bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research Of Influence of Horizontal Reinforcement on Compression and Shear Strength of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete Masonry
Authors: Drobiec Łukasz , Jasiński Radosław , Połubiński Tomasz , Mazur Wojciech 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a research of influence of horizontal reinforcement on compressive and shear strength of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC) masonry. Specimens were tested according to guidelines of EN 1052-1 and ASTM ES519-81 code in case of compression and shear test respectively. Reinforcement in the form of strips of mesh rolled out from a roll, consists of steel cords with an interwoven fiberglass roving was used. The influence of this type of reinforcement was also compared with the results of tests of AAC masonry walls without reinforcement, reinforced with truss type reinforcement and reinforced with synthetic mesh respectively.
Urban regeneration and building retrofit. A strategy towards instilling a culture of innovation and entrepreneurship
Authors: Belpoliti Vittorino , AlMheiri Reema A. , Ali Zanira A. , AlAtiq Lujain T. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The United Arab Emirates’ economy is transitioning to a knowledge-based economy by promoting innovation and research development. Supporting the UAE’s Vision at becoming among the best and most innovative nation in the world by 2071, the Government has developed frameworks that recognize the importance of innovation to an economy’s growth and development. This paper presents the results of a design research where the domain of architecture and engineering blend with economics and social studies to the serve the UAE’s vision, proposing urban solutions to launch the country in its ‘next 50’ years, with an eye for the preservation and revitalization of the exiting and valuable resources. The research project proposes a different geography of innovation and introduces urban regeneration strategies to stimulate innovative policies for the built environment of the entire UAE territory. With the intent of forming an intangible connection between the seven Emirates, the proposed intervention can be situated in every state. The study especially looks into the three neighboring Emirates or Dubai, Sharjah, and Ajman, and finally select the latter to test the introduction of strategically designed spaces in degraded (and disconnected) locations to encourage the community to innovate while at the same time reusing/refurbishing the existing resources/buildings/facilities. The specific case study involves the design of an incubator facility in an obsolete villa community in Ajman, formerly hosting locals (therefore luxurious) that now have left for better locations and cannot manage to resell their properties due to the decadence of the neighbourhood. The incubator, a building articulated in the interstitial spaces in between the villas, would reactivate the district by attracting young and innovative entrepreneurs, who settle there for both working and living, exploiting the incubator complex as a parasite of the existing villas. If successful, the project will revive the district, provide it a new brand, and create a new financial stream to self-support its gradual regeneration.
Entrance portals and gates in downtown Lodz. Closures or Openings?
Authors: Przewłocka-Sionek Renata 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Entrance portals and gates are the elements of the city's architectural environment with which we commune on a daily basis, often unknowingly. Now and again they contain architectural codes that convey to us relevant information about the building or its function. Gates and Portals create an occlusive, orderly space which brings together, and at the same time divides three worlds: the street, the house, and the backyard. This article aims to show that the building entrances not only constitute its closure, but can and often are the carrier of information about the building and their functions or what is in their interior. Therefore, they are also openings to something new, often something interesting, hidden in the nooks of the buildings' architecture. In addition, portals and gates, and especially their doors, are sometimes small works of art that show extraordinary carpentry, woodcarving or metalwork craftsmanship. Others, on the other hand, do not stand out at all, but it are worth looking inside and searching for traces of splendor past and present. The entrance to a building is an important architectural element, which we use involuntarily when crossing the invisible barrier between the inside and the outside, between the private, semi-private and public zones.
Analysis of Ventilation Efficiency in the Earth Covered Magazine for Ammunition Storage Using Numerical Simulation
Authors: Zecevic Nurin , Terzic Jasmin , Zecevic Berko , Ajanovic Adis 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Internal environment parameters such as temperature, relative humidity and airflow velocity in ammunition storage facilities have a significant impact on the condition and overall life of ammunition, especially on the process of ammunition degradation in situations when their values deviate from required standards for safe storage. High temperatures inside the magazine, as well as in the ammunition packaging, can have a very negative effect on the structure of ammunition and explosives, and high values of relative humidity can result in corrosion and rapid decomposition of chemical compounds. Therefore, a properly designed ventilation system should ensure that the values of internal temperature and relative humidity are within the permitted limits, which is a very important aspect of the storage process itself, so that ammunition and explosives can be completely safe and ready for transport, use and handling. Experimental studies conducted in several magazines of ammunition and explosives in Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), had aim to monitor changes of environmental parameters such as temperature, relative humidity and airflow velocity. During these experimental measurements, high values of relative humidity were in these magazines observed, as well as uneven airflow in some ventilation ducks. The main cause of such measured values can be related to the inadequate performance of the natural ventilation system of the analysed magazines. Using numerical simulations (finite volume method) in the ANSYS – Fluent program, the analysis of the existing ventilation system of earth covered magazine in BiH from the aspect of airflow velocity was performed, as well as analysis of modifications that can improve airflow within the analysed magazine. The results of numerical simulation for the existing state of analysed magazine corresponded to the results of airflow measurements at certain places in the magazine. It was confirmed that the existing ventilation system does not provide proper ventilation, which further causes higher relative humidity values. The results of numerical simulation for the proposed modifications of the ventilation system have shown significantly better air circulation in the magazine, i.e. that a more efficient natural ventilation was achieved.
Indoor Air Pollution in Housing Units
Authors: Senitkova Ingrid Juhasova , Kraus Michal 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Pollution and poor quality of the indoor environment is a common problem in today's residential buildings. These problems are reflected in the well-being and health of the users of these buildings. Targeted identification of the various harmful substances (pollutants) is essential for understanding the interactions of components of the internal environment for the welfare and health of building users. The Czech housing units were selected for screening investigation of indoor air quality. Measuring of indoor chemical factors was performed during the year 2019. The indoor levels of TVOC, nitrogen oxides, indoor radon, and particulate matters PM10 were measured. The results provide introduce data on indoor air quality concerning seasonal changes which were in correlation to air change rate. These results, introduced in this paper, help to understand the indoor pollutants occurrence and help to design next more focused studies.
Mathematical Modelling and Operation Simulation of the Indirect Connection Scheme of the Heating Installation and of the Consumption Hot Water Preparation in an Accumulating Stage
Authors: Tokar Danut , Toropoc Sanda Mirela , Frunzulica Rodica , Toma Petrica , Tokar Adriana 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the mathematical model and simulation of a thermal system for heating and supplying hot water to industrial or residential consumers consisting of a heat exchanger on the heating circuit and a heat exchanger provided with an accumulation tank on the domestic hot water circuit, this scheme is generally adopted in the industrial thermal points and increasingly in module-type thermal points for residential consumers. The mathematical model is based on the mathematical equations describing this system and developed using the MATLAB - Simulink program. Thus, as a result of the simulations, we can see the evolutions in time of the water temperatures on the heating circuit and the domestic hot water circuit, as well as the quantity of heat delivered by them.
Leaks, Pipe Breaks, and Preventive Maintenance
Authors: Tokar Danut , Frasie Paul , Tokar Adriana 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A better understanding of leak related effects has implications for pipe rehabilitation, system economics, customer disruption, and environmental sustainability. Reducing leakage be a result of a well-suited preventive maintenance program. The purpose of this study is to inspect approximately 10% of the runouts (branch pipes) between the plumbing fixtures and the risers to estimate the extent of serious corrosion of the runouts that may cause leaks in the future. For collecting the site data for our study, we visited the building and investigated piping through 57 different access openings in 31 randomly selected apartments. These apartments were selected to allow observation of a variety of risers at varying elevations. We observed in about 20% of the runouts inspected, the remaining thickness of the steel pipe was less than 60% in the areas that we could access. The runouts are in danger of developing leaks. Because of the high potential cost of leaks and the possibility of that 20%, or 120 pipes, could leak soon, recommend replacement of all the runouts. System performance can only be reliably characterized through monitoring and analysis of relevant data. Performance monitoring is concerned with measuring system efficiency and to what extent the system is delivering the parameters what it was designed for (i.e., flow, pressure, energy, water quality, etc.).
Lighting Solutions to Improve the Valorisation and Fruition of the Parque del Retiro in Madrid
Authors: Carleo Davide , Gargiulo Martina , Scorpio Michelangelo , Ciampi Giovanni , Corniello Luigi , Spanodimitriou Yorgos , Sibilio Sergio , Chìas Pilar 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The lighting design of public spaces, and in particular of green areas, is becoming a growing interest in the contemporary culture, as more and more people are starting to enjoy cities at nighttime. In this study, the lighting design for two main areas of the Parque del Retiro in Madrid (Spain), the Puerta de España and the Paseo de las Estatuas de Reyes, is discussed. Two different lighting scenarios have been designed by means of the software DIALux evo, the first one with the aim of maximise the lighting effect and the second one with the aim to optimize the energy consumption while still allowing for the enhancement of the key characteristics of the two areas. A combined lighting design solution, obtained by using the two scenarios in a weekly schedule, allowed to achieve adequate levels of illumination, an improvement in the feeling of safety in visitors while optimizing energy consumption.
Positive Energy District Replication - Case Study of the City of Trencin, Slovakia
Authors: Ondrejicka Vladimir , Hajduk Michal , Jamecny Lubomir , Husar Milan , Jasso Matej 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Energy efficiency has been of the key topics for urban planning for the past few years in relation to sustainable development, resilience as well as climate change. There are many technological approaches aiming at efficient use of energy, innovative technologies and renewable sources of energy, but what is often missing is its relation to spatial planning and planning system and documentation. Horizon 2020 project Making City is striving to promote Positive Energy District (PED) planning and methodology aiming at development of new integrated strategies to address the urban energy system transformation towards low carbon cities, with the PED approach as the core of the urban energy transition pathway. It is implemented on the level of cities and city districts, having two types of areas – two lighthouse cities and six follower cities. The city of Trencin (Slovakia) is one of the follower cities where multiple urban areas have been selected to replicate the PED concept developed by the project consortium. Trencin is the eight largest city is Slovakia with a rich manufacturing history in textile and arms industry. It is currently focusing on diversified its economic activities in the sectors of tourism, innovation, culture and industry. The PED replication will involve a broader city centre area including multiple municipal buildings (schools and sports infrastructures) and residential buildings (individual housing and apartments). The following paper describes the key notions from the PED concept providing a holistic approach on harmonizing energy and urban planning for energy. It evolved from single, unintegrated, simple “building” based interventions into PED concepts looking forward to reaching energy and climate targets which will lead to an integrated energy planning. The paper further explores this PED approach in the city of Trencin, including the challenges it had to overcome during the implementation, as well as perspectives for its future development. The aim of the project further on is to create a standardized concept ready to be the core of specific urban energy transitions planning processes.
Study on Function Transformation and Spatial Reconstructuring of Small Towns in China’s South of the Yangtze River From 1840 to 1949: Case on Changzhou
Authors: Haiyan Dai , Hong Zhang , Liang Zhao 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Taking Changzhou as a case, this paper studies on the functional transformation and spatial reconstructuring of small towns in the south of the Yangtze River in China from 1840 to 1949. Then, the article analyzes its adaptability and mechanism. During this period, there were three significant transformations of urban functions in Changzhou. The political status of Changzhou declined from the Changzhou Prefecture of the Qing Dynasty to the county of the Republic of China; the transportation function reduced from the regional transportation hub city to the local transportation hub city; and the economic function was transformed from the traditional agricultural city to the light industrial city. Functional transformations have driven the spatial reconstructuring. Urban construction has transformed from urban internal transformation to a composite expansion mode, a ring-layer and axial-type composite model. Finally, a lute-shaped urban form was formed, and the internal facilities of the city were more modern.Although there are some regrets, Changzhou's urban spatial reconstructuring has changed the original material framework of the city. This adapted and promoted the transformation of urban functions during this period. In terms of mechanism, first, this is a passive transformation model. Changzhou mainly promotes urban functions through local private forces and relies on the role of the market. Second, industrialization is the fundamental driving force.In the political and economic context of this period, these changes in function and space manifested self-organizing and progressive characteristics.
Traffic calming in historic city centres - a case study
Authors: Zalewski Andrzej , Chmielewski Jacek , Kempa Jan , Santos Bertha , Gonçalves Jorge 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The aim of the paper is to compare the existing transport service solutions in the city centers of Bydgoszcz (Poland) and Hasselt (Belgium) that use the widely understood idea of calming the movement. The method of elaboration consisted of analyzes of the literature on the subject of the article, analyzes of available documents and local visits. The solution has been operating in Hasselt since September 2018, and in Bydgoszcz also since September, but 2019. Analyzed solutions in terms of traffic calming goals in these areas, implemented principles, methods used and traffic calming measures that are to lead to a consensus between traffic and the accessibility of the area and making centers living areas. The analyzes carried out confirm that the primary effect of leading to obtain areas centers as areas of “livable city" is to eliminate traffic not associated with a given area, the implementation of restrictions on the availability of cars while maintaining accessibility to public and residential buildings and creating preferences in terms of accessibility for pedestrians, bicycles and public transport. In both cities significant attention was paid to shaping public spaces for pedestrians and development of street fronts with facilities for attractive functions for center users and tourists. Analyzed examples of Bydgoszcz and Hasselt show that the implementation of a separated cycling infrastructure in the historic structure of centers is very difficult. For achievement of “livable city", special emphasis is placed on functional solutions and forms of pedestrian areas, taking into account the requirements of conservation protection, aesthetics and road safety.
Sustainable City- Green Walls and Roofs as Ecological Solution
Authors: Strumiłło Krystyna 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The impact of urban development on the natural environment creates unique challenges for architects and the need to seek a change in design strategies by building green and sustainable buildings. Designing and displaying green elements such as roofs and walls becomes an important element in this sense. Greenery plays a very crucial role in the city space. Green roofs and walls are the missing link between the built environment and the natural environment. They can complement urban greenery. This paper aims to show the possibilities of green roofs and walls solutions in the city, their aspects and impact on the environment and people. The research method is based on the analysis of selected existing objects with greenery solutions and showing their role in creating a sustainable city. The analysis shows that the green roofs and walls offers many environmental, social and economic benefits. They have the ability to improve the microclimate and increase air humidity. Thus, they affect the health and well-being of the city's inhabitants. This technology should be considered a valuable part of the design process to tackle climate change and the energy crisis. Green roofs and facades are passive techniques and provide benefits in reducing the energy requirements of buildings, among other things, but also play a role in shaping a better visual aspect of the city. In the 21st century, people are slowly beginning to realize the advantages of green architecture, which is considered a new perspective also for the urban heat island problem. Thus, the living roofs and walls are of major importance as part of a sustainable strategy for the urban environment. Sustainable cities will exist when society makes an informed choice to move towards a more sustainable lifestyle. The green roofs and walls these are the solution for the future, for better quality of life.
Demographic Factor as a Criterion for Forming Networks of Public Buildings in Ukraine
Authors: Shuldan Larysa , Pavliv Andriy 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The study of the developmental delays of temporal and spatial transformations of architecture and the architectural space is often based on a comprehensive fact analysis. Demographic factors, among others, determine trends of architecture development of public buildings and complexes and changes in the structure of their networks for the short-term. The authors consider fact analysis and trends at three levels to deal with current architecture issues of demographic indicators: the macro-level (global and European), the state level (meso-level), and the micro-level (the region, city, and district level). The demographic situation in Ukraine is objectively different from both the average global trends and the situation in European countries. Currently, there are depopulation signs of changes in Ukraine. The pace of urbanization is projected to be rapid for low-income countries. It was also revealed that public buildings and complexes and their networks are the most sensitive to demographic changes and, at the same time, are more open to the upcoming changes. These changes will include: increasing role and demand for public buildings and complexes under conditions of rapid urbanization; designing in conditions of dense existing development; development, expansion and new types of public buildings appearance following the needs of the population progressive link; the need to create and redistribute networks of public building and complex types depending on the quantitative meanings of demographic forecasts; the predominance of modernization, renovation, expansion and reconstruction of existing buildings in comparison with new construction; providing public buildings with more multifunctionality; public buildings architectural and typological improvement with maximum use in the engineering, construction and operation of modern architectural and engineering innovative practices and techniques.
Vertical Urbanization: The Territorial Crisis of a Universal Model
Authors: Martinez-Muñoz Adrian 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This research aims to examine, from the perspective of the urban design, the necessity and appropriateness of writing an architectural manifesto that questions, or rethinks, the vertical city model based on the orderly accumulation of slender and free columns – housing towers– where society must fraternize and develop life. The journey through the skyline of the main megalopolitan concentrations in countries such as China, India, Brazil, Mexico or those of the Pacific, shows us a landscape of dense residential conglomerates whose spatial and urban configuration was conceived almost a century ago. Vast extensions of vertical developments conquer, as a final and universal solution, plots without attributes between huge highways, old rice fields, deserts or even impossible topographies. With man's desire to live close to the clouds fulfilled and the technical challenge of rising in a vacuum having been overcome, the challenge should now point to the search for strategies that place the inhabitant again at the centre of the debate. By making the city taller, denser and faster, increases the difficulty of social participation for certain sectors of the population in their environment. Thus, the paper starts analyzing the influence of the precepts of the modern city in the contemporary vertical city. Later, it reflects on the loss of the public space dedicated for people and finally, it will deepen in the experiments of the avant-gardes of the second part of the twentieth-century to find alternatives growth strategies to the city of towers. The results show us that, due to overpopulation and the massive movement towards cities, as well as due to the necessary reduction of our footprint on the planet, is necessary to rethink the urban model of verticalism to get a more human city. As a conclusion, this paper proposes writing an architectural manifesto based on five points to achieve a vertical city for people in our near future.