bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Method for calculating the optical axis position in laser cavities
Authors: Polukeev E.A. , Broslavets Yu.Yu. , Fomichev A.A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We present a method for calculating the optical axis contour in laser cavities using the geometric optics approximation. The deviation of the position of the optical axis in four-mirror nonplanar ring cavities is calculated for various cavity perturbations. Various types of laser cavities are considered and classified according to their symmetry. Deviations of the optical axis are determined in a nonplanar ring cavity that provides Kerr mode locking operation. A formula is given that relates the bend angle in four-mirror cavities to the angles of radiation incidence on the mirrors.
Interwave interaction in an array of carbon nanotubes with a dynamic plasmon lattice
Authors: Afanas’ev S.A. , Zolotovskii I.O. , Kadochkin A.S. , Moiseev S.G. , Svetukhin V.V. , Pavlov A.A. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
It is shown that when counterpropagating laser beams are incident on an array of parallel single-walled carbon nanotubes, strong interaction of waves is possible, accompanied by the amplification of one of the waves at the expense of another, more intense pump wave. The interaction is most efficient when the condition of phase matching of the incident waves and the slow plasmon polariton wave formed because of the laser-induced metallisation of nanotubes is satisfied. The dependence of the the signal wave gain on the geometric parameters of the array and the wave characteristics of the incident waves is studied numerically. A range of phase detuning values is found, in which the gain changes weakly near its maximum value.
Transient processes and cross talk in an O-band bismuth-doped fibre amplifier
Authors: Alyshev S.V. , Kharakhordin A.V. , Khegai A.M. , Ososkov Ya.Zh. , Vakhrushev A.S. , Firstova E.G. , Riumkin K.E. , Melkumov M.A. , Lobanov A.S. , Guryanov A.N. , Firstov S.V. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This paper reports on transient processes and cross talk (cross modulation) in an O-band (1260 – 1360 nm) bismuth-doped phosphosilicate fibre amplifier. Times characterising dynamic parameters of the amplifier at a pump wavelength of 1.23 μm have been determined experimentally. Data have been obtained on the effect of the modulation frequency Ω of one of the channels in the range 10 Hz to 1 MHz on the cross-talk intensity in another channel. The data, in combination with numerical calculation results, show that the cross talk in the Bi-doped fibre amplifier is insignificant at modulation frequencies Ω above 100 kHz. Our results demonstrate that O-band Bi-doped fibre amplifiers are potentially attractive for practical application in multichannel high-speed data transmission systems.
Possibility of increasing the efficiency of a laser jet engine due to the attachment of gas mass of shock waves
Authors: Apollonov V.V. , Bogdanov V.I. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Based on the results of studies of jet power propulsion systems with a pulsating working process, the thrust in which is significantly increased due to the gas mass attachment, and the analysis of the operation of a laser jet engine (LJE), we consider the possibility of such an effect in an LJE. The thrust characteristics of pulsating jet engines with the gas mass attachment are studied numerically and theoretically. Investigation of the effect of the attached mass of a gas or ablation products of the reflector material in the LJE is promising for optimising the gas-dynamic parameters that ensure the implementation of the maximum thrust efficiency of such an engine.
Laser generation and fragmentation of selenium nanoparticles in water and their testing as an additive to fertilisers
Authors: Shafeev G.A. , Barmina E.V. , Pimpha N. , Rakov I.I. , Simakin A.V. , Sharapov M.G. , Uvarov O.V. , Gudkov S.V. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The generation of selenium nanoparticles in water and their fragmentation by a neodymium laser with a pulse repetition rate of 10 kHz and an average power of 20 W is experimentally investigated. The size distribution of selenium nanoparticles is determined using a measuring disk centrifuge. The particle morphology is analysed by transmission electron microscopy. It is found that laser ablation of a selenium target in water provides mainly submicron particles, which must be subjected to laser fragmentation in a solution to obtain selenium nanoparticles about 100 nm in size. These selenium nanoparticles are used as an additive to soil in which some crops are grown. The optimal selenium content in soil is determined.
Actual and perceived motor competence mediate the relationship between physical fitness and technical skill performance in young soccer players
Authors: Duncan Michael J. , Eyre Emma L. J. , Noon Mark R. , Morris Rhys , Thake C. Doug , Clarke Neil D. , Cunningham Anna J. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTThis study examined the role of fundamental movement skills (FMS) and perceived competence in the relationship between physical fitness and technical soccer skills in children. Seventy boys aged 7‐12 years of age (Mean ± SD = 9 ± 2 years) who were regularly engaged in grassroots soccer participated in the present study. The Test of Gross Motor Development‐2 (Ulrich, 2001. Test of gross motor development (2nd ed.). Austin, TX: PRO‐ED) was used to assess FMS and the Perceived Physical Ability Scale for Children (Colella, Morano, Bortoli, & Robazza, 2008. A physical self‐efficacy scale for children. Social Behavior and Personality: an International Journal, 36, 841–848) was used to assess perceived competence. Technical skill was determined from three tests reflecting dribbling, passing and shooting. Z‐scores of each measure were summed, creating a composite measure of technical skill. Three measures of physical fitness were employed; 15m sprint time, standing long jump, and seated medicine ball (1kg) throw. Z‐scores for each measure were summed creating a composite measure of physical fitness. The relationship between technical skill and FMS, fitness, perceived competence and age was examined via path analysis. Results indicated two significant mediated pathways: from physical fitness to technical skills via FMS, and from physical fitness to technical skills via perceived competence. Once these mediators had been accounted for, there was no direct link from physical fitness to technical skills. Coaches should therefore seek to avoid one‐sided delivery of practice by not solely focusing on football type drills, and focusing on a range of activities which enhance a broad foundation of FMS and promote strategies to positively influence a child's perception of their own competence.Highlights
Fundamental movement skills (FMS) are considered the foundation for physical activity and sport performance yet they tend to be overlooked, in favour of physical fitness, in the development of soccer talent.
We examined mediating effects of FMS and perceived competence in the relationship between physical fitness and technical soccer skills in 70, 7‐12 year old grassroots soccer players.
We suggests there is no direct effect of physical fitness on technical skills in soccer but both FMS and perceived competence act as mediators of the physical fitness‐technical skill relationship in children aged 7‐12 years old.
Coaches should therefore look to develop a broad base of FMS and a higher perception of competence to improve children's technical soccer skills.
Individuals practicing meditation have enhanced subcortical auditory processing of speech
Authors: Sinha Sujeet Kumar , Sahu Manisha 
Published: June 2021

Background
Meditation is a compound mental task that leads to several changes, both physiologically and psychologically. These physiological changes can occur in the auditory system as well, and this can change the way the stimulus gets coded in the auditory system at both the brainstem as well as cortical level. The present study aimed to investigate the encoding of speech at the brainstem in the individuals who practice meditation.

Method
Two groups of 10 male individuals participated in the study. The first group included ten individuals who practiced meditation for a minimum period of 6 months, and the other group consisted of 10 age-matched individuals who never practiced meditation. Speech evoked ABR was recorded for the right ears for all the individuals. FFT analysis of the waveforms was done, and the latency of wave V and amplitude of F0, F1, and F2 were noted.

Results
Results of the present study revealed a significantly higher amplitude of F1 and F2 individuals who practiced meditation. However, there was no such significant difference in the latency of wave V and amplitude of F0.

Conclusion
The present study reveals that meditation can alter the functioning of the encoding of speech sounds in individuals who practice meditation.
What happens when the newborn hearing screening program is integrated with congenital Cytomegalovirus infection screening? Preliminary results in a tertiary hospital
Authors: Palma Silvia , Botti Cecilia , Roversi Maria Federica , Bettini Margherita , Pietrosemoli Paola , Berardi Alberto , Genovese Elisabetta 
Published: June 2021

Objective
Early diagnosis of congenital Cytomegalovirus (cCMV) infection related hearing loss has increased since the spread of newborn hearing screening (NHS) programs worldwide. However, since most newborns affected are asymptomatic at birth but may develop hearing loss later, some of them may elude the NHS. The aim of this study was to compare the results in two cohorts of children, in one of which all newborns who failed the NHS were tested for cCMV.

Methods
We retrospectively compared the results of early diagnosis of cCMV-related hearing loss between two groups of patients at a high-volume centre. Group 1 included the first 3 years of activity without a targeted cCMV screening and was composed of children born between 2012 and 2014. Group 2 included neonates born between 2015 and 2017: in this group, those who failed the NHS underwent urine CMV analysis within 14 days.

Results
There were 17,229 live births during the study period, 20 were diagnosed with cCMV infection, with a global prevalence of 1.1:1000. 72 neonates (0.42%) with hearing loss were identified, 7% of which were diagnosed with cCMV infection, 3/34 (8.8%) in group 1 and 2/38 (5.3%) in group 2 (p = .66). One newborn in group 2 was identified through the protocol. The percentage of patients affected by cCMV-related hearing loss diagnosed during the NHS showed non-significant differences in the two groups.

Conclusion
Our results suggest that the suspicion index of cCMV infection in a tertiary hospital is currently high and neonatologists are able to identify most symptomatic cases which have higher risk of developing hearing loss. Coupling the cCMV screening and the NHS program is worthwhile as it allows early recognition of asymptomatic cases with hearing loss and subsequent immediate administration of antiviral therapy.
Stapedotomy for fenestral otosclerosis
Authors: Minni Antonio , Sementilli Giulio , Cialente Fabrizio , Rossetti Valeria , Marinelli Alessia , Ralli Massimo , De Seta Daniele 
Published: June 2021

Objectives
Otosclerosis is a progressive disease of the otic capsule characterised by disordered bone remodelling with abnormal resorption and neoformation of the temporal bone. Fenestral (or stapedial) otosclerosis is the most frequent form, when the focus of demineralisation involves the stapes footplate and the oval window. Stapedotomy and stapedectomy are indisputably the two main stapes surgery techniques for otosclerosis. The aims of this article are to evaluate the outcome of stapedotomy in terms of long-term audiological results and possible onset of late audiovestibular complications.

Methods
This retrospective study included 63 patients who underwent primary stapedotomy for treatment of conductive hearing loss due to otosclerosis with more than 15 years postoperative follow-up.

Results
We compared the preoperative results with the long-term stapedotomy results and observed an improvement of the pure tone average (PTA) for air conduction (AC) of 10.6 ± 7.6 dB and an average air/bone gap (ABG) improvement of 22.6 ± 5.7 dB. A surgical revision was necessary in two cases (3%). Complications included tinnitus in 5 cases and a temporary hypogeusia in two patients (3%); in the immediate postoperative period, 6 patients (10.2%) complained of vertigo.

Conclusions
Our results provide further evidence of the validity of stapedotomy as the reference technique for the surgical treatment of fenestral otosclerosis.
Equivariant neural networks for inverse problems
Authors: Celledoni Elena , Ehrhardt Matthias J , Etmann Christian , Owren Brynjulf , Schönlieb Carola-Bibiane , Sherry Ferdia 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In recent years the use of convolutional layers to encode an inductive bias (translational equivariance) in neural networks has proven to be a very fruitful idea. The successes of this approach have motivated a line of research into incorporating other symmetries into deep learning methods, in the form of group equivariant convolutional neural networks. Much of this work has been focused on roto-translational symmetry of R

d
, but other examples are the scaling symmetry of R

d
and rotational symmetry of the sphere. In this work, we demonstrate that group equivariant convolutional operations can naturally be incorporated into learned reconstruction methods for inverse problems that are motivated by the variational regularisation approach. Indeed, if the regularisation functional is invariant under a group symmetry, the corresponding proximal operator will satisfy an equivariance property with respect to the same group symmetry. As a result of this observation, we design learned iterative methods in which the proximal operators are modelled as group equivariant convolutional neural networks. We use roto-translationally equivariant operations in the proposed methodology and apply it to the problems of low-dose computerised tomography reconstruction and subsampled magnetic resonance imaging reconstruction. The proposed methodology is demonstrated to improve the reconstruction quality of a learned reconstruction method with a little extra computational cost at training time but without any extra cost at test time.
Existence of ferroelectric resistive switching memory in MoS2/PVDF heterojunction devices
Authors: Liu Wei-song , Yang Hui , Li Lan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The heterostructure device based on polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/MoS2 films was succesfully prepared and showed a good hysteresis feature with a unique resistive switching perpromance, where the logarithmic I–V curve looks like a butterfly. The on-off ratio for the resistive switching in the device based on PVDF/MoS2 films reaches 2.5 × 102 and the resistive switching happens at −0.9 V and −4.9 V for a half loop. The influence of the introduction of MoS2 and ferroelectric PVDF film was also studied and compared to a device based on a single film. The underlying physical mechanism for the unique resistive transition was attributed to the polarization field from the ferroelectric polymer PVDF and the S vacancies in MoS2.
Automated pipeline for EEG artifact reduction (APPEAR) recorded during fMRI
Authors: Mayeli Ahmad , Al Zoubi Obada , Henry Kaylee , Wong Chung Ki , White Evan J , Luo Qingfei , Zotev Vadim , Refai Hazem , Bodurka Jerzy 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjective.Simultaneous electroencephalography-functional magnetic resonance imaging (EEG-fMRI) recordings offer a high spatiotemporal resolution approach to study human brain and understand the underlying mechanisms mediating cognitive and behavioral processes. However, the high susceptibility of EEG to MRI-induced artifacts hinders a broad adaptation of this approach. More specifically, EEG data collected during fMRI acquisition are contaminated with MRI gradients and ballistocardiogram artifacts, in addition to artifacts of physiological origin. There have been several attempts for reducing these artifacts with manual and time-consuming pre-processing, which may result in biasing EEG data due to variations in selecting steps order, parameters, and classification of artifactual independent components. Thus, there is a strong urge to develop a fully automatic and comprehensive pipeline for reducing all major EEG artifacts. In this work, we introduced an open-access toolbox with a fully automatic pipeline for reducing artifacts from EEG data collected simultaneously with fMRI (refer to APPEAR).Approach.The pipeline integrates average template subtraction and independent component analysis to suppress both MRI-related and physiological artifacts. To validate our results, we tested APPEAR on EEG data recorded from healthy control subjects during resting-state (n= 48) and task-based (i.e. event-related-potentials (ERPs);n= 8) paradigms. The chosen gold standard is an expert manual review of the EEG database.Main results.We compared manually and automated corrected EEG data during resting-state using frequency analysis and continuous wavelet transformation and found no significant differences between the two corrections. A comparison between ERP data recorded during a so-called stop-signal task (e.g. amplitude measures and signal-to-noise ratio) also showed no differences between the manually and fully automatic fMRI-EEG-corrected data.Significance.APPEAR offers the first comprehensive open-source toolbox that can speed up advancement of EEG analysis and enhance replication by avoiding experimenters’ preferences while allowing for processing large EEG-fMRI cohorts composed of hundreds of subjects with manageable researcher time and effort.
Characterization of the CMS Endcap Timing Layer readout chip prototype with charge injection
Authors: Sun H. , Gong D. , Zhang W. , Edwards C. , Huang G. , Huang X. , Liu C. , Liu T. , Liu T. , Olsen J. , Sun Q. , Wu J. , Ye J. , Zhang L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We present the characterization of a readout Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) for the CMS Endcap Timing Layer (ETL) of the High-Luminosity LHC upgrade with charge injection. The ASIC, named ETROC and developed in a 65 nm CMOS technology, reads out a 16× 16 pixel matrix of the Low-Gain Avalanche Detector (LGAD). The jitter contribution from ETROC is required to be below 40 ps to achieve the 50 ps overall time resolution per hit. The analog readout circuits in ETROC consist of the preamplifier and the discriminator. The preamplifier handles the LGAD charge signal with the most probable value of around 15 fC. The discriminator generates the digital pulse, which provides the Time-Of-Arrival (TOA, leading edge) and Time-Over-Threshold (TOT, pulse width) information. The prototype of ETROC (ETROC0) that implements a single channel of analog readout circuits has been evaluated with charge injection. The jitter of the analog readout circuits, measured from the discriminator's leading edge, is better than 16 ps for a charge larger than 15 fC with the sensor capacitance. The time walk resulting from different pulse heights can be corrected using the TOT measurement. The time resolution distribution has a standard deviation of 29 ps after the time-walk correction from the charge injection. At room temperature, the preamplifier's power consumption is measured to be 0.74 mW and 1.53 mW per pixel in the low- and high-power mode, respectively. The measured power consumption of the discriminator is 0.84 mW per pixel. With the ASIC alone or the LGAD sensor, The characterization performances fulfill the ETL's challenging requirements.
Accessing register spaces in FPGAs within the ATLAS DAQ scheme via the SCA eXtension
Authors: Bakalis C. , Alexopoulos T. , Grayzman I. , Lee L. , Levinson L. , Polychronakos V. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The foreseen upgrades of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are expected to increase the required throughput of the front-end and back-end electronics that support the readout of the LHC detectors. Therefore, the complexity of the electronics systems will be increased as well. An example of this is the electronics system of the New Small Wheel (NSW) upgrade of the ATLAS detector, which will be comprised of a number of Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs), and Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs). These ASICs will be configured and monitored by the Slow Control Adapter (SCA), another ASIC designed for this purpose. The Slow Control Adapter eXtension (SCAX) on the other hand, is an FPGA module designed to support FPGA systems that are part of the ATLAS electronics scheme by reading and writing their configuration parameters and status indicators. SCAX emulates both the I2C interface of the SCA used to access the NSW ASICs, as well as the communication protocol implemented between the SCA and the back-end infrastructure. It thereby enables using the same OPC-UA server and back-end software suite that support the ASICs, to also interface with the FPGAs that are part of the same system. This work describes the context of the SCAX's implementation, alongside architectural considerations of the module, features, and techniques to validate its hardware implementation across a variety of FPGA devices.
Measurement of the relative quantum efficiency of Hamamatsu model R5912-20MOD photomultiplier tubes at liquid argon temperature
Authors: Zhao Q. , Guan M.Y. , Zhang P. , Yang C.G. , Li J.J. , Wei Y.T. , Wang L. , Gan Y.Y. , Xiong W.X. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The model R5912-20MOD photomultiplier tube(PMT) is made for cryogenic application by Hamamatsu. In this paper, we report on the measurement of relative quantum efficiency (QE) of this model PMT at liquid argon(LAr) temperature. Furthermore, a specially designed setup and relevant test method are introduced. The relative QE is measured in visible wavelengths with the PMT emerged in high purity nitrogen atmosphere. The results show that the change of QE at LAr temperature is within about 5% compared with room temperature around 420 nm. However, the QE increases about 10% in the shorter wavelength range and decreases significantly after 550 nm.
Study on the stability of 20 inch photomultiplier tubes based on microchannel plate
Authors: Li H. , Qian S. , Ning Z. , Zhang Y. , Wu Q. , Ma L. , Zhu Y. , Peng S. , Yan M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The normal working stability of 20-inch MCP-PMTs are studied by random triggering, in this paper. The variation of dark counting rate and gain in the long-term (∼400 days) aging process is mainly analyzed. It is found that the variation trend of the dark counting rate is consistent with the temperature, and the dark counting rate increases by about 15%/∘C at room temperature (20–28∘C). Moreover, the gain of PMTs began to decline after 5 months of continuous operation. After the gain is reduced by about 15%, the gain reaches a steady state.
Global air quality change during COVID-19: a synthetic analysis of satellite, reanalysis and ground station data
Authors: Yang Qianqian , Wang Bin , Wang Yuan , Yuan Qiangqiang , Jin Caiyi , Wang Jiwen , Li Shuwen , Li Muyu , Li Tongwen , Liu Song , Shen Huanfeng , Zhang Liangpei 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a rare reduction in human activities. In such a background, data from ground-based environmental stations, satellites, and reanalysis materials are utilized to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the global air quality changes during the COVID-19 outbreak. The results showed that under the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak, a significant decrease in particulate matter (PM
x
) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) occurred in more than 40% of the world’s land area, with NO2 (PM
x
) decreasing by ∼30% (∼20%). The mobility, meteorological factors, and the response speed to COVID-19 outbreaks were examined. It was further found that in quick-response cities, lockdowns produced a sharp decline in mobility and had a dominant impact on air quality. In contrast, in slow-response cities, mobility dropped gradually since the confirmation of the first COVID-19 case (FCC) and he impact of the FCC, lockdowns, and meteorological factors were comparable.