bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weak Ionization Induced Interfacial Deposition and Transformation towards Fast‐Charging NaTi2(PO4)3 Nanowire Bundles for Advanced Aqueous Sodium‐Ion Capacitors
Authors: Tan Jianfeng , Zhu Weihua , Gui Qiuyue , Li Yuanyuan , Liu Jinping 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAqueous sodium‐ion capacitors (ASICs) offer great promise for inexpensive and safe energy storage. However, their development is plagued by a kinetics imbalance at high rates between battery and capacitive electrodes and a narrow voltage window due to water electrolysis. Here a unique nanowire bundles anode is designed that simultaneously affords ultrahigh rate capability and manifests robust Na+ insertion to suppress hydrogen evolution, enabling an advanced ASIC. The NaTi2(PO4)3 (NTP) is grown on thin titanium foil by elaborately utilizing the weak ionization chemistry of NaH2PO4 (NHP), where single‐agent NHP not only partially etches titanium to release TiO2+, but also induces the interfacial phase‐transformation of pre‐deposited orthomorphic Na4Ti(PO4)2(OH)2 cubes to hexagonal NTP nanowires. This anode has hierarchical architectures to facilitate charge and mass transport, thus working stably at considerably high rates of 15–150 C with high capacities. The first 2.4 V flexible solid‐state NTP‐based ASIC is designed with high energy densities (5.8–12.8 mWh cm−3; 57.9–62.1 Wh kg−1; total mass loading up to 8.1 mg cm−2) comparable to NASICON‐based devices using organic electrolytes, demonstrating outstanding stability of 10 000 cycles and no performance decay even after continuous bending at 180o. This work presents a versatile strategy to construct NASICON phosphate electrodes for advanced energy storage.
High Performance Flexible Lithium‐Ion Battery Electrodes: Ion Exchange Assisted Fabrication of Carbon Coated Nickel Oxide Nanosheet Arrays on Carbon Cloth
Authors: Chen Shengrui , Tao Runming , Tu Ji , Guo Pingmei , Yang Guang , Wang Wenjun , Liang Jiyuan , Lu Shih‐Yuan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTransition metal oxides (TMOs)‐based anode materials of high theoretical capacities have been intensively studied for lithium‐ion storage. However, their poor high‐rate capability and cycling stability remain to be effectively resolved. Herein, a novel ion exchange (IE)‐assisted indirect carbon coating strategy is proposed to realize high performance freestanding TMO‐based anodes for flexible lithium‐ion batteries (FLIBs). This approach effectively avoids the possible side reaction of oxide reduction, enhances degrees of graphitization of the carbon coating, and preserves advantageous nanostructure of the starting template, leading to enhanced electrical conductivities, alleviated volume variation induced structural instability, fast lithium‐ion diffusion pathways and enhanced electron transfer kinetics. As a proof of concept, IE‐prepared carbon coated NiO nanosheet arrays with excellent structural and electrochemical stability are developed as freestanding anodes for LIBs and FLIBs, which exhibit outstanding electrochemical performances superior to most state‐of‐the‐art NiO‐based anodes reported in recent years. The product anode delivers a high areal capacity (3.08 mAh cm−2 at 0.25 mA cm−2), outstanding high‐rate capability (1.78 mAh cm−2 at 8 mA cm−2) and excellent cycling stability (over 300 cycles). Further pouch cell tests confirm the excellent flexibility of the freestanding electrode against mechanical deformation with well‐maintained electrochemical performance under folding.
Electrocatalysts by Electrodeposition: Recent Advances, Synthesis Methods, and Applications in Energy Conversion
Authors: Kale Manoj B. , Borse Rahul Anil , Gomaa Abdelkader Mohamed Aya , Wang Yaobing 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe conventional environment polluting energy sources and the continuous growing energy demand compelled researchers to find alternative energy sources. Therefore, in recent years, extensive research has been carried out in synthesizing catalysts for energy conversion applications. This review focuses on the application of various electrodeposition methods in the synthesis of energy‐related electrocatalyst and briefly discusses different electrocatalyst characterization techniques. Further, the influence of various parameters on the electrocatalyst activity and stability is highlighted. Electrocatalyst application in clean energy conversion reactions, such as the hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, carbon dioxide reduction reaction, nitrogen reduction reaction along with the metal‐air/CO2 battery, are reviewed. Finally, the comparative experimental data are provided as a reference to synthesize the next‐generation electrodeposited electrocatalyst in clean energy conversions and beyond.
Nitrogen‐Doped Accordion‐Like Soft Carbon Anodes with Exposed Hierarchical Pores for Advanced Potassium‐Ion Hybrid Capacitors
Authors: Zhang Chen , Liu Xing , Li Zhen , Zhang Chenying , Chen Zhiwen , Pan Dengyu , Wu Minghong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSoft carbon (SC) is a promising anode material for potassium‐ion hybrid capacitors (PIHCs), but there are limited K+ storage sites in common SC due to a skin‐like carbon film covering on the surface. To address this issue, a simple oxidization method to completely remove the skin‐like carbon film is reported and a novel accordion‐like architecture of SC (ASC) is constructed with a hierarchical porous framework composed of micropores, mesopores, and macropores, all of which can be exposed to K+ electrolytes for enhanced energy storage. Importantly, this exposed structure facilitates pseudocapacitance modification by electro‐deposition of highly electrochemically active nitrogen‐doped graphene quantum dots (N‐GQDs) to enhance kinetic performance and additional K+ storage. After annealing treatment to regulate N‐doping type, the accordion‐like N‐GQD@ASC‐500 exhibits excellent reversible capacity of 360 mAh g−1 as well as superior rate capability and cycle stability. Kinetic, in situ Raman/electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis, and density functional theory calculation elucidate the K+ storage mechanism. As expected, the PIHC assembled with N‐GQD@ASC‐500 anode and porous carbon cathode delivers an ultrahigh energy/power density (171 Wh kg−1 and 20 000 W kg−1) with long cycle life. This work suggests that ASC is a promising anode material for designing of high‐performance PIHCs.
Polycatechol Mediated Small Interfering RNA Delivery for the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: Fan Qianqian , Yang Zhen , Li Yuhan , Cheng Yiyun , Li Yiwen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSmall interfering RNA (siRNA)‐based therapeutics has high potency and specificity in silencing target genes for the treatment of various diseases; however, the design of efficient and safe carriers for siRNA delivery remains grand challenges. In this study, a family of cationic polycatechols are designed and synthesized using different direct polymerization methods for siRNA delivery in vitro and in vivo. It is observed that the introduction of multiple catechol moieties into cationic polymers could enhance their siRNA binding capability, thus greatly improving the biological stability, cell internalization, and gene silencing efficiency of their complexes. The flexibility of the backbone in polycatechols is also found to influence the whole siRNA delivery process. After screening, the lead cationic polycatechol P1 with a 50% catechol molar ratio could efficiently deliver siRNAs into different cell lines and downregulate various target genes even in the presence of serum proteins. Besides, P1 is also able to successfully silence tumor necrosis factor‐α in macrophages in vitro and in vivo, and efficiently mitigate the symptoms without causing adverse effects in a dextran sodium sulfate‐induced ulcerative colitis model. The results demonstrate that those polycatechols could be developed as a promising class of siRNA delivery systems for gene therapy.
Near‐Infrared II Light‐Triggered Robust Carbon Radical Generation for Combined Photothermal and Thermodynamic Therapy of Hypoxic Tumors
Authors: Liu Xin , Yang Yuanyuan , Ling Mingjian , Sun Rui , Zhu Meiyan , Chen Jianjun , Yu Meng , Peng Zhenwei , Yu Zhiqiang , Liu Xiqiang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTumor hypoxia is a major cause of failure in cancer therapy, and there is almost no efficacious treatment for hypoxic tumors. Herein, an azo‐containing polymer (P2) is designed to encapsulate IR1061, and further covalently grafted with a tumor‐targeting tripeptide RGD to form P2@IR1061‐RGD NPs for combined photothermal and thermodynamic therapy (PTT/TDT) in the near‐infrared II (NIR II) biowindow (1000–1700 nm). Upon 1064 nm laser irradiation, IR1061 generates heat to break the azo bonds of P2, achieving robust carbon radical generation, which induces cancer cell death even under a hypoxic tumor microenvironment. RNA‐sequencing is first adopted to unveil the impact of combined PTT/TDT on the cell transcriptome and the corresponding pathways using 4T1 breast cancer cells. The dysregulated genes are involved in protein processing within the endoplasmic reticulum, cell cycle regulation, ubiquitin‐mediated proteolysis, and DNA replication pathways. The tumor inhibition rates on a 4T1 breast cancer model as well as on a patient‐derived xenograft model of hepatocellular carcinoma (PDXHCC) are 97% and 100%, and negligible systematic toxicity is observed. This study proposes the application of an azo‐containing polymer for safe and efficient combined PTT/TDT in the NIR II biowindow, as a promising strategy for clinical treatment of hypoxic tumors.
Ultrathin 2D Copper(I) 1,2,4‐Triazolate Coordination Polymer Nanosheets for Efficient and Selective Gene Silencing and Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Liu Si‐Yang , Xu Yuzhi , Yang Huihui , Liu Liping , Zhao Meiting , Yin Wen , Xu Yan‐Tong , Huang Ying , Tan Chaoliang , Dai Zong , Zhang Hua , Zhang Jie‐Peng , Chen Xiao‐Ming 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGene silencing holds promise for cancer therapeutics because of its potential to inhibit genes involved in tumor development. However, gene silencing is still restricted by its limited efficacy and safety. Nanoscale coordination polymers (CPs) emerge as promising nanocarriers for gene delivery, but their responsiveness and potential therapeutic properties have rarely been explored simultaneously. Here, multifunctional ultrathin 2D nanosheets of Cu(I) 1,2,4‐triazolate CP with a thickness of 4.5 ± 0.8 nm are synthesized using a bottom‐up method. These CP nanosheets can act as both an effective DNAzyme nanocarrier for gene therapy and an intrinsic photosensitizer for hypoxia‐tolerant type I photodynamic therapy (PDT), which is ascribed to the Fenton‐like reaction. Because of the glutathione (GSH)‐responsiveness of the CP nanosheets, DNAzyme‐loaded CP nanosheets exhibit excellent cancer‐cell‐targeting gene silencing of the early growth response factor‐1 (EGR‐1), with messenger RNA inhibited by 84% in MCF‐7 (human breast cancer cells) and only 6% in MCF‐10A (normal human mammary epithelial cells). After tail intravenous injection into MCF‐7‐tumor‐bearing mice, the CP nanosheets loaded with chlorin‐e6‐modified DNAzyme under photoirradiation show a high antitumor efficacy (88.0% tumor regression), demonstrating a promising therapeutic platform with efficient and selective gene silencing and PDT of cancer.
AMYQ: An index to standardize quantitative amyloid load across PET tracers
Authors: Pegueroles Jordi , Montal Victor , Bejanin Alexandre , Vilaplana Eduard , Aranha Mateus , Santos‐Santos Miguel Angel , Alcolea Daniel , Carrió Ignasi , Camacho Valle , Blesa Rafael , Lleó Alberto , Fortea Juan ,   for the Alzheimer Disease Neuroimaging Initiative,   Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle Research Group
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroductionPositron emission tomography (PET) amyloid quantification methods require magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for spatial registration and a priori reference region to scale the images. Furthermore, different tracers have distinct thresholds for positivity. We propose the AMYQ index, a new measure of amyloid burden, to overcome these limitations.MethodsWe selected 18F‐amyloid scans from ADNI and Australian Imaging, Biomarker & Lifestyle Flagship Study of Ageing (AIBL) with the corresponding T1‐MRI. A subset also had neuropathological data. PET images were normalized, and the AMYQ was calculated based on an adaptive template. We compared AMYQ with the Centiloid scale on clinical and neuropathological diagnostic performance.ResultsAMYQ was related with amyloid neuropathological burden and had excellent diagnostic performance to discriminate controls from patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) (area under the curve [AUC] = 0.86). AMYQ had a high agreement with the Centiloid scale (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.88) and AUC between 0.94 and 0.99 to discriminate PET positivity when using different Centiloid cutoffs.DiscussionAMYQ is a new MRI‐independent index for standardizing and quantifying amyloid load across tracers.
Long‐Term Tracking and Dynamically Quantifying of Reversible Changes of Extracellular Ca2+ in Multiple Brain Regions of Freely Moving Animals
Authors: Liu Yuandong , Liu Zhichao , Zhao Fan , Tian Yang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUnderstanding physiological and pathological processes in the brain requires tracking the reversible changes in chemical signals with long‐term stability. We developed a new anti‐biofouling microfiber array to real‐time quantify extracellular Ca2+ concentrations together with neuron activity across many regions in the mammalian brain for 60 days, in which the signal degradation was < ca. 8 %. The microarray with high tempo‐spatial resolution (ca. 10 μm, ca. 1.3 s) was implanted into 7 brain regions of free‐moving mice to monitor reversible changes of extracellular Ca2+ upon ischemia‐reperfusion processes. The changing sequence and rate of Ca2+ in 7 brain regions were different during the stroke. ROS scavenger could protect Ca2+ influx and neuronal activity after stroke, suggesting the significant influence of ROS on Ca2+ overload and neuron death. We demonstrated this microarray is a versatile tool for investigating brain dynamic during pathological processes and drug treatment.
High‐Throughput Counting and Superresolution Mapping of Tetraspanins on Exosomes Using a Single‐Molecule Sensitive Flow Technique and Transistor‐like Semiconducting Polymer Dots
Authors: Jiang Yifei , Andronico Luca A. , Jung Seung‐Ryoung , Chen Haobin , Fujimoto Bryant , Vojtech Lucia , Chiu Daniel T. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA method for high‐throughput counting and superresolution mapping of surface proteins on exosomes is described. The method combines a single‐molecule sensitive flow technique and an adaptive superresolution imaging method. Exosomes stained with membrane dye and dye‐conjugated antibodies were analyzed using a microfluidic platform at a flow rate of 100 exosome s−1 to determine size and protein copy number. Superresolution mapping was performed with exosomes labeled with novel transistor‐like, semiconducting polymer dots (Pdots), which exhibit spontaneous blinking with <5 nm localization error and a broad range of optical‐adjustable duty cycles. Based on the copy numbers extracted from the flow analysis, the switch‐on frequency of the Pdots were finely adjusted so that structures of hundreds of exosomes were obtained within five minutes. The high throughput and high sensitivity of this method offer clear advantages for characterization of exosomes and similar biological vesicles.
Additive‐free, robust and superelastic dual‐network graphene/melamine composite sponge for motion sensing
Authors: Zhang Linjiong , Feng Lianfang , Gu Xueping , Zhang Cailiang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractGraphene aerogel (GA) has a large potential in many fields such as energy storage, catalyst support, and sensors. However, its poor mechanical property has restricted the wide application. In this work, superelastic and robust melamine/graphene composite sponges are prepared by constructing a dual‐network structure of melamine and graphene without any chemical additives. The strength of as‐prepared composite sponge at 50% strain can reach 40 times higher than that of controlled GA. After 50 compressive cycles, the strain and strength recovery ratios of composite sponge are about 97% and 90%, respectively. More importantly, the excellent compression performance combines with the good electrical conductivity of the graphene network enable it as a dynamic piezo‐resistive material, which can provide immediate responses to dynamic stresses and strains with different frequencies. Benefitting by these excellent performances, the dual‐network composite sponge shows a great potential application in the field of motion sensing.
Ablation properties of zinc borate and aluminum hypophosphite filled silicone rubber composites
Authors: Zhang Hao , Yan Liwei , Wang Yuan , Zhou Shengtai , Liang Mei , Zou Huawei , Chen Yang 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe ablative properties of epoxy modified silicone rubber composites filled with zinc borate (ZB) and aluminum hypophosphite (AHP) were studied. The decomposition of the added fillers and covering connection of residual on the substrate contribute to the improvement of heat insulation. The ablation test shows that the formation of a dense char layer with certain strength is key to improving the ablative properties. The optimal ablative performance is achieved when the concentration of ZB and AHP is 10 and 5 phr, respectively. Under such circumstances, the linear ablation rate is as low as 0.032 mm/s, which is about 61% lower than the pure silicone rubber. Furthermore, the structure and composition of the formed char layer were analyzed using X‐ray diffraction analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Spatial Visualization of Human Anatomy through Art Using Technical Drawing Exercises
Authors: Na Youjin , Clary Derek W. , Rose‐Reneau Zakary B. , Segars Larry , Hanson Andrea , Brauer Philip , Wright Barth W. , Keim Sarah A. 
Published: April 2021

Spatial visualization, the ability to mentally rotate three‐dimensional (3D) images, plays a significant role in anatomy education. This study examines the impact of technical drawing exercises on the improvement of spatial visualization and anatomy education in a Neuroscience course. First‐year medical students (n = 84) were randomly allocated into a control group (n = 41) or art‐training group (n = 43). Variables including self‐reported artistic drawing ability, previous technical drawing experience, or previous anatomy laboratory exposure were gathered. Participants who self‐identified as artistic individuals were equally distributed between the two groups. Students in the art‐training group attended four 1‐hour sessions to solve technical drawing worksheets. All participants completed two Mental Rotations Tests (MRT), which were used to assess spatial visualization. Data were also collected from two neuroscience written examinations and an anatomical “tag test” practical examination. Participants in the art‐training and control groups improved on the MRT. The mean of written examination two was significantly higher (P = 0.007) in the art‐training group (12.95) than the control group (11.48), and higher (P = 0.027) in those without technical drawing experience (12.44) than those with (11.00). The mean of the anatomical practical was significantly higher (P = 0.010) in those without artistic ability (46.24) than those with (42.00). These results suggest that completing technical drawing worksheets may aid in solving anatomy‐based written examination questions on complex brain regions, but further research is needed to determine its implication on anatomy practical scores. These results propose a simple method of improving spatial visualization in anatomy education.
Polymerization via Insertion of Ethylene into Al−C bond under Mild Conditions: Mechanistic Studies on the Promotion Exerted by a Catalytic Amount of Cationic Gadolinium Metallocene
Authors: Fukushima Rika , Tardif Olivier , Kaita Shojiro , Wakatsuki Yasuo , Koga Nobuaki 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe cationic gadolinium metallocene [(C5Me5)2Gd][B(C6F5)4], when combined with an excess amount of Al(iBu)3, efficiently produces polyethylene at 80 °C under 0.8 MPa pressure of ethylene. After quenching, the resulting polyethylene has ethyl group at one end and isobutyl group at the other terminal. Because no Gd‐alkyl species appears to be involved, a mechanism with conventional coordinative chain transfer polymerization (CCTP) is not feasible. Density functional theory (DFT) analyses indicate a novel mechanism in which the cationic Gd plays a crucial role by coordinating ethylene and assists the insertion of the coordinated ethylene into Al−C bond.
Silence at school: Uses and experiences of silence in pedagogy at a secondary school
Authors: Hanna Amy 
Published: April 2021

Silence infuses all aspects of our daily communications: what we say and what remains unspoken; those to whom we speak, and those we ignore; those we trust and respect, and those we do not. In the school environment, interactions between students and teachers lie at the heart of pedagogy. This relationship is also marked by its silences, and the concept of ‘student voice’ arose out of these silences on matters that affect students. However, the role of silence in such interactions has yet to receive comprehensive attention. This article presents the findings of a study on the uses and experiences of silence in the classroom with secondary school students aged 14–15 years and their teachers. Drawing on nine group discussions and 33 interviews with 20 teachers and 35 students, respectively, I argue that an oversight of silence in the student voice discipline has obscured the power dimensions of student voice, and the injustices that become visible when different forms of silence are illuminated. I argue that there are two core ideas which emerge from the findings: firstly, that silent practices manifest in two distinct paradigms of productivity and listening which function as expectations of teaching and learning; secondly, that the conflation of the listening paradigm with respect demonstrates the capacity of silent practices to reinforce the division between teaching and learning to become mediums of injustice. I conclude that this dichotomous relationship between pedagogy and student voice requires a pedagogy based on a critical examination of respect.
Cytoskeletal diversification across 1 billion years: What red algae can teach us about the cytoskeleton, and vice versa
Authors: Goodson Holly V. , Kelley Joshua B. , Brawley Susan H. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe cytoskeleton has a central role in eukaryotic biology, enabling cells to organize internally, polarize, and translocate. Studying cytoskeletal machinery across the tree of life can identify common elements, illuminate fundamental mechanisms, and provide insight into processes specific to less‐characterized organisms. Red algae represent an ancient lineage that is diverse, ecologically significant, and biomedically relevant. Recent genomic analysis shows that red algae have a surprising paucity of cytoskeletal elements, particularly molecular motors. Here, we review the genomic and cell biological evidence and propose testable models of how red algal cells might perform processes including cell motility, cytokinesis, intracellular transport, and secretion, given their reduced cytoskeletons. In addition to enhancing understanding of red algae and lineages that evolved from red algal endosymbioses (e.g., apicomplexan parasites), these ideas may also provide insight into cytoskeletal processes in animal cells.