bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Change in Rheologic Properties of Facial Soft-Tissue Fillers across the Physiologic Angular Frequency Spectrum
Authors: Cotofana Sebastian , Hamade Hassan , Bertucci Vince , Fagien Steven , Green Jeremy B. , Pavicic Tatjana , Nikolis Andreas , Lachman Nirusha , Hadjab Abdelbasste , Frank Konstantin 
Published: August 2021

Background:
The number of soft-tissue filler injections performed in the United States is constantly increasing and reflects the high demand for enhanced facial and body attractiveness. The objective of the present study was to measure the viscoelastic properties of soft-tissue fillers when subjected to different testing frequencies. The range of tested frequencies represents clinically different facial areas with more [lips (high frequency)] or less [zygomatic arch (low frequency)] soft-tissue movement.

Methods:
A total of 35 randomly selected hyaluronic acid–based dermal filler products were tested in an independent laboratory for their values of G′, G″, tan δ, and G* at angular frequencies between 0.1 and 100 radian/second.

Results:
The results of the objective analyses revealed that the viscoelastic properties of all tested products changed between 0.1 and 100 radian/second angular frequency. Changes in G′ ranged from 48.5 to 3116 percent, representing an increase in their initial elastic modulus, whereas changes in G″ ranged from −53.3 percent (i.e., decrease in G″) to 7741 percent (i.e., increase in G″), indicating both an increase and a decrease in their fluidity, respectively.

Conclusions:
The increase in G′ would indicate the transition from a “softer” to a “harder” filler, and the observed decrease in G″ would indicate an increase in the filler’s “fluidity.” Changes in the frequency of applied shear forces such as those occurring in the medial versus the lateral face will influence the aesthetic outcome of soft-tissue filler injections.
What Is the Impact of Postoperative Antibiotic Prophylaxis on Tissue Expander Infection Rates in Pediatric Patients?
Authors: Wang Howard D. , Cho Annie , Quan Amy , Ibrahim Zuhaib , Yang Robin , Steinberg Jordan P. , Redett Richard J. 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Tissue expansion in the pediatric population can be complicated by high rates of infection and extrusion. The aim of this study was to examine the impact of postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis on infectious complications.

Methods:
A retrospective study of all pediatric patients who underwent tissue expander insertion at a children’s hospital over a 12-year period was performed. Predictor variables included age, sex, race, indication, anatomical location, number of expanders inserted, serial expansion, history of infection or extrusion, and postoperative antibiotics. Outcome variables included infection and extrusion. Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify factors associated with infection and/or extrusion.

Results:
A total of 180 patients who underwent 317 operations for tissue expander insertion were included in this study. Postoperative infection and/or extrusion occurred after 73 operations (23 percent). Postoperative prophylactic antibiotics were prescribed after 232 operations (75 percent), and only perioperative (≤24 hours) antibiotics were administered in 85 cases (25 percent). There were no significant differences in the rate of infection (12.1 percent versus 8.9 percent; p = 0.46), extrusion (16.8 percent versus 17.7 percent; p = 0.88), or infection and/or extrusion (23.7 percent versus 24.1 percent; p = 0.95) between these two groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that postoperative antibiotics did not have a significant association with infection and/or extrusion (OR, 0.84; 95 percent CI, 0.44 to 1.63; p = 0.61).

Conclusions:
The rates of infection/extrusion were similar between pediatric patients who received only perioperative antibiotics (≤24 hours) and those who were prescribed a course of postoperative antibiotics. Based on these results, a course of postoperative prophylactic antibiotics may be unnecessary after insertion of tissue expanders in pediatric patients.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, III.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Virtual Reality in Awake Minor Pediatric Plastic Surgery Procedures
Authors: Clerc Paul G. B. , Arneja Jugpal S. , Zwimpfer Charlotte M. , Behboudi Amir , Goldman Ran D. 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Virtual reality has been used to alleviate pain and anxiety in a variety of medical procedures. The authors sought to explore the effects of virtual reality in common awake minor plastic surgery procedures where children may experience discomfort.

Methods:
A randomized controlled trial compared virtual reality to standard-of-care distraction among children aged 6 to 16 years undergoing awake minor plastic surgery procedures at a quaternary children’s hospital. Primary outcome was change in Faces Pain Scale–Revised pain score, and secondary outcomes included change in Venham Situational Anxiety Scale score, procedure duration, administration of local anesthetic, and pain/anxiety management satisfaction.

Results:
Mean pain and anxiety scores were similar in both groups (p = 0.60 and p = 0.18, respectively), and procedure duration was shorter with virtual reality (22 minutes versus 29 minutes; p = 0.002). Duration remained shorter in a linear regression model accounting for procedure type (p = 0.01). Similar proportions of children received additional local anesthetic after the initial dose (virtual reality, n = 6; standard of care, n = 9; p = 0.19) and median pain management satisfaction was similar (virtual reality, 9 of 10; standard of care, 9 of 10; p = 0.41). Median anxiety management satisfaction was similar (virtual reality, 9 of 10; standard of care, 9 of 10; p = 0.05). Younger children reported more “fun” than older children with virtual reality (p = 0.02). Surgeons reported interest “using virtual reality again” in 83 percent of cases.

Conclusions:
The use of virtual reality for awake pediatric plastic surgery reduced procedure time but not pain or anxiety compared to standard of care in children aged 6 to 16 years. Virtual reality was safe and well-liked and should be considered as an additional tool. Increased efficiency may allow more cases to be performed.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, II.
Management of Calcified Cephalohematoma of Infancy: The University of Michigan 25-Year Experience
Authors: Ulma Raquel M. , Sacks Gina , Rodoni Bridger M. , Duncan Anthony , Buchman Alexandra T. , Buchman Brevin C. , Vercler Christian J. , Kasten Steven J. , Muraszko Karin M. , Buchman Steven R. 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Cephalohematoma of infancy is the result of a subperiosteal blood collection that usually forms during birth-related trauma. A small proportion of cephalohematomas can calcify over time, causing a permanent calvarial deformity that is only correctable with surgery. The authors present a technique for the excision and reconstruction of calcified cephalohematoma and their management experience over the past 25 years.

Methods:
All patients with a diagnosis of calcified cephalohematoma between 1994 and 2019 were identified. Patients were included if the diagnosis was confirmed by a pediatric plastic surgeon or a neurosurgeon. All patients underwent surgical evaluation followed by surgical intervention or observation. Patient demographics and potential risk factors for both surgical and nonsurgical groups were compared using chi-square or Fisher’s exact test. Additional data were collected for the surgical cohort.

Results:
Of 160 infants diagnosed with cephalohematoma, 72 met inclusion criteria. Thirty patients underwent surgical treatment. There was no significant difference in demographics, baseline characteristics, or potential risk factors between the operative and nonoperative groups. Mean age at the time of surgery was 8.6 months. Twenty-one surgical patients (70 percent) required inlay bone grafting. All surgery patients had improvement in calvarial shape. The main risk of surgery was blood loss requiring transfusion [eight patients (26.7 percent)]. Thirteen percent of patients experienced minor complications.

Conclusions:
This series of 72 children with calcified cephalohematomas, 30 of whom required surgical intervention, is one of the largest to date. The technique presented herein demonstrated excellent surgical outcomes by restoring normal cranial contours and was associated with a low complication profile.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Improving Ischemic Stroke Care With MRI and Deep Learning Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Yu Yannan , Heit Jeremy J. , Zaharchuk Greg 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Advanced magnetic resonance imaging has been used as selection criteria for both acute ischemic stroke treatment and secondary prevention. The use of artificial intelligence, and in particular, deep learning, to synthesize large amounts of data and to understand better how clinical and imaging data can be leveraged to improve stroke care promises a new era of stroke care. In this article, we review common deep learning model structures for stroke imaging, evaluation metrics for model performance, and studies that investigated deep learning application in acute ischemic stroke care and secondary prevention.
Quantitative Evaluation of Palatal Lengthening After Cleft Palate Repair When a Buccal Flap Is Routinely Combined With Furlow's Z-Plasty
Authors: Aboulhassan Mamdouh Ahmed , Aly Tarek Mahmoud , Akram khodir Mahmoud Mohamed , Moussa Hassan Mahmoud , Hussein Mohammed Ahmed 
Published: August 2021

Introduction
The use of a buccinator myomucosal flap in combination with Furlow's Z-plasty during primary and secondary palatal repairs has been proposed by many authors to overcome some of the limitations of Furlow's technique. However, there have been no studies that quantitatively measured the effective palatal lengthening when the buccal flap is added.

Patients and Methods
The buccal flap is routinely used during primary palate repair in order to fill the gap between the hard palate and reoriented palatal muscle sling. The soft palatal length was measured in the midline from the posterior edge of the hard palate to the base of the uvula. All patients were measured before starting the surgery and just after palatal closure in the standard position for cleft palate repair.

Results
Seventy-three patients with cleft palate who were candidates for primary repair were included. The mean age at the time of operation was 11.4 ± 3.5 months. The mean preoperative palatal length was 21.36 ± 3.529 mm, whereas the mean postoperative palatal length was 29.64 ± 4.171) mm. The mean palatal length change was 8.29 ± 2.514 mm (P < 0.000).

Conclusions
The Combined use of a buccinator myomucosal flap with modified Furlow's Z-plasty in primary cleft palate repair has proven effective for palatal lengthening and achieved tensionless closure without the need for relaxing incision. It also provided a pliable soft tissue attachment of the palatal muscles to the hard palate allowing for better muscle function and mobility.
Recommendations and Guidelines for the Use of Simulation to Address Structural Racism and Implicit Bias
Authors: Vora Samreen , Dahlen Brittany , Adler Mark , Kessler David O. , Jones V. Faye , Kimble Shelita , Calhoun Aaron 
Published: August 2021

Summary Statement
Simulation-based education is a particularly germane strategy for addressing the difficult topic of racism and implicit bias due to its immersive nature and the paradigm of structured debriefing. Researchers have proposed actionable frameworks for implicit bias education, particularly outlining the need to shift from recognition to transformation, with the goal of changing discriminatory behaviors and policies. As simulation educators tasked with training health care professionals, we have an opportunity to meet this need for transformation. Simulation can shift behaviors, but missteps in design and implementation when used to address implicit bias can also lead to negative outcomes. The focus of this article is to provide recommendations to consider when designing simulation-based education to specifically address racism and implicit bias.
The representational hierarchy in human and artificial visual systems in the presence of object-scene regularities
Authors: Bracci Stefania , Mraz Jakob , Zeman Astrid , Leys Gaëlle , de Beeck Hans Op 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHuman vision is still largely unexplained. Computer vision made impressive progress on this front, but it is still unclear to which extent artificial neural networks approximate human object vision at the behavioral and neural levels. Here, we investigated whether machine object vision mimics the representational hierarchy of human object vision with an experimental design that allows testing within-domain representations for animals and scenes, as well as across-domain representations reflecting their real-world contextual regularities such as animal-scene pairs that often co-occur in the visual environment. We found that DCNNs trained in object recognition acquire representations, in their late processing stage, that closely capture human conceptual judgements about the co-occurrence of animals and their typical scenes. Likewise, the DCNNs representational hierarchy shows surprising similarities with the representational transformations emerging in domain-specific ventrotemporal areas up to domain-general frontoparietal areas. Despite these remarkable similarities, the underlying information processing differs. The ability of neural networks to learn a human-like high-level conceptual representation of object-scene co-occurrence depends upon the amount of object-scene co-occurrence present in the image set thus highlighting the fundamental role of training history. Further, although mid/high-level DCNN layers represent the category division for animals and scenes as observed in VTC, its information content shows reduced domain-specific representational richness. To conclude, by testing within- and between-domain selectivity while manipulating contextual regularities we reveal unknown similarities and differences in the information processing strategies employed by human and artificial visual systems.Author SummaryComputational object vision represents the new frontier of brain models, but do current artificial visual systems known as deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) represent the world as humans do? Our results reveal that DCNNs are able to capture important representational aspects of human vision both at the behavioral and neural levels. At the behavioral level, DCNNs are able to pick up contextual regularities of objects and scenes thus mimicking human high-level semantic knowledge such as learning that a polar bear “lives” in ice landscapes. At the neural representational level, DCNNs capture the representational hierarchy observed in the visual cortex all the way up to frontoparietal areas. Despite these remarkable correspondences, the information processing strategies implemented differ. In order to aim for future DCNNs to perceive the world as humans do, we suggest the need to consider aspects of training and tasks that more closely match the wide computational role of human object vision over and above object recognition.
Can foot placement during gait be trained? Adaptations in stability control when ankle moments are constrained
Authors: Hoogstad L.A. , van Leeuwen A.M. , van Dieën J.H. , Bruijn S.M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAccurate coordination of mediolateral foot placement, relative to the center of mass kinematic state, is one of the mechanisms which ensures mediolateral stability during human walking. Previously, we found that shoes constraining ankle moments decreased the degree of foot placement control with respect to the center of mass kinematic state. As such, ankle moment constraints can be seen as a perturbation of foot placement. Direct mechanical perturbations of the swing leg trajectory can improve the degree of foot placement control as an after-effect. Here, we asked whether constrained ankle moments could have a similar effect. If confirmed, this would offer a simple training tool for individuals with impaired foot placement control. Participants walked in three conditions; normal (baseline) while wearing shoes constraining ankle moments (training) and normal again (after-effects). The degree of foot placement control was calculated as the percentage of variance in foot placement that could be predicted based on the center of mass kinematic state in the preceding swing phase. During training, the degree of foot placement control decreased initially compared to baseline, but it gradually improved over time. In the after-effect condition, it was higher than during baseline, yet not significantly so. During training, we observed increased step width, decreased stride time and reduced local dynamic stability. In conclusion, constraining ankle moment control deteriorates the degree of foot placement control. A non-significant trend towards an improved degree of foot placement control after prolonged exposure to constrained ankle moments, allows for speculation on a training potential.
Inference and Validation of the Structure of Lotka-Volterra Models
Authors: Voit Eberhard O. , Davis Jacob D. , Olivença Daniel V. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractFor close to a century, Lotka-Volterra (LV) models have been used to investigate interactions among populations of different species. For a few species, these investigations are straightforward. However, with the arrival of large and complex microbiomes, unprecedently rich data have become available and await analysis. In particular, these data require us to ask which microbial populations of a mixed community affect other populations, whether these influences are activating or inhibiting and how the interactions change over time. Here we present two new inference strategies for interaction parameters that are based on a new algebraic LV inference (ALVI) method. One strategy uses different survivor profiles of communities grown under similar conditions, while the other pertains to time series data. In addition, we address the question of whether observation data are compliant with the LV structure or require a richer modeling format.The code and data used in this manuscript are available at “https://github.com/LBSA-VoitLab/Inference_and_Validation_of_the_Structure_of_Lotka_Volterra_Models“.
Integration of transcriptomics and network analysis reveals co-expressed genes in Frankliniella occidentalis guts that respond to tomato spotted wilt virus infection
Authors: Han Jinlong , Rotenberg Dorith 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe arthropod gut is the first barrier to infection by viruses that are internally borne and transmitted persistently by arthropod vectors to plant and animal hosts. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), a plant-pathogenic virus, is transmitted exclusively by thrips vectors in a circulative-propagative manner. Frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips), the principal thrips vector of TSWV, is transmission-competent only if the virus is acquired by young larvae. To begin to understand the larval gut response to TSWV infection and accumulation, a genome- assisted, transcriptomic analysis of F. occidentalis gut tissues of first (early L1) and second (early L2 and late L2) instar larvae was conducted using RNA-Seq to identify differentially-expressed transcripts (DETs) in response to TSWV compared to non- exposed cohorts.ResultsThe larval gut responded in a developmental stage-dependent manner, with the majority of DETs (71%) associated with the early L1 stage at a time when virus infection is limited to the midgut epithelium. Provisional annotations of these DETs inferred roles in digestion and absorption, insect innate immunity, and detoxification. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis using all assembled transcripts of the gut transcriptome revealed eight gene modules that distinguish the larval development. Intra-module interaction network analysis of three most DET- enriched modules revealed ten central hub genes. Droplet digital PCR-expression analyses of select network hub and connecting genes revealed temporally-dynamic changes in gut expression during and post exposure to TSWV.ConclusionThese findings expand our understanding of the developmentally-mediated interaction between thrips vectors and orthotospoviruses, and provide opportunities for probing pathways for biomarkers of thrips vector competence.
Crosstalk between myosin II and formin functions in the regulation of force generation and actomyosin dynamics in stress fibers
Authors: Nishimura Yukako , Shi Shidong , Li Qingsen , Bershadsky Alexander D. , Viasnoff Virgile 
Published: August 2021

AbstractREF52 fibroblasts have a well-developed contractile machinery, the most prominent elements of which are actomyosin stress fibers with highly ordered organization of actin and myosin IIA filaments. The relationship between contractile activity and turnover dynamics of stress fibers is not sufficiently understood. Here, we simultaneously measured the forces exerted by stress fibers (using traction force microscopy or micropillar array sensors) and the dynamics of actin and myosin (using photoconversion-based monitoring of actin incorporation and high-resolution fluorescence microscopy of myosin II light chain). Our data revealed new features of the crosstalk between myosin II-driven contractility and stress fiber dynamics. During normal stress fiber turnover, actin incorporated all along the stress fibers and not only at focal adhesions. Incorporation of actin into stress fibers/focal adhesions, as well as actin and myosin II filaments flow along stress fibers, strongly depends on myosin II activity. Myosin II-dependent generation of traction forces does not depend on incorporation of actin into stress fibers per se, but still requires formin activity. This previously overlooked function of formins in maintenance of the actin cytoskeleton connectivity could be the main mechanism of formin involvement in traction force generation.Highlights•Cell traction forces are measured together with visualization of actomyosin flow•Actin turnover depends on formin and myosin II activities•Traction forces depend not only on myosin II, but also on formins•Traction force generation may require formin-dependent cytoskeleton connectivity
Niche theory for within-host parasite dynamics: Analogies to food web modules via feedback loops
Authors: Ramesh Ashwini , Hall Spencer R 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTWhy do parasites exhibit a wide dynamical range within their hosts? For instance, why can a parasite only sometimes successfully infect its host? Why do some parasites exhibit large fluctuations? Why do two parasites coinfect, exclude each other, or win only sometimes over another (via priority effects)? For insights, we turn to food webs. An omnivory model (IGP) blueprints one parasite competing with immune cells for host energy (PIE), and a competition model (keystone predation, KP) mirrors a new coinfection model (2PIE). We then draw analogies between models using feedback loops. We translate those loops into the intraspecific direct (DE) and indirect effects (IE) that create various dynamics. Three points arise. First, a prey or parasite can flip between stable and oscillatory coexistence with their enemy with weakening IE and strengthening DE. Second, even with comparable loop structure, a parasite cannot exhibit priority effects seen in IGP due to constraints imposed by production of immune cells. Third, despite simpler loop structure, KP predicts parallel outcomes in the two-parasite model due to comparable structure of interactions between competing victims and their resources and enemies. Hence, food web models offer powerful if imperfect analogies to feedbacks underlying the dynamical repertoire of parasites within hosts.