bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mathematics teacher candidates’ approaches to using topology in geometry
Authors: Aksu Zeki , Gedik Solmaz Damla , Konyalıoglu Alper Cihan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhen we look at the theoretical relationships between the three types of geometry, we find that the most primitive type is topology and that both Euclidean and projective geometry are derived from this earlier type. Therefore, Piaget described the first stage or level of understanding geometry as topological understanding. In this study, the geometric thinking conditions of mathematics teacher candidates were examined and what they think about the topology course was determined by surveying their opinions about the undergraduate courses. The participants of the study consisted of 36 teacher candidates studying in the Mathematics Department of the Faculty of Science attached to a university in Turkey. The findings of the study revealed that none of the teacher candidates used topological thinking to solve the questions in the data collection instrument. Those candidates who considered topology as an abstract course did not associate topology with geometry. A thorough understanding of the meaning of topology and topological thought is an advantage to young children as well as college‐age students; improving mathematics curricula on this topic, particularly at the graduate level, will ensure that all future teachers are appropriately trained for their future responsibility of educating others. We believe that it is necessary to give Topology and topological thought the place they deserve in the educational process.
Long‐term follow‐up of a single dose of fluralaner in nine dogs with demodicosis
Authors: Hoshino Tomoya , Akita Takahiro , Sugeno Akihiro , Okamura Taku , Machida Yuko , Nagata Masahiko 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundLong‐term follow‐up of oral fluralaner for canine demodicosis has not been demonstrated.ObjectivesA multicentre prospective open trial for the efficacy of oral fluralaner for the long‐term (>12 month) management of canine demodicosis.AnimalsClient‐owned dogs diagnosed with demodicosis at nine veterinary clinics.Methods and materialsA single fluralaner dose was administered orally. Although shampoo was allowed to treat secondary pyoderma, no other medication or shampoo was allowed, except for medication for possible underlying disorders. Each dog underwent a thorough parasitological and dermatological assessment monthly for three months and was followed up for >12 months.ResultsTwenty‐six dogs were enrolled. Their ages ranged from three months to 16 years. The cases were nine juvenile and 17 adult onsets; and 18 generalised and eight localised forms. Fluralaner administration resulted in 100% eradication of mites and complete resolution of all skin lesions at three months. Seventeen dogs were excluded from the one year follow‐up evaluation as they had required a second dose of isoxazoline or died from causes unrelated to the fluralaner treatment. In the remaining nine cases, no relapse was observed in any of the dogs (six adult and three juvenile onsets; six generalised and three localised forms). Four dogs were monitored for over one year, one dog for over two years, and four dogs for three years.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe results indicated that a single dose of fluralaner could effectively deliver a long‐term cure when combined with managing underling conditions.
Business Class Travel Preserves Sleep Quality and Quantity and Minimizes Jet Lag During the ICC Women’s T20 World Cup
Authors: Lalor Benita J. , Tran Jacqueline , Halson Shona L. , Kemp Justin G. , Cormack Stuart J. 
Published: April 2021

Purpose: To determine the impact of the quality and quantity of sleep during an international flight on subsequent objective sleep characteristics, training and match-day load, self-reported well-being, and perceptions of jet lag of elite female cricketers during an International Cricket Council Women’s T20 World Cup. Methods: In-flight and tournament objective sleep characteristics of 11 elite female cricketers were assessed using activity monitors. Seated in business class, players traveled west from Melbourne, Australia, to Chennai, India. The outbound flight departed Melbourne at 3:30 AM with a stopover in Dubai for 2 hours. The arrival time in Chennai was 8:10 PM local time (1:40 AM in Melbourne). The total travel time was 19 hours 35 minutes. Perceptual ratings of jet lag, well-being, and training and competition load were collected. To determine the impact of in-flight sleep on tournament measures, a median split was used to create subsamples based on (1) in-flight sleep quantity and (2) in-flight sleep quality (2 groups: higher vs lower). Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the bivariate associations between sleep measures, self-reported well-being, perceptual measures of jet lag, and internal training and match-day load. Results: Mean duration and efficiency of in-flight sleep bouts were 4.72 hours and 87.45%, respectively. Aggregated in-flight sleep duration was 14.64 + 3.56 hours. Players with higher in-flight sleep efficiency reported higher ratings for fatigue (ie, lower perceived fatigue) during the tournament period. Tournament sleep duration was longer, and bed and wake times were earlier compared with habitual. Compared with other nights during the tournament, sleep duration was shorter following matches. Conclusions: Maximizing in-flight sleep quality and quantity appears to have implications for recovery and sleep exhibited during competition. Sleep duration was longer than habitual except for the night of a match, which suggests that T20 matches may disrupt sleep duration.
Shuteye Time Compared With Bedtime: Misclassification of Sleep in Adolescent Females
Authors: Haszard Jillian J. , Scott Tessa , Smith Claire , Peddie Meredith C. 
Published: April 2021

Short sleep duration is associated with poorer outcomes for adolescents; however, sleep duration is often assessed (either by questionnaire or device) using self-reported bedtime (i.e., the time a person goes to bed). With sedentary activities, such as screen time, being common presleep in-bed behaviors, the use of “bedtime” may introduce error to the estimates of sleep duration. It has been proposed that self-reported “shuteye time” (i.e., the time a person starts trying to go to sleep) is used instead of bedtime. This study aimed to compare the bedtimes and shuteye times of a sample of 15- to 18-year-old female adolescents recruited from 13 high schools across New Zealand. The influence on sleep duration estimates and associations with healthy lifestyle habits was also examined. Sleep data were collected from 136 participants using actigraphy and self-report. On average, 52 min (95% confidence interval [43, 60] min) of sedentary time was misclassified as sleep when bedtime was used instead of shuteye time with actigraph data. Mean bedtimes on weekdays and weekends were 9:56 p.m. (SD = 58 min) and 10:40 p.m. (SD = 77 min), respectively. The relationship between bedtime and shuteye time was not linear—indicating that bedtime cannot be used as a proxy for shuteye time. Earlier shuteye times were more strongly associated with meeting fruit and vegetable intake and sleep and physical activity guidelines than earlier bedtimes. Using bedtime instead of shuteye time to estimate sleep duration may introduce substantial error to estimates of both sleep and sedentary time.
A metasedimentary source of gold in Archean orogenic gold deposits
Authors: Pitcairn Iain K. , Leventis Nikolaos , Beaudoin Georges , Faure Stephane , Guilmette Carl , Dubé Benoît 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe sources of metals enriched in Archean orogenic gold deposits have long been debated. Metasedimentary rocks, which are generally accepted as the main metal source in Phanerozoic deposits, are less abundant in Archean greenstone belts and commonly discounted as a viable metal source for Archean deposits. We report ultralow-detection-limit gold and trace-element concentrations from a suite of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks from the Abitibi belt and Pontiac subprovince, Superior Province, Canada. Systematic decreases in the Au content with increasing metamorphic grade indicate that Au was mobilized during prograde metamorphism. Mass balance calculations show that over 10 t of Au, 30,000 t of As, and 600 t of Sb were mobilized from 1 km3 of Pontiac subprovince sedimentary rock metamorphosed to the sillimanite metamorphic zone. The total gold resource in orogenic gold deposits in the southern Abitibi belt (7500 t Au) is only 3% of the Au mobilized from the estimated total volume of high-metamorphic-grade Pontiac sedimentary rock in the region (25,000 km3), indicating that sedimentary rocks are a major contributor of metals to the orogenic gold deposits in the southern Abitibi belt.
Public health considerations regarding golf during the COVID-19 pandemic: a narrative review
Authors: Robinson Patrick Gordon , Foster Charlie , Murray Andrew 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundGolf is a sport played worldwide by >60 million people from a variety of backgrounds and abilities. Golf’s contribution to physical and mental health benefits are becoming increasingly recognised. Countries have adopted a range of restrictions to playing golf during the COVID-19 pandemic.AimsThe purpose of this narrative review was to (1) explore the literature related to the possible health benefits and risks of playing golf during the COVID-19 pandemic and (2) provide recommendations on golf-related activity from the relevant available literature.ResultsGolf can provide health-enhancing physical activity. Regular physical activity is associated with physical/mental health, immune system and longevity benefits. Sense of belonging and life satisfaction significantly improved when golfing restrictions were relaxed after the first lockdown in the UK. Golf is an outdoor sport, where social distancing is possible, and if rules are followed, risk of COVID-19 transmission is likely to be low.ConclusionsPolicy-makers and governing bodies should support the promotion of golf because participation brings wide ranging benefits for physical health and mental well-being. When effective risk reduction measures are used, the benefits of playing golf in most circumstances outweigh the risk of transmission.
HCV genome-wide analysis for development of efficient culture systems and unravelling of antiviral resistance in genotype 4
Authors: Pham Long V. , Pedersen Martin Schou , Fahnøe Ulrik , Fernandez-Antunez Carlota , Humes Daryl , Schønning Kristian , Ramirez Santseharay , Bukh Jens 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveHCV-genotype 4 infections are a major cause of liver diseases in the Middle East/Africa with certain subtypes associated with increased risk of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) treatment failures. We aimed at developing infectious genotype 4 cell culture systems to understand the evolutionary genetic landscapes of antiviral resistance, which can help preserve the future efficacy of DAA-based therapy.DesignHCV recombinants were tested in liver-derived cells. Long-term coculture with DAAs served to induce antiviral-resistance phenotypes. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of the entire HCV-coding sequence identified mutation networks. Resistance-associated substitutions (RAS) were studied using reverse-genetics.ResultThe in-vivo infectious ED43(4a) clone was adapted in Huh7.5 cells, using substitutions identified in ED43(Core-NS5A)/JFH1-chimeric viruses combined with selected NS5B-changes. NGS, and linkage analysis, permitted identification of multiple genetic branches emerging during culture adaptation, one of which had 31 substitutions leading to robust replication/propagation. Treatment of culture-adapted ED43 with nine clinically relevant protease-DAA, NS5A-DAA and NS5B-DAA led to complex dynamics of drug-target-specific RAS with coselection of genome-wide substitutions. Approved DAA combinations were efficient against the original virus, but not against variants with RAS in corresponding drug targets. However, retreatment with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir remained efficient against NS5A inhibitor and sofosbuvir resistant variants. Recombinants with specific RAS at NS3-156, NS5A-28, 30, 31 and 93 and NS5B-282 were viable, but NS3-A156M and NS5A-L30Δ (deletion) led to attenuated phenotypes.ConclusionRapidly emerging complex evolutionary landscapes of mutations define the persistence of HCV-RASs conferring resistance levels leading to treatment failure in genotype 4. The high barrier to resistance of glecaprevir/pibrentasvir could prevent persistence and propagation of antiviral resistance.
Predictive models for cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analyses
Authors: Buchan Tayler A , Malik Abdullah , Chan Cynthia , Chambers Jason , Suk Yujin , Zhu Jie Wei , Ge Fang Zhou , Huang Le Ming , Vargas Lina Abril , Hao Qiukui , Li Sheyu , Mustafa Reem A , Vandvik Per Olav , Guyatt Gordon , Foroutan Farid 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveTo inform a clinical practice guideline (BMJ Rapid Recommendations) considering sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists for treatment of adults with type 2 diabetes, we summarised the available evidence regarding the performance of validated risk models on cardiovascular and kidney outcomes in these patients.MethodsWe systematically searched bibliographic databases in January 2020 to identify observational studies evaluating risk models for all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, heart failure (HF) hospitalisations, end-stage kidney disease (ESKD), myocardial infarction (MI) and ischaemic stroke in ambulatory adults with type 2 diabetes. Using a random effects model, we pooled discrimination measures for each model and outcome, separately, and descriptively summarised calibration plots, when available. We used the Prediction Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool to assess risk of bias of each included study and the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach to evaluate our certainty in the evidence.ResultsOf 22 589 publications identified, 15 observational studies reporting on seven risk models proved eligible. Among the seven models with >1 validation cohort, the Risk Equations for Complications of Type 2 Diabetes (RECODe) had the best calibration in primary studies and the highest pooled discrimination measures for the following outcomes: all-cause mortality (C-statistics 0.75, 95% CI 0.70 to 0.80; high certainty), cardiovascular mortality (0.79, 95% CI 0.75 to 0.84; low certainty), ESKD (0.73, 95% CI 0.52 to 0.94; low certainty), MI (0.72, 95% CI 0.69 to 0.74; moderate certainty) and stroke (0.71, 95% CI 0.68 to 0.74; moderate certainty). This model does not, however, predict risk of HF hospitalisations.ConclusionOf available risk models, RECODe proved to have satisfactory calibration in primary validation studies and acceptable discrimination superior to other models, though with high risk of bias in most primary studies.Trial registration numberCRD42020168351.
Impact of systemic lupus erythematosus disease activity, hydroxychloroquine and NSAID on the risk of subsequent organ system damage and death: analysis in a single US medical centre
Authors: Hill Deanna D , Eudy Amanda M , Egger Peter J , Fu Qinggong , Petri Michelle A 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of mild-moderate systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease activity during a 12-month period on the risk of death or subsequent organ system damage.Methods1168 patients with ≥24 months of follow-up from the Hopkins Lupus Cohort were included. Disease activity in a 12-month observation period was calculated using adjusted mean Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment (SELENA) version of the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI), defined as the area under the curve divided by the time interval. Damage accrual in the follow-up period was defined as change in Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (SDI) score ≥1 among patients without prior damage. Patients visited the clinic quarterly and had SELENA-SLEDAI and SDI assessed at every visit.ResultsDuring follow-up (median 7 years), 39% of patients accrued new damage in any organ system (7% cardiovascular and 3% renal) and 8% died. In adjusted models, an increased SELENA-SLEDAI score increased the risk of death (HR=1.22, 95% CI 1.13 to 1.32, p<0.001), renal damage (HR=1.24, 95% CI 1.08 to 1.42, p=0.003) and cardiovascular damage (HR=1.17, 95% CI 1.07 to 1.29, p<0.001). Hydroxychloroquine use reduced the risk of death (HR=0.46, 95% CI 0.29 to 0.72, p<0.05) and renal damage (HR=0.30, 95% CI 0.13 to 0.68, p<0.05). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use increased the risk of cardiovascular damage (HR=1.66, 95% CI 1.04 to 2.63, p<0.05). Without prior damage, an increased adjusted mean SELENA-SLEDAI score increased the risk of overall damage accrual (HR=1.09, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.15, p<0.001).ConclusionsEach one-unit increase in adjusted mean SELENA-SLEDAI during a 12-month observation period was associated with an increased risk of death and developing cardiovascular and renal damage.
The degree of embryonic development influenced some eggshell characteristics of wild Red-tailed Hawks (Buteo jamaicensis borealis)
Authors: Brown William P. 
Published: April 2021

The influence of embryonic development on eggshell characteristics of wild birds, particularly raptors, is not well studied. Red-tailed Hawk (Buteo jamaicensis borealis (Gmelin, 1788)) eggs (n = 66) collected in central New York State (USA) during the late 1800s and early 1900s were examined to determine if eggshell mass, eggshell thickness, and a thickness index corrected for egg shape and blowhole size were influenced by the degree of embryonic development at the time of collection. Changes in these characteristics were examined with linear mixed models with year of collection and clutch size specified as random variables. Unexpectedly, length, breadth, and mass of eggshells were greater in eggs with advanced embryonic development than eggs with less developed embryos, perhaps due to sampling error or collector bias. Eggs containing well-developed embryos were 13% thinner and had a thickness index 7% smaller than eggs with poorly developed embryos. Eggs with larger embryos had larger blowhole diameters; this relationship may be useful in determining degree of embryonic development in eggs of other species where development information is not explicit. Given the historical and current interest in eggshell thinning due to pollutants, degree of embryonic development should be accounted for in studies of eggshell characteristics.
Quantization and soliton-like solutions for the $$\Phi \Psi $$-model in an optic fiber
Authors: Belgiorno Francesco , Cacciatori Sergio L. , Trevisan Simone , Viganò Adriano 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the framework of a mesoscopical model for dielectric media we provide an analytical description for the electromagnetic field confined in a cylindrical cavity containing a finite dielectric sample. This system is apted to simulate the electromagnetic field in a optic fiber, in which two different regions, a vacuum region and a dielectric one, appear. A complete description for the scattering basis is introduced, together with field quantization and the two-point function. Furthermore, we also determine soliton-like solutions in the dielectric, propagating in the sample of nonlinear dielectric medium.
Petrogenesis of a calc-alkaline lamprophyre (minette) from Thanewasna, Western Bastar Craton, Central India: insights from mineral, bulk rock and
in-situ
trace element geochemistry
Authors: Dora Muduru Lachhana , Randive Kirtikumar , Meshram Rajkumar , Meshram Tushar , Baswani Srinivas Rao , Korakoppa Mahesh , Malviya Vivek P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

The lamproites and kimberlites are well known from the Eastern Bastar Craton, Central India. However, a Proterozoic lamprophyre dyke is discussed here, from the Western Bastar Craton (WBC). The field geology, petrographic, mineralogical and whole-rock and
in-situ
trace element geochemistry of biotite are described to understand the petrogenesis and lithospheric evolution in the WBC. The Thanewasna lamprophyre (TL) is undeformed and unmetamorphosed, intruded into
c.
2.5 Ga charnockite and metagabbro but closely associated with
c.
1.62 Ga undeformed Mul granite. The TL has a characteristic porphyritic texture, dominated by phenocrysts of biotite, microphenocryst of amphibole, clinopyroxene and a groundmass controlled by feldspar. Mineral chemistry of biotite and amphibole suggest a calc-alkaline (CAL) type, and pyroxene chemistry reveals an orogenic setting. The TL is characterized by high SiO
2
and low TiO
2,
MgO, Ni and Cr, consistent with its subcontinental lithospheric origin. The presence of crustal xenolith and ocelli texture followed by observed variations in Th/Yb, Hf/Sm, La/Nb, Ta/La, Nb/Yb, Ba/Nb indicate substantial crustal contamination. Whole-rock and
in-situ
biotite analysis by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry show low concentrations of Ni (30–50 ppm) and Cr (70–150 ppm), pointing to the parental magma evolved nature. Enrichment in H
2
O, reflected in magmatic mica dominance, combined with high large ion lithophile element, Th/Yb ratios, and striking negative Nb–Ta anomalies in trace element patterns, is consistent with a source that was metasomatized by hydrous fluids corresponding to those generated by subduction-related processes. Significant Zr–Hf and Ti anomalies in the primitive mantle normalized multi-element plots and the rare earth element pattern of the TL, similar to the global CAL average trend, including Eastern Dharwar Craton lamprophyres. Our findings provide substantial petrological and geochemical constraints on petrogenesis and geodynamics. However, the geodynamic trigger that generated CAL magmatism and its role in Cu–Au metallogeny in the WBC, Central India, is presently indistinct in the absence of isotopic studies. Nevertheless, the lamprophyre dyke is emplaced close to the Cu–(Au) deposit at Thanewasna.
Brittlestar diversity at the dawn of the Jenkyns Event (early Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event): new microfossils from the Dudelange drill core, Luxembourg
Authors: Thuy Ben , Numberger-Thuy Lea D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Ophiuroids, the slender-armed cousins of starfish, constitute an important component of modern marine benthos and have been used successfully in the exploration of (palaeo)-ecological and evolutionary trends, yet their fossil record is still poorly known. One of the major gaps in the known palaeobiodiversity of this group coincides with a global palaeoenvironmental crisis during the early Toarcian (Early Jurassic, 183 myr ago), known as the Jenkyns Event. Here we describe ophiuroid remains retrieved from a series of samples from the Dudelange (Luxembourg) drill core, which spans the lower part of the Toarcian, between the top of the Pliensbachian and the onset of the Jenkyns Event. A total of 21 species are recorded, including three new genera and 12 new species. Ophiuroid diversity and abundance fluctuate in parallel with depositional facies, with lowest values coinciding with black shales. Highest diversities, including exceptional occurrences of taxa nowadays restricted to deep-sea areas, are recorded from just below the black shales, corresponding to the onset of the Jenkyns Event. Our results show that even small (100 g) bulk sediment samples retrieved from drill cores can yield numerous identifiable ophiuroid remains, thus unlocking this group for the study of faunal change across palaeoenvironmental crises.