bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular mechanisms and hormonal regulation underpinning morphological dormancy: a case study using Apium graveolens (Apiaceae)
Authors: Walker Matthew , Pérez Marta , Steinbrecher Tina , Gawthrop Frances , Pavlović Iva , Novák Ondřej , Tarkowská Danuše , Strnad Miroslav , Marone Federica , Nakabayashi Kazumi , Leubner‐Metzger Gerhard 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARYUnderdeveloped (small) embryos embedded in abundant endosperm tissue, and thus having morphological dormancy (MD) or morphophysiological dormancy (MPD), are considered to be the ancestral state in seed dormancy evolution. This trait is retained in the Apiaceae family, which provides excellent model systems for investigating the underpinning mechanisms. We investigated Apium graveolens (celery) MD by combined innovative imaging and embryo growth assays with the quantification of hormone metabolism, as well as the analysis of hormone and cell‐wall related gene expression. The integrated experimental results demonstrated that embryo growth occurred inside imbibed celery fruits in association with endosperm degradation, and that a critical embryo size was required for radicle emergence. The regulation of these processes depends on gene expression leading to gibberellin and indole‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) production by the embryo and on crosstalk between the fruit compartments. ABA degradation associated with distinct spatiotemporal patterns in ABA sensitivity control embryo growth, endosperm breakdown and radicle emergence. This complex interaction between gibberellins, IAA and ABA metabolism, and changes in the tissue‐specific sensitivities to these hormones is distinct from non‐MD seeds. We conclude that the embryo growth to reach the critical size and the associated endosperm breakdown inside MD fruits constitute a unique germination programme.
Fungal social influencers: secondary metabolites as a platform for shaping the plant‐associated community
Authors: Rangel Lorena I. , Hamilton Olivia , de Jonge Ronnie , Bolton Melvin D. 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARYFungal secondary metabolites (FSMs) are capable of manipulating plant community dynamics by inhibiting or facilitating the establishment of co‐habitating organisms. Although production of FSMs is not crucial for survival of the producer, their absence can indirectly impair growth and/or niche competition of these fungi on the plant. The presence of FSMs with no obvious consequence on the fitness of the producer leaves questions regarding ecological impact. This review investigates how fungi employ FSMs as a platform to mediate fungal–fungal, fungal–bacterial and fungal–animal interactions associated with the plant community. We discuss how the biological function of FSMs may indirectly benefit the producer by altering the dynamics of surrounding organisms. We introduce several instances where FSMs influence antagonistic‐ or alliance‐driven interactions. Part of our aim is to decipher the meaning of the FSM ‘language’ as it is widely noted to impact the surrounding community. Here, we highlight the contribution of FSMs to plant‐associated interaction networks that affect the host either broadly or in ways that may have previously been unclear.
Black ground truths and police abolition
Authors: Winston Celeste 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis essay offers the concept of Black ground truths as a critical geographic method for scholarship and organising. Black ground truths encompass Black experiential practices of understanding the present world's limitations and building toward new, more liberated geographic possibilities. Centring the movement for police abolition, this essay urges us to look to existing Black liberatory place‐making praxes to better understand how to transfigure sites of policing and other forms of racial violence.
How do I… facilitate a rapid response to a public health emergency requiring plasma collection with a public–private partnership?
Authors: Miller Maureen J. , Skrzekut Adam , Kracalik Ian , Jones Jefferson M. , Lofy Kathryn H. , Konkle Barbara A. , Haley N. Rebecca , Duvenhage Michael , Bonnett Tyler , Holbrook Michael , Higgs Elizabeth , Basavaraju Sridhar V. , Paranjape Suman 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn March 2020, there were no treatment options for COVID‐19. Passive immune therapy including anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 hyperimmune globulin (hIVIG) was a logical candidate for COVID‐19 therapeutic trials, given past success treating emerging pathogens with endogenous neutralizing antibodies. We established a plasma collection protocol for persons recovered from COVID‐19. To speed recruitment in the first U.S. hotspot, Seattle, Washington, federal and state public health agencies collaborated with Bloodworks Northwest to collect convalescent plasma (CP) for manufacturing hIVIG. During March–December 2020, we identified and recruited prospective CP donors via letters to persons recovered from COVID‐19 with laboratory‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection. Prospective donors were pre‐screened and administered a medical history survey. Anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 neutralizing antibody (NAb) titers were classified as qualifying (≥1:80) or non‐qualifying (<1:80) for enrollment based on a live virus neutralization assay. Generalized estimating equations were used to identify characteristics of donors associated with qualifying versus nonqualifying NAb titers. Overall, 21,359 letters resulted in 3207 inquiries, 2159 prescreenings with laboratory‐confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, and 573 donors (27% of all pre‐screenings with confirmed infection) who provided a screening plasma donation. Of 573 donors screened, 254 (44%) provided plasma with qualifying NAb titers, resulting in 1284 units for hIVIG manufacture. In a multivariable model, after adjusting for other factors, time (60 days) from COVID‐19 symptom onset to screening was associated with lower odds of qualifying NAb (adjusted odds ratio = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.48–0.94). The collaboration facilitated a rapid response to develop and provide hIVIG for clinical trials and CP for transfusion. Only 1 in 12 donor inquiries resulted in a qualifying plasma donation. Challenges included recruitment and the relatively low percentage of persons with high NAb titers and limited screening capacity. This resource‐intensive collaboration may not be scalable but informs preparedness and response strategies for plasma collection in future epidemics. Operational readiness plans with templates for screening, consent, and data collection forms are recommended.
Performance of the Sysmex XN‐V body fluid module for canine cerebrospinal fluid cell count
Authors: Ortiz‐Nisa Sonia , Sanz Alba , Pastor Josep , de la Fuente Cristian , Añor Sonia 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundMicroscopic cell counts and nucleated cell identification are the “gold standard” for cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) assessments and are labor intensive and subject to operator variability. The use of automated methods could be an alternative to the current manual technique.ObjectivesWe aimed to assess the utility of the Sysmex XN‐V body fluid (BF) module analyzer to count and differentiate nucleated cells in canine CSF and evaluate the accuracy and correlation between this and the manual method.MethodsWe prospectively analyzed 150 CSF samples from dogs using the Sysmex XN‐V BF module and compared the results with those obtained using the manual counting method. We also evaluated the linearity, detection limits, and imprecision of the Sysmex XN‐V BF module.ResultsThe Sysmex XN‐V BF module analyzer performance had a sensitivity of 92.59% and specificity of 94.30%. The lower limit of quantification for the total nucleated cell count (TNCC) was 0 cells/μL. A Pearson´s correlation coefficient of 0.945 was found between both methods for TNCC, with 0.997 and 0.940 for samples with TNCC >10 cells/μL and TNCC >5 cells/μL, respectively. The correlation coefficient for the mononuclear and polymorphonuclear differential cell count was −0.031 and −0.019, respectively, and it was 0.576 for the RBC count.ConclusionsThe Sysmex XN‐V BF module provides reliable TNCCs for canine CSF, even for samples with low cell numbers, but manual cytologic evaluation is still needed for differential cell counts.
Comparison of in‐hospital continuous electrocardiography versus recordable Holter monitoring in dogs with ventricular arrhythmias
Authors: Teslenko Alina , Fries Ryan C. , Selmic Laura E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveDetermine the agreement between nonrecordable continuous ECG and Holter monitoring at estimating arrhythmia severity in hospitalized dogs.DesignProspective, observational, cohort study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsTen dogs.InterventionsHeart rates and rhythms were simultaneously monitored using nonrecordable cage‐side continuous ECG and Holter monitoring. Continuous ECG was assessed by ICU technicians for 1 min every hour, and heart rate and rhythm were recorded. A modified Lown score was used to grade arrhythmia severity (Grade 0 = sinus; Grade 1 = single ventricular premature complexes; Grade 2 = accelerated idioventricular; Grade 3 = bigeminy/trigeminy; Grade 4 = couplets/triplets; Grade 5 = ventricular tachycardia or R on T). Holter data were analyzed by a board‐certified cardiologist, and arrhythmia grade was assigned to the same 1‐min time period reported by ICU technicians. A 1‐h arrhythmia grade was also determined from Holter data and was reported as the highest grade noted during the previous hour. Cohen's weighted kappa analysis was used to compare the agreement of ICU and Holter grade during the same 1‐min time period and to compare 1‐min Holter grade with the prior hour Holter grade.Measurements and Main ResultsWeak agreement was found between ICU‐reported grade and Holter grade (κ = 0.40), as well as weak agreement between 1‐min Holter grade and hour Holter grade (κ = 0.39).ConclusionsResults of this study indicate that arrhythmia grades assessed by ICU technicians and hourly 1‐min observations weakly agree with recordable Holter monitoring in hospitalized dogs with ventricular arrhythmias.
A feasibility study investigating the utility of a point‐of‐care rapid immunoassay for detecting septic peritoneal effusion in dogs
Authors: Human Kelsey P. , Bleyaert Helga F. , Iacovetta Christine 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the sensitivity (SN), specificity (SP), positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy of a point‐of‐care urine bacterial rapid immunoassay (RIA) for a diagnosis of septic peritonitis, compared to more traditional diagnostic tools, such as cytology and bacterial culture.DesignProspective, cross‐sectional feasibility study conducted from October 2016 to June 2017.SettingFour locations within a private practice referral hospital.AnimalsSixty‐four dogs with peritoneal effusion of any etiology were enrolled. Four dogs were excluded due to absent RIA or bacterial culture results. Two additional dogs were excluded because of an inability to definitively classify them as having septic peritonitis.InterventionsAbdominocentesis was performed to obtain peritoneal effusion samples for aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture, cytology, and RIA. Cytological slides were evaluated by a clinical pathologist following enrollment.Measurements and Main ResultsFifty‐eight dogs were included in the study, 8 of which were classified as having septic peritonitis. Compared to final diagnosis of septic peritonitis, RIA had a low PPV (36.8%) but good NPV (97.4%) and was 77.5% accurate. SN of RIA (87.5%) to diagnose septic peritonitis was similar to cytology (85.7%) and bacterial culture (87.5%); however, SP was lower (76%, 100%, and 98%, respectively). Cytology had the best overall predictive values and accuracy for diagnosing septic peritonitis (PPV 100%, NPV 97.9%, and accuracy 98%) compared to RIA and bacterial culture.ConclusionsRIA testing was similarly sensitive in identifying septic peritonitis compared to cytology and bacterial culture but was not very specific or accurate. As a stand‐alone test, RIA commonly had false‐positive test results, making it unreliable in identifying septic peritonitis. Cytology was the most accurate diagnostic test and had no false‐positive results. Further investigation with a larger sample size and prevalence of septic peritonitis may prove beneficial.
Characterization of sand fly breeding sites in district Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, and evaluation of risk factors for cutaneous leishmaniasis in the region
Authors: Khan Khurshaid , Khan Nazma Habib , Anwar Farhat , Ullah Ihtisham , Badshah Noor , Irfan Irfan , Iqbal Khalid , Shah Ibrar , Aziz Shah Tariq , Khan Muhammad Shahid Naseem , Shah Safeer Ullah 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPresent study was carried to determine the sand fly species composition, breeding sites ecology, seasonal abundance, and spatial distribution in district Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. In addition, risk factors associated with cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) were also evaluated. Survey of indoor and outdoor habitats was carried out using sticky traps in 31 villages of Dargai and Batkhela tehsils of Malakand. Soil from habitats of adult and immature sand flies was analysed. Questionnaire‐based household survey was also performed in these villages to assess risk factors associated with CL. Soil samples from selected CL positive households were analysed for its contents. Additionally, clinicoepidemiological data from local health centres was examined for the year 2019. Total of 3,140 sand flies belonging to 18 species were collected. Phlebotomus sergenti was the most abundant species (38.16%). Its abundance had a strong positive correlation with mean monthly relative humidity and negative correlation with average temperature. Phlebotomus sergenti and Phlebotomus papatasi were abundant at an elevation ranging from 320 to 1,120 m above sea level and in agricultural lands near human settlements. Flight height preference apparatus collected maximum sand flies at 30 cm (1ft) above the ground and all species associated negatively with height. Soil analysis from habitats of adult and immature flies showed that highest mean number of adults and immatures were recorded from silt loam which carried highest concentrations of K2O, Mg, Ca, and Zn. Number of immature sand flies correlated moderately (r = .7, p < .05) with K2O soil concentrations. There was significant similarity between organic matter contents in soil samples from positive breeding sites and CL households (Wilcoxon rank‐sum test, p = .1976). In multivariate analysis model for CL risk factors, age (26–35 and >35 years), knowledge of leishmaniasis, living in a middle and upper class, preachers visit to villages, and assumption that Afghan refugees are more prone to CL were significant. CL patient's archived data from health centres showed that majority of patients had lesions on face and hands. Patient's influx was highest in February and March.
Parents’ Perceptions of Secondary Physical Education
Authors: Earley Lauren , Fleet Matthew 
Published: September 2021

There is a large quantity of research (Alguacil, 2018; Ciotto & Gagnon, 2018; McKenzie and Lounsbery, 2014) which states the importance Physical Education (PE) has in pupils’ lives. However, there is a state of decline for the status of the subject (Harris, 2018; Kirk et al., 2013). Parents perception is an under-researched area (Na, 2015; Yilmaz, 2018), especially in the UK, therefore, it is important parents’ beliefs are explored to understand an important stakeholder’s viewpoint. Purpose: To explore and gain an understanding of the perception’s parents have of Secondary PE, investigating what the perceptions are and why they have them. Methodology: This study uses a mixed-methods exploratory design to discover, the perceptions parents have on Secondary school PE, using a quantitative online survey and qualitative semi-structured interviews. 263 parents/guardians completed the survey, which was then followed by 8 parents taking part in the interviews. Results: From the data sets collected 5 themes were identified: Importance of PE; Teacher-Pupil relationship; PE in relation to other subjects; competitive nature of PE and impact PE has on confidence. 50% percent of parents did believe that PE is as important as subjects such Maths, English and Science, but, in comparison to other subjects 61% of parents do not favour PE overall. With results demonstrating the growing awareness parents have of the crucial role PE plays in health and wellbeing for pupils. Conclusion: Although parents understand the importance of PE, parents perceptions differ on some aspects of the subject. This study is a starting point for other researchers and should be continued to be researched to support PE in the curriculum.
Central elements in affine modpHecke algebras via perverse -sheaves
Authors: Cass Robert 
Published: September 2021

AbstractLet$G$be a split connected reductive group over a finite field of characteristic$p > 2$such that$G_\text {der}$is absolutely almost simple. We give a geometric construction of perverse$\mathbb {F}_p$-sheaves on the Iwahori affine flag variety of$G$which are central with respect to the convolution product. We deduce an explicit formula for an isomorphism from the spherical mod$p$Hecke algebra to the center of the Iwahori mod$p$Hecke algebra. We also give a formula for the central integral Bernstein elements in the Iwahori mod$p$Hecke algebra. To accomplish these goals we construct a nearby cycles functor for perverse$\mathbb {F}_p$-sheaves and we use Frobenius splitting techniques to prove some properties of this functor. We also prove that certain equal characteristic analogues of local models of Shimura varieties are strongly$F$-regular, and hence they are$F$-rational and have pseudo-rational singularities.
Mechanisms of cAMP compartmentation in cardiac myocytes: experimental and computational approaches to understanding
Authors: Harvey Robert D. , Clancy Colleen E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe small diffusible second messenger 3′,5′‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is found in virtually every cell in our bodies, where it mediates responses to a variety of different G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). In the heart, cAMP plays a critical role in regulating many different aspects of cardiac myocyte function, including gene transcription, cell metabolism, and excitation‐contraction coupling. Yet, not all GPCRs that stimulate cAMP production elicit the same responses. Subcellular compartmentation of cAMP is essential to explain how different receptors can utilize the same diffusible second messenger to elicit unique functional responses. However, the mechanisms contributing to this behaviour and its significance in producing physiological and pathological responses are incompletely understood. Mathematical modelling has played an essential role in gaining insight into these questions. This review discusses what we currently know about cAMP compartmentation in cardiac myocytes and questions that are yet to be answered.
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Intrinsic and synaptic mechanisms controlling the expiratory activity of excitatory lateral parafacial neurones of rats
Authors: Magalhães Karolyne S. , da Silva Melina P. , Mecawi André S. , Paton Julian F. R. , Machado Benedito H. , Moraes Davi J. A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractActive expiration is essential for increasing pulmonary ventilation during high chemical drive (hypercapnia). The lateral parafacial (pFL) region, which contains expiratory neurones, drives abdominal muscles during active expiration in response to hypercapnia. However, the electrophysiological properties and synaptic mechanisms determining the activity of pFL expiratory neurones, as well as the specific conditions for their emergence, are not fully understood. Using whole cell electrophysiology and single cell quantitative RT‐PCR techniques, we describe the intrinsic electrophysiological properties, the phenotype and the respiratory‐related synaptic inputs to the pFL expiratory neurones, as well as the mechanisms for the expression of their expiratory activity under conditions of hypercapnia‐induced active expiration, using in situ preparations of juvenile rats. We also evaluated whether these neurones possess intrinsic CO2/[H+] sensitivity and burst generating properties. GABAergic and glycinergic inhibition during inspiration and expiration suppressed the activity of glutamatergic pFL expiratory neurones in normocapnia. In hypercapnia, these neurones escape glycinergic inhibition and generate burst discharges at the end of expiration. Evidence for the contribution of post‐inhibitory rebound, CaV3.2 isoform of T‐type Ca2+ channels and intracellular [Ca2+] is presented. Neither intrinsic bursting properties, mediated by persistent Na+ current, nor CO2/[H+] sensitivity or expression of CO2/[H+] sensitive ion channels/receptors (TASK or GPR4) were observed. On the other hand, hyperpolarisation‐activated cyclic nucleotide–gated and twik‐related K+ leak channels were recorded. Post‐synaptic disinhibition and the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of glutamatergic neurones play important roles in the generation of the expiratory oscillations in the pFL region during hypercapnia in rats.
imageKey points
Hypercapnia induces active expiration in rats and the recruitment of a specific population of expiratory neurones in the lateral parafacial (pFL) region.
Post‐synaptic GABAergic and glycinergic inhibition both suppress the activity of glutamatergic pFL neurones during inspiratory and expiratory phases in normocapnia.
Hypercapnia reduces glycinergic inhibition during expiration leading to burst generation by pFL neurones; evidence for a contribution of post‐inhibitory rebound, voltage‐gated Ca2+ channels and intracellular [Ca2+] is presented.
pFL glutamatergic expiratory neurones are neither intrinsic burster neurones, nor CO2/[H+] sensors, and do not express CO2/[H+] sensitive ion channels or receptors.
Post‐synaptic disinhibition and the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of glutamatergic neurones both play important roles in the generation of the expiratory oscillations in the pFL region during hypercapnia in rats.