bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sulfation modification of dopamine in brain regulates aggregative behavior of animals
Authors: Chen Bing , Tong Xiwen , Zhang Xia , Gui Wanying , Ai Guoming , Huang Lihua , Ding Ding , Zhang Jiangxu , Kang Le 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Behavioral plasticity and the underlying neuronal plasticity represent a fundamental capacity of animals to cope with environmental stimuli. Behavioral plasticity is controlled by complex molecular networks that act under different layers of regulation. While various molecules have been found to be involved in the regulation of plastic behaviors across species, less is known about how organisms orchestrate the activity of these molecules as part of a coherent behavioral response to varying environments. Here we discover a mechanism for the regulation of animal behavioral plasticity involving molecular sulfation in the brain, a modification of substrate molecules by sulfotransferase (ST)-catalyzed addition of a sulfonate group (SO3) from an obligate donor, 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to the substrates. We investigated aggregation behaviors of migratory locusts, which are well-known for extreme phase change plasticity triggered by population density. The processes of PAPS biosynthesis acted efficiently on induction of locust behavioral transition: Inhibition of PAPS synthesis solicited a behavioral shift from gregarious to solitarious states; external PAPS dosage, by contrast, promoted aggregation in solitarious locusts. Genetic or pharmacological intervention in the sulfation catalyzation resulted into pronounced solitarizing effects. Analysis of substrate-specific STs suggests a widespread involvement of sulfated neurotransmitters in the behavioral response. Dopamine in the brain was finally identified to be actively sulfate conjugated, and the sulfate conjugation enhanced the free DA-mediated behavioral aggregation. Similar results in Caenorhabditis elegans and mice indicate that sulfation may be involved more broadly in the modulation of animal aggregation. These findings reveal a general mechanism that effectively regulates animal social-like behavioral plasticity, possibly through sulfation-mediated modification of neural networks.
Claims of Reduced Odor on Tobacco Packs in Low- and Middle-Income Countries
Authors: Erinoso Olufemi , Welding Kevin , Smith Katherine Clegg , Cohen Joanna E 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Cigarettes designed to have less smoke smell were developed by the tobacco industry to supposedly reduce negative qualities. Cigarettes with marketing claims communicating these designs have been sold in high-income countries and marketing of “less smoke smell” terms on cigarette packaging can promote cigarette use. It is unclear to what extent they have been marketed in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs).

Aims and Methods
The Tobacco Pack Surveillance System (TPackSS) systemically collected tobacco packs available in 14 LMICs with high tobacco use between 2013 and 2017. We coded 4354 packs for marketing appeals, including claims related to smoke smell. We describe “less smoke smell” and similar claims found on these packs and compare across country and tobacco manufacturers.

Results
Phrases communicating less smoke smell were present on packs purchased in nine of 14 LMICs, including Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Mexico, Philippines, Russia, Ukraine, and Vietnam. The most commonly (74.1%) used terminology was “less smoke smell,” “LSS,” or a combination of the two. Packs from Russia had the most prevalent use (11.8%) of such claims. Companies using these terms across 21 brands included Japan Tobacco International (JTI), British American Tobacco (BAT), Philip Morris International (PMI), and other smaller companies. JTI accounted for 70.9% of packs with such terms.

Conclusions
Some of the world’s largest tobacco companies are communicating less smoke smell on packs in LMICs. Less smoke smell and similar phrases on packaging should be prohibited because they can enhance the appeal of cigarettes.

Implications
Tobacco companies are using “less smoke smell” and similar phrases on cigarette packs in LMICs. These claims have the potential to increase the appeal of smoking and promote cigarette use. Countries should consider policies to restrict attractive labeling claims, in accordance with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) Article 13 guidelines, which recommends restrictions on attractive design elements on tobacco packaging.
Exertional and CrossFit-Induced Rhabdomyolysis
Authors: Meyer Michelle , Sundaram Sneha , Schafhalter-Zoppoth Ingeborg 
Published: September 2021

Abstract:
Few publications of exercise-induced rhabomyolysis currently exist in the medical literature besides case reports. However, this condition can be severe, resulting in hospitalization and IV fluid administration to prevent serious sequelae. This report describes a case of exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis caused by a CrossFit workout. A 31-year-old female presented with 2 days of bilateral upper extremity pain and soreness, which began 2 days after she completed a CrossFit workout. Workup revealed an elevated creatine phosphokinase (CPK) of 18 441 U/L, consistent with exercise-induced rhabdomyolysis, and elevated liver function tests and elevated D-dimer, although her renal function was normal. She was hospitalized for 2 days and treated with IV fluids. This case report demonstrates that CrossFit exercises can lead to rhabdomyolysis, highlighting a condition that may be underdiagnosed and underreported.
Racial Disparities and Upward Trend in Bowel Preparation for Elective Colectomy in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Procedure Targeted Dataset: 2012 to 2018
Authors: Stroever Stephanie J. , Ostapenko Alexander D. , Casasanta Marc J. 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
The primary objective of this study was to assess trends in bowel preparation among patients who had elective colectomy between 2012 and 2018. The secondary objective was to assess patient and procedure-related factors predictive of bowel preparation use or lack thereof.

Background:
Numerous studies have demonstrated that bowel preparation before elective colorectal surgery can reduce the risk of postoperative complications. Studies of surgeon practices found 75% to 98% prescribe bowel preparation to their patients, although biases in the study design may lead to overestimation of bowel preparation practice.

Methods:
Cross-sectional study of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program colectomy procedure targeted dataset. We included patients from 18 to 90 years old who underwent elective colectomy (n = 101,096). The primary outcomes were bowel preparation before elective colectomy, including oral antibiotic only, mechanical only, both oral and mechanical, or none.

Results:
Twenty percent of patients did not do any bowel preparation before elective colectomy. Almost all covariates were independently associated with any bowel preparation, although some were not clinically relevant. The odds that Black/African American or Hispanic patients had any bowel preparation were lower than that of White patients. Additionally, the odds minimally invasive colectomy patients completed any bowel preparation was 1.46 times that of open surgery patients.

Conclusions:
This study is the first of its kind to assess trends in bowel preparation using an objective dataset. Our study highlights disparities in bowel preparation. Further studies should focus on delineating the root cause of this disparity, identifying the barriers, and finding solutions.
The Impact of Unilateral 90Y-radioembolization on Functional Changes in the Contralateral Hepatic Lobe
Authors: Garlipp Benjamin , Amthauer Holger , Kupitz Dennis , Grosser Oliver S. , Jürgens Julian , Damm Robert , Powerski Maciej , Fabritius Matthias , Oecal Osman , Stuebs Patrick , Benckert Christoph , Seidensticker Ricarda , Ricke Jens , Pech Maciej , Seidensticker Max 
Published: September 2021

Objectives:
To investigate how metabolic function of the contralateral liver lobe is affected by unilateral radioembolization (RE), and to compare the changes in volume and metabolic function.

Background:
Unilateral RE induces contralateral liver hypertrophy, but it is unknown if metabolic liver function improves in line with volume increases.

Methods:
This prospective open-label, nonrandomized, therapy-optimizing study included all consecutive patients undergoing right-sided or sequential 90Y-RE for liver malignancies without underlying liver disease or biliary obstruction at a single center in Germany. Magnetic resonance imaging volumetry and hepatobiliary scintigraphy were performed immediately before RE and approximately 6 weeks after RE.

Results:
Twenty-three patients were evaluated (11 metastatic colorectal cancer, 4 cholangiocellular carcinoma, 3 metastatic breast cancer, 1 each of metastatic neuroendocrine tumor, hepatocellular carcinoma, renal cell carcinoma, oesophageal cancer, pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma). In the untreated contralateral left liver lobe, mean (SD) metabolic function significantly increased from 1.34 (0.76) %/min/m2 at baseline to 1.56 (0.75) %/min/m2 6 weeks after RE (P = 0.024). The mean (SD) functional volume (liver volume minus tumor volume) of the left liver lobe significantly increased from baseline (407.3 [170.3] mL) to follow-up (499.1 [209.8] mL; P < 0.01), with an equivalent magnitude to the metabolic function increase. There were no reports of grade ≥3 adverse events.

Conclusion:
This study indicates that unilobar RE produces a significant increase in the metabolic function, and equivalent volume increase, of the contralateral lobe. RE may be a useful option to induce hypertrophy of the future liver remnant before surgical resection of primary or secondary liver malignancies.
Differences in Blood Pressure and Workload Intensity During Arm and Leg Ergometry at Submaximal Target Heart Rates in College-Aged Individuals
Authors: Dias Konrad J. , DuClos Ethan , Heath James , Nelson Shelbi , Coffey Bethany , Schahl Steven , Giacalone Nicholas , Collins Sean M. 
Published: September 2021

Purpose:
Blood pressure (BP) during arm (AE) and leg ergometry (LE) have traditionally been compared at submaximal intensities of the peak oxygen uptake, which is often challenging to interpret in clinical practice. The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relationship of the heart rate with systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), and workload (WL) during AE and LE exercise.

Methods:
A prospective, observational, cross-sectional design with 35 healthy subjects compared BP and WL during AE and LE at specific submaximal target heart rates (HRs) of 110, 120, 130, 140, and 150 beats per minute. A linear mixed model tested for differences in SBP, DBP, and WL between AE and LE.

Results:
There was a larger increase in SBP {0.55 mm Hg (95% CI [0.38, 0.73])} per heart beat during LE. There was a larger increase in WL {0.62 watts (95% CI [0.38, 0.85])} and WL relative to body mass {0.01 watts/kg (95% CI [0.006, 0.011])} per heart beat during LE. Statistical models were developed that estimated SBP, DBP, and WL based on the submaximal heart rate.

Conclusion:
The findings from this investigation informs physical therapists that lower SBP, higher DBP, and lower WL is achieved at any given submaximal HR during AE compared with LE. Furthermore, prediction equations derived from the statistical models can be used to compare actual against predicted SBP and DBP responses to determine tolerance to exercise. Finally, differences in WL per beat increase in HR are valuable in dosing exercise on the AE or LE.
Effects of Rehabilitation Before Lung Transplantation on Balance
Authors: Byrd Rebecca , Vallabhajosula Srikant , Bailey Stephen , Champion Tiffany 
Published: September 2021

Purpose:
This study examined the effects of prelung transplant rehabilitation on balance and examined the relationship between clinical balance tests, instrumented balance assessments, and functional measures of strength and exercise capacity.

Methods:
Participants completed 1-month of 5 d/wk, multimodal, outpatient rehabilitation. They performed the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), Four Square Step Test, Fullerton Advanced Balance (FAB) Scale, Short-Form FAB, Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction with Balance (mCTSIB), Limits of Stability Test (LOS), 6-minute walk distance (6MWD), and clinical strength assessments. Changes prerehabilitation to postrehabilitation were assessed using t tests. Pearson correlation coefficient assessed the relationship between baseline tests. Effect size was calculated using Cohen d.

Results:
Thirty-nine participants (age = 50 [16] years) completed pretransplant rehabilitation. Participants showed impaired dynamic balance measured through clinical balance tests and LOS which significantly improved with moderate change postrehabilitation. Most mCTSIB components had a small, nonsignificant change. Functional strength and 6MWD improved significantly prerehabilitation to postrehabilitation. Changes in clinical balance were correlated with changes in LOS, SPPB, 5 times sit-to-stand, and arm strength.

Conclusions:
Balance improvements in candidates for lung transplant, after a multimodal rehabilitation program, seem to be most closely associated with improvement in dynamic balance and lower extremity functional strength.
Activated Charcoal and Poisoning: Is It Really Effective?
Authors: Aksay Erdem , Kaya Adem , Gulen Muge , Acehan Selen , Isıkber Cem , Sahin Gonca , Satar Salim 
Published: September 2021

Background:
This study aims to compare the poisoned patients who could not be administered activated charcoal because of its unavailability with the poisoned patients who were administered charcoal in the later period and to reveal the results about its effectiveness.

Study Question:
Is the use of activated charcoal effective against poisoning caused by oral medication?

Study Design:
This retrospective cohort study with historical control was planned at a tertiary hospital. Patients older than 18 years were admitted to the emergency department because of oral drug poisoning during the study periods. A total of 1159 patients who were not given activated charcoal and 877 patients who were given activated charcoal were included in this study.

Measures and Outcomes:
The frequency of clinical findings secondary to the drug taken, the frequency of antidote use, the frequency of intubation, and the hospitalization length were determined as clinical outcome parameters.

Results:
There was no statistically significant difference in the development of central nervous system findings, cardiovascular system findings, frequency of intubation, and blood gas disorders, as well as the length of hospitalization periods according to the activated charcoal application. Hepatobiliary system findings and electrolyte disturbances were found to be less common in patients given activated charcoal. The frequency of tachycardia, speech impairment, coma, and respiratory acidosis was found to be statistically higher in patients who were administered activated charcoal. The hospitalization period of the patients who were given activated charcoal was longer in patients with drug findings; however, there was no difference in the hospitalization periods of the patients who were given an antidote.

Conclusions:
The use of activated charcoal in poisoned patients may not provide sufficient clinical benefits. However, clinical studies with strong evidence levels are needed to determine activated charcoal's clinical efficacy, which is still used as a universal antidote.
Pharmacological Management of Peptic Ulcer: A Century of Expert Opinions in Cecil Textbook of Medicine
Authors: Manu Peter , Rogozea Liliana M. , Sandor Vlaicu , Dumitraşcu Dan L. 
Published: September 2021

Background:
Advances in drug therapy for peptic ulcer have had a significant impact on quality of life and work potential of many millions of affected persons and have contributed to a remarkable decrease in the prevalence of the disease, frequency and severity of complications, hospitalizations, and mortality.

Study Question:
What are the milestones of the changes in the expert approach to the pharmacological management of peptic ulcer in the past century?

Study Design:
To determine the changes in the experts' approach to the management of peptic ulcer, as presented in a widely used textbook in the United States.

Data Sources:
The chapters presenting the management of peptic ulcer in the 26 editions of Cecil Textbook of Medicine published from 1927 through 2020.

Results:

Acid neutralization with alkalies was the only pharmacological intervention recommended in the textbooks published from 1927 to 1975. Atropine and other antimuscarinic agents were mainly used to relieve pain and acid secretion according to the paradigm “no acid no ulcer.” The shift to the acid suppression paradigm started with the introduction of the histamine-2 receptor antagonist cimetidine in 1979, the proton-pump inhibitor omeprazole in 1988, and the prostaglandin agonist misoprostol in 1992. Finally, the eradication of Helicobacter pylori was codified in 1996.

Conclusions:
The pharmacological management of peptic ulcer has remained archaic well into the 20th century. Fundamental progress occurred in a very short period (1979–1996) and was due to paradigm shifts from acid neutralization to acid suppression and later the recognition of the role of H. pylori infection.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Evaluation of Distance Between Adenoid Tissue and Internal Carotid Artery in Children With Adenoid Hypertrophy
Authors: Şahan Mehmet Hamdi , Bayar Muluk Nuray 
Published: September 2021

Objectives
In the present study, we investigated the distance between adenoid tissue and internal carotid artery (ICA) in children with adenoid hypertrophy by magnetic resonance imaging.

Methods
Cranial magnetic resonance images of 200 children with adenoid hypertrophy between the ages of 5 and 15 were included. In group 1 (5–9 years of age), there were 100 children, and in group 2 (10–15 years of age), there were 100 children. In both groups, adenoid thickness, adenoid/nasopharynx) ratio, and superior, middle, and inferior adenoid-ICA distances were measured.

Results
Adenoid thickness is significantly higher in the 10-to-15 years age group than in the 5-to-9 years age group (P < 0.05). Adenoid-ICA distance got lower from the superior to the inferior part in both age groups and in both sexes: inferior < middle < superior adenoid-ICA distance. In the 5-to-9 years age group, the minimum adenoid-ICA distances were 2.40 mmsuperior, 0.90 mmmiddle, and 1.20 mminferior. In 10-to-15 years age group, the minimum adenoid-ICA distances were 2.50 mmsuperior, 1.00 mmmiddle, and 0.90 mminferior. As adenoid thickness increased, the inferior adenoid-ICA distance decreased bilaterally (P < 0.05). As the age got older, adenoid thickness increased, and the left superior and middle adenoid ICA distances and bilateral inferior adenoid-ICA distances decreased (P < 0.05).

Conclusion
The distance between adenoid and ICA decreased from superior to inferior. In 10- to 15-year-old children, the distance between adenoid and ICA was determined as lower than in the 5- to 9-year-old children. The minimum distances between adenoid and ICA were found to be between 0.9 and 2.5 mm in the 10-to-15 age group and between 0.9 and 2.4 mm in the 5-to-9 age group. It should be remembered that ICA can be very close to the adenoid tissue. In addition, because thermal injury can cause deeper damage to the tissue, bipolar cautery should be used with caution in this area and unipolar cautery should not be used.
Preliminary Validation of the Learning Ratio for the HVLT–R and BVMT–R in Older Adults
Authors: Hammers Dustin B. , Gradwohl Brian D. , Kucera Amanda , Abildskov Tracy J. , Wilde Elisabeth A. , Spencer Robert J. 
Published: September 2021

Background:
The learning slope is typically represented as the raw difference between the final score and the score of the first learning trial. A new method for calculating the learning slope, the learning ratio (LR), was recently developed; it is typically represented as the number of items that are learned after the first trial divided by the number of items that are yet to be learned.

Objective:
To evaluate the convergent and criterion validity of the LR in order to understand its sensitivity to Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology.

Method:
Fifty-six patients from a memory clinic underwent standard neuropsychological assessment and quantitative brain imaging. LR scores were calculated from the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test—Revised and the Brief Visuospatial Memory Test—Revised and were compared with both standard memory measures and total hippocampal volumes, as well as between individuals with AD and those with mild cognitive impairment.

Results:
Lower LR scores were consistently associated with poorer performances on standard memory measures and smaller total hippocampal volumes, generally more so than traditional learning slope scores. The LR scores of the AD group were smaller than those of the group with mild cognitive impairment. Furthermore, the aggregation of LR scores into a single metric was partially supported.

Conclusion:
The LR is sensitive to AD pathology along the AD continuum. This result supports previous claims that the LR score can reflect learning capacity better than traditional learning calculations can by considering the amount of information that is learned at trial 1.
The Effect of Donepezil on Problem-solving Ability in Individuals With Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Pilot Study
Authors: Beversdorf David Q. , Nagaraja Haikady N. , Bornstein Robert A. , Scharre Douglas W. 
Published: September 2021

Background:
Clinical trials involving individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have reported mixed results for the effects of cholinesterase inhibitors on cognitive outcomes. Our previous work demonstrated that a visuospatial problem-solving task was sensitive to non-memory impairments in individuals with MCI.

Objective:
To determine whether the same task is also sensitive to the effects of cholinesterase inhibitors in individuals with amnestic MCI (aMCI).

Method:
We gave 22 individuals with aMCI (clinical dementia rating of 0.5) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores of at least 24 the following measures at baseline and at follow-up 1 year later: Hopkins Verbal Learning Test, Boston Naming Test, Rey Complex Figures Test copying task, anagrams task, and visuospatial problem-solving task. The MMSE was also given at the 1-year follow-up. Twelve of the individuals were drug naïve, having never taken cholinesterase inhibitors before, and donepezil was initiated and titrated to 10 mg daily after baseline in an open-label manner. Ten of the individuals had already been taking donepezil, and there was no change in treatment. We compared the two groups for amount of performance change over 1 year.

Results:
Individuals for whom donepezil was initiated performed significantly better on the visuospatial problem-solving task after 1 year compared with individuals who had already been taking donepezil. No difference was observed for any of the other variables.

Conclusion:
The visuospatial problem-solving task appeared to be more sensitive than memory measures to the effects of cholinesterase inhibitors in individuals with aMCI, perhaps due to the high attentional demand of the task.