bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Turbulent Magmatic Density Current and the Origin of the Anastomosing UG-1 Chromitites at Dwars River in the Bushveld Complex
Authors: Maghdour-Mashhour Reza , Hayes Ben 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe origin of the enigmatic UG-1 chromitites at Dwars River in the eastern limb of the Bushveld Complex has been vigorously debated. The UG-1 chromitites form an anastomosing network of multiple layers that are hosted in poikilitic anorthosites and their formation has previously been explained by depositional, erosional, and intrusive processes. We propose that the UG-1 chromitites formed in response to the emplacement of a turbulent magmatic density current into the developing chamber. We use theoretical constraints in fluid mechanics to describe the evolution of the current and in this context, we provide an explanation for the enigmatic igneous features that are preserved at Dwars River. The current was emplaced as an instantaneous single pulse (fixed volume) of dense plagioclase-charged magma (i.e. a plagioclase slurry) that turbulently propagated along the chamber floor. Settling of the initial cargo of entrained plagioclase laths resulted in the formation of a thick sequence of feldspathic mush. The remaining melt turbulently outruns on the chamber floor ahead of the feldspathic mush. This led to the density current becoming stratified into two layers: (1) a basal granular layer, and (2) an upper melt-rich layer. Both layers evolved in a viscous-dominated regime from a Newtonian to a non-Newtonian behaviour (i.e. a power law fluid). In the current’s propagation stage, the resident magma in the chamber was entrained and efficiently admixed into the melt-dominated upper layer, producing a superheated chromite-saturated hybrid melt. Chromite precipitation from this hybrid melt led to the formation of a series of chromite-laden slurries that flowed in the turbulent current and were split (‘bifurcated’) as they passed around rising buoyant plagioclase diapirs that were developing in the back of the current. This led to the anastomosing and bifurcating nature of the UG-1 chromitites. The chromite slurries merged in the tail of the current and eventually back-injected into the deposited plagioclase cumulates on the chamber floor—forming the main ∼2-m thick UG-1 chromitite layer. The cooling and crystallization of the propagating upper layer of the current led to an increase in its viscosity that slowed its velocity until it eventually stagnated on the chamber floor. The mechanical sorting of crystals in plume structures became dominant at the stagnation stage. We argue that spatial variations in crystal packing controlled the heterogeneous distribution of brittle and ductile deformation features that are observed at Dwars River. In situ crystallization of trapped pore melts led to the nucleation of large orthopyroxene and plagioclase oikocrysts that cemented the anorthosite and the chromitite layers, respectively. The emplacement of magmatic density currents and intra-chamber magma mixing may be pertinent to the development of stratiform chromitites in incrementally constructed magma chambers.
Reasonable But Non-Liberal: Another Route to Polycentrism
Authors: Schaefer Alexander 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In an influential article, Brian Kogelmann argues that a polycentric political order offers an appealing way of reconciling deep diversity with Rawls’ ideal of the well-ordered society. Although I agree with this conclusion, I suggest an amendment to Kogelmann's argument. In particular, his argument abandons the deep diversity that originally motivates the project by stipulating that all citizens will accept liberal political conceptions of justice. I offer an alternative defence of polycentrism, one that shows its ability to achieve the goals of the well-ordered society without assuming that all citizens endorse a liberal political conception.
Interexaminer Agreement and Reliability of an Internationally Endorsed Screening Framework for Cervical Vascular Risks Following Manual Therapy and Exercise: The Go4Safe Project
Authors: de Best Rogier F , Coppieters Michel W , van Trijffel Emie , Compter Annette , Uyttenboogaart Maarten , Bot Joost C , Castien Rene , Pool Jan J M , Cagnie Barbara , Scholten-Peeters Gwendolyne G M 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objective
Clinicians are recommended to use the clinical reasoning framework developed by the International Federation of Orthopaedic Manipulative Physical Therapists (IFOMPT) to provide guidance regarding assessment of the cervical spine and potential for cervical artery dysfunction prior to manual therapy and exercise. However, the interexaminer agreement and reliability of this framework is unknown. This study aimed to estimate the interexaminer agreement and reliability of the IFOMPT framework among physical therapists in primary care.

Methods
Ninety-six patients who consulted a physical therapist for neck pain or headache were included in the study. Each patient was tested independently by 2 physical therapists, from a group of 17 physical therapists (10 pairs) across The Netherlands. Patients and examiners were blinded to the test results. The overall interexaminer agreement, specific agreement per risk category (high-, intermediate-, and low-risk), and interexaminer reliability (weighted κ) were calculated.

Results
Overall agreement was 71% (specific agreement in high-risk category = 63%; specific agreement in intermediate-risk category = 38%; specific agreement in low-risk category = 84%). Overall reliability was moderate (weighted κ = 0.39; 95% CI = 0.21–0.57) and varied considerably between pairs of physical therapists (κ = 0.14–1.00).

Conclusion
The IFOMPT framework showed an insufficient interexaminer agreement and fair interexaminer reliability among physical therapists when screening the increased risks for vascular complications following manual therapy and exercise prior to treatment.

Impact
The IFOMPT framework contributes to the safety of manual therapy and exercise. It is widely adopted in clinical practice and educational programs, but the measurement properties are unknown. This project describes the agreement and reliability of the IFOMPT framework.
Police Legitimacy and Hybrid Security Orders in Central America
Authors: Cruz José Miguel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis article examines the relationship between hybrid security orders and police legitimacy. Hybrid orders are operationalized through the presence of non-state armed groups who participate in local governance. In some developing countries, police forces are not the only enforcers of laws and local norms. The prominence of non-state armed groups in security tasks at the local level questions police authority. The article uses cross-sectional, national-based survey data from Central America. These countries have been struggling to contain criminal violence while reforming their police forces after years of military control and corruption. The findings indicate that although the police presence in the community helps to build police legitimacy, in some cases, the latter is also associated with the presence of other non-state groups. The article discusses how police forces relate to other non-state groups to retain legitimacy.
Neck fat and obstructive sleep apnea in obese adolescents
Authors: Cielo Christopher M , Keenan Brendan T , Wiemken Andrew , Tapia Ignacio E , Kelly Andrea , Schwab Richard J 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Study Objectives
Increased neck circumference, a surrogate for the neck fat that can narrow the upper airway in obese individuals, is a risk factor for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) in adults, but the association between neck fat and OSAS in adolescent males and females is unknown. We hypothesized that obese adolescents with OSAS have more neck fat than controls, females more neck fat than males, and that neck fat correlates with obesity and OSAS severity.

Methods
Obese adolescents with OSAS and obese and normal-weight controls underwent upper airway magnetic resonance imaging, polysomnography, and anthropometrics, including neck circumference measurement. Intra-neck and subcutaneous neck fat measurements were manually segmented and compared among the three groups using ANOVA and between males and females using t-tests. The relationship between polysomnographic parameters and neck fat measurements was assessed in adolescents with OSAS using Pearson correlations.

Results
One-hundred nineteen adolescents (38 females) were studied: 39 obese with OSAS, 34 obese controls, and 46 normal-weight controls. Neck fat was not greater in adolescents with OSAS compared to obese controls (p=0.35), and neck fat volume was not related to OSAS severity (p = 0.36). However, obese adolescents had more neck fat than normal-weight controls (p &lt; 0.001), and neck fat volume correlated with neck circumference (r = 0.53, p &lt; 0.001). Females had significantly greater cross-sectional neck fat than males (p &lt; 0.001).

Conclusions
While neck fat is associated with obesity and neck circumference in adolescents and is greater in females versus males, it does not appear to correlate with presence and severity of OSAS.
Molecular epidemiology of peste des petits ruminants virus emergence in critically endangered Mongolian saiga antelope and other wild ungulates
Authors: Benfield Camilla T O , Hill Sarah , Shatar Munkduuren , Shiilegdamba Enkhtuvshin , Damdinjav Batchuluun , Fine Amanda , Willett Brian , Kock Richard , Bataille Arnaud 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes disease in domestic and wild ungulates, is the target of a Global Eradication Programme, and threatens biodiversity. Understanding the epidemiology and evolution of PPRV in wildlife is important but hampered by the paucity of wildlife-origin PPRV genomes. In this study, full PPRV genomes were generated from three Mongolian saiga antelope, one Siberian ibex, and one goitered gazelle from the 2016–2017 PPRV outbreak. Phylogenetic analysis showed that for Mongolian and Chinese PPRV since 2013, the wildlife and livestock-origin genomes were closely related and interspersed. There was strong phylogenetic support for a monophyletic group of PPRV from Mongolian wildlife and livestock, belonging to a clade of lineage IV PPRV from livestock and wildlife from China since 2013. Discrete diffusion analysis found strong support for PPRV spread into Mongolia from China, and phylogeographic analysis indicated Xinjiang Province as the most likely origin, although genomic surveillance for PPRV is poor and lack of sampling from other regions could bias this result. Times of most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) were June 2015 (95 per cent highest posterior density (HPD): August 2014 to March 2016) for all Mongolian PPRV genomes and May 2016 (95 per cent HPD: October 2015 to October 2016) for Mongolian wildlife-origin PPRV. This suggests that PPRV was circulating undetected in Mongolia for at least 6 months before the first reported outbreak in August 2016 and that wildlife were likely infected before livestock vaccination began in October 2016. Finally, genetic variation and positively selected sites were identified that might be related to PPRV emergence in Mongolian wildlife. This study is the first to sequence multiple PPRV genomes from a wildlife outbreak, across several host species. Additional full PPRV genomes and associated metadata from the livestock–wildlife interface are needed to enhance the power of molecular epidemiology, support PPRV eradication, and safeguard the health of the whole ungulate community.
Fusarium verticillioides Induces Maize-Derived Ethylene to Promote Virulence by Engaging Fungal G-Protein Signaling
Authors: Park Yong-Soon , Borrego Eli J. , Gao Xiquan , Christensen Shawn A. , Schmelz Eric , Lanubile Alessandra , Drab Dillon A. , Cody Will , Yan Huijuan , Shim Won-Bo , Kolomiets Michael V. 
Published: June 2021

Seed maceration and contamination with mycotoxin fumonisin inflicted by Fusarium verticillioides is a major disease concern for maize producers worldwide. Meta-analyses of quantitative trait loci for Fusarium ear rot resistance uncovered several ethylene (ET) biosynthesis and signaling genes within them, implicating ET in maize interactions with F. verticillioides. We tested this hypothesis using maize knockout mutants of the 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthases ZmACS2 and ZmACS6. Infected wild-type seed emitted five-fold higher ET levels compared with controls, whereas ET was abolished in the acs2 and acs6 single and double mutants. The mutants supported reduced fungal biomass, conidia, and fumonisin content. Normal susceptibility was restored in the acs6 mutant with exogenous treatment of ET precursor ACC. Subsequently, we showed that fungal G-protein signaling is required for virulence via induction of maize-produced ET. F. verticillioides Gβ subunit and two regulators of G-protein signaling mutants displayed reduced seed colonization and decreased ET levels. These defects were rescued by exogenous application of ACC. We concluded that pathogen-induced ET facilitates F. verticillioides colonization of seed, and, in turn, host ET production is manipulated via G-protein signaling of F. verticillioides to facilitate pathogenesis. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Preoperative assessment of patients undergoing elective noncardiac surgery
Authors: Bodner Gayle , Cabel Emily , Kaiser Chris , Murphy Mackenzie , Tastad Laura 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Patient comorbidities and risk factors are important to the success of any operation, and knowing about them before surgery can help clinicians anticipate perioperative complications and optimize patient conditions. This article describes key considerations in the preoperative assessment of patients undergoing elective noncardiac surgery and describes risk stratification for common conditions.
Evolution of Clinical Skills Assessment in the USMLE: Looking to the Future After Step 2 CS Discontinuation
Authors: Katsufrakis Peter J. , Chaudhry Humayun J. 
Published: June 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic interrupted administration of the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 2 Clinical Skills (CS) exam in March 2020 due to public health concerns. As the scope and magnitude of the pandemic became clearer, the initial plans by the USMLE program’s sponsoring organizations (NBME and Federation of State Medical Boards) to resume Step 2 CS in the short-term shifted to long-range plans to relaunch an exam that could harness technology and reduce infection risk. Insights about ongoing changes in undergraduate and graduate medical education and practice environments, coupled with challenges in delivering a transformed examination during a pandemic, led to the January 2021 decision to permanently discontinue Step 2 CS. Despite this, the USMLE program considers assessment of clinical skills to be critically important. The authors believe this decision will facilitate important advances in assessing clinical skills.
Factors contributing to the decision included concerns about achieving desired goals within desired time frames; a review of enhancements to clinical skills training and assessment that have occurred since the launch of Step 2 CS in 2004; an opportunity to address safety and health concerns, including those related to examinee stress and wellness during a pandemic; a review of advances in the education, training, practice, and delivery of medicine; and a commitment to pursuing innovative assessments of clinical skills. USMLE program staff continue to seek input from varied stakeholders to shape and prioritize technological and methodological enhancements to guide development of clinical skills assessment. The USMLE program’s continued exploration of constructs and methods by which communication skills, clinical reasoning, and physical examination may be better assessed within the remaining components of the exam provides opportunities for examinees, educators, regulators, the public, and other stakeholders to provide input.
Obstetrician–Gynecologists' Practices in Postpartum Sterilization Without a Valid Medicaid Consent Form
Authors: Arora Kavita Shah , Ponsaran Roselle , Morello Laura , Katabi Leila , Behmer Hansen Rosemary T. , Zite Nikki , White Kari 
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To explore the practices of obstetrician–gynecologists (ob-gyns) in the United States surrounding postpartum sterilization when the Medicaid consent form was not valid.

METHODS:
Using the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' online directory, we conducted a qualitative study where we recruited ob-gyns practicing in 10 geographically diverse U.S. states for a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews conducted by telephone. We analyzed interview transcripts using the constant comparative method and principles of grounded theory.

RESULTS:
Thirty ob-gyns (63% women, 77% nonsubspecialized, and 53% academic setting) were interviewed. Although most physicians stated that they did not perform sterilizations without a valid Medicaid sterilization form, others noted that they sometimes did due to a sense of ethical obligation toward their patient's health, being in a role with more authority or seniority, interpreting the emergency justification section of the form more broadly, or backdating the form. The physicians who said that they never went ahead without a signed form tended to work at large institutions and were concerned with losing funding and engaging in potentially illegal or fraudulent behavior.

CONCLUSION:
Physicians' varied behaviors related to providing postpartum sterilization without a valid Medicaid consent form demonstrate that the policy is in need of revision. Unclear terminology and ramifications of the Medicaid sterilization policy need to be addressed to ensure equitable care.
Racial–Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities in Guideline-Adherent Treatment for Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Rodriguez Victoria E. , LeBrón Alana M. W. , Chang Jenny , Bristow Robert E. 
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the association of race–ethnicity and neighborhood socioeconomic status with adherence to National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines for endometrial carcinoma.

METHODS:
Data are from the SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) cancer registry of women diagnosed with endometrial carcinoma for the years 2006–2015. The sample included 83,883 women after inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, univariate, and multivariate logistic regression models were performed to evaluate the association between race–ethnicity and neighborhood socioeconomic status with adherence to treatment guidelines.

RESULTS:
After controlling for demographic and clinical covariates, Black (odds ratio [OR] 0.89, P<.001), Latina (OR .92, P<.001), and American Indian or Alaska Native (OR 0.82, P=.034) women had lower odds of receiving adherent treatment and Asian (OR 1.14, P<.001) and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (OR 1.19 P=.012) women had higher odds of receiving adherent treatment compared with White women. After controlling for covariates, there was a gradient by neighborhood socioeconomic status: women in the high–middle (OR 0.89, P<.001), middle (OR 0.84, P<.001), low–middle (OR 0.80, P<.001), and lowest (OR 0.73, P<.001) neighborhood socioeconomic status categories had lower odds of receiving adherent treatment than the those in the highest neighborhood socioeconomic status group.

CONCLUSIONS:
Findings from this study suggest there are racial–ethnic and neighborhood socioeconomic disparities in National Comprehensive Cancer Network treatment adherence for endometrial cancer. Standard treatment therapies should not differ based on sociodemographics. Interventions are needed to ensure that equitable cancer treatment practices are available for all individuals, regardless of racial–ethnic or socioeconomic background.
Physical Restraints in Critically Ill Children: A Multicenter Longitudinal Point Prevalence Study*
Authors: Ikebe Ryo , Kawaguchi Atsushi , Kawasaki Tatsuya , Miura Norimasa , Matsuishi Yujiro , Takeuchi Muneyuki , Nittsu Takehiro , Fujiwara Naoki , Shimoyama Shinya , Nakayama Yuko , Akita Chisato , Munekawa Ikkei , Kajinishi Yumi , Sasaki Emi , Sakamoto Katsuko , Matsuoka Wakato 
Published: June 2021

OBJECTIVES:
We elucidate to investigate the prevalence of and factors associated with the use of physical restraints among critically ill or injured children in PICUs.

DESIGN:
This was a multicenter, longitudinal point prevalence study.

SETTING:
We included 26 PICUs in Japan.

PATIENTS:
Included children were 1 month to 10 years old. We screened all admitted patients in the PICUs on three study dates (in March, June, and September 2019).

INTERVENTION:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
We collected prevalence and demographic characteristics of critically ill or injured children with physical restraints, as well as details of physical restraints, including indications and treatments provided. A total of 398 children were screened in the participating PICUs on the three data collection dates. The prevalence of children with physical restraints was 53% (211/398). Wrist restraint bands were the most frequently used means (55%, 117/211) for potential contingent events. The adjusted odds of using physical restraint in patients 1–2 years old was 2.3 (95% CI, 1.3–4.0) compared with children less than 1 year old. When looking at the individual hospital effect, units without a prespecified practice policy for physical restraints management or those with more than 10 beds were more likely to use physical restraints.

CONCLUSIONS:
The prevalence of physical restraints in critically ill or injured children was high, and significant variation was observed among PICUs. Our study findings suggested that patient age, unit size, and practice policy of physical restraint could be associated with more frequent use of physical restraints.