bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment for Amblyopia: Results Using Occlusive Contact Lens
Authors: Eustis H Sprague , Chamberlain David 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: Amblyopia treatment occasionally is complicated by patch intolerance, resulting in a poor outcome. Therefore, a prospective study was designed to examine the efficacy and safety of using occlusive contact lenses in the treatment of amblyopia.
Methods: Twenty-five patients, aged 2.5 to 9.5 years, who were using an opaque hydrogel contact lens for the treatment of amblyopia, were followed prospect i vely.
Results: Overall, 92% of patients improved at least one line of visual acuity. Eight patients improved ≥2 octaves and 12 other patients improved ≥1 octave. In three patients, the change in visual acuity was <1 octave. Complications were seen in nine patients: contact lens irritation in five; poor contact fit in three; and peeking around the lens in one. The recurrence rate was high. In 11 of 25 patients, amblyopia rapidly returned to a reduced level when the contact lens was discontinued.
Conclusions: Occlusive contact lenses can be used in treating amblyopia in children. This treatment is ideal in patients who were patch-intolerant and failed with conventional treatment. Patients should have close follow up, however, to monitor any anterior segment complications from contact lens use and to identify the patients in whom amblyopia recurs.
Comparison of the HOTV and Lea Symbols Charts for Preschool Vision Screening
Authors: Hered Robert W , Murphy Suzanne , Clancy Mary 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose; Two preliterate acuity charts, the Lea Symbol chart and the HOTV chart, were compared prospectively in an established preschool vision screening program. The charts were compared by measuring time required to test, reliability coefficients, and the percentage of children testable with each chart.
Methods and Materials: Seven hundred and seventyseven 3- to 5-year-old children were randomized to four screening sequences that determined the order of chart use. Each child was screened on two occasions within 6 weeks. Testing was performed at 10 feet, and optotypes were not isolated for testing.
Results: Mean test time was significantly less for older children, but was not related to the chart used. Reliability coefficients were similar for the Lea Symbols and the HOTV charts. The percentage of children testable by each chart improved with increased age of the child. More 3 year olds were testable with the Lea Symbols chart compared to the HOTV chart (92% versus 85%, P=.05).
Conclusions: Vision screening with either chart was more rapid and more frequently achieved with 4- and 5year-old children compared with the 3 year olds. For the population as a whole, each chart gave similar results. Among the 3 year olds, however, testability rates were better for the Lea Symbols chart. The Lea Symbols chart is an acceptable option for preschool vision screening, and may be more efficacious than the HOTV chart for screening 3-year-old children.
Diagnosis and Management of Iris Juvenile Xanthogranuloma
Authors: Karcioglu Zeynel A , Mullaney Paul B 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTBackground: Juvenile xanthogranuloma is a benign, self-limiting cutaneous disorder most commonly encountered during infancy. Approximately 10% of cases may develop ocular or adnexal involvement, most commonly in the iris.Methods: We review clinical and morphological features of four cases of iris juvenile xanthogranuloma that reflect the diagnostic and therapeutic spectrum.Results: Tissue diagnosis was confirmed in all cases; in one case, the disease was diagnosed with a skin biopsy and treated with local and systemic steroids, and its persistence in the iris was confirmed with a second tissue specimen obtained five months after systemic steroid treatment.Conclusion: The diagnosis and treatment of juvenile xanthogranuloma may be straightforward, particularly in cases when the ocular lesion receives early attention and responds well to topical steroids, and when there is no hyphema. However, in other instances, this entity may be difficult to manage and may necessitate iris biopsy for diagnosis and radiation therapy for treatment.
Myopic Shift After Cataract Removal in Childhood
Authors: McClatchey Scott K , Parks Marshall M 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Background: Children who have had cataract removal tend to have decreasing hyperopia (myopic shift) as they grow older. We wondered if the rate of myopic shift could be determined by age at surgery, cataract type, glaucoma, or other factors.
Methods: We studied 156 aphakic eyes of children who had cataract surgery before age 10 and documented refractions for more than 3 years. Refraction was corrected with contact lenses and spectacles; glaucoma was managed with medicine and surgery. Stepwise multiple regression was used to analyze differences in the rate of myopic shift between subgroups.

Results: The average refraction tended to follow a logarithmic decline with age (P<0.01, R
p 2
=0.97). The average rate of myopic shift (the slope of spectacle plane refraction vs log of age, where age is in years and log is base 10) was -5.5, with a standard deviation of 3.8. Age at surgery had a small but statistically significant effect on the rate (P<0.01, R
p 2
=0.04). No other studied factor reached statistical significance. However, among the 86 eyes with cataract removal after age 6 months, age at surgery was not as significant (P=0.21), and unilateral cataract eyes tended to have a greater rate than bilateral cataract eyes (-7.7 vs -5.7; P=0.05, R
p 2
=0.05).

Conclusions: Aphakic refraction tends to follow a logarithmic decline with age. The rate of myopic shift is determined partly by age at surgery and whether the cataract was unilateral or bilateral, although the effects are small. A wide variation in the rate of myopic shift exists. The following factors made little difference in the rate: cataract type, glaucoma, sex, side, and best corrected visual acuity.
Retinopathy of Prematurity in Multiple-Gestation, Very Low Birth Weight Infants
Authors: Friling Ronit , Rosen Shirley D , Monos Tova , Karplus Michael , Yassur Yuval 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Ninety-nine infants from multiple gestation births and weighing ≤1500 g at birth were matched with infants from single births to clarify the relationship of multiple gestation to retinopathy of prematurity (ROP).
There was no significant difference in the incidence of ROP between the twins and the singletons (relative risk [RR]=0.84, 95% confidence intervals [Cl]=0.61, 1.16). Logistic regression analysis confirmed that very low birth weight (VLBW), not single or multiple gestation, was the most significant predictor of ROP occurrence in either group.
In 27 pairs of twin siblings from the original twin group, where both weighed ≤1500 g at birth, we found that the second-born twin seemed at higher risk for developing ROP, but logistic regression showed that the lower birth weight of the second twin, not birth order, was the more significant predictor of ROP.
These results indicate that ROP screening in VLBW twins may be conducted according to the same standard protocols as for singletons.
The Effect of Chemoreduction on Retinoblastoma-induced Retinal Detachment
Authors: Shields Carol L , Shields Jerry A , DePotter Patrick , Himelstein Bruce P , Meadows Anna T 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Background: Retinoblastoma with total retinal detachment traditionally has been managed with enucleation. We employed a Chemoreduction protocol in an effort to reduce the tumor size to allow for focal treatment and salvage of the eye.
Methods: A prospective study was performed to assess the effects of a 2-month Chemoreduction regimen of vincristine, etoposide, and carboplatin on massive retinoblastoma with total retinal detachment.
Results: We treated 17 eyes with total retinal detachment from retinoblastoma in 13 patients over a 14-month period. At the initial examination, the mean tumor base was 15 mm and mean thickness was 10 mm. The eyes were classified as Reese-Ellsworth group V in 16 cases (94%) and group III in one case (6%). The retina was totally detached with serous subretinal fluid in all cases.
After 2 months of Chemoreduction, all tumors showed a response, and the tumors decreased to a mean base of 10 mm and thickness of 5 mm. Overall, a mean of 33% decrease in base and 47% decrease in thickness was noted. The subretinal fluid had resolved completely in seven eyes (41%), leaving flat retina. In three eyes (18%), partial resolution was achieved; in seven eyes (41%), minimal resolution of the subretinal fluid at the 2-month period was noted. By last follow up, at a mean of 10 months after initiation of Chemoreduction, complete resolution of the subretinal fluid occurred in 13 eyes (76%) and partial resolution of subretinal fluid occurred in four eyes (24%).
Conclusion: Preliminary observations suggest that Chemoreduction may be an important tool in the initial management of retinoblastoma, even for large tumors with total retinal detachment. Tumor shrinkage may be dramatic and subretinal fluid resolution may be complete.
Periorbital and Orbital Cellulitis in the Haemophilus influenzae Vaccine Era
Authors: Barone Stephen R , Aiuto Leslie T 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Background: Prior to development of the Haemophilus Influenzae vaccine, a significant number of periorbital and orbital Infections were associated with H Influenzae type b bacteremia. The incidence of invasive H influenzae type b disease has decreased dramatically since the introduction of these vaccines. The effect of the H influenzae type b vaccine on the microbiology of periorbital and orbital infections has not been examined.
Methods: Charts of 134 hospitalized patients with the discharge diagnosis of periorbital or orbital cellulitis from 1985 to 1995 were reviewed.
Results: In contrast with studies performed in the pre-vaccine era, H Influenzae type b was not a significant pathogen. The pathogen was isolated from only 2 of 133 blood cultures performed, and was not isolated from any of the 101 patients discharged after July 1987. Sinusitis, however, remains an important cause of these eye Infections. Of patients who underwent radiographic evaluation, sinusitis was present in 96% of children with orbital cellulitis and 81% of patients with periorbital cellulitis.
Conclusions: H Influenzae type b Is no longer a significant pathogen In periorbital or orbital cellulitis and management should be modified accordingly.
Diagnosis and Surgical Management of Strabismus Associated With Thyroid-related Orbitopathy
Authors: Flanders Michael , Hastings Molly 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Background: In the healing phase of thyroid-related orbitopathy, fibrosis and contracture of the extraocular muscles may result in restrictive ocular motility. Ocular misalignment may occur in both eyes and along three different axes of rotation. Successful surgical treatment depends on precise identification of the muscles that are restricting motility and producing the misalignment.
Methods: Between 1980 and 1994, 22 patients were surgically treated for restrictive strabismus caused by thyroid-related orbitopathy. Preoperati ve Iy, all patients underwent complete neuroophthalmic, oculoplastic, and orthoptic examinations. Analysis of auctions, measurement of torsion, and the use of monocular neutralization techniques were essential additions to the usual motility exam. Patients were placed into diagnostic categories based on the clinical pattern of extraocular muscle restriction. Adjustable recessions were done for all initial surgeries.
Results: Patients with unilateral inferior rectus involvement or with ipsilateral inferior rectus-contra latera I superior rectus involvement had large vertical deviations (equal to or >20 prism diopters [A]). Patients with bilateral inferior rectus involvement had small vertical deviations (<20 ?). Excyclotorsion correlated strongly with the presence of tight inferior recti. Vertical comitance (upgaze versus downgaze measurement of equal to or <15 ?) correlated with the ipsilateral inferior rectus-contra I ate ral superior rectus pattern of involvement. Vertical incomitance (upgaze versus downgaze measurement of >15 ?) correlated with unilateral inferior rectus involvement. Eighteen of 22 patients had excellent postoperative alignment and elimination of diplopia in functional positions of gaze. Those with less favorable results developed reversal of the hypertropia and exotropia in downgaze. Sixteen out of 19 patients who underwent inferior rectus recession had induced inferior eyelid retraction.
Conclusion: Different combinations of extraocular muscle restriction in this series of patients produced characteristic patterns of misalignment. Appropriate, adjustable, strabismus surgery was successful in restoring binocular vision in 21 out of 22 patients with a minimum of complications.
Ultrastructural Studies of Primary Congenital Glaucoma in Rabbits
Authors: Knepper Paul A , Goossens William , McLone David G 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Background: The cause of congenital glaucoma is unknown.
Methods: To determine whether the site of impaired aqueous outflow is the entrance to the trabecular meshwork (TM), within the TM, the aqueous drainage plexus, or a combination thereof, the process of TM development was examined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy on postnatal day 3 and weeks 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6 in New Zealand rabbits homozygous for the buphthalmic (bu/bu) gene compared with age-matched controls.
Results: Openings to the entrance of the TM in congenital glaucoma were observed, and there was no evidence of an endothelial membrane occluding aqueous flow to the TM. The morphology of the congenital glaucoma TM was abnormal in all bu/bu rabbits by 2 weeks and was characterized by a smaller entrance to the TM at the iris base, smaller intertrabecular openings within and between the trabecular lamellae, and at 6 weeks, iris pillars with extensive lateral extensions in the angle recess. Most intertrabecular spaces were open, however, the inner intertrabecular spaces adjacent to the aqueous plexus were compressed.
Conclusion: These results suggest the development of congenital glaucoma, which involves a mutation in an autosomal recessive gene and leads to loss of function of a gene(s) required for the differentiation of the TM.
Posterior Chamber Intraocular Lens Use in Children
Authors: Cavallaro Brian E , Madigan William P , O'Hara Mary A , Kramer Kenyon K , Bauman Wendall C 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Purpose: The authors report on the efficacy of intraocular lens implantation during pediatric cataract surgery and the results of a consecutive series of intraocular lens implantations in children.
Methods: Twenty-one children underwent implantation of intraocular lenses in 23 eyes. Twenty-one surgeries were primary implantations immediately following anterior lensectomy. Two surgeries were secondary implantations. Primary posterior capsulectomy was performed in 18 of 21 primary implantations. All but two eyes underwent a primary anterior vitrectomy. Topical prednisolone acetate was administered in all cases. Oral prednisone was administered in 17 of 23 cases. Pre- and postoperative visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, and postoperative complications related to inflammation such as intraocular lens (IOL) capture, IOL deceleration, and posterior capsule opacificatlon were examined.
Results: Eighteen of 23 eyes have achieved a visual acuity of 20/40 or better. None of the cases in which oral prednisone was used developed complications related to postoperative inflammation. One of the six cases (17%) in which oral prednisone was not used developed such complications.
Conclusion: Intraocular lens implantation accompanied by primary posterior capsulectomy, anterior vitrectomy, and management of postoperative inflammation appears to provide appropriate and safe optical rehabilitation in children.
changes in helping professionals' knowledge and attitudes following a human sexuality workshop led by a nurse
Authors: deLemos Hilda 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
This study hypothesized that attitudes toward human sexuality would become more positive and knowledge would increase following a human sexuality training workshop. The experimental subjects, who were practicing professionals, were given the SKAT in the first hour of the workshop and again in the last hour of the workshop on the third day. There were 57 subjects: 16 in group 1; 16 in group 2; and 25 in group 3. The control group consisted of 8 subjects who were practicing professionals who did not attend the workshop, but who took the SKAT test and then repeated the exam three days later.
The results of the study supported the research hypothesis in the areas of attitudes on heterosexual relations, sexual myths, and autoeroticism and sexual knowledge. The control group did not change significantly on their pre and posttest scores.
The raw scores showed that there was approximately a 7.5 point difference in the mean scores of the experimental groups tested in urban areas and those subjects from rural areas. The urban scores were higher which indicated more liberal attitudes toward human sexuality and more cognitive knowledge. Sixteen of the subjects decreased on their posttest scores of the attitudinal sections of the SKAT but this did not affect the overall statistical significance of the study. Those experimental subjects who decreased were from a rural area and were public health nurses, females, married, and over thirty years old. Sexual knowledge increased in all the experimental subjects. The findings showed a wide range of differences between individuals' perceptions and their actual scores on the sexual knowledge section.
Human sexuality is an area of considerable concern in today's contemporary culture. The increased openness about sexual behavior is resulting in the consumer seeking counsel and answers to their sexual problems from helping professionals. The professionals need to possess self-knowledge before they can help others. Health professionals have tended to exhibit a lack of adequate knowledge about sex education and counseling.1
Anxiety Levels of Hospitalized Psychiatric Patients Throughout Total Hospitalization
Authors: Kristic Janet 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to determine the trend of anxiety levels of psychiatric patients throughout a short-term hospitalizaron. The sample included patients hospitalized in a 27bed psychiatric unit at a University-affiliated hospital. The average hospitalization was ten days. Fifteen patients were randomly selected over a two-month period. There were no limitations as to age, sex, diagnosis, previous hospitalizations or socioeconomic status. Patients who were too disturbed to complete the test forms were not included in the study.
The IPAT 8-Parallel-Form Anxiety Battery was administered at daily intervals. Form A was given within 24 hours after admission. Forms B through G were administered, one per day, over the next six days. Form H was withheld until the patient had been informed of his discharge plans. On the average, three days elapsed between the administration of Forms G and the final form, Form H.
A Friedman Analysis of Variance indicated that the changes in anxiety levels over time approached statistical significance. A Wilcoxan Signed-Ranks Test showed that some mean scores fluctuated significantly from the initial mean anxiety level. The results supported the observation that anxiety tends to be high at admission and upon notification of discharge. The results also identified a third peak at approximately the fifth day of hospitalization.
Implications for nursing care were discussed. The trends in anxiety fluctuation may provide a basis for prediction of periods of particular stress for patients that should have implications for nursing care. Patterns of anxiety fluctuations during a short-term hospitalization period provide areas for further research, some of which were discussed in the report.
Hierarchy of Birth Planning Values: An Aid in Genetic Counseling
Authors: Townes Branda D , Priest Susan R , Ellison Richard M 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A technique based upon behavioral decision theory was proposed to help individuals understand the motivational bases of their childbearing decisions. An instrument, the hierarchy of birth planning values, provides a structure through which a person can examine in a systematic fashion the costs and benefits of having versus not having a (another) child. Two case histories illustrate the use of the hierarchy in genetic counseling.
A Systematic Approach to Selecting Group Participants
Authors: Adrian Sarah 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
As health care professionals, nurses are faced with how to best select or refer individuals for participation in health care groups. This article explores how to assess candidates for group participation by utilizing inclusion and exclusion criteria offered by literature. An assessment format, designed by the author and based on these criteria, is offered to assist nurses in selecting group participants. Clinical examples illustrate the author's experience in utilizing this format.
Causal Attributions: Bias in the Nurse-Patient Relationship
Authors: Karshmer Judith Foster , Kornfeld-Jacobs Gila , Carr Ann 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The study relates the social psychological concept of attribution to professional nursing practice. Namely, dispositional vs. situational causal attribution as affected by position (nurse/patient) and role (actor/ observer) and its impact on the therapeutic relationship. Contrary to most studies in this field this one moves out of the laboratory and tests actual psychiatric patients and correspondent nursing staff.
Twenty nurses and twenty patients responded to statements representing situational and dispositional causal attributions about 22 behaviors of nurses and 22 behaviors of patients. Both patients and nurses tended to attribute the behavior of patients to causes inherent in their personality more often than to external factors. Nurses also tended to give more internal causation to their own behavior while patients gave equal numbers of external and internal causes to nurses' behavior.
The findings which support an information processing approach to understanding perceptions are discussed as to their implications for the nurse-patient relationship.
Music: A Milieu Factor with Implications for the Nurse-Therapist
Authors: Hinds Pamela S 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The effects of one type of music upon the social interactions observed in a group play therapy with ten male children, ages 8 to 10, were studied. A behavioral check list was developed to measure five target behaviors: the children's verbalizations, proximity with group members, proximity with the group co-therapists, involvement in toy exchanges and involvement in acts of physical aggression. The resulting statistical analysis of tabulated data suggests music to be a factor in an increased number of social interactions. Consideration of such a milieu factor as music may prove valuable in many varying situations.