bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“A Play She Could Act in Dublin”
Authors: Brewer Redwine Elizabeth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 follows the embodiments of Cathleen ni Houlihan by Maud Gonne and the tensions over ownership of that play, written with Lady Gregory with Gonne’s contributions to the staging, and created out of Yeats’s disappointment that Gonne rejected The Countess Cathleen. Beginning with Gonne’s real-life visitation dressed as a poor old woman at her own home, rented by Yeats, during the influenza pandemic of 1918 when she was on the run from the authorities, the chapter then explores Yeats’s earliest work with Gonne, challenging the “muse” designation, and focusing instead on Maud Gonne’s skills as a theatrical and political performer. The tensions over the ownership of that play between Yeats and Gonne show the two struggling over class, performance, and definitions of Irishness.
My Pegeen Mike
Authors: Brewer Redwine Elizabeth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Molly Allgood’s contributions to Synge’s Playboy of the Western World, this chapter argues, are overdue for a reconsideration, and a close reading of their letters with the development of the play shows that there would have been no Playboy without Molly. This chapter follows the earlier discussions in highlighting the ways that current and Revival readings of theater are informed by assumptions about authorship that privilege men and how these concerns are bound up with gender roles. For example, Synge likely burned Allgood’s part of their correspondence due to his worries about her reputation; nonetheless, this chapter reads Allgood’s responses both in the handwritten notes she wrote in the margins of his surviving letters and in the context of Synge’s responses. In particular, the way that Molly brings her physical female body and the work of that body onto the stage and into the text are major contributions she made to The Playboy.
A “Brutal” Deirdre
Authors: Brewer Redwine Elizabeth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Molly Allgood helped Synge with Deirdre of the Sorrows, discussing drafts with him, performing scenes he was struggling to write, even as he neared death in his hospital room, and helping to access the draft from Synge’s family after his death. She then completed the draft with Yeats and Lady Gregory as she knew best what Synge wanted from the play, and performed in the premier. This chapter argues for the collaborative nature of this play and the importance of the dying and dead female body onstage, an embodiment that became more important to Synge as he neared death and as he grew closer to Molly. The chapter closes with a look at Molly Allgood’s death in poverty from a fire as part of the argument that who gets credit for writing plays has real-world consequences for the bodies of the women who performed. In other words, Molly Allgood suffered physically from that erasure
Collaboration and Yeats’s Deirdre
Authors: Brewer Redwine Elizabeth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins with the actual deaths of each of the actresses who contributed to Yeats’s Deirdre, stressing what is at stake in who gets credit for theatrical performance and then arguing for the different role each actress played in the development of this play. Yeats’s dependence on Lady Gregory, Maud Gonne, Florence Farr, Sara Allgood, Florence Darragh, and Mrs. Patrick Campbell in the creation of Deirdre clashed with his obsession with class-based individuality. Deirdre, like Yeats’s earliest plays written with and for Laura Armstrong, dramatizes the death of the heroine. Yeats tried to mold the Deirdre he wanted from actresses who appealed to him because they seemed other, different from the largely middle-class Abbey company, and reflective of his own ideal of female Irishness. The arguments between Yeats as writer and director and the actresses find their way into these revisions, changes that highlight tensions between gendered versions of events. The competing Deirdres of the Abbey and Yeats’s thousand pages of revisions show attempts to claim contested ground. The history of the play reveals tensions around ownership and representation as the women who inspired and performed the part revised Yeats’s initial vision and challenged Yeats’s idea of solitary, aristocratic ownership.
Epilogue—How Cathleen Became Mrs. Monihan
Authors: Brewer Redwine Elizabeth 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The Epilogue follows Sara Allgood’s history of performance and contributions to theatrical texts from her early days in Inghinidhe through her film work until her death in Hollywood in1950. What appears again and again in her American film work is an aging actress from Ireland translating stillness in the face of extremity in ways that strengthen even the smallest, sometimes nameless characters against the stereotype of the emotive Irish immigrant. From her earliest days in Inghinidhe, Allgood was part of a project to provide steadying images of Ireland against British melodrama and cartoons; her film work in America continued this work in nearly one hundred film roles. From her unpublished “Memories” and her surviving films, Sara Allgood emerges as a woman focused on creating theater and film, not simply taking direction. Her contribution to both mediums, a refusal to overact, and a gravity and stillness, educates the audience about what to expect of an Irish woman. Tracing the afterlife of her street theater and Abbey career into her later film work may restore some attention to a performer who developed the Abbey Stare for particular ends, revising established readings of both gender and nation in Ireland and America.
The Elusive Everyday in the Fiction of Marilynne Robinson
Authors: Tanner Laura E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFraming Robinson’s fiction within the dynamics of everyday life, this study highlights the tensions of form and content that haunt moments of transcendence in her work. Robinson’s novels, it argues, construct a world that is mimetic as well as symbolic and revelatory. Although the heightened apprehension of the quotidian in Robinson’s novels often registers powerfully and beautifully in representational terms, its aesthetic intensity is enacted at the expense of characters who patrol the margins of the ordinary with unceasing vigilance. Inhabiting the everyday self-consciously, her protagonists perform a forced relationship to the ordinary that seldom relaxes into the natural or the familiar; scarred by grief, illness, aging, and trauma, they inhabit a world of transcendent beauty suffused with the terrifying threat of loss. The signature acts of transfiguration that punctuate Robinson’s narratives originate from and anticipate the inevitability of absence: the death of loved ones (Housekeeping), the impending death of the self (Gilead), the fracture of family (Home), the repetition of trauma and abandonment (Lila), and the prohibition of everyday intimacy in interracial romance (Jack). Highlighting the tensions of the uncomfortable ordinary that disrupt a trajectory of transcendence in her fiction, this book situates Robinson’s novels within sociological, psychological, and phenomenological studies of trauma, grief, aging, race, and gender, as well as narrative theory and everyday life studies. Focusing on the experiential dynamics of the lived worlds her novels invoke, The Elusive Everyday argues for the complexity, relevance, and contemporaneity of Robinson’s fiction.
Race and Imaginary Intimacy inJack
Authors: Tanner Laura E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThrough its focus on an interracial relationship in St. Louis after the Second World War, Jack interrogates the imaginative privilege of a white character whose seeming transcendence of the ordinary occurs at the expense of the black woman he romances. Jack’s aesthetic sensibility immobilizes and isolates him in an imaginative landscape; his desire to have Della, a black woman, accompany him there, however, implicates him in the literal destruction of her everyday world. This chapter uses phenomenological race theory and everyday life studies to highlight the way that the historical, material, and political pressures of the period, including the threat of eminent domain that looms over the abstracted landscape of the novel, disrupt Jack’s literary and symbolic rendering of this love story. By inviting the reader to pursue Jack’s imaginative interests, the novel constructs an uncomfortable romance troubled by the encroachments of the wider world it would exclude.
Political Epistemology and Social Critique
Authors: Haslanger Sally 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Under conditions of ideology, a standard model of normative political epistemology—relying on a domain-specific reflective equilibrium—risks status-quo bias. Social critique requires a more critical standpoint. What are the aims of social critique? How is such a standpoint achieved and what grounds its claims? One way of achieving a critical standpoint is through consciousness raising. Consciousness raising offers a paradigm shift in our understanding of the social world; but not all epistemic practices that appear to “raise” consciousness are warranted. However, under certain conditions sketched in the chapter, consciousness raising produces a warranted critical standpoint and a pro tanto claim against others. This is an important epistemic achievement, yet under conditions of collective self-governance, there is no guarantee that all warranted claims can be met simultaneously. There will be winners and losers even after legitimate democratic processes have been followed.
Perfectionist Duties
Authors: Tahzib Collis 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
It is a central tenet of much contemporary liberal theory that the state should remain as far as possible neutral between rival conceptions of the good life. By contrast, perfectionists hold that one function of the state is to encourage citizens to lead good or flourishing ways of life. But perfectionists have not generally been clear about whether they take perfectionist interventions to be permissible or mandatory. This chapter argues in favour of the stronger duty-based version of perfectionism. After introducing the distinction between duty-based and non-duty-based forms of perfectionism (Section 1), it makes a case for duty-based perfectionism by defending the idea of a right to the fair conditions of a flourishing life (Section 2). It then shows how the invocation of perfectionist duties can help perfectionists to rebut a number of powerful objections that have recently been levelled against their view (3). Finally, it defends duty-based perfectionism against the charge that it violates the public justification principle (Section 4).
Varieties of Monotheism and the Three Rings
Authors: Stroumsa Guy G. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWhile the idea of Semitic monotheism only emerged in the mid-nineteenth century as a variegated religious phenomenon, monotheism has a much more ancient history. The present chapter will first briefly set forth some of the main stages in the emergence and evolution of monotheism in ancient religious history and discuss the origins of the modern concept of monotheism. It will then follow some of the major approaches to the question of the relationship between Judaism, Christianity, and Islam in the long Middle Ages. As the new paradigm of the three monotheistic religions reflects a rejection of these medieval traditions, this concise review of ancient evidence is necessary in order to fully understand the later developments.
Semitic Religion and Sacrificial Ritual
Authors: Stroumsa Guy G. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe now turn to the broader intellectual context during the final three decades of the century, when sociology and anthropology were moving to the fore of the scene, often pushing philology backstage, as the preferred approach to the study of religion. As we shall see, the stakes, which were high, showcase at once ambivalent attitudes towards Judaism and the precarious status of Jewish scholars. The standing of Jewish scholars in the comparative and anthropological tradition reflects the strategy chosen by some among them (not always in a reflexive, conscious way) to overcome this precarious status. Both the comparative and the anthropological method permitted them to circumvent the traces of Christian theology which they correctly detected in more traditional, philological approaches to the study of the monotheist systems. Our three main protagonists here are Max Müller, Julius Wellhausen, and William Robertson Smith.
To the Search of Another Model of Difference Between Constitutional Principles and Rules
Authors: Neves Marcelo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents a model for distinguishing between constitutional principles and constitutional rules, emphasizing that it concerns a legal-doctrinal difference that emerged with modern constitutionalism. In this context, principles are defined as reflexive mechanisms in relation to rules, and the circular connection between them becomes the focus of analysis. It also discusses the performance of principles and rules in the process of constitutional concretization as well as pointing out the requirement of a constitutional principle theory adequate to the complexity of contemporary society, even in the context of transconstitutionalism. This chapter is divided into five sections: locating the problem and conceptual contours; constitutional principles as a result of the positivization of law: principles and rules as an internal difference of the legal system; the circular relationship between constitutional principles and rules; from optimization to competition: limits of ‘balancing’; and intra-principle collision, double contingency, and functional differentiation of society: towards a complex theory of principles.
Cosmos and Materiality in Early Modern Prague
Authors: Ivanič Suzanna 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Prague in the seventeenth century is known as having been home to a scintillating imperial court crammed with exotic goods, scientists, and artisans, receiving ambassadors from as far away as Persia; and as a city suffering plagues, riots, and devastating military attacks. But Prague was also the setting for a complex and shifting spiritual world. At the beginning of the century it was a multiconfessional city, but by 1700 it represented one of the most archetypical Catholic cities in Europe. Through a material approach, this book pieces together how early modern men and women experienced this transformation on a daily basis. The book presents a bold alternative understanding of the history of early modern religion in Central Europe. The history of religion in the early modern period has overwhelmingly been analysed through a confessional lens, but this analysis shows how Prague burghers’ spiritual worlds were embedded in their natural environment and social relations as much as, if not more than, in confessional identity in the seventeenth century. While texts in this period trace emerging discourses around notions of religion, superstition, and magic, and what it was to be Catholic or Protestant, a material approach avoids these category mistakes being applied to everyday practice. It is through a rich seam of material evidence in Prague—spoons, glass beakers, and amulets, as much as traditional devotional objects like rosaries and garnet-encrusted crucifixes—that everyday beliefs, practices, and identities can be recovered.
Prague—An Urban Cosmos
Authors: Ivanič Suzanna 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Early modern Prague is best known through snapshot glimpses as the setting for the escapades of the English alchemist John Dee, Rudolf II’s exotic Kunstkammer, or the famous defenestration of Catholic councillors that sparked the Thirty Years’ War that ravaged Europe between 1618 and 1648. No continuous treatment of its social and cultural history across the seventeenth century exists. Moreover, Prague is often viewed through refracted categories: as a court city, a city of four administratively independent towns, a city of reform and protest prior to 1620, or a city of Baroque Catholic ascendancy after 1620. While delineating the social, cultural, and religious topography of Prague over a century, this profile presents a different perspective of a city that enabled a web of encounters between people of different social strata, faiths, and occupations, and fostered its own urban cosmos.
Fracturing Universal Christianity
Authors: Ivanič Suzanna 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
It has widely been assumed that religious objects were quickly associated with different confessions during the Reformation period. However, the unique environment of Prague enables the conditions, speed, and clarity of this process to be tested. This chapter pushes beyond previous historiography that has focused on mono-confessional contexts to examine the confessional specificity of devotional material cultures. The multiconfessional environment of Prague in the first decades of the seventeenth century enables an examination of the role of material culture in the creation of distinct confessional identities. Prague thus provides a fascinating context in which to study the process of fracturing medieval Christianity along confessional lines. It sustained an environment of what might be called ‘multiple options’ well into the seventeenth century. Three factors that shaped this confessional context are examined: survivalism of pre-Reformation devotional modes, the impact of Utraquism, and the persistence of confessional flexibility. A detailed examination of prayer beads in the inventories and as extant objects provides a microcosm through which to understand confessional identities at ground level. Close up, qualitatively, the records reveal them to be part of a spiritual world of endless possibilities and devotional options, but quantitatively, from a distance, they reveal a striking pattern of plural confessions and religious change.
Domesticating the Baroque
Authors: Ivanič Suzanna 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
ít‘Domesticating’ as a process shows how a larger cultural shift—in this case, that of the Counter-Reformation—became something quotidian, everyday, accessible, and realized on the ground. It was a process by which new cultural developments became part of a broader mentalité. The focus of this chapter is to examine the concrete ways in which Catholic culture was domesticated in burgher homes over the seventeenth century. It examines how Counter-Reformation styles and themes permeated domestic objects, how Counter-Reformation images were newly integrated into domestic scenes, and how new materials contributed to the diversification of Catholic material culture at the end of the seventeenth century in a constant negotiation between ‘official’ and lay demands. From the material evidence—rose motifs, a cold-enamel painted glass beaker, and agnus dei made from a range of materials—emerges a fascinating coalescence of old and new forms of devotion that exemplifies the interplay between local and universal. It represents diversification and elaboration in the formation of a new Baroque Catholic culture in the home that was driven as much by the laity as by the Church in the second half of the seventeenth century.
Conclusion
Authors: Ivanič Suzanna 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The history of religion in the early modern period has been overwhelmingly shaped by tracing confessional divisions. These divisions undoubtedly had a significant impact on religious experience in this period, as shown by the fracturing of faith in Part II, but by foregrounding a spiritual world in Part I, this book seeks to shift our perspective and understand confessions as only one layer of devotional experience on top of a complex, shared spiritual world attached to materialities, local environments, and family histories. This concluding chapter underlines the contribution of this book to the history of religion, showing how a sustained and interlinked treatment of material culture and religion can significantly reshape our understanding of early modern lived beliefs, practices, and identities. Men and women in seventeenth-century Prague conceptualized the universe as a cosmos full of harmonies and correspondences through which the divine could work. This worldview framed their approach to the objects and material surroundings they encountered in their daily lives. Examining objects allows us to reconsider the categorization of early modern items as confessional, sacred, and profane in favour of a broader connected cosmos. This material approach reveals everyday beliefs, practices, and identities from a new perspective and traces the workings of larger cultural forces at ground level.
Comrades and Campfires
Authors: Young Phoebe S.K. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
During and after the Civil War, Union army soldiers and veterans attempted to make sense of their military camping experiences, which could exemplify generational camaraderie, political organization, and national belonging. This chapter follows the career of John Mead Gould, a soldier from Portland, Maine who kept an extensive diary and published a camping manual in 1877. It also discusses the role of the Grand Army of the Republic, a veterans’ organization that organized reunions in the form of annual encampments as part of a campaign to lobby the government for veterans’ pensions. Its form of camping put forward the veteran as a new exemplar of the ideal citizen for a modern commercial age. Veterans claimed a meaningful place in a world where the nation’s social and economic underpinnings were in flux and understandings of citizenship, manhood, work, and success were shifting under their feet.
Tramps and Tramp Style
Authors: Young Phoebe S.K. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 3 delves into the stories of early leisure camping enthusiasts, particularly among the elite classes, and what they hoped to find by venturing into the outdoors. It traces how leisure camping gained popularity and respectability through the 1910s in parallel with the marginalization of functional campers. Proliferating outdoor magazines and guidebooks suggest how campers imagined themselves making temporary homes in the wilderness, complete with negotiations over gender and modern family relationships. They did not have the woods to themselves, as the phenomena of tramps, hoboes, and itinerant workers grew during the same era, both in numerical terms and in public alarm about what their seeming rootlessness might portend for the nation. Reactions to tramps and workers heightened the cultural resonance of leisure camping, particularly as a consensus emerged around camping as a temporary pursuit that relied upon the existence of a permanent one.
Establishing the Campers’ Republic
Authors: Young Phoebe S.K. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 focuses on how federal agencies responded to the growth of recreational camping—popularized among the middle class by the mass production of the automobile—and the challenge of new waves of transients and protestors during the Great Depression. In the 1930s, recreational camping gained state sponsorship as an exercise of democracy spurred on by the design of the loop campground and its related social philosophy. As the New Deal rapidly solidified the terms of a new social contract, campers added their own set of expectations. The vast expansion of a public landscape for recreational camping emerged as counterpoint to the unsettled masses of the Great Depression and became an effective tool for national recovery. By the 1940s, citizens were claiming rights of access to or, in the case of African Americans, protesting exclusion from this public camping landscape.