bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
World Health Organization‐defined eosinophilic disorders: 2022 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management
Authors: Shomali William , Gotlib Jason 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDisease OverviewThe eosinophilias encompass a broad range of nonhematologic (secondary or reactive) and hematologic (primary or clonal) disorders with potential for end‐organ damage.DiagnosisHypereosinophilia (HE) has generally been defined as a peripheral blood eosinophil count greater than 1.5 × 109/L. After exclusion of secondary causes of eosinophilia, diagnostic evaluation of primary eosinophilias relies on morphologic review of the blood and marrow, standard cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization, next generation sequencing gene assays, and flow immunophenotyping to detect histopathologic or clonal evidence for an acute or chronic hematolymphoid neoplasm.Risk StratificationDisease prognosis relies on identifying the subtype of eosinophilia. After evaluation of secondary causes of eosinophilia, the 2016 World Health Organization endorses a semi‐molecular classification scheme of disease subtypes. This includes the major category “myeloid/lymphoid neoplasms with eosinophilia and rearrangement of PDGFRA, PDGFRB, or FGFR1 or with PCM1‐JAK2”, and the myeloproliferative neoplasm subtype, “chronic eosinophilic leukemia, not otherwise specified” (CEL, NOS). Lymphocyte‐variant HE is an aberrant T‐cell clone‐driven reactive eosinophila, and idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a diagnosis of exclusion.Risk‐adapted TherapyThe goal of therapy is to mitigate eosinophil‐mediated organ damage. For patients with milder forms of eosinophilia (eg, < 1.5 × 109/L) without symptoms or signs of organ involvement, a watch and wait approach with close follow‐up may be undertaken. Identification of rearranged PDGFRA or PDGFRB is critical because of the exquisite responsiveness of these diseases to imatinib. Corticosteroids are first‐line therapy for patients with lymphocyte‐variant HE and HES. Hydroxyurea and interferon‐α have demonstrated efficacy as initial treatment and in steroid‐refractory cases of HES. Mepolizumab, an interleukin‐5 (IL‐5) antagonist monoclonal antibody, was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for patients with idiopathic HES. The use of the IL‐5 receptor antibody benralizumab, as well as other targeted therapies such as JAK2 and FGFR1 inhibitors, is under active investigation.
Mendelian disease research in the Plain populations of Lancaster County, Pennsylvania
Authors: Puffenberger Erik G. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractFounder populations have long contributed to our knowledge of rare disease genes and phenotypes. From the pioneering work of Dr. Victor McKusick to today, research in these groups has shed light on rare recessive phenotypes, expanded the clinical spectrum of disease, and facilitated disease gene identification. Current clinical and research studies in these special groups augment the wealth of knowledge already gained, provide new insights into emerging problems such as variant interpretation and reduced penetrance, and contribute to the development of novel therapies for rare genetic diseases. Clinical developments over the past 30 years have altered the fundamental relationship with the Lancaster Plain communities: research has become more collaborative, and the knowledge imparted by these studies is now being harnessed to provide cutting‐edge translational medicine to the very community of vulnerable individuals who need it most.
Two cases of post‐traumatic inferior vena cava thrombosis
Authors: Minami Sakura , Suzuki Naoya , Okano Hiromu , Mishima Sena , Shimada Kosuke , Umeda Sayo , Michishita Takahiro , Hayakawa Sho , Otsuka Tsuyoshi , Miyazaki Hiroshi , Furuya Ryosuke 
Published: September 2021

BackgroundInferior vena cava thrombosis is a rare blunt abdominal trauma complication often associated with severe liver injury. We present two cases of inferior vena cava thrombosis due to mild liver injuries.Case PresentationCase 1 was a 25‐year‐old woman taking oral contraceptives for dysmenorrhea who was injured in a motorcycle accident. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography revealed hepatic contusion of the sixth segment. At 1 week after the accident, inferior vena cava thrombosis was detected. Case 2 was a 58‐year‐old man injured in a motorcycle accident. Contrast‐enhanced computed tomography showed traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, right hemothorax, and liver injury with hepatic contusion of the sixth segment. At 1 week after the accident, inferior vena cava thrombosis was observed.ConclusionInferior vena cava thrombosis can occur following liver injury, regardless of damage severity. When there are thrombogenic factors and damage near the inferior vena cava, follow‐up examinations should be carried out.
Association between vasopressor use and mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury: a nationwide retrospective cohort study in Japan
Authors: Hosomi Sanae , Sobue Tomotaka , Kitamura Tetsuhisa , Hirayama Atsushi , Ogura Hiroshi , Shimazu Takeshi 
Published: September 2021

AimVasopressors are frequently incorporated into severe traumatic brain injury management algorithms. However, evidence regarding their clinical effectiveness is lacking. We undertook a nationwide retrospective cohort study to determine the association between vasopressor use and mortality in patients with severe traumatic brain injury.MethodsData were collected between January 2004 and December 2018 from the Japanese Trauma Data Bank, which includes data from 272 emergency hospitals in Japan. Adults aged 16 years and over with severe traumatic brain injury but without major extracranial injuries were examined. A severe traumatic brain injury was defined based on a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 3–8 on admission. Multivariable analysis and propensity score matching were carried out. Statistical significance was assessed using 95% confidence intervals.ResultsIn total, 10,295 patients were eligible for analysis, with 654 included in the vasopressor group and 9,641 included in the nonvasopressor group. The proportion of deaths at hospital discharge was higher in the vasopressor group than in the nonvasopressor group (81.80% [535/654] versus 40.24% [3,880/9,641]). This finding was confirmed in a multivariable logistic regression analysis (adjusted odds ratio, 5.37; 95% confidence interval, 4.23–6.81). Among propensity score‐matched patients adjusted for severity, the proportion of deaths at hospital discharge remained higher in the vasopressor group than in the nonvasopressor group (81.87% [533/651] versus 56.22% [366/651]) (odds ratio, 3.52; 95% confidence interval, 2.73–4.53).ConclusionThe study results suggest that vasopressor use in patients with severe isolated traumatic brain injury is associated with a higher mortality at hospital discharge.
Biocatalytic, Intermolecular C−H Bond Functionalization for the Synthesis of Enantioenriched Amides
Authors: Athavale Soumitra V. , Gao Shilong , Liu Zhen , Mallojjala Sharath Chandra , Hirschi Jennifer S. , Arnold Frances H. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDirected evolution of heme proteins has opened access to new‐to‐nature enzymatic activity that can be harnessed to tackle synthetic challenges. Among these, reactions resulting from active site iron‐nitrenoid intermediates present a powerful strategy to forge C−N bonds with high site‐ and stereoselectivity. Here we report a biocatalytic, intermolecular benzylic C−H amidation reaction operating at mild and scalable conditions. With hydroxamate esters as nitrene precursors, feedstock aromatic compounds can be converted to chiral amides with excellent enantioselectivity (up to >99 % ee) and high yields (up to 87 %). Kinetic and computational analysis of the enzymatic reaction reveals rate‐determining nitrenoid formation followed by stepwise hydrogen atom transfer‐mediated C−H functionalization.
Total Synthesis of Cochlearol B via Intramolecular [2+2] Photocycloaddition
Authors: Mashiko Tomoya , Shingai Yuta , Sakai Jun , Kamo Shogo , Adachi Shinya , Matsuzawa Akinobu , Sugita Kazuyuki 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHerein, we describe the first total synthesis of cochlearol B, a meroterpenoid natural product featuring a 4/5/6/6/6‐fused pentacyclic structure. Key steps, oxidative cyclization and subsequent intramolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition, which constructed the pentacyclic structure in highly stereoselective manner, allowed efficient access to cochlearol B with the longest linear sequence of 16 steps, and in 9 % overall yield. Single‐crystal X‐ray crystallographic analysis clearly confirmed the stereochemistry of cochlearol B.
Composition and physicochemical properties of Combretum collinum, Combretum micranthum, Combretum nigricans, and Combretum niorense seeds and seed oils from Burkina Faso
Authors: Bougma Adjima , Sere Aminata , Bazie Bazoin Sylvain Raoul , Sangare Hassane , Ouilly Judicaël Thomas , Bassole Imael Henri Nestor 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCombretum collinum, Combretum micranthum, Combretum nigricans, and Combretum niorense are abundant unconventional seed oils of the African savannah. In this study, the proximate, mineral, amino acid, fatty acid, and triacylglycerol compositions of the four seed oils were quantified, and the oxidative and physicochemical properties were investigated. The amino acid, fatty acid, and triacylglycerol compositions were determined by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography respectively. Carbohydrates (57.35%–64.20%) followed by crude oils (20.07%–22.60%), proteins (11.95%–15.86%), and ashes (3.78%–6.19%) were the main constituents of the four seed species. The highest ash, crude fat, and protein contents were found in C. collinum, C. nigricans, and C. niorense, respectively. All four seed species were rich in Ca, K and Mg, and poor in methionine, cysteine, and lysine. The four seed oils had high saponification values (198.46–202.71 mgKOH/g), low acidity (1.12–2.26 mg of KOH/g of oil), and peroxide values (1.19–1.98 mEqO2/kg of oil). The seed oils of C. micranthum and C. collinum exhibited the highest thermal oxidative stability (8.10 and 9.79 h at 160°C). Oleic (40.49%–56.69%), palmitic (15.17%–24.27%) and linoleic (9.49%–14.50%) acids were the predominant fatty acids of the four seed oils. The results showed that the four seed species and seed oils had good chemical composition and physicochemical properties making them suitable for food and non‐food application.
A new species of Gerrhopilus (family: Gerrhopilidae), with comments on the taxonomic status of Gerrhopilus ater suturalis (Brongersma)
Authors: Wynn Addison H. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe genus Gerrhopilus is briefly reviewed with a reevaluation of Gerrhopilus ater suturalis and its elevation to full species. In addition, a new species from Sumatra is described based on a single specimen, one of the three species of Gerrhopilus having both an inferior preocular and inferior ocular, and further distinguishable by the supralabial overlap pattern.
Discrepancies in the German Pharmacopoeia procedure for quality control of Quillaja saponin extracts
Authors: Thalhamer Bernhard , Buchberger Wolfgang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study focused on the evaluation of Quillaja saponin extracts with the additional quality designation DAB—which means the abbreviation of the German Pharmacopoeia (Deutsches Arzneibuch). This label suggests that Quillaja saponin extracts marked in this way are of pharmacopoeial quality and thus stand out from other Quillaja saponin extracts. The DAB ninth edition listed Quillaia saponin as a reagent. According to DAB, its quality must be checked by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), and three closely spaced zones in a defined retention factor (Rf) interval specify the saponin reagent. All the Quillaja saponin extracts obtained from different manufacturers and labeled as DAB quality complied with the TLC test. However, the analysis with high‐performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time‐of‐flight–mass spectrometry (HPLC–Q‐ToF–MS) clearly showed additionally an intense peak pattern of Madhuca saponins in all measured samples. The TLC test for Mahua seed cake, which is the press residue from Madhuca longifolia, surprisingly showed the same three closely spaced zones in the defined Rf interval. The three zones could be identified as Mi‐saponins from Madhuca after scraping and extracting them from the stationary phase of the TLC plate and subsequent measurement by HPLC–Q‐ToF–MS. Therefore, the specification of the saponin reagent in DAB characterizes erroneously Madhuca saponins that are not listed as a saponin plant source for the saponin reagent.
Tao brush endometrial cytology is a sensitive diagnostic tool for cancer and hyperplasia among women presenting to clinic with abnormal uterine bleeding
Authors: DeJong Stephanie R. , Bakkum‐Gamez Jamie N. , Clayton Amy C. , Henry Michael R. , Keeney Gary L. , Zhang Jun , Kroneman Trynda N. , Laughlin‐Tommaso Shannon K. , Ahlberg Lisa J. , VanOosten Ann L. , Weaver Amy L. , Wentzensen Nicolas , Kerr Sarah E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundAbnormal uterine bleeding requires the investigation of the endometrium. Histology is typically used but there remains room for the improvement and use of cytology.MethodsWomen presenting for clinically indicated office endometrial biopsy were prospectively enrolled. Tao endometrial brushing and office endometrial biopsy were performed, and surgical procedure if clinically indicated. Tao brush cytology specimens were blindly reviewed by up to three pathologists, consensus obtained, and scored as: benign, atypical (favor benign), suspicious, positive for malignancy, or non‐diagnostic. Cytology and histology were compared to surgical pathology to determine sensitivity, specificity, positive, and negative predictive values to detect AH (atypical hyperplasia) or EC (endometrial cancer).ResultsClinical indications of 197 enrolled patients included postmenopausal bleeding (90, 45.7%), abnormal uterine bleeding (94, 47.7%), and abnormal endometrium on ultrasound without bleeding (13, 6.6%). Of the 197 patients, 185 (93.9%) had cytology score consensus and a total of 196 (99.5%) had consensus regarding cytology positivity.Surgical pathology diagnoses (N = 85) were 13 (15.3%) FIGO grade 1 or 2 EC, 3 (3.5%) AH, and 69 (81.2%) benign endometrium. Sensitivity and specificity to detect EC or AH were 93.7% and 100%, respectively, via endometrial biopsy; 87.5% and 63.8%, respectively, via endometrial cytology when scores of malignancy, suspicious, or atypical were considered positive.ConclusionsIn a high‐risk population, Tao brush endometrial cytology showed high sensitivity to detect AH and EC comparable to biopsy histology when considering scores of malignancy, suspicious, atypical, and non‐diagnostic. Revisiting the potential value of endometrial cytology in the contemporary era of endometrial diagnostic workup is warranted.
Navigating legal issues on the community college campus
Authors: Hutchens Neal H. , Burney Michelle 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to elaborate on the ways that legal issues can play out for community colleges. The authors use one community college campus as an example to illustrate key points. This article is structured as a conversation, which follows a format commonly used in law review symposium issues. The two authors are a senior administrator at a community college and a legal scholar whose research focuses on legal issues in higher education. Policymakers routinely impose relatively uniform legal and regulatory obligations on college and universities, and community colleges must adhere to the same legal rules and standards as 4‐year institutions that are often larger or better resourced. Just as community colleges may have legal representation arrangements that are distinct from 4‐year institutions, we discuss how the legal needs of community colleges can differ from those at 4‐year universities.
Accreditation sanctions and community college enrollment
Authors: Burnett Christopher A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHigher education in the United States is regulated by a triad of the federal government, state governments, and private accreditors. Rather than relying on bureaucrats to ensure quality, federal policy defers such assurance to accrediting agencies. This empowers accreditors to determine which colleges can access financial aid and establishes their accountability role as quality signal. This article examines the relationship between accreditation sanctions and community college enrollment. Results show enrollment declines the year after a sanction and demonstrate a relationship between enrollment and graduation, retention, and transfer rates as well as published tuition and fees. Administrators at community colleges, especially those concerned with enrollment, may benefit by ensuring appropriate resources are devoted to accreditation efforts. Building an understanding of accreditation within their communities may also help colleges maintain enrollment. Sanctioned institutions may benefit from proactively engaging with their community and students about the sanction and how it will be remedied.
Supporting LGBTQ students through precarity: Policies and practices for inclusion
Authors: Jaekel Katy S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWhile limited, research centering LGBTQ students and experiences at the community college indicate students experience microaggressions, feelings of isolation, and a lack of curricular inclusivity at their community college institutions. With a lack of clarity around nondiscrimination policies at the federal level, coupled with a lack of nondiscrimination policies at the state level, institutions are often left without proper guidance regarding inclusive nondiscrimination policies for LGBTQ individuals. Given these constraints, it is critical community colleges explore how they can support LGBTQ students and provide them key resources. This article provides an overview of research on LGBTQ student experiences, resources, and promising practices within the community college context. In addition, this article will discuss the implications that federal and state policy has on the inclusion (and exclusion) of LGBTQ students, and finally discuss ways for community colleges to engage in inclusive practices. Focus on low‐cost/no‐cost practices is emphasized.
Tuition‐free promise programs: Implications and lessons learned
Authors: Billings Meredith S. , Gándara Denisa , Li Amy Y. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPromise programs are an increasing popular solution to improving college affordability, reducing educational inequities, and promoting economic development. Promise programs are distinct from other forms of financial aid because they emphasize residency in their eligibility criteria, where students must live and/or attend school in specific locations to be awarded the promise scholarship. In this chapter, we review extant literature on community college promise programs by discussing the prevalence of these programs, their variations in designs, and their funding sources. We also review studies on the effect of these programs on students and institutions. Based on our survey of the literature, we propose several practical recommendations for community college stakeholders that are aimed at improving student access and success.
Redo‐transcatheter aortic valve replacement with the supra‐annular, self‐expandable Evolut platform: Insights from the Transcatheter valve Therapy Registry
Authors: Attizzani Guilherme F. , Dallan Luis Augusto P. , Forrest John K. , Reardon Michael J. , Szeto Wilson Y. , Liu Fang , Pelletier Marc 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the safety profile of redo‐TAVR procedures from patients in the transcatheter valve therapy (TVT) Registry.BackgroundThe use of transcatheter aortic valves (TAV) to treat previously implanted failing TAVS (TAV‐in‐TAV) has been an increasingly important topic as indications for TAVR move to younger and lower‐risk patients, but data on the safety and efficacy of redo‐TAVR is limited.MethodsPatients undergoing redo‐TAVR procedures using the Evolut R, Evolut PRO or Evolut PRO+ valve in the TVT Registry between April 2015 and March 2020 were included. In‐hospital, 30‐day and 1‐year outcomes were analyzed.ResultsRedo‐TAVR was performed in 292 patients (213 patients received the Evolut R valve and 79 received the Evolut PRO or PRO+ valve). Device success was achieved in 94.5%. In‐hospital mortality was 2.1%, stroke occurred in 2.7%, and 77.2% of patients were discharged home. There were no cases of coronary compression/obstruction or myocardial infarction that occurred in index hospitalization. Mean gradient at 30‐days was 11.9 ± 6.9 mmHg, and 73.1% had none/trace total aortic regurgitation.ConclusionsResults from the TVT Registry demonstrate good short‐term outcomes after redo‐TAVR with the supra‐annular, self‐expandable Evolut platform. Long‐term follow‐up is necessary to further expand understanding this complex scenario.
gem‐Heteroatom‐Substituted Fluoroalkenes as Mimics of Amide Derivatives or Phosphates: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Morand Solène , Jubault Philippe , Bouillon Jean‐Philippe , Couve‐Bonnaire Samuel 
Published: September 2021

Abstractgem‐Heteroatom‐substituted fluoroalkenes have received little attention despite their great potential in medicinal chemistry or in fine chemistry. Indeed, due to the electronic and steric similarity between the fluoroalkene moiety and the amide bond as well as the high strength of the carbon‐fluorine bond, these gem‐heteroatom‐substituted fluoroalkenes could be envisioned as stable mimics of various important organic functions, such as phosphates, carbamates, S‐thiocarbamates and ureas. We present herein an overview describing the syntheses over the last decade of heteroatom‐substituted fluoroalkenes in geminal position. This review will be divided into several sections covering each the common following heteroatom: oxygen‐, nitrogen‐, sulfur‐, phosphorus‐, boron‐ and silicon‐substituted fluoroalkenes.
Achieving Enhanced Photochromic Properties of Diarylethene through Host‐Guest Interaction in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Sun Dongdong , Wu Yong , Han Xie , Liu Simin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDiarylethene (DTE) has been widely used in fluorescence probes, molecular logic gates, optical data‐storage devices owing to the excellent photochromic property, while constructing high‐performance photochromic DTE in aqueous media remains a big challenge. Herein we present several host‐guest systems formed between cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n], n=7, 8, 10) and two water‐soluble DTE derivatives 1 and 2. It was found that host‐guest interactions not only affect the photophysical properties of photochromic guests, but also make great differences on the photoreaction process. Different host‐guest binding behaviors also lead to different effects on the photochromic properties of guests. In the presence of CB[n], both 1 and 2 showed enhanced emission and higher fluorescence quenching ratio at photostationary state. Besides, CB[10]⋅1 exhibited faster response rate in cyclization reaction and better photofatigue resistance than free 1 in aqueous solution, while the supramolecular assembly of (CB[8])n⋅(2)n showed slower response rate in both directions of the reversible photoreaction. Besides, the photofatigue resistance of 2 can be greatly improved through binding with CB[7]. Our results suggest that host‐guest interactions could be an efficient way to improve photochromic properties of DTE in aqueous solution.