bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting the longitudinal changes of levodopa dose requirements in Parkinson’s disease using item response theory assessment of real‐world Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale
Authors: Chae Dongwoo , Chung Su Jin , Lee Phil Hyu , Park Kyungsoo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractItem response theory (IRT) has been recently adopted to successfully characterize the progression of Parkinson's disease using serial Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) measurements. However, it has yet to be applied in predicting the longitudinal changes of levodopa dose requirements in the real‐world setting. Here we use IRT to extract two latent variables that represent tremor and non‐tremor‐related symptoms from baseline assessments of UPDRS Part III scores. We show that relative magnitudes of the two latent variables are strong predictors of the progressive increase of levodopa equivalent dose (LED). Retrospectively collected item‐level UPDRS Part III scores and longitudinal records of prescribed medication doses of 128 patients with de novo PD extracted from the electronic medical records were used for model building. Supplementary analysis based on a subset of 36 patients with at least three serial assessments of UPDRS Part III scores suggested that the two latent variables progress at significantly different rates. A web application was developed to facilitate the use of our model in making individualized predictions of future LED and disease progression.
Pattern of Skin Disease in Ethiopian HIV-Infected Patients on Combination Antiretroviral Therapy: A Cross-Sectional Study in a Dermatology Referral Hospital
Authors: Shikur F. , Yeung H. , Amogne W. , Weller R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
More than 90% of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients will develop at least one type of skin disorder during the course of the disease. The prevalence and severity of skin disease commonly seen in HIV-infected patients has decreased in the era of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Few studies in Ethiopia have shown the magnitude of skin problems among adult patients on cART. The aim of this study is to describe the pattern of skin disease among adult patients who are on cART.

Methods
Cross-sectional observational study at ALERT Hospital from April 2018 to November 2018. Patterns of clinically diagnosed skin diseases were summarized descriptively.

Result
A total of 572 patients were evaluated. In total, 412 (72%) were female and the mean age of study participants was 40 (SD = 10.4). The median CD4 count at the time of diagnosis and start of cART were 178 (R 5-2000) and 168 cells/μl (R 5-1327), respectively. The mean duration of cART was 8 (SD = 3) years. 89.3% of patients were on first line and 7% on second line of cART regimen. Noninfectious inflammatory skin disorders (40.9%) were the most common concomitant diagnosis followed by infectious diseases (34.9%), infestation (7.7%), pigmentary disorders (6.3%) and cutaneous drug eruption (0.7%), respectively. Among the inflammatory skin disorders, 56.5% presented with eczema. One patient had Kaposi sarcoma.

Conclusion
Noninfectious inflammatory skin disorders are the most common concomitant skin disease in HIV-infected patients, with eczema being most prevalent. Infectious skin diseases were also common presentations. In our study, AIDS-defining skin conditions were rare.
Social capital and entrepreneur resilience: Entrepreneur performance during violent protests in Togo
Authors: Dimitriadis Stefan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractResearch SummaryThis study explores how entrepreneurs' social capital affects their resilience to localized shocks. Using a unique longitudinal survey of entrepreneurs during a surge of violent protests in Togo during 2017 and 2018, I explore how different kinds of relationships affect entrepreneurs' performance. Results show that proximity to violent protests caused entrepreneurs' profits to drop by 20%. This decrease, however, was mitigated by entrepreneurs' ties to their local communities and by their non‐colocated advice relationships, which were ties to geographically distant advisers. In contrast, colocated advisers, those who were spatially proximate, were harmful to their performance. These findings show that social capital can have conflicting effects on entrepreneurs' resilience, depending on the kinds of relationships they consist of and how those relationships are exposed to the shock.Managerial SummaryRelationships are critical to entrepreneurs' performance. Yet, during local crises, such as violent protests, it can be difficult to know which relationships to rely on. Studying entrepreneurs in Togo during a sudden surge of violent protests, I found that two kinds of relationships reduced the negative impact of the localized shock: ties to local communities and advisers located outside the crisis area. In contrast, advisers located nearby, who were also affected by the crisis, amplified the protests' negative effects. These findings suggest that entrepreneurs who can afford to build stronger ties to their local communities and have more distant advisers may be better positioned to minimize losses during localized shocks.
Understanding and deciphering of social engineering attack scenarios
Authors: Yasin Affan , Fatima Rubia , Liu Lin , Wang Jianmin , Ali Raian , Wei Ziqi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMalicious scammers and social engineers are causing great harms to modern society, as they have led to the loss of data, information, money, and many more for individuals and companies. Knowledge about social engineering (SE) is wide‐spread and it exits in non‐academic papers and communication channels. Knowledge is mostly based on expert opinion and experience reports. Such knowledge, if articulated, can provide a valid source of knowledge and information. We performed the analysis of such sources, guided by academic principles around SE, and solicit existing SE scenarios from public awareness education materials, news stories, research literature, official advisories to public departments. We adopted grounded theory to extract the general knowledge behind SE, such as, attacking cycles, information gathering strategies, psychological principles, attack vectors, and so on. In this article, we aim to review and synthesize a body of knowledge (rationale and motivation of social engineers). The study aims to: (a) understand the rationale of social engineers; (b) capture the knowledge of SE attacks and extract important information from the sources; (c) propose an activity for counteracting SE attacks, and how it can be used in security education.
Testing of adaptive and context‐aware systems: approaches and challenges
Authors: Siqueira Bento R. , Ferrari Fabiano C. , Souza Kathiani E. , Camargo Valter V. , de Lemos Rogério 
Published: May 2021

SummaryAdaptive systems (ASs) and context‐aware systems (CASs) are able to evaluate their own behaviour and toadaptit when the system fails to accomplish its goals or when better functionality or performance is possible. Ensuring the reliability of ASs and CASs is demanding because failures might have undesirable consequences. Testing ASs and CASs effectively is not trivial because of the inherent characteristics of these systems. The literature lacks a comprehensive review that provides a broad picture of the area; current reviews are outdated and incomplete. The objectives of this study are characterizing the state of the art in AS and CAS testing and discussing approaches, challenges, observed trends, and research limitations and directions. We performed a systematic literature review (SLR) and a thematic analysis of studies, reporting up‐to‐date, refined and extended results when compared with existing reviews. Based on 102 selected studies, we (i) characterized testing approaches by grouping techniques for ASs and CASs; (ii) updated and refined a characterization of testing challenges for ASs and CASs; and (iii) analysed and discussed research trends and implications for AS and CAS testing. There are recurring research concerns regarding AS and CAS testing. Examples are the generation of test cases and built‐in tests. Moreover, we also identified recurring testing challenges such as context monitoring and runtime decisions. Moreover, there are some trends such as model‐based testing and hybrid techniques and some little investigated issues like uncertainty and prediction of changes. All in all, our results may provide guidance for developers and researchers with respect to the practice and the future research on AS and CAS testing.
Recent advances in TiO2‐based catalysts for N2 reduction reaction
Authors: Chen Jiayin , Zhang Wei , Li Haoze , Li Wei , Zhao Dongyuan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNitrogen (N2) fixation under mild conditions is a promising approach for green production of ammonia (NH3). In the past decades, various advanced catalysts have been fabricated to achieve this goal through electrocatalytic and photocatalytic processes. Among them, the TiO2‐based catalysts have been recognized as promising candidates due to their high activity, low cost, chemical stability, and nontoxicity. In this review, recent advances in the fabrication of high‐performance TiO2‐based materials for N2 reduction reaction (NRR) under mild conditions are summarized, including electrocatalytic and photocatalytic NRR. The design principles, synthetic strategies, and corresponding chemical/physical properties of TiO2‐based NRR catalysts are described in detail. Moreover, the key challenges and potential opportunities in this field are presented and discussed.
United European Gastroenterology (UEG) and European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility (ESNM) consensus on gastroparesis
Authors: Schol Jolien , Wauters Lucas , Dickman Ram , Drug Vasile , Mulak Agata , Serra Jordi , Enck Paul , Tack Jan ,   the ESNM Gastroparesis Consensus Group
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundGastroparesis is a condition characterized by epigastric symptoms and delayed gastric emptying (GE) rate in the absence of any mechanical obstruction. The condition is challenging in clinical practice by the lack of guidance concerning diagnosis and management of gastroparesis.MethodsA Delphi consensus was undertaken by 40 experts from 19 European countries who conducted a literature summary and voting process on 89 statements. Quality of evidence was evaluated using grading of recommendations assessment, development, and evaluation criteria. Consensus (defined as ≥80% agreement) was reached for 25 statements.ResultsThe European consensus defined gastroparesis as the presence of symptoms associated with delayed GE in the absence of mechanical obstruction. Nausea and vomiting were identified as cardinal symptoms, with often coexisting postprandial distress syndrome symptoms of dyspepsia. The true epidemiology of gastroparesis is not known in detail, but diabetes, gastric surgery, certain neurological and connective tissue diseases, and the use of certain drugs recognized as risk factors. While the panel agreed that severely impaired gastric motor function is present in these patients, there was no consensus on underlying pathophysiology. The panel agreed that an upper endoscopy and a GE test are required for diagnosis. Only dietary therapy, dopamine‐2 antagonists and 5‐HT4 receptor agonists were considered appropriate therapies, in addition to nutritional support in case of severe weight loss. No consensus was reached on the use of proton pump inhibitors, other classes of antiemetics or prokinetics, neuromodulators, complimentary, psychological, or more invasive therapies. Finally, there was consensus that gastroparesis adversely impacts on quality of life and healthcare costs and that the long‐term prognosis of gastroparesis depends on the cause.Conclusions and InferencesA multinational group of European experts summarized the current state of consensus on definition, symptom characteristics, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of gastroparesis.
United European Gastroenterology (UEG) and European Society for Neurogastroenterology and Motility (ESNM) consensus on functional dyspepsia
Authors: Wauters Lucas , Dickman Ram , Drug Vasile , Mulak Agata , Serra Jordi , Enck Paul , Tack Jan ,   ESNM FD Consensus Group, Accarino Anna , Barbara Giovanni , Bor Serhat , Coffin Benoit , Corsetti Maura , De Schepper Heiko , Dumitrascu Dan , Farmer Adam , Gourcerol Guillaume , Hauser Goran , Hausken Trygve , Karamanolis George , Keszthelyi Daniel , Malagelada Carolin , Milosavljevic Tomislav , Muris Jean , O’Morain Colm , Papathanasopoulos Athanassos , Pohl Daniel , Rumyantseva Diana , Sarnelli Giovanni , Savarino Edoardo , Schol Jolien , Sheptulin Arkady , Smet Annemieke , Stengel Andreas , Storonova Olga , Storr Martin , Törnblom Hans , Vanuytsel Tim , Velosa Monica , Waluga Marek , Zarate Natalia , Zerbib Frank 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundFunctional dyspepsia (FD) is one of the most common conditions in clinical practice. In spite of its prevalence, FD is associated with major uncertainties in terms of its definition, underlying pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis.MethodsA Delphi consensus was initiated with 41 experts from 22 European countries who conducted a literature summary and voting process on 87 statements. Quality of evidence was evaluated using the grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE) criteria. Consensus (defined as >80% agreement) was reached for 36 statements.ResultsThe panel agreed with the definition in terms of its cardinal symptoms (early satiation, postprandial fullness, epigastric pain, and epigastric burning), its subdivision into epigastric pain syndrome and postprandial distress syndrome, and the presence of accessory symptoms (upper abdominal bloating, nausea, belching), and overlapping conditions. Also, well accepted are the female predominance of FD, its impact on quality of life and health costs, and acute gastrointestinal infections, and anxiety as risk factors. In terms of pathophysiological mechanisms, the consensus supports a role for impaired gastric accommodation, delayed gastric emptying, hypersensitivity to gastric distention, Helicobacter pylori infection, and altered central processing of signals from the gastroduodenal region. There is consensus that endoscopy is mandatory for establishing a firm diagnosis of FD, but that in primary care, patients without alarm symptoms or risk factors can be managed without endoscopy. There is consensus that H. pylori status should be determined in every patient with dyspeptic symptoms and H. pylori positive patients should receive eradication therapy. Also, proton pump inhibitor therapy is considered an effective therapy for FD, but no other treatment approach reached a consensus. The long‐term prognosis and life expectancy are favorable.Conclusions and InferencesA multinational group of European experts summarized the current state of consensus on the definition, diagnosis and management of FD.
Augmentation enterocystoplasty in a polytrauma dog with extensive bladder necrosis
Authors: Gonçalves Ronald , Wade Jennifer , Fransson Boel , Ngwenyama Thandeka 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAn 11‐year‐old male castrated Terrier was referred for multiple pelvic fractures following vehicular trauma. Pertinent clinical findings included a painful abdomen, non‐ambulatory paraparesis, absent anal tone and perineal reflex and urinary incontinence. Relevant findings on abdominal CT were pelvic fractures, prepubic tendon avulsion and retroflexed urinary bladder. A urinary catheter was placed to decompress the bladder, and a positive contrast cystourethrogram showed no evidence of leakage. Intraoperatively, it was found that approximately 90% of the bladder was necrotic; both ureters, prostatic urethra and the sphincter appeared viable. An enterocystoplasty was performed using a vascularized jejunal segment, made into an enteric pouch, and sutured to the remainder of the viable bladder. Ureteral partial obstruction, oliguria and UTI were short‐term complications; the patient also had persistent urinary incontinence. Enterocystoplasty is a surgical procedure that can be considered in patients with extensive bladder necrosis after carefully considering the possible short and long‐term complications.
Merging patterns and processes of diffuse pollution in urban watersheds: A connectivity assessment
Authors: Paton Eva , Haacke Nasrin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUrban diffuse pollution affects water resources as much as its rural counterpart does; however, it is considerably less studied. The full complexity of the urban landscape needs to be addressed to apprehend the diversity of surface layouts and covers, multiple pollution sources, and the diverse changes caused by different types of drainage systems. In this article, crucial patterns of pollution source areas are categorized, and current knowledge on their temporal and spatial variations are collated. Urban alterations of transport processes that enhance, delay, or inhibit diffuse pollution transport from source areas through the urban watershed are detailed. Current knowledge regarding diffuse pollution patterns and processes is conceptually merged by the simultaneous assessment of urban structural and functional connectivity relevant for pollutant transfer. Applying a more holistic approach is considered a prerequisite for identifying critical source areas of diffuse pollution within complex urban catchments, to minimize the transfer of particular harmful pollutants and to enhance future management of urban waters.This article is categorized under:
Science of Water > Water Quality
Engineering Water > Planning Water
Combine and conquer: event reconstruction with Bayesian Ensemble Neural Networks
Authors: Araz Jack Y. , Spannowsky Michael 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Ensemble learning is a technique where multiple component learners are combined through a protocol. We propose an Ensemble Neural Network (ENN) that uses the combined latent-feature space of multiple neural network classifiers to improve the representation of the network hypothesis. We apply this approach to construct an ENN from Convolutional and Recurrent Neural Networks to discriminate top-quark jets from QCD jets. Such ENN provides the flexibility to improve the classification beyond simple prediction combining methods by linking different sources of error correlations, hence improving the representation between data and hypothesis. In combination with Bayesian techniques, we show that it can reduce epistemic uncertainties and the entropy of the hypothesis by simultaneously exploiting various kinematic correlations of the system, which also makes the network less susceptible to a limitation in training sample size.
Balanced partial entanglement and the entanglement wedge cross section
Authors: Wen Qiang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this article we define a new information theoretical quantity for any bipartite mixed state ρAB. We call it the balanced partial entanglement (BPE). The BPE is the partial entanglement entropy, which is an integral of the entanglement contour in a subregion, that satisfies certain balance requirements. The BPE depends on the purification hence is not intrinsic. However, the BPE could be a useful way to classify the purifications. We discuss the entropy relations satisfied by BPE and find they are quite similar to those satisfied by the entanglement of purification. We show that in holographic CFT2 the BPE equals to the area of the entanglement wedge cross section (EWCS) divided by 4G. More interestingly, when we consider the canonical purification the BPE is just half of the reflected entropy, which also directly relate to the EWCS. The BPE can be considered as an generalization of the reflected entropy for a generic purification of the mixed state ρAB. We interpret the correspondence between the BPE and EWCS using the holographic picture of the entanglement contour.
Analytic Functions in Local Shift-Invariant Spaces and Analytic Limits of Level Dependent Subdivision
Authors: Charina Maria , Protasov Vladimir Yu. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper we characterize all subspaces of analytic functions in finitely generated shift-invariant spaces with compactly supported generators and provide explicit descriptions of their elements. We illustrate the differences between our characterizations and Strang-Fix or zero conditions on several examples. Consequently, we depict the analytic functions generated by scalar or vector subdivision with masks of bounded and unbounded support. In particular, we prove that exponential polynomials are indeed the only analytic limits of level dependent scalar subdivision schemes with finitely supported masks.
Default and determinacy under quantitative easing
Authors: Romanidis Nikolaos , Tsomocos Dimitrios P. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe show that the path of inflation under quantitative easing policies that target interest rates, is determinate in the presence of default. We achieve this through different payoff profiles that a collateralised defaultable bond achieves in different states of nature with distinct default outcomes. In the model, heterogeneous households trade this bond and other shorter maturity risk-free bonds to maximize their intertemporal utility of consumption and labour. The differentiated payoffs of the collateralised bond, in an equilibrium with active default, span the full state space giving determinacy of prices and inflation as an outcome. This, implies that quantitative easing as implemented by the ECB in the recent years, can control the stochastic path of inflation.
A biomechanical comparison of steel screws versus PLLA and magnesium screws for the Latarjet procedure
Authors: Bockmann Benjamin , Jaeger E. , Dankl L. , Nebelung W. , Frey S. , Schmölz W. , Schulte T. L. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Introduction
The fixation of the coracoid process onto the glenoid is an important step of the Latarjet procedure, and implant-associated complications are a relevant and severe problem. This study compares the fixation strength and failure mode of two biodegradable materials with stainless-steel screws.

Methods
24 Fresh-frozen cadaveric scapulae were divided into three groups of equal size and received a coracoid transfer. Cadavers were matched according to their bone mineral density (BMD). In group 1, small-fragment screws made of stainless steel were used. In the second group, magnesium screws were used, and in the third group, screws consisted of polylactic acid (PLLA). A continuously increasing sinusoidal cyclic compression force was applied until failure occurred, which was defined as graft displacement relative to its initial position of more than 5 mm.

Results
At 5-mm displacement, the axial force values showed a mean of 374 ± 92 N (range 219–479 N) in group 1 (steel). The force values in group 2 (magnesium) had a mean of 299 ± 57 N (range 190–357 N). In group 3 (PLLA), failure occurred at 231 ± 83 N (range 109–355 N). The difference between group 1 (steel) and group 2 (magnesium) was not statistically significant (P = 0.212), while the difference between group 1 (steel) and group 3 (PLLA) was significant (P = 0.005).

Conclusion
Stainless-Steel screws showed the highest stability. However, all three screw types showed axial force values of more than 200 N. Stainless steel screws and PLLA screws showed screw cut-out as the most common failure mode, while magnesium screws showed screw breakage in the majority of cases.

Evidence
Controlled laboratory study.