bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of muscle quality and quantity for the assessment of sarcopenia using mid-thigh computed tomography: a cohort study
Authors: Oba Hiroki , Matsui Yasumoto , Arai Hidenori , Watanabe Tsuyoshi , Iida Hiroki , Mizuno Takafumi , Yamashita Satoshi , Ishizuka Shinya , Suzuki Yasuo , Hiraiwa Hideki , Imagama Shiro 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
BackgroundPreviously, sarcopenia was diagnosed based on walking speed, grip strength and muscle mass. However, recent consensus has proposed a concern regarding the use of muscle mass measurement for sarcopenia diagnosis due to lack of accuracy; therefore, new assessment methods in clinical practice are required. We investigated the correlation between computed tomography (CT) and various motor function tests to assess the utility of CT as a potential diagnostic method for sarcopenia.MethodsIn total, 214 patients who were examined at our center during the study period (2016–2017) were included in the study. Single-slice CT scan of the mid-thigh region was performed, from which cross-sectional area (CSA) and CT attenuation value (CTV) of quadriceps femoris were evaluated for each subject. Other assessments included skeletal muscle mass index, muscle strength and physical performance. Furthermore, subjects were classified into four groups as per the Asia Working Group of Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 criteria as those with: normal, poor muscle function/strength (poor function), sarcopenia and severe sarcopenia.ResultsCSA and muscle strength exhibited the strongest correlation. Some physical performance tests showed the strongest correlation with CTV. The CSA was significantly lower in women with sarcopenia group and in both men and women with severe sarcopenia (all p < 0.01); furthermore, the CTV was significantly lower in women with poor-function and in both men and women with severe sarcopenia group (all p < 0.01).ConclusionsCSA mostly correlated with muscle strength, whereas CTV mostly correlated with physical performance. CT with measurements of CSA and CTV enables the evaluation of muscle mass and quality simultaneously. CT is believed to be useful in inferring evaluation of motor function and assessment of sarcopenia.
Lessons from ten years searching the Congenital Rubella Syndrome (CRS) cases in young population of a developing country: Tehran; Iran.
Authors: Vafaee-Shahi Mohammad , Noorbakhsh Samileh , Tahernia Leila , Ashouri Sarvenaz , Riahi Aina 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Maternal infection with rubella in the first trimester of pregnancy can result in developmental abnormalities in fetus such as hearing loss, heart abnormalities, impaired vision, and mental retardation. Methods: This Multi-stage prospective/cross sectional study was carried out in three stages in three educational hospitals in Tehran (Rasoul akram, Akbar Abadi and Firoozabadi), during 2011-2012: In first stage, 186 infants at birth day. Rubella antibodies (IgG&IgM) in cord blood was evaluated by Eliza method. In second stage, 89 infants suspected INTRA UTERINE INFECTION and in third stage 165 infants with SNHL were selected . Age matched control group were selected and examined concurrently. Rubella antibodies (IgG&IgM) compared between cases and healthy matched infants. Results: In first stage, significant correlation was found between vaccination history and rubella immunization of mothers (P value = 0.001). None of those with a history of vaccination had positive IgM. In second stage, confirmed CRS (positive IgM) was found in 4.4% of total CRS suspected cases (5 /89). The positive RT–PCR detected in 1.5% of total CRS suspected cases (1/89). Except a positive correlation between abnormal neurologic findings and positive IgM in Confirmed CRS cases, other clinical findings were not related to serologic tests. In third stage, the highest frequency for Positive Rubella-IgM observed in the SNHL cases <1 year old (P-value = 0.14). Rubella-IgG was significantly higher in age group < 1 years (P-value = 0.001). There was no significant difference for Rubella-IgM (P-value = 0.6) between SNHL cases and controls but a significant (P-value = 0.000) difference was observed for Rubella-IgG which was more frequent in control group.Conclusion: Active CRS surveillance is recommended strongly even in country with full rubella vaccination. Without active CRS surveillance ;CRS especially, mild infection ( not classic form) such as IUGR(intrauterine growth retardation), hearing loss, heart abnormalities, impaired vision, and mental retardation even in developed country might be missed . The necessity to add a booster vaccine dose to the national vaccination program 8 years after the last vaccination should be evaluated if needed. In addition, follow-up of safety status and studies to evaluate the success of the program may be necessary and is recommended.
An innovative pharmacology curriculum for medical students: promoting higher order cognition, learner-centered coaching, and constructive feedback through a social pedagogy framework
Authors: McHugh Douglas , Yanik Andrew J , Mancini Michael R 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
BackgroundOngoing developments in medical education recognize the move to curricula that support self-regulated learning processes, skills of thinking, and the ability to adapt and navigate uncertain situations as much as the knowledge base of learners. Difficulties encountered in pursuing this reform, especially for pharmacology, include the tendency of beginner learners not to ask higher-order questions and the potential incongruency between creating authentic spaces for self-directed learning and providing external expert guidance. We tested the feasibility of developing, implementing, and sustaining an innovative model of social pedagogy as a strategy to address these challenges.MethodsConstructivism, communities of practice, and networked learning theory were selected as lenses for development of the model. 365 first-year medical students participated between 2014-2018; they were introduced to pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics via 15 online modules that each included: learning objectives, a clinical vignette, teaching video, cumulative concept map, and small group wiki assignment. Five-person communities organized around the 15 wiki assignments were a key component where learners answered asynchronous, case-based questions that touched iteratively on Bloom’s cognitive taxonomy levels. The social pedagogy model’s wiki assignments were explored using abductive qualitative data analysis.ResultsQualitative analysis revealed that learners acquired and applied a conceptual framework for approaching pharmacology as a discipline, and demonstrated adaptive mastery by evaluating and interacting competently with unfamiliar drug information. Learners and faculty acquired habits of self-directed assessment seeking and learner-centered coaching, respectively; specifically, the model taught learners to look outward to peers, faculty, and external sources of information for credible and constructive feedback, and that this feedback could be trusted as a basis to direct performance improvement. 82-94% of learners rated the social pedagogy-based curriculum valuable.ConclusionsThis social pedagogy model is agnostic with regard to pharmacology and type of health professional learner; therefore, we anticipate its benefits to be transferable to other disciplines.
Validation of IMU-based gait event detection during curved walking and turning in older adults and Parkinson's Disease patients
Authors: Romijnders Robbin , Warmerdam Elke , Hansen Clint , Welzel Julius , Schmidt Gerhard , Maetzler Walter 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background: Identification of individual gait events is essential for clinical gait analysis, because it can be used for diagnostic purposes or tracking disease progression in neurological diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Previous research has shown that gait events can be detected from a shank-mounted inertial measurement unit (IMU), however detection performance was often evaluated only from straight-line walking. For use in daily life, the detection performance needs to be evaluated in curved walking and turning as well as in single-task and dual-task conditions.

Methods: Participants (older adults, people with Parkinson's disease, or people who had suffered from a stroke) performed three different walking trials: 1) straight-line walking, 2) slalom walking, 3) Stroop-and-walk trial. An optical motion capture system was used a reference system. Markers were attached to the heel and toe regions of the shoe, and participants wore IMUs on the lateral sides of both shanks. The angular velocity of the shank IMUs was used to detect instances of initial foot contact (IC) and final foot contact (FC), which were compared to reference values obtained from the marker trajectories.

Results: The detection method showed high recall, precision and F1 scores in different populations for both initial contacts and final contacts during straight-line walking (IC: recall = 100%, precision = 100%, F1 score = 100%; FC: recall = 100%, precision = 100%, F1 score = 100%), slalom walking (IC: recall = 100%,precision ≥ 99%, F1 score =100%; FC: recall = 100%, precision ≥ 99%, F1 score =100%), and turning (IC: recall ≥ 85%, precision ≥ 95%, F1 score ≥ 91%; FC: recall ≥ 84%, precision ≥ 95%, F1 score ≥ 89%).

Conclusions: Shank-mounted IMUs can be used to detect gait events during straight-line walking, slalom walking and turning. However, more false events were observed during turning and more events were missed during turning. For use in daily life we recommend identifying turning before extracting temporal gait parameters from identified gait events.
Students' Social Attitudes Towards German and The German Language in Traditional and Innovative Teaching of German as a Foreign Language at The Faculty of Philosophy in Novi Sad
Authors: Stipančević Ana 
Published: January 2021

The study of attitudes plays an important role in the field of social psychology, but also in the field of language teaching theory, since attitudes towards the nation, language, and teaching itself affect the motivation for language learning, and thus academic achievement. The goal of modern foreign language teaching is not only to develop students' communicative, but also their intercultural competence, which includes the ability to make contact with members of other cultures, the ability to compare their own and foreign cultures, as well as overcoming cultural conflicts and misunderstandings. Teaching a foreign language has, therefore, a task to connect people and build bridges between cultures.
The best way that cultures draw closer to each other is direct contact or residence in the target country, but, as most people are not in a position todo this, knowledge of a foreign culture can be acquired indirectly through teachers and teaching content. Today it is very controversial whether and to what extent modern textbooks have the potential to impart knowledge about German culture, as well as the image of a country and its people. Intercultural didactics argues that textbook texts are not sufficient for the acquisition of the knowledge and skills, and urge the use of authentic texts in teaching a foreign language.
In order to determine the potential of textbook and authentic texts for teaching German as a foreign language (and culture) experimental research was conducted in the year 2014-15 with students from the Faculty of Philosophy (Novi Sad) who have German as an elective course. The study applied the two approaches, traditional, in which the textbook texts and other didactic materials were the basic teaching tool, and innovative, in which authentic texts were used.
The study included a total of 36 students and lasted for two semesters. The research used questionnaires, and the research results are presented in the form of mean values, with a standard deviation. For determining the statistical significance of differences between means the t-test was used. In addition to the descriptive, the correlation method was also used, and the data were processed using the program SPSS Statistics 20.
Chaos and Order: Contemporary Cosmology and Myth
Authors: Tomašević Milan 
Published: January 2021

The paper offers a definition of cosmology and its connections with mythology, and presents contemporary theories as a secular mythical narrative suitable for anthropological analysis. The paper is dedicated to emphasizing the folklore characteristics of modern cosmology and points to the importance of popular cosmological narratives as reading that contains culturally, philosophically and even religiously relevant elements. Special attention is paid to cosmogonic myths that describe the state of the universe before the creation of space and time. A parallel has been drawn between modern cosmology and conventional cosmogonic myths. In the end, the paper offers a concise definition of popular cosmology and recalls the most important authors and popularizers of modern theories.
The main task of the paper is to present the basic concepts that can contribute to a complete understanding of the anthropological character of the presentation of contemporary cosmology that we encounter in popular narratives. The aim of such an analysis is to observe the depth of the significance of modern science for creating a philosophical picture of the world that inherits secular worldviews. By treating popular cosmology as a modern myth, the paper presents a new dimension of the significance of scientific theories for today's civilization. Such an approach unravels the strictly positivist halo of cosmology and points to its anthropological character.
The concepts highlighted in the paper serve as an illustration of the significance that the image of the universe and the position of the Earth has for the history of civilization. By presenting the cultural dimension of cosmology, it opens a space for dialogue between different branches of scientific research, i.e. it contributes to the communication of philosophy and science. Equally important, by illuminating the folklore character of the narrative of the origin and history of the universe, a training ground is created for philosophers and theologians who, in their own ways, interpret the creation of everything around us.
By drawing attention to authors such as Neil deGrasse Tyson, Lawrence Kraus, Stephen Hawking, Michio Kaku and others, as contemporary bards and narrators, the paper seeks to contribute to the understanding of popular cosmology as an expression of modern man's need for great stories, for narratives that transcend the spatial and temporal frames of one generation, and that is exactly what myths do.
Spatial and seasonal variations of hydrological responses to climate and land-use changes in a highly urbanized basin of Southeastern China
Authors: Bian Guodong , Wang Guoqing , Chen Jie , Zhang Jianyun , Song Mingming 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Climate and land-use changes are two major factors that significantly affect the watershed hydrology cycle. It is essential for regional water resource management to quantitatively assess the respective hydrological impact of these two factors. In this study, the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was constructed to quantify the contributions of climate and land-use changes to runoff at the annual and seasonal time scales in the Qinhuai River basin (QRB), where significant urbanization occurred from 1986 to 2015. Moreover, based on the partial least squares regression, the specific impact of individual land-use change on major hydrological components was evaluated at the sub-basin scale. The results showed that: (1) the predominant patterns of land-use change in the QRB included the transformations from paddy fields to urban areas and dry lands, forest to dry lands and dry lands to urban areas; (2) the flood seasonal precipitation series and all air temperature series had significant increasing trends over 1986–2015, and annual and seasonal runoff series had significant increasing trends and had an abrupt change point in 2001; (3) the average annual, flood seasonal, and non-flood seasonal runoff increased 238.5, 130.2 and 108.3 mm, of which land-use change was responsible for 77.6, 55.1, and 104.8% of the increases, respectively, while climate change was responsible for 22.4, 44.9, and −4.8%, respectively and (4) the hydrological response to land-use change showed an obvious decrease in actual evapotranspiration (ET) and significant increases in surface runoff and baseflow. The decrease of ET and increase of baseflow could be attributed to the conversion patterns from paddy fields and forest to dry lands, while the conversions from paddy fields and dry lands to urban areas caused a remarkable increase in surface runoff in the QRB. The study demonstrated that these practicable approaches were beneficial for the more unbiased views of the hydrological responses to climate change and land-use changes in the highly urbanized basin, which were also critical for the sustainable development of regional water resource and future land-use planning.
Dew formation characteristics of meadow plants canopy at different heights in Hulunbuir grassland, China
Authors: Xie Jingjie , Su Derong , Lyu Shihai , Bu He , Wo Qiang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A plant's foliar uptake of dew can mitigate the adverse effects caused by drought stress. However, in grassland ecosystems, it is inconclusive whether the dew condensation characteristics of plants at different heights are consistent. In this study, we wanted to know whether plant height had a significant effect on the formation of dew. In addition, we wanted to understand the difference of dew formation between C3 plant Leymus chinensis (LC) and C4 plant Cleistogenes squarrosa (CS) which have different heights and can succeed each other in the community. In nine dew nights, we measured the amount of dew formed on simulated condensation surface (different heights) and two plants at the same time. The results showed that in the height range of 5–80 cm, the dew amount increases with the canopy height, but its increase rate gradually slows down and approaches zero. The shorter CS (5–15 cm) has a similar dew amount (0.095 mm) as LC (40–70 cm) due to its compact structure of the leaves with pubescence and the more stable micro-meteorological conditions. The CS can obtain more potential dew per unit organic matter, and this may be one of the potential mechanisms for the succession from LC communities to CS communities under drought stress.
Impact of Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Developing Countries: A Review
Authors: Gupta Vivek , Gautam Sanjeev Kumar 
Published: January 2021

Background:Background: Diabetes is a major metabolic aggressive disease that has exponentially increased around the globe, including both developed and developing countries. The significant change in the lifestyle of people, attributed to the fast-paced living style and dietary conditions, are a few of the core reasons behind the disease. Multiple studies conducted in various developing countries conclude that patient education, along with adhered practices and attitudinal outlook, can significantly help in deterring the ill effects of diabetes mellitus.Objective:The review aimed at understanding the impact of KAP on the management of diabetes mellitus in emerging economiesMethods:Multi-central analytical cross-sectional and prospective studies were conducted for research in multiple countries with median per capita income of ~$4,000 (developing countries - Ethiopia, Bangladesh, Iraq, Iran, Nigeria, etc.), wherein significant difference was witnessed in the outlook of patients and related stakeholders, who had a decent score of KAP relative to ones with lower scores, towards type 2 diabetes mellitus.Results:Among all the three variables that are capable of managing diabetes - knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) - knowledge attained a high degree of importance as it served as the initial step to control DM. In developing countries, the ratio of people with knowledge - relating to disease - is significantly dependent on age, socio-economic status and education. As per the previous studies and their corresponding results, educational awareness is of utmost importance in order to eradicate myths and wrong information around the same.Conclusion:The review concludes the importance of patient counseling to modify their KAP towards the disease will be highly effective in countries like India, where the count of diabetes mellitus patients is increasing aggressively. Investment in patient counselling to improve their KAP score will significantly help in palliating the effect of this disease.
DNA Damage in AML-12 Hepatocytes and 3T3-L1 Adipocytes Treated with Clopidogrel
Authors: Bayar Elif , Cevik Mehtap , Caker Selen , Cagatay Penbe , Susleyici Belgin 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Clopidogrel has been commonly prescribed as a selective P2Y12 receptor
antagonist to reduce heart attack and stroke risk. Nearly 10% of absorbed clopidogrel is metabolized
to active forms by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in the liver and 90% to inactive clopidogrel
carboxylate by esterases.

Objective:
Since different forms of clopidogrel have cytotoxic potential, our aim was to determine
the effect of 7.5, 40, and 75μM clopidogrel over DNA damage in adipocytes and hepatocytes.

Methods:
In the present study, DNA damage was investigated by Comet analysis using 3T3-L1
adipocytes and Alpha Mouse 12 (AML-12) hepatocytes.

Results:
DNA fragmentation was found to be increased as a response to 7.5 μM, 40 μM, and 75
μM clopidogrel treatment compared to non-treated control groups in AML-12 hepatocytes (p<0.01,
p<0.001, p<0.01 respectively) and 3T3-L1 adipocytes (p<0.001, p<0.001 and p<0.001respectively).
DNA damage levels as a response to clopidogrel treatment were found to be higher in 3T3-L1
adipocytes than AML-12 hepatocytes. Also, DNA damage levels in adipocytes and hepatocytes
were found to increase dose-dependently for 7.5 and 40 μM clopidogrel, whereas decreased as a response
to 75 μM.

Conclusion:
According to our results, clopidogrel results in more DNA damage in adipocytes than
in hepatocytes. The molecular mechanism of clopidogrel genotoxicity needs to be further investigated
especially in adipose tissue.
Identification of Potential Immune-related Biomarkers in Gastrointestinal Cancers
Authors: Zhu Tianyu , Dai Qi , He Ping-An 
Published: January 2021

Objectives:
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is the most common and lethal malignant tumor,
while limited research and biomarkers are available to stratify patients who are likely to benefit from
immunotherapy in GI cancers. During early diagnosis and prognosis of GI cancers, searching for
shared potential biomarkers and differences among stages is an urgent and challenging task. The
staging RNA expression data corresponding to immune genes were analyzed to infer the immune
system in each stage of GI cancers.

Methods:
The differential expression gene analysis was performed to analyze the expression of 758
immune genes between normal and each stage samples of GI cancers. Enrichment analysis including
GO and KEGG pathway analysis was carried out to investigate the role of these differential genes
and underlying mechanisms in GI cancers. Furthermore, PPI network analysis recognized the hub
genes among these DEGs. Overall survival analysis was processed to clarify the diagnostic and prognostic
role of these potential biomarkers in early and advanced stages.

Results:
Our present work revealed the immunological commonness and differences across stages of
GI cancers, and disclosed several potential immune-related biomarkers, including CCL20, C7, CD36,
CXCL11, and CLEC5A. The potential biological function which immune system participates across
the GI cancers was highly correlated with virus and membrane.

Conclusions:
Our result facilitates to understand the involvement of immune system in GI cancers and
better design treatment strategies based on current cancer immunotherapy.