bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of a school-based randomized controlled trial aimed at increasing physical activity time in adolescents
Authors: Morais Lidiane da C , Paravidino Vitor Barreto , Mediano Mauro F F , Benthroldo Raycauan , Gonçalves Tatiana R , Sgambato Michele R , de Souza Bárbara da S N , Junior Eliseu V , Marques Emanuele S , Pereira Rosângela A , Sichieri Rosely , Cunha Diana B 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of obesity prevention educational activities, isolated or combined with the modification of the school environment on total physical activity time.

Methods
This is a school-based randomized controlled trial, conducted with 2511 students from fifth and sixth-grade in Brazil, that employed a parallel, three-group experimental arms: control group (CG), PAAPPAS group (PG) and PAAPPAS-environment group (PEG). During the 2016 school year, the PG received educational activities in the classroom, providing a general basis for a healthy lifestyle. The PEG received the same educational activities and also modifications in the school environment to stimulate physical activity practice during one month. Physical activity was evaluated through a validated physical activity questionnaire. Intention-to-treat analysis was performed to evaluate the rate of change of physical activity time between groups using PROC GENMOD procedure. All analyses were performed using SAS.

Results
Total physical activity time increased by 22% in PEG compared with CG (P = 0.003). No difference was observed between PEG and PG (Δ = 60.20 vs. 36.37, respectively; P = 0.27) and between PG and CG (Δ = 36.37 vs. 9.70, respectively; P = 0.23). The proportion of individuals who attended at least 150 min week−1 of physical activity increased in PEG compared with PG (P = 0.04); however, no difference was observed between PEG and CG (P = 0.19) and between PG and CG (P = 0.26). For 300 min week−1, no difference was observed between groups.

Conclusion
A school-based multi-component intervention including modification of the school environment was effective for increasing physical activity time among adolescents.
Genome-wide polygenic risk score for retinopathy of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Forrest Iain S , Chaudhary Kumardeep , Paranjpe Ishan , Vy Ha My T , Marquez-Luna Carla , Rocheleau Ghislain , Saha Aparna , Chan Lili , Van Vleck Tielman , Loos Ruth J F , Cho Judy , Pasquale Louis R , Nadkarni Girish N , Do Ron 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDiabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common consequence in type 2 diabetes (T2D) and a leading cause of blindness in working-age adults. Yet, its genetic predisposition is largely unknown. Here, we examined the polygenic architecture underlying DR by deriving and assessing a genome-wide polygenic risk score (PRS) for DR. We evaluated the PRS in 6079 individuals with T2D of European, Hispanic, African and other ancestries from a large-scale multi-ethnic biobank. Main outcomes were PRS association with DR diagnosis, symptoms and complications, and time to diagnosis, and transferability to non-European ancestries. We observed that PRS was significantly associated with DR. A standard deviation increase in PRS was accompanied by an adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 1.12 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.20; P = 0.001] for DR diagnosis. When stratified by ancestry, PRS was associated with the highest OR in European ancestry (OR = 1.22, 95% CI 1.02–1.41; P = 0.049), followed by African (OR = 1.15, 95% CI 1.03–1.28; P = 0.028) and Hispanic ancestries (OR = 1.10, 95% CI 1.00–1.10; P = 0.050). Individuals in the top PRS decile had a 1.8-fold elevated risk for DR versus the bottom decile (P = 0.002). Among individuals without DR diagnosis, the top PRS decile had more DR symptoms than the bottom decile (P = 0.008). The PRS was associated with retinal hemorrhage (OR = 1.44, 95% CI 1.03–2.02; P = 0.03) and earlier DR presentation (10% probability of DR by 4 years in the top PRS decile versus 8 years in the bottom decile). These results establish the significant polygenic underpinnings of DR and indicate the need for more diverse ancestries in biobanks to develop multi-ancestral PRS.
Addressing the Unique Qualities of Upper-Level Biology Course-based Undergraduate Research Experiences through the Integration of Skill-Building
Authors: Beatty Abby E , Ballen Cissy J , Driessen Emily P , Schwartz Tonia S , Graze Rita M 
Published: March 2021

Synopsis
Early exposure to course-based undergraduate research experiences (CUREs) in introductory biology courses can promote positive student outcomes such as increased confidence, critical thinking, and views of applicability in lower-level courses, but it is unknown if these same impacts are achieved by upper-level courses. Upper-level courses differ from introductory courses in several ways, and one difference that could impact these positive student outcomes is the importance of balancing structure with independence in upper-level CUREs where students typically have more autonomy and greater complexity in their research projects. Here we compare and discuss two formats of upper-level biology CUREs (Guided and Autonomous) that vary along a continuum between structure and independence. We share our experiences teaching an upper-level CURE in two different formats and contrast those formats through student reported perceptions of confidence, professional applicability, and CURE format. Results indicate that the Guided Format (i.e., a more even balance between structure and independence) led to more positive impacts on student outcomes than the Autonomous Format (less structure and increased independence). We review the benefits and drawbacks of each approach while considering the unique elements of upper-level courses relative to lower-level courses. We conclude with a discussion of how implementing structured skill-building can assist instructors in adapting CUREs to their courses.
Effects of Autumn Warming on Energy Consumption of Diapausing Fall Webworm (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) Pupae
Authors: Zhao Lvquan , Wang Wei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Since its invasion into China in 1979, the fall webworm, Hyphantria cunea Drury, has spread from Dandong city (about 40°N) in Liaoning Province to Nanjing city (about 32°N) in Jiangsu Province, and to other areas. Owing to geographic and latitudinal gradients in temperature, H. cunea will encounter temperature changes during the spreading process. In this study, we verified the hypothesis that autumn warming accelerates the energy consumption of H. cunea diapause pupae. We found that, after autumn warming, the body size and mass of diapause pupae decreased significantly and raised constant temperature accelerated carbohydrate and protein consumption in female pupae, while fluctuating temperature changes had a more pronounced effect on carbohydrate and protein consumption in male pupae. Contrary to expectations, the lipid content of diapause pupae did not decrease after autumn warming, and even increased significantly. We conclude that warming in autumn accelerates energy consumption by diapause pupae, and the autumn energy consumption of diapause pupae is dominated by carbohydrates, supplemented by protein when carbohydrates are overconsumed, while lipid use is dominated by anabolic metabolism during autumn.
Benzoxazinoids selectively affect maize root-associated nematode taxa
Authors: Sikder Md Maniruzzaman , Vestergård Mette , Kyndt Tina , Fomsgaard Inge S , Kudjordjie Enoch Narh , Nicolaisen Mogens 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Although the effects of plant secondary metabolites on plant defence have been studied for decades, the exact roles of secondary metabolites in shaping plant-associated microbial and nematode communities remain elusive. We evaluated the effects of benzoxazinoids, a group of secondary metabolites present in several cereals, on root-associated nematodes. We employed 18S rRNA metabarcoding to compare maize root-associated nematode communities in a bx1 knockout maize line impaired in benzoxazinoid synthesis and in its parental wild type. Both genotype and plant age affected the composition of the nematode community in the roots, and the effects of benzoxazinoids on nematode communities were stronger in the roots than in the rhizosphere. Differential abundance analysis and quantitative PCR showed that the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus neglectus was enriched in the bx1 mutant line, while another root lesion nematode, Pratylenchus crenatus, was reduced. Correlation analysis showed that benzoxazinoid concentrations in maize roots mostly correlated negatively with the relative abundance of nematode sequence reads. However, positive correlations between benzoxazinoids and nematode taxa, including several plant-parasitic nematodes, were also identified. Our detailed nematode community analysis suggests differential and selective effects of benzoxazinoids on soil nematodes depending on both the nematode species and the benzoxazinoid compound.
Lowering the Voting Age to 16 in Practice: Processes and Outcomes Compared
Authors: Eichhorn Jan , Bergh Johannes 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Research into the possible consequences of lowering the voting age to 16 used to be rather speculative in nature, as there were few countries that had implemented earlier enfranchisement. This has changed over the past decade. We now have a range of countries in different locations, mostly in Europe and South America, where 16- and 17-year-olds can vote in some or all elections. In many of those places empirical research has given us insights into the experiences of young people and the impact of those changes on political discussions. However, so far these studies have largely been conducted individually in each country, which makes comparisons difficult. This article summarises the key insights from empirical research across countries with lower voting ages. It identifies common patterns, but also highlights differences. Overall, the impact appears to not be negative and often positive in terms of political engagement and civic attitudes. However, the comprehensiveness of effects varies. The article offers some possible frameworks to understand differences, in particular by reflecting on the processes that led to voting franchise changes, but also indicates where gaps in knowledge remain, and what sort of research would be required to produce systematically comparable results.
Increased risk of severe infections and mortality in patients with newly diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus: a population-based study
Authors: Zhao Kai , Xie Hui , Li Lingyi , Esdaile John M , Aviña-Zubieta J Antonio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the risk of severe infection and infection-related mortality among patients with newly diagnosed SLE.MethodsWe conducted an age- and gender-matched cohort study of all patients with incident SLE between 1 January 1997 and 31 March 2015 using administrative health data from British Columbia, Canada. Primary outcome was the first severe infection after SLE onset necessitating hospitalization or occurring during hospitalization. Secondary outcomes were total number of severe infections and infection-related mortality.ResultsWe identified 5169 SLE patients and matched them with 25 845 non-SLE individuals from the general population, yielding 955 and 1986 first severe infections during 48 367 and 260 712 person-years follow-up, respectively. The crude incidence rate ratios for first severe infection and infection-related mortality were 2.59 (95% CI: 2.39, 2.80) and 2.20 (95% CI: 1.76, 2.73), respectively. The corresponding adjusted hazard ratios were 1.82 (95% CI: 1.66, 1.99) and 1.61 (95% CI: 1.24, 2.08). SLE patients had an increased risk of a greater total number of severe infections with crude rate ratio of 3.24 (95% CI: 3.06, 3.43) and adjusted rate ratio of 2.07 (95% CI: 1.82, 2.36).ConclusionSLE is associated with increased risks of first severe infection (1.8-fold), a greater total number of severe infections (2.1-fold) and infection-related mortality (1.6-fold).
A randomised double-blind comparison of phenylephrine and norepinephrine for the management of postspinal hypotension in pre-eclamptic patients undergoing caesarean section
Authors: Mohta Medha , R Lakshmi , Chilkoti Geetanjali T. , Agarwal Rachna , Malhotra Rajeev Kumar 
Published: March 2021

BACKGROUND
Studies comparing phenylephrine and norepinephrine for the treatment of postspinal hypotension in pre-eclamptic patients are limited.

OBJECTIVE
To compare bolus doses of phenylephrine and norepinephrine for treating hypotension in pre-eclamptic mothers undergoing caesarean section under spinal anaesthesia. It was hypothesised that norepinephrine and phenylephrine use would be associated with similar neonatal outcome.

DESIGN
Randomised controlled study.

SETTING
Single centre, tertiary care, university teaching hospital, from December 2018 to March 2020.

PATIENTS
A total of 86 women with pre-eclampsia and a singleton pregnancy who developed postspinal hypotension during caesarean section.

INTERVENTIONS
Patients received intravenous phenylephrine (50 μg) or norepinephrine (4 μg) for treatment of hypotension, defined as a fall in baseline systolic BP by ≥ 20% or an absolute value < 100 mmHg.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES
The primary outcome was umbilical artery pH. Secondary outcomes included Apgar scores, the number of hypotensive episodes, vasopressor requirements, the incidence of tachycardia/bradycardia/arrhythmias/hypertension and maternal complications.

RESULTS
Umbilical artery pH was not different between the phenylephrine and norepinephrine groups (7.26 ± 0.06 and 7.27 ± 0.06, respectively; P = 0.903). The median [IQR] number of hypotensive episodes was higher in the norepinephrine than the phenylephrine group: 2 [1 to 3] vs 1 [1 to 2], respectively; P = 0.014. Apgar scores, total number of vasopressor boluses required, systolic BP trends and the incidence of maternal complications were comparable in the two groups. Heart rate (HR) values were lower in phenylephrine group (P = 0.026), and one patient in phenylephrine group and none in the norepinephrine group developed bradycardia (HR < 50 bpm), P = 1.000.

CONCLUSIONS
In women with pre-eclampsia undergoing caesarean section, bolus doses of phenylephrine (50 μg) and norepinephrine (4 μg) used to treat hypotension after spinal anaesthesia are equally effective with similar neonatal and maternal outcomes.

TRIAL REGISTRATION
CTRI/2018/11/016478
Cognitive Fatigue in Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: A Meta-Analysis and Scoping Review
Authors: Riccardi Jessica Salley , Ciccia Angela 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
To review the evidence available on cognitive fatigue (ie, increase in mental exhaustion after prolonged cognitive activity) in childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI), including rates, associated factors and effects, and management strategies.

Methods:
A meta-analysis and scoping review of the literature were conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Terms were searched in relevant databases and through hand-searching. Articles were included and excluded based on specific criteria and methods were evaluated for risk of bias.

Results:
Of 2579 initially eligible articles, 4 studies with 6 effect sizes (due to reporting of data by group in 2 studies) were included for a meta-analysis and 11 for a scoping review. Cognitive fatigue was a common symptom in children after TBI of varying severities and times post-injury. Few studies investigated factors or effects associated with cognitive fatigue, although emerging evidence indicates some relations with family and injury factors and postinjury functioning. Active rehabilitation was investigated by 2 studies and could be a safe management strategy for cognitive fatigue, but additional investigation is needed on this and other possible assessment and treatment approaches.

Conclusions:
Cognitive fatigue is a common symptom in children who experience a TBI of any severity. Additional research is needed to determine the course of cognitive fatigue, elucidate the relations between cognitive fatigue and secondary factors, and to build clinically useful assessment and treatment methods.
Sensitivity to Noise Following a Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A Longitudinal Study
Authors: Shepherd Daniel , Heinonen-Guzejev Marja , Heikkilä Kauko , Landon Jason , Theadom Alice 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
To describe changes in the prevalence and clinical correlates of noise sensitivity (NS) in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) across a 12-month period and to determine whether NS at an early stage of recovery has predictive value for later postconcussive symptoms.

Setting:
A mixed urban and rural region of New Zealand.

Participants:
Data for 341 adults (201 males, 140 females; age range from 16 to 91 years) were extracted from a 1-year TBI incidence, and outcomes study was conducted in New Zealand.

Design:
Secondary analysis of data from a community-based, longitudinal population study of an mTBI incidence cohort collected within 1 week of injury (baseline) and at 1, 6, and 12 months postinjury.

Main Measures:
Measures at baseline (within 2 weeks of the injury) and 1, 6, and 12 months included the Rivermead Post-concussion Symptoms Questionnaire and its NS item, the Hospital Depression and Anxiety Scale, and the computerized CNS-Vital Signs neurocognitive test.

Results:
NS progressively declined postinjury, from 45% at baseline to 28% at 12 months. In turn, NS showed itself as a significant predictor of future postconcussive symptoms.

Conclusion:
Taken together with previous research, the findings of the current study indicate that NS may have clinical utility in flagging vulnerability to persistent postconcussive symptoms.
Incorporating Immunoproteins in the Development of Classification Models of Progression of Intracranial Hemorrhage After Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Hinson H. E. , Li Peter , Myers Loren , Agarwal Chinar , Pollock Jeffrey , McWeeney Shannon 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
To define clinical, radiographic, and blood-based biomarker features to be incorporated into a classification model of progression of intracranial hemorrhage (PICH), and to provide a pilot assessment of those models.

Methods:
Patients with hemorrhage on admission head computed tomography were identified from a prospectively enrolled cohort of subjects with traumatic brain injury. Initial and follow-up images were interpreted both by 2 independent readers, and disagreements adjudicated. Admission plasma samples were analyzed and principal components (PCs) composed of the immune proteins (IPs) significantly associated with the outcome of interest were selected for further evaluation. A series of logistic regression models were constructed based on (1) clinical variables (CV) and (2) clinical variables + immune proteins (CV+IP). Error rates of these models for correct classification of PICH were estimated; significance was set at P < .05.

Results:
We identified 106 patients, 36% had PICH. Dichotomized admission Glasgow Coma Scale (P = .004), Marshall score (P = .004), and 3 PCs were significantly associated with PICH. For the CV only model, sensitivity was 1.0 and specificity was 0.29 (95% CI, 0.07-0.67). The CV+IP model performed significantly better, with a sensitivity of 0.93 (95% CI, 0.64-0.99) and a specificity of 1.0 (P = .008). Adjustments to refine the definition of PICH and better define radiographic predictors of PICH did not significantly improve the models' performance.

Conclusions:
In this pilot investigation, we observed that composites of IPs may improve PICH classification models when combined with CVs. However, overall model performance must be further optimized; results will inform feature inclusion included in follow-up models.
Race/Ethnicity and Community Participation Among Veterans and Service Members With Traumatic Brain Injury: A VA Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems Study
Authors: Stevens Lillian Flores , Ketchum Jessica M. , Sander Angelle M. , Callender Librada , Dillahunt-Aspillaga Christina , Dreer Laura E. , Finn Jacob A. , Gary Kelli W. , Graham Kristin M. , Juengst Shannon B. , Kajankova Maria , Kolakowsky-Hayner Stephanie , Lequerica Anthony H. , Rabinowitz Amanda R. 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
To examine racial/ethnic disparities in community participation among veterans and active duty service members with traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Setting:
Five Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) TBI Model Systems (TBIMS) Polytrauma Rehabilitation Centers (PRCs). Participants: Three hundred forty-two community-dwelling adults (251 White, 34 Black, and 57 Hispanic) with TBI enrolled in the VA TBIMS National Database who completed a 1-year follow-up interview. Mean age was 38.6 years (range, 19-84 years).

Design:
Cross-sectional analysis of a prospective observational cohort study. Main Measures: Community participation at 1 year postinjury assessed by 3 domains of the Participation Assessment with Recombined Tools–Objective (PART-O): Out & About, Productivity, and Social Relations.

Results:
Significant differences were observed among race/ethnicity groups in PART-O Productivity and Out & About domains without controlling for relevant participant characteristics; Productivity scores were significantly higher for non-Hispanic Black than for non-Hispanic White participants (t = 2.40, P = .0169). Out & About scores were significantly higher for Hispanic than for non-Hispanic White participants (t = 2.79, P = .0056). However, after controlling for demographic, injury severity, and 1-year follow-up characteristics, only differences in the Out & About domain remained statistically significant (t = 2.62, P = .0094), with scores being significantly higher for Hispanics than for non-Hispanic Whites.

Conclusions:
The results, which differ from findings from studies conducted in non-VA healthcare settings where there are greater racial/ethnic disparities in participation outcomes, could reflect differences between military and civilian samples that may reduce disparities.
Moxibustion therapy on lumbar disc herniation
Authors: Hua Fanghui , Xiong Jun , Zhang Haifeng , Xiang Jie , Huang Shouqiang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background:
Lumbar disc herniation (LDH), as a disease with great disturbance to life and work, is known as the origin of the severe and disabling forms of nerve root pain. Recognized as an increasingly widely accepted treatment, the efficacy of moxibustion on LDH has been affirmed. However, clinical practice guidelines (CPG) for the treatment of LDH with moxibustion have not been developed. Therefore, we will carry out this work following the accepted methodological quality standards.

Methods:
The new CPG will be developed according to the Institute of Medicine (IOM), the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research & Evaluation II (AGREE II) and WHO guideline handbook. And then determine recommendations based on high-level evidence. We will set up a Guideline Working Group and define clinical issues according to the PICO principles (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes). After evidence syntheses and several rounds of Delphi process, we will reach the consensus. In making the guideline, Patient values or preferences, results of peer review, and interest statements are all within the bounds of what we must consider.

Results:
As the study is not yet complete, no results can be reported.

Conclusion:
So far, we will develop the first CPG for moxibustion of LDH strictly based on systematic methodologies in China. This CPG will establish the standard of LDH in moxibustion therapy.

Registration number:
IPGRP-2020CN034.