bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Association between metabolic syndrome and Behçet's disease: A nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Lee JiHyun , Yoo SeungAh , Han Kyung Do , Han Ju Hee , Bang Chul Hwan , Park YoungMin , Lee Jun Young , Park Yong‐Gyu , Lee YoungBok 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMetabolic syndrome (MetS) is characterized by insulin resistance, high blood pressure/sugar, dyslipidemia, and obesity. Whether MetS and its components affect the development of Behçet's disease (BD) remains unclear. This study was performed to investigate the associations between metabolic syndrome and risk of BD using nationwide population data. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of 10 505 818 Korean subjects who received health checkups in 2009–2012. Patients were classified into a MetS and its components group and were followed‐up until 2016 for new‐onset BD. A Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the independent or synergistic effects of MetS and its components on the risk of incident BD. Compared to subjects without MetS components, the hazard ratio (HR) for development of BD in patients with MetS was 0.874 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.819–0.933) and this association was more prominent when all components of MetS were present (HR = 0.675, 95% CI = 0.571–0.798). Subjects with low high density lipoprotein (HDL) has a significantly increased risk of the development of BD (HR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.4–1.594) compared to controls. This study showed that the incidence of Behçet's disease was reduced in subjects with MetS. Moreover, the presence of MetS components, with the exception of HDL, was negatively related to the development of BD.
An increase in normetanephrine in hair follicles of acne lesions through the sympatho‐adrenal medullary system in acne patients with anxiety
Authors: Mizuno Koji , Sakaue Hiroaki , Kohsaka Keita , Takeda Hidetomo , Hayashi Nobukazu , Sato Takashi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAcne vulgaris, a chronic inflammatory skin disease, has been associated with not only sebaceous gland dysfunction but also various endogenous and exogenous stresses. Since sebaceous glands are under neuroendocrine control, including the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis and neuro‐autocrine mechanisms, it remains unclear how psychological stress relates to the pathogenesis of acne. In this study, we investigated the relationship between psychological stress and catecholamine in acne lesions from 18 patients with mild or moderate acne. The State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) revealed that all patients were anxious, with six having low anxiety and 12 high anxiety. Salivary α‐amylase activity (sAA), which is regulated by the sympatho‐adrenal medullary (SAM) system, positively correlated with the STAI State Anxiety scores (STAI‐S) and was significantly detectable in acne patients with high rather than low anxiety. In addition, the level of normetanephrine, but not metanephrine, both of which are catecholamine metabolites, in hair follicles of acne lesions also positively correlated with the STAI‐S. Furthermore, the normetanephrine level was higher in patients with high rather than low anxiety, whereas there was no change in metanephrine in the hair follicles of the acne lesions. Moreover, neither the sAA nor metanephrine and normetanephrine in the acne lesions was related to acne severity in the patients. Thus, these results provide novel evidence that a SAM system‐associated increase of normetanephrine level in hair follicles is involved in the acne pathology of patients with anxiety.
Occupational therapy for people with mask anxiety undergoing radiotherapy
Authors: Effeney Lauren C. , Nixon Jodie L. , Pigott Amanda E. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionUp to one third of people with head and neck cancer undergoing radiation therapy experience mask anxiety. However, there is limited literature guiding the role of health professionals, including occupational therapists, in managing mask anxiety. This study aimed to explore the content of occupational therapy interactions with people who have identified mask anxiety.MethodsA cohort of 20 participants with identified mask anxiety engaged in semi‐structured interviews with occupational therapists. Theoretical thematic analysis and the framework provided by the Canadian Model of Occupational Performance and Engagement (CMOP‐E) were employed to explore the content of occupational therapy interactions with people experiencing mask anxiety.ResultsTheoretical thematic analysis identified 13 relevant themes with 49 codes relating to the interaction between participants and occupational therapists. Analysis of these interactions identified the occupational therapy role to be holistic and multifaceted. The cognitive, affective, and institutional components of the CMOP‐E were dominantly explored by the occupational therapists with participants. Occupation, spirituality, and the cultural environment were either not addressed or minimally discussed with participants.ConclusionThe management of mask anxiety during radiation therapy is a novel area of practice for occupational therapists. The results of this study suggest that the occupational therapy profession explores a range of factors with the person undergoing radiation therapy with mask anxiety, and that the CMOP‐E model can be used to guide these interactions. Future research is required to further define this role and its efficacy in managing mask anxiety.
Estuarine microbial diversity and nitrogen cycling increase along sand–mud gradients independent of salinity and distance
Authors: Boey Jian Sheng , Mortimer Redmond , Couturier Agathe , Worrallo Katie , Handley Kim M. 
Published: May 2021

SummaryEstuaries are depositional environments prone to terrigenous mud sedimentation. While macrofaunal diversity and nitrogen retention are greatly affected by changes in sedimentary mud content, its impact on prokaryotic diversity and nitrogen cycling activity remains understudied. We characterized the composition of estuarine tidal flat prokaryotic communities spanning a habitat range from sandy to muddy sediments, while controlling for salinity and distance. We also determined the diversity, abundance and expression of ammonia oxidizers and N2O‐reducers within these communities by amoA and clade I nosZ gene and transcript analysis. Results show that prokaryotic communities and nitrogen cycling fractions were sensitive to changes in sedimentary mud content, and that changes in the overall community were driven by a small number of phyla. Significant changes occurred in prokaryotic communities and N2O‐reducing fractions with only a 3% increase in mud, while thresholds for ammonia oxidizers were less distinct, suggesting other factors are also important for structuring these guilds. Expression of nitrogen cycling genes was substantially higher in muddier sediments, and results indicate that the potential for coupled nitrification–denitrification became increasingly prevalent as mud content increased. Altogether, results demonstrate that mud content is a strong environmental driver of diversity and N‐cycling dynamics in estuarine microbial communities.
Fake News, Epistemic Coverage and Trust
Authors: Ryan Shane 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article makes the case that a deficit or absence of trust in media sources to report on newsworthy items facilitates acceptance of fake news. The article begins by identifying the sort of fake news that is of interest for the purposes of this article. Epistemic coverage is then explained—in particular, how an individual's expectations about their epistemic environment can lead them to accepting or rejecting claims. The article explains that when an individual believes that mainstream media report on what is deemed newsworthy, it follows that an individual will have grounds to dismiss a newsworthy claim that has not been reported upon—such as a claim made by fake news. Trust—which has both a believed competence requirement and a believed goodwill requirement—is then discussed as part of this explanation. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the argument for regulating mainstream media.
Comparing the value of community benefit and Tax‐Exemption in non‐profit hospitals
Authors: Zare Hossein , Eisenberg Matthew D. , Anderson Gerard 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveWe examined the characteristics of non‐profit hospitals providing more community benefits and charity care than value of their tax exemptions and how this relationship changed between 2011 and 2018.Data sourcesPrimary dataset was schedule H Form IRS 990 data. This data was merged with the American Hospital Association, Medicare Hospital Cost Report, and the America Community Survey.Study designWe measured six categories of tax benefits and 17 types of community benefits. Subtracting the average value of community benefits provided by for‐profit hospitals, we computed incremental community benefit and charity care provided by each non‐profit hospital.Extraction methodsA nationally representative sample was created of 11 776 non‐profit hospital‐year observations from 1472 unique hospitals over the 2011 to 2018 period was created. Descriptive analyses and random effect logistic regression were used to show associations between hospital characteristics and difference between incremental net community benefits and the value of tax‐exemption.Principal findingsAfter adjusting for community benefits provided by for‐profits hospitals, on average, non‐profit hospitals spent 5.9% (CI: 5.8%‐6.0%) of their total expenses on community benefits; 1.3% (CI: 1.2%‐1.3%) on charity care; and received 4.3% (CI: 4.2%‐4.4%) of total expenses in tax exemptions. A total of 38.5% of non‐profit hospitals did not provide more community benefit and 86% did not provide more charity care than the value of their tax exemption. Hospitals with fewer beds, providing residency education and located in high poverty communities were more likely to provide more incremental community benefits and charity care than the value of their tax exemption, while system affiliation had a negative association.ConclusionThe amount of community benefits and charity care provided by non‐profits varied substantially across non‐profit hospitals. Establishing minimum requirements for non‐profit hospitals or publicly ranking hospitals based on their community benefit or charity care contributions, could encourage greater community benefits and charity care.
Efficacy and safety of daprodustat in Japanese peritoneal dialysis patients
Authors: Kanai Hidetoshi , Nangaku Masaomi , Nagai Reiko , Okuda Nobuhiko , Kurata Kyo , Nagakubo Takashi , Endo Yukihiro , Cobitz Alexander 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDaprodustat is a hypoxia‐inducible factor‐prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor for the treatment of anemia of chronic kidney disease. This phase 3 study evaluated the efficacy and safety of daprodustat in an uncontrolled cohort of 56 Japanese peritoneal dialysis patients with anemia over 52 weeks. Subjects received daprodustat 4 mg orally once daily for 4 weeks and the dose was subsequently adjusted every 4 weeks. Mean baseline hemoglobin was 10.9 g/dL (95% CI 10.59, 11.12). Mean hemoglobin reached the target range (11.0–13.0 g/dL) at week 12 and was maintained until week 52. Mean hemoglobin during weeks 40–52 was 12.1 g/dL (95% CI 12.0, 12.2). The most frequent adverse events included nasopharyngitis (29%), catheter‐site infection (18%), peritonitis (16%), diarrhea (14%), and nausea (11%). No deaths were reported. Once‐daily oral daprodustat treatment was generally well tolerated and mean hemoglobin was achieved and maintained within the target range in Japanese peritoneal dialysis participants.
Fatty acid composition, oxidative stability, and sensory evaluation of the sausages produced from the meat of pigs fed a diet enriched with 8% of fish oil
Authors: Komprda Tomas , Jůzl Miroslav , Matejovičová Milena , Piechowiczová Markéta , Popelková Vendula , Vymazalová Pavla , Nedomová Šárka , Levá Lenka 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe objective of the present study was to increase by dietary means the long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC‐PUFA) n‐3 content in selected meat products. Fatty acid (FA) composition, texture, sensory characteristics, and oxidative stability were determined in the Vienna sausages (V‐sausages) and Bologna‐type salami (B‐salami) produced from the meat of six pigs fed a standard feed (control, C) and six pigs fed a standard feed enriched with 8% of fish oil (F), respectively. The saturated FA content in the unheated FV and FB products was decreased (p < 0.05) by 24% and 39%, PUFA n‐6/n‐3 ratio improved (p < 0.001) from 13.9 to 2.8 and from 13.5 to 2.6, respectively. LC‐PUFA n‐3 content in the VF and BF products was 360 and 214 mg/100 g, which corresponds to 80% and 48% of the recommended daily intake. Interestingly, dietary fish oil decreased (p < 0.01) instrumentally the measured core hardness of the V‐sausages, but increased (p < 0.001) this texture characteristic in the B‐salami. Malondialdehyde content in the VF and BF products increased (p < 0.05) on average by 23% and the flavor of the heated FV sausages scored lower (p < 0.05) in comparison with the C‐counterparts.
Microbiome and osteoarthritis: New insights from animal and human studies
Authors: Tan Tze Chin , Chong Timothy Kit Yeong , Low Andrea Hsiu Ling , Leung Ying Ying 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOsteoarthritis (OA) is a common cause of disability, especially among the elderly. With an ageing and increasingly obese population, OA will become more prevalent. Obesity and metabolic syndrome are risk factors for OA and have been implicated in its pathogenesis. The gut microbiome may shed light on this possible common pathogenesis. Recent animal and human studies have gained important insights into the relationship between OA, obesity, and the gut microbiome. Animal studies have demonstrated links between obesity and increased severity of OA and altered gut microbial DNA profile. Use of prebiotics and probiotics in animal trials provides proof‐of‐concept that interventional options to the gut microbiome can modulate the progression of OA favorably. Current evidence in human studies is limited. Shifts in gut microbial profile and reduced gut microbial diversity have been associated with people with OA, as well as blood and synovial fluid lipopolysaccharide endotoxemia. Linkages between microbiome dysbiosis and host responses may help in the understanding of OA pathogenesis and the discovery of therapeutic targets. This narrative review provides a summary of up‐to‐date animal and human studies on the gut microbiome and its link with OA.
Perioperative management of children with neuromuscular disorders based on a common protocol: A prospective, national study in Italy
Authors: Racca Fabrizio , Longhitano Yaroslava , Wolfler Andrea , Carfagna Fabio , Grattarola Claudia , Serio Paola , Sbaraglia Fabio , Amigoni Angela , Savron Fabio , Caramelli Fabio , Montagnini Luigi , Astuto Marinella , Gallo Elisa , Zanza Christian , Vaschetto Rosanna , Conti Giorgio 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundChildren with neuromuscular diseases (NMDs) often display respiratory muscle weakness which increases the risk of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) after general anaesthesia. Non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) associated with mechanical insufflation–exsufflation (MI‐E) can reduce the incidence and severity of PPCs. The aim of this study was to report our experience with a shared perioperative protocol that consists in using NIV combined with MI‐E to improve the postoperative outcome of NMD children (IT‐NEUMA‐Ped).MethodWe conducted a multicentre, observational study on 167 consecutive paediatric patients with NMDs undergoing anaesthesia from December 2015 to December 2018 in a network of 13 Italian hospitals.ResultsWe found that 89% of the 167 children (mean age 8 years old) were at high risk of PPCs, due to the presence of at least one respiratory risk factor. In particular, 51% of them had preoperative ventilatory support dependence. Only 14 (8%) patients developed PPCs, and only two patients needed tracheostomy. Average hospital length of stay (LOS) was 6 (2‐14) days. The study population was stratified according to preoperative respiratory devices dependency and invasiveness of the procedure. Patients with preoperative ventilatory support dependence showed significantly higher intensive care unit (ICU) admission rate and longer hospital LOS.ConclusionDisease severity seems to be more related to the outcome of this population than invasiveness of procedures. NIV combined with MI‐E can help in preventing and resolve PPCs.
Microglial MT1 activation inhibits LPS‐induced neuroinflammation via regulation of metabolic reprogramming
Authors: Gu Chao , Wang Fen , Zhang Yu‐Ting , Wei Shi‐Zhuang , Liu Jun‐Yi , Sun Hong‐Yang , Wang Guang‐Hui , Liu Chun‐Feng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractParkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Although its pathogenesis remains unclear, a number of studies indicate that microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation makes a great contribution to the pathogenesis of PD. Melatonin receptor 1 (MT1) is widely expressed in glia cells and neurons in substantia nigra (SN). Neuronal MT1 is a neuroprotective factor, but it remains largely unknown whether dysfunction of microglial MT1 is involved in the PD pathogenesis. Here, we found that MT1 was reduced in microglia of SN in 1‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)‐induced PD mouse model. Microglial MT1 activation dramatically inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced neuroinflammation, whereas loss of microglial MT1 aggravated it. Metabolic reprogramming of microglia was found to contribute to the anti‐inflammatory effects of MT1 activation. LPS‐induced excessive aerobic glycolysis and impaired oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) could be reversed by microglial MT1 activation. MT1 positively regulated pyruvate dehydrogenase alpha 1 (PDHA1) expression to enhance OXPHOS and suppress aerobic glycolysis. Furthermore, in LPS‐treated microglia, MT1 activation decreased the toxicity of conditioned media to the dopaminergic (DA) cell line MES23.5. Most importantly, the anti‐inflammatory effects of MT1 activation were observed in LPS‐stimulated mouse model. In general, our study demonstrates that MT1 activation inhibits LPS‐induced microglial activation through regulating its metabolic reprogramming, which provides a mechanistic insight for microglial MT1 in anti‐inflammation.
Accuracy of Consumer‐marketed smartphone‐paired alcohol breath testing devices: A laboratory validation study
Authors: Delgado Mucio Kit , Shofer Frances , Wetherill Reagan , Curtis Brenda , Hemmons Jessica , Spencer Evan , Branas Charles , Wiebe Douglas J. , Kranzler Henry R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough alcohol breath testing devices that pair with smartphones are promoted for the prevention of alcohol‐impaired driving, their accuracy has not been established.MethodsIn a within‐subjects laboratory study, we administered weight‐based doses of ethanol to two groups of 10 healthy, moderate drinkers aiming to achieve a target peak blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.10%. We obtained a peak phlebotomy BAC and measured breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) with a police‐grade device (Intoxilyzer 240) and two randomly ordered series of 3 consumer smartphone‐paired devices (6 total devices) with measurements every 20 min until the BrAC reached <0.02% on the police device. Ten participants tested the first 3 devices, and the other 10 participants tested the other 3 devices. We measured mean paired differences in BrAC with 95% confidence intervals between the police‐grade device and consumer devices.ResultsThe enrolled sample (N = 20) included 11 females; 15 white, 3 Asian, and 2 Black participants; with a mean age of 27 and mean BMI of 24.6. Peak BACs ranged from 0.06–0.14%. All 7 devices underestimated BAC by >0.01%, though the BACtrack Mobile Pro and police‐grade device were consistently more accurate than the Drinkmate and Evoc. Compared with the police‐grade device measurements, the BACtrack Mobile Pro readings were consistently higher, the BACtrack Vio and Alcohoot measurements similar, and the Floome, Drinkmake, and Evoc consistently lower. The BACtrack Mobile Pro and Alcohoot were most sensitive in detecting BAC driving limit thresholds, while the Drinkmate and Evoc devices failed to detect BAC limit thresholds more than 50% of the time relative to the police‐grade device.ConclusionsThe accuracy of smartphone‐paired devices varied widely in this laboratory study of healthy participants. Although some devices are suitable for clinical and research purposes, others underestimated BAC, creating the potential to mislead intoxicated users into thinking that they are fit to drive.
Megafire causes persistent loss of an old‐forest species
Authors: Jones G. M. , Kramer H. A. , Berigan W. J. , Whitmore S. A. , Gutiérrez R. J. , Peery M. Z. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractClimate change and a long legacy of fire suppression are leading to an increased prevalence of ‘mega‐disturbances’ such as drought and wildfire in terrestrial ecosystems. Evidence for the immediate effects of these novel disturbances on wildlife is accumulating, but little information exists on longer term impacts to species and ecosystems. We studied the occurrence dynamics of an iconic old‐forest species, the spotted owl (Strix occidentalis), on a long‐term study area in the Sierra Nevada, CA, USA from 1989 to 2020 to evaluate their multi‐scale population response following a 2014 megafire (the ‘King’ Fire) that affected a portion of our study area. We found that extensive severe fire within spotted owl sites resulted in both immediate site abandonment and prolonged lack of re‐colonization by owls six years post‐fire. Sites that experienced high pyrodiversity – a mosaic of burn severities – were more likely to persist after the fire, but this effect was only apparent at finer spatial scales. A potentially confounding factor, post‐fire salvage logging, did not explain variability in the probability of either owls persisting at sites or sites becoming re‐colonized; effects could be attributed only to severe fire extent and pyrodiversity. Our study demonstrates the prolonged effects of severe fire on the occupancy of this forest‐dependent species, suggesting that forest restoration that reduces megafires could benefit spotted owls. Our work emphasizes that long‐term monitoring can offer surprising learning opportunities and provide unparalleled value for understanding and addressing emerging environmental concerns.
Mutation spectrum of hereditary myopathies in Turkish patients and novel variants
Authors: Saat Hanife , Sahin Ibrahim 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHereditary myopathies are a heterogeneous disorder known to be associated with more than 100 genes. Although hereditary myopathy subgroups can be partially described with traditional methods such as muscle biopsy, next‐generation sequencing (NGS) is essential to reveal the disease's underlying genetic etiology and molecular mechanisms. In this study, we performed clinical exome sequencing or whole‐exome sequencing (CES/WES) in 20 unrelated Turkish patients. Thirteen pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants, including five novel variantswere detected in the 16 known hereditary myopathy genes. We achieved a high rate of diagnosis (65%) compared to previous studies. The most common condition noticed was limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD), which should not be ignored in patients diagnosed with myopathy. CES or WES provides a certain molecular diagnosis from a broad perspective to demonstrate underlying genetic causes in heterogeneous disorders. Therefore, exome sequencing offers a higher and more complete diagnosis than the gene panel.