bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitochondrial Disease
Authors: Dhamija Radhika , Conboy Erin , Gavrilova Ralitza H. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Primary mitochondrial diseases are a heterogeneous group of disorders that result from defects of the oxidative phosphorylation system of the mitochondria. Often underrecognized, mitochondrial diseases are uncommon (estimated incidence, 1 in 10,000 live births). Mitochondria are double-membrane–bound cytoplasmic organelles whose primary function is to provide energy (ie, adenosine triphosphate [ATP]) from the breakdown of carbohydrates, protein, and lipids by means of the electron transport chain and the oxidative phosphorylation system. The respiratory chain of mitochondria, located in the inner mitochondrial membrane, consists of 5 multimeric protein complexes (complexes I-IV and ATP synthase [complex V]). The structural proteins of these complexes are encoded by both mitochondrial and nuclear genes. Therefore, primary mitochondrial disorders can follow a maternal or mendelian inheritance pattern.
Neurologic Complications of Nutritional Disorders
Authors: Goodman Brent P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A number of medical and neurologic conditions may result from inadequate ingestion, absorption, transport, or storage of critical vitamins and micronutrients. Individuals at risk for inadequate dietary intake include those who are receiving prolonged parenteral nutrition for various chronic medical conditions, those who have eating disorders or chronic alcoholism, and those who are part of a resource-limited population. Malabsorption may result from several conditions, including chronic gastrointestinal disorders and gastrointestinal surgeries. Excessive intake of vitamins such as vitamin B6 may directly cause neurotoxicity, and copper deficiency myeloneuropathy may result from excessive ingestion of zinc (often in the form of denture cream aggressively used for loose-fitting dentures), which competes with copper for absorption within the gastrointestinal tract.
Neurologic Associations With Cardiac, Pulmonary, Renal, Hepatobiliary, and Hematologic Disease
Authors: Kumar Shivram , Flemming Kelly D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The brain has a higher demand for cardiac output than any other organ, and it strictly relies on oxygen and glucose metabolism. Consequently, the brain is exquisitely sensitive to homeostatic disturbances and extraneural organ dysfunction leading to cardiac, pulmonary, renal, hepatobiliary, and hematologic diseases. The primary neurologic manifestation of extraneural organic dysfunction is diffuse bihemispheric dysfunction or encephalopathy, which often lacks lateralizing or localizing signs. Common clinical findings are lethargy, difficulty with attention and orientation, sleep-wake disturbance, and psychomotor slowing. As organic dysfunction progresses, a moderate encephalopathy ensues, with worsening cognitive function, gross disorientation, hypoactive or hyperactive psychomotor state, frontal release signs, asterixis, and myoclonus. If organ failure (eg, hepatic or renal) progresses further, stupor and coma may result unless organ function improves. Patients with underlying organic brain disease from degenerative dementia can decompensate out of proportion to neurologically normal counterparts, resulting in encephalopathy even from minor organ dysfunction or infection.
Neuropharmacology of Sleep
Authors: Castillo Pablo R. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Sleep disorders often respond to both pharmacologic agents and nonpharmacologic therapies. This chapter reviews the pharmacology of and indications for specific sleep agents. Most of the agents approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for insomnia, with the exception of antidepressants and ramelteon, modulate the function of the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor complex. The ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) has a critical role in sleep initiation and maintenance. GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter of the VLPO. Medications used for sleep promotion include benzodiazepines, chronobiotics, sedating antidepressants, histamine blockers, and γ-hydroxybutyric acid.
Clinical Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders
Authors: Arunthari Vichaya , Dredla Brynn K. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Sleep-related breathing disorders are categorized into obstructive sleep apnea syndromes, central sleep apnea syndrome, and sleep-related hypoventilation or hypoxic syndromes. These disorders can occur in adults and children. Clinical characteristics, diagnosis, and treatment are discussed in this chapter. Sleep apnea occurs when recurrent complete (apnea) or nearly complete (hypopnea) cessation of airflow develops, accompanied by preservation of the respiratory drive manifested as persistent respiratory muscle effort. Apnea is defined as the cessation of airflow for more than 10 seconds, using a valid measure of airflow. Hypopnea is an airflow reduction of at least 30% from baseline that lasts at least 10 seconds and is accompanied by an oxygen desaturation of 4% or more.
Hypersomnias and Sleep-Related Movement Disorders
Authors: Arunthari Vichaya , Dredla Brynn K. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Hypersomnias are disorders associated with excessive daytime sleepiness not related to sleep deprivation, disturbed nocturnal sleep, circadian rhythm disturbances, sleep-related breathing disorders, or a medical condition. This chapter reviews the primary hypersomnias of narcolepsy and idiopathic hypersomnia. Sleep-related movement disorders, including restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movements of sleep, are also commonly encountered in clinical practice. These common syndromes are reviewed in this chapter.
Paediatric and adolescent gynaecology
Authors: Cloke Brianna 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses aspects of women’s health in children and adolescents. It starts with the normal and abnormal features of puberty, the basics of the menstrual cycle, and labial development. Congenital abnormalities and difference in sexual development are covered. Vaginal bleeding, vaginal discharge, and adolescent endometriosis and PCOS are outlined. Contraceptive choices for teenagers are shown. Pregnancy and sexual health in the adolescent is explained, alongside resources for both the healthcare professional and the patient. Eating disorders and child protection are also covered.
Thyroid
Authors: Vanderpump Mark 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis chapter covers the anatomy and physiology of the thyroid, and the molecular action of the thyroid hormone. It explains tests of hormone concentration and homeostatic control, and rare genetic disorders associated with thyroid hormone metabolism. It covers antibody screens and screening for thyroid disease, ultrasound scanning, fine needle aspiration cytology, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and other laboratory investigations. It then covers various thyroid-associated diseases, their treatment (medical and surgical when necessary), and any follow-up management programmes.
Practical and nursing aspects of endocrine conditions
Authors: Marland Anne , Tadman Mike 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Endocrinology nursing is an ever-evolving specialty. This chapter provides expert and innovative practice-based nursing information. It provides nursing care for thyroid surgery and disorders, facilitating investigation and education about pituitary function and specialist nurse management of different conditions. Education on visual field deficits and minimum driving standards are covered. The full roles of the nurse in pituitary surgery is explained, from pre-op to post-op care. Diabetes insipidus is covered. Responsibilities and possible pathways for managing male fertility, testosterone replacement, and gender dysphoria are all described. Finally, role development and nurse led clinics are examined.
Smoothing transition to dialysis to improve early outcomes after dialysis initiation among old and frail adults—a narrative review
Authors: Schaeffner Elke 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
The number of patients ≥65 years of age suffering from advanced chronic kidney disease and transitioning to end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) is increasing. However, elderly patients often have poor outcomes once haemodialysis is initiated, including high mortality within the first year as well as fast cognitive and functional decline and diminished quality of life. The question is how we can smooth this transition to ESKD in older patients who also exhibit much higher proportions of frailty when compared with community-dwelling non-dialysis older adults and who are generally more vulnerable to invasive treatment such as kidney replacement therapy. To avoid early death and poor quality of life, a carefully prepared smooth transition should precede the initiation of treatment. This involves pre-dialysis physical and educational care, as well as mental and psychosocial preparedness of the patient to enable an informed and shared decision about the individual choice of treatment modality. Communication between a healthcare professional and patient plays a pivotal role but can be challenging given the high rate of cognitive impairment in this particular population. In order to practise patient-centred care, adapting treatment tailored to the individual patient should include comprehensive conservative care. However, structured treatment pathways including multidisciplinary teams for such conservative care are still rare and may be difficult to establish outside of large cities. Generally, geriatric nephrology misses data on the comparative effectiveness of different treatment modalities in this population of old and very old age on which to base recommendations and decisions.
The Icon
Authors: Corrie Rebecca W. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Perhaps no form of visual culture is more closely associated with the history and religious life of the Byzantine Empire than the painted icon. Known from the Early Byzantine period in encaustic images, its theological and liturgical functions are usually understood in light of theory that emerged in the wake of the Iconoclastic Controversy. As the imprinting of sacred form on matter, icons provide access to the sacred. Although often characterized as static and unchanging, they were produced in a variety of media, and over time new formats and new image types appeared. Recent discussions of Byzantine icons have successfully employed anthropological theory. Continued investigation of the reception of icons beyond the empire’s borders will similarly illuminate the history of their meaning and form.
Bodily Adornment and Modification in Byzantium
Authors: Walker Alicia 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Focusing on Early and Middle Byzantine (fourth-to-twelfth-century) objects, images, and texts, this essay explores the tension between, on the one hand, efforts of the Byzantine church and state to discourage and control bodily adornment and modification and, on the other hand, the extensive evidence of widespread and immoderate engagement with these practices. The enhancement and manipulation of Byzantine bodies is considered as both a real and a metaphoric phenomenon. Evidence culled from secular and sacred, written and material sources demonstrates the importance of bodily adornment and modification to our understanding of Byzantine material and visual culture.
Byzantine Art and Perception
Authors: Pentcheva Bissera V. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Byzantine art preferred chameleonic materials such as gold, glass, jewels, and variegated marbles with which to make images and shape architectural space. When set in shifting diurnal light and the flicker of candles, the variegated surfaces of the icon and ecclesiastical interiors produced a spectacle of shifting appearances, or poikilia. Both before and after Iconoclasm, ekphrasis explicitly trained the viewer’s perception to interpret these phenomena as manifestations of the ephemeral dwelling of the metaphysical in matter. Focusing on three examples—the ambo and apse mosaics in Hagia Sophia and the portable icon of the Archangel—this essay explores how the perception of animation of the icons and architectural interior emerge out of the synergy among material images, imagined visions, and ekphrasis.
Mosaics
Authors: James Liz 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Although frequently identified as a Byzantine medium, mosaic was used throughout the Mediterranean, Christian and Islamic, during the Middle Ages. This chapter traces that use, highlighting key areas for research including questions of manufacture and possible reasons for mosaic’s popularity and longevity. It begins with a brief discussion about the making of mosaics and of the glass for mosaics, as well as the relationship between wall and floor mosaics, moving to explore a chronology of mosaic-making in Byzantium and beyond in two blocks, from Late Antiquity to the ninth century and from the ninth century to the fifteenth. In the process, apparent peaks and troughs in the quantities of mosaics manufactured are brought to the fore.
Jewelry and Enamels
Authors: Bosselmann-Ruickbie Antje 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys jewelry and enamels. Byzantine jewelry has survived in small numbers. Early Byzantine rings, bracelets, necklaces, and earrings were made with gold, gemstones, and pearls, often in the opus interrasile openwork technique. From the tenth century, enamels could also adorn (imperial) gold jewelry. Inscribed and engraved rings were common in the Middle and Late Byzantine period. Bronze pieces attest to everyday jewelry. Increased exchange with other areas, especially the West, is noticeable in post-Crusader times.
This Can’t Be Legal? Queer Masculinities in the 1940s Hollywood Musical
Authors: Cohan Steven 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at exemplary musicals of the 1940s to show how they can readily be read as “queer” even when they are not openly “gay.” For, despite the predominance of conservative romance plots clinching the future of a male-female couple, many 1940s musicals registered the incoherence characterizing the culture’s understanding of effeminacy in relation to manliness, of homosexuality in relation to heterosexuality, and of deviance in relation to normality. Although today we may see those relations as homologous, in the 1940s they foregrounded fissures in the dominant ideology as it classified sexual dissidence by making it invisible and illegal. The chapter looks at examples of sexual dissidence in show numbers, a military pairing, homosocial buddy pairings, and comedic drag sequences. The films examined are Down to Earth, Up in Arms, Anchors Aweigh, Two Guys from Texas, Road to Morocco, and Bathing Beauty.
Trances, Myth, Bachelor Machines, and Abstractions: Queer Experimental Film in the Cold War Era (1943–1962)
Authors: Suárez Juan Antonio 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter surveys the emergence and development of a queer experimental cinema in the United States between the early 1940s and the early 1960s. It locates queer experimental film within post–World War II culture, explores the conceptions of sexuality that subtend it, and discusses its main thematic concerns, stylistic gestures, and subgenres. Against earlier readings that stress the subjective, introspective character of this body of work, the chapter argues that these films are also forms of subcultural material practice: they sexualize public and private space, upend traditional myths, articulate heterodox conceptions of the body, and make peculiar uses of everyday objects and substances. In the process, they cast sexuality and desire as a series of unclassifiable impulses and affects that attach to varied gender and corporeal configurations indiscriminately. The chapter considers well-known filmmakers such as Kenneth Anger, Gregory Markopoulos, Harry Smith, and Marie Menken, along with lesser-known figures such as Willard Maas, Theodor Huff, Sara Katryn Arledge, and Jim Davis.
Andy and Me (It’s Not Real and It’s Not Fiction)
Authors: Kalin Tom 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter charts the influence of Andy Warhol on filmmaker Tom Kalin and provides an overview of Kalin’s films as well as his activism. From experimental videos such as They are lost to vision altogether (1989) to his features, Swoon (1992) and Savage Grace (2007), Kalin has drawn on Warhol’s cinematic language and bold sexual and gender politics. The chapter also depicts Kalin’s work with the activist collectives ACT UP and Gran Fury. Gran Fury formed to give voice to the political issues surrounding AIDS in America. This eleven-person collective devised appropriation strategies to simultaneously utilize and critique Madison Avenue vernaculars, and circumnavigate questions of access. Named for the automobile used by the New York City police (and also sounding like “big anger”), Gran Fury created public works that drew attention to medical, moral, and political issues related to AIDS.
Brother to Brother and the “Place” of Film in Black Queer History
Authors: Keeling Kara 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the ways in which Black film enlists the past when engaging in present struggles. It demonstrates how Rodney Evans’s film Brother to Brother (2004) redresses the elision of queer history from accounts of the Harlem Renaissance. Through a close reading of the film’s spatial metaphors, sound design, and visual form, the chapter shows how realism and the disruption of habituation exist side by side as mechanisms for new visions of Black queer life. It concludes that Evans harnesses the power of sound and image to remake history and to account for Black queer desire and erotic life.
Syndromes and a Century: Contemporary Queer Thai Cinema
Authors: Fuhrmann Arnika 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on the conceptual possibilities that new Thai cinema and media open up for how we understand—and inhabit—queer personhood. It draws these films into relation to a wider political context and delineates recent shifts in understandings of sexual personhood in the country. Investigating Thai and Thai-coproduced feature films, documentaries, as well as queer occupations of social media, the article pays special attention to the (nondoctrinal) ways in which Buddhism informs contemporary sexualities. What results are globally informed yet locally rooted models of queerness and transness that take us beyond the dominant liberal models of sexual identity and economic mobility, as trans videos, lesbian films, and queer documentaries model a kind of personhood that is ordinary, though not obedient, and socially central, though not assimilated.
Lavender Images and Poetic Landscapes: My Thirty Years in the Queer Film Ecosystem
Authors: Olson Jenni 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter by LGBT filmmaker and film historian Jenni Olson is a firsthand account of her thirty-plus years of work across the ecosystem of queer cinema. It covers her curatorial work in the late 1980s and early 1990s (she was codirector of the San Francisco International Lesbian and Gay Film Festival); her extraordinary efforts as an LGBT film collector and archivist over the decades (her collection was acquired by the Harvard Film Archive in 2020); her pioneering work in online queer-film exhibition, as cofounder of PlanetOut.com; her decade as director of marketing for the LGBT film distributor, Wolfe Video; and her work as a maker of digressive and contemplative 16mm essay films, such as The Royal Road (2015) and The Joy of Life (2005), which speak from a butch lesbian perspective and reflect on a wide array of preoccupations.
Queer Theory and Nontheatrical Films: Perversion in the Public Domain
Authors: Pilcher Lauren 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the intersection of queer theory and nontheatrical film studies by examining antipornography film Perversion for Profit (1962). Produced and distributed by Citizens for Decent Literature, the film visualizes a range of straight and gay pornographic images by censoring and categorizing them as evidence of societal aberrations. Now in the public domain and streaming on Internet Archive, the film’s pornographic images have been repurposed for new meanings. By analyzing Barbara Hammer’s inclusion of Perversion in her experimental film History Lessons (2000) and a mash-up of the original film titled Come Join the Fun! (2004), shared on Internet Archive, the chapter argues that the Perversion’s value now lies in what queer creators make of its cinematic time and space.
A Duet for Sailors and Pansies: Queer Archival Work and Male Same-Sex Dancing in Follow the Fleet (1936) and Other Depression-Era Films
Authors: Lugowski David 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores a queer all-male dance lesson for partnered sailors in the Fred Astaire–Ginger Rogers musical Follow the Fleet (1936), using archival research (scripts, Production Code Administration records) and comparative textual and contextual analysis. It raises the queerness of Rogers and Astaire before exploring two intersecting axes. The association of sailors with queer behavior and effeminate “pansies” occurs in military scandals, paintings, and Depression-era Hollywood films, including Sailor’s Luck and Son of a Sailor (both 1933). The queerness of male same-sex dancing arises in ballet and in film, including Suicide Fleet (1931). Various institutions criticized or attempted to censor such representations, but they also found acceptance. The US Navy, for example, wanted the comical dance lesson removed from Fleet; instead, it was only rewritten, suggesting the inability to remove queerness from culture and its essential role in mass entertainment.
Open Innovation for Development in China
Authors: Chen Jin , Chen Yufen 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Open innovation shows a new direction for Chinese enterprises to innovate indigenously. Chinese enterprises actively adopt an open innovation model, make full use of external innovation resources, and integrate internal and external resources to promote innovation. This chapter describes the conditions of openness in the process of innovation in Chinese enterprises. Based on the conditions of openness, this chapter elaborates modes for the organization of open innovation in Chinese enterprises, including users being involved in innovation, suppliers participating in innovation, collaborations with firms in other industries and competitors, cooperation with universities and research institutes, intellectual property licensing, mergers and acquisitions, and setup of overseas research and development (R&D) branches. For each mode, this chapter introduces a corresponding case of open innovation practice in enterprise in China. Open innovation provides access to more ideas than could be developed in-house. With an open vision to integrate global innovation resources, Chinese firms’ innovation capability has been greatly enhanced.
Chinese Cost Innovation, the Shanzhai Phenomenon, and Accelerated Innovation
Authors: Williamson Peter J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter traces the evolution of Chinese innovation strategies starting with cost innovation, accelerated innovation, and its roots in Shanzhai and concluding with digital innovation, which is at the leading edge of Chinese innovation. The distinctive features and antecedents of each of these Chinese approaches to innovation are explained and illustrated. Cost innovation involves using Chinese cost advantage in radically new ways to offer customers around the world dramatically more for less. Accelerated innovation is achieved by re-engineering innovation processes to increase the pace of innovation while reducing costs. The genesis of these capabilities to accelerate innovation can be traced back to Shanzhai: the practice of rapidly copying competitors’ products. Finally, digital innovation by Chinese companies using big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence algorithms is explored.