bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Probability and arguments: Keynes’s legacy
Authors: Peden William 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
John Maynard Keynes’s A Treatise on Probability is the seminal text for the logical interpretation of probability. According to his analysis, probabilities are evidential relations between a hypothesis and some evidence, just like the relations of deductive logic. While some philosophers had suggested similar ideas prior to Keynes, it was not until his Treatise that the logical interpretation of probability was advocated in a clear, systematic and rigorous way. I trace Keynes’s influence in the philosophy of probability through a heterogeneous sample of thinkers who adopted his interpretation. This sample consists of Frederick C. Benenson, Roy Harrod, Donald C. Williams, Henry E. Kyburg and David Stove. The ideas of Keynes prove to be adaptable to their diverse theories of probability. My discussion indicates both the robustness of Keynes’s probability theory and the importance of its influence on the philosophers whom I describe. I also discuss the Problem of the Priors. I argue that none of those I discuss have obviously improved on Keynes’s theory with respect to this issue.
Fluorometric coupled enzyme assay for N-sulfotransferase activity of N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST)
Authors: Atienza Joshua , Tkachyova Ilona , Tropak Michael , Fan Xiaolian , Schulze Andreas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
N-Deacetylase/N-sulfotransferases (NDSTs) are critical enzymes in heparan sulfate (HS) biosynthesis. Radioactive labeling assays are the preferred methods to determine the N-sulfotransferase activity of NDST. In this study, we developed a fluorometric coupled enzyme assay that is suitable for the study of enzyme kinetics and inhibitory properties of drug candidates derived from a large-scale in silico screening targeting the sulfotransferase moiety of NDST1. The assay measures recombinant mouse NDST1 (mNDST1) sulfotransferase activity by employing its natural substrate adenosine 3′-phophoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS), a bacterial analog of desulphated human HS, Escherichia coli K5 capsular polysaccharide (K5), the fluorogenic substrate 4-methylumbelliferylsulfate and a double mutant of rat phenol sulfotransferase SULT1A1 K56ER68G. Enzyme kinetic analysis of mNDST1 performed with the coupled assay under steady state conditions at pH 6.8 and 37°C revealed Km (K5) 34.8 μM, Km (PAPS) 10.7 μM, Vmax (K5) 0.53 ± 0.13 nmol/min/μg enzyme, Vmax (PAPS) 0.69 ± 0.05 nmol/min/μg enzyme and the specific enzyme activity of 394 pmol/min/μg enzyme. The pH optimum of mNDST1 is pH 8.2. Our data indicate that mNDST1 is specific for K5 substrate. Finally, we showed that the mNDST1 coupled assay can be utilized to assess potential enzyme inhibitors for drug development.
‘A seamless transition’: how to sustain a community health worker scheme within the health system of Gombe state, northeast Nigeria
Authors: Wickremasinghe Deepthi , Alkali Hamza Yashua , Umar Nasir , Willey Barbara , Okolo Magdalene , Gana Ahmed , Shuaibu Abdulrahman , Anyanti Jennifer , Marchant Tanya , Spicer Neil 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Health interventions introduced as part of donor-funded projects need careful planning if they are to survive when donor funding ends. In northeast Nigeria, the Gombe State Primary Health Care Development Agency and implementing partners recognized this when introducing a Village Health Worker (VHW) Scheme in 2016. VHWs are a new cadre of community health worker, providing maternal, newborn and child health-related messages, basic healthcare and making referrals to health facilities. This paper presents a qualitative study focussing on the VHW Scheme’s sustainability and, hence, contributes to the body of literature on sustaining donor-funded interventions as well as presenting lessons aimed at decision-makers seeking to introduce similar schemes in other Nigerian states and in other low- and middle-income settings. In 2017 and 2018, we conducted 37 semi-structured interviews and 23 focus group discussions with intervention stakeholders and community members. Based on respondents’ accounts, six key actions emerged as essential in promoting the VHW Scheme’s sustainability: government ownership and transition of responsibilities, adapting the scheme for sustainability, motivating VHWs, institutionalizing the scheme within the health system, managing financial uncertainties and fostering community ownership and acceptance. Our study suggests that for a community health worker intervention to be sustainable, reflection and adaption, government and community ownership and a phased transition of responsibilities are crucial.
Multilevel governance framework on grievance redressal for patient rights violations in India
Authors: Putturaj Meena , Van Belle Sara , Engel Nora , Criel Bart , Krumeich Anja , Nagendrappa Prakash B , Srinivas Prashanth N 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The notion of patient rights encompasses the obligations of the state and healthcare providers to respect the dignity, autonomy and equality of care-seeking individuals in healthcare processes. Functional patient grievance redressal systems are key to ensuring that the rights of individuals seeking healthcare are protected. We critically examined the published literature from high-income and upper-middle-income countries to establish an analytical framework on grievance redressal for patient rights violations in health facilities. We then used lawsuits on patient rights violations from the Supreme Court of India to analyse the relevance of the developed framework to the Indian context. With market perspectives pervading the health sector, there is an increasing trend of adopting a consumerist approach to protecting patient rights. In this line, avenues for grievance redressal for patient rights violations are gaining traction. Some of the methods and instruments for patient rights implementation include charters, ombudsmen, tribunals, health professional councils, separating rules for redressal and professional liability in patient rights violations, blame-free reporting systems, direct community monitoring and the court system. The grievance redressal mechanisms for patient rights violations in health facilities showcase multilevel governance arrangements with overlapping decision-making units at the national and subnational levels. The privileged position of medical professionals in multilevel governance arrangements for grievance redressal puts care-seeking individuals at a disadvantaged position during dispute resolution processes. Inclusion of external structures in health services and the healthcare profession and laypersons in the grievance redressal processes is heavily contested. Normatively speaking, a patient grievance redressal system should be accessible, impartial and independent in its function, possess the required competence, have adequate authority, seek continuous quality improvement, offer feedback to the health system and be comprehensive and integrated within the larger healthcare regulatory architecture.
Pleural metastasis of atypical meningioma: a novel therapeutic approach
Authors: Drevet Gabrielle , de la Roche Eric , Jouanneau Emmanuel , Tronc François 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Meningiomas are the most common intracranial tumours in adults and they are infrequently associated with a metastasis clinical course. Pleural metastases are extremely rare and no guidelines on a specific treatment have been established. When localized, surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment, but there is a high risk of pleural recurrence. We aimed to describe a novel surgical approach in pleural metastasis of meningiomas. We report the case of a 41-year-old man with the medical history of surgically resected intracranial atypical meningioma. Nine years after diagnosis of atypical meningioma, a CT scan of the chest disclosed 10 pleural implants gathered in the fissure, in the paramediastinal pleura and at the base of the left hemithorax. Surgical resection was decided. Parietal and mediastinal pleura resection with visceral pleural lesions removal were performed. Cytoreductive surgery was associated with intrathoracic hyperthermic chemotherapy. Postoperative course was uneventful and no adjuvant therapy was undertaken. The patient is free of pleural recurrence 12 months post operatively. The present case report suggests that cytoreductive surgery with intrathoracic hyperthermic chemotherapy is feasible and safe in pleural metastasis from meningioma. Prolonged follow-up and prospective studies are mandatory to assess its oncological benefit.
Knowing What I Know Now: Youth Experiences of Dictatorship and Transitional Justice in the Gambia
Authors: Ndow Aminata 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article contributes to the empirical evidence concerning the reception of transitional justice processes and the experiences of youth in contexts of authoritarian rule. It explores how eight students in the Gambia receive, perceive and experience learning about what happened in the past by watching the testimonies told at the Truth Reconciliation and Reparations Commission. Based on conversational interviews, I argue that for the students in this study, the past enters the present as rememory. By recalling their rememories, an imaginative re-construction of the Jammeh past emerges which uncovers how the biopoliticized state functioned in everyday life, how loyalty and obedience to Jammeh was indoctrinated from a young age and how children remember. By paying attention to youth’s rememories and perceptions of the revelations of truth commissions, and the meanings they attribute to these revelations, transitional justice scholars and practitioners can gain a more holistic understanding of how youth experience and make sense of transitional justice processes.
Technology and Territorial Change in Conflict Settings: Migration Control in the Aegean Sea
Authors: İşleyen Beste 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHow does territorial change occur in conflict settings without a radical transformation of state interests and international norms? Territorial change is understood here as the unfolding of nonconflictual territorial visions, actions, and interactions in the absence of sovereignty transfer and/or transformation of the existing status of a disputed territory. This article addresses the question of territorial change in conflict settings by examining Turkey's coastal radar technology as an evolving border security infrastructure in the Aegean Sea. Entailing remotely controlled unmanned stations, mobile vehicles, and drones, Turkey's radar technology generates territorial change. Rather than merely enabling or constraining territorial engagement, technology actively produces territory by transforming it into a nonconflictual state. The altering of territory is achieved by the realignment of security conditioned by and functionally dependent on technology. Radar technology mediates Aegean security in ways that are different from its conventional external-oriented framework targeting another sovereign state. Yet, far from moving away from militarization, radar technology produces irregular migration as a new referent of militarized border security, while simultaneously bringing civilian actors to the fore. Territorial change materializes as technology alters the directionality of territorial vision, transforms “seeing” into “visualization,” and makes possible new types of sovereign violence.
DnaB helicase dynamics in bacterial DNA replication resolved by single-molecule studies
Authors: Spinks Richard R , Spenkelink Lisanne M , Stratmann Sarah A , Xu Zhi-Qiang , Stamford N Patrick J , Brown Susan E , Dixon Nicholas E , Jergic Slobodan , van Oijen Antoine M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In Escherichia coli, the DnaB helicase forms the basis for the assembly of the DNA replication complex. The stability of DnaB at the replication fork is likely important for successful replication initiation and progression. Single-molecule experiments have significantly changed the classical model of highly stable replication machines by showing that components exchange with free molecules from the environment. However, due to technical limitations, accurate assessments of DnaB stability in the context of replication are lacking. Using in vitro fluorescence single-molecule imaging, we visualise DnaB loaded on forked DNA templates. That these helicases are highly stable at replication forks, indicated by their observed dwell time of ∼30 min. Addition of the remaining replication factors results in a single DnaB helicase integrated as part of an active replisome. In contrast to the dynamic behaviour of other replisome components, DnaB is maintained within the replisome for the entirety of the replication process. Interestingly, we observe a transient interaction of additional helicases with the replication fork. This interaction is dependent on the τ subunit of the clamp-loader complex. Collectively, our single-molecule observations solidify the role of the DnaB helicase as the stable anchor of the replisome, but also reveal its capacity for dynamic interactions.
CT findings of congenital neonatal pyriform aperture stenosis
Authors: Sidek Halimah Abu Bakar , Teh Yong Guang , Tangaperumal Anithaa , Zaki Faizah Mohd , Kew Thean Yean 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Congenital neonatal pyriform aperture stenosis (CNPAS) is a rare but potentially lethal condition that causes respiratory distress. The characteristic narrowing of the pyriform aperture along with other associated craniofacial dysmorphism is diagnosed using cross-sectional imaging such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging. CT scan is the imaging of choice for confirming and characterizing CNPAS. Infants are obligate nasal breathers in the first 5 months of life. Hence, a high degree of clinical suspicion, prompt imaging diagnosis and adequate respiratory support is critical to help reduce the morbidity of this condition.
The Use of Skin Staples as Fiducial Markers to Confirm Intraoperative Spinal Navigation Registration and Accuracy
Authors: Alvarez-Breckenridge Christopher , Muir Matthew , Rhines Laurence D , Tatsui Claudio E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
With the advent of intraoperative computed tomography (CT) for image guidance, numerous examples of accurate navigation being applied to cranial and spinal pathology have come to light. For spinal disorders, the utilization of image guidance for the placement of percutaneous spinal instrumentation, complex osteotomies, and minimally invasive approaches are frequently utilized in trauma, degenerative, and oncological pathologies. The use of intraoperative CT for navigation, however, requires a low target registration error that must be verified throughout the procedure to confirm the accuracy of image guidance.

OBJECTIVE
To present the use of skin staples as a sterile, economical fiducial marker for minimally invasive spinal procedures requiring intraoperative CT navigation.

METHODS
Staples are applied to the skin prior to obtaining the registration CT scan and maintained throughout the remainder of the surgery to facilitate confirmation of image guidance accuracy.

RESULTS
This low-cost, simple, sterile approach provides surface landmarks that allow reliable verification of navigation accuracy during percutaneous spinal procedures using intraoperative CT scan image guidance.

CONCLUSION
The utilization of staples as a fiducial marker represents an economical and easily adaptable technique for ensuring accuracy of image guidance with intraoperative CT navigation.
The Rostral Mucosa: The Door to Open and Close for Targeted Endoscopic Endonasal Approaches to the Clivus
Authors: di Russo Paolo , Fava Arianna , Giammattei Lorenzo , Passeri Thibault , Okano Atsushi , Abbritti Rosaria , Penet Nicolas , Bernat Anne-Laure , Labidi Moujahed , Froelich Sebastien 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Extended endoscopic endonasal approaches (EEAs) have progressively widened the armamentarium of skull base surgeons. In order to reduce approach-related morbidity of EEAs and closure techniques, the development of alternative strategies that minimize the resection of normal tissue and alleviate the use of naso-septal flap (NSF) is needed. We report on a novel targeted approach to the clivus, with incision and closure of the mucosa of the rostrum, as the initial and final step of the approach.

OBJECTIVE
To present an alternative minimally invasive approach and reconstruction technique for selected clival chordomas.

METHODS
Three cases of clival chordomas illustrating this technique are provided, together with an operative video.

RESULTS
The mucosa of the rostrum is incised and elevated from the underlying bone, as first step of surgery. Following tumor resection with angled scope and instruments, the mucosa of the sphenoid sinus (SS) is removed and the tumor cavity and SS are filled with abdominal fat. The mucosal incision of the rostrum is then sutured. A hangman knot is prepared outside the nasal cavity and tightened after the first stitch and a running suture is performed.

CONCLUSION
We propose, in this preliminary report, a new targeted approach and reconstruction strategy, applying to EEAs the classic concept of skin incision and closure for transcranial approaches. With further development in the instrumentations and visualization tools, this technique may become a valuable minimally invasive endonasal approach for selected lesions.
Evolution of Archean Sanukitoids from the Otto Stock by Magma Mixing and Na–K Metasomatism: Evidence from Petrological Observations and Lithium Isotope Geochemistry
Authors: Nadeau O , Zelt C , Leybourne M I , Voinot A 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPetrogenetic models for the genesis of Archean sanukitoids are diverse in the literature but most point to the initiation of plate tectonics and the construction of the first proto-continents during the Late Archean. These rocks include diorites, monzonites, monzodiorites, quartz monzodiorites, trachyandesites, granodiorites and tonalites, and are defined as having SiO2 = 55–60 wt%, Na2O + K2O = 6 wt%, MgO &gt; 6 wt%, Mg# &gt; 60, Ni–Cr &gt; 100 ppm, Sr and Ba = 600–1800 ppm, chondrite-normalized Ce and Yb values of 80–250 and 4–10, respectively, and no Eu anomalies. Petrogenetic models include the partial melting of mantle peridotite previously metasomatized by fluids of crustal or mantle origin, partial melting of subducted slabs and assimilation of peridotite, and partial melting of undepleted peridotite with subsequent mixing with tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) crustal partial melts and addition of carbonatite, all of which may or may not include subsequent differentiation by fractional crystallization. Here, extraordinary textural relations unequivocally show that at the Late Archean Otto stock, Abitibi, Canada, sanukitoids resulted from the assimilation of clinopyroxenite by monzonitic magmas and coeval magmatic–hydrothermal Na–K metasomatism. The metasomatized monzonites (± quartz), melanogranites, granodiorites, and sanukitoidal melanoporphyries were subsequently cut by swarms of lamprophyre dykes hosting a different set of hydrothermal alteration assemblages, including propylitic alteration, biotitization, chloritization, and pyritization, along with associated enrichments in Au. These alterations are shown to be associated with the nearby Cadillac–Larder Lake Fault Zone and the world-class Kirkland Lake gold deposit. The Li isotopic compositions of these rocks correlate with Au concentrations and range from magmatic values of ∼ +4 ‰ up to +10·4 ‰ in Na–K metasomatized and Au-depleted rocks, and from magmatic values of ∼4 ‰ down to 0·6 ‰ in rocks hosting propylitic, chloritic, and biotitic alteration and Au enrichments of up to 2·9 ppm Au.
LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN 25 functions as a key regulator of haustorium development in dodders
Authors: Jhu Min-Yao , Ichihashi Yasunori , Farhi Moran , Wong Caitlin , Sinha Neelima R 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Parasitic plants reduce crop yield worldwide. Dodder (Cuscuta campestris) is a stem parasite that attaches to its host, using haustoria to extract nutrients and water. We analyzed the transcriptome of six C. campestris tissues and identiﬁed a key gene, LATERAL ORGAN BOUNDARIES DOMAIN 25 (CcLBD25), as highly expressed in prehaustoria and haustoria. Gene coexpression networks from different tissue types and laser-capture microdissection RNA-sequencing data indicated that CcLBD25 could be essential for regulating cell wall loosening and organogenesis. We employed host-induced gene silencing by generating transgenic tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) hosts that express hairpin RNAs to target and down-regulate CcLBD25 in the parasite. Our results showed that C. campestris growing on CcLBD25 RNAi transgenic tomatoes transited to the flowering stage earlier and had reduced biomass compared with C. campestris growing on wild-type (WT) hosts, suggesting that parasites growing on transgenic plants were stressed due to insufficient nutrient acquisition. We developed an in vitro haustorium system to assay the number of prehaustoria produced on strands from C. campestris. Cuscuta campestris grown on CcLBD25 RNAi tomatoes produced fewer prehaustoria than those grown on WT tomatoes, indicating that down-regulating CcLBD25 may affect haustorium initiation. Cuscuta campestris haustoria growing on CcLBD25 RNAi tomatoes exhibited reduced pectin digestion and lacked searching hyphae, which interfered with haustorium penetration and formation of vascular connections. The results of this study elucidate the role of CcLBD25 in haustorium development and might contribute to developing parasite-resistant crops.
Concessions, Violence, and Indirect Rule: Evidence from the Congo Free State
Authors: Lowes Sara , Montero Eduardo 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAll colonial powers granted concessions to private companies to extract natural resources during the colonial era. In Africa, these concessions were characterized by indirect rule and violence. We use the arbitrarily defined borders of rubber concessions granted in the north of the Congo Free State to examine the causal effects of this form of economic organization on development. We find that historical exposure to the concessions causes significantly worse education, wealth, and health outcomes. To examine mechanisms, we collect survey and experimental data from individuals near a former concession boundary. We find that village chiefs inside the former concessions provide fewer public goods, are less likely to be elected, and are more likely to be hereditary. However, individuals in the concessions are more trusting, more cohesive, and more supportive of sharing income. We interpret our results as reflecting how institutions and culture may act as substitutes in the context of the widespread colonial concession system.
Patient with myopia and high astigmatism after penetrating keratoplasty: June consultation #1
Authors: Santhiago Marcony R. 
Published: May 2021

A 21-year-old man was referred for refractive surgery evaluation. He had a history of advanced keratoconus that led to penetrating keratoplasty (PKP) in the right eye 2 years ago. Spectacle dependence and poor visual quality in this right eye is his chief concern. He cannot tolerate contact lenses. The uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) were 20/400 and 20/50, respectively. The manifest refraction was −2.75 −8.00 × 165 in the right eye.
He presented frank keratoconus in the left eye with a UDVA of 20/200 and a CDVA of 20/100. The manifest refraction was −6.0 −4.75 × 95.
The intraocular pressure was normal, and the results from a slitlamp examination showed a clear corneal graft in the right eye. The topographic and tomographic maps revealed a high astigmatism (Figures 1 to 3).
This case is about a refractive surgery option for refractive error after PKP in the right eye. What kind of refractive surgery (if any) would you recommend to this patient's right eye? Would you consider any modality of excimer laser? In this case, what are your limits for final? Would you consider intrastromal corneal ring segments (ICRS)? Would you consider a phakic intraocular lens (pIOL)?