bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Fitting-Attitude Analysis Revised
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
‘The Fitting-Attitude Analysis Revised’ is devoted to a challenge to the fitting-attitude analysis (FA analysis) that arises from the logical consequence argument (outlined in Chap. 7). This argument shows that the version of FA analysis defended in this work has the unwelcome consequence that whatever is good for someone is also, necessarily, non-relationally good. However, as the discussion evinces, an advocate of FA analysis can meet this challenge. In effect, what is needed is a modification of the standard way of formulating the FA analysis of final impersonal value. Combining this revised FA version of final impersonal value with a novel way of understanding final non-relational value provides a plausible way to handle the logical consequence argument. The chapter also discusses three related issues. (i) It outlines a reductio of the standard version of final goodness; (ii) it explains why combining a normative and an attitudinal approach does not, in the end, serve the needs of the FA advocate. Finally, it (iii) introduces a kind of case in which we would intuitively agree that something is good for person a, but which, intuitively, is such that few or no one would think they had a reason to favour what was considered good for a (except a). Such examples allegedly showcase why the book’s proposed analysis is incorrect. Eventually, it is explained why this kind of case does not have this implication.
‘Sake’
Authors: Rønnow-Rasmussen Toni 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
‘Sake’ tackles some problems to which the book’s analysis of Final Goodness and Final goodness-for gives rise. A core issue concerns how to understand the so-called sake-attitudes. The idiom ‘for someone’s sake’ plays a central role in the explanation of the distinction between impersonal and personal values—that is, between what is valuable (or good), period, and what is valuable (or good) for someone. There is a simple, in many ways naïve, objection to the involvement of ‘sake’ in the analysis. According to this, the ‘untranslatability objection’, the word ‘sake’ is, in many languages, untranslatable, and this ought to make us suspicious of its use in an analysis of ‘good for’. The objection is rejected, though. ‘Sake’ also identifies an ambiguity in fitting-attitude analysis (FA) deriving from the fact that ‘sake’ may be used either evaluatively or non-evaluatively (descriptively). This chapter culminates in a discussion of how ‘sake’ should be interpreted in FA analysis.
The Madness of Free Indirect Style
Authors: Hegele Arden 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the emergence of moral therapy in early psychiatry in order to argue that the Romantic-era innovation of free indirect style shares an affinity with eighteenth-century psychiatric diagnosis and case records. While the origin of free indirect style is often ascribed to Jane Austen, the chapter finds emergent forms of free indirect style appearing in psychiatric notebooks by mad-doctors practicing moral management, as well as in the political literature of the 1790s and in Romantic-era realist prose fiction. Free indirect style has a monitory function that abetted the psychiatric practice of moral management in the late eighteenth century: as a strategy for mediating the voice of a speaker in a text, free indirect style allowed early psychiatrists, who believed madness was transmitted orally, to regulate their patients’ conditions by moderating their speech. Free indirect style continues to bear the traces of the madhouse in novels by Mary Wollstonecraft and Jane Austen. The chapter thus uncovers pathological traces underlying the representational device that has been called the novel’s most distinctive formal feature. Free indirect style also thus inaugurates the association of the novel with the patient’s narrative, anticipating modern discussions of “psycho-narration” as a medico-literary formal device. Ultimately, free indirect style allows the writer to intimate forms of pathology that the reader is invited to, in effect, diagnose.
Unreliable Semiology from Frankenstein to Freud
Authors: Hegele Arden 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Examining how prose fiction and the case history share certain formal features, this chapter turns to the medical field of semiology to investigate how the Romantic-era case history models a diagnostic reading practice that extends from medicine to the novel. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1818) is a notable, even parodic, literary case history informed by conventional protocols of medical reporting, visible both in Romantic-era case histories, and, at the end of the nineteenth century, in the case histories of Sigmund Freud. The Romantic case history captures fundamental tensions between the physician’s scientific report and the patient’s autobiography, which compromise the physician’s ability to trace a semiotic relationship between external symptom and underlying condition. The case history proves to be a site of disciplinary quarrel between literature and medicine: not only does it anticipate many of the epistemological problems that attend our modern attempts to read “symptomatically” or “deeply,” it also interrogates the notions of authority, personhood, and normality that continue to sustain modern medical discourse and literary criticism. As the case history reveals the unreliability of the diagnostician’s production of narrative, it also shows the limitations of interpretation in the emergent medical and literary fields of semiology.
Aftermath
Authors: Jenkins Lyndsey 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The final chapter analyses the Kenneys’ lives after 1918 in terms of a shift from collective to individual identity. While recent historiography has rightly emphasized the diverse forms in which feminist activism flourished after partial enfranchisement, the Kenneys themselves took no part in the organized women’s movement. After identifying the many reasons why not, the chapter explores how they sought to construct new meaning and purpose in their lives. It analyses the place of family, faith, paid work, and autobiographical writing in their post-suffrage lives, suggesting that notions of service and duty remained central to their thinking and self-conception.
Homage
Authors: Wiedemann Benedict 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The ceremony of homage has been seen as the central element of the traditional feudo-vassalic relationship: a vassal does homage to their lord and receives a fief in return for service. Because the Norman rulers of Sicily performed homage to the pope in the twelfth century—so the logic goes—they must have been vassals of the pope and the kingdom of Sicily a papal ‘fief’; land held only on papal sufferance. This chapter abandons those assumptions and examines the meaning and relevance of homages done to the pope within the chronicles and documents in which homage is mentioned. Homage fulfilled a wide range of possible meanings and uses.
Protection
Authors: Wiedemann Benedict 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the extension of the ‘protection of St Peter’ to kingdoms in the twelfth century. When, following the Investiture Contest, kings ceased to be ‘given’ their realms by popes, rulers sought other forms of relationship with the successor of St Peter. Aragon and Portugal were received into the protection of the pope—a relationship analogous to certain monasteries and religious orders. The kings of Aragon even received rights of exemption from episcopal jurisdiction. In the mid-twelfth century, in Aragon, papal authority was weaponized by several of the contending parties in a succession dispute following the death of King Alfonso I. Papal authority thus emerges as tool of local parties, to be used to legitimize their own positions.
Vassalage
Authors: Wiedemann Benedict 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In the early thirteenth century a new formal relationship between popes and kings appeared: kings might now be papal ‘vassals’ (vassalli) and their kingdoms ‘fiefs’ (feuda). Such language appeared in King John of England’s surrender to Pope Innocent III in 1213 and thence spread to other kingdoms, including the kingdom of Man, through a network of courtiers at the papal curia, all of whom had connections with the English royal court. The development and construction of these relationships was a two-way process in which both kings and popes participated; such relationships were not enforced on unwilling rulers by an over-mighty papal monarchy.
Humans, among Other Classical Animals
Authors: Clements Ashley 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This book considers the question of how studying Classics can be relevant at the present moment of environmental and existential crisis. In a series of encounters from the European assimilation and destruction of the New World to our present environmental destruction of our shared world, it explores an answer by demonstrating how the Classics have been implicated in the structures of thought that have ultimately led us to our present historical moment. Telling the story of anthropology’s Classical entanglements from its inception to its growth to critical self-awareness, it demonstrates that Classical ideas have played a crucial—and often deleterious—role in the Western placing of the human and in the discipline that claimed the study of humanity as its own. Responses to our present crisis, it argues, should therefore include, as a prerequisite, considering the origins and implications of these Classical foundations because only by so doing can we attain the full self-awareness necessary to think beyond them and consider the alternatives we now need.
The Case against Non-Moral Blame
Authors: Matheson Benjamin , Milam Per-Erik 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Non-moral blame seems to be widespread and widely accepted in everyday life—tolerated at least, but often embraced. We blame athletes for poor performance, artists for bad or boring art, scientists for faulty research, and voters for flawed reasoning. This chapter argues that non-moral blame is never justified, that is, it’s never a morally permissible response to a non-moral failure. Having explained what blame is and how non-moral blame differs from moral blame, the chapter presents the argument in four steps. First, it argues that many (perhaps most) apparent cases of non-moral blame are actually cases of moral blame. Second, it argues that even if non-moral blame is pro tanto permissible—because its target is blameworthy for their substandard performance—it often (perhaps usually) fails to meet other permissibility conditions, such as fairness or standing. Third, it goes further and challenges the claim that non-moral blame is ever even pro tanto permissible. Finally, it considers a number of arguments in support of non-moral obligations and argues that none of them succeeds.
Ethical Theories as Methods of Ethics
Authors: Suikkanen Jussi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents a new argument for thinking of traditional ethical theories not as criteria of rightness and wrongness, but rather as methods that can be used in first-order moral inquiry. It begins from outlining how ethical theories such as consequentialism and contractualism are flexible frameworks in which different versions of these theories can be formulated to correspond to different first-order ethical views. This chapter then argues that, as a result, the traditional ethical theories cannot be evaluated in terms of their truth or correctness. Instead, it suggests that these theories should be understood as providing different kinds of ways of thinking about difficult moral problems. Finally, the chapter recommends a certain kind of an attitude of pragmatic pluralism as something that should guide our theory choice in normative ethics—it may well be that different moral problems are better approached through different ethical theories.
Culturing Belief
Authors: Levy Neil 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
What kind of being are we? This of course is one of the oldest questions in philosophy. In earlier eras, answers were often non-naturalistic (we are animals with souls, for instance). Today, one of the oldest answers is also one of the most popular: with Aristotle, we often think we are distinguished from other animals by our rationality. This chapter suggests that another answer is at least as defensible: we are epistemically social animals. In making the case for this answer, it provides some of the background for the account of belief formation developed in the book. It highlights evidence from cultural evolution for our epistemic dependence on one another. Cultural evolution shows how human flourishing is due to cultural knowledge that escapes the grasp of individuals and that is the product of evolutionary processes. The chapter then turns to our central paradigm of a successful epistemic enterprise: modern science. It argues that science, too, owes its success to the way in which cognition is distributed across agents, groups, and even artifacts.
How Our Minds Are Made Up
Authors: Levy Neil 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that epistemic dependence is a routine and rational part of ordinary life. It focuses on implicit deference, in particular deferring to others to learn what we should, or even already do, believe. Using the example of “never Trumpers”—Republicans who abjured Donald Trump but often came to embrace him—it argues that our belief representations are surprisingly fragile, because we rely on others and on the world to tell us what we believe. In this light, it argues, we should be less concerned than is sometimes thought by ordinary people’s ignorance about important questions: what matters is not whether they know, but whether they know how to find out.
Relativity Made Relatively Easy Volume 2
Authors: Steane Andrew M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This is a textbook on general relativity and cosmology for a physics undergraduate or an entry-level graduate course. General relativity is the main subject; cosmology is also discussed in considerable detail (enough for a complete introductory course). Part 1 introduces concepts and deals with weak-field applications such as gravitation around ordinary stars, gravimagnetic effects and low-amplitude gravitational waves. The theory is derived in detail and the physical meaning explained. Sources, energy and detection of gravitational radiation are discussed. Part 2 develops the mathematics of differential geometry, along with physical applications, and discusses the exact treatment of curvature and the field equations. The electromagnetic field and fluid flow are treated, as well as geodesics, redshift, and so on. Part 3 then shows how the field equation is solved in standard cases such as Schwarzschild-Droste, Reissner-Nordstrom, Kerr, and internal stellar structure. Orbits and related phenomena are obtained. Black holes are described in detail, including horizons, wormholes, Penrose process and Hawking radiation. Part 4 covers cosmology, first in terms of metric, then dynamics, structure formation and observational methods. The meaning of cosmic expansion is explained at length. Recombination and last scattering are calculated, and the quantitative analysis of the CMB is sketched. Inflation is introduced briefly but quantitatively. Part 5 is a brief introduction to classical field theory, including spinors and the Dirac equation, proceeding as far as the Einstein-Hilbert action. Throughout the book the emphasis is on making the mathematics as clear as possible, and keeping in touch with physical observations.
Further useful ideas
Authors: Steane Andrew M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The chapter discusses several further aspects of the physics and mathematics that prove very useful in practice. First we define 4-velocity, 4-momentum and 4-acceleration. Then we introduce the tetrad and show how it can be used to relate a given 4-momentum to the energy and momentum observed in a LIF (local inertial frame). Then we define covariant version of the vector operators div, grad, curl, and obtain simplified expressions for the divergence of a vector and an antisymmetric tensor. The generalized Gauss divergence theorem is then presented.
Schwarzschild–Droste solution
Authors: Steane Andrew M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The spherically symmetric vacuum solution to the Einstein field equation (Schwarzschild-Droste solution) is derived and associated physical phenomena derived and explained. It is shown how to obtain the Christoffel symbols by the Euler-Lagrange method, and hence the metric for the general spherically symmetric vacuum. Equations for general orbits are presented, and their solution for radial motion and for circular motion. Geodetic (de Sitter) precession is calculated exactly for circular orbits. The null geodesics (photon worldlines) are obtained, and the gravitational redshift. Emission from an accretion disc is calculated.
Cosmology
Authors: Steane Andrew M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The main features of the universe and its history, and the application of GR to the universe as a whole are presented. The observed near-isotropy and homogeneity of the universe are described, along with a survey of its history. The Saha equation is applied to the recombination process. Cosmic proper time and comoving coordinates are defined, and the form of the metric (Friedmann-Lemaitre-Robertson-Walker) applicable to such a universe is obtained. The main features of the resulting geometry are discussed at length, with a view to both accurate calculation and sound intuition. Redshift and the cosmic expansion are described from several perspectives. Distance measures (luminosity, angular diameter) are defined and the main elements of the observational cosmic distance ladder are outlined.
Exploring Concepts of Social Mobility
Authors: Fields Gary S. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter has two purposes. The first is to define clearly different social mobility concepts and components. The second is to embed these concepts and components into a larger context of social mobility research. The core of the chapter develops six mobility concepts and their measures as well as six macromobility components and their measures. The next section relates these concepts and components to issues in the mobility literature. The chapter concludes with a checklist of suggestions for conducting and presenting social mobility research: being explicit about several preliminaries—outcome of interest, context, and level of analysis—and then four steps—question, mobility concept(s), mobility measure(s), and empirical findings.
Social Mobility in Developing Countries
Authors: Iversen Vegard 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Limited attention has been paid to how well social mobility measures developed and used to study industrial countries perform in analysis of low-income settings. Following brief, selective reviews of the axiomatic, econometric and other relevant literature, three mobility concepts illustrate how properties that appear innocuous in industrial country analysis become problematic when downward mobility includes descents into destitution. For origin-independence measures—the most widely used in research on developing countries so far—axiomatic propriety and cognizance of co-residency-induced and other estimation bias are not enough. Adopting a variant of the ‘perverse fluidity’ concept from sociology to define the estimate bias attributable to intergenerational descents into poverty, we use experiments and data from India to find perverse fluidity biases in intergenerational mobility estimates of up to 50 per cent. Seemingly ‘good’ mobility news may thus be ‘bad’ with intergroup, regional and international mobility comparisons more precarious than acknowledged so far.
Economic Approach to Intergenerational Mobility
Authors: Emran M. Shahe , Shilpi Forhad 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an analytical survey and synthesis of economic literature on intergenerational mobility in developing countries, with a focus on data and methodological challenges. Sample truncation from co-residency and measurement error cause substantial downward bias in intergenerational regression coefficient, whereas intergenerational correlation and intergenerational rank correlation are more robust to such data limitations. To understand heterogeneity, reliable estimates of both the intercept and the slope are necessary. The OLS estimate of the intercept is biased upward, but less so in the rank–rank regression. Sibling correlation is a broader measure of mobility, especially convenient with limited data. Estimating intergenerational causal effects is challenging as it requires long panel data. A promising alternative is to focus on the causal effects of policies on measurement of relative and absolute mobility, without disentangling the role of genetic inheritance.
Social Mobility in China
Authors: Li Yaojun 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses intergenerational class mobility in China as a case study of a quantitative sociological approach to social mobility research in the Global South. Drawing on national representative surveys collected between 2010 and 2015 in China, the analysis focuses on absolute and relative mobility rates for men and women across four birth cohorts. With regard to absolute mobility, we find rising levels of mobility, with upward mobility prevailing over downward mobility. With regard to relative mobility, we find constancy for the older cohorts but a growing rigidity for the youngest cohort of men. The urban–rural divide is increasingly blurred, but class differences are becoming more salient, especially between the professional-managerial salariat and the rest of society in occupational and educational attainment.
Informalities, Volatility, and Precarious Social Mobility in Urban Slums
Authors: Rains Emily , Krishna Anirudh 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
As developing countries rapidly urbanize, the number of people living in ‘slums’—neighbourhoods lacking formal property rights and basic services—continues to increase. Whether slum residents will ultimately share in the benefits of the cities they help build or will remain trapped in poverty is not well understood. We review empirical evidence on the potential for social mobility in today’s urban slums in order to assess prospects for upward mobility in cities of the Global South, finding evidence for limited levels of upward mobility and high levels of volatility. We then discuss the substantial public sector interventions that accompanied urbanization in the Global North. We argue that urbanization will not automatically improve prospects for mobility for the urban poor. Instead, it will be critical to implement appropriately nuanced interventions to improve opportunities for the billions residing in today’s and tomorrow’s slums.
Knowledge as a Problem
Authors: Goldman Steven L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
From its pre-Socratic beginnings, Western philosophy has been riven by a battle over the natures of knowledge and Being. On one side were Parmenides, Plato, Aristotle, and their intellectual descendants, the rationalist philosophers; on the other, the sophists, among them Protagoras, Gorgias, Antiphon and their intellectual descendants, the skeptical philosophers. For the former, knowledge is essentially different from opinion and belief because it is universal, necessary, and certain, revealing truths about a reality external to and independent of the mind. For the latter, knowledge is opinions and beliefs for which supporting reasons drawn from experience can be given and has ever-changing experience as its object, not an unchanging reality beyond experience. Modern science internalized both sides of this battle.