bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accurate prediction of machining feedrate and cycle times considering interpolator dynamics
Authors: Ward Rob , Sencer Burak , Jones Bryn , Ozturk Erdem 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis paper presents an accurate machining feedrate prediction technique by modelling the trajectory generation behaviour of modern CNC machine tools. Typically, CAM systems simulate machines’ motion based on the commanded feedrate and the path geometry. Such approach does not consider the feed planning and interpolation strategy of the machine’s numerical control (NC) system. In this study, trajectory generation behaviour of the NC system is modelled and accurate cycle time prediction for complex machining toolpaths is realised. NC system’s linear interpolation dynamics and commanded axis kinematic profiles are predicted by using finite impulse response (FIR)–based low-pass filters. The corner blending behaviour during non-stop interpolation of linear segments is modelled, and for the first time, the minimum cornering feedrate that satisfies both the tolerance and machining constraints has been calculated analytically for 3-axis toolpaths of any geometry. The proposed method is applied to 4 different case studies including complex machining toolpaths. Experimental validations show actual cycle times can be estimated with > 90% accuracy, greatly outperforming CAM-based predictions. It is expected that the proposed approach will help improve the accuracy of virtual machining models and support businesses’ decision-making when costing machining processes.
Fatal hemorrhage after tonsillectomy
Authors: Feld Katharina , Mellin W. , Melzer B. , Rothschild Markus A. , Fries Jochen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis is the first report of a segmental mediolysis occurring in arterioles, affecting the neck/tonsillar region and leading to a fatal hemorrhage after a tonsillectomy in a 20-year-old woman. Arteriolar mediolysis could be observed in tissue layers about 2 cm distant from the tonsillectomy region. Reparative changes were observed in the carotid and small neck arteries as well as in only one intramyocardial arteriole; however, no other vascular regions typically reported in segmental mediolysis arteriopathy were affected and aneurysm formation was not observed. No family history of vascular disease or hypertension was known. Pathophysiologically, previously reported reasons for post-tonsillectomy bleeding could be excluded. Segmental mediolysis may represent a wider spectrum of affected arteriolar vessels besides the reported small and medium sized arteries leading to aneurysms, which impedes radiographic diagnosis.
Carbon isotope ratios of endogenous steroids found in human serum—method development, validation, and reference population-derived thresholds
Authors: Piper Thomas , Geyer Hans , Nieschlag Eberhard , Bally Lia , Thevis Mario 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn order to detect the misuse of testosterone (T), urinary steroid concentrations and concentration ratios are quantified and monitored in a longitudinal manner to enable the identification of samples exhibiting atypical test results. These suspicious samples are then forwarded to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS)–based methods for confirmation. Especially concentration ratios like T over epitestosterone (E) or 5α-androstanediol over E proved to be valuable markers. Unfortunately, depending on the UGT2B17 genotype and/or the gender of the athlete, these markers may fail to provide evidence for T administrations when focusing exclusively on urine samples. In recent years, the potential of plasma steroids has been investigated and were found to be suitable to detect T administrations especially in female volunteers. A current drawback of this approach is the missing possibility to confirm that elevated steroid concentrations are solely derived from an administration of T and cannot be attributed to confounding factors. Therefore, an IRMS method for plasma steroids was developed and validated taking into account the comparably limited sample volume. As endogenous reference compounds, unconjugated cholesterol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were found suitable, while androsterone and epiandrosterone (both sulfo-conjugated) were chosen as target analytes. The developed method is based on multi-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to IRMS in order to optimize the overall assay sensitivity. The approach was validated, and a reference population encompassing n = 65 males and females was investigated to calculate population-based thresholds. As proof-of-concept, samples from volunteers receiving T replacement therapies and excretion study samples were investigated.
Graphical abstract
Development and validation of a method for quantification of common wheat, durum wheat, rye and barley by droplet digital PCR
Authors: Schulze Christian , Geuthner Anne-Catrin , Mäde Dietrich 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFood fraud is becoming a prominent topic in the food industry. Thus, valid methods for detecting potential adulterations are necessary to identify instances of food fraud in cereal products, a significant component of human diet. In this work, primer–probe systems for real-time PCR and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) for the detection of these cereal species: bread wheat (together with spelt), durum wheat, rye and barley for real-time PCR and ddPCR were established, optimized and validated. In addition, it was projected to validate a molecular system for differentiation of bread wheat and spelt; however, attempts for molecular differentiation between common wheat and spelt based on the gene GAG56D failed because of the genetic variability of the molecular target. Primer–probe systems were further developed and optimized on the basis of alignments of DNA sequences, as well as already developed PCR systems. The specificity of each system was demonstrated on 10 (spelt), 11 (durum wheat and rye) and 12 (bread wheat) reference samples. Specificity of the barley system was already proved in previous work. The calculated limits of detection (LOD95%) were between 2.43 and 4.07 single genome copies in real-time PCR. Based on the “three droplet rule”, the LOD95%in ddPCR was calculated to be 9.07–13.26 single genome copies. The systems were tested in mixtures of flours (rye and common wheat) and of semolina (durum and common wheat). The methods proved to be robust with regard to the tested conditions in the ddPCR. The developed primer–probe systems for ddPCR proved to be effective in quantitatively detecting the investigated cereal species rye and common wheat in mixtures by taking into account the haploid genome weight and the degree of milling of a flour. This method can correctly detect proportions of 50%, 60% and 90% wholemeal rye flour in a mixture of wholemeal common wheat flour. Quantitative results depend on the DNA content, on ploidy of cereal species and are also influenced by comminution. Hence, the proportion of less processed rye is overestimated in higher processed bread wheat and adulteration of durum wheat by common wheat by 1–5% resulted in underestimation of common wheat.
A multilevel investigation supported by multivariate analysis for tomato product formulation
Authors: Boukid Fatma , Curti Elena , Diantom Agoura , Carini Eleonora , Vittadini Elena 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIndustrial processing of tomato includes its cutting and mincing, thermal treatments, and the addition of ingredients, which might induce changes in physicochemical properties of the final products. In this frame, the impact of texturing/thickening [xanthan gum (X) or potato fiber (F)] on the macroscopic, mesoscopic and molecular properties of tomato double concentrate (TDC) was investigated to determine if F can efficiently substitute X, in association with small solutes (sugar and salt) and thermal treatment (cold and hot). At a macroscopic level, multivariate statistics (MANOVA) underlined that color change (ΔE) was increased by X and F addition contrary to heating and the addition of salt and sugar. MANOVA revealed that texture was greatly enhanced through the use of F over X. 1H NMR molecular mobility changes were more controlled by texturing agents (F and X) than thermal treatment and small solutes. Particularly F increased the more rigid population indicating stronger interaction with water molecules resulting in shear-thinning flow. However, adding X contributed into the increase of the dynamic and mobile populations. Therefore, F can be a valid “clean label” substitute of X in modulating tomato products properties.
In-air hearing in Hawaiian monk seals: implications for understanding the auditory biology of Monachinae seals
Authors: Ruscher Brandi , Sills Jillian M. , Richter Beau P. , Reichmuth Colleen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe auditory biology of Monachinae seals is poorly understood. Limited audiometric data and certain anatomical features suggest that these seals may have reduced sensitivity to airborne sounds compared to related species. Here, we describe the in-air hearing abilities of a Hawaiian monk seal (Neomonachus schauinslandi) trained to participate in a psychophysical paradigm. We report absolute (unmasked) thresholds for narrowband signals measured in quiet conditions across the range of hearing and masked thresholds measured in the presence of octave-band noise at two frequencies. The behavioral audiogram indicates a functional hearing range from 0.1 to 33 kHz and poor sensitivity, with detection thresholds above 40 dB re 20 µPa. Critical ratio measurements are elevated compared to those of other seals. The apparently reduced terrestrial hearing ability of this individual—considered with available auditory data for a northern elephant seal (Mirounga angustirostris)—suggests that hearing in Monachinae seals differs from that of the highly sensitive Phocinae seals. Exploration of phylogenetic relationships and anatomical traits support this claim. This work advances understanding of the evolution of hearing in amphibious marine mammals and provides updated information that can be used for management and conservation of endangered Hawaiian monk seals.
High-quality imaging of endolymphatic hydrops acquired in 7 minutes using sensitive hT2W–3D–FLAIR reconstructed with magnitude and zero-filled interpolation
Authors: Zou Jing , Chen Luguang , Li Hongbin , Zhang Guoping , Pyykkö Ilmari , Lu Jianping 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundIt is still challenging to detect endolymphatic hydrops (EH) in patients with Meniere’s disease (MD) using MRI. The aim of the present study was to optimize a sensitive technique generating strong contrast enhancement from minimum gadolinium–diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (Gd–DTPA) while reliably detecting EH in the inner ear, including the apex.Materials and methodsAll imaging was performed using a 3.0 T MR system 24 h after intratympanic injection of low-dose Gd–DTPA. Heavily T2-weighted 3-dimensional fluid-attenuated inversion recovery reconstructed with magnitude and zero-filled interpolation (hT2W–FLAIR–ZFI) was optimized and validated in phantom studies and compared with medium inversion time inversion recovery imaging with magnitude reconstruction (MIIRMR). The following parameters were used in hT2W–FLAIR–ZFI: repetition time 14,000 ms, echo time 663 ms, inversion time 2900 ms, flip angle 120°, echo train length 271, and field of view 166 × 196 mm2.ResultsMRI obtained using hT2W–FLAIR–MZFI yielded high-quality images with sharper and smoother borders between the endolymph and perilymph and a higher signal intensity ratio and more homogenous perilymph enhancement than those generated with MIIRMR (p < 0.01). There were predominantly grade II EHs in the cochleae and grade III EHs in the vestibule in definite MD. EH was detected in the apex of 11/16 ipsilateral ears, 3/16 contralateral ears in unilateral definite MD and 3/6 ears in bilateral MD.ConclusionsThe novel hT2W–FLAIR–MZFI technique is sensitive and demonstrates strong and homogenous enhancement by minimum Gd–DTPA in the inner ear, including the apex, and yields high-quality images with sharp borders between the endolymph and perilymph.
National record-linkage study of hospital admissions for schizophrenia in childhood and adolescence in England
Authors: Seminog Olena , Hoang Uy , Goldacre Michael , James Anthony 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Background
There is a lack of information on changes in hospital admission rates for childhood-onset schizophrenia (COS), or on patient characteristics, to inform clinical research and health service provision.

Aims
To report age- and sex-specific incidence rates of hospital admissions and day patient care for schizophrenia (ICD-10 F20) and non-affective psychosis (ICD-10 F20-29), by year of occurrence and age, in childhood and adolescence.

Methods
Population-based study using person-linked data for England (available 2001–2016); time-periods in single years and 4-year groups.

Results
Hospitalised incidence for schizophrenia increased with increasing age, from 0.03 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.02–0.05) and 0.01 (0–0.01) per 100,000 in, respectively, males and females aged 5–12 years, to 3.67 (3.44–3.91) in males and 1.58 (1.43–1.75) in females aged 13–17 years. There was no gender difference in hospitalised incidence rates in children aged 5–12, but in 13–17 years old, there was a male excess. Rates for schizophrenia were stable over time in 5–12 years old. In ages 13–17, rates for schizophrenia decreased between 2001–2004 and 2013–2016 in males, from 6.65 (6.04–7.31) down to 1.40 (1.13–1.73), and in females from 2.42 (2.05–2.83) to 1.18 (0.92–1.48). The hospitalisation rates for schizophrenia and non-affective psychosis, combined, in 13–17 years old decreased in males from 14.20 (13.30–15.14) in 2001–2004 to 10.77 (9.97–11.60) in 2013–2016, but increased in females from 7.49 (6.83–8.20) to 10.16 (9.38–11.00).

Conclusions
The study confirms that childhood-onset schizophrenia is extremely rare, with only 32 cases identified over a 15-year period in the whole of England. The incidence of schizophrenia and non-affective psychosis increased substantially in adolescence; however, the marked reduction in the proportion of those diagnosed with schizophrenia in this age group suggests a possible change in diagnostic practice.
Numerical Approximation of Poisson Problems in Long Domains
Authors: Chipot Michel , Hackbusch Wolfgang , Sauter Stefan , Veit Alexander 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we consider the Poisson equation on a “long” domain which is the Cartesian product of a one-dimensional long interval with a (d − 1)-dimensional domain. The right-hand side is assumed to have a rank-1 tensor structure. We will present and compare methods to construct approximations of the solution which have tensor structure and the computational effort is governed by only solving elliptic problems on lower-dimensional domains. A zero-th order tensor approximation is derived by using tools from asymptotic analysis (method 1). The resulting approximation is an elementary tensor and, hence has a fixed error which turns out to be very close to the best possible approximation of zero-th order. This approximation can be used as a starting guess for the derivation of higher-order tensor approximations by a greedy-type method (method 2). Numerical experiments show that this method is converging towards the exact solution. Method 3 is based on the derivation of a tensor approximation via exponential sums applied to discretized differential operators and their inverses. It can be proved that this method converges exponentially with respect to the tensor rank. We present numerical experiments which compare the performance and sensitivity of these three methods.
Numerical Accuracy of Ladder Schemes for Parallel Transport on Manifolds
Authors: Guigui Nicolas , Pennec Xavier 
Published: June 2021

AbstractParallel transport is a fundamental tool to perform statistics on Riemannian manifolds. Since closed formulae do not exist in general, practitioners often have to resort to numerical schemes. Ladder methods are a popular class of algorithms that rely on iterative constructions of geodesic parallelograms. And yet, the literature lacks a clear analysis of their convergence performance. In this work, we give Taylor approximations of the elementary constructions of Schild’s ladder and the pole ladder with respect to the Riemann curvature of the underlying space. We then prove that these methods can be iterated to converge with quadratic speed, even when geodesics are approximated by numerical schemes. We also contribute a new link between Schild’s ladder and the Fanning scheme which explains why the latter naturally converges only linearly. The extra computational cost of ladder methods is thus easily compensated by a drastic reduction of the number of steps needed to achieve the requested accuracy. Illustrations on the 2-sphere, the space of symmetric positive definite matrices and the special Euclidean group show that the theoretical errors we have established are measured with a high accuracy in practice. The special Euclidean group with an anisotropic left-invariant metric is of particular interest as it is a tractable example of a non-symmetric space in general, which reduces to a Riemannian symmetric space in a particular case. As a secondary contribution, we compute the covariant derivative of the curvature in this space.
Safer Solvent Blends for Food, Dye, and Environmental Analyses Using Reversed-Phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Nallar Melisa , Tenaglia Nicholas , Morose Gregory , Wong Hsi-Wu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLiquid chromatography (LC) is a technique widely used to identify and quantify organic compounds in a complex mixture. Typical operations of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) involve continuous use of harmful solvents. Replacing these harmful solvents with safer alternatives will provide significant environmental, health, and safety benefits. In this work, a systematic approach for searching safer solvent blends to replace acetonitrile for reversed-phase (RP) HPLC operations is presented. GreenScreen® for Safer Chemicals was used as the first filter to down-select safer solvent candidates from thousands of chemicals based on their safety ratings. A list of LC operation parameters was then employed to determine final solvent candidates. Finally, Hansen Solubility Parameters in Practice (HSPiP) software was utilized to identify the most probable compositions of blends from these solvents for actual LC testing. It was found that a blend of 75% ethanol and 25% methyl acetate by volume provided the chromatograms with the best performance, which had similar response factors and column efficiency compared to acetonitrile when surrogate food additives, dyes, and water pollutants were tested, suggesting that this solvent blend is a potential safer alternative to replace acetonitrile for certain LC applications.
The Jew Is to Be Burned: A Turning Point in the Communist Approach to the “Jewish Question” on the Eve of Catastrophe
Authors: Navon Tom 
Published: June 2021

AbstractOtto Heller, the Austrian-Czech-German communist intellectual of Jewish origin, was known almost exclusively for his 1931 orthodox Marxist book, Der Untergang des Judentums (The Decline of Judaism). A recently rediscovered unpublished manuscript of a second book on the “Jewish Question,” written by Heller in 1939 and entitled Der Jude wird verbrannt (The Jew Is to Be Burned), sheds new light on the man and his work. Furthermore, the unknown manuscript, as one of the longest communist accounts of the Jewish Question and antisemitism from that period, reveals a substantial turning point in the history of the communist discussion on those issues. Existing scholarship has identified novel political stances among communists, such as recognizing the Jews as a nation and as unique victims of Nazism only from 1942 onwards. Although Heller did not express such far-reaching political views in this lost manuscript, he did introduce an original theoretical approach to the Jewish Question. This article analyzes Heller’s theoretical innovations as early intellectual precursors of later dramatic developments in the communist political discourse.
High-resolution imaging of depth filter structures using X-ray computed tomography
Authors: Johnson T. F. , Iacoviello F. , Welsh J. H. , Shearing P. R. , Bracewell D. G. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA multiple length scale approach to the imaging and measurement of depth filters using X-ray computed tomography is described. Three different filter grades of varying nominal retention ratings were visualized in 3D and compared quantitatively based on porosity, pore size and tortuosity. Positional based analysis within the filters revealed greater voidage and average pore sizes in the upstream quartile before reducing progressively through the filter from the center to the downstream quartile, with these results visually supported by voidage distance maps in each case. Flow simulation to display tortuous paths that flow may take through internal voidage were examined.Digital reconstructions were capable of identifying individual constituents of voidage, cellulose and perlite inside each depth filter grade, with elemental analysis on upstream and downstream surfaces confirming perlite presence. Achieving an appropriate pixel size was of particular importance when optimizing imaging conditions for all grades examined. A 3 µm pixel size was capable of representing internal macropores of each filter structure; however, for the finest grade, an improvement to a 1 µm pixel size was required in order to resolve micropores and small perlite shards. Enhancing the pixel size resulted in average porosity measurements of 70% to 80% for all grades.
Graphical abstract
Refugee and Immigrant Community Health Champions: a Qualitative Study of Perceived Barriers to Service Access and Utilisation of the National Health Service (NHS) in the West Midlands, UK
Authors: Mudyarabikwa Oliver , Regmi Krishna , Ouillon Sinead , Simmonds Raymond 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThere has been much discussion recently that better healthcare systems lead to increased service access and utilisation. However, there are still concerns raised among the refugee and immigrant communities about barriers to access and utilisation of primary healthcare services in the UK. This study aimed to explore with refugee and immigrant community health champions (CHCs) their perceptions about such barriers based on feedback in their own discussions with fellow refugees, asylum-seekers and immigrants in the West Midlands, UK. A total of 42 refugees and immigrants were recruited. Qualitative design-focused group discussions were conducted among purposively selected participants. These discussions were conducted between May and September 2019, and data were analysed using thematic analysis. The barriers to service access and utilisation are categorised into four themes: (i) knowledge about health issues that most affected refugees and immigrants; (ii) community indications of factors that obstructed service access; (iii) challenges in identifying local teams involved in service provision; and (iv) accurate knowledge about the different teams and their roles in facilitating access. This study higlighted that the levels of service access and utilisation would depend on the competence and effectiveness of the health system. Urgency and seriousness of individuals’ healthcare needs were the factors that were perceived to strongly influence refugees and immigrants to seek and utilise local services. We identified a number of potential barriers and challenges to service access and utilisation that should be overcome if primary healthcare service is to be planned and delivered effectively, efficiently and equitably in the West Midlands.