bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From spatial pattern to ecological process through imaging zooplankton interactions
Authors: Greer Adam T , Chiaverano Luciano M , Treible Laura M , Briseño-Avena Christian , Hernandez Frank J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Ecological interactions among marine zooplankton are poorly described because conventional sampling gears, such as plankton nets and traps, obscure the physical and biological environment that individuals experience. With in situ imagery, however, it is possible to resolve these interactions and potentially convert snapshot distributions into process-oriented oceanographic and ecological understanding. We describe a variety of imagery-detected ecological interactions with high spatial resolution in the northern Gulf of Mexico shelf waters (20–35 m bottom depth), providing new evidence of parasitism, predation, and life stage spatial structuring for different zooplankton groups. Chaetognaths were infected with an anteriorly attached, parasitic polychaete (1.1% of 33 824 individuals), and these infected chaetognaths were more common further offshore, south of a nearshore patch where unparasitized individuals reached concentrations of ∼90 m–3. Predation by Liriope spp. hydromedusae tended to occur in the shallowest 10–15 m, and doliolids formed distinct patches of different life stages, indicating that the environment is replete with sharp transitions among various ecological processes. Similar patterns in other marine ecosystems likely exist, and we encourage hybrid (machine/human expertise) approaches that broaden the scope for analysis of plankton images, which are rich sources of new ecological information and hypotheses yet to be examined quantitatively.
The association between asthma and perinatal mental illness: a population-based cohort study
Authors: Aker Amira M , Vigod Simone N , Dennis Cindy-Lee , Kaster Tyler , Brown Hilary K 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Asthma is a risk factor for mental illness, but few studies have explored this association around the time of pregnancy. We studied the association between asthma and perinatal mental illness and explored the modifying effects of social and medical complexities.

Methods
In a population-based cohort of 846 155 women in Ontario, Canada, with a singleton live birth in 2005–2015 and no recent history of mental illness, modified Poisson regression models were constructed to examine the association between asthma diagnosed before pregnancy and perinatal mental illness, controlling for socio-demographics and medical history. We explored the modifying effects of social and medical complexities using relative excess risk due to interaction. Additional analyses examined the association between asthma and perinatal mental illness by timing and type of mental illness.

Results
Women with asthma were more likely than those without asthma to have perinatal mental illness [adjusted relative risk (aRR) 1.14; 95% (confidence interval) CI: 1.13, 1.16]. Asthma was associated with increased risk of diagnosis of mental illness prenatally (aRR 1.11; 95% CI: 1.08, 1.13) and post-partum (aRR 1.17; 95% CI: 1.15, 1.19) and specifically diagnoses of mood and anxiety disorders (aRR 1.14; 95% CI: 1.13, 1.16), psychotic disorders (aRR 1.20; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.31) and substance- or alcohol-use disorders (aRR 1.24; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.36). There was no effect modification related to social or medical complexity for these outcomes.

Conclusions
Women with asthma predating pregnancy are at slightly increased risk of mental illness in pregnancy and post-partum. A multidisciplinary management strategy may be required to ensure timely identification and treatment.
Coffee and tea consumption and mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease and cancer: a pooled analysis of prospective studies from the Asia Cohort Consortium
Authors: Shin Sangah , Lee Jung Eun , Loftfield Erikka , Shu Xiao-Ou , Abe Sarah Krull , Rahman Md Shafiur , Saito Eiko , Islam Md Rashedul , Tsugane Shoichiro , Sawada Norie , Tsuji Ichiro , Kanemura Seiki , Sugawara Yumi , Tomata Yasutake , Sadakane Atsuko , Ozasa Kotaro , Oze Isao , Ito Hidemi , Shin Myung-Hee , Ahn Yoon-Ok , Park Sue K , Shin Aesun , Xiang Yong-Bing , Cai Hui , Koh Woon-Puay , Yuan Jian-Min , Yoo Keun-Young , Chia Kee Seng , Boffetta Paolo , Ahsan Habibul , Zheng Wei , Inoue Manami , Kang Daehee , Potter John D , Matsuo Keitaro , Qiao You-Lin , Rothman Nathaniel , Sinha Rashmi 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Accumulating evidence suggests that consuming coffee may lower the risk of death, but evidence regarding tea consumption in Asians is limited. We examined the association between coffee and tea consumption and mortality in Asian populations.

Methods
We used data from 12 prospective cohort studies including 248 050 men and 280 454 women from the Asia Cohort Consortium conducted in China, Japan, Korea and Singapore. We estimated the study-specific association of coffee, green tea and black tea consumption with mortality using Cox proportional-hazards regression models and the pooled study-specific hazard ratios (HRs) using a random-effects model.

Results
In total, 94 744 deaths were identified during the follow-up, which ranged from an average of 6.5 to 22.7 years. Compared with coffee non-drinkers, men and women who drank at least five cups of coffee per day had a 24% [95% confidence interval (CI) 17%, 29%] and a 28% (95% CI 19%, 37%) lower risk of all-cause mortality, respectively. Similarly, we found inverse associations for coffee consumption with cardiovascular disease (CVD)-specific and cancer-specific mortality among both men and women. Green tea consumption was associated with lower risk of mortality from all causes, CVD and other causes but not from cancer. The association of drinking green tea with CVD-specific mortality was particularly strong, with HRs (95% CIs) of 0.79 (0.68, 0.91) for men and 0.78 (0.68, 0.90) for women who drank at least five cups per day of green tea compared with non-drinkers. The association between black tea consumption and mortality was weak, with no clear trends noted across the categories of consumption.

Conclusions
In Asian populations, coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk of death overall and with lower risks of death from CVD and cancer. Green tea consumption is associated with lower risks of death from all causes and CVD.
Orchestration of Dopamine Neuron Population Activity in the Ventral Tegmental Area by Caffeine: Comparison With Amphetamine
Authors: Valenti Ornella , Zambon Alice , Boehm Stefan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Among psychostimulants, the dopamine transporter ligands amphetamine and cocaine display the highest addictive potential; the adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine is most widely consumed but less addictive. Psychostimulant actions of amphetamine were correlated with its ability to orchestrate ventral tegmental dopamine neuron activity with contrasting shifts in firing after single vs repeated administration. Whether caffeine might impinge on dopamine neuron activity has remained elusive.

Methods
Population activity of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons was determined by single-unit extracellular recordings and set in relation to mouse behavior in locomotion and conditioned place preference experiments, respectively.

Results
A single dose of caffeine reduced population activity as did amphetamine and the selective adenosine A2A antagonist KW-6002, but not the A1 antagonist DPCPX. Repeated administration of KW-6002 or amphetamine led to drug-conditioned place preference and to unaltered or even enhanced population activity. Recurrent injection of caffeine or DPCPX, in contrast, failed to cause conditioned place preference and persistently reduced population activity. Subsequent to repetitive drug administration, re-exposure to amphetamine or KW-6002, but not to caffeine or DPCPX, was able to reduce population activity.

Conclusions
Behavioral sensitization to amphetamine is attributed to persistent activation of ventral tegmental area dopamine neurons via the ventral hippocampus. Accordingly, a switch from acute A2A receptor-mediated reduction of dopamine neuron population activity to enduring A1 receptor-mediated suppression is correlated with tolerance rather than sensitization in response to repeated caffeine intake.
Realizations and orientation of implicit systems
Authors: Vafiadis Dimitris 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The paper considers the problem of model orientation, i.e. the classification of the external signals into inputs and outputs. The problem is considered in the behavioural context where the external model is an autoregressive system. Orientation of a system automatically induces equivalent first order models in state–space or descriptor form via a realization procedure. A new realization procedure is proposed where the realization is implemented in two steps, first an intermediate ARMA realization is obtained. Then, this realization is transformed into the final descriptor system via an appropriate reduction procedure corresponding to the input/output partition of the external variables. Studying the dependency of the resulting system properties and invariants on the different selections of input and output variables and the structure of the initial external behaviour is considered in the paper.
Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Practices in Urban Slums of Eastern India
Authors: Kanungo Suman , Chatterjee Pranab , Saha Jayanta , Pan Tania , Chakrabarty Nandini Datta , Dutta Shanta 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
The Sustainable Development Goals identified universal access to water and sanitation facilities as key components for improving health. We assessed water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices and associated determinants among residents of urban slums in Kolkata, India.

Methods
Information on WASH practices was collected in 2 surveys (2018 and 2019) from participants of a prospective enteric fever surveillance conducted in 2 municipal wards of Kolkata. A composite WASH practice score was computed and a hierarchical stepwise multiple linear regression model constructed to identify key determinants of improved WASH score.

Results
Over 90% of households had access to piped water; 6% reported access to continuous supply. Adult women (61% in 2018; 45% in 2019) spent 20 minutes daily to fetch water. Access to improved latrines was almost universal, although 80% used shared facilities. Unhealthy disposal of children’s stools was reported in both rounds. Food hygiene practices were high, with most (&gt;90%) washing uncooked items before eating; frequent consumption of street food items was reported.

Conclusions
The study area reported high WASH coverage. Unhygienic behavioral patterns predisposing to food- or water-borne diseases were also noted. Awareness building and sustainable community mobilization for food hygiene needs to be emphasized to ensure community well-being.
Healthcare Utilization Survey in the Hybrid Model of the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India (SEFI) Study: Processes, Monitoring, Results, and Challenges
Authors: Raju Reshma , Kezia Angelin J , Karthikeyan Arun S , Kumar Dilesh , Kumar R Ranjith , Sahai Nikhil , Ramanujam Karthikeyan , Murhekar Manoj , Elangovan A , Samuel Prasanna , John Jacob , Kang Gagandeep 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Lack of reliable data in India drove the “Surveillance of Enteric Fever in India” (SEFI) concept. Hybrid surveillance, combining facility-based surveillance for the crude incidence, and a community-based healthcare utilization survey (HCUS) to calculate the factor needed to arrive at the adjusted incidence, was used in 6 sites. The HCUS aimed to determine the percentage of utilization of study facilities by the catchment population for hospitalizations due to febrile illness.

Methods
Population proportional to size sampling and systematic random sampling, in 2 stages, were used to survey 5000 households per site. Healthcare utilization was assessed.

Results
Febrile illness accounted for 20% of admissions among 137 990 individuals from 30 308 households. Only 9.6%–38.3% of those admitted with febrile illness sought care in the study hospitals. The rate of rural utilization of the private sector for hospitalization was 67.6%. The rate of hospitalization for febrile illness, per 1000 population, ranged from 2.6 in Manali to 9.6 in Anantapur; for 25.8% of the deaths associated with febrile illness, no facility was used before death.

Conclusions
One in 5 hospitalizations were associated with fever. Rural utilization of the private sector for hospitalization due to febrile illness was more than that of the public sector. Healthcare utilization patterns for hospital admissions due to febrile illness varied across sites. A meticulously performed HCUS is pivotal for accurate incidence estimation in a hybrid surveillance.

Clinical Trials Registration
ISRCTN72938224.
Genomic Diversity of Haemophilus influenzae Serotype a in an Outbreak Community—Alaska, 2018
Authors: Nolen Leisha D , DeByle Carolynn , Topaz Nadav , Simons Brenna C , Tiffany Amanda , Reasonover Alisa , Castrodale Louisa , McLaughlin Joseph , Klejka Joe , Wang Xin , Bruce Michael 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Haemophilus influenzae serotype a (Hia) can cause severe invasive disease, especially in young children. In 2018, 4 invasive Hia cases occurred in an Alaska community. We used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to evaluate the relationship of the bacteria from this community and other Alaska patients with invasive Hia.

Methods
All carriage (n = 15) and invasive (n = 4) Hia isolates from the outbreak community, together with 15 nonoutbreak Alaska invasive Hia surveillance isolates from 2018, were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and characterized using WGS.

Results
Phylogenetic analysis of both invasive and carriage Hia isolates revealed 2 major clades that differed by an average of 300 core single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). All isolates from the outbreak community were clustered in 1 subclade, within a larger clade containing 3 nonoutbreak invasive Hia isolates. Comparative genomics did not reveal any genetic mutations that distinguished carriage from invasive isolates. Three (20%) community isolates were rifampin resistant and had a previously unreported mutation in the rpoB gene.

Conclusions
In the outbreak community, Hia isolates from carriers were indistinguishable from the invasive Hia isolates. Overall, invasive Hia isolates from Alaska in 2018 were genetically similar. The rifampin resistance mutation is concerning as rifampin is the first-line medication for Hia prophylaxis.
Macrophages in lung fibrosis
Authors: Ogawa Tatsuro , Shichino Shigeyuki , Ueha Satoshi , Matsushima Kouji 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a disease in which excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation occurs in the lungs, which induces thickening of the alveolar walls, ultimately leading to the destruction of alveolar structures and respiratory failure. Idiopathic PF, the cause of which is unknown, has a poor prognosis with a median survival of 2–4 years after diagnosis. There is currently no known curative treatment. The mechanism underlying PF is thought to be initiated by the dysfunction of type II alveolar epithelial cells, which leads to ECM overproduction through the activation of fibroblasts. In addition, it has been suggested that a variety of cells contribute to fibrotic processes. In particular, clinical and basic research findings examining the roles of macrophages suggest that they may be pivotal regulators of PF. In this review, we discuss the characteristics, functions and origins of subsets of macrophages involved in PF, including resident alveolar, interstitial and monocyte-derived macrophages.
Vancomycin in adult prescribing: is it time to move on from trough-based dosing in the UK?
Authors: Heard F , Sehgal A 
Published: July 2021

AbstractVancomycin remains a useful agent in the infection doctor’s toolkit, particularly for Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA infections. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is essential to maintain efficacy and avoid toxicity. Until recently, trough-based dosing has been the recommended method but in recent years the reliability of this has been questioned. The 2020 Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) vancomycin guideline update has sent a clear message that trough-based dosing is not to be relied on, instead recommending dosing via 24 h AUC/MIC. The UK, however, has yet to follow suit in this, despite the wealth of evidence showing that trough-based dosing puts patients at higher risk of nephrotoxicity. Clearly, it is time to incorporate AUC/MIC-based dosing to utilize this effective antibiotic safely.
Car Seat Heater Burns: Awareness and Prevention
Authors: Richman Evan H , Brown Parker J , Reilly Debra 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The demand for car seat heaters is on the rise due to the added comfort they offer passengers. However, such luxury is not without risk and prolonged exposure to high surface temperatures of the seat may result in severe burns. We present a unique case of an 18-year-old paraplegic patient who sustained severe full-thickness burns requiring operative intervention after prolonged exposure to a car seat heater. We then tested 10 car seat heaters manufactured after 2014 to establish maximum temperature settings and safety features. We also examine the importance of raising awareness of this issue and share the concerns of previous publications regarding the lack of manufacturer standards in car seat heaters.
Structural Change and Global Trade
Authors: Lewis Logan T , Monarch Ryan , Sposi Michael , Zhang Jing 
Published: July 2021

AbstractServices, which are less traded than goods, rose from 55% of world expenditure in 1970 to 75% in 2015. Using a Ricardian trade model incorporating endogenous structural change, we quantify how this substantial shift in consumption has affected trade. Without structural change, we find that the world trade to GDP ratio would be 13 percentage points higher by 2015, about half the boost delivered from declining trade costs. In addition, a world without structural change would have had about 40% greater welfare gains from the trade integration over the past four decades. Absent further reductions in trade costs, ongoing structural change implies that world trade as a share of GDP would eventually decline. Going forward, higher-income countries gain relatively more from reducing services trade costs than from reducing goods trade costs.
Exit, Voice, and Sabotage: Public Service Motivation and Guerrilla Bureaucracy in Times of Unprincipled Political Principals
Authors: Schuster Christian , Mikkelsen Kim Sass , Correa Izabela , Meyer-Sahling Jan-Hinrik 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDemocratic backsliding has multiplied “unprincipled” political principals: governments with weak commitment to the public interest. Why do some bureaucrats engage in voice and guerrilla sabotage to thwart policies against the public interest under “unprincipled principals,” yet others do not? Despite its centrality in contemporary governance, this conundrum has not seen quantitative research. We address this gap with survey evidence from 1,700 Brazilian public servants during the Temer Presidency, widely perceived to lack democratic legitimacy and integrity. We focus on one key explanator: public service motivation (PSM). We argue that bureaucrats with greater PSM are more likely to engage in voice and sabotage of “unprincipled policies,” and exit to avoid implementing “unprincipled policies.” Structural equation models support these hypotheses. Public service-motivated bureaucracies are thus short-run stalwarts against “unprincipled” political principals. Over time, they look to depart, however, leaving “unprincipled” principals a freer hand to pursue policies against the public interest.
Reactive oxygen species homeostasis and circadian rhythms in plants
Authors: Jiménez Ana , Sevilla Francisca , Martí María Carmen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractElucidation of the molecular mechanisms by which plants sense and respond to environmental stimuli that influence their growth and yield is a prerequisite for understanding the adaptation of plants to climate change. Plants are sessile organisms and one important factor for their successful acclimation is the temporal coordination of the 24 h daily cycles and the stress response. The crosstalk between second messengers, such as Ca2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and hormones is a fundamental aspect in plant adaptation and survival under environmental stresses. In this sense, the circadian clock, in conjunction with Ca2+- and hormone-signalling pathways, appears to act as an important mechanism controlling plant adaptation to stress. The relationship between the circadian clock and ROS-generating and ROS-scavenging mechanisms is still not fully understood, especially at the post-transcriptional level and in stress situations in which ROS levels increase and changes in cell redox state occur. In this review, we summarize the information regarding the relationship between the circadian clock and the ROS homeostasis network. We pay special attention not only to the transcriptional regulation of ROS-generating and ROS-scavenging enzymes, but also to the few studies that have been performed at the biochemical level and those conducted under stress conditions.
Deep forest: Neural network reconstruction of the Lyman-α forest
Authors: Huang Lawrence , Croft Rupert A C , Arora Hitesh 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We explore the use of Deep Learning to infer physical quantities from the observable transmitted flux in the Ly α forest. We train a Neural Network using redshift z = 3 outputs from cosmological hydrodynamic simulations and mock data sets constructed from them. We evaluate how well the trained network is able to reconstruct the optical depth for Ly α forest absorption from noisy and often saturated transmitted flux data. The Neural Network outperforms an alternative reconstruction method involving log inversion and spline interpolation by approximately a factor of 2 in the optical depth root mean square error. We find no significant dependence in the improvement on input data signal to noise, although the gain is greatest in high optical depth regions. The Ly α forest optical depth studied here serves as a simple, one dimensional, example but the use of Deep Learning and simulations to approach the inverse problem in cosmology could be extended to other physical quantities and higher dimensional data.