bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clues on an intraspecific communication system in seed‐seedling transition
Authors: Ribeiro‐Oliveira João Paulo , Silveira Lilian E. D. , Pinto Lilian V. A. , Silva Edvaldo A. A. , Hilhorst Henk W. M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHow much interactivity is in a seed‐seedling transition system? We hypothesize that seed‐seed, seed‐seedling, and seedling‐seedling interactions can drive the early plant development in artificial growth systems directly due to mutual stimulation phenomena. To test the hypothesis, we performed seed germination measurements, gene expression in germination sensu stricto, water dynamics in germinating seeds, and information theory. For a biological model, we used Solanum lycocarpum A. St.‐Hil. seeds. This is a neotropical species with high intraspecific variability in the seed sample. Our findings demonstrate that the dynamic and transient seed‐seedling transition system is influenced by the number of individuals (seed or seedling) in the artificial system. In addition, we also discuss that: (1) the information entropy enables the quantification of system disturbance relative to individuals at the same physiological stage (seed‐seed or seedling‐seedling), which may be determinant for embryo growth during germination and (2) the intraspecific communication in seed‐seedling transition systems formed by germinating seeds has the potential to alter the expression pattern of key genes for embryo development. Therefore, the phenomenon of mutual stimulation during the germination process can be an important aspect of seed‐seedling transition, especially in laboratory conditions.
Assessing the regulatory challenges of emerging disruptive technologies
Authors: Taeihagh Araz , Ramesh M , Howlett Michael 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe past decade has witnessed the emergence of many technologies that have the potential to fundamentally alter our economic, social, and indeed personal lives. The problems they pose are in many ways unprecedented, posing serious challenges for policymakers. How should governments respond to the challenges given that the technologies are still evolving with unclear trajectories? Are there general principles that can be developed to design governance arrangements for these technologies? These are questions confronting policymakers around the world and it is the objective of this special issue to offer insights into answering them both in general and with respect to specific emerging disruptive technologies. Our objectives are to help better understand the regulatory challenges posed by disruptive technologies and to develop generalizable propositions for governments' responses to them.
Detecting and Determining the Characteristic Points on the Parametric Surface/Surface Intersection
Authors: Zeng Xianglin , Wang Qifu , Zhou Ji , Yu Jun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper we present a new method for detecting and determining characteristic points on the surface/surface intersection while marching along the intersections. The initial interval which contains a potential characteristic point is first determined by certain criteria, then a numeric solution of the significant point is obtained by the binary subdivision method. Based on these ideas, a new marching algorithm is constructed, and it has been implemented in a surface modelling system (SurfCADM V1.0). Examples are also presented for illustrating the capability of our algorithm.
2-D Finite Element Analysis of Engineering Components
Authors: Garg Ajay 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Design and analysis of engineering components can be categorized under the theory of continuum mechanics, plates/shells or beams. Closed form solutions for determining deformations and stresses are available for simple structures with simple boundary conditions. In the cases of complex structures, boundary conditions and loads, analytical solutions are not readily available. Finite element analysis (FEA) can be performed to resolve the simulation barrier of these analytically indeterminate structures. Similar to analytical approach, FEA can simulate the components through solid, plate/shell or beam elements. Finite element analysis through 3-D solid elements is costly and may require time in weeks, which may not be at the disposal of an analyst. Axi-symmetric components and components with an infinite radius of curvature (flat surfaces), but with complex cross sections can be modeled by 2-D axi-symmetric and plate elements, respectively. Two dimensional finite elements require less time and hardware support than three-dimensional elements. Two development cases of successful application of 2-D finite elements instead of 3-D finite elements are discussed. Experimental and analytical verification of FEA results, and guidelines for checking finite element mesh discretization error are presented.
Nonstationary Random Response of Laminated Composite Structures by a Hybrid Strain-Based Laminated Flat Triangular Shell Finite Element
Authors: To C. W. S. , Wang B. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The prediction and analysis of response of laminated composite shell structures under nonstationary random excitation is of considerable interest to design engineers in aerospace and automobile engineering fields. However, it seems that there is no known comprehensive published work on such an analysis that employs the versatile finite element method. Thus, the main focus of the investigation reported in this paper is the application of the hybrid strain-based laminated composite flat triangular shell finite element, that has been developed by the authors, for the analysis of laminated composite shell structures under a relatively wide class of nonstationary random excitations. Representative results of a simply-supported laminated composite cylindrical panel subjected to a point nonstationary random excitation are included.
FEMLIB: An Object-Oriented Framework for Optimization and Simulation
Authors: Tiller Michael M. , Dantzig Jonathan A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this paper we discuss the design of an object-oriented framework for simulation and optimization. Although oriented around high-level problem solving, the framework defines several classes of problems and includes concrete implementations of common algorithms for solving these problems. Simulations are run by combining these algorithms, as needed, for a particular problem. Included in this framework is the capability to compute the sensitivity of simulation results to the different simulation parameters (e.g. material properties, boundary conditions, etc). This sensitivity information is valuable in performing optimization because it allows the use of gradient-based optimization algorithms. Also included in the system are many useful abstractions and implementations related to the finite element method.
A Composite Overlapping Grid Method in Solid Mechanics
Authors: Cardew George E. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A preliminary study of the effectiveness of composite overlapping, patched grid methods has been carried out using the finite element research code ‘TOMECH’ [1]. These methods could be of particular value in situations where a fully connected mesh model is difficult to achieve or where enhanced accuracy is needed in a small sub-region of a model. The methodology required to achieve the data communication between the sub-grids and the base grid is adapted from multi-grid methods. This is a ‘Global-Local’ style approach in which a multi-grid style iterative correction is applied following the updating of the displacements on the sub-grid boundaries. The approach provides a feedback mechanism within the global-local cycle, updating the base grid solution and enabling a subsequent improved estimate to the sub-grid boundaries.
It is hoped that this study will ultimately facilitate very fine resolution, fully non-linear, damage predictions on adaptively created patched grids.
Development of a Computer-Aided Rapid Design Prototyping Facility for Engineering Education
Authors: Biswas Arunava , Kinzel Gary L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A rapid design prototyping laboratory has been established at the Ohio State University. The purpose of the laboratory was to effectively bridge the gap between industry expectations and the students’ hands-on experience with the CAD/CAM process and develop and teach integrated CAD/CAM courses utilizing the facilities. The laboratory contains CNC milling machines, CNC lathes, an injection molding machine, and workstations running CAD/CAM software. The facility has been well integrated into the teaching program. This paper discusses the background and establishment, operation and utilization of this laboratory.
Feature-Based 3-D Sketching for Early Stage Design
Authors: Sturgill Malgorzata M. , Cohen Elaine , Riesenfeld Richard F. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
During early stages of design, the mere presence of items, their relative positioning, and their interrelationships can be more significant than fine details, like exact dimensions, whether a hole is counterbored, or the exact cross-sectional shape of a groove. Most CAD systems have little, if any, support for this critical, incipient design stage, In addressing this economically compelling and highly leveraged area, we present an intuitive, feature-based approach to 3-D design which permits a complete first pass through the design-manufacturing cycle even before a detailed specification is complete. We report a functioning 3-D design front-end for a solid modeling system that has been used for fast intra-part and inter-part, visual, generalized feature specification, a frontend that is intimately connected to the system so that both visual and detailed design can be carried out concurrently on the same model to meet designer needs.
Hence, the design that is “captured” during the sketch and modify phase using this approach is fully usable for activities that traditionally require a fully detailed solid model, such as rendering, finite element and other analysis, assembly analysis, process planning, and manufacturing at this initial stage instead of the traditionally late stages.
Virtual Assembly Design Environment
Authors: Connacher Hugh I. , Jayaram Sankar , Lyons Kevin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Virtual reality is a technology which is often regarded as a natural extension to 3D computer graphics with advanced input and output devices. This technology has only recently matured enough to warrant serious engineering applications. The integration of this new technology with software systems for engineering, design and manufacturing will provide a new boost to the field of computer-aided engineering. One aspect of design and manufacturing which may be significantly affected by virtual reality is design for assembly. This paper presents the ideas behind a current research effort aimed at creating a virtual assembly design environment and integrating that environment with a commercial, parametric CAD system.
A Virtual Environment for Construction and Analysis of Manufacturing Prototypes
Authors: Chuter Christopher J. , Ramaswamy S. , Barber K. S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The building of a virtual environment for the construction, analysis, and design of a three dimensional virtual manufacturing prototype is discussed. An agent-based framework is used to specify the visual environment. The environment is built to be flexible enough to support research efforts in scheduling, planning, and behavior modeling. The implementation consists of a heterogeneous, distributed interactive virtual environment using the virtual environment tool, DIVE.
Thermal Simulation and Visualization of Virtual Source Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Doumanidis Charalabos C. , Marquis Brian P. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article addresses visualization of the thermally generated distributions of material structure and properties in the manufactured products, and provides a methodology for offline design of the process conditions in virtual source thermal techniques. These are implemented by timesharing a single heat source, scanning the external surface of the processed part to generate a flexible heat input distribution, and thus a specified temperature field yielding the desired thermal quality of the product. A numerical simulation of generic thermal processing is developed, integrating a solid conduction description to a flow model in molten regions. This computational model is validated by a comparative thermal study of classical and a novel scan welding process, in which the torch reciprocates along the joint to provide uniform thermal features. Virtual source processing is currently simulated for other thermal manufacturing processes and their real-time control with infrared thermal feedback.
Virtual Prototyping for Product Demanufacture and Service Using a Virtual Design Studio Approach
Authors: Rosen David W. , Bras Bert , Mistree Farrokh , Goel Ashok 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Virtual prototyping is the replacement of hardware prototypes by computational prototypes of systems and the processes that they may undergo. The particular domain of investigation is product demanufacture and service. By catching downstream problems early in the design process through the use of virtual prototypes, more environmentally friendly and easily serviceable products should result. The approach to virtual prototyping pursued here is to combine simulation and human interaction with virtual environment technologies, resulting in a Virtual Design Studio. In the Studio, people will simulate demanufacturing and servicing processes on product models, then incorporate the simulation results into design decision making. The Studio will operate on a design studio metaphor, analogous to the desk-top metaphor utilized in Macintosh computers. This paper represents work in progress. The research program undertaken to construct such a Studio is reported and motivated, an initial design studio metaphor is articulated, and current progress is summarized.
Using EXPRESS to Implement Concurrent Engineering Databases
Authors: Hardwick Martin , Loffredo David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
EXPRESS has been used by the ISO STEP and other industry standard groups to define information models for design, manufacturing and other applications. When these models are mapped into a database system they can be used to define databases for concurrent engineering. We describe four mappings that were implemented for four database systems, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each from the perspective of the mapping implementor and the database user.
Relationship Between 3 Single-Leg Functional Performance Tests for Netball Noncontact Knee Injury Prevention Screening in Uninjured Female Adult Players
Authors: Clark Nicholas C. , Mullally Elaine M. 
Published: March 2021

Context:Single- versus double-leg landing events occur the majority of the time in a netball match. Landings are involved in large proportions of netball noncontact knee injury events. Of all landing-induced anterior cruciate ligament injuries, most occur during single-leg landings. Knowledge of whether different single-leg functional performance tests capture the same or different aspects of lower-limb motor performance will therefore inform clinicians’ reasoning processes and assist in netball noncontact knee injury prevention screening.Objective:To determine the correlation between the triple hop for distance (THD), single hop for distance (SHD), and vertical hop (VH) for the right and left lower limbs in adult female netball players.Design:Cross-sectional.Setting:Local community netball club.Participants:A total of 23 players (age 28.7 [6.2] y; height 171.6 [7.0] cm; mass 68.2 [9.8] kg).Interventions:There were 3 measured trials (right and left) for THD, SHD, and VH, respectively.Main Outcome Measures:Mean hop distance (percentage of leg length [%LL]), Pearson intertest correlation (r), and coefficient of determination (r2).Results:Values (right and left; mean [SD]) were as follows: THD, 508.5 (71.8) %LL and 510.9 (56.7) %LL; SHD, 183.4 (24.6) %LL and 183.0 (21.5) %LL; and VH, 21.3 (5.2) %LL and 20.6 (5.0) %LL. All correlations were significant (P ≤ .05),r/r2values (right and left) were THD–SHD, .91/.83 and .87/.76; THD–VH, .59/.35 and .51/.26; and SHD–VH, .50/.25 and .37/.17. A very large proportion of variance (76%–83%) was shared between the THD and SHD. A small proportion of variance was shared between the THD and VH (25%–35%) and SHD and VH (17%–25%).Conclusion:The THD and SHD capture highly similar aspects of lower-limb motor performance. In contrast, the VH captures aspects of lower-limb motor performance different to the THD or SHD. Either the THD or the SHD can be chosen for use within netball knee injury prevention screening protocols according to which is reasoned as most appropriate at a specific point in time. The VH, however, should be employed consistently alongside rather than in place of the THD or SHD.
Gene Expression Signature in Patients With Symptomatic Peripheral Artery Disease
Authors: Newman Jonathan D. , Cornwell MacIntosh G. , Zhou Hua , Rockman Caron , Heguy Adriana , Suarez Yajaira , Cheng Henry S. , Feinberg Mark W. , Hochman Judith S. , Ruggles Kelly V. , Berger Jeffrey S. 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is an atherothrombotic disease of the lower limbs with substantial morbidity and mortality. We used next-generation sequencing to identify genome-wide expression signatures associated with prevalent PAD and its outcomes.

Approach and Results:

We performed whole blood RNA sequencing among patients with severe symptomatic PAD undergoing lower extremity revascularization and controls. Dysregulated pathways and blood transcriptional modules were identified by comparing patients with PAD (n=42) to age- and sex-matched controls (N=29). The identified signature was compared in patients with PAD before LER with or without incident major adverse cardiac or limb events (MACLE). A novel microRNA associated with prevalent PAD and incident MACLE was then evaluated in a mouse hindlimb ischemia model. One hundred twenty-seven transcripts were differentially expressed (77 upregulated and 50 downregulated; adjusted
P
<0.05, |log2foldchange| >0.5) and analyzed using weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed blood modules enriched for immune activation, secretory granules, and coagulation in patients with PAD. Of these 127 differentially expressed transcripts, 40 were significantly associated with MACLE (log-rank false discovery rate <0.1). MicroRNA-4477b was significantly increased in patients with PAD with subsequent MACLE and in a mouse hindlimb ischemia model.

Conclusions:
A whole blood transcript signature identified patients with symptomatic PAD and PAD patients at increased risk of MACLE. A previously uncharacterized transcript microRNA-4477b was overexpressed in prevalent PAD, incident MACLE, and in a mouse hindlimb ischemia model. Our novel transcriptomic signature provides insight into potential mechanisms of patients with severe symptomatic PAD.
Pneumomediastinum as a Complication of Oral and Maxillofacial Injuries: Report of 3 Cases and a 50-Year Systematic Review of Case Reports
Authors: Papadiochos Ioannis (Yiannis) , Sarivalasis Stavros-Evangelos , Chen Meg , Goutzanis Lampros , Kalyvas Aristotelis 
Published: March 2021

Objectives: Pneumomediastinum (PM) secondary to oromaxillofacial trauma (OMF) is a rare but well-described complication/pathologic finding. The aim of this study was twofold: first, to report our experience in treatment of maxillofacial trauma patients with PM, and second, to review the literature regarding the clinical features, severity, course, and management of the aforementioned complication. Material and methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and charts of patients who suffered from maxillofacial trauma and treated in our hospital between September 1, 2013 and September 31, 2017. The inclusion criteria were patients with radiologically confirmed PM. In addition, the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct were queried for articles reporting PM cases secondary to OMF injuries and published in English, French, and German language. Results: Three cases of PM out of 3,514 cases of craniomaxillofacial trauma were found; there were 3 male patients who presented in our emergency department with the chief complaint of cervicofacial swelling. Literature search isolated 58 selected articles and 63 cases were assessed in total; posttraumatic repeated blowing of nose was proved as most frequent triggering factor among them. Furthermore, the outcomes of review showed that thoracic pain, respiratory distress, and swallowing difficulties were not frequently reported in patients with ME due to facial trauma. Conclusions: Both our experience and the results of systematic literature review indicated that patients with PM due to OMF injuries present mild clinical course. If properly managed, this specific pathologic condition may have no further complications or relative comorbidities. The exact etiology and mechanism of PM in the context of maxillofacial injuries always needs to be identified. Radiographic, laboratory, and endoscopic examinations should be applied to rule out the more serious and frequently diagnosed aerodigestive, thoracic, and abdominal causes of PM.
The Preauricular Transmasseteric Approach: A Novel Option for the Exposure of Mandibular Condyle Fracture
Authors: Silveira Roger Lanes , Costa Samuel Macedo , Amaral Marcio Bruno Figueiredo 
Published: March 2021

Background: Mandibular Condyle fractures are common and the traditional method for the exposure is the retromandibular approach, however it presents some limitations and considerations among facial nerve palsy and parotid gland fistulae. This technical note present a novel approach to the subcondylar fractures, using preauricular incision with an innovative transmasseteric dissection. Study Design: Technical note. Objective: Present a novel approach to the subcondylar fractures, using preauricular incision with an innovative transmasseteric dissection. Methods: Patients diagnosed for mandibular condyle fractures in a Level 1 Trauma Center in Brazil. All the procedures were performed in the shortest possible time since the trauma. Traditional preauricular incision with gentle lower dissection through the superficial musculoaponeurotic system, the facial nerve branches are exposed and retracted. The parotid gland capsule plane is outlined and the parotid gland is retracted posteriorly. The masseteric fascia is exposed and the masseteric muscle is incised and the blunt dissection continues toward the periosteum and the mandibular condyle. Results: Eight patients were surgically managed in the acute trauma with a mean of 2.57 days to the operation. Transient parotid gland fistulae was observed in only 12.5% of the patients. Facial nerve palsy was observed in 37.5% of the patients in the first 7 days of postoperative time, with no records of persistent facial nerve paralysis. Conclusions: The preauricular transmasseteric approach is a reliable and versatile option for the exposure of the mandibular condyle, being a safe and aesthetic incision on the management of the subcondylar area. The surgical team use it as a novel tool in the approach for condyle fractures.