bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia: Results from the prospective AspCOVID-19 study
Authors: Lahmer Tobias , Kriescher Silja , Herner Alexander , Rothe Kathrin , Spinner Christoph D. , Schneider Jochen , Mayer Ulrich , Neuenhahn Michael , Hoffmann Dieter , Geisler Fabian , Heim Markus , Schneider Gerhard , Schmid Roland M. , Huber Wolfgang , Rasch Sebastian 
Published: March 2021

Background
Superinfections, including invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA), are well-known complications of critically ill patients with severe viral pneumonia. Aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence, risk factors and outcome of IPA in critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia.

Methods
We prospectively screened 32 critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia for a time period of 28 days using a standardized study protocol for oberservation of developement of COVID-19 associated invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA). We collected laboratory, microbiological, virological and clinical parameters at defined timepoints in combination with galactomannan-antigen-detection from nondirected bronchial lavage (NBL). We used logistic regression analyses to assess if COVID-19 was independently associated with IPA and compared it with matched controls.

Findings
CAPA was diagnosed at a median of 4 days after ICU admission in 11/32 (34%) of critically ill patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia as compared to 8% in the control cohort. In the COVID-19 cohort, mean age, APACHE II score and ICU mortality were higher in patients with CAPA than in patients without CAPA (36% versus 9.5%; p<0.001). ICU stay (21 versus 17 days; p = 0.340) and days of mechanical ventilation (20 versus 15 days; p = 0.570) were not different between both groups. In regression analysis COVID-19 and APACHE II score were independently associated with IPA.

Interpretation
CAPA is highly prevalent and associated with a high mortality rate. COVID-19 is independently associated with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis. A standardized screening and diagnostic approach as presented in our study can help to identify affected patients at an early stage.
Patient perceived barriers to surgical follow-up: Study of 6-month post-operative trichiasis surgery follow-up in Tanzania
Authors: Saheb Kashaf Michael , Wolle Meraf A. , Muñoz Beatriz E. , Mkocha Harran , Funga Nicodemus , Gracewello Catherine , West Sheila K. 
Published: March 2021

Background
Post-surgical follow-up is a challenge in low- and middle-income countries. Understanding barriers to trachomatous trichiasis (TT) surgical follow-up can inform program improvements. In this study, patient perceived barriers and enabling factors to follow-up after TT surgery are identified.

Methods
A longitudinal study was carried out in a community-based cohort of persons who received TT surgery in Bahi district, Tanzania. Questionnaires were administered before TT surgery and again after the scheduled 6-month follow-up. Those who did not return were examined at their homes.

Results
At baseline, 852 participants were enrolled. Of these, 633 (74%) returned at 6 months and 128 (15%) did not and were interviewed at home. Prior to surgery, attenders were more likely to report familiarity with a community health worker (CHW) (22% vs. 14%; p = 0.01) and less likely to state that time constraints are a potential reason for failure to follow-up (66% vs. 74%; p = .04). At follow-up, non-attenders were more likely to endorse barriers pertaining to knowledge about the need for follow-up, lack of transportation, and satisfaction with surgery. There was no difference in post-operative TT between attenders and non-attenders (23% vs. 18% respectively; p = 0.25).

Conclusions
The outcome of surgery was not a barrier to follow-up. However, better integration of CHWs into their communities and work at coordinating post-surgical care may improve follow-up rates. Moreover, provision of transportation and implementation of effective reminder systems may address patient-perceived barriers to improve follow-up.
HIV serostatus disclosure and associated factors among HIV positive pregnant and lactating women at Nekemte public health facilities, western Ethiopia
Authors: Tolossa Tadesse , Wakuma Bizuneh , Besho Merga , Mulisa Diriba , Fekadu Ginenus , Bayisa Lami , Tsegaye Reta 
Published: March 2021

Background
Disclosure of Human Immune Virus (HIV) serostatus by pregnant and lactating women is crucial for the successful prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV/AIDS. However, little has been studied regarding the prevalence and factors associated with HIV status disclosure among HIV positive pregnant and lactating women in Ethiopia.

Methods
An institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the Nekemte Public Health facilities among 380 pregnant and lactating women enrolled in universal antiretroviral therapy (ART) treatment from January 2015-December, 2019. The data were collected by using a checklist, developed from Prevention of Mother to Child Transmission (PMTCT) logbook, ART intake forms, and medical cards of the patients. Epidata version 3.2 was used for data entry, and then the data were exported to STATA version 14 for further analysis. The binary logistic regression model was employed to determine factors associated with the disclosure status among HIV positive pregnant and lactating women. Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals was computed and statistical significance was declared when it is significant at a 5% level (p-value < 0.05).

Results
A total of 380 women have participated in the study. Two hundred seventy-six (73.4%) of women had disclosed their HIV status to at least one individual. The study found living in urban (OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.04, 3.20), married women (OR = 4.16, 95% CI: 1.87, 9.24), higher educational status (OR = 2.35, 95% CI: 1.31, 5.51), positive HIV status of partner (OR = 2.35, 95%CI: 1.17, 4.70), and being multipara (OR = 4.94, 95% CI: 2.29, 10.66) were independent determinants of HIV status disclosure.

Conclusions
HIV status disclosure among pregnant and lactating women in the study area was sub-optimal. Empowering women through education, encouraging partners for HIV testing, and enhancing active male involvement in HIV treatment and control programs should get due attention.
Biomechanical effects of foot orthoses with and without a lateral bar in individuals with cavus feet during comfortable and fast walking
Authors: Moisan Gabriel , Descarreaux Martin , Cantin Vincent 
Published: March 2021

Background/purpose
The biomechanical effects of foot orthoses (FOs) with and without a lateral bar compared to a control condition during walking at different speeds are still unknown. The objective of this study was to compare the biomechanical effects of functional FOs with and without a lateral bar to a control condition during comfortable walking in individuals with cavus feet and determine if their effects change at a fast speed.

Methods
Fifteen individuals with cavus feet (age: 25.3 ± 5.8 yrs) walked under two experimental conditions (FOs with and without a lateral bar) and a control condition (shoes only) at comfortable (CW) and fast (FW) speeds. The outcome measures were ankle and knee angles and gluteus medius, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius lateralis, gastrocnemius medialis, peroneus longus and tibialis anterior electromyography (EMG) amplitudes during the stance phase of walking and were compared between the FOs and a control condition using one-dimensional statistical parametric mapping.

Results
During CW, both FOs decreased ankle dorsiflexion and increased knee extension angles compared to no FOs. FOs with a lateral bar also decreased peroneus longus EMG amplitudes. During FW, FOs with and without a lateral bar decreased ankle dorsiflexion angles compared to no FOs.

Conclusion
Both types of FOs had different effects on the biomechanics of the lower limb compared to a control condition. The decreased peroneus longus EMG amplitudes during CW in individuals with cavus feet could have important clinical implications in other populations, such as individuals with painful cavus feet. The orthoses only affected the ankle dorsiflexion angles at a fast speed and no EMG amplitude or knee kinematics effects were observed. Further studies assessing the ankle kinematics and kinetics effects of these orthoses are needed to improve our understanding of their mechanism of action and inform future efficacy trials.
Valuating the Investment Efficiency of Distribution Companies
Authors: Karajica M. 
Published: March 2021

The task of this study is to valuate the investment efficiency of distribution companies. Although a series of publications and studies has been dedicated to this topic, it is difficult to find a general consensus in defining the investment efficiency of a company. Nevertheless if we simplify an imaginary company as a production unit in which a series of actions transforms inputs to outputs, efficiency can be understood as like an effort to achieve maximum value of the outputs together with minimum usage of inputs, where the inputs constitute investments by a company. The investment efficiency of a company can be measured by expressing the absolute values of selected inputs and outputs, a relative expression of inputs and outputs, and perhaps an expression of the difference between them. However, an examination of the efficiency of a certain company is impossible without a valuation of other companies. In view of the amount of benchmarking, it should be emphasized, that this study is dedicated to a certain category of benchmarking, which we may term investment benchmarking. This benchmarking can be defined as a comparison of companies in terms investment efficiency. The purpose of this comparison is not only to investigate levels of investment efficiency and to relate them to other companies from the same branch, but also to locate the greatest efficiency and indicate potential improvement.
Interstitial lung disease in systemic sclerosis (systemic scleroderma)
Authors: Ananyeva L. P. , Tyurin I. E. , Koneva O. A. , Garzanova L. A. , Lila A. M. 
Published: March 2021

In systemic sclerosis (SSc), interstitial lung disease (ILD) is common (>80%) and worsens the prognosis of the disease, but severe progressive damage develops only in 8–10% of cases. Interstitial changes in the lungs occur early (within the first 3–5 years of the disease). The histological manifestations are similar to those of idiopathic ILD.The main tool for screening and diagnosing of ILD associated with SSc is high-resolution computed tomography of the lungs, resulting data influence the choice of therapy. In most patients a relatively intact and stable forced vital capacity of the lungs is recorded for a long time, but the diffusion capacity of the lungs decreases early and steadily. Pulmonary functional tests have prognostic value.The choice of the optimal therapy for SSc with lung lesions is based on general disease activity (the severity of inflammation and fibrosis) and the its severity, rate of progression of the disease in general and the leading pathology – interstitial pneumonia (IP) – in particular. In patients with SSc and severe or progressive IP, treatment with mycophenolate mofetil (MMF), cyclophosphamide, nintedanib, or nintedanib in combination with MMF if appropriate, should be considered. If this therapy is ineffective, rituximab may be used.
PERNIKAHAN DINI DI LERENG MERAPI DAN SUMBING
Authors: Julijanto Muhammad 
Published: March 2021

This article discusses about the practice of early marriage in Selo district of Boyolali and Kaliangkrik district of Magelang. Based on empirical research, this article argues that many people practiced early marriage in these both districts. Family tradition and out of wedlock pregnancy were two main reasons behind the practice. Some efforts are being made to improve the quality of life of people in Selo Boyolali and Kaliangkrik Magelang such as building family quality, promoting early marriage prevention, increasing the role of community education, marriage law counseling, training and improving community skills. The involvement of community leaders in these efforts is very influential. This is indicated by the issuance of circular letters preventing early marriage. The result is the decrease of early marriage practice in Selo and Kaliangkrik Artikel ini membahas tentang praktik pernikahan dini yang banyak terjadi di Kecamatan Selo Boyolali dan Kecamatan Kaliangkrik Magelang. Hasil penelitian empiris menunjukkan bahwa terdapat dua faktor penting yang menyebabkan terjadinya pernikahan dini di dua kecamatan tersebut, yaitu tradisi/kebiasaan turun temurun keluarga dan hamil di luar nikah. Untuk menurunkan angka pernikahan dini ini, beberapa usaha telah dilakukan oleh pemerintah setempat seperti membangun kualitas keluarga, pencegahan pernikahan dini, peningkatan kualitas pendidikan, bimbingan pernikahan, dan peningkatan ketrampilan. Dalam usaha ini, pemimpin lokal mempunyai peranan penting dalam mempengaruhi penurunan praktik pernikahan dini. Ini diindikasikan dengan dikeluarkannya surat edaran pelarangan nikah dini oleh KUA setempat. Surat edaran ini mampu memenurunkan angka pernikahan dini yang ada di dua kecamatan tersebut .
Kakovost življenja oseb s Pompejevo boleznijo
Authors: Halec Bine , Žunkovič Olga , Horvat Pinterić Gordana , Lorber Mateja 
Published: March 2021

Uvod: Pompejeva bolezen spada med zelo redke prirojene metabolne bolezni; zanjo je značilen primanjkljaj ali odsotnost encima alfa-glukozidaza. Kopičenje glikogena v mišičnih celicah posledično privede do slabšanja mišične moči, močnih bolečin ter napredujočih težav z dihanjem. Namen raziskave je bil ugotoviti vpliv bolezni na kakovost življenja in negovalne probleme, ki se pri takšnem pacientu pojavijo.Metode: Uporabljena je bila kvalitativna metodologija raziskovanja. Izveden je bil delno strukturiran intervju s pacientko, ki ima diagnosticirano Pompejevo bolezen. Intervju smo posneli, dobesedno zapisali in analizirali z metodo analize besedila.Rezultati: Ugotovljeno je bilo, da je Pompejeva bolezen močno vplivala na kakovost življenja pacientke. Z metodo analize besedila je bilo identificiranih pet podkategorij: sprejetje bolezni; pomoč bližnjih; težave zaradi bolezni; izvajanje vsakodnevnih aktivnosti in zdravljenje. Podkategorije so bile nato združene v glavnokategorijo, poimenovano »vpliv na kakovost življenja«. Prav tako je bilo izpostavljenih sedem negovalnih problemov: strah, žalost, oteženo dihanje, bolečina, obstipacija, utrujenost, nevarnost za padec.Diskusija in zaključek: Pompejeva bolezen močno spremeni kakovost življenja pacienta, saj se slednji srečuje s številnimi težavami na različnih področjih življenja. Za zagotavljanje višje kakovosti življenja in lažje izvajanje vsakodnevnih aktivnosti je pomembno, da pacient s Pompejevo boleznijo s strani bližnjih in zdravstvenih delavcev prejme ustrezno pomoč in podporo.
Rotors with a novel structure for enhanced follow-up dynamic mixing
Authors: Wen Xin , Ding Yumei , Shi Meinong , Yan Hua , Zuo Xiahua , Yang Weimin , Yang Yousheng , Ding Shikang 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Nowadays, dynamic mixers are widely used in industry. But dynamic mixers have problems like low mixing efficiency and high mixing resistance. Therefore, many scholars are committed to improving the rotor inside the dynamic mixer to improve its working performance. In this paper, a new structure of spiral rotor with chamfer and perforation was designed for promoting the performance of the dynamic mixing equipment. We measured the pH value to find which rotor’s working performance is better. On this basis, a numerical simulation was conducted on the mixing angle of the two-phase fluid to explore the best working environment of the dynamic mixer. Experimental studies proved that the mixing effect of the new structure rotor was better. The simulation results showed that the mixing effect of the two-phase flow was better when it merged at 135°.
The archaeology of complexity and cosmopolitanism in medieval Ethiopia: an introduction
Authors: Insoll Timothy 
Published: March 2021

AbstractArchaeology increasingly attests the complex and cosmopolitan nature of societies in medieval Ethiopia (c. seventh to early eighteenth centuries AD). Without negating the existence of relations of dominance and periods of isolation, key emergent themes of such research are pluralism and interaction. Four religious traditions are relevant to this theme: Islam, Judaism, Christianity and Indigenous religions. This article introduces a special section of contributions on medieval Ethiopia and sets the scheme by highlighting the temporality of cosmopolitanism as episodic rather than continuous. The following articles address varied aspects of this cosmopolitanism, identifying issues of general relevance for studies of the archaeology of religion, as well as the need for further research in Ethiopia.
Stress Corrosion Cracking in Austenitic Stainless Steels in Reactor Primary Water–High Purity Oxidizing and in Supercritical Conditions
Authors: Das Annesha , Roychowdhury Supratik , Kain Vivekanand 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Austenitic stainless steels (SS) commonly used in the primary circuit of light water reactors (LWRs) have excellent corrosion resistance in demineralized (DM) water at high temperature (290°C–330°C) and pressure (7.4 MPa for boiling water reactor [BWR], 16 MPa for pressurized water reactor [PWR]). Radiolysis of primary DM water in BWR forms 200–300 ppb of oxidizing species (normal water chemistry [NWC]), which elevates the electrochemical potential of the SS from −300 to −600 mVSHE (mV with standard hydrogen electrode) when dissolved oxygen is 10–20 ppb to +100 to +200 mVSHE. Neutron irradiation of SS further induces metallurgical and microstructural changes, which compromises corrosion resistance. Thus, radiation makes BWR (NWC) environment hostile, causing extensive irradiation-assisted stress corrosion cracking (same as intergranular stress corrosion cracking [IGSCC]) in austenitic SS. IGSCC occurs in both sensitized (grain boundary chromium depletion) and nonsensitized conditions (strain-hardened region in base metal immediately adjacent to the weld fusion zone) and is a generic problem. IGSCC in BWR can be mitigated by hydrogen addition in water (hydrogen water chemistry [HWC]). BWR-HWC has limitations and is ineffective where boiling occurs. IGSCC of SS in PWR is limited because hydrogen addition in primary water suppresses radiolysis though the formation of aggressive environment in low-flow occluded regions can cause IGSCC in SS. Increasing demand for economic power has led to the primary environment in nuclear reactors to become hostile. Conceptual supercritical water reactor (SCWR) will use DM water at 500°C–600°C and 25 MPa, which is extreme for conventional LWR materials. IGSCC in austenitic SS and nickel-based alloys occurs in both oxidizing and reducing SCWR conditions, which can be further exacerbated by radiation. This article reviews how benign primary DM water becomes hostile in LWRs and extreme in SCWR conditions, causing SCC to be a generic problem in austenitic alloys.
Mechanism of Pacemaker Activity in Zebrafish DC2/4 Dopaminergic Neurons
Authors: Ilin Vladimir A. , Bai Qing , Watson Alan M. , Volgushev Maxim , Burton Edward A. 
Published: March 2021

Zebrafish models are used increasingly to study the molecular pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), owing to the extensive array of techniques available for their experimental manipulation and analysis. The ascending dopaminergic projection from the posterior tuberculum (TPp; diencephalic populations DC2 and DC4) to the subpallium is considered the zebrafish correlate of the mammalian nigrostriatal projection, but little is known about the neurophysiology of zebrafish DC2/4 neurons. This is an important knowledge gap, because autonomous activity in mammalian substantia nigra (SNc) dopaminergic neurons contributes to their vulnerability in PD models. Using a new transgenic zebrafish line to label living dopaminergic neurons, and a novel brain slice preparation, we conducted whole-cell patch clamp recordings of DC2/4 neurons from adult zebrafish of both sexes. Zebrafish DC2/4 neurons share many physiological properties with mammalian dopaminergic neurons, including the cell-autonomous generation of action potentials. However, in contrast to mammalian dopaminergic neurons, the pacemaker driving intrinsic rhythmic activity in zebrafish DC2/4 neurons does not involve calcium conductances, hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels, or sodium leak currents. Instead, voltage clamp recordings and computational models show that interactions between three components – a small, predominantly potassium, leak conductance, voltage-gated sodium channels, and voltage-gated potassium channels – are sufficient for pacemaker activity in zebrafish DC2/4 neurons. These results contribute to understanding the comparative physiology of the dopaminergic system and provide a conceptual basis for interpreting data derived from zebrafish PD models. The findings further suggest new experimental opportunities to address the role of dopaminergic pacemaker activity in the pathogenesis of PD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPosterior tuberculum (TPp) DC2/4 dopaminergic neurons are considered the zebrafish correlate of mammalian substantia nigra (SNc) neurons, whose degeneration causes the motor signs of Parkinson's disease (PD). Our study shows that DC2/4 and SNc neurons share a number of electrophysiological properties, including depolarized membrane potential, high input resistance, and continual, cell-autonomous pacemaker activity, that strengthen the basis for the increasing use of zebrafish models to study the molecular pathogenesis of PD. The mechanisms driving pacemaker activity differ between DC2/4 and SNc neurons, providing: (1) experimental opportunities to dissociate the contributions of intrinsic activity and underlying pacemaker currents to pathogenesis; and (2) essential information for the design and interpretation of studies using zebrafish PD models.