bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repositioning HIV protease inhibitors and nucleos(t)ide RNA polymerase inhibitors for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19
Authors: von Hentig Nils 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimsSARS-CoV-2 is a single-stranded RNA virus which is part of the ß-coronavirus family (like SARS 2002 and MERS 2012). The high prevalence of hospitalization and mortality, in addition to the lack of vaccines and therapeutics, forces scientists and clinicians around the world to evaluate new therapeutic options. One strategy is the repositioning of already known drugs, which were approved drugs for other indications.Subject and methodSARS-CoV-2 entry inhibitors, RNA polymerase inhibitors, and protease inhibitors seem to be valuable targets of research. At the beginning of the pandemic, theClinicalTrials.govwebpage listedn=479 clinical trials related to the antiviral treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (01.04.2020, “SARS-CoV-2,” “COVID-19,” “antivirals,” “therapy”), of whichn=376 are still accessible online in January 2021 (10.01.2021). Taking into account further studies not listed in the CTG webpage, this narrative review appraises HIV protease inhibitors and nucleos(t)ide RNA polymerase inhibitors as promising candidates for the treatment of COVID-19.ResultsLopinavir/ritonavir, darunavir/cobicistat, remdesivir, tenofovir-disoproxilfumarate, favipriravir, and sofosbuvir are evaluated in clinical studies worldwide. Study designs show a high variability and results often are contradictory. Remdesivir is the drug, which is deployed in nearly 70% of the reviewed clinical trials, followed by lopinavir/ritonavir, favipiravir, ribavirine, and sofosbuvir.DiscussionThis review discusses the pharmacological/clinical background and questions the rationale and study design of clinical trials with already approved HIV protease inhibitors and nucleos(t)ide RNA polymerase inhibitors which are repositioned during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic worldwide. Proposals are made for future study design and drug repositioning of approved antiretroviral compounds.
Different wear in two highly cross-linked polyethylene liners in THA: wear analysis with EBRA
Authors: Dammerer D. , Keiler A. , Putzer D. , Lenze F. , Liebensteiner M. , Thaler M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Introduction
The purpose of this study was (1) to compare early wear rates in bedding-in periods of two highly cross-linked polyethylene liners frequently used in THA and (2) to evaluate risk factors indicating a possible higher wear rate.

Materials and methods
1120 patients who received a Crossfire or a Marathon highly cross-linked (HXLPE) ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene liner in primary THA at our Department between 2004 and 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with (1) only alumina heads on HXLPE acetabular bearings, (2) a minimum of four radiographs per patient for EBRA analysis, (3) no osteolysis around the acetabular cup and (4) no dislocations that occurred during the study period were included.

Results
A total of 328 patients (female: 183; male: 145; Marathon: 179; Crossfire: 149) fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Mean follow-up was 24 (range 7–51) months. With 0.22 (SD 0.27) mm mean total wear for the Marathon was three times greater than for the Crossfire, namely 0.07 (SD 0.14) mm. Mean cup migration during the investigated follow-up period was 0.7 (SD 0.8) mm for the Pinnacle and 0.5 mm (SD 0.7) for the Trident PSL cups.

Conclusion
Initial early wear of highly cross-linked polyethylene in combination with alumina heads differs strongly between products. Long-term survivorship of these liners should be observed to determine whether early wear has an impact on aseptic loosening.

Level of evidence
Level III (retrospective comparative study with prospective cohort).
The conduction velocity-potassium relationship in the heart is modulated by sodium and calcium
Authors: King D. Ryan , Entz Michael , Blair Grace A. , Crandell Ian , Hanlon Alexandra L. , Lin Joyce , Hoeker Gregory S. , Poelzing Steven 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The relationship between cardiac conduction velocity (CV) and extracellular potassium (K+) is biphasic, with modest hyperkalemia increasing CV and severe hyperkalemia slowing CV. Recent studies from our group suggest that elevating extracellular sodium (Na+) and calcium (Ca2+) can enhance CV by an extracellular pathway parallel to gap junctional coupling (GJC) called ephaptic coupling that can occur in the gap junction adjacent perinexus. However, it remains unknown whether these same interventions modulate CV as a function of K+. We hypothesize that Na+, Ca2+, and GJC can attenuate conduction slowing consequent to severe hyperkalemia. Elevating Ca2+ from 1.25 to 2.00 mM significantly narrowed perinexal width measured by transmission electron microscopy. Optically mapped, Langendorff-perfused guinea pig hearts perfused with increasing K+ revealed the expected biphasic CV-K+ relationship during perfusion with different Na+ and Ca2+ concentrations. Neither elevating Na+ nor Ca2+ alone consistently modulated the positive slope of CV-K+ or conduction slowing at 10-mM K+; however, combined Na+ and Ca2+ elevation significantly mitigated conduction slowing at 10-mM K+. Pharmacologic GJC inhibition with 30-μM carbenoxolone slowed CV without changing the shape of CV-K+ curves. A computational model of CV predicted that elevating Na+ and narrowing clefts between myocytes, as occur with perinexal narrowing, reduces the positive and negative slopes of the CV-K+ relationship but do not support a primary role of GJC or sodium channel conductance. These data demonstrate that combinatorial effects of Na+ and Ca2+ differentially modulate conduction during hyperkalemia, and enhancing determinants of ephaptic coupling may attenuate conduction changes in a variety of physiologic conditions.
The gastric disease of Napoleon Bonaparte: brief report for the bicentenary of Napoleon’s death on St. Helena in 1821
Authors: Lugli Alessandro , Carneiro Fatima , Dawson Heather , Fléjou Jean-François , Kirsch Richard , van der Post Rachel S. , Vieth Michael , Svrcek Magali 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAfter the defeat at the battle of Waterloo on June 18, 1815, Napoleon Bonaparte was sent into exile to the Island of St. Helena where he died 6 years later on May 5, 1821. One day after his death, Napoleon’s personal physician, Dr. Francesco Antommarchi, performed the autopsy in the presence of Napoleon’s exile companions and the British medical doctors. Two hundred years later, mysteries still surround the cause of his death and different hypotheses have been postulated in the medical and historical literature. The main reasons seem to be the presence of several autopsy reports, their interpretation and perhaps the greed for thrill and mystery. Therefore, for the bicentenary of Napoleon’s death, an international consortium of gastrointestinal pathologists assembled to analyse Napoleon’s autopsy reports based on the level of medical evidence and to investigate if the autopsy reports really do not allow a final statement.
Management of Dysphagia in Nursing Homes: A National Survey
Authors: Engh Mina C. N. , Speyer Renée 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe management of dysphagia may differ by country and clinical setting. The purpose of this study was to describe the management and care pathways for elderly people with dysphagia in nursing homes across Norway using an online survey. A national survey was developed that consisted of 23 questions covering various areas related to dysphagia care in nursing homes: background information of respondents, nursing homes, and residents and staff; screening and assessment of dysphagia including use of specialist consultation; management, practice patterns, and interventions targeting residents with dysphagia; training of staff; and perceived quality of current clinical practices in their nursing home. A total of 121 respondents completed the online survey, resulting in an overall response rate of 23.2%. Substantial discrepancies in dysphagia management were identified between nursing homes. In approximately 75% of nursing homes, residents were not routinely screened or assessed for swallowing problems. Although nursing homes used a broad range of strategies and routines for people with eating and swallowing difficulties, bolus modification seemed standard practice. Oral hygiene strategies were lacking in over 80% of nursing homes, and almost 50% did not have access to external experts, including speech therapists. Although nursing home staff rated the overall quality of care for people with eating and swallowing problems as high, their rating seemed mainly based on care for malnutrition and not directly aimed at dysphagia. The survey identified an evident need for training and upskilling staff in Norwegian nursing homes and raising awareness of the serious consequences and comorbidities that can result from dysphagia.
Project ACCLAIM: Intervention Effect on Community Knowledge, Attitudes and Beliefs of Maternal and Child Health and HIV/AIDS in Eswatini, Uganda and Zimbabwe
Authors: Bandopadhay N. , Woelk G. B. , Kieffer M. P. , Mpofu D. ,   the Project ACCLAIM Study Group, Woelk Godfrey , Kieffer Mary Pat , Mpofu Dephine , Chouraya Caspian , Kudiabor Kwashie , Khumalo Philisiwe , Bitarakwate Edward , Kajungu Eliab Natumanya , Mahomva Agnes , Musarandega Reuben 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe ACCLAIM Study aimed to assess the effect of a package of community interventions on the demand for, uptake of, and retention of HIV-positive pregnant/postpartum women in maternal and child health (MCH) and prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission (PMTCT) services. The study occurred from 2013 to 2015 in Eswatini, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. The three interventions were: (1) a social learning and action component for community leaders, (2) community days, and (3) peer discussion groups. Household cross-sectional surveys on community members’ MCH and PMTCT knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs were analyzed pre- and post-intervention, using MCH, HIV stigma, and gender-equitable men (GEM) indicators. We used t-tests to measure the significance of mean pre- vs. post-intervention score changes stratified by gender within each intervention arm and generalized linear models to compare mean score changes of the cumulative intervention arms with the community leaders-only intervention. Response rates were over 85% for both surveys for men and women, with a total of 3337 pre-intervention and 3162 post-intervention responses. The combined package of three interventions demonstrated a significantly greater increase in MCH scores for both women (diff = 1.34, p ≤ 0.001) and men (diff = 2.03, p < 0.001). The arms that included interventions for both community leader engagement and community days (arms 2 and 3)led to a greater increase in mean GEM scores compared to the community leader engagement intervention alone (arm 1), for both women (diff = 1.32, p = 0.002) and men (diff = 1.37, p = 0.004). Our findings suggest that a package of community interventions may be most effective in increasing community MCH/HIV knowledge and improving gender-equitable norms.
Cellulose dissolution in aqueous NaOH–ZnO: effect of pulp pretreatment at macro and molecular levels
Authors: Väisänen Saija , Kosonen Harri , Ristolainen Matti , Vuorinen Tapani 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper discusses the effect of hydrolytic pretreatments on pulp dissolution in the aqueous NaOH–ZnO solvent system. Eight samples were studied. They consisted of a never-dried softwood kraft pulp that was hydrolyzed under seven different conditions as well as the pulp without hydrolysis as a reference. The dissolution of the pulps was evaluated both at the macro level as well as at the molecular level based on their reactivity with 4-acetamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxo-piperidium (4-AcNH-TEMPO+). The fiber properties (i.e. the extent of fibrillation, amount of fines and fiber width, coarseness, and length) as well as the chemical composition (hemicellulose and cellulose contents) and the viscosity of the pulps was investigated. The results show that hydrolysis at medium consistency (10%) was successful in increasing the solubility of cellulose. Hydrolysis at high consistency (50%), on the other hand, increased the solubility only to some extent. With extended treatment time the fibers formed aggregates and their dissolution became poor. This phenomenon could be overcome by mechanically refining the fibers after the hydrolysis. Moreover, comparison of the viscosity of the pulp over the degree of oxidation revealed that the viscosity needed to decrease below ca. 400 ml/g in order for the outer layers of the fibers to dissolve. Finally, when pulps with similar viscosities where compared against each other, the ones with the higher glucomannan contents formed gels over time. This was true also for the pulp with the lowest viscosity and the highest solubility of the studied samples.
Labour market information and social justice: a critical examination
Authors: Staunton Tom , Rogosic Karla 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLabour Market Information forms a central place in career practice and how individuals enact their careers. This paper makes use of Alvesson and Sandberg’s (Constructing research questions: doing interesting research.Sage, Thousand Oaks, 2013) methodology of focussing research on theoretical assumptions to construct a critical literature review on the relationship between Labour Market Information and career guidance. This paper presents six theoretical conceptions from the career literature: Contact, Rationalism, Nomad, Adaptability, Constructivist and Social Justice. We will argue for the need to move towards more constructivist understandings of Labour Market Information as well understandings linked to more critical understandings of the labour market.
How Do Firms Respond to Reduced Labor Costs? Evidence from the 2007 Swedish Payroll Tax Reform
Authors: Daunfeldt Sven-Olov , Gidehag Anton , Rudholm Niklas 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOne way for policymakers to reduce labor costs and stimulate the recruitment of marginalized groups of labor in a highly unionized economy is to lower payroll taxes. However, the efficiency of this policy instrument has been questioned, and previous evaluations have mostly found small employment effects for such reforms. We investigate the effects of a payroll tax cut in Sweden that decreased firms’ labor costs in relation to the number of young employees that they had employed when the reform was implemented in 2007. We find that most firms received small labor cost savings as a result of the reform, but those that received larger cost savings increased their number of employees significantly more than firms that received no, or minor, labor cost savings. Our findings also suggest that the payroll tax cut increased the total wages paid to incumbent workers, but the wage effect was too small to offset the positive extensive-margin employment effect of the reform. In total, we find that the Swedish payroll tax reform created 18,100 jobs over the period 2006–2008; most of these jobs were within the targeted group of young employees.
Health-promoting behaviors mediate the relationship between eHealth literacy and health-related quality of life among Chinese older adults: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Li Shaojie , Cui Guanghui , Yin Yongtian , Wang Shiyuan , Liu Xinyao , Chen Lei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPurposeThe aim of this study was to examine the association between eHealth literacy and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and explore whether health-promoting behaviors mediate the association between eHealth literacy and HRQoL among Chinese older adults.MethodsAn anonymous cross-sectional survey was conducted among 2300 adults aged 60 or older from Jinan, China. The eHealth Literacy Scale, Short-Form Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile, and Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) were used to measure eHealth literacy, health-promoting behaviors, and HRQoL. Multivariate linear regression analyses were conducted to test the association between eHealth literacy, health-promoting behaviors, and HRQoL. The mediation analyses, composed of PROCESS analysis and bootstrapping method, were preformed to test both total (c), direct (c'), and indirect effects (a*b) of eHealth literacy on HRQOL through health-promoting behaviors.ResultsRegression analyses indicated that eHealth literacy (B = 0.487,p < 0.001) was significantly positively associated with health-promoting behaviors, and health-promoting behaviors (B = 0.257,p < 0.001) were associated with HRQoL. The mediation analyses indicated that eHealth literacy had a significant direct (c' = 0.183,p < 0.001) and indirect effect on older adults’ HRQoL through health-promoting behaviors (a*b = 0.125, bootstrapped 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.094–0.157). The indirect effect accounted for 40.6% of the total effect (c = 0.308, bootstrapped 95% CI 0.241–0.376) of eHealth literacy on HRQoL.ConclusionsHealth-promoting behaviors mediated the association between eHealth literacy and HRQoL in Chinese older adults. The establishment of interventions focused on health-promoting behavior may be an effective way to help older adults with low eHealth literacy improve their HRQoL.
Disarming the xenophobic everyday: Muslim migrants and the horizons of urban mutuality in Durban
Authors: Kirby Benjamin , Sibanda Francis , Charway Fred 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article explores the everyday lives that African migrants in Durban, South Africa share with other residents of the city. In conversation with Obvious Katsaura's work on ‘ethno-mutualism’, we use the example of ordinary greeting practices to show how Durban's urban everyday has been hijacked by xenophobic sensibilities. By demonstrating how the act of excluding migrants from these practices threatens to render the quotidian city uninhabitable for them, we shed light on the importance of mundane forms of social interaction for building a sense of identity and belonging. We then consider several ways in which African migrants develop and participate in Muslim forms of sociality that assist them in ‘disarming’ the urban everyday: from providing a platform for building solidarity with fellow migrants to mediating a ‘sense of welcome’ from the established Indian South African community. Elaborating on this, we delineate how forms of reciprocity emerge through the interactions between migrant and Indian Muslims that reproduce the ambient life of the city as a shared habitat, opening up new possibilities for entanglement. As such, our analysis contributes to emerging conversations about urban mutuality and migrant religious practices in the everyday lives of African cities.
Supplementing conjugated linoleic acid in breeder hens diet increased conjugated linoleic acid incorporation in liver and alters hepatic lipid metabolism in chick offspring
Authors: Fu Chun-Yan , Zhang Yan , Wang Wen-Bin , Shi Tian-Hong , Liu Xue-Lan , Wei Xiang-Fa , Yan Pei-Pei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis experiment was designed to investigate the effect of supplementing conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in breeder hens diet on development and hepatic lipid metabolism of chick offspring. Hy-Line Brown breeder hens were allocated into two groups, supplemented with 0 (control (CT)) or 0·5 % CLA for 8 weeks. Offspring chicks were grouped according to the mother generation and fed for 7 d. CLA treatment had no significant influence on development, egg quality and fertility of breeder hens but darkened the egg yolks in shade and increased yolk sac mass compared with the CT group. Addition of CLA resulted in increased body mass and liver mass and decreased deposition of subcutaneous adipose tissue in chick offspring. The serum TAG and total cholesterol levels of chick offspring were decreased in CLA group. CLA treatment increased the incorporation of both CLA isomers (c9t11 and t10c12) in the liver of chick offspring, accompanied by the decreased hepatic TAG levels, related to the significant reduction of fatty acid synthase (FAS) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) enzyme activities and the increased carnitine palmitoyltransferase-1 (CPT1) enzyme activity. Meanwhile, CLA treatment reduced the mRNA expression of genes related to fatty acid biosynthesis (FAS, ACC and sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c) and induced the expression of genes related to β-oxidative (CPT1, AMP-activated protein kinase and PPARα) in chick offspring liver. In summary, the addition of CLA in breeder hens diet significantly increased the incorporation of CLA in the liver of chick offspring, which further regulate hepatic lipid metabolism.
Prostate cryoablation combined with androgen deprivation therapy for newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer: a propensity score-based study
Authors: wang Ning , Ye Yangtian , Deng Minhua , Zhao Diwei , Jiang Lijuan , Chen Dong , Wu Zhiming , Wang Yanjun , Li ZhiYong , Yang Zhenyu , Li Jibin , Zhou Fangjian , Li Yonghong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Several studies showed that androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) plus local treatment of prostate could improve metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) patients’ survival. To date there are few studies analyzed the value of prostate cryoablation in mPCa. The objective of our analysis is to evaluate the oncological results and clinical value of prostate cryoablation combined with ADT compared with ADT alone in newly diagnosed mPCa patients.

Methods
Newly diagnosed mPCa patients undergoing cryoablation plus ADT (group A) between January 2011 and November 2018 were identified. Patients receiving ADT alone (group B) were selected from the same institutional prostate cancer database by propensity score matching based on clinical characteristics. Oncological results and clinical value in symptom control and primary lesion treatment were compared.

Results
Fifty-four patients were included in each group. Prostate cryoablation was well tolerated. The median follow-up time was 40 (27–53) and 39 (31–54) months in group A and group B, respectively. Patients in group A had a lower median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) nadir (0.025 ng/mL vs. 0.230 ng/mL, p = 0.001), longer median failure-free survival (FFS) (39 months vs. 21 months, p = 0.005), and median metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC)-free survival (39 months vs. 21 months, p = 0.007). No difference in cancer-specific survival and overall survival was found between the two groups. Multivariate Cox analysis showed combination therapy reduced the risk of FFS by 45.8% (HR = 0.542 [95% CI 0.329–0.893]; p = 0.016). Patients in group A had better clinical relief of urinary symptoms (79.1 vs. 59.1%, p = 0.044) and required less treatment of primary lesions for symptomatic relief (13.0 vs. 31.5%, p = 0.021).

Conclusions
Prostate cryoablation plus ADT decreases PSA nadir, prolongs FFS and mCRPC-free survival, relieves urinary symptoms and reduces the need for treating primary lesions in newly diagnosed mPCa patients compared to ADT alone.