bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depositional and early diagenetic characteristics of modern saline pan deposits at the Bonneville Salt Flats, Utah, USA
Authors: Bernau Jeremiah A. , Bowen Brenda B. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Bonneville Salt Flats form a saline pan in western Utah, USA. This modern saline pan has a unique history of land‐speed racing and potash mining. Multi‐decadal measurements record decreasing evaporite volume and extent, spurring multiple environmental studies. The goal of this work is to describe saline pan evaporite morphologies within the context of environmental measurements. Environmental data include field observations, groundwater and dust trap samples, precipitation, albedo, time‐lapse photography, groundwater level, and temperature measurements of air, groundwater and the shallow evaporite crust. Petrographic data include thick sections, evaporite slabs and sediments, and X‐ray computed tomography of evaporites. Diverse halite morphologies are formed at the surface, vadose and phreatic zones. The presence and preservation of these morphologies are influenced by spatially heterogenous natural and anthropogenic processes, including daily to seasonal changes in brine salinity, mineral saturation states, and water level within and across saline pan stages. In addition to hydrological balances delineated by the saline pan stages of flooding, evapoconcentration and desiccation, changes in vertical brine movement, temperature and surficial sedimentary structures influence evaporite morphologies. These results are transferable to the interpretation of altered evaporites and enhancing saline pan depositional models.
Non‐tuberculous mycobacteria immunopathogenesis: Closer than they appear. a prime of innate immunity trade‐off and NTM ways into virulence
Authors: Cruz‐Aguilar Marisa , Castillo‐Rodal Antonia I. , Arredondo‐Hernández René , López‐Vidal Yolanda 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe growing incidence of non‐tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) and changes in epidemiological factors have indicated that immune dysregulation may be associated with the emergence of NTM. Minireview entails to acknowledge complex interaction and new ways NTM are evolving around diverse immune status.MethodsIn order to perform this review, we selected peer reviewed, NLM database articles under the terms NTM, mycobacterium complex ‘AND’ ‐Host‐ immune response, immunity regulation, Disease, Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP´s), and ‐pathogen‐ followed by a snow ball rolling basis search on immune components and NTM related with diseases distribution.ResultsThe universal exposure and diversity of NTM are well‐documented; however, hospitals seldom establish vigilant control of water quality or immunodeficiencies for patients with NTM infections. Depending on the chemical structures and immune mechanisms presented by various NTM varieties, they can trigger different effects in dendritic and natural killer cells, which release interleukin (IL)‐17, tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) and rIL‐1B. The T helper (Th)2‐acquired immune response is responsible for autoimmune responses in patients with NTM infections, and, quite disturbingly, immunocompetent patients have been reported to suffer from NTM infections.ConclusionNew technologies and a comprehensive view has taught us; to acknowledge metabolic/immune determinants and trade‐offs along transit through mutualism‐parasite continuous.
The family as gender and sexuality factory: A review of the literature and future directions
Authors: Stacey Lawrence 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEarly theorists understood the family as a key institution in the production of gender and sexuality. In this paper, I trace the development of this line of thought and review parents' role in shaping children's gender and sexuality over the life course. I first describe the three most prominent theoretical frameworks used to locate parents in these studies: psychoanalysis, socialization, and interactional approaches. In doing so, I illuminate the contributions of each theory to sociological thought on children's gender and sexuality while pointing to weaknesses with psychoanalysis and socialization. I then discuss how parents influence children's development and performance of gender and heterosexuality, paying attention to variations based on race, class, gender, and sexuality. Based on the current state of the literature, I suggest that we sociologists should diversify our methodological approaches in this area, attend to how changes in families correspond to changes in parents' role in shaping children's gender and sexuality, and grapple with how children's performances of gender and sexuality influence parents' performances of gender and sexuality.
28‐day thawed plasma maintains α2‐antiplasmin levels and inhibits tPA‐induced fibrinolysis
Authors: Stettler Gregory R. , Moore Ernest E. , Huebner Benjamin R. , Nunns Geoffrey R. , Moore Hunter B. , Coleman Julia R. , Kelher Marguerite , Banerjee Anirban , Silliman Christopher C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionEvidence supports the use of plasma‐first resuscitation in the treatment of trauma‐induced coagulopathy (TIC). While thawed plasma (TP) has logistical benefits, the ability of plasma proteins to attenuate fibrinolysis and correct TIC remain unknown. We hypothesize that TP retains the ability to inhibit tissue plasminogen activator(tPA)‐induced fibrinolysis at 28‐day storage.MethodsHealthy volunteers underwent blood draws followed by 50% dilution of whole blood (WB) with TP at 28‐, 21‐, 14‐, 7‐, 5‐, and, 0‐day storage, normal saline (NS), and WB control. Samples underwent citrated tPA‐challenge (75 ng/ml) thromboelastography (TEG). Plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) and α2‐antiplasmin (α2‐AP) concentrations in thawed or stored plasma were determined.ResultsIn the presence of tPA, 28‐day TP inhibited tPA‐induced coagulopathy as effectively as WB. 28‐day TP had a similar R‐time, MA, and fibrinolysis (P > 0·05 for all) compared to WB, while angle was enhanced (P = 0·02) compared to WB. Significant correlations were present between storage time and clot strength (P = 0·04) and storage time and fibrinolysis (P = 0·0029). Active PAI‐1 levels in thawed plasma were 1·10 ± 0·54 ng/mL while total PAI‐1 levels were 4·79 ± 1·41 ng/mL. There was no difference of α2‐AP levels in FFP (40·45 ± 3·5 μg/mL) compared to plasma thawed for 14 (36·78 ± 5·39 μg/mL, P = 0·65) or 28 days (45·16 ± 5·61 μg/mL, P = 0·51).DiscussionThawed plasma retained the ability to inhibit tPA‐induced fibrinolysis over 28‐day storage at 1–4°C. α2‐AP levels were maintained in plasma thawed for 28 days and FFP. These in vitro results suggest consideration should be made to increasing the storage life of TP.
Displacements Determined by Airy’s Stress Function
Authors: Westergaard H. M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Airy’s stress function defines a plane state of stress by simple formulas. When the constants of elasticity are known, Airy’s function will also define the strains and detrusions by simple formulas, but the determination of the displacements is less direct. The solution described in this paper may be interpreted as a variant of a solution given by A. E. H. Love. Simple formulas are obtained by use of functions of a complex variable.
Transient Torques in Induction-Motor Drives
Authors: Wahl A. M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
When an induction motor is thrown across the line by the sudden closing of a switch, transient pulsating torques, which in typical cases may reach values from 3 to 6 times the nominal starting torque, are set up in the shafts, gearing, and couplings of the connected system. The actual magnitude of these torques depends not only upon the electrical characteristics of the motor but also on the mechanical characteristics of the drive, i.e., coupling flexibility, motor, and load inertias. In this paper, which is an elaboration with additional experimental results of a previous paper by the author, a method is developed for calculating such systems, a typical example being the roll-table drive used in continuous-strip mills. Tests on typical drives, carried out in parallel with the theoretical work, indicate that the method of calculation is satisfactory for practical use. A discussion of the transient torques set up during “plugging,” i.e., reversing rotation by interchanging two leads, is also given. A consideration of such torques is particularly important where motors are started and stopped frequently or continuously since, under such conditions, fatigue failure may occur if the mechanical stresses developed exceed the endurance limit of the material.
Effects of Surface Finish
Authors: Burwell J. T. , Kaye J. , van Nymegen D. W. , Morgan D. A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Various commercial surface finishes are produced on steel shafts and in Part 1 it is found that the finish has little effect on the operation of a journal bearing in the region of hydrodynamic lubrication but does markedly affect the load capacity. In Part 2 a chemical method of detecting iron in oil is developed with a sensitivity of one part in ten million. This method is used to measure the iron removed during “running-in” from shafts with different surface finishes and under different loads.
Note on the Angular Motions of Ships
Authors: Minorsky Nicholas 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The object of this paper is to bring to the attention of mechanical engineers a number of dynamical problems encountered in the theory of the ship; to indicate briefly the form of corresponding differential equations and their solutions; to analyze the validity of underlying theoretical assumptions; and to approach in this manner a comparison of the ship’s dynamics with problems commonly encountered in other fields, such as that of vibration theory.
An Extension of the Sand-Heap Analogy in Plastic Torsion Applicable to Cross Sections Having One or More Holes
Authors: Sadowsky M. A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the author cites the basic theory of the sand-heap method of plasticity as developed by A. Nádai, which involves determination of the twisting moment in plastic torsion by means of the formula M = 2 k m V . The author explains the principles upon which the analogy is modified to apply in the case of cross sections having one or more holes, such as a twisted shaft. The technique developed to meet such cases is described in detail and a mathematical analysis is given which results in a twisting-moment formula for a cross section with holes, equivalent in accuracy to that of the original equation for the simple case of a twisted bar.
Correlation of Residual Stresses in the Fatigue Strength of Axles
Authors: Horger O. J. , Neifert H. R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The object of this paper is to present a correlation between residual stresses, obtained by heat-treatment, with fatigue values, determined from an investigation of full-size railroad axles. The axles tested were of both solid and tubular design and represent members which could be used under a car in actual service. It was found from these tests that high axle fatigue strength is associated with high surface residual compressive stresses, and lowest axle strength values with surface residual tensile stresses.
Investigation of Self-Excited Torsional Oscillations and Vibration Damper for Induction-Motor Drives
Authors: Wahl A. M. , Fischer E. G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An unusual case of torsional oscillation was observed recently on several large induction-motor drives used for tunnel ventilation on the Pennsylvania Turnpike. These drives, which consist essentially of an induction motor driving a heavy centrifugal fan through a speed reducer, showed a severe torsional oscillation (with a double amplitude around 80 deg) at a point between two thirds and full speed during the accelerating period. These vibrations were found to be self-excited, as a consequence of the negative damping inherent in the shape of the speedtorque curve of the normal induction motor.
After consideration of various methods for eliminating the trouble, a torsional-vibration damper of relatively simple design was developed. Torsiograph records made on the actual drive showed that the oscillation was reduced to negligible values by the use of this damper.
Since induction-motor drives of this general type are used rather widely, it was felt that an account of this investigation, including the methods of calculating damper capacity, the laboratory tests on the damper, and the field tests on the actual drives would be of value to engineers, particularly those interested in vibration.
Ekman Layer Scrubbing and Shroud Heat Transfer in Centrifugal Buoyancy-Driven Convection
Authors: Gao Feng , Chew John W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents large-eddy and direct numerical simulations of buoyancy-driven convection in sealed and open rapidly rotating cavities for Rayleigh numbers in the range 107–109, and axial throughflow Reynolds numbers 2000 and 5600. Viscous heating due to the Ekman layer scrubbing effect, which has previously been found responsible for the difference in sealed cavity shroud Nusselt number predictions between a compressible N–S solver and an incompressible counterpart using the Boussinesq approximation, is discussed and scaled up to engine conditions. For the open cavity with an axial throughflow, laminar Ekman layer behavior of the mean flow statistics is confirmed up to the highest condition in this paper. The Buoyancy number Bo is found useful to indicate the influence of an axial throughflow. For the conditions studied the mean velocities are subject to Ra, while the velocity fluctuations are affected by Bo. A correlation, Nu′=0.169(Ra′)0.318, obtained with both the sealed and open cavity shroud heat transfer solutions, agrees with that for free gravitational convection between horizontal plates within 16% for the range of Ra′ considered.
Multi-Objective Optimization of Tree Trunk Axes in Glulam Beam Design Considering Fuzzy Probability-Based Random Fields
Authors: Schietzold F. Niklas , Graf Wolfgang , Kaliske Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Deterministic design and a priori parameters are used in traditional optimization approaches. The material characteristics of solid wood are not deterministic in reality. Hence, realistic optimization and simulation methods need to take the uncertainties of parameters into account. The uncertainty characteristics of wood are mainly originated in natural variation. In addition to this, incertitudes from lack of knowledge are inherent. Accordingly, the aleatoric approach of randomness can be expanded to a polymorphic uncertainty model. Fuzzy probability-based randomness is used in this work. Therefore, the epistemic approach of fuzziness is taken into account. The distribution functions of random variables are parametrized by fuzzy variables. So coupling of both, aleatoric and epistemic uncertainties, is involved. Interactions of fuzzy variables and crosscorrelations of random variables are considered among and within the parameters. Crosscorrelated random fields are used to represent spatial variation of material parameters. The autocovariance structures are modeled structurally dependent on the tree trunk axes. Finite element method is applied as deterministic basic solution of a loaded timber structure. A local orthotropic material formulation with respect to specifically located tree trunk axes is used. The optimal positions of the tree trunk axes for each wooden log are examined as design parameters. Polymorphic uncertainty is used to describe a priori parameters. The developed methods for uncertainty analysis are embedded in an automated and parallelized optimization processing. An analysis of a two-tier glulam beam, according to a purlin of a timber roof construction, is shown as numerical example for the optimization framework.
Searles Lake evaporite sequences: Indicators of late Pleistocene/Holocene lake temperatures, brine evolution, and pCO2
Authors: Olson Kristian J. , Lowenstein Tim K. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Searles Lake, California, was a saline-alkaline lake that deposited &gt;25 non-clastic minerals that record the history of lake chemistry and regional climate. Here, the mineralogy and petrography from the late Pleistocene/Holocene (32–6 ka) portion of a new Searles Lake sediment core, SLAPP-SRLS17, is combined with thermodynamic models to determine the geochemical and paleoclimate conditions required to produce the observed mineral phases, sequences, and abundances. The models reveal that the primary precipitates formed by open system (i.e., fractional crystallization), whereas the early diagenetic salts formed by salinity-driven closed system back-reactions (i.e., equilibrium crystallization). For core SLAPP-SRLS17, the defining evaporite sequence trona → burkeite → halite indicates brine temperatures within a 20–29 °C range, implying thermally insulating lake depths &gt;10 m during salt deposition. Evaporite phases reflect lake water pCO2 consistent with contemporaneous atmospheric values of ∼190–270 ppmv. However, anomalous layers of nahcolite and thenardite indicate pulses of pCO2 &gt; 700–800 ppm, likely due to variable CO2 injection along faults.
Core sedimentology indicates that Searles Lake was continuously perennial between 32 ka and 6 ka such that evaporite units reflect periods of net evaporation but never complete desiccation. Model simulations indicate that cycles of partial evaporation and dilution strongly influence long-term brine evolution by amassing certain species, particularly Cl–, that only occur in late-stage soluble salts. A model incorporating long-term brine dynamics corrects previous mass-balance anomalies and shows that the late Pleistocene/Holocene (32–6 ka) salts are partially inherited from the solutes introduced into earlier lakes going back at least 150 ka.
Estimation of Corrosion Rate of AISI 1016 Steel by the Analysis of Polarization Curves and Using the Method of Measuring Ohmic Resistance
Authors: Rybalka K. V. , Beketaeva L. A. , Davydov A. D. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
By the example of the study of AISI 1016 steel corrosion in the HCl solution, the potentialities of various methods for determining the corrosion currents are studied. The corrosion rate of steel without polarization is determined using the method of measuring ohmic resistance of test specimen. It is shown that the iterative method used for the analysis of potentiodynamic curves in the vicinity of corrosion potential avoids the complications that arise when the Tafel extrapolation method is used in the absence of pronounced Tafel sections in these curves.
Understanding the implementation (including women’s use) of maternity waiting homes in low-income and middle-income countries: a realist synthesis protocol
Authors: McRae Daphne N , Portela Anayda , Waldron Tamara , Bergen Nicole , Muhajarine Nazeem 
Published: March 2021

IntroductionMaternity waiting homes in low-income and middle-income countries provide accommodation near health facilities for pregnant women close to the time of birth to promote facility-based birth and birth with a skilled professional and to enable timely access to emergency obstetric services when needed. To date, no studies have provided a systematic, comprehensive synthesis explaining facilitators and barriers to successful maternity waiting home implementation and whether and how implementation strategies and recommendations vary by context. This synthesis will systematically consolidate the evidence, answering the question, ‘How, why, for whom, and in what context are maternity waiting homes successfully implemented in low-income and middle-income countries?’.Methods and analysisMethods include standard steps for realist synthesis: determining the scope of the review, searching for evidence, appraising and extracting data, synthesising and analysing the data and developing recommendations for dissemination. Steps are iterative, repeating until theoretical saturation is achieved. Searching will be conducted in 13 electronic databases with results managed in Eppi-Reviewer V.4. There will be no language, study-type or document-type restrictions. Items documented prior to 1990 will be excluded. To ensure our initial and revised programme theories accurately reflect the experiences and knowledge of key stakeholders, most notably the beneficiaries, interviews will be conducted with maternity waiting home users/nonusers, healthcare staff, policymakers and programme designers. All data will be analysed using context–mechanism–outcome configurations, refined and synthesised to produce a final programme theory.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval for the project will be obtained from the Mozambican National Bioethical Commission, Jimma University College of Health Sciences Institutional Review Board and the University of Saskatchewan Bioethical Research Ethics Board. To ensure results of the evaluation are available for uptake by a wide range of stakeholders, dissemination will include peer-reviewed journal publication, a plain-language brief, and conference presentations to stakeholders’ practice audiences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020173595.