bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatal Events Related to Running Competitions in the Mountains
Authors: Roi Giulio Sergio 
Published: March 2021

Introduction The few epidemiologic studies published previously about different forms of mountain running (ie, fell running, sky running, and ultratrail running) have not reported on fatal events. This report aims to contribute to the literature on mountain running fatalities, recording and classifying fatal events related to mountain running competitions found in online literature searches over a 12-y period. Methods From 2008 to 2019, searches on mountain sport, mountain races, and newspaper websites were periodically performed, looking for fatal events related to running competitions in the mountains. Data are presented as mean±SD or percentage, as appropriate. Results Fifty-one fatal events, involving 45 men (88%) and 6 women (12%), aged 50±11 and 46±6 y, respectively, were recorded in the 2008 to 2019 period in Western Europe. These events occurred during races (n=35; 69%), during training (n=13; 25%), and after races (n=3; 6%); 43% were sudden cardiac death, 32% due to falls (blunt trauma), 16% due to hypothermia, 4% due to both blunt trauma and hypothermia, 4% due to lightning strike injuries, and 2% due to animal attack (injuries from deer). Conclusions Understanding all of the causes of fatal events is necessary to institute preventative efforts and to organize rescues. Preventative efforts should be implemented by race organizers and by athletes themselves, and rescue teams can be trained and equipped to address all of these possible events. The relatively high percentage of sudden cardiac deaths stresses the need for preparticipation cardiovascular screenings. Further longitudinal studies are necessary to better understand the real impact of fatal events on the mountain running population.
The Effects of Aging and Hearing Loss on Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions
Authors: Cilento Benjamin W. , Norton Susan J. , Gates George A. 
Published: March 2021

OBJECTIVEWe sought to demonstrate the rate of change in distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOE) amplitude with age in relation to hearing loss in an unselected adult population.STUDY DESIGN AND SETTINGWe conducted a cross‐sectional observation study involving the Framingham Offspring Cohort. Age changes in DPOE amplitude for frequencies of f2 from 1 to 8 kHz adjusted for pure‐tone threshold level were assessed by multivariate linear regression.RESULTSThe women showed a mean hearing threshold‐adjusted loss in high‐frequency DPOE amplitude of 0.6, 2.1, 2.6, and 1.1 dB/per decade at the f2 frequencies of 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz, respectively. In contrast, the men showed no effect of age on the DPOE amplitude independent of hearing loss. Emissions were reduced or absent in the noise notch frequencies. The rate of change with age in DPOE amplitude was significantly less than the rate of change in pure‐tone thresholds in both the men and the women.CONCLUSIONWomen lose DPOE amplitude from both age and hearing threshold loss. Men lose more DPOE amplitude than do women, and the loss is proportional to the degree of loss of hearing threshold sensitivity. The differential effect whereby age‐related hearing loss affects thresholds more than emissions suggests that strial atrophy may be a pathophysiologic factor.SIGNIFICANCEThe use of DPOE measures for screening and monitoring cochlear status of adult women should take into account the age, pure‐tone thresholds, and noise exposure status of the subjects. (Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2003;129:382–9.)
Identity Politics and Refugee Policies in Kupang, Eastern Indonesia: A Politico-Historical Perspective
Authors: Damaledo Andrey 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis article assesses the implementation of Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 concerning the Treatment of Refugees and how it relates to different kinds of bureaucratic labelling of refugees as it unfolds in Indonesia’s region of Kupang. From a politico-historical perspective, Kupang is a useful case-study for elucidating the policy implications of the labelling of refugees, as the region has been hosting different kinds of refugees due to its strategic geographical location that borders Australia and Timor-Leste. Drawing on my fieldwork in Kupang between October 2012 and October 2013, and my intermittent return to the region between January 2017 and February 2019, this article argues that labels for refugees evolve over time in response to the larger sociopolitical situation, but they are formed mostly to serve the interest of the host country rather than those of displaced people. Furthermore, while labelling displaced people as “refugees” has been effective in justifying funding and support, it can also lead to a manipulation of refugee status, and the marginalization and exclusion of refugees.
Powers: The No-Successor Problem
Authors: PEMBERTON JOHN 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis essay considers the implications for the powers metaphysic of the no-successor problem: As there are no successors in the set of real numbers, one state cannot occur just after another in continuous time without there being a gap between the two. I show how the no-successor problem sets challenges for various accounts of the manifestation of powers. For powers that give rise to a manifestation that is a new state, the challenge of no-successors is similar to that faced on Bertrand Russell's analysis by causal relations. Powers whose manifestation is a processes and powers that manifest through time (perhaps by giving rise to changing through time) are challenged differently. To avoid powers appearing enigmatic, these challenges should be addressed, and I point to some possible ways this might be achieved. A prerequisite for addressing these challenges is a careful focus on the nature and timing of the manifesting and manifestation of powers.
Fukaya categories of surfaces, spherical objects and mapping class groups
Authors: Auroux Denis , Smith Ivan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We prove that every spherical object in the derived Fukaya category of a closed surface of genus at least

$2$

whose Chern character represents a nonzero Hochschild homology class is quasi-isomorphic to a simple closed curve equipped with a rank

$1$

local system. (The homological hypothesis is necessary.) This largely answers a question of Haiden, Katzarkov and Kontsevich. It follows that there is a natural surjection from the autoequivalence group of the Fukaya category to the mapping class group. The proofs appeal to and illustrate numerous recent developments: quiver algebra models for wrapped categories, sheafifying the Fukaya category, equivariant Floer theory for finite and continuous group actions and homological mirror symmetry. An application to high-dimensional symplectic mapping class groups is included.
Characterization of subglacial marginal channels using 3-D analysis of high-density ground-penetrating radar data
Authors: Egli Pascal E. , Irving James , Lane Stuart N. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractStudying subglacial drainage networks is important for understanding the potential relationship between channel dynamics and rapid glacier recession as well as the role of subglacial channels in subglacial sediment evacuation. In order to delineate the planform geometry of snout marginal subglacial channels, densely spaced ground-penetrating radar (GPR) measurements at a frequency of ~70 MHz were carried out over the snout marginal zones of two temperate glaciers in the southwestern Swiss Alps, the Haut Glacier d'Arolla and the Glacier d'Otemma. Three-dimensional (3-D) data processing and amplitude analysis of the GPR reflection along the glacier bed was used to map the channels. At the Haut Glacier d'Arolla, two relatively straight channels of several meters in width were identified. The positions of these channels correspond well with the locations of channel outlets at the glacier terminus, as well as with fractures appearing on the glacier surface one month after the GPR data acquisition. The latter are believed to represent the beginning of ice collapse above the subglacial channels. At the Glacier d'Otemma, a major subglacial conduit was detected with similar dimensions to those identified at the Haut Glacier d'Arolla, but greater sinuosity. The position of this channel was confirmed by drone-based imagery acquired after glacier margin collapse. Our results confirm that high-density 3-D GPR surveys can be used to map subglacial channels near temperate alpine glacier margins.
A systematic review of low-cost simulators in ENT surgery
Authors: Pankhania R , Pelly T , Bowyer H , Shanmugathas N , Wali A 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundSimulation training has become a key part of the surgical curriculum over recent years. Current trainees face significantly reduced operating time as a result of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, alongside increased costs to surgical training, thus creating a need for low-cost simulation models.MethodsA systematic review of the literature was performed using multiple databases. Each model included was assessed for the ease and expense of its construction, as well as its validity and educational value.ResultsA total of 18 low-cost simulation models were identified, relating to otology, head and neck surgery, laryngeal surgery, rhinology, and tonsil surgery. In only four of these models (22.2 per cent) was an attempt made to demonstrate the educational impact of the model. Validation was rarely formally assessed.ConclusionMore efforts are required to standardise validation methods and demonstrate the educational value of the available low-cost simulation models in otorhinolaryngology.
Measuring knowledge of multiple word meanings in children with English as a first and an additional language and the relationship to reading comprehension
Authors: BOOTON Sophie A , HODGKISS Alex , MATHERS Sandra , MURPHY Victoria A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Polysemy, or the property of words having multiple meanings, is a prevalent feature of vocabulary. In this study we validated a new measure of polysemy knowledge for children with English as an additional language (EAL) and a first language (EL1) and examined the relationship between polysemy knowledge and age, language status, and reading comprehension. Participants were 112 British children aged 5 to 6 (n = 61) or 8 to 9 years (n = 51), 37% of whom had EAL (n = 41). Participants completed the new measure of knowledge of polysemes, along with other measures of language, literacy and cognitive ability. The new measure was reliable and valid with EAL and EL1 children. Age and language status predicted children's polyseme knowledge. Polyseme knowledge uniquely contributed to reading comprehension after controlling for age, language status, non-verbal intelligence, time reading in English, and breadth of vocabulary. This research underscores the importance of polysemy for children's linguistic development.
Intelligence decline across major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, and schizophrenia
Authors: Ohi Kazutaka , Takai Kentaro , Sugiyama Shunsuke , Kitagawa Hiromi , Kataoka Yuzuru , Soda Midori , Kitaichi Kiyoyuki , Kawasaki Yasuhiro , Ito Munechika , Shioiri Toshiki 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Major depressive disorder (MDD), bipolar disorder (BD), and schizophrenia (SCZ) are associated with impaired intelligence that predicts poor functional outcomes. However, little is known regarding the extent and severity of intelligence decline, that is, decreased present intelligence quotient (IQ) relative to premorbid levels, across psychiatric disorders and which clinical characteristics affect the decline.

Methods
Premorbid IQ, present IQ, and intelligence decline were compared across patients with MDD (n = 45), BD (n = 30), and SCZ (n = 139), and healthy controls (HCs; n = 135). Furthermore, we investigated which factors contribute to the intelligence decline in each diagnostic group.

Results
Significant differences were observed in premorbid IQ, present IQ, and intelligence decline across the diagnostic groups. Patients with each psychiatric disorder displayed lower premorbid and present IQ and more intelligence decline than HCs. Patients with SCZ displayed lower premorbid and present IQ and more intelligence decline than patients with MDD and BD, while there were no significant differences between patients with MDD and BD. When patients with BD were divided based on bipolar I disorder (BD-I) and bipolar II disorder (BD-II), degrees of intelligence decline were similar between MDD and BD-II and between BD-I and SCZ. Lower educational attainment was correlated with a greater degree of intelligence decline in patients with SCZ and BD but not MDD.

Conclusions
These findings confirm that although all psychiatric disorders display intelligence decline, the severity of intelligence decline differs across psychiatric disorders (SCZ, BD-I > BD-II, MDD > HCs). Higher educational attainment as cognitive reserve contributes to protection against intelligence decline in BD and SCZ.
LRMoE.jl: a software package for insurance loss modelling using mixture of experts regression model
Authors: Tseung Spark C. , Badescu Andrei L. , Fung Tsz Chai , Lin X. Sheldon 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper introduces a newjuliapackage, LRMoE, a statistical software tailor-made for actuarial applications, which allows actuarial researchers and practitioners to model and analyse insurance loss frequencies and severities using the Logit-weighted Reduced Mixture-of-Experts (LRMoE) model. LRMoE offers several new distinctive features which are motivated by various actuarial applications and mostly cannot be achieved using existing packages for mixture models. Key features include a wider coverage on frequency and severity distributions and their zero inflation, the flexibility to vary classes of distributions across components, parameter estimation under data censoring and truncation and a collection of insurance ratemaking and reserving functions. The package also provides several model evaluation and visualisation functions to help users easily analyse the performance of the fitted model and interpret the model in insurance contexts.
Distribution and Production Mechanisms of N2O in the Western Arctic Ocean
Authors: Toyoda Sakae , Kakimoto Takahito , Kudo Kushi , Yoshida Naohiro , Sasano Daisuke , Kosugi Naohiro , Ishii Masao , Kameyama Sohiko , Inagawa Mahomi , Yoshikawa‐Inoue Hisayuki , Nishino Shigeto , Murata Akihiko , Ishidoya Shigeyuki , Morimoto Shinji 
Published: March 2021

AbstractOcean–atmosphere gas exchange in the Arctic Ocean is sensitive to global warming because the decrease of sea‐ice covered area enhances the exchange. Melting sea ice affects the vertical transport of dissolved gases. Few reports of Arctic Ocean studies have described observations of dissolved N2O or temporal variation of sea‐to‐atmosphere N2O flux. Therefore, production mechanisms of this greenhouse gas and the stratospheric ozone depleting gas remain unclear. We measured dissolved N2O and its isotopic signatures in the western Arctic shelf region of the Chukchi Sea and surrounding areas during September in 2014 and 2015. In the Chukchi Sea shelf, the N2O concentration was slightly higher than the value expected under sea–air equilibrium in the surface water. It increased with depth to 23 nmol kg−1 in 2014, although it showed a vertically homogeneous distribution in 2015. Isotopocule ratios of N2O, which include 15N‐site preference in the N2O molecule as well as elemental N and O isotope ratios, indicate that N2O in the Chukchi Sea shelf is a mixture of N2O produced in the bottom water and that of atmospheric origin. The isotopic signature of excess N2O (δ15Nbulk = −3.6‰ to −1.4‰, δ18O = 61.5‰–63.0‰, SP = 38.7‰–49.0‰) suggests that it is produced by archeal or bacterial nitrification and that it is partly reduced by denitrification. Although further quantitative observations are necessary, the results confirmed that the western Arctic Ocean can act as a source of N2O to the atmosphere when sea‐ice cover retreats and the pycnocline is weakened.
Off‐Equatorial Source of Magnetosonic Waves Extending Above the Lower Hybrid Resonance Frequency in the Inner Magnetosphere
Authors: Wu Zhiyong , Su Zhenpeng , Liu Nigang , Gao Zhonglei , Zheng Huinan , Wang Yuming , Wang Shui 
Published: March 2021

AbstractInner magnetospheric magnetosonic waves are usually considered to grow from the near‐equatorial ion Bernstein instability below the lower hybrid resonance frequency and contribute significantly to the radiation belt electron dynamics. We here present unusual observations of magnetosonic waves extending above the local lower hybrid resonance frequency in the midlatitude ∼15° plasmasphere after the substorm proton injection. Linear instability analyses and ray‐tracing simulations show that, because of the latitudinal variation of normal angles, these waves have little growth near the equator but are amplified accumulatively to the observable level over broad latitudes |λ| < 30° during the bounce‐drift propagation. Our data and modeling illustrate a previously unexplored scenario that off‐equatorial proton ring distributions could be a significant source of magnetosonic waves in the inner magnetosphere. Such off‐equatorially generated magnetosonic waves might differ from the near‐equatorially generated ones in latitudinal coverage, wavevector distribution, and then effect on the radiation belt electrons.
Improved Analysis of STEVE Photographs
Authors: Bennett Charles L. , Bourassa Notanee 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe present a new approach for the analysis of high‐resolution digital camera photographs taken by photographers who have fortuitous been able to capture rare events, such as the glowing sky phenomenon known as strong thermal emission velocity enhancement (STEVE). This method is especially effective with a time lapse series of images of the night sky taken under constant camera settings with a steady pointing. Stars, planets, and satellites seen in such images can be used to determine the precise and accurate registration of camera pixels to coordinates of angular altitude and azimuth. The location of satellites in the image enables precise and accurate synchronization of the images. We apply these techniques to the series of photographs of STEVE taken on July 25, 2016. We confirm the altitude structure previously found for STEVE. We find it most likely that the green picket fence features often seen during STEVE events are produced by auroral electron precipitation. With the precipitation assumption, we are able to extract novel information about the energy spectrum of the particles responsible for the production of STEVE luminosity in this particular event. Similarly, analyses of archived digital photographs may constitute a treasure trove of important data for improved understanding of rare and transient events, such as STEVE.
Electrical Conductivity of CO2 and H2O‐Bearing Nephelinitic Melt
Authors: Guo Xuan , Wang Qinxia , Li Bin , Zha Xiang‐Ping , Gong Bing , Ni Huaiwei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDespite previous measurements on electrical conductivity of carbonate or carbonatite melts, the effect of several wt% CO2 on electrical conductivity of silicate melts has never been experimentally examined. This study investigated the CO2 effect on electrical conductivity of nephelinitic melt at 500°C–1,150°C and 0.5–1.0 GPa with 0.1–6.0 wt% CO2 and 0.2–1.6 wt% H2O in piston cylinder apparatus using sweeping frequency impedance analyses. Experimental results show that volatile‐bearing nephelinitic melt is highly conductive. In contrast with the strong enhancing effect of H2O on electrical conductivity of silicate melts, CO2 shows weak and even slightly negative influence on electrical conductivity of nephelinitic melt within the investigated CO2 range. Literature data of electrical conductivity of hydrous carbonated basaltic melts suggested strong positive CO2 effect at CO2 >10 wt%, but their model prediction at <6 wt% CO2 is consistent with our results. A weak CO2 effect implies that does not contribute to electrical conduction in any significant way at CO2 <6 wt%. Our results suggest that magnetotelluric survey is much less sensitive to CO2 content than to H2O content of crustal magma reservoirs.
Comprehensive Record of Volcanic Eruptions in the Holocene (11,000 years) From the WAIS Divide, Antarctica Ice Core
Authors: Cole‐Dai Jihong , Ferris David G. , Kennedy Joshua A. , Sigl Michael , McConnell Joseph R. , Fudge T. J. , Geng Lei , Maselli Olivia J. , Taylor Kendrick C. , Souney Joseph M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA comprehensive record (WHV2020) of explosive volcanic eruptions in the last 11,000 years is reconstructed from the West Antarctica Ice Sheet Divide deep ice core (WDC). The chronological list of 426 large volcanic eruptions in the Southern Hemisphere and the low latitudes during the Holocene are of the highest quality of all volcanic records from ice cores, owing to the high‐resolution chemical measurement of the ice core and the exceptionally accurate WDC timescale. No apparent trend is found in the frequency (number of eruptions per millennium) of volcanic eruptions, and the number of eruptions in the most recent millennium (1,000–2,000 CE) is only slightly higher than the average in the last 11 millennia. The atmospheric aerosol mass loading of climate‐impacting sulfur, estimated from measured volcanic sulfate deposition, is dominated by explosive eruptions with extraordinarily high sulfur mass loading. Signals of three major volcanic eruptions are detected in the second half of the 17th century (1700–1600) BCE when the Thera volcano in the eastern Mediterranean was suspected to have erupted; the fact that these signals are synchronous with three volcanic eruptions detected in Greenland ice cores suggests that these are likely eruptions in the low latitudes and none should be attributed exclusively to Thera. A number of eruptions with very high sulfur mass loading took place shortly before and during an early Holocene climatic episode, the so‐called 8.2 ka event, and are speculated to have contributed to the initiation and magnitude of the cold event.
Evaluating Landscape Complexity and the Contribution of Non‐Locality to Geomorphometry
Authors: Keylock Christopher James , Singh Arvind , Passalacqua Paola , Foufoula‐Georgiou Efi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA long‐standing question in geomorphology concerns the extent that statistical models of terrain elevations have adequate characteristics with respect to the known scaling properties of landscapes. In previous work, it has been challenging to ascribe statistical significance to metrics adopted to measure landscape properties. Here, we use a recently developed surrogate data algorithm to generate synthetic surfaces with identical elevation values to the source data set, while also preserving the value of the Hölder exponent at any point (the underpinning characteristic of a multifractal surface). Our primary source data are from a laboratory experiment on landscape evolution. This allows us to examine how the statistical properties of the surfaces evolve through time and the extent to which they depart from the simple (multi)fractal formalisms. We show that there is a strong departure that is driven by the diffusive processes in operation. The number of sub‐basins of a given channel order (for orders sufficiently small relative to the basin order) exhibits a clear increase in complexity after a steady‐state for sediment flux is established. We also study elevation data from Florida and Washington States, where the relative departure from simple multifractality is even more strongly expressed but is similar for two very different locations. Our results show that at the very least, the minimum complexity for a stochastic model for terrain statistics with appropriate geomorphic scalings needs to incorporate a conditioning between the pointwise Hölder exponents and elevation.