bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence linking calcium to increased organo-mineral association in soils
Authors: Rowley Mike C. , Grand Stephanie , Spangenberg Jorge E. , Verrecchia Eric P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGeochemical indicators are emerging as important predictors of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics, but evidence concerning the role of calcium (Ca) is scarce. This study investigates the role of Ca prevalence in SOC accumulation by comparing otherwise similar sites with (CaCO3-bearing) or without carbonates (CaCO3-free). We measured the SOC content and indicators of organic matter quality (C stable isotope composition, expressed as δ13C values, and thermal stability) in bulk soil samples. We then used sequential sonication and density fractionation (DF) to separate two occluded pools from free and mineral-associated SOC. The SOC content, mass, and δ13C values were determined in all the fractions. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to investigate the surface chemistry of selected fractions. Our hypothesis was that occlusion would be more prevalent at the CaCO3-bearing site due to the influence of Ca on aggregation, inhibiting oxidative transformation, and preserving lower δ13C values. Bulk SOC content was twice as high in the CaCO3-bearing profiles, which also had lower bulk δ13C values, and more occluded SOC. Yet, contrary to our hypothesis, occlusion only accounted for a small proportion of total SOC (< 10%). Instead, it was the heavy fraction (HF), containing mineral-associated organic C, which accounted for the majority of total SOC and for the lower bulk δ13C values. Overall, an increased Ca prevalence was associated with a near-doubling of mineral-associated SOC content. Future investigations should now aim to isolate Ca-mediated complexation processes that increase organo-mineral association and preserve organic matter with lower δ13C values.
Read, spot and translate
Authors: Specia Lucia , Wang Josiah , Lee Sun Jae , Ostapenko Alissa , Madhyastha Pranava 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe propose multimodal machine translation (MMT) approaches that exploit the correspondences between words and image regions. In contrast to existing work, our referential grounding method considers objects as the visual unit for grounding, rather than whole images or abstract image regions, and performs visual grounding in the source language, rather than at the decoding stage via attention. We explore two referential grounding approaches: (i) implicit grounding, where the model jointly learns how to ground the source language in the visual representation and to translate; and (ii) explicit grounding, where grounding is performed independent of the translation model, and is subsequently used to guide machine translation. We performed experiments on the Multi30K dataset for three language pairs: English–German, English–French and English–Czech. Our referential grounding models outperform existing MMT models according to automatic and human evaluation metrics.
The ParentingWell Learning Collaborative Feasibility Study: Training Adult Mental Health Service Practitioners in a Family-Focused Practice Approach
Authors: Nicholson Joanne , English Kelly , Heyman Miriam 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the feasibility and impact of the ParentingWell Learning Collaborative (PWLC) model in supporting mental health practitioners in implementing the family-focused ParentingWell practice approach with adults with mental illness. An exploratory design and qualitative methods were employed. Practitioners (n = 29) participated in in-person orientation, training and debriefing sessions; virtual coaching sessions; and via an interactive online hub. Researchers obtained data on participant engagement and satisfaction, and participants’ reports of use, helpfulness, intention to use and impact. Participants were engaged in and highly satisfied with the PWLC. They deployed PWLC skills, tools and resources with parents. Evidence of impact was provided at the personal, practice and organizational levels. This study provides preliminary support for the feasibility and impact of the PWLC. Clear specification of a theoretically-based training model for practitioners is an essential step in adapting, implementing and testing interventions in new contexts .
The symbiotic relationship between educational robotics and computer science in formal education
Authors: El-Hamamsy Laila , Bruno Barbara , Chessel-Lazzarotto Frédérique , Chevalier Morgane , Roy Didier , Zufferey Jessica Dehler , Mondada Francesco 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEducational Robotics (ER) has the potential to provide significant benefits to education, provided an increase in outreach by transitioning from the extra-curricular initiatives in which ER has thrived to formal education. As Computer Science (CS) Education is undergoing curricular reforms worldwide, the present study addresses the case of a Digital Education reform that included ER as a means to teach core CS concepts. Approximately 350 teachers from the first four grades of primary school participated in a mandatory two-year continuing professional development (CPD) program. The first year of the program was dedicated to CS and introduced teachers to CS Unplugged (CSU) and Robotics Unplugged (RU) activities. As such, we analyse the interplay between these activities and focus on teachers’ voluntary adoption of the proposed content in classrooms. This is complemented by an analysis of their perception and recommendation of ER. The findings highlight three main points. Firstly, ER benefits from the integration in the CS CPD, as this provides the necessary traction to introduce ER into teacher practices (the teachers freely devoted 2275 h to ER activities in their classrooms, over two years). Secondly, the presence of ER activities in the CS-CPD allows a higher proportion of teachers to adopt the CS content, as there are teachers that favour one type of activity over the other. Finally, the globally positive perception of ER registered in this study is relevant for two reasons: teachers were not voluntarily participating in the CPD, and results did not differ between pioneers and novices.
Addressing consistency and demand uncertainty in the Home Care planning problem
Authors: Cappanera Paola , Scutellà Maria Grazia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOptimizing Home Care Services is receiving a great attention in Operations Research. We address arrival time consistency, person-oriented consistency and demand uncertainty in Home Care, while jointly optimizing assignment, scheduling and routing decisions over a multiple-day time horizon. Consistent time schedules are very much appreciated by patients who, in this setting, are very sensitive to changes in their daily routines. Also person-oriented consistency positively impacts on service quality, guaranteeing that almost the same set of caregivers take care of a patient in the planning horizon. Demand uncertainty plays a pivotal role, too, since both the set of patients under treatment and their care plan can change over time. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper dealing with all these aspects in Home Care via a robust approach. We present a mathematical model to the problem, and a pattern-based algorithmic framework to solve it. The framework is derived from the model via decomposition, i.e. suitably fixing the scheduling decisions through the concept of pattern. We propose alternative policies to generate patterns, taking into account consistency and demand uncertainty; when embedding them in the general framework, alternative pattern based algorithms originate. The results of a rich computational experience show that introducing consistency and demand uncertainty in pattern generation policies is crucial to efficiently compute very good quality solutions, in terms of robustness and balancing of the caregiver workload. In addition, a comparison with a simpler model, where no kind of consistency is imposed, shows the importance of considering consistency in pursuing a valuable patient-centered perspective, with a positive effect also on the efficiency of the solution approach.
It’s Our Fault: A Global Comparison of Different Ways of Explaining Climate Change
Authors: Schnegg Michael , O’Brian Coral Iris , Sievert Inga Janina 
Published: April 2021

AbstractInternational surveys suggest people increasingly agree the climate is changing and humans are the cause. One reading of this is that people have adopted the scientific point of view. Based on a sample of 28 ethnographic cases we argue that this conclusion might be premature. Communities merge scientific explanations with local knowledge in hybrid ways. This is possible because both discourses blame humans as the cause of the changes they observe. However, the specific factors or agents blamed differ in each case. Whereas scientists identify carbon dioxide producers in particular world regions, indigenous communities often blame themselves, since, in many lay ontologies, the weather is typically perceived as a local phenomenon, which rewards and punishes people for their actions. Thus, while survey results show approval of the scientific view, this agreement is often understood differently and leads to diverging ways of allocating meaning about humans and the weather.
Advancing HEIs’ third-mission through dynamic capabilities: the role of leadership and agreement on vision and goals
Authors: Stolze Audrey , Sailer Klaus 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHigher education institutions (HEIs), once considered among society’s most resilient institutions, are facing challenges due to changes in governments’ and society’s expectations of them. Within the sector, there is a global call for new models and practices, requiring HEIs to develop the management capabilities once reserved for businesses. In this sense, they will pave entrepreneurial pathways and contribute to economic, technological and societal developments in their regions, thus adding a third mission (engaging socio-economic needs and market demands) to the traditional two (education and research) and transforming themselves into more entrepreneurial institutions. Dynamic capabilities enable transformation processes by allowing the dynamic sensing and seizing of opportunities and risks and the promotion of iterative change and reconfiguration. Scholars have called on HEIs to develop such dynamic capabilities in order to transform themselves and better respond to their sector’s challenges. Nevertheless, the understanding of how dynamic capabilities might advance HEIs’ third mission is still an underexplored concept, and in this paper, we propose mechanisms that promise to transform dynamic capabilities into third mission advancement. We have developed numerous theoretically grounded hypotheses and tested them with a partial least squares structural equation model into which we funnelled data collected from key decision-makers at German HEIs. The results suggest that dynamic capabilities do indeed influence third mission advancement; however, this relationship is mediated by the role of leadership and organisational agreement on vision and goals.
Identification of Elk-vehicle incident hotspots on state route 20 in Washington State
Authors: Sevigny Jennifer , Summers Amanda , Kalisz Glen , McAllister Kelly 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Context
Identifying risk zones for wildlife-vehicle incidents is essential for creating effective mitigation efforts on major road networks. Wildlife-vehicle collision data are often used to identify hotspot areas without consideration of species spatial distributions.

Objectives
Evaluating both can reveal spatiotemporal patterns that can improve mitigation success.

Methods
We summarized elk-vehicle incident (EVI) data on State Route 20 (SR 20) in Washington State between 2012 and 2019. We also collared 23 elk residing in the vicinity of SR 20 and used GPS location data to identify home ranges and road crossings. We compared EVI and elk road crossing data to identify hotspot locations on SR 20 to help inform mitigation.

Results
Our EVI and elk crossing data had a non-random distribution along a 38 km section of SR 20 associated with the 95% home ranges of 8 female elk sub-herds. We found EVI data alone were an effective indicator of elk spatial distribution and movement in relation to collision hotspots along SR 20. Our results also indicated a strong association between elk crossings and EVIs by milepost. While the spatial distribution of elk sub-herds was a good predictor of EVI risk zones, EVI frequency was not associated with an increase in elk population.

Conclusions
Classifying EVI and road crossing distributions as high risk zones is the first step preceding mitigation and protection measures to prevent elk-vehicle collisions. Specific identification of hotspots will result in more effective and successful installations of high cost mitigation efforts such as wildlife crossing structures.
The functions of repressor element 1-silencing transcription factor in models of epileptogenesis and post-ischemia
Authors: Butler-Ryan Ruth , Wood Ian C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractEpilepsy is a debilitating neurological disorder characterised by recurrent seizures for which 30% of patients are refractory to current treatments. The genetic and molecular aetiologies behind epilepsy are under investigation with the goal of developing new epilepsy medications. The transcriptional repressor REST (Repressor Element 1-Silencing Transcription factor) is a focus of interest as it is consistently upregulated in epilepsy patients and following brain insult in animal models of epilepsy and ischemia. This review analyses data from different epilepsy models and discusses the contribution of REST to epileptogenesis. We propose that in healthy brains REST acts in a protective manner to homeostatically downregulate increases in excitability, to protect against seizure through downregulation of BDNF (Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor) and its receptor, TrkB (Tropomyosin receptor kinase B). However, in epilepsy patients and post-seizure, REST may increase to a larger degree, which allows downregulation of the glutamate receptor subunit GluR2. This leads to AMPA glutamate receptors lacking GluR2 subunits, which have increased permeability to Ca2+, causing excitotoxicity, cell death and seizure. This concept highlights therapeutic potential of REST modulation through gene therapy in epilepsy patients.
Action unit classification for facial expression recognition using active learning and SVM
Authors: Yao Li , Wan Yan , Ni Hongjie , Xu Bugao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAutomatic facial expression analysis remains challenging due to its low recognition accuracy and poor robustness. In this study, we utilized active learning and support vector machine (SVM) algorithms to classify facial action units (AU) for human facial expression recognition. Active learning was used to detect the targeted facial expression AUs, while an SVM was utilized to classify different AUs and ultimately map them to their corresponding facial expressions. Active learning reduces the number of non-support vectors in the training sample set and shortens the labeling and training times without affecting the performance of the classifier, thereby reducing the cost of labeling samples and improving the training speed. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively suppress correlated noise and achieve higher recognition rates than principal component analysis and a human observer on seven different facial expressions.
Nonlinear dynamics of a base-isolated beam under turbulent wind flow
Authors: Di Nino Simona , Luongo Angelo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA homogeneous continuous viscoelastic beam, describing the dynamics of a base-isolated tower, exposed to a uniformly distributed turbulent wind flow, is studied. The beam is constrained at the bottom end by a nonlinear viscoelastic device, and it is free at the top end. Aeroelastic forces are computed by the quasi-static theory. The steady component of wind is responsible for a Hopf bifurcation, and the turbulent component induces parametric excitation. The interaction between the two bifurcations is investigated. Critical and post-critical behavior is analyzed by perturbation methods. The mechanical performances of the structure are discussed to assess the effectiveness of the viscoelastic isolation system.
Side effects and the enactment of accountability: results of a comparative study in two German federal states
Authors: Thiel Corrie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe paper proposes to study side effects of accountability in education within the theoretical framework of enactment research. The potential value of this approach for the study of side effects is shown by using the example of the side effect “Dependency on Expert Judgements.” Therefore, findings from the research project “Unintended Effects of Accountability in the School System” (acronym “Nefo”) are presented. The project entailed an analysis of policy documents to describe the accountability contexts under study, as well as a survey study with 2637 participating teachers and principals to examine the distribution of side effects in the no- and low-stakes contexts of the four German federal states of Berlin, Brandenburg, Thuringia, and Rhineland-Palatinate. The findings for Berlin and Thuringia are triangulated with the results from a qualitative in-depth group-discussion substudy of the Nefo project on how teachers in Berlin and Thuringia deal with accountability measures. The analysis of policy documents reveals that in Berlin, performance results gain the status of objective data that teachers need to improve their work, while teachers in Thuringia are prompted to judge by themselves the meaning of performance results for their teaching. This suggests that “Dependency on Expert Judgements” is a larger issue in Berlin than in Thuringia. However, contrary to what would be expected, the findings of the survey study indicate that the side effect plays a greater role in Thuringia than in Berlin. To explain this counterintuitive finding, teachers’ responses to standards-based accountability in Berlin and Thuringia are delineated. The paper shows that the study of meaning-making processes, which is central to the enactment framework, must not only be ignored if one tries to understand the processes that lead to the occurrence or absence of side effects. It is also important to prevent fallacies in the interpretation of survey data.
Elicitation of antioxidant metabolites in Musa species in vitro shoot culture using sucrose, temperature and jasmonic acid
Authors: Ayoola-Oresanya Ibukun O. , Sonibare Mubo A. , Gueye Badara , Abberton Michael T. , Morlock Gertrud E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn vitro culture is not only known for the mass propagation of medicinal plants, it can also be used to boost the accumulation of useful metabolites. This work was aimed at studying the potential of elicitation on the accumulation of antioxidant secondary metabolites in different Musa species accessions. Shoot cultures of selected six Musa spp. accessions were micropropagated on Murashige and Skoog mineral-based culture medium, supplemented with indole-3-acetic acid and 6-benzylaminopurine. Different temperatures (15, 20 and 26 °C), doses of sucrose (30–50 g/L) and jasmonic acid concentrations (JA, 50–200 µM) were used as elicitors in the culture medium. High-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) coupled with effect-directed analysis (EDA) was used to compare and characterize all the 71 Musa spp. samples from the selected accessions and to reveal compound zones with antioxidant, antidiabetic and anticholinesterase activities. All elicitation and plant tissue culture experiments increased the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity of the selected Musa spp. accessions. Extracts from plants grown at 20 °C gave the highest TPC and antioxidant activity. Addition of JA (200 µM) and higher sucrose contents (40 g/L or 45 g/L) increased the TPC and antioxidant activity as well. Not only compounds with antioxidant, but also antidiabetic and anticholinesterase activities were detected in the elicited accessions. The system presented in this study could serve as a sustainable, consistent and reliable alternative means of bioactive metabolites supply for the production of biopharmaceuticals.
Gold nanoparticles affect the cryopreservation efficiency of in vitro-derived shoot tips of bleeding heart
Authors: Kulus Dariusz , Tymoszuk Alicja 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe popularity of nanoparticles (NPs) is continuously increasing. To date, however, there has been little research on the application of NPs in plant cryopreservation, i.e. storage of tissues in liquid nitrogen (LN). The aim of this study is to analyze the effect and evaluate the usefulness of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in regard to cryobiology studies. In vitro-derived shoot tips ofLamprocapnos spectabilis‘Valentine’ were cryopreserved with the encapsulation-vitrification protocol. Gold nanoparticles (at 10–30 ppm concentration; 13 nm in size) were added either into the preculture medium; to the protective bead matrix during encapsulation; or to the recovery medium after rewarming of samples. The control plants were produced from cryopreserved explants non-treated with nanoparticles or treated with colloid dispersion medium without NPs. A non-LN-treated standard was also considered. The influence of AuNPs on the cryopreservation efficiency was determined by evaluating the recovery rate of explants and their morphogenic response; the membrane stability index (MSI); the concentration of pigments in shoots; and the antioxidant enzymes activity. The genetic stability of the plant material was evaluated using Start Codon Targeted Polymorphism (SCoT) markers. It was found that 10 ppm of AuNPs added into the alginate bead matrix improved the recovery level of LN-derived shoot tips (70.0%) compared to the non-NPs-treated cryopreserved control (50.5%). On the other hand, the presence of nanoparticles in the recovery medium had a deleterious effect on the survival of explants. AuNPs usually had no impact on the MSI (73.9–85.9%), except for those added into the recovery medium at the concentration of 30 ppm (decline to 55.8%). All LN-derived shoots were shorter and contained less chlorophyll and carotenoids than the untreated standard. Moreover, the application of AuNPs affected the enzymatic activity inL. spectabilis. Minor genetic variation was found in 8.6% of plants if AuNPs were added either into the preculture medium (at 10 and 20 ppm) or to the alginate matrix (at 30 ppm). In conclusion, AuNPs added at a lower concentration (10 ppm) into the protective bead matrix can significantly improve the cryopreservation efficiency inL. spectabiliswith no alternation in the DNA sequence.