bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lophodermium australe
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermium australe
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus tarda, P. patula, P. palustris, P. kesiya, P. elliottii, P. caribaea
. DISEASE: Needle cast of pines.
Lophodermium australe
appears to be completely saprophytic, inhabiting needles in dhe litter or attached to branches killed by some agent other than the fungus. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Southern USA (and Hawaii), Central America, the Caribbean Islands, Brazil, Zambia, West Malaysia, Philippines, Australia, Fiji. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet weather/humid conditions.
Lophodermium nitens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermium nitens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Haploxylon (five needle) pines, including
Pinus cembra, P. monticola, P. strobus
and
P. lambertiana
. DISEASE: Needle cast of pines. Darker (1932) considered this species to fruit only on older needles. It is, therefore, unlikely to be of commercial importance. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (USA, Canada); Japan; possible records from Europe. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet weather/humid conditions.
Fusarium sulphureum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium sulphureum
[Gibberella cyanogena]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Solanum tuberosum
; also isolated from the following hosts:
Arachis, Citrus, Cocos, Cupressus, Elasis, Fragaria, Gleditsia, Hibiscus
, various
Leguminosae, Lycopersicon, Linus, Phaseolus, Picea, Pinus, Pisum, Solanum, Sorghum, Trifolium, Triticum, Zea
and also from animal and poultry feed and from soil. DISEASE:
Fusarium sulphureum
[Gibberella cyanogena]
is often reported under the name
Fusarium sambucinum
[Gibberella pulicaris]
f. 6; economically it is most important as the cause of potato tuber dry rot (54, 536; 56, 3195). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Probably world wide. It has been reported on potato tubers from Australia, Canada, Cyprus, East and West Germany, Iran, New Zealand, UK and USA. TRANSMISSION: By soil, water and planting material.
Fusarium udum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium udum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cajanus cajan
. DISEASE: Fusarium wilt of pigeon pea, characterized by withering and drying up of green parts as if from drought. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India; the disease is soil-borne and restricted to the parts of India where the crop is grown. TRANSMISSION: A soil-borne disease but also transmitted on roots (Subramanian, 1971).
Cronartium comandrae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cronartium comandrae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus banksiana, P. contorta, P. elliottii, P. mugo, P. ponderosa, P. sylvestris, P. serotina, P. taeda, P. virginiana, P. echinata, P. jeffreyi, P. nigra, P. pungens, P. resinosa, P. rigida, Comandra umbellata
var.
pallida, C. umbellata
var.
umbellata
(Hepting, 1971; Hiratsuka & Powell, 1976),
Geocaulon livida
(=
Comandra livida
). DISEASE:
Comandra
blister rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada, USA); (CMI Map 444, ed. 1, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Pycniospores spread by insects attracted to sugary exudate; aeciospores, urediniospores and basidiospores by wind.
Cronartium comptoniae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cronartium comptoniae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus banksiana, P. contorta, P. coulteri, P. densiflora, P. echinata, P. jeffreyi, P. mugo, P. muricata, P. nigra, P
.
pinaster, P. ponderosa, P. pungens, P. radiata, P. resinosa, P. rigida, P. sylvestris, P. tabulaeformis, P. tueda, P
.
virginiana, Comptonia peregrina, C. asplenifolia, Myrica gale
(
M. carolinensis
and
M. corifera
have been successfully inoculated) (Hiratsuka & Powell, 1976; 11, 616). DISEASE: Sweet fern blister rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada, USA) (CMI Map 476, ed. 1, 1971). TRANSMISSION: Pycniospores spread by insects attracted by sugary exudate; other spore forms are wind dispersed.
Alternaria helianthi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Anahosur K. H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria helianthi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Helianthus annuus, H. argophyllus, H. debilis
. DISEASE: Leaf spots, stem breaking, blossom blight or head blight. Spots are found on leaves, stems, petioles, sepals or petals. They are dark brown with pale margin and yellow halo and then become irregular by coalescing, leading to blight and defoliation and death of the plant (Tubaki & Nishihara, 1969; Anilkumar
et al
, 1974). Stem breaking is also common (43, 531). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Malawi, Rhodesia, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia); Asia (Burma, India, Japan); Australia (Queensland); Europe (Romania, Yugoslavia); South America (Argentina, Brazil). TRANSMISSION: The fungus possibly survives in crop debris and in damp weather conidia are produced which are disseminated by rain and wind. Seed transmission also is possible as the seeds are infected (Anilkumar
et al.
, 1974).
Setosphaeria rostrata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Anahosur K. H. , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Setosphaeria rostrata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On graminicolous hosts and on
Amaryllis, Carica, Cucumis, Jasminum, Nicotiana
and from soil. DISEASE: Causes leaf spots, foot rot of wheat (56, 2446), seedling blight of
Cynodon
(46, 2051), leaf blight of
Eleusine
(46, 1263), damping-off of sugarcane seedlings (50, 1562
l
), stalk rot (53, 2167) and ear rot of maize, blackening of seeds and seed germination failure (34, 91; 51, 2435). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Mauritius, Nigeria, S. Africa, Sudan); Asia (China, India, Israel, Pakistan); Central America (Puerto Rico); Europe (Denmark); North America (USA). TRANSMISSION: The fungus is soil-borne and can survive saprophytically for a long period (43, 398). Also seed transmissible (51, 2435). Conidia are produced abundantly in moist conditions and are dispersed by wind and rain, and act as a source of primary infection. Many grasses and weeds act as collateral hosts (39, 321).
Phyllachora sacchari
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Anahosur K. H. , Sivanesan A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phyllachora sacchari
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Polytoca macrophylla, Rottboellia exaltata, Saccharum officinarum, S. aegypticum, S. robusta, Sorghum almum, S. bicolor, S. halepense, S. sudanense, S. vulgare
and
S. vulgare
var.
saccharatum
. DISEASE: Causes tar spot or black spot on leaves. This disease has so far not been reported to be serious. However, in severe cases, leaves dry up (Tarr, 1962). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Bangladesh, India, Malaysia (W. Malaysia, Sabah), New Guinea, Philippines); Europe (Sicily); Africa (Nigeria); S. America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: Although none has been reported, it appears probable that the ascospores present in the crop debris may act as source of primary infection. The ascospores may also be disseminated by wind or rain.
Uredo cajani
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Anahosur K. H. , Waller J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Uredo cajani
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Cajanus cajan
. DISEASE: Rust of pigeon pea, mainly on older leaves and usually of minor importance. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia, Africa, Caribbean (see CMI Map 236, ed. 2, 1967 in conjunction with
Uromyces dolicholi
). TRANSMISSION: By wind-borne urediospores.
Phytophthora boehmeriae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. Jean 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora boehmeriae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Boehmeria nizea
, citrus, pine,? cotton. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Boehmeria nivea
; brown rot of citrus fruit; root rot of pine; tentatively identified as a cause of cotton boll blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Taiwan,? China, Japan); Australia (Queensland, New South Wales); South America (Argentina). (CMI Map 203, ed. 2, 1967). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, transmitted to citrus fruits by rain splash (23, 294). Isolated from soil in
Eucalyptus
plantations but pathogenicity not known (55, 4876).
Phytophthora cryptogea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. Jean 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora cryptogea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of glasshouse and field crops. Tomato, ornamentals (including petunia, aster, chrysanthemum,
Tagetes
, tulip, wallflower,
Gerbera
, gloxinia,
Matthiola, Papaver
, cineraria, dahlia,
Gypsophila, Hebe
,
Rhododendron, Osteospermum
, zinnia), potato, chicory, spinach, bean, onion, cucurbits, eggplant, hop, sunflower, safflower, lucerne,
Cupressus, Chamaecyparis
, chestnut and others. DISEASE: Damping-off and foot rot of tomato; foot rots of aster,
Matthiola
and
Gerbera
; black neck of chrysanthemum; tulip shanking; corm, stem and leaf rot of gloxinia; crown rot of Iceland poppy; pink rot of potato; sunflower stem rot; chestnut wilt; damping-off, root rots and wilts of many other hosts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Irish Republic, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Netherlands); Africa (Egypt, Rhodesia); Asia (Iran); Australia; New Zealand; N. America (Canada, USA). (CMI Map 99, ed. 4, 1976). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, persisting for several years (6, 669). Tulip bulbs were invaded from the soil (18, 183). Movement of zoospores was studied (56, 1029). Isolates were obtained from glasshouse water supplies (1, 94). There was a high frequency of recovery on baiting irrigation water in Victoria (57, 2174).
Phytophthora erythroseptica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. Jean 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora erythroseptica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Potato, asparagus, cineraria, tomato, pea, raspberry, tulip,
Zantedeschia
, sugarcane, vetch. DISEASE: Pink rot of potato; shanking of tulip; rhizome rot and leaf blight of
Zantedeschia
; sugarcane seed-piece rot; raspberry root rot; tomato buckeye rot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Irish Republic, Belgium, Bulgaria, France, Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Switzerland, USSR, Yugoslavia); Asia (India, Indonesia, Iran); Africa (Egypt); N. America (Canada, USA); Central America (Cuba); S. America (Venezuela, Peru); Australia; New Zealand. (CMI Map 83, ed. 4, 1973). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, oospores disseminated from diseased potato stems and roots persisting for many years. In the field tubers are generally infected through the stolon, but direct infection through eyes may occur in field and storage under moist conditions (13, 180; 19, 40). Transmission during storage, and survival of inoculum in apparently healthy tubers, was shown to be possible (57, 758). Tulip bulbs were invaded from the soil through the roots to the basal plate and flowering stem (18, 183).
Saprolegnia ferax
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Saprolegnia ferax
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Parasitic on a wide range of fish and fish eggs; on
Crustacea
; saprophytic on aquatic insects and plant and animal debris. DISEASE: Fish mould. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe and North America; in Asia (India, Japan, Taiwan). TRANSMISSION: By contamination of streams supplying a fish hatchery (16, 745). Skin infection of salmon occurred from stagnant water (RMVM 11, 980). Only asexual, motile spores proved infectious on inoculation (RMVM 10, 2003).
Beauveria brongniartii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Beauveria brongniartii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Attacks all stages of a wide range of insects; man. DISEASE: The 'white muscardine' as used by early workers. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide.
Naemacyclus minor
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Millar C. S. , Minter D. W. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Naemacyclus minor
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus caribaea, P. contorta, P. flexilis, P. jeffreyi, P. montana, P. mugo, P. nigra, P. patula, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, P. sabiniana, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, P. uncinata, P. wallichiana
. DISEASE: Premature needle cast in nursery and plantation. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Malawi, Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania), Asia (Pakistan), Australasia (Australia, New Zealand), Europe (Austria, Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy, Spain, Switzerland), North America (USA: California, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Canada: Ontario), South America (Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Uruguay). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid or wet weather.
Gibellula pulchra
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Gibellula pulchra
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Spiders. The conspicuous synnemata only develop after the host has died and are frequently found on the under side of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide but especially in the tropics where it is thought to exert a natural control over the spider population in the forests (Evans, 1974).
Pestalotiopsis dichaeta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pestalotiopsis dichaeta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Araucaria angustifolia, A. bidwillii, A. cunninghamii, A. hunsteinii, A. imbricata, Aleurites fordei, A. montana, Anacardium occidentale, Cupressus lusitanica, Elaeis guineensis, Eucatyptus
spp.,
Juniperus bermudiana, Lithraea molleoides, Madhuca latifolia, Mangifera indica, Phoenix reclinata, Schinus terebinthifolius, Typha angustata, Viburnum
. DISEASE: Grey leaf spot, leaf tip blight, premature leaf fall, dieback of
Araucaria
and miscellaneous hosts. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: French Equatorial Africa, Ghana, Kenya, Zambia; India, Malaysia, Papua New Guinea, Sabah; Australia; Great Britain, Netherlands; Bermuda; USA, Argentina, Brazil. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies have been made.
Pseudomonas cichorii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Pseudomonas cichorii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Naturally infects the following:
Araceae: Scindapsus
sp. (46, 3116);
Compositae: Chrysanthemum morifolium
,
Chrysanthemum
sp. (40: 473; 51, 3694j),
Cichorium intybus, C. endivia
(5: 275; 42: 236),
Gerbera jamesonii
(53, 580),
Lactuca sativa
(50, 1025);
Cruciferae: Brassica oleracea
(cabbage and cauliflower: 35: 859; 51, 2027);
Papaveraceae
:
Papaver rhoeas, P. orientale
(50, 3853);
Rubiaceae: Coffea arabica
(55, 4727);
Solanaceae
:
Lycopersicon escutentum
(53, 4375),
Nicotiana tabacum
(40: 75),
Solanum melongena
(57, 5808);
Umbelliferae: Apium graveolens
(44, 2940). In addition to these natural hosts a large number of plants from various families have been successfully infected by artificial inoculation. DISEASE: Leaf spot symptoms start as small watersoaked spots, which enlarge and rapidly become dark brown to blackish. The disease is frequently systemic and produces a rot of the centre leaves in chicory, and long dark brown streaks on the stems of tomatoes. Vascular darkening is also seen in tomato (53, 4375). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: The known distribution is widespread but rather scattered. It is probably present in many more countries than those reported, which include the following: Tanzania (as
P. papaveris
, 35: 188); India (58, 2991); Japan (57, 5808); Taiwan (14: 738); New Zealand (53, 4375); Bulgaria (45, 929); France (51, 2027); Germany (14: 418); Italy (50, 1025); England; USA (Montana, Illinois, Florida, Georgia, New York); Barbados; Brazil (40: 75). TRANSMISSION: Mainly by water splash. It is rapid under warm, wet conditions. Seed transmission occurs in lettuce (45, 929).
Cochliobolus victoriae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus victoriae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Oats (
Avena
) and other
Gramineae
(57, 2062, 4012). DISEASE: Victoria blight of oats. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Netherlands, Switzerland, UK (Scotland) and USA (CMI Map 267, ed. 2, 1968). Records not yet mapped: India, Irish Republic, Malaysia, Zambia and Zimbabwe. TRANSMISSION: Presumably air dispersed (no detailed studies apparently reported); the fungus also occurs on seed.
Cryphonectria parasitica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cryphonectria parasitica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Particularly
Castanea dentata
(American chestnut); other
Castanea
spp.,
Acer
spp.
Quercus
spp.,
Carya ovata
(shagbark hickory) and
Rhus typhina
(staghorn sumach), (30, 550; 33, 569; 34, 759; 42, 709; 43, 2426; 48, 946; 54, 1012; 56, 410; 57, 1569). DISEASE: Chestnut Blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China, India (Uttar Pradesh), Japan, Korea, Turkey, USSR (Caucasus); Europe (Belgium, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, USSR (Ukraine), Yugoslavia); N. America (Canada (British Colombia, Ontario), USA (E. including Florida, California, Oregon and Washington) (CMI Map 66, ed. 4, 1973) TRANSMISSION: The slimy conidia are spread in water and carried long distances by birds and insects. The ascospores are air dispersed; acospore discharge has been described (59, 471).
Venturia cerasi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Venturia cerasi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cherry (
Prunus cerasus
). DISEASE: Cherry scab. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, in Europe, also: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Canada (British Columbia), Iran and New Zealand (CMI Map 196, ed. 3, 1980). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Guignaridia bidwellii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Guignaridia bidwellii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On leaves, fruits and stems of
Ampelopsis, Cissus
, grapevine (
Vitis vinifera), Vitis
spp.,
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
(Virginia creeper),
P. tricuspidata
(Boston ivy). DISEASE: Black rot of grapevine. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread with main host (CMI Map 81, ed. 3, 1976); absent from Australasia, Scandanavia, UK, W. USA. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are water-borne (58, 1876) and ascospores air-borne after rain (57, 4574).
Taphrina deformans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Taphrina deformans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Almond, apricot, nectarine, peach. DISEASE: Peach leaf curl; specific varieties may be responsible for attacks on apricot, almond or peach. Mix (1949: 125-127) would not accept this but Schneider (52, 189) demonstrated that the varieties attacking almond and peach were distinct and named them
T. deformans
var.
amygdali
and
T. deformans
var.
persicae
, respectively. Mycelium is assumed to be annual as opposed to perennial in species which form witches' brooms (Kramer, 1973: 36) but it has been shown that the blastospores can survive extreme conditions (56, 293). This together with the effective control given by winter spraying (see below), suggests the fungus over-winters on the bud scales or bark of the host. One curious and so far unexplained aspect of the disease is that heavy infection causes premature defoliation of the host. The leaves which have at this stage turned brown continue to produce asci and conidia (blastospores) but no infection, or at least very little, occurs on the second leaf crop. The brown prematurely fallen leaves carry with them a considerable food supply for the fungus and are up to 7 times heavier than healthy leaves and contain 2.5-9.5 times more water. However, there is no evidence that the fungus overwinters on these leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Leaf curl appears to grow wherever susceptible hosts are grown or occur (CMI Map 192, ed. 3, 1969).