bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Proportion of Rural Applicants to the UNC-Chapel Hill School of Medicine is Close to Parity with the Proportion of College-Educated Young Adults in Rural NC
Authors: Spero Julie C. , Steiner Beat , Byerley Julie S. , Dallaghan Gary L. Beck , Rahangdale Lisa , Fraher Erin P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background

Over the past 40 years, North Carolina’s physician supply grew faster than the total population, but the maldistribution of physicians between urban and rural areas increased. In rural counties, access-to-care and health disparities remain concerning.
Method

Descriptive analyses were conducted to compare the number and percentage of rural and urban students from North Carolina (NC) who applied, interviewed, and were accepted to the University of North Carolina’s School of Medicine. The likely pool of rural applicants was based on the number of college-educated 18-34-year-olds by county.
Results

Roughly 10.9% of NC’s population of college-educated 18-34-year-olds live in rural counties. Between 2017–2019, 9.3% (n = 225) of UNC SOM applicants were from a rural county.
Conclusion

An increase of just 14 additional rural applicants annually would bring the proportion of rural UNC SOM applicants in alignment with the potential applicant pool in rural NC counties. Addressing NC’s rural physician workforce needs will require multiple strategies that affect different parts of the medical education and health care systems, including boosting college completion rates in rural areas.
Methane Mitigation is Associated with Reduced Abundance of Methanogenic and Methanotrophic Communities in Paddy Soils Continuously Sub-irrigated with Treated Wastewater
Authors: Phung Luc Duc , Miyazawa Masaaki , Pham Dung Viet , Nishiyama Masateru , Masuda Shuhei , Takakai Fumiaki , Watanabe Toru 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Herein, we examined emissions of CH4 and the community structures of methanogenic archaea and methanotrophic bacteria in paddy soils subjected to a novel irrigation system, namely continuous sub-irrigation with treated wastewater (TWW). This system has recently been developed by our group to effectively reuse TWW for the cultivation of protein-rich rice. The results showed that despite not using mineral fertilisers, the wastewater reuse system produced a high rice yield comparable to that of a conventional cultivation practice and reduced CH4 emissions from paddy fields by 80%. During the reproductive stage of rice plants, when high levels of CH4 emissions from both treatments were observed, continuous sub-irrigation with TWW not only considerably inhibited the growth of methanogens in the lower soil layer, but also vastly reduced the abundance of methanotrophs in the upper soil layer, which was strongly consistent with the effective mitigation of CH4. The compositions of the examined microbial communities were not particularly affected by the studied cultivation practices. Overall, this study demonstrated that continuous sub-irrigation with TWW was an effective method to produce high rice yield and simultaneously reduce CH4 emissions from paddy fields, and it also highlighted the potential underlying microbial mechanisms of the greenhouse gas mitigation.
Downregulation and the Diagnostic Value of RMST in Patients with Papillary Thyroid Cancer
Authors: Xiong Zhiwei , Peng Yuyu , Zhou Qibing , Xiao Huiqiong , Xu Sheng , hu jiaqing , Xiao Jun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Previous studiess have demonstrated that rhabdomyosarcoma 2-associated transcript (RMST) is an indispensable factor in promoting neuronal differentiation. Gene Expression Omnibus datasets showed that long noncoding RNA RMST was downregulated in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC). Further experiments were conducted to detect the expression and diagnostic value of RMST in PTC. Materials and methods: Quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction was applied to uncover the expression of RMST in PTC tissues. Chi-square (χ2) analysis was employed to evaluate the association between RMST and clinical features. The area under the curve (AUC) and receiver-operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate the feasibility of using RMST to predict PTC, lymph node metastases and the tumor–node–metastasis (TNM) stage. Result: RMST expression was significantly in to PTC tissues than in adjacent noncancerous thyroid tissues (P<0.001). We also found that low tissue RMST expression was related to the TNM stage (P=0.046), and lymph node metastasis (P=0.002). The AUC value of PTC vs. adjacent noncancerous tissues was 0.7243 [95% confidence interval (CI)=0.6411-0.8076, P<0.0001] and AUC values of patients with lymph node metastasis vs. patients with out lymph node metastasis and stage I/IIPTC vs. stage III/IV PTC were 0.7148 (95%CI =6018-0.8351, P=0.0012) and , 0.7024 (95%CI= 0.5817-0.8231, P=0.0066), respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, RMST is associated with PTC progression and may serve as a diagnostic biomarker for predicting PTC, lymph node metastasis, and TNM stage.
The control of composition, texture and weathering on the physical and strength properties of selected intrusive igneous rocks from North Pakistan
Authors: Yasir Muhammad , Ahmed Waqas , Sajid Muhammad 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This work characterizes intrusive igneous rocks from north Pakistan in terms of their mineralogy, texture and weathering grades and their effect on the physical and strength properties. The mafic and intermediate rocks showed a low cumulative percentage of quartz, feldspar and plagioclase with high specific gravity, strength (i.e. UCS and R-value) and UPV values compared to the felsic rocks. Likewise, samples with anhedral grain shape, irregular boundaries, fine to medium grain size (UD, ANS, CGN) showed higher strength values, that is, 121, 118 and 91 MPa compressive strength and 11, 9, and 12 MPa tensile strengths, respectively. The weathering grades assigned to the investigated samples, such as fresh (WG-I), slightly weathered (WG-II) and highly weathered (WG-III) corresponded well with the physical and strength properties, that is, as the grade increased from WG-I to WG-III, the porosity and water absorption increased (0.28% and 0.72% respectively), whereas the specific gravity, compressive strength and tensile strength decreased (2.04, 20 MPa and 2.5 MPa, respectively, for CGA). The presence of quartz affects rock strength; however, no significant correlation was observed for strength and maximum and mean grain sizes of different minerals.
Protection of Laryngeal Nerve Palsy using Amniotic Membrane Shield During Thyroid Surgery
Authors: Carling Tobias - 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy, subjective voice complaints, and iatrogenic hypoparathyroidism are the main risk factors of thyroid surgery (1; 2). The rate of unintentional transient RLN injury after total thyroidectomy has been reported in up to 30% of patients, and permanent paralysis ranges between 1-5.7% (3; 4). In patients undergoing concomitant central and/or lateral node dissection, the reported incidence is even greater (5). Patients with a RLN injury typically experience dysphonia for 10-12 weeks, with approximately 8-10% having a permanent vocal dysfunction. Even in the absence of overt nerve paralysis, voice alterations can be seen in 46-84 % of post-thyroidectomy patients (6; 7). Attempts to decrease the risk of nerve injury have been limited to accurate visualization and meticulous technique, performance of less extensive surgery and/or the use of nerve monitoring devices despite that their usage has never been shown to decrease RLN injury rates (8-10).
­­Evolution and genomic organization of the sHSP gene cluster in Arthropods
Authors: Leask Megan , Lovegrove Mackenzie , Walker Abigail , Duncan Elizabeth , Dearden Peter 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background
Conserved syntenic gene complexes are rare in Arthropods and likely only retained due to functional constraint. Numerous sHSPs have been identified in the genomes of insects, some of which are located clustered in close proximity. Previous phylogenetic analyses of these clustered sHSP have been limited to a small number of holometabolous insect species and have not determined the pattern of evolution of the clustered sHSP genes (sHSP-C) in insect or Arthropod lineages.
Results
Using eight genomes from representative insect orders and three non-insect arthropod genomes we have identified that a syntenic cluster of sHSPs (sHSP-C) is a hallmark of most Arthropod genomes. Using 11 genomes from Hymenopteran species our phylogenetic analyses have refined the evolution of the sHSP-C in Hymenoptera and found that the sHSP-C is order-specific with evidence of birth-and-death evolution in the hymenopteran lineage. Finally we have shown that the honeybee sHSP-C is co-ordinately expressed and is marked by genomic features, including H3K27me3 histone marks consistent with coordinate regulation, during honeybee ovary activation.
Conclusions
The syntenic sHSP-C is present in most insect genomes, and its conserved coordinate expression and regulation implies that it is an integral genomic component of environmental response in arthropods.
Be-Ozr: An Efficient Available Bandwidth Estimation In Ieee802.11E Network
Authors: Aina Folayo , Yousef Sufian , Osanaiye Opeyemi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In wireless network, the support for Quality of Service (QoS) depends on the ability of a network to estimate the available bandwidth of a link effectively and efficiently. Due to the shared nature of the wireless medium, there has been challenges in achieving an accurate measurement of the available bandwidth. This paper therefore proposes an efficient available bandwidth estimation approach that improves the accuracy of previously proposed approach for accurate measurement. The approach used in this paper is to passively estimate the available bandwidth, where the maximum range of the channel idle time measurement used in the calculation is re-defined to address the outer zone range threshold (OZR). This limits the under-estimation and over-estimation of bandwidth measurement. The proposed approach used limits the network overhead and achieves accuracy and efficiency. Results obtained from the simulation shows how our proposed approach out-performs the state-of the-art approach in terms of throughput and delay, using the IEEE802.11e. We have been able to achieve 8% improvement in accuracy and efficiency when compared with the best of the state-of-the-art available bandwidth estimation technique.
Molecular and morphological clocks for estimating evolutionary divergence times
Authors: Barba-Montoya Jose , Tao Qiqing , Kumar Sudhir 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Matrices of morphological characters are frequently used for dating species divergence times in systematics. In some studies, morphological and molecular character data from living taxa are combined, whereas others use morphological characters from extinct taxa as well. We investigated whether morphological data produce time estimates that are concordant with molecular data. If true, it will justify the use of morphological characters alongside molecular data in divergence time inference.Results: We systematically analyzed three empirical datasets from different species groups to test the concordance of species divergence dates inferred using molecular and discrete morphological data from extant taxa as test cases. We found a high correlation between their divergence time estimates, despite a poor linear relationship between branch lengths for morphological and molecular data mapped onto the same phylogeny. This was because node-to-tip distances showed a much higher correlation than branch lengths due to an averaging effect over multiple branches. We found that nodes with a large number of taxa often benefit from such averaging. However, considerable discordance between time estimates from molecules and morphology may still occur because some deeper nodes may show large time differences between these two types of data.Conclusions: Our findings suggest that node- and tip-calibration approaches may be better suited for nodes with many taxa. Nevertheless, we highlight the importance of evaluating the concordance of intrinsic time structure in morphological and molecular data before any dating analysis using combined datasets.
Development of new technology for coal gasification purification and research on the formation mechanism of pollutants
Authors: Zheng Shu , Shi Yixiang , Wang Zhiqi , Wang Pengjie , Liu Gang , Zhou Huaichun 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Coal-fired power generation is the main source of CO2 emission in China. To solve the problems of declined efficiency and increased costs caused by CO2 capture in coal-fired power systems, an integrated gasification fuel cell (IGFC) power generation technology was developed. The interaction mechanisms among coal gasification and purification, fuel cell and other components are further studied for IGFCs. Towards the direction of coal gasification and purification, we studied gasification reaction characteristics of ultrafine coal particles, ash melting characteristics and their effects on coal gasification reactions, the formation mechanism of pollutants. We further develop an elevated temperature/pressure swing adsorption rig for simultaneous H2S and CO2 removals. The results show the validity of the Miura-Maki model to describe the gasification of Shenhua bituminous coal with a good fit between the predicted DTG curves and experimental data. The designed 8-6-1 cycle procedure can effectively remove CO2 and H2S simultaneously with removal rate over 99.9%. In addition, transition metal oxides used as mercury removal adsorbents in coal gasified syngas were shown with great potential. The techniques presented in this paper can improve the gasification efficiency and reduce the formation of pollutants in IGFCs.
Comprehensive Analysis of Differences of N6-Methyladenosine of Lncrnas Between Atrazine-Inducedand Normal Xenopus Laevis Testis
Authors: Qi Xuejie , Geng Xiao , Zhang Juan , Li Ling , Jia Qiang , Qu Binpeng , Yin wenhui , Guo Qiming , Bo Cunxiang , Sai linlin , Han Mingming , Peng Cheng 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Increasing evidence suggested N6-methyladenosine (m6A) plays an important role in RNA stability, degradation, splicing and translation. M6A is found in different RNA including long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) which has been found possess significant biological functions. Our previous study examined the m6A profile of mRNAs in testis tissues of Xenopus laevis (X. laevis) with and without treatment with 100 µg/L atrazine (AZ). The result revealed that m6A is a highly conserved modification across the species. Methods: In this study, we apply previous approach to further investigate m6A modification profile of lncRNAs and predict the potential mechanism. In brief, m6A was sequenced by MeRIP sequencing using the latest Illumina HiSeq sequencer. Pathway enrichment analysis was used to maps genes to Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways. Results: The results showed that m6A of lncRNAs enriched around intergenic region in testes of X. laevis. We further investigated the differential expression of lncRNAs m6A in testes of AZ-exposed compared with that in animals from control group. The results indicated that up to 198 differentially methylated m6A sites were detected within 188 lncRNAs, in which 89 sites were significantly up-regulated and 109 sites were significantly down-regulated. Data from Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that AZ-affected lncRNAs m6A sites were mainly involved in 10 pathways in which 3 mutual pathways were found in the result of differentially m6A-methylated mRNAs. Conclusions: These findings suggest that differentially m6A-methylated lncRNAs and these 3 pathways may act on regulatory roles in abnormal testis development of AZ-exposed X. laevis. This study for the first time provide insights into the profile of lncRNAs m6A modifications in amphibian species.
Clinical characteristics and genetic analysis of 3 A20 Haploinsufficiency patients
Authors: Zhang Dan , Zhou Zhixuan , Lai Jianming , Su Gaixiu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Backguound To evaluate the clinical and genetic characteristics of 3 children with HA20. Methods The clinical and genetic testing data of 3 children with HA20 treated at CIP between August 2016 and October 2019 were retrospectively analysed. Results Patient 1 presented with arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, patient 2 presented with axial spinal arthritis and lupus-like syndrome, and patient 3 presented with recurrent oral ulcers, gastrointestinal ulcers, and perianal abscesses. For laboratory examination, In patient 1, the WBC,CRP and AESR showed high. In patient 2, the WBC was normal, but CRP and AESR showed high. In patient 3, the WBC, CRP, and AESR showed high. Patient 2 was positive for antinuclear antibodies, anti-Sjögren’s syndrome antigen A, dsDNA, rheumatoid factor and Coombs test. Genetic testing showed that the 3 patients were heterozygous for mutations in the TNFAIP3 gene. For treatment, patient 1 used TNFα antagonist and thalidomide, patient 2 used TNFαantagonist and sulfasalazine, and patient 3 used hormones and thalidomide. Patients 1 and 2 were followed up for 4 and 3 months, respectively. There was improvement in joint and gastrointestinal symptoms, inflammatory indices and RF were normal, dsDNA and Coombs test became negative. Patient 3 was treated at an outside hospital and showed gradual improvement in oral ulcers and perianal abscesses. Conclusion HA20 is a single-gene auto-inflammatory disease caused by mutation in the TNFAIP3 gene. It presents clinically as a Behçet-like syndrome and can present as various other autoimmune diseases as well. Hormones and immunosuppressive agents are effective treatments, and cytokine antagonists can be used in refractory cases. Whole-exome genetic testing should be proactively performed for children with an early age of onset or Behçet-like presentation to achieve early diagnosis and accurate treatment.
Laplacian Integral of Particular Steiner System
Authors: Zakiyyah Alfi Yusrotis 
Published: February 2021

The notion of a hypergraph is motivated by a graph. In graph, every edge contains of two vertices. However, a hypergraph edges contains more than two vertices. In this article use hyperedge to mention edge of hypergraph. A finite projective plane of order n, denoted by , is a linear intersecting hypergraph. In this research finite projective plane order is Laplacian integral.
Real-time monitoring as an adaptive strategy towards green treatment of textile effluent using biosorbent from Acalypha indica
Authors: Sivapragasam C. , Janani V. Aruna , Andappan A. , Archana B. , Vasudevan M. , Natarajan N. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Performance of green treatment systems such as adsorption to treat textile effluents often suffers lack of longevity and efficiency due to the presence of complex compounds of varying reactivity. There is scope for improving the operational efficiency of such processes using real-time monitoring systems. The present study aimed to evaluate the performance of an activated biosorbent prepared from the leaves of Acalypha indica for treating textile industry effluent by simulating process control with real-time monitoring. Batch experiments were performed with synthetic and real-time dye effluents to identify the optimum conditions (pH = 3.0, dosage = 1.0 g/L; time = 1 h) for the highest adsorption capacity (6 mg g−1 and 2 mg g−1). The evaluation of physical parameters suggested best fit for Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The LabVIEW-based simulation control system enabled close monitoring of pH and temperature during the process. Based on the inputs, an alteration of initial pH has resulted in substantial reduction in chemical oxygen demand (COD) (73.91%), turbidity (52.43%) and total dissolved solids (TDS) (19.43%). The average incremental increase was highest for COD (45.80 ± 0.06%) compared to TDS (10.13 ± 0.06%) and turbidity (−1.74 ± 0.03%) for varying dosage (3 g to 11 g). The proposed framework for incorporating a process-control-based monitoring system can help to achieve better performance.
Using Machine Learning Technologies in Pressure Injury Management: Systematic Review
Authors: Jiang Mengyao , Ma Yuxia , Guo Siyi , Jin Liuqi , Lv Lin , Han Lin , An Ning 
Published: February 2021

Background
Pressure injury (PI) is a common and preventable problem, yet it is a challenge for at least two reasons. First, the nurse shortage is a worldwide phenomenon. Second, the majority of nurses have insufficient PI-related knowledge. Machine learning (ML) technologies can contribute to lessening the burden on medical staff by improving the prognosis and diagnostic accuracy of PI. To the best of our knowledge, there is no existing systematic review that evaluates how the current ML technologies are being used in PI management.

Objective
The objective of this review was to synthesize and evaluate the literature regarding the use of ML technologies in PI management, and identify their strengths and weaknesses, as well as to identify improvement opportunities for future research and practice.

Methods
We conducted an extensive search on PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), the Wanfang database, the VIP database, and the China Biomedical Literature Database (CBM) to identify relevant articles. Searches were performed in June 2020. Two independent investigators conducted study selection, data extraction, and quality appraisal. Risk of bias was assessed using the Prediction model Risk Of Bias ASsessment Tool (PROBAST).

Results
A total of 32 articles met the inclusion criteria. Twelve of those articles (38%) reported using ML technologies to develop predictive models to identify risk factors, 11 (34%) reported using them in posture detection and recognition, and 9 (28%) reported using them in image analysis for tissue classification and measurement of PI wounds. These articles presented various algorithms and measured outcomes. The overall risk of bias was judged as high.

Conclusions
There is an array of emerging ML technologies being used in PI management, and their results in the laboratory show great promise. Future research should apply these technologies on a large scale with clinical data to further verify and improve their effectiveness, as well as to improve the methodological quality.