bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consolidation of primary care physicians and its impact on healthcare utilization
Authors: Zhang Jonathan , Chen Yiwei , Einav Liran , Levin Jonathan , Bhattacharya Jay 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe use administrative data from Medicare to document the massive consolidation of primary care physicians over the last decade and its impact on patient healthcare utilization. We first document that primary care organizations have consolidated all over the United States between 2008 and 2014. We then show that regions that experienced greater consolidation are associated with greater decline in overall healthcare spending. Finally, in our primary exercise, we exploit transitions of patients across organizations that are driven by changes in the organizational affiliations of their primary care physicians to study the impact of organizational size on overall spending. Our preferred specification suggests that patients switching from small to large physician organizations reduce their overall healthcare spending by 16%, and that this reduction is primarily driven by a 13% reduction in primary care visits and 0.09 (21%) fewer inpatient admissions per year.
Use of point scale models to improve conceptual understanding in complex aquifers: An example from a sandstone aquifer in the Eden valley, Cumbria, UK
Authors: Lafare Antoine E. A. , Peach Denis W. , Hughes Andrew G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUnderstanding catchment functioning is increasingly important to enable water resources to be quantified and used sustainably, flood risk to be minimized, as well as to protect the system from degradation by pollution. Developing conceptual understanding of groundwater systems and their encapsulation in models is an important part of this understanding, but they are resource intensive to create and calibrate. The relative lack of data or the particular complexity of a groundwater system can prevent the development of a satisfactory conceptual understanding of the hydrological behaviour, which can be used to construct an adequate distributed model. A time series of daily groundwater levels from the Permo‐Triassic sandstones situated in the River Eden Valley, Cumbria, UK have been analysed. These hydrographs show a range of behaviours and therefore have previously been studied using statistical and time series analysis techniques. This paper describes the application of AquiMOD, impulse response function (IRF) and combined AquiMOD‐IRF methods to characterize the daily groundwater hydrographs. The best approach for each characteristic type of response has been determined and related to the geological and hydrogeological framework found at each borehole location. It is clear that AquiMOD, IRF and a combination of AquiMOD with IRF can be deployed to reproduce hydrograph responses in a range of hydrogeological settings. Importantly the choice of different techniques demonstrates the influence of differing processes and hydrogeological settings. Further they can distinguish the influences of differing hydrogeological environments and the impacts these have on the groundwater flow processes. They can be used, as shown in this paper, in a staged approach to help develop reliable and comprehensive conceptual models of groundwater flow. This can then be used as a solid basis for the development of distributed models, particularly as the latter are resource expensive to build and to calibrate effectively. This approach of using simple models and techniques first identifies specific aspects of catchment functioning, for example influence of the river, that can be later tested in a distributed model.
Divot recovery of cool‐season turfgrass species and mixtures in low maintenance fairways
Authors: Bonos Stacy A. , Weibel Eric N. , Honig Josh , Murphy James A. , Hoffman‐Chappell Lindsey , Meyer William A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThere is a need to identify turfgrass species and mixtures for golf course fairways that can be managed sustainably with reduced fertility, pesticides, and irrigation. The current study evaluated Agrostis stolonifera L. (creeping bentgrass [AST]), Agrostis capillaris L. (colonial bentgrass [ACP]), Agrostis canina L. (velvet bentgrass [ACN]), Festuca rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaudin (Chewings fescue [FRC]), Festuca brevipila Tracey (hard fescue [FBP]), and Festuca rubra L. ssp. littoralis (G. Mey) Auquier (slender creeping red fescue [FRL]) planted as monostands and in mixtures to determine the ideal choice for low maintenance fairway management. Plots were established in the fall of 2014 in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Turf quality and disease resistance were evaluated visually from 2015–2018. Divots were mechanically created during the growing seasons of 2017 and 2018 and evaluated visually for initial divot injury and recovery every two weeks. Monostands and mixtures of ACN had the best turf quality and least brown patch (caused by Rhizoctonia solani Kühn) but took longer to recover from divots. A. capillaris monostands and mixtures exhibited above average turf quality but were more susceptible to brown patch disease. Compared to all other entries, monostands and mixtures of AST had the lowest turf quality and most dollar spot (caused by Clarireedia jacksonii C. Salgado, L.A. Beirn, B.B. Clarke, & J.A. Crouch sp. nov.). Festuca L. spp. (fine fescue spp.), when mixed with improved ACP cultivars such as ‘Puritan’ and ‘Capri’, exhibited above average turf quality but had below average performance in monostands or when combined with older ACP cultivars such as SR 7100. Divot resistance and recovery were variable between years but the FRL cultivar Shoreline and most FRC cultivars recovered quickly in both years, while ACP cultivar Capri and FBP cultivar Beacon were slow to recover in both years. Most species and mixtures were comparable and, in some cases, better than AST for divot recovery indicating that the alternative species tested in this study could provide sustainable turfgrass management on golf course fairways.
Numerical simulation of water and nitrogen transport in three turfgrass systems
Authors: Sun Hongyan , Kopp Kelly , Cardon Grant , Jones Scott 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe relative contributions to N leaching in turfgrass systems from over irrigation, over fertilization, N form, and soil texture, require characterization. In this study, water transport parameters were calibrated using an inverse simulation with a Kentucky bluegrass landscape. Subsequently those parameters were applied to simulate water use by tall fescue and buffalograss turfgrasses using numerical modeling. Using the calibrated soil hydraulic parameters obtained from the water transport simulation, N transport and transformation was modeled with Hydrus‐1D. A variable boundary condition was used to describe irrigation and fertilization schedules, including the composition of applied fertilizer and the estimated N content of returned turf clippings. Numerical simulations using multiple fertilization events at two rates (1X, 2X) of actual applied fertilizer (2010) and three irrigation levels (1X, 1.5X, and 2X) of optimized irrigation amounts (2010), and a quick‐release fertilization with 1X irrigation for each turfgrass species were used to compare N leaching from the root zone. To demonstrate the influence of soil texture on N leaching, three different soil textures were also simulated. Simulation results showed that over irrigation was the main contributing factor to NO3‐N leaching and that soil texture also affected NO3‐N leaching rate significantly. However, N form or over fertilization alone, without over irrigation, did not affect NO3‐N leaching in turf.
Pacific shoot‐gall disease control in annual bluegrass putting greens using a new formulation of abamectin
Authors: Orlinski Pawel M. , Petelewicz Pawel , Schiavon Marco , Mundo‐Ocampo Manuel , Becker J. Ole , Baird James H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Pacific shoot‐gall nematode (Anguina pacificae Cid del Prado Vera & Maggenti, 1984) is a devastating pest on annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) putting greens in coastal Northern California, USA. Frequently used plant protection compounds such as fenamiphos and azadirachtin are either no longer registered or very expensive and have often resulted in nematode suppression at best. A new formulation of abamectin (Divanem®; Syngenta, Greensboro, NC) was tested at two rates (0.15 and 0.30 kg a.i. ha−1) and two application frequencies (2X vs. 4X) in comparison to fluopyram (Indemnify®; Bayer CropScience, St. Louis, MO) applied at the rate of 0.5 kg a.i. ha−1 on three California golf courses: Pasatiempo, Santa Cruz; Laguna Seca, Monterey; and Del Monte, Monterey. Fluopyram showed the best efficacy regarding recovery from and protection against the Pacific shoot‐gall disease. Generally, only two applications were required for season‐long protection. Four applications of the new formulation of abamectin at the high rate were often necessary to achieve efficacy similar to fluopyram. Overall, abamectin represents another new plant protection tool that offers a treatment alternative for the management of this pathogen. Neither product had much effect on populations of soil‐dwelling A. pacificae, spiral (Helicotylenchus spp.), ring (Criconemoides spp.), and root‐knot (Meloidogyne spp.) nematodes.
Simulated traffic on turfgrasses during drought stress: II. Soil moisture, soil compaction, and rooting
Authors: Braun Ross C. , Bremer Dale J. , Hoyle Jared A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTurf is often subject to traffic stresses during drought. Our objectives were to evaluate the impacts of golf cart traffic applied during simulated drought on soil properties and turfgrass rooting. Soil and roots in the upper profile (0–30.5 cm) were evaluated in two cool‐season (C3) [Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)] and two warm‐season (C4) turfgrasses {buffalograss [Buchloë dactyloides (Nutt.) Engelm.] and zoysiagrass (Zoysia japonica Steud.)} maintained at golf course mowing heights (1.6 [fairway] and 6.3 cm [rough]) during a 41‐d drought (with traffic) and subsequent 40‐d recovery (without traffic). After drought, soil bulk density was ≤1.40 g cm−3 and generally below the 1.55 g cm−3 threshold, where root‐growth restriction is more problematic. After drought, soil penetration resistance exceeded 2.0 MPa at lower depths, especially at fairway height, which may impede root‐growth. The C3 turfgrasses had 46–70% more root biomass and 150–290% more root length density than C4 turfgrasses. However, only root diameter was correlated with turf canopy performance (r = 0.501; P < .001), which was 20–23% less in Kentucky bluegrass; a smaller root diameter may have diminished its ability to explore for moisture as soils dried. Most differences in soil and root characteristics resulted from drought and not traffic stress, since the traffic main effect was not significant. Results indicate cart traffic during acute drought may have negligible effects on soil compaction and rooting.
Poa trivialis, Lolium perenne or Poa annua as nurse crops for faster establishment of Agrostis stolonifera putting greens in Nordic climates
Authors: Heltoft Pia , Thorvaldsson Gudni , Jensen Anne Mette Dahl , Espevig Tatsiana , Hesselsøe Karin Juul , Waalen Wendy , Petersen Torben Kastrup , Pettersen Trond , Tangsveen Jan , Sørensen Per , Gneist Tania , Hannesson Bjarni , Sundsdal Kristine , Aamlid Trygve S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSeed mixtures with a nurse grass that germinates quickly at low soil temperatures can be an option for faster establishment of Agrostis stolonifera (AS) putting greens after winter damage. From 2015 to 2018 Poa trivialis (PT) ‘Dark Horse’ and Lolium perenne (LP) ‘Chardin’ were evaluated as nurse grasses in comparison with pure AS ‘Independence’ at two experimental sites in each of the two major climatic zones of the Nordic countries. Poa annua (PA) ‘Two‐Putt’ was also included as a nurse grass in the northern zone. As an overall trend, establishment was faster with AS+LP than with AS+PT and AS+PA, which both had faster establishment than pure AS. In the northern zone, AS+PT produced better turf quality than pure AS in the seeding year and year after and tended to be superior even on average for the entire trial period (mean value 6.0 versus 5.8 for pure AS, 5.3 for AS+LP, and 4.6 for AS+PA; scale 1–9 where 9 is the highest quality). Within the same zone, AS+PT also suffered less overall winter damage than the other combinations and was less infected with microdochium patch than pure AS. In the southern zone, PT and especially LP were far more persistent than in the northern zone and compromised turfgrass quality compared with pure AS. In conclusion, we recommend PT as a nurse grass for faster establishment of AS putting in the northern zone, but not in the southern zone where AS should rather be seeded in a pure stand.
Coagulation dysfunction in patients with AECOPD and its relation to infection and hypercapnia
Authors: Liu Mei , Hu Ruixue , Jiang Xuqin , Mei Xiaodong 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundPatients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) often have coagulation abnormalities. However, the factors that lead to coagulation dysfunction in acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) remain insufficiently explored. This study aimed to investigate the factors affecting coagulation status in patients with COPD and their influence on thrombosis.MethodsData of COPD patients, including 135 cases in acute exacerbation stage and 44 cases in stable stage from Nov 2016 to Nov 2019 in our hospital, were collected. Healthy people (n = 135) were enrolled as the controls. The coagulation parameters, blood gas indexes and blood routine examination results were collected and analyzed.ResultsWhite blood count (WBC), neutrophil count, neutrophil percentage (N%), platelet (PLT), prothrombin time (PT), international normalized ratio (INR), fibrinogen (FIB), and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) increased, plasma thrombin time (TT) decreased in AECOPD group compared with the control group. In AECOPD group, PT, APTT, and FIB were positively correlated with neutrophils and C‐reaction protein levels. PT was positively correlated with PCO2 and negatively with pH. Thrombosis was observed in five acute exacerbation and three stable stage COPD patients.ConclusionsPatients with AECOPD presented abnormal coagulation status, which was correlated to infection and hypercapnia and might be potentially the risk factor of thrombosis.
Effects of the Competitive Season and Off‐Season on Knee Articular Cartilage in Collegiate Basketball Players Using Quantitative MRI: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Rubin Elka B. , Mazzoli Valentina , Black Marianne S. , Young Katherine , Desai Arjun D. , Koff Matthew F. , Sreedhar Ashwin , Kogan Feliks , Safran Marc R. , Vincentini Dominic J. , Knox Katelin A. , Yamada Tomoo , McCabe Andrew , Majumdar Sharmila , Potter Hollis G. , Gold Garry E. 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundInjuries to the articular cartilage in the knee are common in jumping athletes, particularly high‐level basketball players. Unfortunately, these are often diagnosed at a late stage of the disease process, after tissue loss has already occurred.Purpose/HypothesisTo evaluate longitudinal changes in knee articular cartilage and knee function in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball players and their evolution over the competitive season and off‐season.Study TypeLongitudinal, multisite cohort study.PopulationThirty‐two NCAA Division 1 athletes: 22 basketball players and 10 swimmers.Field Strength/SequenceBilateral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) using a combined T1ρ and T2 magnetization‐prepared angle‐modulated portioned k‐space spoiled gradient‐echo snapshots (MAPSS) sequence at 3T.AssessmentWe calculated T2 and T1ρ relaxation times to compare compositional cartilage changes between three timepoints: preseason 1, postseason 1, and preseason 2. Knee Osteoarthritis Outcome Scores (KOOS) were used to assess knee health.Statistical TestsOne‐way variance model hypothesis test, general linear model, and chi‐squared test.ResultsIn the femoral articular cartilage of all athletes, we saw a global decrease in T2 and T1ρ relaxation times during the competitive season (all P < 0.05) and an increase in T2 and T1ρ relaxation times during the off‐season (all P < 0.05). In the basketball players' femoral cartilage, the anterior and central compartments respectively had the highest T2 and T1ρ relaxation times following the competitive season and off‐season. The basketball players had significantly lower KOOS measures in every domain compared with the swimmers: Pain (P < 0.05), Symptoms (P < 0.05), Function in Daily Living (P < 0.05), Function in Sport/Recreation (P < 0.05), and Quality of Life (P < 0.05).ConclusionOur results indicate that T2 and T1ρ MRI can detect significant seasonal changes in the articular cartilage of basketball players and that there are regional differences in the articular cartilage that are indicative of basketball‐specific stress on the femoral cartilage. This study demonstrates the potential of quantitative MRI to monitor global and regional cartilage health in athletes at risk of developing cartilage problems.Level of Evidence: 2Technical Efficacy Stage: 2
Fully automated identification and quantification of five polar pesticides in groundwater by isotope dilution‐online solid phase extraction coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole Orbitrap high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Tu Xiang‐ting , Zhou Han‐xiao , Wang Shu‐ting , Guo Feng , Rao Zhu , Zhan Nan , Zhu Shuai , Jia Jing , Yang Hong‐bo , Chen Ling‐yu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA fully automated method for identification and quantification of five polar pesticides in groundwater by isotope dilution‐online solid‐phase extraction (SPE) coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole Orbitrap high‐resolution mass spectrometry was developed. After one step of filtration, an aliquot of a 7.5‐ml water sample was automatedly preconcentrated and purified on a turbulent Cyclone SPE column. The analytes were eluted in backflush mode, then separated on an analytical column and acquired by full MS/dd‐MS2 scan in negative and positive ions mode. The major parameters for sample loading, cleanup, and elution were optimized in detail. Preconcentration and ionization efficiency were highly improved by using 0.1% acid solution in the mobile phase. The method provided good linearity of calibration coefficients (R2 > 0.995), sensitive method limits of detection (0.5–10.0 ng/L), accurate mass spectra (within 5 ppm error), satisfactory matrix spiking recoveries (98.4% to 109%), and high precision (intraday/interday relative standard deviations 1.57–8.90%). The method was successfully applied to analyze large batch groundwater of National Groundwater Monitoring Project and suspect screening of potential pesticides in groundwater. The study provided a practical alternative for a simple, robust, sensitive, and accurate identification and qualification of five polar pesticides in groundwater.
Analysis of aristolochic acids in Houttuynia cordata by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Chan Chi‐Kong , Pan Guanrui , Chan Wan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHouttuynia cordata (H. cordata) is a popular vegetable in Asian countries and is also used extensively as herbal medicine in treating various diseases. H. cordata contains aristolactams, which have a similar Chinese name as aristolochic acids (AAs); hence, an emerging concern in the greater China region has arisen about the potential linkage between H. cordata and aristolochic acid nephropathy (AAN). However, only a single study has tested for the presence of AAs in H. cordata samples, and the analysis was limited by the analytical sensitivity of the method. Thus, further analysis of AAs in H. cordata using analytical method of higher sensitivity is needed to alleviate public anxiety over the use of this popular vegetable. In this study, a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method was used to analyze H. cordata samples for the natural existence of aristolochic acid I (AA‐I) and aristolochic acid II (AA‐II), which are the most carcinogenic and nephrotoxic compounds in the AA family. After evaluating the method performance by fortifying blank samples with three concentrations of AAs, the validated method was applied to identify AA‐I and AA‐II in both fresh and sun‐dried H. cordata samples (n = 20) collected from different cities in China. The LC–MS/MS method achieved method detection limits (MDLs) as low as 2 ng/g of AAs in H. cordata. Analysis of the collected fresh and sun‐dried H. cordata samples revealed that AA‐I and AA‐II either do not exist naturally in H. cordata or exist at concentrations below the MDLs. Therefore, it is not very likely that consumption of H. cordata will result in AAN because AA‐I and AA‐II, the nephrotoxic and carcinogenic culprits of AAN, are not produced naturally in the plant or are produced at levels that do not pose a risk of AAN.
Postvaccination prevalence of vaccine‐Human Papillomavirus (vHPV) genotypes among the target population: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sabeena Sasidharanpillai , Ravishankar Nagaraja 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHuman Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are safe and are highly effective in reducing the prevalence of HPV infections and subsequent HPV associated diseases in the target population. A systematic review and meta‐analysis was carried out searching electronic databases for articles published between January 2007 and September 2020 reporting the prevalence estimates of vaccine HPV (vHPV) types in women who had received one or more doses of quadrivalent or bivalent vaccines. This systematic review was based on standard systematic review guidelines and the meta‐analysis was performed by pooling the HPV vaccine type prevalence data with 95% confidence interval (CI) among 16,929 young women who had received the prophylactic HPV vaccines before the age of 27 years. The overall pooled prevalence of vHPV types was.0.04 (95% CI: 0.02, 0.05). The meta‐analysis concludes that prophylactic HPV vaccination before the age of 27 years results in a decline of vHPV types in young women.