bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Local Tissue Temperature Oscillation Under Hyperthermic Conditions Using Preserved Pig Kidney
Authors: Chen Cuiye , Xu Lisa X. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
It has been long recognized that local tissue temperature may osculate due to vascular thermo-regulation under hyperthermic conditions. To effectively heat the target tissue while sparing its surroundings, it is necessary to understand and then to control the temperature oscillation. A model based on the pig kidney vasculature was developed to study the transient temperature variations in the kidney when subjected to heating in a thermal bath. In the medullary region, a vascular model previously developed in (Chen and Xu, 2000) was used to account for the conjugate heat transfer between the paired artery and vein, and their surrounding tissue. Considering that numerous small vessels exist in the cortex region, the Pennes bio-heat transfer equation was used for modeling in this region. A code was written to numerically compute the 3-D transient temperature distribution in the kidney subjected to heating. To examine the validity of the model, experiments were performed to measure the temperatures and perfusion rates using thermistor microprobes in the cortex of the preserved pig kidney. This model will be utilized for future studies to investigate the relationships among the local blood perfusion rate, the heating rate, and the tissue temperature oscillation.
An Analysis of Unicellular Mass Transfer Using a Microfabricated Experimental Technique
Authors: Howard Kelvan , Rubinsky Boris 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study introduces a microfabricated chamber which allows individual cells to be maintained between two different flow paths while kinetic volume changes and membrane permeability are measured. For HBL-100 cells, the data yielded a water permeability (Lp) of 1.1 ±0.5 μm/(min-atm) (mean ± 1 standard deviation) (N = 5) during the uncoupled transport of water at 22°C. In the presence of 6M glycerol, the water permeability (Lp), permeability coefficient (Ps), and the reflection coefficient (σs) were determined to be 2.0± 0.63 μm/(min-atm), 2.7×10E-5 ±6.1×10E-6 cm-sec−1, and 0.76±.05 (N = 6). No previous values of these coefficients could be found for HBL-100 cells.
Nuclear-Associated Plasmid, But Not Cell-Associated Plasmid, is Correlated With Transgene Expression in Cultured Mammalian Cells
Authors: James Molly B. , Giorgio Todd D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Intracellular plasmid is rapidly incorporated into the nucleus of HeLa cells following cationic lipoplex transfection. CV1 cells are less effective in translocating plasmid to the nucleus and also express less transgene than HeLa cells. Cultured HeLa and CV1 cells and corresponding isolated nuclei were analyzed after transfection of a Cy3 labeled pGreenLantern plasmid (Cy3-pGL). Flow cytometry was used to measure both plasmid delivery and transgene expression from the plasmid encoding a CMV promoter driven green fluorescent protein. During transfection, HeLa cells rapidly incorporated the plasmid, reaching a maximum of 80% Cy3-pGL positive cells 8 hours post-transfection. The average Cy3-pGL positive HeLa cell contained approximately 2470 plasmid copies. 48% of the nuclei isolated from the transfected HeLa cells were positive for the plasmid marker after 8 hours. In contrast to HeLa cells, fewer CV1 cells and CV1 nuclei incorporated plasmid DNA with peak transfection occurring after 12 hours for 36% of the cells and after 8 hours for 12% of the nuclei. However, the average Cy3-pGL positive CV1 cell did not have a significantly different number of total cellular plasmid copies than the average positive HeLa cell. CV1 nuclei, however, had half as much plasmid as HeLa nuclei. HeLa cells are more efficient than CV1 cells at transporting plasmid from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. This study demonstrates the use of a novel quantitative method to study plasmid transport from the cytoplasm to nucleus and the effect on transgene expression.
Pressure Increases Inert Particle Uptake in Human Saphenous Vein
Authors: MacLennan M. J. , Leavitt B. J. , Schmoker J. D. , Chesler N. C. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death in the United States, and coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) is one of the mainstays of treatment for this disease [1]. Since artificial vascular grafts suitable for coronary bypass are not yet available, autologous internal mammary artery (IMA) and saphenous vein are used to bypass diseased tissue [1]. While IMA grafts have high long-term patency rates, saphenous vein grafted into the arterial position tends to stenose and eventually thrombose.
Creep Analysis of Wafer Level Chip Scale Package (WLCSP) With 96.5Sn-3.5Ag and 100In Lead-Free Solder Joints and Microvia Build-Up Printed Circuit Board
Authors: Lau John H. , Pan Stephen H. , Chang Chris 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this study, time-temperature-dependent nonlinear analyses of lead-free solder bumped wafer level chip scale package (WLCSP) on printed circuit board (PCB) assemblies subjected to thermal cycling conditions are presented. Two different lead-free solder alloys are considered, namely, 96.5wt%Sn-3.5wt%Ag and 100wt%In. The 62wt%Sn-36wt%Pb-2wt%Ag solder alloy is also considered to establish a baseline. All of these solder alloys are assumed to obey the Garofalo-Arrhenius steady-state creep constitutive law. The shear stress and shear creep strain hysteresis loops, shear stress history, and shear creep strain history at the corner solder joint are presented for a better understanding of the thermal-mechanical behaviors of lead-free solder bumped WLCSP on PCB assemblies. Also, the effects of microvia build-up PCB on the WLCSP solder joint reliability are investigated.
Nonlinear-Time-Dependent Analysis of Micro Via-In-Pad Substrates for Solder Bumped Flip Chip Applications
Authors: Lau John H. , Lee S. W. Ricky , Pan Stephen H. , Chang Chris 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
An elasto-plastic-creep analysis of a low-cost micro via-in-pad (VIP) substrate for supporting a solder bumped flip chip in a chip scale package (CSP) format which is soldered onto a printed circuit board (PCB) is presented in this study. Emphasis is placed on the design, materials, and reliability of the micro VIP substrate and of the micro VIP CSP solder joints on PCB. The solder is assumed to obey Norton’s creep law. Cross-sections of samples are examined for a better understanding of the solder bump, CSP substrate redistribution, micro VIP, and solder joint. Also, the micro VIP CSP PCB assembly is subjected to thermal cycling tests.
Analysis of a Thermoelectric Cooler With Non-Uniform Heating
Authors: Ellsworth M. J. , Simons R. E. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses a methodology for incorporating the behavior of a thermoelectric cooling module in a finite element model of an electronic chip module. A background discussion of thermoelectric cooling is provided followed by a discussion of algebraic solutions for either chip temperature or allowable power on a uniformly powered multi-chip module. The basis and method of implementing an integrated thermoelectric-conduction model in ANSYS is presented. Example calculations are presented and discussed for a thermoelectrically cooled non-uniformly powered MCM. A “quasi-superposition” approach combining results obtained by 1-D algebraic solutions with thermoelectric cooling, with ANSYS results without thermoelectric cooling is also discussed. This approach offers a means to estimate the chip temperatures on an MCM cooled by a thermoelectric module without the need to actually build a detailed and time consuming finite element model of the thermoelectric module.
Refrigeration Cooled Computers: Application and Review
Authors: Schmidt R. R. , Ellsworth M. J. , Chu R. C. , Agonafer D. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper outlines and discusses the application conditions pertinent to refrigeration cooling a computer processor at both the module and system level. Amongst the issues that are addressed are total refrigeration heat load (comprised of active and parasitic heat loads), coefficient of performance (COP), continuous operation (reliability, concurrent maintenance), system heat rejection, condensation formation, and temperature stability. The paper will then examine how a vapor compression refrigeration system has been incorporated in IBM’s high end (Gx) servers. Finally, the paper will touch upon some of the additional complexities of operation at very low temperatures (less than −40 °C).
A New 3D Analytical Method for Calculating the Longitudinal Stress-Strain of Bones, as ‘N’ Different Asymmetrical Linear Elastic Materials, Loaded Together Eccentrically
Authors: Arafati Nader 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We describe a three-dimensional analytical method to evaluate the stress-strain of « n » different asymmetrical linear elastic materials, loaded together by eccentric forces and moments.
If one assumes that each bone is composed of a number of different linear elastic materials, this method could be used to determine the stress-strain values of any bone. Mesh generation is unnecessary with this method, the only requirement being to determine the contours of each material.
We used this method to analyze the longitudinal stresses imposed on the femur, after implantation of cemented hip prosthesis. The results were compared with those of finite element analysis without any contact elements. Considerable differences were found, particularly for exterior prosthesis contours. When the same error was entered into a cylindrical analytical model, the similar errors were found, indicating that not using contact elements may result in unacceptable errors with the finite element analysis method.
Bone Elastometric Measurements by Ultrasound Reflectometry: Observations on Physiology and Functional Organization of Bone
Authors: Mehta Shreefal S. , Antich Peter P. , Smith Billy , Lewis Matthew A. , Richer Edmond 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Bone mechanical properties are strongly dependent on orientation and optimally adapted to the directional stresses induced by load bearing and muscular activity. Spatial and directional homogeneity and a slow rate of change of material mechanical properties are commonly assumed in the literature. The assumptions are based on limitations of widespread diagnostic techniques but are contradicted by results from several established techniques, including ultrasound reflectometry.
A device based on the ultrasound reflectometry technique measures the mechanical elasticity of bone noninvasively at multiple sites and orientations, making it possible to carry out longitudinal studies at any chosen location in vivo. In vivo elastometric measurements over the length of a tibia were obtained with this device, demonstrating quantitatively for the first time the spatial and directional heterogeneity of bone material properties in vivo. Clinical observations made on two subjects also suggest that bone does exhibit rapid changes in response to altered activity levels.
Command Shaping for MIMO Nonlinear Systems Using Iterative Learning Control With Application to an RTP System
Authors: de Roover Dick , Emami-Naeini Abbas , Ebert Jon L. , Kosut Robert L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Input command shaping for temperature control of fast-ramp RTP systems is investigated from an open-loop-input point of view, i.e., for a given desired temperature recipe a set of lamp command profiles is determined such that the resulting set of measured temperatures approaches the desired recipe as closely as possible. Because of the inherent nonlinear behavior of RTP systems, a command shaping method has been developed that iteratively modifies the optimal linear commands to compensate for the nonlinearities. This method, which has been derived from Iterative Learning Control (ILC), shapes the input commands iteratively so as to minimize the two-norm between a desired output trajectory and the simulated current output trajectory. The technique is applicable to MIMO systems and can handle constraints on the input commands. Application of this method to a fast-ramp oxidation (RTO) and fast-ramp spike anneal (RTA) process for a model of a generic RTP system demonstrates its usefulness for nonlinear systems.
Axis Motion Based System Calibration of an Automated Disassembly Work Cell
Authors: Bailey-Van Kuren Michael M. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an approach to calibrate a robotic cell consisting of a robot, a positioning table and a stereo vision system in an autonomous manner. The approach is designed to simplify the error relationships and parameter updates and thus eliminating the need for a large nonlinear search. The accumulation of error in the kinematic model is avoided by calibrating one joint at a time from the manipulator hand to the manipulator base. The error in the manipulator and sensor models are identified by using least squares estimates.
The manipulator kinematic model is parameterized by the joint axes position and orientation instead of the Denavit-Hartenberg parameters. This approach leads to a more “user-friendly” interface to the calibration results. The model is derived using screw geometry, resulting in a simple relationship between the joint axis parameters and the path produced by moving a particular joint. The robot model provides an example of a chain of revolute joints while the positioning table provides an example of prismatic joints. Model simplifications result from each of these simplified motions. As with other methods, this formulation produces a four by four homogeneous transformation matrix which defines the motion of any point on the hand of the manipulator in terms of the sensed joint angles.
It is shown that each camera can independently estimate the manipulators’ paths using the image data and distances along the path from the manipulator model. Error in position and orientation between the resulting two path estimates identify the relative error between the camera models. It is shown that a solution exists for any set of three or more points generated from one axis.
Adaptive Contact Force Control of a Flexible Beam Using Output Feedback
Authors: Yim Woosoon 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an adaptive force trajectory control of a flexible beam using a piezoceramic actuator. Based on the adaptive backstepping method, a force control system using only force measurement is designed. For the derivation of the control law, it is assumed that parameters of the beam and contact surface stiffness are unknown. It is shown that in the closed-loop system, the contact force tracks a given reference trajectory and the beam vibration is suppressed as well. Digital simulations results show that the closed-loop system has good transient behavior and robust performance in the presence of uncertainties in the parameters of the flexible beam and the contact surface.
Performance Improvement of Proportional Directional Control Valves: Methods and Experiments
Authors: Bu Fanping , Yao Bin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper studies local valve control of the electro-hydraulic system. The sluggish response of hydraulic control valve usually becomes the bottleneck of whole system performance. Although fast valves (e.g. high-bandwidth servo-valves) are available, they are far more expensive than slow valves (e.g. proportional directional control valves). To improve the performance of proportional directional control valves, three different types of controllers are synthesized. Firstly, based on the pole zero cancellation technique, an open loop compensator is designed which requires the accurate valve dynamic model information; Secondly, a full state feedback adaptive robust controller (ARC) is synthesized, which effectively takes into account the effect of parametric uncertainties and uncertain nonlinearities such as friction force and flow force. Finally, an output feedback ARC controller is synthesized to address the problem of unmeasurable states. Theoretically, the proposed ARC controllers guarantee a prescribed output tracking transient performance and final tracking accuracy while achieving asymptotic output tracking in the presence of parametric uncertainties. Comparative experimental results are obtained to show the advantages and limitations of each method.
Mathematical Modeling of a Two Spool Flow Control Servovalve Using a Pressure Control Pilot
Authors: Anderson Randy T. , Li Perry Y. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A nonlinear dynamic model for an unconventional, commercially available electrohydraulic flow control servovalve is presented. The valve is a two-stage valve and differs from the conventional servovalve in that it does not require a feedback wire and ball, and the boost stage uses two spools, instead of a single spool, to meter flow into and out of the valve separately. Consequently, the valve is significantly less expensive. The proposed model captures the nonlinear and dynamic effects not present in previous models. The model has been coded in Simulink and experimentally validated.
Recent Developments in Research on Intelligent Machines
Authors: Garg Devendra P. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Recently there has been in evidence a lot of interest in intelligent machines all over the world [1–2]. Such machines have the capability to sense both expected and unexpected changes in their work environment and take appropriate actions quickly and efficiently. International Business Machines (IBM) Corporation’s Deep Blue computer [3], that played the game of chess against Mr. Kasparov, is an example of an intelligent machine in action against a human. The basic challenge in the area of intelligent machines is to integrate computers, sensors, controllers, actuators, software, and machines that would lead to devices that are adaptive, flexible, and robust. In this paper, in addition to presenting the basic concepts related to intelligent machines, several areas of their application are discussed. This is followed by a description of intelligent systems and of the resources invested in research by the U.S. National Science Foundation during the past several years. Examples of a few projects supported under the Learning and Intelligent Systems (LIS) program and the Knowledge and Distributed Intelligence (KDI) initiative are given. The paper concludes with a discussion of research challenges in the area of intelligent machines.
An Energy-Enhanced Design of Experiments Method Applied to Multi-Body Models
Authors: Christensen Bjorn G. , Ferris John B. , Stein Jeffrey L. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Computer models of complex mechanical systems are being used more frequently and effectively due to ever increasing computing power. These models have improved the design process by allowing designers to create virtual prototypes of systems. Computer models permit iterative designs, thereby allowing the designer to run hundreds of simulations in the time it would take to make one physical model and test it. This ease of iteration has made design of experiments (DOE) analyses easy to carry out on the computer models. A DOE analysis provides excellent information regarding the specific output function being examined but may overlook some of the global effects that these changes may have on the system. A new design tool is developed in this work that addresses this deficiency. The new method greatly improves upon existing design tools such as DOE. Specifically, the new method augments a traditional DOE study with an Activity study, which focuses on the energy flow in the system and provides a larger picture of the system dynamics. Instead of using only a DOE to determine which elements’ properties should be changed, the Activity of the elements is also considered. This helps prevent altering a parameter or set of parameters to achieve a desired response at the expense of other unforeseen results. This idea is demonstrated by using an ADAMS model of a small production vehicle to design for improved ride. The example shows that design changes based on a DOE analysis alone can improve the ride quality, but also can alter other system responses significantly. When an Activity analysis is combined with the DOE study, the ride quality is improved, but the effects on other aspects of the system are greatly reduced. Augmentation of DOE with Activity allows a specific design goal to be achieved and also provides global information about the system. This allows the engineer to make informed decisions about the effects of changes on the system.
Model Based Diagnostics for Vehicle Systems
Authors: Pisu Pierluigi , Rizzoni Giorgio , Soliman Ahmed , Amberkar Sanket , Murray Brian , Jalics Laci 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In recent years, increasing interest and requirement for improved vehicle performance, reliability and safety has focused attention on the use of Fault Detection & Isolation when designing vehicle control systems. In order to achieve this FDI schemes, particular vehicle subsystems integrated with a controller have been proposed.
This paper introduces a new Model-Based Fault Detection and Fault Diagnosis method for monitoring the overall vehicle system performance.
Modified Skyhook Control for the Semi-Active Macpherson Strut Suspension: A New Model and HILS
Authors: Hong Keum-Shik , Sohn Hyun-Chul , Hedrick J. Karl 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a modified skyhook control for the semi-active Macpherson suspension system is investigated. A new model for the Macpherson type suspension, which incorporates the rotational motion of the unsprung mass, is introduced and a feedback control law utilizing the modified skyhook control strategy is derived. Also, two filters to estimate the absolute velocity of the sprung mass and the relative velocity of the rattle space are designed. For testing the control performance, the actual damping force has been included in the hardware-in-the-loop simulations. The control performances of the semi-active system and a passive one have been compared. HILS results are provided.
Incorporation of Neuro-Fuzzy Knowledge for Fast Measurement of Combustion Engine Maps
Authors: Hafner Michael , Müller Norbert , Semmler Sascha , Škrjanc Igor 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Map-measurements of internal combustion (IC) engines concerning torque, emissions and other effects are essential for the design and application of an engine control system. With the rising number of engine input- and output variables, however, the measuring efforts rise exponentially and can require up to several weeks. State-of-the-art approaches usually measure equidistant grids in multidimensional input space (load, speed, injection angle, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), blade position of variable turbine geometry turbochargers (VTG), etc). This paper proposes an extraction of relevant measuring points by a neuro-fuzzy pre-analysis of data of comparable engine types. The chosen data is then sorted according to its temperature behavior in order to reduce time due to waiting for stable temperatures. During the actual measurement, new temperature levels are reached faster by use of a temperature controller and the measuring time can further be reduced by means of output models.