bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Associations Between e-Cigarette Use, Cigarette Smoking, Physical Activity, and Recreational Screen Time in Canadian Adolescents
Authors: Irvine Dylan S , McGarity-Shipley Ellen , Lee Eun-Young , Janssen Ian , Leatherdale Scott T 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Introduction
This study examined longitudinal associations between e-cigarette use, cigarette smoking, physical activity, and recreational screen time (ST) in a cohort of Canadian adolescents (ages 14–17 years; grades 9–12).

Aims and Methods
Data from 5951 adolescents who participated in COMPASS Year 4 (2015–2016; baseline) and Year 6 (2017–2018; follow-up) were used. Exposures included e-cigarette use and cigarette smoking. Outcomes included cutpoints for moderate- to vigorous-physical activity (MVPA; ≥60 min/d), muscular strengthening exercises (MSE; ≥3 time/wk), participation in sport (SP; intramural or competitive), and recreational screen time (ST; ≤430 min/day). Generalized linear mixed models were performed.

Results
e-Cigarette use (16.6% vs. 39.2%), cigarette smoking (0.9% vs. 4.7%), and dual use (0.8% vs. 4.1%) increased from baseline to follow-up. SP (70.8% vs. 61.3%) and the prevalence of meeting MVPA (49.8% vs. 42.1%) and MSE cutpoints (54.0% vs. 45.3%) decreased from baseline to follow-up. Recreational ST remained similar from baseline to follow-up. New e-cigarette use at follow-up was associated with maintenance of SP and meeting MVPA and MSE cutpoints, but also with increased ST. New cigarette smoking at follow-up was associated with maintaining high ST and low SP. Cigarette smoking at baseline and follow-up was associated with maintaining high ST, low MSE, and low SP. Cigarette smoking cessation at follow-up was associated with increasing MVPA and MSE, decreasing ST, and maintaining low SP.

Conclusion
Given the clustering and co-occurring unhealthy behavioral patterns, intervention strategies to promote healthy lifestyles should take a holistic approach, by targeting multiple behavioral changes simultaneously.

Implications
This investigation highlighted that, unhealthy behaviors, particularly e-cigarette use, cigarette smoking, and excessive use of screens, tend to co-occur among Canadian adolescents. Therefore, intervention strategies to promote healthy lifestyles should take a holistic approach, by targeting multiple behavioral changes simultaneously particularly in school and community settings. As an exception, new and stable e-cigarette use appears to co-occur with achieving sufficient levels of physical activity. Increasing awareness about the risk of e-cigarette use may target population groups that are physically and socially active (eg, athletes, sport teams).
Trajectories of Nicotine Use Leading to Dual and Cyclical Tobacco Product Use in Young Adults
Authors: Kechter Afton , Simpson Kelsey A , Ceasar Rachel Carmen , Schiff Sara J , Yamaguchi Naosuke , Bluthenthal Ricky N , Smiley Sabrina L , Barrington-Trimis Jessica L 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Young adult never-smokers who vape are at elevated risk of initiating cigarettes, while young adults who smoke often begin vaping to substitute or reduce cigarette use. Reasons underlying different use patterns of tobacco products are not well-understood.

Aims and Methods
We conducted 1-on-1 qualitative interviews with young adults (N = 62) who vape in Los Angeles, California from June 2018 to June 2019. Participants were 18–25 years old (79% male; racially/ethnically diverse) and self-reported vaping ≥1x/week. We used a semi-structured interview guide and applied thematic analysis method to analyze data.

Results
Young adults initiated vaping due to peer socialization and e-liquid flavor novelty. They often reported vaping (after first smoking) due to a belief that e-cigarettes are healthier, social pressure to quit smoking, and convenience of use. Participants reported smoking (after first vaping) when traveling outside of the United States where vaping products were less accessible, and cigarettes were normative. Many of the personal narratives described patterns of dual and cyclical use, which was often attributed to nicotine dependence and cost, or described as dependent upon the current environment (eg, at a party).

Conclusions
The current study characterizes nicotine use trajectories and reasons why young adults vape, and smoke cigarettes. Dual and cyclical use of both e-cigarettes and cigarettes was common; this pattern of use should be considered in policy and prevention work to address nicotine dependence among young people.

Implications
We display findings from the current study in a model depicting common trajectories of nicotine use, along with reasons for initiation, transitions between products, and dual/cyclical e-cigarette and combustible cigarette use.
A systematic review on the efficacy of vitamin B supplementation on diabetic peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Farah Stephanie , Yammine Kaissar 
Published: November 2021

AbstractContextDiabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is a common complication.ObjectiveTo re-evaluate the role of vitamin B supplementation on reducing the signs and symptoms of DPN.Data SourcesElectronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Medline.Data ExtractionAn Excel spreadsheet was used to report the extracted relevant data.Data AnalysisFourteen randomized controlled trials were selected, comprising a pooled sample of 997 study subjects. The pooled odds ratio values were 3.1 (95%CI, 1.197–8.089) and 3.04 (95%CI, 1.556–5.937) for pain and dysesthesia outcomes, respectively. For the amplitude change in electromyography of the sensory sural nerve, the weighted difference from 2 studies was 0.37 (95%CI, 0.034–0.709) in favor of intervention. Peak latency changes were in favor of the intervention group. Two studies yielded a weighted difference of 0.571 (95%CI, 0.310–0.831) for the velocity outcome in favor of intervention. Unlike the fibular nerve, the electromyographic motor outcomes of the tibial nerve were in favor of vitamin B supplementation.ConclusionVitamin B supplementation could improve many symptoms and signs of DPN.
Auxin biosynthesis maintains embryo identity and growth during BABY BOOM-induced somatic embryogenesis
Authors: Li Mengfan , Wrobel-Marek Justyna , Heidmann Iris , Horstman Anneke , Chen Baojian , Reis Ricardo , Angenent Gerco C , Boutilier Kim 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSomatic embryogenesis is a type of plant cell totipotency where embryos develop from nonreproductive (vegetative) cells without fertilization. Somatic embryogenesis can be induced in vitro by auxins, and by ectopic expression of embryo-expressed transcription factors like the BABY BOOM (BBM) AINTEGUMENTA-LIKE APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR domain protein. These different pathways are thought to converge to promote auxin response and biosynthesis, but the specific roles of the endogenous auxin pathway in somatic embryogenesis induction have not been well-characterized. Here we show that BBM transcriptionally regulates the YUCCA3 (YUC3) and YUC8 auxin biosynthesis genes during BBM-mediated somatic embryogenesis in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings. BBM induced local and ectopic YUC3 and YUC8 expression in seedlings, which coincided with increased DR5 auxin response and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) biosynthesis and with ectopic expression of the WOX2 embryo reporter. YUC-driven auxin biosynthesis was required for BBM-mediated somatic embryogenesis, as the number of embryogenic explants was reduced by ca. 50% in yuc3 yuc8 mutants and abolished after chemical inhibition of YUC enzyme activity. However, a detailed YUC inhibitor time-course study revealed that YUC-dependent IAA biosynthesis is not required for the re-initiation of totipotent cell identity in seedlings. Rather, YUC enzymes are required later in somatic embryo development for the maintenance of embryo identity and growth. This study resolves a long-standing question about the role of endogenous auxin biosynthesis in transcription factor-mediated somatic embryogenesis and also provides an experimental framework for understanding the role of endogenous auxin biosynthesis in other in planta and in vitro embryogenesis systems.
Antinuclear antibodies in neurology and their clinical application
Authors: Sudheer Pachipala , Agarwal Ayush , Vishnu Venugopalan Y 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are a diverse group of autoantibodies found in various systemic autoimmune disorders. They represent a key diagnostic marker in the diagnosis of connective tissue disorders (CTD). Although many techniques exist, ANA by indirect immunofluorescence remains the gold standard for diagnosing CTDs. Neurologists should be aware of the type of assay used for detection and the advantages and disadvantages of using each method. Through this article, we aimed to review the methodological aspects of the detection of ANA and its subtypes and their clinical relevance in various neurologic disorders.
Dynamic computation of value signals via a common neural network in multi-attribute decision-making
Authors: Magrabi Amadeus , Ludwig Vera U , Stoppel Christian M , Paschke Lena M , Wisniewski David , Heekeren Hauke R , Walter Henrik 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Studies in decision neuroscience have identified robust neural representations for the value of choice options. However, overall values often depend on multiple attributes, and it is not well understood how the brain evaluates different attributes and integrates them to combined values. In particular, it is not clear whether attribute values are computed in distinct attribute-specific regions or within the general valuation network known to process overall values. Here, we used a functional magnetic resonance imaging choice task in which abstract stimuli had to be evaluated based on variations of the attributes color and motion. The behavioral data showed that participants responded faster when overall values were high and attribute value differences were low. On the neural level, we did not find that attribute values were systematically represented in areas V4 and V5, even though these regions are associated with attribute-specific processing of color and motion, respectively. Instead, attribute values were associated with activity in the posterior cingulate cortex, ventral striatum and posterior inferior temporal gyrus. Furthermore, overall values were represented in dorsolateral and ventromedial prefrontal cortex, and attribute value differences in dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, which suggests that these regions play a key role for the neural integration of attribute values.
Phylogeny and Identification ofPantoeaSpecies Associated with Bulb Rot and Bacterial Leaf Blight of Onion Crops in Uruguay
Authors: De Armas Stefanie , Galván Guillermo A. , Lapaz María I. , González-Barrios Pablo , Vicente Esteban , Pianzzola María J. , Siri María I. 
Published: November 2021

Onion is among the most consumed vegetables in Uruguay, grown in the northwestern and southern regions of the country. The onion supply presents interannual variations associated with significant postharvest losses, mainly caused by bacterial rots. Besides bulb rotting, onion leaf lesions as well as infections on seed-stalks during seed production may be devastating for some varieties under conducive conditions. This research aimed to identify the causal agents of bulb rots and leaf blight of onion crops in Uruguay. Symptomatic bulbs, seeds-stalks, and leaves were collected from commercial fields from 2015 to 2020. Bacterial colonies were isolated and identified at genera level using physiological tests and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. A collection of 59 Pantoea spp. isolates was obtained (11 from bulbs and 48 from leaves and seeds-stalks). Multilocus sequence analysis using four housekeeping genes (rpoB, gyrB, leuS, and fusA) allowed the assignment of the isolates to five Pantoea species: P. ananatis, P. agglomerans, P. allii, P. eucalypti, and P. vagans. The last two species were not previously reported as onion pathogens elsewhere. The ability to cause disease symptoms was tested by leaf inoculation and red onion scale assays. P. ananatis isolates showed the highest aggressiveness in both assays. Specific isolates from P. allii (MAI 6022), P. eucalypti (MAI 6036), P. vagans (MAI 6050), and Pantoea sp. (MAI 6049) ranked second in aggressiveness on onion leaves, whereas only three isolates belonging to P. eucalypti (MAI 6036 and MAI 6058) and P. agglomerans (MAI 6045) exhibited the same scale-clearing phenotype as P. ananatis. Leaf inoculation assays were also performed on a set of eight onion cultivars and breeding lines. Overall, P. ananatis MAI 6032 showed the highest aggressiveness in all tested cultivars, followed by P. eucalypti MAI 6036. The presence of new reported bacterial species leads to complex disease management and highlights the need for further studies on virulence factors and the epidemiology of these pathogens.
Fungicide Physical Mode of Action: Impacts on Suppression of Hop Powdery Mildew
Authors: Claassen Briana J. , Wolfenbarger Sierra N. , Gent David H. 
Published: November 2021

Understanding of the physical mode of action of fungicides allows more efficient and effective application and can increase disease control. Greenhouse and field studies were conducted to explore the preinfection and postinfection duration and translocative properties of fungicides commonly used to control hop powdery mildew, caused by Podosphaera macularis. In greenhouse studies, applications made 24 h before inoculation were almost 100% effective at suppressing powdery mildew, regardless of the fungicide evaluated. However, percentage control of powdery mildew based on the number of pathogen colonies per leaf varied significantly between fungicides with increasing time from inoculation to application, ranging from 50 to 100% disease control depending on the fungicide. Fluopyram or fluopyram + trifloxystrobin was particularly efficacious, suppressing nearly all powdery mildew development independent of application timing. In translocation studies, fluopyram and flutriafol were the most effective treatments in each of two separate experiments, resulting in zones of inhibition of 1,036 and 246.3 mm2, respectively, on adaxial leaf surfaces when a single droplet of each fungicide was applied to the abaxial surface of leaves. In field experiments, all fungicide treatments provided nearly complete control of powdery mildew infection when applied before inoculation. Levels of disease control decreased with time depending on treatment, showing trends similar to those observed in greenhouse studies. In the 2017 field experiments, high levels of disease control (>75%) were observed at postinoculation time points for all treatments tested, whereas the same fungicides were more sensitive to application timing in a different year. Findings from this research indicate that differences in efficacy between fungicides are small when applications are made preventively, but postinfection activity and translaminar movement of certain fungicides may render some more effective depending on application coverage and preexisting infection.
Durability of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies from Natural Infection in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Messiah Sarah E. , Brito Frances , Kohl Harold W. , DeSantis Stacia , Valerio-Shewmaker Melissa , Ross Jessica , Swartz Michael D. , Yaseen Ashraf , Kelder Steven H. , Zhang Shiming , Omega-Njemnobi Onyinye S , Gonzalez Michael O. , Wu Leqing , Boerwinkle Eric , Lakey David , Shuford Jennifer A. , Pont Stephen J. 
Published: November 2021

The authors have withdrawn this manuscript for the following reasons:
Our latest analysis (mid-February, 2022) that includes the addition of 59 children with 3 completed timepoints shows a decrease in N antibodies at T2, versus this preprint that showed an increase in N antibodies from T1 to T2.This preprint did not include those infected with the Omicron variant, which has had a substantial impact on the increase in pediatric infections and has important implications for antibody durability moving forward as such.Therefore, the authors do not wish this work to be cited as reference for the project. If you have any questions, please contact the corresponding author.
Stabilization of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain by Protein Core Redesign and Deep Mutational Scanning
Authors: Leonard Alison C. , Weinstein Jonathan J. , Steiner Paul J. , Erbse Annette H. , Fleishman Sarel J. , Whitehead Timothy A. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTStabilizing antigenic proteins as vaccine immunogens or diagnostic reagents is a stringent case of protein engineering and design as the exterior surface must maintain recognition by receptor(s) and antigen—specific antibodies at multiple distinct epitopes. This is a challenge, as stability-enhancing mutations must be focused on the protein core, whereas successful computational stabilization algorithms typically select mutations at solvent-facing positions. In this study we report the stabilization of SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan Hu-1 Spike receptor binding domain (S RBD) using a combination of deep mutational scanning and computational design, including the FuncLib algorithm. Our most successful design encodes I358F, Y365W, T430I, and I513L RBD mutations, maintains recognition by the receptor ACE2 and a panel of different anti-RBD monoclonal antibodies, is between 1-2°C more thermally stable than the original RBD using a thermal shift assay, and is less proteolytically sensitive to chymotrypsin and thermolysin than the original RBD. Our approach could be applied to the computational stabilization of a wide range of proteins without requiring detailed knowledge of active sites or binding epitopes, particularly powerful for cases when there are multiple or unknown binding sites.
Non-Invasive Skin Sampling Detects Systemically Administered Drugs in Humans
Authors: Panitchpakdi Morgan , Weldon Kelly C. , Jarmusch Alan K. , Gentry Emily C. , Choi Arianna , Sepulveda Yadira , Aguirre Shaden , Sun Kunyang , Momper Jeremiah D. , Dorrestein Pieter C. , Tsunoda Shirley M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractClinical testing typically relies on invasive blood draws and biopsies. Alternative methods of sample collection are continually being developed to improve patient experience; swabbing the skin is one of the least invasive sampling methods possible. To show that skin swabs in combination with untargeted mass spectrometry (metabolomics) can be used for non-invasive monitoring of an oral drug, we report the kinetics and metabolism of diphenhydramine in healthy volunteers (n=10) over the course of 24 hours in blood and three regions of the skin. Diphenhydramine and its metabolites were observed on the skin after peak plasma levels, varying by compound and skin location, and is an illustrative example of how systemically administered molecules can be detected on the skin surface. The observation of diphenhydramine directly from the skin supports the hypothesis that both parent drug and metabolites can be qualitatively measured from a simple non-invasive swab of the skin surface. The mechanism of the drug and metabolites pathway to the skin’s surface remains unknown.
In vivo myelin imaging and tissue microstructure in white matter hyperintensities and perilesional white matter
Authors: Ferris Jennifer K. , Greeley Brian , Vavasour Irene M. , Kraeutner Sarah N. , Rinat Shie , Ramirez Joel , Black Sandra E. , Boyd Lara A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionWhite Matter hyperintensities (WMHs) relate to cognitive decline in aging, due to their deleterious effect on white matter structure. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) detects changes to white matter microstructure, both within the WMH and extending in a penumbra-like pattern in surrounding (perilesional) normal appearing white matter (NAWM). However, DTI markers are not specific to tissue components, complicating interpretation of previous DTI findings. Myelin water imaging is a novel imaging technique that provides specific markers of myelin content (myelin water fraction: MWF) and interstitial fluid (geometric mean T2: GMT2). Here we combined DTI and myelin water imaging to examine tissue characteristics in WMHs and perilesional NAWM. Our goal was to establish a multimodal neuroimaging approach to track WMH progression.Methods80 individuals (47 older adults and 33 individuals with chronic stroke) underwent neuroimaging and tissue segmentation. To measure perilesional NAWM, WMH masks were dilated in 2mm segments up to 10mm in distance from the WMH to measure perilesional NAWM. Fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), MWF, and GMT2 were extracted from WMHs and perilesional NAWM. We examined whether white matter metrics showed a spatial gradient of effects in perilesional NAWM, as a function of Distance from the WMH, and Group. We tested whether white matter metrics in the WMH lesion related to severity of cerebrovascular disease across the whole sample, indexed by whole brain WMH volume.ResultsWe observed a spatial gradient of higher MD and GMT2, and lower FA, in perilesional NAWM and the WMH. In the chronic stroke group, MWF was reduced in the WMH lesion but did not show a spatial gradient in perilesional NAWM. Across the whole sample, white matter metrics within the WMH lesion related to whole-brain WMH volume; MD and GMT2 increased, and MWF decreased, with increasing WMH volume.ConclusionsNAWM adjacent to WMHs exhibits characteristics of a transitional stage between healthy NAWM tissue and WMH lesions. This was observed in markers sensitive to interstitial fluid, but not in the specific marker of myelin concentration (MWF). Within the WMH, interstitial fluid was higher and myelin concentration was lower in individuals with more severe cerebrovascular disease. Our data suggests that fluid-sensitive imaging metrics (such as DTI) can identify NAWM at high risk of conversion to a WMH. In contrast, specific markers of myelin concentration (e.g., MWF) can be used to measure levels of demyelination in the WMH itself, which may be a useful marker for disease staging of advanced WMHs.