bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Monthly Model of the United States Demand for Softwood Lumber Imports
Authors: Buongiorno Joseph , Chou Jieh-Jen , Stone Robert N. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
To analyze monthly imports of softwood lumber in the United States, five alternative hypotheses have been formulated and tested with monthly data relating to the period January 1965 to August 1978. The selected hypothesis suggests that imported lumber is only an imperfect substitute for domestically produced lumber. In addition, the decision to import softwood lumber depends upon importers' expectations regarding future levels of construction activity, domestic and foreign prices of softwood lumber, and domestic price of other goods. Expectations are adjusted from month to month by a constant fraction of the relative difference between observed and previously expected levels of the variables. This hypothesis led to a model expressing imports in a given month as a function of construction activity and prices in the same month, and of imports in the previous month. The resulting model had good statistical characteristics and provided the most accurate postsample forecasts. The results indicated that imports are more responsive, in terms of partial elasticity, to the price of domestic softwood lumber than to any other factor. Other things being equal, a 10 percent rise in domestic price leads to a long-term 11.6 percent increase in imports. The same rise in import price, which might result from a 10 percent increase in foreign price or from an equal decline in the value of the U.S. dollar, leads to a long-term decline in imports of 4.5 percent only. A similar decrease in imports would result from a 10 percent increase in the price of other U.S. goods which behave as complements for imported softwood lumber. A 10 percent inflation in all prices tends to cause as increase in imports of 2.8 percent. Full adjustment of imports to changes in construction activity and prices takes some 2 months. Construction activity and price variation explain most of the seasonal fluctuations in softwood lumber imports. Residual monthly deviations captured by dummy variables indicate that, other things equal, imports tend to be higher in February, March, June, and July than during the rest of the year. Forest Sci. 25:641-655.
Stand and Site Conditions Related to Southern Pine Beetle Susceptibility
Authors: Kushmaul Ronald J. , Cain Michael D. , Rowell Charles E. , Porterfield Richard L. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Stand/site data from infested stands were compared with those from the general forest. Findings supported earlier research relating high basal area, high stand density, high proportion of pines, reduced radial growth rate, low soil pH, and high site index to increased southern pine beetle activity in the West Gulf Coastal Plain. Also, increased understory vegetation and thicker bark of potential host trees were found to favor beetle attack. Discriminant models were derived from data obtained from infested and general stand (baseline) plots and can be used to rank forest stands as to susceptibility to southern pine beetle attack. Forest Sci. 25:656-664.
Notes: Determination of Optimal Thinning Entry Interval Using Dynamic Programming
Authors: Kao Chiang , Brodie J. Douglas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Using the "neighborhood" concept the time interval for dynamic programming analysis of thinning and rotation was reduced to 1 year. This permitted analysis of the optimal thinning entry interval which has usually been a fixed constant in previous studies. The changes in solution with fixed intervals of 2, 5, and 10 years are provided for comparison. Forest Sci. 25:672-674.
Effect of the transcutaneous electrical stimulation system on esophageal-acid exposure in patients non-responsive to once-daily proton-pump inhibitor: proof-of-concept study
Authors: Dickman Ram , Levy Sigal , Perets Tsachi Tsadok , Hazani-Pauker Maor , Boltin Doron , Schmilovitz-Weiss Hemda , Nidal Issa , Siterman Matan , Carter Dan , Fass Ronnie , Gingold-Belfer Rachel 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is a common disorder. Overall, ≤35% of GERD patients fail the standard dose of proton-pump-inhibitor (PPI) treatment. Due to the high prevalence and low satisfaction rate with treatment failure, there is an unmet need for new treatment. Our aim was to evaluate whether the use of the transcutaneous electrical stimulation system (TESS) can reduce esophageal-acid exposure in GERD patients unresponsive to standard-dose PPI.

Methods
We enrolled 10 patients suffering from heartburn and regurgitation with an abnormal esophageal-acid exposure (off PPIs) who failed standard-dose PPI. After the placement of a wireless esophageal pH capsule, all patients were treated with TESS. The primary end point was the reduction in the baseline (pretreatment) 24-hour percent total time pH &lt;4 and/or DeMeester score by 50%.

Results
Seven GERD patients (five females and two males, aged 49.3 ± 10.1 years) completed the study. At baseline, the mean percent total time pH &lt;4 was 12.0 ± 4.9. Following TESS, the mean percent total time pH &lt;4 dropped to 5.5 ± 3.4, 4.5 ± 2.6, 3.7 ± 2.9, and 4.4 ± 2.5 on Days 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. At baseline, the mean DeMeester score was 39.0 ± 18.5. After TESS, the mean DeMeester score dropped to 15.8 ± 9.2, 13.2 ± 6.8, 11.2 ± 9.4, and 12.0 ± 6.8 on Days 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively.

Conclusion
TESS is a safe and potentially effective modality in reducing esophageal-acid exposure in GERD patients unresponsive to standard-dose PPI. A larger and prospective controlled study is needed to verify these preliminary results.
MUTATOR GENE STUDIES IN ESCHERICHIA COLI: THE mutS GENE
Authors: Cox Edward C , Degnen Gerald E , Scheppe Mary L 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We report here on a study of a mutator gene (mutS) that causes transition mutations in Escherichia coli. We have used the trpA system to show that A:T→G:C and G:C→A:T transitions occur. Not all A:T pairs are equally susceptible to mutS action however, since the A:T pair at the trpA223 site reverts at a frequency similar to, if not identical with, the frequency in a mut + background. Presumably this is a consequence of neighboring bases, because other A:T pairs are reverted by mutS in the same gene; and an A:T pair in the lac operon is reverted at two widely separated points on the chromosome, and in two orientations relative to the trp sense strand. In addition, we have shown that the mutS1 allele is recessive to wild type, and trans active.
THE CHARACTERISTICS AND GENETIC MAP LOCATION OF A TEMPERATURE SENSITIVE DNA MUTANT OF E. COLI K12
Authors: Wolf Beverly 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
A temperature sensitive strain of E. coli K12 has been isolated in which residual DNA synthesis occurs at the 40°C restrictive temperature; syntheses of RNA, protein and DNA precursors are not directly affected. The mutation has been designated dna-325 and is located at 89 min on the E. coli map in the same region where the dnaC locus is found. dnaC mutants are considered to be defective in DNA initiation. Some of the data are consistent with the view that the dna-325 mutation is temperature sensitive in the process of DNA initiation rather than DNA chain elongation: (1) more than two cell divisions occur after a shift to 40°C; (2) upon a shift down to 30°C, cell division occurs again only after the DNA content of the cells has doubled; (3) 80% more DNA is made at 30°C in the presence of chloramphenicol after prior inhibition of DNA synthesis at 40°C. These three observations indicate that rounds of DNA replication were completed at 40°C. Also (4) infective λ particles can be made at 40°C long after bacterial DNA replication has ceased. It appears however that some DNA initiation can occur at 40°C since (1) a limited amount of DNA synthesis does occur at 40°C after prior alignment of the chromosomes by amino acid starvation at 30°C, and (2) after incubation in bromouracil at the restrictive temperature, heavy DNA is found with both strands containing bromouracil.
A POSSIBLE CASE OF POSITION EFFECT ON DNA REPLICATION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Roberts Paul A 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The behavior of T(3;4)10 provides evidence that the centromere of 4 is not in the doublet 101D3,4, and that most of what has been called the left arm of 4 should be called basal 4R. Basal 4R usually does not replicate as much as the tip of 4R when 4 is in its normal position in the chromocenter. Translocated to the tip of 3R, however, basal 4R attains a width equal to that of the rest of the arm-a possible position effect on DNA replication.
LETHALITY PATTERNS AND MORPHOLOGY OF SELECTED LETHAL AND SEMI-LETHAL MUTATIONS IN THE ZESTE-WHITE REGION OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Shannon M P , Kaufman T C , Shen M W , Judd B H 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Aspects of the developmental genetics of lethal and semi-lethal mutants representing 13 complementation groups (cistrons) in the 3A-3C region of the X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster are given. Each of these cistrons is associated with a particular chromomere in the salivary gland chromosome. Mutants within each cistron have similar lethality patterns and morphological attributes, and the characteristics of a given cistron are distinct with respect to other cistrons. These results provide additional evidence that only one function is associated with each chromomere.—The results of the lethality pattern analysis are also compared with previous studies of lethal mutants of Drosophila.
MAXIMUM LIKELIHOOD ANALYSIS OF POPULATION DIFFERENCES IN ALLELIC FREQUENCIES
Authors: Smouse Peter E , Kojima Ken-Ichi 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Statistical techniques are presented for the analysis of geographic variation in allelic frequencies. Likelihood ratio test criteria are derived from a multinominal sampling distribution, and are used to answer three questions. (1) Are there geographic differences in allelic frequencies? (2) Are population differences in allelic frequencies associated with environmental differences? (3) Is there any residual "lack of fit" variation among populations, after accounting for that variation associated with environmental differences? The two- and three-allele cases are explicitly treated, and the extension to more alleles is indicated.
EVIDENCE FOR THE DIFFERENTIATION OF WILD-TYPE ALLELES IN DIFFERENT SPECIES OF NEUROSPORA
Authors: Srb Adrian M , Basl Mary 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Wild-type alleles at the peak locus of Neurospora have been transferred by backcrossing from N. sitophila and N. tetrasperma to N. crassa. In the genomic background of N. crassa the different wild-type alleles show strikingly different dominance relations with Pk-4, a dominant peak mutation in N. crassa.
A FORMULA TO PREDICT THE TRANSMISSION FREQUENCY OF ACENTRIC FRAGMENTS
Authors: Carrano A V 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
A formula, based on the Poisson distribution of radiation-induced chromosomal deletions, was derived to predict the frequency of transmission of acentric fragments between subsequent mitoses. The frequency of deletions observed in the i th + 1 division subsequent to fragment distribution at the i th division anaphase is independent of the cell death resulting from fragment loss. Further, the transmission frequency of chromosome acentric fragments is mathematically equal to the fragment frequency observed in the i th + 1 generation divided by the mean fragment frequency in the i th generation. The formula was also extended to chromatid deletions.
Slowed Protein Turnover in Aging Drosophila Reflects a Shift in Cellular Priorities
Authors: Vincow Evelyn S , Thomas Ruth E , Merrihew Gennifer E , MacCoss Michael J , Pallanck Leo J 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The accumulation of protein aggregates and dysfunctional organelles as organisms age has led to the hypothesis that aging involves general breakdown of protein quality control. We tested this hypothesis using a proteomic and informatic approach in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster. Turnover of most proteins was markedly slower in old flies. However, ribosomal and proteasomal proteins maintained high turnover rates, suggesting that the observed slowdowns in protein turnover might not be due to a global failure of quality control. As protein turnover reflects the balance of protein synthesis and degradation, we investigated whether decreases in synthesis or decreases in degradation would best explain the observed slowdowns in protein turnover. We found that while many individual proteins in old flies showed slower turnover due to decreased degradation, an approximately equal number showed slower turnover due to decreased synthesis, and enrichment analyses revealed that translation machinery itself was less abundant. Mitochondrial complex I subunits and glycolytic enzymes were decreased in abundance as well, and proteins involved in glutamine-dependent anaplerosis were increased, suggesting that old flies modify energy production to limit oxidative damage. Together, our findings suggest that age-related proteostasis changes in Drosophila represent a coordinated adaptation rather than a system collapse.
Limiting and Promoting Resident Self-Care in Assisted Living
Authors: Morgan Jennifer C , Kemp Candace L , Barmon Christina , Fitzroy Andrea , Ball Mary M 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectivesAssisted living (AL) residents often manage multiple chronic conditions, functional and/or cognitive decline along with their individual needs and preferences for a full life. Although residents participate in their own care, little is known about their self-care activities and how to support them. This analysis focuses on residents’ self-care and theorizing the dynamic, socially embedded process of negotiating self-care.MethodsWe analyze data from a grounded theory study informed by the Convoys of Care model. Participants included 50 focal residents and 169 paid and unpaid convoy members in eight AL homes; each resident convoy was followed up for 2 years. Data collection included participant observation, interviews, and resident record review.ResultsTo the extent possible, most AL residents were involved in self-care related to activities of daily living, health promotion, and social, emotional, and mental well-being. Residents and care partners engaged in a dynamic process of limiting and promoting self-care activities. Multiple factors influenced self-care, including residents’ past self-care behaviors, caregiver fear and availability, and the availability of services and supports.DiscussionStrategies for promoting self-care must involve residents and care partners and include convoy education in collaborative goal-setting, prioritizing care that supports the goals, and putting resources in place to support goal achievement.
Association of Baseline Luminal Narrowing With Ileal Microbial Shifts and Gene Expression Programs and Subsequent Transmural Healing in Pediatric Crohn Disease
Authors: Ta Allison D , Ollberding Nicholas J , Karns Rebekah , Haberman Yael , Alazraki Adina L , Hercules David , Baldassano Robert , Markowitz James , Heyman Melvin B , Kim Sandra , Kirschner Barbara , Shapiro Jason M , Noe Joshua , Oliva-Hemker Maria , Otley Anthony , Pfefferkorn Marian , Kellermayer Richard , Snapper Scott , Rabizadeh Shervin , Xavier Ramnik , Dubinsky Marla , Hyams Jeffrey , Kugathasan Subra , Jegga Anil G , Dillman Jonathan R , Denson Lee A 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundTransmural healing (TH) is associated with better long-term outcomes in Crohn disease (CD), whereas pretreatment ileal gene signatures encoding myeloid inflammatory responses and extracellular matrix production are associated with stricturing. We aimed to develop a predictive model for ileal TH and to identify ileal genes and microbes associated with baseline luminal narrowing (LN), a precursor to strictures.Materials and MethodsBaseline small bowel imaging obtained in the RISK pediatric CD cohort study was graded for LN. Ileal gene expression was determined by RNASeq, and the ileal microbial community composition was characterized using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Clinical, demographic, radiologic, and genomic variables were tested for association with baseline LN and future TH.ResultsAfter controlling for ileal location, baseline ileal LN (odds ratio [OR], 0.3; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.1-0.8), increasing serum albumin (OR, 4; 95% CI, 1.3-12.3), and anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies IgG serology (OR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.95-1) were associated with subsequent TH. A multivariable regression model including these factors had excellent discriminant power for TH (area under the curve, 0.86; positive predictive value, 80%; negative predictive value, 87%). Patients with baseline LN exhibited increased Enterobacteriaceae and inflammatory and extracellular matrix gene signatures, coupled with reduced levels of butyrate-producing commensals and a respiratory electron transport gene signature. Taxa including Lachnospiraceae and the genus Roseburia were associated with increased respiratory and decreased inflammatory gene signatures, and Aggregatibacter and Blautia bacteria were associated with reduced extracellular matrix gene expression.ConclusionsPediatric patients with CD with LN at diagnosis are less likely to achieve TH. The association between specific microbiota, wound healing gene programs, and LN may suggest future therapeutic targets.
Analysis of α-Tocopherol Stereoisomers in Fortified Infant Formula by Chiral Chromatography
Authors: Gill Brendon D. , Wood Jackie E. , Indyk Harvey E. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Direct measurement of the bioavailable α-tocopherol content presents a significant analytical challenge and requires chiral separation of the α-tocopherol stereoisomers.

Objective
The objective of the study was to validate an analytical method for the analysis of α-tocopherol stereoisomers in infant formulas and dairy products.

Method
Samples were saponified at elevated temperature and lipophilic components were extracted into an organic solvent, with subsequent chromatographic separation of the α-tocopherol stereoisomers achieved by HPLC with a chiral column and fluorescence detection.

Results
The method was shown to be accurate, with spike recoveries of 91.9–108.8% for RRR-α-tocopherol and 90.1–104.7% for α-tocopherol, with no statistical bias against NIST 1849a certified reference material (P-value = 0.54) and an HPLC-UV analytical method (P-value = 0.48). Acceptable precision was confirmed, with repeatabilities estimated at 3.5% RSDr (HorRat = 0.6) for RRR-α-tocopherol and 4.6% RSDr (HorRat = 0.4) for α-tocopherol.

Conclusions
A straightforward chiral chromatographic method for the analysis of stereoisomeric forms of α-tocopherol is described. In a single analytical run, the method can quantify: (i) the total α-tocopherol content; (ii) the nutritionally important RRR-α-tocopherol and/or 2 R, 4′-ambo, 8′-ambo-α-tocopherol contents; (iii) the amount of all-rac-α-tocopherol, all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate, or all-rac-α-tocopheryl succinate fortified into the product.

Highlights
An accurate and precise chiral chromatographic method for the analysis of isomeric forms of α-tocopherol is described. The method is able to distinguish between natural and synthetic tocopherol sources. The method is accurate and precise and is suitable either for routine product compliance testing during product manufacture or as a possible reference method.
Genetic parameter estimation for beef bull semen attributes
Authors: Butler Madison L , Hartman Ashley R , Bormann Jennifer M , Weaber Robert L , Grieger David M , Rolf Megan M 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Improvements in bull reproductive performance are necessary to optimize the efficiency of cattle production. Female fertility has been enhanced through assisted reproductive technologies as well as genetic selection; however, improving beef bull fertility has been largely ignored. Phenotypes routinely collected at bull semen collection facilities are believed to affect fertility and provide the phenotypes necessary for a genetic evaluation. The first objective of this study was to determine the significant fixed effects for modeling beef bull fertility using data from bull semen collection facilities. The second objective was to estimate variance components, heritabilities, repeatabilities, and correlations between beef bull semen attributes. Beef bull fertility phenotypes including volume (VOL), concentration (CONC), number of spermatozoa (NSP), initial motility (IMot), post-thaw motility (PTMot), 3-h post-thaw motility (3HRPTMot), percentage of normal spermatozoa (%NORM), primary abnormalities (PRIM), and secondary abnormalities (SEC) were obtained from two bull semen collection facilities. A total of 1,819 Angus bulls with 50,624 collection records were analyzed. Of the fixed class and covariate effects tested, the significant class effects were collection location and collection day within year and the significant covariate effects included age at collection, days since previous collection, and cumulative comprehensive climate index (CCI). For this study, the CCI was calculated for a 75-d period including the 61-d spermatogenesis cycle and 14-d epididymal transit time. The 75 d prior to collection accounted for the environmental stress a bull may have experienced over the course of development of the spermatozoa, which was more significant than the CCI calculated for collection day or spermatogenesis start date. Pre-thaw beef bull semen traits had low heritability estimates of 0.11 ± 0.02 (VOL), 0.09 ± 0.02 (CONC), 0.08 ± 0.02 (NSP), and 0.12 ± 0.03 (IMot). Heritabilities of post-thaw beef bull semen attributes were more variable at 0.10 ± 0.02 (PTMot), 0.05 ± 0.04 (3HRPTMot), 0.10 ± 0.04 (%NORM), 0.03 ± 0.03 (PRIM), and 0.18 ± 0.04 (SEC). Correlations of breeding values for these traits with scrotal circumference (SC) expected progeny difference (EPD) are low. The low to moderate heritability estimates indicate that genetic improvement can be made in beef bull semen quality traits if new tools are developed to augment the scrotal circumference EPD that are currently available within the industry.
Balancing ‘the International’ and ‘the Domestic’
Authors: Mayans-Hermida Beatriz E , Holá Barbora 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
As the cornerstone of the International Criminal Court (ICC), the principle of complementarity provides that states have the primary responsibility to investigate and prosecute international crimes, and only when they are inactive, unwilling or unable to genuinely investigate and prosecute the ICC may exercise its jurisdiction. However, the relevance of sentences and sanctions, their severity and modalities in the complementarity assessment (CA) is still ambiguous. Some scholars argue for sentences to play a role in the CA but do not elaborate on what an inadequate sanction is and how it can justify the ICC pre-empting a national prosecution. Others mainly focus on pardons or blanket amnesties, without addressing reduced or alternative sentences developed in the framework of peace negotiations. The existing gap may stall or complicate peace processes in post-conflict situations under the jurisdiction of the ICC where alternative sanctions can be the only viable way to reach an agreement between the warring parties. This article focuses on the role that sentences can play in the CA according to the Rome Statute, on what are the standards on adequacy of sentences/sanctions for international crimes, and analyses how alternative sanctions designed in transitional contexts can play out in such an assessment.