bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A meta‐analysis of the effects of fragmentation on the megadiverse herpetofauna of Brazil
Authors: Teixido Alberto L. , Sehn Heivanice , Quintanilla Luis G. , Gonçalves Stela R. A. , Férnandez‐Arellano Gilberto J. , Dáttilo Wesley , Izzo Thiago J. , Layme Viviane M. G. , Moreira Leonardo F. B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHabitat loss and fragmentation are the primary causes of global population decline of amphibians and reptiles. In Brazil, that hosts an extraordinary herpetofaunal richness, amphibians and reptiles are clearly undersampled among vertebrate groups in fragmentation research. This bias may underestimate the effects of fragmentation on herpetofauna in this megadiverse country. Here, we conducted an exhaustive literature review to evaluate the effects and patterns of fragmentation on amphibians and reptiles in Brazil. We analyzed 55 papers between 1994 and 2020, comprising 350 cases of the effect (positive, negative, or neutral) of a given fragmentation metric on a particular biological response. Forest biomes (Amazon and Atlantic Forest) were largely overrepresented in relation to non‐forest biomes, comprising 82% of studies. We also found a disproportional prevalence of fragmentation articles on amphibians (75%). Among lower taxonomic groups, Anura and Testudines were significantly overrepresented, whereas Caudata and Crocodylia were neglected. Fragment size reduction, habitat degradation, habitat loss, and matrix contrast were the most studied metrics (70% of studies), while single‐species abundance was the most considered response (59%). The effects of fragmentation were not statistically different between amphibians and reptiles. In general, the impacts were predominantly negative or neutral, while positive effects were infrequent or even non‐existent. Our findings suggest that amphibians and reptiles respond similarly and may not be as vulnerable to fragmentation. We call future research to consider non‐forest biomes and less‐studied taxonomic groups (e.g., Squamata) to fully understand the effects of fragmentation on the megadiverse Brazilian herpetofauna and to take well‐informed conservation actions.
Preoperative oral antibiotics with versus without mechanical bowel preparation to reduce surgical site infections following colonic resection: Protocol for an international randomized controlled trial (ORALEV2)
Authors: Pellino Gianluca , Solís‐Peña Alejandro , Kraft Miquel , Huguet Bernat Miguel , Espín‐Basany Eloy 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimSurgical site infections (SSIs) are common after colonic surgery. SSIs can cause relevant morbidity and increase costs of care. Preoperative oral antibiotics can reduce the incidence of SSIs after resection of the colon, but the role of mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) is debated. This study aims to assess the impact of a combined regimen of oral antibiotics and MBP on SSIs after colonic surgery.MethodsAn international, multicentre, pragmatic, adaptive, parallel‐group, randomized controlled trial will be conducted across Europe. Adult patients scheduled to undergo elective colonic resection will be assessed for inclusion. Patients will be randomized into one of two treatment arms: (1) preoperative oral antibiotics without MBP (control); (2) preoperative oral antibiotics with MBP (experimental). All patients will receive intravenous antibiotics at anaesthetic induction. The primary aim will be 30‐day SSI, assessed by a blinded nurse. Additional end‐points include safety, morbidity and mortality, satisfaction with the preparation, time to return of bowel function, time to complete recovery and time to discharge, long‐term results. Analyses will be performed with a modified intention‐to‐treat approach. Interim analyses are planned.DiscussionThis will be the first randomized clinical trial to assess the efficacy and safety of preoperative oral antibiotics plus MBP versus preoperative oral antibiotics only, before colonic surgery. The knowledge obtained could help to establish the ideal preparation for patients scheduled to undergo resection of the colon. Full protocol NCT04161599.
Word Senses as Clusters of Meaning Modulations: A Computational Model of Polysemy
Authors: Li Jiangtian , Joanisse Marc F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMost words in natural languages are polysemous; that is, they have related but different meanings in different contexts. This one‐to‐many mapping of form to meaning presents a challenge to understanding how word meanings are learned, represented, and processed. Previous work has focused on solutions in which multiple static semantic representations are linked to a single word form, which fails to capture important generalizations about how polysemous words are used; in particular, the graded nature of polysemous senses, and the flexibility and regularity of polysemy use. We provide a novel view of how polysemous words are represented and processed, focusing on how meaning is modulated by context. Our theory is implemented within a recurrent neural network that learns distributional information through exposure to a large and representative corpus of English. Clusters of meaning emerge from how the model processes individual word forms. In keeping with distributional theories of semantics, we suggest word meanings are generalized from contexts of different word tokens, with polysemy emerging as multiple clusters of contextually modulated meanings. We validate our results against a human‐annotated corpus of polysemy focusing on the gradedness, flexibility, and regularity of polysemous sense individuation, as well as behavioral findings of offline sense relatedness ratings and online sentence processing. The results provide novel insights into how polysemy emerges from contextual processing of word meaning from both a theoretical and computational point of view.
Question Design Affects Students' Sense‐Making on Mathematics Word Problems
Authors: Kirkland Patrick K. , McNeil Nicole M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMathematics word problems provide students with an opportunity to apply what they are learning in their mathematics classes to the world around them. However, students often neglect their knowledge of the world and provide nonsensical responses (e.g., they may answer that a school needs 12.5 buses for a field trip). This study examined if the question design of word problems affects students' mindset in ways that affect subsequent sense‐making. The hypothesis was that rewriting standard word problems to introduce inherent uncertainty about the result would be beneficial to student performance and sense‐making because it requires students to reason explicitly about the context described in the problem. Middle school students (N = 229) were randomly assigned to one of three conditions. In the standard textbook condition, students solved a set of six word problems taken from current textbooks. In the modified yes/no condition, students solved the same six problems rewritten so the solution helped answer a “yes” or “no” question. In the disfluency control condition, students solved the standard problems each rewritten in a variety of fonts to make them look unusual. After solving the six problems in their assigned condition, all students solved the same three “problematic” problems designed to assess sense‐making. Contrary to predictions, results showed that students in the modified yes/no condition solved the fewest problems correctly in their assigned condition problem set. However, consistent with predictions, they subsequently demonstrated more sense‐making on the three problematic problems. Results suggest that standard textbook word problems may be able to be rewritten in ways that mitigate a “senseless” mindset.
The Effect of Cognitive Load on Intent‐Based Moral Judgment
Authors: Martin Justin W. , Buon Marine , Cushman Fiery 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhen making a moral judgment, people largely care about two factors: Who did it (causal responsibility), and did they intend to (intention)? Since Piaget's seminal studies, we have known that as children mature, they gradually place greater emphasis on intention, and less on mere bad outcomes, when making moral judgments. Today, we know that this developmental shift has several signature properties. Recently, it has been shown that when adults make moral judgments under cognitive load, they exhibit a pattern similar to young children; that is, their judgments become notably more outcome based. Here, we show that all of the same signature properties that accompany the outcome‐to‐intent shift in childhood characterize the “intent‐to‐outcome” shift obtained under cognitive load in adults. These findings hold important implications for current theories of moral judgment.
What Is the Buzz About Iconicity? How Iconicity in Caregiver Speech Supports Children's Word Learning
Authors: Perry Lynn K. , Custode Stephanie A. , Fasano Regina M. , Gonzalez Brittney M. , Savy Jordyn D. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOne cue that may facilitate children's word learning is iconicity, or the correspondence between a word's form and meaning. Some have even proposed that iconicity in the early lexicon may serve to help children learn how to learn words, supporting the acquisition of even noniconic, or arbitrary, word–referent associations. However, this proposal remains untested. Here, we investigate the iconicity of caregivers’ speech to young children during a naturalistic free‐play session with novel stimuli and ask whether the iconicity of caregivers’ speech facilitates children's learning of the noniconic novel names of those stimuli. Thirty‐four 1.5‐2‐year‐olds (19 girls; half monolingual English learners and half bilingual English‐Spanish learners) participated in a naturalistic free‐play task with their caregivers followed by a test of word‐referent retention. We found that caregivers’ use of iconicity, particularly in utterances in which they named the novel stimuli, was associated with the likelihood that children learned that novel name. This result held even when controlling for other factors associated with word learning, such as the concreteness and frequency of words in caregiver speech. Together, the results demonstrate that iconicity not only can serve to help children identify the referent of novel words (as in previous research) but can also support their ability to retain even noniconic word‐referent mappings.
A Model‐Data‐Fit‐Informed Approach to Score Resolution in Performance Assessments
Authors: Wind Stefanie A. , Walker A. Adrienne 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMany large‐scale performance assessments include score resolution procedures for resolving discrepancies in rater judgments. The goal of score resolution is conceptually similar to person fit analyses: To identify students for whom observed scores may not accurately reflect their achievement. Previously, researchers have observed that rater‐agreement methods and person fit analyses result in similar conclusions about which students’ achievement estimates warrant additional investigation, and that score resolution generally improves person fit. We consider the implications of using person fit analysis as an initial step to identify performances for score resolution, and of using fit indices to identify raters to provide additional ratings. We simulated student responses to multiple‐choice items and a writing task. We simulated various types of person misfit in the writing task and identified the persons who needed resolution using a person‐fit index. Results indicate larger improvements in person fit after resolution when the person fit approach was used compared to a rater‐agreement approach. With the fit‐informed approach, person fit improved for of the misfitting students; with the rater‐agreement approach, person fit improved for around one third of these students. We consider the implications of our findings for mixed‐format assessments.
Antihyperlipidemic effect of selected pyrimidine derivatives mediated through multiple pathways
Authors: Irshad Nadeem , Khan Arif‐ullah , Shah Fawad Ali , Nadeem Humaira , Ashraf Zaman , Tipu Muhammad Khalid , Li Shupeng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHyperlipidemia is worth‐mentioning risk factor in quickly expanding atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, and stroke. This study attempted to determine effectiveness of selected pyrimidine derivatives: 5‐(3‐Hydroxybenzylidene)‐2, 4, 6(1H, 3H, 5H)‐pyrimidinetrione (SR‐5), 5‐(4‐Hydroxybenzylidene)‐2, 4, 6(1H, 3H, 5H)‐pyrimidinetrione (SR‐8), 5‐(3‐Chlorobenzylidene)‐2, 4, 6(1H, 3H, 5H)‐pyrimidinetrione (SR‐9), and 5‐(4‐Chlorobenzylidene)‐2, 4, 6(1H, 3H, 5H)‐pyrimidinetrione (SR‐10) against hyperlipidemia. In silico results revealed that SR‐5, SR‐8, SR‐9, and SR‐10 exhibited high affinity with 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMGCoA) possessing binding energy values of −8.2, −8.4, −8.6, and −9.5 Kcal/mol, respectively, and moderate (<−8 Kcal/mol) against other selected targets. In vivo findings showed that test drugs (25 and 50 mg/Kg) significantly decreased HFD rat total cholesterol, triglycerides, low‐density lipoprotein, very‐low‐density lipoprotein, atherogenic index, coronary risk index, alkaline phosphatase, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, and bilirubin and increased high‐density lipoprotein (p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p < 0.001 vs HFD group). In animal liver tissues, SR‐5, SR‐8, SR‐9, and SR‐10 inhibited HMGCoA reductase enzyme, enhanced glutathione‐s‐transferase, reduced glutathione, catalase levels, improved cellular architecture in histopathological examination, and decreased expression of inflammatory markers: cyclo‐oxygenase 2, tumor necrosis factor alpha, phosphorylated c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, and phosphorylated‐nuclear factor kappa B, evidenced in immunohistochemistry and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay molecular investigations. This study indicates that SR‐5, SR‐8, SR‐9, and SR‐10 exhibit antihyperlipidemic action, mediated possibly through HMGCoA inhibition, hepatoprotection, antioxidant, and anti‐inflammatory pathways.
Women’s financial well‐being: A systematic literature review and directions for future research
Authors: Gonçalves Virginia Nicolau , Ponchio Mateus Canniatti , Basílio Roberta Gabriela 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe study of financial well‐being has gained attention in recent years and a number of scholarly articles have pointed to gender‐related differences and their antecedents and consequents. The continuous growth of scholarly literature on women’s financial well‐being and its dispersion impose difficulties for researchers to comprehensively assess the state of knowledge on the topic. In this context, the objectives of this research are to conduct a systematic literature review of women’s financial well‐being and to propose directions for future research. This study comprises a review of 130 articles published in peer‐reviewed journals over the period 1990–2020. Bibliometric analysis was used to identify the year of publication and the countries surveyed, journal of publication, methodologies, concepts, measures and theoretical frameworks utilized; subsequent content analysis allowed us to summarize the main findings. We organized the identified antecedents of women’s financial well‐being into three categories: individual, household and community and societal level elements. The elements that constitute these categories are discussed and our findings point to important gender‐related differences. Based on the identified literature gaps, directions for future research are proposed. The theoretical contribution of this study lies in delivering a comprehensive overview of available evidence on women’s financial well‐being. Its practical and societal implications include the provision of knowledge that may allow better targeting of financial education programmes, economic empowerment interventions and public policies, which may help reduce the financial well‐being gender gap.
How does outmigration behaviour cascade within the community of origin? A socio‐historical approach to migrant network analysis using the Philippines case
Authors: Tabuga Aubrey Duldulao 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper examines network structure and composition in international migration diffusion. Using original data from a rural village in the Philippines, it combines social network analysis and descriptive approach to arrive at a set of propositions about why some initial migration lead to expansion while others do not. It argues that migration diffusion is attributed, in part, to the dispersed distribution and strategic position of pioneers in the network at the beginning, which allowed a seemingly even migration expansion as pioneers facilitated subsequent migration activities. Had the initial context fostered pioneer migration to transpire only among few families, and if pioneers were positioned less centrally, the outcome might have been a less extensive diffusion. Furthermore, the analysis shows that migration is more likely to diffuse among members of a family cluster and might cease to diffuse at the border of their inner social circles.
Efficient near‐infrared pyroxene phosphor LiInGe2O6:Cr3+for NIR spectroscopy application
Authors: Liu Tianyao , Cai Hao , Mao Ning , Song Zhen , Liu Quanlin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBroadband near‐infrared phosphors are essential to realize nondestructive analysis in food industry and biomedical areas. Efficient long‐wavelength (>830 nm) phosphors are strongly desired for practical applications. Herein, we demonstrate an efficient broadband NIR phosphor LiInGe2O6:Cr3+, which exhibits a broad NIR emission peaking at ~880 nm with a full width at half maximum of 172 nm upon 460 nm excitation. The internal/external quantum efficiencies of LiInGe2O6:Cr3+are measured to be 81.2% and 39.8%, respectively. The absorption of the phosphor matches well with commercial blue LEDs. Using the fabricated phosphor converted LED illuminating human palm, distribution of blood vessels can be clearly recognized under a NIR camera. These results indicate that LiInGe2O6:Cr3+is a promising candidate to be used in future non‐destructive biological applications.
Murine models of rosacea: a review
Authors: Zhang Hanlin , Zhang Menglu , Wang Yuanzhuo , Zheng Qingyue , Tang Keyun , Liu Runzhu , Li Xianmei , Fang Rouyu , Sun Qiuning 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRosacea is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by facial flushing, erythema, telangiectasia, papules, and pustules. Its pathogenesis has not been fully understood. In 2017, the global ROSacea COnsensus (ROSCO) panel updated the diagnosis, classification, and assessment of rosacea. Phenotype‐based treatments and long‐term managements have also been recommended. Murine models are a powerful tool in unveiling and dissecting the mechanisms of human diseases. Here, we summarized murine models of rosacea developed or used in previous research, including LL‐37 intradermal injection model, KLK‐5‐induced inflammation model, croton oil inflammation model, 12‐O‐Tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate inflammation model, arachidonic acid inflammation model, RTX‐induced vasodilation model, and UVB‐induced model. LL‐37 injection model has become the most intensively used model in rosacea research. Each model could show the pathophysiological and clinical features of rosacea to some extent. However, no model can show the full picture of the characteristics of rosacea. Improving existed murine models, developing new murine models, and applying them to pathogenesis and treatment research on rosacea are highly warranted in the future.
Trueness and Precision of Economical Smartphone‐Based Virtual Facebow Records
Authors: Li Junying , Chen Zhaozhao , Decker Ann M. , Wang Hom‐Lay , Joda Tim , Mendonca Gustavo , Lepidi Luca 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the trueness and precision of virtual facebow records using a smartphone as a three‐dimensional (3D) face scanner.Material and MethodsTwenty repeated virtual facebow records were performed on two subjects using a smartphone as a 3D face scanner. For each subject, a virtual facebow was attached to his/her maxillary arch, and face scans were performed using a smartphone with a 3D scan application. The subject's maxillary arch intraoral scan was aligned to the face scan by the virtual facebow fork. This procedure was repeated 10 times for each subject. To investigate if the maxillary scan is located at the right position to the face, these virtual facebow records were superimposed to a cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) head scan from the same subject by matching the face scan to the 3D face reconstruction from CBCT images. The location of maxillary arch in virtual facebow records was compared with its position in CBCT. The “trueness” of the proposed procedure is defined as the deviation between maxilla arch position in virtual facebow records and the CBCT images. The “precision” is defined as the deviation between each virtual facebow record. The linear deviation at left central incisor (#9), left first molar (#14), and right first molar (#3), as well as angular deviation of occlusal plane were analyzed with descriptive statistics. Differences between two objects were also explored with Mann Whitney U test.ResultsThe 20 virtual facebow records using the smartphone 3D scanner deviated from the CBCT measurements (trueness) by 1.14 ± 0.40 mm at #9, 1.20 ± 0.50 mm at #14, 1.12 ± 0.51 mm at the #3, and 1.48 ± 0.56° in the occlusal plane. The VFTs deviated from each other by 1.06 ± 0.50 mm at #9, 1.09 ± 0.49 mm at #14, 1.11 ± 0.58 mm at #3, and 0.81 ± 0.58° in the occlusal plane. When all sites combined, the trueness was 1.14 ± 0.40 mm, and the precision was 1.08 ± 0.52 mm. Out of eight measurements, three measurements were significantly different between subjects. Nevertheless, the mean difference was small.ConclusionsVirtual facebow records made using smartphone‐based face scan can capture the maxilla position with high trueness and precision. The deviation can be anticipated as around 1 mm in linear distance and 1° in angulation.
English Language Learners’ Comprehension of Logical Relationships in Expository Texts: Evidence for the Confluence of General Vocabulary and Text‐Connecting Functions
Authors: Fraser Christie , Pasquarella Adrian , Geva Esther , Gottardo Alexandra , Biemiller Andrew 
Published: April 2021

AbstractConjunctions facilitate text cohesion and comprehension by making explicit the logical relationships between ideas in written language. Conjunctions may be challenging for English language learners (ELLs) because of their novel, abstract, and text‐connecting role. In this longitudinal study we aimed to clarify the connections among comprehension of logical relationships, general vocabulary knowledge, and reading comprehension in elementary school‐aged ELLs. We assessed these skills—along with decoding, working memory, and nonverbal reasoning—in 74 ELLs in Grades 3 and 4. Path analysis revealed that comprehension of logical relationships was a direct predictor of concurrent reading skills in Grades 3 and 4, and an indirect predictor of reading comprehension in Grade 4, where vocabulary and prior comprehension performance acted as partial mediators. Results point to the confluence of general vocabulary with conjunctions in contributing to individual differences in ELLs’ reading comprehension. Conjunctions represent a specialized form of vocabulary knowledge that should not be subsumed developmentally or instructionally under general vocabulary knowledge.
Moral Knowledge by Deduction
Authors: Smithies Declan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHow is moral knowledge possible? This paper defends theanti‐Humean thesisthat we can acquire moral knowledge by deduction from wholly non‐moral premises. According to Hume’s Law, as it has become known, we cannot deduce an ‘ought’ from an ‘is’, since it is “altogether inconceivable how this new relation can be a deduction from others, which are entirely different from it” (1739: 3.1.1). This paper explores the prospects for an inferentialist theory of deductive moral knowledge that rejects Hume’s Law.