bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empirical evaluation of the spatial scale and detection process of camera trap surveys
Authors: Kays Roland , Hody Allison , Jachowski David S. , Parsons Arielle W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundCamera traps present a valuable tool for monitoring animals but detect species imperfectly. Occupancy models are frequently used to address this, but it is unclear what spatial scale the data represent. Although individual cameras monitor animal activity within a small target window in front of the device, many practitioners use these data to infer animal presence over larger, vaguely-defined areas. Animal movement is generally presumed to link these scales, but fine-scale heterogeneity in animal space use could disrupt this relationship.MethodsWe deployed cameras at 10 m intervals across a 0.6 ha forest plot to create an unprecedentedly dense sensor array that allows us to compare animal detections at these two scales. Using time-stamped camera detections we reconstructed fine-scale movement paths of four mammal species and characterized (a) how well animal use of a single camera represented use of the surrounding plot, (b) how well cameras detected animals, and (c) how these processes affected overall detection probability, p. We used these observations to parameterize simulations that test the performance of occupancy models in realistic scenarios.ResultsWe document two important aspects of animal movement and how it affects sampling with passive detectors. First, animal space use is heterogeneous at the camera-trap scale, and data from a single camera may poorly represent activity in its surroundings. Second, cameras frequently (14–71%) fail to record passing animals. Our simulations show how this heterogeneity can introduce unmodeled variation into detection probability, biasing occupancy estimates for species with low p.ConclusionsOccupancy or population estimates with camera traps could be improved by increasing camera reliability to reduce missed detections, adding covariates to model heterogeneity in p, or increasing the area sampled by each camera through different sampling designs or technologies.
Preliminary biomechanical cadaver study investigating a new load-sharing knee implant
Authors: Saeidi Mehdi , Kelly Piaras A. , Netzel Christian , Scadeng Miriam , Kumar Pranesh , Prendergast Deborah , Neitzert Thomas , Ramezani Maziar 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
One of the major contributors to the progression of knee osteoarthritis (OA) is the condition of loading in the knee joint. Innovatively designed load-sharing implants may be effective in terms of reducing joint load. The effects of these implants on contact joint mechanics can be evaluated through cadaver experiments. In this work, a case study is carried out with cadaver knee specimens to carry out a preliminary investigation into a novel load-sharing knee implant, in particular to study the surgical procedures required for attachment, and to determine the contact pressures in the joint with and without the implant.

Methods
Contact pressure in the tibiofemoral joint was measured using pressure mapping sensors, with and without the implant, and radiographs were conducted to investigate the influence of the implant on joint space. The implant was designed from a 3D model of the specimen reconstructed by segmenting MR images of the knee, and it was manufactured by CNC machining.

Results
It was observed that attachment of the implant does not affect the geometry of the hard/soft tissues. Radiographs showed that the implant led to an increase in the joint space on the medial side. Contact pressure measurements showed that the implant reduced the load on the medial side by approximately 18% under all tested loading conditions. By increasing the load from 800 to 1600 N, the percentage of load reduction in the lateral side was decreased by 8%. After applying 800, 1200, and 1600 N load it was observed that the peak contact pressures were 3.7, 4.6, and 5.5 MPa, respectively.

Conclusions
This new knee implant shows some promise as a treatment for OA, through its creation of a conducive loading environment in the knee joint, without sacrificing or damaging any of the hard or soft tissues. This device could be as effective as, for example, the Atlas® system, but without some complications seen with other devices; this would need to be validated through similar results being observed in an appropriate in vivo study.
Migration of non-absorbable polymer clips in hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery: a report of four cases
Authors: Kihara Yukari , Takeda Yutaka , Ohmura Yoshiaki , Katsura Yoshiteru , Shinke Go , Ikeshima Ryo , Katsuyama Shinsuke , Kawai Kenji , Hiraki Masayuki , Sugimura Keijiro , Masuzawa Toru , Takeno Atsushi , Hata Taishi , Murata Kohei 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Ligation clips are used for vessel or tissue ligation in surgery. Although previous reports have described the migration of metallic clips after hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery, very few reports have described the migration of non-absorbable polymer clips (NAPCs: Hem-o-Lok).

Case presentation
We present 4 cases of NAPC migration that occurred after laparoscopic surgery. Case 1 was an 81-year-old woman that had undergone a laparoscopic right hemihepatectomy for an intrahepatic bile duct cyst adenocarcinoma at the age of 79 years. Two years after the operation, she underwent an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy to investigate epigastric pain. The endoscopy showed NAPCs lodged at the anterior side of the duodenal bulb. Case 2 was an 80-year-old man that had undergone a laparoscopic cholecystectomy for choledocholithiasis at the age of 77 years. Three years after the operation, follow-up computed tomography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) imaging indicated a mass in the upper bile duct. After a laparoscopic bile duct resection and reconstruction, an NAPC was found inside the inflammatory pseudotumor. Case 3 was a 63-year-old man that had undergone laparoscopic liver S4b and S5 resections and lymph node dissection for gallbladder cancer. Three months after the operation, follow-up MRCP imaging suggested a bile duct stenosis. An endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) was performed, and an NAPC was found inside the bile duct. Case 4 was a 74-year-old man that had undergone a laparoscopic S5 segmentectomy, S7 partial liver resection, and cholecystectomy for liver metastasis of lung cancer and cholelithiasis. A trans-cystic drainage tube was inserted, and it was ligated and fixed with NAPCs. Three months after the operation, follow-up MRCP imaging showed common bile duct stones (CBDS). An ERCP was performed, and two NAPCs were found with the CBDS.

Conclusions
Few previous reports have described complications due to NAPC migration after hepato-biliary-pancreatic surgery. However, with the widespread use of NAPC, postoperative complications due to NAPC migration are expected to increase in the near future. The differential diagnosis of complications should include potential NAPC migration in patients that have undergone laparoscopic surgery.
Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of single oral doses of BI 187004, an inhibitor of 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1, in healthy male volunteers with overweight or obesity
Authors: Bianzano Susanna , Heise Tim , Jungnik Arvid , Schepers Cornelia , Schölch Corinna , Gräfe-Mody Ulrike 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
The study characterizes safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of single rising doses of the 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-1 (11beta-HSD1) inhibitor BI 187004 in healthy men with overweight or obesity.

Methods
This was a randomized, double-blind, parallel group, placebo-controlled study with administration of 2.5–360 mg BI 187004 or placebo once daily as single dose in 72 healthy male volunteers with overweight or obesity.
Assessments included 11beta-HSD1 inhibition in the liver (assessed indirectly by urinary tetrahydrocortisol/tetrahydrocortisone ratio) and in subcutaneous adipose tissue ex vivo and determination of hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis hormones.

Results
BI 187004 was well tolerated and safe in all tested dose groups. The incidence of drug-related adverse events was 16.7% (n = 9) for all 9 BI 187004 dose groups and 5.9% (n = 1) for placebo. All treatment groups were similar concerning kind and intensity of adverse events. No clinically relevant deviations in clinical laboratory or ECG parameters were reported. Exposure of BI 187004 increased non-proportionally over the entire dose range tested. The geometric mean apparent terminal half-life decreased from 33.5 h (5 mg) to 14.5 h (160 mg) remaining stable up to 360 mg. Renal excretion of BI 187004 was low (3–5%). Urinary tetrahydrocortisol/tetrahydrocortisone ratio decreased, indicating liver 11beta-HSD1 inhibition. Median inhibition of 11beta-HSD1 in subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies following single dosing ranged from 86.8% (10 mg) to 99.5% (360 mg) after 10 h and from 59.4% (10 mg) to 98.6% (360 mg) after 24 h.

Conclusions
BI 187004 as single dose was safe and well tolerated and is suitable for once daily dosing. There was significant, sustained 11beta-HSD1 inhibition in liver and adipose tissue.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01587417, registered on 26-Apr-2012.
Morning blood pressure surge in the early stage of hypertensive patients impacts three-dimensional left ventricular speckle tracking echocardiography
Authors: Kwon Ami , Ihm Sang Hyun , Park Chan Seok 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
The aim of this study was to examine left ventricular (LV) function in untreated, newly diagnosed hypertensive patients with morning blood pressure surge (MBPS) status using three-dimensional (3D) speckle tracking echocardiography (STE).

Methods
In this study, 163 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients were included, and all patients underwent 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM). According to ABPM, participants were divided into a MBPS group and a non-MBPS group. The entire study population was examined by complete two-dimensional (2D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and 3D STE.

Result
The results of this study showed that 3D LV longitudinal strain was significantly decreased in the MBPS group compared with the non-MBPS group (− 30.1 ± 2.0 vs. -31.1 ± 2.7, p = 0.045). Similar trends were observed for 3D twist (9.6 ± 6.1 vs. 12.1 ± 4.8, p = 0.011) as well as for 3D torsion (1.23 ± 0.78 vs. 1.49 ± 0.62, p = 0.042). The LV principal strain was decreased in the MBPS group (− 33.9 ± 1.7 vs. -35.5 ± 2.8, p < 0.001). The 3D LV global longitudinal strain (GLS) and principal strain were significantly associated with quartile of MBPS as measured by systolic blood pressure (SBP).

Conclusion
The 3D STE revealed that LV mechanics were more impaired in the MBPS group than in the non-surge newly diagnosed, untreated hypertensive patients; even the 2D TTE parameters showed no difference.
Small cell carcinoma presenting as a biatrial mass with obstructive physiology: a case report
Authors: Ratican Sara , Shin Soomin , Moretto John 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Small cell carcinoma is a highly aggressive and often fatal cancer that most commonly arises in the lung, although it can occasionally arise from other sites, such as the gastrointestinal tract, prostate or cervix. Cardiac involvement, however, is extremely uncommon and therefore has been poorly documented in the literature.

Case presentation
We describe a rare case of a 31-year-old male with small cell carcinoma presenting as a massive, 15-cm cardiac tumor invading the bilateral atria, interatrial septum, and pericardium without an apparent primary malignancy on PET CT and cardiac MRI. With extensive tissue necrosis, traditional methods of obtaining a right atrial endomyocardial biopsy via internal jugular venous access failed and a diagnosis was made via endoscopic ultrasound guided transesophageal fine needle aspiration of the left atrial mass. Due to the extensive tumor invasion, the patient was not a suitable candidate for surgical resection, debulking, or heart transplant. The patient was treated with etoposide, carboplatin, atezolizumab, and radiation therapy with initial monitoring in the intensive care unit due to concern that tumor lysis may cause rapid cardiac decompensation. Unfortunately, 4 months after chemoradiation therapy, the malignancy progressed and the patient passed away 6 months after the initial diagnosis.

Conclusion
We describe a rare occurrence of small cell carcinoma presenting as a massive cardiac tumor without apparent primary malignancy. This case demonstrates useful alternative diagnostic strategies and treatment considerations for patients presenting with a rare cardiac mass.
Sleep during infancy, inhibitory control and working memory in toddlers: findings from the FinnBrain cohort study
Authors: Morales-Muñoz Isabel , Nolvi Saara , Mäkelä Tiina , Eskola Eeva , Korja Riikka , Fernandes Michelle , Karlsson Hasse , Paavonen E. Juulia , Karlsson Linnea 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Sleep difficulties are associated with impaired executive functions (EFs) in school-aged children. However, much less is known about how sleep during infancy relates to EF in infants and toddlers. The aim of this study was to investigate whether parent-reported sleep patterns at 6 and 12 months were associated with their inhibitory control (IC) and working memory (WM) performances at 30 months.

Methods
This study included children whose parents filled in a sleep questionnaire at 6 or 12 months and who participated in the development assessment at 30 months (initial available sample at 30 months; N = 472). The final sample comprised (a) 359 infants with IC task and sleep questionnaire at 6 months and 322 toddlers at 12 months and (b) 364 infants with WM task and sleep questionnaire at 6 months and 327 toddlers at 12 months. Nighttime, daytime and total sleep duration, frequency of night awakenings, time awake at night, and proportion of daytime sleep were assessed at 6 and 12 months using the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire. IC at 30 months was measured using a modified version of the Snack Delay task, and WM was measured at 30 months using the Spin the Pots task. Further, children were divided into three groups (i.e., “poor sleepers”, “intermediate sleepers”, and “good sleepers”) based on percentile cut-offs (i.e., <10th, 10th–90th and > 90th percentiles) to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the direction and nature of the associations between sleep and EF in early childhood.

Results
Our results showed an inverted U-shaped association between proportion of daytime sleep at 12 months and IC at 30 months, indicating that average proportions of daytime sleep were longitudinally associated with better IC performance. Furthermore, a linear relation between time awake at night at 12 months and WM at 30 months was found, with more time awake at night associating with worse WM.

Conclusions
Our findings support the hypothesis that sleep disruption in early childhood is associated with the development of later EF and suggest that various sleep difficulties at 12 months distinctively affect WM and IC in toddlers, possibly in a nonlinear manner.
Monitoring the mode of action of synthetic and natural biocides against Aeromonas hydrophila by Raman spectroscopy and chemometrics
Authors: Mehta Megha , Liu Yang , Waterland Mark , Holmes Geoff 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe have investigated the mode of action of synthetic biocides, (2-(thiocyanomethylthio) benzothiazole(TCMTB), dichlorophen, (commonly used in leather industry for preservation) and natural biocides, oregano and eucalyptus oils, onAeromonas hydrophilausing Raman spectroscopy in collaboration with multivariate analysis and 2D correlation spectroscopy to evaluate whether Raman spectra acquired contained valuable information to study the action of biocides on bacterial cells. The growth ofA. hydrophilain clear and outer edge zone of inhibition differ in their reaction with different biocides, which allows us to highlight the differences as a characteristic of two kinds of bacteria. Such classification helps identify oregano oil as the most effective biocide by altering clear and outer edge zone of bacteria. Standard disk diffusion assay method was used for screening biocide bacteria interactions and later analysed by Raman spectroscopy. The paper also presents the introduction of TCMTB and oregano oil into leather processing stages to examine and determine the antimicrobial effect as an application to real-world setting. Therefore, we conclude that Raman spectroscopy with appropriate computational tools constitutes a powerful approach for screening biocides, which provide solutions to all the industries using biocides including leather industry, considering the potentially harmful effect of biocides to humans and the environment.Graphical abstract
Adult cancer patients and parents of younger cancer patients have little information about fertility preservation: a survey of knowledge and attitude
Authors: Omani-Samani Reza , Vesali Samira , Navid Behnaz , Mohajeri Marzieh , Rafsanjani Khadijeh Arjmandi , Aghamaleki Seyyedeh Zahra Nemati , Mohammadi Maryam 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Impaired fertility is one of the side effects of effective cancer therapy. Saving the potential or storing the material to enable people to have biological children after cancer treatment can be of high importance to many cancer survivors. Therefore, we designed a study to determine knowledge and attitudes to fertility preservation (FP) in adult cancer patients and the parents of patients with cancer. Participants who completed this survey were a convenience sample of 384 parents of cancer patients < 18 years and cancer patients ≥ 18 years from two large referral hospitals. A 25-item self-administered questionnaire measured knowledge and attitudes to FP. Responses were yes/no, or on a 4-point Likert scale (greatly, usually, rarely, never) scored from 1 for never to 4 for greatly.

Results
Most parents and most cancer patients were unaware of the FP methods of embryo cryopreservation (96.3% and 88.4%, respectively) and sperm cryopreservation (97.5% and 89.0%, respectively). Attitudes among cancer patients and parents to use of FP options, based on a 4-point Likert scale, were determined by financial cost, lack of access and information on FP options.

Conclusion
Of concern in this sample of Iranian adult cancer patients and their parents is that knowledge of the fertility risk associated with cancer therapy and knowledge of FP treatment options was generally poor, particularly among the parents. To enable cancer patients or their parents to make the best decisions about using FP services, oncologists and fertility specialists should discuss FP options during their consultation.
Ultrasound in pediatric surgery; intraoperative applications of the growing technology
Authors: Bawazir Osama , Bawazeer Omemh Abdullah 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Ultrasonography is increasingly used in pediatric surgery. Intraoperatively, ultrasonography can be used to confirm the preoperative diagnosis, guide the surgical approach, and enhance decision-making. We aimed to report our experience with intraoperative ultrasonography in different neonatal and pediatric procedures. So, a retrospective study was designed. It included all pediatric patients who had intraoperative ultrasound between January 2018 and October 2020 in a single center.

Results
We used intraoperative ultrasonography in 208 pediatric patients for various types of surgery. The authors compared ultrasound-guided central line insertion (n = 139) to the landmark method (n = 153). The number of trials was significantly lower in the ultrasound-guided method (P < 0.001). Conversion to cut-down was significantly lower with the ultrasound-guided technique (4 (2.8%) vs. 13 (8.5%); P = 0.047) and insertion-related complications were lower with ultrasound (0 vs 13 (8.5%); P < 0.001). We used ultrasound-guided sclerotherapy for cystic hygroma in 15 patients. Nine patients had successful treatment with a single injection (60%).

Conclusion
The application of intraoperative ultrasound in pediatric patients is increasing in our institution. The technique is safe and could effectively reduce central line insertion complications and enhance cystic hygroma sclerotherapy’s success with a single injection. Ultrasonography should be an essential part of residents’ and fellows’ training in pediatric surgery.
Dental Tourism Development in India: An Emopirical Study
Authors: T A Binoy , A Monisha 
Published: August 2021

Medical Tourism in India has emerged as one of the fastest growing segments of the tourism industry despite the global economic downturn. High cost of treatments in the developed counties, particularly the USA and UK, have been forcing patients from such regions to look for alternative and cost-effective destinations to get their treatments done. The Indian medical tourism industry is presently at a nascent stage, but has enormous potential for future growth and development. As a significant component of the colossal medical tourism, Dental Tourism is emerging in the Third World countries, especially in India. Dental tourists are mainly generated from developed countries such as USA and European countries as theya re looking for developing countries to get their dental treatment coupled with participating in tourism activities. The lower cost of treatment and availability are the most significant reasons for choosing developing countries as dental tourism destinations. Dental tourism forms 10 percent of the total Indian medical tourism which is projected to grow at 30 percent to Rs 9,500 crore by 2015. India produces over 18,000 dentists annually from 238 dental colleges. The country has around 1,500 oral and maxillofacial surgeons. A few studies were carried out on various problems faced by the dental tourism industry in India. The dental tourist’s perception towards Indian dental tourism industry and their satisfaction level after getting treatment are a few concerns. This research paper is prepared based on primary and secondary data collected from various sources. The primary data have been collected from dentists, staff and dental tourists from two famous internationally recognised dental hospitals located in Bangalore, Karnataka.
Strategic Planning and Marketing of Rural Tourism in Western Odisha
Authors: Samanta Sahoo Shwetasaibal , Kumar Lenka Sarat 
Published: August 2021

Rural Tourism is an increasingly important activity for the country’s economy. It is being used as a development strategy to improve the social and economic well being of the people in rural areas. Rural tourism includes an enormous range of activities, natural and manmade attractions, amenities and facilities, transportation, marketing and information systems. Rural tourism is very diverse and fragmented in terms of operational structures, activities, markets and operating environments. Benefits of rural tourism have been expressed as employment growth and broadening a region’s economic base, reproduction, social improvement and revitalization of local craft. In the contemporary world, an increasing number of enterprises, including rural tourism, businesses employ marketing methods and knowledge in their activities. Rural tourism has an exclusive link with nature. For this reason its services became very popular. Its development can be furthered by the right marketing system. In the article, the author highlights the strategic measures for rural tourism development in Western Odisha.