bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical prediction of laboratory-confirmed influenza in adults with influenza-like illness in primary care. A randomized controlled trial secondary analysis in 15 European countries
Authors: Ouchi Dan , García-Sangenís Ana , Moragas Ana , van der Velden Alike W , Verheij Theo J , Butler Christopher C , Bongard Emily , Coenen Samuel , Cook Johanna , Francis Nick A , Godycki-Cwirko Maciek , Lundgren Pia Touboul , Lionis Christos , Radzeviciene Jurgute Ruta , Chlabicz Sławomir , De Sutter An , Bucher Heiner C , Seifert Bohumil , Kovács Bernadett , de Paor Muireann , Sundvall Pär-Daniel , Aabenhus Rune , Harbin Nicolay Jonassen , Ieven Greet , Goossens Herman , Lindbæk Morten , Bjerrum Lars , Llor Carl 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Clinical findings do not accurately predict laboratory diagnosis of influenza. Early identification of influenza is considered useful for proper management decisions in primary care.

Objective
We evaluated the diagnostic value of the presence and the severity of symptoms for the diagnosis of laboratory-confirmed influenza infection among adults presenting with influenza-like illness (ILI) in primary care.

Methods
Secondary analysis of patients with ILI who participated in a clinical trial from 2015 to 2018 in 15 European countries. Patients rated signs and symptoms as absent, minor, moderate, or major problem. A nasopharyngeal swab was taken for microbiological identification of influenza and other microorganisms. Models were generated considering (i) the presence of individual symptoms and (ii) the severity rating of symptoms.

Results
A total of 2,639 patients aged 18 or older were included in the analysis. The mean age was 41.8 ± 14.7 years, and 1,099 were men (42.1%). Influenza was microbiologically confirmed in 1,337 patients (51.1%). The area under the curve (AUC) of the model for the presence of any of seven symptoms for detecting influenza was 0.66 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.65–0.68), whereas the AUC of the symptom severity model, which included eight variables—cough, fever, muscle aches, sweating and/or chills, moderate to severe overall disease, age, abdominal pain, and sore throat—was 0.70 (95% CI: 0.69–0.72).

Conclusion
Clinical prediction of microbiologically confirmed influenza in adults with ILI is slightly more accurate when based on patient reported symptom severity than when based on the presence or absence of symptoms.
A cost-effectiveness and budget impact analysis of C-reactive protein point-of-care testing to guide antibiotic prescribing for acute respiratory tract infections in primary care settings in Ireland: a decision-analytic model
Authors: Fawsitt Christopher G , Lucey Des , Harrington Patricia , Jordan Karen , Marshall Liam , O’Brien Kirsty K , Teljeur Conor 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Approximately 60% of antibiotics issued in primary care are for acute respiratory tract infections (RTIs), which are largely self-limiting and do not require antibiotics. Point-of-care testing (POCT) devices that measure C-reactive protein (CRP)—a biomarker for infection—can be used to guide prescribing decisions.

Objective
We evaluated the cost-effectiveness and budget impact of a national CRP POCT program to guide antibiotic prescribing for acute RTIs in primary care in Ireland.

Methods
We compared CRP POCT with and without enhanced communication skills training of general practitioners against usual care. A probabilistic decision tree was used to investigate cost-effectiveness from the perspective of the healthcare system. The model considered outcomes for the Irish population over a 5-year time horizon. Inputs were synthesized from published studies. Cost-effectiveness was estimated using an incremental cost per prescription avoided.

Results
CRP POCT with and without communication training were more costly but more effective than usual care over 5 years. CRP POCT alone was dominated, while the combined intervention had a cost per prescription avoided of €111 (95% CI: €45–243) versus usual care. The budget impact was costly over 5 years, but potential budget savings were available depending on the implementation scenario. The findings were largely robust to sensitivity analyses.

Conclusions
CRP POCT reduces antibiotic prescribing, but increases healthcare costs. The most cost-effective program of CRP POCT includes enhanced communication skills training. Further research on the impact of CRP POCT beyond 5 years is warranted, as well as the potential impact on antimicrobial resistance.
Functionally explicit partitioning of plant β-diversity reveal soil fungal assembly in the subarctic tundra
Authors: Masumoto Shota , Kitagawa Ryo , Nishizawa Keita , Kaneko Ryo , Osono Takashi , Hasegawa Motohiro , Matsuoka Shunsuke , Uchida Masaki , Mori Akira S 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Metabarcoding technologies for soil fungal DNA pools have enabled to capture the diversity of fungal community and the agreement of their β-diversity with plant β-diversity. However, processes underlying the synchrony of the aboveground–belowground biodiversity is still unclear. By using partitioning methods for plant β-diversity, this study explored the process driving synchrony in tundra ecosystems, in which drastic vegetation shifts are observed with climate warming. Our methods based on Baselga's partitioning enabled the division of plant β-diversity into two phenomena and three functional components. Correlation of fungal β-diversity with the components of plant β-diversity showed that the spatial replacement of fungi was promoted by plant species turnover, in particular, plant species turnover with functional exchange. In addition, spatial variety of graminoid or forbs species, rather than shrubs, enhanced fungal β-diversity. These results suggest the importance of small-scale factors such as plant–fungal interactions or local environments modified by plants for the fungal community assemblage. The process-based understanding of community dynamics of plants and fungi allows us to predict the ongoing shrub encroachment in the Arctic region, which could weaken the aboveground–belowground synchrony.
Geography-dependent symbiont communities in two oligophagous aphid species
Authors: Xu Shifen , Chen Jing , Qin Man , Jiang Liyun , Qiao Gexia 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Aphids and their diverse symbionts have become a good model to study bacteria-arthropod symbiosis. The feeding habits of aphids are usually influenced by a variety of symbionts. Most studies on symbiont diversity have focused on polyphagous aphids, while symbiont community patterns for oligophagous aphids remain unclear. Here, we surveyed the bacterial communities in natural populations of two oligophagous aphids, Melanaphis sacchari and Neophyllaphis podocarpi, in natural populations. Seven common symbionts were detected, among which Buchnera aphidicola and Wolbachia were the most prevalent. In addition, an uncommon Sodalis-like symbiont was also detected in these two aphids, and Gilliamella was found in some samples of M. sacchari. We further assessed the significant variation in symbiont communities within the two aphid species, geographical regions and host specialization using statistical and ordination analyses. Geography was an important factor in shaping the symbiont community structure in these oligophagous aphids. Furthermore, the strong geographical influence may be related to specific environmental factors, especially temperature, among different regions. These findings extend our knowledge of the significance of geography and its associated environmental conditions in the symbiont community structure associated with oligophagous aphids.
The effects of captivity on the microbiome of the endangered Comal Springs riffle beetle (Heterelmis comalensis)
Authors: Mays Zachary , Hunter Amelia , Campbell Lindsay Glass , Carlos-Shanley Camila 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The gut microbiome is affected by host intrinsic factors, diet and environment, and strongly linked to host's health. Although fluctuations of microbiome composition are normal, some are due to changes in host environmental conditions. When species are moved into captive environments for conservation, education or rehabilitation, these new conditions can influence a change in gut microbiome composition. Here, we compared the microbiomes of wild and captive Comal Springs riffle beetles (Heterelmis comalensis) by using amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. We found that the microbiome of captive beetles was more diverse than wild beetle microbiomes. We identified 24 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) with relative abundances significantly different between the wild and captive beetles. Many of the ASVs overrepresented in captive beetle microbiomes belong to taxa linked to nitrogen-rich environments. This is one of the first studies comparing the effects of captivity on the microbiome of an endangered insect species. Our findings provide valuable information for future applications in the management of captive populations of H. comalensis.
A population genetic perspective on the origin, spread and adaptation of the human malaria agents Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax
Authors: Rougeron Virginie , Boundenga Larson , Arnathau Céline , Durand Patrick , Renaud François , Prugnolle Franck 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Malaria is considered one of the most important scourges that humanity has faced during its history, being responsible every year for numerous deaths worldwide. The disease is caused by protozoan parasites, among which two species are responsible of the majority of the burden, Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. For these two parasite species, the questions of their origin (how and when they appeared in humans), of their spread throughout the world, as well as how they have adapted to humans have long been of interest to the scientific community. In this paper we review the existing body of knowledge, including current research dealing with these questions, focusing particularly on genetic and genomic analyses of these parasites and comparison with related Plasmodium species infecting other species of host (such as non-human primates).
Sustainable regeneration in uneven-aged mixed deciduous forests managed by selection silviculture: the role of demographic structure
Authors: Brüllhardt Martin , Rotach Peter , Forrester David I , Bugmann Harald 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Selection silviculture aims to create and maintain uneven-aged forests with a diameter at breast height (DBH) structure that is balanced at small spatial scales such that the stem number in each DBH class is high enough to replace the harvested and outgrowing trees over time by ingrowth from the next lower class. In these forests, natural regeneration of shade-tolerant species is at an advantage over shade-intolerant species. This is particularly pronounced in continuous-cover stands dominated by European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), which develops its crown laterally as a reaction to release events. The conditions necessary to sustain a mixture with less shade-tolerant species, e.g. sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), have been little studied. Therefore, we explored growth patterns and stand structures in mixed deciduous forests with light availability quantified using vegetation height models. Harvesting and growth patterns were derived from inventory data of beech-dominated selection forests in Thuringia, Germany and long-term forest monitoring plot data from four stands in Switzerland. Based on these data, models of stem number distributions confirmed that stand basal area in deciduous forests dominated by beech should not exceed 21–25 m2 ha−1 to maintain a sustainable structure. In these forests, a total of ~90–120 stems per ha are needed in the ingrowth DBH class (DBH 8–11.9 cm) to ensure demographic sustainability. At canopy light transmittance &lt;10 per cent, total stem number required in the thicket stage (DBH &lt; 8 cm) is 800–1700 ha−1. Under such shady conditions, only a small proportion of sycamore was observed (&lt;25 per cent) in the thicket stage, as the species is likely to require canopy gaps &gt;400 m2 (gap diameter &gt; 22.5 m) to recruit successfully. Selection silviculture with shade-intolerant species therefore requires much lower stocking volume and larger canopy openings created by group selection cutting than what is routinely applied in practical forest management using single-tree selection principles.
Phenotypic and Transcriptomic Responses to Stress Differ According to Population Geography in an Invasive Species
Authors: Marin Pierre , Jaquet Angelo , Picarle Justine , Fablet Marie , Merel Vincent , Delignette-Muller Marie-Laure , Ferrarini Mariana Galvão , Gibert Patricia , Vieira Cristina 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAdaptation to rapid environmental changes must occur within a short-time scale. In this context, studies of invasive species may provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of rapid adaptation as these species have repeatedly encountered and adapted to novel environmental conditions. We investigated how invasive and noninvasive genotypes of Drosophila suzukii deal with oxidative stress at the phenotypic and molecular levels. We also studied the impact of transposable element (TE) insertions on the gene expression in response to stress. Our results show that flies from invasive areas (France and the United States) live longer in natural conditions than the ones from native Japanese areas. As expected, lifespan for all genotypes was significantly reduced following exposure to paraquat, but this reduction varied among genotypes (genotype-by-environment interaction) with invasive genotypes appearing more affected by exposure than noninvasive ones. A transcriptomic analysis of genotypes upon paraquat treatment detected many genes differentially expressed (DE). Although a small core set of genes were DE in all genotypes following paraquat exposure, much of the response of each genotype was unique. Moreover, we showed that TEs were not activated after oxidative stress and DE genes were significantly depleted of TEs. In conclusion, it is likely that transcriptomic changes are involved in the rapid adaptation to local environments. We provide new evidence that in the decade since the invasion from Asia, the sampled genotypes in Europe and the United States of D. suzukii diverged from the ones from the native area regarding their phenotypic and genomic response to oxidative stress.
An Ancient Adenosine Receptor Gains Olfactory Function in Bony Vertebrates
Authors: Kowatschew Daniel , Korsching Sigrun I 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Nucleotides are an important class of odorants for aquatic vertebrates such as frogs and fishes, but also have manifold signaling roles in other cellular processes. Recently, an adenosine receptor believed to belong to the adora2 clade has been identified as an olfactory receptor in zebrafish. Here, we set out to elucidate the evolutionary history of both this gene and its olfactory function. We have performed a thorough phylogenetic study in vertebrates, chordates and their sister group, ambulacraria, and show that the origin of the zebrafish olfactory receptor gene can be traced back to the most recent common ancestor of all three groups as a segregate sister clade (adorb) to the adora gene family. Eel, carp, and clawed frog all express adorb in a sparse and distributed pattern within their olfactory epithelium very similar to the pattern observed for zebrafish that is, consistent with a function as olfactory receptor. In sharp contrast, lamprey adorb-expressing cells are absent from the sensory region of the lamprey nose, but form a contiguous domain directly adjacent to the sensory region. Double-labeling experiments confirmed the expression of lamprey adorb in nonneuronal cells and are consistent with an expression in neuronal progenitor cells. Thus, adorb may have undergone a switch of function in the jawed lineage of vertebrates towards a role as olfactory receptor.
Detecting lithospheric discontinuities beneath the Mississippi Embayment using S-wave receiver functions
Authors: Saxena Arushi , Langston Charles Adam 
Published: September 2021

SUMMARY
Identifying upper-mantle discontinuities in the Central and Eastern US is crucial for verifying models of lithospheric thinning and a low-velocity anomaly structure beneath the Mississippi Embayment. In this study, S-wave receiver functions (SRFs) were used to detect lithospheric boundaries in the embayment region. The viability of SRFs in detecting seismic boundaries was tested before computing them using the earthquake data. A careful analysis using a stochastic noise and coda model on the synthetics revealed that a negative velocity contrast could be detected with certainty at low to moderate noise levels after stacking. A total of 31 518 SRFs from 688 earthquakes recorded at 174 seismic stations including the Northern Embayment Lithospheric Experiment, EarthScope Transportable Array and other permanent networks were used in this study. Common depth point stacks of the SRFs in 1° × 1° bins indicated a continuous and broad S-to-P converted phase (Sp) arrival corresponding to a negative velocity contrast at depths between 50 and 100 km. The observed negative Sp phase is interpreted as a mid-lithospheric discontinuity (MLD), and several possible origins of the velocity drop corresponding to the MLD are explored. After quantitative analysis, a combination of temperature, water content and melt content variations are attributed to explain the observed MLD in this study. The observations and interpretations in this study support the previous claims of an MLD in the Central and Eastern US and provide a possible mechanism for its origin.
Glycomic and glycotranscriptomic profiling of mucin-type O-glycans in planarian Schmidtea mediterranea
Authors: Subramanian Sabarinath Peruvemba , Lakshmanan Vairavan , Palakodeti Dasaradhi , Subramanian Ramaswamy 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
O-Glycans on cell surfaces play important roles in cell–cell, cell–matrix and receptor–ligand interaction. Therefore, glycan-based interactions are important for tissue regeneration and homeostasis. Free-living flatworm Schmidtea mediterranea, because of its robust regenerative potential, is of great interest in the field of stem cell biology and tissue regeneration. Nevertheless, information on the composition and structure of O-glycans in planaria is unknown. Using mass spectrometry and in silico approaches, we characterized the glycome and the related transcriptome of mucin-type O-glycans of planarian S. mediterranea. Mucin-type O-glycans were composed of multiple isomeric, methylated, and unusually extended mono- and disubstituted O-N-acetylgalactosamine structures. Extensions made of hexoses and 3-O-methyl hexoses were the glycoforms observed. From glycotranscriptomic analysis, 60 genes belonging to five distinct enzyme classes were identified to be involved in mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis. These genes shared homology with those in other invertebrate systems. Although a majority of the genes involved in mucin-type O-glycan biosynthesis were highly expressed during organogenesis and in differentiated cells, a few select genes in each enzyme class were specifically enriched during early embryogenesis. Our results indicate a unique temporal and spatial role for mucin-type O-glycans during embryogenesis and organogenesis and in adulthood. In summary, this is the first report on O-glycans in planaria. This study expands the structural and biosynthetic possibilities in cellular glycosylation in the invertebrate glycome and provides a framework towards understanding the biological role of mucin-type O-glycans in tissue regeneration using planarians.
The WHO FCTC’s lessons for addressing the commercial determinants of health
Authors: McHardy Juliette 
Published: September 2021

Summary
The tobacco, alcohol, beverage, processed food, firearms, gambling, fossil fuel and mining industries, inter alia, are implicated in fostering negative commercial determinants of health. They do this by shaping our environments, tastes, knowledge and politics in favour of the unlimited consumption and unencumbered promotion of their deadly and dangerous products. To shift the determinants of health, emphasis should be put on preventing industry actors whose profit lies in harming health from wielding influence over the institutions and actors of global and national governance. The tobacco control experience and the implementation of the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO FCTC) provide a unique, comprehensive and fully substantiated guide for how this may be done. Just as the tobacco industry was a pathfinder for other harmful industries in developing tactics for expanding the depth and reach of the market for their deadly products, the WHO FCTC experience is the obvious pathfinder for countering the commercial determinants of health across all sectors and industries. Although they are desirable for countering negative commercial determinants of health, the WHO FCTC’s lesson is not that commercially driven epidemics must be tackled with legally binding treaties. Rather, given the challenges to treaty-making, the key lessons are those that show how it is possible to address the harms of other commodities, even in a treaty’s absence. What is needed is the national implementation of measures providing for intersectoral governance and protection from industry interference which will then assist in unlocking measures for reducing the supply of and demand for unhealthy commodities.
Health education for musicians in the UK: a qualitative evaluation
Authors: Matei Raluca , Ginsborg Jane 
Published: September 2021

Summary
Musical training in higher education music institutions (e.g. conservatoires) has been associated with health-related issues among musicians. The Health Promotion in Schools of Music project in the USA and the Healthy Conservatoires project in the UK have therefore recommended health promotion at conservatoires. Few health education courses have been evaluated to date, however. A 5-month health education programme for first-year undergraduate students at a British conservatoire was introduced as part of the core curriculum in September 2016. The programme, which involved both lectures and seminars, was evaluated using quantitative and qualitative approaches. This article reports only the qualitative evaluation. Twenty semi-structured individual interviews were conducted either face-to-face or via Skype in April 2017. The data were transcribed verbatim and analysed thematically. Five themes were identified: (i) the programme as a catalyst for engagement with health; (ii) behavioural changes; (iii) barriers to engaging with the programme material and initiating changes; (iv) suggestions for improvement; and (v) misinformation. Generally, participants viewed the programme as relevant and informative, particularly appreciating the intimate nature of the seminars. They reported that the programme helped them take a broader perspective on musicianship and that they would welcome sessions that are more practical than theoretical. They also reported instances of change in their behaviours relating to both lifestyle and management of music practice. In conclusion, undergraduate music students viewed this health education programme positively. Their feedback illustrates the complex nature of health promotion in the conservatoire setting.