bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards the Design of Compliant Continuum Topologies With Geometric Nonlinearity
Authors: Saxena A. , Ananthasuresh G. K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Optimal design methods that use continuum mechanics model for the deformation of the elastic body, are capable of generating suitable topology, shape, and dimensions of compliant mechanisms for desired specifications. Elastic analysis with linear finite element models employed in the synthesis procedures to date is not quantitatively accurate for large displacement situations. Also, the design specifications involving nonlinear force-deflection characteristics and generation of a curved path for the output port are difficult to realize with linear models. In this paper, the synthesis of compliant mechanisms is performed using geometrically nonlinear finite element models that appropriately account for large displacements. Frame elements are chosen for developing the synthesis procedure because of ease of implementation of the general approach and their ability to capture bending deformations. A computationally efficient method for computing the nonlinear design sensitivities is described. Examples are included to illustrate the usefulness of the synthesis method.
Constraint Handling and Iterative Attribute Model Building in Decision-Based Engineering Design
Authors: Iyer Harikumar , Tang Xiao , Krishnamurty Sundar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with two major issues that are central to the development and implementation of decision-based approaches to engineering design, namely, the treatment of constraints and accurate preference representation. In this paper, a decision analysis based constraint handling technique is introduced that will be particularly useful in constrained engineering problems with multiple attributes. Recognizing the iterative nature of engineering design where design alternatives may not always be known a priori (unlike in traditional engineering design), this paper introduces the concept of knowledge-influenced attribute model building as a means to update preference representation for the purposes of accurately reflecting designer’s intent and purposes throughout. the evolving design process. These two concepts are then used to extend the TRED (Trade-off based Robust Engineering Design) framework that has been developed as a formal design strategy through the integration of utility theory, based multiattribute models into a Taguchi philosophy based design of experiments setup. Here, to find robust optimal solutions to constrained engineering design problems, this paper presents the development of a second order design space reduction technique based on Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Its application to engineering problems is illustrated through a simple case study and the results are discussed.
Modeling Three Dimensional Tolerance Zones Using Screw Parameters
Authors: Desrochers Alain 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a mathematical representation of the three dimensional tolerance zones defined in the ANSI Y14.5 M standard. The tolerance zone models are based on the small displacement screw which is a screw parameter expressing first order approximation of traditional homogeneous transformation matrix. Modeling of datum system and complex surface association is also taken into account as well as modeling of multiple tolerance specifications and material modifiers. Application of the representation model is presented on a simple tolerance transfer case where emphasis is put on the translation components of the tolerance zones. The screw parameter representation is also compatible with the Technologically and Topologically Related Surfaces (TTRS) representation model.
A Comprehensive Robust Design Approach for Decision Trade-Offs in Complex Systems Design
Authors: Kalsi Monu , Hacker Kurt , Lewis Kemper 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper we introduce a technique to reduce the effects of uncertainty and incorporate flexibility in the design of complex engineering systems involving multiple decision-makers. We focus on the uncertainty that is created when a disciplinary designer or design team must try to predict or model the behavior of other disciplinary subsystems. The design of a complex system is performed by many different designers and design teams, each of which may only have control over a portion of the total set of system design variables. Modeling the interaction among these decision-makers and reducing the effect caused by lack of global control by any one designer is the focus of this paper. We use concepts from robust design to reduce the effects of decisions made during the design of one subsystem on the performance of the rest of the system. Thus, in a situation where the cost of uncertainty is high, these tools can be used to increase the robustness, or independence, of the subsystems, enabling designers to make more effective decisions. This approach includes uncertainty caused by control factor variation (Type II robust design) and uncertainty caused by unknown nonlocal design information (Type I robust design). To demonstrate the usefulness of this approach, we consider a case study involving the design of a passenger aircraft.
A Lean-Server Approach to Enabling Collaboration Using Advanced Design Methods
Authors: Hale Mark A. , Craig James I. , Mavris Dimitri N. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The design framework research community utilizes the internet as a facilitator for collaborative activities. The internet provides a platform independent interface and geographic distribution. Information can be easily represented to the end-user using the HyperText Markup Language and can be coded in a reasonable timeframe. A shortcoming of exploiting this technology further is the reliance on existing Web servers to interface with analysis tools and design services. In this case, interactive components require auxiliary processes (called CGI scripts) to be started by the server that are used in an inefficient manner. This model does not provide the user-oriented capability required by standalone applications. Java offers improvements in client-side processing but a server bottleneck still exists. A novel approach using lean-servers is introduced as an alternative method for providing an efficient server-side computing model. In this case, internet requests are brokered directly by the design application by providing a gateway to the application’s programming interface using a HyperText Transfer Protocol compliant layer. This allows requests to be managed directly by the application rather than requiring auxiliary services. Step-by-step directions for implementing this approach using a case study of an existing design framework are given in this paper. A prototype system, called the Systems Programming Architecture for Collaborative Engineering, is described as one scenario for implementing the lean-server technology. Usability of the approach is demonstrated through a Design of Experiments example that is representative of modern design methods. This example also demonstrates collaboration because it executes asynchronously with multi-user intervention at any time during the process. In hindsight, the lean-server approach is an enabling technology for collaborative design and focuses future research direction on the establishment of collaborative design practices.
Low-Degree B-Spline Approximation of Procedurally Defined Curves
Authors: Qu Jun , Sarma Radha 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper outlines an algorithm for approximating procedurally defined curves with low-degree, integral b-spline curves. The algorithm is based on minimizing a least square error metric between the ideal and approximated curves. Expressions for optimality criteria using the least square error metric are derived from a combination of exact b-spline integration and numerical integration techniques, thereby eliminating the need for sampling the ideal curve. A high-level iterative procedure that doubles knots at each step is proposed to ensure that the deviations between the ideal and approximated curves are within user specified limits. Issues of computational complexity are addressed and several examples are presented that illustrate the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Optimal Design and Control of an Electric DC Motor
Authors: Reyer Julie A. , Papalambros Panos Y. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In the design and optimization of artifacts requiring both mechanical and control design, the process is typically divided and performed in separate steps. The physical structure is designed first, a control strategy is selected, and the actual controller is then designed. This paper examines how this separation could affect the overall system design and how the combination of the separate problems into a single decision model could improve the overall design, using an electric DC motor as a case study. The combination is challenging since the two problems often have different design criteria and objectives and mathematical model properties. A Pareto analysis is suggested as a rigorous way to compare a variety of design scenaria.
Encapsulated Transmission of Part Specifications for Distributed Solid Freeform Fabrication
Authors: Storti Duane , Redl Chad , Ganter Mark , Turkiyyah George , Woo Tony 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes an approach to the transmission of part specifications for distributed solid freeform fabrication. We consider an approach motivated by recent advances in software development associated with object oriented programming style and data encapsulation. Rather than insisting on translation of part specifications to a standard format, we specify a set of public methods necessary for solid freeform fabrication (SFF) or layered manufacturing (LM). By specifying public members and methods that provide fabrication systems with all the information needed to build parts, SFF systems can build parts based on models constructed in any modeling environment for which the methods are available.
As an example, we consider a candidate set of methods required by a simple layered fabrication system, and we discuss an implementation of those methods for a modeling format, implicit solid modeling, that has not previously been directly supported by SFF systems. Since for any modeling system, SFF relies on the construction of the layers or slices through the part, we pay particular attention to describing a slicing implementation for implicit solids.
On the Exact Representation of the Boundary Surfaces of the Swept Volume of a Cylinder Undergoing Rational Bézier and B-Spline Motions
Authors: Xia J. , Ge Q. J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper develops methods for the exact analysis and representation of the swept volume of a circular cylinder undergoing rational Bézier and B-spline motions. Instead of following the traditional approach of analyzing the point trajectory of an object motion for swept volume analysis, this paper seeks to develop a new approach to swept volume analysis by studying the plane trajectory of a rational motion. It seeks to bring together recent work in swept volume analysis, plane representation of developable surfaces, as well as computer aided synthesis of freeform rational motions. The results have applications in design and approximation of freeforms surfaces as well as tool path planning for 5-axis machining of freeform surfaces.
Magnetic Bearing Design Using Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Teng Yong , Carlson-Skalak Susan , Maslen Eric 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A magnetic bearing system is a coupled, nonlinear, high-dimensional system. The relationship among the design parameters, design constraints and the optimization goals is not obvious. Solving this type of design problem within a reasonable time frame is a challenge for any optimization method. This research investigated the simultaneous optimization of the magnetic bearing configuration and bearing locations. A multistage genetic algorithm was developed to search through a discrete and non-convex solution space. Because the genetic algorithm can search through a much larger solution space than any engineer can do, innovative designs different from those using traditional methods can be found.
A Decision Support Model for the Life-Cycle Design of a Family of Oil Filters
Authors: Ortega Roberto A. , Kalyan-Seshu Uma-Shankar , Bras Bert 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a decision support approach for designing a family of environmentally benign products for a ranged set of customer requirements is presented. More specifically, we incorporate environmental issues in order to minimize the environmental impact of products without sacrificing their performance characteristics and keeping competitive prices in comparison to existing products. The example problem consists of the design of a family of environmentally benign oil filters based on a variety of oil flow rate ranges. Environmental issues are represented by Life Cycle Assessments and comparisons of the existing alternatives based on their environmental impact. Emphasis is placed on highlighting the trade-off analysis for including environmental considerations in the design of a family of products and not on the results of the problem, per se.
Real-Time Finite Element Modelling With Haptic Support
Authors: Berkley Jeffrey , Ganter Mark , Weghorst Suzanne , Gladstone Hayes , Raugi Gregory , Berg Daniel 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the preliminary results of a new real-time finite element system which supports haptic (i.e. force) feedback to the user. The methodology of the system is based on linear finite-element analysis. Further, this system was originally developed as part of a real-time skin surgery simulator with the Human Interface Technology Lab and, the Division of Dermatology at the University of Washington Medical School. We are currently exploring its use and development as a new engineering design tool.
Fitting Functions to Data in High Dimensional Design Space
Authors: Wang Xiaoou , Liu Yingying , Antonsson Erik K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
One approach to rapidly exploring large design spaces is to evaluate the performance of a small number of representative points in the space, then based on those points, construct an approximation to the response over a region of interest. Linear, piecewise linear, quadratic and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS) models are fit to an example 5-dimensional data set representative of information available in preliminary engineering design. When the number of data points representing a high-dimensional response is small, all of the approximation models appear to perform nearly equally.
Multiple-Points Constraints Based Deformation for Free-Form Surfaces
Authors: Zheng J. M. , Chan K. W. , Gibson I. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
There is an increasing demand in the conceptual design for more intuitive methods for creating and modifying free-form curves and surfaces in CAD modeling systems. The methods should be based not only on the change of the mathematical parameters but also on the user’s specified constraints and shapes. This paper presents a new surface representation model for free-form surface deformation representation. The model is a combination of two functions: a displacement function and a function for representing an existing NURBS surface called parent surface. Based on the surface model, the authors develop two deformation methods which are named SingleDef (Single-point constraint based deformation method), and MultiDef (Multiple-points constraints based deformation method). The techniques for free-form surface deformation allow conceptual designer to modify a parent surface by directly applying point constraints to the parent surface. The deformation methods are implemented and taken in an experimental CAD system. The results show that the designer can easily and intuitively control the surface shape.
Smart Optimization of Machine Systems Using Hierarchical Genotype Representations
Authors: Yoshimura Masataka , Izui Kazuhiro 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Design problems for machine products are generally hierarchically expressed. With conventional product optimization methods, it is difficult to concurrently optimize all design variables of portions within the hierarchical structure. This paper proposes a design optimization method using genetic algorithms containing hierarchical genotype representations, so that the hierarchical structures of machine system designs are exactly expressed through genotype coding, and optimization can be concurrently conducted for all of the hierarchical structures. Crossover and mutation operations for manipulating the hierarchical genotype representations are also developed. The proposed method is applied to a machine-tool structural design to demonstrate its effectiveness.
Two-Dimensional Trimmed Surface Development Using a Physics-Based Model
Authors: Wang Charlie C. L. , Chen Shiang-Fong , Fan Jin , Yuen Matthew M. F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a general method for parametric trimmed surface development. Parametric trimmed surface development is primarily used for flattening a 3D surface into a corresponding 2D pattern or surface. This method can be applied in computer aided design, texture mapping, ship building, etc. First, the surface is triangulated and mapped onto a plane. This initial planar mapping has the same topology as its original surface. Then, a spring-mass system is applied to deform the plane. The surface elastic deformation energy distribution is indicated by a color graph, which determines a surface cutting line. The method presented here can efficiently solve development problems for complex trimmed surfaces. Accuracy of a developed surface can easily be controlled locally. Thus, compared to earlier methods, this method provides more flexibility for solving CAD and CAM surfacing problems.
Task Distribution and Lumped Parameter Modeling in Multi-Disciplinary Product Development
Authors: Ozawa Masanori , Biswas Gautam , Zhu Liang 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Present day electromechanical product design requires multi disciplinary design teams who have to perform complex synthesis, analysis, and control tasks to ensure desirable functional and performance characteristics for the products. In each stage of design, specialized tools are utilized to optimize design efficiency and product performance. Such tools tend to be used individually in an ad hoc manner. Moreover, the lack of uniform representations and the non availability of specific design data make it difficult for the different design groups to interact effectively and use the different design tools in an integrated fashion. This hinders the generation of globally optimal designs.
Typically design engineers construct Finite Element Methodology models (FEM models) for detailed analysis of phenomena in their individual domains (e.g., mechanical, thermal, etc.). In this paper, we argue the necessity for building more abstract lumped parameter models from distributed FEM models to facilitate model sharing and communication across multiple design teams. We describe a set of techniques for building lumped parameter system models from more detailed distributed models, and demonstrate their application in design problem solving. Finally, we propose the application of design-of-experience (DOE) and the Mahalanobis-Taguchi-System (MTS) with lumped parameter models.
Optimum Design Using Radial Basis Function Network and Adaptive Range Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Arakawa Masao , Nakayama Hirotaka , Ishikawa Hiroshi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we use the radial basis function networks in order to approximate the fitness function of the genetic algorithms and try to obtain the approximate optimum results within the relatively small number of function call. The radial basis function network (RBF) is a kind of neural network that is composed by the number of radial basis function in Gaussian distribution. Its learning system is composed by additional learning of basis function and a new data and forgetting of basis function and undesirable data. Thus the key issues in RBF are to give new data and to place basis function. So that if we can give these values appropriately, we can carry out approximate optimization even in the case that the optimum solutions are outside the range of the initial settings. Together with the adaptive range genetic algorithms that are proposed to treat mixed variable optimization, we will propose the way to give a new data and basis function. In this study, we have shown the effectiveness of the proposed method through simple numerical examples.
Control Barriers of Positioning Manipulators
Authors: Abdel-Malek K. , Yeh Harn-Jou , Alkam Mohamad 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Broadly applicable formulations for identifying control difficulties in positioning serial manipulators are developed based on the Implicit Function Theorem and acceleration analyses on singular surfaces. As a result, voids in the workspace are also identified. Rank deficiency conditions are applied to the positioning Jacobian with joint constraints included in the formulation. Geometric entities upon which the manipulator exhibits control difficulties are identified. These difficulties are associated with a admissible motion along a vector normal to the singular geometric entities. Definiteness properties of a quadratic form that is as a result of normal acceleration define control difficulties. Numerical examples are illustrated.
Workspace Analysis of 6-PRRS Parallel Manipulators Based on the Vertex Space Concept
Authors: Bonev Ilian A. , Ryu Jeha 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents workspace analysis of 6–PRRS parallel manipulators based on the vertex space concept. A fully geometric algorithm is described for the computation of the constant-orientation workspace, which was implemented in the CAD/CAM system CATIA. The influence of the different design parameters on the workspace as well as on the other properties of the manipulator is discussed. Finally, examples are provided to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed method.
C
3 Two-Harmonic Rational B-Spline Curves for Trajectory Synthesis
Authors: Ge Q. J. , Xia J. , Rastegar J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper extends the recent work on rational Bézier representation of trigonometric polynomial curves to develop piece-wise two-harmonic curves with the third order (or C3) continuity. First, C3 continuity conditions are derived for piecing together two-harmonic rational Bézier curve segments. These conditions are then used to obtain C3 two-harmonic rational B-spline curves that have similarities to C3 quartic B-spline curves. Low-harmonic rational B-spline curves are compatible with the existing NURBS based CAD systems and can be used to synthesize low-harmonic motions of high-speed machinery to avoid vibration and control related problems.
Approximating Polynomial Bézier Curves Using Harmonic Rational Bézier Curves
Authors: Xia J. , Ge Q. J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the problem of approximating polynomial Bézier curves with low-harmonic rational Bézier curves. It is shown that a polynomial Bézier curve is representable as a hybrid curve consisting of a low-harmonic curve with a moving control point. This hybrid representation leads directly to a low-harmonic approximation of a given polynomial curve. The approximation error is also analyzed. The result can be used to fine tune a polynomial trajectory for high-speed machinery to remove high harmonics from the trajectory.