bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Costs and benefits of private tutoring programs: the South Korean case
Authors: Hultberg Patrik T. , Calonge David Santandreu , Choi Ty 
Published: March 2021

PurposeThe purpose of the study is twofold: to offer a theoretical model that illuminates families' motivation to invest in private tutoring and to consider the implications of such investments in the context of South Korea. Given that parents invest in private tutoring for their child if the perceived expected benefits, at the time of enrollment, are greater than the direct and indirect costs of such tutoring, the study explores how private tutoring may affect educational inequities and possibly lead to inferior social outcomes.Design/methodology/approachA theoretical model based on the human capital approach was developed. Three questions based on stylized facts were addressed: (1) Why would a household send a child to private tutoring? (2) Why do different households invest in different amounts of private tutoring? (3) Why may a household over-invest in private tutoring?FindingsThe findings of this study indicate that the demand for private tutoring services decreases with the costs of private tutoring, while increasing as levels of academic readiness and aptitude, levels of household education, levels of current wealth and expected returns to private tutoring increase. These findings imply that private tutoring may exacerbate social inequities and cause an inferior social outcome, but that a government can influence the demand for tutoring through taxation.Research limitations/implicationsThis study did not address the non-pecuniary benefits that may be derived from private tutoring. The most important limitation and potential source of weakness of the study is that the model is theoretical. These results therefore need to be interpreted with caution.Practical implicationsThe study indicates the need for private households, as well as government officials, to carefully consider the costs and benefits of private tutoring in South Korea. Although the study focuses on South Korea, the findings may apply to other countries in which private tutoring offerings are prominent.Social implicationsThe educational choices that families make for their children have important financial and social implications in all countries, but especially in South Korea. The important implication is that private tutoring will tend to aggravate educational and social inequality.Originality/valueThe existing body of research on private tutoring investment in South Korea suggests that the phenomenon is ubiquitous, growing and spreading to other countries. Furthermore, the motivation behind households' decisions to invest in private tutoring for their children is not always addressed in the published literature. Also, far too little attention has been paid to the economic impact private tutoring has on households and children, as well as society in general.
Does interest alignment between hotels and online travel agencies intensify review manipulations?
Authors: Chen Yan , Tang Tianwei , Li Yongjian , Fan Di 
Published: March 2021

PurposeThis study examines whether a higher interest alignment between online travel agencies (OTAs; hosting platform) and hotels (business owners) will intensify review manipulation activities.Design/methodology/approachWith a panel data set collected from a Chinese online travel agency and a travel search engine, the authors develop a matching-based difference-indifference approach to examine the presence of partnership-intensified review manipulation.FindingsThe authors find that the ratings of agency's partner hotels (with a higher interest alignment) are abnormally higher than those of matched non-partner hotels (with a lower interest alignment), after they are benchmarked with their ratings on the search engine (without a partnership business model). Further, the analysis results indicate that this partnership-intensified manipulation deteriorates the hotel's sales performance because of damaged customer trust and satisfaction.Originality/valuePrevious studies implicitly assume that review manipulator is independent from the hosting platform. This is the first study examining the role of the hosting platform in review manipulations.
Serendipitous opportunities, entry strategy and knowledge in firms' foreign market entry
Authors: Hilmersson Mikael , Johanson Martin , Lundberg Heléne , Papaioannou Stylianos 
Published: March 2021

PurposeFew researchers and even fewer practitioners would deny that serendipitous events play a central role in the growth process of firms. However, most international marketing models ignore the role of serendipity in the opportunity discovery process. The authors provide a nuanced view on international opportunities by developing the role of serendipitous opportunities in the foreign market entry process. The authors develop a model integrating the notions of serendipity, entrepreneurial logic, experiential knowledge and network knowledge redundancy. From the study’s model, the authors condense three sets of hypotheses on the relationships among experiential knowledge and entry strategy, network knowledge redundancy, entry strategy and serendipity.Design/methodology/approachThe authors confront the study’s hypotheses with data collected on-site at 168 Swedish firms covering 234 opportunities, and to test the hypotheses, the authors ran ordinary least squares (OLS) regression tests in three steps.FindingsThe results of the study’s analysis reveal that experiential knowledge and network knowledge redundancy both lead to a logic based on rigid planning and systematic search, which in turn reduces the likelihood that serendipitous opportunities will be realized in the foreign market entry process.Originality/valueThis is the first study that develops a measure of opportunities that are the outcome of serendipitous events. In addition, the authors integrate network and learning theories and internationalization theory by establishing antecedents to, and outcomes of, the entry strategy.
Export activity, R&D investment, and foreign ownership: does it matter for productivity?
Authors: Sousa Carlos M.P. , Yan Ji , Gomes Emanuel , Lengler Jorge 
Published: March 2021

PurposeThe paper examines the impact of export activity on productivity and how this effect is moderated by R&D investment and foreign ownership.Design/methodology/approachA time-lag effect is taken into account when examining the proposed model. Data are collected from the Annual Industrial Survey of the National Bureau of Statistics of China. A dataset containing 117,340 firms across the sample period (2001–2007) are used to test the hypotheses.FindingsThe results indicate that while R&D investment plays a significant role in strengthening the positive effect of export activity on a firm's productivity, foreign ownership surprisingly has a negative moderating role.Originality/valueScholarly interest in the links between export activity and productivity is on the rise. However, the bulk of research has been focused on understanding the effects of export activity on productivity at the country or industry level. Little has been done at the firm level. Another gap in the literature is that the mechanism through which the impact of export activity can be leveraged to enhance the firm's productivity has been largely ignored. To address these issues, the study adopts the learning-by-exporting theory to examine the relationship between export and productivity at the firm-level and how R&D investment and foreign ownership may explain how learning can be leveraged to enhance the firm's productivity. Finally, these relationships are examined in the context of firms from an emerging market, China, which is especially relevant for the learning-by-exporting argument used in this study.
Multi‐camera field monitoring reveals costs of learning for parasitoid foraging behaviour
Authors: de Bruijn Jessica A. C. , Vosteen Ilka , Vet Louise E. M. , Smid Hans M. , de Boer Jetske G. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Dynamic conditions in nature have led to the evolution of behavioural traits that allow animals to use information on local circumstances and adjust their behaviour accordingly, for example through learning. Although learning can improve foraging efficiency, the learned information can become unreliable as the environment continues to change. This could lead to potential fitness costs when memories holding such unreliable information persist. Indeed, persistent unreliable memory was found to reduce the foraging efficiency of the parasitoid Cotesia glomerata under laboratory conditions.

Here, we evaluated the effect of such persistent unreliable memory on the foraging behaviour of C. glomerata in the field. This is a critical step in studies of foraging theory, since animal behaviour evolved under the complex conditions present in nature.

Existing methods provide little detail on how parasitoids interact with their environment in the field, therefore we developed a novel multi‐camera system that allowed us to trace parasitoid foraging behaviour in detail. With this multi‐camera system, we studied how persistent unreliable memory affected the foraging behaviour of C. glomerata when these memories led parasitoids to plants infested with non‐host caterpillars in a semi‐field set‐up.

Our results demonstrate that persistent unreliable memory can lead to maladaptive foraging behaviour in C. glomerata under field conditions and increased the likelihood of oviposition in the non‐host caterpillar Mamestra brassica. Furthermore, these time‐ and egg‐related costs can be context dependent, since they rely on the plant species used.

These results provide us with new insight on how animals use previously obtained information in naturally complex and dynamic foraging situations and confirm that costs and benefits of learning depend on the environment animals forage in. Although behavioural studies of small animals in natural habitats remain challenging, novel methods such as our multi‐camera system contribute to understanding the nuances of animal foraging behaviour.
Antibiotic intervention redisposes bacterial interspecific interacting dynamics in competitive environments
Authors: Li Jing , Chen Xiaojie , Lin Jiafu , Yuan Yang , Huang Ting , Du Lianming , Prithiviraj Balakrishnan , Zhang Aixue , Wang Xinrong , Chu Yiwen , Zhao Kelei 
Published: March 2021

SummaryInterspecific interaction happens frequently among bacterial species and can promote the colonization of polymicrobial community in various environments. However, it is not clear whether the intervention of antibiotics, which is a common therapeutic method for infectious disease, will influence the interacting dynamics of different pathogenic bacteria. By using the frequently co‐isolated bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus as models, here we identify an antibiotic‐determined mutual invasion relationship between bacterial pathogens. We show that although P. aeruginosa has a significant intrinsic competitive advantage over S. aureus by producing the quorum‐sensing (QS)‐controlled anti‐staphylococcal molecules, methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) can inhibit neighbouring P. aeruginosa in the presence of subinhibitory aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g. streptomycin) to P. aeruginosa. Importantly, subinhibitory streptomycin decreases the expression of QS‐regulated genes in P. aeruginosa and thus relieves the survival stress of MRSA brought by P. aeruginosa. On the other side, the iron‐uptake systems and pathogenicity of MRSA can be enhanced by the extracellular products of streptomycin‐treated P. aeruginosa. Therefore, this study provides an explanation for the substitution of dominant species and persistent coexistence of bacterial pathogens in the host with repeated antibiotic therapies and contributes to further understanding the pathogenesis of chronic polymicrobial infections.
Interaction between the cell walls of microalgal host and fungal carbohydrate‐activate enzymes is essential for the pathogenic parasitism process
Authors: Lin Juan , Yan Hailong , Zhao Liang , Li Yanhua , Nahidian Bahareh , Zhu Mianmian , Hu Qiang , Han Danxiang 
Published: March 2021

SummaryFungi can parasitize microalgae, exerting profound impacts on both the aquatic ecosystems and microalgal mass cultures. In this study, the unicellular green alga Haematococcus pluvialis and the blastocladialean fungus Paraphysoderma sedebokerense were used as a model system to address the mechanisms underlying the fungal parasitism on the algal host. High‐throughput metabolic assay indicated that P. sedebokerense can utilize several carbon sources with a preference for mannose, glucose and their oligosaccharides, which was compatible with the profile of the host algal cell walls enriched with glucan and mannan. The results of dual transcriptomics analysis suggested that P. sedebokerense can upregulate a large number of putative carbohydrate‐activate enzymes (CAZymes) encoding genes, including those coding for the endo‐1,4‐β‐glucanase and endo‐1,4‐β‐mannanase during the infection process. The cell walls of H. pluvialis can be decomposed by both P. sedebokerense and commercial CAZymes (e.g. cellulase and endo‐1,4‐β‐mannanase) to produce mannooligomers, while several putative parasitism‐related genes of P. sedebokerense can be in turn upregulated by mannooligomers. In addition, the parasitism can be blocked by interfering the selected CAZymes including glucanase, mannanase and lysozyme with the specific inhibitors, which provided a framework for screening suitable compounds for pathogen mitigation in algal mass culture.
Beginning on an age‐friendly journey: Barriers to implementing age‐friendly initiatives
Authors: Neville Stephen , Napier Sara , Shannon Kay , Adams Jeffery 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the barriers to communities in New Zealand developing age‐friendly initiatives.MethodsA qualitative participatory approach underpinned this study. Semi‐structured digitally recorded individual interviews were undertaken with 24 government officials, local government steering group members and community representatives from an urban city, provincial city and a rural district. A general inductive data analytic process was undertaken. The consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ) guidelines were followed to ensure rigour in this study.Results(a) Being at the beginning, (b) Minimal diversity and (c) Problems getting started were three key issues identified.ConclusionsNew Zealand is in the early stages of becoming age‐friendly. Findings from this study provide a place‐based New Zealand perspective and have influenced central government social policy and practice development, culminating in resources supporting local government and communities to successfully implement age‐friendly initiatives.
Ischaemic breast necrosis following coronary artery bypass grafting using left internal mammary artery: understanding the risks
Authors: B Sandeep , Khanna Anmol , Song Colin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundCoronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is a common procedure performed commonly using left internal mammary artery (LIMA). We report a case of sternal wound dehiscence and breast necrosis following LIMA harvest in a 55‐year‐old obese lady with macromastia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension and end stage renal disease requiring dialysis. We also review the existing literature.MethodsPublications were identified from Medline All, Web of Science Core Collection, Google Scholar and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trial between 1974 and 2 January 2020. We assessed patient co‐morbidities, presentation time frame, quadrant of breast necrosis and reconstruction option utilized.ResultsThere were 18 cases of breast necrosis reported post‐CABG. The patients were aged 50 or over, morbidly obese and had large tubular breasts. Other risk factors included chronic renal insufficiency, diabetes and hypertension. The presentation was delayed with necrosis only evident 7 days or more after CABG. All the reported cases had necrosis at lower inner quadrant of the left breast with nipple‐areola complex.ConclusionBlood supply to the breast is segmental with considerable overlap, however, this overlap is reduced in large breasts. Patients with macromastia and multiple co‐morbidities need preoperative imaging (computed tomography angiogram) to evaluate breast vascularity prior to CABG. Risk of breast necrosis needs to be explained during the informed consent. Surgical management of the hypermastia (breast reduction or amputation) may be a factor in facilitating the CABG procedure if indeed the LIMA is absolutely indicated considering the risks and benefits.
Medical management of induced and incomplete first‐trimester abortion by non‐physicians in low‐ and middle‐income countries: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Kristiansen Marianne Bogen , Shayo Benjamin C. , Philemon Rune , Khan Khalid Saeed , Rasch Vibeke , Linde Ditte Søndergaard 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionUnsafe abortion is the cause of a substantial number of maternal mortalities and morbidities globally, but specifically in low‐ and middle‐income countries. Medical abortion methods provided by non‐physicians may be a way to reduce the burden of unsafe abortions. Currently, only one systematic review comparing non‐physicians with physicians for medical abortion exists. However, the review does not have any setting restrictions and newer evidence has since been published. Therefore, this review aims to evaluate the effectiveness, acceptability, and safety of first‐trimester abortion managed by non‐physicians compared with physicians in low‐ and middle‐income countries.Material and methodsThe databases PubMed, Cochrane Library, Global Health Library, and EMBASE were searched using a structured search strategy. Further, the trial registries clinicaltrials.gov and The International Clinical Trial Registry Platform were searched for published and unpublished trials. Randomized controlled trials comparing provision of medical abortion by non‐physicians with that by physicians in low‐ or middle‐income countries were included. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool. Trials that reported effect estimates on the effectiveness of medical methods on complete abortion were included in the meta‐analysis. The protocol was prospectively registered in the PROSPERO database, ID: CRD42020176811.ResultsSix papers from four different randomized controlled trials with a total of 4021 participants were included. Two of the four included trials were assessed to have overall low risk of bias. Four papers had outcome data on complete abortion and were included in the meta‐analyses. Medical management of first‐trimester abortion and medical treatment of incomplete abortion were found to be equally effective when provided by a non‐physician as when provided by a physician (risk ratio 1.00; 95% CI 0.99‐1.01). Further, the treatment was equally safe, and women were equally satisfied when a non‐physician provided the treatment compared with a physician.ConclusionsProvision of medical abortion or medical treatment for incomplete abortion in the first trimester is equally effective, safe, and acceptable when provided by non‐physicians compared with physicians in low‐ and middle‐income countries. We recommend that the task of providing medical abortion and medical treatment for incomplete abortion in low‐ and middle‐income countries should be shared with non‐physicians.
Handheld fundus camera performance, image quality and outcomes of diabetic retinopathy grading in a pilot screening study
Authors: Kubin Anna‐Maria , Wirkkala Joonas , Keskitalo Antti , Ohtonen Pasi , Hautala Nina 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPurposeTo compare the performance and image quality of the handheld fundus camera to standard table‐top fundus cameras in diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening. The reliability and diagnostic accuracy of DR grading performed by an ophthalmologist and a photographer reader were evaluated.Materials and methods157 patients with diabetes, attending screening or follow‐up of DR, were evaluated by fundus photographs taken in mydriasis by Optomed Aurora and Canon or Zeiss Visucam fundus cameras. The image quality and the severity of DR were evaluated independently by an ophthalmologist and experienced photographer. The sensitivity, specificity and reliability of the assessments were determined.Results1884 fundus images from 314 eyes were analysed. In 53% of all eyes, DR was not present. 10% had mild non‐proliferative diabetic retinopathy (NPDR), 16% moderate NPDR, 6% severe NPDR and 16% proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). The DR grading outcomes by Aurora highly equalled to those of Canon or Zeiss (κ = 0.93, 95% CI 0.91 to 0.94), and there was almost perfect agreement in grading between the ophthalmologist and photographer (κ = 0.96, 95% CI 0.95 to 0.97). The image quality of Aurora was sufficient for reliable assessment according to both graders in 84‐88% of the cases.ConclusionThe Optomed Aurora fundus camera seems appropriate for DR screening. The sufficient image quality and high diagnostic accuracy for DR grading are supportive for a less expensive and easily transportable screening system for DR. Immediate image grading carried out by a photographer would further improve and speed up the screening process in all settings.
Neuropeptides and neurohormones in immune, inflammatory and cellular responses to ultraviolet radiation
Authors: Moattari Cameron R. , Granstein Richard D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHumans are exposed to varying amounts of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) through sunlight. UVR penetrates into human skin leading to release of neuropeptides, neurotransmitters and neuroendocrine hormones. These messengers released from local sensory nerves, keratinocytes, Langerhans cells (LCs), mast cells, melanocytes and endothelial cells (ECs) modulate local and systemic immune responses, mediate inflammation and promote differing cell biologic effects. In this review, we will focus on both animal and human studies that elucidate the roles of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP), substance P (SP), nerve growth factor (NGF), nitric oxide and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) derivatives in mediating immune and inflammatory effects of exposure to UVR as well as other cell biologic effects of UVR exposure.
Acculturation and adjustment among rural migrant children in urban China: A longitudinal study
Authors: Chen Xinyin , Fu Rui , Li Dan , Liu Junsheng , Liu Shihong , Cui Liying 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis one‐year longitudinal study examined relations between acculturation and adjustment in rural‐to‐urban migrant children in China. Participants included 335 migrant students (initial mean age = 12 years, 198 boys) in fourth to sixth grades in public schools in Shanghai, China. Data on acculturation were collected from children's self‐reports, and data on social, school, and psychological adjustment were obtained from multiple sources, including peer evaluations, teacher ratings, self‐reports, and school records. The results showed that accommodation to urban culture positively contributed to later social competence. Maintenance of rural culture positively contributed to later psychological well‐being for migrant children who were low on accommodation to urban culture. In addition, social competence and academic performance positively contributed to later accommodation to urban culture and maintenance of rural culture. The results help understand the developmental processes involved in the acculturation and adjustment of migrant children in contemporary societies.