bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Russian Marxists and the Ancient Near East
Authors: Крих С.Б. 
Published: August 2021

Дореволюционный марксизм – забытая страница предыстории советского исторического нарратива. Советские историки почти полностью игнорировали таких авторов, как Г.В. Плеханов, Н.А. Рожков, А.А. Богданов в качестве предшественников своей науки. В статье сделана попытка исследовать взгляды указанных авторов на историю древнего Ближнего Востока и сформулировать ряд обобщений, касающихся их влияния на советское историописание. Русские марксисты использовали упрощение как приём для того, чтобы показать, что одни и те же принципы материалистического анализа действуют и на примере древнейших обществ Востока, что частично смягчалось как признанием вариативности исторического развития восточных обществ, так и наличествующей конкуренцией разных вариантов этого развития. Но это сочетание было утрачено при формировании советской исторической науки в начале 1930-х гг.Marxism in pre-revolutionary Russia is one of the forgotten pages for prehistory of the Soviet historical narrative. Soviet historians speaking large about Lenin (either Marx and Engels) as a predecessor of the Soviet scholarship, but mostly ignored such authors like Georgii Plekhanov, Nikolai Rozhkov and Alexander Bogdanov. All named Russian Marxist has similar background in their historical education and in their handing of facts. All of them also used simplification as a technique to show how the same principles of materialistic analysis worked on the examples many of ancient societies of the East. This general simplification was partly smoothed out by both the recognition of the variability of the historical development of ancient societies and the mutual competition of different versions of their development. But this combination was lost during the genesis of Soviet historical scholarship in the early 1930s.
Apollo 15 regolith breccia provides first natural evidence for olivine incongruent melting
Authors: Satta Niccolò , Miyahara Masaaki , Ozawa Shin , Marquardt Hauke , Nishijima Masahiko , Arai Tomoko , Ohtani Eiji 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Apollo 15 mission returned various samples of regolith breccias, typical lunar rocks lithified by impact events on the Moon’s surface. Here we report our observations on shock features recorded in a section of the Apollo Sample 15299. We observe the presence of ferropericlase crystals confined in a shock-melt pocket and conclude that their formation is related to a shock-induced incongruent melting of olivine. While predicted by experiments, this phenomenon has never been observed in a natural sample. The incongruent melting of olivine provides an important signature of melting under high-pressure conditions and allows for estimating the pressure-temperature (P-T) experienced by the studied sample during the impact event. We infer that the fracture porosity that likely characterized the studied sample prior to the shock event critically affected the P-T path during the shock compression and allowed the studied sample to be subjected to elevated temperature during relatively low shock pressures.
A comprehensive review on nitrate and phosphate removal and recovery from aqueous solutions by adsorption
Authors: Gizaw Alemu , Zewge Feleke , Kumar Arun , Mekonnen Andualem , Tesfaye Melakuu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Nitrogen and phosphorus removal and recovery are considered as one of the interventions to control water bodies' eutrophication by application of various methods. Adsorption is an effective method for phosphate and nitrate removal from wastewater. It is efficient, quick, easy, low-cost and environmentally friendly. Even though different adsorbents have been developed with excellent properties, lack of compilation, lack of consistency in operational conditions, and lack of other important parameters used for direct comparison and practical use selection were observed. The first aim of this review is to provide facts and figures on novel adsorbents used for nitrate, phosphate, and simultaneous nitrate-phosphate removal and recovery. Second, various adsorbents applied for nitrate and phosphate removal have been compared in terms of the number of cycles that the adsorbent used; retained removal capacity (RR); the removal capacity of the adsorbent considering the threshold limit settled by EU and EPA as equilibrium concentration for phosphate (q0.1) and nitrate (q10); and time to reach the equilibrium capacity (t90). Third, based on the aforementioned criteria, the best adsorbents are proposed and this is the key novelty of this review work. Moreover, future aspects and challenges regarding nitrate and phosphate removal and recovery are presented.
NIR-based Sensing System for Non-invasive Detection of Hemoglobin for
Point-of-care Applications
Authors: Kumar Sanjeev , Kumar Yogesh , Dogra Ayush , Shaw Vikash , Kaushik Ajeet 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Hemoglobin is an essential biomolecule for the transportation of oxygen,
therefore, its assessment is also important to be done frequently in numerous clinical practices. Traditional
invasive techniques have concomitant shortcomings, such as time delay, the onset of infections,
and discomfort, which necessitate a non-invasive hemoglobin estimation solution to get rid
of these constraints in health informatics. Currently, various techniques are underway in the allied
domain, and scanty products are also feasible in the market. However, due to the low satisfaction
rate, invasive solutions are still assumed as the gold standard. Recently introduced technologies effectively
evolved as optical spectroscopy and digital photographic concepts on different sensing
spots, e.g., fingertip, palpebral conjunctiva, bulbar conjunctiva, and fingernail. Productive sensors
develop more than eight wavelengths to compute hemoglobin concentration and four wavelengths
to display only Hb-index (trending of hemoglobin) either in disposable adhesive or reusable cliptype
sensor’s configuration.

Objective:
This study aims at an optimistic optical spectroscopic technique to measure hemoglobin
concentration and conditional usability of non-invasive blood parameters’ diagnostics at point-ofcare.

Methods:
Two distinguishable light emitting sources (810 nm and 1300 nm) are utilized at isosbestic
points with a single photodetector (800-1700 nm). With this purpose, reusable finger probe assembly
is facilitated in transmittance mode based on the newly offered sliding mechanism to block
ambient light.

Results:
Investigation with proposed design presents correlation coefficients between reference hemoglobin
and every individual feature, a multivariate linear regression model for highly correlated
independent features. Moreover, principal component analytical model with multivariate linear regression
offers mean bias of 0.036 and -0.316 g/dL, precision of 0.878 and 0.838 and limits of
agreement from -1.685 to 1.758 g/dL and -1.790 to 1.474 g/dL for 18 and 21 principal components,
respectively.

Conclusion:
The encouraging readouts emphasize favorable precision; therefore, it is proposed
that the sensing system is amenable to assess hemoglobin in settings with limited resources and
strengthening future routes for the point of care applications.
Combination Therapy for Bacterial Pathogens: Naturally Derived Antimicrobial
Drugs Combined with Ulva lactuca Extract
Authors: Bamunuarachchi Nilushi Indika , Khan Fazlurrahman , Kim Young-Mog 
Published: August 2021

Background:
With the growing incidence of microbial pathogenesis, several alternative
strategies have been developed. The number of treatments using naturally (e.g., plants, algae, fungi,
bacteria, and animals) derived compounds has increased. Importantly, marine-derived products have
become a promising and effective approach to combat the antibiotic resistance properties developed by
bacterial pathogens. Furthermore, augmenting the sub-inhibitory concentration of the naturally-derived
antimicrobial compounds (e.g., hydroxycinnamic acids, terpenes, marine-derived polysaccharides,
phenolic compounds) into the naturally derived extracts as a combination therapy to treat the bacterial
infection has not been well studied.

Objective:
The present study was aimed to prepare green algae Ulva lactuca extract and evaluate its
antibacterial activity towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative human pathogenic bacteria. Also,
revitalize the antibacterial efficiency of the naturally-derived antimicrobial drugs and conventional
antibiotics by mixing their sub-MIC to the U. lactuca extracts.

Methods:
Extraction was done using a different organic solvent, and its antibacterial activity was tested
towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens. The minimum inhibitory concentration
(MIC) of U. lactuca extracts has been determined towards pathogenic bacteria using the micro broth
dilution method. The viable cell counting method was used to determine the minimum bactericidal
concentration (MBC). The fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) assay was utilized to examine the
combinatorial impact of sub-MIC of two antibacterial drugs using the micro broth dilution method.
The chemical components of the extract were analyzed by GC-MS analysis.

Results:
Among all the extracts, n-hexane extract was found to show effective antibacterial activity
towards tested pathogens with the lowest MIC and MBC value. Furthermore, the n-hexane extracts
have also been used to enhance the efficacy of the naturally-derived (derived from plants and marine
organisms) compounds and conventional antibiotics at their sub-inhibitory concentrations. Most of the
tested antibiotics and natural drugs at their sub-MIC were found to exhibit synergistic and additive
antibacterial activity towards the tested bacterial pathogens.

Conclusions:
The combining of U. lactuca n-hexane extracts with natural drugs resulted in synergistic
and additive bactericidal effects on Gram-positive and Gram-negative human pathogenic bacteria. The
present study shows a new alternative strategy to revitalize the antimicrobial activity of naturally derived
compounds for treating human bacterial pathogens.
Physicochemical Properties of Torus Mandibularis and Palatinus Indicate a Source of Autogenous Bone Graft
Authors: Redor Martin Luis S. , Zhang Rui , Wongsirichat Natthamet , Srisatjaluk Ratchapin Laovanitch , Chaiyasamut Teeranut , Seriwatanachai Dutmanee 
Published: August 2021

Introduction:
There has been extensive research on bone substitutes and autogenous bone; however, little is known about their physical and chemical characteristics of torus mandibularis and palatinus. In the present study, the physical and chemical properties of tori bone and bone graft substitutes were examined. Microbial contamination of torus bone collected during surgery was also investigated.

Objective:
To investigate the physical and chemical properties of torus mandibularis and torus palatinus, and the microbial contamination of tori bone collected during surgery.

Materials and Methods:
Torus mandibularis and palatinus were collected from healthy patients by regular surgical procedure via bone collector and a stringent aspiration protocol. Physicochemical properties such as surface structure, elemental components and the crystalline structure of tori and common bone grafting substitutes (OraGRAFT, BioOss, Cerabone) were examined via SEM-EDS, X-Ray Diffractometry analysis, and calcium dissolution assay. The bacterial morphology and gram staining from the torus samples after the surgery were analyzed.

Results:
The surface structure of tori bone differed greatly from that of bone graft substitutes. An irregular and rough surface structure was found for tori, while bone graft substitutes presented a smooth but dry pattern. Elements found within tori were similar to those within bone graft substitutes; in all cases, carbon, oxygen, sodium, magnesium, phosphate, and calcium were seen. All samples showed high crystallinity, with the highest value in Cerabone, followed by Bio-oss, torus mandibularis, torus palatinus, and Oragraft. Calcium dissolution was highest on the first day in tori samples, whereas it was constantly released until the seventh day in other bone grafts. The microbial contamination was found in all tori samples from the harvesting process, presumably due to saliva contamination.

Conclusion:
Tori bone was different from bone graft substitutes in terms of surface structure, crystallinity, and calcium release. However, tori bone and bone graft substitutes were similar in terms of elemental composition and crystal compounds, which may positively affect their clinical applications. Taken together, our findings suggest that with an effective decontamination, tori bone should be considered as a viable material for bone grafting, as it is not only practical but also cost-efficient for patients.
Therapy of Age-related Exudative Macular Degeneration with Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Drugs: An Italian Real Life Study
Authors: Rossi Settimio , Gesualdo Carlo , Tartaglione Antonio , Scazzi Giovan Battista , D’Alessio Anna Cristina , Ragucci Adele , Melillo Paolo , Simonelli Francesca 
Published: August 2021

Aim:

To evaluate the real utilization of ranibizumab and aflibercept in the daily management of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) treated at the Eye Clinic of Campania University L.Vanvitelli.

Background:
Therapy with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor represents the gold standard in wet age-related macular degeneration. There are nonreal life italian studies of this therapy in the literature.

Objective:
To analyze in our sample the post-therapy variations of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and central retinal thickness (CRT) observed at the end of a 12-month follow-up period.

Methods:
This real-life study analyzes 109 patients that underwent monthly checks for the first 4 months and then every 2 months until the end of the 12-month follow-up. The sample was first analyzed in its entirety, subsequently subdivided into 3 groups based on baseline BCVA, age, and the number of intravitreal injections performed, in order to identify possible predictive elements of the anti-VEGF response.

Results:
On average, patients underwent 4.16 ± 1.58 intravitreal anti-VEGF injections in 1 year. At the end of the 12-month follow-up, the patients’ average BCVA increased from 33.01 letters to 33.75 letters (+0.74 ± 9,4 letters), while the average CRT decreased from 346.86 µm to 265.39 µm (-81.47 ± 121 µm).

Conclusion:
The study shows the efficacy of anti-VEGF therapy in the stabilization of BCVA in nAMD, confirming the differences in visual outcomes compared to clinical trials, mainly for economic-organizational reasons.
Economic Impact of Osteoporosis Related Hip Fractures in Bahrain. A Systematic Review
Authors: Sadat-Ali Mir 
Published: August 2021

Background:Fragility fractures are common due to osteoporosis and there is very limited data on hip fractures from the Middle East in general and Kingdom of Bahrain in particular. The aim of this paper is to review the published data of femoral fractures in the Middle East and extrapolate the financial burden of osteoporosis related hip fractures in Bahrain and suggest some course of action for the region in controlling the fragility fractures.Methods:An extensive search was performed on published studies on hip fracture from 1990 to 2020 by a Medline, EMBASE the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews and the Science Citation Index, Bahrain Medical Bulletin, Qatar Medical J, Oman with the key words: Osteoporosis, osteopenia, fragility hip fractures. The inclusion criterion was studies published during 1990-2020 describing the prevalence of osteoporosis and proximal hip fractures in patients with ≥50 years, from the Kingdom of Bahrain, Saudi Arabia, State of Kuwait, Sultanate of Oman, United Arab Emirates, State of Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, Turkey and the State Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Based on the fractures per 1000, an average was taken and extrapolated for the Kingdom of Bahrain and direct and indirect costs were assessed.Results:A total of 19 studies were selected for analysis from 10 countries. The average prevalence of postmenopausal osteoporosis was 29.37±6.97% (Range 20.2 to 38.5). In these 10 countries, 252.411 million people live, with an average of 28.56% suffering from osteoporosis. A total of 72.088 million are at risk of having a fragility fracture. The prevalence of fragility fractures of the proximal femur in six countries means prevalence is 4.41/1000. With this average, it is extrapolated that femoral fractures due to osteoporosis costs Bahrain yearly a total of BD 5.31 million.Conclusion:The prevalence of Osteoporosis is going to increase in Bahrain as the population is aging. This will further increase the economic impact of taking care of elderly patients with osteoporosis and related fractures. Early intervention to diagnose and treat this aging population will reduce the cost and save lives.
Methadone Contrasted with Acetaminophen Codeine Plus Clonidine: An
Inpatient Pilot Study
Authors: Shafti Saeed Shoja 
Published: August 2021

Introduction:
The mainstay of pharmacological management of opioid dependence is
opioid substitution treatment. Methadone is a long-acting opioid agonist, which is used for detoxification
and maintenance of opioid-dependent people.

Objective:
Objective of the present evaluation included a comparison between methadone and acetaminophen
codeine plus clonidine for management of opioid withdrawal symptoms.

Methods:
All patients of an acute ward of a psychiatric hospital, who met dual diagnosis of primary
psychiatric disorder plus opioid use disorder, were selected as accessible sample for the current
evaluation. Duration of assessment was around eleven months and the study was performed according
to a single-blind plan. Among 96 patients, cases, who were using methadone, before their
recent admission in hospital, continued their substitution treatment according to the recommended
dosage and formulation till release (n = 42). The remaining group of patients, had been given acetaminophen
codeine plus clonidine, as substitution treatment, during their inpatient management (n
= 54). The primary outcome measures were the ‘Cross-Cutting Symptom Measure’ and the ‘Subjective
Opiate Withdrawal Scale’, which were scored at baseline, week 1 and week 2. The study was
performed according to the ‘per-protocol’ analysis, and the assessor was blind with respect to the
said protocols.

Results:
While the mean total score of primary outcome measures decreased significantly in both
groups, the between-group analysis did not show any significant difference between these two
groups in a head-to-head analysis.

Conclusion:
Acetaminophen codeine plus clonidine was as good as methadone for management of
opioid withdrawal symptoms in inpatient setting.
Recent Patents on Vision Technology-based Devices
Authors: Zhang Hongxin , Li Meng , Jiang Hanghang , Ma Shaowei 
Published: August 2021

Background:
In VTBDs (Vision Technology-Based Devices), vision technology is
utilized to acquire abundant information about the external environment and process such
information to achieve certain functions. They are used in various fields to solve practical
problems. Various patents have been discussed in this article, hoping to provide ideas for solving
practical problems in the future.

Objective:
The study aimed to provide an overview of the existing VTBDs and introduce their
classifications, characteristics, as well as the stage and trend of development.

Methods:
This paper reviews various patents, especially Chinese patents related to VTBDs. The
structural characteristics, differentiation, and engineering applications of VTBDs are also
introduced.

Results:
The existing VTBDs are analyzed and compared, and their typical characteristics are
summarized. The main applications, as well as the pros and cons, in the current development
stage, are summarized and analyzed, as well. In addition, the development trend of VTBDsrelated
patents is also discussed.

Conclusion:
VTBDs can be categorized into DsBMV (Devices Based on Monocular Visual),
DsBBV (Devices Based on Binocular Visual), and DsBMCV (Devices Based on Multi-Camera
Visual). All of these categories exhibit their own relative advantages and disadvantages.
Therefore, it is of much importance to analyze the specific problems, followed by selecting
appropriate machine vision technologies and reasonable mechanical structures to design VTBDs
accordingly.
Effects of an Immersive Virtual Reality Exergame on University Students’ Anxiety, Depression, and Perceived Stress: Pilot Feasibility and Usability Study
Authors: Xu Wenge , Liang Hai-Ning , Baghaei Nilufar , Ma Xiaoyue , Yu Kangyou , Meng Xuanru , Wen Shaoyue 
Published: August 2021

Background
In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of students with depression, anxiety, and perceived stress. A solution that has been increasingly used for improving health and well-being is exergaming. The effects and acceptability of exergames have been studied widely but mostly with older adults. The feasibility and usability of exergames among university students, especially those of immersive virtual reality (iVR) exergames, remain unexplored.

Objective
This study aimed to explore the feasibility of a 6-week iVR exergame–based intervention in reducing anxiety, depression, and perceived stress among university students and to examine the usability and acceptability of such games.

Methods
A total of 31 university students were recruited to participate in a 6-week study in which they needed to play a boxing-style iVR exergame called FitXR (FitXR Limited) twice per week (30 minutes per session). Their anxiety (Beck Anxiety Inventory), depression (Beck Depression Inventory-II), and perceived stress (Perceived Stress Scale) levels were measured before and after intervention.

Results
A total of 15 participants completed the 6-week study. Our results suggested that participants’ mean depression scores decreased significantly from 8.33 (SD 5.98) to 5.40 (SD 5.14) after the intervention (P=.01). In addition, most participants (14/15, 93%) believed that the iVR exergame has good usability. Furthermore, most participants (14/15, 93%) were satisfied with the iVR gameplay experience and would play the iVR exergame again in the future. Of the 15 participants, 11 (73%) would recommend the iVR exergame to their friends.

Conclusions
The results gained from this study show that the iVR exergame has good usability, is highly acceptable, and has the potential to reduce depression levels among university students.