bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation in free and bound water molecules in different homeopathic potencies as revealed by their Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
Authors: Chakraborty Indrani , Datta Soumita , Sukul Anirban , Chakravarty Rathin , Sukul Nirmal C. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND
Homeopathic potencies 12CH and above cross the Avogadro number, and as such do not contain any original drug molecules in their aquous ethanol medium. It is thought H-bonded water structures preserved by ethanol carry the information of initial drug molecules. Potentized drugs show some differences with respect to their infrared (IR) absorption spectra. In a water-ethanol solution, free water molecules vary according the concentration of ethanol. In the present study the concentration of ethanol has been kept constant at 0.03 molar fraction in 6 different homeopathic potencies.

OBJECTIVE
To see whether different homeopathic potencies having fixed ethanol content show variation in free water molecules.

METHODS
Two potencies like 8CH and 32CH of three homeopathic drugs Natrum mur, Cantharis and Nux vomica were used in the study, and their ethanol concentration was kept fixed at 0.03 molar fraction. The control was considered to be aquous ethanol at the same concentration. Spectrum of pure water was also taken. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption spectra were obtained in the wave number region of 4000 â€“ 2800 cm-1. The half-width at half-maximum was measured for each spectrum. The intensity of each spectrum was normalized at 3410 cm-1 close to the peak. The difference spectrum (absorbance of drug solution â€“ absorbance of pure water) for each drug and the control was obtained.

RESULTS
FTIR spectra showed variation in absorbance intensity on both the high and low frequency side of the O-H stretching band in different drugs as well as the control. The C-H stretching band of 2977 cm-1 also showed variation in intensity in different drugs. In the difference spectra the absorbance intensity at the dip at 3630 cm-1 varied in different drugs and the control. The decrease in intensity at 3630 cm-1 and subsequent rise in intensity at lower frequency region represent the level of free water molecules and strong alcoholic O-H band around 3250 cm-1, respectively.

CONCLUSION
The drug and the control solutions show distinct variation in their FTIR spectra. The drugs have different levels of bound and free water molecules although their ethanol concentration is same.

KEY WORDS
Homeopathic potencies, FTIR spectra, free water molecules, intensity and difference spectrum.
Qualitative Research Interviewing: Typology of Graduate Students' Interview Questions
Authors: Ballena Constantino T. 
Published: October 2021

This paper is a corpus linguistics research that examined the typology of questions asked by graduate students who did papers that solely followed qualitative research interviewing. Corpus linguistics is a methodological approach employed to analyze patterns of language use in naturally occurring texts. The paper investigated the breadth and structure of the interview questions and the unproductive questions found in the corpus. The corpus consisted of 7,516 interview questions examined following the structure-breadth-function typology of questions as a framework. The corpus was analyzed by identifying the patterns of the interview questions for these to be properly typologized. Results revealed that Wh- questions (5,365 of the 7,516 questions or 71.381%) were the most frequently asked interview questions, followed by the yes-no questions (1,455 or 19.359%). Tell-Explain-Describe or TED questions (6 or 0.106%) had the least frequency of occurrence. Additionally, closed-ended questions (3,977 or 52.914%) were more prevalent than open-ended questions (3,539 or 47.086%). While a total of 802 prefaced questions were identified with so-prefaced questions as the most pervasive (446 or 56.611%). Finally, the study results showed that leading and multiple questions constituted the unproductive interview questions, the latter being the most preponderant with 700 or 55.556% of the 1,260 unproductive questions. The subcategorizations yes-no and wh- leading questions; and multiple yes-no, multiple yes-no-wh-, and multiple wh- (serial and single) questions are nowhere to be found in the available literature on interview questions, thus adding to the value of the present study. The quality of qualitative research interviewing is facilitated by the typology of questions interviewers asked based on the structure and breadth of the questions. Generally, the wh- open-ended type is the more appropriate one in qualitative research interviewing.
Algebraic Skills and Academic Achievement in Mathematics of Grade 7 Students in a Philippine Chinese School
Authors: Garinganao Nery S. , Bearneza Francis Jose D. 
Published: October 2021

Mathematics achievement is an essential part of a student's academic achievement. However, teaching and learning mathematics is a significant concern in education, especially in distance learning. This paper described the algebraic skill level and academic achievement in mathematics of Grade 7 students of a Chinese high school. Also, it determined the difference in their level of algebraic skills according to learning modality. It determined whether a significant relationship exists between algebraic skills and academic achievement. Using the researcher-made questionnaire and students' secondary data (average grade from the first quarter to the fourth quarter in Mathematics), mean, standard deviation, Kruskal-Wallis, and Spearman's rho were used. Results reveal that the level of algebraic skills were average while academic achievement levels were approaching proficient. No significant difference was found in their algebraic skills level according to learning modality. However, the significant low relationship was found between the students’ level of algebraic skills and academic achievement.
Implementation of Public Employment Services in a Philippine Local Government Unit
Authors: Bachita Elma B. , Bayoneta Ma. Johanna Ann R. 
Published: October 2021

The Public Employment Service Office is responsible for implementing labor market programs to promote full employment and equality of employment services. This study assessed the level of implementation of the services of the public employment service office of a component city in the areas of local employment in terms of labor market information, referral and placement, career and employment coaching, provision of livelihood and employment programs, and special employment in terms of reintegration assistance, employability enhancement, pre-employment counseling, and other services as assessed by local and overseas jobseekers and local business and overseas employment agencies. It also investigated the challenges encountered by the respondents in availing these services. This descriptive-comparative study used a researcher-made survey instrument administered to randomly selected local and overseas job seekers and local and overseas business and employment agencies. Using descriptive and inferential analyses, the study yielded a very high level of implementation which implies that the services by the PESO promoted job generation and addressed unemployment although, a significant difference was revealed in the implementation of labor market information and self-employment programs and services. The study recommended the enactment of local laws to enhance employment facilitation.
Análise da produção e comercialização de óleo vegetal no Brasil: o estudo de caso da empresa Cargill
Authors: Camelo Severino Morib Barbosa , Fontgalland Isabel Lausanne 
Published: October 2021

Desde a década de 70, a produção de óleos vegetais vem tomando proporções consideráveis. O óleo de cozinha em substituição aos tradicionais métodos de fritura e culinária em geral, tem se destacado considerando várias oleaginosas como: soja, milho, canola, algodão, amêndoa e etc. De acordo com o Food and Drug Administration - FDA e a Associação Americana de Doenças do Coração - AHA, o consumo de óleos vegetais é benéfico para todos e isso inclui o consumo de óleo em si. Presente em quase todos os lares brasileiros, os óleos vegetais têm trazido inovações consideráveis desde a sua pressurização até as inovações de logística e transporte. Percorrendo o caminho da empresa Cargill, encontra-se o seu carro chefe: o óleo da linha Liza. Desta feita, observou-se os aspectos específicos envolvidos no market-share e nas inovações de processo do mesmo. O objetivo do presente trabalho é apresentar o desenvolvimento do modelo de negócio da empresa Cargill como casamento exitoso entre mercado e meio ambiente.
La exigencia del cuerpo. Perspectivas sobre la expresión
Authors: Herrera Castillo Laura 
Published: October 2021

Pese a que el concepto de expresión es uno de los conceptos más centrales en la filosofía de Leibniz, el tratamiento que ha recibido mayoritariamente dentro de la literatura especializada sigue siendo escaso, parcializado e insuficiente. Es parcializado, puesto que se lo suele interpretar bien en calve solo metafísica, dejando sin demarcar el tipo particular de la relación expresiva; o bien desde el mero análisis de la relación expresiva como isomórfica, dejando sin atender su contenido metafísico. No solo suelen dejarse ambas tendencias recíprocamente fuera de consideración, sino que ninguna de las dos suele atender a un aspecto fundamental de la expresión: el cuerpo propio de la mónada como lugar para su punto de vista expresivo. El presente trabajo ofrece una reconstrucción del concepto de expresión que reconcilia ambas clases de interpretación, atendiendo, a la vez, a la exigencia del cuerpo para la acción expresiva
Gejala Ansietas Pada Staf Kesehatan Di Rumah Sakit Akibat Covid-19: A Literature Review
Authors: Jatimi Atika , Amilia Yunita , Heru Maulidiah J.A 
Published: October 2021

Pendahuluan: Pandemi Covid-19 terkonfirmasi meningkatkan tekanan psikologis pada staf kesehatan di Rumah Sakit sehingga memicu munculnya gejala ansietas. Tujuan Penelitian: menganalisis gejala ansietas pada staf kesehatan di Rumah Sakit. Metode: Metode menggunakan basis data elektronik melalui jurnal dari internasional maupun nasional seperti Google Scholar, Science Direct, dan Pro-Quest dengan kata kunci yang dimasukkan adalah ansietas, staf kesehatan, Rumah Sakit, Covid-19. Hasil: Gejala yang muncul seperti perubahan mood, gelisah, susah memulai tidur, menurunnya produktivitas kerja, kurang motivasi dan menurunnya sistem imunitas tubuh. Kesimpulan: Gejala ansietas menunjukkan respon maladaptif individu terhadap tekanan psikologis selama pandemi Covid-19.
Activity-based costing for HIV, primary care and nutrition services in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic literature review and synthesis
Authors: Bowser Diana , Sombrio Anna , Coulibaly Neto , Mark Noah 
Published: October 2021

Background This study is a systematic literature review of HIV, nutrition, and primary care activity-based costing (ABC) studies conducted in low- and middle-income countries. ABC studies are critical for understanding the quantities and unit costs of the activities and resources for specific cost functions. The results of ABC studies enable governments, funders, and policymakers to utilize costing results to make efficient, cost-effective decisions on how to allocate scarce resources. Methods We followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology for systematic literature reviews. Key search terms included: (1) activity-based costing and time-driven activity-based costing, (2) cost of services, (3) HIV interventions OR (4) primary health care. Terms were searched within article titles and abstracts in PubMed, EconLit, and Scopus. Results 1,884 abstracts were screened and reduced to 57 articles using exclusion criteria. After a full text review, 16 articles were included in the final data synthesis. Findings were used to classify costs into relevant and common inputs for activity-based costing. All costs were converted to unit cost (cost per patient) and inflated to January 2020 USD. The largest unit cost across nutrition services was training (US$194.16 per patient, 34.6% of total unit cost). The largest unit cost for HIV was antiretroviral therapy (ART) (US$125.41, 71.0%). The largest unit cost for primary care services was human resources (US$84.78, 62.5%). Overall costs per patient for HIV services were US$176.71, US$135.67 for primary care services, and US$561.68 for nutrition services. The costing results presented suggest that spending on HIV exceeds the actual cost of HIV services. Conclusions This is the first systematic literature review to summarize the costs of HIV, primary care, and nutrition services across activity-based costing studies. While there was a wide variation in the study designs and economic methods, many of the input cost categories were similar. With the increasing number of costing studies in countries around the world, understanding trends in costs by function and service can lead to greater efficiency in the implementation of HIV, primary care, and nutrition programs.
Thematic Study of Seraiki Inshaiyah
Authors: Ramzan Muhammad , Hussain Syed Safdar 
Published: October 2021

This paper is primarily dealing with the Saraiki light essay and its concerened subjects. The paper explained that society has different mode of literature to express it through poetry or light essay during every era of life according to the regional circumstances. Saraiki region which is culturaly rich in literature. The have great cultural heritage, people here expressed and shared their views through different subjects of light essays. The Saraiki light essay is also considered an important source of socio-cultural and religious aspects i.e. life, recreation, nature, traditions, entertainment and other life concerned issues. Saraiki light essay is full of humer, sincerety and love of humanity which are the important topics of the Saraiki society in Saraiki light essay. This research paper is an attempt to explore all these topics of the Saraiki society which used in Saraiki light essay.
The Origins of Jesus-Devotion: A Response to Crispin Fletcher-Louis.
Authors: Hurtado Larry W. 
Published: October 2021

The critique of my work on Jesus-devotion by Dr. Fletcher-Louis (in a previous issue of this journal) combines an essentially correct brief summary of some broad contours of my views and a few interesting points for further discussion; but, unfortunately, the main criticisms are often directed against over-simplified or exaggerated portrayals of my views, and also involve at least one serious red herring. In this brief response, therefore, I try to correct and clarify some key matters in the hope of promoting a more productive discussion of the remarkable devotion to Jesus that characterised earliest Christianity.
On Generating Categories in Theological Ethics: Barth, Genesis and the Ständelehre
Authors: Brock Brian 
Published: October 2021

Though the doctrine of creation is often invoked in Christian ethics, its relation to the book of Genesis remains obscure. The dominance of an ethics of principles among Christian ethicists and exegetes provides one reason for this obscurity in methodologically oversimplifying Scripture in order to make it more accessible for a specific type of modernist ethical methodology. The main emphasis of the article is to investigate the linkages Karl Barth drew between the book of Genesis and the doctrines of Christology and creation in his Church Dogmatics vol. III. While Barth makes important methodological advances on a Christian ethic of principles, his treatment of the doctrine of creation is found to underplay the distinctive thought structures of Genesis 1–4. A brief final section suggests that Luther’s doctrine of the three estates comprehends Barth’s best methodological insights, and in addition, was explicitly formulated as a reading of the biblical text of Genesis. Drawing on the work of Hans Ulrich, I conclude that an updated version of the Ständelehre addresses the systematic problems noted in a Christian ethic of principles and Barth’s doctrine of creation, so yielding a more biblically faithful framework within which a Christian ethic of creation can be developed.
Paul’s Common Paraenesis (1 Thess. 4-5; Phil. 2-4; and Rom. 12-13): The Correspondence between Romans 1:18-32 and 12:1-2, and the Unity of Romans 12-13
Authors: Kim Seyoon 
Published: October 2021

First Thessalonians 5:12-24; Romans 12:9-21; and Philippians 4:2-9 show close parallels, while their wider contexts (1 Thess. 4–5; Rom. 12–13; and Phil. 3:17–4:9) also display a substantial parallelism. This observation leads us to affirm Paul’s common paraenesis (cf. 1 Cor. 4:17), and helps us see what he considers the fundamental way of Christian existence (cf. Gal. 5:22-25). Then, this observation helps us also see (a) the correspondence between Romans 1:18-32 and 12:1-2; (b) the unity of Romans 12–13 as a whole, in which Romans 12:1-2 and 13:11-14 form an inclusio, which are, respectively, the thesis statement and the concluding statement about the Daseinsweise of the redeemed in contrast to that of fallen humanity in Romans 1:18-21; and (c) the consistent line of Paul’s thinking in Romans, which is sustained through his Adam-Christ antithesis (5:12-21). Finally, the notion of Paul’s common paraenesis enables us to conduct a comparative study of the paraenetical sections of the various epistles of Paul and to appreciate the distinctive elements in a given epistle (e.g. the extended elaboration of the theme of ‘living peaceably with all’ in Rom. 12:14–13:10) in terms of the particular needs of the recipients of that epistle.
The Affective Directives of the Book of Revelation
Authors: Harker Andy 
Published: October 2021

In contemporary study of the Johannine Apocalypse both at the academic and popular levels there continues to be a strong bias towards questions of hermeneutics and semantics. This is true despite the calls of many commentators and pastors over the last two millennia to receive the prophecy as pictures to move the heart rather than puzzles to tease the mind. This paper adds volume and clarity to their call. The approach here is an emic one—How does the text itself invite the recipient to engage with its words? Picking up on J.-P. Ruiz’s suggestion that Revelation is punctuated by ‘hermeneutical imperatives’ (sc. Rev. 1:3; 2:7, 11, 17, 29; 3:6, 13, 22; 13:9-10, 18; 17:9; 22:7, 18-19), this article argues that these texts are just as much, if not more, ‘affective imperatives’ or better ‘affective directives’. Thus to read the book in line with its own explicit directions is much more a matter of being moved at the level of the heart and will than of solving a hermeneutical conundrum.
The Nephilim: a Tall Story? Who Were the Nephilim and How Did They Survive the Flood?
Authors: Routledge Robin 
Published: October 2021

The Nephilim figure prominently in some popular literature. Their portrayal is speculative, but also based on Second Temple texts, which portray the Nephilim as the giant offspring of angels and human women who were responsible for the corruption that resulted in the flood. The OT includes few direct references to the Nephilim (Gen. 6:4; Num. 13:33; possibly Ezek. 32:27), though they have been generally linked with giant pre-conquest inhabitants of Canaan, particularly Anakites and Rephaim. The lack of detail in the OT suggests the existence of underlying extra-biblical traditions, though substantial differences appear to rule out Second Temple texts as a source for OT writers. Because the OT appears to include references to the Nephilim existing both before and after the flood, an important question is whether (or how) they survived the deluge. This article argues that the Nephilim in the OT are associated, primarily, with the antediluvian era; though are, intentionally, linked with postdiluvian ‘heroes’ to highlight the perversity of the pre-flood generation, who, in seeking liaisons with heavenly beings, seek to overcome their mortality. How they survived the flood does not appear to be of interest to the OT writers.
An Unpublished Fragment of Deuteronomy: Chester Beatty Papyrus VI, Folio 105, Fragment 2, Recto
Authors: Hamilton Matthew 
Published: October 2021

The annotation on the plate at the Chester Beatty Library for folio 105, fragment 2, recto, is incorrect; it does not contain Deuteronomy 32:10 but Deuteronomy 32:6-8. Although very little of the text of Deuteronomy 32:6-8 has so far been identified, the placement of this fragment opens up the possibility of the reconstruction of all of folio 105, from Deuteronomy 32:5 through to Deuteronomy 32:29. Preliminary attempts to do so have identified a possible problem: if recto column one is correctly or near correctly reconstructed, the non-extant part of verso column two between fragment 2 and the Michigan fragments is too short to fit all of the non-extant part of Deuteronomy 32:25-27. Solutions to this reconstruction problem include lines that are much longer than usual, lines that have the letters crowded together, and squeezing in of two extra lines – but these solutions are contrary to the general evenness of columns and lines elsewhere in this manuscript. Alternative solutions, not yet investigated, include either an expansion in folio 105, recto, column one, or an omission in folio 105, verso, column two, of about thirty-five letters. [Extract from Analysis section]
تقدير المحتوى الميكروبي للحوم الدجاج المحلي والمستورد في اسواق مدينة بنغازي، ليبيا
Authors: سعيد بكار علي حاج , اشلاك عادل محمد ميلاد , منصور عبد الله محمد عبد الله 
Published: October 2021

استهدفت الدراسة تقييم النوعية البكتيرية للحم الدجاج المسوق في 5 مناطق من مدينة بنغازي خلال موسم الصيف من خلال تقدير أعداد بعض أدلة التلوث، والمتضمنة العدد الكلي للبكتيريا الهوائية وبكتيريا القولون وبكتيريا المكورات العنقودية الذهبية (Staphylococcus aureus) كما شملت الدراسة تشخيص وعزل بكتيريا السالمونيلا (Salmonella). أظهرت نتائج هذه الدراسة أن أعداد البكتيريا الهوائية الكلية في المناطق الخمسة المشمولة بالدراسة للدجاج المحلي كان بين 3.84 و 7.22 وبمتوسط 6.02 لو10 و.ت.م/جم وفي الدجاج المستورد بين 4.49 و 6.73 ومتوسط 5.94 لو10 و.ت.م/جم ، أما بكتيريا القولون فبلغت في المحلي بين 3.5 و 6.80 وبمتوسط 5.53 لو10 و.ت.م/جم وفي المستورد بين 3.0 و 6.80 وبمتوسط 5.5 لو10 و.ت.م/جم وبلغت أعداد المكورات العنقودية في المحلي في المناطق الخمسة ما بين 4.5 و 7.3 وفي المستورد بين 6.03 و 6.50 في المستورد وبمتوسط 6.40 و 6.28 لو10 و.ت.م/جم على التوالي. أجريت على العزلات اختبارات كيموحيوية للتعرف على بعض الأجناس البكتيرية الموجودة على ذبائح لحم الدجاج حيث أُخذت 22 عزلة بكتيرية شُخصت لأنواع E. coli 40.9% و Citrobacter spp. 18.2% و Klebsiella spp. 13.6% و Salmonella spp 9.1% وPseudomonas spp. 18.2%. تشير نتائج هذه الدراسة إلى مستوى تلوث مرتفع لذبائح الدجاج المحلي مع وجود للبكتيريا الممرضة، الأمر الذي يعكس ظروفاً صحية منخفضة لهذه اللحوم ويرجع ذلك إلى عدم اتباع إجراءات صحية جيدة خلال تحضير ذبائح الدجاج وخزن وعرض الذبائح عند البيع.
Penerapan Algoritma Rijndael untuk Mengamankan Teks
Authors: Tiepsi Tiepsi , Siregar Kristian 
Published: October 2021

Kriptografi merupakan salah satu solusi yang dapat dimanfaatkan dan dikembangkan dalam menghadapi permasalahan tentang keamanan data. Salah satu algoritma yang bisa dihandalkan dalam keamanan data adalah algoritma Rijndael. Algoritma Rijndael merupakan algoritma kriptografi simetrik yang beroperasi dalam mode penyandi blok (block cipher) yang memproses blok data 128-bit dengan panjang kunci 128 bit, 192 bit, atau 256 bit.Untuk menjamin keamanan dan keutuhan dari suatu data, dibutuhkan suatu proses penyandian,Â dengan melakukan proses enkripsi dan dekripsi. Proses enkripsi ini akan mengubah suatu data asal atau asli menjadi data rahasia yang tidak dapat dibaca. Sementara itu, proses dekripsi dilakukan oleh penerima data yang dikirim tersebut. Data rahasia yang diterima akan diubah kembali menjadi data asal atau asli. Dengan cara penyandian tadi, data asli tidak akan terbaca oleh pihak yang tidak berkepentingan, melainkan hanya oleh penerima yang memiliki kunci dekripsi.