bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSIII-18 Identification of microbial interactions and markers associated with Shiga toxin-producing bacteria colonization in the rectum of beef steers
Authors: Pan Zhe , Chen Yanhong , McAllister Tim A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to identify whether microbial interactions in the rectum contribute to Shiga toxin producing bacteria colonization. In total, 12 rectal digesta samples based on the previously identified Shiga toxin 2 gene (stx2) abundance (DNA) and expression (RNA) in Shiga toxin-producing bacteria (Stx2- group: detectable DNA, n=6; Stx2+ group: detectable DNA and RNA, n = 6) were subjected to microbial profiling using amplicon sequencing. Firmicutes (72.7 ± 2.0 %) and Bacteroidetes (24.6 ± 1.9 %) are the most predominant phyla of rectal microbiota, and no compositional differences were identified between two groups at the phylum level. The Shannon and Chao1 indices weren’t different in rectal digesta microbial communities between two groups. Twenty-four and thirteen taxa were identified to be group-specific genera in microbial communities from Stx2- and Stx2+ group, respectively (2 out of 6, average relative abundance &gt;0.1%). The network analysis indicated 12 and 14 keystone taxa (Generalists, densely connected with other taxa) in microbial communities between Stx2- and Stx2+ groups, respectively. Eight out of 12 and six out of 14 generalists in the Stx2- and Stx2+ group are belonging to group-specific genera, respectively. Generalists belonging to group-specific genera were broadly distributed in Stx2- network while centralized distributed in the Stx2+ network, suggesting the higher stability of the Stx2- network structure in comparison of Stx2+ network computed by the natural connectivity measurement. However, 66 core genera shared by microbial communities between two groups were not classified into network generalists. Overall, our results indicate microbial crosstalks and keystone taxa in microbial communities between two groups differed, suggesting that the microbial interactions rather than the shifts in taxa abundance may be more important affecting host. Moreover, group-specific genera play a vital ecological role in the microbial interactions, indicating the potential for being microbial markers to differentiate Shiga toxin-producing bacteria colonization in beef cattle.
PSIII-20 Antimicrobial resistance phenotype and genotype of generic Escherichia coli from encapsulated cinnamaldehyde and citral fed-broiler chicken
Authors: Yang Chongwu , Rehman Muhammad Attiq , Yin Xianhua , Carrillo Catherine , Wang Qi , Yang Chengbo , Gong Joshua , Diarra Moussa 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study investigated effects of in-feed encapsulated cinnamaldehyde (CIN) and citral (CIT) alone or in combination (CIN+CIT) on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) phenotypes and genotypes of E. coli isolated from feces of 6-, 16-, 23- and 27-days old broiler chickens. Five dietary treatments included the basal diet (NC), the basal diet supplemented with 55 ppm bacitracin (BAC), 100 ppm encapsulated CIN, CIT, or CIN+CIT. Antimicrobial susceptibility using a Sensititre method of 240 E. coli isolates showed that the most frequent resistances were against b-lactam, aminoglycoside, sulfonamide and tetracycline, however, the prevalence of AMR decreased (P &lt; 0.05) when birds aged. The prevalence of resistance to amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, ceftiofur, ceftriaxone, cefoxitin, gentamicin, and sulfonamide was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in isolates from CIN or CIN+CIT compared to those from NC or BAC. The whole-genome sequencing analysis of 227 of the 240 isolates detected 26 AMR genes (ARGs) and 19 plasmids but the prevalence of some ARGs and plasmid numbers were lower (P &lt; 0.05) in E. coli isolated from CIN or CIN+CIT than NC or BAC. The most prevalent resistance genes included tet(A) (n = 108), aac3_Vla (n = 91), aadA1 (n = 86), blaCMY-2 (n = 78), sul1 (n = 77), aph3_lb (n = 58), aph6_ld (n = 58), and sul2 (n = 24). Interestingly, the number of most virulence genes (VGs) increased (P &lt; 0.05) over time from 6 to 27 days of age. The prevalence of isolates of serotype O21:H16 was lower (P &lt; 0.05) in CIN and CIN+CIT while colibacillosis-associated multi-locus sequence typing (ST117) was the most prevalent in isolates from day 23. A whole genome-based phylogenetic tree revealed a close relationship of 25 of 227 isolates to human or broiler extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. This study indicates that AMR and virulence genotypes of E. coli could be modulated by encapsulated CIN or CIN+CIT feed supplementations and prompt further investigations on the involved mechanisms.
PSIII-21 Efficacy of deoxynivalenol detoxification by sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) containing nanofibrous mats using an in vitro intestinal epithelial cell IPEC-J2
Authors: Yu Changning , Litke Quintin , Lu Peng , Liu Shangxi , Gong Joshua , Liu Song , Yang Chengbo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) occurs in many commonly used cereal grains. Pigs feed with DON concentrations as low as 0.6–2.0 mg/kg can result in reduced feed intake and growth rate, damage to intestinal epithelial cells, and increase susceptibility to enteric pathogens. Sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) can efficiently detoxify DON by converting it 8-DONS or 10-DONS in vitro. However, if SMBS is added directly to the feed, SMBS rapidly degrades under acidic aqueous conditions (e.g. pig stomach) and little SMBS is delivered to the intestinal absorption site where it can effectively detoxify DON. Thus, the objective of this study was to encapsulate SMBS into Eudragit L100-55 nanofibrous mats to deliver intact SMBS to the small intestine and evaluate the efficacy of DON detoxification in the simulated intestine fluid (SIF) using an in vitro intestinal epithelial cell (IPEC-J2) model. Nanofibrous mats were produced by coaxial electrospinning, with peak loading capacity and loading efficiency of SMBS reaching 32.00% and 80.01%. DON-induced cytotoxicity was not observed during in vitro analysis consisting of incubation of DON in the presence of SMBS-containing nanofibers (0.5% w/w) in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) for 2 h followed by incubation in a mixture of SGF and SIF (1:1) for 20 min. Meanwhile, compared to the DON treatment, incubation of DON in the presence of SMBS-containing nanofiber (0.5% w/w) in SGF for 2 h and SIF for 20 min decreased the gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in the IPEC-J2 cells and maintained the cell integrity. To conclude, SMBS released from Eudragit L100-55 nanofibrous mats in the SIF effectively decreased the adverse effects induced by DON in the IPEC-J2 cells. Nanofibrous mats can release a large amount of SMBS in a short time in SIF to achieve the effect of detoxifying DON.
PSXIII-27 Oklahoma State University constructing diversified learning for extension educators
Authors: Markey Jazmin A , Riggs Angel , Moehlenpah Alexi , Lalman David , Stein Dan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The role of extension educators is to convey cutting-edge information to the varying sectors of the agricultural industry. In recent years, Oklahoma State University has initiated the process of creating online continuing education courses for Oklahoma-based extension educators. The objective is to develop online modules to enhance educator professional development through expansion of animal science knowledge. In the spring of 2021, Oklahoma extension educators will receive the opportunity to enroll in the introductory level course of this series, “Livestock Production Practices 101” (LPP 101). LPP 101 has been designed for extension educators that have little to no animal science background. The course will be comprised of eight lessons. The eight lessons include livestock species terminology, vision, hearing and handling, nutrient classification, digestive anatomy, reproductive anatomy, life cycles - from conception to consumption, breeds and genetic evaluation parameters, and comparative anatomy. Each lesson will convey species-specific information relative to cattle, horses, pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens. Lessons will include activities such as readings and interactive illustrations. At the conclusion of each lesson, knowledge checks will be given as review to prepare educators for a quiz. Knowledge checks and quiz questions will be a combination of fill-in the blank, multiple choice, matching, and species-specific sorting. Educators must obtain an eighty percent or higher on all lesson quizzes to receive a course certificate. Educators will complete approximately five hours of course work over a ten-week period. A survey will be offered at the conclusion of the course to assess whether the educator found the course to be both engaging and beneficial. The survey will also serve as a guide as to which topics provided in this course would be sought after if developed into courses of their own.
PSXI-22 Study of biosorption mechanisms of movable forms of lead by soil isolates of the genus Bacillus in experiments in vitro
Authors: Terekhova Nadezhda , Galaktionova Lyudmila , Sizentsov Alexey , Davydova Olga , Nikiyan Hike 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The research was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education in accordance with the state assignment for Ural State Mining University No. 0833-2020-0008 ‘Development and environmental and economic substantiation of the technology for reclamation of land disturbed by the mining and metallurgical complex based on reclamation materials and fertilizers of a new type’. We obtain the scientific results by using funds of the Center for the collective use of scientific equipment of the Federal Scientific Center of biological systems and agricultural technologies of RAS as well (No Ross RU.0001.21 PF59, the Unified Russian Register of Centers for Collective Use - http://www.ckp-rf.ru/ckp/77384).The search for natural bioremediators to restore crop and grazing lands in conditions of the increased anthropogenic load is a relevant and promisingly significant area of research. Thus, we were tasked to assess the prospect of using the physiological and adaptive characteristics of microorganisms of the genus Bacillus as an active biosorbent of movable forms of lead from the substrate on the in vitro model.Soil isolates of microorganisms of the genus Bacillus extracted from samples from areas with increased lead levels were used to achieve our aim. Pb(NO3)2 solutions in the concentration range from 1 to 0.063M were used as the factor regulating the growth. Methods used in the work were: the method of agar basins, the nephelometric method, atomic-absorption spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. B. subtilis and B. cereus were isolated from soil samples. The maximum resistance to different concentrations of Pb(NO3)2 was revealed for B. subtilis. The presence of lead cations in the nutrient substrate significantly increased the population density to 26.0%. At the same time, the percentage of lead sorption in the initial stage of the stationary growth phase was 65.3% with the maximum localization on the surface structures of the cell membrane.
PSXI-18 Nitrogen fertilization management of winter pastures for stocker cattle production
Authors: Scaglia Guillermo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Bermudagrass is often over-seeded with a cool-season annual grass for grazing purposes. In the Gulf Coast region, summer perennials will not become dormant until there are low soil and ambient temperatures. Nitrogen fertilizer is an expensive input and its split application for winter pastures is recommended. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the time of application of N fertilizer or its substitution with red clover as a source of N. Three treatments were evaluated in 3 consecutive years (2 replicates per year) on annual ryegrass (cv. Marshall) no-tilled planted (45 kg/ha) on Tifton-85 bermudagrass: 1) Urea in late November and mid-late January; 2) Red clover planted with annual ryegrass; 3) Urea in January only. Thirty crossbred steers (203±24 kg) were blocked by BW and randomly assigned to 1 of 6 groups. Each group were continuously stocked on 1.34 ha pastures for 90 d. Forage mass, botanical composition, and nutritive value of the pastures were determined from the time of the first N application and every 15 d thereafter. There was treatment x year interaction (P = 0.03) in botanical composition. Greater proportions (P = 0.03) of bermudagrass were present on the 2-application treatment on every sampling date until d 15 of the grazing period in Year 1 and 3. This was a result of N absorbed by bermudagrass which impacted its nutritive value (P = 0.01) although not forage production (P = 0.07). In Year 2, annual ryegrass dominated the swards due to a cold artic front in early November. Steers grazing fertilized treatments had greater gains (P = 0.04), while production per ha was greater (P = 0.03) when N was applied in January than when no N was applied. Hay production (kg DM/ha) was similar (P = 0.06) among treatments. Opportunities for improved economics of production and enhanced sustainability appear to be realistic objectives with changes in fertilization strategy.
PSXI-11 Assessing in situ rumen degradability of late season kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata)
Authors: Adkins J B , Gulizia J P , Downs Kevin M , Cui S 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Kudzu (Pueraria montana var. lobata) is an invasive weed species native to eastern Asia affecting much of the southeastern United States. Its broad leaves and viny growth allow it to outcompete native plant species for sunlight and nutrients. Kudzu, however, is a leguminous plant, making it a potential feedstock for ruminant species. Browsing ruminants in areas affected by kudzu could benefit animal productivity while serving to ameliorate rapid plant growth. This study specifically sought to assess the overall rumen degradability, rate of digestion, digestible fraction, and indigestible fraction using an in situ methodology. In situ rumen degradability was analyzed using four ruminally fistulated steers as individual experimental units over two repeated trials. Samples were incubated at 1, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, and 72 h. Kudzu used in these trials was collected during September, making analysis in this study a reflection of degradability toward the end of the growing season. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with repeated measures showing no significant differences between steers or trials (P &gt; 0.05). Overall degradability across all steers and times was 69.79%. Significant changes in dry matter disappearance across all steers were observed at 1, 12, and 24 h (P &lt; 0.05) with values of 33.86, 64.78, and 74.26%, respectively, and highest observed degradability at 72 h (79.55%). Incubation times between 24 and 72 h were not used in determining rate of digestion as dry matter disappearances throughout these times were not significantly different (P &gt; 0.05). Rate of digestion (kd) was determined, using linear regression, to be 1.68% ∙ h-1 along with a digestible fraction (Do) of 28.29% and indigestible fraction (U) of 22.03%. The results of this study reflect that kudzu maintains a relatively high level of rumen degradability toward seasonal senescence, making it a functional feedstock even into the cooler months.
PSII-B-29 Effects of piglet cross-fostering on pre-weaning growth
Authors: Young Jennifer M , Byrd Christopher J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of cross-fostering on piglet growth during lactation. Entire litters (n=40) were allocated to 1 of 2 treatments: control (CON) and foster. Three piglets (FOS) from each CON litter were randomly selected and moved to a foster litter 12 to 24 h post-farrowing, where they were nursed along resident (RES) piglets until weaning (approximately 18 d of age). Piglets were weighed at birth and every 3 d until 15 d of age. Average daily gain (ADG) was calculated through 15 d of age. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS. There was a treatment by day interaction (P = 0.003). At birth, RES piglets were heavier than CON piglets (P = 0.02), while FOS piglets were not significantly different from CON or RES piglets (P = 0.07 and 0.52, respectively). However, CON piglets were numerically heavier than RES piglets on day 15 (P = 0.07), with FOS piglets being intermediate to but not significantly different from CON and RES piglets (P = 0.38 and 0.61, respectively). While weights between CON and RES piglets were significantly different at birth and tended to be different on day 15, there was no difference in ADG from birth to day 15 (P = 0.69). Overall, the results from this study showed no significant detrimental effects of cross-fostering on pre-weaning growth.
PSVIII-24 The effect of growth rate on cytokine presence in uterine environment in beef heifers
Authors: Chaney Elizabeth M , Schneider Liesel G , Payton Rebecca R , McLean Kyle J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Heifer development is the foundation of performance in breeding herds. Growth rate during development may alter uterine immune responses impacting reproductive efficiency and, thus, productivity of that animal. Angus-cross heifers (n = 48) were blocked by BW [4 blocks; weight class (WC)], placed in pens (4 heifers per pen), and pens (n = 12) were randomly assigned treatments (4 pens per treatment): 1) control; targeted 0.68 kg/day, 2) high; targeted 1.25 kg/day, and 3) low; targeted 0.11 kg/day. A randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit utilized mixed model ANOVAs to determine if treatment influenced BW, BCS, and uterine cytokines. Beginning at the start of treatment (d 0) BW and BCS were taken every 2 weeks. Uterine flushes were performed at d 0 and d 57. Cytokine concentrations above the detectable limit were categorized into a quartiles (1=0–25%; 2=25–50%; 3=50–75%; 4=75–100%). Samples that were below the detection limit were assigned a category value of 0. At the end of the study high treatment pens had greater BW compared to control and low pens (P = 0.01). Concentrations of MCP-1, TNFα, IL-17A, IL-8, and VEGF-A decreased from d 0 to d 57 (P &lt; 0.05). Pens on the high treatment tended to have IL-17A concentrations in the upper quartiles compared to control and low (P = 0.06). Pens in WC 1 and 2 tended to be in the lower quartile score for VEGF-A compared with WC 4 (P = 0.07) and WC 3 was intermediate. In conclusion, these data show that growth rate and size during heifer development may impact cytokine profiles in the uterine environment of nulliparous heifers. This may impact the ability to conceive early in the first breeding season, thus potentially altering long-term reproductive efficiency.
PSXIII-5 Effects of B vitamins and hydroxy trace minerals supplementation on hepatic metabolism of beef cattle at finishing phase in pasture
Authors: Lopes Mariana , Brito Thaís , Lage Josiane F , Costa Thaís , Fontes Marta , Serão Nick V , Mendes Tiago , Reis Ricardo , Duarte Marcio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Vitamin B and trace minerals are crucial molecular signals involved in many biological pathways of energy metabolism and their bioavailability is compromised in high-producing ruminant animals. Despite the current knowledge of the effects of vitamin B complex and trace minerals on animal performance, their use as a rumen-protected form and its impact on liver metabolism in finishing beef cattle is poorly known. The present study aimed to assess the effects of ruminally protected B-vitamin blend (Trouw Nutrition, Italy) and hydroxy trace minerals (Cu and Zn; Micronutrients Inc., Indianapolis, IN) on hepatic proteome. A total of 20 non-castrated Nellore males with 353 ± 43 kg of initial BW were submitted in a high supplementation (1.7% of BW) in pasture and randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: CTRL – inorganic trace minerals without supplementation of vitamin B blend; SUP – supplementation of hydroxy trace minerals (Cu and Zn) and vitamin B blend (B5, B6, B7, B9, and B12). All animals were fed the same level of the experimental diet for 106 days and liver biopsy was performed at the end of the experimental period. We use shotgun proteomics combined with biological and network analyses of the protein differentially abundant between treatments, showing 37 proteins differentially abundant (P &lt; 0.10) between treatment groups, where all proteins were up-regulated in the SUP treatment. These proteins were related to protein folding (P = 0.0456), oxidoreductase complex (P = 0.0155), mitochondrial respiratory chain complex IV (P = 0.0132), chaperonin-containing T-complex 2 (P = 0.0132), glutathione metabolism (P = 0.00026) and other linked to oxidative stress regulation. These results indicate that ruminal-protected vitamin B and hydroxy trace minerals supplementation during the finishing phase cause positive changes in the abundance of proteins related to oxidative metabolism and response to oxidative damage.
PSXIII-11 Evaluating different doses of rumen-protected or nonprotected tributyrin on performance of feedlot lambs fed a moderate or low-forage diet
Authors: Watanabe Daniel H , Górka Pawel , Santin Elizabeth , Leclerc Helene , Penner Gregory B 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate performance of lambs when supplemented with different doses and forms of tributyrin in moderate (MF) and low forage (LF) diets. Eighty-four ram lambs were blocked by initial BW (27.9 ± 2.3 kg) assigned into 1 of 2 groups that were fed a MF (40% forage) or LF (10% forage) diet (%DM). Lambs in each block were also assigned to 1 of 6 treatments (n = 7) including a control (no supplementation) or diets that contained 0.1, 0.2, or 0.3% (DM basis) rumen protected (RPT) or 0.1 or 0.3% of tributyrin that was not protected (NPT). Lambs were housed indoor in individual pens and fed once daily for 97 d. At harvest, hot carcass weight (HCW) and back-fat thickness was measured for each lamb. Within diet type (MF and LF), data were analyzed to determine the linear and quadratic response for increasing RPT, the effect of using tributyrin (con vs. RPT and NPT), and the effect of rumen protection (RPT vs. NPT). Treatments fed MF diets did not differ with each other (P ≥ 0.06) for final BW (53.5 kg), ADG (255 g/d), DMI (1.42 kg/d), gain:feed ratio (0.187 kg/kg), backfat thickness (14.1mm), hot carcass weight (24.0 kg), and dressing percentage (45.0%). Also, no differences (P ≥ 0.08) were detected for final BW (56.0 kg) and ADG (0.30 kg/d), DMI (1.56 kg/d), gain:feed ratio (0.190 kg/kg), back-fat thickness (16.8 mm), and HCW (25.5 kg) between treatments fed LF diets. However, lambs fed LF diet with RPT had greater (P = 0.04) dressing percentage than lambs fed NPT (45.9 vs. 44.5%, respectively). We conclude there is no benefit from inclusion of tributyrin in MF diets for lambs whether provided in protected or unprotected form. However, feeding RPT in LF diets for lambs may enhance dressing percentage.