bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The corner frequencies and stress drops of intraplate earthquakes in the northeastern United States
Authors: Shi Jinghua , Kim Won-Young , Richards Paul G. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis article presents the estimation of stress drops for small to middle-sized intraplate earthquakes in the northeastern United States. The vertical-component Sg and Lg waves of 49 earthquakes were analyzed, and their seismic corner frequencies and seismic moments were determined. For these events, both short-period and broadband records were obtained from stations in the region. There are eight events each of which has an aftershock good enough to be treated as its empirical Green's function, and their corner frequencies were estimated from empirical Green's function methods. For the other events, the corner frequencies were directly estimated by the spectral fitting of the vertical component of the Sg- or Lg-wave displacement spectrum with the ω-square source spectral model, using the available broadband and high-frequency short-period data and a frequency-dependent Q correction. The static stress drops, Δσ, were then calculated from the corner frequency and seismic moment.From our study, the source corner frequencies estimated by fitting the Lg displacement spectrum with the assumed ω-square source model are more consistent with the corner frequencies measured from empirical Green's function deconvolution method than those estimated from the intersection of horizontal low-frequency spectral asymptote and a line indicating the ω−2 decay above the corner frequency. The source corner frequencies we estimated proved to be most appropriate for the small to middle-sized earthquakes. The static stress drops calculated from these corner-frequency estimates tend to be independent of seismic moment for events above a certain size. For earthquakes with size less than about 2 × 1020 dyne-cm, the stress drop tends to decrease with decreasing moment, suggesting a breakdown in self-similarity below a threshold magnitude. A characteristic rupture size of about 100 m is implied for these smaller earthquakes.
Properties and implications of dynamic rupture along a material interface
Authors: Ben-Zion Y. , Andrews D. J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe perform two-dimensional plane-strain finite-difference calculations of dynamic rupture along an interface separating different elastic media. The calculations extend earlier results of Andrews and Ben-Zion (1997) who found a self-sustaining narrow slip pulse associated with dynamic reduction of normal stress along a material interface governed by constant friction, in agreement with Weertman (1980). The pulse propagates in a wrinklelike mode having remarkable dynamic properties that may be relevant to many geophysical phenomena. Here we examine the range of values of elastic parameters, friction coefficient, and strength heterogeneities allowing for the existence of the wrinklelike pulse. Rupture is initiated in the simulations by imposed slip in a limited space-time domain. Outside the region of the imposed slip, the pulse becomes narrower and higher with propagation distance along the interface. The strength of the wrinklelike pulse increases with S-wave velocity contrast up to a maximum at about 35% contrast. Beyond such a velocity contrast, there is no solution for a generalized Rayleigh wave along a material interface, and the strength of the pulse decreases. However, the wrinklelike pulse can still propagate in a self-sustaining manner for larger velocity contrasts. For a fixed S-wave velocity contrast, the strength has little dependence on density contrast or Poisson's ratio, but the pulse strength increases rapidly with increasing coefficient of friction. Stress and strength heterogeneities with small correlation length have little effect on the pulse, while long wavelength heterogeneities reduce the strength of the pulse. The high mechanical efficiency of the wrinklelike pulse suggests that earthquake ruptures may favor such mode of failure when possible.
Aftershock sequence parameters in New Zealand
Authors: Eberhart-Phillips Donna 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Regional generic models describing the temporal and magnitude distribution of aftershocks are routinely used in California to assess aftershock hazard. This note applies the Reasenberg and Jones (1989) formulation of aftershock parameters to 17 New Zealand earthquake sequences of M ≧ 5.5, from 1987 through 1995. The median values of the aftershock parameters are similar to those obtained for California.
The 1995 off-Etorofu earthquake: Joint relocation of foreshocks, the mainshock, and aftershocks and implications for the earthquake nucleation process
Authors: Hurukawa Nobuo 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Prominent foreshock activity preceded the Mw 7.9 off-Etorofu earthquake in the Kurile Islands on 3 December 1995. Using a modified joint hypocenter determination method (Hurukawa, 1995), we simultaneously relocated foreshocks, the mainshock, and aftershocks to study the foreshock activity in detail in view of the nucleation process of a large earthquake. The distribution of relocated earthquakes and their focal mechanisms suggest that the 1995 off-Etorofu earthquake was an interplate earthquake at the boundary between the North American and Pacific plates. Its source area overlaps with those of the 1958 off-Etorofu (Mw 8.3) and the 1963 off-Urup (Mw 8.5) earthquakes.
Nine days before the occurrence of the mainshock, a first immediate foreshock of magnitude 6.4 occurred at the deepest point of the foreshock area. This event was followed by many foreshocks, including three additional M ≧ 6 events, which occurred east and southeast of the first foreshock. The foreshock area expanded toward the trench axis with a velocity of several to several tens centimeters per second. The number of events per day increased daily, and the final size of the foreshock area was about 80 × 30 km. Eventually, the rupture of the mainshock started at the deepest point of the foreshock area. These observational facts are consistent with recent theoretical studies and laboratory experiments, in which foreshocks are regarded as the rupture of localized asperities in a broad weak zone where the nucleation of the large earthquake started.
3000-Year paleoseismological record from the region of the 1988 Saguenay, Quebec, earthquake
Authors: Doig Ronald 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The 1988, magnitude mb 5.9 (mbLg 6.5) Saguenay, Quebec, earthquake occurred in a region considered to be aseismic, but the epicenter was less than 100 km northwest of the seismically active region of Charlevoix. Lake sediment cores representing some 3000 yr of sediment accumulation contain abnormal silt layers attributed to seismic shaking events prior to the 1988 earthquake. The layers are formed by the relatively rapid settling of the silt portion of the seismically resuspended organic-rich sediment. Cores were obtained over a distance of 120 km, perpendicular to the Saguenay graben structure. Several silt layers are much thicker and more widely distributed than the effect of the 1988 earthquake and are comparable to those observed at Charlevoix that were produced by magnitude 6 to 7 events. The silting events do not correlate between the sampled lakes nor does the pattern match that at Charlevoix, so that the shaking events are interpreted to be of local origin. The recurrence interval for magnitude ≧6 earthquakes ranges from 350 to 1000 yr, in contrast to the roughly 75-yr historical recurrence of earthquakes of magnitude greater than 6 at Charlevoix.
Propagation ofSHwaves in a layered half-space with a frictional contact interface
Authors: Wang Yue-Sheng , Yu Gui-Lan , Gai Bing-Zheng 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe propagation of SH waves in a layered half-space with a frictional contact interface is considered. The incident wave is assumed to be sufficiently strong so that friction may be broken, and the local slip may take place at the interface. In the stick zones, both the displacements and stresses are continuous, while in the slip zones, the Coulomb friction model is adopted. The mixed boundary conditions lead to recurrence relations for the subcritical angle incidence or singular integral equations for the supercritical angle incidence. The extent and location of slip zones, which are unknown before the solution of the problem, are determined. The local slip velocities and the interface shearing tractions are calculated in detail for the subcritical angle incidence. The results show that the solution of the problem is dependent on the frequency of the incident wave due to the presence of the characteristic length—the thickness of the elastic layer. It is also found that, in some situations, there exist four slip zones instead of two over one representative period. All these features are quite different from those for infinite media.
Statistical analysis of irregular wave-guide influences on regional seismic discriminants in China: Additional results forPn/Sn,Pn/Lg, andPg/Sn
Authors: Fan Guangwei , Lay Thorne 
Published: September 2021

AbstractReducing scatter in measurements of regional-phase amplitude ratios is desirable for seismic discrimination applications and also provides insight into crustal structure controls on energy partitioning of regional seismic waves. Our previous analysis (Fan and Lay, 1998) of the regional seismic discriminant, Pg/Lg, indicated that variations in crustal structure cause path-specific fluctuations of those amplitude ratios for earthquakes recorded at broadband station WMQ in western China. In this study, we extend our multivariate regression analysis to Pn/Sn, Pn/Lg, and Pg/Sn amplitude ratios recorded at WMQ in frequency bands of 0.75 to 1.5 Hz, 1.5 to 3.0 Hz, and 3.0 to 6.0 Hz for the suite of path-specific parameters: path length, mean path elevation, variance of topography along the path, rms topographic slope variations, mean crustal thickness, and mean sediment thickness. Optimal three- and four-parameter models all achieve reductions in variance of the measurements relative to conventional distance corrections. At low frequency, the improvements for ratios involving Pg can be more than a factor of 2. For all short-period amplitude ratios, mean path elevation seems to play an important role. While crustal thickness and sediment thickness affect ratios involving Pg, topographic variance and surface slope variations have more influence on ratios involving Pn. Strong crustal variations associated with the structure of the Tibetan Plateau are responsible for much of the amplitude variations.
Aftershock decay of three recent strong earthquakes in the Levant
Authors: Rabinowitz Nitzan , Steinberg David M. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Aftershock sequences are studied from three recent strong earthquakes in the Levant: the MW = 7.1 earthquake of 22 November 1995 and the ML = 5.8 earthquake of 3 August 1993, both in the Gulf of Aqaba, and the MW = 6.8 earthquake of 9 October 1996 off the southwest coast of Cyprus. The modified Omori's law provides a good fit to the decay of aftershock activity for both events. The two sequences from the Gulf of Aqaba have rather low p values (0.90 in 1993 and 0.75 in 1995), reflecting slow decay of the aftershock activity. This may be attributed to low heat flow close to the epicenters. For the Cyprus sequence, the p value is 1.09, similar to that of many other sequences around the globe.
Assessing the scaling of a blockchain-based social contact tracking system
Authors: Shmelev Ilya 
Published: September 2021

During a pandemic, one of the most important tasks is to track social contacts with those who are sick. This article categorizes projects that track these contacts. Projects are classified by architecture and the common components of such systems are highlighted. It is concluded that the hybrid architecture of such a solution based on an exclusive blockchain will have several advantages, and a conceptual model of such a system is described. However, an analysis of existing blockchain projects showed that their main problem is the unresolved issue of scaling such kinds of systems, which is becoming a key issue in the context of creating a global digital infrastructure of society. Further, the scaling of the system&apos;s conceptual model is assessed based on open-source information about the Moscow metro, and the main conclusions about the selected architectural solutions are confirmed.
LOCALIZATION OF EXPLOSION PULSES IN A CLOSED SPACE IN COAL MINES
Authors: Abdrakova F.Yu. , Tulepov M.I. , Baiseitov* D.A. , Beksultan Zh.B. , Chihradze M. 
Published: September 2021

The data on the prospect of using an artificial high pressure water barrier as a method of localizing the explosion impulse in the confined space of tunnels and mines are presented. The explosion impulse and the process of its decay in interaction with water fog have been studied. In the course of field research, an explosion was simulated in the shock installation, and a method for its localization was developed using four water screens (barriers). The water screen was created using a system of ring-shaped water distribution headers with high pressure nozzles installed in a circle. Hexogen was used as an explosive. Experiments on localization of explosions were carried out on the base of the "Grigol Tsulukidze Mining Institute of Georgia" in Tbilisi, Georgia, together with the research group of the Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology of al Farabi Kazakh National University and the Institute of Combustion Problems. The influence of the water barrier on the process of shock wave attenuation at 3 points of overvoltage of the section is established. The test results showed that the average values of the overpressure in the three sections were reduced by 38.8%, 26.67% and 19.2%, respectively. The action of the shock wave occurs according to an exponential function, and all other wave changes along any other trajectory on the plane of h – t change are described by a single time dependence.
Features of medical support of physical training and mass sports events in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation
Authors: Maslyakov V. V. , Savchenko A. V. , Zhilyaeva A. L. 
Published: September 2021

Introduction. Physical training is the most important element of the combat readiness of the troops, its goals and objectives are defined by the Manual on Physical Training in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation. The solution of these tasks should contribute to the formation of military personnel's readiness to endure extreme physical and mental stress during the preparation and conduct of combat operations. Comprehensive provision of physical training in the troops requires the hard work of various services, including the medical service.The purpose of the study. Identify problematic issues of medical support for physical training and sports events in the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation and identify ways to solve them.Materials and methods. The article uses the materials of the work of medical and nursing teams in the medical provision of physical training of units of the Southern Military District from 2016 to 2019. Additionally, the data of an in-depth medical examination of the personnel of some units of the district subordination for 2018 were used.Results and discussion. When analyzing the work of visiting medical and nursing teams during the medical support of passing the standards for physical training, a number of problematic issues were identified. First, there are always military personnel who regularly do not engage in physical training and during the delivery of standards make excessive efforts and work at the limit of their capabilities. Secondly, some exercises are very dangerous, either in terms of injuries or the likelihood of developing complications from the cardiovascular system. All this applies to the medical support of the competition. As an example, the championship of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation in fire and rescue sports, held from 3 to 6 September 2019 in Rostov-on-Don on the territory of the garrison fire brigade, is given. The program of the competition included passing the obstacle course, climbing the training tower, extinguishing the fire, etc., all very traumatic. Therefore, for the medical support of these competitions, a medical and nursing team of the resuscitation profile was allocated on a reanimobile with specialized stowage, respiratory and oxygen equipment.Conclusion. It is necessary to strictly monitor the correctness of the definition of the group of physical training and the gradual increase in physical activity in order to avoid complications and further progression of diseases or even deaths in military personnel. It is impossible to approach formally the conduct of an in-depth medical examination of military personnel.
Comparison of Protein Concentration in Red and White Muscles in Two Species of Bony Fish
Authors: Abd-alsahb Noor Makki , Mansour Akeil Jameil , AL-Asadi Sarmad Awad Mozan 
Published: September 2021

The current study deals with estimating the protein concentration and the effect of fish weight on protein concentration values in red and white muscles in two different regions ( R1 : Anterior region lies 2 cm behind the head and R2: posterior region lies 2cm from caudal fin (in two types of bony fish, namely common carp (Cyprinus carpio) and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Samples were collected from Karmat Ali river- north of Basrah between October 2019 and February 2020. The protein was extracted using protein extraction buffer, the current study show that the average of protein concentration in red muscles of Nile tilapia ranged between 7.74-7.4 mg / ml and ( 6.8-8.85 mg / ml) in R1 and R2 region respectively, while it ranged between 173-334 mg / ml and 127-253 mg / ml in R1and R2 region in white muscles, respectively. In Carp, protein concentration for red muscles was 7.19-9.10 mg / ml and 6.87-8.41 mg / ml in R1 and R2 regions, respectively. On the other hand, protein concentration in white muscles ranged between 98.7-250.2 mg / ml and 61.5-214.1 mg / ml in both R1 and R2 regions respectively. The statistical analysis results of the protein concentration in the red and white muscles in the body regions indicated that there was a significant difference(P<0.05) and non- significant difference (P>0.05) between the protein concentration in red and white muscles in the studied species ,The current study concluded that white muscles contain a higher protein concentration than red muscles and that weight gain has a significant effect on protein concentration in white muscles.
Colistin as A Good Monotherapy to Restrain the Pathogenicity of Acinetobacter baumannii In vivo and In vitro
Authors: Al-Haideri Halah H. , Mohammed Nagham Saad 
Published: September 2021

Acinetobacter baumannii (A. baumannii) is a major opportunistic nosocomial pathogen, mostly resistant to several groups of antibiotics. Colistin is now used as a last-line treatment for isolates that are highly resistant. The purpose of this study is to identify the importance of LptD; which is involved in the translocation of LPS from the inner membrane to the outer membrane in compartment with LptA and LptC of A. baumannii and its indispensable role as a virulence factor, and the efficiency of colistin as a monotherapy. In the current research, two isolates of A.baumannii were used, the local isolate HHR1 isolated from urine sample and the global strain ATCC 17904, and three antibiotics (colistin, rifampicin and Fosfomycin) were used as a monotherapy and synergic therapy in vivo and ex vivo. The results demonstrated that A. baumannii HHR1 was more resistant to Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) than the standard strains. The effect of AMPs on A. baumannii was increased by increasing the concentration and the time of incubation, and also AMPs were shown to be lethal on A. baumannii growth spatially at high concentration (2 µg ml-1) in monotherapy and (1.5, 2 µg ml-1) in synergic. The susceptibility of isolates towards antibiotics was variable, where colistin exerts significant growth had defect as a monotherapy and in combination with others. The results showed that the expression of lptD, lptA genes of A.baumannii HHR1 were higher than of the same genes in A.baumannii ATCC 17904 in the presence of 2 µg ml-1 colistin, while lptE gene of the A.baumannii ATCC 17904 showed an upregulation pattern than in A.baumannii HHR1. Furthermore, colistin influences the adhesion ability of A. baumannii on epithelial cells (A-549 lung cancer cell) by reducing the number of cells, and thus could colistin be a good candidate for A. baunmannii treatment.
Psychometric Properties of the Persian Structured Clinical Interview for Personality Disorders of DSM-5-Personality Version (SCID-5-PD)
Authors: Gharraee Banafsheh , Shabani Amir , Masoumian Samira , Zamirinejad Somayeh , Yaghmaeezadeh Hooman , Khanjani Sajad , Ghahremani Susan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of a structured clinical interview for personality disorders based on DSM-5 (R) (SCID-5-PD) in the population of patients with psychiatric disorders in Tehran.Method: The study population includes all outpatients and inpatients referred to three psychiatric centers in Tehran, including Iran Psychiatric Hospital, Rasoul Akram Hospital and Clinic of Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health (Tehran Psychiatric Institute). Inclusion criteria were age between 16 and 70 years, written Informed consent and the ability to understand and speak in Persian and no special physical problems that interfere with the interview process. Sampling in this study was done by Convenience sampling. In this study, in addition to the demographic questionnaire, the Persian version of SCID-5-PD was used. Finally, in order to evaluate the information, the methods of face and content validity and diagnostic validity, test-retest reliability and inter-rater reliability were used.Results: the diagnoses related to obsessive-compulsive personality disorder, paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid, histrionic, narcissistic, borderline and antisocial kappa were higher than 0.4 and the diagnoses related to avoidant personality disorder were dependent and in other certain disorders are below 0.4. Regarding borderline personality disorder with kappa 0.839, the highest agreement was reported between the two reports of the psychiatrist and the SCID interviewer. Also, the specificity results were mostly better than the sensitivity results, and in all diagnoses except obsessive-compulsive and paranoid personality disorder, the specificity was higher than 0.9 and in these two diagnoses, the specificity was higher than 0.85, which indicates the desired characteristic. SCID-5-PD. The sensitivity of all diagnoses except avoidant and dependent personality disorder was also reported to be higher than 0.8; But the susceptibility of avoidant and dependent personality disorder was 0.66. Also, the study of LR + / LR- ratio showed that this tool has the best diagnosis for histrionic, antisocial and schizotypal personality disorder. It is also suitable for other personality disorders except schizoid personality disorder and certain other disorders.Conclusion: According to the findings of the present study, SCID-5-PD can be used in psychiatric clinics and hospitals as a diagnostic tool. In general, this version is suitable for most diagnoses; but with regard to diagnoses of schizoid personality disorder and certain other disorders, this should be done with more caution.