bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neutralization of SARS‐CoV‐2 requires antibodies against conformational receptor‐binding domain epitopes
Authors: Gattinger Pia , Niespodziana Katarzyna , Stiasny Karin , Sahanic Sabina , Tulaeva Inna , Borochova Kristina , Dorofeeva Yulia , Schlederer Thomas , Sonnweber Thomas , Hofer Gerhard , Kiss Renata , Kratzer Bernhard , Trapin Doris , Tauber Peter A. , Rottal Arno , Körmöczi Ulrike , Feichter Melanie , Weber Milena , Focke‐Tejkl Margarete , Löffler‐Ragg Judith , Mühl Bernhard , Kropfmüller Anna , Keller Walter , Stolz Frank , Henning Rainer , Tancevski Ivan , Puchhammer‐Stöckl Elisabeth , Pickl Winfried F. , Valenta Rudolf 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe determinants of successful humoral immune response to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) are of critical importance for the design of effective vaccines and the evaluation of the degree of protective immunity conferred by exposure to the virus. As novel variants emerge, understanding their likelihood of suppression by population antibody repertoires has become increasingly important.MethodsIn this study, we analyzed the SARS‐CoV‐2 polyclonal antibody response in a large population of clinically well‐characterized patients after mild and severe COVID‐19 using a panel of microarrayed structurally folded and unfolded SARS‐CoV‐2 proteins, as well as sequential peptides, spanning the surface spike protein (S) and the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) of the virus.ResultsS‐ and RBD‐specific antibody responses were dominated by immunoglobulin G (IgG), mainly IgG1, and directed against structurally folded S and RBD and three distinct peptide epitopes in S2. The virus neutralization activity of patients´ sera was highly correlated with IgG antibodies specific for conformational but not sequential RBD epitopes and their ability to prevent RBD binding to its human receptor angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Twenty percent of patients selectively lacked RBD‐specific IgG. Only immunization with folded, but not with unfolded RBD, induced antibodies against conformational epitopes with high virus‐neutralizing activity. Conformational RBD epitopes required for protection do not seem to be altered in the currently emerging virus variants.ConclusionThese results are fundamental for estimating the protective activity of antibody responses after natural infection or vaccination and for the design of vaccines, which can induce high levels of SARS‐CoV‐2–neutralizing antibodies conferring sterilizing immunity.
Musculature of the male abdominal segments and terminalia of Tachina nupta Rondani (Diptera: Tachinidae)
Authors: Ovtshinnikova Olga G. , Sorokina Vera S. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe abdominal and pregenital segments and genitalia were studied in males of Tachina nupta Rondani, 1859. The examined species is very similar in the structure of the sclerites and muscles of their terminal segments to Calliphora erythrocephala Meigen, 1826 previously studied by R. Salzer. Despite the same set of pregenital muscles, a completely membranous tergite VI was found in Tachina in contrast to Calliphora. The discovery of membranous tergite VI in Tachina nupta indicates that it was not included in the syntergosternite VII +VIII. The membranous tergite VI, as well as the reduced set of muscles of the phallapodeme (absence of muscles of postgonites) in Tachina compared with Calliphora, indicates the result of apomorphic reduction in Tachina. Descriptions and figures of the genital sclerites and muscles of Tachina nupta are given.
Understanding the right to health in the context of collective rights to self‐determination
Authors: Litalien Éliot 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe obligations set by the individual right to health are likely to conflict, at least if states are its addressee, with the obligations set by the collective rights to self‐determination that certain sub‐state communities have (or should be recognized). In this paper, I argue that conceiving of the right to health and of collective rights to self‐determination as both aiming at the promotion of individual agency might help us alleviate this particular problem. To do so, I first explain how we can conceive of the right to health and of collective rights to self‐determination as protecting crucial aspects of individuals' agency. It is because both health and the capacity to participate in particular collectives are important ways in which our agency is enabled. I then argue that this conception of the purpose of those rights offers a principle to guide our practical deliberation when the protection of health and the protection of collective self‐determination seem to conflict. Finally, I specify how I think this principle might guide us when it comes to understanding the obligations that the right to health sets for the state towards members of self‐determining sub‐state communities, both in terms of the provision of healthcare goods and services and the provision of the underlying determinants of health.
SMIM: A unified framework of survival sensitivity analysis using multiple imputation and martingale
Authors: Yang Shu , Zhang Yilong , Liu Guanghan Frank , Guan Qian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCensored survival data are common in clinical trial studies. We propose a unified framework for sensitivity analysis to censoring at random in survival data using multiple imputation and martingale, called SMIM. The proposed framework adopts the δ‐adjusted and control‐based models, indexed by the sensitivity parameter, entailing censoring at random and a wide collection of censoring not at random assumptions. Also, it targets a broad class of treatment effect estimands defined as functionals of treatment‐specific survival functions, taking into account missing data due to censoring. Multiple imputation facilitates the use of simple full‐sample estimation; however, the standard Rubin's combining rule may overestimate the variance for inference in the sensitivity analysis framework. We decompose the multiple imputation estimator into a martingale series based on the sequential construction of the estimator and propose the wild bootstrap inference by resampling the martingale series. The new bootstrap inference has a theoretical guarantee for consistency and is computationally efficient compared to the nonparametric bootstrap counterpart. We evaluate the finite‐sample performance of the proposed SMIM through simulation and an application on an HIV clinical trial.
Families' digital media use: Intentions, rules and activities
Authors: Eichen Lars , Hackl‐Wimmer Sigrid , Eglmaier Marina Tanja Waltraud , Lackner Helmut Karl , Paechter Manuela , Rettenbacher Karoline , Rominger Christian , Walter‐Laager Catherine 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSince digital media such as smartphones, tablets or laptops are available in almost every household in industrialised countries, parents are challenged to integrate them into their everyday family life. To gain more information on parents' mediation of digital media, the relationships between their educational intentions, objectives and their children's use of digital media were investigated in consideration of the children's age. Overall, 150 Austrian parents with children aged one year and a half to six years participated in the study (two groups were formed based on the age of the children: toddlers and preschool children). They filled in a questionnaire on their intentions and rules for their children's use of media. Moreover, the parents provided information concerning their objectives for digital media use and the kind of activities for which their children use interactive digital toys or passive digital media. Results show that parents' intentions of their children's media use is mainly to gain time for household chores or work. Whereas the age of the children does not seem to be of great importance to parents concerning the media regulation, the results for the objectives and activities parents want their children to do with digital media do indeed differ between the two age‐groups.
Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic

Average households in industrialised countries are well equipped with digital media technologies.

Digital media increasingly become a part of young children's living environment.

Parents find it necessary to prevent their children from potential negative effects of digital media use and try to implement rules eg, concerning the time spent with media or content restrictions.

What this paper adds

Parents' intentions for their children's digital media use as well as the rules they apply for the use of digital media do not differ between toddlers and preschool children.

Parents' objectives for their children's use of digital media as well as why and for which purpose their children should use interactive digital toys and passive digital media differs between toddlers and preschool children.

Implications for practice and/or policy

Support is needed for parents on digital media use with toddlers together.

Awareness for digital media use in connection to the rules and objectives needs to be created.
Inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex represses human lung myofibroblast differentiation and attenuates bleomycin‐induced pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Mergault Coralie , Lisée Fanny , Tiroille Victor , Magnien Mélia , Parent Christelle , Lenga Mabonda Woodys , Sizaret Damien , Jaillet Madeleine , Crestani Bruno , Marchand‐Adam Sylvain , Plantier Laurent 
Published: August 2021

Background and PurposeThe Arp2/3 multiprotein complex regulates branched polymerisation of the actin cytoskeleton and may contribute to collagen synthesis and fibrogenesis in the lung.Experimental ApproachExpression of Arp2/3 components was assessed in human lung fibroblasts and in the bleomycin‐induced pulmonary fibrosis model in mice. The Arp2/3 complex was repressed with the allosteric inhibitor CK666 and with interfering RNAs targeting the ARP2, ARP3 and ARPC2 subunits (siARP2, siARP3 and siARPC2) in CCD‐16Lu human lung fibroblasts in vitro. Mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of CK666 from the 7th to the 14th day after tracheal bleomycin instillation.Key ResultsExpression of Arp2/3 complex subunits mRNAs was increased in fibroblasts treated with TGF‐β1 and in the lungs of bleomycin‐treated mice compared with controls. In vitro, CK666 and siARPC2 inhibited cell growth and TGF‐β1‐induced α‐smooth muscle actin (ACTA2) and collagen‐1 (COL1) expression. CK666 also decreased ACTA2 and COL1 expression in unstimulated cells. CK666 reduced Akt phosphorylation and repressed phospho‐GSK3β, β‐catenin and MRTF‐A levels in unstimulated fibroblasts. In vivo, CK666 reduced levels of both procollagen‐1 and insoluble collagen in bleomycin‐treated mice.Conclusion and ImplicationsExpression of the Arp2/3 complex was increased in profibrotic environments in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex repressed ACTA2 and COL1 expression and repressed an Akt/phospho‐GSK3β/β‐catenin/MRTF‐A pathway in lung fibroblasts. CK666 exerted antifibrotic properties in the lung in vivo. Inhibition of the Arp2/3 complex could represent an interesting new therapy for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and other fibrotic interstitial lung diseases.
Interplay between base‐salt relief, progradational sediment loading and salt tectonics in the Nordkapp Basin, Barents Sea – Part II
Authors: Hassaan Muhammad , Faleide Jan Inge , Gabrielsen Roy Helge , Tsikalas Filippos , Grimstad Silje 
Published: August 2021

AbstractReprocessed, regional, 2D seismic reflection profiles, 3D seismic volumes and well data (exploration and shallow boreholes), combined with 2D structural restorations and 1D backstripping were used to study the post‐salt evolution of the Nordkapp Basin in Barents Sea. The post‐salt evolution took place above a pre‐salt basement and basin configuration affected by multiple rift events that influenced the depositional facies and thickness of Pennsylvanian‐lower Permian‐layered evaporite sequence. Initially, regional mid‐late Permian extension reactivated pre‐salt Carboniferous faults, caused minor normal faulting in the Permian strata and triggered slight salt mobilization towards structural highs. The main phase of salt mobilization occurred during earliest Triassic when thick and rapidly prograding sediments entered from the east into the Nordkapp Basin. In the early‐mid‐Triassic, the change in the direction of progradation and sediment entry‐points shifted to the NW led to rotation of the earlier‐formed mini‐basins and shift of dominant salt evacuation direction to the south. The prograding sediment influx direction, sediment transport velocity and thickness influenced the dynamics of the early to late passive diapirism, salt expulsion and depletion along the strike of the basin. The basin topography resulting from salt highs and mini‐basin lows strongly affected the Triassic progradational fairways and determined the distinct sediment routing patterns. Minor rejuvenation of the salt structures and rotation of the mini‐basins took place at the Triassic–Jurassic transition, due to far‐field stresses caused by the evolving Novaya Zemlya fold‐and‐thrust belt to the east. This rejuvenation influenced the sediment dispersal routings and caused formation of dwarf secondary mini‐basins. The second and main rejuvenation phase took place during likely early‐mid‐Eocene when propagated far‐field stresses from the transpressional Eurekan/Spitsbergen orogeny to the NW inverted pre‐salt normal faults, reactivated the structural highs and rejuvenated the salt structures. The studied processes and study outcomes can be applicable to other evaporite‐dominated basins worldwide.
Modelling the role of dynamic topography and eustasy in the evolution of the Great Artesian Basin
Authors: Braz Carmen , Zahirovic Sabin , Salles Tristan , Flament Nicolas , Harrington Lauren , Müller R. Dietmar 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWidespread flooding of the Australian continent during the Early Cretaceous, referred to as the Eromanga Sea, deposited extensive shallow marine sediments throughout the Great Artesian Basin (GAB). This event had been considered ‘out of sync’ with eustatic sea level and was instead solely attributed to dynamic subsidence associated with Australia's passage over eastern Gondwanan subducted material. However, mantle convection models previously used to explain this event have since been shown to overestimate dynamic topography amplitude by a factor of two compared with residual topography estimates. Previous models were also based on a Cretaceous eustatic sea level peak at ca. 90 Ma in conventional eustatic sea level curves; however, more recent estimates of global sea level from ocean basin volume (OBV) suggest this peak may have occurred earlier at ca. 120 Ma. Our work links time‐dependent erosion and deposition with dynamic topography and eustasy to test their contribution to basin development using the landscape evolution code pyBadlands. Our results show that the lower amplitude estimates of dynamic topography derived from pseudo‐compressible mantle flow models better reflect the Cretaceous vertical motions of the Australian continent (ca. 100 m) compared with their incompressible counterparts (ca. 200–400 m). Additionally, our models include the Neogene north‐eastward tilting of Australia, elusive in most previously published geodynamic models. In conjunction with an OBV‐derived sea level curve, our preferred landscape evolution model broadly matches the Cretaceous inundation patterns and first‐order sedimentary sequences in the GAB. The results highlight that the Early Cretaceous inundation of the Australian continent is likely a combination of high global sea levels and the regional effects of dynamic subsidence. Our work provides a framework for a new generation of evolving paleogeographic models at continental scales, while also providing key insights into the viability of existing sea level curves and dynamic topography estimates for reproducing topographic and basin evolution.
The biology and evolution of spider venoms
Authors: Lüddecke Tim , Herzig Volker , von Reumont Björn M. , Vilcinskas Andreas 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTSpiders are diverse, predatory arthropods that have inhabited Earth for around 400 million years. They are well known for their complex venom systems that are used to overpower their prey. Spider venoms contain many proteins and peptides with highly specific and potent activities suitable for biomedical or agrochemical applications, but the key role of venoms as an evolutionary innovation is often overlooked, even though this has enabled spiders to emerge as one of the most successful animal lineages. In this review, we discuss these neglected biological aspects of spider venoms. We focus on the morphology of spider venom systems, their major components, biochemical and chemical plasticity, as well as ecological and evolutionary trends. We argue that the effectiveness of spider venoms is due to their unprecedented complexity, with diverse components working synergistically to increase the overall potency. The analysis of spider venoms is difficult to standardize because they are dynamic systems, fine‐tuned and modified by factors such as sex, life‐history stage and biological role. Finally, we summarize the mechanisms that drive spider venom evolution and highlight the need for genome‐based studies to reconstruct the evolutionary history and physiological networks of spider venom compounds with more certainty.
PMA induces the differentiation of monocytes into immunosuppressive MDSCs
Authors: Wang Haozhou , Ji JiaWei , Zhuang Yuan , Zhou Xiaoguang , Zhao Yong , Zhang Xiaodong 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The induction of immune tolerance without the use of immunosuppressive drugs is a crucial problem in organ transplantation. The use of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) as a cell-based adjuvant immunosuppressive therapy is a bright clinical prospect in organ transplantation. MDSCs with stable immunosuppressive activities can be used to treat immune-related diseases. In this study, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) was used to promote myeloid progenitor cell differentiation, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) was added to induce MDSCs at the later stage of induction in vitro. Cell phenotypes were detected by flow cytometry and mRNA was detected by real-time–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR). A mouse skin transplantation model was used to investigate the cell inhibitory function. The combination of PMA and M-CSF induced the differentiation of myeloid-derived monocytes into MDSCs. MDSCs were found to induce immune tolerance by inhibiting the proliferation and activation of T cells, promoting cytokine secretion and inducing T cell transformation to regulatory T cells (Treg). PMA significantly up-regulated the expression of Arg-1 and the Arg-1 protein expression in MDSCs and arginase 1 (Arg-1) inhibitor nor-NOHA reversed the MDSC immunosuppressive activity, indicating the involvement of the Arg-1 pathway in MDSC-mediated immunosuppression. M-CSF + PMA-induced MDSCs also significantly prolonged the survival time of skin grafts in mice, showing that MDSCs exert immunosuppressive effects in vivo. We describe a novel scheme to induce immunosuppressive MDSCs in vitro. MDSCs induced by M-CSF with PMA showed stable immunosuppression. MDSCs induced by this protocol may benefit patients with organ transplantation through immune regulation.
One hundred years of allergic contact dermatitis due to oxidized terpenes: What we can learn from old research on turpentine allergy
Authors: Karlberg Ann‐Therese , Lepoittevin Jean‐Pierre 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAlthough in recent years the focus on sensitizing terpene oxidation products has been on oxidized limonene and linalool, the autoxidation of terpenes in relation to allergic contact dermatitis is not new and dates back to the early part of the 20th century with the use of turpentine causing occupational contact dermatitis in painters. This review is written in a way as to allow us to get closer to the work of the scientists in earlier days, to participate in the successes, and also to observe the weak points. The researchers concluded that the main culprit in Scandinavian turpentine was Δ3‐carene hydroperoxides. This explains its high sensitizing effect compared with French turpentine which is of the Iberian type with no or only traces of Δ3‐carene. Historical exposure to turpentine showed that ending the industrial exposure stopped the occupational skin sensitization. Patch test studies demonstrated that monoterpene hydroperoxides, far from being an obsolete source of contact allergy solely related to turpentine, is a common cause of contact allergy in the population. A hundred years of extensive chemical and clinical studies worldwide should be sufficient to meet the evidence requirement regarding allergic contact dermatitis caused by terpenes.
Conservation translocations for amphibian species threatened by chytrid fungus: A review, conceptual framework, and recommendations
Authors: Scheele Ben C. , Hollanders Matthijs , Hoffmann Emily P. , Newell David A. , Lindenmayer David B. , McFadden Michael , Gilbert Deon J. , Grogan Laura F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEmerging infectious diseases are an increasingly prominent threat to biodiversity. However, traditional methods in conservation generally have limited efficacy in the face of disease threats. Ironically, although unintentional human movement of species has facilitated the spread of pathogens, intentional conservation translocations are a promising approach to combatting disease threats under certain circumstances. Here, we summarize two decades of published literature on translocations of Australian frogs threatened by chytridiomycosis—a fungal disease that has caused amphibian declines and extinctions globally. We identify key motivations, considerations, and factors associated with outcomes, including the role of chytridiomycosis in failures. In an effort to improve success, we then propose a conceptual framework for determining when conservation translocations may be both feasible and beneficial, with a focus on understanding mechanisms favoring host persistence. Lastly, we build on our findings from the review and the conceptual framework to develop a set of recommendations to guide practitioners aiming to translocate amphibians as a conservation strategy in the face of chytridiomycosis. Although diseases pose a unique set of challenges for managing declining species in the wild, we argue that progress is likely with careful and well‐informed adaptive management experiments to refine reintroduction and translocation efforts.