bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selection of Rapid Tooling Materials and Processes in a Distributed Design Environment
Authors: Hermann Amy , Allen Janet K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Rapid prototyping has made a substantial contribution to reducing product development time. Here we discuss rapid tooling, that is, rapid prototyping of production tools, especially injection molds. The rapidly prototyped tools are then used to produce final parts. As the market demands ever more rapid production of parts, at Georgia Tech we are developing a distributed design environment in which the various stakeholders in the product development process can contribute information and expertise. We present the overall vision for the design for manufacture portion of the Rapid Tooling TestBed. The design framework for Rapid Tooling TestBed is based on an attention-directing tool, the Decision Support Problem Technique, in which we postulate that design progress is measured by the types and nature of decisions about the product which are being made. Here we study two of these decisions which must be made simultaneously, the selection of the most feasible process and material combination for the development of an injection mold. This coupled decision is formulated with the attention directing tool, coupled selection-selection Decision Support Problems. Specifically, a we solve a decision problem to determine the most feasible process and material combination for the production of a simple rib to be produced using a rapidly prototyped injection mold. The resulting mold must be able to withstand the forces, stresses and strains imposed on it in the injection molding process. The emphasis of this paper in on the methods rather than on the results, per se.
Metrics for Evaluating Machining Process Plans
Authors: Hirode Kartheek , Shah Jami J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Selection of the best plan from alternative process plans, and/or plan improvement, requires that we have a set of evaluation metrics. In this paper, we explore the issues related to measures of goodness of process plans at different levels. Several evaluation metrics are proposed such as feasibility, accuracy, consistency, operation-time and setups. These measures can not only help in plan selection but also in pin pointing the flaws in the process plans. Using the proposed metrics, a structured feedback mechanisms and a refinement framework could be developed to arrive at the best process plan. Evaluation is done at the operation and sequence levels, and could be extended to other levels. The measures take into account shapes, sizes, feature relations and all ANSI Y14.5M tolerances in the evaluation of process plans. The proposed measures are also relevant to DFM, since the inability to produce a satisfactory process plan implies difficult to satisfy design specifications.
Design for Machining Over the Internet
Authors: Kim Jae H. , Wang Fu-Chung , Séquin Carlo H. , Wright Paul K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Inspired by MOSIS, the CyberCut project has been developing a manufacturing service for mechanical parts over the Internet. Among the various services provided by CyberCut, this paper will focus on the front end of the design process, in particular on the on-line CAD tool that the designers will be working with when defining the final geometry of a part to be fabricated with 3-axis milling. To date we have constructed two prototype versions of a design interface for CyberCut, called WebCAD, and tested them on audiences consisting mostly of students at Berkeley and at some sister institutions with research groups working on similar problems in design for machining. We learned that it is surprisingly difficult to create such a front end that will lead the designer to manufacturable design on 3-axis milling machine. We will discuss the results of these initial trials, and the insights gained from them, which then led to the specifications for WebCAD 1.5 which is currently nearing completion. We will discuss the simple and consistent view of the milling process that needs to be presented to the users of WebCAD, some of the key paradigms in the user interface, and the extra utilities that we had to incorporate into the WebCAD tool for users who have had no previous exposure to machining.
Practical Passive Assembly: Gripper Design and Assembly Sequence Optimization
Authors: Marehalli Jayavardhan N. , Sturges Robert H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
For efficient assembly without feedback systems (or, passive assembly), the assembler should know the ideal orientation of each component and the assembly sequence. A heuristic presented here finds an optimal assembly sequence and prescribes the orientation of the components for a minimum set of grippers — ideally one. The heuristic utilizes an index of difficulty (ID) that quantifies assembly. The ID for each task in the assembly process is computed based on a number of geometrical and operational properties. The objective of the optimization problem here is to minimize the assembly ID and categorize parts/subassemblies based on their preferred direction of assembly while allowing re-orientation of the base part. It is assumed that the preferred direction of assembly is vertically downwards consistent with manual as well as most automatic assembly protocols. Our attempt is to minimize the number of degrees of freedom required in a re-orienting fixture and mathematically derive the requirements for such a fixture. The assembly of a small engine is used as an example in this study due to the variety of ideally rigid parts involved.
Performance of a Shape Deposition Manufacturing Cell
Authors: Pinilla J. Miguel , Prinz Fritz B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
As Rapid prototyping processes start delivering production quality parts, the demand for low volume manufacturing is increasing. This paper explores the performance of an SDM cell for volume production of one-of-a-kind parts. The SDM process is modeled from an operations perspective and a queuing network that implements the process simulated. On this simulated cell, a number of scheduling policies are evaluated and their results analyzed for cycle time performance and variability.
Operation Decomposition for Freeform Surface Features in Process Planning
Authors: Sun Ganping , Wang Fu-Chung , Wright Paul , Sequin Carlo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Freeform surface features are often machined with multiple operations. The geometry, tools, and cutting parameters of these operations have to be determined during process planning. In this paper, strategies and algorithms to decompose a freeform surface feature into multiple operations, which include roughing (facing and end milling), finishing, tapering, and corner rounding, are presented. For each operation, tool and parameter selections are based on minimizing machining time with the constraints of the specified roughness, tolerance, and machine tool safety. Geometry decompositions are based on the selected tools and the surface slope for the purpose of improving the cutting efficiency. Methods to control the quality requirements (roughness and tolerance) and to estimate the total machining time are also developed. In addition, the manufacturability of freeform surface features is discussed.
Building an Integrated Large Scale Step Database for Virtual Enterprises
Authors: Sun Jianhong , Hardwick Martin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The rapid expansion of high performance computer networks such as the Internet allows companies to come together electronically to exploit emerging market conditions and produce new products. Such a group of companies has been called a virtual enterprise (VE). One barrier to VE collaboration is the lack of interoperability among the application systems of different companies — product data produced by the systems at one company cannot be read by the systems at another.
STEP is a state-of-the-art technology for product data exchange and provides a basis for VE data sharing. In this paper, some challenges and difficulties of building an integrated large-scale database of STEP data are discussed. A prototype database was designed and implemented to test our solutions. Preliminary results show that the database is scalable and able to integrate STEP data. We believe the solutions are a basis for building a practical STEP database that can be used to support VE collaboration.
System-Level Robustness Through Integrated Modeling
Authors: Suri Rajiv , Otto Kevin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Variation reduction strategies have traditionally focused on treating the output of a single manufacturing operation. In practice, however, manufacturing systems are comprised of multiple operations, each of which can add to or reduce product variation. Additionally, the sensitivity of each operation to input variation is a function of the operating point, which can only be changed in conjunction with the operating points of all other operations in that system. As such, optimizing each operation within a system individually does not guarantee lowest end-of-line variation. What is needed instead is a method for conducting a system-level parameter design in which the operating points of each operation are optimized as a complete set to reduce final product variation. The logistics of such an integrated parameter design scheme make changes or designed experiments on the actual system unwieldy or impossible; instead a system level model can be used. In this paper we use Integrated System Models to conduct system-level parameter design. We demonstrate this technique on a model of a sheet stretch-forming manufacturing system. Through this example, we show that selecting operating points while considering the entire system results in a greater reduction in variation than Taguchi-style robust design conducted independently on each of the operations within the system.
A Proposal of Design Methodology for Upgradable Products
Authors: Umeda Yasushi , Shimomura Yoshiki , Yoshioka Masaharu , Tomiyama Tetsuo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
One of main causes of the environmental issues is the current mass production paradigm. Developing upgradable products is one of the most hopeful approaches for solving these issues, because they will have longer lives, encourage reuse of artifacts, and therefore, create new business chances at later stages of product life cycles. However, design for upgradability has been hardly discussed.
This paper proposes a design methodology for upgradable products. First, we clarify the definition of design for upgradability by comparing it with other design strategies. Second, by analyzing data of existing series design, we propose several design patterns and two basic guiding principles; namely, making function independent and making function insensitive. Based on these analyses, a design methodology for upgradability is proposed and a prototype of upgrade design support system is illustrated. Finally, feasibility of the methodology is discussed by applying result of an experimental design to the prototype system.
Passive Assembly of Screws: Part 1 — Modeling Screw Threads for Contact Analysis
Authors: Wiedmann Stephen L. , Sturges Robert H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Successful assembly of threaded fasteners by compliant devices, like the SRCC, requires a thorough understanding of all possible contact configurations. In this study, the threaded pair is modeled numerically and contact tests are automated through software manipulation. It is shown that contact types and locations lack symmetry with respect to symmetrical test orientations of the screw.
The Representation of Function in Computer-Based Design
Authors: Szykman Simon , Racz Janusz W. , Sriram Ram D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper proposes a standardized representation of function for use by the research community, industry, and eventually commercial software vendors. This includes schemata (information models) for representation of function and associated flows, as well as an initial attempt at developing taxonomies of functions and flows. The objective of the latter effort is to generate taxonomies that are as small as possible, yet generic enough to allow modeling of a broad variety of engineering artifacts. This representation is intended to provide a generic infrastructure that will facilitate the capture and exchange of function information among researchers at present, and eventually in industry by contributing to interoperability between design systems, be they commercial or developed internally within a company.
Toward a Reasoning Framework of Design As Synthesis
Authors: Yoshioka Masaharu , Tomiyama Tetsuo 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Most of the previous research efforts for design process modeling had such assumptions as “design as problem solving,” “design as decision making,” and “design by analysis,” and did not explicitly address “design as synthesis.” These views lack notion and understanding about synthesis. Compared with analysis, synthesis is less understood and clarified. This paper discusses our fundamental view on synthesis and approach toward a reasoning framework of design as synthesis. To do so, we observe the designer’s activity and formalize knowledge operations in design processes. From the observation, we propose a hypothetical reasoning framework of design based on multiple model-based reasoning. We discuss the implementation strategy for the framework.
A Performance-Based Representation for Engineering Design
Authors: Zhu Liang , Kazmer David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A performance-based representation is presented, which uses the Performance Orientation Chart (POC) to aid the designer throughout an interactive design process. Assuming that all performance attributes can be expressed as functions of the design parameters, three types of graphical matrix are shown in the POC: 1) The design form depicts the performance attributes varying with the correspondent design parameters; 2) The performance dependency addresses the trade-off information among the multiple specifications based on Pareto optimal solutions; 3) The parameter constraint space defines the feasible region of the design, parameters within the, active specification limits. Guided by these graphical matrices, the designer can interactively develop the design solution to satisfy multiple specifications. The methodology was applied to a practical design problem to explicate how the POC can help the designer acquire a satisfying design solution with extensive confidence. Finally, the discussion, indicates that the performance-based representation is significantly compatible with other current engineering design methodologies.
A Method for the Study of Information Use Profiles for Design Engineers
Authors: Lowe Alistair , McMahon Chris , Shah Tulan , Culley Steve 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper reports on an investigation into the way in which designers from two aerospace companies organise and use information in their work. There remains relatively poor understanding of what the technical information requirements for engineers are. However, such an understanding is essential for the successful development of computer based design information systems. The concept of Design Information Profiles (DIPs) is proposed as a means of identifying these information requirements for a range of engineers working in different design contexts. These different contexts are characterised by the stage of the design life-cycle and also the social environment in which the engineers work. Profiles have been collected through structured interviews and observations of the participants at work. The results of the information profiles indicate important differences in the extent to which personal, local group and company-wide information is used by designers from different design contexts. An ‘audit’ of the participants’ personal and local group information stores is also reported. These results are likely to have implications for the future development of computer based design information systems.
The Relationships Between Data, Information and Knowledge Based on a Preliminary Study of Engineering Designers
Authors: Ahmed Saeema , Blessing Luciënne , Wallace Ken 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The aerospace industry, along with other industries, has acknowledged the need to bridge the experience gap between novice and experienced designers [Moore, 1997]. The research aims to identify the support a novice designer requires to gain experience faster. The focus of this paper is to present some initial results of a study of novice and experienced designers.
This initial study highlighted the difficulty in establishing consistent and precise usage for the terms data, information and knowledge. It is concluded that data, information and knowledge are relative concepts that cannot be defined in absolute terms. As relative concepts, these help differentiate experts and novices, and different types of novices. The relationships between data, information and knowledge are examined with the aim of prompting a discussion.
Product Architecture Development With Quantitative Functional Models
Authors: Stone Robert B. , Wood Kristin L. , Crawford Richard H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A key phase in product design and development processes is the establishment of product architectures. During this phase, functional models are transformed into alternative product layouts. In this paper, we introduce a methodology for representing a functional model of a product in a quantitative manner. The quantitative functional model captures product functionality and customer need information. Repositories can be created which house product design knowledge for a vast number of products using this novel representation. Numerical manipulations of such a repository assist in developing product architectures. In particular, product families and aggregate customer need ratings for modules are easily computed. Also, the quantitative functional model provides a mechanism to archive and transmit design knowledge across time and space. Prior to presentation of the methodology, a review of customer needs gathering techniques and module identification methods is given. Results from a repository of 70 consumer products are presented to illustrate the utility of the quantitative functional model.
Backward Mapping Methodology for Design Synthesis
Authors: Lu Stephen C.-Y. , Bukkapatnam Satish T. S. , Ge Ping , Wang Nanxin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Design efficiency and robustness at early stage of parametric engineering design play a critical role in reducing cycle time and improving product quality in the overall product development process. Usually, the “forward mapping” approach, is used to find designs, where the desirable performances are satisfied through large iterations of analysis and evaluation from design space to performance space. However, these approaches are time-consuming and involve blind search if the engineering system simulation models and/or initial conditions are not appropriately selected. On the other hand, common “reverse engineering” methods use domain-specific assumptions and are not effective in generic scenarios where the presumed conditions are violated. In this paper, a Backward Mapping Methodology for Design Synthesis (BMDS) is presented that can help conduct design synthesis rapidly and robustly at early stage of parametric engineering design. BMDS is a surrogate model-based approach that combines the strengths of metamodeling and statistics. It can help designers explicitly identify the robust design solutions that satisfy the designer-specified performance requirements through a “backward mapping” from the performance space directly to the design space. Preliminary case studies show its effectiveness and potential to be used as a generic early stage parametric design synthesis methodology in the future.
A Design Theory Based Approach Towards Including QFD Data in Product Models
Authors: Malmqvist Johan , Svensson Daniel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes how the information associated with the Quality Function Deployment method (QFD) can be included in a product model based on design theory — the chromosome model. It is shown that the chromosome model can manage the data used in QFD if the definition of the requirements objects is modified and if the data of the process planning and operations planning houses is included in a life-phase process model of the manufacturing system. The most important benefit is the possibility to use the QFD matrices for interacting with a product model that is based on a formal, consistent design theory.
Algebraic Reduction for Mechanical Design
Authors: Waskow Thomas Robert , Tesar Delbert 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The computational resources to support the development of a science of design based on analytical formulations using clean geometric and material parameters (other properties may come into play) has exploded in recent years. Unfortunately, most design problems result in highly coupled/nonlinear equations which resolve into very high ordered algebraic determinants, making their solution increasingly difficult. Hence, perhaps the most important part of the design process will be the judicious choice of these parameters to reduce the coupling and make the algebraic elimination of parameters feasible. The progress of kinematic synthesis was dependent on this realization. Here, we wish to take a nominal step in that direction for the physical design of the structure of a precision manipulator to illustrate what the future for this “science of design” might be.
Shifting the View in Systems Development: Technology Development at the Fuzzy Front End As a Key to Success
Authors: Schulz Armin P. , Clausing Don P. , Negele Herbert , Fricke Ernst 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Technologies have become a critical issue within product development, since superior technologies are the foundation for successful products. Technology development until now has suffered from a fuzzy innovation process based on trial and error in a high-pressure product development environment, often leaving no time for real innovation. Technologies developed under these circumstances seldom become superior, robust, mature and flexible, which are the criteria considered to be critical for technologies to provide competitive advantage.
In this paper the idea of separating technology development from product development into a steady technology stream is evolved. This enables companies to supply their product development programs with winning technologies at the right time. A four-phase process framework to support and catalyze the technology development cycle is introduced, discussing the first and second phase in depth. The proposed framework is based on an integration of five major development methodologies and aims at providing competitive advantage to companies by emphasizing superior, robust, mature, and flexible technologies.
Collaborative Design of Modular Electromechanical Systems With Distributed Controls
Authors: Rai Sudhendu , Jackson Warren B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a case-study in the design of electromechanical systems with distributed actuators and sensors. A hierarchical mechanical architecture and the corresponding control system architecture is described with specific reference to paper handling systems within copiers and printers. General issues pertaining to the design of such systems are highlighted along with specific solutions. The paper concludes with a discussion of the lessons learnt from the design experience and its applicability to the general problem of concurrent mechanical and control system design of modular electromechanical systems.