bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examination of the molecular mechanism of the mutual inhibitory effect of each cytotoxicity caused by the combined extraction of Coptidis Rhizoma and Rhei Rhizoma: An example of providing evidence for ‘herbal pair’ theory
Authors: Suzuki Rena , Zhao Qingfeng , Hosokai Haruka , Tohda Michihisa 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACTAimKampo medicines are effective depending on the combination of crude drugs. In addition, the basis is a combination of two crude drugs, which is defined as a ‘herbal pair’. However, there are very few studies from this point of view. We found that Rhei Rhizoma (RR) may interact with Coptidis Rhizoma (CR).MethodsComponent profiles were analyzed by three‐dimensional high‐performance liquid chromatography (3D‐HPLC). Cell viability in N18TG‐2 cells was determined by morphology observation and a ‘3‐(4,5‐di‐methylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide, yellow tetrazole (MTT)’ assay.ResultsWhen RR and CR were extracted together, the color of the extract was lighter than the colors of the individual extracts. In addition, precipitation occurred by simply combining the extracts of both in vitro. When each component profile was analyzed by 3D‐HPLC, at least the amount of berberine, which is contained in a large amount in CR, was strongly decreased in combined extracts with RR. Although CR and RR each have a cytotoxic effect, when both were extracted together, their cytotoxicity almost disappeared. However, cytotoxicity remained in the supernatant when both extracts were combined in vitro, and also in the suspension of the resulting precipitate.ConclusionFrom these results, when CR and RR are extracted together, their cytotoxicity is suppressed by some unknown mechanism. Whether this is due to the synthesis of new compounds by co‐extraction or the detoxification of toxic components by interaction needs further investigation. This result suggests the importance of ‘herbal pair’ research.
An approach to models for transport and transformation of organochlorine pesticides in rivers
Authors: Cárdenas‐Izaguirre Samuel Felipe , Márquez‐Romance Adriana Mercedes , Guevara‐Pérez Edilberto , Pérez‐Pacheco Sergio Alejandro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis paper constitutes a novel proposal for predicting the accumulation–utilization rate for transport of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) as well as the kinetic coefficients of biodegradation of OCPs dissolved in water and sorbed on sediments in tropical rivers. Eight OCPs were determined in waters and sediments in the dry and rainy seasons from 2013 to 2016. The biochemical transport and transformation model was proposed in two directions, along the river , and across the river (direction ), , providing kinetic parameters linked to Monod's equation under a steady‐state condition for particulate and soluble OCPs, being useful for designing bioremediation techniques to restore water bodies.
Computed tomography may detect liver infiltration of canine diffuse hepatic lymphoma
Authors: Tanaka Toshiyuki , Yamazaki Hiroki , Ashida Kazuna , Iimori Yasumasa , Mie Keiichiro , Nishida Hidetaka , Akiyoshi Hideo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn dogs, hepatic lymphoma is characterized by neoplastic lymphocyte infiltration into the liver. Reports on the computed tomography (CT) findings of the liver for canine hepatic lymphoma are few, with only one study of multiple liver lesions type.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to retrospectively assess the CT findings of the liver in canine diffuse hepatic lymphoma.MethodsAs control, five dogs without abnormalities in the liver were included. CT data were analysed, and the following were noted: presence of edge bluntness of the liver, presence of periportal collar sign, the liver size:body weight (BW) ratio and the mean attenuation of liver lesions on pre‐contrast, arterial‐phase, portal‐phase and equilibrium‐phase post‐contrast images.ResultsOn CT examination, edge bluntness of the liver was significantly detected in lymphoma (4/5, 80%), as opposed to the control (0/5, 0%) (p = 0.048, φ = 0.82). The periportal collar sign was detected in lymphoma (3/5, 60%), as opposed to the control (0/5, 0%) (p = 0.17, φ = 0.65). The liver size:BW ratio of lymphoma cases was significantly higher compared to that of the control cases (p = 0.0002, r = 0.92). The mean Hounsfield unit of lymphoma cases in the pre‐contrast, arterial‐phase, portal‐phase and equilibrium‐phase images were significantly lower than in the control cases (p = 0.005, r = 0.81; p = 0.0003, r = 0.91; p = 0.01, r = 0.75 and p = 0.02, r = 0.71, respectively).ConclusionsHepatic lymphoma should be a differential for a blunted and enlarged liver with hypoattenuation on CT examination.
Zoonotic pathogens in wild muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and domestic sheep (Ovis aries) from Greenland
Authors: Berg Rebecca P. K. D. , Stensvold C. Rune , Jokelainen Pikka , Grønlund Anna K. , Nielsen Henrik V. , Kutz Susan , Kapel Christian M.O. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of zoonotic pathogens Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., Toxoplasma gondii and Erysipelothrix in muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) and sheep (Ovis aries) from Greenland. In 2017 and 2018, faecal samples were collected from wild muskoxen from three distinct populations (Zackenberg, Kangerlussuaq, and Ivittuut) and from domestic sheep from southwest Greenland. Blood samples were collected from muskoxen from Kangerlussuaq and Ivittuut and from sheep. Faecal samples were tested for specific DNA of G. duodenalis and Cryptosporidium spp., and blood samples were tested for antibodies against T. gondii and Erysipelothrix. The estimated prevalence of G. duodenalis was 0% (0/58), 17% (7/41) and 0% (0/55) in muskoxen from Zackenberg, Kangerlussuaq and Ivittuut, respectively, and 37% (16/43) in sheep. The estimated prevalence of Cryptosporidium was 0% (0/58), 2% (1/41), 7% (4/55) in muskoxen from Zackenberg, Kangerlussuaq, Ivittuut, respectively, and 2% (1/43) in sheep. Neither Giardia nor Cryptosporidium were detected in winter samples (0/78). Of the positive samples, Giardia from one muskox sample only was successfully typed as G. duodenalis assemblage A, and Cryptosporidium from two muskoxen was successfully typed as C. parvum, subtype IIdA20G1e. The estimated T. gondii seroprevalence was 2% (1/44) and 0% (0/8) in muskoxen from Kangerlussuaq and Ivittuut, respectively, and 1% (1/155) in sheep. The estimated Erysipelothrix seroprevalence was 2% (1/45) and 13% (1/8) in muskoxen from Kangerlussuaq and Ivittuut, respectively, and 7% (10/150) in sheep. The results of this study add to the scarce knowledge on zoonotic pathogens in the Arctic.
Evolution of haematopoietic cell transplantation for canine blood disorders and a platform for solid organ transplantation
Authors: Graves Scott S. , Storb Rainer 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPre‐clinical haematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) studies in canines have proven to be invaluable for establishing HCT as a highly successful clinical option for the treatment of malignant and non‐malignant haematological diseases in humans. Additionally, studies in canines have shown that immune tolerance, established following HCT, enabled transplantation of solid organs without the need of lifelong immunosuppression. This progress has been possible due to multiple biological similarities between dog and mankind. In this review, the hurdles that were overcome and the methods that were developed in the dog HCT model which made HCT clinically possible are examined. The results of these studies justify the question whether HCT can be used in the veterinary clinical practice for more wide‐spread successful treatment of canine haematologic and non‐haematologic disorders and whether it is prudent to do so.
Genomic association and further characterisation of faecal immunoglobulin A deficiency in German Shepherd dogs
Authors: Grützner Niels , Heilmann Romy M. , Tress Ursula , Peters Iain R. , Suchodolski Jan S. , Steiner Jörg M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundImmunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency, chronic enteropathies and exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) have a high prevalence in German Shepherd dogs (GSD). This prospective study determined the prevalence of faecal IgA deficiency (IgAD) in GSD and investigated several candidate genes and the canine genome for a region or locus co‐segregating with IgAD in GSD. Faecal IgA concentrations were quantified and genomic DNA was extracted from 8 GSD with an undetectable faecal IgA (classified as IgAD) and 80 non‐IgAD GSD. The canine minimal screening set II microsatellite markers were genotyped, with evidence of an association atp < 1.0 × 10−3. Faecal IgA concentrations were also tested for an association with patient clinical and biochemical variables.ResultsAllele frequencies observed using the candidate gene approach were not associated with faecal IgAD in GSD. In the genome‐wide association study (GWAS), the microsatellite marker FH2361 on canine chromosome 33 approached statistical significance for a link with IgAD in GSD (p = 1.2 × 10−3). A subsequent GWAS in 11 GSD with EPI and 80 control GSD revealed a significant association between EPI and FH2361 (p = 8.2 × 10−4).ConclusionsThe lack of an association with the phenotype of faecal IgAD in GSD using the candidate gene approach and GWAS might suggests that faecal IgAD in GSD is a relative or transient state of deficiency. However, the prevalence of faecal IgAD in GSD appears to be low (<3%). The relationship between faecal IgAD, EPI and loci close to FH2361 on canine chromosome 33 in GSD warrants further investigation.
Successful treatment of a hepatic abscess in a pony by percutaneous drainage and antimicrobial therapy
Authors: Witt Petra , Siegers Esther W. , Tobón Restrepo Mauricio , van den Boom Robin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA 4‐year‐old Welsh pony mare presented with anorexia and colic of several days’ duration. The mare showed gastric reflux for several days with clinicopathological evidence of inflammation and markedly increased hepatic parameters. Treatment consisted of supportive care and broad‐spectrum antimicrobials. Ultrasound revealed hepatopathy and liver biopsy was consistent with bacterial hepatitis. Two weeks later, multiple abscesses could be imaged and the largest abscess was drained percutaneously, under ultrasound guidance. Bacterial culture of the aspirated purulent material yieldedEscherichia coliand antimicrobial therapy was switched to oral enrofloxacin for another 2 weeks. The pony made a full clinical recovery and ultrasound revealed improvement in hepatic structure. Two years after discharge from the hospital the pony was reported to be healthy and performing at the expected level.
Synthesis of Unsupported Primary Phosphido Complexes of Aluminum(III)
Authors: Phan Nathan A. , Sherbow Tobias J. , Fettinger James C. , Berben Louise A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPrimary phosphido complexes of aluminum(III) are rare, particularly those that are not supported by interactions with Lewis bases or stabilizing cations. Here we report two new examples of unsupported primary phosphido complexes of Al(III). The ancillary ligand on Al is a pincer ligand, diiminopyridine (denoted as I2P). Solid‐state structures show distorted tetrahedral geometry about Al and single bond character in the Al−P bond. Near infra‐red spectra display low energy absorption bands near 1050 nm that are consistent with pincer ligand – Al charge transfer transitions and metalloaromatic character in the “(I2P2−)Al” fragment of the molecules. The phosphido ligands lie out of the I2P ligand plane by up to 15° and this is consistent with our previous reports where π‐donor halide ligands occupy the fourth coordination site on Al.
Earth Observation Applications in the Hindu Kush Himalaya Region—Evolution and Adoptions
Authors: Bajracharya Birendra , Irwin Daniel E. , Thapa Rajesh Bahadur , Matin Mir A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe year 1957 marked the start of a new era in human history with the launch of Sputnik, thus began the journey of Earth observation (EO). Then, in the early 1960s, with rapid developments in space technology and the race to reach the moon, scientific discussions veered toward the potential applications of EO in the fields of geography, agriculture, water resources, geology, and oceanography (NASA: Sputnik and the dawn of the space age, 2017; Haklay et al. in Earth observation open science and innovation, ISSI scientific report series 15, 2018).
Monitoring of Glaciers and Glacial Lakes in Afghanistan
Authors: Maharjan Sudan Bikash , Shrestha Finu , Azizi Fayezurahman , Joya Esmatullah , Bajracharya Birendra , Bromand Mohammad Tayib , Rahimi Mohammad Murtaza 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDuring the needs assessment in Afghanistan, the General Directorate of Water Resources (GDWR) of the National Water Affairs Regulation Authority (NWARA) (previously Water Resource Department (WRD) of the Ministry of Energy and Water (MEW)) emphasized that the compilation of comprehensive data on the glaciers in the country is a national priority.
Geospatial Information Technology for Information Management and Dissemination
Authors: Pradhan Sudip , Bajracharya Birendra , Shakya Kiran , Shakya Bikram 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOver the last few decades, the development of geospatial technologies has converged with a variety of formal information technology disciplines (Zwartjes in Eur J Geogr 9(4):138–151, 2018; Jackson and Schell in Directions Magazine, 2009). The rapidly growing location-based services seamlessly integrate data and technologies from Earth observation (EO), Geographic Information System (GIS), Geographic Position System (GPS), and wireless and mobile communications (Huang et al. in J Location Based Servi 12(2):63–93, 2018).
Strengthening the Capacity on Geospatial Information Technology and Earth Observation Applications
Authors: Thapa Rajesh Bahadur , Tripathi Poonam , Matin Mir A. , Bajracharya Birendra , Hernandez Sandoval Betzy E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe innovative transformation in geospatial information technology (GIT) and Earth observation (EO) data provides a significant opportunity to study the Earth’s environment and enables an advanced understanding of natural and anthropogenic impacts on ecosystems at the local, regional, and global levels (Thapa et al. in Carbon Balance Manag 10(23):1–13, 2015; Flores et al. in SAR handbook: comprehensive methodologies for forest monitoring and biomass estimation. NASA Publication, 2019; Leibrand et al. in Front Environ Sci 7:123, 2019; Chap. 1). The major advantages of these technologies can be briefly categorized into five broad areas: multidisciplinary; innovative and emerging; providing platforms for analysis, modelling, and visualization; capability to support decision-making; and impact on policies.
Gender Integration in Earth Observation and Geo-information Technology Applications: Correlation and Connections
Authors: Goodrich Chanda Gurung , Gurung Kamala , Hamal Menaka 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs technological innovation and advancement is sweeping across the world, transforming economies, countries, and societies, Earth observation (EO) and geo-information technologies (GIT) have come closer to the public realm and become exceedingly an all-encompassing part in the daily lives of people, with more uses and users. These technologies today are not just “research and visualization tools”, but they touch upon all aspects of people’s lives, bringing in advantages as well as challenges for different groups of people.
User Engagement for Sustaining Services
Authors: Shakya Naina , Pathak Santosh , Bajracharya Birendra , Matin Mir A. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn the first phase of SERVIR-HKH, there was disconnect between the cutting-edge technology products that were developed and the specific needs of the users. Thus, the service planning approach shifted the focus from products to comprehensive services that put the users’ need first. User engagement improved the quality of the services by addressing user feedback and also building sustainability into the services from the very beginning. This chapter aims to introduce the concept of user engagement in the context of SERVIR-HKH and its execution within the service planning framework; it also dwells on the lessons that have been learnt. The chapter also gives prominence to examples of user engagement case studies as well as to the tools and techniques that have been adopted for successful user engagement. It also describes the insights, achievements, and experiences during the implementation process of the user engagement module in the HKH region.
Lessons and Future Perspectives of Earth Observation and GIT in the HKH
Authors: Matin Mir A. , Bajracharya Birendra , Thapa Rajesh Bahadur 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDuring the last decade, SERVIR has been striving for realizing its vision of “Space to Village” by implementing services that provide innovative solutions to improve livelihoods and foster self-reliance with the help of EO and geospatial technologies. Over these years, there has been significant development in the field of EO and geospatial technology. However, the capacity of the key agencies to utilize these advancements to produce, disseminate, and use information has not been able to catch up with these developments. As cited in the previous chapters, SERVIR-HKH has been working with various partners and stakeholders in co-developing and implementing applied, user-driven EO and geospatial information services in the HKH region. SERVIR-HKH recognizes that the sustainability of information products and applications and their use requires an understanding of users and their needs. Understanding the user’s needs and organizational context is the key to delivering effective services. As illustrated in Chaps. 2 and 3, the needs assessment study revealed that the use of geospatial data in the region started in the early 1990s, but there are still gaps in the institutionalization and sharing of that information. Often, individual agencies produce geospatial information for their own purpose and do not share it due to lack of policies. Besides, in most cases, the information would have been generated through specific projects funded by external agencies without proper sustainability planning. And as has happened in many cases, those services could not be continued due to lack of resources and capacity.
Service Planning Approach and Its Application
Authors: Thapa Rajesh Bahadur , Bajracharya Birendra , Matin Mir A. , Anderson Eric , Epanchin Pete 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn the first phase, SERVIR-HKH placed high importance on developing application products and tools to demonstrate the usefulness of earth observation (EO) and geospatial information in supporting decision-making on various thematic areas including land cover mapping, forest fire monitoring, agriculture and food security, disasters, and air quality monitoring (Chap. 1).
A Regional Drought Monitoring and Outlook System for South Asia
Authors: Qamer Faisal Mueen , Matin Mir A. , Zaitchik Ben , Shakya Kiran , Fan Yi , Khanal Nishanta , Ellenburg Walter Lee , Krupnik Timothy J. , Hamidur Rahman Hasan Md. , Ahmad Bashir , Shah Shib Nandan , Kshetri Man 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Regional Drought Monitoring and Outlook System (RDMOS) is an operational service which produces reliable drought indicators for the south Asia region with a specific focus on Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan. The system incorporates climatic models with suitable Earth observation data and land surface models to produce drought indices—precipitation, temperature, soil moisture, evapotranspiration—and vegetation conditions at 10-day intervals for near realtime monitoring of droughts. The RDMOS also provides seasonal outlooks at four-month intervals to support drought management and preparedness processes.
Regional Land Cover Monitoring System for Hindu Kush Himalaya
Authors: Uddin Kabir , Matin Mir A. , Khanal Nishanta , Maharjan Sajana , Bajracharya Birendra , Tenneson Karis , Poortinga Ate , Quyen Nguyen Hanh , Aryal Raja Ram , Saah David , Lee Ellenburg Walter , Potapov Peter , Flores-Anderson Africa , Chishtie Farrukh , Aung Khun San , Mayer Timothy , Pradhan Sudip , Markert Amanda 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe land cover across the HKH region is changing at an accelerated rate due to the rapid economic growth and population pressures that are impacting the long-term sustainability of ecosystems.
Forest Fire Detection and Monitoring
Authors: Thapa Sunil , Chitale Vishwas Sudhir , Pradhan Sudip , Shakya Bikram , Sharma Sundar , Regmi Smriety , Bajracharya Sameer , Adhikari Shankar , Dangol Gauri Shankar 
Published: August 2021

AbstractForest fire is one of the major global environmental issues, causing havoc in places as disparate as cold Siberia, tropical Amazon, and the temperate HKH region (Fig. 8.1).
Dimensional reduction and (Anti) de Sitter bounds
Authors: Rudelius Tom 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Dimensional reduction has proven to be a surprisingly powerful tool for delineating the boundary between the string landscape and the swampland. Bounds from the Weak Gravity Conjecture and the Repulsive Force Conjecture, for instance, are exactly preserved under dimensional reduction. Motivated by its success in these cases, we apply a similar dimensional reduction analysis to bounds on the gradient of the scalar field potential V and the mass scale m of a tower of light particles in terms of the cosmological constant Λ, which ideally may pin down ambiguous O(1) constants appearing in the de Sitter Conjecture and the (Anti) de Sitter Distance Conjecture, respectively. We find that this analysis distinguishes the bounds $$ \left|\nabla V\right|/V\ge \sqrt{4/\left(d-2\right)} $$

∇
V

/
V
≥

4
/

d
−
2

, m ≲ |Λ|1/2, and m ≲ |Λ|1/d in d-dimensional Planck units. The first of these bounds is equivalent to the strong energy condition in Einstein-dilaton gravity and precludes accelerated expansion of the universe. It is almost certainly violated in our universe, though it may apply in asymptotic limits of scalar field space. The second bound cannot be satisfied in our universe, though it is saturated in supersymmetric AdS vacua with well-understood uplifts to 10d/11d supergravity. The third bound likely has a limited range of validity in quantum gravity as well, so it may or may not apply to our universe. However, if it does apply, it suggests a possible relation between the cosmological constant and the neutrino mass, which (by the see-saw mechanism) may further provide a relation between the cosmological constant problem and the hierarchy problem. We also work out the conditions for eternal inflation in general spacetime dimensions, and we comment on the behavior of these conditions under dimensional reduction.
Symmetries and anomalies of (1+1)d theories: 2-groups and symmetry fractionalization
Authors: Yu Matthew 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We investigate the interactions of discrete zero-form and one-form global symmetries in (1+1)d theories. Focus is put on the interactions that the symmetries can have on each other, which in this low dimension result in 2-group symmetries or symmetry fractionalization. A large part of the discussion will be to understand a major feature in (1+1)d: the multiple sectors into which a theory decomposes. We perform gauging of the one-form symmetry, and remark on the effects this has on our theories, especially in the case when there is a global 2-group symmetry. We also implement the spectral sequence to calculate anomalies for the 2-group theories and symmetry fractionalized theory in the bosonic and fermionic cases. Lastly, we discuss topological manipulations on the operators which implement the symmetries, and draw insights on the (1+1)d effects of such manipulations by coupling to a bulk (2+1)d theory.