bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A universal relationship between stellar masses and binding energies of galaxies
Authors: Shi Yong , Yu Xiaoling , Mao Shude , Gu Qiusheng , Xia Xiaoyang , Chen Yanmei 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
In this study, we demonstrate that stellar masses of galaxies (Mstar) are universally correlated through a double power-law function with the product of the dynamical velocities (Ve) and sizes to one-fourth power ($R_{\rm e}^{0.25}$) of galaxies, both measured at the effective radii. The product $V_{\rm e}R_{\rm e}^{0.25}$ represents the fourth root of the total binding energies within effective radii of galaxies. This stellar mass-binding energy correlation has an observed scatter of 0.14 dex in log($V_{\rm e}R_{\rm e}^{0.25}$) and 0.46 dex in log(Mstar). It holds for a variety of galaxy types over a stellar mass range of nine orders of magnitude, with little evolution over cosmic time. A toy model of self-regulation between binding energies and supernovae feedback is shown to be able to reproduce the observed slopes, but the underlying physical mechanisms are still unclear. The correlation can be a potential distance estimator with an uncertainty of 0.2 dex independent of the galaxy type.
Dust in RCW 58: Clues to common envelope channel formation?
Authors: Jiménez-Hernández P , Arthur S J , Toalá J A , Marston A P 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a characterization of the dust in the Wolf–Rayet (WR) nebula RCW 58 around the WN8h star WR 40 using archival infrared (IR) observations from WISE and Herschel and radio observations from ATCA. We selected two clumps, free from contamination from material along the line of sight and located towards southern regions in RCW 58, as representative of the general properties of this WR nebula. Their optical, IR, and radio properties are then modelled using the photoionization code cloudy, which calculates a self-consistent spatial distribution of dust and gas properties. Two populations of dust grains are required to model the IR SED: a population of small grains with sizes 0.002–0.01 $\mu$m, which is found throughout the clumps, and a population of large grains, with sizes up to 0.9 $\mu$m, located further from the star. Moreover, the clumps have very high dust-to-gas ratios, which present a challenge for their origin. Our model supports the hypothesis that RCW 58 is distributed in a ring-like structure rather than a shell, and we estimate a mass of ∼2.5 M⊙. This suggests that the mass of the progenitor of WR 40 was about $\approx 40^{+2}_{-3}$ M⊙. The ring morphology, low nebular mass, large dust grain size, and high dust-to-gas ratio lead us to propose that RCW 58 has formed through a common envelope channel, similar to what has been proposed for M 1-67.
Strong gravitational lens image of the M87 black hole with a simple accreting matter model
Authors: Boero Ezequiel F , Moreschi Osvaldo M 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
We study simulated images generated from an accretion disc surrounding the supermassive black hole hosted in the nearby galaxy M87. We approach the problem employing very simple accreting models inspired from magnetohydrodynamical simulations and introducing a new recipe for dealing with the combined integration of the geodesic and geodesic deviation equations in Kerr space–time, which allows for a convenient and efficient way to manage the system of equations. The geometry of the basic emission model is given by a two-temperature thin disc in the equatorial plane of the black hole supplemented by an asymmetric bar structure. We show that this configuration permits to generate the most salient features appearing in the EHT Collaboration images of M87 with impressive fidelity.
SDSS-IV MaNGA: Stellar M/L gradients and the M/L-colour relation in galaxies
Authors: Ge Junqiang , Mao Shude , Lu Youjun , Cappellari Michele , Long Richard J , Yan Renbin 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
The stellar mass-to-light ratio gradient in SDSS r-band ∇(M*/Lr) of a galaxy depends on its mass assembly history, which is imprinted in its morphology and gradients of age, metallicity, and stellar initial mass function (IMF). Taking a MaNGA sample of 2051 galaxies with stellar masses ranging from 109 to 1012M⊙ released in SDSS DR15, we focus on face-on galaxies, without merger and bar signatures, and investigate the dependence of the 2D ∇(M*/Lr) on other galaxy properties, including M*/Lr-colour relationships by assuming a fixed Salpeter IMF as the mass normalization reference. The median gradient is ∇M*/Lr ∼ −0.1 (i.e. the M*/Lr is larger at the centre) for massive galaxies, becomes flat around M* ∼ 1010M⊙ and change sign to ∇M*/Lr ∼ 0.1 at the lowest masses. The M*/Lr inside a half-light radius increases with increasing galaxy stellar mass; in each mass bin, early-type galaxies have the highest value, while pure-disc late-type galaxies have the smallest. Correlation analyses suggest that the mass-weighted stellar age is the dominant parameter influencing the M*/Lr profile, since a luminosity-weighted age is easily affected by star formation when the specific star formation rate (sSFR) inside the half-light radius is higher than 10−3 Gyr−1. With increased sSFR gradient, one can obtain a steeper negative ∇(M*/Lr). The scatter in the slopes of M*/L-colour relations increases with increasing sSFR, for example, the slope for post-starburst galaxies can be flattened to 0.45 from the global value 0.87 in the M*/L versus g − r diagram. Hence converting galaxy colours to M*/L should be done carefully, especially for those galaxies with young luminosity-weighted stellar ages, which can have quite different star formation histories.
Noncoding Variation and Transcriptional Plasticity Promote Thermal Adaptation in Oysters by Altering Energy Metabolism
Authors: Li Ao , Li Li , Zhang Ziyan , Li Shiming , Wang Wei , Guo Ximing , Zhang Guofan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGenetic variation and phenotypic plasticity are both important to adaptive evolution. However, how they act together on particular traits remains poorly understood. Here, we integrated phenotypic, genomic, and transcriptomic data from two allopatric but closely related congeneric oyster species, Crassostrea angulata from southern/warm environments and Crassostrea gigas from northern/cold environments, to investigate the roles of genetic divergence and plasticity in thermal adaptation. Reciprocal transplantation experiments showed that both species had higher fitness in their native habitats than in nonnative environments, indicating strong adaptive divergence. The southern species evolved higher transcriptional plasticity, and the plasticity was adaptive, suggesting that increased plasticity is important for thermal adaptation to warm climates. Genome-wide comparisons between the two species revealed that genes under selection tended to respond to environmental changes and showed higher sequence divergence in noncoding regions. All genes under selection and related to energy metabolism exhibited habitat-specific expression with genes involved in ATP production and lipid catabolism highly expressed in warm/southern habitats, and genes involved in ATP consumption and lipid synthesis were highly expressed in cold/northern habitats. The gene for acyl-CoA desaturase, a key enzyme for lipid synthesis, showed strong selective sweep in the upstream noncoding region and lower transcription in the southern species. These results were further supported by the lower free fatty acid (FFA) but higher ATP content in southern species and habitat, pointing to significance of ATP/FFA trade-off. Our findings provide evidence that noncoding variation and transcriptional plasticity play important roles in shaping energy metabolism for thermal adaptation in oysters.
Evidence for complex dynamics during U2 snRNP selection of the intron branchpoint
Authors: Kao Ching-Yang , Cao En-Cih , Wai Hsu Lei , Cheng Soo-Chen 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Splicing of pre-mRNA is initiated by binding of U1 to the 5′ splice site and of Msl5-Mud2 heterodimer to the branch site (BS). Subsequent binding of U2 displaces Msl5-Mud2 from the BS to form the prespliceosome, a step governing branchpoint selection and hence 3′ splice site choice, and linking splicing to myelodysplasia and many cancers in human. Two DEAD-box proteins, Prp5 and Sub2, are required for this step, but neither is stably associated with the pre-mRNA during the reaction. Using BS-mutated ACT1 pre-mRNA, we previously identified a splicing intermediate complex, FIC, which contains U2 and Prp5, but cannot bind the tri-snRNP. We show here that Msl5 remains associated with the upstream cryptic branch site (CBS) in the FIC, with U2 binding a few bases downstream of the BS. U2 mutants that restore U2-BS base pairing enable dissociation of Prp5 and allows splicing to proceed. The CBS is required for splicing rescue by compensatory U2 mutants, and for formation of FIC, demonstrating a role for Msl5 in directing U2 to the BS, and of U2-BS base pairing for release of Prp5 and Msl5-Mud2 to form the prespliceosome. Our results provide insights into how the prespliceosome may form in normal splicing reaction.
ESA1 regulates meiotic chromosome axis and crossover frequency via acetylating histone H4
Authors: Wang Ying , Zhai Binyuan , Tan Taicong , Yang Xiao , Zhang Jiaming , Song Meihui , Tan Yingjin , Yang Xuan , Chu Tingting , Zhang Shuxian , Wang Shunxin , Zhang Liangran 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Meiotic recombination is integrated into and regulated by meiotic chromosomes, which is organized as loop/axis architecture. However, the regulation of chromosome organization is poorly understood. Here, we show Esa1, the NuA4 complex catalytic subunit, is constitutively expressed and localizes on chromatin loops during meiosis. Esa1 plays multiple roles including homolog synapsis, sporulation efficiency, spore viability, and chromosome segregation in meiosis. Detailed analyses show the meiosis-specific depletion of Esa1 results in decreased chromosome axis length independent of another axis length regulator Pds5, which further leads to a decreased number of Mer2 foci, and consequently a decreased number of DNA double-strand breaks, recombination intermediates, and crossover frequency. However, Esa1 depletion does not impair the occurrence of the obligatory crossover required for faithful chromosome segregation, or the strength of crossover interference. Further investigations demonstrate Esa1 regulates chromosome axis length via acetylating the N-terminal tail of histone H4 but not altering transcription program. Therefore, we firstly show a non-chromosome axis component, Esa1, acetylates histone H4 on chromatin loops to regulate chromosome axis length and consequently recombination frequency but does not affect the basic meiotic recombination process. Additionally, Esa1 depletion downregulates middle induced meiotic genes, which probably causing defects in sporulation and chromosome segregation.
Taxonomic and functional differences between winter and summer crustacean zooplankton communities in lakes across a trophic gradient
Authors: Shchapov K , Wilburn P , Bramburger A J , Silsbe G M , Olmanson L , Crawford C J , Litchman E , Ozersky T 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDespite increasing interest in winter limnology, few studies have examined under-ice zooplankton communities and the factors shaping them in different types of temperate lakes. To better understand drivers of zooplankton community structure in winter and summer, we sampled 13 lakes across a large trophic status gradient for crustacean zooplankton abundance, taxonomic and functional community composition and C/N stable isotopes. Average winter zooplankton densities were one-third of summer densities across the study lakes. Proportionally, cladocerans were more abundant in summer than winter, with the opposite pattern for calanoids and cyclopoids. In green (eutrophic) lakes, zooplankton densities were higher under the ice than in brown (dystrophic) and blue (oligotrophic) lakes, suggesting better conditions for zooplankton in productive lakes during winter. Overall, zooplankton communities were more similar across lakes under the ice than during the open water season. Feeding group classification showed a decrease in herbivore abundance and an increase in predators from summer to winter. C/N stable isotope results suggested higher lipid content in overwintering zooplankton and potentially increased reliance on the microbial loop by winter zooplankton. Our results show substantial variation in the seasonality of zooplankton communities in different lake types and identify some of the factors responsible for this variation.
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the number of presentations of penetrating injuries to a UK major trauma centre
Authors: Hickland Maria M , Massouh Philippa , Sutthakorn Roxanne E , Greenslade Charlotte , Jennings Cara , Cantle Fleur , Bew Duncan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Knife-related violence is of growing concern in the UK. This study aims to investigate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the frequency of penetrating injuries at a UK major trauma centre.

Methods
This was a retrospective study comparing the number of patients attending the emergency department of King’s College Hospital (KCH) with a penetrating injury (gunshot or stab wound) during the ‘pandemic year’ (1 March 2020–28 February 2021) compared with the equivalent time period in the previous year. Penetrating injuries as a result of self-harm were excluded. The primary outcome was to assess whether there were any changes to the frequency of presentations during three periods of national lockdowns.

Results
Lockdown 1 showed a 48.45% reduction in presentations in the ‘pandemic year’ compared to the previous year, lockdown 2 showed a 31.25% reduction; however, lockdown 3 showed an 8.89% increase in the number of presentations.

Conclusion
Our findings suggest that despite the initial reduction in the number of presentations of penetrating injury during lockdown 1, this returned to normal levels by lockdown 3. Further research is required to understand the effects of government-imposed restrictions on interpersonal violence and identify appropriate methods of outreach prevention during a pandemic.
Individual-level and country-level socio-economic factors and health outcomes in spondyloarthritis: analysis of the ASAS-perSpA study
Authors: Capelusnik Dafne , Zhao Sizheng Steven , Boonen Annelies , Ziade Nelly , Medina Clementina López , Dougados Maxime , Nikiphorou Elena , Ramiro Sofia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to investigate the association between individual-level and country-level socio-economic (SE) factors and health outcomes across SpA phenotypes.MethodsPatients with axial SpA (axSpA), peripheral SpA (pSpA) or PsA from the ASAS-perSpA study (in 23 countries) were included. The effect of individual-level (age, gender, education and marital status) and country-level [e.g. Gross Domestic Product (GDP)] SE factors on health outcomes [Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score (ASDAS) ≥ 2.1, ASDAS, BASFI, fatigue and the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society Health Index (ASAS-HI)] was assessed in mixed-effects models adjusted for potential confounders. Interactions between SE factors and disease phenotype were tested. A mediation analysis was conducted to explore whether the impact of country-level SE factors on ASDAS was mediated through biologic/targeted synthetic (b/ts) DMARD uptake.ResultsIn total, 4185 patients (61% males, mean age 45) were included (65% axSpA, 25% PsA, 10% pSpA). Female gender [β= 0.14 (95% CI: 0.06, 0.23)], lower educational level [β = 0.35 (0.25, 0.45)) and single marital status [β = 0.09 (0.01, 0.17)] were associated with higher ASDAS. Living in lower GDP countries was also associated with higher ASDAS [β = 0.39 (0.16, 0.63)], and 7% of this association was mediated by b/tsDMARD uptake. Higher BASFI was similarly associated with female gender, lower education and living alone, without the effect of country-level SE factors. Female gender and lower educational level were associated with worse ASAS-HI, while more fatigue was associated with female gender and higher country-level SE factors [lower GDP, β = −0.46 (−0.89 to −0.04)]. No differences across disease phenotypes were found.ConclusionsOur study shows country-driven variations in health outcomes in SpA, independently influenced by individual-level and country-level SE factors and without differences across disease phenotypes.
Morning stiffness precedes the development of rheumatoid arthritis and associates with systemic and subclinical joint inflammation in arthralgia patients
Authors: Krijbolder Doortje I , Wouters Fenne , van Mulligen Elise , van der Helm-van Mil Annette H M 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Morning stiffness (MS) is characteristic of RA and associates with markers of systemic and local inflammation in RA patients. In patients with arthralgia, MS is a cardinal symptom to recognize arthralgia at-risk for RA development [i.e. clinically suspect arthralgia (CSA)]. In CSA, MS is also assumed to reflect inflammation, but this has never been studied. Therefore we aimed to study whether MS in CSA patients is associated with systemic and subclinical joint inflammation.

Methods
A total of 575 patients presenting with CSA underwent laboratory investigations and contrast-enhanced 1.5 T MRI of the hand and forefoot (scored according to the Rheumatoid Arthritis MRI Score method). Associations of MS (duration ≥60 min) with the presence of subclinical joint inflammation (synovitis, tenosynovitis and osteitis) and increased CRP (≥5 mg/l) were determined with logistic regression. Additionally, the effect of MS duration (≥30, ≥60 and ≥120 min) was studied.

Results
A total of 195 (34%) CSA patients experienced MS. These patients more often had subclinical synovitis [34% vs 21%; odds ratio (OR) 1.95 (95% CI 1.32, 2.87)], subclinical tenosynovitis [36% vs 26%; OR 1.59 (95% CI 1.10, 2.31)] and increased CRP [31% vs 19%; OR 1.93 (95% CI 1.30, 2.88)] than patients without MS. In multivariable analyses, subclinical synovitis [OR 1.77 (95% CI 1.16, 2.69)] and CRP [OR 1.78 (95% CI 1.17–2.69)] remained independently associated with MS. In CSA patients who later developed RA, and thus in retrospect were ‘pre-RA’ at the time of CSA, MS was more strongly associated with subclinical synovitis [OR 2.56 (95% CI 1.04, 6.52)] and CRP [OR 3.86 (95% CI 1.45, 10.24)]. Furthermore, associations increased with longer MS durations.

Conclusion
Inflammation associates with MS in the CSA phase that preceded clinical arthritis. These results increase our understanding of MS when assessing arthralgia in clinical practice.
Accuracy in Near-Perfect Virus Phylogenies
Authors: Wertheim Joel O , Steel Mike , Sanderson Michael J 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Phylogenetic trees from real-world data often include short edges with very few substitutions per site, which can lead to partially resolved trees and poor accuracy. Theory indicates that the number of sites needed to accurately reconstruct a fully resolved tree grows at a rate proportional to the inverse square of the length of the shortest edge. However, when inferred trees are partially resolved due to short edges, “accuracy” should be defined as the rate of discovering false splits (clades on a rooted tree) relative to the actual number found. Thus, accuracy can be high even if short edges are common. Specifically, in a “near-perfect” parameter space in which trees are large, the tree length $\xi$ (the sum of all edge lengths) is small, and rate variation is minimal, the expected false positive rate is less than $\xi/3$; the exact value depends on tree shape and sequence length. This expected false positive rate is far below the false negative rate for small $\xi$ and often well below 5% even when some assumptions are relaxed. We show this result analytically for maximum parsimony and explore its extension to maximum likelihood using theory and simulations. For hypothesis testing, we show that measures of split “support” that rely on bootstrap resampling consistently imply weaker support than that implied by the false positive rates in near-perfect trees. The near-perfect parameter space closely fits several empirical studies of human virus diversification during outbreaks and epidemics, including Ebolavirus, Zika virus, and SARS-CoV-2, reflecting low substitution rates relative to high transmission/sampling rates in these viruses.[Ebolavirus; epidemic; HIV; homoplasy; mumps virus; perfect phylogeny; SARS-CoV-2; virus; West Nile virus; Yule–Harding model; Zika virus.]
Israel: foreign trusts, trustee confidentiality and dispute resolution
Authors: Kaplan Alon , Eyal Lyat , Liberman Meytal 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Trusts/foundations are a relatively new estate planning tool in Israel. As such, the Trust Law, passed in 1979, is basic legislation governing the principles of trust law. Together with the Tax Ordinance governing the taxation of trusts and court precedents, Israel trust practice is formed. Although, compared to extensive practices in other jurisdictions such as the UK or the USA, the trust practice in Israel is in its initial stages with much room to grow and expand. The factual basis and the necessity for establishing trusts lie in HNW families, social changes in the nuclear family and the need to care for the elderly and disabled. In addition, there is a growing practice of holding real estate via trust structures which remains to be resolved from a tax perspective as such structures are taxed under the Taxation of Real Property Law and not under the Tax Ordinance. This article will focus on several important legal issues involved in drafting and administering Israeli trusts/foundations; recognition of foreign trusts/foundations in Israel, the trustee's confidentiality obligation, and dispute resolution options for trusts.
Associations of white matter hyperintensities with networks of grey matter blood flow and volume in midlife adults: a CARDIA MRI substudy
Authors: Kim William S.H. , Luciw Nicholas J. , Atwi Sarah , Shirzadi Zahra , Dolui Sudipto , Detre John A. , Nasrallah Ilya M. , Swardfager Walter , Bryan R. Nick , Launer Lenore J. , MacIntosh Bradley J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWhite matter hyperintensities (WMHs) are emblematic of cerebral small vessel disease, yet characterization at midlife is poorly studied. Here, we investigated whether WMH volume is associated with brain network alterations in midlife adults. 254 participants from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study were selected and stratified by WMH burden yielding two groups of equal size (Lo- and Hi-WMH groups). We constructed group-level covariance networks based on cerebral blood flow (CBF) and grey matter volume (GMV) maps across 74 grey matter regions. Through consensus clustering, we found that both CBF and GMV covariance networks were partitioned into modules that were largely consistent between groups. Next, CBF and GMV covariance network topologies were compared between Lo- and Hi-WMH groups at global (clustering coefficient, characteristic path length, global efficiency) and regional (degree, betweenness centrality, local efficiency) levels. At the global level, there were no group differences in either CBF or GMV covariance networks. In contrast, we found group differences in the regional degree, betweenness centrality, and local efficiency of several brain regions in both CBF and GMV covariance networks. Overall, CBF and GMV covariance analyses provide evidence of WMH-related network alterations that were observed at midlife.