bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid solution of ray tracing problems in heterogeneous media
Authors: Thurber C. H. , Ellsworth W. L. 
Published: June 2021

abstract
The determination of local earthquake hypocenters and orgin times from first-P-arrival times by Geiger's method requires a technique for finding the minimum travel time (and derivatives) between the source and the station. Sophisticated ray tracing techniques have been developed for this purpose for use in complex velocity structures. Unfortunately, the two common techniques, shooting and bending, are generally prohibitively expensive for routine use in data analysis. The bending method is also particularly vulnerable to the problem of local minima in travel time. A method has been developed known as the ray initializer, which can be used to circumvent these problems in many cases. First, the technique can find a reasonable estimate of the minimum-time ray path in a quick and efficient manner. The velocity in a region local to the source and receiver is laterally averaged to yield an approximate layered velocity model. One-dimensional ray tracing techniques are used to find the minimum-time path for this layered structure. The ray path estimate can then be used as the starting path in a bending routine, a procedure resulting in more rapid convergence and the avoidance of local minima. Second, the travel time found by numerical integration along the estimated ray path is an excellent approximation to the actual travel time. Thus, in many cases, the ray initializer can be substituted for a three-dimensional ray tracing routine with a tremendous increase in efficiency and only a small loss in accuracy. It is found that the location of an explosion, derived using the ray initializer, is nearly identical to a complete ray tracing solution, even for a highly complex velocity structure.
Crust and upper mantle structure along the flank of Kōko Seamount
Authors: Furukawa K. , Gettrust J. F. , Kroenke L. W. , Campbell J. F. 
Published: June 2021

abstractInversion of an 80-km-long reversed seismic refraction profile near the northwestern flank of Kōko Seamount indicates that the crust adjacent to the southern end of the Emperor Seamount chain is approximately 9-km thick with no dip in the refracting horizons. These data require positive P-velocity gradients in the crust and upper mantle to fit the observed amplitudes.The crustal refractor P velocities and crustal thickness found are in general agreement with those found previously for the Emperor chain and near the Hawaiian Ridge. It is inferred from our data that the tectonic mechanism which created the Emperor and Hawaiian chains was highly localized.
Attenuation of intensity with epicentral distance in the Philippines
Authors: Vanmarcke Erik H. , Lai Shih-Sheng P. 
Published: June 2021

abstractWith data from 83 earthquakes in the Philippine region, an intensity attenuation equation is derived in the form: I(R) − Io = 4.01 − 0.015 R − 2.40 log R. This compares very favorably with results for a tectonically similar region, the San Andreas region, derived by Howell and Schultz (1975).
Analysis of small seismographic station networks
Authors: Uhrhammer Robert A. 
Published: June 2021

abstractA procedure is developed for objectively analyzing the geometrical configuration of a small seismographic station network. The elements of the parameter space covariance matrix are used to determine the uncertainty in the hypocentral parameters and their corresponding cross-correlations for a given network geometry. Likewise, the elements of the data space covariance matrix are used to determine which data supply the least information toward the solution of the system of equations and which combinations of observations are redundant. Knowledge of the variation of these covariance matrices in the vicinity of a network allows an objective basis for comparing the performance of proposed network geometrical configurations.A small triangular quadripartite network (10-km radius) is analyzed as an example of the method. For small networks, generally the most important data are S-wave onset times at the peripheral stations and P-wave onset times at the interior stations. The single most useful indicator of the performance of a proposed network configuration is the span of the semi-major axes of the covariance matrices for hypocenters in the vicinity of the network.
Fault impedance and earthquake energy in the Fourier transform domain
Authors: Andrews D. J. 
Published: June 2021

abstract
The response of the elastic medium in which a fault is contained determines one relation between the slip function and the stress function on the fault. In the space-time domain, the slip and stress functions are related by a singular integral equation. If a Fourier transformation is performed over the two space dimensions on the fault and over time, the stress transform equals the slip rate transform times an impedance function. Using this impedance function, we may determine the energy radiated or stored in the elastic medium from either the slip or the stress transform.
The reproducing earthquakes of the Galapagos Islands
Authors: Kaufman Kris , Burdick L. J. 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe largest swarm of earthquakes of the last few decades accompanied the collapse of the Fernandina caldera in the Galapagos Islands in June of 1968. Many of the events were relatively large. (The largest 21 had moments ranging from 6 ×1024 to 12 ×1024 dyne-cm.) They produced teleseismic WWSSN records that were spectacularly consistent from event to event. The entire wave trains of the signals were nearly identical on any given component at any given station. This indicates that the mode of strain release in the region was unusually stable and coherent.The body waveforms of the events have been modeled with synthetic seismograms. The best fault plane solution was found to be: strike = 335°, dip = 47°, and rake = 247°. The depths of all the larger shocks were close to 14 km. Previous work had suggested that the seismic energy was radiated by the collapsing caldera block at a depth of about 1 km. The new results indicate that large scale extensional faulting at depth was an important part of the multifaceted event during which the caldera collapsed.
The McNaughton Lake earthquake of May 14, 1978
Authors: Rogers Garry C. , Ellis Robert M. , Hasegawa Henry S. 
Published: June 2021

abstractAt 22h37m02s UTC on May 14, 1978, a magnitude (ML) 4.8 earthquake occurred in the Canadian Rockies near McNaughton Lake, the large reservoir behind the Mica Dam in eastern British Columbia. The data suggest it was not a reservoir-induced earthquake.The earthquake was within a seismic array monitoring the reservoir and consequently, the epicenter is well constrained in a northwest-southeast direction. The preferred epicenter is 52.65°N, 118.89°W, slightly east of the Rocky Mountain Trench, with a shallow focal depth of about 10 km. There were no foreshocks but a normal aftershock sequence. The focal mechanism, the first for the eastern Canadian Cordillera, indicates predominantly right-lateral strike-slip faulting along the strike of the mountains with a significant thrust component. The moment is 4 ± 2 × 1023 dyne-cm with a low stress drop (&lt;10 bars). A well-developed Lg phase was recorded to the south of the earthquake. The isoseismals are elongated in a north-south direction and the rate with which intensity attenuates in a southerly direction is comparable to that for eastern North America.
Relocation of Koyna earthquakes
Authors: Rastogi B. K. , Talwani P. 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe Koyna earthquake of December 10, 1967 was the most damaging reservoir-induced earthquake. It was followed by a long sequence of earthquakes which is still continuing. Precise locations of the Koyna earthquakes have been very much disputed as different locations of the main earthquake and stronger aftershocks were obtained by various workers. Over 1,500 epicenters of Koyna earthquakes through 1973 were obtained by Guha et al. (1974). They cover a large area in a diffused pattern. In view of the continuing seismicity and a recently obtained seismic velocity model, the larger events (ML ≧ 4.0) and about 300 selected smaller events (ML &lt; 4.0) were relocated.The relocated epicenters show some concentration and suggest the possibility of two trends in the NNE and NW directions. There is a NNE trend of epicenters near the dam and another about 20 km west of the reservoir. The NW trend cuts through these NNE trends. The events were grouped to obtain their composite fault-plane solutions which indicate left-lateral strike-slip faulting along the NNE faults and normal faulting in the NW direction. Faults observed in the LANDSAT imagery match with these trends.
Vertical deformation at Middleton Island, Alaska
Authors: Prescott W. H. , Lisowski M. 
Published: June 2021

abstract
Analysis of leveling data from Middleton Island in the Gulf of Alaska confirms our earlier observation of high rates of vertical deformation. Although the island is only 8 km long, the deformation pattern is quite complex. The north end of the island is falling relative to the remainder at a rate of 3 mm/yr. This rate of movement is decreasing exponentially with a time constant of about 8 yr. In addition, a short level line across the island indicates some tilting down in the direction N50°W. This deformation also exhibits a declining rate.
The direction of all deformation appears to be controlled by the strike of the Aleutian Trench or, equivalently, by the axis of the 1964 Alaska earthquake deformation field. The deformation at Middleton Island is inconsistent with motion in the direction of the Minster-Jordan relative plate motion vector.
The deformation is inferred to be a long-lived aftereffect of the 1964 earthquake.
Pre-, co-, and postseismic strain changes associated with the 1952ML= 7.2 Kern County, California, earthquake
Authors: Dunbar W. Scott , Boore David M. , Thatcher Wayne 
Published: June 2021

abstractTriangulation surveys carried out in the vicinity of the White Wolf Fault in 1932, 1952, 1953, and 1963 are used to delineate the strain changes preceding, accompanying, and following the 1952 earthquake. The strain rate (engineering shear) during the preseismic interval (1932 to 1952) was 0.36 ± 0.10 μstrain/yr and was nearly uniform across the 70-km-long triangulation arc, with the plane of maximum left-lateral shear oriented N44° ± 7°E, nearly parallel to the White Wolf Fault. The coseismic observations (1952 to 1953), supplemented by leveling data, are matched using a dislocation model with the following characteristicsDip = 60°SEStrike = N50°ELength = 70 kmLeft-Lateral Strike-Slip = 2.4 ± 0.1 meter (m)Reverse Dip-Slip = 1.9 to 0.6 m (decreasing to the NE)Seismic moment ≧ 0.9 × 1027 dyne-cm.The data also require most of the slip to have occurred below ∼5 km (5 to 20 km in our model), on roughly the southwest half of the fault, with the slip occurring at shallow depths to the northeast. The postseismic triangulation data (1953 to 1963) indicate that the average shear strain rate in the 10 yr following the earthquake (0.80 ± 0.20 μstrain/yr) was about twice that during the 20 yr preceding it. The postseismic strain changes were concentrated closer to the fault than those determined for the preseismic time interval, and the 1953 to 1963 data are explained well by episodic postseismic slip of about 2 m (left-lateral strike-slip) occurring on the down-dip extension of the coseismic fault plane.
Study of keratomycosis at a tertiary care teaching hospital
Authors: Gayathri Veluri , Jeswin Ami 
Published: June 2021

Corneal infections are one of the leading causes of ocular morbidity and blindness world-wide. If normal defence mechanisms of the eye are compromised, almost any microorganism can invade the cornea. It is important to know the exact aetiology of corneal ulcer to institute appropriate therapy in time, least serious consequences may follow. To isolate and identify the fungi from corneal scrapings of suspected keratitis patients. A prospective study of Fungal keratitis was conducted at Al-Azhar Medical College & Super Speciality Hospital in Thodupuzha, Kerala a tertiary care hospital with a capacity of 650 beds. The duration of the study was two years from January 2018 to January 2020. Patients with suspected fungal corneal ulcers presenting in the Out-Patient Department (OPD) of Ophthalmology were investigated for fungal etiology in the Department of Microbiology were included in this study. Each patient was examined with slit lamp. Data collected from history given by patient and patient examination. Using standard techniques. The specimens collected were then smeared on two slides, which were stained with Gram stain (for bacterial keratitis) and 10% potassium hydroxide preparation (for fungal keratitis) studied under light microscope.Of the 866 patients with corneal ulcer investigated, 83 cases with fungal and 36 with bacterial aetiology was identified. Males were more commonly affected and were mostly in the age group of 31-40 year. It was seen that trauma was the most common predisposing factor especially in the agriculturists and the farmers. Among the identified fungi, most were hyaline. Of the 83 positive specimens, the most frequent agent isolated was Fusarium species in 31 (37.3%) cases. 23 (27.7%) was the second most common followed by , ., . Candida albicans were 5 (6%) followed by 1 (1.2%).Fungal Keratitis is a serious problem usually following corneal trauma, it requires rapid detection and identification of fugal agents for treatment to prevent disastrous consequences.
A comparative study of Widal test with blood culture in the diagnosis of typhoid fever in febrile patients
Authors: Choubey Pooja 
Published: June 2021

Typhoid fever is a major health problem in developing countries and its diagnosis on clinical ground is difficult. Diagnosis in developing countries including Madhya Pradesh is mostly done by Widal test. However, the value of the test has been debated. Hence, evaluating the result of this test is necessary for correct interpretation of the result. A comparative study of Widal test with blood culture in the diagnosis of typhoid fever in febrile patients.

Blood samples were collected from 62 febrile patients with symptoms clinically similar to typhoid fever and visiting red cross Hospitals at bhopal from mid May 2018 to August 2018. Blood culture was used to isolate S.typhi and S.paratyphi. Slide agglutination test and tube agglutination tests were used for the determination of antibody titer. Statistical analysis used: Data analysis by IBM SPSS Statistics 20 10 participants were females and 22 were males in blood culture and 20 were positive, 12 were negative. Total 62 cases of S. typhi were identified with the total prevalence of typhoid fever. The total number of patients who have indicative of recent infection by either of O and H antigens. Total 62 cases of S. Typhi or paratyphi were identify with the total prevalence of typhoid fever.Widal test is 30 patients were observed and blood culture were observed 32 patients.
Performance luminosa da associação entre elemento vazado, janela alta e prateleira de luz
Authors: Bolssoni Gabriela , Laranja Andréa 
Published: June 2021

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a performance luminosa da associação entre elemento vazado, janela alta e prateleira de luz para um ambiente interno de escritório em localidade de clima tropical úmido. Na metodologia foram feitas modelagens com o Rhinoceros3D+Grasshopper e simulações com o DIVA-for-Rhino. Como parâmetros de análises adotou-se os intervalos da UDI (Useful Daylight Illuminances), a Autonomia da Iluminação Natural (DA) e a Uniformidade. As avaliações foram feitas para Norte e Oeste para os seguintes modelos: Modelo I (elemento vazado), Modelo II (elemento vazado + janela alta) e Modelo III (elemento vazado + janela alta + prateleira de luz). Utilizando como base o Modelo III foram avaliados mais quatro modelos variando a profundidade interna da prateleira de luz. Os resultados apontaram a dificuldade de os modelos alcançarem os limites mínimos de DA (500lx) e de Uniformidade (0,6), indicando tanto a necessidade de acionamento da iluminação artificial como a existência de elevados contrastes luminosos. O Modelo III10 para Norte e o Modelo III30 para Oeste obtiveram a melhor performance em relação Ã UDI, garantindo iluminação adequada em cerca de 70% das horas, iluminando de maneira mais eficiente a região profunda do ambiente e admitindo baixos percentuais de iluminação excessiva.
Reflexão sobre o impacto dos códigos edilícios no desempenho térmico e lumínico de edifícios residenciais do bairro Noroeste, Brasília-DF
Authors: Von Glehn Patricia , Kos Darja 
Published: June 2021

As superquadras de Brasília oferecem uma oportunidade ímpar para se examinar em detalhe um determinado tipo arquitetônico: o edifício residencial sobre pilotis, cuja extensiva concentração na cidade permite estudá-lo sob diversas perspectivas. Sob a ótica da Norma de Desempenho - NBR15.575(2013), este trabalho evidencia como a evolução dos códigos edilícios transformou as mais recentes construções de projeções residenciais no Setor Noroeste prejudicando o Desempenho Térmico e Lumínico dos apartamentos. Inicialmente, apresenta-se panorama geral resgatando a origem do Plano Piloto e do bairro Noroeste. Em seguida, percorre-se o histórico das normativas de Brasília que incidem diretamente na forma dos edifícios. Apresenta-se, também, uma breve descrição das exigências da Norma de Desempenho. Por fim, a partir das experiências de projetos das autoras e de resultados obtidos com simulação computacional, demonstra-se como a influência dos códigos, somados Ã s demandas do mercado imobiliário, limitam a concepção do projeto representando obstáculos para atingir o desempenho mínimo.
Microclimas urbanos en la Ciudad de Panamá:
Authors: Collado Angela , Bustos Romero Marta Adriana 
Published: June 2021

Algunas variables del clima influyen en el confort higrotérmico del espacio urbano, el cual es influenciado por las características de su geometría urbana (paisaje urbano) y de su entorno natural (paisaje natural). Este trabajo analiza las cualidades del espacio urbano utilizando las Zonas Climáticas Locales (ZCLs) de tres áreas diferentes de la ciudad de Panamá. El estudio está basado en la construcción de un modelo para simulación del microclima urbano utilizando el software ENVImet v.4.4.5 ”“ Science, y se realiza en 4 etapas: i) recolección de datos, ii) modelaje, iii) simulación, iv) extracción de datos. El trabajo mostró que el sistema de clasificación de las zonas climáticas locales de Stewart y Oke (2012) permite una mejor comprensión de los comportamientos de los diferentes microclimas urbanos. Además, se constató que el uso de arborización en el espacio construido es vital para mitigar las altas temperaturas de las superficies, sean pavimentos o suelos cubiertos con césped. Los tres recortes no mostraron mucha diferencia entre ellos de temperaturas y humedad relativa, pero se evidenció que el barrio de Vista hermosa tenía una ZCL con características de ICU, apuntando la mayor temperatura mínima y máxima nocturna de los tres recortes analizados.
de reabilitação de vias para pedestres em espaços urbanos:
Authors: Cavalcanti Gabriela , De Luna Sales Gustavo 
Published: June 2021

A forma urbana atinge de maneira direta o uso do espaço. O processo de urbanização envolve a troca de parte das áreas permeáveis por pavimentação, a construção de edificações que alteram ou impossibilitam o fluxo natural dos ventos, a inércia térmica e até mesmo o micro-clima. Essas alterações podem gerar o desconforto térmico Ã queles que utilizam o espaço. Diante disso, diversos estudos abordam os fatores que geram o desconforto térmico e as possíveis soluções de mitigação do problema, visando favorecer a utilização do espaço urbano de maneira confortável. Este artigo analisa, Ã luz de estudos já realizados e a partir de medições de temperatura de superfície em espaço de passagem para pedestres em meio urbano inserido em clima tropical, a diferença de temperatura entre superfícies de passagem e o ar local, visto que o primeiro influencia o micro-clima e pode gerar desconforto. A partir de resultados obtidos, propõe-se uma estratégia de melhoria do conforto térmico.
Transaksi Lindung Nilai Syariah di Pasar Berjangka Komoditi Perspektif Dewan Syariah Nasional
Authors: Iskandar Bobby 
Published: June 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis ekonomi dan fikih atas Fatwa Dewan Syariah Nasional No. 96/DSN-MUI/IV/2015 Tentang Transaksi Lindung Nilai Syariah di Pasar Berjangka Komoditi. Jenis penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif, dengan data berupa transkrip Fatwa Dewan Syariah Nasional No. 96/DSN-MUI/IV/2015 tentang Transaksi Lindung Nilai Syariah di Pasar Berjangka Komoditi. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara interaktif dan terus-menerus sampai tuntas menggunakan model Miles dan Huberman, yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, dan diverifikasi atau disimpulkan. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan: (1) Analisis fikih atas fatwa Dewan Syariah Nasional No. 96/DSN-MUI/IV/2015 tentang Transaksi Lindung Nilai Syariah di Pasar Berjangka Komoditi, ditemukan adanya pandangan yang berbeda terhadap dalil-dalil yang ditemukan. Ulama yang melarang perdagangan berjangka komoditi, mengkaji dari syarat-syarat akad, di mana barang obyek akad harus ada pada penjual atau jelas keberadaan barangnya, adanya unsur spekulasi (gharar), serta penetapan margin yang persentasenya berkisar antara 5-10% dalam Islam dapat masuk ke dalam kategori riba. Sedangkan yang memperbolehkan berpendapat dengan alasan meskipun barang belum ada tapi dapat diadakan dan diserahkan kemudian, diperbolehkan memperjualbelikannya, dan memandang perdagangan berjangka tidak dapat dikategorikan dengan spekulasi; dan (2) Analisis ekonomi Islam atas fatwa Dewan Syariah Nasional No. 96/DSN-MUI/IV/2015, di antaranya produsen komoditi dapat menjual komoditi yang baru akan mereka panen beberapa bulan kemudian pada harga yang telah dipastikan atau disepakati sebelum panen dilakukan. Dengan demikian, mereka dapat memperoleh jaminan harga sehingga tidak terpengaruh oleh kenaikan/penurunan harga jual di pasar tunai. Sedangkan eksportir dapat melakukan pembelian komoditi di masa yang akan datang, pada saat harus memenuhi kontraknya dengan pembeli di luar negeri, atau pengolah yang harus melakukan pembelian komoditi secara berkesinambungan. Selain itu juga, Pasar Berjangka Komoditi dapat dijadikan sebagai sarana pembentukan harga yang transparan dan wajar, yang mencerminkan kondisi pasokan dan permintaan yang sebenarnya dari komoditi yang diperdagangkan. Harga yang terjadi di bursa umumnya dijadikan sebagai harga acuan (reference price) oleh dunia usaha, termasuk petani dan produsen/pengusaha kecil, untuk melakukan transaksi di pasar fisik.
Sejarah Generasi Awal Madrasah Nahwu Bashrah dan Pengaruhnya terhadap Metode Pengajaran Nahwu di Mesir
Authors: Ramadhan Albi Tisnadi 
Published: June 2021

Penelitian ini mengkaji sejarah perkembangan Ilmu Nahwu Madrasah Bashrah serta peran para ulama pencetusnya dan pengaruhnya terhadap pengajaran Nahwu di Mesir. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi pustaka sebagai pokok kajiannya. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah pemaparan biografi singkat ulama generasi awal Madrasah Bashrah, sejarah pengkodifikasian ilmu Nahwu dan metode yang digunakan di dalamnya. Selanjutnya, penjelasan sejarah Madrasah Nahwu Mesir serta karakteristik karangan ilmu Nahwu para ulamanya. Penulis menyimpulkan dalam kajiannya terdapat korelasi antara Madrasah Nahwu Bashrah dengan Madrasah Mesir dari beberapa sisi: Pertama, ketersinambungan silsilah keilmuan antara ke dua madrasah. Kedua, peran para ulama Nahwu Mesir yang mengkomparasi madrasah Nahwu Bashrah-Kuffah. Ketiga, pengembangan Madrasah Mesir dari sisi metode karangan ilmu Nahwu yang berbentuk simplifikasi karangan dalam bentuk bait-bait puisi ilmu (mutun al ilm).