bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Alternative to the Proof Paradigm for Metacognitive Rationality
Authors: Talbott William J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 10, the author completes his theory by introducing two principles of metacognitive rationality, the Special and General Metacognitive Expected Relative Frequency (MERF) Principles. The special principle is discussed in Chapter 10 and the general principle is discussed in Appendix B. He shows how the Special MERF Principle explains the seven kinds of mistake-correcting reasoning discussed in Chapter 9 and also shows that the General MERF Principle can explain how it could be rational to be certain of nothing (not even this proposition). He uses an example to explain why his equilibrium theory is a better explanation of ordinary mistake-correcting reasoning than a Bayesian theory and why his equilibrium theory is needed to explain defeater reasoning. Finally, the author explains why his MERF Principles, given our evidence, imply the surprising result that it is not rational to believe them to be true, though he argues that they are true enough to enable us to better understand mistake-correcting reasoning.
Necessity and Universality
Authors: Talbott William J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In Chapter 11, the author addresses the metaphysical status of his nine principles of epistemic rationality and irrationality and, more generally, of the fundamental principles of epistemic rationality. He begins with a series of ten modal example to set the stage for an argument that not even God, if there is one, could alter those fundamental principles: they are true in all possible worlds. He then explains why the necessity of those principles is not the seemingly trivial necessity of Kripke-Putnam a posteriori necessity, but genuine metaphysical necessity. He contrasts his view with various forms of relativism and non-cognitivism about epistemic rationality. He concludes by identifying the final, seemingly insuperable hurdle that his account of epistemic rationality must overcome: to provide a non-Platonist account of the sensitivity of our normative epistemic beliefs to the metaphysically necessary fundamental principles of epistemic rationality. That problem is addressed in Chapter 12.
The Consumer Movement
Authors: Lytle Mark H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The chapter opener follows the efforts of Senator Gaylord Nelson to advance an environmental agenda. Such events as the Santa Barbara oil spill and Cuyahoga River fire were symbols of manmade environmental disruptions. Nelson inspired Earth Day as a way to engage public opinion. Many on the New Left and the environmental movement now saw consumerism as the source of dirty air and water, toxic fumes, poisoned foods, and littered landscapes. That was a point of view Ralph Nader shared. No book on consumerism could ignore Nader’s role in the rise of the consumer rights movement in the 1960s. This section looks at Nader’s background and the controversy he triggered when he published Unsafe at Any Speed, as well as his commitment to wide-ranging consumer rights and environmental projects. The following section looks at “hip consumerism” to show how the counterculture influenced personal styles and gender identities. It features Stewart Brand, who with Ken Kesey launched the “Trips Festival” in San Francisco and then went on to produce the bible of alternative consumption, The Whole Earth Catalog.
Blue-Collar Blues
Authors: Lytle Mark H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The chapter opens by exploring the travails afflicting General Motors in the 1970s that included the labor unrest at Lordstown, competition from Japanese and German imports, and its own heavily bureaucratic corporate culture. As the nation’s number one manufacturer, GM’s woes were emblematic of the decline of the American economy, leading to what Jimmy Carter described as a “crisis of confidence.” Another source of stagnation was the failure of labor unions to serve their members and to adapt to new economic realities. Labor’s miseries included the decision of United Mine Workers president Tony Boyle to have his rival for power, Jock Yablonski, murdered. Very few historians of the postwar era give labor such prominent treatment that goes on also to look at the new role of women. This was the period, after all, that in which Karen Silkwood and Norma Rae became heroic figures. Another source of union woes was Hollywood’s shift from its generally sympathetic treatment of labor and workers in the 1930s to a more skeptical and even hostile treatment in such films as Blue Collar, Joe, and Saturday Night Fever. Another schism opened in popular culture as such country and western icons as Merle Haggard, along with evangelical Christians, spoke out for patriotism and family values and against countercultural values. Herein lies a major source of the current red state–blue state divide.
Hi-Tech Consumers
Authors: Lytle Mark H. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter tracks how the rise of personal computers and electronic media led to the creation of the Internet and World Wide Web. The opener features the two Steves (Jobs and Wozniak) and the advent of the Apple II and even more influential Macintosh, even as the IBM PC and its clones dominated the personal computer market. Widespread adoption of the Internet opened the door to e-tailing in which Amazon has emerged as the ultimate engine of consumerism. Curiously, Jeff Bezos has modeled his retailing empire on the empire he threatens—Wal-Mart. From Sam Walton he adopted the idea of low prices, satisfying customer experiences, and technological innovation.
From World War II to Cold War Catholicism
Authors: Chinnici Joseph P. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The wartime struggle of Pius XII against totalitarianism focuses the identity of the Church on the defense of rights and the important connection between internal national developments and international stability. The American bishops’ adoption of the papal program moves the description of public Catholic identity in ambivalent directions. On the one hand, anti-communism shapes an organic presentation of the Judeo-Christian tradition united to the American way of life as the opposite of an atheistic and totalitarian “system of belief.” The sovereignty of God, obedience to lawfully constituted authority, and the unity between divine, natural, and positive law become dominant characteristics of the faith. On the other hand, this same rapprochement with American political values emphasizes equality, democratic participation, and individual rights. These ambivalences manifest themselves in different ways in the Catholic approach to family life and nuclear warfare.
Religious Renewal in the Context of Secularism
Authors: Chinnici Joseph P. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
When public identity focuses on the convergence between Catholicism and the American way of life, markers of Catholic identity migrate to unique religious practices: popular devotions, sacramental attendance, obedience to disciplinary laws. Episcopal statements and the reflections of clerical and lay leaders note the growing split between religion and daily life. “Secularism” within the Church is identified in the analysis of John Courtney Murray, the Grail Movement, and in the pages of Catholic Action. In response to this “schizoid culture,” significant leaders network with affinity movements throughout the world. International congresses of the laity set the stage for the Council. Movements of Specialized Catholic Action join with the mainstreaming of scripture reading, catechetical reform, participative political processes, and the liturgical movement to foster a reconfiguration of clergy-lay relations. The bishops themselves begin to sponsor both liturgical change and Specialized Catholic Action even before the Council begins.
The Preparatory Phases, 1959–1962
Authors: Chinnici Joseph P. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The questionnaire that the bishops of the United States completed in their suggestions for topics at the Second Vatican Council reflected the dual inheritance of the 1950s. Acceptance of the American political proposition, anti-communism, and moral boundaries existed side by side with a desire to improve ecumenical relationships, recognition of social developments, and openness to liturgical and canonical changes. Similar divisions marked participation in the preparatory commissions of the Council. Cardinals Spellman and McIntyre disagreed with Cardinals Meyer and Ritter on the Central Preparatory Commission. Major differences between Joseph Fenton on the Theological Commission and participants in the Secretariat for the Promotion of Christian Unity surfaced. American theological contributions to the liturgy, the priesthood of the faithful, methodologies for ecumenism, and the presence of Protestant Observers would contribute to the future discussions at the Council. Two distinct versions of Catholic presence in the world joined American developments with international ones.
Dousing the Fires of Patent Litigation
Authors: Beauchamp Christopher 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The modern patent system is often criticized as excessively litigious and ripe for reform. But there is historical precedent for shifts in patent litigation with limited public policy intervention. The historic peak in patent litigation in the nineteenth-century United States declined around 1900, with suits remaining at lower levels until the late twentieth century. This chapter evaluates potential causes of the decline. Perhaps the most important was the changing scale of business organization, which altered the environment of patent disputes. By contrast, the rise of new technology sectors did not drive changes in the number of suits. Legal institutions played a role: litigated patents by the twentieth century were different from those adjudicated in the nineteenth. But the litigation decline resists a purely legal explanation. Patent litigation was transformed from without, by the shifting economic context, rather than by reforms from within the world of patent law
Ninth Circuit Nursery
Authors: Usselman Steven W. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Based on statistical and textual analysis of the 148 patent cases heard by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals from its creation through 1925, this chapter suggests that the appeals judges created a legal environment highly favorable to innovative West Coast enterprises. Their rulings consistently sided with local patent holders and alleged infringers over litigants from outside the circuit. Cases involving only local parties produced more mixed results, as judges sought to mediate disputes among competing regional suppliers, while insulating small proprietors from risks of infringement. Through these means, the appeals court actively shaped competition and influenced the course of innovation in such emergent fields as oil drilling and refining, hydraulic machinery, and food processing. The distinctiveness of Pacific Coast patent law diminished after 1915 under influence of a federal judiciary stacked with protégés of ex-President William Howard Taft, who became Chief Justice in 1921.
An Introduction to Global Health Delivery
Authors: Mukherjee Joia , Farmer Paul 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
What has called so many young people to the field of global health is the passion to be a force for change, to work on the positive side of globalization, and to be part of a movement for human rights. This passion stems from the knowledge that the world is not OK. Impoverished people are suffering and dying from treatable diseases, while the wealthy live well into their 80s and 90s. These disparities exist between and within countries. COVID-19 has further demonstrated the need for global equity and our mutual interdependence. Yet the road to health equity is long. People living in countries and communities marred by slavery, colonialism, resource extraction, and neoliberal market policies have markedly less access to health care than the wealthy. Developing equitable health systems requires understanding the history and political economy of communities and countries and working to adequately resource health delivery. Equitable health care also requires strong advocacy for the right to health. In fact, the current era in global health was sparked by advocacy—the activist movement for AIDS treatment access, for the universality of the right to health and to a share of scientific advancement. The same advocacy is needed now as vaccines and treatments are developed for COVID-19. This book centers global health in principles of equity and social justice and positions global health as a field to fulfill the universal right to health.
The Evolution of Drug Access
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Medications are essential for treatment and curative medical care. Yet, procuring and managing an adequate supply of medicines is challenging. With the expansion and strengthening of health services, countries around the world worked to expand the medicines available and develop systems for tracking to prevent running out (stock outs). This chapter focuses on the provision of medications in impoverished settings and the challenges that inhibit access to lifesaving drugs. This chapter covers the evolving concept of essential drugs, the limitations of market systems in ensuring drug access for the poor, and efforts to increase access to lifesaving drugs that keep pace with the advancements of medical science. Finally, it covers the challenge of global equity for the COVID-19 vaccine.
Monitoring, Evaluation, and Quality Improvement in Global Health
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Quality data are necessary to make good decisions in health delivery, for both individuals and populations. Data can be used to improve care and achieve equity. However, the collection of health data has been weak in most impoverished countries, where health data are compiled in stacks of poorly organized paper records. Efforts to streamline and improve health information discussed in this chapter include patient-held booklets, demographic health surveys, and the use of common indicators. This chapter also focuses on the evolution of medical records, including electronic systems. The use of data for monitoring, evaluation, and quality improvement is explained. Finally, this chapter reviews the use of frameworks—such as logic models and log frames—for program planning, evaluation, and improvement.
Pandemic Preparedness and Response
Authors: Mukherjee Joia 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores pandemics, reviewing both the epidemiology and frameworks for preparedness. This chapter highlights the biological, social. and political factors that change the epidemics and allow diseases to exploit and worsen inequalities. Examples of pandemic responses from the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, but also from Ebola and HIV, are discussed. The U.S. failure to contain COVID-19 in the first year of the pandemic is used as a case study on the importance of social and political determinants of health in shaping a pandemic. Finally, the chapter outlines the need for health systems that deliver high-quality and equitable prevention, treatment, and care as the best defense to control and minimize suffering in a pandemic.
Universal Politics
Authors: Kapoor Ilan , Zalloua Zahi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on (i) explicating the Žižekian conception of “negative universality,” which foregrounds the antagonisms of the social, making these a basis for political solidarity; (ii) contrasting a negative conception of universality with mainstream notions of universalism (e.g., “abstract universalism”), which often have neocolonial implications (e.g., the rights of Europeans cloaked as universal rights); and (iii) outlining why there is a pressing need for a negative universality today in the face of the seeming invincibility of postpolitical global capitalism. Given the postmodern skepticism of embracing any universal project, the chapter argues that a negative conception of universality not only opens up spaces for reconfiguring the status quo but also forefronts the struggles of the most marginalized.
Universalisms Compared
Authors: Kapoor Ilan , Zalloua Zahi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter puts Žižek’s vision of universality, and its corollary empty subject, in critical dialogue with competing universalist models: the champion of republican secularism Alain Finkielkraut, democratic theorist Seyla Benhabib, Marxist Étienne Balibar, and postcolonial critic Edward Said. The concept of universalism has a generative power reflected by the significantly wide political spectrum of those who embrace it. One common defining feature of these universalisms that one might cite—especially in the context of ethical and political philosophy—is their historical reliance on Enlightenment human rights discourse. With the Palestinian question serving as a testing ground for thinking universal politics, this chapter explores the ways Said’s exilic cosmopolitanism, Finkielkraut’s republicanism, Benhabib’s democratic subject, and Balibar’s insurrectional politics converge and diverge with Žižek’s politico-hermeneutic framework.
A Political Economy of Power
Authors: Fèvre Raphaël 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Today, ordoliberalism is at the center of the ongoing debate about the foundations, the present governance, and future prospects of the European Union—and yet we do not dispose of a comprehensive definition of it. Whenever we talk of the dominance of the German model, the discussion should involve a detailed picture of ordoliberal principles. This book retraces the intellectual history of ordoliberalism, focusing in particular on the works of its main representatives Walter Eucken and Wilhelm Röpke, together with references to the contributions of Franz Böhm, Alexander Rüstow, Leonhard Miksch, and Friedrich Lutz. The book highlights the crucial, albeit overlooked, role of economic and political power in the making of ordoliberal thought. More precisely, the book shows that ordoliberalism, in its ideological, epistemological, theoretical, and political components, can be defined as a political economy of power; that is, as a form of economic knowledge whose primary objective is to analyze the sources, action, and impact of power within society. By doing so, the book will offer a new perspective on ordoliberals’ key concepts built in the interwar period while contextualizing them within a broader intellectual project.
Conclusion
Authors: Kornblith Hilary 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter draws out some epistemological lessons that have emerged from the preceding chapters. An evolutionary account is offered in answer to the question of how knowledge is possible. We are endowed with native cognitive processes which are conducive to the reliable production of true belief in a wide variety of the circumstances, including the social circumstances, in which we are found. To put this in slogan form: we are born to know. This provides an illuminating perspective on the operation of our perceptual systems, as well as on the working of our inferential mechanisms, and the social practice of giving and asking for reasons.
Creating New Electoral Public Spheres
Authors: Moore Martin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
As the dominant technology platforms have become increasingly central to political communication, they have been heavily criticized for their failure to adequately structure, monitor and moderate their public spaces. However, in many ways they conform more closely to the normative Habermasian public sphere than legacy media—notably in terms of ubiquity, accessibility, and connectivity. However, the political economy of these platforms means they cannot satisfy all the features of a democratic public sphere, and will never be sufficient. Democratic societies will therefore need to create and sustain alternative digital public spheres. One such alternative should be for elections. This chapter provides a rationale for the development of alternative public spheres and sketches out what publicly supported digital electoral public spheres might look like.
Transposing Public Service Media Obligations to Dominant Platforms
Authors: Rowbottom Jacob 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the way media law can regulate the conduct of election campaigns. In the UK, broadcast regulations have prevented the purchase of political advertisements on television and radio, and have constrained mediated coverage through impartiality obligations. While the system is not without problems, it has gone some way to provide the conditions for fair and competitive campaigns. Such regulations have also shaped the strategies pursued by parties to communicate with the electorate. With the increased use of the digital media by campaigners, there is greater scope for that regulatory framework to be bypassed. This chapter will consider some of the ways that media laws can maintain the conditions for a fair campaign in the context of the digital campaign. The policy options include the extension of broadcast style regulations to certain digital content providers, and the application of separate public service obligations to the digital platforms.
Withdrawal Agreement: General Provisions
Authors: Dougan Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a critical analysis of the overall Withdrawal Agreement reached between the EU and the UK. The focus for discussion is the post-withdrawal, status quo ‘transition period’—during which, for 11 months after formally leaving the EU, the UK was nevertheless treated as if it were still a Member State for a wide range of purposes. Once that transition period expired, a new set of rules was activated under the Withdrawal Agreement, e.g. on winding-up outstanding UK engagements with EU rules, processes and institutions; and on calculating the UK’s financial settlement towards the EU (the so-called ‘divorce bill’). This chapter also explores the rules on governance, interpretation, dispute settlement and internal legal effects of the Withdrawal Agreement.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Dougan Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter summarizes the key legal and political forces that shaped the conduct and outcomes of the EU–UK withdrawal negotiations under Article 50 TEU; offers an overall evaluation of the final Withdrawal Package that provided the basis upon which Brexit finally occurred on 31 January 2020; and highlights certain common themes and issues that emerged from the experience of UK departure. This chapter also highlights some of the future issues and research questions that are bound to emerge from Brexit: both for the UK, as regards the long-term process of ‘de-Europeanizing’ the domestic legal system, not only as regards substantive law, but also, e.g. institutional relations, judicial protection, and the UK’s own Internal Market; and also for the EU, as regards the full impacts of British withdrawal from the Union’s institutions, substantive policies, and processes of constitutional reform.