bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phosphorus concentrations into a subtropical lake strongly influence nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen export, and Chl a concentrations
Authors: Turner R. Eugene , Lee James M. , Milan Charles S. , Swenson Erick M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe measured water quality monthly for 22 years in water entering, within, and exiting a 65 km2 shallow polymictic and eutrophic freshwater lake in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fertilizer use in the watershed is the dominate source of phosphorous (P) going into the lake and controls the lake’s P concentrations, but nitrogen (N) fertilizer use was not related to total nitrogen concentration in the lake. Half of the particulate P entering the lake is trapped within it and there is a net accumulation of N that appears to be from the stimulation of nitrogen fixation. The lake’s concentration of Chlorophyll a (µg Chl a l−1) and increase in N in the lake was directly related to the concentration of P in water entering the lake. Variations in the Chl a concentration within a freshwater lake downstream are also directly related to the annual use of P fertilizer, but not to N fertilizer use. Reducing agriculture-sourced P runoff will lower (but not eliminate) both the frequency of algal blooms within Lac des Allemands and the amount of N delivered to the estuary.
Invited viewpoint: teaching programming to students in physical sciences and engineering
Authors: Cawthorne Lloyd 
Published: August 2021

AbstractComputer programming is a key component of any physical science or engineering degree and is a skill sought by employers. Coding can be very appealing to these students as it is logical and another setting where they can solve problems. However, many students can often be reluctant to engage with the material as it might not interest them or they might not see how it applies to their wider study. Here, I present lessons I have learned and recommendations to increase participation in programming courses for students majoring in the physical sciences or engineering. The discussion and examples are taken from my second-year core undergraduate physics module, Introduction to Programming for Physicists, taught at The University of Manchester, UK. Teaching this course, I have developed successful solutions that can be applied to undergraduate STEM courses.
Using Bayesian Belief Networks to assess the influence of landscape connectivity on ecosystem service trade-offs and synergies in urban landscapes in the UK
Authors: Karimi James D. , Harris Jim A. , Corstanje Ron 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Context
Landscape connectivity is assumed to influence ecosystem service (ES) trade-offs and synergies. However, empirical studies of the effect of landscape connectivity on ES trade-offs and synergies are limited, especially in urban areas where the interactions between patterns and processes are complex.

Objectives
The objectives of this study were to use a Bayesian Belief Network approach to (1) assess whether functional connectivity drives ES trade-offs and synergies in urban areas and (2) assess the influence of connectivity on the supply of ESs.

Methods
We used circuit theory to model urban bird flow of P. major and C. caeruleus at a 2 m spatial resolution in Bedford, Luton and Milton Keynes, UK, and Bayesian Belief Networks (BBNs) to assess the sensitivity of ES trade-offs and synergies model outputs to landscape and patch structural characteristics (patch area, connectivity and bird species abundance).

Results
We found that functional connectivity was the most influential variable in determining two of three ES trade-offs and synergies. Patch area and connectivity exerted a strong influence on ES trade-offs and synergies. Low patch area and low to moderately low connectivity were associated with high levels of ES trade-offs and synergies.

Conclusions
This study demonstrates that landscape connectivity is an influential determinant of ES trade-offs and synergies and supports the conviction that larger and better-connected habitat patches increase ES provision. A BBN approach is proposed as a feasible method of ES trade-off and synergy prediction in complex landscapes. Our findings can prove to be informative for urban ES management.
A new discovery on visual information dynamic changes from V1 to V2: corner encoding
Authors: Zhong Haixin , Wang Rubin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe information processing mechanisms of the visual nervous system remain to be unsolved scientific issues in neuroscience field, owing to a lack of unified and widely accepted theory for explanation. It has been well documented that approximately 80% of the rich and complicated perceptual information from the real world is transmitted to the visual cortex, and only a small fraction of visual information reaches the primary visual cortex (V1). This, nevertheless, does not affect our visual perception. Furthermore, how neurons in the secondary visual cortex (V2) encode such a small amount of visual information has yet to be addressed. To this end, the current paper established a visual network model for retina-lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN)-V1–V2 and quantitatively accounted for that response to the scarcity of visual information and encoding rules, based on the principle of neural mapping from V1 to V2. The results demonstrated that the visual information has a small degree of dynamic degradation when it is mapped from V1 to V2, during which there is a convolution calculation occurring. Therefore, visual information dynamic degradation mainly manifests itself along the pathway of the retina to V1, rather than V1 to V2. The slight changes in the visual information are attributable to the fact that the receptive fields (RFs) of V2 cannot further extract the image features. Meanwhile, despite the scarcity of visual information mapped from the retina, the RFs of V2 can still accurately respond to and encode “corner” information, due to the effects of synaptic plasticity, but the similar function does not exist in V1. This is a new discovery that has never been noticed before. To sum up, the coding of the “contour” feature (edge and corner) is achieved in the pathway of retina-LGN-V1–V2.
The mirror of physics: on how the Price equation can unify evolutionary biology
Authors: Luque Victor J. , Baravalle Lorenzo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDue to its high degree of complexity and its historical nature, evolutionary biology has been traditionally portrayed as a messy science. According to the supporters of such a view, evolutionary biology would be unable to formulate laws and robust theories, instead just delivering coherent narratives and local models. In this article, our aim is to challenge this view by showing how the Price equation can work as the core of a general theoretical framework for evolutionary phenomena. To support this claim, we outline some unnoticed structural similarities between physical theories (in particular, classical mechanics) and evolutionary biology. More specifically, we shall argue that the Price equation, in the same way as fundamental formalisms in physics, can serve as a heuristic principle to formulate and systematise different theories and models in evolutionary biology.
Toward E-selective Olefin Metathesis: Computational Design and Experimental Realization of Ruthenium Thio-Indolate Catalysts
Authors: Reim Immanuel , Occhipinti Giovanni , Törnroos Karl W. , Fogg Deryn E. , Jensen Vidar R. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe selective transformation of 1-alkenes into E-olefins is a long-standing challenge in olefin metathesis. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict high E-selectivity for catalysts incorporating a bidentate, dianionic thio-indolate ligand within a RuXX’(NHC)(py)(= CHR) platform (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene; py = pyridine). Such complexes are predicted to yield E-olefins by favoring anti-disposed substituents in the transition state expected to be rate-determining: specifically, that for cycloreversion of the metallacyclobutane intermediate. Three pyridine-stabilized catalysts Ru21a-c were synthesized, in which the thio-indolate ligand bears a H, Me, or Ph substituent at the C2 position, and the NHC ligand is the unsaturated imidazoline-2-ylidene Me2IMes (which bears N-mesityl groups and methyl groups on the C4,5 backbone). Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis of Ru21c confirms the ligand orientation required for E-selective metathesis, with the thio-indolate sulfur atom binding cis to the NHC, and the indolate nitrogen atom trans to the NHC. However, whereas the new complexes mediated metathetic exchange of their 2-thienylmethylidene ligand in the presence of the common metathesis substrates styrene and allylbenzene, no corresponding self-metathesis products were obtained. Only small amounts of 2-butene (73% (Z)-2-butene) were obtained in self-metathesis of propene using Ru21a. Detailed DFT analysis of this process revealed that product release is surprisingly slow, limiting the reaction rate and explaining the low metathesis activity. With the barrier to dissociation of (Z)-2-butene being lower than that of (E)-2-butene, the calculations also account for the observed Z-selectivity of Ru21a. These findings provide guidelines for catalyst redesign in pursuit of the ambitious goal of E-selective 1-alkene metathesis.
Graphic abstract
A pharmaceutical therapy recommender system enabling shared decision-making
Authors: Gräßer Felix , Tesch Falko , Schmitt Jochen , Abraham Susanne , Malberg Hagen , Zaunseder Sebastian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractData-based clinical decision support systems (CDSSs) can provide personalized support in medical applications. Such systems are expected to play an increasingly important role in the future of healthcare. Within this work, we demonstrate an exemplary CDSS which provides individualized pharmaceutical drug recommendations to physicians and patients. The core of the proposed system is a neighborhood-based collaborative filter (CF) that yields data-based recommendations. CFs are capable of integrating data at different scale levels and a multivariate outcome measure. This publication provides a detailed literature review, a holistic comparison of various implementations of CF algorithms, and a prototypical graphical user interface (GUI). We show that similarity measures, which automatically adapt to attribute weights and data distribution perform best. The illustrated user-friendly prototype is intended to graphically facilitate explainable recommendations and provide additional evidence-based information tailored to a target patient. The proposed solution or elements of it, respectively, may serve as a template for future CDSSs that support physicians to identify the most appropriate therapy and enable a shared decision-making process between physicians and patients.
The relationship between user types and gamification designs
Authors: Santos Ana Cláudia Guimarães , Oliveira Wilk , Hamari Juho , Rodrigues Luiz , Toda Armando M. , Palomino Paula T. , Isotani Seiji 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGamification has been discussed as a standout approach to improve user experience, with different studies showing that users can have different preferences over game elements according to their user types. However, relatively less is known how different kinds of users may react to different types of gamification. Therefore, in this study ($$N=331$$

N
=
331

) we investigate how user orientation (Achiever, Disruptor, Free Spirit, Philanthropist, Player, and Socializer) is associated with the preference for and perceived sense of accomplishment from different gamification designs. Beyond singular associations between the user orientation and the gamification designs, the findings indicate no comprehensive and consistent patterns of associations. From the six user orientations, five presented significant associations: Socializer orientation was positively associated with Social, Fictional, and Personal designs, while negatively associated with Performance design; Player orientation was positively associated with Social (Accomplishment), Personal, and Ecological designs, while negatively associated with the Social design (Preference); Disruptor orientation was positively associated with Social design; Achiever orientation was positively associated with Performance and Social designs; and Free Spirit orientation was negatively associated with Social design. Based on the results, we provide recommendations on how to personalize gamified systems and set further research trajectories on personalized gamification.
A multi-bioassay integrated approach to assess antifouling potential of extracts from the Mediterranean sponge Ircinia oros
Authors: De Marchi Lucia , Pretti Carlo , Cuccaro Alessia , Oliva Matteo , Tardelli Federica , Monni Gianfranca , Magri Michele , Bulleri Fabio 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe phylum Porifera and their symbionts produce a wide variety of bioactive compounds, playing a central role in their ecology and evolution. In this study, four different extracts (obtained by non-polar and semi-polar extraction methodologies) of the Mediterranean spongeIrcinia oroswere tested through a multi-bioassay integrated approach to assess their antifouling potential. Tests were performed using three common species, associated with three different endpoints: the marine bacteriumAliivibrio fischeri(inhibition of bioluminescence), the marine diatomPhaeodactylum tricornutum(inhibition of growth), and different development stages of the brackish water serpulidFicopomatus enigmaticus(gametes: sperm motion, vitality inhibition and cellular damage; larvae: development; adults: AChE (acetylcholinesterase)-inhibitory activity). The effects of extracts were species specific and did not vary among different extraction methodologies. In particular, no significant reduction of bioluminescence ofA. fischeriwas observed for all tested samples. By contrast, extracts inhibitedP. tricornutumgrowth and had toxic effects on differentF. enigmaticus’ developmental stages. Our results suggest that the proposed test battery can be considered a suitable tool as bioactivity screening of marine natural products.
Long-term dynamic bearing capacity of shallow foundations on a contractive cohesive soil
Authors: Panique Lazcano Daniel R. , Galindo Aires Rubén , Patiño Nieto Hernán 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe calculation of the long-term dynamic bearing capacity arises from the need to consider the generation of maximum pore-water pressure developed from a cyclic load. Under suitable conditions, a long-term equilibrium situation would be reached, when pore-water pressures stabilized. However, excess pore-water pressure generation can lead to cyclic softening. Consequently, it is necessary to define both the cohesion and the internal friction angle to calculate the dynamic bearing capacity of a foundation in the long term, being necessary to incorporate the influence of the self-weight of soil and therefore the width of the foundation. The present work is based on an analysis of the results of cyclic simple shear tests on soil samples from the port of El Prat in Barcelona. From these experimental data, a pore-water pressure generation formulation was obtained that was implemented in FLAC2D finite difference software. A methodology was developed for the calculation of the maximum cyclic load that a footing can resist before the occurrence of the cyclic softening. The type of soil studied is a contractive cohesive soil, which generates positive pore-water pressures. As a numerical result, design charts have been developed for long-term dynamic bearing capacity calculation and the charts were validated with the application of a real case study.
Eradication of endophytes from needles, their inoculation with Lophodermium piceae and persistence of this fungus in needles of Norway spruce
Authors: Müller Michael M. , Hamberg Leena 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLophodermium piceae is the most common endophyte of Norway spruce (Picea abies) needles, and it probably occurs in the total distribution area of Norway spruce. Its significance to the host tree is still largely unknown mainly because no methodology is known for generating endophyte-free saplings nor for inoculation of intact needles with this fungus. We report here how a daily heat treatment at 40 °C for 8 h eradicates endophytes of Norway spruce needles within a few days without causing visible harm to the plants. We compared various methods for inoculation of endophyte-free saplings. In order to obtain effective inocula, we investigated what factors activate dormant L. piceae infections in the needle tissue resulting in ascomata formation. Best inoculation success was achieved by suspending naturally shed, highly infected needles above the saplings. Infection frequencies of up to 70% of needles were achieved with repeated inoculations in the course of 3 years. Once established in needles, individual infections by L. piceae can persist for at least 5 years. Individual infections remain small in young needles, but at a needle age of 6 years, they start to grow and spread resulting in presence all over the needle from base to tip at a needle age of 7 years, but still without causing visible symptoms on the needles. The presented methodology for generating both endophyte-free and endophyte-infected saplings of Norway spruce provides a new approach for testing the significance of infections by L. piceae to insect herbivory and diseases of Norway spruce needles.
Biotransformation of [U-13C]linoleic acid suggests two independent ketonic- and aldehydic cycles within C8-oxylipin biosynthesis in Cyclocybe aegerita (V. Brig.) Vizzini
Authors: Karrer Dominik , Weigel Vanessa , Hoberg Nikolas , Atamasov Alexander , Rühl Martin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAlthough the typical aroma contributing compounds in fungi of the phylum Basidiomycota are known for decades, their biosynthetic pathways are still unclear. Amongst these volatiles, C8-compounds are probably the most important ones as they function, in addition to their specific perception of fungal odour, as oxylipins. Previous studies focused on C8-oxylipin production either in fruiting bodies or mycelia. However, comparisons of the C8-oxylipin biosynthesis at different developmental stages are scarce, and the biosynthesis in basidiospores was completely neglected. In this study, we addressed this gap and were able to show that the biosynthesis of C8-oxylipins differs strongly between different developmental stages. The comparison of mycelium, primordia, young fruiting bodies, mature fruiting bodies, post sporulation fruiting bodies and basidiospores revealed that the occurance of the two main C8-oxylipins octan-3-one and oct-1-en-3-ol distinguished in different stages. Whereas oct-1-en-3-ol levels peaked in the mycelium and decreased with ongoing maturation, octan-3-one levels increased during maturation. Furthermore, oct-2-en-1-ol, octan-1-ol, oct-2-enal, octan-3-ol, oct-1-en-3-one and octanal contributed to the C8-oxylipins but with drastically lower levels. Biotransformations with [U-13C]linoleic acid revealed that early developmental stages produced various [U-13C]oxylipins, whereas maturated developmental stages like post sporulation fruiting bodies and basidiospores produced predominantly [U-13C]octan-3-one. Based on the distribution of certain C8-oxylipins and biotransformations with putative precursors at different developmental stages, two distinct biosynthetic cycles were deduced with oct-2-enal (aldehydic-cycle) and oct-1-en-3-one (ketonic-cycle) as precursors.
Effects of Physicians’ Information Giving on Patient Outcomes: a Systematic Review
Authors: Lie Hanne C. , Juvet Lene K. , Street Richard L. , Gulbrandsen Pål , Mellblom Anneli V. , Brembo Espen Andreas , Eide Hilde , Heyn Lena , Saltveit Kristina H. , Strømme Hilde , Sundling Vibeke , Turk Eva , Menichetti Julia 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Providing diagnostic and treatment information to patients is a core clinical skill, but evidence for the effectiveness of different information-giving strategies is inconsistent. This systematic review aimed to investigate the reported effects of empirically tested communication strategies for providing information on patient-related outcomes: information recall and (health-related) behaviors.

Methods
The databases MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO (Ovid), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and relevant bibliographies were systematically searched from the inception to April 24, 2020, without restrictions, for articles testing information-giving strategies for physicians (PROSPERO ID: CRD42019115791). Pairs of independent reviewers identified randomized controlled studies with a low risk of selection bias as from the Cochrane risk of bias 2 tool. Main outcomes were grouped into patient information recall and behavioral outcomes (e.g., alcohol consumption, weight loss, participation in screening). Due to high heterogeneity in the data on effects of interventions, these outcomes were descriptively reported, together with studies’, interventions’, and information-giving strategies’ characteristics. PRISMA guidelines were followed.

Results
Seventeen of 9423 articles were included. Eight studies, reporting 10 interventions, assessed patient information recall: mostly conducted in experimental settings and testing a single information-giving strategy. Four of the ten interventions reported significant increase in recall. Nine studies assessed behavioral outcomes, mostly in real-life clinical settings and testing multiple information-giving strategies simultaneously. The heterogeneity in this group of studies was high. Eight of the nine interventions reported a significant positive effect on objectively and subjectively measured patients’ behavioral outcomes.

Discussion
Using specific framing strategies for achieving specific communication goals when providing information to patients appears to have positive effects on information recall and patient health–related behaviors. The heterogeneity observed in this group of studies testifies the need for a more consistent methodological and conceptual agenda when testing medical information-giving strategies.

Trial Registration
PROSPERO registration number: CRD42019115791