bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Locke’s Kind-dependent Approach to Identity
Authors: Boeker Ruth 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a close analysis of Locke’s approach to questions of individuation and identity over time. It examines how Locke distinguishes individuation from identity and proposes that Locke’s approach to identity is best understood as kind-dependent. This means that the persistence conditions vary depending on the kind of being under consideration. For Locke it is important to first examine the kind under consideration, before persistence conditions for members of this kind can be specified. More precisely, if the nominal essences of kind F and kind G vary, then it is likely that the persistence conditions for members of kind F will vary from the persistence conditions for members of kind G. This chapter provides the framework for the subsequent discussion of Locke’s account of persons and personal identity.
Practical Necessity and Historical Necessity in Historical Materialism
Authors: James David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Practical necessity is shown to play a key role in Marx’s explanation of the historical necessity to which historical materialism is committed and to facilitate the adoption of a first-person standpoint that introduces minimal assumptions about what would lead the relevant agents to act in ways that bring about certain events and states of affairs. It is argued that Marx’s commitment to the idea of historical necessity, on the one hand, and his account of the possibility of a society in which freedom and necessity are reconciled, on the other, generate a problem in relation to the historical necessity of a phase of history that precedes a post-capitalist society in which freedom and necessity are reconciled. The idea of historical necessity would not apply to this phase of history, whereas to claim that it does so implies the existence of ‘surplus’ practical necessity.
Messing About in Boats
Authors: Hofmann Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The title—borrowed from The Wind in the Willows—is here re-purposed to cover four talks (the 2019 Clarendon Lectures) on four poems about boats; the ‘messing about’ is done by the poet and critic Michael Hofmann. In amiable, associative, exploratory terms, the writer discusses Rainer Maria Rilke’s ‘Emigrant Ship (Naples)’, Arthur Rimbaud’s ‘Drunken Ship’, Eugenio Montale’s ‘Boats on the Marne’, and Karen Solie’s ‘The World’. The suggestion is that there is a sort of symbolic equivalence between boat and poem, that the terms in which we think of boats and voyages are just as applicable to poets and poetry. The different boats, the different voyages, the different poems elicit an array of subtle, informative, and surprising responses. Taken as a whole, the lectures are four instances in how poetry, even across languages and translations, may still be read for enjoyment.
Common Ground
Authors: Begby Endre 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines a way to study the social dynamics of prejudice even in the absence of “prejudiced believers.” Stereotypes often serve to provide us with “social scripts.” We often comply with these scripts even though we don’t endorse their content, simply because we have reason to believe that others endorse them, and because they are typically backed up by sanctions. But others may be in the same situation. Accordingly, we could find ourselves in situations where nobody endorses the stereotypes encoded in our social scripts, even as these scripts continue to govern our mutual interactions. Reverting to notions of “collective” or “shared” epistemic responsibility provides no real traction on these kinds of situations, nor any novel perspectives on remedial action. As a case study, this chapter offers the paradox of “perceived electability,” where voters fail to support a preferred minority candidate because they believe others will not vote for her.
Scenario 1
Authors: Allen John R. , Hodges F. Ben , Lindley-French Julian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Scenario 1 describes an imagined situation in 2030 where dialogue fails together with a weakened European defence, and war breaks out in Europe across air, sea, land, space, and cyber and information domains. A woefully unprepared Europe is defeated and a hopelessly overstretched America is unable to prevent this. The Allies lack sufficient cohesion, coordination, and civilian and military capability, capacity, resiliency, and shared political will, and are quickly defeated by war conducted at the seams of society and at the margins of Alliance and union. NATO is defeated, European defence collapses and the world teeters on the brink of World War Three.
Introduction
Authors: Allen John R. , Hodges F. Ben , Lindley-French Julian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Introduction establishes the challenge the book addresses: how to defend Europe in the post-COVID-19 world in which all the assumptions about power, strategy, alliance, technology, and what constitutes military capability are changing fast. The chapter postulates that Europe is at another hinge of history and that the possibility of another major European war can no longer be excluded. The chapter considers the state of the literature and the debate and structure of the book, before laying out the scope of the challenge Europe’s future war, future defence must confront if peace is to be maintained through credible deterrence and defence. It also establishes the central theme of the book: European defence will require a dual-track approach of constant dialogue between allies and adversaries and a minimum level of relevant military capability and capacity to ensure credible deterrence.
COVID-19 and the European defence dilemma
Authors: Allen John R. , Hodges F. Ben , Lindley-French Julian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
COVID-19 will change all the assumptions upon which Europe’s defence has been established since 1949. This pandemic will accelerate the shift of power from West to East and has already revealed and worsened many critical vulnerabilities in Europe’s defence. Far from cohering to combat the crisis, national distancing between allies and partners has become the norm. What is needed in Europe is a comprehensive security and national defence in the face of 5D warfare—disinformation, deception, destabilization, disruption, and implied coercion via implied or actual destruction. COVID-19 will also exacerbate and accelerate existing adverse military megatrends as improved health security comes at the expense of national and European defence.
Demons and dragons
Authors: Allen John R. , Hodges F. Ben , Lindley-French Julian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
What threat does instability and insecurity across the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) pose to European defence? NATO makes much of being a 360-degree alliance. In fact, there often seems little link between the threat faced by Europe’s Eastern, Northern, and Southern states. The nature of the threat is very different. Across MENA social and political instability has worsened with the emergence of state versus anti-state Salafist Jihadism. The West’s humiliation during the Syrian war has enabled Russia to exploit Europe’s loss of already limited influence, whilst the flows of desperate people towards Europe have weakened the political and strategic cohesion of the Allies, as tensions with Turkey grow. The prospect of a major regional-strategic war is ever present but transatlantic cohesion has been undermined by conflict over what to do with Iran and its nuclear programme. Russian and Turkish interference in Libya threatens not only to cut off vital oil supplies to Europe but to further exacerbate the suffering of refugees and migrants. The impact COVID-19 will have on the many fragile states across MENA is unclear but the sheer scale of potential risk, challenges, and threat to European security and defence must end the bonfire of European illusions.
China
Authors: Allen John R. , Hodges F. Ben , Lindley-French Julian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
What threat does China pose to Europe’s future defence? The US has long been a ‘European’ actor; China is fast becoming one. The impact of the irresistible rise of China on Europe’s future defence will be profound post-COVID-19. Most notably, China is imposing a form of ‘imperial overstretch’ on the US, forcing it to make choices of weakness. China is also a Jekyll and Hyde—both constructive and invasive. COVID-19 has revealed the extent to which China seeks to exploit globalization/Chinaization to impose its will. The Belt and Road Initiative and the indebtedness of many European states already enables China to exert its influence through those states on the EU, NATO, and the transatlantic relationship. As such, the rise of China is the biggest single geopolitical change factor to impact Europe’s defence since 1939. It also implies a nightmare in which China and Russia join forces to weaken the Americans by creating simultaneous chaos the world over, rendering European defence incapable at a time and place of Beijing and Moscow’s choosing.
Répétition Planétaire
Authors: Giles Paul 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis chapter starts by considering the general relation between postmodernism and religion. It suggests that, as postmodernism becomes increasingly susceptible to historicization, so it is possible to understand more clearly the projection of religion as a hybrid cultural entity combining sacred and secular motifs. It then goes on to examine treatments of temporality in the work of two French artists, composer Olivier Messiaen and film-maker Eric Rohmer, who both bridged the modernist and postmodernist eras. It discusses how Messiaen’s music was shaped by World War II and surrealism, as well as by religion. This chapter’s final section focuses upon the films of Rohmer, with whom Messiaen was acquainted. There is a discussion of Rohmer’s particular interests in postmodern architecture, environmentalism, and globalization, along with an indication of how these themes manifest themselves in his films, particularly in his last great film cycle ‘Tales of the Four Seasons’.
Two-Way Time Travel
Authors: Giles Paul 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis chapter considers the new relations of past and present to future that have emerged in the wake of scientific discoveries in genetics and other medical technologies. The first section links Australian novelist Gerald Murnane with established English writer Ian McEwan, suggesting how for both writers the representation of memory, cultural as well as personal, has been mediated by developments in science. The second section, ‘The American Systems Novel’, extends this analysis by considering how genetics shape the plot of Jeffrey Eugenides’s Middlesex and how 9/11 scrambles understandings of temporal sequence in Jonathan Safran Foer’s Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close. It concludes by discussing how the historical context of postmodernist science inflects representations of temporal sequence in the novels of Richard Powers, which address issues of computer technology, ecology, and environmentalism, while also representing the aesthetics of temporality in relation to the abstract language of music.
Postmodern Slave Narratives
Authors: Giles Paul 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis chapter considers the representation of time in postmodern slave narratives. It argues they work through a style of black humour within which the politics of slavery are mediated in complex and ambiguous ways. Starting from the comic fiction of Ishmael Reed, it discusses how scientific discourses turn racial politics into a complicated affair in the novels of Octavia Butler. It finds a similar tension in the recursive fictions of Toni Morrison, where time frequently circles back on itself. This chapter’s second section considers how such inversions are played out in the films of Quentin Tarantino, arguing the disjunctive temporality of his historical films is marked by systematic invocations of antipodean space. Such strategic forms of anachronism and disorientation are associated with the politics of the Obama era, which combined traditional pragmatism with recognition of how transnational pressures were pushing questions about slavery’s historical legacy in a new direction.
Reorchestrating the Past
Authors: Giles Paul 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTaking its title from Australian novelist Alexis Wright’s description of her novel Carpentaria as a ‘long song, following ancient tradition’, this chapter considers how antipodean relations of place interrupt abstract notions of globalization as a financial system. The first section exemplifies this by focusing on Australian/American director Baz Luhrmann, whose version of The Great Gatsby (2013), filmed in Sydney, resituates Fitzgerald’s classic novel within an antipodean context. The second section develops this through consideration of Wright’s fiction, along with that of New Zealand/Maori author Keri Hulme, so as to illuminate ways in which spiral conceptions of time, where ends merge into beginnings, contest Western epistemological frames. In the final section, this ‘long song’ is related to the musical aesthetics of Australian composer Peter Sculthorpe and English composers George Benjamin and Harrison Birtwistle. The chapter concludes by arguing that musical modes are an overlooked dimension of postmodernist culture more generally.
The Constitutional Theory of the Federation and the European Union
Authors: Larsen Signe Rehling 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
What type of political association is the European Union? From the start of the European integration process, this question has puzzled scholars. Many different answers have been offered, but in the absence of an agreed response, most scholars implicitly avoid the issue by suggesting that the European Union is sui generis. This book challenges the sui generis thesis by demonstrating that the European Union is not a unique form of association, but rather a federal union of states, or what this book calls a federation. This is a discrete form of political association on a par with, though differentiated from, the other two forms of political modernity, namely the state and the empire. Therefore, the federation cannot be understood on the basis of the theory of the state, hereunder the concept of sovereignty. The ‘statist’ worldview still dominates both the debates on federalism and the European Union, meaning that all federal polities are seen either as ‘confederal’ associations of sovereign states or as sovereign federal states. The book challenges the statist schism of ‘federal’ versus ‘confederal’ by demonstrating that the federation is a discrete political form with a discrete constitutional theory, characterized by its own strengths and weaknesses. The federation is a political union of states founded on an interstate agreement of a constitutional nature, a federal compact, that does not absorb the Member States into a new state. It is characterized by a double political existence and the internal absence, contestation, or repression of sovereignty.
Introduction
Authors: Larsen Signe Rehling 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The introduction presents an outline of the book together with a brief discussion of other ‘federal’ interpretations of the EU. The main argument of the book is that the EU is a federal union of states, or what this book calls a federation. The federation is a political union of states, founded on a federal and constitutional compact between the Member States, that does not constitute a new federal state. The federation transcends the flawed ‘statist’ distinction between ‘federal’ and ‘confederal’ that still dominates the scholarship on federalism and the EU. The federation is a discrete form of political association on a par with, though distinct from, the other political forms of modernity, that is, the empire and the state.
Conclusion
Authors: Larsen Signe Rehling 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The conclusion sums up the main arguments of the book: the EU is not an association sui generis. Rather, it belongs to the political form of the federation: a discrete form of political association on a par with, though differentiated from, the other two forms of political modernity, namely, the state and the empire. The federation is a political union of states founded on a federal and constitutional compact that does not absorb the Member States into a new federal state. Federations come into existence because of the instability of the state as a political form. States decide to come together in a federation because they are incapable of maintaining their own political autonomy. Nevertheless, the federation is characterized by its own unique internal contradictions that always threaten its stability and survival. Federal emergency politics brings these contradictions to the fore by eroding the political autonomy of the Member States.
Investment Treaties and the Legal Imagination
Authors: Perrone Nicolás M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Foreign investors have a privileged position under investment treaties. They enjoy strong rights, have no obligations, and can rely on a highly efficient enforcement mechanism: investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS). This extraordinary status has made international investment law one of the most controversial areas of the global economic order. Unsurprisingly, its origin and evolution have been the subject of a long debate. This book adds to the discussion by showing that foreign investor rights are not the result of unpredicted arbitral interpretations, but rather the likely outcome of a world-making project realized by a coalition of business leaders, bankers, and their lawyers in the 1950s and 1960s. Some initiatives that these norm entrepreneurs planned for did not concretize, such as a multilateral investment convention, but they were successful in developing a legal imagination that gradually occupied the space of international investment law. They sought not only to set up a dispute settlement mechanism but also to create a platform to ground their vision of foreign investment relations. Tracing their normative project from the post-World War II period, this book shows that the legal imagination of the norm entrepreneurs is remarkably similar to present ISDS practice. Common to both is what they protect—such as foreign investors’ legitimate expectations—as well as what they silence or make invisible. Our canon of imagination, of adjustment and potential reform, remains closely associated with the world-making project of the norm entrepreneurs of the 1950s and 1960s.
The Norm Entrepreneurs of the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Perrone Nicolás M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the post-World War II period, business leaders, bankers, and their lawyers decided it was their time to write the rules of the global economy. They felt that the nationalization of the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (in 1951) and of the Suez Canal (in 1956), together with increasing state economic intervention all around the world, warranted a call for action. They formed a coalition to enable and safeguard a world of free enterprise; promoting and protecting foreign private investment was a top priority. This chapter examines who these norm entrepreneurs were, their networks, and how they captured the space of international investment law to advance their world-making project. As individuals and through professional associations, they imagined quite detailed institutions and standards for this legal field. They discussed foreign investor rights, indirect expropriation, fair and equitable treatment, the internationalization of contracts, reliance, the inadequacy of local remedies, and the crucial role of international arbitration.
Competing Imaginaries and the 1970s
Authors: Perrone Nicolás M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The long 1970s was a difficult time for those promoting investment treaties and ISDS. OECD members had not adopted a multilateral convention, and the Global South was demanding a change in the rules of the game. The norm entrepreneurs’ self-confidence was decreasing. In this challenging context, the International Chamber of Commerce took the initiative and put forward a conception of foreign investor obligations consistent with investment treaties and ISDS. This move conceded little to the Global South: the best companions to strong foreign investor rights are weak or even voluntary investor obligations. For a while the outcome was uncertain, as different imaginations competed for the space of international investment law. This chapter examines some of these competitors, including the 1974 UN report on the impact of MNCs, the US position on the topic, and the 1974 UN Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States.
The Rise of Investment Treaties and ISDS in the 1990s and Since
Authors: Perrone Nicolás M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the early 1980s, many countries had not signed investment treaties or joined the ICSID Convention. Neither was there any ISDS practice. This situation changed quickly, however, as the views of the norm entrepreneurs of the 1950s and 1960s became part of the global consensus on development thinking. In the 1990s, the World Bank and UNCTAD put themselves at the forefront of efforts to promote investment treaties and ISDS, a task for which they had the support of organizations such as the American Bar Association. The investment treaty network rapidly expanded, most states joined ICSID, and the first ISDS cases emerged. Some arbitrators acted as pioneers of a new legal field, while others wrote in celebration of the fact that the proposals of the 1960s had now become law. Crucially, they also resolved the disputes in the background of the legal imagination.
Givings and ISDS
Authors: Perrone Nicolás M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Foreign investment is associated with efficiency, economic growth, and jobs. Investors emphasize the benefits of potential projects, but also ask for regulatory givings to ensure economic returns and to minimize their exposure to host-country risks. At times, international organizations have likewise highlighted both the benefits of foreign investment and the importance of incentives to attract new projects. If states were to implement these business-friendly regulations, investors might then come in, but many would count on investment treaties and ISDS to interpret and enforce sectoral regulation, representations, or specific commitments. Disputes related to the 2001 Argentine crisis and the Spanish solar energy industry show that in such circumstances, when a controversy leads to ISDS cases, arbitrators often put foreign investment relations within a transactional model, making regulatory reforms more difficult if projects fail, local expectations are disappointed, or circumstances drastically change.
The 1860s
Authors: Bradley Ian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
On his return from Leipzig, Arthur Sullivan earned his living as a church organist while making his way as a composer of anthems and serious orchestral works. In the mid-1860s he began a close, life-long friendship with George Grove, founder of the music dictionary which still bears his name and a leading Biblical scholar. As well as promoting Sullivan’s music and securing its performance at the Crystal Palace, Grove introduced him to leading figures in the world of Victorian culture and religion, and influenced his spiritual development and beliefs. He also played a key role in Sullivan’s first and rather tortuous love affair. The death of Sullivan’s father inspired his In Memoriam overture and he put much of his own faith into his first oratorio, The Prodigal Son (1869), which drew on an eclectic selection of Biblical texts and emphasized the themes of repentance, forgiveness, and reassurance that would recur in many of his sacred works.