bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Atheist Scientists Approach Meaning and Morality
Authors: Ecklund Elaine Howard , Johnson David R. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this chapter we ask how atheist scientists think about meaning and purpose. Some observers assume that morality requires religion, while others distrust atheists and believe they are morally depraved. We find that most atheist scientists believe that life has no inherent meaning, while others believe that questions of meaning cannot be answered. Many atheist scientists posit that science motivates purpose through continual improvements to our understanding and interaction with the world around us. In contrast to those who assert atheists are immoral, survey data suggests that religious and nonreligious scientists are no different in terms of their commitment to moral values.
Blame the French
Authors: Okrent Arika , O’Neill Sean 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explains the role of the French in the weirdness of English. In 1066, William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy, came over from France to defeat the English king and claim the throne. For the next few hundred years, England was controlled by French speakers. But the majority of people in England, those who did not rule, preach, study, or own land, did not become French speakers. Nevertheless, the ruling language managed to mix its way in. Because they controlled all official institutions, the vocabulary of government, law, and land administration came to be overwhelmingly rooted in Norman influence. Ultimately, the French transformed the vocabulary of English not just by introducing French words in almost every aspect of life, but also by providing an easy gateway to Latin borrowing and word creation. The French also introduced new word stress patterns that created confusion and splits based on stress alone, and left behind old word forms and phrase ordering. It even encouraged the development of a new English speech sound with its own letter, v.
Blame the Printing Press
Authors: Okrent Arika , O’Neill Sean 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the role of the printing press in the standardization of the English language. A few centuries after the Norman conquest, by the end of the 1300s, English was again a written language. However, there was no agreement on the correct way to write or spell to use as a guide. Some standards started to emerge after the Court of Chancery switched to English in about 1430. This loose, emerging standard came to be known as Chancery English. Then, in 1476, a merchant named William Caxton brought an amazing new invention back to England from the continent: the printing press. This happened to take place during the middle of a major shift in English pronunciation. From the 14th century to the 17th century, the vowel system of English underwent a massive reorganization called the Great Vowel Shift. By the time the Great Vowel Shift had spread through most of the country in spoken language, the writing system, aided by the printing press, had solidified into a standard that was taught, propagated, and reinforced constantly.
Blame the Snobs
Authors: Okrent Arika , O’Neill Sean 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter highlights the role of the “snobs” in complicating the English language. The whole idea that there was a “correctness” to aim for in English developed slowly, but really took off in the 18th century. It was the age of etiquette and the codification of social rules. Pretty soon there were books on good language too. The first major dictionary of English, Samuel Johnson's dictionary of 1755, was published during this time, and it became a source of authority for spelling. But the advice books and newspaper columns on language usage that followed in the 19th century were more extreme in their pronouncements. In this environment of very public, and intentionally humiliating, language monitoring, a cloud of insecurity developed and perpetuated itself. It is important to note that the Standard English—the “correct,” authorized version—is unsystematic and illogical enough on its own. Some of that is the result of the natural accumulation of historical forces, but some of it comes from intentional meddling.
Surviving Collapse
Authors: Ergas Christina 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
As environmental crises loom, this book makes an argument for radical changes in the ways in which people live in order to stave off a dystopian future. A possible way forward is radical sustainable development, which emphasizes environmental and social justice concerns that are at once transformative, or egalitarian toward total liberation, and regenerative, or restorative to heal the health of people and the planet. Radical sustainability is distinguished from weak sustainability—a critique of the neoliberal, sustainable development project that, in practice, prioritizes economic growth over people and the planet—using theories from ecofeminist, environmental justice, and postcolonial scholars. The prevailing notion of sustainable development has remained ineffective at reducing environmental degradation and social inequalities. To gauge possible solutions to these problems, the book examines two alternative, community-scale, socioecological models of development with small environmental footprints and more egalitarian social practices. Methods employed are qualitative, cross-national, and comparative. The cases are an urban ecovillage in the Pacific Northwest, United States and a Cuban urban farm in Havana. These cases are important reminders that elegant, low-cost solutions already exist for environmental harm mitigation as well as social equity and adaptation. Findings highlight that each case uses community-oriented, low-tech practices and integrates ancestral, Indigenous, and local ecological knowledges. They prioritize social and ecological efficiency and subsume economic rationality towards those ends. While neither is a panacea, both provide examples for how communities can move toward stronger forms of sustainable development and empower readers to imagine, and possibly build, more resilient futures.
In the Shadow of Sustainable Development
Authors: Ergas Christina 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The prevailing notion of sustainable development has remained ineffective at reducing environmental degradation and social inequalities. The chapter argues that sustainable development, as it has been conceived, is actually a shell game for creating neocolonial dependency in the developing world rather than more sustainable, self-sufficient nations. This chapter explains the history of colonization and urbanization, contextualizing the problem of weak, neoliberal, sustainable development using social science environmental theories, such as climate denialism, ecofeminism, environmental justice, metabolic rift, and treadmill of production. It then provides an alternative, a radical sustainability that is at once socially and ecologically egalitarian, or transformative, and restores the health of people and the planet, or regenerative. These cases are presented as alternatives to sustainable development and as examples of radical sustainability and self-sufficient, autonomous development.
Introduction
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The introduction of this book frames the transition from state socialism to market capitalism that began in Eastern Europe and Central Asia in 1989 as a story of “winners” and “losers.” Ghodsee and Orenstein grapple with the different viewpoints held by scholars and policymakers, some of whom view transition as a qualified success, and some who view it as a socioeconomic catastrophe. Ghodsee and Orenstein introduce the interdisciplinary approach that the book will take, touching upon research methodology in economics, demography, public opinion, and ethnography. The introduction also provides an account of changes in academic and institutional discourse over time, explaining the initial perspectives of transition and showing where theories were proven correct, and where they failed, over the course of the thirty-year transition. It proposes a new perspective to understand transition, one of extreme social and economic inequality, that captures the experiences of both the “winners” and the “losers” of transition.
Where Have All the People Gone?
Authors: Ghodsee Kristen , Orenstein Mitchell A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 introduces, evaluates, and highlights demographic data as a lens for understanding how societies were impacted by transition. It consider mortality, fertility, and out-migration, all of which show deep negative effects. In considering the social devastation of transition, this chapter points to postsocialist countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia that continue to experience population decline as well as higher mortality rates and lower life expectancies. Evaluation of these data shows that significant out-migration and declining life expectancy do not necessarily correlate with negative economic indicators, pointing to larger social costs associated with transition that are not captured by consideration of transition as a purely economic phenomenon.
Got Milk?
Authors: Rettew David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Breastfeeding has made a huge comeback as its medical benefits became widely known—so much so that non-breastfeeding mothers often feel scorned and judged. Proponents of breastfeeding also contend that it makes children smarter and better behaved, and here is where the data get a little more complicated. This chapter will review the evidence that breastfeeding actually causes improved behavior and intelligence and examine the claims of some that these advantages are overstated. It will also explore an important “it depends” hypothesis that the developmental benefits of breastfeeding may be strongest for mothers who are less likely to do it in the first place—an interesting and important public health challenge.
Blue, Pink, or Yellow?
Authors: Rettew David 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Gender is a core components of a child’s identity. But in deciding whether or not to paint the new nursery pink or blue, are parents responding to a child’s gender or helping to shape it? Science reveals that gender-based behavior is influenced by a combination of genetic and environmental factors that include a parent’s subtle or not so subtle signals of what is means to be male or female. New research is also beginning to surface that suggests that early parental support for transgender children may prevent some of the emotional turmoil that might otherwise occur. How children develop their sense of gender identity and how parents can support and facilitate this process without excessive influence is the focus of this chapter.
Novel Inventions
Authors: Gochberg Reed 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 examines the distinctive history of the U.S. Patent Office gallery, which combined national repository, bureaucratic office, and public museum. Its collections included the models submitted by inventors with their patent applications, which offered tangible examples of new legal standards for novelty and utility. Tourists marveled at the model machines on display, connecting them to ideals of national progress and ingenuity, and the gallery’s collections sparked wider discussions of the relationship between nation, invention, and spectacle. Ralph Waldo Emerson drew on an imagined collection of machines to contemplate the relationship between technological novelty and literary originality, while Walt Whitman’s description of the gallery as a temporary Civil War hospital examined the social and human implications of such a strange spectacle. These accounts highlight broader debates about the place of new ideas in a national museum and how such contributions would be defined.
China’s Specialization in Innovative Manufacturing
Authors: Nahm Jonas 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 turns to the case of China. It shows that wind and solar firms—often in outright defiance of central government goals—relied on local-level support for large-scale manufacturing in the process of industrial upgrading. Contrary to the ambitions of policymakers seeking to build autonomous domestic industries, these capabilities were brought to bear on product development in collaboration with global partners. The chapter uses firm-level data to explain the establishment of capabilities in innovative manufacturing—research and development skills focused on the commercialization and rapid scale-up to mass production. The second half of the chapter examines the role of collaborative advantage in allowing firms to choose their specialization in innovative manufacturing. It shows how collaborative advantage enabled renewable energy firms to build on local government institutions for mass production that diverged sharply from central government goals.
Wind and Solar Invention in the United States
Authors: Nahm Jonas 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter six makes the case that a growing divide between an advanced R&D infrastructure and a declining manufacturing sector encouraged US wind and solar firms to pursue invention largely divorced from production. Most firms lacked the production capabilities to commercialize and manufacture their innovation in-house and decided to rely on complementary capabilities of global partners. In the United States, the large public investments in renewable energy research have yielded the smallest industrial footprint of the three cases examined in this book, with considerable political consequences for the kinds of coalitions that emerged behind state support of wind and solar.
Future-Making
Authors: MacKenzie Michael K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides the conceptual groundwork for a deliberative theory of future-regarding collective action. The first section introduces terms that have to do with thinking and acting temporally, such as “future-regarding” and “future publics.” The second section focuses on the concept of “future-making.” It is argued that we must act collectively in order to make the futures that we think we might want for our ourselves and future others. We must use political power to marshal and redirect the future-making forces that are otherwise likely to make our futures for us: societal drift, general inadvertence, invention (e.g., technological developments), market forces, and the actions of the rich and the powerful. The last section of the chapter provides working definitions of the terms “politics,” “democracy,” and “deliberation.” It is possible to create deliberative conditions that incentivize pragmatic political actors to channel strategic intent into talk and persuasion.
Acting Through Time
Authors: MacKenzie Michael K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the challenges associated with coordinating the actions of non-contemporaries over long periods of time. We cannot use authoritarian or undemocratic political tools, such as force or coercion, to coordinate the actions of non-contemporaries, because current and future publics are free and equal entities with respect to each other. The decisions that we make today will structure the choices that future publics make, but we cannot enforce our wills on future political actors after we are dead. As such, the present is both politically dominant and impotent when it comes to our relations with future publics: we can do what we want to future others without explanation or justification, but we cannot force them to act according to our wills. The best we can do is try to encourage future others to act with us through communication and persuasion.
Conclusion
Authors: MacKenzie Michael K. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter deals with a number of topics that are alluded to but left unresolved in the rest of the book. These include the relationship between capitalism and democracy, the challenges and promises of digital democracy, the role of ideas and concepts in shaping our temporal perspectives and understandings, and the challenges of—and prospects for—the sorts of institutional reforms that may be necessary if we are going to make our shared futures together in collectively intentional ways. It is not clear that we will create democratic systems that are more future-regarding than the ones we have. This book argues that it is possible to do so, and we will need to do so to get the futures that we think we might want for our future selves and future others. Whether we are going to do so is another question entirely.
The World Changes
Authors: Tackett Timothy 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The chapter follows the progressive politicization of Colson and his neighbors during the so-called pre-Revolutionary period (1787–89), taking note of the extent to which he and they were taken totally by surprise by the events of that period. It examines, notably, Colson’s reaction to the Assembly of Notables of 1787; to the long struggle between Louis XVI and the Parlement of Paris; to the convocation of the Estates General for May 1789; and to the electoral assemblies and the statements of grievances (cahiers de doléances) drawn up in those assemblies. It also emphasizes Colson’s descriptions of the “hurricane” of July 1788 that destroyed a large proportion of the crops in northern France, and of the terrible winter of 1788–89 and its effects on the population of Paris.
Everyday Peace
Authors: Mac Ginty Roger 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This book focuses on how individuals and communities navigate through, and out of, conflict. Through theory and concept-building and empirical examples, it investigates the pro-peace tactical agency deployed by individuals and communities in conflict-affected contexts. It examines how compassion, humanity, civility, and solidarity can take root in unlikely circumstances—even in the midst of war—and the possibility of everyday peace scaling up and out to disrupt violent conflict. The book develops a number of key concepts, including Everyday Peace Power and conflict disruption, to help us understand how everyday ‘small peace’ actions can accumulate into movements and processes that may have wider significance. In addition to a detailed conceptualization of everyday peace, the book is interested in how local-level peace might connect with other levels (national, international, and transnational) and uses the notion of circuitry to explain how different levels of society might influence one another. In an unusual departure for peace and conflict studies, the book draws on World War I and II memoirs and personal diaries to investigate the possibility of everyday peace in extreme circumstances (such as the battlefield) but also to illustrate that many of the possibilities and challenges associated with everyday peace are, in fact, timeless.
Sociality, Reciprocity, and Solidarity
Authors: Mac Ginty Roger 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter unpacks three key conceptual components of everyday peace: sociality, reciprocity, and solidarity. The chapter has two parts. In the first, the concepts are unpacked in the abstract. In the second, they are illustrated, mainly by drawing on a set of interviews from Lebanon. Sociality, reciprocity, and solidarity are regarded as occupying a continuum, with sociality requiring a minimum commitment and solidarity requiring explicit action such as standing with members of an out-group when they are under threat. The chapter helps illustrate how everyday peace is a way of reasoning as well as a set of activities. It also helps illustrate how individuals and communities may not always be consistent in their everyday peace actions and stances. The interview material from Lebanon helps shows the tactical agency that individuals and communities use when living side by side with out-group members and how this might change over time.
Conflict Disruption
Authors: Mac Ginty Roger 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines how violent conflict can be disrupted and how the space that is created by the disruption might allow pro-peace and pro-social developments to take place. There are two parts to the chapter. The first examines remarkable friendships or intergroup friendships that cross the main fissure of society. It reflects on how charismatic personalities are often the key in helping localised violence reduction. The second part develops the notion of conflict disruption and how individuals and actions can disrupt the dominant logic of conflict in a society and contradict hegemonic narratives that regard violent conflict as normal. The discussion of conflict disruption is informed by economic theory.
Three Goals for a Future of Less Work
Authors: Estlund Cynthia 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 shifts from assessing the challenge of automation to reflecting on what we should be aiming for in a foreseeable future of less work. It argues that we should be looking to ensure a wide distribution of three goods: adequate income, more free time, and decent work (though less of it). It is the last of these—the value of work—that is most contested, but that most animates this book. Work has profound psychic, social, and political benefits even apart from the goods and services it produces and the income it yields. In particular, shared work can draw people together across social divisions that divide them in their non-work lives. We should aim to maintain decent work at the center of most people’s lives and livelihoods even in a future with less of it.
The Politics of Hope and Fear in a Future of Less Work
Authors: Estlund Cynthia 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The Conclusion turns to the daunting political challenges that already face big redistributive programs like those advanced here, and that will be refracted through the prism of automation. Popular anxiety about job losses might even exacerbate the divisive ethnonationalist politics that have taken hold in much of the United States (and beyond). The chapter argues for the importance of cultivating a stronger narrative of cross-racial solidarity and shared interests, and for the distinctive capacity of labor unions, grounded as they are in the fertile medium of shared work, to credibly propagate that narrative. And it argues that the strategy proposed here—centered around securing decent work (but less of it) for all—offers a broadly appealing program around which to organize diverse workers. The chapter, and the book, concludes with reflections on the future of capitalism, and the varieties of capitalism, in a future of less work.