bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk Assessment of COVID-19 in the Iranian Health System
Authors: Khankeh Hamidreza , Kolivand Pirhossein , Fathi Mohammad , Lornejad Hamidreza , Abbasabadi-Arab Masoumeh 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjective:The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has exerted unprecedented pressure on healthcare systems throughout the world. This study was designed to develop a national health emergency management program based on risk assessment for COVID-19.Methods:Mixed-methods research was used. Based on recommendations of the national epidemiology committee, 2 risk scenarios were used as basic scenarios for risk assessment. Two rounds of Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were conducted between January and May 2020 with 30 representatives of the health system. The data were collected, analyzed, and integrated by the research team.Results:In the risk matrix, “contamination of environment and individuals” and “burnout of medical staff” occupied the red zone (intolerable risk). “Defects in screening and admissions,” “process disruption in medical care and rehabilitation,” “increased mental disorders,” “social dissatisfaction,” “the decline in healthcare services,” and “loss of medical staff” were identified as the orange zone (significant risk) of the matrix.Conclusions:The avoidance of environmental and individual contamination and healthcare worker burnout are the priorities in Iran. Attention to intersectoral cooperation, the involvement of non-governmental organizations and private center capacities, integration of information health systems, and developing evidence-based protocols are other measures that can improve the health system’s capacity in the response COVID-19.
FORKING, IMAGINARIES, AND OTHER FEATURES OF
Authors: D’ELBÉE CHRISTIAN 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe study the generic theory of algebraically closed fields of fixed positive characteristic with a predicate for an additive subgroup, called
$\mathrm {ACFG}$
. This theory was introduced in [16] as a new example of
$\mathrm {NSOP}_{1}$
nonsimple theory. In this paper we describe more features of
$\mathrm {ACFG}$
, such as imaginaries. We also study various independence relations in
$\mathrm {ACFG}$
, such as Kim-independence or forking independence, and describe interactions between them.
Contributions to the Knowledge of the Lichen Flora of the Himalayas III.
On Lecanora Somervellii Paulson (Lichenized Ascomycotina,
Lecanoraceae)
Authors: Obermayer W. , Poelt J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The lichen Lecanora somervellii Paulson,
first described from the northern slopes of Mt Everest in Tibet, has been
collected at four other localities in the High Himalayas, at altitudes
between 3750 and 5540 m. As the type material appears to be missing, a
neotype is designated here. The species has an unusual lemon yellow colour
due to the pigment calycin; this compound is in addition to usnic acid,
which is widespread in Lecanora.
Lecanora somervellii is otherwise very
similar in essential characters to the complex including
Lecanora concolor Ram. and L.
orbicularis (Schaerer) Vainio, high alpine species
well-known, for example, from the Alps. It is supposed, that L.
somervellii is derived from this aggregate by the
production of calycin (in addition to usnic acid), which acts as an
additional protective pigment at these very high altitudes.
Placoparmelia Patagonica, a New Lichen Genus and Species From
Argentina (Parmeliaceae)
Authors: Henssen Aino 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Placoparmelia patagonica Henssen gen. et sp.
nov. is described from two localities in Argentina. The placodioid thallus
of P. patagonica has a primitive
paraplectenchymatous upper cortex in parts but is devoid of a clearly
defined lower cortex, true rhizines or tufts of rhizoidal hyphae. The upper
surface is minutely porous and reacts HNO3 + blue-green
indicating the presence of glomellifera brown. Norstictic acid with small
amounts of connorstictic and cryptostictic acid, and a trac of an unknown
substance were detected by TLC. The ontogeny and structure of the apothecia
and pycnidia correspond to those of the Parmeliaceae. The anatomy of the
thallus in P. patagonica is compared with that in
Neofuscelia squamariata, N. pulla and Parmelia
saxatilis.
Geothermal Effects on Multiple Enzyme Forms in the Lichen Cladonia
Mitis
Authors: Fahselt Dianne 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Samples of Cladonia mitis were collected from
three microhabitats within an open field in eastern Hokkaido, Japan. Two
sets of sample thalli were taken in close proximity to geothermal vents and
a third from a neighbouring area not directly affected by outgassings.
Enzymes were extracted and separated by isoelectric focusing, and multiple
enzyme forms of three oxidoreductases, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,
glutamate dehydrogenase and superoxide dismutase, and two hydrolases,
esterase and alkaline phosphatase, were examined. Similarities between
microhabitats based on electrophoretic results were calculated using
Jaccard's similarity coefficient and expressed graphically through the
complementary techniques of clustering and ordination. All of the major
differences in isozyme patterns between remote samples and those near
fumaroles were in the two highly polymorphic enzymes, esterase and alkaline
phosphatase. Differences were as great or greater than those between
geographically separated conspecific populations of lichens examined
previously. In the more sulphurous microhabitats, nine bands were much more
frequent and eight much less so than in locations further from the source of
gases.
Integrating Early Economic Evaluation into Target Product Profile development for medical tests: advantages and potential applications
Authors: Cocco Paola , Messenger Michael Paul , Smith Alison Florence , West Robert Michael , Shinkins Bethany 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Target Product Profiles (TPPs) outline the characteristics that new health technologies require to address an unmet clinical need. To date, published TPPs for medical tests have focused on infectious diseases, mostly in the context of low- and middle-income countries. Recently, there have been calls for a broader use of TPPs as a mechanism to ensure that diagnostic innovation is aligned with clinical needs, yet the methodology underpinning TPP development remains suboptimal. Here, we propose that early economic evaluation (EEE) should be integrated within the TPP methodology to create a more rigorous framework for the development of “fit-for-purpose” tests. We discuss the potential benefits that EEE could bring to the core activities underpinning TPP development—scoping, drafting, consensus building, and updating—and argue that using EEE to help inform TPPs provides a more objective, evidence-based, and transparent approach to defining test specifications.
Without Laslett to the lost worlds: Quentin Skinner's early methodology
Authors: Furuta Takuya 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to suggest that the emergence of the so-called Cambridge School of history of political thought can best be understood in terms of two competing visions of the relationship between history and social science, focusing on Peter Laslett and Quentin Skinner. Although Laslett is often distinguished as a founder of the Cambridge School, this paper suggests an alternative view by emphasizing the theoretical discontinuity between Laslett and Skinner rather than their continuity. Laslett, a practitioner of Karl Manheim's ideas, promoted the idea of a comprehensive scientific social history, within which intellectual history was located. This paper argues that Skinner broke with Laslett's idea. For Skinner, (1) Laslett was a positivist who applied the natural scientific model to intellectual history; (2) Laslett's positivism was actually ‘contextualism’; and (3) the alternative to Laslett's contextualism was the history of ideology. Skinner's early methodology was, in part, a rhetorical redescription of ‘ideology’, which opposed both Mannheim and Laslett. As such, this paper focuses on the discursive disconnection between Laslett and Skinner, thus providing a clue to construct a platform for facilitating a further discussion of the history of ideas and the social sciences.
Telemetry antennas withstanding very high accelerations and centrifugal forces
Authors: Bernard Loïc , Covic Hrvoje , Zeiner Andreas , Schneider Armin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe present the design steps of a coaxial dipole antenna for telemetry applications under extreme conditions of accelerations and centrifugal forces. Both, electromagnetic and mechanical designs are explained, as well as performance compromises that have to be made between both domains. The experimental results are given in the following part of the article, before some details on the instrumented firings and the receiving station; at last a few examples of projectiles equipped with such antennas are presented.
Assessing the efficiency of exoskeletons in physical strain reduction by biomechanical simulation with AnyBody Modeling System
Authors: Fritzsche Lars , Galibarov Pavel E. , Gärtner Christian , Bornmann Jonas , Damsgaard Michael , Wall Rudolf , Schirrmeister Benjamin , Gonzalez-Vargas Jose , Pucci Daniele , Maurice Pauline , Ivaldi Serena , Babič Jan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Recently, many industrial exoskeletons for supporting workers in heavy physical tasks have been developed. However, the efficiency of exoskeletons with regard to physical strain reduction has not been fully proved, yet. Several laboratory and field studies have been conducted, but still more data, that cannot be obtained solely by behavioral experiments, are needed to investigate effects on the human body.

Methods
This paper presents an approach to extend laboratory and field research with biomechanical simulations using the AnyBody Modeling System. Based on a dataset recorded in a laboratory experiment with 12 participants using the exoskeleton Paexo Shoulder in an overhead task, the same situation was reproduced in a virtual environment and analyzed with biomechanical simulation.

Results
Simulation results indicate that the exoskeleton substantially reduces muscle activity and joint reaction forces in relevant body areas. Deltoid muscle activity and glenohumeral joint forces in the shoulder were decreased between 54 and 87%. Simultanously, no increases of muscle activity and forces in other body areas were observed.

Discussion
This study demonstrates how a simulation framework could be used to evaluate changes in internal body loads as a result of wearing exoskeletons. Biomechanical simulation results widely agree with experimental measurements in the previous laboratory experiment and supplement such by providing an insight into effects on the human musculoskeletal system. They confirm that Paexo Shoulder is an effective device to reduce physical strain in overhead tasks. The framework can be extended with further parameters, allowing investigations for product design and evaluation.
Relationship Between Wavenumber 4 Pattern of Sporadic E Layer Intensity and Eastward Propagating Diurnal Tide With Zonal Wavenumber 3 in Low Latitude Region
Authors: Niu J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIonospheric sporadic E layers are irregularities with enhanced plasma density which occur in the ionosphere E region. In the present work, we have focused on an interesting wavenumber 4(WN4) pattern of sporadic E layer based on the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate radio occultation S4 indices observation. It is found that amplitude of WN4 pattern has a significant seasonal dependency with the maximum appearing in summer/autumn and minimum in winter. The seasonal variation of the WN4 pattern is basically consistent with the eastward propagating diurnal tide with zonal wavenumber 3 (DE3) tide features. Inconsistencies, mainly an anomalous weak amplitude during the summer in southern hemisphere and propagation direction (speed), are also found. By removing the zonal ion drift factor effect, WN4 pattern of sporadic E layers exhibits a closer relation with the DE3 tide with larger amplitude in the northern hemisphere and ∼90° shift in longitude on average during autumn in the southern hemisphere. In general, it is reasonable to conclude that DE3 tide greatly contributes to this WN4 pattern of sporadic E layers.
Carbonate Fault Mirrors With Extremely Low Frictional Healing Rates: A Possible Source of Aseismic Creep
Authors: Park Yohan , Hirose Takehiro , Ree Jin‐Han 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFrictional healing of faults is a key mechanism controlling fault strength recovery, which enables the development of repeating earthquake cycles. Carbonate fault rocks are commonly characterized by shiny mirror‐like surfaces, sometimes referred to as fault mirrors. Despite the prevalence of fault mirrors in both natural and experimental fault rocks, their frictional healing behavior has not yet been studied. We measured frictional healing rates of experimentally simulated carbonate fault mirrors and found them to be an order of magnitude lower than those of other carbonate fault rocks. Microstructurally, the fault zone of fault mirror specimens is characterized by densely packed sintered nanogouges. We infer that this tight nanograin structure hinders the chemical and physical processes that cause frictional healing. Fault mirrors showing extremely low frictional healing rates are likely to creep aseismically.
Evaluating Friction and Inertial Losses From Slug Tests Conducted in a Multilevel System
Authors: Hommersen J. D. , Quinn P. M. , Parker B. L. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEngineered multilevel systems (MLS) are one of the few viable options for collecting spatial and temporal datasets in 3‐D complex groundwater flow systems. However, these monitoring systems present challenges for hydraulic testing due to small port tubing diameters. In this study, an equipment was developed to enable a pneumatic slug testing of a G360 MLS, fitted with 1/2‐inch ID open tubes that extend from the monitoring ports to the surface. Of the eight ports tested, four exhibited overdamped slug test responses, while underdamped responses were observed in the remaining four ports. It is expected that friction in the small diameter tubing is not negligible, and additional flow constrictions are introduced when installing a transducer in the tubing, effectively changing the open tube geometry to an annulus around the transducer body and around the transducer cable. Steady flow models for annular flow, widely available in the literature, were used to assess tube friction for the overdamped tests. However, for underdamped tests that oscillate quickly, a mathematical solution for unsteady oscillatory flow through an annulus was derived. The results of this study show that it is important to account for frictional and inertial losses to obtain good transmissivity (T) estimates from slug tests conducted in small diameter tubing. Assuming steady flow through small annuli will not introduce an appreciable error when calculating the water level; however, if steady flow through the open tube below the transducer is assumed when calculating the formation head, T values can be underestimated by as much as 80%.
Synthesis and dissociation of soliton molecules in parallel optical-soliton reactors
Authors: He Wenbin , Pang Meng , Yeh Dung-Han , Huang Jiapeng , Russell Philip. St. J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMode-locked lasers have been widely used to explore interactions between optical solitons, including bound-soliton states that may be regarded as “photonic molecules”. Conventional mode-locked lasers normally, however, host at most only a few solitons, which means that stochastic behaviours involving large numbers of solitons cannot easily be studied under controlled experimental conditions. Here we report the use of an optoacoustically mode-locked fibre laser to create hundreds of temporal traps or “reactors” in parallel, within each of which multiple solitons can be isolated and controlled both globally and individually using all-optical methods. We achieve on-demand synthesis and dissociation of soliton molecules within these reactors, in this way unfolding a novel panorama of diverse dynamics in which the statistics of multi-soliton interactions can be studied. The results are of crucial importance in understanding dynamical soliton interactions and may motivate potential applications for all-optical control of ultrafast light fields in optical resonators.
Observing quantum coherence from photons scattered in free-space
Authors: Sajeed Shihan , Jennewein Thomas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractQuantum channels in free-space, an essential prerequisite for fundamental tests of quantum mechanics and quantum technologies in open space, have so far been based on direct line-of-sight because the predominant approaches for photon-encoding, including polarization and spatial modes, are not compatible with randomly scattered photons. Here we demonstrate a novel approach to transfer and recover quantum coherence from scattered, non-line-of-sight photons analyzed in a multimode and imaging interferometer for time-bins, combined with photon detection based on a 8 × 8 single-photon-detector-array. The observed time-bin visibility for scattered photons remained at a high 95% over a wide scattering angle range of −450 to +450, while the individual pixels in the detector array resolve or track an image in its field of view of ca. 0.5°. Using our method, we demonstrate the viability of two novel applications. Firstly, using scattered photons as an indirect channel for quantum communication thereby enabling non-line-of-sight quantum communication with background suppression, and secondly, using the combined arrival time and quantum coherence to enhance the contrast of low-light imaging and laser ranging under high background light. We believe our method will instigate new lines for research and development on applying photon coherence from scattered signals to quantum sensing, imaging, and communication in free-space environments.
Development of priorities for a Canadian strategy to advance activity-based therapies after spinal cord injury
Authors: Musselman Kristin E. , Walden Kristen , Noonan Vanessa K. , Jervis-Rademeyer Hope , Thorogood Nancy , Bouyer Laurent , Chan Brian , Donkers Sarah , Ho Chester , Jeji Tara , Kaiser Anita , Klassen Tara D. , Zariffa José , Grant Christopher , Masani Kei , Zbogar Dominik , Athanasopoulous Peter ,   and the Canadian ABT Summit Attendees
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Study Design
Participatory design.

Objectives
Activity-based therapies (ABT) have physical and psychosocial benefits for individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). A Canadian ABT summit was held to: (1) identify methods used in stroke rehabilitation that may be appropriate for SCI; (2) understand the current state of ABT activities in Canada; and (3) identify priorities for ABT research and care for the next five years.

Setting
Stakeholder-engaged meeting at a tertiary rehabilitation hospital.

Methods
Thirty-nine stakeholders, including individuals with SCI, frontline clinicians, healthcare administrators, researchers, funders and health policy experts, attended. Two participants were note-takers. Priority identification occurred through input from stakeholder groups, followed by individual voting. Conventional content analysis was used to synthesize the information in the meeting notes.

Results
The strengths of ABT in stroke rehabilitation included clear and clinically feasible definitions, measurements and interventions, and recognized requirements for implementation (e.g. behavior change, partnerships). Knowledge gaps concerning ABT activities in Canada were identified for acute and community settings, non-traumatic populations, and the interventions, equipment and standardized measures (i.e. upper limb, activity levels) used. Five priorities for ABT across the continuum of care were identified: (1) Identify current ABT activities; (2) Create a network to facilitate dialog; (3) Track engagement in ABT activities; (4) Develop and implement best practice recommendations; and (5) Study optimal timing, methods, and dose of ABT. Working groups were formed to address priorities 1–3.

Conclusions
The priorities will guide SCI research and care activities in Canada over the next five years.

Sponsorship
Praxis Spinal Cord Institute.
Molecular mechanisms of cell death in neurological diseases
Authors: Moujalled Diane , Strasser Andreas , Liddell Jeffrey R. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTightly orchestrated programmed cell death (PCD) signalling events occur during normal neuronal development in a spatially and temporally restricted manner to establish the neural architecture and shaping the CNS. Abnormalities in PCD signalling cascades, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, and cell death associated with autophagy as well as in unprogrammed necrosis can be observed in the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases. These cell deaths can be activated in response to various forms of cellular stress (exerted by intracellular or extracellular stimuli) and inflammatory processes. Aberrant activation of PCD pathways is a common feature in neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Huntington’s disease, resulting in unwanted loss of neuronal cells and function. Conversely, inactivation of PCD is thought to contribute to the development of brain cancers and to impact their response to therapy. For many neurodegenerative diseases and brain cancers current treatment strategies have only modest effect, engendering the need for investigations into the origins of these diseases. With many diseases of the brain displaying aberrations in PCD pathways, it appears that agents that can either inhibit or induce PCD may be critical components of future therapeutic strategies. The development of such therapies will have to be guided by preclinical studies in animal models that faithfully mimic the human disease. In this review, we briefly describe PCD and unprogrammed cell death processes and the roles they play in contributing to neurodegenerative diseases or tumorigenesis in the brain. We also discuss the interplay between distinct cell death signalling cascades and disease pathogenesis and describe pharmacological agents targeting key players in the cell death signalling pathways that have progressed through to clinical trials.