bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gefitinib Combined with Cetuximab for the Treatment of Lung Adenocarcinoma Harboring the EGFR–Intergenic Region (SEC61G) Fusion and EGFR Amplification
Authors: Zhang Guoqing , Xia Peiyi , Zhao Shanshan , Yuan Lulu , Wang Xiaosu , Li Xiangnan , Li Jindong 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

EGFR fusions are rare genomic events in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and a total of nine types have been previously reported in lung adenocarcinoma: EGFR-RAD51, EGFR-PURB, EGFR-ANXA2, EGFR-ZNF713, EGFR-YAP1, USP42-EGFR, EGFR-SEPTIN14, EGFR-TNS3, and EGFR-ZCCHC6. EGFR fusion mutations combined with EGFR amplification are even rarer in NSCLC. The EGFR–intergenic region (IGR) fusion mutation is unreported, and thus, there are no studies targeting this fusion together with EGFR amplification in lung adenocarcinoma. Our brief study provides clinical evidence that combined targeted therapy with gefitinib and cetuximab could result in a significant antitumor response in patients with the EGFR-IGR fusion and EGFR amplification.

Key Points
Biosimilar insulins: will switching soon be the norm?
Authors: Chaplin Steve 
Published: August 2021

Three biosimilar insulins are now available in the UK, and more may follow. While biosimilar insulin may be economically driven, it may also help towards narrowing the inequality gap around the provision of insulin, globally.Steve Chaplin investigates the characteristics of biosimilar insulins, their development and uptake, along with potential cost savings, their clinical utility, and whether or not switching to a biosimilar insulin will soon be the norm.
A century of insulin: from lifesaving discovery to a journey of scientific evolution!
Authors: McKay Gerry , Carty David , Fisher Miles , Paterson Ken 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBefore 1922, treatments for type 1 diabetes were limited, including the Allen plan (a diet based on minimising calorific intake), and the prognosis was bleak. Although the pancreas was already thought to produce a substance that, when lacking, resulted in diabetes it was not until the unlikely combination of an orthopaedic surgeon, Frederick Banting, and a medical student, Charles Best, came together with the guidance and support of physiologist Prof John Macleod that progress into clinical practice became a reality. Initial laboratory work in dogs confirmed the biological effect of the endocrine function of the pancreas. The realisation that insulin could be extracted from bovine pancreas made it a realistic prospect for treatment, but only after the involvement of James Collip, a biochemist who helped refine the purification process. The first injection of insulin as a treatment happened on 11 January 1922. Since then, it has been a scientific journey driven by the need for large‐scale production, processes allowing initially for better extraction and purification of bovine, then porcine insulin, before recombinant DNA technology allowed for the production of human insulin from 1978. Throughout the use of animal and human insulins, research efforts have concentrated on finding ways of prolonging the insulin time‐action profile to meet basal insulin requirements while at the same time shortening it to be more convenient for prandial insulin needs. The development of insulin analogues from 1996 has allowed an even better ability to mimic normal physiological function with longer‐acting basal insulins and shorter‐acting prandial insulins. This approach will continue to be a driver for evolution in addition to exploring the possibility of different routes of delivery. Copyright © 2021 John Wiley & Sons.
Study on the role of tannic acid–calcium oxide adduct as a green heat stabilizer as well as reinforcing filler in the bio‐based hybrid polyvinyl chloride–thermoplastic starch polymer composite
Authors: Dutta Nipu , Hazarika Shekharjyoti , Maji Tarun Kumar 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this study, we prepared a green heat stabilizer tannic acid–calcium oxide (TA–CaO) adduct in a green method and its efficacy was studied in a bio‐based polyvinyl chloride‐thermoplastic starch polymer matrix. The composite was prepared in a green pathway by melt mixing. CaO in the prepared complex also acted as a reinforcing filler in the composite. The addition of TA–CaO adduct in place of lead carbonate improved all the physical and chemical properties of the composite. The tensile strength and flexural strength improved to 102% and 127%, respectively, in comparison with similar percentage of lead carbonate and TA–CaO adduct. The composite with 15 phr loading of TA–CaO showed improved properties compared with other TA–CaO loaded composites.
Effect of alumina nanoparticles on the antifouling properties of polycarbonate‐polyurethane blend ultrafiltration membrane for water treatment
Authors: Etemadi Habib , Afsharkia Soheyla , Zinatloo‐Ajabshir Sahar , Shokri Elham 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this work, the flexibility of polycarbonate (PC) membrane was improved by using polyurethane (PU) additive. However, due to the hydrophobic nature of the PU polymer, alumina (Al2O3) nanoparticles were incorporated to PC‐PU blend membrane. The prepared membranes have been used in a submerged membrane system to eliminate humic acid molecules from polluted water in both the presence and absence of coagulant (polyaluminum chloride). The obtained results showed that introduction of PU into PC membrane diminished hydrophilicity and enhanced porosity. Moreover, the flexibility of the PC membrane remarkably improved. Introduction of 1.5 wt% Al2O3 to the PC‐PU blend membrane led to enhancement in both porosity and hydrophilicity. Results of morphological studies showed that in the presence of Al2O3 nanostructures, finger‐shaped voids seemed to elongate across the entire thickness of the prepared membrane. Atomic force microscopy images showed that incorporation of PU and Al2O3 to the PC membrane resulted in a smoother surface. The antifouling performance of membranes revealed that the PC‐PU/Al2O3 nanocomposite membrane possessed the most favorable antifouling features owing to its lowest surface roughness as well as highest hydrophilicity. For all membranes utilizing coagulant (PAC), the irreversible fouling ratio and the flux recovery ratio significantly diminished and increased, respectively.
Spherical polyelectrolyte brushes as bio‐platforms to integrate platinum nanozyme and glucose oxidase for colorimetric detection of glucose
Authors: Yang Qingsong , Li Li , Sun Liang , Ye Zhishuang , Wang Yunwei , Guo Xuhong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe integration of nanozyme and natural enzyme for cascade reactions has attracted great attention due to their huge potential applications in detection, biomedicine, and catalysis. Here the novel cascade bio‐platforms were fabricated by using spherical poly[(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl)trimethyl ammonium chloride] (PMOTA) brushes (SPB) as nanoreactors to prepare platinum nanoparticles in situ and as nanocarriers to immobilize glucose oxidase (GOX). The generated Pt nanoparticles possess high stability and peroxidase‐like properties, which can catalyze the oxidation of 3,3′,5,5′‐tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) in the presence of H2O2 to generate blue colored oxidized TMB (oxTMB). And the absorbed GOX can specifically catalyze the oxidation of glucose into gluconic acid and H2O2, while the produced H2O2 is subsequently catalyzed by the Pt nanozymes. Thus, the co‐immobilized Pt nanozymes and GOX within SPB (SPB@Pt@GOX) acted as effective biosensors for colorimetric detection of glucose showing high selectivity and great feasibility. This work demonstrates a facile and general strategy to use SPB as bio‐platforms to integrate nanozymes and natural enzymes for cascade reactions.
Changes in depressive symptoms among family caregivers of patients with cancer after bereavement and their association with resilience: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Shimizu Yoichi , Hayashi Akitoshi , Maeda Isseki , Miura Tomofumi , Inoue Akira , Takano Mayuko , Aoyama Maho , Matsuoka Yutaka J. , Morita Tatsuya , Kizawa Yoshiyuki , Tsuneto Satoru , Shima Yasuo , Masukawa Kento , Miyashita Mitsunori 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo elucidate changes in depressive symptoms after bereavement and the impact of pre‐loss resilience on such changes and on the extent of complicated grief and posttraumatic growth.MethodsProspective cohort surveys were provided to family caregivers of patients with cancer in four palliative care units (PCUs) before and after bereavement. Pre‐loss Connor–Davidson Resilience Scale scores, pre‐ and post‐loss Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 scores, post‐loss Brief Grief Questionnaire scores, and the expanded Posttraumatic Growth Inventory scores were determined.ResultsOut of 186 bereaved family caregivers, 71 (38.2%) responses were analyzed, among which 47% pre‐loss and 15% post‐loss responses suggested to be a high risk for major depressive disorder (MDD). Approximately 90% of family caregivers at a high risk for post‐loss MDD were already at a high risk for pre‐loss MDD. Even after adjustment of the background variables as covariates, the interaction effect between family caregivers' pre‐loss depressive symptoms and resilience on post‐loss depressive symptoms was observed (F = 7.29; p < 0.01). Moreover, pre‐loss resilience was not associated with other bereavement outcome measures.ConclusionsAmong family caregivers of patients with cancer in PCUs, 47% and 15% had high risk for MDD before and after bereavement, respectively. Moreover, pre‐loss resilience mitigated post‐loss depressive symptoms among family caregivers who had high risk for MDD before bereavement. However, considering the study's small sample size, further research is needed.
Deciphering the Structure and Chemical Composition of Drug Nanocarriers: From Bulk Approaches to Individual Nanoparticle Characterization
Authors: Chaupard Maeva , de Frutos Marta , Gref Ruxandra 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDrug nanocarriers (NCs) with sizes usually below 200 nm are gaining increasing interest in the treatment of severe diseases such as cancer and infections. Characterization methods to investigate the morphology and physicochemical properties of multifunctional NCs are key in their optimization and in the study of their in vitro and in vivo fate. Whereas a variety of methods has been developed to characterize “bulk” NCs in suspension, the scope of this review is to describe the different approaches for the NC characterization on an individual basis, for which fewer techniques are available. The accent is put on methods devoid of labelling, which could lead to artefacts. For each characterization method, the principles and approaches to analyze the data are presented in an accessible manner. Aspects related to sample preparation to avoid artefacts are indicated, and emphasis is put on examples of applications. NC characterization on an individual basis allows gaining invaluable information in terms of quality control, on: i) NC localization and fate in biological samples; ii) NC morphology and crystallinity; iii) distribution of the NC components (drugs, shells), and iv) quantification of NCs’ chemical composition. The individual characterization approaches are expected to gain increasing interest in the near future.
Computational design and screening of promising energetic materials: The coplanar family of novel heterocycle‐based explosives
Authors: Wu Jinting , Jiang Yuhe , Lian Zeng , Li Hongbo , Zhang Jianguo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA series of coplanar compounds based on triazine ring and triazole ring are proposed for the design of new energetic materials. The molecular structure, electronic structure, stability and detonation properties of these 40 compounds have been calculated by the density functional theory method. With the participation of hydroxyl, amino and nitro groups, these nitrogen‐rich fused ring compounds have the characteristics of aromaticity and hydrogen bonding. At the same time, the standard molar heat capacity, standard molar entropy and standard molar enthalpy change trends of some representative compounds in the temperature range of 200–800 K were calculated. The detonation performance, stability and density of these coplanar compounds were compared. There are 25 compounds with high density (ρ = 1.80–1.94 g·cm−3), of which A3‐2 exhibits excellent detonation performance (ρ = 1.93 g·cm−3, D = 8.86 km·s−1, P = 36.27 GPa), it is a potential candidate for high energy density materials. These research results provide a theoretical basis for the future design and screening of new energetic materials.
Facile Synthesis of Manganese‐Cobalt‐Sulfur/Reduced Rraphene Oxide Composite as High Performing Faradaic Electrode
Authors: Chen Lijun , Yin Hongfeng , Li Min , Chai Lina , Wang Biyao 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHerein, a composite, composed of MnCo‐sulfide heterojunction on the surface of rGO, is prepared via a facile one‐step hydrothermal vulcanization reaction. The physicochemical properties of the material are characterized using X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The as‐prepared composite is able to deliver a high specific capacitance of 2274.6 C g−1 at a scan rate of 1 mV s−1, and it is also able to exhibit good rate capability (retaining 1738.8 C g−1 at 10 mv s−1). A cell (MCS/rGO//activated carbon) is assembled, and it is able to achieve an energy density of 76.7 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 800 W kg−1. Furthermore, a remarkable cyclic performance is recorded for cell, as it is able to achieve almost 100 % capacitance retention after cycling for 6000 cycles.
Applications of Ethynylanilines as Substrates for Construction of Indoles and Indole‐Substituted Derivatives
Authors: Kamble Omkar S. , Khatravath Mahender , Dandela Rambabu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIndole is a core structure in many biologically important natural products such as heteroauxin, tryptophan, hypaphorine, bufotenine and gramine. Further, indole based natural products attracted the attention of many research groups due to their broad range of applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals. Thus, it is essential to cover recent advances in the synthesis of indoles and its derivatives. Historically, indole and its derivatives are synthesized by numerous approaches, which is a vast subject and beyond the scope of this review. Herein, we particularly focused on the last five years progress in synthetic approaches for the construction of indole and its derivatives from the substituted 2‐ethynyl anilines using various approaches such as transition‐metal catalyzed cyclizations, metal‐free, and radical reactions. Therefore, we believe that summarizing these results may be very useful for chemists who are interested in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds.
Microwave‐Assisted CH Activation of the Thiophene Ring: A Simple Approach to Access Substituted Thienopyridines
Authors: Campos Joana F. , Cimorelli Mélanie , Jemili Rihab , Berteina‐Raboin Sabine 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA practical microwave‐assisted CH activation for the preparation of several phenoxythieno[3,2‐b]pyridines is reported here. This new strategy is an efficient alternative to the conventional methods currently used. The optimized conditions can also be applied to a one‐pot approach.
Dramatic Responsivity Enhancement Through Concentrated H2SO4 Treatment on PEDOT:PSS/TiO2 Heterojunction Fibrous Photodetectors
Authors: Deng Xiaolei , Li Ziliang , Liu Hui , Zhao Yijian , Zheng Lingxia , Shi Xiaowei , Wang Liang , Fang Xiaosheng , Zheng Huajun 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn order to satisfy the growing requirements of wearable electronic devices, 1D fiber‐shaped devices with outstanding sensitivity, flexibility, and stability are urgently needed. In this study, a novel inorganic‐organic heterojunction fibrous photodetector (FPD) based on poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and highly ordered TiO2 nanotube array is fabricated, which endows a high responsivity, large external quantum efficiency, and fast response speed at 3 V bias. To further ameliorate its performance in the self‐powered mode, a facile acid treatment is adopted and the assembled H‐PEDOT:PSS/TiO2 FPD demonstrates outstanding self‐powered properties with ≈3000% responsivity enhancement (161 mA W−1 at 0 V under 365 nm irradiation, photocurrent enhancement of ≈50 times) compared with the untreated device. It is found that the concentrated H2SO4 post‐treatment helps decrease the tube wall thickness of TiO2 and partially removes the insulated PSS component in PEDOT:PSS, leading to enhanced conductivity and facilitated charge transportation, and thereby superb responsivity/photocurrent enhancement of self‐powered H‐PEDOT:PSS/TiO2 FPD. This low‐cost and high‐performance self‐powered FPD shows high potential for applications in wearable electronic devices.
Recent progress in epitaxial growth of two‐dimensional phosphorus
Authors: Wang Yihe , Sun Shuo , Zhang Jialin , Huang Yu Li , Chen Wei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPhosphorus is an important non‐metal element with many allotropes and tunable electronic properties. As one of the most important allotropes of phosphorus, two‐dimensional (2D) black phosphorus (BP) possesses many extraordinary properties, such as high charge carrier mobility with high on/off ratio, thickness‐dependent direct bandgap varying from 0.3 to 2 eV, and anisotropic electrical, optical and thermal properties. Inspiring by the success of 2D BP, other 2D phosphorus allotropes with intriguing properties for next‐generation electronic and optoelectronic devices have also attracted much attention. However, large‐scale growth of high‐quality 2D single/few‐layer phosphorus remains a great challenge. In this review, we highlight recent progress achieved on 2D phosphorus, with special focus on the epitaxial growth of 2D BP films, blue phosphorus (BlueP) monolayers as well as phosphorus‐metal porous networks. The remaining challenges and future perspectives on the development of monolayer phosphorus or phosphorus‐metal alloys are also provided.
A carbon dot‐based total green and self‐recoverable solid‐state electrochemical cell fully utilizing O2/H2O redox couple
Authors: Chen Zhaomin , Gu Xiaoqing , Guo Yutong , Wang Xin , Shao Mingwang , Dong Bin , Kang Zhenhui 
Published: August 2021

AbstractElectrochemical cell can overcome the inherent intermittence of the renewable energy sources, thus showing great potentials in applications ranging from electrical energy storage to future smart grid. However, the current electrochemical cells could not achieve the “total green” feature by fully utilizing the clean and abundant O2/H2O redox couples due to the enormous overpotentials for both oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and oxygen release reaction (OER). Herein, we report a “total green” electrochemical composite film cell based on carbon dots (CDots), which can realize both ORR and OER in the acid environment. The in‐air voltage generation (0.95 V, with a maximum power of 5.3 μW) relies on the multiple‐electron‐transfer redox chemical reaction between the two active components inside the composite film, that is, ORR/OER of CDots and the redox reaction of polyaniline (PANI) on the electrode and the resulting proton concentration gradient. Interestingly, the cell can be self‐recovered at low load, recharged by adding H2O2, or electrocharged at high load. We anticipate that current study may open up new opportunities for designing and developing total‐green energy storage and conversion systems for diverse applications.
DFlow: A Data Flow Analysis Tool for C/C++
Authors: Yan Qiaoqiao , Li Yongjun , Wu Yuanhao , Zhou Jialong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAbstract syntax trees (ASTs), control flow graphs (CFGs), and data flow analysis (DFA) are prerequisites for static and dynamic analysis and vulnerability detection for programs; thus, obtaining them is significant. Recently, many tools related to generating ASTs, CFGs, and DFA have been proposed. However, most tools can only construct ASTs, very few can construct ASTs and CFGs, and almost none can construct all three. The vast majority of AST, CFG, and DFA tools are for other languages (e.g., Java and Python), and while a few are for C/C++, they are implemented in other languages, creating complex working environments, and overreliance on other language‐related libraries. To address these shortcomings, we present a DFA tool, DFlow, for C/C++. First, a lexical/grammatical analyzer generated by Flex and Bison is used to analyze the program. Second, an AST is constructed from the results; then, a CFG is obtained from the analysis results and the information from the AST. Finally, based on the AST and CFG, DFA is performed, and the vulnerabilities of simple programs are determined. We test some common vulnerable code and common weakness enumeration slicing code, which show the effectiveness of DFlow in program data flow analysis and vulnerability checking. The results show that our tool can implement ASTs, CFGs, and DFA, and we add some rules to the tool for vulnerability detection. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
Equine infection with Leishmania spp. in Costa Rica: Study of five cases
Authors: Ortega‐García María Victoria , Salguero Francisco Javier , García Nerea , Domínguez Mercedes , Moreno Inmaculada , Berrocal Alexis 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundCutaneous forms of leishmaniosis due to Leishmania braziliensis have been reported in horses in the New World. Domestic animals play a role in the transmission of the disease. In Costa Rica, human cases of L. braziliensis, L. panamensis and L. infantum have been reported.ObjectivesThe present report describes five cases of equine cutaneous leishmaniosis in Costa Rica. The aetiological diagnosis was based on the presence of the parasite within the lesions.MethodsSkin biopsies were used to perform histopathological analyses of the lesions. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the presence of the Leishmania spp. antigens in tissue sections. Laser‐capture micro‐dissection and quantitative real‐time PCR techniques were carried out to detect the pathogen nucleic acid within the microscopic lesions.ResultsHistopathological analyses showed a granulomatous inflammation within the dermis, with multi‐nucleated giant cells, macrophages, lymphocytes and few neutrophils and eosinophils. We detected the parasite by immunohistochemistry, using a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against Leishmania spp. However, we could not identify Leishmania spp. by quantitative real‐time PCR in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues, using specific primers for the conserved region in the minicircle of the Leishmania DNA kinetoplast.ConclusionsOur results emphasise the importance of Leishmania spp. not only as a causative agent of equine cutaneous disease in the New World, but also as a possible emerging pathogen. Leishmaniosis is one of the most prevalent parasitic public health problems worldwide, and equines may have a role in the epidemiology of the disease.