bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Disorders Other than Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Gale Seth A , Daffner Kirk R. 
Published: January 2021

Higher cognitive functions, such as abstract reasoning, complex decision making, and language, are the mental faculties that separate our species from other animals. When these faculties become impaired as a result of neurologic disease, striking and devastating behavioral changes result. Many neurologic diseases are associated with impaired cognition and behavior, and their etiologies are as varied as their clinical presentations. In this review, the focus is on dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), the frontotemporal dementias (FTDs), and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). The review covers the epidemiology and diagnosis of DBB, FTDs, and VCIs, as well as the etiology and genetics. Figures show neuroimaging in DLB, management of DLB, FTLD clinical syndromes, FTLD clinicopathologic correlations: approximate distribution of pathotypes for behavioral-variant FTD and primary progressive aphasia (PPA) variants, PPA-semantic subtype, PPA-logopenic subtype, post-stroke VCI, and subcortical ischemic vascular disease subtype of VCI. Tables list diagnostic criteria for DLB; FTD genetics: gene/protein relationship, clinical syndrome, salient gestures; VCI: clinical and pathologic features of the main subtypes; summary guidance based on VCI prevention studies; and summary guidance based on VCI treatment studies.
This review contains 8 highly rendered figures, 5 tables, and 254 references.
Chorea: Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Battista James P , Walker Ruth H 
Published: January 2021

Chorea is a common hyperkinetic movement disorder that can have a large differential diagnosis. Causes can include genetic and sporadic etiologies, including metabolic abnormalities, autoimmune, structural, paraneoplastic, psychogenic, and iatrogenic causes. The workup can be challenging due to this large number of possible causes, and can include basic metabolic and specialized blood analysis such as genetic testing, in addition to imaging studies and cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Treatment of symptoms outside the realm of reversible causes can be challenging, and is a major focus of current research. This review covers sporadic causes, genetic causes, and management. Figures show a flowchart for evaluation of patients with chorea, a computed tomography scan of a Huntington disease patient showing caudate head atrophy, brain computed tomography scan showing calcification, and acanthocytosis. Videos show mild and moderate Huntington disease, Huntington disease-like 2, and chorea-acanthocytosis. Tables list metabolic abnormalities that can manifest as chorea, paraneoplastic and nonparaneoplastic syndromes associated with chorea, and reported successful therapies for chorea.
This review contains 4 highly rendered figures, 4 videos, 3 tables, and 108 references.
Immunosuppression
Authors: Gabardi Steven , Kim Miae 
Published: January 2021

The primary objective of clinical immunosuppression following renal transplantation is to prevent rejection while limiting the toxicities of the immunosuppressive agents. A balance between over- and underimmunosuppression can be difficult to accomplish and has significant ramifications if not achieved. The major sequelae of underimmunosuppression are cellular and antibody-mediated allograft rejection, whereas overimmunosuppression can give rise to complications such as infection and malignancy. Local protocols and national/international guidelines have been established to aid in the streamlining of immunosuppressive regimens; however, the development of the most appropriate immunosuppressive therapy in an individual transplant recipient is highly dependent on a practitioner’s experience, preexisting medical conditions/medications, and donor characteristics. Despite the success seen by our individualized immunosuppressive regimens in improving short-term outcomes, late graft loss and the morbidity associated with long-term immunosuppression remain major concerns. To improve outcomes in renal transplantation, it is imperative that clinicians be aware of the specific advantages and disadvantages of the available immunosuppressants, as well as the potential for adverse drug reactions and drug-drug interactions commonly seen with these agents.

This review contains 5 figures, 5 tables and 92 references
Key Words: immunosuppression, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, renal transplantation
Neurogastroenterology
Authors: Pfeiffer Ronald F. 
Published: January 2021

Contrary to what one may assume, neurology and gastroenterology are similar to each other in many ways. A process found in one system can also affect the other, whether it be gastrointestinal (GI) dysfunction present in neurologic diseases or neurologic dysfunction present in GI diseases. Several disorders from both fields of medicines are highlighted in this review, ranging from stroke, Parkinson disease, and multiple sclerosis (MS) as examples of GI dysfunction in neurologic disease, to celiac disease and inflammatory bowel disease as examples of neurologic dysfunction in GI disease. Rare disorders such as Whipple disease (WhD), chronic acquired hepatocerebral degeneration (CAHD), and Wilson disease (WD) should also be considered for their neurologic dysfunctions as manifested extraintestinally. Tables give an overview of clinical features of the various disorders presented in this review.

This module contains ­4 highly rendered figures, 9 tables, 349 references, and 5 MCQs.
The Cognitive Psychology of Diagnostic Errors
Authors: Benishek Lauren E. , Weaver Sallie J. , Newman-Toker David E. 
Published: January 2021

Health care involves complex decision making, often under uncertain, ambiguous, and time-sensitive conditions. Clinicians typically face the greatest uncertainty when making diagnostic decisions; common, undifferentiated symptoms paired with increasing prevalence of complex comorbidities, continuously and rapidly evolving scientific evidence, and often fragmented information systems are just a few of the hurdles clinicians must navigate as part of daily diagnostic decision making. In this review, the current state of the science concerning the cognitive psychology of diagnostic errors is discussed, including models of diagnostic reasoning, common errors: heuristics and biases, and practical implications and interventions. Figures show a conceptual model for diagnostic errors; diagnostic and therapeutic cycles; relationships among heuristics, biases, premature closure, and diagnostic errors; Reason’s (2000) Swiss cheese model; and tradeoffs versus improvements in diagnostic performance as illustrated by the receiver operating characteristic curve. Tables list important reasons for understanding the foundational cognitive models of diagnostic reasoning; a glossary of key diagnostic error–related definitions; three models of cognitive decision making; a summary of clinical reasoning models; steps of diagnostic decision making; examples of diagnostic errors resulting from representativeness, availability, and anchoring and adjustment; categories of countermeasures for error reduction interventions; examples of cognitively, systems-, and patient-focused countermeasures for selected biases; a summary of cognitively focused countermeasures to cognitive bias; key problem “classes” where problem- or context-specific solutions might be applied; types of system-focused countermeasures; and patient-focused countermeasures to avoid diagnostic error.

This review contains 5 highly rendered figures, 12 tables, and 120 references.
Atypical Parkinsonian Syndromes: Tauopathies
Authors: Park Hee Kyung , Litvan Irene 
Published: January 2021

Atypical parkinsonian disorders, which include two common proteinopathies, tauopathies and α-synucleinopathies, are clinically characterized by a progressive parkinsonism that typically does not respond to levodopa therapy and usually associates with early postural instability, falls, and other atypical features not observed in Parkinson disease. Tauopathies refer to neurodegenerative diseases in which there is an abnormal accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau. The most frequent tauopathies are progressive supranuclear palsy and corticobasal degeneration. Better recognition of the expanding phenotypes of these disorders has led to the development of new diagnostic criteria. Furthermore, better knowledge about the pathogenesis (cell-to-cell transmission of pathologic tau) has resulted in advances in novel disease-modifying therapies that target tau. This review addresses the basic concepts of and recent issues in tauopathies, including their clinical phenotypes, genetic features, biomarkers, and novel experimental therapies.
Key words: atypical parkinsonian disorders, corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, proteinopathies, tauopathies
Dysmenorrhea in the Adolescent
Authors: Evans Rebecca H. , Knill Courtney N. 
Published: January 2021

As a common medical issue for adolescents both in the United States and worldwide, dysmenorrhea is a leading cause of visits to primary care providers and gynecologic specialists. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea in women is highest in the adolescent population affecting 20-90% of females in this age group. Primary dysmenorrhea is the most common form of dysmenorrhea and is defined as painful menstruation in the absence of pelvic pathology. Secondary dysmenorrhea is explained by an underlying pathology such as endometriosis or genital tract obstruction. The differential diagnosis of dysmenorrhea includes other etiologies of pelvic pain such as gastrointestinal, genitourinary, or other gynecologic pathologies. Symptoms refractory to first and second line treatments warrant further evaluation and management. As the second most common cause of pelvic pain in adolescents after primary dysmenorrhea, endometriosis may manifest itself differently in adolescents when compared to adults. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDS) are first line medical management for dysmenorrhea. Hormonal agents are second line medical management though are often initiated concomitantly with NSAID therapy. Complex imaging and surgery are reserved for refractory cases of pelvic pain. This document outlines the recommended evaluation and management of adolescents with dysmenorrhea and highlights important medical advances that have contributed to treatment.

This review contains 5 figures, 8 tables, and 34 references.
Keywords: dysmenorrhea, pelvic pain, endometriosis, menstruation, menses, Premenstrual Syndrome, tranexamic acid, menstrual suppression, menstrual disorders
Phantom Limb Pain
Authors: Chang Chien George C , Bautista Alexander , Candido Kenneth D. 
Published: January 2021

Phantom limb is a complex pain phenomenon that is perceived by patients after a limb has been amputated. Many patients have the persistent perception that the particular limb that was lost is still present. This phenomenon, which may be painful and nonpainful, may develop immediately after amputation or in years following the incident. This phenomenon should not be confused with residual limb pain, formerly described as “stump pain,” which is pain that resides in the residual limb attached to the body. Phantom limb pain (PLP) is described similarly to other neuropathic pain conditions as burning, gnawing, stabbing, pressure, aching, squeezing, and knifelike. PLP is associated with a myriad of symptoms and considered one of the most challenging chronic pain conditions. The underlying mechanism of this phenomenon can be supraspinal, spinal, and peripheral. PLP remains a very challenging condition to treat. The therapies are similar to those of any other neuropathic pain states. A multimodal approach that includes interventional therapy, pharmacotherapy, rehabilitation, surgery, and preemptive analgesia working together improves success.
Key words: Amputation, amputee, central sensitization, mirror therapy, neuropathic pain, phantom limb pain, residual limb pain
Complementary and Alternative Medicine: Is It Alternative or Mainstream for Managing Low Back Pain?
Authors: Rana Maunak V. , Agarwal Deepti , Anantamongkol Utchariya 
Published: January 2021

Although long an integral part of the health systems of societies all around the globe, the role of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in Western medicine has become better defined over the past few years, especially in multidisciplinary pain management. Many patients have expressed dissatisfaction at conventional treatments of therapy, medications, and procedures. Often they have sought adjunctive treatments to make up for deficits in efficacy and to minimize unwanted side effects. CAM has been a source to fill the void. Additionally, physical modalities that promote the mind-body connection in pain states have emerged in common practice. Of the physical modalities helpful in the concurrent management of pain, yoga has emerged as one of the most effective options. The medical literature has identified acupuncture as efficacious and safe and determined that it may have benefit as a sole therapy or in conjunction with traditional interventions. Although nutraceuticals and marijuana have received lay press exposure and interest, as pain therapeutics, the mechanism of action of these agents needs to be more precisely elucidated and regulatory bodies need to ensure quality control and dosage safety in society.
This review contains 4 figures, 1 table and 118 references
Key Words: acupuncture, lower back pain (LBP), medical marijuana, nutraceuticals, transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
Patients with Metastatic Breast Cancer Who Had Radical Mastectomy Complicated by Lymphedema
Authors: Fox Charles J. , Kaye Alan D. , Cornett Elyse , Koyyalamudi Veerandra , Thompkins Terin 
Published: January 2021

The past few decades have seen a shift in breast cancer surgery to a more conservative approach from radical mastectomy to breast-conserving therapy and from axillary node dissection to minimally invasive sentinel node biopsy. The adoption of more conservative surgical approaches was taken with the aim of reducing morbidity after surgery and improving long-term functional capacity. This review outlines complications that can arise in treating breast cancer and the therapies that can be used to treat patients with these conditions.
This review contains 3 tables and 47 references.
Key words: breast cancer, biopsy, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy, lymphedema, lymphatic drainage, mastectomy, radiotherapy
A Comprehensive Review of Wound Healing
Authors: Mehrzad Raman , Liu Paul  Y 
Published: January 2021

Unhealed wounds are a largely hidden epidemic, affecting 6.5 million Americans and costing about $25 billion a year, with numerous patients affected. Unhealed wounds result in lower quality of life and limit many all-day activities for patients. Despite this large socioeconomic burden, there have been only a few meaningful advances in the science of wound care. Wounds represent a cross section of many medical disciplines—diabetes, trauma, hypertension, vascular insufficiency, and rheumatologic diseases—and a multidisciplinary approach is typically needed. In this review, we provide an overview of wound healing, its pathophysiology, different types of wounds, and the current state of therapeutic art.

Key words: chronic wounds, infection, inflammation, mathematical modeling, ulcers, wounds
Classification in Psychiatry
Authors: Black Donald W. 
Published: January 2021

Classification in psychiatry has ancient roots but mainly took form in the 19th and 20th centuries. European and American psychiatrists brought to the fore careful observation and description of clinical course. Formal attempts to classify patients took root after World War II based on the exigencies of the time. The DSM-I was published in 1952 and summarized all the diagnoses in psychiatry. Diagnostic criteria were introduced in the DSM-III in 1980 to introduce reliability to the diagnostic process, and a multiaxial system was introduced to aid in the comprehensive assessment of patients, later dropped in the DSM-5. Dimensional measures were introduced to aid with patient assessment, although many categories were reformulated based on research findings. In the DSM-5, the diagnoses are listed in order of clinical importance. Residual categories exist for those who do not meet the criteria for a more specific disorder. Although the DSM-5 has been criticized, criteria-based diagnoses will persist until a system can be created based on etiology.
This review contains 2 tables, and 23 references
Keywords: classification in psychiatry, diagnostic criteria, DSM-5, Feighner criteria, International Classification of Diseases, Kraepelin
Overview of Psychotherapy in Psychiatry
Authors: Cowan Allison , Welton Randon 
Published: January 2021

Psychotherapy continues to be an integral part of psychiatric practice. The rich, interesting history of psychotherapy in medicine and psychiatry set the background to current practice. Psychoeducation provides patients with necessary information and forms the basic building block for all other psychotherapies. Supportive therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and psychoanalytic/psychodynamic psychotherapies constitute the core of the therapeutic styles, but dialectical behavioral therapy, eye movement desensitization and reprocessing, interpersonal psychotherapy, motivational interviewing, hypnosis, and group psychotherapy are also practiced in current psychiatry. Key therapeutic tenets from each of these disciplines are incorporated into the medical practice of psychiatry.
This review contains 5 figures, 13 tables, and 68 references
Key words: cognitive-behavioral therapy, current psychiatric practices, dialectical behavioral therapy, psychiatrist as therapist, psychoanalytic psychotherapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, psychoeducation, psychotherapy, supportive psychotherapy
Surgical Treatment of Female Stress Urinary Incontinence: Pubovaginal Slings
Authors: Gomelsky Alex , Islam Tameem , Karaman Umar R 
Published: January 2021

Autologous tissue has been used for pubovaginal sling construction for over a century. Compared with synthetic materials, fascial harvest carries additional and expected morbidity. However, by the nature of its definition, the use of autologous tissues is not associated with a significant immunogenic or any foreign body response. Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated and confirmed the durability of these procedures when compared with both colposuspensions and synthetic midurethral sling procedures. In light of the recent FDA warning regarding the use of synthetic materials for stress incontinence and pelvic organ prolapse surgery, the role of the autologous sling may be more prominent going forward. As such, the autologous pubovaginal sling remains a standard of care for the management of female stress urinary incontinence.

This review contains 6 figures and 30 references
Key words: autologous rectus fascia, complications, outcomes, pubovaginal sling, randomized controlled trials, stress urinary incontinence
Female Bladder Exstrophy Repair
Authors: Baumgartner Timothy S. , Gearhart John P. 
Published: January 2021

This chapter details the latest surgical advances and outcomes in the modern surgical management of female classic bladder exstrophy to include patient selection for closure, operative considerations, and outcomes. In addition, it addresses the most common pitfalls and challenges encountered when accomplishing each of the major surgical interventions. This chapter also reviews the incidence, embryology, and anatomic considerations when approaching the treatment of the exstrophy patient.
This review contains 4 figures, and 36 references.
Key Words: bladder exstrophy, congenital defect, embryology, epispadias, pelvic floor, reconstruction, sexual function, urinary continence
Injuries to the Peripheral Blood Vessels
Authors: Fox Charles J. 
Published: January 2021

Contributions from the armed conflicts of the 20th century have defined the standards for vessel ligation or repair of arterial and venous injuries. Since the Vietnam War, there has been considerable modernization in the battlefield medical environment, and forward surgical capability, expeditious evacuation and new and effective resuscitation strategies have provided the foundation for innovation and progress. Lessons learned during current US military operations continue to advance the practice of vascular trauma surgery, and these techniques are directly translated to surgical practices in trauma centers around the world. This review covers mechanisms and sites of extremity vascular injury, initial assessment, management, and special considerations. Figures show an avulsion injury, in which an artery is stretched, an algorithm for the workup of a patient with a potential extremity vascular injury, an algorithm for the management of complex extremity trauma, exposure of the axillary artery, exposure of the brachial artery, exposure of the femoral artery, medial exposure of the proximal and distal popliteal arteries, the two-incision technique for lower leg decompression in compartment syndrome, and incisions for forearm decompression in compartment syndrome.

This review contains 11 figures, 6 tables, and 84 references
Upper Extremity Aneurysms
Authors: Damrauer Scott M. , Fairman Ron M. 
Published: January 2021

Aneurysms of the upper extremity arteries can be divided into those that occur in the central great vessels and those that occur in the arteries of the upper extremity. Aneurysms of the great vessels tend to be atherosclerotic in nature and are frequently the extension of an arterial field defect in patients with other aneurysmal disease. In contrast, aneurysms of the upper extremity arteries are mostly pseudoaneurysms that result from either acute or recurrent trauma or iatrogenic injury. Although the underlying principles of management are similar, the magnitude of the operations vary significantly. This review covers aneurysms of the great vessels and aneurysms of the peripheral upper extremity arteries. Figures show a computed tomographic angiogram demonstrating bilateral subclavian artery aneurysms in an individual with Marfan disease; the aberrant right subclavian artery originating from the thoracic aorta distal to the left subclavian orifice and coursing behind the esophagus as it travels back to the right hemithorax and arm; arterial thoracic outlet syndrome associated with compression of the subclavian artery as it travels through the scalene triangle and between the first rib and clavicle; the extent of arterial replacement necessary to treat great vessel aneurysms; isolated great vessel aneurysms with adequate proximal and distal landing zones treated with endovascular placement of a covered stent; hybrid operations combining endovascular exclusion of the great vessel aneurysm and transcervical extra-anatomic revascularization as an alternative to open surgery when placement of a traditional stent graft is not anatomically feasible; and an angiogram demonstrating a traumatic axillary artery. Tables list symptoms associated with great vessel aneurysms, distribution of aneurysm locations in the major series of great vessel aneurysms, and outcomes of major series of great vessel aneurysms.
This review contains 7 highly rendered figures, 3 tables, and 68 references.
Key words: axillary artery aneurysm; great vessel aneurysm; peripheral upper extremity aneurysm; subclavian artery aneurysm; thoracic outlet obstruction; upper extremity aneurysm