bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patient Rights and Practitioner Duties
Authors: Gross Michael L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In military medicine, the goals of war transform patient rights and practitioner duties. Attention to conserving mission readiness and maintaining one’s fitness for duty limits soldiers’ rights to refuse standard medical care, initiate DNR (Do Not Resuscitate) orders, maintain privacy, and demand confidentiality. At the same time, however, military medical practitioners are expected to maintain impartiality and neutrality. In wartime, both are problematic. The imperative of military necessity may override impartiality while medical staff members tending compatriot warfighters are not neutral. Special, associative duties of care, moreover, may demand preferential treatment for compatriots at the expense of the medical needs of others. Citing dual loyalty, some observers call on military medical personnel to choose between their medical and military obligations. Dual loyalty, however, is a false dichotomy that obscures the moral tension between collective and individual interests coloring all aspects of political and military ethics.
Detainees and Prisoners of War
Authors: Gross Michael L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
International humanitarian law requires equal care for detainees. Following disclosures of abuse at Abu Ghraib, Iraq, multinational forces sought to provide detainees with relatively high standards of care. One result was to cause resentment among host-nation allies who suffered inferior care at local facilities. Abu Ghraib also triggered an intense public debate about the role of medical professionals in enhanced interrogation. Ultimately, the American government declined to prosecute service personnel because enhanced interrogation was not manifestly unlawful. There were, therefore, no grounds for any military officer, or any person of ordinary sense and understanding, to refuse orders to participate in interrogation sessions. Force feeding animates a similar debate about detainee rights. Opposition to force feeding invokes patient self-determination. Arguments supporting force feeding question an inmate’s ability to freely refuse food, affirm the state’s duty to preserve life, and recognize that captured combatants forfeit their right to strike.
Medical Diplomacy and the Battle for Hearts and Minds
Authors: Gross Michael L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Medical diplomacy leverages health care to win hearts and minds, pacify war-torn communities, and gather intelligence. Charging that medical diplomacy exploits vulnerable patients, critics chastise military medicine for repudiating the neutrality it requires to deliver good care. Military medicine, however, is not neutral. But it must be effective and looking at the wars in Vietnam, Iraq, and Afghanistan, medical diplomacy does not usually offer good care. MEDCAPs (Medical Civic Action Programs) and PRTs (Provincial Reconstruction Teams) fail to provide civilians with quality treatment. Suggestions for improvements abound and if medical diplomacy proves effective, then humanitarian force may utilize medicine for military advantage, pacification, and stabilization during armed conflict. At the same time, humanitarian war requires close cooperation between military forces and civilian-relief NGOs (nongovernmental organizations). Ideally, the former provides security and funding, while the latter work with local officials and stakeholders to build health care infrastructures and restore confidence in the government.
The Rationale for Radial Artery Access in Neurointerventional Surgery
Authors: Sur Samir , Chen Stephanie H. , Jabbour Pascal M. , Peterson Eric C. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Over 20 years of investigation and experience have gone into pioneering the radial approach for cardiac interventions. This has shown the technique to be superior to the traditional transfemoral technique for a variety of reasons. Neurointerventionalists have until recently been unaware of this innovation and are only starting to use it in their practice. Most of the data from the interventional cardiology journey into radial access is unknown to the neurointerventionalist audience, and concepts that underpin radial access are unfamailiar. Even basic concepts such as radial arterial anatomy, collateral circulation of the hand, and low rates of ischemic complications have been siloed in the cardiology literature. The core rationale for the transradial approach is reviewed.
Diagnostic Angiography
Authors: Lebovitz Jonathon , Storey Christopher , Peterson Eric C. , Jabbour Pascal M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Performing diagnostic cerebral angiograms via the transradial approach is a safe alternative to the transfemoral route. When transitioning one’s practice, the importance of a proper set-up that minimizes frustration is paramount. New catheters and sheaths have led to increased adoption of the transradial technique. From the cardiac literature we have learned that the transradial approach is safer, but more important it is preferred by patients because it requires shorter postoperative recovery and less pain with ambulation. Learning to utilize a Simmons catheter as in any type 3 arch will allow one to continue to improve efficiency and integrate the transradial approach into one’s practice.
Closure Techniques
Authors: Sajja Kalyan , Peterson Eric C. , Jabbour Pascal M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The superficial location of the radial artery access site eliminates the need for overly specialized closure devices. Manual compression is considered the gold standard technique. Closure devices in their many iterations are designed to work by applying continuous pressure using an adjustable balloon. They are arguably superior to manual compression as they exert a continuous and gentle pressure on the artery. The simplest, and cheapest devices might be the best ones. A good closure technique ensures compression with a “just needed” intensity to maintain anterograde flow. A good technique also incorporates the principle of patent hemostasis with or without prophylactic ulnar artery occlusion while keeping the whole process relatively simple. These techniques result in fewer radial artery occlusions and other complications. Lower complications ensure patency of the radial artery for future procedures.
Development and Pathology of Key Functions
Authors: Taylor Eric 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter will describe some key functions that are vulnerable to genetic and environmental changes affecting the brain. Motor function, attention, memory, executive function, communication, social understanding and empathy, reality testing, and emotional regulation will be considered separately. Their typical development and the consequences of alterations for psychopathology will be described as the basis for understanding the complex and overlapping results of brain dysfunctions. The brain substrates for such functions are outlined. None of them is a unitary process. They have complex and developing relationships with the diagnoses of attention deficit, autism, language, coordination, learning, and tic disorders. All of them have significant roles to play beyond diagnoses in the development of children and young people.
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Early-Onset Psychoses
Authors: Taylor Eric 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter covers the profiles of difficulties in relating, to other people and the world, that are included in the international schemes of classification as spectra of autism, schizophrenia, and psychosis. In autism, there is a marked reduction in, or oddity of, social communication, and an increase of repetitive and stereotyped behaviours. In psychoses, including schizophrenia and catatonia, there is disordered testing of reality (resulting in hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech), and deficits in volition (involving apathy, social isolation, and lack of initiative). These are described as they present in children and young people, together with their prevalence and the coexistent problems of emotion and behaviour that occur frequently. The longitudinal course is considered up to the transition into adult life. Potential causes and pathophysiology are considered in so far as they apply specifically to these disorders.
Tourette and Learning Impairments
Authors: Taylor Eric 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes disorders of motor control, language, and learning. Tics are sudden, stereotyped, repetitive, unwanted movements, and a severe form is called Tourette disorder. Their strong association with obsessional disorders and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is described. Developmental coordination disorder is a group of problems suggesting immaturity in control, both of fine adjustments and of large movements of the limbs. Impairments of language development include receptive, expressive, and pragmatic problems, and can extend to signed language. Problems in learning to read and write and acquire other skills needed for school learning are very frequent in the population. Neuropsychological formulations have been influential in guiding policy and practice in schools. Generalized learning difficulties are conceptualized as intellectual disability.
Psychiatric Consequences of Brain Syndromes
Authors: Taylor Eric 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines the nature of common and notable brain disorders that have psychiatric consequences for children and young people. All are often managed by paediatric disciplines in European, Australian, and North American countries. Psychiatrists, however, are often the lead discipline in countries where the medical aspects are considered as less important than the mental. In most countries, physical and mental specialists need to work together with enough understanding of each other’s role that there is no gap in the provision of service. Recognizing multiple morbidity is key. This chapter therefore covers the basics of medical diagnosis and treatment as well as what is known about psychological intervention. Epilepsy, cerebral palsy, hydrocephalus, acquired traumatic injury to the head, localized structural lesions, and endocrine disorders are all described in the chapter. In addition, functional neurological disorders are considered, in order to inform joint diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Psychological Interventions
Authors: Taylor Eric 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Psychological interventions to promote the quality of life in people with neurodevelopmental difficulties have a range of targets and are not confined to reducing the symptoms. This chapter will describe methods and the trial evidence for them according to their purposes. Explanation and psychoeducation are key methods of helping children, young people, and their families to understand their condition and the limitations it imposes. Symptomatic interventions for tics, hallucinations, impaired impulse control, and disorganization are often applied outside the limitations of single diagnostic categories. Other approaches aim to teach skills to help transdiagnostically with associated problems such as communication difficulties, anxiety, aggression, and self-injury. Yet others aim to alleviate adverse environments, such as isolation from peers, which are encountered by people with any or all of the disorders described in this book. The interventions used include supportive counselling, behavioural techniques, and cognitive methods to create change. Many have been evaluated by controlled trial, and the results will be described as the evidence base to establish which therapies, and for which children, should be priorities for health, education, and care services to provide.
Echocardiography in the cath lab: Fusion imaging and use of intracardiac echocardiography
Authors: Fernández-Golfín Covadonga , Zamorano José Luis 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Structural heart disease interventions represent a new branch of percutaneous treatments rapidly expanding. Imaging, mainly transoesophageal echocardiography is essential to guide the procedures along with fluoroscopy. In the last year, fusion of both imaging modalities is available with dedicated software that allows the visualization of both echo and fluoro in a single fused image. These systems allow a better anatomic depiction of the different structures allowing safer and faster procedures with a better communication between the interventionalists and the imagers. In this chapter we will review the basic principles of these fusion system and main uses as well as the role of intracardiac echocardiography in the cath lab.
Aortic valve regurgitation
Authors: Magne Julien , Lancellotti Patrizio 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is the first-line imaging tool to assess aortic valve (AV), aorta, and subsequent aortic regurgitation (AR). The parasternal long-axis view is classically used to measure the left outflow tract, the aortic annulus, and the aortic sinuses. Leaflet thickening and morphology can be visualized from this window as well as from the parasternal short-axis view and the apical five-chamber view. Nevertheless, 2D TTE may be limited and not enabling correct identification of the anatomy and causes of AR. In this situation, 3D echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) could provide better delineation of the AV morphology. In some cases, transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) could be required, more particularly for assessing the aortic root dimensions.
Echocardiography and detection of coronary artery disease
Authors: Edvardsen Thor , Sitges Marta , Sicari Rosa 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Non-invasive imaging modalities play an important role in the evaluation and management of patients with known or suspected coronary heart disease (CAD). This chapter will describe how we should use echocardiography in acute and chronic CAD at rest and during stress. In patients with established or suspected CAD, echocardiography provides useful information on the status of global and segmental myocardial function, the presence of functional mitral regurgitation and potentially of other signs of myocardial ischaemia. Echocardiography can be used to identify complications such as severe ventricular failure, acute mitral regurgitation, papillary muscle rupture, wall rupture, left ventricular (LV) thrombus, and cardiac tamponade. Inducible ischaemia is typically evaluated by stress echocardiography and will also be discussed in this chapter.
MDCT and detection of coronary artery disease
Authors: Achenbach Stephan , Maurovich-Horvat Pál 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
After the first introduction of CT angiography (CTA) in 1992, further technological advances, such as more powerful X-ray tubes, faster gantry rotation times, multiple parallel detector rings and decreased slice thickness led to progressively better and more stable image quality for visualization of the coronary arteries. Today, multidetector-row CT (MDCT) with gantry rotation times up to 240 milliseconds, a temporal resolution of up to 75 milliseconds, coverage in z-direction of up to 16 cm per rotation, and almost isotropic spatial resolution of as little as 0.4 mm allow for high-resolution, accurate imaging of the coronary artery wall and lumen. The quantification of calcified coronary atherosclerotic plaque burden (‘calcium score’) using native scans and the additional detection of non-calcified plaque and luminal narrowing through contrast-enhanced image acquisition (‘coronary CTA’) have established themselves as routine techniques in clinical practice which can be used not in all, but in many patients.
Cardiac resynchronization therapy: Selection of candidates
Authors: Delgado Victoria , Voigt Jens-Uwe 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established therapy for patients with heart failure who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical treatment. Guideline recommendations for patient selection have been published by all major scientific societies including the ESC and are regularly updated. Unfortunately, the rate of patients who do not respond to CRT remains stable in the range of 30–40%, even in indication class I. In the selection of patients with heart failure who may benefit from cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), evaluation of left ventricular mechanics and dyssynchrony, extent, and location of myocardial scar and cardiac venous anatomy are most important. Multimodality imaging is pivotal to obtain this information and understand how CRT exerts its effects. This chapter will review the current state-of-the-art of multimodality imaging to select patients for CRT implantation.
Cardiac imaging in cardio-oncology
Authors: Asteggiano Riccardo , Lancellotti Patrizio , Galderisi Maurizio , Ederhy Stephane , Moonen Marie 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Every patient before, during and after a cancer treatment, may need an imaging evaluation to manage their clinic path. Essentially will be required methods able to evaluate very accurately left ventricular function, structure, and morphology, coronary diseases, valvular heart diseases, pericardial diseases, vascular diseases, amyloidosis, myocarditis, and pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiographic methods are the most diffuse, easy to use, with low costs, and without radiation use, but are subject to difficulties in evaluation for many technic reasons. Where echocardiography is not able to give correct information, cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is the most promising imaging tool, also if costs and availability may preclude its diffuse use. On the other hand scintigraphy methods, due to their radiation related risk, are less utilized. The chapter analyses the main pathologic cancer related toxicities and the most useful imaging methods to be used in clinical practice.
EyeDiseases: an integrated resource for dedicating to genetic variants, gene expression and epigenetic factors of human eye diseases
Authors: Yuan Jian , Chen Fukun , Fan Dandan , Jiang Qi , Xue Zhengbo , Zhang Ji , Yu Xiangyi , Li Kai , Qu Jia , Su Jianzhong 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Eye diseases are remarkably common and encompass a large and diverse range of morbidities that affect different components of the visual system and visual function. With advances in omics technology of eye disorders, genome-scale datasets have been rapidly accumulated in genetics and epigenetics field. However, the efficient collection and comprehensive analysis of different kinds of omics data are lacking. Herein, we developed EyeDiseases (https://eyediseases.bio-data.cn/), the first database for multi-omics data integration and interpretation of human eyes diseases. It contains 1344 disease-associated genes with genetic variation, 1774 transcription files of bulk cell expression and single-cell RNA-seq, 105 epigenomics data across 185 kinds of human eye diseases. Using EyeDiseases, we investigated SARS-CoV-2 potential tropism in eye infection and found that the SARS-CoV-2 entry factors, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are highly correlated with cornea and keratoconus, suggest that ocular surface cells are susceptible to infection by SARS-CoV-2. Additionally, integrating analysis of Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) GWAS loci and co-expression data revealed 9 associated genes involved in HIF-1 signaling pathway and voltage-gate potassium channel complex. The EyeDiseases provides a valuable resource for accelerating the discovery and validation of candidate loci and genes contributed to the molecular diagnosis and therapeutic vulnerabilities with various eyes diseases.
Roxadustat for the treatment of anaemia in chronic kidney disease patients not on dialysis: a Phase 3, randomized, open-label, active-controlled study (DOLOMITES)
Authors: Barratt Jonathan , Andric Branislav , Tataradze Avtandil , Schömig Michael , Reusch Michael , Valluri Udaya , Mariat Christophe 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Roxadustat, an orally administered hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, is being evaluated for treatment of anaemia of chronic kidney disease (CKD).

Methods
This randomized, open-label, active-controlled Phase 3 study compared roxadustat versus darbepoetin alfa (DA) in non-dialysis-dependent (NDD) CKD patients with anaemia for ≤104 weeks. Doses were titrated to correct and maintain haemoglobin (Hb) within 10.0–12.0 g/dL. The primary endpoint was Hb response in the full analysis set, defined as Hb ≥11.0 g/dL and Hb change from baseline (BL; CFB) ≥1.0 g/dL in patients with BL Hb &gt;8.0 g/dL or CFB ≥2.0 g/dL in patients with BL Hb ≤8.0 g/dL during the first 24 weeks of treatment without rescue therapy (non-inferiority margin, −15%). Key secondary endpoints included change in low-density lipoprotein (LDL), time to first intravenous (IV) iron use, change in mean arterial pressure (MAP) and time to hypertension occurrence. Adverse events were assessed.

Results
Of 616 randomized patients (roxadustat, 323; DA, 293), 424 completed treatment (roxadustat, 215; DA, 209). Hb response with roxadustat was non-inferior to DA (roxadustat: 256/286, 89.5% versus DA: 213/273, 78.0%, difference 11.51%, 95% confidence interval 5.66–17.36%). Roxadustat maintained Hb for up to 2 years. Roxadustat was non-inferior to DA for change in MAP and time to occurrence of hypertension and superior for change in LDL and time to first IV iron use. Safety profiles were comparable between groups. Findings suggest that there was no difference between groups regarding the composite endpoints major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) and MACE+ [MACE: 0.81 (0.52–1.25), P = 0.339; MACE+: 0.90 (0.61–1.32), P = 0.583].

Conclusions
Roxadustat is a viable option to treat anaemia in NDD CKD patients maintaining Hb levels for up to 104 weeks.
ATRT-09. IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL GENETIC DRIVERS OF METHOTREXATE (MTX) RESISTANCE IN ATYPICAL TERATOID RHABDOID TUMOURS (ATRT) THROUGH A GENOME-WIDE RNAI SCREEN
Authors: Kannappan Sunand , Gupa Mehul , Kang SungMyung , Tran Andy Son , Thakur Satbir Singh , Jain Mohit , Narendran Aru 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
ATRT of the CNS constitute a group of rare and aggressive early childhood tumors with poor prognosis. While there are differing chemotherapeutic regimens for ATRT, high-dose MTX is a crucial component of many therapeutic protocols. Currently, the biological mechanisms contributing to the generation of MTX resistance in ATRT are unknown. To identify genes involved in MTX resistance in ATRT, an unbiased genome-wide RNAi screen on ATRT cell lines was conducted using 24,000 distinct shRNAs covering 8,000 genes. ATRT cells were transfected with a retrovirus containing pRS-shRNA vectors and treated with puromycin for selection. The resulting cells were treated with MTX to identify resistant clones and resistant colonies were then isolated and amplified individually. Presence of shRNA inserts in each colony was determined by PCR using pRS forward and reverse primers. PCR products within each of the three resistant colonies were sequenced, leading to the identification of three distinct genes, TGIF1, HIF3A and PGAM2, as potential indicators of resistance. Western blotting verified depletion of these proteins in their respective colonies. Proliferation assays were then conducted on cells from each resistant colony alongside control cells to confirm that the identified drivers conferred resistance. Sensitivity to MTX was significantly lower in TGIF1-depleted (IC50=212±8.48nM, n=3), HIF3A-depleted (IC50=52±4.68nM, n=3) and PGAM2-depleted (IC50=41±4.13nM, n=3) cells compared to control cells (IC50=19±2.87nM, n=3), (p&lt;0.001). In addition, more than 60% of TGIF1, HIF3A, and PGAM2-depleted cells survived the maximum MTX treatment (100nM), while less than 20% of control cells survived this treatment. Our study using an unbiased genome-wide RNAi screen approach has shown that depletion of TGIF1, HIF3A and PGAM2 are potential molecular markers of MTX resistance in ATRT. Screening for their occurrence may help to identify patients at high risk of MTX resistance and may also serve as targets for future novel therapeutics development.