bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Telomere length variation does not correspond with the growth disturbances in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Panasiak Ligia , Szubert Karolina , Polonis Marcin , Ocalewicz Konrad 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSomatic growth is considered to affect pace of the telomere attrition in vertebrates. As normally developed and dwarf fish differ in the body size we have decided to compare telomere length in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with normal growth and with growth reduced due to the dwarf condition. Examined 1-year-old fish with normal and dwarf appearance were siblings originated from androgenetic fully homozygous doubled haploid (DH) line of rainbow trout. Particular dwarf individuals had body deformities such as humpback, kyphosis, and lordosis. Somatic cells of examined rainbow trout had an average telomere length between 17 and 20 kb, comparable in females and males. Dwarf rainbow trout exhibited significantly lower body length and weight than their normally developed siblings even though no differences in the telomere length were found between these fishes. Statistical analysis did not exhibit any correlation between body size and the telomere length. Equal length of telomeres observed in the studied normal and dwarf rainbow trout suggests morphological and physiological differences in fish with different growth rates do not affect dynamics of telomeric DNA. Or any variation in the telomere length might have been levelled by telomerase that in rainbow trout is active in all tissues irrespective of the individual developmental stage.
Novel Treatment Approaches for Substance Use Disorders: Therapeutic Use of Psychedelics and the Role of Psychotherapy
Authors: Koslowski Michael , Johnson Matthew W. , Gründer Gerhard , Betzler Felix 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Purpose of Review
The use of psychedelics in a therapeutical setting has been reported for the treatment of various diagnoses in recent years. However, as psychedelic substances are still commonly known for their (illicit) recreational use, it may seem counterintuitive to use psychedelic therapy to treat substance use disorders. This review aims to discuss how psychedelics can promote and intensify psychotherapeutic key processes, in different approaches like psychodynamic and cognitive behavioral therapy, with a spotlight on the treatment of substance use disorders (SUD).

Recent Findings
There is promising evidence of feasibility, safety, and efficacy of psychedelic therapy in SUD. In the whole process of former and current psychedelic therapy regimes that have shown to be safe and efficacious, various psychotherapeutic elements, both psychodynamic and behavioral as well as other approaches, can be identified, while a substantial part of the assumed mechanism of action, the individual psychedelic experience, cannot be distinctly classified to just one approach.

Summary
Psychedelic therapy consists of a complex interaction of pharmacological and psychological processes. When administered in well-defined conditions, psychedelics can serve as augmentation of different psychotherapy interventions in the treatment of SUD and other mental disorders, regardless of their theoretical origin.
An empirical study on temporal modeling for online action detection
Authors: Wang Wen , Peng Xiaojiang , Qiao Yu , Cheng Jian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractOnline action detection (OAD) is a practical yet challenging task, which has attracted increasing attention in recent years. A typical OAD system mainly consists of three modules: a frame-level feature extractor which is usually based on pre-trained deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), a temporal modeling module, and an action classifier. Among them, the temporal modeling module is crucial which aggregates discriminative information from historical and current features. Though many temporal modeling methods have been developed for OAD and other topics, their effects are lack of investigation on OAD fairly. This paper aims to provide an empirical study on temporal modeling for OAD including four meta types of temporal modeling methods, i.e. temporal pooling, temporal convolution, recurrent neural networks, and temporal attention, and uncover some good practices to produce a state-of-the-art OAD system. Many of them are explored in OAD for the first time, and extensively evaluated with various hyper parameters. Furthermore, based on our empirical study, we present several hybrid temporal modeling methods. Our best networks, i.e. , the hybridization of DCC, LSTM and M-NL, and the hybridization of DCC and M-NL, which outperform previously published results with sizable margins on THUMOS-14 dataset (48.6% vs. 47.2%) and TVSeries dataset (84.3% vs. 83.7%).
Relationship Between Dike Injection and b‐Value for Volcanic Earthquake Swarms
Authors: Glazner Allen F. , McNutt Stephen R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDike swarms are the fossil remains of regions of the crust that have undergone repeated magma injections. Volcanic earthquake swarms and geodetic measurements are, at least in part, a record of active injection of fluids (water, gas, or magma) into fractures. Here, we link these two ways of observing magmatic systems by noting that dike thicknesses and earthquake magnitudes share similar scaling parameters. In the Jurassic Independence dike swarm of eastern California median dike thickness is ∼1 m, similar to other swarms worldwide, but glacially polished exposures reveal that a typical dike comprises a number of dikelets that are lognormally distributed in thickness with a mean of ∼0.1 m. Assuming that dikes fill penny‐shaped cracks of a given aspect ratio, the geodetic moment and earthquake magnitude of a diking event can be estimated. A Monte Carlo simulation of dike‐induced earthquakes based on observed dike thickness variations yields a frequency‐magnitude distribution remarkably like observed volcanic earthquake swarms, with a b‐value of ∼1.7. We suggest that swarms of dikes composed of dikelets, as well as plutons built incrementally by sheet intrusions, are physical complements to volcanic seismic swarms, and that at least some earthquake swarms are a palpable expression of incremental magma emplacement.
Stress Transfer at the Northeastern End of the Bayan Har Block and Its Implications for Seismic Hazards: Insights From Numerical Simulations
Authors: Huang Luyuan , Zhang Bei , Shi Yaolin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe 2021Mw7.4 Maduo earthquake in Qinghai, China, filled the seismic gap in the eastern segment of the northern boundary of the Bayan Har Block, and four otherM > 7 historical strong earthquakes occurred at the northeastern end of the Bayan Har Block within a period of 80 years before the Maduo earthquake. This series of large seismic events provides an excellent example for investigating the stress transfer and fault interactions of strong earthquakes on the continent. In this study, we established a viscoelastic numerical model to calculate the stress transfer before and after the 2021 Maduo earthquake produced by historical earthquakes at the northeastern end of the Bayan Har Block. We found that the Maduo earthquake occurred in the Coulomb stress shadow zone caused by the historical earthquakes, and the 1947 Dari earthquake and the 1937 Tuosuo Lake earthquake jointly delayed the occurrence of the Maduo earthquake. The stress transfer of fiveM > 7 earthquakes to the surrounding faults after 1937 resulted in the segments at both ends of the Dari fault that were unruptured in the 1947 earthquake, the East Kunlun fault zone west of Alan Lake, the Maqin‐Maqu segment of the East Kunlun fault zone, the Longriba fault, the segment of the Ganzi‐Yushu fault south of Yushu, the Minjiang fault, and the northern segment of the Xianshuihe fault being located in the Coulomb stress loading zone. Sustained attention should be paid to the block boundary faults and intra‐block faults with increased seismic hazards.
Perceptions of Climate Change in China: Evidence From Surveys of Residents in Six Cities
Authors: Yang Jianxun , Gounaridis Dimitrios , Liu Miaomiao , Bi Jun , Newell Joshua P. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractChina has pledged to cap its carbon emission by 2030 and achieve carbon neutrality by 2060, making knowledge about how the Chinese general public understands climate change crucial and timely. This article reports findings from surveys of climate change perceptions in six Chinese cities (∼40 million people). We identify 10 distinct mental images and 37 subcategories that represent a wide spectrum of perceptions of climate change among the Chinese public. The results reveal that people tend to conflate climate change with air pollution and seasonal weather changes. Although skepticism is not prominent, voices for action are also limited. Furthermore, climate change perceptions are heterogenous across regions and demographic groups. Respondents from developed cities are less likely to conflate climate change with local weather. People living in polluted regions tend to equate climate change with air pollution. Well‐educated, high‐income, and young residents are more aware of the scientific dimensions of climate change and its consequences. Females and the elderly think more about health implications and how to adapt. Compared to Western countries, opinions about climate change in China are less polarized and controversial, probably due to different political realities and media framings. This study provides an updated picture of climate change perceptions among the Chinese general public and recommends targeted and multi‐level communication strategies for policymakers.
Dawn‐Dusk Confinement of Magnetic Reconnection Site in the Near‐Earth Magnetotail and Its Implication for Dipolarization and Substorm Current System
Authors: Nagai Tsugunobu , Shinohara Iku 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe dawn‐dusk confinement of magnetic reconnection site in the near‐Earth magnetotail is established on the basis of Geotail observations. Geotail has made more than 50 encounters with magnetic reconnection in association with the onset of substorms in the near‐Earth magnetotail at radial distances of 20–30 RE in the period of 1994–2019. Ground magnetic field observations are examined for these events, and geosynchronous spacecraft observations are investigated for a limited number of cases. The magnetic reconnection site is located in the upward (from the ionosphere to the tail) field‐aligned current part of large‐scale substorm current system derived from ground midlatitude magnetic variations. The site is confined to the localized dawn‐dusk extent of the 1‐hr local time, just west of the center of the large‐scale substorm current system. The short dawn‐dusk length of the X‐line implies that magnetic reconnection inherently proceeds as the two‐dimensional dynamics in the magnetotail meridional plane. Rapid dipolarization with upward field‐aligned currents occurs at geosynchronous altitude near the meridian of the magnetic reconnection site. This study demonstrates that rapid dipolarization in the inner magnetosphere is produced with earthward outflows from magnetic reconnection and that intense upward field‐aligned currents are a direct consequence of magnetic reconnection.
Exploration of Data Space Through Trans‐Dimensional Sampling: A Case Study of 4D Seismics
Authors: Piana Agostinetti Nicola , Kotsi Maria , Malcolm Alison 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe present a novel methodology for exploring 4D seismic data in the context of monitoring subsurface resources. Data‐space exploration is a key activity in scientific research, but it has long been overlooked in favor of model‐space investigations. Our methodology performs a data‐space exploration that aims to define structures in the covariance matrix of the observational errors. It is based on Bayesian inferences, where the posterior probability distribution is reconstructed through trans‐dimensional (trans‐D) Markov chain Monte Carlo sampling. The trans‐D approach applied to data‐structures (termed ”partitions”) of the covariance matrix allows the number of partitions to freely vary in a fixed range during the McMC sampling. Due to the trans‐D approach, our methodology retrieves data‐structures that are fully data‐driven and not imposed by the user. We applied our methodology to 4D seismic data, generally used to extract information about the variations in the subsurface. In our study, we make use of real data that we collected in the laboratory, which allows us to simulate different acquisition geometries and different reservoir conditions. Our approach is able to define and discriminate different sources of noise in 4D seismic data, enabling a data‐driven evaluation of the quality (so‐called “repeatability”) of the 4D seismic survey. We find that: (a) trans‐D sampling can be effective in defining data‐driven data‐space structures; (b) our methodology can be used to discriminate between different families of data‐structures created from different noise sources. Coupling our methodology to standard model‐space investigations, we can validate physical hypothesis on the monitored geo‐resources.
Interannual Variation of Modified Circumpolar Deep Water in the Dotson‐Getz Trough, West Antarctica
Authors: Kim Tae‐Wan , Yang Hee Won , Dutrieux Pierre , Wåhlin Anna K. , Jenkins Adrian , Kim Yeong Gi , Ha Ho Kyung , Kim Chang‐Sin , Cho Kyoung‐Ho , Park Taewook , Park Jisoo , Lee SangHoon , Cho Yang‐Ki 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWidespread ice shelf thinning has been recorded in the Amundsen Sea in recent decades, driven by basal melting and intrusions of relatively warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) onto the continental shelf. The Dotson Ice Shelf (DIS) is located to the south of the Amundsen Sea polynya, and has a high basal melting rate because modified CDW (mCDW) fills the Dotson‐Getz Trough (DGT) and reaches the base of the ice shelf. Here, hydrographic data in the DGT obtained during seven oceanographic surveys from 2007 to 2018 were used to study the interannual variation in mCDW volume and properties and their causes. Although mCDW volume showed relatively weak interannual variations at the continental shelf break, these variations intensified southward and reached a maximum in front of the DIS. There, the mCDW volume was ∼8,000 km3 in 2007, rapidly decreased to 4,700 km3 in 2014 before rebounding to 7,300 km3 in 2018. We find that such interannual variability is coherent with local Ekman pumping integrated along the DGT modulated by the presence of sea ice, and complementing earlier theories involving shelf break winds only. The interannual variability in strength of the dominant south‐southeast coastal wind modulates the amplitude of Ekman upwelling along the eastern boundary of the Amundsen Sea polynya during the austral summers of the surveyed years, apparently leading to change in the volume of mCDW along the DGT. We note a strong correlation between the wind variability and the longitudinal location of the Amundsen Sea Low.
Seasonal Hydrography of Ameralik: A Southwest Greenland Fjord Impacted by a Land‐Terminating Glacier
Authors: Stuart‐Lee A. E. , Mortensen J. , Kaaden A.‐S. van der , Meire L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGreenland's coastal zone encompasses a large number of fjords, many of which are impacted by glacial meltwater runoff from land‐terminating glaciers. This type of fjord has received limited research attention, yet may represent the future of other fjords currently impacted by marine‐terminating glaciers that are retreating. In this study we describe the seasonal hydrography of Ameralik, a fjord on the southwest coast of Greenland impacted by a land‐terminating glacier. To complement this analysis we compare our results with observations from the neighbouring Godthåbsfjord, which receives meltwater from both land‐ and marine‐terminating glaciers. We find that the absence of subglacial discharge and glacial ice in Ameralik has a strong impact on the inner fjord density profiles and on circulation. The mean temperature of the upper 50 m layer was lower in Ameralik than Godthåbsfjord in May, but by September was 2°C higher in Ameralik. Dense coastal inflows occur in the late winter months in Ameralik, flushing the fjord and contributing to the return to a weakly stratified state. During the runoff period the surface waters are subject to estuarine circulation and wind forcing, while at intermediate depths a density gradient between the inner and outer fjord regions produces an intermediate baroclinic circulation, resulting in the exchange of water in this layer and the deepening of isopycnals. During summer a large fraction of the meltwater runoff is retained within the fjord rather than being exported. A substantial export of this summer accumulated freshwater occurs in connection with coastal inflows during winter.
The Evolution of a Northward‐Propagating Buoyant Coastal Plume After a Wind Relaxation Event
Authors: McSweeney Jacqueline M. , Fewings Melanie R. , Lerczak James A. , Barth John A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAfter a relaxation of the regional southward, upwelling‐favorable winds along the central California coast, warm water from the Santa Barbara Channel propagates northward as a buoyant plume. As the plume transits up the coast, it causes abrupt temperature changes and modifies shelf stratification. We use temperature and velocity data from 35 moorings north of Pt. Arguello to track the evolution of a buoyant plume after a wind relaxation event in October 2017. The moorings were deployed September–October 2017 and span a ∼30 km stretch of coastline, including nine cross‐shelf transects that range from 17 to 100 m water depth. The high spatial resolution of the data set enables us to track the spatiotemporal evolution of the plume, including across‐front temperature difference, cross‐shore structure, and propagation velocity. We observe an alongshore current velocity signal that takes ∼10 hr to propagate ∼25 km alongshore (∼0.7 m/s) and a temperature signal that takes ∼34 hr to propagate the same distance (∼0.2 m/s). The plume cools as it transits northward, leading to a decrease in the cross‐front temperature difference and the reduced gravity (g’). The plume’s propagation velocity is nonuniform in space and time, with accelerations and decelerations unexplained by the alongshore reduction in g’ or advection by tidal currents. As the plume reaches the northernmost part of the mooring array, its temperature variability is obscured by internal waves, a prominent feature in the region. We focus on one relaxation event but observe five other similar events over the 2 months record.
Modification and Comparison of Thermal and Hydrological Parameterization Schemes for Different Underlying Surfaces on the Tibetan Plateau in the Warm Season
Authors: Yuan Yuan , Ma Yaoming , Zuo Hongchao , Yang Chenyi , Yuan Ling , Chen Jinlei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this paper, three parameterization schemes, one considering gravel influence (test1), one considering organic carbon influence (test2), and one comprehensively considering gravel and organic carbon influence (test3), were set up to modify different typical underlying surfaces of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). In addition, their soil thermal properties and hydraulic property variations were discussed. Additionally, discussing the key thermal and hydraulic parameters affected the performance of different schemes from the perspective of observation data in the TP to improve the simulation ability of soil temperature and soil moisture in the plateau areas. Compared the original Community Land Model (CLM) scheme, test1 resulted in higher soil temperature and lower soil moisture, while test2 had lower soil temperature and higher soil moisture. The key thermal and hydraulic parameters are the changes in the saturated thermal conductivity and the thermal conductivity of dry soil and the variations of the porosity and exponent B, respectively. The test3 scheme was the same as test2 for the modified changes of thermal properties, except that the proportion of change was slightly different. In terms of soil thermal properties, test2 and test3 were better at 0–20 cm depth, while test1 and test3 were better for the deeper (40 cm) simulation. Regarding hydraulic properties, the test1 and test3 schemes performed better on the Gobi and alpine meadows at 20–40 cm depth, while the original CLM scheme and test2 performed better on the underlying grassland surface. Test3 was better at balancing the relationship between the thermal and hydraulic parameters and could be used for the further research on the entire plateau area.
Spectral Analysis of Individual Terrestrial Gamma‐Ray Flashes Detected by ASIM
Authors: Lindanger A. , Marisaldi M. , Sarria D. , Østgaard N. , Lehtinen N. , Skeie C. A. , Mezentzev A. , Kochkin P. , Ullaland K. , Yang S. , Genov G. , Carlson B. E. , Köhn C. , Navarro‐Gonzalez J. , Connell P. , Reglero V. , Neubert T. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe Atmosphere‐Space Interactions Monitor (ASIM) is the first instrument in space specifically designed to observe terrestrial gamma‐ray flashes (TGFs). TGFs are high energy photons associated with lightning flashes and we perform the spectral analysis of 17 TGFs detected by ASIM. The TGF sample is carefully selected by rigorous selection criteria to keep a clean sample suitable for spectral analysis, that is, suitable count statistics, low instrumental effects, and reliable source location. Monte Carlo modeling of individual TGFs has been compared to the observed energy spectra to study the possible source altitudes and beaming geometries. A careful model of the instrumental effects has been developed and validated. Several combinations of source altitudes and beaming geometries are accepted by the statistical tests for all the TGFs in the sample resulting in a large uncertainty in the estimate of the intrinsic source luminosity. The analyzed TGFs show significant variations in observed fluence independent of the distance between source and ASIM. A lower limit on the maximum photon energy produced by TGFs is estimated to be 24 MeV for the analyzed TGFs. The intrinsic limitations of TGF spectral analysis from space are also investigated and it is found that the ability to constrain the source altitude and beaming geometries of TGFs strongly depends on the distance between source and satellite. With the current generation of instruments with effective areas in the range of few hundreds cm2, it is very difficult to constrain reliably the source properties without the help of simultaneous measurements in the radio band.