bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Titania Modified Silica from Sugarcane Bagasse Waste for Photocatalytic Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Hendra Saputera Wibawa , Egiyawati Candra , Setyani Putrie Amellia , Fathoni Amri Aryan , Rizkiana Jenny , Sasongko Dwiwahju 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Photocatalytic oxidation is one of the technologies to overcome pollution that can be applied for air and water purification. TiO2 has been widely used as a photocatalyst, however, several disadvantages of TiO2 including low absorption of visible or solar radiation, rapid recombination of electron and hole as well as low stability limits its practical applications especially for wastewater treatment. Thus, to overcome this problem, this study aims to develop highly adsorbent photocatalyst using TiO2/SiO2 composites with sugarcane bagasse waste act as SiO2 source. The experimental results show that the photocatalytic performance of TiO2/SiO2 composite in the decolorization of methyl orange exhibits three-fold enhancement compared to neat TiO2. Several catalyst characterizations were obtained including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF). Characterization data show that a phase transformation was obtained from amorphous to crystalline phase by increasing TiO2 content. These results proved that the feasibility of SiO2 from sugarcane bagasse waste coupled with TiO2 can be utilized for wastewater degradation.
Improved Visible Light Activity of Copper Oxide/Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts Prepared by Photodeposition for Phenol Degradation
Authors: Sagita C P , Yuliati L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A series of copper(II) oxide deposited on carbon nitride (CuO/CN) as visible light-active photocatalyst was successfully prepared via a photodeposition method. The CuO modification was carried out to improve the photocatalytic activity of CN having fast electron-hole recombination. The CuO loading was varied from 0.05 to 0.5 wt% and the photodeposition was carried out at room temperature under UV light illumination. The CuO/CN samples were confirmed to have similar optical properties and functional groups to those of the unmodified CN. Meanwhile, the emission intensity of the CN decreased with the increase of the copper species loading, which could correspond to the suppression of charge recombination on the CN. After a 24-h reaction under visible light irradiation, the best photocatalyst, i.e. the CuO(0.1)/CN, gave 41.7% phenol degradation, which was almost two times higher than the unmodified CN (21.3%). However, the photocatalytic activity decreased when the added copper species was more than 0.1 wt%. Therefore, the optimum amount of copper species deposited on the CN surface would have a prominent contribution to improve the photocatalytic activity. It was also confirmed that holes, hydroxyl radicals, and superoxide radicals were important for the photocatalytic degradation of phenol on the CuO(0.1)/CN.
High photocatalytic activity of zinc metatitanate materials for phenol photodegradation
Authors: Priyangga K T A , Kurniawan Y S , Yuliati L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this work, we synthesized zinc metatitanate (ZnTiO3) through a sol-gel method strictly using a 1:1 mol ratio of zinc nitrate and titanium(IV) isopropoxide as the precursors. The calcination temperature was set to 700, 900, and 1100 °C to give ZM-700, ZM-900, and ZM-1100, respectively. These ZM materials were characterized using X-ray diffractometer (XRD), diffuse reflectance ultraviolet-visible (DR UV-vis), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and fluorescence spectroscopies. The XRD analyses showed that the ZM-700 contained both cubic-ZnTiO3 and rhombohedral-ZnTiO3 phases with a small part of ZnO, while the ZM-900 contained cubic-ZnTiO3 and cubic-Zn2TiO4. In contrast to the ZM-700 and the ZM-900, the ZM-1100 contained cubic-Zn2TiO4 and rutile TiO2 as the main phases with a very small part of the ZnTiO3 phase. The formation of these crystal phases was also supported by their DR UV-vis spectra, FTIR analysis, and fluorescence spectra. Photocatalytic degradation of phenol was carried out under UV light irradiation for 1–24 h. The kinetic study revealed that the reaction followed first-order, in which the reaction rate constants were 0.0351, 0.0323, 0.0298 h−1 for the ZM-700, ZM-900, and ZM-1100, respectively. This study demonstrated that the formation of ZnTiO3 was crucial to obtain high photocatalytic activity on the ZM materials.
TiO2/AC Composites for Adsorption-Photocatalytic of Methyl Orange
Authors: Kartikowati C W , Wulansari A L , Poerwadi B , Supriyono  , Arif A F , Sulistyaningsih T , Arutanti O 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Herein, the adsorption-photocatalytic performance of composite titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Activated Carbon (AC) to decompose methyl orange was investigated systematically. This work demonstrated the synthesis of TiO2/AC composite via the sol-gel method. After getting the composite TiO2/AC under different ratios of AC, the prepared particles were then annealed at 500°C for 2 h. The presence of AC detected by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra at 1028 nm. Based on Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, the result showed that the prepared particles specific surface area increased by increasing the AC ratio. The prepared photocatalyst was used to decompose methyl orange under UV light irradiation for 90 minutes. From the photocatalytic performance, the additional AC did not influence the adsorption process significantly under dark conditions. Interestingly, during the irradiation process, methyl orang could be decomposed until 62.5%, which means 15% higher than that of bare TiO2. The present result showed that an additional AC could enhance photocatalytic performance due to its ability as an electron transfer and avoid the recombination process between electrons and holes.
Aperiodic biomimetic Vogel spirals as diffractive optical elements for tailored light distribution in functional polymer layers
Authors: Merkel M , Schemme T , Denz C 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The biomimetic, deterministic aperiodic golden angle Vogel spiral lacks both translational and rotational symmetry and exhibits circularly symmetric scattering rings in Fourier space. We present a versatile and low cost method for maskless fabrication of a Vogel spiral relief grating by illumination of a photoresist with laser light complexly structured using a spatial light modulator and subsequent transfer of its negative into a polymer layer via replica molding. We investigate its diffractive properties and present as one application its implementation as a surface structure, leading to an efficiency enhancement of 18% in an organic solar cell.
Investigating the characteristics of a magnetorheological fluid damper through CFD modeling
Authors: Badri Yousif , Syam Thaer , Sassi Sadok , Hussein Mohammed , Renno Jamil , Ghаni Sаud 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis is conducted on mono-tube vehicle MRF damper investigated experimentally in a previous study. In this study, the fluid of the type MRF-132DG was inserted inside a damper of a car rear suspension system. The CFD analysis describes the fluid flow through the internal orifices between the compression and the rebound chambers. Averaged Navier–Stokes equations were solved by the SIMPLE method, and the RNG k-ε was used to model the turbulence at the fluid crossing through the orifices. All the CFD model boundary conditions’ values were set to the same values reported in the previous experimental study, except for the viscosity values. When varying the applied magnetic field density, the changes of MRF’s viscosity values were assessed by using a viscosity meter. Results showed a viscosity increase of 70% when the magnetic field excitation current was elevated from 0 A to 5 A. The damping forced and damping values were calculated using the rebound and compression static pressures obtained from the contour plots. It was also observed that the damping values exponentially increase with the increase in viscosity. The results of the CFD simulation were compared against those from the experiments, and good matching was observed.
Room temperature ferromagnetism in N-implanted MgO: synergistic effects of intrinsic and extrinsic defects
Authors: Wang Xingyu , Ma Chunlin , Wang Xiaoxiong , Zhou Weiping , Tan Weishi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
N-implanted MgO single crystals were prepared and their magnetic properties were studied. High Resolution x-ray diffraction, photoluminescence, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements confirmed that both intrinsic defects (Mg vacancies, oxygen vacancies) and extrinsic defects (N-related defects) were presented in the implanted samples. Ferromagnetism was detected in the samples. The saturation magnetization (Ms) of the samples increases with the concentrations of Mg vacancies and N-related defects. We conclude that the enhanced Ms should be ascribed to the synergistic effects of intrinsic and extrinsic defects. The magnetic properties of various composite defects were also studied by first principle calculations. The results suggest that the ferromagnetism is mainly originated from the configurations of VMg (Mg vacancy)+NO (N substituting for O).
Energy-momentum tensor for the electromagnetic field in a dispersive medium
Authors: Heredia Carlos , Llosa Josep 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
On the basis of a non-local Lagrangian for Maxwell equations in a dispersive medium, the energy-momentum tensor of the field is derived. We obtain the Field equations through variational methods and an extension of Noether theorem for a non-local Lagrangian is obtained as well. The electromagnetic energy-momentum tensor obtained in the general context is then specialized to the case of a field with slowly varying amplitude on a rapidly oscillating carrier.
Manganese and cobalt substituted ferrite nanoparticles synthesized via a seed-mediated drip method
Authors: Yan Zichun , FitzGerald Sara , Crawford Thomas M , Mefford O Thompson 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
To produce multi-dopant ferrite nanoparticles, the ‘Extended LaMer’ and seed-mediated growth techniques were combined by first utilizing traditional thermal decomposition of metal acetylacetonates to produce seed particles, followed by a continuous injection of metal oleate precursors to increase the volume of the seed particles. With the choice of precursors for the seeding and dripping stage, we successfully synthesized particles with manganese precursor for seeding and cobalt precursor for dripping (Mn0.18Co1.04Fe1.78O4, 17.6 ± 3.3 nm), and particles with cobalt precursors for seeding and manganese precursors for dripping (Mn0.31Co0.74Fe1.95O4, 19.0 ± 1.9 nm). Combining transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and vibrating sample magnetometry, we conclude that the seed-mediated drip method is a viable method to produce multi-dopant ferrite nanoparticles, and the size of the particles was mostly determined by the seeding stage, while the magnetic properties were more affected by the dripping stage.
Coherent Raman scattering microscopy for chemical imaging of biological systems
Authors: Zhang Chi , Aldana-Mendoza Jesus A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Coherent Raman scattering (CRS) processes, including both the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering and stimulated Raman scattering, have been utilized in state-of-the-art microscopy platforms for chemical imaging of biological samples. The key advantage of CRS microscopy over fluorescence microscopy is label-free, which is an attractive characteristic for modern biological and medical sciences. Besides, CRS has other advantages such as higher selectivity to metabolites, no photobleaching, and narrow peak width. These features have brought fast-growing attention to CRS microscopy in biological research. In this review article, we will first briefly introduce the history of CRS microscopy, and then explain the theoretical background of the CRS processes in detail using the classical approach. Next, we will cover major instrumentation techniques of CRS microscopy. Finally, we will enumerate examples of recent applications of CRS imaging in biological and medical sciences.
Evaluation of categorical matrix completion algorithms: toward improved active learning for drug discovery
Authors: Sun Huangqingbo , Murphy Robert F 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Motivation
High throughput and high content screening are extensively used to determine the effect of small molecule compounds and other potential therapeutics upon particular targets as part of the early drug development process. However, screening is typically used to find compounds that have a desired effect but not to identify potential undesirable side effects. This is because the size of the search space precludes measuring the potential effect of all compounds on all targets. Active machine learning has been proposed as a solution to this problem.

Results
In this article, we describe an improved imputation method, Impute by Committee, for completion of matrices containing categorical values. We compare this method to existing approaches in the context of modeling the effects of many compounds on many targets using latent similarities between compounds and conditions. We also compare these methods for the task of driving active learning in well-characterized settings for synthetic and real datasets. Our new approach performed the best overall both in the accuracy of matrix completion itself and in the number of experiments needed to train an accurate predictive model compared to random selection of experiments. We further improved upon the performance of our new method by developing an adaptive switching strategy for active learning that iteratively chooses between different matrix completion methods.

Availability and implementation
A Reproducible Research Archive containing all data and code is available at http://murphylab.cbd.cmu.edu/software.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Professional Legitimacy, Identity, and Practice: Towards a Sociology of Professionalism in Probation
Authors: Tidmarsh Matt 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper draws from Foucauldian understandings of the sociology of the professions to explore legitimacy, identity, and practice in probation after the Transforming Rehabilitation (TR) reforms to services in England and Wales. A discourse of ‘professionalism’ was crucial to the Coalition Government’s mobilization of TR; however, the contested nature of the term is rarely acknowledged in a probation context. Based on an ethnographic study of a privately-owned Community Rehabilitation Company, the paper demonstrates how professionalism in probation has been reshaped by punitive, managerial, and rehabilitative ‘adaptations’. It argues that professionalism has been detached from its ideal-typical groundings, becoming a malleable practice of (self-)government which is integral to how probation professionals demonstrate their legitimacy to multiple (and competing) actors in a network of accountability – the state, the public, offenders, adjacent organizations, and, additionally, private providers. Accordingly, appeals to a discourse of professionalism are a source of meaning for staff and a disciplinary mechanism that governs their conduct ‘at a distance’.
Carnival, Sexual Violence and Harm at Australian Music Festivals
Authors: Wadds Phillip , Fileborn Bianca , Tomsen Stephen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMuch has been written about the search for carnivalesque release in late-modern society, but relatively less attention has been paid to the harms experienced within this practice. Based on mixed-methods qualitative research including observational fieldwork at a large, multi-day camping festival in NSW, Australia, and in-depth interviews with victim-survivors of sexual violence occurring at Australian music festivals, this paper considers music festivals as sites of contemporary carnival. The paper examines the way in which situational, environmental and gendered dynamics shape these transgressive experiences. In doing so, it advances cultural criminological understandings of the carnivalesque by highlighting the bounded nature of carnival and the ‘cultural scaffolding’ that enables sexual violence and harassment at music festival events.
Social Work’s Feminist Façade: Descriptive Manifestations of White Supremacy
Authors: Hall Ronald E 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Inspired by Queen Elizabeth I’s Poor Laws, Jane Addams espoused the rhetoric of social justice. Addams is an example of social reform between 1890 and 1930s as tied to eugenics, which is also evident in disagreements between Addams and Ida B. Wells. Despite the contributions of white women to social work, their subtle transgressions exist behind the veil of a feminist façade. It operates as a culture of ideas, and ultimately a prescribed assortment of race-based behaviours. Leading white women such as Addams dedicated their careers aloof to the subjugation of non-white issues that Ida B. Wells challenged via lynching. After constant prodding from Wells, Addams emerged from her silence to oppose lynching. Wells responded to Addams’ discourse that she viewed as passive white rhetoric. According to contemporary descriptive data, white women/students are similarly aloof to non-white issues provoking womanism in response to feminism’s Women’s Ku Klux Klan. Ultimately, in the rescue of social justice, white women activists, including Social Work students, must denounce the feminist façade that social justice rhetoric and social justice activism coalesce for all oppressed populations.
Variability in Brain Structure and Function Reflects Lack of Peer Support
Authors: Schurz Matthias , Uddin Lucina Q , Kanske Philipp , Lamm Claus , Sallet Jérôme , Bernhardt Boris C , Mars Rogier B , Bzdok Danilo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Humans are a highly social species. Complex interactions for mutual support range from helping neighbors to building social welfare institutions. During times of distress or crisis, sharing life experiences within one’s social circle is critical for well-being. By translating pattern-learning algorithms to the UK Biobank imaging-genetics cohort (n = ~40 000 participants), we have delineated manifestations of regular social support in multimodal whole-brain measurements. In structural brain variation, we identified characteristic volumetric signatures in the salience and limbic networks for high- versus low-social support individuals. In patterns derived from functional coupling, we also located interindividual differences in social support in action–perception circuits related to binding sensory cues and initiating behavioral responses. In line with our demographic profiling analysis, the uncovered neural substrates have potential implications for loneliness, substance misuse, and resilience to stress.
SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia Predicts Clinical Deterioration and Extrapulmonary Complications from COVID-19
Authors: Ram-Mohan Nikhil , Kim David , Zudock Elizabeth J , Hashemi Marjan M , Tjandra Kristel C , Rogers Angela J , Blish Catherine A , Nadeau Kari C , Newberry Jennifer A , Quinn James V , O’Hara Ruth , Ashley Euan , Nguyen Hien , Jiang Lingxia , Hung Paul , Blomkalns Andra L , Yang Samuel ,   Stanford COVID-19 Biobank Study Group, Mann Rosen , Visweswaran Anita , Ranganath Thanmayi , Roque Jonasel , Manohar Monali , Din Hena Naz , Kumar Komal , Jee Kathryn , Noon Brigit , Anderson Jill , Fay Bethany , Schreiber Donald , Zhao Nancy , Vergara Rosemary , McKechnie Julia , Wilk Aaron , de la Parte Lauren , Dantzler Kathleen Whittle , Ty Maureen , Kathale Nimish , Rustagi Arjun , Martinez-Colon Giovanny , Ivison Geoff , Pi Ruoxi , Lee Maddie , Brewer Rachel , Hollis Taylor , Baird Andrea , Ugur Michele , Bogusch Drina , Nahass George R , Haider Kazim , Tran Kim Quyen Thi , Simpson Laura , Tal Michal , Chang Iris , Do Evan , Fernandes Andrea , Lee Alexandra S , Ahuja Neera , Snow Theo , Krempski James 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
The determinants of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) disease severity and extrapulmonary complications (EPCs) are poorly understood. We characterized relationships between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNAemia and disease severity, clinical deterioration, and specific EPCs.

Methods
We used quantitative and digital polymerase chain reaction (qPCR and dPCR) to quantify SARS-CoV-2 RNA from plasma in 191 patients presenting to the emergency department with COVID-19. We recorded patient symptoms, laboratory markers, and clinical outcomes, with a focus on oxygen requirements over time. We collected longitudinal plasma samples from a subset of patients. We characterized the role of RNAemia in predicting clinical severity and EPCs using elastic net regression.

Results
Of SARS-CoV-2–positive patients, 23.0% (44 of 191) had viral RNA detected in plasma by dPCR, compared with 1.4% (2 of 147) by qPCR. Most patients with serial measurements had undetectable RNAemia within 10 days of symptom onset, reached maximum clinical severity within 16 days, and symptom resolution within 33 days. Initially RNAemic patients were more likely to manifest severe disease (odds ratio, 6.72 [95% confidence interval, 2.45–19.79]), worsening of disease severity (2.43 [1.07–5.38]), and EPCs (2.81 [1.26–6.36]). RNA loads were correlated with maximum severity (r = 0.47 [95% confidence interval, .20–.67]).

Conclusions
dPCR is more sensitive than qPCR for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNAemia, which is a robust predictor of eventual COVID-19 severity and oxygen requirements, as well as EPCs. Because many COVID-19 therapies are initiated on the basis of oxygen requirements, RNAemia on presentation might serve to direct early initiation of appropriate therapies for the patients most likely to deteriorate.
Effectiveness of Influenza Vaccines in the HIVE Household Cohort Over 8 Years: Is There Evidence of Indirect Protection?
Authors: Malosh Ryan E , Petrie Joshua G , Callear Amy , Truscon Rachel , Johnson Emileigh , Evans Richard , Bazzi Latifa , Cheng Caroline , Thompson Mark S , Martin Emily T , Monto Arnold S 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe evidence that influenza vaccination programs regularly provide protection to unvaccinated individuals (ie, indirect effects) of a community is lacking. We sought to determine the direct, indirect, and total effects of influenza vaccine in the Household Influenza Vaccine Evaluation (HIVE) cohort.MethodsUsing longitudinal data from the HIVE cohort from 2010–11 through 2017–18, we estimated direct, indirect, and total influenza vaccine effectiveness (VE) and the incidence rate ratio of influenza virus infection using adjusted mixed-effect Poisson regression models. Total effectiveness was determined through comparison of vaccinated members of full or partially vaccinated households to unvaccinated individuals in completely unvaccinated households.ResultsThe pooled, direct VE against any influenza was 30.2% (14.0–43.4). Direct VE was higher for influenza A/H1N1 43.9% (3.9 to 63.5) and B 46.7% (17.2 to 57.5) than A/H3N2 31.7% (10.5 to 47.8) and was higher for young children 42.4% (10.1 to 63.0) than adults 18.6% (−6.3 to 37.7). Influenza incidence was highest in completely unvaccinated households (10.6 per 100 person-seasons) and lower at all other levels of household vaccination coverage. We found little evidence of indirect VE after adjusting for potential confounders. Total VE was 56.4% (30.1–72.9) in low coverage, 43.2% (19.5–59.9) in moderate coverage, and 33.0% (12.1 to 49.0) in fully vaccinated households.ConclusionsInfluenza vaccines may have a benefit above and beyond the direct effect but that effect in this study was small. Although there may be exceptions, the goal of global vaccine recommendations should remain focused on provision of documented, direct protection to those vaccinated.