bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Single-Laboratory Validation of an Immunoaffinity Column Cleanup LC Method for the Analysis of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Cannabis Plant Material, Resins, Vapes, Isolates, and Edible Products
Authors: Greaves Alana , Maddison Kyle , Doran Marney , Lin Sarah , Geiling Ben 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Potential fungal infection of cannabis plants during drying has raised concerns of resulting mycotoxin contamination in leaves and flowers and subsequent contamination of derived products including cannabis-containing edible products. Validated routine methods are essential to monitor cannabis and cannabis products to ensure consumer safety consistent with long-standing controls for mycotoxins such as aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in foodstuffs.

Objective
To provide single-laboratory validation data to demonstrate the suitability of a method for determining aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in cannabis plant material, resins, vapes, isolates, and edible products such as chocolate.

Method
Extraction of solid and liquid matrixes with acetonitrile:water, centrifugation, and then dilution of an aliquot of supernatant with phosphate-buffered saline solution containing Tween 20 surfactant. Cleanup by passing through an immunoaffinity column containing antibodies to both aflatoxins and ochratoxin A and analyzing in a single LC chromatographic run with fluorescence detection.

Results
For within-day analysis, recoveries were in the range 77 to 99% with RSDs from 0.7 to 9.6% for aflatoxin B1. Similarly, ochratoxin A recoveries were from 64 to 94% and RSDs from 0.9 to 9.5% for mycotoxin mixtures spiked into cannabis flowers, resins, vapes, isolates, chocolate, gummies, edible oils, and beverages.

Conclusions
A method for the determination of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A was successfully developed and single-laboratory validation data has been presented for cannabis plant material, resins, vapes, isolates, and edible products.

Highlights
A multi-mycotoxin immunoaffinity column cleanup with LC-fluorescence has been validated and shown to be suitable for routine control of aflatoxins and ochratoxin A in cannabis flowers and a diverse range of edible cannabis products.
Digging roots is easier with AI
Authors: Han Eusun , Smith Abraham George , Kemper Roman , White Rosemary , Kirkegaard John A , Thorup-Kristensen Kristian , Athmann Miriam 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The scale of root quantification in research is often limited by the time required for sampling, measurement, and processing samples. Recent developments in convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have made faster and more accurate plant image analysis possible, which may significantly reduce the time required for root measurement, but challenges remain in making these methods accessible to researchers without an in-depth knowledge of machine learning. We analyzed root images acquired from three destructive root samplings using the RootPainter CNN software that features an interface for corrective annotation for easier use. Root scans with and without non-root debris were used to test if training a model (i.e. learning from labeled examples) can effectively exclude the debris by comparing the end results with measurements from clean images. Root images acquired from soil profile walls and the cross-section of soil cores were also used for training, and the derived measurements were compared with manual measurements. After 200 min of training on each dataset, significant relationships between manual measurements and RootPainter-derived data were noted for monolith (R2=0.99), profile wall (R2=0.76), and core-break (R2=0.57). The rooting density derived from images with debris was not significantly different from that derived from clean images after processing with RootPainter. Rooting density was also successfully calculated from both profile wall and soil core images, and in each case the gradient of root density with depth was not significantly different from manual counts. Differences in root-length density (RLD) between crops with contrasting root systems were captured using automatic segmentation at soil profiles with high RLD (1–5 cm cm–3) as well with low RLD (0.1–0.3 cm cm–3). Our results demonstrate that the proposed approach using CNN can lead to substantial reductions in root sample processing workloads, increasing the potential scale of future root investigations.
The binary star θ1 Ori C: orbital elements, evolutionary parameters and chemical composition
Authors: Rzaev Abid Kh , Shimansky V V , Kolbin A I 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
About 200 echelle spectra, obtained at the 1-m and 6-m telescopes of the Special Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), with high spectral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio, were used to investigate the radial velocity variability with time in both components of the θ1 Ori C binary system during its periastron passage. The quality of our spectra have allowed us to find a methodical approach for the spectroscopic study of the orbital motions of both components and to select lines suitable for this goal. The analysis has shown that the He ii λ 4541, 5411 lines are suitable for the primary component, and the Si iii λ 4552 line is suitable for the secondary component. Radial velocities thus measured for both components from the spectra obtained over 20 yr, along with the interferometric observations of the relative positions of the components, were used to construct a combined three-dimensional orbit of the system, in order to derive its reliable orbital parameters. Orbital elements were determined with good accuracy. For the dynamical distance, we have found a value of about d = 415 ± 6 pc, and for the system mass we find $M_{\rm sys}=44.8\pm 4.5\, {\rm M}_\odot$. We apply a special method to calculate the synthetic spectra in binaries, taking into account the contribution of both components in their radiation, for the theoretical analysis of the observable spectra of θ1 Ori C. Atmospheric parameters are refined for the primary, and are determined for the secondary component for the first time. The chemical composition of θ1 Ori C is determined, which coincides with the chemical composition of its surrounding nebula.
BENZ WS: the Bologna ENZyme Web Server for four-level EC number annotation
Authors: Baldazzi Davide , Savojardo Castrense , Martelli Pier Luigi , Casadio Rita 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Bologna ENZyme Web Server (BENZ WS) annotates four-level Enzyme Commission numbers (EC numbers) as defined by the International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB). BENZ WS filters a target sequence with a combined system of Hidden Markov Models, modelling protein sequences annotated with the same molecular function, and Pfams, carrying along conserved protein domains. BENZ returns, when successful, for any enzyme target sequence an associated four-level EC number. Our system can annotate both monofunctional and polyfunctional enzymes, and it can be a valuable resource for sequence functional annotation.
The three-way junction structure of the HIV-1 PBS-segment binds host enzyme important for viral infectivity
Authors: Song Zhenwei , Gremminger Thomas , Singh Gatikrushna , Cheng Yi , Li Jun , Qiu Liming , Ji Juan , Lange Margaret J , Zuo Xiaobing , Chen Shi-Jie , Zou Xiaoqin , Boris-Lawrie Kathleen , Heng Xiao 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
HIV-1 reverse transcription initiates at the primer binding site (PBS) in the viral genomic RNA (gRNA). Although the structure of the PBS-segment undergoes substantial rearrangement upon tRNALys3 annealing, the proper folding of the PBS-segment during gRNA packaging is important as it ensures loading of beneficial host factors. DHX9/RNA helicase A (RHA) is recruited to gRNA to enhance the processivity of reverse transcriptase. Because the molecular details of the interactions have yet to be defined, we solved the solution structure of the PBS-segment preferentially bound by RHA. Evidence is provided that PBS-segment adopts a previously undefined adenosine-rich three-way junction structure encompassing the primer activation stem (PAS), tRNA-like element (TLE) and tRNA annealing arm. Disruption of the PBS-segment three-way junction structure diminished reverse transcription products and led to reduced viral infectivity. Because of the existence of the tRNA annealing arm, the TLE and PAS form a bent helical structure that undergoes shape-dependent recognition by RHA double-stranded RNA binding domain 1 (dsRBD1). Mutagenesis and phylogenetic analyses provide evidence for conservation of the PBS-segment three-way junction structure that is preferentially bound by RHA in support of efficient reverse transcription, the hallmark step of HIV-1 replication.
High Likelihood of Accepting COVID-19 Vaccine in a Latinx Community at High SARS-CoV-2 Risk in San Francisco
Authors: Peng James , Marquez Carina , Rubio Luis , Chamie Gabriel , Jones Diane , Jacobo Jon , Rojas Susana , Rojas Susy , Tulier-Laiwa Valerie , Black Douglas , Martinez Jackie , Pilarowski Genay , Cox Chesa , Derisi Joe , Havlir Diane , Petersen Maya 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Of 4133 persons surveyed at a low-barrier coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) test site with high positivity in an urban Latinx community in January 2021, 86% indicated that they would accept a COVID-19 vaccination. The top reasons for vaccine hesitancy included concerns around side effects and safety and distrust of health care systems.
Nambu brackets, Chern–Simons theories, quantum curves and M2-branes
Authors: Moriyama Sanefumi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A non-technical review on recent progress in M2-branes is given. We focus especially on (1) historical progress in searching for the worldvolume theory of M2-branes using Nambu brackets and supersymmetric Chern–Simons theories, (2) studies of the ABJM matrix model obtained from localization using various techniques and (3) new insights of quantum curves derived from the studies of the ABJM matrix model.
Case Report of Two Patients With COVID-19 and Sacral Pressure Injuries Associated with Pyoderma Gangrenosum
Authors: Elkhatib Rania , Giunta Gabriele , Hanssens Valerie , Kapila Ayush , De Baerdemaeker Randy , Zeltzer Assaf , Hamdi Moustapha 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
During the COVID-19 pandemic, an increasing number of patients have been admitted to the ICU with severe respiratory complications requiring prolonged supine positioning. Recently, many case reports have been published regarding dermatologic manifestations associated with COVID-19. However, there is little information about the clinical features of these manifestations. Pyoderma gangrenosum (PG) is an ulcerative noninfectious inflammatory disease of the skin. In at least 50% of the cases, the etiology is unknown. Nevertheless, PG is associated with many systemic diseases. In this article, the authors report two critically ill patients with COVID-19 who developed sacral ulcers during their recovery in the ICU. These ulcers had an atypical course and were exacerbated by surgical debridements. Accordingly, providers suspected PG, which was confirmed by the clinical evolution of the ulcers and biopsies taken from the wounds. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no previous articles have reported sacral pressure injuries associated with PG in patients with COVID-19. Providers should suspect PG in patients with COVID-19 who develop nonhealing pressure injuries.
PAs in the National Guard and Reserves
Authors: Hooker Roderick S. , Kozikowski Andrzej , Paul Johnny 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The role of physician assistants (PAs) in the United States extends to the Army National Guard; Air National Guard; and reserves of the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Coast Guard (collectively known as reserve components). To understand the duality of civilian-military PA roles, a census of the armed forces was undertaken, drawing on knowledgeable senior PA medical officers in each of the services. The survey was supplemented with data from the National Commission on Certification of Physician Assistants. In 2020, there were 1,944 PAs in the five military reserve components with the majority (1,597) in the Army. Most National Guard, Air National Guard, and Reserve PAs fill medical officer roles, drill with units, and are subject to active duty. As soldiers, sailors, and airmen, military PAs are trained in health, safety, warfare readiness, casualty, trauma, and crisis response. The tenure of a reserve component PA in the military ranged between 10.2 and 17.8 years. In their civilian roles, most PAs are licensed and clinically active—the majority report they work in family/general medicine, emergency medicine, general surgery, or orthopedic medicine and surgery. This dual-career role and responsibility suggests the utility and flexibility of the PA is broader than previously reported. The findings set the stage for additional research on healthcare professionals during times of domestic and international emergencies.
Management of maternal COVID-19: considerations for anesthesiologists
Authors: Bernstein Kyra , Landau Ruth 
Published: April 2021

Purpose of review
To describe updates to pragmatic recommendations that were published during the first coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) surge, including the current thinking about whether pregnancy worsens the severity of COVID-19.

Recent findings
Although a majority of pregnant women infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remain asymptomatic or paucisymptomatic, pregnancy puts women at higher risk of severe COVID-19 and adverse birth outcomes. Pregnant and recently pregnant women are more likely to be admitted to intensive care units and receive mechanical ventilation than nonpregnant patients with COVID-19, although preexisting maternal comorbidities are significant risk factors.
Early provision of neuraxial labor analgesia with a functional indwelling epidural catheter has been universally promoted, with the goal to reduce avoidable general anesthesia for cesarean delivery and mitigate risks for healthcare workers during airway manipulation. This recommendation, along with updated workflow models of anesthesia coverage, may contribute to a reduction in general anesthesia rates.

Summary
Initial recommendations to provide early neuraxial labor analgesia and avoid general anesthesia for cesarean delivery have not changed over time. Although workflows have significantly changed to allow continued patient and healthcare workers’ safety, clinical anesthesia protocols for labor and delivery are essentially the same.
Effectiveness of Acceptance and Commitment Therapy on Reducing Body Image Disorders in Adolescent Girls
Authors: Rezaeisharif Ali , Cheraghian Hadis , Naeim Mahdi 
Published: April 2021

Background:
Body image dissatisfaction and weight self-stigma are prevalent and are associated with physical and psychological ill-health. Acceptance and commitment therapy is increasingly used for both, yet little is known about its effectiveness.

Objectives:
This study aimed to determine the efficacy of acceptance and commitment therapy in reducing the body image disorder in adolescent girls.

Methods:
This study was quasi-experimental with pretest and posttest design with the control group. The statistical population of the study was all high school female adolescents with body image disorder; 280 girls were selected based on available sampling from 3 high schools in Ardabil City. Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ) scales were used to assess body image disorder and data were analyzed by SPSS software, version 19.

Results:
The results of this study indicated that this treatment was effective in reducing body image disorder in adolescent girls.

Conclusions:
Therefore, this treatment is suggested to reduce body image disorder in adolescent girls.
Midazolam and Ketamine Produce Distinct Neural Changes in Memory, Pain, and Fear Networks during Pain
Authors: Vogt Keith M. , Ibinson James W. , Smith C. Tyler , Citro Ally T. , Norton Caroline M. , Karim Helmet T. , Popov Vencislav , Mahajan Aman , Aizenstein Howard J. , Reder Lynne M. , Fiez Julie A. 
Published: April 2021

Background
Despite the well-known clinical effects of midazolam and ketamine, including sedation and memory impairment, the neural mechanisms of these distinct drugs in humans are incompletely understood. The authors hypothesized that both drugs would decrease recollection memory, task-related brain activity, and long-range connectivity between components of the brain systems for memory encoding, pain processing, and fear learning.

Methods
In this randomized within-subject crossover study of 26 healthy adults, the authors used behavioral measures and functional magnetic resonance imaging to study these two anesthetics, at sedative doses, in an experimental memory paradigm using periodic pain. The primary outcome, recollection memory performance, was quantified with d′ (a difference of z scores between successful recognition versus false identifications). Secondary outcomes were familiarity memory performance, serial task response times, task-related brain responses, and underlying brain connectivity from 17 preselected anatomical seed regions. All measures were determined under saline and steady-state concentrations of the drugs.

Results
Recollection memory was reduced under midazolam (median [95% CI], d′ = 0.73 [0.43 to 1.02]) compared with saline (d′ = 1.78 [1.61 to 1.96]) and ketamine (d′ = 1.55 [1.12 to 1.97]; P < 0.0001). Task-related brain activity was detected under saline in areas involved in memory, pain, and fear, particularly the hippocampus, insula, and amygdala. Compared with saline, midazolam increased functional connectivity to 20 brain areas and decreased to 8, from seed regions in the precuneus, posterior cingulate, and left insula. Compared with saline, ketamine decreased connectivity to 17 brain areas and increased to 2, from 8 seed regions including the hippocampus, parahippocampus, amygdala, and anterior and primary somatosensory cortex.

Conclusions
Painful stimulation during light sedation with midazolam, but not ketamine, can be accompanied by increased coherence in brain connectivity, even though details are less likely to be recollected as explicit memories.

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Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy for youth with functional abdominal pain: a randomized clinical trial testing differential efficacy by patient subgroup
Authors: Walker Lynn S. , Stone Amanda L. , Han Gloria T. , Garber Judy , Bruehl Stephen , Smith Craig A. , Anderson Julia , Palermo Tonya M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Inconsistent results of psychological treatments for pediatric functional abdominal pain (FAP) may be due to heterogeneity of patients' pain-related psychological characteristics. This randomized controlled trial tested whether statistically derived patient subgroups (high pain dysfunctional [HPD], high pain adaptive [HPA], and low pain adaptive [LPA]) moderated response to cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) for adolescents with FAP and their parents (n = 278 dyads; patients were 66% female, mean [SD] age was 14.62 [1.88] years, and parents were 95% female). Randomization to Internet-delivered CBT vs Internet-delivered pain education (EDU) was stratified by patient subgroup. Follow-up assessments of gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms (primary outcome), abdominal pain, and pain interference were at midtreatment, posttreatment, 6 months, and 12 months. Data were analysed using linear mixed effects models. Significant treatment × subgroup × time interaction effects showed that patient subgroup significantly moderated the effect of treatment on GI symptoms (t[853 = −2.93, P = 0.003) and abdominal pain (t(844) = −2.14, P = 0.03) across the treatment period. Among HPD youth, those in CBT had significantly greater GI symptom reduction than those in EDU through posttreatment. By contrast, among HPA and LPA youth, symptom improvement did not differ by treatment condition. Furthermore, among all patients assigned to CBT, HPD youth demonstrated significantly greater reductions in GI symptoms compared with HPA and LPA youth and greater reductions in abdominal pain compared with LPA youth. All subgroups maintained symptom reductions throughout the follow-up period. Results suggest that subgrouping FAP patients may inform treatment allocation and optimize treatment response.
Noninvasive bladder testing of adolescent females to assess visceral hypersensitivity
Authors: Tu Frank F. , Hellman Kevin M. , Roth Genevieve E. , Dillane Katlyn E. , Walker Lynn S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Excess pain after visceral provocation has been suggested as a marker for chronic pelvic pain risk in women. However, few noninvasive tests have been validated that could be performed readily on youth in early risk windows. Therefore, we evaluated the validity and reliability of a noninvasive bladder pain test in 124 healthy premenarchal females (median age 11, [interquartile range 11-12]), as previously studied in adult women. We explored whether psychosocial, sensory factors, and quantitative sensory test results were associated with provoked bladder pain and assessed the relation of bladder pain with abdominal pain history. Compared with findings in young adult females (age 21 [20-28]), results were similar except that adolescents had more pain at first sensation to void (P = 0.005) and lower maximum tolerance volume (P < 0.001). Anxiety, depression, somatic symptoms, and pain catastrophizing predicted provoked bladder pain (P's < 0.05). Bladder pain inversely correlated with pressure pain thresholds (r = −0.25, P < 0.05), but not with cold pressor pain or conditioned pain modulation effectiveness. Bladder pain was also associated with frequency of abdominal pain symptoms (r = 0.25, P = 0.039). We found strong retest reliability for bladder pain at standard levels of sensory urgency in 21 adolescents who attended repeat visits at 6 to 12 months (intraclass correlations = 0.88-0.90). Noninvasive bladder pain testing seems reproducible in adolescent females and may predict abdominal pain symptomatology. Confirmation of our findings and further investigation of the bladder test across menarche will help establish how visceral sensitivity contributes to the early trajectory of pelvic pain risk.