bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PECTORAL FROM TOVSTA MOHYLA AS A REMINISCENCE OF THE SHIELD OF ACHILLES: SEARCHING THE ORIGIN OF IDEA
Authors: Babenko L. I. 
Published: November 2021

Pectorals in form of breast decoration of a moon-like shape were not peculiar for the Scythian culture. Many ideas on manufacturing the pectoral, which was found by B. Mozolevsky in 1971 during the Tovsta Mohyla excavations, were borrowed by the craftsman from the other culture environment. By the opinion of many researchers, the influence of different traditions of the ancient Greek art is easy-to-see in the pectoral’s composition. Besides, it is inheriting in frieze forming similarelly to sculptural compositions fronton of the Parthenon, borrowing motives of floral ornaments, coin plots etc. But the creative work of the author of pectoral could have been influenced not only by decorative art but the literary monument too. To the latter the Homer’s «Iliad» can be named, especially its 18th playsong, which describes Hephaestus manufacturing the Shield of Achilles. It is interesting that the Pectoral from Tovsta Mohyla was compared with the Shield of Achilles by many researchers (I. V. Yatsenko, L. A. Lelekov and D. S. Rayevsky, V. Y. Mukhaylin). As at its core both Shield of Achilles and the pectoral are pieces of art of high artistic merit, which represent world cosmologic pictures with the help of the opposite action areas made with high relief figures. The breast collars, which are widely known by the findings of Thrace and Macedonia, could lead to generation of ideas that influenced the pectoral’s invention. Such breast collars actually were small hanging shields, which protected in battle the warrior’s weakest spot. By their form and functions they are close to peltes — light skin shields of a moon-like shape. Such peltes were not only well known by toreuts who worked on the Scythians’ orders, but also were recreated by them in battle-pieces on the comb from Soloha and on the calathus from Vylyka Blysnytsya. So it can be considered that the pectoral’s conception was based on the different but connected ideas, borrowed by the craftsman from the military sphere. As a result of the composed transformation of the association chain the Shield of Achilles — Peltes shield — breast collars (or vise versa) and synthesis of several ideas, there was formed a general vision of the pectoral with the corresponding shape, composition structure and separate ornamental patterns.
FURTHER THOUGHTS ON THE FUNERAL RITE OF ROMENSKA CULTURE
Authors: Bibikov D. V. 
Published: November 2021

The study of the funeral rite of the Eastern Slavs and the dynamics of its development is important for the clarification of the religious, state-creating, ethno-cultural and social processes of the Old Rus formation. In the paper the author makes a new attempt of the comprehensive analysis of the burial sites of chronicle Severians who are identified with the bearers of Romenska archaeological culture. For this purpose, the most complete and reliable catalogue of these sites included 142 items has been created.
Statistical calculations show at the main part of the Dnieper Left Bank in the 9th—10th centuries the dominance of cremation rites away from the burial, placing the urn in the upper levels of the mound. Burials of this type are at least 82 % of Romenska culture cremations. They are reflected in literary sources. Burials at the level of the horizon and in small holes should be considered only as a few deviations from the classical Romenski rite. Burials of these types are characterized by such specific elements as circular wooden fences and ritual hearths, and most of them do not contain the urns. Differences in the funeral rites of the Dnieper Left Bank can be explained by the reasons of both ethnographic and chronological nature.
In the second half of the 10th century in the Severians area a few cremations are recorded at the places of burial. No Romenska culture pottery or ornaments were found in any of these complexes: they all contained exclusively the Old Rus materials. There is no doubt that the rite of cremation at the place was brought to the Dnieper Left Bank by settlers from the Middle Dnieper together with the establishment of the Kyiv Princes power.
Radical changes in the Romenski funeral rite occur in the late 10th — early 11th centuries. The rite of inhumation at the level of the horizon becomes dominant, less often in the mound pits. Although a number of scholars link these changes to the socio-economic changes in society the author considers it possible to explain them only by the total Christianization of the newly acquired territories by Kyiv. It is likely that the cremation of the dead was strictly forbidden by the church.
ANCIENT ROADS NEAR DAVYDIV BRID AT INGULETS RIVER
Authors: Kariaka O. V. 
Published: November 2021

In recent years, due to expansion of the capabilities of using high-resolution satellite images and their availability on many resources on the Internet, the possibility of identifying new sites is becoming especially relevant. In order to reveal the ability of land communications as well as for the study of close relationship of the barrows and steppe roads we made the attempt to map them as completely as possible using the remote sensing methods in the area between the Dnieper and the Lower Ingulets Rivers.
The coverage of large territory made it possible to identify the place of the highest concentration of road residues which was located near the modern village of Davydiv Brid (Beryslav district, Kherson region). There were three identified so-called «Stars» — Bajdak-Mohyla, Shurzhyna and Bilohirka. At the base of each of them was a large mound of the 6—8 m high. All of them were in the line of sight from one to another and marked the place of the traditional crossing of the Ingulets River.
On the basis of the remnants of roads associated with them the main directions of movement were identified: 1) the largest to the southeast to the area of the modern city of Beryslav; 2) a less saturated but clearly traced eastern route to the area of the modern Dudchany village; 3) along the Ingulets valley on the top of the steppe plateau.
The internal structure and arrangement of the mounds and remains of roads is very complicated and can only be partially reconstructed. For example, we consider the fact of the seasonal use of Shurzhin’s star to bypass two lowlands located near Bajdak-Mogyla as obvious. From the last point several direct routes of the southeastern direction can be traced which were convenient in the dry season.
The attempt to compare the roads identified by us with the paths of the «three-verst Schubert map» of the 19th century had a few results. Only in some cases it is possible to trace the coincidence of the historical paths with those recorded by us in the southeastern direction and only on certain sections. In the eastern direction and the route along Ingulets there are no this kind of coincidences were actually revealed.
As a result we consider it necessary to admit that the remains of the roads we have recorded should be considered a special type of archaeological monuments accompanying other objects, primarily mounds. The phenomenon of the remains of these roads and the «stars» described by us is the phenomenon which reflects the certain part of human activity in the past and should be studied with the involvement of the as largest as possible territories and conducting field research.
OLBIO AND ITS OUTSKIRTS IN THE 18th — EARLY 20th CENTURIES:TOPOGRAPHIC AND HISTORIOGRAPHIC ESSAYS
Authors: Sаpоzhnykov І. V. 
Published: November 2021

The paper is devoted to the publication and analysis of the literary and cartographic sources of the late 18th — early 20th centuries in some way or another related to the ruins of Olbio and its outskirts. Some of them are dated back to so-called «pre-Russian period» of the study of this unique complex of archaeological sites, in particular the plan of the French military topographer A. Zh. de Lafitt-Clave in 1784 where any settlements is not marked directly in the Olbio region. Further is the «Russian Old Believers episode» of the history of Ilyinske-Parutine village recorded by Count A. S. Uvarov in 1848. The author paid the main attention to several problems and aspects of the history of mapping the Olbio settlement and the Sto Mohyl (One hundred kurgans) tract which was began around 1810 by I. S. Borislavsky. Particular attention in the paper was paid to the plans of P. I. Kцppen 1819, and it is also specified that the author of one of the best plans of Olbio (1863) was A. P. Chirkov. The result of these researches is the «List of basic plans and maps of Olbio and its environs in the 1810s — 1860s» (Appendix 1). In the final part of the paper the sources of the late 19th—20th centuries which were the basis of S.B. Buyskikh’s reconstruction of the defense line of Olbian limes were analyzed in detail. The main problem with these constructions is that earthen embankments with moats have not yet been identified or explored. Based on a number of facts and field observations, the route of the road from Olbio to the west (to Tyras and other cities), which passed through Kamеnka (Anchekrak), is proposed by the author. It is clear that this assumption needs to be tested in the field using modern devices (GPS navigator, georadar and drone). In addition, the author republished the essays by I. I. Kedrin «Small town Illinskoe» 1850 (Appendix 2) and A. A. Skalkovsky about his trip to Olbio in 1861 (Appendix 3).
Alert Classification for the ALeRCE Broker System: The Real-time Stamp Classifier
Authors: Carrasco-Davis R. , Reyes E. , Valenzuela C. , Förster F. , Estévez P. A. , Pignata G. , Bauer F. E. , Reyes I. , Sánchez-Sáez P. , Cabrera-Vives G. , Eyheramendy S. , Catelan M. , Arredondo J. , Castillo-Navarrete E. , Rodríguez-Mancini D. , Ruz-Mieres D. , Moya A. , Sabatini-Gacitúa L. , Sepúlveda-Cobo C. , Mahabal A. A. , Silva-Farfán J. , Camacho-Iñiguez E. , Galbany L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We present a real-time stamp classifier of astronomical events for the Automatic Learning for the Rapid Classification of Events broker, ALeRCE. The classifier is based on a convolutional neural network, trained on alerts ingested from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF). Using only the science, reference, and difference images of the first detection as inputs, along with the metadata of the alert as features, the classifier is able to correctly classify alerts from active galactic nuclei, supernovae (SNe), variable stars, asteroids, and bogus classes, with high accuracy (∼94%) in a balanced test set. In order to find and analyze SN candidates selected by our classifier from the ZTF alert stream, we designed and deployed a visualization tool called SN Hunter, where relevant information about each possible SN is displayed for the experts to choose among candidates to report to the Transient Name Server database. From 2019 June 26 to 2021 February 28, we have reported 6846 SN candidates to date (11.8 candidates per day on average), of which 971 have been confirmed spectroscopically. Our ability to report objects using only a single detection means that 70% of the reported SNe occurred within one day after the first detection. ALeRCE has only reported candidates not otherwise detected or selected by other groups, therefore adding new early transients to the bulk of objects available for early follow-up. Our work represents an important milestone toward rapid alert classifications with the next generation of large etendue telescopes, such as the Vera C. Rubin Observatory.
The Most Metal-poor Stars in the Magellanic Clouds Are r-process Enhanced*
Authors: Reggiani Henrique , Schlaufman Kevin C. , Casey Andrew R. , Simon Joshua D. , Ji Alexander P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The chemical abundances of a galaxy’s metal-poor stellar population can be used to investigate the earliest stages of its formation and chemical evolution. The Magellanic Clouds are the most massive of the Milky Way’s satellite galaxies and are thought to have evolved in isolation until their recent accretion by the Milky Way. Unlike the Milky Way’s less massive satellites, little is known about the Magellanic Clouds’ metal-poor stars. We have used the mid-infrared metal-poor star selection of Schlaufman & Casey and archival data to target nine LMC and four SMC giants for high-resolution Magellan/MIKE spectroscopy. These nine LMC giants with −2.4 ≲ [Fe/H] ≲ −1.5 and four SMC giants with −2.6 ≲ [Fe/H] ≲ −2.0 are the most metal-poor stars in the Magellanic Clouds yet subject to a comprehensive abundance analysis. While we find that at constant metallicity these stars are similar to Milky Way stars in their α, light, and iron-peak elemental abundances, both the LMC and SMC are enhanced relative to the Milky Way in the r-process element europium. These abundance offsets are highly significant, equivalent to 3.9σ for the LMC, 2.7σ for the SMC, and 5.0σ for the complete Magellanic Cloud sample. We propose that the r-process enhancement of the Magellanic Clouds’ metal-poor stellar population is a result of the Magellanic Clouds’ isolated chemical evolution and long history of accretion from the cosmic web combined with r-process nucleosynthesis on a timescale longer than the core-collapse supernova timescale but shorter than or comparable to the thermonuclear (i.e., Type Ia) supernova timescale.
New Families in our Solar Neighborhood: Applying Gaussian Mixture Models for Objective Classification of Structures in the Milky Way and in Simulations
Authors: Nikakhtar Farnik , Sanderson Robyn E. , Wetzel Andrew , Loebman Sarah , Sharma Sanjib , Beaton Rachael , Mackereth J. Ted , Poovelil Vijith Jacob , Zasowski Gail , Bonaca Ana , Martell Sarah , Jönsson Henrik , Faucher-Giguère Claude-André 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe standard picture of galaxy formation motivates the decomposition of the Milky Way into 3–4 stellar populations with distinct kinematic and elemental abundance distributions: the thin disk, thick disk, bulge, and stellar halo. To test this idea, we construct a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) for both simulated and observed stars in the solar neighborhood, using measured velocities and iron abundances (i.e., an augmented Toomre diagram) as the distributions to be decomposed. We compare results for the Gaia−APOGEE DR16 crossmatch catalog of the solar neighborhood with those from a suite of synthetic Gaia−APOGEE crossmatches constructed from FIRE-2 cosmological simulations of Milky Way mass galaxies. We find that in both the synthetic and real data, the best-fit GMM usesfiveindependent components, some of whose properties resemble the standard populations predicted by galaxy formation theory. Two components can be identified unambiguously as the thin disk and another as the halo. However, instead of a single counterpart to the thick disk, there are three intermediate components with different age and alpha abundance distributions (although these data are not used to construct the model). We use decompositions of the synthetic data to show that the classified components indeed correspond to stars with different origins. By analogy with the simulated data, we show that our mixture model of the real Gaia−APOGEE crossmatch distinguishes the following components: (1) a classic thin disk of young stars on circular orbits (46%), (2) thin disk stars heated by interactions with satellites (22%), (3, 4) two components representing the velocity asymmetry of the alpha-enhanced thick disk (27%), and (5) a stellar halo consistent with early, massive accretion (4%).
Tidal Response and Shape of Hot Jupiters
Authors: Wahl Sean M. , Thorngren Daniel , Lu Tiger , Militzer Burkhard 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We study the response of hot Jupiters to a static tidal perturbation using the concentric MacLaurin spheroid method. For strongly irradiated planets, we first performed radiative transfer calculations to relate the planet’s equilibrium temperature, T
eq, to its interior entropy. We then determined the gravity harmonics, shape, moment of inertia, and static Love numbers for a range of two-layer interior models that assume a rocky core plus a homogeneous and isentropic envelope composed of hydrogen, helium, and heavier elements. We identify general trends and then study HAT-P-13b, the WASP planets 4b, 12b, 18b, 103b, and 121b, and Kepler-75b and CoRot-3b. We compute the Love numbers, k

nm
, and transit radius correction, ΔR, which we compare with predictions in the literature. We find that the Love number, k
22, of tidally locked giant planets cannot exceed a value of 0.6, and that the high T
eq consistent with strongly irradiated hot Jupiters tends to further lower k
22. While most tidally locked planets are well described by a linear regime response of k
22 = 3J
2/q
0 (where q
0 is the rotation parameter of the gravitational potential), for extreme cases such as WASP-12b, WASP-103b, and WASP-121b, nonlinear effects can account for over 10% of the predicted k
22. The k
22 values larger than 0.6, as they have been reported for planets WASP-4b and HAT-P13B, cannot result from a static tidal response without extremely rapid rotation and thus are inconsistent with their expected tidally locked state.
Lyα Line Properties at z = 3.78 and Their Environmental Dependence: A Case Study around a Massive Protocluster
Authors: Malavasi Nicola , Lee Kyoung-Soo , Dey Arjun , Xue Rui , Huang Yun , Shi Ke 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Lyα-emitting galaxies (LAEs) are easily detectable in the high-redshift universe and are potentially efficient tracers of large-scale structure at early epochs, as long as their observed properties do not depend strongly on environment. We investigate the luminosity and equivalent width functions of LAEs in the overdense field of a protocluster at redshift z ≃ 3.78. Using a large sample of LAEs (many spectroscopically confirmed), we find that the Lyα luminosity distribution is well represented by a Schechter function with

log
(

L

*

/

erg

s

−
1

)
=

43.26

−
0.22

+
0.20

and

log
(

ϕ

*

/

Mpc

−
3

)
=
−

3.40

−
0.04

+
0.03

with α = −1.5. Fitting the equivalent width distribution as an exponential, we find a scale factor of

ω
=

79

−
15

+
15

Å. We also measured the Lyα luminosity and equivalent width functions using the subset of LAEs lying within the densest cores of the protocluster, finding similar values for L* and ω. Hence, despite having a mean overdensity more than 2× that of the general field, the shapes of the Lyα luminosity function and equivalent width distributions in the protocluster region are comparable to those measured in the field LAE population by other studies at similar redshift. While the observed Lyα luminosities and equivalent widths show correlations with the UV continuum luminosity in this LAE sample, we find that these are likely due to selection biases and are consistent with no intrinsic correlations within the sample. This protocluster sample supports the strong evolutionary trend observed in the Lyα escape fraction and suggests that LAEs at lower redshift can be on average significantly more dusty that their counterparts at higher redshift.
Can Warm Absorbers Be Driven by Ultra-fast Outflows?
Authors: Bu De-Fu , Yang Xiao-Hong 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Warm absorbers (WAs) located approximately in the region of 1–1000 pc are common phenomena in many active galactic nuclei (AGNs). The driving mechanism of WAs is still under debate. Ultra-fast outflows (UFOs) that are launched very close to the central black hole are also frequently observed in AGNs. When UFOs move outward, they collide with the interstellar medium (ISM) gas. In this paper, we study the possibility that WAs can be generated by the interaction between ISM gas and the UFOs. We find that under some ISM gas conditions, WAs can be generated. However, the covering factor of WAs is much smaller than that given by observations. This indicates that other mechanisms should also be at work. We also find that the properties of the WAs mainly depend on the density of the ISM injected into the computational domain from the outer radial boundary (1000 pc). The higher the density of the ISM is, the higher the mass flux and kinetic power of the WAs will be. The kinetic power of the UFO-driven WAs is much less than 1% of the bolometric luminosity of the host AGNs. Therefore, the UFO-driven WAs might not contribute sufficient feedback to the host galaxy.
BEXIS2: A FAIR-aligned data management system for biodiversity, ecology and environmental data
Authors: Chamanara Javad , Gaikwad Jitendra , Gerlach Roman , Algergawy Alsayed , Ostrowski Andreas , König-Ries Birgitta 
Published: November 2021

Obtaining fit-to-use data associated with diverse aspects of biodiversity, ecology and environment is challenging since often it is fragmented, sub-optimally managed and available in heterogeneous formats. Recently, with the universal acceptance of the FAIR data principles, the requirements and standards of data publications have changed substantially. Researchers are encouraged to manage the data as per the FAIR data principles and ensure that the raw data, metadata, processed data, software, codes and associated material are securely stored and the data be made available with the completion of the research.
We have developed BEXIS2 as an open-source community-driven web-based research data management system to support research data management needs of mid to large-scale research projects with multiple sub-projects and up to several hundred researchers. BEXIS2 is a modular and extensible system providing a range of functions to realise the complete data lifecycle from data structure design to data collection, data discovery, dissemination, integration, quality assurance and research planning. It is an extensible and customisable system that allows for the development of new functions and customisation of its various components from database schemas to the user interface layout, elements and look and feel.
During the development of BEXIS2, we aimed to incorporate key aspects of what is encoded in FAIR data principles. To investigate the extent to which BEXIS2 conforms to these principles, we conducted the self-assessment using the FAIR indicators, definitions and criteria provided in the FAIR Data Maturity Model. Even though the FAIR data maturity model is developed initially to judge the conformance of datasets, the self-assessment results indicated that BEXIS2 remarkably conforms and supports FAIR indicators. BEXIS2 strongly conforms to the indicators Findability and Accessibility. The indicator Interoperability is moderately supported as of now; however, for many of the lesssupported facets, we have concrete plans for improvement. Reusability (as defined by the FAIR data principles) is partially achieved.
This paper also illustrates community deployment examples of the BEXIS2 instances as success stories to exemplify its capacity to meet the biodiversity and ecological data management needs of differently sized projects and serve as an organisational research data management system.