bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Partial Effectiveness of Indoctrination in Autocracies
Authors: de Juan Alexander , Haass Felix , Pierskalla Jan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDictators depend on a committed bureaucracy to implement their policy preferences. But how do they induce loyalty and effort within their civil service? The authors study indoctrination through forced military service as a cost-effective strategy for achieving this goal. Conscription allows the regime to expose recruits, including future civil servants, to intense “political training” in a controlled environment, which should improve system engagement. To test this hypothesis, the authors analyze archival data on over 370,000 cadres from the former German Democratic Republic. Exploiting the introduction of mandatory service in the gdr in 1962 for causal identification, they find a positive effect of conscription on bureaucrats’ system engagement. Additional analyses indicate that this effect likely did not result from deep norm internalization. Findings are more compatible with the idea that political training familiarized recruits with elite preferences, allowing them to behave strategically in accordance with the rules of the game.
New repetitive motion planning scheme with cube end-effector planning precision for redundant robotic manipulators
Authors: Shen Limin , Wen Yuanmei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRepetitive motion planning (RMP) is important in operating redundant robotic manipulators. In this paper, a new RMP scheme that is based on the pseudoinverse formulation is proposed for redundant robotic manipulators. Such a scheme is derived from the discretization of an existing RMP scheme by utilizing the difference formula. Then, theoretical analysis and results are presented to show the characteristic of the proposed RMP scheme. That is, this scheme possesses the characteristic of cube pattern in the end-effector planning precision. The proposed RMP scheme is further extended and studied for redundant robotic manipulators under joint constraint. Based on a four-link robotic manipulator, simulation results substantiate the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed RMP scheme and its extended one.
The MINT Sprint: Exploring a Fast Administration Procedure with an Expanded Multilingual Naming Test
Authors: Garcia Dalia L. , Gollan Tamar H. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectives:The present study examined if time-pressured administration of an expanded Multilingual Naming Test (MINT) would improve or compromise assessment of bilingual language proficiency and language dominance.Methods:Eighty Spanish–English bilinguals viewed a grid with 80 MINT-Sprint pictures and were asked to name as many pictures as possible in 3 min in each language in counterbalanced order. An Oral Proficiency Interview rated by four native Spanish–English bilinguals provided independent assessment of proficiency level. Bilinguals also self-rated their proficiency, completed two subtests of the Woodcock-Muñoz, and a speeded translation recognition test. We compared scores after 2 min, a first-pass through all the pictures, and a second-pass in which bilinguals were prompted to try to name skipped items.Results:The MINT Sprint and a subset score including original MINT items were highly correlated with Oral Proficiency Interview scores for predicting the degree of language dominance – matching or outperforming all other measures. Self-ratings provided weaker measures (especially of degree of balance – i.e., bilingual index scores) and did not explain any unique variance in measuring the degree of language dominance when considered together with second-pass naming scores. The 2-min scoring procedure did not improve and appeared not to hamper assessment of absolute proficiency level but prompting to try to name skipped items improved assessment of language dominance and naming scores, especially in the nondominant language.Conclusions:Time-pressured rapid naming saves time without significantly compromising assessment of proficiency level. However, breadth of vocabulary knowledge may be as important as retrieval speed for maximizing the accuracy in proficiency assessment.
A FIRST-ORDER FRAMEWORK FOR INQUISITIVE MODAL LOGIC
Authors: MEISSNER SILKE , OTTO MARTIN 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe present a natural standard translation of inquisitive modal logic
$\mathrm{InqML}$
into first-order logic over the natural two-sorted relational representations of the intended models, which captures the built-in higher-order features of
$\mathrm{InqML}$
. This translation is based on a graded notion of flatness that ties the inherent second-order, team-semantic features of
$\mathrm{InqML}$
over information states to subsets or tuples of bounded size. A natural notion of pseudo-models, which relaxes the non-elementary constraints on the intended models, gives rise to an elementary, purely model-theoretic proof of the compactness property for
$\mathrm{InqML}$
. Moreover, we prove a Hennessy-Milner theorem for
$\mathrm{InqML}$
, which crucially uses
$\omega $
-saturated pseudo-models and the new standard translation. As corollaries we also obtain van Benthem style characterisation theorems.
OPERANDS AND INSTANCES
Authors: FRITZ PETER 
Published: August 2021

AbstractCan conjunctive propositions be identical without their conjuncts being identical? Can universally quantified propositions be identical without their instances being identical? On a common conception of propositions, on which they inherit the logical structure of the sentences which express them, the answer is negative both times. Here, it will be shown that such a negative answer to both questions is inconsistent, assuming a standard type-theoretic formalization of theorizing about propositions. The result is not specific to conjunction and universal quantification, but applies to any binary operator and propositional quantifier. It is also shown that the result essentially arises out of giving a negative answer to both questions, as each negative answer is consistent by itself.
Germination response of black nightshade (Solanum nigrum) to temperature and the establishment of a thermal time model
Authors: Ma Ziqing , Huang Hongjuan , Huang Zhaofeng , Guo Dongjing , Saeed Muhammad , Jiang Cuilan , Chen Zhaoxia , Wei Shouhui 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBlack nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) is one of the worst weeds in crop fields, and it spreads mainly by the dispersal of seeds. Temperature is one of the key environmental factors affecting seed germination. We investigated the seed germination response to temperature in six populations of S. nigrum from mid- to northern China and derived mathematical models from germination data. The results showed that S. nigrum seeds exhibit distinct germination responses to temperature within the range of 15 to 35 C. The optimum temperature for populations XJ1600, JL1697, and HLJ2134 was 30 C, and those for populations NMG1704, HN2160, and LN2209 were 25, 20, and 15 C, respectively. Based on the nonlinear fitting and thermal time models, the predicted base temperatures of the six populations ranged from 2.3 to 6.4 C, and the required accumulated growing degree days (GDD) ranged from 50.3 to 106.0 C·d. The base temperatures and the accumulated GDD for germination differed among populations, and there was a significant negative correlation. HLJ2134 population required a high base temperature and accumulated GDD for germination, indicating that it might be highly adapted to a warmer and moister environment. Based on the different germination responses of S. nigrum populations to temperature, the thermal time model reflects an innate relationship between base temperature and accumulated GDD required for initiation of seed germination, which provides a better basis for predicting seedling emergence and the timing for optimal control of S. nigrum under field conditions.
Lagrangian Data Assimilation and Parameter Estimation of an Idealized Sea Ice Discrete Element Model
Authors: Chen Nan , Fu Shubin , Manucharyan Georgy 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSea ice is a complex media composed of discrete interacting elements of various sizes and thicknesses (floes), and at sufficiently small lengthscales it can not be approximated as a continuous media as routinely done at large scales. While the Eulerian data assimilation is a relatively mature field, techniques for assimilation of satellite‐derived Lagrangian trajectories of sea ice floes remain poorly explored. Here, an idealized discrete element sea ice model is developed and used as a testbed to quantify the efficacy of the minimum approximation for the Lagrangian data assimilation in an one‐way coupled ice‐ocean system. First, it is shown that observations of O(100) floes in a 50 km by 50 km domain are needed to achieve a high data assimilation accuracy, with a large observational timestep of 1 day being sufficient to recover the geophysically balanced part of the unobserved ocean flow, while about a 2‐h timestep is necessary to recover the unbalanced flows. Second, a simple stochastic parameterization is shown to improve the assimilation accuracy when only a small subset of floes is observed or there is a significant model error resulting for example from simplifying the collision laws between floes. Finally, an efficient expectation‐maximization algorithm is developed that succeeds in assimilating the ocean flow and simultaneously estimating individual floe thicknesses and the overall thickness distribution function. Our study implies that the minimum approximation with its closed analytical formulae could potentially provide an efficient data assimilation scheme for satellite observations of sea ice floes.
Lipocalin-2 and calprotectin as stool biomarkers for predicting necrotizing enterocolitis in premature neonates
Authors: Thibault Marie-Pier , Tremblay Éric , Horth Chantal , Fournier-Morin Aube , Grynspan David , Babakissa Corentin , Levy Emile , Ferretti Emanuela , Bertelle Valérie , Beaulieu Jean-François 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a major challenge for premature infants in neonatal intensive care units and efforts toward the search for indicators that could be used to predict the development of the disease have given limited results until now.

Methods
In this study, stools from 132 very low birth weight infants were collected daily in the context of a multi-center prospective study aimed at investigating the potential of fecal biomarkers for NEC prediction. Eight infants (~6%) received a stage 3 NEC diagnosis. Their stools collected up to 10 days before diagnosis were included and matched with 14 non-NEC controls and tested by ELISA for the quantitation of eight biomarkers.

Results
Biomarkers were evaluated in all available stool samples leading to the identification of lipocalin-2 and calprotectin as the two most reliable predicting markers over the 10-day period prior to NEC development. Pooling the data for each infant confirmed the significance of lipocalin-2 and calprotectin, individually and in combination 1 week in advance of the NEC clinical diagnosis.

Conclusions
The lipocalin-2 and calprotectin tandem represents a significant biomarker signature for predicting NEC development. Although not yet fulfilling the “perfect biomarker” criteria, it represents a first step toward it.

Impact

Stool biomarkers can be used to predict NEC development in very low birth weight infants more than a week before the diagnosis.

LCN2 was identified as a new robust biomarker for predicting NEC development, which used in conjunction with CALPRO, allows the identification of more than half of the cases that will develop NEC in very low birth weight infants.

Combining more stool markers with the LCN2/CALPRO tandem such as PGE2 can further improve the algorithm for the prediction of NEC development.
Spatial separation of ribosomes and DNA in Asgard archaeal cells
Authors: Avcı Burak , Brandt Jakob , Nachmias Dikla , Elia Natalie , Albertsen Mads , Ettema Thijs J G , Schramm Andreas , Kjeldsen Kasper Urup 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The origin of the eukaryotic cell is a major open question in biology. Asgard archaea are the closest known prokaryotic relatives of eukaryotes, and their genomes encode various eukaryotic signature proteins, indicating some elements of cellular complexity prior to the emergence of the first eukaryotic cell. Yet, microscopic evidence to demonstrate the cellular structure of uncultivated Asgard archaea in the environment is thus far lacking. We used primer-free sequencing to retrieve 715 almost full-length Loki- and Heimdallarchaeota 16S rRNA sequences and designed novel oligonucleotide probes to visualize their cells in marine sediments (Aarhus Bay, Denmark) using catalyzed reporter deposition-fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD-FISH). Super-resolution microscopy revealed 1–2 µm large, coccoid cells, sometimes occurring as aggregates. Remarkably, the DNA staining was spatially separated from ribosome-originated FISH signals by 50–280 nm. This suggests that the genomic material is condensed and spatially distinct in a particular location and could indicate compartmentalization or membrane invagination in Asgard archaeal cells.
Regulation of antitumor immunity by inflammation-induced epigenetic alterations
Authors: Karin Michael , Shalapour Shabnam 
Published: August 2021

AbstractChronic inflammation promotes tumor development, progression, and metastatic dissemination and causes treatment resistance. The accumulation of genetic alterations and loss of normal cellular regulatory processes are not only associated with cancer growth and progression but also result in the expression of tumor-specific and tumor-associated antigens that may activate antitumor immunity. This antagonism between inflammation and immunity and the ability of cancer cells to avoid immune detection affect the course of cancer development and treatment outcomes. While inflammation, particularly acute inflammation, supports T-cell priming, activation, and infiltration into infected tissues, chronic inflammation is mostly immunosuppressive. However, the main mechanisms that dictate the outcome of the inflammation-immunity interplay are not well understood. Recent data suggest that inflammation triggers epigenetic alterations in cancer cells and components of the tumor microenvironment. These alterations can affect and modulate numerous aspects of cancer development, including tumor growth, the metabolic state, metastatic spread, immune escape, and immunosuppressive or immunosupportive leukocyte generation. In this review, we discuss the role of inflammation in initiating epigenetic alterations in immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts, and cancer cells and suggest how and when epigenetic interventions can be combined with immunotherapies to improve therapeutic outcomes.
Tempering of cocoa butter and chocolate using minor lipidic components
Authors: Chen Jay , Ghazani Saeed M. , Stobbs Jarvis A. , Marangoni Alejandro G. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractChocolate manufacture includes a complex tempering procedure to direct the crystallization of cocoa butter towards the formation of fat crystal networks with specific polymorphism, nano- and microstructure, melting behavior, surface gloss and mechanical properties. Here we investigate the effects of adding various minor non-triglyceride lipidic components to refined cocoa butter and chocolate on their physical properties. We discover that addition of saturated phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine to neutralized and bleached cocoa butter or molten and recrystallized commercial chocolate at 0.1% (w/w) levels, followed by rapid cooling to 20 °C in the absence of shear, accelerates crystallization, stabilizes the desirable Form V polymorph and induces the formation of chocolate with an optimal microstructure, surface gloss and mechanical strength. Final chocolate structure and properties are comparable to those of a commercial tempered chocolate. Minor lipidic component addition represents an effective way to engineer chocolate material properties at different length scales, thus simplifying the entire tempering process.
A quantitative model predicts how m6A reshapes the kinetic landscape of nucleic acid hybridization and conformational transitions
Authors: Liu Bei , Shi Honglue , Rangadurai Atul , Nussbaumer Felix , Chu Chia-Chieh , Erharter Kevin Andreas , Case David A. , Kreutz Christoph , Al-Hashimi Hashim M. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTN6-methyladenosine (m6A) is a post-transcriptional modification that controls gene expression by recruiting proteins to RNA sites. The modification also slows biochemical processes through mechanisms that are not understood. Using temperature-dependent (20°C–65°C) NMR relaxation dispersion, we show that m6A pairs with uridine with the methylamino group in the anti conformation to form a Watson-Crick base pair that transiently exchanges on the millisecond timescale with a singly hydrogen-bonded low-populated (1%) mismatch-like conformation in which the methylamino group is syn. This ability to rapidly interchange between Watson-Crick or mismatch-like forms, combined with different syn:anti isomer preferences when paired (~1:100) versus unpaired (~10:1), explains how m6A robustly slows duplex annealing without affecting melting at elevated temperatures via two pathways in which isomerization occurs before or after duplex annealing. Our model quantitatively predicts how m6A reshapes the kinetic landscape of nucleic acid hybridization and conformational transitions, and provides an explanation for why the modification robustly slows diverse cellular processes.
Changes in the distribution of fitness effects and adaptive mutational spectra following a single first step towards adaptation
Authors: Aggeli Dimitra , Li Yuping , Sherlock Gavin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractHistorical contingency and diminishing returns epistasis have been typically studied for relatively divergent genotypes and/or over long evolutionary timescales. Here, we use Saccharomyces cerevisiae to study the extent of diminishing returns and the changes in the adaptive mutational spectra following a single first adaptive mutational step. We further evolve three clones that arose under identical conditions from a common ancestor. We follow their evolutionary dynamics by lineage tracking and determine adaptive outcomes using fitness assays and whole genome sequencing. We find that diminishing returns manifests as smaller fitness gains during the 2nd step of adaptation compared to the 1st step, mainly due to a compressed distribution of fitness effects. We also find that the beneficial mutational spectra for the 2nd adaptive step are contingent on the 1st step, as we see both shared and diverging adaptive strategies. Finally, we find that adaptive loss-of-function mutations, such as nonsense and frameshift mutations, are less common in the second step of adaptation than in the first step.
4K-memristor analog-grade passive crossbar circuit
Authors: Kim H. , Mahmoodi M. R. , Nili H. , Strukov D. B. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe superior density of passive analog-grade memristive crossbar circuits enables storing large neural network models directly on specialized neuromorphic chips to avoid costly off-chip communication. To ensure efficient use of such circuits in neuromorphic systems, memristor variations must be substantially lower than those of active memory devices. Here we report a 64 × 64 passive crossbar circuit with ~99% functional nonvolatile metal-oxide memristors. The fabrication technology is based on a foundry-compatible process with etch-down patterning and a low-temperature budget. The achieved <26% coefficient of variance in memristor switching voltages is sufficient for programming a 4K-pixel gray-scale pattern with a <4% relative tuning error on average. Analog properties are also successfully verified via experimental demonstration of a 64 × 10 vector-by-matrix multiplication with an average 1% relative conductance import accuracy to model the MNIST image classification by ex-situ trained single-layer perceptron, and modeling of a large-scale multilayer perceptron classifier based on more advanced conductance tuning algorithm.
Close association between non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine
Authors: Endo Tsutomu , Koike Yoshinao , Miyoshi Hideaki , Hisada Yuichiro , Fujita Ryo , Suzuki Ryota , Tanaka Masaru , Tsujimoto Takeru , Shimamura Yukitoshi , Hasegawa Yuichi , Kanayama Masahiro , Hashimoto Tomoyuki , Oha Fumihiro , Noro Naoki , Komano Kiyofumi , Ishii Misaki , Ito Yoichi M. , Iwasaki Norimasa , Takahata Masahiko 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOssification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) of the spine is a disease of unknown etiology occurring frequently in individuals with metabolic disturbances. Obesity has been suggested as a potential risk factor for the severity of OPLL. We aimed to investigate whether non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with OPLL severity. We assessed the severity of NAFLD by a liver-to-spleen (L/S) ratio on computed tomography (CT) scans of 85 symptomatic OPLL patients at a single institution in Japan. We also assessed the severity of OPLL by CT reconstruction sagittal and axial images. The prevalence of NAFLD in middle-aged patients (age < 70 years, n = 50) was 80.3%, which was 2.5–8 times higher than that in the general Japanese population (9–30%). The ossification index of the spinal ligaments increased in proportion to the severity of fatty liver. The L/S ratio was revealed as a significant risk factor associated with the total ossification index (standardized β: -0.40, 95% confidence interval − 54.34 to − 4.22). This study suggests the potential contribution of NAFLD to the progression of OPLL. The close association between NAFLD and OPLL demonstrated in this study warrants further study to elucidate the causal nature of this relationship.
Classical BSE prions emerge from asymptomatic pigs challenged with atypical/Nor98 scrapie
Authors: Marín Belén , Otero Alicia , Lugan Séverine , Espinosa Juan Carlos , Marín-Moreno Alba , Vidal Enric , Hedman Carlos , Romero Antonio , Pumarola Martí , Badiola Juan J. , Torres Juan María , Andréoletti Olivier , Bolea Rosa 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPigs are susceptible to infection with the classical bovine spongiform encephalopathy (C-BSE) agent following experimental inoculation, and PrPSc accumulation was detected in porcine tissues after the inoculation of certain scrapie and chronic wasting disease isolates. However, a robust transmission barrier has been described in this species and, although they were exposed to C-BSE agent in many European countries, no cases of natural transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) infections have been reported in pigs. Transmission of atypical scrapie to bovinized mice resulted in the emergence of C-BSE prions. Here, we conducted a study to determine if pigs are susceptible to atypical scrapie. To this end, 12, 8–9-month-old minipigs were intracerebrally inoculated with two atypical scrapie sources. Animals were euthanized between 22- and 72-months post inoculation without clinical signs of TSE. All pigs tested negative for PrPSc accumulation by enzyme immunoassay, immunohistochemistry, western blotting and bioassay in porcine PrP mice. Surprisingly, in vitro protein misfolding cyclic amplification demonstrated the presence of C-BSE prions in different brain areas from seven pigs inoculated with both atypical scrapie isolates. Our results suggest that pigs exposed to atypical scrapie prions could become a reservoir for C-BSE and corroborate that C-BSE prions emerge during interspecies passage of atypical scrapie.