bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructural and Micro-Chemical Evolutions in Irradiated UCO Fuel Kernels of AGR-1 and AGR-2 TRISO Fuel Particles
Authors: Fu Zhenyu , Yang Yong , Van Rooyen Isabella J. , Meher Subhashish , Kombaiah Boopathy 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
AGR-1 and AGR-2 tristructural-isotropic (TRISO) fuel particles were fabricated using slightly different fuel kernel chemical compositions, modified fabrication processes, different fuel kernel diameters, and changed 235U enrichments. Extensive microstructural and analytical characterizations were conducted to correlate those differences with the fuel kernels’ responses to neutron irradiations in terms of irradiated fuel microstructure, fission products’ chemical and physical states, and fission gas bubble evolutions. The studies used state-of-the-art transmission electron microscopy (TEM) equipped with energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS) via four silicon solid-state detectors with super sensitivity and rapid speed. The TEM specimens were prepared from selected AGR-1 and AGR-2 irradiated fuel kernels exposed to safety testing after irradiation. The particles were chosen in order to create representative irradiation conditions with fuel burnup in the range of 10.8 to 18.6% fissions per initial metal atom (FIMA) and time-average volume-average temperatures varying from 1070 to 1287°C. The 235U enrichment was 19.74 wt.% and 14.03 wt.% for the AGR-1 and AGR-2 fuel kernels, respectively. The TEM results showed significant microstructural reconstructions in the irradiated fuel kernels from both the AGR-1 and AGR-2 fuels. There are four major phases: fuel matrix of UO2 and UC, U2RuC2, and UMoC2—in the irradiated AGR-2 fuel kernel. Zr and Nd form a solid solution in the UC phase. The UMoC2 phase often features a detectable concentration of Tc. Pd was mainly found to be located in the buffer layer or associated with fission gas bubbles within the UMoC2 phase. EDS maps qualitatively show that rare-earth fission products (Nd et al.) preferentially reside in the UO2 phase. In contrast, in the irradiated AGR-1 fuel kernel, no U2RuC2 or UMoC2 precipitates were positively identified. Instead, there was a high number of rod-shaped precipitates enriched with Ru, Tc, Rh, and Pd observed in the fuel kernel center and edge zone. The differences in irradiated fuel kernel microstructural and micro-chemical evolution when comparing AGR-1 and AGR-2 TRISO fuel particles may result from a combination of irradiation temperature, fuel geometry, and chemical composition. However, irradiation temperature probably plays a more deterministic role. Limited electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) characterizations of the AGR-2 fuel kernel show almost no carbon in the UO2 phase, but a small fraction of oxygen was detected in the UC/UMoC2 phase.
Intensive Study of Ceria Microsphere Stabilized with Zirconia by The External Gelatin Method
Authors: Ridwan  , Insani A , Mujamilah  , Patriati A , Sulungbudi G T , Rifai M , Sarjono  
Published: October 2021

AbstractOne of the keys to success in the process of fuel synthesis for pebble type high temperature nuclear reactors is mastery in kernel synthesis technology which is the core of the fuel itself. In this paper, the results of a comprehensive study of the preparation of a kernel microsphere from ceria stabilized zirconia (CSZ) using the external gelatin method in BATAN will be discussed. Important parameters obtained from this experiment will be the basis for the actual manufacturing of nuclear fuel kernels. Analysis based on measurement data using the Small Angle Neutron Spectrometer (SANS) provides a deep understanding of the mechanism of CSZ microsphere formation, so that at the end it can provide an understanding of how to avoid possible cracks during heat treatment.
ASME Code Rules and ASTM Standards Integration for Ceramic Composite Core Materials and Components1
Authors: Geringer J W , Katoh Y , Gonczy S , Burchell T , Mitchell M , Jenkins M , Windes W 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Fiber-reinforced ceramic matrix composites have many desirable properties for high-temperature nuclear applications, including excellent thermal and mechanical properties and reasonable to outstanding radiation resistance. Over the last 20 years, the use of ceramic composite materials has already expanded in many commercial nonnuclear industries as fabrication and application technologies mature. The new ASME design and construction rules under Section III, Subsection HH, Subpart B lay out the requirements and criteria for materials, design, machining and installation, inspection, examination, testing, and the marking procedure for ceramic composite core components, which is similar to the established graphite code under Section III, Subsection HH, Subpart A. Moreover, the general requirements listed in Section III, Subsection HA, Subpart B are also expanded to include ceramic composite materials. The code rules rely heavily on the development and publication of standards for composite specification, classification, and testing of mechanical, thermal, and other properties. These test methods are developed in the American Society for Testing and Materials Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics with a current focus on ceramic composite tubes. Details of the composites code, design methodology, and similarities to the graphite code, as well as guidance for the development of specifications for ceramic composites for nuclear application and recent standard developments, are discussed. The next step is to “close the gap” to support licensing aspects by validating the code with benchmarking data.
Current Status of Purification of Indonesian Natural Graphite as a Candidate for Nuclear Fuel Matrix by Hydrometallurgy and Pyrometallurgy Methods
Authors: Mustika D , Torowati  , Sudirman  , Dimyati A , Fisli A , Joni I M , Langenati R 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Indonesia has natural graphite reserved in Sulawesi, Sumatera and Kalimantan islands. The highest graphite content was observed in Sanggau Region, West Kalimantan. Indonesian natural graphite has the potential to be used as fuel matrix in Pebble Bed Reactor (PBR) type - High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor (HTGR). To increase self-reliance of graphite supply and decrease graphite import for fuel matrix purposes, it is necessary to master the purification technology of graphite. Graphite matrix in Pebble Bed Reactor (PBR) fuel has an important role. It is not only used as neutron moderator and structural material to protect nuclear fuel but also as heat transfer media. Therefore, the graphite matrix must meet the physical and chemical criteria specified for PBR fuel. This paper focuses on current status of purification of Indonesian natural graphite as a candidate for nuclear fuel matrix using hydrometallurgy and pyrometallurgy. Acid and acid mixtures such as HF, HNO3+H2SO4 and HF+HCl+H2SO4 were used for the hydromet-allurgy purification process, while Arc Plasma System were used for pyrometallurgy methods. Characterization for the purified graphite includes physical and chemical properties. The result showed that Indonesian natural graphite obtained from hydrometallurgy was classified into low nuclear grade graphite but it still could be used as nuclear fuel matrix PBR - HTGR. The graphitization degree needs to be increased and the impurity content needs to be decreased for the purified Indonesian graphite using hydrometallurgy method. The Indonesian natural graphite obtained from preliminary pyrometallurgy methods has 96.78 % graphite content according to SEM (surface) observation and the graphite content needs to be increased into nuclear grade graphite.
V&V Methods Used in the Development of FPGA-based I&C Systems for HTR-10
Authors: Maerani R , Suryono TJ , Santoso S , Jung JC 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Currently, in few countries, there have been many projects related to the development of Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)-based Instrumentation and control (I&C) system designs for their nuclear power plant (NPP), whether for modernization or the new development of NPPs. Indonesia already develops a study related to High Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor as the generation IV for NPPs type for these few years with a specific type which is High Temperature Reactor–10 MW (HTR-10). Since the FPGA-based technology is new in the field, and both the international standards and guidance, from national and international has not defined provisions this issue, therefore verification and validation (V&V) activities for this HTR-10 are mandatory to be included in the design life cycle of I&C system development to get license approval from the national regulatory body. The FPGA-based system needs concentration both in hardware and software development, but commonly only software-related standards that usually included in the design and V&V in the previous computer-based I&C system. Therefore, in this study the V&V plan needs to be developed to state the methods to be required regarding the correctness of the applications of FPGA based I&C system. By arranging this V&V method, we will see whether they are easily applicable to actual systems, had the result to reach the requirement to have reliability, availability, maintainability and safety aspects, and has shortened and easier V&V step than computer-based I&C system. From the results of this study, it can be seen that the results of the method used for V&V between Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)-based and FPGA are almost the same because both have almost the same requirements, especially in software design. Some testing is not mandatory for FPGA-based because of the reduced system complexity. The use of FPGA can shorten the V&V process which can also reduce costs.
Recognition Method of Pipeline Damage Degree based on One-dimensional Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Pu Feiyang , Pan Jianjun , Li Hongren , Feng Qiankui 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The pipeline is a key component for the transportation of oil, gas, water and other media, and an indispensable part of industrial fluid transportation equipment. In the service process, the pipeline is easily damaged due to fluid erosion, fatigue and other factors. Optical fiber sensing technology has the advantages of high sensitivity, anti-electromagnetic interference, and good corrosion resistance; while deep learning technology has the advantage of automatically extracting data features and classification. This article combines distributed optical fiber sensing technology and deep learning technology to diagnose the degree of damage to the pipeline. This article divides the pipeline damage degree into four types, namely the complete pipeline, 1mm damage, 2mm damage, and 3mm damage. Based on the wavelength division multiplexing demodulation system, the strain time domain signal of the pipeline was collected, and then we independently built a one-dimensional convolutional neural network model, and obtained a recognition accuracy of 95%. Finally, we divided the data into four equal parts and did a four-fold cross-validation, and finally got an average accuracy rate of 85.6%, indicating that the model we designed can better identify the degree of pipeline damage.
RainfallNet: A Dual-Source of Spatial-Channel Attention Fusion Network for Precipitation Nowcasting
Authors: Huang Junhao , Niu Dan , Zang Zengliang , Chen Xisong , Pan Xiaobin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Accurate rainfall prediction is conductive to human life and disaster prevention. Meanwhile, deep learning methods are confirmed to be helpful to improve the accuracy of weather prediction. A novel data-driven neural network is proposed in this work referred as RainfallNet which introduces fusion module based on both radar echo observations and numerical weather prediction (NWP) data. The architecture of the network includes three elements: (1) dual encoders to extract the spatio-temporal feature of the radar echo images and NWP data respectively, (2) parallel attention mechanism combining channel attention and spatial attention to reveal the contribution of each data source and (3) combined loss function joining structural similarity loss, mean square error and mean absolute error with different weight for each rainfall level to further increase the meteorologically assessment metrics. The experiments on South China dataset demonstrate the effectiveness of our model, achieving superior performance on meteorologically assessment metrics over most existing algorithms.
An Intra-Pulse Modulation Type Recognition Algorithm for Radar Signals Based on the Improved Residual Network
Authors: Wang Fan , Huang Yifeng , Zhu Ming , Tang Jun , Jia Zhaohong 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
For purpose of solve the problem of poor discrimination and robustness of intra-pulse signal features extracted by the traditional methods, this paper proposes a radar signal intra-pulse modulation type recognition algorithm based on the improved residual network. Firstly, one-dimensional time-domain radar signal is converted into two-dimensional time-frequency image by Smoothing Pseudo Wigner-Ville Distribution; Then the time-frequency image is preprocessed; ResNet-50 network is chosen as the framework. In order to retain the feature map information as much as possible, the convolution kernel is increased in the residual module. The cross entropy loss function and the center loss function are used as the loss function to speed up the convergence of the network. The improved residual network is used to realize the intra-pulse modulation type recognition of radar signal. The simulation experiments show that when the SNR is -14dB, the overall average recognition accuracy of the improved algorithm for eight kinds of radar signals (CM, LFM, NLFM, BLFM, BPSK, QPSK, OPSK, LFM+BPSK) can reach 97.29%, which shows the effectiveness.
The readiness of IoT enabled Smart Buildings in Malaysia
Authors: Kiu Mee San , Chin Ying Jie , Chia Fah Choy , Wong Phui Fung 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The rapid evolution of the Internet of Things (IoT) has significantly impacted the way of conduct business and influenced current daily lifestyles. Observing this phenomenon, researchers and industry practitioners are increasingly paying attention to the research and development of smart buildings. This research aimed to focus on the readiness of smart buildings in Malaysia and research objectives were set to determine the readiness, potential benefits of implementing smart buildings and the challenges faced in the current state towards adopting smart buildings in Malaysia. Based on the 140 questionnaire survey responses from various construction professionals, descriptive statistics and Kruskal-Wallis test were conducted. This study has contributed to the body of knowledge on understanding on current readiness of Malaysia in the implementation of Smart Building and brought up the main challenges faced towards the adoption of Smart Building. In conclusion, Malaysia has not fully ready to take advantage of the benefits the smart revolution will bring, including greener, safer and more efficient energy use.
Static concentrating photovoltaic modelling using MATLAB
Authors: Muhammad-Sukki Firdaus , Farooq Haroon , Abu-Bakar Siti Hawa , Ardila-Rey Jorge Alfredo , Sellami Nazmi , Kilpatrick Ciaran , Muhtazaruddin Mohd Nabil , Bani Nurul Aini , Zulkipli Muhammad 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe world has recorded an increasing interest and staggering investment in renewable technology in the last two decades, specifically in solar photovoltaic (PV). Concentrating PV (CPV) is one of PV’s technology advancements and is gaining popularity for integration in a building. Various CPV designs are currently being investigated by researchers. The aim of this paper is to design and develop a MATLAB programme that can predict the electrical properties of a static concentrator that is designed with a ±40° acceptance angle. The programme was utlizied to determine the angular characteristics of the static concentrator between acceptance angle of -50° and 50°. It is proposed that the optoelectronic gain, Copto-evalues be incorporated into the model to simulate a CPV design. The incident angle values (within ±50°) were chosen to demonstrate that the static concentrator could collect solar energy within its designed acceptance angle of ±40°. The current-voltage and power-voltage characteristics are generated for each simulation, and critical parameters such as the maximum power, open-circuit voltage, short-circuit current, and optoelectronic gain were identified and measured. The programme was found to be able to determine the electrical properties for the static concentrator.
Atmospheric trajectory analysis of Cesium-137 from proposed nuclear power plant site in Bangka Island, Indonesia
Authors: Rosli Rafieza , Basri Nor Afifah , Omar Nurlyana 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Environmental risk assessment for nuclear power plant (NPP) operation is important to monitor the level of radionuclide concentration in the atmosphere and to determine the health risks associated with potential external radiation exposure. A NPP site was proposed in Bangka Island, Indonesia, 554 km from Johor Bahru, Malaysia. In the event of postulated nuclear emergency, the radionuclide dispersion from Bangka Island can possibly arrive in Malaysia’s atmosphere due to its close distance with Malaysian border. The purpose of this study is to assess the trajectories of Cs-137 radionuclide towards Malaysia from Bangka Island NPP site. A simulation was conducted using Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory Model (HYSPLIT) to describe the movement of radionuclides in the atmosphere from Bangka Island towards Malaysia. The result shows the trajectories and direction of both radionuclides are very much affected by the monsoon season, as well as the meteorological characteristics such as wind speed and direction. In the simulated event of radioactive release in 2019, the trajectories can be seen moving directly towards Malaysia in May, June, July, August, September and October. It is concluded that if Indonesia were to proceed with the NPP construction in Bangka Island, necessary preparation such as emergency plan and risks mitigation should be strategized early in Malaysia to safeguard the public and the environment.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Model of Wells Turbine for Oscillating Water Column System: A Review
Authors: Abdul Settar N. , Sarip S. , Kaidi H.M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Wells turbine is an important component in the oscillating water column (OWC) system. Thus, many researchers tend to improve the performance via experiment or computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation, which is cheaper. As the CFD method becomes more popular, the lack of evidence to support the parameters used during the CFD simulation becomes a big issue. This paper aims to review the CFD models applied to the Wells turbine for the OWC system. Journal papers from the past ten years were summarized in brief critique. As a summary, the FLUENT and CFX software are mostly used to simulate the Wells turbine flow problems while SST k-ω turbulence model is the widely used model. A grid independence test is essential when doing CFD simulation. In conclusion, this review paper can show the research gap for CFD simulation and can reduce the time in selecting suitable parameters when involving simulation in the Wells turbine.
Towards the introduction of elements that contribute to the LRT operation sustainability through technology-based ancillary revenue
Authors: Muhamad Pauzi Fazarizul Hashidi , Md Daud Mohd Yusof , Mohamed Ahmad Yusri 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Transportation and technology innovation is one of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) elements, and it has been outlined in goal number nine. The high demand for LRT usage requires a large amount of electricity. It contributes to the increase in electricity costs that have to be borne by LRT operators, and it is one of the main contributors to the increase in LRT operating costs. Revenue from fares unable to offset the rising operating cost. Therefore, LRT operators need to explore ancillary revenue activities to cover LRT operating costs. This paper aims to identify the elements involved in generating ancillary income through technology-based businesses from fibre optic cable networks along LRT alignment for the LRT operation sustainability. This study adopted semi-structured interviews for data collection and thematic analysis to analyse the data collected to identify the elements involved in generating ancillary revenue. Eleven themes were identified from the thematic analysis using NVivo. The list of elements involved has been proposed in this study has the potential to be a driver in generating ancillary revenue for the sustainability of LRT operations and contribute to sustainable development in achieving one of the objectives outlined in the SDGs.
A versatile and cost-effective automation of an AC susceptometer using Virtual Instruments and Arduino-Uno microcontroller
Authors: Borgohain C. , Borah J.P. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A LabVIEWTM based VIRTUAL INSTRUMENT (VI)
system is designed with the aid of an Arduino-Uno microcontroller,
which is used as a data acquisition system for collecting data from
an AC magnetic susceptometer operating in the range of 10 Hz to
10 kHz. The magnetic susceptometer system was indigenously built
using standard modules/components and is capable of measuring AC
magnetic susceptibility from room temperature down to 100 K. The
proposed VI can have diverse applications and may be modified
according to the user requirements. Herein, we have decided to focus
its applicability on the automation of an AC susceptometer
integrated with an inexpensive signal processing unit comprising an
AD630-based lock-in-amplifier and an ICL8038-based signal
generator. Data from the lock-in- amplifier, the signal generator,
and the temperature sensor are interfaced to a computer via an
Arduino-Uno microcontroller. A program (VI) developed using LabVIEW
is used to acquire and record in a PC the data from the AC magnetic
susceptometer.
Anthropogenic–biogenic interaction amplifies warming from emission reduction over the southeastern US
Authors: Liu Yawen , Liu Yaman , Wang Minghuai , Dong Xinyi , Zheng Yiqi , Shrivastava Manish , Qian Yun , Bai Heming , Li Xiao , Yang Xiu-Qun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A decline of surface biogenic secondary organic aerosols through the mediation of reduced anthropogenic aerosols has been recognized as an air quality co-benefit of anthropogenic emission control over the southeastern US. However, the climate impacts of this anthropogenic–biogenic interaction remain poorly understood. Here, we identified a substantial decline of summertime aerosol loading aloft over the southeastern US in recent decades through the interaction, which leads to a stronger decline in column-integrated aerosol optical depth and a greater increase in radiative fluxes over the southeastern than northeastern US, different from trends of anthropogenic emissions and near-surface aerosol loading. The anthropogenic–biogenic interaction is shown to explain more than 60% of the coherent increasing trend of 5.3 Wm−2decade−1 in clear-sky surface downward radiative fluxes. We show that current climate models fail to represent this interaction. The interaction is further projected to amplify the positive radiative forcing from emission control by 42.3% regionally over the southeastern US and globally by 5.4% in 2050 under RCP4.5 compared to 2005. This amplification effect implies greater challenges to achieving the Paris Agreement temperature targets with continuous emission control in future.