bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of two different initial archwires for tooth alignment during fixed orthodontic treatment—A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Jain Shubhangi , Sharma Payal , Shetty Divya 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVES:
The aim of the study was to clinically evaluate and compare 0.016-inch superelastic nickel–titanium (NiTi) and 0.016-inch heat-activated nickel–titanium (NiTi) archwires in terms of alignment efficiency, root resorption, and pain intensity.

METHOD:
A total of 20 patients requiring fixed orthodontic treatment, having Little's irregularity index of 5–8, and requiring first premolar extractions were recruited. They were randomly allocated to receive two different archwires (0.016-inch superelastic NiTi or 0.016-inch thermoelastic NiTi). Good-quality impressions were taken of the lower arch before archwire placement (T0) and at every month after that till the alignment was complete. The rate of tooth alignment was measured on casts by determining Little's irregularity index. The pain experienced by the patient was assessed 24 hours and 1 week after the placement of the archwire on a visual analogue scale. Cone beam computed tomographic radiographs of lower anterior teeth were taken before and after alignment to assess root resorption. Data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis using the SPSS software (version 20.0). The level of significance was kept at 5%.

RESULTS:
The repeated measures ANOVA indicated that there was no significant difference in the aligning efficiency of superelastic and heat-activated NiTi wires. (p = 0.45). The Mann Whitney U test showed that superelastic NiTi wires had statistically significant higher VAS scores than heat-activated NiTi at 24 hours and 1-week interval (p < 0.05). Student's t-test indicated greater root resorption with superelastic NiTi but the difference was not statistically significant.

CONCLUSION:
Both the wires showed similar aligning efficiency and resulting root resorption. Superelastic NiTi was observed to produce more pain compared to heat-activated NiTi in the aligning phase.
Reliability of mobile application-based cephalometric analysis for chair side evaluation of orthodontic patient in clinical practice
Authors: Barbhuiya Maruf H. , Kumar Piush , Thakral Rachit , Krishnapriya R , Bawa Madhurima 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVES:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of Mobile Application-Based Software for chair side cephalometric analysis.

MATERIALS AND METHOD:
Pretreatment lateral cephalograms of 20 patients (10 males and 10 females) were selected randomly and were traced manually and also using Application-based software (One Ceph). 20 angular and three linear parameters were measured both manually and with the software in all the patients. Inter and intra-operator reliability of one ceph was evaluated and the measured parameters were statistically compared with the manual method (Gold Standard).

RESULT:
The accuracy of angular and linear values was compared for all 23 parameters and our results showed no significant difference in the two methods used for most of the measurements. Three of the measurements [Angle of convexity (N-A; A-Pog); ANB angle; Upper Incisor to NA (Angular)] did show a statistically significant difference though these were clinically irrelevant.

CONCLUSION:
Application-based cephalometric analysis can be an effective clinical diagnostic tool for chair-side cephalometric evaluation of orthodontic patient.
Accuracy of three different customized lingual orthodontic appliance systems in achieving predicted results on maxillary anterior teeth
Authors: Fernandes Floyd , Krishnan Ravindranath V. , Patni Vivek , Vaid Nikhilesh 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To comparatively evaluate the ability of three different customized lingual appliance systems in achieving predicted results with respect to the mesiodistal crown tip, labiolingual crown inclination, in–out position of Maxillary permanent anterior teeth, and Maxillary arch form.

METHODS:
Three commercial houses: Incognito, iLingual 3D, and Lingual matrix were analysed in this study. The final sample size consisted of 42 cases. Fourteen digital prediction and posttreatment models of the maxillary arch were provided by three orthodontic offices each using a different system. Discrepancies between the prediction and posttreatment model in mesiodistal tip, labiolingual inclination, in–out position of anterior teeth, and arch form were analyzed.

RESULTS:
Incognito displayed the highest accuracy in all parameters except for in–out positioning. Lingual Matrix showed greater precision in achieving planned mesiodistal positions than labiolingual inclination while it was just the opposite for iLingual 3D. All three systems proved to be clinically reliable in achieving the predicted in–out positions of permanent Maxillary anterior teeth.

CONCLUSION:
These systems were considerably accurate in achieving planned treatment goals with minute deviations from the predicted value.
Effect of antimicrobial agents on the oral microflora in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy–An ex vivo comparative analysis
Authors: Shahi Ankit Kumar , Kumar Piush , Shetty Divya , Jain Anshi , Sharma Payal , Raza Monis 
Published: August 2021

Aim:
To evaluate and compare the efficacy of Ozonated Olive Oil Gel, Chlorhexidine gel, and Amflor (Fluoridated) mouthwash on reducing the count of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic therapy evaluated at different time intervals.

Methods:
Sixty patients undergoing orthodontic treatment were randomly divided into three groups (n = 20) based on antimicrobial agents used (Group 1: Ozonated olive oil gel; Group 2: Chlorhexidine gel; Group 3: Fluoridated mouthwash). Elastomeric modules from brackets were collected at T0 (Fresh samples) and T1 (2nd week) and T2 (4th week) for assessment of the microbial growth. These collected modules were cultured and evaluated for the presence of Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacilli and numbers of colonies were counted at each interval. Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis using SPSS software (Version 20.0). Level of significance was kept at 5%. Intra-group and inter-group comparison between pretreatment, 2nd week and 4th week was done for each group using Wilcoxon signed rank test and Mann–Whitney U test.

Results:
There was presence of Streptococcus Mutans and Lactobacilli during orthodontic treatment which progressively increased from To to T1 and then declined from T1 to T2. The colony counts were maximum for Fluoridated mouthwash and least for Chlorhexidine and the results were statistically significant (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
All three antimicrobial agents used were effective against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus. Chlorhexidine proved to be more efficacious whereas Fluoridated mouthwash proved to be least effective against both Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus bacteria.
Impairment, disability, and handicap associated with hearing problems and voice disorders among Colombian teachers
Authors: Cantor-Cutiva Lady Catherine , Cuervo-Diaz Diana Elizabeth , Hunter Eric J , Moreno-Angarita Marisol 
Published: August 2021

Objectives: 1. define the occurrence of work-related hearing problems and voice disorders among teachers that have contacted the Colombian National Board of Disability Assessment (NBDA) for follow-up; 2. identify individual associated factors of hearing problems and voice disorders among teachers; 3. assess the limitations and restrictions due to hearing problems and voice disorders among these participants.
Methods: Retrospective study. The National Database of the Colombian NBDA was reviewed. Information on distributions of occupation, individual characteristics, and diagnosis code (ICD-10) was analyzed.
Results: Communication disorders among teachers that have contacted the Colombian NBDA for follow-up included voice disorders, with a prevalence of 51%, and hearing problems, with a prevalence of 7%. Female teachers who have contacted the Colombian NBDA for follow-up were 4 times more likely to be identified as having voice disorders compared with their male colleagues.
Conclusions: While teachers that have contacted the Colombian NBDA for follow-up have a high occurrence of voice disorders, hearing problems are more likely to be stated as a debilitating condition. One possible explanation is that teachers who contacted the Colombian NBDA for follow-up continued working even when many voice symptoms were evident, while hearing problems would prevent a teacher from interacting with students, thereby affecting the teaching-learning process sooner. Nevertheless, with both voice and hearing problems, work performance and social interaction is affected, and, therefore, quality of life is reduced.
Reorienting Goals in Endodontic Therapy: Pulp Revitalization, on the brink of a paradigm shift.
Authors: Ayousha Iqbal  , Amna Riaz  , Alia Waheed  , Safi Ullah Khan  , Kanza Nawadat  , Sadaf Islam  
Published: August 2021

Objective: To accomplish a multidisciplinary systematic review of the various aspects of dental pulp tissue engineering, its myriad protocols, inclusive of adjuvant surgeries and at the end this review will summarize the testing methodologies of pulp vitality.
Methods: Research was conducted at Army Medical college, NUMS and HITECH Dental college, Taxilla. Literature of the previous 2 years was searched up to January 2020 on PubMed, SCOPUS, MEDLINE, Cochrane and Science direct. The key words employed were “revitalization, revascularization, dental pulp and regeneration ”
Result & Conclusion: Current strategies of pulpal regeneration have shown commendable success. Histological analysis of clinical trials is essential to ensure confirmatory evidence of quality of revitalization. The impact of oral factors and a long term follow up in these case is still required to produce a definitive understanding.
Continuous...
Minecraft Education Edition’s Ability to Create an Effective and Engaging Learning Experience
Authors: Panja Vennela , Berge Jill 
Published: August 2021

Effective game-based learning is possible and incredibly important, as it provides effective, engaging, student-centered learning. While it has been successful for history learning, effective game-based learning for STEM subjects is scarce. This study explored Minecraft Education Edition's chemistry features and their ability to create an effective and engaging learning experience, as Minecraft's game mechanics along with Education Edition's chemistry features may provide a solution to the lack of effective game-based learning. The study was conducted with a lesson in Minecraft Education Edition, and participants took a quiz and reflection survey after the lesson to gauge Minecraft Education Edition's viability as a learning tool. While the data in the study was too limited to garner a conclusion on how Minecraft Education Edition affects the engagement and effectiveness of a lesson, it provides insight that not all students/players engage with Minecraft the same way, and discusses many factors that should be considered when creating a Minecraft-based education model.
مواقع الالتفات في سورة الكهف (دراسة بلاغية )
Authors: Yulianti Yulianti 
Published: August 2021

Iltifaat secara bahasa adalah pergantian dari satu bentuk ke bentuk lainnya, adapun secara istilah para pakar balaghah yaitu perubahan dalam ungkapan bicara dari satu sisi ke sisi lainnya dari berbagai segi atau tiga hal pembicaraan: ((pembicara – pendengar – dan yang tidak hadir)) sedangkan dalam kenyataanya mengikuti pembicaraan membutuhkan kelanjutan dalam ungkapan yang sesuai dengan beberapa cara pilihan tanpa memperhatikan pergantiannya. Ada beberapa istilah yang tersebar tentang iltifaat, diantaranya: ((as-sharf)), ((al-‘aduul)), ((al-inshiraaf)), ((at[talawwun)), ((mukhalafatu muqtadha dzaahir)), ((syajaa’atul arabiyah)) dan sebagainya. Penelitian ini berdasarkan studi analisis balaghah dalam surat Al-Kahfi dari pola kalimat iltifaat. Maka peneliti membatasi latar belakang pembahasan ini, apa sajakah posisi iltifaat dalam surat Al-Kahfi secara studi balaghah? Dan apa saja penafsirannya dari ayat-ayat iltifat dalam surat Al- Kahfi? Adapun hasil dari penelitian ini adalah bahwasanya bidang iltifaat dalam surat Al-Kahfi ada enam, yang pertama: di bidang shiyagh ada lima macam: 1) mabniy lil-majhul – mabniy lil-ma’lum dalam ayat 31{يُحَلَّوْنَ – يَلْبَسُوْنَ}, 2) mudhari’ – maadhi dalam tiga ayat, ayat 47 {نُسَيِّرُ – حَشَرْنَا}, ayat 49 {يَقُوْلُوْنَ – وَجَدُوْا}, ayat 56 {يُجَادِلُوْا – اِتَّخَذُوْا}, 3) antara dua shigat fi’il dalam ayat 78 -82 {تَسْتَطِعْ – تَسْطِعْ}dan ayat 97 {اسْطَاعُوْا – اسْتَطَاعُوْا}. Yang kedua: di bidang ‘adad ada tiga macam: 1) tatsniyah – ifrad dalam ayat 33-35 {الجَنَّتَيْنِ – أُكُلَهَا}, 2) jama’ – ifrad dalam ayat 50 {هُمْ –عَدُوٌّ} , ayat 56 {نُرْسِلُ – آيَاتِي}, ayat 100 -101 {عَرْضُنَا – ذِكْرِي}, 3) ifrad – jama’ dalam ayat 102 {دُوْنِي – أَنَا}. Ketiga: di bidang dhamair ada dua macam, 1) ghaibah – takallum dalam ayat 13 {بِرَبّهِمْ – زِدْنَا}, dan ayat 52 {يَقُوْلُ – جَعَلْنَا}, 2) takallum – ghaibah dalam ayat 21 {أَعْثَرْنَا – وَعْدَ اللهِ}, dan ayat 45{أَنْزَلْنَا – كَانَ اللهُ}. Keempat: di bidang adawaat (ada satu macam, 1) ziyadatul adaat dalam ayat 22 {سَبْعَةٌ وَثَامِنُهُمْ}. Kelima: di bidang al-bina an-nahwiy ada satu macam, 1) tahawwul fil isnad dalam ayat 79-82 {فَأَرَدْتُ – فَأَرَدْنَا – فَأَرَادَ رَبُّكَ} , keenam: di bidang mu’jam ada tiga macam, 1) dalam ayat 16 {اللهُ – رَبُّكُمْ}, dan ayat 24 {اللهُ – رَبُّكَ}, 2) dalam ayat 17{تَزَاوَرَ – تَقْرِضُهُمْ} , 3) dalam ayat 52 {نَادُوْا – دَعَوْا}.
Iodide CIMS and m∕z 62: the detection of HNO3 as NO3− in the presence of PAN, peroxyacetic acid and ozone
Authors: Dörich Raphael , Eger Philipp , Lelieveld Jos , Crowley John N. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Chemical ionisation mass spectrometry (CIMS) using I− (the iodide anion), hereafter I-CIMS, as a primary reactant ion has previously been used to measure NO3 and N2O5 both in laboratory and field experiments. We show that reports of large daytime mixing ratios of
NO3 and N2O5 (both usually present in detectable amounts only at night) are likely to be heavily biased by the ubiquitous presence of HNO3 in the troposphere and lower stratosphere. We demonstrate in a series of laboratory experiments that the CIMS detection of HNO3 at m/z 62 using I− ions is efficient in the presence of peroxy acetyl nitric anhydride (PAN) or peroxyacetic acid (PAA) and especially O3. We have characterised the dependence of the sensitivity to HNO3 detection on the presence of acetate anions (CH3CO2-, m/z 59, from either PAN or PAA). The loss of CH3CO2- via conversion to NO3- in the presence of HNO3 may represent a significant bias in I-CIMS measurements of PAN and PAA in which continuous calibration (e.g. via addition of isotopically labelled PAN) is not carried out. The greatest sensitivity to HNO3 at m/z 62 is achieved in the presence of ambient levels of O3 whereby the thermodynamically disfavoured, direct reaction of I− with HNO3 to form NO3- is bypassed by the formation of IOx-, which reacts with HNO3 to form, for example, iodic acid and NO3-. The ozone and humidity dependence of the detection of HNO3 at m/z 62 was characterised in laboratory experiments and applied to daytime, airborne measurements in which good agreement with measurements of the I−(HNO3) cluster ion (specific for HNO3 detection) was obtained. At high ozone mixing ratios, we show that the concentration of I− ions in our ion–molecule reactor (IMR) is significantly depleted. This is not reflected by changes in the measured I− signal at m/z 127 as the IOx- formed
does not survive passage through the instrument but is likely detected after fragmentation to I−. This may result in a bias in measurements of trace gases using I-CIMS in stratospheric air masses unless a calibration gas is
continuously added or the impact of O3 on sensitivity is characterised.
CH4 and N2O fluctuations during the penultimate deglaciation
Authors: Schmidely Loïc , Nehrbass-Ahles Christoph , Schmitt Jochen , Han Juhyeong , Silva Lucas , Shin Jinwha , Joos Fortunat , Chappellaz Jérôme , Fischer Hubertus , Stocker Thomas F. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract. Deglaciations are characterized by the largest natural changes in methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) concentrations of the past 800 000 years. Reconstructions of millennial- to centennial-scale variability within these periods are mostly restricted to the last deglaciation. In this study, we present composite records of CH4 and N2O concentrations from the EPICA Dome C ice core covering the penultimate deglaciation at temporal resolutions of ∼100 years. Our data permit the identification of centennial-scale fluctuations during the transition from glacial to interglacial levels. At ∼134 000 and ∼129 000 years before present (hereafter ka), both CH4 and N2O increased on centennial timescales. These abrupt rises are similar to the fluctuations associated with the Dansgaard–Oeschger events identified in the last glacial period. In addition, gradually rising N2O levels at ∼130 ka resemble a pattern of increasing N2O concentrations on millennial timescales characterizing the later part of Heinrich stadials. Overall, the events in CH4 and N2O during the penultimate deglaciation exhibit modes of variability that are also found during the last deglaciation and glacial cycle, suggesting that the processes leading to changes in emission during the transitions were similar but their timing differed.
Topographic disequilibrium, landscape dynamics and active tectonics: an example from the Bhutan Himalaya
Authors: Simoes Martine , Sassolas-Serrayet Timothée , Cattin Rodolphe , Le Roux-Mallouf Romain , Ferry Matthieu , Drukpa Dowchu 
Published: August 2021

Abstract. The quantification of active tectonics from geomorphological and morphometric approaches commonly implies that erosion and tectonics have reached a certain balance. Such equilibrium conditions are however rare in nature, as questioned and documented by recent theoretical studies indicating that drainage basins may be perpetually re-arranging even though tectonic and climatic conditions remain constant. Here, we document these drainage dynamics in the Bhutan Himalaya, where evidence for out-of-equilibrium morphologies have for long been noticed, from major (> 1 km high) river knickpoints and from high-altitude low-relief regions in the mountain hinterland. To further characterize these morphologies and their dynamics, we perform field observations and a detailed quantitative morphometric analysis using χ plots and Gilbert metrics of drainages over various spatial scales, from major Himalayan rivers to their tributaries draining the low-relief regions. We first find that the river network is highly dynamic and unstable, with much evidence of divide migration and river captures. The landscape response to these dynamics is relatively rapid. Our results do not support the idea of a general wave of incision propagating upstream, as expected from most previous interpretations. Also, the specific spatial organization in which all major knickpoints and low-relief regions are located along a longitudinal band in the Bhutan hinterland, whatever their spatial scale and the dimensions of the associated drainage basins, calls for a common local supporting mechanism most probably related to active tectonic uplift. From there, we discuss possible interpretations of the observed landscape in Bhutan. Our results emphasize the need for a precise documentation of landscape dynamics and disequilibrium over various spatial scales as a first step in morpho-tectonic studies of active landscapes.
MODELING SIGNAL-NOISE PROCESSES SUPPORTS STUDENT CONSTRUCTION OF A HIERARCHICAL IMAGE OF SAMPLE
Authors: LEHRER RICHARD 
Published: August 2021

Grade 6 (modal age 11) students invented and revised models of the variability generated as each measured the perimeter of a table in their classroom. To construct models, students represented variability as a linear composite of true measure (signal) and multiple sources of random error. Students revised models by developing sampling distributions of model-generated statistics to judge model fit and validity. After instruction, interviews with 12 students were conducted to learn how they conceived of relations among chance, modeling, and inference. Most students’ inferences were guided by a hierarchical image of sample, a perspective constituted through their understandings of modeling variability as signal and noise.
First published November 2017 at Statistics Education Research Journal Archives
Six corporeal curiosities: re/presenting contemporary South African embodiment
Authors: Lever Carla 
Published: August 2021

After two colonial occupations, one systematically brutal racial segregation campaign and two decades of democracy, there is no wonder that contemporary South Africa is characterised by complex, hybrid identities. This paper connects this past and present though the lens of embodiment, taking six snapshots that tell significant stories of South African bodies that span time and place. Together, slowly, these bodies create a corporeal dialogue, a weaving in of various writing practices and around the issue of embodiment in space and time. In the interplay between their differing levels of contextual strangeness in these narratives, I hope to reflect a certain social estrangement that characterises something of a country in its third decade.
Time and the making and remaking of the feminine gendered subject in Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight saga
Authors: Lowe Kristal 
Published: August 2021

Philosophy has a long tradition of speculating on the complexities of time and its impacts on individuals and a number of theorists have identified the critical role of temporality in the process of becoming and being a coherent and unified self or subject. Writers have a strong record of unpacking these ideas. The role and importance of temporality in becoming and being a female gendered subject has also been the topic of some recent feminist debate, and theorists such as Simone de Beauvoir, Luce Irigaray and Elizabeth Grosz have argued that specific configurations of temporality, such as more linear configurations, with separated zones for the past, present and future, have proved challenging to the process of being and becoming a female gendered subject. Popular creative writing is an excellent mirror to reflect the dominant concepts, beliefs and values of its society, and a critical reading of popular fiction productions provides interesting insight into the complex way that time enables and disables the female gendered subject. Stephenie Meyer’s Twilight saga is a tale of female becoming, and chronicles the development of the awkward and vulnerable teenager Bella Swan into the confident and invulnerable adult vampire Bella Cullen. Time and its effects on the female subject play an interesting role in the motivation for – as well as the process of – Bella’s subjective becoming, and factors such as aging and the decaying female body, as well as childbirth and maternity and their relationship to cyclical configurations of time, are crucial to Bella’s transformation.