bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Placing Berlin in the Music
Authors: Alexander Phil 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents the third element fundamental to an overall picture: the music itself, with specific focus on the relationship between music, text, and the city. The chapter begins with a wider discussion of music’s role in sounding urban geographies. This is then set against the indeterminacy and ambiguities of “placing” klezmer music—a result of mid-twentieth-century rupture, subsequent postwar cultural submergence, and the transnationalism of its contemporary revival. The main body of the chapter is devoted to the specific ways that the city of Berlin is articulated through its klezmer music. In order to do this, the chapter takes as its starting point sociologist Adam Krims’s flexible concept of “urban ethos,” applying this for the first time to the processes of traditional music. Through detailed analysis of a series of musical examples, it shows the important ways in which the city of Berlin is made meaningful in its klezmer music—how exactly, through both music and text, the city functions as a significant musical-semantic unit. The musicians discussed include ?Shmaltz!, Daniel Kahn, and Knoblauch Klezmer Band, and the analysis is supported by detailed transcriptions and interview material. Throughout the chapter and through the work of these different artists, certain themes reappear—themes particularly pertinent to Berlin and Jewish musical production. These include notions of escape, borders, and transgression and the dialogue between visible and hidden histories. The chapter also uses David Kaminsky’s theorization of the “New Old Europe Sound” to question and problematize some of the urban expressions discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Douglas Heather 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter explains the emphasis of this book, which is about how women who have experienced intimate partner violence (IPV) interact with the legal system over time. It explains the importance of the law to many women across the world who experience IPV. The chapter identifies the legal systems that women interact with, including civil protection orders, family law, criminal law, child protection systems, and immigration law. In talking about their experience with law, women focus on their relationships with different justice actors on their legal journey, including child protection workers, police, lawyers, and judges. This focus explains the structure of the book. This chapter also considers the importance of women’s stories in informing law reform.
Bureaucrats Bewildered
Authors: Eden Jeff 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Using Kazakhstan as a case study, this chapter shows how the atheist officials charged with policing religion in the Soviet Union quickly lost track of the religious policies they were tasked with enforcing. Meanwhile, bureaucrats at local levels were often oblivious or even indifferent to those policies. Beyond the bureaucratic confusion and malaise, there was also significant confusion among officials over the very nature of Islam in the Soviet Union. What was the point of “registering” mosques, for example, if Kazakh Muslims, with their legacy of nomadism, did not need mosques? What was the point of monitoring mullas and other Islamic leaders when each Muslim is, according to tradition, ritually autonomous and self-sufficient? By showing the grey areas where enforcement met devotional practice, this chapter argues that Soviet Muslims were given a broad space for religious activity not only thanks to Stalin’s policies, but also through bureaucratic incompetence, indifference, and bewilderment.
Science, Perception, and Objectivity
Authors: Quadri Junaid 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 takes as a case study Bakhīt’s discussion of the validity of relying on astronomical calculations to determine the month of Ramadan to discuss his remarkable openness to the modern scientific enterprise. In particular, I examine his shift from a procedural approach to this question that stressed the importance of methods and norms that were internal to the fiqh tradition, to an epistemological approach that stressed the importance of knowledge as determined by science. The introduction of certain technologies to Egypt was accompanied by a new salience being given to science and particular notions of scientific truth. Here we examine the impact of the telescope in facilitating a view of knowledge, including fiqhī knowledge, as scientistic and representationalist, itself dependent upon a notion of reality best understood by what Timothy Mitchell has called the colonial conception of the “world-as-picture”—namely, the idea that the world is composed of the two distinct realms of representation and reality, the second of which can be achieved through specifically scientific precision.
Narrative Resilience
Authors: Cyrulnik Boris 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Research on the process of resilience encourages a systemic rather than fragmented epistemology. By combining neurological development and narrative techniques, we can observe how emotional pressures from the family and social environment form the human brain. This is how it can acquire a neuro-emotional vulnerability or, on the contrary, the protective factors needed against traumas. When the injured person’s story is consistent with the surrounding stories, the person experiences a sense of calm that regulates brain function. But when the intimate and collective stories are conflicting, the maladjusted casualty feels isolated and misunderstood, making the process of resilience difficult. We can act on the environment that acts on our brain to increase the possibility of resilience. This degree of freedom makes us responsible for organizing such an environment.
Family Resilience
Authors: Walsh Froma 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the concept of family resilience, grounded in a multilevel systems orientation. The concept of family resilience refers to the capacity of the family as a functional system in overcoming significant life challenges. Highly stressful events and social contexts impact the whole family, and in turn, family processes facilitate the adaptation of all members, their relationships, and the family unit. A research-informed map of key processes in family resilience is outlined. Given the contextual contingency of the concept of resilience, process elements and pathways in resilience may vary with different adverse situations over time; diverse family cultures, structures, and resources; and salient socioeconomic and developmental influences. The broad application of a family resilience framework in clinical and community-based intervention and prevention is discussed and illustrated. Research challenges and recommendations are offered, emphasizing the value of mixed-method, multidisciplinary, and multilevel approaches.
The Excellent Mind
Authors: King Nathan L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
What makes for a good education? What does one need to count as well educated? Knowledge, to be sure. But knowledge is easily forgotten, and today’s knowledge may be obsolete tomorrow. Skills, particularly in critical thinking, are crucial as well. But absent the right motivation, graduates may fail to put their skills to good use. In this book, Nathan King argues that intellectual virtues—traits like curiosity, intellectual humility, honesty, intellectual courage, and open-mindedness—are central to any education worthy of the name. Further, such virtues are crucial to our functioning well in everyday life, in areas as diverse as personal relationships, responsible citizenship, civil discourse, and personal success. Our struggles in these areas often result from a failure to think virtuously. Drawing upon recent work in philosophy and psychology, the book paints a portrait of virtuous intellectual character—and of the vices such a character opposes. Filled with examples and applications, this book introduces readers to the intellectual virtues: what they are, why they matter, and how we can grow in them.
Why Good Thinking Matters
Authors: King Nathan L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the importance of good thinking in everyday life, and explains the role of intellectual virtue in good thinking. It begins by establishing the importance of character in the life well lived—something that becomes clear in light of the prospect of one’s own demise. The chapter goes on to emphasize intellectual character in particular. It then makes the case that intellectual virtues (e.g., carefulness, humility, and perseverance) foster such goods as general success in life, flourishing relationships, quality education, and the achievement of knowledge. It closes by establishing that intellectual virtues are not just for academics. Rather, they are for everyone.
The Experience of Emerging Adulthood Among Street-Involved Youth
Authors: Magnuson Doug , Jansson Mikael , Benoit Cecilia 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Experience of Emerging Adulthood Among Street-Involved Youth tells the story of young people who were street-involved from their early to middle teens and into their 20s, particularly their experiences of emerging adulthood while struggling toward young adulthood and independence. These youth experienced emerging and early adulthood earlier than other youth while living independently of guardians, detached from formal education, and working in the underground economy. After leaving their guardians they were choosing how to be different than their family, learning to cope with instability, and enjoying and protecting their independence, and they experienced some satisfaction with their ability to manage. As one youth stated, “away from my family, I learned that I was not stupid.” Their success was facilitated by harm reduction services, like access to shelter and food, that gave them time to experiment with living independently and to practice being responsible for themselves and others. Later they began to prefer nonstreet identities, and they began to think about their desires for the future. The distance between their current lives and those aspirations was the experience of feeling “in-between,” and progress toward their aspirations was often complicated by past experiences of trauma, current experiences of exclusion, coping with substances, and the mismatch between their needs and available services.
From a Single Cell to Segmental Structures
Authors: Scholtz Gerhard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Beginning with Aristotle 2400 years ago, research on crustacean embryology has a long tradition. Rathke’s 1829 landmark study on the noble crayfish initiated modern approaches. Crustaceans in general—and most of their large taxa—show a great diversity in all stages of their developmental pathways from the zygote up to the adult animal. This chapter describes the various modes of cleavage, gastrulation, germ band formation, and segmentation found in crustacean taxa. Cleavage is either total, partial, or mixed. Total cleavage can be indeterminate, without predictable cell lineage; or determinate, with a stereotyped cell division pattern. Gastrulation modes can also vary to a high degree. One finds invagination, epiboly, immigration, delamination, and a mix of some of these. Likewise, the stages of germ layer separation and the number of cells that initiate gastrulation differ. In yolk-rich eggs, a germ disk forms at the future ventral side of the embryo, and the axes and orientation of the germ are recognizable. Through elongation in the anteroposterior direction by a posterior growth zone and intercalary cell divisions, the germ disk is transformed into the germ band. As a result of a unique, stereotyped cell division pattern in the germ band of malacostracans, germ band growth and the segmentation process up to the differentiation of neuronal precursors and early limb anlagen can be analyzed at the level of individual cells. Recent morphological and molecular techniques allow a very detailed spatiotemporal resolution of developmental processes and they offer new perspectives on long-standing morphological questions.
Effects of Environmental Conditions on Larval Growth and Development
Authors: Zeng Chaoshu , Rotllant Guiomar , Giménez Luis , Romano Nicholas 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The vast majority of crustaceans are aquatic, living in either marine or freshwater environments. Marine crustaceans—such as copepods, in particular—are ubiquitous in the oceans and perhaps the most numerous metazoans on Earth. Because crustaceans occur in all marine habitats, their larvae are exposed to highly diverse and sometimes variable environmental conditions, including extreme situations in which various environmental factors exert significant effects on larval growth and development. This chapter first describes the effects of food availability on crustacean larvae. Food paucity is a commonly occurring scenario in the wild, which can directly affect larval growth and development and, in severe cases, results in mortality. In the subsequent sections, we cover the effects of temperature and salinity—the two most prominent physical parameters in the aquatic environments—on growth and development of crustacean larvae. We then discuss the influence of other important physicochemical factors in aquatic environments on larval growth and development, including dissolved oxygen, light, ocean acidification, and pollutants. Finally, the last two sections of this chapter discuss synergistic effects of different environmental factors and suggest future research directions in this field.
Settlement and Metamorphosis in Barnacles and Decapods
Authors: Gebauer Paulina , Giménez Luis , Hinojosa Iván , Paschke Kurt 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Settlement and metamorphosis are two crucial processes in organisms with a biphasic life cycle, forming the link between the pelagic larva and benthic juvenile-adult. In general, these processes occur during the final larval stage. Among crustaceans, settlement behavior and the cues that trigger settlement and metamorphosis have been studied in greater depth in barnacles than in decapods, likely a result of the former losing the ability to move after they join the benthic juvenile-adult population, undergoing metamorphosis. Both barnacles and decapods respond to different environmental cues associated with the adult habitat, such as substratum, biofilm, and the presence of conspecifics. In the absence of cues, larvae can delay their metamorphosis for a period of time. This ability to prolong the development can be advantageous because it increases the probability of settling in a suitable habitat. However, delayed metamorphosis has also associated costs (e.g., smaller size, lower growth rate, and higher mortality), which may be carried over to subsequent development stages, with consequences for recruitment.
Phenotypic Plasticity and Phenotypic Links in Larval Development
Authors: Giménez Luis 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Marine crustaceans show a suite of phenotypically plastic responses to the environment, with some restricted to the larval phase and others transcending life history boundaries, linking life phases or generations. Maternal effects include the effects of allocation of reserves into eggs as well as effects of the embryonic environment on tolerance to low salinity or larval body mass. Within the larval phase, there is a diversity of plastic responses involving changes in body size, growth, and developmental rate; they can occur within the molt cycle, involve several molting stages, or result in the development of alternative pathways characterized by the different larval stages. In feeding larvae, the effects of stressors on body mass may be attenuated by delayed development; however, in nonfeeding larvae (e.g., barnacle cyprids), delayed metamorphosis reduces juvenile body size and habitat selectivity. Also, larval food limitation and increased temperatures away from the optimum lead to reduced body mass during metamorphosis. Overall, many of these responses are adaptive and lead to the maintenance of basic functions at the expense of morphogenesis and growth. Some plastic responses that lead to changes in size during metamorphosis can also have consequences for juvenile size growth and survival. These “latent effects” appear to represent forms of developmental trade-offs and may have important ecological and evolutionary consequences. Larval plasticity, by generating phenotypic variation, may influence the capacity to compete, capture resources, tolerate stressors, and, ultimately, may affect recruitment dynamics. In addition, plastic responses linking life history stages also result in genetic links and hence drive the evolution of crustaceans with complex life cycles.
“The Caring Crustacean”: An Overview of Crustacean Parental Care
Authors: Palaoro Alexandre V. , Thiel Martin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Many crustacean species are known to provide parental care, with behaviors ranging from ventilating the eggs to providing food for young. This chapter provides an overview of parental care patterns across crustaceans, and then compares crustacean parental care to that of select other taxa (insects, fishes, frogs) that share important traits with crustaceans (exoskeleton, aquatic or amphibious lifestyle, respectively). The aim is to identify gaps in the understanding of the evolution of parental care in crustaceans. We show that nearly all crustaceans provide parental care for early embryos (eggs), while caring for advanced stages is rarer. The most common forms of care are simple behaviors (e.g. fanning and cleaning behaviors), while complex behaviors (e.g. feeding the young) evolved exclusively in groups that also care for longer. Caring is most frequently done by females, while biparental is rare, and exclusive paternal care is nonexistent. When compared across taxa, simple behaviors are also the most common forms of care, and reasons for the evolution of parental care have common themes. First, parental care enhances offspring survival. In crustaceans, early embryo/egg mortality is apparently high, which might have triggered the evolution of parental care in several crustacean taxa independently. Second, crustaceans that have large eggs and inhabit stable habitats tend to care for longer. Lastly, internal fertilization seems to prevent male crustaceans from caring by not allowing the males to access the eggs and to ensure paternity.
Parthenogenesis
Authors: Innes David J. , Dufresne France 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The dominant mode of reproduction in eucaryotes is sexual. This has been described as a paradox given that sex is much more costly than reproducing asexually, such as by parthenogenesis. In the Crustacea, parthenogenesis is commonly found in the Ostracoda and Branchiopoda (Artemia and Cladocera), and studies of these species have made important contributions to understanding the ecological and evolutionary relationship between sexual and asexual reproduction. With respect to parthenogenesis, researchers have explored its taxonomic distribution and phylogeny, origin and mode, ecological genetics, and genomic signatures. Parthenogenetic Crustacea include both diploid and polyploid clones that have originated multiple times from related sexual species but appear to have a relatively limited evolutionary lifespan. Darwinulid ostracods may be one exception, with no known sexual forms and possibly an example of ancient asexuality, although this is controversial. Most parthenogenetic crustacean groups appear to have a wider geographic distribution than related sexual species and are often found in marginal habitats associated with higher latitudes and altitudes. Such patterns of geographic parthenogenesis have yet to be fully explained, but could possibly be due to colonization and adaptation advantages of asexuality; further studies are required to eliminate polyploidy alone as an explanation. There are many examples of parthenogenetic ostracods, cladocerans, and Artemia showing high levels of genetic diversity likely due to recent multiple origins from related sexual species. Phylogenetic analyses support this explanation and for Artemia and Daphnia, cases have been documented for rare functional males produced by parthenogenetic females that can mate with sexual females as a mechanism for generating new clonal lineages. The diversity of asexual species, combined with prior ecological and genetic information, suggests that crustaceans will continue as important models for understanding parthenogenesis, particularly with the application of new genomic tools.
The Fundamentals
Authors: Marzola Luci 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 shows how the collective approach to research established in the Mazda tests was utilized in the chaos brought to every aspect of film production by the introduction of sound. Rather than focusing on sound itself (the focus of much scholarship), this chapter concentrates on its ramifications for everything from lights and cameras to set materials and lab practices as a way of understanding how the entire system dealt with the changes in the industry. The Hollywood studios viewed the drop in technical quality brought by sound as a potential disaster for the industry once the novelty wore off. For the studios to quickly regain the professional standards expected of Hollywood films, the Academy led a “school” in which technicians from across the studios and manufacturers shared knowledge about the new sound systems. These collective activities served to tame the chaos of sound and create collaborative practices that were perpetuated and shared across the studios in a systemized way for the first time.
Stonehenge in Nevada
Authors: Joyce Rosemary A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the understanding of Stonehenge, the support for major features of the proposed design for markers for nuclear waste repositories. The proposed design would have two concentric lines of stone monoliths justified explicitly by a claim that Stonehenge’s contemporary remains survived as indications of its original plan and intention. Drawing on archaeological research, the chapter shows that this image of Stonehenge as composed at one moment is untrue to its complex history of transformations. The chapter follows one part of the design proposal—the suggestion that the monoliths be made of granite, not the original material of Stonehenge—to demonstrate that the experts were drawing on a history of understanding of monuments and commemoration that developed in the United States in the early 19th century. It ends with an interlude introducing the alternate design proposal, based on a theory of archetypes that would arouse universal emotional responses.
Serpent Mound
Authors: Joyce Rosemary A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the second major element of the marker design, which called for a massive earthen berm, supported by citing mounds of the US Midwest, including Monk’s Mound at Cahokia and the Great Serpent Mound. It explores how the engineering knowledge needed to construct these mounds is underestimated by the markers’ experts, and how the archaeological sites treated as simple actually have complex histories of development, including repair and changes. It relates the dismissive treatment of this indigenous technology to earlier commentaries that questioned the creation of earthworks by Native Americans. It explores the concept of common sense and the kinds of expert opinion that were represented in the history of developing proposals for markers, and the special role given to meaning in identifying appropriate archaeological models to use. It is followed by an interlude considering Robert Smithson’s Spiral Jetty as a model for a monumental earthwork subject to entropy.