bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of quenching and tempering process on microstructure and properties of 14Cr17Ni2 stainless steel
Authors: Chen Shan , Zhao Ning , Yang Chunguang , Zhang Lei , Yang Fang , Shen Xinjun 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
14Cr17Ni2 is a martensitic stainless steel with good matching of strength and toughness. Its mechanical properties depend on quenching and tempering process, especially tensile strength and impact toughness require appropriate heat treatment process to achieve the mechanical properties required by design. In order to solve the problem that the impact energy is difficult to reach the standard, this paper studies the relationship between the temperature time of quenching and tempering and the microstructure and properties, and obtains that the hardness of HBW328 can meet the requirements when the quenching temperature is 950 °C and the tempering temperature is 600 °C, so as to realize high-efficiency and high-quality processing of turning and tooth making.
Investigation of the Al alloy armor materials: A review
Authors: Zhou Tian , Wang Yangwei , Bao Jiawei , Zhao Pingluo , An Rui , Zhang Changle , Zhang Hao 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Al alloys have garnered profound scholarly interest for their utilization in armored vehicles and an array of military components, owing to their noteworthy properties which encompass high specific strength, exceptional fracture toughness, unparalleled corrosion resistance, and remarkable ballistic characteristics. Additionally, their exceptional formability coupled with economic feasibility enhances the prospects for large-scale production and deployment, thereby positioning them as a highly preferred material option. The ballistic impact mechanism in Al alloys is an intricate mechanical process, intricately intertwined with the target material’s strength, hardness, ductility, density, toughness, and thickness, as well as the projectile’s characteristics. Currently, a range of lightweight Al alloy armor materials have been engineered to possess superior strength and ductility, rendering them ideally suited for a diverse array of ballistic impact applications. This study aims to consolidate current research findings on Al alloy armor materials, with a keen focus on three pivotal dimensions: ballistic resilience, stress corrosion cracking resistance, and weldability. By integrating insights from diverse research endeavors, we endeavor to deepen our comprehension of these key properties, ultimately laying a solid theoretical and experimental groundwork for the progression of Al alloy armor materials.
Simulation study on the jet formation of high-entropy alloy shaped charge liner
Authors: Zhang Hongyu , Wang Jin , Qiu Wenhao , Ma Chen 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The high-entropy alloy liner has the characteristics of wide composition and performance control range, high density, high sound speed, and certain chemical activity, which makes it unique in the application of shaped charge warhead. Based on CoCrFeNiAl high-entropy alloy, the static and dynamic mechanical properties of high-entropy alloy were carried out by universal material testing machine and split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB). The static and dynamic stress-strain curves of high-entropy alloy were obtained, and the Johnson-Cook constitutive model parameters of high-entropy alloy were fitted. Based on the AUTODYN-2D numerical simulation platform, the jet formation behavior of CoCrFeNiAl high-entropy alloy liner was studied. The distribution characteristics of velocity field and density field in the jet formation process of high-entropy alloy liner were analyzed, and the influence of cone angle of high-entropy alloy liner on jet formation evolution, fracture, velocity field and density field was revealed. The results show that the jet head accumulation is caused by the existence of “reverse velocity gradient” in the high-entropy jet formation process. With the increase of the cone angle of the liner, the velocity of the jet head of the CoCrFeNiAl high-entropy alloy decreases, but the overall formation performance of the jet is better. Under the condition of different cone angles, the density change curve at the top axis of the high-entropy alloy liner shows the “three peaks” phenomenon. The work can provide a reference for the structural design of new high-entropy alloy liner.
Analysis of Explosion characteristics of L-Type Explosive Train in Fuze based on LS-DYNA
Authors: Zhong Yunling , Zhao Yiju , Wang Bin , Gong Yu , Guo Meng 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In order to study the explosion characteristics of explosive train in fuze, and provide reference for the design of explosive train, the simulation calculation of explosion characteristics of L-type explosive train is carried out, and a simplified model is established for theoretical analysis. The analysis results show that the initiation point of the L-type explosive train should be designed in the middle and back end of the detonating charge column, so that the detonation pressure at the detonation tube can be larger; The air gap should be reduced as much as possible when designing the explosive train; Proper thickness of metal structures in the explosive train can influent the detonation waveform become more complex shock wave chasing and superposition, which will increase the detonation pressure.
Shock Response Characteristics and Unreacted Equation of State Calibration of GAP/RDX/TEGDN propellant
Authors: Xin Wang , Yanqing Wu , Liansheng Zhang , Jun You 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Understanding the shock response characteristics of propellants is crucial for studying the safety of the shock wave dominating shock initiation. To study shock response characteristics of high-energy solid propellant (GAP/RDX/TEGDN propellant, GRT propellant) and obtain its unreacted equation of state (EOS) parameters, a shock response experiment (plate impact experiment) was conducted using a caliber 57 mm single stage light-gas gun device. The propellant/window interface particle velocity is measured by using a velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR), and the corresponding mechanical parameters of GRT propellant are obtained by the impedance matching method. The Hugoniot parameters of GRT propellant further were obtained by the parameter inversion method based on Abaqus/explicit, calibrated the unreacted EOS. The experiment results show that: At an impact velocity of 212 m·s−1 and 282 m·s−1, the propellant/window interface particle velocity time-history curve shows a double wave composed of elasticity and viscoplasticity. The shock front rise time in the viscoplasticity wave stage is relatively slow and shows shock viscosity characteristics. The shock viscosity is attributed to the viscous dissipation of each constituent and the wave scattering caused by a wave impedance mismatch between each constituent. Its duration decreases with impact velocity increasing. In addition, the unreacted EOS fitting curve is consistent with the experimental result inversion value and the calibrated parameters are valid.
Preparation and ballistic performance of super porous photocurable gun propellant
Authors: Li Manman , Guo Zhigang , Gao Yuchen , Wang Qionglin , Yang Weitao 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Porous propellants were fabricated using an extrusion 3D printer. A novel formulation was developed, containing terminated acrylate-based poly (3-nitrilomethyl-3-methyloxetane) (APNIMMO) as the prepolymer and hexanitrohexaazaisowoodzane (CL-20) as the high-energy solid filler. Photocurable gun propellant slurries were prepared utilizing the acoustic resonance mixier, and subsequently, gun propellants with a core-shell structure were fabricated via extrusion 3D printing technology. The combustion performance and interior ballistic performance of these propellants were tested and analyzed by closed bomb and 12.7mm test gun. The results demonstrated that the propellant grain with shell-core structure possesses better combustion progressivity. Meanwhile, the incorporation of lattice structures in photocurable gun propellants led to increased chamber pressure and muzzle velocity. Conversely, the addition of shell-core structured propellant grains resulted in comparable muzzle velocity but decreased chamber pressure. These findings underscore the significant role of rational structural design in optimizing ballistic performance.
Experimental study on the DC response of parallel NTC thermistors to sensitive semiconductor bridge transducers
Authors: Jin Hao-jie , Niu Hui-yuan , Ren Wei , Ji Xiang-fei , Wang Li , Li Hui , An Cheng-yuan 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The application of parallel thermistor is an essential method for improving the critical fusing current of semiconductor bridge (SCB). In this paper, constant current power supply and infrared test system are employed to experimentally investigate the effect of parallel negative temperature coefficient (NTC)thermistor on the response of semiconductor bridge under various DC excitations. The test results demonstrate a comparison between the SCB (NTC-SCB) with negative temperature coefficient thermistor in parallel and the SCB without NTC. The temperature in the bridge region can be reduced by 68% with a more than one-fold increase in the critical fusing current. And the shunt effect of NTC thermistor is 34.4%-74.4%.
Thermal properties regulation of primary explosive based on adhesives’ composition effect
Authors: Lu Feipeng , Han Ruishan , Li Shaoqun , Wang Yanlan , Li Ming , Jiang Jiamin , Hu Gang 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
With the upgrading and development of weapons, primary explosive charge methods based on extrusion/printing technology had become important direction for the support capacity improvement for in service and novel equipment. Binders as the key component in extrusion/printing based primary explosive charge technology, its influence on primary explosives hadn’t been investigated, which shown important influence on energetic materials’ safety and reliability. Thus, primary explosive-binder compositions, (Nitrocellulose (NC), ethylcellulose(EC), and Viton (F) were employed as typical binders; meanwhile, lead azide (LA), silver azide (SA), and lead styphnate (LTNR) were employed as typical primary explosives), were prepared via water phase suspension method, and fully characterized its structure and thermal decomposition property. Hollow sphere structure was formed with NC and EC as binders, nanosheet could be find in the primary explosive-EC compositions. F based compositions shown primary explosive nano particles and aggregate blocks. EC shown more obvious influence effect to azide based primary explosives, which increased the decomposition temperature of LA, decreased the decomposition temperature of SA. F shown enhancement effect to LA’s thermal stability, and weak influence on the thermal stability of SA. These results could be attributed to the nanosheets structure of NC and EC in the composites. For LTNR, EC and F shown the weak effect to its decomposition temperature.
Study on thermal stability of HNS in adiabatic environment
Authors: Zhang Song , Wei Chunqiang , Teng Yiyi , Wang Zao , Chu Enyi , Wang Yanlan , Zhang Fang 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The thermal stability of heat-resistant explosives plays an important role in their applications. This article uses adiabatic calorimetry to study the thermal stability of HNS-II, HNS-II, nickel chromium alloys of different quantities, and HNS-II after high-temperature storage in an adiabatic environment. SEM, XRD, and other methods are used to assist in analyzing the samples before and after decomposition. The results showed that the larger the sample size, the relatively less heat loss during thermal decomposition of the sample, and the faster the adiabatic decomposition rate. When the sample size was below 70mg, due to the endothermic effect of the sample ball, the temperature rise rate of sample decomposition was lower, and the decomposition process was relatively mild. The morphology of the residue after decomposition remained elongated; HNS II has good compatibility with nickel chromium alloy in adiabatic environments. In addition, compared with DSC, ARC can more accurately characterize the changes in material thermal stability: ARC testing shows that the thermal stability of HNS II has changed after high-temperature storage.
Optimization Design of Lattice Structures Based on Titanium Alloy Composite Reactive Materials
Authors: Wang Minghui , He Yuan , Zhang Rui , Ou Rongjiang 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This paper proposes the use of active materials Al/PTFE and TC4 metal to form composite materials in order to enhance their mechanical properties. A lattice structure design based on the TC4 metal framework is developed, and three original crystal unit cells of the lattice structure are optimized according to the design concepts of Face-centered Cubic and Edge-centered Cubic. Seven crystal unit cells are simulated and modeled, and these lattice structures are then simulated at volume fractions of 0.25 and 0.35. The results show that regardless of the volume fraction, the mechanical performance of the optimized lattice structures surpasses that of common lattice structures.
Kinetics and mechanism of thermal decomposition of ammonium dinitramide by TG/DSC-FTIR and chip-DSC coupled with microscope
Authors: Haiyang Yu , Lei Huang , Huidi Dai , Limin Wang , Xing Zhou 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Kinetics and mechanism of ammonium dinitramide were studied by the multiple methods composed of an in-situ testing thermal analysis system, product analysis by XPS/XRD/FTIR and evolved gas analysis using TG/DSC-FTIR. A three-step model for thermal decomposition of ADN was established, which were the low-temperature reaction, the single-step decomposition process with an autocatalytic reaction, and the multi-step decomposition process. N2O and NO2 were the main gaseous products, and there was difference in the intensity of the reaction at each stage. The corresponding kinetics and mechanism were proposed based on the analysis of activation energies and the intensity changes of the gaseous products.
Influence of structural parameters of layered interception compound reactive liner on combined penetrating and implosion effects
Authors: Wei Rongchao , Liu Yakun , Xiao Jianguang , Yang Yifang , Zhang Jinlin 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In response to the bottleneck problem that the penetration depth of traditional fluoropyr-based reactive material(RMS) shaped charge is seriously insufficient, a Layered Interception Compound Reactive Liner (LICRL) shaped charge structure is proposed. Based on the MPM numerical simulation method, the influence of structural parameters such as the height ratio ϕ and thickness ratio η of the inner and outer liners on the jet formation and its penetration behavior is investigated. The results indicate that the variation in ϕ primarily affects the head shape of jet formation. When ϕ = 2/3, a composite jet comprising a precursor copper jet and a trailing reactive jet is formed, which causes a “Penetrating While Explosion” damage effect on steel targets. The variation in η mainly influences the shaping morphology of the copper jet. When η > 2/3, the damage power of the composite liner is weakened, this is attributed to the poorer shaping morphology of the coaxial copper jet under higher liner thickness ratios and premature fracture of the copper jet due to reactive material response. Compared to traditional single reactive jets, the layered interception compound reactive liner (LICRL) forms jets that penetrate steel targets to a greater depth, and significantly increase the crater diameter compared to single-metal jets.
Research progress of 1,1 ’- dihydroxyl - 5,5’ - ditetrazolium dihydroxylamine salt (TKX-50)
Authors: Minglei Chen , Nana Wu , Fengqin Shang , Kun Chen 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
1,1’-dihydroxyl-5,5’-ditetrazolium dihydroxylamine salt(TKX-50) is a new energetic ionic salt which has attracted wide attention at present. This paper reviews the research progress of TKX-50, including TKX-50 simple explosive and TKX-50 base mixed explosive. TKX-50 has certain application potential due to its advantages of easy synthesis, high energy, low mechanical sensitivity and low toxicity. However, compared with traditional CHNO energetic materials, TKX-50’s different crystal composition, interactions between particles in the crystal, thermal properties and its intrinsic nature, its less than ideal thermal stability and compatibility will limit its application. This indicates that the thermal response mechanism and energy release mechanism of the energetic ionic salt represented by TKX-50 May be different from that of traditional CHNO energetic materials, which needs further study.
Intelligent calibration of dual liner CCD intersection testing system based on Backpropagation neural network
Authors: peng Wang , Fangchao Xia , Zhongchen Cao , Jianbin Zhang , Zhenyi Zhang , Yongzhong Wang , Yutao Gu , Xuejun Chen , Lin Zhang , Weixi Yang 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In order to improve the measurement accuracy and calibration efficiency of the dual liner Charge Couple Device (CCD) intersection measurement system, a calibration technique based on Backpropagation (BP) neural network is proposed. This calibration method does not consider the parameters of the linear CCD camera and treats the entire dual liner CCD intersection measurement system as a whole for calibration. In the testing of the dual liner CCD intersection measurement system, the pixel coordinates of the measured target in the pixel plane of the linear CCD camera will change with the actual position of the measured target. The position of the measured target is continuously changed multiple times to construct a training sample set. The BP neural network is trained using the constructed training samples, and the strong nonlinear mapping ability of the BP neural network is utilized to obtain the mapping relationship between the pixel coordinates of the measured target and the actual coordinates of the measured target in the dual liner CCD intersection measurement system. A dual liner CCD intersection measurement system was constructed, and calibration experiments were designed to compare and analyse the experimental data. The results show that the proposed method can improve the testing accuracy and stability of the dual liner CCD intersection measurement system, while also improving calibration efficiency.
3D printing technology and its potential applications in laser pyrotechnic systems
Authors: Li Yan , Zheng Wei , He Aifeng , Cao Chunqiang , Yu Xiaogang , Li Minjie 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This article starts with the technical problems encountered in the development of laser pyrotechnic products, introduces the additive 3D printing technology, and combines application examples to introduce its molding process and characteristics. It mainly expounds the optical curing 3D printing technology used for optical device and optical system molding, as well as the integrated application of optical fiber and micro-lens. In the laser pyrotechnic system, it is required that the laser window can accurately focus the laser energy to the ignition powder surface, and be compatible with the miniaturization of the device and system. The 3D printing technology of an achromatic micro-lens based on the end face of the optical fiber, as introduced in this article, is of reference significance for improving the reliability of the laser pyrotechnic system and the miniaturization of the system.
Study on the Leakage Magnetic Field Characteristics of Multiple Halbach Magnetic Rings Based on the Equivalent Magnetic Charge Method
Authors: Wen Nai-Jin , Wang Hou-Sheng , Wang Jian-Chao , Ma Ben-Dong 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A small astronomical detection platform needs to separate low-energy electrons from an X-ray beam. The Permanent Magnet Deflector (PMD) achieves electron deflection using its magnetic field. However, magnetic leakage can affect the operation of surrounding high-sensitivity instruments, it’s necessary to make a clear understanding of the leakage magnitude. Halbach magnetic rings can reduce magnetic leakage through an internally uniform unidirectional magnetic field and low magnetic density on the outer side. This paper proposes using the Equivalent Magnetic Charge Method (EMCM) to calculate the magnetic field of four Halbach magnetic rings at a distance. The magnetic field in space for Halbach magnetic rings with various magnetization directions is calculated using the Differential Element Method (DEM) combined with Orthogonal Decomposition Method (ODM). The calculation results are compared with finite element simulation results to verify the model’s accuracy. The study found that when the magnetization angles of the four magnetic rings differ by 180° around the x and y axes, the magnetic leakage is minimized at a distance. At a relatively close range, magnetic leakage is minimized when the magnetization direction changes by 90° in sequence. The results indicate that optimizing the arrangement of magnetization angles can significantly reduce magnetic leakage, providing a theoretical basis for the application of multi-Halbach permanent magnet arrays in space engineering.
Research on decomposition filter optimization algorithm of laser echo signal based on fractional fourier transform
Authors: Chen Zhuo , Zha Bingting 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
For laser echo signal, a decomposition filter optimization algorithm based on fractional Fourier transform is proposed. Faced with the problem of effective signal loss caused by empirical mode decomposition algorithm, the signal component is further filtered by Fourier transform, and then the signal is reconstructed. The denoising algorithm can reduce the signal loss under the condition of effective denoising, and the numerical simulation test proves the effectiveness.
Single photon detection based on photon driven mode for improving the depth reconstruction quality
Authors: Pei Zihao , Wang Bowen , Zeng Min , Zuo Chao 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In the single photon detection, the precise time of flight (TOF) between the target and the detector is very important to retrieve the depth information with high quality. It is hard to obtain in the practical experiment due to the existence of the system jitter, the background noise and the dead time, respectively. In this letter, a single photon detection method based on photon driven mode is proposed to improve the depth reconstruction quality. An additional reference signal is added to suppress the delay of the system. The photon driven model is built to explore effects of the dead time on the incident photon sequence. Finally, the incident photon sequence retrieved by maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) is filtered by a butterworth filter to improve the depth information.