bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antiproliferative activity of CD44 siRNA-PEI-PEG nanoparticles in glioblastoma
Authors: Mahinfar Parvaneh , Mokhtarzadeh Ahad , Baradaran Behzad , Siasi Torbati Elham 
Published: November 2021

Background and purpose:
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most invasive type of cancer which starts inside the brain. GBM cells were found to have similar properties to glioblastoma cancer stem cells. CD44 can be used as a marker of the cancer stem cells in a subset of glioblastoma tumor cells. Recent studies showed that CD44 is involved in developing cancer cells via the protein kinase B (PKB or AKT) signaling pathway. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the CD44 mRNA silencing effects on the glioblastoma cell cycle via AKT signaling pathway.

Experimental approach:
To determine CD44 expression in the samples of the patients with GBM, we used the analysis of data extracted from TCGA database. qRT-PCR and western blotting were used to evaluate the expression level of genes and proteins. Different cell cycles were evaluated by DAPI staining and flow cytometry.

Findings/Results:
Bioinformatics results showed that CD44 expression level in GBM tumor samples is higher than in normal samples. Effects of poly (ethylene imine)-polyethylene glycol (PEI-PEG)-loaded CD44 siRNA in cell cycle showed that CD44 silencing could inhibit cell cycle in G0-G1 phase by more than 20% compared to the negative control (P < 0.05). Furthermore, PEI-PEG-loaded CD44 siRNA reduces the expression of cyclin D1 and CKD-4. According to our findings, this structure also prevented AKT phosphorylation at Thr-308 and Ser-473.

Conclusion and implications:
Our results suggest that PEI-PEG-loaded CD44 siRNA may attenuate the cell cycle by suppressing AKT signaling pathway.
Determination of plasma and erythrocyte levels of copper, magnesium and zinc by atomic absorption spectrometry in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Omidian Amin , Pourfarzam Morteza , Ghanadian Seyed Mostafa , Zadhoush Fouzieh 
Published: November 2021

Background and purpose:
Imbalance in blood levels of trace elements is independent risk factor for metabolic syndrome (MetS), type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and its complications. This study investigated plasma and erythrocyte levels of copper, magnesium, zinc, and their correlations with biochemical components of the MetS in T2DM patients compared to the healthy controls.

Experimental approach:
Forty men recently diagnosed T2DM with MetS without complications and thirty six age-matched healthy controls were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Plasma and erythrocyte levels of selected elements were measured by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy.

Findings/Results:
The results of the present study showed significantly lower plasma levels of copper, magnesium, and zinc and lower erythrocytes copper in the patients’ group compared to the controls; while erythrocyte levels of magnesium and zinc were not significantly different between the two groups. Significant negative correlations were observed between plasma levels of copper with waist and hip circumferences, waist to hip ratio, systolic and diastolic blood pressures, fasting blood glucose, and glycated hemoglobin levels in all subjects; while erythrocyte copper levels showed significant negative correlation with triglyceride, and erythrocyte zinc was positively correlated with diastolic blood pressure and negatively with triglyceride.

Conclusion and implications:
Alterations of trace elements may have a significant role in the pathogenesis of MetS and T2DM patients. It is suggested that the body status of copper, magnesium, and zinc might be significantly correlated with components of MetS in T2DM patients; and plasma copper levels may be correlated with complications of type 2 diabetes mellitus.
A cross-sectional descriptive study of clinical and serological prevalence of syphilis infection in people living with HIV and its effect on CD4+ T cells
Authors: Behara Suresh Kumar , Bindu Satti Surya Amrutha 
Published: November 2021

Context:
The natural history of syphilis could be altered in the presence of HIV. It has been documented that syphilis infection increases the risk of HIV transmission by at least 3-fold.

Aims:
The aim of the study was (1) to study clinical presentation of syphilis in HIV individuals, (2) to estimate seroprevalence of syphilis in HIV individuals, and (3) to study the effect of syphilis infection on CD4+ T cells.

Subjects and Methods:
HIV-positive patients attending sexually transmitted infection clinic for a period of 1 year from June 2017 to May 2018 in the age group of 15–70 years were included in the study. A detailed history was taken; genital and dermatological examination was done. All patients were tested with VDRL and treponema pallidum hemagglutination assay (TPHA). Pearson's Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables and Student's t-test was used to compare continuous variables.

Results:
Out of ninety study population, nine (10%) had clinical manifestations of syphilis. VDRL was positive with significant titers in all cases of syphilis. TPHA was positive in 88.9% of cases with clinical syphilis and 17.3% of cases without clinical manifestations of syphilis. Mean CD4 count was low among patients having syphilis infection compared to study population.

Conclusion:
This study shows high prevalence of syphilis in HIV and highlights the importance of preventing and promptly treating syphilis in people living with HIV, as the active infection is associated with fall in CD4 count, which leads to opportunistic infections.
Can gastric botulinum toxin A injection be used as minimally invasive procedure in the short-term treatment of obesity?
Authors: Özdil Kamil , AK Çağatay , Sayar Süleyman , Aykut Hüseyin , Kılıç Ebru Tarıkçı 
Published: November 2021

Background/Aim:
Gastric botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) injection is a type of endoscopic obesity treatment option that delays gastric emptying. However, there is little and contradictory information concerning the treatment efficacy of BTX-A injection. This study evaluated the treatment efficacy of BTX-A injection in the treatment of obesity.

Materials and Methods:
This was an open-label, prospective study of obese individuals with a body mass index >30 kg/m2 admitted to our clinic. The sample consisted of 72 consecutive treatment-naive patients with obesity divided into age–sex-matched three groups: gastric BTX-A injection (study group), calorie-restricted (15–20 Kcal/kg) diet (control) and bariatric surgery (BS) (control) groups. İn the study group, 200 IU BTX-A was injected to the antrum and corpus endoscopically. The study and control groups were compared for their total body weight loss (TBWL) and excess body weight loss (EBWL) at the 6th month.

Results:
Gastric BTX-A injection therapy was applied to 24 patients. The mean age was 39.1 ± 9.1/years. 54.1% of the patients (n = 13) was female. At the 6th month, the mean TBWL and EBWL of patients were; 10% ±4.1 and 37.2% ±13.9 for gastric BTXA injection group, 5% ±2.3 and 20.2% ±9.3 for diet group, 30.7% ±5.3 and 66.9% ±14.4 for BS group. Patients who underwent gastric BTX-A injection lost weight more effectively than patients who were on diet alone, while BS patients lost weight more effectively than those who had gastric BTX-A injection (P < 0.001). In the gastric BXT-A injection group, the first 3-month delta EBWL and TBWL (change of EBWL and TBWL percentages) were found significantly higher than the 3–6th month and 6–12th month (P = 0.001 and P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
Gastric BTX-A injection is a minimally invasive and short-term effective method that can be used in the treatment of obesity.
A propensity score-matched analysis of laparoscopic versus open surgical radical resection for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumor
Authors: Xu ZhaoHui , Qu Hui , Ren YanYing , Gong ZeZhong , Kanani George , Zhang Fan , Shao Shuai , Chen XiaoLiang , Chen Xin 
Published: November 2021

Background:
Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GIST). However, the choice of surgical approach for gastric GIST remains controversial.

Aims and Objectives:
To evaluate the short- and long-term efficacies of laparoscopic surgery versus conventional open surgery for gastric GIST.

Materials and Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed 148 patients with gastric GIST at our hospital between January 2013 and January 2020. The patients were categorised into the following two groups based on the surgery performed: The laparoscopic surgery group (LG) and the open surgery group (OG). Differences in the tumour size, surgical procedures and modified National Institutes of Health classification were statistically significant. To balance the intergroup confounders, we performed 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM).

Results:
A total of 104 patients were selected after PSM (52 in each group). We focused on the short- and long- term outcomes of patients. The baseline information was balanced between the two groups after PSM. The LG benefited from the advantages of a minimally invasive surgery (faster gastrointestinal function recovery, shorter time to drainage tube removal, less blood loss and shorter hospitalisation period), however, it also had high treatment costs. Moreover, both laparoscopic and open surgeries resulted in similar intra-operative and post-operative complications rates, overall survival time and disease-free survival time.

Conclusion:
Laparoscopic resection is feasible and oncologically safe for GIST. However, more prospective studies are required to confirm the findings.
Determination of Postmortem Interval by Estimating CSF Proteins Concentration after Death, by Dye Binding Method at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Farooq Arooj , Abbas Aatiqa , Rasheed Arif 
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Postmortem interval (PMI) is the time lapse between death of a person and its postmortem examination i.e. autopsy. Estimating the postmortem interval (PMI) is an imperative perspective of forensic medicine.
Aims & Objectives: This study was conducted to see the impact of CSF protein estimation on determination of PMI.
Place and duration of study: It was an observational correlational study, conducted for one year at Department of Forensic Medicine, King Edward Medical University Lahore.
Material & Methods: A total of 119 cadavers were included in this study. Chemicals used were disodium molybdate, pyrogallol, succinic acid. The minimum detectable concentration of total proteins in CSF with dye binding method using pyrogallol red was determined as 0.022g/l. Two ml of CSF was taken from each cadaver. Clear, colorless samples were taken in test tubes. Turbid and blood contained samples were not included in study. Protein concentration was determined using photospectrometry. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS-23. Quantitative variables like age were presented as mean ± SD. Qualitative variables like gender were presented as frequency and percentages. For comparison between PMI and CSF proteins concentration correlation was applied.
Results: Males accounted for majority of our subjects. The mean value of proteins in CSF was 219.91± 113.121 mg/dl. The most common PMI was 11 to 20 hours. CSF proteins increased gradually over 72 hours after death. The results of present study showed a significant positive correlation between time of death and CSF proteins concentration after death.
Conclusion: It is observed that as a whole protein concentration increased with increasing time of death. Hence, CSF protein concentration can be used in estimating time since death.
Effect of Honey on Orthodontic Tooth Movement and Osteoclastic Activity in Psychologically Stressed Animals
Authors: Abid Reem , Ilyas Muhammad Sharjeel , Rubi Ghazala , Ahsan Amna , Shakeel Sadia , Ahmed Arfa 
Published: November 2021

Introduction: Orthodontics is a clinical specialty in dentistry related to the correction of dentofacial deformities. Psychological stress factors delay Orthodontic tooth movement (OTM). Honey can be considered a useful and harmless natural product to reduce stress levels, hence improves the efficacy of OTM.
Aims & Objectives: To compare the differences in the rate of tooth movement and osteoclastic activity between control, psychologically stressed and honey treated psychologically stressed groups after 1 week of orthodontic force application in an animal model.
Place and duration of study: This experimental study was conducted at the animal research laboratory and Histopathology Department of Post Graduate Medical Institute (PGMI), Lahore, Pakistan, from April 2019 to June 2020.
Material & Methods: Thirty-six Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into A, B and C groups. Psychological Stress was induced in group A (PS group) while Honey was given orally as a therapeutic agent along with induction of psychological stress in group B (PSH group), and group C was the Control Group. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 24 software. The quantitative variables were the orthodontic tooth movement, the osteoclast count, and the expression of RANKL. One-way ANOVA was applied to calculate the mean difference and Post hoc Tukey test applied for multiple comparisons among the groups. A p-value ? 0.05 was considered statistically significant in all 3 groups.
Results: There was a significant difference (p-value <0.05) between control and experimental groups in the orthodontic tooth movement and levels of RANKL, however, there was no significant difference between PS and PSH groups.
Conclusion: Psychological stress delays orthodontic tooth movement by causing a reduction in its rate and osteoclastic activity and honey has no significant correlation with lowering stress levels, hence does not improve orthodontic tooth movement efficiency.
Vaccine Hesitancy in Parents: Role of Social Networks, Social Media, and Parental Autonomy
Authors: Shneyderman Yuliya , Vogelzang Jody , Kanekar Amar 
Published: November 2021

Introduction. Vaccine hesitancy in parents is a composite of multiple dimensions such as confidence, complacency, and convenience. A large proportion of parents can be deemed vaccine hesitant, meaning that their vaccine behaviors can range from delaying vaccines, skipping select vaccines, to refusal of all vaccinations. Furthermore, parental vaccine uptake rates and patterns can reflect their decisions based on the balance of parental autonomy versus protecting population health. The current manuscript uses Social Network Theory to explain some of the external influences on parental autonomy. Social networks, both private and public, play a role in vaccine decision making through providing information and support for parents in their choices. This influence, in turn, is mediated by parents’ health literacy and local vaccination policy. Discussion. Social media is an important type of public network that has an outsized influence on vaccine hesitancy. The rhetoric used on anti-vaccine websites often denigrates scientific evidence while at the same time endorsing poor-quality evidence that supports the anti-vaccine point of view. The websites continually propose new hypotheses of how vaccines can cause harm when studies refute their previous assertions, censor critics, and attack people with opposing viewpoints. The contentious nature of vaccine hesitancy based on beliefs, opinions, and attitudes needs a solution much deeper than simply providing factual knowledge or pointing people to reliable websites. Recommendations. Public health practitioners and researchers should try segmenting audiences, targeting private and public social networks, and then testing which persuasive strategies towards vaccinations appeal to different community groups.
Association between senescence of T cells and disease activity in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Kalim Handono , Singgih Wahono Cesarius , Petriana Oktarini Permana Bunga , Zaka Pratama Mirza , Handono Kusworini 
Published: November 2021

IntroductionSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients are predisposed to chronic immune activation, leading to accelerated immunosenescence. The aging of the immune system causes the T cells to express several senescence markers such as CD57 and KLRG1, which produce pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon  (IFN-). Immunosenescence was associated with high morbidity and mortality in other diseases. This research was conducted to prove the association between senescent T cells and SLE disease activity.Material and methodsThis research was an observational cross-sectional study on 53 women aged 16–45 years diagnosed with SLE based on SLICC 2012 criteria. All subjects were recorded for demographic and clinical data, and their SLE disease activity index (SLEDAI) score was measured to evaluate disease activity. Active disease was defined as SLEDAI score ≥ 3. The CD57 antigen and KLRG1 expression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were calculated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by flow cytometry. Interferon  was measured from serum using ELISA. The comparison was done using the Mann-Whitney test, and correlation was tested using the Spearman test. Associations between variables were calculated using linear regression models.ResultsSystemic lupus erythematosus patients with active disease had markedly higher CD4+KLRG1+ (3.1 [1.3–5.5]% vs. (0.3 [0.1–0.5]%), CD8+CD57+ (11.6 ±7.1% vs. 2.4 ±2.0%, p = 0.000), and CD8+KLRG1+ T cell percentages (13.7 ±7.5% vs. 0.3 ±0.1%, p = 0.000), and IFN- levels (208.9 [148.3–233.8] vs. 146.7 [130.2–210.8] pg/ml, p = 0.048), compared to the inactive patients. Positive correlation and association was found between the CD8+CD57+ and CD8+KLRG1+ percentages with the SLEDAI score (p = 0.007 and p = 0.007, for the linear regression analysis, respectively).ConclusionsSystemic lupus erythematosus patients showed significantly higher senescence T cell markers compared to controls, and the increase of T cell senescence, especially in the CD8 compartment, has some association with increased disease activity in patients with SLE.
Fascismo amistoso
Authors: Sheehan Thomas 
Published: November 2021

Este artículo no es tanto acerca de El Salvador, como lo es sobre la función que ha tenido Estados Unidos en este país. Se refiere menos a la muerte de Ellacuría y sus compañeros que acerca de lo que esas muertes representan. "Nosotros, americanos, financiamos el conflicto sangriento, entregando caudales de dinero a la guardia y al gobierno de El Salvador hasta llegar a cifras de 6 billones de dólares ... " ¿Habrá sido la guerra de Estados Unidos en El Salvador un ejercicio de fascismo? ¿Cuál fue la verdadera razón de la guerra y por qué Estados Unidos gastaría esa extravagante cantidad de dinero en este pequeño país?
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 53, No. 601-602, 1998: 1037-1066.
Economía, política y violencia. Así piensan los salvadoreños a fines de 1998
Authors: De Opinión Pública Instituto Universitario 
Published: November 2021

Entre el 12 y el 15 de diciembre de 1998, el IUDOP realizó un sondeo de opinión pública con una muestra de 1,239 adultos en todo el país, con un margen de error de más o menos el cuatro por ciento. La encuesta, diseñada para recoger la opinión de los salvadoreños a finales de 1998, revela que la población piensa que la delincuencia ha aumentado en el año que termina y que el problema económico sigue estando igual que antes, aunque hacen mayor énfasis en la pobreza y el desempleo. La pesquisa reveló también que los salvadoreños no están muy entusiasmados por la campaña electoral, y que el partido de gobierno mantiene una ventaja notable en las preferencias ciudadanas de cara a las elecciones presidenciales de 1999.
ECA Estudios Centroamericanos, Vol. 53, No. 601-602, 1998: 1067-1080.
Relationship between Budget Deficit and Economic Growth: Evidence from Ethiopia
Authors: Emana Desalegn 
Published: November 2021

This study examined the relationship between budget deficit and economic growth in Ethiopia using time series data for the period 1991 to 2019 by applying the ARDL bounds testing approach. The empirical results indicate that budget deficit and economic growth in Ethiopia have a negative relationship in the long run, and have a weak positive association in the short run. In line with this, in the long run, a one percent increase in the budget deficit causes a 1.43 percent decline in the economic growth of the country. This result is consistent with the neoclassical view which says budget deficits are bad for economic growth during stimulating periods. Moreover, in the long run, the variables trade openness and inflation have a positive impact on Ethiopian economic growth, and on the other hand, the economic growth of Ethiopia is negatively affected by the nominal exchange rate in the long run. Apart from this, in the long run, gross capital formation and lending interest rates have no significant impact on the economic growth of the country. Therefore, the study recommends the government should manage its expenditure and mobilize the resources to generate more revenue to address the negative impact of the budget deficit on economic growth.
La fiscalidad como expresión del tipo de Estado
Authors: González Jorge Iván 
Published: November 2021

En medio de la pandemia, y frente a las incertidumbres del futuro, el Marco Fiscal de Mediano Plazo, elaborado por el Ministerio de Hacienda para el período 2021-2031, muestra que la crisis no ha llevado al gobierno a replantear el tipo de Estado. Colombia seguiría con una intervención pública muy débil. Además de mostrar la inconveniencia de continuar con un Estado raquítico, el artículo pone en tela de juicio el modelo de proyección basado en el equilibrio estacionario. A partir de esta lógica estrecha se termina concluyendo, de manera equivocada, que el crecimiento inmediato de la economía colombiana será en forma V.
PENGARUH BUAH TOMAT (SOLANUM LYCOPERSICUM) TERHADAP PENINGKATAN NAFSU MAKAN TIKUS PUTIH (RATUS NORVEGICUS STAIN WISTAR)
Authors: Ajiningtyas Eko Sari , Hilda Christiani Mutiara , Aruna Lala 
Published: November 2021

Masalah kesehatan dijumpai di kalangan anak prasekolah/TK adalah berkurangnya nafsu makan anak makin meningkat. Makanan yang disuguhkan ibu harus mengandung unsur nutrisi serta sejumlah vitamin, mineral, dan serat seperti buah tomat. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menganalisis pengaruh jus buah tomat terhadap peningkatan nafsu makan pada tikus putih (Ratus Novergicus Stain Wistar). Desain penelitian adalah true eksperimental dengan pendekatan metode pretest-posttest with control group. Populasinya tikus putih (ratus novergicus stain wistar), dengan sampel 20 tikus, tekhnik purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data dengan observasi. Hasil penelitian pada kelompok kontrol peningkatan berat badan rata-rata 0,12 gr – 0,37 gr dan porsi makan rata-rata 0,04 gr – 0,86 gr. Sedangkan pada kelompok perlakuan peningkatan berat badan rata-rata 0,63 gr – 5,33 gr dan peningkatan porsi makan rata-rata 0,04 gr– 3,14 gr.Analisis Uji Uji T sampel beerpasangan didapatkan hasil nilai sig (2-tailed): 0,000 dan a: 0,05, jadi <a sehingga H0 ditolak dan H1 diterima, artinya ada pengaruh buah tomat (solanum lycopersicum) terhadap nafsu makan tikus putih (ratus novergicus stain wistar), dengan kekuatan pengaruh 95% dan arah pengaruh positif.Masyarakat yang mempunyai anak usia pra sekolah untuk memberikan buah tomat setiap hari dengan tujuan meningkatkan nafsu makan anak sehingga tumbuh kembang anak dapat berkembang dengan baik.