bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Community-level influences on women’s experience of intimate partner violence and modern contraceptive use in Nigeria: a multilevel analysis of nationally representative survey
Authors: Adedini Sunday A. , Adewole Ololade Grace , Oyinlola Funmilola F. , Fayehun Olufunke 
Published: July 2021

Background: Modern contraceptives (MC) are important strategies for reducing unwanted pregnancies, unsafe abortion and maternal mortality, but MC remains low at 18% in Nigeria. Similarly, while there is increasing prevalence of intimate partner violence (IPV) in Nigeria, its effects on contraceptive use remain unclear. This study examined the influence of IPV on MC use, while adjusting for individual- and community-level confounders. Methods: The study utilized 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey data. We performed multilevel binary logistic regression analysis on 24,973 married women aged 15-49, who were sexually active and were not pregnant at the time of the survey. Results: Findings show that use of MC was higher among married women who reported experience of IPV than those without IPV exposure. After adjusting for individual-level and contextual factors, the odds of using MC was significantly higher among women who experienced any form of IPV (OR: 1.61, 95% CI: 1.17-2.21, p<0.005) compared to those who reported no IPV experience. Around one-quarter of the total variance in contraceptive use with respect to the different types of IPV could be explained at the community level. Conclusion: The study provides empirical evidence that there is signiﬁcant community effect on IPV exposure and women’s contraceptive uptake. Attention must therefore be given to the context-specific social and gender norms that affect women’s sexual and reproductive health in Nigeria.
Genotypes and phenotypes of G6PD deficiency among Indonesian females across diagnostic thresholds of G6PD activity guiding safe primaquine therapy of latent malaria
Authors: Satyagraha Ari Winasti , Sadhewa Arkasha , Panggalo Lydia Visita , Subekti Decy , Elyazar Iqbal , Soebianto Saraswati , Mahpud Nunung , Harahap Alida Rosita , Baird J. Kevin 
Published: July 2021

Background
Plasmodium vivax occurs as a latent infection of liver and a patent infection of red blood cells. Radical cure requires both blood schizontocidal and hypnozoitocidal chemotherapies. The hypnozoitocidal therapies available are primaquine and tafenoquine, 8-aminoquinoline drugs that can provoke threatening acute hemolytic anemia in patients having an X-linked G6PD-deficiency. Heterozygous females may screen as G6PD-normal prior to radical cure and go on to experience hemolytic crisis.

Methods & findings
This study examined G6PD phenotypes in 1928 female subjects living in malarious Sumba Island in eastern Indonesia to ascertain the prevalence of females vulnerable to diagnostic misclassification as G6PD-normal. All 367 (19%) females having <80% G6PD normal activity were genotyped. Among those, 103 (28%) were G6PD wild type, 251 (68·4%) were heterozygous, three (0·8%) were compound heterozygotes, and ten (2·7%) were homozygous deficient. The variants Vanua Lava, Viangchan, Coimbra, Chatham, and Kaiping occurred among them. Below the 70% of normal G6PD activity threshold, just 18 (8%) were G6PD-normal and 214 (92%) were G6PD-deficient. Among the 31 females with <30% G6PD normal activity were all ten homozygotes, all three compound heterozygotes, and just 18 were heterozygotes (7% of those).

Conclusions
In this population, most G6PD heterozygosity in females occurred between 30% and 70% of normal (69·3%; 183/264). The prevalence of females at risk of G6PD misclassification as normal by qualitative screening was 9·5% (183/1928). Qualitative G6PD screening prior to 8-aminoquinoline therapies against P. vivax may leave one in ten females at risk of hemolytic crisis, which may be remedied by point-of-care quantitative tests.
Health care seeking patterns of rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis patients in Harare, Zimbabwe: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Tadokera Rebecca , Huo Stella , Theron Grant , Timire Collins , Manyau-Makumbirofa Salome , Metcalfe John Z. 
Published: July 2021

Background
Delays in seeking and accessing treatment for rifampicin-resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB) and multi-drug resistant (MDR-TB) are major impediments to TB control in high-burden, resource-limited settings.

Method
We prospectively determined health-seeking behavioural patterns and associations with treatment outcomes and costs among 68 RR-TB patients attending conveniently selected facilities in a decentralised system in Harare, Zimbabwe.

Results
From initial symptoms to initiation of effective treatment, patients made a median number of three health care visits (IQR 2–4 visits) at a median cost of 13% (IQR 6–31%) of their total annual household income (mean cost, US$410). Cumulatively, RR-TB patients most frequently first visited private facilities, i.e., private pharmacies (30%) and other private health care providers (24%) combined. Median patient delay was 26 days (IQR 14–42 days); median health system delay was 97 days (IQR 30–215 days) and median total delay from symptom onset to initiation of effective treatment was 132 days (IQR 51–287 days). The majority of patients (88%) attributed initial delay in seeking care to “not feeling sick enough.” Total delay, total cost and number of health care visits were not associated with treatment or clinical outcomes, though our study was not adequately powered for these determinations.

Conclusions
Despite the public availability of rapid molecular TB tests, patients experienced significant delays and high costs in accessing RR-TB treatment. Active case finding, integration of private health care providers and enhanced service delivery may reduce treatment delay and TB associated costs.
Medical practitioner’s knowledge on dengue management and clinical practices in Bhutan
Authors: Tsheten Tsheten , Clements Archie C. A. , Gray Darren J. , Gyeltshen Kinley , Wangdi Kinley 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundDengue has emerged as a major public health problem in Bhutan, with increasing incidence and widening geographic spread over recent years. This study aimed to investigate the knowledge and clinical management of dengue among medical practitioners in Bhutan.MethodsWe administered a survey questionnaire to all practitioners currently registered under the Bhutan Medical and Health Council. The questionnaire contained items on four domains including transmission, clinical course and presentation, diagnosis and management, and surveillance and prevention of dengue. Participants were able to respond using an online Qualtrics survey, with the invitation and link distributed via email.ResultsA total of 97 respondents were included in the study (response rate: 12.7%), of which 61.86% were Health Assistants/Clinical Officers (HAs/COs) and 38.14% were medical doctors. The afternoon feeding behaviour ofAedesmosquito was correctly identified by only 24.7% of the respondents, and ~66.0% of them failed to identify lethargy as a warning sign for severe dengue. Knowledge on diagnosis using NS1 antigen and the clinical significance of elevated haematocrit for initial fluid replacement was strikingly low at 47.4% and 27.8% respectively. Despite dengue being a nationally notifiable disease, ~60% of respondents were not knowledgeable on the timing and type of cases to be reported. Respondent’s median score was higher for the surveillance and reporting domain, followed by their knowledge on transmission of dengue. Statistically significant factors associated with higher knowledge included respondents being a medical doctor, working in a hospital and experience of having diagnosed dengue.ConclusionThe study revealed major gaps on knowledge and clinical management practices related to dengue in Bhutan. Physicians and health workers working in Basic Health Units need training and regular supervision to improve their knowledge on the care of dengue patients.
A scoping review of HIV epidemiologic, sociocultural and programmatic studies related to transgender women and men who have sex with men in Cambodia, 1999-2019
Authors: de Lind van Wijngaarden Jan W. , van Griensven Frits , Sun Ly Penh , Wignall Stephen 
Published: July 2021

Background
Cambodia is widely credited for its successful HIV epidemic control. However, in recent years there have been signs of increasing HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW). This paper reviews HIV epidemiological, social science and HIV program implementation studies conducted over the past 20 years to explore possible reasons for the rising HIV prevalence among these groups and to formulate recommendations for improved policies, HIV programmatic interventions and further research.

Methods
For this scoping review, we searched the PubMed and Google Scholar databases for scientific publications related to HIV and MSM and TGW in Cambodia published since 1999. From each of the returned citations we subsequently studied reference lists to find additional data sources. We also searched websites for reports commissioned by national and international governmental and non-governmental organizations.

Results
Twenty-seven relevant studies and papers were found and reviewed; most were epidemiological in nature. Recent epidemiological studies and reports show an increase in HIV prevalence among Cambodian MSM and TGW. The epidemiology of HIV infection in these groups has been relatively well-described and analyzed. While initially MSM and TGW were grouped together, in more recent years they have been studied in their own right, recognizing their specific HIV and other prevention needs. Few studies were found investigating Cambodian same-sex cultures and social and cultural contexts in which HIV transmission among MSM and TGW occurs. A few evaluation studies were found, but it remains unknown how effective current HIV service implementation modalities are, or how successful strategies to increase access to essential HIV prevention, testing and treatment services have been employed for MSM and TGW in Cambodia.

Conclusions
Research about Cambodian MSM and TGW in the context of HIV primarily concerns bio-behavioral knowledge generation. Cambodia is unlikely to achieve control of the HIV epidemic among MSM and TGW without doing better in-depth social science research on its multiple sexual- and gender minority cultures, and without understanding what differentiated implementation modalities, strategies and approaches are most effective to address HIV among its increasingly diverse MSM and TGW populations.
Models of provider care in long-term care: A rapid scoping review
Authors: Hamel Candyce , Garritty Chantelle , Hersi Mona , Butler Claire , Esmaeilisaraji Leila , Rice Danielle , Straus Sharon , Skidmore Becky , Hutton Brian 
Published: July 2021

Introduction
One of the current challenges in long-term care homes (LTCH) is to identify the optimal model of care, which may include specialty physicians, nursing staff, person support workers, among others. There is currently no consensus on the complement or scope of care delivered by these providers, nor is there a repository of studies that evaluate the various models of care. We conducted a rapid scoping review to identify and map what care provider models and interventions in LTCH have been evaluated to improve quality of life, quality of care, and health outcomes of residents.

Methods
We conducted this review over 10-weeks of English language, peer-reviewed studies published from 2010 onward. Search strategies for databases (e.g., MEDLINE) were run on July 9, 2020. Studies that evaluated models of provider care (e.g., direct patient care), or interventions delivered to facility, staff, and residents of LTCH were included. Study selection was performed independently, in duplicate. Mapping was performed by two reviewers, and data were extracted by one reviewer, with partial verification by a second reviewer.

Results
A total of 7,574 citations were screened based on the title/abstract, 836 were reviewed at full text, and 366 studies were included. Studies were classified according to two main categories: healthcare service delivery (n = 92) and implementation strategies (n = 274). The condition/ focus of the intervention was used to further classify the interventions into subcategories. The complex nature of the interventions may have led to a study being classified in more than one category/subcategory.

Conclusion
Many healthcare service interventions have been evaluated in the literature in the last decade. Well represented interventions (e.g., dementia care, exercise/mobility, optimal/appropriate medication) may present opportunities for future systematic reviews. Areas with less research (e.g., hearing care, vision care, foot care) have the potential to have an impact on balance, falls, subsequent acute care hospitalization.
Acute effects of a single dose of 2 mA of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on executive functions in patients with schizophrenia—A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Schilling Thomas M. , Bossert Magdalena , König Miriam , Wirtz Gustav , Weisbrod Matthias , Aschenbrenner Steffen 
Published: July 2021

Objective
Cognitive impairments are a frequent and difficult to treat symptom in patients with schizophrenia and the strongest predictor for a successful reintegration in occupational and everyday life. Recent research suggests transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to enhance cognition in this patient group. However, the question regarding its acute effectiveness on executive functions remains largely unanswered. Here, we examined in a randomized, double blind, sham-controlled repeated-measures design the impact of tDCS on performance in several executive functions in patients with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder or acute transient psychotic disorder.

Methods
Patients (N = 48) were tested twice using standardized, well-constructed and clinically validated neuropsychological tests assessing verbal working memory, response inhibition, mental flexibility and problem solving. In session 1 they solely underwent the neuropsychological assessment, whereas in session 2 they additionally received 2 mA of anodal tDCS stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), cathode right supraorbital ridge, or sham stimulation for 20 minutes.

Results
Patients of both groups were not able to correctly discriminate the type of stimulation received confirming the success of the blinding procedure. However, analyzing the whole sample the change in performance from session 1 to session 2 was the same in the verum as in the sham condition (all p >.5). Moreover, a subsequent exploratory analysis showed that performance in the response inhibition task was worse for patients that engaged in the task within 20 minutes after the end of the verum stimulation.

Conclusion
Hence, 2 mA of anodal tDCS applied over the left DLPFC did not acutely enhance executive functions in patients with schizophrenia or related disorders but impaired performance in the response inhibition task shortly after. Future studies should continue to seek for effective stimulation configurations for this patient group.

Clinical trial registration
The study is registered in the “Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien DRKS”, German Clinical Trial Register and has been allocated the following number: DRKS00022126.
The advantages of abdominal compression with shallow breathing during left-sided postmastectomy radiotherapy by Helical TomoTherapy
Authors: Pratoomchart Chalardchay , Klunklin Pitchayaponne , Wanwilairat Somsak , Nobnop Wannapha , Kittidachanan Kittikun , Chitapanarux Imjai 
Published: July 2021

Background
Left-sided post-mastectomy radiotherapy (PMRT) certainly precedes some radiation dose to the cardiopulmonary organs causing many side effects. To reduce the cardiopulmonary dose, we created a new option of the breathing adapted technique by using abdominal compression applied with a patient in deep inspiration phase utilizing shallow breathing. This study aimed to compare the use of abdominal compression with shallow breathing (ACSB) with the free breathing (FB) technique in the left-sided PMRT.

Materials and methods
Twenty left-sided breast cancer patients scheduled for PMRT were enrolled. CT simulation was performed with ACSB and FB technique in each patient. All treatment plans were created on a TomoTherapy planning station. The target volume and dose, cardiopulmonary organ volume and dose were analyzed. A linear correlation between cardiopulmonary organ volumes and doses were also tested.

Results
Regarding the target volumes and dose coverage, there were no significant differences between ACSB and FB technique. For organs at risk, using ACSB resulted in a significant decrease in mean (9.17 vs 9.81 Gy, p<0.0001) and maximum heart dose (43.79 vs 45.45 Gy, p = 0.0144) along with significant reductions in most of the evaluated volumetric parameters. LAD doses were also significantly reduced by ACSB with mean dose 19.24 vs 21.85 Gy (p = 0.0036) and the dose to 2% of the volume (D2%) 34.46 vs 37.33 Gy (p = 0.0174) for ACSB and FB technique, respectively. On the contrary, the lung dose metrics did not show any differences except the mean V5 of ipsilateral lung. The positive correlations were found between increasing the whole lung volume and mean heart dose (p = 0.05) as well as mean LAD dose (p = 0.041) reduction.

Conclusions
The ACSB technique significantly reduced the cardiac dose compared with the FB technique in left-sided PMRT treated by Helical TomoTherapy. Our technique is uncomplicated, well-tolerated, and can be applied in limited resource center.
Gastroprotective effects of diosgenin against HCl/ethanol-induced gastric mucosal injury through suppression of NF-κβ and myeloperoxidase activities
Authors: Zhao Hengfang , Zhang Xiaoyan , Zhang Bojing , Qu Xiaoyuan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Gastric mucosal injury is caused by an imbalance between the mucosal defense and gastro-irritants, leading to gastroenteritis. Diosgenin is a steroidal sapogenin found in the wild Yam plant that has been reported with several pharmacological properties. The aim of this study is to explore the gastroprotective role of diosgenin on gastric mucosal damage caused by HCl/ethanol in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were intragastrically administered with diosgenin (20 mg/kg) before HCl/ethanol (0.15 M HCl in 98 % ethanol) administration. Omeprazole was used as a positive control. Diosgenin-attenuated oxidative stress by enhancing (p < 0.05) antioxidant enzymes, reducing lipid peroxidation (MDA), and modulating nitric oxide (NO) levels. Anti-inflammatory effects of diosgenin were observed by a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines (p < 0.05), decreased myeloperoxidase (MPO) activities (p < 0.05), and histopathological observation of gastric mucosal damage. Western blot analysis provided evidence on the downregulation of NF-κβ by diosgenin. The findings showed that diosgenin has a significant protective role on gastric injury caused by HCl/ethanol, through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory role, and suppression of NF-κβ and MPO activities.
World Literature, Globalization, and The Loss Of Stories: On the Political Economy of Narrative Today
Authors: Hogan Patrick Colm 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
‘World literature’ has several distinct meanings. Most important for the present study, it may refer to the products of increased interaction across literary traditions in a globalized political economy. The resulting ‘global literature’ involves extensive convergence in narrative practices. The result is a diminishing of cultural diversity in storytelling. Globalization may also lead to certain sorts of divergence. This may seem to partially counterbalance the convergence. However, in an unequal, global economy, divergence is most often guided by hegemonic cultural practices, even if this occurs negatively. Specifically, such divergence commonly operates through identity-based repudiation of global standardization with a consequent simplification and distortion of putatively indigenous traditions. Thus, in unequal global conditions, both convergence and divergence have the effect of reducing the diversity of narrative cultures. In consequence, the globalization of literature may have deleterious effects on the aesthetics - and indeed the ethics and politics - of narrative. The essay ends with some possibilities for reversing this trend.
CO2 utilization by dry reforming of CH4 over mesoporous Ni/KIT-6 catalyst
Authors: Tang Congming , Huang Juan , Zhang Dong , Jiang Qingqing , Zhou Guilin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The mesoporous Ni/KIT-6 catalysts with different composition were prepared by altering reduction temperatures. In addition, their physicochemical properties were characterized by X-ray diffraction, in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller techniques. The results shown that the specific surface area, composition and metallic Ni crystallinity of the Ni/KIT-6 catalyst were significantly affected by reduction temperatures. The catalytic performances of the prepared Ni/KIT-6 catalysts were evaluated via the CO2 reforming of CH4 into syngas and followed the order: RT0 < RT250 < RT300 < RT350 < RT400 < RT450 ≈ RT500. The specific surface area, pore volume, pore diameter, and Ni0 content of the most representative RT450 catalyst among of them were 646.7 m2 g−1, 0.92 cm3 g−1, 6.5 nm, and 30.9%, respectively. The CH4 and CO2 conversions of RT450 catalyst reached to 69.0 and 39.4% under a reaction temperature of 600 °C, respectively. The CO selectivity was greater than 49% and the RT450 catalyst had good stability.
Optimal siting of solar based distributed generation (DG) in distribution system for constant power load model
Authors: Prakash Prem , Meena Duli Chand 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In this paper optimal location and sizing of Non-dispatchable Distributed Generation (NDG) based distributed generation (DG) is investigated by considering uncertainty of NDG. In present study a solar photovoltaic (SPV) is considered as NDG because SPV based DG has uncertain nature of generated power because it is powered by solar irradiance which has uncertain characteristics. To investigate the uncertainty of intermittent nature of solar irradiance Beta Probability Density Function (BPDF) based PDF is considered for addressing the uncertainty of solar insolation. For determining the optimal size of DG unit an analytical based methodology is developed. In this study optimal capacity of NDG is estimated by deriving the expressions of DG unit at each bus. Further, a multi-objective index factor (MIF) is designed in order to find out the candidate bus for DG placement. The proposed technique is applied on IEEE 33-bus distribution network. The obtained results reveal that proposed technique provide almost similar result to that of other method which is available in literature.