bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nematicidal Activity of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized by Seaweeds Extracts Against Meloidogyne Incognita on Tomato Plant
Authors: Ghareeb Rehab Y. , El-Din Nihal Galal El-Din Shams , Ibrahim Dina S. S. , Aljuaid Bandar S. , Elshehawi Ahmed M. , Abdel-Megeed Ahmed , Abdelsalam Nader 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the nematicidal activity of two marine algae (Colpomenia sinuosa and Corallina mediterranea) extracts and their synthesized silver nanoparticles against the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) infecting tomato plant. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) showed that the obtained nanoparticles were aggregated in anisotropic Ag particles. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM), results showed the particles size was less than 40 nm. Whenever, FT-IR analysis spectrum presented sharp absorbance between 440 and 4000 cm-1 for the obtained nanoparticles, with 13 distinct peaks ranged from 3915 − 474.Both of methylene chloride extract and its synthesized green silver nanoparticles were applied against the M. incognita. The results indicated that the synthesized silver nanoparticles of C. sinuosa exhibited the highest nematicidal activity. Besides, they reduced number of nematode galls, number of egg-masses per root and eggs/egg mass, as well as growth parameters of the treated plants with nanoparticles were enhanced comparing with the other treatments. While the methylene chloride extract of C. sinuosa exhibited higher activity than that of C. mediterranea, and the most effective eleuent of this solvent was Hexane: methylene chloride: ethyl acetate (1: 0.5: 0.5, v/v/v). The 3rd fraction of this eluent was the most effective one when it was applied on M. incognita, resulting in 87.5 % mortality after 12 h and 100 % after 24 and 72 h of exposure. The analysis of this fraction revealed the presence of seven bioactive constituents. Conclusively, the synthesized silver nanoparticles of C. sinuosa could be considered as alternative chemical nematicides.
M6a Regulator-Associated Methylation Modification Patterns Shape Tumor Microenvironment Characteristics in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Ning Bobin , Xue Yonggan , Liu Hongyi , Sun Hongyu , Jia Baoqing 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Although substantial achievements in the tumor microenvironment (TME) of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have led to fundamental improvements both in the basic research and clinical management, the potential mechanisms and regulatory relationships between m6A regulators and the TME are still unknown. We first conducted unsupervised clustering on the samples according to the core m6A expression, and then compared the signaling pathways, differential genes (DEGs), and TME between the m6A phenotypes, and re-validated the relationship between m6A regulators and TME by single cell sequencing. Then, the geneCluster was obtained by another unsupervised clustering of the DEGs, and the clinical as well as TME traits were evaluated among the geneClusters. Finally, the m6A scores of individual patients were calculated by principal component analysis (PCA) to verify the correlation from multiple perspectives, including survivals, clinical characters, mutations, TME, immunotherapy, and chemotherapy. Through a comprehensive analysis of 729 samples, we classified HCC patients into three m6A clusters and three geneClusters. Each group exhibited remarkable variations in terms of signaling pathways, clinical traits, and survival expectations. Notably, the m6A phenotypes corresponded to three different types of TME, namely immune-inflamed, immune-excluded, and immune-desert, respectively. In addition, the m6A regulator can accurately reflect the individualized microenvironment in HCC, and present supreme expression levels in the stromal microenvironment. However, the m6A score system is able to make accurate predictions not only in terms of clinical traits, survival prediction, and TME mentioned above, but also in the sensitivity of HCC patients to immunotherapy and chemotherapy. This study revealed the uniqueness and pluripotency of m6A regulators in the TME of HCC by combining single-cell sequencing and bulk sequencing. The quantified m6A modification indices were able to accurately predict patient survival expectations, clinical traits, TME, and sensitivity to immunotherapy and chemotherapy.
Thorough statistical analyses of breast cancer co-methylation patterns
Authors: Sun Shuying , Dammann Jael , Lai Pierce , Tian Christine 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers. It is associated with DNA methylation, an epigenetic event with a methyl group added to a cytosine paired with a guanine, i.e., a CG site. The methylation levels of different genes in a genome are correlated in certain ways that affect gene functions. This correlation pattern is known as co-methylation. It is still not clear how different genes co-methylate in the whole genome of breast cancer samples. Previous studies are conducted using relatively small datasets (Illumina 27K data). In this study, we analyze much larger datasets (Illumina 450K data).
Results
Our key findings are summarized below. First, normal samples have more highly correlated, or co-methylated, CG pairs than tumor samples. Both tumor and normal have more than 93% of positive co-methylation, but normal samples have significantly more negatively correlated CG sites than tumor samples (6.6% vs. 2.8%). Second, both tumor and normal samples have about 94% of co-methylated CG pairs on different chromosomes, but normal samples have 470 million more CG pairs. Highly co-methylated pairs on the same chromosome tend to be close to each other. Third, a small proportion of CG sites’ co-methylation patterns change dramatically from normal to tumor. The percentage of differentially methylated (DM) sites among them is larger than the overall DM rate. Fourth, certain CG sites are highly correlated with many CG sites; the top 100 of such super-connector CG sites in tumor and normal samples have no overlaps. Fifth, both highly changing sites and super-connector sites’ locations are significantly different from the genome-wide CG sites’ locations. Sixth, chromosome X co-methylation patterns are very different from other chromosomes. Finally, the network analyses of genes associated with several sets of co-methylated CG sites identified above show that tumor and normal samples have different patterns.
Conclusions
Our findings will provide researchers with a new understanding of co-methylation patterns in breast cancer. Our ability to thoroughly analyze co-methylation of large datasets will allow researchers to study relationships and associations between different genes in breast cancer.
Body Navigation-loaded Ultrasound Acquisition Technology: a Pilot Comparison With Conventional Ultrasound
Authors: Sim Ki Choon , Park Beom Jin , Kim Byunjun , Han Yeo Eun , Han Na Yeon , Kim Min Ju , Sung Deuk Jae , Park Sang Hyun , Lee Kwang-Sig , Cho Yongwon 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background: To investigate the usefulness of body navigation-loaded ultrasound including a real time transducer location and the inspection site compared with conventional ultrasound images.Methods: Under the approval of institutional review board, we prospectively enrolled total 29 healthy adult volunteers. One gastrointestinal radiologist performed abdominal ultrasound simultaneously using Ultrasound Navigation Image Convergence System developed by researchers. Subsequently, an equivalent conventional ultrasound image set was prepared. Three radiologists independently evaluated the two ultrasound image sets regarding the recognition of the target organ (2-points), the transducer location (2-points), and the transducer orientation (1-point). At intervals of two-weeks, conventional ultrasound images were analyzed first, and body navigation-loaded images were later analyzed. The score differences between the first and second evaluations were compared using the Wilcoxon signed rank test. Inter-rater agreement of three reviewers was obtained by the Fleiss’ Kappa test.Results: A total of 1402 navigation-loaded ultrasound images were obtained. Ultrasound operator carefully selected a total of 203 images for analysis. In all three reviewers, the interpretation score of each evaluation was significantly increased in the second analysis using the body navigation-loaded ultrasound image (in reviewer A, from 4.07±1.56 to 4.79±0.69 points; in reviewer B, from 3.83±1.59 to 4.49±0.88 points; in reviewer C, from 3.43±1.60 to 4.19±1.01 points; P<.0001). The inter-rater agreement of each evaluation also increased significantly in the second analysis using the body navigation-loaded ultrasound image (P<.0001).Conclusion: The body navigation-loaded ultrasound imaging system allows other medical staffs to easily and accurately interpret ultrasound images.
Compressed Sensing Technology for Spectral Reconstruction Based on Maximum Entropy Criterion
Authors: Zhao Shoubo , Yang Mengyu , Wang Yang , Fan Jianying 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In order to choose the related sampling ratio in the information-poor and information-rich spectral fragments, this paper attempts to recover the spectral reflectance by compressed sensing technology based on maximum entropy criterion. The maximum entropy threshold method is the criterion that the optimal threshold is determined to segment the information content of spectral curves. The spectral reflectance in each sub-spectral fragment is reconstructed by compressed sensing. The wavelet orthogonal matrix performs a sparse representation of each segmented spectral curve. Undersampling spectral curve be collected by random gaussian measurement matrix. The orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm recovers sparse original signals from undersampling observed signals. In this paper, the four standard color blocks of Munsell and the spectral curves of five types of ground objects in the hyperspectral data set are used as the exper-imental objects. The reconstructed results are evaluated by spectral curve reconstruction, root mean square error and information entropy difference. The experimental results show that our approach improves the reconstruction accuracy of spectral reflectance effectively, compared with the traditional method.
Exploratory Laparotomy, Intestinal Resection In Children: Intraoperative Goal Directed Therapy, Intraoperative And Postoperative Outcomes
Authors: Kumba Claudine 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Reported independent predictors of intraoperative and postoperative complications were Age, American Society of Anesthesiologists Score (ASA), emergency situations, surgery and transfusion. ASA was the independent predictor of mortality. We conducted a secondary analysis of the initial retrospective study in patients who underwent exploratory laparotomy and intestinal resection.
Objectives
To describe intraoperative and postoperative outcomes in patients who underwent exploratory laparotomy and intestinal resection in the initial study and to implement improvement protocols for intraoperative and postoperative optimization.
Methods
Secondary analysis of the initial study. The Ethics Committee approved the study.
Results
There were 54 patients with a median age of 15.5[0–172] months. Thirty-seven (68.5%) patients had an intestinal resection, nine (16.7%) had an exploratory laparotomy and eight (16.8%) patients had a laparotomy for volvulus.
Increase of landslide activity after a low magnitude earthquake inferred by DInSAR interferometry
Authors: Martino S. , Fiorucci M. , Marmoni G. M. , Casaburi L. , Antonielli B. , Mazzanti P. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
On August 16th, 2018, an Mw 5.1 earthquake struck the Molise region (central Italy), inducing 84 earthquake-triggered landslides that involved soil covers of clayey materials and flysch on gently-dip slopes predominantly. To quantify the spatio-temporal landslide activity in the months immediately after the earthquake, a Differential SAR Interferometry (DInSAR) analysis was carried out in a time span comprising two years before the earthquake and one followed, recognising both first-time and reactivated landslides. The results showed a clear increase in landslide activity following the low magnitude earthquake occurrence with respect to the one recorded in the same months of the previous years. Several coherent landslides (earth slides and earth flows) were observed following the seasonally recurrent rainfall events. Such an increase was observed for both reactivations and first-time landslides, showing a decrease of inactivity period as well as activity over wider periods. Furthermore, spatial density distribution of the landslides was investigated in the post-seismic time along transepts perpendicular and parallel to the direction of the tectonic element responsible for the seismic event, respectively. An asymmetrical distribution was deduced parallel to the fault strike with the higher number of landslides located inside the compressional sector according to a strike-slip faulting mechanism.
Means of ensuring the understandability of criminal legal norms under the authentic national legislation of the X-XVIII centuries
Authors: Musychenko Olha Mykhailivna 
Published: August 2021

In the article the normative acts that contained criminal law norms and operated on the territory of modern Ukraine were analyzed, which made it possible to trace the development of legal techniques and identify the directions used by the compilers for a clear statement of criminal law norms. It is established that at the first stages of formation of legal technique commitment for intelligibility was reflected only in the proximity of the language of acts (primarily vocabulary) to the living vernacular. It was gradually realized that not only the improvement of terminology, but also the specifics of syntax, standardization of individual articles of criminal law, clear structure and sequence of material both within articles and in general are necessary for intelligibility of the criminal law.
An analysis of the texts of Russkaya Pravda (various editions), three Lithuanian Statutes, "Rights under which the Little Russian people are tried" showed that during the existence and validity of these acts there was a process of forming an authentic national tradition of lawmaking, legal technique of criminal law was improving. These acts, compared to the then European ones which were difficult to perceive and understand, were easily applied and generally understandable to a wide range of subjects of criminal law. For this purpose, linguistic and stylistic means were used and subsequently improved: in the conditions of diglossia the language of normative acts was brought closer to the vernacular with the obligatory use of clear, according to their origin, legal tokens; an attempt to describe accurately the action through a casuistic statement and at the same time an awareness of the need for an abstract statement (so far only by supplementing the lists with generalizing words); uniformity of construction of criminal law prohibitions; more logical systematization of normative material, structuring both acts as a whole and certain criminal law provisions. At the same time the desire for accuracy and clarity gradually leveled such a requirement as conciseness.
Porous g-C3N4 with defects for the efficient dye photodegradation under visible light
Authors: Chen Jing , Zhang Yage , Wu Baofan , Ning Zhichao , Song Miaoyan , Zhang Haifeng , Sun Xuzhuo , Wan Dongjin , Li Bo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Porous graphitic carbon nitride (p-C3N4) was fabricated via simple pyrolyzing treatment of graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4). The defects could be introduced into the structure of g-C3N4 by breakage of some bonds, which was beneficial for the generation of electron–hole pairs and inhibiting their recombination. Compared with g-C3N4, p-C3N4 showed a narrow band gap to promote the utilization of visible light. Furthermore, the porous structure also increased the specific surface area to maximize the exposure of active sites and promote mass transfer during photodegradation. As a result, the as-reported p-C3N4 exhibited considerably higher degradation efficiency for Rhodamine B (RhB) and Methyl Orange (MO) than that of the original g-C3N4. Moreover, the photocatalyst showed high durability and stability in recycling experiments.
Estabilidades de cristal: claves y categorías para caracterizar el trabajo de limpieza no doméstica en Argentina
Authors: Capogrossi María Lorena 
Published: August 2021

Tomando como caso de estudio a las mujeres que trabajan en empresas de limpieza no doméstica en la ciudad de Córdoba, Argentina, en este artículo definimos algunas categorías teóricas que, por un lado, recuperan las significaciones, sentidos y valoraciones que las operarias dan a sus ocupaciones y, por el otro, contemplan los rasgos principales de este tipo de empleo. Para ello adoptamos una perspectiva metodológica cualitativa, de carácter etnográfico, basada en observaciones de campo, registros y notas y diez entrevistas semi-estructuradas realizadas a distintas mujeres empleadas en diferentes empresas del sector. Luego de identificar las tensiones que aparecen entre los sentidos que estas operarias dan a su trabajo y los rasgos precarizantes que las investigadoras observamos dentro de este nicho laboral, proponemos la categoría estabilidades de cristal como recurso teórico que contempla las diferentes dimensiones que reviste este universo laboral. Ese concepto permite, por un lado, incorporar aquellos rasgos que este tipo de ocupaciones presenta, a saber, formalidad contractual pero acompañada de salarios depreciados, horas extraordinarias no pagas, imposibilidad de planificar las vacaciones, limitaciones en el uso de las licencias, penalizaciones, control y maltratos. Por el otro, también posibilita entender por qué estos empleos son opciones preferibles con relación a las trayectorias previas de las mujeres. Lo que se valora del trabajo de limpieza no doméstica es la estabilidad contractual y salarial en comparación con sus empleos anteriores.
Promising Enzymes for Inhibitors Development Against COVID-19
Authors: Sun Zhi-Gang , Yu Feng-Ling , Qiu Xiang-Ting , Li Shuang , Li Xue-Tang , Zhu Hai-Liang 
Published: August 2021

:
After the emergence of COVID-19 in 2019, it has now become a pandemic. COVID-19 has
brought painful disasters to people all over the world. It not only threatens lives and health but also
induces economic crises. At present, promising methods to eradicate COVID-19 mainly include drugs
and vaccines. Enzyme inhibitors have always been a reliable strategy for the treatment of related diseases.
Scientists worldwide have worked together to study COVID-19, obtained the structure of key
SARS-CoV-2 associated enzymes, and reported the research of inhibitors of these enzymes. This article
summarizes COVID-19-related enzyme inhibitors' recent development, mainly including 3CLpro,
PLpro, TMPRSS2, and RdRp inhibitors, hoping to provide valuable weapons in the ensuing battle
against COVID-19.
Recent Developments on the Use of Nanomaterials for the Treatment of
Epilepsy
Authors: Pedrero Sara G. , Staedler Davide , Gerber-Lemaire Sandrine 
Published: August 2021

Abstract:
Epilepsy affects more than 40 million people worldwide, constituting one of the most debilitating
disorders of the Central Nervous System (CNS). It results from an imbalance in the electrical
activity of neurons, which is primarily mediated by calcium ions. In many cases, treatment with Antiepileptic
Drugs (AEDs) that regulate calcium channel activity results in successful seizure control.
However, AEDs frequently cause adverse effects that range in severity from minimal impairment of
the CNS to death from aplastic anemia or hepatic failure. Moreover, 30% of epileptic patients show
drug-resistant epilepsy and do not respond to any form of medical treatment.
In this context, nanotechnology has emerged as an excellent tool to overcome AEDs limitations. Numerous
nano-strategies have been proposed as therapeutics and diagnostics for epilepsy through inhibition
of different calcium channel types in the brain. In addition, limited brain access of classical
AEDs in patients showing refractory epilepsy could be improved through the design of targeted drug
delivery nanosystems.
This report presents a review of the nanocarriers developed so far that could facilitate the interaction
with calcium channels in the brain and the transport of AEDs through the blood-brain-barrier, mapping
out a potential future direction in the research of epilepsy treatment.
Abuse-Deterrent Formulations in Constraining the Abuse Potential of Prescription
Medicines: A Myth or Truth
Authors: Phaugat Parmita , Nishal Suchitra , Dhiman Rakhi 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Diverse pain killers used for the management of varied categories of pain
are being misused in order to have extreme pleasant effects by a large number of populations. To
overcome the misuse of prescription drugs, regulatory bodies have given stress on the development
of abuse resistance.

Methods:
We studied numerous literatures: (1) Research and review papers including the guidelines
for pain management, abuse, and abuse deterrence; (2) Description and categorization of pain
along with the management approaches; (3) Advantages and disadvantages of the abuse-deterrent
formulations.

Results:
Abuse-deterrent formulations are the contemporary remedial treatment for pain with reduced
prospects of being abused. But these comprise huge expense in contrast to the generic drugs
as well as the non-deterrent branded equivalents

Conclusion:
Many challenges are faced throughout the development of abuse-deterrent formulations.
These formulations displayed a substantial drop in abuse incidences but it may lead to other
modes of abuse, which may prove more harmful for the users.
Enhancement of the Solubility of Asenapine Maleate Through the Preparation
of Co-Crystals
Authors: Al-Nimry Suhair S. , Khanfar Mai S. 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Asenapine maleate, an anti-schizophrenic drug, is a class II drug with low
solubility and high permeability. This exerts a rate-limiting effect on drug bioavailability.

Objective:
To improve the solubility/dissolution rate of asenapine maleate and hence the bioavailability
using the co-crystal approach.

Method:
Co-crystals were prepared using the solvent evaporation method. Since the drug has Hbond
acceptor count of 6, and H-bond donor count of 2, several co-formers (nicotinamide, urea,
succinic, benzoic, and citric acid) were investigated in different ratios. The optimized co-crystals
(drug-nicotinamide in a ratio of 1:3) were evaluated using PXRD, DSC, FTIR spectroscopy, and
SEM. Additionally, in vitro dissolution and stability studies were conducted.

Results:
Preparation of the co-crystals was successful except when citric and benzoic acids were
used. PXRD patterns showed that the co-crystals were crystalline. FTIR spectroscopy confirmed
the formation of H-bond between the drug and the co-former. DSC indicated a lower melting point
than that of the components followed immediately by an exothermic peak, which confirmed the formation
of co-crystals. SEM showed the formation of crystals with different size and habit. The dissolution
of the drug from all the prepared co-crystals was almost similar and much enhanced compared
to that of the unprocessed drug. The initial dissolution of the drug from the optimized batch
was much faster than that from the other co-crystals and the physical mixture with the same ratio.
The optimized batch exhibited long term stability.

Conclusion:
Co-crystals with improved solubility/dissolution rate of asenapine maleate were prepared
successfully and were expected to enhance the bioavailability of the drug.