bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic-head space GC-MS analysis of volatile odorous compounds generated from unbleached and bleached pulps and effects on strength properties during ageing
Authors: Alam Izhar , Sood Swati , Sharma Chhaya 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Mixed hardwood unbleached (UB) and final bleached (FB) pulp along with the pulp of intermediate bleaching stages from an integrated paper mill have been undertaken for this study. Headspace GC-MS analysis of these pulps was made to identify the odorous compounds which are volatile organic compounds (VOCs), generated during ageing for 60 days. The result showed that a number of pre-generated VOCs such as aliphatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes are observed in the pulp sample which might be came from the process and it has been observed that upon ageing at ambient conditions, some acid functionalized VOC were generated in the pulp. The generation of these VOCs were established by ATR-FTIR analysis and the results showed that intensity of peak absorbance near 3340

cm

−
1

{\text{cm}^{-1}}

and 1641

cm

−
1

{\text{cm}^{-1}}

which represents the –OH stretching of acidic functional group and C=O stretch of aldehyde and acidic functional groups increased after ageing. Generation of acid functionalized volatile compounds were observed more in bleached pulp than in unbleached pulp. Degree of polymerization (DP) is pretty much related to the strength of paper. DP of both unbleached and bleached pulp gets reduced upon ageing while more reduction were observed in bleached pulp. Bleached pulps are more prone to degrade as compared to the unbleached pulp in terms of strength properties such as tensile index, breaking length, burst and double fold were observed. 12.3 % and 21.8 % reduction in tensile index was observed for UB and final bleached FB pulp respectively. Burst index of UB and FB pulp were found reduced to 23.8 % and 41.9 % respectively due to ageing. Reduction in the mechanical and optical properties was also observed in intermediate bleaching stages. There is much evidence for the contribution of VOCs to the degradation of paper. The results are strongly suggested that acid functionalized volatile compounds can have strong effects on degradation of cellulosic paper.
Zinc oxide pigments
Authors: Pfaff Gerhard 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Zinc oxide pigments belong besides titanium dioxide and zinc sulfide pigments to the most important inorganic whites. The pigments are mostly used in paints, coatings, artists’ colors, and cosmetics. Zinc oxide pigments are synthesized using various processes. The direct process (American process), the indirect process (French process), and the wet process have the greatest industrial importance for the production of ZnO pigments.
Sanktionierungsvorstellungen und Einstellungen des deutschen Justizpersonals im Strafrecht
Authors: Habermann Julia , Singelnstein Tobias 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Die Punitivitätsforschung der jüngeren Vergangenheit hat sich vor allem mit Sanktionierungsvorstellungen von Bürger*innen befasst, kaum mit solchen des Justizpersonals. Vor diesem Hintergrund untersucht der Beitrag – der auf Daten aus dem Forschungsprojekt „Punitivität im Vergleich“<fnote>Die Forschung wurde von der Mission de recherche droit et justice 2015 (2/6.02.02.27) des französischen Justizministeriums gefördert. Gegenstand der Förderung war die Umfrage, die Kirstin Drenkhahn, Fabien Jobard und Tobias Singelnstein zusammen mit einem Projekt von Sozialpsychologen der Universitäten Grenoble (Laurent Bègue) und Paris-Nanterre (Oulmann Zerhouni) durchgeführt haben.</fnote> und des daran anschließenden deutsch-französischen DFG/ANR-Projekts „Strafkulturen auf dem Kontinent“<fnote>Das deutsch-französische Forschungsprojekt „Strafkulturen auf dem Kontinent“, das Tobias Singelnstein gemeinsam mit Kirstin Drenkhahn und Fabien Jobard durchführt, geht in qualitativer und quantitativer Perspektive unter anderem der Frage nach, wie Strafeinstellungen und Strafwürdigkeitsvorstellungen in der Bevölkerung und der Justiz ausgestaltet sind. Nähere Informationen zu dem Projekt, das von DFG und ANR gefördert wird, sind unter http://cpc-strafkulturen.eu/de/projekt.html zu finden.</fnote> basiert – anhand einer Vignetten-Befragung von 800 Richter*innen und Staatsanwält*innen deren Sanktionierungsvorstellungen zu sieben unterschiedlichen Delikten der leichten und mittelschweren Kriminalität sowie deren Einstellungen zu ihrem Beruf und zu kriminalpolitischen Fragen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das deutsche Justizpersonal recht gezielt und gleichförmig sanktioniert. Wie erwartet kommt der Vorstrafenbelastung für die Sanktionierungsvorstellungen erhebliche Bedeutung zu. Aber auch der soziale Hintergrund der Täter*innen beeinflusst die Sanktionierung eines Teils der Befragten. Abschließend wurden anhand des Sanktionierungsverhaltens Gruppen milder und strenger Sanktionierender gebildet und untersucht, ob diese Gruppen anhand von Einstellungen und Merkmalen klarer zu bestimmen sind.
Vom kollektiven zum individualisierten Aufstieg?
Authors: Böning Anja , Blome Frerk , Möller Christina 
Published: April 2021

Zusammenfassung
Der Beitrag stellt die Ergebnisse einer Interviewstudie mit aus statusniedrigen Herkunftsgruppen stammenden Juraprofessoren vor. In der Analyse wurden die Aufstiegsnarrative der Professoren fokussiert, die, so der zentrale Befund, eng mit der Kohortenzugehörigkeit der Erzählenden verknüpft sind. Dabei lässt sich feststellen, dass sich die biographischen Narrative mit gesellschaftlichen Transformationsprozessen und veränderten normativen Leitbildern im Zeitverlauf wandeln. Während die Professoren älterer Kohorten in ihren Narrativen vor allem Gelegenheitsstrukturen eine hohe Relevanz zuschreiben, sind es Professoren jüngerer Kohorten, die individuumsbezogene Narrative bemühen, indem sie die Bedeutung von Begabung und Ehrgeiz für den gelingenden Aufstieg herausstellen.
Comparative spasmolytic effect between Cinnamomum tamala and Cinnamomum verum leaf essential oils and eugenol through in vitro and in silico approaches
Authors: Chakraborty Anubhav , Sankaran Vishwam , Murugan Ramar , Chellappan David Raj 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Cinnamomum tamala and Cinnamomum verum are known for their folk medicinal usage in treating gastrointestinal ailments. The spasmolytic activity of essential oils was studied using isolated rat ileum. The results indicate that C. tamala, despite having a lower content of eugenol (60%), shows a spasmolytic potential of 68.01 ± 2.63% (EC50 = 110.12 ± 13.58 μg/mL) while C. verum with rich eugenol (80%) shows lesser spasmolytic potential (38.96 ± 0.63%) and fails to attain an EC50 value. Upon comparison with standard eugenol’s percentage of spasmolytic (35.68 ± 2.57%), it is evident that the action of these essential oils does not solely rely on the major component but the synergistic role in association with other components of the mixture influences the pharmacological action of the essential oils. In silico docking of phytochemicals of leaf essential oils with M2 (M2AChR) and M3 muscarinic (M3AChR) and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) was carried out to determine the type of receptors through which the essential oils had spasmolytic potential. The binding affinity for eugenol with nAChR shows a better docking score than M2AChR and M3AChR.
Do socioeconomic factors and primary care model affect early breast cancer diagnosis in a cohort of breast cancer patients in an urban Canadian centre?
Authors: Li Jennifer , Cornacchi Sylvie , Farrokhyar Forough , Forbes Shawn , Reid Susan , Hodgson Nicole , Lovrics Sarah , Lucibello Kristen , Lovrics Peter 
Published: April 2021

Objectives: Studies have shown an association between socioeconomic status (SES) and breast cancer (BC) treatment and diagnosis. We examined the relationship between SES, primary care physician (PCP) model and early detection of BC, as defined by asymptomatic screening and early stage at diagnosis, in a universal healthcare system.
Methods: Data were collected for consecutive patients diagnosed with BC from January 2010 to December 2011.Variables included patient and disease factors, type of PCP, stage at diagnosis and method of tumour identification. Area-level SES variables were obtained from 2006 Canadian census data. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify predictors of early BC diagnosis. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were reported.
Results: Results: A total of 721 patients were treated for breast cancer during the 2-year period. Predictors of early diagnosis through screening included: patients aged 51-70 (OR 4.3, 95% CI:2.6-7.2), BMI > 30 (1.5, 1.0-2.3), not employed (0.5, 0.3-0.8), and previous screening within 2 years (3.0, 2.0-4.4). Predictors of diagnosis at an early stage were having a 1st degree relative with breast cancer (2.2, 1.3-3.8) and having screening at an Ontario Breast Screening Program (2.9, 1.6-5.2).
Conclusion: Certain patient variables such as age and family history, predicted the likelihood of early detection of BC by asymptomatic screening and diagnosis at an early stage. In our urban cohort of BC patients, SES factors were not found to be predictors of early detection of BC
An interactive after-school nutrition and culinary education program for primary school students: The evaluation and efficacy of changing food-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour
Authors: Lovrics Olivia , Plourde Hugues , Hendrickson Mary , Frasier Beccah 
Published: April 2021

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of a 10-week afterschool nutrition and culinary education program in changing the culinary and nutritional behaviour, attitudes and knowledge of its 9-11-year-old participants, as assessed by parents and children.
Methods: Retrospective matched-pairs analysis of secondary pre-post survey data collected by Boîte à Lunch (BàL). Children (n=165-197; grades 4 and 5) and parents (n=53-57) who signed-up for the BàL workshops. The program was comprised of ten-week (2 hours/week) bilingual (French and English) themed sessions led by trained educators with focus on culinary skill development, nutrition education and hands-on cooking. Secondary objectives include: team-work, kitchen hygiene, compost, understanding of food systems. Workshops were held in community centres and schools in Montreal, Canada. Changes were analyzed using the expanded exact McNemar-Bowker test with a Bonferroni-adjusted significance level of 0.001631.
Results: Culinary skill and knowledge improved based on all 23 measures (all p<0.001631). Of the six measures assessed for change in attitude, three were significantly improved. Of the two items used to asses a change of behaviour, one was significantly improved. 2 stand-alone post-workshop questions suggest a positive trend for improvements in each.
Conclusion: Knowledge and culinary skill of youth can be improved through nutrition education and hands-on cooking. Culinary and nutritional attitudes and behaviours may be improved; further research is needed.
Multiple Sclerosis: Unraveling the Neuropathology and Mechanisms of Neurodegeneration
Authors: Visva Samantha , Oliveria John Paul 
Published: April 2021

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a debilitating autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system, and has been the focus of intense research for the past 20 years. A better understanding of immune-related pathogenic mechanisms is necessary for the development of: (1) novel methods to monitor disease progression, (2) earlier diagnoses through unveiling new biomarkers, and (3) the invention of more effective and personalized MS treatments therapies. Several disease modifying treatments (e.g., natalizumab, fingolimod and beta interferons) have been approved for MS; however with no cure, the current treatment paradigm has shifted to the notion of ‘no evident disease activity’. While many of these Food and Drug Administration approved MS treatments have been shown to reduce the number of relapses and lesions, the paradox concerning MS treatments, namely the overuse of T cell activation as a target, necessitates the need for identifying entirely new contributors to disease pathology. MS pathogenesis has been
associated with many theories, ranging from the release of proinflammatory cytokines from macrophages and microglial cells to B cell-derived demyelinating antibodies. As such, these hypotheses should be considered in addition to the role of T cells when developing novel MS treatment plans and identifying aligning biomarkers. Recently, clinical trials (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00040482, NCT00342134, and NCT00342134) investigating autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation have demonstrated success in MS. Future research should focus on identifying non-invasive biomarkers, such as blood concentrations of miRNAs, as an indication of underlying pathology and to aid in early diagnosis, tracking disease progression and identifying more effective and personalized MS treatments.
Concentrations of nine endogenous steroid hormones in 70-year-old men and women
Authors: Penell Johanna Christina , Kushnir Mark M , Lind Lars , Bergquist Jonatan , Bergquist Jonas , Lind P Monica , Naessen Tord 
Published: April 2021

Objectives
Circulating concentrations of endogenous steroids have systemic implications on health in elderly. However, population-based age- and ethnicity-specific data are scarce. The aim was to report sex-specific plasma concentrations of endogenous sex and adrenal steroids in elderly Swedish Caucasians, to examine the impact of BMI and to present concentrations in apparently healthy subjects.

Methods
A population-based observational study of 70-year olds, including 684 community-dwelling men and women enrolled in the PIVUS study, Sweden. Median plasma concentrations were determined using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for pregnenolone, 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxy-progesterone, 11-deoxycortisol, DHEA, androstenedione, testosterone, estrone and estradiol.

Results
Plasma concentrations were significantly higher in men (n = 452) than in women (n = 232) for estradiol: median 61.3 pmol/L (95% CI, 11.4, 142.7) vs 18.4 (4.0, 127.3), for estrone: 92.8 (33.3, 206) vs 71.6 (17.8, 209) pmol/L, and for testosterone 13.8 (5.7, 28.0) vs 0.7 (0.2, 2.0) nmol/L. Higher concentrations of estrone and estradiol were observed in obese than non-obese women. Compared to non-obese men, obese men had lower concentrations of testosterone and its precursors: 17-hydroxypregnenolone, 17-hydroxyprogesterone, androstenedione and DHEA. The subgroup of apparently healthy individuals had median values > 20% lower for estrone and estradiol in women but slightly higher for testosterone in both sexes.

Conclusions
Concentrations of estradiol, estrone and testosterone were higher in 70-year-old men than in women. BMI associated positively to estradiol and estrone in women and negatively to testosterone in men. Apparently healthy women had lower median concentrations of estradiol and estrone and men had higher median testosterone compared to all individuals.
Prognostic Models Predicting Mortality in Preterm Infants: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: van Beek Pauline E. , Andriessen Peter , Onland Wes , Schuit Ewoud 
Published: April 2021

CONTEXT
Prediction models can be a valuable tool in performing risk assessment of mortality in preterm infants.

OBJECTIVE
Summarizing prognostic models for predicting mortality in very preterm infants and assessing their quality.

DATA SOURCES
Medline was searched for all articles (up to June 2020).

STUDY SELECTION
All developed or externally validated prognostic models for mortality prediction in liveborn infants born &lt;32 weeks’ gestation and/or &lt;1500 g birth weight were included.

DATA EXTRACTION
Data were extracted by 2 independent authors. Risk of bias (ROB) and applicability assessment was performed by 2 independent authors using Prediction model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool.

RESULTS
One hundred forty-four models from 36 studies reporting on model development and 118 models from 34 studies reporting on external validation were included. ROB assessment revealed high ROB in the majority of the models, most often because of inadequate (reporting of) analysis. Internal and external validation was lacking in 42% and 94% of these models. Meta-analyses revealed an average C-statistic of 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83–0.91) for the Clinical Risk Index for Babies score, 0.87 (95% CI: 0.81–0.92) for the Clinical Risk Index for Babies II score, 0.86 (95% CI: 0.78–0.92) for the Score for Neonatal Acute Physiology Perinatal Extension II score and 0.71 (95% CI 0.61–0.79) for the NICHD model.

LIMITATIONS
Occasionally, an external validation study was included, but not the development study, because studies developed in the presurfactant era or general NICU population were excluded.

CONCLUSIONS
Instead of developing additional mortality prediction models for preterm infants, the emphasis should be shifted toward external validation and consecutive adaption of the existing prediction models.
The load-bearing behaviour of a reinforced concrete beam investigated by optical measuring techniques
Authors: Hüsken Götz , Pirskawetz Stephan , Hofmann Detlef , Basedau Frank , Gründer Klaus-Peter , Kadoke Daniel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBending beams and slabs are typical examples for structural elements used for reinforced concrete structures such as bridge girders, T-beams and bridge decks. Their strength related failure modes at maximum loading can be divided into bending and shear failure. The failure of beams loaded in bending can occur with or without indication. Therefore, conventional design concepts aim on failure modes with sufficient indication (e.g. large deflections or cracks), as it occurs in the case of secondary flexural compression failure. These indicating factors can also be used for Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) of civil infrastructure systems (e.g. bridges) to identify structural changes. In this context, non-destructive testing (NDT) methods offer different techniques for measuring deflections or crack formation and opening. However, profound knowledge on the determining failure modes of bending beams and their detection by NDT methods is required for the reliable application of SHM. Different NDT methods have been used in this study for analysing the load-bearing behaviour of a reinforced concrete beam in bending. The different measuring techniques are briefly described and their applicability is discussed by means of experimental results. For this purpose, the load-bearing behaviour of a reinforced concrete beam having a span of 2.75 m was investigated in a four-point bending flexural test at laboratory scale. The focus is on the characterization of determining failure modes by optical NDT and the comparison with classical measuring techniques (e.g. deformation measurements by displacement transducers). The bending beam was equipped with two single-mode (SM) sensor fibres. One fibre served as Distributed Optical Fibre Sensor (DOFS), whereas the other fibre contained Fibre Bragg Grating (FBG) sensors. In addition, optical deformation measurements using Digital Image Correlation (DIC) and Stereophotogrammetry (SP) were conducted.
Hispanic Acculturation: Associations with Family Planning Behaviors and Attitudes
Authors: Chamberlain Rachel , Fatehi Mary , Fogel Joshua , Kulyn Jacob 
Published: April 2021

INTRODUCTION. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of Hispanic acculturation in the United States (US) with family planning behaviors and attitudes.
METHODS. Surveys of 225 Hispanic women were collected that used acculturation measures of number of years lived in US and the Short Acculturation Scale for Hispanics (SASH) along with questions about family planning behaviors including birth control use, sterilization, and abortion.
RESULTS. SASH-Language statistically differed (p=0.03) where those with ‘yes birth control’ had significantly lower English acculturation (M=6.10, SD=1.77) than those with ‘no birth control’ (M=7.00, SD=3.16). Greater US acculturation on SASH-Ethnic Social Relations was positively associated with the attitude that finances are important when considering to have children (r=0.18, p<0.05). Number of years lived in the US was positively associated with the attitude that it is a woman’s personal choice to have an elective termination of pregnancy (r=0.19, p<0.01).
CONCLUSIONS. Healthcare providers should consider patient acculturation level when discussing family planning topics. It is possible that a more detailed explanation concerning the reasons for family planning is necessary when discussing family planning topics with Hispanic patients who exhibit higher levels of English language acculturation.
The development of group healing storytelling model in multicultural counselling services in Indonesian schools: Examination of disciplinary cases
Authors: Fatchurahman M. , Setiawan M. A. , Karyanti K. 
Published: April 2021

Introduction. Discipline is a form of behaviour reflecting responsibility in a person and is essential to be applied to students. However, in reality, many students commit disciplinary violations at school. Therefore, social care teachers must provide innovative services to eliminate disciplinary violations. One such example is the narrative storytelling model presented in the form of healing stories, which can be applied to develop knowledge, feeling, social skills, and appreciation. Storytelling can play a very helpful role in counselling because stories reflect cultural laws, ethics, as well as in governing daily rules behaviour and guide decision-making.Aim. The current research is aimed to demonstrate group healing storytelling model in multicultural counselling services in schools for disciplinary case management.Methodology and research methods. This research methodology is based on the ADDIE (Analysis Design Development Implementation Evaluations) model. The participants of this study were 60 students at Muhammadiyah Palangkaraya Senior High School (Palangkaraya, Indonesia). The research instruments for the verification of group healing storytelling model in multicultural counselling services involved front group discussion (FGD), questionnaires, and Likert scale to examine student discipline data.Results and scientific novelty. The present research provides group healing storytelling model based in multicultural counselling services by applying aspects of local culture in Indonesia, namely ‘Huma Betang' (local culture in central Kalimantan, Indonesia). The authors developed a narrative storytelling model consisting of objectives and intervention stages. The strengths and weaknesses of this model were analysed. Based on the data analysis, this model can be used to improve disciplinary behaviour. The results of statistical analysis show that disciplinary behaviour has increased after the provision of healing storytelling services.Practical significance. Based on the research results, the authors recommend this model for disciplinary case handlers. This model is also effective to integrate the components of socio-cultural context in curriculum planning. The present model is easily to accept because it has the uniformity with the culture of counsellee. However, it is limited to a cultural context, so it will be complicated to implement it in a different cultural environment.