bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternaria cassiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria cassiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Albizia procera, Banhinia purpurea, Cassia angustifolia, C. corymbosa, C. fistula, C. glauca, C. holosericea, C. obtusifolia, C. occidentalis, C. sophora, Crotalaria spectabilis
(68, 1563),
Rhynchosia
sp. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Cassia
or sicklepod. The disease can also affect seedlings. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: South Africa. North America: USA (Florida). Asia: India, Pakistan. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia.
Alternaria peponicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria peponicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Lagenaria, Cucurbita pepo
and other gourds. DISEASE: Rind rot of cucurbits, although the fungus can occur on the leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe: France, Germany, Italy. USSR (Larvia). North America: USA (New York). South America: Argentina. TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of airborne conidia.
Alternaria zinniae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria zinniae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ageratum, Aster, Bidens, Calendula, Callistephus, Chrysanthemum, Coreopsis, Cosmos, Dahlia, Gaillardia, Galinsoga, Gerbera, Helianthus, Notonia, Parthenium, Sphaeranthus indicus, Tagetes, Tithonia, Volutarella, Xanthium, Zinnia
. Also recorded are a number of non-compositae hosts such as bean (50, 3295), rape (43, 1212b),
Clarkia, Hibiscus esculentus
(66. 4729), pawpaws (66. 4729) and seeds of tobacco (64, 1748) but these reports should be regarded with some doubt. Simmons (1982) also reports other hosts like
Gentiana, Papaver
and
Reseda
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Zinnia
. The fungus attacks the leaves, stems of its host and can cause damping-off of seedlings where both the root and the stems of the plant may be affected. In older plants the fungus attacks the older leaves and then spreads to the younger leaves, and when the attack is severe the spots may become confluent. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. Asia: Brunei, China (Liaoning). India, Indonesia (Borneo), Korea, Nepal, Pakistan. Australasia & Oceania: Australia. Europe: Cyprus. Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, The Netherlands. Central & North America: Bermuda, Canada, Jamaica, USA (Hawaii, Illinois, South Dakota). TRANSMISSION: On seeds by wind dispersal of airborne conidia.
Embellisia hyacinthi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , David J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Embellisia hyacinthi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Hyacinthus orientalis, Freesia refracta, Scilla sibirica, Muscari
sp. DISEASE: Skin spot of bulbs. Leaf lesions also occur as spots. above which the leaves yellow and die. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe: Germany, The Netherlands, UK. North America: USA. TRANSMISSION: The fungus overwinters in the plant debris, soil and infected bulbs.
Phialophora richardsiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Williams M. A. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phialophora richardsiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Man (causing mycoses). DISEASE: Chromomycosis (phaeohyphomycosis), often reported as causing phaeomycotic cysts; records of various cutaneous, pulmonary and bone infections and a lachrymal stone (RMVM 13, 587). Also isolated as a soft rot of wood and treated timber (ROPP 53, 4625; 60, 2827; 67, 4682) and an agent in blueing of timber (see Cole & Kendrick, 1973). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: China, Japan, Malaysia; Europe: France, Netherlands, Sweden; North America: Canada, USA (Florida, Illinois); Australasia: Australia (New South Wales). TRANSMISSION: Apparently infection is from external sources following cutaneous trauma, e.g. wood splinters (RMVM 18, 1710) or thorns (RMVM 15, 1442); the fungus may either remain localized at the point of entry, or may spread via the lymphatic system to cause systemic infection. The fungus is widespread in soils etc.
Franzpetrakia okudairae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Franzpetrakia okudairae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Coix lachryma-jobi
(syn. C.
agrestis
). DISEASE: Inflorescence smut; in infected inflorescences the floral parts are entirely destroyed and no seed is formed. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: China and Japan (IMI Distribution Map 631, 1991). TRANSMISSION: The powdery ustilospores are disseminated by wind and probably to a limited extent by rain. The chains of sterile cells form a brush-like structure on which the spores are exposed and there is some hygroscopic movement. No detailed studies have been reported.
Melanotaenium endogenum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Melanotaenium endogenum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Galium
species including
G. mollugo, G. odorum, G. verum
; it has been reported on
Asperula
spp. DISEASE: Smut of
Galium
. Infection is systemic and all shoots of infected plants are deformed; they do not flower. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in Europe: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USSR (Estonia), Yugoslavia (33: 634; 39: 284; 53: 2029; 64, 4163); also recorded for Japan (65, 78) and in Africa (50, 2756). TRANSMISSION: Ustilospores remain agglutinated and embedded in host tissue and presumably survive in host debris and soil where they germinate to reinfect the host; no detailed studies have been reported.
Sphacelotheca hydropiperis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Sphacelotheca hydropiperis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Polygonum hydropiper
and many other species of
Polygonum
, mainly in section
Persicaria
. DISEASE: Flower smut of
Polygonum
. Infection is systemic. Hyphae in the flower stalk grow through the funicle into the ovule, from which the sorus develops leaving the perianth and stamens unchanged. Infected plants cannot normally set seed, but occasionally a portion of the inflorescence remains uninfected and some seed develops. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. Africa: Ethiopia; Asia: China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, USSR (Central Asia, Turkestan); Australasia and Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea; Europe: Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Romania, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, USSR, Yugoslavia; North America: Canada (Newfoundland, NT, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Quebec); Greenland; Mexico; USA (Arkansas, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Delaware, Illinois, ME, Maine, Michigan, Montana, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, Washington State, Wisconsin, Wyoming); South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador (33: 450 & 634). TRANSMISSION: Ustilospores dispersed by wind and water contaminate seed and soil and eventually germinate and infect new season's growth.
Tilletia ayresii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Tilletia ayresii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Panicum maximum, Panicum
spp.,
Setaria
spp. DISEASE: Ovary smut or bunt of
Panicum
and
Setaria
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa: Cameroon, Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zaire, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Asia: Sri Lanka; Central America: Costa Rica; South America: Brazil, Colombia. (IMI Distribution Map 630, 1991). TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been reported. Ustilospores dispersed by wind and rain are likely to be found on seed and soil surfaces. The pathogen is not systemic and each diseased ovary represents a separate infection.
Tilletia tumefasciens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Tilletia tumefasciens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Panicum antidotale
. DISEASE: Gall or tumour smut of vegetative parts, shoots and axillary buds; the surfaces of the galls are rapidly blackened by the large numbers of powdery ustilospores shed on them. The galls have a strong odour similar to that of wheat bunt and presumably due to the presence of trimethylamine. The main culm usually develops beyond the infected axillary buds and a normal inflorescence forms. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India and Pakistan (IMI Distribution Map 627, 1991). TRANSMISSION: The ustilospores are readily disseminated by wind and rain; also, by insects attracted by the strong smell of the galls.
Ustilago esculenta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ustilago esculenta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Zizania latifolia
[Zizania aquatica]
(including Z.
caduciflora
). DISEASE: Stem gall smut of Manchurian wild rice. The first three to four nodes beneath the apical growing point of infected culms become enlarged and the culms fail to flower. The young galls, prior to the development of ustilospores, are used as a vegetable (Gau sun, kah-peh-sung or water shoot). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia: China, India (Manipur), Hong Kong, Japan, North Vietnam, Taiwan, USSR (Novosibirsk region). Recorded once in USA in glasshouses, but not established in native wild rice. (IMI Distribution Map 628, 1991). TRANSMISSION: Ustilospores are disseminated by wind and water. The smut is systemic and can be transmitted by vegetative propagation of infected plants. Transmission by inoculation of cuttings with suspensions of ustilospores or of sporidia from culture has been demonstrated.
Penicillium oxalicum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Penicillium oxalicum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Found in soil and maize (Pitt, 1980). DISEASES: On plants: It appears to be a common pathogen of greenhouse cucumbers (70, 2351). On animals: It has been implicated in genital diseases of water buffalo (RMVM 23, 32). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, with a preference for warmer climates.
Penicillium purpurogenum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kozakiewicz Z. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Penicillium purpurogenum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Although primarily a soil species, it is common on cereals (Pitt, 1980). DISEASES: On animals: The species has been implicated in mouldy corn toxicosis in swine, cattle and poultry and hepatitis-x in dogs (Beuchat, 1987). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide, primarily as a soil species, but it is also found on organic matter.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. albedinis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Phoenix dactylifera
L. (Date palm); possibly
Phoenix canariensis
(Canary Island palm) and
Lawsonia inermis
L. (Henna). DISEASE: Bayoud disease (vascular wilt). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North Africa: Algeria, Mauritania, Morocco; Europe: France, Italy (on
P. canariensis
). (IMI Distribution Map 240). TRANSMISSION: The fungus is soil borne, and can survive for many years as chlamydospores in infected soil and plant residues (57, 2620). Within a site, the fungus may spread by root contact between adjacent trees (52, 4186). Between sites the fungus may be disseminated by dispersal of soil, infected plant parts or artefacts made from palm tissues. There is currently no evidence of seed borne transmission.
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brayford D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cicer arietinum
(gram, chickpea). DISEASE: Vascular wilt. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: First recorded from India; subsequently reported from Bangladesh, Burma, Chile, Ethiopia, Iran, Malawi, Mexico, Pakistan, Peru, Spain, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia and USA. TRANSMISSION: The fungus is soil borne. It may also be transmitted by seed (66, 3143).
Cytosphaera mangiferae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Johnson G. I. , Hyde K. D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cytosphaera mangiferae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Mangifera indica, Aquilaria agallocha
(56, 5142),
Artocarpus frengenifolia, Macadamia integrifolia, Sabal palmetto
. DISEASE: Zonate leaf spot of mango. Stem or limb canker and dieback of mango, stem canker of macadamia, stem end rot of mango fruit. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, India, Malaysia, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea. TRANSMISSION: By waterborne or windborne conidia.
Cytosphaera mangiferae
occurs endophytically in mango stems. Fruit infection and stem cankers are thought to arise from endophytic mycelium.
Drechslera gigantea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Drechslera gigantea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Agropyron, Agrostis, Anthephora, Bambusa, Bromus, Cenchrus, Cocos, Commelina, Cynodon, Dendrocalamus, Echinochloa, Eleusine, Elymus, Eragrostis, Festuca, Glyceria, Hilaria, Lasiagrostis, Leersia, Melinis, Musa, Oryza, Panicum, Pennisetum, Phalaris, Poa, Saccharum, Sporobolus, Teramnus, Trichachne, Uniola, Zinnia
. DISEASE: Zonate eye-spot of grasses, eye-spot of banana. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Japan, Mexico, Panama, Peru, USA. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne conidia.
Phyllachora bauhiniae var. bauhiniae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phyllachora bauhiniae var. bauhiniae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Bauhinia championii, B. vahlii, B. valistris, B. variegata
. DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Taiwan. TRANSMISSION: Presumably via airborne dispersal of ascospores; no research has been carried out.
Phyllachora nitens subsp. galactiae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phyllachora nitens subsp. galactiae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:?
Bradburya
sp.,
Camptosema scarlatinum, Centrosema virginianum,? Collaea speciosa,? Cratylia argentea,? Desmodium
sp.,
Dioclea reflexa, Galactia dubia, G. rudolphioides, G. striata, G. tenuiflora,? Meibomia, Teramnus uncinatus,? Teramnus
sp. DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Bahamas, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic,? Ecuador, Jamaica, Peru, Puerto Rico, USA (Florida), Venezuela. TRANSMISSION: Presumably via airborne dispersal of ascospores; no studies have been published.
Zimmermanniella trispora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Zimmermanniella trispora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Mangifera indica
. DISEASE: Tar spot of leaves or crusty leaf spot; especially of neglected trees (63, 1882, 2966). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia. TRANSMISSION: Probaby through airborne carriage of ascospores; no research is available.
Lophodermella arcuata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermella arcuata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus albicaulis, Pinus flexilis, Pinus lambertiana, Pinus monticola
. DISEASES: Needle cast of five-needle pines. Ascomata are reported to develop rapidly on first-year needles, which turn brown for their entire length in spring. Ascospores are released in July and August, and infect needles which are 2-to 5-months old. Most needles are cast by September of their second year, so that the life-cycle is completed in 15-16 months. On
P. monticola
the fungus affects mainly the middle and upper crowns of pole-size to mature trees (40, 131). In
P. flexilis
stands, only occasional isolated trees are affected. The upper crown of diseased trees is thin, with often only the current year's needles present. On
P. lambertiana
, most trees in two plantations become infected, and both terminal and radial growth reduced (62, 418). The effect of disease on radial growth may, however, be confounded by drought effects. The disease has been considered unimportant in natural stands. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA (California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon). TRANSMISSION: By airborne ascospores in wet or humid conditions. Ascospores which have germinated while still within the ascus have been observed in dried preserved herbarium specimens.
Calonectria gracilis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. , Wingfield M. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Calonectria gracilis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Argyreia splendens, Cocos nucifera, Eucalyptus
sp.,
Malus sylvestris, Manilkara sapota, Medicago
sp.,
Pahudia cochinchinensis, Picea excelsa, Theobroma cacao
. DISEASE: Root rot of
Eucalyptus
, crown and root rot of
Medicago
(67, 2994; 67, 3493). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil, Canada, India, Malaysia, Vietnam. TRANSMISSION: Probably wind and splash dispersed.
Calonectria avesiculata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. , Wingfield M. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Calonectria avesiculata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Ilex
spp.,
Leucothoë axillaris
(59, 1284),
Pyrancantha coccinea, Rhododendron obtusum
. DISEASE: Leaf spotting, twig die-back and defoliation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: U.S.A. (Florida, Georgia). TRANSMISSION: Probably wind and splash dispersed.
Cylindrocladiella parva
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Crous P. W. , Wingfield M. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cylindrocladiella parva
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Annona cherimola, Camellia japonica, Eucalyptus
spp. (66, 2526),
Macadamia integrifolia, Pelargonium
sp.,
Persea americana, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pinus contorta, P. radiata, Psidium guajava, Rheum rhaponticum, Rosa
sp.,
Spondias mangifera, Telopea speciosisima, Vitis vinifera, Xanthosoma sagittifolium
. DISEASE: Seedling blight, damping off, root rots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Brazil, Costa Rica, Great Britain, Hong Kong, India, Japan, Java, Malawi, Mauritius, New Zealand, South Africa, U.S.A. (Florida, Hawaii, Massachusetts), West Indies. TRANSMISSION: Probably wind and spash dispersed.
Ascochyta necans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ascochyta necans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pteridium aquilinum
(bracken) main host (
Dennstaedtiaceae), Rumohra
(fide Farr, Bills, Chamuris & Rossman, 1989). DISEASE: Essentially a form of dieback but for the disease symptoms (37, 485; 50, 3380k) several names such as leaf spots, blackish brown discolouration of fronds and stems (18, 57), necroses, 'curl tip' and 'flecks' (66, 3185) have been applied. Symptoms are usually followed by the death of affected parts. Fronds at all stages have been reported to be susceptible (37, 485) and the fungus has been reported to infect undamaged plants under humid conditions producing the initial 'fleck' symptoms (66, 2655, 3185). Infection has been reported to occur as low as 10°C when a leaf wetness duration lasted at least 18h (67, 3242). Infection frequency has been reported to increase with increasing temp, up to 20°C. The susceptibility of bracken to infection has been reported to decrease with frond maturity. Infection of mature fronds has been shown to be <
c
. 12% that of immature fronds (67, 3242). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Romania, Switzerland, U.K.) North America (U.S.A. : California, New Jersey, Wisconsin. Also recorded in several other states but the records require reappraisal). TRANSMISSION: Most probably by water splashed conidia in wet or humid conditions.