bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Too much of a good thing?: The impact of ethical controls and perceived controllability on salesforce job performance
Authors: Oh Joon-Hee , Johnston Wesley J. , Curasi Carolyn Folkman 
Published: October 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to attempt to better understand the relationship between organizational ethical climate, the internalization of ethical codes (INT), perceived control and business-to-business (B2B) and retail salesperson job performance. This research develops and tests a model that examines these relationships to better understand the relationship of these variables to salesperson job performance.Design/methodology/approachUsing the theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 2002) as the theoretical lens and survey data from 307 salespeople in the USA, this study examines the relationship between organizational ethical climate, salesperson perceived control and salesperson job performance. This study examines whether this relationship may change with the presence of intervening variables related to a strengthened organizational ethical climate, and examines the relationship between these variables in two different analyses. First, this study examines the differences among retail salespeople as compared to B2B salespeople. Then this study examines the total dataset of salespeople as one sample.FindingsThe findings show that the positive effect of organizational ethical climate on the job performance of salespeople was reduced significantly when salespersons’ INT and salesperson perceived controllability, were examined in this relationship.Practical implicationsOrganizational controls, such as an ethical climate within a firm, can impact salesperson job performance, especially if the firm’s ethical climate causes the salesteam to feel that it lessens their perceived control. This study found that if the ethical climate reduces the salespeople’s feelings of self-efficacy, that the ethical climate changes can intervene and can significantly reduce the otherwise positive effect of the organizational ethical climate on salesperson job performance.Originality/valueFrom a theoretical perspective, the research is distinctive in its endeavor to better understand the relationship between the role of salespersons’ ethical code internalization and their feelings of self-efficacy and perceived control. This paper then examines how these variables can be influential to the direct effect of organizational ethical control and can impact the job performance of salespeople. The findings contribute to research by advancing our knowledge of how we can enhance the responses of salespeople to an organization’s ethical control, leading to higher customer satisfaction and improved sales performance.
ESG litigation – how companies can get ready, respond and resolve claims
Authors: Cummins Tom , Hamid Ruby , Reeves Eleanor , Karalis Thomas , Harnett Matthew 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
To highlight ESG litigation risks and present an overview of the present landscape of ESG disputes in Europe – with a particular focus on England – and globally.

Design/methodology/approach
This article provides an overview of ESG factors, how they impact on companies, and potential claims that can arise from ESG issues. It also provides recommendations on how companies can prepare for, respond to, and ultimately resolve ESG disputes.

Findings
The number of ESG cases that are being brought (and won) by claimants in various courts around the world is rapidly increasing. There is a need for companies to prepare for, respond to, and resolve ESG disputes that they may become party to.

Practical implications
Companies need to take notice of the growing trend of ESG disputes and claims being brought, and in particular prepare for, respond to, and resolve them.

Originality/value
Expert analysis and guidance from experienced dispute resolution and environmental lawyers.
Tokyo, Japan – urbanistic hybridity in a networked metropolis
Authors: Santos João Rafael 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to identify relevant innovations in Tokyo’s spatial articulation of infrastructure, building and public space, intertwining large-scale networks with local scale urban fabrics, to inform urban management towards sustainable urban transitions.

Design/methodology/approach
The research used a methodological combination of literature review, relevant case identification and analysis, on-site survey and photography, morphological interpretation through cartographic analysis and urban space and architectural redrawing and discussion under the conceptual framework.

Findings
Under Japan’s cultural construct, public/private thresholds are blurred and layered, defining a public space network which includes not only large-scale urban objects, such as railroad and commercial hubs but also small scale, hybrid and rather aweless forms of urban space, which can be of interest to the challenges of sustainable urban transition.

Research limitations/implications
Adaptations in urban management and design need to consider the multi-scalar embeddedness of urban networks in local fabrics, considering public space structure and socio-cultural specificities. Limitations to growth-oriented rationale require increasingly decentralized networks and more hybrid spatial configurations in buildings, infrastructures and public space.

Originality/value
Tokyo represents an example of how a network-dependent metropolis, accommodates highly adaptive, inconspicuous and decentralized forms of basic service provision with an impact on the perception, use and management of public space. The main argument lies in the potential that these spatial arrangements hold as references for contemporary urban management and design in what pertains to societal challenges, low-carbon transition and network optimization.
The role of qualitative research in Change Laboratory interventions
Authors: Morselli Daniele , Marcelli Andrea Mattia 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
This contribution investigates methodological questions concerning Change Laboratory interventions. It contemplates the research questions: To what extent the Change Laboratory can be situated within the panorama of qualitative inquiry? If so, to what extent can the methods and strategies of inquiry help improve a Change Laboratory intervention?

Design/methodology/approach
To answer the first question, this paper makes an overview on key terms of qualitative research; subsequently, it presents the characterising features of the Change Laboratory. Then, it takes a historical perspective and compares the Change Laboratory firstly against action research, and secondly with design experiments. To answer the second section, it examines a case study of Change Laboratory with teachers that the first author facilitated. Next, it displays how trustworthiness was ensured through a thick description and member checks.

Findings
The paper argues that the Change Laboratory is a strategy of inquiry; it aligns with the characteristics of qualitative research, and it follows the agenda of a participative paradigm. Furthermore, the methods and strategies of inquiry such as thick descriptions and member checks, not only can improve rigour and validity of the intervention but also strengthen the outcomes of the Change Laboratory itself.

Originality/value
The Change Laboratory is well defined as a formative method, but not fully understood as an investigative method. Although scholars discussed methodological issues of Cultural Historical Activity Theory in diverse articles, the relationship between the Change Laboratory and qualitative inquiry has remained unclear.
Toward epistemological identification of the four major mindscapes
Authors: Fatehi Kamal , Taasoobshirazi Gita , Sanchez-Gutierrez Jose 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
Japanese American philosopher Magoroh Maruyama (1969) proposed the Mindscape theory, a macro model of cultural differences identification. The theory suggests inter-and intra-cultural heterogeneity and four major Mindscapes of H, I, S and G. He and his colleagues designed 64 graphic geometric patterns based on redundant and non-redundant complexity to recognize the Mindscapes in cultures. However, there is no method of identifying each Mindscape individually/separately. In other words, specificity is missing in this theory. Without such identification, the applicability of the Mindscape theory in international business is limited. This study aims to provide the needed specificity.

Design/methodology/approach
The present study applies Harvey’s (1966) four epistemological systems to identify each of the four Mindscapes. According to Maruyama and Harvey, three of Harvey’s four systems are identical to the three Mindscapes of H, I and G. If the authors can match the three Mindscapes with the three Harvey’s systems, what remains the authors assume to be the fourth Mindscape.

Findings
The current study determined various graphic and geometric patterns associated with each of the four Mindscapes. In doing so, the study expanded the applicability of the theory in international business.

Research limitations/implications
Harvey (1966) administered nine psychological tests (instruments) to many subjects over nearly two decades to determine the four systems. Using nine major instruments is very challenging, demanding and time-consuming. For ease of application and saving time, the authors used one of these instruments as an example. Ideally, the authors should use all.

Originality/value
Mindscape theory suggests that each of the four salient Mindscapes is more relevant to a specific situation, such as human resource management, motivation, leadership, conflict resolution and others. By identifying each Mindscape, this study expands the use of Mindscape theory.
Experimental verification of computational and sensitivity analysis on substrate deformation and plastic strain induced by hollow thin-walled WAAM structure
Authors: Prajadhiana Keval P. , Manurung Yupiter H.P. , Bauer Alexander , Adenan Mohd Shahriman , Syahriah Nur Izan , Mohamed Mohamed Ackiel , Awiszus Birgit , Graf Marcel , Haelsig Andre 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
This paper aims to numerical and experimental analysis on substrate deformation and plastic strain induced by wire arc additive manufacturing.

Design/methodology/approach
The component has the form of a hollow, rectangular thin wall consisting of 25 deposition layers of SS316L on an SS304 substrate plate. Thermo-mechanical finite element analysis was applied with Goldak’s double-ellipsoidal heat-source model and a non-linear isotropic hardening rule based on von Mises’ yield criterion. The layer deposition was modelled using simplified geometry to minimize overall pre-processing work and computational time.

Findings
A new material modelling of SS316L was obtained from the chemical composition of the evolved component characterized by scanning electron microscope/energy dispersive X-ray and further generated by an advanced material-modelling software JMatPro. In defining heat-transfer coefficients, transient thermometric analysis was first performed in the bead and on the substrate, which was followed by an adjustment of the heat-transfer coefficients to reflect the actual temperature distribution. Based on the adjusted model and boundary conditions, sensitivity analysis was conducted prior to the ultimate simulation of substrate deformation and equivalent plastic strain. Furthermore, this simulation was verified by conducting a series of automated wire + arc additive manufacturing tests using robotic gas Metal arc welding with distortion measured by coordinate-measurement machine and equivalent plastic strain measured by optical three-dimensional-metrology measurements (Gesellschaft für Optische Messtechnik).

Originality/value
It can be concluded that a proper numerical computation using the adjusted model and property-evolved material exhibits a similar trend with acceptable agreement compared to the experiment by yielding an error percentage up to 30% for deformation and up to 21% for equivalent plastic strain at each individual measurement point.
CEO statements on racial inequity – (how) do they matter to shareholders?
Authors: Afego Pyemo , Alagidede Imhotep 
Published: October 2021

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to explore how citizen protests against perceived acts of racial injustice impact on share prices of companies who weigh in on the protests. In particular, corporate statements that directly address the issues around the protests are identified and possible mechanisms underlying how these may impact shareholder value are discussed.Design/methodology/approachThe authors first use a qualitative research approach of content and sentiment analysis to track how companies or their chief executive officers (CEOs) present their stance against racial injustice, as represented by their use of linguistic markers. Then, the authors use an event study methodology to assess the response from stock market participants.FindingsThe findings suggest that CEOs primarily convey their stance using language that is emotive and empathic. In addition, shareholders earn a significant abnormal return of 2.13%, on average, in the three days following the release of the statements.Research limitations/implicationsThis study considered only US-listed companies. The sample size, also, is relatively small. Institutional and cultural differences across countries may also vary. Thus, future research could explore the extent to which the findings generalize to other contexts.Practical implicationsResults provide insights to top managers who communicate with various stakeholders on emotionally charged social issues. Findings also offer insights on the timing of trades for investors and arbitrageurs.Social implicationsFindings contribute to the understanding of corporate behaviour in times of social upheaval. Insights from the study may also be used to inform corporate communication decisions about important social issues.Originality/valueThis study brings into focus the role that affective appeal and moral emotion can play in evoking motivation for corporate activism, and the impact that this has on investor opinions’ formation process.
Weak interactions between strong interactors in an old‐field ecosystem: Control of nitrogen cycling by coupled herbivores and detritivores
Authors: Buchkowski Robert W. , Schmitz Oswald J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Interactions between herbivores and detritivores are common in greenhouse and laboratory experiments. Such interactions are thought to cause feedbacks in real ecosystems where the combined actions of these animals create either high or low nutrient cycling rates. There is limited evidence from factorial field experiments to support these expectations.

We present the results of a 3‐year experiment wherein we factorially manipulated grasshopper herbivores and earthworm detritivores in an old‐field ecosystem and tested for significant interaction effects on plants, nitrogen mineralization and micro‐organisms. Then, we used a dynamical system model built and parameterized for the study ecosystem to test the theoretical strength of these interactions. We predicted that grasshoppers and earthworms would have a positive interaction effect on plant growth and nitrogen cycling by driving plant community change.

We found neither evidence for interaction effects on any of the variables we measured nor a consistent change in the composition of the plant community even though the individual effects of grasshoppers and earthworms were as expected. Our dynamical system model made the same prediction across a broad section of parameter space (e.g. feeding rates, death rates, etc) and after longer term simulations.

Our results suggest that interactions between herbivores and detritivores are only likely in situ when animals have exceptionally high individual effects on ecosystems and where the exogenous forces driving plant community change and soil biogeochemical fluxes are weak.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Intra‐annual precipitation effects on annual grassland productivity and phenology are moderated by community responses
Authors: Shaw E. Ashley , White Caitlin T. , Silver Whendee L. , Suding Katharine N. , Hallett Lauren M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Within ecosystems, intra‐annual precipitation patterns—the variability and timing of rainfall—may be a stronger driver of net primary productivity than total annual precipitation. In particular, the amount and timing of precipitation directly affects the amount and timing of plant production, but also indirectly affects productivity via changes to plant community composition. Community response patterns may either buffer or amplify productivity responses to precipitation, as different species respond to different conditions.

In a semi‐arid California grassland, we experimentally tested how plant communities respond to intra‐annual precipitation using rainout shelters in which we manipulated drought amount and timing (early season drought, late season drought, continuous drought and ambient precipitation) over 3 years and assessed plant responses: annual net primary productivity (ANPP), phenological timing of peak production and senescence, and community composition.

Overall, early season and consistent drought treatments had lowest productivity, while late season and consistent drought treatments senesced earlier. Plots with functionally diverse communities shifted community composition and had a significant ANPP response to precipitation treatments. In contrast, communities dominated by a single resource‐acquisitive grass species did not change in community composition over time and had no ANPP response to precipitation treatments.

The timing of production also differed by community, however, where functionally diverse communities remained green longer (particularly under the early season drought treatment) compared to communities dominated by one grass species, which senesced earlier (particularly under the late season drought treatment).

Synthesis. Our study demonstrates that drought patterns may indirectly drive ANPP via plant community responses in composition and phenology. This suggests that the combination of species composition and vegetation phenology could jointly alter ecosystem‐level sensitivity to precipitation seasonality under future climate change. We show that both functional diversity and dominant stability mechanisms are in operation simultaneously, highlighting the need to understand both the context and variation in community structure to predict ANPP responses to intra‐annual precipitation.
Complementary combination of multiplex high‐throughput DNA sequencing for molecular phylogeny
Authors: Suyama Yoshihisa , Hirota Shun K. , Matsuo Ayumi , Tsunamoto Yoshihiro , Mitsuyuki Chika , Shimura Atsuki , Okano Kunihiro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe rapid development of DNA sequencing technology in recent years has provided new tools for phylogenetic data acquisition. By using high‐throughput DNA sequencing technology, molecular phylogenetic information can be obtained more quickly and economically. Here, we describe a complementary combination of two multiplex high‐throughput DNA sequencing methods. One is multiplexed phylogenetic marker sequencing (MPM‐seq), and the other is multiplexed inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR) genotyping by sequencing (MIG‐seq), whose protocol is improved over that of the original one. Both MPM‐seq and MIG‐seq begin with multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR), each amplifying multiple phylogenetic markers and genome‐wide ISSR regions, respectively. After another PCR using a second PCR primer set that is common in both methods, next‐generation sequencing is used to simultaneously detect DNA sequences of multiple regions from multiple samples in each method. In this case study, we performed a molecular phylogenetic analysis of Japanese fir (Abies) and the closely related Abies species. MPM‐seq revealed DNA sequences of three regions from chloroplast DNA and one nuclear internal transcribed spacer and created a partially informative phylogenetic tree for 13 Abies species. Whereas MIG‐seq detected 6700 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms and exhibited clear clustering of related species with 97%–100% bootstrap support for all branches of the phylogenetic tree. Hence, with a complementary combination, quick, simple, and economical analysis can be performed in a wide range of genomic studies, including molecular phylogeny, as well as for investigating genetic differentiation or genetic identification among species, hybrids, and populations, and even among clones and cultivars, as a DNA barcoding technique.
Overexpressing Pleurotus ostreatus rho1b results in transcriptional upregulation of the putative cellulolytic enzyme‐encoding genes observed in ccl1 disruptants
Authors: Okuda Nozomi , Nakazawa Takehito , Horii Masato , Wu Hongli , Kawauchi Moriyuki , Sakamoto Masahiro , Honda Yoichi 
Published: October 2021

SummaryThe transcriptional expression pattern of lignocellulolytic enzyme‐encoding genes in white‐rot fungi differs depending on the culture conditions. Recently, it was shown that 13 putative cellulolytic enzyme‐encoding genes were significantly upregulated in most Pleurotus ostreatus ligninolysis‐deficient mutant strains on beech wood sawdust medium. However, the mechanisms by which this transcriptional shift is triggered remain unknown. In this study, we identified one mechanism. Our previous study implied that histone H3 N‐dimethylation at lysine 4 level possibly affects the shift; therefore, we analysed the expression pattern in the disruptants of P. ostreatus ccl1, which encodes a putative component of the COMPASS complex mediating the methylation. The results showed upregulation of 5 of the 13 cellulolytic enzyme‐encoding genes. We also found that rho1b, encoding a putative GTPase regulating signal transduction pathways, was upregulated in the ccl1 disruptants and ligninolysis‐deficient strains. Upregulation of at least three of the five cellulolytic enzyme‐encoding genes was observed in rho1b‐overexpressing strains but not in ccl1/rho1b double‐gene disruptants, during the 20‐day culture period. These results suggest that Rho1b may be involved in the upregulation of cellulolytic enzyme‐encoding genes observed in the ccl1 disruptants. Furthermore, we suggest that Mpk1b, a putative Agaricomycetes‐specific mitogen‐activated protein kinase, functions downstream of Rho1b.