bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical therapeutic effects of probiotics in patients with constipation associated with Parkinson disease
Authors: Yang Xiaoyun , Zhou Runjin , Di Wenhui , He Qian , Huo Qingwei 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background:
Constipation is the most predominant symptom of Parkinson disease (PD), preceding the occurrence of motor symptoms in some patients, leading to reduced quality of life (QOL). The general approaches for the treatment have some side effects, but probiotics are live or attenuated microorganisms attributed to ameliorating constipation effects. Moreover, as treatments are generally well tolerated and side effects are scarce, there is room for further research. Therefore this work aims at investigating the clinical effectiveness and safety of probiotics for constipation in PD.

Methods:
Published RCTs will be retrieved by searching Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), VIP, Wan Fang database, and China Biology Medicine Database (complete bowel movement), which will be searched from establishment of the database to October 10, 2021. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines are used to design this protocol. RevMan V.5.3 software will be used for meta-analysis, risk of bias will be assessed by the Cochrane Collaboration tool and the collected evidence will be narratively synthesized. We will also perform a meta-analysis to pool estimates from studies considered to be homogenous. Subgroup analyses will be based on intervention or overall bias.

Conclusion:
The meta-analysis will assess the effectiveness and safety of using probiotics to treat and heal the constipation of PD.

Ethics and dissemination:
Ethics approval is unrequired.

Registration number:
CRD42021276215.
Development of Training in Problem Solving for Caregivers of Childhood Brain Tumor Survivors
Authors: Deatrick Janet A. , Knafl Kathleen A. , Knafl George J. , Bressler Shannon N. , Stevens Evelyn M. , Ver Hoeve Elizabeth S. , Zukin Heather , Rhodes Gates , Leri Damien , Hobbie Wendy , Barakat Lamia P. 
Published: December 2021

Background
Family management (FM) challenges of maternal caregivers of young adult survivors of childhood brain tumors are well documented, but there are no evidence-based caregiver interventions to improve FM.

Objectives
The aims of this study were to (1) generate the knowledge necessary for developing a caregiver intervention (stage 0) and (2) modify an existing, efficacious intervention by engaging stakeholders (stage 1).

Methods
Stages 0 and 1 of the National Institutes of Health Stage Model for Behavioral Intervention Development and the FM Styles Framework were used in this study.

Results
In stage 0, families with condition-focused FM patterns were identified as at risk for poor problem solving. The 12-item Condition Management Ability scale of the FM Measures was selected as the screener to identify condition-focused maternal caregivers. Problem solving was identified as a potential mechanism for promoting behavior change. In stage 1, Bright IDEAS for Everyday Living was modified by integrating the FM Styles Framework creating Training in Problem Solving for Caregivers of Young Adult Survivors of Childhood Brain Tumors. Qualitative and quantitative assessments of feasibility and acceptability by maternal caregivers were excellent and used to improve selected areas of concern.

Conclusion
Feedback from stakeholders indicates that Training in Problem Solving is a promising approach to shifting FM patterns and improving the functioning of caregivers, young adult survivors, and families.

Implications for Nursing Practice
When developing interventions, the use of systemic methods can provide both clinically based and scientifically acceptable solutions. Those interventions based on both problem solving and FM are potentially promising but need further testing.
Development of Visual Acuity in Children: Assessing the Contributions of Cognition and Age in LEA Chart Acuity Readings
Authors: Myklebust Arnulf K. , Riddell Patricia M. 
Published: December 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
The development of visual acuity has often been looked upon as a function of age. This study considers whether cognition might also be a predictor of acuity in children. The results indicate that cognition is a predictor of acuity and therefore should play a role in vision evaluations and developmental research.

PURPOSE
Prior studies have shown that changes in visual acuity in typically developing children occur beyond primary school age. However, these studies almost exclusively use chronological age as the sole predictor for visual development. Because many of the tasks used to measure acuity have a cognitive demand, it is possible that age is not the best predictor for changes in this function. The aims of this study were to explore the effect of cognition on the development of visual acuity and to compare this predictor with age.

METHODS
The predictive ability of chronological age and cognition on acuity was assessed in a group of 81 typical children between 5 and 11 years old.

RESULTS
Analysis of resulting trajectories showed that, although age indeed was a good predictor, development of visual acuity was equally well predicted by cognition. Moreover, partial correlations showed a strong correlation between cognition and acuity when controlling for age but no significant correlation between age and acuity when controlling for cognition.

CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that age alone is not the optimal determinant for the development of visual acuity in typical school-aged children, as cognition was also found to be an important predictor.
The Scope of Optometry Practice in Jordan
Authors: Okasheh-Otoom Areej , Gammoh Yazan , Otoum Mohammed , Naqaweh Abdullah 
Published: December 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
The scope of optometry practice varies worldwide. Although the scope of optometry practice in Jordan is regulated, discrepancies exist in the services that optometry professionals provide.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to document the scope of optometry practice in Jordan and to describe the services that optometry professionals provide, as well as to inform regulatory bodies and educators about the current situation of optometry practice and areas that require development.

METHODS
A cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire completed by optometry professionals working across Jordan. The questionnaire items cover the services and the tests they perform.

RESULTS
Of the 714 participants, 57.8% were female and 42.2% were male, with a median age of 29 years. Participants were unevenly distributed across Jordan, with the majority working in the major cities and at optical centers (81.5%). Most participants were described as “refractionists.” The most frequently provided services were basic optometric examinations, followed by community eye care services. Ocular medications were not prescribed by any participant. Reasons for not providing services were mainly attributed to license/profession regulations constraints and the service(s) not being part of the job description. About one-half of the participants have the knowledge to diagnose adnexal and anterior segment disorders.

CONCLUSIONS
Optometry professionals in Jordan can provide more services if the scope of practice is expanded to match their knowledge and skills. Moreover, their nomenclature as refractionists does not represent the range of services they provide that extend beyond refraction. The concern is that optometric services are not reachable by many Jordanian populations because of the inequality of the distribution of professionals. Thus, advocacy to expand the scope of practice in Jordan is recommended.
Effect of a Novel Omega-3 and Omega-6 Fatty Acid Supplement on Dry Eye Disease: A 3-month Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Ng Alison , Woods Jill , Jahn Theresa , Jones Lyndon W. , Sullivan Ritter Jenna 
Published: December 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
Supplementing diet with a novel combination of omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids significantly improved symptoms in extremely symptomatic participants with dry eye disease (DED).

PURPOSE
This study aimed to determine the effect of daily intake of a novel combination of essential fatty acids on signs and symptoms of DED.

METHODS
Participants with moderate to severe DED were enrolled in a prospective, randomized, double-masked parallel group study. Participants ingested either the treatment supplement containing omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids (1200 mg eicosapentaenoic acid, 300 mg docosahexaenoic acid, 150 mg γ-linoleic acid) or the placebo (coconut and olive oil) daily for 3 months. To determine compliance, Omega-3 Index blood tests were conducted. At baseline and at 1 and 3 months, the following assessments were conducted: Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire and Symptom Assessment Questionnaire in Dry Eye, noninvasive tear breakup time, tear meniscus height, tear osmolarity, ocular redness, surface staining, Schirmer test, and meibography.

RESULTS
Fifty participants (mean ± standard deviation baseline OSDI score, 52.2 ± 16.5) completed the study: 24 randomized to treatment and 26 randomized to placebo. Although there was an improvement in OSDI score at 3 months for both groups (treatment: −13.4 points, P = .003; placebo: −7.8 points, P = .02), participants with baseline OSDI scores >52 demonstrated an even larger significant improvement in symptoms with the treatment at 3 months compared with baseline (n = 13, −20.8 points, P = .002). There were no significant changes in any of the ocular assessments at 1 or 3 months (all P > .05). After 3 months, Omega-3 Index increased by 34% in the treatment group (baseline, 5.3 ± 0.8; 3 months, 8.0 ± 2.1; P < .001) and did not change in the placebo group (baseline, 4.8 ± 0.8; 3 months, 4.8 ± 0.6; P = .95).

CONCLUSIONS
Supplementation with eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and γ-linoleic acid resulted in a significant and clinically meaningful improvement of dry eye symptoms in extremely symptomatic participants with DED (OSDI ≥52).
Veterans with Traumatic Brain Injury–related Ocular Injury and Vision Dysfunction: Recommendations for Rehabilitation
Authors: Winkler Sandra L. , Finch Dezon , Wang Xinping , Toyinbo Peter , Marszalek Jacob , Rakoczy Chrystyna M. , Rice Candice E. , Pollard Kendra , Rhodes Matthew A. , Eldred Kia , Llanos Imelda , Peterson Michael , Williams Michael , Zuniga Esteban , White Helen , Delikat Jemy , Ballistrea Lisa , White Keith , Cockerham Glenn C. 
Published: December 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
We know the prevalence of traumatic brain injury (TBI)–related vision impairment and ocular injury symptoms. Lacking is an understanding of health care utilization to treat these symptoms. Utilization knowledge is important to structuring access to treatment, identifying clinical training needs, and providing evidence of the effectiveness of treatment.

PURPOSE
This article reports rehabilitation, glasses/contacts, and imaging/photography/video recommendations made by optometrists and ophthalmologists as part of the Department of Veterans Affairs–mandated Performance of Traumatic Brain Injury Specific Ocular Health and Visual Functioning Examination administered to veterans with TBI at Department of Veterans Affairs polytrauma specialty facilities.

METHODS
Using a retrospective design, natural language processing, and descriptive and regression statistics, data were analyzed for 2458 Operation Enduring Freedom/Operation Iraqi Freedom veterans who were administered the mandated examination between 2008 and 2017.

RESULTS
Of the 2458 veterans, vision rehabilitation was recommended for 24%, glasses/contacts were recommended for 57%, and further imaging/photography/video testing was recommended for 58%. Using key words in the referral, we determined that 37% of veterans were referred to blind rehabilitation, 16% to occupational therapy, and 3% to low-vision clinics. More than 50% of the referrals could have been treated by blind rehabilitation, occupational therapy, or low-vision clinics. Rehabilitation referrals were significantly associated with younger age, floaters, photosensitivity, double vision, visual field and balance deficits, dizziness, and difficulty reading. In comparison, prescriptions for glasses and contacts were associated with older age, photosensitivity, blurred vision, decreased visual field and night vision, difficulty reading, and dry eye. Imaging/photography/video testing was associated with floaters, photosensitivity, and headache.

CONCLUSIONS
Findings delineate service delivery models available to veterans with TBI-related vision impairment. The challenge these data address is the lack of clear paths from diagnosis of TBI to identification of vision dysfunction deficits to specialized vision rehabilitation, and finally to community reintegration and community based-vision rehabilitation.
Case Report: Swept-source Optical Coherence Tomography and Angiography Findings in Lipemia Retinalis
Authors: Bouraoui Rim , El Matri Khaled , Derouiche Kaouther , Falfoul Yousra , Amrouche Chiraz , Hachicha Ines , Othmani Emna , Mghaieth Fatma , El Matri Leila 
Published: December 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
Lipemia retinalis is a very rare ocular manifestation of severe hypertriglyceridemia. It is usually symptomatic and regresses after normalization of triglycerides levels. Early recognition is important to prevent ocular and life-threatening complications.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to report a case of marked lipemia retinalis secondary to type V hypertriglyceridemia assessed with swept-source optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCT-A), with follow-up after dietary lipid restriction.

METHODS
Observational case report of lipemia retinal findings on color fundus photography, swept-source OCT and OCT-A, initially and after triglycerides lowering.

CASE REPORT
A 32-year-old pregnant patient with gestational diabetes and a history of hypertriglyceridemia was referred for diabetic retinopathy screening. Fundus examination revealed bilateral milky-white discoloration of retinal vessels with a “salmon-colored” retina. Swept-source OCT and OCT-A revealed extremely hyperreflective and dilated retinal vessels and multiple high-flow retinal hyperreflective dots, corresponding to dilated retinal capillaries. Choroidal vessels were enlarged and engorged, and choriocapillaris layer appeared thickened and hyperreflective with dilated and tortuous capillaries. Serum triglycerides were very high (70.02 mmol/L). After 21 days of very-low-fat diet, it was lowered to 15 mmol/L. We noted a normalization of the clinical, structural, and vascular findings. However, peripheral retinal vessels remained hyperreflective, despite their clinical normalization.

CONCLUSIONS
Swept-source OCT and OCT-A were beneficial in assessing lipemia retinalis noninvasively and monitoring choroidal and retinal vascular changes. Lipemia retinalis signs regressed initially in the posterior pole, choroidal anomalies were first to resolve, and clinical normalization preceded tomographic resolution.
Case Report: Longitudinal Effect of Progressive Epiretinal Membrane on the Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer
Authors: LePosa Adam C. , Cason Daniel , Arteaga Rigoberto 
Published: December 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
Epiretinal membrane is a common macular pathology known to cause morphologic changes observed on macular optical coherence tomography (OCT) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) OCT. However, the longitudinal effect of epiretinal membrane progression on RNFL OCT morphology is not well studied.

PURPOSE
This report documents a case of epiretinal membrane progression with associated quantifiable changes to the RNFL OCT over time.

CASE REPORT
A 63-year-old man initially presented in 2014 with a grade 0 epiretinal membrane in his left eye and low suspicion of glaucoma in both eyes. Over the next 6 years, his left eye's epiretinal membrane gradually worsened. Along with this change, the RNFL OCT started to show areas of adjacent suspected RNFL thickening and thinning compared with baseline per guided progression analysis (GPA). Despite this, clinical suspicion for actual glaucomatous progression was low. Closer retrospective analysis suggested that the RNFL was continuously dragged temporally toward the macula over this period. Because of traction, values such as the angular location, width, and peak thickness of the inferior RNFL bundles changed. This dynamic shift of a typically stationary structure contributed to an inability to rely on the RNFL OCT GPA to correctly stratify concern for glaucomatous progression.

CONCLUSIONS
Both macular and RNFL OCT allow us to observe morphologic changes to the retina caused by epiretinal membrane. Other authors have described this phenomenon, but this case demonstrates the continual change over time, suggestive of a dynamic process that requires continuous awareness and monitoring. Clinicians should be especially aware of this phenomenon when a patient is also suspicious of glaucoma. These RNFL changes can make it more problematic to rely on the OCT GPA to determine early progressive glaucomatous changes to the RNFL.
Case Report: Erdafitinib-induced Central Serous Chorioretinopathy
Authors: Claiborne Richard T. , Tsan Grace L. 
Published: December 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
Erdafitinib is the first fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in April 2019 for the treatment of locally advanced and unresectable or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Central serous chorioretinopathy is a common ocular adverse effect requiring frequent monitoring with ophthalmic examination.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to increase awareness of erdafitinib-induced central serous chorioretinopathy, highlight erdafitinib dose management guidelines, and emphasize the importance of collaborating with oncologists to prevent adverse visual consequences.

CASE REPORT
An 80-year-old patient with an advanced urothelial cancer with fibroblast growth factor receptor mutations developed central serous chorioretinopathy when he was treated with daily 8 mg of erdafitinib. The erdafitinib-induced central serous chorioretinopathy resolved completely after the discontinuation of erdafitinib. He was then treated with daily 6 mg of erdafitinib and again developed central serous chorioretinopathy, which resolved completely upon discontinuation of the medication. The patient then decided to stop treatment with erdafitinib.

CONCLUSIONS
Erdafitinib, a potent tyrosine kinase receptor inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptors 1 to 4, demonstrates antitumor activity in advanced urothelial carcinoma with fibroblast growth factor receptor mutations with a response rate of approximately 40%. However, central serous chorioretinopathy develops in 25% of patients treated with a daily 8-mg dose of erdafitinib. Although most mild to moderate erdafitinib-induced central serous chorioretinopathies resolve with dose interruption or reduction, occasionally discontinuation of the medication is necessary. Therefore, careful coordination with oncologists is important to assess the impact of erdafitinib on vision, quality of life, and survival prognosis.
Visual Acuity Outcomes in a Randomized Trial of Wavefront Metric-optimized Refractions in Adults with Down Syndrome
Authors: Anderson Heather A. , Marsack Jason D. , Benoit Julia S. , Manny Ruth E. , Fern Karen D. 
Published: December 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
This study reports visual acuity outcomes from a clinical trial investigating an objective refraction strategy that may provide a useful tool for practitioners needing additional strategies to identify refractive corrections for adults with intellectual disability.

PURPOSE
Determining refractions for individuals with Down syndrome is challenging because of the presence of elevated refractive error, optical aberrations, and cognitive impairment. This randomized clinical trial evaluated the performance of spectacle corrections determined using clinical techniques and objective refractions derived from wavefront aberration measures.

METHODS
Thirty adults with Down syndrome had a clinical refraction determined by a single expert examiner using pre-dilation and post-dilation techniques appropriate for this population. Objective refractions were determined from dilated wavefront aberration measures that were processed post-visit to identify refractions that optimized each of two image quality metrics: pupil fraction tessellated and visual Strehl ratio in the spatial domain. The three refractions were dispensed in random order and worn for 2 months each. The primary outcome measure, binocular visual acuity, was obtained by a masked examiner administering a distance logMAR acuity test. To compare treatment types, mean acuity was compared using a two-sided type 3 F test of the treatment effect in a linear mixed-effects regression model, where the final model included fixed effects for treatment, period (1, 2, or 3), and first-order carryover effects.

RESULTS
The 2-month estimated least square means in binocular visual acuity (logMAR) were 0.34 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.25 to 0.39) for clinical refractions, 0.31 (95% CI, 0.25 to 0.36) for pupil fraction tesselated refractions, and 0.33 (95% CI, 0.27 to 0.38) for visual Strehl ratio refractions. No statistically significant treatment effect was observed (F = 1.10, P = .34).

CONCLUSIONS
Objective refractions derived from dilated wavefront aberration measures resulted in acuity similar to expert clinician-derived refractions, suggesting that the objective method may be a suitable alternative for patients with Down syndrome.
Inactivated Whole-virus Vaccine Triggers Low Response Against SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Renal Transplant Patients: Prospective Phase 4 Study Results
Authors: Medina-Pestana José , Covas Dimas Tadeu , Viana Laila Almeida , Dreige Yasmim Cardoso , Nakamura Monica Rika , Lucena Elizabeth França , Requião-Moura Lucio R. , Fortaleza Carlos Magno Castelo Branco , Foresto Renato Demarchi , Tedesco-Silva Helio , Cristelli Marina Pontello 
Published: December 2021

Background.
Anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 mRNA vaccines elicit lower humoral responses in solid-organ transplant recipients. This is the first prospective trial investigating the effect of an inactivated whole-virion vaccine in kidney transplant recipients.

Methods.
Prospective, single-center, phase 4, interventional study. Kidney transplant recipients aged 30–69 y with >30 d of transplantation received two 3 µg intramuscular doses of CoronaVac 28 d apart and are being followed for 6 mo. Primary outcomes: (1) reactogenicity after first dose; (2) antibody responses 28 d after each dose; and (3) incidence/severity of confirmed coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and 28-d lethality rate. For this analysis, clinical effectiveness was assessed for 3 mo, starting 15 d after the second dose, and compared with 3-mo period before vaccination.

Results.
Of the 3371 individuals who received the first dose, 99% completed vaccination schedule. Mild/local adverse reactions were reported by 33% of the patients. In the immunogenicity cohort (n = 942), the proportion of patients with IgG antibodies to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 increased from 15.2% after first dose to 43% after second dose. Increase in antibody values after second dose was associated with higher proportion of patients with detected neutralizing antibodies. A significant reduction in the incidence of COVID-19 was observed (6.4% versus 4.2%; P < 0.0001), although the 28-d lethality rate remained unchanged (25% versus 22%; P = 0.534). In 45 patients from the immunogenicity cohort who developed COVID-19, all the 6 deaths occurred among those without antibody response (n = 22; 49%).

Conclusions.
CoronaVac vaccine was associated with low reactogenicity, low immunogenicity but reduced incidence of COVID-19 among kidney transplant recipients. The lack of reduction in lethality rates is perhaps associated with the low percentage of patients developing humoral response after the second dose.