bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Operational characteristics of generalized pairwise comparisons for hierarchically ordered endpoints
Authors: Deltuvaite‐Thomas Vaiva , Burzykowski Tomasz 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe method of generalized pairwise comparisons (GPC) is a multivariate extension of the well‐known non‐parametric Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test. It allows comparing two groups of observations based on multiple hierarchically ordered endpoints, regardless of the number or type of the latter. The summary measure, “net benefit,” quantifies the difference between the probabilities that a random observation from one group is doing better than an observation from the opposite group. The method takes into account the correlations between the endpoints. We have performed a simulation study for the case of two hierarchical endpoints to evaluate the impact of their correlation on the type‐I error probability and power of the test based on GPC. The simulations show that the power of the GPC test for the primary endpoint is modified if the secondary endpoint is included in the hierarchical GPC analysis. The change in power depends on the correlation between the endpoints. Interestingly, a decrease in power can occur, regardless of whether there is any marginal treatment effect on the secondary endpoint. It appears that the overall power of the hierarchical GPC procedure depends, in a complex manner, on the entire variance–covariance structure of the set of outcomes. Any additional factors (such as thresholds of clinical relevance, drop out, or censoring scheme) will also affect the power and will have to be taken into account when designing a trial based on the hierarchical GPC procedure.
Counterfactual mediation analysis in the multistate model framework for surrogate and clinical time‐to‐event outcomes in randomized controlled trials
Authors: Weir Isabelle R. , Rider Jennifer R. , Trinquart Ludovic 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn cancer randomized controlled trials, surrogate endpoints are frequently time‐to‐event endpoints, subject to the competing risk from the time‐to‐event clinical outcome. In this context, we introduce a counterfactual‐based mediation analysis for a causal assessment of surrogacy. We use a multistate model for risk prediction to account for both direct transitions towards the clinical outcome and indirect transitions through the surrogate outcome. Within the counterfactual framework, we define natural direct and indirect effects with a causal interpretation. Based on these measures, we define the proportion of the treatment effect on the clinical outcome mediated by the surrogate outcome. We estimate the proportion for both the cumulative risk and restricted mean time lost. We illustrate our approach by using 18‐year follow‐up data from the SPCG‐4 randomized trial of radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer. We assess time to metastasis as a surrogate outcome for prostate cancer‐specific mortality.
Numerical discretization causing error variance loss and the need for inflation
Authors: Ménard Richard , Skachko Sergey , Pannekoucke Olivier 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe effects of model discretization errors on the propagation of error covariance have a more complex nature than the effect on the state variable. The analysis is carried out for the advection transport equation, where the continuous (in space and time) propagation of the related error covariance function can be written, solved and compared with the discrete model applied to the covariance matrix. The numerical analysis of the problem is carried out with a 1D‐problem, but is also illustrated with a 3D chemical transport model (CTM) used for chemical data assimilation. It is shown that variance loss (compared to the continuous propagation solution) depends on the covariance function itself as well as the numerical discretization scheme. The variance loss is particularly sensitive to the correlation length. In a simple first‐order discretization, an analytical expression is obtained and is used to derive an analytical expression for inflation. Experiments show, for example, that following an analysis over a dense network of observations (with spatially uncorrelated errors) a significant variance loss occurs in the propagation step. With the (variance) inflation scheme, we are able to restore the variance lost at each grid point, and at each timestep, during the entire integration. The variance inflation scheme applied to an EnKF can be formulated to change the variance spread of the ensemble or to act directly on the state.
On time‐parallel preconditioning for the state formulation of incremental weak constraint 4D‐Var
Authors: Daužickaitė Ieva , Lawless Amos S. , Scott Jennifer A. , van Leeuwen Peter Jan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUsing a high degree of parallelism is essential for the efficient performance of data assimilation. The state formulation of the incremental weak constraint four‐dimensional variational data assimilation method allows parallel calculations in the time dimension. In this approach, the solution is approximated by minimising a series of quadratic cost functions using the conjugate gradient method. To use this method in practice, effective preconditioning strategies that maintain the potential for parallel calculations are needed. We examine approximations to the control variable transform (CVT) technique when the latter is beneficial. The new strategy employs a randomised singular value decomposition and retains the potential for parallelism in the time domain. Numerical results for the Lorenz '96 model show that this approach accelerates the minimisation in the first few iterations, with better results when CVT performs well.
The impact of Aeolus wind retrievals on ECMWF global weather forecasts
Authors: Rennie Michael P. , Isaksen Lars , Weiler Fabian , de Kloe Jos , Kanitz Thomas , Reitebuch Oliver 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAeolus is the world's first spaceborne Doppler Wind Lidar, providing profiles of horizontal line‐of‐sight (HLOS) wind retrievals. Numerical weather prediction (NWP) impact and error statistics of Aeolus Level‐2B (L2B) wind statistics have been assessed using the European Centre for Medium‐range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) global data assimilation system. Random and systematic error estimates were derived from observation minus background departure statistics. The HLOS wind random error standard deviation is estimated to be in the range 4.0–7.0 m·s−1 for the Rayleigh‐clear and 2.8–3.6 m·s−1 for the Mie‐cloudy, depending on atmospheric signal levels which in turn depend on instrument performance, atmospheric backscatter properties and the processing algorithms. Complex systematic HLOS wind error variations on time‐scales less than one orbit were identified, most strongly affecting the Rayleigh‐clear winds. NWP departures and instrument housekeeping data confirmed that it is caused by temperature gradients across the primary mirror. A successful bias correction scheme was implemented in the operational processing chain in April 2020. In Observing System Experiments (OSEs), Aeolus provides statistically significant improvement in short‐range forecasts as verified by observations sensitive to temperature, wind and humidity. Longer forecast range verification shows positive impact that is strongest at the day two to three forecast range: ∼2% improvement in root‐mean‐square error for vector wind and temperature in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere, and polar troposphere. Positive impact up to 9 days is found in the tropical lower stratosphere. Both Rayleigh‐clear and Mie‐cloudy winds provide positive impact, but the Rayleigh accounts for most tropical impact. The Forecast Sensitivity Observation Impact (FSOI) metric is available since 9 January 2020, when Aeolus was operationally assimilated, which confirms Aeolus is a useful contribution to the global observing system, with the Rayleigh‐clear and Mie‐cloudy winds providing similar overall short‐range impact in 2020.
Dramatic response to alectinib in an ALK‐positive LCNEC patient with a poor performance status: A case report
Authors: Masuda Kazuki , Saiki Masafumi , Shimamura So , Ide Shuichiro , Uchida Yoshinori , Sogami Yusuke , Ishihara Hiroshi , Ikeda Fumi , Kugiyama Kiyotaka 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe echinoderm microtubule‐associated protein‐like 4 (EML4)–anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion gene, a driver mutation in lung carcinoma, is fairly common in lung adenocarcinoma but rare in large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNEC). Here we report a case of stage IV LCNEC positive for this fusion gene in a patient with a poor performance status (PS) who was effectively treated with alectinib. The patient was a 72‐year‐old non‐smoking man diagnosed as LCNEC with multiple metastases. Because of his poor PS, cytotoxic chemotherapy was not indicated, but he was later found to be positive for the ALK fusion gene and treated with alectinib as first‐line therapy. One month later, the tumour had shrunk remarkably, and the therapeutic effect was rated as a partial response. The PS also improved from 4 to 1. Investigating actionable driver mutations seems worth doing for advanced LCNEC, especially if the patient's PS is poor.
Disturbance‐observer‐based adaptive neural control for switched nonlinear systems with average dwell time
Authors: Wu Dawei , Sun Yonghui , Shao Shuyi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this article, a robust control framework is developed for nonstrict‐feedback switched nonlinear systems in the presence of unknown time‐varying delays and external disturbances. Taking into account the differences in the disturbance of each subsystem, a novel disturbance observer (DO) based on the auxiliary system is proposed for the first time. The auxiliary system is designed with the same order as that of the studied switched system, whose state variables are used to adjust the parameters of the DO in real time. Furthermore, by improving the stability condition in the frame of average dwell time (ADT), a robust control law design method based on the DO is extended to the switched system. Based on the Lyapunov–Krasovskii function, an improved delay processing method is developed, which can eliminate the widely used growth assumptions of unknown functions. Based on the DO and neural network, a robust adaptive neural network controller is constructed, and the ADT approach is adopted to analyze the semiglobal uniform ultimate boundedness of all closed‐loop system signals. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is further verified through simulation studies of an electromechanical system.
Graphon convergence of random cographs
Authors: Stufler Benedikt 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe study the behavior of random labeled and unlabeled cographs with n vertices as n tends to infinity. We show that both models admit a novel random graphon W1/2 as distributional limit. Our main tool is an enhanced skeleton decomposition of the random Pólya tree with n leaves and no internal vertices having only one child. As a byproduct, we obtain limits describing the asymptotic shape of this model of random trees.
Cell Therapy for Nonischemic Dilated Cardiomyopathy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Tripathi Avnish , Khan Mohammad Saud , Khan Abdur Rahman , Vaughn Vida M. , Bolli Roberto 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Cell therapy involves transplantation of human cells to promote repair of diseased or injured tissues and/or cells. Only a limited number of mostly small-scale trials have studied cell therapy in nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM). We performed a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs) to assess the safety and efficacy of cell therapy in NICM. Electronic databases were searched for relevant RCTs from inception until August 2020. Outcomes assessed were left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter or volume (LVEDD), quality of life (QoL) indices, and major adverse cardiac events (MACEs). Weighted mean differences (MDs) and standardized mean differences (SMDs) were calculated using random-effects methods. Eleven RCTs with 574 participants were included in the analysis. There was a significant increase in mean LVEF (MD, 4.17%; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.66-6.69) and modest decrease in LVEDD (SMD, −0.50; 95% CI = −0.95 to −0.06) in patients treated with cell therapy compared with controls. Cell therapy was also associated with improvement in functional capacity, as assessed by the 6-minute walking distance (MD, 72.49 m; 95% CI = 3.44-141.53). No significant differences were seen in MACEs and QoL indices between treated and control groups. This meta-analysis suggests that cell therapy may improve LV systolic function and may be associated with improvement in LVEDD and functional capacity compared with maximal medical therapy. Cell therapy was safe, with no significant difference in MACEs between treatment and control groups. However, given the limitations of current studies, larger well-designed RCTs are needed to evaluate the efficacy of cell therapy in patients with NICM.
Einsatz der Digitalisierung bei der Nachrechnung von Rheinbrücken
Authors: Munoz‐Cobo Cique Guillermo , Hellebrandt Laura , Gabler Markus 
Published: August 2021

AbstractZahlreiche Rheinbrücken in Deutschland und den Niederlanden werden aktuell nachgerechnet und dabei zeigen sich vermehrt Traglastdefizite gegenüber den Anforderungen der Eurocodes. Wann immer möglich, sollte dem Erhalt der Vorzug vor dem Ersatzneubau gegeben werden, nicht zuletzt wegen des Denkmalschutzes und der CO2‐Bilanz. Dabei kann es helfen, bei der Nachrechnung den „Bleistift zu spitzen“, also den lokal tatsächlich auftretenden Verkehr einfließen zu lassen sowie das Tragverhalten im Detail zu untersuchen und stille Reserven zu aktivieren. Hierbei können digitale Werkzeuge große Dienste erweisen, da dadurch zahlreiche Szenarien, Details oder Abstufungen jeweils individuell betrachtet werden können, anstatt auf der sicheren Seite liegend nur maßgebende Punkte zu betrachten. Eine sinnvoll eingesetzte Digitalisierung hilft also die Ökobilanz zu verbessern, Brückendenkmäler zu retten und letztlich dem Bauherrn auch Kosten zu sparen. Am Beispiel einiger Rheinbrücken soll aufgezeigt werden, wie durch den Einsatz digitaler Werkzeuge wesentlich bessere Ergebnisse erzielt werden konnten als in der Originalstatik, dies dient dann als Grundlage für gezielte und insgesamt wirtschaftliche Verstärkungsmaßnahmen. Zu diesen Maßnahmen gehören die verfeinerte Diskretisierung des Tragwerks und der Detailmodelle, Nachweise der Verbindungen und Ermittlung der lokalen individuellen Ermüdungseinwirkung für das Tragwerk.
From Transport Phenomena to Systems Chemistry: Chemohydrodynamic Oscillations in A+B→C Systems
Authors: Budroni Marcello A. , Rossi Federico , Rongy Laurence 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCan simple chemistry drive the emergence of self‐organised complex behaviours? Addressing this big‐picture question crucially impacts the comprehension of fundamental mechanisms at the basis of stationary and dynamical spatio‐temporal chemical patterns which represent an integral part of Origin of Life studies and morphogenesis. This is also of paramount importance in cutting‐edge approaches for the design and control of bio‐inspired self‐organised functional materials as well as for understanding how complex biological networks work. So far, spontaneous chemical self‐organisation has constituted the realm of Nonlinear Chemistry. Oscillations, waves, Turing structures have been typically obtained in systems characterised by a complex network of nonlinear reactions activated on appropriate relative timescales. Here we revisit the emergence of oscillatory dynamics in systems characterised by a kinetics as simple and general as a bimolecular process, provided that it is actively coupled with transport phenomena, in the absence of any nonlinear or external kinetic feedback. We also present new numerical experiments to substantiate and clarify the minimal ingredients underlying these complex dynamics. The objective of this paper is to discuss chemo‐hydrodynamics as a possible mechanism for activating self‐organised structures and functional behaviours in contexts characterised by a minimal chemistry like prebiotic conditions. In this view, we also highlight the necessity to include convective phenomena in the paradigm of Systems Chemistry.
Quantifying hydrologic pathway and source connectivity dynamics in tile drainage: Implications for phosphorus concentrations
Authors: Nazari Saeid , Ford William I. , King Kevin W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFlowpathways and source water connectivity dynamics are widely recognized to affect tile‐drainage water quality. In this study, we developed and evaluated a framework that couples event‐based hydrograph recession and specific conductance end‐member mixing analysis (SC‐EMMA) to provide a more robust framework for quantifying both flow pathway dynamics and source connectivity of drainage water in tile‐drained landscapes. High‐frequency (30‐min) flow and conductivity data were collected from an edge‐of‐field tile main located in northwestern Ohio, and the newly developed framework was applied for data collected in water year 2019. Multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis was used to evaluate the impact of pathway‐connectivity dynamics on flow‐weighted mean dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentrations, which were collected as part of the USDA‐ARS edge‐of‐field monitoring network. The hydrograph recession and SC‐EMMA results highlighted intra‐ and interevent differences between quick (preferential) flow and new (precipitation) water transported during events, challenging a common assumption that new water reflects drainage through preferential flow paths. The analysis of hydrologic flow pathways demonstrated matrix–macropore exchange (Qquick‐old), preferential flow of new water (Qquick‐new), slow flow of old water (Qslow‐old), and slow flow of new water (Qslow‐new) contributed 9, 39, 42, and 10% to tile discharge, on average, with interevent variability. Matrix water that is transported to tile drains via macropore flowpaths was found to be activated throughout the year, even under drier antecedent conditions, suggesting that matrix–macropore exchange was more sensitive to within‐event hydrological processes as compared with antecedent conditions. The MLR results highlighted that pathway‐connectivity hydrograph fractions improved prediction of DRP concentrations, although improvement may be more pronounced in landscapes with higher rates of matrix–macropore exchange.
Conceptual ex ante simulation for Green Stormwater Infrastructure Adoption on private property using agent‐based modeling
Authors: Brown Seth , Ferreira Celso , Houck Mark , Liner Barry 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper presents the Green Stormwater Infrastructure Social Spatial Adoption (G‐SSA) model, a cellular automata agent‐based model that simulates the behavior of private property owners responding to incentives to adopt on‐site green stormwater infrastructure (GSI). Concepts such as small‐world social networks, opinion dissemination, and diffusion of innovation are used to capture dynamic social, spatial, and temporal aspects of green stormwater infrastructure adoption. Demographic information, site constraints, GSI practice type and costs, and financial incentive information are integrated into modeling rules that influence adoption dynamics. A methodology is presented that describes how these concepts have been translated into an agent‐based modeling platform that provides the opportunity to explore modeling dynamics and output. Model output confirms the viability of the methodology and produces results that inform future efforts to explore the G‐SSA model.Practitioner points

Agent‐based modeling (ABM) can evaluate the expected impact of market‐based approaches for green stormwater infrastructure (GSI) adoption and O&M services.
ABM can simulate years of implementation of GSI program incentives, which vary from stormwater fee reduction to subsidy payments to tradable credits revenues generated.
Publicly available demographic data combined with behavioral economic relationships can build models to evaluate how municipalities can meet regulatory goals for urban retrofits using market‐based approaches to encourage GSI adoption.
Monodromy defects in free field theories
Authors: Bianchi Lorenzo , Chalabi Adam , Procházka Vladimír , Robinson Brandon , Sisti Jacopo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We study co-dimension two monodromy defects in theories of conformally coupled scalars and free Dirac fermions in arbitrary d dimensions. We characterise this family of conformal defects by computing the one-point functions of the stress-tensor and conserved current for Abelian flavour symmetries as well as two-point functions of the displacement operator. In the case of d = 4, the normalisation of these correlation functions are related to defect Weyl anomaly coefficients, and thus provide crucial information about the defect conformal field theory. We provide explicit checks on the values of the defect central charges by calculating the universal part of the defect contribution to entanglement entropy, and further, we use our results to extract the universal part of the vacuum Rényi entropy. Moreover, we leverage the non-supersymmetric free field results to compute a novel defect Weyl anomaly coefficient in a d = 4 theory of free $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 hypermultiplets. Including singular modes in the defect operator product expansion of fundamental fields, we identify notable relevant deformations in the singular defect theories and show that they trigger a renormalisation group flow towards an IR fixed point with the most regular defect OPE. We also study Gukov-Witten defects in free d = 4 Maxwell theory and show that their central charges vanish.
Pyramiding of scald resistance genes in four spring barley MAGIC populations
Authors: Hautsalo Juho , Novakazi Fluturë , Jalli Marja , Göransson Magnus , Manninen Outi , Isolahti Mika , Reitan Lars , Bergersen Stein , Krusell Lene , Damsgård Robertsen Charlotte , Orabi Jihad , Due Jensen Jens , Jahoor Ahmed , Bengtsson Therése ,   the PPP Barley Consortium, Veteläinen Merja , Manninen Outi , Isolahti Mika , Alsheikh Muath , Bergersen Stein , Jansen Constantin , Windju Susanne , Reitan Lars , Jalli Marja , Hautsalo Juho , Jahoor Ahmed , Orabi Jihad , Vangdorf Nana , Jensen Jens Due , Krusell Lene , Hjortshøj Rasmus Lund , Robertsen Charlotte Damsgård , Jahoor Ahmed , Bengtsson Therése , Novakazi Fluturë , Åhman Inger , Göransson Magnus , Hilmarsson Hrannar Smári , Sveinsson Sæmundur 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGenome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) of four Multi-parent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross (MAGIC) populations identified nine regions on chromosomes 1H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H and 7H associated with resistance against barley scald disease. Three of these regions are putatively novel resistance Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL). Barley scald is caused by Rhynchosporium commune, one of the most important barley leaf diseases that are prevalent in most barley-growing regions. Up to 40% yield losses can occur in susceptible barley cultivars. Four MAGIC populations were generated in a Nordic Public–Private Pre-breeding of spring barley project (PPP Barley) to introduce resistance to several important diseases. Here, these MAGIC populations consisting of six to eight founders each were tested for scald resistance in field trials in Finland and Iceland. Eight different model covariate combinations were compared for GWAS studies, and the models that deviated the least from the expected p-values were selected. For all QTL, candidate genes were identified that are predicted to be involved in pathogen defence. The MAGIC progenies contained new haplotypes of significant SNP-markers with high resistance levels. The lines with successfully pyramided resistance against scald and mildew and the significant markers are now distributed among Nordic plant breeders and will benefit development of disease-resistant cultivars.