bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dermoscopy in Leprosy: A Clinical and Histopathological Correlation Study
Authors: Mohta Alpana , Kumar Jain Suresh , Agrawal Aditi , Kushwaha Ramesh Kumar , Sharma Pritee , Sethia Khusbhoo , Jain Manish 
Published: April 2021

Background: Leprosy, an insidious infectious granulomatous disease, is diagnosed traditionally through clinical examination coupled with skin smears and histopathology. It has myriad clinical presentations that pose diagnostic challenges. Lately, dermoscopy has emerged as a rapid, noninvasive diagnostic modality for many dermatoses.
Objectives: We evaluated the dermoscopic findings of various manifestations of leprosy and correlated them with clinical and histopathological features.
Methods: This prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted in our skin outpatient department for a period of 1 year. Patients newly diagnosed as having leprosy or those undergoing leprosy treatment for less than 6 months were included. The most representative lesion was dermoscopically evaluated and later biopsied.
Results: We included 73 patients in the study. Results indicated an obvious correlation between dermoscopic findings and histopathology. We noted orangish yellow and white structureless areas, steadily throughout the spectrum, depicting dermal granuloma. Additionally, we observed focal vascular structures such as branching, linear, and crown vessels that result from the pressure of granuloma pushing the dilated vessels upwards. The relative absence of skin appendages aided in differentiating leprosy from other granulomatous disorders. Novel findings of our study were the detection of a branch-like pattern of clofazimine-induced pigmentation on dermoscopy and orange globules on onychoscopy. Other unique findings included violaceous structureless areas, characteristic large telangiectatic vessels, follicular plugging, star-shaped silvery-white scaling, and white globules in type 1 reaction; white shiny steaks were observed in patients with borderline lepromatous leprosy, and central white dots and keratotic plugs were observed in patients with histoid leprosy.
Conclusions: Dermoscopy, as a noninvasive modality, could aid in the quick diagnosis of leprosy and should be used as a handy tool to complement other investigative tools for this disease.
Decreased Serum Levels of Interleukin-4 and Interleukin-21 in New Pemphigus Vulgaris Patients, but Not Chronic Patients With Inactive Disease Compared to Healthy Controls
Authors: Shahbazian Pegah , Izad Maryam , Daneshpazhooh Maryam , Mortazavi Hossein , Salehi Zahra , Behruzifar Shirin , Tavakolpour Soheil , Azizpour Arghavan 
Published: April 2021

Background: Pemphigus is a rare group of autoimmune blistering diseases with unknown etiology and unclear pathogenesis. Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is the most common subtype, and is characterized by ulcerations or flaccid blisters on mucous membranes and on the skin. It is accepted that cytokines have a critical role in the pathogenesis of PV, while their exact roles remain to be elucidated.
Objectives: This study assessed serum levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-21 in different phases of the disease in comparison with healthy controls.
Methods: In a case-control cohort design, serum levels of IL-4 and IL-21 were determined by ELISA in three groups: patients with newly diagnosed PV, patients with chronic, inactive PV (PV in remission), and healthy controls.
Results: The study included 88 individuals (58 women and 30 men), including 26 with newly diagnosed PV, 33 with PV in remission, and 29 healthy controls. A significant difference was found among the groups for IL-21 (P = .044), but not for IL-4 (P = .374). Serum levels of IL-4 and IL-21 in newly diagnosed patients were significantly lower than in healthy controls (P = .005 for both), but these cytokine levels in patients with PV in remission were not different from those of controls (P = .343 and P = .221, respectively). Also, no differences in cytokine levels were detected between the newly diagnosed patients and patients with PV in remission. Regardless of disease phase, we detected significantly lower levels of IL-21 in patients than controls (P = .027), but no differences for IL-4 (P = .374).
Conclusions: IL-4 and IL-21 are involved in PV pathogenesis and disease severity. More studies are required to clarify the role of IL-4 and IL-21 in immunopathogenesis and immune response during PV.
Surgery for Bowen Disease: Clinicopathological Factors Associated With Incomplete Excision
Authors: Fougelberg Julia , Ek Hampus , Claeson Magdalena , Paoli John 
Published: April 2021

Background: One common treatment for Bowen’s disease (BD) is surgical excision, but there is no international consensus on the appropriate surgical margins.
Objectives: This study examined what factors affect the rate of incomplete excision of BD.
Methods: Clinicopathological data potentially linked to surgical outcome (complete or incomplete excision) were retrospectively collected from medical and histopathological records on all surgically excised BD lesions diagnosed at Sahlgrenska University Hospital in Gothenburg, Sweden during 2014-2015. Data were analyzed with two definitions of incomplete excision: less strict (ie, BD present at the surgical margin) and strict (ie, dysplasia present at the surgical margin).
Results: In total, 463 BD lesions among 408 patients were included. With the less strict definition, 3 factors were associated with significantly higher rates of incomplete excision: surgical margins <3 mm, a less experienced surgeon, and use of punch biopsy excision. The same factors plus a tumor location on the head and neck area or upper extremities were associated with significantly higher rates of incomplete excision using the strict definition. After adjustment for confounders, less experience was independently associated with incomplete excision using the less strict definition, whereas less experience and location on the head and neck area or upper extremities were independently associated with incomplete excision using the strict definition. Surgeon specialty was not associated with incomplete excision regardless of the definition.
Conclusions: When removing BD surgically, an elliptical excision with surgical margins ≥3 mm carried out by an experienced surgeon should be recommended. Surgical margins may need to be adjusted depending on body site.
Suis-je aimée ?
Authors: Forest Martyne-Isabel 
Published: April 2021

Je suis Alicia, un genre de Belle au bois dormant, qui s’éveille après quelques années de coma, délivrée à la suite d’une grossesse non désirée. Que dire maintenant que je retrouve l’usage de la parole ? Je veux critiquer le récit de Pedro Almodovar, dans Parle avec elle, concernant les conditions d’un accompagnement de qualité. Je m’interroge sur les questions importantes du respect, de l’identité, de l’altérité, de la charité, de l’autonomie, de l’amour et de ses dérives. Toutes des questions qui me sont venues avec force lorsque j’étais endormie et que j’étais l’objet de tant de gestes de la part de Benigno, mon principal infirmier. Je cherche aussi, inlassablement, le sens de ces gestes à travers mon questionnement sur le don et la dette. Quel est l’esprit du don ? Ce que je fais au fond en racontant « mon » histoire ? Je déplace mes regards, candide ou noir, sur la fragilité de l’amour.
« Nous devons un coq à Asclèpios »
Authors: Volant Éric 
Published: April 2021

La toute dernière supplique, que, avant de mourir, Socrate adresse à Criton, est étonnante : « nous devons un coq à Asclèpios ». D’où notre intérêt de creuser cette énigme, à l’aide de Platon et de Nietzsche. Grâce au Phédon, Platon nous offre le loisir d’assister à la toute dernière journée de la vie de Socrate et de participer en esprit à son dialogue avec ses disciples. En cours de route, nous apprendrons les vertus thérapeutiques et les effets toxiques de la ciguë, qui causera la mort de Socrate. Le culte d’Asclèpios, dieu de la médecine, vénéré à Epidaure, nous donne la clé de la symbolique du coq. Après avoir présenté l’interprétation de la mort de Socrate par Nietzsche, nous confronterons deux manières d’affronter la mort, celle de Socrate selon les justifications de la raison et celle de Nietzsche selon la vérité du corps.
Le jury
Authors: Hébert Jean-C. 
Published: April 2021

Le jury fait partie des institutions que nous nous sommes données au Canada pour assurer notre sécurité collective. Ce texte examine les trois fonctions du jury : le juge des faits, le promoteur d’équité et le garant de la démocratie. Il aborde également les caractéristiques du système de procès par jury : l’impartialité, la représentativité et la compétence.
Faire sens grâce à nos opérations conscientes et à nos communications
Authors: Laflamme Diane 
Published: April 2021

La notion de sens joue un rôle d’importance majeure dans la théorie des systèmes sociaux développée par Niklas Luhmann. Cette courte présentation aborde quelques aspects du sens : la distinction entre les systèmes psychiques et les systèmes sociaux, tous deux étant considérés comme constitutifs du sens, les trois dimensions du sens et le processus de généralisation du sens dans des attentes et des structures. La phénoménologie et l’herméneutique sont interrogées en parallèle pour éclairer le vocabulaire que choisit Luhmann pour aborder la notion de sens et pour décrire une forme originale de constitution du sens dans la mouvance de ces théories.
La mort n’est-elle pas toujours imminente puisqu’elle nous est annoncée ?
Authors: Clément Michel 
Published: April 2021

La philosophie ne peut comprendre la mort que par la Raison, mais la rumeur voudrait que les philosophes, par leur « esprit de système », s’encombreraient d’explications que seuls l’espace du sacré et les diverses croyances seraient autorisés à donner. Il est vrai que la philosophie n’offre aucune certitude et ce n’est pas sa tâche; la mort est un sommet d’angoisse qu’elle ne prétend pas éviter ou couvrir de ses questions; elle ne pourra jamais faire l’économie de la souffrance et de la mort. Ainsi, des auteurs, tels que Platon, Sénèque, Epictète, Jean-Luc Nancy, Vladimir Jankélévitch, Arthur Schopenhauer, Michel Serres et le poète tchèque Vladimir Holan développent, ici, quelques idées sur cette mort qui lacère nos consciences et nous oblige à constamment repenser cet univers provisoire qui est le nôtre.
La mort en quatrième vitesse
Authors: Mavrikakis Catherine 
Published: April 2021

À travers deux textes d’Hubert Aquin dans lesquels le narrateur se prépare à son suicide, à travers quelques romans d’Hervé Guibert qui dévoile sa mort prochaine du sida, on verra comment l’annonce de sa propre mort nous donne à réfléchir sur l’accélération temporelle qui conduit le sujet à sa fin. Comment se voir et se représenter mort ? Dans quelle temporalité entre celui ou celle qui peut annoncer sa mort à venir ? C’est à ces questions que le présent article tente de répondre.
La mort qui vit dans la littérature d’enfance
Authors: Guérette Charlotte 
Published: April 2021

Que dire aux enfants concernant la mort, le deuil, la souffrance ? Faudrait-il se taire, feindre de les ignorer ou changer de sujet ? Nous proposons ici la littérature de jeunesse pour introduire ces thèmes très difficiles dans la classe. Dans les contes, les romans, les poèmes destinés à l’enfance, on en parle abondamment, simplement, justement. On en rit, on en pleure, on s’en moque... On en parle sincèrement! Quels livres choisir ? Comment les présenter ? Ce sont de courtes, mais combien grandes questions auxquelles nous nous intéressons dans cet article.
Prose des faits et vers défaits. L’insurrection algérienne de 1871 dans les chroniques militaires et dans la poésie kabyle
Authors: Hachi Idir 
Published: April 2021

Notre article propose une lecture comparée des représentations de l’insurrection dans les sources coloniales et dans la poésie kabyle. Parmi les sources se détachent Histoire de l’insurrection de 1871 en Algérie de Louis Rinn (1891) et L’insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 de Joseph Nil Robin (1901). Ces deux ouvrages très documentés livrent une somme de faits : l’étendue territoriale de l’événement, son intensité, ses combats, l’ampleur de ses répercussions sur la société dominée en pertes humaines, séquestres, amendes collectives, exécutions sommaires, déportations, déclassement social, démantèlement des structures élitaires traditionnelles. Pourtant, le contexte particulièrement troublé de 1870, qui a vu le ressentiment des Européens d’Algérie à l’endroit des institutions militaires se muer en un torrent d’invectives laisse penser que les deux officiers de l’armée d’Afrique que sont Rinn et Robin ont pris la plume à des fins distinctes de la simple chronique ou de la compilation de faits. Leurs ouvrages révèlent, du point de vue colonial, des divergences inconciliables sur l’insurrection de 1871. Ils expriment moins un élan désireux de faire la lumière sur le plus grand soulèvement algérien du xixe siècle, qu’un enjeu de lutte entre le colonat et les élites militaires françaises. Bien différentes sont les représentations de la poésie kabyle de l’époque, transmise par voie orale. Certaines compositions ont été recueillies, traduites et publiées au xixe siècle par Jean-Dominique Luciani et Louis Rinn et, au xxe siècle, par Ammar ou Saïd Boulifa et Mouloud Mammeri. Ces compositions en disent plus sur les terribles conséquences d’une insurrection assimilée à la fin d’un monde que sur les responsables de celle-ci.
« Le roman est de l’histoire, qui aurait pu être » : l’insurrection algérienne de 1871 dans Marie Chassaing d’Adolphe Badin, Amour et gloire de Charles Baude de Maurceley et Le Maître de l’heure de Hugues Le Roux
Authors: Guillaume Isabelle 
Published: April 2021

Si Marie Chassaing (1873), Amour et gloire (1897) et Le Maître de l’heure (1897) sont désormais oubliés, ces romans ne sont pas dépourvus d’intérêt. Tous trois montrent que l’insurrection de 1871 a donné lieu chez ses commentateurs métropolitains non pas à un récit national univoque, mais à des mémoires plurielles. Leurs auteurs s’inspirent des codes du roman historique à la Walter Scott. Ils mettent en scène à côté de personnages fictifs, des acteurs de l’insurrection : le bachaga Mohamed El Mokrani chez Baude de Maurceley et Le Roux, et, chez Badin, Jacques Chassaing, le « tueur de lions » popularisé par le Journal des chasseurs. En recourant au genre romanesque, les trois auteurs façonnent des versions divergentes des événements de 1871. Baude de Maurceley et Le Roux rendent hommage à Mokrani vaincu et imputent la responsabilité de l’insurrection au gouvernement républicain. Adolphe Badin, lui, réécrit l’histoire de Jacques Chassaing en dressant un réquisitoire du Second Empire et en faisant du déclenchement de l’insurrection l’ultime faute politique de ce régime. Les trois romans montrent que l’insurrection de 1871 s’est prolongée en métropole avec une bataille historiographique et politique. Badin, Baude de Maurceley et Le Roux se rejoignent sur un point : ils mettent en scène des victoires françaises qu’ils attribuent à l’union des compatriotes à l’heure du danger. Tout en valorisant l’union nationale, ils envisagent des avenirs différents pour la présence française en Algérie. Baude de Maurceley reste évasif sur ce point par contraste avec Badin et Le Roux qui ont écrit leurs récits dans la perspective des colons. L’auteur de Marie Chassaing, en particulier, montre la répression de l’insurrection comme le début d’une nouvelle ère, celle d’une véritable colonisation : les terres algériennes représenteront un dédommagement au pays vaincu par l’Allemagne et dépossédé de plusieurs départements métropolitains.
Retrospective study on admission trends of Californian hummingbirds found in urban habitats (1991–2016)
Authors: Pandit Pranav S. , Bandivadekar Ruta R. , Johnson Christine K. , Mikoni Nicole , Mah Michelle , Purdin Guthrum , Ibarra Elaine , Tom Duane , Daugherty Allison , Lipman Max W. , Woo Krystal , Tell Lisa A. 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundHummingbirds are frequently presented to California wildlife rehabilitation centers for medical care, accounting for approximately 5% of overall admissions. Age, sex, and reason for admission could impact hummingbird survivability, therefore identification of these factors could help maximize rehabilitation efforts.MethodsMixed-effects logistic regression models were used to identify specific threats to the survival of 6908 hummingbirds (1645 nestlings and 5263 non-nestlings) consisting of five species (Calypte anna, Calypte costa, Selasphorus rufus, Selasphorus sasin, Archilochus alexandri), found in urban settings, and admitted to California wildlife rehabilitation centers over 26 years.ResultsIn total, 36% of birds survived and were transferred to flight cage facilities for further rehabilitation and/or release. Nestlings were more likely to be transferred and/or released compared to adult hummingbirds. After accounting for age, birds rescued in spring and summer were twice as likely to be released compared to birds rescued in the fall. A high number of nestlings were presented to the rehabilitation centers during spring, which coincides with the nesting season for hummingbirds in California, with the lowest number of nestlings presented in fall. Reasons for presentation to rehabilitation centers included several anthropogenic factors such as window collisions (9.6%) and interactions with domesticated animals (12.9%). Survival odds were lower if a hummingbird was rescued in a “torpor-like state” and were higher if rescued for “nest-related” reasons. Evaluation of treatment regimens administered at wildlife rehabilitation centers identified supportive care, including providing commercial nutrient-rich nectar plus solution, to significantly increase hummingbird survivability.DiscussionOur results provide evidence of threats to hummingbirds in urban habitats, based on reasons for rescue and presentation to rehabilitation centers. Reasons for hummingbird admissions to three California wildlife rehabilitation centers were anthropogenic in nature (i.e., being associated with domestic animals, window collisions, and found inside a man-made structure) and constituted 25% of total admissions. There was a clear indication that supportive care, such as feeding a commercial nectar solution, and medical treatment significantly increased the odds of survival for rescued hummingbirds.
Identification of a novel inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 3CL-PRO through virtual screening and molecular dynamics simulation
Authors: Bepari Asim Kumar , Reza Hasan Mahmud 
Published: April 2021

Background
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, has ravaged lives across the globe since December 2019, and new cases are still on the rise. Peoples’ ongoing sufferings trigger scientists to develop safe and effective remedies to treat this deadly viral disease. While repurposing the existing FDA-approved drugs remains in the front line, exploring drug candidates from synthetic and natural compounds is also a viable alternative. This study employed a comprehensive computational approach to screen inhibitors for SARS-CoV-2 3CL-PRO (also known as the main protease), a prime molecular target to treat coronavirus diseases.

Methods
We performed 100 ns GROMACS molecular dynamics simulations of three high-resolution X-ray crystallographic structures of 3CL-PRO. We extracted frames at 10 ns intervals to mimic conformational diversities of the target protein in biological environments. We then used AutoDock Vina molecular docking to virtual screen the Sigma–Aldrich MyriaScreen Diversity Library II, a rich collection of 10,000 druglike small molecules with diverse chemotypes. Subsequently, we adopted in silico computation of physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetic parameters, and toxicity profiles. Finally, we analyzed hydrogen bonding and other protein-ligand interactions for the short-listed compounds.

Results
Over the 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations of 3CL-PRO’s crystal structures, 6LZE, 6M0K, and 6YB7, showed overall integrity with mean Cα root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) of 1.96 (±0.35) Å, 1.98 (±0.21) Å, and 1.94 (±0.25) Å, respectively. Average root-mean-square fluctuation (RMSF) values were 1.21 ± 0.79 (6LZE), 1.12 ± 0.72 (6M0K), and 1.11 ± 0.60 (6YB7). After two phases of AutoDock Vina virtual screening of the MyriaScreen Diversity Library II, we prepared a list of the top 20 ligands. We selected four promising leads considering predicted oral bioavailability, druglikeness, and toxicity profiles. These compounds also demonstrated favorable protein-ligand interactions. We then employed 50-ns molecular dynamics simulations for the four selected molecules and the reference ligand 11a in the crystallographic structure 6LZE. Analysis of RMSF, RMSD, and hydrogen bonding along the simulation trajectories indicated that S51765 would form a more stable protein-ligand complexe with 3CL-PRO compared to other molecules. Insights into short-range Coulombic and Lennard-Jones potentials also revealed favorable binding of S51765 with 3CL-PRO.

Conclusion
We identified a potential lead for antiviral drug discovery against the SARS-CoV-2 main protease. Our results will aid global efforts to find safe and effective remedies for COVID-19.
Water‐use efficiency and greenhouse gas emissions of rice affected by water saving and nitrogen reduction
Authors: Shi Hong , Cai Shuo , Sun Zhanxue , Shi Yuanzhi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe investigated the effects of reduced irrigation and N application, using green manure and rice straw, on the water‐use efficiency (WUE) and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of machine‐transplanted rice (Oryza sativa L.) to provide theoretical and technical guidance for water and N management in double‐cropping rice. Field trials were conducted from 2014 to 2016 using two irrigation methods (flood irrigation, W0; intermittent irrigation, W1) and three N application methods (no nitrogen application, N0; chemical nitrogen constant application, N1; chemical nitrogen reduction combined with green fertilizer and straw, N2). Methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, water consumption, and grain yield were compared for the different treatment measures. Under the same N fertilizer management, intermittent irrigation reduced cumulative emissions of CH4 of early and late season rice by 14.54–37.37% and 16.70–52.25%, respectively, whereas N2O emissions increased by 12.50–35.29% and 23.08–34.09%, compared with flood irrigation. Under identical irrigation conditions, the cumulative CH4 and N2O emissions of early and late rice were N2 > N1 > N0. Compared to W0N1 treatment, W1N2 decreased the annual average water consumption by 4.40 and 5.53% for early and late rice, whereas yield and WUE increased by 4.27 and 3.98% and 9.54 and 9.71%, respectively. In addition, the annual global warming potential and greenhouse gas intensity of double‐cropped rice increased by 47.62 and 41.77%, respectively. The incorporation of green manure and rice straw with reduced N fertilizer application using intermittent irrigation in double rice cropping systems reduced water consumption and increased grain yield but also increased GHG emissions.
Total Synthesis of Anti‐Cancer Meroterpenoids Dysideanone B and Dysiherbol A and Structural Reassignment of Dysiherbol A
Authors: Chong Chuanke , Zhang Qunlong , Ke Jia , Zhang Haiming , Yang Xudong , Wang Bingjian , Ding Wei , Lu Zhaoyong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe first total synthesis of marine anti‐cancer meroterpenoids dysideanone B and dysiherbol A have been accomplished in a divergent way. The synthetic route features: 1) a site and stereoselective α‐position alkylation of a Wieland–Miescher ketone derivative with a bulky benzyl bromide to join the terpene and aromatic moieties together and set the stage for subsequent cyclization reactions; 2) an intramolecular radical cyclization to construct the 6/6/6/6‐tetracycle of dysideanone B and an intramolecular Heck reaction to forge the 6/6/5/6‐fused core structure of dysiherbol A. A late‐stage introduction of the ethoxy group in dysideanone B reveals that this group might come from the solvent ethanol. The structure of dysiherbol A has been revised based on our chemical total synthesis.