bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic Characteristics of Lactate Dehydrogenase on a Multiplex Assay for Malaria Detection Including the Zoonotic Parasite Plasmodium knowlesi
Authors: Barney Rebecca , Velasco Miguel , Cooper Caitlin A. , Rashid Andrew , Kyle Dennis E. , Moon Robert W. , Domingo Gonzalo J. , Jang Ihn Kyung 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT.
Plasmodium lactate dehydrogenase (pLDH) is a common target in malaria rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). These commercial antibody capture assays target either Plasmodium falciparum–specific pLDH (PfLDH), P. vivax–specific pLDH (PvLDH), or a conserved epitope in all human malaria pLDH (PanLDH). However, there are no assays specifically targeting P. ovale, P. malariae or zoonotic parasites such as P. knowlesi and P. cynomolgi. A malaria multiplex array, carrying the specific antibody spots for PfLDH, PvLDH, and PanLDH has been previously developed. This study aimed to assess potential cross-reactivity between pLDH from various Plasmodium species and this array. We tested recombinant pLDH proteins, clinical samples for P. vivax, P. falciparum, P. ovale curtisi, and P. malariae; and in vitro cultured P. knowlesi and P. cynomolgi. P. ovale-specific pLDH (PoLDH) and P. malariae-specific pLDH (PmLDH) cross-reacted with the PfLDH and PanLDH spots. Plasmodium Knowlesi-specific pLDH (PkLDH) and P. cynomolgi-specific pLDH (PcLDH) cross-reacted with the PvLDH spot, but only PkLDH was recognized by the PanLDH spot. Plasmodium ovale and P. malariae can be differentiated from P. falciparum by the concentration ratios of PanLDH/PfLDH, which had mean (range) values of 4.56 (4.07–5.16) and 4.56 (3.43–6.54), respectively, whereas P. falciparum had a lower ratio of 1.12 (0.56–2.61). Plasmodium knowlesi had a similar PanLDH/PvLDH ratio value, with P. vivax having a mean value of 2.24 (1.37–2.79). The cross-reactivity pattern of pLDH can be a useful predictor to differentiate certain Plasmodium species. Cross-reactivity of the pLDH bands in RDTs requires further investigation.
Detection of Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Rotavirus-Infected Ghanaian Children Diagnosed with Acute Gastroenteritis
Authors: Dzudzor Bartholomew , Amenyedor Albert , Amarh Vincent , Armah George E. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT.
Diarrhea is a notable global health problem in several developing countries, especially in children. Prior to the introduction of the rotavirus vaccination program in Ghana, a surveillance study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of the disease caused by rotavirus in children. In this report, we re-used archival stool samples from the pre-vaccine surveillance study to provide information on prevalence of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli in Ghanaian children. Re-analysis of the stool samples revealed co-infection of enterotoxigenic E. coli and rotavirus in 2% of the children whose samples were selected for this study. As Ghana is approaching 10 years post-implementation of the rotavirus vaccination program, the preliminary data presented in this report are a vital reference for subsequent studies aimed at ascertaining the effect of the vaccine on both rotavirus and enterotoxigenic E. coli.
PENGGUNAAN MEDIA PEMBELAJARAN GOOGLE CLASROOM UNTUK MENIGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN SISWA PADA MATA PELAJARAN PPKN DENGAN MATERI HAK ASASI MANUSIA
Authors: SUPRAWETI ENDANG 
Published: November 2021

Online learning is considered less than optimal, students are lazy to learn, careless because they are not controlled, and lack enthusiasm. One of them is in the Civics subject of Human Rights material for class XI SMA. Therefore, the use of Google Classroom learning media is very appropriate. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Google Classroom in improving students' abilities during distance learning. This study used the subjects of class XI IPA 4 SMA Negeri 1 SMAN 1 Dawarblandong, Mojokerto Regency for the 2020/2021 academic year. Methods This research uses descriptive qualitative method with the type of classroom action research. The data collection technique used is daily test/test. The data analysis technique used in this research is descriptive qualitative analysis. The results of the study showed that in the pre-cycle student learning outcomes that did not meet the percentage of total learning outcomes, the school KKM was 61.76%, while in the implementation of learning using Google Classroom the first cycle obtained student learning outcomes that were completed were 47.05% and were not completed 52.94 %. In the second cycle the number of students who completed was 82.35% and not completed only 17.64% with the standard KKM is 67 points.
ABSTRAKPembelajaran daring dinilai kurang maksimal, siswa malas belajar, lengah karena kurang terkontrol, dan kurangnya antusias. Salah satunya yaitu pada mata pelajaran PPKn materi Hak Asasi Manusia kelas XI SMA. Oleh karena itu penggunaan media pembelajaran Google Classroom sangatlah tepat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efektivitas Google Classroom dalam meningkatkan kemampuan siswa selama pembelajaran jarak jauh. Penelitian ini menggunakan subyek siswa kelas XI IPA 4 SMA Negeri 1 SMAN 1 Dawarblandong, Kabupaten Mojokerto Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021. Metode Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian tindakan kelas. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah ulangan harian/tes. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menjukkan bahwa pada prasiklus hasil belajar siswa yang belum memenuhi prosentase jumlah ketentuntasan belajar, KKM sekolah adalah 61,76%, sedangkan pada pelaksanaan pembelajaran menerapkan Google Clasroom siklus pertama didapatkan hasil belajar siswa tuntas adalah 47,05% dan tidak tuntas 52,94%. Pada siklus kedua jumlah siswa yang tuntas adalah 82,35% dan tidak tuntas hanya 17,64% dengan standart KKM adalah 67 poin.
Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) observations of biomass burning products in the stratosphere from Canadian forest fires in August 2017
Authors: Pumphrey Hugh C. , Schwartz Michael J. , Santee Michelle L. , Kablick III George P. , Fromm Michael D. , Livesey Nathaniel J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Forest fires in British Columbia in August 2017 caused a
pyrocumulonimbus event that injected a polluted air mass into the
lower stratosphere. The Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS) on the Aura
satellite first observed the polluted air mass on 14 August 2017 and
continued to observe it for 60 d (100 d in water vapour). We
estimate the mass of CO injected into the stratosphere to be
2400 Gg. Events in which a fire injects its burning products
directly into the stratosphere are rare: this is the third of four
such events in the 16 years since the launch of Aura, the
second largest of the four events, and the only one in the Northern
Hemisphere. The other three events occurred in Australia in December
2006, February 2009 and from December 2019 to January 2020. Unlike
the 2006 and 2009 events, but like the 2019–2020 event, the polluted
air mass described here had a clearly elevated water vapour content:
between 2.5 and 5 times greater than that in the surrounding
atmosphere. We describe the evolution of the polluted air mass,
showing that it rose to an altitude of about 24 km (31 hPa) and
divided into several identifiable parts. In addition to CO and
H2O, we observe enhanced amounts of HCN, CH3CN, CH3Cl and
CH3OH with mixing ratios in the range to be expected from a
variety of measurements in other biomass burning plumes. We use
back trajectories and plume-dispersion modelling to demonstrate that
the pollutants observed by MLS originated in the British Columbia
fires, the likeliest source being at 53.2∘ N, 121.8∘ W
at 05:20 UTC on 13 August 2017.
Schmidt hammer exposure-age dating of periglacial and glacial landforms in the Southern Swiss Alps based on &lt;i&gt;R&lt;/i&gt;-value calibration using historical data
Authors: Scapozza Cristian , Del Siro Chantal , Lambiel Christophe , Ambrosi Christian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract. As a contribution to the palaeoenvironmental history reconstruction of the Alpine periglacial domain, this study focuses on the Schmidt hammer exposure-age dating (SHD) of (peri-)glacial landforms using rebound-value (R-value) calibrations for 10 stations in the Scaradra glacier forefield (north-eastern part of the Ticino Canton, Lepontine Alps) and for 13 stations in the Splügenpass region (located between Switzerland and
Italy, Rhaetian Alps). Linear calibration based on the known age of several
moraines of the Scaradra glacier assessed by historical cartography allowed
the reconstruction of the glacier fluctuations around the end of the Little
Ice Age. Timing of deglaciation and of rock glacier development was defined
in the Splügenpass region using the calibration of exposure ages based
on two mule tracks built in 300 CE and 1250 CE, respectively. Discussion on R-value analysis and calibration improves the knowledge on the potential use of SHD for numerical-age dating in Alpine geomorphological studies.
DRYP 1.0: a parsimonious hydrological model of DRYland Partitioning of the water balance
Authors: Quichimbo E. Andrés , Singer Michael Bliss , Michaelides Katerina , Hobley Daniel E. J. , Rosolem Rafael , Cuthbert Mark O. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Dryland regions are characterised by water scarcity and are facing
major challenges under climate change. One difficulty is anticipating how
rainfall will be partitioned into evaporative losses, groundwater, soil
moisture, and runoff (the water balance) in the future, which has important
implications for water resources and dryland ecosystems. However, in order
to effectively estimate the water balance, hydrological models in drylands
need to capture the key processes at the appropriate spatio-temporal scales.
These include spatially restricted and temporally brief rainfall, high
evaporation rates, transmission losses, and focused groundwater recharge.
Lack of available input and evaluation data and the high computational costs
of explicit representation of ephemeral surface–groundwater interactions
restrict the usefulness of most hydrological models in these environments.
Therefore, here we have developed a parsimonious distributed hydrological
model for DRYland Partitioning (DRYP). The DRYP model incorporates the key
processes of water partitioning in dryland regions with limited data
requirements, and we tested it in the data-rich Walnut Gulch Experimental
Watershed against measurements of streamflow, soil moisture, and
evapotranspiration. Overall, DRYP showed skill in quantifying the main
components of the dryland water balance including monthly observations of
streamflow (Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, NSE, ∼ 0.7),
evapotranspiration (NSE > 0.6), and soil moisture (NSE ∼ 0.7). The model showed that evapotranspiration consumes > 90 % of the total precipitation input to the catchment and
that < 1 % leaves the catchment as streamflow. Greater than 90 % of the overland flow generated in the catchment is lost through
ephemeral channels as transmission losses. However, only ∼ 35 % of the total transmission losses percolate to the groundwater aquifer
as focused groundwater recharge, whereas the rest is lost to the atmosphere
as riparian evapotranspiration. Overall, DRYP is a modular, versatile, and
parsimonious Python-based model which can be used to anticipate and plan for
climatic and anthropogenic changes to water fluxes and storage in dryland
regions.
Urban search and rescue (USAR) simulation system: spatial strategies for agent task allocation under uncertain conditions
Authors: Hooshangi Navid , Alesheikh Ali Asghar , Panahi Mahdi , Lee Saro 
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Task allocation under uncertain conditions is a key
problem for agents attempting to achieve harmony in disaster environments.
This paper presents an agent-based simulation to investigate task allocation
considering appropriate spatial strategies to manage uncertainty in urban
search and rescue (USAR) operations. The proposed method is based on the
contract net protocol (CNP) and implemented over five phases: ordering
existing tasks considering intrinsic interval uncertainty, finding a
coordinating agent, holding an auction, applying allocation strategies (four
strategies), and implementing and observing the real environment. Applying
allocation strategies is the main innovation of the method. The methodology
was evaluated in Tehran's District 1 for 6.6, 6.9, and 7.2 magnitude
earthquakes. The simulation began by calculating the numbers of injured
individuals, which were 28 856, 73 195, and 111 463 people for each
earthquake, respectively. Simulations were performed for each scenario for a
variety of rescuers (1000, 1500, and 2000 rescuers). In comparison with the
CNP, the standard duration of rescue operations with the proposed approach
exhibited at least 13 % improvement, with a maximal improvement of 21 %.
Interval uncertainty analysis and comparison of the proposed strategies
showed that increased uncertainty led to increased rescue time for the CNP
and strategies 1 to 4. The time increase was less with the uniform
distribution strategy (strategy 4) than with the other strategies. The
consideration of strategies in the task allocation process, especially
spatial strategies, facilitated both optimization and increased flexibility
of the allocation. It also improved conditions for fault tolerance and
agent-based cooperation stability in the USAR simulation system.
Determination of Knowledge Levels of Nurses Working in the Emergency Department and Intensive Care Units about Evidence-Based Practices in the Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia
Authors: ACUN DELEN Leman , DERYA Serdar , KAYHAN TETİK Burcu 
Published: November 2021

Objective:The aim of this study was to determine the level of knowledge of nurses working in the Emergency Departments (ED)and Intensive Care Units (ICU)about evidence-based practices in the prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia(EBP-VAP).
Materials and Methods:This descriptive,two-center study was conducted on nurses working in the EDs and ICUs of two public hospitals in the city center of Malatya.A total of 199 nurses who worked in the ED or ICU for at least one year were included in the study,on voluntary basis.The data were collected by using “Personal Information Form” and the “Information on Evidence-Based Practices for the Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia Form”(EBP-VAP).
Results:The mean age of the nurses was 35.92±6.54,58.8% of them were females and 6.7% were undergraduates.The mean total VAP score of the nurses was found to be 4.76±1.57.It was determined that there was a weak positive correlation between the ages of the nurses,their years in the profession,years of working in the emergency room/intensive care unit, and their average total VAP scores (p
The Power of Perspective. Discrimination Against Men
Authors: Véber Virág 
Published: November 2021

Despite their conscious beliefs, values, and attitudes, people often have prejudices that influence their behaviour — such as gender bias. In my study, I point out that not only women are affected by gender bias, but men are as well, by the binary gender perspective: an important aspect of eliminating discrimination against women is that we need to address male bias as well. In my paper, I rely primarily on the concept of stereotype threat and Stacey Goguen’s thoughts. I point out that by prescribing hostile and benevolent sexism to traditional roles for both men and women, both will be problematic in the fight against discrimination. I examine stereotypes about men and their implications for men’s self-image as well as gender in general.
It is important to see the system of gender value judgments and inequalities as affecting men as well. The gender problem should be seen in the social context of society as a whole; a change of perspective is important to have and an integrated solution should be found. Feminism will not succeed if it fights exclusively for the equality of and the elimination of prejudice against women.
Daughter ~ Maiden ~ Maidservant: Dynamics of Semantic Shift from Continental Celtic to Insular Celtic Vocabulary
Authors: Mikhailova Tatyana 
Published: November 2021

The old Indo-European word for ‘daughter’ (*dhugH [Szemerenyi 1977: 21] or *dhuĝ(h₂)-tḗr [Mallory, Adams 2006: 472]) survives in all major branches of daughter-languages except Albanian, Italian (but cf. Osc. futír?) and Insular Celtic. OI der ‘daughter, girl’ and der- in compound names represents a reduced form of old I.-E. word [O’Brien 1956: 178], “an allegro-form” [Matasović 2009: 110]. Continental Celtic has a well-known Gaulish duxtir (Larzac tablet) and Celtiberian TuaTe[r]es/TuaTeros (Bottorita inscription II) supposed to have the same old I.-E. meaning ‘daughter’ (?, cf. ‘jeune fille initiée’ [Lejeune 1985: 133], cf. also [Sims-Williams 2007: 3]). At the same time, another I.-E. term for ‘girl, woman’ is also attested and even widely used in Gaulish: *ġenh₁ ‘bear, generate’ [IEW: 373 ff.] > Gaul. geneta, genata, gneta, nata [Delamarre 2003: 177, 181] with supposed meaning ‘young girl, young woman, servant (?)’. Cf. also Osc. genetaí ‘daughter’. Insular Celtic conserved this I.-E. root in W. geneth ‘girl’ (with merch ‘daughter’), OI gen ‘woman, girl’ (a rare word of glossaries, see DIL: gen-2) and OI ingen ‘1.girl; 2.daughter’ (ousted in MI by cailín in this first meaning).
The loss of I.-E. word of ‘daughter’ both in British and Goidelic could be explained by the special institute of fosterage existing in Early Ireland and Wales (cf. OI aite and muimme ‘foster-father’ and ‘foster-mother’, “intimate forms have been transferred to the fosterparents” [Kelly 1988: 86] and the use of dalta ‘foster-child’ with the meaning ‘daughter’ in Modern Irish dialects). But we suppose, this loss of I.-E. kinship term represents a part of so called “linguistic revolution” of Insular Celtic languages in early centuries AD, a “revolution” provoked by some social changes. The semantic shift ‘girl’ — ‘daughter’ — ‘servant’ (as well as ‘boy’ — ‘son’ — ‘servant’) represents a universalia (or frequentalia), attested in many languages (cf. [Zalizniak 2008]). Cf. Czech dĕvice, Paul. dziewa ‘girl’, but Luj. dźowka ‘daughter’ and Czech naše holka ‘our girl = daughter’; Russ. devochka ‘girl’ used in the meaning ‘daughter’ and, at the same time, dochka ‘daughter’ used in the meaning ‘girl’ in popular speech. The semantic development in this case is not ‘evolutional’ but of two-way one, or bilateral, that is: ‘girl’ ↔ ‘daughter’ (and ↔ ‘servant’). Cf. the etymology of I.-E. *dhuĝ(h₂)-tḗr proposed (with some doubt) by J.Mallory: from *dhug- ‘meal’, ‘the person who prepares the meals’ [Mallory and Adams 1997: 148]. Servant again! Cf. also Russ. rab ‘slave’ and rebenok ‘child’.
Celtic Military Equipment from the Territory of Ukraine: Towards a New Warrior Identity in the Pre-Roman Eastern Europe
Authors: Kazakevich Gennadiy 
Published: November 2021

The lands of present day Ukraine are stretched across the distinct periphery of the ‘Celtic world’. From the midfirst millennium BC the cultural background of this part of Eastern Europe was defined mainly by the Scythian culture of North Pontic steppes as well as by Hellenistic influences from the Greek colonies of the Black sea littoral zone and the kingdom of Bospor in the Crimea. However, starting from the early third century BC, the influence of the Central European La Tène culture extended to a much degree. This process was traditionally viewed as a result of either Celtic invasion (Machinskij 1974) or indirect trade contacts with the La Tène zone of Central Europe (Maksymov 1999).
Currently both ‘migration-focused’ and ‘autochthon-based’ approaches seem to be out of date. In recent studies, the Latènisation of Southern and Eastern Europe is interpreted as a culture-restructuring process affecting indigenous communities similar in many aspects to the Hellenisation of the Mediterranean region (see Džino 2007). The adaptation of La Tène cultural aesthetics and technical achievements, as well as Celtic linguistic elements caused the emergence of new ways of expressing identity. However, in some cases the traditional colonization paradigm still cannot be totally rejected. The aim of this paper is to show the finds of Celtic and related military equipment from the territory of Ukraine in the broad context of ‘Latènisation’ of Eastern Europe in the third–first centuries BC period.
Effects of Artificial Aging on Seed Vigor and Physiological Characteristics of the Invasive Alien Plant Aegilops tauschii
Authors: Wang Ning , Yuan Meili , Chen Hao 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The control of invasive plants depends to some extent on the persistence of the soil seed bank. The high temperature (40 °C) accompanied with high humidity (95%) method was used to treat the seeds of the invasive species
Aegilops tauschii
Coss. The aim of our study was to evaluate the seed vigor and longevity by accelerating aging, to serve as a reference for the evaluation of invasion potential of
A. tauschii
and corresponding eradication strategy adoption. The results showed that with the extension of aging time, the germination rate (GR), energy (GE), and index (GI) of
A. tauschii
seeds reduced. All the results were significantly different from the control (CK) since the second day (
p
< 0.05). During the aging process, the seed relative water content (RWC), relative electric conductivity (REC), and thiobarbituric acid (TBARS) level increased, while the superoxide dismutase (SOD) gradually decreased after second day of seed aging. In addition, the aging treatment also caused a continuous decrease in the endogenous gibberellin (GA
3
) content and a continuous increase in the abscisic acid (ABA) content of the seeds. Thus, a sharp decrease in the GA
3
/ABA ratio was evident. Finally, the study revealed that the germination inhibitors of
A. tauschii
were mainly concentrated in the glumes, which was revealed during seed aging. The results of the comprehensive analysis indicated that the changes of the above-mentioned internal factors eventually led to a rapid decline of the seed vigor of
A. tauschii
. Based on the results of the aging test, and the distribution characteristics of
A. tauschii
seeds in the soil seed banks, we recommend that soil solarization is one of the effective methods to eradicate the seed bank of
A. tauschii
.