bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal prenatal stress exposure and sex-specific risk of severe infection in offspring
Authors: Robinson Monique , Carter Kim W. , Pennell Craig E. , Jacoby Peter , Moore Hannah C. , Zubrick Stephen R. , Burgner David 
Published: January 2021

Background
Maternal stressful life events during pregnancy have been associated with immune dysregulation and increased risk for asthma and atopy in offspring. Few studies have investigated whether prenatal stress is associated with increased overall or specific infectious diseases in childhood, nor explored sex differences. We sought to examine the relationship between the nature and timing of maternal stress in pregnancy and hospitalisation with infection in offspring.

Methods
Between 1989 and 1992, exposure data on stressful life events were collected from pregnant women (Gen1) in the Raine Study at 18 and 34 weeks’ gestation and linked to statutory state-wide hospital morbidity data. We examined associations between the number, category and timing of maternal prenatal stress events and overall and clinical groups of offspring (Gen2) infection-related hospitalisation until age 16 years, adjusting for maternal age, education, and smoking in pregnancy in addition to the presence of siblings at birth.

Results
Of 2,141 offspring with complete stress in pregnancy data available, 1,089 had at least one infection-related hospitalisation, with upper respiratory tract infections the most common (n = 556). Each additional stressful life event during pregnancy was associated with increased risk in male offspring for hospitalisation with all infection types. There was little evidence of these associations in girls.

Conclusions
Increased exposure to stressful life events in utero is associated with sex-specific infection-related hospitalisations in childhood. Prenatal stress may adversely affect early immune development for boys and increase the risk of more severe infections. Mechanistic understanding would inform preventative interventions.
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to COVID-19 pandemic among adult population in Sidama Regional State, Southern Ethiopia: A community based cross-sectional study
Authors: Yoseph Amanuel , Tamiso Alemu , Ejeso Amanuel 
Published: January 2021

Introduction
COVID-19 incidence is increasing and different measures have been adopted to control the spread of the pandemic in Ethiopia. Among these measures, enhancing the knowledge, positive attitudes, and proper practices of prevention measures about the disease is a basic strategy to control it. However, community compliance to control measures is largely dependent on their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) towards COVID-19.

Objective
To assess the current level of KAP towards COVID-19 pandemic and predictors among the rural dwellers in Sidama regional state, Southern Ethiopia; 2020.

Methods
This community-based prospective cross-sectional study was carried out from May 1–30, 2020 on a sample of 1,278 adult populations in Sidama regional state, Southern Ethiopia. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to choice the study participants. The data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire. We have entered data using Epi data version 3.1 and all analyses were done using SPSS version 25. KAPs scores of study participants based on their independent variables were compared using Chi-square test, t-test or one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) as required. Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify factors associated with KAP. The important assumptions of the logistic regression model were checked to be satisfied. Adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to assess the existence and strength of associations.

Results
From a total of 1,214 study participants, the overall attained knowledge, attitude and practice score about COVID-19 were 90%, 82.4% and 65%, respectively. Among these, 43.9%, 37.5%, and 24.4% of the study participants had demonstrated good knowledge, high attitude and proper practice, respectively. The mean knowledge scores were significantly different between sex, categories of marital status, educational levels, main occupation, and the monthly income quintiles of the study participants (p<0.05). Similarly, the mean attitude scores significantly varied across educational levels, main occupations and marital status (p<0.05). Based on multivariable logistic regression analysis, main occupation of the government employees, education level of diploma and above, highest and second highest wealth rank were positively associated with COVID-19 prevention and control practice.

Conclusions
The majority of study participants had showed good knowledge and optimistic attitude toward COVID-19. But, the level of practice lower than that expected to maximize effective control measures. Further public education interventions and community sensitization campaigns are required for rural adult population in the Sidama regional state, Ethiopia.
Typology of The Coastal Countryside in Supporting Development of North Coast Region in West Java
Authors: Raharja Apriadi Budi , Aji Supratognyo , Syarifudin Deden 
Published: January 2021

The pressure from rapid development causes condition of resources and living quality to be less than ideal for future development. The economic characteristics of northern coast regions of West Java commonly deals with fish farm, ground fish catch, industrial area, ship repair, and tourist. This study aimed to reveal the typology of rural area, north coast of West Java province. The analysis used was multivariate to identify a group of objects that have the semblance of a characteristic parameter based on natural resources and human resources. Research locus on six counties that consist of 124 identified villages is a village along northern coast of West Java. Based on analysis of rural typology, four of the rural types were found, namely; typology 1 (comprised 55 villages); typology 2 (48 villages); typology 3 (10 villages); typology 4 (11 villages). Coastal villages of Pantura have a fast transition, However the transition occurred tends to shape village’s characteristic and still unable to improve service quality and quality of life of rural communities.
Experimental Study on Embankment Failure Law and Reinforcement Technology for Highway Widening Project over Silt Soils
Authors: Lv Gao-hang , Cui Wei , Zhang Qian-qing , Wu Shi-qian , Wang Shu-jian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the highway widening project, it is of great importance to take measures to control the differential settlement between the new and old embankment, therefore improving the stability of the new embankment. This article presents a series of model tests to analyze the failure law of the new embankment and compare the reinforcement effects of different reinforcement technologies. The test results show that the new embankment is unstable because of the slope slippage under ultimate load. In the reinforcement test of gravel pile, reaming phenomenon occurred at the top of the pile, and both of the values in pavement settlement and embankment lateral deformation are similar to those of the unreinforced embankment. In the geogrid reinforcement test, the embankment settlement can be reduced by restricting the lateral deformation of the new embankment with geogrid, where the settlement is 41 % less than that of the unreinforced scenario. In the cement fly ash gravel (CFG) reinforcement test, the pavement load is transferred to a deeper layer of the embankment by CFG piles, a soil arch effect with the surrounding soil is formed to restrict the lateral deformation and slippage, and the pavement settlement is 46 % less than that of the unreinforced scenario. According to the test results, the order of effectiveness for the reinforcement methods is CFG piles &gt; geogrid &gt; gravel pile.
Direct Structural Connections between Auditory and Visual Motion-Selective Regions in Humans
Authors: Gurtubay-Antolin Ane , Battal Ceren , Maffei Chiara , Rezk Mohamed , Mattioni Stefania , Jovicich Jorge , Collignon Olivier 
Published: January 2021

In humans, the occipital middle-temporal region (hMT+/V5) specializes in the processing of visual motion, while the planum temporale (hPT) specializes in auditory motion processing. It has been hypothesized that these regions might communicate directly to achieve fast and optimal exchange of multisensory motion information. Here we investigated, for the first time in humans (male and female), the presence of direct white matter connections between visual and auditory motion-selective regions using a combined fMRI and diffusion MRI approach. We found evidence supporting the potential existence of direct white matter connections between individually and functionally defined hMT+/V5 and hPT. We show that projections between hMT+/V5 and hPT do not overlap with large white matter bundles, such as the inferior longitudinal fasciculus and the inferior frontal occipital fasciculus. Moreover, we did not find evidence suggesting the presence of projections between the fusiform face area and hPT, supporting the functional specificity of hMT+/V5–hPT connections. Finally, the potential presence of hMT+/V5–hPT connections was corroborated in a large sample of participants (n= 114) from the human connectome project. Together, this study provides a first indication for potential direct occipitotemporal projections between hMT+/V5 and hPT, which may support the exchange of motion information between functionally specialized auditory and visual regions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPerceiving and integrating moving signal across the senses is arguably one of the most important perceptual skills for the survival of living organisms. In order to create a unified representation of movement, the brain must therefore integrate motion information from separate senses. Our study provides support for the potential existence of direct connections between motion-selective regions in the occipital/visual (hMT+/V5) and temporal/auditory (hPT) cortices in humans. This connection could represent the structural scaffolding for the rapid and optimal exchange and integration of multisensory motion information. These findings suggest the existence of computationally specific pathways that allow information flow between areas that share a similar computational goal.
Insulin Bidirectionally Alters NAc Glutamatergic Transmission: Interactions between Insulin Receptor Activation, Endogenous Opioids, and Glutamate Release
Authors: Fetterly Tracy L. , Oginsky Max F. , Nieto Allison M. , Alonso-Caraballo Yanaira , Santana-Rodriguez Zuleirys , Ferrario Carrie R. 
Published: January 2021

Human fMRI studies show that insulin influences brain activity in regions that mediate reward and motivation, including the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Insulin receptors are expressed by NAc medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and studies of cultured cortical and hippocampal neurons suggest that insulin influences excitatory transmission via presynaptic and postsynaptic mechanisms. However, nothing is known about how insulin influences excitatory transmission in the NAc. Furthermore, insulin dysregulation accompanying obesity is linked to cognitive decline, depression, anxiety, and altered motivation that rely on NAc excitatory transmission. Using whole-cell patch-clamp and biochemical approaches, we determined how insulin affects NAc glutamatergic transmission in nonobese and obese male rats and the underlying mechanisms. We find that there are concentration-dependent, bidirectional effects of insulin on excitatory transmission, with insulin receptor activation increasing and IGF receptor activation decreasing NAc excitatory transmission. Increases in excitatory transmission were mediated by activation of postsynaptic insulin receptors located on MSNs. However, this effect was due to an increase in presynaptic glutamate release. This suggested feedback from MSNs to presynaptic terminals. In additional experiments, we found that insulin-induced increases in presynaptic glutamate release are mediated by opioid receptor-dependent disinhibition. Furthermore, obesity resulted in a loss of insulin receptor-mediated increases in excitatory transmission and a reduction in NAc insulin receptor surface expression, while preserving reductions in transmission mediated by IGF receptors. These results provide the first insights into how insulin influences excitatory transmission in the adult brain, and evidence for a previously unidentified form of opioid receptor-dependent disinhibition of NAc glutamatergic transmission.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTData here provide the first insights into how insulin influences excitatory transmission in the adult brain, and identify previously unknown interactions between insulin receptor activation, opioids, and glutamatergic transmission. These data contribute to our fundamental understanding of insulin's influence on brain motivational systems and have implications for the use of insulin as a cognitive enhancer and for targeting of insulin receptors and IGF receptors to alter motivation.
Identification of TOR‐responsive slow‐cycling neoblasts in planarians
Authors: Molinaro Alyssa M , Lindsay‐Mosher Nicole , Pearson Bret J 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEpimorphic regeneration commonly relies on the activation of reserved stem cells to drive new cell production. The planarian Schmidtea mediterranea is among the best regenerators in nature, thanks to its large population of adult stem cells, called neoblasts. While neoblasts have long been known to drive regeneration, whether a subset of neoblasts is reserved for this purpose is unknown. Here, we revisit the idea of reserved neoblasts by approaching neoblast heterogeneity from a regulatory perspective. By implementing a new fluorescence‐activated cell sorting strategy in planarians, we identify a population of neoblasts defined by low transcriptional activity. These RNAlow neoblasts are relatively slow‐cycling at homeostasis and undergo a morphological regeneration response characterized by cell growth at 48 h post‐amputation. At this time, RNAlow neoblasts proliferate in a TOR‐dependent manner. Additionally, knockdown of the tumour suppressor Lrig‐1, which is enriched in RNAlow neoblasts, results in RNAlow neoblast growth and hyperproliferation at homeostasis, and ultimately delays regeneration. We propose that slow‐cycling RNAlow neoblasts represent a regeneration‐reserved neoblast population.
Endothelial-Derived miR-17∼92 Promotes Angiogenesis to Protect against Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury
Authors: Chiba Takuto , Cerqueira Débora M. , Li Yao , Bodnar Andrew J. , Mukherjee Elina , Pfister Katherine , Phua Yu Leng , Shaikh Kai , Sanders Brandon T. , Hemker Shelby L. , Pagano Patrick J. , Wu Yijen L. , Ho Jacqueline , Sims-Lucas Sunder 
Published: January 2021

Significance Statement
Regulation of endothelial cells is important in many biologic processes, including development, organ function, and disease. The kidney vasculature is highly sensitive to hypoxic injury and has a limited capacity for repair. AKI as a result of decreased blood flow is common, and there are no current therapies. MicroRNAs are small noncoding RNAs that inhibit expression of target genes. Endothelial-derived miR-17∼92 is a cluster of microRNAs critical for endothelial function and repair during AKI in mice. Furthermore, pharmacologic treatment with mimics of the cluster mitigates AKI, promoting angiogenesis. These microRNAs are the first potential therapeutic target for kidney endothelial damage after AKI, and mimics may be broadly applicable to disease processes that involve endothelial injury.

Background
Damage to the renal microvasculature is a hallmark of renal ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI)–mediated AKI. The miR-17∼92 miRNA cluster (encoding miR-17, -18a, -19a, -20a, -19b-1, and -92a-1) regulates angiogenesis in multiple settings, but no definitive role in renal endothelium during AKI pathogenesis has been established.

Methods
Antibodies bound to magnetic beads were utilized to selectively enrich for renal endothelial cells from mice. Endothelial-specific miR-17∼92 knockout (miR-17∼92

endo−/−
) mice were generated and given renal IRI. Mice were monitored for the development of AKI using serum chemistries and histology and for renal blood flow using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and laser Doppler imaging. Mice were treated with miRNA mimics during renal IRI, and therapeutic efficacies were evaluated.

Results

miR-17, -18a, -20a, -19b, and pri–miR-17∼92 are dynamically regulated in renal endothelial cells after renal IRI. miR-17∼92

endo−/−
exacerbates renal IRI in male and female mice. Specifically, miR-17∼92

endo−/−
promotes renal tubular injury, reduces renal blood flow, promotes microvascular rarefaction, increases renal oxidative stress, and promotes macrophage infiltration to injured kidneys. The potent antiangiogenic factor thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) is highly expressed in renal endothelium in miR-17∼92

endo−/−
after renal IRI and is a target of miR-18a and miR-19a/b. miR-17∼92 is critical in the angiogenic response after renal IRI, which treatment with miR-18a and miR-19b mimics can mitigate.

Conclusions
These data suggest that endothelial-derived miR-17∼92 stimulates a reparative response in damaged renal vasculature during renal IRI by regulating angiogenic pathways.
Bogotá: rostros de marginación y delincuencia juvenil en tres cuentos de Luis Fayad
Authors: Bernal Alvaro Antonio 
Published: January 2021

El escritor colombiano Luis Fayad a través de su narrativa ha estado siempre ligado a la temática urbana, en concreto al caso de Bogotá como la potencial megalópolis colombiana. Muchos de sus relatos y novelas giran en torno al tejido social de una Bogotá ampliamente fragmentada y compleja. El autor ha sabido indagar y diseccionar los intercisos que delimitan las diferentes capas de la sociedad local. En este estudio me ocupo de tres cuentos en los que Fayad por medio de la ficción retrata e invita a reflexionar sobre la marginalidad urbana a partir de jóvenes personajes que vagabundean y viven en las calles delinquiendo. Estos textos, a pesar de su carácter ficcional, documentan la realidad marginal acontecida en Bogotá durante las décadas del sesenta y setenta. Estos relatos más allá de sus bondades estéticas, sirven para establecer y perpetuar la memoria de la ciudad, evidenciando indirectamente un proyecto social fallido, una niñez y una juventud malogradas, y un intento truncado de modernización.
Palabras clave: Luis Fayad; Literatura colombiana; Bogotá; Literatura urbana; marginalización
Analgesic and neuromotor effects of two extracts of Zanthoxylum rhoifolium (Rutaceae) in the Swiss albino mouse (Mus musculus)
Authors: Villegas-Valencia Melany , González-Reyes Libardo Andrés , Asencio-Santofimio Helberg , Gutierrez-Montes Jose Oscar , García Angelica , Garzón-Gaviria Silverio 
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND: Colombia has a high diversity of medicinal plants, including Tachuelo (Zanthoxylum rhoifolium), a tree belonging to the family Rutaceae, which has been attributed an analgesic use by communities of the Colombian southwest. Nevertheless, this species has been scarce studied in Colombia. The studies have been limited to the isolation of compounds with antifungal and insecticide activity, using the leaves, branches, and bark of the plant in aqueous, and organic extracts. Neither pharmacological tests have been carried out, nor the analgesic and neuromotor activity have been tested from preparations with this plant’s fruits. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the analgesic and neuromotor effect of the aqueous and hexane extract of the fruits of Z. rhoifolium. METHODS: As there were no preliminary reports of this study, the first observation was made through Irwin’s test. The formalin and the rotarod test were performed to determine the analgesic and motor coordination effects, respectively. RESULTS: All the evaluated treatments demonstrated to generate analgesia, anesthesia, passivity, reduction in the alarm reaction, and have antinociceptive activity in the formalin test; while only the high dose of the nonpolar extract generated a deficit in the motor performance of the rodents in the rotarod test. CONCLUSIONS: the antinociceptive effect of the aqueous and hexane extracts of this species’ fruits was demonstrated. The hexane extract generated a neuromotor effect, which validates the ethnobotanical reports on Z. rhoifolium fruits.
Outcome of vaginal sildinafil in assisted reproductive technology cycles
Authors: Kapoor Avnika , Sharma Garima , Bakshi Rita 
Published: January 2021

Background: The present study assessed the role of sildenafil in endometrial blood flow and successful pregnancy in IVF done in surrogate mothers.Methods: In the present study surrogate mothers were included. Thirty patients were randomized to receive sildenafil 25 mg thrice a day vaginally in addition to standard drugs and technique and another 30 were not given sildenafil.Results: Mean age, anthropometry, duration of infertility and pre-treatment endometrial thickness was similar in the two study groups. After treatment completion, it was observed that the endometrial pattern in ultrasound was similar in the two study groups (p value=0.58). Heterogenic endometrial pattern was observed in 6.7% of the Sildenafil patients and 3.3% in the control patients, while echogenic pattern was seen in 10% of the sildenafil patients and 6.7% of the control patients. Similarly, endometrial thickness was 10.2±1.7 and 9.7±1.8 mm in sildenafil and control group respectively, p value=0.62. Using doppler ultrasound, uterine artery PI was significantly lower in Sildenafil group patients as compared to control group patients. Similarly, we found uterine artery RI was also significantly lower in the Sildenafil group patients as compared to control group patients. We followed the patients and found that clinical pregnancy rate was significantly higher among Sildenafil group (60%) as compared to control group (26.6%), p value<0.05.Conclusions: Vaginal sildenafil resulted in significantly higher pregnancy rates in our study population. The uterine artery PI and RI were significantly lower in patients taking sildenafil.
Polycystic ovarian syndrome: pathogenesis and management
Authors: Thiam Coumba Aicha , Antoine Malyn M. L. K. , Antoine-Frank Chrystal D. 
Published: January 2021

Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrine disorder that commonly affects women of reproductive age. Its prevalence varies quite significantly and its clinical presentation includes: reproductive, metabolic and psychological issues. PCOS develops due to a variety of factors some of which are not yet fully understood. Due to the complexity in the development and presentation of this condition, the management of PCOS in most instances is complicated and involves the combination of pharmacological, non-pharmacological and surgical interventions. This review discusses the pathogenesis and management of PCOS as means of providing information that would enhance understanding and control of this disease.