bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexual Orientation Demographic Data in a Clinical Cohort of Transgender Patients
Authors: Dubin Samuel , Cook Tiffany E. , Radix Asa , Greene Richard E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background There are specific issues regarding sexual orientation (SO) collection and analysis among transgender and nonbinary patients. A limitation to meaningful SO and gender identity (GI) data collection is their consideration as a fixed trait or demographic data point.
Methods A de-identified patient database from a single electronic health record (EHR) that allows for searching any discrete data point in the EHR was used to query demographic data (sex assigned at birth and current GI) for transgender individuals from January 2011 to March 2020 at a large urban tertiary care academic health center.
Results A cohort of transgender individuals were identified by using EHR data from a two-step demographic question. Almost half of male identified (46.70%, n = 85) and female identified (47.51%, n = 86) individuals had “heterosexual/straight” input for SO. Overall, male and female identified (i.e., binary) GI aggregate categories had similar SO responses. Assigned male at birth (AMAB) nonbinary individuals (n = 6) had “homosexual/gay” SO data input. Assigned female at birth (AFAB) nonbinary individuals (n = 56) had almost half “something else” SO data input (41.67%, n = 15). Individuals with “choose not to disclose” for GI (n = 249) almost all had “choose not to disclose” SO data (96.27%, n = 232).
Conclusion Current SO categories do not fully capture transgender individuals' identities and experiences, and limit the clinical and epidemiological utility of collecting this data in the current form. Anatomical assumptions based on SO should be seen as a potential shortcoming in over-reliance on SO as an indicator of screening needs and risk factors.
Exploring cybersecurity-related emotions and finding that they are challenging to measure
Authors: Renaud Karen , Zimmermann Verena , Schürmann Tim , Böhm Carlos 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper reports on a three-part investigation into people’s perceptions of cybersecurity, based on their lived experiences. We sought thereby to reveal issues located within the Johari grid’s “Blind Spot” quadrant. We utilized research methodologies from both the Arts and Science in order firstly to identify blind spot issues, and secondly to explore their dimensions. Our investigation confirmed a number of aspects that we were indeed aware of, when it came to people’s lived cybersecurity experiences. We also identified one particular blind spot issue: widespread, but not universal, negativity towards cybersecurity. We then carried out an investigation using a recognized methodology from psychology, as a first attempt to assess the nature of this negativity and to get a sense of its roots. What our initial experiment revealed was that scoping cybersecurity-related emotions is nontrivial and will require the formulation of new measurement tools. We conclude by reporting on the challenges, to inform researchers who plan to extend the research reported in this paper.
Single-use plastic packaging in the Canadian food industry: consumer behavior and perceptions
Authors: Walker Tony R. , McGuinty Eamonn , Charlebois Sylvain , Music Janet 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSingle-use plastic food packaging is a major contributor to the global solid waste problem. Although the food industry is developing strategies to reduce single-use plastic packaging, it needs to better understand consumer awareness and attitudes about the issue. As consumer awareness about single-use plastic waste outpaces private sector practices, this study considered personal motivation factors, government policies, and innovative solutions related to single-use plastic food packaging. This Canada-wide study surveyed 1014 consumers and their willingness to pay premiums for sustainable food packaging alternatives and motivations to reduce single-use plastic waste. Overwhelmingly, most (93.7%) respondents were personally motivated to reduce consumption of single-use plastic food packaging. Canadians were highly motivated to reduce single-use plastic food packaging, but less willing to pay for sustainable alternatives. While environmental concerns were more critical than food safety, Canadians acknowledged that sustainable packaging alternatives were more desirable than outright plastic bag bans, despite not willing to pay for them. Using approaches that consider multiple driving factors on consumer behavior and opinions towards use of single-use plastic food packaging, limitations, recommendations and future research are proposed.
High resolution &gt;40 keV x-ray radiography using an edge-on micro-flag backlighter at NIF-ARC
Authors: Hill M. P. , Williams G. J. , Zylstra A. B. , Stan C. V. , Lockard T. E. , Gumbrell E. T. , Rudd R. E. , Powell P. D. , Swift D. C. , McNaney J. M. , Le Galloudec K. K. , Remington B. A. , Park H. -S. 
Published: March 2021

Radiography of low-contrast features in high-density materials evolving on a nanosecond timescale requires a bright photon source in the tens of keV range with high temporal and spatial resolution. One application for sources in this category is the study of dynamic material strength in samples compressed to Mbar pressures at the National Ignition Facility, high-resolution measurements of plastic deformation under conditions relevant to meteor impacts, geophysics, armor development, and inertial confinement fusion. We present radiographic data and the modulation transfer function (MTF) analysis of a multi-component test object probed at ∼100 keV effective backlighter energy using a 5 μm-thin dysprosium foil driven by the NIF Advanced Radiographic Capability (ARC) short-pulse laser (∼2 kJ, 10 ps). The thin edge of the foil acts as a bright line-projection source of hard x rays, which images the test object at 13.2× magnification into a filtered and shielded image plate detector stack. The system demonstrates a superior contrast of shallow (5 μm amplitude) sinusoidal ripples on gold samples up to 90 μm thick as well as enhanced spatial and temporal resolution using only a small fraction of the laser energy compared to an existing long-pulse-driven backlighter used routinely at the NIF for dynamic strength experiments.
Exploring the Case: Micro-businesses in the Mountains of Northern Albania
Authors: Ward-Perkins David 
Published: March 2021

Introduction
The story of Vermosh and Lepushë is simply told, but it illustrates the complex dynamic behind the development of tourism in remote mountain destinations around the world.
This ‘Exploring the case’ doesn’t propose specific activities for research or study. Instead, it identifies a number of background issues that can cast a light on the way mountain tourism operates in Northern Albania. Out of these issues or themes can come further study and debate.
Materials, photophysics and device engineering of perovskite light-emitting diodes
Authors: Chen Ziming , Li Zhenchao , Hopper Thomas R , Bakulin Artem A , Yip Hin-Lap 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Here we provide a comprehensive review of a newly developed lighting technology based on metal halide perovskites (i.e. perovskite light-emitting diodes) encompassing the research endeavours into materials, photophysics and device engineering. At the outset we survey the basic perovskite structures and their various dimensions (namely three-, two- and zero-dimensional perovskites), and demonstrate how the compositional engineering of these structures affects the perovskite light-emitting properties. Next, we turn to the physics underpinning photo- and electroluminescence in these materials through their connection to the fundamental excited states, energy/charge transport processes and radiative and non-radiative decay mechanisms. In the remainder of the review, we focus on the engineering of perovskite light-emitting diodes, including the history of their development as well as an extensive analysis of contemporary strategies for boosting device performance. Key concepts include balancing the electron/hole injection, suppression of parasitic carrier losses, improvement of the photoluminescence quantum yield and enhancement of the light extraction. Overall, this review reflects the current paradigm for perovskite lighting, and is intended to serve as a foundation to materials and device scientists newly working in this field.
Operating principles of circular toggle polygons
Authors: Hati Souvadra , Duddu Atchuta Srinivas , Jolly Mohit Kumar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Decoding the dynamics of cellular decision-making and cell differentiation is a central question in cell and developmental biology. A common network motif involved in many cell-fate decisions is a mutually inhibitory feedback loop between two self-activating ‘master regulators’ A and B, also called as toggle switch. Typically, it can allow for three stable states—(high A, low B), (low A, high B) and (medium A, medium B). A toggle triad—three mutually repressing regulators A, B and C, i.e. three toggle switches arranged circularly (between A and B, between B and C, and between A and C)—can allow for six stable states: three ‘single positive’ and three ‘double positive’ ones. However, the operating principles of larger toggle polygons, i.e. toggle switches arranged circularly to form a polygon, remain unclear. Here, we simulate using both discrete and continuous methods the dynamics of different sized toggle polygons. We observed a pattern in their steady state frequency depending on whether the polygon was an even or odd numbered one. The even-numbered toggle polygons result in two dominant states with consecutive components of the network expressing alternating high and low levels. The odd-numbered toggle polygons, on the other hand, enable more number of states, usually twice the number of components with the states that follow ‘circular permutation’ patterns in their composition. Incorporating self-activations preserved these trends while increasing the frequency of multistability in the corresponding network. Our results offer insights into design principles of circular arrangement of regulatory units involved in cell-fate decision making, and can offer design strategies for synthesizing genetic circuits.
Intermediate symmetric construction of transformation between anyon and Gentile statistics
Authors: Shen Yao , Zhang Fu-Lin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Gentile statistics describes fractional statistical systems in the occupation number representation. Anyon statistics researches those systems in the winding number representation. Both of them are intermediate statistics between Bose–Einstein and Fermi–Dirac statistics. The second quantization of Gentile statistics shows a lot of advantages. According to the symmetry requirement of the wave function and the property of braiding, we give the general construction of transformation between anyon and Gentile statistics. In other words, we introduce the second quantization form of anyons in an easier way. This construction is a correspondence between two fractional statistics and gives a new description of anyon. Basic relations of second quantization operators, the coherent state and Berry phase are also discussed.
Feasibility of cerium-doped LSO particles as a scintillator for x-ray induced optogenetics
Authors: Bartley Aundrea F , Fischer Máté , Bagley Micah E , Barnes Justin A , Burdette Mary K , Cannon Kelli E , Bolding Mark S , Foulger Stephen H , McMahon Lori L , Weick Jason P , Dobrunz Lynn E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objective. Non-invasive light delivery into the brain is needed for in vivo optogenetics to avoid physical damage. An innovative strategy could employ x-ray activation of radioluminescent particles (RLPs) to emit localized light. However, modulation of neuronal or synaptic function by x-ray induced radioluminescence from RLPs has not yet been demonstrated. Approach. Molecular and electrophysiological approaches were used to determine if x-ray dependent radioluminescence emitted from RLPs can activate light sensitive proteins. RLPs composed of cerium doped lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO:Ce), an inorganic scintillator that emits blue light, were used as they are biocompatible with neuronal function and synaptic transmission. Main results. We show that 30 min of x-ray exposure at a rate of 0.042 Gy s−1 caused no change in the strength of basal glutamatergic transmission during extracellular field recordings in mouse hippocampal slices. Additionally, long-term potentiation, a robust measure of synaptic integrity, was induced after x-ray exposure and expressed at a magnitude not different from control conditions (absence of x-rays). We found that x-ray stimulation of RLPs elevated cAMP levels in HEK293T cells expressing OptoXR, a chimeric opsin receptor that combines the extracellular light-sensitive domain of rhodopsin with an intracellular second messenger signaling cascade. This demonstrates that x-ray radioluminescence from LSO:Ce particles can activate OptoXR. Next, we tested whether x-ray activation of the RLPs can enhance synaptic activity in whole-cell recordings from hippocampal neurons expressing channelrhodopsin-2, both in cell culture and acute hippocampal slices. Importantly, x-ray radioluminescence caused an increase in the frequency of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in both systems, indicating activation of channelrhodopsin-2 and excitation of neurons. Significance. Together, our results show that x-ray activation of LSO:Ce particles can heighten cellular and synaptic function. The combination of LSO:Ce inorganic scintillators and x-rays is therefore a viable method for optogenetics as an alternative to more invasive light delivery methods.
The Reinforced Optical Fiber Sensing with bilayer AuNPs/SiC for pressure measurement: Characterization and Optimization
Authors: Younus Marwan Hafeedh , Ali Ghazwan Ghazi. , Salih Hesham Anwar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A cladding modified multimode optical fiber sensor reinforced with bilayers Au:SiC is designed and fabricated for pressure sensing in this presented. The Au thin film was used to enhanced the sensitivity of the sensor while the SiC thin film has been investigated as the reinforced layer at the sensing part to measure the wide range of applied pressure. The data acquisition interrogated using an optical time-domain reflectometer (OTDR). The results showed that the performance of the optical fiber sensor coated with bilayers Au:SiC coating is significantly improved in the measurement of applied pressure at the sensing part. Additionally, the sensor coated with bilayer Au:SiC exhibits linear variation in the return losses measured from OTDR trace with the wide range of applied pressure compare to the sensor coated with Au thin film. Where the maximum value in the sensitivity is equal to 35% dB/um of the sensor coated with bilayers SiC:Au compared to the sensitivity of the sensor coated with Au which equal to 30% dB/um. The high performance showed in results demonstrating that the fabricated optical fiber sensor has the excellent potential application as a sensor to measure a wide range of applied pressure without deform the sensing part.
Study design of laser detector for sensing zinc concentration in human serum
Authors: Hani R. , Mahdi B.R. , Mohammed A.Z. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Zinc is one of the minerals that directly affects the defense system of the human body, and here lies its importance from the healthy side. Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) was used as sensor for Zinc concentration in both male and female human serum, two design of PCF used 127.5µm and 60µm radius of cladding to show the effect of reducing PCF dimension on the sensitivity, 60µm PCF radius of cladding has the highest sensitivity for all change in zinc concentration in 116.6 +/-55.2 µg/100mL male and 105.2 +/-66.9 µg/100mL The design results demonstrated that the zinc component values in the male serum are higher than the females and the sensitivity of the change is that the zinc element concentration in females is greater than that in males where sensitivity to females has been obtained 0.007*100 mL*nm/µg while for male 0.009*100 mL*nm/µg the zinc concentration in male serum show positive increase in age pass through while in female the zinc concentration in serum show negative increase with the age grower and pregnant effect on zinc concentration so this sensor will help to find out all concentration rates important for testing all values lower and higher than normal value.
Study the Characteristics Optical and Structure properties of ZnO-Nanoparticles fabricated by Laser Ablation in Liquid
Authors: Jaber Ghufran. S. , Khashan Khawla S , Abbas Maha Jamal 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Pulsed laser ablation in double distilled water has been used to fabricate zinc oxide (ZnO) suspension. Nd:Yag laser, was employed to get ZnO colloidal by immersed the zinc target in high purity water (DDW) with various laser energy at room temperature. The optical properties, the morphology and particle size of the synthesized ZnO colloidal were measured by using UV–visible absorption and scanning electron microscope. The result showed the spherical shape and homogenous structure of the ZnONPs colloidal. The extrapolation curve of the band gab set forth the redshift can be related to the quantum confinement effect or quantum size. The band gap curve clarifies the change in band gab as a function of particle size which in turn agrees with the effective mass model (EMM).
Studying the parameters effect of the sputtering yield for polypropylene bombarding by ions of atmospheric background gases
Authors: Salman Hussein A. , Jawada Enas A. , Jassim Mustafa K. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Using the transport of ions in matter program which is the TRIM program that based on a Monte Carlo simulation method to calculate the sputtering yield for polypropylene, that was bombed with (N2, O2, and Ar) ions of gas in ions energy range (0.1-300) Kev and for different angles. It can be seen from the results of this study the sputtering yield depends on the incident angle, ions energy, and atomic number of incident ions, surface binding energy of the elements that make up the polypropylene (pp) and the atomic number of the elements that make up the polypropylene. It is noted that the sputtering yield increases with increasing Incident ions angle (θ), and this increase is slight when the angle of incident ions angle is less than 600, and the sputtering yield increases clearly and quickly when the incident ions angle is from 600 to 800, and then decreases significantly when the angle is greater than 800. In addition, the sputtering yield increases significantly with the increase in the detonation ion energy until it reaches the highest value and then decreases with increasing energy, due to the amount of energy transferred from the detonating ion to the polymer atoms. We note the sputtering yield increase with increasing atomic number of ions (N2, O2, and Ar) that bombardment the polypropylene.
The use of new pyridine derivatives as effective photostabilizers for poly (vinyl chloride)
Authors: Hameed Sarah Abdulhamza , Ibraheem Hiba H. , Yousif Emad 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This work included synthesis of several new pyridine derivatives by cyclization of compound (3) with appropriate aromatic aldehydes (4-Chloro-3-formylcoumarin, 4-bromobenzaldehyde, 4-chlorobenzaldehyde, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde and 4-N,N-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde) in presence of malononitrile and ammonium acetate to obtain pyridine derivatives (5a-e). The new synthesized compounds have been characterized using Melting point, TLC, FT-IR spectroscopy and 1H-NMR. Five new pyridine derivatives have used like inhibitors untill Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) photodegradation. The pyridine derivatives have added into PVC onto a concentration from 0.5% through weight. The PVC thinlayers (40µ m thickness) have irradiated onto room temperature through ultraviolet (UV) light into up into 300 h. The changes within PVC thinlayers after irradiation have monitored through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, weight lack, while atomic strength microscopy. These alterations have quite remarkable within the empty PVC thinlayers liken into the ones gained when Active substances have uitilized. The pyridine derivatives have prevent the PVC photodegradation during immediate absorption from UV light, interfere through PVC chains, while touching like radical tie up while proton transfer action into stabilize the polymeric compounds.
Study the morphological and optical properties for nanoparticle Sesame by Vibra-Cell Ultrasonic Liquid Processors
Authors: Shakir Zainab H , Ali Alyaa H. , Aadim Kadhim A. , Mazhir Sabah N. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Sesame is a plant that possesses many features that go into food, industry and medicine applications, the main objective of the research is to convert the sesame into nano particles using Vibra-Cell Ultrasonic Liquid Processors device. X-ray diffraction was used to ensure that the material does not change in its component, scanning probe microscope SPM was employed to ensure that the sesame is converted to nano particles, and Ultraviolet-visible Spectroscopy was utilized to diagnose of the formed nanomaterial, since the structure and environment of the light absorbing species for the sesame and the nano `sesame effect the particular frequencies
Preparation and characterization of ZnMgO nanostructured materials as a photodetector
Authors: Khashan Khawla S , Mahdi Rana O , Badr Ban A. , Mahdi Farah 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this work, ZnMgO/Si Heterojunction Photodetector was fabricated by deposited a Zinc doped Magnesium Oxide (ZnMgO) Nanostructure (prepared via laser ablation in the water) on silicon (Si) substrate using the drop-casting method. X-ray diffraction XRD and scanning electron microscopy SEM were used to obtain properties of the prepared nanostructure material. X-ray diffraction results showed that ZnMgO Nanoparticles have a hexagonal structure at 2Θ = 34:31° and 34.76°. The scanning electron microscopy image displays a flower-like hierarchical structure with a full array of about 2µm. The current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of ZnMgO/Si Heterostructure Photodetector possess a good rectifying property with suitable an ideality factor which changes from 2.63 to 1.241 as Mg doping increases and in addition to the high spectral responsivity with the low dark current
Study of weathering effects on binary and ternary polymer blends
Authors: Salih Rana M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Composite materials were prepared using polypropylene (PP), polycarbonate (PC) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The three polymers were manufactured into binary blends (PP+ PET) and ternary blends which consist of (PC+PP) together as the major constituent, and PET as the minor constituent. The optimum mixing ratio (OMR) of the polymers mentioned previously decided by the tensile test results, so the blend with the highest tensile strength chosen as the composites matrix material to be prepared. The blends employed as composite matrix materials by the addition of 1% wt. of titanium oxide, to assess their resistance to weathering effects (UV spectrum in the current work). Mechanical tests (tensile and impact) conducted to assess the change in properties before and after exposure to the mentioned effects. The reinforced binary and ternary blends showed a higher resistance to U.V. spectrum compared to unreinforced blends, such that the tensile strength and impact strength were higher using TiO2-reinforced specimens than the unreinforced ones.