bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why Couldn't the COVID-19 Epidemics Be Managed? In the Context of Complexity Science,A Solution Framework: Global Cooperation, Regional Policies, and Local Intervention
Authors: YİĞİT Talip , DİNÇER Murat 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background and Aim: The COVID-19 epidemics, is considered to be the most recent and already one of the most destructive epidemics in human history. As part of this study, primarily the biological, economic, and social effects of past epidemics and the COVID-19 epidemics on societies were examined.The aim of the study was to examine the similarities between countries' current state in the context of the COVID-19 epidemics and to develop an approach to epidemic management from a complexity perspective. Material and Methods: The analysis used data from 27 European Union member countries, the United Kingdom and the United States, and primarily examined the current state of the countries in the context of the epidemic using the Multidimensional Scaling Analysis method. In addition, SARS-CoV-2-induced cases, deaths and tests were examined via the correlation analysis method with nine variables that were identified in the context of the COVID-19 (average age, total population, urban population rate, population density, average life expectancy, per capita income, average education duration, hospital beds per 1,000 people, human inequality coefficient). Results: As a result of the analysis, it was determined that the current state of the countries, based on the impact and sources of the epidemic was quite similar, and that the variables mentioned were minimally related to the number of cases, deaths, and tests. Conclusion: These findings have been interpreted notas only showing that traditional approaches to today's epidemic management, and public health approaches have aspects that need improvement, but also that the epidemic is a multidimensional dynamic system and can be explained from the complexity perspective. As a result, the epidemic management framework was developed from the complexity perspective, which includes global cooperation, regional policies, and a local intervention approach. Therefore, the lifestyles of societies determine the size of the epidemic, while the management style determines whether or not the epidemic turns into a crisis for societies.
m6A-related lncRNAs are Potential Biomarkers for Predicting Prognoses in Patients with Breast Cancer
Authors: Liao Yuwei , Liang Simon X , He Dong , Chen Zhikai , Yao Jinxiu , Liang Hongfeng , Yang Liye 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background: Breast cancer (BRCA) is a common cancer and major cause of cancer mortality in females around the world. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) and m6A-associated long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play vital roles in the prognostic value of BRCA. However, how m6A-related lncRNAs affect the survival of BRCA patients remains unclear. Methods: In this study, we obtained m6A-related lncRNAs by gene co-expression and used univariate least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO), and multivariate Cox regression analyses to construct a comprehensive m6A-related lncRNA model. Based on this model, a risk score was calculated for each patient. Next, Kaplan-Meier analyses, cell type enrichment analysis, and gene ontology (GO) enrichment were used to analyze the risk model. Finally, performance comparison was made between risk model and other common prognostic biomarkers in BRCA using ROC curve and nomogram. Results: The comprehensive risk model of 39 genes (10 m6A-related lncRNAs and 29 other genes) and basic clinical factors showed better performance in BRCA prognosis compared to other common prognostic biomarkers. By regrouping the patients with this model, we found that patients in the high-risk group had higher tumor mutation burden (TMB) and differentially expressed genes between high- and low risk patients were enriched in tumor-related inflammation response pathway and lipid droplet pathway. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that our comprehensive 39-genes risk model based on the m6A-related lncRNAs is promising for clinical prediction and provides a treatment guide for BRCA patients.
Retrospective study on Oral health problems in and around Ambo town, central Ethiopia
Authors: Derara Milky , Tulu Begna , Bayissa Berecha , Ameni Gobena 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Data pertaining to epidemiology of oral health problems is important to understand the magnitude and pattern of different oral and dental health morbidities. Hardly any information is available on the oral morbidity prevalence in and around Ambo, the capital of West Shoa Zone Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia.
Objective
This study was conducted to assess the magnitude, pattern and associated risk factors of oral health problems in and around Ambo town, central Ethiopia.
Methods
The medical records of 3,451 patients who received oral health treatment in two government Hospitals, Ambo General Hospital (AGH) and Ambo University Referral Hospital (AURH), and one Private Medium Dental Clinic, was reviewed retrospectively. Each patient was subjected to oral and dental examination by trained dentists. Data was extracted on the demographic characteristics of cases, the type of oral health problem, presence or absence of comorbidities and chief compliant of each patient. The data was summarized by descriptive statistics using proportions, mean and median. Chi-square test and univariate analysis was also computed to identify the socio-demographic risk factors associated to oral health. P value <0.05 was considered significant.
Result
Majority of the study participants were males from the urban areas of Ambo town and the surrounding, 58.1% and 58.7% respectively. More than half, 58.1% of the clients reported that they had oral morbidity secondary to dental caries followed by orofacial injuries 24.8% and periodontal diseases 10.8%. Oral health problems secondary to dental caries and malocclusions were significantly associated with urban residency and older ages of the study participants (P<0.05). Dental caries related oral health problems were common in females, whereas, orofacial traumas were common among male participants (P<0.05).
Conclusion
This study shows that oral health problem secondary to dental caries was the highest oral health problems followed by orofacial injuries and periodontal diseases. This necessitates the need for oral health system strengthening focusing on health promotion and expanding overall access to care.
The Contribution of Periodic Intensification of Routine Immunization to Vaccination Coverage and Disease Surveillance in the South West Region of Cameroon amid Sociopolitical Crisis and Covid-19 Outbreak in 2020
Authors: Njoh Andreas Ateke , Saidu Yauba , Bachir Hassan Ben , Ndoula Shalom Tchokfe , Mboke Eric , Nembot Raoul , Tambasho Afizu Chrakoh , Abizou Messang Blandine , Seungue Judith , Mbanga Clarence , Mbome Victor Njie 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Introduction: The Southwest Region of Cameroon has been hit by an armed conflict for over half a decade now, which has negatively affected routine immunization and disease surveillance activities in the region. This negative effect was further acerbated by the Covid-19 pandemic, which alongside the conflict caused thousands of children to miss out on life saving vaccinations. Herein, we present the contribution of periodic intensification of routine immunization, in improving immunization and surveillance activities amid crises.MethodPeriodic intensification of routine immunization (PIRI) and surveillance was carried out in three rounds per health district. Prior to the intervention, the security profile of each district involved was reviewed. Data for this study was extracted on vaccination and surveillance activities from the District Health Information Software and from monthly regional reports for 2019 and 2020.ResultsIn total 54,242 persons were vaccinated in the SW region following these interventions. An increase in performance was observed in all 18 health districts of the region in 2020, with both DPT-3 and OPV-3 coverage rising by 28% points. Similarly, the proportion of health districts that investigated at least a case of acute flaccid paralysis increased by 83%, rising from just 3 districts in 2019 to 18 in 2020.ConclusionPIRI was a very useful approach to improve both vaccination coverage and surveillance indicators in this region amidst the ongoing conflict and Covid-19 pandemic.
Risk Factors of SARS-CoV-2 and Follow-up in Patients with Common Underlying Diseases on the Dynamic Changes of Antibodies: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Yang Jin , Ma Libing , Guo Li , Zhang Ting , Leng Zhiwei , Jia Mengmeng , Chen Fangyuan , Qi Weiran , Zhang Xingxing , Wang Qing , Yang Yuan , Feng Luzhao , Ren Lili , Yang Weizhong , Wang Chen 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background: Assessing the humoral immunity of patients with underlying diseases after being infected with SARS-CoV-2 is essential for determining effective prevention and control strategies. The purpose of this study is to investigate whether underlying disease is a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection, reveal the seroprevalence of people with underlying disease and the characteristics of dynamic changes in anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, and provide evidence for the scientific formulation of COVID-19 vaccination strategies.Methods: The probability ratio sampling method was adopted to systematically select 100 communities from 13 districts in Wuhan, China, followed by a random selection of households from 100 communities according to a list provided by the local government. Individuals who have lived in Wuhan for at least 14 days since December 2019 and were ≥40 years old were included. Individuals with other serious diseases besides COVID-19, from whom a sample could not be obtained or refused to participate, were excluded. All eligible subjects signed a written informed consent form and completed a standardized electronic questionnaire before being enrolled in the group. From April 9–13, 2020, venous blood samples were collected from all individuals; from June 11–13, 2020, and from October 9–December 5, 2020, all positive and matched negative families were followed up.Results: The seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in people with underlying diseases was 6.30% (95% CI [5.09-7.52]), and that of people without underlying diseases was 6.12% (95% CI [5.33-6.91]). Among people with underlying diseases, retirees, health workers, and people who have been exposed to fever or respiratory symptoms since December 2019 were more likely to be infected with SARS-CoV-2. The IgG titer of people with underlying disease decreased significantly over time (P <0.05), but the neutralizing antibody titer remained relatively stable throughout the follow-up period. There was no significant difference between the IgG titer decline rate of people with underlying disease and those without. The IgG titer of people with underlying disease and asymptomatic infection was lower than that in symptomatic infection.Conclusion: These findings imply that vaccination strategies for people with and without underlying diseases may not require special adjustments.
Risk Factors of Positive Resection Margin Differ in Pancreaticoduodenectomy and Distal Pancreatosplenectomy For Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: A Study Based On Leeds Pathology Protocol
Authors: Li Bo , Guo Shiwei , Yin Xiaoyi , Shi Xiaohan , Ni Chenming , Gao Suizhi , Li Gang , Ni Canrong , Jiang Hui , Lau Wan Yee , Jin Gang 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background: Positive resection margin indicates worse prognosis. The present study identified the independent risk factors of R1 resection in pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) and distal pancreatosplenectomy (DP) for patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).Methods：Consecutive patients who were operated from 1st December 2017 to 30th December 2018 were analyzed retrospectively. A standardized pathological examination with digital whole-mount slide images (DWMSIs) was utilized for evaluation of resection margin status. R1 was defined as microscopic tumor infiltration within 1 mm to the resection margin. The potential risk factors of R1 resection for PD and DP were analyzed separately by univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Results：For the 240 patients who underwent PD, and the 146 patients who underwent DP, the R1 resection rates were 30.8% and 35.6 %, respectively. Univariate analysis on risk factors of R1 resection for PD were tumor location, absence of tumor necrosis, N staging, and TNM staging; while those for DP were perineural invasion, T staging, and TNM staging. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed the location of tumor in the neck and uncinate process, and N1/2 staging were independent risk factors of R1 resection for PD; while those for DP were T3/4 staging. Conclusions：The clarification of the risk factors of R1 resection might clearly make surgeons take reasonable decisions on surgical strategies for different surgical precedures in patients with PDAC, so as to obtain the first attempt of R0 resection.
Parental engagement practices with young children during hospitalization: a cross-sectional survey from Pakistan
Authors: Mughis Waliyah , Rasheed Muneera A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Objectives

This study was conducted to assess the association between parental play and stimulation practices during hospitalization with child and family factors.
Methods

A cross sectional survey was conducted in Pakistan, with 458 parents of hospitalized children, to gauge parental education and knowledge about developmental milestones, and the stimulation activities they had recently engaged in with their child.
Results

Overall, about a third of the parents had not with their children in the past 3 days. Higher maternal education level was associated with a higher number of maternal stimulation practices (X2(1, N=449) =6.7, p=0.009). Child gender did not have a significant association with maternal or paternal engagement practices.
Conclusions

There is a need to introduce interventions to increase parental engagement during hospitalization, especially for the younger children with poor health status.
Identification on the Potential Mechanism of Radix Pueraria on Colon Cancer Based on Network Pharmacology
Authors: Li Yi , Zhang Chunli , Ma Xiaohan , Yang Liuqing , Ren Huijun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Radix Puerariae (RP), a dry root of the Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, is used to treat a variety of diseases, including cancer. Several in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the efficacy of RP in the treatment of colon cancer (CC). However, the biological mechanism of RP in the treatment of colon cancer remains unclear. In this study, the active component of RP and its potential molecular mechanism against CC were studied by network pharmacology and enrichment analysis. The methods adopted included screening of active ingredients of Chinese medicine, prediction of target genes of Chinese medicine and disease, construction of protein interaction network, and GO and KEGG Enrichment Analysis. Finally, the results of network pharmacology were further validated by molecular docking experiments and cell experiments. 8 active constituents and 14 potential protein targets were screened from RP, including EGFR, JAK2 and SRC. The biological mechanism of RP against CC was analyzed by studying the relationship between active components, targets, and enrichment pathway. This provides a basis for understanding the clinical application of RP in CC.
Toxicological Profile of 25I-NBOMe: Brain Distribution, DNA Damage, Apoptotic Signal and Glial Abnormalities
Authors: Monika Herian , Adam Wojtas , Marzena Maćkowiak , Agnieszka Bargieła-Wawrzczak , Anna Solarz , Agnieszka Bysiek , Katarzyna Madej , Gołembiowska Krystyna 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
4-Iodo-2,5-dimethoxy-N-(2-methoxybenzyl)phenethylamine (25I-NBOMe) is a new psychoactive substance with strong hallucinogenic properties. Our previous data reported increased release of dopamine, serotonin, and glutamate after acute injections and a tolerance development in the neurotransmitters release and rats’ behavior after chronic treatment with 25I-NBOMe. The recreational use of 25I-NBOMe is associated with severe intoxication and deaths in humans. There is no data about 25I-NBOMe in vivo toxicity towards the brain tissue. In this article 25I-NBOMe-crossing through the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the impact on DNA damage, apoptosis induction, and changes in the number of cortical and hippocampal cells were studied. The presence of 25I-NBOMe in several brain regions shortly after the drug administration and its accumulation after multiply injections was found. The DNA damage but no apoptotic signal was detected 72 h after the chronic treatment. A decrease in the number of glial but not in neural cells in the frontal (FC) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) was observed. The obtained data indicate that 25I-NBOMe passes easily across BBB and accumulates in the brain tissue. Observed oxidative DNA damage may lead to the glial cells’ death.
North Equatorial Current and Kuroshio Velocity Variations Affect Body Length and Distribution of the Japanese eel Anguilla japonica in Taiwan and Japan
Authors: Kuo Yi-Chun , Hsiung Kuan-Mei , Lin Yen-Ting , Tseng Yu-Heng , Han Yu-San 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The larval stage of Japanese eel travels a substantial distance over a long duration through the North Equatorial Current (NEC) and the Kuroshio, and the spawning behavior of mature eels leads to monthly arrival waves in eastern Taiwan between November and February. The total length (TL) of the glass eel relates to its larval duration and age; therefore, the TL can indicate the larval duration. The monthly mean TLs of eels along eastern Taiwan from 2010–2021 were used to estimate the batch age, and the recruitment patterns and relative abundances were compared. The TLs of glass eels followed a normal distribution, and the estimated ages were highly correlated with their mean TLs. Early recruit TLs were significantly greater than those of late recruits. The mean tracer drift time was longer in early recruitment months (November–December) than in later dates (February–March). The recruitment lag was approximately 1–1.5 months, with relative recruitment higher in the early recruitment months than in later months. Cohorts followed the main streams of the NEC and Kuroshio, and the monthly velocity changes of these currents could affect the TLs as well as the distribution patterns of Japanese glass eels in Taiwan and Japan.
The Impact of Sectoral Aggregation on Elasticities of Substitution Using Translog Cost Function
Authors: Hardadi Gilang , Pauliuk Stefan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Economic models are widely used to simulate policy scenarios, in which elasticities are used as measures of substitutability between production inputs. These models need appropriate levels of sector aggregation to produce policy-relevant results and to capture the variations of input substitutability among different sectors, while still adhering to the monotonicity and concavity requirements of aggregate production function. The purposes of this study are (i) to assess the cost (production) functions that fulfill these requirements appropriately, (ii) to analyze the impact of sector aggregation on the elasticities, and (iii) to determine the optimum resolution level for modelling cost function. This study utilized two databases to construct an industry-level panel dataset for 1995–2016, EU-KLEMS to obtain the price indices of the capital and labor inputs, and time-series monetary EXIOBASE v3.6, in both current and constant prices, to obtain the monetary inputs and price indices of intermediate inputs. Dynamic translog in GMM estimation is selected to derive the elasticities of substitution on different levels of sector aggregation since it performs better in reducing concavity violations, compared to pooled and fixed-effect estimation method. Selecting a higher resolution level is preferred to produce better model fittings, but it occasionally results in more concavity violations. Modelling cost functions at a more aggregated level leads to a larger estimate of the elasticity of substitution. The optimized level of sector aggregation for modelling cost function obtained in this study is at 86 industry sectors, capturing the different elasticities of substitution in various mining and manufacturing sectors of basic materials and electricity production.
Cost of Inappropriate Prescriptions for Malaria in Ghana
Authors: Aryeetey Genevieve Cecilia , Nonvignon Justice , Malm Keziah , Owusu Richmond , Baabu Bright Sasu , Peprah Nana Yaw , Agyemang Samuel Agyei , Nonvignon Jacob , Amon Samuel , Dwomoh Duah , Aikins Moses 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Malaria remains a global public health challenge despite efforts that have significantly reduced its burden. In addition to prevention, effective treatment using the recommended medicines and approaches is essential to further minimize the burden., Yet, inappropriate prescription of anti-malarial medicines remains a challenge. Malaria prescriptions are described as inappropriate when they do not adhere to standard treatment. Inappropriate prescription presents financial and economic burden for an under-resourced health system. This study examined the cost of inappropriate prescriptions for malaria treatment in Ghana.
Methods
This study used retrospective data collected from January to December 2016 in a number of study facilities in three regions of Ghana. Using stratified random sampling technique, folders of 1625 outpatients who had been treated for malaria were selected from 27 sampled facilities including private, public, and mission hospitals in the Upper East, Volta, and Brong Ahafo regions of Ghana. Two physicians independently reviewed patient folders to assess inappropriate prescription for uncomplicated malaria using the standard treatment guidelines. Inappropriate prescriptions were expressed as the percentage of prescriptions for all uncomplicated malaria cases. Economic cost was computed from two sources-cost of medication and personnel cost (time spent in malaria treatment by prescribers and dispensers). Gross salaries of personnel were used to determine total personnel cost. The sum of the medication and personnel costs constituted the total institutional cost. Total and average costs for nationwide cost was calculated using sample estimates and the total number of uncomplicated malaria cases that received inappropriate prescriptions.
Results
The findings show that about 55% of malaria prescriptions were inappropriate during the review period, which translates into a total economic cost of approximately US$10.4 million for the entire country in 2016. The total cost (average cost) of inappropriate prescription for the study sample was estimated at US$2,515.92 (US$2.77). Total (average) medication cost was US$1,088.42 (US$1.20) and personnel cost was US$1,427.50. In addition, patients received an average of two prescriptions per malaria episode. In terms of ownership distribution of inappropriate prescription, non-compliance was highest in public facilities (58.3%), followed by private facilities (57.5%) and for mission facilities (50.7%).
Conclusion
Inappropriate prescription for malaria is a major threat to malaria management in Ghana. It presents huge financial and economic burden to the health system. Training and strict enforcement of prescribers’ adherence to the standard treatment guideline is highly recommended.