bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pitfalls in Genetic Diagnostics: Why Phenotyping is Essential
Authors: Gburek-Augustat Janina , Schoene-Bake Jan-Christoph , Bültmann Eva , Haack Tobias , Buchert Rebecca , Synofzik Matthis , Biskup Saskia , Feuerhake Friedrich , Sorge Ina , Hartmann Hans 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNew genetic testing technologies have revolutionized medicine within the past years. It is foreseeable that the development will continue with the introduction of new techniques. Nevertheless, despite improved technology, an exact clinical description of the phenotype is still necessary and it is important to critically question findings, both before initiating genetic testing and when interpreting the results. We present four brief case vignettes to point out difficulties associated with correctly interpreting genetic findings.
S,N-Heteropentacenes – Syntheses of Electron-Rich Anellated Pentacycles
Authors: Berens Henning R. V. , Müller Thomas J. J. 
Published: April 2021

This review summarizes syntheses of S,N-heteropentacenes, i.e. electron-rich sulfur and nitrogen-embedding pentacycles, and briefly highlights selected applications in molecular electronics. Depending on the anellation mode and the number of incorporated heteroatoms, electron density can be raised by increasing nitrogen incorporation and polarizability is manifested by the sulfur content. In comparison to triacene analogues, the conjugation pathways of S,N-heteropentacenes are increased and the favorable acene-typical crystallization behavior allows for diverse application in organic electronics. Furthermore, substitution patterns allow fine-tuning the electronic properties, extending the π-systems, and supplying structural elements for further application.1 Introduction2 Thiophene-Centered S,N-Heteropentacenes2.1 Dipyrrolo-Fused Thiophenes2.2 Diindolo-Fused Thiophenes3 Pyrrole-Centered S,N-Heteropentacenes3.1 Dithieno-Fused Pyrroles3.2 Bis[1]benzothieno-Fused Pyrrole4 Fused 1,4-Thiazines4.1 Dinaphtho-Fused 1,4-Thiazines4.2 Bis[1]benzothieno-Fused 1,4-Thiazines5 Conclusions and Outlook
Simple, reversible gradient Seebeck coefficient measurement system for 300–600 K with COMSOL simulations
Authors: Biswas Soumya , Dutt Aditya S. , Sebastian Nirmal , Kamble Vinayak B. 
Published: April 2021

Seebeck measurement is a crucial step for characterizing thermoelectric samples, as measuring the accurate value with a simpler system design is challenging. Here, we report a simple design of the Seebeck coefficient measurement system, which can measure the thermo-emf (Seebeck coefficient) of the sample, under a limited temperature range of 300–600 K. Unlike the majority of the reported instrumental designs, the system does not have a hot walled chamber. The sample is sandwiched between two brass block supported heaters, which are controlled separately. Thus, this type of system is suitable for a window of the temperature range near room temperature. In this paper, we report the system that can measure the Seebeck coefficient up to 600 K. The heaters touch the sample through 1 mm thick silver caps, which offer insignificant thermal resistance and a stable temperature, as seen through experiment as well as COMSOL simulations. A typical sample has, at maximum, a diameter of 10 mm and a thickness of 2–3 mm. A reversible temperature gradient is applied in quasi-static direct current mode. By virtue of its design, the sample holder ensures a minimum thermal and electrical contact resistance during a measurement cycle. The combination of metals used for measurement (Ag and Cu) shows negligible junction contribution. The variance up to ±2% and accuracy up to 8% at a high temperature have been obtained using calibration sample reference data of state-of-the-art commercial systems.
Application of response surface methodology to the temperature fluctuation suppression structure in the cryostats
Authors: Chen Hui , Liu Jieyu , Liu Yingwen 
Published: April 2021

The cryocooler-based cryostat typically suffers from an intrinsic 200 mK temperature oscillation originating from the periodic variation of the cryocooler’s working fluid. In this paper, a numerical study is performed to investigate the impact of a thermal link (a temperature fluctuation suppression structure)’s geometric parameters on a cryostat’s performance. An optimization model is developed to minimize a cryostat flange’s temperature fluctuation and deviation. We considered three factors during the analysis: the number of the thermal link wires n, the length of the thermal link l, and the radius of the thermal link wires r. Two primary evaluation measures are the temperature fluctuation Tp–p and the temperature deviation of the flange Ri. The results are analyzed using Response Surface Methodology. The final predicted optimum combination of geometrical parameters for the thermal link is n = 8, l = 36 mm, and r = 0.8 mm. The optimization results are in good agreement with our model, and the deviations in predicted values are less than 1.6%. The model and results presented here to optimize the thermal link provide helpful guidance for cryostat optimization in experiments.
Development of the gas puffing imaging diagnostic on J-TEXT tokamak
Authors: Li F. , Yang Z. J. , Gao L. , Fu C. P. 
Published: April 2021

Edge turbulence is important for plasma confinement, so the gas puffing imaging (GPI) diagnostic was proposed on the J-TEXT tokamak for the two-dimensional measurement of turbulence in the edge region. GPI is a diagnostic of plasma turbulence that uses a puff of neutral gas at the plasma edge to increase the local visible light emission for improved space–time resolution of plasma fluctuations. Considering the conditions of J-TEXT, the observation area is 21° away from the position of the optical system in the toroidal direction, and the observation area is 10 cm × 10 cm inside and outside the last closed flux surface. To have a lower divergence of the gas flow, the gas puff nozzle is specially designed. An interface has been developed for operation. To photograph the line radiation generated by the neutral gas cloud along the magnetic field lines, the optical system is designed. It is composed of a quartz glass, mirrors, commercial lenses, filters, and high-speed cameras. The high-speed camera can capture the line radiation with a speed up to 180 000 frames/s with 256 pixels × 256 pixels and an exposure time of 5 µs. In a recent experiment, the new GPI diagnostic has obtained some preliminary pictures.
Neutron radiation hardness of aluminum gallium nitride UV LEDs at various wavelengths
Authors: Sun K.-X. , Valencia H. , Soriano L. , Nelson R. O. 
Published: April 2021

Radiation hard diagnostics are critical to the success of nuclear fusion at National Ignition Facility, Z, ITER, and prolonged space explorations. We have first demonstrated the exceptional proton radiation hardness of initial GaN devices and qualified their space flight and deployment for missions such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna and International Space Station. We have further conducted neutron radiation hardness experiments at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center by opening a new high fluence beam station. During 2014–2016, we irradiated multiple Aluminum Gallium Nitride (AlGaN) LEDs with a maximum fluence of 2.4 × 1013 neutrons/cm2 in 3 years and generated 54 161 current–voltage (I–V) scan traces. Our data processing program analyzes each and all I–V traces. In addition, we retrieved local temperature records to analyze and remove temperature effects in the outdoor environment. The I–V curve families of AlGaN UV LEDs with emitting wavelengths of 265, 275, and 310 nm were compared. The I–V curves of 265 nm AlGaN UV LEDs have the smallest deviations from the average value, while the I–V curves for 310 nm AlGaN LEDs showed the largest deviations from the average value. We have reached another important recommendation for the optimal use of multiple AlGaN optoelectronic devices or imaging arrays for inertially confined fusion diagnostics: Shorter wavelength devices at 265 nm exhibit more consistent radiation hardness performance than the 310 nm devices. Higher aluminum content LEDs or AlxGa1–xN devices with higher mole fraction x for generating shorter wavelengths have better radiation hardness for fusion diagnostics.
Nanoanalytical analysis of bisphosphonate-driven alterations of microcalcifications using a 3D hydrogel system and in vivo mouse model
Authors: Ruiz Jessica L. , Hutcheson Joshua D. , Cardoso Luis , Bakhshian Nik Amirala , Condado de Abreu Alexandra , Pham Tan , Buffolo Fabrizio , Busatto Sara , Federici Stefania , Ridolfi Andrea , Aikawa Masanori , Bertazzo Sergio , Bergese Paolo , Weinbaum Sheldon , Aikawa Elena 
Published: April 2021

Significance
The most common cause of heart attacks or strokes is the rupture of thin fibrous caps that cover vulnerable plaques within blood vessels. Small mineral deposits, called microcalcifications, increase local tissue stress and thereby increase the risk of cap rupture. We report here the use of a three-dimensional collagen hydrogel model of fibrous cap calcification and a complementary mouse model of plaque formation to determine whether bisphosphonate (BiP) therapy, commonly used to treat bone loss, alters microcalcification formation. The results showed that BiP treatment resulted in time-dependent changes in microcalcification size and mineral morphology, dependent on whether BiP treatment was initiated before or after the expected onset of microcalcification formation.
Network dynamics of hypothalamic feeding neurons
Authors: Sweeney Patrick , Chen Can , Rajapakse Indika , Cone Roger D. 
Published: April 2021

SignificanceParaventricular nucleus (PVN) neurons expressing the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) integrate hormonal and neuronal information concerning energy availability and engage neural circuitry controlling feeding, metabolism, and neuroendocrine function in response to changes in body weight and stored energy. Thereby, the dynamic activity of PVN MC4R neurons may serve as a neural representation of body weight “set point.” Here, we demonstrate that PVN MC4R neuronal activity is bidirectionally regulated by changes in energy state, as neuronal activity is gradually suppressed during fasting and increased in response to refeeding. Together, these findings provide a framework for understanding how hunger and satiety are controlled within critical neurons involved in energy homeostasis.
Deep generative selection models of T and B cell receptor repertoires with soNNia
Authors: Isacchini Giulio , Walczak Aleksandra M. , Mora Thierry , Nourmohammad Armita 
Published: April 2021

Significance
The adaptive immune system relies on many types of B and T cells, whose functions are reflected in the distinct molecular features of their receptor sequences. Here, we introduce an inference framework, soNNia, which integrates interpretable knowledge-based models of immune receptor generation with flexible and powerful deep learning approaches to characterize sequence determinants of receptor function. Using soNNia, we characterize sequence-specific selection associated with receptors harvested from different cell types and tissues. We quantify synergetic interactions between the molecular features of the paired chains making up the receptor. Lastly, we develop a selection-based classifier to identify T cells specific to distinct pathogenic epitopes. Our approach provides a molecular understanding for how sequence determines the specific functionality of immune receptors.
Charge trap spectroscopy in polymer dielectrics: a critical review
Authors: Teyssedre Gilbert , Zheng Feihu , Boudou Laurent , Laurent Christian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Trapping phenomena are essential features controlling the transport properties of insulating materials. Depending on the energy depth, traps can either assist transport or lead to long-lasting storage of charges. The consequences of charge trapping are non-linear phenomena and electric field distribution distortion in the dielectric bulk. The important characteristics about traps are the nature of the levels, their depth in energy, and their density. In this review, we discuss the different techniques available to probe the energetics of traps, particularly in insulating polymers. The methods implemented for approaching the characteristics of traps range from atomistic simulation based on known physical/chemical defects, identification by spectroscopic techniques, and coupled optical-electrical or thermal-electrical techniques. The review is focused on methods involving thermal or optical excitation coupled to detection using electrical or luminescence response with questioning about the physical hypotheses behind the analysis and the difference in response obtained through the various approaches. The technical implementation of these methods is described, along with examples of application. The differences in trap depth estimation from optical and thermal methods is discussed as well as the impact of having distributed trap depths. The input of luminescence techniques, which provide a fingerprint of chemical groups involved in charge recombination, is put forward.
Investigation of transient mass transport induced deformation of PEGDA hydrogel in photocurable solution
Authors: Liu Wangyu , Zhou Feng , Sun Dong , Luo Yuanqiang , Tang Aimin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Hydrogels have attractive characteristics such as notable biocompatibility, outstanding hydrophilia and efficient mass transport (MT), which makes hydrogel suitable for tissue engineering scaffold materials. Stereolithography is a prevalent method to prepare hydrogel scaffold with complex structure. However, it is difficult to ensure dimension accuracy in printing complex hydrogel scaffold since solvents can migrate in gel and render MT behavior, which consequently induce deformation and dimensional inaccuracy of printed hydrogel. Little investigation of MT of gel in mixture like solution is conducted. Aiming to depict multiple solvents MT in gel, a model is established by mainly modifying the representation of free energy of mixing to the multi-component one. This model is feasible to describe concurrent multiple solvents migration and mechanical deformation for hydrogel in liquid mixtures, which fulfills understanding of multi-component MT. In this work, the transient MT behaviors of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate gel in its photocurable solution are investigated by the model. The numerical model is validated by experimental results and then applied to simulate free and confined MT process of the system. It is found that the deformation trend is not monotonous and total gel deformation can be regulated by adjusting printing time. The correspondence between numerical and experimental results proved that this model can promisingly illustrate multi-component MT induced deformation and provide instructions on improving dimensional accuracy for printing hydrogels.
Antimony doped SnO2 nanowire@C core–shell structure as a high-performance anode material for lithium-ion battery
Authors: Mousavi MirRazi , Abolhassani Reza , Hosseini Mohammad , Akbarnejad Elaheh , Mojallal Mohammad Hossein , Ghasemi Shahnaz , Mohajerzadeh Shams , Sanaee Zeinab 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
SnO2 is considered as one of the high specific capacity anode materials for Lithium-ion batteries. However, the low electrical conductivity of SnO2 limits its applications. This manuscript reports a simple and efficient approach for the synthesis of Sb-doped SnO2 nanowires (NWs) core and carbon shell structure which effectively enhances the electrical conductivity and electrochemical performance of SnO2 nanostructures. Sb doping was performed during the vapor-liquid-solid synthesis of SnO2 NWs in a horizontal furnace. Subsequently, carbon nanolayer was coated on the NWs using the DC Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition approach. The carbon-coated shell improves the Solid-Electrolyte Interphase stability and alleviates the volume expansion of the anode electrode during charging and discharging. The Sb-doped SnO2 core carbon shell anode showed the superior specific capacity of 585 mAhg−1 after 100 cycles at the current density of 100 mA g−1, compared to the pure SnO2 NWs electrode. The cycle stability evaluation revealed that the discharge capacity of pure SnO2 NWs and Sb doped SnO2 NWs electrodes were dropped to 52 and 152 mAh g−1 after100th cycles. The process of Sb doping and carbon nano shielding of SnO2 nanostructures is proposed for noticeable improvement of the anode performance for SnO2 based materials.
Facile multifunctional-mode of fabricated biocompatible human serum albumin/reduced graphene oxide/Cladophora glomerata nanoparticles for bacteriostatic phototherapy, bacterial tracking and antioxidant potential
Authors: Amina Musarat , Al Musayeib Nawal M , Alarfaj Nawal A , El-Tohamy Maha F , Al-Hamoud Gadah A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
To overcome multi-drug resistance in microbes, highly efficient antimicrobial substances are required that have a controllable antibacterial effect and are biocompatible. In the present study, an efficient phototherapeutic antibacterial agent, human serum albumin (HSA)/reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/Cladophora glomerata bionanocomposite was synthesized by the incorporation of rGO nanoparticles with HSA, forming protein-rGO, and decorated with a natural freshwater seaweed Cladophora glomerata. The prepared HSA/rGO/Cladophora glomerata bionanocomposite was characterized by spectroscopic (UV-vis, FTIR, XRD and Raman) and microscopic (TEM and SEM) techniques. The as-synthesized bionanocomposite showed that sunlight/NIR irradiation stimulated ROS-generating dual-phototherapic effects against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The bionanocomposite exerted strong antibacterial effects (above 96 %) against amoxicillin-resistant P. aeruginosa and S. aureus, in contrast to single-model-phototherapy. The bionanocomposite not only generated abundant ROS for killing bacteria, but also expressed a fluorescence image for bacterial tracking under sunlight/NIR irradiation. Additionally, the bionanocomposite displayed pronounced antioxidant activity.
VizGrain: a new computational tool for particle simulations of reactive plasma discharges and rarefied flow physics
Authors: Levko Dmitry , Upadhyay Rochan R , Karpatne Anand , Breden Douglas , Suzuki Kenta , Topalian Victor , Shukla Chandrasekhar , Raja Laxminarayan L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents recent progress on the development of the new multi-purpose particle modeling and simulation tool VizGrain. A unique aspect of VizGrain is that it allows computational modeling of particle dynamics in a variety of systems, including rarefied gas dynamics, macroscopic particle dynamics (e.g., dust particles, droplets, etc), particle-in-cell modeling, and hybrid continuum-particle modeling within a single integrated framework. VizGrain allows working with atomic sized particles and particles with finite macroscopic sizes. The former approach is used to model rarefied gas dynamics and conventional non-equilibrium plasmas, while the finite sized macro-particles are considered for the modeling of dusty plasmas, aerosols, droplets etc. In this latter case, the electrical charge up of particles in a plasma environment is considered. The model features a comprehensive variety of drag forces that can act on both atomic and macro-particles. A detailed description of the physical models implemented within VizGrain is presented, to provide insights into the approach that can be taken in other particle-based codes in the community. These models are scrupulously validated against the benchmark problems proposed in the research literature for a variety of applications from the plasma reactors used in semiconductor industry to high-speed rarefied gas dynamics problems.
Community lockdowns in social networks hardly mitigate epidemic spreading
Authors: Gosak Marko , Duh Maja , Markovič Rene , Perc MatjaŽ 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Community lockdowns and travel restrictions are commonly employed to decelerate epidemic spreading. We here use a stochastic susceptible-infectious-recovered model on different social networks to determine when and to what degree such lockdowns are likely to be effective. Our research shows that community lockdowns are effective only if the links outside of the communities are virtually completely sealed off. The benefits of targeting specifically these links, as opposed to links uniformly at random across the whole network, are inferable only beyond 90% lockdown effectiveness. And even then the peak of the infected curve decreases by only 20% and its onset is delayed by a factor of 1.5. This holds for static and temporal social networks, regardless of their size and structural particularities. Networks derived from cell phone location data and online location-based social platforms yield the same results as a large family of hyperbolic geometric network models where characteristic path lengths, clustering, and community structure can be arbitrarily adjusted. The complex connectedness of modern human societies, which enables the ease of global communication and the lightning speeds at which news and information spread, thus makes it very difficult to halt epidemic spreading with top-down measures. We therefore emphasize the outstanding importance of endogenous self-isolation and social distancing for successfully arresting epidemic spreading.
Linear/nonlinear optical parameters along with photon attenuation effectiveness of Dy3+ ions doped zinc-aluminoborosilicate glasses
Authors: Tekin H O , Alomairy Sultan , Al-Buriahi M S , Rammah Y S 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this study linear/nonlinear optical and γ-photon attenuation competences of dysprosium oxide (Dy3+ ions) doped zinc-aluminoborosilicate glasses based on (40−x) B2O3—20SiO2 –10Al2O3 –20NaF—10ZnO—xDy2O3, (where x = 0, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0. 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 mol%) were investigated. Different types of calculation methods along with Monte Carlo simulations were used for determination of linear/nonlinear optical and γ-photon attenuation competences. Both molar refractivity (Rmolar) and molar polarizability (α
molar) decreased as Dy3+ ions concentration increased. The optical transmission (Toptical) of the investigated glasses varied inversely to their reflection loss (Rloss). The obtained values of metallization criterion (Mcriterion) quantity showed that the studied glasses are insulator materials. The results also showed that Dy2.5 sample with the highest amount of Dy2O3 additive has the highest mass attenuation coefficients (μ
m) and effective atomic number (Zeff) values. On the other hand, Half (HVL) and tenth (TVL) value layers were reported as (HVL, TVL)Dy0.0 > (HVL, TVL)Dy0.1 > (HVL, TVL)Dy0.5 > (HVL, TVL)Dy1.0 > (HVL, TVL)Dy1.5 (HVL, TVL)Dy2.0 > (HVL, TVL)Dy2.5. The maximum and minimum values of exposure and energy absorption buildup factors (EBF and EABF) were reported for Dy0.0 and Dy2.5 samples, respectively. It can be concluded that studied glasses are candidate materials for optical fibers and photonic devices. It can be also concluded that Dy2.5 sample is the superior sample in terms of gamma-ray attenuation competences.