bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Days of Sorrow
Authors: Tackett Timothy 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the period of the Revolutionary “Terror,” commonly dated from September 1793 through July 1794. Unfortunately, we know far less about Colson’s views during this period because of the repression and arrests of “suspects” throughout Paris and Colson’s caution in conveying any news of events to Lemaigre. What is clear, however, is that he encountered several developments that brought him considerable personal unhappiness. First, was the souring of relations with his longtime employer, the Longaunay family, and his effective replacement as chief confidant by the marquis’s valet de chambre, Monsieur Drot. Second, was the breakdown, for reasons that are not entirely clear, of his friendship with Roch Lemaigre. Third was the so-called movement of “dechristianization” that saw the arrest of his parish priest, the closing of his church, and the attempt to replace Christianity with various Revolutionary religions. As he lay dying in 1797, his parish church of Saint-Jacques-de-la-Boucherie had been sold and was being dismantled for scrap limestone.
Vulnerable in Nature
Authors: Hiskes Richard P. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter conceptually links children’s human rights with environmental human rights. Environmental rights initially belong to future generations because they are uniquely vulnerable to environmental harms perpetuated by those living today, and consequently belong to living generations through “reflexive reciprocity.” Children in fact represent the first, “living” future generation. Therefore they share environmental rights with future generations. Those rights are uniquely “emergent” in nature for both children and future persons; they emerge at the group level. They are also rights that take special priority over adult human rights, based on the vulnerability of both children and future groups.
Toward a More Youthful Democracy
Authors: Hiskes Richard P. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter begins with a discussion of how the global coronavirus pandemic called attention to children’s rights issues, specifically in how children were not allowed to participate in decisions directly affecting their “best interests,” as required by CRC. Granting children human rights will fundamentally alter the nature of both democracy and human rights. Giving children citizenship rights will renew democracy, as past enfranchisements have, but also will push democracies to resemble less Western, liberal models. Group rights will predominate in democracies where children are full citizens. Also, the human rights agendas of child-incorporating democracies will be dominated by social and economic rights issues, since children’s rights of protection and provision will be given priority. Finally, children’s participation rights will emerge as crucial in diminishing structural inequality in democratic societies, providing a pathway to a fuller form of social justice predicated on the human rights of children.
Footing the Bill
Authors: Estlund Cynthia 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chapter 8 briefly takes up two questions about funding the proposals advanced in Chapters 6 and 7: how to structure the funding of new and existing benefits—specifically, those that could but need not be funded through employer payrolls—and how to raise whatever public revenues are needed. The problem is this: Payroll-based funding tends to unnecessarily speed job losses and affords limited latitude for redistribution; but it has political advantages as seen with Social Security. Payroll-based benefits are seen by beneficiaries and voters as earned and owned, and they require little or no public appropriations. The chapter proposes hybrid funding mechanisms, including new uses for “wage subsidies,” that attempt to finesse this dilemma. And it suggests some more and less familiar ways of taxing the biggest winners in a more automated economy to support programs in support of those being left behind.
Introduction
Authors: Meredith Dennis 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Communicating one’s research to lay and professional audiences is a key to research and career success. Such communications as news releases affect professional citations of scientific papers. Communication skills also directly aid both research and teaching by making the researcher a more effective purveyor of knowledge. In today’s media environment, researchers are in essence media outlets, able to reach their audiences directly through news releases, websites, social media, and other content. Creating such explanations also protects researchers professionally by ensuring that their research is conveyed to audiences as they wish.
Wayward Sons and Wandering Bacchic Revels
Authors: Dufallo Basil 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In the years between Plautus and the heyday of Terence (160s BCE), Rome made a series of momentous conquests, including victory over Antiochus III in Asia Minor. Beginning from this historical background, Chapter 2 considers the wandering, exilic journey of a soldier, Clinia, in Asia while in service to an unnamed “King,” and his Odysseus-like return to his waiting girlfriend, Antiphila. Clinia’s story forms a part of Terence’s Heautontimorumenos, a play put on at the Roman festival of Cybele in 163 BCE. Other plays of Terence as well as the fragments of Caecilius Statius and Ennius add depth and context to the discussion. The chapter argues that Clinia’s lovelorn wandering presents an amusing image of Greek military activities in the East, but simultaneously alludes to Roman expansion through its recollection of Seleucid aggression. Further, by portraying the residents of an Attic deme struggling with the negative effects of an alluring Dionysiac figure, the itinerant prostitute Bacchis, Terence presents Bacchus’s cult in a less favorable light than that of Cybele. Bacchis’s submissive lover, Clitipho, who expresses a close bond with Clinia, is in his own fashion becoming lost, morally as well as spatially, from the moment we first meet him. The behavior of the comic adulescentes Clinia and Clitipho, the chapter suggests, is usefully regarded as queerly deviant in Ahmed’s terms, because seeing their behavior in this way helps illuminate the connection between their failure to live up to Roman gender expectations and the disorienting effects of the East.
Wandering Atoms, Roman Error, and Poetic Tradition in Lucretius
Authors: Dufallo Basil 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Between Terence and Lucretius’s floruit (ca. 50s BCE), the boundaries of Roman power moved far outward again. And it is no coincidence that among the most disorienting images in all of ancient poetry stands Lucretius’s portrayal of Epicurus’s mental journey across the immeasurable universe, a heroic quest from which the Greek philosopher, like a conquering Roman general, brings back knowledge as a preferable form of imperial plunder (De rerum natura [DRN] 1.72–77). Lucretius thus depicts the Greek Epicurus as potentially more appealing—and specifically more masculine—than an audience of first-century BCE Romans might be inclined to regard him, given stereotypes of Epicureans as queerly deviant where Roman gender norms were concerned. The passage also creates a salient contrast between Epicurus and the wandering Odysseus of Homer’s Odyssey. After contextualizing Lucretius’s work through the “becoming lost” theme in fragmentary poetry between him and Terence (Pacuvius, Accius, and Lucilius), Chapter 3 argues that this image of Epicurus is not alone within DRN in the attitude toward Roman expansion that it encourages. There are pervasive aspects of the whole poem that anticipate and reinforce Lucretius’s approach here to both the positive and negative aspects of expansion, as well as the link that Lucretius fashions between them and his own poetic craft. We discern these connections especially by focusing on two interrelated, though opposed, semantic fields denoting wide-ranging, non-systematic movement: error/errare and vagus/vagari. Within DRN, these can designate, respectively, an Odyssean aimlessness in life and an Epicurean existence in harmony with the natural motions of the atoms.
Exercises Using Musical Instruments
Authors: Adolphe Bruce 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This section requires the use of musical instruments for all the exercises, some for soloists and others for ensembles of various sizes. All of these exercises are improvisations, yet the focus is not on the idea of improvisation itself, but on specific dramatic or emotional goals. Improvisation in this chapter may signify dramatic rather than musical improvisation. Several of the exercises address the art of interpretating existing music and require spontaneity and imagination but do not ask for the participant to improvise music. Acting techniques, such as those developed by the Group Theater, are here repurposed for musicians in order to address aspects of memory, emotion, and imagination and to inspire new ways of thinking about performing, such as playing with the actor’s concept of subtext or gibberish from a musician’s perspective. New exercises included here are inspired by sampling and robots, plus a new series of exercises in this edition includes the improv comedy techniques of Nichols and May as a template for musical spontaneity.
The Critique of Commodification
Authors: Hermann Christoph 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This book explores the intellectual history, nature, and consequences of commodification. While many use the term “commodification,” few realize that it was only introduced in the 1970s by Marxist scholars in Britain and the United States. However, while Marxists initially used commodification to challenge capitalism, subsequent scholars used it mainly to criticize certain markets and certain forms of exchange. The result is what this book identifies as moral and pragmatic critiques of commodification. In contrast, this book follows the materialist critique and, subsequently, argues that commodification entails the subjugation of use value, or usefulness, to market value, or the ability to generate profit. To capture this process, the book distinguishes between formal, real, and fictitious commodification. While capitalism depends on commodity production, the extent of commodification can differ, depending on market regulation and public provision. The book examines a range of neoliberal policies that promoted (re)commodification, including privatization, liberalization, and deregulation. The primacy of profits over needs has major consequences on how social needs are satisfied. The book identifies twelve consequences that have troubling effects for social reproduction and the environment, including the exclusion of those who cannot pay, the focus on highly profitable wants at the expense of less profitable but socially more relevant needs, collectivization of costs, and speculation. Given the negative effects, the book also discusses limits of commodification and argues that the ecological limit is the most dramatic one. In order to avoid catastrophic decommodification, the book proposes an alternative that is based on the maximization of use value rather than market value.
Melville's Wisdom
Authors: Schlarb Damien B. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This book explores the manner in which Herman Melville responds to the spiritual crisis of modernity by using the language of the biblical Old Testament wisdom books to moderate contemporary discourses on religion, skepticism, and literature. Melville’s work is an example of how romantic literature fills the interpretive lacuna left by contemporary theology. This book argues that attending to Melville’s engagement with the wisdom books (Job, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes) can help us understand a paradox at the heart of American modernity: the simultaneous displacement and affirmation of biblical language and religious culture. In wisdom, which addresses questions of theology, radical skepticism, and the nature of evil, Melville finds an ethos of critical inquiry that allows him to embrace the acumen of modern analytical techniques such as higher biblical criticism, while salvaging simultaneously the spiritual authority of biblical language. Wisdom for Melville constitutes both object and analytical framework in this balancing act. Melville’s Wisdom joins other works of postsecular literary studies in challenging its own discipline’s constitutive secularization narrative by rethinking modern, putatively secular cultural formations in terms of their reciprocity with religious concepts and texts. The book foregrounds Melville’s sustained, career-spanning concern with biblical wisdom, its formal properties, and its knowledge-creating potential. By excavating this project from Melville’s oeuvre, Melville’s Wisdom shows how he seeks to avoid the spiritually corrosive effects of suspicious reading while celebrating truth-seeking over subversive iniquity.
Dread, Foolishness, Wisdom
Authors: Schlarb Damien B. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Melville’s commentary on the collection of aphorisms known as the book of Proverbs and how he responds to its central propositions: fear of God as a prerequisite for attaining wisdom, the dichotomy between wisdom and folly, and the antinomian problem of God as the author of evil. Proverbs, it argues, enables Melville to frame his contemplation of theology and skepticism by confronting evil in its numerous guises as ontological fact. Because proverbs are portable and pragmatic, they allow Melville to comment politically on contemporary American reality (faith, economics, political and cultural institutions). The chapter discusses Mardi, “The Lightning-Rod Man,” The Confidence-Man, and Billy Budd, showing how proverbs initially connote revolutionary political potential in Melville’s work but soon are rendered ineffectual and used only to indict American political, economic, and cultural industries for successfully conspiring to purge wisdom from all personal interaction and jurisprudence.
Ethics in Public Health Practice
Authors: McKeown Robert E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines a foundation for addressing ethical concerns in public health practice, which is informed by the approach of Alasdair MacIntyre's definition of practice. It talks about the goal of public health and views practice as directed toward fulfillment of that goal and related goods, providing a common ground on which to base further discussions. It cites the foundational values of public health practice in identifying the common moral governance. It also looks at a common element of recent arguments on the importance and value of health that is necessarily for human well-being and flourishing, a perspective essential for discussions of the role of human rights and equity in public health ethics. The chapter delves into considerations of value that are related to the ends of public health but are also critical in the assessment and implementation of how those ends are achieved. It highlights the task of ethics that involves a continuing examination of means and ends in an iterative process. Though written before the COVID-19 pandemic, the chapter addresses the importance of public health preparedness for disasters and pandemics, including an outline of Preventive Ethics as central to ethical planning and implementation of public health prevention and response.
Understanding the Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Passingham Richard E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The primate prefrontal cortex sits at the top of the sensory, motor, and outcome processing hierarchies of the neocortex. It transforms sensory inputs into motor outputs, determining the response that is appropriate given the current context and desired outcome. This transformation involves conditional rules. The dorsal prefrontal cortex supports the learning of behavioural sequences, where the next action is conditional on the previous one. The ventral prefrontal cortex supports associations between objects, where the choice of one object is conditional on the presence of another object. However, because hierarchical processing supports the extraction of abstract representations, the primate prefrontal cortex is able to represent conditional rules that are abstract, meaning that they apply irrespective of the specific inputs. The selective advantage is that by learning these rules, primates can solve new problems rapidly when they have the same conditional logic as prior problems. The human prefrontal cortex has the same fundamental organization as in other primates. The dorsal prefrontal cortex supports the understanding of sequences and the ventral prefrontal cortex supports the ability to learn semantic associations. Thus the human prefrontal cortex has co-opted and elaborated mechanisms that were present in ancestral primates. These mechanisms can be used for new ends. For example, words have been associated with objects so as to communicate with others. This means that to understand human intelligence it is necessary to take into account the fact that the abstract rules are transmitted verbally from one generation to another.
Ventral Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Passingham Richard E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The ventral prefrontal cortex learns to associate objects, faces, and vocalizations, and its connectional fingerprint explains why it alone can do so. It receives visual inputs from the inferior temporal cortex and auditory ones from the superior temporal cortex. It combines these inputs with those from the orbital prefrontal (PF) cortex so as to specify the goal that is currently desirable. This is then transformed into the target of search via connections with the frontal eye field and the target for manual retrieval via connections with the premotor areas. The ventral PF cortex can also learn to form associations between objects, for example by linking them into categories. These can be retrieved from long-term memory via connections with the hippocampus.
What is the body schema?
Authors: Vignemont Frédérique de , Pitron Victor , Alsmith Adrian J. T. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The body schema is commonly defined as the representation of a body for action. But what do we mean exactly by that? What makes the body schema so special? The type of information that it represents? The way this information is represented? Or the function of the representation? And is there more than one type of body schema? There is a sense indeed in which the term ‘body schema’ is ambiguous, in that it functions as a general term that groups together various body representations intervening at different stages in motor control, representing short- or long-term properties, used for positive or negative affordances. In addition, one might want to distinguish between local body schemata, which represent body parts, and a global body schema, which represents the body as a whole. But is this latter holistic representation really necessary? Here this chapter will present a detailed characterization of the manifold of representational processes involved in what we commonly refer to as the body schema, as well as the key mechanisms that contribute to their construal.
The body in the German neurology of the early twentieth century
Authors: Kalckert Andreas 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In the past years, there has been an increasing interest in the experience of the own body in the field of experimental psychology and cognitive neuroscience. However, these questions are not new to neuroscience. Interestingly, the German neurology of the early twentieth century showed an extraordinary interest in the neurological processes underlying the experience of the body. One of the most controversial theoretical frameworks to this day is the distinction between the body schema and the body image. The latter is often referred to Paul Schilder and has caused some considerable discussions not only today, but also during the 1920/1930s. This chapter discusses Paul Schilder’s work in more detail, with a particular focus on his German writings. The chapter will describe the influence of Carl Wernicke and his concept of the somatopsyche. It was an important source of inspiration not only to Schilder, but also to the whole German neurology of that time. As the chapter will show, Schilder and his contemporaries had rather diverse concepts of the body image. By shedding light on some of these discussions, and the persons behind them, it is hoped the chapter will provide a better understanding of the evolution of this concept within the early German-speaking neurology.
Plasticity and tool use in the body schema
Authors: Romano Daniele , Maravita Angelo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The ability of humans to manufacture objects and represent physical causality makes them the master species in the use of tools. What is the impact of such a specific skill on the processing of bodily body-related spatial information? To what extent does the skilful manipulation of tools require specific embodiment of the device into one’s body representation? The present chapter reviews the effect of tool use on the representation of the body and space surrounding it, by analysing the cognitive effects of tool use and its neural representations. Studies on animals, healthy humans, and neuropsychological patients suggest that multisensory integration of stimuli far from the body is enhanced when a tool can reach those stimuli. Such a spatial remapping indicates that the body schema may adapt to include the device into one’s body representation. Notably, tool use-related changes are not limited to spatial processing, but also to the processing of body-related sensory-motor information. Understanding the cognitive mechanisms underlying tool use and the effect of tool use in the representation of the space around us is a paramount challenge to the understanding of body representation, especially considering that modern and more sophisticated technological tools, such as functional prostheses, robotic interfaces, and virtual reality devices, continually shape the central role of the body in human–environment interactions.
Body schema and pain
Authors: Miyahara Katsunori 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter aims to situate Merleau-Ponty’s notion of body schema within the context of contemporary philosophy of pain. In the first section, the chapter starts by introducing his notion of body schema and its role in his account of the experience of pain. It then briefly reviews current theoretical treatments of pain in the analytic philosophy of mind. It outlines representational and imperative theories of pain by mapping them onto the conceptual distinction between body image and body schema. In the second section, the chapter further argues that they are both deeply entrenched in a Cartesian dualistic picture of mind and body. To be fair, imperativism partly overcomes the Cartesian conception of the body by acknowledging the significance of the body schema. To see how theories of pain can escape the dualistic picture, thus, it will be helpful to examine imperativist explanations. The chapter undertakes this task by closely examining Colin Klein’s imperativist account of a rare pathological condition called pain asymbolia. This account, it suggests in the third section, leads to an unacceptably over-intellectual view of the body because of hidden Cartesian assumptions. It concludes by contrasting this with an enactive approach to pain, deeply inspired by Merleau-Ponty. In the last section, the chapter turns to phenomenological grounds to clarify and support this alternative approach.