bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Black Women's Groups, Life Narratives, and the Construction of the Self in Late Twentieth-Century Britain
Authors: White Jessica 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBlack British women's centres and groups evolved out of black women's combined exclusion from male-dominated anti-racist activism and the resurgent feminist movement of the late 1960s. And yet, despite their stable presence in many of Britain's inner cities, black women's centres and groups, and the lives of the women who forged them, have evaded historical interrogation. This article explores how black women's centres provided women with the space and time to nurture their personal experiences of sexism and racism, achieve a sense of self-sufficiency, and celebrate their heritage, which placed every member on a path towards self-discovery. This centring of the black female self was not, as black male activists believed, set on undermining the Black liberation movement, but was considered as a vital tool in the overarching mission to defeat white global supremacy. Drawing on a collection of oral history interviews, this article explores how black female activists constructed a sense of self that turned away from the homogenizing white gaze of post-war Britain. Teasing out the complexities around black female activism, selfhood, and memory, this article contributes substantially to the growing body of literature on late twentieth-century black British history.
Demarcating Contextualism and Contrastivism
Authors: Bebb Jon 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn this paper I argue that there is a significant but often overlooked metaphysical distinction to be made between contextualism and contrastivism. The orthodox view is that contrastivism is merely a form of contextualism. This is a mistake. The contextualist view is incompatible with certain naturalist claims about the metaphysical nature of concepts within whichever domain is being investigated, while the contrastivist viewiscompatible with these claims. So, choosing one view over the other will involve choosing to affirm or deny a significant metaphysical claim. As such, a demarcation ought to be put in place between contextualism and contrastivism.
The effect of second-language orthographic input on the phonological encoding of Mandarin words
Authors: Hao Yen-Chen , Yang Chung-Lin Martin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPrevious studies have yielded mixed findings regarding the effect of familiar and novel L2 graphemes on learners’ phonological encoding. The current study investigated this topic by comparing the effect of Pinyin and Chinese characters on English speakers’ Mandarin word learning. Different from previous research, this study examined both segmental and tonal encoding and compared participants from different Mandarin proficiency levels. Seventeen Advanced learners, 29 Intermediate learners, and 21 Naïve English speakers participated in a word-learning experiment in which half of the participants were exposed to the Pinyin spelling of the target words while the other half to characters. After the learning phase, they did a meaning – auditory stimulus matching task. Half of the stimuli were complete matches, while in the other half the stimulus mismatched the target either in segments or tones. The results revealed that at the Advanced level, the Character group was more accurate than the Pinyin group in rejecting tonal mismatches to the target words, while the opposite tendency was observed at the Naïve level. This study suggests that novel graphemes facilitate advanced L2 learners’ tonal encoding more than familiar graphemes, which is probably due to the unique nature of Chinese characters.
Integrating primary care and public health to enhance response to a pandemic
Authors: Kinder Karen , Bazemore Andrew , Taylor Melina , Mannie Cristina , Strydom Stefan , George Joe , Goodyear-Smith Felicity 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Primary health care (PHC) includes both primary care (PC) and essential public health (PH) functions. While much is written about the need to coordinate these two aspects, successful integration remains elusive in many countries. Furthermore, the current global pandemic has highlighted many gaps in a well-integrated PHC approach. Four key actions have been recognized as important for effective integration.
A survey of PC stakeholders (clinicians, researchers, and policy-makers) from 111 countries revealed many of the challenges encountered when facing the pandemic without a coordinated effort between PC and PH functions. Participants’ responses to open-ended questions underscored how each of the key actions could have been strengthened in their country and are potential factors to why a strong PC system may not have contributed to reduced mortality.
By integrating PC and PH greater capacity to respond to emergencies may be possible if the synergies gained by harmonizing the two are realized.
Effective and meaningful participation or limited participation? A study of South African health committee legislation
Authors: Haricharan Hanne Jensen , Stuttaford Maria , London Leslie 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background:
Health committees are participatory structures providing community input in health systems. Community participation is a critical tenant in the Alma-Ata Declaration and the Right to Health. In South Africa, national and provincial legislation provides for health committees to be established at all primary health care facilities.

Aims:
This paper aims to analyze whether the Western Cape Health Facility Boards and Committees Act (2016) is likely to result in effective and meaningful participation consistent with a Primary Health Care (PHC) and human rights approach to participation. The paper also explores whether the provincial Act addresses challenges identified in practice.

Methods:
The methods consist of an analysis of the Western Cape Health Facility Boards and Committees Act, which is then compared to the international PHC and human rights approach to participation. Findings from an explorative mixed-methods study with health committees in Cape Town are used to discuss whether the Act addresses shortcomings identified in practised participation.

Findings and analysis:
The paper found that the current legislation is unlikely to lead to effective and meaningful participation. First, the roles prescribed in the Act are narrowly defined. They resemble roles practised and are inconsistent with right-based and PHC frameworks. Second, though the Act provides support, which the empirical research demonstrates is necessary, the support is insufficient, and often contingent. Third, the Act conceptualizes health committees as structures appointed by the Provincial Minister of Health; a formation process likely to lead to structures that do not adequately represent community interests.

Conclusions:
The paper argues that the Western Cape legislation is unlikely to lead to effective and meaningful participation. It suggests using international PHC and human rights frameworks and national policy documents to restructure health committee participation in the Act and the National Health Insurance Bill.
Asian studies “inside-out”: a research agenda for the development of Global Asian Studies
Authors: Sato Jin , Sonoda Shigeto 
Published: June 2021

AbstractNew areas of research and education are emerging under the banner of Global Asian Studies (GAS). This paper examines the intellectual background of the rise of GAS and proposes a research agenda for the further development of GAS to facilitate the extraction of globally relevant findings with the potential to restore an intellectual foundation for connectedness in an increasingly divided world. The paper examines the ongoing repositioning of Asia studies in relation to the Asianization of Asian studies, new methodologies for a new era, the increasing importance of multi-lingual research, and theorizes the potential of area studies “inside-out” in relation to trends in and studies of globalization. Proposing four focal themes as a platform from which a new GAS may depart, this manifesto paper aims primarily to open up a discussion to eventually serve as a foundation for sustained research and education in the field of GAS.
Mapping a causal scheme of indicators in the COVID-19 crisis
Authors: Siems Mathias 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe COVID-19 crisis has been accompanied by an extensive use of indicators, such as those related to COVID infections and deaths, but also a good number of COVID policy indicators. This paper discusses these indicators from the perspective of a legal scholar with an interest (and some expertise) in comparative law and empirical legal studies. This means that this paper does not engage in the details concerning epidemiological and medical issues of COVID infections and deaths. Rather, it focuses on two main issues: first, it develops and maps a general causal scheme of indicators and their underlying real-world phenomena in the COVID crisis; second, it shows how such a causal scheme has been, and can be, applied in comparative empirical legal research. Yet, it also notes the difficulties of proving causal relationships and some attempts to overcome them.
Inaugurating the “White Passage”: Art ‘76
Authors: Hera  
Published: June 2021

AbstractWithin an art exhibition, the disposition of space is fundamental in experiencing artworks. A study of the exhibition space as discourse enmeshes art within a framework of relationship and processes instead of viewing art as an isolated and autonomous object. This paper features the case study of Art ‘76, the inaugural exhibition of Singapore's first large-scale institution of art, the National Museum Art Gallery (NMAG). The NMAG's opening in 1976 had been much anticipated by artists and the art audience since the 1960s, it was also an important milestone in the National Museum of Singapore's process of modernisation and revitalisation. During Singapore's post-independent period, the National Museum began to redefine itself as a civic museum focussing on Singapore's history and culture, shifting away from its previous incarnation of a research-focused colonial institution, the Raffles Library and Museum. Singapore was not alone in exploring the role of modern art in nation-building, as neighbouring Southeast Asian countries such as Indonesia, Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand also began to moot for their own institution of modern art around the same period of time. Art ‘76 and the NMAG represent a case of distinct spatial typology that arose out of unique institutional and socio-political dynamic in post-independent Singapore. In analysing the legacy as well as the relationships and contentions that shaped the spatial articulation of Art ‘76, this paper studies existing visual and oral archive, as well as critically evaluating the concepts of space as a subject of historical study.
Ocean Reanalysis Data‐Driven Deep Learning Forecast for Sea Surface Multivariate in the South China Sea
Authors: Shao Qi , Hou Guangchao , Li Wei , Han Guijun , Liang Kangzhuang , Bai Yang 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMost prediction models based on artificial neural networks (ANNs) are site‐specific and do not provide simultaneous spatial information similar to numerical schemes. Such ANNs do not account for the correlations across grid points or the dynamic balance among different variables, which is an obvious physical defect. Moreover, such methods generally perform well on a single scale, while the actual marine environmental variability is multiscale. To cope with these issues, a data‐driven hybrid model based on ocean reanalysis is developed. This model combines empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis and complete ensemble empirical mode decomposition (CEEMD) with ANN (referred to as EOF‐CEEMD‐ANN). The results demonstrate that the EOF‐CEEMD‐ANN model is efficient for mid‐term predictions of sea surface multivariate including sea surface height (SSH), temperature (SST), salinity (SSS), and velocity (SSV) in the entire South China Sea (SCS) region. During the 30 days forecast window, the root‐mean‐square errors (RMSEs) of this model forecasts for SSH, SST, SSS, U, and V at the end of the forecast window are about 0.042 m, 0.52°C, 0.08 psu, 0.073 m/s, and 0.064 m/s, respectively, which are much smaller than those with persistence and optimal climatic normal (OCN) prediction. The anomaly correlation coefficients (ACCs) are approximately 0.75, 0.66, 0.73, 0.69, and 0.71, respectively. Case studies show that eddies and their evolutions can be simulated well by this model.
Effect of Diagenesis on Geomechanical Properties of Organic‐Rich Calcareous Shale: A Multiscale Investigation
Authors: Charlton T. S. , Goodarzi M. , Rouainia M. , Aplin A. C. , Cubillas P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study investigates the nano to core‐scale geomechanical properties of a maturity series of organic‐rich, calcareous shales buried to 100°C–180°C, with a focus on: (a) the mechanical properties of organic matter; (b) the elastic response and anisotropy of the shale composite at micro and core scale; and (c) the creep response. Atomic force microscopy was used to target kerogen at nanoscale resolution, and it was found that the elastic stiffness increased with thermal maturity from 5.8 GPa in an immature sample to 11.3 GPa in a mature sample. Nanoindentation testing of the shale matrix showed that diagenesis is a key factor in determining the bulk elasticity, with increasingly intense carbonate cementation at higher thermal maturities contributing to a stiffer response. A multiscale model was formulated to upscale the elastic properties from nanoscale solid clay minerals to a microcracked composite at core scale, with good predictions of the micro and core‐scale stiffness in comparison to indentation and triaxial results. A negative correlation was found between the creep modulus and clay/kerogen content, with greater creep displacement observed in nanoindentation tests in the immature clay‐ and kerogen‐rich sample compared to samples of higher thermal maturity.
Evolution of the Crustal and Upper Mantle Seismic Structure From 0–27 Ma in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean at 2° 43′S
Authors: Vaddineni Venkata A. , Singh Satish C. , Grevemeyer Ingo , Audhkhasi Pranav , Papenberg Cord 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe present seismic tomographic results from a unique seismic refraction and wide‐angle survey along a 600 km long flow‐line corridor of oceanic lithosphere ranging in age from 0 to 27 Ma in the equatorial Atlantic Ocean at 2° 43′S. The velocities in the crust near the ridge axis rapidly increase in the first 6 Myr and then change gradually with age. The upper crust (Layer 2) thickness varies between 2 and 2.4 km with an average thickness of 2.2 km and the crustal thickness varies from 5.6 to 6 km along the profile with an average crustal thickness of 5.8 km. At some locations, we observe negative velocity anomalies (∼−0.3 km/s) in the lower crust which could be either due to chemical heterogeneity in gabbroic rocks and/or the effects of fault related deformation zones leading to an increase in porosities up to 1.6% depending on the pore/crack geometry. The existence of a low velocity anomaly beneath the ridge axis suggests the presence of partial melt (∼1.3%) in the lower crust. Upper mantle velocities also remain low (∼7.8 km/s) from ridge axis up to 5 Ma, indicating a high temperature regime associated with mantle melting zone underneath. These results suggest that the evolution of the crust and uppermost mantle at this location occur in the first 10 Ma of its formation and then remains unchanged. Most of the structures in the older crust and upper mantle are fossilized structures and could provide information about past processes at ocean spreading centers.
Persistent Multidecadal Variability Since the 15th Century in the Southern Barents Sea Derived From Annually Resolved Shell‐Based Records
Authors: Mette Madelyn J. , Wanamaker Alan D. , Retelle Michael J. , Carroll Michael L. , Andersson Carin , Ambrose William G. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn the North Atlantic Ocean, multidecadal variability in sea surface temperatures (SSTs) over the past several centuries has largely been inferred through terrestrial proxies and decadally resolved marine proxies. Annually resolved proxy records from marine archives provide valuable insight into this variability, but are especially rare from high latitude environments, particularly for centennial timescales. We constructed continuous, absolutely dated records of shell growth (1449–2014 CE; 564 years) and oxygen isotope ratios (δ18Oshell; 1539–2014 CE; 476 years) from shells of the bivalve Arctica islandica from coastal northern Norway, a location sensitive to large‐scale North Atlantic Ocean dynamics. An annual (January–December) SST reconstruction derived from δ18Oshell for the past five centuries suggests an increase of at least 2°C from the mid‐18th century to 2014. The SST reconstruction correlates significantly with instrumental records and with other proxy reconstructions in the southern Barents Sea region. Spectral analysis of the shell growth and isotope records supports evidence for Atlantic multidecadal variability (65–80 year periodicity) extending into polar and subpolar latitudes for the past five centuries. These results provide additional evidence that multidecadal variability in SSTs are a persistent feature of the North Atlantic marine system.
Sub‐City Scale Hourly Air Quality Forecasting by Combining Models, Satellite Observations, and Ground Measurements
Authors: Malings C. , Knowland K. E. , Keller C. A. , Cohn S. E. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWhile multiple information sources exist concerning surface‐level air pollution, no individual source simultaneously provides large‐scale spatial coverage, fine spatial and temporal resolution, and high accuracy. It is, therefore, necessary to integrate multiple data sources, using the strengths of each source to compensate for the weaknesses of others. In this study, we propose a method incorporating outputs of NASA’s GEOS Composition Forecasting model system with satellite information from the TROPOMI instrument and ground measurement data on surface concentrations. Although we use ground monitoring data from the Environmental Protection Agency network in the continental United States, the model and satellite data sources used have the potential to allow for global application. This method is demonstrated using surface measurements of nitrogen dioxide as a test case in regions surrounding five major US cities. The proposed method is assessed through cross‐validation against withheld ground monitoring sites. In these assessments, the proposed method demonstrates major improvements over two baseline approaches which use ground‐based measurements only. Results also indicate the potential for near‐term updating of forecasts based on recent ground measurements.
On the Causes of the Slow Solar Wind: 1. The Solar Unipolar Induction Currents
Authors: Lee Lou‐Chuang , Akasofu Syun‐Ichi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe cause of the solar wind is sought on a large‐scale (J × B) force resulting from the solar unipolar induction current, rather than coronal heating and small‐scale processes in the corona. In this paper, we consider the unipolar induction system considered by Alfven (1981, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-8374-8) the polar current (1.5 × 109 A) flowing out from the polar region of the sun spreads down longitudinally, which produces azimuthal magnetic fields. We considered two models, A and B. In Model A, the current spreads down fairly uniform in five divided regions of the heliosphere (rather than flowing only along the outer surface of the heliosphere). The resulting (J × B) force is mainly directed outward, causing an outward flow of the heliospheric plasmas. However, in this case, the speed at a distance of 1 AU is only 1 km/s, although the acceleration in each divided region is much greater than the solar gravity. In Model B, one third of the dynamo current is assumed to be concentrated in the area between 9.5 and 10.5 (where denotes the solar radius) and B = 10−6 T (103 nT) at 10 . The acceleration is estimated to be 1.4 × 102 m/s2 and the resulting speed at 1 AU is 200 km/s. Therefore, there is a possibility that the solar unipolar induction provides partially a new possibility for the cause of a slow, bulk flow of the solar wind.
A Reference Section Through Fast‐Spread Lower Oceanic Crust, Wadi Gideah, Samail Ophiolite (Sultanate of Oman): Insights From Crystallographic Preferred Orientations
Authors: Mock Dominik , Ildefonse Benoît , Müller Tim , Koepke Jürgen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWe established a 5,000 m thick profile through the paleo lower oceanic crust of the Samail ophiolite (Sultanate of Oman, Wadi Gideah), in order to investigate accretion processes beneath fast‐spreading mid‐ocean ridges. The Samail ophiolite is regarded as best on‐land analog for fast‐spread oceanic crust, and Wadi Gideah allows sampling of the entire lower crust along the Wadi bed. Here, we provide microstructural constraints to lower crustal accretion beneath fast‐spreading mid‐ocean ridges, which reveal changing microstructures and fabrics with depth. Grain size coarsening occurs from the foliated to the layered gabbro section. A ∼350 m thick zone of gabbroic rocks from the profile top, interpreted as frozen fillings of the axial melt lens and defined as varitextured gabbros, shows intergranular textures without crystallographic preferred orientations. Rocks from the varitextured/foliated gabbro transition (∼500 m thick) and from the upper foliated gabbros (∼600 m) are foliated and lineated. The lineation is absent or very weak in the underlying ∼800 m thick lower foliated gabbros. In layered gabbros, the fabric gradually strengthens and becomes more lineated down section with local scattering at small spatial scales. This implies distinct accretion mechanisms in the deep and shallow plutonic crust. For the layered and lower foliated gabbros, our data suggest in‐situ crystallizing individual magma reservoirs. Dominant lineation in the upper foliated gabbros and the varitextured/foliated gabbro transition suggests vertically transported crystal‐laden melts or mushes being consistent with subsiding crystal mushes from the axial melt lens, and/or crystallizing upward migrating melt expelled from the crystal mush beneath.