bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FE fracture analysis, using the integral J and tearing energy T parameters, of a natural rubber NR
Authors: Hamdi Adel , Boulenouar Abdelkader , Baccouch Zaineb 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFracture of rubber‐like materials under quasi‐static loadings is of a great interest since the use of such materials has been widespread in many industrial applications. Thus, the aim of this work is to study the fracture behavior of a carbon‐black filled natural rubber using the finite elements method. In the first step, we have identified a hyperelastic potential of the virgin material, using equibiaxial and pure shear tests, for the Finite Element (FE) calculations. In the second step, two numerical models with pre‐cracked specimens, using Ansys software, are developed. The investigated parameters, based upon energy concepts, are carried out on Single Edge Notched in Tension and Pure Shear specimens. Finally, the evolution and the comparison of obtained results will be examined as a function of the integral J, of Rice, and the tearing energy T, of Rivlin and Thomas.
Photo‐controlled alignment and helical organization in main‐chain liquid crystalline alternating polymers
Authors: Sakaino Hirotoshi , Lamers Brigitte A. G. , Meskers Stefan C. J. , Meijer E. W. , Vantomme Ghislaine 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMaterials with highly ordered nanoscale structures can translate molecular processes to macroscopic function. Here we report on the photo‐controlled organization of achiral alternating copolymers composed of discrete length blocks showing well‐defined sub‐10 nm morphologies. These alternating copolymers consist of main‐chain azobenzene building blocks alternating with discrete oDMS blocks of various precise lengths. Remarkably, we demonstrate the imprinting of a stable helical molecular arrangement in spin‐casted thin films by irradiation with circularly polarized light, without chiral dopant or plasticizer required. By following the out‐of‐equilibrium photo‐switching process over irradiation time, the mechanism of molecular reorganization is unraveled and rationalized with the nature of the morphology. Linear photo‐organization is preferentially reached with flexible and symmetric cylindrical structures while helical photo‐organization is most easily obtained with robust but rotatable lamella structures. These findings suggest that precision in the synthesis and assembly of alternating copolymers can lead to complete control over molecular organization and main‐chain motion.
Chemically Fueled Block Copolymer Self‐Assembly into Transient Nanoreactors**
Authors: Würbser Michaela A. , Schwarz Patrick S. , Heckel Jonas , Bergmann Alexander M. , Walther Andreas , Boekhoven Job 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn chemically fueled supramolecular materials, molecular self‐assembly is coupled to a fuel‐driven chemical reaction cycle. The fuel‐dependence makes the material dynamic and endows it with exciting properties like adaptivity and autonomy. In contrast to the large work on the self‐assembly of small molecules, we herein designed a diblock copolymer, which self‐assembles into transient micelles when coupled to a fuel‐driven chemical reaction cycle. Moreover, we used these transient block copolymer micelles to locally increase the concentration of hydrophobic reagents and thereby function as a transient nanoreactor.
$$ T\overline{T} $$-deformed 2D Yang-Mills at large N: collective field theory and phase transitions
Authors: Gorsky A. , Pavshinkin D. , Tyutyakina A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We consider the $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

deformation of 2d large N YM theory on a cylinder, sphere and disk. The collective field theory Hamiltonian for the deformed theory is derived and the particular solutions to the equations of motion of the collective theory are found for the sphere. The account of the non-perturbative branch of the solution amounts to the first-order phase transition at the (A, τ) plane. We analyze the third-order phase transition in the deformed theory on the disk and derive the critical area as a function of the boundary holonomy. A kind of Hagedorn behavior in the spectral density is discussed.
Prevalence of intra-abdominal hypertension and markers for associated complications among severe burn patients: a multicenter prospective cohort study (BURNIAH study)
Authors: Strang Steven G. , Breederveld Roelf S. , Cleffken Berry I. , Verhofstad Michael H. J. , Van Waes Oscar J. F. , Van Lieshout Esther M. M. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Severely burned patients are at risk for intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and associated complications such as organ failure, abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS), and death. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of IAH among severely burned patients. The secondary aim was to determine the value of urinary intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) as early marker for IAH-associated complications.

Methods
A prospective observational study was performed in two burn centers in the Netherlands. Fifty-eight patients with burn injuries ≥ 15% of total body surface area (TBSA) were included. Intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) and urinary I-FABP, measured every 6 h during 72 h. Prevalence of IAH, new organ failure and ACS, and the value of urinary intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) as early marker for IAH-associated complications were determined.

Results
Thirty-one (53%) patients developed IAH, 17 (29%) patients developed new organ failure, but no patients developed ACS. Patients had burns of 29% (P25–P75 19–42%) TBSA. Ln-transformed levels of urinary I-FABP and IAP were inversely correlated with an estimate of − 0.06 (95% CI − 0.10 to − 0.02; p = 0.002). Maximal urinary I-FABP levels had a fair discriminatory ability for patients with IAH with an area under the ROC curve of 74% (p = 0.001). Urinary I-FABP levels had no predictive value for IAH or new organ failure in severe burn patients.

Conclusions
The prevalence of IAH among patients with ≥ 15% TBSA burned was 53%. None of the patients developed ACS. A relevant diagnostic or predictive value of I-FABP levels in identifying patients at risk for IAH-related complications, could not be demonstrated.

Level of evidence
Level III, epidemiologic and diagnostic prospective observational study.
Dental Trauma on whole Body Trauma CT—An underreported finding
Authors: Meyer Hans-Jonas , Schramm Dominik , Bach Andreas Gunter , Eckert Alexander , Surov Alexey 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
The prevalence of dental injuries (DI) in polytrauma patients is unknown. The purpose of our study was to identify the frequency of dental injuries on whole body CTs acquired in a trauma setting and to estimate how often they are correctly reported by the radiologist.

Methods
In the time period between 2006 and 2018 the radiological database of one university hospital was screened for whole-body trauma CTs. A total of 994 CTs were identified and re-evaluated.

Results
Dental injuries were identified in 127 patients (12.8% of patients). There were 27 women (21.3%) and 100 men (78.7%) with a mean age of 51.0 ± 18.9 years (range 10–96 years). Regarding localization, most findings involved the molars (n = 107, 37.4%), followed by the incisors (n = 81, 28.3%), premolars (n = 59, 20.6%) and canines (n = 39, 13.7%). Most common findings were as follows: luxations (n = 49, 45.8%), followed by crown fractures (n = 46, 43%), root fractures (n = 10, 9.3%), extrusions (n = 1, 0.9%), and intrusions (n = 1, 0.9%). Only 15 findings (11.8% of all patients with dental injuries) were described in the original radiological reports.

Conclusion
DI had a high occurrence in polytrauma patients. A high frequency of underreported dental trauma findings was identified. Radiologists reporting whole-body trauma CT should be aware of possible dental trauma to report the findings adequately.
Patients with complex proximal tibial fractures overestimate the prognosis of their injury
Authors: Keppler Lena , Keppler Alexander Martin , Ihle Christoph , Minzlaff Philipp , Fürmetz Julian , Beck Markus , Saier Tim 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate, if patients with complex proximal tibial fracture have realistic expectations on open reduction and internal fixation.

Methods
114 patients (mean 49 years, SD ± 13) with closed AO-type B and C proximal tibial fracture were grouped (group B, respectively C). Prior to surgery expectations concerning knee function, pain, return to work/sports, and the risk for osteoarthritis was assessed with the Hospital for Special Surgery-Knee Surgery Expectations Survey (HFSS-KSE) and a non-validated ten-item survey.

Results
92% of patients expected at least an almost natural knee postoperatively. All items regarding restoring knee function were ranked to be at least important in both groups. 65% in group B and 47% in group C expected at most occasional pain. 83% in group B and 67% in group C expected full return to work without any limitations. Patients with low physical work intensity expected significantly shorter incapacity to work in both groups (7.8, respectively 8.9 weeks). 71% in group B and 60% in group C expected to return to sports with at most small limitations. 33% in group B and 22% in group C assumed risk for osteoarthritis will be prevented by surgery.

Conclusion
Expectations on surgery for complex proximal tibial fracture are high regardless of fracture type. The prognosis of many health and lifestyle domains was overestimated. The risk for osteoarthritis was underestimated. This study should sensitize surgeons to discuss realistic expectations. This may help to improve patient comprehension what leads to sensible expectations, resulting in improved patients´ satisfaction.

Level of evidence
IV.

Trial registration number
14104, Date of registration: 06/2015.
Geological and groundwater flow model of a submarine groundwater discharge site at Hanko (Finland), northern Baltic Sea
Authors: Luoma Samrit , Majaniemi Juha , Pullinen Arto , Mursu Juha , Virtasalo Joonas J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThree-dimensional geological and groundwater flow models of a submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) site at Hanko (Finland), in the northern Baltic Sea, have been developed to provide a geological framework and a tool for the estimation of SGD rates into the coastal sea. The dataset used consists of gravimetric, ground-penetrating radar and shallow seismic surveys, drill logs, groundwater level monitoring data, field observations, and a LiDAR digital elevation model. The geological model is constrained by the local geometry of late Pleistocene and Holocene deposits, including till, glacial coarse-grained and fine-grained sediments, post-glacial mud, and coarse-grained littoral and aeolian deposits. The coarse-grained aquifer sediments form a shallow shore platform that extends approximately 100–250 m offshore, where the unit slopes steeply seawards and becomes covered by glacial and post-glacial muds. Groundwater flow preferentially takes place in channel-fill outwash coarse-grained sediments and sand and gravel interbeds that provide conduits of higher hydraulic conductivity, and have led to the formation of pockmarks on the seafloor in areas of thin or absent mud cover. The groundwater flow model estimated the average SGD rate per square meter of the seafloor at 0.22 cm day−1 in autumn 2017. The average SGD rate increased to 0.28 cm day−1 as a response to an approximately 30% increase in recharge in spring 2020. Sensitivity analysis shows that recharge has a larger influence on SGD rate compared with aquifer hydraulic conductivity and the seafloor conductance. An increase in recharge in this region will cause more SGD into the Baltic Sea.
Intelligent environments for all: a path towards technology-enhanced human well-being
Authors: Burzagli Laura , Emiliani Pier Luigi , Antona Margherita , Stephanidis Constantine 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEmerging intelligent environments are considered to offer significant opportunities to positively impact human life, both at an individual and at a societal level, and in particular to provide useful means to support people in their daily life activities and thus improve well-being for everybody, especially for older people and for people with limitations of activities. In this context, accessibility and usability, although necessary, are not sufficient to ensure that applications and services are appropriately designed to satisfy human needs and overcome potential functional limitations in the execution of everyday activities fundamental for well-being. This position paper puts forward the claim that, in order to achieve the above objective, it is necessary that: (i) the design of Assistive Intelligent Environments is centered around the well-being of people, roughly intended as the possibility of executing the (everyday) human activities necessary for living (independently), thus emphasizing usefulness in addition to usability; (ii) the technological environment is orchestrated around such activities and contains knowledge about how they are performed and how people need to be supported to perform them; (iii) the environment makes use of monitoring and reasoning capabilities in order to adapt, fine-tune and evolve over time the type and level of support provided, and this process takes place considering ethical values; (iv) the applications must also support the possibility of contact with other people, who in many cases may be the only effective help. Moving forward from the Design for All paradigm, this paper discusses how the latter can be revisited under the perspective of technology’s usefulness and contribution to human well-being. Subsequently, it introduces a practical notion of well-being based on the ICF classification of human functions and activities and discusses how such notion can constitute the starting point and the focus of design approaches targeted to assist people in their everyday life mainly (but not exclusively) in the home environment. As a subsequent step, the need for integrating Artificial Intelligence capabilities in assistive intelligent environments is discussed, based on the complexity of the human problems to be addressed and the diversity of the types of support needed. The proposed approach is exemplified and illustrated through the experience acquired in the development of four applications, addressing vital aspects of human life, namely nutrition, stress management, sleep management and counteracting loneliness. Finally, based on the acquired experience, the need to take into account ethical values in the development of assistive intelligent environments is discussed.
Dimethyl sulfoxide stimulates the AhR-Jdp2 axis to control ROS accumulation in mouse embryonic fibroblasts
Authors: Wuputra Kenly , Tsai Ming-Ho , Kato Kohsuke , Yang Ya-han , Pan Jia-Bin , Ku Chia-Chen , Noguchi Michiya , Kishikawa Shotaro , Nakade Koji , Chen Hua-Ling , Liu Chung-Jung , Nakamura Yukio , Kuo Kung-Kai , Lin Ying-Chu , Chan Te-Fu , Wu Deng-Chyang , Hou Ming-Feng , Huang Shau-Ku , Lin Chang-Shen , Yokoyama Kazunari K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-binding protein that responds to environmental aromatic hydrocarbons and stimulates the transcription of downstream phase I enzyme–related genes by binding the cis element of dioxin-responsive elements (DREs)/xenobiotic-responsive elements. Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is a well-known organic solvent that is often used to dissolve phase I reagents in toxicology and oxidative stress research experiments. In the current study, we discovered that 0.1% DMSO significantly induced the activation of the AhR promoter via DREs and produced reactive oxygen species, which induced apoptosis in mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). Moreover, Jun dimerization protein 2 (Jdp2) was found to be required for activation of the AhR promoter in response to DMSO. Coimmunoprecipitation and chromatin immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that the phase I–dependent transcription factors, AhR and the AhR nuclear translocator, and phase II–dependent transcription factors such as nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)–like 2 (Nrf2) integrated into DRE sites together with Jdp2 to form an activation complex to increase AhR promoter activity in response to DMSO in MEFs. Our findings provide evidence for the functional role of Jdp2 in controlling the AhR gene via Nrf2 and provide insights into how Jdp2 contributes to the regulation of ROS production and the cell spreading and apoptosis produced by the ligand DMSO in MEFs.
Graphical abstract
The DNA methylation inhibitor RG108 protects against noise-induced hearing loss
Authors: Zheng Zhiwei , Zeng Shan , Liu Chang , Li Wen , Zhao Liping , Cai Chengfu , Nie Guohui , He Yingzi 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Noise-induced hearing loss represents a commonly diagnosed type of hearing disability, severely impacting the quality of life of individuals. The current work is aimed at assessing the effects of DNA methylation on noise-induced hearing loss.

Methods
Blocking DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) activity with a selective inhibitor RG108 or silencing DNMT1 with siRNA was used in this study. Auditory brainstem responses were measured at baseline and 2 days after trauma in mice to assess auditory functions. Whole-mount immunofluorescent staining and confocal microcopy of mouse inner ear specimens were performed to analyze noise-induced damage in cochleae and the auditory nerve at 2 days after noise exposure.

Results
The results showed that noise exposure caused threshold elevation of auditory brainstem responses and cochlear hair cell loss. Whole-mount cochlea staining revealed a reduction in the density of auditory ribbon synapses between inner hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons. Inhibition of DNA methyltransferase activity via a non-nucleoside specific pharmacological inhibitor, RG108, or silencing of DNA methyltransferase-1 with siRNA significantly attenuated ABR threshold elevation, hair cell damage, and the loss of auditory synapses.

Conclusions
This study suggests that inhibition of DNMT1 ameliorates noise-induced hearing loss and indicates that DNMT1 may be a promising therapeutic target.

Graphical abstract
Historical floods of the Douro River in Porto, Portugal (1727–1799)
Authors: Alcoforado Maria João , Silva Luís Pedro , Amorim Inês , Fragoso Marcelo , Garcia João Carlos 
Published: March 2021

AbstractExtreme meteorological events have had devastating consequences all over the world throughout the ages. In this study, we look into the floods at the mouth of the Douro River (Porto, Portugal) in the eighteenth century to expand the data series of floods in Northern Portugal. Information was gathered mostly from documentary narrative sources, either individual or institutional (administrative and ecclesiastic), some of which include reports of Pro Serenitate ceremonies. A study by the priest Rebelo Costa (1789) and the memories of the merchant Ignacio Henckell from 1717 to 1800 stand out among the individual sources. We concluded that there was great interannual variability in the occurrence of the 54 recorded floods, the highest number of which occurred in the 1780s. The “catastrophic” floods were recorded in 1727, 1739, 1769, 1774, 1777, 1788 and 1798, four of which are studied in detail in this paper. The greatest number of flood events took place in winter and autumn, and most of them lasted between 1 and 3 days. An analysis of the description of the floods, their impacts and the associated meteorological causes was carried out. In most cases, the frontal activity associated with Atlantic cyclonic systems was the cause of positive precipitation anomalies in NW Iberia. The great variability in heavy precipitation was confirmed by the new data. However, hardly any temporal simultaneity was found with other case studies in Southern Europe, except for Spain, especially several localities of Galicia and the mid Douro Valley (Zamora).
Speciesism and Speciescentrism
Authors: Albersmeier Frauke 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe term ‘speciesism’ was once coined to name discrimination against nonhuman animals (Ryder 1975) as well as the bias that such discrimination expresses (Singer 2009 [1975]). It has sparked a debate on criteria for being morally considerable and the relative significance of human and nonhuman animals’ interests. Many defenses of the preferential consideration of humans have come with a denial of the normative meaning of the term ‘speciesism’ itself (e.g., Cohen 1986, Kagan 2016). In fact, defenders of the moral relevance of species membership and their critics alike have often used ‘speciesism’ as a merely descriptive technical term for classifying positions in normative ethics. This paper argues that this terminological choice severely impoverishes our ethical vocabulary and moral conceptual scheme. It obscures the considerable common ground among theorists with differing views on the relevance of various properties for moral consideration. It is often overlooked that even most defenders of the preferential treatment of one’s fellow species members have good reason to hold on to the normative notion that ‘speciesism’ was originally meant to be. Two distinct types of concepts are involved when differential treatment along species lines is addressed in a normative and a descriptive way, respectively. The term ‘speciesism’ should be reserved for the normative concept and kept apart from the descriptive term ‘speciescentrism.’ Attempts to redefine speciesism as something that is not wrong by definition are shown to be epistemically and morally harmful for the same reasons attempts to redefine racism and sexism in this way are.
Nitrification inhibitors reduce N2O emissions induced by application of biogas digestate to oilseed rape
Authors: Kesenheimer Katharina , Augustin Jürgen , Hegewald Hannes , Köbke Sarah , Dittert Klaus , Räbiger Thomas , Quiñones Teresa Suárez , Prochnow Annette , Hartung Jens , Fuß Roland , Stichnothe Heinz , Flessa Heinz , Ruser Reiner 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWinter oilseed rape (WOSR) is the major oil crop cultivated in Europe and the most important feedstock for biodiesel. Up to 90% of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from biodiesel production can occur during oilseed rape cultivation. Therefore, mitigation strategies are required and need to focus on direct nitrous oxide (N2O) emission as one of the largest GHG contributors in biodiesel production. Earlier studies show that nitrification inhibitors (NIs) can reduce N2O emissions derived from N-fertilization. Since information on the effect of biogas digestates with or without NIs on N2O emissions from WOSR fields is scarce, the aim of this study was to evaluate their effects on N2O emissions, mineral N dynamics, and oil yield in WOSR production fertilized with digestate. The study was conducted at five sites across Germany over three years resulting in 15 full site-years data sets. Across all sites and years, N2O emission from WOSR fertilized with biogas digestate (180 kg NH4+-N ha−1yr−1) ranged between 0.2 and 3.5 kg N2O–N ha−1 yr−1. Due to the reduction of the nitrate concentrations following digestate application, application of NI significantly reduced annual N2O emission by 36%. Our results demonstrate that NI can be an effective measure for reducing N2O emissions from digestate application, but its effectiveness depends on soil and weather conditions, and ultimately on the site-specific potential for N2O production and release. There was no effect of NI application on grain and oil yield.