bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Priorities for science to support national implementation of the sustainable development goals: A review of progress and gaps
Authors: Allen Cameron , Metternicht Graciela , Wiedmann Thomas 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe sustainable development goals (SDGs) provide a framework of goals, targets, and indicators designed to guide national implementation of sustainable development to 2030. Several aspects of the framework are challenging, including its complex and integrated scope and transformational character. A range of approaches developed in the sustainability sciences can assist countries to address these challenges. In this paper, we evaluate recent scientific literature as well as national practice relating to the use of science‐based approaches to support and enable national SDG implementation. The review encompasses >150 articles from the peer‐reviewed and grey scientific literature, identifying 22 science‐based approaches developed and recommended by experts to support national implementation. We then review and evaluate recent practice and experience of 56 countries in implementing the SDGs and the extent to which these approaches are evident in Voluntary National Reviews (VNRs). Overall, we find some cross‐fertilization in the science‐policy interface of national SDG implementation, particularly in monitoring and evaluation. While scientific methods for evaluating interlinkages between the SDGs and understanding national transformations have advanced considerably in recent years, they are yet to become a feature of the VNRs reviewed. There is evidence that demand for these approaches is increasing, and it will be critical that researchers understand the needs of policy makers and other stakeholders and design tools that provide practical and actionable evidence that assist countries to understand, quantify, and implement the transformations needed to achieve the SDGs over the coming decade.
Roles of Proton in the Formation of Particles: Soap‐free Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene using AIBN and Potassium Persulfate as Initiators
Authors: Xu Xiuhang , Xia Yunfei , Qian Jiajia , Yu Haihua , Zhong Yangyang , Wang Fei , Zhou Chuan , Ni Henmei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this paper, the hydrophobic effect or hydration of hydrophobe was firstly introduced into the mechanism of polystyrene particles formation. Negatively charged surface of hydration shell was proposed due to the ordered structure of water molecules. Consequentially the concentration of hydrophobic chains depended on pH because protons destroyed the hydration shell, thereby extruded hydrophobic chains from the H‐bonds networks. The soap‐free emulsion polymerization of styrene by using AIBN (azodiisobutyronitrile) and KPS (Potassium Persulfate), respectively was performed at various pHs. It was proved that protons played a crucial role on the formation of PSt (polystyrene) particles. By using AIBN, particles were not prepared at pH 2.0 (HAc), pH 4.0 (HCl) and pH 2.0 (HCl), whereas by using KPS, particles were obtained regardless to pH. It indicated that anions of sulfate greatly enhanced the tolerance of hydration shell to the suffering from protons. Meanwhile, the roles of polymerization in the monomer phase, aqueous phase and growing particles were elucidated. By using AIBN, ca. 30 % PSt with Mn (Numeral average molecular weight) =300‐1500 formed in the monomer phase at pH 6.8, which dissolved in water at pH 8.0 and pH 10.0. By using KPS, ca. 20 % and 30 % conversion of St were found in the aqueous phase at pH 2.0 (HCl) and pH 10.0 (NaOH), respectively. At pH 2.0 (HCl), oligomers generated in the aqueous phase were protonated, whereas at pH 10.0 (NaOH), they were soluble due to the seriously suppressed dissociation of water. At other pHs, oligomers captured protons, thereby relieved particles and interface from the suffering of protons. As the concentration of oligomers increased, oligomers precipitated to form clusters due to the increase of average number of protons on the surface of oligomers hydration shell, which successively incorporated into the growing particles, thus enlarged PDI (Polydispersity index) of MW (Weight‐average molecular weight) distribution in particles. By using AIBN, owing to the limited partition of AIBN in the interfacial layer of St phase, the flat‐roof peaks of GPC curves were observed, namely that the weight fraction of Mi was constant. It implies that the free‐radicals are living in the growing particles.
Parietal fibrinous peritonitis in cattle: A literature review
Authors: Djebala Salem , Evrard Julien , Moula Nassim , Gille Linde , Sartelet Arnaud , Bossaert Philippe 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackground: Parietal fibrinous peritonitis (PFP) is a complication of laparotomy in cattle, consisting of fluid and fibrin accumulation within a fibrous capsule between the parietal peritoneum and the abdominal muscles. Since scientific information on PFP is scarce, we aim to collect available information to help practitioners in its diagnosis and treatment, and to formulate research perspectives.Methods: PubMed and GoogleScholar databases were scanned using “cattle” or “bovine”, and one of the following keywords: “seroma”, “parietal fibrinous peritonitis”, “retroperitoneal abscess”, or “wound infection”.Results: Although scientific information is often anecdotal, two recent larger studies shed more light on PFP symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Symptoms vary according to the cavity's localisation and size, and include anorexia, weight loss and an inflammatory status. Rectal palpation is strongly indicative, but the definitive diagnosis is made by ultrasound.Trueperella pyogenesandEscherichia coliare frequently isolated germs, although it remains unclear whether they are primary or secondary agents. Good survival rates were reported after surgical drainage.Conclusion: Although the diagnosis and treatment seem clear, the exact pathogenesis of PFP should be the focus of ongoing research. This can be achieved by epidemiological data analysis focusing on risk factors like surgery technique, housing and ration.
Risks to future atoll habitability from climate‐driven environmental changes
Authors: Duvat Virginie K. E. , Magnan Alexandre K. , Perry Chris T. , Spencer Tom , Bell Johann D. , Wabnitz Colette C. C. , Webb Arthur P. , White Ian , McInnes Kathleen L. , Gattuso Jean‐Pierre , Graham Nicholas A. J. , Nunn Patrick D. , Le Cozannet Gonéri 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRecent assessments of future risk to atoll habitability have focused on island erosion and submergence, and have overlooked the effects of other climate‐related drivers, as well as differences between ocean basins and island types. Here we investigate the cumulative risk arising from multiple drivers (sea‐level rise; changes in rainfall, ocean–atmosphere oscillations and tropical cyclone intensity; ocean warming and acidification) to five Habitability Pillars: Land, Freshwater supply, Food supply, Settlements and infrastructure, and Economic activities. Risk is assessed for urban and rural islands of the Pacific and Indian Oceans, under RCP2.6 and RCP8.5, in 2050 and 2090, and considering a moderate adaptation scenario. Risks will be highest in the Western Pacific which will experience increased island destabilization together with a high threat to freshwater, and decreased land‐based and marine food supply from reef‐dependent fish and tuna and tuna‐like resources. Risk accumulation will occur at a lower rate in the Central Pacific (lower pressure on land, with more limited cascading effects on other Habitability Pillars; increase in pelagic fish stocks) and the Central Indian Ocean (mostly experiencing increased land destabilization and reef degradation). Risk levels will vary significantly between urban islands, depending on geomorphology and local shoreline disturbances. Rural islands will experience less contrasting risk levels, but higher risks than urban islands in the second half of the century.This article is categorized under:
Trans‐Disciplinary Perspectives > Regional Reviews
Exploring Diversity in the Relationships Between Teacher Quality and Job Satisfaction in the Nordic Countries—Insights from TALIS 2013 and 2018
Authors: Yang Hansen Kajsa , Radišić Jelena , Liu Xin , Glassow Leah Natasha 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEquity and quality are the common goals to strive for in the Nordic education systems. Yet the mechanisms through which the separate education systems approach these goals have become more diverse. The chapter provides evidence in support of the different facets of teacher quality, such as self-efficacy, as well as teacher-students relations concerning their importance for teachers’ job satisfaction across the Nordic countries. Diversities, however, were also observed. The results from the TALIS 2013 model outlined two subgroups of the Nordic countries with similar mechanisms: the Norway-Sweden and the Denmark-Finland groups. No distinctive group was found in the TALIS 2018 results, producing more country-specific patterns, such as the importance of social utility value for Norway, adverse classroom composition in Sweden or teacher effective professional development positively impacting the personal and social utility values of teachers in Finland. These observed diversities and changing patterns may find their reasons in the gradually dissolved unity of the Nordic model by the different reform actions taken in recent years, such as in the example of Sweden, and in the long-term prerequisites for the teaching profession, where Finland is the country that stands out.
The Case for Good Discipline? Evidence on the Interplay Between Disciplinary Climate, Socioeconomic Status, and Science Achievement from PISA 2015
Authors: Scherer Ronny 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn both educational and psychological research, the relation between socioeconomic status (SES) and academic achievement is the most widely examined contextual effect. While several research syntheses have reported evidence of positive and significant SES–achievement relations (i.e., higher SES is associated with better academic achievement in several domains), they also reported substantial variation across educational contexts, such as classrooms, schools, and educational systems, and proposed mechanisms underlying these relations. This chapter addressed this variation and tested three hypotheses on the interplay between socioeconomic status, the disciplinary climate in science lessons, and science achievement—the compensation hypothesis, the mediation hypothesis, and the moderation hypothesis. Utilizing the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2015 data from the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden), multilevel structural equation modeling provided evidence to test the contextual, indirect, and cross-level interaction effects. While evidence for the compensation hypothesis existed in most Nordic countries, evidence supporting the mediating and moderating roles of the disciplinary climate for the SES–achievement relation was sparse.
Improving Equity Through National-Level Assessment Initiatives
Authors: Nortvedt G. A. , Bratting K. B. , Kovpanets O. , Pettersen A. , Rohatgi A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter investigates how a national-level assessment initiative may improve equity in early years numeracy education, taking the Norwegian mapping tests for primary grades 1–3 as an example. Three assessments, one test for each grade level, were launched in the 2013–2014 school year and have been used every year since. In accordance with Nordic model principles, the test content is available to teachers to ensure familiarity with the test content and the formative use of the assessment outcomes to improve teaching and learning for students identified as at risk of lagging behind. Analysis of student data reveals that, 6 years after the first implementation, no inflation can be seen in test scores. Thus, an exposed assessment may remain robust within an educational system that aspires to transparency, such as the Norwegian one. However, analyses of interview data and achievement data reveal that teachers often struggle to use the assessment outcomes to improve teaching. These results suggest that the initiative to improve equity in primary school numeracy education depends on teachers’ assessment literacy. In accordance with Nordic model principles, schools have significant autonomy and are responsible for identifying professional development needs for their teachers. This research confirms the dilemmas in the Nordic model between national-level and local initiatives and responsibilities.
Individuelle und kollektive Verantwortung. Reichweiten und Rechtsfolgen
Authors: Luchterhandt Otto 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungDas sog. Atomzeitalter hat den Menschen erstmals in eine globale Verantwortung für sein Überleben genommen. Die stürmische Entwicklung von Künstlicher Intelligenz, von maschinellem Lernen und Robotik sowie ihre Leistungsfähigkeit und systemische Vernetzung drohen die Verantwortung des Menschen für sein Handeln auszuhöhlen, sein Schicksal an nicht mehr beherrschbare komplexe technische Prozesse auszuliefern und die humane Welt von innen heraus zu zerstören. Der Beitrag unterstreicht gegenüber solchen Befürchtungen die Grenzen der Künstlichen Intelligenz, die sich aus ihrer maschinellen, funktionalen Eigenart ergeben, referiert die insbesondere von der EU ausgehenden Initiativen, die ethischen und rechtlichen Bedingungen der Verantwortung des Menschen für seine Entscheidungen zu sichern, und warnt davor, sich einem letztlich rein funktionalen, reduktionistischen Menschenbild anzupassen und zu unterwerfen.
If you see it, say it, and we’ll sort it…
Authors: Selke Stefan 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungDas Zusammenspiel menschlicher und künstlicher Intelligenz wird am Beispiel der Überwachung des öffentlichen Raumes in England exemplarisch und essayistisch erläutert. Ausgangspunkt ist hierbei die kontinuierliche Ausstrahlung der Botschaft „If you see it, say it, and we’ll sort it“ an häufig frequentierten öffentlichen Orten wie Bahnhöfen oder Flugplätzen. Ausgehend von diesem Fallbeispiel wird in fünf Schritten eine idealtypische Prozesskette entwickelt, die das Ineinandergreifen sozialer Interaktion und technischer Assistenzsystem bis hin zu künstlicher Intelligenz erläutert. Zusammenfassend wird die Wirkung dieses Prozesses als rationale Diskriminierung beschrieben. Dabei geht es im Kern um die These der Durchsetzung eines defizitorientierten Menschenbildes, das auf gesteigerter Abweichungssensibilität basiert und trotz oder gerade wegen seiner Orientierung an Effizienzkriterien zu neuen Diskriminierungsformen und digitalen Vulnerabilitäten führen kann. Bei der zukünftigen Gestaltung künstlicher Intelligenz sind diese sozial transformierenden (Neben-)Wirkungen zu beachten, damit das Zusammenspiel aller Intelligenzformen konvivial bleibt.
Einleitende Worte zur Gestaltung des Zusammenwirkens
Authors: Jipp Meike 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Gestaltung des Zusammenwirkens von Mensch und Technik steht im Mittelpunkt des ersten Teils des vorliegenden Buchs. Welche Chancen und Risiken haben lernende, technische Systeme für Menschen? Wie können technische Systeme so gestaltet werden, dass sie Menschen tatsächlich helfen?
Wie technische Systeme aus uns schlau werden. Von maschineller Auslegung und Festlegung
Authors: Gransche Bruno 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungDas Zusammenwirken von natürlicher und künstlicher Intelligenz kann aus philosophischer Perspektive als ein Fall von allgemeineren Mensch-Technik-Relationen gefasst werden. Dieser Beitrag nimmt einerseits eine solche allgemeinere Perspektive ein, betrachtet andererseits die Assistenzrelation zwischen lernenden Assistenzsystemen und Menschen als wiederum einen Fall solchen Zusammenwirkens.Dazu werden zunächst einige Begriffe abgeschritten, die die philosophische Perspektive etwa im Gegensatz zur informatischen oder psychologischen benötigt. Nach einigen handlungstheoretischen Grundlagen rückt die Perspektive auf aktuelle und im Entstehen befindliche Mensch-Technik-Relationen in den Mittelpunkt. Als ein Unterfall von Mensch-Technik-Welt-Verhältnissen hat Don Ihde die sogenannte hermeneutische Relation herausgestellt. Diese besagt: Menschen interpretieren die Welt vermittelt durch Technik. Kern des hier vorliegenden Beitrags ist die These von der Inversion dieser hermeneutischen Relation durch lernende Technik bzw. künstliche Intelligenz. Diese Inversion besagt: Technik ‚interpretiert‘ Menschen vermittelt durch Daten und arrangiert entsprechend die Welt. In beiden Relation geht es um deuten und gedeutet werden und damit immer auch um den Kampf um Deutungshoheiten.
Chirality, a new key for the definition of the connection and curvature of a Lie-Kac superalgebra
Authors: Thierry-Mieg Jean 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A natural generalization of a Lie algebra connection, or Yang-Mills field, to the case of a Lie-Kac superalgebra, for example SU(m/n), just in terms of ordinary complex functions and differentials, is proposed. Using the chirality χ which defines the supertrace of the superalgebra: STr(…) = Tr(χ…), we construct a covariant differential: D = χ(d + A) + Φ, where A is the standard even Lie-subalgebra connection 1-form and Φ a scalar field valued in the odd module. Despite the fact that Φ is a scalar, Φ anticommutes with (χA) because χ anticommutes with the odd generators hidden in Φ. Hence the curvature F = DD is a superalgebra-valued linear map which respects the Bianchi identity and correctly defines a chiral parallel transport compatible with a generic Lie superalgebra structure.
Universal flow equations and chaos bound saturation in 2d dilaton gravity
Authors: Grumiller D. , McNees R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We show that several features of the Jackiw-Teitelboim model are in fact universal properties of two-dimensional Maxwell-dilaton gravity theories with a broad class of asymptotics. These theories satisfy a flow equation with the structure of a dimensionally reduced $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

deformation, and exhibit chaotic behavior signaled by a maximal Lyapunov exponent. One consequence of our results is a no-go theorem for smooth flows from an asymptotically AdS2 region to a de Sitter fixed point.
Measurement of the e+e− → π+π− process cross section with the SND detector at the VEPP-2000 collider in the energy region 0.525 < $$ \sqrt{s} $$ < 0.883 GeV
Authors:   SND collaboration, Achasov M. N. , Baykov A. A. , Barnyakov A. Yu. , Beloborodov K. I. , Berdyugin A. V. , Berkaev D. E. , Bogdanchikov A. G. , Botov A. A. , Dimova T. V. , Druzhinin V. P. , Golubev V. B. , Kardapoltsev L. V. , Kharlamov A. G. , Koop I. A. , Korol A. A. , Kovrizhin D. P. , Kupich A. S. , Lysenko A. P. , Martin K. A. , Melnikova N. A. , Muchnoi N. Yu. , Obrazovsky A. E. , Pakhtusova E. V. , Perevedentsev E. A. , Pugachev K. V. , Savchenko Y. S. , Serednyakov S. I. , Silagadze Z. K. , Shatunov P. Yu. , Shatunov Yu. M. , Shtol D. A. , Shwartz D. B. , Surin I. K. , Usov Yu. V. , Zemlyansky I. M. , Zhabin V. N. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The cross section of the process e+e− → π+π− has been measured in the Spherical Neutral Detector (SND) experiment at the VEPP-2000 e+e− collider VEPP-2000 in the energy region 525 <$$ \sqrt{s} $$

s

< 883 MeV. The measurement is based on data with an integrated luminosity of about 4.6 pb−1. The systematic uncertainty of the cross section determination is 0.8% at $$ \sqrt{s} $$

s

> 0.600 GeV. The ρ meson parameters are obtained as mρ = 775.3 ± 0.5 ± 0.6 MeV, Γρ = 145.6 ± 0.6 ± 0.8 MeV, Bρ→e+e− × Bρ→π+π− = (4.89 ± 0.02 ± 0.04) × 10−5, and the parameters of the e+e− → ω → π+π− process, suppressed by G-parity, as Bω→e+e− × Bω→π+π− = (1.32 ± 0.06 ± 0.02) × 10−6 and and ϕρω = 110.7 ± 1.5 ± 1.0 degrees.
The path integral of 3D gravity near extremality; or, JT gravity with defects as a matrix integral
Authors: Maxfield Henry , Turiaci Gustavo J. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We propose that a class of new topologies, for which there is no classical solution, should be included in the path integral of three-dimensional pure gravity, and that their inclusion solves pathological negativities in the spectrum, replacing them with a nonperturbative shift of the BTZ extremality bound. We argue that a two dimensional calculation using a dimensionally reduced theory captures the leading effects in the near extremal limit. To make this argument, we study a closely related two-dimensional theory of Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity with dynamical defects. We show that this theory is equivalent to a matrix integral.
Association of diabetes type and chronic diabetes complications with early exit from the labour force: register-based study of people with diabetes in Finland
Authors: Kurkela Olli , Forma Leena , Ilanne-Parikka Pirjo , Nevalainen Jaakko , Rissanen Pekka 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAims/hypothesisDiabetes and diabetes complications are a cause of substantial morbidity, resulting in early exits from the labour force and lost productivity. The aim of this study was to examine differences in early exits between people with type 1 and 2 diabetes and to assess the role of chronic diabetes complications on early exit. We also estimated the economic burden of lost productivity due to early exits.MethodsPeople of working age (age 17–64) with diabetes in 1998–2011 in Finland were detected using national registers (Ntype 1 = 45,756,Ntype 2 = 299,931). For the open cohort, data on pensions and deaths, healthcare usage, medications and basic demographics were collected from the registers. The outcome of the study was early exit from the labour force defined as pension other than old age pension beginning before age 65, or death before age 65. We analysed the early exit outcome and its risk factors using the Kaplan–Meier method and extended Cox regression models. We fitted linear regression models to investigate the risk factors of lost working years and productivity costs among people with early exit.ResultsThe difference in median age at early exit from the labour force between type 1 (54.0) and type 2 (58.3) diabetes groups was 4.3 years. The risk of early exit among people with type 1 diabetes increased faster after age 40 compared with people with type 2 diabetes. Each of the diabetes complications was associated with an increase in the hazard of early exit regardless of diabetes type compared with people without the complication, with eye-related complications as an exception. Diabetes complications partly but not completely explained the difference between diabetes types. The mean lost working years was 6.0 years greater in the type 1 diabetes group than in the type 2 diabetes group among people with early exit. Mean productivity costs of people with type 1 diabetes and early exit were found to be 1.4-fold greater compared with people with type 2 diabetes. The total productivity costs of incidences of early exits in the type 2 diabetes group were notably higher compared with the type 1 group during the time period (€14,400 million, €2800 million).Conclusions/interpretationWe found a marked difference in the patterns of risk of early exit between people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The difference was largest close to statutory retirement age. On average, exits in the type 1 diabetes group occurred at an earlier age and resulted in higher mean lost working years and mean productivity costs. The potential of prevention, timely diagnosis and management of diabetes is substantial in terms of avoiding reductions in individual well-being and productivity.Graphical abstract