bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN (DILANTIN®) AFTER 20 YEARS
Authors: Bray Patrick F. 
Published: December 2021

Twenty years ago diphenylhydantoin was introduced for the treatment of epilepsy. It quickly became the most useful anticonvulsant medication because it was effective in preventing seizures and its sedative effect was minimal. The treatment of 84 epileptics has been included in this report with three goals in mind: 1) to show that the drug is generally useful by itself; 2) to point out that diphenylhydantoin is superior to other anticonvulsants in some patients; and 3) to emphasize the need for adequate dosage. Progressive neurologic diseases and fixed structural lesions of the brain are present in a significant number of patients in whom good control of seizure cannot be achieved. Uncommonly one sees sensitivity reactions which are similar to the allergic responses to other medications. Toxic reactions occur frequently if one exceeds the patient's tolerance to the drug but these are readily reversible. The cause of gingival hyperplasia, which is an annoying and common side reaction, was discussed in detail. It seems most likely that this reaction is due primarily to a local toxic effect of diphenylhydantoin as it is secreted in the saliva.
The mechanism of action of diphenylhydantoin was discussed in the light of recent and relevant research. The effect of the drug in animals on seizure patterns, seizure threshold and concentration of electrolytes in the brain was reviewed. The basic clue to its primary anticonvulsant effect may be its ability to produce a shift of sodium from inside the cells of the brain to the extracellular space. Other metabolic and humoral effects of diphenylhydantoin were cited and these include its relationship to the pituitary-adrenal system, its ability to lower the permeability of the blood-brain barrier, and its property of increasing the concentration of serotonin in brain tissue.
The important anticonvulsants which have been introduced since the advent of diphenylhydantoin were reviewed and emphasis was placed upon the usefulness and limitations in comparison to diphenylhydantoin.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: KNOBLOCH HILDA 
Published: December 2021

Thank you for giving me this opportunity to reply to Doctor Kugel's letter in criticism of our paper, "Pneumoencephalograms and Clinical Behavior." I, too, feel that it is high time pediatricians should know the nature of "developmental testing" and what its potentialities and limitations are. Although it is not possible to present all of the evidence in a letter, I welcome this opportunity to correct some false impressions.
Before proceeding to some comments on the validity of infant evaluations, it is necessary to point out that such a discussion is not directly pertinent to the article under consideration. Since the developmental examination was often done several years after the pneumoencephalogram, the mean age of the children at the time of the clinical examination was 22 months, no longer infants, and there was no age difference between the normal and abnormal groups.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: MAINLAND DONALD 
Published: December 2021

It is a long time since I have been so gratified by a scientific communication as I am by Dr. Schneider's thoughtful, penetrating and constructive discussion of a very serious problem.
My own attitude to the problem results, I suppose, from the route by which I entered the field of statistics—an orthodox medical training, anatomy teaching, and research in a variety of fields. Having begun to use experimenters' statistics in my own research shortly after Fisher's Statistical Methods for Research Workers first appeared, 34 years ago, I have been intimately aware of the spread of statistics in medicine—its good features and its bad features.
ABRAHAM JACOBI: PEDIATRIC PIONEER
Authors: Gardner Lytt I. 
Published: December 2021

Abraham Jacobi, pioneer in American pediatrics, was one of the intellectual giants of the last century, a century which had a number of such figures in medicine. Europeans such as Virchow, Pasteur and Listen helped to bring Nineteenth Century medicine to a scientific renaissance. One of the few great medical minds who migrated to the United States in the Nineteenth Century was Abraham Jacobi. We were fortunate in this country to have Jacobi come to be with us. We might have had Virchow, except that the rhythm of history was not to permit it. Virchow had too secure a position by the time the German 1848 Revolution took place and as such was protected; Jacobi was not.
Let us take a slice of time, say March 1848, and look at several geographic locations and examine what was happening. This is a little like The Bridge of San Luis Rey; a number of people in different places playing their rôles and eventually coming together. In this instance the characters converged for a happier gathering than the tragedy of San Luis Rey. Observe Geneva, N.Y., where the Geneva Medical Institute had only a year previously admitted the first woman medical student, Elizabeth Blackwell, who was to graduate the next year, 1849. She was in the middle of her medical school career in March, 1848.
In that same March, in Berlin and in certain other German cities, the 1848 Revolution was raging. It had followed the intellectual tradition of the Eighteenth Century after the American Revolution and the French Revolution. The German Revolution unfortunately did not succeed, and this of course was bad for the people fighting in it. Abraham Jacobi, Rudolf Virchow and many other intellectuals were involved. The list of democratic activists included now-famous names such as Semmelweiss, Traube and Remak.
Jacobi was a young student of 18 years at the University of Greifswald. Virchow was well established in his research and teaching career at the Charité Hospital in Berlin when the street fighting took place.
Recent Advances in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: REMBOLT RAYMOND R. 
Published: December 2021

One who attempts to present in one volume an authentic, comprehensive, and current consideration of an entity with such varied ramifications as cerebral palsy, is assuming a stupendous undertaking. Nevertheless, this book represents such an attempt resulting from the efforts of fourteen contributors in England and the United States.
Different readers' desires for content in such a contribution may vary, depending on the extent of broadness of knowledge and interest in the subject which each may have. Thus, it would be surprising if any reader, regardless of his special interest, did not feel that portions of the included material were incomplete, biased, lacked objectivity, or were inadequate in some respects.
PERINATAL ASPHYXIA AND PSYCHOLOGIC SIGNS OF BRAIN DAMAGE IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Schachter Frances F. , Apgar Virginia 
Published: December 2021

A prospective study on the psychologic effects of perinatal asphyxia is reported. It is the second report of follow-up studies of a sample of newborns selected at random from an obstetrical ward service in New York City. The first study showed no effect of early asphyxia as measured by oxygen content of heel blood in the neonatal period. Further investigation seemed indicated, using more extensive measures both of early asphyxia and psychologic effects.
In the present study, early asphyxia was defined by perinatal complications and by level of oxygen content in neonatal blood. Psychologic evaluation included 23 diagnostic signs of brain damage based on an IQ test, special experimental tests of brain damage, school report cards, and behavior ratings.
Children with perinatal complications showed a statistically significant decrement on the IQ test and on three special tests of brain damage: the Bender-Gestalt, Sorting test, and Critical Flicker Frequency. However, the clinical significance of these positive findings must be viewed with caution in the light of the relatively small mean decrement of 4.87 points in IQ and the negative findings on the remaining special tests of brain damage. A discussion of the conflicting results of the present and past research yielded suggestions for refinements in the clinical criteria of perinatal asphyxia, the psychologic instruments, and the selection of experimental controls.
While statistically significant relationships were demonstrated between multiple clinical criteria of perinatal asphyxia and several psychologic signs of brain damage in childhood, no such relationships were shown for the measurements of oxygen content in neonatal blood. The limitations of measurement of oxygen content are discussed together with suggestions for future research.
Circulatory Changes in Acute Glomerulonephritis
Authors: G. S. 
Published: December 2021

Conflicting opinions have been expressed as to the mechanism of pulmonary and peripheral congestion frequently observed in the oliguric stage of acute glomerulonephritis. The factors that have received major consideration as responsible for the circulatory complications are hypertension, myocardial damage, and hypervolemia.
Hemodynamic studies utilizing the technic of cardiac catherterization were carried out in 7 hypertensive and edematous patients in the early phase of acute glomerulonephritis to secure information regarding circulatory changes in this disease.
Terminal "Sterilization" of Milk Formula
Authors: WIENER FRED 
Published: December 2021

The virtues of terminal sterilization have become known to every mother. The pediatric profession, the nursing profession, the baby magazines and the Sunday supplements have exhorted the new mother to adopt the only true way of sterilizing—the terminal way.
That terminal sterilization with hospital equipment on by immersing the filled bottle to the neck in a pot of boiling water as described by Silver (Pediatrics, 20:993, 1957) is to be preferred to the "aseptic" method, cannot be gainsaid.
Mental Hygiene
Authors: ROSS LAWRENCE S. 
Published: December 2021

The editorial plea for "truly competent counselling in mental hygiene" by practitioners (Pediatrics, 24:355, 1959) based on greater emphasis of this aspect of resident training is well-made. Certainly, most practicing pediatricians, including myself, feel a tremendous inadequacy in offering advice relative to management of such common problems as thumbsucking, masturbation, sleep disorders, feeding problems, and the like.
Even for those physicians who are sufficiently interested in practicing preventive psychiatry, the material available for study on these common disorders is full of conjecture, speculation and personal impressions.
A Mobile Darkroom for Newborn Nurseries
Authors: KORONES SHELDON B. 
Published: December 2021

Complete darkness is indispensable for transillumination of the heads of infants. It also facilitates funduscopic examination. Figures 1 and 2 depict a mobile darkroom devised for these procedures.
The walls and the roof of the chamber are constructed of aluminum which is easily cleaned with an appropriate disinfectant. The inner surfaces of the walls are sprayed with black paint. Across the entrance are two superimposed black shower-curtains. The entire unit is mounted on casters so that it can be moved about the nursery with a minimum of effort.
FAILURE TO INDUCE DIETARY DEFICIENCY OF COPPER IN PREMATURE INFANTS
Authors: Wilson John F. , Lahey M. Eugene 
Published: December 2021

A feeding experiment was undertaken in small premature infants to explore the possible role of a reduced intake of copper in the pathogenesis of the recently described syndrome of hypocupremia, iron-deficiency anemia, and hypoproteinemia. One group was fed milk providing about 15αg/kg/day of elemental copper, and the other group received 5 to 45 times this amount of copper in an otherwise identical diet.
In the first few months there were no differences between the two groups in levels of hemoglobin nor in the concentrations of copper, iron, and proteins in the serum. In later months hypoferremia was present in both groups, but hypocupremia and anemia of the microcytic, hypochromic variety failed to appear in either group.
The failure to induce copper deficiency may be related to the relatively short duration of the experiment, but more likely to the fact that the daily requirements of copper in early infancy may be satisfied by as small an intake as 15 αg/kg/day.
INTRA-AORTIC TRANSFUSION OF OXYGENATED BLOOD AND ENDOTRACHEAL INSUFFLATION OF OXYGEN IN THE RESUSCITATION OF SEVERELY ANOXIC NEWBORN LAMBS
Authors: Brandt Ira K. , Cunningham Peter , Harned Herbert S. 
Published: December 2021

Newborn lambs were delivered by hysterotomy, their respiratory passages occluded, and their umbilical cords ligated. Blood pressure in the aorta and a lead II electrocardiogram were continuously recorded, and periodic blood samples were obtained as the animals were allowed to become severely anoxic.
Intra-aortic pressure transfusion of oxygenated blood brought about only a transient elevation of the ventricular rate and systolic pressure. Subsequent application of endotracheal insufflation of oxygen under pressure produced striking and more sustained improvement.
The acidosis and lactic acidemia which developed during the anoxic state were never fully corrected, and the condition of all of the animals eventually deteriorated.
Of particular interest was the reduction in concentration of pyruvate in the blood during severe anoxia and its subsequent return to pre-anoxia levels after instituting artificial respiration.
THE TREATMENT OF PRIMARY TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Lotte A. , Noufflard H. , Debrá Robert , Brissaud H. E. 
Published: December 2021

A preliminary inquiry of the Institut National d'Hygiéne (France), based on the follow-up of 5,526 cases of primary tuberculosis in children and adolescents, is reported; 1,425 cases were seen before 1955 and included in the statistical survey concluded in June, 1956.
The spontaneous course of 895 patients who received no treatment is analyzed; special emphasis is placed on complications and their relative incidence in the different age groups and forms of primary tuberculosis.
Comparative studies of treated and untreated cases were possible only in patients under 15 years of age and in clinically manifest forms of tuberculosis (Types II, III, and IV). These cases represent a total of 1,061 cases; 564 patients received treatment, 497 received no treatment. Findings in the different age groups are analyzed.
A bacteriologic inquiry was also made on the problem of contamination with streptomycin- and isoniazid-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis and on secondarily acquired resistance to isoniazid in treated patients.
A decrease of more than 80% in the incidence of complications led to the conclusion that routine chemotherapy should be resorted to in clinically manifest primary tuberculosis in children and adolescents.
In the case of completely latent primary tuberculosis, however, a definite answer cannot be given as yet. It is the purpose of the future development of the trial to try to answer that question.
EARLY RECOGNITION OF CRETINISM
Authors: Van Wyk Judson J. , Arnold Mary B. 
Published: December 2021

Although early treatment of the cretinous infant by no means assures optimal mental development, most authorities agree that the prognosis for satisfactory mental development declines as the period of untreated hypothyroidism is prolonged.1 The practicing physician is goaded by writers on this subject to make an early diagnosis, preferably within the newborn period. It would be ideal to treat cretinism before the classical signs emerge, but criteria on which this diagnosis can be made reliably in this early period are usually not specified.
The clinical picture of hypothyroidism in the cretinous neonate is at least partially obscured by the placental transfer of maternal thyroid hormone.
Epilepsy and Related Disorders, William G. Lennox, A.B., A.M., M.D., Sc.D. (Hon.), with Margaret A. Lennox, A.B., M.D., Boston, Little, Brown & Company, 1960, Volumes I and II, 1168 pp., $13.50 (for the set)
Authors: Hammill James F. 
Published: December 2021

This two volume text represents the late Dr. William Lennox' experiences of a lifetime in the management of convulsive disorders. It would be impossible for any reviewer to encompass the spirit of these volumes in a brief note.
The material prepared in conjunction with his daughter is extremely well organized and written in a style reflecting not only a profound knowledge of the subject but the philosophy of a group concerned with far more than the mere medical management of the epileptic.
Diagnosis of Undescended Testes
Authors: BUNCE PAUL L. 
Published: December 2021

The importance of differentiating pseudocryptorchism from true cryptorchism has been recognized for years, yet specific aids in diagnosis have been few. We have been increasingly impressed with a simple method for demonstrating pseudocryptorchism, which thus far has not caught the attention of many pediatricians.
This maneuver was originally described by Dr. Louis Orr in a letter to the Urologists Correspondence Club in 1951. It is performed by having the boy sit in a straight-backed chair and draw up his legs so that the soles of his feet rest on the chair seat.
THE SYNDROME OF ALVEOLAR-CAPILLARY BLOCK
Authors: Talner Norman S. , Howatt William F. , DeMuth George R. , Dickinson David G. , Stern Aaron M. 
Published: December 2021

The clinical and physiologic findings in two children with the syndrome of alveolar-capillary block have been presented. The presence of this physiologic abnormality has been confirmed by the demonstration of impaired diffusing capacity of the lungs in the absence of any defect in gas distribution or veno-arterial shunt.
In both patients, the pathologic diagnosis of pulmonary interstitial fibrosis was established, in one by lung biopsy and in the other at necropsy.
Early Identification of Emotionally Handicapped Children in School
Authors: YANKAUER ALFRED 
Published: December 2021

The school occupies a strategic position in our culture as the only organized institution that reaches every member of society during formative years. Thus it is vital not only as a transmitter of culture and a molder of society's future but also as a channel of contact through which pathology in individuals can be discovered and corrected if possible. This is one of the rationales of organized school health services.
Adverse conditions that can be loosely grouped as "emotional" rank next in prevalence to adverse dental and eye conditions in school children and are of far greater significance. This has led to attempts to devise a screening instrument for use in schools that will identify emotionally handicapped children with as few false-positive and false-negative reports as possible.
Bird-Headed Dwarfs: Studies in Developmental Anthropology Including Human Proportions
Authors: GARDNER LYTT I. 
Published: December 2021

Professor Seckel records in this remarkable book the results of his many years of interest in dwarfed children, especially that extremely rare type known as the bird-headed dwarf. The book contains extensive clinical notes and measurements on two bird-headed dwarfs observed by the author in Chicago. There is an interesting review of 13 dwarfs from the literature.
The book is beautifully printed in Switzerland. This work will certainly long be considered the classic description of this type of dwarfism. The pediatrician working in the field of endocrinology and growth and development will find many points of interest in this book. It is probably too restricted in its subject matter to appeal to the general pediatrician.
PUBLIC HEALTH
Authors: Larrick George P. 
Published: December 2021

IN THE United States, government control of drug manufacture is accomplished largely through application of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. This is a law of broad scope, which deals with such important matters as the purity, potency, safety, labeling and methods of distribution of drugs imported into the country or shipped from one state to another. The Food and Drug Administration administers this law. I shall describe the drug control provisions of the law, discuss briefly the development of some of its more important aspects, and mention some current problems with which we in the Food and Drug Administration are now dealing.
The United States law provides three principal types of control over drugs. These are 1) the certification procedures; 2) the new drug procedures; and 3) the general procedures applicable to drugs that do not fall into the first two groups.
Design of Newborn Nurseries
Authors: HARVIE F. H. 
Published: December 2021

The recently restated recommendations of the Committee on Fetus and Newborn for design of newborn nurseries (Pediatrics, 25:1083, 1960) are necessarily brief and direct. This leaves an impression of finality which is not entirely suited to our present meager understanding of the ways in which infections spread in nurseries. The spread of staphylococci is especially in need of study. Unfortunately the Committee's recommendations are apt to be incorporated into laws and regulations. Circumstances differ from one hospital to another, and perhaps a less rigid view would be preferable until the important factors are better understood. A few opinions are offered which differ in some respects from those of the Committee.
1. Personnel: In the conduct of nurseries, no one can take the place of an experienced and reliable nurse.
Correction
Authors: JOHNSTONE DOUGLAS 
Published: December 2021

We should like to thank Dr. L. Emmett Holt, Jr., New York University, for calling to our attention errors in Tables III and IV of our article (Pediatrics, 27:39, 1961).
In Table III, page 42, fourth line from bottom, second column from right, 100% should read 78%. In Table IV, page 42, fourth line from bottom, last column, 88% should read 55%; last line, second column from right, 84% should read 92%; last line, last column, 92% should read 84%.
Growth Diagnosis: Selected Methods for Interpreting and Predicting Physical Development from One Year to Maturity
Authors: FALKNER FRANK 
Published: December 2021

The authors of this important book gained their unique experience and data in longitudinal studies of the growth of healthy children in California. They here present to us chosen fruits.
Published data on child growth rates are so rare that when they appear in a work of this kind we are particularly anxious to learn how we may best use the benefits of such careful labors. The book does live up to our expectations by being practical and by describing a battery of measures and ratings of the size, shape and maturity of children.