EMU) is one of the cornerstones of the post-Maastricht European project. Inasmuch as the Maastricht Treaty adopted a binding horizon for the creation of a unitary currency comprising the vast majority of the Member States, the Treaty provided for the blueprint, as of 1992, to initiate, in the area of monetary policy, the still lasting process of the European project’s political integration. As a result, the first pillars of a European economic policy followed, creating an edifice under the name of EMU that is still in the making, but has nevertheless developed, at this point, into a crucial pillar of the European Union’s (EU) constitutional charter.
Prudential supervisory tasks (Article 127(6) TFEU, monetary policy vs prudential supervision): ‘Kissing awake the Sleeping Beauty provision’
Authors: Lastra Rosa M , Psaroudakis Georgios 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis chapter attempts to describe the interplay between Economic Monetary Union (EMU) and Banking Union and the central function of the European Central Bank (ECB) in both areas. It offers a historical background to the development of European Union (EU) level prudential supervision on the basis of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU) and examines issues at the intersection between monetary policy and banking supervision. Relatedly, financial stability is discussed as a public good that informs both areas of ECB activity. The chapter further examines difficult organizational choices, arising from the development of a Banking Union not foreseen in the Maastricht Treaty (which only included an ‘enabling clause’): Should the same institution (ie, the ECB) have both monetary and prudential competence? If so, what governance arrangements are necessary for this institution, also given that final authority over all matters rests with the Governing Council according to the Treaty itself?
Article 35 Data protection impact assessment
Authors: Kosta Eleni 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Article 24 (Responsibility of controller); Article 25 (Data protection by design and by default); Article 32 (Security of processing); Article 36 (Prior consultation) (see too recitals 94–95); Article 39 (Tasks of data protection officer); Article 40 (Codes of conduct); Article 63 (Consistency mechanism); Article 64 (Opinions of EDPB).
Article 92 Exercise of the delegation
Authors: Tosoni Luca 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Article 12(7)–(8) (Standardised icons) (see too recitals 60 and 166); Article 42(1) (Certification); Article 43(8) (Certification bodies) (see too recitals 100 and 166); Article 70(1)(q)–(r) (Tasks of the Board); Article 93 (Committee procedure).
Network Structure in Small Groups and Survival in Disasters
Authors: Cornwell Benjamin , Ho Jing-Mao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPeople in disaster and emergency situations (e.g., building fires) tend to adhere to the social obligations and expectations that are embedded in their preexisting roles and relationships. Accordingly, people survive or perish in groups—specifically, alongside those to whom they were connected before the situation emerged. This article uses social network analysis to expand on this collective behavior account. Specifically, we consider structural heterogeneity with respect to the internal configurations of social ties that compose small groups facing these situations together. Some groups are composed of cohesive subsets of members who can split off from each other during evacuation without violating their group’s internal role-based expectations. We argue that groups that possess this “breakaway” structure can respond to emergencies more flexibly. We explore this using data from the Beverly Hills Supper Club fire of 1977, which killed 165 people. Our data include 303 groups (“parties”) that consisted of 746 people who were present in the dining room where most of the fatalities occurred. Fatality rates were significantly lower in groups that were internally structured such that they could split up in different ways during the escape while still maintaining their strongest social bonds.
Cardiovascular and metabolic consequences in patients with asymptomatic adrenal adenomas
Authors: Hamidi Oksana 
Published: March 2021

Purpose of review
The incidence of adrenal tumors has increased over the past 20 years, most of which are incidentally discovered nonfunctioning adenomas (NFA) and tumors with mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS). This review aimed to summarize recent progress in understanding cardiometabolic risk in patients with NFA and MACS and to provide updates on the effect of treatment on improving outcomes in this population.

Recent findings
NFA and MACS are associated with adverse cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic derangements, which are likely mediated by excessive glucocorticoid secretion. Recent studies showed significantly higher prevalence of hypertension, impaired glucose metabolism, obesity, and dyslipidemia in patients with NFA and MACS. Adrenalectomy may improve comorbidities in selected patients.

Summary
Asymptomatic adrenal adenomas are common and are associated with adverse cardiometabolic changes. In selected patients, adrenalectomy may reduce cardiometabolic risk and improve clinical outcomes.
Genetics of pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma
Authors: Wachtel Heather , Fishbein Lauren 
Published: March 2021

Purpose of review
This review summarizes our current understanding of germline and somatic genetics and genomics of pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PCC/PGL), describes existing knowledge gaps, and discusses future research directions.

Recent findings
Germline pathogenic variants (PVs) are found in up to 40% of those with PCC/PGL. Tumors with germline PVs are broadly categorized as Cluster 1 (pseudohypoxia), including those with SDH, VHL, FH, and EPAS1 PVs, or Cluster 2 (kinase signaling) including those with NF1, RET, TMEM127, and MAX PVs. Somatic driver mutations exist in some of the same genes (RET, VHL, NF1, EPAS1) as well as in additional genes including HRAS, CSDE1 and genes involved in cell immortalization (ATRX and TERT). Other somatic driver events include recurrent fusion genes involving MAML3.

Summary
PCC/PGL have the highest association with germline PVs of all human solid tumors. Expanding our understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of PCC/PGL is essential to advancements in diagnosis and surveillance and the development of novel therapies for these unique tumors.
Excess Mortality Associated With the COVID-19 Pandemic—Los Angeles County, March-September 2020
Authors: Traub Elizabeth , Amoon Aryana T. , Rollin-Alamillo Louise , Haddix Meredith , Poortinga Kathleen , Ibrahim Mireille , Feregrino Gustavo , Foo Chelsea , Itano Alison , Lee Rebecca , Fisher Rebecca , Jarashow Claire , Balter Sharon , Gounder Prabhu 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
To more comprehensively estimate COVID-19–related mortality in Los Angeles County by determining excess all-cause mortality and pneumonia, influenza, or COVID (PIC) mortality.

Design:
We reviewed vital statistics data to identify deaths registered in Los Angeles County between March 15, 2020, and August 15, 2020. Deaths with an ICD-10 (International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision) code for pneumonia, influenza, or COVID-19 listed as an immediate or underlying cause of death were classified as PIC deaths. Expected deaths were calculated using negative binomial regression. Excess mortality was determined by subtracting the expected from the observed number of weekly deaths. The Department of Public Health conducts surveillance for COVID-19–associated deaths: persons who died of nontraumatic/nonaccidental causes within 60 days of a positive COVID-19 test result were classified as confirmed COVID-19 deaths. Deaths without a reported positive SARS-Cov-2 polymerase chain reaction result were classified as probable COVID-19 deaths if COVID-19 was listed on their death certificate or the death occurred 60 to 90 days of a positive test. We compared excess PIC deaths with the number of confirmed and probable COVID-19 deaths ascertained by surveillance.

Setting:
Los Angeles County.

Participants:
Residents of Los Angeles County who died.

Main Outcome Measure:
Excess mortality.

Results:
There were 7208 excess all-cause and 5128 excess PIC deaths during the study period. The Department of Public Health also reported 5160 confirmed and 323 probable COVID-19–associated deaths.

Conclusions:
The number of excess PIC deaths estimated by our model was approximately equal to the number of confirmed and probable COVID-19 deaths identified by surveillance. This suggests our surveillance definition for confirmed and probable COVID-19 deaths might be sufficiently sensitive for capturing the true burden of deaths caused directly or indirectly by COVID-19.
COVID-19 Sources of Information, Knowledge, and Preventive Behaviors Among the US Adult Population
Authors: Shafiq Mehr , Elharake Jad A. , Malik Amyn A. , McFadden SarahAnn M. , Aguolu Obianuju Genevieve , Omer Saad B. 
Published: March 2021

Context:
The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in more than 20 million cases and 350 000 deaths in the United States. With the ongoing media coverage and spread of misinformation, public health authorities need to identify effective strategies and create culturally appropriate and evidence-based messaging that best encourage preventive health behaviors to control the spread of COVID-19.

Objective:
The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between COVID-19 sources of information and knowledge, and how US adults' knowledge may be associated with preventive health behaviors to help mitigate COVID-19 cases and deaths.

Design and Setting:
For this cross-sectional study, survey data pertaining to COVID-19 were collected via online platform, Qualtrics, in February and May 2020.

Participants:
Data responses included 718 US adults from the February survey and 672 US adults from the May survey—both representative of the US adult population.

Main Outcome Measures:
Sociodemographic characteristics, COVID-19 knowledge score, COVID-19 reliable sources of information, and adherence to COVID-19 preventive health behaviors.

Results and Conclusions:
The main findings showed that disseminating COVID-19 information across various sources, particularly television, health care providers, and health officials, to increase people's COVID-19 knowledge contributes to greater adherence to infection prevention behaviors. Across February and May 2020 survey data, participants 55 years and older and those with higher educational background reported a higher average COVID-19 knowledge score. In addition, among the racial and ethnic categories, Black/African American and Native American/Alaska Native participants reported a lower average COVID-19 knowledge score than white participants—signaling the need to establish COVID-19 communication that is culturally-tailored and community-based. Overall, health care authorities must deliver clear and concise messaging about the importance of adhering to preventive health behaviors, even as COVID-19 vaccines become widely available to the general public. Health officials must also focus on increasing COVID-19 knowledge and dispelling misinformation.
Rapid, widespread, and preferential increase of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 variant in Houston, TX, revealed by 8,857 genome sequences
Authors: Musser James M. , Olsen Randall J. , Christensen Paul A. , Long S. Wesley , Subedi Sishir , Davis James J. , Gollihar Jimmy 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGenetic variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus have become of great interest worldwide because they have the potential to detrimentally alter the course of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, and disease in individual patients. We recently sequenced 20,453 SARS- CoV-2 genomes from patients with COVID-19 disease in metropolitan Houston (population 7 million), dating from March 2020 to early February 2021. We discovered that all major variants of concern or interest are circulating in the region. To follow up on this discovery, we analyzed 8,857 genome sequences from patients in eight Houston Methodist hospitals dispersed throughout the metroplex diagnosed from January 1, 2021 to March 7, 2021. This sample represents 94% of Houston Methodist cases and 4.8% of all reported cases in metropolitan Houston during this period. We discovered rapid, widespread, and preferential increase of the SARS-CoV-2 UK B.1.1.7 throughout the region. The estimated case doubling time in the Houston area is 6.9 days. None of the 648 UK B.1.1.7 samples identified had the E484K change in spike protein that can cause decreased recognition by antibodies.
The relationship between relative aerobic load, energy cost, and speed of walking in individuals post-stroke
Authors: Blokland Ilse , Gravesteijn Arianne , Busse Mathijs , Groot Floor , van Bennekom Coen , van Dieen Jaap , de Koning Jos , Houdijk Han 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals post-stroke walk slower than their able-bodied peers, which limits participation. This might be attributed to neurological impairments, but could also be caused by a mismatch between aerobic capacity and aerobic load of walking.Research questionWhat is the potential impact of aerobic capacity and aerobic load of walking on walking ability post-stroke?MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, forty individuals post-stroke (more impaired N=21; preferred walking speed (PWS)<0.8m/s, less impaired N=19), and 15 able-bodied individuals performed five, 5-minute treadmill walking trials at 70%, 85%, 100%, 115% and 130% of PWS. Energy expenditure (mlO2/kg/min) and energy cost (mlO2/kg/m) were derived from oxygen uptake. Relative load was defined as energy expenditure divided by peak aerobic capacityand byat ventilatory threshold. Relative load and energy cost at PWS were compared between groups with one-way ANOVA’s. The effect of speed on these parameters was modeled with GEE.ResultsBoth more and less impaired individuals post-stroke showed lower PWS than able-bodied controls (0.44[0.19-0.76] and 1.04[0.81-1.43] vs 1.36[0.89-1.53] m/s) and higher relative load at PWS (50.2±14.4 and 51.7±16.8 vspeak and 101.9±20.5 and 97.0±27.3 vs). No differences in relative load were found between stroke groups. Energy cost at PWS of more impaired (0.30[.19-1.03] mlO2/kg/m) was higher than less-impaired (0.19[0.10-0.24] mlO2/kg/m) and able-bodied (0.15[0.13-0.18] mlO2/kg/m). For post-stroke individuals, increasing walking speed above PWS decreased energy cost, but resulted in a relative load above endurance threshold.SignificanceIndividuals post-stroke seem to reduce walking speed to prevent unsustainably high relative aerobic loads at the expense of reduced economy. When aiming to improve walking ability in individuals post-stroke, it is important to consider training aerobic capacity.
Miniaturizing wet scrubbers for aerosolized droplet capture
Authors: Lee Ulri N. , van Neel Tammi L. , Lim Fang Yun , Khor Jian Wei , He Jiayang , Vaddi Ravi S. , Ong Angelo Q.W. , Tang Anthony , Berthier Jean , Meschke John S. , Novosselov Igor V. , Theberge Ashleigh B. , Berthier Erwin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAerosols dispersed and transmitted through the air (e.g., particulate matter pollution, bioaerosols) are ubiquitous and one of the leading causes of adverse health effects and disease transmission. A variety of sampling methods (e.g., filters, cyclones, impactors) have been developed to assess personal exposures. However, a gap still remains in the accessibility and ease-of-use of these technologies for people without experience or training in collecting airborne samples. Additionally, wet scrubbers (large non-portable industrial systems) utilize liquid sprays to remove aerosols from the air; the goal is to “scrub” (i.e., clean) the exhaust of industrial smokestacks, not collect the aerosols for analysis. Inspired by wet scrubbers, we developed a device fundamentally different from existing portable air samplers by using aerosolized microdroplets to capture aerosols in personal spaces (e.g., homes, offices, schools). Our aerosol-sampling device is the size of a small teapot, can be operated without specialized training, and features a winding flow path in a supersaturated relative humidity environment enabling droplet growth. The integrated open mesofluidic channels shuttle coalesced droplets to a collection chamber for subsequent sample analysis. Here, we present the experimental demonstration of aerosol capture into water droplets. Iterative study optimized the non-linear flow manipulating baffles and enabled an 83% retention of the aerosolized microdroplets in the confined volume of our device. As a proof-of-concept for aerosol capture into a liquid medium, 0.5-3 µm model particles were used to evaluate aerosol capture efficiency. Finally, we demonstrate the device can capture and keep a bioaerosol (bacteriophage MS2) viable for downstream analysis.
Epidemiological dynamics of viral infection in a marine picoeukaryote
Authors: Listmann Luisa , Heath Sarah , Vale Pedro F. , Schaum C. Elisa , Collins Sinead 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOstreococcus tauri is a ubiquitous marine pico-eukaryote that is susceptible to lysis upon infection by its species specific Ostreococcus tauri viruses (OtVs). In natural populations of O. tauri, costs of resistance are usually invoked to explain the persistence or reappearance of susceptible individuals in resistant populations. Given the low costs of resistance measured in laboratory experiments with the O. tauri/OtV system to date, the question remains of why susceptible individuals persist in the wild at all. Epidemiological models of host and pathogen population dynamics are one useful approach to understand the conditions that can allow the coexistence of susceptible and resistant hosts. We used a SIR (Susceptible-Infected-Resistant) model to investigate epidemiological dynamics under different laboratory culturing regimes that are commonly used in the O.tauri/OtV system. When taking into account serial transfer (i.e. batchcycle lengths) and dilution rates as well as different resistance costs, our model predicts that no susceptible cells should be detected under any of the simulated conditions – this is consistent with laboratory findings. We thus considered an alternative model that is not used in laboratory experiments, but which incorporates one key process in natural populations: host populations are periodically re-seeded with new infective viruses. In this model, susceptible individuals re-occurred in the population, despite low costs of resistance. This suggests that periodic attack by new viruses, rather than (or in addition to) costs of resistance, may explain the high proportion of susceptible hosts in natural populations, and underlie the discrepancy between laboratory studies and observations of fresh isolates.ImportanceIn natural samples of Ostreococcus sp. and its associated viruses, susceptible hosts are common. However, in laboratory experiments, fully resistant host populations readily and irreversibly evolve. Laboratory experiments are powerful methods for studying process because they offer a stripped-down simplification of a complex system, but this simplification may be an oversimplification for some questions. For example, laboratory and field systems of marine microbes and their viruses differ in population sizes and dynamics, mixing or migration rates, and species diversity, all of which can dramatically alter process outcomes. We demonstrate the utility of using epidemiological models to explore experimental design and to understand mechanisms underlying host-virus population dynamics. We highlight that such models can be used to form strong, testable hypotheses about which key elements of natural systems need to be included in laboratory systems to make them simplified, rather than oversimplified, versions of the processes we use them to study.