bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Wilfert Catherine M. , Katz Samuel L. 
Published: December 2021

Thank you for the opportunity to reply to Dr. Marder's letter concerning the therapy of H. influenzae meningitis. The Red Book recommendations to which he refers were written in 1968 (published 1970) and list chloramphenicol or ampicillin as satisfactory.
The use of ampicillin in the therapy of childhood meningitis has become the initial treatment of choice for several reasons. First, this drug offers the advantage of a single effective antibiotic to initiate therapy before the cause of the meningitis has been definitely identified.
Trial of Therapy and Prospective Study of Nephroblastoma
Authors: Voûte P. A. , Lemerle J. 
Published: December 2021

The International Society of Pediatric Oncology (ISPO) is planning a clinical therapeutic trial on nephroblastoma in Europe. Large agreement exists on the treatment of these tumors; the principal modalities are surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. However, there are some unanswered questions as to the value of different forms of administration of radiation and chemotherapy, which we feel could best be elucidated by a prospective study in the form of a clinical trial.
A trial has been going on in the United States for 2 years.
GLUCOSE METABOLISM, PLASMA INSULIN, AND GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION IN NEWBORN INFANTS WITH ERYTHROBLASTOSIS FETALIS COMPARED WITH NORMAL NEWBORNS AND THOSE BORN TO DIABETIC MOTHERS
Authors: Falorni Adriano , Fracassini Francesco , Massi-Benedetti Ferdinando , Amici Augusto 
Published: December 2021

Twenty-two erythroblastotic infants (IEF), 22 normal infants, and 12 infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) were studied during their first day of life. Blood glucose, plasma insulin, and growth hormone were measured in the first 90 minutes after I-V glucose injection (1 gm/kg).
Mean fasting blood glucose of normal infants was significantly higher than that of IDMs. In four IEF, blood glucose levels lower than 20 mg/100 ml were observed. No significant difference of glucose tolerance (Kt) was found among the three groups of babies.
The mean fasting plasma insulin level in IDMs was significantly higher than in control infants and in IEF.
In the IEF a significant correlation was found (A) between hemoglobin (Hb) and Kt values, (B) between Hb and fasting plasma insulin. (C) between fasting blood glucose and fasting plasma insulin, and (D) between Kt and the sum of plasma insulin levels 3, 5, and 10 minutes after I-V glucose.
All normal babies and sixteen IEF showed a double course of insulin response. IDM showed a nearly monophasic pattern, but with a secondary minor peak between 30 and 60 minutes in some. In six (four with hypoglycemia) of the IEF group a single peak response of plasma insulin was found, together with mean Kt and fasting plasma insulin values higher than those of control infants. Fasting mean HGH concentration in plasma showed no significant difference among the groups of infants. During intravenous glucose tolerance tests mean values in IDM significantly higher than in normal infants and in IEF were found at 90 minutes.
In Reply: Belsky's→(?Henoch's?)→Filatov's→Koplik's Spots
Authors: Corn Thomas E. 
Published: December 2021

The following quotation from a recent Russian textbook of pediatrics will interest Dr. Lipman:
N. Filatov was one of the first to describe, in 1885, the prerash (prodromal stage) symptom of measles—small, red, squamative spots in the mucous membrane of the mouth; somewhat earlier this symptom was reported by a country doctor, Belsky. In the Soviet Union this symptom is known as the Filatov or Belsky-Filatov sign. The same sign was described somewhat later by an American doctor, Koplik.
STUDIES OF THE SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME IN KING COUNTY, WASHINGTON. III. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Authors: Bergman Abraham B. , Ray C. George , Pomeroy Margaret A. , Wahl Patricia W. , Beckwith J. Bruce 
Published: December 2021

Excluding the first week of life, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the greatest single cause of death during the first year of life and second only to accidents as the greatest killer of children under age 15. All cases of SIDS occurring in King County, Washington (170) during a 44-month period were studied. Birth certificate data from all children born in the county during the same period were utilized for comparison. Findings include a characteristic age distribution (peak at 2 to 3 months), preponderance in males, low birth weight babies, and in lower socioeconomic class families.
"Seasonality" and apparent "time clustering" were present in the infants. All SIDS infants died during sleep in a silent fashion. Forty-four percent of the babies had an upper respiratory infection in the 2-week period prior to death. The epidemiologic findings point to viral infection as playing a major contributory role in SIDS.
I: From the Introductory Remarks
Authors: Spock Benjamin M. 
Published: December 2021

What to me as a pediatrician is most fascinating about Erik Erikson is the contrast between his achievements and his own childhood and formal education. You know that he has been Professor of Psychology at the University of California at Berkeley, and for the last 10 years University Professor at Harvard. As you may also know, a University Professor is someone whose knowledge is considered so profound and so broad that he can't be confined to any one University department. Erik Erikson has also been a distinguished psychoanalyst who has expanded significantly the concepts given us by Freud. Yet if he had been your patient in his youth, you would have shaken your head gravely. And if you had been considering him for admission to medical school or to the American Academy of Pediatrics, you would have found him completely lacking in formal qualifications.
He was born of Danish parents who separated during his infancy. His mother then took him to live with friends in Germany, where she eventually married her son's doctor. Thus Erik, by adoption, became the son of a pediatrician. He always teases us about this fact.
All through school he was a notoriously poor student, except in art and in ancient history. Instead of going on to the university, when he graduated from high school at the age of 18, he became a wanderer. As what we would call today a "hippie" or "alienated person," he wandered for a year through the Black Forest and up to Lake Constance doing nothing that would be called work or study, at least by American standards.
Acidosis and Failure to Thrive in Infants Fed Nutramigen
Authors: Healy Cornelius E. 
Published: December 2021

Nutrition in a seriously ill neonate may determine whether or not the infant survives. Nutramigen offers a theoretical feeding advantage in that formula is partially digested so that the work of digestion is lessened. Nutramigen substitutes sucrose for lactose, a solution of amino acids for milk protein, and corn oils for butterfat. It also offers essential vitamins and minerals. Many physicians use this preparation as a food for seriously ill infants and a transitional feeding following diarrhea. It is also used for feeding in milk allergy and in galactosemia.
We have noted a puzzling syndrome in some seriously ill neonates over the past several years.
THE IMPORTANCE OF FATHERS IN THE REARING OF CHILDREN—TWO EIGHTEENTH CENTURY VIEWS
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The two quotations below,1 the first from the writings of Dr. William Buchan (1729-1805) and the second from those of Dr. C. August Struve (1767-1807) were probably read with incredulity by eighteenth century fathers, most of whom considered the affairs of the nursery entirely the domain of women.
The mother is not the only person concerned in the management of children; the father has an equal interest in their welfare, and ought to assist in every thing that respects either the improvement of the body or mind. It is a pity that men should be so inattentive to this matter; their negligence is one reason why females know so little of it. Women will ever be desirous to excel in such accomplishments as recommend them to the other sex; but men generally keep at such a distance from even the smallest acquaintance with the affairs of the nursery, that many would reckon it an affront were they supposed to know any thing of them. Not so, however, with the kennel or the stables: a gentleman of the first rank is not ashamed to give directions concerning the management of dogs or horses, yet would blush were he surprised in performing the same office for that being who derived its existence from himself, who is the heir to his fortunes, and the future hope of his country.
I by no means wish to insinuate that the troubles and cares of education during the first periods of life should be exclusively imposed upon mothers.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Brent Robert L. 
Published: December 2021

The suggestion of the Infectious Disease Committee of the American Academy of Pediatrics virtually to eliminate vaccinia immunization in this country is an important decision. Frequently important decisions are made unilaterally without laying the legal and political groundwork for an orderly transition from the old to the new status.
The transition is already underway to make the U.S.A. a population susceptible to smallpox. Should we not consider more carefully:
(1) The present policies in Russia, China, and other nations with regard to their plans for creating a susceptible population.
"GREEN STOOL SYNDROME" OF THE NEWLY BORN INFANT
Authors: GREENBLATT I. J. , BLOCH HARRY , TURIN R. D. , STERNBERG S. DAVID 
Published: December 2021

A syndrome in newborn infants consisting of green stools, normal number of bowel movements, without pyrexia, dehydration, vomiting or death, is described.
No etiologic agent was uncovered but metabolic changes as evidenced by low prothrombin and absence of urobilinogen in the feces and urine were seen.
The appearance of normal bacteriologic flora of the feces as evidenced by culture, smear and the presence of urobilinogen, and normal prothrombin activity following treatment suggest that a penicillin-sensitive agent which exerted antibiotic effects on the normal intestinal flora was present.
ANALYSIS OF PREMATURE MORTALITY RATES
Authors: PLATTNER EDWARD B. , STEIN ALBERT F. , GERBER HAROLD X. 
Published: December 2021

During the years of 1941 to 1946, 2,910 premature infants were admitted to the Premature Station of the Children's Division of Cook County Hospital. Of this number 17.9% died. The influence of birth weight on survival rate was demonstrated.
There were more female premature infants than males (1.23:1).
The female infants had a higher survival rate than the male infants (15.3% mortality rate for females as compared with 21.9% for males).
There were more nonwhite than white premature infants in this series. The nonwhite infants had a mortality rate of 15.7% whereas the white infants had a mortality rate of 20.6%. Possible explanations for this difference included racial factor and the factor of transportation of a prematurely born infant from one place to another.
Of the infants born at Cook County Hospital where the factor of transfer was nonexistent, nonwhite infants had a mortality rate of 16.3%; the white infants, 21.1%. Female infants survived better than did the male infants (female mortality rate, 13.4%; male mortality rate, 22.2%).
Of the infants transferred to Cook County Hospital, the white infants survived better than the nonwhite (21% as compared with 25.3%). The female infants in this group likewise showed greater survival ability as compared with the male infants (20.2% for females; 24.1% for males).
There was no month of the year in which prematurity was consistently higher than the other months.
The death of prematurely born infants likewise is not influenced by the month of the year. The mortality rate is related to the number of admissions and not to month or season.
CURRENT PROBLEMS IN DEATHS OF PERSONS UNDER 20 YEARS OF AGE
Authors: BAUMGARTNER LEONA , PESSIN VIVIAN 
Published: December 2021

In the past 10 years mortality rates for persons under 20 have declined less rapidly than in that of the previous decades. Nevertheless, the application of new and well recognized procedures in the prevention of deaths due to pneumonia, influenza, appendicitis, diarrhea and contagious diseases, and tuberculosis have led to striking reductions in deaths due to these causes. Because of these reductions, other causes of death have assumed new importance. Thus, in children over one year of age accidents are today the leading cause of death. Heart disease, tuberculosis and cancer claim a high percentage among those from 10 to 20, while contagious and respiratory diseases are still important in children under 10.
In infants, the deaths occurring before, at or near birth are of chief importance, with those associated with premature birth assuming an importance that demands active and immediate attention. Despite the gains made, deaths associated with childbirth (i.e., fetal and neonatal deaths) stand second today in claiming lives of all ages in New York City. Only heart disease has a larger mortality. The time has come for physicians to take cognizance of these facts and to see that all mothers and babies get the kind of care which good pediatricians and obstetricians know can be given. In addition, there is a pressing need for an intensified research program to the end that deaths in infancy and those due to accidents and heart disease can more effectively be prevented.
CHEMOTHERAPY OF TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDREN
Authors: LINCOLN EDITH M. , KIRMSE THOMAS W. 
Published: December 2021

Streptomycin is the most effective tuberculostatic agent. It is unsuitable for prolonged therapy because of its potential toxicity, especially for the vestibular branch of the VIII C nerve, and because of the tendency of the tubercle bacillus to become resistant after relatively short periods of treatment.
Experience only will prove ultimately which lesions respond best to streptomycin therapy. Because of its limitations its use as a sole chemotherapeutic agent should be restricted to cases which can be benefited or cured by short courses of therapy not exceeding six weeks. It is of great value in controlling tuberculosis for short periods of time so as to permit surgical procedures and collapse therapy. Streptomycin is contraindicated in forms of tuberculosis such as primary infections and minimal chronic pulmonary tuberculosis which usually respond without chemotherapy. It should not be used in an attempt to prevent complications; meningitis and other less serious complications may develop during treatment.
Promizole® was found to be ineffective in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis; five out of seven cases of acute generalized miliary tuberculosis treated with promizole® have survived 2½ to almost five years and are free from miliary tuberculosis.
Combined therapy with streptomycin and promizole® was undertaken in order to utilize the advantages of the rapid action of streptomycin with the prolonged bacteriostatic action of the sulfone which can be given safely and effectively for a period of years. By combining the two drugs it was hoped to delay the emergence of resistant organisms and to secure an enhanced effect from both streptomycin and promizole®.
Ten children with miliary tuberculosis have been treated by combined therapy. One patient died after six days of treatment and another of a relapse from meningitis 11 months after the initial diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis. No relapse of miliary tuberculosis has occurred in patients treated with promizole® whether or not it was combined with streptomycin.
Eighteen cases of tuberculous meningitis have been treated with streptomycin by the intramuscular and intrathecal routes and with promizole® orally. Thirteen cases survived from 5 to 23 months. There have been no severe neurologic sequelae. All the survivors are apparently normal mentally.
PAPULAR URTICARIA
Authors: BLANK HARVEY , SHAFFER BERTRAM , SPENCER MALCOLM C. , MARSH WILLIAM C. 
Published: December 2021

Papular urticaria (lichen urticatus) is a chronic disease which in the great majority of cases occurs during the warm seasons on exposure to fleas and bedbugs.
Skin tests indicate many such patients are abnormally sensitive to these insects.
In the three year study reported, it was demonstrated that 86% of the patients could be cured in two weeks with a 5% DDT dusting powder and DDT household spray, whereas with former methods of therapy, only 21% were cured in 11 weeks of treatment.
TREATMENT OF HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE b MENINGITIS
Authors: MCMORROW KATHRYN J. , TOP FRANKLIN H. 
Published: December 2021

The present series consists of 67 patients, 17 of whom died, giving a gross fatality rate of 25.4%. Nearly one half of the cases were under 2 years of age and accounted for 65% of the deaths. By disregarding patients who died within 36 hours of admission and patients first admitted to the hospital after 21 days, the corrected fatality rate for the group below 2 years is 18.2%.
Death occurred in the four patients admitted and first treated at the end of the third week of illness. Both deaths in the group under 2 years who received sulfadiazine, serum and streptomycin occurred in patients who had been ill three weeks before receiving treatment.
The prognosis is likely to be unfavorable in the age group under 2 years if treatment is delayed beyond the 14th day.
The fatality rate for patients who received sulfadiazine and serum was the same in this series as for patients who received streptomycin in addition.
Serotherapy proved ineffectual in the age group under 2 years when delayed beyond the 14th day of illness. With respect to prognosis, the intravenous route for administration of serum offers no advantage over the intramuscular route.
CLINICAL STUDIES OF THE EFFECTS OF 3,5,5, TRIMETHYLOXAZOLIDINE-2-4-DIONE (TRIDIONE®) ON THE HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM, LIVER AND KIDNEY
Authors: DENHOFF ERIC , LAUFER MAURICE W. 
Published: December 2021

Six children receiving tridione® showed : 1. A constant syndrome of : a decline in bone marrow megakaryocyte and nucleated red blood cell elements; a low peripheral blood platelet count; and prolonged clot retraction time. 2. An occasional association of: peripheral leukopenia, toxic signs in the red blood cells and lymphocytes, and an abnormal cephalin flocculation response.
In one case the bone marrow megakaryocyte response occurred alone and was temporary; in another it was temporary but associated with a persistent decline in marrow nucleated red blood cells; and in a third case both the megakaryocyte and nucleated red blood cell depression were only temporary, despite continuation of the medication.
Withdrawal of medication caused a return to normal values, most rapid and marked in the bone marrow.
Tests for clot retraction time and platelet counts at regular intervals in addition to complete blood counts seem indicated in all patients receiving tridione®. When available, bone marrow studies, especially of megakaryocytes, would also be of value.
RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA
Authors: HEPNER W. R. , KRAUSE ARLINGTON C. , NARDIN HELEN E. 
Published: December 2021

Ninety-two per cent of the 66 cases of retrolental fibroplasia seen at the University of Chicago were born prematurely. No patients found to have retrolental fibroplasia were born at the Chicago Lying-in Hospital before 1937. The incidence of retrolental fibroplasia at the Chicago Lying-in Hospital from 1937 through 1945 was 6.8% of all survivals weighing less than 1600 gm. at birth; from 1946 through 1948, the incidence was 30.4% in the same weight group. The ratio of surviving infants born weighing less than 1600 gm. to the total number of surviving infants born at the Chicago Lying-in Hospital remained relatively constant from 1937 through 1948.
The etiology of retrolental fibroplasia cannot yet be explained by prenatal bleeding or specific infection. Cutaneous angiomas cannot be said to have etiologic significance in retrolental fibroplasia since the incidence of cutaneous angiomas is no greater in infants with the disease than in premature infants in general. No relationship between the use of sulfonamide drugs and the development of retrolental fibroplasia can be established in this series of patients.
An ocular disease of postnatal origin may be separated from the composite group. With this postnatal disease retinal detachment is the basic sign, prematurity is universal, and associated central nervous system and somatic defects are less common. A large increase in incidence of this postnatal disease occurred with a change in neonatal management. During the same period, no change in the incidence of the disease of prenatal origin was apparent.
The change in neonatal management that could be related to the rise and fall in incidence was the use of a multiple vitamin preparation containing a synthetic emulsifying agent. An attempt to correlate the first appearance of or the changes in incidence of the disease at the University of Chicago was the first use of vitamin A or modification of the dosage of vitamin A was unsuccessful.
It is suggested that the title retrolental fibroplasia be reserved tentatively for those infants who have bilateral retinal separation as a complication of extreme prematurity until an etiologically appropriate name may be proposed.
CONGENITAL MEGACOLON
Authors: RITTER JOSEPH A. , HAWTHORNE HERBERT R. , METZGER HARRY N. 
Published: December 2021

Congenital megacolon of the obstructive type, currently attributed to agenesis of the intramural plexuses in the contiguous distal segment, is amenable to surgical treatment.
Resection of either the distal neurogenically obstructive segment or the dilated proximal segment, contrastingly different procedures, results in anatomic and functional improvement.
Three cases, herein reported, treated by resection of the dilated segment, demonstrate that the preferential choice of resection of the neurogenically obstructive segment may be on an equivocal physiologic basis.
The new operations developed for eliminating the neurogenically obstructive segment appear to be an advancement in surgical technic.
OBSERVATIONS ON PITUITARY-ADRENAL RESPONSE TO EPINEPHRINE
Authors: WHITE FORREST P. , SUTTON LEE E. 
Published: December 2021

The eosinophil depression test used as a test for normally functioning anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and adrenal gland cortex in response to stress is consistent and valid in infants and children.
The pituitary-adrenal stress mechanism as judged by the eosinophil depression test appears to be well developed in the full term infant at birth. Newborn term infants showed normal responses.
Premature infants with few exceptions failed to show a normal response to the test, indicating an immaturity in their resistance to stress as mediated by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and adrenal cortex.
Older infants and children responded normally in 12 of 14 cases. Of the two exceptions, one was a child with eczema who had an intense eosinophilia and the other a child with diabetes insipidus.
Many clinicians have long held the belief that adrenal cortical hormones should be given to premature infants who do not respond to routine care or who are subjected to infection, operation or other conditions of unusual stress. There is a need for further study of the therapeutic value of adrenal cortical hormones in premature infants with inadequacy of resistance to stress.