bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phytoplankton and cyanobacteria abundances in mid‐21st century lakes depend strongly on future land use and climate projections
Authors: Kakouei Karan , Kraemer Benjamin M. , Anneville Orlane , Carvalho Laurence , Feuchtmayr Heidrun , Graham Jennifer L. , Higgins Scott , Pomati Francesco , Rudstam Lars G. , Stockwell Jason D. , Thackeray Stephen J. , Vanni Michael J. , Adrian Rita 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLand use and climate change are anticipated to affect phytoplankton of lakes worldwide. The effects will depend on the magnitude of projected land use and climate changes and lake sensitivity to these factors. We used random forests fit with long‐term (1971–2016) phytoplankton and cyanobacteria abundance time series, climate observations (1971–2016), and upstream catchment land use (global Clumondo models for the year 2000) data from 14 European and 15 North American lakes basins. We projected future phytoplankton and cyanobacteria abundance in the 29 focal lake basins and 1567 lakes across focal regions based on three land use (sustainability, middle of the road, and regional rivalry) and two climate (RCP 2.6 and 8.5) scenarios to mid‐21st century. On average, lakes are expected to have higher phytoplankton and cyanobacteria due to increases in both urban land use and temperature, and decreases in forest habitat. However, the relative importance of land use and climate effects varied substantially among regions and lakes. Accounting for land use and climate changes in a combined way based on extensive data allowed us to identify urbanization as the major driver of phytoplankton development in lakes located in urban areas, and climate as major driver in lakes located in remote areas where past and future land use changes were minimal. For approximately one‐third of the studied lakes, both drivers were relatively important. The results of this large scale study suggest the best approaches for mitigating the effects of human activity on lake phytoplankton and cyanobacteria will depend strongly on lake sensitivity to long‐term change and the magnitude of projected land use and climate changes at a given location. Our quantitative analyses suggest local management measures should focus on retaining nutrients in urban landscapes to prevent nutrient pollution from exacerbating ongoing changes to lake ecosystems from climate change.
Woody plant encroachment enhanced global vegetation greening and ecosystem water‐use efficiency
Authors: Deng Yuanhong , Li Xiaoyan , Shi Fangzhong , Hu Xia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimEncroachment of woody plants into grasslands and savannas (WPE) has been observed world‐wide. However, the general ecohydrological effects of this striking change in land cover are uncertain owing to divergent results in various areas and unknown global spatial distribution. Here, we reveal the patterns and dynamics of WPE and its effects on leaf area index (LAI), gross primary production (GPP), components of evapotranspiration (ET) and ecosystem water‐use efficiency (EWUE).LocationGlobal.Time periodContemporary.Major taxa studiedWoody plants.MethodsWe used remote sensing to identify the distribution of WPE in 2002–2018, validated at 442 WPE sites, and analysed the pattern of WPE across geographical gradients. The multi‐time‐scale impacts of WPE were revealed through pairwise comparison. Differences among biomes/climate zones were compared by the Kruskal–Wallis test. The relationship of WPE to vegetation greening and the effects of WPE on EWUE were explored.ResultsGlobal WPE expanded persistently from 2002 to 2018, but the rate of increase decreased after 2010; spatially, the average rate of change was .3%/year. High values of WPE in 2018 occurred in arid and semi‐arid regions, with the peak WPE in the multi‐annual mean precipitation of 350–400 mm. Pairwise comparison showed that WPE increased the LAI, GPP, ET and ratio of transpiration to ET, with the strongest effects in summer, and enhanced annual EWUE. Both global pixel‐ and site‐level WPE mainly showed vegetation greening. The above findings varied among bioclimatic conditions; particularly in semi‐arid areas, WPE was positively correlated with vegetation greening and remarkably improved EWUE.Main conclusionsThe ongoing WPE contributed to vegetation greening and elevated vegetation productivity by increasing the LAI and partitioning more water into transpiration; these findings indicate that the WPE process should be incorporated into the carbon cycle and ecohydrology models. However, attention should also be focused on controlling adverse consequences of WPE in arid areas.
Analysis of clans and employment in China from the aspect of gender
Authors: Li Zhengyang , Huang Daisy Ju 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA clan is a group of families that are linked by patriarchal blood relationships with one common ancestor. Clans may help members to find jobs and set up businesses through blood‐based networks, but traditional male‐biased norms may lead to different effects on employment between genders. This paper examines the causal effects of clans on the employment statuses of men and women and the gap in the effects between genders. To mitigate the endogeneity issue, we employ the potential rain‐fed rice yield as an instrumental variable to obtain consistent estimates. We find that clans have positive effects on women's probabilities of participating in the labor market and having nonfarming jobs, while the effects on men are not significant. Clans have positive effects on male entrepreneurship but no effects on female entrepreneurship. The results are robust to a host of sensitivity tests. Moreover, we find that the findings are driven mainly by small cities, and clans have larger effects on regions where private enterprises dominate. The dynamic analysis indicates that the gender gap of clan effects decreases with the development of urbanization and marketization.
Amelioration of salt‐induced damage on alfalfa by exogenous application of silicon
Authors: Zhang Weihong , Xie Yan , Wu Ya , Wassie Misganaw , Li Kai , Wang Ziying , Li Huiying , Liu Dalin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe present study was aimed to investigate the protective role of silicon (Si) from salt‐induced damages in alfalfa. Seedlings were treated with 200 mM NaCl plus three silicon levels (0, 0.75 and 1.5 mM) for 1 week. We observed that salt stress impacted plant growth remarkably, including height, root length, stem and leave weight, aboveground biomass and total biomass, chlorophyll a (chl a), chlorophyll b (chl b), total chlorophyll (total chl), chlorophyll fluorescence, K concentration and K/Na ratio. Consequently, electrolyte leakage (EL), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, Na concentration, proline, malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble sugar (SS) and soluble protein (SP) content were found to be raised significantly. After exogenously applying Si under salt stress, the EL, MDA, proline and Na content, except SOD activity, were observed to be dropped. Meanwhile, the chl a, chl b, and total chl and SS content, and chlorophyll fluorescence were found to be elevated. In terms of Si concentration, we found that the protective effects of Si were considerably better at lower concentration (0.75 mM) than higher (1.5 mM) one. Collectively, our results suggested that Si alleviate salt‐induced damage and promote alfalfa growth by changing physiological characteristics.
Visualizing looping of two endogenous genomic loci using synthetic zinc‐finger proteins with anti‐FLAG and anti‐HA frankenbodies in living cells
Authors: Liu Yang , Zhao Ning , Kanemaki Masato T. , Yamamoto Yotaro , Sadamura Yoshifusa , Ito Yuma , Tokunaga Makio , Stasevich Timothy J. , Kimura Hiroshi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn eukaryotic nuclei, chromatin loops mediated through cohesin are critical structures that regulate gene expression and DNA replication. Here, we demonstrate a new method to see endogenous genomic loci using synthetic zinc‐finger proteins harboring repeat epitope tags (ZF probes) for signal amplification via binding of tag‐specific intracellular antibodies, or frankenbodies, fused with fluorescent proteins. We achieve this in two steps: First, we develop an anti‐FLAG frankenbody that can bind FLAG‐tagged proteins in diverse live‐cell environments. The anti‐FLAG frankenbody complements the anti‐HA frankenbody, enabling two‐color signal amplification from FLAG‐ and HA‐tagged proteins. Second, we develop a pair of cell‐permeable ZF probes that specifically bind two endogenous chromatin loci predicted to be involved in chromatin looping. By coupling our anti‐FLAG and anti‐HA frankenbodies with FLAG‐ and HA‐tagged ZF probes, we simultaneously see the dynamics of the two loci in single living cells. This shows a close association between the two loci in the majority of cells, but the loci markedly separate from the triggered degradation of the cohesin subunit RAD21. Our ability to image two endogenous genomic loci simultaneously in single living cells provides a proof of principle that ZF probes coupled with frankenbodies are useful new tools for exploring genome dynamics in multiple colors.
How do children of immigrants perform? Evidence from Australian nationwide standardized tests
Authors: Islam Asadul , Sarkar Dipanwita , Smyth Russell 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe examine the educational achievement of children of immigrants and native‐born parents in Australia, using nationally representative panel data from the Longitudinal Study of Australian Children linked to nationwide standardized examinations. The findings indicate that children of immigrants perform significantly better than children of native‐born Australians in five subjects and three grade levels. While this reflects Australia's shift towards skill‐based immigration policy, such a striking difference in performance based on the parents’ country of origin and/or linguistic background suggests a role for cultural capital. Further, children of Asian immigrant parents outperform children of parents from other countries of origin. Children with immigrant parents from non‐English‐speaking backgrounds outperform children of both English‐speaking immigrants and native‐born Australians. Using matching techniques, we compare children from similar backgrounds of native‐born and immigrant parents. The results suggest that unobservables such as differences in motivation could be driving the comparatively higher achievements of children of immigrants.
Introducing segmentation cracks in air plasma‐sprayed thermal barrier coatings by controlling residual stress
Authors: Luo Lirong , Zou Zhonghua , Shan Xiao , Cai Huangyue , Yang Lixia , Jin Hongyun , Zhao Xiaofeng 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSegmentation cracks are crucial for enhancing the strain tolerance and decreasing the propensity of delamination for thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). In this study, segmentation cracks were prepared in air plasma‐sprayed TBCs by controlling the residual stress. The evolution of the stress in the coating was characterized via photoluminescence piezospectroscopy using trace α‐Al2O3 impurities as stress sensor. Tensile stress (~170 MPa) formed in the as‐deposited coating was converted into compressive stress through further thermal exposure. The relationship between the formation of the segmentation cracks and stress in the coating was investigated. It was demonstrated that the segmentation cracks could be formed when a critical coating thickness is achieved. The critical coating thickness and spacing of the segmentation cracks dependent on the tensile stress in the as‐deposited coating, and they could be manipulated by controlling the deposition and substrate temperatures. In addition, the evolution of the microstructure and phase composition of the yttria‐stabilized zirconia coating was examined.
A novel Bacillus sp. with rapid growth property and high enzyme activity that allows efficient fermentation of soybean meal for improving digestibility in growing pigs
Authors: Akhtar Nadeem , Cai Hugh Y. , Kiarie Elijah G. , Li Julang 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Aims
Soybean meal (SBM) contributes high-quality dietary protein for pigs. However, it also contains antinutritional factors such as allergenic high molecular weight proteins and non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) that limit its use. Therefore, the objective of this study was to screen and characterize a robust Bacillus sp. from camel dung for soybean meal fermentation to improve the digestibility in growing pigs.

Methods and Results
Molecular characterization revealed that isolate 9 (hereinafter referred to as “CP-9”) was a Bacillus subtilis strain. It secreted cellulase (0.07 U ml−1), xylanase (1.91 U ml−1), and amylase (2.66 U ml−1) into the culture supernatant. Isolate CP-9 showed rapid growth on LB agar plates and grew at a wide range of pH (3.0–9.0) and temperatures (23–50°C) in LB broth. Protein profiling of SBM using SDS-PAGE showed a significant reduction of large globular proteins to small peptides after 48 h of fermentation. On a dry matter basis, neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of the fermented SBM (F-SBM) was decreased by 34.25% (from 9.72 to 7.24%) with an increase in CP content by 16.54% (from 48.74 to 56.80%). Pigs fed with a semi-purified diet formulated with F-SBM as the sole source of crude protein had higher (p &lt; 0.05) apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of DM (80.0 vs. 71.7%), ash (55.6 vs. 36.1%), CP (84.2 vs. 78.3%), NDF (70.9 vs. 66.0%), and ADF (62.4 vs. 53.3%) compared with pigs fed with unfermented soybean meal (UF-SBM).

Conclusions
A novel Bacillus subtilis strain CP-9 was isolated and characterized from camel dung for efficient fermentation of SBM. This bacterium ameliorates physico-chemical characteristics of F-SBM and improved nutrient digestibility in growing pigs.

Significance and Impact of the Study
Our data suggest that a low-cost solid-state SBM fermentation was developed using this newly isolated bacterium. The resultant F-SBM improved the nutrient digestibility in growing pigs.
Towards remote leadership in health care: Lessons learned from an integrative review
Authors: Terkamo‐Moisio Anja , Karki Suyen , Kangasniemi Mari , Lammintakanen Johanna , Häggman‐Laitila Arja 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAimTo gather and synthesize current empirical evidence on remote leadership and to provide knowledge that can be used to develop successful remote leadership in health care.DesignA integrative literature review with an integrated mixed methods design.Data SourcesThe literature search was carried out between February and March 2019 in the CINAHL, Medline (Ovid), PsycInfo, Scopus, SocIndex, Web of Science and Business Source Elite (EBSCO) databases.Review MethodsAn integrative review was conducted to identify relevant studies published from 2010 to 2019. Of the 88 eligible studies, 21 studies met the inclusion criteria and were selected for the final review. The included studies were analysed using mixed methods synthesis, more specifically, data‐based convergent synthesis.ResultsThe performed analysis identified three main themes: characteristics of successful remote leadership; enhancing the leader‐member relationship; and challenges in remote leadership. The first theme included the following sub‐themes: remote leader characteristics; trust; communication; and leading the team culture. The second theme covered the importance of organizing regular face‐to‐face meetings, clear communication policies and the connection between positive team spirit and good remote leader‐member relationship, while the third theme emphasized leader‐ and member‐related challenges for remote work.ConclusionsAs none of the identified studies had been conducted in a health care setting, future remote leadership research must also specifically consider the health care context. This will be pivotal to exploring how remote work can foster a safe workplace culture, empower health care workers, increase job satisfaction and improve patient outcomes.ImpactRemote leadership has rarely been studied in the health care context. Trust, communication, team spirit and a leader's characteristics are central to remote leadership, a finding which is useful for re‐evaluating and improving the current culture at health care organizations.
FEOBV‐PET to quantify cortical cholinergic denervation in AD: Relationship to basal forebrain volumetry
Authors: Aghourian Meghmik , Aumont Étienne , Grothe Michel J. , Soucy Jean‐Paul , Rosa‐Neto Pedro , Bedard Marc‐André 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground and PurposeFluorine‐18‐fluoroethoxybenzovesamicol([18F]‐FEOBV) is a PET radiotracer previously used in neurodegenerative diseases to quantify brain cholinergic denervation. The current exploratory study aimed at verifying the reliability of such an approach in Alzheimer's disease (AD) by demonstrating its concordance with MRI volumetry of the cholinergic basal forebrain (ChBF).MethodsThe sample included 12 participants evenly divided between healthy volunteers and patients with AD. All participants underwent MRI ChBF volumetry and PET imaging with [18F]‐FEOBV. Comparisons were made between the two groups, and partial correlations were performed in the AD patients between [18F]‐FEOBV uptake in specific cortical regions of interest (ROIs) and volumetry of the corresponding ChBF subareas, which include the nucleus basalis of Meynert (Ch4), and the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band of Broca (Ch1/2).ResultsPatients with AD showed both lower ChBF‐Ch4 volumetric values and lower [18F]‐FEOBV cortical uptake than healthy volunteers. Volumes of the Ch4 subdivision were significantly correlated with the [18F]‐FEOBV uptake values observed in the relevant ROIs. Volumes of the Ch1/2, which remains relatively unaffected in AD, did not correlate with [18F]‐FEOBV uptake in the hippocampus, nor in any cortical area.ConclusionThese results suggest that cortical cholinergic denervation as measured with [18F]‐FEOBV PET is proportional to ChBF atrophy measured by MRI‐based volumetry, further supporting the reliability and validity of [18F]‐FEOBV PET to quantify cholinergic degeneration in AD.
Evaluation in health professions education—Is measuring outcomes enough?
Authors: Allen Louise M. , Hay Margaret , Palermo Claire 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIntroductionIn an effort to increase the rigour of evaluation in health professions education (HPE), a range of evaluation approaches are used. These largely focus on outcome evaluation as opposed to programme evaluation. We aim to review and critique the use of outcome evaluation models, using the Kirkpatrick Model as an example given its wide acceptance and use, and advocate for the use of programme evaluation models that help us understand how and why outcomes are occurring.MethodsWe systematically searched OVID medline, Scopus, CINAHL and Pubmed, and hand searched six leading HPE journals to provide an overview of the use of the Kirkpatrick Model as well as a range of programme evaluation models in HPE. In addition to this, we synthesised the existing critiques of the Kirkpatrick Model as an example of outcome evaluation, to highlight the limitations of such models.ResultsThe use of the Kirkpatrick Model in HPE is widespread and increasing; however, studies focus on categorising outcomes, rather than explaining how and why they occur. The main criticisms of the model are as follows: it is outcomes focused and fails to consider factors that can impact training outcomes; it assumes positive casual linkages between the levels; there is an assumption that the higher‐level outcomes are more important; and unintended impacts are not considered. The use of the Kirkpatrick Model by the MERSQI, BEME and WHO contribute to the myth that the Kirkpatrick Model is the gold standard for programme evaluation.DiscussionMoving forward, evaluations of HPE interventions must shift from focusing largely on measuring outcomes of interventions with little consideration for how and why these outcomes are occurring to programme evaluation that investigates what contributes to these outcomes. Other models that facilitate the evaluation of the complex processes that occur in HPE should be used instead of Kirkpatrick's.
The Sur7 cytoplasmic C terminus regulates morphogenesis and stress responses in Candida albicans
Authors: Lanze Carla E. , Zhou Sai , Konopka James B. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMCC/eisosome subdomains of the plasma membrane promote proper cell wall morphogenesis that is critical for the fungal pathogen Candida albicans to grow invasively and resist stressful environments in the host. Sur7 localizes to MCC/eisosomes and is needed for their function, so in this work, the role of this tetraspan membrane protein was studied by mutagenesis. Deletion mutant analysis showed that the N‐terminal region containing the four transmembrane domains mediates Sur7 localization to MCC/eisosomes. Mutation of 32 conserved residues in the N‐terminal region indicated that extracellular loop 1 is important, although these mutants generally displayed weak phenotypes. Surprisingly, two Cys residues in a conserved motif in extracellular loop 1 were not important. However, deletion of the entire 15 amino acid motif revealed that it was needed for proper membrane trafficking of Sur7. Deletion and substitution mutagenesis showed that the C terminus is important for resisting cell wall stress. This is significant as it indicates Sur7 carries out an important role in the cytoplasm. Altogether, these results indicate that the N‐terminal region localizes Sur7 to MCC/eisosomes and that the C‐terminal domain promotes responses in the cytoplasm needed for cell wall morphogenesis and stress resistance.