bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vivo Three‐Photon Imaging of Lipids using Ultrabright Fluorogens with Aggregation‐Induced Emission
Authors: Wang Shaowei , Li Xueqi , Chong Suet Yen , Wang Xiaoyuan , Chen Huan , Chen Chengjian , Ng Lai Guan , Wang Jiong‐Wei , Liu Bin 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFluorescent probes capable of in vivo lipids labeling are highly desirable for studying lipid‐accumulation‐related metabolic diseases, such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, type‐2 diabetes, and atherosclerosis. However, most of the current lipid‐specific fluorophores cannot be used for in vivo labeling due to their strong hydrophobicity. Herein, organic dots from bright luminogens with aggregation‐induced emission (AIEgen) are developed for in vivo labeling and three‐photon fluorescence imaging of lipid‐rich tissues, such as fatty liver, atherosclerotic plaques in brain vasculatures, and carotid arteries. The organic dots show excellent stability in an aqueous medium with high targeting specificity to lipids and strong three‐photon fluorescence in the far‐red/near‐infrared (NIR) region under NIR‐II laser excitation, which enables efficient in vivo labeling and imaging of lipids in deep tissues. The study will inspire the development of lipid‐targeting fluorophores for in vivo applications.
Hydrogen Control of Double Exchange Interaction in La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 for Ionic–Electric–Magnetic Coupled Applications
Authors: Lee Jaehyun , Ha Youngkyoung , Lee Shinbuhm 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe dynamic tuning of ion concentrations has attracted significant attention for creating versatile functionalities of materials, which are impossible to reach using classical control knobs. Despite these merits, the following fundamental questions remain: how do ions affect the electronic bandstructure, and how do ions simultaneously change the electrical and magnetic properties? Here, by annealing platinum‐dotted La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 films in hydrogen and argon at a lower temperature of 200 °C for several minutes, a reversible change in resistivity is achieved by three orders of magnitude with tailored ferromagnetic magnetization. The transition occurs through the tuning of the double exchange interaction, ascribed to an electron‐doping‐induced and/or a lattice‐expansion‐induced modulation, along with an increase in the hydrogen concentration. High reproducibility, long‐term stability, and multilevel linearity are appealing for ionic–electric–magnetic coupled applications.
Aryldiazonium Salts in Photoredox Catalysis – Recent Trends
Authors: Babu Sakamuri Sarath , Muthuraja P. , Yadav Pooja , Gopinath Purushothaman 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAryl diazonium salts are an important class of organic compounds that are now widely used as arylating agents in photoredox catalysis owing to their lower redox potential, broad substrate scope, and atom economy. They have successfully been used in many interesting organic transformations to introduce an aryl group. They serve as good alternatives for aryl halides and other aryl organometallic reagents primarily used as aryl group surrogates. New reactions using aryl diazonium salts are continually emerging, and in this review, we have highlighted some recent developments in photoredox arylations and their applications.magnified image
Solution to Multiscale and Multiphysics Problems: A Phase‐Field Study of Fully Coupled Thermal‐Solute‐Convection Dendrite Growth
Authors: Zhang Ang , Jiang Bin , Guo Zhipeng , Du Jinglian , Wang Qigui , Pan Fusheng , Xiong Shoumei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSolidification process is a complex phase transition problem involving multiscale and multiphysical characteristics. To investigate the complex interaction, a high‐performance numerical scheme is developed to explore the thermal‐solute‐convection interaction during solidification. Al–Cu dendrite growth with the Lewis number ≈104 and Prandtl number ≈10−2 (or Schmidt number ≈102) is simulated and discussed. By constructing a multilevel data structure, this numerical scheme allows the time step magnified by 2–3 orders of magnitude in comparison with that for explicit methods. With the capacity of the acceleration strategy including parallel computing and adaptive mesh refinement, the computing efficiency can be further improved by 2–3 orders of magnitude. The combination of multilevel structure and acceleration strategy makes a problem of up to 109 uniform meshes much easier to handle. The coupled governing equations involving the multiscale and multiphysical characteristics are solved with high efficiency and high numerical stability, even when the solid fraction approaches 100%. Both single and multi‐dendrite growths are discussed to reveal the effect of the thermal‐solute‐convection interaction on the large‐scale 2D and 3D microstructure evolution. The presence of the liquid flow changes the distribution of both domain temperature and solute component, which changes dendrite morphology and growth dynamics.
Clusteroluminescence from Cluster Excitons in Small Heterocyclics Free of Aromatic Rings
Authors: He Benzhao , Zhang Jing , Zhang Jianyu , Zhang Haoke , Wu Xiuying , Chen Xu , Kei Konnie H. S. , Qin Anjun , Sung Herman H. Y. , Lam Jacky W. Y. , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe study of nonconventional luminescence is important for revealing the luminescence of natural systems and has gradually drawn the attention of researchers in recent years. However, the underlying mechanism is still inexplicable. Herein, the luminescence behavior of two series of simple, heteroatom‐containing small molecules without aromatic rings, i.e., maleimide and succinimide derivatives, are studied to gain further mechanistic insight into the nonconventional luminescence process. It has been unveiled that all the molecules exhibit bright and visible luminescence in concentrated solution and solid state and the formation of clusters is the root cause for such behaviors, which can effectively increase the possibility of both the nonradiative n–π* and favorable π–π* transitions and stabilize the excitons formed in the excited state. The distinctive luminescent phenomena and intriguing mechanism presented in this work will be significant for understanding the mechanism of clusteroluminescence and provide new strategies for the rational design of novel luminescent materials.
Insight into MoS2–MoN Heterostructure to Accelerate Polysulfide Conversion toward High‐Energy‐Density Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Wang Sizhe , Feng Shaopei , Liang Jianwen , Su Qingmei , Zhao Feipeng , Song Haojie , Zheng Matthew , Sun Qian , Song Zhongxin , Jia Xiaohua , Yang Jin , Li Yong , Liao Jiaxuan , Li Ruying , Sun Xueliang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLithium–sulfur batteries are deemed as optimal energy devices for the next generation of high‐energy‐density energy storage. However, several problems such as low energy density and short cycle life hinder their application in industry. Here, MoS2–MoN heterostructure nanosheets grown on carbon nanotube arrays as free‐standing cathodes are reported. In this heterostructure, MoN works as a promoter to provide coupled electrons to accelerate the redox reaction of polysulfides while the MoS2, with a two‐dimensional layered structure, provides smooth Li+ diffusion pathways. Through their respective advantages, both MoN and MoS2 could mutually boost the process of “adsorption‐diffusion‐conversion” of polysulfides, which have a synergy enhancement effect to restrain the lithium polysulfides from shuttling. The designed cathodes show excellent long‐term cycling performances of 1000 cycles at 1C with a low decay rate of 0.039% per cycle and a high rate capability up to 6C. A high initial areal capacity of 13.3 mAh cm−2 is also achieved under a low electrolyte volume/sulfur loading (E/S) ratio of 6.3 mL g−1. This strategy of promoting polysulfide conversion by heterostructure MoS2–MoN as presented in this work can provide a more structured design strategy for future advanced Li–S energy storage systems.
Operando Electrochemical Kinetics in Particulate Porous Electrodes by Quantifying the Mesoscale Spatiotemporal Heterogeneities
Authors: Agrawal Shubham , Bai Peng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractElectrochemical energy systems rely on particulate porous electrodes to store or convert energies. While the three‐dimensional (3D) porous structures are introduced to maximize the interfacial area for better overall performance of the system, spatiotemporal heterogeneities arising from materials thermodynamics are localizing the charge transfer processes onto a limited portion of the available interfaces. Here, a simple but precise method is demonstrated to directly track and analyze the operando (i.e., local and working) interfaces on the mesoscale in a practical graphite porous electrode to obtain the true local current density, which turns out to be two orders of magnitude higher than the globally averaged current density adopted by existing studies. The results shed light on the long‐standing discrepancies in kinetics parameters derived from electroanalytical measurements and from first principle predictions. Contradictory to prevailing beliefs, the electrochemical dynamics are not controlled by the solid‐state diffusion process once the spatiotemporal reaction heterogeneities emerge.
Stability of Quantum Dot Solar Cells: A Matter of (Life)Time
Authors: Albaladejo‐Siguan Miguel , Baird Elizabeth C. , Becker‐Koch David , Li Yanxiu , Rogach Andrey L. , Vaynzof Yana 
Published: February 2021

AbstractColloidal quantum dot solar cells (QDSCs) are promising candidates amongst third generation photovoltaics due to their bandgap tunability, facile low‐temperature ink processing, strong visible‐to‐infrared absorption, and potential for multiple‐exciton generation. An unprecedented increase in power conversion efficiency is reported for different types of QDSCs in the last few years, making them appealing for large‐scale fabrication. The stability of QDSCs, however, still remains inadequate for industrial application, especially when they are operated under a sun‐like illumination in an ambient atmosphere. This review focuses on three classes of QDs (lead chalcogenides, lead halide perovskites, and lead‐free QDs) and considers the current understanding of their degradation mechanisms. For each material class, strategies for stability improvement are discussed, both from materials science and device engineering perspectives. This paper concludes by suggesting a methodology for characterizing the QDSCs’ stability which would standardize the results obtained by researchers worldwide.
Upscaling of Co‐Impregnated La0.20Sr0.25Ca0.45TiO3 Anodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells: A Progress Report on a Decade of Academic‐Industrial Collaboration
Authors: Price Robert , Cassidy Mark , Grolig Jan G. , Longo Gino , Weissen Ueli , Mai Andreas , Irvine John T. S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSolid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack technology offers a reliable, efficient, and clean method of sustainable heat and electricity co‐generation that can be integrated into micro‐combined heat and power (µ‐CHP) units for use in residential and small commercial environments. Recent years have seen the successful market introduction of several SOFC‐based systems, however, manufacturers still face some challenges in improving the durability and tolerance of traditional Ni‐based ceramic‐metal (cermet) composite anodes to harsh operating conditions, such as redox and thermal cycling, overload exposure, sulfur poisoning and coking, in unprocessed natural gas feeds, for long time periods. Creating a “silver bullet” anode material that solves all of these issues has been the focus of SOFC research of the past 20 years, however, very few materials are reported to address these issues at the button cell scale and, subsequently, successfully scale to industrial SOFC stacks. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide a “powder to power” overview of the academic‐industrial cross‐collaborative development of a novel, highly robust anode material, from the fundamental materials science performed in academic laboratories to the successful upscaling and incorporation into short stacks at a well‐established, commercial manufacturer of SOFC systems in an industrial setting.
Impact of chronic kidney disease stage on morbidity after gastrectomy for gastric cancer
Authors: Suzuki Satoshi , Kanaji Shingo , Urakawa Naoki , Takiguchi Gosuke , Hasegawa Hiroshi , Yamashita Kimihiro , Matsuda Takeru , Oshikiri Taro , Nakamura Tetsu , Kakeji Yoshihiro 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAimThe outcomes of gastrectomy for gastric cancer in patients at each severity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain unknown.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of 560 patients who underwent distal or total gastrectomy for gastric cancer between 2009 and 2018. We classified the patients into four groups based on estimated glomerular filtration rate: stage 1/2 (normal to mild, n = 375), stage 3a (mild to moderate, n = 122), stage 3b (moderate to severe, n = 43), and stage 4/5 (severe to end‐stage, n = 20) CKD. The relationship between CKD stage and the incidence of postoperative morbidity was analyzed.ResultsCKD was a predictor of overall morbidity independent of age, gender, American Society of Anesthesiologists Performance Status, pulmonary comorbidity, extent of lymphadenectomy, and operation time in a multivariate analysis. The incidences of overall and severe morbidity were significantly increased with CKD progression (both P < .001). Compared to stage 1/2 CKD, the odds of overall morbidity were significantly elevated in stage 3a (odds ratio [OR] 1.87, P = .007), stage 3b (OR 3.86, P < .001), and stage 4/5 (OR 8.60, P < .001). The risk of procedure‐related morbidity was strikingly increased in stage 3b (OR 2.93, P = .004). The risk of procedure‐unrelated morbidity elevated markedly in stage 3a (OR 2.77, P = .001). A significant graded association between CKD progression and overall morbidity was also revealed in elderly patients (P = .001).ConclusionsThe severity of CKD predicts the likelihood and type of morbidity after gastrectomy and can guide surgical decision‐making for patients with gastric cancer.
The 140 years' journey of gastric cancer surgery: From the two hands of Billroth to the multiple hands of the robot
Authors: Terashima Masanori 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAfter the initial achievement by Billroth in 1881, surgery for gastric cancer has become increasingly extended. However, it turned out to be limited in Western countries after the publication that denied the role of extended surgery in the 1960s. While surgeons in Japan were still enthusiastic about extended surgery, the Japan Clinical Oncology Group (JCOG) conducted clinical trials to validate the role of extended surgery. Contrary to expectations, the efficacy of extended surgery was not demonstrated. In gastric cancer surgery, postoperative complications were reported to be associated with poor survival. A survival benefit could not be obtained by extended surgery, with high morbidity. Therefore, the paradigm had been changed from extended surgery to minimally invasive surgery (MIS). As an MIS for gastric cancer, laparoscopic surgery has been considered a practical method. Initial laparoscopic gastrectomy (LG) was first performed by Kitano in 1991. Thereafter, LG became increasingly common. Several clinical trials demonstrated the noninferiority of LG to open gastrectomy. LG is now regarded as the standard for cStage I gastric cancer, and the indication is expanding to advanced cancer. However, LG has some drawbacks owing to the restriction of movement caused by straight‐shaped forceps. Robotic gastrectomy (RG) is considered a major breakthrough to circumvent the drawbacks in LG using articulated devices. However, the solid evidence demonstrating the advantage of RG has not been proved yet. The JCOG is now conducting a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the superiority of RG to LG in terms of reducing morbidity.
Aggregated structures and their functionalities in hydrogels
Authors: Cui Kunpeng , Gong Jian Ping 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBiological soft tissues and hydrogels belong to the same category of soft and wet matter. Both of them are composed of polymer network and a certain amount of water, and permeable to small molecules. Biological tissues possess elaborated structures and exhibit outstanding functionalities. On the other hand, hydrogels are usually amorphous with poor functionality. In recent years, various hydrogels with robust functionalities have been developed by introducing aggregated structures into the gel networks, widely extend their applications in diverse fields, such as soft actuators, biological sensors, and structural biomaterials. Four strategies are usually used to fabricate aggregated structure into hydrogels, including molecular self‐assembling, microphase separation, crystallization, and inorganic additives. Different aggregated structures entail the gel very different functionalities. A simple aggregated structure is able to bring multiple functionalities and a combination of mechanical performances of the hydrogels. In this review, we describe the strategies used to construct aggerated structure in hydrogels and discuss about the close relation between the aggregated structure and functionality. We also highlight the role of nonequilibrium aggregated structure in fabricating hydrogels with dynamic memorizing‐forgetting behavior and point out the remaining challenges.
Pollinator assemblage and pollen load differences on sympatric diploid and tetraploid cytotypes of the desert‐dominantLarrea tridentata
Authors: Laport Robert G. , Minckley Robert L. , Pilson Diana 
Published: February 2021

PremiseWhole‐genome duplication (polyploidy) is an important force shaping flowering‐plant evolution. Ploidy‐specific plant–pollinator interactions represent important community‐level biotic interactions that can lead to nonrandom mating and the persistence of mixed‐ploidy populations.MethodsAt a naturally occurring diploid–tetraploid contact zone of the autopolyploid desert shrubLarrea tridentata, we combined flower phenology analyses, collections of bees on plants of known cytotype, and flow cytometry analyses of bee‐collected pollen loads to investigate whether (1) diploid and tetraploid plants have unique bee pollinator assemblages, (2) bee taxa exhibit ploidy‐specific visitation and pollen collection biases, and (3) specialist and generalist bee taxa have ploidy‐specific visitation and pollen collection biases.ResultsAlthough bee assemblages overlapped, we found significant differences in bee visitation to co‐occurring diploids and tetraploids, with the introduced honeybee (Apis mellifera) and one native species (Andrenaspecies 12) more frequently visiting tetraploids. Consistent with bee assemblage differences, we found that diploid pollen was overrepresented among pollen loads on native bees, while pollen loads onA. melliferadid not deviate from the random expectation. However, mismatches between the ploidy of pollen loads and plants were common, consistent with ongoing intercytotype gene flow.ConclusionsOur data are consistent with cytotype‐specific bee visitation and suggest that pollinator behavior contributes to reduced diploid–tetraploid mating. Differences in bee visitation and pollen movement potentially contribute to an easing of minority cytotype exclusion and the facilitation of cytotype co‐occurrence.
Quaternary diversification of a columnar cactus in the driest place on earth
Authors: Merklinger Felix F. , Böhnert Tim , Arakaki Mónica , Weigend Maximilian , Quandt Dietmar , Luebert Federico 
Published: February 2021

PremiseThe cactus family (Cactaceae) is a speciose lineage with an almost entirely New World distribution. The genusEulychniawith eight currently recognized species is endemic to the Atacama and Peruvian Deserts. Here we investigated the phylogeny of this group based on a complete taxon sampling to elucidate species delimitation and biogeographic history of the genus.MethodsA family‐wide Bayesian molecular clock dating based on plastid sequence data was conducted to estimate the age ofEulychniaand its divergence from its sister genusAustrocactus. A second data set obtained from genotyping by sequencing (GBS) was analyzed, using the family‐wide age estimate as a secondary calibration to date the GBS phylogeny using a penalized likelihood approach. Ancestral ranges were inferred employing the dispersal extinction cladogenesis approach.ResultsOur GBS phylogeny ofEulychniawas fully resolved with high support values nearly throughout the phylogeny. The split fromAustrocactusoccurred in the late Miocene, andEulychniadiversified during the early Quaternary. Three lineages were retrieved:Eulychnia ritterifrom Peru is sister to all Chilean species, which in turn fall into two sister clades of three and four species, respectively. Diversification in the Chilean clades started in the early Pleistocene.Eulychnialikely originated at the coastal range of its distribution and colonized inland locations several times.ConclusionsDiversification ofEulychniaduring the Pleistocene coincides with long periods of hyperaridity alternated with pluvial phases. Hyperaridity caused habitat fragmentation, ultimately leading to speciation and resulting in the current allopatric distribution of taxa.
Germ cell mosaicism for AUTS2 exon 6 deletion
Authors: Gieldon Laura , Jauch Anna , Obeid Katharina , Kaufmann Lilian , Hinderhofer Katrin , Haug Ulrich , Moog Ute 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHaploinsufficiency of AUTS2 has been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and dysmorphic features (MIM # 615834). More than 50 patients have been described, mostly carrying de novo deletions of one or more exons, including eight patients with exon 6 deletions. We report on two siblings, a girl and a boy aged 11 and 13 years, in whom the same pathogenic 85 kb deletion on 7q11.22 encompassing exon 6 of AUTS2 by SNP array analysis was identified. Both children had typical symptoms of AUTS2 syndrome such as intellectual impairment and behavioral problems, but with markedly different expression. SNP array analysis excluded the deletion in blood samples of both parents and a healthy brother. Conventional karyotyping of both parents and additional FISH analyses, marking the flanking regions of the deletion, did not show any structural rearrangements involving 7q11.22. A germ cell mosaicism was suggested as the most probable explanation for occurrence of the same deletion in these two siblings. To our knowledge this is the first report of germ cell mosaicism for AUTS2 syndrome. It additionally provides further evidence of intrafamilial phenotypic variability in AUTS2 syndrome and adds clinical information to the phenotypic spectrum of patients with AUTS2 exon 6 deletions.