bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prothymosin α and its C-Terminal Immunoreactive Decapeptide
Show No Evidence of Acute Toxicity: A Preliminary In Silico, In Vitro
and In Vivo Investigation
Authors: Birmpilis Anastasios I. , Vitsos Panagiotis , Kostopoulos Ioannis V. , Williams Lillian , Ioannou Kyriaki , Samara Pinelopi , Karachaliou Chrysoula-Evangelia , Voutsas Ioannis F. , Alyfanti Elena , Angelis Nikolaos , Gavalas Nikolaos G. , Gkraikou Themis , Kappa Niki , Klagkou Eleftheria , Klimentzou Persefoni , Nikou Spiridoula , Papaioannou Nikos E. , Skopeliti Margarita , Toukli David , Dimopoulos Meletios-Athanasios , Bamias Aristotelis , Livaniou Evangelia , Kalbacher Hubert , Tsitsilonis Ourania E. , Voelter Wolfgang 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Members of the α-thymosin family have long been studied for
their immunostimulating properties. Among them, the danger-associated molecular patterns
(DAMPs) prothymosin α (proTα) and its C-terminal decapeptide proTα(100–109)
have been shown to act as immunomodulators in vitro, due to their ability to promote T
helper type 1 (Th1) responses. Recently, we verified these findings in vivo, showing that
both proTα and proTα(100-109) enhance antitumor-reactive T cell-mediated responses.

Methods:
In view of the eventual use of proTα and proTα(100-109) in humans, we investigated
their safety profile in silico, in human leukocytes and cancer cell lines in vitro,
and in immunocompetent mice in vivo, in comparison to the proTα derivative thymosin
alpha 1 (Τα1), a 28-mer peptide extensively studied for its safety in clinical trials.

Results:
In silico prediction via computational tools showed that all three peptide
sequences likely are non-toxic or do not induce allergic regions. In vitro, pro-
Tα, proTα(100-109) and Tα1 did not affect the viability of human cancer cell lines and
healthy donor-derived leukocytes, did not promote apoptosis or alter cell cycle distribution.
Furthermore, mice injected with proTα, proTα(100-109) and Tα1 at doses equivalent
to the suggested dose regimen of Tα1 in humans, did not show signs of acute toxicity,
whereas proTα and proTα(100-109) increased the levels of proinflammatory and Th1-
type cytokines in their peripheral blood.

Conclusion:
Our preliminary findings suggest that proTα and proTα(100-109), even at
high concentrations, are non-toxic in vitro and in an acute toxicity model in vivo; moreover,
we show that the two peptides retain their immunomodulatory properties in vivo
and, eventually, could be considered for therapeutic use in humans.
The Pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
Authors: Rashid Nurshamimi Nor 
Published: November 2021

:
Currently, the world is facing the emergence of a virus that causes pneumonia
in humans, which has a higher probability of causing complications, including respiratory
distress syndrome and death. The new coronavirus 2019 (2019-nCoV), which is currently
known as SARS-CoV-2, is the cause of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This
virus was first detected in Wuhan, Hubei Province of China, and appears to have been a
zoonotic infection that has now adapted to humans. On March 11, 2020, COVID-19 was
announced as a pandemic by the World Health Organisation (WHO), causing widespread
panic worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 is genetically similar to the 2003 Severe Acute Respiratory
Syndrome-related (SARS) and shares many similarities with the disease features of
influenza virus infection. Scientists around the world are racing towards the development
of vaccines and antivirals for COVID-19. This review will provide an update of COVID-19,
a brief review of the symptoms and route of transmission of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the
reason why it is highly infectious, as well as the currently available treatments and
comorbidities.
Spline Longitudinal Multi-response Model for the Detection of Lifestyle-
Based Changes in Blood Glucose of Diabetic Patients
Authors: Islamiyati Anna 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Blood sugar and lifestyle problems have long been problems in diabetes.
There has also been a lot of research on that. However, we see that diabetic patients are still increasing
even though many patients are not aware of the start of the disease occurrence. Therefore, we
consider it very important to examine these two main problems of diabetes by using a more flexible
statistical approach to obtain more specific results regarding the patient's condition.

Objective:
The form of data for type 2 diabetes patients is repeated measurements so that it is approached
through longitudinal studies. We investigated various intervals of pattern change that can
occur in blood glucose, namely fasting, random, and 2 hours after meals based on blood pressure
and carbohydrate diets in diabetic patients in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia.

Methods:
This research is a longitudinal study proposing a flexible and accurate statistical approach.
It is a weighted spline multi-response nonparametric regression model. This model is able
to detect any pattern of changes in irregular data in large dimensions. The data were obtained from
Hasanuddin University Teaching Hospital in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The number of
samples analyzed was 418 from 50 patients with different measurements.

Results:
The optimal spline model was obtained at 2 knots for blood pressure and 3 knots for carbohydrate
diets. There are three blood pressure intervals that give different patterns of increase in patient
blood glucose levels, namely below 126.6 mmHg, 126.6-163.3 mmHg, and above 163.3
mmHg. It was found that blood sugar rose sharply at blood pressure above 163.3 mmHg. Furthermore,
there are four carbohydrate diet intervals that are formed, which are below 118.6 g,
118.6-161.8 g, 161.8-205 g, and above 205 g. The result is that blood sugar decreased significantly
at intervals of carbohydrate diet 161.8-205 g.

Conclusion:
Blood glucose increases with a very high increase in blood pressure, whereas for a carbohydrate
diet, there is no guarantee that a high diet will be able to reduce blood glucose significantly.
This may be affected by the patient's saturation of a very high carbohydrate diet.
Keywords: Blood glucose, blood pressure, carbohydrate diet, multi-response, nonparametric regression, spline
Model of Streptozotocin-nicotinamide Induced Type 2 Diabetes: a Comparative
Review
Authors: Ved Akash , Rais Nadeem , Ahmad Rizwan , Parveen Kehkashan , Gautam Girendra Kumar , Bari Darakhshan Gazala , Shukla Karuna S. , Gaur Ravi , Singh Akhand Pratap 
Published: November 2021

:
The aim of the present study was to review the streptozotocin-nicotinamide (STZ-NA)
diabetes model. Type 2 diabetes is more prevalent (90-95%) in adults than type 1. Experimentally-
induced diabetes models may be established by chemicals, viral agents, insulin antibodies,
surgery, etc. The most advisable and prompt method to induce diabetes is using chemicals, and
STZ and alloxan are widely used chemicals. STZ has proven to be a better diabetogenic agent than
alloxan because alloxan has many drawbacks, as it induces only type 1 diabetes, has a high mortality
rate in rats, and causes ketosis in animals. Moreover, it has lesser selectivity towards β-cells, and
the diabetes-induced is reversible. STZ can be used to induce both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. It is
noted that the genotoxic behavior of STZ in animals is accomplished through a reduction of nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) in pancreatic β-cells via the GLUT2 (Glucose transporter 2),
which can cause cellular damage by DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid) strand breaks that lead to cell
death. NA is a biochemical precursor of NAD+, and it is a poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase-1 (PARP-
1) inhibitor. NAD+ is an important redox reaction co-enzyme for the production of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) and many other metabolic pathways. Extreme DNA damage contributes to the
over-activation of PARP-1, loss of cellular resources, and necrotic cells death. Some studies have
expressed that NA can protect pancreatic β-cells against the severe cytotoxicity of STZ. The review
concluded that the STZ-NA model is dependent on the competency of NA to attain partial protection
against the β-cytotoxic essence of STZ to induce type-2 diabetes.
Role of Lipid Nanoparticles in COVID-19 in Repurposing Drugs and Vaccines
Authors: Basnet Rajesh , Basnet Til Bahadur , Basnet Buddha Bahadur , Khadka Sandhya , Sapkota Sanjeep 
Published: November 2021

Background:The spread of new coronavirus 2019, the causative agent of viral pneumonia documented in Wuhan, brought a recent public health crisis globally. The best solution to overcome this pandemic is developing suitable and effective vaccines and therapeutics. However, discovering and creating a new drug is a lengthy process requiring rigorous testing and validation.Objective:Despite many newly discovered and old repurposed COVID-19 drugs under clinical trial, more emphasis should be given to research on COVID-19 NPs-based medicines, which could improve the efficacy of antiviral drugs to reduce their side effects. The use of NPs as carriers can reduce the frequency and duration of drug ingestion, enhance approved antiviral therapeutics' effectiveness, and overcome their limitations, such as low bioavailability. Besides, they can play a crucial role in fighting against the COVID-19 pandemic. In this regard, nanotechnology provides opportunities to develop new strategies for preventing, diagnosing, and treating COVID-19.Conclusion:This review highlighted the importance of NMs-based technical solutions in antiviral drugs for testing against the SARS-CoV-2 virus emergencies in the form of nanotherapeutics.
Inhibition of Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection by Pt/TiO2-SiO2
Bionanocatalysts
Authors: López-Goerne Tessy , de la Rosa-Gutiérrez Gabriela , Padilla-Godínez Francisco J. , Bustos-Martínez Jaime , López Susana , Xoconostle-Cázares Beatriz , de la Rosa José Manuel 
Published: November 2021

Background:
The rapid mutation of the H1N1 strain of the Influenza virus makes it quite
difficult to treat once the infection has spread. The development of new treatments based on the destabilization
of the genetic material, regardless of the sequence, is necessary.

Objective:
The study aims to evaluate the antiviral properties of Pt/TiO2-SiO2 bionanocatalysts
against Influenza A (H1N1) virus in a post-infection model and to characterize the morphology of
the nanoparticles.

Methods:
The bionanocatalysts were synthesized by the sol-gel method. Electron Microscopy studies
were performed to evaluate the grain size and morphology of pure nanoparticles. Madin-Darby Canine
Kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells were infected with Influenza A (H1N1) virus. They were treated
with 500 μL of three viral suspensions (1:50, 1:100, and 1:1000) and 500 μL of a nanoparticle
suspension (2 ng/mL). The presence of the virus was identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
endpoint and the antiviral properties of the nanoparticles were identified in terms of infection reduction
calculated by real-time PCR using Influenza A and H1N1 subtype primers. The percentage of
infection reduction was calculated by comparing control samples and samples treated with the bionanocatalysts.

Results:
The Pt/TiO2-SiO2 bionanocatalysts showed highly surface-dispersed platinum nanoparticles
with an average particle size of 1.23 ± 0.36 nm in the amorphous oxide matrix. The nanoparticles
showed antiviral properties with a maximum reduction in viral proliferation of 65.2 ± 3.3%.

Conclusion:
Pt/TiO2-SiO2 bionanocatalysts were able to reduce Influenza A (H1N1) viral infection
65.2 ± 3.3%; the results suggest the biocompatibility with healthy tissues and in vitro antiviral properties.
Further studies should be conducted to identify the concentration required to achieve total
virus clearance. However, the outcome of the present work suggests the possibility of implementing
bionanocatalysts as treatments for Influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, especially at an advanced
stage of infection.
Network Pharmacology-Based and Molecular Docking Analysis of Resveratrol’s
Pharmacological Effects on Type I Endometrial Cancer
Authors: Zheng Yanmei , Zhong Zixing , Guo Xin 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol commonly seen in foods. It has demonstrated an inhibitive
effect on endometrial cancer, but the molecular action is still not known.

Objective:
We aimed to use network pharmacology to systematically study the possible mechanisms of resveratrol’s
pharmacological effects on type I endometrial cancer.

Methods:
Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform (TCMSP) were used
to predict resveratrol’s possible target genes. They were then converted to UniProt gene symbols. Simultaneously, type
I endometrial cancer-related target genes were collected from GeneCards. All data were pooled to identify common
target genes. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network was constructed and further analyzed via STRING Online
Database. Gene Ontology (GO) functional annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway
were also performed afterward. To visualise resveratrol's overall pharmacological effects on type I endometrial
cancer, a network of drug components-target gene-disease (CTD) was constructed. Then, we performed in silico molecular
docking study to validate the possible binding conformation between resveratrol and candidate targets.

Results:
There are 150 target genes of resveratrol retrieved after UniProt conversion; 122 of them shared interaction
with type I endometrial cancer. Some important oncogenes and signaling pathways are involved in the process of resveratrol’s
pharmacological effects on endometrioid cancer. Molecular docking analysis confirmed that hydrogen bonding
and hydrophobic interaction are the main interaction between resveratrol and its targets.

Conclusion:
We have explored the possible underlying mechanism of resveratrol in antagonising type I endometrial
cancer through a network pharmacology-based approach and in-silico verification. However, further experiments are
necessary to add to the evidence identifying resveratrol as a promising anti-type I endometrial cancer agent.
Rational Design of Anti-Angiogenic Peptides to Inhibit VEGF/VEGFR2 Interactions
for Cancer Therapeutics
Authors: Farajnia Safar , Barzegar Abolfazl , Ghasemali Samaneh , Rahmati Mohammad , Negahdari Babak , Rahbarnia Leila , Yousefi-Nodeh Hamidreza 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Angiogenesis is a critical physiological process that plays a key role in tumor progression,
metastatic dissemination, and invasion. In the last two decades, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling
pathway has been the area of extensive researches. VEGF executes its special effects by binding to vascular endothelial
growth factor receptors (VEGFRs), particularly VEGFR-2.

Objective:
The inhibition of VEGF/VEGFR2 interaction is known as an effective cancer therapy strategy. The current study pointed to design and model an anti-VEGF peptide based on VEGFR2 binding regions.

Method:
The large-scale peptide mutation screening was used to achieve a potent peptide with high binding affinity to
VEGF for possible application in inhibition of VEGF/VEGFR2 interaction. The AntiCP and Peptide Ranker servers
were used to generate the possible peptides library with anticancer activities and prediction of peptides bioactivity.
Then, the interaction of VEGF and all library peptides were analyzed using Hex 8.0.0 and ClusPro tools. A number of
six peptides with favorable docking scores were achieved. All of the best docking scores of peptides in complexes with
VEGF were evaluated to confirm their stability, using molecular dynamics simulation (MD) with the help of the
GROMACS software package.

Results:
As a result, two antiangiogenic peptides with 13 residues of PepA (NGIDFNRDFFLGL) and PepC
(NGIDFNRDKFLFL) were achieved and introduced to inhibit VEGF/VEGFR2 interactions

Conclusions:
In summary, this study provided new insights into peptide-based therapeutics development for targeting
VEGF signaling pathway in tumor cells. PepA and PepC are recommended as potentially promising anticancer agents
for further experimental evaluations.
Dipsacoside B Exerts a Beneficial Effect on Brain Injury in the Ischemic
Stroke Rat through Inhibition of Mitochondrial E3 Ubiquitin Ligase 1
Authors: Ren Kai-Di , Peng Zi-Mei , Tian Jing , Peng Ya-Wei , Zhang Yi-Yue , Zhang Xiao-Jie , Hu Zhong-Yang , Luo Xiu-Ju , Peng Jun 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Upregulation of mitochondrial E3 ubiquitin ligase 1 (Mul1) contributes to
brain injury in ischemic stroke due to disturbance of mitochondrial dynamics, and bioinformatics
analysis predicts that Mul1 is a potential target of Dipsacoside B.

Objective:
The aim of the study was to explore whether Dipsacoside B can exert a beneficial effect
on brain injury in the ischemic stroke rat via targeting Mul1.

Methods:
The SD rat brains or PC12 cells were subjected to 2 h-ischemia or 8 h-hypoxia plus 24
h-reperfusion or 24 h-reoxygenation to establish the ischemic stroke rat model in vivo or in vitro,
which were treated with Dipsacoside B at different dosages. The brain or PC12 cell injury, relevant
protein levels and mitochondrial functions were measured by methods of biochemistry, flow cytometry
or Western blot.

Results:
The neurological dysfunction and brain injury (such as infarction and apoptosis) observed
in the ischemic stroke rats were accompanied by increases in Mul1 and dynamin-related protein 1
(Drp1) levels along with decreases in mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) level and ATP production. These effects
were attenuated by Dipsacoside B. Consistently, cell injury (necroptosis and apoptosis) occurred in
the PC12 cells exposed to hypoxia concomitant with the upregulation of Mul1 and Drp1 along with
downregulation of Mfn2 and mitochondrial functions (such as increases in reactive oxygen species
production and mitochondrial fission and decreases in mitochondrial membrane potential and ATP
production).These phenomena were reversed in the presence of Dipsacoside B.

Conclusion:
Dipsacoside B can protect the rat brain against ischemic injury via inhibition of Mul1 due to the improvement of mitochondrial function.
Recent Patents on the Structure of Medical Endoscope
Authors: Bao Yu-Dong , Li Kai , Qi Dong-Bo , Wen Wei , Liu He-Jun 
Published: November 2021

Background:
The medical endoscope is a major functional component of medical
equipment that has become the focus of study around the world.

Objective:
By comparing and discussing the patents of the medical endoscope, some valuable conclusions
have been drawn to predict the future research and development of the medical endoscope.

Methods:
By analyzing the patent features of the medical endoscope in the mechanical structure,
image display, and endoscope system, the function of the medical endoscope on the detection of
human internal tissues has been explained. In combination with the key technology of the medical
endoscope, related patents have been studied.

Results:
With the rapid development of technology in the medical industry and the need for practical
applications, there is an increase in the requirements for medical endoscopes. Medical endoscopes
have undergone a lot of innovations in mechanical structure, imaging, and endoscopic systems.
By comparing the characteristics of various patents of medical endoscopes, the main problems
of current medical endoscopes, such as complicated structure and poor lighting imaging effect,
are analyzed and summarized. The further development trend of medical endoscopes has also
been discussed.

Conclusion:
By improving and optimizing the mechanical structure of the medical endoscope, the
lighting method, and the three directions of the system, the performance of the medical endoscope
can be improved, and the loopholes in the current technology can be solved. Moreover, it will be
more practical.
A Review of Recent Patents on Structures Related to Tracheal Stents
Authors: Bao Yudong , Qu Shengqian , Zhao Yanling , Li Kai 
Published: November 2021

Background:
The trachea is an important part of the respiratory system. Long-term airway
diseases and the effects of human physiological conditions can cause trachea stenosis. This will
seriously affect patients’ physical health. Tracheal stents can provide durable support by means of
dilating the narrowed area; they can effectively relieve the patient's breathing difficulties, which is
of value that is more practical.

Objective:
To meet the vital requirements for better adaptation to the human airway environment
and prevent complications associated with stent placement, the construction and materials of tracheal
stents have been improved constantly.

Methods:
This paper investigates various representative patents related to the tracheal stent. The
structure type, placement method and applications situation of these tracheal stents are discussed.

Results:
The characteristics of different types of tracheal stents are analyzed. This paper analyzes
the main problems in its development. The solutions to the issues and the current and future research
on tracheal stents are discussed.

Conclusion:
The tracheal stents are classified into metal stent, silicone stent, biodegradable stent
and hybrid material stent. Further improvements are needed in the aspects of structural design, safety,
applicability, biocompatibility, algorithm of drive model of tracheal stent. More related patents
about tracheal stents need to be developed.
Dinamika Psikologis Motivasi Berprestasi Remaja Down syndrome
Authors: Ayu Diah Novita 
Published: November 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan dinamika psikologi motivasi berprestasi pada remaja down syndrome. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan tipe studi kasus. Subjek dalam penelitian ini yaitu tiga remaja down syndrome berprestasi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui wawancara semi terstruktur. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan analisis interaktif dari Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian memberikan gambaran dinamika psikologis motivasi prestasi ketiga subjek, yaitu: (1) Subjek BS memiliki motif berprestasi mendapatkan piala dan menang lomba dikarenakan adanya pengalaman keberhasilan, tujuan mendapatkan hadiah, efikasi diri, dukungan guru secara emosional, dan dukungan orang tua; (2) Subjek FS memiliki motif berprestasi menjadi pintar dan mendapatkan tepuk tangan yang dilatarbelakangi adanya pengalaman keberhasilan, kemandirian dalam berlatih, tujuan menjadi pintar dan mendapatkan tepuk tangan, efikasi diri, rasa senang pada aktivitas yang dilakukan, dukungan guru secara emosional, dan dukungan orang tua membuat FS senang ikut lomba; (3) Subjek BG memiliki motif berprestasi mendapatkan hadiah dan menang lomba yang dilatarbelakangi pengalaman keberhasilan, kemandirian dalam berlatih, tujuan mendapatkan hadiah, efikasi diri, dukungan guru dengan memberikan hadiah, dan dukungan orang tua membuat BG semangat berlomba.