bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving Management with Individual and Group-Based Consulting: Results from a Randomized Experiment in Colombia
Authors: Iacovone Leonardo , Maloney William , McKenzie David 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Differences in management quality are an important contributor to productivity differences across countries. A key question is how to best improve poor management in developing countries. We test two different approaches to improving management in Colombian auto parts firms. The first uses intensive and expensive one-on-one consulting, while the second draws on agricultural extension approaches to provide consulting to small groups of firms at approximately one-third the cost of the individual approach. Both approaches lead to improvements in management practices of a similar magnitude (8–10 percentage points). The group-based intervention leads to significant increases in firm sales, profits, and labour productivity, while the impacts on firm performance are smaller in magnitude and less robust from the individual consulting. The results point to the potential of group-based approaches as a pathway to scaling up management improvements.
Sexual Shaming and Violent Commands in Schizophrenia: Cultural Differences in Distressing Voices in India and the United States
Authors: Lebovitz Julia G , Padmavati R , Tharoor Hema , Luhrmann T M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In a side-by-side comparison, we found that the voices of patients who met the criteria for schizophrenia in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India and in San Mateo, CA, United States were different. Both groups heard commands. In San Mateo, those commands were often violent, but in Chennai, commands often seemed more to do with everyday activities. Both groups heard voices that spoke about sexual activities. In Chennai, participants reported more voices that talked about sex, and they often experienced intense shame and guilt around these sexual voices. In San Mateo, sexual voices seemed to have less shaming content and were more often described with enjoyment. In San Mateo, voices were also more violent in general. We suggest that the content of voices may reflect local cultural ideas about voices and local cultural responses to specific features of the voice-hearing experience.
Spectral and Thermal Responses of Peanut to Infection and Colonization with Athelia rolfsii
Authors: Wei Xing , Langston David B. , Mehl Hillary L. 
Published: February 2021

Soilborne fungal diseases, including southern stem rot (causal agent: Athelia rolfsii), are major constraints to peanut production worldwide. Scouting for disease via visual observation is time and labor intensive but sensor technologies are a promising tool for plant disease detection. Prior research has focused on foliar diseases, and few studies have applied sensor-based tools for early detection of soilborne diseases. This study characterized the temporal progress of spectral and thermal responses of peanut plants during infection and colonization with A. rolfsii under controlled environment. In greenhouse experiments, A. rolfsii-inoculated and mock-inoculated lateral stems of peanut were inspected daily for symptoms, and leaf spectral reflectance and temperature were measured using a handheld spectrometer and thermal camera, respectively. Following onset of visual disease symptoms, leaflets on inoculated stems had greater spectral reflectance in the visible region compared with those on mock-inoculated stems. Leaflets on the inoculated stems also had greater normalized leaf temperatures as compared with leaflets on mock-inoculated stems. Overall, results indicate that signatures of disease development can be detected during peanut infection and colonization with A. rolfsii using spectral reflectance and thermal imaging technologies, and spectral signatures of disease are more consistent and specific compared with thermal ones. Though only one peanut variety, one pathogen isolate, and one single measurement were assessed per evaluation date, temporal progress of spectral and thermal responses on a daily basis characterized in this study can be used to develop sensor-based methods to detect southern stem rot and other soilborne diseases ultimately in the field. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Building Capacity of Health Professionals in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Through Online Continuing Professional Development in Nutrition
Authors: Stark Christina M. , Garner Christine D. , Garg Aashima , Bégin France 
Published: February 2021

Abstract:
Continuing professional development (CPD) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) can build capacity of health professionals in infant and young child feeding (IYCF). However, travel to in-person workshops can be time-consuming and expensive. Thus, we developed a free online course to provide training in IYCF to health professionals globally; the course received overwhelmingly high numbers of registrations. Our aim was to conduct a program evaluation to assess course satisfaction, learning, and application using surveys administered postcourse and 9 months later. Response rates were 99% (n = 835) and 55% (n = 312), respectively. Among those who only partially completed the course, reasons for noncompletion were assessed (response rate 29%, n = 72). Data within a 1-year period were analyzed. Respondents worked in multiple settings and organizations worldwide. Nearly all (99%) reported postcourse that they learned “a lot” or “some” from all topics, and over 70% applied “a lot” of or “some” information 9 months later. In open-ended questions, respondents reported improved knowledge, skills, and competence to conduct their work; they also desired more similar training courses. Many who did not complete the course reported “not enough time” as the main reason (74%), and most (94%) wanted to continue it. The positive response to the course suggests there is an unmet need for CPD for health professionals in LMICs. Our evaluation found that online training was feasible, acceptable, and increased professionals' knowledge and application of IYCF concepts in nutrition programming. Increased use of online CPD offers the potential for global capacity-building in other health-related topics.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Inflammation, and the Incident Risk of Pneumonia
Authors: Jae Sae Young , Heffernan Kevin S. , Kurl Sudhir , Kunutsor Setor K. , Kim Chul-Ho , Johnson Bruce D. , Franklin Barry A. , Laukkanen Jari A. 
Published: February 2021

Introduction:
Both inflammation and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with the risk of respiratory infections. To clarify the hypothesis that CRF attenuates the incident risk of pneumonia due to inflammation, we conducted a prospective study examining the independent and joint associations of inflammation and CRF on the risk of pneumonia in a population sample of 2041 middle-aged men.

Methods:
Cardiorespiratory fitness was directly measured as peak oxygen uptake (V˙o
2peak) during progressive exercise testing to volitional fatigue, and categorized into tertiles. Inflammation was defined by high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). Pneumonia cases were identified by internal medicine physicians using the International Classification of Diseases codes in clinical practice.

Results:
During a median follow-up of 27 yr, 432 pneumonia cases were recorded. High hsCRP and CRF were associated with a higher risk (HR = 1.38; 95% CI, 1.02-1.88) and a lower risk of pneumonia (HR = 0.55; CI, 0.39-0.76) after adjusting for potential confounders, respectively. Compared with normal hsCRP-Fit, moderate to high hsCRP-Unfit had an increased risk of pneumonia (HR = 1.63; CI, 1.21-2.20), but moderate to high hsCRP-Fit was not associated with an increased risk of pneumonia (HR = 1.25; CI, 0.93-1.68).

Conclusions:
High CRF attenuates the increased risk of pneumonia due to inflammation. These findings have potential implications for the prevention of respiratory infection characterized by systemic inflammation, such as coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19).
Therapeutic inertia in the management of hypertension in primary care
Authors: Ali Dalia H. , Kiliç Birsen , Hart Huberta E. , Bots Michiel L. , Biermans Marion C.J. , Spiering Wilko , Rutten Frans H. , Hollander Monika 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Therapeutic inertia is considered to be an obstacle to effective blood pressure (BP) control.

Aims:
To identify patient characteristics associated with therapeutic inertia in patients with hypertension managed in primary care and to assess reasons not to intensify therapy.

Methods:
A Dutch cohort study was conducted using electronic health record data of patients registered in the Julius General Practitioners’ Network (n = 530 564). Patients with a diagnosis of hypertension, SBP at least 140 and/or DBP at least 90 mmHg, and one or two BP-lowering drug(s) were included. Therapeutic inertia was defined as not undertaking therapeutic action in follow-up despite uncontrolled BP. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify characteristics associated with inertia. Furthermore, an exploratory survey was performed in which general practitioners of 114 patients were asked for reasons not to intensify treatment.

Results:
We identified 6400 (10% of all patients with hypertension) uncontrolled patients on one or two BP-lowering drugs. Therapeutic inertia was 87%, similar in men and women. Older age, lower systolic, diastolic and near-target SBP, and diabetes were positively associated, while renal insufficiency and heart failure were inversely related to inertia. General practitioners did not intensify therapy because they first, considered office BP measurements as nonrepresentative (27%); second, waited for next BP readings (21%); third, wanted to optimize lifestyle first (19%). Eleven percent of patients explicitly did not want to change treatment.

Conclusion:
Therapeutic inertia is common in primary care patients with uncontrolled hypertension. Older age, and closer to target BP, but also concurrent diabetes were associated with inertia.
The association between self-perceived walking pace with the incidence of hypertension: the ‘Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra’ cohort
Authors: Etzig Cassandra , Gea Alfredo , Martínez-González Miguel Á. , Sullivan Mark F. , Sullivan Elixabeth , Bes-Rastrollo Maira 
Published: February 2021

Objective:
Although available evidence supports the protective effects of walking on hypertension – a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease and stroke – more information is needed in determining whether walking pace independently provides additional hypertension risk reductions. This prospective study determined the association between self-reported walking pace and the incidence of hypertension in the ‘Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra’ (SUN) cohort in Spain.

Methods:
Our population sample consisted of 15 357 university graduates initially free of chronic disease or hypertension. During an average follow-up time of 10.9 years, 1673 incident cases of hypertension were observed. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for hypertension risk of each walking pace [slow (reference), normal, brisk and very brisk] were estimated using Cox regression models, adjusted for multiple possible confounders. Data were collected from 1999 to 2019, and analysed in 2020.

Results:
Participants who walked at a very brisk pace at baseline had a substantially lower risk of developing hypertension during follow-up than those who walked at a slow pace (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.41–0.99). Inverse associations were observed also for normal (HR: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.46–0.90) and brisk walking pace (0.69; 95% CI: 0.50–0.97) as compared to slow pace, independent of other risk factors.

Conclusion:
Our results support that an increase in walking pace, even slightly, is inversely associated with the development of hypertension, independent of total time spent walking and other factors associated with hypertension.
Isolated systolic and diastolic hypertension by the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines and risk of cardiovascular disease: a large prospective cohort study
Authors: Li Fu-Rong , He Yong , Yang Hai-Lian , Liu Hua-Min , Zhou Rui , Chen Guo-Chong , Wu Xiao-Xiang , Zou Meng-Chen , Wang Jing-Ya , Wu Xian-Bo 
Published: February 2021

Objective:
The 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association blood pressure (BP) guidelines lowered the hypertension threshold from a SBP/DBP level of at least 140/90 mmHg to at least 130/80 mmHg. The cardiovascular impact of isolated systolic hypertension (ISH) and isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH) under the new definition remains unclear.

Methods:
We used data from the UK Biobank study, which is a prospective population-based cohort study. Participants were categorized into five groups: normal BP, normal high BP, ISH, IDH and systolic and diastolic hypertension. The primary endpoint for this study was the composite of nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), nonfatal ischaemic stroke, nonfatal haemorrhagic stroke and cardiovascular disease (CVD) death. We also explored the results for the above-mentioned CVD outcomes separately. Baseline BP measurements were obtained twice after the participant had been at rest for at least 5 min in a seated position.

Results:
We included 385 955 participants who were not taking antihypertensive medications, were free of CVD at baseline and had available data on BP measurements. During a median follow-up of 8.1 years, 8959 CVD events were recorded, including 4729 nonfatal MIs, 2287 nonfatal ischaemic strokes, 813 nonfatal haemorrhagic strokes, and 1826 CVD deaths. According to the hypertension threshold of at least 130/80 mmHg by the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines, both ISH (hazard ratio 1.39; 95% confidence interval 1.27, 1.15) and IDH (hazard ratio 1.28; 95% confidence interval 1.15, 1.43) were significantly associated with a higher overall CVD risk than normal BP. ISH was associated with most CVD risk, except for ischaemic stroke, while the excess CVD risk associated with IDH appeared to be driven mainly by MI and CVD death. We found heterogeneity by sex and age regarding the effects of IDH on overall CVD risk, with significant associations in younger adults (age <60 years) and women and null associations in men and older adults (age ≥60 years).

Conclusion:
ISH was associated with the risk of most CVD events, while the association between IDH and CVD risk was mainly driven by MI incidence and CVD death. Further research is needed to identify participants with IDH who have a particular risk for developing CVD.
Plateletcrit may predict no-reflow after saphenous vein graft interventions in patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction
Authors: Panç Cafer , Derviş Emir , Gürbak İsmail 
Published: February 2021

Saphenous vein graft (SVG) percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) are procedures with potential complications such as distal embolization, slow or no-reflow phenomenon. Platelets are the main factors in development of thrombus and no-reflow phenomenon. There have been multiple studies that identified the association between plateletcrit (PCT) and cardiovascular outcomes. The aim of the study was to investigate whether PCT can predict the development of no-reflow in patients with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) undergoing PCI for SVG disease.
A total of 181 patients who underwent PCI for SVG disease with NSTEMI were included retrospectively. Platelet indices on admission were recorded. Patients were divided into two groups according to the development of no-reflow during the procedure: no-reflow (n = 32; 18%) and normal reflow (n = 149; 82%).
PCT and platelet count were higher in the no-reflow group (0.254 vs. 0.224, P = 0.020; 265.4 vs. 233, P = 0.011, respectively). The PCT cut-off value for predicting no-reflow was calculated as 0.230 by ROC curve analysis with 68.8% sensitivity and 51.0% specificity. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that PCT was an independent predictor of no-reflow (odds ratio: 5.091, confidence interval: 1.356–19.116, P = 0.016).
PCT may be useful in identifying patients at risk for developing no-reflow in patient with NSTEMI undergoing SVG PCI.
Prolongation of clot lysis time by a direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran mediated by paradoxical enhancement of thrombin generation: comparison with a direct factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban
Authors: Morishima Yoshiyuki , Kamisato Chikako , Honda Yuko 
Published: February 2021

Previously, we reported that a direct thrombin inhibitor melagatran paradoxically increased thrombin generation in human plasma in the presence of thrombomodulin. The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that melagatran may exert a deleterious effect on tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA)-induced fibrinolysis via enhancement of thrombin generation and subsequent activation of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) and factor XIII (FXIII).
Clot formation in human plasma containing t-PA and thrombomodulin was induced by tissue factor. The absorbance at 405 nm was measured to obtain clot lysis time. Effects of melagatran and a factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban on clot lysis time were determined.
In the presence of thrombomodulin, melagatran significantly prolonged clot lysis time, but edoxaban shortened it. In the absence of thrombomodulin, melagatran did not inhibit fibrinolysis. Prolongation of clot lysis time by melagatran was reversed by activated protein C (which suppressed thrombin generation increased by melagatran) and a TAFIa inhibitor. Melagatran significantly suppressed plasmin generation, while edoxaban significantly increased it. However, both melagatran and edoxaban suppressed FXIII activation. In the clot formed in the presence of melagatran and edoxaban, the fibrin fibre was thin compared with control, showing no clear difference in the clot structures between melagatran and edoxaban.
These results indicated that melagatran, not edoxaban, prolonged clot lysis time through the paradoxical enhancement of thrombin generation, and subsequent TAFI activation and inhibition of plasmin generation. Neither FXIII activation nor change in fibrin clot structure contributed to the inhibition of fibrinolysis by melagatran.
Future developments in the imaging of the gastrointestinal tract: the role of ultrasound
Authors: Wong Adrian , Yusuf Gibran Timothy , Malbrain Manu L.N.G. 
Published: February 2021

Purpose of review
The purpose of this review is to summarize the utilization and most recent developments with regard to the use of ultrasound when imaging the abdomen and gastrointestinal tract.

Recent findings
Although the use of ultrasound to assess the anatomy of the various abdominal organs is well established within radiology and critical care, its use as part of functional and physiological assessment is still evolving. Recent developments have extended the use of ultrasound beyond standard B-mode/2D imaging techniques to incorporate more functional and haemodynamic assessment. These include the use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS), elastography, and colour Doppler techniques.

Summary
Whilst Doppler techniques are reasonably well established within critical care ultrasound (CCUS), especially in echocardiography, CEUS and elastography are less well known. CEUS utilizes a purely intravascular contrast agent whilst elastography measures the degree of deformation or stiffness in various organs. Whilst their use individually may be limited; they may play a role in a multiparametric assessment. Mirroring the overall trends in critical care ultrasound development, abdominal ultrasound assessment is best integrated in a holistic approach and adapted to the individual patient.
Comparison of stemless and conventional stemmed shoulder arthroplasties in shoulder arthropathy
Authors: Shin Young-Soo , Lee Woo-Seung , Won Jun-Sung 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background:
It is unclear whether stemless shoulder prosthesis lead to better clinical outcomes than conventional stemmed shoulder prosthesis. The purpose is to compare clinical outcomes and complication rates after surgery in patients with shoulder arthropathy treated with stemless or conventional stemmed shoulder prosthesis.

Method:
All studies comparing the constant score (CS), range of motion (ROM), and complication rates after surgery in patients with shoulder arthropathy treated with stemless or conventional stemmed shoulder prosthesis were included. The major databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and SCOPUS were searched for appropriate studies from the earliest available date of indexing through March 31, 2019. No restrictions were placed on language of publication.

Results:
A total of 6 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in detail. Overall postoperative ROM (95% CI: 3.27 to 11.92; P < .01) was significantly greater for stemless prosthesis compared to conventional stemmed prosthesis. However, postoperative CS (95% CI: −2.98 to 7.13; P = .42) and complication rates (OR 1.22, 95% CI: 0.48–3.08; P = .68) were did not differ significantly between the 2 groups.

Conclusion:
This meta-analysis revealed that postoperative CS and complication rates did not differ significantly between the 2 treatment methods, stemless shoulder prosthesis and conventional stemmed shoulder prosthesis, for shoulder arthropathy. However, stemless shoulder prosthesis resulted in better outcomes than conventional stemmed shoulder prosthesis in terms of postoperative ROM.

Level of evidence:
Level III, Therapeutic study.
Temporomandibular joint dislocation in patients with cleft lip and palate after maxillary distraction osteogenesis
Authors: Wang Binqing , Zhai Junya , Zheng Yilue , Tong Haizhou , Lü Yang , Chen Zhewei , Yin Ningbei , Song Tao 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
Distraction osteogenesis (DO) is a widely used for cleft and palate related maxillary hypoplasia. There has been little research on temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocation after maxillary DO. We present these 3 cases and analyze the possible causes for reference by other clinicians.

Patient concerns:
In the late stages of maxillary DO, the patients gradually felt a decrease in mandibular mobility and suffered from limited mouth opening. Case 2 and 3 could open their mouth up to 1 and 2 fingers and Case 1 barely able to open her mouth at the completion of distraction.

Diagnosis:
Case 1 and Case 3 were diagnosed as right TMJ dislocation and Case 2 had a TMJ dislocation on her left side.

Interventions:
Patients with TMJ dislocation were repositioned with manipulation as soon as detected.

Outcomes:
There was no recurrence in all three cases during the postoperative follow-up period.

Conclusions:
Maxillary DO can sufficiently advance the maxilla in cleft lip and palate patients. Clinicians should be mindful of the TMJ dislocations that maxillary DO can exert on patients.