bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of Different Endodontic Irrigation and Activation Systems, Self-Adjusting File Instrumentation/Irrigation System, and XP-Endo Finisher in Removal of the Intracanal Smear Layer: An Ex vivo Scanning Electron Microscope Study
Authors: Karade Priyatam , Sharma Deepak , Hoshing Upendra A. , Medha Ashish H. , Bhagat Anil R. , Chopade Rutuja V. 
Published: June 2021

Aim:
This ex vivo study was designed to evaluate and compare different endodontic irrigation and activation systems, the self-adjusting file (SAF) instrumentation/irrigation system, and XP-endo finisher for removal of intracanal smear layer.

Materials and Methods:
Fifty recently extracted, noncarious human intact single-rooted premolars were selected and divided into five groups (n = 10) according to the root canal irrigation systems; syringe and needle irrigation, passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI), EndoVac irrigation system, SAF system, and XP-endo finisher. All groups were prepared to apical size F4 file except for the SAF group which was prepared to apical size 20 K-file and then instrumented with the SAF file. Each sample was subjected to final irrigation using different irrigation/activation systems. After splitting the samples, one half of each root was selected for examination under scanning electron microscope. The irrigation systems were compared using the Fisher's exact test with significance set at P < 0.05.

Results:
In the coronal part, there was no difference among the groups. In the mid-root section, the results of the PUI, EndoVac, SAF, and XP-endo finisher groups tended to be better than syringe and needle irrigation, but the difference was not significant. The apical part of the canal, the SAF system, and XP-endo finisher group seemed to be cleaner than those of the EndoVac group, but this difference was not significant.

Conclusions:
Within the limitations of the present study, SAF system and XP-endo finisher group cleaned the apical part of the canal more efficiently than EndoVac, PUI, and syringe and needle irrigation.
Oral Health Status and Treatment Needs of Psychiatric Outpatients Aged 18-64 Years in District Civil Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Goud Venkatesh , Kannaiyan Karthik , Rao Boinapelli Vengal , Abidullah Mohammed , Dharani Veena , Nayak Madhukar 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Psychiatric patients or mentally ill patients conform a substantial section of the community deserving special attention. This study aimed to assess the oral health status and treatment needs of psychiatric patients attending District Civil Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka.

Materials and Methods:
The study group comprised 150 outpatients aged 18–64 years, attending the Department of Psychiatry, District Civil Hospital, Raichur. A specific questionnaire was drawn up and was used to record the demographic and medical data and oral hygiene practices. Type III clinical examination was carried out. The WHO Assessment Form 1997 was used to assess the oral health status of the study population.

Results:
Of the 150 patients examined, 90 (60%) were male and 60 (40%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 33.79 ± 10.57 years. The majority (52%) were diagnosed with epilepsy and 18% had anxiety disorder. The prevalence of caries was 87.3%. Periodontal status, according to the Community Periodontal Index scores, was as follows: 54% of the patients had shallow pocket (4 mm–5 mm) and 32% of the patients had 6-mm or more deep pocket.

Conclusion:
This study highlights a substantial need for prevention and treatment of oral health needs among psychiatric patients, and to increase awareness toward oral health.
Influence of Implant Angulation and Implant Number on the Accuracy of Definitive Casts
Authors: Narayane Abhay Kiran , Shamsuddeen Suhana , Kharat Swati , Rashidi Tabish , Pandav Aachut , Thakur Manoj Kumar 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The present study determined the effect of implant angulation and implant number on the dimensional precision of implant definitive casts.

Materials and Methods:
Three definitive casts with implant analogs placed in a triangular pattern were made from dental stone. Group I was control group, Group II in which implant numbers 1 and 3 were at 5° convergence to the implant number 2. Group III in which implant numbers 1 and 3 are at 5° divergence to the implant number 2. Group IV in which implant numbers 1 and 3 are at 10° convergence to the implant number 2. Implant analogs were secured in all the definitive casts with cyanoacrylate. Three open tray impressions of the definitive cast were obtained and poured in Type IV dental stone. Coordinates in the three planes were measured at implant analog top surface and base of the cast using a fine tip measuring stylus. The data were aligned and angular differences between implant analog vectors from definitive and duplicate casts were measured.

Results:
There was a significant correlation between dental implant number and dental implant angulation (P < 0.05). There was a significant result when comparing the effect of the parallel group from 5° divergence and 10° convergence groups. A significant results while comparing the parallel group with 5° divergence and 10° convergence was obtained whereas while comparing 5° divergence, 5° divergence, and 10° convergence a nonsignificant difference was obtained (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:
Close proximity of implant angulation toward right-angled direction results in higher precision of implant.
Evaluation of Horizontal Distance between WALA-FA Point in Angle's Class I, Class II, and Class III Malocclusion
Authors: Mahalakshmi R. , Varadharaja M. M. , Ninan Reshmi Leila , Kumar V. Vignesh , Kanagasabapathy B. , Balaji M. D. Saravana 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
The objective of the study was to measure the horizontal distance between the FA-WALA (Facial Axis Point-William Andrews and Larry Andrews) of posterior teeth in Angle's Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions and to assess the depth of the Curve of Spee, to find the correlation between intercanine FA and intercanine WALA and its significance.

Material and Methods:
Sixty pretreatment mandibular casts of patients with an age range of 18–35 years were included. A sample size of 20 was evaluated in Angle's Class I, Class II, and Class III, respectively. The WALA ridge and FA points were marked in the model and calibrated using the digital Vernier caliper.

Results:
There was an incremental increase in the horizontal distance from the FA-WALA in the posterior teeth. The mandibular intercanine FA-FA and intercanine WALA-WALA distance were greater in Angle's Class III group when compared to Angle's Class II. The Curve of Spee measurement was increased in Angle's Class II group, while Angle's Class III had a flat curve.

Conclusion:
The horizontal distance between FA-WALA increased incrementally in the posterior teeth in Angle's Class I, Class II, and Class III malocclusions. In Angle's Class II malocclusion, the Curve of Spee measurement was increased and had a narrower mandibular arch.
Clinical Efficacy of Resin Infiltration Technique Alone or in Combination with Micro Abrasion and in-Office Bleaching in Adults with Mild-to-Moderate Fluorosis Stains
Authors: Saxena Poorvi , Grewal Mandeep S. , Agarwal Pamita , Kaur Gagandeep , Verma Jayant , Chhikara Vandana 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The present study was conducted to evaluate the clinical efficacy of resin infiltration technique alone or in combination with microabrasion and in-office bleaching in adults with mild-to-moderate fluorosis stains on permanent maxillary anterior teeth at the end of 1 month.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 30 patients with nonpitted fluorosis stains on maxillary anterior were classified as mild (n = 15) and moderate (n = 15). Each grade is subdivided into three groups as Group A, Group B, and Group C. Group 1: Mild (score 2), Subgroup A: Resin infiltration (n = 5 patients), Subgroup B: Microabrasion followed by resin infiltration (n = 5 patients), Subgroup C: Microabrasion and bleaching followed by resin infiltration after 2 weeks (n = 5 patients). Group 2: Moderate (score 3), Subgroup A: Resin infiltration (n = 5 patients), Subgroup B: Microabrasion followed by resin infiltration (n = 5 patients), and Subgroup C: Microabrasion and bleaching followed by resin infiltration after 2 weeks (n = 5 patients). Microabrasion was performed with the opalustre kit from Ultradent according to the manufacturer's instructions. Pola office bleaching from SDI and Icon infiltrant was performed. Stain score, improvement in appearance score, need for further treatment, patient satisfaction score, tooth sensitivity immediately after treatment, 24 h and 72 h were recorded.

Results:
The mean appearance score in Group 1A was 73.60, in Group 1B was 72.87, in Group 1C was 65.27, in Group 2A was 68.00, in Group 2Bwas 72.93 and in Group 2C was 84.73. The mean need for further treatment score in Group 1A was 72.80, in Group 1B was 78.40, in Group 1C was 68.73, in Group 2A was 71.20, in Group 2B was 79.53 and in Group 2C was 88.73. The mean patient satisfaction score in Group 1A was 91.40, in Group 1B was 95.20, in Group 1C was 98.00, in Group 2A was 90.20, in Group 2B was 99.40 and in Group 2C was 100.00. There was a significant difference in mean tooth sensitivity immediately after treatment between Groups 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, and 2C. There was a significant difference in mean tooth sensitivity after 24 h between Groups 1A, 1B, 1C, 2A, 2B, and 2C.

Conclusion:
Resin infiltration technique in combination with bleaching and microabrasion technique found to be effective in the management of dental fluorosis.
Examining the Effect of Gravity on Different Irrigation Systems: An In vitro Study
Authors: Dafer Al Wadei Mohammed Hussain , Kader Mohammed Abdul , Mohamed Ali Ahmed Babiker , Alaajam Wafa Hassan , Sainudeen Shan , AlQahtani Saeed M. 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Periapical extrusion is frequently observed during endodontic therapy. It can lead to acute injury of periapical tissues, resulting in interappointment pain or swelling. The effect is pronounced in teeth with immature apex, which are more susceptible to the extrusion of irrigant. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of gravity on the apical extrusion of irrigating solution with different irrigation protocols in single-rooted premolars.

Methodology:
A total number of 80 permanent single-rooted teeth (premolars) with same working length (WL) were divided into two main groups: Group A: Penetration depth of irrigation syringe to 2 mm from the WL and Group B: Penetration depth of irrigation syringe to 4 mm from the WL. Each group was subdivided into four subgroups. (n = 10). The extruded debris and irrigants were weighed, and the data were statistically analyzed by the analysis of variance and the Tukey test.

Results:
Irrespective of the irrigation technique used, the amount of irrigant extruded from the apex showed a statistically significant difference related to the effect of gravity (P < 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference observed between irrigation methods (P > 0.05).

Conclusion:
The degree of apical extrusion of irrigant was dependent on the type of irrigation technique and gravity. Greater caution should be taken during irrigation to prevent postoperative pain.
Comparative Evaluation of Surface Detail Reproduction and Dimensional Stability of Poly Ether, Vinyl Siloxane, and Vinyl Siloxane Ether Impression Materials: An In vitro Study
Authors: Rose Shyma , Aravindakshan Shyammohan , Mohamed Usman Jafar Abdulla , Mohamed Raza , Menon Sheethel , Shafiullah Rahmath Shameem , Salloum Mahmoud Gamal 
Published: June 2021

Introduction:
Impression making is an integral part of prosthetic dentistry. Development of material science has allowed integrating qualities of hydrophilic polyether and hydrophobic polyvinyl siloxane into a newer hybrid material, vinyl polysiloxane (VPS) ether. This study was aimed to compare the VPS ether with the polyether and polyvinyl siloxane in terms of accuracy and dimensional stability.

Materials and Methods:
Stainless steel dies with the American Dental Association specification 19 were made. Die has three horizontal and two vertical lines which are used for taking the impression. Two cross-points at the junction of the vertical lines with line 2 were marked as x and x' and served as beginning and end points of measurements for dimensional accuracy. Accuracy was evaluated 30 min after making each impression. If at least two of the three horizontal lines were reproduced continuously between cross-points, this impression was considered satisfactory. The specimens are poured with Type IV gypsum product and allowed to set completely for 24 h. Then, dimensional stability was measured in the model by measuring the distance between the two lines and comparing the distance with the measurement of line on metal die, which was used to make the impression.

Results:
The mean value obtained for light- and medium-bodied VPS ether was 0.05370 and 0.05330 and for light and medium-bodied polyvinyl siloxane was 0.06370 and 0.07150, respectively. The mean value for polyether monophase was 0.06430. Two-way ANOVA and post hoc test showed statistical significance.

Conclusion:
The newer VPS ether material showed good surface detail reproduction and dimensional stability when compared with polyvinyl siloxane and polyether.
New Insights for Consummate Diagnosis and Management of Oral Submucous Fibrosis Using Reactive and Reparative Fibrotic Parameter Derived Algorithm
Authors: Ramadoss Ramya , Krishnan Rajkumar , Vasanthi V. , Bose Divya , Vijayalakshmi R. , Padmanabhan Rajashree , Subramanian Balakumar 
Published: June 2021

Objective:
Reproducibility of qualitative changes in histopathological diagnosis involving narrow variation is often challenging. This study aims to characterize the histological fibrotic events in detail so as to derive an in-depth multiparametric algorithm with individually quantified histological parameters for effective monitoring of the. disease process in oral submucous fibrosis and for potential therapeutic targets for early intervention.

Methods:
Formalin fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) blocks of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF), were taken and sections were stained with Hematoxylin & Eosin stain and Masson Trichrome stain. Photomicrographs were assessed for various morphometric parameters with Image J software version 1.8. Linear Regression was used to model the relationship using Inflammatory Cell Count, Extent of Inflammation collagen stained area, Epithelial thickness integrated density of collagen, MVPA, Area, Perimeter, were taken as variables.

Result:
Inflammatory cell count and the extent of inflammation also decreased with increasing grades of OSMF. Collagen proportionate area, integrated collagen density and epithelial thickness were compared among different grades of OSMF. Grade IV OSMF had greatest mean collagen proportionate area, highest integrated collagen density and lowest epithelial thickness when compared to other grades of OSMF. Linear regression model revealed smaller variation between Grade I to Grade II. Whereas Grade II to Grade IV exhibited larger variation suggestive of increased growth rate and all the coefficients were found to lie within 95% confidence limits

Conclusion:
Diagnostic algorithm with multiparametric regression model were derived and combinatorial therapeutic approaches have been suggested for more effective management of oral submucous fibrosis
Relationship between Body Mass Index and Dental Caries in 13–15-Year-Old School Children of Government and Private Schools in Bengaluru City
Authors: V Syamkumar , Thomas Arun Jacob , Oommen Sajna , Aswin S. , Swathy Anand P. J. , Mathew V. 
Published: June 2021

Aims:
The aim of the study was to assess the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and dental caries of 13–15-years-old school children in urban Bangalore and to compare the correlation between BMI and dental decay amongst government and private school children of age group 13–15 years in Bangalore city.

Subjects and Methods:
A total of 660 students 13–15 years old were inducted in the study. According to these, 330 students from government schools and 330 students from private schools were examined. A specially designed structured questionnaire was used for compilation of data in the survey. BMI for age percentiles was deducted by weight in kilogram divided by height in meter square.

Results:
Overall a positive correlation was found between Decayed, Missing, and Filled Teeth DMFT and BMI. In government schools, Overweight children had more mean DMFT (1.43) than other BMI categories while in Private schools, At risk of overweight children had more mean DMFT (1.4) than other category of BMI children.

Conclusions:
A positive correlation was found between DMFT and BMI. In government schools, Overweight children had more mean DMFT than other BMI category while in Private schools, At risk of overweight children had more mean DMFT than other category children.
Knowledge and Attitude towards Dental Clinical Practice Related to COVID-19 Pandemic among Dental Interns in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Shariff Suhail , Benten Muath Muhammad , Ahmed Al-Zabidi Mohammed Khaled , Alshehri Ghaida Mohammed , Almehmadi Ahad Abdulaziz , F Alhazmi Shahad T , AlDara Elaf Waleed 
Published: June 2021

Background:
The newly emerged pandemic has created many dilemmas in dental clinical practice all over the world. Most of the practicing dentists and dental students are at higher risk of getting infected and transmitted the disease. The study aimed to explore the knowledge and attitudes among dental interns in Saudi Arabia related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Materials and Methods:
An online questionnaire survey was carried out among dental students pursuing their internship at different universities in Saudi Arabia. A combination of convenience and snowball sampling was used to identify interns from each province of the Kingdom. The questionnaire was validated and pretested, which recorded the knowledge, attitude, and concerns related to dental practice and COVID-19.

Results:
The knowledge related to COVID-19 and its importance in clinical dental practice was below average among dental interns, and only 22.2% gave a correct response to all questions. About 80.8% and 85% of the dental students were worried about contracting the infection during dental practice and transmitting it to family and friends, respectively.

Conclusion:
Dental students showed satisfactory knowledge, attitude, and practices related to COVID-19, and most of them were aware and adhering to the preventive guidelines set by the ministry of health.
COVID-19-Related Anxiety among Dental Students in Two Dental Schools in Saudi Arabia
Authors: El Homossany Mahmoud , Alrowaily Ghada Sultan , Allugmani Wysal Abdullah , Abo-Atwan Waleed Khalid , Al-Sulaiman Rafat Ayman , Al-Mofareh Obayy Mohammed , Alharbi Aseel Salem , Almuqrin Abdulrahman Daher 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Dentistry can be an overstressed career. Dentists come across countless routes of stress in dental schools. Onset foot in clinical training, they can find that the number and type of stressors often grow. Dental students encounter high levels of academic stress, which can adversely influence them from their study years working with phantom teeth through their preclinical and clinical practice years. The COVID-19 pandemic has revealed the world population to a high risk of infection that comprises a major stress factor, especially for vulnerable groups such as dental students.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to assess the levels of COVID-19-related stress and anxiety, changes in hygienic and social habits, as well as subjective worries regarding the dental profession among dental students.

Materials and Methods:
A self-structured questionnaire was sent to dental students of two dental schools in the city of Jeddah. It included demographic data, questions about the level of change in personal hygiene and social habits, students' perception about the sufficiency of information received during the outbreak and its source, subjective worries regarding the dental profession, and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7-item Scale. Three hundred and eight responses were received.

Results:
Moderate and severe anxieties were reported in 41% and 7% of students, respectively. About 57% of respondents agreed to continue e-learning in the theoretical part only, 1% for the clinical part only, 32% in both, and 10% were not interested in continuing e-learning. Most of the students reported that they received excellent information about COVID-19 during the outbreak, with social media as the main source of information for the majority, followed by the Health Department. A significant number of dentists (66%) wanted to temporarily shut their dental practices until the number of COVID-19 case rates reduces considerably.

Conclusion:
A considerable percentage of dental students are anxious and changed their hygienic and social habits due to COVID-19. This anxiety reflects worries about the dental profession in one-third of participants that necessitate counseling services and psychological support.
Attention to COVID-19 Pandemic among Dental Experts of Kerala State, India: A Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Study
Authors: Aravind A. , Nair Samyukta , Aparna T. K. , Thomas Arun Jacob , Oommen Sajna , Vijayan Aravind 
Published: June 2021

Background:
Dentists are the common preys for the transmission of pandemic disease because of the airborne spread via routine dental checkups. This study which is a cross-sectional one gives the idea about awareness and alertness of dentists about COVID-19 in Kerala, India.

Materials and Methods:
The survey comprised 25 closed-ended questions. The survey was separated into two sections. The initial segment of the poll was identified with the socio-segment qualities that were researched, while the subsequent part was worried about dental practitioners' perspectives toward the management of COVID-19 and the apparent danger of defilement in dental facilities.

Results:
Coronavirus management in dental clinics differs regarding adherence to the rules. An aggregate of 750 respondents finished the form, out of which 686 (91.46%) complete reactions were incorporated. The majority of the respondents concurred on inquiries regarding the knowledge, practice, and mentality of dental specialists toward the COVID-19 pandemic.

Conclusion:
The feedback of most dental specialists with respect to the readiness and view of disease control measures against the COVID-19 pandemic was positive. Dental facilities need to adhere more to the central and state government suggestions in alertness of their facilities or by tutoring their dental specialists and staff.