bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Memnon of Herakleia Pontica
Authors: Paganoni Eloisa 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Memnon wrote a local history of the city of Herakleia Pontica on the southern Black Sea coast. The work survives partly in a summary by Photios recounting events from the mid‐fourth century to 47
bce
. Memnon's activity is placed either in the first century
bce
or in the second century
ce
. Memnon drew from other historians writing on Herakleia Pontica before him: Promathidas, Amphiteos, Nymphis, and Domitius Kallistratos.
Phraates IV of Parthia
Authors: Heller André 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Phraates IV, son of Orodes II, was king of the Parthian Empire (38–3/2
bce
). In 36, he fended off an attack by Mark Antony, who attempted to recover the standards the Romans had lost in the battle of Carrhae. In 20, Phraates concluded peace with the Roman emperor Augustus by returning the standards. Finally, he was murdered by his wife Musa and succeeded by his son Phraates V.
Shemoneh Esreh (Jewish daily prayer)
Authors: McClister David 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

The Shemoneh Esreh (literally meaning “eighteen”) is a Jewish liturgical, communal prayer which actually consists of nineteen parts. It is also known as the
Amidah
(literally “standing,” because of the posture in which it is recited) or the
Tefillah
(“the prayer,”
par excellence
).
Edessa
Authors: Wood Philip , Heal Kristian S. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Edessa was a major city of Roman Mesopotamia. It was the home of a famous Christian theological school and became a significant site for Syriac intellectual life. Edessa was a significant centre for Christian missionary activity and for Syriac scholarship and scribal production. It was one of the most significant cities of Roman Mesopotamia, both for its importance in trade and its strategic position. It fell to the Sasanians in the early seventh century
ce
and was incorporated into the territory of the Sufyanid caliphate soon after.
John Lydus
Authors: Pazdernik Charles F. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

John Lydus (ca. 490–554
ce
) is known to us through his three extant works – the treatises
De mensibus
(“On the months”) and
De ostentis
(“On omens”), dealing with Roman and other calendars and festivals and with divinatory practices and astrology, respectively, and
De magistratibus
(“On the magistracies”), an idiosyncratic institutional history of the imperial administration – that contain a wealth of antiquarian detail and provide valuable perspectives into the interests and aspirations of highly educated imperial bureaucrats.
Diolkos
Authors: Pettegrew David K. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Diolkos
is the toponymic term used by the geographer Strabo to denote the narrowest constriction of land within an isthmus. In the nineteenth century, scholars read the term as a causeway or railway used to transport ships and cargoes across the Isthmus of Corinth, a view that gained traction after the discovery of a physical limestone road on the western side of the Isthmus in the 1950s. Recent scholarship has downplayed the role of the road as a conduit for interregional commercial traffic and connected its construction and use to the growth of the Panhellenic sanctuary of Poseidon at Isthmia.
Asyut (Lykonpolis)
Authors: Kahl Jochem 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAsyut (Greek: Lykonpolis), situated on the western side of the Nile, was capital of the thirteenth Upper Egyptian nome. Attested since the Old Kingdom, the city played an important role in Egypt's history because of its considerable strategic importance. Texts from Asyut were part of Egypt's cultural memory. The ancient city of Asyut is completely lost, buried under the modern settlement and the strata of the alluvial plain. The necropolis is situated in the western mountains of Asyut, where thousands of tombs dating from the Old Kingdom until recent times are cut into the mountain.
Diplomacy, Pharaonic Egypt
Authors: Shaw Garry J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Bounded by deserts to the east and west, the Mediterranean Sea to the north, and the Nile cataracts to the south, Egypt's geography gave rise to a philosophy of dangerous outsiders who threatened to disrupt the ordered world of the Egyptian state. Nevertheless, throughout Egyptian history, diplomatic relations existed with nearby regions; initially Nubia and the Levant, and later the major Near Eastern kingdoms – of the Mittani, Hittites, and Babylonians – as well as the Aegean. Treaties, gifts, and diplomatic marriages cemented these relationships, and messengers traveled great distances to deliver diplomatic correspondence between royal courts.
Palette
Authors: Kuhn Robert 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSlate palettes are an important object category for the material culture in Egypt during the sixth to third millenniabce. Made of a range of different stones, they are found in both tombs and settlements. They were likely to have been used to mix pigment for the ritual adornment of the body. Bigger ceremonial objects might have played a role as image‐carriers and ex‐voti in early temples.
Emesa
Authors: Kropp Andreas J. M. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEmesa (Ḥomṣ) on the Orontes (Nahr al‐‘Āsī) in central Syria occupies a key strategic position at the head of the Gap of Ḥomṣ, the main lowland pass connecting the coast to the interior. Though settled since the Early Bronze Age, the city only became prominent in Roman times. Emesa was famous for its temple to the sun god Elagabalus, which housed a conical black baetyl, and famous as the birthplace of the empress Julia Domna and the emperor Elagabalus.
Euphrates frontier (Roman)
Authors: Mitford T. B. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
From the northern plains of Syria and Samosata, the Roman frontier stretched for almost 500 miles up the Euphrates valley and over the Pontic mountains to the Black Sea at Trapezus (Trabzon). Eastward along the coast a chain of protected anchorages extended to Sebastopolis and the foothills of the Caucasus. Adopting lines encountered during the Mithradatic Wars, and developed during Nero's Armenian campaigns, the frontier was constructed by Vespasian. Massively rebuilt by Justinian, it endured until the Arab advances in the seventh century.
Camps, military
Authors: Dobson Michael 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

All ancient armies required camps, but the Roman army made them a specialty. It constructed a camp (
castra
) at the end of each day's march to provide protected overnight shelter. It was used as a base from which to march forth and offer battle nearby, form part of siegeworks, provide a temporary halt when campaigning in order to rest and gather supplies, and so on. To a Roman soldier the camp was his second home – the ramparts his city walls and his tent his house.
Epigraphy, Latin
Authors: saastamoinen Ari 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

nscriptions (i.e., texts that are carved or, in some special cases, painted on stone or on some other hard, durable, inorganic material) are a vast source material that complements in a very important manner the information obtained from other sources. The discipline that studies inscriptions written in Latin is called Latin epigraphy (from the Greek word
epigraphein
“to write on/over”) and its principal task is to collect, edit, and publish all ancient Latin inscriptions. Inscriptional source material poses problems that are partly common with other sources (representativity), partly unique (stereotypicality).
Sertorius, Quintus
Authors: Gómez‐Pantoja Joaquín L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Sertorius was a Roman statesman who lived during the critical years of the Social War and the Sullan dictatorship. He was also one of the mythical one‐eyed warriors of the ancient world, a cunning commander, and a clever politician. As governor in Hispania, he declared himself the legitimate representative of Rome against the incumbent regime, resulting in the Iberian Peninsula becoming a war zone and a refuge for many diehard opponents of Sulla and his Senate. This conflict, essentially a continuation of the civil wars of the 80s
bce
, was a watershed in the history of Roman Spain and, in the eyes of many, made Sertorius a quasi‐mythical defender of Republican
libertas
or a precursor to Caesar.
Comets
Authors: taub Liba 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Comets were often regarded as portents in antiquity. Certain ancient philosophers, including Aristotle, explained them as occurring naturally, and in some cases as predictive of particular weather events. The appearance of the
sidus iulium
(the Julian star, presumably a comet) at the games organized by Octavian in 44
bce
was interpreted by some – including Augustus, according to Pliny the Elder – as a sign confirming Julius Caesar's divinity and Octavian's right to succeed his adopted father as emperor.
Hieroglyphs, Anatolian
Authors: valério Miguel 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

The Anatolian hieroglyphic script arose out of an indigenous set of pictorial symbols used in Anatolia during the second millennium
bce
. Its highly pictorial signs include syllabograms, logograms, and semantic determinatives. The script is first attested in a fully developed form ca. 1350–1200
bce
, when in addition to seals it was used extensively on monumental stone inscriptions commissioned by Hittite rulers, and became associated with the Luwian language. It went out of use after 700
bce
, as a result of the Assyrian conquest of the Neo‐Hittite states and the spread of alphabetic scripts.
Athens, Roman
Authors: karvonis Pavlos 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

The first century
bce
was a tumultuous period for Athens, marked by the sack of the city by Sulla (86 BCE). From the time of Augustus until the late third century
ce
, the city benefited from political stability and the favor of Roman emperors, especially Hadrian. Athens retained its fame as a cultural and artistic center and was visited by many Roman emperors. It was embellished with important new monuments, while the old ones were constantly repaired. This period of prosperity came to an end with the Herulian invasion of 267
ce
, when Athens suffered severe damage.
Microfluidic Co‐Culture Platform to Recapitulate the Maternal–Placental–Embryonic Axis
Authors: Boos Julia A. , Misun Patrick M. , Brunoldi Giulia , Furer Lea A. , Aengenheister Leonie , Modena Mario , Rousset Nassim , Buerki‐Thurnherr Tina , Hierlemann Andreas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSafety assessment of the effects of developmental toxicants on pregnant women is challenging, and systemic effects in embryo–maternal interactions are largely unknown. However, most developmental toxicity studies rely on animal trials, while in vitro platforms that recapitulate the maternal–placental–embryonic axis are missing. Here, the development of a dedicated microfluidic device for co‐cultivation of a placental barrier and 3D embryoid bodies to enable systemic toxicity testing at the embryo–maternal interface is reported. The microfluidic platform features simple handling and recuperation of both tissue models, which facilitates post‐hoc in‐depth analysis at the tissue and single‐cell level. Gravity‐driven flow enables inter‐tissue communication through the liquid phase as well as simple and robust operation and renders the platform parallelizable. As a proof of concept and to demonstrate platform use for systemic embryotoxicity testing in vitro, maternal exposure to plastic microparticles is emulated, and microparticle effects on the embryo–placental co‐culture are investigated.
Core/Shell Dual‐Responsive Nanocarriers via Iron‐Mineralized Electrostatic Self‐Assembly for Precise Pesticide Delivery
Authors: Zhang Da‐xia , Du Jiang , Wang Rui , Luo Jian , Jing Tong‐fang , Li Bei‐xing , Mu Wei , Liu Feng , Hou Youming 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIt is desirable for a simple and universal method to synthesize stimuli‐responsive nanocarriers to targeted delivery of pesticides. In this study, a novel pH‐value and laccase dual‐responsive nanopesticide system loaded with lambda‐cyhalothrin (LC) is established by iron mineralization after electrostatic self‐assembly between sodium lignosulphonate (SL) and dodecyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (DDBAC). These nanoparticles are core–shell structures in which iron mineralization plays a key role in stabilizing the nanoparticles. This synthesis strategy is suitable for encapsulating hydrophobic and low‐volatility compounds. The encapsulation of the nanocarriers prolongs the half‐life of the LC under UV irradiation by 4.4‐fold. After irradiation, the mortality of Agrotis ipsilon treated by the LC@SL/DDBAC/Fe is approximately 39% higher than that treated by emulsifiable concentrate (EC) at the concentration of 1 mg L−1. The dual‐responsive property of lignin‐based nanoplatform to alkalinity and laccase enable cargo release on demand. Although the toxicity of EC and LC@SL/DDBAC/Fe to A. ipsilon is similar, that of LC@SL/DDBAC/Fe to Brachydanio rerio is decreased by 11.57‐fold, and the toxicity selective pressure is enhanced by 11‐fold compared with EC. The SL/DDBAC/Fe nanocarriers represent a simple preparation procedure, excellent environmental safety, and dual‐responsive release profiles and can offer a promising nanoplatform for precise pesticide delivery.
Samarium‐Doped Nickel Oxide for Superior Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells: Insight into Doping Effect for Electronic Applications
Authors: Bao Huaxi , Du Minyong , Wang Hui , Wang Kai , Zuo Xiaokun , Liu Fangyv , Liu Lu , Eder Dominik , Cherevan Alexey , Wang Shimin , Wan Li , Zhao Shuai , Liu Shengzhong (Frank) 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHole transport layers (HTLs) play a key role in perovskite solar cells (PSCs), particularly in the inverted PSCs (IPSCs) that demand more in its stability. In this study, samarium‐doped nickel oxide (Sm:NiOx) nanoparticles are synthesized via a chemical precipitation method and deposited as a hole transport layer in the IPSCs. Sm3+ doping can reduce the formation energy of Ni vacancy and naturally increase the density of Ni vacancies, thereby rendering increased hole density. Thenceforth, the electronic conductivity is enhanced significantly, and work function enlarged in the Sm:NiOx film in favor of extracting holes and suppressing charge recombination. Consequently, the Sm:NiOx‐based IPSCs attain outstanding power conversion efficiencies as high as 20.71%. Even when it is applied in flexible solar cells, it still outputs efficiency as high as 17.95%. More importantly, the Sm:NiOx is compatible with large‐scale processing whereby the large area IPSCs of 1.0 cm2 and 40 × 40 mm2 deliver high efficiencies of 18.51% and 15.27%, respectively, all are among the highest for the inorganic HTLs based IPSCs. This research demonstrates that, while revealing the doping effect in depth, Sm:NiOx can be a promising hole transport material for fabricating efficient, large‐area, and flexible IPSCs in the future.
Silicon‐Based Lithium Ion Battery Systems: State‐of‐the‐Art from Half and Full Cell Viewpoint
Authors: Guo Junpo , Dong Dongqi , Wang Jun , Liu Dan , Yu Xueqing , Zheng Yun , Wen Zhaorui , Lei Wen , Deng Yonghong , Wang Jie , Hong Guo , Shao Huaiyu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) have been occupying the dominant position in energy storage devices. Over the past 30 years, silicon (Si)‐based materials are the most promising alternatives for graphite as LIB anodes due to their high theoretical capacities and low operating voltages. Nevertheless, their extensive volume changes in battery operation causes the structural collapse of Si‐based electrodes, as well as severe side reactions. In this review, the preparation methods and structure optimizations of Si‐based materials are highlighted, as well as their applications in half and full cells. Meanwhile, the developments of promising electrolytes, binders and separators that match Si‐based electrodes in half and full cells have made great progress. Pre‐lithiation technology has been introduced to compensate for irreversible Li+ consumption during battery operation, thereby improving the energy densities and lifetime of Si‐based full cells. More importantly, almost all related mechanisms of Si‐based electrodes in half and full cells are summarized in detail. It is expected to provide a comprehensive insight on how to develop high‐performance Si‐based full cells. The work can help us understand what happens during the lithiation process, the primary causes of Si‐based half and full cells failure, and strategies to overcome these challenges.
Dual‐Zone Photothermal Evaporator for Antisalt Accumulation and Highly Efficient Solar Steam Generation
Authors: Wu Xuan , Wang Yida , Wu Pan , Zhao Jingyuan , Lu Yi , Yang Xiaofei , Xu Haolan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractInterfacial solar steam generation offers a promising and cost‐effective way for saline water desalination. However, salt accumulation and deposition on photothermal materials during saline and brine evaporation is detrimental to the stability and sustainability of solar evaporation. Although several antisalt strategies are developed, it is difficult to simultaneously achieve high evaporation rates (>2.0 kg m−2 h−1) and energy efficiencies. In this study, a self‐rotating photothermal evaporator with dual evaporation zones (i.e., high‐temperature and low‐temperature evaporation zones) is developed. This photothermal evaporator is sensitive to weight imbalance (<15 mg) thus is able to quickly respond to salt accumulation by rotation to refresh the evaporation surface, while the dual evaporation zones optimize the energy nexus during solar evaporation, simultaneously realizing excellent salt‐resistant performance and high evaporation rate (2.6 kg m−2 h−1), which can significantly contribute to the real‐world application of solar steam generation technology.
Ultrasonic Cavitation‐Assisted and Acid‐Activated Transcytosis of Liposomes for Universal Active Tumor Penetration
Authors: Wang Guowei , Zhang Chao , Jiang Yifan , Song Yue , Chen Jifan , Sun Yu , Li Qunying , Zhou Zhuxian , Shen Youqing , Huang Pintong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractActive tumor penetration has been recently recognized as a promising strategy to resolve the limitation of nanomedicine in terms of tumor penetration, but it is challenging to develop active transporting nanocarriers. Here, an ultrasonic cavitation‐assisted and acid‐activatable active transporting liposome for a broad range of tumors is reported. The active transporting liposome (size and charge dual‐conversional gemcitabine prodrug‐integrated liposomal nanodroplet (SCGLN)) overcomes the tight blood vessel walls with the aid of ultrasonic cavitation. The SCGLN subsequently transforms from micro‐size to nano‐size under prolonged ultrasound radiation. Once in the acidic tumor microenvironment, the nanosized SCGLN undergoes negative‐to‐positive charge‐reversal and triggers the cationization‐initiated transcytosis to penetrate deep into tumor parenchyma. The gemcitabine‐loaded SCGLN exhibits potent antitumor activity in multiple poorly permeable tumor models, which completely erases subcutaneous U251 glioma and stops the progression of orthotopic BxPC3 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. This study presents a promising and universal strategy to develop active penetrating nanomedicines for efficient drug delivery in the low permeable tumor.
Quasi‐Ordered Nanoforests with Hybrid Plasmon Resonances for Broadband Absorption and Photodetection
Authors: Li Mao , Shi Meng , Wang Bin , Zhang Chenchen , Yang Shuai , Yang Yudong , Zhou Na , Guo Xin , Chen Dapeng , Li Shaojuan , Mao Haiyang , Xiong Jijun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractWith the continuing development of green energy technology, solar energy is the most widely distributed and easily utilized form of energy in nature. High‐absorption absorbers over a wide spectrum range are beneficial for solar energy harvest. Herein, a fast and efficient method is developed to fabricate a broadband absorber consisting of quasi‐ordered nanoforests and metal nanoparticles using a simple plasma bombardment process on a 4‐inch silicon wafer, offering high throughputs that can meet practical application demands. The absorber exhibits high absorption exceeding 90% from 300 to 2500 nm, good absorption stability with negligible disturbance from the polarization and the incident angle of light. This effective absorption behavior can be ascribed to multilevel hybridization of the plasmon resonances in the hybrid structures and cavity mode resonances inside the nanoforests. Furthermore, the absorber is integrated onto a thermopile for photodetection with largely enhanced photoresponse from 532 to 2200 nm. The photoinduced voltage of the devices shows a large increment of 433% at 100 mW cm−2 light power density, in comparison with a contrast pristine thermopile. It is expected that such a broadband absorber holds great potential for multiple applications, including solar steam generation, photodetection, and solar cells.
Bioinspired Supramolecular Slippery Organogels for Controlling Pathogen Spread by Respiratory Droplets
Authors: Wang Zhaoyue , Yi Bo , Wu Mandi , Lv Dong , He Ming‐Liang , Liu Meijin , Yao Xi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSurface‐deposited pathogens are sources for the spread of infectious diseases. Protecting public facilities with a replaceable or recyclable antifouling coating is a promising approach to control pathogen transmission. However, most antifouling coatings are less effective in preventing pathogen‐contained respiratory droplets because these tiny droplets are difficult to repel, and the deposited pathogens can remain viable from hours to days. Inspired by mucus, an antimicrobial supramolecular organogel for the control of microdroplet‐mediated pathogen spread is developed. The developed organogel coating harvests a couple of unique features including localized molecular control‐release, readily damage healing, and persistent fouling‐release properties, which are preferential for antifouling coating. Microdroplets deposited on the organogel surfaces will be spontaneously wrapped with a thin liquid layer, and will therefore be disinfected rapidly due to a mechanism of spatially enhanced release of bactericidal molecules. Furthermore, the persistent fouling‐release and damage‐healing properties will significantly extend the life‐span of the coating, making it promising for diverse applications.
Neutrophil Decoys with Anti‐Inflammatory and Anti‐Oxidative Properties Reduce Secondary Spinal Cord Injury and Improve Neurological Functional Recovery
Authors: Bi Yihui , Duan Wenxiu , Chen Jing , You Tao , Li Shuya , Jiang Wei , Li Min , Wang Gang , Pan Xueyin , Wu Jiang , Liu Dan , Li Jun , Wang Yucai 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFollowing spinal cord injury (SCI), immune cell infiltration creates an inflammatory and oxidative microenvironment (known as the secondary injury), which causes neuron death and spinal cord damage, and dramatically hinders neurological functional recovery. Strategies that inhibit the infiltration and/or function of neutrophils offer promises for SCI treatment because they can reduce the secondary injury; however, such strategies remain largely unexplored. Herein, a strategy using neutrophil membrane‐coated nanoparticles (NPs) as decoys (neutrophil decoy, ND) is presented to reduce local neutrophil infiltration and relieve oxidative stress in the injured spinal cord after SCI. Coated with membranes of activated neutrophils, the NDs inherit multiple receptors from the “parent” neutrophils, which can adsorb and neutralize the elevated neutrophil‐related cytokines. In addition, polydopamine NPs with multi‐antioxidative properties (selected as the core for ND) scavenge excessive reactive oxygen and nitrogen species. In a contusion model of SCI, ND treatment significantly reduces neutrophil infiltration and reprograms the inflammatory and oxidative microenvironment in injured spinal cords. Importantly, ND treatment significantly improves neural regeneration and functional recovery in rats. Such a nano‐decoy platform opens up new approaches for efficiently treating SCI.