bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pancreaticopleural Fistula: A Cause of Recurrent Pleural Effusions in Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: Megahed Ayah , Hegde Rahul , Sharma Pranav , Ali Rahmat , Bamashmos Anas 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPancreaticopleural fistula is a rare complication of chronic pancreatitis caused by disruption of the pancreatic duct and fistulous communication with the pleural cavity. It usually presents with respiratory symptoms from recurrent large volume pleural effusions. Paucity of abdominal symptoms makes it a diagnostic challenge, leading often to delayed diagnosis. Marked elevation of pleural fluid amylase, which is not a commonly performed test, is a sensitive marker in its detection. Imaging with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography can help delineate the fistula. In this report, we present the clinical features, imaging, and management of a 59-year-old male patient with pancreaticopleural fistula, wherein the diagnosis was suspected only after repeated pleural fluid drainages were performed for re-accumulating pleural effusions and it was eventually successfully treated with pancreatic duct stenting. We review the literature with regards to the incidence, presentation, diagnosis, and management of this rare entity.
Bayesian estimation of SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in Indiana by random testing
Authors: Yiannoutsos Constantin T. , Halverson Paul K. , Menachemi Nir 
Published: January 2021

SignificanceInfection with the novel coronovirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has resulted in a worldwide pandemic of COVID-19 disease. Efforts to design local, regional, and national responses to the virus are constrained by a lack of information on the extent of the epidemic as well as inaccuracies in newly developed diagnostic tests. In this study we analyze data from testing randomly selected Indiana state residents for infection or previous exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and derive estimates of the statewide COVID-19 prevalence in an attempt to address potential biases arising from nonresponse and diagnostic testing errors.
Rootstocks.
Authors: Durner Ed , Durner Ed Rutgers 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Plants of many horticultural crops consist of multiple genetic systems, two or more distinct genotypes joined together as a single plant. The components are identified as the rootstock, interstem and scion. Grafting and budding are the processes that combine these components to establish vascular continuity between them to produce a single plant. Grafting may be natural or human initiated, forced grafting. This datasheet will mainly consider forced grafting with only a brief discussion of natural grafting. The rootstock is that component of the plant that fuses with the scion and provides the plants root system. Other terms used to describe this lower portion of the plant include stock and understock. Stock is synonymous with both rootstock and understock. Understock implies that the lower portion of the plant provides both the root system and some of the trunk while rootstock or stock implies that only the root system is provided by the lower piece. When grafting is performed high on the rootstock, the rootstock may also provide scaffold limbs. The scion is the plants shoot system. It is the component that produces the desired commodity in most cases, which are usually flowers or fruit. In perennials, the scion is nearly always vegetatively propagated. In grafted vegetables, the scion is usually propagated via seed. An interstem is a third genetic component of some grafted plants and is often selected to provide compatibility between the rootstock and the scion. Both grafting and budding combine dissimilar genotypes into one plant. Budding is a form of grafting where a single vegetative bud is used as the scion or interstem. Grafting refers to the condition where more than one bud on a common stem piece are combined with the rootstock or interstem. Perennial ornamental and fruit crops are the grafted crops that are familiar to most horticulturists. Annual vegetable crops are increasingly being grown as grafted plants and interest in using them in commercial production is rising steeply. Short lists of common rootstocks for a number of ornamental, fruit, nut and vegetable crops are presented in Tables 1-3 (at the bottom of this article). These lists are by no means complete, but provide an insight into the large number of rootstocks available in modern horticultural production. Specific recommendations for an area should be obtained from local experts. Good rootstocks should possess as many of the following crop appropriate characteristics as possible: affordable, long term graft compatible, easily propagated, promotes precocity and productivity, controls scion vigour, conveys pest resistance, improves stress tolerance, and has minimal suckering.
Plant factories - closed plant production systems (CPPS).
Authors: Morgan Lynette 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

A plant factory is an indoor, enclosed, crop cultivation system where the growing environment is precisely controlled to maximise production. This control over all aspects of plant growth includes light, temperature, humidity, air movement, carbon dioxide (CO2) and nutrition. This is largely achieved through soilless (hydroponic) cultivation techniques. The term plant factory has previously included high intensity production systems such as greenhouses reliant on natural light only or natural light supplemented with horticultural lighting, as well as those utilising only artificial lighting. More recently, 'plant factory' has come to represent a CPPS (closed plant production system) or termed PFAL (plant factory with artificial lighting) where no natural sunlight is required. Plant factories may also be referred to as 'indoor vertical farms' or 'indoor vertical cropping' in the USA and other countries, based on the multi-level nature of the systems which aim to maximise growing space. With a high level of environmental control, plant factories can produce vegetables two to four times faster than by typical outdoor cultivation (Luna-Maldonao et al., 2016), and with the use of vertical systems, optimise yields per unit of floor area. In addition to higher levels of production, plant factories are becoming increasingly sustainable as less water, fertilizers, pesticides and labour are consumed during cultivation (Hu et al., 2014).
Initial TCV operation with a baffled divertor
Authors: Reimerdes H. , Duval B.P. , Elaian H. , Fasoli A. , Février O. , Theiler C. , Bagnato F. , Baquero-Ruiz M. , Blanchard P. , Brida D. , Colandrea C. , De Oliveira H. , Galassi D. , Gorno S. , Henderson S. , Komm M. , Linehan B. , Martinelli L. , Maurizio R. , Moret J.-M. , Perek A. , Raj H. , Sheikh U. , Testa D. , Toussaint M. , Tsui C.K. , Wensing M. , TCV team the , EUROfusion MST1 team the 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV) tokamak is in the midst of an upgrade to further its capability to investigate conventional and alternative divertor configurations. To that end, modular and removable gas baffles have been installed to decrease the coupling between the divertor and the plasma core. The baffles primarily seek to suppress the transit of recycling neutrals to closed flux surfaces. A first experimental campaign with the gas baffles has shown that the baffled divertor remains compatible with a wide range of configurations including snowflake and super-X divertors. Plasma density ramp experiments reveal an increase of the neutral pressure in the divertor by up to a factor ×5 compared to the unbaffled divertor and thereby qualitatively confirm simulations with the SOLPS-ITER code that were used to guide the baffle design. Together with a range of new and upgraded divertor diagnostics, the baffled TCV divertor is now used to validate divertor models for ITER and next step devices with particular emphasis on geometric variations.
Fast multi-precision computation of some Euler products
Authors: Ettahri S. , Ramaré O. , Surel L. 
Published: January 2021

For every modulus

q
≥
3

q\ge 3

, we define a family of subsets

A

\mathcal {A}

of the multiplicative group

(

Z

/

q

Z

)
×

(\mathbb {Z}/q\mathbb {Z})^\times

for which the Euler product

∏

p
+
q

Z

∈

A

(
1
−

p

−
s

)

\prod _{p+q\mathbb {Z}\in \mathcal {A}}(1-p^{-s})

can be computed with high numerical precision, where

s
>
1

s>1

is some given real number. We provide a Sage script to do so, and extend our result to compute Euler products

∏

p
+
q

Z

∈

A

F
(
1

/

p
s

)

/

H
(
1

/

p
s

)

\prod _{p+q\mathbb {Z}\in \mathcal {A}}F(1/p^s)/H(1/p^s)

where

F
F

and

H
H

are polynomials with real coefficients, when this product converges absolutely. This enables us to give precise values of several Euler products occurring in number theory.
What is the relationship between validated frailty scores and mortality for adults with COVID-19 in acute hospital care? A systematic review
Authors: Cosco Theodore D , Best John , Davis Daniel , Bryden Daniele , Arkill Suzanne , van Oppen James , Riadi Indira , Wagner Kevin R , Conroy Simon 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background and Aim
The aim of this systematic review was to quantify the association between frailty and COVID-19 in relation to mortality in hospitalised patients.

Methods
Medline, Embase, Web of Science and the grey literature were searched for papers from inception to 10 September 2020; the search was re-run in Medline up until the 9 December 2020. Screening, data extraction and quality grading were undertaken by two reviewers. Results were summarised using descriptive statistics, including a meta-analysis of overall mortality; the relationships between frailty and COVID-19 mortality were summarised narratively.

Results
A total of 2,286 papers were screened resulting in 26 being included in the review. Most studies were from Europe, half from the UK, and one from Brazil; the median sample size was 242.5, median age 73.1 and 43.5% were female. In total, 22/26 used the Clinical Frailty Scale; reported mortality ranged from 14 to 65%. Most, but not all studies showed an association between increasing frailty and a greater risk of dying. Two studies indicated a sub-additive relationship between frailty, COVID-19 and death, and two studies showed no association.

Conclusions
Whilst the majority of studies have shown a positive association between COVID-19-related death and increasing frailty, some studies suggested a more nuanced understanding of frailty and outcomes in COVID-19 is needed. Clinicians should exert caution in placing too much emphasis on the influence of frailty alone when discussing likely prognosis in older people with COVID-19 illness.
The ‘Wish to Die’ in later life: prevalence, longitudinal course and mortality. Data from TILDA
Authors: Briggs Robert , Ward Mark , Kenny Rose Anne 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
‘Wish to Die’ (WTD) involves thoughts of or wishes for one’s own death or that one would be better off dead.

Objective
To examine the prevalence, longitudinal course and mortality-risk of WTD in community-dwelling older people.

Design
Observational study with 6-year follow-up.

Setting
The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, a nationally representative cohort of older adults.

Subjects
In total, 8,174 community-dwelling adults aged ≥50 years.

Methods
To define WTD, participants were asked: ‘In the last month, have you felt that you would rather be dead?’ Depressive symptoms were measured using the CES-D. Mortality data were compiled by linking administrative death records to individual-level survey data from the study.

Results
At Wave 1, 3.5% of participants (279/8,174) reported WTD. Both persistent loneliness (OR 5.73 (95% CI 3.41–9.64)) and depressive symptoms (OR 6.12 (95% CI 4.33–8.67)) were independently associated with WTD.
Of participants who first reported WTD at Wave 1 or 2, 72% did not report WTD when reassessed after 2 years, and the prevalence of depressive symptoms (−44%) and loneliness (−19%) was more likely to decline in this group at follow-up.
Fifteen per cent of participants expressing WTD at Wave 1 died during a 6-year follow-up.

Conclusions
WTD amongst community-dwelling older people is frequently transient and is strongly linked with the course of depressive symptoms and loneliness. An enhanced focus on improving access to mental health care and addressing social isolation in older people should therefore be a public health priority, particularly in the current context of the Covid-19 pandemic.
III—The Wonder Of Signs
Authors: Haddock Adrian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Anscombe (1956) raises a difficulty for the very idea of quotation. Davidson (1979) seeks to dissolve this difficulty. But the difficulty is real. And its lesson is that, in quotation, language takes itself as its topic in a non-objectifying manner. The idea of a non-objectifying manner of being a topic is crucial, not merely for understanding quotation, but for understanding the distinctive form of sensory consciousness in which language is perceived.
Pyramidal Cells in Olfactory Cortex
Authors: Brunjes Peter C 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The neocortex and olfactory cortices share many features including their laminar organization, developmental sequences, and cell types. Previous work indicates that neocortical pyramidal cells exhibit a gradient of dendritic size: cells involved in the initial processing of information are less complex than those in subsequent, higher processing areas. Results presented here confirm that the same is true for the olfactory cortex: pyramidal cells in the region closest to the olfactory bulb, the anterior olfactory nucleus, have smaller total dendritic length and occupy less neural space than those in the posterior piriform cortex. These findings add to the evidence for general rules of development, organization, and function across forebrain cortices.
Cardiac operations and interventions during the COVID-19 pandemic: a nationwide perspective
Authors: Leyva Francisco , Zegard Abbasin , Okafor Osita , Stegemann Berthold , Ludman Peter , Qiu Tian 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAims The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a decline in hospitalizations for non-COVID-19-related conditions. We explored the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cardiac operations and interventions undertaken in England.Methods and results An administrative database covering hospital activity for England, the Health Episodes Statistics, was used to assess a total of 286 697 hospitalizations for cardiac operations and interventions, as well as 227 257 hospitalizations for myocardial infarction (MI) and 453 799 for heart failure (HF) from 7 January 2019 to 26 July 2020. Over the 3 months of ‘lockdown’, total numbers and mean reductions in weekly rates [n (−%)], compared with the same time period in 2019, were: coronary artery bypass grafting [−2507 (−64%)]; percutaneous coronary intervention [−5245 (−28%)]; surgical [−1324 (−41%)] and transcatheter [−284 (−21%)] aortic valve replacement; mitral valve replacement; implantation of pacemakers [−6450 (−44%)], cardiac resynchronization therapy with [−356 (−42%)] or without [−491 (−46%)] defibrillation devices, and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators [−501 (−45%)]; atrial fibrillation ablation [−1902 (−83%)], and other ablations [−1712 (−64%)] (all P &lt; 0.001). Over this period, there were 21 038 fewer procedures than in the reference period in 2019 (P &lt; 0.001). These changes paralleled reductions in hospitalizations for MI [−10 794 (−27%)] and HF [−63 058 (−28%)] (both P &lt; 0.001).Conclusions The COVID-19 pandemic has led to substantial reductions in the number of cardiac operations and interventions undertaken. An alternative strategy for healthcare delivery to patients with cardiac conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic is urgently needed.
Linkage and the maintenance of heritable variation by mutation-selection balance.
Authors: Bürger R 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The role of linkage in influencing heritable variation maintained through a balance between mutation and stabilizing selection is investigated for two different models. In both cases one trait is considered and the interactions within and between loci are assumed to be additive. Contrary to most earlier investigations of this problem no a priori assumptions on the distribution of genotypic values are imposed. For a deterministic two-locus two-allele model with recombination and mutation, related to the symmetric viability model, a complete nonlinear analysis is performed. It is shown that, depending on the recombination rate, multiple stable equilibria may coexist. The equilibrium genetic and genic variances are calculated. For a polygenic trait in a finite population with a possible continuum of allelic effects a simulation study is performed. In both models the equilibrium genetic and genic variances are roughly equal to the house-of-cards prediction or its finite population counterpart as long as the recombination rate is not extremely low. However, negative linkage disequilibrium builds up. If the loci are very closely linked the equilibrium additive genetic variance is slightly lower than the house-of-cards prediction, but the genic variance is much higher. Depending on whether the parameters are in favor of the house-of-cards or the Gaussian approximation, different behavior of the genetic system occurs with respect to linkage.
Arrest of micronuclear DNA replication during genomic exclusion in Tetrahymena produces haploid strains.
Authors: Kaczanowski A , Gornicka I , Cleffmann G 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Diploid cells of Tetrahymena thermophila were crossed to strain A*V, whose micronucleus is defective, to induce the unilateral transfer of gametic nuclei from the diploid cells to the A*V cells (round I of genomic exclusion). These haploid nuclei presumably undergo one endomitotic cycle and then become diploid with a G1 (2C) DNA content. However, further DNA replication from 2C to 4C was transiently arrested until the pairs separated. When endomitosis was blocked by treatment with cycloheximide during 6-8 hours of conjugation, the exconjugants of round I of genomic exclusion remained haploid. Competence for diploidization is apparently limited to some period of time after nuclear transfer. Blocking of diploidization during round I of genomic exclusion can be used as an efficient way to induce haploid strains in Tetrahymena.
Genes that implement the hermaphrodite mode of dosage compensation in Caenorhabditis elegans.
Authors: Plenefisch J D , DeLong L , Meyer B J 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We report a genetic characterization of several essential components of the dosage compensation process in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mutations in the genes dpy-26, dpy-27, dpy-28, and the newly identified gene dpy-29 disrupt dosage compensation, resulting in elevated X-linked gene expression in XX animals and an incompletely penetrant maternal-effect XX-specific lethality. These dpy mutations appear to cause XX animals to express each set of X-linked genes at a level appropriate for XO animals. XO dpy animals are essentially wild type. Both the viability and the level of X-linked gene expression in XX animals carrying mutations in two or more dpy genes are the same as in animals carrying only a single mutation, consistent with the view that these genes act together in a single process (dosage compensation). To define a potential time of action for the gene dpd-28 we performed reciprocal temperature-shift experiments with a heat sensitive allele. The temperature-sensitive period for lethality begins 5 hr after fertilization at the 300-cell stage and extends to about 9 hr, a point well beyond the end of cell proliferation. This temperature-sensitive period suggests that dosage compensation is functioning in XX animals by mid-embryogenesis, when many zygotically transcribed genes are active. While mutations in the dpy genes have no effect on the sexual phenotype of otherwise wild-type XX or XO animals, they do have a slight feminizing effect on animals whose sex-determination process is already genetically perturbed. The opposite directions of the feminizing effects on sex determination and the masculinizing effects on dosage compensation caused by the dpy mutations are inconsistent with the wild-type dpy genes acting to coordinately control both processes. Instead, the feminizing effects are most likely an indirect consequence of disruptions in dosage compensation caused by the dpy mutations. Based on the cumulative evidence, the likely mechanism of dosage compensation in C. elegans involves reducing X-linked gene expression in XX animals to equal that in XO animals via the action of the dpy genes.
Definition of cis-acting elements regulating expression of the Drosophila melanogaster ninaE opsin gene by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis.
Authors: Mismer D , Rubin G M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We have analyzed the cis-acting regulatory sequences of the Rh1 (ninaE) gene in Drosophila melanogaster by P-element-mediated germline transformation of indicator genes transcribed from mutant ninaE promoter sequences. We have previously shown that a 200-bp region extending from -120 to +67 relative to the transcription start site is sufficient to obtain eye-specific expression from the ninaE promoter. In the present study, 22 different 4-13-bp sequences in the -120/+67 promoter region were altered by oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. Several of these sequences were found to be required for proper promoter function; two of these are conserved in the promoter of the homologous gene isolated from the related species Drosophila virilis. Alteration of a conserved 9-bp sequence results in aberrant, low level expression in the body. Alteration of a separate 11-bp sequence, found in the promoter regions of several photoreceptor-specific genes of Drosophila, results in an approximately 15-fold reduction in promoter efficiency but without apparent alteration of tissue-specificity. A protein factor capable of interacting with this 11-bp sequence has been detected by DNaseI footprinting in embryonic nuclear extracts. Finally, we have further characterized two separable enhancer sequences previously shown to be required for normal levels of expression from this promoter.
Molecular genetic variation in the centromeric region of the X chromosome in three Drosophila ananassae populations. I. Contrasts between the vermilion and forked loci.
Authors: Stephan W , Langley C H 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We have surveyed three natural populations of Drosophila ananassae for restriction map variation at the forked (f) and vermilion (v) loci, using 6-cutter restriction enzymes. Both loci are located in the centromeric region of the X chromosome. Two major conclusions can be drawn from the data. First, we found strong evidence for population subdivision, i.e., significant differences in the frequency distributions of polymorphisms and/or haplotypes between the Burma, India, and Brazil populations. Secondly, the pattern of DNA sequence variation between the two loci is unexpectedly different. The level of nucleotide variation in the v locus region is reduced (relative to f), especially in the Burma population. Furthermore, in contrast to v, we found no insertions/deletions larger than 700 bp and no significant linkage disequilibrium at f. The genetic differentiation among subpopulations can readily be attributed to restricted migration as the predominant evolutionary force. According to population genetics theory, the differences in DNA polymorphisms between the two loci are in qualitative agreement with the hypothesis that recombination is reduced in the v locus region ("centromere effect") but not at f. In order to test this hypothesis directly, we determined the cytogenetic positions of several loci in the centromeric region by in situ hybridization and found by comparison with the genetic map that recombination at v is indeed very low, much lower than at f.