bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multimode Bus Coupler for Device Communication Integrated in 3D-Opto-MID
Authors: Lorenz Lukas , Nieweglowski Krzysztof , Bock Karlheinz 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this article, we give an overview of the development of an asymmetric optical bus coupler (AOBC) from the theoretical basis, the optical continuous wave, and bit rate performance to the implementation in a 3-D-Opto-MID package. The coupler allows for an interruption-free and bidirectional connection between two multimode waveguides, with different coupling ratios at the same node up to an aspect ratio of 5:1 depending on the coupling direction. For the first time, data transmission up to 12.5 Gbit/s is demonstrated with the AOBC, as well as the full implementation of the coupling element into a 3-D-Opto-MID package including an electrical test circuit.
Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Baseball: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019
Authors: Boltz Adrian J. , Powell Jacob R. , Robison Hannah J. , Morris Sarah N. , Collins Christy L. , Chandran Avinash 
Published: July 2021

Context
The National Collegiate Athletic Association has supported men's baseball championships since 1947. Since its inception, the number of participating teams and athletes has considerably expanded.

Background
Frequently conducting injury surveillance of collegiate baseball athletes is essential for identifying developing temporal patterns.

Methods
Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program during 2014–2015 through 2018–2019 were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics; injury rate ratios were used to examine differential injury rates.

Results
The overall injury rate was 3.16 per 1000 athlete-exposures. The preseason injury rate was significantly higher than the regular season injury rate. The most commonly injured body parts were shoulder (16.1%), arm or elbow (16%), and hand or wrist (13.9%). The most reported specific injury was hamstring tear (7.9%).

Conclusions
The findings of this study aligned with previous studies—most injuries were due to noncontact and overuse mechanisms, less than one-half of injuries were related to upper extremity body parts, and one-third of all injuries were reported among pitchers.
Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Basketball: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019
Authors: Morris Sarah N. , Chandran Avinash , Lempke Landon B. , Boltz Adrian J. , Robison Hannah J. , Collins Christy L. 
Published: July 2021

Context
Basketball has remained a popular sport for players and spectators in the United States since before the first National Collegiate Athletic Association men's championship tournament in 1939.

Background
Routine examinations of men's basketball injuries are important for identifying emerging temporal patterns.

Methods
Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program during 2014–2015 through 2018–2019 athletic seasons were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differences in injury rates.

Results
The overall injury rate was 7.28 per 1000 athlete exposures, with competition rates twice those of practices (injury rate ratio = 2.07; 95% CI = 1.93, 2.22). Injuries to the ankle (22.2%), knee (13.0%), head/face (11.3%), and hand/wrist (10.1%) accounted for most reported injuries, with sprains (30.4%), contusions (14.3%), and strains (13.9%) most commonly reported. Ankle sprain rates initially trended upward and decreased between 2017–2018 and 2018–2019; concussion rates remained relatively stable during 2014–2015 through 2018–2019.

Conclusions
Findings suggest that common injury rates are trending downward relative to previous study findings.
Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Men's Tennis: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019
Authors: Robison Hannah J. , Boltz Adrian J. , Morris Sarah N. , Collins Christy L. , Chandran Avinash 
Published: July 2021

Context
The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) has sponsored men's tennis programs since 1982. The popularity of tennis has grown, as has sponsorship of men's tennis within NCAA institutions.

Background
Continued monitoring of athletic injuries is important for identifying emerging temporal patterns.

Methods
Exposure and injury data collected in the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program during 2014–2015 through 2018–2019 were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios were used to examine differential injury rates.

Results
The overall injury rate was 4.41 per 1000 athlete-exposures. Lateral ligament complex tears of the ankle (8.5%) were the most reported injury. Trunk (15.1%) and shoulder (13.2%) injuries accounted for the largest proportions of all injuries. Noncontact and overuse were the most common mechanisms of injury among all reported injuries, together accounting for 69.4% of all injuries.

Conclusions
Findings of this study differed slightly from previous studies, most notably in specific injuries reported. Continued monitoring of specific injury incidence as well as greater participation in injury surveillance is needed to inform the development of nuanced injury prevention strategies for this population.
Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Lacrosse: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019
Authors: Bretzin Abigail C. , D'Alonzo Bernadette A. , Chandran Avinash , Boltz Adrian J. , Robison Hannah J. , Collins Christy L. , Morris Sarah N. 
Published: July 2021

Context
Lacrosse is an increasingly popular sport; the number of teams participating in collegiate women's lacrosse has increased by 21.4% in the past 5 years.

Background
The growth of National Collegiate Athletic Association women's lacrosse, coupled with the ongoing discussions surrounding protective equipment, necessitates further epidemiologic studies in this population.

Methods
Exposure and injury data collected in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Injury Surveillance Program during 2014–2015 through 2018–2019 were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics, and injury rate ratios with 95% CIs were used to examine differential injury rates.

Results
The overall injury rate was 4.99 per 1000 athlete exposures. Less than 30% of injuries were time-loss injuries; injuries were most commonly attributed to noncontact (26.6%) and overuse (25.2%) mechanisms. The most commonly reported specific injuries were lateral ligament complex tears (ankle sprains; 9.1%), concussions (7.2%), and hamstring tears (3.8%).

Summary
Findings from this study were consistent with the existing epidemiologic evidence in previous studies. Injury incidence in practices, in preseason, and as a result of player contact warrant further attention in this population.
Epidemiology of Injuries in National Collegiate Athletic Association Women's Softball: 2014–2015 Through 2018–2019
Authors: Veillard Kevin L. , Boltz Adrian J. , Robison Hannah J. , Morris Sarah N. , Collins Christy L. , Chandran Avinash 
Published: July 2021

Context
Women's softball athletes account for approximately 9% of all female athletes competing within the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA).

Background
Routine surveillance of NCAA women's softball injuries is important for identifying the emerging injury patterns in this sport.

Methods
Exposure and injury data collected during competitive seasons in the NCAA Injury Surveillance Program during 2014–2015 through 2018–2019 (5 years) academic years were analyzed. Injury counts, rates, and proportions were used to describe injury characteristics; injury rate ratios (IRRs) were used to examine differential injury rates.

Results
The overall injury rate was 3.92 per 1000 athlete exposures. Practice and preseason injury rates increased during 2015/16 through 2018/19. Most injuries were shoulder (15.2%), hand/wrist (11.8%), knee (11.2%), and head/face injuries (11.2%) and were classified as contusions (14.2%), sprains (14.1%), and inflammatory conditions (14.1%). Concussion (6.8%) was the most commonly reported injury, and concussion incidence fluctuated during 2014–2015 through 2018–2019.

Summary
Results indicate an increasing trend in practice and preseason injury incidence. Findings also suggest that workload accumulation in the shoulder and the mechanisms of concussion warrant further attention in this population.
Descriptive histomorphological evaluation of the testis and caudal epididymis following treatment with rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia) and sutherlandia (Lessertia frutescens) in healthy and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Authors: Omolaoye Temidayo S. , du Plessis Stefan S. 
Published: July 2021

Objective:
To evaluate the testis and the cauda epididymis after treating both healthy and diabetic rats with rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), honeybush (Cyclopia intermedia), and sutherlandia (Lessertia frutescens), respectively.

Methods:
Ninety male Wistar rats were randomly divided into nine groups (n=10 per group). Fifty rats were randomized to receive tap water, 0.1 M citrate buffer, 2.0% fermented rooibos, 4.0% fermented honeybush, or 0.2% unfermented sutherlandia. Diabetes was induced via a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) at 45 mg/kg in 40 rats. The diabetic rats were randomized to receive tap water, 2.0% fermented rooibos, 4.0% fermented honeybush, or 0.2% unfermented sutherlandia. Rats were sacrificed after seven weeks of diabetic induction. Blood was collected for hormonal assay, while the testes and caudal epididymis were retrieved for histomorphological evaluations.

Results:
Diabetic rats treated with 2.0% fermented rooibos exhibited a significant increase in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) versus the vehicle group (P=0.002), and a 3.6% decrease compared to the diabetic control group (P>0.05). Diabetic rats treated with honeybush or sutherlandia showed 23.6% and 15.4% decrease in FPG when compared to the diabetic control group, respectively (both P>0.05). The diabetic control rats had a significant decrease in the percentage of histologically normal seminiferous tubules compared to the control group (P=0.049). There was 21.0%, 14.0%, and 5.4% rise in the percentage of normal seminiferous tubules in diabetic rats receiving rooibos, honeybush or sutherlandia, respectively, compared to the diabetic control group. The infusion control groups (rooibos, honeybush and sutherlandia) showed normal seminiferous tubules, presence of spermatozoa in the epididymal lumen, and had normal overall architecture. Both testicular and epididymal morphology were altered in the diabetic control group, but these disruptions were mildly ameliorated by rooibos, honeybush, and sutherlandia.

Conclusions:
The detrimental effects of diabetes on the histomorphological architecture of the testis and epididymis are mildly ameliorated by the infusions (2.0% fermented rooibos, 4.0% fermented honeybush, and 0.2% unfermented sutherlandia).
Effect of lactoferrin in the prevention of late-onset sepsis in preterm neonates
Authors: Farag Marwa M. , Eldin Omneya M.K.B. , Attia MennattAllah H. , Morsi Nada I.A. , El haddad Rania M.A.S. 
Published: July 2021

Background
Lactoferrin (LTF) is a promising drug in the prevention of late-onset sepsis (LOS) in preterm infants as it causes priming of the immune system before the occurrence of insult.

Aim
The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of LTF in the prevention of LOS.

Participants and methods
Preterm infants of gestational age less than or equal to 34 weeks showing no signs of sepsis in the first 72 h and admitted to NICU of Alexandria University Children Hospital from August 2019 to April 2020 were included in this study. Fifty six patients were randomly allocated into two groups: LTF group (n=28 patients) and control group (n=28 patients). Patients in the LTF group received LTF for 28 days postnatally or till 36 weeks postmenstrual age, whichever is reached first. All patients were monitored for development of LOS.

Results
Compared with the control group, LTF treatment was associated with a significantly lower incidence of culture-proven LOS (8/28 vs. 2/28, respectively) with a P value of 0.036. The administration of LTF decreased the serum C-reactive protein level at the end of the study in comparison with the level at the beginning of the study in the LTF group, with a mean value of 5.44±16.18 versus 3.71±2.57, respectively (P=0.021), and in comparison with the control group, with a mean value of 5.44±16.18 versus 27.45±55.20, respectively (P=0.021).

Conclusion
LTF reduces the incidence of culture-proven LOS in preterm neonates aged less than or equal to 34 weeks. LTF has been proven to have anti-inflammatory properties through its ability to decrease the C-reactive protein level.
Descriptive clinical study of children with beta-thalassemia at Damanhour Medical National Institute
Authors: Monem Ahmed A. , Shehata Saad , Elsayed Madiha , Ayad Ashraf 
Published: July 2021

Background
Thalassemia is a genetic disorder of hemoglobin synthesis. Beta-thalassemia is particularly prevalent among Mediterranean people. Long-term transfusion therapy and iron chelating agents are the mainstay treatments of thalassemia patients.

Aim
The aim of this study was to identify the demographic, clinical, laboratory profile, and therapeutic features of B-thalassemia patients attending the Pediatric Hematology Clinic at Damanhour Medical Institute.

Patients and methods
This study included 74 thalassemia patients in the age range of 2–16 years, mostly from rural areas (el Behera Governorate). The total number of thalassemia patients followed up in the Pediatric Hematology Unit at Damanhour Medical Institute is up to 400 cases; the patients of this study were selected randomly from among them.

Results
Dysmorphic features were demonstrated in 44% of cases; 74% of cases were receiving packed red blood cells every month and 26% were receiving packed red blood cells more than once a month. Oral iron chelator (Deferasirox) was the main chelator used. Most of the patients had serum ferritin greater than 1000 µg/ml; thyroid dysfunction was evident in 21% of cases, with no definite clinical manifestations.
Prognostic value of red cell distribution width in neonatal sepsis in patients admitted at Assiut University Children Hospital
Authors: Akhnoukh Mariam N.G. , Mohie Zeinab M. , Shalaby Amira M. 
Published: July 2021

Background
Sepsis accounts for 40% of neonatal emergencies and is a leading cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity.

Patients and methods
This prospective observational study was conducted at Neonatal Intensive Care Unit of Assiut University Children Hospital.

Aim
The aim of the study was to detect the prognostic value of red cell distribution width (RDW) in cases of neonatal sepsis. The study enrolled all patients with neonatal sepsis who were admitted at Neonatal Intensive Care Unit in Assiut University Children Hospital in period between July 2019 and June 2020. The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Scientific Research, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, with IRB no. 17100401. Informed consent was taken from the patients’ parents. All neonates were full-term and subjected to the following: complete history taking and clinical examination for signs of sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock. Complete blood count, with differential leukocytic count; C-reactive protein (CRP); blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine cultures; and RDW were done for all enrolled neonates.

Results
Neonates with septic shock had significantly higher CRP (61.81±35.50 g/dl) in comparison with each of those with sepsis (23.66±24.90 g/dl) or severe sepsis (48.10±27.44 g/dl). It was noticed that mean RDW was significantly higher among neonates with septic shock (18.53±2.63%) in comparison with those with severe sepsis (17.54±2.05%) as well as those with sepsis (15.74±2.12%). RDW had positive significant correlations with CRP (r=0.75, P<0.001) and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (r=0.46; P<0.001). At cutoff value greater than 17.2%, RDW had 87% sensitivity and 71.4% specificity in prediction of mortality among neonates with neonatal sepsis, with overall accuracy of 76%. CRP at a cutoff point greater than 27 mg had 80% sensitivity and 63% specificity in prediction of mortality among neonates with neonatal sepsis, with overall accuracy of 68%.

Conclusion
RDW is a simple and cheap method and can be used for prediction of outcome of neonatal sepsis.
Assessment of cluster of differentiation 4 and 8 among children with trisomy 21
Authors: El Deriny Ghada F. , Marzouk Iman M. , Deghady Akram A. , Elshahat Noha E. 
Published: July 2021

Background
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic disorder with more probability of recurrent infections.

Aim
This study aimed to determine the differences in lymphocyte subgroups (CD4 and CD8) between DS children and to study the pattern and likelihood for recurrent infections and hospital admission due to infection.

Patients and methods
This study was carried out in the Genetic Unit of Alexandria University Children’s Hospital, Egypt. The study enrolled 61 individuals with DS. They were assessed for recurrent infections [including otitis media, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs), and gastroenteritis] and hospital admission due to infections. All patients were subjected to complete blood count and flow cytometric analysis for expression markers of T lymphocytes (CD4 and CD8).

Results
The authors found a statistically significant increase in the frequency of URTIs. In terms of the type of recurrent infection in DS, it was the highest for URTIs. A statistically significant decrease was found in CD4 in the DS patients. Nonsignificant correlations were found between CD markers and hospital admission.

Conclusion
An increase in the incidence and the recurrence of infections among children with DS, especially URTI, pneumonia and gastroenteritis, was reported in the present work. Children with DS showed decreased absolute CD4 and CD4/CD8 ratio less than normal values of similar children younger than 6 years of age. Also, normal or even increased levels of absolute CD8 were evident in children with DS.
Plasma level of deoxyribonuclease I (DNASE I) and its relationship with immune disorders in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Zedan Mohamed M. , Attia Zeinab R. , Mutawi Thuraya M. , Saleh Mona T. 
Published: July 2021

Background
Nucleosomes are the key autoantigens in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. Immune complexes including nucleosomes are the chief reason for tissue injury. Deoxyribonuclease 1 (DNASE I), as an endonuclease enzyme, is one of the key molecules involved in the degradation of the apoptosis pathway and its function is diminished in SLE patients.

Objective
This study aimed to evaluate DNASE I concentration in the plasma of systemic lupus patients and its relationship with immune disorders.

Patients and methods
This study was carried out on 90 SLE children and 92 healthy controls matched for age and sex. Plasma DNASE I level and levels of serum antinuclear antibody and serum anti-dsDNA were evaluated by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. Complement components C3 and C4 were estimated by the turbidimetric assay.

Conclusion
The authors found a lower level of DNASE I among SLE patients than the healthy control group. In addition, our results suggested no significant association between the enzyme level and immune disorders, or any complications among systemic lupus patients.
Risk factors of ventilator-associated pneumonia in children in an Egyptian University Children’s Hospital
Authors: Noaman Ahmed 
Published: July 2021

Aim
To evaluate the risk factors that contribute to the development of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in children.

Settings and design
A prospective observational study was conducted. The study was done in pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) at Mansoura University Children’s Hospital, Egypt, over 1 year. The study included 154 patients.

Patients and methods
Many variables were analyzed such as demographic characteristics; previous hospital and PICU admission; drugs used such as inotropes, steroids, sedatives, H2 blockers, or proton pump inhibitors; nutritional therapies; chronic illnesses; invasive procedures such as central line insertion; duration of mechanical ventilation (MV); and PICU stay before development of VAP.

Statistical analysis used
All patients were assessed by Pediatric Risk of Mortality Score III in the first 24 h and evaluated for VAP by daily clinical examination and by radiological and laboratory evaluation.

Results
Duration of MV and PICU stay (before development of VAP) markedly increased the incidence of VAP (P value for both was <0.001). Steroid and sedative increased the incidence of VAP significantly (P=0.001 and 0.007, respectively).

Conclusions
Use of steroids and sedatives, prolonged MV, and length of PICU stay are the main risk factors that contribute toward the increased risk of VAP development in Mansoura University Children’s Hospital intensive care.
Association of tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced protein 3 gene polymorphism and systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Bakr Ashraf M. , Zedan Mohamed M. , Attia Zeinab R. , Mutawi Thuraya M. , El Shehawy Amora S. 
Published: July 2021

Background
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced protein 3 (TNFAIP3) is a negative regulator of the activity of NF-κB in the cells and genetic variations in TNFAIP3 may be implicated in the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) development.

Objective
The purpose of this paper is to evaluate TNFAIP3 gene polymorphism in SLE and its relationship with autoimmune parameters.

Methods
The study was carried out on 94 children suffering from SLE and 94 healthy controls of matched age and sex. TNFAIP3 polymorphism by RT-PCR using TaqMan assay, and levels of serum antinuclear and serum anti-double-stranded DNA were measured by ELISA technique. Complement C3 and C4 were estimated by using turbidimetric assay.

Results
The results showed that there is no significant correlation of TNFAIP3 alleles or genotypes with risk of development of SLE (P>0.05). In addition, the authors did not detect any significant correlation between alleles or genotypes of TNFAIP3 with SLE clinical features and immune disorders (P>0.05).

Conclusion
The authors concluded that TNFAIP3 polymorphism is not associated with SLE risk. In addition, these results suggested no significant association between the TNFAIP3 SNP and autoimmune parameters, or any complications among SLE individuals.