bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain deficits in prediabetic adults: A systematic review
Authors: Furlano Joyla A. , Horst Becky R. , Nagamatsu Lindsay S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPrevious findings on the relationship between prediabetes (the precursor stage of type 2 diabetes) and brain health in humans are inconsistent. Thus, this systematic review of cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies aimed to summarize what is currently known about brain deficits in prediabetic adults. Following the PRISMA reporting standards for systematic reviews, we conducted a comprehensive review of peer‐reviewed journal articles published from 2009 to present, focusing on studies that assessed brain volume, structural connectivity, and cerebrovascular health in prediabetic adults and older adults (i.e., 18 years or older). We systematically searched PsychINFO, Scopus, Web of Science, Ovid MEDLINE, CINAHL, and EMbase databases. Quality assessment was based on the NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Observational and Cross‐sectional Studies. In total, 19 studies were included in our review. Results from these studies show that prediabetes may be associated with deficits in brain structure and pathology, however, several studies also refute these findings. Moreover, we identified clear inconsistencies in study methodologies, including diabetes measures and classification, across studies that may account for these conflicting findings.
Combined impacts of sea surface temperature in tropical Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans on the winter rainfall in southern China under decadal background
Authors: Yu Minjie , Jiang Ning , Zhu Congwen , Su Jingzhi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe sea surface temperature anomalies (SSTAs) in the tropical Pacific (TP) and North Atlantic (NA) are both important factors regulating the winter rainfall over southern China (SC). Our results show the combined impact of SSTAs exhibits an offset effect before 1985, after a decadal transition period, the two SSTAs patterns form an additive effect on the interannual timescale after 1995. These distinct impacts of the TP and NA result in the southward shift of the winter rainfall variability, which is associated with the decadal change of the TP and NA. Both the background modes in TP and NA show a phase transition during the period 1985–1995, accompanied by the interannual variations of the SSTAs in two ocean basins before 1985 and after 1995. Before 1985, the canonical El Niño‐related southerly winds of the anticyclone over the western North Pacific transport sufficient water vapour and enhance rainfall in SC. While the concurrent dipole NA SSTA‐related wave train propagates to Eurasia, causing a cyclone and divergence of water vapour fluxes suppressing the local rainfall. After 1995, the El Niño‐related warm SSTAs move westward and strengthen the rainfall anomalies in the Yangtze River basin. Meanwhile, a tripole mode of SSTAs replaces the dipole counterpart in NA, resulting in the anomalous cyclonic circulation over South Asia with more rainfall in the south edge of SC. The decadal changes of the TP and NA mode combination could affect the seasonal distribution and prediction of China winter rainfall.
Oral Cancer in the Indian Subcontinent‐Survival Outcomes and Risk Factors with Primary Surgery
Authors: Thakar Alok , Thakur Rishikesh , Kakkar Aanchal , Malhotra Rajeev Kumar , Singh Chirom Amit , Sikka Kapil , Kumar Rajeev , Pramanik Raja , Biswas Ahitagni , Bhalla Ashu Seith , Bhaskar Suman , Sharma Atul 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveTo assess the oncological outcome and prognostic factors for primary Oral Squamous Cell Cancer (OSCC) staged as per AJCC 8th pTNM, and treated by the contemporary standard of primary surgery and pathology directed adjuvant radiation‐chemoradiation.MethodsA single institution cohort from a tertiary care academic institution in North India. Case inclusion 2013 to 2016; n = 218, median follow‐up 35 months. All patients were restaged as per the AJCC 8th pTNM classification. Analysis for Overall Survival (OS), Disease‐free Survival(DFS), and factors impacting outcome (Cox proportionate model Multivariate analysis).ResultsAJCC pTNM 7th to 8th edition conversion led to upstaging in 16.5%. Stage‐II demonstrated greatest stage migration and apparent improvement in OS and DFS (P < .09).Discordance was noted between the presurgical (clinico‐radiologic) and postsurgical (pathological) nodal status in 40.3% (88/218; 54 pathologically upstaged;34 downstaged). Pathological downstaging was particularly significant with advanced stage Gingivo‐Buccal Cancers (25/73–34.7%).Stage‐I‐II early cancers had 3 years. OS‐86.7% and DFS‐78.8%; Stage‐III‐IV advanced cancers had 3 years. OS‐56.7% and DFS‐46.6%. Multivariate analysis identified poorer OS and DFS for age < 40 years (HR‐1.8; 2.0), skin involvement (HR‐2.1; 2.6) and pN+ status (HR‐2.4; 3.5). Bone involvement did not compromise survival in this surgically treated set of patients.ConclusionAge < 45 is newly identified as significantly compromising DFS and OS in Oral Cancer. Established factors of skin involvement and pN+ are confirmed as impacting DFS‐OS. An apparent improvement in survival in Stage II Cancers is noted as consequent to adoption of AJCC 8th edition staging.Level of Evidence2 (OCEBM 2011—Inception Cohort Study for Prognosis) Laryngoscope, 131:2254–2261, 2021
Predictive modeling of hypoxic head and neck cancers during fractionated radiotherapy with gold nanoparticle radiosensitization
Authors: Huynh Myxuan , Kempson Ivan , Bezak Eva , Phillips Wendy 
Published: April 2021

PurposeIntrinsic radioresistance and increased proliferation rates in head and neck cancers (HNCs) are associated with negative radiotherapy (RT) treatment responses. The use of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as radiosensitizers could enable total radiation dose reduction and lowered radiation toxicity. AuNP radiosensitization may overcome hypoxia‐induced radioresistance and treatment‐induced accelerated repopulation of cancer cells in HNCs, improving radiotherapy outcomes.MethodsTumor control was determined by considering individual cancer cell responses in probabilistic computational simulations using HYP‐RT software for clinical radiotherapy doses and fractionation schedules along with three different nanoparticle administration schedules. Antagonistic tumor hypoxia and rapid tumor regrowth due to accelerated repopulation of cancers cells were taken into consideration.ResultsSimulations indicate that tumors that are conventionally uncontrollable can be controlled with AuNP radiosensitization. In simulations where the absence of AuNPs required radiotherapy doses above standard clinical prescriptions, reoccurring AuNP administration allowed for radiation dose reductions below standard clinical dose prescriptions. For example, considering a 2 Gy per fraction radiotherapy schedule, tumor control was achieved with 57.2 ± 5.1 Gy (P = <0.0001) for weekly AuNP administration and 53.0 ± 4.0 Gy (P = <0.0001) for biweekly AuNP administration compared to 69.9 ± 5.8 Gy with no radiosensitization.ConclusionsAuNPs decreased the predicted RT total doses required to achieve tumor control via total stem cell elimination, offering an optimistic prediction and method for which hypoxia‐induced and rapidly growing radioresistant tumors are treated more effectively. Outcomes are also shown to be sensitive to the RT schedule with data for hyperfractionated RT indicating the greatest benefits from radiosensitization.
Lipid droplet–size mapping in human adipose tissue using a clinical 3T system
Authors: Weidlich Dominik , Honecker Julius , Boehm Christof , Ruschke Stefan , Junker Daniela , Van Anh T. , Makowski Marcus R. , Holzapfel Christina , Claussnitzer Melina , Hauner Hans , Karampinos Dimitrios C. 
Published: April 2021

PurposeTo develop a methodology for probing lipid droplet sizes with a clinical system based on a diffusion‐weighted stimulated echo–prepared turbo spin‐echo sequence and to validate the methodology in water–fat emulsions and show its applicability in ex vivo adipose‐tissue samples.MethodsA diffusion‐weighted stimulated echo–prepared preparation was combined with a single‐shot turbo spin‐echo readout for measurements at different b‐values and diffusion times. The droplet size was estimated with an analytical expression, and three fitting approaches were compared: magnitude‐based spatial averaging with voxel‐wise residual minimization, complex‐based spatial averaging with voxel‐wise residual minimization, and complex‐based spatial averaging with neighborhood‐regularized residual minimization. Simulations were performed to characterize the fitting residual landscape and the approaches’ noise performance. The applicability was assessed in oil‐in‐water emulsions in comparison with laser deflection and in ten human white adipose tissue samples in comparison with histology.ResultsThe fitting residual landscape showed a minimum valley with increasing extent as the droplet size increased. In phantoms, a very good agreement of the mean droplet size was observed between the diffusion‐weighted MRI‐based and the laser deflection measurements, showing the best performance with complex‐based spatial averaging with neighborhood‐regularized residual minimization processing (R2/P: 0.971/0.014). In the human adipose‐tissue samples, complex‐based spatial averaging with neighborhood‐regularized residual minimization processing showed a significant correlation (R2/P: 0.531/0.017) compared with histology.ConclusionThe proposed acquisition and parameter‐estimation methodology was able to probe restricted diffusion effects in lipid droplets. The methodology was validated using phantoms, and its feasibility in measuring an apparent lipid droplet size was demonstrated ex vivo in white adipose tissue.
Extending a 10‐node composite tetrahedral finite element for solid mechanics
Authors: Foulk III James W. , Ostien Jakob T. , Talamini Brandon , Tupek Michael R. , Crane Nathan K. , Mota Alejandro , Veilleux Michael G. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe propose to extend the composite tetrahedral finite element first introduced by Thoutireddy et al. (2002) and recently reformulated by Ostien et al. (2016). We generalize the gradient operator and mass matrix to curved domains through analytical expressions weighted by subtetrahedra Jacobians. Optimal integration weights are constructed to increase the accuracy of Gaussian quadrature. We preserve the variational structure of the formulation through a new five‐field functional with additional, independent fields for the Jacobian and the pressure. This approach not only obviates volumetric locking but also yields symmetry. A deleterious soft mode, common to both the quadratic and composite tetrahedral element with constant pressure formulations is effectively stabilized through a novel convex energy penalty function. Numerous numerical examples spanning a patch test to the impact of a Taylor bar demonstrate the accuracy, robustness, and convergence of the extended composite tetrahedral element for application to structural metals.
A multiscale reduced‐order‐model strategy for transient thermoelasticity with variable microstructure
Authors: Bhattacharyya Mainak , Dureisseix David 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article deals with thermoelastic computation of heterogeneous structures containing quasi‐periodic microstructures having variable properties (geometric and/or material) using reduced‐order modeling. Such heterogeneous structure is extremely expensive to simulate using classical finite element methods, as the level of discretization required to capture the microstructural effects, is too fine. Based on the asymptotic homogenization theory, the multiscale technique explores the micro–macro behavior for thermoelasticity. Considering each integration point of the macrostructure consists of an underlying locally periodic microstructure, the overall problem is basically separated into a homogeneous problem defined over the macrostructure and a heterogeneous problem defined over each microstructure. Even though the usage of multiscale strategy helps in the reduction of numerical expense, it still deals with a full‐order finite element solution for the macroproblem and each microproblem. Using a twofold reduced‐order modeling further accentuates the cost reduction and provides a robust solution in a reduced space: (i) as an offline precomputation stage for the microstructural problem, and (ii) as an online process that can embed adaptivity for the macroscopic problem.
Underrepresentation in Oncology: Identifying and Addressing Structural Barriers
Authors: Owoyemi Olutosin , Aakhus Erin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Underrepresentation of minority groups in the oncology physician workforce is a pressing issue that may contribute to disparities in cancer research, clinical care, and patient outcomes. To address this, we highlight the role of medical culture and institutions in perpetuating a range of barriers that lead to the persistent underrepresentation of minority medical trainees and physicians. These barriers include an exclusionary medical culture, bias in measures of merit, financial barriers to medical subspecialty training, underrecognition of achievement, and poor representation and satisfaction among underrepresented faculty. Furthermore, we suggest a more intentional approach to diversity that values both recruitment of underrepresented undergraduates and early medical students and retention of internal medicine trainees, hematology-oncology fellows, and faculty. To counteract deeply embedded structural racism that hampers diversity efforts, this multifaceted approach will require cultural transformation of our medical institutions at all levels, including increased institutional transparency, mandatory evidence-based bias training, acknowledgment of varied achievements, changes in recruitment practices, and reinvigoration of pipeline development programs with a focus on financial support. Taken in combination, programs should recognize the scope of deterrents to representation and develop program-specific, longitudinal interventions to promote more successful diversity initiatives within the field of oncology.

Implications for Practice
The medical profession recognizes the value of physician workforce diversity in improving the quality of both medical education and patient care. In return, medical schools and training programs invest in recruitment programs focused on candidates who are underrepresented in medicine. In the field of oncology, where stark racial and ethnic disparities in care and health outcomes are well-defined, measures of minority physician representation remain especially stagnant. This study clearly defines the barriers that limit the effectiveness of such programs and provides recommendations to achieve the necessary workforce diversity in oncology.
Radiosurgery, reirradiation, and brachytherapy
Authors: Prasad Dheerendra , Vern‐Gross Tamara , Wolden Suzanne 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRadiosurgery and brachytherapy are potentially useful treatment techniques that are sparingly applied in pediatric oncology. They are often used in the setting of reirradiation for recurrent or metastatic tumors. Reirradiation in children with recurrent tumors is complicated by the tolerance of critical organs and the potential risks for overall long‐term dose‐dependent complications. We review the current literature available in support of reirradiation and the use of radiosurgery and brachytherapy in pediatric patients.
Supportive care for toxicities in children undergoing radiation therapy
Authors: Patel Samir , Vargo John Austin , Olson Adam , Mahajan Anita 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTRadiation therapy (RT) is an integral part of the management of many pediatric tumors; however, it is associated with both acute and permanent adverse events that can significantly impact a child's quality of life, lead to treatment delays, and potentially affect outcomes of cancer therapy. Prevention, early detection, and optimal management of these adverse effects will help reduce their impact on the patients’ quality of life and overall well‐being. Unfortunately, there has not been a coordinated effort to study the etiology, evaluate risk factors, and explore novel treatments for these conditions. Studies of supportive care for children undergoing RT are often small and uncontrolled. This review will focus on the impact of irradiation on the different organ systems and their current management. Further studies are required to improve our understanding of the contributing factors and explore novel treatment options for these adverse effects and to enable children and their families to better cope with some of the unavoidable toxicities following multimodality therapy.
P(MMA‐co‐HPMA)‐b‐POEGMA copolymers: synthesis, micelle formation in aqueous media and drug encapsulation
Authors: Selianitis Dimitrios , Pispas Stergios 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe report the synthesis and the micellar self‐assembly in aqueous media of novel amphiphilic block copolymers. The copolymers consist of a poly[(methyl methacrylate)‐co‐(hydroxypropyl methacrylate)] statistical copolymer block and a poly[oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] block, and were synthesized by reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization. The amphiphilic P(MMA‐co‐HPMA)‐b‐POEGMA block copolymers contain monomers of differing polarity and in varying ratios. Furthermore, HPMA segments are chosen in order to enhance hydrogen bonding interactions within the core of spherical micelles formed by the copolymers in aqueous media, as evidenced by light scattering and fluorescence spectroscopy studies. The amphiphilic copolymers are able to encapsulate the hydrophobic drugs curcumin and indomethacin as found using light scattering and spectroscopic methods. © 2021 Society of Industrial Chemistry.
Translational pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic modeling of preclinical and clinical data of the oral MET inhibitor tepotinib to determine the recommended phase II dose
Authors: Xiong Wenyuan , Friese‐Hamim Manja , Johne Andreas , Stroh Christopher , Klevesath Manfred , Falchook Gerald S. , Hong David S. , Girard Pascal , El Bawab Samer 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTepotinib is a highly selective and potent MET inhibitor in development for the treatment of patients with solid tumors. Given the favorable tolerability and safety profiles up to the maximum tested dose in the first‐in‐human (FIH) trial, an efficacy‐driven translational modeling approach was proposed to establish the recommended phase II dose (RP2D). To study the in vivo pharmacokinetics (PKs)/target inhibition/tumor growth inhibition relationship, a subcutaneous KP‐4 pancreatic cell‐line xenograft model in mice with sensitivity to MET pathway inhibition was selected as a surrogate tumor model. Further clinical PK and target inhibition data (derived from predose and postdose paired tumor biopsies) from a FIH study were integrated with the longitudinal PKs and target inhibition profiles from the mouse xenograft study to establish a translational PK/pharmacodynamic (PD) model. Preclinical data showed that tumor regression with tepotinib treatment in KP‐4 xenograft tumors corresponded to 95% target inhibition. We therefore concluded that a PD criterion of sustained, near‐to‐complete (>95%) phospho‐MET inhibition in tumors should be targeted for tepotinib to be effective. Simulations of dose‐dependent target inhibition profiles in human tumors that exceeded the PD threshold in more than 90% of patients established an RP2D of tepotinib 500 mg once daily. This translational mathematical modeling approach supports an efficacy‐driven rationale for tepotinib phase II dose selection of 500 mg once daily. Tepotinib at this dose has obtained regulatory approval for the treatment of patients with non‐small cell lung cancer harboring MET exon 14 skipping.
Quantitative systems pharmacology model of thrombopoiesis and platelet life‐cycle, and its application to thrombocytopenia based on chronic liver disease
Authors: Shimizu Ryosuke , Katsube Takayuki , Wajima Toshihiro 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPlatelets are produced by hematopoietic stem cells via megakaryocytes in the bone marrow and play a critical role in hemostasis. The aim of this study was to develop a new platelet model based on the thrombopoiesis and platelet life‐cycle by a quantitative systems pharmacology modeling approach, which could describe changes in platelet count profiles in platelet‐related diseases and drug intervention. The proposed platelet model consists of 44 components. The model was applied to thrombopoiesis of a thrombopoietin receptor agonist, lusutrombopag. It could well describe the observed platelet count profiles after administration of lusutrombopag for both healthy subjects and patients with chronic liver disease and thrombocytopenia. This model should be useful for understanding the disease progression of platelet‐related conditions, such as thrombocytopenia and for predicting platelet count profiles in various disease situations related to platelets and drug administration in drug development.
Overview of the Phase Space Formulation of Quantum Mechanics with Application to Quantum Technologies
Authors: Rundle Russell P. , Everitt Mark J. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe phase‐space formulation of quantum mechanics has recently seen increased use in testing quantum technologies, including methods of tomography for state verification and device validation. Here, an overview of quantum mechanics in phase space is presented. The formulation to generate a generalized phase‐space function for any arbitrary quantum system is shown, such as the Wigner and Weyl functions along with the associated Q and P functions. Examples of how these different formulations are used in quantum technologies are provided, with a focus on discrete quantum systems, qubits in particular. Also provided are some results that, to the authors' knowledge, have not been published elsewhere. These results provide insight into the relation between different representations of phase space and how the phase‐space representation is a powerful tool in understanding quantum information and quantum technologies.
Navigation assisted total knee arthroplasty in 54,114 patients: No increased risk in acute complications and hospital utilisation
Authors: Kamalapathy Pramod , Hines Jeremy , Cui Quanjun 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe advent of navigation in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) has generated interest in attempt to improve component positioning as desired and clinical outcomes. The aim of this study was to evaluate 90‐day complication and cost of navigation‐assisted TKAs (NTKA) compared to conventional TKAs (CTKA) using a national database.MethodsA retrospective review of national database was conducted on all patients who underwent TKA from 2010 and 2017. The cohort was stratified into NTKA and CTKA subcohorts, excluding cases utilizing robotics.ResultsNTKA was associated with a significant decrease in 90‐day postoperative major and minor complications. NTKA was also associated with a decrease in 90‐day hospital utilization with lower rates of emergency department visits and readmissions. The cost of hospitalization and total 90‐day costs were lower in NTKA, with an average savings of $800.ConclusionThe adoption of navigation in TKA is safe and efficaceous compared to CTKA.Level of EvidenceIII. Retrospective cohort study.
Robust neural network‐based tracking control for unmanned surface vessels under deferred asymmetric constraints
Authors: Sun Yanchao , Li Chengpeng , Qin Hongde , Deng Zhongchao , Chen Zhe 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this article, the constraints on unmanned surface vessels are imposed after a certain time after the system operation. Based on the shift function, this article proposes an asymmetric barrier Lyapunov function and achieves the control scheme with deferred and asymmetric full‐state constraints. In addition, radial basis function neural network and an antiwindup compensator are adopted for the problems of uncertainties and input saturation. The simulation results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed control strategies.