bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Juvenile Chinook Salmon Survival, Travel Time, and Floodplain Use Relative to Riverine Channels in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta
Authors: Pope Adam C. , Perry Russell W. , Harvey Brett N. , Hance Dalton J. , Hansel Hal C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFloodplains provide multiple benefits to both resident and migratory fish species, including juvenile Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, but direct comparisons of survival during migration through a floodplain versus riverine routes are scarce. The Yolo Bypass is a broad floodplain of the Sacramento River that floods in about 30% of years in response to large, uncontrolled runoff events. We analyzed data from an acoustic telemetry study conducted in winter 2016 to estimate the proportion of tagged juvenile Chinook Salmon entrained from the Sacramento River into the Yolo Bypass and their spatial distribution within the Yolo Bypass. In addition, we compared survival and travel time of Chinook Salmon that migrated through the Yolo Bypass to those migrating via alternative non‐floodplain migration routes at varying stages of a flood event that activated the Yolo Bypass. We found that entrainment into the Yolo Bypass ranged from 1% to 80% among different release groups, with the highest entrainment coinciding with the peak of the March 2016 flooding event. Survival for Chinook Salmon migrating through the Yolo Bypass was similar to survival of those migrating through main‐stem migration routes. At the relatively high flows necessary to enable flooding of the Yolo Bypass, survival estimates varied little among release groups and migration routes. Furthermore, mean daily survival rates for Chinook Salmon migrating through the flooded Yolo Bypass were comparable to those of fish migrating through the other non‐floodplain routes. Median travel times remained relatively constant during various stages of flooding in the Yolo Bypass. This research should help managers to better understand the potential costs and benefits to floodplain restoration and routing of migrating Chinook Salmon into off‐channel habitat.
Prediction of soil evaporation measured with weighable lysimeters using the FAO Penman–Monteith method in combination with Richards’ equation
Authors: Schneider Jana , Groh Jannis , Pütz Thomas , Helmig Rainer , Rothfuss Youri , Vereecken Harry , Vanderborght Jan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMultiannual data (2016–2018) from 12 weighed lysimeters (four soil types with textures ranging from sandy loam to silt loam, three replicates) of the TERENO SOILCan network were used to evaluate if evaporation (E) rates could be predicted from weather data using the FAO Penman–Monteith (PM) method combined with soil water flow simulations using the Richards equation. Soil hydraulic properties (SHPs) were estimated either from soil texture using the ROSETTA pedotransfer functions, from in situ measured water retention curves, or from soil surface water contents using inverse modeling. In all years, E was water limited and the measured evaporation rates (Em) surprisingly did not vary significantly among the four different soil types. When SHPs derived from pedotransfer functions were used, simulated evaporation rates of the finer textured soils overestimated the measured ones considerably. Better agreement was obtained when simulations were based on in situ measured or inversely estimated SHPs. The SHPs estimated from pedotransfer functions represented unrealistically large characteristic lengths of evaporation (Lc), and Lc was found to be a useful characteristic to constrain estimates of SHPs. Also, when soil evaporation was water limited and Em rates were below Epot (PM evaporation scaled by an empirical coefficient), the diurnal dynamics of Em followed those of Epot. The Richards equation that considers only isothermal liquid water flow did not reproduce these dynamics caused by temperature dependent vapor transport in the soil.
Pioneering groundwater contamination investigation, research, and in situ treatment
Authors: Dzombak David A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe 1972 paper by Professor Jack McKee of the California Institute of Technology, consulting engineer Finley Laverty and Raymond Hertzel of the California Regional Water Quality Control Board‐Los Angeles (McKee et al., 1972) was an early, important contribution to the understanding of groundwater contamination with organic liquids and to the integrated use of field, laboratory, and modeling studies to develop remediation approaches. The work presented in the paper was ahead of the curve and helped provide the foundation for the intense research, development, and education in investigation and remediation of groundwater contamination problems that began around 1980 and lasted for two decades. Reading the paper in the current context of more than 40 years of research and field experience provides perspective on how little was known in 1972 about groundwater contamination and how to address it, and how well‐formulated and forward‐looking was the work of McKee et al.Practitioner points

McKee et al. (1972) was an early, important contribution to the understanding of groundwater contamination with organic liquids and to the integrated use of field, laboratory and modeling studies to develop remediation approaches.
McKee et al. present the results of site investigation and remediation planning studies for a large‐scale groundwater contamination site in the Los Angeles‐Glendale, California area.
Four specific remediation goals were established, and a comprehensive program of site investigation, research, and modeling was developed to support the achievement of the remediation goals.
The comprehensive site investigation and remedial planning involving field, laboratory, and modeling studies described by McKee et al. was a forerunner of what came into standard contaminated site remediation practice in the 1980s and 1990s.
Paid Work and Parenting
Authors: Suwada Katarzyna 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter is devoted to the issue of paid work. Despite analyses dominating today that perceive paid work as an obstacle to parenting, I argue that paid work is an important obligation arising from parenthood. My analysis indicates that becoming a parent has consequences on how individuals perceive paid work. It becomes more important and there is a bigger focus on the level of earnings. Polish parents feel an enormous economic pressures in connection to having children. Yet the attitudes of men and women to paid work are different. In case of men there is a greater pressure to keep paid work and have a decent salary. Whereas women more often perceive paid work as a source of satisfaction. On the one hand, they also feel pressure to be active in the labour market and to bring money home, but on the other hand they confine more attention to the fact that paid work should be satisfactory. What is more, the chapter discusses these gender differences in the context of economic inequalities, as well as differences between the situation of single and coupled parents.
Small free field inflation in higher curvature gravity
Authors: Edelstein José D. , Mann Robert B. , Rodríguez David Vázquez , López Alejandro Vilar 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Within General Relativity, a minimally coupled scalar field governed by a quadratic potential is able to produce an accelerated expansion of the universe provided its value and excursion are larger than the Planck scale. This is an archetypical example of the so called large field inflation models. We show that by including higher curvature corrections to the gravitational action in the form of the Geometric Inflation models, it is possible to obtain accelerated expansion with a free scalar field whose values are well below the Planck scale, thereby turning a traditional large field model into a small field one. We provide the conditions the theory has to satisfy in order for this mechanism to operate, and we present two explicit models illustrating it. Finally, we present some open questions raised by this scenario in which inflation takes place completely in a higher curvature dominated regime, such as those concerning the study of perturbations.
Are physiological and behavioural responses to stressors displayed concordantly by wild urban rodents?
Authors: Fardell Loren L. , Bedoya-Pérez Miguel A. , Dickman Christopher R. , Crowther Mathew S. , Pavey Chris R. , Narayan Edward J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUnderstanding wild animal responses to stressors underpins effective wildlife management. In order for responses to stressors to be correctly interpreted, it is critical that measurements are taken on wild animals using minimally invasive techniques. Studies investigating wild animal responses to stressors often measure either a single physiological or behavioural variable, but whether such responses are comparable and concordant remains uncertain. We investigated this question in a pilot study that measured responses of wild-caught urban brown and black rats (Rattus norvegicus,Rattus rattus) to fur-based olfactory cues from a predator, the domestic cat (Felis catus); a novel herbivore, the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus); and a familiar herbivore and competitor, the common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula). Physiological responses, measured by assaying faecal glucocorticoid metabolites, were compared to behavioural responses observed via video recordings. We found that physiological and behavioural responses to stressors were expressed concordantly. There was no sizeable physiological response observed, and the behavioural response when considered across the night was negligible. However, the behavioural response to the predator and competitor cues changed across the observation period, with activity increasing with increasing hours of exposure. Our results indicate that responses of wild rodents to cues are nuanced, with stress responses modulated by behaviour changes that vary over time according to the severity of the perceived threat as animals gather further information. If the physiological response alone had been assessed, this moderated response may not have been evident, and in terms of wildlife management, vital information would have been lost.
Neurochirurgische Operationsmöglichkeiten bei posteriorer Epilepsie
Authors: Rössler Karl , Kasper Burkhard , Tomschik Matthias , Dörfler Arnd , Buchfelder Michael , Dorfer Christian 
Published: January 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Die chirurgische Therapie der posterioren Epilepsie stellt innerhalb der epilepsiechirurgischen Eingriffe eine besondere Herausforderung dar.

Fragestellung
Die Arten der Eingriffe zur chirurgischen Therapie der posterioren Epilepsie

Material und Methode
Darstellung der verschiedenen Eingriffsarten auf Basis der historischen und rezenten technischen Entwicklungen.

Ergebnisse
Elektrodenimplantation, resektive und diskonnektive Verfahren sowie neue Methoden tragen dazu bei, das Anfallsoutcome der posterioren Epilepsie zu verbessern.
Charting a path towards a public health approach for gambling harm prevention
Authors: Price Alex , Hilbrecht Margo , Billi Rosa 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimGambling harm is a serious public health issue affecting the health, financial security, and social well-being of millions of people and their close relations around the world. Despite its population health implications, gambling harm is not typically viewed and treated as a public health policy issue. This paper critically reviews the evolution of the public health perspective on gambling harm. It also considers how gambling harm can be operationalized within a public health model.MethodsA critical historical review of the emerging public health perspective on gambling harm was conducted. Key documents covering three decades of development were reviewed and appraised through a process of deliberation and debate over source impact in the fields of research, policy, and programming internationally.ResultsThe first decade mainly focused on identifying gambling harm and framing the public health issue. The second decade featured the expansion of health assessment and emerging areas of policy and program development. The third decade saw an increased focus on public health frameworks that advanced understanding of harm mechanics and impact. As reflected by theessential functionsof a general public health model, gambling harm prevention efforts emphasize health promotion over other key functions like health assessment and surveillance.ConclusionGambling harm is a public health issue requiring greater attention to health assessment and surveillance data development.
Minimally important difference in cost savings: Is it possible to identify an MID for cost savings?
Authors: Dooley Mary , Simpson Annie N. , Nietert Paul J. , Williams Dunc , Simpson Kit N. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAs healthcare costs continue to increase, studies assessing costs are becoming increasingly common, but researchers planning for studies that measure costs differences (savings) encounter a lack of literature or consensus among researchers on what constitutes “small” or “large” cost savings for common measures of resource use. Other fields of research have developed approaches to solve this type of problem. Researchers measuring improvement in quality of life or clinical assessments have defined minimally important differences (MID) which are then used to define magnitudes when planning studies. Also, studies that measure cost effectiveness use benchmarks, such as cost/QALY, but do not provide benchmarks for cost differences. In a review of the literature, we found no publications identifying indicators of magnitude for costs. However, the literature describes three approaches used to identify minimally important outcome differences: (1) anchor-based, (2) distribution-based, and (3) a consensus-based Delphi methods. In this exploratory study, we used these three approaches to derive MID for two types of resource measures common in costing studies for: (1) hospital admissions (high cost); and (2) clinic visits (low cost). We used data from two (unpublished) studies to implement the MID estimation. Because the distributional characteristics of cost measures may require substantial samples, we performed power analyses on all our estimates to illustrate the effect that the definitions of “small” and “large” costs may be expected to have on power and sample size requirements for studies. The anchor-based method, while logical and simple to implement, may be of limited value in cases where it is difficult to identify appropriate anchors. We observed some commonalities and differences for the distribution and consensus-based approaches, which require further examination. We recommend that in cases where acceptable anchors are not available, both the Delphi and the distribution-method of MID for costs be explored for convergence.
The Epidemiology and Predictors of Outcomes Among Confirmed COVID-19 Cases in a Large Community Healthcare System in South Florida
Authors: Samuels Shenae , Niu Jianli , Sareli Candice , Eckardt Paula 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to be a major public health concern. The aim of this study was to describe the presenting characteristics, epidemiology and predictors of outcomes among confirmed COVID-19 cases seen at a large community healthcare system which serves the epicenter and diverse region of Florida. We conducted a retrospective analysis of individuals with lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection who were seen, from March 2, 2020 to May 31, 2020, at Memorial Healthcare System in South Florida. Data was extracted from a COVID-19 registry of patients with lab-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Univariate and backward stepwise multivariate logistic regression models were used to determine predictors of key study outcomes. There were a total of 1692 confirmed COVID-19 patients included in this study. Increasing age was found to be a significant predictor of hospitalization, 30-day readmission and death. Having a temperature of 38 °C or more and increasing comorbidity score were also associated with an increased risk of hospitalization. Significant predictors of ICU admission included having a saturated oxygen level less than 90%, hypertension, dementia, rheumatologic disease, having a respiratory rate greater than 24 breaths per minute. Being of Hispanic ethnicity and immunosuppressant utilization greatly increased the risk of 30-day readmission. Having an oxygen saturation less than 90% and an underlying neurological disorder were associated with an increased likelihood of death. Results show that a patient’s demographic, underlying condition and vitals at triage may increase or reduce their risk of hospitalization, ICU admission, 30-day readmission or death.
Generation and Demolishment Mechanisms of Vapor Bubble Around Hot Tungsten Filament in Superfluid Helium-4
Authors: Shih Che-Chi , Huang Ming-Huei , Chang Pang-Chia , Yu Po-Wei , Jian Wen-Bin , Kono Kimitoshi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe electric transport I–V characteristics of a tungsten filament immersed in superfluid helium are experimentally studied. The forward sweep I–V characteristics show an abrupt jump from the linear ohmic regime (C state) to the high-resistance non-ohmic regime (H state). In the H state, the filament is covered with a He gas bubble. In the C state, there is no gas bubble, that is, liquid He directly touches the filament surface. The transitions between these two states exhibit a well-developed hysteresis and bistability. The transition from the H state to the C state occurs at the equilibrium gas–liquid phase transition point, as reported by Date et al. (J Phys Soc Jpn 35(4):1190, 1973), whereas the C-to-H-state transition occurs in the superheat region.
Ferromagnetism in d-Dimensional SU(n) Hubbard Models with Nearly Flat Bands
Authors: Tamura Kensuke , Katsura Hosho 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe present rigorous results for the SU(n) Fermi–Hubbard models with finite-range hopping in d ($$\ge 2$$

≥
2

) dimensions. The models are defined on a class of decorated lattices. We first study the models with flat bands at the bottom of the single-particle spectrum and prove that the ground states exhibit SU(n) ferromagnetism when the number of particles is equal to the number of unit cells. We then perturb the models by adding particular hopping terms and make the bottom bands dispersive. Under the same filling condition, it is proved that the ground states remain SU(n) ferromagnetic when the bottom bands are sufficiently flat and the Coulomb repulsion is sufficiently large.
Trace metal bioaccumulation in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) from Liaodong Bay (Bohai Sea, China)
Authors: Liu Yonghua , Xu Jiayu , Wang Yong , Yang Song 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCd, Cr, Cu, Pb, and Zn concentrations were measured in oysters (C. gigas), plankton, and seawater during spring, summer, and autumn in Liaodong Bay (Bohai Sea, China) to elucidate the effects of season, region, and oyster size on metal bioaccumulation in oysters. Metal concentrations were quantified via atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Our study determined that metal concentrations in oysters, plankton, and seawater were the highest in summer, whereas the lowest levels occurred in autumn. Regarding oyster sizes, the highest Pb levels occurred in C3-sized oysters (> 5-cm length), whereas the highest Cd, Cr, Cu, and Zn levels occurred in C2 (3–5-cm length) oysters. In contrast, the lowest Cu and Pb levels occurred in C1 (< 3-cm length) oysters, whereas the lowest mean Cd, Cr, and Zn concentrations were observed in C3 oysters. Significant differences in trace metal concentrations in the three sample types were observed in all sampling sites.
Groundwater quality trend and trend reversal assessment in the European Water Framework Directive context: an example with nitrates in Italy
Authors: Frollini Eleonora , Preziosi Elisabetta , Calace Nicoletta , Guerra Maurizio , Guyennon Nicolas , Marcaccio Marco , Menichetti Stefano , Romano Emanuele , Ghergo Stefano 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGroundwater resources are of utmost importance in sustaining water related ecosystems, including humans. The long-lasting impacts from anthropogenic activities require early actions, owing to the natural time lag in groundwater formation and renewal. The European Union (EU) policy, within the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD), requires Member States to identify and reverse any significant and sustained upward trend in the concentration of pollutants, defining specific protection measures to be included in the River Basin Management Plans (RBMP). In Italy, official guidelines for trend and trend reversal assessment have been published recently. Statistical methods, such as the Mann-Kendall test for trend analysis and the Sen’s method for estimating concentration scenarios, should be applied at the fixed terms stated by the WFD implementation cycles to identify upward trends, while the Pettitt test is proposed for the identification of trend reversal. In this paper, we present an application of a slightly modified version of the Italian Guidelines to a groundwater body in Northern Italy featuring nitrate pollution and discuss its advantages and limitations. In addition to Pettitt test, for the trend reversal analysis, we apply the Mann-Kendall test in two sections and compare the results. We conclude that this method seems more reliable than Pettitt test to identify a reversal point in quality time series. The overall procedure can be easily applied to any groundwater body defined at risk across Europe, for the assessment of the upward trends of pollutants and their reversal, even with little chemical monitoring data. Although focused on the EU legislative framework, this procedure may be relevant for a wider context, allowing to individuate upward trend as early warning for contamination processes in an integrated water resources management context.
Speculative housing markets and rent control: insights from nonlinear economic dynamics
Authors: Schmitt Noemi , Westerhoff Frank 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe propose a novel housing market model to explore the effectiveness of rent control. Our model reveals that the expectation formation and learning behavior of boundedly rational homebuyers, switching between extrapolative and regressive expectation rules subject to their past forecasting accuracy, may create endogenous housing market dynamics. We show that policymakers may use rent control to reduce the rent level, although such policies may have undesirable effects on the house price and the housing stock. However, we are also able to prove that well-designed rent control may help policymakers to stabilize housing market dynamics, even without creating housing market distortions.