bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Failing My Way to Success
Authors: Lobel Steve 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter on “Failing My Way to Success” offers an “in the trenches” account of social entrepreneurship drawn from the 2015 memoir Failing My Way to Success: Life Lessons of an Entrepreneur. The book chronicles personal and professional disappointments, betrayals, and bankruptcies from which grew the author’s hard-won lessons of failure and the climb back to success. These lessons range from business best-practices to interpersonal skills to philosophical truths, but at their heart lie two ancient principles. The first warns against self-deception, expressed as the axiom “know thyself” and is perhaps the toughest challenge that the beginning entrepreneur faces. The second is the Jewish concept of tikkun olam—“repair of the world”—the belief that we bear responsibility not only for ourselves and our immediate circle but for the world at large. This essay argues that perhaps the most important definition of “success” is the capacity both of means and spirit to fulfill this command.
Socioeconomic Development in India
Authors: Bhat Meera , Barai Swapnil 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter on “Socioeconomic Development in India: Lessons from the Third Sector” is a broad overview of India’s economic growth and human development since independence in 1947. It traces the evolving role of government, market, and civil society in navigating the global political economy and the creative tension in which they have coexisted. The chapter dives deeply into the civil society sector which once inspired the founding of Ashoka and is now referred to as a hotbed of social enterprises. The sector which once had firm foundations in pluralist social movements and a focus on social innovation now struggles to distinguish social business from social entrepreneurship. The current ecosystem, while extensive, lacks focus, disregards questions of power, and lacks accountability mechanisms. The goals of improving lives and affecting social change would be better served by focusing on social innovation, treating people as stakeholders rather than clients, and protecting and promoting citizen participation in a democratic economy, society, and polity.
Popular Sovereignty
Authors: Potter David 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 explores how the same set of ideas about ideal constitutions resulted in two radically different outcomes: the American Constitution, and the French Revolution and its numerous, failed constitutions. The chapter traces the development of constitutional thought from the fifteenth century to the eighteenth, focusing on the work of Bodin, Hobbes, Locke, Montesquieu and Rousseau. Again we explore the importance of media for the spread of ideas and then the adaptation of those ideas by practical politicians to very different ends.
Marx and Spencer
Authors: Potter David 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The chapter opens with the exploration of the thought of Karl Marx and of his contemporary, Herbert Spencer, and efforts to derive scientific models of social development. Discussion of Spencer leads to discussion of social Darwinism and eugenics, and then to the way these theories influenced politics in the early twentieth century, especially the behaviors that led to the outbreak of the First World War. The outbreak of the war draws us into the collapse of Russia and the emergence of the Bolsheviks as a powerful force, able to take over the state (aided by the massive errors of their political adversaries and the transformation of Marxist thought by Lenin). Social Darwinism and eugenics return with the rise of Adolf Hitler in Germany, stressing both his ability (like Lenin) to dominate media and make his movement seem acceptable to German political society.
Preliminary Concepts
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents some of the basic concepts required to describe the Internet. The Internet has to meet functional specifications, but it also needs to work as a data transportation network. The concept of a network is introduced, because the Internet is a network of computer networks, controlled by the Internet Protocol Suite TCP/IP. The value of a network increases as the number of members, and the number of connections between them, increase, and a network is more efficient at communication than a hierarchy. Metcalfe’s Law, quantifying positive network effects, is introduced. Fragmentation is defined as incompatibility of technical standards across different parts of the Internet. The Internet transports data, defined as uninterpreted symbols, which is contrasted with information, defined as interpreted data. Finally, digital modernity is introduced as the evolution of modernity driven by networks and data, disrupting offline norms, processes, and institutions.
The Third Internet: The DC Commercial Internet
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the DC Commercial Internet. The ideal consists of economic liberty, market solutions to resource allocation problems, property rights over the Internet, and exploitation of positive externalities. The exemplar is the United States, especially its Supreme Court, which has judged networks as private spaces (‘walled gardens’) which can and should be monetized as their owners prefer. Such an approach, it is argued, will lead to greater innovation and value creation for the public, even at the cost of interoperability and net neutrality. Social networks have gained from this view, able to create closed networks within walled gardens benefiting from network effects to collect data about members. Facebook has offered free services in the developing world in order to bring more people online within its boundaries. An attempt to sell the .org domain to a private equity company, however, foundered. This model has been called ‘surveillance capitalism’.
Peaceful Coexistence
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The visions and spoiler outlined in earlier chapters coexist. The binary US/China view of the Internet is not tenable; the picture is more nuanced. Other Internets could also emerge, if a vision could be combined with technical implementation and geopolitical backing; examples raised include a green Internet, an Islamic Internet, and a caring Internet. Different kinds of democracy could be digitally constructed. The proposal of a postcolonial Internet is critiqued. However, pressures are building. Within the United States itself, splits are evident between supporters of the DC Commercial Internet and the Silicon Valley Open Internet, while the US tech giants are trying to woo EU governments.
India, the ‘Swing State’
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
If India’s population and Internet penetration grow at current rates, it will make a large contribution to the growth of the Internet. It has a world-class technology establishment. The chapter considers several possible policy directions. Openness is looked at through experiments in Andhra Pradesh to provide digital government. The attempt by Jio Platforms to provide integrated services for mobile users exemplifies the Commercial Internet. The influence of the Modi government’s Hindutva ideology is considered in a discussion of paternalism, together with the Aadhaar ID platform, and the Indian Data Protection Bill. There is a lot of misinformation and conspiracy theory in India, but it has not created a spoiler model to export misinformation to other countries. Finally, the export of ID technology using open source software and open standards is considered as a potential future Indian influence on the global Internet.
Policy Question: When Should Personal Data Cross Borders?
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the flow of data across borders, in order to support the digital economy. Governments are increasingly treating data as a national asset, which will give economic advantages to foreign companies, while compromising the privacy of citizens. India and other nations in the developing world are concerned that they will be reduced to providing data as raw material and will be forced to import high-value services from tech companies in the United States and China, rather than developing their own digital economies. Initiatives using World Trade Organization agreements to coordinate global trade in data, supported by China and the United States, are examined, but they have not persuaded sceptics, leading to accusations of neo-colonialism. India is leading the holdouts, which may influence the Internet’s future. The ideologies underlying the Four Internets are compared with respect to their views of flows of data.
Artificial Intelligence
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The data provided by the Internet, plus the cloud-based computing power it allows, have helped develop machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI). Conversely, AI promises to unlock the value of the data being created. The ideology underlying Internet governance will have an effect on the flow of data and therefore AI. The Silicon Valley Open Internet favours open data, while the DC Commercial Internet allows rightsholders to monetize the data they have, implying returns to integration, while allowing privacy issues to be resolved by contract (privacy policies). The Beijing Paternal Internet provides other means for privately held data to be used in the national interest, while also supporting integration. The position is most complex with the Brussels Bourgeois Internet, where respect for human rights, exemplified by GDPR, makes it harder to accumulate data to train ML algorithms, and so may have a negative effect on the AI industry.
Social Machines
Authors: O’Hara Kieron 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
People use familiar networked technologies for coordinating social activities, from games to problem-solving. Such sociotechnical networks have been called social machines, and can be found in healthcare and well-being, crime prevention, transport, citizen science, and in particular during emergencies such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The role of platform(s) as host(s) is key as to how, and how privately, the social machine operates. Social machines can be monetized on the DC Commercial Internet, and monitored on the Beijing Paternal Internet. One means of democratizing the platform is the project to re-decentralize the Internet and Web, to break down the walls of walled gardens and restore decentralization. One such idea, Solid, is described in detail, where people take charge of their personal data, storing it as linked data to increase its utility, but keeping it in personal online datastores (pods) under their control.
Finding the Seeds of the Word
Authors: Garrard Virginia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 1 takes a close look at Christianity’s most recent effort to engage local culture directly, inculturation theology, which began as a top-down approach to tame syncretism into a controlled orthodoxy that was respectful of culture, but which in recent decades has evolved into a generative bottom-up method of “making theology” in a way that affirms local beliefs and conditions in ways that are, at the very least, parallel to Christianity and sometimes fully compatible with it. Inculturation is an approach to religion and culture that is unique in that it is a Christian approach with an unusual willingness to seek out and consciously learn from other spiritual traditions.
Tricksters, Gods, and Global Pentecostalism in Almolonga, Guatemala
Authors: Garrard Virginia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 visits the Guatemalan village of Almolonga, a K’iche’ Maya town known throughout the region both as the “food basket of Central America” and the “city of miracles” due to its high economic productivity and overall prosperity. Residents of Almolonga, who are overwhelmingly Pentecostals, attribute their success to the global Pentecostal practice of Spiritual Warfare. In return for casting out the demons and pre-Hispanic idols that controlled their town and reclaiming it in the name of Jesus, Alamogueños believe that God has transformed their village beyond measure, building a religious modernity that both reified their local Maya habitus even as it directly repudiates key elements for their traditional identity.
Interpretation and Hobbes’s Political Philosophy
Authors: Martinich A.P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The persistent debate over Hobbes’s political and religious views may be explained by the fact that scholars come to their texts with different networks of beliefs, arising from different experiences and dispositions. Although the networks of people overlap, especially those from the same culture, they may not overlap with regard to the beliefs relevant to the interpretation of crucial passages. These differences are not overcome even when an interpretation has substantial interpretive virtues such as conservatism, frugality, palpability, and generality. Other properties, such as simplicity, consistency, completeness, connectedness, and defensibility, are more successful in this regard. The author refers to them to defend his interpretation of Hobbes as a Jacobean, that is, as a supporter of absolute sovereignty, episcopacy, high liturgy, orthodoxy, and English Calvinism.
On the Proper Interpretation of Hobbes’s Philosophy
Authors: Martinich A.P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter responds to Edwin Curley’s criticisms of the author’s interpretation of Thomas Hobbes’s philosophy. The author discusses the importance of the intellectual context for understanding an author’s thought. Hobbes’s context is the political and religious doctrines of King James I. The key issue raised by Curley in his article concerns the conditions under which it is appropriate to interpret a text ironically. For example, he thinks that Hobbes’s defective theory of the Trinity is evidence of atheism. But in the seventeenth century, a botched theory of the Trinity cast doubt on the theory, not the doctrine, which Christians held tenaciously. Also, many of Hobbes’s biblical interpretations that seemed false to his contemporaries are not presented ironically. They were novel theories that biblical scholars today largely accept. Some other views that may seem today to be irreligious, such as that miracles no longer occur, were standard views in the seventeenth century.
The Interpretation of Covenants in Leviathan
Authors: Martinich A.P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter is a reply to criticisms by Edwin Curley. An important reason that scholars do not agree about the correct interpretation of a text is that they have different networks of beliefs arising from different experiences and different affective states. For similar reasons, evaluations of interpretations will vary. Nonetheless, we can agree about properties of good interpretation, such as conservatism, generality, simplicity, coherence, completeness, and proportionality. But good interpretations may be strong in some virtues and weak in others. If the presence of perceived absurdities or contradictions were good grounds for thinking that the author was not serious in presenting them, then there would be good grounds for doubting that Hobbes took political philosophy seriously. These deficiencies are not signs of insincerity. A similar judgment should be made about perceived deficiencies of his religious views.
Natural Sovereignty and Omnipotence in Hobbes’s Leviathan
Authors: Martinich A.P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
According to Hobbes, God is a natural sovereign because of his omnipotence, not because of his goodness or creation. The relation between power and kingship is also expressed in the idea of Yahweh as a warrior god, for example in Deuteronomy and the Book of Psalms. Kings, “mortal gods,” need power to protect their subjects and could only do so if they had properties similar to those attributed to God. In the seventeenth-century, intellectuals sometimes made God the model for human sovereigns, and sometimes the reverse. Since both God and human sovereigns are owed obedience, a troubling question arises: “Should human beings obey God or their sovereign if there is a conflict?” Hobbes has an easy answer. God commands people to obey their human sovereign. Arash Abizadeh’s interpretation that God is a person by fiction is refuted.
Hobbes’s Erastianism and Interpretation
Authors: Martinich A.P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter is a response to Jeffrey Collins, who maintains that Hobbes was Erastian and promoted Independency and irreligious views. The author agrees that Hobbes was an Erastian; the Act of Supremacy made Erastianism law. Hobbes’s support for Independency was hedged at best. Some of his other views are original and non-standard but not intended to be irreligious. The author shows that Collins sometimes omits crucial evidence or draws the wrong inference from the evidence. Hobbes worshipped according to the rite of the Church of England, and his justification for the unity of religion and government was in line with the ideal of ancient Israel taught in the Old Testament. Hobbes argued that Christianity is not politically destabilizing and tried to reconcile Christian doctrine with modern science. The author’s reply to Collins is guided by the idea that interpretation is a form of inference to the best explanation.
Sovereign-Making and Biblical Covenants in On the Citizen
Authors: Martinich A.P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In On the Citizen, Hobbes describes two kinds of covenants. The first are covenants among human beings, most importantly sovereign-making covenants. The second are the major biblical covenants. Hobbes follows the traditional interpretation of biblical covenants, according to which God is a party to them with Abraham, the Israelites at Mt. Sinai, and all humanity. His political theory had the resources to give a single account of both kinds of covenants. He could have said that God accepted the transfer of rights from humans. So, he could have given a unified account of covenants. He does not say why or discuss any relationship that may exist between the two kinds. A significant element common to ordinary sovereign-making covenants and the central biblical ones is faith.
Recovering the Midwestern Ethos of Journalism Research
Authors: Pyo Jane Yeahin , Usher Nikki 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter is a reminder that practice and theory have gone hand in hand since the beginning of professional journalism. However, this history and this partnership have been lost somewhat, particularly when it comes to PhD research. By calling back to the land-grant mission at the universities home to the first schools of journalism in the United States (the University of Missouri, the University of Illinois, the University of Wisconsin), the chapter recalls how the focus on skills and on understanding mass communication was aligned with the mission of journalism education. The chapter examines the founding of the Institute of Communications Research at the University of Illinois and its PhD program that focused on applied journalism and mass communication research, explaining the role of legendary journalism scholar James Carey in recentering (and decentering) the tension between practice and research.
The Business of Digital News
Authors: Kiesow Damon 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In news organizations today, editorial strategy is business strategy. The two are entirely intertwined. Understanding either requires studying both. With the shift to digital, the process of publishing the news has transitioned from a series of loosely coupled, sequential, and periodic production tasks to a set of complex, overlapping, and stochastic outputs requiring significant alignment and coordination to succeed. For journalists, these changes are challenging newsroom norms and driving an embrace of human-centered design practices and product thinking. For academics it is an opportunity to study the remaking of organizational roles and relationships in the business of digital news, an effort that is still in its infancy.
Rebuilding Trust through Journalism Education
Authors: Mourão Rachel R. , Shin Soo Young 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This study details the development of a public affairs reporting course for journalism schools in resource-limited communities offered at a land-grant institution surrounded by a resource-strapped community. This chapter focuses on inequalities related to opportunities for engagement, both when it comes to newsrooms and academic settings. More specifically, we address the challenges of teaching a multimedia-based curriculum while maintaining historical relationships with local citizens in Michigan. Our approach of combining survey, content analysis, in-depth interviews, and a field experiment provides a framework for connecting journalism education with communities surrounding land-grant institutions.
What Is Data Literacy?
Authors: Boyles Jan Lauren 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Decades after the public journalism movement attempted to redefine the relationship between news outlets and the communities they cover, local journalists are still grappling with how best to cultivate audiences in civic spaces. Community news providers—battling against diminished levels of trust in media institutions—are seeking to counter these sentiments by building closer partnerships with their readers. In this light, data journalism is often heralded for its ability to coalesce fragmented audiences in conversation around salient civic issues. Yet despite its promise, successful storytelling requires basic data literacy skills on behalf of both practitioners and the public. To understand the story, all parties must understand the data. This chapter tackles programmatic efforts to address societal shortfalls in data knowledge and accessibility across the news production/consumption spectrum (with an emphasis on journalism experiments in community news).
Power and Liberty
Authors: Wood Gordon S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This book covers major issues of constitutionalism in the American Revolution. It begins with the imperial debate over taxation and representation between the colonists and the British government. That debated climaxed with the Declaration of Independence. Each of the former colonies became republics and drew up written constitutions with several of them including bills of rights. These constitutions established patterns that later influenced the federal Constitution created in 1787, including bicameral legislatures, independent executives, and independent judiciaries. But because the Confederation of the states lacked the power to tax and regulate trade and the state legislatures were abusing their considerable power, the revolutionaries sought to solve both problems with a new federal Constitution in 1787. In addition to having to recognize the equality of each state in the Senate, the Convention faced the problem with slavery. Although most Americans thought that slavery was gradually dying, South Carolina and Georgia wanted to import more slaves and forced the Convention to guarantee twenty more years of slave importations and some protections for slavery in the Constitution. The institution that benefited most from the Revolution was the judiciary. It became very important in monitoring the demarcation between the public and the private realms that emerged from the Revolution.
The Imperial Debate
Authors: Wood Gordon S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers the imperial debate between the colonists and Great Britain between the early 1760s and 1776. The debate began with the differing ideas of representation held by the colonists and the mother country. But eventually it came to focus on the doctrine of sovereignty that said that in every state there must be one final supreme lawmaking authority. The colonists’ inability to deal with the doctrine of sovereignty forced them to create a new conception of the British Empire in which they were outside of Parliament’s authority and tied only to the king. The debate climaxed with the Declaration of Independence.