bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Tool For Comparing Relative Risks to Ecological Components Associated With Different Oil Spill Response Options
Authors: Bock Michael , Robinson Hilary , Wenning Richard , French-McCay Deborah , Rowe Jill , Walker Ann Hayward 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Subsea dispersant injection (SSDI) applied to a deepwater blowout has been shown to be a highly efficient oil spill response (OSR) tool that, under appropriate conditions, can substantially lessen and delay oil surfacing as well as reduce the persistence of surface oil slicks. Bock et al. (2018) explored the relative ecological and societal risks associated with integration of SSDI into OSR strategies in the northern Gulf of Mexico using a comparative risk assessment (CRA) desktop analysis tool. The CRA analysis tool was developed with regulatory and stakeholder engagement and communication in mind; the user interface and emphasis on visualization of the assessment results were intended to facilitate rapid examination of the consequences of different spill scenarios in the presence and absence of SSDI and other OSR technologies. Using the CRA tool, decision makers are now better able to predict the nature and extent of the likely consequences to shoreline and aquatic valued ecological components (VECs) and environmental compartments (ECs), and examine the relative consequences of deploying different response technologies.
The CRA tool has been substantially improved and has been redesigned from an Excel spreadsheet into a web-based application with enhanced interactive data visualizations and collaboration tools. The new web-based CRA tool is based on the Shiny application framework, an R based open source system for building interactive web-based applications. The updated CRA tool (https://nert.shinyapps.io/CRA_viewer/) now includes improved visualizations of the oil spill modeling results, depictions of the spatial footprint of different ECs, and the interactive exploration of the CRA results and intermediate calculations. Stakeholders are able to drill down into the components of the analysis and more easily explore the parameters that drive CRA scores, as well as explore alternative scoring options. The tool has also been modified to facilitate updating the CRA tool for new oil spill scenarios and OSR options. This web-based interactive CRA tool greatly enhances the usability of CRA as a collaborative tool for evaluating OSR options during planning and can also be used to inform the evaluation of response options during planning, training, and during an incident.
Best Practices for the Finance Section function within the Incident Command System
Authors: Gosser Steve , Chambers Robert , Radigan Kip 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Today most energy companies have very sophisticated Emergency Response plans and training, covering a multitude of incident scenarios, including but not limited to oil spills, plant explosions, and yes, even pandemics. However, regardless of incident type that preparation rarely extends to the Finance Section itself let alone up the Risk & Insurance ladder. Those missing pieces could mean that these same companies are also missing opportunities to spend less and save $$. This paper explores best practices concepts of mitigating overall incident response risks specifically with respect to ICS – Finance Section responsibilities. The information and data for Part 1 of this report has been collected through interviews, internet research, and many years of hands-on experience. Originally designed to be included in a single report a specifically designed industry survey, the completion of which was thwarted by the COVID pandemic, will be published at a later date as Part 2. Significant findings include the facts that oil spills seem to be increasingly and overwhelmingly expensive and that relatively few organizations seem to understand or analyze the potential for more favorable results that could be gained by a properly trained and functioning Finance Section. Based on these findings, the authors conclude that there are a number of low-cost measures that could be incorporated into response planning efforts to enable responsible party to realize cost savings.
SMART Protocol Using Polarized Infrared Cameras
Authors: Nedwed Tim , Mitchell Doug , Konkel Wolfgang , Coolbaugh Tom 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Tier II/III SMART protocol for dispersant use requires placing fluorometers in the water and towing them under a slick by boat. To protect the health of SMART teams, boats typically remain at least 2 miles away from slicks during aerial dispersant treatment. After the spray completes, the SMART boats transit into oil slicks. The time between completion of spray and initiation of SMART monitoring can be &gt; 30 minutes. In 30 minutes, dispersed oil plumes will significantly dilute making them difficult to detect based on fluorescence. Further, we identified a separate issue. That is, oil fluoresces primarily because of the aromatic constituents in the oil and many of the aromatics in oil are at least somewhat volatile and water soluble. Modeling found that these aromatics leach from the oil prior to the application of dispersant. So, even if fluorometers were immediately underneath dispersing oils slicks, the loss of aromatics from the oil challenges SMART. The combination of aromatic leaching and rapid plume dilution limits the ability of the Tier II/III SMART protocol to identify fluorescence signals above the recommended five times background. This means that effectively dispersed oil slicks might not be accurately characterized. What is needed is a monitoring technique that can be applied rapidly and targets some other characteristic of the oil.
Polarized infrared (IR) cameras can measure both the thermal differences between slicks and water and the difference in emissivity when IR energy is emitted by sheens / slicks relative to water. These cameras can be easily flown on dispersant spray/support planes. They can be used to image oil slicks before, during, and after dispersant spray operations. Effectively dispersed oil slicks will have a significant change in their thermal signature and IR emissivity as the oil transfers from the water surface into the water column. Polarized infrared cameras can be an effective tool for monitoring dispersant operations. They can be deployed continually during slick dispersion providing a longitudinal and synoptic record of the dispersion process.
In this paper, we describe modeling to estimate the water-column concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons (both mono and polycyclic) from plumes after applying dispersants to an oil slick. In addition, we describe testing of a polarized IR camera at the OHMSETT tank during dispersant testing. We use the modeling to identify the need for modifying SMART and the OHMSETT testing to show that polarized IR cameras can meet this need.
Habitat and Resource Equivalency Analysis: 30 Years of Lessons Learned and a Look to the Future
Authors: Wakefield Jeffrey , Tomasi Theodore , Morrow Angeline , Pfeifer Christopher , Byrd Heath 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Natural Resource Damage Assessment (NRDA) under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA) is a process used to determine the amount of compensation due to the public for natural resource injuries arising from oil spills. Two models, Resource Equivalency Analysis (REA) and Habitat Equivalency Analysis (HEA), are used in essentially all OPA NRDAs to compute compensatory restoration requirements. REA is applied when members of wildlife populations are injured: usually mortality or a loss of reproduction among a species of bird, turtle, marine mammal, or fish. HEA is used when habitats are injured: usually oiling of beaches, wetlands, or sediments.
The models are often implemented in a cooperative setting with input from both the Responsible Party and the Trustees. In this setting the models provide a structure for organizing negotiations and identifying the types of agreements that need to be reached before restoration can be identified and “right sized.”
The models also have a technical basis in economic theory that is fully justified, but only in particular, limited circumstances. This technical basis is the only means of assuring the Trustees, RPs, and stakeholders that the NRDA process has identified an appropriate level of compensation. When the circumstances of a spill do not approximate those in which HEA and REA are defensible, creative solutions are needed to adjust the models to the circumstances of the case if they are to provide a convincing basis for scaling restoration and reaching resolution.
This paper identifies the circumstances under which REA and HEA are fully defensible as well as 35 years of evolving adjustments designed to make them “work” when applied to real-world cases they do not quite fit. We also look to the future and how climate change may alter restoration scaling.
FOLLOWING THROUGH: How Industry is Continually Improving the Safety of Offshore Development Post-Horizon
Authors: Williams Charlie , Hopkins Holly 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The oil and natural gas industry has worked collaboratively in many areas to make great strides to improve the safety of offshore drilling and producing operations since the Horizon incident in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico. The paper will discuss these activities. Immediately following the incident, the U.S. oil and natural gas industry launched a comprehensive review of offshore safety and operations to identify potential improvements in spill prevention, intervention, and response capabilities. Four joint industry task forces were assembled to focus on the critical areas of equipment, operating procedures, subsea well control and oil spill response. In addition to their own work, the task forces fully considered the recommendations of the Presidential Oil Spill Commission in forming their recommendations to improve offshore safety and response in the respective four areas. One of the major recommendations and actions directly linked to the Presidential Commission recommendations was the formation of an industry organization fully focused on Safety and Environmental Management Systems (SEMS) and managing risk. The industry organization formed is the Center for Offshore Safety (COS). The COS is fully focused on SEMS and its continual improvement through SEMS Auditing, safety data collection and analysis, good practice development, and sharing industry information. Additionally, there has been a continuing special focus on new and enhanced Industry standards. The task force on equipment and other post-Horizon reports contained strong recommendations on the need to develop new and revised standards to enhance safety in the offshore. This work was done through the standards development process and organizations including collaboration with national and international Standards Development Organizations, the offshore oil and gas community, and the Federal government. The presentation will give an overview of the new and revised standards work to date including API Standard 53 Blowout Prevention Equipment Systems for Drilling Operations; API Standard 65-2 Isolating Potential Flow Zones During Well Construction; and API RP 96 Deepwater Well Design and Construction.
The Impact of Vaccination on Covid-19 Disease Transmission Patterns in a Human Population: A Theoretical Analysis
Authors: Okrinya A. B. , Timinibife C. N. 
Published: December 2021

We construct a Mathematical model that describes the effect of vaccination on the dynamics of the transmission of COVID-19 disease in a human population. The model is a system of ordinary differential equations that describes the evolution of humans in a range of Covid-19 states due to emergence of an index case in a disease free region. The analysis of the model shows that effective vaccination can lead to disease eradication, where in the disease free state is locally asymptomatically stable if the basic reproductive number, and unstable when The numerical simulations suggests the use of other social measures alongside vaccination in order to avert the possibility of the disease becoming endemic.
Applications of Silver Diamine Fluoride in Dentistry
Authors: Deshpande Sayali , Reche Amit , Madhu Priyanka Paul , Chhabra Kumar Gaurav , Mutyalwar Sunaina 
Published: December 2021

Various studies published in the literature around the world indicate a significant prevalence of early childhood caries (ECC). Treatment of early childhood caries (ECC) using silver diamine fluoride (SDF) has become a viable alternative, particularly for young and anxious children, because traditional restorative treatments is unlikely to combat this prevalent condition. Arrested caries is identified by the hardening of teeth and it changes its color from dark brown to black. More restorative treatments can be performed if necessary. Traditional ECC restorative treatments are not always inexpensive or feasible, as they involve patient cooperation to achieve a satisfactory result. Japan was the first country to promote silver diamine fluoride in 1960. SDF has been used to prevent the spread of caries in various Asian nations, including Japan and China. It was enacted as a fluoride to treat sensitive teeth in the United States by Food and Drug Administration ( FDA). For young children or individuals with specific needs, it is painless and simple to use .The fluoride in SDF stimulates remineralization while the silver ions act as an antimicrobial agent when applied to carious lesions and stop cariogenic biofilms from growing. SDF also prevents future degradation of the dentin's collagen. With a 38 percent use rate, SDF has been utilized in a number of nations. According to a review, SDF is a harmless, economical caries control agent with a wide utilisation in dentistry, and it may meet the WHO Millennium Development Goal (MDG) as well as the United States Institute of Medicine's criteria. The applications of SDF in dental treatment are discussed in this article.
Case Report on Cirrhosis of Liver
Authors: Sakharkar Sheetal , Gujar Samrudhi , Tembhare Vaishali , Wagh Pranali , Khandar Jaya , Shambharkar Madhuri , Kolhekar Sonali , Pande Khushbu 
Published: December 2021

Liver is the second largest organ in human body, more than 5,000 separate bodily functions .including helping blood to clot, cleansing the blood of toxins to converting food into nutrients to control hormone levels, fighting infections and illness, regenerating back after injury and metabolizing cholesterol, glucose, iron and controlling their levels. A 56- years old patient was admitted in AVBRH on date 9/12/2020 in ICU with the chief complaint of abdominal distension, breathlessness on exertion, pedal edema, fever since 8 days. After admitted in hospital all investigation was done including blood test, ECG, fluid cytology, peripheral smear, ultrasonography, etc. All investigation conducted and then final diagnosis confirmed as cirrhosis of liver. Patient was not having any history of communicable disease or any hereditary disease but he has history of hypertension and type II Diabetes mellitus for 12 years. Patient was COVID-19 negative and admitted in intensive care unit. Patient had been undergone with various investigations like physical examination, blood test, CSF fluid examination, ascitic fluid examination, fluid cytology, peripheral smear, ultrasonography, RT-PCR etc. Patient was treated with tab. farobact ER 300 mg BD, tab. Lasix 40 mg OD, tab. Udilive 300 mg BD, tab. Rifagut 300 mg BD, tab. Metformin 500 mg OD, tab. Amlo 5mg OD, syp. Duphalac 30ml HS. Monitor vital signs, maintain input output, Monitoring and managing potential complications like, bleeding and haemorrhage, hepatic encephalopathy, fluid volume excess, monitor laboratory tests as indicated, Identify and assess for pedal edema.
Conclusion: Cirrhosis of the liver is one of the final stages of liver disease. It is a serious condition, causing scarring and permanent damage to the liver. Life expectancy depends on the stage and type of cirrhosis of liver. Cirrhosis progresses, more and more scar tissue forms, making it difficult for the liver to function (decompensated cirrhosis). Advanced cirrhosis is life-threatening. If liver cirrhosis is diagnosed early and the cause is treated, further damage can be limited and, rarely, reversed.
Conformal MoS2/Silicon Nanowire Array Heterojunction with Enhanced Light Trapping and Effective Interface Passivation for Ultraweak Infrared Light Detection
Authors: Mao Jie , Zhang Bingchang , Shi Yihao , Wu Xiaofeng , He Yuanyuan , Wu Di , Jie Jiansheng , Lee Chun‐Sing , Zhang Xiaohong 
Published: December 2021

Abstract2D layered materials have attracted considerable attention for fabricating IR photodetectors. However, performance, especially for weak signal detection, of these IR photodetectors is often limited by the low absorbance of the very thin active materials as well as unsuppressed dark currents. Herein, a photodetector with high sensitivity for ultraweak IR signals based on a conformal MoS2/silicon nanowire array heterojunction with an ultrathin Al2O3 interfacial passivation layer is reported. The conformal light‐trapping nanoarray structure can greatly enhance broadband IR absorption, while the Al2O3 layer can suppress interface carrier recombination effectively and thus lower reverse dark current. The photodetectors exhibit broadband photoresponse ranging from 300 to 1600 nm, low noise current of 0.11 pA Hz−1/2, large responsivity up to 0.61 A W−1 at zero bias voltage, and high specific detectivity of 1011–1012 Jones. Significantly, the devices are capable of detecting ultraweak IR signals (e.g., 100 pW at 808 nm and 3 nW at 1310/1550 nm) with high on–off ratios without applying any external bias. This work proposes a new strategy to enhance light absorption of 2D materials and construct high‐quality junction based on them, which is promising for low‐cost and high‐performance optoelectronic devices.
Transparent Refractory Aerogels for Efficient Spectral Control in High‐Temperature Solar Power Generation
Authors: Berquist Zachary J. , Gayle Andrew J. , Dasgupta Neil P. , Lenert Andrej 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAlthough spectrally selective materials play a key role in existing and emerging solar thermal technologies, temperature‐related degradation currently limits their use to below 700 °C in vacuum and even lower temperatures in air. Here a solar‐transparent refractory aerogel that offers stable performance up to 800 °C in air is demonstrated, which is significantly greater than its silica counterpart. This improved stability is attributed to the formation of a refractory aluminum silicate phase, which is synthesized using a conformal single cycle of atomic layer deposition within the high‐aspect‐ratio pores of silica aerogels. Based on direct heat loss measurements, the transparent refractory aerogel achieves a receiver efficiency of 75% at 100 suns and an absorber temperature of 700 °C, which is a 5% improvement over the state of the art. Transparent refractory aerogels may find widespread applicability in solar thermal technologies by enabling the use of lower‐cost optical focusing systems and eliminating the need for highly evacuated receivers. In particular, a shift to higher operating temperatures while maintaining a high receiver efficiency can enable the use of advanced supercritical CO2 power cycles and ultimately translate to an ≈10% (absolute) improvement in solar‐to‐electrical conversion efficiency relative to existing linear concentrating systems.
Ion‐Accumulation‐Induced Charge Tunneling for High Gain Factor in P–I–N‐Structured Perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 X‐Ray Detector
Authors: Jia Shanshan , Xiao Yingrui , Hu Mingxin , He Xilai , Bu Nuo , Li Nan , Liu Yucheng , Zhang Yunxia , Cui Jian , Ren Xiaodong , Zhao Kui , Liu Ming , Wang Shubo , Yuan Ningyi , Ding Jianning , Yang Zhou , Liu Shengzhong(Frank) 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLead halide perovskite‐based X‐ray detectors show very promising sensitivity and low detection limit, which can be used for next‐generation, room‐temperature radiation detections. It is interesting to find that the diode‐structured X‐ray detector shows very high photocurrent gain under small reversed bias voltage, which is unusual and should be investigated and understood for better device design. In this regard, a lead halide perovskite‐based X‐ray detector with the p–i–n structure is fabricated and studied. The p–i–n structured device shows abnormal and excellent photoconductor properties with high photocurrent gain factor under reverse bias. Further device simulation reveals that the ion migration and accumulation in the perovskite material are responsible for the large band‐bending at the interface, which may induce charge tunneling to reduce the contact resistance and causes the reverse‐biased device to work as a photoconductor rather than a photodiode. This finding provides a new approach to the understanding and design of high‐performance X‐ray detectors utilizing ionic semiconductors like lead halide perovskites.
Understanding the Role of Commercial Separators and Their Reactivity toward LiPF6 on the Failure Mechanism of High‐Voltage NCM523 || Graphite Lithium Ion Cells
Authors: Klein Sven , Wrogemann Jens Matthies , van Wickeren Stefan , Harte Patrick , Bärmann Peer , Heidrich Bastian , Hesper Jakob , Borzutzki Kristina , Nowak Sascha , Börner Markus , Winter Martin , Kasnatscheew Johannes , Placke Tobias 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNCM523 || graphite lithium ion cells operated at 4.5 V are prone to an early “rollover” failure, due to electrode cross‐talk, that is, transition metal (TM = Mn, Ni, and Co) dissolution from NCM523 and deposition at graphite, subsequent formation of Li metal dendrites, and, in the worst case, generation of (micro‐)short‐circuits by dendrites growing to the cathode. Here, the impact of different separators on the high‐voltage performance of NCM523 || graphite cells is elucidated focusing on the separators’ structural properties (e.g., membrane vs fiber) and their reactivity toward LiPF6 (e.g., ceramic‐coated separators). First, the separator architecture has a major impact on cycle life. Fiber‐structured separators can prevent the “rollover” failure by a more homogeneous deposition of TMs and formation of Li metal dendrites, thus, hindering penetration of dendrites to the cathode. In contrast, porous membrane‐structured separators cannot prevent the cell failure due to inhomogeneous TM deposits/Li metal dendrites. Second, it is demonstrated that different types of ceramic‐coated separators (Boehmite (γ‐AlO(OH)) vs α‐Al2O3) exhibit different reactivities toward LiPF6. While α‐Al2O3 shows a minor reactivity toward LiPF6, the γ‐AlO(OH) coating leads to in situ formation of the beneficial difluorophosphate anion in high amounts due the high reactivity toward LiPF6 decomposition, which significantly improves cycle life.
Machine‐Learning‐Enabled Vectorial Opto‐Magnetization Orientation
Authors: Yan Weichao , Nie Zhongquan , Zeng Xunwen , Dai Guohong , Cai Mengqiang , Shen Yun , Deng Xiaohua 
Published: December 2021

AbstractManipulation of light‐induced magnetization has become a fundamentally hot topic with a potentially high impact for atom trapping, confocal and magnetic resonance microscopy, and data storage. The control of the magnetization orientation mainly relies on the direct methods composed of amplitude, phase, and polarization modulations of the incident light under the tight focusing condition, leaving the achievement of arbitrary desirable 3D magnetization orientation complicated, inflexible, and inefficient. Here, a facile approach called machine learning inverse design to achieve expected vectorial opto‐magnetization orientation is proposed. This pathway is time‐efficient and accurate to produce the demanded incident beam for arbitrary prescribed 3D magnetization orientation. It is highlighted that the machine learning method is not only applied for magnetization orientations, but also widely used in the control of magnetization structures.