bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Multi-Axial Fatigue Tests
Authors: Almamoori M K , Alizadeh Y , Abolghasemzadeh M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Nowadays, estimating the fatigue life of almost any industrial component under multi-axial loads is still a very complicated issue. In this paper, models of multi-axial fatigue for various loading conditions depend on damage parameters conditions shown with a comprehensive review of the multi-axial fatigue machines designed to provide proportional and non-proportional combined loading conditions in the laboratory and corresponding models developed to predict specimens fatigue life. A brief of experimental multi-axial fatigue results reported by previous studies is also presented. Especially, the focus here is on combined bending-torsion and axial-torsion conditions. Such a study allows for a better understanding of the effect of the loading path on material fatigue behaviour during their real operations. Also, predicting fatigue life accurately under non-proportional complex loads will give clear data about when this component is a failure during a real process.
A wavelet-NARX Model for SDINS/GPS Integration System
Authors: Ali Teena Abbas , Hasan Ahmed Mudheher 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Recently, the Strapdown Inertial Navigation System (SDINS) has been successfully integrated with Global Positioning System (GPS) to obtain reliable navigation solutions. SDINS is based on Micro-Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) sensors such as accelerometer and gyroscope sensors. To improve the overall performance of the integrated navigation system, the Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) readings is treated through effectively band-limiting the high frequency noise using the Discrete Wavelet Multi-resolution Algorithm (DWMRA) as a first step, while the second step is to enhance the navigation position and velocity through utilizing the Nonlinear Autoregressive model with eXogenous inputs (NARX) to fuse GPS and INS systems. The performance of the proposed integrated navigation system is validated through comparison with other systems. Finally, the obtained results suggest a promising and superior prospect for NARX in the field of navigation for low-cost IMU’s during GPS denied signals, since it outperforms the Conventional Neural Network (CNN) and Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) by 84% and 92%, respectively.
Solution of Inverse and Forward Kinematics Problems for Mobile Robot with Six Mecanum Wheels
Authors: Alwan Hassan M , Volkov A N , Shbani A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The wheeled mobile robot has been considered a planner mechanism with linear and angular movement over a horizontal plane. In particular, the wheeled mobile robot’s movement is assumed to result from pure rolling of wheels without slipping. The kinematics model is one of the most fundamental steps in studying any mobile robot. This research presents the kinematic equations of movement of a mobile robot with mecanum wheels. The resulting mathematical model of a wheeled mobile robot was produced using the MATLAB R2014a program. The kinematic modeling technique was investigated by simulating a robot’s walk on a square path.
Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Changing the Thickness of Airfoils used in Wind Turbines on the Lift to Drag Ratio
Authors: Abdulkareem Omar A , Khudheyer Ahmed F , Abbas Ali S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the effect of changing the thickness of the airfoils on the lift and drag coefficients and lift to drag ratio for three types of airfoils is presented. The study was done by making a 2D simulation by using the commercial software ANSYS FLUENT 2019R1. The airfoils that were selected for the simulation were the NREL S830, SG6043, and SD7062. In order to study the effect of changing the thickness of airfoils on the aerodynamic characteristics, the thickness of NREL S830, SG6043, and SD7062 airfoils was increased and decreased by 20%. The method used to increase and decrease the thickness was done by modifying the coordinates of the upper and lower curves of the baseline airfoils in the y-direction. The simulation was done using the Spalart Allmaras turbulence model for low wind speed (5m/s) and a wide range of attack angles (from 0 to 15 degrees). The aerodynamic characteristics, which are the lift and drag coefficients, lift to drag ratio, and the optimum angle of attack, are presented in this study. It was concluded that reducing the thickness to 20% leads to a remarkable increase in the lift to drag ratio while increasing the thickness leads to a decrease in the lift to drag ratio. It was also concluded that reducing thickness will not always lead to maximizing the lift coefficient but will always reduce the drag coefficient. It was also found that for wind turbines operating in low wind speed regions, the SG6043 airfoil profile is the most suitable as it showed a good aerodynamic performance at low wind speed.
Enhancing Tilt-Integral-Derivative Controller to Motion Control of Holonomic Wheeled Mobile Robot by Using New Hybrid Approach
Authors: Hasan Sameh Fareed , Alwan Hassan Mohammed 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Trajectory tracking of wheeled mobile robot is the most interesting and important subject in robotic systems field. In this paper, a four mecanum wheeled mobile robot (FMWMR) has been considered. This type was considered because it is the most famous holonomic type of wheeled mobile robot (WMR). The main purpose of this work is to design a new hybrid controller for the trajectory tracking of FMWMR based on the kinematic model. The proposed controller consists of Tilt-Integral-Derivative (TID) controller tuned parameters with neural network as well as social spider optimization i.e., (TID-NN-SSO) which is applied on the kinematic model of the FMWMR. The forward and inverse kinematic equations were derived. The TID controller was used for computing the controlled signals which are the angular velocities of each wheel while the neural network (NN) and social spider optimization (SSO) were to compute the parameters of TID controller. MATLAB/Simulink programing was implemented to simulate the results. A comparative study between TID-NN-SSO and TID controller tuned parameters by using particles swarm optimization (TID-PSO) was conducted. The results of the mean square errors (MSE) in (x and y) coordinates as well as the orientation error obtained from TID–NN-SSO are (2.105*10−4 m, 1.025*10−4 m, 0.0815 rad) and they are less than the MSE that was obtained from TID-PSO which are (0.00567 m, 0.0356 m, 1.22 rad/s). This indicates that TID–NN-SSO is more efficient than TID-PSO.
A Data-Driven Approach Based Bearing Faults Detection and Diagnosis: A Review
Authors: Jawad Saja Mohammed , Jaber Alaa Abdulhady 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMonitoring the condition of rotating machines is essential for system safety, reducing costs, and increasing reliability. This paper tries to present a comprehensive review of the previously conducted research concerning bearing faults detection and diagnosis based on what is known as model-free or data-driven approaches. Mainly, two data-driven approaches are discussed, which are statistical-based approaches and artificial intelligence-based approaches. The employed condition monitoring techniques in diagnosing faults in different machinery are also deliberated. These include vibration, motor current signature, and acoustic emission signals analysis as they are widely utilized in condition monitoring based data-driven approaches. The advantages, limitations, and practical implications of each approach and technique are presented. However, it has been concluded that very few studies have adopted the statistical-based approach for bearings health monitoring. Thus, it is advised that more investigations have to be conducted in this regard, and hence it will be our next aim.
Proposed Base-Station Location Optimization with Genetic Algorithm Scheme for Lte Network Radio Planning
Authors: Jaafar Shahad Nafea , Hamza Kadum Ekhlas , Al-Salihi Viean Abdulmuhsin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Long-term evolution (LTE) is used widely in inefficient network technologies which serve billions of users. These technologies have the following features like higher bandwidth, high spectrum efficiency and less latency. This paper proposes minimizing the cost of a cellular network, which usually includes the optimum selection and base-station locations that meet certain capacity and coverage constraints. In the LTE wireless network framework, coverage and capacity planning are interrelated in terms of interference. Moreover, the ever-increasing capacity demand for non-uniformly distributed users makes base station location optimization an important action. This paper adopts one type of improvement, which is a genetic algorithm-based methodology that optimally performs the task of base-stations location by minimizing the cost of the network while fulfilling the coverage and capacity criteria planning by using ATDI ICS TELECOM. Reducing 19.95% of the overlap of the area will result in good coverage of the proposed GA thus, improving efficiency of the network.
Development and Manufacturing of Flexible Lightweight Walker for Fractured Foot
Authors: Khazaal Ali S , Aziz Sadiq J , Shandookh Ahmed A 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study includes two main parts. The first part encompasses the manufacturing process; we made two types of AFO’s modified static AFO and adjustable hinge AFO. The materials used in manufacturing are polypropylene and steel. Fabrication is done using a vacuum molding technique. An ankle orthosis test for a patient who suffers from ankle fracture caused by a sports injury. The second part of the research involves testing with dynamic gait analysis on the treadmill and F-Socket. Besides, the analysis of the AFO’s models is illustrated to determine the fatigue safety factor and the analysis of the Von-Mises stress. Also, the results of the gait cycle (GRF, Pressure distribution, Center of Pressure (COP), Candace, Stride length, and footprint analysis) used to show the significant difference between the pathological subjects and normal person who are wearing ankle-foot orthoses (AFO’s) compare with a normal subject (healthy person). Measuring the interference (pressure and force) between the legs with AFO’s area of contact for all subjects then using this data for analysis of the mathematical models by used ANSYS V.15 software. Where it shows that the highest stress concentration in the ankle joint region, where the stress reached 418.9 MPa, the safety factor is 2.4 in adjustable hinge AFO, and for modified static AFO (192.8 MPa), the safety factor (0.447). On the other side, a questionnaire was conducted for a certain number of patients to find the difference between the manufactured models, to know the acceptance by the patient for AFO’s.
Investigation of Mechanical Properties for Unsaturated Polyester-Based Fibre Glass Composites Filled by Recycled Milled Composites
Authors: Abd-Ali Nabel Kadum , Madeh Ahmed Raee 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The present study discusses the mechanical properties of a composite material consisting of polyester resin reinforced by random mat glass fiber and milled of (scraped material) waste of glass-reinforced pipe (GRP). The current work uses the finite element method based on ANSYS program as a tool for evaluating the performance of the design proposal for the car roof. The milled wasted glass fiber composite has showed a good and acceptable young modulus, maximum stress, and yield strength compared with the random mat composite. The agreement of the suggested material comes from the experimental and theoretical results for some of the laboratory tests. The divergence between results of random mat glass fiber and milled waste glass fiber do not exceed the percentages errors that are obtained during experimental work, which are 3.98% and 5.26% for tensile strength and strain until failure in the tensile test, 4.5% and 3.6% for flexural strength and strain in bending test and 12.32% and 1.27% for strain energy and deformation in the impact test, respectively. The result of the numerical solution was compatible with the experimental results. The result extracted from this study proved that the milled of waste of glass fiber composite is an acceptable reinforcement material with economic and environmental benefits.
The Effect of Laser Energy on the Rate of Corrosion for Ni46-Ti50-Cu4 Shape Memory Alloy
Authors: Abbas Abeer R , Hubeatir Kadhim A , Resan Kadhim K 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe microstructure, mechanical and corrosion properties of Nickel-Titanium-Copper shape memory alloy were inspected in this research. The Ni46-Ti50-Cu4alloy was prepared based on the powder metallurgy method, then mixed and cold-pressed at (600, 700, and 800) MPa, respectively, to form cylindrical samples of 11mm diameter × 16.5mm length. After pressing, the samples got sufficient green strength for handling. The specimens were consequently sintered at (850,900 and 950) °C for five hours in an electric vacuum tube furnace. The optimum compacting pressure and sintering temperature were identified using the Minitab program. The effect of optimum parameters on the shape memory was 83.5 % at a temperature of sintering of 850°C and a pressure of compacting 800 MPa. Samples prepared under the optimum process conditions were then irradiated utilizing a pulsed ND: YAG laser at 300mJ, 400mJ, 500mJ, and 600mJ. Multiple tests were conducted on the alloys, including shape memory effect, porosity measurements, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and corrosion rate test. The results indicated that decrease the corrosion rate after laser processing. The lowest value of the rate of corrosion was obtained when the energy of laser irradiation was 500, which corresponds to the structural and physical properties.
Improving Mechanical and Morphological Characteristics Pva/Sio2Nanocomposites for Food Packing Applications
Authors: Sabr Ohood Hmaizah , Hussein Asra Ali , Obaid Massar Najim 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis study deals with using nano-SiO2to enhance the characteristics of PVA for food packing applications. Thin-film of Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/nano-silica (nano-SiO2) was prepared by adding different weights of silica (0, 5, 7, 9) wt. %. Differential scanning calorimetry, atomic force microscopy (AFM), FTIR, and mechanical properties such as tensile strength, modulus, elongation at break, and micro-hardness used to examine the characteristics of PVA/nano-SiO2films. The results revealed a dramatic improvement in the PVA/nano-SiO2mechanical properties, increasing nano-SiO2content to 7 wt %, the value of tensile strength increasing from 62 MPa to 143 MPa. While increasing SiO2content to 9 wt.%, the tensile strength decreased to 65 MPa. The study also showed that the value of elongation at break and modulus of elasticity of film increment with increases in the nano-SiO2content. There was also an increase in the crystallinity from 0.97 (for pure PVA) to 1.154 at 7wt. % nano-SiO2. Crystallinity, however, decreased to 0.012 with the increase of SiO2to 9 wt. %. FTIR results revealed that there was physical interaction between nano-SiO2and PVA. AFM result showed less roughness at 7wt. % from nano-SiO2. Generally, the results showed that the concentration of 7% of the nano –SiO2in thin films resulted in a significant improvement in the mechanical properties of the films. These findings suggest that nano-SiO2can be useful as food packaging material to maintain food quality.
Developing of PMMA Bone Cement Performance by Modified TiO2NPs
Authors: Al-Janabi S K , Al-Maamori M H , Braihi A J 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPolymethylmethacrylate is considered the most prevalent bone cement base material. Most fractures that occur during function are due to its weakness and lack of mechanical strength. The apparent limitations of PMMA are insufficient ductility, strength, and viscoelastic behavior. The current study aims to strengthen and improve PMMA bone cement properties by adding modified TiO2nanoparticles (m-TiO2NPs). Therefore, the silane coupling agent modified the neat TiO2NPs and then added different ratios (0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt %) to the PMMA bone cement. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) technique used to investigate the modification process and specify the bonding type between m-TiO2NPs and the PMMA bone cement matrix. The SEM technique is used to study the morphologies of the prepared samples. Properties such as tensile strength, compression strength, modulus of elasticity, and impact strength, were measured. Results proved the successes of TiO2NPs modification by silane coupling agent and the absence of any chemical bonding between this modified filler and other PMMA bone cement ingredients. The mechanical properties increased by m-TiO2NPs addition up to 1 wt% ratio then decreased. The morphology results supported the mechanical properties trends.
Numerical and Experimental Study of Elastic Recovery in Deep Drawing of Low Carbon and Galvanized Steel Sheet Conical Products
Authors: Jabbar Mohammed S , Jweeg Muhsin J , mohammed Adnan I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Deep Drawing is an important sheet metal forming process. It has numerous applications in different industrial fields. Due to improvements in technological techniques, modern industries focused on products dimensional accuracy especially for the products that have inclined walls since it may suffer from the effect of elastic recovery or what is known as springback. Springback is considered a major defect besides thinning, earing, and other deep drawing defects. It may cause serious deviation from demand dimensions particularly for the products inclined by certain angle such as conical shells or products. This study investigates the effect of wall inclination angle, punch velocity, type and thickness of the sheet material on elastic recovery behaviour. Two types of sheet metal, low carbon (AISI 1008) and galvanized steel sheets, of 110 mm diameters circular blanks at 0.9 and 1.2 mm thickness are formed by tooling set (punch, die, and blank holder). Conical dies were used to execute the experimental work and numerical having inclination angles at 70°, 72°, and 74° where, the punch velocity was 100, 150, and 200 mm/min. Numerical simulation was conducted using ABAQUS 6.14 where dynamic explicit solver was used to preform formation of conical products and static or standard solver to predict the behaviour of springback effect. A comparison between the experimental and numerical simulation was conducted. The results show that elastic recovery decreased with increasing of die wall angle, punch velocity, and sheet or blank thickness while increased with increasing of metal yielding stress. The springback factor rose by 0.003 to 0.007 with die angle increasing by 0.002 to 0.006 with punch velocity and thickness increasing, while it decreased by 0.001 to 0.003 with increasing of yielding point. The numerical simulation results show same tendency and high agreement with experimental results with a maximum discrepancy of 4%.
Optimization of Friction Stir Welded Aluminium Plates by the New Modified Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Hussien Rasha M , Al-Shammari Mohsin Abdullah 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Friction stir welding (FSW) is a complex process that needs and trial to reach the optimal properties. In This work deals theoretical consideration done by two ways; first way is conventional Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and the second method is new modified Particle Swarm Optimization. The Friction stir welding data were taken from recent studies. The input to the program are nine experiments for different cases and the output is the ultimate stress for each experiment. The artificial neural network is used to relate the relation between input and output to form a cost function. The results show that the modified PSO gives the more accurate optimum result than conventional PSO when compared with other researches with maximum discrepancy 23.5%.
The Effects of Chemical Oxidation on Corrosion Behavior of Ni-Ti Alloy
Authors: Dawood Nawal Mohammed , Ali Enass L 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Nickel Titanium intermetallic (NiTi) has been used in several fields (mostly corrosion issues were not a concern) since it was discovered about sixteen years ago. In the last decade, alloys made from NiTi have been widely used in the internal and external biomedical tools and equipment such as nails, fixation plates, bone fracture, self-expanding cardiovascular and urological stents, and orthodontic wires. The effects of chemical oxidation on corrosion behavior of Nickel-Titanium shape memory alloy have been investigated in this study. Technique of powder metallurgy was used to prepare the alloy from the elemental powders of Titanium and Nickel with 600 MPa of compacting pressure. The sintering process was achieved in a 10−4 torr vacuum atmosphere at 950 °C . XRD analysis exhibited that Ni and Ti were fully transformed into NiTi (both monoclinic and cubic phase) and Ni3Ti phase. After sintering, the samples are grinded and polished, then samples were surface modified by chemical oxidation. Optical microscopy, scanning and x-ray diffraction techniques were utilized for characterizing the surface samples. The corrosion rate has been studied in vitro by using polarization curves technique in NaF solution at different concentration (0.5, 1,1.5, 2) wt,%. Results of corrosion test indicated that the corrosion current density after chemical oxidation decreased from 0.303 for bare sample to 0.074 in 0.5% NaF solution, which indicates that TiO2 layer on the NiTi SMA surface are protective after chemical oxidation.
An Investigation of Tensile and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Polymer Modified by Activated Carbon Particle
Authors: Hunain Mustafa Baqir , Alnomani Salah N , Razzaq Qabas 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this work, the effects of adding activated carbon (AC) powder with epoxy resin were investigated experimentally. The particulate epoxy composites are manufactured in vacuum technique with different weight fraction ratios of AC (0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40) % wt. The particle size was measured during this work by laser particle size analyzer with an average size of about (14.74μm). The interaction between epoxy material and AC powder was examined by using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy analysis. Moreover, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the pure epoxy and composite material were measured by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). The tensile strength behavior and interaction strength between the matrix material and powder were investigated by conducting tensile test and SEM analysis. The results of FTIR test reveal that there is no a new peak after reinforcing epoxy with AC powder, which proves there is a strong interaction between epoxy resin and AC powder. The DSC results show that the increases by adding AC to epoxy will increase Tg temperature. The findings of FTIR analysis were supported by SEM analysis, which shows a good interaction and strong interfacial between matrix and particles. The tensile strength values increased with increasing AC content up to 15 % wt. with a max value of 26.34 MPa (19.16%), then it decreased to 18.15 MPa at 40 % wt.