bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Agricultural households’ adaptation to weather shocks in Sub-Saharan Africa: implications for land-use change and deforestation
Authors: Girard Julia , Delacote Philippe , Leblois Antoine 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAgriculture in Sub-Saharan Africa is regularly threatened by the occurrence of weather shocks. We wonder whether the way farmers respond to shocks can affect land use and induce deforestation. Reviewing the existing literature, we found that this question has only been marginally studied. Drawing from the adaptation and land-use change literatures, we then expose the mechanisms through which weather shocks can push farmers to induce land-use change, or conversely to foster conservation. As farmers cope with shocks, their responses can cause degradations in ecosystems which could, in the long term, encourage deforestation and land-use change. To prepare for the next growing season, or adapt to climate variability and risk in the longer term, farmers also make structural adjustments in their farm and land-use decisions, which may lead to changes in land holding. They also resort to adaptation strategies that can indirectly affect land-use decisions by affecting households’ resources (labor, income).
Emergent labial stops in English
Authors: WOJTYŚ ANNA 
Published: February 2021

The lexicon of English contains a number of words which developed emergent stops, mostly p, b, t, d. Some of these words have functioned as variants of forms without such stops (cf. OE endleofan ~ enlefan or gandra ~ ganra) but in most cases they prevail in Present-day English, as exemplified by OE nimol > ModE nimble, OE æmtig > ModE empty.The present study examines the process of labial stop epenthesis from the perspective of diachrony and diatopy. I searched for the words containing emergent labial stops in the texts collected in historical English corpora to identify their uses with and without parasitic consonants. This made it possible to establish a precise chronology of the process, which was at work from Old to Modern English, and the context in which such stops appeared.
Higher Healthy Lifestyle Score is associated with lower presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in middle-aged and older Chinese adults: a community-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Deng Yun-yang , Zhong Qing-wei , Zhong Hai-li , Xiong Feng , Ke Yue-bin , Chen Yu-ming 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjective:Previous studies have reported inverse associations between certain healthy lifestyle factors and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but limited evidence showed the synergistic effect of those lifestyles. This study examined the relationship of a combination of lifestyles, expressed as Healthy Lifestyle Score (HLS), with NAFLD.Design:A community-based cross-sectional study. Questionnaires and body assessments were used to collect data on the six-item HLS (ranging from 0 to 6, where higher scores indicate better health). The HLS consists of non-smoking (no active or passive smoking), normal BMI (18·5–23·9 kg/m2), physical activity (moderate or vigorous physical activity ≥ 150 min/week), healthy diet pattern, good sleep (no insomnia or <6 months) and no anxiety (Self-rating Anxiety Scale < 50), one point each. NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography.Setting:Guangzhou, China.Participants:Two thousand nine hundred and eighty-one participants aged 40–75 years.Results:The overall prevalence of NAFLD was 50·8 %. After adjusting for potential covariates, HLS was associated with lower presence of NAFLD. The OR of NAFLD for subjects with higher HLS (3, 4, 5–6 v. 0–1 points) were 0·68 (95 % CI 0·51, 0·91), 0·58 (95 % CI 0·43, 0·78) and 0·35 (95 % CI 0·25, 0·51), respectively (P-values < 0·05). Among the six items, BMI and physical activity were the strongest contributors. Sensitivity analyses showed that the association was more significant after weighting the HLS. The beneficial association remained after excluding any one of the six components or replacing BMI with waist circumference.Conclusions:Higher HLS was associated with lower presence of NAFLD, suggesting that a healthy lifestyle pattern might be beneficial to liver health.
Comment on “Characteristic Time Scales of Decadal to Centennial Changes in Global Surface Temperatures Over the Past 150 Years” by J. L. Le Mouël, F. Lopes, and V. Courtillot
Authors: Cuypers Y. , Codron F. , Crepon M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBased on Singular Spectral Analysis (SSA) analysis of global earth surface temperature and solar activity (sunspots), Le Mouël et al. (2020, https://doi.org/10.1029/2019EA000671) suggest that the variability in Earth surface temperature observed since 1850 is natural and controlled by the Sun. We cannot agree with their conclusions for several reasons: the lack of compelling results from the Fourier spectra and SSA estimates which are provided without confidence intervals, the small radiative forcing associated with the sunspot variability, and finally the simple evidence that the slowly varying components of the temperature and sunspots time show opposite trends in the last 30 years.
Placental mobilization of free fatty acids contributes to altered materno-fetal transfer in obesity
Authors: Hirschmugl Birgit , Perazzolo Simone , Sengers Bram G. , Lewis Rohan M. , Gruber Michael , Desoye Gernot , Wadsack Christian 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundMetabolic changes in obese pregnant women, such as changes of plasma lipids beyond physiological levels, may subsequently affect fetal development in utero. These metabolic derangements may remain in the offspring and continue throughout life. The placenta mediates bidirectional exchange of nutrients between mother and fetus. The impact of prepregnancy obesity on placental transfer of lipids is still unknown.ObjectiveWe aimed to examine materno-to-fetal free fatty acid (FFA) transfer by a combined experimental and modeling approach. Flux of13C-labeled FFA was evaluated by ex vivo perfusion of human placentae as a function of prepregnancy obesity. Mathematical modeling complemented ex vivo results by providing FFA kinetic parameters.ResultsObesity was strongly associated with elevated materno-to-fetal transfer of applied13C-FFA. Clearance of polyunsaturated13C-docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was most prominently affected. The use of the mathematical model revealed a lower tissue storage capacity for DHA in obese compared with lean placentae.ConclusionBesides direct materno-to-fetal FFA transfer, placental mobilization accounts for the fetal FA supply. Together, with metabolic changes in the mother and an elevated materno-fetal FFA transfer shown in obesity, these changes suggest that they may be transmitted to the fetus, with yet unknown consequences.
Constitutive GLI1 expression in chondrosarcoma is regulated by major vault protein via mTOR/S6K1 signaling cascade
Authors: Wang Wei , Yan Taiqiang , Guo Wei , Niu Jianfang , Zhao Zhiqing , Sun Kunkun , Zhang Hongliang , Yu Yiyang , Ren Tingting 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHedgehog signaling plays a pivotal role in embryonic pattern formation and diverse aspects of the postnatal biological process. Perturbation of the hedgehog pathway and overexpression of GLI1, a downstream transcription factor in the hedgehog pathway, are highly relevant to several malignancies including chondrosarcoma (CS). We previously found that knocking down expression of GLI1 attenuates the disrupted Indian hedgehog (IHH) signal pathway and suppresses cell survival in human CS cells. However, the underlying mechanisms regulating the expression of GLI1 are still unknown. Here, we demonstrated the implication of GLI1 in SMO-independent pathways in CS cells. A GLI1 binding protein, major vault protein (MVP), was identified using the affinity purification method. MVP promoted the nuclear transport and stabilization of GLI1 by compromising the binding affinity of GLI1 with suppressor of fused homolog (SUFU) and increased GLI1 expression via mTOR/S6K1 signaling cascade. Functionally, knockdown of MVP suppressed cell growth and induced apoptosis. Simultaneous inhibition of MVP and GLI1 strongly inhibits the growth of CS in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, IHC results showed that MVP, GLI1, and P-p70S6K1 were highly expressed and positively correlated with each other in 71 human CS tissues. Overall, our findings revealed a novel regulating mechanism for HH-independent GLI1 expression and provide a rationale for combination therapy in patients with advanced CS.
Long-term HbA1c variability and the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy in subjects with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Kim Han Ul , Park Sung Pyo , Kim Yong-Kyu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to investigate whether long-term HbA1c variability is associated with the development and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in subjects with type 2 diabetes. We retrospectively reviewed 434 type 2 diabetes subjects without DR who underwent regular DR screening. We reviewed fundus findings, collected HbA1c levels, and calculated the coefficient of variation (CV) and average real variability (ARV) of each subject’s HbA1c level. DR was developed in 55 subjects and progressed to moderate nonproliferative DR or worse DR in 23 subjects. On Cox proportional hazards regression analysis, HbA1c ARV, but not HbA1c CV, was significantly associated with DR development. However, the association between HbA1c variability and the DR progression rate to moderate nonproliferative DR or worse DR was not significant. The inter-visit HbA1c difference value on consecutive examination predicted DR development well and more careful screening for DR is needed for those with an absolute value change of 2.05%, an absolute increase of 1.75%, and an absolute decrease of 1.45% in HbA1c levels on consecutive examination. These results indicate that long-term glucose variability measured by HbA1c ARV might be an independent risk factor for DR development in addition to the mean HbA1c level in early diabetic subjects.
Ensemble model for estimating continental-scale patterns of human movement: a case study of Australia
Authors: McCulloch Karen , Golding Nick , McVernon Jodie , Goodwin Sarah , Tomko Martin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUnderstanding human movement patterns at local, national and international scales is critical in a range of fields, including transportation, logistics and epidemiology. Data on human movement is increasingly available, and when combined with statistical models, enables predictions of movement patterns across broad regions. Movement characteristics, however, strongly depend on the scale and type of movement captured for a given study. The models that have so far been proposed for human movement are best suited to specific spatial scales and types of movement. Selecting both the scale of data collection, and the appropriate model for the data remains a key challenge in predicting human movements. We used two different data sources on human movement in Australia, at different spatial scales, to train a range of statistical movement models and evaluate their ability to predict movement patterns for each data type and scale. Whilst the five commonly-used movement models we evaluated varied markedly between datasets in their predictive ability, we show that an ensemble modelling approach that combines the predictions of these models consistently outperformed all individual models against hold-out data.
Eosinopenia and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte count ratio as prognostic factors in exacerbation of COPD
Authors: Karauda Tomasz , Kornicki Kamil , Jarri Amer , Antczak Adam , Miłkowska-Dymanowska Joanna , Piotrowski Wojciech J. , Majewski Sebastian , Górski Paweł , Białas Adam Jerzy 
Published: February 2021

AbstractExacerbations of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (AECOPDs) are one of the most important clinical aspects of the disease, and when requiring hospital admission, they significantly contribute to mortality among COPD patients. Our aim was to assess the role of eosinopenia and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte count (NLR) as markers of in-hospital mortality and length of hospitalization (LoH) among patients with ECOPD requiring hospitalization. We included 275 patients. Eosinopenia was associated with in-hospital deaths only when coexisted with lymphocytopenia, with the specificity of 84.4% (95% CI 79.6–88.6%) and the sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 35.9–100%). Also, survivors presented longer LoH (P < 0.0001). NLR ≥ 13.2 predicted in-hospital death with the sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 35.9–100%) and specificity of 92.6% (95% CI 88.8–95.4%), however, comparison of LoH among survivors did not reach statistical significance (P = 0.05). Additionally, when we assessed the presence of coexistence of eosinopenia and lymphocytopenia first, and then apply NLR, sensitivity and specificity in prediction of in-hospital death was 100% (95% CI 35.9–100) and 93.7% (95% CI 90.1–96.3), respectively. Moreover, among survivors, the occurrence of such pattern was associated with significantly longer LoH: 11 (7–14) vs 7 (5–10) days (P = 0.01). The best profile of sensitivity and specificity in the prediction of in-hospital mortality in ECOPD can be obtained by combined analysis of coexistence of eosinopenia and lymphocytopenia with elevated NLR. The occurrence of a such pattern is also associated with significantly longer LoH among survivors.
Space–frequency‐mode multi‐dimensional hybrid modulation for vortex wave MIMO‐OFDM systems
Authors: Li Chuanqing , Liu Yi , Sun Fugang , Ma Teng , Wan Weidong , Liu Yi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBy exploiting a dimension called orbital angular momentum (OAM) modes, a new modulation scheme referred to as multi‐dimensional space–frequency‐mode hybrid modulation (SFMHM) is proposed in this paper, which aims to further improve the MIMO‐OFDM system's spectrum efficiency and meet the demand of the future wireless communication networks. The key idea of SFMHM is to map a block of information bits to two information‐carrying units: (1) symbols chosen from a constellation diagram, (2) the indices of a subset chosen from all combinations of antennas, OAM modes, and subcarriers. A mapping method with low complexity for SFMHM is presented in this paper, which can reduce the computational complexity of the transmitter significantly. Simulation results show that, in LOS channels, SFMHM systems can achieve better performance compared with traditional MIMO‐OFDM systems.
A survey on security issues in cognitive radio based cooperative sensing
Authors: Shrivastava Shivanshu , Rajesh A. , Bora P. K. , Chen Bin , Dai Mingjun , Lin Xiaohui , Wang Hui 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCognitive radio based cooperative spectrum sensing (CSS) is severely affected when some secondary users maliciously attack it. Two attacks regarded as key adversaries to the success of CSS are spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) and primary user emulation attack (PUEA). Defending SSDF and PUEAs has received significant attention in research in the past decade globally. This paper performs a state‐of‐the‐art comprehensive survey of the researches on defending SSDF and PUEAs. First, the preliminaries like Hypothesis testing for detecting the primary user and different models of CSS are discussed briefly. Then a categorization of the defence mechanisms for defending both the attacks has been proposed as active and passive. Active mechanisms are suitable for an immediate defence in a limited time span, while passive mechanisms are suitable for flexible CSS systems that are ready to detect the attacks over a period of time and suppress them permanently by bringing changes in their underlying operations. An in‐depth tutorial on both the defence mechanisms is provided from the perspectives of the secondary users throughput and the interference to the primary user. Finally, a detailed survey on the open research problems in this area and some possible solutions has been performed.
A three‐stage stochastic planning model for enhancing the resilience of distribution systems with microgrid formation strategy
Authors: Ghasemi Mostafa , Kazemi Ahad , Mazza Andrea , Bompard Ettore 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn recent years, severe outages caused by natural disasters such as hurricanes have highlighted the importance of boosting the resilience level of distribution systems. However, due to the uncertain characteristics of natural disasters and loads, there exists a research gap in the selection of optimal planning strategies coupled with provisional microgrid (MG) formation. For this purpose, this study proposes a novel three‐stage stochastic planning model considering the planning step and emergency response step. In the first stage, the decisions on line hardening and Distributed Generation (DG) placement are made with the aim of maximising the distribution system resilience. Then, in the second stage, the line outage uncertainty is imposed via the given scenarios to form the provisional MGs based on a master‐slave control technique. In addition, the non‐anticipativity constraints are presented to guarantee that the MG formation decision is based on the line damage uncertainty. Last, with the realisation of the load demand, the cost of load shedding in each provisional MG is minimised based on a demand‐side management program. The proposed method can consider the step‐by‐step uncertainty realisation that is near to the reality in MG formation strategy. Two standard distribution systems are utilised to validate the correctness and effectiveness of the presented model.
Attention‐based video object segmentation algorithm
Authors: Cao Ying , Sun Lijuan , Han Chong , Guo Jian 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTo improve the segmentation performance on videos with large object motion or deformation, a novel scheme is proposed which has two branches. In one branch, the attention mechanism is first utilized to highlight objects‐related features. Then, to well consider the temporal coherence of videos, Conv3D is integrated to capture short‐term temporal features, and the designed attention residual convolutional long–short‐term memory is adopted to capture the long–short‐term temporal information of objects under the interference of redundant video frames. Meanwhile, considering the negative effect of background motion, in another branch, the optical flow‐based prediction model is introduced to predict objects regions in subsequent video frames with the annotated initial frame. At last, based on the fused results of two branches, the global thresholds and noising area clean method are employed to obtain segmented objects. The experiments on DAVIS2016 and CDnet2014 exhibit the competitive performance of the proposed scheme.
A centralised training algorithm with D3QN for scalable regular unmanned ground vehicle formation maintenance
Authors: Yuan Hao , Ni Jun , Hu Jibin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) has been widely used to accomplish various missions in civilian or military environments. Formation of the UGVs group is an important technique to support the broad applications of multi‐functional UGVs. This study proposes a scalable regular UGV formation maintenance (SRUFM) algorithm based on deep reinforcement learning (DRL), which aims to use a unified DRL framework to improve the lateral control and longitudinal control performance of UGV in different situations of the formation. Based on the tailored design of state, action space, related inter‐vehicle information, and the dueling double deep Q‐network (D3QN), SRUFM outperforms nature deep Q‐network and double deep Q‐network in the exploration efficiency and the convergence speed in same CARLA training environments with fixed size formation. Furthermore, when the formation's scale is extended with similar initialisation conditions, the SRUFM can still get a nearly 90% success rate to execute all experiment formation maintenance missions after 4000 episodes of training. Each UGV in the formation can keep distance within the upper and lower error threshold of 0.15 m. The simulation experiments show that the proposed centralised training frame with D3QN is suitable to solve scalable regular UGV formation maintenance missions.
L’empreinte optique en orthodontie
Authors: Duminil Gérard 
Published: February 2021

Après une courte rétrospective sur l’empreinte optique, cet article aborde les critères matériels et logiciels qui président au choix d’une caméra d’empreinte. Le protocole d’empreinte générique et spécifique à la pratique orthodontique est ensuite exposé.
Les avantages de cette méthode sont détaillés à tous les niveaux de la pratique orthodontique : simplification administrative dans la constitution des dossiers, aides au diagnostic et à la motivation des patients, conception et fabrication des appareillages, archivage et suivi des cas. Par la mise en pratique de cette technologie, Il en ressort un ensemble de bénéfices sur le plan du confort d’utilisation, sur la gestion thérapeutique, le gain de temps, et la rentabilité de l’investissement.
L’utilisation de fichiers 3D pour la création d’un clone virtuel
Authors: Petitpas Laurent , Van Meer Frédérick 
Published: February 2021

Si bon nombre de praticiens sont équipés de scanners optiques intrabuccaux pour réaliser leurs empreintes numériques 3D, plus rares sont ceux qui utilisent les fichiers 3D issus de l’Imagerie volumétrique par CBCT (Cone Beam Computed Tomography) et encore moins sont ceux qui utilisent des scans 3D de visage de leur patient.
Toutes ces images 3D dont la visualisation de l’image en couleur est attirante permettent déjà une analyse immédiate intéressante du patient. Mais peut-on aller plus loin ? Est-ce que ces fichiers 3D issus des différentes technologies sont interfaçables, connectables ?
Les fichiers 3D générés par les différents systèmes technologiques d’acquisition correspondent chacun à une partie virtualisée du patient, malgré des formats de fichiers quelque fois différents, il est possible de les regrouper afin d’obtenir un patient virtuel complet : le « Jumeau virtuel ».
Plusieurs logiciels de modélisation graphique 3D permettent d’importer, convertir et utiliser les fichiers des différents types d’acquisition 3D.
Évidemment, l’utilisation de ces logiciels nécessitent un certain apprentissage initial mais finalement les procédures numériques sont simples. De la sorte, l’objectif de cet article est de vous sensibiliser avec ces techniques d’utilisation de l’imagerie 3D numérique.
Gallengangs- und Gallenblasenkarzinome: auf dem Weg zur personalisierten Therapie
Authors: Sinn Marianne , Wege Henning , Stein Alexander 
Published: February 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNG
Überbegriff maligne biliäre Tumoren Unter dem Begriff maligne biliäre Tumoren (engl. biliary tract cancer) werden weiterhin Karzinome der intra- und extrahepatischen Gallengänge und der Gallenblase zusammengefasst, deren auch molekularpathologische Unterschiede immer besser verstanden werden. Als klinisch relevante Veränderungen wurden neben einer Mikrosatelliteninstabilität bisher IDH-1- und BRAF-Mutationen, FGFR-Alterationen sowie eine HER2-Überexpression identifiziert. Eine Vorstellung der betroffenen Patienten in einem molekularen Tumorboard ist zu empfehlen, um potenzielle zielgerichtete Therapieoptionen sowie ggf. eine Studienteilnahme zu evaluieren.
Aktuelle Therapiestandards Patienten nach einer kurativ intendierten Resektion sollte eine adjuvante Chemotherapie mit Capecitabin über 6 Monate angeboten werden. Die Kombination aus Gemcitabin und Cisplatin bleibt etablierter Standard in der palliativen Erstlinientherapie. Patienten in einem guten Allgemeinzustand kann aufgrund der positiven Ergebnisse der randomisierten ABC-06-Studie eine Zweitlinientherapie empfohlen werden.
Personalisierte Therapie Mehr als 50 % aller Patienten mit malignen biliären Tumoren weisen therapierbare genetische Alterationen auf. Erste prospektive Daten belegen den Nutzen einer zielgerichteten Therapie bei diesen Patienten. Deswegen sollte möglichst allen Patienten, die eine palliative Systemtherapie benötigen, frühzeitig ein molekulares Profiling angeboten werden.