bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent endeavors in microbial remediation of micro- and nanoplastics
Authors: Abda Ebrahim M. , Muleta Atsede , Tafesse Mesfin , Prabhu Sundramurthy Venkatesa , Aemro Afework 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Petrochemical plastics are frequently utilized in our daily lives for various purposes such as packaging and transportation, but their burden on the environment is considered one of the most man-made pollution crises. These pollutants are slowly fragmented in the environment into microplastics and nanoplastics by consolidated actions of abiotic and biotic factors. Microplastics and nanoplastics can easily be dispersed in the atmosphere and be harmful to all kinds of life. As a result, the remediation of micro- and nanoplastics has recently received a tremendous research impetus in the realm of an ecologically benign approach, notably microbial-based remediation. Thus, the current article looks at the formation, properties, analysis, and biological effects of micro- and nanoplastics. The content is then streamlined towards a comprehensive discussion on microbial-mediated degradation of microplastics and nanoplastics, with an emphasis on front-line bacteria and enzymes, as well as remediation mechanisms. Further, technologies for the removal of microplastics and nanoplastics from the environment are presented for possible remedial considerations. An attempt is also made to highlight the practical snags of microbial plastic degradation while aiming to alleviate the environmental burden of plastic waste.
Gestationsdiabetes in Deutschland
Authors: Greiner Gregory Gordon , Linnenkamp Ute , Viehmann Anja , Leve Verena , Adamczewski Heinke , Icks Andrea 
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung
Gestationsdiabetes mellitus (GDM, ICD-10-Code: O24.4) ist eine Glukosetoleranzstörung, die erstmals während der Schwangerschaft auftritt. Auch wenn sich die Blutzuckerwerte nach der Entbindung häufig normalisieren, gehen jedoch kurz- und langfristige gesundheitliche Risiken für Mutter und Kind mit dem GDM einher. Prävention, Diagnose, Therapie und Nachsorge sind somit essentiell für die Gesundheit von Mutter und Kind. Im Folgenden soll ein kurzer Überblick für Deutschland gegeben werden.
Schaffung gesunder Ernährungsumfelder: Ergebnisse des Food-EPI
Authors: Klinger Carmen , Geffert Karin , Hebestreit Antje , Rehfuess Eva A. , von Philipsborn Peter 
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung
Der Zunahme ernährungsbedingter Erkrankungen, wie dem Typ-2-Diabetes mellitus, kann durch politische Regulierungen entgegengewirkt werden. Die Schaffung eines gesunden Ernährungsumfeldes kann eine positive Entwicklung langfristig unterstützen. Eine Analyse ernährungsrelevanter Politikfelder mit dem Food-EPI ergab, dass Deutschland in vielen Bereichen hinter internationalen Best Practice Beispielen zurückbleibt und wichtige Chancen zur Verbesserung des Ernährungsumfeldes ungenutzt lässt.
Leistungsinanspruchnahme und Kosten bei Menschen mit Diabetes und komorbider Depression
Authors: Brüne Manuela , Linnenkamp Ute , Icks Andrea 
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung
Im Rahmen einer Studie wurden Fragebogen- und Krankenkassendaten verknüpft. Ausgewertet wurden Leistungsinanspruchnahme und Kosten von 450 Personen mit Diabetes und Depression und von 1.184 Personen mit Diabetes ohne Depression. Die Gruppe mit Depression nahm mehr Leistungen in Anspruch und hatte höhere Gesamtkosten (5.629,00 € vs. 3.252,00 €). Der Anteil der spezifischen Depressionsbehandlung war dabei gering.
Entscheidungshilfe zum diabetischen Fußsyndrom unterstützt Zweitmeinungsverfahren
Authors: Fechtelpeter Dennis , Koch Klaus 
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung
Ärztinnen und Ärzte müssen ihre Patientinnen und Patienten vor bestimmten elektiven Eingriffen auf das Recht hinweisen, eine Zweitmeinung einholen zu können. Das Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen (IQWiG) hat für solche Situationen Entscheidungshilfen entwickelt, unter anderem zur Frage, ob bei einem diabetischen Fußsyndrom eine Amputation vermieden werden kann.
Disease-Management-Programme (DMP): ein Beispiel für erfolgreiches Qualitätsmanagement? Ergebnisse aus dem DMP Typ-2-Diabetes in Nordrhein-Westfalen
Authors: Hagen Bernd 
Published: November 2021

Zusammenfassung
In dem DMP Typ-2-Diabetes wurden Mitte 2020 bundesweit ca. 4,4 Millionen Patienten betreut, davon in NRW bis Ende 2019 mehr als 1 Million. Dort erreicht das DMP damit ca. 83–91% der erwarteten GKV-Patienten mit Typ-2-Diabetes. Von den 14 vertraglich festgelegten Qualitätszielen werden 10 erreicht oder überschritten. Parallel dazu sinkt im DMP die Prävalenz und Inzidenz patientenrelevanter Endpunkte. Offenbar konnte in dem DMP ein Qualitätsmanagement erfolgreich umgesetzt werden.
Testing of solid oxide cells at high current densities
Authors: Weber André 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Solid Oxide Cells (SOCs) have gained an increasing interest as electrochemical energy converters due to their high efficiency, fuel flexibility and ability of reversible fuel cell/electrolysis operation. During the development process as well as in quality assurance tests, the performance of single cells and cell stacks is commonly evaluated by means of current/voltage- (CV-) characteristics. Despite of the fact that the measurement of a CV-characteristic seems to be simple compared to more complex, dynamic methods as electrochemical impedance spectroscopy or current interrupt techniques, the resulting performance strongly depends on the test setup and the chosen operating conditions.
In this paper, the impact of different single cell testing environments and operating conditions on the CV-characteristic of high performance cells is discussed. The influence of cell size, contacting and current collection, contact pressure, fuel flow rate and composition on the achievable cell performance is presented and limitations arising from the test bed and testing conditions will be pointed out. As today’s high performance cells are capable of delivering current densities of several ampere per cm2 a special emphasis will be laid on single cell testing in this current range.
Care of Congenital Melanocytic Nevi in Newborns and Infants: Review and Management Recommendations
Authors: Jahnke Marla N. , O’Haver Judith , Gupta Deepti , Hawryluk Elena B. , Finelt Nika , Kruse Lacey , Jen Melinda , Horii Kimberly A. , Frieden Ilona J. , Price Harper , Coughlin Carrie C. 
Published: November 2021

A pediatric dermatology expert working group performed a narrative review to describe care related to congenital melanocytic nevi (CMN) in neonates and infants. There are no published guidelines for most aspects of care, including routine skin care and visit intervals. Few guidelines exist for surgical management; newer recommendations favor conservative practice. Emerging evidence contributes to recommendations for screening MRI to evaluate for neural melanosis and related central nervous system complications, however, more research is needed. Risk for melanoma is generally low, but those with large, giant, or multiple CMN have a higher risk. Multidisciplinary care, with a focus on family and patient preferences, is of paramount importance. Without standardized screening and management guidelines, questions abound regarding appropriate physical examination intervals, potential treatment including full or partial excision, timing and frequency of imaging, melanoma risk, and assessment for neural melanosis.
This review highlights the current state of knowledge concerning care of patients with CMN, reveals gaps in the literature surrounding skin care, and provides management recommendations. We additionally discuss cutaneous complications of CMN, such as pruritus, hypertrichosis, and wound healing. Resources and references for families and providers can help patients navigate this sometimes challenging diagnosis. Finally, we contribute expert care recommendations to the current body of literature as a foundation for the development of future, more comprehensive care guidelines.
Thin-layer studies on surface functionalization of polyetherimide: Hydrolysis versus amidation
Authors: Machatschek Rainhard , Heuchel Matthias , Lendlein Andreas 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAmong the high-performance and engineering polymers, polyimides and the closely related polyetherimide (PEI) stand out by their capability to react with nucleophiles under relatively mild conditions. By targeting the phthalimide groups in the chain backbone, post-functionalization offers a pathway to adjust surface properties such as hydrophilicity, solvent resistance, and porosity. Here, we use ultrathin PEI films on a Langmuir trough as a model system to investigate the surface functionalization with ethylene diamine and tetrakis(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin as multivalent nucleophiles. By means of AFM, Raman spectroscopy, and interfacial rheology, we show that hydrolysis enhances the chemical and mechanical stability of ultrathin films and allows for the formation of EDC/NHS-activated esters. Direct amidation of PEI was achieved in the presence of a Lewis acid catalyst, resulting in free amine groups rather than cross-linking. When comparing amidation with hydrolysis, we find a greater influence of the latter on material properties.
Graphic abstract
DUTY FREE NOT VAT FREE Master Currency v CSARS (155/2012) [2013] ZASCA 17 (20 March 2013)
Authors: Carika Keulder  , Thabo Legwaila  
Published: November 2021

In Master Currency v CSARS ((155/2012) [2013] ZASCA 17 (20 March 2013)) the court had to address the question of whether services supplied by Master Currency were subject to a zero rating. This case is of particular interest as it addresses the VAT implications of services supplied in a duty-free area of an airport. Hence, it was questioned whether a service rendered in a duty-free area will be subject to VAT.A duty-free area or zone is an area or zone within which goods and services may be supplied without being subject to customs duties. The IBFD International Tax Glossary defines “Duty-free zone” as follows: “[z]one usually next to an international port or airport where imported goods may be unloaded, stored and reshipped without payment of customs duties or other type of indirect tax, provided the goods are not imported” (140). The importance of this definition is that it specifically refers to “other type[s] of indirect taxes” also not being leviable in the duty-free area. It is important to note that the Customs and Excise Act (91 of 1964) does not define “duty free” or “duty-free area”.The South African value-added tax (hereinafter “VAT”) is a tax on the consumption of goods and services in the Republic of South Africa. Accordingly, the Value-added Tax Act 89 of 1991 (hereinafter “the Act”) and, accordingly, references to sections in this note are to sections of the Act, unless otherwise expressly stated, provides for three instances where goods and services will be considered to be consumed in South Africa and thus be subject to VAT. The first instance will be when a vendor supplies goods or services in the course or furtherance of an enterprise in South Africa. The second instance is when goods are imported into South Africa by any person, and lastly when imported services are supplied to any person in South Africa.
The supply of domestic goods and services is taxable in terms of section 7(1)(a) of the Act. Imported goods and services are subject to VAT firstly because they are destined for consumption in South Africa. Moreover, it is essential for these goods and services to attract VAT consequences, otherwise imported goods and services would enjoy a competitive price advantage over equivalent local goods and services as the latter would be subject to VAT in terms of section 7(1)(a). Thus the taxation of imported goods and services creates an equal competitive footing with the domestic goods and services. Bearing in mind that VAT is a tax on consumption it follows that exportation of goods and services from South Africa are subject to tax at a zero-rate as the consumption will not take place in South Africa. As a general matter, the supply of these goods is taxable in the country where they are destined to be consumed. The zero-rating ensures that no double taxation ensues in that an exporter will not be taxed in South Africa and again in the export country (“export country” refers to any place that is outside South Africa).
Risk factors of genital-urinary infection in women
Authors: Grinenko G. V. , Shalepo K. V. , Savitcheva А. M. , Ailamazyan Е. K. , Chipitsyna Е. V. , Domeika M. 
Published: November 2021

The article represents the data of screening carried out on 905 women attended the outpatient departments of gynecologic clinics of Saint Petersburg and Leningrad region.
Infectious diseases of genital-urinary system were diagnosed in 65.5% of the women, 53.5% having asymptomatic course, which must be important in epidemiological respect. Risk factors and characteristic symptoms of the diseases were taken into account while analyzing the questionnaires. The valuable risk factors were young age, early debut of sexual intercourse and occasional sexual contacts, the history of STI as well as the pregnancy.
Adats and Rituals Related to Blood Feuds the Peoples of Mountainous Dagestan (19th — Early 20th Century)
Authors: Madina Gimbatova 
Published: November 2021

The article is devoted to one of the most common, and currently almost disappeared custom of blood feud. The authors aim to characterize the adats and rituals associated with blood feuds among the peoples of mountainous Dagestan in the 19th — early 20th century. The research is based on historical-comparative, historical-typological methods and the principle of historical-cultural reconstruction. The chronological framework of the study covers the 19th — early 20th century. This is the period of legal pluralism in Dagestan, when the norms of customary law (adats), Sharia and the laws of the Russian Empire were in force in the mountains.The reasons for the occurrence of blood feuds, adats regulating the legal consequences of murder, as well as the rites of reconciliation of blood relatives are identified and investigated. It is established that in Dagestan, due to the specific features of the socio-economic and political system, such types of criminal punishment as deprivation of liberty, execution, corporal and degrading measures of influence did not arise for the murder of a person. The results of the study can be used by employees of education and culture to familiarize the younger generation with the legal experience of their ancestors.
Evaluation of Diabetes Control Status in Children Aged 3 to 18 Years with Type 1 Diabetes: Retrospective Study
Authors: Ordooei Mahtab , Azizi Reihaneh , Amir Shahkarami Simin 
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common metabolic diseases that is associated with many complications. Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease caused by a lack of insulin production due to high blood glucose levels. It is the third most severe and chronic childhood illness, affecting approximately 15 million children worldwide. Given the importance of controlling type 1 diabetes, especially in children, in this study we aimed to examine the status of diabetes control in children 3 to 18 with type 1 diabetes.
Methods: This study was a retrospective analytical cross-sectional study. The study population included 121 children aged 3-18 years with type 1 diabetes referred to Yazd Diabetes Center in 2018 to 2019. The information, including age, sex, BMI, patient maturity stage, duration of diabetes, mean A1C, daily insulin dose, number of blood glucose measurements per day and number of DKA attacks were extracted. The collected data were entered into SPSS version 16, using statistical tests were analyzed.
Results: The results showed that the mean age of participants was 12.92± 3.96 years and the mean of A1c in patients was 8.63 ± 1.94. The results of our study on diabetes control status in the studied patients showed that 38.8% of patients had partial diabetes control status, 32.2% had good diabetes control status and 28.9% had poor diabetes control status. In addition, according to the results of the study, there was no statistically significant difference was found among the frequency distribution of diabetes control status in terms of variables of puberty stage (p = 0.228), BMI (p = 0.508), age (p = 0.275), daily dose of bisal / bolus insulin (p = 0.479), dose Daily NPH / regular insulin (p = 0.386), number of blood glucose checks (p = 0.090), number of hospitalizations due to DKA (p = 0.539), duration of diabetes (p = 0.093) and gender (p = 0.263). .
Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that none of the studied variables affect the control status of diabetes in children aged 3-18 years with type 1 diabetes.
REKONSILIASI ISLAM DAN SAINS DALAM PERSPEKTIF NIDHAL GUESSOUM
Authors: Makiah Zulpa 
Published: November 2021

This paper describes Nidhal Guessoum, who tried to reconcile the epistemic between the Islamic tradition and modern science. The method used is descriptive content analysis. Nidhal sees that efforts to build relations between religion and science are still simplistic. He seeks to uncover the deadlock between the science of religion and philosophy and to present the principles of reconciliation of Islam and science more completely and systematically. This reconciliation effort departs from his critique of the condition of education and Arab society as well as the Islamic world as a whole, as well as the developing thoughts on the relationship between religion and science, which are sometimes too simplistic, both Sardar's ijmāli model, i'jāz an-Najjar model, and Islamization of al-Faruqi's model of knowledge. In Nidhal's view, these methods contain weaknesses, so those other alternatives are needed. The steps taken by Nidhal are to build a foundation for the creation of a harmonious relationship between science, religion and philosophy. He proposed a quantum approach through (1) the principle of no conflict between religion and science, (2) layered interpretation of the Qur'an, (3) theistic falsification.Tulisan ini berupaya menjelaskan pemikiran Nidhal Guessoum yang berusaha melakukan rekonsiliasi epistemik antara tradisi Islam dan sains modern. Metode yang digunakan dalam membaca karya Nidhal adalah dengan menggunakan analisis isi (content analysis) secara deskriptif. Nidhal melihat upaya dalam membangun relasi antara agama dan sains masih bersifat simplistik. Nidhal berusaha menyingkap kebuntuan titik temu antara sains agama dan filsafat serta menghadirkan prinsip-prinsip rekonsiliasi Islam dan sains secara lebih lengkap dan sistematis. Upaya rekonsiliasi ini berangkat dari kritiknya terhadap kondisi pendidikan dan masyarakat Arab serta dunia Islam secara keseluruhan, juga terhadap pemikiran-pemikiran yang berkembang mengenai hubungan antara agama dan sains yang terkadang terlalu simplistik, baik model ijmāli Sardar, model i’jāz an-Najjar, maupun Islamisasi pengetahuan model al-Faruqi. Metode-metode itu dalam pandangan Nidhal mengandung kelemahan-kelemahan sehingga diperlukan alternatif lain. Langkah yang dilakukan Nidhal adalah membangun landasan terciptanya hubungan yang harmonis diantara sains, agama dan filsafat. Nidhal mengusulkan pendekatan kuantum melalui: (1) prinsip tidak ada pertentangan antara agama dan sains; (2) penafsiran berlapis terhadap al-Qur’an; (3) falsifikatif teistik.
A STUDY TO ASSESS KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDE AND PRACTICES TOWARDS COVID-19 AMONG FRONTLINE WORKERS OF A NORTH INDIAN DISTRICT
Authors: Chaudhary Chintu , Khan Mohd Najmul Aqib , Parveen Sania , Sharma Uma , Singh Veena , Anand Bhupinder Kaur 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTFrontline workers have been fighting hard since the novel coronavirus, also known as COVID-19, was declared a global pandemic by the WHO on March 12th, 2020. This study assessed the level of knowledge of frontline workers, attitudes of frontline workers, and how well the frontline workers of the area adapted to the ongoing epidemic. This study used a cross-sectional research design conducted among 440 frontline workers Palwal district in Haryana. Information regarding knowledge, attitude, practice, and socio-demographic characteristics was obtained using semi-coded and pretested questionnaire. Data were analysed using SPSS version 20. Independent t-test, ANOVA, Pearson’s rank correlation test, and multivariate linear regression were used. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. The mean of knowledge, attitude, and practice scores were 79.67 (SD = 1.81), 27.4 (SD = 0.98), and 22.47 (SD = 1.4), respectively. 94.8% of frontline workers had excellent knowledge, 68.6% had excellent attitude, and 57.7% had reasonable practice with significant positive correlation between the three. Knowledge score varied significantly with occupation (p = 0.003). Regression analysis showed that attitude score varied significantly with age, gender, and occupation (p<0.05). Practice score varied significantly with age (p<0.05). The majority of the HCWs had had excellent knowledge and attitude, but moderate practice towards COVID-19 with a significant positive correlation between them. Knowledge appeared to be significantly associated with profession; attitude with age, gender, occupation, source of information; and practice with age alone. Healthcare workers (HCWs) were using less authentic sources for information, which is an important aspect that needs immediate correction as ultimately it affects knowledge and can be reflected in attitude and practice. Keywords: COVID-19, knowledge, attitude, practice, frontline workers
Design and Implementation of a Coalbed Methane Extraction Device Using Microwave Radiation
Authors: Jebelli Ali , Mahabadi Arezoo , Ahmad Rafiq 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The continuous growth of the population and the global economy increases the need for sustainable energy. To this end, the recovery factor of hydrocarbon resources in the world should be maximized. One of the main sources of natural gas is coalbed methane, a gas accumulated in pores inside coal. On the other hand, methane gas explosion is a potential hazard in coal mines, which causes many casualties every year in coal mines worldwide. Mine ventilation alone cannot create a safe environment for coal mining due to the high volume of gas released in some coal seams. Therefore, Methane gas extraction can turn one of the major hazards in coal mining into a clean energy source and have dual benefits. Unfortunately, the permeability of most coal seams is very low, and this low permeability limits the development and production of commercial coalbed methane. Therefore, coalbed methane reservoir stimulation is an attractive option because the relative permeability of natural fractures in the coal seam and the surrounding rock greatly affects the amount of extractable gas. Microwave radiation is one of the new methods to increase the permeability of coal. In this research, we design, simulate and implement a small, lightweight, portable microwave gun that uses a conical horn with an aperture of 28 cm with a working frequency of 2.45 GHz to evaporate the moisture in the circle with a diameter of 40 cm from a coal wall and increases the permeability of the wall due to microwave radiation. Because in previous studies, the tests were performed only on large and small capacity devices without any control over the amount of microwave radiation and by replacing the gas inside the chamber with argon or nitrogen gases, which does not represent the real conditions in the mines. Therefore, by building a small device, we have overcome the limit of coal size and amount. By considering the coal ignition temperature, we have provided the challenges related to removing oxygen from the air and the possibility of working in real conditions in mines with larger volumes of coal, which is very similar to the mining environment. Also, the proposed small and portable device in this paper allows us to use it in different environments.