bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First‐principles based theoretical investigation of impact of polyolefin structure on photooxidation behavior
Authors: Khatri Vikas , Dhattarwal Harender S. , Kashyap Hemant K. , Singh Gurmeet 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDespite their mass production and large applications, polyolefins' stability and durability toward the air, moisture, and weather resistance is a challenge for the ecosystem. After long‐term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation or high‐temperature or erosion, polyolefins undergo degradation generating microplastics (MPs). The MPs generated after the degradation of these polyolefins are hazardous for the ecosystem. In the present work, we have carried out density functional theory (DFT) studies to investigate the photodegradation of six different polyolefins ranging from polyethylene to polydecene, differing in side‐chain. Herein, we have investigated photooxidized derivatives of different polyolefins and analyzed their relative stability, conformations, UV–visible spectral behavior, and carbonyl index. The photooxidized derivatives of various polyolefins formed during degradation are examined. The time‐dependent density functional theory analysis confirms that the carbonyl groups of photooxidized products show absorption peak in Infrared (IR) and visible region, acting as light‐absorbing species. The relative stabilities of hydroperoxide formed during photo/thermal oxidation of different polyolefins have been evaluated to explain the degradation behavior. The oligomerization and stabilization energies of their corresponding hydroperoxide's were computed and analyzed to explain the degradation behavior of the polyolefins. The computed results suggest that polyolefins in their pristine state are stable toward photooxidation, but chemical impurities like carbonyl, unsaturated carbonyl, carboxylic acid, and hydroperoxide derivatives make them prone to undergo degradation, a fundamental process leading to generation of MPs. The comparative results confirmed that the side‐chain length affects the stability and degradation of different polyolefins toward photooxidation.
A quantitative structure–activity relationship study on CXL017 derivatives as effective drugs for cancer treatment
Authors: Nekoei Mehdi , Mohammadhosseini Majid , Pourbasheer Eslam 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA novel quantitative structure–activity relationship study was established on a set of ethyl‐2‐amino‐6‐(3.5‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐4‐(2‐ethoxy‐2‐oxoethyl)‐4H‐chromene‐3 carboxylate (CXL017) derivatives to predict their half‐maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values. A principal component analysis pattern was first used to divide the whole data set into training and test sets. Then, stepwise (SW) and genetic algorithm (GA) feature selection approaches were selected to choose the proper molecular descriptors which were then subjected to multiple linear regression (MLR). Accordingly, linear models consisting of seven and six molecular descriptors were constructed and their stability was further checked using leave‐one‐out (LOO) and leave group out (LGO) cross‐validation techniques. In addition, the 15 compounds of the test set were further directed to external statistical validation to assess the forecasting capability of the generated models. A simple comparison of the results obtained by the two methodologies showed that the GA‐MLR model had some superiorities versus the SW‐MLR modeling approach, for example, R2train = 0.832, R2test = 0.816, Q2LOO = 0.788 and Q2LGO = 0.796, Ftrain = 44.01, Ftest = 6.67, MSEtrain = 0.069, MSEtest = 0.053 for the computation of the relevant IC50 values. Based on the information derived from the generated models, some key features are identifiable to appraise the activity of the organic drugs that can be used to design new anticancer agents.
Assessment of the knowledge and awareness of pediatric residents and pediatricians about autism spectrum disorder at a single center in Turkey
Authors: Çitil Gülce , Çöp Esra , Açıkel Sadettin Burak , Sarı Eyüp , Karacan Can Demir , Şenel Saliha 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder and pediatricians play a critical role in early diagnosis. This study was conducted to evaluate the knowledge, beliefs, and experiences of pediatric residents and pediatricians about ASD. A 35‐item questionnaire consisting of two sections was administered. The diagnostic features section consisted of questions measuring the level of knowledge about diagnostic criteria of ASD. The general knowledge and beliefs section consisted of questions about beliefs and experiences regarding ASD. The study consisted of 101 participants. Mean score obtained by all participants from the diagnostic features section was 5.78 ± 1.65. The mean scores obtained by residents and pediatricians from the diagnostic features section were 5.35 ± 1.5 and 6.31 ± 1.68. Pediatricians obtained higher scores significantly than residents from diagnostic features section (t = −2.99, p = 0.004). The mean scores obtained by residents and pediatricians from section of general knowledge and beliefs were 13.69 ± 3 and 14.48 ± 3.15. This difference was not significant (t = −1.27, p = 0.225). This study suggests that participants' knowledge and awareness about ASD was insufficient and while pediatricians knew more about the diagnostic criteria, their awareness and approach regarding ASD were no different from pediatric residents in general practice.
How do peer support workers value self‐directed growth over conventional change goals among young people experiencing homelessness?
Authors: Erangey James , Marvin Connor , Littman Danielle M. , Bender Kim , Mollica Meredith , Milligan Tara , Lucas Tom 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study is to explore how peer support workers (individuals with similar lived experiences employed to provide support) conceptualize change work with young people experiencing homelessness. The present study used participatory qualitative methods, including semistructured interviews and journaling with peer support workers and program supervisors and administrators, to understand how peers understand change work with young people experiencing homelessness. This study found that peers center self‐directed growth among young people experiencing homelessness, rather than change that prioritizes meeting program‐directed outcomes such as obtaining housing or gaining employment. Peer relationships invite possibility and create containers of hope when supporting young people experiencing homelessness, regardless of their paths. Lastly, peers recognize that growth happens in seasons, and embrace such seasons as checkpoints on youths' journeys. Such findings may guide service providers beginning peer programming or those considering models for engaging young people experiencing homelessness in relationship‐supported growth.
1,25‐Dihydroxyvitamin D3 and dietary vitamin D reduce inflammation in mice lacking intestinal epithelial cell Rab11a
Authors: Goswami Sayantani , Flores Juan , Balasubramanian Iyshwarya , Bandyopadhyay Sheila , Joseph Ivor , Bianchi‐Smak Jared , Dhawan Puneet , Mücahit Derya M. , Yu Shiyan , Christakos Sylvia , Gao Nan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA number of studies have examined the effects of 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) on intestinal inflammation driven by immune cells, while little information is currently available about its impact on inflammation caused by intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) defects. Mice lacking IEC‐specific Rab11a a recycling endosome small GTPase resulted in increased epithelial cell production of inflammatory cytokines, notably IL‐6 and early onset of enteritis. To determine whether vitamin D supplementation may benefit hosts with epithelial cell‐originated mucosal inflammation, we evaluated in vivo effects of injected 1,25(OH)2D3 or dietary supplement of a high dose of vitamin D on the gut phenotypes of IEC‐specific Rab11a knockout mice (Rab11aΔIEC). 1,25(OH)2D3 administered at 25 ng, two doses per mouse, by intraperitoneal injection, reduced inflammatory cytokine production in knockout mice compared to vehicle‐injected mice. Remarkably, feeding mice with dietary vitamin D supplementation at 20,000 IU/kg spanning fetal and postnatal developmental stages led to improved bodyweights, reduced immune cell infiltration, and decreased inflammatory cytokines. We found that these vitamin D effects were accompanied by decreased NF‐κB (p65) in the knockout intestinal epithelia, reduced tissue‐resident macrophages, and partial restoration of epithelial morphology. Our study suggests that dietary vitamin D supplementation may prevent and limit intestinal inflammation in hosts with high susceptibility to chronic inflammation.
DPP4 reduces proinflammatory cytokine production in human rheumatoid arthritis synovial fibroblasts
Authors: Han Chien‐Kuo , Lee Wei‐Fang , Hsu Chin‐Jung , Huang Yuan‐Li , Lin Chih‐Yang , Tsai Chun‐Hao , Huang Chien‐Chung , Fong Yi‐Chin , Wu Min‐Huan , Liu Ju‐Fang , Tang Chih‐Hsin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disorder that is characterized by increasing levels of proinflammatory cytokines. The ubiquitous enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP4, also known as CD26) regulates different immune disorders, although the effects of DPP4 in RA are uncertain. Here, we found lower levels of DPP4 in RA synovial tissues compared with normal tissues. DPP4 levels were also lower in a rat collagen‐induced arthritis model than in control (healthy) rats. Overexpression of DPP4 or exogenous treatment of RA synovial fibroblasts with DPP4 reduced levels of proinflammatory interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐13, and increased anti‐inflammatory IL‐10 synthesis, while DPP4 inhibitors sitagliptin and vildagliptin increased proinflammatory cytokine production, indicating an enhanced risk of RA development. The evidence suggests that increasing DPP4 expression is a novel strategy for RA disease.
Meta‐analysis of genome‐wide DNA methylation and integrative omics of age in human skeletal muscle
Authors: Voisin Sarah , Jacques Macsue , Landen Shanie , Harvey Nicholas R. , Haupt Larisa M. , Griffiths Lyn R. , Gancheva Sofiya , Ouni Meriem , Jähnert Markus , Ashton Kevin J. , Coffey Vernon G. , Thompson Jamie‐Lee M. , Doering Thomas M. , Gabory Anne , Junien Claudine , Caiazzo Robert , Verkindt Hélène , Raverdy Violetta , Pattou François , Froguel Philippe , Craig Jeffrey M. , Blocquiaux Sara , Thomis Martine , Sharples Adam P. , Schürmann Annette , Roden Michael , Horvath Steve , Eynon Nir 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundKnowledge of age‐related DNA methylation changes in skeletal muscle is limited, yet this tissue is severely affected by ageing in humans.MethodsWe conducted a large‐scale epigenome‐wide association study meta‐analysis of age in human skeletal muscle from 10 studies (total n = 908 muscle methylomes from men and women aged 18–89 years old). We explored the genomic context of age‐related DNA methylation changes in chromatin states, CpG islands, and transcription factor binding sites and performed gene set enrichment analysis. We then integrated the DNA methylation data with known transcriptomic and proteomic age‐related changes in skeletal muscle. Finally, we updated our recently developed muscle epigenetic clock (https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/html/MEAT.html).ResultsWe identified 6710 differentially methylated regions at a stringent false discovery rate <0.005, spanning 6367 unique genes, many of which related to skeletal muscle structure and development. We found a strong increase in DNA methylation at Polycomb target genes and bivalent chromatin domains and a concomitant decrease in DNA methylation at enhancers. Most differentially methylated genes were not altered at the mRNA or protein level, but they were nonetheless strongly enriched for genes showing age‐related differential mRNA and protein expression. After adding a substantial number of samples from five datasets (+371), the updated version of the muscle clock (MEAT 2.0, total n = 1053 samples) performed similarly to the original version of the muscle clock (median of 4.4 vs. 4.6 years in age prediction error), suggesting that the original version of the muscle clock was very accurate.ConclusionsWe provide here the most comprehensive picture of DNA methylation ageing in human skeletal muscle and reveal widespread alterations of genes involved in skeletal muscle structure, development, and differentiation. We have made our results available as an open‐access, user‐friendly, web‐based tool called MetaMeth (https://sarah‐voisin.shinyapps.io/MetaMeth/).
Inhibition of circ_0081234 reduces prostate cancer tumor growth and metastasis via the miR‐1/MAP 3 K1 axis
Authors: Zhang Guangyao , Liu Yibin , Yang Jianhui , Wang Haiming , Xing Zhengwei 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionCircular RNAs (circRNAs) are crucial regulators of tumor occurrence and progression, and circRNAs are enriched and stable in exosomes. The present study aimed to explore the role and potential mechanism of cancer‐derived exosomal circ_0081234 in prostate cancer (PCa).MethodsExosomes were extracted using the ExoQuick Precipitation Kit (System Biosciences, Mountain View, CA, USA). The levels of circ_0081234, miR‐1 and mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase kinase 1 (MAP 3 K1) were examined using a quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction or western blotting. Cell migration and invasion were evaluated via a transwell assay. The protein levels of N‐cadherin, vimentin and E‐cadherin were detected by western blotting. The interaction between miR‐1 and circ_0081234 or MAP 3 K1 was verified via a dual‐luciferase reporter assay and an RNA pull‐down assay.ResultsThe circ_0081234 level was increased in PCa tissues with spinal metastasis in comparison to primary PCa tissues without spinal metastasis. Exosomal circ_0081234 promoted the migration, invasion and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of PCa cells. Knockdown of circ_0081234 blocked PCa cell progression by regulating miR‐1. In addition, miR‐1 overexpression suppressed PCa cell progression by repressing MAP 3 K1. Moreover, circ_0081234 increased MAP 3 K1 level via sponging miR‐1. Depletion of circ_0081234 inhibited tumor growth in vivo.ConclusionsExosomal circ_0081234 promoted migration, invasion and epithelial–mesenchymal transition of PCa cells by regulating the miR‐1/MAP 3 K1 axis.
Progress in the chemistry of functional aramids properties
Authors: Mishra Nikita , Madhad Himanshu , Vasava Dilip 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHigh‐performance polymers based on amide aromatic rings are known as wholly aromatic polyamides or aramids. The arrangement and admirable properties of aramids are built on the basis of amide linkage and rigid aromaticity. Aramids are attractive because of their extraordinary bond strengths and very high stiffness. Synthetic aromatic polymeric chains provide increased mechanical resistance and thermal softening compared to aliphatic aramids. In addition, aramids exhibit high thermal stability, low creep, and good optical activity with fluorescence. Hence, aramids are found in advanced arenas for engineering thermoplastics such as transport applications, electroactive materials, films, bullet‐proof body armor, smart materials, protective clothing, fibers, in nanocomposites as asbestos alternatives, cutting edge complexes in arming, high‐temperature lining material, in space engineering, and more. The objective of this review is to make the field of aramids functionality more accessible to the materials science community, that is, scientists, academicians, and engineers.
Getting resources to those who need them: the evidence we need to budget for underserved populations in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Long Lawrence C , Rosen Sydney , Nichols Brooke , Larson Bruce A , Ndlovu Nhlanhla , Meyer‐Rath Gesine 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionIn recent years, many countries have adopted evidence‐based budgeting (EBB) to encourage the best use of limited and decreasing HIV resources. The lack of data and evidence for hard to reach, marginalized and vulnerable populations could cause EBB to further disadvantage those who are already underserved and who carry a disproportionate HIV burden (USDB). We outline the critical data required to use EBB to support USDB people in the context of the generalized epidemics of sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA).DiscussionTo be considered in an EBB cycle, an intervention needs at a minimum to have an estimate of a) the average cost, typically per recipient of the intervention; b) the effectiveness of the intervention and c) the size of the intervention target population. The methods commonly used for general populations are not sufficient for generating valid estimates for USDB populations. USDB populations may require additional resources to learn about, access, and/or successfully participate in an intervention, increasing the cost per recipient. USDB populations may experience different health outcomes and/or other benefits than in general populations, influencing the effectiveness of the interventions. Finally, USDB population size estimation is critical for accurate programming but is difficult to obtain with almost no national estimates for countries in SSA. We explain these limitations and make recommendations for addressing them.ConclusionsEBB is a strong tool to achieve efficient allocation of resources, but in SSA the evidence necessary for USDB populations may be lacking. Rather than excluding USDB populations from the budgeting process, more should be invested in understanding the needs of these populations.
Reductions in HIV incidence are likely to increase the importance of key population programmes for HIV control in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Garnett Geoff P 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionAn efficient HIV response requires that resources be focussed on effective interventions for those most at risk of acquiring and transmitting infection. As HIV epidemics evolve the distribution of HIV across key and other populations will change. Here, the epidemiological concepts underpinning these changes are described and the importance of appropriate allocation of effective interventions is discussed.DiscussionIn many sub‐Saharan African countries HIV epidemics have been categorized as “generalized,” and HIV testing, treatment and prevention interventions have focussed on the “general” population. As HIV epidemics are better controlled the relative importance of “key” populations will increase, dominating the ongoing burden of disease and providing the potential for repeated outbreaks of HIV if interventions are relaxed. The basic reproductive number (R0) describes the potential for an infectious disease to spread at the boundary of invasion or elimination, whereas the effective reproduction number (Rt) describes the current potential for spread. Heterogeneity in risk means that while Rtis temporarily below one and prevalence declining, the R0can remain above one, preventing eventual elimination. Patterns of HIV acquisition are often used to guide interventions but inadequately capture the transmission dynamics of the virus and the most efficient approach to controlling HIV. Risks for HIV acquisition are not identical to risks for HIV transmission and will change depending on the epidemiological context. In addition to the challenges in measuring HIV transmission dynamics, there is a tension between using epidemiology to drive the HIV response and the social and political realities constraining how programmes and providers can practically and appropriately focus on key populations and maintain political support. In addition to being well focussed, interventions need to be effective and cost‐effective, which requires a better understanding of packages of interventions rather than specific tools.ConclusionsContinued control of HIV will increasingly rely on resources, programmes and interventions supporting key populations. Current epidemiological and programmatic approaches for key populations in sub‐Saharan Africa are insufficient with a need for an improved understanding of local epidemiology and the effectiveness of interventions.
A decade and beyond: learnings from HIV programming with underserved and marginalized key populations in Kenya
Authors: Musyoki Helgar , Bhattacharjee Parinita , Sabin Keith , Ngoksin Ed , Wheeler Tisha , Dallabetta Gina 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionKey populations (KP) continue to account for high HIV incidence globally. Still, prioritization of KP in the national HIV prevention response remains insufficient, leading to their suboptimal access to HIV programmes. This commentary aims to share Kenya’s challenges and successes in achieving 2020 global HIV targets and scaling up the KP programme in the last decade.DiscussionThe KP programme in Kenya has scaled up in the last decade with the inclusion of female sex workers (FSW), men who have sex with men (MSM), people who inject drugs (PWID), transgender people and people in prisons as priority populations in the national HIV response. KP coverage based on official size estimates for FSW is 73%, for MSM is 82%, for PWID through needle syringe programme (NSP) is 71%, and through opioid substitution therapy (OST) is 26% and for transgender people is 5%. The service outcomes for KP have been relatively strong in prevention with high condom use at last paid sex for FSW (92%) and use of sterile equipment among PWID (88%), though condom use at last sex with a non‐regular partner among MSM (78%) is still low. The KP programme has not met care continuum targets for all subpopulations with low case findings. The national KP programme led by the Ministry of Health has scaled up the programme through (a) strategic partnerships with KP‐led and competent organizations, researchers and donors; (b) development of policy guidance and programme standards; (c) continuous sensitization and advocacy to garner support; (d) development of national reporting systems, among others. However, the programme is still struggling with uncertain size estimates; lack of updated bio‐behavioural survey data; inadequate scale‐up of interventions among transgender people and people in prison settings; gaps in reaching adolescent and young KP, and effectively addressing structural barriers like violence and stigma.ConclusionsTo reach the ambitious global HIV targets, sufficient coverage of KP with quality HIV programmes is critical. Despite scaling up the KP programme, Kenya has not yet achieved the 2020 global HIV targets and needs more efforts to scale‐up quality programmes for KP who are underserved in the HIV response.