bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The De Facto Authority of the Caribbean Court of Justice at the Intersection of Trade Liberalisation and Fundamental Rights
Authors: Caserta Salvatore 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter deals with the trajectory of gaining de facto authority of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), showing how, in its first fifteen years, the Court has been relatively successful as it achieved both narrow and intermediate authority in both its jurisdictions. The chapter shows how this authority was mostly due to several institutional choices of the part of the Court’s founders and to some bold—yet well-balanced—rulings of the Court, which contributed to overcoming the Caribbean legal elites’ initial lack of trust. The progressive expansion of the Court’s authority occurred mainly in matters relating to individual and fundamental rights (i.e. on death penalty issues and freedom of movement of individuals within the Caribbean Common Market (CARICOM)), while it struggled to move beyond a basic form of authority on trade-related matters. This variable authority of the CCJ proves to be grounded in the operational context of the Court. The most notable difficulties faced were the lack of interest of the business community in judicial solutions, the limited powers granted by the CARICOM Secretariat to file non-compliance cases before the Court, and the reluctance of national judges to engage in a constructive dialogue with their regional counterparts through the medium of the preliminary reference procedure.
The Challenged and Challenging De Facto Authority of the Central American Court of Justice at the Intersection of Pacification, International Law, and Regionalism
Authors: Caserta Salvatore 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter deals with the trajectory of gaining de facto authority of the Central American Court of Justice (CACJ), showing how, different from the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ), this Court has thus far failed to leave a significant mark in its operational context. In its early years, the Court fared rather well, especially in terms of its capacity to build a system of community law and to address some institutional difficulties of the Central American Integration System (SICA). However, when the Court became involved with several highly political disputes (i.e. a political clash between two former Nicaraguan Presidents and some territorial disputes among its Member States) in the early 2000s, it encountered strong resistance from several actors in its context of operation. As in the analysis of the CCJ, this chapter explains the fluctuation of the CACJ’s authority by looking at the role played by various contextual factors such as the institutional conflicts between the various organs of Central American integration, the highly polarised national politics of some of the Court’s Member States, and the divergent professional interests of the Central American legal elites.
‘It Is Not the Homosexual Who Is Perverse’
Authors: Griffiths Craig 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the complex transition from ‘homophile’ to ‘gay’ politics in the early 1970s, particularly focusing on conflicts over Rosa von Praunheim’s film, It Is Not the Homosexual Who Is Perverse, but the Society in Which He Lives—screened on national television in January 1973. The chapter demonstrates that homosexual politics, especially in this early period of gay liberation, between 1969 and 1973, were exceedingly fraught, and cannot be reduced to a simple story of generational conflict between ‘reformist’ or ‘integrationist’ homophiles versus ‘leftist’ or ‘radical’ gays. These debates were not just about what homosexuals thought and felt about wider society, but were informed by what that society thought and felt about them. Through the case study of the furore over Praunheim’s film, this chapter therefore also reveals the ambivalence of the wider public and the liberal media to the early claims of gay liberation.
The Pink Triangle
Authors: Griffiths Craig 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter is about how the memory of persecution decisively shaped 1970s homosexual politics. First, the chapter explores the ‘rediscovery’ of the Nazi persecution of homosexuals, explaining how the model of the Holocaust was sometimes appropriated as part of this process. The chapter then shows how memory of this persecution, combined with the experience of contemporary discrimination, produced a profound alienation on the part of left-wing gay men from the West German state. Following an analysis of how the pink triangle became a transnational symbol, this chapter evaluates discourses of victimhood in gay liberation. Though the pink triangle was reclaimed from its origins as a badge of shame in the concentration camps, it never became an unequivocal symbol of pride. Finally, the chapter explores how, in the late 1970s, activists of all stripes, the commercial gay press, and the first openly gay parliamentary candidates coalesced around making the history of past persecution a central plank in their efforts to insert themselves into the West German mainstream.
Thinking, Understanding, and Knowing
Authors: Ingram Jenni 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Classrooms are all about thinking, knowing, and understanding. Epistemic issues are at the core of classroom interactions, yet teachers and students, as well as researchers, can treat knowing, thinking, and understanding in very different ways. Claims and demonstrations of knowing or understanding can achieve different actions in classroom interaction, which result in different meanings for what it means to know mathematics or understand mathematics in different classrooms. This negotiation of mathematical knowing or understanding is a theme of classroom interaction that needs further exploration.
Introduction
Authors: Gibson William 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The introduction develops the idea of the ‘long Revolution’, suggesting that the Glorious Revolution of 1688-9 was not simply an event, but a much longer process. This process began at the start of James II’s reign and continued until about 1720 when the Hanoverian regime was settled. For High Church Tories, like Samuel Wesley, this period presented problems and anxieties that had to be dealt with. Foremost among these was allegiance and loyalty, both in Church and State. However, after 1689 the issue was complicated by the Toleration Act and the decisions of the Church in how to respond to legal freedom for dissenters. A political complication was the division of the clergy into High and Low Churchmen, as well as attempts in Parliament and Convocation to proscribe Dissent. Samuel Wesley’s response to these circumstances was representative of many others who shared his views and his anxieties in this period were those which were more widely held.
Samuel Wesley’s Conformity in 1684
Authors: Gibson William 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores Samuel Wesley’s decision to abandon his family’s commitment to Dissent and conform to the Church of England around 1684. Wesley was raised in a Dissenting family and educated at a Dissenting academy. His decision to conform to the Church of England was therefore surprising and there have been a number of explanations for it. This chapter explores the range of motives for Wesley’s decision and presents new evidence for the reasons for this decision. The decision was undoubtedly influenced by the desire to go to the University of Oxford. Other accounts have suggested that Wesley was unhappy with the attitudes of his fellow students at the dissenting academy he attended, and that he had developed a strong commitment to the idea of Charles I as a martyr. He may also have attended Oxford with the intention to remain a Dissenter but gradually found himself drawn to the Church of England. Other influences may have been his future wife, Susanna, who had conformed at the age of twelve.
Tories, Whigs, Dissenters, and Debt in 1705
Authors: Gibson William 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Chapter 4 considers one of the best-known episodes in Wesley’s life, his poverty and imprisonment for debt in 1705. He was arrested and held in Lincoln Gaol. It argues that the case against Wesley was not simply one of financial mismanagement. Rather, Wesley was also the victim of a Whig conspiracy to punish him for his politics and his rancorous attacks on Dissenters. This happened during heightened tension between the Whigs and the Tories during the general election of 1705—itself caused by the attempt to pass the Occasional Conformity Bill to relieve Dissenters. It also shows how Tories, especially in Oxford, rallied to raise money to help secure his release from gaol. In particular, Arthur Charlett, Master of University College and Archdeacon John Hutton collaborated to bring Wesley’s predicament to the attention of the university as a means to raise the concerns of Tory clergy in the country.
Making Deep History
Authors: Gamble Clive 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The time revolution of 1859 changed forever the relationship between humans and time. In the space of a calendar year, and at a furious pace, the belief that all human history could be fitted into 6,000 years was shattered. The evidence for such a fundamental change was small, handheld stone tools found in the gravel quarries of the Somme among the bones of ancient animals. The task facing the antiquarian and the geologist was formidable. The tools had to be accepted as artificial and their association with extinct animals demonstrated beyond doubt. The successful proof, made on 27 April 1859, opened up ‘a vast lapse of ages’ for human history and led Charles Darwin to declare it ‘the most interesting subject which Geology has turned up for many a long year’. This book explores the time revolution through the Victorian world of two businessmen and a banker: John Evans, Joseph Prestwich, and John Lubbock. It draws in their sisters, wives and households and their scientific collaborators—Darwin, Falconer, Lyell, Huxley, and the French antiquary Boucher de Perthes. It tells the story of the time revolution through chapters devoted to the day, month, year, and decade. This chronology drives the narrative forward using the words and pictures of the principals. A direction emerges with each chronological step from discovery to presentation, reception, consolidation, and widespread acceptance of their case.
The Measurable Brain
Authors: Healy Susan D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, in order to provide an understanding of the data on which the comparative analyses are based, I describe the methods that have been most commonly used to collect data on brain size. The key to the success of a comparative evolutionary analysis is sample size, the larger the better. To answer the question ‘why do some animals have big brains?’, brains have been measured directly in a variety of ways and brain size has also been inferred (in around half of the analyses) from skull volume. I describe the most commonly used methods briefly, along with the pros and cons of their use and interpretation.
The Ecological Brain
Authors: Healy Susan D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, I examine the evidence for a role for the preeminent selection pressure, ecology, in shaping animal brains and in causing changes in brain size within and among species. I describe what ‘ecology’ has meant in comparative analyses, e.g. foraging, range size, and life history variables. I provide evidence for a clear association between ecology and the size of sensory-motor brain regions and go on to use the relationship between space and the hippocampus to show the generality of this relationship beyond food storing. I discuss the strength of the data showing that migration, foraging, and domestication have caused changes in brain size. I conclude that while there is evidence of domestication, in particular, having changed whole brain size, it is at the level of brain regions that there is overwhelming evidence for an effect of ecology on brain size.
The Innovative Brain
Authors: Healy Susan D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNot least because humans are inveterate inventors, innovation is considered to be a reason that other animals have big brains. The Innovative Brain Hypothesis really came into being when Lefebvre et al. suggested that innovation could be a way to assess cognitive abilities in wild animals, which tend not to be amenable to cognitive testing in the traditional, laboratory context. The collection of a data set of foraging innovations in birds (and a similar data set later collected for primates) has provided opportunities to test the main hypothesis in this chapter. Innovations were later divided into technical and non-technical innovations, with the former perhaps leading to more correlations with brain size than the latter. I conclude that this is a very appealing hypothesis but that the evidence is not especially persuasive.
The Technical Brain
Authors: Healy Susan D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this chapter I discuss the data for tool use having driven increases in brain size. Because humans habitually make and use tools and because hominid brain size appears to have increased around the time that we see tools in the fossil record, tool use has been suggested to be key to increasing brain size. As an increasing number of animals are being shown to use tools, and sometimes to make them, there is an opportunity to use the comparative method to examine whether tool making really has led to brain size increases. I discuss issues with attributes of tasks used to test physical cognition and propose that nest building is a plausible model behaviour with which to look at all aspects of physical cognition, including its neural bases. I conclude that the data are far too few to give much support to the Technical Brain Hypothesis.
The Social Brain
Authors: Healy Susan D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe first discussion of a relationship between sociality and intelligence came in the middle of the twentieth century, especially by Humphrey who suggested that living socially demanded intellectual abilities above and beyond those required by an animal’s ecology. This led to the Social Intelligence Hypothesis, and then the Machiavellian Intelligence Hypothesis, both proposing that sociality was the main driver of the superior intellect of primates, especially humans. Two key challenges for this hypothesis are that sociality is difficult to quantify and cognition is not well tested by problem solving. More importantly, as data from more species have been examined, the analyses increasingly fail to show that sociality explains variation in brain size, even in primates. I conclude that appealing as this hypothesis is, it does not do a very compelling job of explaining variation in brain size.
The Divine Ideas Tradition in Christianity
Authors: McIntosh Mark A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We can understand the multiple roles that the divine ideas tradition played in the history of Christian thought by beginning with an analogy: as a great author draws upon her own consciousness and self-understanding to give life to all the realities within the world of her novels, in an analogous way, the divine ideas teaching holds, God’s eternal and infinite knowing and loving of Godself is the creative exemplar or archetype for the existence of every creature in time, and also the intelligible form or idea by which the truth of every creature may be known. Intensifying the transformation of Plato’s forms by the Middle Platonists, Augustine grounds the divine ideas firmly within Trinitarian theology. We can trace the role of the divine ideas across the full range of Christian doctrines as well as in its influence upon the mystical or contemplative dimension of Christian theology.
The Intelligible Beauty of Creation
Authors: McIntosh Mark A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The divine ideas tradition offers powerful conceptual tools by which Christian theologians and mystics recognized and revered the intelligible beauty of creation, and the hidden presence of the divine in all beings. For thinkers like Origen, Augustine, Maximus, and Eckhart, the eternal Word in which God knows Godself perfectly thereby includes God’s knowing of all possible finite beings, and the intimate presence of the Word at the heart of every creature calls it towards its truest reality. This perspective reaches an apex in the symbolic understanding of the universe prominent in medieval thinkers, and the waning of this tradition (in part as a result of Nominalist thought) is explored by various narratives of disenchantment. The Trinitarian and Christological grounding of the divine ideas becomes obscured by the time of the later Renaissance, and the divine ideas are deployed within discourses such as alchemy, guaranteeing their apparent obsolescence.
Beatitude and the Goodness of Truth
Authors: McIntosh Mark A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
By exploring four analogical acts of knowledge, we can discern the significant role of the divine ideas in the journey of creation into a beatific participation in God’s own knowing of Godself. The primordial ground for all acts of knowing truth lies within the Trinitarian knowing of Godself, and Aquinas among others already interprets this infinite knowing of truth as God’s own beatitude. Exponents of the divine ideas tradition highlight aspects of the human act of knowing truth as already participating in a limited way in the beatific knowing of God. Within our world, the death and resurrection of Christ re-establishes the possibility of the human encounter with divine knowing and loving that is at the ground of all truth. The beatific vision draws rational creatures into God’s knowing of Godself and therein to a vision of all creatures in God.
Agenda-Setting and Business-Government Relations across the EU’s Policy-Making Cycle
Authors: Coen David , Katsaitis Alexander , Vannoni Matia 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the policy cycle’s role in agenda-setting and business mobilization. The chapter draws from theories on agenda-setting and deliberative theory. It discusses agenda-setting procedures in the EU’s context and their impact on business mobilization. Conversely, it addresses business strategies to influence the EU’s agenda, and policy outcomes across the policy-making process. Empirically, it employs extensive surveys of business and policy-makers. The chapter also includes a case study on business strategies across the policy cycle focusing on the car emissions scandal (Diesel-gate). Finally, the chapter provide a rare and systematic glimpse into members of the European Parliament’s perceptions of business lobbying across the policy cycle. In doing so, it contributes to discussions on influence, insiders/outsiders, consultations, business lobbying coalitions, and deliberation in policy-making.
Revolving Doors or Sliding Doors in Brussels? Lobbying Strategies and Capabilities
Authors: Coen David , Katsaitis Alexander , Vannoni Matia 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, we explore the micro-level and concentrates on business and its government affairs offices in Brussels. We assess business strategic choices in hiring different types of staff, and its variation across national and corporate lines. While business has overall similar tools to lobby the EU, it employs distinctly different approaches. We look at the educational and professional background of its staff, and the role it plays in its lobbying strategies. In doing so, we reveal substantial variation across firms’ strategic approaches and the central driving factors motivating the observed variance. Moreover, we underscore common approaches as a reaction to the EU’s evolution. Theoretically, the chapter builds on the firm’s micro-capabilities.
The private life ofCystodinium:in situobservation of its attachments and population dynamics
Authors: Tapics Tara , Gregory-Eaves Irene , Huot Yannick 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPhytoplankton images were collected using an Imaging Flow Cytobot moored in the mesotrophic lake Lac Montjoie (Quebec, Canada). Cystodinium—an unusual dinoflagellate genus—was found during manual classification of the images into taxonomic groups while building an automated classifier. Cystodinium’s particularity is that while it can take a typical motile dinoflagellate form, it is thought to exist primarily as an immotile photosynthetically competent parasitic cyst in the shape of a crescent moon. Observations presented here are of this immotile lunate cyst. Manually classified images revealed that the majority of the Cystodinium found (86%) were attached to other microalgae or detrital material while the rest were unattached. The established auto-classifier was only able to correctly identify unattached Cystodinium images and thus was used to generate time series as cells per 100 mL for the unattached cell subset. Our observations, coupled with a literature review, lead us to question the parasitic nature of this taxonomic group.
Altered cortical morphology in major depression disorder patients with suicidality
Authors: Li Huiru , Zhang Huawei , Yin Li , Zhang Feifei , Chen Ziqi , Chen Taolin , Jia Zhiyun , Gong Qiyong 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with high risk of suicide, but the biological underpinnings of suicidality in MDD patients are far from conclusive. Previous neuroimaging studies using voxel-based morphometry (VBM) demonstrated that depressed individuals with suicidal thoughts or behaviors exhibit specific cortical structure alterations. To complement VBM findings, surface-based morphometry (SBM) can provide more details into gray matter structure, including the cortical complexity, cortical thickness and sulcal depth for brain images.

Objective
This study aims to use SBM to investigate cortical morphology alterations to obtain evidence for neuroanatomical alterations in depressed patients with suicidality.

Methods
Here, 3D T1-weighted MR images of brain from 39 healthy controls, 40 depressed patients without suicidality (patient controls), and 39 with suicidality (suicidal groups) were analyzed based on SBM to estimate the fractal dimension, gyrification index, sulcal depth, and cortical thickness using the Computational Anatomy Toolbox. Correlation analyses were performed between clinical data and cortical surface measurements from patients.

Results
Surface-based morphometry showed decreased sulcal depth in the parietal, frontal, limbic, occipital and temporal regions and decreased fractal dimension in the frontal regions in depressed patients with suicidality compared to both healthy and patient controls. Additionally, in patients with depression, the sulcal depth of the left caudal anterior cingulate cortex was negatively correlated with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale scores.

Conclusions
Depressed patients with suicidality had abnormal cortical morphology in some brain regions within the default mode network, frontolimbic circuitry and temporal regions. These structural deficits may be associated with the dysfunction of emotional processing and impulsivity control. This study provides insights into the underlying neurobiology of the suicidal brain.