bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alteration in the psychologic status and family environment of pregnant women before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Xie Miaomiao , Wang Xiaoyun , Zhang Jingjing , Wang Yi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo compare mental distress and COVID‐19‐related family environment changes among pregnant women before and during the pandemic.MethodsIn a survey‐based study in Lishui City, Zhejiang, China, pregnant women were recruited before (March–December, 2019; n = 2657) and during (January–August, 2020; n = 689) the COVID‐19 pandemic. They completed the Symptom Check List‐90 Revised (SCL90‐R) questionnaire and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and were asked about their families via the Family Environment Scale (FES).ResultsHigher SCL90‐R scores of somatization (P = 0.003), depression (P = 0.043), anxiety (P = 0.041), hostility (P = 0.009), and others (P = 0.025) were reported by women during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Sleep disorder also occurred more frequently among pregnant women during the pandemic (P = 0.002). Social environmental characteristics of families showed impaired family cohesion, and increased levels of conflict and independence during the pandemic (all P < 0.05). The FES score for family cohesion was negatively related with obsessive–compulsive, depression, anxiety, and hostility symptoms, whereas that for conflict was positively related with these symptoms (all P < 0.001).ConclusionThe mental health, sleep, and family environment of pregnant women was impaired during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Potential protective factors including increased social support might help to mitigate long‐lasting negative consequences.
Pregnant women infected by the Zika virus: Ultrasound findings and growth patterns of fetuses with and without microcephaly
Authors: Honorato Emanuelle M. , Holanda Simone C. , Mattos Alice G. L. , Souza Gustavo F. A. , Souza Alex S. R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo compare ultrasound growth measurements of fetuses with and without microcephaly in suspected Zika virus infection.MethodsA retrospective cohort study included pregnant women with suspected Zika virus infection to evaluate 110 fetuses with and without microcephaly. The women had been admitted to the fetal medicine unit between October 2015 and August 2016. Cases of fetal microcephaly resulting from other causes were excluded. Variables evaluated were the ultrasound measurements taken at fetal biometry. The relation between each fetal biometry measurement and gestational age was analyzed using fractional polynomials in random‐effects regression models. To evaluate fetal growth, curves of the mean fetal biometric parameters were constructed as a function of gestational age.ResultsMean biparietal diameter and mean head circumference increased in both groups as a function of gestational age. In the group with fetal microcephaly, mean head circumference was significantly larger in the 13th and 14th weeks of pregnancy, becoming smaller compared with the group without microcephaly from the 20th week onwards, with the difference increasing with gestational age.ConclusionFetal head circumference continues to increase until birth, even after a diagnosis of microcephaly, with a reduction only in the pace of growth. Growth decelerates as the pregnancy approaches term.
Perineal body length and prevention of perineal lacerations during delivery in cameroonian primigravid patients
Authors: Mboua Batoum Véronique , Ngo Um Meka Esther , Essiben Félix , Robinson Mbu Enow 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe rate of perineal tears in Cameroonian primiparous women is reported to be up to 59.7%. The present study aimed to assess the relationship between perineal length and perineal tears.MethodsWe conducted a prospective study of primiparous women with singleton pregnancies of at least 36+6 weeks length. The admitting physician measured the length of the perineal body at the first stage of labor and this value was hidden from the delivery personnel until delivery occurred. The presence of perineal trauma and other delivery characteristics were recorded. Data were analyzed using univariate analyses and multiple logistic regression.ResultsThe mean perineal body length was 3.21 ± 0.75 cm (range 1.5–5.5 cm). 34 (33.0%) primiparous women sustained spontaneous perineal tears and 20 (19.4%) had episiotomies. No third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tears were observed. Perineal body length shorter than 2.5 cm was a significant (P < 0.04) predictor of spontaneous perineal lacerations (58.3% vs. 29.7% with relative risk 0.59). Both duration of second stage of labor longer than 60 min and occiput posterior presentation were associated with an increased risk of episiotomy in primiparous patients.ConclusionPerineal body length less than 2.5 cm significantly predisposed to spontaneous perineal lacerations.
Selective killing of human M1 macrophages by Smac mimetics alone and M2 macrophages by Smac mimetics and caspase inhibition
Authors: Ali Hamza , Caballero Ramon , Dong Simon X M , Gajnayaka Niranjala , Vranjkovic Agatha , Ahmed Duale , Iqbal Salma , Crawley Angela M , Angel Jonathan B , Cassol Edana , Kumar Ashok 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe inflammatory and anti-inflammatory Mϕs have been implicated in many diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, and leprosy. Recent studies suggest targeting Mϕ function and activation may represent a potential target to treat these diseases. Herein, we investigated the effect of second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetics (SMs), the inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs) proteins, on the killing of human pro- and anti-inflammatory Mϕ subsets. We have shown previously that human monocytes are highly susceptible whereas differentiated Mϕs (M0) are highly resistant to the cytocidal abilities of SMs. To determine whether human Mϕ subsets are resistant to the cytotoxic effects of SMs, we show that M1 Mϕs are highly susceptible to SM-induced cell death whereas M2a, M2b, and M2c differentiated subsets are resistant, with M2c being the most resistant. SM-induced cell death in M1 Mϕs was mediated by apoptosis as well as necroptosis, activated both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis, and was attributed to the IFN-γ-mediated differentiation. In contrast, M2c and M0 Mϕs experienced cell death through necroptosis following simultaneous blockage of the IAPs and the caspase pathways. Overall, the results suggest that survival of human Mϕs is critically linked to the activation of the IAPs pathways. Moreover, agents blocking the cellular IAP1/2 and/or caspases can be exploited therapeutically to address inflammation-related diseases.
Characterization of chemical profile and quantification of major representative components of Wendan decoction, a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula
Authors: Wang Qi , Zou Zhenyu , Zhang Yezi , Lin Pei , Lan Taohua , Qin Zifei , Xu Danping , Wu Huanlin , Yao Zhihong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWendan decoction, a classical traditional Chinese medicine formula consisting of six herbal medicines, has been widely used in clinical treatments for thousands of years due to the expectorant effects. However, the chemical basis of Wendan decoction remains unclear, which hinders the elucidation of the scientific connotation and mechanism of its effective components. In this study, an ultra‐high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry method was first developed for characterization of its chemical profile, and a total of 142 chemical components including flavonoids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, coumarins, pungent phytochemicals, and other types were detected, among which 41 components were definitively identified with authentic standards. Furthermore, 14 major representative components were simultaneously quantified by high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detector, indicating that the content levels of flavonoids were the most abundant in Wendan decoction. In summary, this study established sensitive and practical methods to systematically characterize chemical profile for the first time and simultaneous quantify representative components of Wendan decoction. These findings above would provide a solid chemical basis for disclosure of potential effective components by further in vivo disposal study, and promote therapeutic mechanism researches of Wendan decoction.
Pharmacological Treatments of Bell's Palsy in Adults: A Systematic Review and Network Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Jalali Mir Mohammad , Soleimani Robabeh , Soltanipour Soheil , Jalali Seyede Melika 
Published: January 2021

ObjectiveWe aimed to simultaneously compare all available medical treatments for Bell's palsy using both direct and indirect data.MethodsThe literature was searched from January 1, 1990, until March 1, 2020, with no language restrictions. Randomized clinical trials comparing pharmacological interventions were included in the current network meta‐analysis. We estimated summary risk ratios (RRs), 95% credible interval (CrI), and the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) using network meta‐analyses with random effects in a Bayesian framework. The primary outcomes were complete recovery in short‐term (≤3 months) and intermediate/long‐term (>3 months) after randomization. The secondary outcome was synkinesis.ResultsIn total, 21 trials comprising 2,839 participants were retrieved. In terms of good recovery, corticosteroids plus antivirals were the most effective treatment compared to placebo, with RRs ranging between 1.25 (95% CrI: 1.10, 1.43) for the short‐term and 1.26 (95% CrI: 1.11, 1.45) for the intermediate/long‐term recovery. For synkinesis, only corticosteroids plus antivirals (RR 0.35; 95% CrI: 0.19, 0.65) were associated with fewer synkinesis rates than placebo. The certainty of the evidence for good recovery and synkinesis was very low‐low and moderate‐high, respectively.ConclusionsThis network meta‐analysis showed that combined therapy remains the best regimen for a good recovery outcome and the only efficacious regimen for synkinesis. More research is needed to confirm these findings. Laryngoscope, 131:1615–1625, 2021
COVID‐19: Recovery from Chemosensory Dysfunction. A Multicentre study on Smell and Taste
Authors: Niklassen Andreas Steenholt , Draf Julia , Huart Caroline , Hintschich Constantin , Bocksberger Simone , Trecca Eleonora Maria Consiglia , Klimek Ludger , Le Bon Serge D. , Altundag Aytug , Hummel Thomas 
Published: January 2021

Objective/HypothesisWith the COVID‐19 pandemic, chemosensory dysfunction are among the most prevalent symptoms. Most reports are subjective evaluations, which have been suggested to be unreliable. The objective is to test chemosensory dysfunction and recovery based on extensive psychophysical tests in COVID‐19 during the course of the disease.Study DesignProspective cohort study.MethodsA total of 111 patients from four centers participated in the study. All tested positive for SARS‐COV‐2 with RT‐PCR. They were tested within 3 days of diagnosis and 28 to 169 days after infection. Testing included extensive olfactory testing with the Sniffin' Sticks test for threshold, discrimination and identification abilities, and with the Taste Sprays and Taste Strips for gustatory function for quasi‐threshold and taste identification abilities.ResultsThere was a significant difference in olfactory function during and after infection. During infection 21% were anosmic, 49% hyposmic, and 30% normosmic. After infection only 1% were anosmic, 26% hyposmic, and 73% normosmic. For gustatory function, there was a difference for all taste qualities, but significantly in sour, bitter, and total score. Twenty‐six percent had gustatory dysfunction during infection and 6.5% had gustatory dysfunction after infection. Combining all tests 22% had combined olfactory and gustatory dysfunction during infection. After infection no patients had combined dysfunction.ConclusionsChemosensory dysfunction is very common in COVID‐19, either as isolated smell or taste dysfunction or a combined dysfunction. Most people regain their chemosensory function within the first 28 days, but a quarter of the patients show persisting dysfunction, which should be referred to specialist smell and taste clinics for rehabilitation of chemosensory function.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 131:1095–1100, 2021
Thermo‐poroelastic responses of a pressure‐driven fracture in a carbon storage reservoir and the implications for injectivity and caprock integrity
Authors: Fu Pengcheng , Ju Xin , Huang Jixiang , Settgast Randolph R. , Liu Fang , Morris Joseph P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCO2 injection into a reservoir with marginal permeability (≲ 10−14 m2) could induce pressure high enough to fracture the reservoir rock and/or caprock. A pressure‐driven fracture can immensely enhance the injectivity and would not compromise the integrity of the overall storage complex as long as the fracture is contained vertically. Conventional models for geologic carbon storage simply treat fractures as high‐permeability conduits, ignoring coupled interactions between the fluids, the fracture, the reservoir, and caprock. We employ a high‐fidelity model coupling multiphase flow, heat transport, poroelasticity, thermal contraction, as well as fracture mechanics to study thermo‐poroelastic responses of a pressure‐driven fracture in a carbon storage reservoir. We found that poroelasticity dictates that to maintain an open fracture in the reservoir rock requires a continuous and significant increase of pressure, potentially exceeding the fracturing pressure for the caprock. A closed‐form equation is derived to conservatively compute the pressure increase. Although cooling in the near‐well region could reduce the fracture‐opening pressure, the fracture propagation pressure is still dictated by processes in the far‐field rock unaffected by the cooling. This discrepancy causes a high net pressure near the injection well and could further drive the fracture into the caprock. However, while such fracturing is likely, we demonstrate that in many instances we can expect it to be contained.
Subscription video streaming for informal foreign language learning: Japanese EFL students’ practices and perceptions
Authors: Dizon Gilbert 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe use of video streaming services has exploded over the past several years. However, although the use of video is a well‐studied topic in computer‐assisted language learning literature, the use of video streaming for out‐of‐class, informal foreign language (FL) learning has received little attention. This study addresses this gap in the literature. Specifically, the study investigated Japanese university students’ practices regarding the use of subscription video streaming services (SVSSs) for informal FL learning and examined their opinions about the use of these tools for informal FL learning. A survey was administered to second language English students at four Japanese universities to achieve the study’s goals. In addition, semistructured interviews were conducted with 12 of the participants to gain more insight into their opinions of SVSSs for FL learning. A total of 256 students participated and fully completed the survey. The results indicate that informal FL learning through SVSSs is common among FL students and that learners have favorable views toward their use for language learning. These findings highlight the need to examine students’ digital practices such as video streaming in order to bridge the gap between out‐of‐class informal language learning and formal language learning in the classroom.
Introduction
Authors: Suwada Katarzyna 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe first chapter is of introductory character. I set the aims of my analysis which is based on the in-depth interviews about the reconciliation of parenthood and paid work. The book resolves around the narratives of 53 parents of children aged 0–8 years living in Poland. The interviewed parents differ in terms of social and economic backgrounds, family situation (coupled and single parents, divorced parents, reconstituted families) and place of living (countryside, small, medium and large cities). I describe the research sample and methodological choices I made during my fieldwork. These introductory remarks lead to a summary of the main themes of the book: parenting in the context of the organisation of paid work, care work and domestic work, gender and economic inequalities, as well as the role of the welfare state. This chapter ends by looking ahead through summaries of each of the following five chapters.
Parenting, Gender and Work: A Sociological Perspective
Authors: Suwada Katarzyna 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter presents the issue of parenthood as a subject of sociological inquiry in the context of broader social and cultural changes. I demonstrate why parenthood should be perceived as a process that is strictly connected with social, cultural and institutional contexts. Keeping this in mind I argue that there is no one proper way of doing parenthood. The most important aspect here are the links between parenthood and paid work. I critically approach the concept of work/life balance that is vastly popular in contemporary social sciences, but in my opinion is not always adequate to describe parenting in a post-communist society. I propose to look at parenthood through the lenses of three types of work: care work, paid work and domestic work. I claim that such approach helps to grasp different ways of parenting in contemporary times, as well as to recognise persisting gender and economic inequalities.
Tracking Membrane Protein Dynamics in Real Time
Authors: Orädd Fredrik , Andersson Magnus 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Membrane proteins govern critical cellular processes and are central to human health and associated disease. Understanding of membrane protein function is obscured by the vast ranges of structural dynamics—both in the spatial and time regime—displayed in the protein and surrounding membrane. The membrane lipids have emerged as allosteric modulators of membrane protein function, which further adds to the complexity. In this review, we discuss several examples of membrane dependency. A particular focus is on how molecular dynamics (MD) simulation have aided to map membrane protein dynamics and how enhanced sampling methods can enable observing the otherwise inaccessible biological time scale. Also, time-resolved X-ray scattering in solution is highlighted as a powerful tool to track membrane protein dynamics, in particular when combined with MD simulation to identify transient intermediate states. Finally, we discuss future directions of how to further develop this promising approach to determine structural dynamics of both the protein and the surrounding lipids.

Graphic Abstract
Microbial Species that Initially Colonize the Human Gut at Birth or in Early Childhood Can Stay in Human Body for Lifetime
Authors: Li Weizhong , Nelson Karen E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn recent years, many studies have described the composition and function of the human microbiome at different body sites and suggested a role for the microbiome in various diseases and health conditions. Some studies, using longitudinal samples, have also suggested how the microbiome changes over time due to disease, diet, development, travel, and other environmental factors. However, to date, no study has demonstrated whether the microorganisms established at birth or in early childhood, either transmitted from parents or obtained from the environment, can stay in the human body until adult or senior age. To directly answer this question is difficult, because microbiome samples at childhood and at later adulthood for the same individual will need to be compared and the field is not old enough to have allowed for that type of sample collection. Here, using a metagenomic approach, we analyzed 1004 gut microbiome samples from senior adults (65 ± 7.8 years) from the TwinsUK cohort. Our data indicate that many species in the human gut acquired in early childhood can stay for a lifetime until senior ages. We identified the rare genomic variants (single nucleotide variation and indels) for 27 prevalent species with enough sequencing coverage for confident genomic variant identification. We found that for some species, twin pairs, including both monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins, share significantly more rare variants than unrelated subject pairs. But no significant difference is found between MZ and DZ twin pairs. These observations strongly suggest that these species acquired in early childhood remained in these persons until senior adulthood.
Parental experiences of homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic: differences between seven European countries and between children with and without mental health conditions
Authors: Thorell Lisa B. , Skoglund Charlotte , de la Peña Almudena Giménez , Baeyens Dieter , Fuermaier Anselm B. M. , Groom Madeleine J. , Mammarella Irene C. , van der Oord Saskia , van den Hoofdakker Barbara J. , Luman Marjolein , de Miranda Débora Marques , Siu Angela F. Y. , Steinmayr Ricarda , Idrees Iman , Soares Lorrayne Stephane , Sörlin Matilda , Luque Juan Luis , Moscardino Ughetta M. , Roch Maja , Crisci Giulia , Christiansen Hanna 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to examine parental experiences of homeschooling during the COVID-19 pandemic in families with or without a child with a mental health condition across Europe. The study included 6720 parents recruited through schools, patient organizations and social media platforms (2002 parents with a child with a mental health condition and 4718 without) from seven European countries: the UK (n = 508), Sweden (n = 1436), Spain (n = 1491), Belgium (n = 508), the Netherlands (n = 324), Germany (n = 1662) and Italy (n = 794). Many parents reported negative effects of homeschooling for themselves and their child, and many found homeschooling to be of poor quality, with insufficient support from schools. In most countries, contact with teachers was limited, leaving parents with primary responsibility for managing homeschooling. Parents also reported increased levels of stress, worry, social isolation, and domestic conflict. A small number of parents reported increased parental alcohol/drug use. Some differences were found between countries and some negative experiences were more common in families with a child with a mental health condition. However, differences between countries and between families with and without a mental health condition were generally small, indicating that many parents across countries reported negative experiences. Some parents also reported positive experiences of homeschooling. The adverse effects of homeschooling will likely have a long-term impact and contribute to increased inequalities. Given that school closures may be less effective than other interventions, policymakers need to carefully consider the negative consequences of homeschooling during additional waves of the COVID-19 pandemic and future pandemics.