bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predominant seismic source distance and magnitude maps for Los Angeles, Orange, and Ventura Counties, California
Authors: Cramer Chris H. , Petersen Mark D. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHazard deaggregation at each grid point of a probabilistic seismic hazard map can provide maps of the most probable seismic source distance and magnitude. Maps of predominant seismic source distance and magnitude for PGA, and 5% damped spectral acceleration (SA) at 0.3-, 1.0-, and 2.0-sec periods are produced for the first time for Los Angeles, Orange, and Ventura counties in southern California. These maps show that large earthquakes on faults local to any site generally dominate the 10% probability of exceedence in 50- and 100-yr hazards in southern California. Major faults, like the San Andreas, San Jacinto, and Elsinore faults, dominate mainly in their vicinity. At spectral periods beyond 2 sec, earthquakes on these major faults can dominate out to larger distances.
Microearthquakes at intermediate spreading-rate ridges: The Cleft segment megaplume site on the Juan de Fuca Ridge
Authors: Hildebrand John A. , McDonald Mark A. , Webb Spahr C. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe discuss models for earthquake generation at intermediate spreading-rate ridges and present results from an ocean bottom seismograph (OBS) deployment on the Cleft segment of the Juan de Fuca Ridge (JDFR). Although the Cleft segment is spreading at approximately 6 cm/yr, an intermediate spreading rate, it has no seismic activity detectable by land networks, which provide a detection threshold of ML ≧ 4, or by northeast Pacific underwater hydrophone arrays, with a detection threshold of ML ≧ 2. To monitor seismicity, four OBSs were deployed at the Cleft segment for 11 days during August 1990. These OBSs detected 34 regional earthquakes associated with adjacent transform faults. In addition, 10 local microearthquakes (ML = 0 to 1) were observed over a 10-km segment of the ridge crest. Four local events were detected sufficiently well by multiple instruments to allow their hypocenters to be determined; all these events occurred within the rift valley of the Cleft segment spreading axis. Three events lie directly beneath a linear surface zone of hydrothermal venting. This zone has been identified as the site of a seafloor volcanic eruption, dike injection, and large-scale hydrothermal venting or “megaplume” event that occurred during 1986 and 1987. These earthquakes were located at depths coincident with the dike injection zone. A possible mechanism for earthquake production might be tectonic release of stress acquired during the dike injection, either along the dike zone or along the bounding faults of the rift valley. An alternative mechanism may be stress release associated with hydrothermal activity and cooling of the dike. A fourth event was located southeast of the linear hydrothermal venting and dike injection zone, at a depth coincident with the spreading center crustal melt zone. These observations suggest that the Cleft segment may primarily experience seismic events correlated with periods of volcanic intrusion.
A Bayesian nonlinear inversion of seismic body-wave attenuation factors
Authors: Gao S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIt is a well-known fact that the uncertainties in measuring relative attenuation factors within a local or regional seismic network are usually high, due to noise of different kinds and unrealistic assumptions. Numerical experiments using nine synthetic seismograms, created using t* values ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 sec, reveal that the commonly used spectral ratio method is strongly affected by the selection of data processing parameters such as width of the spectral smoothing window, reference station, and so on. The numerical experiments demonstrate that a Bayesian nonlinear inversion approach that directly matches the spectra is better at finding the correct parameters used to generate the synthetic seismograms. The Bayesian inversion approach uses a priori information to simultaneously search for the t* values, the common spectrum for all the records from an event, and the near-receiver amplification factors by using all the recordings from an event. When z, the ratio of Gaussian noise to signal, ≦ 0.1, the spectral ratio and Bayesian methods yield similar results with mean t* measurement errors &lt;0.05 sec. For 0.1 &lt; z ≦ 0.8, the mean errors of the spectral ratio method are larger than 0.1 sec and in some cases as large as 0.6 sec, while those of the Bayesian method are less than 0.08 sec. Frequency-independent t* and near-receiver amplification factors are assumed. A multi-step procedure is proposed to reject records with a large misfit.
Nonlinearity, liquefaction, and velocity variation of soft soil layers in Port Island, Kobe, during the Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake
Authors: Aguirre Jorge , Irikura Kojiro 
Published: September 2021

AbstractClear nonlinear behavior is analyzed from the acceleration records of the 1995 Hyogo-ken Nanbu earthquake at Port Island, Kobe. From four triaxial instruments placed at four different depths, the surficial effects during strong ground motions were compared with those during weak motions before and after the mainshock. We used a spectral ratio technique and a nonlinear inversion for velocity structure to analyze the data. From the spectral analysis, we observed a large variation of the spectral ratios between the surface and different depths during the strong ground motions and during the liquefied state. The spectral ratios after the mainshock (i.e., after the liquefied state) are different from those before the mainshock. The peak frequencies in the spectral ratios after the mainshock are shifted to lower frequencies with respect to those in the spectral ratios before the mainshock. We inverted the S-wave velocities using a genetic algorithm technique to determine the velocity structure before, during, and after the mainshock. The S-wave velocity structure before and after the mainshock was found to be different. Specifically, the S-wave velocity of the second layer (5 m to 16 m depth) after the mainshock was 20% lower than before. Our analysis shows that the liquefied state remains at least 3 hr after the mainshock but no more than 24 hr. The rigidity of the soil decreased close to zero when liquefaction happened and later increases gradually following a trend that resembles a consolidation curve. The strong influence of nonlinearity during the mainshock yielded a big reduction of the horizontal surface ground motions, so that the observed horizontal peak acceleration was only about 25% of the peak acceleration expected from the linear theory. However, the nonlinear effects in the vertical peak acceleration were not significant.
Seimological studies at Parkfield V: Characteristic microearthquake sequences as fault-zone drilling targets
Authors: Nadeau R. M. , McEvilly T. V. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractStudies at very high resolution of microearthquakes at Parkfield, California, since 1987 reveal a systematic organization in space and time, dominated by clustering of nearly identical, regularly occurring microearthquakes (characteristic events) on 10 to 20-m-wide patches within the fault zone. More than half of the 4000+ events in our 1987 to 1996 catalog exhibit this trait. In general, recurrence intervals (0.5 to 2 yr) scale with the magnitude of the repeating events for the on-scale range (Mw 0.2 to 1.3) in this study. The similar waveforms, superimposed locations, quasi-periodic recurrence, and uniform size of these characteristic events permit relative hypocenter location accuracy of meters and predictable occurrence times within windows of a few months. Clustered characteristic events occur at depths as shallow as about 3 km, and these are feasible targets for deep scientific drilling and observation at the focus of a subsequent small earthquake within an active plate-boundary fault zone. At Parkfield, the achievable location accuracy to which a hypocenter can be specified as well as the predictability of its occurrence time appear to be uniquely favorable for in situ fault-zone measurements.
Comparison of recent probabilistic seismic hazard maps for southern California
Authors: Stirling Mark W. , Wesnousky Steven G. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractProbabilistic seismic hazard (PSH) maps for southern California produced from the models of Ward (1994), the Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (1995), and the U.S. Geological Survey and California Division of Mines and Geology (Frankel et al., 1996; Petersen et al., 1996) show the peak ground accelerations predicted with each model to occur at 10% probability in 50 years, and the probability that 0.2 g will occur in 30 years, for “rock” site conditions. Differences among the maps range up to 0.4 g and 50%, respectively. We examine the locations and magnitudes of the differences as a basis to define the issues and avenues of research that may lead to more confident estimates of PSH in the future. Our analysis shows that three major factors contribute to the observed differences between the maps. They are the size of maximum magnitude assigned to a given fault, the proportion of predicted earthquakes that are distributed off the major faults, and the use of geodetic strain data to predict earthquake rates.
Evidence from a cluster of small earthquakes for a fault at 18 km depth beneath Oak Ridge, southern California
Authors: Shearer Peter M. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA swarm of about 50 small earthquakes (M ∼ 1.5) occurred for a month during 1989 beneath Oak Ridge, southern California. Location accuracy using conventional analysis of arrival-time picks is limited for these events by the weak, emergent nature of arrivals on the available seismograms. However, waveform cross-correlation techniques are found to provide precise relative event locations due to the similarity of the waveforms recorded at individual stations. The relocated events form a small cluster about 1 km across at a depth of ∼ 18 km and are aligned along a plane that dips 35° to the northwest. Estimated standard errors for the locations are generally less than 50 m. The time evolution of the sequence shows a gradual migration of activity away from its initiation point. Three additional events occurred several months later; these align along the same plane but are displaced about 500 m to the southeast from the main swarm. Reliable fault-plane solutions are difficult to obtain for these events due to the small number of station records available, the limited range of takeoff angles, and the weak initial arrivals on many of the seismograms. Stacking the records at each station over the different events greatly reduces prearrival noise levels and assists in resolving the average P first motions. Analysis of these first-motion data indicates that the slip planes of probable focal mechanisms are not in agreement with the plane defined by the seismicity. The seismicity alignment may represent the extension of the Simi fault, in which case some shallowing of the fault dip would be required to match the observed 35° dip at 18 km.
Analysis of Parboiled Rice Processing in Northern Region of Ghana: Determinants, Constraints and Opportunities
Authors: Adams Abdulai , Jumpah Emmanuel Tetteh , Ilesanmi Kehinde Damilola , Bennin Hajei Douri 
Published: September 2021

Constraints,
Determinants,
Northern region,
Probit model,
Parboil rice
This paper aims at understanding the current dynamics that underlie the parboil rice industry in the Northern Region of Ghana and the analysis focuses on the determinants, constraints, and opportunities. Study utilise recent primary data collected (March-April 2019) from 270 rice processors across two districts purposively selected. Quantitative analysis was done using Probit and non-parametric methods to identify determinants and rank constraints associated with local rice parboiling. The findings revealed that rice parboiling is the primary activity of women and Jasmine and AGRA rice is the most commonly varieties processed. Grades and standards for parboiling rice exist but enforcement in the marketplace is weak. Education level, age and experience of processors are the key determinants of rice parboiling in the Northern Region. Inadequate technical know-how, low capacity of processing equipment, lack of grades and standards, general low prices and demand, and lack of finance are the main constraints hindering the proper development of the local rice industry and efficient participation of households in markets. Emerging opportunities in the sector which women and youth could take advantage for better livelihoods includes sale to institutions (schools, prisons, and hospitals), packaging, and the government input subsidy programme.
A Cross-Sectional Study for Evaluation of KRAS and BRAF Mutations by Reverse Dot Blot, PCR-RFLP, and Allele-Specific PCR Methods Among Patients with Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Sheikhsofla Fatemeh , Poopak Behzad , Firuzyar Sajjad , Roudbari Fatemeh , Ghadiany Mojtaba 
Published: September 2021

Background: KRAS and BRAF genes are the biomarkers in Colorectal Cancer (CRC) which play prognostic and predictive roles in CRC treatment. Nowadays, the selection of rapid and available methods for studying KRAS and BRAF mutations in anti-EGFR therapy of patients suffering from CRC plays a significant role. In this study, the mutations of these two oncogenes were evaluated by different methods.
Methods: This study was performed on 50 Formalin-Fixed Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks of patients diagnosed with colorectal cancer. After DNA extraction, KRAS and BRAF gene mutations were evaluated using reverse dot blot, and results were compared with PCR-RFLP and allele-specific PCR for KRAS and BRAF mutations, respectively.
Results: KRAS gene mutations were detected in 42% of patients, of which 30% were in codon 12 region, and 12% in codon 13. The most frequent mutations of KRAS were related to G12D and 10% of patients had BRAF mutated genes. The type of KRAS gene mutations could be evaluated by reverse dot blot method. In general, the results of PCR-RFLP and allele-specific PCR were similar to the findings by reverse dot blot method.
Conclusion: These findings suggest that PCR-RFLP and allele-specific PCR methods are suitable for screening the presence of the mutations in KRAS and BRAF oncogenes. In fact, another method with more sensitivity is needed for a more accurate assessment to determine the type of mutations. Due to higher speed of detection, reduced Turnaround Time (TAT), and possible role of some KRAS point mutations in overall survival, reverse dot blot analysis seems to be an optimal method.
Ways to Overcome Poverty and Income Inequality in the Context of New Global Challenges: the Most Important Conclusions for Ukraine
Authors: Ramskyi Andrii 
Published: September 2021

The article examines the risks of deepening poverty and income inequality that arise from global challenges of population aging, job losses due to shrinking sales markets, trade wars, long-term quarantine and compliance with the safe distancing of people as part of restrictive measures against the spread of COVID–19, the nature of employment (remote work, temporary reduction of labor migration), and other norms in the fight against the dangerous contagious disease. Given the facts that the prevention of spreading and localization of dangerous diseases, their treatment, and the rehabilitation of patients affect all segments of the population, have negative effects on all areas of people’s lives and also add to the increase of socio-economic risks, including poverty and inequality, the study of this issue is extremely relevant. The financial implications of these challenges for many households lead to falling real incomes, and an increase in costs and debts, and their non-repayment, which generally cause sudden poverty and increasing inequality of income and property.
Purpose of the article: To investigate the risks of poverty, including sudden poverty, the inequality of household incomes amid the fight against the COVID–19 pandemic, and it identifies ways to overcome them. Methods: A review of the scientific literature, a presentation of statistical data, and statistical research.
Findings & Value added: As a result of research, a list of new risks of poverty and income inequality is outlined, and preliminary assessments of the consequences of the COVID–19 for households are summarized; signs of short-term loss are generalized; the solvency of households as a possible precondition for sudden poverty is evaluated; cross‑country comparisons of poverty risk are made; the scheme of state aid to improve living standards of people during the outbreak of new dangerous diseases in the EU and Ukraine is generalized; ways to overcome poverty and income inequality are substantiated to restore the resilience of financially vulnerable households and ensuring the development of human capital.
Analyzing and Strategizing the Development of Entrepreneurial Activity Based on the Principles of Increasing Productivity (Illustrated by the Example of Developed Countries and Ukraine)
Authors: Burkynskyi Borys Volodymyrovych , Goryachuk Valeriy Fedorovych , Laiko Oleksandr Ivanovych , Lisyuk Volodymyr Mytrofanovych , Shlafman Nataliia Leonidivna , Bondarenko Olena Volodymyrivna 
Published: September 2021

The article presents the results of a comparative analysis of productivity in developed countries, including EU countries and Ukraine. Hypotheses about the identity of the deindustrialization factor as the main cause for productivity decrease for both the Ukrainian economy and the economic systems of developed countries are verified.
Purpose of the article: To develop a comprehensive methodological approach to strategizing and state regulation of the business environment based on guidelines developed according to the results of a comparative analysis of the productivity of entrepreneurial activities and focused on maximizing the creation of added value, which is a criterion for increasing the productivity of entrepreneurial activities.
Methods used: A review of the scientific literature, a comparative analysis of the productivity of entrepreneurial activity in developed countries and Ukraine, including time series analysis, calculating growth rates of per capita value-added, and factor analysis of key obstacles that hinder the growth of the productivity of innovative entrepreneurial activity.
The contribution made to the theory and methodology of productivity includes the proposed definition of the economic category “productivity of entrepreneurial activity”; general methodological principles of forming a strategy for improving the productivity of entrepreneurial activities are established; taking into account the best international experience, the main principles of state regulation of the entrepreneurial environment are laid down; it is established that the purpose of the strategy for improving the productivity of entrepreneurial activity is to provide the state with favorable business conditions, i.e., to create a favorable entrepreneurial environment and make it possible to identify and use hidden assets of entrepreneurial structures to develop value-added chains, the growth of which is a criterion for increasing productivity.
Cadenas de valor cortas hortícolas en Lima – Perú
Authors: Rendón Schneir Eric 
Published: September 2021

La ciudad de Lima, capital del Perú, tiene en la actualidad 10 millones de habitantes y la pandemia del Covid-19 ha puesto en evidencia las vulnerabilidades referidas a la seguridad alimentaria en Lima. El objetivo de la presente investigación es analizar la producción de hortalizas en la ciudad de Lima con el fin de generar información que brinde a los planificadores e investigadores criterios para el desarrollo de la producción agraria en la ciudad de Lima. A pesar que en los últimos 45 años han disminuido las áreas agrícolas, el volumen de producción de hortalizas viene aumentando desde el año 2002; esto a pesar de que las parcelas agrícolas tienen las características de un minifundio. Una explicación posible para el crecimiento de la producción es la demanda creciente de hortalizas de los consumidores de la ciudad de Lima. Al evaluar los factores que inciden en esta demanda creciente, los ingresos per-cápita fueron una variable explicativa, mientras que la variable precio no lo fue. Con la presente investigación se busca contribuir a mejorar la seguridad alimentaria y la nutrición en la ciudad, además de generar mejoras ambientales y sociales, destacando las potencialidades del autoabastecimiento hortícola en la ciudad de bajo un enfoque de cadenas de valor cortas en el contexto del Covid-19.
The COVID-19 pandemic and changes in the level of contact between older parents and their non-coresident children: A European study
Authors: Vergauwen Jorik , Delaruelle Katrijn , Dykstra Pearl A. , Bracke Piet , Mortelmans Dimitri 
Published: September 2021

Objective: The present study aims to investigate changes in the frequency of parent-child contact among Europeans aged 65 years and over within the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, while recognizing heterogeneity within the group of older adults.
Background: Physical distancing measures have been implemented worldwide to curb the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although this policy has proven to be effective in flattening the curve, it undoubtedly posed a serious challenge to intergenerational relations. Experts hinted that physical distancing measures may have reduced older adults’ level of contact with their non-coresident children. However, empirical evidence is lacking.
Method: Data from the SHARE COVID-19 questionnaire and previous SHARE waves for 26,077 individuals from 26 European countries and Israel were used and analyzed using multilevel multinomial logistic regression analysis.
Results: The analysis revealed that older adults’ level of intergenerational contact remained stable or even increased – rather than decreased – during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite the overall positive outcome, some subgroups (i.e., older men, residents of nursing homes, less educated older adults and older adults living in countries with less stringent COVID-19 measures) were more likely to report reduced intergenerational contact.
Conclusion: Although variation was observed among older adults, the pandemic generally did not pose a threat to their level of intergenerational contact with non-coresident children.
"Conhecemos tudo que é regra de luta"
Authors: Corrado Elis Fernanda 
Published: September 2021

O processo histórico vivenciado pelos Guarani e Kaiowá, somado a vida em áreas de reservas, que há muito tempo enfrentam problemas com a falta de terra e com o aumento demográfico fazem parte dos elementos que corroboraram para o surgimento das retomadas indígenas no sul do Mato Grosso do Sul. No final do anos de 1980 e início dos anos de 1990 grupos indígenas Guarani e Kaiowá passaram a fazer ocupações de áreas reconhecidas por esses povos como terras de ocupação tradicional, bem como a montar acampamentos, localizados às margens de rodovias, com a finalidade de reivindicar novas demarcações. Nesse artigo, discuto como as reservas não são apenas espaços que limitam os processos de mobilidade espacial - ao impor fronteiras e um padrão de territorialidade- mas também, como propulsora de uma circulação que viabiliza a organização de coletivos, de reivindicações políticas e a emergência de novas formas de vida, como nas áreas de retomadas. Através desse olhar, o objetivo desse artigo é pensar as áreas de retomadas, tanto como uma possibilidade de retorno a terra tradicional, como fortalecedora das mobilidades Guarani e Kaiowá que, em conjunto com as reservas e os centros urbanos, criam uma rede por onde objetos, pessoas e conhecimento circulam e se conectam.