bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Situ Identifying the Dynamic Structure behind Activity of Atomically Dispersed Platinum Catalyst toward Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wang Jiali , Tan Hui‐Ying , Kuo Tsung‐Rong , Lin Sheng‐Chih , Hsu Chia‐Shuo , Zhu Yanping , Chu You‐Chiuan , Chen Tai Lung , Lee Jyh‐Fu , Chen Hao Ming 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSingle‐atom catalysts (SAs) with the maximum atom utilization and breakthrough activities toward hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) have attracted considerable research interests. Uncovering the nature of single‐atom metal centers under operating electrochemical condition is highly significant for improving their catalytic performance, yet is poorly understood in most studies. Herein, Pt single atoms anchoring on the nitrogen–carbon substrate (PtSA/N–C) as a model system are utilized to investigate the dynamic structure of Pt single‐atom centers during the HER process. Via in situ/operando synchrotron X‐ray absorption spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, an intriguing structural reconstruction at atomic level is identified in the PtSA/N–C when it is subjected to the repetitive linear sweep voltammetry and cyclic voltammetry scanning. It demonstrates that the PtN bonding tends to be weakened under cathodic potentials, which induces some Pt single atoms to dynamically aggregate into forming small clusters during the HER reaction. More importantly, experimental evidence and/or indicator is offered to correlate the observed Tafel slope with the dynamic structure of Pt catalysts. This work provides an evident understanding of SAs under electrocatalytic process and offers informative insights into constructing efficient catalysts at atomic level for electrochemical water‐splitting system.
Graphene Sheets with Defined Dual Functionalities for the Strong SARS‐CoV‐2 Interactions
Authors: Donskyi Ievgen S. , Nie Chuanxiong , Ludwig Kai , Trimpert Jakob , Ahmed Rameez , Quaas Elisa , Achazi Katharina , Radnik Jörg , Adeli Mohsen , Haag Rainer , Osterrieder Klaus 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSearch of new strategies for the inhibition of respiratory viruses is one of the urgent health challenges worldwide, as most of the current therapeutic agents and treatments are inefficient. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) has caused a pandemic and has taken lives of approximately two million people to date. Even though various vaccines are currently under development, virus, and especially its spike glycoprotein can mutate, which highlights a need for a broad‐spectrum inhibitor. In this work, inhibition of SARS‐CoV‐2 by graphene platforms with precise dual sulfate/alkyl functionalities is investigated. A series of graphene derivatives with different lengths of aliphatic chains is synthesized and is investigated for their ability to inhibit SARS‐CoV‐2 and feline coronavirus. Graphene derivatives with long alkyl chains (>C9) inhibit coronavirus replication by virtue of disrupting viral envelope. The ability of these graphene platforms to rupture viruses is visualized by atomic force microscopy and cryogenic electron microscopy. A large concentration window (10 to 100‐fold) where graphene platforms display strongly antiviral activity against native SARS‐CoV‐2 without significant toxicity against human cells is found. In this concentration range, the synthesized graphene platforms inhibit the infection of enveloped viruses efficiently, opening new therapeutic and metaphylactic avenues against SARS‐CoV‐2.
Mass surveillance: A study of past practices and technologies to predict future directions
Authors: Underwood Ben , Saiedian Hossein 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper aims to dispassionately examine the techniques and technologies of mass surveillance. We will study different approaches and technologies, including what each one surveils and how. We will also observe patterns and changes over time, and in doing so, we will seek to model the attributes exhibited by various methods. Finally, we will predict what next generation surveillance methods will look like, based on the attributes we have observed in past and current methods. Our key insights include: (a) mass surveillance methods share a number of common attributes, (2) we can analyze the expression of these attributes to predict future methods of mass surveillance, and (3) a likely next generation method will entail the monitoring of a communication platform with third‐party assistance to collect large amounts of private communication data for future analysis.
Finite element analysis of rectangular RC beams strengthened with FRP laminates under pure torsion
Authors: Majed Muhanad M. , Tavakkolizadeh Mohammadreza , Allawi Abbas A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractComposite materials have attracted wide attention in strengthening of structural members. In this study, the behavior of rectangular reinforced concrete (RC) strengthened with fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) laminates under pure torsion was investigated numerically and validated by existing data from literature. Various practical strengthening configurations were considered and the efficiency of them was illustrated. Concrete damage plasticity constitutive model was used and required parameters was drawn. Good agreement in terms of torque–twist behaviors of RC beams strengthened with FRP laminates before and after cracking was found. Reasonable steel and FRP reinforcement responses as well as crack patterns were achieved and the failure modes of all the specimens were modeled correctly. A parametric study was carried out and parameter such as number of FRP plies, concrete compressive strength, and FRP strip orientations were considered. The results showed that the torsional capacity could improves by increasing the number of FRP plies and concrete compressive strength. Moreover, no significant change in the torsional capacity of RC beams when it was strengthened with a 45° or with a 90° FRP laminate was observed.
Organizational memory and institution theory: A postcolonial perspective
Authors: Lahiri Mohua , Bhandarker Asha , Behrens Alfredo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article locates itself in the postcolonial experience where organizations were conceived and where they evolved imitating the concepts of the developed nations. As we found this to contradict existing theories of organizational memory, which look at it as an intra‐organizational concept, we undertook a case study to look at organizational memory in an Indian organization. Our study showed that organizational memory was often an imitation of existing practices and aspects of it were shared across organizations. It made us look at institutional theories of organizations that explored why organizations imitate and reproduce dominant practices of the industry. However, we also had evidence of the emergence of new organizational memory, driven by local and national contexts. This made us critically examine the homogeneity of institutionalism itself and look at how organizations from postcolonial societies need to grapple with what to retain, what to adapt, what to create, and the challenges they face in the emerging global economy.
Goreisan inhibits vascular endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis
Authors: Murakami Kazuhito , Horie Ichiro , Isohama Yoichiro 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimGoreisan (GRS) is a Japanese Kampo medicine, which has been clinically used to treat edema and headache. Recently, a clinical study indicated that GRS significantly suppresses the recurrence of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). In CSDH, leakage from immature blood vessels on the neomembrane is involved in the recurrence or exacerbation. Although several clinical reports have shown the effectiveness of GRS, the pharmacological properties and underlining mechanism of GRS are not clear. In this study, we examined the effect of GRS on the migration and proliferation of vascular endothelial cells via in vitro and in vivo experiments.MethodHuman umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) for 24 h, and migration ability, extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation level, and aquaporin‐1 (AQP1) expression level were measured. Matrigel containing VEGF was injected subcutaneously into the abdomen of C57BL mice (Matrigel plug assay). After oral administration of GRS for seven days, the effect on angiogenesis was examined by immunostaining.ResultsGRS inhibited VEGF‐induced migration in a dose‐dependent manner. GRS also inhibited VEGF‐induced phosphorylation of ERK, which is a major signaling molecule for the migration. In addition, GRS markedly decreased protein and mRNA expression of AQP1, which is another important regulator of endothelial cell migration. Finally, GRS inhibited angiogenesis, as revealed by in vivo Matrigel plug assay.ConclusionThe findings indicated that GRS can suppress angiogenesis through inhibiting the migration of endothelial cells by downregulating ERK activation and aquaporin‐1 expression, leading to the preventive effect of GRS against CSDH recurrence.
Maternal plasma soluble neuropilin‐1 is downregulated in fetal growth restriction complicated by abnormal umbilical artery Doppler: a pilot study
Authors: Porter B. , Maulik D. , Babbar S. , Schrufer‐Poland T. , Allsworth J. , Ye S. Q. , Heruth D. P. , Lei T. 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTObjectivesPlacental expression of neuropilin‐1 (NRP1), a proangiogenic member of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor family involved in sprouting angiogenesis, was recently discovered to be downregulated in pregnancies with fetal growth restriction (FGR) and abnormal umbilical artery (UA) Doppler. Soluble NRP1 (sNRP1) is an antagonist to NRP1; however, little is known about its role in normal and FGR pregnancies. This study tested the hypotheses that, first, sNRP1 would be detectable in maternal circulation and, second, its concentration would be upregulated in FGR pregnancies compared to those with normal fetal growth and this would correlate with the severity of the disease as assessed by UA Doppler.MethodsThis was a prospective case–control pilot study of 40 singleton pregnancies (20 FGR cases and 20 uncomplicated controls) between 24 + 0 and 40 + 0 weeks' gestation followed in an academic perinatal center from January 2015 to May 2017. FGR was defined as an ultrasound‐estimated fetal weight < 10th percentile for gestational age. The control group was matched to the FGR group for maternal age and gestational age at assessment. Fetal ultrasound biometry and UA Doppler were performed using standard protocols. Maternal plasma sNRP1 measurements were performed using a commercially available ELISA.ResultsContrary to the study hypothesis, maternal plasma sNRP1 levels were significantly decreased in FGR pregnancies as compared to those with normal fetal growth (137.4 ± 44.8 pg/mL vs 166.7 ± 36.9 pg/mL; P = 0.03). However, there was no significant difference in sNRP1 concentration between the control group and FGR pregnancies that had normal UA Doppler. Plasma sNRP1 was downregulated in FGR pregnancies with elevated UA systolic/diastolic ratio (P = 0.023) and those with UA absent or reversed end‐diastolic flow (P = 0.005) in comparison to FGR pregnancies with normal UA Doppler. This suggests that biometrically small fetuses without hemodynamic compromise are small‐for‐gestational age rather than FGR.ConclusionsThis study demonstrated a significant decrease in maternal plasma sNRP1 concentration in growth‐restricted pregnancies with fetoplacental circulatory compromise. These findings suggest a possible role of sNRP1 in modulating fetal growth and its potential as a biomarker for FGR. © 2021 The Authors. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
Soil evaporation and its impact on salt accumulation in different landscapes under freeze–thaw conditions in an arid seasonal frozen region
Authors: Liu Sheng , Huang Quanzhong , Ren Dongyang , Xu Xu , Xiong Yunwu , Huang Guanhua 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSoil evaporation and its associated processes are vital for agricultural production and ecosystems in seasonal frozen regions. However, soil evaporation and its impact on salt accumulation in different landscapes during freeze–thaw periods have not been well elucidated. In this study, field experiments were carried out to investigate soil evaporation and salt accumulation patterns in three typical landscapes—namely, cropland, woodland, and natural land—in an arid seasonal frozen region located in the upper reaches of the Yellow River basin from November 2018 to April 2019. The results indicated the highest soil evaporation occurred on natural land with a total amount of 148.5 mm during the freeze–thaw period from 2018 to 2019, whereas woodland had the smallest soil evaporation of 56.9 mm. Over 75% of soil evaporation occurred during the thawing stage for all three landscapes. The average daily evaporation was below 1 mm d–1 for the whole freeze–thaw period and was 0.1 mm d–1 for the stable freezing stage. Compared with humidity and wind speed, temperature and soil water content had a greater impact on soil evaporation. At the end of the thawing stage, the salt content in the topsoil (0–10 cm) layer increased significantly with an increasing rate of 70–225%. Salt concentrations in the topsoil were significantly and linearly related to the cumulative soil evaporation during the freeze–thaw period. The current research is expected to provide implications for water management and salinity control in the upper reaches of the Yellow River basin and in other arid regions with similar conditions.
Building semantic memory from embodied and distributional language experience
Authors: Davis Charles P. , Yee Eiling 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHumans seamlessly make sense of a rapidly changing environment, using a seemingly limitless knowledgebase to recognize and adapt to most situations we encounter. This knowledgebase is called semantic memory. Embodied cognition theories suggest that we represent this knowledge through simulation: understanding the meaning of coffee entails reinstantiating the neural states involved in touching, smelling, seeing, and drinking coffee. Distributional semantic theories suggest that we are sensitive to statistical regularities in natural language, and that a cognitive mechanism picks up on these regularities and transforms them into usable semantic representations reflecting the contextual usage of language. These appear to present contrasting views on semantic memory, but do they? Recent years have seen a push toward combining these approaches under a common framework. These hybrid approaches augment our understanding of semantic memory in important ways, but current versions remain unsatisfactory in part because they treat sensory‐perceptual and distributional‐linguistic data as interacting but distinct types of data that must be combined. We synthesize several approaches which, taken together, suggest that linguistic and embodied experience should instead be considered as inseparably entangled: just as sensory and perceptual systems are reactivated to understand meaning, so are experience‐based representations endemic to linguistic processing; further, sensory‐perceptual experience is susceptible to the same distributional principles as language experience. This conclusion produces a characterization of semantic memory that accounts for the interdependencies between linguistic and embodied data that arise across multiple timescales, giving rise to concept representations that reflect our shared and unique experiences.This article is categorized under:
Psychology > Language
Neuroscience > Cognition
Linguistics > Language in Mind and Brain
Quantifying sensitivity in numerical weather prediction‐modeled offshore wind speeds through an ensemble modeling approach
Authors: Optis Mike , Kumler Andrew , Brodie Joseph , Miles Travis 
Published: February 2021

SummaryA decade of research has shown that numerical weather prediction (NWP)‐modeled wind speeds can be highly sensitive to the inputs and setups within the NWP model. For wind resource characterization applications, this sensitivity is often addressed by constructing a range of setups and selecting the one that best validates against observations. However, this approach is not possible in areas that lack high‐quality hub height observations, especially offshore wind areas. In such cases, techniques to quantify and disseminate confidence in NWP‐modeled wind speeds in the absence of observations are needed. We address this need in the present study and propose best practices for quantifying the spread in NWP‐modeled wind speeds. We implement an ensemble approach in which we consider 24 different setups to the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. We construct the ensemble by considering variations in WRF version, WRF namelist, atmospheric forcing, and sea surface temperature (SST) forcing. Our analysis finds that the standard deviation produces more consistent estimates compared to the interquartile range and tends to be the more conservative estimator for ensemble variability. We further find that model spread increases closer to the surface and on shorter time scales. Finally, we explore methods to attribute total ensemble variability to the different ensemble components (e.g., atmospheric forcing and SST product) and find that contributions by components also vary depending on time scale. We anticipate that the methods and results presented in this paper will provide a reasonable foundation for further research into ensemble‐based wind resource data sets.
Rationale for constant flow to optimize wastewater treatment and advanced water treatment performance for potable reuse applications
Authors: Tchobanoglous George , Kenny John , Leverenz Harold 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPopulation growth, the impacts of climate change, and the need for greater water security have made the reuse of wastewater, including potable use, increasingly desirable. As interest in potable reuse of wastewater increases, a variety of processes have been proposed for advanced water treatment following conventional wastewater treatment. In all cases, the operation and performance of advanced water treatment facilities (AWTFs) is improved when the treated wastewater feed is of the highest quality that can be achieved and the advanced water treatment (AWT) processes are operated at a constant flow. One proven method of optimizing the performance of wastewater treatment facilities (WWTFs) is constant flow operation with no extraneous return flows other than internal process recycle flows, such as return settled solids. A number of approaches can be used to achieve constant flow including flow equalization, divided treatment trains, and satellite treatment. The ways in which constant flow wastewater treatment benefits both WWTFs as well as the AWTFs are considered with special emphasis on the ability to achieve predictable log removal credits (LRCs) for specific microorganisms. Actual performance data from constant flow WWTFs are used to illustrate how LRCs are determined.Practitioner points

Constant flow WWTFs should be considered to produce the highest quality secondary effluent for AWT.
Flow equalization, divided treatment trains, and satellite treatment can be used to achieve constant flow to optimize wastewater treatment in small and medium size WWTFs.
Flow equalization can be used to maximize the amount of wastewater that can be recovered for potable reuse.
Important benefits of constant flow for wastewater treatment facilities include economic and operational savings, stable and predictable treatment performance, energy savings, ability to optimize performance for the removal of specific constituents, and the ability to assign pathogen log removal credits (LRCs).
Important benefits of constant flow and optimized WWT for AWTFs include economic and operational savings; less pretreatment needed, including energy and chemical usage; elimination of the need to cycle treatment processes; and added factor of safety with respect to the required pathogen LRCs.
In large WWTFs, constant flow for AWTFs will typically be achieved by effluent diversion; depending on the effluent quality additional pretreatment may be needed.
The design and implementation of WWTFs and AWTFs for potable reuse should be integrated for optimal performance and protection of public health.
Regulators of commensal and pathogenic life‐styles of an opportunistic fungus—Candida albicans
Authors: Rai Laxmi Shanker , Wijlick Lasse Van , Bougnoux Marie‐Elisabeth , Bachellier‐Bassi Sophie , d'Enfert Christophe 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe yeast Candida albicans is primarily a commensal of humans that colonizes the mucosal surfaces of the gastrointestinal and genital tracts. Yet, C. albicans can under certain circumstances undergo a shift from commensalism to pathogenicity. This transition is governed by fungal factors such as morphological transitions, environmental cues for instance relationships with gut microbiota and the host immune system. C. albicans utilizes distinct sets of regulatory programs to colonize or infect its host and to evade the host defense systems. Moreover, an orchestrated iron acquisition mechanism operates to adapt to specific niches with variable iron availability. Studies on regulatory networks and morphogenesis of these two distinct modes of C. albicans growth, suggest that both yeast and hyphal forms exist in both growth patterns and the regulatory circuits are inter‐connected. Here, we summarize current knowledge about C. albicans commensal‐to‐pathogen shift, its regulatory elements and their contribution to human disease.
F-theory from fundamental five-branes
Authors: Linch William D. , Siegel Warren 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We describe the worldvolume for the bosonic sector of the lower-dimensional F-theory that embeds 4D, N=1 M-theory and the 3D Type II superstring. The worldvolume (5-brane) theory is that of a single 6D gauge 2-form XMN(σP) whose field strength is selfdual. Thus unlike string theory, the spacetime indices are tied to the worldsheet ones: in the Hamiltonian formalism, the spacetime coordinates are a 10 of the GL(5) of the 5 σ’s (neglecting τ). The current algebra gives a rederivation of the F-bracket. The background-independent subalgebra of the Virasoro algebra gives the usual section condition, while a new type of section condition follows from Gauß’s law, tying the worldvolume to spacetime: solving just the old condition yields M-theory, while solving only the new one gives the manifestly T-dual version of the string, and the combination produces the usual string. We also find a covariant form of the condition that dimensionally reduces the string coordinates.
Classical black hole scattering from a worldline quantum field theory
Authors: Mogull Gustav , Plefka Jan , Steinhoff Jan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A precise link is derived between scalar-graviton S-matrix elements and expectation values of operators in a worldline quantum field theory (WQFT), both used to describe classical scattering of black holes. The link is formally provided by a worldline path integral representation of the graviton-dressed scalar propagator, which may be inserted into a traditional definition of the S-matrix in terms of time-ordered correlators. To calculate expectation values in the WQFT a new set of Feynman rules is introduced which treats the gravitational field hμν(x) and position $$ {x}_i^{\mu}\left({\tau}_i\right) $$

x
i
μ

τ
i

of each black hole on equal footing. Using these both the 3PM three-body gravitational radiation 〈hμv(k)〉 and 2PM two-body deflection $$ \Delta {p}_i^{\mu } $$
Δ

p
i
μ

from classical black hole scattering events are obtained. The latter can also be obtained from the eikonal phase of a 2 → 2 scalar S-matrix, which we show corresponds to the free energy of the WQFT.