bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determining the Effect of a Novel Disease‐Inducing Rodent Diet on Outcomes of a Murine Model of Polymicrobial Sepsis
Authors: Joshua Jessica , Pogarcic Damir , Convissar Jacob , Johnson Alex Walker , Gigliotti Joseph Christopher 
Published: June 2021

Sepsis affects more than a million Americans each year and is responsible for more deaths in the United States than prostate cancer, breast cancer, and AIDS combined. Obesity has been positively associated with the severity of sepsis amongst patients in the ICU, suggesting diet significantly influences the pathophysiology of disease. Animal studies support the interaction of diet with sepsis pathogenesis and severity; however the diets used have a drastically different nutrient profile as compared to the reported nutritional intake of Americans. Therefore, the goal of the current application was to determine how a novel rodent diet that adequately models the complex nutrient composition of Americans (Americanized diet ‐ AD) influences the severity of sepsis in mice. All animal experiments were performed following animal protocols approved by the Liberty University IACUC and conform to the FASEB Statement of Principles for the use of animals in research and education. Weanling male C57Bl/6 mice were fed either chow (n=5) or the AD (n=5) ad libitum for 8 weeks with body weights and 24‐hour dietary intake collected weekly. After 8‐weeks, mice underwent cecal‐ligation and puncture to induce polymicrobial peritonitis. 24 hours later blood was collected, animals were euthanized, and kidney and spleen tissues were collected. Circulating interleukin‐6 (IL6) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations were determined using commercially available assays. Kidney and splenic IL6, TNFα, and C3 gene expression were measured using RT‐PCR and expression normalized to GAPDH using the delta‐Ct method. All data were analyzed using general linear model analyses in SPSS. Mice consuming the AD tended (P=0.05) to have significantly greater body weights starting after 4 weeks of feeding as compared to mice consuming chow. Following CLP, systemic IL6 values were significantly greater (P=0.04) in mice fed the AD (80±22 μg/mL plasma) as compared to chow fed mice (18±10). There was also a numerical increase in BUN in the AD fed mice following CLP (120±22 mg/dL) as compared to mice fed chow (70±35); however this did not reach statistical significance (P=0.16). No difference was observed in TNFα or C3 mRNA expression in the kidney or spleen; however, there was a 4‐fold increase in splenic (but not renal) IL6 mRNA expression in mice fed the AD as compared to mice fed chow (n=3). Taken together, these data highlight the significance of diet to the immunopathology of polymicrobial sepsis in mice and suggest that diet has a direct impact on IL‐6 production in the spleen.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported by Liberty University, College of Osteopathic Medicine intramural grant #2016‐07.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Transcriptome Response of Lipid Droplet and Mitochondrial Dynamics in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) During Lipid Absorption
Authors: Francis Elizabeth Anne , Johnson Jeffery , Walters James William 
Published: June 2021

Gastro‐intestinal diseases such as Crohn's disease and colon cancer have increasingly been shown to involve disruption of fusion and fission pathways linking cell growth and metabolism. Increased cell stress, Reactive Oxidative Species (ROS), and dysregulated lipid homeostasis may result from the disruption of mitochondrial dynamics. The objective of this research is to identify transcription level changes in mitochondrial fusion and fission genes within enterocytes in response to the increased metabolic load during dietary lipid absorption. Preliminary data from our lab show ultrastructural changes within enterocytes as lipid is absorbed from the lumen of the intestine. In these experiments, mitochondria increase in size presumably through fission events. Additionally, we observed an increase in apposition events between mitochondria and lipid droplets following an egg yolk diet. To investigate these phenomena, we compared dissected intestines of six days post‐fertilization zebrafish (Danio rerio) larvae after a high‐fat meal of 1 mM oleic acid and 1 mM oleic acid with cholesterol. After three hours of feeding with either diet, dissected intestines were processed for extraction of total RNA. Isolated RNA was then amplified with Qiagen RT2 Profiler Array ™ specific for zebrafish mitochondrial genes. Our results show 3.3 and 1.28 fold upregulation of the mitochondrial fusion genes Opa1 and Mfn2, respectively, in the presence of oleic acid and a 1.42 fold upregulation in FIS1 in the presence of cholesterol. These data support the hypothesis that mitochondrial fusion genes play a role in the processing of dietary fat within enterocytes.Support or Funding InformationResearch reported in this presentation was supported by the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number P20GM103434 to the West Virginia IDeA Network of Biomedical Research Excellence (WV‐INBRE).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Using a Physiological Model to Understand Water and Electrolyte Disturbances Following Transsphenoidal Pituitary Surgery
Authors: Blair Evan T. , Clemmer John S. , Harkey H. Louis , Hester Robert L. , Pruett W. Andrew 
Published: June 2021

Disturbances in water and electrolyte homeostasis are common following transsphenoidal surgery. These disturbances are variable and unpredictable, increasing patient risk and complicating postsurgical treatment decisions. Clinically, it is generally accepted that damage to the pituitary stalk is the source of these disturbances, but the mechanisms behind the response variability and underlying pathophysiology remains unknown. The objective was to test the hypothesis that stepwise damage to the posterior pituitary produces a spectrum of water and electrolyte disturbance which can account for the full variety of disease presentation. We used HumMod, a large mathematical model of human physiology, to simulate pituitary stalk damage at differing fractions: 20, 40, 60, and 80%. The damaged neurons were modeled to undergo a 5‐day countdown to degeneration and release their stored ADH as they die, as is described in the literature. Pituitary damage changed the balance of water and electrolytes to various degrees. Lower damage (20%) resulted in transient polyuria, while intermediate damage (40%) was associated with a delayed polyuria and diabetes insipidus. Higher levels of damage (60 and 80%) resembled triphasic diabetes insipidus. We postulate that the results from this model can serve as a mechanistic basis for many varieties of postsurgical water and electrolyte disturbances, where increasing cellular damage to the pituitary potentiates the likelihood of a full triphasic response. However, our simulation suggests that water and electrolyte disturbances following pituitary surgery cannot be grouped into a spectrum of disease that depends only on the level of pituitary damage. Other mechanisms which are still unclear and not a part of this model are likely at play.Support or Funding InformationThis work is supported by the Hearin Foundation through the Medical Student Research Program as well as T32 HL105324.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Treatment of Infectious Endometritis with a Novel Protein, VPI‐O22, in Cows
Authors: Talukder Jamil , Srivastava Ajay , Ray Abhijit , Lall Rajiv 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundEndometritis, usually caused by an infection in 7–20% of dairy cows within 10 days of postpartum, deteriorates health, decreases milk production, and causes a huge economic loss to farms. In addition, treatment of infectious endometritis with antibiotics raises concern about the development of bacterial resistance. Therefore, an alternative remedy of antibiotics is desirable.AimsA natural, novel protein, VPI‐O22 could inhibit bacterial infection and restore uterine tone and health.MethodsCows with clinical endometritis (n=4) were identified based on the clinical signs, rectal temperature, score of mucus characteristics, total polymorph numbers, pH of uterine discharge, uterine swab analysis, and bacterial culture, along with healthy cows (control, n=4). Two hundred ml of VPI‐O22 (5%) were infused intrauterine with a special pipette attached to a pump in the treatment group. Seven days later, all the above parameters were reexamined. Total number of polymorph in uterine discharge was counted using a hemocytometer, stained with Giemsa and Gram stain. Bacterial culture was performed on blood agar, nutrient broth, and nutrient agar media and were identified using Gram stain. Zone of inhibition studies were performed with different concentrations of VPI‐O22 and 0.1% of chlorhexamide as a positive control.ResultsRectal temperature was higher in cows with endometritis and was found to be normal after one week of VPI‐O22 treatment. Mean pH of uterine discharge from metritis cows was 8.8 (control 6.8) and changed to 7.0 after one week of VPI‐O22 treatment. Mucus score was 6 times higher, and total number of polymorph was more than 70 times higher in cows with metritis and significantly (p<0.01) reduced (2 and 4 times higher, respectively, compared with control) after VPI‐O22 treatment. Bacterial culture of uterine swab demonstrated the presence of different types of bacteria including gram positive, gram negative, α‐ and β‐hemolytic, rods, and cocci. Zone of inhibition studies with different concentrations of VPI‐O22 demonstrated that 5% would be more than enough to kill all types of bacteria found in these studies.ConclusionVPI‐O22 is a potent antimicrobial protein and has the ability to kill different types of bacteria in in‐vitro and clinical applications.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Whole‐Body Carbon Monoxide Production In Normal Adult Human Volunteers
Authors: Goktepe Nazli , Johnson Fruzsina Klara , Johnson Robert Alan 
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUNDHumans and other mammals break down heme to generate carbon monoxide (CO) in a reaction that is catalyzed by heme oxygenase (HO). It is well documented that CO can bind to nitric oxide synthase to inhibit nitric oxide formation. Numerous studies have also shown that increased HO expression and subsequent CO formation inhibit nitric oxide production resulting in endothelial dysfunction. These findings have been demonstrated in numerous pathological animal models and in intubated trauma patients. Past clinical studies, measuring whole body CO formation have required patients to be placed in sealed chambers or intubated. Such restrictions have made it difficult to readily assess CO formation in patients. In an attempt to overcome these limitations, we have developed a technique to measure whole‐body CO excretion without the complexity of sequestration or intubation.APPLICATIONThe earliest studies noting CO generation in humans reported that carboxyhemoglobin levels are elevated in females, specifically during estrus. It has also been reported that that estrogen will induce the expression of HO. Accordingly we hypothesized that females will generate higher rates of whole‐body CO generation in comparison to males; furthermore rates of CO generation will be additionally exaggerated during estrus.METHODSMale and female volunteers were fitted with masks to measure minute volume ventilation using a non‐recirculating circuit. Samples of exhaled breath were collected and assayed for CO content via solid‐phase gas chromatography. For each subject, the whole‐body CO excretion was calculated as the product of the CO concentration and minute volume ventilation; excretion was normalized to body weight.RESULTSOur measurements of whole‐body CO excretion using our newly developed technique were in accordance with those previously reported in intubated male trauma patients. However, in this series we learned that CO excretion in females is not higher than in males (p > 0.05). Furthermore, rates of CO excretion during estrus are not elevated when compared to the rest of the menstrual cycle.CONCLUSIONSWhole body CO formation is not elevated during estrus so reports of elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels may be the result of changes in hemoglobin activities, but not the result of enhanced CO formation per se.Support or Funding InformationWilliam Carey University College of Osteopathic MedicineThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
LOW‐LEVEL LASER THERAPY DECREASED THE NUMBER OF OVARIAN FOLLICULAR CYSTS IN POLYCYSTIC OVARIES‐INDUCED RATS
Authors: Alves Eduardo Donato , de Oliveira Bonfá Ana Lúcia , Pigatto Glauce Regina , Achcar Jorge Alberto , Parizotto Nivaldo Antonio , Montrezor Luís Henrique 
Published: June 2021

Female rats induced to polycystic ovary (PCO) present ovarian alterations in both folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis. There are a reductions in the numbers of follicles and corpora lutea, in addition to the appearance of follicular cysts. Hyperandrogenemia is a consequence of steroidogenic alterations that induce irregular estral cycles and folliculogenesis. Low‐level laser therapy (LLLT) and light‐emitting diode (LEDs) therapy have been investigated and used in clinical practice concernig the biomodulation of cellular functions both in vivo and in vitro. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of LLLT on the number of ovarian follicular cysts in PCO rats. Forty‐five female adult Wistar rats weighing 250–300 g were divided into control (n = 15), PCO (n = 15) and PCO/laser (n = 15) groups. PCO in the rats was induced by single injection of estradiol valerate (EV) (2 mg/kg/bw, i.m.). After PCO induction, the rats were divided into groups evaluated 30, 45, and 60 days after the injections. The animals were manually contained and irradiated with a laser (wavelength 808 nm, power 60 mW) using a dose of 3 Joules(J)/point for 18 seconds on the dorsal region, performing a transillumination on each ovary 3 times a week, totaling 6 J of energy per irradiated animal/per day of application. After sacrifice, the ovaries were collected for preparation and subsequent analysis of histological slides. The results were reported as means ± SEM. Statistically significant differences among the means for the treatment groups were identified using p<0.05. This study was approved by the local Animal Care and Use Committee (CEUA–UNIARA, protocol n° 019/16). The findings showed that the highest number of follicular cysts (6.33 ± 1.52) occurred in the PCO group 60 days after EV injection, while the lowest number of follicular cysts was observed in the control group (0.33 ± 0.57). The PCO animals submitted to LLLT for 60 days presented fewer (3 ± 1) follicular cysts than the PCO animals, but more follicular cysts than the control animals. The highest number of follicles was observed in the control group after 30 days (8 ± 1), while the lowest number was observed in the PCO group after 60 days (1.66 ± 0.57). The number of follicles found for the 60‐days PCO/laser group (6.66 ± 0.57) was higher than for the PCO group and equal to the control group. It could be concluded that the use of LLLT decreased the number of follicular cysts and increased the number of ovarian follicles in the PCO/laser group, compared to the PCO group, apparently restoring the ovarian folliculogenesis activity.Support or Funding InformationGrant #2016/02811‐4. São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Early gestational exposure to ozone increases caloric consumption in male and female peri‐adolescent offspring when challenged with a high fat diet
Authors: Miller Colette N. , Stewart Erica , McDaniel Katherine L. , Phillips Pamela M. , Schladweiler Mette C. , Richards Judy H. , Valdez Matthew , Gordon Christopher J. , Kodavanti Urmila P. , Dye Janice A. 
Published: June 2021

Offspring that are growth restricted at birth have increased risk of infant mortality and cardiometabolic disease as they mature. We have previously demonstrated that acute exposure to the air pollutant, ozone, in early pregnancy results in reduced fetal growth. Utilizing this same model, we sought to explore the risk of obesity in early adulthood in offspring that were prenatally exposed to ozone during implantation. Pregnant, Long‐Evans rats were exposed to filtered air or 0.8 ppm ozone, 4 hours/day on gestational day 5 and 6. Peri‐adolescent (~post‐natal day, PND, 45) male and female offspring from the aforementioned dams were fed either a 10% low‐fat diet (LFD) or 45% high‐fat diet (HFD) for 72 hours. Food intake, body weight gain, and changes in body composition were monitored during this time period. Basal metabolic rate was determined for the final 24 hours of the diet challenge. At birth, offspring from ozone‐exposed pregnancies were approximately 4–7% smaller than control litters. By PND 4, males from ozone pregnancies caught up in weight to that of control males, and by PND 34 had become heavier than controls (~4%). Female offspring from ozone pregnancies remained smaller than control females until ~PND 22. A significant effect of prenatal ozone exposure was found in both grams and calories consumed over 72 hours in male and female offspring. When both sexes were challenged with a HFD, rats from ozone‐exposed pregnancies consumed more calories than LFD‐fed rats (~30% kcal increase). Although increased caloric consumption did not increase body weight gain in either sex of the ozone‐exposed offspring, males of the ozone‐exposed, HFD‐group had increased fat deposition over the 72‐hour period compared to both LFD‐fed groups (~290% increase). Measurement of basal metabolic rate indicated that all rats increased fat metabolism, without an effect of prenatal ozone exposure, when fed a 72‐hour HFD. However, a significant effect of prenatal ozone to reduce metabolic rate during the light cycle was observed in female offspring. Taken together, these data suggest that ozone exposure early in gestation disrupted energy balance in adolescence. Because both food intake and metabolic rate are regulated within the hypothalamus, we postulate that the prenatal growth restriction observed in our model was associated with disrupted hypothalamic development. Moreover, the increase in caloric intake observed in ozone‐exposed offspring may serve to increase the risk of obesity, particularly in males. This abstract does not reflect U.S. EPA policy.Support or Funding InformationThis research was funded by the U.S. EPA.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Effect of Cervical Sympathetic Chain Stimulation on Upper Airway Pressure is Dependent on Direct Post‐Ganglionic Innervation from the Superior Cervical Ganglion
Authors: Hassan Sarah F. , Zenebe Woineshet J. , Lewis Stephen J. , Hsieh Yee‐Hsee Hsee 
Published: June 2021

BACKGROUNDWe have previously demonstrated that cervical sympathetic chain (CSC) stimulation improves airway patency in Zucker Fat rats (model of concentric airway collapse). Anatomical studies reveal the presence of two major post‐ganglionic projections to the head and neck arising from the superior cervical ganglion (External Carotid Nerve (ECN) and Internal Carotid Nerve (ICN)), however, their functional contribution to improve upper airway patency is unclear.AIMWe sought to investigate the contribution of the CSC‐SCG‐ECN and CSC‐SCG‐ICN pathways on lowering upper airway pressure (UAP) and cardiorespiratory systems.METHODSUrethane‐anaesthetized healthy male Sprague‐Dawley (SD) rats and pathological Zucker Fat (ZF) rats were used to measure UAP, ECG, blood pressure and diaphragmatic EMG while the intact CSC was stimulated (bilaterally and unilaterally). CSC stimulation mediated effects on UAP and cardiorespiratory parameters were then assessed following systematic transection of ECN and ICN branches.RESULTSWe present two novel findings. Firstly, in all cases of CSC stimulation (SD control UAP (mmHg): −27% bilateral, −20% right, −6% left; ZF control UAP (mmHg): −34% bilateral, −19% right, −22% left), ECN denervation had no significant effect on UAP reductions or hemodynamics in both healthy and disease rats. Secondly, bilateral denervation of the ICN abolished CSC mediated UAP reductions, while leaving hemodynamic effects intact. UAP mediated effects via unilateral CSC stimulation were of ipsilateral origin, as contralateral ICN denervation prior to ipsilateral denervation had no effect. Little to no impact of laterality of CSC stimulation and ICN transection was seen in hemodynamics or diaphragmatic EMG.CONCLUSIONFor the first time, we have demonstrated that CSC stimulation reductions on upper airway pressure are dependent on ipsilateral post‐ganglionic innervation via the ICN. However, the lack of effect on hemodynamics remains to be defined.Support or Funding InformationNIH1OT2OD023860‐01, Galvani BioelectronicsThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.