bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time to reconsider: Have the 2015 FIGO and 2017 Swedish intrapartum cardiotocogram classifications led us from Charybdis to Scylla?
Authors: Olofsson Per , Ekengård Frida , Herbst Andreas 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn 2015, FIGO revised the 1987 intrapartum cardiotocography (CTG) classification (FIGO1987). A less radical FIGO2015 version was introduced in Sweden 2017 (SWE2017). Now, post hoc simulation studies show that FIGO2015 and SWE2017 are less reliable than (a modified) FIGO1987. FIGO2015 shows significantly better interobserver agreement for normal CTG traces than FIGO1987, but significantly worse for pathological traces. Agreements between templates are moderate to good, but different classifications of mainly variable decelerations and tachycardia cause significant heterogeneities. FIGO2015 shows insufficient sensitivity to identify fetal acidemia compared with FIGO1987. In connection with fetal electrocardiogram ST analysis, one study showed no template was superior in identifying fetal acidemia, but in a series of only academia, FIGO1987 had significantly higher sensitivity than FIGO2015 (73% vs. 43%) and set of an alarm for fetal acidemia considerably earlier. With SWE2017, operative interventions declined significantly in Sweden but several adverse neonatal outcomes increased significantly. It remains to investigate the development with FIGO2015.
Therapeutic potential of megadose vitamin C to reverse organ dysfunction in sepsis and COVID‐19
Authors: May Clive N. , Bellomo Rinaldo , Lankadeva Yugeesh R. 
Published: June 2021

Sepsis induced by bacteria or viruses can result in multiorgan dysfunction, which is a major cause of death in intensive care units. Current treatments are only supportive, and there are no treatments that reverse the pathophysiological effects of sepsis. Vitamin C has antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anticoagulant and immune modulatory actions, so it is a rational treatment for sepsis. Here, we summarise data that support the use of megadose vitamin C as a treatment for sepsis and COVID‐19. Megadose intravenous sodium ascorbate (150 g per 40 kg over 7 h) dramatically improved the clinical state and cardiovascular, pulmonary, hepatic and renal function and decreased body temperature, in a clinically relevant ovine model of Gram‐negative bacteria‐induced sepsis. In a critically ill COVID‐19 patient, intravenous sodium ascorbate (60 g) restored arterial pressure, improved renal function and increased arterial blood oxygen levels. These findings suggest that megadose vitamin C should be trialled as a treatment for sepsis and COVID‐19.
How are parenting practices associated with bullying in adolescents? A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Pascual‐Sanchez Ana , Mateu Ainoa , Martinez‐Herves Maria , Hickey Nicole , Kramer Tami , Nicholls Dasha 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundParenting styles have been previously associated with bullying, but some parenting practices have not received strong attention in the literature. We aimed to assess how parenting practices are associated with cyberbullying and traditional bullying involvement in adolescents.MethodA cross‐sectional survey of 2,218 secondary‐school students in London (UK) was conducted. The Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire and the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ‐child form) were used.ResultsPositive parenting significantly protected against cyberbullying involvement but not against traditional bullying. Inconsistent discipline was associated with being a cyberbully but not being a traditional one. Lower levels of monitoring were associated with being a cyberbully, a cyberbully‐victim, a traditional bully, or a traditional bully‐victim.ConclusionsParenting practices seem to be more relevant in cyberbullying than traditional bullying. Effective parenting practices such as positive parenting deserve attention as a potentially modifiable factor to protect against cyberbullying involvement. Ineffective parenting practices such as inconsistent discipline are relevant in cyberaggression, whereas poor monitoring is associated with both cyberbullying and traditional bullying. Clinical and research implications are discussed.
Human CD4+ T cells specific for dominant epitopes of SARS-CoV-2 Spike and Nucleocapsid proteins with therapeutic potential
Authors: Verhagen Johan , van der Meijden Edith D , Lang Vanessa , Kremer Andreas E , Völkl Simon , Mackensen Andreas , Aigner Michael , Kremer Anita N 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Since December 2019, Coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly throughout the world, leading to a global effort to develop vaccines and treatments. Despite extensive progress, there remains a need for treatments to bolster the immune responses in infected immunocompromised individuals, such as cancer patients who recently underwent a haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Immunological protection against COVID-19 is mediated by both short-lived neutralizing antibodies and long-lasting virus-reactive T cells. Therefore, we propose that T cell therapy may augment efficacy of current treatments. For the greatest efficacy with minimal adverse effects, it is important that any cellular therapy is designed to be as specific and directed as possible. Here, we identify T cells from COVID-19 patients with a potentially protective response to two major antigens of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, Spike and Nucleocapsid protein. By generating clones of highly virus-reactive CD4+ T cells, we were able to confirm a set of nine immunodominant epitopes and characterize T cell responses against these. Accordingly, the sensitivity of T cell clones for their specific epitope, as well as the extent and focus of their cytokine response was examined. Moreover, using an advanced T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing approach, we determined the paired TCR-αβ sequences of clones of interest. While these data on a limited population require further expansion for universal application, the results presented here form a crucial first step towards TCR-transgenic CD4+ T cell therapy of COVID-19.
Effectiveness of low-dose intravenous immunoglobulin therapy in minor primary antibody deficiencies: A 2-year real-life experience
Authors: Vivarelli Emanuele , Matucci Andrea , Bormioli Susanna , Parronchi Paola , Liotta Francesco , Cosmi Lorenzo , Almerigogna Fabio , Vultaggio Alessandra 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Primary antibody deficiencies (PAD) are the most prevalent group of primary immunodeficiencies (PID) in adults and immunoglobulin replacement therapy (IRT) is the mainstay therapy to improve clinical outcomes. IRT is, however, expensive and, in minor PAD, clear recommendations concerning IRT are lacking. We conducted a retrospective real-life study to assess the effectiveness of low-dose IRT in minor PAD on 143 patients fulfilling European Society for Immunodeficiencies (ESID) diagnostic criteria for immunoglobulin (Ig)G subclass deficiency (IgGSD) or unclassified antibody deficiency (UAD). All patients were treated with intravenous low-dose IRT (0.14 ± 0.06 g/kg/month). Immunoglobulin (Ig) classes and IgG subclasses were measured at baseline and after 1 year of IRT. The annual rate of total infections, upper respiratory tract infections (URTI), lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) and hospitalizations was measured at baseline and after 1 and 2 years of IRT. After 1 year of IRT significant improvement was demonstrated in: (a) serum IgG (787.9 ± 229.3 versus 929.1 ± 206.7 mg/dl; p &lt; 0.0001); (b) serum IgG subclasses (IgG1 = 351.4 ± 109.9 versus 464.3 ± 124.1, p &lt; 0.0001; IgG2 = 259.1 ± 140 versus 330.6 ± 124.9, p &lt; 0.0001; IgG3 = 50.2 ± 26.7 versus 55.6 ± 28.9 mg/dl, p &lt; 0.002); (c) annual rate of total infections (5.75 ± 3.87 versus 2.13 ± 1.74, p &lt; 0.0001), URTI (1.48 ± 3.15 versus 0.69 ± 1.27; p &lt; 0.005), LRTI (3.89 ± 3.52 versus 1.29 ± 1.37; p &lt; 0.0001) and hospitalizations (0.37 ± 0.77 versus 0.15 ± 0.5; p &lt; 0.0002). The improvement persisted after 2 years of IRT. No significant improvement in URTI annual rate was noted in UAD and in patients with bronchiectasis. In conclusion, low-dose IRT can improve clinical outcomes in UAD and IgGSD patients, providing a potential economical advantage over the standard IRT dose.
Titanium vs ceramic single dental implants in the anterior maxilla: A 12‐month randomized clinical trial
Authors: Ruiz Henao Paula Andrea , Caneiro Queija Leticia , Mareque Santiago , Tasende Pereira Almudena , Liñares González Antonio , Blanco Carrión Juan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this randomized clinical trial was to compare ceramic and titanium implants with respect to the esthetic and clinical parameters, and patient‐reported outcome measures (PROMs).Material and methodsThirty patients received thirty implants (8–12 mm in length, 3.3 mm diameter, and a tissue level design) to replace single teeth in the anterior maxilla. Patients were randomly allocated to receive a ceramic or a titanium implant. Esthetic, clinical parameters, and PROMs were evaluated 18 months after surgery.ResultsAt 12 months post‐final loading, there were no significant differences between groups with respect to esthetics. Mean Index Crown Aesthetic score was 6.31 (95% C.I. 4.59–8.04) and 6.07 (95% C.I. 4.21–7.93) for ceramic and titanium implants, respectively. The pink esthetic score (PES) was 7.81 (95% C.I. 6.90–8.73) for ceramic implants and 7.86 (95% C.I. 7.11–8.60) for titanium implants, with no significant differences between groups. No statistically significant differences were found for any of the other clinical parameters and PROMs.ConclusionsMonotype ceramic implants have proven to be a good treatment option in the upper anterior sector, showing favorable esthetic results, being comparable to titanium implants.This clinical trial has been registered in clinical trials with the identifier CI_RCT_US16 and registration number NCT04707677. A retrospective registration of the clinical trial was carried out since registration was not mandatory on the date the study began.
Neural representational similarity between symbolic and non‐symbolic quantities predicts arithmetic skills in childhood but not adolescence
Authors: Schwartz Flora , Zhang Yuan , Chang Hyesang , Karraker Shelby , Kang Julia Boram , Menon Vinod 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMathematical knowledge is constructed hierarchically from basic understanding of quantities and the symbols that denote them. Discrimination of numerical quantity in both symbolic and non‐symbolic formats has been linked to mathematical problem‐solving abilities. However, little is known of the extent to which overlap in quantity representations between symbolic and non‐symbolic formats is related to individual differences in numerical problem solving and whether this relation changes with different stages of development and skill acquisition. Here we investigate the association between neural representational similarity (NRS) across symbolic and non‐symbolic quantity discrimination and arithmetic problem‐solving skills in early and late developmental stages: elementary school children (ages 7–10 years) and adolescents and young adults (AYA, ages 14–21 years). In children, cross‐format NRS in distributed brain regions, including parietal and frontal cortices and the hippocampus, was positively correlated with arithmetic skills. In contrast, no brain region showed a significant association between cross‐format NRS and arithmetic skills in the AYA group. Our findings suggest that the relationship between symbolic‐non‐symbolic NRS and arithmetic skills depends on developmental stage. Taken together, our study provides evidence for both mapping and estrangement hypotheses in the context of numerical problem solving, albeit over different cognitive developmental stages.
Speechreading in hearing children can be improved by training
Authors: Buchanan‐Worster Elizabeth , Hulme Charles , Dennan Rachel , MacSweeney Mairéad 
Published: June 2021

AbstractVisual information conveyed by a speaking face aids speech perception. In addition, children's ability to comprehend visual‐only speech (speechreading ability) is related to phonological awareness and reading skills in both deaf and hearing children. We tested whether training speechreading would improve speechreading, phoneme blending, and reading ability in hearing children. Ninety‐two hearing 4‐ to 5‐year‐old children were randomised into two groups: business‐as‐usual controls, and an intervention group, who completed three weeks of computerised speechreading training. The intervention group showed greater improvements in speechreading than the control group at post‐test both immediately after training and 3 months later. This was the case for both trained and untrained words. There were no group effects on the phonological awareness or single‐word reading tasks, although those with the lowest phoneme blending scores did show greater improvements in blending as a result of training. The improvement in speechreading in hearing children following brief training is encouraging. The results are also important in suggesting a hypothesis for future investigation: that a focus on visual speech information may contribute to phonological skills, not only in deaf children but also in hearing children who are at risk of reading difficulties. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bBdpliGkbkY.
Revisiting brain rewiring and plasticity in children born without corpus callosum
Authors: Siffredi Vanessa , Preti Maria G. , Obertino Silvia , Leventer Richard J. , Wood Amanda G. , McIlroy Alissandra , Anderson Vicki , Spencer‐Smith Megan M. , Van De Ville Dimitri 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe corpus callosum is the largest white matter pathway connecting homologous structures of the two cerebral hemispheres. Remarkably, children and adults with developmental absence of the corpus callosum (callosal dysgenesis, CD) show typical interhemispheric integration, which is classically impaired in adult split‐brain patients, for whom the corpus callosum is surgically severed. Tovar‐Moll and colleagues (2014) proposed alternative neural pathways involved in the preservation of interhemispheric transfer. In a sample of six adults with CD, they revealed two homotopic bundles crossing the midline via the anterior and posterior commissures and connecting parietal cortices, and the microstructural properties of these aberrant bundles were associated with functional connectivity of these regions. The aberrant bundles were specific to CD and not visualised in healthy brains. We extended this study in a developmental cohort of 20 children with CD and 29 typically developing controls (TDC). The two anomalous white‐matter bundles were visualised using tractography. Associations between structural properties of these bundles and their regional functional connectivity were explored. The proposed atypical bundles were observed in 30% of our CD cohort crossing via the anterior commissure, and in 30% crossing via the posterior commissure (also observed in 6.9% of TDC). However, the structural property measures of these bundles were not associated with parietal functional connectivity, bringing into question their role and implication for interhemispheric functional connectivity in CD. It is possible that very early disruption of embryological callosal development enhances neuroplasticity and facilitates the formation of these proposed alternative neural pathways, but further evidence is needed.
Metabolic Disease Programming: From Mitochondria to Epigenetics, Glucocorticoid Signalling and Beyond
Authors: Grilo Luís F. , Tocantins Carolina , Diniz Mariana S. , Gomes Rodrigo Mello , Oliveira Paulo J. , Matafome Paulo , Pereira Susana P. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEmbryonic and foetal development are critical periods of development in which several environmental cues determine health and disease in adulthood. Maternal conditions and an unfavourable intrauterine environment impact foetal development and may programme the offspring for increased predisposition to metabolic diseases and other chronic pathologic conditions throughout adult life. Previously, non‐communicable chronic diseases were only associated with genetics and lifestyle. Now the origins of non‐communicable chronic diseases are associated with early‐life adaptations that produce long‐term dysfunction. Early‐life environment sets the long‐term health and disease risk and can span through multiple generations. Recent research in developmental programming aims at identifying the molecular mechanisms responsible for developmental programming outcomes that impact cellular physiology and trigger adulthood disease. The identification of new therapeutic targets can improve offspring's health management and prevent or overcome adverse consequences of foetal programming. This review summarizes recent biomedical discoveries in the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis and highlight possible developmental programming mechanisms, including prenatal structural defects, metabolic (mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, protein modification), epigenetic and glucocorticoid signalling‐related mechanisms suggesting molecular clues for the causes and consequences of programming of increased susceptibility of offspring to metabolic disease after birth. Identifying mechanisms involved in DOHaD can contribute to early interventions in pregnancy or early childhood, to re‐set the metabolic homeostasis and break the chain of subsequent events that could lead to the development of disease.
The incidence and prevalence of patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria and aplastic anaemia PNH syndrome: A retrospective analysis of the UK’s population‐based haematological malignancy research network 2004‐2018
Authors: Richards Stephen J. , Painter Daniel , Dickinson Anita J. , Griffin Morag , Munir Talha , Arnold Louise , Payne Daniel , Pike Alexandra , Muus Petra , Hill Anita , Newton Darren J. , McKinley Claire , Jones Rachael , Kelly Richard , Smith Alex , Roman Eve , Hillmen Peter 
Published: June 2021

AbstractObjectivesA retrospective population‐based study to determine the incidence and prevalence of patients with the rare blood disease paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH).MethodsAll patients were identified by flow cytometric detection of blood cells deficient in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linked proteins at a single diagnostic reference laboratory that serves the Yorkshire based, Haematological Malignancy Research Network (HMRN) with a population of 3.8 million.ResultsOne hundred and ninety‐seven patients with detectable PNH clones at a level of >0.01% in at least two lineages of cells (neutrophils, monocytes and/or red cells) were identified over a 15‐year period (2004‐2018). Of these, 88% had aplastic anaemia (AA), 8% classical PNH and 3% myelodysplastic syndrome. The overall incidence rate was estimated at 0.35 cases per 100 000 people per year. This equates to 220 cases newly diagnosed in the United Kingdom each year. The overall prevalence rate was 3.81 per 100 000, this equates to an estimated 2400 prevalent cases in the UK. The overall and relative 5‐year survival rates were 72% and 82.7%, respectively.ConclusionsThis study showed that classical haemolytic PNH is a rare disease and represents only a small proportion overall of patients with detectable PNH cells, the majority of which have aplastic anaemia.
Late cortical disinhibition in focal hand dystonia
Authors: Caux‐Dedeystère Alexandre , Allart Etienne , Morel Pierre , Kreisler Alexandre , Derambure Philippe , Devanne Hervé 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn writer's cramp (WC), a form of focal hand dystonia, cortical GABAergic inhibitory mechanisms are altered and may cause involuntary tonic contractions while writing. The objective of this study was to explore the time course of long‐interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) that involves gamma‐amino butyric acid (GABA)‐B transmission and late cortical disinhibition (LCD) (that combines GABA‐A and GABA‐B mechanisms) in patients with WC and in control subjects. A double pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation protocol was used to evoke LICI and LCD while the subjects either gripped a cylinder between their thumb and index fingers or relaxed all their upper limb muscles. We measured the ratio between primed and unprimed motor evoked potential in the first dorsal interosseous at interstimulus intervals ranging between 60 and 300 ms. Though the cortical silent period was not different between the groups, LICI lasted longer in patients with WC, that is, LCD was delayed for more than 30 ms and reached a higher level. In addition to the alteration of inhibitory mechanism mediated by GABA‐B transmission, LCD which probably involves presynaptic inhibition is also modified in patients with WC with possible consequences on the activity of primary motor cortex inhibitory and excitatory circuits which control the hand muscles.caus
Systematic review of cases of acute myelitis in individuals with COVID‐19
Authors: Schulte Eva C. , Hauer Larissa , Kunz Alexander B. , Sellner Johann 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeAn incremental number of cases of acute transverse myelitis (ATM) in individuals with ongoing or recent coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) have been reported.MethodsA systematic review was performed of cases of ATM described in the context of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection by screening both articles published and in preprint.ResultsTwenty cases were identified. There was a slight male predominance (60.0%) and the median age was 56 years. Neurological symptoms first manifested after a mean of 10.3 days from the first onset of classical, mostly respiratory symptoms of COVID‐19. Overall, COVID‐19 severity was relatively mild. Polymerase chain reaction of cerebrospinal fluid for SARS‐CoV‐2 was negative in all 14 cases examined. Cerebrospinal fluid findings reflected an inflammatory process in most instances (77.8%). Aquaporin‐4 and myelin oligodendrocyte protein antibodies in serum (tested in 10 and nine cases, respectively) were negative. On magnetic resonance imaging, the spinal cord lesions spanned a mean of 9.8 vertebral segments, necrotic‐hemorrhagic transformation was present in three cases and two individuals had additional acute motor axonal neuropathy. More than half of the patients received a second immunotherapy regimen. Over a limited follow‐up period of several weeks, 90% of individuals recovered either partially or near fully.ConclusionAlthough causality cannot readily be inferred, it is possible that cases of ATM occur para‐ or post‐infectiously in COVID‐19. All identified reports are anecdotal and case descriptions are heterogeneous. Whether the condition and the observed radiological characteristics are specific to SARS‐CoV‐2 infection needs to be clarified.