bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An improved Hausdorff distance method for locating single phase to ground fault in neutral non‐effectively grounded system
Authors: Wu Wenhao , Zhang Xinhui , Zhang Jun , He Yu , Bai Wenyuan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNeutral non‐effectively grounded mode is widely used in medium‐voltage distribution networks in China. When a single‐phase grounding fault occurs in distribution networks, abundant transient signals will be generated. Here, a fault location method based on improved Hausdorff distance is proposed with transient zero‐sequence current and transient zero‐sequence voltage of bus. First, according to the impedance characteristic analysis of the zero‐sequence network, the selected frequency band (SFB) is determined, and the transient signals in the SFB are extracted by the digital filter. Second, the projection components of transient zero‐sequence currents at each monitoring point of faulty feeder are obtained by the principle of orthogonalization. Finally, the projection component values of each section are calculated by the improved Hausdorff distance, and the maximum value is selected. If the maximum value is much larger than the sum of the values of other sections excluding the maximum value, the section where the maximum value is located is judged as a faulty section, otherwise, the downstream section of the last monitoring point is determined as the faulty section. Matlab/Simulink simulation shows that the proposed method can locate accurately under different fault conditions.
A three‐dimensional direct lightning strike model for lightning protection of the substation
Authors: Guo Jun , Zhang Xudong , Wang Bangyong , Hao Xuezhao , Zheng Shengquan , Xie Yan‐Zhao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLightning strikes to a substation happen frequently, which has a serious impact on the safety of the power system. Therefore, it is important to evaluate the effect of the direct lightning to the substation for the sake of protection. However, since the propagation and attachment of the lightning leader is a typical random process, it is hard to sufficiently represent the effect of the direct lightning by some deterministic models. In order to take into consideration the randomness of the lightning propagation process, in this paper, a three dimensional lightning fractal model that reproduces the tortuosity and branching of natural lightning is established. The proposed model is then applied to the effect analysis of the direct lightning to a typical 220 kV substation. Moreover, the protection effect of different distribution and height schemes of lightning rods is investigated using the proposed model. This work helps to understand the lightning strike risk that the substations face and also provides a promising way to improve and optimize the protection design.
Multi‐label learning based target detecting from multi‐frame data
Authors: Mei Mengqing , He Fazhi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the field of target detecting, lots of progress have been made in recent years. Owing to the progress of multiple frames time series data, or video satellites, target detecting from space‐borne satellite videos has been available. However, detecting a slightly moving target from space‐borne videos is still a difficult task, because of the low resolution and illumination variation influence. This paper considers target detecting from time series data as multi‐label problem as there are several different kinds of background objects and targets of interest. To some extent the background of time series data is comparative invariant, using background analysis method to extract the target from the background is promising. This paper proposes a novel target detecting algorithm based on multi‐label learning and Gaussian background description model aiming at extracting slowly moving target. To further enhance performances, multi‐frame fusion and post processing method was utilized to catch the slight difference due to movement. Experimental results on real world datasets indicate that the proposed method outperforms some state‐of‐the‐art algorithms.
Analysis and design of a sharp‐rejection wideband bandstop filter with multi‐transmission zeros and reflection zeros
Authors: Chen Hongyu , Wang Xiaolong , Lu Geyu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAnalysis and design of a wideband bandstop filter with multi‐transmission zeros (TZs) and reflection zeros (RZs) are presented. The proposed topology consists of N‐1 shunt open‐circuited stubs (OCSs) cascaded through N‐sections of transmission lines, and two M‐sections of OCSs are shunted at two output ports, respectively. After complicated mathematical analysis, the numbers of TZs and RZs are determined by section numbers M and N. By using the proposed algorithm, equal ripples with controllable ripple levels can be realized in the passband. Although the ripples in the stopband have different levels, each ripple level can be designed independently. As the proposed algorithm can design the positions of TZs and RZs, upper and lower attenuation rates can be increased dramatically. Therefore, compared with former works, the proposed work provides enhanced sharp‐rejection and simultaneously maintains wide stopband performance. For verification, two experimental circuits are fabricated, and the proposed design theory and algorithm are well verified by the measured frequency response.
Headache Before and After Endoscopic Transsphenoidal Pituitary Tumor Surgery: A Prospective Study
Authors: Andersson Agnes , Hallén Tobias , Olsson Daniel S. , Farahmand Dan , Olofsson Ann-Charlotte , Jakobsson Ung Eva , Jakobsson Sofie , Bergquist Henrik , Johannsson Gudmundur , Ragnarsson Oskar , Skoglund Thomas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Objective Headache is a common symptom among patients with pituitary tumors, as it is in the general population. The aim of the study was to investigate headache as a symptom in patients with pituitary tumors before and 6 months after endoscopic transsphenoidal surgery (TSS).
Design This is a prospective observational cohort study.
Setting This study was conducted at university tertiary referral hospital.
Participants A total of 110 adult patients underwent endoscopic TSS for pituitary tumors.
Main Outcome Measures The Migraine Disability Assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire was used before and 6 months after surgery for the assessment of headache. Clinical variables with potential influence on headache were analyzed.
Results Sixty-eight (62%) patients experienced headaches at least once during the 3 months before surgery. Thirty (27%) patients reported disabling headache before surgery, with younger age being an independent associated factor (p < 0.001). In patients with disabling headache before surgery, the median (interquartile range) MIDAS score improved from 78 (27–168) to 16 (2–145; p = 0.049), headache frequency decreased from 45 (20–81) to 14 (4–35) days (p = 0.009), and headache intensity decreased from 6 (5–8) to 5 (4–7) (p = 0.011) after surgery. In total, 16 of the 30 (53%) patients reported a clinically relevant improvement and five (17%) a clinically relevant worsening. Four (5%) patients developed new disabling headache. No predictor for postoperative improvement of headache was identified.
Conclusion In this prospective study, the results show that disabling headache improves following endoscopic TSS in a subset of patients with pituitary tumors. However, no predictive factors for improvement could be identified.
Ceratitis quinaria (five-spotted fruit fly).
Authors: Weldon Chris 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Ceratitis quinaria has a disjunct distribution, being found in West Africa, countries surrounding the Red Sea, eastern and southern Africa. It has an economic impact in countries where it is in high abundance, affecting production, control costs and market access. It is particularly a pest of mangoes, in which high levels of infestation and damage have been recorded. The United States Department of Agriculture recognises C. quinaria as a fruit fly species of concern, and the European Plant Protection Organization lists it as a quarantine pest. It is difficult to determine its invasiveness because its current distribution includes areas with a poor record of fruit fly surveillance.
Cassava brown streak viruses (cassava brown streak disease).
Authors: Winter Stephan , Thresh Mike 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

CBSD was formerly of limited importance in Africa as a whole because of its restricted distribution along lowland coastal areas of Kenya and Tanzania and in parts of Malawi (Legg and Raya, 1998; Hillocks et al., 2001; Gondwe et al., 2003; Shaba et al., 2003). However, the disease was later found to be prevalent in northern Mozambique (Hillocks et al., 2002). Since 2004 it has been causing increasingly severe problems in Uganda and the Lake Victoria zone of Tanzania. It has also been detected recently in Rwanda, Burundi and parts of DRC.
East African cassava mosaic virus.
Authors: Alabi Olufemi Joseph , Mulenga Rabson 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Like other CMGs, cassava is the primary host of East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) and related viruses, although the virus has been detected in other plant species (Ogbe et al., 2006; Alabi et al. 2015). Analysis of the genomes of different isolates of EACMV-type viruses show considerable genetic variability and genome plasticity relative to ACMV isolates. The primary means of virus spread is via movement of contaminated vegetative cassava cuttings and secondary spread occurs via the whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci. Perhaps the most notable documentation of invasiveness of EACMV-type viruses is the regional pandemic of a severe CMD in East Africa caused by EACMV-UG which began in Uganda in the early to mid-1990s (Gibson et al., 1996; Otim-Nape et al., 1997) on popular and widely cultivated cassava varieties and soon spread to other countries in East Africa, including Kenya and Tanzania (Otim-Nape et al., 1997; Legg, 1999). The pandemic resulted in famine-related deaths (Otim-Nape et al., 1998) due to complete devastation of affected cassava farms in the region. EACMV is not on the IUCN or ISSG alert list.
Simple Reciprocal Fairness Message to Enhance Non-Donor’s Willingness to Donate Blood
Authors: Ferguson Eamonn , Edwards Abigail R A , Masser Barbara M 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundAgainst a background of declining blood donor numbers, recruiting new donors is critical for the effective operations of healthcare providers. Thus, interventions are needed to recruit new blood donors.PurposeWe provide initial evidence for Voluntary Reciprocal Altruism (VRA) to enhance nondonors’ willingness to become blood donors. VRA interventions involve asking two questions: one on accepting a blood transfusion if needed and one on willingness to donate. As early trials often use self-reports of willingness to perform blood donation behavior, we derive a correction factor to better estimate actual behavior. Finally, we explore the effect of VRA interventions on two prosocial emotions: gratitude and guilt.MethodsAcross three experiments (two in the UK and one in Australia: Total N = 1,208 nondonors) we manipulate VRA messages and explore how they affect both reported willingness to make a one-off or repeat blood donation and influence click through to blood donation, organ donation and volunteering registration sites (behavioral proxies). We report data from a longitudinal cohort (N = 809) that enables us to derive a correction for self-reported behavioral willingness.ResultsAcross the three experiments, we show that exposure to a question that asks about accepting a transfusion if needed increased willingness to donate blood with some spillover to organ donor registration. We also show that gratitude has an independent effect on donation and report a behavioral correction factor of .10.ConclusionsAsking nondonors about accepting a transfusion if needed is likely to be an effective strategy to increase new donor numbers.
A primer on ocular viscosurgical devices
Authors: Gerberich Amanda J , Ipema Heather J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Purpose
To provide pharmacists with an overview of ocular viscosurgical devices (OVDs) and a comprehensive resource describing characteristics of commercially available agents.

Summary
OVDs are substances that are injected into the eye during ophthalmic procedures, such as cataract surgery, to reduce injury to the endothelium that may result from surgical manipulation. Currently available OVDs are composed of one or more of the following active ingredients: sodium hyaluronate, sodium chondroitin sulfate, and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose. Rheologic properties of OVDs, such as viscosity, elasticity, pseudoplasticity, and cohesion, affect the products’ function and performance. Based on rheologic properties, OVDs can be generally classified as cohesive or dispersive. Given each products’ unique characteristics, OVDs are not interchangeable. An understanding of OVD characteristics and role in practice allows for improved product selection, which varies based on patient characteristics and procedure. Availability of OVD information and literature is generally lacking since OVDs are regulated by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as medical devices. This primer includes an overview of relevant ophthalmic surgical practices and the landscape of comparative efficacy and safety literature to assist in formulary decision-making. This review also provides a comprehensive guide to commercially available OVDs and a discussion on practical considerations for the pharmacist.

Conclusion
Pharmacists may be tasked with handling OVDs in institutional settings. Knowledge about OVD rheologic properties, product characteristics, role in practice, and available literature is necessary for managing formularies and ensuring optimal product selection.
Continental-scale distribution and diversity ofCeratobasidiumorchid mycorrhizal fungi in Australia
Authors: Freestone Marc W , Swarts Nigel D , Reiter Noushka , Tomlinson Sean , Sussmilch Frances C , Wright Magali M , Holmes Gareth D , Phillips Ryan D , Linde Celeste C 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsMycorrhizal fungi are a critical component of the ecological niche of most plants and can potentially constrain their geographical range. Unlike other types of mycorrhizal fungi, the distributions of orchid mycorrhizal fungi (OMF) at large spatial scales are not well understood. Here, we investigate the distribution and diversity of Ceratobasidium OMF in orchids and soils across the Australian continent.MethodsWe sampled 217 Ceratobasidium isolates from 111 orchid species across southern Australia and combined these with 311 Ceratobasidium sequences from GenBank. To estimate the taxonomic diversity of Ceratobasidium associating with orchids, phylogenetic analysis of the ITS sequence locus was undertaken. Sequence data from the continent-wide Australian Microbiome Initiative were used to determine the geographical range of operational taxonomic units (OTUs) detected in orchids, with the distribution and climatic correlates of the two most frequently detected OTUs modelled using MaxEnt.Key ResultsWe identified 23 Ceratobasidium OTUs associating with Australian orchids, primarily from the orchid genera Pterostylis, Prasophyllum, Rhizanthella and Sarcochilus. OTUs isolated from orchids were closely related to, but distinct from, known pathogenic fungi. Data from soils and orchids revealed that ten of these OTUs occur on both east and west sides of the continent, while 13 OTUs were recorded at three locations or fewer. MaxEnt models suggested that the distributions of two widespread OTUs are correlated with temperature and soil moisture of the wettest quarter and far exceeded the distributions of their host orchid species.ConclusionsCeratobasidium OMF with cross-continental distributions are common in Australian soils and frequently have geographical ranges that exceed that of their host orchid species, suggesting these fungi are not limiting the distributions of their host orchids at large spatial scales. Most OTUs were distributed within southern Australia, although several OTUs had distributions extending into central and northern parts of the continent, illustrating their tolerance of an extraordinarily wide range of environmental conditions.
The Effects of Lower vs Higher Cell Number of Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) on Hair Density and Diameter in Androgenetic Alopecia (AGA): A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo, Parallel-Group Half-Scalp IRB-Approved Study
Authors: Sasaki Gordon H 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is a common disorder in both males and females and may be improved by platelet-rich plasma (PRP) treatment.

Objectives
The aim of this study was to compare safety, efficacy, and satisfaction following treatment with a lower or higher number of platelets over 6 months.

Methods
This was a prospective randomized, double-blinded, placebo, parallel-group, half-scalp IRB-approved study involving 8 subjects with moderate AGA. Participants received intradermal PRP injections (baseline and Month 3), according to 2 treatment protocols (high vs low platelet numbers) to the frontal and crown portions of the hemiscalp and normal saline to control sites. Phototrichoscans were recorded at baseline and at 6 months, and global photography and subject and investigator satisfaction questionnaires were obtained at baseline, 3, and 6 months.

Results
At the end of 6-month evaluation period, both groups demonstrated absolute increases in total hair density, follicle diameter, and terminal hair density, as well as absolute and percentage changes at the frontal and crown targeted sites compared with baseline. These improvements tended to occur more often in areas treated with higher platelet numbers than with lower numbers. Vellus hair densities did not exhibit any significant changes with either PRP dosages. The investigator and 6 of the subjects were “satisfied” with the results at 3 months and no adverse reactions were associated with the treatments.

Conclusions
Intradermal injections with 2 therapeutic quantities of platelets were equally safe and efficacious for treating men and women with AGA. Higher numbers of platelets may have a greater effect than lower numbers of platelets in regard to hair density, follicle diameter, and terminal hair density but exhibited minimal effects on vellus hair densities at the 6-month evaluation point. Further studies are required to determine whether any significant advantages occur when delivering either lower or higher numbers of platelets in AGA treatments as long as therapeutic levels are administered.

Level of Evidence: 2
Morphological and Age-Related Changes in the Narcolepsy Brain
Authors: Fulong Xiao , Spruyt Karen , Xiaosong Dong , Zhaolong Cao , Jun Zhang , Fang Han 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Morphological changes in the cortex of narcolepsy patients were investigated by surface-based morphometry analysis in this study. Fifty-one type 1 narcolepsy patients and 60 demographically group-matched healthy controls provided resting-state functional and high-resolution 3T anatomical magnetic resonance imaging scans. Vertex-level cortical thickness (CT), gyrification, and voxel-wise functional connectivity were calculated. Adolescent narcolepsy patients showed decreased CT in bilateral frontal cortex and left precuneus. Adolescent narcolepsy demonstrated increased gyrification in left occipital lobe, left precuneus, and right fusiform but decreased gyrification in left postcentral gyrus, whereas adult narcolepsy exhibited increased gyrification in left temporal lobe and right frontal cortex. Furthermore, sleepiness severity was associated with altered CT and gyrification. Increased gyrification was associated with reduced long-range functional connectivity. In adolescent patients, those with more severe sleepiness showed increased right postcentral gyrification. Decreased frontal and occipital gyrification was found in cases with hallucination. In adult patients, a wide range of regions showed reduced gyrification in those with adolescence-onset compared adult-onset narcolepsy patients. Particularly the frontal lobes showed altered brain morphology, being a thinner cortex and more gyri. The impact of narcolepsy on age-related brain morphological changes may remain from adolescence to young adulthood, and it was especially exacerbated in adolescence.
Sex Differences in Cardiac Troponin I and T and the Prediction of Cardiovascular Events in the General Population
Authors: Kimenai Dorien M , Shah Anoop S V , McAllister David A , Lee Kuan Ken , Tsanas Athanasios , Meex Steven J R , Porteous David J , Hayward Caroline , Campbell Archie , Sattar Naveed , Mills Nicholas L , Welsh Paul 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Cardiac troponin concentrations differ in women and men, but how this influences risk prediction and whether a sex-specific approach is required is unclear. We evaluated whether sex influences the predictive ability of cardiac troponin I and T for cardiovascular events in the general population.

Methods
High-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) I and T were measured in the Generation Scotland Scottish Family Health Study of randomly selected volunteers drawn from the general population between 2006 and 2011. Cox-regression models evaluated associations between hs-cTnI and hs-cTnT and the primary outcome of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke.

Results
In 19 501 (58% women, mean age 47 years) participants, the primary outcome occurred in 2.7% (306/11 375) of women and 5.1% (411/8126) of men during the median follow-up period of 7.9 (IQR, 7.1–9.2) years. Cardiac troponin I and T concentrations were lower in women than men (P &lt; 0.001 for both), and both were more strongly associated with cardiovascular events in women than men. For example, at a hs-cTnI concentration of 10 ng/L, the hazard ratio relative to the limit of blank was 9.7 (95% CI 7.6–12.4) and 5.6 (95% CI 4.7–6.6) for women and men, respectively. The hazard ratio for hs-cTnT at a concentration of 10 ng/L relative to the limit of blank was 3.7 (95% CI 3.1–4.3) and 2.2 (95% CI 2.0–2.5) for women and men, respectively.

Conclusions
Cardiac troponin concentrations differ in women and men and are stronger predictors of cardiovascular events in women. Sex-specific approaches are required to provide equivalent risk prediction.