bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional iodine-monofluoride epitaxy on WSe2
Authors: Lin Yung-Chang , Lee Sungwoo , Yang Yueh-Chiang , Chiu Po-Wen , Lee Gun-Do , Suenaga Kazu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractInterhalogen compounds (IHCs) are extremely reactive molecules used for halogenation, catalyst, selective etchant, and surface modification. Most of the IHCs are unstable at room temperature especially for the iodine-monofluoride (IF) whose structure is still unknown. Here we demonstrate an unambiguous observation of two-dimensional (2D) IF bilayer grown on the surface of WSe2 by using scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. The bilayer IF shows a clear hexagonal lattice and robust epitaxial relationship with the WSe2 substrate. Despite the IF is known to sublimate at −14 °C and has never found as a solid form in the ambient condition, but surprisingly it is found stabilized on a suitable substrate and the stabilized structure is supported by a density functional theory. This 2D form of IHC is actually a byproduct during a chemical vapor deposition growth of WSe2 in the presence of alkali metal halides as a growth promoter and requires immediate surface passivation to sustain. This work points out a great possibility to produce 2D structures that are unexpected to be crystallized or cannot be obtained by a simple exfoliation but can be grown only on a certain substrate.
Direct observation of long-lived cyanide anions in superexcited states
Authors: Gao Xiao-Fei , Xie Jing-Chen , Li Hao , Meng Xin , Wu Yong , Tian Shan Xi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe cyanide anion (CN−) has been identified in cometary coma, interstellar medium, planetary atmosphere and circumstellar envelopes, but its origin and abundance are still disputed. An isolated CN− is stabilized in the vibrational states up to ν = 17 of the electronic ground-state 1Σ+, but it is not thought to survive in the electronic or vibrational states above the electron autodetachment threshold, namely, in superexcited states. Here we report the direct observation of long-lived CN− yields of the dissociative electron attachment to cyanogen bromide (BrCN), and confirm that some of the CN− yields are distributed in the superexcited vibrational states ν ≥ 18 (1Σ+) or the superexcited electronic states 3Σ+ and 3Π. The triplet state can be accessed directly in the impulsive dissociation of BrCN− or by an intersystem transition from the superexcited vibrational states of CN−. The exceptional stability of CN− in the superexcited states profoundly influences its abundance and is potentially related to the production of other compounds in interstellar space.
Quantum capacity analysis of multi-level amplitude damping channels
Authors: Chessa Stefano , Giovannetti Vittorio 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEvaluating capacities of quantum channels is the first purpose of quantum Shannon theory, but in most cases the task proves to be very hard. Here, we introduce the set of Multi-level Amplitude Damping quantum channels as a generalization of the standard qubit Amplitude Damping Channel to quantum systems of finite dimension d. In the special case of d = 3, by exploiting degradability, data-processing inequalities, and channel isomorphism, we compute the associated quantum and private classical capacities for a rather wide class of maps, extending the set of models whose capacity can be computed known so far. We proceed then to the evaluation of the entanglement assisted quantum and classical capacities.
Molecular self-assembly of a tyroservatide-derived octapeptide and hydroxycamptothecin for enhanced therapeutic efficacy
Authors: Liu Jing , Wu Can , Dai Guoru , Feng Feng , Chi Yuquan , Xu Keming , Zhong Wenying 
Published: February 2021

A pure l-amino acid-based molecular hydrogel was designed through conjugation of an anticancer tripeptide tyroservatide (YSV) with a self-assembling moiety, which enhanced therapeutic efficacy of both YSV and hydroxycamptothecin in vitro and in vivo.
HMGB1 regulates ferroptosis through Nrf2 pathway in mesangial cells in response to high glucose
Authors: Wu You , Zhao Ying , Yang Han-ze , Wang Yan-jun , Chen Yan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Ferroptosis, a novel type of programmed cell death, is involved in inflammation and oxidation of various human diseases, including diabetic kidney disease. The present study explored the role of high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) on the regulation of ferroptosis in mesangial cells in response to high glucose. Compared with healthy control, levels of serum ferritin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), reactive oxygen species (ROS), malonaldehyde (MDA), and HMGB1 were significantly elevated in diabetic nephropathy (DN) patients, accompanied with deregulated ferroptosis-related molecules, including long-chain acyl-CoA synthetase 4 (ACSL4), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1), and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). In vitro assay revealed that erastin and high glucose both induced ferroptosis in mesangial cells. Suppression of HMGB1 restored cellular proliferation, prevented ROS and LDH generation, decreased ACSL4, PTGS2, and NOX1, and increased GPX4 levels in mesangial cells. Furthermore, nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) was decreased in DN patients and high glucose-mediated translocation of HMGB1 in mesangial cells. Knockdown of HMGB1 suppressed high glucose-induced activation of TLR4/NF-κB axis and promoted Nrf2 expression as well as its downstream targets including HO-1, NQO-1, GCLC, and GCLM. Collectively, these findings suggest that HMGB1 regulates glucose-induced ferroptosis via Nrf2 pathway in mesangial cells.
Optimal design of the drive motor based on the road condition of the electric vehicle
Authors: Wu Zhigang , Li Weili , Liu Xiaoke 
Published: February 2021

AbstractDue to the progressive prevalence of electric vehicles (EV) in the last few decades, more concerns have been focussed on the drive motor efficiency and its manufacturing cost. This article presents an optimisation design method for EV's motor based on road condition to achieve more practical optimisation design. First, the magnetic circuit model of motor is established which can calculate the efficiency map. The correctness of the circuit model can be verified by comparing the calculated map with the testing map. Second, the objective function can be established by considering the feature of New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) cycle road condition into motor conditions and the time proportions for different motor conditions as the weights. Then, the optimisation design for the motor can be carried out by setting constraints of optimisation including the loss limitation, volume, and other geometrical feasibility. Two objective functions with efficiency as the single objective and efficiency–weight as the dual objective are constructed, and the difference between the two objective functions corresponding to the optimisation scheme is analysed at the end. The optimisation method proposed in this article can be employed in the optimal design of the drive motor under any road condition. The designed scheme obtained from optimisation can achieve the best performance in target under whole road conditions, and by weighing the contradiction between material optimisation and thermal design.
A model‐based method for rotor speed estimation of synchronous generators using wide area measurement system
Authors: Hosseini Hossein , Afsharnia Saeed 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this paper a novel method is proposed to estimate the rotor speed of synchronous generators in steady state and dynamic conditions using phasor measurement unit's data. This method uses the synchronous generator model to find the relationship between generator rotor speed and frequencies at different buses of the power system. The principles of the proposed method are first presented through a simple network consisting a generator connected to a transmission line. Afterward the general formulation is developed. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our method, IEEE 9‐bus and IEEE 39‐bus power systems are used as the benchmark systems. Different tests are carried out under three conditions including, normal condition, presence of measurement errors and uncertainty of the power system parameters. As well, the estimation results are compared with the results of other estimation methods. The results show the high accuracy of the proposed method in different conditions.
Vorstellung einer prospektiv randomisierten Multicenterstudie zum Vergleich der Hiatusplastik mit Nähten vs. Nähte mit Pledgets vs. resorbierbares Netz bei großen Hiatushernien
Authors: Koch Oliver , von Rahden Burkhard H. A. , Wykypiel Heinz , Schoppmann Sebastian F. , Függer Reinhold , Rosanelli Georg , Emmanuel Klaus , Weitzendorfer Michael 
Published: February 2021

ZusammenfassungHintergrund Die Hernienrezidivrate nach Versorgung von großen Hiatushernien ist nach wie vor sehr hoch. Über die optimale Versorgung des Hiatus bei großen Hiatushernien zur Senkung der Rezidivrate wird kontrovers diskutiert. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, zu klären, ob Pledget-verstärkte Nähte oder ein resorbierbares Netz die Rezidivrate im Vergleich zur ausschließlichen Nahtversorgung senken können.Material und Methoden Es wurde eine österreichweite, multizentrische, prospektive, randomisierte Studie geplant. Durch das Hauptprüfzentrum (Universitätsklinik für Allgemein-, Viszeral- und Thoraxchirurgie, Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität Salzburg) wurde das Studienprotokoll erstellt. Eingeschlossen in die Studie werden Patienten, die geplant wegen einer großen symptomatischen Hiatushernie laparoskopisch oder roboterassistiert operiert werden. Eine große Hiatushernie wird definiert als > 5 cm in der Manometrie bzw. Gastroskopie oder mindestens ⅓ des Magens intrathorakal liegend. Der primäre Studienendpunkt ist definiert als die Hernienrezidivrate, objektiv beurteilt mittels Gastroskopie. Nach Einschluss in die Studie werden die Patienten 6 Monate, 1 Jahr, 3 Jahre und 5 Jahre nach der Operation mithilfe von standardisierten Fragebögen und einer Gastroskopie nachbeobachtet. Die Fallzahlberechnung zeigt eine erforderliche Patientenanzahl von 55 pro Gruppe. Die präoperative Randomisierung und das Data Management erfolgen softwaregestützt.Ergebnisse Die Studie wird aktuell durch die federführende Ethikkommission hinsichtlich eines positiven Votums bewertet und ist seit Oktober 2020 auf ClinicalTrials.gov registriert. Die Clinical Trials Registration Number lautet NCT04591860. Zum aktuellen Zeitpunkt nehmen 5 Kliniken an der Studie teil. Hierbei werden in allen Zentren aktiv Probanden eingeschlossen. Die Dauer der Studie wurde bis Januar 2027 festgesetzt.Schlussfolgerung Diese Studie ist die weltweit erste prospektive, randomisierte Studie, welche die Wertigkeit von Pledgets und resorbierbaren Netzen zur Senkung der Rezidivrate nach Versorgung von großen Hiatushernien untersucht. Die Ergebnisse werden dazu beitragen, die Frage nach der adäquaten Versorgung des Hiatus zu klären.
Study on Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Mono-1-alkenylation of 9H-Carbazoles
Authors: Wang Yongqiang , Zhao Jinzhong , Guo Dongdong , Li Bin , Gao Wenmei , Zhang Wuxia 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA general and efficient method is reported for the direct mono-1-alkenylation of 9H-carbazole molecules with divalent palladium as a catalyst and an N-(2-pyridyl)sulfanyl directing group. This method also provides an efficient synthetic route for the synthesis of cross-dialkenylated carbazoles.
Pyrrolidine and Indolizidine Alkaloids from Chiral N-tert-Butanesulfinyl Imines Derived from 4-Halobutanal
Authors: Yus Miguel , Foubelo Francisco , Sirvent Ana , Hernández-Ibáñez Sandra 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAn efficient stereocontrolled preparation of 2-substituted pyrrolidines and 5-substituted indolizidin-7-ones, by using chiral N-tert-butanesulfinyl imines derived from 4-halobutanal as starting materials, is detailed. Addition of Grignard reagents and a decarboxylative Mannich­ reaction with β-keto acids involving these chiral imines proceeded with high diastereoselectivity. The synthesis of the pyrrolidinic alkaloids (–)-bgugaine, (+)-villatamine B, (–)-norhygrine, trans-dendrochrysanine, and (–)-ruspolinone demonstrated the utility of this methodology.
Clinical Characteristics and Remedy Profiles of Patients with COVID-19: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Jethani Bipin , Gupta Meeta , Wadhwani Parul , Thomas Rekha , Balakrishnan Thankaraj , Mathew George , Mathur Mohit , Rao Bachha Pompi , Shukla Dhananjay , Khullar Aashima , Khera Meghna , Sharma Himani , Kumar Ravinder , Kumar Sudeep , Jaggi Sayami , Sinha Robin , Rawal Kamal , Kapoor Anu , Manchanda Raj Kumar 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objective The aim of the study was to identify indicated homeopathic remedies based on the clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in India.
Methods In this retrospective, cohort study, confirmed COVID-19 patients admitted at a COVID Health Centre in New Delhi between April 29 and June 17, 2020 were given conventional and homeopathic treatment. Patients were grouped into mild, moderate or severe categories of disease. Their symptomatologic profiles were analyzed to identify indicated homeopathic medicines.
Results A total of 196 COVID-19 patients were admitted. One hundred and seventy-eight patients had mild symptoms; eighteen patients had moderate symptoms; no patients with severe symptoms were included as they were referred to tertiary care centers with ventilatory support. The mean age of patients with mild symptoms was significantly lower (38.6 years; standard deviation or SD ± 15.8) compared with patients in the moderate category (66.0 years; SD ± 9.09). The most important symptoms identified were fever (43.4%), cough (47.4%), sore throat (29.6%), headache (18.4%), myalgia (17.9%), fatigue (16.8%), chest discomfort (13.8%), chills (12.6%), shortness of breath (11.2%) and loss of taste (10.2%). Twenty-eight homeopathic medicines were prescribed, the most frequently indicated being Bryonia alba (33.3%), Arsenicum album (18.1%), Pulsatilla nigricans (13.8%), Nux vomica (8%), Rhus toxicodendron (7.2%) and Gelsemium sempervirens (5.8%), in 30C potency.
Conclusion Data from the current study reveal that Arsenicum album, Bryonia alba, Pulsatilla nigricans, Nux vomica, Rhus toxicodendron and Gelsemium sempervirens are the most frequently indicated homeopathic medicines. A randomized controlled clinical trial based on this finding is the next step.
Características eletrofisiológicas das pessoas diabéticas com síndrome do túnel do carpo
Authors: Paiva Filho Henver Ribeiro , Reis Alex Timóteo Rodrigues , Matos Gabriel Antonio , Paiva Valdênia Graças Nascimento , Oliveira Elias Felix , Rocha Murilo Antônio 
Published: February 2021

ResumoObjetivo O presente trabalho teve por objetivo verificar se existe correlação entre a síndrome do túnel do carpo (STC) e eletroneuromiografia (ENMG) de pacientes diabéticos e não diabéticos.Métodos Foram avaliados 154 pacientes em um ambulatório de cirurgia da mão. Todas as ENMGs avaliadas foram realizadas por um único neurologista, bilateralmente. As variáveis qualitativas foram descritas para todas as pessoas em acompanhamento devido à STC segundo a presença de diabetes e foi verificada a associação com uso do teste qui-quadrado. Foi ajustado o modelo conjunto para verificar a influência da diabetes na gravidade da ENMG em pacientes com STC.Resultados Foram incluídos no presente estudo 117 mulheres e 37 homens, com média de idade de 56,9 anos. Eletroneuromiografia demonstrando STC bilateral foi observada em 82,5% das pessoas. Pessoas diabéticas foram identificadas em 21,4% dos casos. Eletroneuromiografia com padrão grave foi prevalente.Conclusão Não houve associação entre a presença de diabetes e a gravidade da ENMG em pessoas com STC. Nível de evidência IV, série de casos.
Interventions for Distal Radius Fractures: A Meta-analysis of Comparison Studies
Authors: Beyer Julia , Wynkoop Emily , Liu Jiayong , Ebraheim Nabil A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background Distal radius fractures are one of the most frequent orthopaedic injuries. There are many effective treatment methods, such as volar plate, dorsal plate, percutaneous pins, external fixation, and casting; however, comparison of the treatment outcomes has not been thoroughly investigated. Our purpose is to determine if volar plating is the superior treatment method for distal radius fractures. We will address this through the following questions: First, is volar plating superior to dorsal plating, percutaneous pins, external fixation, or casting in terms of reported complications? Second, does volar plating produce superior functional outcomes to dorsal plating, percutaneous pins, external fixation, or casting? Third, are the radiographic outcomes superior for volar plating when compared with dorsal plating, percutaneous pins, external fixation, or casting?
Methods MEDLINE, Academic Search Ultimate, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL Plus, and JSTOR databases, as well as manual search, were used to identify papers comparing complications and functional results of volar plating to other treatment methods for distal radius fractures published after the year 2000. Complication data and function scores were recorded. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool and data was analyzed for meta-analysis using Cochrane ReviewManager software.
Results Compared with dorsal plate, volar plate performed significantly better in Gartland and Werley score. Volar plating outperformed percutaneous pins for loss of reduction, infection, Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) score, and ulnar deviation. Loss of reduction, malunion, Patient Related Wrist Evaluation (PRWE) score, DASH score, grip strength, ulnar deviation, and supination were significantly better for volar plating when compared with casting. When compared with external fixation, volar plating had significantly less cases of infection, lower QuickDASH score, and higher range of motion for flexion, pronation, and supination. All other complication and functional outcomes were not significantly different.
Conclusions Distal radius fractures treated with volar plating showed relatively better measures of complications, function scores, and range of motion than other treatment methods; however, there was no significant difference in healing time when compared with percutaneous pins. More studies are needed to compare the rest of the treatment methods with each other.
Photoelectric absorption cross section of silicon near the bandgap from room temperature to sub-Kelvin temperature
Authors: Stanford C. , Wilson M. J. , Cabrera B. , Diamond M. , Kurinsky N. A. , Moffatt R. A. , Ponce F. , von Krosigk B. , Young B. A. 
Published: February 2021

The use of cryogenic silicon as a detector medium for dark matter searches is gaining popularity. Many of these searches are highly dependent on the value of the photoelectric absorption cross section of silicon at low temperatures, particularly near the silicon bandgap energy, where the searches are most sensitive to low mass dark matter candidates. While such cross section data have been lacking from the literature, previous dark matter search experiments have attempted to estimate this parameter by extrapolating it from higher temperature data. However, discrepancies in the high temperature data have led to order-of-magnitude differences in the extrapolations. In this paper, we resolve these discrepancies by using a novel technique to make a direct, low temperature measurement of the photoelectric absorption cross section of silicon at energies near the bandgap (1.2 eV–2.8 eV).
The origin and early spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe
Authors: Nadeau Sarah A. , Vaughan Timothy G. , Scire Jérémie , Huisman Jana S. , Stadler Tanja 
Published: February 2021

Significance
We estimate the origin and spread of SARS-CoV-2 in Europe prior to spring 2020 border closures based on viral genome sequences using a phylodynamic model with geographic structure. We confirm that the predominant European outbreak most likely started in Italy and spread from there. This outbreak was probably seeded by a transmission event in either Hubei, China or Germany. In particular, we find that before the first border closures in Europe, the rate of new cases occurring from within-country transmission was within or exceeded the estimated bounds on the rate of new migration cases.
Quantifying asymptomatic infection and transmission of COVID-19 in New York City using observed cases, serology, and testing capacity
Authors: Subramanian Rahul , He Qixin , Pascual Mercedes 
Published: February 2021

Significance
As health officials face another wave of COVID-19, they require estimates of the proportion of infected cases that develop symptoms, and the extent to which symptomatic and asymptomatic cases contribute to community transmission. Recent asymptomatic testing guidelines are ambiguous. Using an epidemiological model that includes testing capacity, we show that many infections are nonsymptomatic but contribute substantially to community transmission in the aggregate. Their individual transmissibility remains uncertain. If they transmit as well as symptomatic infections, the epidemic may spread at faster rates than current models often assume. If they do not, then each symptomatic case generates, on average, a higher number of secondary infections than typically assumed. Regardless, controlling transmission requires community-wide interventions informed by extensive, well-documented asymptomatic testing.
L2 English learners’ knowledge of figurative meaning senses of phrasal verbs
Authors: Kang Dae-Min 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
While phrasal verbs (PVs) represent “a problematic feature of English vocabulary” (Garnier & Schmitt, 2016, p. 29) for a large number of learners, research into L2 English PVs remains
insufficient. This study examines 150 tertiary-level L2 English learners’ knowledge of figurative meaning senses of PVs and the
influence of congruence in the figurative meaning senses between L1 and L2 on their knowledge of the meaning senses. The research
instruments consisted of a form-recall and a meaning-recall task, questionnaires, and focus group interviews. The results indicate
that the learners’ PV knowledge differed significantly according to proficiency level and task type – production and reception.
Further, L1 congruence influenced the learners’ knowledge of PVs differently depending on proficiency levels.
The gravimagnetic dipole
Authors: Clément Gérard 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We investigate a previously constructed stationary solution of the vacuum Einstein equations, which represents a system of two non-extreme black holes with equal masses and opposite NUT charges, connected by a Misner string with tension. For large separations, the inverse square law force measured by this tension is attractive or repulsive, according to the relative values of the masses and NUT charges. For small separations, the force is always repulsive, so that the system cannot collapse to a single black hole. For given values of the black hole masses and NUT charges, there is a unique configuration such that the Misner string is tensionless. This behaves asymptotically as the Kerr solution, but can be overspinning while remaining free from a ring singularity, thus evading the usual black hole uniqueness theorems. All double black hole and string configurations satisfy a generalized first law of black hole mechanics where the two black holes and the Misner string are treated on an equal footing.