bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimizing hepatitis B virus screening in the United States using a simple demographics‐based model
Authors: Ramrakhiani Nathan S. , Chen Vincent L. , Le Michael , Yeo Yee Hui , Barnett Scott D. , Waljee Akbar K. , Zhu Ji , Nguyen Mindie H. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background and Aims
Chronic hepatitis B (CHB) affects >290 million persons globally, and only 10% have been diagnosed, presenting a severe gap that must be addressed. We developed logistic regression (LR) and machine learning (ML; random forest) models to accurately identify patients with HBV, using only easily obtained demographic data from a population‐based data set.

Approach and Results
We identified participants with data on HBsAg, birth year, sex, race/ethnicity, and birthplace from 10 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1999–2018) and divided them into two cohorts: training (cycles 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, and 10; n = 39,119) and validation (cycles 1, 4, 7, and 9; n = 21,569). We then developed and tested our two models. The overall cohort was 49.2% male, 39.7% White, 23.2% Black, 29.6% Hispanic, and 7.5% Asian/other, with a median birth year of 1973. In multivariable logistic regression, the following factors were associated with HBV infection: birth year 1991 or after (adjusted OR [aOR], 0.28; p < 0.001); male sex (aOR, 1.49; p = 0.0080); Black and Asian/other versus White (aOR, 5.23 and 9.13; p < 0.001 for both); and being USA‐born (vs. foreign‐born; aOR, 0.14; p < 0.001). We found that the ML model consistently outperformed the LR model, with higher area under the receiver operating characteristic values (0.83 vs. 0.75 in validation cohort; p < 0.001) and better differentiation of high‐ and low‐risk persons.

Conclusions
Our ML model provides a simple, targeted approach to HBV screening, using only easily obtained demographic data.
Long‐term (beyond 5 years) clinical impact of Xience everolimus‐eluting stent implantation
Authors: Matsuda Hiroaki , Suzuki Yoriyasu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectsWe aim at examining the long‐term clinical outcome after Xience everolimus‐eluting stent (X‐EES) implantation.BackgroundLong‐term clinical outcomes beyond 5 years after X‐EES implantation remain unclear.MethodsThis retrospective study has collected data from 1184 consecutive patients, corresponding to 1463 lesions, who were treated with X‐EES alone in the Nagoya Heart Center between January 2010 and December 2013. The primary endpoint was the 10‐year cumulative incidence of target lesion failure (TLF), defined as cardiac death, target vessel myocardial infarction (MI), and clinically indicated target lesion revascularization (TLR). Definite/probable stent thrombosis (ST) was evaluated as a secondary outcome.ResultsAt 10 years, the cumulative incidence of TLF was recorded to be 12.4%, whereas that of cardiac death, target vessel MI, and clinically indicated TLR was at 4.4%, 4.1%, and 7.8%, respectively. The cumulative rate of definite/probable ST was observed to remain low (0.3% at 30 days; 0.3% at 1 year; 0.6% at 5 years; and 1.1% at 10 years). In the multivariate analysis, the risk factors of TLF were insulin‐treated diabetes (hazard ratio (HR), 1.93; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.13‐3.29; P = .02), left ventricular dysfunction (HR, 2.28; 95% CI, 1.43‐3.62; P < .01), hemodialysis (HR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.39‐3.56; P < .01), prior percutaneous coronary intervention (HR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.18‐2.41; P < .01), peripheral vascular disease (HR, 1.70; 95% CI, 1.07‐2.69; P < .01), severe calcification (HR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.36‐3.09; P < .01), and in‐stent restenosis (HR, 2.93; 95% CI, 1.64‐4.89; P < .01).ConclusionsThe incidence rates of the long‐term adverse effects after X‐EES implantation, such as late TLR and ST, were determined to be low in this study; however, they increased over time until 10 years after stent implantation.
The law and economics of lockdown mitigation: Bankruptcy errors in the United Kingdom
Authors: Hardman Jonathan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe United Kingdom Government has undertaken unprecedented economic activity to support UK business during the COVID‐19 pandemic. This article applies the law and economics of corporate bankruptcy to these provisions. In particular, it examines whether legal responses to the pandemic encourage Type I bankruptcy errors (where a company that could be saved enters a terminal insolvency process) or Type II bankruptcy errors (where a company that could not be saved avoids a terminal insolvency process). Whilst more could undoubtedly have been done, it seems that the UK Government's actions to avoid Type I errors arising from the pandemic may have caused Type II errors. More pertinently, it is almost impossible for the UK Government to lift these protections in a neutral way – if all are uniformly lifted too soon, then this will result in Type I errors; if all are uniformly lifted too late, then this will result in Type II errors. It is impossible and undesirable to decide when to lift protections on a case‐by‐case basis, and any attempt to selectively lift protections results in the UK Government deciding which sectors have advantages post‐COVID‐19 and which do not. Accordingly, in setting and lifting legal protections, the UK Government finds itself a key market actor in deciding the post‐COVID‐19 shape of the UK market.
Principles and rules on insolvency practitioners' remuneration
Authors: Wee Meng Seng , Kiu Yan Yu 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOvercharging by insolvency practitioners is a problem that has invited legislative and judicial intervention in several commonwealth jurisdictions, and it continues to be a concern in many of them. Such regulation is justified because of the failure of unsecured creditors to effectively monitor and control the practitioner's charges, leading to failure in the insolvency practitioners' services market. However, the rules on fixing the practitioner's remuneration are not always aligned with basic principles, and their applications can be challenging. From the vantage point that regulations should seek to combat market failure, this article elucidates the principles and rules that ought to apply in fixing insolvency practitioners' remuneration. It analyses who ought to be empowered to set remuneration, the rules on disclosure, the meaning of the value of services rendered and the approaches of the courts in computing value, by reference to the laws of England, Singapore and Hong Kong SAR, and suggests reforms to make the rules consistent with the identified principles.
Chinese personal bankruptcy regulation: The Shenzhen experience
Authors: Xie Pingyao 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAlthough Chinese policymakers have enacted a new bankruptcy system in 2007, they did not cover individuals in the system. Recently, Chinese legislators have recognised the necessity of a personal bankruptcy system. Legislators expect a personal bankruptcy system can address unenforceable cases in the judicial system and promote entrepreneurship. Against this backdrop, Shenzhen personal bankruptcy regulation has been introduced. The regulation has provided several treatment to individual over‐indebtedness: bankruptcy, debt reorganization and compromise. By theoretically analyzing the institutional framework of the regulation, this paper considers that it can partly achieve legislative objectives.
Exposure‐toxicity relationship of cabozantinib in patients with renal cell cancer and salivary gland cancer
Authors: Krens Stefanie D. , van Boxtel Wim , Uijen Maike J. M. , Jansman Frank G. A. , Desar Ingrid M. E. , Mulder Sasja F. , van Herpen Carla M. L. , van Erp Nielka P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCabozantinib is registered in fixed 60 mg dose. However, 46% to 62% of patients in the registration studies needed a dose reduction due to toxicity. Improved clinical efficacy has been observed in renal cell carcinoma patients (RCC) with a cabozantinib exposure greater than 750 μg/L. In our study we explored the cabozantinib exposure in patients with different tumour types. We included RCC patients from routine care and salivary gland carcinoma (SGC) patients from a phase II study with ≥1 measured Cmin at steady‐state. The geometric mean (GM) Cmin at the starting dose, at 40 mg and at best tolerated dose (BTD) were compared between both tumour types. Forty‐seven patients were included. All SGC patients (n = 22) started with 60 mg, while 52% of RCC patients started with 40 mg. GM Cmin at the start dose was 1456 μg/L (95% CI: 1185‐1789) vs 682 μg/L (95% CI: 572‐812) (P < .001) for SGC and RCC patients, respectively. When dose‐normalised to 40 mg, SGC patients had a significantly higher cabozantinib exposure compared to RCC patients (Cmin 971 μg/L [95% CI: 790‐1193] vs 669 μg/L [95% CI: 568‐788]) (P = .005). Dose reductions due to toxicity were needed in 91% and 60% of SGC and RCC patients, respectively. Median BTD was between 20 to 30 mg for SGC and 40 mg for RCC patients. GM Cmin at BTD were comparable between the SGC and the RCC group, 694 μg/L (95% CI: 584‐824) vs 583 μg/L (95% CI: 496‐671) (P = .1). The observed cabozantinib exposure at BTD of approximately 600 μg/L is below the previously proposed target. Surprisingly, a comparable exposure at BTD was reached at different dosages of cabozantinib for SGC patients compared to RCC patients Further research is warranted to identify the optimal exposure and starting dose to balance efficacy and toxicity.
Chiroptical Properties of Mechanically Interlocked Molecules
Authors: David Arthur H. G. , Stoddart J. Fraser 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMechanically Interlocked Molecules (MIMs), such as catenanes, knots, and rotaxanes, are a class of molecules that possess mechanical bonds. These bonds constitute an entanglement in space between components of the MIMs that cannot be separated without breaking a participating covalent bond. Although it is possible to synthesize chiral MIMs with covalent stereogenic centers, this new bond opens up the possibilities of axial, planar and helical chirality, as well as topologically chiral compounds. A growing number of chiral MIMs have been investigated and employed in numerous applications, ranging from sensing to catalysis. While the investigation of the properties of MIMs is highly developed, it is also essential to study their chiroptical properties. In this review, we focus on the chiroptical properties of chiral MIMs. We discuss their electronic circular dichroism (ECD) since these properties have been analyzed in some detail in relation to their structures and stereochemistry. Although only a few examples have been described to date, we discuss the encouraging circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties of MIMs. The review also includes a recent study of vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) in mechanically planar chiral rotaxanes suggesting that this technique is a promising tool for analyzing the structures of MIMs. The study of the chiroptical properties of MIMs can have a large impact on their use in materials science or as catalysts. One of the key advantage of chiral MIMs is that they provide a means of generating efficient chiroptical switches that have a bright future in the context of multiple applications.
Mixed‐solvent molecular dynamics simulation‐based discovery of a putative allosteric site on regulator of G protein signaling 4
Authors: Chan Wallace K. B. , DasGupta Debarati , Carlson Heather A. , Traynor John R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRegulator of G protein signaling 4 (RGS4) is an intracellular protein that binds to the Gα subunit ofheterotrimeric G proteins and aids in terminating G protein coupled receptor signaling. RGS4 has been implicated in pain, schizophrenia, and the control of cardiac contractility. Inhibitors of RGS4 have been developed but bind covalently to cysteine residues on the protein. Therefore, we sought to identify alternative druggable sites on RGS4 using mixed‐solvent molecular dynamics simulations, which employ low concentrations of organic probes to identify druggable hotspots on the protein. Pseudo‐ligands were placed in consensus hotspots, and perturbation with normal mode analysis led to the identification and characterization of a putative allosteric site, which would be invaluable for structure‐based drug design of non‐covalent, small molecule inhibitors. Future studies on the mechanism of this allostery will aid in the development of novel therapeutics targeting RGS4.
Ultrafast excited‐state dynamics of gas‐phase 5‐methylcytosine tautomers
Authors: Ho Jr‐Wei , Cheng Po‐Yuan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the gas‐phase ultrafast excited‐state deactivation dynamics of 5‐methylcytosine (5mCy) tautomers excited between 257 and 300 nm in a free jet with femtosecond pump‐probe photoionization spectroscopy. The results show that excited‐state lifetimes of 5mCy amino‐keto tautomer excited at 290–300 nm are ~3 ps, whereas those of 5mCy amino‐enol tautomer excited at 257–290 nm range from 6 to 220 ps. These results indicate that, upon photoexcitation to the first 1ππ* state, 5mCy exhibits markedly slower deactivation dynamics than nonmethylated Cy, indicating that methylation at the C5 position increases the barrier to efficient excited‐state deactivation pathways. Our analyses also suggest a surprising conclusion that the two rotamers of the 5mCy amino‐enol tautomer exhibit markedly different 1ππ* state decay rates, implying that the N‐C‐O‐H dihedral angle can have a notable effect on the excited‐state deactivation dynamics.
Rayleigh‐instability‐induced transformation for confined polystyrene‐grafted gold nanoparticles in anodic aluminum oxide templates
Authors: Tseng Yu‐Hsuan , Chu Chien‐Wei , Chiu Tang‐Yao , Cheng Ming‐Hsiang , Chen Jiun‐Tai 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn the past two decades, Rayleigh‐instability transformation of polymers confined in cylindrical nanopores has been actively studied, which is a feasible way to manipulate the morphologies of polymer nanostructures. The applications of Rayleigh‐instability‐induced morphologies, however, are highly limited because of the usage of pure polymers. In this work, we investigate the Rayleigh‐instability‐induced transformation of gold nanoparticle/polystyrene (AuNPs@PS) hybrid materials confined in the nanopores of anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates. The AuNPs@PS hybrid materials are then introduced into the nanopores of the AAO templates by the solution wetting method to obtain the AuNPs@PS nanotubes. Upon thermal annealing, the AuNPs@PS nanotubes undergo the Rayleigh‐instability‐induced transformation. Four morphologies are determined, including the nanotube structures, the undulated structures, the Rayleigh‐instability‐induced structures, and the nanorod structures. To further investigate the effect of the molecular weights of PS, we construct the morphology diagrams by determining the morphologies of the AuNPs@PS hybrid nanostructures at different annealing temperatures and times. The morphology transformation rates increase with the annealing temperatures, and the hybrid materials with PS of higher molecular weights exhibit slower dynamics. This research provides useful strategies to fabricate AuNPs@PS with different morphologies and offers a deeper understanding of the Rayleigh‐instability transformation of nanomaterials under confined environments.
Positive school climate for school staff? The roles of administrators, staff beliefs, and school organization in high and low resource school districts
Authors: Capp Gordon P. , Avi Astor Ron , Moore Hadass 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDespite continued calls for positive school climate, school staff members are rarely included in school climate research or theories. This qualitative case study explored how socioeconomic status (SES), school districts, leadership, and school contexts combine to create school climate. Four schools were selected from a sample of positive and negative climate schools in one high and one low‐SES district. Data collection involved key informant interviews and observation. District and school SES did not directly dictate the quality of climate. Organizational variables such as the principal's decisions and vision were key influences on the quality of climate for staff members. Staff members often prioritize student experiences of climate above their own experiences. School organization and the influence of the principal are critical for the quality of school climate staff members experience; these along with staff voice are critical ongoing contributions to school climate research, theory, and practice.
The influence of probiotics of different microbiological composition on histology of the gastrointestinal tract of juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Nikiforov‐Nikishin Alexei , Nikiforov‐Nikishin Dimitri , Kochetkov Nikita , Smorodinskaya Svetlana , Klimov Victor 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTThis article presents results of the influence of three probiotic feed additive of various microbiological composition: Bacillus subtilis (VKPM B‐2335); B. subtilis (OZ‐2 VKPM‐11966) + Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (OZ‐3 VKPM‐11967); Lactobacillus acidophilus (VKPM B‐3235) on the growth and histology of the organs of the gastrointestinal tract of juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss by morphometric parameters. These probiotic bacteria are the most commonly used in aquaculture. The effect of the probiotic feed additive led to the increase in fish growth and influenced different sections of the gastrointestinal tract. The biggest change was found in the mid intestine and the reliable difference compared with the control diet was obtained at the following parameters: lamina propria width, intraepithelial lymphocytes number of prismatic epithelium and goblet cells area. The changes in the pyloric appendages were less obvious but reported as playing an important functional role in digestion. The liver preserved normal functional structure in all series of the experiment except for the group with L. acidophilus, where hepatocyte small‐drop vacuolization was observed. That might be connected with the change of the digest activity resulting from a decrease in secretory activity of the intestinal exocrinocytes. The use of all probiotic feed additives led to a similar change in morphometric parameters in all groups, which suggests a decrease in the immune response.
Morphology of the stifle in agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha, Wagler 1831)
Authors: da Silva Júnior José Newton Fernandes , de Barros Gabriel Martins , Fonseca Clarisse Maria Barbosa , Guerra Sergio Paulo Lima , Rodrigues Juliana Brito , Araújo João Victor Silva , da Silva Andrezza Braga Soares , de Sousa Cavalcante Maria Michele Araújo , Mendonça Tarsia Giabardo Silva , Conde Júnior Aírton Mendes 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe agouti (Dasyprocta prymnolopha, Wagler 1831) is a wild rodent of great zootechnical potential, a fact that enables anatomical and morphological studies to support management actions with this animal. In this perspective, this study aimed to describe the anatomy and histology of the agouti stifle joint. Four adult agoutis were used, two females and two males. The animals were submitted to dissection and identification of the structures of the stifle joint. For light microscopy study, samples of the patellar ligament, cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral collateral ligaments were used. Agouti has a highly congruent patellofemoral joint; elongated patella; medial and lateral fabellae at the proximal insertion of the gastrocnemius muscle; medial and lateral meniscus with lunula; in addition to the presence of the following ligament structures: patellar ligament, cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments, medial and lateral collateral ligaments, meniscofemoral ligament, caudal meniscal ligament of the medial meniscus, and medial and lateral cranial ligaments. The patellar ligament presents bundles of parallel collagen fibers with a straight path and coated fibroblasts; collateral and cruciate ligaments had loose and dense connective tissue, coated fibroblasts and collagen bundle undulations, the latter most expressive in the caudal cruciate ligament. Thus, except for the shape and angulation of the stifle, which allows specific movements, the agouti stifle has structures analogous to that of other rodents and domestic animals.
Day of surgery and mortality after pancreatoduodenectomy: A retrospective analysis of 29 270 surgical cases of pancreatic head cancer from Japan
Authors: Uemura Sunao , Endo Hideki , Ichihara Nao , Miyata Hiroaki , Maeda Hiromichi , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Kamiya Kinji , Kakeji Yoshihiro , Yoshida Kazuhiro , Yasuyuki Seto , Yamaue Hiroki , Yamamoto Masakazu , Kitagawa Yuko , Hanazaki Kazuhiro 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground/PurposeThe day of the week can impact medical treatment outcomes; however, few large‐scale, disease‐specific studies have focused on the association between the day of the week and mortality in patients after pancreatoduodenectomy for pancreatic head cancer.MethodsData were obtained from the National Clinical Database. Twenty‐two clinical variables were adopted for hierarchal logistic regression modeling to determine adjusted odds ratios (ORs) for surgical mortality after elective pancreatoduodenectomy.ResultsThe 30‐day mortality and surgical mortality rates were 1.0% and 1.7%, respectively (n = 29 720). Surgeries were performed the least on Fridays (13.4%) compared with other weekdays. Crude rates of severe postoperative complications (mean, 14.1%; range, 13.5%‐14.8%) and pancreatic fistulas (mean, 10.0%; range, 9.6%‐10.3%) remained stable throughout the week. Unadjusted/adjusted ORs did not significantly differ between Friday and Monday (0.868, 95% CI: 0.636‐1.173, P = .365, and 0.928, 95% CI: 0.668‐1.287, P = .653, respectively), and results were similar for the remaining weekdays. Nineteen independent factors were associated with surgical mortality.ConclusionsThe rate of perioperative mortality for elective pancreatoduodenectomy is low in Japan, with no evidence of disparities in surgical mortality rates between weekdays.