bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Survey of the Present State of Friction Modelling in the Analytical and Numerical Investigation of Brake Noise Generation
Authors: Wallaschek Jörg , Hach Karl-Heinz , Stolz Ulrich , Mody Parimal 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Noise and vibration have become key issues in the design of automotive braking systems. Efforts to improve present day braking systems must take noise and vibration behaviour into account. Good knowledge of the mechanisms involved in the generation of brake noise has thus become an important competitive factor in the design of automotive brake systems. The present paper summarizes some facts and hypotheses concerning the generation of brake noise.
First the different brake noise phenomena are classified. Then several approaches, including models of various levels of detail which have been suggested to explain the root causes of brake noise generation are discussed in detail.
It will be pointed out that friction and wear processes at the interface of brake pad and rotor play an important role in the understanding of brake noise generation. Unfortunately, our present day knowledge on these processes is quite limited. Further research of basic processes is still needed to improve the quality of analytical and numerical models of friction and wear processes, before reliable predictions of brake noise generation become possible. Based on a discussion of simple models frequently used in engineering practice, guidelines for further research in tribological modelling of the interface processes in pad/rotor interaction will be formulated.
Hidden Variable Tracking: Formulation and Analysis of a Mathematical Model
Authors: Chelidze David , Cusumano Joseph P. , Chatterjee Anindya 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The hidden variable tracking method developed by Cusumano et al. (1998) is analyzed using a simple model of the mechanical oscillator with nonstationary two-well potential previously studied experimentally. Numerical experiments conducted using the model are in good agreement with the experimental study, and explicitly show how the tracking metric (or drift observer) is related to drift in system parameters caused by the slow evolution of a hidden variable. Using the idea of averaging, the slow flow equation governing hidden variable evolution is obtained. It is shown that solutions to the slow flow equation correspond to the drift trajectory obtained with the experimental tracking method.
Parametric Identification of an Experimental Two-Well Oscillator
Authors: Feeny B. F. , Yuan C.-M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The identification of parameters in an experimental two-well chaotic system is presented. The method involves the extraction of periodic orbits from a chaotic set. The form of the differential-equation model is assumed, with unknown coefficients on the terms in the model. The harmonic-balance method is applied to these periodic orbits, resulting in a linear equation in the unknown parameters, which can then be solved in the least-squares sense. The identification process reveals the nonlinear force-displacement characteristic of the oscillator. The results are cross-checked with various sets of extracted periodic orbits. The model is validated by examining simulated responses.
Vibration Testing by Phase Shifted Electronic Holography for Damage Detection in a Car Door
Authors: Borza D. N. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The paper presents the use of phase-shifted electronic holography as a NDT tool, in particular using vibration stressing for detecting damage in a car door. After a short introductory description of this technique and of the most frequently used stressing methods used in testing, some of the criteria used in the localization and identification of defects are presented and illustrated with experimental results. Both material damage and assembling faults are detected by applying these criteria and by an adequate choice of the frequency range of excitation and of the optical setup parameters.
Parameter Identification of Beam Using Image Processing: 3rd Report, Experimental Verification
Authors: Kawai T. , Ito M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We previously proposed new techniques to identify parameters of a finite element model, i.e. the density and the modulus of elasticity, of two types of cantilever beam, by using an image processing technique. One beam was a combined beam, the other a damaged beam with a small crack. To identify the parameters of a small segment of the combined beam, spline smoothing with symmetrization and the weighted Tikhonov regularization technique were used. In addition, to detect the size and the location of a small crack, a new type of Simulated Annealing method was proposed.
In this paper, we evaluate our technique experimentally in order to confirm its applicability with a high accuracy to an actual system. Both methods studied are shown to yield highly accurate estimations.
Damage Detection of Flexible Beams Using Transfer Function Correlation
Authors: Lew Jiann-Shiun , Hyde Carlo , Wade Montanez 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we use the change of the identified transfer function parameters of structural dynamics for damage detection of a flexible beam system. The technique used for damage detection is based on the correlation between the identified parameter change and the change of the analytical model, such as a finite element model, due to damage. A least-squares technique is developed to identify the transfer function parameters from the experimental data. In the damage detection process, first the location of damage is identified, then the intensity of damage is estimated. Applying the presented approach to a flexible beam, only one sensor is needed to successfully locate the damage position and accurately estimate the intensity of damage.
Variation in the Geometric Interpretation of the Eigenvalue Problem of a Structure Due to Damage
Authors: Just Agosto Frederick A. , Hendricks Scott L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper studies the behavior of the geometric interpretation of the eigenvalue problem. An arbitrary two degree of freedom structure is modeled as a two mass, two spring system. The damage in the system is represented as a reduction in stiffness and the structure is assumed to be a natural conservative system. The geometric interpretation of the system is an ellipse which is examined under various damage conditions occurring on the structure. It is shown that this representation is a convex set and that damage produces a new set which is the convex hull of the existing condition. These results are graphed for several damage scenarios of the system.
Linearization and Optimal PID Control of an Electro-Magnetic Vibration Absorber With a Levitated Auxiliary Mass
Authors: Stephens Lyndon S. , Timmerman Marc A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Electromagnetic vibration absorbers (EMA’s) act in analogy to timed bandstop filters by attenuating vibration modes of mechanical structures over a narrow bandwidth of frequencies. This paper presents the basic dynamic equations and a model of the nonlinear magnetic actuator force that includes the effects of magnetic flux leakage for the EMA. The model also includes the effects of gravity and the reluctance of the magnet iron. A method for linearizing the magnetic force about any desired operating point is presented. Equations are presented that give the optimal PID controller gains at any desired operating point in the air gap. Experimental actuator force measurements are also presented that are used to estimate flux leakage correction factors. Finally, PID controllers are synthesized and applied to an EMA test bed. Impulse response and harmonic response data verify the optimality of the controller gains, and show up to 19 dB attenuation of the main structure vibration when the EMA is tuned using the optimal control gains.
Effect of Acute Interset Foot Cooling on Lower Limb Strength Training Workout
Authors: Cai Zong-Yan , Wang Wen-Yi , Huang Yi-Ming , Wu Chih-Min 
Published: February 2021

Purpose: The authors investigated the effect of foot cooling (FC) between sets in a leg press pyramid workout with resistance-trained participants. Methods: A total of 12 resistance-trained men (age = 21.8 [0.6] y; training experience = 1.7 [1] y) performed a pyramid workout, including 4 sets of 85% to 90% 1-repetition maximum leg press exercise to exhaustion with interset FC or noncooling in a repeated-measures crossover design separated by 5 days. The authors immersed the participants’ feet in 10°C water for 2.5 minutes between sets. Results: Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance revealed that FC elicited significantly higher repetitions and electromyography (EMG) values of the vastus lateralis (simple main effect of condition) than did noncooling (P < .05) in the second (repetitions: 11 [3.5] vs 7.75 [3.2]; EMG: 63.4% [19.4%] vs 54.5% [18.4%]), third (repetitions: 8.9 [3.2] vs 6.4 [2.1]; EMG: 71.5% [17.4%] vs 60.6% [19.4%]), and fourth (repetitions: 7.5 [2.7] vs 5.1 [2.2]; EMG: 75.2% [19.6%] vs 59.3% [23.5%]) sets. The authors also detected a simple main effect of set in the FC and noncooling conditions on repetitions (P < .05) and in the FC condition on the vastus lateralis EMG values. Although the authors observed no time × trial interactions for the rating of perceived exertion, the authors observed main effects on the sets (7.7–9.6 vs 7.9–9.3, P < .05). Conclusions: Interset FC provides an ergogenic effect on a leg press pyramid workout and may offset fatigue, as indicated by higher repetitions and EMG response, without increasing perceived exertion.
Quantifying Training Demands of a 2-Week In-Season Squash Microcycle
Authors: James Carl , Dhawan Aishwar , Jones Timothy , Girard Olivier 
Published: February 2021

Purpose: To quantify the demands of specific on- and off-court sessions, using internal and external training load metrics, in elite squash. Methods: A total of 15 professional squash players (11 males and 4 females) wore a 100-Hz triaxial accelerometer/global positioning system unit and heart rate monitor during on-court “Group,” “Feeding,” “Ghosting,” “Matchplay,” and off-court “Conditioning” sessions across a 2-week in-season microcycle. Comparisons of absolute training load (total values) and relative intensity (per minute) were made between sessions for internal (session rating of perceived exertion, differential rating of perceived exertion, TRIMP) and external (Playerload, very high–intensity movements [>3.5 m·s−2]) metrics. Results: The Group sessions were the longest (79 [12] min), followed by Feeding (55 [15] min), Matchplay (46 [17] min), Conditioning (37 [9] min), and Ghosting (35 [6] min). Time >90% maximum heart rate was the lowest during Feeding (vs all others P < .05) but other sessions were not different (all P > .05). Relative Playerload during Conditioning (14.3 [3.3] arbitrary unit [a.u.] per min, all P < .05) was higher than Ghosting (7.5 [1.2] a.u./min) and Matchplay (6.9 [1.5] a.u./min), with no difference between these 2 sessions (P ≥ .999). Conditioning produced the highest Playerloads (519 [153] a.u., all P < .001), with the highest on-court Playerloads from Group (450 [94] a.u., all P < .001). The highest session rating of perceived exertion (all P < .001), Edward’s TRIMP (all P < .001), and TEAM-TRIMP (all P < .019) occurred during the Group sessions. Conclusions: Squash Matchplay does not systematically produce the highest training intensities and loads. Group sessions provide the highest training loads for many internal and external parameters and, therefore, play a central role within the training process. These findings facilitate planning or adjustment of intensity, volume, and frequency of sessions to achieve desirable physical outcomes.
The Relationship Between Prescribed, Perceived, and Actual Delivery Intensity in Cricket Pace Bowling
Authors: Feros Simon A. , Bednarski Damon A. , Kremer Peter J. 
Published: February 2021

Purpose: To investigate the relationship between prescribed (preDI), perceived (perDI), and actual delivery intensity (actDI) in cricket pace bowling. Methods: Fourteen male club-standard pace bowlers (mean [SD]: age 24.2 [3.2] y) completed 1 bowling session comprising 45 deliveries. The first 15 deliveries composed the warm-up, where participants bowled 3 deliveries each at a preDI of 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 95%. Bowlers reported the perDI after each delivery. The fastest delivery in the session was used as a reference to calculate relative ball-release speed for the warm-up deliveries, with this measure representing the actDI. Ball-release speed was captured by a radar gun. Results: For perDI, there was a very large relationship with preDI (rs = .90, P < .001). Similarly, for actDI, there was a large relationship with preDI (rs = .52, P < .001). Higher concordance was observed between perDI and preDI from 60% to 80% preDI. A plateau was observed for actDI from 70% to 95% preDI. Conclusions: The relationship between perDI and actDI was very large and large with respect to preDI, indicating that both variables can be used to monitor delivery intensity against the planned intensity and thus ensure healthy training adaptation. The optimal preDI that allowed pace bowlers to operate at submaximal perDI but still achieve close to maximal ball-release speeds was 70%. Bowling at the optimal preDI may significantly reduce the psychophysiological load per delivery in exchange for a trivial loss in ball-release speed.
Results and lessons from a hospital-wide initiative incentivised by delivery system reform to improve infection prevention and sepsis care
Authors: Sreeramoju Pranavi , Voy-Hatter Karla , White Calvin , Ruggiero Rosechelle , Girod Carlos , Minei Joseph , Garvey Karen , Herrington Judith , Minhajuddin Abu , Madden Christopher , Haley Robert , Cerise Fred 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundAn academic safety-net hospital leveraged the federally funded state Delivery System Reform Incentive Payment programme to implement a hospital-wide initiative to reduce healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) and improve sepsis care.MethodsThe study period was from 2013 to 2017. The setting is a 770-bed urban hospital with six intensive care units and a large emergency department. Key interventions implemented were (1) awareness campaign and clinician engagement, (2) implementation of HAI and sepsis bundles, (3) education of clinical personnel using standardised curriculum on bundles, (4) training of key managers, leaders and personnel in quality improvement methods, and (5) electronic medical record-based clinical decision support. Throughout the 5-year period, staff received frequent, clear, visible and consistent messages from leadership regarding the importance of their participation in this initiative, performing hand hygiene and preventing potential regulatory failures. Several process measures including bundle compliance, hand hygiene and culture of safety were monitored. The primary outcomes were rates of central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI), catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI), surgical site infection (SSI) and sepsis mortality.ResultsFrom 2013 to 2017, the hospital-wide rates of HAI reduced: CLABSI from 1.6 to 0.8 per 1000 catheter-days (Poisson regression estimate: −0.19; 95% CI −0.29 to −0.09; p=0.0002), CAUTI from 4.7 to 1.3 per 1000 catheter-days (−0.34; −0.43 to −0.26; p<0.0001) and SSI after 18 types of procedures from 3.4% to 1.3% (−0.29; −0.34 to −0.24; p<0.0001). Mortality of patients presenting to emergency department with sepsis reduced from 9.4% to 2.9% (−0.42; −0.49 to −0.36; p<0.0001). Adherence to bundles of care and hand hygiene and the hospital culture of patient safety improved. Results were sustained through 2019.ConclusionA hospital-wide initiative incentivised by the Delivery System Reform Incentive Payment programme succeeded in reducing HAI and sepsis mortality over 5 years in a sustainable manner.
Improving surgical quality in low-income and middle-income countries: why do some health facilities perform better than others?
Authors: Alidina Shehnaz , Chatterjee Pritha , Zanial Noor , Alreja Sakshie Sanjay , Balira Rebecca , Barash David , Ernest Edwin , Giiti Geofrey Charles , Maina Erastus , Mazhiqi Adelina , Mushi Rahma , Reynolds Cheri , Sydlowski Meaghan , Tinuga Florian , Maongezi Sarah , Meara John G , Kapologwe Ntuli A , Barringer Erin , Cainer Monica , Citron Isabelle , DiMeo Amanda , Fitzgerald Laura , Ghandour Hiba , Gruendl Magdalena , Hellar Augustino , Jumbam Desmond T , Katoto Adam , Kelly Lauren , Kisakye Steve , Kuchukhidze Salome , Lama Tenzing N , Menon Gopal , Mshana Stella , Reynolds Chase , Segirinya Hannington , Simba Dorcas , Smith Victoria , Staffa Steven J , Strader Christopher , Tibyehabwa Leopold , Troxel Alena , Varallo John , Wurdeman Taylor , Zurakowski David 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundEvidence on heterogeneity in outcomes of surgical quality interventions in low-income and middle-income countries is limited. We explored factors driving performance in the Safe Surgery 2020 intervention in Tanzania’s Lake Zone to distil implementation lessons for low-resource settings.MethodsWe identified higher (n=3) and lower (n=3) performers from quantitative data on improvement from 14 safety and teamwork and communication indicators at 0 and 12 months from 10 intervention facilities, using a positive deviance framework. From 72 key informant interviews with surgical providers across facilities at 1, 6 and 12 months, we used a grounded theory approach to identify practices of higher and lower performers.ResultsPerformance experiences of higher and lower performers differed on the following themes: (1) preintervention context, (2) engagement with Safe Surgery 2020 interventions, (3) teamwork and communication orientation, (4) collective learning orientation, (5) role of leadership, and (6) perceived impact of Safe Surgery 2020 and beyond. Higher performers had a culture of teamwork which helped them capitalise on Safe Surgery 2020 to improve surgical ecosystems holistically on safety practices, teamwork and communication. Lower performers prioritised overhauling safety practices and began considering organisational cultural changes much later. Thus, while also improving, lower performers prioritised different goals and trailed higher performers on the change continuum.ConclusionFuture interventions should be tailored to facility context and invest in strengthening teamwork, communication and collective learning and facilitate leadership engagement to build a receptive climate for successful implementation of safe surgery interventions.
Screening and managing obesity: understanding paediatric residents' knowledge, attitudes and practice
Authors: Wu Vickie , Rosen Carolyn , Pan Stephanie , Mogilner Leora 
Published: February 2021

AbstractStudy purposePrior studies have identified paediatric attending physicians' screening and management patterns related to overweight/obesity, but less is known about resident physicians' behaviour. The objective was to understand paediatric resident physicians' knowledge, attitude and practice patterns of overweight/obesity screening and management.Study designWe performed a retrospective chart review of preventive visits conducted by residents between August and October 2019. Charts of patients 2–18 years with body mass index ≥85th percentile at the visit were reviewed (85th–&lt;95th for age and sex defined as overweight, ≥95th defined as obese). A survey was distributed to residents assessing knowledge, attitudes and barriers towards obesity management.ResultsOf 1250 visits reviewed, 405 (32%) patients met the criteria for overweight or obesity. 39% were identified correctly by the provider, 53% were not identified and 8% were identified incorrectly. 89% of patients had diet history, 31% had physical activity and 43% had family history documented. Patients with obesity received physical activity documentation/counselling, portion size counselling, at least one referral, laboratory tests and a diagnosis more often than overweight patients. 84% of residents completed the survey. Although the majority of residents felt ‘somewhat’ or ‘very’ well prepared to counsel families about overweight/obesity, the majority thought their counselling on overweight/obesity was ‘not at all’ or ‘slightly’ effective.ConclusionDespite residents feeling prepared and comfortable discussing overweight/obesity with patients, these diagnoses were often under-recognised or incorrectly made and appropriate counselling was lacking. Future work will focus on specific strategies to improve diagnosis, screening and management of overweight/obesity and include educational interventions and electronic medical record adaptations.
Combined lifestyle factors are associated with the risk of ischaemic stroke in a Chinese population
Authors: You Tao , Li Yi , Wu Xiaoguang , Wu Siyi , Zhang Yanlin , Zhou Xiang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurposeLifestyle plays an important role in the development of ischaemic stroke (IS). The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between combined lifestyle factors and the risk of IS in an eastern Chinese population.MethodsWe collected lifestyle information from 191 patients with IS admitted to the second affiliated hospital of Soochow University and 575 control subjects from community clinics using a structured questionnaire. After division into training and test datasets, regularised stepwise logistic regression, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression and genetic algorithm models were used to identify lifestyle factors associated with IS. The improved discriminative ability by adding the lifestyle factors was determined by c-index and reclassification analysis. The final model was validated in the test dataset.ResultsAfter controlling for conventional cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, preferences for fruits (OR (95% CI): 0.29 (0.18–0.46), p&lt;0.001) and soy products (0.47 (0.29–0.75), p=0.002) were negatively associated with IS, while lower life satisfaction (mildly satisfied: 2.15 (1.27–3.63), p=0.004; not satisfied: 6.39 (1.76–25.44), p=0.006) was positively associated with IS. Adding these factors to a basic CVD risk model improved the c-index (0.825 vs 0.753, p&lt;0.001) and reclassification for IS (net reclassification index (95% CI): 18.49% (7.90%–29.08%), integrated discrimination index (95% CI): 0.11% (0.08%–0.14%), p&lt;0.001). The model with lifestyle factors achieved a c-index of 0.813 and good calibration in the test dataset.ConclusionsOur results showed that combined lifestyle factors including dietary pattern and life satisfaction are independently associated with the risk of IS.