bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genomics Education Partnership: a research‐based approach to undergraduate teaching utilizing a centralized support system (618.39)
Authors: Goodman A. , Arrigo C. , Barral A. , Jones K. , Peterson C. , Roecklein‐Canfield J , Leung W , Shaffer C. , Lopatto D. , Elgin S. 
Published: June 2021

The Genomics Education Partnership (GEP) is a consortium of educators with common research and educational goals in genomics, and is comprised of 100+ faculty members instructing 1000+ students annually. Our focus is 1) undergraduate education via research in comparative genomics and 2) assessment of pedagogy within diverse student populations. To examine the evolution of the Drosophila “dot” chromosome, students in GEP courses improved over 7 Mb of genomic sequence and generated over 1000 manually curated gene models. To assess pedagogy, we evaluated student learning gains in both the cognitive domain (pre‐ and post‐course knowledge quiz) and the affective domain (pre‐and post‐course CURE survey). We find that institutional characteristics have little impact on student outcomes, while the instructional time spent on the GEP projects has a significant impact on student experience. Cognitive learning gains are observed in both short and long implementation formats, and across a wide range of cognitive skill levels. However, only longer time investments show student benefits commensurate with those reported for students conducting summer research. A survey of faculty participants reveals that a centralized support system is critical for sustaining GEP. In summary, our data suggest that a research‐based curriculum with centralized support is a successful approach in STEM education.Grant Funding Source: Supported by grant #52007051 from the HHMI to SCRE and by the Washington University in St. Louis
Identification of biosynthetic gene clusters from sponge‐associated microbes (618.44)
Authors: O'Hara Danielle , Craig Connor , Mahan Marielle , Datteibaum Jonathan 
Published: June 2021

Greater than 90% of microbes living in soil are unculturable due to the complex nutrient and temperature conditions required for growth. These microorganisms represent a potential untapped source of natural products that may be developed for biotechnological and pharmaceutical uses. Most notably, microorganisms with phosphopantetheinyl transferase (PPTase) activity are of high interest due to the role PPTase has in activating non‐ribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and polyketide synthetase (PKS) gene clusters. These gene clusters synthesize complex natural products utilized by the microorganism or its host for selective advantages. We screened for the presence of NRPS and PKS gene clusters in several pigmented microbes previously isolated from a Chesapeake Bay sponge (Clathria prolifera). Genomic DNA was isolated from each of these microbes and we attempted to construct metagenomic libraries. We goal is to screen the libraries for PPTase activity. We extended this study to include microbial DNA isolated from soil samples taken around the University of Richmond campus. The isolated environmental DNA (eDNA) was tested for the presence of NPRS and PKS gene clusters as well. This on‐going project seeks to identify new biosynthetic gene clusters from microbial sources.Grant Funding Source: University of Richmond Arts and Sciences
Micronutrient supplementation during pregnancy and the preschool years and child behavior at 7‐9 years of age (619.3)
Authors: Murray‐Kolb Laura , Bahnfleth Charlotte , Hurley Kristen , Cole Pamela , Khatry Subarna , LeClerq Steven , Christian Parul 
Published: June 2021

We examined parent and teacher behavior ratings (Conners’) of 7‐9 y Nepali children who received, in RCTs, daily micronutrients by maternal supplementation during pregnancy (placebo:pPL, iron/folic acid:pIFA, iron/folic acid/zinc:pIFAZn, multiple micronutrients:pMM), and/or directly at 12‐35 mo (cPL, cIFA, cZn, cIFAZn) or not. Differences in scores were examined relative to PL within each supplementation time point, adjusting for confounders. Our analyses of Conners’ data revealed two factors for parent scores (P‐hyperactive/oppositional &amp; P‐inattentive) and teacher scores (T‐hyperactive &amp; T‐inattentive). Children in the pMM grp had lower scores (fewer problems) on both parent factors and those in the pIFA grp had lower scores on P‐hyperactive/oppositional vs pPL. Supplementation at 12‐35 mo revealed lower scores on P‐hyperactive/oppositional for cZn vs cPL. We also examined timing of IFA supplementation by comparing the following 2x2 combinations: pPL, cPL; pPL, cIFA; pIFA, cPL; pIFA, cIFA. Scores on P‐hyperactivity/oppositional were lower in pIFA, cPL vs pPL, cPL grp and did not differ between other grps. Scores on P‐inattention and T‐hyperactivity did not differ between grps. For T‐inattention, the worst scores were in the pIFA, cIFA grp, suggesting supplementing with IFA during both pregnancy and preschool years does not confer added benefit to later child behavior and may reduce the effects of pregnancy supplementation alone. In conclusion, antenatal IFA supplementation may be beneficial for later child behavior and Zn supplementation during preschool years may have modest effects in this South Asian setting.Grant Funding Source: Supported by: NICHD and Gates Foundation
An international study of food behavior and nutritional status of children from 21 countries (620.13)
Authors: Hartwick Carol Anne , Moreno Luis , Fisberg Mauro , Hart Kathryn , Fielding Barbara , Lenham‐New Susan , Richards Zoe 
Published: June 2021

The Danone Nations Cup (DNC) is an annual international soccer tournament for school‐aged children. It comprises 32 national final competitions and one world final event annually, involving more than 2.5 million children from up to 40 countries worldwide. The DNC’s ambition is to engage with and promote physical activity, inter‐cultural values, and healthy food habits to children.The Danone Institute International, a non‐for‐profit organisation promoting human health, designed an innovative health promotion intervention for the event, based on food appreciation and basic nutritional knowledge.. A collaborative project, Fit Food, gathered data on children’s 1) nutritional knowledge; 2) social behavior in a multi‐cultural food environment; 3) usual dietary intake; 4) body size and composition; and 4) n‐3 fatty acid status in relation to dietary intakes at the 2013 DNC World Final (London,UK). Mixed methods were used to evaluate the intervention and collect data from 22 of the 32 countries including: pre and post event questionnaires, anthropometric measurement, buccal cells (from saliva samples), observations and focus group interviews. Data are being analyzed in collaboration with the University of Surrey to explore the above objectives and to allow comparisons between countries and against WHO standards.An extensive pilot study will be implemented in 2014 to include data collection in local DNC tournaments as well as at the DNC world final in Brazil (09/14).Grant Funding Source: Supported by the Danone Institute International and the University of Surrey
The effect of dietary supplementation on the change in body composition of young Malian children with moderate acute malnutrition (620.2)
Authors: McDonald Christine , Ackatia Armah Robert , Doumbia Seydou , Brown Kenneth 
Published: June 2021

Objective: To compare the effect of four dietary supplements for the treatment of moderate AM (MAM) on the change in body composition.Methods: 289 Malian children age 6‐35 mths with non‐edematous MAM were randomized in clusters to receive 1 of 4 supplements, which provided 500 kcal/d for 12 wks: 1) Supplementary Plumpy (SP); 2) Corn Soy Blend ++ (CSB++); 3) Misola (MI); 4) Locally milled flours plus sugar, oil, and micronutrient powder (LMF). Body composition was assessed at baseline and 12 wks using deuterium oxide dilution and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy.Results: At baseline, the mean ± SD age, mid‐upper arm circumference (MUAC), weight‐for‐length Z‐score (WLZ), body weight, total body water (TBW), fat‐mass (FM), and percent FM (%FM) across all subjects was 14.8 ± 7.2 months, 12.1± 0.5 cm, ‐2.20 ± 0.66, 7.03 ± 1.12 kg, 3.94 ± 0.76 kg, and 29.0 ± 6.32 %, respectively. At 12 wks, the adjusted increases of 1.23 kg in weight and 1.15 cm in MUAC were greatest in the SP group. FM increased by 0.35 kg, 0.29 kg, 0.25 kg, and 0.41 kg (p=0.02) among children in the SP, CSB++, MI, and LMF groups, respectively; however, the change in %FM did not differ between groups (p=0.13). Gains in MUAC, body weight, TBW, FM, and %FM were greater in children who recovered from MAM vs. those who did not recover (p<0.0001).Conclusion: Body composition assessment provides additional insight into the type of tissue accrued during recovery from MAM.
Factors associated with stunting in Ethiopian children under 5: a comparison of DHS 2000, 2005 and 2011 (620.6)
Authors: Suri Devika , Griffiths Jeffrey , Ghosh Shibani 
Published: June 2021

Background: 44% of Ethiopian children are stunted, negatively impacting physical and mental development. A conceptual hierarchical framework that categorizes risk factors into inherent, distal, intermediate and proximal has been used to examine risk factors associated with stunting.Objective: Identify factors associated with stunting using a conceptual hierarchical framework and examine trends in these factors over time among children under 5 in Ethiopia.Methods: Data from DHS (Demographic and Health Survey) 2000, 2005 and 2011 were analyzed. Step‐wise multivariate logistic regression was performed keeping only those factors with a significance of 0.1 or less.Results: In 2011, factors associated with a significantly higher risk of stunting included being a boy, increased age, mother with no or only primary school education, lower SES, short birth interval, small birth size, small maternal stature, low maternal BMI and having a diarrhea episode in the last 2 weeks. Stunting has reduced significantly across the three surveys. There is only slight difference in risk factors over the years. In all three surveys, infants with small birth size are 1.5 times more likely to be stunted (p<0.05), diarrhea is associated with about 1.2‐1.3 times the risk of being stunted and for every cm increase in maternal stature, an infant is about 10% less likely to be stunted. In the 2011 survey, for every unit increase in BMI, the children are 5% less likely to be stunted.Conclusions: Controlling for the effects mediated through education and wealth, birth interval, size at birth, maternal height, maternal BMI and diarrhea are still significant predictors of stunting in Ethiopian children.
Risk factors associated with stunting in Ethiopian children under 5 vary by wealth quintile (620.8)
Authors: Ghosh Shibani , Suri Devika , Griffiths Jeffrey 
Published: June 2021

Background: Stunting can negatively impacting physical and mental development. Wealth is a strong predictor of stunting, but may be mediated by prenatal care, maternal health and feeding practices.Objective: Identify factors associated with stunting in Ethiopian children under 5 across wealth quintiles.Methods: Based on literature, a hierarchical risk framework was developed and the 2011 Demographic Health Survey data analyzed. Step‐wise multivariate logistic regressions were performed. Odds ratios were calculated.Results: Children in the poorest quintile are more stunted compared to richest quintile (odds ratio: 1.82, p<0.0001), followed by poorer households (1.635, p=0.001), middle (1.592, p=0.001) and richer quintile (1.549, p=0.003). Older children are more likely to be stunted and maternal short stature is significant risk factor irrespective of wealth quintile. Continued breastfeeding in older infants and children (6‐12 months and older) is negatively associated with poorest, second poorest and the middle quintile, prevalence of diarrhea with the second poorest. Stunting was low in the richest but being a boy, less maternal education, smaller birth interval and birth size are associated with stunting in the wealthiest. Feeding practices were not a significant predictor in any quintile.Conclusions: There is a linear relationship between stunting under five in Ethiopia and wealth quintile Factors associated with stunting vary by wealth. In sufficient variability in feeding practices data prevents understanding the link between infant feeding practices and stunting.
Global trends in the childhood dual burden of malnutrition (621.2)
Authors: Tzioumis Emma , Adair Linda 
Published: June 2021

The childhood dual burden of under‐ and overnutrition is a growing public health concern.We used nationally representative, cross‐sectional, repeated Demographic and Health Surveys of children 0‐5y from 30 countries, 1990‐2011 (n=749,830). We estimated annualized rates of change (ARC) in stunting (height‐for‐age <‐2SD) and overweight (weight‐for‐height >2SD) based on WHO Child Growth Standards, accounting for survey design.Comparing trends before and after 2000, stunting decreased in almost half the countries in both intervals, with larger rates of decline before 2000 (mean ACR = ‐0.71 vs. ‐0.54%/yr). Stunting trends switched direction in 2000 for 8 countries; for 5 countries, ARC decreased before 2000 then increased after (mean ARC = ‐0.93 vs. 0.79%/yr), and for 3 countries, ARC increased then decreased (mean ARC = 0.83 vs. ‐0.98%/yr).Two countries had no appreciable change in overweight ARC, while 4 countries increased overweight in both intervals, with larger rates of increase after 2000 than before (mean ARC = 0.40 vs. 0.24%/yr). Eight switched trend direction; for 4 countries, ARC decreased before 2000 then increased after (mean ARC = ‐0.20 vs. 0.29%/yr), and for 4 countries, ARC increased then decreased (mean ARC = 0.43 vs. ‐0.25%/yr). Countries with greater decreases in stunting ARC tended to have greater increases in overweight ARC.Overall, stunting has decreased and overweight has increased but trends vary, requiring deeper exploration.Grant Funding Source: Supported by an educational grant from Wyeth Nutrition
Lactose: a milk‐specific carbohydrate enabling homeostatic regulation of glucose and insulin (623.12)
Authors: Innis Sheila , Novak Elizabeth 
Published: June 2021

Lactose, a disaccharide of glucose and galactose, is uniquely present in mammalian milk. Human milk provides the infant with about 40% energy as lactose and 50% from fat. With 6‐7 g/dL lactose, the breast fed infant consumes high carbohydrate/kg body wgt, suggesting carbohydrate induced hepatic lipogenesis would be problematic with a high fat milk diet. However, galactose, unlike glucose is non‐insulinogenic and shows high hepatic clearance. We propose lactose in human milk confers unique metabolic advantage to the infant by delivering non‐insulinogenic carbohydrate which can be slowly metabolized in the liver to glucose or to support fatty acid oxidation. We determined insulin, glucose, triglyceride, free fatty acid and amino acid responses in 16 healthy adult men given in random order 650 mL carbohydrate‐free infant formula reconstituted to contain 50g lactose, glucose, sucrose or corn syrup solids. The milk formula was given 3 hr after a lactose and sucrose‐free meal, then again after 3 hr, to model the carbohydrate load and continuous feeding of breast‐fed infants. Blood was drawn every 15 min, and total and incremental area‐under‐curve change in insulin and glucose determined. Lactose gave a significantly lower rise in plasma insulin and glucose, in the first and particularly second 3 hr following intake, compared to glucose or corn syrup solids (P <0.001). Individual variability in triglyceride responses was high, with no difference due to carbohydrate in this 6 hr study. We show lactose enables maintenance of glucose and insulin equilibrium, avoiding high postprandial peaks achieved with glucose or corn syrups in milk fed at 3 hr intervals. We propose an important metabolic homeostatic role for lactose as carbohydrate source in human milk. Supported by Mead Johnson Nutrition.Grant Funding Source: Mead Johnson Nutrition
Contribution of thiamin and riboflavin vitamers to total breast milk content (623.13)
Authors: Hampel Daniela , Shahab‐Ferdows Setareh , York Emily , Allen Lindsay 
Published: June 2021

Thiamin (T) and riboflavin (R) are part of the B‐vitamin complex necessary for many metabolic processes. During lactation, nutrient needs increase to support maternal and infant requirements and inadequate supply has been described even in well‐nourished mothers. Both vitamins occur in several forms in breast milk (BM) contributing to its total content. We analyzed T, thiamin‐monophosphate (TMP), thiamin‐pyrophosphate (TPP), R, and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) in existing BM samples from Malawian mothers collected at 2 and 24 wk. (n = 118). Concentrations were log‐transformed and means at 2/24wk were compared by paired t‐test (2wk: total T median: 154µg/L, TPP/TMP/T 5/88/7%; total R: 210µg/L, R/FAD 6/94%; 24wk: total T: 196µg/L, 2/77/21%; total R: 173µg/L, 8/92%). Free and total T sig. increased over time (p < 0.05), while TMP showed no change. TPP, a form previously not reported in BM, sig. decreased (p < 0.05). Thiamin transporters THTR1 and 2 present in the mammary gland might be responsible for preferred free T‐uptake rather than TMP/TPP, so free T may be driving total T increase. No change was found in free R, but FAD sig. decreased at 24 wk. Breast Cancer Resistance Protein (BCRP) actively transports R into BM while BCRP‐independent FAD transport has been suggested. The sig. lower levels of total R followed the trend found for FAD (p < 0.05); thus the coenzymatic form seems to mainly explain total R status.Grant Funding Source: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP53107)
Insulin, but not ghrelin, in human milk is related to maternal BMI and infant gain in fat mass (623.16)
Authors: Young Bridget , Patinkin Zachary , Reynolds Regina , Krebs Nancy 
Published: June 2021

Excess infant weight and fat gain incur risk of later obesity. We investigated whether insulin or the orexigenic hormone, ghrelin, in human milk (HM) differed by maternal BMI and whether these hormones associated with infant adipose deposition.26 normal weight (NW) and 23 overweight (OW) breastfeeding women provided fasted HM samples at 2‐wks (T1), 2‐mos (T2), and 4‐mos (T3) for analysis of insulin, ghrelin, and milk fat. Fasting maternal blood was collected at T3 for insulin and ghrelin. Infant body composition was measured (by PeaPodTM) at T1 and T3.OW mothers exhibited higher insulin (p=0.04) and lower ghrelin (p<0.01) at T3 (n=18). HM insulin was positively associated with maternal pre‐pregnancy BMI at T1 (n=38; p<0.05) and T3 (n=18; p<0.05). Neither HM fat nor ghrelin differed between groups. Controlling for sex, infants of OW mothers weighed more at birth and remained larger until 1 mo (p<0.05). Neither infant %body fat nor fat mass (FM) differed between groups at T1 or T3, but infants of OW mothers had more fat‐free mass at both time points (p<0.03). Infant gain in FM (from T1 to T3) did not differ between groups. HM fat at T3 and insulin at T2 were predictive of infant gain in FM per day (p<0.03, R2=0.18, n=30; p<0.01, R2=0.52, n=17).Differences between NW and OW mothers in circulating insulin, but not ghrelin were evident in HM. HM fat and insulin may play a role in early infant fat gain and contribute to later obesity risk.Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH T32 DK007658‐21, 5K24DK083772; Thrasher Research Fund; University of Colorado CCTSI
Impact of lutein and docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during lactation on plasma and breast milk (623.18)
Authors: Sherry Christina , Oliver Jeffery , Marriage Barbara 
Published: June 2021

We assessed the effect of varying amounts of lutein and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on breast milk and plasma levels of these nutrients. Eighty‐eight lactating women 4‐6 weeks post‐partum were randomized in 3 groups: placebo, 6mg of lutein + 200mg DHA (low dose) or 12mg lutein + 400mg DHA (high dose). Breast milk and plasma lutein and DHA were assessed at the beginning and end of the study by HPLC for carotenoids and GC‐FID for fatty acids. Infant plasma lutein and DHA were assessed at the end of the study. Breast milk lutein and DHA were at most 4.5 and 2.2‐fold greater, respectively, as compared to placebo after supplementation; both increased in a dose dependent manner (R2=0.28 lutein; R2=0.20 DHA). Maternal plasma lutein and DHA had a similar fold change, 4.4 and 2.0, respectively, as compared to placebo. Infant plasma lutein was at most 4.2‐fold greater as compared to placebo. Breast milk lutein and DHA were correlated to maternal plasma levels (r=0.7747 lutein; r=0.4994, P<0.0001). Infant plasma lutein was also correlated to breast milk lutein (r=0.8347, P<0.0001) and maternal plasma lutein (r=0.8122, P<0.0001). There was no difference in average dietary intake of lutein or DHA among groups. Our results show that breast milk and plasma are responsive to increasing supplement doses of lutein and DHA and that the variation in these nutrients is also affected by individual variation and responsiveness to supplementation.Grant Funding Source: Supported by Abbott Nutrition
Preterm milk cytokines, severity of illness, and length of stay in very low‐birth‐weight infants (623.22)
Authors: Groer Maureen , Ashmeade Terri 
Published: June 2021

Objectives The objectives were to characterize preterm milk cytokine, chemokine and growth factor (CCGF) levels and mother’s own milk (MOM) volumes across the first six weeks of a NICU stay in preterm infants weighing under 1500 Gms and to analyze relationships between milk immunobiology, volume and infant outcomes.Method Seventy‐five mother infant dyads were enrolled. Mothers provided MOM and some infants also received donor milk or formula across the six weeks. Daily milk samples were pooled weekly. Milk CCGFs measured were EGF, IL‐10, IL‐4, IL‐8, IL‐6, MIP‐1α, TNFα, IP10, and MCP by multiplexing using the MagPix. Daily volume was recorded. Weekly stool samples were analyzed for fecal calprotectin levels. Infant severity of illness was measured each week. Length of stay (LOS) and other health outcomes were measured.Results All cytokines decreased across time from highest levels at week 1. Chemokines declined less markedly. Milk from mothers of smaller infant had higher EGF (p<.001). IL4 ( p<.009 ), IL‐8 (p<.009 ) were inversely correlated with illness scores , while MIP1 α (p<.005)and IL8 (p<.001)were positively correlated. Several cytokines also correlated with LOS. FC increased over time and was correlated with amount of MOM(p<.005) but not with any CCGF.Conclusions MOM CCGF may in part be regulated by infant and developmental signals. CCGF are important molecules that promote growth, immune development and gastrointestinal maturity.Grant Funding Source: Supported by NIH ( 5R21NR013094‐02 )