bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synchrony erodes spatial portfolios of an anadromous fish and alters availability for resource users
Authors: Sullaway Genoa H. , Shelton Andrew O. , Samhouri Jameal F. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Environmental forces can create spatially synchronous dynamics among nearby populations. However, increased climate variability, driven by anthropogenic climate change, will likely enhance synchrony among spatially disparate populations. Population synchrony may lead to greater fluctuations in abundance, but the consequences of population synchrony across multiple scales of biological organization, including impacts to putative competitors, dependent predators or human communities, are rarely considered in this context.

Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha stocks distribute across the Northeast Pacific, creating spatially variable portfolios that support large ocean fisheries and marine mammal predators, such as killer whales Orcinus orca. We rely on a multi‐population model that simulates Chinook salmon ocean distribution and abundance to understand spatial portfolios, or variability in abundance within and among ocean distribution regions, of Chinook salmon stocks across 17 ocean regions from Southeast Alaska to California.

We found the expected positive correlation between the number of stocks in an ocean region and spatial portfolio strength; however, increased demographic synchrony eroded Chinook salmon spatial portfolios in the ocean. Moreover, we observed decreased resource availability within ocean fishery management jurisdictions but not within killer whale summer habitat. We found a strong portfolio effect across both Southern Resident and Northern Resident killer whale habitats that was relatively unaffected by increased demographic synchrony, likely a result of the large spatial area included in these habitats. However, within the areas of smaller fishing management jurisdictions we found a weakening of Chinook salmon portfolios and increased but inconsistent likelihood of low abundance years as demographic synchrony increased.

We suggest that management and conservation actions that reduce spatial synchrony can enhance short‐term ecosystem resilience by promoting the stabilizing effect multiple stocks have on aggregate Chinook salmon populations and overall resource availability.
Fitness cost and compensation mechanism of sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1, sul2, and sul3) in Escherichia coli
Authors: Zhou Yuqiao , Fang Jiehong , Davood Zaeim , Han Jianzhong , Qu Daofeng 
Published: September 2021

SummaryThe fitness cost of antibiotic resistance is a crucial factor to determine the evolutionary and transmission success of resistant bacteria. Exploring the fitness cost and compensation mechanism of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in bacteria may effectively reduce the transmission of drug‐resistant genes in the environment. Engineered bacteria with the same genetic background that carry sulfonamide resistance gene were generated to explore the fitness cost of sulfonamide resistance gene in Escherichia coli. There were significant differences in the protein expression of the two‐component system pathway (fliZ, fliA, fliC and lrhA), folate biosynthesis pathway (sul1, sul2 and sul3), ABC transporter system (ugpC, rbsA and gsiA), and outer membrane pore protein OmpD through the comparative analysis of differential proteins compared to sensitive bacteria. Thus, we could speculate the possible fitness compensation mechanism. Finally, quantitative Real‐time PCR (qRT‐PCR) was used to verify the functions of some differential proteins at the transcriptional level. The fitness cost and compensatory evolution of antibiotic resistance are an essential part of bacterial evolution.
Social vulnerability and the impact of policy responses to COVID‐19 on disabled people
Authors: Mladenov Teodor , Brennan Ciara Siobhan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a conceptual framework for understanding the impact of the policy responses to COVID‐19 on disabled people. These responses have overwhelmingly focused on individual vulnerability, which has been used as a justification for removing or restricting rights. This suggests the need to shift the attention towards the social determinants of disabled people's vulnerability. We do this by bringing literature on social vulnerability in disaster risk management or ‘disaster studies’ in contact with key concepts in disability studies such as the social model of disability, independent living, intersectionality, and biopower. Empirically, we draw on the findings of the global COVID‐19 Disability Rights Monitor (www.covid‐drm.org), as well as on reports from academic journals, civil society publications, and internet blogs. We put the proposed conceptual framework to work by developing a critical analysis of COVID‐19 policies in three interrelated areas—institutional treatment and confinement of disabled people, intersectional harms, and access to health care. Our conclusion links this analysis with strategies to address disabled people's social vulnerability in post‐pandemic reconstruction efforts. We make a case for policies that address the social, economic, and environmental conditions that disproportionately expose disabled people to natural disasters and hazards.
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors stimulate cerebral arteriogenesis
Authors: Hillmeister Philipp , Nagorka Stephanie , Gatzke Nora , Dülsner Andre , Li Kangbo , Dai Mengjun , Bondke Persson Anja , Lauxmann Martin A. , Jaurigue Jonnel , Ritter Oliver , Bramlage Peter , Buschmann Eva , Buschmann Ivo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimArteriogenesis constitutes the most efficient endogenous rescue mechanism in cases of cerebral ischaemia. The aim of this work was to investigate whether angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) stimulates, and angiotensin II receptor type 1 blockers (ARB) inhibits cerebral collateral growth by applying a three‐vessel occlusion (3‐VO) model in rat.MethodsCerebral collateral growth was measured post 3‐VO (1) by assessing blood flow using the cerebrovascular reserve capacity (CVRC) technique, and (2) by assessing vessel diameters in the posterior cerebral artery (PCA) via the evaluation of latex angiographies. A stimulatory effect on arteriogenesis was investigated for ACEi administration ± bradykinin receptor 1 (B1R) and 2 (B2R) blockers, and an inhibitory effect was analysed for ARB administration. Results were validated by immunohistochemical analysis and mechanistic data were collected by human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) viability or scratch assay and monocyte (THP‐1) migration assay.ResultsAn inhibitory effect of ARB on arteriogenesis could not be demonstrated. However, collateral growth measurements demonstrated a significantly increased CVRC and PCA diameters in the ACEi group. ACEi stimulates cell viability and migration, which could be partially reduced by additional administration of bradykinin receptor 1 inhibitor (B1Ri).ACEi inhibits the degradation of pro‐arteriogenic bradykinin derivatives, but combined ACEi + B1Ri + B1Ri (BRB) treatment did not reverse the stimulatory effect. Yet, co‐administration of ACEi + BRB enhances arteriogenesis and cell migration.ConclusionWe demonstrate a potent stimulatory effect of ACEi on cerebral arteriogenesis in rats, presumable via B1R. However, results imply a pleiotropic and compensatory effect of ACEi on bradykinin receptor‐stimulated arteriogenesis.
A stage of limbo: A meta‐synthesis of refugees' liminality
Authors: Hartonen Ville R. , Väisänen Pertti , Karlsson Liisa , Pöllänen Sinikka 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe asylum regime encloses tens of millions of applicants for international protection in camps and different types of reception centres, to wait even decades for their cases to be resolved. Simultaneously both within and outside the nation state, asylum seekers and refugees occupy a social space outside the natural order of things, a stage of limbo. By incorporating the classical anthropological concepts oflimboandliminalityto the methodological possibilities of meta‐ethnography, we conducted to our knowledge the first meta‐synthesis of 17 scientific peer‐reviewed articles with the aims of defining what constitutes the concept of a stage of limbo and investigating refugees' and asylum seekers' agency as they cope when navigating in it. By dissecting detailed descriptions of forced migrants' experiences of liminality, our synthesis identified four key concepts involved in negotiations of agency in a stage of limbo:process of eligibility,spatial–temporal inconsistency,ontological insecurityandactions.
Modelling presence versus abundance for invasive species risk assessment
Authors: Jarnevich Catherine S. , Sofaer Helen R. , Engelstad Peder 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimInvasive species prevention and management can be guided by comparisons of invasion risk across space and among species. Species distribution models are widely used to assess invasion risk and typically estimate suitability for species presence. However, suitability for presence may not capture patterns of abundance and impact. We asked how models estimating suitability for presence versus suitability for abundance aligned in their implications for risk assessment.LocationWestern United States.MethodsWe developed ensembles of species distribution models for presence and for abundance for four invasive plants. We visualized the distribution of presence and abundance in environmental and geographic space and compared model outputs using criteria relevant for decision‐making: a comparison of risk across management units for each species, and a ranking of risk among species for each management unit.ResultsWe found good overall agreement between models of presence versus abundance in the relative risk across management units and among species. However, the area predicted to be suitable for invasive species presence was often substantially higher than the area predicted to be suitable for abundance, especially within uninvaded management units.Main conclusionsModels of suitability for invasive species presence and abundance yielded similar assessments of relative risk in comparisons across space and species. In addition, we found patterns of presence and abundance in environmental space can guide modelling decisions and model interpretation. Suitability for abundance can improve relative risk assessment when abundance locations occupy a well‐defined subset of the environmental space corresponding to presence. Where abundance locations occur throughout this environmental space, as was particularly striking for Taeniatherum caput‐medusae, suitability for presence may better reflect risk of ongoing population increases and spread. This species is at risk of becoming abundant across a substantial portion of the western United States.
Left ventricular global longitudinal strain in COVID‐19 recovered patients
Authors: Mahajan Sudhanshu , Kunal Shekhar , Shah Bhushan , Garg Shobhit , Palleda Girish M. , Bansal Ankit , Batra Vishal , Yusuf Jamal , Mukhopadhyay Saibal , Kumar Suresh , Tyagi Sanjay , Gupta Anubha , Gupta Mohit D. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectivesMyocardial injury during active coronavirus disease‐2019 (COVID‐19) infection is well described; however, its persistence during recovery is unclear. We assessed left ventricle (LV) global longitudinal strain (GLS) using speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) in COVID‐19 recovered patients and its correlation with various parameters.MethodsA total of 134 subjects within 30–45 days post recovery from COVID‐19 infection and normal LV ejection fraction were enrolled. Routine blood investigations, inflammatory markers (on admission) and comprehensive echocardiography including STE were done for all.ResultsOf the 134 subjects, 121 (90.3%) were symptomatic during COVID‐19 illness and were categorized as mild: 61 (45.5%), moderate: 50 (37.3%) and severe: 10 (7.5%) COVID‐19 illness. Asymptomatic COVID‐19 infection was reported in 13 (9.7%) patients. Subclinical LV and right ventricle (RV) dysfunction were seen in 40 (29.9%) and 14 (10.5%) patients, respectively. Impaired LVGLS was reported in 1 (7.7%), 8 (13.1%), 22 (44%) and 9 (90%) subjects with asymptomatic, mild, moderate and severe disease, respectively. LVGLS was significantly lower in patients recovered from severe illness(mild: ‐21 ± 3.4%; moderate: ‐18.1 ± 6.9%; severe: ‐15.5 ± 3.1%; p < 0.0001). Subjects with reduced LVGLS had significantly higher interleukin‐6 (p < 0.0001), C‐reactive protein (p = 0.001), lactate dehydrogenase (p = 0.009), serum ferritin (p = 0.03), and troponin (p = 0.01) levels during index admission.ConclusionsSubclinical LV dysfunction was seen in nearly a third of recovered COVID‐19 patients while 10.5% had RV dysfunction. Our study suggests a need for closer follow‐up among COVID‐19 recovered subjects to elucidate long‐term cardiovascular outcomes.
Ultrasonographic measurements of femoral vessel diameter in neonates weighing less than 2.5 kg
Authors: Liu Wei‐Li , Lin Ming‐Chih , Chan Sheng‐Ching , Chen Shu‐Nung , Lin Ting‐Yu , Jan Sheng‐Ling 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundCannulation in low birth weight (LBW) neonates using larger sheaths could increase the risk of vascular injury. This study investigated the relationship between body weight (BW) and diameter of femoral vessels in LBW neonates and whether BW can be used to predict femoral vessel diameter.MethodsThe cohort included 100 neonates weighing < 2.5 kg (.57–2.42 kg) with a gestational age of 24–39 weeks. Vascular ultrasonography was used to measure diameters of the bilateral femoral arteries (FA) and veins (FV). The cohort was divided into four groups according to weight: group‐A, 2–2.49 kg (n = 28); group‐B, 1.5–1.99 kg (n = 38); group‐C, 1–1.49 kg (n = 21); and group‐D, < 1 kg (n = 13); or according to BSA: group‐A, BSA > .16 m2 (n = 25); group‐B, .13–.16 m2 (n = 40); group‐C, .1–.13 m2 (n = 22); and group‐D, < .1 m2 (n = 13).ResultsThe median vessel diameters (mm) in groups A–D according to weight were FA, 1.96, 1.86, 1.78, and 1.53, and FV, 2.30, 2.28, 2.13, and 1.87, respectively. The median vessel diameters (mm) in groups A‐D according to BSA were FA, 1.96, 1.86, 1.76, and 1.53, and FV, 2.30, 2.28, 2.05, and 1.87, respectively. There were positive correlations between BW and femoral vessel diameter (correlation coefficient: .56 and .55 between BW and FA and FV, respectively) (p < 0.001), and between BSA and femoral vessel diameter (correlation coefficient: .56 and .55 between BSA and FA and FV, respectively) (p < 0.001).ConclusionsBW is a predictor of femoral vessel diameter in LBW newborns. This finding may help to avoid using larger sheath in smaller vessels.
Quantifying neural efficiency and neural capacity across the brain during a working memory task using a quadratic model of neural–cognitive relationships
Authors: Steffener Jason , al Aïn Syrina , Frasnelli Johannes 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTask‐based functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) neuroimaging for the study of cognitive neuroscience provides insight into how the brain responds to increasing cognitive demands. Theoretical models of neural–cognitive relationships define neural efficiency and neural capacity as two parameters to describe the rate of gain of brain activity and the upper limits of the increases, respectively. Although qualitatively well described, there are limited discussions and demonstrations of estimating these parameters from data. The current work presents a method using a quadratic equation model of cognitive demands. The methods were applied to 21 healthy young adults while engaging in four levels of the verbal n‐back working memory task (0, 1, 2 and 3‐back). Measures of the area under the curve captured both linear and curvilinear responses to quantify the locations and amounts of task‐related increases in brain activity. In addition, we calculated voxel‐wise maps of neural efficiency and neural capacity. Results showed increases in brain activation in regions typically involved in working memory. The relationships between increasing cognitive demands and brain activity also differed across the brain within and between individuals, as indicated by differential neural efficiency and neural capacity values. This approach provides tools for evaluating current theories about the relationships between brain activity and cognition. Neural efficiency and neural capacity provide physiological measures of brain activity, which will help evaluate how age, disease and intervention processes affect brain activity. Finally, all presented methods are readily applicable using standard current software packages for neuroimaging.
MapReduce paradigm: DNA sequence clustering based on repeats as features
Authors: Dasari Chandra Mohan , Bhukya Raju 
Published: September 2021

AbstractClustering is one of the major operations to analyse genome sequence data. Sophisticated sequencing technologies generate huge DNA sequence data; consequently, the complexity of analysing sequences is also increased. So, there is an enormous need for faster sequence analysis algorithms. Most of the existing tools focused on alignment‐based approaches, which are slow‐paced for sequence comparison. Alignment‐free approaches are more successful for fast clustering. The state‐of‐the‐art methods have been applied to cluster small genome sequences of various species; however, they are sensitive to large size sequences. To subdue this limitation, we propose a novel alignment‐free method called DNA sequence clustering with map‐reduce (DCMR). Initially, MapReduce paradigm is used to speed up the process of extracting eight different types of repeats. Then, the frequency of each type of repeat in a sequence is considered as a feature for clustering. Finally, K‐means (DCMR‐Kmeans) and K‐median (DCMR‐Kmedian) algorithms are used to cluster large DNA sequences by using extracted features. The two variants of proposed method are evaluated to cluster large genome sequences of 21 different species and the results show that sequences are very well clustered. Our method is tested for different benchmark data sets like viral genome, influenza A virus, mtDNA, and COXI data sets. Proposed method is compared with MeshClust, UCLUST, STARS, and ClustalW. DCMR‐Kmeans outperforms MeshClust, UCLUST, and DCMR‐Kmedian with respect to purity and NMI on virus data sets. The computational time of DCMR‐Kmeans is less than STARS, DCMR‐Kmedian, and much less than UCLUST on COXI data set.
Civil servants' preferences for nonprofit contractors: A conjoint analysis
Authors: Zhang Youlang , Shao Zijie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAlthough governments frequently contract nonprofit organizations (NPOs) to provide public services, little is known about why civil servants are more willing to direct funding to some NPOs than to others. Based on previous research on government funding for NPOs, this study proposes a theoretical framework that combines NPOs' internal and external management strategies to explain civil servants' preferences for funding specific NPOs. On the basis of an original conjoint experiment of 1206 civil servants from China between 2020 and 2021, the analysis found that civil servants generally value the characteristics of rationalization, professionalization, collaboration, cooptation, and a prior history of receiving funding from the government in NPOs. A series of robustness checks were used to validate the theorized relationships. These findings have important implications for both future research and efforts to promote government–NPO contracting.
Individual effects of l‐arginine or l‐lysine on stability of pork or chicken emulsion sausages with partial replacement of porcine backfat by soybean oil
Authors: Wang Yan , Hu Yue , Li Yakai , Li Rui , Pan Dongmei , Fang Hongmei , Ye Yongkang , Xu Baocai , Zhou Cunliu 
Published: September 2021

SummaryThe individual effects of l‐arginine or l‐lysine on the physical (cooking loss (CL), total expressible fluid (TEF) and expressible fat (EFAT)) and chemical (thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS), and carbonyl and total sulphhydryl (T‐SH) content) stability of pork or chicken emulsion sausage with partial replacement of porcine backfat by soybean oil were determined. l‐arginine or l‐lysine increased pH but decreased CL, TEF and EFAT. Confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that supplementation with l‐arginine or l‐lysine caused more regular and uniform oil droplets, for enhanced physical stability of pork or chicken sausage. Subjected to the same treatments, chicken sausage displayed higher physical stability than pork sausage. Overall, chicken sausages treated with l‐arginine or l‐lysine had lower TBARS and carbonyl content but higher T‐SH content than the corresponding control during storage; for pork sausages, l‐arginine or l‐lysine treatment generally resulted in higher TBARS throughout storage, lower carbonyl content during the initial 14 days and higher T‐SH content on days 7 and 14 but lower T‐SH content on days 1 and 21. Generally, l‐arginine/l‐lysine effectively increased the chemical stability of chicken sausage but decreased the chemical stability of pork sausage.
Dynamic changes in wax and cutin compounds and the relationship with water loss in 'Red Fuji' and 'Golden Delicious' apples during shelf life
Authors: Chen Di , Sun Zongyan , Wu Kunsheng , Zhang Qiaoli , Song Yanping , Wang Tingyu , Fu Daqi , Cao Jiankang , Luo Yunbo , Qu Guiqin 
Published: September 2021

SummaryKnowledge of the dynamic composition changes of combined cuticular wax and cutin in apples during their shelf life is scarce. Therefore, this issue was addressed using GC‐MS analyses of the respective epidermal components in 'Red Fuji' and 'Golden Delicious' apples at 5 days intervals during the shelf life of 25 days. Water loss from the apples was also assessed. The proportion of total n‐alkanes decreased in cuticular wax, whereas total acids increased gradually, and cutin monomer content significantly changed during the first 5 days. The predominant wax compound, nonacosane (C29), decreased by 40.13% and 26.22% in 'Red Fuji' and 'Golden Delicious' apples, respectively. The cutin monomers 10,16‐dihydroxy hexadecanoic acid (10,16‐diOH C16:0) and 9,10,18‐trihydroxyoctadecanoic acid (9,10,18‐triOH C18:0) were detected only at the beginning of shelf life in apples of both cultivars. Regression analysis indicated that the rate of water loss significantly correlated with eight components. Our results expand the understanding of the dynamics of both wax and cutin compounds in postharvest apples and help to target specific compounds to maintain the quality of apples throughout their shelf life.