bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Review of Legal, Ethical, and Governance Issues for Team Doctors
Authors: Orchard Jessica J. , Maddocks David , Carneiro Eva , Orchard John W. 
Published: November 2021

Objective:
To provide a review and discussion of a range of legal and ethical issues commonly faced by team physicians, with reference to high-profile international integrity crises in sport that have involved doctors. The article also presents some recommendations and guidance for team doctors and sporting organizations.

Data Sources:
Media reports, legal cases, and journal articles describing recent sporting integrity crises that have involved medical issues and governance reforms which are emerging in response.

Main Results:
Many of the modern “integrity crises” in sport have a medical aspect (eg, doping cases, catastrophic injuries and illnesses, “Bloodgate” and other “medical cheating,” sexual contact between doctors and athletes, harassment/bullying of doctors, concussion mismanagement, and management of the coronavirus pandemic in sport). A key issue is that while doctors bear ultimate responsibility for any perceived medical negligence, they do not always have ultimate power in decision-making. This is common in the traditional governance structure where the coach/manager “outranks” the doctor and can overrule medical decisions. There can be a blurring of the traditional doctor–patient relationship, especially on tour, and conflicts of interests occur when the needs of the employer/sporting organization differ from the player (patient). Further issues can arise in treating other staff members and players' family members.

Conclusions:
Doctors must be aware of range of important legal and ethical issues that arise in the team setting. Medical integrity crises have inspired governance reforms, such as policy development, appointment of chief medical officers, medical staff reporting to integrity departments, and sanctions of teams that breach medical integrity requirements. Sporting organizations must continue to implement and strengthen frameworks reinforcing doctors' seniority in the medical area.
Work-related musculoskeletal pain in prosthetists and orthotists: a comparison between Australia and other countries
Authors: Anderson Sarah , Weale Victoria , Stuckey Rwth , Oakman Jodi 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Musculoskeletal pain (MSP) is a substantial societal and personal burden resulting in loss of employment and reduced productivity. Prosthetics and orthotics professionals working in Australia have previously reported a high prevalence of MSP; however, little is known about the prosthetic and orthotic communities in other countries.

Objectives:
To explore the prevalence and range of workplace exposures associated with MSP in a convenience sample of the international prosthetic and orthotic profession.

Study design:
A cross-sectional study using a convenience sample was conducted with prosthetists and orthotists worldwide.

Methods:
Prosthetists and orthotists were invited to participate in a survey to explore work-related factors associated with MSP. Bivariate and regression modelling was used to examine associations between self-reported demographic and workplace characteristics including job satisfaction, work–life balance, and physical and psychosocial hazards.

Results:
Seventy-six percent of respondents (n = 173) reported MSP in the previous 6 months. However, MSP was associated with different factors in Australia compared with other countries. Among Australia-based prosthetists and orthotists, MSP was associated with sex, physical hazards, and psychosocial hazards. For the international sample, MSP was only associated with length of employment.

Conclusions:
Three-quarters of all respondents reported having MSP. Differences in associations between MSP and other factors by respondents' geographical location suggest the need for context-specific identification of hazards to enable the development of targeted and contextually appropriate prevention strategies.
Clinical Evaluation of Left Ventricular Diastolic Function Using Phase-contrast Cine Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Comparison With Steady-state Free Precession Cine Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Echocardiography
Authors: Komi Shotaro , Inoue Yusuke , Hata Hirofumi , Miyatake Hiroki 
Published: November 2021

Objective
We investigated a practical method using phase-contrast (PC) cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging to estimate peak filling rate and early/atrial velocity (E/A) as left ventricular diastolic function indicators.

Methods
Peak filling rate and E/A were estimated in 32 patients using PC imaging with high spatial or high temporal resolution and compared with those estimated using steady-state free precession cine cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography.

Results
Peak filling rate estimated using PC imaging significantly correlated with those estimated using steady-state free precession imaging despite apparent underestimation using PC imaging with high spatial resolution. The E/A estimated using PC imaging significantly correlated with those estimated using echocardiography.

Conclusions
Peak filling rate and E/A measurements using PC imaging with high temporal resolution is convenient and acceptably accurate, suggesting its potential for clinical use.
Changes in Peripheral Olfactory Pathways in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Kültür Turgut , Bayar Muluk Nuray , Inal Mikail , Kömürcü Erkmen Selmin Perihan , Rasulova Günel 
Published: November 2021

Objectives
We investigated olfactory bulb (OB) volumes and olfactory sulcus (OS) depths in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods
In this retrospective study, cranial magnetic resonance images of 68 adult patients were included. Group 1 consisted of 34 adult patients with RA. The control group (group 2) consisted of 34 adult patients without RA. In both groups, peripheral odor pathways (OB volumes and OS depths) were measured by magnetic resonance imaging.

Results
Our results showed that the OB volumes of the RA group were significantly lower than those in the control group bilaterally (P < 0.05). In each of the RA and control groups, the OS depth of the right side was found to be significantly higher than those on the left side (P < 0.05). On the left side, OS depth values of RA patients who used biological agents were significantly higher than those RA patients who did not use biological agents (P < 0.05). Correlation tests showed that there were positive correlations between OB volumes and OS depths bilaterally. In older patients with RA, bilateral OS depth values were decreased (P < 0.05).

Conclusions
Our study has shown that the peripheral olfactory pathways in patients with RA can be affected to a degree that is reflected in anatomical measurements. The use of biological agents contributes to the protection of odor functions to a certain extent. The importance of evaluating the sense of smell in patients with RA clinically and radiologically should be emphasized.
The Significance of Perfusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Evaluating the Pathological Biological Activity of Cerebral Alveolar Echinococcosis
Authors: Wang Fei , Gao Xin , Rong Jie , Wang Jinying , Xing Hui , Yang Jing , Li Xiaohong , Qin Yongde , Wang Jian 
Published: November 2021

Objectives
This study aimed to evaluate the value of perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MR-PWI) in assessing cerebral alveolar echinococcosis (CAE) biological activity.

Methods
Totally, 15 cases of CAE patients who underwent surgery were enrolled. The MR-PWI perfusion parameters were measured and compared.

Results
The MR-PWI perfusion parameters cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), and mean transit time were different among different areas. Their values were in the descending order of lesion marginal area > contralateral normal brain area > lesion center area. However, time-to-peak value was in the ascending order of lesion marginal area < contralateral normal brain area < lesion center area. Spearman correlation analysis showed that CBF and CBV at the edge of the lesion were significantly positively correlated with microvessel density. Moreover, CBF and CBV at the edge of the lesion were also significantly positively correlated with maximum standardized uptake value.

Conclusions
Perfusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging can be used to dynamically reflect the neovascularization of CAE lesions and may have a good application prospect in evaluating the biological activity of CAE.
Calcific Tendinosis Reduces Diagnostic Performance of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Detection of Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Sill Andrew P. , Zaw Taryar , Flug Jonathan A. , Hartigan David E. , Kransdorf Mark J. , Brinkman Joseph , Fox Michael G. 
Published: November 2021

Objective
This study aimed to investigate the effect of calcific tendinosis on the diagnosis of rotator cuff tears (RCTs) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance arthrography (MRA).

Materials and Methods
Calcific tendinosis was confirmed radiographically. Two musculoskeletal radiologists then retrospectively and independently reviewed the MRI/MRA examinations, with surgery or arthroscopy performed within 90 days of the MRI. Rotator cuffs were categorized as no tear, partial-thickness tear, and full-thickness tear. Partial-thickness tear/full-thickness tear groups were combined for analysis.

Results
Forty-eight MRI (mean age, 63.4 years; range, 37–83 years; female-to-male ratio, 29:19) and 7 MRA (mean age, 49.2 years; range, 25–60 years; female-to-male ratio, 4:3) patients were included. Reader 1 and reader 2 sensitivity/specificity values for RCTs on MRI were 95%/50% and 89%/30%, and the values on MRA were 100%/67% and 100%/100%, respectively. Overall agreement was present in 87% (48 of 55; κ = 0.55 [95% confidence interval, 0.26–0.85]).

Conclusions
Magnetic resonance imaging has decreased specificity in diagnosing RCTs when calcific tendinosis is present. Magnetic resonance arthrography performed better in this population and could be considered.
Understanding the association between mental health knowledge and mental health service utilization among Black adults
Authors: Pederson Aderonke Bamgbose , Tsai Alexander C. , Hawkins Devan , Moskowitz Judith T. , Dixon Lisa 
Published: November 2021

AbstractMental health knowledge limitations may contribute to the treatment gap among Black adults. We conducted an online cross-sectional study of Black adults in the United States (n = 262, aged 18-65 years) from diverse ethnic backgrounds (African-Americans, African immigrants, Afro-Caribbean immigrants). Gamma regression using generalized linear models was used to estimate the associations between mental health knowledge and willingness to seek help from mental health professionals. After adjusting for age, education and ethnicity, participants with higher specific knowledge about mental health (such as recognition of schizophrenia as a mental illness) were 26% more likely to report willingness to seek help from a mental health professional for personal and emotional problems (RR = 1.26, CI: 1.12 – 1.41, p < 0.001). Knowledge building interventions (such as psychoeducation) that seek to increase specific knowledge (rather than general knowledge) may correlate more strongly with utilization of mental health services among Black adults.
Mapping the human genetic architecture of COVID-19: an update
Authors:   COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative, Ganna Andrea 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic continues to pose a major public health threat especially in countries with low vaccination rates. To better understand the biological underpinnings of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity we formed the COVID19 Host Genetics Initiative. Here we present GWAS meta-analysis of up to 125,584 cases and over 2.5 million controls across 60 studies from 25 countries, adding 11 new genome-wide significant loci compared to those previously identified. Genes in novel loci include SFTPD, MUC5B and ACE2, reveal compelling insights regarding disease susceptibility and severity.
Insecticide susceptibility of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (Linnaeus, 1762) and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse, 1894) in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Vulu Fabien , Ilombe Gillon , Vizcaino Lucrecia , Mariën Joachim , Morimoto Yasue , Weetman David , Lenhart Audrey , Irish Seth R. , Bobanga Thierry L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus are arbovirus vectors of public health concern. Although the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) faces a long-standing risk of Aedes-borne viruses, data on insecticide resistance of Aedes populations are absent. To address this gap, we investigated insecticide susceptibility of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in areas with a high risk of arbovirus transmission. We also investigated the frequency of knock-down resistance (kdr) mutations in Ae. aegypti. Immature stages of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus were collected from two sites in Kinshasa (Lingwala and Cité Verte) between April and July 2017 and reared to the adult stage. Wild-caught adult Ae. aegypti were collected in 2016 in another site (Ngaliema). Female Ae. aegypti (from Lingwala) and Ae. albopictus (from Cité Verte) were used in WHO tube insecticide susceptibility tests. The F1534C, V1016I and V410L kdr mutations were genotyped in Ae. aegypti from Lingwala and Ngaliema. We observed Ae. aegypti to be susceptible to bendiocarb, propoxur and malathion, suspected resistant to permethrin, and resistant to deltamethrin and DDT. Aedes albopictus was susceptible to bendiocarb, propoxur, malathion and permethrin, suspected resistant to deltamethrin and resistant to DDT. While F1534C and V1016I were not detected, a few Ae. aegypti from Lingwala were heterozygous for the mutation V410L. This study reports for the first time the insecticide resistance status of Aedes spp. and the detection of the kdr mutation V410L in Ae. aegypti in DRC. Given the resistance profile, carbamates and potentially malathion are recommended insecticide options against Ae. aegypti in Kinshasa. It will be important to develop Aedes control strategies based on the resistance patterns of Aedes in Kinshasa.
Economic analyses of interventions for student mental health: protocol for a systematic review
Authors: Bell Eleanor , Pan Jia , Sampson Chris 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundStudents in higher education exhibit higher rates of mental health problems than the general population and often lack access to effective treatments and services. The COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated already high levels of need. Policymakers must have the relevant evidence to inform resource allocation and investment decisions about student mental health services.AimWe aim to identify and summarise economic analyses of interventions to prevent and treat mental health problems in university students in terms of the studies’ findings and the methods used.MethodWe will review all published economic analyses relating to interventions designed to prevent or treat student mental health problems. We will search the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, EconLit, PsycINFO and the National Health Service Economic Evaluation Databases (NHS EED). The review will be conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Key data items relating to the methods and results of the included studies will be extracted, and the resulting database will be made publicly available.RegistrationThis review is registered on PROSPERO (ID CRD42021250228)FundingThis research is funded by UK Research and Innovation (grant number ES/S00324X/1).
Vaccine effectiveness against COVID-19 related hospital admission in the Netherlands: a test-negative case-control study
Authors: Niessen F.A. , Knol Mirjam J. , Hahné Susan J.M. ,   VECTOR study group, Bonten M.J.M. , Bruijning-Verhagen P.C.J.L. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntroductionReal-world vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates are essential to identify potential groups at higher risk of break-through infections and to guide policy. We assessed the VE of COVID-19 vaccination against COVID-19 hospitalization, while adjusting and stratifying for patient characteristics.MethodsWe performed a test-negative case-control study in six Dutch hospitals. The study population consisted of adults eligible for COVID-19 vaccination hospitalized between May 1 and June 28 2021 with respiratory symptoms. Cases were defined as patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 by PCR during the first 48 hours of admission or within 14 days prior to hospital admission. Controls were patients tested negative at admission and did not have a positive test during the 2 weeks prior to hospitalization. VE was calculated using multivariable logistic regression, adjusting for calendar week, sex, age, comorbidity and nursing home residency. Subgroup analysis was performed for age, sex and different comorbidities. Secondary endpoints were ICU-admission and mortality.Results379 cases and 255 controls were included of whom 157 (18%) were vaccinated prior to admission. Five cases (1%) and 40 controls (16%) were fully vaccinated (VE: 93%; 95% CI: 81 – 98), and 40 cases (11%) and 70 controls (27%) were partially vaccinated (VE: 70%; 95% CI: 50-82). A strongly protective effect of vaccination was found in all comorbidity subgroups. No ICU-admission or mortality were reported among fully vaccinated cases. Of unvaccinated cases, mortality was 10% and 19% was admitted at the ICUConclusionCOVID-19 vaccination provides a strong protective effect against COVID-19 related hospital admission, in patients with and without comorbidity.
Antioxidants green tea extract and nordihydroguaiaretic acid confer species and strain specific lifespan and health effects in Caenorhabditis nematodes
Authors: Banse Stephen A. , Sedore Christine A. , Johnson Erik , Coleman-Hulbert Anna L. , Onken Brian , Hall David , Jackson E. Grace , Huynh Phu , Foulger Anna C. , Guo Suzhen , Garrett Theo , Xue Jian , Inman Delaney , Morshead Mackenzie L. , Plummer W. Todd , Chen Esteban , Bhaumik Dipa , Chen Michelle K. , Harinath Girish , Chamoli Manish , Quinn Rose P. , Falkowski Ron , Edgar Daniel , Schmidt Madeline O. , Lucanic Mark , Guo Max , Driscoll Monica , Lithgow Gordon J. , Phillips Patrick C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe Caenorhabditis Intervention Testing Program (CITP) is an NIH-funded research consortium of investigators who conduct analyses at three independent sites to identify chemical interventions that reproducibly promote health and lifespan in a robust manner. The founding principle of the CITP is that compounds with positive effects across a genetically diverse panel of Caenorhabditis species and strains are likely engaging conserved biochemical pathways to exert their effects. As such, interventions that are broadly efficacious might be considered prominent compounds for translation for pre-clinical research and human clinical applications. Here, we report results generated using a recently streamlined pipeline approach for the evaluation of the effects of chemical compounds on lifespan and health. We studied five compounds previously shown to extend C. elegans lifespan or thought to promote mammalian health: 17α-estradiol, acarbose, green tea extract, nordihydroguaiaretic acid, and rapamycin. We found that green tea extract and nordihydroguaiaretic acid extend Caenorhabditis lifespan in a species-specific manner. Additionally, these two antioxidants conferred assay-specific effects in some studies—for example, decreasing survival for certain genetic backgrounds in manual survival assays in contrast with extended lifespan as assayed using automated C. elegans Lifespan Machines. We also observed that GTE and NDGA impact on older adult mobility capacity is dependent on genetic background, and that GTE reduces oxidative stress resistance in some Caenorhabditis strains. Overall, our analysis of the five compounds supports the general idea that genetic background and assay type can influence lifespan and health effects of compounds, and underscores that lifespan and health can be uncoupled by chemical interventions.
Clinically relevant SMAC mimetics do not enhance human T cell proliferation or cytokine production
Authors: Burton Ashley , Ligman Brittany , Kearney Claire , Murray Susan E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSecondary mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC) mimetics are being tested in dozens of clinical trials to treat cancer. These targeted therapies mimic endogenous molecules that promote apoptosis by antagonizing inhibitors of apoptosis (IAPs), which are commonly overexpressed in cancer cells. In T cells, IAPs function to restrain non-canonical NF-kB signaling. Thus, it has been suggested that in addition to their direct anti-cancer mechanism of action, SMAC mimetics may activate T cells, thereby promoting anti-tumor immunity. Here, we tested the effect of three clinically relevant SMAC mimetics on the proliferation and activation of primary human T cells. As previously reported, SMAC mimetics killed tumor cells and activated non-canonical NF-kB in T cells at clinically relevant doses. Surprisingly, none of the SMAC mimetics augmented T cell proliferation or effector function. These results question the assumption that SMAC mimetics are likely to boost anti-tumor immunity in cancer patients.
Absence of the Z-disc protein α-actinin-3 impairs the mechanical stability of Actn3KO mouse fast-twitch muscle fibres without altering their contractile properties or twitch kinetics
Authors: Haug Michael , Reischl Barbara , Nübler Stefanie , Kiriaev Leonit , Mázala Davi A.G. , Houweling Peter J. , North Kathryn N. , Friedrich Oliver , Head Stewart I. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundA common polymorphism (R577X) in the ACTN3 gene results in complete absence of the Z-disc protein α-actinin-3 from fast-twitch muscle fibres in ~16% of the world’s population. This single gene polymorphism has been subject to strong positive selection pressure during recent human evolution. Previously, using an Actn3KO mouse model, we have shown in fast-twitch muscles, eccentric contractions at L0+ 20% stretch did not cause eccentric damage. In contrast, L0+ 30% stretch produced a significant ~40% deficit in maximum force; here we use isolated single fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibres from the Actn3KO mouse to investigate the mechanism underlying this.MethodsSingle fast-twitch fibres are separated from the intact muscle by a collagenase digest procedure. We use label-free second harmonic generation (SHG) imaging, ultra-fast video microscopy and skinned fibre measurements from our MyoRobot automated biomechatronics system to study the morphology, visco-elasticity, force production and mechanical strength of single fibres from the Actn3KO mouse. Data are presented as means ± SD and tested for significance using ANOVA.ResultsWe show that the absence of α-actinin-3 does not affect the unloaded maximum speed of contraction, visco-elastic properties or myofibrillar force production. Eccentric contractions demonstrated that chemically skinned Actn3KO fibres are mechanically weaker being prone to breakage when eccentrically contracted. Furthermore, SHG images reveal disruptions in the myofibrillar alignment of Actn3KO fast-twitch fibres with an increase in Y-shaped myofibrillar lattice shifts.ConclusionsAbsence of α-actinin-3 from the Z-disc in fast-twitch fibres disrupts the organisation of the myofibrillar proteins, leading to structural weakness. This provides a mechanistic explanation for our earlier findings that, in vitro intact Actn3KO fast-twitch muscles are significantly damaged by L0+ 30%, but not, L0+ 20%, eccentric contraction strains. Our study also provides a possible mechanistic explanation as to why α-actinin-3 deficient humans have been reported to have a faster decline in muscle function with increasing age, that is; as sarcopenia reduces muscle mass and force output, the eccentric stress on the remaining functional α-actinin-3 deficient fibres will be increased, resulting in fibres breakages.