bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison between wide‐field digital imaging system and the red reflex test for universal newborn eye screening in Brazil
Authors: da Cunha Laura Pires , Cavalcante Costa Marcelo Alexandre Agra , de Miranda Homero Augusto , Reis Guimarães Juliana , Aihara Teruo , Ludwig Cassie A. , Rosenblatt Tatiana , Callaway Natalia F. , Pasricha Malini , Al‐Moujahed Ahmad , Vail Daniel , Ji Marco H. , Kumm Jochen , Moshfeghi Darius M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPurposeTo compare neonatal eye screening using the red reflex test (RRT) versus the wide‐field digital imaging (WFDI) system.MethodsProspective cohort study. Newborns (n = 380, 760 eyes) in the Maternity Ward of Irmandade Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo hospital from May to July 2014 underwent RRT by a paediatrician and WFDI performed by the authors. Wide‐field digital imaging (WFDI) images were analysed by the authors. Validity of the paediatrician’s RRT was assessed by unweighted kappa [κ] statistic, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV).ResultsWhile WFDI showed abnormalities in 130 eyes (17.1%), RRT was only abnormal in 13 eyes (1.7%). Wide‐field digital imaging (WFDI) detected treatable retina pathology that RRT missed including hyphema, CMV retinitis, FEVR and a vitreous haemorrhage. The sensitivity of the paediatrician’s RRT to detect abnormalities was poor at 0.77% (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.02%–4.21%) with a PPV of only 7.69% (95% CI, 1.08%–38.85%). Overall, there was no agreement between screening modalities (κ = −0.02, 95% CI, −0.05 to 0.01). The number needed to screen to detect ocular abnormalities using WFDI was 5.9 newborns and to detect treatable abnormalities was 76 newborns.ConclusionWhile RRT detects gross abnormalities that preclude visualization of the retina (i.e. media opacities and very large tumours), only WFDI consistently detects subtle treatable retina and optic nerve pathology. With a higher sensitivity than the current gold standard, universal WFDI allows for early detection and management of potentially blinding ophthalmic disease missed by RRT.
Reactance revisited: Consequences of mandatory and scarce vaccination in the case of COVID‐19
Authors: Sprengholz Philipp , Betsch Cornelia , Böhm Robert 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPsychological reactance theory assumes that the restriction of valued behaviors elicits anger and negative cognitions, motivating actions to regain the limited freedom. Two studies investigated the effects of two possible restrictions affecting COVID‐19 vaccination: the limitation of non‐vaccination by mandates and the limitation of vaccination by scarce vaccine supply. In the first study, we compared reactance about mandatory and scarce vaccination scenarios and the moderating effect of vaccination intentions, employing a German quota‐representative sample (N = 973). In the preregistered second study, we replicated effects with an American sample (N = 1394) and investigated the consequences of reactance on various behavioral intentions. Results revealed that reactance was stronger when a priori vaccination intentions were low and a mandate was introduced or when vaccination intentions were high and vaccines were scarce. In both cases, reactance increased intentions to take actions against the restriction. Further, reactance due to a mandate was positively associated with intentions to avoid the COVID‐19 vaccination and an unrelated chickenpox vaccination; it was negatively associated with intentions to show protective behaviors limiting the spread of the coronavirus. Opposite intentions were observed when vaccination was scarce. The findings can help policy‐makers to curb the spread of infectious diseases such as COVID‐19.
Middle Stone Age mineral pigment procurement at Pinnacle Point 5–6 North, Western Cape province, South Africa
Authors: McGrath James R. , MacDonald Brandi L. , Stalla David 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe report on a multi‐method sourcing study of 35 mineral pigment artefacts from the Middle Stone Age site of Pinnacle Point 5–6 North (PP5–6 N), dating from about 90–50 ka. The artefacts were analysed and compared with geological samples from seven sources using neutron activation analysis (NAA), and supplemented by data from X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Our preliminary results suggest that the occupants of PP5–6 N likely used at least two local and one currently unidentified and possibly non‐local Fe oxide mineral pigment sources. The mineral pigment artefacts derived from the latter source(s) exhibited manganese (Mn) enrichment with concentrations well above those observed in all sampled source deposits in the study area, suggesting a distinctive formation process. The proportions of the Mn‐enriched mineral pigment artefacts within the PP5–6 N assemblage vary over time, but tend to occur at higher rates in the glacial Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 4 deposits, which holds potential implications for changes in the use of sources over time, increased mobility or increased exchange during this period.
Go beyond tokens: Number and type both matter
Authors: Wang Yu , Luo Xiaoyi , Wang Tienan , Hu Die 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDrawing upon token theory and critical mass theory, this study examines whether all female directors are equally considered as tokens. We argue that inside female directors are less likely than outside female directors to be considered as tokens because they are more powerful and influential. Using a 10‐year sample of Chinese publicly listed firms on the Shanghai or Shenzhen Stock Exchanges from 2008 to 2017, we find that even one inside female director can make a significant contribution to corporate social responsibility (CSR), while outside female directors do not have a positive effect on CSR until their number reaches the critical mass (i.e., three). The results suggest that the predictions of token theory and critical mass theory vary across female director types. These findings contribute to the current literature by integrating female director typology with their numerical representation to explain their token status.
Exploring the phenomenon and ethical issues of AI paternalism in health apps
Authors: Kühler Michael 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHealth apps, including consumer‐oriented fitness apps, have two functions. They are supposed to monitor and promote users’ health, the latter by way of being an instance of persuasive technology. The use of artificial intelligence (AI) allows for AI health apps, i.e., health apps that act more and more autonomously when it comes to analyzing users’ health data and arriving at tailor‐made results on how to improve their health. Consequently, AI health apps seem to gain a paternalistic potential. This is a game‐changer, for corresponding issues of paternalism can then no longer be traced back to human engineers. Instead, the paternalizing party just is the AI system. Hence, AI health apps lead to the novel issue of AI paternalism in health care. In this paper, I explore this novel phenomenon and its ethical implications. Firstly, I discuss from a critical perspective whether the notion of AI paternalism makes (conceptual) sense to begin with. Unsurprisingly, I argue that it does and how so. Secondly, I briefly indicate important ethical issues that AI paternalism in health apps raise and which need to be discussed in more detail in order to judge under which conditions (certain forms of) AI paternalism might be considered acceptable, if at all.
Exploring group size for statistical analysis of real‐time signalling experiments
Authors: Yang Liang , Zhu Xiao , Finlay David B. , Glass Michelle , Duffull Stephen B. 
Published: May 2021

Background and PurposeClassical pharmacological bioassays generally use observed effects from a concentration series, at a single equilibrium time point to construct a concentration–effect curve, representing one experiment. However, if the full kinetic profile of the effect data for each concentration was evaluated simultaneously, then the analysis would be more powerful. In this work, we explore if more precise parameters can be achieved by using the full kinetic method.Experimental ApproachWe used a simulation estimation study to explore the influence of kinetic analysis on the precision of the Emax model parameter estimates (Emax and C50). We compared a full kinetic approach in which all effect versus time data from a theoretical real‐time signalling experiment were analysed simultaneously with a ‘reference’ approach. The theoretical real‐time signalling experiment was based on a previously published CB2 receptor‐binding experiment.Key ResultsThe reference method with a group size (n) of 5 provided highly precise parameter estimates (coefficient of variation [CV] 3.4% for Emax and 0.72% for C50). A full kinetic method provided more precise estimates than the reference with equal or smaller group sizes. Note that group size ‘n’ here refers to the number of technical replicates rather than the number of biological replicates.Conclusion and ImplicationsA full kinetic method can yield more precise parameter estimates than the equilibrium method. Such an approach may be more useful for researchers.
Consistent trade‐offs in ecosystem services between land covers with different production intensities
Authors: Gómez‐Creutzberg Carla , Lagisz Malgorzata , Nakagawa Shinichi , Brockerhoff Eckehard G. , Tylianakis Jason M. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTSustaining multiple ecosystem services across a landscape requires an understanding of how consistently services are shaped by different categories of land uses. Yet, this understanding is generally constrained by the availability of fine‐resolution data for multiple services across large areas and the spatial variability of land‐use effects on services. We systematically surveyed published literature for New Zealand (1970–2015) to quantify the supply of 17 non‐production services across 25 land covers (as a proxy for land use). We found a consistent trade‐off in the services supplied by anthropogenic land covers with a high production intensity (e.g. cropping)versusthose with extensive or no production. By contrast, forest cover was not associated with any distinct patterns of service supply. By drawing on existing research findings, we reveal complementarity and redundancy (potentially influencing resilience) in service supply from different land covers. This will guide practitioners in shaping land systems that sustainably support human well‐being.
Combining ECG and echocardiography to identify transthyretin cardiac amyloidosis in heart failure
Authors: Löfbacka Viktor , Suhr Ole B. , Pilebro Bjorn , Wixner Jonas , Sundström Torbjorn , Lindmark Krister , Anan Intissar , Lindqvist Per 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAims/backgroundTransthyretin amyloid (ATTR) amyloidosis cardiomyopathy is an underdiagnosed, causatively treatable cause of heart failure (HF). The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiography on patients with increased interventricular septum diameter (IVSd) to identify ATTR cardiac amyloidosis (ATTR‐CA) patients.MethodsWe investigated 58 patients with HF and an IVSd > 14 mm. Included were 33 ATTR‐CA patients and 25 controls that consisted of non‐amyloidosis HFpatients with negative 99mTc‐3,3‐diphosphono‐1,2‐propanodicarboxylic acid (DPD) scintigraphy. We used echocardiography including 2D speckle‐tracking strain and a 12‐lead ECG to test the accuracy to differentiate the groups.ResultsWe found high diagnostic accuracy (98%) for differentiating ATTR‐CA from HF controls using a combination of R amplitude in ‐aVR from ECG and relative wall thickness acquired from echocardiography. With this combined model (RWT/R in ‐aVR), the sensitivity was 100% and specificity was 95% using a cut‐off value of 0.90. Furthermore, the area under the curve was 99% and the negative predictive value was 100%.ConclusionWe found that a simple combination of ECG and echocardiographic parameters used in clinical settings was able to differentiate ATTR‐CA from other aetiologies of HF with increased interventricular septum thickness. The high sensitivity and negative predictive value render the algorithm useful for selection of patients for further diagnostic procedures for ATTR‐CA.
Impact of preterm birth on the cellular characteristics of neonatal buccal cells
Authors: Donmez Hanife Guler , Celik Hasan Tolga , Kayki Gozdem , Yigit Sule , Yurdakok Murat , Cakar Ayse Nur , Beksac Mehmet Sinan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo demonstrate the impact of preterm birth on the cytological, cytomorphometrical, and nuclear parameters of neonatal buccal smears.MethodsThis study consisted of Early Preterm Neonates (EPN; ≤34th gestational week [gw]; n = 36), Late Preterm Neonates (LPN; 34th to <37th gw; n = 46), and Term Neonates (control; ≥37th gw; n = 56). Cytological evaluation and buccal cytome assay were performed using Papanicolaou and Feulgen methods, respectively.ResultsCytological evaluation demonstrated that smear background was cleaner (P < .05) and there were less macrophages in the control group (P < .001). Cyto‐morphometric analysis showed that the measurements of nuclear diameter, nuclear area, and nucleus‐to‐cytoplasm ratio were higher in the preterm (EPN and LPN) versus the control groups (P = .016, P < .001, and P < .001, respectively). We also demonstrated that staining intensity of the nucleus and cytoplasm were less intense in the EPN and LPN groups (P < .001). There was no statistically significant difference between the EPN and LPN groups for any parameters (P > .05). Buccal cytome assay showed that nuclear buds were more prevalent in term newborns compared to preterm neonates (P < .001).ConclusionsMorphological and cytological properties of neonatal buccal cells are influenced by preterm birth status, and buccal smears may be used as a tool to detect biological markers of neonatal health problems.
Immunocytochemistry for diagnostic cytopathology—A practical guide
Authors: Kanber Yonca , Pusztaszeri Marc , Auger Manon 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCytological specimens, which are obtained by minimally invasive methods, are an excellent source of diagnostic material. Sometimes they are the only material available for diagnosis as well as for prognostic/predictive markers. When cytomorphology is not straightforward, ancillary tests may be required for a definitive diagnosis to guide clinical management. Immunocytochemistry (ICC) is the most common and practical ancillary tool used to reach a diagnosis when cytomorphology is equivocal, to differentiate entities with overlapping morphological features, and to determine the cell lineage and the site of origin of a metastatic neoplasm. Numerous immunomarkers are available, and some are expressed in multiple neoplasms. To rule out entities within a differential diagnosis, the use of more than one marker, sometimes panels, is necessary. ICC panels for diagnostic purposes should be customised based on the clinical context and cytomorphology, and the markers should be used judiciously to preserve material for additional tests for targeted therapies in the appropriate setting. This review offers a practical guide for the use of ICC for diagnostic cytopathology, covering the most commonly encountered non‐hematolymphoid diagnostic scenarios in various body sites.
SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA may rarely be present in a uterine cervix LBC sample at the asymptomatic early stage of COVID 19 disease
Authors: Ondič Ondrej , Černá Kateřina , Kinkorová‐Luňáčková Iva , Němcová Jana , Mejchar Bořivoj , Chytra Jan , Bouda Jiří 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveCurrently, it is thought that uterine cervix mucosal samples present a low risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 exposure. So far, there is no evidence of SARS‐CoV‐2 detection in Papanicolaou (Pap) smears. Nevertheless, clinicians could be exposed unaware to the coronavirus while performing and handling a Pap smear. We aimed to retrospectively evaluate the presence of SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in cervical liquid‐based cytology (LBC) samples in women who tested positive for a nasopharyngeal COVID‐19 PCR test.MethodsFrom our laboratory database, we identified patients with data on a cervical cancer screening LBC sample paired with a positive nasopharyngeal COVID‐19 PCR test. Relevant LBC samples taken within an incubation period of 14 days and post‐onset RNA shedding interval of 25 days were subsequently tested for SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA using RT‐PCR tests.ResultsThe study group consisted of 102 women. Of those, 23 LBC samples were tested. SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA was detected in one LBC sample from a 26‐year‐old asymptomatic woman taken six days before reporting headaches and knee arthralgia with a positive nasopharyngeal SARS‐CoV‐2 RT‐PCR test.ConclusionsIt is possible to detect SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in cervical LBC samples at an early asymptomatic stage of COVID‐19. In general, this finding is infrequent in asymptomatic women who tested SARS‐CoV‐2 positive within an incubation of 14 days and a post‐onset RNA shedding period of 25 days. We fully support the current thinking that cervical LBC samples from asymptomatic women pose a low risk of SARS‐CoV‐2 exposure and can be handled in the frame of good microbiological practice and procedures.
An inquiry‐based, partial information exercise for teaching inventory management
Authors: Drake Matthew J. , Atkins Ryan D. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTWe present a classroom exercise developed to teach the tools of determining order quantities and reorder points for inventory management. This exercise presents the students with an inventory management scenario but only provides a portion of the data that are required to set order quantities and reorder points. The activity is a type of inquiry‐based, partial information exercise that requires the students to identify the data they need and request it from the instructor to develop their recommendations. It has been used successfully at both the undergraduate and graduate level to teach inventory management concepts.
An improved fatigue damage model based on the virtual load spectrum of golden section method
Authors: Liu Yating , Ye Nanhai , Hu Xiulin , Zhao Gongwei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper presents an improved damage model based on the construction technology of nonlinear partition virtual load spectrum by golden section method which is closer to the actual condition. In contrast to the Palmgren–Miner classical model, the result of fatigue life is more accurate. The improved damage model uses reliability instead of cumulative fatigue damage as the fatigue failure criterion. The objectives in this paper include verifying the convergence of the improved model and analyzing the influence of key parameters on fatigue life. The correction coefficient of the key parameters outperforms the traditional model which ignores the effect of stress sequence on fatigue. The fatigue life of several typical models and improved model is calculated and compared with the experimental results. It is shown that the improved model has higher accuracy and safety.
Vibration fatigue analysis of circumferentially notched specimens under coupled multiaxial random vibration environments
Authors: Luo Zhengbo , Vantadori Sabrina , Ronchei Camilla , Carpinteri Andrea , Chen Huaihai 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe time domain critical plane‐based Carpinteri et al. criterion and the Theory of the Critical Distance are here combined together to propose a novel procedure for vibration fatigue analysis of circumferentially notched specimens subjected to coupled multiaxial random vibration environments. A novel metallic testing equipment is specially devised for notched specimens; meanwhile, a biaxial random vibration environment fatigue test is specially implemented on notched specimens in order to investigate how both coherence and phase shift between the auto‐spectral density functions in different directions influence the specimen fatigue life. The location of the verification point where to perform the fatigue damage estimation is determined by applying both the point method and the Carpinteri et al. criterion (for damage evaluation). The obtained results prove that the proposed procedure can provide satisfactory fatigue life estimations.
Anthropogenic disturbances caused declines in the wetland area and carbon pool in China during the last four decades
Authors: Lu Mingzhi , Zou Yuanchun , Xun Qilei , Yu Zicheng , Jiang Ming , Sheng Lianxi , Lu Xianguo , Wang Deli 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWetlands are among the natural ecosystems with the highest soil carbon stocks on Earth. However, how anthropogenic disturbances have impacted the quantity and distribution of wetland carbon pool in China is not well understood. Here we used a comprehensive countrywide wetland inventory and Landsat 8 data to document the spatial patterns in China's wetland areas and carbon pools and to understand the underlying causes of their changes from the 1980s to 2010s. We found that the wetland area and carbon pool have decreased from 4.11 × 105 km2 and 15.2 Pg C in the 1980s to 2.14 × 105 km2 and 7.6 Pg C in the 2010s, respectively. Using the human influence index (HII) as a quantitative measure of anthropogenic disturbance intensity, we found a positive relationship between the HII values and wetland decreases in many regions and across China as a whole—which have increased 17% during the time period—indicating that anthropogenic disturbances have been a major factor causing wetland destruction in recent decades. This study provides new evidence for recent changes in China's wetland carbon pool and emphasizes the importance of mitigating anthropogenic disturbances for wetland conservation.
Grass silage composition and nutritive value on Northern Ireland farms between 1998 and 2017
Authors: Patterson J. David , Sahle Biruk , Gordon Alan W. , Archer John E. , Yan Tianhai , Grant Nick , Ferris Conrad P. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGrass silage is the predominant conserved forage offered to ruminant livestock within Northern Ireland (NI) when housed. This study involved the analysis of a dataset (n = 76,452 samples) comprising silage samples from commercial farms, analysed by the Agri‐Food and Biosciences Institute (AFBI) between 1998 and 2017. The effects of harvest number (1, 2 or 3) and year were examined. Most of the differences between harvests 1–3 were significant although these differences were of little biological significance. Silage crude protein (CP) increased from harvests 1 to 3, while ammonia N concentration was higher in 3rd harvests. Acid detergent fibre (ADF) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) concentrations decreased from harvest 1 to 3, while dry‐matter (DM) digestibility and D‐value (% DM) were higher in 1st compared to 2nd harvest. Across the twenty year period, silage DM and water soluble carbohydrate concentrations increased, while ADF and NDF concentrations decreased. Crude protein concentration did not change over time. There was no significant improvement in silage digestibility. While silage intake potential for dairy cows increased by approximately 8% (from 88.8 to 96.1 g kg W0.75, meant across all harvests), silage intake potential for beef cattle increased only within harvest 1. Despite overall increases in silage DM concentration, silage digestibility parameters did not show any significant improvement over the 20‐year period, highlighting the need for a renewed focus on improving silage nutritive value.