bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Render unto Caesar Just a Little Bit Longer: The Relationship between Constitutional Reforms and Executive Survival
Authors: Maboudi Tofigh , P. Nadi Ghazal , Eisenstadt Todd A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSince the third wave of democracy, term limits have become a popular fixture of most constitutions intended to constrain the executive. Yet, recent constitutional reforms around the world show that presidents seeking re-election sometimes overturn the entire constitutional order to extend their power. What is the impact of these constitutional manipulations on the longevity of the executive in office? Using survival analysis of all political leaders and national constitutions from 1875 to 2015, this article demonstrates, for the first time, that when ‘authoritarian-aspiring’ presidents remove constitutional term limits, they increase their stay in office by more than 40%. Our findings contrast with a widely held position in the comparative authoritarian literature suggesting that dictators survive longer under institutional constraints. On the contrary, we argue that by removing constitutional barriers, rulers consolidate more power at the expense of their most ambitious allies and can stay in power longer.
Institutional Investors, Households, and the Time-Variation in Expected Stock Returns
Authors: Weber Rüdiger 
Published: November 2021

AbstractI document a new stylized fact: The higher the degree of institutional ownership (IO) in a portfolio, the more time-varying expected returns rather than changes in expected cash flows drive changes in its valuation. Empirical evidence suggests that institutions’ time-varying sensitivity to the risk of holding stocks translates into time-varying expected returns on high-IO stocks. In my model, imperfect risk sharing between different types of investors generates cross-sectional differences in return predictability based on ownership, even among a priori identical stocks. My findings suggest an economic rationale for weak return predictability of small stocks and predictability reversals of stocks and real estate investment trusts.
Superior colliculus projections to target populations in the supraoculomotor area of the macaque monkey
Authors: May Paul J. , Bohlen Martin O. , Perkins Eddie , Wang Niping , Warren Susan 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A projection by the superior colliculus to the supraoculomotor area (SOA) located dorsal to the oculomotor complex was first described in 1978. This projection’s targets have yet to be identified, although the initial study suggested that vertical gaze motoneuron dendrites might receive this input. Defining the tectal targets is complicated by the fact the SOA contains a number of different cell populations. In the present study, we used anterograde tracers to characterize collicular axonal arbors and retrograde tracers to label prospective SOA target populations in macaque monkeys. Close associations were not found with either superior or medial rectus motoneurons whose axons supply singly innervated muscle fibers. S-group motoneurons, which supply superior rectus multiply innervated muscle fibers, appeared to receive a very minor input, but C-group motoneurons, which supply medial rectus multiply innervated muscle fibers, received no input. A number of labeled boutons were observed in close association with SOA neurons projecting to the spinal cord, or the reticular formation in the pons and medulla. These descending output neurons are presumed to be peptidergic cells within the centrally projecting Edinger–Westphal population. It is possible the collicular input provides a signaling function for neurons in this population that serve roles in either stress responses, or in eating and drinking behavior. Finally, a number of close associations were observed between tectal terminals and levator palpebrae superioris motoneurons, suggesting the possibility that the superior colliculus provides a modest direct input for raising the eyelids during upward saccades.
Financial shocks and inflation dynamics
Authors: Abbate Angela , Eickmeier Sandra , Prieto Esteban 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe assess the effects of financial shocks on inflation, and to what extent financial shocks can account for the “missing disinflation” during the Great Recession. We apply a Bayesian vector autoregressive model to US data and identify financial shocks through a combination of narrative and short-run sign restrictions. Our main finding is that contractionary financial shocks temporarily increase inflation. This result withstands a large battery of robustness checks. Negative financial shocks help therefore to explain why inflation did not drop more sharply in the aftermath of the financial crisis. Our analysis suggests that higher borrowing costs after negative financial shocks can account for the modest decrease in inflation after the financial crisis. A policy implication is that financial shocks act as supply-type shocks, moving output and inflation in opposite directions, thereby worsening the trade-off for a central bank with a dual mandate.
ON THE CHOW THEORY OF PROJECTIVIZATIONS
Authors: Jiang Qingyuan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we prove a decomposition result for the Chow groups of projectivizations of coherent sheaves of homological dimension
$\le 1$
. In this process, we establish the decomposition of Chow groups for the cases of the Cayley trick and standard flips. Moreover, we apply these results to study the Chow groups of symmetric powers of curves, nested Hilbert schemes of surfaces, and the varieties resolving Voisin maps for cubic fourfolds.
Previous disorders and depression outcomes in individuals with 12-month major depressive disorder in the World Mental Health surveys
Authors: Roest Annelieke M. , de Vries Ymkje Anna , Al-Hamzawi Ali , Alonso Jordi , Ayinde Olatunde O. , Bruffaerts Ronny , Bunting Brendan , Caldas de Almeida José Miguel , de Girolamo Giovanni , Degenhardt Louisa , Florescu Silvia , Gureje Oye , Haro Josep Maria , Hu Chiyi , Karam Elie G. , Kiejna Andrzej , Kovess-Masfety Viviane , Lee Sing , McGrath John J. , Medina-Mora Maria Elena , Navarro-Mateu Fernando , Nishi Daisuke , Piazza Marina , Posada-Villa José , Scott Kate M. , Stagnaro Juan Carlos , Stein Dan J. , Torres Yolanda , Viana Maria Carmen , Zarkov Zahari , Kessler Ronald C. , de Jonge Peter 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Aims
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterised by a recurrent course and high comorbidity rates. A lifespan perspective may therefore provide important information regarding health outcomes. The aim of the present study is to examine mental disorders that preceded 12-month MDD diagnosis and the impact of these disorders on depression outcomes.

Methods
Data came from 29 cross-sectional community epidemiological surveys of adults in 27 countries (n = 80 190). The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was used to assess 12-month MDD and lifetime DSM-IV disorders with onset prior to the respondent's age at interview. Disorders were grouped into depressive distress disorders, non-depressive
distress disorders, fear disorders and externalising disorders. Depression outcomes included 12-month suicidality, days out of role and impairment in role functioning.

Results
Among respondents with 12-month MDD, 94.9% (s.e. = 0.4) had at least one prior disorder (including previous MDD), and 64.6% (s.e. = 0.9) had at least one prior, non-MDD disorder. Previous non-depressive distress, fear and externalising disorders, but not depressive distress disorders, predicted higher impairment (OR = 1.4–1.6) and suicidality (OR = 1.5–2.5), after adjustment for sociodemographic variables. Further adjustment for MDD characteristics weakened, but did not eliminate, these associations. Associations were largely driven by current comorbidities, but both remitted and current externalising disorders predicted suicidality among respondents with 12-month MDD.

Conclusions
These results illustrate the importance of careful psychiatric history taking regarding current anxiety disorders and lifetime externalising disorders in individuals with MDD.
Challenges and solutions for application and wider adoption of wearable robots
Authors: Babič Jan , Laffranchi Matteo , Tessari Federico , Verstraten Tom , Novak Domen , Šarabon Nejc , Ugurlu Barkan , Peternel Luka , Torricelli Diego , Veneman Jan F. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The science and technology of wearable robots are steadily advancing, and the use of such robots in our everyday life appears to be within reach. Nevertheless, widespread adoption of wearable robots should not be taken for granted, especially since many recent attempts to bring them to real-life applications resulted in mixed outcomes. The aim of this article is to address the current challenges that are limiting the application and wider adoption of wearable robots that are typically worn over the human body. We categorized the challenges into mechanical layout, actuation, sensing, body interface, control, human–robot interfacing and coadaptation, and benchmarking. For each category, we discuss specific challenges and the rationale for why solving them is important, followed by an overview of relevant recent works. We conclude with an opinion that summarizes possible solutions that could contribute to the wider adoption of wearable robots.
Numerical Simulations of the Apollo S‐IVB Artificial Impacts on the Moon
Authors: Rajšić A. , Miljković K. , Wójcicka N. , Collins G. S. , Onodera K. , Kawamura T. , Lognonné P. , Wieczorek M. A. , Daubar I. J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe third stage of the Saturn IV rocket used in the five Apollo missions made craters on the Moon ∼30 m in diameter. Their initial impact conditions were known, so they can be considered controlled impacts. Here, we used the iSALE‐2D shock physics code to numerically simulate the formation of these craters, and to calculate the vertical component of seismic moment (∼4 × 1010 Nm) and seismic efficiency (∼10−6) associated with these impacts. The irregular booster shape likely caused the irregular crater morphology observed. To investigate this, we modeled six projectile geometries, with footprint area between 3 and 105 m2, keeping the mass and velocity of the impactor constant. We showed that the crater depth and diameter decreased as the footprint area increased. The central mound observed in lunar impact sites could be a result of layering of the target and/or low density of the projectile. Understanding seismic signatures from impact events is important for planetary seismology. Calculating seismic parameters and validating them against controlled experiments in a planetary setting will help us understand the seismic data received, not only from the Moon, but also from the InSight Mission on Mars and future seismic missions.
Magnetospheric Source and Electric Current System Associated With Intense SAIDs
Authors: Wang Wenrui , Yang Jian , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Sun Weiqin , Wei Dong , Zhang Fei , Toffoletto Frank R. , Wolf Richard A. , Sazykin Stanislav , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Cui Jun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSubauroral Ion Drifts (SAIDs) are fast azimuthal plasma flows in the ionosphere. In this study, we use the Rice Convection Model to simulate an extremely intense SAID event which may trigger atmospheric emission phenomenon by specifying consecutive low‐entropy bubble injections. The results show strong SAID flow faster than ∼5,000 m/s that lasts longer than 100 min. Our model indicates that SAIDs map to the sharp inner edge of a strongly enhanced partial ring current, which connects to a Region‐2 downward field‐aligned current (FAC). The simulation predicts that the peak of the SAIDs, the center of the downward FAC, the subauroral boundary, the plasmapause, the inner edge of the proton and electron partial ring current, and the maximum azimuthal drift in the magnetosphere are pressed tightly within 0.5° latitude or 0.2 Re in the equatorial plane.
Drawdown of Atmospheric pCO2 Via Variable Particle Flux Stoichiometry in the Ocean Twilight Zone
Authors: Tanioka Tatsuro , Matsumoto Katsumi , Lomas Michael W. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe strength of the biological soft tissue pump in the ocean critically depends on how much organic carbon is produced via photosynthesis and how efficiently the carbon is transferred to the ocean interior. For a given amount of limiting nutrient, phosphate, soft tissue pump would be strengthened if the carbon (C) to phosphorus (P) ratio of sinking organic matter increases as the remineralization length scale of C increases. Here, we present a new data compilation of particle flux stoichiometry and show that C:P of sinking particulate organic matter (POM) in the ocean twilight zone on average is likely to be higher than the C:P ratio of surface suspended POM. We further demonstrate using a physics‐biology coupled global ocean model combined with a theory from first principles that an increase in C:P export flux ratio in the ocean's twilight zone can lead to a considerable drawdown of atmospheric pCO2.
Estimating the Effect of Cooling Rate on the Acquisition of Magnetic Remanence
Authors: Nagy Lesleis , Williams Wyn , Tauxe Lisa 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe effect of cooling rate on the magnetization of rocks must be accounted for when estimating ancient magnetic field strengths. Calculating this effect is not trivial, even for uniformly magnetized grains. Here, we present an open‐source package to compute the behavior of uniaxial single‐domain grains for different temperature and magnetic fields. We revisit the problem of thermal remanence acquisition as a function of cooling rate and find that our predictions are broadly in agreement with those of Halgedahl et al. (1980, https://doi.org/10.1029/jb085ib07p03690) but differ significantly from those of Dodson and McClelland‐Brown (1980, https://doi.org/10.1029/JB085iB05p02625). We also find that remanence acquisition curves correspond well with recent experimental observations. Cooling rate corrections made using our model are at the upper limit suggested by Halgedahl et al. (1980, https://doi.org/10.1029/jb085ib07p03690) but can reduce slightly for larger (single‐domain) grains, very slow cooling rates of the original thermal remanence and large field strengths.
Significant Increase of Continental Freeboard During the Early Paleoproterozoic: Insights From Metasediment‐Derived Granites
Authors: Lu Gui‐Mei , Spencer Christopher J. , Tian Yang , Wang Wei 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSubaerial continental crust plays a fundamental role in modulating the composition of the ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere, but the timing and rate of continental emergence above sea level remain unclear. Here, we use the zircon oxygen isotopic compositions of early Paleoproterozoic metasediment‐derived granitoids from the southwestern Yangtze Block to constrain the rapidity of continental emergence. Statistical analyses of compiled igneous and detrital zircon oxygen isotopic database show a rapid increase in zircon δ18O at ∼2.36 Ga. We suggest that this isotopic shift is best explained by a significant increase of continental freeboard between ∼2.43 and ∼2.36 Ga due to the increasing strength of the continental lithosphere since the late Archean, concomitantly yielding a high‐δ18O sedimentary reservoir. Subsequent melting of these high‐δ18O sediments in a variety of tectonic regimes results in high zircon δ18O.
Multipoint Measurement of Fine‐Structured EMIC Waves by Arase, Van Allen Probe A, and Ground Stations
Authors: Matsuda S. , Miyoshi Y. , Kasahara Y. , Blum L. , Colpitts C. , Asamura K. , Kasaba Y. , Matsuoka A. , Tsuchiya F. , Kumamoto A. , Teramoto M. , Nakamura S. , Kitahara M. , Shinohara I. , Reeves G. , Spence H. , Shiokawa K. , Nagatsuma T. , Oyama S. , Mann I. R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe examined the growth and propagation of fine‐structured electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves related to time‐varying density irregularities using multipoint measurement data observed by Arase, Van Allen Probe A, and two ground‐based induction magnetometers (Gakona and Dawson) during a field line conjunction event on April 18, 2019. We analyzed the wave data obtained by the aforementioned spacecraft and stations, and found that the appearance of fine structures in the observed EMIC waves clearly coincided with the ambient electron density irregularities in the magnetosphere, which can cause periodic wave growth and waveguiding on their propagation. Furthermore, we found that the latitudinal widths of the EMIC wave activity region and the wave propagation duct were ∼185 km and less than 80 km at an auroral altitude of 100 km, respectively. We also found thermal ion heating ( eV/q) during the EMIC wave activity.
Subduction of an Oceanic Plateau Across Southcentral Alaska: High‐Resolution Seismicity
Authors: Daly Kiara A. , Abers Geoffrey A. , Mann Michael Everett , Roecker Steven , Christensen Douglas H. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn southcentral Alaska, the Alaska‐Aleutian Wadati‐Benioff zone (WBZ) shows high seismicity rates west of 147°W. Further east, the Wrangell volcanic field (WVF) has some of the world's largest continental volcanoes but there is equivocal evidence for a WBZ. We deployed a dense seismometer array around the WVF between 2016 and 2018 and used the data to increase the number of detected earthquakes using an autodetection and location algorithm. One‐dimensional velocity inversion and double‐difference earthquake location further improve earthquake locations. Subcrustal earthquakes form a narrow band of dipping seismicity—a weak but clear WVF WBZ—which strikes parallel to the volcanic trend and dips highly oblique to plate motion. The WVF WBZ is continuous from the coast to a depth of 100 km beneath Mount Wrangell. Earthquakes shallower than 40 km are continuous between the two WBZs, indicating continuity of the subducting Yakutat terrane across the region. However, the earthquakes deeper than 40 km are offset by hundreds of kilometers, which may indicate a slab tear separating the Alaska–Aleutian WBZ from the WVF WBZ. Seismicity rates differ by over 2 orders of magnitude between the separate WBZs, despite the similar incoming plate, with the relatively seismically quiescent WBZ underlying the much more prolific WVF. Higher slab‐surface temperatures beneath the WVF, due to flow around the slab edges and the oblique geometry, may lead to low seismicity rates within subducting crust, as seen in other warm slabs, but abundant water is still transported to subarc depths within the mantle wedge.
Sudden infant death syndrome revisited: serotonin transporter gene, polymorphisms and promoter methylation
Authors: Pfisterer Nina , Meyer-Bockenkamp Fiona , Qu Dong , Preuss Vanessa , Rothämel Thomas , Geisenberger Dorothee , Läer Katharina , Vennemann Benedikt , Albers Anne , Engelmann Theresa A. , Frieling Helge , Rhein Mathias , Klintschar Michael 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background
Based on findings in the brain stems of SIDS victims, the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene has been discussed to be associated with SIDS.

Methods
In the largest study to date, we investigated the promoter length (5-HTTLPR) and intron 2 VNTR polymorphisms in 274 cases and 264 controls and the Ile425Val polymorphism in 65 cases and 64 controls. Moreover, the methylation of the internal promoter region was investigated in 35 cases and 14 controls.

Results
For 5-HTTLPR, we observed a trend towards an association of allele L (58.8% vs. 53.4%) with SIDS and significant results were observed after stratifying for age, season at death, and prone position. Nevertheless, when pooling all published data, a significant association of allele L with SIDS is confirmed (p: 0.001). For the intron 2 VNTR polymorphism, no significant differences were observed. After pooling, a significant accumulation of the rare allele 9 was observed in SIDS (2.1% vs. 0.6%; p: 0.018). For the Ile425Val polymorphism, no differences were observed.

Conclusion
We conclude that genetic variation at this gene might be of some importance in SIDS. Epigenetic analysis of the internal promoter, however, revealed no influence on the relative risk to succumb to SIDS.

Impact

This is the largest study published up to now on 5-HTT gene polymorphisms and SIDS.

Polymorphisms in the 5-HTT gene appear to contribute (although to a small degree) to the risk to die from SIDS.

There is no evidence that a methylation of the promoter region is of impact for the etiology of SIDS.
USP12 promotes breast cancer angiogenesis by maintaining midkine stability
Authors: Sheng Bin , Wei Zichao , Wu Xiaowei , Li Yi , Liu Zhihua 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDeubiquitinases (DUBs) have important biological functions, but their roles in breast cancer metastasis are not completely clear. In this study, through screening a series of DUBs related to breast cancer distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) in the Kaplan-Meier Plotter database, we identified ubiquitin-specific protease 12 (USP12) as a key deubiquitinating enzyme for breast cancer metastasis. We confirmed this via an orthotopic mouse lung metastasis model. We revealed that the DMFS of breast cancer patients with high USP12 was worse than that of others. Knockdown of USP12 decreased the lung metastasis ability of 4T1 cells, while USP12 overexpression increased the lung metastasis ability of these cells in vivo. Furthermore, our results showed that the supernatant from USP12-overexpressing breast cancer cells could promote angiogenesis according to human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) migration and tube formation assays. Subsequently, we identified midkine (MDK) as one of its substrates. USP12 could directly interact with MDK, decrease its polyubiquitination and increase its protein stability in cells. Overexpression of MDK rescued the loss of angiogenesis ability mediated by knockdown of USP12 in breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. There was a strong positive relationship between USP12 and MDK protein expression in clinical breast cancer samples. Consistent with the pattern for USP12, high MDK expression predicted lower DMFS and overall survival (OS) in breast cancer. Collectively, our study identified that USP12 is responsible for deubiquitinating and stabilizing MDK and leads to metastasis by promoting angiogenesis. Therefore, the USP12–MDK axis could serve as a potential target for the therapeutic treatment of breast cancer metastasis.
Targeted therapy for LIMD1-deficient non-small cell lung cancer subtypes
Authors: Davidson Kathryn , Grevitt Paul , Contreras-Gerenas Maria F. , Bridge Katherine S. , Hermida Miguel , Shah Kunal M. , Mardakheh Faraz K. , Stubbs Mark , Burke Rosemary , Casado Pedro , Cutillas Pedro R. , Martin Sarah A. , Sharp Tyson V. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn early event in lung oncogenesis is loss of the tumour suppressor gene LIMD1 (LIM domains containing 1); this encodes a scaffold protein, which suppresses tumorigenesis via a number of different mechanisms. Approximately 45% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) are deficient in LIMD1, yet this subtype of NSCLC has been overlooked in preclinical and clinical investigations. Defining therapeutic targets in these LIMD1 loss-of-function patients is difficult due to a lack of ‘druggable’ targets, thus alternative approaches are required. To this end, we performed the first drug repurposing screen to identify compounds that confer synthetic lethality with LIMD1 loss in NSCLC cells. PF-477736 was shown to selectively target LIMD1-deficient cells in vitro through inhibition of multiple kinases, inducing cell death via apoptosis. Furthermore, PF-477736 was effective in treating LIMD1−/− tumours in subcutaneous xenograft models, with no significant effect in LIMD1+/+ cells. We have identified a novel drug tool with significant preclinical characterisation that serves as an excellent candidate to explore and define LIMD1-deficient cancers as a new therapeutic subgroup of critical unmet need.