bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attention recruits frontal cortex in human infants
Authors: Ellis Cameron T. , Skalaban Lena J. , Yates Tristan S. , Turk-Browne Nicholas B. 
Published: March 2021

Significance
Infants are capable of deftly allocating attention to new information. However, the brain regions that support attention in adults are thought to be immature early in life. We tested awake behaving infants in their first year using gaze coding and fMRI to collect simultaneous behavioral and neural measures of attentional cuing. We found a robust validity effect in behavior from all infants, accompanied by engagement of portions of the brain networks that support attention in adults, notably, regions of frontal cortex. This evidence of maturity is compatible with the importance of attention in scaffolding learning and understanding. This study also highlights the opportunities and challenges of awake infant fMRI, including limitations in experimental design, data collection, and data analysis.
Simple and complex cognitive modelling in oblique translation strategies in a corpus of English–Spanish drama film titles
Authors: Peña-Cervel María Sandra , Ovejas-Ramírez Carla 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article provides a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the translation of English drama film titles into Peninsular Spanish, drawing on cognitive modelling and following preliminary findings inPeña-Cervel (2016). Our study is consistent with the epistemological and ontological grounding of Cognitive Linguistics (Samaniego-Fernández 2007) and contributes to satisfying one of the major challenges Rojo-López and Ibarretxe-Antuñano (2013a, 10) identify for present-day Translation Studies: To reveal the conceptual substratum that guides the translation process. Our approach does not rely on an exhaustive classification of clear-cut and well-defined translation techniques, but rather on a broad distinction between direct and oblique strategies. We demonstrate how the notion of cognitive operation, as proposed byRuiz de Mendoza-Ibáñez and Galera-Masegosa (2014), can help elucidate the sometimes seemingly arbitrary relationship between original English titles and their counterparts in Spanish, especially in cases of traditionally so-called free translations. Stands-for relations, such as expansion and reduction, are shown to play a fundamental role in the translation process and the fruitful combination of cognitive operations into conceptual complexes is explored. Our study attempts to go beyond descriptive adequacy in order to achieve explanatory adequacy.
Grass-legume intercropping for sustainability animal production in the tropics
Authors: Rusdy Muhammad 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Seasonal and low forage availability and quality, shrinking of grassland area, and poor grassland management are the main causes of low soil fertility and animal production in tropical grasslands. One sustainable way to overcome the problems is through establishment of grass-legume intercropping in tropical grassland. Results revealed that grass-legume intercropping improved soil health and fertility, forage yield, and stability and reduced weed invasion. Besides, it improves forage nutritive value and animal production. To enhance grass-legume intercropping, the selected grass and legume species should be matched with local environmental conditions followed by good management.
All possible paths: bringing quantum electrodynamics to classrooms
Authors: Choudhary Rahul , Blair David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Quantum electrodynamics was described by Feynman as the ‘jewel of physics’ [1985 QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter (Alix G. Mautner Memorial Lectures) (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press)] because of its ability to precisely describe the interaction of light and matter. It embodies the key concepts of quantum physics and yet also describes classical optics. It is normally considered to be too advanced for use in schools. Here we show that through the use of novel learning tools called phasor wheels, it is possible to make quantum electrodynamics accessible to students from middle school and higher. Our graphical approach is based on the summation of all possible paths (formally known as Feynman path integrals). It uses graphical vector addition, and gives students a deep understanding of vectors. It offers insights into the quantum world in which observations represent quantum probability density, while correctly describing the laws of classical optics. The phasor wheel is a tactile tool that allows students to compute the probability of photons arriving at a point in space and to explore phenomena such as matter–wave interference, diffraction, and reflection without any distinction between quantum or classical. To make it accessible, we combine the phasor tool with real-life analogies, and videos of single quanta interference. Needing only elementary mathematics, the approach is suitable for middle/upper secondary schools as well early undergraduate students.
Coordinating vector field equations and diagrams with a serious game in introductory physics
Authors: Klein P , Burkard N , Hahn L , Dahlkemper M N , Eberle K , Jaeger T , Herrlich M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Mathematical reasoning with algebraic and graphical representations is important for a throughout understanding of physics problems and concepts. Many problems require students to fluently move between algebraic and graphical representations. We developed a freely available serious game to challenge the representational fluency of introductory students regarding vector fields. Within the game, interactive puzzles are solved using different types of vector fields that must be configured with the correct mathematical parameters. A reward system implemented in the game prevents from using trial-and-error approaches and instead encourages the player to establish a mental connection between the graphical representation of the vector field and the (algebraic) equation before taking any action. For correct solutions, the player receives points and can unlock further levels. The graphics implemented in the game make the effects of changing the direction of a field or its magnitude visible and thus can help the learner gain a throughout understanding of vector fields. We report about the aim of the game from an educational perspective, describe potential learning scenarios and put in perspective the use of the game in the classroom.
Wavepacket-interference view of optical excitation
Authors: Lü Ling-Jie 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Excitation mechanisms using intense lasers are described as being either a multiphoton or tunneling process, based on whether the Keldysh parameter γ is greater than or less than unity. However, the lack of intrinsic connection between these two excitation mechanisms fetters the cognizance of dynamics in strong field ionization under typical experimental conditions. In this paper, quantum tunneling and the multiphoton process are connected by an intuitive picture of wavepacket interference. In this view, the transition from multiphoton resonance to tunneling is recognized as a decoherence process of tunneling electrons. We reveal this decoherence in crystals and gases when the Keldysh parameter decreases. In this process, the characteristics of driving fields, frequent scattering in crystals and localization play an important role. Moreover, once this understanding of multiphoton resonance is obtained, additional means are provided for coherent control in electron excitations. We find that the interference of tunneling electrons leads to novel performances of the transition rate in subcycles, and provides a theoretical method of attosecond-resolved quantum interference control. Our work opens up a new prospect of electron ultrafast control.
Excitation energy transfer model for Ne-CO2 and Ne-N2 mixtures
Authors: Şahin Ö. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The excited states of neon are capable of ionizing the CO2 and N2 molecules through Penning energy transfer mechanisms. Probability of such additional ionizations can be calculated from the measured gas gain fits. In the present work, Penning ionization processes for Ne-CO2 and Ne-N2 mixtures have been investigated with a newly developed model. The decreases in the transfer rates observed at high molecular gas concentrations indicate the existence of a remarkably interesting transfer mechanism for the excited neon atoms.
Attribution of production-stage methane emissions to assess spatial variability in the climate intensity of US natural gas consumption
Authors: Burns Diana , Grubert Emily 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Although natural gas is often viewed as a commodity fuel with limited variability due to standardization for pipeline transportation, life cycle impacts of natural gas vary substantially. Greenhouse gas (GHG) intensity is one of the most policy-relevant environmental characteristics of natural gas, particularly as decarbonization efforts proceed. Given that natural gas is mostly methane, a powerful GHG, methane emissions from the natural gas system contribute substantially to the GHG intensity of natural gas. Research has established that methane emissions from natural gas systems are climatically relevant and higher than long understood, in part due to variation in production-stage emissions by basin. This work combines recent estimates of basin-level US production-stage methane emissions, data on US natural gas production, consumption, and trade, and a spatial evaluation of pipeline connections between production basins and consumer states to generate first-order estimates of the production-stage methane emissions intensity of natural gas consumed in the United States. Although natural gas is a commodity product, the environmental footprint of a given unit of natural gas varies based on its origin and infrastructural needs. We find that production-stage methane emissions intensity of delivered natural gas by state varies from 0.9% to 3.6% (mass methane emitted from natural gas production sites per mass methane withdrawn). These production-stage emissions add 16%–65% (global warming potential (GWP)-100; 38%–157%, GWP-20) to combustion carbon dioxide emissions. Other sources of life cycle methane emissions downstream of production can be similar in magnitude. Natural gas consumed in Arizona, Kansas, and New Mexico has the highest estimated production-stage methane emissions intensity, largely due to reliance on high-emission basins. Limitations include emissions-related data gaps and sensitivity to allocation approaches, but results demonstrate decision-relevant variability in the GHG impact of natural gas.
Robust analogue of electromagnetically induced transparency for stable meta-devices
Authors: Liu Shanshan , Li Quan , Zhu Jun , Lu Guangda , Chen Tai , Wang Shuang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Recently, studying metasurface structures for mimicking the quantum phenomena of electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) has drawn continuous attention, which promotes a new generation of functional electromagnetic devices, including slow-light devices, optical sensors, and so on. In some cases, metasurfaces which can realize stable EIT effect is of critical importance in the real applications. Here, we propose a novel planar terahertz metasurface which exhibits strong EIT behavior owing to the strong coupling between the dark mode and bright mode. The EIT effect is very robust, which is stable to various variations of the geometric parameters, opening up a new avenue to improve the device stability based on metasurfaces.
A mesoscopic digital twin that bridges length and time scales for control of additively manufactured metal microstructures
Authors: Heo Tae Wook , Khairallah Saad A , Shi Rongpei , Berry Joel , Perron Aurelien , Calta Nicholas P , Martin Aiden A , Barton Nathan R , Roehling John , Roehling Tien , Fattebert Jean-Luc , Anderson Andy , Nichols Albert L , Wopschall Steven , King Wayne E , McKeown Joseph T , Matthews Manyalibo J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We present our recent development of an integrated mesoscale digital twin (DT) framework for relating processing conditions, microstructures, and mechanical responses of additively manufactured (AM) metals. In particular, focusing on the laser powder bed fusion technique, we describe how individual modeling and simulation capabilities are coupled to investigate and control AM microstructural features at multiple length and time scales. We review our prior case studies that demonstrate the integrated modeling schemes, in which high-fidelity melt pool dynamics simulations provide accurate local thermal profiles and histories to subsequent AM microstructure simulations. We also report our new mechanical response modeling results for predicted AM microstructures. In addition, we illustrate how our DT framework has been validated through modeling–experiment integration, as well as how it has been practically utilized to guide and analyze AM experiments. Finally, we share our perspectives on future directions of further development of the DT framework for more efficient, accurate predictions and wider ranges of applications.
On the electronic structure of a recently synthesized graphene-like BCN monolayer from bis-BN cyclohexane with single-atom vacancies: a DFT study
Authors: dos Santos Ramiro M , Giozza William F , de Sousa Júnior Rafael T , da Silva Filho Demétrio A , Ribeiro Júnior Luiz A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Since the rising of graphene, boron nitride monolayers have been deeply studied due to their structural similarity with the former. A hexagonal graphene-like boron–carbon–nitrogen (h-BCN) monolayer was synthesized recently using bis-BN cyclohexane (B2N2C2H12) as a precursor molecule. Herein, we investigated the electronic and structural properties of this novel BCN material, in the presence of single-atom (boron, carbon, or nitrogen) vacancies, by employing density functional theory calculations. The stability of these vacancy-endowed structures is verified from cohesion energy calculations. Results showed that a carbon atom vacancy strongly distorts the lattice leading to breaking on its planarity and bond reconstructions. The single-atom vacancies induce the appearance of flat midgap states. A significant degree of charge localization takes place in the vicinity of these defects. It was observed a spontaneous magnetization only for the boron-vacancy case, with a magnetic dipole moment about 0.87 μ

B
.Our calculations predicted a direct electronic bandgap value of about 1.14 eV. Importantly, this bandgap value is intermediate between gapless graphene and insulating hexagonal boron nitride.
Mechanisms contributing to ado-trastuzumab emtansine-induced toxicities: a gateway to better understanding of ADC-associated toxicities
Authors: Endo Yukinori , Mohan Nishant , Dokmanovic Milos , Wu Wen Jin 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
In order to improve the safety of novel therapeutic drugs, better understanding of the mechanisms of action is important. Ado-trastuzumab emtansine (also known as T-DM1) is an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) approved for the treatment of HER2-positive breast cancer. While the treatment with T-DM1 results in significant efficacy in the selected patient population, nonetheless, there are concerns with side effects such as thrombocytopenia and hepatotoxicity. While current understanding of the mechanism of T-DM1-mediated side effects is still incomplete, there have been several reports of HER2-dependent and/or -independent mechanisms that could be associated with the T-DM1-induced adverse events. This review highlights the importance of HER2-independent mechanism of T-DM1 to induce hepatotoxicity, which offers a new insight into a role for CKAP5 in the overall maytansinoid-based ADC (DM1 and DM4)-mediated cytotoxicity. This discovery provides a molecular basis for T-DM1-induced off-target toxicity and opens a new avenue for developing the next generation of ADCs.
2 Adiposity and Development of Dementia: A Systematic Review of Recently Published Longitudinal Studies
Authors: Xiang Y 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background and Objectives
The socioeconomic burden of dementia is very high and on the rise. Currently there is no cure for dementia; therefore, it is key to identify the modifiable risk factors for this condition. The association between adiposity and dementia is not yet convincingly established. This systematic review aimed to critically appraise the quality and to synthesise the findings of recently published longitudinal studies examining the association between adiposity and the development of dementia.

Methods
A comprehensive literature search on longitudinal studies published between 2013 and 2018 was conducted across MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and SCOPUS. The quality of selected papers was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale for cohort studies (NOS) and PRISMA-IPD checklist. The results of the included studies were qualitatively synthesised.

Results
Of the 1,370 citations identified and reviewed, 10 completely met the inclusion criteria. Of the 10 included studies, 9 were high quality cohort studies, scoring an average of 8.4 out of 9 for NOS. One study was an individual patient data meta-analysis study (IPD). The IPD had high scientific rigour and largely adhered to the PRISMA-IPD checklist. In total, the 9 cohort studies included more than 2 million subjects, with 3 cohorts recruiting exclusively men. The IPD contained data from 39 cohorts and 1.3 million participants. 4 studies were conducted in highly selective cohorts. Apart from European male populations, the other populations were markedly under-represented. All studies used body mass index (BMI) as a proxy for adiposity. None of the included studies did a sample size calculation. Only half of the included studies were able to produce significant results, suggesting insufficient sample size and lack of power. The included studies reached contradictory results, with half of the studies favouring a protective effect of adiposity.

Conclusions
In view of the results and quality of the studies, this review found that there was insufficient evidence to establish the association between adiposity and dementia. Current evidence suggests an association between mid-life obesity and dementia development in late-life. Longer studies were more likely to conclude that adiposity was detrimental to health. The inconsistent conclusions could be the result of reverse causality. To conclusively establish the link between adiposity and dementia, more research with robust methodology is warranted.
3 Estimating the Burden of Dementia in Latin America and the Caribbean: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Xiang Y , Chan K , Rudan I 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Rapid increase in life expectancy has resulted in an increase in the global burden of dementia that is expected to become a leading cause of morbidity in the future. Low- and middle-income countries are expected to bear an increasing majority of the burden, but lack data for accurate burden estimates that are key for informing policy and planning. Bayesian methods have recently gained recognition over traditional frequentist approaches for modelling disease burden for their superiority in dealing with severely limited data. This study provides updated estimates of dementia prevalence in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) for the years 2015, 2020 and 2030. Given the paucity of data, estimates were developed using a Bayesian methodology and confirmed by the traditional frequentist approach, with the aim of providing methodological insights for future disease burden estimates.

Methods
A comprehensive systematic literature search was conducted to identify all relevant primary studies published between the years 2010–2018. The quality of the included studies was critically assessed. A random-effects model (REM) and a Bayesian normal-normal hierarchical model (NNHM) were used to obtain the pooled prevalence estimate of dementia for people aged 60 and above. The latter model was also developed to estimate age-specific dementia prevalence. Using UN population estimates, total and age-specific projections of the burden of dementia were calculated.

Results
The prevalence of dementia in LAC was found to be 14% (10–21%) in those above age 60 based on REM, and 8% (5–11.5%) based on NNHM. The prevalence increased from 2% (1–4%) in people aged 60–69 to 29% (20–37%) in people above the age of 80. The number of people living with dementia in LAC in 2015 was estimated at 5.68 million, with future projections of 6.86 million in 2020 and 9.94 million in 2030.

Conclusions
The findings of this review found that burden of dementia in LAC is substantial and continues to rapidly grow. The projected rise in dementia cases in the future should prompt urgent governmental response to address this growing public health issue. We were also able to demonstrate that given the overall paucity of data, a Bayesian approach was superior for estimating disease prevalence and burden.
4 A Cross-Sectional Study of the Oral Health and Oral-Health-Related Quality of Life of Older Adults Admitted to An Acute Hospital in the North East of England
Authors: Steel B J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Oral health has a strong relationship with general health, wellbeing and quality of life. The importance of establishing and protecting oral health in older adults is increasingly recognised. Admission to an acute hospital can be a good opportunity to assess and intervene with oral health, however data on the oral health of this population are very sparse.

Methods
A cross-sectional study of adults aged over 65 admitted to the acute medical ward within the Northumbria Specialist Emergency Care Hospital, Northumberland. Ethical approval was granted and all participants gave written consent. Data were obtained via verbal questions and a bedside visual examination by a dentist. Recorded were—gender, age, time since last dental visit, current oral symptoms, number of teeth present, number of decayed teeth, requirement for dental treatment, global oral health including health of hard and soft tissues and oral hygiene using the Oral Health Assessment Tool (OHAT) and oral-health-related quality of life using the Gohai scale.

Results
32 participants took part, 16 male and 16 female, of average age 81.9 (range 69–94). Time since last dental visit ranged from a few months to 30+ years. 14 complained of oral dryness and 7 of loose dentures. 15 had no current oral symptoms. 18 participants had no teeth. The remainder had an average of 13.3 teeth of which 5.8 were restored. 22 had dentures. 9 had active dental disease requiring treatment. OHAT score (with 0 indicating perfect health and 14 the worst score) mean 3.6. Gohai score (scored from 12 indicating best to 60 indicating worst quality of life) mean 19.4 and range 14–33.

Conclusions
The dental status of this group is variable but this study indicates the presence of troublesome oral symptoms and active dental disease requiring treatment, with a significant number not having seen a dentist for some time.