bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1359Changes in work and health of Australians during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Griffiths Daniel , Sheehan Luke , Vreden Caryn van , Petrie Dennis , Whiteford Peter , Sim Malcolm , Collie Alex 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Following pandemic-related work loss, some people could return to work as restrictions eased, whilst localised lockdowns resulted in further loss of work. The long-term health effects of work loss within the pandemic remain unexplored, in addition to whether any health effects are persistent upon returning to work.

Methods
A prospective longitudinal cohort study of 2603 Australians monitored changes in health and work across four surveys during March-December 2020. Outcomes described psychological distress, and mental and physical health. Linear mixed regression models examined associations between changes in health and experiences of work loss, and return to work, over time.

Results
Losing work during the early pandemic stages was associated with long-term poorer mental health, which began to recover over time. Physical health deteriorated over time, greater for people not working at baseline. Being out of work was associated with poorer mental health, but better physical health. These effects were larger for people that had recently lost work than for people with sustained work loss, and retaining employment played a protective role.

Conclusions
Work cessation during the pandemic led to poor health outcomes and had long-lasting effects. Returning to work benefits mental health but may reduce physical activity in the short-term. We encourage the provision of accessible mental health supports immediately following loss of work, and for people with prolonged work loss.

Key messages
Remaining employed whilst not working partly ameliorates negative mental health impacts. Those experiencing persistent work loss, and the newly out-of-work, are most vulnerable to ill mental health.
76Past dental visits and incidence of head and neck cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Gupta Bhawna 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
The aim of this study was to conduct a quantitative assessment of any independent association between past dental visits/check-ups and incidence of cancers of HN/upper aero-digestive tract (UADT) and oral cavity worldwide.

Methods
PubMed, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases were searched for all observational studies published until August 2017 that assessed an association of past dental visits/dental check-ups among the incident cases of HNC/UADT cancers. Three different meta-analyses were conducted: two based on the incident cancer reported in the studies (HNCs/cancers of UADT and oral cavity); another included all studies irrespective of the type of cancer reported with the frequency of past dental visits as subgroups.

Results
Sixty-two articles were reviewed in full, but only 38 were eligible for inclusion. Under the random effects model, odds of past never/irregular/ not frequent dental visits were greater in HNC cases and oral cancer cases as compared to the hospital based/ population-based controls [HNCs-unadjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.24; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.89 to 2.65) and (oral cancers—OR 1.93; 95% CI 1.47 to 2.52]. There was no publication bias in our study.

Conclusion
This systematic review and meta-analysis indicates that individuals with never/irregular/not frequent dental visits are more likely to be incident cases of HNCs/UADT cancers.

Key message
Regular/frequent dental visits, at least annually, can aid in reducing the public health burden of head and neck cancers (HNCs) by facilitating earlier detection of the disease.
41Thyroid Cancers in Fukushima: Critical Review and Analysis of the 1st and 2nd Round Examination
Authors: Hamaoka Yutaka 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
After the Fukushima–Daiichi nuclear power plant (NPP) disaster, thyroid ultrasound examination (TUE) has been performed in subjects who were aged ≤18 years. Previous studies reported controversial results. Through critical review, three limitations were identified: arbitrary grouping of 59 municipalities, 2) usage of region as proxy of dose, and 3) separate analyse of the 1st and 2nd round data.

Methods
To overcome these limitations, this study examined the relationship between radiation dose and the number of participants with thyroid malignancy, using publicly available municipality level data (N = 59). To analyse two wave screening data, multi-level random-effect Poisson regression model was applied. The number of participants with thyroid malignancy was explained by dose estimates. Interaction between dose and screening round dummy (0 for the 1st and 1 for the 2nd) was also introduced to take into account latency.

Results
Interaction terms between external dose (Akahane et al. 2013) and screening round dummy were positive and significant (β = 0.681, z = 2.05). Similar results were obtained for UNSCEAR estimated thyroid dose (UNSCEAR 2013) (β = 0.128, z = 2.24) and re-estimated thyroid dose (Suzuki et al. 2018) (β = 0.215, z = 2.42).

Conclusions
These robust results are consistent with the conjecture that the 1st round TUE is the “baseline” that will not correlated with radiation level and the 2nd round TUE detected thyroid cancer caused by radiation from Fukushima NPP that distributed heterogeneously among regions.

Key messages
This was an ecological study at the municipality level, the results should be examined with individual level data.
209Novel indicator of air pollution control efficacy: analysis of 196 countries from 2000 to 2016
Authors: Han Chunlei 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
PM2.5 concentration is different with the same CO2 emission across countries, which might because of different air pollution control efficacy. But there is no indicator to reflect the level of air pollution control efficacy in previous studies. We aimed to develop such an indicator, and to evaluate its global and temporal distribution and its association with country-level health metrics.

Methods
A novel indicator, PM2.5 concentration per unit per capita CO2 emission (PC), was developed to show the air pollution control efficacy. We estimated and mapped the global average distribution of PC and PC changes during 2000-2016 of 196 countries for the first time. Gini coefficient was used to show the inequity of PC among different countries. Pearson correlation coefficients and Generalized Additive Mixed Model (GAMM) were used to evaluate the relationship between PC and health metrics.

Results
PC varied by country with an inverse association with GDP per capita. PC showed a declining trend globally from 2000 to 2016. The most remarkable decreases were observed for countries in Central Africa like Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo and Niger, then China and India. The international inequality of PC has also decreased. The Pearson correlation coefficients between PC and life expectancy at birth (LE), Infant-mortality rate (IMR), Under-five mortality rate (U5MR) and logarithm of GDP per capita(LPGDP) were -0.566, 0.646, 0.659,-0.585 respectively(all P-values &lt;0.05). Compared with PM2.5 and CO2, PC could explain more variation of LE, IMR and U5MR.

Conclusions
PC might be a good indicator of air pollution control efficacy and was related to important health indicators. Our findings provide a new way to interpret health equity across the globe from the point of air pollution control efficacy.

Key messages
air pollution, climate change, health equity, air pollution control efficacy our study developed a novel air pollution control efficacy indicator named PM2.5 concentration per unit per capita CO2 emission (PC). In the context of global climate change, PC is a good indicator to deal with air pollution for policymakers.
767The hospital frailty risk score (HFRS) predicts complications in older surgical patients
Authors: Harvey Lara , Toson Barbara , Norris Christina , Harris Ian , Gandy Robert , Close Jacqueline 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Frailty increases the risk of post-operative complications in older patients, however clinical assessment of frailty is not routinely undertaken. We aimed to evaluate whether the Hospital Frailty Risk Score (HFRS), calculated using data available from ICD-10 coded electronic records at time of admission, could be used to identify patients at risk of complications.

Methods
Hospital and death data for individuals aged &gt;50 years, admitted for surgery to all hospitals in NSW, Australia 2016-2017 were linked. Hospital-acquired complications (HACs) were identified using 16 categories. Logistic regression models were used to quantify influence of explanatory variables; age, sex, comorbidity, urgency of admission and HFRS on risk of HACs, and model performance assessed.

Results
Of the 150,355 hospitalisations, 12.3% resulted in a complication. Infections (6.1%) and delirium (3.3%) were the most common complications. 30-day mortality was higher following complication (12.5% vs 1.8%, p &lt; 0.0001). Emergency surgery was the strongest predictor for &gt;1 complication (OR 2.67, 95%CI 2.57-2.78), followed by multimorbidity (OR 1.90, 95%CI 1.78-2.02) and high HFRS (OR 1.57, 95%CI 1.48-1.66). The fully-fitted model provided acceptable discrimination (AUC 0.72, 95%CI 0.72-0.73).

Conclusions
The HFRS was strongly associated with complications following surgery. Used in conjunction with age, sex, urgency and comorbidity the HFRS predicted complications with 72% accuracy.

Key messages
This is the first study to validate the use of HFRS as a screening tool to identify frail patients at risk of developing complications following surgery. The HFRS provides hospitals with an inexpensive, systematic method to screen for high-risk patients at time of admission.
1184Combined association of living alone and dietary variety with mental health in older Japanese adults
Authors: Hata Toshiki ,   Akihiko Kitamura,   Satoshi Seino,   Yui Tomine,   Mariko Nishi,   Takumi Abe,   Yuri Yokoyama,   Miki Narita,   Shoji Shinkai
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
We examined whether dietary variety (DV) might alleviate poor mental health (MH) of living-alone (LA) older adults.

Methods
Cross-sensational data from 15073 (7566 men; 7507 women) residents aged 65-84 years were assessed using the WHO-Five Well-being Index to determine poor MH (defined by a score ≤ 12) and DV (low and high DV defined by a score ≤ 3 and ≥ 4, respectively). Participants were divided into living together with high DV (G1), living together with low DV (G2), LA with high DV (G3), and LA with low DV (G4). Logistic regression analyses stratified by gender were performed to examine the association of poor MH with LA and DV.

Results
Prevalence of LA, low DV, and poor MH were 13.6%, 63.3%, and 26.1%, respectively, in men, and 21.2%, 54.6%, and 24.8%, respectively, in women. Compared with the G1, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) (95% confidence intervals) for worse MH were 1.69 (1.49-1.93) for G2, 2.04 (1.50-2.78) for G3, and 3.34 (2.70-4.11) for G4 in men. Corresponding ORs were 1.73 (1.52-1.96), 1.02 (0.83-1.26), and 1.66 (1.36-2.01) in women.

Conclusions
The association of poor MH with LA was more apparent in older adults with low DV than in those with high DV; however, this association differed with gender.

Key message
Eating a variety of food may help alleviate the negative effects of living alone on mental health in older adults.
763Validity of algorithms for identifying five chronic conditions in MedicineInsight, Australian national primary care data
Authors: Havard Alys , Chidwick Kendal , Daniels Benjamin , Thistlethwaite Jill , Myton Rimma , Blogg Suzanne , Wall Margaret , Quick Lisa , Pollack Allan , Manski-Nankervis Jo-Anne 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
MedicineInsight is a database containing de-identified electronic health records (EHRs) from over 700 Australian general practices. To support the trust placed in analyses of MedicineInsight data, additional evidence regarding the accuracy of the data is needed.

Methods
This study measures the validity of algorithms available in MedicineInsight that identify patients with depression, anxiety, asthma, type 2 diabetes and osteoporosis. Fifty practices met eligibility criteria regarding patient load and location, five were randomly selected and four agreed to participate. Within each practice, 250 patients aged ≥ 40 years were randomly selected. This age restriction increased the prevalence of the evaluated conditions, thereby optimising statistical power. Trained staff review the full EHR for these patients, including progress notes and correspondence, which are not available in MedicineInsight because they may contain identifiable information.

Results
With data collection almost complete, the target sample size will not be attainable. Power calculations indicate the current sample of 479 should provide adequate precision. For each condition of interest, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the algorithm is calculated. The full EHR review is the gold standard against which the algorithms are benchmarked.

Conclusions
The findings will indicate whether these algorithms demonstrate adequate accuracy to be used for research and decision-making.

Key messages
This additional understanding regarding the accuracy of MedicineInsight data will facilitate the interpretation of analyses of MedicineInsight data and guide improvements to the algorithms.
318Earlier migration, better cognition? The role of urbanization in bridging the urban-rural cognition gaps
Authors: Ye Xin , Zhu Dawei , He Ping 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
With the process of population aging and urbanization, a vast amount of studies has confirmed the increasing urban-rural cognitive inequality. While less is known about the extent to which cognition gaps can be explained by birth inequality and urbanization. This study aimed to examine the role of urbanization and related factors in bridging the cognition gaps for middle-aged and older adults in China.

Methods
Based on the national representative China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) 2015, the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method was employed to decompose the cognition gaps. We quantified both the explained and unexplained parts of the cognition gaps, as well as the absolute and relative attribution of related factors.

Results
We found significant cognition gaps between urban and rural samples. Among the rural sample, the fully-urbanized and the semi-urbanized had better cognition than the non-urbanized. The fully-urbanized migrating at the age of 0-17 years old showed higher cognition scores than those migrating at 18+ years old. Besides urban-rural inequality and urbanization disparities, the cognition gaps could be largely explained by their socioeconomic status, and in part by their demographic background, physical functioning, life styles, social support and childhood status.

Conclusions
Urban-rural migration have a lasting effect in bridging the cognitive gaps in middle-aged and older adults, and those who migrating had more improvements in cognition than those migrating in adulthood. Public health actions targeting cognitive disparities could benefit from focusing on inequalities in urban-rural social and economic recourses.

Key messages
Rural-to-urban migration can bridge the urban-rural cognitive gaps in Chinese middle-aged and older adults.
In the rural-to-urban migration groups, people migrating in childhood had more improvements in cognition than those migrating in adulthood.
1035COVID-19: Boom or bust?
Authors: Hegde Aditya , Medhi Adori , Pendharkar Ojas , Hegde Aditya 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
In the final weeks of 2019, a SARS-CoV-2 virus slipped furtively from animal to human in China. As of March 13, there have been 1,34,918 confirmed cases, out of which 4,990 is the death count. We are predicting extinction or explosion of the virus from the current realization of a Galton Watson process.

Methods
Based on the region wise reported number of cases, total was calculated. The observed offspring distribution was found by calculating the difference between the total number of cases in consecutive days. Hence the distribution modelled using Sequential Probability Ratio Tests (SPRT) to predict whether extinction or explosion will occur for the current realization of the process. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was performed on the data to check the distribution of fit.

Results
We assume conservative approach of SPRT. The geometric distribution fits to the data taken from January 2020 to March 12, 2020. The SPRT on the offspring distribution predicts extinction of the disease if the number of cases reported on a new day are less than 58 then the disease will extinct, and will explode if more than 9,990 cases.

Conclusions
Our results show that if COVID-19 transmission is established, understanding the effectiveness of control measures in different settings will be crucial for understanding the likelihood that transmission can eventually be effectively mitigated.

Key messages
Our analysis highlights the value of recording individual cases and analyzing geographically heterogeneous data of COVID-19. Our results also have implications for estimation of transmission dynamics using the number of exported cases from a specific area.
194Nonlinear isocaloric substitution analysis in nutritional epidemiology: An example using the UK Biobank data
Authors: Ho Frederick , Gray Stuart , Petermann-Rocha Fanny , Mathers John , Pell Jill , Celis-Morales Carlos 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Intake of macronutrients and its components are associated with mortality and morbidity. Isocaloric substitution analysis is a tool to examine how changing the source of energy intake (e.g. from saturated to monounsaturated fat) is associated with health. However, conventional methods assume linearity, which may be untrue in many cases. This paper presents a nonlinear alternative, using UK Biobank data as an example data set.

Methods
Nonlinear isocaloric substitution analysis was conducted using penalised cubic splines in Cox proportional hazard models. In the UK Biobank, 195,658 participants completed at least one dietary questionnaire and were included in the analyses. Diet was assessed using the Oxford WebQ, a web-based 24-hour recall questionnaire. Prospective all-cause mortality was derived from on linked death records.

Results
More than half of the associations between macronutrient intake and all-cause mortality were nonlinear. Nonlinear isocaloric substitution analysis provides effect sizes conditional on the current intake, while conventional analysis provides an average over the whole range of intake. For example, conventional isocaloric substitution estimated no effect of replacing sugar with starch. However, the nonlinear method revealed that replacing sugar with starch was associated with a higher risk when the current starch intake was greater than 30% of total energy, and with a lower risk when current intake was less than 25%.

Conclusions
Nonlinear isocaloric substitution provides an alternative to conventional isocaloric substitution analysis when the underlying association is nonlinear.

Key messages
Nonlinear associations are common in nutritional epidemiology. In such cases, nonlinear isocaloric substitution analyses should be used.
472Long-term effectiveness of 3-dose primary course and 4-year booster dose of pertussis vaccine in Australia
Authors: Jayasundara Duleepa , Sheridan Sarah , Randall Deborah , Campbell Patricia , Edmond Karen , Liu Bette , McIntyre Peter B , Gidding Heather F , Wood James G 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Australia’s National Immunisation Program recommended a 3-dose primary Diphtheria-Tetanus-Pertussis (DTP) vaccination course at 2, 4 and 6 months and a booster dose at 4 years during 2003-2015. We examined vaccine effectiveness by time since doses 3 and 4, as studies to date have shown conflicting results.

Methods
Perinatal, immunisation, pertussis notification and death data were linked for 1,086,319 infants born in two Australian states in 2003-2012. Administration of DTP doses 3 and 4 from 5.5-7 months and 47-53 months respectively, was considered age-appropriate. Adjusted Cox proportional hazards models with time-varying vaccination status were used to estimate vaccine effectiveness (VE = 1–hazard ratio) against notified pertussis post age-appropriate doses 3 and 4 compared to unvaccinated children, with additional benefit of dose 4 compared to receipt of primary course alone.

Results
Dose 3 VE declined from 79% (CI 75%-83%) from 0-6 months to 64% (CI 60%-67%) at 6-36 months and 45% (CI 31%-56%) at 36-42 months post-vaccination. Compared to unvaccinated children, VE after dose 4 declined from 83% (CI 80%-86%) at 0-12 months to 67% (CI 60%-72%) and 55% (CI 46%-63%) in the following two 12-month periods post-vaccination. When compared to dose 3, the relative VE for dose 4 was 58% (CI 51%-64%) in 0-18 months post-vaccination.

Conclusion and Key messages
Our study adds to previous Australian evidence for substantial waning of vaccine induced immunity against pertussis over a 3-year period following dose 3. VE was significantly higher in the 18 months following dose 4 compared to receipt of primary course alone.
1219Translating epidemiological findings to end rheumatic heart disease in Australia: the ERASE project
Authors: Katzenellenbogen Assoc Judith , Stacey Ingrid , Wade Vicki , Haynes Emma , Bessarab Dawn 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Focus of Presentation
Rheumatic fever (RF) and rheumatic heart disease (RHD) are endemic among Indigenous Australians. End RHD in Australia: Study of Epidemiology (ERASE) aimed to characterize contemporary RF/RHD epidemiology. Using multi-jurisdictional linked data from several administrative sources, we undertook sub-studies covering diverse epidemiological questions, requiring substantial methods development. Mixed methods further identified barriers/facilitators to inform system redesign. Our multi-disciplinary collaboration supported diverse initiatives to contribute to policy at government, service and community/stakeholder levels. We show how findings from ERASE were applied/translated to address the impact of RF/RHD in Australia.

Findings
Academic: &gt;15 papers and commentaries/editorials provided the backbone to translational outputs and methods sharing. PhD students have ongoing projects using ERASE datasets.
Advocacy: ERASE epidemiological and economic information supported the Endgame Strategy (roadmap for eliminating RHD in Australia by 2031) presented to government.
Health professionals: ERASE data contributed to Australian RF/RHD guidelines. Slides of results/interpretation are publically-available on the RHDAustralia website. Student lectures integrate biomedical and culturally-informed perspectives.
Indigenous stakeholder engagement: involves (1)presentations to peak Indigenous-controlled organisations (2)co-designed resources (booklets/slides) for capacity-building of RHDAustralia’s national Champions4Change network (3)research workshops to promote two-way learning and health literacy/numeracy. Challenges remain regarding strengths-based approaches when reporting high disparities.

Conclusions/Implications
Strong translational commitment and national multi-disciplinary networks of Indigenous and non-Indigenous collaborators ensured ERASE generated multiple outputs that continue to inform training, practice, policy and community health literacy.

Key messages
Build translation and broad collaboration into study from the start.