bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One‐Pot Bio‐Assisted Synthesis of Stable Ag–AgCl System Using Jellyfish‐Based Scaffold for Plasmonic Photocatalysis Applications
Authors: Gavriely Shira , Hadibrata Wisnu , Nudelman Roman , Aydin Koray , Richter Shachar 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPlasmonic assisted photocatalysis has emerged in the past decade as an efficient, high‐performance methodology. Such a system is often composed of the dispersal of noble metal nanoparticles on a semiconductor. In this architecture, the application of light at the plasmon frequency allows the separation of charge at the Schottky interface between the metal and the semiconductor, which can be further used for efficient catalysis. Here, a one‐pot green bio‐synthesis of Ag antibacterial nanoparticles attached to AgCl crystals while embedded in a jellyfish‐based eco‐friendly scaffold, is reported. The synthesis utilizes the chemical reduction properties of mucin protein found in the Jellyfish biomass, and thus the resulting Ag@AgCl system is firmly bound to the scaffold, making this membrane very stable. The system's photocatalytic activity is investigated by decomposing methyl orange and full electromagnetic simulations.
Toward a Better Regeneration through Implant‐Mediated Immunomodulation: Harnessing the Immune Responses
Authors: Zhang Ben , Su Yingchao , Zhou Juncen , Zheng Yufeng , Zhu Donghui 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTissue repair/regeneration, after implantation or injury, involves comprehensive physiological processes wherein immune responses play a crucial role to enable tissue restoration, amidst the immune cells early‐stage response to tissue damages. These cells break down extracellular matrix, clear debris, and secret cytokines to orchestrate regeneration. However, the immune response can also lead to abnormal tissue healing or scar formation if not well directed. This review first introduces the general immune response post injury, with focus on the major immune cells including neutrophils, macrophages, and T cells. Next, a variety of implant‐mediated immunomodulation strategies to regulate immune response through physical, chemical, and biological cues are discussed. At last, various scaffold‐facilitated regenerations of different tissue types, such as, bone, cartilage, blood vessel, and nerve system, by harnessing the immunomodulation are presented. Therefore, the most recent data in biomaterials and immunomodulation is presented here in a bid to shape expert perspectives, inspire researchers to go in new directions, and drive development of future strategies focusing on targeted, sequential, and dynamic immunomodulation elicited by implants.
Uncovering Phase Change Memory Energy Limits by Sub‐Nanosecond Probing of Power Dissipation Dynamics
Authors: Stern Keren , Wainstein Nicolás , Keller Yair , Neumann Christopher M. , Pop Eric , Kvatinsky Shahar , Yalon Eilam 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPhase change memory (PCM) is one of the leading candidates for neuromorphic hardware and has recently matured as a storage class memory. Yet, energy and power consumption remain key challenges for this technology because part of the PCM device must be self‐heated to its melting temperature during reset. Here, it is shown that this reset energy can be reduced by nearly two orders of magnitude by minimizing the pulse width. A high‐speed measurement setup is utilized to probe the energy consumption in PCM cells with varying pulse width (0.3–40 nanoseconds) and uncover the power dissipation dynamics. A key finding is that the switching power (P) remains unchanged for pulses wider than a short thermal time constant of the PCM (τth < 1 ns in 50 nm diameter device), resulting in a decrease of energy (E = P × τ) as the pulse width τ is reduced in that range. Thermal confinement during short pulses is achieved by limiting the heat diffusion time. The improved programming scheme reduces reset energy density below 0.1 nJ µm−2, over an order of magnitude lower than state‐of‐the‐art PCM, potentially changing the roadmap of future data storage technology and paving the way toward energy‐efficient neuromorphic hardware.
Perspective on Carbon Anode Materials for K+ Storage: Balancing the Intercalation‐Controlled and Surface‐Driven Behavior
Authors: Yang Jiaying , Zhai Yixuan , Zhang Xiuhai , Zhang En , Wang Hongqiang , Liu Xingrui , Xu Fei , Kaskel Stefan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPotassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) have emerged as a compelling complement to existing lithium‐ion batteries for large‐scale energy storage applications, due to the resource‐abundance of potassium, the low standard redox potential and high conductivity of K+‐based electrolytes. Rapid progress has been made in identifying suitable carbon anode materials to address the sluggish kinetics and huge volume variation problems caused by large‐size K+. However, most research into carbon materials has focused on structural design and performance optimization of one or several parameters, rather than considering the holistic performance especially for realistic applications. This perspective examines recent efforts to enhance the carbon anode performance in terms of initial Coulombic efficiency, capacity, rate capability, and cycle life. The balancing of the intercalation and surface‐driven capacitive mechanisms while designing carbon structures is emphasized, after which the compatibility with electrolyte and the cell assembly technologies should be considered under practical conditions. It is anticipated that this work will engender further intensive research that can be better aligned toward practical implementation of carbon materials for K+ storage.
An evaluation of biological soil health indicators in four long‐term continuous agroecosystems in Canada
Authors: Pérez‐Guzmán Lumarie , Phillips Lori A. , Seuradge Brent J. , Agomoh Ikechukwu , Drury Craig F. , Acosta‐Martínez Verónica 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe soil microbial community (SMC) and soil organic matter (SOM) are inherently related and are sensitive to land‐use changes. Microorganisms regulate essential soil functions that are key to SOM dynamics, whereas SOM dynamics define the SMC. To expand our understanding of soil health, we evaluated biological and SOM indicators in long‐term (18‐yr) continuous silage corn (Zea mays L.), continuous soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], and perennial grass ecosystems in Ontario, Canada. The SMC was evaluated via ester‐linked fatty acid methyl ester (EL‐FAME) and amplicon sequencing. Soil organic matter was evaluated via a new combined enzyme assay that provides a single biogeochemical cycling value for C, N, P, and S cycling activity (CNPS), as well as loss‐on‐ignition, permanganate oxidizable C (POXC), and total C and N. Overall, soil health indicators followed the trend of grasses > corn > soybean. Grass systems had up to 8.1 times more arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, increased fungal/bacteria ratios (via EL‐FAME), and higher microbial diversity (via sequencing). The POXC was highly variable within treatments and did not significantly differ between systems. The novel CNPS activity assay, however, was highly sensitive to management (up to 2.2 and 3.2 times higher under grasses than corn and soybean, respectively) and was positively correlated (ρ > .92) to SOM, total C, and total N. Following the “more is better” model, where higher values of the measured parameters indicate a healthier soil, our study showed decreased soil health under monocultures, especially soybean, and highlights the need to implement sustainable agriculture practices that maintain soil health.
Adaptation and forage productivity of cool‐season grasses in the central USA
Authors: Vogel Kenneth P. , Mitchell Rob 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCool‐season grass species (18) and cultivars (85) were evaluated for use in seeded grasslands in the tallgrass prairie and shortgrass steppe ecoregions of the central United States at the test locations of Ithaca and Sidney, NE, respectively. Both native and introduced grasses were evaluated in sward trails. Significant differences existed among species and cultivars for all traits evaluated except for in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) among cultivars within species at Sidney. The grasses that had the best establishment, persistence, and forage yields in the Ithaca trial were introduced wheatgrass (Thinopyrum) and bromegrass (Bromus) species. At the Sidney location, the best species using the same criteria were wheatgrasses (Thinopyrum, Agropryon, Pascopyrum, and Elymus spp.) and wildryes (Psathyrostachys). The only native grasses that were marginally competitive with the introduced grasses were western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) A. Löve] and thickspike wheatgrass [Elymus macrourus (Turcz.) Tzvelev] at the Sidney location and western wheatgrass at Ithaca. The study was the largest cool‐season forage grass multispecies and cultivar sward evaluation to date in these two major land areas. The superior species and cultivars that were identified represent the best cool‐season grasses available for restoring marginal croplands to grazed grasslands in these two major land areas.
Electrochemically precipitated struvite effects on extractable nutrients compared with other fertilizer‐phosphorus sources
Authors: Anderson Ryder , Brye Kristofor , Kekedy‐Nagy Laszlo , Greenlee Lauren , Gbur Edward , Roberts Trenton 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRecovery of struvite, or magnesium ammonium phosphate (MgNH4PO4 · 6H2O), from wastewater streams may provide an alternative to traditional P fertilizers. Little research has assessed the behavior of struvite relative to other commercially available, fertilizer‐P sources in historically row‐cropped soils in the United States. The objective of this study was to evaluate total extractable P and other nutrients from electrochemically (ECST) and chemically precipitated struvite (CPST) compared with triple superphosphate (TSP), diammonium phosphate (DAP), monoammonium phosphate (MAP), and rock phosphate (RP) in a moist‐soil incubation without plants using varying soil textures (loam, silt loam, and silty clay loam). A uniform application rate of 24.5 kg total P ha–1 was used for each fertilizer‐P source. Soil sampling occurred six times over a 9‐mo period (0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 9 mo) to examine the change in soil pH and water‐soluble (WS) and Mehlich‐3‐extractable nutrient concentrations (P, Ca, Mg, and Fe) from their initial levels over time. After 0.5 mo, WS‐P concentrations increased the most in the ECST treatment (41.6 mg kg–1), which did not differ from that of DAP. Throughout the remaining 8.5 mo of incubation, WS‐P concentrations generally decreased in most treatments but were still greater than the initial level by 9 mo and were often similar among ECST, CPST, MAP, DAP, and TSP treatments. Comparable WS‐P concentrations among ECST and MAP, DAP, and TSP under soil conditions near field capacity (∼0.2 g g–1) support struvite's potential as a sustainable fertilizer‐P source, thus warranting further investigation of the plant response to struvite use as an alternative fertilizer‐P source.
Hybrid Block Copolymer Synthesis by Merging Photoiniferter and Organocatalytic Ring‐Opening Polymerizations
Authors: Xia Yening , Scheutz Georg M. , Easterling Charles P. , Zhao Junpeng , Sumerlin Brent S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAccess to block copolymers from monomers that do not polymerize via a common mechanism requires initiation from a multifunctional species that allows orthogonal polymerization chemistries. We disclose a strategy to provide well‐defined polyacrylamido‐b‐polyether block copolymers by a one‐pot combination of photoiniferter polymerization and organocatalytic ring‐opening polymerization (ROP) using a hydroxy‐functionalized trithiocarbonate photoiniferter as the dual initiator at ambient temperature. Our results reveal good compatibility between the two polymerization systems and highlight that they can be performed in arbitrary order or simultaneously with good retention of the thiocarbonylthio functionality. We also demonstrate selective temporal control over the photoiniferter polymerization during concurrent ROP. We harnessed the efficiency of combining these polymerization systems to provide tailor‐made block copolymers from chemically distinct monomers.
Intrinsically Disordered Osteopontin Fragment Orders During Interfacial Calcium Oxalate Mineralization
Authors: Lu Hao , Ng David Yuen Wah , Lieberwirth Ingo , Weidner Tobias , Bonn Mischa 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCalcium oxalate (CaC2O4) is the major component of kidney stone. The acidic osteopontin (OPN) protein in human urine can effectively inhibit the growth of CaC2O4 crystals, thereby acting as a potent stone preventer. Previous studies in bulk solution all attest to the importance of binding and recognition of OPN at the CaC2O4 mineral surface, yet molecular level insights into the active interface during CaC2O4 mineralization are still lacking. Here, we probe the structure of the central OPN fragment and its interaction with Ca2+ and CaC2O4 at the water–air interface using surface‐specific non‐linear vibrational spectroscopy. While OPN peptides remain largely disordered in solution, our results reveal that the bidentate binding of Ca2+ ions refold the interfacial peptides into well‐ordered and assembled β‐turn motifs. One critical intermediate directs mineralization by releasing structural freedom of backbone and binding side chains. These insights into the mineral interface are crucial for understanding the pathological development of kidney stones and possibly relevant for calcium oxalate biomineralization in general.
Tuning of shear thickening behavior and elastic strength of polyvinylidene fluoride via doping of ZnO‐graphene
Authors: Goswami Mit Rita , Singh Prayas , Chamoli Pankaj , Bhardwaj Sumit , Raina Kuldeep Kumar , Shukla Ravi Kumar 
Published: June 2021

AbstractZnO rice like nonarchitects are grafted on the graphene carbon core via a rapid microwave synthesis route. The prepared grafted systems are characterized via XRD, SEM, RAMAN, and XPS to examined the structural and morphological parameters. Zinc oxide grafted graphene sheets (ZnO‐G) are further doped in β‐phase of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) to prepare the polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) via mixed solvent approach (THF/DMF). β‐phase confirmation of PVDF PNCs is done by FTIR studies. It is observed that ZnO‐G filler enhances the β‐phase content in the PNCs. Non‐doped PVDF and PNCs are further studied for rheological behavior under the shear rate of 1–100 s−1. Doping of ZnO‐G dopant to the PVDF matrix changes its discontinuous shear thickening (DST) behavior to continues shear thickening behavior (CST). Hydrocluster formation and their interaction with the dopant could be the reason for this striking DST to CST behavioral change. Strain amplitude sweep (10−3% ‐10%) oscillatory test reveals that the PNCs shows extended linear viscoelastic region with high elastic modulus and lower viscous modulus. Effective shear thickening behavior and strong elastic strength of these PNCs present their candidature for various fields including mechanical and soft body armor applications.
Optimization and characterization of lemon essential oil entrapped from chitosan/cellulose nanocrystals microcapsules
Authors: Jiang Tianyan , Wang Cong , Liu Wanyi , Li Yuhang , Luan Yunhao , Liu Pengtao 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to prepare lemon essential oil (LEO) microcapsules by ionic gelation method using chitosan (CS) and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) as the wall material. The influence of the concentration of CS and CNC and the pH of CS solution on the encapsulation efficiency (EE) of microcapsules was studied. Taking the EE as an indicator, and according to the single‐factor test results, a three‐factor three‐level response surface methodology was designed. The best process conditions of CS/CNC‐LEO microcapsules to get the maximum EE of 89.98% were as follows: pH of CS was 3.44, and the concentration of CS, CNC were 2, 3.52 g/L. The microcapsules prepared under these conditions were smooth and rounded spherical. The diameters of unembedded and embedded LEO microcapsules ranged from 541.2–732.9 to 1014.5–1528.7 nm, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis were used to analyze the characteristics of the microcapsules. There were two periods in vitro release studies of CS/CNC‐LEO microcapsules: sudden release and slow release of essential oils.
Stress‐strain curves for polyurethane elastomers: A statistical assessment of constitutive models
Authors: Ding Fang , Liu Tingli , Zhang Huan , Liu Lunyang , Li Yunqi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPolyurethane elastomers (PUEs) are broadening applications attributed to their highly tunable mechanical properties, and the stress–strain curve is one of the most important characters. Theoretically, dozens of constitutive models have been developed to interpret the stress–strain curve for rubber‐like materials but their applicability on PUEs is still suspicious, which results in the selection of models and the initialization of model parameters need expertise experience. We performed a statistical assessment of 25 constitutive models (10 physical and 15 phenomenological) based on a comprehensive dataset with 529 stress–strain curves for PUEs. The average coefficients of determination for the whole curve can be improved from 0.676 for the phantom model (1 parameter) to 0.990 for the Bechir model (6 parameters), and the percentage of well‐fitted curves increases from 6% to 92%. Constitutive models with both the first‐ and the second‐invariant, in logarithmic or exponential expression for strain perform better.
Olfactory epithelium and ontogeny of the nasal chambers in the bowhead whale (Balaena mysticetus)
Authors: Farnkopf Ian C. , George John Craig , Kishida Takushi , Hillmann Daniel J. , Suydam Robert S. , Thewissen J. G. M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn a species of baleen whale, we identify olfactory epithelium that suggests a functional sense of smell and document the ontogeny of the surrounding olfactory anatomy. Whales must surface to breathe, thereby providing an opportunity to detect airborne odorants. Although many toothed whales (odontocetes) lack olfactory anatomy, baleen whales (mysticetes) have retained theirs. Here, we investigate fetal and postnatal specimens of bowhead whales (Balaena mysticetus). Computed tomography (CT) reveals the presence of nasal passages and nasal chambers with simple ethmoturbinates through ontogeny. Additionally, we describe the dorsal nasal meatuses and olfactory bulb chambers. The cribriform plate has foramina that communicate with the nasal chambers. We show this anatomy within the context of the whole prenatal and postnatal skull. We document the tunnel for the ethmoidal nerve (ethmoid foramen) and the rostrolateral recess of the nasal chamber, which appears postnatally. Bilateral symmetry was apparent in the postnatal nasal chambers. No such symmetry was found prenatally, possibly due to tissue deformation. No nasal air sacs were found in fetal development. Olfactory epithelium, identified histologically, covers at least part of the ethmoturbinates. We identify olfactory epithelium using six explicit criteria of mammalian olfactory epithelium. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of olfactory marker protein (OMP), which is only found in mature olfactory sensory neurons. Although it seems that these neurons are scarce in bowhead whales compared to typical terrestrial mammals, our results suggest that bowhead whales have a functional sense of smell, which they may use to find prey.
Nurse‐led one stop hematuria clinic: Outcomes from 2,714 patients
Authors: Madaan Anika , Kuusk Teele , Hamdoon Musaab , Elliott Angela , Pearce Dianne , Madaan Sanjeev 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectivesObjective of this study is to report the results of nurse led hematuria clinic service outcome of 2,714 patients.Subjects and methodsWe conducted a retrospective, single center review of 2714 patients with visible and nonvisible hematuria managed by a well‐trained nurse specialist in a rapid access clinic (RAC) between 2014 and 2020. All patients received a full review, flexible cystoscopy performed by a nurse, and ultrasound of urinary tracts. After investigations, patients were reassured and discharged or referred for rigid cystoscopy, TURBT, and CT urography.ResultsIn total, 2714 patients attended the RAC between October 2014 and March 2020. Of these, 1684 (62%) were males and 1030 (38%) females. The median age of patients was 68.3 (IQR 58‐79). Of the 1030 females, 500 (48.5%) presented with nonvisible hematuria (NVH), and 530 (51.5%) presented with visible hematuria (VH). The median age was 66 (IQR 56‐76). The number of females diagnosed with any form of malignancy was 72 (7% of all females). Of the 1684 males, 288 (17.1%) presented with NVH, and 1396 (82.9%) presented with VH. The median age was 72 (IQR 59‐81). The number of males diagnosed with some form of malignancy was 258 (15.3% of all males). Overall, 1926 patients presented with VH and 788 patients presented with NVH. After investigations, 290 patients (15.1%) with VH and 40 (5.1%) patients with NVH had some form of malignancy. The highest number of malignancies found in VH was bladder cancer (n = 222, 11.5%), followed by prostate (n = 28, 1%), renal (n = 23, 0.8%), UT urothelial (n = 17, 0.6%), gynaecological (n = 7, 0.3%), and gastrointestinal (n = 5, 0.2%) cancer. The highest number of pathologies found in NVH was infection (n = 44, 5.6%). Cancer detection rate for symptomatic NVH was more than double that of asymptomatic NVH, 6.5% versus 3.1%, respectively.ConclusionOverall, 15.1% with VH and 5.1% with NVH present with malignancy. Nurse‐led rapid access hematuria clinic and flexible cystoscopy investigation by trained nurse is safe and feasible.