bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gear restrictions create conservation and fisheries trade‐offs for management
Authors: Carvalho Paul G. , Humphries Austin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractGear‐based management for coral reef fisheries is often overlooked in the scientific literature. Empirical studies have demonstrated the conservation benefits of gear‐restricted areas (i.e. prohibiting fishing gears), which can support greater biomass than unrestricted areas and protect species that play key functional roles. However, population dynamics of functional feeding groups of reef fishes under specific gear‐restriction regimes remains uncertain. Here, we constructed a multi‐species, length‐based fisheries model to observe relative biomass and catch of reef fishes under various gear‐restriction management scenarios. We used fishery‐dependent and fishery‐independent data to determine the catchability of functional groups and selectivity of size classes for hook‐and‐line, net and spear fishing, which are widely used gear types on coral reefs globally. Our model revealed trade‐offs involved with gear‐restriction management such that no single management strategy was able to maximize biomass or catch of all functional groups simultaneously. Also, we found that spear fishing (i.e. prohibiting hook‐and‐line and net fishing) maintained the highest total biomass summed across functional groups, whilst hook‐and‐line fishing (i.e. prohibiting net and spear fishing) and a ban on spears maintained the lowest biomass. However, hook‐and‐line fishing generated the highest catch‐per‐unit‐effort. Our model results were primarily driven by differential growth rates, maximum per capita production of recruits, and catchability of functional groups targeted by each fishing gear. We demonstrate that gear restrictions can be a critical management tool for maintaining biomass and catch of certain functional groups but will likely require additional management to protect all key functional feeding groups of coral reef fishes.
Accelerated increase in vegetation carbon sequestration in China after 2010: A turning point resulting from climate and human interaction
Authors: Chen Yongzhe , Feng Xiaoming , Tian Hanqin , Wu Xutong , Gao Zhen , Feng Yu , Piao Shilong , Lv Nan , Pan Naiqing , Fu Bojie 
Published: August 2021

AbstractChina has increased its vegetation coverage and enhanced its terrestrial carbon sink through ecological restoration since the end of the 20th century. However, the temporal variation in vegetation carbon sequestration remains unclear, and the relative effects of climate change and ecological restoration efforts are under debate. By integrating remote sensing and machine learning with a modelling approach, we explored the biological and physical pathways by which both climate change and human activities (e.g., ecological restoration, cropland expansion, and urbanization) have altered Chinese terrestrial ecosystem structures and functions, including vegetation cover, surface heat fluxes, water flux, and vegetation carbon sequestration (defined by gross and net primary production, GPP and NPP). Our study indicated that during 2001–2018, GPP in China increased significantly at a rate of 49.1–53.1 TgC/yr2, and the climatic and anthropogenic contributions to GPP gains were comparable (48%–56% and 44%–52%, respectively). Spatially, afforestation was the dominant mechanism behind forest cover expansions in the farming‐pastoral ecotone in northern China, on the Loess Plateau and in the southwest karst region, whereas climate change promoted vegetation cover in most parts of southeastern China. At the same time, the increasing trend in NPP (22.4–24.9 TgC/yr2) during 2001–2018 was highly attributed to human activities (71%–81%), particularly in southern, eastern, and northeastern China. Both GPP and NPP showed accelerated increases after 2010 because the anthropogenic NPP gains during 2001–2010 were generally offset by the climate‐induced NPP losses in southern China. However, after 2010, the climatic influence reversed, thus highlighting the vegetation carbon sequestration that occurs with ecological restoration.
Financial crisis and slow recovery with Bayesian learning agents
Authors: Horii Ryo , Ono Yoshiyasu 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn a simple continuous‐time model where the learning process affects the willingness to hold liquidity, we provide an intuitive explanation of business cycle asymmetry and postcrisis slow recovery. When observing a liquidity shock, individuals rationally increase their subjective probability of re‐encountering it. It leads to an upward jump in liquidity preference and a discrete fall in consumption. Conversely, as a period without shocks continues, they gradually decrease the subjective probability, reduce liquidity preference, and increase consumption. The recovery process is particularly slow after many shocks are observed within a short period because people do not easily change their pessimistic view.
CRISPR/Cas9‐based functional characterization of the pigmentation gene ebony in Plutella xylostella
Authors: Xu X. , Harvey‐Samuel T. , Yang J. , You M. , Alphey L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBody pigmentation is an important character of insects in adapting to biotic and abiotic environmental challenges. Additionally, based on the relative ease of screening, several genes involved in insect melanization have been used in classic genetic studies or as visual markers in constructing transgenic insects. Here, a homologue of the Bombyx mori melanization‐inhibiting gene ebony, associated with the conversion of dopamine to N‐β‐alanyl dopamine, was identified in a global pest, Plutella xylostella. The CRISPR/Cas9 system was applied to generate multiple Pxebony knockout alleles which were crossed to produce a Pxebony knockout strain, showing darker pigmentation in larvae, pupae and adults, compared with wildtype. Interestingly, we observed that Pxebony heterozygotes displayed an intermediate darkened phenotype, indicating partial dominance between the knockout and wildtype alleles. The fitness costs of Pxebony deficiency were also assessed in the mutant strain, indicating that embryo hatchability and larval survival were significantly reduced, while the eclosion rate was not obviously affected. Our work provides a potential target for exploring CRISPR‐based genetics‐control systems in this economically important pest lepidopteran.
Novel fabrication of antibiotic containing multifunctional silk fibroin injectable hydrogel dressing to enhance bactericidal action and wound healing efficiency on burn wound: In vitro and in vivo evaluations
Authors: Dong Meiping , Mao Yi , Zhao Zhiwei , Zhang Jinbo , Zhu Lipeng , Chen Linlu , Cao Liexiang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe development of biologically active multifunctional hydrogel wound dressings can assist effectively to wound regeneration and also has influenced multiple functions on wound injury. Herein, we designed a carbon‐based composited injectable silk fibroin hydrogel as multifunctional wound dressing to provide effective anti‐bacterial, cell compatibility and in vivo wound closure actions. Importantly, the fabricated injectable hydrogel exhibit sustained drug delivery properties, anti‐oxidant and self‐healing abilities, which confirm that composition of hydrogel is highly beneficial to tissue adhesions and burn wound regeneration ability. Frequently, designed injectable hydrogel can be injected into deep and irregular burn wound sites and would provide rapid self‐healing and protection from infection environment with thoroughly filled wound area. Meanwhile, incorporated carbon nanofillers improve injectable hydrogel strength and also offer high fluid uptake to hydrogel when applied on the wound sites. In vitro MTT cytotoxicity assay on human fibroblast cell lines establish outstanding cytocompatibility of the injectable hydrogel and also have capability to support cell growth and proliferations. In vivo burn wound animal model results demonstrate that the hydrogel dressings predominantly influenced enhanced wound contraction and also promoted greater collagen deposition, granulation tissue thickness and vascularization. This investigation's outcome could open a new pathway to fabricate multifunctional biopolymeric hydrogel for quicker burn wound therapy and effectively prevents microenvironment bacterial infections.
The responses of lateral roots and root hairs to nitrogen stress in cotton based on daily root measurements
Authors: Zhu Lingxiao , Liu Liantao , Sun Hongchun , Zhang Yongjiang , Liu Xiuwei , Wang Nan , Chen Jing , Zhang Ke , Bai Zhiying , Wang Guiyan , Tian Liwen , Li Cundong 
Published: August 2021

AbstractLateral roots and root hairs are essential portions of cotton roots. However, the morphology and lifespan of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) lateral roots and root hairs in response to nitrogen stress have remained unknown. Two cotton cultivars were assessed when no nitrogen and normal nitrogen (138 mg N·kg−1 soil) were added. The daily acquisitions of root phenotype information including the lateral root angle, lateral root density, lateral root diameter, lateral root lifespan, root hair length, root hair density, and root hair lifespan, were obtained in situ by a self‐designed platform of RhizoPots equipped with high‐resolution scanners. Nitrogen starvation significantly reduced the growth of shoots and roots, although there was less reduction of roots than shoots. Root hairs were the first organ to respond to nitrogen deficiency through morphological changes. The lateral root diameter and angle as well as the root hair lifespan decreased significantly under nitrogen stress. However, nitrogen deficiency dramatically increased the lateral root lifespan, root hair density and length. Our results demonstrate that low nitrogen can induce notable changes in lateral roots and root hairs, which may play a crucial role in the adjustment to nitrogen uptake, particularly in species that can adapt to low nitrogen availability.
The association between weight gain at different stages of pregnancy and risk of gestational diabetes mellitus
Authors: Chuang Ya‐Chun , Huang Lulu , Lee Wan‐Ying , Shaw Steven W. , Chu Fu‐Ling , Hung Tai‐Ho 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAims/IntroductionWomen with excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) are at a higher risk for complications during pregnancy, such as preeclampsia. However, the association between excessive GWG and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) remains unclear.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 8,352 women from our obstetric database with singleton pregnancies who gave birth after 28 completed weeks of gestation between January 1, 2012, and December 31, 2016, excluding pregnancies complicated by fetal anomalies, fetal death, and overt diabetes. Diagnosis of GDM was based on the criteria recommended by the International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Groups. We used two classification methods to define excessive GWG: a weight gain above the 90th percentile of the population, or exceeding the upper range recommended by the Institute of Medicine, stratified by pre‐pregnancy body mass index. Statistical analysis was performed using multiple logistic regression to determine the association between excessive GWG and the risk of GDM.ResultsOverall, 1,129 women (13.5%) were diagnosed with GDM. There was no difference in GWG between women with and without GDM in the first trimester and before GDM screening. Women with GDM had significantly less GWG in the second trimester, after GDM screening, and throughout the whole gestation than women without GDM. No correlation was found between excessive GWG in the first and second trimesters, before GDM screening, and the later development of GDM.ConclusionsOur results indicate that excessive GWG prior to GDM screening is not associated with an increased risk of GDM.
Fluctuating selection driven by global and local climatic conditions leads to stasis in breeding time in a migratory bird
Authors: Le Vaillant Justine , Potti Jaime , Camacho Carlos , Canal David , Martínez‐Padilla Jesús 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe origin of natural selection is linked to environmental heterogeneity, which influences variation in relative fitness among phenotypes. However, individuals in wild populations are exposed to a plethora of biotic and abiotic environmental factors. Surprisingly, the relative influence of multiple environmental conditions on the relative fitness of phenotypes has rarely been tested in wild populations. Identifying the main selection agent(s) is crucial when the target phenotype is tightly linked to reproduction and when temporal variation in selection is expected to affect evolutionary responses. By using individual‐based data from a 29‐year study of a short‐lived migratory songbird, the pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca), we studied the relative influence of 28 temperature‐ and precipitation‐based factors at local and global scales on selection on breeding time (egg laying) at the phenotypic level. Selection, estimated using the number of recruits as a proxy for fitness, penalized late breeders. Minimum temperatures in April and May were the environmental drivers that best explained selection on laying date. In particular, there was negative directional selection on laying date mediated by minimum temperature in April, being strongest in cold years. In addition, nonlinear selection on laying date was influenced by minimum temperatures in May, with selection on laying date changing from null to negative as the breeding season progressed. The intensity of selection on late breeders increased when minimum temperatures in May were highest. Our results illustrate the complex influence of environmental factors on selection on laying date in wild bird populations. Despite minimum temperature in April being the only variable that changed over time, its increase did not induce a shift in laying date in the population. In this songbird population, stabilizing selection has led to a three‐decade stasis in breeding time. We suggest that variation in the effects of multiple climatic variables on selection may constrain phenotypic change.
Combination therapy of recalcitrant severe psoriasis with psoriatic arthritis, diabetes nephropathy, and liver cirrhosis
Authors: Zimmer Sebastian , Goldust Mohamad , Bhargava Shashank , Wegner Joanna , Grabbe Stephan , Staubach‐Renz Petra 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTreatment of recalcitrant moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis can be challenging. Combination therapy of biologics and immunosuppressive agents can be a new strategy for treating therapy‐resistant cases with comorbidities, where many systemic medications are contraindicated.Case presentationWe report a case of a 62‐year‐old diabetic man with a 30‐year history of severe plaque psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis with cirrhosis and diabetic nephropathy that was treated successfully in combination with apremilast and etanercept after multiple previous unsuccessful treatment attempts.ConclusionThere are no data supporting the combination of apremilast and etanercept in the management of recalcitrant cases of moderate‐to‐severe psoriasis and multiple comorbidities including psoriatic arthritis, diabetic nephropathy, and cirrhosis. In patients who do not respond to multiple approaches for the treatment of psoriasis, combination therapy with biologic agents and new systemic medications may lead to dramatic disease control.
Protection of hair from damage induced by ultraviolet irradiation using tea (Camellia sinensis) extracts
Authors: Davis Stephanie L. , Marsh Jennifer M. , Kelly Casey P. , Li Lijuan , Tansky Cheryl S. , Fang Rui , Simmonds Monique S. J. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundDamage to hair by UV is relevant to most people, and for many, it is a major source of hair damage. Prevention of UV damage is of high interest to cosmetic companies.ObjectivesDescribe UV damage mechanisms and link these mechanisms to measurable changes in hair protein composition and color changes resulting from breakdown of yellow‐colored kynurenines. Test the power of botanical antioxidants, specifically Camellia sinensis (tea) extracts to prevent this protein damage and color change. Link specific phytochemistry of extract samples to hair performance.MethodsCamellia sinensis (tea) extracts were analyzed by LC‐MS to identify the key composition chemistries. ORAC (Oxygen Radical Antioxidant Capacity) was used to measure ability of the extract to react with a peroxyl radical via a hydrogen abstraction mechanism. Hair protein structural damage was measured by quantification of a biomarker peptide that is specific to UV‐induced damage and hair color changes were measured with a spectrophotometer.ResultsLevels of key phytochemistry in the extracts, specifically the catechins, correlated with prevention of UV‐induced protein damage and prevention of color changes due to kynurenine breakdown. Extracts with higher phytochemistry levels also had higher ORAC scores indicating that they were more effective antioxidants.ConclusionsCamellia sinensis (tea) extracts can be used as effective protective treatments for hair protection but this efficacy is linked to extract concentrations of key chemistries (catechins).
Clinical analysis of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection after minimally invasive plastic surgery and cosmetic surgery
Authors: E Yang , Hengshu Zhang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of nontuberculous mycobacterial infections after minimally invasive plastic surgery and cosmetic surgery, and to provide reference data for the management of affected patients.MethodWe retrospectively analyzed 12 cases of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection after minimally invasive plastic surgery and cosmetic surgery in our department from January 2014 to December 2020. The case data included baseline characteristics, morbidity, chronology of patient symptoms, diagnostic results, and treatment outcomes. Disease characteristics were summarized and objectively analyzed.ResultsThe 12 patients infected with nontuberculous mycobacteria after plastic surgery and cosmetic surgery received small incision or minimally invasive surgery. The onset time was 5–30 days after surgery, the clinical manifestations were non‐specific, and ordinary antibiotics are ineffective.ConclusionsSmall incisions or minimally invasive plastic surgery and cosmetic surgery have hidden dangers of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection, and the detection and diagnosis are difficult, and the treatment time is long, which requires attention.
Repigmentation of nipple‐areola complex after ReCell® treatment on breast vitiligo
Authors: Yu Nanze , Liu Runzhu , Yu Panxi , Dong Ruijia , Chen Cheng , Zeng Ang , Long Fei , Xia Zenan , Ma Ping , Tao Yong , Liu Zhifei 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundNipple‐areola complex is a naturally hyperpigmented skin area which can be involved in vitiligo. But limited study focused on the treatment of nipple‐areola complex vitiligo, and few methods were proven to be effective. In this study, we aimed to explore the feasibility and efficacy of ReCell® on vitiligo in the nipple‐areola complex area.MethodsMedical records of patients with vitiligo involving nipple‐areola complex and underwent ReCell® treatment from October 2016 to April 2020 were retrospectively reviewed. The repigmentation rate of the nipple‐areola complex and other breast area were calculated under the Wood's light at each follow‐up. The grade of repigmentation and patient‐reported satisfaction rate were also evaluated to prove the effect of ReCell® on vitiligo of breast and especially in the nipple‐areola complex area.ResultsA total of 18 patients were included in this study. No surgical complications were reported. The mean postoperative repigmentation rate in the nipple‐areola complex area (3rd‐month, 78.7 ± 5.8%; 6th‐month, 87.6 ± 5.1%; and 12th‐month, 96.1 ± 3.5%) was significantly higher than that in the other breast treatment area (3rd‐month, 70.4 ± 6.9%; 6th‐month, 84.2 ± 5.7%, and 12th‐month, 93.2 ± 3.6%). All patients showed good or excellent grades at the last follow‐up, and 94.4% of them considered the overall treatment results satisfactory.ConclusionsReCell® is a feasible and efficient treatment strategy in the nipple‐areola complex vitiligo.
Five sources of bias in natural language processing
Authors: Hovy Dirk , Prabhumoye Shrimai 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRecently, there has been an increased interest in demographically grounded bias in natural language processing (NLP) applications. Much of the recent work has focused on describing bias and providing an overview of bias in a larger context. Here, we provide a simple, actionable summary of this recent work. We outline five sources where bias can occur in NLP systems: (1) the data, (2) the annotation process, (3) the input representations, (4) the models, and finally (5) the research design (or how we conceptualize our research). We explore each of the bias sources in detail in this article, including examples and links to related work, as well as potential counter‐measures.
Metabolic decisions in development and disease—a Keystone Symposia report
Authors: Cable Jennifer , Pourquié Olivier , Wellen Kathryn E. , Finley Lydia W. S. , Aulehla Alexander , Gould Alex P. , Teleman Aurelio , Tu William B. , Garrett Wendy Sarah , Miguel‐Aliaga Irene , Perrimon Norbert , Hooper Lora V. , Walhout A. J. Marian , Wei Wei , Alexandrov Theodore , Erez Ayelet , Ralser Markus , Rabinowitz Joshua D. , Hemalatha Anupama , Gutiérrez‐Pérez Paula , Chandel Navdeep S. , Rutter Jared , Locasale Jason W. , Landoni Juan C. , Christofk Heather 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThere is an increasing appreciation for the role of metabolism in cell signaling and cell decision making. Precise metabolic control is essential in development, as evident by the disorders caused by mutations in metabolic enzymes. The metabolic profile of cells is often cell‐type specific, changing as cells differentiate or during tumorigenesis. Recent evidence has shown that changes in metabolism are not merely a consequence of changes in cell state but that metabolites can serve to promote and/or inhibit these changes. Metabolites can link metabolic pathways with cell signaling pathways via several mechanisms, for example, by serving as substrates for protein post‐translational modifications, by affecting enzyme activity via allosteric mechanisms, or by altering epigenetic markers. Unraveling the complex interactions governing metabolism, gene expression, and protein activity that ultimately govern a cell's fate will require new tools and interactions across disciplines. On March 24 and 25, 2021, experts in cell metabolism, developmental biology, and human disease met virtually for the Keystone eSymposium, “Metabolic Decisions in Development and Disease.” The discussions explored how metabolites impact cellular and developmental decisions in a diverse range of model systems used to investigate normal development, developmental disorders, dietary effects, and cancer‐mediated changes in metabolism.