bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A human rights approach to energy: Realizing the rights of billions within ecological limits
Authors: Wewerinke‐Singh Margaretha 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEnergy is central to both the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Paris Agreement and a prerequisite to the realization of human rights for billions of people. Yet the nexus between human rights, climate change and energy remains underdeveloped in international law and practice. This article considers the potential and limitations of a ‘human rights approach’ to energy to accelerate progress towards universal access to modern energy services while addressing climate change and inequalities. It considers three distinct elements of a human rights approach to energy: a discursive element; a mainstreaming element; and a litigation element. In exploring the potential contributions of each of these elements to a just energy transition, it demonstrates how a human rights approach to energy can help to address some of the shortcomings of the Sustainable Development Goals related to energy and climate.
Shallow‐marine carbonate cementation in Holocene segments of the calcifying green alga Halimeda
Authors: Mann Thomas , Wizemann André , Stuhr Marleen , Kappelmann Yannis , Janßen Alexander , Jompa Jamaluddin , Westphal Hildegard 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEarly‐diagenetic cementation of tropical carbonates results from the combination of numerous physico‐chemical and biological processes. In the marine phreatic environment it represents an essential mechanism for the development and stabilization of carbonate platforms. However, diagenetic cements that developed early in the marine phreatic environment are likely to become obliterated during later stages of meteoric or burial diagenesis. When lithified sediment samples are studied, this complicates the recognition of processes involved in early cementation, and their geological implications. In this contribution, a petrographic microfacies analysis of Holocene Halimeda segments collected on a coral island in the Spermonde Archipelago, Indonesia, is presented. Through electron microscopical analyses of polished samples, this study shows that segments are characterized by intragranular cementation of fibrous aragonite, equant High‐Mg calcite (3.9 to 7.2 Mol% Mg), bladed Low‐Mg calcite (0.4 to 1.0 Mol% Mg) and mini‐micritic Low‐Mg calcite (3.2 to 3.3 Mol% Mg). The co‐existence and consecutive development of fibrous aragonite and equant High‐Mg calcite results initially from the flow of oversaturated seawater along the aragonite template of the Halimeda skeleton, followed by an adjustment of cement mineralogy towards High‐Mg calcite as a result of reduced permeability and fluid flow rates in the pores. Growth of bladed Low‐Mg calcite cements on top of etched substrates of equant High‐Mg calcite is explained by shifts in pore water pH and alkalinity through microbial sulphate reduction. Microbial activity appears to be the main trigger for the precipitation of mini‐micritic Low‐Mg calcite as well, based on the presumable detection of an extracellular polymeric matrix during an early stage of mini‐micrite Low‐Mg calcite cement precipitation. Radiocarbon analyses of five Halimeda segments furthermore indicate that virtually complete intragranular cementation in the marine phreatic environment with thermodynamically/kinetically controlled aragonite and High‐Mg calcite takes place in about 100 years. Collectively, this study shows that early‐diagenetic cements are highly diverse and provides new quantitative constraints on the rate of diagenetic cementation in tropical carbonate factories.
Challenging the 30‐min rule for thawed plasma
Authors: Ramirez‐Arcos Sandra , Howell Anita , Bearne Jennifer , Bhakta Varsha , Bower Lucy , Cardigan Rebecca , Girard Mélissa , Kou Yuntong , McDonald Carl , Nolin Marie‐Ève , Sawicka Danuta , Sheffield William 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesFrozen plasma (FP) is thawed prior to transfusion and stored for ≤5 days at 1–6°C. The effect of temperature excursions on the quality and safety of thawed plasma during 5‐day storage was determined.Materials and MethodsFour plasma units were pooled, split and stored at ≤−18°C for ≤90 days. Test units T30 and T60 were exposed to 20–24°C (room temperature [RT]) for 30 or 60 min, respectively, on days 0 and 2 of storage. Negative and positive control units remained refrigerated or at RT for 5 days, respectively. On Day 5, test units were exposed once to RT for 5 h. Quality assays included stability of coagulation factors FV, FVII, FVIII, fibrinogen and prothrombin time. Bacterial growth was performed in units inoculated with ~1 CFU/ml or ~100 CFU/ml of Serratia liquefaciens, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Staphylococcus epidermidis on Day 0.ResultsTesting results of all quality parameters were comparable between T30 and T60 units (p < 0.05). Serratia liquefaciens proliferated in cold‐stored plasma, while P. putida showed variable viability. Serratia epidermidis and P. aeruginosa survived but did not grow in cold‐stored plasma. Positive and negative controls showed expected results. Overall, no statistical differences in bacterial concentration between T30 and T60 units were observed (p < 0.05).ConclusionMultiple RT exposures for 30 or 60 min do not affect the stability of coagulation factors or promote bacterial growth in thawed plasma stored for 5 days. It is therefore safe to expose thawed plasma to uncontrolled temperatures for limited periods of 60 min.
Comparison of canine femoral torsion measurements using the axial and biplanar methods on three‐dimensional volumetric reconstructions of computed tomography images
Authors: Serck Boris M. , Karlin W. Michael , Kowaleski Michael P. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo compare the results of the measurement of femoral torsion using the axial measurement method on three‐dimensional (3D) volumetric reconstructions of computed tomography images AMM(CT), the biplanar measurement method on 3D volumetric reconstructions of computed tomography images BMM(CT) and a reference standard using the axial measurement method on stereolithographic bone models AMM (SBM).Study designEx vivo study.Sample populationsThree‐dimensional volumetric reconstructions of computed tomography images and stereolithographic bone models from 23 femurs of 14 dogs with hind limb lameness presented for orthopedic evaluation.MethodsThree‐dimensional volumetric reconstructions of computed tomography images and stereolithographic bone models of each femur were created from computed tomography data. Femoral torsion was measured using the AMM (CT) and the BMM (CT) and compared with a reference standard, the AMM (SBM).ResultsNo differences were noted among the measurement methods (P = .0863). Median measurement of femoral torsion using the AMM (CT) was 34.2°, the BMM (CT) was 36.7°, and the AMM (SBM) was 32.3°.ConclusionNo differences existed among the AMM (CT), the BMM (CT), and the AMM (SBM).Clinical significanceBoth AMM (CT) and BMM (CT) can be used to measure femoral torsion in dogs with orthopedic disease.
Impact of “chemobrain” in childhood cancer survivors on social, academic, and daily living skills: a qualitative systematic review protocol
Authors: Semendric Ines , Pollock Danielle , Haller Olivia J. , George Rebecca P. , Collins-Praino Lyndsey E. , Whittaker Alexandra L. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT

Objective:
The objective of this review is to examine children's experiences of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment (also known as “chemobrain”) and the impact of chemobrain on children's social, academic, and daily living skills.

Introduction:
The effect of childhood chemotherapy treatment on cognition is of concern because of the vulnerable nature of children's developing brains and the potential to cause lifelong detriments socially, academically, and economically. Furthermore, this population is under-represented in the chemobrain literature and in survivorship care plans. As cancer survivorship among this group increases, it is important to understand childhood experiences so that rehabilitation strategies and suitable supports can be put in place.

Inclusion criteria:
This review of qualitative studies will focus on the pediatric population (0 to 18 years of age) during and/or following chemotherapy treatment to identify their experiences with chemobrain. The review will include any studies using a qualitative research methodology (eg, surveys, focus groups, interview transcripts), conducted in any geographic location, where experiences are presented from the child's perspective. Studies assessing children's experiences of cancer, other chemotherapy-related side effects, or the parent's personal experience will be excluded.

Methods:
A search of MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases will be conducted. Full-text, English-only articles employing a qualitative research methodology will be included in the screening process. Two independent reviewers will retrieve and screen full-text studies, and assess methodological quality of the included studies. Meta-aggregation will be performed and a ConQual Summary of Findings will present the confidence in the findings.

Systematic review registration number:
PROSPERO CRD42021240573.
Swimming exercise decreases depression‐like behaviour and inflammatory cytokines in a mouse model of type 2 diabetes
Authors: Gilak‐Dalasm Mohadeseh , Peeri Maghsoud , Azarbayjani Mohammad Ali 
Published: August 2021

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Can swimming exercise decrease depression‐like behaviour and inflammation in type 2 diabetic mice?
What is the main finding and its importance?
Swimming exercise decreased depression‐like behaviour by reducing inflammation in type 2 diabetic mice. Swimming exercise might be useful for the treatment of depression‐related disorders in patients with type 2 diabetes.
AbstractClinical and experimental studies have shown that type 2 diabetes is associated with depression‐related disorders. Inflammation has been identified as a common mechanism in both type 2 diabetes and depression. Several studies have suggested that swimming exercise might be able to reduce depression‐related symptoms. The present study aimed to explore whether swimming exercise can decrease depression‐like behaviour in type 2 diabetic mice. To induce type 2 diabetes, male C57BL6 mice were treated with a high‐fat diet and streptozocin. Type 2 diabetic animals were subjected to swimming exercise for 4 weeks. Then, depression‐like behaviours were evaluated by sucrose preference, novelty‐suppressed feeding, social interaction and tail suspension tests. We also measured levels of glucose, insulin and pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin‐1β and tumour necrosis factor‐α in the serum of animals. The results indicated that type 2 diabetes significantly increased anhedonia‐ and depression‐like behaviours in mice. We also found significant increases in glucose, insulin and inflammatory cytokines in diabetic mice. Moreover, swimming exercise reduced anhedonia‐ and depression‐like behaviour in type 2 diabetic mice. Swimming exercise also decreased glucose and inflammatory cytokines in the serum of mice with type 2 diabetes. Collectively, this study demonstrates that swimming exercise decreased depression‐like behaviour by reducing inflammation in type 2 diabetic mice. Further clinical studies are needed to validate these findings in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Potential of Utilizing Thermal Energy Storage Integrated Ground Source Heat Pump System to Reshape Electricity Demand in the United States
Authors: Shi Liang , Liu Xiaobing , Qu Ming , Liu Guodong , Li Zhi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Each year, more than 20% of electricity generated in the United States is consumed for meeting the thermal demands (e.g., space cooling, space heating, and water heating) in residential and commercial buildings. Integrating thermal energy storage (TES) with building’s HVAC systems has the potential to reshape the electric load profile of the building and mitigate the mismatch between the renewable generation and the demand of buildings. A novel ground source heat pump (GSHP) system integrated with underground thermal energy storage (UTES) has been proposed to level the electric demand of buildings while still satisfying their thermal demands. This study assessed the potential impacts of the proposed system with a bottom-up approach. The impacts on the electricity demand in various electricity markets were quantified. The results show that, within the capacity of the existing electric grids, the maximum penetration rate of the proposed system in different wholesale markets could range from 51% to 100%. Overall, about 46 million single-family detached houses can be retrofitted into the proposed system without increasing the annual peak demand of the corresponding markets. By implementing the proposed system at its maximum penetration rate, the grid-level summer peak demand can be reduced by 9.1% to 18.2%. Meanwhile, at the grid level, the annual electricity consumption would change by −12% to 2%. The nationwide total electricity consumption would be reduced by 9%.
Thermo-Mechanical Simulation of Ti6Al4V-NiTi Dissimilar Laser Welding Process
Authors: Glaspell Aspen , Ryu Jae Joong , Choo Kyosung 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Fiber Laser Welding (FLW) is a versatile joining technique of metals and alloys because it allows welding of dissimilar materials without filler material. FLW utilizes intensified heat energy to liquify the workpiece interface and joins when they are solidified. In this study, dissimilar joining between Ti6Al4V-Nitinol was performed using FLW process and the thermomechanical model was developed to understand the metallurgical mechanisms and investigate weldability of dissimilar alloys.
The FLW of Ti6Al4V and Nitinol plates was performed with variable power density, welding speed, and focal distance. In this three-dimensional numerical model, heat flows in two different workpieces were computed during active laser welding and cooling process using a combined effect of radiation and convection. Both of the top and bottom surfaces of the welded zone were studied considering the combined effect from focused heat source and Argon shielding gas. Significant thermal cracks were produced through the welded interface. However, this numerical study illustrated thermomechanical foundation and discuss future challenges to improve the integrity and desirable FLW parameters in the dissimilar metal joining.
Laser Micro Machining Using a Photonic Nanojet in Water Medium
Authors: Uenohara Tsutomu , Rahman Reza Aulia , Mizutani Yasuhiro , Takaya Yasuhiro 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A photonic nanojet (PNJ) is a fine and high intensity light beam that is generated from a dielectric microsphere irradiated by a laser. A PNJ has a smaller beam diameter than the wavelength of the incident laser and can propagate for longer than 1 μm with high intensity and minimal divergence. In other words, a PNJ has a long depth of focus. Due to its outstanding optical properties, a PNJ is suitable for laser micro machining to create sub-micrometer scale structures. Depth of focus of a PNJ generated in water is longer than in air. In this paper, we experimentally investigated machining characteristics of laser micro machining using a PNJ in water medium. First, electromagnetic simulation was conducted to know the intensity distribution of PNJ in water medium. The simulation demonstrated that PNJ in water mdium has beam diameter of sub-micrometer scale and micrometer scale depth of focus. Next, machining experiments were also conducted on a silicon substrate. A femtosecond laser was used as the machining laser. By controlling the microsphere position, the PNJ position can be controlled in the propagation direction. Sub-micrometer scale hole diameters were obtained even when the PNJ position in the propagation direction was changed by 3 μm. In conclusion, the long depth of focus of a photonic nanojet in water medium enable to create sub-micrometer scale structures.
Influence of Surface Geometry on Melt Pool Flows and Shape in Pulsed Laser Surface Melting
Authors: Mistry Utsavkumar , Vadali Madhu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Pulsed Laser Surface Melting (pLSM) is a technique that offers an efficient way to modify the geometry surfaces without any addition or removal of material. In pLSM, an incident laser beam melts a small region on the surface and induces surface tension and viscosity-driven flows that modify the surface geometry. Initial surface geometry plays an important role in deciding the melt pool flows and shape as it governs the initial surface tension acting on the melt pool. In this paper, we present a systematic numerical study that captures the effects of initial geometries using a two-dimensional axisymmetric model. The results show that geometries with higher curvatures result in deeper melt pools and higher surface displacement because higher fluid velocities aid the convection heat transfer. Additionally, we define a modified capillary number (CaM) which elegantly captures these effects.
Evolution of Interfacial Microstructure During Resistance Spot Welding of Cu and Al With Ni-P Coating
Authors: Chen Nannan , Wang Hongliang , Li Jingjing , Liu Vic , Schroth James 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Dissimilar materials of copper (Cu) to aluminum (Al) with nickel-phosphorus (Ni-P) coatings were joined using resistance spot welding. The Ni-P coatings were electroless plated on the Al surfaces to eliminate the formation of brittle Cu-Al intermetallic compounds (IMCs) at the faying interface between Cu and Al. Three welding schedules with various heat input were employed to produce different interfacial microstructure. The evolution of interfaces in terms of phase constitution, elemental distribution and defects (gaps and voids) was characterized and the formation mechanisms were elucidated. During the welding process, the bonding between Cu and Ni-P forms through solid-state diffusion, while the faster diffusion rate of Cu relative to Ni and P atoms promotes the generation of sub-micron voids. As the heat input increases, gaps at the Cu/Ni-P interface diminish accompanied by increase of sub-micron voids. A moderate schedule helps to remove the gaps and inhibits the void formation. An Al3Ni layer and nanovoids were found around the interface of Ni-P/Al. The increased heat input decreases the grain size of Al3Ni at the interface by eutectic remelting and increases the nanovoids by enhanced nanoscale Kirkendall effect.
Estimation of Maximum Flow Length for CF-PEEK Overmolded Grid Structures Using the Finite Element Method
Authors: Rodríguez-Mondéjar Carlos , Rodríguez-Prieto Álvaro , Camacho Ana María 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Injection overmolding process is a high versatile process that permits, when used in combination with fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites, the obtaining of high mechanical properties structures with complex geometries in short time cycles.
The maximum flow length is a parameter that reflects the success of filling in a polymer injection molding process. Geometry of the part, rheological properties of the polymer and process parameters, such as injection pressure and temperature, are involved on the value of this parameter and therefore on the viability of a certain configuration.
For injection molding manufacturing, the understanding of the relation between maximum flow length and main geometrical parameters of the molded part is fundamental to approach the product design, which is conditioned severely by processing capabilities.
In this work, the maximum flow length is obtained for different geometries of an overmolded rectangular stiffener grid of carbon fiber filled polyether eter ketone (CF-PEEK) using the software Moldflow© Adviser© for calculations. Value of maximum flow length is provided as a function of cross section aspect ratio for gate diameters between 0.8 mm and 1.4 mm and cross section areas from 10 to 50 mm2. An exponential decrement of maximum flow length has been observed with the increment of aspect ratio of the cross section as well as a linear increment with the increment of cross section area. Gate diameter variation is slightly related with maximum flow length for the simulated values. These results provide a support tool for geometry sizing in overmolded rectangular grid parts at preliminary design stages.
Development of Cutting Tools With Micro-Textured Surface for High Speed Machining of Ti-6Al-4V
Authors: Hasegawa Mitsuru , Sugihara Tatsuya 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In cutting of Ti-6Al-4V alloy, the cutting speed is limited since a high cutting temperature leads to severe tool wear and short tool life, resulting in poor production efficiency. On the other hand, some recent literature has reported that various beneficial effects can be provided by forming micro-textures on the tool surface in the metal cutting process. In this study, in order to achieve high-performance machining of Ti-6Al-4V, we first investigated the mechanism of the tool failure process for a cemented carbide cutting tool in high-speed turning of Ti-6Al-4V. Based on the results, cutting tools with micro textured surfaces were developed under the consideration of a cutting fluid action. A series of experiments showed that the textured rake face successfully decreases the cutting temperature, resulting in a significant suppression of both crater wear and flank wear. In addition, the temperature zone where the texture tool is effective in terms of the tool life in the Ti-6Al-4V cutting was discussed.
Experimental Investigation Into the Fabrication of Porous Biodegradable Fe Scaffold by Microwave Sintering of 3D Printed Green Body
Authors: Mishra Dipesh Kumar , Pandey Pulak Mohan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Iron has appealing biodegradable properties that makes compatible for biodegradable implant tools applications. Although, the slow corrosion rate of Fe made obsolete for biomedical applications. The incorporation of the porous structure may result in an enhanced degradation rate. The main advantage offer by the porous structure is to allow to flow the body transportation fluid through it and ease to proliferate the new tissue. Therefore, the current work focused on the development of a porous Fe structures using micro-extrusion based three-dimensional printing (ME3DP) and pressure less microwave sintering. The metallic-based polymeric ink used to fabricate the intent design structure. Subsequently, samples were heated in the microwave sintering furnace. The experimentations were done to evaluate the outcomes of different Fe concentrations (91–95 wt.%) on density and compressive yield strength of developed porous parts. Experimental observation deduced that fabricated part ≥ 94.wt.% of Fe concentration has strong bonding strength between the printed layers. Moreover, the mechanical property of 94 wt.% has found greater than 95 wt.% of Fe concentration. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) image illustrated the presence of porous morphology into the fabricated body. Additionally, XRD (X-ray diffraction) plots exhibited the purity of sample without any contamination residue.