bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating the flap dynamics of HIV‐1 Protease
Authors: Stevens David , Miller Bill , Stansbury Rebecca , Springsted Gregory , Phelan Connor , Parish Carol 
Published: June 2021

The potency of the HIV virus arises from the unknowing spread of the disease. Within the United States, it is estimated that one in four people newly infected with HIV is between the ages of thirteen and twenty‐four. (1) The HIV protease is an essential enzyme that cleaves three previral polyproteins leading to the maturation of the virus. The HIV virus mutates at a rapid pace, resulting in the emergence of HIV resistance to protease inhibitors. In 2003, it was suggested by Wu et al. that the flap tips of the HIV protease control enzyme activity. (2) Although the HIV‐1 protease flap dynamics have been studied extensively using both experimental and computational methods, rarely have all four flap tip conformations been observed in a single computer simulation. In addition, it has been suggested that one of the observed conformations was an artifact of crystal packing forces. (3) By performing long‐time scale simulations with two different force fields (CHARMM27 and AMBERff99SB) we were able to observe the existence of all four conformational states: closed, semi‐open, open, and wide‐open states. The lifetimes and percent occupancies of the conformations were determined through energy and structural analyses. Further analyses were performed to quantify stability and sampling of all simulations. These results will be presented and comparisons made with experimental results.(1) AIDS.gov 2013.(2) Wu, T. D.; Schiffer, C. A.; Gonzales, M. J.; Taylor, J.; Kantor, R.; Chou, S.; Israelski, D.; Zolopa, A. R.; Fessel, W. J.; Shafer, R. W. J Virol 2003, 77, 4836.(3) Layten, M.; Hornak, V.; Simmerling, C. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2006, 128, 13360.
Antibody Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy: Discovery of novel genes, isolation of novel gene variants and production of long acting drugs for efficient cancer treatment
Authors: Goda Sayed 
Published: June 2021

Back GroundAntibody‐Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (ADEPT) is a novel strategy to improve the selectivity of cancer treatment. The ADEPT uses the bacterial enzyme, glucarpidase to produce the antibody‐enzyme complex.Repeated cycles of ADEPT and the use of wild type glucarpidase in detoxification are essential but are hampered by the human antibody response to the enzyme.Objectives1. Production of novel glucarpidases and glucarpidases variants by different strategies2. Production of long acting glucarpidase(s)3. Synthesis of Tubulysin derivatives, as a Prodrug, on a gram scale for conjugation experimentsMethodsNovel glucarpidase producers were isolated from soil using minimal plates with folate as the only carbon source. Genomic library and PCR were used to clone two novel glucarpidase genes. The two genes were overexpressed in E. coli using pET28a vector. DNA shuffling was used to produce novel glucarpidase variants. Long acting novel glucarpidase was prepared using different PEGylation techniques. Novel prodrug was prepared by novel multicomponent approach which involves the condensation of dieptide acid, β‐amino aldehyde and isocyanide derived from Cys(Trt)/OMe.ResultsWe successfully produced, by DNA shuffling an ultra‐active glucarpidase that degrades MTX with a high efficiency. We also isolated three novel glucarpidase producing bacteria from Qatari soil. Two novel glucarpidases were successful cloned, overexpressed and purified. We managed to introduce a new mutation into one of the newly isolated glucarpidase gene which led to a 500% increase in the glucarpidase activity. The talk will cover many the production of long acting glucarpidase and many other issues.
The Price of Oil: Behavior Change Communication and Increased Oil Ration Improve Mothers' Uses of Vegetable Oil in Preparing Food Aid Rations for Children in Malawi
Authors: Jayson Lauren , Passarelli Simone , Suri Devika , Maganga Gray , Marcus Shelley , Webb Patrick , Rogers Beatrice 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveAs part of USAID's Food Aid Quality Review, a study evaluated the effectiveness of providing an additional oil ration in tandem with behavior change communication (BCC) to an existing supplementation program to increase the oil content and reduce sharing of porridge prepared for children under 5 with moderate acute malnutrition in Malawi.MethodsMothers/caretakers (BMCs) of beneficiary children in the program were randomly selected at 12 intervention and 4 control food distribution points (FDPs) for participation in interviews and to provide samples of their porridge for analysis. The intervention group received a monthly ration of 2.6 L fortified vegetable oil, 8 kg Corn Soy Blend (CSB) and BCC. Controls received a standard ration of 1 L oil, 8 kg CSB and no messaging. The proportion of BMCs preparing porridge at the target ratio (TR) of 30g oil to 100g CSB, the mean % of oil in porridge, and rates of HH sharing of porridge were compared between study groups using Stata v13.1.ResultsThere were 235 BMCs in the intervention and 160 in the control groups. Roughly 6% of BMCs in the intervention group met the TR of oil to CSB, while 4% in the control group met this ratio (NS). The TR is equivalent to 23% oil; mean % oil in the prepared porridge was 21% in the intervention group and 12% in the control group (p<.001). Sharing of the porridge with other HH members was reported in 46% of intervention and 74% of control HHs (p<.001).ConclusionWhile few BMCs met the TR of oil to CSB, those receiving an additional oil ration and BCC prepared porridge with almost twice as much oil as those in the control groups, and reported less sharing within the HH than those not receiving the intervention.
Perspectives of Food Availability, Healthfulness and Modernity Among Adolescents in India
Authors: Shaikh Nida , Maxfield Amanda , Ramakrishnan Usha , Patil Shailaja , Cunningham Solveig 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundGlobalization of food markets has increased availability of foods & beverages (FaB) in developing regions. Adolescents' perception of FaB availability, healthfulness & modernity however is unknown.AimUnderstand adolescents' perceptions of FaB in a globalizing Indian city.MethodsSchool‐going adolescents (n=26), randomly selected, completed freelists in Bijapur, India. Participants were asked to define 'healthy, unhealthy, traditional, & modern' & freelisted FaB that sold in different food stores, new to their city, traditional & healthy, modern & healthy, traditional & unhealthy, and modern & unhealthy. Frequency & saliency for freelists were calculated.ResultsMean age of adolescents was 15 ± 1.6 y, with 56% male & 65% attending public schools. Amongst ten most salient FaB new to city, 6 were viewed as modern & unhealthy, 3 as traditional & unhealthy, 2 as modern & healthy, and 4 as available in supermarkets & kiraana (small) stores, respectively. Six of ten most salient FaB are sold in supermarkets & kiraana stores. Vegetables & rice were among ten most salient FaB sold in supermarkets, also viewed as traditional & healthy.ConclusionAdolescents view healthfulness & modernity of FaB as distinct domains. Most new to city FaB believed to be modern & unhealthy are also sold at different food stores. Adolescents' perceptions of FaB need to be considered in development of interventions to improve adolescent health.
Effects Of Two Ready to Use Supplementary Foods (RUSF) Containing Different Levels Of Dairy Protein On Mother's Nutritional Status In Rural Guinea‐Bissau
Authors: Schlossman Nina , Batra Payal , Balan Ela , Pruzensky William , Saltzman Edward , Roberts Susan 
Published: June 2021

Food insecurity and micronutrient deficiencies in Guinea‐Bissau are widespread. This Cluster Randomized Control Trial (RCT), funded by the United States Department of Agriculture, was the first such study in Guinea‐Bissau and tested the effectiveness of 2 RUSF in rural village mothers over 12 weeks.497 mothers were randomly assigned to one of two intervention arms (92g sachets containing 500 kcal/sachet and either 15% or 33% of protein from a dairy source, provided 5 days per week at a supplement distribution center in the village) or to a control group that received no supplements. Weight, height, mid upper arm circumference (MUAC), hemoglobin, and retinol‐binding protein (RBP) were measured at baseline and endline.Randomization to either of the intervention group resulted in improvements in maternal weight, height, body‐mass‐index (BMI), and MUAC. The intervention was correlated with reduction in self‐reported sick days. Mothers in the intervention groups experienced a smaller decrease in hemoglobin compared to control mothers (‐0.38±1.45 vs. ‐0.87±1.21, p>0.05). Study mothers are especially vulnerable to iron deficiency due to seasonal food shortages and higher iron needs among reproductive age women. The supplement appeared to have a protective effect on iron status. Overall, the supplementation may be helpful in improving anthropometric status, preventing iron status decline, and reducing number of sick days in non‐pregnant mothers.
Resilience factors for food and nutrition security in Guatemalan communities
Authors: deFulladolsa Patricia , Rivas Adolfo , Sibrian Ricardo , Lee EunKyung , Bermudez Odilia 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveThe interaction of poverty and climate‐related crisis, along with socio‐ecological determinants of poor nutrition, could become major factors negatively affecting food and nutrition security (FNS). Therefore, it is important to identify resilience factors to enrich FNS. This study aimed at the identification of resilience factors (RF) as contributors to food and nutrition security in 3 communities from the municipality of Santa Catarina Mita, Department of Jutiapa, Guatemala.Methods: We assessed food and nutrition security with direct interviews, with a food security (FS) scale and with anthropometry in 184 families from the communities of La Barranca, El Quebracho y La Javia, from the southern department of Jutiapa.Results: A total of 590 subjects, mean age of 31y with 0‐99y as range, were recruited from the selected households (hholds). FS was present in 24% of hholds. RF associated with less vs. more malnutrition in preschool age children included hholds with cement floor, using a sewer system, availability of rice, eggs and leafy leaves and head of hhold not working in agriculture. For mothers, RF for less vs. more overweight and obesity included education, not buying sweet drinks, drinking water from the public system and head of hholds growing corn and beans as cash crops.ConclusionsOnly one‐quarter of families evaluated were food secure. Contrasting them against those food insecure, we identified resilience factors to avoid malnutrition in preschoolers and to control overweight/obesity among mothers. The identification of RF for sustainable FNS and for promoting health could contribute to solutions for the socio‐economic development of rural communities.
Early Childhood Cognitions of Food, Nutrition, and Health
Authors: Ramsay Samantha , Tsao Ling‐Ling , Ferrante Mackenzie , Lanigan Jane , Susan Johnson 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveIdentify the capacity, content, and reliability of preschoolers' knowledge and cognitions of food, nutrition, and health.MethodsTwenty‐six young children participated in two interviews scheduled six weeks apart. During both interviews, the children were asked eight open‐ended questions regarding food and health, and they were given a picture and toy of five food items to place on a MyPlate image in the corresponding food groups. Interviews were audio‐recorded, transcribed, and the MyPlate placement was recorded.AnalysisTwo researchers conducted a content analysis of the responses to identify themes. Reliability of MyPlate food group placement was measured using Spearman's Rho.ResultsMost children correctly labeled the five food items, but fewer foods were correctly placed into MyPlate categories. MyPlate placement correlated for strawberries (ρ = .64, p= 0.001), but no other food items; indicating low reliability. Interviews regarding children's nutrition cognitions revealed: limited knowledge about what food does for the body, food reported to come from the store; and children described food preparation based on their experiences. Four themes emerged from children's responses to the question about health: 1) term “healthy” was not understood; 2) parent statements about food and health were repeated; 3) to be healthy, children indicated one needs to eat; 4) some accurate nutrition information was stated but more concepts were incorrect.ImplicationsNutrition education for early childhood should be developmentally appropriate through child‐centered learning experiences that sequence ideas to support children's later abilities and understandings.
Maternal Dietary Quality Affects Breast Milk Composition
Authors: Penfield‐Cyr Annie , Panagos Patoula , Shivappa Nitin , Wirth Michael , Hebert James , Sen Sarbattama 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundPreviously, we have shown that breastmilk (BM) of obese (Ob) mothers has a pro‐inflammatory fatty acid (FA) profile. Nutrition provided in infancy has a profound impact on obesity risk in offspring. Maternal diet, through changes in BM composition, could also impact offspring growth. Here we use a literature‐derived population‐based Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII), a predictor of dietary inflammatory potential, to determine whether BM composition is influenced by modifiable maternal dietary factors.ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between maternal DII, BM composition and infant growth.MethodsBM was collected 4‐10 weeks post‐partum from 21 lean (BMI 18‐25kg/m2) and 21 Ob (BMI>30kg/m2) women. These samples were analyzed for micronutrient and macronutrient composition. Food diaries were collected and specific food parameter estimates were used to calculate a DII for each subject. A higher DII score indicates a pro‐inflammatory diet. Infant growth was obtained at the same time point.ResultsOb women had a higher DII (p=0.059). BM from Ob mothers had a higher omega (n)‐6:n‐3 FA ratio (p<0.01) compared to lean mothers. The DII was strongly positively correlated with BM saturated FA (R=0.46, p<0.01), and strongly negatively correlated with BM n‐3 FA (R= ‐0.46, p<0.01). BM n6:n3 was positively correlated with infant z‐score (R=0.43, p<0.05). These relationships remained significant after adjustment for maternal BMI.
image
imageConclusionsOur study suggests that maternal diet is a major modifiable factor that affects the inflammatory composition of BM.
Caregiver Feeding Style Questionnaire: Reduced Version for Toddlers
Authors: Edelson Lisa , Mokdad Cassandra , van der Horst Klazine 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveTo create a shorter version of the Caregiver Feeding Style Questionnaire (CFSQ) to be used in studies with families of 1‐3 year‐old children.MethodsAn online questionnaire including the CFSQ was administered to 1005 American families with children between 12‐36 months. From this data, models were run to identify the 30 best subsets of 8, 9, or 10 of the original 19 items of the questionnaire. These models were compared for their predictive value of scores from the whole questionnaire and a best model was selected. To explore generalizability, the selected model was also applied to a separate sample of 332 families with children in the same age range in Michigan.ResultsThe best subset of questions included items: 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17‐19 from the original questionnaire (see table). The new demandingness subscale predicted the original scores with an adjusted r2=0.94; for responsiveness, r2=0.83. Adjusting the cutoff points between feeding styles from 2.8 to 3.0 for demandingness and 1.16 to 1.17 for responsiveness reduced the errors in categorizing parents. Similar results were found with the second sample of families (demandingness r2=0.91; responsiveness r2=0.81).

Item Number from Original CFSQ (* = incl. in responsiveness scale)
CFSQ Item Wording, &quot;How often do you...&quot;

1
Physically struggle with your child to get him or her to eat (for example, physically putting your child in the chair so he or she will eat).

4*
Ask your child questions about the food during dinner.

6*
Reason with your child to get him or her to eat (for example, “Milk is good for your health because it will make you strong”).

8*
Allow your child to choose the foods he or she wants to eat for dinner from foods already prepared.

9*
Compliment your child for eating food (for example, “What a good boy! You’re eating your beans”).

12
Warn your child that you will take away something other than food if he or she doesn’t eat (for example, “If you don’t finish your meat, there will be no play time after dinner”).

13
Tell your child to eat something on the plate (for example, “Eat your beans”).

17*
Help your child to eat dinner (for example, cutting the food into smaller pieces).

18
Encourage your child to eat something by using food as a reward (for example, “If you finish your vegetables, you will get some fruit”).

19
Beg your child to eat dinner.

ConclusionsFor epidemiological surveys, phone interviews, or other situations in which the number of survey items is very limited, a 10‐item version of the CFSQ may be valuable and can provide similar dimension scores to the full version. Although when cutoff points were used, some parents changed feeding style categorization, this was due to the normal distribution of scores, with the bulk falling near the cutoff point (mean).
Disordered Eating Behaviors Among College Students: Does Nutrition Major Matter?
Authors: Yu Zhiping , Snyder Jill , Tan Michael , Ross Jenifer , Shank Jacqueline 
Published: June 2021

ObjectiveThe evidence of whether nutrition professionals are free from food‐related issues or at higher risk for disordered eating behaviors (e.g. dieting, emotional eating, and lack of oral control) is inconsistent. The current study aimed to assess and compare disordered eating behaviors between nutrition major and non‐nutrition major college students.Methods: College students (n=967, ages 18‐25, female 72.7%, white 74.8%) enrolled at a public university in 2014 were recruited to take an online survey. The survey includes demographic characteristics and three validated questionnaires measuring specific disordered eating behaviors and attitude.Results: Many participants engaged in disordered eating behaviors. Overall, 27% are at a high level of concern about dieting, body weight or problematic eating behavior. About 10.3% meet the criteria for “food dependence” diagnosis. When comparing nutrition major, health‐related non‐nutrition major, and other major students, there were no significant differences in nearly all behaviors such as dieting, bulimia, oral control, cognitive restraint, emotional eating and food dependence symptom count.ConclusionThe findings suggest that prevention and nutrition intervention for college students may be needed to address disordered eating behaviors. Enrollment in nutrition major seems not a factor affecting the rate of disordered eating behaviors among college students.
Effects of Neighborhood Social Norms on Children's Diets and Weight Outcome in China
Authors: Xue Hong , Wang Huijun , Wang Youfa 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesExamine influences of community social norms on school children's dietary intake and body mass index (BMI). MethodsContextual effect models were fit using data from the 1991‐2011 China Health and Nutrition Survey for school‐age children (6‐18 y, n=6034), from 9 provinces and over 200 communities across China. Local community level average dietary intake was used as the proxy of food consumption norms in a given reference social context (“community”). Dietary intakes were measured using 24‐hour dietary recalls. Weight and height were measured. Rich data on community were collected from key informants.ResultsThe contextual (social norms) effects on child dietary intake, namely fat, carbohydrate, and protein were significant. In 1991, every 10g daily fat intake increase was associated with a 6.4g fat intake increase at individual (P>0.01). The effect became slightly smaller in 2011 with about a 5.5g increase (P>0.01). For carbohydrate and protein intake, every 10g daily intake increase was associated with about 6g increase for both in 1991 (P>0.01), but the effect decreased to 4.9g (P>0.01) for carbohydrate and increased to 6.6 for protein in 2011. All the temporal changes were not statistically significant indicating fairly strong and stable contextual effect overtime. We did not find significant association between the contextual effect of the community dietary intake and child BMI.ConclusionsChinese children's dietary intake was influenced by the neighborhood context. Child BMI was not found associated with the community social norm of child dietary intake as indicated by average intakes.FundingNIH U54 center grant, HD070725
The prevalence and associated factors of diabetes in pulmonary tuberculosis patients in rural China
Authors: Cai Jing , Ma Aiguo , Wang Yu , Wang Qiuzhen , Han Xiuxia , Zhao Shanliang , Ma Yunbo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe co‐morbidity of diabetes (DM) and pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) represents a double burden with significant public health implications. We conducted this study to determine the current prevalence of DM and identify the factors for the presence of DM among PTB patients in rural China. We selected 5146 newly‐diagnosed PTB patients (蠅18 years) registered in county PTB clinics from September 2010 to March 2013 in rural area of Shandong province, China, meanwhile 3744 non‐PTB residents living in the same community as the controls. A structured questionnaire were administered including BMI. The prevalence of DM in PTB patients (6.0%) was higher than in controls (5.0%, P<0.05). PTB patients had higher odds of having DM compared with controls (adjusted OR=1.31, 95% CI: 1.07–1.59). Then participants were divided into 4 groups based on whether the fasting plasma glucose was higher than 6.1 mmol/L in PTB cases or controls: PTB+DM group, PTB group, DM group and non (PTB+DM) group. We found that BMI of PTB+DM and PTB groups were significantly lower than the other groups (P<0.05), and underweight was risk factor but overweight was protective factor. Rate of current smoking was similar between PTB+DM (22.9%) and PTB group (23.5%), which was higher than the other groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, current smoking was positively associated with PTB group (OR=1.27, P=0.000). In conclusion, the prevalence of DM in PTB patients was higher than non‐PTB controls. While we confirmed beneficial effect of underweight and smoking in higher DM prevalence, and overweight was somewhat protective in co‐morbidity of PTB and DM.Supported by NSFC‐81172662.