bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TRIVALENT ORAL POLIOVIRUS VACCINE: A COMPARISON OF TWO INFANT IMMUNIZATION SCHEDULES
Authors: Hardy George E. , Hopkins Cyrus C. , Linnemann Calvin C. , Hatch Milford H. , Chambers J. Carroll , Witte John J. 
Published: December 2021

The Public Health Service Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) and the Committee on Infectious Diseases of the American Academy of Pediatrics have not reached complete agreement in their currently recommended schedules for primary infant immunization with trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV).
To determine which if either of these is the more efficacious, 200 infants were immunized with trivalent OPV. Approximately 50% of these infants completed the 3 dose primary series recommended by the ACIP; remaining infants completed the 4 dose series recommended by the Academy. Microneutralization titers to all three poliovirus types were determined at appropriate time intervals.
At the completion of the study, a satisfactory percentage of individuals in both groups exhibited microneutralization titers of 1:10 or greater to all three poliovirus types. During the course of study, minor differences were noted between the two groups in the percentage of individuals with titers against poliovirus types 1 and 3.
Nursery Environmental Controls
Authors: Lee Henry F. 
Published: December 2021

I was pleased to read Dr. Gezon's last paragraph1 in "Should Nursery Environmental Control Measures Be Re-examined?" There, he points out the danger of generalizing about nursery techniques as applied under one set of circumstances.
I am all for hexachlorophene. I am all for hand-washing, as I, too, believe that the hands of personnel and especially of physicians are the greatest single transfer mechanism in nursery pyodermia.
However, there may be something much bigger. I am impressed-both as an erstwhile marine biologist and as a physician-with great naturally occurring ecologic swings of population densities involving whole groups of organisms.
AN OBJECTIVE COMPARISON OF THE PEDIATRIC INTERVIEWING SKILLS OF FRESHMAN AND SENIOR MEDICAL STUDENTS
Authors: Helfer Ray E. 
Published: December 2021

The use of videotapes to observe senior medical students as they interviewed mothers of children has demonstrated a deficit in their ability to communicate with these parents. Seniors often fail to obtain the vital information pertaining to the child as an individual within a family unit. This study was performed to test the hypotheses that freshmen would obtain (1) more interpersonal and (2) less factual information from mothers of ill children than would seniors. Randomly selected freshmen and seniors videotaped interviews of three simulators who were programmed to portray mothers of a child with a serious organic illness with related psychosocial problems. The use of the programmed "mother" permitted each student to obtain a standardized interviewing experience. The students were given identical information about these children and informed that the mothers were simulators. Objective measurements were made by five trained observers who rated each videotape using a modified interaction analysis technique and an objective checklist of facts obtained. An interrater reliability coefficient for each group of ratings was high, rarely falling below 0.80.
The results clearly demonstrated that freshmen obtained significantly more interpersonal information (i.e., the affect of the illness upon the child and his family) and asked fewer leading questions than did seniors (p &lt; 0.01). Seniors obtained more factual information (p &lt; 0.001). The ramifications of these data are far reaching. It would appear that, as medical students move through their training, a certain degree of their innate ability communicate with mothers of ill children seems to have been altered by their desire to obtain factual information. This alteration may well limit their effectiveness as the child's physician.
Thursday's Child Has Far to Go: Four Handicapped Children. Their Struggles For Acceptance, by Kathleen Lukens and Carol Panter. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall Incorporated, 1969, 248 pp., $5.95
Authors: Harrel John A. 
Published: December 2021

A physician's wife (Mrs. Panter) aided by the wife of a clinical psychologist (Mrs. Lukens, who is also the mother of a handicapped child) are the authors of this book. The authors vividly tell of the struggles of four handicapped children, and, as stated on the book's dust cover, how these children were accepted by an unperceptive world.
The first chapter, "Song of David," by Mrs. Lukens, describes an aphasic child and his utter frustration in not being able to communicate with those around him.
CIRCADIAN PERIODICITY OF BLOOD AMINO ACIDS IN THE NEONATE
Authors: Feigin Ralph D. , Haymond Morey W. 
Published: December 2021

Blood amino acids were obtained every 4 hours for 24 hours from 46 full-term infants who were between 1 hour and 120 hours of age when first sampled. Blood was also obtained at 0400 and 1200 hours on the same day from 10 additional infants, aged 48 to 72 hours at the time of study, for more detailed analysis of individual blood amino acids. Periodicity of total blood amino acids was demonstrated as early as the first day of life in some infants. This blood amino acid rhythmicity was similar but not identical to that previously observed in adults and older children. Concentrations of blood amino acids were minimal at 0400 hours and peaked between 1200 and 2000 hours. Periodicity of individual blood amino acids was similar to that for total blood amino acids but much less consistent. The presence of periodicity for plasma tyrosine was demonstrable even in two patients with neonatal tyrosinemia.
Since plasma amino acids vary normally as a function of time, "normal values" must be standardized for time of day.
ANTIMICROBIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF HEMOPHILUS INFLUENZAE
Authors: McLinn Samuel E. , Nelson John D. , Haltalin Kenneth C. 
Published: December 2021

Seventy strains of Hemophilus influenzae (49 capsulated and 21 noncapsulated) were tested for in vitro susceptibility to eight antibiotics and two sulfa drugs. Inoculum size has a marked influence on the apparent susceptibility to penicillin, ampicillin, sulfadiazine, and sulfisoxazole. If the Harper and Cawston effect is not taken into account in sulfa testing, hemophilus will appear falsely resistant. Plate dilution testing with a large inoculum results in apparent resistance of hemophilus to ampicillin, whereas all strains are highly susceptible to ampicillin by tube dilution testing.
With optimal methodology, Hemophilus influenzae appears susceptible to levels of ampicillin, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, sulfadiazine, and sulfisoxazole which can be achieved with usual therapeutic doses. Lincomycin is not effective, and most strains are resistant to cephalexin, a cephalosporanic acid derivative for oral administration. Levels of 10 to 20 µg per milliliter kanamycin are required for inhibition.
Testing conditions have a marked influence on the apparent susceptibility or resistance of Hemophilus influenzae to antimicrobial drugs. Because routine laboratories do not employ the necessary conditions for obtaining meaningful susceptibility testing of this fastidious organism, the physician should not be misled by possibly erroneous antibiotic sensitivity reports.
Haemophilus Parainfluenzae Meningitis in a 4-Year-Old Boy
Authors: Barnshaw James A. , Phillips Carol F. 
Published: December 2021

Type b Haemophilus influenzae is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in children and infants between 6 months and 5 years of age. In contrast, H. parainfluenzae is a rare cause of meningitis in infants, children, and adults. The organism has been associated with subacute bacterial endocarditis with brain abscess1 but a review of the literature reveals only one case report of H. parainfluenzae meningitis, which occurred in a 2-day-old infant.2 This report reviews a case of H. parainfluenzae meningitis in a 4-year-old boy.
Case Review
On June 14, 1969, D. C., a 4-year-old Caucasian boy, was admitted to the Mary Fletcher Unit of the Medical Center Hospital of Vermont with suspected meningitis.
Pediatric Hematology, by Alvin M. Mauer, M.D. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, The Blakiston Division (330 West 42nd Street, New York, N.Y. 10036), 1969, 486 pp., $23.00
Authors: Pearson Howard A. 
Published: December 2021

The volume presents an authoritative review of the blood diseases of infants and children by an active pediatric hematologist. The style and content reflect the author's accomplishments as teacher, researcher, and clinician.
In his introduction Dr. Mauer points out that a medical textbook may serve individuals of many levels of sophistication ranging from neophyte to specialist. The author has attempted to meet their different requirements in an interesting way. For the student and practitioner he presents concise and clinically useful descriptions of the diseases which constitute the practice of pediatric hematology.
The Allergy Cookbook, by Carol G. Emerling and Eugene O. Jonckers. New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1969, 244 pp., $5.95
Authors: Dillon Agnes E. 
Published: December 2021

A cookbook is an unusual item to be reviewed in a medical journal. However, any book which has value to the medical profession in improving the health or well-being of the ill or suffering should be brought to their attention. The Allergy Cookbook is such a book. It is the first cookbook for allergic individuals I have seen.
Certain foods which cause allergic reactions—such as strawberries—can be eliminated from the diet easily. Many other foods which can produce allergic reactions are used in a large percentage of the foods we eat; frequently, we do not even know they are there.
Letter To The Editor
Authors: Schaller Jane 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Schaller commented as follows:
Concerning our grievous misspelling of the word "pruritus," I can only reply that we erred and hereby promise to do better forever after. Aside from the two letters received by the editor, this matter was solely brought to our attention by Dr. Rustin McIntosh of Tyringham, Massachusetts. May spelling buttons be awarded forthwith to these astute orthographers!1
We are well aware that Drs. Calabro's and Marchesano's article on rash was published in 1968, not 1958 (it was originally correctly cited) and that they mentioned in passing that "eruptions were nonpruritic except in one child."
Genetics and Counseling in Medical Practice, by Leonard E. Reisman, M.D. and Adam P. Matheny, Jr., Ph.D. St. Louis: The C. V. Mosby Company, 1969, 215 pp., $12.75
Authors: Porter Ian H. 
Published: December 2021

We have sorely missed good books on genetic counseling to supplant Sheldon C. Reed's Counseling in Medical Genetics (1963). Now they are appearing one after another: Genetic Counseling, by Walter Fuhrmann and Freidrich Vogel (1969), the long awaited book, Genetic Prognosis and Counseling edited by Arno G. Motulsky, and the book under review.
The quickening interest in medical genetics has led to an increase in the need for accurate genetic counseling by the clinician, the patient, and in the formation of public health policy.
THE TREATMENT OF RICKETS, AS SUGGESTED BY BOERHAAVE AND GLISSON AND INTERPRETED BY DR. JOHN THEOBALD OF LONDON IN 1764
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

In 1764 the Duke of Cumberland asked Dr. John Theobald of London to compile a medical guide for the young wife to manage her children from the time of their birth to the age of 7 years. In about 49 pages, Dr. Theobald wrote a book containing "everything necessary to be known relative to the nursing of children, from the time of their birth to the age of seven years; together with a plain and full account of every disorder, to which infants are subject, and a collection of efficacious remedies, suited to every disease."
This little book might well have been the "Spock" of its period. A good example of how Theobald presented the latest information about common pediatric diseases to young mothers—over 200 years ago—is this chapter on rickets.
This distemper most frequently affects children from nine months old, to two years and a half. The child at the beginning is seized with an aversion to motion, or exercise of any kind; the joints grow feeble and weak, and the flesh soft and flaccid; the head is over large, and the child's capacity exceeds its years. The belly is hard and very prominent; the bones of the arms and legs, grow crooked and are knotty at the joints; a cough comes on and difficulty of breathing; the pulse is low and languid, and an hectic fever carries off the child. Take of the beet manna a drachm and an half, of dried raisins an handful, common ale a pint; infuse them together for twelve hours, and then strain them; let the child drink a draught of this frequently. . .
SHOULD STEROIDS BE USED IN TREATING BRONCHIOLITIS?
Authors: Yaffe Sumner J. , Weiss Charles F. , Cann Howard M. , Gold Arnold P. , Kenny Frederic M. , Riley Harris D. , Schafer Irwin , Stern Leo , Shirkey Harry C. 
Published: December 2021

Since their introduction into clinical use, corticosteroids have been employed as therapeutic agents in virtually every known disease state, ranging from minor dermatologic disorders to major and serious diseases. These agents have undoubtedly altered the clinical picture and prognosis of certain diseases. However, the use of corticosteroids is always potentially associated with a variety of untoward effects, some of which may be life threatening, i.e., decreased resistance to infection, growth retardation, neurological reactions, hypertension, peptic ulcerations, and many others.1 The time honored principle—first do no harm—should always be the guideline of therapy, especially when a definite indication for a particular therapeutic agent has not been established.
In recent years corticosteroids have been employed in the treatment of bronchiolitis on the hypothesis that their anti-inflammatory action would decrease swelling, inflammation, and the consequent respiratory obstruction. The opinions of different investigators on the efficacy of corticosteroids in this disorder have varied greatly; some have regarded their use as ineffective and others as lifesaving. It is the purpose of this report to review the findings from various studies and to outline the current status the use of corticosteroids in this common disorder of infants and children.
Bronchiolitis is a common, acute respiratory syndrome characterized by infection of the bronchioles and respiratory distress of varying degrees due to obstructive emphysema. It is common in the first year of life and is rare in the child over 2 years of age. It frequently occurs in outbreaks. The great majority of cases are due to viruses, especially the respiratory syncitial, influenza B, and parainfluenza viruses, but it may be due to bacteria and other respiratory pathogens.
Intra-Uterine Transfusion, Continued
Authors: Bowman J. M. 
Published: December 2021

The paper, "Intra-uterine Transfusion: Fetal Outcome and Complications,"1 deserves comment.
The authors carried out 110 transfusions of 73 fetuses using a CO2 method to confirm placement of the catheter tip (or needle) in the peritoneal cavity of the fetus. On two occasions they injected blood into fetal bowel, on another into fetal bladder, and on a fourth into subcutaneous tissue. Such accidents imply that the CO2 method of confirmation of the catheter tip in the peritoneal cavity is not sufficiently accurate.
PEDIATRIC PERCEPTIONS
Authors: Wedgwood Ralph J. 
Published: December 2021

The training of graduates from foreign medical schools presents a special problem in medical education. Their presence in training programs can be regarded from two totally disparate points of view. The first view, probably most generally held, is that foreign medical graduates are less well prepared for internship and residency than their American counterparts. The difficulties imposed by language barriers, by differences in education, social customs, and values are a reality. From this perspective the foreign medical graduate is not as "desirable" a house officer as the graduate of an American medical school; programs with a large proportion of foreign medical graduates are considered less competitive, or strong, than those with fewer.
Hospitals, however, need house officers to provide patient care services. Since the end of World War II there have been far more positions available than applicants. Hospitals compete strongly for these physicians, often, it must be admitted, to utilize their services for patient care rather than to provide them with an educational opportunity. The national picture over the past 20 years (Fig. 1) shows this steady trend. In 1968-1969, about one third of all house officers in the United States were foreign graduates; nearly 20% of available house officer positions were unfilled.
Thus, a different but equally valid viewpoint, increasingly voiced but not frequently recognized, is that the foreign medical graduate is a vital component of our health manpower resources. The United States is heavily dependent upon the immigration of physicians to provide the health services needed by the expanding population.
CALCIUM DEFICIENCY RICKETS AND THE RENAL RESPONSE TO CALCIUM INFUSION
Authors: Maltz Howard E. , Fish Mathews B. , Holliday Malcolm A. 
Published: December 2021

The diagnosis in a 1-year-old female with skeletal and chemical rickets, generalized hyperaminoaciduria, and metabolic acidosis was uncertain, and primary renal disease (i.e., Fanconi "syndrome") was considered. She had been on a diet which was deficient in calcium (approximately 21 to 36 mg calcium daily) but adequate for phosphorus and vitamin D. Her skeletal and renal lesions resolved within 3 months on a high calcium diet.
Early in her hospital course, an intravenous calcium infusion provided 10 mg/kg calcium, as calcium gluconate over 3 hours; 8 to 10 hours later, a significant reduction in urinary amino acids and phosphorus was observed. The mechanism through which this response was mediated is postulated to be via reduction in circulating parathormone.
LOW BIRTH WEIGHT AND PRENATAL NUTRITION: AN INTERPRETATIVE REVIEW
Authors: Bergner Lawrence , Susser Mervyn W. 
Published: December 2021

Birth weight is considered as a possible crucial intervening variable in a causal sequence that leads from prenatal nutrition to perinatal mortality and retarded child development. Birth weight is shown to have a stronger correlation with perinatal mortality than length of gestation. In New York City, if black infants had the same birth weight distribution as white infants, and the same weight-specific perinatal death rates as they now do, their expected overall perinatal death rate would be the same as for white infants.
Three conclusions are germane to the prevention of low birth weight: first, the fetal growth that leads to important variation in birthweight occurs in the last trimester; second, birth weight is influenced by factors in the wider environment as well as in the maternal environment; and third, birth weight is influenced by factors having their origin and effect during gestation.
The role of maternal nutrition during gestation is then examined as a factor in birth weight. Observational studies of circumstances of wartime deprivation support a nutritional hypothesis, but observational studies of everyday diets in pregnancy, and quasi-experimental studies that supplement nutrition in pregnancy, have given equivocal results.
The hypothesis requires fresh testing. An experimental approach can eliminate or control many extraneous and confounding variables.
Letter To The Editor
Authors: Gold Arnold P. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Scanlon's observations concerning the combination of dextroamphetamine and ephedrine in a 7-year-old boy with hyperkinetic behavioral syndrome is most interesting and perhaps bears further investigation.
I am uncertain what was the effect of dextroamphetamine alone referable to the overall behavioral patterns. There are comments referable to headaches and visual phenomena, but there was no clear statement concerning the effect of this drug on hyperkinetic behavior.
In my experience with hyperkinetic children, headache is rarely mentioned as an unfavorable reaction to dextroamphetamine and for this reason I have not had the opportunity to evaluate the combination with ephedrine.
Evidence for Delayed Histidine Transamination in Neonates with Histidinemia
Authors: Levy Harvey L. , Madigan Phyllis M. , Peneva Petrana 
Published: December 2021

The excretion of metabolites of histidine transamination by histidinemics, specifically imidazolepyruvic acid (IPA), imidazolelactic acid (ILA), and imidazoleacetic acid (IAA) is less in the neonatal and early infancy periods than in later life; whereas, histidine excretion is generally greater in the early months of life. This suggests that early in life the maturation of histidine transaminase may be delayed.
In screening for histidinemia it is important to recognize that in neonates with histidinemia, IPA excretion may be very low or absent and thus that the ferric chloride test may be negative. For this reason screening procedures that detect increased histidine in urine are much more effective in the early diagnosis of histidinemia than are those procedures that detect only increased histidine metabolite excretion.
Fatal Staphylococcal Septicemia Associated with Use of Jet Injector for Measles Vaccination
Authors: Kassanoff Ira , Nahmias Andre J. , Abrutyn Elias 
Published: December 2021

Since 1956, when the jet injector was first used extensively for mass immunization, more than 100 million persons have received various vaccines by this method.1 Jet injectors have been used under crude field conditions as well as in the clinic-hospital environment. However, to the authors' knowledge, there have been no reports of lethal septic complications associated with the use of the jet injector gun.1,2
This report describes a fatal case of staphylococcal septicemia temporally associated with measles vaccine administration via jet injector, and calls attention to a severe, albeit infrequent, complication of jet injection.
Case Report
On October 23, 1968, during a community-wide campaign, a 2½-year-old Negro girl, previously in good health, received further attenuated (Schwarz) live measles virus vaccine via jet injector in the left deltoid region.
The Pediatrician and the Parent: A Neglected Opportunity
Authors: Cardullo Hugo M. 
Published: December 2021

Physicians who treat infants and preschoolers have a unique relationship with young parents which permits them to reach a most influential segment of the population. Thereby they have an opportunity to help to preserve and stabilize the fundamental unit of society-the family.
Few would disagree that the child from 0 to 5 years of age is in one of the most receptive periods in his life. Parental influences in the form of words, actions, and attitudes leave deep and indelible marks on the developing child.
NEONATAL ADRENAL INSUFFICIENCY ASSOCIATED WITH MATERNAL CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: Kreines Kenneth , Devaux William D. 
Published: December 2021

A female infant was delivered prematurely to a patient with Cushing's syndrome due to adrenal adenoma. At 20 hours of life the infant developed vascular collapse, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia. These features of adrenal insufficiency responded promptly to the administration of hydrocortisone and saline. At 7 weeks, responsiveness of the infant's adrenal cortices to exogenous ACTH was demonstrated. Steroid replacement was subsequently discontinued and the infant has remained well.
Attention is drawn to the unusually high prevalence of adrenal adenoma and carcinoma among the reported cases of pregnancy during Cushing's syndrome.