bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stroke Patients With Faster Core Growth Have Greater Benefit From Endovascular Therapy
Authors: Lin Longting , Zhang Hao , Chen Chushuang , Bivard Andrew , Butcher Kenneth , Garcia-Esperon Carlos , Spratt Neil J. , Levi Christopher R. , Parsons Mark W. , Li Gang , Miteff Ferdinand , Choi Philip M. C. , Kleining Timothy , O’Brien Billy , Lou Min , Yang Jianhong , Yin Congguo , Wang Peng , Geng Yu , Zhang Xu , Yang Xuezhi , Qiu Weiwen , Fang Qi , Sui Yi , Chen Wenhuo , Cheng Xin , Dong Qiang 
Published: September 2021

Background and Purpose:
This study aimed to explore whether the therapeutic benefit of endovascular thrombectomy (EVT) was mediated by core growth rate.

Methods:
This retrospective cohort study identified acute ischemic stroke patients with large vessel occlusion and receiving reperfusion treatment, either EVT or intravenous thrombolysis (IVT), within 4.5 hours of stroke onset. Patients were divided into 2 groups: EVT versus IVT only patients (who had no access to EVT). Core growth rate was estimated by the acute core volume on perfusion computed tomography divided by the time from stroke onset to perfusion computed tomography. The primary clinical outcome was good outcome defined by 3-month modified Rankin Scale score of 0–2. Tissue outcome was the final infarction volume.

Results:

A total of 806 patients were included, 429 in the EVT group (recanalization rate of 61.6%) and 377 in the IVT only group (recanalization rate of 44.7%). The treatment effect of EVT versus IVT only was mediated by core growth rate, showing a significant interaction between EVT treatment and core growth rate in predicting good clinical outcome (interaction odds ratio=1.03 [1.01–1.05],
P
=0.007) and final infarct volume (interaction odds ratio=−0.44 [−0.87 to −0.01],
P
=0.047). For patients with fast core growth of >25 mL/h, EVT treatment (compared with IVT only) increased the odds of good clinical outcome (adjusted odds ratio=3.62 [1.21–10.76],
P
=0.021) and resulted in smaller final infarction volume (37.5 versus 73.9 mL,
P
=0.012). For patients with slow core growth of <15 mL/h, there were no significant differences between the EVT and the IVT only group in either good clinical outcome (adjusted odds ratio=1.44 [0.97–2.14],
P
=0.070) or final infarction volume (22.6 versus 21.9 mL,
P
=0.551).

Conclusions:
Fast core growth was associated with greater benefit from EVT compared with IVT in the early <4.5-hour time window.
Submission signals in animal groups
Authors: Reddon Adam R. , Ruberto Tommaso , Reader Simon M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Aggression is costly, and animals have evolved tactics to mitigate these costs. Submission signals are an underappreciated example of such adaptations. Here we review submissive behaviour, with an emphasis on non-primates. We highlight the design of submission signals and how such signals can reduce costs. Animal societies necessitate frequent social interactions, which can increase the probability of conflict. Where maintaining group proximity is essential, animals cannot avoid aggression by fleeing. Mutual interest between group members may also select for efficient conflict avoidance and resolution mechanisms. As a result, submission signals may be especially well developed among group living species, helping social animals to overcome potential costs of recurring conflict that could otherwise counter the benefits of group living. Therefore, submission signalling can be a crucial aspect of social living and is deserving of specific attention within the broader context of social evolution and communication.
Ecology and social behaviour of the Mongolian gerbil: a generalised review
Authors: Gromov Vladimir S. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The present review provides a compilation of the published data on the ecology and social behaviour of Mongolian gerbils. Behavioural observations in the wild show that the Mongolian gerbil is a diurnal social rodent living in extended family groups. Seasonal breeding is typical of Mongolian gerbils in their natural habitat. Social monogamy seems to be characteristic of the Mongolian gerbil reproductive strategy, which however does not exclude facultative polygyny and promiscuity. A typical feature of the space use system in this species is territoriality. Social relationships in family groups may be defined as a subordination hierarchy. The hierarchy order is primarily determined by the age of the animals and maintained chiefly by the subordinates’ behaviour patterns. The complex social organisation in the Mongolian gerbil is characterised by cooperation in different activities. Cooperation appears to enhance the survival of family groups of this species under the extreme climatic conditions of Central Asia.
Two Distinct Types of 10-30-day Persistent Heavy Rainfall Events over the Yangtze River Valley
Authors: Cheng Yifeng , Wang Lu , Li Tim 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLarge-scale circulation anomalies associated with 10-30-day filtered persistent heavy rainfall events (PHREs) over the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River Valley (MLYV) in boreal summer for the period of 1961-2017 were investigated. Two distinct types of PHREs were identified based on configurations of anomalies in western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) and South Asian High (SAH) during the peak wet phase. One type named as PSAH is characterized by eastward extension of the SAH while the other named as NSAH is featured by westward retreat of the SAH, and they both exhibit westward extension of the WPSH. Both types of PHREs are dominated by Mei-yu frontal systems. The lower-level circulation anomalies play a crucial role in initiating rainfall but through different processes. Prior to rainfall occurrence, a strong anticyclonic circulation anomaly is over the western North Pacific (WNP) for the PSAH events and the related southwesterly wind anomaly prevails over the south-eastern China, which advects moisture into the MLYV, moistens the boundary layer, and induces atmospheric convective instability. For the NSAH events, the WNP anticyclonic circulation is weak while a strong northerly wind is observed north of the MLYV. It brings cold air mass southward, favoring initiating frontal rainfall over the MLYV. The formation of upper-level circulation anomalies over the MLYV is primarily due to the shift of anomalous circulations from mid-high latitudes. After the rainfall generation, the precipitation would influence the lower- and upper-level circulation anomalies.
Sequenced Crop Evapotranspiration and Water Requirement in Developing a Multitrigger Rainfall Index Insurance and Risk-Contingent Credit
Authors: Ndegwa Michael K. , Shee Apurba , Turvey Calum , You Liangzhi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Weather index insurance (WII) has been a promising innovation that protects smallholder farmers against drought risks and provides resilience against adverse rainfall conditions. However, the uptake of WII has been hampered by high spatial and intraseasonal basis risk. To minimize intraseasonal basis risk, the standard approaches to designing WII based on seasonal cumulative rainfall have been shown to be ineffective in some cases because they do not incorporate different water requirements across each phenological stage of crop growth. One of the challenges in incorporating crop phenology in insurance design is to determine the water requirement in crop growth stages. Borrowing from agronomy, crop science, and agrometeorology, we adopt evapotranspiration methods in determining water requirements for a crop to survive in each stage that can be used as a trigger level for a WII product. Using daily rainfall and evapotranspiration data, we illustrate the use of Monte Carlo risk modeling to price an operational WII and WII-linked credit product. The risk modeling approach that we develop includes incorporation of correlation between rainfall and evapotranspiration indices that can minimize significant intertemporal basis risk in WII.
Sesamol induces cytotoxicity via mitochondrial apoptosis in SCC-25 cells
Authors: Ezhilarasan D , Ali D , Varghese R 
Published: September 2021

Sesamol is the main constituent of sesame seed oil and is obtained from Sesamum indicum. Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is one of the most common neoplasms affecting the oral cavity. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic potentials of sesamol on human oral squamous carcinoma (SCC-25) cells. Human oral squamous carcinoma cells were treated with different concentrations (62.5, 125, and 250 μM/mL) of sesamol for 24 h. Cytotoxicity was analyzed by 3- (4, 5- dimethylthiazol -2- yl) -2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression was investigated by dichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate assay. Apoptosis-related morphology was analyzed by acridine orange/ethidium bromide staining. Caspase-9 expression was analyzed by confocal microscopic double immunofluorescence staining. Mitochondrial apoptosis-related markers are analyzed using qPCR. Sesamol treatment caused a significant cytotoxic effect in OSCC cells. Sesamol-induced cytotoxic effect was associated with intracellular ROS generation. Sesamol treatments induced a significant increase in the early and late apoptotic cells. This treatment also induced caspase-9 expression in OSCC cells. Sesamol treatments caused downregulation of Harvey rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (HRAS) expression at protein and gene levels. Sesamol treatment modulates intrinsic apoptotic marker gene expression in OSCC cells. Overall results confirm the anti-cancer potential of sesamol and it seems to be a promising candidate for OSCC.
Femto-assisted versus conventional phacoemulsification differently impact on choroid structure after surgery
Authors: Appolloni Romolo , Viggiano Pasquale , Carrella Maria Luisa , Evangelista Federica , Appolloni Alessandro , Toto Lisa , Mastropasqua Leonardo 
Published: September 2021

Purpose: To report potential choroidal changes in eyes undergoing femtosecond laser cataract surgery (FLACS) and phacoemulsification surgery (PCS) by OCT. Methods: The patients were images by means Spectral Domain OCT imaging with EDI technology which may obtain OCT image. We exported a single EDI-OCT scan passing through the fovea and then it was imported into ImageJ program to perform a quantitative analysis. Main outcome measures: The main outcome measures were: (i) sub foveal choroidal thickness (SFCT); (ii) the choroidal vascularity index (CVI); and (iii) central retinal thickness (CRT). Results: At postoperative 1 week, FLACS group showed an increased CRT (241.2 ± 31.6–245.5 ± 36.4 µm; p = 0.016). Likewise, CVI and SFCT exhibited a slight increase but no statistically differences were highlighted ( p > 0.05). At the follow-up visit of 1 month, all OCT parameters did not display any significant difference ( p > 0.05). At post-operative 1 week, the PCS group displayed a significant increase in CRT, SFCT, and CVI. On the contrary, at the follow-up visit of 1-month, all choroidal parameters were characterized by a no statistically significant reduction ( p > 0.05). Conclusions: Our study exhibited a significant increase in CT and CVI in eyes that underwent conventional cataract surgery. Femtosecond laser-assisted cataract extraction did not result in macular change due to less postoperative inflammation.
Treatment of persistent epithelial defects with single-dose autologous serum eye drops
Authors: Özbek-Uzman Selma , Yalnız-Akkaya Züleyha , Şingar Özdemir Evin , Burcu Ayşe 
Published: September 2021

Purpose: We aimed to investigate the efficacy and safety of single-dose autologous serum eye drops (ASEDs) for treatment of persistent corneal epithelial defects (PEDs). Methods: About 34 eyes of 26 patients treated from March 2016 to May 2020 with a single dose of ASEDs for PEDs that did not respond to conventional treatment were retrospectively evaluated. Patient demographics, predisposing factors, size, and duration of the PED, duration of treatment, and dosage of ASEDs, PED healing time, success rate of the ASED treatment, and follow-up time after the onset of ASED treatment were recorded. Autologous serum eye drops (20%) were prepared by diluting the serum with preservative-free artificial tears in single-dose vials. Vials were stored at −20°C and used daily after dissolving. Results: The mean patient age was 47.0 ± 18.5 years, and 13 (50%) of the patients were male. The most common indication for ASEDs was PED after keratoplasty. The mean duration of ASED treatment was 8.5 ± 6.3 months, and mean follow-up time was 22.8 ± 12.2 months. Autologous serum eye drop treatment was effective in 25 (73.5%) eyes and partially effective in 5 (14.7%) eyes. None of the eyes displayed complications related to the treatment. Conclusion: In patients with PED for whom conservative treatment is insufficient, ASEDs prepared by dilution with preservative-free artificial tears in single-dose vials and administered based on the daily use principle appear to be effective and safe.
Immunisation provider experiences with an automated short message service-based active surveillance system for monitoring adverse events following immunisation: A qualitative descriptive study
Authors: Singh Gurkamal , Nesaraj Rachel , Bchara Nicolas , Kop Benjamin , Leeb Alan , Nissen Lisa , Peters Ian , Perry Danae , Salter Sandra , Lee Kenneth 
Published: September 2021

Objective Currently, active surveillance systems to monitor adverse events following immunisation are limited to hospitals, and medical and immunisation clinics. Globally, community pharmacies represent a significant destination for immunisation services. However, until recently, pharmacies lacked active surveillance systems. We therefore wished to explore pharmacists’ experiences with SmartVax: an active surveillance system that has recently been integrated for use in Australian community pharmacies. Specifically, we wished to explore pharmacists’ perceived (1) benefits of using SmartVax, (2) areas for improvement in the system, and (3) issues with future/ongoing access to the system. Methods The present study forms the qualitative arm of a convergent mixed-methods pilot study. In the present study, we performed semi-structured interviews with pharmacist immunisers after a 21- to 22-week trial period with SmartVax. Thematic analysis of interview transcripts was performed independently by two researchers in QSR NVivo 12, using the framework method. Results Fifteen participants completed the semi-structured interviews. A broad range of perceived benefits were cited by participants, including the usability of SmartVax, the ease of patient follow-up facilitated by the system, and enhancement to the patient–pharmacist relationship. Participants voiced a desire for the system to have more granularity and a faster response time in the report generated for pharmacies. When asked about issues with future/ongoing access to SmartVax, cost concerns of the system were the prevailing theme. Conclusions The present study suggests that, among pharmacist immuniser end-users of SmartVax, the system is perceived to be easy-to-use, facilitates patient follow-up, and enhances the patient–pharmacist relationship.
Genetic Referral Patterns and Responses to Clinical Scenarios: A Survey of Primary Care Providers and Clinical Geneticists
Authors: Truong Tina K. , Kenneson Aileen , Rosen Ami R. , Singh Rani H. 
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Primary care physicians (PCPs) are considered the gatekeepers of genetic services, but they often underutilize or inappropriately utilize such services, leading to lack of early treatment, incorrect diagnoses, and unnecessary procedures. This study aims to delineate PCP referral patterns, including the frequency of, motivators for, and barriers to genetic referrals and testing in the present landscape of genomics. Methods: A 34-item online survey was distributed to PCPs in the United States (US). PCP demographics, practice characteristics, and referral patterns, motivators, and barriers were analyzed. Six hypothetical clinical scenarios included in the survey also were presented to a cohort of clinical geneticists. We calculated PCPs’ rates of ordering genetic tests and of referral to genetics services in the past year. Rates and responses to clinical scenarios were compared based on respondents’ personal and practice characteristics. Results: A total of 95 PCPs and 25 clinical geneticists participated. Among the PCPs, 79% reported referring and 50% reported ordering genetic testing in the last year. PCPs with genetic counselors (GCs) in their clinic referred at significantly higher rates than those without ( P = .008). White PCPs referred at significantly higher rates compared to Black or African American PCPs ( P = .009). The most commonly reported motivators for referring patients to genetic services were preference for specialist coordination, lack of knowledge, and family’s desire for risk information. The most commonly reported barriers were patient refusal, provider concerns about costs to patients, and uncertainty of when a genetic referral is appropriate. In response to clinical scenarios, clinical geneticists were in agreement about the need for genetic testing or referral for 2 of the scenarios. For these 2 scenarios, only 48% and 71% of PCPs indicated that they would offer genetic testing or referral, respectively. Conclusions: Responses to clinical scenarios suggest that it is not clear to PCPs when referrals or testing are needed. Collaboration with GCs is one approach to reducing barriers to and improving PCPs’ utilization of genetic services. Clear guidelines from clinical geneticists may help facilitate appropriate use of genetics services by PCPs. Additional research is needed to further describe barriers that PCPs face in genetic testing/referrals.
The Risk of Nonunion in Smokers Revisited: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Nunna Ravi S. , Ostrov Philip B. , Ansari Darius , Dettori Joseph R. , Godolias Periklis , Elias Elias , Tran Angela , Oskouian Rod J. , Hart Robert , Abdul-Jabbar Amir , Jackson Keith L. , Devine John G. , Mehta Ankit I. , Adogwa Owoicho , Chapman Jens R. 
Published: September 2021

Study Design Systemic review and meta-analysis. Objective To review and establish the effect of tobacco smoking on risk of nonunion following spinal fusion. Methods A systematic search of Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews from inception to December 31, 2020, was conducted. Cohort studies directly comparing smokers with nonsmokers that provided the number of nonunions and fused segments were included. Following data extraction, the risk of bias was assessed using the Quality in Prognosis Studies Tool, and the strength of evidence for nonunion was evaluated using the GRADE working group criteria. All data analysis was performed in Review Manager 5, and a random effects model was used. Results Twenty studies assessing 3009 participants, which included 1117 (37%) smokers, met inclusion criteria. Pooled analysis found that smoking was associated with increased risk of nonunion compared to not smoking ≥1 year following spine surgery (RR 1.91, 95% CI 1.56 to 2.35). Smoking was significantly associated with increased nonunion in those receiving either allograft (RR 1.39, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.73) or autograft (RR 2.04, 95% CI 1.54 to 2.72). Both multilevel and single level fusions carried increased risk of nonunion in smokers (RR 2.30, 95% CI 1.64 to 3.23; RR 1.79, 95% CI 1.12 to 2.86, respectively). Conclusion Smoking status carried a global risk of nonunion for spinal fusion procedures regardless of follow-up time, location, number of segments fused, or grafting material. Further comparative studies with robust methodology are necessary to establish treatment guidelines tailored to smokers.
Epidemiology of Meniscal Allograft Transplantation at Children’s Hospitals in the United States
Authors: Smith Haley E. , Lyons Madeline M. , Patel Neeraj M. 
Published: September 2021

Background: Meniscal allograft transplantation (MAT) was developed with the goal of delaying the progression of degenerative disease in the setting of substantial meniscal deficiency. This may be especially important in children and adolescents; however, there is a paucity of literature on MAT in this population. Purpose: To evaluate the epidemiology of MAT at pediatric hospitals in the United States, with specific attention to regional and characteristic trends. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: The Pediatric Health Information System, a national database consisting of 49 children’s hospitals, was queried for all patients younger than 25 years who underwent MAT between 2011 and 2018. Characteristic information and surgical history were collected for each patient. The database was also queried for all patients who underwent other meniscal surgeries (including debridement, meniscectomy, and meniscal repair) during the same period (controls). Characteristic and geographic data from the control group were compared with those of the patients who underwent MAT. Univariate analysis was followed by purposeful entry multivariate regression to adjust for confounding factors. Results: A total of 27,168 meniscal surgeries were performed in 47 hospitals, with MAT performed 67 times in 17 hospitals. Twelve (18%) patients underwent a subsequent procedure after transplantation. In multivariate analysis, each year of increasing age resulted in 1.1 times higher odds of having undergone MAT (95% CI, 1.03-1.1; P = .002) compared with repair or meniscectomy. Patients who underwent MAT also had 2.0 times higher odds of being women (95% CI, 1.2-3.3; P = .01) and 2.0 times higher odds of being privately insured (95% CI, 1.1-3.6; P = .02). MAT was performed most frequently in the Northeast (4.9/1000 meniscal surgeries) and least often in the South (1.1/1000 meniscal surgeries) ( P < .001). Conclusion: In the United States, pediatric and adolescent patients who underwent MAT were older and more likely to be female and have private insurance than those undergoing meniscal repair or meniscectomy. MAT was only performed in 17 of 47 children’s hospitals that perform meniscal surgery. These trends highlight the need for further research, especially regarding differences along the lines of sex and insurance status.
Functional and Oncologic Outcomes of Octogenarians Undergoing Transoral Laser Microsurgery for Laryngeal Cancer
Authors: Lee Changseok , Forner David , Noel Christopher W. , Taylor Victoria , MacKay Colin , Rigby Matthew H. , Corsten Martin , Trites Jonathan R. , Taylor S. Mark 
Published: September 2021

ObjectiveTo evaluate the oncologic and functional outcomes of transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) for glottic cancers in patients ≥80 years.Study DesignProspectively collected case series.SettingQEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Canada.MethodsThis case series used a prospectively collected glottic cancer database to examine consecutive elderly patients (≥80 years old) undergoing TLM. Kaplan‐Meier analysis was used to evaluate rates of disease‐free, disease‐specific, and overall survival as the primary end points of oncologic control. Secondary functional outcomes included voice function, length of hospital stay, and time to readmission.ResultsFrom 2005 to 2017, 17 octogenarian patients underwent TLM for glottic cancer. Median follow‐up was 4.19 years (interquartile range, 0.71‐6.95). Kaplan‐Meier estimates of 5‐year survival were 78.4% (disease free), 92.9% (disease specific), and 81.9% (overall). The median length of hospital stay was 1 day (range, 0‐8). There was only 1 readmission within 30 days of surgery. No patients in this study developed significant surgical or postoperative complications requiring unplanned readmissions. Patient‐perceived voice function improved to normal after treatment in 62.5% of patients.ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that TLM is a safe and effective treatment modality for glottic cancer in patients aged ≥80 years, providing good oncologic control and satisfactory functional outcomes.