bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From surface data to bulk properties: a case study for antiphase boundaries in GaP on Si(001)
Authors: Farin P , Eisele H , Dähne M , Lenz A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The orientation, atomic structure, and charge state of defects in crystals have a large influence on the functionality of resultant semiconductor devices. Two-dimensional defects are especially challenging to analyze, as they are embedded within the bulk. We developed a data analysis procedure using information from atomically resolved cross-sectional surface data from two non-parallel surfaces, enabling us to draw conclusions about two-dimensional defects within the bulk. Using antiphase boundaries (APBs) in GaP on Si

001

as a model system, we show that this approach can be applied to any material and microscopy method. For the GaP/Si

001

system and for two-side cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy as the experimental tool, the procedure shows that the commonly discussed

111

and

112

APBs do not arise in the investigated sample, whereas the data strongly indicates that previously not recognized

123

APBs are present. Furthermore, a statistical analysis allows a calculation of the net excess charge carrier density introduced into the crystal by the APBs. Its value is negligible compared to the density of wrong bonds that characterize the APBs, since negative and positive excess charges compensate each other almost completely. Moreover, we suggest that controlled enhancement of the formation of APBs may also lead to applications in thermoelectric devices.
Tunable and polarization-sensitive graphene-based terahertz absorber with eight absorption bands
Authors: Cai Yijun , Guo Yongbo , Zhang Hongyi , Wang Yi , Chen Chengying , Lin Feng , Zuo Shikai , Zhou Yuanguo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A metamaterial absorber consisting of stacked and orthogonal elliptical graphene layers is proposed to achieve eight absorption bands in the terahertz (THz) frequency range. By adjusting the length of the short or long axis for each graphene ellipse, the corresponding absorption peak can be tuned independently. Electric field distributions are present to reveal the physical mechanism. The absorption spectrum can also be tuned by varying the chemical potential of each graphene ellipse and the manipulation for the polarization angle of the incidence. Moreover, the absorber can work properly under oblique incidences. Our work paves a way for designing tunable THz absorbers with numerous absorption bands.
Hierarchical porous carbon materials obtained by Cu–Al double hydroxide templates with high gravimetric and volumetric capacitance
Authors: Zhang Mingyang , Sun Yue , Song Rongjun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The hard-template method belongs to an effective route for preparing porous carbon materials with ideal hierarchical pores. In this work, a kind of hierarchical porous carbon (HPC) with high gravimetric and volumetric capacitance is fabricated by the use of Al–Cu double hydroxides (Al–Cu DHs) as hard templates and polyethylene glycol-200 as carbon precursors. It is found that the Al/Cu molar ratio has a profound influence on the morphology and composition of Al–Cu DHs and the obtained hierarchical porous architecture of HPCs owing to the template and catalyst functions of both Cu and Al2O3. For Al/Cu molar ratios of 5:1 and 7:1, the prepared HPC-05 and HPC-07 display a large specific surface area and appropriate hierarchical porous architecture. They can be used as the electrode materials of supercapacitors without any activation. The HPC-05 exhibits gravimetric capacitance (296.9 F g−1) and high volumetric capacitance (183.3 F cm−3). Moreover, the capacitance retention is 105% in 1 M Na2SO4 electrolyte with an ultrahigh gravimetric energy density of 16.32 W h kg−1 and a volumetric energy density of 10.09 W h l−1. This paper provides a tunable double-hydroxide-template way to construct HPC materials with high gravimetric and volume capacitance.
IPEM Topical Report: an international IPEM survey of MRI use for external beam radiotherapy treatment planning
Authors: Speight Richard , Tyyger Marcus , Schmidt Maria A , Liney Gary , Johnstone Robert , Eccles Cynthia L , Dubec Michael , George Ben , Henry Ann , Herbert Trina , Nyholm Tufve , Mahmood Faisal , Korhonen Juha , Sims Rick , Tijssen Rob H N , Vanhoutte Frederik , Busoni Simone , Lacornerie Thomas , McCallum Hazel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Introduction/Background. Despite growing interest in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), integration in external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) treatment planning uptake varies globally. In order to understand the current international landscape of MRI in EBRT a survey has been performed in 11 countries. This work reports on differences and common themes identified. Methods. A multi-disciplinary Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine working party modified a survey previously used in the UK to understand current practice using MRI for EBRT treatment planning, investigate how MRI is currently used and managed as well as identify knowledge gaps. It was distributed electronically within 11 countries: Australia, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Sweden, the UK and the USA. Results. The survey response rate within the USA was <1% and hence these results omitted from the analysis. In the other 10 countries the survey had a median response rate of 77% per country. Direct MRI access, defined as either having a dedicated MRI scanner for radiotherapy (RT) or access to a radiology MRI scanner, varied between countries. France, Italy and the UK reported the lowest direct MRI access rates and all other countries reported direct access in ≥82% of centres. Whilst ≥83% of centres in Denmark and Sweden reported having dedicated MRI scanners for EBRT, all other countries reported ≤29%. Anatomical sites receiving MRI for EBRT varied between countries with brain, prostate, head and neck being most common. Commissioning and QA of image registration and MRI scanners varied greatly, as did MRI sequences performed, staffing models and training given to different staff groups. The lack of financial reimbursement for MR was a consistent barrier for MRI implementation for RT for all countries and MR access was a reported important barrier for all countries except Sweden and Denmark. Conclusion. No country has a comprehensive approach for MR in EBRT adoption and financial barriers are present worldwide. Variations between countries in practice, equipment, staffing models, training, QA and MRI sequences have been identified, and are likely to be due to differences in funding as well as a lack of consensus or guidelines in the literature. Access to dedicated MR for EBRT is limited in all but Sweden and Denmark, but in all countries there are financial challenges with ongoing per patient costs. Despite these challenges, significant interest exists in increasing MR guided EBRT planning over the next 5 years.
Color-electric conductivity in a viscous quark-gluon plasma *
Authors: Jiang Bing-feng , Shi Shao-wu , Hou De-fu , Li Jia-rong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Several different transport processes, such as heat, momentum, and charge transports, may occur simultaneously in a thermal plasma system. The corresponding transport coefficients are heat conductivity, shear viscosity, and electric conductivity. In the present study, we investigate the color-electric conductivity of the quark-gluon plasma (QGP) in the presence of shear viscosity, focusing on the connection between the charge transport and momentum transport. To achieve this goal, we solve the viscous chromohydrodynamic equations obtained from the QGP kinetic theory associated with the distribution function modified by shear viscosity. According to the solved color fluctuations of hydrodynamic quantities, we obtain the induced color current through which the color-electric conductivity is derived. Numerical analysis shows that the conductivity properties of the QGP are mainly demonstrated by the longitudinal part of the color-electric conductivity. Shear viscosity has an appreciable impact on real and imaginary parts of the color-electric conductivity in some frequency regions.
Immobilization of activated carbon in fractionated clay from East Kalimantan as wastewater adsorption material
Authors: Sasria N , Patandean S W , Awali J , Lubis M P D 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The aim of this research is to make immobilization of activated carbon in fractionated clay from East Kalimantan as wastewater adsorption material. Fractionated clay and activated carbon were made from the lai shell, then the adsorbents were immobilized using a ratio of 2.5:5 (g activated carbon: g clay) to increase their adsorption ability to wastewater. Furthermore, the adsorbents were characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to analyze the phase, composition, and crystal structure and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to analyze the morphology of adsorbent and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) to analyze the functional group. The results of adsorbent characterization by XRD showed that the sample contains 70% SiO2 phase which is shown at the highest and sharpest peak, namely at 26.47°. The results of SEM analysis on immobilized adsorbents indicates the presence of silica nanoparticles that appear as white aggregates, where this silica is a compound contained in the clay. Whereas the results of the adsorbent characterization using FTIR showed that the functional groups in fractionated clay were Si-OH (silanol), Al-O-Al, Si-C and Si-O-Si (siloxane). In activated carbon found several functional groups namely C-H (alkyne), C=C (aromatics) and alkylhalide. Whereas the immobilized adsorbents with a ratio of 2.5:5 are Si-OH, Si-O-Si, Al-O-Al, alkylhalide and C-H. This shows that immobilized adsorbents have formed quite well.
The influence of cocamide DEA towards the characteristics of transparent soap
Authors: Cholifah U , Nafiunisa A , Aryanti N , Wardhani D H 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Soap is a mixture of fatty acid compounds used as body cleansers so it must not caused irritation to the skin. The quality of sugar, alcohol, and glycerin is crucial for the clarity and clearness of soap. Replacement of hazardous chemicals are neccessary because chemical surfactants contain lots of carcinogenic substances, skin irritants, eyes and respiratory disorders. This research was conducted as natural surfactants applied on transparent soap including cocamide DEA. Cocamide DEA concentration varies at 0%, 2.5%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10.0%. The surfactant properties of cocamide DEA will characterized based on Critical Micell Consentration (CMC), Hydrophile Lipophile Balance (HLB), and foaming properties. After the characteristics of cocamide DEA are investigated, hereinafter it applied to produce transparent soap. The process of making soap uses the hot method with a hotplate as the medium. The addition of surfactant cocamide DEA was able to reduce the surface tension up to 31.27x10−3 N/m implied the surface tension reduction for 56.56% to water. The transparent soap with the addition of 10% cocamide DEA had the best formulation with the properties of has 8% moisture content, 69.38% foaming ability, 0.146% free fatty acid, 0.0938% free alkali, unsaponified fat 2.376%, pH 8.9 and hardness 569.6 mm/g/s, has highest brightness level, and still in accordance with indonesian standard.
The Effect of Addition of F3O4 and Sintering Temperature on Properties of the Magnetite/Hydroxyapatite Particles Produced through the Coprecipitation Technique
Authors: Fadli Ahmad , Iskandar Dion Julio , Pane Khobar Bahari 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNowadays, the composite of magnetite/hydroxyapatite has become one of the main topics in biomedical field especially as drug delivery system. In this paper, the effect of sintering temperature and Fe3O4addition on the properties of coprecipitation produced by magnetite/hydroxyapatite composite is investigated. The magnetite was first dispersed into 100 mL aquadest and mixed with 33.7 mmol Ca(NO3)2.4H2O while stiring for 15 minutes. Subsequently, the mixture was reacted with 20 mmol (NH4)2HPO4for 120 minutes at 90ºC. The mixture pH of 11 during process was controlled by adding NH4OH 25%. The mixture was left to stand for 1 day, washed and then the precipitate was separated from the mixture. The precipitate was dried at 90ºC for 1 day and it ended with sintering for 2 hours. The composite powder was characterized by field emission scanning election microscopy (FESEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The result showed that increase in the amount of of Fe3O4in the composite, it produced the larger crystalline Fe3O4size of 15.59 nm, a decrease in crystallinity to 14.22%, and a higher saturation magnetization was 17.2 emu/g. The higher sintering temperature causes an increase in the size of a hydroxyapatite crystal to 22.94 nm, an increase in crystallinity to 22.55%, and a lower saturation magnetization was 4.0 emu/g.
Synthesis and characterization of targeted superparamagnetic MRI contrast agent MnFe2O4-chitosan-folate
Authors: Gunawan A.H. , Sugiharto Y. , Yulianto S. , Fikri A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Superparamagnetic materials MnFe2O4 in nanosized form, is useful for some applications such as magnetic storage, electronic devices, biosensing and MRI contrast agent. Efficiency of the contrast agent (CA) delivery to cellular targets generally depends on the rate of vascular extravasation and pharmacokinetics in the plasma. Contrast agents with longer circulation time could show better kinetics at the target site. In this research, strategies to prolong the plasma life is conjugatingMnFe2O4 NPs with chitosan-folate. MnFe2O4 NPs were synthesized from MnCl2 with FeCl3 using a reducing agent NaOH. In other side, chitosan was conjugated with folic acid to produce chitosan-folate compounds. Then chitosan-folate was reacted with MnFe2O4 nanoparticles to produce MnFe2O4 -chitosan-folate.MnFe2O4 nanoparticles was characterized using UV Vis, FTIR, PSA and SEM EDX. The characterization of MnFe2O4 -chitosan-folate is also carried out using radioactive agent by labeling with 99mTc radionuclide which will produce the MnFe2O4 - (99m Tc) Chitosan-folate complex. The characterization tests using 99m Tc radionuclides showed yields and radiochemical purity ofmore than 95%. It indicates that the compound of MnFe2O4-chitosan-folate has been successfully synthesized. MnFe2O4-chitosan-folate nanoparticles as finished product will be used for targeted MRI Contrast agent.
Effect of iron fortification on gummy candies properties: basic nutrient, microstructure, and texture during the storage period
Authors: Handayani Noer Abyor , Krisanti Elsa , Kartohardjono Sutrasno , Mulia Kamarza 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Iron fortification program relates to iron delivery through daily foods, which have a potential impact on many people. In this study, chitosan microparticle loaded with ferrous gluconate was used as fortificant, while gummy candies were selected as food vehicles. This work aimed to assess the effect of iron microparticles addition on basic nutrient composition, textural, and microstructural characteristics. The properties of iron microparticles obtained from the spray drying method were also discussed in this article. The iron fortification was carried out by adding the iron microparticles into the candies solution. This solution was then molded and cooled at room temperature before the analysis. The yield, iron loading, efficiency encapsulation, mean diameter, and SPAN factor of iron microparticles were 49%, 3.5 mg Fe/100 mg dried microparticles, 48%, 17 µm, and 1.7. The iron microparticle had a spherical shape with the wrinkles structure on the surface. Therefore, the fortified gummy candies had wavy structures with the prominent spheres. The protein and fat content of our gummy candies were higher than the commercial gummy candies. However, gummy candies’ hardness and gumminess value had changed significantly, while the cohesiveness and springiness properties were not significantly different during the storage.
Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous silica from beach sands as silica source
Authors: Salamah S , Trisunaryanti W , Kartini I , Purwono S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The amorphous mesoporous silica was successfully synthesized from beach sand sources. Dodecyl amine, DDA, was used as a mesoporous template under a sol-gel reaction. The synthesized mesoporous silica has a high specific surface area 766.40 m2/g, pore volume 0.51 cc/g, average pore diameter in mesoporous range 3.04 nm, and relatively high acidity value 0.88 mmol/g. It was found that rotation speed during the addition of DDA affects greatly the porosity formation, with higher rotation speed favors porosity formation.
Enhancement of strength and flexibility of high-density polyethylene using rubber leaves
Authors: Shaari Norin Zamiah Kassim , Rahman Nurfatheen Abd , Taha Ahmad Redha , Alauddin Sakinah Mohd , Akhbar Suffiyana 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
High density polyethylene (HDPE) polymer suffers with lack of strength and flexibility that result in fracture of vessels and leakage of piping system. One way to overcome the brittleness problem of the polymer is by reinforcement of fillers such as fibers into the polymer matrix to form a polymer composite. In this study, the effect of incorporating rubber leaves as the filler into high density polyethylene (HDPE) polymer matrix on the tensile properties and morphology of the polymer composite was investigated. The composites were prepared with or without addition of glycerol as plasticizer and citric acid as cross linker. Despite using a common size of the filler, the sieve sizes of the rubber leaves were varied at 200µm, 300µm and 500µm respectively. Results show that the presence of 200 µm rubber leaves with glycerol and citric acid increased the strength of the polymer composites, where the tensile strength achieves 22.1 MPa without jeopardizing the elongation of the composite. The image from SEM reveals that rubber leaves fibers and plasticizers are dispersed homogeneously in the polymer matrix HDPE. This potential used of rubber leaves in the manufacturing of HDPE polymer composites will help to utilize the abundant amount of rubber leaves.
Scanning Electron Microscopy Observation of Coir Fibre with Alkali and Drying Method Treatment
Authors: Windyandari A , Kurdi O , Sulardjaka  , Tauviqirrahman M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The natural fiber, such as bamboo, hemp, ramie, jute, and coir, has been proposed as an alternative fiber to replace the synthetic fibers. Coir fiber, which is physically recognized as coarse and stiff fiber with red-brown colored, comprises lignin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and other plant substance. Coir fibers capability can stretch beyond the elastic limit with no rupture and excellent resistance to microbiological and salt degradation. Therefore coir fiber can be applied as an alternative material for a marine structure such as boat and small crafts. In this paper, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation was made to evaluate the influence of alkali treatment (2% and 6% NaOH) and the drying method, including sun drying, oven, and air drying. Progressive changes in surface morphology due to the two kinds of coir fibre treatments were presented.
Comparison of Identified Compounds from Extracted Pelargonium Radula Leaves by Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Commercial Geranium Essential Oil
Authors: Gaaffar I F , Zainuddin N A M , Zainal S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) is a green technology that is convenient to extract Pelargonium radula (P. radula) leaves without leaving any negative impacts on the environment. It is an alternative approach to reduce the solvent residual problem during the extraction process. Therefore, this research was performed to compare the active ingredients extracted by SFE technique with the commercialized geranium essential oil in the market. Extraction of powdered P. radula leaves by supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) was operated at constant pressure, temperature, and solvent flowrate which were 100 bar, 40 °C, and 24 mL/min, respectively. SC- CO2 extraction on P. radula leaves result in 0.19 % of oil yield. By comparing extracted P. radula oil with the commercialized geranium essential oil, both oil consists of benzyl acetate, citronellol, geraniol, e-amyl cinnamaldehyde, isopropyl tetradecanoate, and isopropyl hexadecanoate.
Copper Removal by Enterobacter cloacae strain IrSuk1, Enterobacter cloacae strain IrSuk4a, and Serratia nematodiphila strain IrSuk13 Isolated from Sukolilo River-Indonesia
Authors: Irawati Wahyu , Tahya Candra Yulius 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Copper is one of the pollutants found in Sukolilo river due to industrial activities surrounding this area. The concentration of copper in this river has exceeded the threshold causing the death of organisms in the sea and various diseases. The presence of copper in the environment continually causes bacteria to develop copper removal mechanism by accumulation and biosorption so that copper removal occurs. Waste treatment by using indigenous bacteria is an effective and economical way to remove copper from the environment. This study aims to isolate and characterize bacteria from the Sukolilo River. Selected bacterial isolates were tested for copper accumulation and biosorption potential. The growth medium used was Luria Bertani with the addition of CuSO4. Bacterial identification was carried out based on the 16S rDNA gene. Bacterial resistance was tested by determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) value. The ability of copper accumulation and biosorption is measured using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results of bacterial isolation from Sukolilo River have obtained three bacterial isolates with the MIC values of 9 mM CuSO4 and coded by strains IrSuk1, IrSuk4a, and IrSuk13. Each bacterial strain has high similarities with Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter cloacae strain subsp. dissolvens, and Serratia nematodiphila strain LMG 2683 respectively with a value of 96.68%, 98.31%, and 99.03%. Copper quantities accumulated by that three bacterial strain are of 0.96 mg, 0.85 mg,1.89 mg per gram dry weight of cells, respectively. The efficiency of copper biosorption by strains IrSuk1, IrSuk4a, and IrSuk13 was 68.78%, 68.34%, and 68.47%, respectively.
Characterization of polyethylene-starch based film at a different percentage of crude palm oil and Aloe vera gel
Authors: Karim S F A , Jai J , Hamid K H K , Irfan M A 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCombination of polytethylene (PE) and starch is an alternative to enhance the capability of plastic film to degrade faster. However, the compatibility between each material was unsatisfied due to the hydrophobic nature of PE and hydrophilic nature of starch. Therefore, this paper was introducing crude palm oil (CPO) to act as plasticizer whileAloe vera(AV) as the compatibilizer. The objective of this paper was to study the changes caused by CPO and AV towards thermal degradation, thermal properties, and mechanical performance of PE/starch-based film. Melt-blending and hot press technique were applied to prepare the samples. Film 0.15C/1.08Av performed highest thermal degradation rate occurred with the lowest residue left. An increasing amount of CPO had caused decrement of percent crystallinity of the film while an increasing amount of AV shows an inconsistent value of percent crystallinity. The best tensile strength occurred at the formulation of 0.15C/1.08Av while highest elongation obtained by 2.7C/0.06Av. As a conclusion, CPO and AV affect the properties of the film. However, only AV has the potential to proceed with the next stage in improving the tensile strength of the film while CPO did not show good improvement.