bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Approach Toward Cutaneous Granulomatous Lesion
Authors: Mukherjee Mala , Bhunia Deblina , Era Nikhil , Mukherjee Shatavisa 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Granulomatous disorders of the skin are commonly encountered and pose a diagnostic challenge due to its diverse etiology with several histological patterns. Granulomatous diseases of skin comprise a large family sharing the common histological finding as of granuloma formation. The various histological types of granulomas can be identified on the basis of the constituent cells and other changes within the granulomas. However, significant overlap exists in histopathological findings of different granulomatous reactions. Thus, morphology alone is seldom specific and cannot be used as a diagnostic tool for the identification of specific diseases. A keen understanding of the manifestations, workup, and subsequent treatment of both infectious and noninfectious cutaneous granulomatous lesion is essential for every practicing clinician and dermatopathologist.

Materials and Methods:
A 2-year retrospective study involved all the skin biopsies. Detailed clinical and histopathological features were analyzed and were categorized according to the type of granuloma. Special stains were used in few cases for diagnostic purposes. Cases were reviewed and analyzed.

Results:
In histopathological subtyping, tuberculoid granuloma was the most common type and the most common etiology was leprosy. Others were cutaneous tuberculosis, foreign body granulomas, fungal lesions, cutaneous leishmaniasis, and granuloma annulare.

Conclusion:
Histopathology when combined with special stain can serve as a gold standard investigation for diagnosis, categorization, and clinicopathological correlation in such cases.
Comparative Evaluation of Macular Thickness Following Uneventful Phacoemulsification and Small Incision Cataract Surgery
Authors: Savarkar Mohammad , Usha M. S. , Taank Priya , Singh Shalendra , Khurana Rolli 
Published: May 2021

Backgrounds:
To compare the change in central macular thickness (CMT) using optical coherence tomography (OCT) in subjects undergoing uneventful phacoemulsification and small incision cataract Surgeries (SICS).

Methods:
In this prospective observational study, patients undergoing uneventful cataract surgery were subdivided into two groups. Forty-five patients who underwent SICS were included in Group S (n = 45) whereas patients undergoing uneventful phacoemulsification were included in Group P (n = 50). Findings of slit-lamp examination, best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), and fundus examination were recorded for all cases on the first postoperative day as well as 6 weeks after surgery. CMT of participants was determined using spectral-domain OCT preoperatively and at 6 weeks' postoperatively.

Results:
Overall three patients had postoperative cystoid macular edema, one case in Group P and two cases in Group S. 98%of patients in Group P and 95.5% of patients in Group S achieved BCVA of 6/9 or more. In Group S, a significant difference was observed between preoperative and postoperative central subfield mean thickness (P < 0.01). In Group P preoperative and 6th week, postoperative mean macular thickness showed a significant difference (P ≤ 0.03) only in the superior outer subfield. On comparing the change in CMT in the Group P with Group S, a significant difference was noted with markedly lesser chances of subclinical macular edema in the Group P.

Conclusion:
Although the increase in mean macular thickness postoperatively did not affect the final visual outcome in both the groups, Subclinical change in Group P was significantly lesser than that in Group S.
The Need of Modifying Current Undergraduate Curriculum in Pathology Subject from Student's Perspective
Authors: Yadav Vandna , Kumar Vinod , Shrimal Rimjhim , Deshmukh Abhay Vilas 
Published: May 2021

Background:
The main goals of second professional MBBS pathology teaching are to provide a framework for the description of disease and to provide students with knowledge of the functional and structural changes in disease in order that clinical signs and symptoms are often understood and interpreted.

Aims:
It was a cross-sectional, descriptive study which aimed to find out the importance of pathology subject in MBBS curriculum as well as to assess the students perception regarding subject understanding, teaching methodology, and assessment criteria.

Materials and Methods:
Two hundred and sixteen students of 2nd MBBS who had already completed 1st year and were about to appear in the university examination in the year 2020 were included. An extensive questionnaire was prepared regarding 2nd year pathology teaching. The feedback from the students was obtained and analyzed the SPSS software version 17.0.

Results:
30.05% students found pathology subject as an interesting, 46.75% found it to be lengthy, whereas remaining (13.80%) found it as not only interesting but also lengthy as well and 9.4% found it boring and difficult. 70.8% students were able to apply the knowledge gained in the 1st year while studying pathology. 76.7% students responded that knowledge gained in pathology helped them in clinical postings. 53.2% students opined that combination of teaching methods helped them for better understanding of subject. Written and viva voce examination was helpful for 74.14% and 79.62%, respectively, to evaluate them.

Conclusion:
Our study has emphasized the importance of pathology as a subject for understanding the clinical subject. As competency-based curriculum is starting from 2019 batch and onward, this elaborative study can act as a baseline to get access to the effectiveness of new curriculum in coming years.
Cytological Study of Breast Lesions with Histopathological Correlation
Authors: Gore Sarita Balasaheb , Shivaji D. Birare , Sandhya B. Narwade , Dinesh V. Swami 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
Breast disease is the most common and ranks first among malignant tumors affecting females in many parts of the world. Timely and accurate diagnosis of a breast lump is lifesaving. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is a simple, safe, inexpensive method with wide acceptance and used as a first-line diagnostic procedure for diagnosis of breast lesions.

Aim:
The aim of the study was to diagnose any palpable lump of the breast in females by cytology and correlate with histopathology wherever possible.

Setting and Design:
This was a retrospective and prospective descriptive study carried out in the pathology department at our institute.

Materials and Methods:
This study was done for 2 years. FNAC of breast lesions was done, processed routinely, and stained with Papanicolaou stain. Histopathological correlation was done wherever possible on Tru-cut biopsies, excisional biopsies, and surgical specimens received.

Statistical Analysis:
The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were calculated.

Results:
Among 304 cases, 229 were benign and 75 were malignant on cytology. Out of this, 79 cases underwent histopathological examination, in which 32 were benign and 47 were malignant cases. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the present study were 79.16%, 96.77%, 97.73%, 75%, and 86.08% respectively.

Conclusion:
The FNAC is an important preliminary diagnostic test in palpable breast lumps and the results show a high degree of correlation with a final histopathological report.
A Study on Knowledge and Practices Regarding Swachh Bharat Mission Among Urban Population of Agartala city, North East India
Authors: Datta Anjan , Somani Aman , Karmakar Nabarun , Nag Kaushik 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM) is a cleanliness mission by the Government of India with an aim to provide adequate facilities for safe water supply, sanitation hygiene, and waste disposal at community level. The present study aimed to assess knowledge and practices regarding water, sanitation hygiene, and waste disposal and the key components of SBM in an urban community of Agartala city and find out their associated factors.

Methods:
A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 people from randomly selected families living in the south zone of Agartala Municipal Corporation, Tripura, on June and July 2018. A predesigned, pretested interview schedule was used as the study tool, and data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 16.0. A quantitative research was followed by three focused group discussions to have an in-depth idea.

Results:
Majority of the study participants showed good knowledge (59%) but poor practice (39%) regarding water, sanitation hygiene, and solid waste disposal. In this study, occupation (P = 0.012) and socioeconomic status (P = 0.003) were shown to have statistically significant association with knowledge of the participants.

Conclusion:
Poor practice by majority of the participants and inconsistent involvement by municipality department in solid waste disposal were found as the major concerns even though good knowledge regarding SBM was found in this study among the respondents.
Prevalence and Predictors of Disarticulation Resection of the Mandibles in a Nigerian Subpopulation
Authors: Edetanlen Ekaniyere Benlance , Saheeb Birch Dauda 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Few studies are reported in the literature about the prevalence of disarticulation resection of the mandible, but little is known about the risk factors. This study is aimed at determining the prevalence and risk factors of disarticulation resection of the mandible.

Patients and Methods:
This was a retrospective study design for patients that had surgical resections of the mandible from January 2010 to July 2020 at the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery of a tertiary health facility in Nigeria. Collected data from the patients' case-notes were age, gender, level of education, place of residence, occupation, employment status, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, type of lesion, and type of resection performed. In the univariate analysis, the Chi-square test was used for analysis, while the binary logistic regression was used for multivariate analysis. All statistics were performed with SPSS version 21 (IBM Corps, Armonk, New York, USA). A value of P < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results:
A total number of 189 patients who presented for mandibular resections ranged in age from 13 to 75 years with a mean age of 41.4 ± 14.9 years. There were more males (63.5%) than females (36.5%) with M: F ratio of 1.7:1. More than half of the patients had disarticulation resection of the mandible, giving a prevalence of 64.0%. Alcohol consumption (P = 0.01) and the type of lesion (P = 0.00) were significantly associated with the prevalence of disarticulation resection of the mandibles. Only the type of lesion added to the predictive power of the risk factors (P = 0.03). The odontogenic keratocyst was 0.12 more likely to result in disarticulation resection of mandible than solid ameloblastoma.

Conclusion:
The prevalence of disarticulation resection of the mandible was 64.0%. The type of lesion in the mandible was a significant risk factor of the high prevalence of its disarticulation resection.
Oral Health Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior of Primary School Teachers of Tehran, Iran
Authors: Shojaei Roya Khalili , Ghasemi Mahmood 
Published: May 2021

Introduction:
Schools are the valuable place for promotion of oral health, and primary school teachers have a unique position to influence oral hygiene practices in children. The aim of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of primary school teachers of Tehran, Iran.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional questionnaire-based survey was conducted among 195 primary school teachers of Tehran, Iran. The multiple-choice questionnaire regarding dental disease prevention is comprised of ten questions on knowledge, seven on practice, and five on attitude. Distribution of individuals in terms of variables was expressed as numbers and percentages, and a logistic regression test was used to investigate the relationship between variables.

Results:
61.6% of the primary school teachers in Tehran had good knowledge on oral health, but their attitude, especially about their role in teaching oral health, is very unfavorable. Teachers with higher education and participation in continuing educational courses had a positive effect on their performance.

Conclusion:
All teachers should be trained at regular intervals, given the importance of oral health and raising awareness about improving oral health for their students.
Modelling the Transitional Dynamics of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Strain
Authors: Alhassan A. , Nokoe K.S. 
Published: May 2021

The World Health Organization’s targets of eliminating Tuberculosis (TB) by 2050 is challenged by the emergence and spread of drug resistance TB. However, the traditional mechanism of resistance is that of acquired resistance, whereby the mycobacterium Tuberculosis (MTB) strain develops mutations under selective pressure of insufficient drug therapy. These mutations have the tendency of changing the drug target protein, restricting the bacteria to the anti-TB agent. We propose a discrete state markov chain model with three disease states: Drug Susceptible (DS), Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) and Extra Drug Resistant (XDR) to further study the transitional dynamics of the MTB strain. The study made use of a retrospective data on resistant pattern to first line and second line anti TB drugs. The structural properties of the model established life expectancies of DS and MDR strains as well as the probability of first resistance of the DS strain. Key estimates were assessed by the bootstrapping procedure which converged in estimates to the actual data. If the experiment were repeated infinitely many times, in 95 out of 100, the interval 2.782 x 10-7 to 0.018 will contain the true probability of first mutation of the DS strain. A key contribution of this study is the revealing therapeutic cycle of the treatment regime of the TB disease based on the TB progression data which saw the period after the 20th cycle of the treatment being prominent in some key strain dynamics. These findings may also help explain further the pharmacodynamic properties of the "first line" anti-Tuberculosis drugs for enhance TB treatment. Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences (2016) 5(2), 13-23
High efflux pump activity and gene expression at baseline linked to poor tuberculosis treatment outcomes
Authors: Mazando S. , Zimudzi C. , Zimba M. , Sande S. , Gundidza M. , Mazorodze J.H. , Seepe P.M.M. , Pym A. , Mason P. 
Published: May 2021

Phenotypic TB drug resistance, also known as drug tolerance, has been previously attributed to slowed bacterial growth in vivo. The increased activity and expression of efflux systems can lower the intracellular concentration of many antibiotics thus reducing their efficacy. We hypothesized that efflux pump activation and expression could be a risk factor for TB drug tolerance in patients initiated on treatment. Analyses of gene expression levels of six select efflux pumps associated with drug tolerance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its correlation with the cell’s ability to efflux ethidium bromide (a common efflux substrate) were assayed. Efflux pump gene expression differed significantly between the strains from treatment failures and treatment successes. Efflux of ethidium bromide by M. tuberculosis isolates revealed that isolates from treatment failures rapidly efflux ethidium bromide more than isolates from treatment successes or the H37Rv control strains. The efflux pumps efpA, jefA (Rv2459c), Rv1258c, p55 and mmpL7 may have a role in TB drug tolerance. Quantifying the expression levels of M. tuberculosis efflux pump genes may be a new method to diagnose clinically persistent tuberculosis. High efflux pump activity and expression at baseline can be associated with tuberculosis treatment failure even when the Mycobacterium tuberculosis does not have established resistance mutations.Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences (2017) 6(1), 8-17Keywords: drug resistance, Efflux, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, expression, treatment outcome
The effects of National Health Insurance Scheme on equity and quality of diabetes care in secondary healthcare facilities in SouthWest Nigeria
Authors: Saka S. A. , Fajemirokun O. T. 
Published: May 2021

There have been concerns about the influence of the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) on equity and quality of diabetes care in many healthcare settings. This study aimed to assess the effects of NHIS onequity and quality of diabetes care (DC) in Nigeria. A prospective cross-sectional study was carried out among 110 (insured n=42, uninsured=68) consenting type 2-diabetics. Diabetic outpatients on oral hypoglycemic drugs, with at least 4 clinic visits prior to the time of the study were consecutively selected at two NHIS accredited public hospitals in Southwest, Nigeria. Patients’ perceptions of equity and quality of DC were assessed using a validated 27 items questionnaire. The medical care and pharmaceutical care in diabetes were independently assessed using medical chart review and a direct observation of dispensing pharmacists’ activities respectively. Chi-squared test was used to determine associations between variables. Majority (61.8%) of the study participants were uninsured. Females (50.9%) were more than the males (49.1%), 40.0% had post-secondary qualifications. The mean ages for the insured and uninsured were 52.02±11.6 and 58.97± 9.3years respectively. The insured and the uninsured differ in their perceptions of drug availability (p<0.001). The pharmacists’ counselling time (p<0.001) differs between the groups. The quality of medical care provided to the diabetics was generally low. The NHIS did not influence the quality of DC, though it may have engendered inequity in pharmaceutical care in the facilities.Journal of Medical and Biomedical Sciences (2018) 7(1), 11 - 21
Combating the Scourge of Security Challenges in Nigeria through Religious Education for Sustainable National Development
Authors: Okobia Faith Nkem 
Published: May 2021

Insecurity is the cankerworm that is eating deep into the fabric of this nation. It is a national problem with certain destructive tendencies, hence the need for the enthronement of religious education to save the nation from destruction. Religion, which teaches morality, plays a vital role in the social lives of individuals and society at large. This is because it deals with values, behaviours and attitude exhibited and encouraged by members of the society which enhances national development. Therefore, religion is essential for curbing insecurity because security challenge is always accompanied with tension and anxiety which hinder development. The paper revealed that insecurity is the product of moral decadence in the society, because lack of moral values in the lives of individuals lead to all the vices that result to insecurity in Nigeria. Therefore, government should lay more emphasis on the teaching of religious education at all levels of education in order to inculcate good morals into the youths, curb insecurity in the society and enhance national development. Employment opportunities should be created so as to eradicate poverty, since a hungry man is an angry man.
Keywords: Security Challenges, Religious Education, Sustainable National Development
PROFESSIONAL QUALITY EDUCATION BASED ON ENTREPRENEURSHIP THROUGH INTENSIVE INTERNSHIPS PROGRAM ABROAD
Authors: Isdarmanto Isdarmanto 
Published: May 2021

The phenomenon is very significant growth in tourism has been able to create business opportunities so high, but it still not fully captured well by the majority of higher education institutions in particular tourism. In fact their educational programs are still oriented in learning programs for development through academic curriculum that prepares graduates only in accordance with the needs of industry. Most graduates oriented as job seekers, but not as the creator of the workplace (job creators). It is necessary for the implementation of innovative educational development program that is able to change the mindset and creativity of graduates integrated focus on aspects of entrepreneurship. Needs and challenges for students who have the competence and dare to create business opportunities that are relevant to the development of a highly competitive global business. Relevant education programs for students expected to be able to understand the business opportunities in entrepreneurship. The education program should be directed by a model of entrepreneurial opportunities through an integrated approach and an internship program in abroad more professional and international perspective. The internship program with overseas by working practices more effective and more facilitated with infrastructure which more adequate. By coaching and mentoring through effective and professional in the international scale indeed. Entrepreneurial education program with the apprenticeship starts from: academic learning, social learning, mental switching, cross cultural learning, and the development of the motivation for the students to have a serious intent in entrepreneurship, or graduates capable more critical thinking to face the highly prospective business opportunities in tourism this time.
Keywords: Business opportunities; internships; entrepreneurship education
ANALISIS POTENSI PANTAI GLAGAH SEBAGAI EKOWISATA UNGGULAN DI KABUPATEN KULONPROGO
Authors: Isdarmanto Isdarmanto , Soebyanto Oentoeng 
Published: May 2021

Glagah Beach is one of the most potential beaches and has the uniqueness as the charm and excellence of other southern seas. Glagah Beach located in Kulon Progo Regency is the only beach in Java that has a breakwater and has a lagoon on the edge of the sea separated by the sea so that large waves do not reach the lagoon. According to the typology of Glagah beach it self can be included in the classification of marine deposition coast. This is because the beach is formed due to the deposition deposition of river sedimentation material to the sea. This condition can be indicated by the emergence of a barrier coast emerging due to sedimentation from the river that empties into the location, then subject to marine effects that result in the formation of the lagoon. The process of sedimentation that occurs due to the flow and sedimentation of the river mouth that causes sedimentation in the coastal area. Qualitative research methods used with data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews, documents, and various sources of data so it can be more clearly known geographical aspects of Glagah Beach, tourism profile, tourist visit conditions, tourism potential Glagah Beach, and to know the constraints which faced Glagah Beach tourism object and how the development strategy of Glagah Beach tourist attraction area in the future. Glagah Beach is a natural attraction that has the privilege and excellence compared to other beaches in Yogyakarta that need to keep the sustainability and need to be managed more effectively by the community and the local government as a policy holder so Glagah Beach became one of the leading ecotourism object which is interesting in Kulon Progo Regency Yogyakarta.
Keywords: Glagah Beach; Sea Lagoon; Barrier Coast