bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outcomes analysis of microsurgical physiologic lymphatic procedures for the upper extremity from the United States National Surgical Quality Improvement Program
Authors: Bamba Ravinder , Chu Amanda , Gallegos Jose , Herrera Fernando A. , Hassanein Aladdin H. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionPhysiologic microsurgical procedures to treat lymphedema include vascularized lymph node transfer (VLNT) and lymphovenous bypass (LVB). The purpose of this study was to assess 30‐day outcomes of VLNT and LVB using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) database.MethodsNSQIP was queried (2012–2018) for lymphatic procedures for upper extremity lymphedema after mastectomy. Prophylactic lymphatic procedures and those for lower extremity lymphedema were excluded. Outcomes were assessed for three groups: LVB, VLNT, and patients who had procedures simultaneously (VLNA+LVB). Primary outcomes measured were operative time, 30‐day morbidities, and hospital length of stay.ResultsThe study included 199 patients who had LVB (n = 43), VLNT (n = 145), or VLNT+LVB (n = 11). There was no difference in co‐morbidities between the groups (p = 0.26). 30‐day complication rates including unplanned reoperation (6.9% VLNT vs. 2.3% LVB) and readmission (0.69% VLNT vs. none in LVB) were not statistically significant (p = 0.54). Surgical site infection, wound complications, deep vein thromboembolism, and cardiac arrest was also similar among the three groups. Postoperative length of stay for VLNT (2.5 days± 2.3), LVB (1.9 days± 1.9), and VLNT+LVB (2.8 days± 0.3) did not differ significantly (p = 0.20). Operative time for LVB (305.4 min ± 186.7), VLNT (254 min ± 164.4), and VLNT+LVB (295.3 min ± 43.2) was not significantly different (p = 0.21).ConclusionsOur analysis of the NSQIP data revealed that VLNT and LVB are procedures with no significant difference in perioperative morbidity. Our results support that choice of VLNT versus LVB can be justifiably made per the surgeon's preference and experience as the operations have similar complication rates.
Design and validation of a synchrotron proton beam line for FLASH radiotherapy preclinical research experiments
Authors: Titt Uwe , Yang Ming , Wang Xiaochun , Iga Kiminori , Fredette Nathaniel , Schueler Emil , Lin Steven H , Zhu X Ron , Sahoo Narayan , Koong Albert C , Zhang Xiaodong , Mohan Radhe 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPurposeThe main purpose of this work was to generate and validate the dosimetric accuracy of proton beams of dimensions that are appropriate for in vivo small animal and in vitro ultrahigh dose rate (FLASH) radiotherapy experiments using a synchrotron‐based treatment delivery system. This study was performed to enable future investigations of the relevance of a spread‐out Bragg peak (SOBP) under FLASH conditions.MethodsThe spill characteristics of the small field fixed horizontal beam line were modified to deliver accelerated protons in times as short as 2 ms and to control the dose delivered. A Gaussian‐like transverse beam profile was transformed into a square uniform one at FLASH dose rates, while avoiding low‐dose regions, a crucial requirement to protect normal tissue during FLASH irradiation. Novel beam‐shaping devices were designed using Monte Carlo techniques to produce up to about 6 cm3 of uniform dose in SOBPs while maximizing the dose rate. These included a scattering foil, a conical flattening filter to maximize the flux of protons into the region of interest, energy filters, range compensators, and collimators. The shapes, sizes, and positions of the components were varied to provide the required field sizes and SOBPs.ResultsThe designed and fabricated devices were used to produce 10‐, 15‐, and 20‐mm diameter, circular field sizes and 10‐, 15‐, and 20‐mm SOBP modulation widths at uniform physical dose rates of up to 375 Gy/s at the center of the SOBP and a minimum dose rate of about 255 Gy/s at the entrance, respectively, in cylindrical volumes. The flatness of lateral dose profiles at the center could be adjusted to within ±1.5% at the center of the SOBP. Assessment of systematic uncertainties, such as impact of misalignments and positioning uncertainties, was performed using simulations, and the results were used to provide appropriate adjustments to ensure high‐accuracy FLASH beam delivery for both in vitro and in vivo preclinical experiments.ConclusionsIt is feasible to use synchrotron‐generated proton beams of sufficient dimensions for FLASH radiobiology experiments. We expect to use the system we developed to acquire in vitro and in vivo small animal FLASH radiobiology data as a function of dose, dose rate, oxygen content, and linear energy transfer to help us understand the underlying mechanisms of the FLASH phenomenon.
B1inhomogeneity correction of RARE MRI at low SNR: Quantitative in vivo19F MRI of mouse neuroinflammation with a cryogenically‐cooled transceive surface radiofrequency probe
Authors: Delgado Paula Ramos , Kuehne Andre , Aravina Mariya , Millward Jason M. , Vázquez Alonso , Starke Ludger , Waiczies Helmar , Pohlmann Andreas , Niendorf Thoralf , Waiczies Sonia 
Published: November 2021

PurposeLow SNR in fluorine‐19 (19F) MRI benefits from cryogenically‐cooled transceive surface RF probes (CRPs), but strong B1inhomogeneities hinder quantification. Rapid acquisition with refocused echoes (RARE) is an SNR‐efficient method for MRI of neuroinflammation with perfluorinated compounds but lacks an analytical signal intensity equation to retrospectively correct B1inhomogeneity. Here, a workflow was proposed and validated to correct and quantify19F‐MR signals from the inflamed mouse brain using a19F‐CRP.MethodsIn vivo19F‐MR images were acquired in a neuroinflammation mouse model with a quadrature19F‐CRP using an imaging setup including 3D‐printed components to acquire co‐localized anatomical and19F images.Model‐based correctionswere validated on a uniform19F phantom and in the neuroinflammatory model. Corrected19F‐MR images were benchmarked against reference images and overlaid on in vivo1H‐MR images. Computed concentration uncertainty maps using Monte Carlo simulations served as a measure of performance of the B1corrections.ResultsOur study reports on the first quantitative in vivo19F‐MR images of an inflamed mouse brain using a19F‐CRP, including in vivo T1calculations for19F‐nanoparticles during pathology and B1corrections for19F‐signal quantification.Model‐based correctionsmarkedly improved19F‐signal quantification from errors > 50% to < 10% in a uniform phantom (p< 0.001). Concentration uncertainty maps ex vivo and in vivo yielded uncertainties that were generally < 25%. Monte Carlo simulations prescribed SNR ≥ 10.1 to reduce uncertainties < 10%, and SNR ≥ 4.25 to achieve uncertainties < 25%.ConclusionOurmodel‐based correctionmethod facilitated19F signal quantification in the inflamed mouse brain when using the SNR‐boosting19F‐CRP technology, paving the way for future low‐SNR19F‐MRI applications in vivo.
Bone diagenesis in the marine environment‐I: Characterization and distribution of trace elements in terrestrial mammalian bones recovered from historic shipwrecks
Authors: Guareschi Edda E. , Nicholls Philip K. , Evans Noreen J. , Barham Milo , McDonald Bradley J. , Magni Paola A. , Tobe Shanan S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractUnlike the chemical composition and diagenetic modification of buried bones, subaqueous archaeological bone diagenesis has not been studied in detail. This observational work presents a macroscopic and microscopic characterization of 11 variably preserved archaeological terrestrial mammalian bones submerged in seawater and/or surrounded by marine sediment for 169–347 years. In situ trace element analysis was undertaken to identify geochemical fingerprints of diagenesis. The analyzed bones belong to a collection of underwater archaeological faunal materials excavated from four shipwreck sites. With one exception, all archaeological bones were fragmented, some were also heavily stained, and in two samples, the damage to the cortical layer was extensive. Bioerosion was assessed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and bone trace element chemistry (by laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry—LA‐ICP‐MS) was compared with that of an unsubmerged modern sheep bone control. In the control, several trace elements were low in concentration (weighted mean concentration <1 ppm; Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Y, rare earth elements, Th, U). In the submerged archaeological bones, the weighted mean concentration of Li, Cr, Cu, and U was enriched relative to the modern sheep bone, whereas Rb and Ba were depleted. The best‐preserved bone, recovered from Batavia, showed less variation in trace element patterns compared with the more poorly preserved bones. The only archaeological bone with preserved macroscopic structure and cortex showed a gradual decrease in trace element concentration from the outer surface towards the medullary cavity, whereas in samples where more cortical damage was noted, the distribution of these elements is more irregular. With the exception of Cu and Cr, the elements focused on in this work (Li, U, Rb, and Ba) are nonessential to life, supported by their low concentration in the modern sheep bone (with the exception of Ba). The results suggest that early macroscopic and microscopic diagenetic alteration influences the concentration and distribution of chemical elements in submerged bones and that in situ trace element analysis provides clues for the reconstruction of taphonomic trajectories.
Incidence and risk factors for hypoglycemia during maintenance chemotherapy in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Rosenfeld Elizabeth , Getz Kelly D. , Miller Tamara P. , Seif Alix E. , Fisher Brian T. , Burrows Evanette , Ramos Mark Jason , De León Diva D. , Aplenc Richard , Morales Knashawn H. , Guevara James P. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundFasting hypoglycemia is a recognized occurrence among pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) during maintenance therapy. Existing publications describing this finding are limited to small studies and case reports. Our objective was to determine the incidence of hypoglycemia during maintenance chemotherapy and to investigate the association of age, as well as other potential risk factors, with this outcome in pediatric patients with ALL.ProcedureThis retrospective cohort study included individuals 1 to 21 years of age with ALL treated with antimetabolite‐containing maintenance chemotherapy at a large children's hospital between January 2011 and December 2014. The primary endpoint was time to first documented episode of hypoglycemia during maintenance therapy, defined as single measurement of plasma glucose <60 mg/dL. Cox regression was used to evaluate the association with age and identify other potential risk factors.ResultsWe identified 126 eligible patients, of whom 63% were documented as White, non‐Hispanic, 28% as non‐White, non‐Hispanic, and 9% as Hispanic. Twenty‐eight children (22%) had documented hypoglycemia during maintenance therapy. Younger age at the start of maintenance and hepatotoxicity documented during chemotherapy prior to maintenance initiation were associated with hypoglycemia (adjusted HR age = 0.88; 95% CI, 0.78‐0.99; adjusted HR prior hepatotoxicity = 3.50; 95% CI, 1.47‐8.36).ConclusionsNearly one quarter of children in our cohort had hypoglycemia documented during maintenance chemotherapy. Younger age at maintenance initiation and hepatotoxicity during chemotherapy prior to maintenance initiation emerged as risk factors. These findings highlight the importance of counseling about the risk of, and monitoring for, hypoglycemia, particularly in young children.
Integrated morpho‐biochemical and transcriptome analyses reveal multidimensional response of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) to low temperature stress during seedling establishment
Authors: Kaur Dhaliwal Lakhvir , Gannaban Ritchel B. , Shrestha Avinash , Shim Junghyun , Kaur Mangat Puneet , Singleton Joshua J. , Angeles‐Shim Rosalyn B. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCotton is a tropical/subtropical crop and is innately susceptible to cold. Using an approach that integrates morphological, biochemical, and transcriptome analyses, the study aimed to understand the molecular underpinnings of phenotypic adjustments in cotton seedlings under cold stress. Exposure of six cotton accessions to 15°C during the seedling stage significantly reduced chlorophyll content, stomatal conductance, plant height, and biomass, but increased malondialdehyde and proline production. Comparative transcriptome profiling of the cold‐sensitive accession SA 3781 grown under low and normal temperatures showed the upregulation of genes related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) under cold stress. Despite a similar upregulation of genes encoding metabolites that can scavenge ROS and provide osmoprotection for the cell, the stressed plants still exhibited oxidative stress in terms of lipid peroxidation. This may be due in part to the upregulation of abscisic acid synthesis genes and downregulation of chlorophyll synthesis genes effecting lower stomatal conductance and chlorophyll contents, respectively. Additionally, stomatal closure which is required to avoid the cooling effect and dehydration under cold conditions may have contributed in reducing the net photosynthetic rates in plants exposed to low temperature. These findings provide an insight into the expression of key genes regulating the phenotypic changes observed in cotton in response to cold stress.
Bridging from Metallic Nanoclusters to Biomedical in Understanding Physicochemical Interactions at the Nano–Bio Interface
Authors: Borghei Yasaman‐Sadat , Hosseinkhani Saman , Ganjali Mohammad Reza 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe current review is a guideline for a physicist/chemist/biologist/physician in the introduction of metallic nanocluster (NC) applications and selection of a suitable one from a medical perspective. Metallic nanoclusters have gained attention during recent years owing to their advantages of superior optical characteristics, long lifetime, and biocompatibility for nanomedicine applications, including biolabeling, biosensing, catalysis, bioimaging, drug/gene delivery, and therapeutic agent in comparison to the semiconductor quantum dot analogs. Here their basic physicochemical properties are being introduced, and they are linked to biomedical opportunities. Introducing the needed concepts of noble metal‐based nanomaterials is being tried here, along with giving a correct comprehension of the reason for its use in a particular part of biomedical over the last 20 years. Moreover, in each part, a perspective is presented that can guide a researcher on how they can develop or modify new scaffolds for biomedical engineering.
Validation of the LEOSound® monitor for standardized detection of wheezing and cough in children
Authors: Urban Christof , Kiefer Alexander , Conradt Regina , Kabesch Michael , Lex Christiane , Zacharasiewicz Angela , Kerzel Sebastian 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundA hallmark of many respiratory conditions is the presence of nocturnal symptoms. Nevertheless, especially in children there is currently still a huge diagnostic gap in detecting nighttime symptoms, which leads to an underestimation of the frequency in clinical practise.MethodsWe evaluated the clinical applicability and determined the formal test characteristics of the LEOSound ® system, a device for digital long‐time recording and automated detection of acoustic airway events. Airway sounds were recorded overnight in 115 children and adolescents (1–17 years) with and without respiratory conditions. The automated classification for “cough” and “wheezing” was subsequently validated against the manual acoustic reassessment by an expert physician.ResultsThe general acceptance was good across all age groups and a technically successful recording was obtained in 98 children, corresponding to 92,976 sound epochs (à 30 s) or a total of 774 h of lung sounds. We found a sensitivity of 89% and a specificity of 99% for the automated detection of cough. For detection of wheezing, sensitivity and specificity were both 98%. The cough index and the wheeze index (events per hour) of individual patients showed a strong positive correlation (cough: rS = 0.85, wheeze: rS = 0.95) and a sufficient agreement of the two assessment methods in the Bland–Altman analysis.ConclusionOur data show that the LEOSound® is a suitable device for standardized detection of cough and wheezing and hence a promising diagnostic tool to detect nocturnal respiratory symptoms, especially in children. However, a validation process to reduce false positive classifications is essential in clinical routine use.
XPS study of silver and copper nanoparticles demonstrated selective anticancer, proapoptotic, and antibacterial properties
Authors: Vasil'kov Alexander , Batsalova Tsvetelina , Dzhambazov Balik , Naumkin Alexander 
Published: November 2021

Silver and copper nanoparticles were produced by an ecologically safe metal vapor synthesis (MVS) method using acetone as an organic dispersion medium. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed that the specimens are spherical and polydisperse, and their average size is 2.5 nm for silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and 2.6 nm for copper nanoparticles (Cu NPs). X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses showed that the state of silver in the nanoparticles is close to that of silver in the Ag0 state, whereas copper black contains two oxidized states of the metal—Cu+ and Cu2+. Biological in vitro studies demonstrated that the nanoparticles have antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative bacterial species. Cu NPs exhibited more prominent antibacterial effects and induced significant growth inhibition of Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli. Both types of nanoparticles showed anticancer properties in vitro. Cu NPs induced intense cytotoxicity in cancer and normal fibroblasts in vitro cultures, but their inhibitory effect against noncancerous cells was milder compared with cancer cell lines. Ag NPs demonstrated selective cytotoxicity against human lung and cervical adenocarcinoma cell lines. Further in vitro studies indicated that the mechanism of Ag NPs and Cu NPs anticancer effects involves induction of apoptosis. The present study describes a green synthesis approach for production of biologically active silver and copper nanoparticles and highlights their potential for medical application.
How to Do Things with Surfaces: The Politics and Poetics of Victorian Surfaces
Authors: Baumbach Sibylle , Ratheiser Ulla 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe opening chapter introduces and contextualizes the politics and poetics of Victorian surfaces. First, we delineate the increasing interests in both natural and constructed surfaces by taking a closer look at discourses that reflect a growing fascination with surfaces, including (pseudo-)medical treatises on physiognomy. Secondly, we focus on the politics of surface readings by scrutinizing the politics of various visual representations of Queen Victoria and the (self-)fashioning of the body politic at the centre of a growing surface culture. Third, we develop a conceptual framework for the analysis of the poetics of Victorian surfaces by analyzing the attention paid to (or withheld from) surfaces in Victorian literature and culture. By examining the role of surface reading in Victorian texts, we offer an overview of different surface cultures and debates surrounding the challenges attached to surfaces, explore how to do things with surfaces, and thereby outline what can be described as a ‘poetics of surface.’
Semi-leptonic three-body proton decay modes from light-cone sum rules
Authors: Haisch Ulrich , Hala Amando 
Published: November 2021

AbstractUsing light-cone sum rule techniques, we estimate the form factors which parametrise the hadronic matrix elements that are relevant for semi-leptonic three-body proton decays. The obtained form factors allow us to determine the differential rate for the decay of a proton (p) into a positron (e+), a neutral pion (π0) and a graviton (G), which is the leading proton decay channel in the effective theory of gravitons and Standard Model particles (GRSMEFT). The sensitivity of existing and next-generation neutrino experiments in detecting the p → e+π0G signature is studied and the phenomenological implications of our computations for constraints on the effective mass scale that suppresses the relevant baryon-number violating GRSMEFT operator are discussed.
Leptogenesis, fermion masses and mixings in a SUSY SU(5) GUT with D4 flavor symmetry
Authors: Miskaoui M. , Loualidi M. A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We propose a model of fermion masses and mixings based on SU(5) grand unified theory (GUT) and a D4 flavor symmetry. This is a highly predictive 4D SU(5) GUT with a flavor symmetry that does not contain a triplet irreducible representation. The Yukawa matrices of quarks and charged leptons are obtained after integrating out heavy messenger fields from renormalizable superpotentials while neutrino masses are originated from the type I seesaw mechanism. The group theoretical factors from 24- and 45-dimensional Higgs fields lead to ratios between the Yukawa couplings in agreement with data, while the dangerous proton decay operators are highly suppressed. By performing a numerical fit, we find that the model captures accurately the mixing angles, the Yukawa couplings and the CP phase of the quark sector at the GUT scale. The neutrino masses are generated at the leading order with the prediction of trimaximal mixing while an additional effective operator is required to account for the baryon asymmetry of the universe (BAU). The model is remarkably predictive because only the normal neutrino mass ordering and the lower octant of the atmospheric angle are allowed while the CP conserving values of the Dirac neutrino phase δCP are excluded. Moreover, the predicted values of the effective Majorana mass mββ can be tested at future neutrinoless double beta decay experiments. An analytical and a numerical study of the BAU via the leptogenesis mechanism is performed. We focused on the regions of parameter space where leptogenesis from the lightest right-handed neutrino is successfully realized. Strong correlations between the parameters of the neutrino sector and the observed BAU are obtained.
Holographic symmetry algebras for gauge theory and gravity
Authors: Guevara A. , Himwich E. , Pate M. , Strominger A. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
All 4D gauge and gravitational theories in asymptotically flat spacetimes contain an infinite number of non-trivial symmetries. They can be succinctly characterized by generalized 2D currents acting on the celestial sphere. A complete classification of these symmetries and their algebras is an open problem. Here we construct two towers of such 2D currents from positive-helicity photons, gluons, or gravitons with integer conformal weights. These generate the symmetries associated to an infinite tower of conformally soft theorems. The current algebra commutators are explicitly derived from the poles in the OPE coefficients, and found to comprise a rich closed subalgebra of the complete symmetry algebra.