bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel tau‐based rhesus monkey model of Alzheimer's pathogenesis
Authors: Beckman Danielle , Chakrabarty Paramita , Ott Sean , Dao Amanda , Zhou Eric , Janssen William G. , Donis‐Cox Kristine , Muller Scott , Kordower Jeffrey H. , Morrison John H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroductionAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating condition with no effective treatments, with promising findings in rodents failing to translate into successful therapies for patients.MethodsTargeting the vulnerable entorhinal cortex (ERC), rhesus monkeys received two injections of an adeno‐associated virus expressing a double tau mutation (AAV‐P301L/S320F) in the left hemisphere, and control AAV‐green fluorescent protein in the right ERC. Noninjected aged‐matched monkeys served as additional controls.ResultsWithin 3 months we observed evidence of misfolded tau propagation, similar to what is hypothesized to occur in humans. Viral delivery of human 4R‐tau also coaptates monkey 3R‐tau via permissive templating. Tau spreading is accompanied by robust neuroinflammatory response driven by TREM2+ microglia, with biomarkers of inflammation and neuronal loss in the cerebrospinal fluid and plasma.DiscussionThese results highlight the initial stages of tau seeding and propagation in a primate model, a more powerful translational approach for the development of new therapies for AD.
Fabrication of Gradient and Patterned Organic Thin Films by Bipolar Electrolytic Micelle Disruption Using Redox‐Active Surfactants
Authors: Zhou Yaqian , Shida Naoki , Tomita Ikuyoshi , Inagi Shinsuke 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBipolar electrochemistry could be regarded as a powerful approach for selective surface modification due to the beneficial feature that a wirelessly controllable potential distribution on bipolar electrodes (BPEs). Herein we report a bipolar electrolytic micelle disruption (BEMD) system for the preparation of shaped organic films. A U‐shaped bipolar electrolytic system with a sigmoidal potential gradient on the BPE gave gradient‐thin films including various interesting organic compounds, such as a polymerizable monomer, an organic pigment and aggregation induced emission (AIE) molecules. The gradient feature was characterized by UV–Vis absorption, thickness measurements and surface morphology analysis. Corresponding patterned films were also fabricated using a cylindrical bipolar electrolytic setup that enables site‐selective application of the potential on the BPE. Such a facile BEMD approach will open a long‐term perspective with respect to organic film preparation.
Disinformation, disease, and Donald Trump
Authors: Brenner Ira 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe COVID‐19 pandemic has been an event which has adversely affected people throughout the world. It has been asserted that in the United States, the extent of the devastation and disruption of life has been exacerbated by the response of the federal government, which was personified by former President Donald J. Trump. He was a leader whose unprecedented number of distortions, misleading statements, and frank lies resulted in a great erosion of trust in a time of great peril. Significantly, this propaganda was apparently believed by almost half of the electorate, as evidenced by the results of the 2020 election, where he lost to Joe Biden in a close race. As a result, there has been an intensification of a traumatically induced regression in the United States, characterized by increased divisiveness, dysfunction, and violence. This paper will psychoanalytically explore the author's contention that there has been a dual pandemic which has damaged the body and the mind—a highly contagious virus and a disinformation campaign gone viral.
Solvent‐ and Temperature‐Dependent Assembly in Monolayer Films of a Ferrocene‐Naphthyridine Hybrid on HOPG
Authors: Malik Himani , Saha Prithwidip , Patra Kamaless , Bera Jitendra K. , Gopakumar Thiruvancheril G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe formation of a monolayer film of bis‐naphthyridyl ferrocene on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) at ambient conditions is demonstrated. The films are prepared by drop casting from different solvents. The microscopic structure of the films is understood using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). The analysis reveals two different types of Phases (I and II) in the films and the relative percentage of these phases depends on the nature of the solvents used for the preparation and the thermodynamical condition. Solvents like methanol, acetonitrile and DMF exclusively select Phase‐I, whereas acetone and ethanol show a mix of both phases at room temperature. The different phases are formed by different conformers of the molecule. We also show that the selectivity of one of the phases over the other is related to the difference in the energetics for the formation of these phases.
Human body reconstruction from limited number of points
Authors: Taştan Oğuzhan , Sahillioğlu Yusuf 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe propose a novel approach for reconstructing plausible three‐dimensional (3D) human body models from small number of 3D points which represent body parts. We leverage a database of 3D models of humans varying from each other by physical attributes such as age, gender, weight, and height. First we divide the bodies in database into seven semantic regions. Then, for each input region consisting of maximum 40 points, we search the database for the best matching body part. For the matching criterion, we use the distance between novel point‐based features of input points and body parts in the database. We then combine the matched parts from different bodies into one body, with the help of Laplacian deformation, which results in a plausible human body. To evaluate our results objectively, we pick points from each part of the ground‐truth human body models, then reconstruct them using our method and compare the resulting bodies with the corresponding ground‐truths. Also, our results are compared with registration‐based results. In addition, we run our algorithm with noisy data to test the robustness of our method and run it with input points whose body parts are manually edited, which produces plausible human bodies that do not even exist in our database. Our experiments verify qualitatively and quantitatively that the proposed approach reconstructs human bodies with different physical attributes from a small number of points using a small database.
Discovery of 4,6‐Disubstituted Pyrimidine Derivatives as Novel Dual VEGFR2/FGFR1 Inhibitors
Authors: Zhang Jin‐Yang , Xue Wen‐Jun , Wang Min , Li Wen , Dong Ru , Li Ming‐Tao , Sun Li‐Ping 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAbnormalities in the FGFRs signaling pathway and VEGFR2 amplification often occur in a variety of tumors, and they synergistically promote tumor angiogenesis. Studies have shown that the up‐regulation of FGF‐2 is closely related to the resistance of VEGFR2 inhibitors. Activation of the FGFRs signal is a signal of compensatory angiogenesis after VEGFR2 resistance. Dual VEGFR2/FGFR1 inhibitors contribute to overcoming the resistance of VEGFR2 inhibitors and inhibit tumor growth significantly. Based on this, we designed and synthesized a series of 4,6‐disubstituted pyrimidine derivatives as dual VEGFR2/FGFR1 inhibitors by the molecular hybridization strategy. 3‐(2,6‐Dichloro‐3,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐1‐{6‐[(4‐methoxyphenyl)amino]pyrimidin‐4‐yl}‐1‐methylurea (8b) had the best inhibitory activities against VEGFR2 and FGFR1 at 10 μM (82.2 % and 101.0 %, respectively), it showed moderate antiproliferative activities against A549 and KG‐1 cell lines as well. Besides, molecular docking was also carried out to study the binding mode of 3‐(2,6‐dichloro‐3,5‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐1‐{6‐[(4‐methoxyphenyl)‐amino]‐pyrimidin‐4‐yl}‐1‐methylurea (8b) with VEGFR2 and FGFR1. These studies reveal that this series of compounds deserve further optimization.
Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy for All‐Solid‐State Batteries: Theory, Methods and Future Outlook
Authors: Vadhva Pooja , Hu Ji , Johnson Michael J. , Stocker Richard , Braglia Michele , Brett Dan J. L. , Rettie Alexander J. E. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractElectrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is widely used to probe the physical and chemical processes in lithium (Li)‐ion batteries (LiBs). The key parameters include state‐of‐charge, rate capacity or power fade, degradation and temperature dependence, which are needed to inform battery management systems as well as for quality assurance and monitoring. All‐solid‐state batteries using a solid‐state electrolyte (SE), promise greater energy densities via a Li metal anode as well as enhanced safety, but their development is in its nascent stages and the EIS measurement, cell set‐up and modelling approach can be vastly different for various SE chemistries and cell configurations. This review aims to condense the current knowledge of EIS in the context of state‐of‐the‐art solid‐state electrolytes and batteries, with a view to advancing their scale‐up from the laboratory to commercial deployment. Experimental and modelling best practices are highlighted, as well as emerging impedance methods for conventional LiBs as a guide for opportunities in the solid‐state.
Diindenopyrazines: Electron‐Deficient Arenes
Authors: Brosius Victor , Weigold Svenja , Hippchen Nikolai , Rominger Frank , Freudenberg Jan , Bunz Uwe H. F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe syntheses, properties and application of the air‐stable electron acceptors, diindenopyrazines 4 a–g are reported demonstrating the introduction of functional aryl groups in the 6‐ and 12‐positions. The targets are accessible on the hundred milligram to gram scale. The structure of the aryl groups in 4 a–g modulates their solubility, redox potentials and optical properties. The introduction of electron‐poor aryl groups to the electron‐poor diindenopyrazine backbone reduces the electron affinity to −4 eV, making the compounds attractive as n‐semiconductors. A simple organic field‐effect transistor of 4 e –without optimization– shows electron transport with a mobility of up to 0.037 cm2 V−1 s−1.
Crystallization Induced Self‐Assembly: A Strategy to Achieve Ultra‐Small Domain Sizes
Authors: Ji Ming‐Sheng , Guo Qing‐Yun , Yan Xiao‐Yun , Liu Yuchu , Wu Yan‐Jun , Yue Kan , Guo Zi‐Hao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAchieving self‐assembled nanostructures with ultra‐small feature sizes (e. g., below 5 nm) is an important prerequisite for the development of block copolymer lithography. In this work, the preparation and self‐assembly of a series of giant molecules composed of vinyl polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (VPOSS) tethered with monodispersed oligo(L‐lactide) chains are presented. Small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results demonstrate that ultra‐small domain sizes (down to 3 nm) of phase separated lamellar morphology are achieved in bulk, driven by the strong tendency and fast kinetics for crystallization of VPOSS moieties. Moreover, upon gamma ray radiation, VPOSS cages in the lamellar structure can be crosslinked via polymerization of the vinyl groups. After pyrolysis at high temperature, ultra‐thin two‐dimensional nano‐silica sheets can be obtained.
Photoredox Catalytic Pentafluorosulfanylative Domino Cyclization of α‐Substituted Alkenes to Oxaheterocycles by Using SF6
Authors: Rombach David , Birenheide Bernhard , Wagenknecht Hans‐Achim 
Published: April 2021

AbstractVirtually inert sulfur hexafluoride becomes a precious pentafluorosulfanylation agent, if properly activated by photoredox catalysis, to access α‐fluoro and α‐alkoxy SF5‐compounds. This advanced protocol converts SF6 in the presence of alkynols as bifunctional C−C‐ and C−O‐bond forming reagents directly into pentafluorosulfanylated oxygen‐containing heterocycles in a single step from α‐substituted alkenes. The proposed mechanism is supported by theoretical calculations and gives insights not only in the pentafluorosulfanylation step but also into formation of the carbon‐carbon bond and is in full agreement with Baldwin's cyclization rules. The key step is a radical type 5‐, 6‐ respectively 7‐exo‐dig‐cyclization. The synthesized oxaheterocycles cannot be simply prepared by other synthetic methods, show a high level of structural complexity and significantly expand the scope of pentafluorosulfanylated building blocks valuable for medicinal and material chemistry.
Boron‐ versus Nitrogen‐Centered Nucleophilic Reactivity of (Cyano)hydroboryl Anions: Synthesis of Cyano(hydro)organoboranes and 2‐Aza‐1,4‐diborabutatrienes
Authors: Gärtner Annalena , Marek Matthäus , Arrowsmith Merle , Auerhammer Dominic , Radacki Krzysztof , Prieschl Dominic , Dewhurst Rian D. , Braunschweig Holger 
Published: April 2021

AbstractCyclic alkyl(amino)carbene‐stabilized (cyano)hydroboryl anions were synthesized by deprotonation of (cyano)dihydroborane precursors. While they display boron‐centered nucleophilic reactivity towards organohalides, generating fully unsymmetrically substituted cyano(hydro)organoboranes, they show cyano‐nitrogen‐centered nucleophilic reactivity towards haloboranes, resulting in the formation of hitherto unknown linear 2‐aza‐1,4‐diborabutatrienes.
Vanadium Dioxide for Dynamically Tunable Photonics
Authors: Ko Byoungsu , Badloe Trevon , Rho Junsuk 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs the quest for active photonic devices continues, materials with exotic and exploitable properties have become paramount to enable new advancements. In recent years, phase‐change materials (PCMs) have emerged as an exciting option that open new gateways for both fundamental physics and material science research, while also being applicable to actively tunable photonic devices. One PCM in particular, vanadium dioxide (VO2), has gained a lot of attention due to its interesting reversible insulator‐to‐metal transition that comes along with a drastic change in its optical properties. In this review, starting with a brief description and explanation of the origin of the exciting optical characteristics of VO2, we then present examples of the latest research trends of VO2 in photonic applications. This includes manipulation of the reflection, transmission, and absorption of light to produce color filters and near‐infrared perfect absorbers, as well as applications of telecommunications modulators, and we round up with applications in the energy field, in smart windows and adaptive radiative cooling. We conclude with a discussion about our views on the future perspectives for VO2 platforms in active photonic devices.
Acoustically‐Propelled Rodlike Liquid Metal Colloidal Motors
Authors: Li Zesheng , Zhang Hongyue , Wu Zhiguang , He Qiang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe report an acoustically‐propelled rodlike liquid metal eutectic gallium‐indium alloy (EGaIn) colloidal motor capable of actively seeking and internalizing into cancer cells. These rod‐shaped EGaIn colloidal motors with a length of 1 μm and a diameter of 200 nm are prepared by a simple sonication crushing method, which is demonstrated to be a core‐shell structure with a 30 nm GaOOH shell and zero‐valent liquid core. A wide spectrum range of light absorbance is demonstrated by using UV‐vis‐NIR spectroscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy with excitation wavelengths of 488 nm, 543 nm, and 633 nm. Upon exposure to the acoustic field, the rodlike EGaIn colloidal motors can autonomously move at a speed of up to 34.5 μm s−1 without addition of any chemical fuels. The speed of motion is also able to be modulated by adjusting the acoustic voltage. Furthermore, these rodlike EGaIn colloidal motors could actively target and internalize into cancer cells which could be real‐time monitored due to their photoluminance feature. Such rodlike liquid metal colloidal motors have promising applications in biomedical fields.
Microleakage of pit and fissure sealings placed after enamel conditioning with phosphoric acid or with self‐etching primers/adhesives
Authors: Amend Stefanie , Frankenberger Roland , Boutsiouki Christina , Scharrelmann Vanessa , Winter Julia , Krämer Norbert 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundIt is still not fully understood what pretreatment is best for achieving maximum tightness for pit and fissure sealings (PFS).AimThis study investigated microleakage of PFS placed after etching with phosphoric acid or after the application of self‐etching primers/adhesives (SEPA).Design131 third molars were assigned to ten groups. In Hel‐P, Helioseal® was applied after phosphoric acid etching. In the other groups, SEPA were used (Dyr‐AP: Adper™ Prompt™ L‐Pop™, Dyract® Seal; Bea: BeautiSealant Primer and Paste; Hel‐Exp: Experimental primer, Helioseal®; Hel‐Cl: Clearfil™ SE Bond1, Helioseal®). Specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C (28 days), followed by 3500 thermocycles and staining with 5% methylene blue (M) or 5% silver nitrate (S). After methylene blue staining and sectioning, microleakage was assessed light microscopically. During silver nitrate staining, specimens were dissolved by 32% HCl and remaining PFS were evaluated under a SEM.ResultsTightness, percentage of penetrated area, and maximum dye penetration were best for Hel‐P and Hel‐Cl (p < 0.05).ConclusionsPhosphoric acid etching of enamel and Clearfil™ SE Bond resulted in the best sealing quality. Methylene blue staining allowed the evaluation of more criteria (fissure shape, voids, sealant penetration depth) compared to silver nitrate.
Different frequency control mechanisms and the exploitation of frequency space in passerines
Authors: Goller Franz , Love Jay , Mindlin Gabriel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBirdsong is used in reproductive context and, consequently, has been shaped by strong natural and sexual selection. The acoustic performance includes a multitude of acoustic and temporal characteristics that are thought to honestly reveal the quality of the singing individual.One major song feature is frequency and its modulation. Sound frequency can be actively controlled, but the control mechanisms differ between different groups. Two described mechanisms are pressure‐driven frequency changes in suboscines and control by syringeal muscles in oscines.To test to what degree these different control mechanisms enhance or limit the exploitation of frequency space by individual species and families, we compared the use of frequency space by tyrannid suboscines and emberizid/passerellid oscines.We find that despite the different control mechanisms, the songs of species in both groups can contain broad frequency ranges and rapid and sustained frequency modulation (FM). The maximal values for these parameters are slightly higher in oscines.Furthermore, the mean frequency range of song syllables is substantially larger in oscines than suboscines. Species within each family group collectively exploit equally broadly the available frequency space.The narrower individual frequency ranges of suboscines likely indicate morphological specialization for particular frequencies, whereas muscular control of frequency facilitated broader exploitation of frequency space by individual oscine species.
Trophic cascade driven by behavioral fine‐tuning as naïve prey rapidly adjust to a novel predator
Authors: Jolly Chris J. , Smart Adam S. , Moreen John , Webb Jonathan K. , Gillespie Graeme R. , Phillips Ben L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe arrival of novel predators can trigger trophic cascades driven by shifts in prey numbers. Predators also elicit behavioral change in prey populations, via phenotypic plasticity and/or rapid evolution, and such changes may also contribute to trophic cascades. Here, we document rapid demographic and behavioral changes in populations of a prey species (grassland melomys Melomys burtoni, a granivorous rodent) following the introduction of a novel marsupial predator (northern quoll Dasyurus hallucatus). Within months of quolls appearing, populations of melomys exhibited reduced survival and population declines relative to control populations. Quoll‐invaded populations were also significantly shyer than nearby, quoll‐free populations of conspecifics. This rapid but generalized response to a novel threat was replaced over the following 2 yr with more threat‐specific antipredator behaviors (i.e., predator‐scent aversion). Predator‐exposed populations, however, remained more neophobic than predator‐free populations throughout the study. These behavioral responses manifested rapidly in changed rates of seed predation by melomys across treatments. Quoll‐invaded melomys populations exhibited lower per‐capita seed take rates, and rapidly developed an avoidance of seeds associated with quoll scent, with discrimination playing out over a spatial scale of tens of meters. Presumably the significant and novel predation pressure induced by quolls drove melomys populations to fine‐tune behavioral responses to be more predator specific through time. These behavioral shifts could reflect individual plasticity (phenotypic flexibility) in behavior or may be adaptive shifts from natural selection imposed by quoll predation. Our study provides a rare insight into the rapid ecological and behavioral shifts enacted by prey to mitigate the impacts of a novel predator and shows that trophic cascades can be strongly influenced by behavioral as well as numerical responses.
Managing older patients with heart failure calls for a holistic approach
Authors: Wiersinga Julia H.I. , Rhodius‐Meester Hanneke F.M. , Kleipool Emma E.F. , Handoko Louis , van Rossum Albert C. , Liem Su‐San , Trappenburg Marijke C. , Peters Mike J.L. , Muller Majon 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimsThis study aims to assess the presence of geriatric domain impairments in an older heart failure (HF) outpatient population and to relate these domain impairments with 1 year mortality risk in comparison with a geriatric outpatient population without HF.Methods and resultsData were used from two different prospective cohort studies: 241 outpatients with HF (mean age 78 ± 9 years, 48% female) and 686 geriatric outpatients (mean age 80 ± 7 years, 55% female). We similarly assessed the following geriatric domains in both cohorts: physical function, nutritional status, polypharmacy, cognitive function, and activities in daily living. Cox proportional hazards analyses were used to relate individual domains to 1 year mortality risk in both populations and to compare 1 year mortality risk between both populations. Of the patients with HF, 34% had impairments in ≥3 domains, compared with 38% in geriatric patients. One‐year mortality rates were 13% and 8%, respectively, in the HF and geriatric populations; age‐adjusted and sex‐adjusted hazard ratio (95% confidence interval) for patients with HF compared with geriatric patients was 1.7 (1.3–2.6). The individual geriatric domains were similarly associated with 1 year mortality risk in both populations. Compared with zero to two impaired domains, age‐adjusted and sex‐adjusted mortality risk (hazard ratio, 95% confidence interval) for three, four, or five impaired domains ranged from 1.6 (0.6–4.2) to 6.5 (2.1–20.1) in the HF population and from 1.4 (0.7–2.9) to 7.9 (2.9–21.3) in the geriatric population.ConclusionsIn parallel with geriatric patients, patients with HF often have multiple geriatric domain impairments that adversely affect their prognosis. This similarity together with the findings that patients with HF have a higher 1 year mortality risk than a general geriatric population supports the integration of a multi‐domain geriatric assessment in outpatient HF care.