bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic prescribing for respiratory tract infection: exploring drivers of cognitive effort and factors associated with inappropriate prescribing
Authors: McCleary Nicola , Francis Jill J , Campbell Marion K , Ramsay Craig R , Burton Christopher D , Allan Julia L 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Antibiotics are over-prescribed for upper respiratory tract infection (URTI). It is unclear how factors known to influence prescribing decisions operate ‘in the moment’: dual process theories, which propose two systems of thought (‘automatic’ and ‘analytical’), may inform this.

Objective(s)
Investigate cognitive processes underlying antibiotic prescribing for URTI and the factors associated with inappropriate prescribing.

Methods
We conducted a mixed methods study. Primary care physicians in Scotland (n = 158) made prescribing decisions for patient scenarios describing sore throat or otitis media delivered online. Decision difficulty and decision time were recorded. Decisions were categorized as appropriate or inappropriate based on clinical guidelines. Regression analyses explored relationships between scenario and physician characteristics and decision difficulty, time and appropriateness. A subgroup (n = 5) verbalized their thoughts (think aloud) whilst making decisions for a subset of scenarios. Interviews were analysed inductively.

Results
Illness duration of 4+ days was associated with greater difficulty. Inappropriate prescribing was associated with clinical factors suggesting viral cause and with patient preference against antibiotics. In interviews, physicians made appropriate decisions quickly for easier cases, with little deliberation, reflecting automatic-type processes. For more difficult cases, physicians deliberated over information in some instances, but not in others, with inappropriate prescribing occurring in both instances. Some interpretations of illness duration and unilateral ear examination findings (for otitis media) were associated with inappropriate prescribing.

Conclusion
Both automatic and analytical processes may lead to inappropriate prescribing. Interventions to support appropriate prescribing may benefit from targeting interpretation of illness duration and otitis media ear exam findings and facilitating appropriate use of both modes of thinking.
Understanding Attrition and Bolstering Retention in a Longitudinal Panel of Older Adults: ORANJ BOWL
Authors: Heid Allison R , Cartwright Francine P , Wilson-Genderson Maureen , Pruchno Rachel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesAttrition from longitudinal studies can affect the generalizability of findings especially when studying developmental constructs such as successful aging.Research Design and MethodsUsing data from a 12-year (6-wave) panel of 5,688 older people (aged 50–74 at baseline), we compared people retained in the panel with people lost to follow-up on demographic characteristics and measures of successful aging. After instituting expanded retention strategies at Wave 6 (i.e., a team-based approach, social media, and paid web search engines), we compared different groups of people lost to follow-up (i.e., deceased and withdrawn due to lack of interest) and different types of completers (i.e., full completers vs. lost and reengaged completers).ResultsAt baseline, Wave 6 completers were significantly younger, less likely to be African American, more likely to be married, reported higher levels of income and education, were more likely to be working full-time, had less pain and fewer chronic illnesses, and reported higher levels of subjective successful aging and functional ability than those lost to follow-up. Analyses demonstrated differences across groups based on the reason for loss (i.e., deceased, impaired, and not interested). Participants who missed an interview but returned to the panel were significantly different from those who participated in all waves of data collection. Expanded retention efforts improved generalizability, as people returning to the panel reported lower levels of education, lower levels of income, and were more likely to be African American.Discussion and ImplicationsBiased attrition within longitudinal research affects the interpretation of study findings, especially when studying developmental outcomes. However, expanded retention strategies can reduce bias and loss and should be used to enhance retention efforts in longitudinal work.
Navigating the Uncertainties of COVID-19–Associated Aspergillosis: A Comparison With Influenza-Associated Aspergillosis
Authors: Lamoth Frederic , Lewis Russell E , Walsh Thomas J , Kontoyiannis Dimitrios P 
Published: March 2021

AbstractInvasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is increasingly recognized as a life-threatening superinfection of severe respiratory viral infections, such as influenza. The pandemic of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to emerging SARS-CoV-2 rose concern about the eventuality of IPA complicating COVID-19 in intensive care unit patients. A variable incidence of such complication has been reported, which can be partly attributed to differences in diagnostic strategy and IPA definitions, and possibly local environmental/epidemiological factors. In this article, we discuss the similarities and differences between influenza-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (IAPA) and COVID-19-associated pulmonary aspergillosis (CAPA). Compared to IAPA, the majority of CAPA cases have been classified as putative rather than proven/probable IPA. Distinct physiopathology of influenza and COVID-19 may explain these discrepancies. Whether CAPA represents a distinct entity is still debatable and many questions remain unanswered, such as its actual incidence, the predisposing role of corticosteroids or immunomodulatory drugs, and the indications for antifungal therapy.
Membraneless organelles restructured and built by pandemic viruses: HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Scoca Viviana , Di Nunzio Francesca 
Published: March 2021

AbstractViruses hijack host functions to invade their target cells and spread to new cells. Specifically, viruses learned to usurp liquid‒liquid phase separation (LLPS), a newly exploited mechanism, used by the cell to concentrate enzymes to accelerate and confine a wide variety of cellular processes. LLPS gives rise to actual membraneless organelles (MLOs), which do not only increase reaction rates but also act as a filter to select molecules to be retained or to be excluded from the liquid droplet. This is exactly what seems to happen with the condensation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein to favor the packaging of intact viral genomes, excluding viral subgenomic or host cellular RNAs. Another older pandemic virus, HIV-1, also takes advantage of LLPS in the host cell during the viral cycle. Recent discoveries highlighted that HIV-1 RNA genome condensates in nuclear MLOs accompanied by specific host and viral proteins, breaking the dogma of retroviruses that limited viral synthesis exclusively to the cytoplasmic compartment. Intriguing fundamental properties of viral/host LLPS remain still unclear. Future studies will contribute to deeply understanding the role of pathogen-induced MLOs in the epidemic invasion of pandemic viruses.
Individual growth, competitive ability and stand-level biomass production of invasive Sorghum halepense populations on Hainan island, China
Authors: Wang Weiqian , Wang Ya , Li Xiaoxia , Liu Yan , Huang Qiaoqiao 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Aims
Sorghum halepense is a perennial invasive weed causing great harm worldwide, including some regions on Hainan island. In this study, we compared the performance between plants from outbreaking (dense stands covering large areas) and those from non-outbreaking (less dense stands covering smaller areas) populations. We also tested the hypothesis that plants with greater intraspecific competitive ability will have a lower stand biomass when grown under high-density conditions.

Methods
We grew plants of S. halepense individually, with an intraspecific competitor, with two interspecific competitors and with three or six plants from the same population per pot, and tested whether outbreaking and non-outbreaking populations differed in their performance. We also tested whether stand biomass (i.e. total biomass when three or six plants were grown together) was related to total biomass of individuals grown alone, and intra- or interspecific competitive ability.

Important Findings
Outbreaking and non-outbreaking populations of S. halepense differed in their biomass when individuals were grown alone, but not when grown in competition or when three or six plants from the same population were grown together. Across populations, biomass of individuals grown alone was negatively correlated with intra- and interspecific competitive ability, indicating that there is a trade-off between individual growth and competitive ability. Stand-level biomass was not related to total biomass of individuals grown alone, and intra- or interspecific competitive ability, indicating that low biomass when grown alone and high competitive ability may not reduce the performance of S. halepense when grown in dense monocultural stands.
Prospects and status of the dosimetry system for atomic bomb survivor cohort study conducted at Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine of Hiroshima University
Authors: Hirota Seiko , Yasuda Hiroshi , Kawakami Hideshi , Yoshinaga Shinji 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
The Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine (RIRBM) of Hiroshima University has been conducting a cohort study of atomic bomb survivors (ABS). Cohort members include those who were issued an Atomic Bomb Health Handbook from the Hiroshima local government. A series of dosimetry systems for the ABS were developed at RIRBM to evaluate the health effects associated with radiation exposure. The framework used to estimate individual doses in our dosimetry systems for ABS is mainly based on the Dosimetry System 86, and its revisions developed by the Radiation Effect Research Foundation. This article describes the design and computational principles for the dosimetry systems in RIRBM and the history of the revisions, from the first version of the system, ABS93D, to the most recent version, ABS16D. We then provide a perspective for further improvement and application of the dosimetry system.
A case of metastatic malignant granular cell tumour of the scalp
Authors: Williams Geoffrey , Neblett Carlos , Warren Shereika , Blake Garfield 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Granular cell tumours of the scalp are rare. Malignant transformation of these tumours is even more uncommon, making the diagnosis exceedingly difficult. The recommended treatment of surgical excision with negative margins is not easily achieved in this location, given the anatomy of the scalp.
Landscape design approaches to enhance human–wildlife interactions in a compact tropical city
Authors: Hwang Yun Hye , Jain Anuj 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Urban landscapes have the potential to conserve wildlife. Despite increasing recognition of this potential, there are few collaborative efforts to integrate ecology and conservation principles into context-dependent, spatial and actionable design strategies. To address this issue and to encourage multi-disciplinary research on urban human–wildlife interactions, we ask the following questions. To what extent should design and planning actions be aligned with urban ecology in the context of a compact city? How can wildlife conservation meet the seemingly conflictual demands of urban development and public preference? To answer these questions, we refer to the relevant literature and a number of design projects. Using the compact tropical city of Singapore as a case study, we propose 12 design strategies. We encourage designers and planners to strengthen the links between wildlife and urban dwellers and promote wildlife conservation within cities.
Afterword—The Racialized Past is Racist Prologue: The Relevance and Resonance of Historical Novels in the Age of Trump
Authors: Schlund-Vials Cathy J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Situated adjacent to the essentializing logics and combative rhetorics that have largely defined the Trump administration's “war” on history, specifically regarding initiatives such as the “White House Conference on American History” and the “1776 Commission,” this afterword considers the distinctive significance and ongoing consequence of ethnic American literary engagements with a frequently debated and still unreconciled US past. To illustrate both the relevance and resonance of such literary productions, the afterword accesses Jackson Bliss's short story “Secret Codes & Oppressive Histories” (which is featured in the special issue) and briefly considers William Shakespeare's The Tempest, the source text for the oft-utilized notion that the past functions as prologue. By way of conclusion, the afterword turns to cultural critic Lisa Lowe's evocative articulation of “reckoning” as a productive and liberatory means of “revisit[ing] times of historical contingency and possibility to consider alternatives that may have been unthought in those times.”
Piggybacking on Niche Adaptation Improves the Maintenance of Multidrug-Resistance Plasmids
Authors: Kloos Julia , Gama João A , Hegstad Joachim , Samuelsen Ørjan , Johnsen Pål J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The persistence of plasmids in bacterial populations represents a puzzling evolutionary problem with serious clinical implications due to their role in the ongoing antibiotic resistance crisis. Recently, major advancements have been made toward resolving this “plasmid paradox” but mainly in a nonclinical context. Here, we propose an additional explanation for the maintenance of multidrug-resistance plasmids in clinical Escherichia coli strains. After coevolving two multidrug-resistance plasmids encoding resistance to last resort carbapenems with an extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli strain, we observed that chromosomal media adaptive mutations in the global regulatory systems CCR (carbon catabolite repression) and ArcAB (aerobic respiration control) pleiotropically improved the maintenance of both plasmids. Mechanistically, a net downregulation of plasmid gene expression reduced the fitness cost. Our results suggest that global chromosomal transcriptional rewiring during bacterial niche adaptation may facilitate plasmid maintenance.
Outcome comparison of patients who develop leptomeningeal disease or distant brain recurrence after brain metastases resection cavity radiosurgery
Authors: Teyateeti Achiraya , Brown Paul D , Mahajan Anita , Laack Nadia N , Pollock Bruce E 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
To compare the outcomes between patients with leptomeningeal disease (LMD) and distant brain recurrence (DBR) after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) brain metastases (BM) resection cavity.

Methods
Twenty-nine patients having single-fraction SRS after BM resection who developed either LMD (n = 11) or DBR (n = 18) as their initial and only site of intracranial progression were retrospectively reviewed.

Results
Patients developing LMD more commonly had a metachronous presentation (91% vs 50%, P = .04) and recursive partitioning class 1 status (45% vs 6%, P = .02). There was no difference in the median time from SRS to the development of LMD or DBR (5.0 vs 3.8 months, P = .68). The majority of patients with LMD (10/11, 91%) developed the nodular variant (nLMD). Treatment for LMD was repeat SRS (n = 4), whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT; n = 5), resection + WBRT (n = 1), and no treatment (n = 1). Treatment for DBR was repeat SRS (n = 9), WBRT (n = 3), resection + resection cavity SRS (n = 1), and no treatment (n = 5). Median overall survival (OS) from time of resection cavity SRS was 15.7 months in the LMD group and 12.7 months in the DBR group (P = .60), respectively. Median OS in salvage SRS and salvage WBRT were 25.4 and 5.0 months in the nLMD group (P = .004) while 18.7 and 16.2 months in the DBR group (P = .30), respectively.

Conclusions
Following BM resection cavity SRS, nLMD recurrence is much more frequent than classical LMD. Salvage SRS may be considered for selected patients with nLMD, reserving salvage WBRT for patients with extensive intracranial disease without compromising survival. Further study with larger numbers of patients is needed.
Adhesion G protein-coupled receptors in glioblastoma
Authors: Stephan Gabriele , Ravn-Boess Niklas , Placantonakis Dimitris G 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundMembers of the adhesion family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have received attention for their roles in health and disease, including cancer. Over the past decade, several members of the family have been implicated in the pathogenesis of glioblastoma.MethodsHere, we discuss the basic biology of adhesion GPCRs and review in detail specific members of the receptor family with known functions in glioblastoma. Finally, we discuss the potential use of adhesion GPCRs as novel treatment targets in neuro-oncology.
Role of microbiota-gut-brain axis dysfunctions induced by infections in the onset of anorexia nervosa
Authors: Galmiche Marie , Achamrah Najate , Déchelotte Pierre , Ribet David , Breton Jonathan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is an eating disorder characterized by low food intake, severe body weight loss, intense fear of gaining weight, and dysmorphophobia. This chronic disease is associated with both psychiatric and somatic comorbidities. Over the years, clinical studies have accumulated evidence that viral or bacterial infections may promote the onset of eating disorders such as AN. This review aims to describe how infections and the subsequent immune responses affect food intake regulation in the short term and also how these processes may lead to long-term intestinal disorders, including gut barrier disruption and gut microbiota dysbiosis, even after the clearance of the pathogens. We discuss in particular how infection-mediated intestinal dysbiosis may promote the onset of several AN symptoms and comorbidities, including appetite dysregulation, functional gastrointestinal disorders, and mood disorders.
Nirañjanī Sampradāy
Authors: Williams Tyler 
Published: March 2021

Believed to have been founded by the saint-poet Svāmī Haridās (d. 1601?) in the late 16th or early 17th century, the Nirañjanī Sampradāy is one of the bhakti communities associated with the so-called nirguṇ sant movement that began in northern India sometime in the 15th century. The Sampradāy, which consists of both monastic initiates and lay followers, flourished during the 17th and 18th centuries in what is now Rajasthan, during which time it also established monastic outposts at locations as distant as Aurangabad and the Narmada River valley. Nirañjanī hagiographical traditions acknowledge the community’s early connections with the Nāth Sampradāya and with the Dādū Panth, another nirguṇ sant tradition that arose at roughly the same time as the Nirañjanī Sampradāy. These close connections are also reflected in the literature, theology, and practices of the sect, which combine Vaishnava bhakti with aspects of yoga as well as elements adapted from Sufi traditions. After the passing of Haridās, the monastic order expanded quickly in a decentralized fashion, with several of Haridās’s direct disciples founding monastic centers and lineages in different parts of Rajasthan (and eventually in Hyderabad as well). Among the later monastic disciples were several prominent saint-poets, including Santadās, Turasīdās, Manoharadās, Bhagavānadās, Dhyānadās, and Harirāmadās. Importantly, the Nirañjanīs also give prominence to Pannājī, an 18th-century female saint, and recognize several other female saints as being part of the tradition. Although the Nirañjanīs themselves were prolific writers, very little material by or about the Nirañjanīs is available in published form. This article lists the few original works of scholarship that have been produced on the Sampradāy in Hindi and in English along with any relevant primary sources that have been published.
Variation Form
Authors: Ofcarcik Judith , Robertson Gillian 
Published: March 2021

For centuries, variations have garnered the attention of Western composers and amassed popularity among virtuosi and audiences alike. Unfortunately, the reception of this form type within the scholarly community is less enthusiastic, especially in comparison to sonata form, which continues to draw curiosity and inquiry. This is unfortunate, as scholars who analyze variations are faced with fundamental musical questions such as: Where are the borders drawn between same, similar, and different musical material? How does a listener determine whether one passage is a variation of another? How does a composer signal that a piece is finished, and is this signal always convincing? Do musical events need to occur in a particular order to make sense, or can the ordering be changed without serious consequences? Variation form brings these issues to the fore, and the works listed in this article engage them in a variety of ways. Sections are primarily organized chronologically by time period, focusing on stylistic eras, composers, and specific compositions. Of note to readers is the almost exclusive focus on instrumental works and the limited sources addressing music written before the baroque period. There is a notable emphasis on the “canon” and “canonic composers,” especially J. S. Bach, Ludwig van Beethoven, Wolfgang Mozart, and Johannes Brahms, as well as structural approaches to analysis (particularly the writings of Heinrich Schenker). These shortcomings and limited perspectives reflect the current state of research on variation form; we encourage new research that will diversify the range of scholarship on this topic in regard to composers, repertoires, and analytical approaches. In particular, hermeneutic/semiotic/narrative approaches to variation form are particularly appealing, and works by underrepresented composers deserve analytical attention and scholarship.