bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Observational Constraints on Warm Rain Processes and Their Climate Implications
Authors: Dong Xiquan , Wu Peng , Wang Yuan , Xi Baike , Huang Yiyi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLow stratiform clouds have profound impacts on the hydrological cycle and the Earth’s radiation budget. However, realistic simulation of low clouds in climate models presents a major challenge. Here we employ the newly retrieved cloud and drizzle microphysical properties to improve the autoconversion and accretion parameterizations in a microphysical scheme. We find that the new autoconversion (accretion) rate contributes 14% lower (greater) to total drizzle water content than the original scheme near the cloud top. Compared to satellite results, the simulated cloud liquid water path (LWP) and shortwave cloud radiative effect using the original scheme in a climate model agree well on global average but with large regional differences. Simulations using the updated scheme show a 7.3% decrease in the light rain frequency, and a 10% increase in LWP. The updated microphysics scheme alleviates the long‐lasting problem in most climate models, that is “too frequent and too light precipitation.”
Near‐Surface Warming Reduces Dew Frequency in China
Authors: Dou Youjun , Quan Jiannong , Jia Xingcan , Wang Qianqian , Liu Yangang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLong‐term (1961–2010) observations of dew data collected at 597 stations over China show that dew frequency decreased by 5.2 days per decade due primarily to near‐surface warming and associated decreases in relative humidity (RH). Moreover, the percentage decreasing rate of dew frequency in arid regions (precipitation PR <400 mm yr−1) are larger than that in humid regions (PR ≥800 mm yr−1). Compared with the 1960s, the mean dew frequency in the 2000s decreased by 28%, 40%, 50% in humid, semihumid (400 ≤ PR < 800 mm yr−1), and arid regions, respectively. Surface warming is larger in arid regions in northwestern China than its humid and semihumid regions during recent global warming, which leads to larger decreases in surface RH and makes dew events less likely. Since dew contributes significantly to surface water balance in arid regions, the large decreases in dew frequency may contribute to “the drier getting drier” response to global warming over arid regions.
Human‐Induced Rainfall Reduction in Drought‐Prone Northern Central Asia
Authors: Jiang Jie , Zhou Tianjun 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe reduction of summer rainfall since the 1950s has resulted in severe drought and the degradation of vegetation over northern Central Asia (NCA). However, whether the decline trend of summer rainfall is anthropogenic or natural remains unknown. Here, we show evidences that the drying trend is dominated by anthropogenic change of the subtropical westerly jet (SWJ; referring exclusively to the active center located over Central Asia). Using 10 global climate models participating in the Detection and Attribution Model Intercomparison Project (DAMIP) under different forcings, we find that the observed changes in the SWJ are attributable to the combined contributions of greenhouse gases and anthropogenic aerosols. Enhanced emissions of greenhouse gases favor an equatorial shift of the SWJ, while increased Asian pollution and reduced European aerosol emissions weaken the SWJ. Both of these factors strengthen the descending motion and decrease the precipitation over NCA.
Investigation on Spectral Characteristics of Gravity Waves in the MLT Using Lidar Observations at Andes
Authors: Huang Kai Ming , Liu Hang , Liu Alan Z. , Zhang Shao Dong , Huang Chun Ming , Gong Yun , Ning Wu Han 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBased on observations from lidar at Andes, we study the features of gravity wave activities and their spectra in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). Case analysis shows that a quasi‐monochromatic inertia–gravity wave (IGW) dominates the perturbation fields, with clearly downward phase progression in the wind and temperature fields. Statistical investigation shows that the dominant waves in the MLT over Andes have the typical temporal and spatial scales of IGWs and show the preferential propagation in the meridional direction relative to in the zonal direction. The preferential propagation direction causes larger spectral peak and steeper spectral slope in the meridional wind as compared to the zonal counterpart. The 27‐night observations indicate that the frequency (vertical wavenumber) spectrum has the slopes of about −1.4 (−1.5), −1.7 (−2.0), and −2.3 (−2.6) in the zonal wind, meridional wind, and relative temperature perturbations, more or less deviated from the universal spectral index of −5/3 (−3), respectively. The vertical wind has a steeper spectral tail in both the frequency and wavenumber spectra, which is different from the other three components. In the saturated spectrum region, the frequency and vertical wavenumber spectra have the slopes of −0.4 and −1.1 in the vertical wind, which are much shallower than those in the zonal and meridional winds, respectively. In the spectral tail region, the frequency and wavenumber spectrum slopes of −2.2 and −3.5 are far steeper relative to their saturated spectrum slopes. This suggests that the vertical wind should obey the different spectral laws from the horizontal winds.
Synchronous Marine and Terrestrial Carbon Cycle Perturbation in the High Arctic During the PETM
Authors: Cui Ying , Diefendorf Aaron F. , Kump Lee R. , Jiang Shijun , Freeman Katherine H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Paleocene‐Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; 56 Ma) is considered to be one of the best analogs for future climate change. The carbon isotope composition (δ13C) of n‐alkanes derived from leaf waxes of terrestrial plants and marine algae can provide important insights into the carbon cycle perturbation during the PETM. Here, we present new organic geochemical data and compound‐specific δ13C data from sediments recovered from an early Cenozoic basin‐margin succession from Spitsbergen. These samples represent one of the most expanded PETM sites and provide new insights into the high Arctic response to the PETM. Our results reveal a synchronous ∼−6.5‰ carbon isotope excursion (CIE) in short‐chain n‐alkanes (nC19; marine algae/bacteria) with a ∼−5‰ CIE in long‐chain n‐alkanes (nC29 and nC31; plant waxes) during the peak of the PETM. Although δ13Cn‐alkanes values were potentially affected via a modest thermal effect (1‰–2‰), the relative changes in the δ13Cn‐alkanes remain robust. A simple carbon cycle modeling suggests peak carbon emission rate could be ∼3 times faster than previously suggested using δ13CTOC records. The CIE magnitude of both δ13C n‐C19 and δ13Cn‐C29 can be explained by the elevated influence of 13C‐depleted respired CO2 in the water column and increased water availability on land, elevated pCO2 in the atmosphere, and changes in vegetation type during the PETM. The synchronous decline in δ13C of both leaf waxes and marine algae/bacteria argues against a significant contribution to the sedimentary organic carbon pool from the weathering delivery of fossil n‐alkanes in the Arctic region.
Biomaterial-based strategies for maxillofacial tumour therapy and bone defect regeneration
Authors: Tan Bowen , Tang Quan , Zhong Yongjin , Wei Yali , He Linfeng , Wu Yanting , Wu Jiabao , Liao Jinfeng 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIssues caused by maxillofacial tumours involve not only dealing with tumours but also repairing jaw bone defects. In traditional tumour therapy, the systemic toxicity of chemotherapeutic drugs, invasive surgical resection, intractable tumour recurrence, and metastasis are major threats to the patients’ lives in the clinic. Fortunately, biomaterial-based intervention can improve the efficiency of tumour treatment and decrease the possibility of recurrence and metastasis, suggesting new promising antitumour therapies. In addition, maxillofacial bone tissue defects caused by tumours and their treatment can negatively affect the physiological and psychological health of patients, and investment in treatment can result in a multitude of burdens to society. Biomaterials are promising options because they have good biocompatibility and bioactive properties for stimulation of bone regeneration. More interestingly, an integrated material regimen that combines tumour therapy with bone repair is a promising treatment option. Herein, we summarized traditional and biomaterial-mediated maxillofacial tumour treatments and analysed biomaterials for bone defect repair. Furthermore, we proposed a promising and superior design of dual-functional biomaterials for simultaneous tumour therapy and bone regeneration to provide a new strategy for managing maxillofacial tumours and improve the quality of life of patients in the future.
Meta-analysis of in vitro and in vivo studies of the biological effects of low-level millimetre waves
Authors: Wood Andrew , Mate Rohan , Karipidis Ken 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
With the roll-out of new technologies such as 5G, there has been renewed community concern regarding the adequacy of research on possible health effects from associated radiofrequency radiation, mainly in the millimetre wave (MMW) band.

Objective
We conducted a meta-analysis of in vitro and in vivo studies investigating bioeffects of MMWs at low exposure levels.

Methods
We identified 107 in vitro and in vivo studies investigating MMWs and biological effects in which the power density employed has been below 100 W/m2, which is below the current standards for occupational local exposures. Where possible, we estimated the magnitude of the principal effect reported or set this magnitude to zero in studies reporting no significant effects. We also estimated the quality of the studies, based on a methodology used in previous analyses.

Results
We show a negative correlation between effect size and both power density and specific absorption rate. There was also a significant negative correlation between effect size and quality score. A multivariate analysis revealed that there is an increase in the effect size for certain biological systems being investigated and laboratories in which the work was carried out whilst the quality score for some of these tends to be low. We note that many of the studies were motivated by a desire to elucidate the possible mechanisms in therapeutic devices rather than assessing the safety of telecommunications systems. Finally, it appears that the presence or absence of modulation does not influence the reported effect size.

Significance
Many of the findings of this meta-analysis have not been reported before and have important implications for overall interpretation of in vitro and in vivo data. Overall, the results of this study do not confirm an association between low-level MMWs and biological effects.
Review of a new bone tumor therapy strategy based on bifunctional biomaterials
Authors: Liao Jinfeng , Han Ruxia , Wu Yongzhi , Qian Zhiyong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBone tumors, especially those in osteosarcoma, usually occur in adolescents. The standard clinical treatment includes chemotherapy, surgical therapy, and radiation therapy. Unfortunately, surgical resection often fails to completely remove the tumor, which is the main cause of postoperative recurrence and metastasis, resulting in a high mortality rate. Moreover, bone tumors often invade large areas of bone, which cannot repair itself, and causes a serious effect on the quality of life of patients. Thus, bone tumor therapy and bone regeneration are challenging in the clinic. Herein, this review presents the recent developments in bifunctional biomaterials to achieve a new strategy for bone tumor therapy. The selected bifunctional materials include 3D-printed scaffolds, nano/microparticle-containing scaffolds, hydrogels, and bone-targeting nanomaterials. Numerous related studies on bifunctional biomaterials combining tumor photothermal therapy with enhanced bone regeneration were reviewed. Finally, a perspective on the future development of biomaterials for tumor therapy and bone tissue engineering is discussed. This review will provide a useful reference for bone tumor-related disease and the field of complex diseases to combine tumor therapy and tissue engineering.
A plant-by-plant strategy for high-ambition coal power phaseout in China
Authors: Cui Ryna Yiyun , Hultman Nathan , Cui Diyang , McJeon Haewon , Yu Sha , Edwards Morgan R. , Sen Arijit , Song Kaihui , Bowman Christina , Clarke Leon , Kang Junjie , Lou Jiehong , Yang Fuqiang , Yuan Jiahai , Zhang Weirong , Zhu Mengye 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMore than half of current coal power capacity is in China. A key strategy for meeting China’s 2060 carbon neutrality goal and the global 1.5 °C climate goal is to rapidly shift away from unabated coal use. Here we detail how to structure a high-ambition coal phaseout in China while balancing multiple national needs. We evaluate the 1037 currently operating coal plants based on comprehensive technical, economic and environmental criteria and develop a metric for prioritizing plants for early retirement. We find that 18% of plants consistently score poorly across all three criteria and are thus low-hanging fruits for rapid retirement. We develop plant-by-plant phaseout strategies for each province by combining our retirement algorithm with an integrated assessment model. With rapid retirement of the low-hanging fruits, other existing plants can operate with a 20- or 30-year minimum lifetime and gradually reduced utilization to achieve the 1.5 °C or well-below 2 °C climate goals, respectively, with complete phaseout by 2045 and 2055.
Predicting wavelength-dependent photochemical reactivity and selectivity
Authors: Menzel Jan P. , Noble Benjamin B. , Blinco James P. , Barner-Kowollik Christopher 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPredicting the conversion and selectivity of a photochemical experiment is a conceptually different challenge compared to thermally induced reactivity. Photochemical transformations do not currently have the same level of generalized analytical treatment due to the nature of light interaction with a photoreactive substrate. Herein, we bridge this critical gap by introducing a framework for the quantitative prediction of the time-dependent progress of photoreactions via common LEDs. A wavelength and concentration dependent reaction quantum yield map of a model photoligation, i.e., the reaction of thioether o-methylbenzaldehydes via o-quinodimethanes with N-ethylmaleimide, is initially determined with a tunable laser system. Combined with experimental parameters, the data are employed to predict LED-light induced conversion through a wavelength-resolved numerical simulation. The model is validated with experiments at varied wavelengths. Importantly, a second algorithm allows the assessment of competing photoreactions and enables the facile design of λ-orthogonal ligation systems based on substituted o-methylbenzaldehydes.
Quantitative interpretation explains machine learning models for chemical reaction prediction and uncovers bias
Authors: Kovács Dávid Péter , McCorkindale William , Lee Alpha A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOrganic synthesis remains a major challenge in drug discovery. Although a plethora of machine learning models have been proposed as solutions in the literature, they suffer from being opaque black-boxes. It is neither clear if the models are making correct predictions because they inferred the salient chemistry, nor is it clear which training data they are relying on to reach a prediction. This opaqueness hinders both model developers and users. In this paper, we quantitatively interpret the Molecular Transformer, the state-of-the-art model for reaction prediction. We develop a framework to attribute predicted reaction outcomes both to specific parts of reactants, and to reactions in the training set. Furthermore, we demonstrate how to retrieve evidence for predicted reaction outcomes, and understand counterintuitive predictions by scrutinising the data. Additionally, we identify Clever Hans predictions where the correct prediction is reached for the wrong reason due to dataset bias. We present a new debiased dataset that provides a more realistic assessment of model performance, which we propose as the new standard benchmark for comparing reaction prediction models.
Rational strain engineering of single-atom ruthenium on nanoporous MoS2 for highly efficient hydrogen evolution
Authors: Jiang Kang , Luo Min , Liu Zhixiao , Peng Ming , Chen Dechao , Lu Ying-Rui , Chan Ting-Shan , de Groot Frank M. F. , Tan Yongwen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMaximizing the catalytic activity of single-atom catalysts is vital for the application of single-atom catalysts in industrial water-alkali electrolyzers, yet the modulation of the catalytic properties of single-atom catalysts remains challenging. Here, we construct strain-tunable sulphur vacancies around single-atom Ru sites for accelerating the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction of single-atom Ru sites based on a nanoporous MoS2-based Ru single-atom catalyst. By altering the strain of this system, the synergistic effect between sulphur vacancies and Ru sites is amplified, thus changing the catalytic behavior of active sites, namely, the increased reactant density in strained sulphur vacancies and the accelerated hydrogen evolution reaction process on Ru sites. The resulting catalyst delivers an overpotential of 30 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm−2, a Tafel slope of 31 mV dec−1, and a long catalytic lifetime. This work provides an effective strategy to improve the activities of single-atom modified transition metal dichalcogenides catalysts by precise strain engineering.
Seasonal overturn and stratification changes drive deep-water warming in one of Earth’s largest lakes
Authors: Anderson Eric J. , Stow Craig A. , Gronewold Andrew D. , Mason Lacey A. , McCormick Michael J. , Qian Song S. , Ruberg Steven A. , Beadle Kyle , Constant Stephen A. , Hawley Nathan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMost of Earth’s fresh surface water is consolidated in just a few of its largest lakes, and because of their unique response to environmental conditions, lakes have been identified as climate change sentinels. While the response of lake surface water temperatures to climate change is well documented from satellite and summer in situ measurements, our understanding of how water temperatures in large lakes are responding at depth is limited, as few large lakes have detailed long-term subsurface observations. We present an analysis of three decades of high frequency (3-hourly and hourly) subsurface water temperature data from Lake Michigan. This unique data set reveals that deep water temperatures are rising in the winter and provides precise measurements of the timing of fall overturn, the point of minimum temperature, and the duration of the winter cooling period. Relationships from the data show a shortened winter season results in higher subsurface temperatures and earlier onset of summer stratification. Shifts in the thermal regimes of large lakes will have profound impacts on the ecosystems of the world’s surface freshwater.
A new ankylosaurid skeleton from the Upper Cretaceous Baruungoyot Formation of Mongolia: its implications for ankylosaurid postcranial evolution
Authors: Park Jin-Young , Lee Yuong-Nam , Currie Philip J. , Ryan Michael J. , Bell Phil , Sissons Robin , Koppelhus Eva B. , Barsbold Rinchen , Lee Sungjin , Kim Su-Hwan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA new articulated postcranial specimen of an indeterminate ankylosaurid dinosaur from the Upper Cretaceous (middle-upper Campanian) Baruungoyot Formation from Hermiin Tsav, southern Gobi Desert, Mongolia includes twelve dorsal vertebrae, ribs, pectoral girdles, forelimbs, pelvic girdles, hind limbs, and free osteoderms. The new specimen shows that Asian ankylosaurids evolved rigid bodies with a decreased number of pedal phalanges. It also implies that there were at least two forms of flank armor within Ankylosauridae, one with spine-like osteoderms and the other with keeled rhomboidal osteoderms. Unique anatomical features related to digging are present in Ankylosauridae, such as dorsoventrally flattened and fusiform body shapes, extensively fused series of vertebrae, anteroposteriorly broadened dorsal ribs, a robust humerus with a well-developed deltopectoral crest, a short robust ulna with a well-developed olecranon process, a trowel-like manus, and decreased numbers of pedal phalanges. Although not fossorial, ankylosaurids were likely able to dig the substrate, taking advantage of it for self-defence and survival.
Specific detection of Staphylococcus aureus infection and marker for Alzheimer disease by surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy using silver and gold nanoparticle-coated magnetic polystyrene beads
Authors: Prucek Robert , Panáček Aleš , Gajdová Žaneta , Večeřová Renata , Kvítek Libor , Gallo Jiří , Kolář Milan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTargeted and effective therapy of diseases demands utilization of rapid methods of identification of the given markers. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in conjunction with streptavidin–biotin complex is a promising alternative to culture or PCR based methods used for such purposes. Many biotinylated antibodies are available on the market and so this system offers a powerful tool for many analytical applications. Here, we present a very fast and easy-to-use procedure for preparation of streptavidin coated magnetic polystyrene–Au (or Ag) nanocomposite particles as efficient substrate for surface SERS purposes. As a precursor for the preparation of SERS active and magnetically separable composite, commercially available streptavidin coated polystyrene (PS) microparticles with a magnetic core were utilized. These composites of PS particles with silver or gold nanoparticles were prepared by reducing Au(III) or Ag(I) ions using ascorbic acid or dopamine. The choice of the reducing agent influences the morphology and the size of the prepared Ag or Au particles (15–100 nm). The prepare composites were also characterized by HR-TEM images, mapping of elements and also magnetization measurements. The content of Au and Ag was determined by AAS analysis. The synthesized composites have a significantly lower density against magnetic composites based on iron oxides, which considerably decreases the tendency to sedimentation. The polystyrene shell on a magnetic iron oxide core also pronouncedly reduces the inclination to particle aggregation. Moreover, the preparation and purification of this SERS substrate takes only a few minutes. The PS composite with thorny Au particles with the size of approximately 100 nm prepared was utilized for specific and selective detection ofStaphylococcus aureusinfection in joint knee fluid (PJI) and tau protein (marker for Alzheimer disease).