bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring the H i Content of Individual Galaxies Out to the Epoch of Reionization with [C ii]
Authors: Heintz Kasper E. , Watson Darach , Oesch Pascal A. , Narayanan Desika , Madden Suzanne C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The H i gas content is a key ingredient in galaxy evolution, the study of which has been limited to moderate cosmological distances for individual galaxies due to the weakness of the hyperfine H i 21 cm transition. Here we present a new approach that allows us to infer the H i gas mass M
HI of individual galaxies up to z ≈ 6, based on a direct measurement of the [C ii]-to-H i conversion factor in star-forming galaxies at z ≳ 2 using γ-ray burst afterglows. By compiling recent [C ii]-158 μm emission line measurements we quantify the evolution of the H i content in galaxies through cosmic time. We find that M
HI starts to exceed the stellar mass M
⋆ at z ≳ 1, and increases as a function of redshift. The H i fraction of the total baryonic mass increases from around 20% at z = 0 to about 60% at z ∼ 6. We further uncover a universal relation between the H i gas fraction M
HI/M
⋆ and the gas-phase metallicity, which seems to hold from z ≈ 6 to z = 0. The majority of galaxies at z > 2 are observed to have H i depletion times, t
dep,HI = M
HI/SFR, less than ≈2 Gyr, substantially shorter than for z ∼ 0 galaxies. Finally, we use the [C ii]-to-H i conversion factor to determine the cosmic mass density of H i in galaxies, ρ
HI, at three distinct epochs: z ≈ 0, z ≈ 2, and z ∼ 4–6. These measurements are consistent with previous estimates based on 21 cm H i observations in the local universe and with damped Lyα absorbers (DLAs) at z ≳ 2, suggesting an overall decrease by a factor of ≈5 in ρ
HI(z) from the end of the reionization epoch to the present.
Spectral Evolution of the X-Ray Remnant of SN 1987A: A High-resolution Chandra HETG Study
Authors: Ravi Aravind P. , Park Sangwook , Zhekov Svetozar A. , Miceli Marco , Orlando Salvatore , Frank Kari A. , Burrows David N. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Based on observations with the Chandra X-ray Observatory, we present the latest spectral evolution of the X-ray remnant of SN 1987A (SNR 1987A). We present a high-resolution spectroscopic analysis using our new deep (∼312 ks) Chandra HETG observation taken in 2018 March as well as archival Chandra grating spectroscopic data taken in 2004, 2007, and 2011 with similarly deep exposures (∼170–350 ks). We perform detailed spectral model fits to quantify changing plasma conditions over the last 14 yr. Recent changes in electron temperatures and volume-emission measures suggest that the shocks moving through the inner ring have started interacting with less dense circumstellar material, probably beyond the inner ring. We find significant changes in the X-ray line-flux ratios (among H- and He-like Si and Mg ions) in 2018, consistent with changes in the thermal conditions of the X-ray-emitting plasma that we infer based on the broadband spectral analysis. Post-shock electron temperatures suggested by line-flux ratios are in the range ∼0.8–2.5 keV as of 2018. We do not yet observe any evidence of substantial abundance enhancement, suggesting that the X-ray emission component from the reverse-shocked metal-rich ejecta is not yet significant in the observed X-ray spectrum.
Discovery of Molecular-line Polarization in the Disk of TW Hya
Authors: Teague Richard , Hull Charles L. H. , Guilloteau Stéphane , Bergin Edwin A. , Dutrey Anne , Henning Thomas , Kuiper Rolf , Semenov Dmitry , Stephens Ian W. , Vlemmings Wouter H. T. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We report observations of polarized line and continuum emission from the disk of TW Hya using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. We target three emission lines, 12CO (3–2), 13CO (3–2), and CS (7–6), to search for linear polarization due to the Goldreich–Kylafis effect, while simultaneously tracing the continuum polarization morphology at 332 GHz (900 μm), achieving a spatial resolution of 0.″5 (30 au). We detect linear polarization in the dust continuum emission; the polarization position angles show an azimuthal morphology, and the median polarization fraction is ∼0.2%, comparable to previous, lower frequency observations. Adopting a “shift-and-stack” technique to boost the sensitivity of the data, combined with a linear combination of the Q and U components to account for their azimuthal dependence, we detect weak linear polarization of 12CO and 13CO line emission at a ∼10σ and ∼5σ significance, respectively. The polarization was detected in the line wings, reaching a peak polarization fraction of ∼5% and ∼3% for the two molecules between disk radii of 0.″5 and 1″. The sign of the polarization was found to flip from the blueshifted side of the emission to the redshifted side, suggesting a complex, asymmetric polarization morphology. Polarization is not robustly detected for the CS emission; however, a tentative signal, comparable in morphology to that found for the 12CO and 13CO emission, is found at a ≲3σ significance. We are able to reconstruct a polarization morphology, consistent with the azimuthally averaged profiles, under the assumption that this is also azimuthally symmetric, which can be compared with future higher-sensitivity observations.
Statistical Measurements of Dispersion Measure Fluctuations in Fast Radio Bursts
Authors: Xu Siyao , Weinberg David H. , Zhang Bing 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Extragalactic fast radio bursts (FRBs) have large dispersion measures (DMs) and are unique probes of intergalactic electron density fluctuations. By using the recently released First CHIME/FRB Catalog, we reexamined the structure function (SF) of DM fluctuations. It shows a large DM fluctuation similar to that previously reported in Xu & Zhang, but no clear correlation hinting toward large-scale turbulence is reproduced with this larger sample. To suppress the distortion effect from FRB distances and their host DMs, we focus on a subset of CHIME catalog with DM < 500 pc cm−3. A trend of nonconstant SF and nonzero correlation function (CF) at angular separations θ less than 10° is seen, but with large statistical uncertainties. The difference found between SF and that derived from CF at θ ≲ 10° can be ascribed to the large statistical uncertainties or the density inhomogeneities on scales on the order of 100 Mpc. The possible correlation of electron density fluctuations and inhomogeneities of density distribution should be tested when several thousands of FRBs are available.
Cultural Barriers to Husband’s Involvement in Maternal Health in Indonesia Rural Area, A Qualitative Study
Authors: Syarifah Syarifah , Rochadi Kintoko , Tukiman Tukiman 
Published: November 2021

Background
Maternal mortality represents the health condition of the mother during pregnancy. In developing countries, maternal health is often poor because pregnant women are not fully supported by their husbands. The problem is, husbands have cultural barriers to engage in activities that can provide space for pregnant women to be healthier.

Aim
This study was conducted to examine the husband's cultural barriers in the Toba Batak culture in North Sumatra, Indonesia.

Methods
The research was conducted using a qualitative approach in rural areas. A total of 30 husbands were interviewed using FGD techniques, in addition to FGDs with health workers.

Results
This study reveals the root of cultural problems related to the husband's perception of men's and women's work, as well as the inherent traditions that make the husband distance himself from maternal health.

Conclusion
Cultural barriers of husband’s involvement in maternal health are very clear in Batak tribe. Efforts are needed to change cultural barrier by implementing a cultural approach.
The Knowledge of Nursing Internship Program Students about Early Detection of Sepsis
Authors: Stefani Stefani , Trisyani Yanny , Setyawati Anita 
Published: November 2021

Background: Sepsis is a life-threatening condition due to the failure of the body’s regulation of infection. Knowledge deficit is one of the barriers to early detection and initiation of sepsis care. Nursing internship program students as future nurses need to have sufficient knowledge about early detection of sepsis to support their behavior. Thus, the purpose of this study was to describe the knowledge of nursing internship program students regarding the early detection of sepsis and the demographic factor related to the knowledge. Methods: The study design was a quantitative study. Through the proportionate stratified non-random sampling technique, the researcher involved 143 nursing internship program students of Universitas Padjadjaran. Data collection used a questionnaire based on the Sepsis-3 guidelines to measure nursing internship program students’ knowledge about early detection of sepsis. The data was carried out in July-August 2021. Results: The average knowledge score of the respondents was 70.4 (SD=11.9). More than half of the respondents (56.6%) got a score below the average. Almost all respondents do not know the current definition of sepsis and still use the SIRS definition as clinical criteria for sepsis. However, respondents could identify clinical criteria for sepsis based on qSOFA and analyse sepsis indicators based on case scenarios. Meanwhile, based on its characteristics, the information is a factor that significantly affects the knowledge score (p < 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, there is still a gap in the knowledge of the nursing internship program students regarding the update of the Sepsis-3 guidelines. Besides, information is identified as the factor that influences knowledge. Therefore, it suggested that the institution provide further effective educational methods to update students’ knowledge about the early detection of sepsis.
Study the effect of low pH on Ruditapes decussatus&nbsp;(Mollusca: Bivalvia)
Authors: Tsear Anam 
Published: November 2021

The grooved carpet shell clam (Ruditapes decussatus) is one of the most economically essential mollusks in Mediterranean lagoons and sandy beaches, with fisheries and aquaculture both contributing to its abundance. The goal of this research is to see how varying amounts of acidity affect this calcifying organism. 420 ppm (ambient control), 550 ppm, 750 ppm, and 1050 ppm were used to incubate juvenile clams in CO2 enriched saltwater. With increasing pCO2 , the biological parameters evaluated revealed a small decline. Differences, however, were not substantial. In terms of overall weight, the reduction was greatest at 550 and 1050 ppm. Furthermore, clams kept at 550 parts per million had the lowest condition index and the greatest mortality rate of 8%. Both the 550 ppm and the control 420 ppm groups demonstrated an increase in metabolic rate and ammonia excretion in the physiological response testing. With increasing acidification, the algal feed clearance rate declined, with the highest average value in the control (420 ppm) group and the lowest average value in the extremely high pCO2 (1050 ppm) group. Ocean acidification may put further strain on R. decussatus' health and economic value by the end of the century
« Notre vie semble aller vers un avenir incertain… » : la frontière orientale, une obsession finlandaise (1917-1922)
Authors: Carrez Maurice 
Published: November 2021

L’agression soviétique de l’automne 1939 a souvent fait passer la Finlande pour une victime éternelle de la brutalité de son grand voisin. Or, la frontière orientale de ce pays a une histoire beaucoup plus complexe que ne le laisserait penser l’événement précité. En effet, la contestation des limites de l’ancien grand-duché a souvent été, entre 1917 et 1922, le fait des Finlandais eux-mêmes, et pas seulement d’ailleurs des ultranationalistes. Les dirigeants « rouges » de la Délégation du peuple et ceux des gouvernements « bourgeois » qui leur ont succédé ont souvent lorgné vers la Carélie avec des projets d’annexion plus ou moins clairs. La lutte contre le bolchevisme n’a souvent été qu’un prétexte pour annexer ce que beaucoup désignaient comme un « peuple frère » dans la droite lignée du mythe kalévaléen. Les révolutionnaires russes pour leur part ont peut-être eu, ne serait-ce qu’en raison de la fragilité de leur position, des positions plus modérées. C’est ce que cet article va s’attacher à montrer en tenant compte à la fois des facteurs conjoncturels et de longue durée.
Quelle homogénéité baltique au regard des dynamiques maritimes et portuaires ?
Authors: Serry Arnaud 
Published: November 2021

Héritière d’une configuration spécifique au regard de l’économie maritime mondiale, la mer Baltique est aujourd’hui, et depuis une vingtaine d’années, un espace maritime dynamique. La région connaît des taux de croissance de son trafic maritime parmi les plus élevés au monde ayant entraîné le renouveau de son monde portuaire. Toutefois, entre coopération, concurrence et dissensions, il convient de s’interroger sur ce qui caractérise aujourd’hui cet écosystème. Ce développement profite-t-il de la même manière à l’ensemble des entités portuaires, est-il appelé à perdurer notamment face à la volonté de le Russie de se recentrer sur ses ports et donc de renverser la logique géographique de cette région qui, depuis la création des ports hanséatiques, s’est développée principalement comme interface entre l’Europe du Nord-Ouest et son hinterland russe ?
An interstitial ectopic pregnancy managed with laparoscopic cornual resection
Authors: Rajayohan T. , Gunasekara M. D. , Sithambarapillai A. 
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Interstitial ectopic pregnancy is a rare type of tubal ectopic pregnancy associated with increased case fatality rate due to profuse haemorrhage. It is initially asymptomatic and ruptured later than other tubal ectopic pregnancies. Case report: A 31 years old primigravida presented with per vaginal bleeding at period of amenorrhoea of six weeks. Her examination findings were unremarkable and transvaginal scan revealed left sided interstitial pregnancy. Her initial serum beta human Chorionic Gonadotropin (β-hCG) level was 7300 mIU/ml. As she was haemodynamically stable, there were no signs of rupture and serum β-hCG was dropping, she was initially managed expectantly. As she developed abdominal pain with per vaginal bleeding and drop in serum β-hCG was slow, expectant management was abandoned and surgical management was planned. Laparoscopy was performed and revealed a left sided interstitial pregnancy with thinned out myometrium. As laparoscopy guided transcervical suction evacuation has failed, laparoscopic corneal resection was performed after vasopressin infiltration into myometrium. She had uneventful recovery and was followed up until her serum β-hCG became less than 30 IU/L. Discussion: An Interstitial ectopic pregnancy must be differentiated from cornual and angular pregnancies with clearly defined ultrasound diagnostic criteria. Three dimensional (3D) ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will further help in diagnosis of interstitial ectopic pregnancy. It can be managed expectantly, medically or surgically depending on the patient’s clinical condition, preference and serum β-hCG level.
Effect of birth ball usage on labour outcome and perinatal outcome
Authors: Jothirathne B. S. C. S. , Rathnasiri U. D. P. 
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Reduction of pain during labor is addressed via general approaches, pharmacologic and non-pharmacological methods. Birth ball promotes optimal positioning of foetal presenting part to maternal pelvis and pain sensation reduction during labor. Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of birth ball exercises on reducing labour pain and duration and improving labour outcome among pregnant mothers. Methods: Randomized control trial was conducted in Obstetric Unit in Castle Street Hospital for Women. SNSOE technique was applied for allocation concealment. Interviewer administered data collection sheet, birth ball and an analogue visual pain scale were used as study instruments. Selected perinatal outcomes, duration and labour pain were compared between two study groups. Study was ethically cleared by the Ethic Review Committee of Faculty of Medicine, Colombo. Trial was registered in Sri Lanka Clinical Trial Registry. Results: Mean age was 29.33 years (SD=5.27 years). Mean gestational age of all the study participants was 279.47 days. (SD=5.63 days). Majority of the study participants had delivered their babies via NVD (N=66: 78.65) and 16.7% (N=16), of them were subjected to EM/LSCS. Mean BMI value was 28.13 kg/m2 (SD=1.72). Height and weight of the study participants showed a negative correlation with the duration of labour. Duration of labour showed a positive correlation with the BMI of the mothers. Significant reduction of mean labour pains and labour duration was noted in the group which experienced birth ball exercises when compared to the control group. Conclusions and recommendations: Duration of labour can be significantly reduced by applying the birth ball exercises procedure. It is beneficial to use the birth ball exercise procedure as a method of reducing labour pains. Expected amount of adverse perinatal outcomes was less among the mothers who used birth ball exercise. Birth ball exercise procedure can be identified as a practical strategy to increase intrapartum obstetric outcomes.
A randomized clinical trial comparing intravaginal glyceryl trinitrate (nitric oxide donor) plus artificial sweeping of membrane versus artificial sweeping of membrane alone for cervical ripening at term pregnancies with unfavourable cervix
Authors: Jayantha G. R. R. N. , Nanayakkara S. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Significant amount of pregnant mothers is not undergoing spontaneous onset of labour at term. The policy of cervical ripening at term will reduce the risk and their complications associated with post date pregnancies. Artificial sweeping of membranes and nitric oxide donors are useful cervical ripening methods used across the world. This study was carried out to compare the efficacy of cervical ripening by administration of intravaginal Glyceryltrinitrate plus artificial sweeping of membranes versus artificial sweeping of membranes alone.
Objectives
To Compare of the efficacy,the spontaneous onset of labour rate, the labour outcome, the duration from induction to the delivery time of baby and adverse maternal and fetal outcomes of cervical ripening by administrating of intravaginal Glyceryltrinitrate combined with artificial sweeping of membranes versus artificial sweeping of membranes alone.
Methodology
This was a double blinded randomized clinical trial carried out in a major obstetric unit in Sri Lanka.Having excluded the subjects according to the exclusion criteria, rest of the sample was divided into cases and controls. Sample size was calculated as 114 for each arm. Approval of the proposal and ethical clearance have been obtained from the board of study and ethical review committee of postgraduate institute of medicine, University of Colombo, SriLanka respectively.Sample randomization done by using stratified block randomization technique with sealed envelope. Information leaflet was given and detailed written consent was taken from the subjects prior to the recruitment. Artificial sweeping of membranes together with intravaginal Glycery ltrinitrate was inserted for the cases and artificial sweeping of membranes alone was performed for the control group. Spontaneous onset of labour, improvement of the modified Bishop’s Score and labor outcome were assessed. Data were analyzed by using SPSS software.
Results
Mean age, parity and gestational age were matched in both intervention and control group. Results were analyzed by SPSS software using standard statistical tools. Spontaneous onset of labour within 24 hours were significantly increased (p
Endophthalmitis caused by Bacteroides fragilis after pars plana vitrectomy and treatment approach
Authors: Yildirim Hakan , Balbaba Mehmet , Yilmaz Turgut , Toraman Zülal Asci 
Published: November 2021

Rationale:
Endophthalmitis is an uncommon but serious ocular infection often resulting in probable visual loss. Bacteroides fragilis is a rare cause of endophthalmitis.

Patient concerns:
A 46-year-old male patient complained of eye pain and low vision after pars plana vitrectomy.

Diagnosis:

Bacteroides fragilis endophthalmitis after pars plana vitrectomy was diagnosed.

Interventions:
Pars plana vitrectomy and silicone oil implantation were performed.

Outcomes:
Early treatment and choice of tamponade in endophthalmitis after pars plana vitrectomy may possibly prevent evisceration and progression of endophthalmitis.

Lessons:

Bacteroides fragilis can be seen in cases of endophthalmitis after pars plana vitrectomy.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Magnetic Resonance Cholangiopancreatography to Detect Benign and Malignant Biliary Strictures
Authors: Shabanikia Niloufar , Adibi Atoosa , Ebrahimian Shadi 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is a noninvasive method to detect pancreaticobiliary strictures. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the diagnostic performance of MRCP and detect sensitive and specific radiologic features in distinguishing malignant and benign pathologies.

Materials and Methods:
In this study, 50 patients with biliary obstruction and a confirmed diagnosis using histopathology were included. The pathologies were evaluated using MRCP which were categorized into malignant and benign strictures. The etiology of strictures was detected using histopathology and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. The diagnostic performance of MRCP was calculated using SPSS software. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results:
Of 50 patients, 23 patients (46%) had malignant strictures based on MRCP and histopathology. The sensitivity and specificity of MRCP to detect malignancy were 95.7% and 96.3%, respectively. The most sensitive MRCP features to detect malignancy were upstream biliary duct dilation, abrupt tapering, and the presence of a solid mass with sensitivity 100%, 95.7%, and 78.2%, respectively. The malignancy rate was significantly higher in the strictures with length >11.5 mm or wall thickness >2.75 mm (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
MRCP is a sensitive method to differentiate malignant lesions from benign pathologies. A long and thick stricture with the presence of a solid mass, upstream biliary duct dilation, and abrupt tapering is highly suggestive of malignancy.
Determination of the Risk Factors for Breast Cancer Survival using the Bayesian Method, Yazd, Iran
Authors: Pahlevani Vida , Mohammadzadeh Morteza , Pahlevani Nima , Nayeb Zadeh Vajiheh 
Published: November 2021

Background:
There are numerous sophisticated studies which have investigated risk factors of breast cancer (BC). The purpose of this paper is to use benefits of Bayesian modeling to involve such prior information in determining factors affecting the survival of women with BC in Yazd city.

Materials and Methods:
The checklist included the characteristics of the patients and the factors studied. Then, from the records of patients referred to Radiotherapy Center of Shahid Ramezanzadeh, who had BC, from April 2005 to March 2012, the survival of 538 persons was recorded in the census. Data were analyzed by R software version 3.4.2, and 0.05 was considered the significance level.

Results:
The mean age of BC diagnosis was 48.03 ± 11016 years. The Bayesian Cox regression showed that surgery (hazard ratio [HR] =1.631 95% PI; 1.102–2.422), ki67 (HR = 3.260. 95% PI; 1.6308–6.372), stage (HR = 5.620, 95% PI; 4.079–7.731), lymph node (HR = 1.765, 95% PI; 1.127–2.790), and ER (HR = 2. 600 95% PI; 2.023–3.354) were significantly related to survival time.

Conclusion:
The parametric and cox models were compared with standard error, and Cox model was selected as an optimal model. Accordingly, stage, ki67, lymph node, ER, and surgery variables had a positive effect on death hazard.