bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Where and when does the danger lie? Assessing how location, season and time of day affect the sequential stages of predation by lions in western Serengeti National Park
Authors: Kittle A. M. , Bukombe J. K. , Sinclair A. R. E. , Mduma S. A. R. , Fryxell J. M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPredation is a fundamental ecological process influencing the distribution and abundance of animal populations and underlying how prey species perceive risk. The predation process is composed of four sequential stages – search, encounter, attack and kill – each of which has been used to describe risk across the landscape. Here, we used direct observational data of free‐ranging, radio‐collared African lions in Serengeti National Park's western corridor to (1) investigate daily and seasonal predation stage probabilities and (2) using two analytical approaches, compare four mechanisms – prey distribution, intra‐specific competition, spatially anchored landscape features and predator hunting method – that potentially drive spatial predation stage patterns. Results showed that lions encountered potential prey at night significantly less than during diurnal or crepuscular periods. Nocturnal observations were predominantly during full‐moon phases, so if this lower nocturnal encounter rate was due to moon phase it may contribute to lions' typically poor full‐moon hunting success. Predation stage probabilities did not differ between seasons despite high variability in seasonal prey abundance. Spatially, lions encountered potential prey in prey‐rich, open areas near water and spatial range centres. Compared with available areas within seasonal ranges, lion attacks were more likely where prey abundance was high, and kill locations were associated with prey‐rich areas near water and range centres, collectively suggesting opportunistic hunting. However, compared with preceding predation stage locations, attacks occurred near range peripheries and kills where hunting cover was greater, suggesting ambush predation. Our results indicate substantial temporal and spatial variation across the different stages of the predation process. They also highlight first, that results can vary in important ways depending on how analyses are approached, and second, that understanding predator‐prey dynamics depends on analyses of the different stages of predation.
Do previous urethral endoscopic procedures and preoperative self‐dilatation increase the risk of stricture recurrence after urethroplasty?
Authors: Yildirim Hilin , Hennus Pauline M. L. , Wyndaele Michel I. A. , de Kort Laetitia M. O. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the relation between clinically relevant stricture recurrence after first urethroplasty and prior endoscopic treatments (dilatation and/or direct visual internal urethrotomy) or intermittent self‐dilatation (ISD).MethodsPatients with bulbar urethral strictures treated with first urethroplasty between 2011 and April 2019 were included in a prospectively gathered database with standardized follow‐up. Stricture recurrence was defined as any need for reintervention. Primary outcome was the analysis of recurrence risk after first urethroplasty in relation with the number of prior endoscopic treatments or performance of ISD. Univariate and multivariate statistical analyses were performed.ResultsOverall, 106 patients were included with a median follow‐up of 12 months (interquartile range 8‐13]. Reintervention was necessary in 16 patients (15%). Recurrence was more prevalent in patients with ≥3 prior endoscopic treatments (28%, P = .009). No increased risk of recurrence was found in patients with 1 or 2 prior endoscopic treatments. The prevalence of prior ISD was twice as high in the stricture recurrence group (56% vs 26%, P = .014), and ISD was performed in 61% of the patients with ≥3 prior endoscopic treatments (P < .001). The number of prior endoscopic interventions and performance of ISD were no independent predictors for recurrence in the multivariable analysis.ConclusionsThis study shows that the risk of recurrence after first urethroplasty is increased in patients with ≥3 prior endoscopic treatments and in those who performed ISD. Patients performing ISD more often had ≥3 prior endoscopic treatments. Prior endoscopic treatment and performance of ISD were not independent predictors of stricture recurrence.
Regulatory function of the novel transcription factor CxrC in Penicillium oxalicum
Authors: Zhang Ting , Mai Rong‐Ming , Fang Qi‐Qi , Ou Jian‐Feng , Mo Li‐Xiang , Tian Di , Li Cheng‐Xi , Gu Li‐Sha , Luo Xue‐Mei , Feng Jia‐Xun , Zhao Shuai 
Published: November 2021

AbstractNumerous transcription factors (TFs) in ascomycete fungi play crucial roles in cellular processes; however, how most of them function is poorly understood. Here, we identified and characterized a novel TF, CxrC (POX01387), acting downstream of the key TF CxrA, which is essential for plant‐biomass‐degrading‐enzyme (PBDE) production in Penicillium oxalicum. Deletion of cxrC in P. oxalicum significantly affected the production of PBDEs, as well as mycelial growth and conidiospore production. CxrA directly repressed the expression of cxrC after about 12 hr following switch to Avicel culture. CxrC bound the promoters of major PBDE genes and genes involved in conidiospore development. CxrC was found to bind the TSSGTYR core sequence (S: C and G; Y: T and C; R: G and A) of the important cellulase genes cbh1 and eg1. Both N‐ and C‐terminal peptides of CxrC and the CxrC phosphorylation were found to mediate its homodimerization. The conserved motif LPSVRSLLTP (65–74) in CxrC was found to be required for regulating cellulase production. This study reveals novel mechanisms of TF‐mediated regulation of the expression of PBDE genes and genes involved in cellular processes in an ascomycete fungus.
Pacesetters in contemporary telework: How smartphones and mediated presence reshape the time–space rhythms of daily work
Authors: Thulin Eva , Vilhelmson Bertil 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe examine how mobile information and communication technologies (ICTs) and mediated interaction transform daily work activity in contemporary, extended telework. We expand on the concepts of mediated bundles and pacesetters to understand how the rhythms and employee control of work activity change. We draw on in‐depth interviews with 22 teleworkers with varying skills and work tasks. We find that mobile technology not only relaxes the time–space constraints of telework but fosters countering processes of recoupling and fixity. New ICTs shift the relative importance of individually defined and work‐related pacesetters. The rhythm of daily work is increasingly set by horizontal interaction between spatially dispersed coworkers. It is informally regulated through practices of the continuous‐mediated interweaving of workflows and synchronised responsivity in relation to changing work intensity. Highly qualified teleworkers more often signal that they are in control and setting the pace compared to less qualified.
Public crowdsourcing: Analyzing the role of government feedback on civic digital platforms
Authors: Schmidthuber Lisa , Hilgers Dennis , Randhawa Krithika 
Published: November 2021

AbstractGovernment organizations increasingly use crowdsourcing platforms to interact with citizens and integrate their requests in designing and delivering public services. Drawing on attribution theory, this study asks how the causal attributions of the government response to a citizen request affect continued participation in crowdsourcing platforms. To test our hypotheses, we use a 7‐year dataset of both online requests from citizens to government and government responses to citizen requests. We focus on citizen requests that are denied by government, and find that the reasoning for denying a request is related with continued participation behavior. Citizens are less willing to collaborate further with government via the platform, when their requests are denied although the locus of causality is with the government. This study contributes to research on the role of responsiveness in digital interaction between citizens and government and highlights the importance of rationale transparency to sustain citizen participation.
Clinical significance of assessing cerebral blood volume by time‐domain near‐infrared spectroscopy in children with congenital heart disease
Authors: Suemori Tomohiko , Nagano Tatsuya , Sunoki Kohei , Shinohara Takako , Taga Naoyuki , Takeuchi Mamoru 
Published: November 2021

AbstractBackgroundDespite providing cerebral tissue oxygen saturation (StO2), the lack of quantitative information for continuous wave near‐infrared spectroscopy (CW‐NIRS) is an obstacle in evaluating cerebral hemodynamic conditions. Time‐domain NIRS (TD‐NIRS) provides both StO2 and cerebral blood volume and has recently become clinically available.AimTo investigate if the additional monitoring of cerebral blood volume by TD‐NIRS facilitates the understanding of cerebral hemodynamic conditions in patients with congenital heart disease.MethodsPreoperative TD‐NIRS values were retrospectively reviewed in patients who underwent a cardiac surgery or catheter examination. We compared the values between patients with single and two ventricles. Moreover, we investigated the association of these values with the demographic and clinical variables.ResultsThere was no significant difference in StO2 between single ventricle and two ventricles groups (median: 59.9 vs. 54.4, median difference [95% CI]: −4.06 [−9.90 to 2.90], p = .37). However, cerebral blood volume was significantly higher in the single ventricle group (median: 4.68 vs. 2.84, median difference [95% CI]: −2.01 [−2.88 to −1.06], p < .001). Spearman's rank correlation analysis demonstrated an association between StO2 and postmenstrual age (r = 0.35, p = .03). In contrast, cerebral blood volume was correlated with single ventricle physiology (r = 0.62, p < .001), postmenstrual age (r = 0.74, p < .001), central venous pressure (r = 0.38, p = .02), and SaO2 (r = −0.38, p = .02). The multivariable regression analysis identified the postmenstrual age, single ventricle physiology, and SaO2 as independent factors associated with cerebral blood volume. In the logistic analysis, cerebral blood volume was identified as a significant predictor of unfavorable conditions.ConclusionCerebral blood volume monitoring detected differences in cerebral hemodynamic conditions, related to the age and the type of ventricle physiologies. However, the differences were not apparent in StO2. The additional monitoring of cerebral blood volume by TD‐NIRS would facilitate a better understanding of cerebral hemodynamic conditions in patients with congenital heart disease.
Genome‐wide identification and characterization of long noncoding RNAs in maize under rice black streaked dwarf virus infection
Authors: Cao Weilin , Wang Ruolin , Cao Junyuan , Gao Jiaqi , Zhao Xuechen , Gan Liming , Zhu Changxiang 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe functions of long noncoding (lnc) RNA in the response of maize to infection by rice black streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) is poorly understood, and therefore, a comprehensive disease‐responding lncRNA profile in maize infected with RBSDV was investigated. A total of 38,511 mRNAs and 2717 lncRNAs were identified by performing transcriptomic analysis of maize leaves infected with the virus, including 558 and 8276 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DElncRs) and mRNAs (DEmRs). Functional enrichment analysis of DEmRs showed that multiple immune‐related pathways were significantly enriched (p < 0.05), such as “plant hormone signal transduction”, “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis”, and “plant–pathogen interaction”. There were 248 DElncR‐DEmR pairs, including 169 DElncRs and 236 target DEmRs generated by combining location information and differentially expressed transcripts in this work. In addition, we found that the promoter of lncRNA MSTRG.17772.1 that responds to RBSDV contains abscisic acid (ABA)‐ and methyl jasmonate (MeJA)‐responsive regions, and these two hormones can increase the level of MSTRG.17772.1 and corresponding target mRNA Zm00001d049643_T003, suggesting that ABA and MeJA may respond to RBSDV infection through MSTRG.17772.1–Zm00001d049643_T003 in maize. Our findings revealed the expression of RBSDV‐responsive lncRNAs in maize and provide novel insights into the connection between lncRNAs and ABA and MeJA in the regulation of plant disease resistance.
Root:shoot balance controls flush phenology and carbohydrate translocation dynamics in citrus (Citrusxsinensis) trunk
Authors: Li Sheng‐yang , Vincent Christopher 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFlush shoot growth presents a fluctuation pattern alternating with root growth. The cyclic pattern determines the balance of root:shoot and can affect the direction and speed of carbohydrate translocation during the vegetative growth period. In this study, we used water deficit to limit corresponding growth in sweet orange (Citrus x sinensis) “OLL 4” grafted on “US‐942” rootstock, and then observed the changes of translocation dynamics between two flush statuses. Our first hypothesis was that water deficit would reduce root growth and extend the root growth phase during the growth cycle, delaying the following flush. We then tested the related second hypothesis that shoot flushes would switch the direction and slow the speed of carbohydrate transport due to fluctuation between single and dual sinks. After recovery from a severe deficit, the flush was synchronized and emerged within 2 weeks. Mild and moderate water‐deficit plants showed a delayed new flush. Next, we used a14C‐labeling method to test whether translocation was affected by the presence of new flush. Basipetal translocation was dominant, but the new flush increased the likelihood of acropetal translocation. Translocation speeds were not different in both directions regardless of flushing status, though speed estimates were highly variable, even though14C export from the source leaf increased when new flush was present. The results suggest that flush timing across an environmental gradient is governed by source‐sink dynamics. The presence of new flush altered the direction of photoassimilate translocation and rate of leaf export, but stem transport speeds were not distinguishably different.
Immunoadsorption apheresis versus intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for exacerbation of myasthenia gravis
Authors: Yasuda Manato , Uzawa Akiyuki , Ozawa Yukiko , Kojima Yuta , Onishi Yosuke , Akamine Hiroyuki , Kuwabara Satoshi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractImmunoadsorption apheresis (IA) or intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) is used to treat exacerbation of myasthenia gravis (MG). This study aimed to compare the efficacy and safety between IA and IVIg for MG patients with anti‐acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibodies. We retrospectively studied 19 AChR antibody‐positive generalized MG patients who underwent IA (n = 9) or IVIg treatment (n = 10). We reviewed the MG activities of daily living profile (MG‐ADL) scores at baseline, 1 and 3 months after the treatment. Adverse events during the treatment period were also reviewed. The MG‐ADL scores showed significantly greater improvement from the baseline in the IA group than in the IVIg group (1 month: −7 vs −3, P = .035; 3 months −9 vs −2.5, P = .016). An adverse event that led to the discontinuation of the treatment was observed in only one patient in the IVIg group (anaphylactic reaction). Our data suggest that the IA treatment is safe and more efficacious than the IVIg treatment for aggravation of anti‐AChR‐positive MG. Larger prospective studies are required to confirm the finding.
The biology of time: dynamic responses of cell types to developmental, circadian and environmental cues
Authors: Swift Joseph , Greenham Kathleen , Ecker Joseph R. , Coruzzi Gloria M. , Robertson McClung C. 
Published: November 2021

SUMMARYAs sessile organisms, plants are finely tuned to respond dynamically to developmental, circadian and environmental cues. Genome‐wide studies investigating these types of cues have uncovered the intrinsically different ways they can impact gene expression over time. Recent advances in single‐cell sequencing and time‐based bioinformatic algorithms are now beginning to reveal the dynamics of these time‐based responses within individual cells and plant tissues. Here, we review what these techniques have revealed about the spatiotemporal nature of gene regulation, paying particular attention to the three distinct ways in which plant tissues are time sensitive. (i) First, we discuss how studying plant cell identity can reveal developmental trajectories hidden in pseudotime. (ii) Next, we present evidence that indicates that plant cell types keep their own local time through tissue‐specific regulation of the circadian clock. (iii) Finally, we review what determines the speed of environmental signaling responses, and how they can be contingent on developmental and circadian time. By these means, this review sheds light on how these different scales of time‐based responses can act with tissue and cell‐type specificity to elicit changes in whole plant systems.
IL‐31 and IL‐31 receptor expression in acute experimental canine atopic dermatitis skin lesions
Authors: Tamamoto‐Mochizuki Chie , Olivry Thierry 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundTo optimise the interleukin (IL)‐31‐blocking therapy in atopic dermatitis (AD), an understanding of the chronology in the expression of IL‐31 and its receptor (IL‐31RA) is needed.Hypothesis/Objectives(i) To assess the chronological expression of IL‐31 in canine AD skin lesions, (ii) to compare it with serum IL‐31 levels and macroscopic skin lesion scores, and (iii) to determine the identity of IL‐31‐ and IL‐31RA‐positive cells.AnimalsFour atopic dogs sensitised to house dust mites.Methods and materialsSkin and blood samples were obtained 0 h, 24 h, 48 and 96 h after allergen provocation. IL‐31 and IL‐31RA single‐staining immunofluorescence (IF), as well as IL‐31/CD3, IL‐31/CD4 and IL‐31RA/β3‐tubulin double‐staining IF were performed. The IL‐31‐positive cells were counted subjectively.ResultsThe peak IL‐31 expression for three of four dogs occurred 24 h or 48 h postchallenge; it started to decrease at 96 h. There was no significant correlation between the IL‐31 expression scores and the serum IL‐31 concentrations or the macroscopic skin lesion scores (P = 0.35 and P = 0.36, respectively). The majority of IL‐31‐positive cells were positive for CD3 (range 91–100%) and CD4 (range 63–100%), indicating that they were helper T (Th) cells. Unexpectedly, sebaceous glands were strongly immunolabelled with IL‐31; the extinction of this positivity after immunoabsorption with IL‐31 further supported the validity of this immunostaining. The IL‐31RA was visualised on keratinocytes and a small proportion of dermal nerves.Conclusions and clinical importanceThe early and transient production of IL‐31 by Th cells supports the concept of using IL‐31 inhibiting strategies as a proactive therapy to prevent flares of AD skin lesions.
Japanese knotweed control with winter soil injection of chemicals targeting the rhizome system
Authors: Ito Misako , Ito Kanji 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTo achieve chemical control of aggressive creeping perennial weeds and avoid the disadvantages of conventional foliar applications, we established a winter soil‐injection method using soil‐active herbicides. Our previous study demonstrated the feasibility of the practical use of this method by showing that the regeneration from rhizomes or creeping root segments was inhibited by direct contact with chemicals in the soil. Then, a field trial was conducted on a population of Japanese knotweed. A stand of 148 plants growing on a railway bank was used for the experiment involving two herbicide treatments and an untreated control. In early March 2016, 1 L of chlorpropham (230 mg/L) or tebuthiuron (100 mg/L) was injected 15–25 cm deep into the base of each dead shoot clump. New shoot growth started in late April and became senescent in November. Aerial growth, determined as total shoot length and shoot number, significantly decreased throughout the season under both chemical treatments, without showing any injury symptoms (shoot dieback, leaf desiccation, or yellowing) that make unsightly views. In November, rhizome number was as low as 6 and 18% of the untreated control in the chlorpropham and tebuthiuron treatments, respectively. Sprouting and rooting abilities were reduced by treatment with tebuthiuron. Such marked reductions in rhizome number and viability, as well as the reduction in food reserves as estimated from diminished aerial growth, suggested probable substantial growth inhibition in the following season. Further improvement of the injection methodology would be attained from the consolidation of practical application data.
Control-Oriented Model of the Mean and Dispersion of Diesel Combustion Phasing With Ignition Assist
Authors: Ahmed Omar , Middleton Robert , Stefanopoulou Anna , Kim Kenneth , Kweon Chol-Bum 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Diesel engines equipped with ignition assist devices such as glow plugs may improve combustion behavior at low temperatures and with low cetane fuels found in remote fields. The coordination of injection timing and the energy input of the ignition assist needs to continuously adjust to maintain the best combustion phasing at all conditions. However, most diesel engines do not use closed-loop combustion control and operate in a sub-optimal manner because the dispersion of combustion phasing, also known as cycle-to-cycle variability, requires careful feedback controller design. This work presents an initial investigation of a control-oriented model that captures the average and statistical influence of commercial glow plugs used for ignition assist beyond the start-up phase. Experiments were conducted at a single speed and load operating point as a proof of concept to obtain a model that quantifies the combustion phasing statistics and thus can guide feedback control design. The developed phenomenological model includes the engine’s thermal state because it impacts combustion behavior over the course of repeated experiments. The 3-term mean phasing model and 2-term standard deviation model estimate start of combustion within 0.6 and 0.2 crank angle degrees, respectively, and can be readily expanded to more operating conditions.
A Fundamental Thermodynamic Investigation of Compression Ratio Effects in Relation to Diesel Engine Size
Authors: Burnett Kevin , Gupta Ashwani , Luning Prak Dianne , Cowart Jim 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this study, a fundamental generalized thermodynamic model of internal combustion engines was applied to evaluate engine compression ratio effects principally in relation to engine size. Performance and efficiency metrics were investigated systematically. Further, cylinder wall temperature was varied across a range of cold start to stabilized operating temperatures. A very broad range of engine bore sizes and bore-to-stroke ratios were evaluated, representing small to large diesel engines in service. In general, it was observed that engine efficiency increases moderately with increasing compression ratio and bore size. Additionally, surface area-to-volume ratio is a critical metric when evaluating various size engines. This leads to greater relative heat transfer in the smaller bore engines with higher compression ratios. The sensitivity to heat losses is also much greater in the smaller engines. Smaller engines with higher compression ratios are expected to be most affected by cold starting conditions. Exhaust enthalpy is highest for larger bore engines with lower compression ratios, an important consideration for engine boosting. Higher convective heat transfer coefficients are also expected in smaller bore engines with higher compression ratios due to the higher operating pressures.