bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Best Least-Squares Line Fit
Authors: Alciatore David G. , Miranda Henry P. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a method for determining the least-squares best-fit line through a set of two-dimensional data. The algorithm is orientation independent and does not rely on knowledge of ordinate and abscissa accuracy. To simplify the analysis, the best-fit line is described by two parameters: q, the angle from the horizontal axis, and r, the perpendicular distance from the origin. This parameterization results in general robust solution resulting in no degenerate cases or indeterminacies. The final results are presented in the standard form, Ax + By = C.
CAD Based Inspection Analysis and Error Display
Authors: Cardew-Hall Michael J. , Dench Phillip 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Modem inspection devices generate large quantites for error data for analysis. This paper describes a CAD based inspection analysis system that utilizes this data. Such a system is requires 1) the definition of error types, 2) the incorporation of tolerances into CAD definitions, 3) generation of errors between actual and nominal CAD geometry, 4) datuming of the geometries, 5) analysis of the errors and 6) display of those errors. The first 4 points are reviewed and a system for analysing and displaying the errors described. Such a system for aerofoil type geometry has been implemented within the CADDS4X CAD system and is described.
An Off-Line Graphical Environment for Programming Robots Using Commercial CAD Systems
Authors: Abdel-Malek Karim A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Because current robot teaching methods are inadequate to fully control a high accuracy manipulator, the concept of a graphical interface which combines both teaching and programming methods is presented here.
The complexity of user interfaces has become significant as manipulators and other programmable automation are applied to more industrial applications. Three dimensional visualization is an increasingly important aspect of the problem facing robotics programmer. Often the effector coordinates passed to the manipulator are not easily visualized in space. The introduction of a graphical environment the reduces the task of visualizing points, orientations, and trajectories. The environment developed here (the “TR-Environment”) provides the user with an off-line programming method where logic, repetitive tasks, and sensory control can be simplified. The environment consists of the integration of commercial CAD packages with computer languages. The program utilizes the so called “NODES” which define the six generalized coordinates and the state of the end-effector at a point in space. Trajectories in space can be planned by connecting nodes via “entities”. A new language (“Criptic”) associated with nodes where program branching, sensory control, digital communication, and adaptive control occurs, has been developed.
Nonlinear Shell Deflections With Thickness Updating
Authors: To C. W. S. , Liu M. L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the present investigation the incremental Hellinger-Reissner variational principle, a hybrid-strain based formulation and an updated Lagrangian formulation are adopted to derive explicit expressions for element stiffness matrices of various flat triangular shell finite elements. These elements are developed for application to the analysis of thin and thick shell structures undergoing large geometrically nonlinear deformation at finite strain. Correct representations of finite rotations and the specifically chosen strain field maintain appropriate rigid body motions and prevent shear locking phenomena. Consideration of thickness updating and a finite strain formulation relaxes any plane stress assumptions and enables the analyst to deal with three-dimensional constitutive models. Two numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the performance of the elements.
Use of Finite-Element Stress Analysis in the Design of a Tank-Cannon-Launched Training Projectile
Authors: Hollis Michael S. L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The U.S. Army Armament Research. Development, and Engineering Center (ARDEC) recently expressed a need for a tank-cannon-launched training projectile with reduced penetration capability. The expressed primary design goals for this projectile were to minimize the probability of personnel injury and materiel loss in the event of an accidental impact during a training exercise. In order to meet these design goals, the solid-steel flight body of a current kinetic energy (KE) training projectile, the M865IP, was replaced with a hollow aluminum configuration. Because of the incorporation of aluminum, the structural integrity of the entire projectile during launch was put in question. Thus, a thorough stress analysis of the new design was conducted to alleviate concerns about its structural integrity.
Two-dimensional, axisymmetric, quasi-static stress analyses were performed on two new KE training projectile designs. The first analysis indicated that structural failure was possible in the aft portion of the projectile due to compressive loading by the gun gases. Structural failure in this case would be circumferential yielding of the hollow flight body. The aft portion of the round was redesigned, and subsequent stress analysis showed the possibility of structural failure to be resolved. The finite-element modeling approach, the applied boundary conditions, and the results of the stress analyses conducted, based on use of the von Mises failure criterion, will be discussed in detail.
Finite Element Analysis for a CAD of a Concrete Mixer Drum
Authors: Badawi Hossam S. , Mourad Sherif A. , Metwalli Sayed M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
For a Computer Aided Design of a concrete truck mixer, a six cubic meter concrete mixer drum is analyzed using the finite element method. The complex mixer drum structure is subjected to pressure loading resulting from the plain concrete inside the drum, in addition to its own weight. The effect of deceleration of the vehicle and the rotational motion of the drum on the reactions and stresses are also considered. Equivalent static loads are used to represent the dynamic loading effects. Three-dimensional shell elements are used to model the drum, and frame elements are used to represent a ring stiffener around the shell. Membrane forces and bending stresses are obtained for different loading conditions. Results are also compared with approximate analysis. The CAD procedure directly used the available drafting and the results were used effectively in the design of the concrete mixer drum.
Zero Turn Radius Vehicle Incorporating Computer-Controlled “Intelligent Castors”
Authors: Spark I. J. , Besselink B. C. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes how a computer controlled steering system can be used to increase the ability of zero turn radius vehicles to traverse steep slopes. This objective is achieved by replacing free wheeling front castors with “castors” which are positively rotated about a vertical axis to steering angles which are appropriate to the speed difference between the independently driven rear wheels and held at these angles.
This relatively simple “Steer by wire” system foreshadows the development of much more sophisticated steering systems than can be achieved by traditional mechanical linkages.
The Use of Spreadsheets in Compressible Flow Courses
Authors: Young Edward F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The spreadsheet has gained wide acceptance in the engineering community, but may not be as widely used in the teaching of various engineering courses as it could be. This paper addresses a specific set of courses, those in compressible flow, and presents several different uses for a spreadsheet in such courses. In all applications, the student must manipulate the relevant equations that describe the physics of the flow. By using a spreadsheet, all results can be easily plotted, thus providing the student with additional insight. The examples presented lead to using the spreadsheets exclusively, rather than tables and graphs, for obtaining compressible flow parameters. Sample spreadsheets and plots are presented. Following such a concept leads to speedier and more accurate results and permits the student to devote more time to analysis rather than the mechanics of looking up data.
Using Exponential Cubic Splines to Predict Low Temperature Behavior of Elastomeric Materials
Authors: Shoup Terry E. , Fegan George R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Because of their desirable elastic and energy absorbing properties, elastomeric materials have been widely used as shock mounts and pressure seals. The high sensitivity of the elastic modulus of these materials to changes in temperature has been a source of considerable difficulty to the development of robust design methods based on analytical techniques. This paper presents a simple analytical method for predicting the elastic modulus for a group of five different types of elastomers when used at low temperatures. The method is based on the application of exponential cubic spline curves to smooth experimental data. The method is applied to experimental data from the literature to illustrate its usefulness.
Robust Product Design Using Manufacturing Adjustments
Authors: Otto Kevin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Tuning variables represent factory floor manufacturing adjustments commonly used to correct variational noise errors in a product. Some examples are voltage supply adjustments, adjustable links and screws, or shims. This paper presents methods to determine the increased performance and robustness when using different possible manufacturing adjustments. All possible potential tuning adjustments that exist in a design are identified. Given this, the tuning variable model can be used to calculate the reduced product variation when using any of the potential tuning adjustments, including none at all. This process can be used to help select which product variables should be adjusted, based on the increased robustness to noise and the increased difficulty in manufacture. Doing so allows for more robust product performance at reduced manufacturing expense, by allowing the potential adjustment on many different possible variables. This is better than always adjusting the source of the manufacturing errors, which can be expensive.
Organizing and Managing Customer Requirements During the Product Definition Phase of Design
Authors: Gershenson John A. , Khadilkar Dileep V. , Stauffer Larry A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We developed a methodology for organizing design requirements at the beginning of the design process which helps Marketing, Engineering Design, and all other stakeholders communicate from the outset. The methodology uses an expanded definition of a product’s customer which includes not only the end user, but anyone associated with the product at any point from concept through retirement. The methodology has a taxonomic structure to delineate customer requirements in four main areas: end user requirements, corporate requirements, regulatory requirements, and technical requirements. This methodology has the same objective as Quality Function Deployment yet is more robust.
Integrating the Results of a Laboratory Study Into the Development of a System for the Support of Simultaneous Engineering
Authors: Lam Azriel , Rückert Carsten , Tegel Oliver 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
At our institute, a system for the support of Simultaneous Engineering is being developed. The results of a laboratory study on strain and stress of CAD design work have an influence on this development. Integrating the requirements for CAD-systems that could be figured out in this study, the software will be of more use for practice, and will satisfy the customer’s expectations.
Geometric Modeling and Simulation of Mechanical Assemblies With Elastic Components
Authors: Fang Yong , Liou F. W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the implementation of a modeling system for the simulation of three dimensional mechanical assemblies with elastic components is presented. A mechanical assembly is modeled as a multi-body system with changing topologies. The elastic behavior can be automatically modeled using finite element method. With this simulation tool, a designer can interactively create an assembly of mechanical components ready for dynamic and elastic analysis. This paper presents a prototype of the modeling system.
A Computer Aided Visual Reasoning Tool for Missing View Problems
Authors: Zhao Hong , Kim Yong Se 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The ability of an engineer to visualize and reason about geometric aspects of physical objects and processes is crucial in the success of engineering activities. The paper presents the development of a prototype visual reasoning system which aims at increasing engineering students’ visual reasoning capabilities. Specifically we take the missing view problem which requires students to construct any valid solid and a corresponding missing orthographic view when they are given two orthographic views. Sweeping operations, which are the reverse procedure of orthographic projection, are used to solve missing view problems by forming the boundary faces of a solid from the loops of orthographic views. This geometric operation forms a primary user interface of the system in visually reasoning about the construction of 3-D solid given the constraints by two orthographic views.
Automatic Development Generation for Thin-Walled Objects
Authors: Lin Yu-Long , Yang D. C. H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an analytical study on automatic development generation of thin-walled objects. Formulas based on mechanism theory are derived to determine the required number of seam lines for developing thin-walled objects. Subsequently, the seam line locations are determined via the identification of the minimum required seam line number at each vertex. An algorithm based on spanning tree technique has been developed to automatically generate all possible developments. Configurations with geometrical violations can be automatically detected and deleted. In addition, a new unfolding technique based on individual surface transformation has been presented. This technique requires less computational time in the unfolding process than the traditional sequential transformation method.
Computer-Aided Design Synthesis Using Syntactic Solid Modeling
Authors: Theodoracatos Vassilios E. , Guan Xiaogang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a new Computer-Aided Design (CAD) synthesis model which uses Plex Grammar as structural relationship descriptors and NURBS surface representation for constructing standard and non-standard solid entities. Here, the designer uses a syntactic design methodology for early topological and geometrical definition of the structure of concept alternatives resulting from the design process. This syntactic scheme provides the capability of describing a large set of complex structures by using a small set of simple entities. The recursive nature of the grammar and the hierarchical representation of the structure makes the description of complex structures simple and under the direct control of the designer. An object structure constructive tree is generated and subsequently translated into Plex Grammar production rules in order to form an Interconnection Matrix (ICM) expressing. The resulting Plex structure defined in the ICM expresses the topological information among entities which form the specific types of objects. By modifying the Plex grammar rules, various objects with different geometry and topology can easily be reconstructed. Compared to conventional solid modeling techniques, this approach provides more systematic object generation, easy manipulation and modification, control over congruity and the ability to represent sculptured shapes. Several examples of syntactic solid modeling applied in design synthesis will be presented for further usage in downstream applications.
Design for Injection Molding: Using Dimensional Analysis to Assess Fillability
Authors: Mehl Douglas C. , Beiter Kurt A. , Ishii Kos 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper addresses the determination of wall thicknesses and gating schemes in the preliminary design of injection-molded plastic parts. Today, most of the existing design guidelines come in the form of experience-based qualitative rules. If the designers already have a detailed geometry of the part, the numerical process simulation program provides another form of design aid. There exists a huge gap between these two types of design aids; the experience-based guidelines are often too vague, while the process simulation programs come too late to impact preliminary part design. To fill this gap, this paper develops physics-based guidelines that utilize dimensional analysis techniques. Experiments and simulation studies can deduce non-dimensional relationships between flow length, thickness, material, and process parameters. The guidelines will aid plastic component designers in determining wall-thickness, gating schemes, and in selecting the material in the preliminary stages of part design. This paper describes the formulation of the non-dimensional charts for fillability assessment, and explains the use of these charts in part design. We further outline an ongoing experimental program to validate and refine our formulation.
Detection and Evaluation of Planes of Partial Symmetry in CAD Models
Authors: Sturges Robert H. , Hunt David O. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Components with subtle asymmetry require more handling time in manual and automatic assembly. Models of assembly processes predict that almost half of the acquisition effort derives from the recognition of feature subtlety and the symmetries of the part. An algorithm is presented which detects and evaluates the axes of symmetry and partial symmetry for a wide variety of asymmetries, features, and aspect ratios. The orientations of the partial symmetry axes are then used to calculate the effect on assembly time. The ability to locate axes in an object that are not orthogonal is demonstrated. Currently the algorithm can only examine 2-D shapes, and an approach to fully automated evaluation of a 3-D object is presented.
Computerized Simulation of Transmission Errors and Shift of Bearing Contact for Hypoid Gear Drive With Conjugate Gear Tooth Surfaces
Authors: Litvin Faydor L. , Chen Jui-Sheng , Sep Thomas M. , Wang Jyh-Chiang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Computerized investigation of the influence of alignment errors on the transmission errors and the shift of the bearing contact is proposed. The investigation is performed for an imaginary hypoid gear drive with conjugate tooth surfaces. It is proven that the transmission functions caused by misalignment are periodic discontinues almost linear functions with the frequency of cycle of meshing. The above functions can be totally absorbed by a predesigned parabolic function. The shift of the bearing contact caused by misalignment has been determined as well. The performed investigation is based on computerized simulation of meshing and contact of gear tooth surfaces. The machine-tool settings for the generation of the designed gear drive have been determined. Numerical example that illustrates the developed theory is given. The performed investigation allows to determine the influence of gear misalignment on transmission errors, and design a low-noise hypoid gear drive by a properly predesigned parabolic function of transmission errors.
Geometry Design of Roller Gear Cams With Generalized Meshing Elements
Authors: Yan Hong-Sen , Chen Hsin-Hung 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper derives the generalized expression of surface equation for cylindrical, conical, and hyperbolic meshing elements. Based on the generalized equation of meshing elements, generalized mathematical expressions of surface geometry for roller gear cams with cylindrical, conical, and hyperbolic meshing elements are derived by theory of conjugate surfaces, differential geometry, and coordinate transformation. Design examples are given. The result of this work is of necessary for the computer-aided design and manufacturing roller gear cams for industrial applications.
A Uniform Approach to Handling of Feature-Objects in an Advanced CAD System
Authors: Horváth Imre , Kulcsár Péter , Thernesz Vilmos 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a methodology of generation, representation and manipulation of high level modelling entities, called feature-objects. The aim of the related research and development was to specify and implement feature-objects. The methodology has been implemented in the PRODES system that is intended to be a prototype of an advanced design, analysis and process planning system, integrated on the basis of the feature paradigm. First, the related research activities and theoretical backgrounds are studied, then the concept of feature-objects and the method of their uniform handling are introduced. The paper presents the resultant taxonomy of the application process oriented feature-objects. Their definitions are demonstrated through examples. The feature-object composition, that is the product modelling methodology of the PRODES system, is also presented.
Exact Response Analysis and Dynamic Design of Cam-Follower Systems Using Laplace Transforms
Authors: Bagci Cemil , Kurnool Srihari 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Article presents Laplace transforms utilizing method to determine the responses of the follower systems to any type of motion machined on cams. The exact response of a follower system at any cycle, at any time, or in any time zone is directly determined without the need for numerical integrations. The method permits the study of response for many cycles to determine beat effect, the critical cam speeds, and possible follower jump conditions. Cam profile is corrected to eliminate static error and oscillate follower about exact position. Disk cams with translating roller followers with one and two degrees of freedom are considered in the article. Numerical illustrations are included, where results by other numerical methods (matrix exponential and phase plane-δ) are compared.
Robust Design by Matching the Design With Manufacturing Variation Patterns
Authors: Yu Jyh-Cheng , Ishii Kosuke 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with robust design problems in which variations on design variables have significant correlation. Manufacturing errors often affect design variables with characteristic patterns, that is, the variations are coupled. Robust optimization seeks designs with optimal and robust performance. Designers should match the design to the Manufacturing Variation Patterns (MVP) in the constrained robust optimization procedure. This study focuses on matching the variation patterns found in typical manufacturing processes. It uses quadrature experimental design to approximate the performance variation within the patterns. We redefine the robust constraint activity for designs using MVP and propose our procedure to search for the robust feasible designs. Theoretical development of manufacturing variation matching leads to our case study of heat treated shaft design with minimum dimensional distortion. The paper also outlines our future application in injection molding gear design and challenge in the identification of nonlinear correlated MVP.