bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Anatomy of the Nervous System in the Lumbricus Terrestris
Authors: Rorie James 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Up to a very recent date, anatomists have generally regarded the nervous system of the Insecta, Mollusca, and Annulosa, as consisting of a structure essentially different in its microscopical characters from that of man and the higher mammalia generally. The nerve centres of these animals, for instance, have usually been considered as composed of unipolar cells, from which minute fibres arise and pass directly to the muscles and organs supplied. That such an arrangement is the correct one has, however, now been called in question, not only on anatomical but also on physiological grounds; for if we admit that these nerve-cells are unipolar, then we must also admit that each cell is a separate nerve centre having no connection or relation with its neighbouring cells. This view, while opposed to all analogy, will be shown by the following notes to be equally opposed to correct observation. It is not, however, to be wondered at, that such a view should have been so generally received. On examining the nervous system, particularly of the Insecta, the appearance of unipolar cells is often presented, and it is only by very careful management of the light that a correct knowledge of the arrangement of the nerve-cells and nerve-fibres can be arrived at. In the present paper I propose to consider the anatomy of the nervous system of the common earth worm, (lumbricus terrestris,) because it presents to our view a nervous system of a very simple form, and especially because on account of its small size and transparency the different ganglia can be examined entire without our being obliged to have recourse to sections.
On the General Anatomy, Histology, and Physiology of Limax Maximus (Moquin-Tandon)
Authors: Lawson Henry 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
It has often occurred to my mind that the objects by which we are almost invariably surrounded are not unfrequently those with whose characters and history we are least acquainted. How many are there who, though on terms of intimacy with the utmost minutiæ of some arabesque, or specimen of mediæval ornamentation, can accurately depict from memory alone the pattern of a well-known carpet or the design of a drawing-room’s tapestry ? If so commonplace a comparison be not inadequate to the subject, I beg to offer it as one of the circumstances which instigated the researches, upon which the results stated in the following page’s have been based.
A Remarkable Crustacean Parasite, and its Bearing on the Phylogeny of the Ento-mostraca
Authors: Fowler G. Herbert 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a decalcified specimen of Bathyactis symmetrica, dredged on the expedition of H.M.S. “Challenger” from a depth of 2300 fathoms (Lat. 35°41’ N., Long. 157°42’ E., Station 241), I was fortunate enough to meet with the remarkable parasite for which I propose the name of Petrarca bathyactidis, gen. et sp. n. Its morphological interest, and the improbability that further material will be obtained for some time, are justification sufficient for the presentation of an account which is unavoidably incomplete, owing to the minuteness of the animal and to the fact that only three specimens have been at my disposal.
Karyokinesis and its Relation to the Process of Fertilization
Authors: Waldeyer W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The phenomenon which is indicated by the name “Karyokinesis “depends essentially on the appearance of distinctly visible and readily stained thread-like structures in the cell-nucleus, which change their form during its division. These structures were observed and figured before they were recognised as general and important occurrences. For example, Henle in his ‘Splanchnologie ‘(1865, p. 355) gave the first drawings of karyokinetic figures for cells of the testis. Again, Heller and A. Kowalevsky (1869), and later on W. Krause (1870)—if we here leave out of consideration botanical writers—may be added as observers of facts in karyokinesis, without, however, giving a correct explanation of them. The honour of discovering karyokinetic (indirect, metamorphic or mitotic) nuclear division as a regular phenomenon, with its three chief constituents—chromatic nuclear figure, achromatic spindle and polar stars—belongs to A. Schneider, the zoologist of Breslau, at that time in Giessen. In his memoir, “Untersuchungen über Platyelminthen,” in the ‘Jahrb. der oberhessische Gesellschaft für Naturund Heilkunde ‘(1873), he describes facts about the division of egg- and sperm-cells, as well as of tissue-cells, in a certain Flatworm (Mesostomum). Owing to its publication in an obscure journal, Schneider’s work was overlooked, and the discovery was independently made, shortly after, for a second time by Bütschli (41, 42) and H. Fol (65). Dr. Schleicher, one of van Bambeke’s pupils in Ghent, invented in 1878(179) the name “Karyokinesis”—i.e. nuclear movement, for the series of phenomena in question; whilst Mayzel (133, 134), of Warsaw, and especially Strasburger (190 —194), of Bonn, W. Flemming (57—63), of Kiel, E. van Beneden (18—24), of Liège, and recently Rabi (165), of Prague, have been the chief contributors to the advance of our knowledge of the process. Flemming must be particularly noted, as his version in the controversy of opinion has gained the most adherents. Place will be found in the course of the description for several further data in the development of our knowledge of karyokinesis. An accurate history of the literature will be found in the following monographs:—Stras-burger’s ‘Zellbildung und Zelltheilung,’ 3 Aufl., 1880; ‘Neue Untersuchungen über der Befructungs Vorgang bei den Phanerogamen als Grundlage für eine Theorie der Zeugung,’ 1884; ‘Ueber Kern_und Zell-theilung im Pflanzenreiche nebst einem Anhange über Befructung,’ Jena, 1888; Flemming’s ‘Zellsubstanz, Kernund Zell-theilung,’ Leipzig, 1882; and van Beneden’s ‘Recherches sur la maturation de l’œuf, la fécundation et la division cellulaire,’ Ghent, Leipzig, Paris, 1883. Again, reference should be made to the works of Rabi (“Ueber Zelltheilung,” ‘Morph. Jahrb.,’ x), of Mark (“Maturation, Fecundation, and Segmentation of Limax campestris,” ‘Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,’ of Harvard Coll., Camb., Mass., U.S.A., vol. vi, No. 12), and of Carnoy, in his journal ‘La Cellule,’ vols, i, ii, iii, iv.
The Anatomy of Pentastomum teretiusculum (Baird)
Authors: Spencer W. Baldwin 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During the summer of 1887-8 the Field Naturalist Club of Victoria arranged for the annual collecting expedition of its members to be made to King Island. The latter lies to the west of Bass Straits, halfway between the mainland of Victoria and Tasmania, and is a wild and, save for two lighthouse keepers, uninhabited island. Whilst collecting we came across very numerous specimens of the copper-head snake (Hoplocephalus superbus), and in one of these my attention was drawn by my friend and pupil, Mr. E. Dombrain, to the presence of a parasite in the lung, which proved on examination to be a large specimen of some species of Pentastomum. Shortly afterwards I killed another snake of the same species, and on cutting the body open found the lung to be crowded with the same parasite. The weather was extremely warm, and, as we were on the tramp, all that could be done was to put the animal into spirits, and trust to finding the parasite again for the purpose of watching it alive. This opportunity has unfortunately not occurred, though since that time I have cut open many “copper-heads” in the hope of finding the Pentastomum. Mr. D. McAlpine has been good enough to give me four specimens of the same species of Pentastomum, which he has found in the lungs of a black snake (Pseudechys por - phyriacus) in Victoria.
A few Words on the Choice of a Microscope
Authors: Plumer J. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
There are, perhaps, few instruments of the present day in which theoretical perfection has been so nearly reached in its practical results as in the modern microscope. In saying this, I am of course speaking of it in its most perfect form, in which the highest optical skill is combined with the most consummate mechanical contrivance. A large number of works have been published on the microscope,* on its history and manner of using it, on its manufacture by our chief opticians, and lastly, on the countless variety of objects which nature and art present for its investigation.† Dr. Carpenter’s great work, ‘The Microscope and its Revelations,’ is, in fact, a complete Cyclopædia of itself, in which the above subjects are most ably and fully discussed. The choice, therefore, of a microscope, about which so much has been, and we may safely add is being written, which has become so important an instrument in the hands of the medical student and physiologist, and which opens to the general observer the secrets of minute Nature with a clearness and ease till of late unexampled—the choice at the outset of the most efficient instrument that can be procured by the lover of microscopic research according to his means and requirements is a point of some consequence, and about which I propose now to say a few words. And in doing this, I am merely going to give my own experience in the matter, with such positive and direct advice as may help to guide the inexperienced purchaser in his choice. And firstly, my observations shall be addressed to those who can afford to possess themselves of the most perfect and expensive instruments. I would say, then, to such, what I shall probably have occasion to repeat more than once—Begin by procuring the best microscope stand that the best optician can give you. To explain the optical principles and somewhat complicated mechanism of the compound achromatic microscope with such books as Dr. Carpenter’s, and Mr. Quekett’s, and others before the public, would be altogether superfluous in a little paper like the present. Nor is it necessary to enter into the details of its elementary construction, now that illustrated catalogues within the reach of all are issued by some of our first opticians, with all the various parts figured and described. Besides, it may be taken for granted that a person about to invest a large sum in the purchase of a microscope has a general notion of its form and build. He may fairly be supposed to know the eyepiece from the object-glass, why they are so called, and that on the union of both depends the magnifying power. He may be supposed to know that the stand of the microscope usually consists of two supports, which carry the body into which the glasses fit, together with the stage on which the object rests, and the apparatus necessary for illuminating the object.
Balanoglossus otagoensis, n. sp
Authors: Benham W. Blaxland 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Hitherto no example of the Hemichorda has been recorded from New Zealand; and, indeed, it is only quite recently that any member of the group has been demonstrated to occur on the shores of Australasia. In 1893, Mr. T. P. Hill, of Sydney University, recorded the capture of a specimen of Ptychodera Australiensis,of which he gave a detailed account in 1895. But the genus Balanoglossus has hitherto not been discovered in the Southern Hemisphere (fide Spengel, 1893), hence the species about to be described gains in interest.
The Structure and Classification of the Arthropoda
Authors: Lankester E. Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
[BY the great kindness of the proprietors of the tenth edition of the ‘Encyclopædia Britannica’ I have received permission to reprint in this journal the articles ARTHROPODA and ARACHNIDA, which I contributed to its pages. I have been anxious that morphologists should consider the views which I have put forward in these articles (written now nearly four years ago). At the same time I have observed that they have entirely escaped the notice of two authors who have recently written general essays on the Arthropoda, viz. Dr. A. S. Packard, of Salem, Mass., and Mr. G. H. Carpenter, of Dublin. I have revised both articles only in regard to verbal inaccuracies, excepting where I have definitely stated that new matter is introduced. I hope that in their present form these articles will not fail to come under the notice of zoologists.—E. R. L.]
On the Propagation, Structure, and Classification of the Family Sphæromidæ
Authors: Hansen H. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Three years ago H. F. Moore (“Rep. Porto Rican Isopoda,” in ‘U. S. Fish Comm. Bull.’ for 1900, vol. ii, p. 172, 1901) wrote on the Sphæromidæ : “No attempt is made to furnish a key to the genera, owing to the extreme confusion that exists in this family, and it is doubtful if the following two species are properly assigned generically. The dissimilarity of the sexes has frequently misled authors into placing them in widely separated genera, and, while this has not been done in the present case, the limitations of the genera are so indefinitely established that the author has not been able to satisfy himself of the generic affinities of the species described.” It may be added that Moore, in reality, refers both his species to genera to which they do not belong. But his critical remarks quoted are correct, and convey an idea on the state of things ; other authors have complained in a rather similar way, and the extreme difficulty in arriving at some clearness has probably been felt by every carcinologist who has attempted to name or describe a number of animals belonging to the family Sphæromidæ.
The Life-Cycle of “Cystobia” irregularis (Minch.), together with Observations on other “Neogamous” Gregarines.
Authors: Woodcock H. M. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The Gregarines of Holothurians were first brought to my notice by Professor Minchin, who suggested that I might suitably devote a portion of my time as Derby Scholar in endeavouring to obtain further stages in the life-history of Cystobia (Gregarina) irregularis. This Gregarine, which is parasitic in Holothuria forskåli,1 the “cotton-spinner” of our South-Western coast, was originally described by him (25), but, in view of the recent important advance in our knowledge of the life-cycle of many Gregarines, it appeared desirable to try and ascertain more fully to what extent Cystobia agrees with, or diverges from, other members of the order.
Review of Dr. Richard Goldschmidt’s monograph of Amphioxides1
Authors: Willey A. , Cantab M.A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Among the many acquisitions of the German Expedition to the Deep Sea in the S.S. “Valdivia” (1898—1899), which was organised under the direction of Professor Carl Chun, not the least valuable was the relatively large series (27 specimens) of pelagic Acraniata belonging to the genus Amphioxides, Gill. This material was entrusted to the skilled hands of Dr. Richard Goldschmidt, who may be congratulated on his important monograph, which takes its place in a section of zoological literature associated with the honoured names of Johannes Müller, A. von Kölliker, de Quatrefages, Kowalevsky, Hatschek, Huxley, Ray Lankester, van Wijhe.
The Molluscan Radula: its Chemical Composition, and Some Points in its Development
Authors: Sollas Igerna B. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The molluscan radula, or dental ribbon, has been the subject of research for at least a century and a half. Aristotle (3), though he speaks of teeth in Limax, alludes apparently to the ridges on the jaw, and there is no evidence that he knew of the existence of the radula: but it is interesting to find that the great naturalist was well aware of the fact that whelks bore holes in shells with the proboscis, although he cannot have fully understood the process. Poli made a jest of the tale as a fable, but Osler re-affirmed it in 1832 without knowing of previous work, and is now credited with having been the first to observe this interesting habit.
Doridoeides gardineri: a Doridiform Cladohepatic Nudibranch
Authors: Eliot Sir Charles , Evans T. J. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The nudibranchiate mollusc which forms the subject of this paper presents an unusual combination of characters. It has the external appearance of a Dorid, except that it has no gills, but its digestive organs are arranged on the cladohepatic plan. It was originally described by Sir Charles Eliot as Doridomorpha gardineri in Mr. J. Stanley Gardiner’s ‘Fanna and Geography of the Maldives and Laccadives, Nudibranchiata,’ pp. 544-5. Professor Bergh, however, has pointed out (“Ueber dadound holohepatische nudibranchiate Gastropoden,” ‘Zool. Jahi.b.’ Bd. xxiii, Heft 6, p. 740) that Doridomorpha was used in 1832 by Audouin and Milne Edwards. The animal to which they gave the name cannot now be identified, but it is unfortunately incorrect according to the laws of nomenclature to apply it to a new form and Doridoeides is now proposed as a substitute of equivalent meaning.
On Archerina, Golenkinia and Botryococcus
Authors: Lankester Sir Ray 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the year 1885 I described in this Journal—vol. xxv, new ser., p. 61—and figured in a coloured plate, a minute chlorophyllogenous organism, for which I formed the genus “Archerina.” I named the species “A. boltoni.” Nine years later1 Professor Chodat, of Geneva, described the same organism under the name “Golenkinia radiata,” in Morot’s ‘Journal de Botanique,’ Tome viii, 1894, September 16th. Professor Chodat obtained his specimens from a small duck-pond in the public park at Geneva. My specimens were sent to me in a bottle-full of living material by Mr. Thomas Bolton, of Birmingham. I have now reason to believe that the “gathering “was obtained by Mr. Bolton from the duck-pond of the gardens of the Royal Botanical Society in Regent’s Park, whence I have since obtained Archerina.
Studies on Ceylon Hæmatozoa: No. 1.—The Life Cycle of Trypanosoma vittatæ
Authors: Robertson Muriel 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In August, 1907, I went to Ceylon with a view to investigating the Protozoan blood parasites of Reptiles. The following memoir gives an account of the Trypanosome infection found in the soft Tortoise Emyda vittata.
The Formation of the Layers in Amphioxus and its Bearing on the Interpretation of the Early Ontogenetic Processes in Other Vertebrates
Authors: MacBride E. W. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The readers of the Quarterly Journal of Microscopical Science have been treated in a recent number to a brilliant essay on the early ontogenetic stages of vertebrates from the well-known pen of Professor Hubrecht (18), who has dealt with the subject from the point of view of a specialist in mammalian embryology, and may be said to have envisaged the development of vertebrates through mammalian spectacles.
Loxosoma loxalina and Loxosoma saltans —Two New Species.
Authors: Assheton Richard 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The genus Loxosoma is remarkable among Polyzoa in having the lophophore placed more or less obliquely to the main axis of the stalk instead of being at right angles as in other Polyzoa, and in being solitary, for the buds, which are formed readily enough, drop off before they have reached any great size, and attach themselves to the surface of some other organism or neighbouring object by means of diverse forms of adherent arrangements in the end of the stalk or foot, which varies a good deal in shape. The species, of which rather more than a dozen have been described, are all commensals living fixed on to other organisms or upon the tubes inhabited by other organisms, which may be Polychætes, Sponges, Ascidians, Gephyreans, and probably other animals as well.
Stolon Formation in Certain Species of Trypanosyllis
Authors: Potts F.A. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In 1896 a single specimen of a Syllid Polychæt was discovered by the Columbia University Expedition to Puget Sound, in which the reproductive individuals or stolons were produced from the ventral surface of the last two segments to the number of fifty or more, arranged in a compact rosette instead of such a linear chain as occurs in Autolytus or Myrianida. This was described by H. P. Johnson (1) as Trypanosyllis gemmipara. For another unique example exhibiting a similar phenomenon, collected by Harold Heath in California, he instituted the species Trypanosyllis ingens (3). Since then two other species have been discovered which reproducein the same manner—T. misakiensis, by Izuka, in Japan (4), and T. crosslandi, by Cyril Crossland, at Zanzibar, which is here fully described for the first time.
Further Observations on the Intestinal Trypano-plasmas of Fishes, with a Note on the Division of Trypanoplasma cyprini in the Crop of a Leech
Authors: Martin C. H. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In a previous paper in this journal (‘Quart. Journ. Micr. Sci.,’ vol. 55, 1910) I have given a fairly detailed account of the morphology and method of division of the normal active form of Trypanoplasma congri.
The Development of the Heart and Vascular System of Lepidosiren paradoxa
Authors: Robertson Jane I. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the following account of the development of the heart and blood-vessels of Lepidosiren paradoxa I have endeavoured to trace their main morphological rather than their minute anatomical relations. I trust that few points of importance have been neglected, though probably many minutiæ of interest have been passed over.
Stops recommended for Oblique Illumination with the Achromatic Condenser
Authors: Richardson Wills 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The attempts to resolve the markings of certain diatoms with oblique light are frequently attended with considerable difficulty, so much so that the management of oblique illumination requires very great patience to prevent failure. One moment the field is too milky, at another the glare is most distressing, next the valves are too thick, and at last, after a great deal of trouble and strain of vision, a tolerably good view is obtained. But, on the other hand, we may not be so fortunate, and, notwithstanding all our perseverance, complete failure in procuring a satisfactory demonstration is often experienced. Of course, I assume that the object-glasses are properly adjusted, a neglect of which is of itself sufficient to interfere with the delineation.
The So-called Labial Cartilages of Raia clavata.
Authors: Allies Edward Phelps 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Gegenbaur (1872), in his classical work on “Das Kopfskelet der Selachier,” describes (1. c., p. 216), in Raia (species not given) and Raia vomer, two cartilages which he considers to be the homologues of the labial cartilages of Selachii. In Raia (species not given), which is the one first described, one of these two cartilages is shown lying-definitely nearer the anterior end of the ventral surface of the snout than the other cartilage, and, doubtless because of this, the former cartilage is called the anterior upper labial and the other the posterior upper labial. The so-called anterior labial lies, however, farther from the symphysis of the upper jaw and. farther from the upper edge of the mouth than the so-called posterior one, and if the mouth were terminal it would be the posterior instead of the anterior cartilage. Doubtless because of this, Gegenbaur says (l.c., p. 218) that it is evident that the so-called anterior upper labial of the Batoidei corresponds to the posterior upper labial of the Selachii, and the posterior upper labial of the Batoidei to the anterior upper labial of the Selachii. The posterior (oral) edge of the posterior labial is shown (l.c., Pl. 17, fig. 1) in contact, its full length, with the palatoquadrate; its anterior (aboral) edge is said to be bound to the posterior (oral) edge of the anterior labial; and the lateral (absymphysial) end of the latter cartilage is said to be in contact with the palatoquadrate. There is accordingly no space either between the adjoining edges of the two cartilages, or between their posterior (oral) edges and the palatoquadrate, and the nasal groove (Nasenrinne) must accordingly lie either wholly lateral (absymphysial) to both labials or external to them.