bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth, phase transition, and island motion of Au on Ge(111)
Authors: Giacomo J. A. , Mullet C. H. , Chiang S. 
Published: August 2021

Using low energy electron microscopy, Au on Ge(111) is determined to follow a Stranski–Krastanov growth mode consisting of a single layer up to one monolayer (ML), followed by three-dimensional Au–Ge alloy droplets. Near 600 °C, we report the first observation of a reversible first-order phase transition that occurs from the (3 × 3)R30° phase to a (1 × 1) phase, which has a coverage of 0.367 ML. The transition gradually occurs through a coexistence region with a temperature range of about 2 °C and weakly depends on coverage, varying from 640 °C at 1 ML down to 580 °C at 0.8 ML. The phase transition is accompanied by phase fluctuations of small domains or the fluctuations of phase boundaries of large domains. At coverage &gt;1 ML and above 250 °C, the 3D droplets move with stick-slip hopping behavior that has previously been explained by dissolution of Ge at step edges into the alloy droplet, which then comes to concentration and thermal equilibrium via the island motion.
Dynamin deficiency causes insulin secretion failure and hyperglycemia
Authors: Fan Fan , Wu Yumei , Hara Manami , Rizk Adam , Ji Chen , Nerad Dan , Tamarina Natalia , Lou Xuelin 
Published: August 2021

Significance
Insulin secretion regulates broad cellular function and glucose homeostasis, and its disruption causes diabetes. Insulin secretion requires granule fusion with the plasma membrane to allow insulin release (called exocytosis). Exocytosis is coupled with robust endocytosis, a process that retrieves materials from the cell surface. There exists an ongoing debate around the contributions of coupled endocytosis to insulin secretion. Here, we investigate this issue in adult mouse β cells by deleting all three mammalian dynamin genes. Interestingly, dynamin triple-knockout β cells still contain abundant insulin granules but cannot release insulin effectively, causing the disrupted glucose homeostasis in vivo. These findings demonstrate the pivotal role of dynamin in insulin secretion by coordinating the “in” and “out” of membrane trafficking in endocrine cells.
Empirical evidence to understand the human factor for effective rapid testing against SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Betsch Cornelia , Sprengholz Philipp , Siegers Regina , Eitze Sarah , Korn Lars , Goldhahn Laura , Schmitz Jule Marie , Giesler Paula , Knauer Gesine , Jenny Mirjam A. 
Published: August 2021

Significance
Rapid testing with antigen tests accompanies efforts for controlling the disease dynamics in the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. A high willingness to carry out these tests and high test literacy of potential users are needed. In four cross-sectional data collections with more than 4,000 participants, we showed that incentives can increase the willingness to undertake a test, while mandatory reporting was not perceived as a major barrier. However, participants had difficulties correctly interpreting test results. A short health communication intervention effectively reduced complacent behavior after negative test results. In sum, rapid tests have great potential to help fight the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic but only when effective health communication enables people to test and act appropriately.
Venturia rumicis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Venturia rumicis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On living and dead leaves of
Rumex
sp. DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe and North America. TRANSMISSION: By ascospores dispersed by air currents.
Aphanomyces euteiches
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Aphanomyces euteiches
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pea,
Arabis
, pansy, sweet pea, clover, bean, lupin, vetch, lucerne,
Melilotus
, barley, oats,
Echinodorus brevipedicellatus
. Conifer seedlings and other hosts were infected by inoculation. DISEASE: Root rot of pea. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Japan); Australia (Tasmania); Europe (UK, Denmark, France, Norway, Sweden, USSR); N. America (USA). (CMI Map 78, ed. 3, 1977). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne, persisting in the soil for many years. Studies in Wisconsin suggested that
A. euteiches
may live as a weak parasite in the roots of many plants and occur naturally in some virgin soils (6, 523). Oospores were indicated to be the primary inocula for new outbreaks of pea root rot, zoospores the primary infective agents (39, 646). Survival between pea crops depended on oospore durability and possible alternative hosts, not saprophytic activity (41, 689). Studies were made of population dynamics in the soil (48, 2067) and penetration and infection of roots by zoospores (42, 287).
Metarhizium anisopliae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Metarhizium anisopliae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Wide range of insects, including
Orthoptera, Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, Hemiptera
and
Hymenoptera
, also
Arachnida
, from soil and from a crocodile (Austwick in Tulloch, 1976). Latch (1965) quotes 166 insect species attacked in nature, and Veen (1968) lists 204 hosts under their respective orders from the literature up to 1965. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide. DISEASE: The green muscardine fungus. Entry is probably both by ingestion of spores and by penetration through the integument. For an account of the work of Zacharuk (1970-1974) on the germination of spores, formation of appressorial cells, penetrant pegs through the epicuticle and sub-epicuticular penetrant plates giving rise to hyphal bodies that circulate in thehaemolymph, see Ferron (1978). All stages of the host are affected, chlamydospores forming in the cadaver and subsequently germinating to produce the familiar green spores on the surface. On a given host, strains vary in their virulence (Ferron, 1978). The fungus causes an economically important disease of silkworms, and Veen (1968) gives an account of the disease in the locust.
Verticillium lecanii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Verticillium lecanii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS & SUBSTRATA: Parasitises all stages of development of insects of all groups and
Arachnida
; hyperparasitises rust fungi and macrofungi; found on plant material, soil, surface of optical glass. For the literature of fungal hypoparasitism see Domsch & Gams. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide. DISEASE: Referring to it as the 'farmer's friend', Viegas described the white halo formed by the fungus around dead
Coccus (Lecanium) viridis
scale insects on the coffee plant. Aerial hyphae arising from dead hosts and covering the body are characteristic.
Sclerotinia fructicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Sclerotinia fructicola
[Monilinia fructicola]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On almond, apple, apricot, cherry, cherry plum hybrids, nectarine, peach, pear, plum,
Prunus
spp., grapevine. DISEASE: Brown rot of stone fruits, especially of plum, cherry, peach nectarine and apricot; of quince and occasionally of apple and pear; black apples. Blossom wilt important on plum, cherry, peach and nectarine; twig and spur blight, canker, on these hosts and on apple and quince. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Japan; Australia, NewZealand; Canada, USA; CentralAmerica; Argentina, Bolivia, Peru, Venezuela. There are records from S. Africa (31: 515) and from Egypt (54, 2887; 55, 2783). CMI Map 50, ed. 4, 1976. TRANSMISSION: Conidia formed on overwintered mummified fruits and other infected organs and disseminated by wind and rain are the major source of infection. Apothecia form relatively frequently and ascospores are capable of initiating infection (54, 1805; 41, 398), nitidulid and certain other beetles act as vectors (42, 177; 55, 1863) and conidia are carried by bees at flowering (43, 657).
Sclerotinia homoeocarpa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Sclerotinia homoeocarpa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On turf grasses:
Agrostis alba, A. canina, A. palustris, A. stolonifera, A. stolonifera
subsp.
compacta, A. tenuis, Avena, Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria didacryla, Festuca ovina, F. rubra, F. rubra
subsp.
comutata, F. rubra
var.
fallax, Holcus lanatus, Lolium, Paspalum notatum, Pennisetum clandestinum, Poa annua, P. pratensis, P. trivialis, Puccinellia maritima, Cyperus rotundus
. By inoculation on radish, lettuce, beet, tomato, subterranean clover, pea, bean and wheat seedlings, barley, onion. DISEASE: Dollar spot of turf. The spots are about 5 cm diam. and approximately circular, though they sometimes coalesce to form irregular patches. They are brown at first, later becoming bleached to straw coloured. The fungus is present on leaves, stems and basal parts of the plants, which eventually die. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTIBUTION: Britain and Northern Ireland, Netherlands, Australia, New Zealand (57, 4372), USA. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies made. The fungus is known to tee capable of overwintering in individual dollar spots (40, 689). Dissemination by infected leaf fragments has been reported (Smith, 1955).
Metarhizium flavoviride
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Metarhizium flavoviride
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST: Larvae and pupae of the curculionids (weevils),
Ceutorrhynchus macula-alba
and
C. albovittatus, Otiorhynchus sulcatus
and soil. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (France, Germany, Netherlands, Czechoslovakia).
Ascochyta sorghi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ascochyta sorghi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Sorghum bicolor
and wild sorghums. DISEASE: Rough leaf spot of sorghum. On leaves symptoms appear as small circular to oblong light coloured spots with well defined reddish margin. Older lesions become broadly elliptic, greyish to yellow brown or purplish red, reaching 4-9 × 8-14 mm. Lesions often merge with one another to form large irregular necrotic areas up to 12.5 × 2.5 cm and the whole leaves may be killed. The variety of host plant mostly determines whether the leaf spots have a distinct red margin or an indistinct margin (Tarr, 1962; Edmunds & Zummo, 1975). Lesions may also occur on leaf sheaths and sometimes on leaf stalks. The disease appears to be severe on young plants whilst older plants have been reported to be resistant to attack (13, 746). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Zaire); Asia (Burma, India); Europe (Italy); N. America (USA, Alabama, Georgia); USSR. TRANSMISSION: Infection has been claimed to be spread by air-borne conidia in wet weather or heavy dews and also by insects (Singh
et al.
, 1951; Tarr, 1962; Edmunds & Zummo, 1975). The fungus has been reported to be carried over on crop residues of sorghum and debris in the soil (Singh
et al.
, 1951; Edmunds & Zummo, 1975).
Arthroderma simii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Arthroderma simii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The natural habitat of this species is uncertain. It was first isolated from the rhesus monkey but occurs more frequently on the fowl and it has been suggested that the fowl is the primary host, the monkey becoming infected when it raids the chicken yard for food. Also recorded from man (particularly poultry attendants), chimpanzee, dog and domestic rabbit. It has also been isolated from small mammals (gerbil, guineapig, mouse, shrew, squirrel, rat) without apparent lesions (RMVM 6, 1188; 8, 440; 11, 1889) and sporadically from soil (especially chicken yard soil). The fowl, guineapig, man, cynomolgus monkey, mouse and rabbit have been experimentally infected. DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea). In the fowl lesions are usually detected on the comb and wattles, occasionally at the base of the flank feathers. In man the body (tinea corporis) and less frequently the groin (tinea cruris), feet (tinea pedis), scalp (tinea capitis) and beard (tinea barbae) may be infected. Lesions in animals and man are scaling and very inflammatory and kerion formation is usual in scalp and beard infections of man (RMVM 7, 1241). Hair invasion is minimal except in experimental infections of guineapigs; in these the infected hairs show an ecto-endothrix type of invasion and usually a vivid green fluorescence under Wood's light. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India [see NOTES].
Epidermophyton floccosum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Epidermophyton floccosum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily a pathogen of man (causing mycoses). Also recorded from dog (RMVM 6, 1920) and mouse (RMVM 6, 639). Animal inoculation is rarely successful; the guineapig (RMVM 14, 804), monkey (RMVM 1, 182) and the chorio-allantoic membrane of the hen's egg (RMVM 2, 1676; 4, 82) have been infected experimentally. DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea). The groin (tinea cruris, eczema marginatum, dobie itch) and feet (tinea pedis) are most frequently infected. The body (tinea corporis), hands (tinea manuum) and nails (onychomycosis, tinea unguium) may also be infected. Infections of the scalp (tinea capitis) are rare and the hair is never invaded
in vivo
. Skin lesions are scaling and erythematous, well-marginated with minute vesicopapules in the border. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide.
Filobasidiella neoformans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kwon-Chung Kyung Joo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Filobasidiella neoformans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Bird droppings, particularly pigeon droppings, and soil contaminated with droppings are the best known source of
F. neoformans
in the environment. In addition to man, naturally-acquired infections have been recorded in the baboon, buffalo, cat, cattle, cheetah, civet, dog, fennec, ferret, fox, goat, guineapig, horse, koala, mink, monkeys, mouse, ox, peccary, pig, hare and sheep (causing mycoses). Experimental infection can be regularly produced in laboratory animals, mice being the animals of choice for most experimental work. DISEASE: Cryptococcosis (torulosis, European blastomycosis, Busse-Buschke's disease). This is a subacute or chronic pulmonary disease with a marked tendency to spread to the brain and sometimes other organs. The pulmonary form is usually transitory, mild and unrecognized. Cutaneous, skeletal and visceral lesions may occur during dissemination of the disease. Involvement of the central nervous system with meningoencephalitis is both the most common localization and the most common cause of death from the disease. Cryptococcosis of the central nervous system is invariably fatal unless treated. The symptoms of central nervous system Cryptococcosis are headache, nausea, dizziness, impaired memory, irritability, lethargy, ataxia and sometimes nuchal rigidity. Fever is low grade or absent. If the cranial nerves are involved, the patient may experience facial numbness or weakness or diplopia. The duration of the disease varies from a few weeks to 15 or 20 years. In cattle, cryptococcal mastitis is a not uncommon disease. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Worldwide.
Filobasidiella bacillispora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kwon-Chung Kyung Joo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Filobasidiella bacillispora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Unlike
F. neoformans, F. bacillispora
has been recorded only rarely from bird droppings and the natural habitat of this species is not known (RMVM 13, 480). Naturally-acquired infections have been recorded only in man and cat. DISEASE: Cryptococcosis (see
CMI Description
No. 649). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Cryptococcosis due to
F. bacillispora
is frequent in Southern California, but rare in other parts of the world.
Elytroderma deformans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Elytroderma deformans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus banksiana, P. contorta
var.
latifolia, P. echinata, P. edulis, P. jeffreyi, P. ponderosa
. DISEASE: Witch's broom of pine. Trees of all ages, but mainly those over eleven years old and up to six metres high can be attacked. Current year needles are infected, and gradually discolour (though parts may remain green) over the winter, the discoloration being most marked by the following May, when the imperfect stage is formed. Ascocarps begin to form in June and ascospores are shed over the following winter, with a peak in October corresponding to the start of the rains. Needles killed by the disease are usually shed at about this time. Needles older than one year seem to be immune from infection. Shoots bearing infected needles form characteristic witch's brooms usually about 60 cm diam., but occasionally up to 2 m diam. Unusual resin cysts may be found in the phloem zone of the bark of these brooms, and the fungal hyphae can permeate the woody tissues. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada: British Columbia, North West Territories, Ontario, USA; Arizona, California, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in humid or wet weather, also apparently from infected needles, by hyphal growth through the woody tissues into the buds.
Leptosphaeria coniothyrium
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Leptosphaeria coniothyrium
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Rosa
and
Rubus
spp. and a wide range of hosts which it attacks as a wound parasite or saprophyte. DISEASES: Cane blight of raspberry, boysenberry, blackberry (43, 798; 56, 753; 56, 5722); graft canker of roses (49, 3349). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australasia & Oceania, Europe, North and South America, Central America and West Indies (CMI Map 185, ed. 3, 1978). New records not mapped are: Africa (Egypt, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Zambia); Asia (Bangladesh, Burma, Israel, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Turkey); South America (Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: By air, soil and waterborne-conidia (28, 340). Infection through wounds caused by mechanical injury, pruning or hailstones (39, 426; 52, 1753g; 56, 5721; 57, 4554).
Cladosporium allii-cepae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cladosporium allii-cepae
[Mycosphaerella allii-cepae]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On various species of
Allium
, e.g.
A. cepa, A. porrum, A. sibiricum
. DISEASE: Causes a leaf-spot of
Allium
spp. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Eire, Norway, UK), India. TRANSMISSION: Mechanism not known with certainty. Possibly by air-borne conidia with carry-over on crop debris and/or soil.
Peronospora alta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronospora alta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Plantago lanceolata, P. major, P. media, P. ovata
. DISEASE:
Peronospora alta
is recorded in India as the cause of a disease on psyllium,
Plantago ovata
(see NOTES). The pathogen caused chlorotic streaks along the midribs of the leaves which later become necrotic. The disease was present on all the varieties of this medicinal plant in cultivation at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Delhi.(Kapoor & Chowdhry, 1977). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India, Japan, USSR); Europe (widespread); N. America (Canada, USA); S. America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: No reports.
Peronospora anemones
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M. , Griffin G. W. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronospora anemones
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Anemone coronaria, A. globosa
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of anemones. Infected leaves lose their natural bloom, appearing dull green, almost grey in colour and are often down curled giving the plant a rounded appearance. As the disease progresses, leaf colour may change to shades of pink or purple with necrotic areas appearing on the older leaves. Invasion by secondary organisms (e.g.
Botrytis cinerea
) is common, especially after frost or storm injury, and this accelerates plant death. In favourable conditions conidiophores develop forming a whitish-grey down on the lower leaf surface, on the bracts and, less frequently, on the petioles. It is not uncommon for affected plants to show little or no sporulation and in these cases the presence of extensive intercellular mycelium and, later in the season, oospores in petioles and peduncles helps diagnosis. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (New Zealand); Europe (England, Jersey, France, Italy, Netherlands). TRANSMISSION: Primary infection is caused by oospores in plant debris in the soil. Tramier (1963) was unable to germinate oospores and thus work out precise details of the conditions affecting their germination but he showed evidence that regular and prolonged rain encouraged germination. Conidia, which cause secondary infections, are dispersed by rain and during harvesting of the flowers. Wind is thought to be unimportant in their dissemination as shown by glass slides covered with vaseline and placed near an infected crop (Tramier, 1965).