bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multihazards Scenario Generator: A Network‐Based Simulation of Natural Disasters
Authors: Dunant Alexandre , Bebbington Mark , Davies Tim , Horton Pascal 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe impact of natural disasters has been increasing in recent years. Despite the developing international interest in multihazard events, few studies quantify the dynamic interactions that characterize these phenomena. It is argued that without considering the dynamic complexity of natural catastrophes, impact assessments will underestimate risk and misinform emergency management priorities. The ability to generate multihazard scenarios with impacts at a desired level is important for emergency planning and resilience assessment. This article demonstrates a framework for using graph theory and networks to generate and model the complex impacts of multihazard scenarios. First, the combination of maximal hazard footprints and exposed nodes (e.g., infrastructure) is used to create the hazard network. Iterative simulation of the network, defined by actual hazard magnitudes, is then used to provide the overall compounded impact from a sequence of hazards. Outputs of the method are used to study distributional ranges of multihazards impact. The 2016 Kaikōura earthquake is used as a calibrating event to demonstrate that the method can reproduce the same scale of impacts as a real event. The cascading hazards included numerous landslides, allowing us to show that the scenario set generated includes the actual impacts that occurred during the 2016 events.
Arabidopsis leaf hydraulic conductance is regulated by xylem sap pH, controlled, in turn, by a P‐type H+‐ATPase of vascular bundle sheath cells
Authors: Grunwald Yael , Wigoda Noa , Sade Nir , Yaaran Adi , Torne Tanmayee , Gosa Sanbon Chaka , Moran Nava , Moshelion Menachem 
Published: March 2021

SUMMARYThe leaf vascular bundle sheath cells (BSCs) that tightly envelop the leaf veins, are a selective and dynamic barrier to xylem sap water and solutes radially entering the mesophyll cells. Under normal conditions, xylem sap pH below 6 is presumably important for driving and regulating the transmembranal solute transport. Having discovered recently a differentially high expression of a BSC proton pump, AHA2, we now test the hypothesis that it regulates the xylem sap pH and leaf radial water fluxes. We monitored the xylem sap pH in the veins of detached leaves of wild‐type Arabidopsis, AHA mutants and aha2 mutants complemented with AHA2 gene solely in BSCs. We tested an AHA inhibitor (vanadate) and stimulator (fusicoccin), and different pH buffers. We monitored their impact on the xylem sap pH and the leaf hydraulic conductance (Kleaf), and the effect of pH on the water osmotic permeability (Pf) of isolated BSCs protoplasts. We found that AHA2 is necessary for xylem sap acidification, and in turn, for elevating Kleaf. Conversely, AHA2 knockdown, which alkalinized the xylem sap, or, buffering its pH to 7.5, reduced Kleaf, and elevating external pH to 7.5 decreased the BSCs Pf. All these showed a causative link between AHA2 activity in BSCs and leaf radial hydraulic water conductance.
Genetic determinants of seed protein plasticity in response to the environment in Medicago truncatula
Authors: Cartelier Kevin , Aimé Delphine , Ly Vu Joseph , Combes‐Soia Lucie , Labas Valérie , Prosperi Jean‐Marie , Buitink Julia , Gallardo Karine , Le Signor Christine 
Published: March 2021

SUMMARYAs the frequency of extreme environmental events is expected to increase with climate change, identifying candidate genes for stabilizing the protein composition of legume seeds or optimizing this in a given environment is increasingly important. To elucidate the genetic determinants of seed protein plasticity, major seed proteins from 200 ecotypes of Medicago truncatula grown in four contrasting environments were quantified after one‐dimensional electrophoresis. The plasticity index of these proteins was recorded for each genotype as the slope of Finlay and Wilkinson's regression and then used for genome‐wide association studies (GWASs), enabling the identification of candidate genes for determining this plasticity. This list was enriched in genes related to transcription, DNA repair and signal transduction, with many of them being stress responsive. Other over‐represented genes were related to sulfur and aspartate family pathways leading to the synthesis of the nutritionally essential amino acids methionine and lysine. By placing these genes in metabolic pathways, and using a M. truncatula mutant impaired in regenerating methionine from S‐methylmethionine, we discovered that methionine recycling pathways are major contributors to globulin composition establishment and plasticity. These data provide a unique resource of genes that can be targeted to mitigate negative impacts of environmental stresses on seed protein composition.
A trend of dropping anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 plaque reduction neutralization test titers over time in Canadian convalescent plasma donors
Authors: Drews Steven J. , Devine Dana V. , McManus Janet , Mendoza Emelissa , Manguiat Kathy , Wood Heidi , Girardin Roxie , Dupuis Alan , McDonough Kathleen , Drebot Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundConvalescent plasma products are a potential passive immunotherapy for Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) disease. Various approaches have been utilized to determine the concentration of Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‐2 (SARS‐CoV‐2)‐neutralizing antibodies in plasma products. The Canadian Blood Services used Plaque Reduction Neutralization Test 50 (PRNT50)‐generated values to qualify convalescent plasma donations supporting clinical trials in Canada. This manuscript describes changes in PRNT50 titers of repeat male plasma donations collected approximately 1–4 months after onset of COVID‐19 signs and symptoms in donors.Study Design and MethodsMen were eligible to donate if they: met standard criteria, were < 67 years of age, reported a previous SARS‐CoV‐2‐positive nucleic acid test, and recovered and were symptom free for at least 28 days prior to donation. Repeat donation analysis required at least one original and one repeat donation where a PRNT50 was performed.ResultsFrom April 29, 2020 to July 25, 2020, 156 donors donated once, with 78 (50%) of the donated plasma having PRNT50 titers of ≥1:160. Thirty‐seven (23.7%) of the donated plasma had a titer of 1:40 or 1:80 (individuals donating this plasma were asked to donate a second time only). A total of 30 donors (19.2%) had repeat donations. Of the repeat donors, 15 (50%) had at least an eightfold change from peak to trough PRNT50 titers within greater than 90 days after onset of COVID‐19 symptoms.ConclusionsBlood operators cannot infer that SARS‐CoV‐2 PRNT50 will remain high in repeat plasma donors 3–4 months after onset of COVID‐19 symptoms.
Impact of pathogen reduction methods on immunological properties of the COVID‐19 convalescent plasma
Authors: Kostin Alexander I. , Lundgren Maria N. , Bulanov Andrey Y. , Ladygina Elena A. , Chirkova Karina S. , Gintsburg Alexander L. , Logunov Denis Y. , Dolzhikova Inna V. , Shcheblyakov Dmitry V. , Borovkova Natalia V. , Godkov Mikhail A. , Bazhenov Alexey I. , Shustov Valeriy V. , Bogdanova Alina S. , Kamalova Alina R. , Ganchin Vladimir V. , Dombrovskiy Eugene A. , Volkov Stanislav E. , Drozdova Nataliya E. , Petrikov Sergey S. 
Published: March 2021

Background and objectivesCOVID‐19 convalescent plasma is an experimental treatment against SARS‐CoV‐2. The aim of this study is to assess the impact of different pathogen reduction methods on the levels and virus neutralizing activity of the specific antibodies against SARS‐CoV2 in convalescent plasma.Materials and methodsA total of 140 plasma doses collected by plasmapheresis from COVID‐19 convalescent donors were subjected to pathogen reduction by three methods: methylene blue (M)/visible light, riboflavin (R)/UVB and amotosalen (A)/UVA. To conduct a paired comparison, individual plasma doses were divided into 2 samples that were subjected to one of these methods. The titres of SARS‐CoV2 neutralizing antibodies (NtAbs) and levels of specific immunoglobulins to RBD, S‐ and N‐proteins of SARS‐CoV‐2 were measured before and after pathogen reduction.ResultsThe methods reduced NtAbs titres differently: among units with the initial titre 80 or above, 81% of units remained unchanged and 19% decreased by one step after methylene blue; 60% were unchanged and 40% decreased by one step after amotosalen; after riboflavin 43% were unchanged and 50% (7%, respectively) had a one‐step (two‐step, respectively) decrease. Paired two‐sample comparisons (M vs. A, M vs. R and A vs. R) revealed that the largest statistically significant decrease in quantity and activity of the specific antibodies resulted from the riboflavin treatment.ConclusionPathogen reduction with methylene blue or with amotosalen provides the greater likelihood of preserving the immunological properties of the COVID‐19 convalescent plasma compared to riboflavin.
Defining and Recognizing Cavity and Protrusion by Volumes
Authors: Sakurai Hiroshi , Chin Chia-Wei 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In design and manufacturing, cavity features, such as holes and pockets, and protrusion features, such as bosses and ribs are commonly used. In this work, cavity and protrusion in a solid object were defined with the volumes enclosed by the faces of the object and their extensions. These definitions of cavity and protrusion match our intuitive notions of cavity and protrusion better than the commonly used definitions that consider the convexity and concavity of edges. Together with an algorithm called “spatial decomposition and composition”, the definitions provide a method to find cavities and protrusions in solid models. By applying graph matching commonly used in feature recognition to the volumes of cavity and protrusion, all the features in a solid model can be recognized whether they intersect or not.
Fluid Flow Modelling of an Automotive Engine Lubrication System
Authors: Fenton Marcus B. M. , Veshagh Ali 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A computer model has been developed to provide a design analysis tool for assessing the flow characteristics of an engine lubrication system. Parametric studies can be conducted to predict the pressure and flow of oil throughout the lubrication system and to study the effects of various design parameters and operating conditions. This paper reports on the development of the engine lubrication system flow model at the Advanced Technology Centre in collaboration with Jaguar Cars. The results of the simulation model are assessed and its future potential as a computer aided analysis tool for engine development programmes is examined.
Emissions Control From IC Engines Using Advanced Combustion Chamber Design
Authors: Lu Jiang , Gupta Ashwani K. , Keating Eugene L. , Pouring Andrew A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Numerical simulation of flow, combustion phenomena and pollutants emission characteristics have been obtained on an homogeneous-charged internal combustion engine having conventional flat piston and five other bowl-in-piston geometries. The code employed here uses the time marching procedure and solves the governing partial differential equations of multi-component chemically reactive flow by finite difference method. The transient solution is marched out in a sequence of time steps. The results show that the piston geometry affects the local flame properties which subsequently influences the pollutants emission level. The numerical results provide a cost effective means of developing advanced internal combustion engine chamber geometry design that provides high efficiency and low pollution. It is expected that increased computational tools will be used in the future for enhancing our understanding of the detailed combustion process in internal combustion engines and all other energy conversion systems. Such detailed information is critical for the development of advanced methods for energy conservation and environmental pollution control.
Numerical Simulation of the Flow in a Large Blast Simulator (LBS) Model
Authors: Opalka Klaus-Otto 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an assessment of the suitability of the USA-RG2 (Unified Solution Algorithm for Real Gas in Two Dimensions) computational fluid dynamics code for simulating the flow in a variable-area shock tunnel. A multi-zone gridding technique is used to model the 1:57-Scale Large Blast Simulator test facility at the U.S. Army Research Laboratory. Computations for various grid configurations employing inviscid and viscous solution algorithms with and without turbulence were executed, and the results are compared to experimental data. The need for an adequate mesh density in the grid to obtain a realistic flow simulation and the advantage of solving the full Navier-Stokes equations invoking a two-equation (k-ε) turbulence model are demonstrated for the experiment chosen as a bench mark in the assessment.
Computer Aided Analysis of High-Speed Single Row, Spherical Roller Bearings and Comparison With Full-Scale Test Results
Authors: Aggarwal A. K. , Michaels D. M. , Keller C. H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Single row, angular contact, spherical roller bearings were designed, analyzed, and tested to study their feasibility in a high speed (1.15 million DN) spiral bevel input pinion application. A mathematical formulation, modeling the mechanics of internal motions, load and stress distributions, lubricant flow, sliding friction, heat generation and heat transfer, was developed to analyze the bearing performance and predict operating characteristics. An interactive computer program, capable of running on a DOS PC, was then developed to solve the bearing model for the given parameters of geometry, materials, loads, and speed. The computer program, named SASHBEAN (Sikorsky Aircraft Spherical Roller High Speed Bearing ANalysis), also provided the capability of “lumped capacity” thermal analyses of the bearing and its supporting mechanical system. Six test bearings, conforming to a 216 cylindrical roller bearing OD (140 mm) and ID (80mm), were manufactured using Carpenter Pyrowear® Alloy 53 steel rings. Both conventional (with steel rollers) and hybrid (with silicon nitride rollers) configurations were built and tested under different setup conditions of loads (radial and axial), speed, and lubrication. Excellent correlation was found between the full scale test data and the computer analyses results. The analysis also provides an excellent comparison of the performance characteristics of an hybrid bearing with those of an “all steel” bearing for this high speed transmission application.
The Study of a Multi-Component System Using a Complete CAD Software Package
Authors: Lewis Burton 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
When performing a complete study on the design of a multi-component system of at least two components, can a CAD software perform to expectations, that is, can we do a complete study on the entire multi-component system including bearing analysis for the contact between rotating components, and simple interference checks? In this paper, I will describe simple steps and precautions to take when doing a study on the design and performance of a multi-component system using a complete CAD package — including a Drafting module, a Solid Modeler, and a Finite Element Analysis module. I will use an example of a system of multiple rotating arms to show that from a 2-D blueprint, using the drafting module, we can enter the complete geometry of each arm separately, then pass on to the solid modeler. Once the solid 3-D model is constructed, we can transfer the model onto the finite element analysis module of the CAD package and test the model. After the model satisfies all requirements, we can come back to the solid modeler and check the “modified” version of the model by updating the previous solid model. If all is well at this point, then we can move on to the superposition of the 3-D solid model into a 2-D version to perform tolerance analysis. After tolerance analysis, we can move on to the final stage which is to update the 2-D drafting version adding the tolerances recently obtained.
This is a general outline and should be straight forward except for the problems that we could encounter especially in the solid modeler and the finite element analysis module. The study or design principals of a multi-component system is not the subject of this paper, but how to perform such a study using all the available modules of a CAD package. There are few complete CAD packages on the market today that allow such a study, but transferring data, whether it is of finite elements, solid models, or 2-D geometry, is much easier today using a variety of different types of transfer files. Sometimes, data is lost so when writing a data file, it is always best to check the file afterwards. This guaranties a successful writing of the data file.
Vibration and Control of the Flexible Manipulator
Authors: Yeh Chuntien 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Because of the structural flexibility of the flexible manipulator, the exercise of effective control is a challenging problem. Thus, the development of an effective control system must encompass consideration of the manipulator elasticities. This paper proposes a two-stage control algorithm, including (1) computer-aided trajectory scheduling to drive a hypothetical rigid-body manipulator “close” to the standards of actual flexible manipulators, and (2) a linear-state feedback controller based upon the hypothetical model. The proposed algorithm is implemented for a two-link, rigid/flexible manipulator. Based upon simplified computational requirements, comparison of the proposed procedure to those previously considered indicates that it is capable of providing effective means of control.
Impinging Flame Prediction for CVD Diamond Synthesis
Authors: Dong Mingchun , Lilley David G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
High-temperature flames impinging normally onto adiabatic surfaces are considered. These are important in the CVD (chemical vapor deposition) diamond synthesis method for diamond growth on surfaces. Problems of complex chemistry and the mechanism of diamond growth are discussed. The present paper has illustrated the effects of several key parameters on the substrate surface temperature and flowfield for CVD diamond synthesis by impinging oxy-acetylene jet flames. The studies were concerned with combustion flowfield predictions, oxy-acetylene flames, axisymmetric-vertical impingement on an adiabatic surface, and the effects of varying the nozzle-substrate separation distance, nozzle size, overall equivalence ratio and flow rate on the substrate surface temperature and flowfield. This investigation provides a key to linking the flame with diamond growth rate on the substrate surface, complements the other facets of the project, and shows that the parametric influences can be predicted with relative ease, thereby extending the range of previously found experimental data.
Computer Assisted Design of Rubber Shear Springs
Authors: Shoup T. E. , Fegan G. R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
While analysis procedures for the design of rubber mountings have existed for a number of years, the nonlinearity of these useful devices has limited the number of robust design procedures that are available. This paper presents a design procedure for the static deflections of rubber shear springs that accommodates the nonlinear behavior of these devices. It is believed that this is the first time such numerical procedures have been described in the design literature. The procedures are made possible by a combination of numerical approximations of nonlinear data in the engineering literature and numerical methods for handling transcendental relationships. Such design procedures would clearly not be possible without the use of digital computers and numerical optimization techniques. Design examples are presented to illustrate the use of the numerical procedure.
A Case Study of APC Based Performance Monitoring System Designed for Unit 2 at Danskammer Electric Generating Plant
Authors: Benson Eric G. , Solinsky Tom F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes the system architecture, requirements and results of a Personal Computer (PC) based distributed control system utilized for monitoring the performance of a heat pipe air heater. The Performance Monitoring System was developed by Proto-Power Corporation for use at Central Hudson Gas & Electric Corporation’s Danskammer Unit 2 Electric Generating Station.
CAFP: Computer-Aided Fixture Planning
Authors: Fuh Jerry Y. , Chang Chao-Hwa , Melkanoff Michel A. , Rau Hsin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Fixture planning is an indispensable part of a manufacturing process planning routine. This paper introduces a rational approach to computer-aided fixture planning (CAFP). A method of fixture classification and selection is introduced for planning of modular fixtures. The location of each fixture component is determined according to the common fixturing principles. We has developed a prototype CAFP system and linked to a commercial CAD system, namely CADAM. Modular fixture elements are automatically selected by the system, and the generated fixture layout can be displayed on-screen after assembly. For verification and optimization of a fixturing scheme, a fixture analysis module is also developed. An iteration method is used to solve the fixturing constraint equations and to determine the adequate clamping forces for holding the workpiece during machining processes.
Leaf Pruning and Node Consolidation: Two Methods of Reducing Distribution Network Model Size Without Sacrificing Simulation Accuracy
Authors: Miller John L. , Hayes Caroline 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Large distribution networks often need to be modified to meet new demands. Designers use CAD and load-flow simulators to determine the characteristics of gas, liquid, and electric power distribution networks. Running the simulations required to engineer changes to a network is a lengthy process. The number of alternatives which can be explored depends upon the number of simulations which can be fit into the time allotted for design. Removing unimportant detail from a complete network representation results in a shorter per-simulation run time. Leaf pruning and node consolidation are two methods used to remove such details. These methods rely on the characteristics of the graph representation of the network, and so should apply to all steady-state load-flow simulations. Using leaf pruning and node consolidation together, per-simulation time can be cut tenfold, usually without significantly affecting total simulation accuracy. A reduction in per-simulation time translates into a less costly network analysis of the same quality as previously possible, or a more thorough analysis of network characteristics in the time period set aside for design. Steam distribution networks are used to illustrate the methods discussed.
3D-to-2D Mapping of Cutter Paths in NC Programming of Complex Engineering Parts
Authors: Chang Chao-Hwa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The concept of mapping a three dimensional (3D) contouring cutter path with major motion in a plane parallel to the Z axis onto the X-Y plane or one perpendicular to the Z axis is introduced. A systematic method is developed that can be used to program, in APT or other high-level languages, complex contouring cutter motion based on the concept introduced. As a result, NC programming of contouring motion for many complex engineering parts on a 3-axis numerically controlled (NC) milling machine, which is often considered difficult, can be greatly simplified. Part examples are discussed; and the APT programs defining the cutter path based on the 3D-to-2D mapping concept, are also analyzed in detail. The concept and method introduced proved to be a powerful tool for programming the NC machining process for many parts, particularly dies and molds.