bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Город как коллективное жилище: миссия профессора М.Д. Загряцкова. 1930-е годы
Authors: Косенкова Юлия 
Published: January 2021

В статье освещаются работы одного из крупных специали­стов в области развития городов, чьи взгляды сформировались в начале ХХ века. Выдающийся юрист, убеждённый сторонник идей «муниципального социализма», отвергаемых советской властью, М.Д. Загряцков в значительной степени был лишён возможности полной профессиональной реализации, а его фундаментальные монографии оставались неизданными. Автор статьи анализирует особенности работ М.Д. Загряцкова, посвящённых городу, опубликованных в профессиональной пе­чати в 1930-е годы. Раскрывается особый характер этих публи­каций, не характерный для этого времени: при насыщенности информацией о зарубежном градостроительстве, они не были нацелены на конкретную прагматику проектирования; при сво­ём критическом отношении к зарубежному опыту, основания для критики М.Д. Загряцков видел не в идеологии, а в недо­статочном использовании возможностей системы городского самоуправления. Развитие этой системы в России было пре­рвано после Октябрьской революции, а местные Советы в силу ряда причин не обладали достаточными полномочиями, чтобы реально влиять на состояние городского дела. В рамках нэпа М.Д. Загряцков вносил много практических предложений для улучшения такого положения, оставшихся не реализованными. С изменением государственной политики учёный был вынуж­ден ограничиться своеобразной «просветительской миссией». Показано, что глубокий научный анализ зарубежной практики с экономической, юридической, организационной, историче­ской точек зрения давал М.Д. Загряцкову возможность вести скрытый диалог с реалиями советского градостроительства, указывать на общность многих проблем. Раскрываются слож­ные обстоятельства жизни и научного пути учёного, своими трудами много сделавшего для развития административного и финансового права, но остававшегося «неблагонадёжным» вплоть до своей смерти в 1950-е годы. Высказывается мысль, что без изучения научных взглядов и человеческих судеб вы­дающихся специалистов самого широкого спектра, влиявших на градостроительный процесс в СССР, вряд ли может быть написана его полноценная история[1].

[1] Исследование выполнено за счет средств Государственной программы РФ «Развитие науки и технологий» на 2013-2020 гг. в рамках Плана фундамен­тальных научных исследований Минстроя России и РААСН на 2020 г. Тема 1.2.1.
Development of Educational Tools in Russia to Accumulate Knowledge about Sequestration Technologies
Authors: Vasilev Yu. N. , Tsvetkova A. Yu. 
Published: January 2021

The latest technologies for climate change mitigation are carbon capture and storage (CCS). Some countries are developing CCS projects, and they are currently at different stages of deployment. Despite the signing of international agreements on climate change mitigation, Russia does not ensure the development of CCS technologies and their implementation. Given the long-term development of such technologies, its main goal is to raise public awareness of carbon capture, storage and use.Currently, the problem of creating public awareness about CCS technologies has gained a huge momentum in the Russian Federation. A high level of awareness and approval of such projects will encourage the deployment of CCS projects in the Russian Federation.The purpose of this article is to study the level of awareness of the Russian society regarding CCS technologies, as well as to develop a multi-level complex system of measures to ensure that such awareness is raised in the near future.To achieve this goal, we used such methods as research of secondary and primary sources of information on this topic. In addition to analyzing the information of scientific publications on the subject under study, both secondary (content analysis of printed media materials, video hosting, social networks) and primary research (personal survey, experiment) were conducted.As the most important results, we can highlight the obtained structure of popularity of environmental information sources among students of two universities in Saint Petersburg. In addition, it has been proved that currently in the Russian Federation, insufficient attention is paid to the popularization of carbon sequestration technologies. the analysis of the dissemination of information about CCS technologies in social networks, school textbooks, Newspapers, and video hosting services was carried out. Content analysis of existing social groups and videos in social networks is presented.
On the Development of Public-Private Partnership in the Field of Housing and Communal Services
Authors: Dzgoeva D. T. , Savelchev L. A. 
Published: January 2021

Objective. To study the features of public-private partnership in the field of housing and communal services in order to develop theoretical and practical recommendations for improving the mechanisms of public-private partnership in the field of housing and communal services.Results. Based on the theoretical bases and scientific methods of research, the essence of public-private partnership (hereinafter — PPP) as a special type of relationship between public and private sectors; the practice of application of mechanisms of state-private partnership in the sphere of housing and communal services on the example system of centralized water supply «Ladozhskiy vodovod Vsevolozhskogo munitsipal’nogo rayona Leningradskoy oblasti». Problems were identified and recommendations were made in five main areas related to the development of PPP projects in the field of housing and communal services.Conclusions. First, PPP is a unique type of relationship between the state and business, which allows meeting the needs of both public and private entities. Differences in the composition of obligations and functions, as well as the rights (entitlements) of the subjects of the agreement form different types of forms and mechanisms (types and schemes), as well as a number of models of public-private partnership.Secondly, the popularity of PPPs in a particular country depends on the models of interaction between the state and private investors and on the strictness of legislation.Third, on the example of a real Concession, five universal recommendations (bases) for the development of public-private partnership mechanisms in the sphere of housing and communal services were proposed: organizational component, financial instrument, risks, choice of PPP model and legal framework.
Features of the Russian Small and Medium-sized Enterprise Lending Market at the Present Stage
Authors: Zhirnel E. V. 
Published: January 2021

Lending is one of the factors in the development of small and medium-sized businesses. In recent years, the Russian state has made serious efforts to increase the availability of borrowed funds for business and uses the lending market as a tool to accelerate economic growth. The work shows that the same mechanism works as one of the most rapid and effective in the implementation of anti-crisis policies, which can be observed, including during the 2020 pandemic.The purpose of the study is to identify the features and problems of the modern stage of the development of the lending market for small and medium-sized enterprises in Russia. The article considers two levels of financial support for small and medium-sized businesses: federal and regional. Today they are represented by different institutions that complement each other. However, despite large-scale state programs to stimulate lending, the share of small and medium-sized enterprises using borrowed funds remains low and insufficient for the active development of this sector of the economy.The study used expert and statistical analysis, the information base for the study was statistics from the Bank of Russia, the Federal Tax Service, legislation in the field of entrepreneurship, data from executive authorities, analytical reports from the Bank of Russia, the Accounts Chamber of Russia, and the Expert RA rating agency
Economic Stability and (or) Economic Growth
Authors: Zaporozhan A. Ya. 
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to consideration of two directions of state economic policy — maintaining economic stability and ensuring economic growth. The coronavirus pandemic has divided the world into “before and after”. In the previous period, the financial policy in Russia was based on the principle of macroeconomic stability. It would seem that the macroeconomic stability that has existed for several years has created the basis for economic growth in the country, but it has not been possible to realize the growth potential of the Russian economy. Economic stability is an important criterion for the economy. Only economic stability can be different.The economic stability of the Russian economy in the previous period is the economic stability of stagnation, because the cornerstone of the economic stabilization policy was maintaining a low inflation rate by artificially slowing down demand. N ow this economic stability of stagnation was overturned by the coronavirus epidemic due to a decrease in budget revenues and an increase in budget spending, which results in the threat of inflation.The purpose of the article is to substantiate the necessity and possibility of transition to a new form of economic stability — economic growth stability
Approach to Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: Gangi Alexandra , Zager Jonathan S 
Published: January 2021

Over several decades, the incidence of melanoma has steadily risen. Although a minority of newly diagnosed melanoma patients present with distant metastasis at initial diagnosis, approximately 30% of patients eventually develop metastatic disease as a consequence of disease progression. Although almost all organs can be involved, the most frequent sites of disease are either local or regional recurrences. This review outlines surgical treatment of recurrent or metastatic melanoma, including regional therapies, as well as management with systemic therapy.

This review contains 5 figures, 6 tables and 66 references
Key words: in-transit disease, limb infusion, metastatectomy, metastatic melanoma, percutaneous hepatic perfusion, regional therapy, systemic therapy
Severity of Illness Scoring Systems in Critical Care
Authors: Keegan Mark T. 
Published: January 2021

Critical care consumes about 4% of national health expenditure and 0.65% of United States gross domestic product. There are approximately 94,000 critical care beds in the United States, and provision of critical care services costs approximately $80 billion per year. The enormous costs and the heterogeneity of critical care have led to scrutiny of patient outcomes and cost-effectiveness by a variety of governmental and nongovernmental organizations; furthermore, individual critical care practitioners and their hospitals should evaluate the care delivered. This review discusses scoring systems in medicine, critical care systems, development, validation, performance, and customization of the models, adult intensive care unit (ICU) prognostic models, model use, limitations, prognostic models in trauma care, perioperative scoring systems, assessment of organ failure, severity of illness and organ dysfunction scoring in children, and future directions. Figures show the distribution of predicted risk of death using two different prediction models among a population of patients who ultimately are observed to either live or die, a comparison of “expected” deaths (based on the expectation that the predicted probability from the model is correct) to observed deaths within each of the 10 deciles of predicted risk, the importance of disease in the risk of death equation, and the revised Rapaport-Teres graph for ICUs in the Project IMPACT validation set. Tables list three main ICU prognostic models, study characteristics and performance of the fourth-generation prognostic models, variables included in the fourth-generation prognostic models, potential uses of adult ICU prognostic models, variables included in the calculation of the organ failure scores, and sequential organ failure assessment.
This review contains 4 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, and 293 references
Primary Cutaneous Melanoma
Authors: Farley Clara R , Delman Keith A , Lowe Michael C 
Published: January 2021

Melanoma presents a significant health burden as its incidence continues to rise in both sexes and remains the most common cause of skin cancer–related death. Risk factors for the development of melanoma include sun exposure, fair complexion, increasing age, previous melanoma, multiple dysplastic nevi, and familial syndromes. Wide local excision is the standard of care for those with early forms of melanoma, with sentinel lymph node biopsy in appropriate populations. Sentinel lymph node status contributes to the discussion as to whether to pursue completion lymphadenectomy. This review outlines surgical treatment of primary cutaneous melanoma, including wide local excision, sentinel lymph node biopsy, and completion lymphadenectomy.

This review contains 10 figures, 2 tables and 33 references
Key words: biopsy, cutaneous, lymphadenectomy, margin, melanoma, pathology, primary, sentinel node, surgery, treatment
Dizziness
Authors: Goldstein Joshua N. 
Published: January 2021

Dizziness is a relatively common condition in the emergency setting. Patient descriptions of their symptoms can be vague and inconsistent. This review highlights the most important aspects of the history and physical examination that can help differentiate among different causes of dizziness. In addition, it covers the pathophysiology of inner ear disease, including diagrams of vestibular anatomy. For the history, it is critical to capture dizziness, duration, triggers for dizziness, and associated symptoms. For the physical examination, a focused neurologic assessment is important, including balance, coordination, as well as an oculomotor assessment. For treatment of benign positional vertigo, various canalith repositioning maneuvers are described and diagrams shown. For vestibular neuritis, treatment options including vestibular rehabilitation and steroids are discussed. Finally, medical options for symptomatic therapy are listed.
Key words: Dizziness, benign positional vertigo, canalith repositioning maneuver, vestibular disorders.
This review contains 7 highly rendered figures, 7 tables, and 40 references.
Toxic Alcohols
Authors: Kreitzer Natalie , Adeoye Opeolu 
Published: January 2021

Although alcohols share a common metabolic pathway, the toxicity of each is unique. This review discusses the common toxic alcohols, including ethanol, isopropanol, methanol, and ethylene glycol, and summarizes the principles of toxicity, immediate stabilization, diagnosis and definitive therapy, and disposition and outcome for each. A special consideration is also given to diethylene glycol due to its historical significance as a contaminant of multiple different drugs. Figures show type B lactic acidosis; the Mellanby effect; the role of thiamine in aerobic metabolism; the metabolism of isopropanol, methanol, formate, and ethylene glycol; and the relationship between the osmol gap and the anion gap over time. Tables list treatment recommendations for Wernicke encephalopathy, alcoholic ketoacidosis, and alcohol withdrawal; the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment–Alcohol Revised (CIWA-Ar); dosing recommendations for fomepizole and ethanol; serum alkalization; and indications for hemodialysis in ethylene glycol poisoning.

This review contains 8 figures, 10 tables, and 54 references.
Keywords: Poisoning, ethanol, isopropanol, ethylene glycol, methanol, fomepizole, withdrawal, Wernicke encephalopathy, alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase
Infectious Diseases of the Esophagus
Authors: Lo Wai-Kit 
Published: January 2021

This review considers the three most common infectious diseases affecting the esophageal mucosa: Candida organisms (particularly Candida albicans), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and herpes simplex virus (HSV), including their epidemiologies, pathogeneses, diagnoses, differentials, managements, complications, and prognoses. Infection is often indicated by the symptom of odynophagia, although more general gastrointestinal complaints such as dysphagia and heartburn can also be present. Esophageal candidiasis caused by C. albicans is the most common esophageal infection, detected in immunocompetent patients, as well as those with HIV infection, hematologic malignancies, or other immunologic disorders. Treatment of these diseases should target the fungal or viral pathogens involved using systemically active antibiotic regimens. As infectious esophagitis is frequently seen in immunocompromised hosts, assessment for HIV and malignancy should be considered with a new diagnosis. Figures show endoscopic images of Candida esophagitis and HSV esophagitis. Tables list risk factors for infectious esophagitis, possible symptoms of infectious esophagitis, pathogens causing infectious esophagitis and distinguishing characteristics, the Kodsi classification of Candida esophagitis severity on endoscopy, and treatment regimens for esophageal candidiasis, CMV esophagitis in HIV/AIDS patients, and HSV esophagitis.
This review contains ­2 highly rendered figures, 8 tables, 38 references.
Key words: Candida albicans, Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Herpes simplex virus (HSV), HIV Complications, Immunosuppression Treatment for Candida, CMV, and HSV, Infections of the esophagus
Specific Antibiotic Agents
Authors: Letourneau Alyssa R. , Calderwood Michael S. 
Published: January 2021

The simultaneous use of multiple antibiotics in a shotgun fashion should be avoided because of the problems of drug toxicity and hypersensitivity reactions, microbial superinfections, and antagonisms between certain agents. Most bacterial infections can be treated satisfactorily with a single antibiotic agent. There are a limited number of situations, however, in which the simultaneous administration of different antibiotics is warranted. This review covers specific antimicrobial agents, including β-lactam antibiotics, aminoglycosides, polymyxins, tetracyclines, macrolides, clindamycin, nitroimidazoles, chloramphenicol, vancomycin, lipoglycopeptides, oxazolidinones, daptomycin, streptogramins, sulfonamides and trimethoprim, fluoroquinolones, nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin, rifamycins, and fidaxomicin, and provides empirical therapy recommendations. Figures show an overview of penicillin antibiotics, an overview of β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, and a positive D-zone test for inducible clindamycin resistance. Tables list antibacterial guidelines for initial inpatient empirical therapy and empirical sepsis guidelines.

This review contains 3 figures, 5 tables, and 51 references.
Keywords: β-Lactam Antibiotics ,penicillins,Cephalosporins, Carbapenems , monobactams, Gentamicin, Tobramycin, Polymyxins, Tetracyclines, Clarithromycin, Clindamycin
Infections Due to Salmonella
Authors: Goldberg Marcia B , Paras Molly 
Published: January 2021

Salmonella, which is acquired via ingestion, is classified as nontyphoidal or typhoidal disease. Typhoidal disease is caused by S typhi or S paratyphi, and nontyphoidal disease is caused by all other serovars. Salmonella causes a range of infectious syndromes that include gastroenteritis, bacteremia, endovascular infections, and enteric fever. For immunocompromised hosts or patients with extraintestinal disease, antibiotic therapy should be provided. Effective agents often include third-generation cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones, although rates of resistance of Salmonella isolates to many antibiotics are increasing. A carrier state exists whereby patients may shed bacteria despite being asymptomatic. To eradicate the carrier state, longer courses of antibiotics and, in rare instances, surgical removal of the reservoir, which is most commonly the gallbladder, may be required.
This review contains 2 figures, 4 tables, and 24 references.
Key Words: Salmonella, typhoidal, non-typhoidal, enteric fever, endovascular infection, gastroenteritis, carrier, food-borne, antibiotic resistance
HIV Prevention
Authors: Johnson Jennifer A , Kuritzkes Daniel R 
Published: January 2021

Although risk reduction counseling and barrier protection remain important strategies for prevention of HIV acquisition and other sexually transmitted infections, there have been significant advances in medication-based prevention strategies in recent years following advances in HIV treatment. There are now many safe and highly effective methods for HIV prevention, components of a prevention toolkit that clinicians may choose from or use in combination as appropriate for each patient. Treatment of HIV-infected individuals to achieve virologic suppression prevents transmission to others in nearly all cases. Treatment of HIV-infected pregnant women with combination antiretroviral therapy also prevents transmission to the infant in nearly all cases. Treating HIV-uninfected individuals with antiretroviral agents either before or after possible exposure has also been shown to be effective in significantly reducing the risk of HIV acquisition. Clinicians should use these effective tools to compose an HIV prevention strategy that is individualized to each patient.
This review contains 1 figure, and 34 references.
Key words: circumcision, dolutegravir, emtricitabine, needle exchange, preexposure prophylaxis, prevention of mother-to-child transmission, postexposure prophylaxis, raltegravir, tenofovir, treatment as prevention
Dietary Patterns And Risk Of Cancer: Current Evidence And Future Directions
Authors: Zhang Fang Fang 
Published: January 2021

Dietary patterns capture the overall diet and its constituent foods and nutrients, representing a powerful approach to identifying the effect of nutrition on health and disease. In this review, we describe the two main approaches being used to characterize dietary patterns: a prior approach that defines dietary patterns using predefined diet quality indices, and a posterior approach that derives dietary patterns using factor or cluster analysis. Methods to define diet quality indices (Healthy Eating Index, Alternative Healthy Eating Index, Alternative Mediterranean Diet Score, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Score) are presented, and their similarities and differences are discussed among the different approaches. We review the recent evidence on the relationships between dietary patterns and cancer outcomes, including all-cancer incidence and mortality and the incidence of colorectal, breast, prostate, and lung cancers. Despite the different methods that are used to characterize dietary patterns in different studies, results consistently suggest that adherence to existing dietary guidelines is associated with a reduced risk of cancer incidence and mortality. Given the important role of dietary patterns in cancer prevention, clinicians need to consider providing appropriate nutrition counseling to improve patients’ dietary patterns. Continuous efforts need to be devoted to better characterize the relationships between dietary patterns and cancer risk by studying specific cancer types, different cancer subtypes, and population subgroups, with a better approach that can accurately assess dietary patterns throughout the life cycle.

This review contains 3 figures, 6 tables and 91 references
Key words: Alternative Healthy Eating Index, breast cancer, cancer incidence, cancer mortality, cluster analysis, colorectal cancer, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension, dietary patterns, diet quality index, factor analysis, Healthy Eating Index, lung cancer, Mediterranean Diet Score, prostate cancer, Recommended Food Score