bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influences of polarizability effect of alkyl group and homoring competition effect of substituents on the fluorescence emission spectra of salen‐type Schiff bases
Authors: Wei Bai‐ying , Cao Chao‐tun , Cao Chen‐zhong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTo explore the effect of substituent attached to aromatic ring and the length of diamine chain in salen‐type Schiff base molecules on the fluorescence emission spectra (FLem), the FLem of 63 diamine‐salicylaldehyde condensates in an ethanol solution were obtained. The influence of substituent electronic effects and chain lengths on the wavenumber (νem) of fluorescence emission wavelengths (λem) was subsequently studied. The results show that the length of the diamine chain in the target compound has an effect on the νem, which can be quantified by the alkyl polarizability effect index (PEI), where compounds with alkyl of higher PEI have lower νem. Second, the λem of salen‐type Schiff bases can be quantified by an equation of the seven parameters, PEI, σ(X)─OH, σ(X)─CH═N,
,
,
and
, form where the stability and predictive ability of the obtained equation was confirmed by leave‐one‐out cross validation. Lastly, it was observed that the influence on the λem of substituent X attached to the aromatic ring is related to its position relative to OH or CH═N groups as reference, whose Hammett constants (σ(X)─OH, σ(X)─CH═N) and the excited‐state substituent constants (
,
) of the substituents X with varying locating methods have different effects on the λem; and that there is a “homoring competition effect” of substituent.
Reactivity of Phenylacetylene toward Unsymmetrical Disilenes: Regiodivergent [2+2] Cycloaddition vs. CH Addition
Authors: Kell Andreas T. , Obeid Naim M. , Bag Prasenjit , Zimmer Michael , Huch Volker , Scheschkewitz David 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWe report the regiodivergent reaction of phenylacetylene with a selection of disilenes Tip2Si=SiTipR as well as bridged tetrasiladienes Tip2Si=SiTip−LU−SiTip=SiTip2 (Tip=2,4,6‐iPr3C6H2, R=aryl groups; LU=arylene linkers). The regioselectivity of the [2+2] cycloaddition as determined by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography is shown to strongly depend on the nature of the substituent R. The small size of the substituents compared to the Tip groups in both cases suggests a change in mechanism between the substrates with only hydrogen in the ortho‐positions of R and LU and those with either ortho‐methyl groups or condensed aromatic rings. In contrast, the presence of catalytic quantities of base completely suppresses cycloaddtion in favor of the formal CH addition of phenylacetylene. Quenching reactions with either MeI or MeOH after the stoichiometric application of deprotonated phenylacetylene as well as NMR studies at low temperature prove the intermediacy of an alkynyl‐substituted disilanyl lithium and thus suggest a carbolithiation pathway for the net CH addition.
Polizeilicher Kontakt zu psychisch erkrankten Menschen
Authors: Lorey Katharina , Fegert Jörg M. 
Published: July 2021

ZusammenfassungZielsetzungPolizistinnen und Polizisten haben in ihrem beruflichen Alltag häufig Kontakt zu psychisch erkrankten Menschen. Mithilfe dieser Untersuchung sollten diese Kontakte einer genaueren Analyse unterzogen werden.MethodeMittels einer fragebogengestützten Erhebung wurden Polizeibedienstete der Schutz- und Kriminalpolizei aus Baden-Württemberg befragt (n = 2228, 28,2 % weiblich, 71,8 % männlich), wie sie diese Kontakte erleben.ErgebnisseInsgesamt schätzen Polizeibedienstete 18,2 % ihrer Kontaktpersonen als psychisch krank ein. Die häufigsten Kontakte hatte diese Berufsgruppe nach eigenen Angaben zu Personen mit Suchterkrankungen, Depressionen und Schizophrenie. Suchterkrankungen werden in der polizeilichen Wahrnehmung am häufigsten verknüpft mit Eigentumsdelikten, Schizophrenie mit Gewalt- und Körperverletzungsdelikten, Depressionen mit Suiziden oder Suizidversuchen. Die beiden größten beruflichen Herausforderungen sehen die Befragten in der durch sie eingeschätzten Gefährlichkeit der Personen sowie in der schwierigen Vorhersagbarkeit des Verhaltens von psychisch erkrankten Menschen. Für mehr als die Hälfte der befragten Polizeibediensteten (56,7 %) stellen Reaktionsweisen wie beruhigen, empathisch sein, Kommunikation, ruhig bleiben sowie Vertrauen aufbauen im direkten polizeilichen Kontakt zu psychisch erkrankten Menschen eine Herausforderung dar. Polizeibedienstete äußern den deutlichen Wunsch nach Fortbildung bezüglich des Umgangs mit psychisch kranken Menschen (50,4 %) sowie verbesserter Vernetzung zu professionellen Helferinnen und Helfern (39,1 %).SchlussfolgerungEtwa jeder fünfte Kontakt im beruflichen Alltag von Polizeibediensteten erfolgt zu einem psychisch kranken Menschen. Aus Sicht der Polizei stellen psychisch kranke Menschen einerseits eine besonders gefährliche und im Verhalten schwer vorhersagbare Personengruppe dar, andererseits scheint es deutlichen Bedarf an Fortbildung und professioneller Vernetzung zu geben. Eine Thematik, der multiprofessionell begegnet werden sollte.
Community-Arbeit aus der Krise
Authors: O’Brien-Coker Ella , O’Brien-Coker Noelle 
Published: July 2021

ZusammenfassungOb ein Zustand als Krise wahrgenommen wird, hängt u. a. von der Position derjenigen ab, die sie ausrufen. Für Perspektiven, die von derweißenund cis-heteronormativen Mehrheitsgesellschaft abweichen, kann dies bedeuten, dass für sie zentrale Krisenzustände nicht ausreichend oder nachhaltig von Verantwortungsträger_innen adressiert werden.
A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay to identify isotype 1 β-tubulin locus SNPs in synthetic double-stranded Haemonchus contortus DNA
Authors: Costa-Junior Livio M. , Chaudhry Umer N. , Skuce Philip J. , Stack Seamus , Sargison Neil D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDevelopment of sustainable gastrointestinal nematode (GIN) control strategies depends on the ability to identify the frequencies of drug-susceptible and resistant genotypes in GIN populations arising from management practices undertaken on individual farms. Resistance to BZ drugs in GINs has been shown to be conferred by the presence of defined SNPs in the isotype 1 β-tubulin locus. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assays are amenable to use on a range of DNA templates and are potentially adaptable to use in practical, cost-effective, pen-side diagnostic platforms that are needed to detect anthelmintic resistance in the field. In this study, we designed primers and examined LAMP assays to detect each of the three major isotype 1 β-tubulin SNPs conferring genetic susceptibility to BZ drugs. We used artificial pools of synthetic DNA, containing different proportions of susceptible and resistant SNPs to determine reproducibility of the assays. We demonstrated the detection of each of the isotype 1 β-tubulin SNPs conferring susceptibility to BZ drugs using the optimal LAMP assay. Isotype 1 β-tubulin SNP typing was effective in detecting BZ susceptibility, but the accuracy was reduced in samples with less than 60 % susceptible DNA. Our results show the potential for LAMP SNP typing to detect genetic susceptibility or resistance to anthelmintic drugs in livestock GINs, and some of the limitations in our approach that will need to be overcome in order to evaluate this assay using field samples.
Blocking Hepatoma-Derived Growth Factor Attenuates Vasospasm and Neuron Cell Apoptosis in Rats Subjected to Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Chung Chia-Li , Wu Chieh-Hsin , Huang Yu-Hua , Wu Shu-Chuan , Chai Chee-Yin , Tsai Hung-Pei , Kwan Aij-Lie 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is an important subcategory of stroke due to its unacceptably high mortality rate as well as the severe complications it causes, such as cerebral vasospasm, neurological deficits, and cardiopulmonary abnormality. Hepatoma-derived growth factor (HDGF) is a growth factor related to normal development and is involved in liver development and regeneration. This study explored the relationship between SAH and HDGF. Sixty rats were divided into five groups (n = 12/group): (A) control group; (B) rHDGF ab only group [normal animals treated with 50 µM recombinant HDGF antibodies (rHDGF ab)]; (C) SAH group; (D) SAH + pre-rHDGF ab group (SAH animals pre-treated with 50 µM rHDGF ab into the subarachnoid space within 24 h before SAH); and (E) SAH + post-rHDGF ab group (SAH animals post-treated with 50 µM rHDGF ab into the subarachnoid space within 24 h after SAH). At 48 h after SAH, serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were collected to measure the levels of pro-inflammatory factors by ELISA, and rat cortex tissues were used to measure protein levels by western blot analysis. Immunofluorescence staining for Iba-1, GFAP, TUNEL, and NeuN was detected proliferation of microglia and astrocyte and apoptosis of neuron cells. Neurological outcome was assessed by ambulation and placing/stepping reflex responses. Morphology assay showed that pre-treatment and post-treatment with rHDGF ab attenuated vasospasm after SAH. SAH up-regulated the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in both the CSF and serum samples, and both pre- and post-treatment with rHDGF ab inhibited the up-regulation of these pro-inflammatory factors, except for the serum IL-6 levels. Western blot analysis demonstrated that SAH up-regulated pro-BDNF and NFκB protein levels, and both pre- and post-treatment with rHDGF ab significantly reduced the up-regulation. The result from immunofluorescence staining showed that SAH induced proliferation of microglia and astrocyte and apoptosis of neuron cells. Both pre- and post-treatment with rHDGF ab significantly attenuated proliferation of microglia and astrocyte and inhibited apoptosis of neuron cells. Furthermore, treatment with rHDGF ab significantly improved neurological outcome. Blocking HDGF attenuates neuron cell apoptosis and vasospasm through inhibiting inflammation in brain tissue at early phase after SAH.
K-means clustering for SAT-AIS data analysis
Authors: Mieczyńska Marta , Czarnowski Ireneusz 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe paper deals with a problem of automatic identification system (AIS) data analysis, especially eliminating the impact of AIS packet collision and detecting existing outliers in AIS data. To solve this problem, a clustering-based approach is proposed. AIS is a system that supports the exchange of information between vessels about their trajectories, e.g. position, speed or course. However, SAT-AIS, which enables the system to work on a global scale, struggles against packet collisions due to the fact that the satellite, which receives AIS data from ships, has a field of view that covers multiple areas that are not synchronized among themselves. As a result, the received data is difficult to process by AIS receivers, because most of the messages have a character of noise. In this paper, results of a computational experiment using k-means algorithm for packet recovery and for dealing with noise have been presented. The outcome proves that a clustering-based approach could be used as an initial step in AIS packet reconstruction, when the original data is incorrect.
The trajectory of hybrid and hydrogen technologies in North American heavy haul operations
Authors: Oldknow Kevin , Mulligan Kyle , McTaggart-Cowan Gordon 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe central aim of this paper is to provide an up-to-date snapshot of hybrid and hydrogen technology-related developments and activities in the North American heavy haul railway setting, placed in the context of the transportation industry more broadly. An overview of relevant alternative propulsion technologies is provided, including a discussion of applicability to the transportation sector in general and heavy haul freight rail specifically. This is followed by a discussion of current developments and research in alternative and blended fuels, discussed again in both general and specific settings. Key factors and technical considerations for heavy haul applications are reviewed, followed by a discussion of non-technical and human factors that motivate a move toward clean energy in North American Heavy Haul systems. Finally, current project activities are described to provide a clear understanding of both the status and trajectory of hybrid and hydrogen technologies in the established context.
A study of academic achievement in mathematics after the transition from primary to secondary education
Authors: Ryan Veronica , Fitzmaurice Olivia , O’Donoghue John 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A successful transition from primary to secondary school is central to student confidence and the sustainment of student interest and passion for learning. The literature indicates that difficult transitions can result in decreased levels of motivation, negative attitudes towards school, decreased levels of confidence and disengagement particularly in relation to mathematics. This study investigated student performance in mathematics after the transition from primary to secondary education in Ireland. It comes in the aftermath of major educational reform in mathematics in Ireland at both primary and secondary level and is the first Irish study to examine the effect of the transition on mathematical achievement. Academic achievement in mathematics was measured using a standardised test at the end of the final year of primary school and the end of first year of secondary education. Progress in mathematics was measured over the transition by comparing these two test results for 249 students. On average, students’ raw scores decreased by 7% from sixth class (final year of primary school) to the end of first year of secondary education despite an additional year of instruction and extensive overlap of both syllabi. The results showed statistically significant losses in each strand area and in each process skill. This academic transition is not unique to Ireland and the findings from this research study will be of interest to the mathematics education community internationally since it extends the evidence base for studies in school transition.
Negative findings of the handwriting legibility effect: the explanatory role of spontaneous task-specific debiasing
Authors: Ruusuvirta Timo , Sievänen Helena , Vehkamäki Marjo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractTeachers’ assessments of students’ academic performance are susceptible to various cognitive biases. The evidence for higher grades given for legibly than illegibly handwritten texts—the handwriting legibility effect—is partially negative in the literature, however. Three explanations for the negative evidence could be offered. First, the variation in handwriting legibility could simply fail to implicitly affect the graders’ behaviour. Secondly, the graders could intuitively associate handwriting illegibility with males and legibility with females. The presumed males’ texts could thereby receive higher grades than females’ texts, hiding the handwriting legibility effect proper. Third, the graders could spontaneously and selectively inhibit the handwriting legibility effect. In the present experiment, forty second-year teacher students graded fifth-grade students’ handwritten test answers. The answers varied independently in content quality and handwriting legibility. Handwriting legibility did not measurably vary the grades. Nevertheless, handwriting legibility became gender-stereotyped and, at a trend level, varied grading confidence. However, the gender stereotypes were not measurably reflected in the grades. This set of findings is best explained by the participants’ spontaneous and selective inhibition of the handwriting legibility effect. Spontaneous task-specific debiasing may, therefore, explain at least some of the previous negative findings of this effect in the literature.
Towards an AI-driven framework for multi-scale urban flood resilience planning and design
Authors: Ye Xinyue , Wang Shaohua , Lu Zhipeng , Song Yang , Yu Siyu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractClimate vulnerability is higher in coastal regions. Communities can largely reduce their hazard vulnerabilities and increase their social resilience through design and planning, which could put cities on a trajectory for long-term stability. However, the silos within the design and planning communities and the gap between research and practice have made it difficult to achieve the goal for a flood resilient environment. Therefore, this paper suggests an AI (Artificial Intelligence)-driven platform to facilitate the flood resilience design and planning. This platform, with the active engagement of local residents, experts, policy makers, and practitioners, will break the aforementioned silos and close the knowledge gaps, which ultimately increases public awareness, improves collaboration effectiveness, and achieves the best design and planning outcomes. We suggest a holistic and integrated approach, bringing multiple disciplines (architectural design, landscape architecture, urban planning, geography, and computer science), and examining the pressing resilient issues at the macro, meso, and micro scales.
Airway Management with Leksell Frame in situ with or without Frontal Bar: A Mannequin Study
Authors: Dalby Tara , Iorio-Morin Christian , Kalia Suneil , Venkatraghavan Lashmi , Dinsmore Michael 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT:Background:The use of stereotactic headframes for neurosurgical procedures requiring targeted localization continues to grow with new advancements in technology and treatment modalities. A configuration of the Leksell stereotactic G frame with a straight front bar, useful in epilepsy and laser cases, almost completely obscures oral access and presents a significant airway challenge for the anesthetist. Although previous papers have suggested that the entire headframe should be removed during an airway emergency, we describe a novel method to remove only the front bar.Methods:We performed an observational mannequin study. Anesthesia personnel from a single center were asked to intubate a mannequin with the Leksell frame fully in situ and again with the front bar removed. In addition, the time to remove the entire frame versus only the front bar was investigated.Results:Eighteen anesthesia personnel participated in the study as well as four neurosurgeons. The average time to intubate the mannequin in the frame was 23.5 (11.4) seconds and with the front bar removed, 10.9 (2.5) seconds (p < 0.001). The average time taken to remove just the front bar by the neurosurgeons was 35.4 (7.3) seconds compared to an average of 83.3 (18.6) seconds to remove the headframe entirely (p < 0.001).Conclusion:Our study demonstrates that intubating with the Leksell front bar in situ is possible with videolaryngoscopy under an ideal situation. More importantly, the removal of just the front bar is a simpler more streamlined approach requiring statistically less time to secure an airway.
Correlation between tympanometry volume and three-dimensional computed tomography mastoid volumetry in tympanoplasty candidates
Authors: Epprecht L , Qingsong L , Stenz N , Hashimi S , Linder T 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjectiveVentilation of the middle ear and mastoid air cells is believed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of chronic ear disease. Traditionally, ventilation is assessed by computed tomography. However, this exposes patients to cumulative radiation injury. In cases with a perforation in the tympanic membrane, tympanometry potentially presents a non-invasive alternative to measure the ventilated middle-ear and mastoid air cell volume. This study hypothesised that total tympanometry volume correlates with ventilated middle-ear and mastoid air cell volume.MethodTotal tympanometry volume was compared with ventilated middle-ear and mastoid air cell volume on computed tomography scans in 20 tympanic membrane perforations.ResultsThere was a high correlation between tympanometry and computed tomography volumes (r = 0.78; p < 0.001). A tympanometry volume more than 2 ml predicted good ventilation on computed tomography.ConclusionThese results may help reduce the need for pre-operative computed tomography in uncomplicated cases with tympanic membrane perforations.
Blocking the Future: New Solutions for Old Problems in Historical Social Science
Authors: Bearman Peter , Faris Robert , Moody James 
Published: July 2021

The only true voyage would be not to travel through a hundred different lands with the same pair of eyes, but to see the same land with a hundred different pairs of eyes.Marcel ProustAlthough it may turn out to be otherwise, this is an early article in what is hoped to be a larger series of studies in the application of network methods to historical problems. This article explores some new solutions to old problems in historical social science and history more generally and provides some templates for thinking about an old problem in a new light. The old problem is the problem that arises when one considers how we know what historical events mean and how we can have confidence in our interpretations. For many social science historians, the problem of meaning is secondary to the problem of making causal arguments. And often the practical reality of much historical work is that more mundane problems of data and evidence often consume an unusual amount of time and energy, drawing attention away from the luxurious concerns discussed in this article — concerns with what things actually mean. Despite the recognition that the problem of meaning may not lurk around every corner for all social science historians, the goal of this article is to propose some new strategies for determining what things mean in historical context.
SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence among employees of a university hospital in Belgium during the 2020 COVID-19 outbreak (COVEMUZ-study)
Authors: De Geyter Deborah , Vancutsem Ellen , Van Laere Sven , Piérard Denis , Lacor Patrick , Weets Ilse , Allard Sabine D. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Between 19 May and 12 June 2020, employees of the UZ Brussel were recruited in this study aiming to document the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) seroprevalence, to investigate the potential work-related risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 infection and to estimate the proportion of asymptomatic infections. In total, 2662 participants were included of whom 7.4% had immunoglobulin G antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. Of the participants reporting a positive polymerase chain reaction for SARS-CoV-2, 89% had antibodies at the time of blood sampling. Eleven per cent of the antibody positive participants reported no recent symptoms suggestive of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Participants reporting fever, chest pain and/or anosmia/ageusia were significantly more frequently associated with the presence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2. The presence of antibodies was highest in the group that had had contact with COVID-19-infected individuals outside the hospital with or without using appropriate personnel protective equipment (PPE) (P < 0.001). Inside the hospital, a statistically significant difference was observed for the employees considered as low-risk exposure compared to the intermediate-risk exposure group (P = 0.005) as well as the high-risk exposure group compared to the intermediate exposure risk group (P < 0.001). These findings highlight the importance of using correct PPE.