bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atherosclerosis as a risk factor in the prognosis of the survival of patients with COPD
Authors: Kotlyarov S , Kotlyarova A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Funding Acknowledgements
Type of funding sources: None. Main funding source(s): no

OnBehalf
no
Atherosclerosis is one of the key medical problems, as it contributes greatly to the structure of morbidity and mortality. Atherosclerosis rarely occurs in isolation, and is often combined with other diseases, including chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The study of the significance of atherosclerosis and other key risk factors in the prognosis of COPD was carried out.

Materials and methods
a study of the nature of the course of COPD for 15 years was carried out at three time control points (2005, 2008 and 2020). The presence of diseases associated with atherosclerosis in history, the severity of dyspnea according to the modified MRC scale and body mass index were taken into account. To assess the significance of the factors, a long-term survival analysis was performed using the Kaplan-Meier method. The statistical significance of the differences between the curves was assessed using the Log-rank test and the Breslow (Generalized Wilcoxon) and Tarone-Ware tests. To assess the influence of various factors and their combinations on long-term survival, a multivariate analysis was carried out using the Cox regression model (proportional hazards model).

Results and discussion
The study included 170 men, with an average age of 60.09 ± 1.31 years. All patients smoked, the pack-years index was 43.78 ± 1.02. Of the 170 patients included in the study, 119 died by the third time point, which was 70%. The life expectancy of deceased patients averaged 70.48 ± 0.63 years. The main causes of death in patients with COPD are cardiovascular diseases caused by atherosclerosis, cancer, and respiratory failure. The most common cause of death in patients with COPD (68%) is diseases of the circulatory system associated with atherosclerosis. It was found that the presence of atherosclerosis in the anamnesis decreases the survival rate over a 15-year period. The graphs of the Kaplan-Meier survival curve depending on the presence of concomitant cardiovascular diseases in the anamnesis confirm the significance of the differences (p = 0.0194). It was also shown that an increase in the severity of dyspnea is associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes (p &lt;0.001; ROC analysis, AUC = 0.737 ± 0.038). The analysis of survival using the construction of Kaplan-Meier curves showed that BMI &lt;21 is associated with a poor prognosis (p &lt;0.001; ROC analysis, AUC = 0.827 ± 0.043). The results of the Cox regression model showed that a history of atherosclerosis is a significant predictor of a poor prognosis in patients with COPD in a 15-year follow-up. It was shown that a history of atherosclerosis increases the risk of death in patients with COPD by 1.734 times.
Thus, concomitant cardiovascular diseases of atherosclerotic genesis, severe dyspnea and low body weight are a significant factor in the poor prognosis of COPD and should be taken into account when monitoring patients.
Genetically predicted circulating vitamin C in relation to cardiovascular disease
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Zheng Ju-Sheng , Mason Amy M , Burgess Stephen , Larsson Susanna C 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimWe conducted a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study to assess the associations of genetically predicted circulating vitamin C levels with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs).Methods and resultsTen lead single-nucleotide polymorphisms associated with plasma vitamin C levels at the genome-wide significance level were used as instrumental variables. Summary-level data for 15 CVDs were obtained from corresponding genetic consortia, the UK Biobank study, and the FinnGen consortium. The inverse-variance-weighted method was the primary analysis method, supplemented by the weighted median and MR-Egger methods. Estimates for each CVD from different sources were combined. Genetically predicted vitamin C levels were not associated with any CVD after accounting for multiple testing. However, there were suggestive associations of higher genetically predicted vitamin C levels (per 1 standard deviation increase) with lower risk of cardioembolic stroke [odds ratio, 0.79; 95% confidence interval (CI), 0.64, 0.99; P = 0.038] and higher risk of atrial fibrillation (odds ratio, 1.09; 95% CI, 1.00, 1.18; P = 0.049) in the inverse-variance-weighted method and with lower risk of peripheral artery disease (odds ratio, 0.76, 95% CI, 0.62, 0.93; P = 0.009) in the weighted median method.ConclusionWe found limited evidence with MR techniques for an overall protective role of vitamin C in the primary prevention of CVD. The associations of vitamin C levels with cardioembolic stroke, atrial fibrillation, and peripheral artery disease need further study.
Breastfeeding and Responsive Parenting as Predictors of Infant Weight Change in the First Year
Authors: Hails Katherine A , Whipps Mackenzie D M , Gross Rachel S , Bogen Debra L , Morris Pamela A , Mendelsohn Alan L , Shaw Daniel S 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo test breastfeeding duration and responsive parenting as independent predictors of infant weight change from birth to 12 months, and to test the moderating effect of a tiered parenting intervention on relations between breastfeeding and responsive parenting in relation to infant weight change.MethodsMother–infant dyads (N = 403) were participants in the ongoing Smart Beginnings (SB) randomized controlled trial testing the impact of the tiered SB parenting model that incorporates two evidence-based interventions: Video Interaction Project (VIP) and Family Check-Up (FCU). The sample was low income and predominantly Black and Latinx. Responsive parenting variables (maternal sensitivity and intrusiveness) came from coded observations of mother–infant interactions when infants were 6 months. Continuous weight-for-age (WFA) z-score change and infant rapid weight gain (RWG) from 0 to 12 months were both assessed.ResultsLonger breastfeeding duration was significantly associated with less WFA z-score change. The relationship between breastfeeding duration and WFA z-score change was significant only for infants in the intervention group. Intrusive parenting behaviors were also associated with greater WFA z-score change after accounting for breastfeeding duration.ConclusionsThis study is one of the first to test both breastfeeding and parenting in relation to infant weight gain in the first year. Findings may have implications for family-focused child obesity prevention programs.
From Physical to Metaphysical Necessity
Authors: Roberts Alexander 
Published: April 2021

AbstractLet Nomological Bound be the thesis that there is nothing objectively possible beyond what is physically possible. Nomological Bound has struck many as a live hypothesis. Nevertheless, in this article I provide a novel argument against it. Yet even though I claim that Nomological Bound is false, I argue that the boundaries of objective possibility can still be characterized intimately in terms of physical necessity. This is philosophically significant, for on a natural understanding it constitutes the powerful anti-sceptical result that those who believe in physical necessity should not harbour any scepticism towards merely metaphysical possibilities.
The relativistic jet dichotomy and the end of the blazar sequence
Authors: Keenan Mary , Meyer Eileen T , Georganopoulos Markos , Reddy Karthik , French Omar J 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Our understanding of the unification of jetted AGN has evolved greatly as jet samples have increased in size. Here, based on the largest-ever sample of over 2000 well-sampled jet spectral energy distributions, we examine the synchrotron peak frequency – peak luminosity plane, and find little evidence for the anticorrelation known as the blazar sequence. Instead, we find strong evidence for a dichotomy in jets, between those associated with efficient or ‘quasar-mode’ accretion (strong/type II jets) and those associated with inefficient accretion (weak/type I jets). Type II jets include those hosted by high-excitation radio galaxies, flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQ), and most low-frequency-peaked BL Lac objects. Type I jets include those hosted by low-excitation radio galaxies and blazars with synchrotron peak frequency above 1015 Hz (nearly all BL Lac objects). We have derived estimates of the total jet power for over 1000 of our sources from low-frequency radio observations, and find that the jet dichotomy does not correspond to a division in jet power. Rather, type II jets are produced at all observed jet powers, down to the lowest levels in our sample, while type I jets range from very low to moderately high jet powers, with a clear upper bound at L 300MHz ∼1043 erg s−1. The range of jet power in each class matches exactly what is expected for efficient (i.e. a few to 100 % Eddington) or inefficient ( &lt;0.5% Eddington) accretion on to black holes ranging in mass from $10^7{\, {\rm to}\,}10^{9.5}\, {\rm M}_\odot$.
Observed CN and HCN intensity ratios exhibit subtle variations in extreme galaxy environments
Authors: Ledger B , Wilson C D , Michiyama T , Iono D , Aalto S , Saito T , Bemis A , Aladro R 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We use both new and archival ALMA data of three energy lines each of CN and HCN to explore intensity ratios in dense gas in NGC 3256, NGC 7469, and IRAS 13120-5453. The HCN (3–2)/HCN (1–0) intensity ratio varies in NGC 3256 and NGC 7469, with superlinear trends of 1.53 ± 0.07 and 1.55 ± 0.05, respectively. We find an offset to higher HCN (3–2)/HCN (1–0) intensity ratios (∼0.8) in IRAS 13120-5453 compared to NGC 3256 (∼0.3−0.4) and NGC 7469 (∼0.3−0.5). The HCN (4–3)/HCN (3–2) intensity ratio in NGC 7469 has a slope of 1.34 ± 0.05. We attribute the variation within NGC 3256 to excitation associated with the northern and southern nuclei. In NGC 7469, the variations are localized to the region surrounding the active galactic nucleus. At our resolution (∼700 pc), IRAS 13120-5453 shows little variation in the HCN intensity ratios. Individual galaxies show nearly constant CN (2–1)/CN (1–0) intensity ratios. We find an offset to lower CN (2–1)/CN (1–0) intensity ratios (∼0.5) in NGC 3256 compared to the other two galaxies (∼0.8). For the CN (3–2)/CN (2–1) intensity ratio, NGC 7469 has a superlinear trend of 1.55 ± 0.04, with the peak localized towards the active galactic nucleus. We find high (∼1.7) CN (1–0)/HCN (1–0) intensity ratios in IRAS 13120-5453 and in the northern nucleus of NGC 3256, compared to a more constant ratio (∼1.1) in NGC 7469 and non-starbursting regions of NGC 3256.
Compaction-driven black hole growth
Authors: Lapiner Sharon , Dekel Avishai , Dubois Yohan 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We study the interplay between galaxy evolution and central black hole (BH) growth using the NewHorizon cosmological simulation. BH growth is slow when the dark-matter halo is below a golden mass of $M_{\rm v}\sim 10^{12}\, \rm M_\odot$, and rapid above it. The early suppression is primarily due to gas removal by supernova (SN) feedback in the shallow potential well, predicting that BHs of ${\sim}10^5\, \rm M_\odot$ tend to lie below the linear relation with bulge mass. Rapid BH growth is allowed when the halo is massive enough to lock in the SN ejecta by its deep potential well and its heated circumgalactic medium (CGM). The onset of BH growth between these two zones is triggered by a wet-compaction event, caused, e.g. by mergers or counter-rotating streams. It brings gas that lost angular momentum into the inner-$1\, {\rm kpc}$ ‘blue nugget’ and causes major transitions in the galaxy structural, kinematic, and compositional properties, including the onset of star-formation quenching. The compaction events are confined to the golden mass by the same mechanisms of SN feedback and hot CGM. The onset of BH growth is associated with its sinkage to the centre due to the compaction-driven deepening of the potential well and the associated dynamical friction. The galaxy golden mass is thus imprinted as a threshold for rapid BH growth, allowing the AGN feedback to keep the CGM hot and maintain long-term quenching. AGN feedback is not causing the onset of quenching; they are both caused by a compaction event when the mass is between the SN and hot-CGM zones.
FirstLight IV: diversity in sub-L* galaxies at cosmic dawn
Authors: Ceverino Daniel , Hirschmann Michaela , Klessen Ralf S , Glover Simon C O , Charlot Stéphane , Feltre Anna 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Using a large sample of sub-L* galaxies, with similar UV magnitudes, MUV ≃ −19 at z ≃ 6, extracted from the FirstLight simulations, we show the diversity of galaxies at the end of the reionization epoch. We find a factor ∼40 variation in the specific star formation rate (sSFR). This drives a ∼1 dex range in equivalent width of the [O iii]λ5007 line. Variations in nebular metallicity and ionization parameter within H ii regions lead to a scatter in the equivalent widths and [O iii]/H α line ratio at a fixed sSFR. [O iii]-bright ([O iii]/H α&gt;1) emitters have higher ionization parameters and/or higher metallicities than H α-bright ([O iii]/H α&lt;1) galaxies. According to the surface brightness maps in both [O iii] and H α, [O iii]-bright emitters are more compact than H α-bright galaxies. H α luminosity is higher than [O iii] if star formation is distributed over extended regions. [O iii] dominates if it is concentrated in compact clumps. In both cases, the H α-emitting gas is significantly more extended than [O iii].
Galactic open cluster Cepheids – a census based on Gaia EDR3
Authors: Zhou Xiaoyue , Chen Xiaodian 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In the Gaia era, the membership analysis and parameter determination of open clusters (OCs) are more accurate. We performed a census of OC’s classical Cepheids based on Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3) and obtained a sample of 33 OC Cepheids fulfilling the constraints of the spatial position, proper motion, parallax, and evolution state. 13 of 33 OC Cepheids are newly discovered. Among them, CM Sct is the first first-crossing Cepheid with direct evidence of evolution. DP Vel is likely a fourth- or fifth-crossing Cepheid. Based on independent distances from OCs, W1-band period–luminosity relation of Cepheids is determined with a 3.5 per cent accuracy: 〈MW1〉 = −(3.274 ± 0.090)log P − (− 2.567 ± 0.080). The $Gaia$-band period–Wesenheit relation agrees well with Ripepi et al. (2019). A direct period–age relation for fundamental Cepheids are also determined based on OC’s age, that is log t = −(0.638 ± 0.063)log P + (8.569 ± 0.057).
A giant molecular cloud catalogue in the molecular disc of the elliptical galaxy NGC 5128 (Centaurus A)
Authors: Miura R E , Espada D , Hirota A , Henkel C , Verley S , Kobayashi M I N , Matsushita S , Israel F P , Vila-Vilaro B , Morokuma-Matsui K , Ott J , Vlahakis C , Peck A B , Aalto S , Hogerheijde M R , Neumayer N , Iono D , Kohno K , Takemura H , Komugi S 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the first census of giant molecular clouds (GMCs) complete down to 106 M⊙ and within the inner 4 kpc of the nearest giant elliptical and powerful radio galaxy, Centaurus A. We identified 689 GMCs using CO(1–0) data with 1 arcsec spatial resolution (∼20 pc) and 2 km s−1 velocity resolution obtained with the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. The I(CO)-N(H2) conversion factor based on the virial method is XCO = (2 ± 1) × 1020 cm−2(K km s−1)−1 for the entire molecular disc, consistent with that of the discs of spiral galaxies including the Milky Way, and XCO = (5 ± 2) × 1020 cm−2(K km s−1)−1 for the circumnuclear disc (CND; within a galactocentric radius of 200 pc). We obtained the GMC mass spectrum distribution and find that the best truncated power-law fit for the whole molecular disc, with index γ ≃ −2.41 ± 0.02 and upper cut-off mass $\sim \! 1.3\times 10^{7}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot }$, is also in agreement with that of nearby disc galaxies. A trend is found in the mass spectrum index from steep to shallow as we move to inner radii. Although the GMCs are in an elliptical galaxy, the general GMC properties in the molecular disc are as in spiral galaxies. However, in the CND, large offsets in the line-width-size scaling relations (∼0.3 dex higher than those in the GMCs in the molecular disc), a different XCO factor, and the shallowest GMC mass distribution shape (γ = −1.1 ± 0.2) all suggest that there the GMCs are most strongly affected by the presence of the active galactic nucleus and/or shear motions.
ProteinTools: a toolkit to analyze protein structures
Authors: Ferruz Noelia , Schmidt Steffen , Höcker Birte 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The experimental characterization and computational prediction of protein structures has become increasingly rapid and precise. However, the analysis of protein structures often requires researchers to use several software packages or web servers, which complicates matters. To provide long-established structural analyses in a modern, easy-to-use interface, we implemented ProteinTools, a web server toolkit for protein structure analysis. ProteinTools gathers four applications so far, namely the identification of hydrophobic clusters, hydrogen bond networks, salt bridges, and contact maps. In all cases, the input data is a PDB identifier or an uploaded structure, whereas the output is an interactive dynamic web interface. Thanks to the modular nature of ProteinTools, the addition of new applications will become an easy task. Given the current need to have these tools in a single, fast, and interpretable interface, we believe that ProteinTools will become an essential toolkit for the wider protein research community. The web server is available at https://proteintools.uni-bayreuth.de.
Hybridization of Alkali Basaltic Magmas: a Case Study of the Ogol Lavas from the Laetoli Area, Crater Highlands (Tanzania)
Authors: Zaitsev Anatoly N , Arzamastsev Andrei A , Marks Michael A W , Braunger Simon , Wenzel Thomas , Spratt John , Salge Tobias , Markl Gregor 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe southern part of the eastern branch of the East African Rift is characterized by extensive volcanic activity since the late Miocene. In the Crater Highlands, part of the North Tanzanian Divergence zone, effusive and pyroclastic rocks reflect nephelinitic and basaltic compositions that formed between 4·6 and 0·8 Ma. The former are best represented by the Sadiman volcano (4·6–4·0 Ma) and the latter occur in the giant Ngorongoro crater (2·3–2·0 Ma), the Lemagarut volcano (2·4–2·2 Ma) and as a small volcanic field in the Laetoli area (2·3 Ma), where basaltic rocks known as Ogol lavas were erupted through fissures and several cinder cones. Compositionally, they are alkaline basalts with 46·0–47·9 wt% SiO2, 3·0–4·3 wt% of Na2O + K2O, Mg# of 61 to 55, and high Cr and Ni content (450–975 and 165–222 ppm respectively). Detailed textural and compositional analysis of the major minerals (olivine, clinopyroxene, plagioclase and spinel-group minerals) reveals the heterogeneity of the rocks. The primary mineral assemblage that crystallized from the Ogol magmas comprises macro- and microcrysts of olivine (Fo89·5–84·2), Cr-bearing diopside to augite, magnesiochromite–chromitess, magnetite–ulvöspinelss, andesine–oligoclasess and fluorapatite, with glass of phonolitic composition in the groundmass. All samples contain appreciable proportions of xenocrystic minerals of macro- and microcryst size, with large variations in both concentration and mineral populations between samples. Xenocrysts include olivine with reverse zonation (Fo84·1–72·5), rounded and embayed clinopyroxene cores of variable composition, anhedral Cr-free magnetite–ulvöspinelss and embayed oligoclase. These xenocrysts as well as variations in major and trace element contents, 87Sr/86Sr(i) (0·70377–0·70470) and 143Nd/144Nd(i) (0·51246–0·51261) ratios provide evidence of multi-stage magma mixing and mingling between Ogol and adjacent Lemagarut volcano basaltic melts with only very minor contamination by Precambrian granite–gneisses. Elevated alkalinity of Ogol lavas, which positively correlates with isotope ratios, and the presence of xenocrystic green core clinopyroxene, perovskite, schorlomite and titanite indicate additional mixing and mingling with evolved nephelinitic magmas and/or assimilation of nephelinitic Laetolil tuffs or foidolitic rocks related to the Sadiman volcano. Owing to their heterogeneity, estimates on the crystallization conditions for the Ogol rocks are difficult. Nevertheless, clinopyroxene–liquid thermobarometry indicates crystallization temperatures of around 1150–1220 °C and records upper-crustal depths of 3–12 km (1–4 kbar). Despite the fact that Ogol basalts are hybrid rocks that formed under open-system conditions with well-documented mixing and mingling processes, they seem to be the best examples closest to primary basaltic melts within the Crater Highlands.
P007 Service evaluation of the nurse-led telephone advice line in the wake of COVID-19: a report of audit and staff satisfaction
Authors: Day Julia , Ball Janet , Down Jayne , Sengupta Raj 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background/Aims
The Rheumatology nurse advice line (NAL) at the Royal National Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases (RNHRD, Bath) provides a vital service for direct patient access to specialist advice via a designated voicemail system. Increasing numbers and difficulty connecting call returns have increased staff workload, reduced efficiency and impacted on staff satisfaction. An audit was therefore undertaken to evaluate service use and efficiency, paired with formal assessment of staff satisfaction in order to identify areas for improvement.
Methods
The total number of monthly calls through the NAL during 2020 were counted. A subset of consecutive calls were audited in detail, documenting temporal parameters in relation to the call being logged, returned and concluded. The number of clinicians and attempts required to contact the patient was noted. An anonymised staff satisfaction questionnaire was completed by NAL nurses and administrators. Data was analysed using Excel.
Results
An average 653 calls per month (range 340-894) came through the NAL between January and September 2020. 97 consecutive patient contacts were audited from August 2020. Multiple attempts were required to successfully return the call in 19.6% of cases (n = 19/97). Of those, 68.4% (n = 13/19) of calls needed ≥ 2 nurses to contact the patient. In general, the first attempt to return the call was prompt (average 7.6 hours, range 0.1-27.7). However, the time to conclude the call from the patient’s first call log ranged from 0.1 - 142.6 hours (average 12.7 hours) with increased time associated with difficulties contacting the patient or when further advice was required from a Rheumatology doctor (18.5%, n = 18/97).
Staff surveys revealed 67% of staff felt that the NAL is a good service to offer patients. However, 67% of staff did not feel the NAL in its current format was easy to manage. Specific comments included that the lack of rota'd responsibility, unpredictable workload and time inefficiencies were barriers to managing the service.
Conclusion
From this data, we conclude that patient calls are returned promptly, but utilising a system of voicemail and unscheduled call returns is inefficient and contributes to staff dissatisfaction. This data has driven change for service improvement. To improve efficiency, calls will be answered live by an administrator during working hours and patients given a call-back time. A doctor will be named as a single point of contact for the nurses to seek additional advice and a nurse rota will designate responsibility for NAL calls to reduce work-load uncertainty. Follow up service evaluation will include staff and patient satisfaction questionnaires, and repeat audit, with consideration of ways to support frequent service users.
Disclosure
J. Day: None. J. Ball: None. J. Down: None. R. Sengupta: None. V. Flower: None.