bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alexander Pope in the Making
Authors: Hone Joseph 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
How did Alexander Pope become the greatest poet of the eighteenth century? Drawing on previously neglected texts and overlooked archival materials, Alexander Pope in the Making provides a radical new account of the poet’s early career, from the earliest traces of manuscript circulation to the publication of his collected Works. Joseph Hone illuminates classic poems such as An Essay on Criticism, The Rape of the Lock, and Windsor-Forest by setting them alongside lesser-known texts by Pope and his contemporaries, many of which have never received sustained critical attention before. Pope’s earliest experiments in satire, panegyric, lyric, pastoral, and epic are all explored alongside his translations, publication strategies, and neglected editorial projects. By recovering cultural values shared by Pope and the politically heterodox men and women whose works he read and with whom he collaborated, Hone unearths powerful new interpretive possibilities for some of the eighteenth century’s most celebrated poems. Alexander Pope in the Making mounts a comprehensive challenge to the ‘Scriblerian’ paradigm that has dominated scholarship for the past eighty years. It sheds fresh light on Pope’s early career and reshapes our understanding of the ideological landscape of his era. This book will be essential reading for scholars and students of eighteenth-century literature, history, and politics.
Pope’s Social Contexts
Authors: Hone Joseph 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Pope’s earliest poems emerged from his various childhood and teenage relationships. For whom did he write those poems and by whom were they read? This chapter investigates Pope’s early social milieu through a focus on two specific communities: the Catholic diaspora of the Thames Valley and the friends of the late John Dryden, including Buckingham, Granville, St John, and Higgons. It traces Pope’s earliest contact with those figures and their influence on his poems. Reconstructing Pope’s connections to these circles provides essential context for understanding his early literary development. It also enables new understanding of his political awakening as a teenager. The final section of the chapter examines An Essay on Criticism (1711) within the context of similar poems by Buckingham and Granville, notably An Essay upon Satire (1679), An Essay upon Poetry (1682), and An Essay on Unnatural Flights in Poetry (1701). By ignoring Buckingham and Granville as irrelevant and second-rate authors, previous scholars have overlooked the fact that their poems were Pope’s principal generic models for the Essay
Miscellany Publication
Authors: Hone Joseph 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses Pope’s hitherto neglected use of miscellany publication. With the exceptions of An Essay on Criticism, The Temple of Fame, and Windsor-Forest, all Pope’s early printed poems first appeared in miscellanies or periodicals. Three miscellanies are of particular importance: the sixth and final volume of Jacob Tonson’s Poetical Miscellanies (1709), Bernard Lintot’s Miscellaneous Poems and Translations (1712), and Poems on Several Occasions (1717), also published by Lintot. A section is devoted to each of those miscellanies. Pope made his public print debut in the first one, was the guiding spirit behind the second, and the editor of the third. In his roles as contributor and editor, Pope encouraged friends to contribute to the collections too, dragging them from the world of clandestine scribal publication into that of print. The chapter scrutinizes the content surrounding Pope’s poems in these miscellanies and teases out the sophisticated political resonances of those texts. By 1717 Pope had transformed the miscellany from a mere vessel for minor occasional verse into a focal point for dissident wits who otherwise wrote principally for scribal publication.
The War Lawyers
Authors: Jones Craig 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe War Lawyers: The United States, Israel, and Juridical Warfare examines the laws of war as interpreted and applied by military lawyers to aerial targeting operations carried out by the US military in Iraq and Afghanistan, and the Israel Defense Force (IDF) in Gaza. Drawing on interviews with military lawyers and others, this book explains why some lawyers became integrated in the chain of command whereby military targets are identified and attacked, whether by manned aircraft, drones and/or ground forces, and with what results. The analysis shows how a series of political, legal, and technological developments have given rise to a targeting apparatus that requires legal input. In examining the effects of this process, the book argues that when lawyers render legal advice on targeting, they effectively put the indeterminacy of law in the service of producing and extending military violence, as well as constraining it. This is an iterative and ongoing law-making enterprise carried out in concert with the commanders whom lawyers advise. The provision of legal answers and options takes place in a highly routinized fashion under the overarching imperatives of mission success, and crucially, under pressures of time and emergent events in the battlespace. Military lawyers respond to intelligence data from widely distributed actors—but also inevitable gaps, errors, and misinterpretations in such data. The War Lawyers examines the mutual influence of US and Israeli targeting policies and shows just how important law and military lawyers have become in the conduct of contemporary warfare.
The Principle of Prevention
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins by explaining that the preventive principle is complementary to the polluter-pays principle by requiring the adoption of measures intended to prevent damage from arising. It then briefly reviews the evolution of the prevention principle in international law, EU law, and several national legal systems. Having determined the scope of the preventive principle in relation to other principles of environmental law (no harm principle, precautionary), the chapter systematizes its various facets (environmental standards, best available technologies, etc.). It goes on to consider the role of proportionality in determining the degree of prevention sought. It examines the sometimes ambivalent nature of the instruments typical of the preventive principle, using several case studies.
Part II Introduction
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The introduction of Part II of this book highlights that the polluter-pays, preventive, and precautionary principles described in Part I mark an epistemological shift between modern law, which rests on the fixed standards of traditional legal rule-making, and post-modern law, which emphasizes the pragmatic, gradual, unstable, and reversible nature of rules. Chapter 4 describes the paradigm shift from modern to post-modern law. Chapter 5 considers the various functions that the polluter-pays, preventive and precautionary principles may fulfil within a post-modern legal prospect, seeking to strike a balance among multiple and conflicting interests. Chapter 6 explains that the varying status of these principles does not deprive them of normative effect. Chapter 7 focuses on the conflict between environmental principles and free trade within the World Trade Organization (WTO). This four-stage approach enables us to demonstrate how the polluter-pays, preventive, and precautionary principles shape an ideal of rationality in a chaotic legal universe.
The Evolving Function of Environmental Directing Principles in the Transition from Modern to Post-Modern Law
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the various functions that polluter-pays, preventive, and precautionary principles may fulfil within a post-modern legal prospect, seeking to balance multiple and conflicting interests. It clarifies that recourse to directing principles such as the polluter-pays, preventive, and precautionary principles described in Part I is often disparaged despite their usefulness, on the grounds that they are not sufficiently definite to ensure legal certainty. The chapter explains that these principles are generally described as having no perspective effect—until one fine day a court makes use of them, to the great surprise of the legislator. Thus, these principles may serve to conceal a return to judicial activism.
Part II Conclusions
Authors: de Sadeleer Nicolas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Part II of this book has shown how the environmental principles, Janus-like, present a double face: on one hand they recall the rationality inherent in modernity (function of coherence, codification) while on the other hand they are strongly shot through with post-modern characteristics (stimulation of public policy, weighing of interests). Against this background, the conclusions of Part II of this work strongly defend the argument that the advent of post-modernity has not done away with all forms of rationality. The conclusions demonstrate that the principles of environmental law can contribute to a revival of rationality.
Public Narratives of Constituent Power in the European Union
Authors: Patberg Markus 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a mapping of public narratives of constituent power in the EU. In this way, it seeks to identify adequate starting points for an endeavour of practice-oriented theory construction. Citizens have started to challenge the role of the states as the ‘masters of the treaties’. Drawing on a vocabulary of popular sovereignty and self-government, they demand that the EU should be shaped by ‘the people’. Focusing on the voices of actors such as protest movements and public intellectuals, the chapter traces four public narratives that articulate competing ideas as to who should be in control of European integration, how the respective subject came to find itself in that position, and how it should take action in the future. Based on these stories, the chapter turns to the emerging normative debate about the EU’s constituent subject in order to determine which proposals in political theory are worth pursuing and which are not—given their anchoring in public discourse or lack thereof. In this way, it sets the stage for the construction and evaluation of models of constituent power in the EU in subsequent chapters.
Demoi-cratic Constituent Power
Authors: Patberg Markus 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter turns to the public narrative of ‘We, the peoples of Europe’, according to which constituent power in the EU lies with the peoples of the member states, and asks to what extent it can be defended in systematic terms. In doing so, it draws on the political theory of demoi-cracy, which interprets the EU as a political system for the joint self-government of separate political communities. Building on the proposals of central demoi-cratic authors, the chapter discusses how the distinction between pouvoir constituant and pouvoir constitué could find a place in the theoretical framework of demoi-cracy. It then proceeds to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the resulting view. While the demoi-cratic model of constituent power is convincing in its claim that the national peoples must not be bypassed in EU constitutional politics, it fails to draw the necessary conclusion from the fact that European integration has brought about politically significant relations between the citizens of Europe—namely, that there is the need to enable the expression of cross-border cleavages.
Higher-Level Constituent Power
Authors: Patberg Markus 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter makes the first step in the construction of a new theory of constituent power in the EU by proposing a conceptual framework that clarifies the relation between the EU’s constituent power and the national constituent powers. In this way, it seeks to counter the objection that the EU cannot have its own constituent power because the member states retain the Kompetenz-Kompetenz. By means of a rational reconstruction of the ordinary revision procedure, especially the convention method, the chapter argues that the EU’s rules of treaty change already contain the first beginnings of a procedural-institutional innovation that can be described as a ‘levelling up’ of constituent power. One can speak of higher-level constituent power when nation-state peoples issue an authorization for constitutional politics at the supra-state level and in this way bring about a new constituent subject to which they delegate control over particular decisions. According to this view, the EU’s constituent power is neither independent of, nor equivalent to, nor combined with the constituent powers of the member states, but rather delegated by them.
Conclusion
Authors: Patberg Markus 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter takes stock of the book’s main findings and draws out their implications for the EU’s way forward, especially with regard to the Conference on the Future of Europe. The Conference, one of the main pledges of Ursula von der Leyen’s candidacy for Commission President in 2019, is to develop EU reform proposals by 2022. Based on the theory of constituent power developed in this book, the chapter assesses the debate about the design of the Conference. It argues that the blueprints of European Parliament and Commission, as well as demands put forward in civil society, lack a systematic understanding of the EU’s foundations of legitimacy and neglect the need for a supranational separation of constituent and constituted powers. What is missing is a clear conception of the relation between those who authorize and those who are authorized to engage in EU constitutional politics. The chapter concludes by advancing the argument that the Conference could serve as a catalyst for a reform of the EU’s rules of treaty change, with the goal of enabling citizens to exercise higher-level constituent power.
What Is Animal Welfare?
Authors: Stamp Dawkins Marian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe two main reasons it has been so difficult to arrive at an agreed definition of animal welfare are the ‘complexity problem’ (so many different measures of welfare now available) and the ‘consciousness problem’ (conscious experience is itself so difficult to define). There is, however, a relatively simple definition of welfare that provides a solution to both of these problems. Defining animal welfare as ‘health and animals having what they want’ can be easily understood by scientists and non-scientists alike, expresses in simple words what many existing definitions are trying to say anyway and provides the ‘valence’ needed to validate the long list of welfare measures we now have available. Above all, it shows what evidence we need to collect to improve animal welfare in practice.
Conclusions
Authors: Stamp Dawkins Marian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAs a universally agreed definition of animal welfare, ‘health and what animals want’ passes four important tests. First, it unites and complements most existing definitions by emphasizing the animals’ own point of view. Second, it indicates which physiological and behavioural measures are valid and supplies valence where it is missing. Third, it specifies in practical terms exactly what evidence need to be collected to ensure good welfare. Fourth, it is easily understandable by scientists and non-scientists alike. It is thus fit for the purpose of representing the interests of non-human animals in a world where these often conflict with human interests.
The Fact of Reason
Authors: Ware Owen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Before comparing the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals and the Critique of Practical Reason, this chapter undertakes an essential preliminary task by clarifying Kant’s doctrine of the ‘fact of reason’. According to this doctrine, our consciousness of the moral law admits of no deduction, but it nonetheless serves to warrant our possession of a free will. This chapter begins by tracing the concept of ‘fact’ through the three main stages of its linguistic history, showing that Kant’s use of the terms ‘Factum’ and ‘Tatsache’ bears an affinity with the British experimentalist tradition. The chapter shows how this context sheds light on Kant’s own experimental method in the second Critique.
Freedom and Obligation
Authors: Ware Owen 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter has three aims. First, it gives an overview of the reception of Kant’s project of moral justification up to the twentieth century, showing that Kant’s first readers detected no great rift between the Groundwork for the Metaphysics of Morals and the Critique of Practical Reason. A consensus that Kant reversed or rejected the argument of Groundwork III only takes shape in 1960. Second, this chapter returns to the details of Groundwork III and argues that Kant appeals to the idea of an intelligible world to warrant our possession of a free will. Third, this chapter argues that, while the second Critique is mostly continuous with Kant’s earlier argument, it goes further by including a theory of moral sensibility.
Introduction
Authors: Stokes Christopher 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Introduction lays out the relevance of prayer as an area of enquiry, noting that its quintessential position as an act of religious subjectivity means that it responds to the historical conditions of modernity and secularity in a different way from more objective phenomena like theology, denominational structures, or patterns of conceptual belief. It is noted that whilst Romanticist scholarship has always analysed the question of Romantic religion, it has overwhelmingly tended to do so through these objective contexts: this is all the more surprising when the deep historical and formal affinity of poetry (especially lyric poetry) to prayer is recognized. The Introduction concludes by laying out the basic thesis of this work: that poets used poetry as a uniquely positioned space to explore, critique, and even reinvent prayer in modernity.
‘Till all my sense is lost in infinite’
Authors: Stokes Christopher 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces Anna Letitia Barbauld’s long-standing project to reassert an emotional aspect to Rational Dissenting prayer, which threatened to slip into sterilely intellectual contemplation. However, evoking various affective legacies relevant to Dissenting sensibility—from Isaac Watts to Edward Young—creates poems that struggle to reconcile the competing pulls of reason and passion. Whilst a scene she inherits from the thought of the Unitarian theologian Joseph Priestley—the solitary intellect meditating silently on the sublimity of the divine—overhangs her work, she moves increasingly beyond it. She experiments with greater degrees of affect in both verse and prose hymns, and the chapter concludes by examining a final Barbauldian understanding of the emotions of prayer as intrinsically social and intersubjective.
‘Hence the necessity of Prayer’
Authors: Stokes Christopher 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Samuel Taylor Coleridge began as a Unitarian: this chapter charts the poetic emergence, in his work, of a stranger and more disturbing sense of prayer than Rational Dissent could conceive. Pushing at the borders of reason—slightly archaic and opening the self to mysterious otherness—Gothic prayers become something of a Coleridgean obsession in the late 1790s, in poems like ‘Christabel’ and ‘The Rime of the Ancient Mariner’. The attempt to understand prayer as an experience beyond the shallowly rational version of it which Coleridge inherits from Unitarian thought continues, and culminates in his 1820s Kantian-influenced philosophy of prayer, which is reconstructed from notebook entries and other fragmentary materials.
Introduction
Authors: Jones Charlotte 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Introduction sets synthetic realism in the context of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century culture and aesthetics to show why literary realism needs to be grasped in metaphysical terms. Ranging across contemporary periodical culture and works of literature, philosophy, and science, it examines the ways in which realist theory and practice grapples with the recalcitrance of ‘reality’ as a shifting referential cipher. The Introduction also considers previous critical approaches and suggests that the effects of these encounters between realist aesthetics and philosophical discourse were more various, ambiguous, and complex than we might have thought. It concludes with brief overviews of the book’s five main chapters and elucidates the overarching arguments that are developed within them.
Joseph Conrad
Authors: Jones Charlotte 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Joseph Conrad famously declared a desire ‘above all, to make you see’, but he also repeatedly deploys abstract nouns—truth, beauty, the universe—to denote his representational ambitions. Discussing Conrad’s use of the idea of the real as an anchor for his fiction, this chapter works across literature and philosophy not by recourse to the model of a ‘lens’ or influence study, but instead examines the ways in which the particularly metaphysical dimension of the representational capacities and incapacities of language reveals the contradictions inherent in our desire to place the objects of our experience in a clear, vivid scheme. What demands do realities beyond our sensory experience make upon us for shape and conceptual clarity? In new readings of Nostromo and The Secret Agent, this chapter explores how Conrad’s use of metaphor and analogy fractures the metonymic chains through which realism moves between the known and the unknown.
Ford Madox Ford
Authors: Jones Charlotte 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter seeks to educe the forms of truth that impressionist aesthetics wants to elicit from representation by re-approaching the relationship between particular impressions and universal categories of experience, in order to ask what happens when realism, a mode premised on the production of consensual knowledge, encounters the contingencies of individual vision. Ford insists upon a holistic axiom of literary impressionism in his critical writings, insisting that a thing conceived apart from its relationships would not be a thing, since all language is a matter of relating some things to other things. Yet Ford’s narrators seek a kind of knowledge that is not discursive—that does not rely on the choice of a particular linguistic formulation, and that one cannot be argued out of. Ford stages this descriptive limit by exploiting a set of non-descriptive terms—everything and nothing. The indescribable here means not so much a sublime beyond comprehension but rather the particularities of individual feelings.