bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GLOBE Mosquito Habitat Mapper Citizen Science Data 2017–2020
Authors: Low Russanne , Boger Rebecca , Nelson Peder , Kimura Matteo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe GLOBE Program's GLOBE Observer application is a free citizen science mobile data collection and visualization tool compatible with iOS and Android operating systems. Citizen scientists armed with the app can report the mosquito larval habitats they identify using the GLOBE Mosquito Habitat Mapper tool. This data can complement the climate, weather, and land cover data obtained from satellite measurements by scientists who develop risk models for mosquito‐borne diseases. Public participation in mosquito surveillance research provides the opportunity to obtain the volume, velocity and variety of data needed to fight the threat of vector‐borne diseases, especially in under‐resourced communities with minimal to no municipal surveillance and mitigation services. GLOBE Mosquito Habitat Mappers document and describe potential and active mosquito larval habitats in and around their homes and communities. An easy‐to‐use pictorial interface enables users to geolocate and describe oviposition sites encountered, count and identify mosquito larvae, and when appropriate, eliminate the larval habitats. During Mosquito Habitat Mapper's first 3 years of use, over 24,000 data observations have been reported throughout the world. This technical report summarizes GLOBE Mosquito Habitat Mapper data reported by GLOBE citizen scientists from three regions: Africa, Asia and the Pacific Islands, and Latin America and the Caribbean. Localized mosquito larvae distribution patterns were examined by comparing data collected in three cities in Senegal–Dakar, Touba, and Thilmakha. The Senegal data show habitat and genera differences among mosquitoes identified by citizen scientists in the cities and illustrates the potential of the app for community‐based surveillance and research.
Co‐occurrence of California Drought and Northeast Pacific Marine Heatwaves Under Climate Change
Authors: Shi Hui , García‐Reyes Marisol , Jacox Michael G. , Rykaczewski Ryan R. , Black Bryan A. , Bograd Steven J. , Sydeman William J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMotivated by the uncommon yet highly impactful co‐occurrence of California (CA) drought and a northeast Pacific (NEP) marine heatwave (MHW) during 2013–2016, we examined such compound extremes in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 projections, comparing the end of the 21st century with the preindustrial period, and separating effects of long‐term trends from interannual variability. Here, we show that long‐term trends due to anthropogenic climate change will dramatically increase the co‐occurrence of extreme dry CA and warm NEP conditions. When trends are removed, the co‐occurrence of CA drought and Gulf of Alaska (GOA) MHW will increase while the co‐occurrence of CA drought and California Current (CC) MHW remains unchanged. A stronger link between GOA MHW and subsequent CC MHW as well as decreased persistence in CA drought are also projected under anthropogenic warming. These frequency changes are consistent with shifts in distributions of sea surface temperature and soil moisture anomalies associated with individual extremes.
The Ekman Streamfunction and the Eulerian and Residual Overturning Circulations of the Southern Ocean
Authors: Stewart K. D. , Hogg A. McC. , England M. H. , Waugh D. W. , Kiss A. E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Ekman streamfunction is a wind‐derived metric that can be used to infer the Southern Ocean overturning circulations (SOOCs) in both latitude‐depth and latitude‐potential density spaces. The Ekman streamfunction integrates the Ekman pumping zonally and northwards from Antarctica, either to a given latitude or potential density. Here, we evaluate the relationship between the Ekman streamfunction and SOOCs in a global 0. ocean‐sea‐ice model driven by interannual forcing (1958–2018). In certain regions of the Southern Ocean, strong correlations () exist between the Ekman streamfunction and the Eulerian and residual SOOCs on monthly and annual timescales. Regression analysis identifies regions where Ekman streamfunction variability coincides with Sv changes in the overturning; one such location is where the wind stress curl changes sign and the Ekman pumping is highly variable.
Large‐Scale Atmospheric Drivers of Snowfall Over Thwaites Glacier, Antarctica
Authors: Maclennan Michelle L. , Lenaerts Jan T. M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHigh snowfall events on Thwaites Glacier (TG, West Antarctica) are a key influencer of its mass balance, and can act to mitigate sea level rise due to ocean warming‐induced ice loss. We use the output of a high‐resolution regional climate model, RACMO2, in conjunction with MERRA‐2 and ERA5 atmospheric reanalyses for the period 1980–2015 and show that there is a pronounced seasonal cycle in snowfall over TG, driven by the Amundsen Sea Low (ASL). We find that the total annual snowfall does not correlate significantly with the Southern Annular Mode or El Niño Southern Oscillation, but it does relate to the zonal wave three pattern over Antarctica through the coupling of the ASL with a blocking high over the Antarctic Peninsula during high snowfall events. Our results highlight that atmospheric circulation and consequent high snowfall events on TG are highly variable, and recognizing their future change will aid to improve predictions of mass balance.
Subseasonal Prediction of the State and Evolution of the North Pacific Jet Stream
Authors: Winters Andrew C. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe state and evolution of the North Pacific jet (NPJ) stream strongly influences the character of the downstream synoptic‐scale flow pattern over North America. This study employs data from nine models within the Subseasonal‐to‐Seasonal Reforecast Database hosted by the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts to examine the subseasonal (2 weeks–1 month) predictability of the NPJ through the lens of an NPJ phase diagram. The NPJ phase diagram provides a visual representation of the state and evolution of the NPJ with respect to the two leading modes of NPJ variability. The first mode of NPJ variability corresponds to a zonal extension or retraction of the climatological jet‐exit region, whereas the second mode corresponds to a poleward or equatorward shift of the climatological jet‐exit region. The analysis reveals that ensemble forecasts of the prevailing NPJ regime, as determined from the NPJ phase diagram, are skillful into week 3 of the forecast period. Forecasts initialized during a jet retraction, or verifying during a jet retraction and equatorward shift, generally feature the largest errors during the forecast period. Examination of the worst‐performing 21‐day forecasts from each model demonstrates that the worst‐performing forecasts are uniformly associated with development, maintenance, and decay of upper‐tropospheric ridges over the high‐latitude North Pacific. These results demonstrate that bias‐corrected NPJ phase diagram forecasts have the potential to identify periods that may exhibit enhanced forecast skill at subseasonal lead times based on the anticipated NPJ evolution.
Pliocene to Earliest Pleistocene (5–2.5 Ma) Reconstruction of the Kuroshio Current Extension Reveals a Dynamic Current
Authors: Lam Adriane R. , MacLeod Kenneth G. , Schilling Solveig H. , Leckie R. Mark , Fraass Andrew J. , Patterson Molly O. , Venti Nicholas L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Kuroshio Current Extension (KCE) is the major western boundary current of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. To better understand how the KCE behaved under elevated CO2conditions and how it came into its modern configuration, we use stable isotopic analyses from mixed‐layer planktic foraminifera from three Ocean Drilling Program sites that lie to the north, underneath of, and south of the present day KCE. Our data support previous hypotheses suggesting that the KCE played a significant role in delivering moisture to the high latitudes and contributed to extensive ice growth. Samples span from 5 to 2.5 Ma and cover three tectonic and climate events. In response to constriction of the Central American Seaway, the KCE region warmed then cooled, with a potential equatorward shift of the current and intensification of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. During the mid‐Piacenzian Warm Period, we define the mid‐Piacenzian 1 and 2 events, which were times when the KCE warmed and subsequently developed a strong temperature/salinity gradient between the two northernmost sites. Northern Hemisphere ice growth at ∼2.9 Ma brought the KCE into its modern‐day configuration. Paradoxically, the southernmost Hole 1209A appears coolest through the study interval. This paradox is resolved by invoking seasonal preferences of the species analyzed, a finding that highlights the need to consider seasonal and ecological preferences of plankton when interpreting geochemical records in midlatitude regions. We propose several hypotheses for drivers of KCE behavior that require further testing using higher‐resolution proxy data tied to additional regional and global records.
Geomagnetically Induced Currents at Middle Latitudes: 1. Quiet‐Time Variability
Authors: Kellerman Adam C. , Mcgranaghan Ryan , Bortnik Jacob , Carter Brett A. , Hughes Joseph , Arritt Robert F. , Venkataramani Karthik , Perry Charles H. , McCormick Jackson , Ngwira Chigomezyo M. , Cohen Morris , Yue Jia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGeomagnetically induced currents (GICs) at middle latitudes have received increased attention after reported power grid disruptions due to geomagnetic disturbances. However, quantifying the risk to the electric power grid at middle latitudes is difficult without understanding how the GIC sensors respond to geomagnetic activity on a daily basis. Therefore, in this study the question “Do measured GICs have distinguishable and quantifiable long‐period and short‐period characteristics?” is addressed. The study focuses on the long‐term variability of measured GIC, and establishes the extent to which the variability relates to quiet‐time geomagnetic activity. GIC quiet‐day curves (QDCs) are computed from measured data for each GIC node, covering all four seasons, and then compared with the seasonal variability of thermosphere‐ionosphere‐electrodynamics general circulation model (TIE‐GCM)‐simulated neutral wind and height‐integrated current density. The results show strong evidence that the middle‐latitude nodes routinely respond to the tidal‐driven Sq variation, with a local time and seasonal dependence on the direction of the ionospheric currents, which is specific to each node. The strong dependence of GICs on the Sq currents demonstrates that the GIC QDCs may be employed as a robust baseline from which to quantify the significance of GICs during geomagnetically active times and to isolate those variations to study independently. The QDC‐based significance score computed in this study provides power utilities with a node‐specific measure of the geomagnetic significance of a given GIC observation. Finally, this study shows that the power grid acts as a giant sensor that may detect ionospheric current systems.
A Bayesian Hierarchical Network Model for Daily Streamflow Ensemble Forecasting
Authors: Ossandón Álvaro , Rajagopalan Balaji , Lall Upmanu , Nanditha J. S. , Mishra Vimal 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA novel Bayesian Hierarchical Network Model (BHNM) for ensemble forecasts of daily streamflow is presented that uses the spatial dependence induced by the river network topology and hydrometeorological variables from the upstream contributing area between station gauges. Model parameters are allowed to vary with time as functions of selected covariates for each day. Using the network structure to incorporate flow information from upstream gauges and precipitation from the immediate contributing area as covariates allows one to model the spatial correlation of flows simultaneously and parsimoniously. An application to daily monsoon period (July–August) streamflow at three gauges in the Narmada basin in central India for the period 1978–2014 is presented. The best set of covariates include daily streamflow from upstream gauges or from the gauge above the upstream gauges depending on travel times and daily precipitation from the area between two stations. The model validation indicates that the model is highly skillful relative to a null‐model of generalized linear regression, which represents the analogous non‐Bayesian forecast. The ensemble spread of BHNM accounts for the forecast uncertainty leading to reliable and skillful streamflow predictions.
Conductivity Estimates of Fractal Models of Geological Media
Authors: Aarão Reis Fábio D. A. , Voller Vaughan R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGeological media are inherently fractal over multiple length scales, exhibiting a wide range of fractal dimensions . We study the size dependent conductivity of models of geological media based on so called regular random fractals. Specifically, we consider generalizations of the classic Menger sponges where the impermeable cells can take random locations. This results, for a given random fractal generator and a given construction order, in multiple realizations of the target media, each one maintaining the same . We use direct numerical simulation to estimate the conductivity, over a number of patterns, with orders . The conductivity bounds and estimates for regular fractal media are, in general, not applicable to these random fractal models. The conductivity of a specific realization may differ from the ensemble average by a few percents, which suggests a lack of self‐averaging; however, the self‐averaging is regained if the size of the domain of interest is beyond the maximal fractality length scale. We propose a low computational cost approach for estimating the ensemble average conductivity of a given random fractal at a given order, which matches the order of magnitude predicted from more intensive calculations. Through tabulation of conductivities of generators of random fractals with small scaling factors and fitting models, we explain how these fractals can model geological media in which fractal dimensions and conductivities (or effective diffusion coefficients) are measured.
Retro-enantio isomer of angiopep-2 assists nanoprobes across the blood-brain barrier for targeted magnetic resonance/fluorescence imaging of glioblastoma
Authors: Xie Ruoxi , Wu Zijun , Zeng Fanxin , Cai Huawei , Wang Dan , Gu Lei , Zhu Hongyan , Lui Su , Guo Gang , Song Bin , Li Jinxing , Wu Min , Gong Qiyong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGlioblastoma (GBM), one of the most common primary intracranial malignant tumours, is very difficult to be completely excised by surgery due to its irregular shape. Here, we use an MRI/NIR fluorescence dual-modal imaging nanoprobe that includes superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) modified with indocyanine (Cy7) molecules and peptides (ANG or DANG) to locate malignant gliomas and guide accurate excision. Both peptides/Cy7-SPIONs probes displayed excellent tumour-homing properties and barrier penetrating abilities in vitro, and both could mediate precise aggregation of the nanoprobes at gliomas sites in in vivo magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ex vivo near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging. However, compared with ANG/Cy7-SPIONs probes, DANG/Cy7-SPIONs probes exhibited better enhanced MR imaging effects. Combining all these features together, this MRI/NIR fluorescence imaging dual-modal nanoprobes modified with retro-enantio isomers of the peptide have the potential to accurately display GBMs preoperatively for precise imaging and intraoperatively for real-time imaging.
Sumoylation regulates the assembly and activity of the SMN complex
Authors: Riboldi Giulietta M. , Faravelli Irene , Kuwajima Takaaki , Delestrée Nicolas , Dermentzaki Georgia , De Planell-Saguer Mariangels , Rinchetti Paola , Hao Le Thi , Beattie Christine C. , Corti Stefania , Przedborski Serge , Mentis George Z. , Lotti Francesco 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSMN is a ubiquitously expressed protein and is essential for life. SMN deficiency causes the neurodegenerative disease spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), the leading genetic cause of infant mortality. SMN interacts with itself and other proteins to form a complex that functions in the assembly of ribonucleoproteins. SMN is modified by SUMO (Small Ubiquitin-like Modifier), but whether sumoylation is required for the functions of SMN that are relevant to SMA pathogenesis is not known. Here, we show that inactivation of a SUMO-interacting motif (SIM) alters SMN sub-cellular distribution, the integrity of its complex, and its function in small nuclear ribonucleoproteins biogenesis. Expression of a SIM-inactivated mutant of SMN in a mouse model of SMA slightly extends survival rate with limited and transient correction of motor deficits. Remarkably, although SIM-inactivated SMN attenuates motor neuron loss and improves neuromuscular junction synapses, it fails to prevent the loss of sensory-motor synapses. These findings suggest that sumoylation is important for proper assembly and function of the SMN complex and that loss of this post-translational modification impairs the ability of SMN to correct selective deficits in the sensory-motor circuit of SMA mice.
The risk of indoor sports and culture events for the transmission of COVID-19
Authors: Moritz Stefan , Gottschick Cornelia , Horn Johannes , Popp Mario , Langer Susan , Klee Bianca , Purschke Oliver , Gekle Michael , Ihling Angelika , Zimmermann Frank D. L. , Mikolajczyk Rafael 
Published: August 2021

AbstractNearly all mass gathering events worldwide were banned at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, as they were suspected of presenting a considerable risk for the transmission of SARS-CoV-2. We investigated the risk of transmitting SARS-CoV-2 by droplets and aerosols during an experimental indoor mass gathering event under three different hygiene practices, and used the data in a simulation study to estimate the resulting burden of disease under conditions of controlled epidemics. Our results show that the mean number of measured direct contacts per visitor was nine persons and this can be reduced substantially by appropriate hygiene practices. A comparison of two versions of ventilation with different air exchange rates and different airflows found that the system which performed worst allowed a ten-fold increase in the number of individuals exposed to infectious aerosols. The overall burden of infections resulting from indoor mass gatherings depends largely on the quality of the ventilation system and the hygiene practices. Presuming an effective ventilation system, indoor mass gathering events with suitable hygiene practices have a very small, if any, effect on epidemic spread.
Methane from microbial hydrogenolysis of sediment organic matter before the Great Oxidation Event
Authors: Xia Xinyu , Gao Yongli 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMethane, along with other short-chain alkanes from some Archean metasedimentary rocks, has unique isotopic signatures that possibly reflect the generation of atmospheric greenhouse gas on early Earth. We find that alkane gases from the Kidd Creek mines in the Canadian Shield are microbial products in a Neoarchean ecosystem. The widely varied hydrogen and relatively uniform carbon isotopic compositions in the alkanes infer that the alkanes result from the biodegradation of sediment organic matter with serpentinization-derived hydrogen gas. This proposed process is supported by published geochemical data on the Kidd Creek gas, including the distribution of alkane abundances, stable isotope variations in alkanes, and CH2D2 signatures in methane. The recognition of Archean microbial methane in this work reveals a biochemical process of greenhouse gas generation before the Great Oxidation Event and improves the understanding of the carbon and hydrogen geochemical cycles.
Genome dependent Cas9/gRNA search time underlies sequence dependent gRNA activity
Authors: Moreb E. A. , Lynch M. D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCRISPR-Cas9 is a powerful DNA editing tool. A gRNA directs Cas9 to cleave any DNA sequence with a PAM. However, some gRNA sequences mediate cleavage at higher efficiencies than others. To understand this, numerous studies have screened large gRNA libraries and developed algorithms to predict gRNA sequence dependent activity. These algorithms do not predict other datasets as well as their training dataset and do not predict well between species. Here, to better understand these discrepancies, we retrospectively examine sequence features that impact gRNA activity in 44 published data sets. We find strong evidence that gRNA sequence dependent activity is largely influenced by the ability of the Cas9/gRNA complex to find the target site rather than activity at the target site and that this drives sequence dependent differences in gRNA activity between different species. This understanding will help guide future work to understand Cas9 activity as well as efforts to identify optimal gRNAs and improve Cas9 variants.
Professional actors demonstrate variability, not stereotypical expressions, when portraying emotional states in photographs
Authors: Le Mau Tuan , Hoemann Katie , Lyons Sam H. , Fugate Jennifer M. B. , Brown Emery N. , Gendron Maria , Barrett Lisa Feldman 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIt is long hypothesized that there is a reliable, specific mapping between certain emotional states and the facial movements that express those states. This hypothesis is often tested by asking untrained participants to pose the facial movements they believe they use to express emotions during generic scenarios. Here, we test this hypothesis using, as stimuli, photographs of facial configurations posed by professional actors in response to contextually-rich scenarios. The scenarios portrayed in the photographs were rated by a convenience sample of participants for the extent to which they evoked an instance of 13 emotion categories, and actors’ facial poses were coded for their specific movements. Both unsupervised and supervised machine learning find that in these photographs, the actors portrayed emotional states with variable facial configurations; instances of only three emotion categories (fear, happiness, and surprise) were portrayed with moderate reliability and specificity. The photographs were separately rated by another sample of participants for the extent to which they portrayed an instance of the 13 emotion categories; they were rated when presented alone and when presented with their associated scenarios, revealing that emotion inferences by participants also vary in a context-sensitive manner. Together, these findings suggest that facial movements and perceptions of emotion vary by situation and transcend stereotypes of emotional expressions. Future research may build on these findings by incorporating dynamic stimuli rather than photographs and studying a broader range of cultural contexts.