bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of an Effective Child Protection System in the European and International Contexts
Authors: Bruning Mariëlle R. , Doek Jaap E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn the European context, an understanding that States are responsible for an effective child protection system is well established. Further, all 47 members of the CoE have adopted the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and all European countries have ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC). Thus, States have come to understand their responsibility in terms of the child’s right to protection. The aim of this article is to explicate core elements of an effective child protection system within a child’s rights framework. This aim is accomplished by highlighting and providing analysis of the principles set forth in the CRC and further elaborated in General Comment No. 13 (2011) and by the UN Children’s Fund (UNICEF), the main components of policies and other relevant documents of the European Union (EU) and the Council of Europe (CoE), and caselaw from the European Court of Human Rights (ECrtHR) and then presenting recommendations for an effective State-run child protection system.
Construction and Characterization of a Nanostructured Biocatalyst Consisting of Immobilized Lipase on Mg-Amino-Clay
Authors: Zhang Mingzhu , Sun Shiyong , Lv Rui , Golubev Yevgeny Aleksandrovich , Wang Ke , Dong Faqin , Kotova Olga Borisovna , Kotova Elena Leonidovna 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLipase is an industrial enzyme, the catalytic efficiency of which is restricted by various environmental factors. To improve this efficiency, immobilization technology has been utilized in the past to improve the stability of lipase in harsh conditions. Immobilization technology can be divided into physical methods and chemical methods. Some unsolved problems remain in current immobilization technology. The interaction between enzyme and immobilization support is weak and reversible during physical adsorption, resulting in poor stability of the immobilized enzyme and the contamination of substrate solution by leached enzymes. In chemical methods, enzyme-active sites might be inactivated due to the chemical reactions between enzyme molecules and support, resulting in a decrease in the enzymes’ catalytic activity (Liu et al., 2018a). The objective of the current study was to construct a nanostructured lipase via Mg-amino-clay as a carrier and improve the catalytic activity and stability of lipase by immobilization. Lipase produced by Aspergillus oryzae was immobilized on aminopropyl functionalized magnesium phyllosilicate (a 2:1 trioctahedral talc-like silicate Mg-amino-clay) via a 1-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-3-ethyl-carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) coupling agent. The physical and chemical properties of the Mg-amino-clay and Mg-amino-clay-based nanostructured biocatalyst (Mg-clay-lipase) were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Optimal immobilization conditions were determined by taking into account the following variables: amount of initial lipase, EDC concentration, and reaction time. The results revealed that the optimum temperature, pH, and thermal stability of Mg-clay-lipase were greater than equivalent values for free lipase under optimal conditions (described below – Process for Immobilization of Lipase on Mg-amino-clay). The Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) values were 5.25 mM and 7.42 mM while the maximum reaction rates (vmax) were 30.58 mM/(L·min) and 55.87 mM/(L·min) for free lipase and Mg-clay-lipase, respectively. The present study provided a new nanostructured biocatalyst and demonstrated that the enzyme activity and stability of Mg-clay-lipase were superior to those of free lipase due to the mechanism of 'interface activation'.
QRS score: A simple marker to quantify the extent of myocardial scarring in patients with chronic total arterial occlusion
Authors: Guo Hongzhou , Zhou Xuan , Xu Jiaying , Ye Zhishuai , Guo Lei , Huang Rongchong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundChronic total occlusion (CTO) is a critical and unique subgroup of coronary lesions. This study aimed to investigate the correlation between the Selvester QRS score and late gadolinium enhancement cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (LGE‐CMRI) in quantifying myocardial scarring to provide a simple and feasible method for treating CTO.MethodsThe medical records of 134 patients with absolute CTO who underwent coronary angiography between May 1, 2014 and December 30, 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. All patients were grouped according to the CTO location (right coronary artery [RCA] CTO, left artery descending [LAD] CTO, left circumflex [LCX] CTO, and multivessel CTO groups). The degree of myocardial scarring was determined according to the Selvester QRS score and using the LGE‐CMRI. All patients were followed up for at least 12 months.ResultsAmong the 62 CTO patients, 55 had occlusion of a single vessel and seven had occlusion of multiple vessels, of which 27 (43.55%) were in the RCA CTO group, 16 (25.81%) in the LAD CTO group, 12 (19.35%) in the LCX CTO group, and 7 (11.29%) in the multivessel CTO group. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the QRS score that was used to determine the degree of myocardial scarring was 0.806, with a sensitivity and specificity of 94.7% and 42.1%, respectively. The Selvester QRS score and LGE‐CMRI measures of scar size were correlated in the RCA CTO, LCX CTO, and multivessel CTO groups (r = 0.466, 0.593, and 0.775, respectively).ConclusionThe Selvester QRS score was feasible for detecting myocardial scarring in patients with CTO.
Major advances in the treatment of multiple myeloma in American Society of Hematology annual meeting 2020
Authors: Du Jianhua , Zhuang Junling 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTreatment of multiple myeloma (MM) has advanced dramatically in the past two decades. However, under the conditions of the COVID‐19 pandemic, treatment strategies have been modified accordingly. Numerous novel agents, updated trials, and major advances in myeloma have been reported in the American Society of Hematology 2020 annual meeting, either for transplant‐eligible or ineligible patients. Hot topics such as the significance of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), development of novel agents, and chimeric antigen receptor‐T (CAR‐T) cells have been widely discussed. The triplet regimen bortezomib, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone (VRd) is recommended as the standard first‐line treatment, and the addition of a fourth drug improves efficacy and survival. The value of ASCT remains undoubtful, even in the era of quadruplet induction. Dual‐drug maintenance, including proteasome inhibitors and immunomodulatory drugs, overcomes unfavorable outcomes in high‐risk patients. For relapsed/refractory myeloma (RRMM) patients, novel agents such as selinexor and venetoclax are superior. CAR‐T cells and other cell‐surface‐targeted therapies also appear promising.
Quality of life among women with postpartum urinary incontinence: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Liang Yi , Chen Yiqian , Yu Xiaojie , Li Xiaodan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo provide a general description of women with postpartum urinary incontinence (PPUI), and investigate the effect of different types of PPUI with varied severity on affected women's quality of life.MethodsWe performed a cross-sectional study in China that included 130 women with reported symptoms of PPUI. At the sixth to eighth week postpartum, we analyzed sociodemographic and clinical characteristics and compared women's quality of life (measured using the I-QOL and IIQ-7) by severity of PPUI (measured using the ICI-Q-SF), types of PPUI, stages of prolapse, and age.Results81 of the (62.3%) participating women were classified as mild PPUI, 43 as (33.1%) moderate, and 6 as (4.6%) severe, with 80 of these (61.5%) were grouped into stress urinary incontinence (SUI). With the symptoms of PPUI becoming more severer the total I-QOL score decreased significantly, and the total IIQ-7 score increased. Women with MUI reported lower scores for I-QOL and behavioral impacts, and higher scores of IIQ-7 than those with SUI.ConclusionsWe found that more severe symptoms of UI and prolapse more negatively affected the quality of life of postpartum women, and women with MUI experienced a lower QOL.
Connecting the Obligation Gap: Indonesia’sNon-RefoulementResponsibility Beyond the 1951 Refugee Convention
Authors: Tobing Dio Herdiawan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article explains the extent to which Indonesia has international obligations to comply with thenon-refoulementprinciple in the absence of ratification of the 1951 Refugee Convention. While Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 concerning the Treatment of Refugees provides the general impression that Indonesia respects thenon-refoulementprinciple, there is no specific text within Indonesian law and policy that regulates the matter. This article argues that Indonesia is legally bound bynon-refoulementobligations under international human rights treaties to which it is a party, as well as under customary international law. It examines the extent of Indonesia’snon-refoulementobligations under the Convention Against Torture, the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, and customary international law. It concludes that the Presidential Regulation was a missed opportunity for Indonesia to reinforce itsnon-refoulementobligations, as illustrated by the recent treatment of Rohingya asylum seekers near Aceh.
Outpatient antibiotic prescribing for common infections via telemedicine versus face-to-face visits: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis
Authors: Suzuki Hiroyuki , Marra Alexandre R. , Hasegawa Shinya , Livorsi Daniel J. , Goto Michihiko , Perencevich Eli N. , Ohl Michael E. , DeBerg Jennifer , Schweizer Marin L. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objective:
To evaluate the frequency of antibiotic prescribing for common infections via telemedicine compared to face-to-face visits.

Design:
Systematic literature review and meta-analysis.

Methods:
We searched PubMed, CINAHL, Embase (Elsevier platform) and Cochrane CENTRAL to identify studies comparing frequency of antibiotic prescribing via telemedicine and face-to-face visits without restrictions by publish dates or language used. We conducted meta-analyses of 5 infections: sinusitis, pharyngitis, otitis media, upper respiratory infection (URI) and urinary tract infection (UTI). Random-effect models were used to obtain pooled odds ratios (ORs). Heterogeneity was evaluated with I2 estimation and the Cochran Q statistic test.

Results:
Among 3,106 studies screened, 23 studies (1 randomized control study, 22 observational studies) were included in the systematic literature review. Most of the studies (21 of 23) were conducted in the United States. Studies were substantially heterogenous, but stratified analyses revealed that providers prescribed antibiotics more frequently via telemedicine for otitis media (pooled odds ratio [OR], 1.26; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–1.52; I2 = 31%) and pharyngitis (pooled OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.01–1.33; I2 = 0%). We detected no significant difference in the frequencies of antibiotic prescribing for sinusitis (pooled OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.70–1.06; I2 = 91%), URI (pooled OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 0.59–2.39; I2 = 100%), or UTI (pooled OR, 2.57; 95% CI, 0.88–7.46; I2 = 91%).

Conclusions:
Telemedicine visits for otitis media and pharyngitis were associated with higher rates of antibiotic prescribing. The interpretation of these findings requires caution due to substantial heterogeneity among available studies. Large-scale, well-designed studies with comprehensive assessment of antibiotic prescribing for common outpatient infections comparing telemedicine and face-to-face visits are needed to validate our findings.
Cognitive Penetration and Cognitive Realism
Authors: Beni Majid D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe paper addresses the issue of theory-ladenness of observation/experimentation. Motivated by a naturalistic reading of Thomas Kuhn's insights into the same topic, I draw on cognitive neuroscience (predictive coding under Free Energy Principle) to scrutinise theory-ladenness. I equate theory-ladenness with the cognitive penetrability of perceptual inferences and argue that strong theory-ladenness prevails only under uncertain circumstances. This understanding of theory-ladenness is in line with Thomas Kuhn's view on the same subject as well as a cognitive version of modest realism rather than downright antirealism.
Zarankiewicz’s problem for semilinear hypergraphs
Authors: Basit Abdul , Chernikov Artem , Starchenko Sergei , Tao Terence , Tran Chieu-Minh 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA bipartite graph$H = \left (V_1, V_2; E \right )$with$\lvert V_1\rvert + \lvert V_2\rvert = n$issemilinearif$V_i \subseteq \mathbb {R}^{d_i}$for some$d_i$and the edge relationEconsists of the pairs of points$(x_1, x_2) \in V_1 \times V_2$satisfying a fixed Boolean combination ofslinear equalities and inequalities in$d_1 + d_2$variables for somes. We show that for a fixedk, the number of edges in a$K_{k,k}$-free semilinearHis almost linear inn, namely$\lvert E\rvert = O_{s,k,\varepsilon }\left (n^{1+\varepsilon }\right )$for any$\varepsilon> 0$; and more generally,$\lvert E\rvert = O_{s,k,r,\varepsilon }\left (n^{r-1 + \varepsilon }\right )$for a$K_{k, \dotsc ,k}$-free semilinearr-partiter-uniform hypergraph.As an application, we obtain the following incidence bound: given$n_1$points and$n_2$open boxes with axis-parallel sides in$\mathbb {R}^d$such that their incidence graph is$K_{k,k}$-free, there can be at most$O_{k,\varepsilon }\left (n^{1+\varepsilon }\right )$incidences. The same bound holds if instead of boxes, one takes polytopes cut out by the translates of an arbitrary fixed finite set of half-spaces.We also obtain matching upper and (superlinear) lower bounds in the case of dyadic boxes on the plane, and point out some connections to the model-theoretic trichotomy ino-minimal structures (showing that the failure of an almost-linear bound for some definable graph allows one to recover the field operations from that graph in a definable manner).
Associations between maternal thyroid function in pregnancy and child neurodevelopmental outcomes at 20 months in the Seychelles Child Development Study, Nutrition Cohort 2 (SCDS NC2)
Authors: Monaghan Anna M. , Mulhern Maria S. , Mc Sorley Emeir M. , Strain J.J. , Winter Theresa , van Wijngaarden Edwin , Myers Gary J. , Davidson Philip W. , Shamlaye Conrad , Gedeon Jude , Yeates Alison J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Maternal thyroid hormones facilitate optimal foetal neurodevelopment; however, the exact role of the thyroid hormones on specific cognitive outcomes is unknown. The present study aimed to investigate associations between maternal thyroid function and neurodevelopmental outcomes in the Seychelles Child Development Study (SCDS) Nutrition 2 cohort (n 1328). Maternal free thyroid hormones (fT3, fT4 and fTSH) were assessed at 28 weeks’ gestation with a range of child cognitive outcomes analysed at 20 months. Dietary iodine intake was analysed for a subset of women through a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Linear regression analysis was used to test associations between serum concentrations of maternal thyroid hormones and child neurodevelopment outcomes. Thyroid hormones were analysed as continuous data and categorised as quintiles. 95% of mothers had optimal thyroid function based on fTSH concentrations. Overall, the present study shows that maternal thyroid function is not associated with neurodevelopmental outcomes in this high fish-eating population. However, a positive association, using quintiles for fT3, was reported for the Mental Developmental Index, between Q3 v. Q4 (β 0⋅073; P 0⋅043) and for Q3 v. Q5 (β value 0⋅086; P 0⋅018). To conclude, mothers in our cohort, who largely have optimal thyroid function and iodine intakes, appear able to regulate thyroid function throughout pregnancy to meet neurodevelopmental needs. However, it is possible that minor imbalances of fT3, as indicated from our secondary analysis, may impact offspring neurodevelopment. Further investigation of the relationship between maternal thyroid function and infant neurodevelopment is warranted, particularly in populations with different dietary patterns and thereby iodine intakes.
A promenade at Lepcis Magna: Experiencing buildings from the Augustan to the Antonine era
Authors: Mugnai Niccolò 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article investigates the visibility of public edifices at Lepcis Magna (Lebdah, Libya) and how people in antiquity approached, lived, and experienced them. It engages with the buildings’ layout, architectural and sculptural ornamentation, and epigraphic apparatuses, looking at the transformations of the cityscape from Augustus to the Antonine era. The analysis highlights the importance of private and public patronage and how social status was showcased through the monumentality and visibility of new constructions in an evolving urban environment. Buildings and their ornament drew upon a range of architectural and decorative models: influences from the centre of Empire and the Mediterranean world, long-lasting Hellenistic traditions, as well as North African and locally created, or reinterpreted, motifs that contributed to shaping the Lepcitanian architectural taste.
Comparison of serum BDNF, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, CRP and leucocyte levels in unipolar mania and bipolar disorder
Authors: Gorgulu Yasemin , Uluturk Milkibar Kyazim , Palabiyik Orkide 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective:Unipolar mania is not included in the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-5 (DSM-5) as a separate diagnosis, although it is defined by widely accepted diagnostic criteria. The aim of this study was to investigate the differences between unipolar mania and bipolar disorder in terms of clinical and inflammatory parameters.Methods:The data of 495 hospitalised patients with bipolar disorder diagnoses were analysed retrospectively. Forty met the diagnostic criteria for unipolar mania. Two patients refused to participate in the study. Thirty-eight unipolar mania patients and 42 randomly selected patients with bipolar disorder diagnosis were included in the study. The two groups were compared in terms of sociodemographic, clinical characteristics, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor, C-reactive protein (CRP), leucocyte and cytokine levels.Results:A total of 40 (8.08%) of 495 patients diagnosed with bipolar disorder met the unipolar mania diagnostic criteria. The number of manic episodes and the number of hospitalisations were statistically higher in the unipolar mania group than in the bipolar disorder group. Among all the manic symptoms, the incidence of symptoms such as euphoria, increased sexual interest, grandiosity and delusions were found to be statistically higher in the unipolar mania group. Interleukin (IL)-6 and CRP levels were significantly higher in the unipolar mania group than in the bipolar disorder group.Conclusion:Unipolar mania differs from bipolar disorder in terms of clinical features and serum IL-6 and CRP levels.
A FRAMEWORK FOR TRANSDISCIPLINARY RADIOCARBON RESEARCH: USE OF NATURAL-LEVEL AND ELEVATED-LEVEL 14C IN ANTARCTIC FIELD RESEARCH
Authors: Venturelli Ryan A , Vick-Majors Trista J , Collins Billy , Gagnon Alan , Kasic Kathy , Kurz Mark D , Li Wei , Priscu John , Roberts Mark , Rosenheim Brad E ,   SALSA Science Team
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTRadiocarbon (14C) is an isotopic tracer used to address a wide range of scientific research questions. However, contamination by elevated levels of 14C is deleterious to natural-level laboratory workspaces and accelerator mass spectrometer facilities designed to precisely measure small amounts of 14C. The risk of contaminating materials and facilities intended for natural-level 14C with elevated-level 14C-labeled materials has dictated near complete separation of research groups practicing profoundly different measurements. Such separation can hinder transdisciplinary research initiatives, especially in remote and isolated field locations where both natural-level and elevated-level radiocarbon applications may be useful. This paper outlines the successful collaboration between researchers making natural-level 14C measurements and researchers using 14C-labeled materials during a subglacial drilling project in West Antarctica (SALSA 2018–2019). Our strict operating protocol allowed us to successfully carry out 14C labeling experiments within close quarters at our remote field camp without contaminating samples of sediment and water intended for natural level 14C measurements. Here we present our collaborative protocol for maintaining natural level 14C cleanliness as a framework for future transdisciplinary radiocarbon collaborations.
Government work in Idi Amin's Uganda
Authors: Peterson Derek R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUnder Idi Amin's government, institutions that served the public interest were dramatically under-resourced. An array of self-nominated, self-important, self-righteous people were empowered to take on administrative tasks that, in an earlier dispensation, had been the work of professionals. Businesses and institutions that had formerly been under the regulatory authority of credentialled experts were thrown open all at once for commoners to operate. Everywhere there were campaigns, as the new regime made obscure and technical issues into urgent problems demanding a resolution. Ugandans were called upon to defend cultures, to struggle against imperialism and racism, and to transform the architecture of the economy. That is how people came to see themselves as proprietors of public life. Their work allowed commoners to claim equity over resources and infrastructures. In their investments in the operations of public institutions, people became custodians, proprietors and petty authoritarians. Their proprietary sense of responsibility was a powerful inducement to self-sacrifice. It was also the fuel for demagoguery.
The spectre of rootless urban youth (bayaaye) inKulyennyingi,a novel of Amin-era Uganda
Authors: Pier David G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBayaayeis a Luganda word meaning ‘hooligans’ used since the 1970s to both disparage Ugandan urban youth and celebrate their streetwise resourcefulness. The original so-called bayaaye were youth, often fresh from the countryside, who worked as street hustlers in the 1970s underground economy. This article focuses on how one Ugandan intellectual, M. B. Nsimbi, in his Luganda-language novel about the Idi Amin era,Kulyennyingi(1984), diagnosed the rise of the bayaaye as a national moral pathology. I discuss how this novel relates to earlier Luganda literary works, which advocated an idealized precolonial, rural African tradition as a moral reference point for modern living. A recent revised discourse about urban youth as ‘bayaaye’ or ‘ghetto’, accompanying the political rise of reggae star Bobi Wine, is considered in light of the earlier history of the bayaaye stereotype.