bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Ever Gas Simops Implementation In Abu Dhabi Offshore: A Success Story
Authors: Al Hammadi Majid Ismail , Scheed Andreas , Alsabri Hasan , Al Ali Hasan , Al Obaidli Yaqoub , Ismail Jawed , Abdel Ghani Khalid , Ba-Aqeel Yahya , Eltaher Alaa , Kumar Pramod , Varghese Mario , Jaorawala Ammar , Mohammed Riyas , Chennallour Shabbeer , Ratnakar Venugopal , Junaidi Abang , Amr Mostafa , Elarngal Sathyanarayan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Gas SIMOPS is a concurrent execution of two or more activities at same time, i.e., Drilling Operation, Oil Production & Gas Injection on an offshore wellhead tower thereby ensuring uninterrupted oil production and continuous reservoir pressure management from gas injection. The alternative to gas injection in this scenario was gas flaring, which has major environmental and financial impact. Considering continuous presence of personnel on drilling rig working over wellhead tower with high pressure gas injection; extensive Risk Analysis were conducted, and additional control/Mitigation measures were implemented.
This initiative also contributed to the zero Gas flaring vision of the company by achieving a huge quantity of CO2 emission reduction. This successful Gas SIMOPS model is already being extended to other fields.
To achieve this objective and keeping with 100% HSE, an in-house multi-disciplinary team collaborated and successfully executed Gas SIMOPS for the first time in UAE Offshore.
Execution of Gas SIMOPS has brought major economic benefits to the company with additional Gas savings incurred.
Petroelastic Model PEM for a Highly Heterogeneous Cretaceous Reservoir in Middle East
Authors: Celma Rafael Ignacio , Singh Nepal , Ouldamer Kamal , Debec Pascal 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The objective of this project is to simulate elastic logs (sonic P, sonic S and density) through a Petroelastic Model (PEM) for a complex lithology reservoir in the Middle East, that later will be used as input for a new 4D seismic feasibility study. A log conditioning (despike, depth shift, hydrocarbon correction and normalization) and comprehensive petrophysical analysis was first performed, to obtain lithology volumetric, porosity and saturation, that later were used as input for the PEM. Some wells with recorded P and S sonic log were used to conduct different cross plots of elastic properties (e.g. Vp/Vs vs. Acoustic Impedance) in order to understand how lithology, porosity and saturation affect the elastic parameters of the reservoir. After understanding and assessing the elastic behavior with the reservoir properties, three approaches to construct a PEM were tested on this reservoir. The first approach used to construct PEM applying Hashin Shtrikman (H-S) mixt, considering the solid part as a mixture of dolomite and limestone and pore space filled with a mix of oil and water. This model is limited because assumes a homogenous geometry of the pores. To address the pore geometry a Kuster Toksoz (K-T) approach was subsequently tested but the challenge was that there was no clear organization of the aspect ratio (either by lithofacies or petrophysical groups) so the original logs were used to control of the aspect ratio trough a fit function. The third approach was to use a function that models the incompressibility model of the frame (Kdry) with porosity. The result of H-S was a good agreement in the low porosity areas but in the porous intervals, it is observed that the velocities were quite high due the effect of the pore geometry that was not properly assessed by H-S. Despite reasonable reconstructions, K-T was limited by the impossibility to apply it to the wells without sonic P and S (uncalibrated aspect ratio) or a fortiori to a 3D grid. For the Kdry vs. Porosity function the result was very successful since the function is not dependent on the pore geometry, and addresses the ratio issue between solid and pore space. Then with the help of the Gassman Equation, the final Incompressibility Mix Module (Kmix) was calculated and a reconstructed sonic P and S were available for all the wells. The PEM was coded in order to deploy over a 3D property model hence a volumetric elastic model was available to assess the feasibility for new seismic acquisition.
Smart Archive Generation Using Computer Vision, NLP and Big Data
Authors: Marzouk Mohamed Mahdy , ElZahed Mahmoud Mohamed 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Gaining insights from the dense network of interrelated documents involved in E&P projects requires experience, knowledge, and awareness about the existence of the required data. This framework aims to facilitate the decision-making process while consuming shorter time periods and lower costs, without sacrificing the accuracy of the data and decreasing the probability of human errors. The high complexity of E&P Projects results in a dense network of interrelated documents which are produced to cover the various aspects and details of the project. Gaining insights from old data requires experience, knowledge, and awareness about the existence of the required data. Accordingly, the knowledge accumulated over the time from various projects can be considered a key asset, since it can be leveraged to perform more informed decisions. This paper presents a framework that aim at capturing organizational knowledge locked in paper-based datasets and store it in a structured digital format that facilitates its retrieval and enables analyses which help uncover valuable insights. This research aims to generate valuable data from existing archives while causing minimal disturbance to existing business processes and workflows. The framework performs four main functions: image processing, text recognition, Data Analytics and Data storage. Initially the text recognition module; which is performs Image Processing to enhance the quality of the scanned files, and optical character recognition using LSTM which extracts the text contained in images. The Data Analytics Module, then cleanses and mines the extracted text using Big Data Analytics tools. Text Matching and searching is performed on the Spark Dataframe using regular expressions to identify different attributes and their different types. Finally, the data is stored in a SQL Database. In order to measure the workflow's accuracy a manual baseline was generated for a sample project. The accuracy is measured using field-level verification, since it was found to be the most fit-for-purpose, as it allows to measure the accuracy of the workflow on the level of each field.
Digitally Enabled Organizations- Leveraging New Age Technologies
Authors: Srivastava Yogesh Chandra , Srivastava Abhishek , Granata Consuelo 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
When inadequate information appears via a long-winded channel, project leaders usually struggle to make timely decisions. There is frequently a lack of visibility, contractual and organizational fragmentation, and genuine facts being segregated and concealed due to an optimism bias. Despite the finest planning and estimation efforts, projects frequently exceed their budgets or experience delays of more than 30%. The paper outlines the importance of data and of data use to improve the performance in projects planning and delivery. The data value and hierarchy are reviewed in the context of the construction industry and the importance of a smooth digitalization process for ensuring acceptance and adoption is discussed. The concept of ‘digital construction blocks’TM and Lean thinking is introduced to address the problem of complexity which is commonly recognized as the main cause of cost overruns, time delays, and poor quality and safety for the construction industry.
To capture the footprint of how the asset was built, the authors propose the Digital Twin of Execution adding dynamism to the commonly discussed Digital Twin of Asset, which is more static when the asset has already been constructed. The project is organized into digital blocks, allowing all project functions and disciplines to focus on a common path of construction, allowing for an earlier start of a constraint-free construction and, as a result, de-risking and compressing the total execution schedule. Data from existing systems and technologies is unlocked and placed in automated processes, allowing thousands of documents, activities, and fast-moving events to be collected in digital blocks of construction. The digital block is connected throughout project stages and taken across all aspects of the project, including plot plans, activity plans, drawings, 3D, materials, and so on, resolving the project's disarray caused by manual and analogue procedures. The entire planning, project setup, and execution process is aided by GIS, which provides visibility at various levels of magnification via an interactive geo spatial map superimposed with plot plans, timetables, and work packages. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) can be used to forecast the probability of danger in various field operations. It's done by using IoT devices implanted in employees’ PPE and in the environment to process data collected on the system. Digital Control Tower can provide a smart dashboard that not only displays the KPIs but also helps the user prioritize his next steps. It may provide an overall view of the project's progress and KPIs, as well as get to the root of a problem in a specific installation area, raise red flags and alerts, and function as a user's assistant by predicting errors early on.
Root Cause Analysis of Wells with Integrity Failures
Authors: Yugay Andrey , Pimenta Gervasio , Zhukin Aidar , Daghmouni Hamdi Bouali , Silchenok Mikhail , Bongiovanni Corrado , Al Mohammed Edries Ibrahim , Ahmad Mohamad Hussain , Abdulsallam Fouad , Alam Mufti Sagirul 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A Root Cause Analysis (RCA) is a methodological process of problem solving. In brief, this is an approach of "post mortem" analysis of the consequences with aim to understand what is one single (or multiple) lack of Management System that led to failure. Subsequently we can develop detailed remedial plan and actions to address failed Management System and most importantly prevent reoccurrence. Approach has been widely used in science and engineering. Probably, will be difficult to identify inventors of this analysis however first appearance in engineering discipline credited to Sakichi Toyoda, founder of Toyota Industries. He improved RCA by implementing technique called the "5 whys".
Despite obvious benefit and versatility of root cause analysis methodology there are several challenges that might jeopardize result:–Absence of critical data / information due to various reason (time gap, no recoverable samples etc)–Too many variables that not allow to pinpoint main line / chain of investigation–Multiple failures with different root causes–"Depth of investigation" how many "Whys" are efficient to reveal main root cause.
Acceleration of Novel Technology Development for Stabilized Emulsion Treatment in EOR Applications
Authors: Mohd Sahak Muhammad Zakwan , Myo Thant Maung Maung , Saadon Shazleen , Krebs Thomas , Verbeek Paul , Akdim Mohamed Reda , Villacorte Loreen 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Separation of stable emulsions produced from chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) in a brownfield production system using conventional 3-phase separators is almost impossible, requiring large quantities of chemical demulsifiers to meet oil production specifications. A new and novel high-voltage high-frequency (HVHF) electro-coalescence (EC) technology has been identified as potential method to enhance separation of EOR produced fluid for improving CEOR implementation feasibility. This paper aims to present results and findings from the recent EC technology development against success criteria and parameters associated for fast-track field application. Electrostatic coalescers are used as an emulsion breaker, crude dehydrator or desalter in production systems and refineries. However, significant developments are required to use this EC technology as a potential treatment technology for tight emulsions/rag layers in CEOR applications. A new prototype of Inline EC was developed and tested in a batch test setup to evaluate the separation efficiency using real crude-brine samples and a cocktail of alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) chemicals. The sensitivities of separation efficiency to different water cut, demulsifier concentration, EC voltage/exposure time, concentrations of alkaline, surfactant and polymer in the brine were measured and optimal process conditions were assessed. The results and findings were evaluated based on defined success criteria and parameters associated with separation efficiency such as volume fractions of the emulsion, oil-in-water (OIW) and water-in-oil concentrations (WIO), respectively. On one of PETRONAS CEOR field case study, the test results show that EC reduced 90% of the tight emulsion. In conclusion, EC leads to a substantial improvement in separation efficiency relative to the case without EC for water cuts below the inversion point. It is also found that the EC treatment without added demulsifier is equally effective in breaking the emulsion as adding a demulsifier without EC treatment, and that EC can potentially minimise or eliminate the application of demulsifiers in the production system.
Miscible WAG Efficiency Assessment on a Large Mature Carbonate Field
Authors: Bourgeois Marcel J. , Berrahmoun Hocine , Al Attar Maryam Mohamed , Boulenouar Djilali , Hammadi Djelloul , Romero Carolina , Shi Wen , Torrez Maria Fernanda 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper is based on the analysis of miscible WAG for an onshore Middle-East field, with strongly undersaturated light oil. Water Alternate Gas operations have been ongoing for around 5 years, which is relatively recent compared to more than 40 years of production history. Goal of this work was to assess the efficiency of this miscible hydrocarbon WAG and to optimize it on the different compartments, with respect to miscibility, voidage replacement, and recycling.As this is a large mature field, with WAG operations dispatched on around 50 injectors and 9 fault blocks (compartments), the method of analysis had to be robust with respect to the different injection strategies followed in the past. It was essentially based on injection and production data, but also used pressure data when available. We computed the following dimensionless variables: oil recovery factor, BSW, voidage replacement ratio (VRR), and also WAG ratio and gas recycling ratio (GRR). Their evolution versus time was analyzed and compared between fault blocks.Using dimensionless variables allowed to compare fault blocks with different initial volumes in place, and to illustrate trends versus time. It was also found beneficial to lump some compartments, when communication was substantiated by pressure data. On the production side, we used the conventional BSW and GOR variables to quantify the water and gas recycling ratio. On the injection side, we observed that in some compartments, the historical WAG ratio was too low in the oil zone, which could be quantified by excluding the peripheral water injection volumes.The analysis allowed also to estimate the gas utilization factor and efficiency, which confirmed the overall high efficiency of miscible gas injection in 3-phase mode. It was also found that the injected fluid efficiency correlated with geology: gas injection tends to be more efficient in zones with high permeabilities at the bottom (coarsening downwards), while water injection is better adapted to zones with high permeabilities at the top (coarsening upwards). Estimating these water and gas efficiencies also allowed to optimize the injection strategy on a field level, by comparing the water efficiency with other units of the field only under waterflood.
Application of Successful New Downhole Fluid Sampling Technique in Ultra Low Permeability Reservoir in Abu Dhabi Onshore
Authors: Khairy Hamad A , Soliman Ahmed M , Elabsy Islam M , Syofyan Syofvas , Nestyagin Andrey , Al-Shabibi Tareq A , Fauzi Tengku Mohd , Telang Viraj Nitin , Fraquet Javier A , Coskun Sefer B 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Downhole reservoir fluids sampling in tight formations has been a continuous challenge due to various reasons. The paper presents a technique of successfully collecting downhole fluid samples for first time in ultra-low permeability reservoir having a history of deep invasion. This became possible by initiating micro-scale fractures followed by pumping out for sampling. Using this technique, downhole formation fluid samples were collected, clean-up time was optimized, in addition to acquiring in-situ stress information during the process.
A preliminary assessment was performed using open hole formation evaluation logs and pore pressure measurements to identify the most suitable zones for stress measurement and fluid sampling. Single packer sleeve fracture initiation tests were performed to break down the high stress dense layers. In the reservoir rock, the stress measurement involving initiation of a micro-scale fracture was followed by pumping out formation fluid from the fractured zones to collect clean formation fluid samples.
The formation breakdown and fracture closure pressure were measured successfully to calibrate minimum and maximum lateral tectonic strains which were valuable inputs for designing the hydraulic fracturing treatment. In the offset wells, fluid sampling attempts from this zone of interest have proven unsuccessful after multiple attempts involving pumping out over 300 liters because of the high depth of invasion leading to a thick flushed zone around the wellbore. The process of initiating micro-scale fractures followed by pumping out provided a high permeability flow channel for efficient fluid sampling. The near wellbore fractures resulted in pumping at higher rates and reaching the higher oil saturated zones of this deeply invaded formation. Hence, formation fluid samples were successfully collected in spite of the low permeability and high invasion typically encountered in this reservoir.
Unlike the unsuccessful sampling attempts in the offset wells, this technique of initiating micro-scale fractures in the reservoir rock followed by pumping out helped in collecting formation fluid samples. This technique can be used to collect reservoir fluid samples from micro-Darcy formations and unconventional reservoirs by improving the flow through the induced fractures and thereby reducing the uncertainty that may persist in failing to collect samples from such zones.
Novel In-Line Inspection Tool for Deposit Characterization in Pipelines
Authors: Lehtikangas Ossi , Voutilainen Arto , Nissinen Antti , Laakkonen Pasi , Cyriac Sinoj , Tienhaara Mika 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Deposition formation inside pipelines is a major and growing problem in the oil and gas industry. The optimal use of prevention and remediation tools such as chemical inhibitors and cleaning processes could lead to major savings due to minimized production problems and optimized pipe cleaning costs. This requires characterization and quantification of the actual deposits inside pipelines and downholes. Recently, a novel deposition inline inspection sensor moving inside the pipeline has been proposed based on "inside-out" electrical tomography. In this sensor, the distribution of electrical properties between the sensor and the pipe wall are estimated based on measurements carried out using electrodes around the sensor. In this study, the next generation sensor moving inside the pipeline is described and a deep neural network based approach to deposit estimation is introduced. Test results from a 70 m long semi-industrial scale flow loop containing paraffin wax and calcium carbonate deposits of different thicknesses are shown. Challenges include the changing position and orientation of the sensor during the low. The results show that the sensor is able to measure both deposit thickness and type with good accuracy which indicates that the sensor is suitable for industrial use. Accurate knowledge about deposits allows future blockage prevention, detecting build-up locations in the early phase, increasing accuracy of multi-phase flow and deposition models, optimization of chemical use and validation of deposit cleaning tools before integrity campaigns leading to overall reduced pipeline operation costs.
Evaluation of Foam-Gels for Conformance Control in High Temperature High Salinity Carbonates
Authors: Almaskeen Lyla , AlSofi Abdulkareem , Wang Jinxun , Kaidar Ziyad 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In naturally fractured reservoirs, conformance control prior to enhanced oil recovery (EOR) application might be essential to ensure optimal contact and sufficient sweep. Recently, few studies investigated combining foams and gels into what is commonly coined as foamed-gels. Foamed-gels have been tested and shown to be potential for some field conditions. Yet, very limited studies were performed for high temperature and high salinity carbonates. Therefore, in this work, we study the potential of foamed-gels for high temperature and high salinity carbonates. The objective is to evaluate the potential of such synergy and to compare its value to the individual processes.
For that purpose, in this work, we rely on bulk and core-scale tests. Bulk tests were used for initial screening. Wide range of foam-gel solutions were prepared with different polymer types and polymer concentrations. Test tubes were hand shacked thoroughly to generate foams. Foam heights were then measured from the test tubes. Heights were used to screen foaming agents and to study gelant effects on foamers in terms of foam strength (heights). The effect of foamers on gelation was evaluated through bottle tests. Based on the results, an optimal concentration ratio of gelant to foamer was determined and used in core-scale displacements, to further study the potential of this hybrid foam-gel process.
Bulk results suggested that addition of the gelant up to a 4:1 foam to gel concentration ratio resulted in sufficient foam generation in some of the polymer samples. Yet, only two of the foam-gel samples generated a strong gel. Increasing the foamer concentration delayed the gelation time and in some samples, the solution did not gel. Through the coreflooding experiment, resistance factor (RF) and residual resistance factor (RRF) were obtained for different conformance control processes including foam, foam-gel, and gel. Foam-gel injection exhibited higher RF and RRF values than conventional foams. However, conventional gels showed even higher RF and RRF values than foam-gels.
Combining two of the most widely used conformance control methods (foams and gels) can strike a balance. Foam-gel may offer a treatment that is deeper and more sustainable than foams and on the other a treatment that is more practical, and lower-cost than gels. Our laboratory results also demonstrate that such synergetic conformance control can be achieved in high salinity and high temperature carbonates with pronounced impact.