bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction: Mobility, polylingualism, and change: Toward an updated sociolinguistics of diaspora
Authors: Tseng Amelia , Hinrichs Lars 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDiaspora offers a fruitful and narrower approach to language and mobility than the study of globalization. By making the historical footprint of mobility evident, diaspora allows analysts to identify the tension between ideologies of language and ethnonational belonging, and patterns of mobility that destabilize them. This special issue features a series of case studies of that tension and its linguistic manifestations, and adds empirical evidence to the nuances and histories within diversity and mobility that concepts such as “globalization” and “superdiversity” can obscure. Further, the notion of diaspora has not been explored with the same rigor in linguistics as it has in other fields. Sociolinguistics stands to benefit from integrating a more nuanced understanding of diaspora into our key questions and assumptions in order to advance the field's critical capacity to respond to complexity. Diaspora sociolinguistics is able to trace and discuss those social processes that are crucial to shaping linguistic repertoires and linguistic behavior—transnationalism, racialization, negotiation of gender and class dynamics, generational differences, and more—with empirical detail and historical embedding. Increased theorization will contribute to new and perennial guiding questions in the field and allow sociolinguists to define the questions we ask about language in diaspora with rigor.
Anthems in the Arab world: A hybrid national symbol
Authors: Podeh Elie 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe national flag, anthem and emblem are the three symbols through which an independent country proclaims its identity and sovereignty. These symbols are universal signs of particularity. In spite of their symbolic significance, national anthems have not been the subject of widespread scholarship. This is particularly true with regard to the Arab world. The aim of this article is, therefore, threefold: first, to explore the historical, political and cultural sources of these anthems; second, to analyse the anthems' themes; and finally, to explore whether a commonality between the various Arab anthems can be found. The article advances three arguments: First, in contrast to the stability of anthems outside the Middle East, anthems in the Arab world underwent changes since independence, yet several countries retained their original anthems. The changes reflected the change of regime and/or historical narrative. Second, the consolidation of the territorial Arab state has also been reflected in the symbolic framework. And, finally, the Arab anthem is a hybrid symbol, amalgamating Western and Eastern cultural artefacts—Arab, Muslim or territorial.
A systematic review of diffusion tensor imaging studies in obesity
Authors: Okudzhava Liana , Heldmann Marcus , Münte Thomas F. 
Published: December 2021

SummaryObesity is a major global health problem leading to serious complications. It has been consistently associated with alterations in brain structure. Diffusion tensor imaging is used to examine brain white matter microstructure by assessing the dynamics of water diffusion in white matter tracts. Fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity are two parameters measuring the directionality and rate of diffusion, respectively. Changes in these indices associated with obesity have been previously reported in numerous fiber tracts. This systematic review investigates microstructural white matter alterations in obesity using diffusion tensor imaging. A computerized search was performed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Livivo databases. Based on the inclusion/exclusion criteria, 31 cross‐sectional studies comparing individuals with obesity and lean controls were identified. The studies included mixed‐gender samples of children, young, middle‐aged, and older adults. The majority of included studies reported decreased fractional anisotropy and increased mean diffusivity associated with elevated body mass index, suggesting white matter abnormalities. Nevertheless, a pattern of alterations is inconsistent across studies. This could be explained by several potential biases assessed by the National Institute of Health quality assessment tool. Furthermore, a direct assessment of body fat is recommended for a more accurate characterization of the brain–body relationship.
Long‐term effects of preeclampsia on metabolic and biochemical outcomes in offspring: What can be expected from a meta‐analysis?
Authors: Bi Shilei , Zhang Lizi , Huang Lijun , Li Yulian , Liang Yingyu , Huang Minshan , Huang Baoying , Liang Jingying , Gu Shifeng , Chen Jingsi , Du Lili , Chen Dunjin , Wang Zhijian 
Published: December 2021

SummaryThe objective of this study is to evaluate the long‐term effects of preeclampsia (PE) on metabolic and biochemical outcomes in offspring. We searched PubMed‐Medline, Web of Science, and EMBASE from inception to June 2021 for randomized clinical trials, cohort, and case–control studies. Two researchers independently extracted data according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and assessed possible bias. Rate ratios (RRs) or weighted mean differences (WMDs) were estimated using fixed‐effects model or random‐effects model if the heterogeneity was high. PE increased offspring risk of obesity (RR 1.45, 95% confident interval [CI] 1.19–1.78) with a mean weighted age of 9.1 years, and a higher body mass index from 10 years of age (WMD 0.46, 95% CI 0.08–0.83). PE offspring were associated with a higher mean arterial pressure (WMD 1.33, 95% CI 0.42–2.24), systolic blood pressure (WMD 1.93, 95% CI 1.48–2.37), and diastolic blood pressure (WMD 1.13, 95% CI 0.80–1.47) in puberty. However, we uncovered no association between PE and offspring levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein, low‐density lipoprotein, glucose, and insulin in blood with puberty, nor was there an increase in the risk of type 1 diabetes mellitus in PE offspring under 15 years of age (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.88–1.32). However, PE might be associated with central obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus of offspring in later life. Offspring of mothers with PE exhibited an increased risk of obesity in childhood and a higher body mass index and blood pressure in puberty, but there were no differences in blood lipids or glucose metabolism in puberty compared to non‐PE offspring. PE might be associated with a higher risk for central obesity, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus of offspring in later life.
The controversy of drug hypersensitivity in patients with cystic fibrosis and review of the literature
Authors: Tugcu Gokcen Dilsa , Emiralioglu Nagehan , Yalcin Ebru , Sahiner Umit Murat , Dogru Deniz , Sekerel Bulent Enis , Ozcelik Ugur , Kiper Nural , Soyer Ozge 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundCystic fibrosis (CF) is reported to be a risk factor for drug hypersensitivity. However, there are conflicting data about true prevalence of drug hypersensitivity in children with CF.MethodsThe suspicious drug hypersensitivity reactions (DHRs) of children with CF were enquired by the European Network for Drug Allergy (ENDA) questionnaire, and skin tests and/or drug provocation tests were performed according to the established guidelines.ResultsTwo hundred and nineteen children (48.9% boys; median [IQR] age, 8.4 years [4.8–12.4 years]) with cystic fibrosis were included in the study, among which 22 patients with 24 suspected DHRs were evaluated. Most of the suspected DHRs were of non‐immediate (n = 16, 66.6%) type, and the offending drugs were amoxicillin‐clavulanic acid (n = 7), macrolides (n = 4), trimethoprim‐sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) (n = 2), piperacillin‐tazobactam (n = 1), pancrelipase (n = 1), and ursodeoxycholic acid (n = 1). Eight (33.3%) of the DHRs were classified as immediate (ceftriaxone [n = 2], ceftazidime [n = 2], meropenem [n = 1], AmBisome [n = 2], and vancomycin [n = 1]). The main clinical presentations were maculopapular eruption (41.6%) and urticaria (37.5%), accompanied by angioedema (8.3%), flushing (12.5%), and vomiting (8.3%). Nine skin tests (with beta‐lactam protocol in 6 patients) and 24 DPTs were performed, and none of the skin tests revealed a positive result; however, 2 DPTs with TMP/SMX were positive.ConclusionActual drug hypersensitivity was demonstrated in 2 of 219 patients (0.9%) with non–beta‐lactam antibiotics. These results conflict with previous researches that showed higher drug hypersensitivity rates but are consistent with some recent studies. Allergological diagnostic workup is mandatory in patients with cystic fibrosis in case of a suspicious DHR.
Efficient Learning of Optimal Individualized Treatment Rules for Heteroscedastic or Misspecified Treatment-Free Effect Models
Authors: Mo Weibin , Liu Yufeng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRecent development in data-driven decision science has seen great advances in individualized decision making. Given data with individual covariates, treatment assignments and outcomes, researchers can search for the optimal individualized treatment rule (ITR) that maximizes the expected outcome. Existing methods typically require initial estimation of some nuisance models. The double robustness property that can protect from misspecification of either the treatment-free effect or the propensity score has been widely advocated. However, when model misspecification exists, a doubly robust estimate can be consistent but may suffer from downgraded efficiency. Other than potential misspecified nuisance models, most existing methods do not account for the potential problem when the variance of outcome is heterogeneous among covariates and treatment. We observe that such heteroscedasticity can greatly affect the estimation efficiency of the optimal ITR. In this paper, we demonstrate that the consequences of misspecified treatment-free effect and heteroscedasticity can be unified as a covariate-treatment dependent variance of residuals. To improve efficiency of the estimated ITR, we propose an Efficient Learning (E-Learning) framework for finding an optimal ITR in the multi-armed treatment setting. We show that the proposed E-Learning is optimal among a regular class of semiparametric estimates that can allow treatment-free effect misspecification. In our simulation study, E-Learning demonstrates its effectiveness if one of or both misspecified treatment-free effect and heteroscedasticity exist. Our analysis of a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) observational study also suggests the improved efficiency of E-Learning.
Comparative genomics reveal the convergent evolution of CYP82D and CYP706X members related to flavone biosynthesis in Lamiaceae and Asteraceae
Authors: Gao Ranran , Lou Qian , Hao Lijun , Qi Guihong , Tian Ya , Pu Xiangdong , He Chunnian , Wang Yu , Xu Wenjie , Xu Zhichao , Song Jingyuan 
Published: December 2021

SUMMARYDistant species producing the same secondary metabolites is an interesting and common phenomenon in nature. A classic example of this is scutellarein whose derivatives have been used clinically for more than 30 years. Scutellarein occurs in significant amounts in species of two different orders, Scutellaria baicalensis and Erigeron breviscapus, which diverged more than 100 million years ago. Here, according to the genome‐wide selection and functional identification of 39 CYP450 genes from various angiosperms, we confirmed that only seven Scutellaria‐specific CYP82D genes and one Erigeron CYP706X gene could perform the catalytic activity of flavone 6‐hydroxylase (F6H), suggesting that the convergent evolution of scutellarein production in these two distant species was caused by two independently evolved CYP450 families. We also identified seven Scutellaria‐specific CYP82D genes encoding flavone 8‐hydroxylase (F8H). The evolutionary patterns of CYP82 and CYP706 families via kingdom‐wide comparative genomics highlighted the evolutionary diversity of CYP82D and the specificity of CYP706X in angiosperms. Multi‐collinearity and phylogenetic analysis of CYP82D in Scutellaria confirmed that the function of F6H evolved from F8H. Furthermore, the SbaiCYP82D1A319D, EbreCYP706XR130A, EbreCYP706XF312D and EbreCYP706XA318D mutants can significantly decrease the catalytic activity of F6H, revealing the contribution of crucial F6H amino acids to the scutellarein biosynthesis of distant species. This study provides important insights into the multi‐origin evolution of the same secondary metabolite biosynthesis in the plant kingdom.
Inhibition of anandamide hydrolysis does not rescue respiratory abnormalities observed in an animal model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Batista Luara A. , Cabral Laís M. , Moreira Thiago S. , Takakura Ana C. 
Published: December 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
The respiratory frequency to hypercapnia is attenuated in an animal model of Parkinson's disease (PD): what is the therapeutic potential of inhibition of anandamide hydrolysis for this respiratory deficit?

What is the main finding and its importance?
In an animal model of PD there is an increased variability in resting respiratory frequency and an impaired tachypnoeic response to hypercapnia, which is accompanied by diminished expression of Phox2b immunoreactivity in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN). Inhibition of anandamide hydrolysis also impaired the response to hypercapnia and decreased the number of Phox2b immunoreactive cells in the RTN. This strategy does not reverse the respiratory deficits observed in an animal model of PD.

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is characterized by severe classic motor symptoms along with various non‐classic symptoms. Among the non‐classic symptoms, respiratory dysfunctions are increasingly recognized as contributory factors to complications in PD. The endocannabinoid system has been proposed as a target to treat PD and other neurodegenerative disorders. Since symptom management of PD is mainly focused on the classic motor symptoms, in this work we aimed to test the hypothesis that increasing the actions of the endocannabinoid anandamide by inhibiting its hydrolysis with URB597 reverses the respiratory deficits observed in an animal model of PD. Results show that bilateral injection of 6‐hydroxydopamine hydrochloride (6‐OHDA) in the dorsal striatum leads to neurodegeneration of the substantia nigra, accompanied by reduced expression of Phox2b in the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN), an increase in resting respiratory frequency variability and an impaired tachypnoeic response to hypercapnia. URB597 treatment in control animals was associated with an impaired tachypnoeic response to hypercapnia and a reduced expression of Phox2b in the RTN, whereas treatment of 6‐OHDA‐lesioned animals with URB597 was not able to reverse the deficits observed. These results suggest that targeting anandamide may not be a suitable strategy to treat PD since this treatment mimics the respiratory deficits observed in the 6‐OHDA model of PD.
Reducing the Natural Convection Inside an Enclosure Using a Concentric Internal Open Square
Authors: Alhazmy Majed M. , Alqadi Ibraheem , Al-Bahi Ali M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a numerical simulation for the natural convection inside an enclosure that has an inner open square at its center. The inner square is open at the top and connected to the ceiling of the enclosure. The open inner square distorts the convection patterns, slows down the flow, and provides a compartment to confine the fluid at the core of the enclosure. Ultimately, this lowers the local Nusselt number, Nu, along the hot wall, and reduces the heat flux through the enclosure. The analysis shows the effects of changing the dimensions of the inner square on the heat flux through the enclosure for a range of Rayleigh numbers- from 103 to 106. Short-sided inner squares work as flow deflectors while long-sided inner squares provide compartments to accommodate new flow circulation at the core of the enclosure. The inner square is most effective when the length of its sides equals the width of the stagnant core inside the empty enclosure at the same Rayleigh number, and the heat flux at this condition is the lowest. Inner squares made of thermally conducting materials can reduce the heat flux through the enclosure by 70%, while adiabatic inner squares can reduce the heat flux by 90%. Inner squares reduce the external heat load on buildings when fitted inside the holes of hollow bricks used in building facades. The external heat flux can be lowered by 30%–55% depending on the material of the inner square and outer side temperature.
Investigations on Selection of Suitable Propellers for High Payload Based Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Using Advanced Computational Simulations
Authors: Raja Vijayanandh , Raji Arul Prakash , Madasamy Senthil Kumar , Bernard Feonsa Antonitta , Rameshbabu Vaidegi , Mathaiyan Vijayakumar , Kulandaiyapan Naveen Kumar 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this technological era, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has evolved drastically and various research in propulsion and propellers are going on. Large diameter-based propellers with good cum relevant pitches are best suited for carrying heavy payloads and to improvise the aerodynamic along with the structural performance of these propellers, the FSI technique has been implemented. It is necessary to consider the oscillatory effects in structures that may be resulting in the lifespan of the propellers. Therefore, the user-friendly cum advanced computational tool is mandatory to execute these aforesaid effects. A suitable tool to compute the Rotodynamic with Aerodynamic effects on 10 and 20 inches based propellers is found out, which is ANSYS Workbench. The unique design approach has been implemented in this work to construct various high payload-based UAV’s Propellers. Ten different propellers are designed through analytical calculation and thereby the modeling of all the propellers is completed in CATIA. Thereafter, the complicated Rotodynamic analysis is computed through ANSYS FLUENT, in which MRF (Moving Reference Frame) approach is imposed for the representation of real-time behavior. Additionally, the transient structural simulations are carried out on shortlisted UAV’s Propellers, and thereby the suitable Propeller is given as the best performer for high payload application. Based on high thrust production, low reacted deformation, and low induced equivalent stress, the Propeller is chosen which can maneuver with all kind of environmental conditions.
Optimized Small Vertical Axis Wind Turbine (VAWT), Phase I
Authors: Zilberman Moshe , Abu Sbaih Abdelaziz , Hadad Ibrahim 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Wind energy has become an important resource for the growing demand for clean energy. In 2020 wind energy provided more than 6% of the global electricity demand. It is expected to reach 7% at the end of 2021. The installation growth rate of small wind turbines, though, is relatively slow. The reasons we are interested in the small vertical axis wind turbines are their low noise, environmentally friendly, low installation cost, and capable of being rooftop-mounted. The main goal of the present study is an optimization process towards achieving the optimal cost-effective vertical wind turbine. Thirty wind turbine models were tested under the same conditions in an Azrieli 30 × 30 × 90 cm low-speed wind tunnel at 107,000 Reynolds number. The different types of models were obtained by parametric variations of five basic models, maintaining the same aspect ratio but varying the number of bucket phases, the orientation angles, and the gaps between the vanes. The best performing turbine model was made of one phase with two vanes of non-symmetric bipolynomial profiles that exhibited 0.2 power coefficient, relative to 0.16 and 0.13 that were obtained for symmetrical polynomial and the original Savonius type turbines, respectively. Free rotation, static forces and moments, and dynamic moments and power were measured for the sake of comparison and explanation for the variations in performances of different types of turbines. CFD calculations were used to understand the forces and moment behaviors of the optimized turbine.
Vortex Shedding Analysis in the Wake of a Flat Plate at Low Incidence and Low Reynolds Number
Authors: Borah Bastav , Verma Anand , Kulkarni Vinayak , Saha Ujjwal K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Vortex shedding phenomenon leads to a number of different features such as flow induced vibrations, fluid mixing, heat transfer and noise generation. With respect to aerodynamic application, the intensity of vortex shedding and the size of vortices play an essential role in the generation of lift and drag forces on an airfoil. The flat plates are known to have a better lift-to-drag ratio than conventional airfoils at low Reynolds number (Re). A better understanding of the shedding behavior will help aerodynamicists to implement flat plates at low Re specific applications such as fixed-wing micro air vehicle (MAV). In the present study, the shedding of vortices in the wake of a flat plate at low incidence has been studied experimentally in a low-speed subsonic wind tunnel at a Re of 5 × 104. The velocity field in the wake of the plate is measured using a hot wire anemometer. These measurements are taken at specific points in the wake across the flow direction and above the suction side of the flat plate. The velocity field is found to oscillate with one dominant frequency of fluctuation. The Strouhal number (St), calculated from this frequency, is computed for different angles of attack (AoA). The shedding frequency of vortices from the trailing edge of the flat plate has a general tendency to increase with AoA. In this paper, the generation and subsequent shedding of leading edge and trailing edge vortices in the wake of a flat plate are discussed.
Dimple Shape Effect on the Aerodynamic Performance of H-Rotor Darrieus Vertical Axis Wind Turbine
Authors: Naik Kabita , Sahoo Niranjan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Nowadays, the vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) have gained significant attention among the small wind turbine (WT) due to their omnidirectional ability, low costs, low noise, and robustness, mainly for urban and off-shore applications. The H-rotor Darrieus is one of the class of VAWT that is mostly suitable for low-speed wind and low tip speed ratio (TSR) conditions. These VAWTs have relatively lesser performance than horizontal axis wind turbines (HAWTs). Therefore, to improve the performance of the H-rotor Darrieus VAWT, a dimple/cavity of different shapes is created into the surface of the blade airfoil as a power augmentation technique. The current study presents several two-dimensional numerical simulations on the H-rotor Darrieus VAWT in the turbulent flow. The performance of the VAWT has been examined through ANSYS Fluent solver with different turbulence models, and it is found that the Shear stress transport (SST) k–ω turbulence model shows better results. The study primarily focuses on the effect of the dimple location, diameter and shape to enhance the aerodynamic performance of the H-rotor Darrieus VAWT. It is found that the rotor performance is increased by about 13% with a quadral/rectangular dimple in comparison to without dimple. Further, with the inclusion of a dimple on the rotor blade airfoil, its performance is not only enhanced but also able to maintain it for a broad range of TSR. Thus, the present study suggests the implication of a dimple/cavity to be very promising in improving H-rotor Darrieus VAWT.