bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An overview of the hydrology of non‐perennial rivers and streams
Authors: Shanafield Margaret , Bourke Sarah A , Zimmer Margaret A , Costigan Katie H 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNon‐perennial rivers and streams are ubiquitous on our planet. Although several metrics have been used to statistically group or compare streamflow characteristics, there is currently no widely used definition of how many days or over what reach length surface flow must cease in order to classify a river as non‐perennial. At the same time, the breadth of climate and geographic settings for non‐perennial rivers leads to diversity in their flow regimes, such as how often or how quickly they go dry. These rivers have a rich and expanding body of literature addressing their ecologic and geomorphic features, but are often said to be ignored by hydrologists. Yet there is much we do know about their hydrology in terms of streamflow generation processes, water losses, and variability in flow. We also know that while they are prevalent in arid regions, they occur across all climate types and experience a diverse set of natural and anthropogenic controls on streamflow. Furthermore, measuring and modeling the hydrology of these rivers presents a distinct set of challenges, and there are many research directions, which still require further attention. Therefore, we present an overview of the current understanding, methodologic challenges, knowledge gaps, and research directions for hydrologic understanding of non‐perennial rivers; critical topics in light of both growing global water scarcity and ever‐changing laws and policies that dictate whether and how much environmental protection these rivers receive.This article is categorized under:
Science of Water > Science of Water
Integrative clustering methods for multi‐omics data
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyu , Zhou Zhenwei , Xu Hanfei , Liu Ching‐Ti 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntegrative analysis of multi‐omics data has drawn much attention from the scientific community due to the technological advancements which have generated various omics data. Leveraging these multi‐omics data potentially provides a more comprehensive view of the disease mechanism or biological processes. Integrative multi‐omics clustering is an unsupervised integrative method specifically used to find coherent groups of samples or features by utilizing information across multi‐omics data. It aims to better stratify diseases and to suggest biological mechanisms and potential targeted therapies for the diseases. However, applying integrative multi‐omics clustering is both statistically and computationally challenging due to various reasons such as high dimensionality and heterogeneity. In this review, we summarized integrative multi‐omics clustering methods into three general categories: concatenated clustering, clustering of clusters, and interactive clustering based on when and how the multi‐omics data are processed for clustering. We further classified the methods into different approaches under each category based on the main statistical strategy used during clustering. In addition, we have provided recommended practices tailored to four real‐life scenarios to help researchers to strategize their selection in integrative multi‐omics clustering methods for their future studies.This article is categorized under:
Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Clustering and Classification
Applications of Computational Statistics > Genomics/Proteomics/Genetics
Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Analysis of High Dimensional Data
Analysis of a hollow fiber in thermoelectric materials considering interfacial thermal resistance
Authors: Xing Shi‐Chao , Yu Chuanbin , Gao Cun‐Fa 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHollow fibers are commonly introduced into flexible thermoelectric materials for certain engineering applications. However, significant stress concentration may be caused in the vicinity of the interface between the fibers and thermoelectric matrix threatening the reliability of the composite structure. In this paper, we study the plane deformation problem of a rigid hollow fiber embedded in a thermoelectric material. By utilizing the complex variable method, the closed‐form solutions for electric, thermal and elastic fields in both of the fiber and the matrix are obtained. The effects of the thermal resistance and geometric parameters of the hollow fiber on the temperature and stress distributions are numerically examined. The results show that the temperature difference (amplitude of variation in temperature in the matrix side around the interface) and the stress field around the interface are proportion to the inner radius of the hollow fiber and the thermal resistance, respectively. Meanwhile, we find that the temperature and the stress distributions are more sensitive to the geometric parameters than to the thermal resistance. The results in this paper may serve as guidelines for design of fibers‐filled thermoelectric structures.
Obstacles to constructing de Sitter space in string theory
Authors: Dine Michael , Law-Smith Jamie A. P. , Sun Shijun , Wood Duncan , Yu Yan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
There have been many attempts to construct de Sitter space-times in string theory. While arguably there have been some successes, this has proven challenging, leading to the de Sitter swampland conjecture: quantum theories of gravity do not admit stable or metastable de Sitter space. Here we explain that, within controlled approximations, one lacks the tools to construct de Sitter space in string theory. Such approximations would require the existence of a set of (arbitrarily) small parameters, subject to severe constraints. But beyond this one also needs an understanding of big-bang and big-crunch singularities that is not currently accessible to standard approximations in string theory. The existence or non-existence of metastable de Sitter space in string theory remains a matter of conjecture.
Phase transitions from the fifth dimension
Authors: Agashe Kaustubh , Du Peizhi , Ekhterachian Majid , Kumar Soubhik , Sundrum Raman 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We study the cosmological transition of 5D warped compactifications, from the high-temperature black-brane phase to the low-temperature Randall-Sundrum I phase. The transition proceeds via percolation of bubbles of IR-brane nucleating from the black-brane horizon. The violent bubble dynamics can be a powerful source of observable stochastic gravitational waves. While bubble nucleation is non-perturbative in 5D gravity, it is amenable to semiclassical treatment in terms of a “bounce” configuration interpolating between the two phases. We demonstrate how such a bounce configuration can be smooth enough to maintain 5D effective field theory control, and how a simple ansatz for it places a rigorous lower-bound on the transition rate in the thin-wall regime, and gives plausible estimates more generally. When applied to the Hierarchy Problem, the minimal Goldberger-Wise stabilization of the warped throat leads to a slow transition with significant supercooling. We demonstrate that a simple generalization of the Goldberger-Wise potential modifies the IR-brane dynamics so that the transition completes more promptly. Supercooling determines the dilution of any (dark) matter abundances generated before the transition, potentially at odds with data, while the prompter transition resolves such tensions. We discuss the impact of the different possibilities on the strength of the gravitational wave signals. Via AdS/CFT duality the warped transition gives a theoretically tractable holographic description of the 4D Composite Higgs (de)confinement transition. Our generalization of the Goldberger-Wise mechanism is dual to, and concretely models, our earlier proposal in which the composite dynamics is governed by separate UV and IR RG fixed points. The smooth 5D bounce configuration we introduce complements the 4D dilaton/radion dominance derivation presented in our earlier work.
From correlation functions to event shapes in QCD
Authors: Chicherin D. , Henn J. M. , Sokatchev E. , Yan K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We present a method for calculating event shapes in QCD based on correlation functions of conserved currents. The method has been previously applied to the maximally supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory, but we demonstrate that supersymmetry is not essential. As a proof of concept, we consider the simplest example of a charge-charge correlation at one loop (leading order). We compute the correlation function of four electromagnetic currents and explain in detail the steps needed to extract the event shape from it. The result is compared to the standard amplitude calculation. The explicit four-point correlation function may also be of interest for the CFT community.
S-fold magnetic quivers
Authors: Bourget Antoine , Giacomelli Simone , Grimminger Julius F. , Hanany Amihay , Sperling Marcus , Zhong Zhenghao 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Magnetic quivers and Hasse diagrams for Higgs branches of rank r 4d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 SCFTs arising from ℤℓ$$ \mathcal{S} $$
S
-fold constructions are discussed. The magnetic quivers are derived using three different methods: 1) Using clues like dimension, global symmetry, and the folding parameter ℓ to guess the magnetic quiver. 2) From 6d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= (1, 0) SCFTs as UV completions of 5d marginal theories, and specific FI deformations on their magnetic quiver, which is further folded by ℤℓ. 3) From T-duality of Type IIA brane systems of 6d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= (1, 0) SCFTs and explicit mass deformation of the resulting brane web followed by ℤℓ folding. A choice of the ungauging scheme, either on a long node or on a short node, yields two different moduli spaces related by an orbifold action, thus suggesting a larger set of SCFTs in four dimensions than previously expected.
Analytic study on chiral phase transition in holographic QCD
Authors: Li Meng-Wei , Yang Yi , Yuan Pei-Hung 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The chiral symmetry breaking (χsb) is one of the most fundamental problems in QCD. In this paper, we calculate quark condensation analytically in a holographic QCD model dual to the Einstein-Maxwell-Dilaton (EMD) system coupled to a probe scalar field. We find that the black hole phase transition in the EMD system seriously affects χsb. At small chemical potential, χsb behaves as a crossover. For large chemical potential μ > μc, χsb becomes first order with exactly the same transition temperature as the black hole phase transition by a bypass mechanism. The phase diagram we obtained is qualitatively consistent with the recent results from lattice QCD simulations and NJL models.
Challenging Infrastructure Project Assisted by Monitoring and Numerical Modelling as the Follo Line Tunnels were Excavated Below Existing Tunnels
Authors: Trinh Nghia Quoc , Holmøy Kristin Hilde , Wiig Hanne Elisabeth 
Published: February 2021

AbstractJust south of Oslo Central Station, the new high-speed Follo Line railway tunnels pass beneath the existing Ekeberg road tunnels. This paper presents the construction methods, numerical model, and monitoring program used to assess the stability of the E6 road tunnels during the excavation of the Follo Line tunnels only a few metres below. The construction of the Follo Line was approved subject to three conditions: (1) there should be no negative effect on the stability of the Ekeberg tunnels, (2) the traffic flow in the Ekeberg tunnels had to be maintained at all times and (3) any risk of instability in the existing tunnels must be detected beforehand, so that necessary precautionary actions could be taken in good time. To deal with the challenges, SINTEF developed a comprehensive analysis procedure, combining continuous rock stress measurements and displacement measurements with 2D and 3D numerical modelling. The rock stress change monitoring was used together with the numerical model to monitor the stability conditions in the Ekeberg tunnels as the Follo Line tunnels were excavated. This ensured that any risk of instability in the existing tunnels could be detected in advance to enable precautionary action to be taken. The successful completion of the new tunnels without any disturbance to the road tunnels shows that the procedure would be useful for dealing with similar applications in the future.
Tropical Duality in $$(d+2)$$-Angulated Categories
Authors: Reid Joseph 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLet $$\mathscr {C}$$
C
be a 2-Calabi–Yau triangulated category with two cluster tilting subcategories $$\mathscr {T}$$
T
and $$\mathscr {U}$$
U
. A result from Jørgensen and Yakimov (Sel Math (NS) 26:71–90, 2020) and Demonet et al. (Int Math Res Not 2019:852–892, 2017) known as tropical duality says that the index with respect to $$\mathscr {T}$$
T
provides an isomorphism between the split Grothendieck groups of $$\mathscr {U}$$
U
and $$\mathscr {T}$$
T
. We also have the notion of c-vectors, which using tropical duality have been proven to have sign coherence, and to be recoverable as dimension vectors of modules in a module category. The notion of triangulated categories extends to the notion of $$(d+2)$$

(
d
+
2
)

-angulated categories. Using a higher analogue of cluster tilting objects, this paper generalises tropical duality to higher dimensions. This implies that these basic cluster tilting objects have the same number of indecomposable summands. It also proves that under conditions of mutability, c-vectors in the $$(d+2)$$

(
d
+
2
)

-angulated case have sign coherence, and shows formulae for their computation. Finally, it proves that under the condition of mutability, the c-vectors are recoverable as dimension vectors of modules in a module category.
Optimising Exposure for Children and Adolescents with Anxiety, OCD and PTSD: A Systematic Review
Authors: Plaisted Hannah , Waite Polly , Gordon Kate , Creswell Cathy 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCognitive behavioural therapy is an effective treatment for anxiety disorders in children and young people; however, many do not benefit. Behavioural exposure appears to be the critical ingredient in the treatment of anxiety disorders. Research with adults has identified innovative strategies to optimise exposure-based treatments, yet it is not clear how to optimise the effects of exposure for children and young people. This review was a preliminary exploration of the association between potential optimisation strategies and treatment procedures and outcomes for the treatment of child anxiety symptoms/disorders. We searched Psych-Info and Medline databases using a systematic search strategy and identified 29 articles. We found preliminary evidence that some specific strategies may enhance the effects of exposure, such as dropping safety behaviours, parents and therapists discouraging avoidance, and the use of homework. However, not one significant finding was replicated by another study for the same timepoint using the same methodology. To a large degree, this lack of replication reflects a limited number of studies combined with a lack of consistency across studies around conceptualisations, methodological approaches, and outcome measures making it difficult to make meaningful comparisons between studies and draw firm conclusions. Examination is needed of a wide range of theoretically-driven potential optimisation strategies using methodologically robust, preclinical studies with children and young people. Furthermore, the methods used in future research must enable comparisons across studies and explore developmental differences in the effects of particular optimisation strategies.
Setting the priority medicinal plants for conservation in Indonesia
Authors: Cahyaningsih Ria , Magos Brehm Joana , Maxted Nigel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSetting priority species for conservation planning in a large and biodiverse country such as Indonesia is crucial. At least 80% of the medicinal plant species in South East Asia can be found in Indonesia, whether they are native or introduced. However, their conservation is currently ineffective due to limited human and financial resources. By examining factors such as species' occurrence status, rarity and part of the plant harvested, the various Indonesian medicinal plant species can be prioritised for conservation planning. In this study, various threatened plant species have been included in the priority list as well as those listed in related legislation. Some 233 species within 161 genera and 71 families are recommended for prioritisation. An inventory of these priority species was produced presenting compiled data including vernacular names, plant habit, harvested plant part, uses, distribution, whether it is conserved ex situ, and their DNA barcoding. Significantly 41.20% of priority species have no information on their current conservation status in either in situ or ex situ national or international genebanks.
Implicit Semantic Processing of Linguistic and Non-linguistic Stimuli in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: O’Rourke Emme , Coderre Emily L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWhile many individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience difficulties with language processing, non-linguistic semantic processing may be intact. We examined neural responses to an implicit semantic priming task by comparing N400 responses—an event-related potential related to semantic processing—in response to semantically related or unrelated pairs of words or pictures. Adults with ASD showed larger N400 responses than typically developing adults for pictures, but no group differences occurred for words. However, we also observed complex modulations of N400 amplitude by age and by level of autistic traits. These results offer important implications for how groups are delineated and compared in autism research.
Thermal analysis of solvatomorphic decakis (dimethylammonium) dihydrogendodecatungstate hydrates
Authors: Trif László , Franguelli Fernanda P. , Lendvay György , Majzik Eszter , Béres Kende , Bereczki Laura , Szilágyi Imre M. , Pawar Rajandra P. , Kótai László 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study aims to describe the thermal decomposition of two solvatomorphs of decakis(dimethylammonium) dihydrogendodecatungstate ((Me2NH2)10H2W12O42·10H2O and 11 H2O) under inert and oxidizing atmospheres. Thermal studies have been done by TG-MS, TG-DSC-MS, XRD and IR methods in both synthetic air and helium atmospheres. The general characteristics of thermal decomposition are similar for both solvatomorphs. Minor differences could be observed in the resolution and shifting of the decomposition peak temperatures depending on the heating rate or atmosphere used. The first step of decomposition is endothermic in both atmospheres and involves 2 and 5 water molecule elimination with ~ 150 and ~ 120 °C peak temperatures for the decahydrate and undecahydrate, respectively. The elimination of further water and dimethylamine was observed with increasing the temperature, as well as the disruption of the lattice of compounds. Until 300 °C, these processes are endothermic in both atmospheres, and the further decomposition processes at higher temperatures are left endothermic in helium, but become exothermic in synthetic air atmosphere. In helium atmosphere, above 350 °C, a solid-phase quasi-intramolecular redox reaction takes place when the dimethylamine degradation products react with the W=O bonds with formation of oxidative coupling products of the organic fragments and reduced tungsten oxide with WO~2.93 composition. In synthetic air, above 350 °C, burning of organic fragments takes place, there are no oxidative coupling products and reduced tungsten oxide formation, and the end product of decomposition is monoclinic WO3.
Reliability of researcher capacity estimates and count data dispersion: a comparison of Poisson, negative binomial, and Conway-Maxwell-Poisson models
Authors: Forthmann Boris , Doebler Philipp 
Published: February 2021

AbstractItem-response models from the psychometric literature have been proposed for the estimation of researcher capacity. Canonical items that can be incorporated in such models to reflect researcher performance are count data (e.g., number of publications, number of citations). Count data can be modeled by Rasch’s Poisson counts model that assumes equidispersion (i.e., mean and variance must coincide). However, the mean can be larger as compared to the variance (i.e., underdispersion), or b) smaller as compared to the variance (i.e., overdispersion). Ignoring the presence of overdispersion (underdispersion) can cause standard errors to be liberal (conservative), when the Poisson model is used. Indeed, number of publications or number of citations are known to display overdispersion. Underdispersion, however, is far less acknowledged in the literature. In the current investigation the flexible Conway-Maxwell-Poisson count model is used to examine reliability estimates of capacity in relation to various dispersion patterns. It is shown, that reliability of capacity estimates of inventors drops from .84 (Poisson) to .68 (Conway-Maxwell-Poisson) or .69 (negative binomial). Moreover, with some items displaying overdispersion and some items displaying underdispersion, the dispersion pattern in a reanalysis of Mutz and Daniel’s (2018b) researcher data was found to be more complex as compared to previous results. To conclude, a careful examination of competing models including the Conway-Maxwell-Poisson count model should be undertaken prior to any evaluation and interpretation of capacity reliability. Moreover, this work shows that count data psychometric models are well suited for decisions with a focus on top researchers, because conditional reliability estimates (i.e., reliability depending on the level of capacity) were highest for the best researchers.
A comparison of machine learning classifiers for smartphone-based gait analysis
Authors: Altilio Rosa , Rossetti Andrea , Fang Qiang , Gu Xudong , Panella Massimo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a reliable monitoring scheme that can assist medical specialists in watching over the patient’s condition. Although several technologies are traditionally used to acquire motion data of patients, the high costs as well as the large spaces they require make them difficult to be applied in a home context for rehabilitation. A reliable patient monitoring technique, which can automatically record and classify patient movements, is mandatory for a telemedicine protocol. In this paper, a comparison of several state-of-the-art machine learning classifiers is proposed, where stride data are collected by using a smartphone. The main goal is to identify a robust methodology able to assure a suited classification of gait movements, in order to allow the monitoring of patients in time as well as to discriminate among a pathological and physiological gait. Additionally, the advantages of smartphones of being compact, cost-effective and relatively easy to operate make these devices particularly suited for home-based rehabilitation programs.