bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The genetic basis of adaptation in phenology in an introduced population of Black Cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa, Torr. & Gray)
Authors: Apuli Rami-Petteri , Richards Thomas , Rendón-Anaya Martha , Karacic Almir , Rönnberg-Wästljung Ann-Christin , Ingvarsson Pär K. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundEntering and exiting winter dormancy present important trade-offs between growth and survival at northern latitudes. Many forest trees display local adaptation across latitude in traits associated with these phenology transitions. Transfers of a species outside its native range introduce the species to novel combinations of environmental conditions potentially requiring different combinations of alleles to optimize growth and survival. In this study, we performed genome wide association analyses and a selection scan in aP. trichocarpamapping population derived from crossings between clones collected across the native range and introduced into Sweden. GWAS analyses were performed using phenotypic data collected across two field seasons and in a controlled phytotron experiment.ResultsWe uncovered 584 putative candidate genes associated with spring and autumn phenology traits as well as with growth. Many regions harboring variation significantly associated with the initiation of leaf shed and leaf autumn coloring appeared to have been evolving under positive selection in the native environments ofP. trichocarpa. A comparison between the candidate genes identified with results from earlier GWAS analyses performed in the native environment found a smaller overlap for spring phenology traits than for autumn phenology traits, aligning well with earlier observations that spring phenology transitions have a more complex genetic basis than autumn phenology transitions.ConclusionsIn a small and structured introduced population ofP. trichocarpa, we find complex genetic architectures underlying all phenology and growth traits, and identify multiple putative candidate genes despite the limitations of the study population.
Screening tools to expedite assessment of frailty in people receiving haemodialysis: a diagnostic accuracy study
Authors: Zanotto Tobia , Mercer Thomas H. , van der Linden Marietta L. , Koufaki Pelagia 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Frailty is associated with multiple adverse outcomes in stage-5 chronic kidney disease (CKD-5) and upwards of one third of people receiving haemodialysis (HD) are frail. While many frailty screening methods are available in both uremic and non-uremic populations, their implementation in clinical settings is often challenged by time and resource constraints. In this study, we explored the diagnostic accuracy of time-efficient screening tools in people receiving HD.

Methods
A convenience sample of 76 people receiving HD [mean age = 61.1 years (SD = 14), 53.9% male] from three Renal Units were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Frailty was diagnosed by means of the Fried phenotype. Physical performance-based screening tools encompassed handgrip strength, 15-ft gait speed, timed up and go (TUG), and five-repetition sit to stand (STS-5) tests. In addition, participants completed the SF-36 Health Survey, the short-form international physical activity questionnaire and the Tinetti falls efficacy scale (FES) as further frailty-related measures. Outcome measures included the area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, specificity, positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV). The diagnostic performance of screening tools in assessing fall-risk was also investigated.

Results
Overall, 36.8% of participants were classified as frail. All the examined instruments could significantly discriminate frailty status in the study population. Gait speed [AUC = 0.89 (95%CI: 0.81–0.98), sensitivity = 75%, specificity = 93%] and TUG [AUC = 0.90 (95%CI: 0.80–0.99), sensitivity = 89%, specificity = 85%] exhibited the highest diagnostic accuracy. There was a significant difference in gait speed AUC (20%, p = 0.013) between participants aged 65 years or older (n = 36) and those under 65 years of age (n = 40), with better discriminating performance in the younger sub-group. The Tinetti FES was the only instrument showing good diagnostic accuracy (AUCs≥0.80) for both frailty (sensitivity = 82%, specificity = 79%) and fall-risk (sensitivity = 82%, specificity = 71%) screening.

Conclusions
This cross-sectional study revealed that time- and cost-efficient walking performance measures can accurately be used for frailty-screening purposes in people receiving HD. While self-selected gait speed had an excellent performance in people under 65 years of age, TUG may be a more suitable screening method for elderly patients (≥65 years). The Tinetti FES may be a clinically useful test when physical testing is not achievable.
Chronic kidney disease: prevalence and association with handgrip strength in a cross-sectional study
Authors: Cheng Yang , Liu Min , Liu Yu , Xu Haifeng , Chen Xiaotian , Zheng Hui , Wu Xiaojun , Shen Zhixiang , Shen Chong 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Poor physical function is strongly associated with mortality and poor clinical outcomes in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Handgrip strength (HGS) is an important index for physical function in the general population, and the association between HGS and CKD is worth investigating.

Methods
From September to November 2015, we conducted a cross-sectional study consisting of 10,407 participants in Jurong City, China. Age-related and sex-specific HGS percentile curves were constructed using the GAMLSS method. In addition, logistic regression was applied to estimate the association between HGS and the presence of CKD with odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs).

Results
Participants with low HGS tended to be older and were more likely to have CKD (8.73 %). Smoothed centile curves of HGS showed a similar shape in both sexes: participants peaked at approximately 20–35 years old and gradually decreased after the age of 50. In addition, independent of age and other factors, the decreased presence of CKD was significantly identified in individuals with moderate (OR: 0.64, 95 % CI: 0.49–0.83) and high HGS (OR: 0.37, 95 % CI: 0.23–0.58).

Conclusions
We concluded that HGS was significantly negatively associated with CKD in Chinese community-dwelling persons.
The clinical and prognostic values of optic nerve sheath diameter and optic nerve sheath diameter/eyeball transverse diameter ratio in comatose patients with supratentorial lesions
Authors: Zhu Sha , Cheng Chao , Zhao Dianjiang , Zhao Yuanli , Liu Xianzeng , Zhang Jun 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
The optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and ONSD/eyeball transverse diameter (ETD) ratio have been proven to be correlated with intracranial pressure. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic roles of ONSD and the ONSD/ETD ratio in comatose patients with supratentorial lesions and to determine the relationship of these two indices with the prognosis of such patients.

Methods
A total of 54 comatose patients with supratentorial lesions and 50 healthy controls were retrospectively included in this study. ONSD and ETD were measured by unenhanced computed tomography (CT). The differences in ONSD and the ONSD/ETD ratio between the two groups were compared. The prognosis of comatose patients was scored using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) at the 3-month follow-up, and these patients were classified into good (GOS score ≥ 3) and poor (GOS score < 3) prognosis groups. The differences in ONSD and the ONSD/ETD ratio were compared between comatose patients with good prognoses and those with poor prognoses.

Results
The ONSD and ONSD/ETD ratios in the comatose patients were 6.30 ± 0.60 mm and 0.27 ± 0.03, respectively, and both were significantly greater than those in the healthy controls (5.10 ± 0.47 mm, t = 11.426, P < 0.0001; 0.22 ± 0.02, t = 11.468, P < 0.0001; respectively). ONSD in patients with poor prognosis was significantly greater than that in patients with good prognosis (6.40 ± 0.56 vs. 6.03 ± 0.61 mm, t = 2.197, P = 0.032). The ONSD/ETD ratio in patients with poor prognosis was significantly greater than that in patients with good prognosis (0.28 ± 0.02 vs. 0.26 ± 0.03, t = 2.622, P = 0.011). The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, used to predict the prognosis of comatose patients, was 0.650 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.486–0.815, P = 0.078) for ONSD and 0.711 (95% CI: 0.548–0.874, P = 0.014) for the ONSD/ETD ratio.

Conclusions
The ONSD and ONSD/ETD ratios were elevated in comatose patients. The ONSD/ETD ratio might be more valuable than ONSD in predicting the prognoses of comatose patients with supratentorial lesions.
Stillbirth as left truncation for early neonatal death in California, 1989–2015: a time-series study
Authors: Bruckner Tim A. , Gailey Samantha , Das Abhery , Gemmill Alison , Casey Joan A. , Catalano Ralph , Shaw Gary M. , Zeitlin Jennifer 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundSome scholars posit that attempts to avert stillbirth among extremely preterm gestations may result in a live birth but an early neonatal death. The literature, however, reports no empirical test of this potential form of left truncation. We examine whether annual cohorts delivered at extremely preterm gestational ages show an inverse correlation between their incidence of stillbirth and early neonatal death.MethodsWe retrieved live birth and infant death information from the California Linked Birth and Infant Death Cohort Files for years 1989 to 2015. We defined the extremely preterm period as delivery from 22 to < 28 weeks of gestation and early neonatal death as infant death at less than 7 days of life. We calculated proportions of stillbirth and early neonatal death separately by cohort year, race/ethnicity, and sex. Our correlational analysis controlled for well-documented declines in neonatal mortality over time.ResultsCalifornia reported 89,276 extremely preterm deliveries (live births and stillbirths) to Hispanic, non-Hispanic (NH) Black, and NH white mothers from 1989 to 2015. Findings indicate an inverse correlation between stillbirth and early neonatal death in the same cohort year (coefficient: -0.27, 95% CI of − 0.11; − 0.42). Results remain robust to alternative specifications and falsification tests.ConclusionsFindings support the notion that cohorts with an elevated risk of stillbirth also show a reduced risk of early neonatal death among extremely preterm deliveries. Results add to the evidence base that selectionin uteromay influence the survival characteristics of live-born cohorts.
Metacognition, social cognition, and mentalizing in psychosis: are these distinct constructs when it comes to subjective experience or are we just splitting hairs?
Authors: Lysaker P. H. , Cheli S. , Dimaggio G. , Buck B. , Bonfils K. A. , Huling K. , Wiesepape C. , Lysaker J. T. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractResearch using the integrated model of metacognition has suggested that the construct of metacognition could quantify the spectrum of activities that, if impaired, might cause many of the subjective disturbances found in psychosis. Research on social cognition and mentalizing in psychosis, however, has also pointed to underlying deficits in how persons make sense of their experience of themselves and others. To explore the question of whether metacognitive research in psychosis offers unique insight in the midst of these other two emerging fields, we have offered a review of the constructs and research from each field. Following that summary, we discuss ways in which research on metacognition may be distinguished from research on social cognition and mentalizing in three broad categories: (1) experimental procedures, (2) theoretical advances, and (3) clinical applications or indicated interventions. In terms of its research methods, we will describe how metacognition makes a unique contribution to understanding disturbances in how persons make sense of and interpret their own experiences within the flow of life. We will next discuss how metacognitive research in psychosis uniquely describes an architecture which when compromised – as often occurs in psychosis – results in the loss of persons’ sense of purpose, possibilities, place in the world and cohesiveness of self. Turning to clinical issues, we explore how metacognitive research offers an operational model of the architecture which if repaired or restored should promote the recovery of a coherent sense of self and others in psychosis. Finally, we discuss the concrete implications of this for recovery-oriented treatment for psychosis as well as the need for further research on the commonalities of these approaches.
Protocol of the Cologne Corona Surveillance (CoCoS) Study– a prospective population-based cohort study
Authors: Oberste Max , Pusch Lynn-Marie , Roth Rebecca , Shah-Hosseini Kija , Dewald Felix , Müller Claudia , Stach von Goltzheim Luise , Lehmann Clara , Buess Michael , Wolff Anna , Fätkenheuer Gerd , Wiesmüller Gerhard , Klein Florian , Hellmich Martin , Neuhann Florian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Surveillance strategies are critical to cope with the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and to evaluate, as well as adjust government-imposed countermeasures. Incidence estimates are widely based on laboratory confirmed cases reported by health authorities. Prevalence and incidence data of SARS-CoV-2 is still scarce, along with demographic and behavioural factors associated with infection risk.

Methods
The Cologne Corona Surveillance Study will be conducted in the City of Cologne, which is the fourth-largest city in Germany with a population of approximately 1.1 million. Researchers will apply self-sampling surveillance to a rolling cohort of Cologne residents. Random samples of 6000 Cologne residents 18 years of age and older will be drawn from the registration office. Upon receiving the information and saliva sample kit, participants will be asked to fill out a questionnaire online or via phone, sign written informed consent, and send back written consent, as well as saliva sample. The saliva samples will be tested for SARS-CoV-2 by reverse PCR. The questionnaire will be administered to gather information about personal characteristics such as health status and risks. A second round of testing will take place 6 weeks after the first.

Discussion
Self-administered saliva sampling proved to be a legitimate and feasible alternative to nasopharyngeal swabs taken by health professionals. However, it is unclear whether the targeted response rate of 40% can be achieved and whether the results are representative of the population.

Trial registration
DRKS.de, German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS), Identifier: DRKS00024046, Registered on 25 February 2021.
Stigmatization of Chinese and Asian-looking people during the COVID-19 pandemic in Germany
Authors: Koller Julia E. , Villinger Karoline , Lages Nadine C. , Brünecke Isabel , Debbeler Joke M. , Engel Kai D. , Grieble Sofia , Homann Peer C. , Kaufmann Robin , Koppe Kim M. , Oppenheimer Hannah , Radtke Vanessa C. , Rogula Sarah , Stähler Johanna , Renner Britta , Schupp Harald T. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
The outbreak and global spread of COVID-19 was accompanied by an increase in reports of stigmatization of Chinese and Asian-looking people. The behavioral immune system provides a framework for stigmatization in response to infectious disease threats. Specifically, stigmatization might increase with rising levels of infectious disease threat. The present study aimed to examine this hypothesis during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods
As part of the “EUCLID” project (https://euclid.dbvis.de), a total of 5011 persons from Germany were surveyed via an online-questionnaire between February 2nd and April 3rd, 2020, covering the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic over three time periods which were defined by critical events.

Results
There was no evidence for an increase in the stigmatization of Chinese and Asian-looking people across three topics, that is personal proximity, air travel, and medical measures upon arrival from China.

Conclusions
The present findings provide good news in that participants showed an adaptive response to the infectious disease threat rather than displaying increased stigmatization. Further research is necessary to specify the conditions that increase the risk of stigmatization in response to infectious disease threats.
Making patient blood management the new norm(al) as experienced by implementors in diverse countries
Authors: Hofmann Axel , Spahn Donat R. , Holtorf Anke-Peggy ,   PBM Implementation Group, Isbister James , Hamdorf Jeff , Campbell Linda , Benites Bruno , Duarte Gustavo , Rabello Guillermo , Ji Hongwen , Wei Lihui , Ivancan Visnja , Kovac Natasa , Tomic Mahecic Tina , Matsouka Chara , Aggeliki Bairaktari , Anthi Gafou , Charalabopoulos Alexandros , Attalah David , Jebara Samia , Chahine Rabih , Pérez Calatayud Ángel Augusto , Galvan Garcia Ángel Fernando , Ayala Miguel , Torres Pérez Bettina , Park Jong Hoon , Kim Young Woo , Lee Jeong Jae , Um Tae Hyun , A.Al-Humaidan Hind , Al Sughayir Ammar , Batarfi Khalid , Hindawi Salwa , Louw Vernon , Thompson Jackie , Alkis Neslihan , Gunaydin Serdar , Gunaydin Berrin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundPatient blood management (PBM) describes a set of evidence-based practices to optimize medical and surgical patient outcomes by clinically managing and preserving a patient’s own blood. This concepts aims to detect and treat anemia, minimize the risk for blood loss and the need for blood replacement for each patient through a coordinated multidisciplinary care process. In combination with blood loss, anemia is the main driver for transfusion and all three are independent risk factors for adverse outcomes including morbidity and mortality. Evidence demonstrates that PBM significantly improves outcomes and safety while reducing cost by macroeconomic magnitudes. Despite its huge potential to improve healthcare systems, PBM is not yet adopted broadly. The aim of this study is to analyze the collective experiences of a diverse group of PBM implementors across countries reflecting different healthcare contexts and to use these experiences to develop a guidance for initiating and orchestrating PBM implementation for stakeholders from diverse professional backgrounds.MethodsSemi-structured interviews were conducted with 1–4 PBM implementors from 12 countries in Asia, Latin America, Australia, Central and Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and Africa. Responses reflecting the drivers, barriers, measures, and stakeholders regarding the implementation of PBM were summarized per country and underwent qualitative content analysis. Clustering the resulting implementation measures by levels of intervention for PBM implementation informed a PBM implementation framework.ResultsA set of PBM implementation measures were extracted from the interviews with the implementors. Most of these measures relate to one of six levels of implementation including government, healthcare providers, funding, research, training/education, and patients/public. Essential cross-level measures are multi-stakeholder communication and collaboration.ConclusionThe implementation matrix resulting from this research helps to decompose the complexity of PBM implementation into concrete measures on each implementation level. It provides guidance for diverse stakeholders to design, initiate and develop strategies and plans to make PBM a national standard of care, thus closing current practice gaps and matching this unmet public health need.
The plasma membrane calcium ATPase 4 does not influence parasite levels but partially promotes experimental cerebral malaria during murine blood stage malaria
Authors: Villegas-Mendez Ana , Stafford Nicholas , Haley Michael J. , Pravitasari Normalita Eka , Baudoin Florence , Ali Adnan , Asih Puji Budi Setia , Siregar Josephine E. , Baena Esther , Syafruddin Din , Couper Kevin N. , Oceandy Delvac 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Recent genome wide analysis studies have identified a strong association between single nucleotide variations within the human ATP2B4 gene and susceptibility to severe malaria. The ATP2B4 gene encodes the plasma membrane calcium ATPase 4 (PMCA4), which is responsible for controlling the physiological level of intracellular calcium in many cell types, including red blood cells (RBCs). It is, therefore, postulated that genetic differences in the activity or expression level of PMCA4 alters intracellular Ca2+ levels and affects RBC hydration, modulating the invasion and growth of the Plasmodium parasite within its target host cell.

Methods
In this study the course of three different Plasmodium spp. infections were examined in mice with systemic knockout of Pmca4 expression.

Results
Ablation of PMCA4 reduced the size of RBCs and their haemoglobin content but did not affect RBC maturation and reticulocyte count. Surprisingly, knockout of PMCA4 did not significantly alter peripheral parasite burdens or the dynamics of blood stage Plasmodium chabaudi infection or reticulocyte-restricted Plasmodium yoelii infection. Interestingly, although ablation of PMCA4 did not affect peripheral parasite levels during Plasmodium berghei infection, it did promote slight protection against experimental cerebral malaria, associated with a minor reduction in antigen-experienced T cell accumulation in the brain.

Conclusions
The finding suggests that PMCA4 may play a minor role in the development of severe malarial complications, but that this appears independent of direct effects on parasite invasion, growth or survival within RBCs.
Coverage versus response time objectives in ambulance location
Authors: Jánošíková Ľudmila , Jankovič Peter , Kvet Marek , Zajacová Frederika 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
This paper deals with the location of emergency medical stations where ambulances waiting to be dispatched are parked. The literature reports a lot of mathematical programming models used to optimize station locations. Most studies evaluate the models only analytically applying the same simplifying assumptions that were used in the modelling phase. In addition, they concentrate on systems operating one type of emergency units in homogeneous urban areas. The goal of our study is to identify which optimization criterion the emergency medical service (EMS) outcomes benefit from the most and which model should be used to design tiered systems in large urban–rural areas.

Methods
A bi-criteria mathematical programming model is proposed. The criteria include the accessibility of high-priority patients within a short time limit and average response time to all patients. This model is being compared to the p-median model with a single response time objective and to a hierarchical pq-median model that considers two different vehicle types. A detailed computer simulation model is used to evaluate the solutions. The methodology is verified in the conditions of the Slovak Republic using real historical data on 149,474 ambulance trips performed in 2015.

Results
All mathematical models improve EMS performance by relocating some stations compared to the current distribution. The best results are achieved by the hierarchical median-type model. The average response time is reduced by 58 s, the number of calls responded to within 15 min is increased by 5% and the number of high-priority calls responded to within 8 min by 6%.

Conclusions
The EMS systems operating in heterogeneous areas should be designed to minimize response times, and not to maximize the number of calls served within a given time limit.