bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analisa Ketebalan Lapisan Permukaan Baja AISI 1020 Setelah Proses Perlakuan Panas Pack Carburizing Menggunakan Serbuk Arang Tempurung Kelapa dan Na2CO3
Authors: Fatkhurrohman Fatkhurrohman , Aziz Moh. Nor Ali , Nurpriyanti Indah 
Published: February 2025

AISI 1020 steel is a low-carbon steel that is currently widely used on the market as a raw material for making industrial and automotive components such as gears. Therefore, it is necessary to increase the hardness of AISI 1020 steel through a heat treatment process, one of which is using the pack carburizing method. This research aims to analyze the microstructure and case of depth of AISI 1020 steel after the pack carburizing process. The pack carburizing method was used in this research because this method can optimally increase the surface hardness of steel. AISI 1020 steel was used as the main material in this research, coconut shell charcoal was added as a carbon source, and Na2CO3 as an energizer. The quenching process uses SAE 20w-40 oil. In this research, the pack carburizing process uses variations in temperature and holding time of 850oC, 875oC, 900oC and 40 minutes, 50 minutes respectively. The results of highest case of depth obtained at a temperature of 900oC with a holding time of 50 minutes of 0.46µm. It can be concluded that the pack carburizing heat treatment process has an influence on the microstructural components of pearlite and ferrite. The case of depth resulting from heat treatment also increases along with increasing temperature and holding time for the pack carburizing process.Baja AISI 1020 merupakan baja karbon rendah yang saat ini banyak digunakan di pasaran sebagai bahan baku dalam pembuatan komponen perindustrian dan otomotif seperti roda gigi. Oleh sebab itu perlu dilakukannya peningkatan kekerasan pada baja AISI 1020 melalui proses perlakuan panas, salah satunya menggunakan metode pack carburizing. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa ketebalan lapisan permukaan dari baja AISI 1020 setelah dilakukan proses pack carburizing. Metode pack carburizing digunakan dalam penelitian ini karena metode tersebut dapat meningkatkan kekerasan permukaan pada baja secara optimal. Baja AISI 1020 digunakan sebagai bahan utama dalam penelitian ini, ditambahkan arang tempurung kelapa sebagai sumber karbon dan Na2CO3 sebagai energizier. Proses quenching menggunakan media oli SAE 20w-40. Dalam penelitian ini, proses pack carburizing menggunakan variasi temperatur dan waktu tahan masing-masing 850oC, 875oC, 900oC dan 40 menit, 50 menit. Hasil analisa ketebalan lapisan paling tinggi didapatkan pada temperatur 900oC waktu tahan 50 menit sebesar 0,46µm. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa proses perlakuan panas pack carburizing memberikan pengaruh terhadap komponen struktur mikro pearlite dan ferrite. Ketebalan permukaan hasil perlakuan panas juga mengalami kenaikan seiring dengan meningkatnya temperatur dan waktu tahan proses pack carburizing.
An Implication of Geopolitics on Nepal’s Foreign Policy and National Security
Authors: Acharya Rashmi 
Published: February 2025

This paper analyzes Nepal's geopolitical position between India and China, using a descriptive and analytical approach, using secondary data to explore its complex landscape and its implications for foreign policy and national security. Historically, Nepal has served as a buffer state, shaping its foreign policy and security strategies. However, as global dynamics have changed, so Nepal's perception of its role has evolved. The traditional idea of a buffer state is now giving away to more a proactive approach, with Nepal aiming to be a "bridge" between its neighbours fostering connectivity and cooperation. The shift is clear in Nepal's transition from viewing its landlocked as a drawback to embracing the potential of being a "land link," a crucial pathway for regional trade and connectivity. The evolving geopolitical landscape in South Asia, marked by increased competition between the United States and China, presents challenges and opportunities for Nepal. Nepal can achieve economic growth, regional cooperation, and infrastructural development by adopting a balanced and inclusive approach and cultivating strong relationships with all stakeholders. In conclusion, reshaping and implementing a pragmatic foreign policy and national security strategy based on the changing context is the best approach. With wisdom and foresight, Nepal can develop leverage through its unique geographical location.
Scalable Thermodynamic Second-order Optimization
Authors: Donatella Kaelan , Duffield Samuel , Melanson Denis , Aifer Maxwell , Klett Phoebe , Salegame Rajath , Belateche Zach , Crooks Gavin , Martinez Antonio J. , Coles Patrick J. 
Published: February 2025

Many hardware proposals have aimed to accelerate inference in AI workloads. Less attention has been paid to hardware acceleration of training, despite the enormous societal impact of rapid training of AI models. Physics-based computers, such as thermodynamic computers, offer an efficient means to solve key primitives in AI training algorithms. Optimizers that normally would be computationally out-of-reach (e.g., due to expensive matrix inversions) on digital hardware could be unlocked with physics-based hardware. In this work, we propose a scalable algorithm for employing thermodynamic computers to accelerate a popular second-order optimizer called Kronecker-factored approximate curvature (K-FAC). Our asymptotic complexity analysis predicts increasing advantage with our algorithm as \(n\), the number of neurons per layer, increases. Numerical experiments show that even under significant quantization noise, the benefits of second-order optimization can be preserved. Finally, we predict substantial speedups for large-scale vision and graph problems based on realistic hardware characteristics.
Syphilis in Poland in 2021-2022
Authors: Niedźwiedzka-Stadnik Marta , Zakrzewska Karolina 
Published: February 2025

BackgroundIn 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a significant decrease in the number of detected syphilis cases in Poland, but in the following years a more than two-fold increase in new infections was observed.ObjectiveThe aim of the study was to assess the epidemiological situation of syphilis cases in Poland in 2021-2022 in comparison to previous years.Material and methodsAnalysis of the epidemiological situation was based on case-based data from reports of newly detected syphilis cases recognized in 2021-2022 years and received from doctors and laboratories. Additionally aggregated data from MZ-56 reports on infectious diseases, infections and poisoning from 2016 to 2019 sent from Sanitary Inspections to NIPH NIH – NRI was used. Also, data about treatment patients in dermatology/venerology clinics in 2016-2022 reported on MZ-14 forms and published in statistics bulletin on NIPH NIH – NRI website.ResultsIn 2021 in Poland 1,403 newly diagnosed syphilis cases were reported (diagnosis rate was 3.67 per 100,000), including 31 cases among non-Polish citizens. However in 2022, 44.8% more cases were diagnosed, i.e. 2,032 cases (diagnosis rate 5.38 per 100,000 inhabitants), including 75 infections of citizenship other than Polish.
Between 2021-2022, the most often syphilis cases were detected among people below 40 year old (74.2%) and among men (88.4%).ConclusionsIn 2020, the number of reported a newly detected syphilis cases decreased more than by half compared to the previous year, what is probably connected with COVID-19 pandemic and action taken to limited this. However, the increase in infections observed since 2021 confirms changes in the frequency of syphilis detection in Poland observed even before the pandemic.
Efektivitas Model Pembelajaran STEM-Guided Inquiry Berbasis Kearifan Lokal "Dawet Ireng" Terhadap Literasi Sains Siswa Kelas VIII Pada Materi Unsur, Senyawa, dan Campuran
Authors: Elennita Elennita , Indriyanti Nurma Yunita , Nugraheni Febriani Sarwendah Asri 
Published: February 2025

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas model pembelajaran STEM-Guided Inquiry berbasis kearifan lokal dawet ireng terhadap literasi sains siswa kelas VIII pada materi unsur, senyawa, dan campuran. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan yakni eksperimen semu dengan desain pretest-postest control group. Populasi penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas VIII SMPN 35 Purworejo, Kabupaten Purworejo tahun ajaran 2023/2024. Sampel penelitian ini adalah Kelas VIII C dan Kelas VIII D yang diperoleh dengan teknik cluster random sampling. Kelas VIII C (30 siswa) sebagai kelas kontrol dan Kelas VIII D (30 siswa) sebagai kelas eksperimen. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan teknik tes berupa soal essay literasi sains dan non tes berupa angket literasi sains. Keabsahan data diperoleh dari uji validitas dan uji reliabilitas. Analisis data prasyarat menerapkan uji normalitas kolmogorow-smirnov dan uji homogenitas levene. Hipotesis penelitian menggunakan uji hipotesis pihak kanan (one-tailed) melalui uji independent sample t-test yang dibantu dengan program SPSS 22. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai thitung > ttabel yakni 15,613 > 1,672 dengan taraf signifikan 5%, sehingga H1 diterima. Hasil uji peningkatan n-gain juga menunjukkan bahwa skor n-gain kelas eksperimen sebesar 0,577 (kategori sedang) dan kelas kontrol -0,037 (kategori rendah). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dan analisis data disimpulkan bahwa model pembelajaran STEM-Guided Inquiry berbasis kearifan lokal dawet ireng efektif dalam meningkatkan literasi sains siswa kelas VIII pada materi unsur, senyawa, dan campuran.
Kapasitas Masyarakat dan Pemerintah Desa dalam Menghadapi Bencana Longsor di Desa Harkatjaya Kabupaten Bogor
Authors: Lana Reni , Komala Dewi Indarti , Syahbandar M. Yogie 
Published: February 2025

ABSTRAK
Desa Harkatjaya di Kecamatan Sukajaya, Kabupaten Bogor merupakan salah satu daerah rawan bencana tanah longsor. Pada tahun 2021, telah terjadi 5 kali bencana tanah longsor di desa tersebut. Untuk mengurangi risiko bencana tanah longsor, kapasitas masyarakat dan pemerintah daerah perlu ditingkatkan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kapasitas fisik, kapasitas ekonomi, kapasitas sosial, dan kapasitas pemerintah daerah dalam penanggulangan bencana tanah longsor di Desa Harkatjaya. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan observasi lapangan, penyebaran kuesioner, wawancara ahli, studi literatur, dan survei. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah Sistem Informasi Geografis (SIG), metode analisis pembobotan (kuantitatif), dan metode analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kapasitas masyarakat desa dan Pemerintah Desa Harkatjaya secara keseluruhan adalah sedang (65%) dan rendah (35%).

ABSTRACT
Harkatjaya Village in Sukajaya Sub-District, Bogor District is an area prone to landslides. In 2021, there have been 5 landslides in the village. To reduce the risk of landslides, the capacity of the community and local government needs to be increased. This research aims to identify the physical capacity, economic capacity, social capacity, and local government capacity in dealing with landslides in Harkatjaya Village. Data collection was carried out by field observation, distributing questionnaires, expert interviews, literature studies, and surveys. The analytical methods used are Geographic Information Systems (GIS), weighting analysis methods (quantitative), and descriptive analysis methods. The research result shows that the overall capacity of the village community and the Harkatjaya Village Government is medium (65%) and low (35%).
In vitro evaluation of dental pulp stem cells for sciatic nerve regeneration: foundations for future in vivo applications
Authors: Lopes Bruna , Sousa Ana Catarina , Sousa Patrícia , de Sousa Moreira Alícia , Coelho André Filipe , Atayde Luís , Salgado António J. , Geuna Stefano , Alvites Rui , Maurício Ana Colette 
Published: February 2025

IntroductionPeripheral nerve injuries, resulting from trauma or medical interventions, present significant clinical challenges due to their severe physiological and functional impacts. Despite various therapeutic approaches, optimal methods for promoting nerve regeneration remain difficult to obtain. This study is a preliminary step towards the future use of chitosan nerve guide conduits combined with human dental pulp stem cells and their conditioned media to promote nerve regrowth in a rat model with severe sciatic nerve damage.MethodsPreliminary characterization of conditioned medium from human dental pulp stem cells identified key regenerative biomarkers using a Multiplexing LASER Bead analysis. The human dental pulp stem cells’ cytocompatibility with Reaxon® chitosan biomaterial was confirmed through viability and metabolic assays in a PrestoBlue assay, along with scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analyses.ResultsThese in vitro assessments validated the therapeutic potential of the combinations for nerve regeneration.DiscussionFuture in vivo experiments will involve applying these combinations in a rat model, with functional assessments to evaluate efficacy. This research aims to establish human dental pulp stem cells and nerve guide conduits as viable treatments for peripheral nerve injury, offering promising directions for clinical applications.
Baseline HBsAg quantitative and CD4 T cell counts are associated with HBsAg loss in people living with HIV/HBV coinfection after combined antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Xia Muye , Zhao Yuhang , Yu Tao , Lin Xiaoli , Liao GuiChan , Jiang Yuanhui , Mao Jingchun , Peng Jie , Cai Shaohang 
Published: February 2025

BackgroundAchieving Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss is a significant goal for chronic hepatitis B patients. This study aims to evaluate HBsAg loss in individuals with HIV/HBV coinfection and explore the association of clinical variables with this outcome.MethodsWe enrolled 138 individuals coinfected with HIV/HBV and 480 HBV mono-infected individuals who initiated antiviral treatment. We employed Kaplan-Meier analysis to compare the rate of HBsAg loss between individuals with HIV/HBV coinfection and those with HBV mono-infection. In the HIV/HBV coinfected cohort, we used Cox proportional hazards models to assess the association between various factors and the incidence of HBsAg loss.ResultsThe cumulative HBsAg loss rate was higher among HBV/HIV coinfected individuals (13 patients, 11.5% at year 3) compared to HBV mono-infected individuals (1 patient, 0.6%) after antiviral therapy. In the HIV/HBV coinfected cohort, the multivariable analysis revealed that lower baseline HBsAg level (HR 0.53; 95% CI 0.38-0.74, p&lt;0.001) and baseline CD4 T cell counts &lt; 180 cells/uL (HR 0.32; 95% CI 0.10-0.96, p=0.042) were associated with an increased indicator of HBsAg loss. Additionally, the receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis indicated an area under the curve of 0.771 for baseline HBsAg levels and 0.758 for baseline CD4 cell counts at year 1 in predicting HBsAg loss.ConclusionsAfter antiretroviral therapy, HIV/HBV coinfected adults achieve higher rates of HBsAg loss. Baseline HBsAg quantitative and CD4 T cell counts are associated with HBsAg loss in individuals with HIV/HBV coinfection after combined antiretroviral therapy and may inform treatment decisions.
Plasma cell-free DNA Droplet Digital PCR provides rapid and efficient infectious microbiology diagnosis for febrile haematological patients
Authors: Li Ying , Xiao Jun , Xia Lihui , Sun Xueqin , Li Jia , Bai Huili 
Published: February 2025

BackgroundFebrile haematological patients are at high risk for potential bloodstream infections, the rapid and accurate identification of pathogens is crucial for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Droplet Digital PCR (ddPCR) is a novel and ultra-sensitively molecular technique for the rapid detection of pathogens. We evaluated the ability of ddPCR to identify infectious etiologies to discuss the applicability of ddPCR in the diagnosis and treatment of infections for febrile haematological patients.MethodsThis study enrolled and analyzed 89 ddPCR tests performed on 71 febrile haematological patients. We conducted a comparison between ddPCR results, blood culture (BC), and conventional microbiological testing (CMT). Additionally, we analyzed the correlation between ddPCR results and inflammatory factors, as well as their impact on antimicrobial therapy.ResultsDdPCR detected 113 pathogens in 72 plasma samples, while CMT identified 39 pathogens in 32 plasma samples. The detection rate of bacteria and viruses using ddPCR was significantly higher than that of CMT (p &lt;0.0001). The turnaround time (TAT) for pathogenic diagnosis was significantly shorter with ddPCR compared to CMT (p &lt;0.0001). When we used the CMT as reference standard, the sensitivity and specificity of ddPCR were 93.8%, 26.3%, respectively. We observed a positive correlation between the ddPCR results and CRP, PCT and IL-6, and ddPCR (AUC=0.771) has better diagnostic performance. The anti-infective treatment strategies were adjusted for 30 patients based on the positive ddPCR results, with 86.7% (26/30) of these cases demonstrating effectiveness in the anti-infective treatment.ConclusionDdPCR has the potential to enhance pathogen detection in febrile haematological patients by offering high sensitivity, rapid, precise results, it demonstrates better diagnostic performance compared to inflammatory factors and can contribute to the real-time clinical optimization of antimicrobial regimens, thereby enhancing the efficacy of anti-infective therapy.
Next-generation approach to skin disorder prediction employing hybrid deep transfer learning
Authors: Gulzar Yonis , Agarwal Shivani , Soomro Saira , Kandpal Meenakshi , Turaev Sherzod , Onn Choo W. , Saini Shilpa , Bounsiar Abdenour 
Published: February 2025

IntroductionSkin diseases significantly impact individuals' health and mental wellbeing. However, their classification remains challenging due to complex lesion characteristics, overlapping symptoms, and limited annotated datasets. Traditional convolutional neural networks (CNNs) often struggle with generalization, leading to suboptimal classification performance. To address these challenges, this study proposes a Hybrid Deep Transfer Learning Method (HDTLM) that integrates DenseNet121 and EfficientNetB0 for improved skin disease prediction.MethodsThe proposed hybrid model leverages DenseNet121's dense connectivity for capturing intricate patterns and EfficientNetB0's computational efficiency and scalability. A dataset comprising 19 skin conditions with 19,171 images was used for training and validation. The model was evaluated using multiple performance metrics, including accuracy, precision, recall, and F1-score. Additionally, a comparative analysis was conducted against state-of-the-art models such as DenseNet121, EfficientNetB0, VGG19, MobileNetV2, and AlexNet.ResultsThe proposed HDTLM achieved a training accuracy of 98.18% and a validation accuracy of 97.57%. It consistently outperformed baseline models, achieving a precision of 0.95, recall of 0.96, F1-score of 0.95, and an overall accuracy of 98.18%. The results demonstrate the hybrid model's superior ability to generalize across diverse skin disease categories.DiscussionThe findings underscore the effectiveness of the HDTLM in enhancing skin disease classification, particularly in scenarios with significant domain shifts and limited labeled data. By integrating complementary strengths of DenseNet121 and EfficientNetB0, the proposed model provides a robust and scalable solution for automated dermatological diagnostics.
Preliminary quantitative analysis of renal sinus fat dysfunction in T2DM patients using MRI fat fraction and R2* mapping
Authors: Dong Yifan , Zhang Qinhe , Wang Xun , Liu Yuhui , An Qi , Zhang Ziting , Hu Lifang , Lin Liangjie , Liu Ailian 
Published: February 2025

PurposeTo quantitatively analyze renal sinus fat (RSF) dysfunction in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) fat fraction (FF) and R2* mapping.MethodsThe inpatients who underwent 1.5 T MRI examination (including MRI FF and R2* mapping) of the abdomen from January 2017 to December 2023 were enrolled. The RSF volume, FF and R2* of the right and left kidneys and the mean values were measured. Associations between mean FF and R2* value of RSF and T2DM were assessed with logistic regression. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to calculate area under the curve (AUC) for the parameters to identify T2DM patients. Partial correlation coefficients after controlling for age, sex, and BMI were computed to analyze the correlations among the mean RSF volume, FF and R2*.ResultsA total of 186 participants were finally enrolled in this study including 38 patients in T2DM group and 148 patients in non-T2DM group. Univariate logistic regression analyses showed the significant correlations of mean RSF FF (OR: 1.111, 95%CI: 1.054 - 1.171), P &lt; 0.001) and R2* (OR: 1.120, 95%CI: 1.013 - 1.237), P = 0.027) with T2DM. Multivariate analysis showed that mean RSF FF (OR: 1.231, 95% CI: 1.098 - 1.380) is independently associated with T2DM after adjusting for age, sex and BMI. The AUC of mean RSF FF was 0.701 (0.630 - 0.766) with the sensitivity and specificity of 57.89% and 75.68%, respectively, when using 34.40% as the cut-off value. The AUC of mean RSF R2* was 0.616 (0.542 - 0.686) with the sensitivity and specificity of 68.42% and 58.11%, respectively, when using 21.97 Hz as the cut-off value. Furthermore, mean RSF FF presents significantly higher diagnostic efficacy for T2DM than R2* (P &lt; 0.05). And combining mean RSF FF and R2* improved the diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.729).ConclusionMean RSF FF and R2* were significantly associated with T2DM, and mean RSF FF was the independent risk factor of T2DM. This finding indicates the hypertrophy of adipocytes and excessive iron deposition and hypoxia in RSF, which may represent dysfunction of RSF for T2DM.