bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Load monitoring of a cantilever plate by a novel multimodal fibre optic sensing configuration
Authors: Nazeer N. , Groves R. M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOptical fibre sensors and in particular fibre Bragg gratings (FBG) have received a lot of interest for Structural Health Monitoring in different application fields, such as aerospace, pipeline and civil engineering. FBGs are conventionally used to monitor strain and sometimes temperature. In this paper, we propose a new method for load monitoring of a cantilever plate subjected to point loading. The bending of plate is complex due to the interaction between the axial and transverse bending stiffnesses of the material. We use a novel algorithm for interrogating fibre Bragg grating sensors based on both hybrid interferometry and FBG spectral sensing. The method is demonstrated in this paper using a single-mode optical fibre containing four FBG sensors to estimate both the point loading position and the loading magnitude at an arbitrary location on a 1 m$$^{2}$$2cantilever plate. The algorithm first utilizes point strain information through spectral sensing as well as strain from interferometric sensing over a long path. The gratings are interrogated using Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM). We calibrated the system using an experimental model. This model was then verified by using single point static loading tests and comparing the calculated sensing position with the actual position. The method achieved a good estimation of loading position achieving a measurement error of about 9% in a 2D plane. The analysis discusses the possible sources of inaccuracies. This study forms the basis of our future work involving morphing smart-wing sections for the purpose of load monitoring.Article highlightsA new optical sensing configuration is demonstrated for load and structural health monitoring of cantilever structures.The algorithm successfully estimates the position of an arbitrary load on a cantilever plate, with an error of 9%.This methodology will be extended to monitor more complex structures, in- cluding morphing aircraft wing sections.
Addressing Bias in Responder Analysis of Patient-Reported Outcomes
Authors: Cappelleri Joseph C. , Chambers Richard 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Quantitative patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures ideally are analyzed on their original scales and responder analyses are used to aid the interpretation of those primary analyses. As stated in the FDA PRO Guidance for Medical Product Development (2009), one way to lend meaning and interpretation to such a PRO measure is to dichotomize between values where within-patient changes are considered clinically important and those that are not. But even a PRO scale with a cutoff score that discriminates well between responder and non-responders is fraught with some misclassification.

Methods
Using estimates of sensitivity and specificity on classification of responder status from a PRO instrument, formulas are provided to correct for such responder misclassification under the assumption of no treatment misclassification. Two case studies from sexual medicine illustrate the methodology.

Results
Adjustment formulas on cell counts for responder misclassification are a direct extension of correction formulas for misclassification on disease from a two-way cross-classification table of disease (yes, no) and exposure (yes, no). Unadjusted and adjusted estimates of treatment effect are compared in terms of odds ratio, response ratio, and response difference. In the two case studies, there was considerable underestimation of treatment effect.

Discussion and conclusions
The methodology can be applied to different therapeutic areas. Limitations of the methodology, such as when adjusted cell estimates become negative, are highlighted. The role of anchor-based methodology is discussed for obtaining estimates of sensitivity and specificity on responder classification. Correction for treatment effect bias from misclassification of responder status on PRO measures can lead to more trustworthy interpretation and effective decision-making.
Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT00343200
Preparing for an Imperial Inheritance: Children, Play, and Empire in Eighteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Bickham Troy 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn examining how children engaged with the British Empire, broadly defined, during the long eighteenth century, this article considers a range of materials, including museums, printed juvenile literature, and board games, that specifically attempted to attract children and their parents. Subjects that engaged with the wider world, and with it the British Empire, were typically not a significant part of formal education curricula, and so an informal marketplace of materials and experiences emerged both to satisfy and drive parental demand for supplementary education at home. Such engagements were no accident. Rather, they were a conscious effort to provide middling and elite children with what was considered useful information about the wider world and empire they would inherit, as well as opportunities to consider the moral implications and obligations of imperial rule, particularly with regard to African slavery.
THE RATES OF JURY PAY AND ASSEMBLY PAY IN FOURTH-CENTURY ATHENS
Authors: Sing Robert 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDuring the fourth century, the amount of money Athenians got from thepolisfor volunteering to sit on a jury and for attending the assembly diverged significantly. Jury pay remained at 3 obols a day, despite inflation, while the pay given for a principal(kyria)assembly eventually rose from 1 obol to 9 obols—outpacing inflation and overcompensating most citizens for their time. What demographic reconstruction of the jury can explain why the real value of jury pay never declined to the point that too few Athenians volunteered? Self-reliant citizens (penêtes) must have dominated the jury pool, andpenêteswith young adult children would have volunteered most often. Having an additional source of household labour reduced the opportunity cost of jury service for these Athenians and made their participation more resilient in the face of the declining value of pay. Citizens who faced greater opportunity costs probably participated less over time, meaning that fourth-century juries gradually became less diverse. By contrast, the growth in assembly pay can best be understood in terms of the ‘Lycurgan’ agenda of the 330s and the 320s. Greater pay helped to ensure that the assembly's newly expanded meeting place on the Pnyx was filled to capacity with citizens from all over Attica. The result was a massive spectacle that celebrated a threatened democracy and stimulated thepoliseconomy. Since the courts lacked the same capacity for spectacle, there was no political motivation to pay jurors more.
Low Back Pain in a Nova Scotian Emergency Department: Prevalence and Patient Characteristics in the Older Adult Patient Population
Authors: Federico Lucy , Andrew Melissa K , Ogilvie Rachel , Wilson Maria , Magee Kirk , Hayden Jill A 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLow back pain is a major cause of disability in older adults, and results in many emergency department visits each year. Characteristics of the older back pain population are largely unknown. We conducted a retrospective study to examine the prevalence and patient characteristics for older (≥ 65 years of age) and younger (16–64 years of age) adults presenting with back pain. Study objectives were to describe the characteristics of older adults with back pain presenting to an emergency department and to identify age-group-based differences in management. Older adults were most commonly diagnosed with non-specific low back pain (49%). For older adults with this diagnosis, the length of stay was 2.1 times longer (p < 0.001), and odds of being admitted to the hospital were 5.1 times higher (p < 0.001) than for younger adults. Patterns of management are different for younger and older adults with low back pain; this information can be used to direct future resource planning.
Household food insecurity and early childhood development in Brazil: an analysis of children under 2 years of age
Authors: de Oliveira Klébya HD , Buccini Gabriela , Hernandez Daphne C , Pérez-Escamilla Rafael , Gubert Muriel B 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjective:To determine if household food insecurity (HFI) is associated with the risk of developmental delays.Design:Cross-sectional study of a representative sample of children under 2 years old. Risk of developmental delays was assessed with the Denver Developmental Screening Test II. HFI was measured with the Brazilian Food Insecurity Measurement Scale. Multivariable logistic regression was used to test the association between HFI (food secure/insecure) and risk of developmental delays, adjusting for household, maternal and child variables.Setting:Community Health Centers in the Federal District, Brazil.Participants:1004 children under 2 years old.Results:Among participants, 15 % were at risk of developmental delays and about 40 % of children lived in food-insecure households. HFI was associated with the risk of developmental delays (adjusted OR 2·61; 95 % CI 1·42, 4·80) compared with food-secure households after adjusting for key confounders.Conclusions:HFI was strongly associated with the risk of developmental delays in children under 2 years. Investments that prevent or mitigate HFI are likely to be key for improved human and national development.
Equality Bodies: advancing towards more responsive designs?
Authors: Benedi Lahuerta Sara 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe EU has progressively introduced antidiscrimination enforcement measures like the duty to set up Equality Bodies (EBs) that applies to the ground of racial or ethnic origin, among others. Until recently, however, EU law only envisaged vague standards for EBs that allowed a wide range of national configurations. Building on international benchmarks, this paper draws a set of dimensions considered necessary to improve promotion-type EBs responsiveness to discrimination. These dimensions are applied to the British and Spanish EBs to illustrate how the gaps left by EU law may lead to the design of ineffective bodies. The paper argues that EBs can contribute to effectively tackling discrimination if they are designed to be responsive at individual and systemic levels. The 2018 EU Recommendation on Standards for EBs makes a step forward in that direction, but its practical relevance may be limited by its non-binding nature.
Dependence of Parallel Electrical Conductivity in the Topside Ionosphere on Solar and Geomagnetic Activity
Authors: Giannattasio F. , Pignalberi A. , De Michelis P. , Coco I. , Consolini G. , Pezzopane M. , Tozzi R. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe spatial and temporal dynamics of ionospheric currents are among the most evident manifestations of the interaction between the magnetized plasma of solar origin and the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system. In this context, a special role is played by field‐aligned currents (FACs), which drive energy and momentum exchanges between the magnetosphere and the ionosphere, deeply affecting the energy balance of the latter. One of the most relevant physical quantities that may help to fully characterize FACs is the ionospheric electrical conductivity. Understanding the features associated with this quantity may contribute to the advancement of knowledge on the mechanisms of solar wind‐magnetosphere‐ionosphere interaction as well as energy storage and dissipation involved in the space weather phenomena. By extending a previous study, we investigate the dependence of the electrical conductivity parallel to the geomagnetic field on solar and geomagnetic activity. To this aim, we considered a six‐year long data set of in‐situ electron density and temperature values recorded by the Langmuir probes on board the Swarm satellites in the topside ionosphere. With this large data set, we computed global maps of the parallel electron conductivity under both quiet and disturbed conditions, and for different solar activity levels. In both cases, the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model allowed estimating the contribution of particle precipitation to electrical conductivity.
Actuation enhances patterning in human neural tube organoids
Authors: Abdel Fattah Abdel Rahman , Daza Brian , Rustandi Gregorius , Berrocal-Rubio Miguel Ángel , Gorissen Benjamin , Poovathingal Suresh , Davie Kristofer , Barrasa-Fano Jorge , Cóndor Mar , Cao Xuanye , Rosenzweig Derek Hadar , Lei Yunping , Finnell Richard , Verfaillie Catherine , Sampaolesi Maurilio , Dedecker Peter , Van Oosterwyck Hans , Aerts Stein , Ranga Adrian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTissues achieve their complex spatial organization through an interplay between gene regulatory networks, cell-cell communication, and physical interactions mediated by mechanical forces. Current strategies to generate in-vitro tissues have largely failed to implement such active, dynamically coordinated mechanical manipulations, relying instead on extracellular matrices which respond to, rather than impose mechanical forces. Here, we develop devices that enable the actuation of organoids. We show that active mechanical forces increase growth and lead to enhanced patterning in an organoid model of the neural tube derived from single human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC). Using a combination of single-cell transcriptomics and immunohistochemistry, we demonstrate that organoid mechanoregulation due to actuation operates in a temporally restricted competence window, and that organoid response to stretch is mediated extracellularly by matrix stiffness and intracellularly by cytoskeleton contractility and planar cell polarity. Exerting active mechanical forces on organoids using the approaches developed here is widely applicable and should enable the generation of more reproducible, programmable organoid shape, identity and patterns, opening avenues for the use of these tools in regenerative medicine and disease modelling applications.
Non-Abelian three-loop braiding statistics for 3D fermionic topological phases
Authors: Zhou Jing-Ren , Wang Qing-Rui , Wang Chenjie , Gu Zheng-Cheng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFractional statistics is one of the most intriguing features of topological phases in 2D. In particular, the so-called non-Abelian statistics plays a crucial role towards realizing topological quantum computation. Recently, the study of topological phases has been extended to 3D and it has been proposed that loop-like extensive objects can also carry fractional statistics. In this work, we systematically study the so-called three-loop braiding statistics for 3D interacting fermion systems. Most surprisingly, we discover new types of non-Abelian three-loop braiding statistics that can only be realized in fermionic systems (or equivalently bosonic systems with emergent fermionic particles). On the other hand, due to the correspondence between gauge theories with fermionic particles and classifying fermionic symmetry-protected topological (FSPT) phases with unitary symmetries, our study also gives rise to an alternative way to classify FSPT phases. We further compare the classification results for FSPT phases with arbitrary Abelian unitary total symmetry Gf and find systematical agreement with previous studies.
Cell-free DNA captures tumor heterogeneity and driver alterations in rapid autopsies with pre-treated metastatic cancer
Authors: Pereira Bernard , Chen Christopher T. , Goyal Lipika , Walmsley Charlotte , Pinto Christopher J. , Baiev Islam , Allen Read , Henderson Laura , Saha Supriya , Reyes Stephanie , Taylor Martin S. , Fitzgerald Donna M. , Broudo Maida Williams , Sahu Avinash , Gao Xin , Winckler Wendy , Brannon A. Rose , Engelman Jeffrey A. , Leary Rebecca , Stone James R. , Campbell Catarina D. , Juric Dejan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn patients with metastatic cancer, spatial heterogeneity of somatic alterations may lead to incomplete assessment of a cancer’s mutational profile when analyzing a single tumor biopsy. In this study, we perform sequencing of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and distinct metastatic tissue samples from ten rapid autopsy cases with pre-treated metastatic cancer. We show that levels of heterogeneity in genetic biomarkers vary between patients but that gene expression signatures representative of the tumor microenvironment are more consistent. Across nine patients with plasma samples available, we are able to detect 62/62 truncal and 47/121 non-truncal point mutations in cfDNA. We observe that mutation clonality in cfDNA is correlated with the number of metastatic lesions in which the mutation is detected and use this result to derive a clonality threshold to classify truncal and non-truncal driver alterations with reasonable specificity. In contrast, mutation truncality is more often incorrectly assigned when studying single tissue samples. Our results demonstrate the utility of a single cfDNA sample relative to that of single tissue samples when treating patients with metastatic cancer.
Targeting Gα13-integrin interaction ameliorates systemic inflammation
Authors: Cheng Ni , Zhang Yaping , Delaney M. Keegan , Wang Can , Bai Yanyan , Skidgel Randal A. , Du Xiaoping 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSystemic inflammation as manifested in sepsis is an excessive, life-threatening inflammatory response to severe bacterial or viral infection or extensive injury. It is also a thrombo-inflammatory condition associated with vascular leakage/hemorrhage and thrombosis that is not effectively treated by current anti-inflammatory or anti-thrombotic drugs. Here, we show that MB2mP6 peptide nanoparticles, targeting the Gα13-mediated integrin “outside-in” signaling in leukocytes and platelets, inhibited both inflammation and thrombosis without causing hemorrhage/vascular leakage. MB2mP6 improved mouse survival when infused immediately or hours after onset of severe sepsis. Furthermore, platelet Gα13 knockout inhibited septic thrombosis whereas leukocyte Gα13 knockout diminished septic inflammation, each moderately improving survival. Dual platelet/leukocyte Gα13 knockout inhibited septic thrombosis and inflammation, further improving survival similar to MB2mP6. These results demonstrate that inflammation and thrombosis independently contribute to poor outcomes and exacerbate each other in systemic inflammation, and reveal a concept of dual anti-inflammatory/anti-thrombotic therapy without exacerbating vascular leakage.
Non-associative phase separation in an evaporating droplet as a model for prebiotic compartmentalization
Authors: Guo Wei , Kinghorn Andrew B. , Zhang Yage , Li Qingchuan , Poonam Aditi Dey , Tanner Julian A. , Shum Ho Cheung 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe synthetic pathways of life’s building blocks are envisaged to be through a series of complex prebiotic reactions and processes. However, the strategy to compartmentalize and concentrate biopolymers under prebiotic conditions remains elusive. Liquid-liquid phase separation is a mechanism by which membraneless organelles form inside cells, and has been hypothesized as a potential mechanism for prebiotic compartmentalization. Associative phase separation of oppositely charged species has been shown to partition RNA, but the strongly negative charge exhibited by RNA suggests that RNA-polycation interactions could inhibit RNA folding and its functioning inside the coacervates. Here, we present a prebiotically plausible pathway for non-associative phase separation within an evaporating all-aqueous sessile droplet. We quantitatively investigate the kinetic pathway of phase separation triggered by the non-uniform evaporation rate, together with the Marangoni flow-driven hydrodynamics inside the sessile droplet. With the ability to undergo liquid-liquid phase separation, the drying droplets provide a robust mechanism for formation of prebiotic membraneless compartments, as demonstrated by localization and storage of nucleic acids, in vitro transcription, as well as a three-fold enhancement of ribozyme activity. The compartmentalization mechanism illustrated in this model system is feasible on wet organophilic silica-rich surfaces during early molecular evolution.
Compensatory evolution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa’s slow growth phenotype suggests mechanisms of adaptation in cystic fibrosis
Authors: La Rosa Ruggero , Rossi Elio , Feist Adam M. , Johansen Helle Krogh , Molin Søren 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLong-term infection of the airways of cystic fibrosis patients with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is often accompanied by a reduction in bacterial growth rate. This reduction has been hypothesised to increase within-patient fitness and overall persistence of the pathogen. Here, we apply adaptive laboratory evolution to revert the slow growth phenotype of P. aeruginosa clinical strains back to a high growth rate. We identify several evolutionary trajectories and mechanisms leading to fast growth caused by transcriptional and mutational changes, which depend on the stage of adaptation of the strain. Return to high growth rate increases antibiotic susceptibility, which is only partially dependent on reversion of mutations or changes in the transcriptional profile of genes known to be linked to antibiotic resistance. We propose that similar mechanisms and evolutionary trajectories, in reverse direction, may be involved in pathogen adaptation and the establishment of chronic infections in the antibiotic-treated airways of cystic fibrosis patients.
Neurovascular coupling and oxygenation are decreased in hippocampus compared to neocortex because of microvascular differences
Authors: Shaw K. , Bell L. , Boyd K. , Grijseels D. M. , Clarke D. , Bonnar O. , Crombag H. S. , Hall C. N. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe hippocampus is essential for spatial and episodic memory but is damaged early in Alzheimer’s disease and is very sensitive to hypoxia. Understanding how it regulates its oxygen supply is therefore key for designing interventions to preserve its function. However, studies of neurovascular function in the hippocampus in vivo have been limited by its relative inaccessibility. Here we compared hippocampal and visual cortical neurovascular function in awake mice, using two photon imaging of individual neurons and vessels and measures of regional blood flow and haemoglobin oxygenation. We show that blood flow, blood oxygenation and neurovascular coupling were decreased in the hippocampus compared to neocortex, because of differences in both the vascular network and pericyte and endothelial cell function. Modelling oxygen diffusion indicates that these features of the hippocampal vasculature may restrict oxygen availability and could explain its sensitivity to damage during neurological conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease, where the brain’s energy supply is decreased.
Rupture stress of liquid metal nanoparticles and their applications in stretchable conductors and dielectrics
Authors: Liu Yang , Ji Xinyi , Liang Jiajie 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFew works had systematically investigated the relationship between the rupture stress of the oxide shell and the diameter of liquid metal nanoparticles (LMNPs). Here, we fabricated a series of elastomer/LMNPs composites, which were based on various polyurethanes with different shore hardness and LMNPs with different diameters, to systematically study the rupture stress of LMNPs. We established a reliable and guidable relationship between the stress–strain curves of elastomers with different shore hardness and rupture stress of LMNPs with various diameters by both experiments and numerical calculations. Based on this guidance, we can facilely prepare stretchable conductors with remarkable stretchability and conductivity (i.e., 24,130 S · cm−1 at 500% strain) and stretchable dielectrics with excellent stretchability and permittivity (i.e., dielectric constant of 76.8 with 580% strain) through controlling the shore hardness of elastomers and diameter of LMNPs. This work will facilitate the systematic study of LMNPs and expand their use in stretchable electronics.