bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interfacial Synthesis: Morphology, Structure, and Properties of Interfacial Formations in Liquid–Liquid Systems
Authors: Golubina E. N. , Kizim N. F. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The results of studies in the field of interfacial synthesis and interfacial formations in liquid–liquid systems are summarized. The mechanisms of the processes of interfacial synthesis are considered. Data on the self-assembly of nanoparticles, films, and 3D materials are given. The properties of materials of interfacial formations in systems with rare-earth elements and di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid, obtained both in the presence and absence of local vibrations, are described. It was established that materials obtained in the presence of local vibrations in the interfacial layer have higher density, melting point, and magnetic susceptibility and lower electric conductivity. The effect of force field parameters on the properties of interfacial formations is considered. Practical applications and prospects for research in the field of interfacial formations are discussed.
Effects of wearing a cloth face mask on performance, physiological and perceptual responses during a graded treadmill running exercise test
Authors: Driver Simon , Reynolds Megan , Brown Katelyn , Vingren Jakob L , Hill David W , Bennett Monica , Gilliland Taylor , McShan Evan , Callender Librada , Reynolds Erin , Borunda Nate , Mosolf John , Cates Casey , Jones Alan 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesTo (1) determine if wearing a cloth face mask significantly affected exercise performance and associated physiological responses, and (2) describe perceptual measures of effort and participants’ experiences while wearing a face mask during a maximal treadmill test.MethodsRandomised controlled trial of healthy adults aged 18–29 years. Participants completed two (with and without a cloth face mask) maximal cardiopulmonary exercise tests (CPETs) on a treadmill following the Bruce protocol. Blood pressure, heart rate, oxygen saturation, exertion and shortness of breath were measured. Descriptive data and physical activity history were collected pretrial; perceptions of wearing face masks and experiential data were gathered immediately following the masked trial.ResultsThe final sample included 31 adults (age=23.2±3.1 years; 14 women/17 men). Data indicated that wearing a cloth face mask led to a significant reduction in exercise time (−01:39±01:19 min/sec, p<0.001), maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) (−818±552 mL/min, p<0.001), minute ventilation (−45.2±20.3 L/min), maximal heart rate (−8.4±17.0 beats per minute, p<0.01) and increased dyspnoea (1.7±2.9, p<0.001). Our data also suggest that differences in SpO2and rating of perceived exertion existed between the different stages of the CPET as participant’s exercise intensity increased. No significant differences were found between conditions after the 7-minute recovery period.ConclusionCloth face masks led to a 14% reduction in exercise time and 29% decrease in VO2max, attributed to perceived discomfort associated with mask-wearing. Compared with no mask, participants reported feeling increasingly short of breath and claustrophobic at higher exercise intensities while wearing a cloth face mask. Coaches, trainers and athletes should consider modifying the frequency, intensity, time and type of exercise when wearing a cloth face mask.
From direct engagement to technical support: a programmatic evolution to improve large community health worker programs in Bihar, India
Authors: Wilhelm Jess , Mahapatra Tanmay , Das Aritra , Sonthalia Sunil , Srikantiah Sridhar , Galavotti Christine , Shah Hemant , Creanga Andreea A 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionIn 2011, through a multipartner Integrated Family Health Initiative (IFHI), CARE started supporting maternal and neonatal health (MNH) improvement goals in 8 of 38 districts in Bihar, India. The programme included a frontline health worker (FHW) component offering health advice through household visits and benefited from CARE’s direct engagement during IFHI, which then evolved into statewide Technical Support Unit (TSU) to the Government of Bihar in 2014.MethodsUsing eight rounds of state-representative household surveys with mothers of infants aged 0–2 months (N=73 093) linked with two facility assessments conducted during 2012–2017, we assessed changes in FHW visit coverage, intensity and quality between IFHI and TSU phases. Using logistic regression models, we ascertained associations between FHW outputs and three MNH core practices: ≥3 antenatal care check-ups (ANC3+), institutional delivery and early breastfeeding initiation.ResultsWomen’s receipt of 1+ FHW visits declined from 60.2% (IFHI phase) to 46.3% (TSU phase) in the eight IFHI districts, being below 40% statewide during the TSU phase. Despite a parallel decline in FHW visit quality measured as the number of health advice received, all three outcomes improved during the TSU versus IFHI phase in IFHI districts. We found significant positive associations between all three outcomes and receipt of 1+ FHW visits and programme phase (TSU vs IFHI) in the eight IFHI districts. During the TSU phase, receipt of 2+ FHW visits in the third trimester increased the odds of women receiving ANC3+ (adjusted OR (aOR)=1.21; 95% CI: 1.13 to 1.31), delivering in a facility (aOR=1.64; 95% CI: 1.51 to 1.77) and initiating breast feeding early (aOR=1.18; 95% CI: 1.05 to 1.18). Independent of the number and timing of FHW visits, we also found positive associations between women reporting higher than lower quality of FHW interactions and receiving outcome-specific advice and all three MNH outcomes.ConclusionImplementation of large community-based interventions under the technical support model should be continuously and strategically evaluated and adapted.
How machine learning is embedded to support clinician decision making: an analysis of FDA-approved medical devices
Authors: Lyell David , Coiera Enrico , Chen Jessica , Shah Parina , Magrabi Farah 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveTo examine how and to what extent medical devices using machine learning (ML) support clinician decision making.MethodsWe searched for medical devices that were (1) approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) up till February 2020; (2) intended for use by clinicians; (3) in clinical tasks or decisions and (4) used ML. Descriptive information about the clinical task, device task, device input and output, and ML method were extracted. The stage of human information processing automated by ML-based devices and level of autonomy were assessed.ResultsOf 137 candidates, 59 FDA approvals for 49 unique devices were included. Most approvals (n=51) were since 2018. Devices commonly assisted with diagnostic (n=35) and triage (n=10) tasks. Twenty-three devices were assistive, providing decision support but left clinicians to make important decisions including diagnosis. Twelve automated the provision of information (autonomous information), such as quantification of heart ejection fraction, while 14 automatically provided task decisions like triaging the reading of scans according to suspected findings of stroke (autonomous decisions). Stages of human information processing most automated by devices were information analysis, (n=14) providing information as an input into clinician decision making, and decision selection (n=29), where devices provide a decision.ConclusionLeveraging the benefits of ML algorithms to support clinicians while mitigating risks, requires a solid relationship between clinician and ML-based devices. Such relationships must be carefully designed, considering how algorithms are embedded in devices, the tasks supported, information provided and clinicians’ interactions with them.
How do delirium motor subtypes differ in phenomenology and contributory aetiology? a cross-sectional, multisite study of liaison psychiatry and palliative care patients
Authors: Glynn Kevin , McKenna Frank , Lally Kevin , O’Donnell Muireann , Grover Sandeep , Chakrabarti Subho , Avasthi Ajit , Mattoo Surendra K , Sharma Akhilesh , Ghosh Abhishek , Shah Ruchita , Hickey David , Fitzgerald James , Davis Brid , O'Regan Niamh , Adamis Dimitrious , Williams Olugbenja , Awan Fahad , Dunne C , Cullen Walter , McInerney Shane , McFarland John , Jabbar Faiza , O'Connell Henry , Trzepacz Paula T , Leonard Maeve , Meagher David 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesTo investigate whether delirium motor subtypes differ in terms of phenomenology and contributory aetiology.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingInternational study incorporating data from Ireland and India across palliative care, old age liaison psychiatry and general adult liaison psychiatry settings.Participants1757 patients diagnosed with delirium using criteria from the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth edition (DSM IV).Primary and secondary outcome measuresHyperactive, mixed and hypoactive delirium subtypes were identified using the abbreviated version of the Delirium Motor Subtype Scale. Phenomenology was assessed using the Delirium Rating Scale Revised. Contributory aetiologies were assessed using the Delirium Aetiology Checklist (DEC), with a score >2 indicating that the aetiology was likely or definitely contributory.ResultsHypoactive delirium was associated with dementia, cerebrovascular and systemic infection aetiologies (p<0.001) and had a lower overall burden of delirium symptoms than the other motor subtypes. Hyperactive delirium was associated with younger age, drug withdrawal and the DEC category other systemic aetiologies (p<0.001). Mixed delirium showed the greatest symptom burden and was more often associated with drug intoxication and metabolic disturbance (p<0.001). All three delirium motor subtypes had similar levels of impairment in attention and visuospatial functioning but differed significantly when compared with no subtype (p<0.001).ConclusionsThis study indicates a pattern of aetiology and symptomatology of delirium motor subtypes across a large international sample that had previously been lacking. It serves to improve our understanding of this complex condition and has implications in terms of early detection and management of delirium.
Efficacy of the iDBT-Pain skills training intervention to reduce emotional dysregulation and pain intensity in people with chronic pain: protocol for a single-case experimental design with multiple baselines
Authors: Norman-Nott Nell , Wilks Chelsey , Hesam-Shariati Negin , Schroeder Jessica , Suh Jina , Czerwinski Mary , Gustin Sylvia Maria 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionDifficulties in emotional regulation are key to the development and maintenance of chronic pain. Recent evidence shows internet-delivered dialectic behaviour therapy (iDBT) skills training can reduce emotional dysregulation and pain intensity. However, further studies are needed to provide more definitive evidence regarding the efficacy of iDBT skills training in the chronic pain population.Methods and analysisA single-case experimental design (SCED) with multiple baselines will be used to examine the efficacy of a 4-week iDBT-Pain skills training intervention (iDBT-Pain intervention) to reduce emotional dysregulation and pain intensity in individuals with chronic pain. The iDBT-Pain intervention encompasses two components: (1) iDBT-Pain skills training sessions (iDBT-Pain sessions) and (2) the iDBT-Pain skills training web application (iDBT-Pain app). Three individuals with chronic pain will be recruited and randomly allocated to different baseline phases (5, 9 or 12 days). Following the baseline phase, participants will receive six 60–90 min iDBT-Pain sessions approximately 4 or 5 days apart, delivered by a psychologist via Zoom. To reinforce learnings from the iDBT-Pain sessions, participants will have unlimited use of the iDBT-Pain app. A 7-day follow-up phase (maintenance) will follow the intervention, whereby the iDBT-Pain sessions cease but the iDBT-Pain app is accessible. Emotional regulation, as the primary outcome measure, will be assessed using the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Pain intensity, as the secondary outcome measure, will be assessed using a visual analogue scale. Generalisation measures will assess psychological state factors (depression, anxiety and coping behaviour), alongside sleep quality, well-being and harm avoidance. SCEDs are increasingly considered effective designs for internet-delivered psychological interventions because SCED enables the investigation of interindividual variability in a heterogeneous population such as chronic pain.Ethics and disseminationThis trial was approved by the University of New South Wales (HC200199). Results will be published in peer-reviewed journals.Trial registration numberACTRN12620000604909.
Current smoking status as a predictor of cerebral infarction in men: a retrospective cohort study in South Korea
Authors: Lee Sang Min , Oh Chang-Mo , Kim Min-Ho , Ha Eunhee , Hong Minha , Ryoo Jae-Hong 
Published: April 2021

ObjectivesWe examined the relationship between duration (pack-year) of smoking and the risk of developing cerebral infarction in Korean men.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingNational Health Insurance Service-National Sample Cohort in Korea.ParticipantsOf 125 743 male participants from the National Health Insurance System undergoing medical health check-up in 2009, 114 377 were included in the final analysis.Primary and secondary outcome measuresDevelopment of cerebral infarction according to smoking duration after adjusting for age, body mass index, systolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose, total cholesterol, γ-glutamyltransferase, estimated glomerular filtration rate, alcohol intake and physical activity.ResultsDuring 495 827.3 person-years of follow-up, 1450 incident cases of cerebral infarction developed between 2009 and 2013. The multivariate adjusted HRs (95% CI) for cerebral infarction between groups 2, 3 and 4 by duration of smoking were 1.02 (0.88 to 1.19), 1.36 (1.19 to 1.56) and 1.49 (1.28 to 1.74), respectively. In our secondary analysis by smoking status, the HR (95% CI) of former smokers showed a significant relationship in the unadjusted model but did not show statistically significant associations in the multivariate adjusted model. The HR (95% CI) of current smokers showed significant relationship in both the unadjusted and multivariate adjusted models (p for trend <0.001).ConclusionsThe study indicates that the prolonged duration of smoking (pack-year) increases the risk of cerebral infarction. Current smoking poses a higher risk for the development of cerebral infraction than former smoking among Korean men, indicating that current smoking cessation would be more protective.
Use of patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) in clinical diabetes consultations: the DiaPROM randomised controlled pilot trial
Authors: Hernar Ingvild , Graue Marit , Richards David A , Strandberg Ragnhild B , Nilsen Roy Miodini , Rekdal Magne , Løvaas Karianne Fjeld , Madsen Tone V , Tell Grethe S , Haugstvedt Anne 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveTo pilot test the proposed DiaPROM trial components and address uncertainties associated with conducting a full-scale randomised controlled trial (RCT) to evaluate whether such a trial is feasible.DesignTwo-arm pilot RCT.ParticipantsAdults aged ≥18–39 years, with minimum 1 year type 1 diabetes duration, attending outpatient follow-up. Exclusion criteria were pregnancy, severe cognitive, somatic or psychiatric conditions and impaired vision.Randomisation and interventionAll participants completed electronic Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) prior to the annual diabetes consultation. Using computer-generated block-randomisation without blinding, we assigned participants in a 1:1 ratio stratified by sex to receive standard care or an intervention. Physicians reviewed diabetes distress scores (Problem Areas In Diabetes scale) and referred individuals with scores ≥30 or single item(s) ≥3 to minimum two diabetes nurse consultations where reported problems were reviewed and discussed.OutcomesRecruitment and retention rates; participants perceptions about intervention components. Variance and estimated between-group differences in follow-up scores (Diabetes Distress Scale(DDS),WHO 5-Well-being Index,Perceived Competence for Diabetes Scaleandglycaemic control) and DDS correlation with baseline scores, to assist sample size calculations.ResultsWe randomised 80 participants to the control or intervention arm (one participant was later excluded). 23/39 intervention arm participants qualified for additional consultations and 17 attended. 67/79 attended the 12-month follow-up (15.2% attrition); 5/17 referred to additional consultations were lost to follow-up (29.4% attrition). Participants reported PROMs as relevant (84.6%) and acceptable (97.4%) but rated the usefulness of consultations as moderate to low. Baseline mean±SD DDS score was 2.1±0.69; DDS SD was 0.71 (95% CI: 0.60 to 0.86) at follow-up; correlation between baseline and follow-up DDS scores was 0.8 (95% CI: 0.7 to 0.9).ConclusionsThe pilot trial revealed need for intervention modifications ahead of a full-scale trial to evaluate use of PROMs in diabetes consultations. Specifically, participant acceptability and intervention implementation need further investigation.
Peripherally Inserted Central catheter iNnovation to reduce Infections and Clots (the PICNIC trial): a randomised controlled trial protocol
Authors: Ullman Amanda J , August Deanne , Kleidon Tricia , Walker Rachel , Marsh Nicole M , Bulmer Andrew , Pearch Benjamin , Runnegar Naomi , Schults Jessica A , Leema Joanne , Lee-Archer Paul , Biles Cathy , Southam Katrina , Gibson Victoria , Byrnes Joshua , Ware Robert S , Chopra Vineet , Coulthard Alan , Mollee Peter , Rickard Claire M , Harris Patrick N A 
Published: April 2021

IntroductionPeripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs) are vital for the delivery of medical therapies, but up to 30% of PICCs are associated with complications such as deep vein thrombosis or infection. The integration of antimicrobial and hydrophobic catheter materials, and pressure-activated valves, into polyurethane PICCs are innovations designed to prevent infective and/or thrombotic complications.Methods and analysisA multicentre, parallel group, superiority randomised controlled trial with two experimental arms ((1) hydrophobic PICC (with pressure-activated valve); (2) chlorhexidine gluconate-impregnated PICC (with external clamp)) and one control group ((3) conventional polyurethane PICC (with external clamp)). Recruitment of 1098 adult and paediatric patients will take place over 2 years at three tertiary-referral hospitals in Queensland, Australia. Patients are eligible for inclusion if their PICC is to be inserted for medical treatment, with a vascular size sufficient to support a 4-Fr PICC or larger, and with informed consent. The primary outcome isPICC failure, a composite of thrombotic (venous thrombosis, breakage and occlusion) and infective complications (PICC-associated bloodstream infection and local infection). Secondary outcomes include: all-cause PICC complication; thrombotic complications; infective complications; adverse events (local or systemic reaction); PICC dwell time; patient/parent satisfaction; and healthcare costs. Differences between both intervention groups and the control group will be compared using Cox proportional hazards regression. Effect estimates will be presented as HRs with corresponding 95% CI.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval from Queensland Health (HREC/QCHQ/48682) and Griffith University (Ref. No. 2019/094). Results will be published.Trial registration numberACTRN12619000022167.
Towards a middle-range theory of ‘Stability of home-based care arrangements for people living with dementia’ (SoCA-Dem): findings from a meta-study on mixed research
Authors: Köhler Kerstin , Dreyer Jan , Hochgraeber Iris , von Kutzleben Milena , Pinkert Christiane , Roes Martina , Holle Bernhard 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundMost people with dementia and their informal carers live at home and strive to create a stable care situation for as long as possible. This preference of dyads is consistent with the global policy of ageing in place. Therefore, we aimed to develop a middle-range theory of stability guided by two research questions: How is stability of home-based care arrangements for people living with dementia constituted? What are the essential factors influencing stability?MethodsWithin the 'Stability of home-based care arrangements for people living with dementia' project (SoCA project) at the German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), we conducted a meta-study on mixed research. The analytical steps of meta-data analysis, meta-method and meta-theory are merged in an integrative synthesis. Eligible publications were identified through systematic database searches (MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsycINFO; last searched on 3 January 2017), backward/forward citation tracking and snowballing. All publications were screened against predefined inclusion criteria and evaluated through a quality appraisal. The analytical approach was thematic synthesis.Results99 publications were included. The middle-range theory conceptualises stability as a complex phenomenon comprising three components including eight concepts that are dynamically inter-related. The conceptual model visualises: (1) the trajectory of the dementia care arrangement, which involves a cyclic process ofchangeandbalancingover time; (2) the characteristics of the care arrangement, includingneeds, thecarer role, thedyadic relationshipandresources; and (3) the context, which is determined bysociety and cultureand the respectivehealthcare system. The relevance of each concept in relation to stability changes over time. The forming of each concept is actively shaped by the informal carer.DiscussionThis middle-range theory provides a thorough understanding of the stability of home-based care arrangements for people living with dementia and can be used to guide future research and practice.OtherThis meta-study was funded by the DZNE and registered in PROSPERO (registration number CRD42016041727).