bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical considerations for reposition of a dislocated hip: A qualitative study
Authors: Gydesen Christoffer R. , Møller Ann M. , Wildgaard Kim , Nielsen Jesper K. , Lunn Troels H. , Beck Torben , Thomsen Thordis 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundA well‐known complication of having hip alloplasty surgery is dislocation of the prothesis. This affects 2%‐4% of the patients, and 75% of the dislocations occur within the first year after surgery. The aim of our study was to gain knowledge about the clinical considerations underlying the choice of anaesthesia for, and treatment of, patients with dislocated hips by specialists in anaesthesiology and orthopaedic surgery.MethodsWe used semi‐structured group interviews of specialists in anaesthesiology and orthopaedic surgery. An interview guide was developed and pilot tested before the group interviews. In total, 25 specialists participated, recruited from two university hospitals in Denmark. Data saturation was reached after seven group interviews. Inductive content analysis was used in the data analysis.ResultsWe identified four overall themes, describing essential considerations made by the specialists: “Adhering to the principle of minimal intervention”, “Ensuring patient safety through optimal working conditions”, “Organisational considerations” and “Pain induced gastric retention”.ConclusionOur study illustrates different clinical considerations made by specialists in anaesthesiology and orthopaedic surgery in relation to the treatment of patients with dislocated hips. Our results hope to promote mutual understanding in joint clinical decision‐making in relation to patients with dislocated hips as well as to inspire less‐experienced anaesthesiologists and orthopaedic surgeons. Additionally, our results suggest a set of “rules of thumb” for how jointly to decide on the repositioning site of the patient during the procedure.
Diagnostic accuracy of physician’s gestalt in suspected COVID‐19: Prospective bicentric study
Authors: Nazerian Peiman , Morello Fulvio , Prota Alessio , Betti Laura , Lupia Enrico , Apruzzese Luc , Oddi Matteo , Grosso Federico , Grifoni Stefano , Pivetta Emanuele ,   ED COVID‐19 Investigators
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTObjectivesPhysicians’ gestalt is central in the diagnostic pipeline of suspected COVID‐19, due to the absence of a single tool allowing conclusive rule in or rule out. The aim of this study was to estimate the diagnostic test characteristics of physician's gestalt for COVID‐19 in the emergency department (ED), based on clinical findings or on a combination of clinical findings and bedside imaging results.MethodsFrom April 1 to April 30, 2020, patients with suspected COVID‐19 were prospectively enrolled in two EDs. Physicians prospectively dichotomized patients in COVID‐19 likely or unlikely twice: after medical evaluation of clinical features (clinical gestalt [CG]) and after evaluation of clinical features and results of lung ultrasound or chest x‐ray (clinical and bedside imaging–integrated gestalt [CBIIG]). The final diagnosis was adjudicated after independent review of 30‐day follow‐up data.ResultsAmong 838 ED enrolled patients, 193 (23%) were finally diagnosed with COVID‐19. The area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity of CG and CBIIG for COVID‐19 were 80.8% and 91.6% (p < 0.01), 82.9% and 91.4% (p = 0.01), and 78.6% and 91.8% (p < 0.01), respectively. CBIIG had similar AUC and sensitivity to reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for SARS‐CoV‐2 on the first nasopharyngeal swab per se (93.5%, p = 0.24; and 87%, p = 0.17, respectively). CBIIG plus RT‐PCR had a sensitivity of 98.4% for COVID‐19 (p < 0.01 vs. RT‐PCR alone) compared to 95.9% for CG plus RT‐PCR (p = 0.05).ConclusionsIn suspected COVID‐19, CG and CBIIG have fair diagnostic accuracy, in line with physicians’ gestalt for other acute conditions. Negative RT‐PCR plus low probability based on CBIIG can rule out COVID‐19 with a relatively low number of false‐negative cases.
A Validation Study of the Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders Behavioral Checklist
Authors: Klug Marilyn G. , O'Connell Ann Marie , Palme Amanda , Kobrinsky Nathan , Burd Larry 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundThe initial confirmatory factor analysis of the Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorder Behavioral Checklist (ABC) utilized a population of 203 children. The analysis identified 10 independent measures (executive functioning, attention and concentration, cognition, memory, confabulation, gullibility, communication skills, academic skills, living/social skills, and juvenile justice). The 10 measures differentiated children with FASD from non‐FASD controls. In this study, we present a validity study of the ABC using a different population of children with FASD and non‐FASD controls.MethodsA chart review identified 224 children with ABC checklist scores who had been evaluated for FASD. From this sample, we implemented a case–control study of 76 children diagnosed with FASD and 76 non‐FASD controls who were matched by gender and closest age in years (mean age was 8.5 years).ResultsThe averages of the total score and individual domain scores were compared between the 2 data sets and then between children with FASD and non‐FASD controls. Children with FASD had significantly higher scores on all 10 measures than the non‐FASD controls. There were very high sensitivity and specificity scores for the total score cutoff and for all 10 of the individual measures.ConclusionsIn an independent sample, we found minimal differences between the previous data and the current validation study on measures of average total score cutoffs, scores for the 10 measures and correlations. Combining the 2 samples yielded robust differences in scores between children with FASD and non‐FASD controls. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy estimates were also very high. The ABC Screen appears to have acceptable epidemiologic performance data to support its use as a screening tool and as an initial step in differentiating children with FASD from those who do not have FASD.
How executive remuneration responds to guidance: evidence from the Australian banking industry
Authors: Magee Shane , Ng Cheok Man , Wright Sue 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study investigates whether executive remuneration responds to regulatory guidance. Using an exogenous shock in the form of a regulatory guideline issued by the Australian Prudential Regulation Authority to the Australian banking industry, we analyse whether remuneration is more aligned to prudent risk‐taking since the guideline was published. We find that remuneration to both chief executive officers and the top five highest paid executives was adjusted to be more consistent with the guideline from its first year of operation. These findings are robust to the introduction of the Two Strikes Rule as an alternative explanation.
Macromoth community structure along a 95‐year post‐harvest chronosequence in managed forests of northwest Washington State (U.S.A.), with comparison to old growth forest communities
Authors: Fisher Matthew R. , Peterson Merrill A. 
Published: February 2021

The effects of timber harvest in the moist coniferous forests of western North America are not well documented for ecologically important arthropods such as moths.We assessed the response of macromoth community structure (abundance, sample size‐corrected estimates of species richness and diversity, and overall community composition) to time since deforestation at 20 previously logged sites (1–95 years post‐harvest), and compared the macromoth communities at these stands to four old growth stands.As stand age increased following timber harvest, the number of macromoths captured in ultraviolet light traps increased and the relative abundance of dietary generalists declined, but sample size‐corrected estimates of species richness and diversity did not vary. Macromoth community composition of the youngest stands (<10 years post‐harvest) differed markedly from each other but converged soon thereafter.Macromoth communities at old growth sites featured higher capture rates, lower dominance by dietary generalists, and higher sample size‐corrected estimates of species richness and diversity than at previously logged sites. Community composition profiles for old growth sites differed from all previously logged sites, but the differences were subtle except in comparison to the youngest logged sites. None of the 188 species we sampled were old growth specialists.Our results reveal dramatic initial impacts of deforestation on macromoth communities in moist coniferous forests of western North America. Such effects are largely reversed within two decades post‐harvest but some effects persist for at least 95‐years following logging.
Melatonin for the prevention of fetal injury associated with intrauterine inflammation
Authors: Kim Jang Mee , Lee Seung‐Yun , Lee Ji Yeon 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntrauterine inflammation is shown to be associated with preterm birth, fetal inflammatory response syndrome, and other pregnancy‐related comorbidities such as central nervous system diseases including cerebral palsy and periventricular leukomalacia, pulmonary diseases such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia and respiratory distress syndrome, and necrotizing enterocolitis, to name a few. Many animal studies on intrauterine inflammation demonstrate that ascending infection of reproductive organs or the production of proinflammatory cytokines by some stimuli in utero results in such manifestations. Melatonin, known for its primary function in maintaining circadian rhythm, is now recognized as one of the most potent antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory drugs. In some studies, melatonin injection in pregnant animals with intrauterine inflammation significantly reduced the number of preterm births, the severity of structural disintegration of the fetal lungs observed in bronchopulmonary dysplasia, and perinatal brain injuries with improvement in neuromotor function. These implicated benefits of melatonin in pregnant women with intrauterine inflammation seem promising in many research studies, strongly supporting the hypothesis that melatonin has antioxidative and anti‐inflammatory properties that can potentially be taken by pregnant women who are at risk of having intrauterine inflammation. In this review, the potential of melatonin for improving outcomes of the pregnancies with intrauterine inflammation will be discussed.
Co‐occurrence of immune‐mediated conditions and endometriosis among adolescents and adult women
Authors: Shafrir Amy L , Palmor Marissa C. , Fourquet Jessica , DiVasta Amy D. , Farland Leslie V. , Vitonis Allison F. , Harris Holly R , Laufer Marc R. , Cramer Daniel W. , Terry Kathryn L. , Missmer Stacey A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractProblemAssociations between immune dysfunction conditions (eg, systemic lupus erythematous, rheumatoid arthritis) and endometriosis have been observed in adult women, but not assessed among a younger population. We investigated the association between immune‐mediated conditions and endometriosis among young women.Method of StudyThis cross‐sectional analysis in the Women's Health Study: From Adolescence to Adulthood included 551 participants with surgically diagnosed endometriosis (median age=19) and 652 controls without endometriosis (median age=24). Participants completed an expanded Endometriosis Phenome and Biobanking Harmonization Project questionnaire. We used logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to investigate the associations between autoimmune/inflammatory, atopic, chronic pain/fatigue, and endocrine disorders with endometriosis, adjusting for confounders.ResultsParticipants with any autoimmune and/or inflammatory condition had an increased odds of co‐occurring endometriosis (OR: 1.87; CI: 0.92–3.80), as did participants with allergies (OR: 1.76; CI: 1.32–2.36), asthma (OR: 1.35; CI: 0.97–1.88), chronic fatigue syndrome and/or fibromyalgia (OR: 5.81; CI: 1.89–17.9), or previous mononucleosis (OR: 1.75; CI: 1.14–2.68). Odds of endometriosis were lower among participants with eczema (OR: 0.68; CI: 0.44–1.04). We observed a positive trend between the number of immune‐mediated conditions and the odds of endometriosis (p‐trend=0.0002). Endocrine disorders were not associated with endometriosis.ConclusionsAmong this population of adolescents and adult women, endometriosis was more likely among participants with autoimmune and/or inflammatory diseases, allergies, asthma, previous mononucleosis infection, and chronic fatigue and/or fibromyalgia. We observed that an increasing number of immune‐mediated conditions were positively associated with endometriosis risk. It is important for clinicians who care for adolescents and women with these conditions to consider endometriosis as a comorbidity.
Sputum TNF markers are increased in neutrophilic and severe asthma and are reduced by azithromycin treatment
Authors: Niessen Natalie M. , Gibson Peter G. , Baines Katherine J. , Barker Daniel , Yang Ian A. , Upham John W. , Reynolds Paul N. , Hodge Sandra , James Alan L. , Jenkins Christine , Peters Matthew J. , Marks Guy B. , Baraket Melissa , Simpson Jodie L. , Fricker Michael 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe AMAZES randomized controlled trial demonstrated that long‐term low‐dose azithromycin treatment reduces exacerbations of poorly controlled asthma, but the therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear. Dysregulation of the inflammatory tumour necrosis factor (TNF) pathway is implicated in asthma and could be suppressed by azithromycin. We aimed to determine the inflammatory and clinical associations of soluble TNF signalling proteins (TNF receptors [TNFR] 1 and 2, TNF) in sputum and serum, and to test the effect of 48 weeks of azithromycin vs placebo on TNF markers.MethodsSputum supernatant and serum TNFR1, TNFR2 (n = 142; 75 azithromycin‐treated, 67 placebo‐treated) and TNF (n = 48; 22 azithromycin‐treated, 26 placebo‐treated) were measured by ELISA in an AMAZES trial sub‐population at baseline and end of treatment. Baseline levels were compared between sputum inflammatory phenotypes, severe/non‐severe asthma and frequent/non‐frequent exacerbators. Effect of azithromycin on markers was tested using linear mixed models.ResultsBaseline sputum TNFR1 and TNFR2 were significantly increased in neutrophilic vs non‐neutrophilic asthma phenotypes, while serum markers did not differ. Sputum TNFR1 and TNFR2 were increased in severe asthma and correlated with poorer lung function, worse asthma control and increasing age. Serum TNFR1 was also increased in severe asthma. Sputum and serum TNFR2 were increased in frequent exacerbators. Azithromycin treatment significantly reduced sputum TNFR2 and TNF relative to placebo, specifically in non‐eosinophilic participants.ConclusionsWe demonstrate dysregulation of TNF markers, particularly in the airways, that relates to clinically important phenotypes of asthma including neutrophilic and severe asthma. Suppression of dysregulated TNF signalling by azithromycin could contribute to its therapeutic mechanism.
Tear N‐glycomics in vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Messina Angela , Palmigiano Angelo , Tosto Claudia , Romeo Donata Agata , Sturiale Luisa , Garozzo Domenico , Leonardi Andrea 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPurposeTear fluid N‐Glycome from patients affected with vernal (VKC) and atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC) was investigated to identify specific changes in tears and to recognize possible glyco‐biomarkers.MethodsThe analysis of the N‐glycans was performed using matrix‐assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry on single tear samples. Tears from control normal subjects (CTRL), VKC and AKC patients were processed and treated with peptide N‐glycosidase F (PNGase F) to deglycosylate N‐glycoproteins. Released N‐glycans were purified, permethylated, and analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time of flight mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS and MALDI‐TOF MS/MS).ResultsMore than 150 complex N‐glycans, including highly fucosylated biantennary, triantennary, tetra‐antennary, and bisecting species, were observed in our spectra. Three distinct patterns for CTRL, VKC, and AKC patients were identified in terms of relative intensities for some N‐glycans structures. Major variations involved bisecting and hyperfucosylated glycoforms.The most intense ions were associated with species at m/z 1907.0 (asialo, agalacto, bisected, biantennary structure—NGA2B) in CTRL MS profiles, at m/z 2605.3 and 2966.5 in VKC, and at m/z 2792.4 in AKC corresponding to a well‐known biantennary, disialylated N‐glycan. Several peaks were associated with structures bearing one or two Lewis X epitopes. Structures were confirmed by MS/MS analysis. Quantitative differences among the three groups were statistically significant.ConclusionsTear MS profiles are rich in specific glycoforms, particularly those with a high fucosylation degree, indicating both core and peripheral decoration. Tear N‐glycome analysis provided important information for a better comprehension of VKC and AKC alterations at the molecular level.
Innate lymphoid cells: The missing part of a puzzle in food allergy
Authors: Sahiner Umit M. , Layhadi Janice A. , Golebski Korneliusz , István Komlósi Zsolt , Peng Yaqi , Sekerel Bulent , Durham Stephen R. , Brough Helen , Morita Hideaki , Akdis Mübeccel , Turner Paul , Nadeau Kari , Spits Hergen , Akdis Cezmi , Shamji Mohamed H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFood allergy is an increasingly prevalent disease driven by uncontrolled type 2 immune response. Currently, knowledge about the underlying mechanisms that initiate and promote the immune response to dietary allergens is limited. Patients with food allergy are commonly sensitized through the skin in their early life, later on developing allergy symptoms within the gastrointestinal tract. Food allergy results from a dysregulated type 2 response to food allergens, characterized by enhanced levels of IgE, IL‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐13 with infiltration of mast cells, eosinophils, and basophils. Recent studies raised a possible role for the involvement of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in driving food allergy. Unlike lymphocytes, ILCs lack They represent a group of lymphocytes that lack specific antigen receptors. ILCs contribute to immune responses not only by releasing cytokines and other mediators but also by responding to cytokines produced by activated cells in their local microenvironment. Due to their localization at barrier surfaces of the airways, gut, and skin, ILCs form a link between the innate and adaptive immunity. This review summarizes recent evidence on how skin and gastrointestinal mucosal immune system contribute to both homeostasis and the development of food allergy, as well as the involvement of ILCs toward inflammatory processes and regulatory mechanisms.
Impact of vaccination by priority group on UK deaths, hospital admissions and intensive care admissions from COVID‐19
Authors: Cook T. M. , Roberts J. V. 
Published: February 2021

SummaryNational (and global) vaccination provides an opportunity to control the COVID‐19 pandemic, which disease suppression by societal lockdown and individual behavioural changes will not. We modelled how vaccination through the UK’s vaccine priority groups impacts deaths, hospital and ICU admissions from COVID‐19. We used the UK COVID‐19 vaccines delivery plan and publicly available data to estimate UK population by age group and vaccination priority group, including frontline health and social care workers and individuals deemed ‘extreme clinical vulnerable’ or ‘high risk’. Using published data on numbers and distributions of COVID‐19‐related hospital and ICU admissions and deaths, we modelled the impact of vaccination by age group. We then modified the model to account for hospital and ICU admission, and death among health and social care workers and the population with extreme clinical vulnerability and high risk. Our model closely matches the government’s estimates for mortality after vaccination of priority groups 1–4 and groups 1–9. The model shows vaccination will have a much slower impact on hospital and ICU admissions than on deaths. The early prioritisation of healthcare staff and clinically vulnerable patients increases the impact of vaccination on admissions and also protects the healthcare service. An inflection point, when 50% of the adult population has been vaccinated – with deaths reduced by 95% and hospital admissions by 80% – may be a useful point for re‐evaluating vaccine prioritisation. Our model suggests substantial reductions in hospital and ICU admissions will not occur until late March and into April 2021.
Accidental Environmentalism: Nature and Cultivated Affect in European Neoshamanic Ayahuasca Consumption
Authors: Harms Arne 
Published: February 2021

AbstractExisting research demonstrates a positive connection between psychedelics and increased nature relatedness. Enhanced affective ties toward nature are widely framed as being built into the pharmakon itself, and the relevance of experiences remains little understood. This paper turns to neoshamanic ayahuasca ceremonies in Europe, exploring the way specialists and attendants refer to nature in speech and performance. I argue that ritual framings performed during these ceremonies provide fertile ground for affective ties to emerge through substance‐induced experiences. I trace such framings by exploring how medicine and healers are being coded; how specific materialities are rendered meaningful; and how individual experiences are discussed at such retreats. I argue that even while participants prioritize individual healing, personal development, or the satisfaction of psychonautical curiosity, environmentalism appears to be anchored by the proceedings themselves. Thus, this paper opens up for analysis ceremonial substance use as a contact zone where coherence is produced intersubjectively.
Intention to treat outcomes among patients with pancreatic cancer treated using International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery recommended pathways for resectable and borderline resectable disease
Authors: Kamarajah Sivesh K. , Chatzizacharias Nikolaos , Hodson James , Marcon Francesca , Kalisvaart Marit , Punia Pankaj , Ting Ma Yuk , Dasari Bobby , Marudanayagam Ravi , Sutcliffe Robert P. , Muiesan Paolo , Mirza Darius F. , Isaac John , Roberts Keith J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery recommends upfront surgery for resectable pancreatic cancer or borderline resectable‐venous (BR‐V) disease and neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) among those with arterial involvement (BR‐A or locally advanced, LA). Though neoadjuvant therapy (NAT) is a promising strategy, outcomes are rarely reported on intention‐to‐treat (ITT) basis. This study presents ITT outcomes where pathways to surgery were in line with International Study Group on Pancreatic Surgery guidelines.MethodsPatients recommended for potentially curative treatment with PDAC between 2012 and 2017 (n = 345) were classified as resectable, BR‐A/BR‐V or LA, according to NCCN criteria. The primary outcome was overall survival. Secondary outcomes were resection rates, positive margins and toxicity among patients receiving NAT.ResultsAt surgery, the resection rates were 78% (172/221), 65% (35/54) and 54% (21/39) for those with resectable, BR‐V and BR‐A/LA disease, respectively (P < 0.0001). The median survival of those resected in the BR‐A/LA cohort was 31 months. However, on an ITT basis, there was no significant difference in survival between resectable, BR‐V and BR‐A/LA disease (median: 19 versus 15 versus 19 months; P = 0.585). On review, some 31 (44%) patients of the BR‐A/LA cohort either did not receive or did not complete NAT.ConclusionTo realize benefits of NAT, more patients need to complete NAT and to undergo resection. Upfront resection for BR‐V disease is associated with equivalent outcomes to upfront surgery for resectable disease or NAT for BR‐A/LA disease. Strategies to increase the proportion of patients who complete NAT and undergo resection are needed.