bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with non-adoption of healthy behavior among individuals with diabetes: a population-based study in Brazil
Authors: Dionato F A V , Nucci L B , Enes C C 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe non-adoption of behavioral changes to control diabetes mellitus contributes to a low adherence to self-care. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with non-adoption of healthy behaviors among diabetic individuals.MethodsCross-sectional study using data from the National Health Survey (Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde) carried out in 2013 in Brazil, with adults (≥18 years) (n = 3098). The outcome variable was the non-adoption—two or fewer—of healthy behaviors. Logistic regression model was used to identify the factors associated with non-adoption of healthy behaviors.ResultsApproximately, 50% of the participants adopted two or fewer healthy habits and the most frequently mentioned were not drinking excessively (94.1%) and not smoking (89.1%). Not using diabetic medication (odds ratio (OR) = 1.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.02–1.85), not making regular doctor visits (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.08–1.87), no limitation of usual activities (OR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.01–1.94) and good self-rated health (OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.09–1.98) increased the chance of individuals non-adoption of healthy behaviors independently of gender, age, schooling and economic status.ConclusionsHealth professionals need to be aware of issues, such as diabetic medication use, frequency of doctor visits, limitation of usual activities and good self-rated health, which are factors that can interfere with the adoption of healthy behaviors of diabetic patients.
Low Pseudomoments of Euler Products
Authors: Gerspach Maxim , Lamzouri Youness 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we determine the order of magnitude of the 2 q-th pseudomoment of powers of the Riemann zeta function $\zeta(s)^{\alpha}$ for $0 \lt q\le 1/2$ and $0 \lt \alpha \lt 1$, completing the results of Bondarenko, Heap and Seip, and Gerspach. Our results also apply to more general Euler products satisfying certain conditions.
Ageing enhances cellular immunity to myeloperoxidase and experimental anti-myeloperoxidase glomerulonephritis
Authors: Alikhan Maliha A , Jaw Juli , Shochet Lani R , Robson Kate J , Ooi Joshua D , Brouwer Elisabeth , Heeringa Peter , Holdsworth Stephen R , Kitching A Richard 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) is an autoimmune disease characterized by small blood vessel inflammation, commonly affecting the kidneys and respiratory tract. It is unclear why the incidence of this condition increases with age. Previous studies in a passive antibody transfer system in aged mice have implicated innate effectors. To test the hypothesis that autoimmunity to myeloperoxidase (MPO), an autoantigen responsible for AAV, increases with age, anti-MPO autoimmunity was studied in murine models of active autoimmunity and disease induced by cellular immunity.

Methods
Young (8 weeks) and aged (either 15 or 22 months) mice were immunized with whole proteins or peptides from ovalbumin, as a model foreign antigen, or MPO protein or peptides. Mice were subjected to a model of active anti-MPO glomerulonephritis. Cellular and humoral immune responses, and tissue inflammation were assessed.

Results
While cellular immunity to ovalbumin was diminished in aged mice, cellular autoimmunity to MPO and its immunodominant CD4+ and CD8+ T cell epitopes was increased after immunization with either MPO peptides or whole MPO protein, assessed by peptide and antigen-specific production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-17A. MPO-ANCA titres were not increased in aged mice compared with young mice. In experimental anti-MPO glomerulonephritis, cell-mediated injury was increased, likely due to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, innate immunity and the increased vulnerability of aged kidneys.

Conclusion
Heightened cellular immunity to MPO develops with ageing in mice and may contribute to the increased incidence and severity of AAV in older people.
NATURALLY OCCURRING RADIONUCLIDE 40K BODY CONTENT OF KAKRAPAR GUJARAT SITE POPULATION
Authors: Jha M K , Patra A K , Wagh S S , Saradhi I V , Kumar A Vinod 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
An attempt was made to investigate the naturally occurring radionuclide 40K body content of the Kakrapar Gujarat Site (India) population by using whole-body counting method. The population comprises occupational workers (regular and contract personnel working at Kakrapar Atomic Power station) and students from various educational institutions. A total of 1056 subjects of different age groups and gender were monitored for 40K body content by using a Standfast-II Whole Body Counting System. The reactor released radionuclides such as 137Cs, 60Co and 131I are not detected in occupational workers of Kakrapar Atomic Power station which indicates that occupational workers are free from radioactive contamination. Based on the activity measurement, an effective dose due to 40K was estimated for different groups of the site population based on the dietary habits, sex and age. Statistical significant correlation was not observed in any of the groups. The annual effective dose due to 40K was found to be in the range of 52–243 μSv y−1 with an average of 133 ± 35 μSv y−1 for the vegetarian group (588 subjects), 60–223 μSv y−1 with an average of 136 ± 35 μSv y−1 for the non-vegetarian group (468 subjects), 52–243 μSv y−1 with an average of 134 ± 35 μSv y−1 for the male group (1007 subjects) and 67–203 μSv y−1 with an average of 128 ± 35 μSv y−1 for the female group (49 subjects), respectively. Among the four age groups of the population studied, an effective dose due to 40K is slightly higher in the age group of 20–29 (161 subjects). The annual effective dose due to 40K reported by UNSCEAR, 1982(3) is 180 μSv y−1.
DEVELOPMENT OF EMERGENCY MONITORING SYSTEM FOR ALPHA-PARTICLE-EMITTING RADIONUCLIDES IN THE AIR
Authors: Hokama Tomonori , Fujita Hiroki , Nakano Masanao , Iimoto Takeshi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
During the early phase of a nuclear accident, major radioactive materials are released into the environment, necessitating the prompt deployment of various protective actions to avoid or reduce radiation exposure. To implement these actions, the levels of radioactivity in the environment should be determined. However, the radioactivity concentrations of artificial alpha-particle-emitting radionuclides such as plutonium are difficult to measure in airborne samples, because they are interfered with natural radionuclides such as uranium decay products. Therefore, chemical separation is required to measure the concentrations. This study presents a new emergency monitoring system for airborne samples, which performs multiple-pulse time-interval analysis (MTA) without chemical separation. The system is used in conjunction with an alpha/beta-particle survey meter and adopted an analysis method focusing on the detected time interval of each particle. Its features are that a short time to output measurement result, easy handling and nondestructive. The estimated detection limit of the system was 9.5 × 10−2 Bq m−3. The MTA-based monitoring system could be useful in situations requiring prompt measurement and screening of samples.
MODELING THE LONG-TERM RETENTION OF PLUTONIUM IN THE HUMAN RESPIRATORY TRACT USING SCAR-TISSUE COMPARTMENTS
Authors: Poudel Deepesh , Avtandilashvili Maia , Klumpp John A , Bertelli Luiz , Tolmachev Sergei Y 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The respiratory tract tissues of four former nuclear workers with plutonium intakes were radiochemically analyzed post mortem by the United States Transuranium and Uranium Registries. Plutonium activities in the upper respiratory tract of these individuals were found to be higher than those predicted using the most recent biokinetic models described in publications of the International Commission on Radiological Protection. Modification of the model parameters, including the bound fraction, was not able to explain the data in one of the four individuals who had inhaled insoluble form of plutonium. Literature review points to the presence of—and a significant retention of—plutonium in the scar tissues of the lungs. Accordingly, an alternate model with scar-tissue compartments corresponding to larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar-interstitium and thoracic lymph nodes was proposed. The rates of transfer to the scar tissue compartments were determined using Markov Chain Monte Carlo analysis of data on urinary excretion, lung counts and post-mortem measurements of liver, skeleton and individual respiratory tract compartments, as available. The posterior models predicted that 20–100%—depending on the solubility of the material inhaled—of the activities retained in the respiratory tract were sequestered in the scar tissues.
Suicide and Psychosis: Results From a Population-Based Cohort of Suicide Death (N= 4380)
Authors: Docherty Anna R , Bakian Amanda V , DiBlasi Emily , Shabalin Andrey A , Chen Danli , Keeshin Brooks , Monson Eric , Christensen Erik D , Li Qingqin , Gray Douglas , Coon Hilary 
Published: September 2021

AbstractApproximately 5% of individuals with schizophrenia die from suicide. However, suicide in psychosis is still poorly characterized, partly due to a lack of adequate population-based clinical or genetic data on suicide death. The Utah Suicide Genetics Research Study (USGRS) provides a large population-based cohort of suicide deaths with medical record and genome-wide data (N = 4380). Examination of this cohort identified medical and genetic risks associated with type of suicide death and investigated the relative contributions of psychotic and affective symptoms to method of suicide. Key differences in method of suicide (common vs. atypical methods) were tested in relation to lifetime psychosis and genome-wide genetic risk for schizophrenia, major depressive disorder, and neuroticism. Consistent with previous studies, psychosis-spectrum disorders were observed to be common in suicide (15% of the cohort). Individuals with psychosis more frequently died from atypical methods, with rates of atypical suicide increasing across the schizophrenia spectrum. Genetic risk for schizophrenia was also associated with atypical suicide, regardless of clinical diagnosis, though this association weakened when filtering individuals with schizophrenia from the analysis. Follow-up examination indicated that high rates of atypical suicide observed in schizophrenia are not likely accounted for by restricted access to firearms. Overall, better accounting for the increased risk of atypical suicide methods in psychosis could lead to improved prevention strategies in a large portion of the suicide risk population.
Risk of Overdose Associated With Co-prescription of Antipsychotics and Opioids: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Szmulewicz Alejandro G , Bateman Brian T , Levin Raisa , Huybrechts Krista F 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The US FDA issued a black-box warning against co-prescription of antipsychotic (AP) agents and opioids due to the risk of respiratory depression, but evidence on the comparative safety of sedating vs nonsedating APs is lacking. We classified APs as sedating (eg, quetiapine, olanzapine, and chlorpromazine) and nonsedating (eg, aripiprazole, haloperidol, and risperidone) based on their affinity to the histamine-1 neuroreceptor (Ki &lt; or ≥20, respectively) and sought to compare the rate of overdose between patients using sedating vs nonsedating APs plus opioids. We constructed a population-based cohort nested in the IBM MarketScan database (2004–2017). Patients with concomitant use of sedating APs and prescription opioids (“exposed”) were 1:1 matched to patients with concomitant use of nonsedating APs and prescription opioids (“referent”) based on the propensity score (PS). The primary outcome was any hospitalization or emergency department visit due to an overdose within 30 days. The final cohort comprised 62 604 exposed and an equal number of PS-matched reference patients. Characteristics of matched exposed and reference patients were similar. There were 178 overdose events among the exposed (35.3 events per 1000 person-years [PY]) vs 133 among the reference group (26.4 events per 1000 PY), for an adjusted hazard ratio of 1.34 (95% CI: 1.07-1.68). This finding was consistent across sensitivity and subgroup analyses. Among patients receiving prescription opioids, concomitant use of sedating APs was associated with an increased risk of overdose compared with nonsedating APs. Caution is required when co-prescribing opioids and APs. If co-prescription is needed, choosing a nonsedating agent should be preferred whenever possible given the clinical context.
Cyborg ethics and regulation: ethical issues of human enhancement
Authors: Ireni-Saban Liza , Sherman Maya 
Published: September 2021

AbstractContemporary technological developments undermine the core pillars defining the human self, under the emergence of cyborgs and super-empowered individuals. The pre-determined boundaries between humans and machines may turn obsolete with the consolidation of the new hybrid humanity. This may foster an innovative approach to the traditional understanding of human ethics and the establishment of cyborg norms and regulations. In this article, the primordial nexus between cyborg ethics and the eugenics movement is further analyzed, hence as enhancing catalysators of mankind. Moreover, the article raises an ethical decision-making diagram, in which the normative cyborgs debate is framed in terms of positive and negative eugenic regimes. This analysis aims at providing a clearer understanding of cyborg-related ethical decision-making and the ways it magnifies eugenic features. As technological components become an inherent part of the human body, the international community should adhere to reshaping the notion of cyborg ethics and its ethical and regulatory implications.
Technological structure network analysis to explore the hotspots of academic patents in international technology transfer
Authors: Chang Shu-Hao 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
International technology transfer is a determinant of a country’s national revenue and economic growth. Technology exported through international technology transfer can be the factor that gives a country a competitive edge. Therefore, investigation of international technology transfer has become essential. With the role of universities in innovation changing, academic patents have increased significantly over the past 10 years. Thus, this study used academic patents involved in international technology transfer as a basis for analysis and attempted to identify technological hotspots through a technological structure network analysis. The results indicated that key technologies in academic patent–based international technology transfer networks were mainly concentrated on measurement, nanotechnology, medical technology, biotechnology, and electric digital data processing. An academic patent technological hotspot network model was established to serve as a reference for academic technology transfers as well as for governments in their promotion of emerging technologies.
Training for War: Academy Socialization and Warrior Policing
Authors: Simon Samantha J 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe role of the police in the United States is a topic of contentious debate. Central to this debate is a binary that constructs police officers as fulfilling either a protective, community-serving role, or an aggressive, crime-fighting role. The most recent iteration is reflected in the warrior-guardian construct, which conceptualizes officers as both initiators of, and defenders against, violence. This article examines how the warrior-guardian framework shapes police training, and highlights how this construct is itself gendered and racialized. I draw on one year of ethnographic field work at four police academies and 40 interviews with police officers and cadets to argue that police training is an organized effort to condition officers to conceptualize their relationship with the public as a war. Three components constitute this framing: (1) instructors construct an evil, unpredictable enemy; (2) cadets are taught to identify their enemy in gendered and racialized ways; and (3) cadets are encouraged to adopt a warrior mentality. I show that cadets are taught to view the world in a way that pits them against an enemy, pushes them to conceptualize their enemy as a man of color, and to think about violence as a moral necessity.
“Dream like the Whites”: Disjunctures in Racial Experiences and Interpretations of Low-Income First-Generation Students of Color and Their Parents
Authors: Rondini Ashley C 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A burgeoning body of scholarship addresses how low-income first generation (LIFG) college students, across racial groups, navigate communication with their families about their experiences of class-based dissonance at socioeconomically elite institutions. Yet, there is scant corollary research addressing how LIFG students of color navigate communication with their families regarding experiences of racial dissonance and racism on campuses that are both socioeconomically elite and predominantly white. This study examines disjunctures in familial perceptions and interpretations regarding race and racism consequent to intergenerational educational mobility for LIFG students of color, whose parents are unlikely to have had analogous experiences of complete occupational and residential immersion in socioeconomically elite and predominantly white institutional environments. This work highlights an important gap in the academic literature on first-generation students at the intersections of race, class, parental educational attainment level, and immigration dynamics. Without a race-conscious analytic lens, class-based understandings of LIFG college students and their families remain incomplete.
A Likelihood-Ratio Test for Lumpability of Phylogenetic Data: Is the Markovian Property of an Evolutionary Process Retained in Recoded DNA?
Authors: Vera-Ruiz Victor A , Robinson John , Jermiin Lars S 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn molecular phylogenetics, it is typically assumed that the evolutionary process for DNA can be approximated by independent and identically distributed Markovian processes at the variable sites and that these processes diverge over the edges of a rooted bifurcating tree. Sometimes the nucleotides are transformed from a 4-state alphabet to a 3- or 2-state alphabet by a procedure that is called recoding, lumping, or grouping of states. Here, we introduce a likelihood-ratio test for lumpability for DNA that has diverged under different Markovian conditions, which assesses the assumption that the Markovian property of the evolutionary process over each edge is retained after recoding of the nucleotides. The test is derived and validated numerically on simulated data. To demonstrate the insights that can be gained by using the test, we assessed two published data sets, one of mitochondrial DNA from a phylogenetic study of the ratites and the other of nuclear DNA from a phylogenetic study of yeast. Our analysis of these data sets revealed that recoding of the DNA eliminated some of the compositional heterogeneity detected over the sequences. However, the Markovian property of the original evolutionary process was not retained by the recoding, leading to some significant distortions of edge lengths in reconstructed trees.[Evolutionary processes; likelihood-ratio test; lumpability; Markovian processes; Markov models; phylogeny; recoding of nucleotides.]
Online mathematics supports in lieu of university tutorials during COVID-19: student and lecturer perspectives
Authors: Lishchynska Maryna , Palmer Catherine , Cregan Vincent 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
When the first national lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic occurred, all higher educational institutions in Ireland moved to remote learning and have effectively remained in this mode ever since. The situation presented enormous challenges for many mathematics lecturers who had not delivered lectures or tutorials online before. This study looks closely at what a traditional (in-person) mathematics tutorial encompasses and examines learners’ needs with respect to support within a remotely delivered module. The work focuses on how well various formats of remote support address the affordances of the traditional in-person tutorial. The range of support formats explored here includes live tutorials, written homework with feedback, group work via breakout rooms in Zoom, a discussion forum and instant formative feedback through Canvas quizzes and the e-assessment tool Numbas. The effectiveness of the different formats of remote support is assessed through examining student engagement and student and lecturer feedback. Six student cohorts, of levels ranging from first year to MSc level, across three different departments, taking either a mathematics or statistics module, participated in the study and were surveyed on their experience and future preferences. The work highlights some of the key issues surrounding remote support within mathematics modules and discusses the findings in the context of the implications for a lecturer and the factors to consider when deciding on a strategy for remote learning. The paper also analyses student interaction and notes the aspects of remote mathematics support that will have value beyond the pandemic.
Asynchronous online mathematics learning support: an exploration of interaction data to inform future provision
Authors: O’Sullivan Linda , Casey Deirdre , Crowley Julie 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Over the past 30 years, higher education institutions (HEIs) worldwide have been grappling with the difficulties experienced by many students entering higher education due to their poor pre-entry core mathematical skills. In the Republic of Ireland and the UK, the provision of mathematics learning support (MLS) is the approach most commonly adopted by HEIs to deal with this problem, providing free one-to-one mathematical support and/or workshops for students. However, despite the availability of such supports and research that suggests that engagement with these supports can have a positive impact on student retention and progression, ensuring high levels of student engagement with these supports remains a significant challenge. In more recent years, some institutions have started to provide online MLS which takes many different forms but mainly provide links to websites, revision notes, past exam papers, etc. In light of the COVID-19 pandemic and the need for many to resort to remote teaching, it would appear the successful provision of online mathematics support is set to become increasingly important over the coming years. This paper will examine student interaction data with one such online MLS provision, hosted within a virtual learning environment. The interaction data will be analysed in order to gain a better understanding of the level of student engagement with this resource and the content most frequently accessed. This analysis will be used to inform the future development and enhancement of the resource so as to encourage student engagement.