bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heteroatom‐Doping of Non‐Noble Metal‐Based Catalysts for Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution: An Electronic Structure Tuning Strategy
Authors: Wang Jing , Liao Ting , Wei Zhongzhe , Sun Junting , Guo Junjie , Sun Ziqi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractElectrocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen production is an appealing way to reduce carbon emissions and generate renewable fuels. This promising process, however, is limited by its sluggish reaction kinetics and high‐cost catalysts. Construction of low‐cost and high‐performance non‐noble metal‐based catalysts have been one of the most effective approaches to address these grand challenges. Notably, the electronic structure tuning strategy, which could subtly tailor the electronic states, band structures, and adsorption ability of the catalysts, has become a pivotal way to further enhance the electrochemical water splitting reactions based on non‐noble metal‐based catalysts. Particularly, heteroatom‐doping plays an effective role in regulating the electronic structure and optimizing the intrinsic activity of the catalysts. Nevertheless, the reaction kinetics, and in particular, the functional mechanisms of the hetero‐dopants in catalysts yet remains ambiguous. Herein, the recent progress is comprehensively reviewed in heteroatom doped non‐noble metal‐based electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction, particularly focus on the electronic tuning effect of hetero‐dopants in the catalysts and the corresponding synthetic pathway, catalytic performance, and activity origin. This review also attempts to establish an intrinsic correlation between the localized electronic structures and the catalytic properties, so as to provide a good reference for developing advanced low‐cost catalysts.
Recent Advances in 2D Layered Phosphorous Compounds
Authors: Zhang Yue , Fan Taojian , Yang Sijie , Wang Fakun , Yang Sanjun , Wang Shuzhe , Su Jianwei , Zhao Mei , Hu Xiaozong , Zhang Han , Zhai Tianyou 
Published: January 2021

Abstract2D layered phosphorous compounds (2D LPCs) have led to explosion of research interest in recent years. With the diversity of valence states of phosphorus, 2D LPCs exist in various material types and possess many novel physical and chemical properties. These properties, including widely adjustable range of bandgap, diverse electronic properties covering metal, semimetal, semiconductor and insulator, together with inherent magnetism and ferroelectricity at atomic level, render 2D LPCs greatly promising in the applications of electronics, spintronics, broad‐spectrum optoelectronics, high‐performance catalysts, and energy storage, etc. In this review, the recently research progress of 2D LPCs are presented in detail. First, the 2D LPCs are classified according to their elemental composition and the corresponding crystal structures are introduced, followed by their preparation methods. Then, the novel properties are summarized and the potential applications are discussed in detail. Finally, the conclusion and perspective of the promising 2D LPCs are discussed on the foundation of the latest research progress.
An Empirical Comparison of Preservation Methods for Synthetic DNA Data Storage
Authors: Organick Lee , Nguyen Bichlien H. , McAmis Rachel , Chen Weida D. , Kohll A. Xavier , Ang Siena Dumas , Grass Robert N. , Ceze Luis , Strauss Karin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSynthetic DNA has recently risen as a viable alternative for long‐term digital data storage. To ensure that information is safely recovered after storage, it is essential to appropriately preserve the physical DNA molecules encoding the data. While preservation of biological DNA has been studied previously, synthetic DNA differs in that it is typically much shorter in length, it has different sequence profiles with fewer, if any, repeats (or homopolymers), and it has different contaminants. In this paper, nine different methods used to preserve data files encoded in synthetic DNA are evaluated by accelerated aging of nearly 29 000 DNA sequences. In addition to a molecular count comparison, the DNA is also sequenced and analyzed after aging. These findings show that errors and erasures are stochastic and show no practical distribution difference between preservation methods. Finally, the physical density of these methods is compared and a stability versus density trade‐offs discussion provided.
Phylogenetic inferences reveal deep polyphyly of Aongstroemiaceae and Dicranellaceae within the haplolepideous mosses (Dicranidae, Bryophyta)
Authors: Bonfim Santos Marina , Fedosov Vladimir , Hartman Tobias , Fedorova Alina , Siebel Henk , Stech Michael 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHaplolepideous moss systematics has been through major changes based on morpho‐molecular studies. However, many taxa remain little studied with still unclear circumscriptions and relationships among the traditionally recognized families. We inferred the phylogenetic relationships of the haplolepideous mosses based on a sample of 37 out of the 38 haplolepideous moss families and using mitochondrial (nad5 G1 intron) and chloroplast (trnS‐rps4 spacer/rps4 gene and trnL gene/trnL‐trnF spacer) markers. The resolved relationships indicate the need for rearrangements in the circumscription of the Aongstroemiaceae and Dicranellaceae and their genera, which correspond to the variation of morphological characters of leaf shape, rhizoid tuber morphology, and capsule and peristome traits. The two families, although historically considered morphologically close, were resolved as separate lineages in the core haplolepideous clade. The genera Aongstroemia and Dicranella were resolved as polyphyletic across the clades corresponding to the families Aongstroemiaceae and Dicranellaceae and other clades. The characterization of Aongstroemia by julaceous plants is not supported; the three species sampled here belong in three separate families and differ from one another in other (more stable) characters, such as the presence and shape of peristome teeth. Regarding Dicranella, the sampling of 13 of its 167 species suggests the broad morphological variation comprised by the genus under its current circumscription might be narrowed down to smaller ranges corresponding to the phylogenetically separate clades. The present molecular data furthermore suggest changes in the composition of the protohaplolepideous Dicranidae grade, including one Dicranella clade, a new lineage with a ditrichoid morphology, but excluding the Chrysoblastellaceae, which were resolved in the core haplolepideous clade. The latter finding implies the independent evolution of the rare double‐opposite peristome type in both the protohaplolepideous grade and the core haplolepideous clade.
Loss Minimization Control of Dual Three‐Phase Linear Induction Motor with System‐Level Loss Model
Authors: Zhou Yangwei , Zhao Jinghong , Liu Xiaohu 
Published: January 2021

Traditional loss model of linear induction motors usually only considers iron loss and copper loss. However, the neglect of power electronic losses will reduce the accuracy of model calculations. Moreover, in multi‐phase motor drive systems, power electronics losses are relatively higher and cannot be omitted. Considering the above problems, loss models of six‐phase inverter under various PWM modulation methods were derived. And combined with an improved dynamic end effect loss model of dual three‐phase linear induction motor, a system‐level loss model is obtained. Furthermore, optimal excitation current can be calculated based on the model using Newton–Raphson method to minimize system loss. Simulation results showed that this strategy can always bring efficiency improvement under all working conditions, especially under certain light load working conditions (0.2 pu, 5 m/s), the loss reductions of both the inverter and the overall system can achieve by 50% approximately. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
A zinc Schiff base complex as high‐efficiency stabilizer for flexible poly(vinyl chloride) against thermal degradation
Authors: Fu Zhimin , Yang Zhanhong , Rong Yao , Deng Lie , Wu Jian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA high‐efficiency zinc chelate stabilizer, Zn‐(2‐hydroxybenzylidene) aspartic acid (Zn‐HBAPA), has been synthesized. From dehydrochlorination and discoloration tests conducted at 180°C, Zn‐HBAPA has shown to be an excellent thermal stabilizer for flexible poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) when compared with industrially used cadmium‐zinc soap stabilizer. Blending CaSt2derivatives and costabilizer THAM (tris[hydroxymethyl]aminomethane) with synthesized Zn‐HBAPA stabilizer in different ratios substantially improved the thermal stability of PVC while maintaining the initial color of the PVC. The thermal stability time and the induction time were 55.5 and 52 min, respectively. The initial color of PVC samples held for more than 70 min, and the time to turn the PVC samples completely black took 160 min. Results also showed that not only did the Zn‐HBAPA stabilizer show a good synergistic effect when combined with CaSt2and THAM, but it also exhibited good compatibility with PVC.
Test
Authors: Marwedel Peter 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUnfortunately, we cannot rely on designed and possibly already manufactured systems to operate as expected. These systems may have become defective during their use, or their function may have been compromised during the fabrication or their design. The purpose of testing is to verify whether or not an existing embedded/cyber-physical system can be operated as expected. In this chapter, we will present fundamental terms and techniques for testing. There will be a brief introduction to the aims of test pattern generation and their application. We will be introducing terms such as fault model, fault coverage, fault simulation, and fault injection. Also, we will be presenting techniques which improve testability, including the generation of pseudo-random patterns, and signature analysis. It would be beneficial to consider testability issues already during design. In case of fault-tolerant systems, resilience must be verified.
Updates to the Regional Seismic Travel Time (RSTT) Model: 2. Path-dependent Travel-time Uncertainty
Authors: Begnaud Michael L. , Anderson Dale N. , Myers Stephen C. , Young Brian , Hipp James R. , Phillips W. Scott 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe regional seismic travel time (RSTT) model and software were developed to improve travel-time prediction accuracy by accounting for three-dimensional crust and upper mantle structure. Travel-time uncertainty estimates are used in the process of associating seismic phases to events and to accurately calculate location uncertainty bounds (i.e. event location error ellipses). We improve on the current distance-dependent uncertainty parameterization for RSTT using a random effects model to estimate slowness (inverse velocity) uncertainty as a mean squared error for each model parameter. The random effects model separates the error between observed slowness and model predicted slowness into bias and random components. The path-specific travel-time uncertainty is calculated by integrating these mean squared errors along a seismic-phase ray path. We demonstrate that event location error ellipses computed for a 90% coverage ellipse metric (used by the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization International Data Centre (IDC)), and using the path-specific travel-time uncertainty approach, are more representative (median 82.5% ellipse percentage) of true location error than error ellipses computed using distance-dependent travel-time uncertainties (median 70.1%). We also demonstrate measurable improvement in location uncertainties using the RSTT method compared to the current station correction approach used at the IDC (median 74.3% coverage ellipse).
Systematische und qualitätsgesicherte Früherkennung des sporadischen Mammakarzinoms
Authors: Heindel Walter , Bock Karin , Hecht Gerold , Heywang-Köbrunner Sylvia , Kääb-Sanyal Vanessa , Siegmann-Luz Katja , Weigel Stefanie 
Published: January 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Allen Frauen in Deutschland im Alter von 50 bis 69 Jahren wird seit 2009 flächendeckend ein qualitätsgesichertes Mammographie-Screening-Programm angeboten, das an die Europäischen Leitlinien angelehnt ist. Dieser Übersichtsartikel fasst den aktuellen Stand wissenschaftlicher Bewertungen dieses nationalen Brustkrebs-Früherkennungsprogramms zusammen und gibt einen Ausblick auf laufende Studien zur Effektivitätsprüfung und Weiterentwicklung.

Ergebnisse
Aufgrund der erreichten Diagnosevorverlagerung mit Abnahme fortgeschrittener Brustkrebserkrankungen nach wiederholter Screening-Teilnahme ist ein Rückgang der brustkrebsspezifischen Mortalität zu erwarten; das Ausmaß wird die laufende ZEBra-Studie zur Mortalitätsevaluation zeigen.

Schlussfolgerung
Auf vier Feldern zeichnet sich Potenzial zur weiteren Effektivitätssteigerung der Brustkrebs-Früherkennung ab: 1. Frauen sollten das Früherkennungsangebot der Krankenkassen häufiger wahrnehmen; bisher nimmt durchschnittlich nur etwa jede zweite anspruchsberechtigte Frau zwischen 50 und 69 Jahren am Screening-Programm teil. 2. Erweiterung der Anspruchsberechtigung über das 70. Lebensjahr hinaus. 3. Die Weiterentwicklung der digitalen Mammographie zur digitalen Brust-Tomosynthese verspricht die Zahl falsch-positiver Rückrufe zu reduzieren bei gleichzeitiger Sensitivitätssteigerung. 4. Für die wenigen Frauen in der anspruchsberechtigen Gruppe mit extrem dichter Brust sind erweiterte Screening-Strategien wissenschaftlich zu überprüfen.
Implementation framework for PLM: a case study in the fashion industry
Authors: Fani Virginia , Falchi Chiara , Bindi Bianca , Bandinelli Romeo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe implementation of a PLM is a great process of change, representing a critical phase due to the inertia that characterizes some organizations. This evidence especially occurs in industry new to PLM, such as the fashion one, where a lack of clear guidelines for implementation significantly increases the risk of failure of that process. In addition, an adequate project management approach that actively includes final users during the whole process will avoid the mismatch between outcomes and requirements. To support an efficient and effective introduction of PLM, it is then important to define a structured implementation method that involves all interested users from the early stages. A literature review has been conducted as preliminary step to investigate if bottom-up approaches to PLM implementation in fashion industry have already been studied. Based on the evidences from literature review, a framework was therefore defined, detailing the step-by-step procedure to follow for effectively implement a PLM considering the peculiarities of the fashion industry. To give evidence of the applicability of the proposed framework, it has been successfully used during the implementation process of a PLM software in a real context. The Italian company involved in the case study, Graziella, belongs to the gold-working district of Arezzo, in Tuscany, and has been working for more than 60 years in the gold jewellery sector.
Sim1-expressing cells illuminate the origin and course of migration of the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract in the mouse amygdala
Authors: Garcia-Calero Elena , López-González Lara , Martínez-de-la-Torre Margaret , Fan Chen-Ming , Puelles Luis 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe focus this report on the nucleus of the lateral olfactory tract (NLOT), a superficial amygdalar nucleus receiving olfactory input. Mixed with itsTbr1-expressing layer 2 pyramidal cell population (NLOT2), there areSim1-expressing cells whose embryonic origin and mode of arrival remain unclear. We examined this population withSim1-ISH and aSim1-tauLacZ mouse line. An alar hypothalamic origin is apparent at the paraventricular area, which expressesSim1precociously. This progenitor area shows at E10.5 aSim1-expressing dorsal prolongation that crosses the telencephalic stalk and follows the terminal sulcus, reaching the caudomedial end of the pallial amygdala. We conceive thisSim1-expressinghypothalamo-amygdalar corridor(HyA) as an evaginated part of the hypothalamic paraventricular area, which participates in the production ofSim1-expressing cells. From E13.5 onwards,Sim1-expressing cells migrated via the HyA penetrate theposteriorpallial amygdalar radial unit and associate therein to the incipientTbr1-expressing migration stream which swings medially past the amygdalar anterior basolateral nucleus (E15.5), crosses the pallio-subpallial boundary (E16.5), and forms the NLOT2 within the anterior amygdala by E17.5. We conclude that theTbr1-expressing NLOT2 cells arise strictly within theposteriorpallial amygdalar unit, involving a variety of required gene functions we discuss. Our results are consistent with the experimental data on NLOT2 origin reported by Remedios et al. (Nat Neurosci 10:1141–1150, 2007), but we disagree on their implication in this process of the dorsal pallium, observed to be distant from the amygdala.
On Structural Parameterizations of the Edge Disjoint Paths Problem
Authors: Ganian Robert , Ordyniak Sebastian , Ramanujan M. S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this paper we revisit the classical edge disjoint paths (EDP) problem, where one is given an undirected graph G and a set of terminal pairs P and asks whether G contains a set of pairwise edge-disjoint paths connecting every terminal pair in P. Our focus lies on structural parameterizations for the problem that allow for efficient (polynomial-time or FPT) algorithms. As our first result, we answer an open question stated in Fleszar et al. (Proceedings of the ESA, 2016), by showing that the problem can be solved in polynomial time if the input graph has a feedback vertex set of size one. We also show that EDP parameterized by the treewidth and the maximum degree of the input graph is fixed-parameter tractable. Having developed two novel algorithms for EDP using structural restrictions on the input graph, we then turn our attention towards the augmented graph, i.e., the graph obtained from the input graph after adding one edge between every terminal pair. In constrast to the input graph, where EDP is known to remain -hard even for treewidth two, a result by Zhou et al. (Algorithmica 26(1):3--30, 2000) shows that EDP can be solved in non-uniform polynomial time if the augmented graph has constant treewidth; we note that the possible improvement of this result to an FPT-algorithm has remained open since then. We show that this is highly unlikely by establishing the [1]-hardness of the problem parameterized by the treewidth (and even feedback vertex set) of the augmented graph. Finally, we develop an FPT-algorithm for EDP by exploiting a novel structural parameter of the augmented graph.
Heterogeneity in Farmers’ Social Preferences and the Design of Green Payment Schemes
Authors: Banerjee Prasenjit , Pal Rupayan , Wossink Ada , Asher James 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe examine how social preferences affect the workings of voluntary green payment schemes and show that a regulator could use facilitation services along with a social reward to generate better ecological outcome at less cost by exploiting a farmer’s social preferences to gain a green social-image/reputation. To motivate our model, we first present the results of an incentivized elicitation survey in Scotland which shows that there is a social norm of biodiversity protection on private land among farmers. Moreover, the results of a discrete choice experiment reveal that farmers are willing to give up economic rents for more publicity of their conservation activities; this confirms the relevance of reputational gain in the context of green payment schemes. Our model assumes two types of farmers, green and brown, with a green farmer taking more biodiversity protection actions than a brown farmer. We design a menu of contracts that offers both monetary incentives and non-monetary incentives (a facilitation service with social reward) to induce both type of farmers to join the scheme and to exert first-best levels (i.e., symmetric information levels) of action. Results show that under asymmetric information the regulator can implement the symmetric information equilibrium levels of biodiversity protection actions with only non-monetary incentives for the green farmer and only monetary incentives for the brown farmer. This implies that a regulator can ensure better environmental outcomes, at a lower cost, by exploiting farmers’ social preferences and by offering non-monetary incentives.
Does Autism Affect Children’s Identification of Ownership and Defence of Ownership Rights?
Authors: Hartley Calum , Harrison Nina , Shaw John J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study investigated how autism spectrum disorder (ASD) impacts children’s ability to identify ownership from linguistic cues (proper nouns vs. possessive pronouns) and their awareness of ownership rights. In comparison to typically developing (TD) children matched on receptive language (M age equivalents: 53–56 months), children with ASD were less accurate at tracking owner-object relationships based on possessive pronouns and were less accurate at identifying the property of third parties. We also found that children with ASD were less likely to defend their own and others’ ownership rights. We hypothesise that these results may be attributed to differences in representing the self and propose that ASD may be characterised by reduced concern for ownership and associated concepts.
Polymeric approach to combat drug-resistant methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Kanth Shreya , Nagaraja Akshatha , Puttaiahgowda Yashoda Malgar 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The current global death rate has threatened humans due to increase in deadly unknown infections caused by pathogenic microorganisms. On the contrary, the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is also increasing which is leading to elevated lethality rate worldwide. Development of drug-resistant bacteria has become one of the daunting global challenges due to failure in approaching to combat against them. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of those drug-resistant bacteria which has led to increase in global mortality rate causing various lethal infections. Polymer synthesis can be one of the significant approaches to combat MRSA by fabricating polymeric coatings to prevent the spread of infections. This review provides last decade information in the development of various polymers against MRSA.

Graphical abstract