bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A leaky dimorphic sexual system and breeding system characterize a successful island colonist: the reproductive biology ofPlocama pendula(Rubiaceae)
Authors: Anderson Gregory J , Pérez De Paz Julia , Anderson Mona , Bernardello Gabriel , Taylor David W 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIsland plants provide special opportunities for the study of evolution and ecology. In field and greenhouse studies we characterized a model reproductive system for Plocama pendula, endemic to the Canary Islands. This species has a complicated and not immediately obvious reproductive system. Pollination is biotic, and all flowers are morphologically hermaphroditic, but half of the plants characteristically bear flowers with nectar, pistils with reflexed stigmatic lobes and pollen-less anthers (i.e. they are functionally female flowers). The other half bear nectar-less flowers with abundant pollen and full-sized pistils that mostly have un-reflexed stigmatic lobes (i.e. they are hermaphroditic flowers functioning mostly as males). However, experiments show these pollen-bearing flowers to be self-compatible. Thus, the functionally male flowers have a breeding system that allows selfing in limited circumstances, but the functionally male flowers produce far fewer fruits than do functionally female flowers. With morphologically gynodioecious, functionally largely dioecious flowers, sometimes capable of selfing, the reproductive system of this species could be labelled as ‘leaky’ in many respects. Thus, we propose that P. pendula has colonized new habitats and persists in substantial populations at least in part because it manifests a reproductive system that is a model for successfully balancing the often-conflicting evolutionary demands of colonization, establishment and persistence.
LAMC2 promotes cancer progression and gemcitabine resistance through modulation of EMT and ATP-binding cassette transporters in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Okada Yasuyuki , Takahashi Naoki , Takayama Tetsuji , Goel Ajay 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease with poor prognosis. Gemcitabine remains an effective option for the majority of PDAC patients. Unfortunately, currently no reliable prognostic and predictive biomarkers of therapeutic response are available for the patients with PDAC. Laminin γ2 (LAMC2) is overexpressed in several cancers, and its high expression facilitates cancer development and chemoresistance. However, its functional role in PDAC remains unclear, and a better understanding of this will likely help improve the prognosis of PDAC patients. This study aimed to elucidate the clinical and biological role of LAMC2 in PDAC. We first analyzed the expression levels of LAMC2 by real-time reverse transcription PCR in a cohort of 114 PDAC patients. Interestingly, higher expression of LAMC2 significantly correlated with poor survival in PDAC cohort. In addition, elevated LAMC2 expression served as a potential prognostic marker for survival. Subsequently, functional characterization for the role of LAMC2 in PDAC was performed by small interfering RNA knockdown in pancreatic cancer (PC) cell lines. Interestingly, inhibition of LAMC2 in PC cells enhanced the gemcitabine sensitivity and induction of apoptosis. Moreover, it inhibited colony formation ability, migration and invasion potential. Furthermore, LAMC2 regulated the expression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype. In addition, LAMC2 significantly correlated with genes associated with the expression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters in PC cells and PDAC patients. In conclusion, these results suggest that LAMC2 regulates gemcitabine sensitivity through EMT and ABC transporters in PDAC and may be a novel therapeutic target in PDAC patients.
The Catholic Moral Tradition, Conscience, and the Practice of Medicine
Authors: Tully Patrick 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
One contested moral commitment shared by the American Medical Association (AMA) and American Nurses Association (ANA) has to do with the place of conscience in the practice of medicine. These organizations, each in their own way, urge their respective members to engage in careful moral discernment regarding their professional life, and they assert the existence of an obligation on the part of others to respect the conscientious objections of healthcare professionals and to accommodate objecting individuals. Yet despite the value that these organizations place on conscience and objector rights, these organizations do not offer elaborate philosophical defenses of their positions. This shortcoming is exposed by the light of contemporary philosophical challenges to conscience-friendly policies. What such challenges demand is a philosophical defense of these organizations’ moral commitments and corresponding policy recommendations. The point of this article is to indicate how the Catholic philosophical tradition’s account of the nature and importance of conscience can philosophically underwrite these organizations’ conscience-related principles and practices. It can be seen, then, that the Catholic tradition is far from inimical to the contemporary practice of medicine and that, on the contrary, this tradition offers philosophically serious grounds on which to rest (and from which to defend) some of the most morally significant values and guidelines endorsed by these contemporary health-professional organizations and their members.
Assessment of kidney function: clinical indications for measured GFR
Authors: Ebert Natalie , Bevc Sebastjan , Bökenkamp Arend , Gaillard Francois , Hornum Mads , Jager Kitty J , Mariat Christophe , Eriksen Bjørn Odvar , Palsson Runolfur , Rule Andrew D , van Londen Marco , White Christine , Schaeffner Elke 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn the vast majority of cases, glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is estimated using serum creatinine, which is highly influenced by age, sex, muscle mass, body composition, severe chronic illness and many other factors. This often leads to misclassification of patients or potentially puts patients at risk for inappropriate clinical decisions. Possible solutions are the use of cystatin C as an alternative endogenous marker or performing direct measurement of GFR using an exogenous marker such as iohexol. The purpose of this review is to highlight clinical scenarios and conditions such as extreme body composition, Black race, disagreement between creatinine- and cystatin C–based estimated GFR (eGFR), drug dosing, liver cirrhosis, advanced chronic kidney disease and the transition to kidney replacement therapy, non-kidney solid organ transplant recipients and living kidney donors where creatinine-based GFR estimation may be invalid. In contrast to the majority of literature on measured GFR (mGFR), this review does not include aspects of mGFR for research or public health settings but aims to reach practicing clinicians and raise their understanding of the substantial limitations of creatinine. While including cystatin C as a renal biomarker in GFR estimating equations has been shown to increase the accuracy of the GFR estimate, there are also limitations to eGFR based on cystatin C alone or the combination of creatinine and cystatin C in the clinical scenarios described above that can be overcome by measuring GFR with an exogenous marker. We acknowledge that mGFR is not readily available in many centres but hope that this review will highlight and promote the expansion of kidney function diagnostics using standardized mGFR procedures as an important milestone towards more accurate and personalized medicine.
The impact of force magnitude on the first and second maxillary molars in cervical headgear therapy
Authors: Talvitie Tuula , Helminen Mika , Karsila Susanna , Varho Reeta , Signorelli Luca , Pirttiniemi Pertti , Peltomäki Timo 
Published: February 2021

SummaryAimTo study the effect of force magnitude on the maxillary first and second molars in cervical headgear (CHG) therapy.Material and methodsIn this controlled clinical trial, patients (n = 40) were treated with CHG with a light (L, 300 g, n = 22) or a heavy force (H, 500 g, n = 18) magnitude. The subjects were asked to wear CHG for 10 hours a day for 10 months. The outer bow of the CHG facebow was lifted up for 10–20 degrees and the inner bow was expanded 3–4 mm. Adherence to instructions and force magnitude were monitored using an electronic module (Smartgear, Swissorthodontics, Switzerland). Panoramic and lateral radiographs before (T1) and after treatment (T2) were analysed using a Romexis Cephalometric module (Planmeca, Finland) focussing on the angular, sagittal, and vertical positions of the permanent first and second molars.ResultsAccording to the cephalometric analysis of the maxillary first and second molars, distal tipping occurred during T1–T2 in the H group (P = 0.010 and 0.000, respectively), and the change was greater in the H group compared to the L group (P = 0.045 and 0.019, respectively). Based on the panoramic analysis, tipping occurred in the distal direction during therapy in the H group in the second molars compared to the midline or condylar line (P = 0.001 and 0.001; P = 0.008 and 0.003 on the right and left, respectively).ConclusionWith heavy force magnitude, the maxillary first and second molars can tilt more easily in the distal direction even if the CHG was used less. Distal tipping of the molar can be considered to be a side effect of CHG therapy.
Methodological quality of studies assessing validity and reliability of the European Heart Failure Self-care Behaviour Scale: a systematic review using the COSMIN methodology
Authors: Köberich Stefan , Kato Naoko P , Kugler Christiane , Strömberg Anna , Jaarsma Tiny 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimsThe European Heart Failure Self-care Behaviour Scale (EHFScBS) is frequently used to assess self-care behaviours in patients with heart failure. This scale has been translated into several languages. The COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstrument (COSMIN) Risk of Bias checklist for a systematic review has recently been published. The aim of the study was to assess the methodological quality of studies reporting on psychometric evaluations of the EHFScBS using the COSMIN methodology.Methods and resultsTo identify relevant studies, a systematic literature search was performed using PubMed and CINAHL databases in December 2019 and the search was updated in June 2020. The COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist was used to assess the methodological quality. In total, 21 relevant studies were rated. The overall methodological quality of content validity was rated as inadequate in 17 studies and a main reason of the inadequate rating was a lack of patient involvement. Structural validity was adequately addressed in 12 studies, internal consistency in seven, and eight of 11 studies reporting on construct validity and had good methodological quality.ConclusionAlthough the use of the EHFScBS has grown rapidly and the validity and reliability are reported to be good, the methodological quality of studies reporting on psychometric properties of the scale is not optimal. Further studies are necessary to strengthen the evidence on validity and reliability of the EHFScBS.
A novel c.1759T&gt;G variant in follicle-stimulating hormone-receptor gene is concordant with male determination in the flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus)
Authors: Curzon Arie Y , Dor Lior , Shirak Andrey , Meiri-Ashkenazi Iris , Rosenfeld Hana , Ron Micha , Seroussi Eyal 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Various master key regulators (MKRs) that control a binary switch of sex determination (SD) have been found in fish; these provide an excellent model for the study of vertebrate genetic SD. The SD region in flathead grey mullet has been previously mapped to a 1 Mbp region harboring 27 genes, of which one is follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (fshr). Although this gene is involved in gonad differentiation and function, it has not been considered as an MKR of SD. We systematically investigated polymorphism in mullet fshr using DNA shotgun sequences, and compared them between males and females. Capable of encoding nonconservative amino acid substitutions, c.1732G&gt;A and c.1759T&gt;G exhibited association with sex on a population level (N = 83; P ≤ 6.7 × 10−19). Hence, 1732 A and 1759 G represent a male-specific haplotype of the gene, designated as “fshry.” Additional flanking SNPs showed a weaker degree of association with sex, delimiting the SD critical region to 143 nucleotides on exon 14. Lack of homozygotes for fshry, and the resulting divergence from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium (N = 170; P ≤ 3.9 × 10−5), were compatible with a male heterogametic model (XY/XX). Capable of replacing a phenylalanine with valine, c.1759T&gt;G alters a conserved position across the sixth transmembrane domain of vertebrate FSHRs. Amino acid substitutions in this position in vertebrates are frequently associated with constant receptor activation and consequently with FSH/FSHR signaling alteration; thus, indicating a potential role of fshr as an MKR of SD.
Rapid divergence of the male reproductive proteins in theDrosophila dunnigroup and implications for postmating incompatibilities between species
Authors: Hill Tom , Rosales-Stephens Hazel-Lynn , Unckless Robert L 
Published: February 2021

AbstractProteins involved in post-copulatory interactions between males and females are among the fastest evolving genes in many species, usually attributed to their involvement in reproductive conflict. As a result, these proteins are thought to often be involved in the formation of postmating-prezygotic incompatibilities between species. The Drosophila dunni subgroup consists of a dozen recently diverged species found across the Caribbean islands with varying levels of hybrid incompatibility. We performed experimental crosses between species in the dunni group and see some evidence of hybrid incompatibilities. We also find evidence of reduced survival following hybrid mating, likely due to postmating-prezygotic incompatibilities. We assessed rates of evolution between these species genomes and find evidence of rapid evolution and divergence of some reproductive proteins, specifically the seminal fluid proteins. This work suggests the rapid evolution of seminal fluid proteins may be associated with postmating-prezygotic isolation, which acts as a barrier for gene flow between even the most closely related species.
No difference in HIV-1 integrase inhibitor resistance between CSF and blood compartments
Authors: Abdi Basma , Chebbi Mouna , Wirden Marc , Teyssou Elisa , Sayon Sophie , Palich Romain , Seang Sophie , Valantin Marc-Antoine , Simon Anne , Tubiana Roland , Katlama Christine , Calvez Vincent , Marcelin Anne-Geneviève , Soulie Cathia 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about HIV-1 integrase inhibitor resistance in the CNS.ObjectivesThis study aimed to evaluate integrase inhibitor resistance in CSF, as a marker of the CNS, and compare it with the resistance in plasma.MethodsHIV integrase was sequenced both in plasma and CSF for 59 HIV-1 patients. The clinical and biological data were collected from clinical routine care.ResultsAmong the 59 HIV-1 patients, 32 (54.2%) were under antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. The median (IQR) HIV-1 RNA in the plasma of viraemic patients was 5.32 (3.85–5.80) and 3.59 (2.16–4.50) log10 copies/mL versus 4.79 (3.56–5.25) and 3.80 (2.68–4.33) log10 copies/mL in the CSF of ARV-naive and ARV-treated patients, respectively. The patients were mainly infected with non-B subtypes (72.2%) with the most prevalent recombinant form being CRF02_AG (42.4%). The HIV-1 integrase sequences from CSF presented resistance mutations for 9/27 (33.3%) and 8/32 (25.0%) for ARV-naive (L74I, n = 3; L74I/M, n = 1; T97A, n = 1; E157Q, n = 4) and ARV-treated (L74I, n = 6; L74M, n = 1; T97A, n = 1; N155H, n = 1) patients, respectively. Integrase inhibitor resistance mutations in CSF were similar to those in plasma, except for 1/59 patients.ConclusionsThis work shows similar integrase inhibitor resistance profiles in the CNS and plasma in a population of HIV-1 viraemic patients.
Market Depth, Leverage, and Speculative Bubbles
Authors: Enders Zeno , Hakenes Hendrik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We develop a model of rational bubbles based on leverage and the assumption of an imprecisely known maximum market size. In a bubble, traders push the asset price above its fundamental value in a dynamic way, driven by rational expectations about future price developments. At a previously unknown date, the bubble will endogenously burst. Households optimally decide whether to lend to traders with limited liability. Bubbles increase welfare of the initial asset holders, but reduce welfare of future households. We provide general conditions for the possibility of bubbles depending on uncertainty about market size, traders’ degree of leverage, and the risk-free rate. This allows us to discuss several policy measures. Capital requirements and a correctly implemented Tobin tax can prevent bubbles. Implemented incorrectly, however, these measures may create the possibility of bubbles and can reduce welfare.
An integrated approach for reservoir characterisation in deep-water Krishna-Godavari basin, India: a case study
Authors: Mondal Samit , Chatterjee Rima , Chakraborty Shantanu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The Miocene reservoirs in prolific Krishna-Godavari basin are mostly fluvial deposits and laminated or blocky in nature. The type of reservoir quality depends on associated geological environments. Due to several lateral variations in reservoir properties, a similar kind of workflow for reservoir characterisation does not work. Customised workflow needs to be applied in this area for estimation of petrophysical properties or rock physical analysis for reservoir quality prediction. As the major input of rock physical analysis is petrophysical properties, it is crucial to estimate these properties accurately. Meanwhile, it is also important to check the seismic sensitivity to change in fluid saturation in the reservoir characterisation process. The analysis assures the presence of reservoir and hydrocarbon contact in seismic sensitivity, which is essential for removing risk. Integrating the geological model with rock physical analysis for reservoir characterisation at the drilled well, the reservoir quality at undrilled prospects is predicted. In this study, the comprehensive study for reservoir characterisation of Miocene reservoirs consists of three different steps: calculation of petrophysical properties for mixed of thick and laminated sequence, rock physical analysis for identification of hydrocarbon reservoir and corresponding seismic sensitivity for change in saturation and finally the rock physics template for prediction of reservoir quality away from the drilled well. Results from the study have added significant value in de-risking the number of undrilled prospects in this area.
Parents' Nonstandard Work and Children’s Sleep: The Mediating Role of Bedtime Routines
Authors: Craft Alexandrea L , Perry-Jenkins Maureen , Herman Rachel , Spencer Rebecca M C 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objective: The present study examined if caregivers’ long work hours or shift work are related to children’s sleep duration through the disruption of bedtime routines. Method: Work hours and schedules, bedtime routines and sleep (actigraph assessments) were examined in a sample of 250 caregivers and their preschool children. Results: Results revealed that consistent bedtime routines mediated the relationship between caregiver’s work and children’s sleep, such that longer hours and shift work predicted fewer routines that, in turn, predicted less child sleep. Conclusion: These results point to the crucial role of bedtime routines as a promising point of intervention for working parents. While caregivers may not be able to change their work hours or schedules, they can create more stable and consistent bedtime routines to mitigate the negative effects of their work on children’s sleep.
Preparation of loratadine nanocrystal tablets to improve the solubility and dissolution for enhanced oral bioavailability
Authors: Li Jing , Zhou Yingping , Aisha Mayinuer , Wu Jingyan , Wang Hongyun , Huang Fang , Sun Minjie 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Loratadine is a selective H1 receptor inhibitor that has been widely used in the clinical treatment of allergic diseases. Here we aimed to develop a novel solid loratadine nanocrystal to increase the low and pH-dependent water solubility for bioavailability enhancement.

Methods
Loratadine solid nanocrystal was developed through high-speed shear-high pressure homogenization followed by freeze-drying, which was further prepared into tablets through direct compression. The formulation and process parameter were screened. Furthermore, the characterization and oral bioavailability of loratadine nanocrystal were studied.

Key findings
The loratadine nanocrystal had the satisfactory particle size of 425.9 nm and great redispersibility, which was mainly attributed to the addition of Pluronic F127 and polyvinylpyrrolidone K17 as the stabilizer. The saturation solubility of the loratadine nanocrystal was increased to 3.81, 3.22 and 2.57-fold that of the crude drug in water, pH 6.8 and pH 4.5 buffer respectively. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic studies in rats revealed that the AUC (0-∞) of the nanocrystal tablets was 2.38-fold that of raw tablets and 1.94-fold that of commercial tablets, respectively.

Conclusions
The nanocrystal tablets could significantly improve the oral bioavailability of loratadine, which would also be a promising approach to enhance the solubility of insoluble drugs.
An unusual reason for an inguinal swelling: De Garengeot’s hernia
Authors: Sommerhalder Barbara , Burger Reint , Bueter Marco , Thalheimer Andreas 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We present the case of a 71-year-old female with an inguinal swelling. Intra-abdominally the appendix was found in a femoral hernia sac (De Garengeot’s hernia). A laparoscopic transabdominal preperitoneal hernia repair procedure was performed with uneventful post-operative course.
Clinical presentation of this type of hernia is unspecific and often not to be distinguished from a common incarcerated hernia. Computed tomography can be helpful in obtaining a diagnosis, although the definite diagnosis is mostly found intraoperatively. As surgical options are numerous, there is no consensus on the most suitable one. A laparoscopic approach incorporates the benefit of a total abdominal overview and the possibility of standard procedures. If the appendix appears normal, the use of synthetic mesh is considered safe and an incidental appendectomy is not necessarily required.
The Descent into Hell: Its Origin and First Development
Authors: Knight Jonathan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The motif of Christ’s descent to hell is a familiar one in systematic theology—especially that written from a Roman Catholic perspective. It is often assumed that this doctrine has solid New Testament foundations; but this is not the case. This article examines the New Testament and other evidence for this emerging doctrine, arguing that it is known but not explicitly mentioned in the canonical literature, and drawing attention to the neglected early second-century apocalypse called the Ascension of Isaiah as its earliest established appearance. The article then examines some other alleged or potential non-canonical appearances of the descensus motif, asking what this doctrine meant in its first usage and offering some brief reflections as to how this first usage might determine an appropriate Christian understanding today.