bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A High‐Performance Flexible Broadband Photodetector Based on Graphene–PTAA–Perovskite Heterojunctions
Authors: Zhou Guigang , Sun Rui , Xiao Yan , Abbas Ghulam , Peng Zhengchun 
Published: January 2021

AbstractOrganometal halide perovskites (CH3NH3PbI3−xClx) have received considerable attention in the field of optoelectronics due to their strong light absorption and long carrier lifetime. However, the performance such as response speed, responsivity, and stability of such detectors still need to be improved. In this paper, a flexible photodetector (PD) composed of multilayered structure of graphene–poly[bis(4‐phenyl)(2,4,6‐trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA)–perovskite‐poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is proposed. The PD can detect a wide wavelength range from ultraviolet to near infrared. The PD shows a high detectivity of ≈1013 Jones and a responsivity of 105 A W−1 at 360 nm. More importantly, the device also shows a high bending durability, fast response time, and good stability in air due to the protection of the PMMA layer. The facile and low‐cost fabrication of the flexible perovskite‐based hybrid photodetector indicates the mass production for the potential application in sensitive broadband photodetection.
Core–Shell Single‐Nanowire Photodetector with Radial Carrier Transport: an Opportunity to Break the Responsivity‐Speed Trade‐off
Authors: Cao Guoyang , Chen Guoqing , Li Xiaofeng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe trade‐off between the responsivity and response speed is a key limiting factor for the realization of high‐performance photodetectors. Here, a core–shell single‐nanowire structure with radial carrier transport is proposed for the possibility of breaking this trade‐off. Taking multilayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) as the exemplified material, the photoelectric responses of the core–shell nanowire MoS2 photodetector are theoretically predicted and numerically simulated. Thanks to the enhanced light absorptivity and ultra‐short transmission distance of carriers in the nanowire, the photodetector achieves an ultrahigh responsivity with sustaining a short response time. In a wide range of visible spectrum, the responsivity, response time, and specific detectivity of the nanowire photodetector reach 104 A W−1, 230 ps, and 1012 Jones, respectively, according to the optoelectronic simulation. The responsivity‐bandwidth product is predicted up to ≈1013 Hz A W−1, which is at least three orders of magnitude higher than that of the conventional MoS2‐based photodetectors. It is believed that the nanowire design provides a new scheme for promoting the development of the high‐performance photodetectors.
Solution‐Processed High‐Performance ZnO Nano‐FETs Fabricated with Direct‐Write Electron‐Beam‐Lithography‐Based Top‐Down Route
Authors: Tiwale Nikhil , Senanayak Satyaprasad P. , Rubio‐Lara Juan , Prasad Abhinav , Aziz Atif , Alaverdyan Yury , Welland Mark E. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractZinc oxide (ZnO) has been extensively investigated for use in large‐area electronics; in particular, the solution‐processing routes have shown increasing promise towards low‐cost fabrication. However, top‐down fabrication approaches with nanoscale resolution, towards aggressively scaled device platforms, are still underexplored. This study reports a novel approach of direct‐write electron‐beam lithography (DW‐EBL) of solution precursors as negative tone resists, followed by optimal precursor processing to fabricate micron/nano‐field‐effect transistors (FETs). It is demonstrated that the mobility and current density of ZnO FETs can be increased by two orders of magnitude as the precursor pattern width is decreased from 50 µm to 100 nm. These nano‐FET devices exhibit field‐effect mobility exceeding ≈30 cm2 V−1 s−1 and on‐state current densities reaching 10 A m−1, the highest reported so far for direct‐write precursor‐patterned nanoscale ZnO FETs. Using atomic force microscopy and parametric modeling, the origin of such device performance improvement is investigated. The findings emphasize the influence of pre‐decomposition nanoscale precursor patterning on the grain morphology evolution in ZnO and, consequently, open up large‐scale integration, and miniaturization opportunities for solution‐processed, high‐performance nanoscale oxide FETs.
Revealing Charge Transport and Device Operations of Organic Ambipolar Transistors and Inverters by Four‐Probe Measurement
Authors: Liu Chenning , Dai Fuhua , Liu Baiquan , Wei Huan , Chen Pingan , Hu Yuanyuan , Wu Jin , Liu Chuan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDetecting and understanding ambipolar charge accumulation and transport are essential for constructing ambipolar organic field‐effect transistors (OFETs). However, it is difficult to determine carrier motion using general electrical tests. Here, the generalized gated four‐probe (G‐GFP) technique is extended to ambipolar transistors made of diketopyrrolopyrrole‐thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene copolymer (DPPT‐TT), and the motion of the internal carrier during operation is investigated. The evolution of the local potential is monitored in the channel to establish a clear and quantitative picture of accumulation and transport for two types of carriers during device operation. Both simulation and experimental results verify that G‐GFP is a suitable and accessible approach for extracting the device mobility of ambipolar transistors. An ambipolar device with a G‐GFP structure can function as a single‐OFET inverter, demonstrating that G‐GFP can serve as an effective tool for ambipolar transistor analysis, while simultaneously facilitating the implementation of logic functions.
Recent Advances in Heterostructured Anode Materials with Multiple Anions for Advanced Alkali‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Park Gi Dae , Park Jin‐Sung , Kim Jin Koo , Kang Yun Chan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAs rechargeable battery technology continues to advance, the development of advanced electrode materials is becoming increasingly crucial to meet the emerging demand for electrochemical energy storage devices with higher energy and power densities. However, progress in anode materials has been sluggish and graphite is still widely applied in commercial rechargeable batteries. Alloying and conversion reaction‐based anode materials, including Si, Sn, metal oxides, and metal chalcogenides, have been widely investigated as they exhibit much higher theoretical capacities than carbonaceous materials. However, they exhibit several intrinsic limitations, such as large volume change, low electrical conductivity, and high voltage hysteresis. Recently, the construction of heterostructures for anode materials has received increasing attention as it is an effective strategy to greatly enhance the capacity and rate performance by forming built‐in electric fields at the heterointerfaces, which can lower the activation energy for surface reactions. This review introduces the recent progress in the development of heterostructured anode materials with an emphasis on metal compounds with multiple anions and various interpretations of the origin of their superior electrochemical properties in rechargeable alkali‐ions (Li+, Na+, and K+) batteries. The challenges and future outlook of advanced heterostructured anode materials research are discussed at the end of this review.
Organic π‐Conjugated Polymers as Photocathode Materials for Visible‐Light‐Enhanced Hydrogen and Hydrogen Peroxide Production from Water
Authors: Oka Kouki , Winther‐Jensen Bjorn , Nishide Hiroyuki 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe photo(electro)chemical reduction of water and oxygen to produce hydrogen (water‐splitting) and hydrogen peroxide, respectively, are well developed with inorganic semiconductors. In contrast, organic π‐conjugated polymers, especially precisely synthesized ones, have been extensively studied as photoharvesting and charge‐separating materials in dry photoelectron‐conversion devices, such as organic photovoltaic cells. However, the use of conjugated polymers as photocathodes; i.e., photoelectrocalatalytic reduction‐active materials in direct contact with aqueous electrolytes, has been less explored. This review describes the fundamentals of the electrochemistry of water and oxygen reduction, as well as organic semiconductor functions for photocathode activity in water, along with figures of merit for organic photocathodes used to practically produce hydrogen and hydrogen peroxide. Recent research on conjugated polymers in this field is then surveyed after briefly referring to early trial‐and‐error investigations using conventional conjugated polymers. Basic and very simple designs of robust polythiophene films are demonstrated as examples of successful materials which act as both visible‐light harvesters and catalysts for hydrogen evolution and the production of hydrogen peroxide, and as counterparts in combination with conventional oxygen‐evolution catalysts. Perspectives for this emerging field are also briefly provided.
On the Beneficial Impact of Li2CO3 as Electrolyte Additive in NCM523 ∥ Graphite Lithium Ion Cells Under High‐Voltage Conditions
Authors: Klein Sven , Harte Patrick , Henschel Jonas , Bärmann Peer , Borzutzki Kristina , Beuse Thomas , van Wickeren Stefan , Heidrich Bastian , Kasnatscheew Johannes , Nowak Sascha , Winter Martin , Placke Tobias 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLithium ion battery cells operating at high‐voltage typically suffer from severe capacity fading, known as ‘rollover’ failure. Here, the beneficial impact of Li2CO3 as an electrolyte additive for state‐of‐the‐art carbonate‐based electrolytes, which significantly improves the cycling performance of NCM523 ∥ graphite full‐cells operated at 4.5 V is elucidated. LIB cells using the electrolyte stored at 20 °C (with or without Li2CO3 additive) suffer from severe capacity decay due to parasitic transition metal (TM) dissolution/deposition and subsequent Li metal dendrite growth on graphite. In contrast, NCM523 ∥ graphite cells using the Li2CO3‐containing electrolyte stored at 40 °C display significantly improved capacity retention. The underlying mechanism is successfully elucidated: The rollover failure is inhibited, as Li2CO3 reacts with LiPF6 at 40 °C to in situ form lithium difluorophosphate, and its decomposition products in turn act as ‘scavenging’ agents for TMs (Ni and Co), thus preventing TM deposition and Li metal formation on graphite.
Dually‐Passivated Perovskite Solar Cells with Reduced Voltage Loss and Increased Super Oxide Resistance
Authors: Zhou Qin , Gao Yifeng , Cai Chunsheng , Zhang Zhuangzhuang , Xu Jianbin , Yuan Zhongyi , Gao Peng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn recent years, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has witnessed rapid progress. Nevertheless, the pervasive defects prone to non‐radiative recombination and decomposition exist at the surface and the grain boundaries (GBs) of the polycrystalline perovskite films. Herein, we report a comprehensive dual‐passivation (DP) strategy to effectively passivate the defects at both surface and GBs to enhance device performance and stability further. Firstly, a fluorinated perylene‐tetracarboxylic diimide derivative is permeated in the perovskite metaphase during antisolvent treatment, and then a fluorinated bulky aromatic ammonium salt is introduced over the annealed perovskite. The reduction of defect density can be unambiguously proved by the superoxide species generation/quenching reaction. As a result, optimized planar PSCs demonstrate a decreased open‐circuit voltages deficit from 0.47 to 0.39 V and the best efficiency of 23.80 % from photocurrent scanning with a stabilized maximum power output efficiency of 22.99 %. Without encapsulation, one typical device can maintain over 85 % of the initial efficiency after heating on a hot plate at 100 °C for 30 h under relative humidity (RH) of 70 %. When the device is aged under 30±5 % RH, over 97 % of its initial PCE is retained after 1700 h.
Visualizing Interfacial Jamming Using an Aggregation‐Induced‐Emission Molecular Reporter
Authors: Gu Pei‐Yang , Zhou Feng , Xie Ganhua , Kim Paul Y. , Chai Yu , Hu Qin , Shi Shaowei , Xu Qing‐Feng , Liu Feng , Lu Jian‐Mei , Russell Thomas P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWith the interfacial jamming of nanoparticles (NPs), a load‐bearing network of NPs forms as the areal density of NPs increases, converting the assembly from a liquid‐like into a solid‐like assembly. Unlike vitrification, the lineal packing of the NPs in the network is denser, while the remaining NPs can remain in a liquid‐like state. It is a challenge to determine the point at which the assemblies jam, since both jamming and vitrification lead to a solid‐like behavior of the assemblies. Herein, we show a real‐time fluorescence imaging method to probe the evolution of the interfacial dynamics of NP surfactants at the water/oil interface using aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) as a reporter for the transition of the assemblies into the jammed state. The AIEgens show typical fluorescence behavior at densities at which they can move and rotate. However, when aggregation of these fluorophores occurs, the smaller intermolecular separation distance arrests rotation, and a significant enhancement in the fluorescence intensity occurs.
Li‐Rich Li2[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2 for Anode‐Free Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Lin Liangdong , Qin Kun , Zhang Qinghua , Gu Lin , Suo Liumin , Hu Yong‐sheng , Li Hong , Huang Xuejie , Chen Liquan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAnode‐free lithium metal batteries can maximize the energy density at the cell level. However, without the Li compensation from the anode side, it faces much more challenging to achieve a long cycling life with a competitive energy density than Li metal‐based batteries. Here, we prolong the lifespan of an anode‐free Li metal battery by introducing Li‐rich Li2[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2 into the cathode as a Li‐ions extender. The Li2[Ni0.8Co0.1Mn0.1]O2 can release a large amount of Li‐ions during the first charging process to supplement the Li loss in the anode, then convert into NCM811, thus extending the lifespan of the battery without the introduction of inactive elements. By the benefit of Li‐rich cathode and high reversibility of Li metal on Cu foil, the anode‐free pouch cells enable to achieve 447 Wh kg−1 energy density and 84 % capacity retention after 100 cycles in the condition of limited electrolyte addition (E/C ratio of 2 g Ah−1).
Effect of nanodiamonds and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes in thermoset hybrid fillers system: Rheology, dynamic mechanical analysis, and thermal stability
Authors: Xian Yeming , Kang Zhixin , Liang Xianrong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRecently, the interfacial bonding between nanodiamonds (DNDs) and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in epoxy‐based nanocomposites were found. In this work, effects of amino functionalization on MWCNTs and DNDs introduction on rheology, dynamic mechanical properties, and thermal stability of MWCNTs epoxy‐based nanocomposites are discussed. The results show that pristine MWCNTs increase the complex viscosity, lower the molecular weight of epoxy net chains as well as glass transition temperature (Tg), and expand the phase separation. Amino functionalization of MWCNTs make the behaviors above disappeared nearly. Besides, introduction DNDs improved Tg and restricted the phase separation as well, but the high complex viscosity and non‐Newtonian behavior remains. This work may provide inspirations for the further researches about hybrid fillers.
The representativeness of protected areas for Amazonian fish diversity under climate change
Authors: Frederico Renata G. , Dias Murilo S. , Jézéquel Céline , Tedesco Pablo A. , Hugueny Bernard , Zuanon Jansen , Torrente‐Vilara Gislene , Ortega Hernan , Hidalgo Max , Martens Koen , Maldonado‐Ocampo Javier , Oberdorff Thierry 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

The Amazon basin has been subjected to extreme climatic events and according to climate change projections this hydrosystem could face changes in the natural dynamic of flood cycles that support the feeding and reproduction of many fish species, threatening aquatic biodiversity.
Protected areas (PAs) are the main tools used to safeguard the biodiversity in the long term; however, they are fixed areas that could be subject to climate change, questioning their future efficiency in protecting biodiversity.
The Amazon basin currently benefits from a relatively high level of protection as 52% of its catchment area is under the form of true PAs or indigenous lands. However, the capacity of these PAs to protect freshwater biodiversity remains unclear as they have generally been assessed with little regard to freshwater ecosystems and their hydrological connectivity. Here, the aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of PAs in representing the Amazon fish fauna under current and future climatic conditions.
A macroecological approach was used to estimate the minimum size of the geographical range needed by each species to achieve long‐term persistence, by a combined function of range size and body size, two ecological traits known to influence species extinction risk.
In future the Amazon basin could risk losing 2% of its freshwater fish fauna owing to unsuitable climatic conditions, with a further 34% adversely affected. The present Amazon network of PAs will cover the minimum required range for species persistence for more than 60% of the freshwater fish species analysed under the future climate scenario. However, more than 25% of the future susceptible species are currently concentrated in large tributaries and in the central‐lower Amazon floodplain where few PAs occur, highlighting the lack of appropriate conservation actions for these specific water bodies.
Can loyalty be pursued and achieved? An extended RFD model to understand and predict user loyalty to mobile apps
Authors: Wang Chuang , Zhou Rongxin , Lee Matthew K. O. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAlthough millions of mobile apps have been published in the app store, the majority are seldom downloaded or used. This phenomenon has intensified the competition among service providers for user loyalty. There were plenty of studies investigating user loyalty in the mobile‐app context; nevertheless, most failed to identify those true loyalty users who embraced attitudinal and behavioral loyalty. To address this research gap, this study aims to understand and predict user loyalty by an extended RFD model. We propose that recency, frequency, and duration are able to reflect behavioral loyalty, while category frequency rate and category duration rate are representations of attitudinal loyalty. Using the actual data collected from a third‐party app, we calculate the weights of each variable through the entropy weight method, evaluate users' loyalty in two dimensions, and classify users into four groups (i.e., true loyalty, latent loyalty, moderate loyalty, and no loyalty). We also conduct a dynamic analysis to investigate how users move across different loyalty conditions. The results indicate that majority of users tend to stay on their initial loyalty conditions. For those who have changed their loyalty conditions, it is found that true loyalty users are more likely to become latent loyalty users.
Power in the U.S. political economy: A network analysis
Authors: Malik Nishant , Spencer David , Bui Quang Neo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMany features of the U.S. political economy arise from the interactions between large political and economic institutions, and yet we know little about the nature of their interactions and the power distribution between these institutions. In this paper, we present a detailed analysis of networks of U.S.‐based organizations, where edges represent three different kinds of relationships, namely owner–owned (ownerships), donor–donee (donations), and service provider–payee (transactions). Our findings suggest that in the ownerships network, the financial organizations form the core, and banking organizations hold strategic locations in the network. In the transactions network, the government organizations and agencies form the core, and defense‐related organizations form the backbone. In contrast, with the donations network, no specific domain of organizations forms either the core or the backbone.
Historical evolution of spheroids and organoids, and possibilities of use in life sciences and medicine
Authors: Sakalem Marna Eliana , De Sibio Maria Teresa , da Costa Felipe Allan da Silva , de Oliveira Miriane 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundAn impressive percentage of biomedical advances were achieved through animal research and cell culture investigations. For drug testing and disease researches, both animal models and preclinical trials with cell cultures are extremely important, but present some limitations, such as ethical concern and inability of representing complex tissues and organs. 3D cell cultures arise providing a more realistic in vitro representation of tissues and organs. Environment and cell type in 3D cultures can represent in vivo conditions and thus provide accurate data on cell‐to‐cell interactions, and cultivation techniques are based on a scaffold, usually hydrogel or another polymeric material, or without scaffold, such as suspended microplates, magnetic levitation, and microplates for spheroids with ultra‐low fixation coating.Purpose and scopeThis review aims at presenting an updated summary of the most common 3D cell culture models available, as well as a historical background of their establishment and possible applications.SummaryEven though 3D culturing is incapable of replacing other current research types, they will continue to substitute some unnecessary animal experimentation, as well as complement monolayer cultures.ConclusionIn this aspect, 3D culture emerges as a valuable alternative to the investigation of functional, biochemical, and molecular aspects of human pathologies.
A common framework for integrated and continuous biomanufacturing
Authors: Coffman Jonathan , Brower Mark , Connell‐Crowley Lisa , Deldari Sevda , Farid Suzanne S. , Horowski Brian , Patil Ujwal , Pollard David , Qadan Maen , Rose Steven , Schaefer Eugene , Shultz Joseph 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThere is a growing application of integrated and continuous bioprocessing (ICB) for manufacturing recombinant protein therapeutics produced from mammalian cells. At first glance, the newly evolved ICB has created a vast diversity of platforms. A closer inspection reveals convergent evolution: nearly all of the major ICB methods have a common framework that could allow manufacturing across a global ecosystem of manufacturers using simple, yet effective, equipment designs. The framework is capable of supporting the manufacturing of most major biopharmaceutical ICB and legacy processes without major changes in the regulatory license. This article reviews the ICB that are being used, or are soon to be used, in a GMP manufacturing setting for recombinant protein production from mammalian cells. The adaptation of the various ICB modes to the common ICB framework will be discussed, along with the pros and cons of such adaptation. The equipment used in the common framework is generally described. This review is presented in sufficient detail to enable discussions of IBC implementation strategy in biopharmaceutical companies and contract manufacturers, and to provide a road map for vendors equipment design. An example plant built on the common framework will be discussed. The flexibility of the plant is demonstrated with batches as small as 0.5 kg or as large as 500 kg. The yearly output of the plant is as much as 8 tons.