bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetically Induced Terahertz Birefringence and Chirality Manipulation in Transverse‐Magnetized Metasurface
Authors: Fan Fei , Zhao Dan , Tan Zhiyu , Ji Yunyun , Cheng Jierong , Chang Shengjiang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractActive manipulation of photonic spin state and optical chirality leads to some key applications, such as in multichannel communication, polarization‐sensitive imaging, chiral spectroscopy, and chiral sensing. Magneto‐optical materials have unique advantages in the intrinsic transmission and magnetic control of photonic chiral spin states. Here, a scheme for dynamic terahertz (THz) anisotropy and chirality manipulations in the transversely magnetized InSb and its hybrid magneto‐optical metasurface structure is presented. A special transverse photonic spin state in the InSb and a transverse−longitudinal spin coupling effect in the hybrid magneto‐optical metasurface are revealed by the eigenmode analysis and numerical simulations. The strong magnetic birefringence effect induced by this spin mode is demonstrated in the experiment. Moreover, the symmetry‐breaking mechanism in this magneto‐optical structure leads to strong intrinsic chirality and polarization conversion. The experimental results confirm the magnetically active manipulation of spin states and their asymmetric transmission in this hybrid magneto‐optical metasurface, which achieve a polarization conversion rate of near 100% and an induced intrinsic chirality of over 15 dB. This work opens a new development for active THz polarization control and chiral manipulation in the magneto‐optical microstructure.
Insights into Interfacial and Bulk Transport Phenomena Affecting Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyzer Performance at Ultra‐Low Iridium Loadings
Authors: Peng Xiong , Satjaritanun Pongsarun , Taie Zachary , Wiles Luke , Keane Alex , Capuano Christopher , Zenyuk Iryna V. , Danilovic Nemanja 
Published: September 2021

AbstractInterfacial and bulk properties between the catalyst layer and the porous transport layer (PTL) restrict the iridium loading reduction for proton exchange membrane water electrolyzers (PEMWEs), by limiting their mass and charge transport. Using titanium fiber PTLs of varying thickness and porosity, the bulk and interface transport properties are investigated, correlating them to PEMWEs cell performance at ultra‐low Ir loadings of ≈0.05 mgIr cm−2. Electrochemical experiments, tomography, and modeling are combined to study the bulk and interfacial impacts of PTLs on PEMWE performance. It is found that the PEMWE performance is largely dependent on the PTL properties at ultra‐low Ir loadings; bulk structural properties are critical to determine the mass transport and Ohmic resistance of PEMWEs while the surface properties of PTLs are critical to govern the catalyst layer utilization and electrode kinetics. The PTL‐induced variation in kinetic and mass transport overpotential are on the order of ≈40 and 60 mV (at 80 A mgIr−1), respectively, while a nonnegligible 35 mV (at 3 A cm−2) difference in Ohmic overpotential. Thus at least 150 mV improvement in PEMWE performance can be achieved through PTL structural optimization without membrane thickness reduction or advent of new electrocatalysts.
Fourfold Polarization‐Sensitive Photodetector Based on GaTe/MoS2 van der Waals Heterojunction
Authors: Tan Jin , Nan Haiyan , Fu Quangui , Zhang Xiumei , Liu Xing , Ni Zhenhua , Ostrikov Kostya (Ken) , Xiao Shaoqing , Gu Xiaofeng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntegrated polarization‐sensitive photodetectors fabricated by geometric anisotropic 2D materials have become attractive in recent years. In this work, the successful construction of self‐driven and polarization‐sensitive photodetectors based on GaTe/MoS2 p–n van der Waals (vdW) heterojunction is demonstrated by mechanical exfoliation and dry transfer methods. The fabricated GaTe/MoS2 vdW heterojunctions show ambipolar behavior, and the highest rectification ratio can reach 93.4. The highest responsivity under 532 nm illumination reaches 145 mA W−1 and the response time is less than 10 ms. Moreover, the photocurrent polarization of the fabricated GaTe/MoS2 photodetectors manifests in fourfold anisotropy with a high polarization ratio of 2.9, which can be ascribed to the highly anisotropic monoclinic structure of layered m‐GaTe. This finding thus offers more information and creates new opportunities about how to fabricate integrated polarization‐sensitive photodetectors.
Modular gas‐to‐liquids process with membrane steam‐methane reformer and Fischer–Tropsch reactive distillation
Authors: Xing Yu , Masuku Cornelius M. , Biegler Lorenz T. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractChallenges related to energy and the environment, alongside risks in capital investment decisions have sparked recent interest in process intensification research. Process intensification has been characterized by novel equipment designs that produce dramatic process improvements including reduction in size, waste production, and energy consumption. Given the current pressing environmental and social concerns on the shale gas industry, it is imperative to design and optimize energy systems to produce solutions that are economically efficient, environmentally sustainable, and socially responsible. Toward this goal, the main research challenge is to develop an integrated energy system modeling framework that can systematically generate optimal designs and operational strategies, and comprehensively improve multiple sustainability criteria. This work highlights opportunities to transform gas‐to‐liquids plants to compact, safe, energy‐efficient, and sustainable processes by using intensified units such as membrane reformers for feed handling and reactive distillation to take advantage of reaction heat to drive separation and enhance yield.
Extraction of aluminum and iron from bauxite: A unique closed‐loop ore refining process utilizing oxalate chemistry
Authors: Verma Ankit , Corbin David R. , Shiflett Mark B. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Bayer process holds an exclusive status for alumina extraction, but a massive amount of caustic “red mud” waste is generated. In this work, three oxalate reagents: potassium hydrogen oxalate (KHC2O4), potassium tetraoxalate (KHC2O4·H2C2O4), and oxalic acid (H2C2O4) were investigated for the Al and Fe extraction process from NIST SRM 600 Australian‐Darling range bauxite ore. More than 90% of Al and Fe was extracted into the aqueous phase in less than 2 h with 0.50 M for all three reagents. The Fe and Al can be selectively precipitated by hydrolyzing the aqueous phase. By acidifying the Al and Fe free filtrate, 80% of the can be precipitated as KHC2O4·H2C2O4. Greater than 90% of the aqueous acid can also be recycled using a cation‐exchange resin. The proposed closed‐loop process is an energy‐efficient, cost‐effective, environmentally–friendly route for extracting Al and Fe from bauxite ore.
Dementia in Africa: Current evidence, knowledge gaps, and future directions
Authors: Akinyemi Rufus O. , Yaria Joseph , Ojagbemi Akin , Guerchet Maëlenn , Okubadejo Njideka , Njamnshi Alfred K. , Sarfo Fred S. , Akpalu Albert , Ogbole Godwin , Ayantayo Temitayo , Adokonou Thierry , Paddick Stella‐Maria , Ndetei David , Bosche Judith , Ayele Biniyam , Damas Andrea , Coker Motunrayo , Mbakile‐Mahlanza Lingani , Ranchod Kirti , Bobrow Kirsten , Anazodo Udunna , Damasceno Albertino , Seshadri Sudha , Pericak‐Vance Margaret , Lawlor Brian , Miller Bruce L. , Owolabi Mayowa , Baiyewu Olusegun , Walker Richard , Gureje Oye , Kalaria Rajesh N. , Ogunniyi Adesola ,   the African Dementia Consortium (AfDC)
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn tandem with the ever‐increasing aging population in low and middle‐income countries, the burden of dementia is rising on the African continent. Dementia prevalence varies from 2.3% to 20.0% and incidence rates are 13.3 per 1000 person‐years with increasing mortality in parts of rapidly transforming Africa. Differences in nutrition, cardiovascular factors, comorbidities, infections, mortality, and detection likely contribute to lower incidence. Alzheimer's disease, vascular dementia, and human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome–associated neurocognitive disorders are the most common dementia subtypes. Comprehensive longitudinal studies with robust methodology and regional coverage would provide more reliable information. The apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 allele is most studied but has shown differential effects within African ancestry compared to Caucasian. More candidate gene and genome‐wide association studies are needed to relate to dementia phenotypes. Validated culture‐sensitive cognitive tools not influenced by education and language differences are critically needed for implementation across multidisciplinary groupings such as the proposed African Dementia Consortium.
Potential long‐term effect of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors on dementia risk: A propensity score matched retrospective cohort study in US veterans
Authors: Zheng Chunlei , Fillmore Nathanael R. , Ramos‐Cejudo Jaime , Brophy Mary , Osorio Ricardo , Gurney Mark E. , Qiu Wei Qiao , Au Rhoda , Perry George , Dubreuil Maureen , Chen Shu G , Qi Xin , Davis Pamela B , Do Nhan , Xu Rong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionTumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors are widely used to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and their potential to retard Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression has been reported. However, their long‐term effects on the dementia/AD risk remain unknown.MethodsA propensity scored matched retrospective cohort study was conducted among 40,207 patients with RA within the US Veterans Affairs health‐care system from 2000 to 2020.ResultsA total of 2510 patients with RA prescribed TNF inhibitors were 1:2 matched to control patients. TNF inhibitor use was associated with reduced dementia risk (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.64, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.52–0.80), which was consistent as the study period increased from 5 to 20 years after RA diagnosis. TNF inhibitor use also showed a long‐term effect in reducing the risk of AD (HR: 0.57, 95% CI: 0.39–0.83) during the 20 years of follow‐up.ConclusionTNF inhibitor use is associated with lower long‐term risk of dementia/AD among US veterans with RA.
Cardiac Troponin and Recurrent Major Vascular Events after Minor Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack
Authors: Hellwig Simon , Ihl Thomas , Ganeshan Ramanan , Laumeier Inga , Ahmadi Michael , Steinicke Maureen , Weber Joachim E. , Endres Matthias , Audebert Heinrich J. , Scheitz Jan F. 
Published: September 2021

ObjectiveThis study was undertaken to investigate whether high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs‐cTnT) is associated with major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) in patients with minor stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and whether this association differs after risk stratification based on the Age, Blood Pressure, Clinical Features, Duration of Symptoms, Diabetes (ABCD2) score.MethodsINSPiRE‐TMS was a randomized controlled trial allocating patients with minor stroke or TIA to an intensified support program or conventional care. In this post hoc analysis, participants were categorized using hs‐cTnT levels (5th generation; Roche Diagnostics, Manheim, Germany; 99th percentile upper reference limit [URL] = 14ng/l). Vascular risk was stratified using the ABCD2 score (lower risk = 0–5 vs higher risk = 6–7). Cox proportional hazard regression was performed using covariate adjustment and propensity score matching (PSM) for the association between hs‐cTnT and MACE (stroke/nonfatal coronary event/vascular death).ResultsAmong 889 patients (mean age = 70 years, 37% female), MACE occurred in 153 patients (17.2%) during a mean follow‐up of 3.2 years. hs‐cTnT was associated with MACE (9.3%/yr, >URL vs 4.4%/yr, ≤URL, adjusted hazard ratio [HR] = 1.63 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13–2.35], adjusted HR [Q4 vs Q1] = 2.57 [95% CI = 1.35–4.97], adjusted HR [log‐transformed] = 2.31 [95% CI = 1.37–3.89]). This association remained after PSM (adjusted HR = 1.76 [95% CI = 1.14–2.72]). There was a significant interaction between hs‐cTnT and ABCD2 category for MACE occurrence (pinteraction = 0.04). In the lower risk category, MACE rate was 9.5%/yr in patients with hs‐cTnT > URL, which was higher than in those ≤URL (3.8%/yr) and similar to the overall rate in the higher risk category.Interpretationhs‐cTnT levels are associated with incident MACE within 3 years after minor stroke or TIA and may help to identify high‐risk individuals otherwise deemed at lower risk based on the ABCD2 score. If confirmed in independent validation studies, this might warrant intensified secondary prevention measures and cardiac diagnostics in stroke patients with elevated hs‐cTnT. ANN NEUROL 2021;90:901–912
Desulfonative Suzuki–Miyaura Coupling of Sulfonyl Fluorides
Authors: Chatelain Paul , Muller Cyprien , Sau Abhijit , Brykczyńska Daria , Bahadori Maryam , Rowley Christopher N. , Moran Joseph 
Published: September 2021

AbstractSulfonyl fluorides have emerged as powerful “click” electrophiles to access sulfonylated derivatives. Yet, they are relatively inert towards C−C bond forming transformations, notably under transition‐metal catalysis. Here, we describe conditions under which aryl sulfonyl fluorides act as electrophiles for the Pd‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling. This desulfonative cross‐coupling occurs selectively in the absence of base and, unusually, even in the presence of strong acids. Divergent one‐step syntheses of two analogues of bioactive compounds showcase the expanded reactivity of sulfonyl fluorides to encompass both S−Nu and C−C bond formation. Mechanistic experiments and DFT calculations suggest oxidative addition occurs at the C−S bond followed by desulfonation to form a Pd‐F intermediate that facilitates transmetalation.
Experimental optimization of process parameters on mechanical properties and the layers adhesion of 3D printed parts
Authors: Ben Ali Naserddine , Khlif Mohamed , Hammami Dorra , Bradai Chedly 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAdditive manufacturing by fused filament fabrication provides an innovative manufacturing process for new design vision and complex geometry components. This study aims to establish the relationships between the process parameters and the mechanical properties of 3D printed parts using Taguchi design of experiment. The proposed method also enables the study of the filling orientation effects on the cohesion of the printed layers and the overall fracture behavior. We reviewed and optimized the effects of the critical parameters of process such as the layer thickness, the temperature, the print speed, and the filling orientation on Young's modulus and tensile strength. Then the effect of raster angle on the cohesion between the printed layers, as well as the failure modes were analyzed. The results show that the layer thickness and the filling angle are more influential on the mechanical properties. An analysis of the fracture surfaces of tensile specimens was also performed and it indicated a fracture following the filling direction. Furthermore, the fill angle 0/90° shows the best adhesion between the printed layers.
Initiating the process of providing behavioral services to foster children in inpatient facilities
Authors: Cruz‐Khalili Amir , Rapp John T. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Child and Family Services Improvement and Innovation Act (2011) mandated states to monitor psychotropic medication usage in foster care systems. In response to that legislation, the Deputy Director of the Alabama Department of Human Resources developed the Alabama Psychiatric Medication Review Team (APMRT). To date, our team has engaged in actions to target relevant personnel in foster care systems including caseworkers, foster parents, biological parents, and prescribers of psychotropic medication. One component of APMRT services involves tracking psychotropic medication prescriptions in Alabama foster care through our state Medicaid base. This process led the APMRT to include residential facilities as a target for services. What follows is a detailed account of the steps the APMRT initiated within a specific inpatient residential facility to improve (a) behavior tracking systems and (b) staff members' implementation of general behavior interventions.
Transmetalation Reactions of Aromatic Dilithionickelole: Synthesis of Heterobimetallic Complexes Featuring Metalloles as Diene Ligands
Authors: Huang Zhe , Zheng Yu , Zhong Mingdong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe aromatic metallole dianions are important metallaaromatic compounds because of their various reactivities and extensive synthetic applications. Herein we report the reactions of dilithionickelole with MgCl2, EtAlCl2, Cp*ScCl2, Cp*LuCl2 and Pt(COD)Cl2 (COD=1,5‐cyclooctadiene) affording a series of Ni/M heterobimetallic complexes of the general formula (η4−C4R4M)Ni(COD), in which the metalloles act as diene ligands, as suggested by single‐crystal X‐ray, NMR and theoretical analyses. In these reactions, two electrons of the nickelole dianion transferred to Ni, representing different reactivity compared with main‐group metallole dianions.
Cerebrospinal fluid dynamics coupled to the global circulation in holistic setting: Mathematical models, numerical methods and applications
Authors: Toro Eleuterio Francisco , Celant Morena , Zhang Qinghui , Contarino Christian , Agarwal Nivedita , Linninger Andreas , Müller Lucas Omar 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a mathematical model of the global, arterio‐venous circulation in the entire human body, coupled to a refined description of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics in the craniospinal cavity. The present model represents a substantially revised version of the original Müller‐Toro mathematical model. It includes one‐dimensional (1D), non‐linear systems of partial differential equations for 323 major blood vessels and 85 zero‐dimensional, differential‐algebraic systems for the remaining components. Highlights include the myogenic mechanism of cerebral blood regulation; refined vasculature for the inner ear, the brainstem and the cerebellum; and viscoelastic, rather than purely elastic, models for all blood vessels, arterial and venous. The derived 1D parabolic systems of partial differential equations for all major vessels are approximated by hyperbolic systems with stiff source terms following a relaxation approach. A major novelty of this paper is the coupling of the circulation, as described, to a refined description of the CSF dynamics in the craniospinal cavity, following Linninger et al. The numerical solution methodology employed to approximate the hyperbolic non‐linear systems of partial differential equations with stiff source terms is based on the Arbitrary DERivative Riemann problem finite volume framework, supplemented with a well‐balanced formulation, and a local time stepping procedure. The full model is validated through comparison of computational results against published data and bespoke MRI measurements. Then we present two medical applications: (i) transverse sinus stenoses and their relation to Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension; and (ii) extra‐cranial venous strictures and their impact in the inner ear circulation, and its implications for Ménière's disease.
Growth and feeding in the sponge Agelas tubulata from shallow to mesophotic depths on Grand Cayman Island
Authors: Macartney Keir J. , Clayshulte Abraham Amelia , Slattery Marc , Lesser Michael P. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOn Caribbean coral reefs, sponges are important members of the benthic community and play multiple roles in ecosystem structure and function. They have an important role in benthic‐pelagic coupling, consuming particulate organic matter (POM) and dissolved organic matter (DOM) and in turn providing food in the form of sponge biomass or the release of detritus for a variety of coral reef organisms. Throughout the Caribbean, sponges show consistent increases in their abundance and growth rates as depth increases into the mesophotic zone (30–150 m). This has been hypothesized to be driven by bottom‐up forces, particularly the increased supply of nitrogen‐rich POM in mesophotic coral reef ecosystems (MCEs). Here, we tested the hypothesis that the sponge, Agelas tubulata, exhibits increased growth rates on MCEs relative to shallow reefs on Grand Cayman Island and that this is driven by bottom‐up forcing. We observed increased growth rates in mesophotic A. tubulata, compared with shallow conspecifics, despite variability in feeding on both POM and DOM. Mesophotic sponges, however, were consistently exposed to greater amounts of POM, which was seasonally variable unlike DOM. Changes in stable isotopic signatures, and higher feeding rates with increasing depth, were consistent with increasing rates of growth in sponges as depth increases. These observations support the hypothesis that mesophotic sponges have higher growth rates due to increased POM availability and consumption over time. The results of this study illustrate the crucial role that bottom‐up forcing has in the structuring of sponge communities on both shallow and mesophotic Caribbean coral reefs and the importance of POM as a source of nitrogen in sponge diets.
High‐order implicit time‐stepping with high‐order central essentially‐non‐oscillatory methods for unsteady three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations
Authors: Nguyen T. Binh , De Sterck Hans , Freret Lucie , Groth Clinton P. T. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article develops high‐order implicit time‐stepping methods combined with the fourth‐order central essentially‐non‐oscillatory (CENO) scheme for stiff three‐dimensional computational fluid dynamics problems having disparate characteristic time scales. Both aerodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic problems are considered on three‐dimensional multiblock body‐fitted grids with hexahedral cells. Several implicit time integration methods of third‐ and fourth‐order accuracy are considered, including the multistep backward differentiation formulas (BDF4), multistage explicitly singly diagonally implicit Runge‐Kutta (ESDIRK4), and Rosenbrock‐type methods (ROS34POW2). The resulting nonlinear algebraic system of equations is solved via a preconditioned Jacobian‐free inexact Newton–Krylov method with additive Schwarz preconditioning using block‐based incomplete LU decomposition. The performance of the high‐order implicit time‐stepping methods on smooth and stiff problems is compared with a standard fourth‐order explicit Runge‐Kutta (RK4) method. It is shown that the Rosenbrock methods, despite their advantage of only requiring the solution of linear systems, have significant drawbacks in terms of robustness issues for highly nonlinear compressible flows. The implicit BDF4 and ESDIRK4 methods are found to be much more efficient than the explicit fourth‐order RK4 method for a stiff resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) problem discretized with the fourth‐order CENO method. When applied to the problem of vortex shedding governed by the Navier–Stokes equations, an A‐stable ESDIRK4 scheme proved to be the more robust and accurate implicit time‐marching scheme and was able to offer significant speedup compared with the RK4 method. Initial results are also shown for high‐order implicit time integration applied to two problems with discontinuities. The current study represents the first to achieve high‐order implicit time integration for MHD, enabling large time steps and substantial speedups for stiff MHD problems with high‐order accuracy, and it also represents the first to establish high‐order implicit time integration for high‐order CENO in space.