bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Practice of Appending Declarations at International Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Lamus Andrés Sarmiento , González Quintero Rodrigo 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The possibility for judges and arbitrators to append individual opinions is a discretionary right that has existed since the early stages of international adjudication. From its inception, clear boundaries have existed between the three different kinds of individual opinions, namely, declarations, separate opinions and dissenting opinions. Despite these boundaries, the practice on appending declarations shows that they have never been circumscribed, to merely record the fact of the concurrence or dissent of a judge. In consequence, some analyses exist in an attempt to explain what the differences between declarations and other individual opinions are. The most recent practice from judges when appending declarations, however, seems to run counter to the conclusions provided in the said analyses. This fact leads to the question as to what is, in the light of this recent practice of appending individual opinions, the difference between declarations and separate or dissenting opinions. This article attempts to address the said question and as a consequence the relevance of declarations in international adjudication.
The Rights of the Accused under the Rome Statute and the US Bill of Rights: Has 20 Years of ICC Jurisprudence Brought Those Together?
Authors: Zajac Kacper 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The alleged lower standard of the rights of the accused under the Rome Statute compared to those guaranteed by the US Constitution was one of the most important areas of criticism of the Rome Statute by American scholars. This criticism was made in the early 2000s and was based on the text of the Rome Statute alone, before any ICC jurisprudence existed. This article draws on the 20 years of operation of the ICC to ascertain whether the judicial interpretation and application of the procedural rights of the defendant, guaranteed under the Rome Statute, have made them more compatible with their counterparts under the US Constitution. The premise of this article is that the 20 years of interpretation and application of those rights may have strengthened them to the point where the gap between the procedural guarantees under the Rome Statute and the US Constitution has become negligible. This, in turn, would make the early criticism of the ICC system obsolete, at least insofar as the legal argument is concerned. Accordingly, this paper examines existing jurisprudence of the ICC in the areas of prosecutorial disclosure obligations, admission of evidence and the examination of witnesses. This is for several reasons: firstly, the selected three rights were among those criticised by American scholars in the early 2000s as falling short of what was required under the US Constitution; secondly, unlike some other criticised rights, which reflect the ICC’s institutional design and, therefore, are unlikely to change in scope, the selected three are relatively vaguely phrased, thus making it possible to transform their meaning through judicial interpretation; thirdly, the selected rights have been sufficiently elaborated on by the ICC through case law so as to carry a meaning exceeding what the Rome Statute alone provides. The findings of the study indicate that inasmuch as the ICC’s jurisprudence has moved some aspects of the three areas under examination towards their counterparts under the US Constitution, the procedural rights of the defendant before American courts generally remain more robust.
Between the Law of the Sea and Sovereign Immunity: Reflections on the Jurisdiction of the Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal in the Enrica Lexie Incident Case
Authors: Tanaka Yoshifumi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The jurisdiction ratione materiae of an international court or tribunal in a particular dispute settlement system relies on a sensitive balance between the safeguard of the consensual basis of jurisdiction and the need for the effective settlement of international disputes. Thus, the scope of the jurisdiction ratione materiae of an international court or tribunal constitutes a crucial issue in international adjudication. This issue was vividly raised in the 2020 Enrica Lexie Incident arbitration between Italy and India. In this case, the arbitral tribunal constituted in accordance with Annex VII to the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea held that it had jurisdiction to decide the issue of immunity that necessarily arose as an incidental question in the application of the Convention. However, the validity of the Tribunal’s approach needs careful consideration. Therefore, this article critically examines the Arbitral Tribunal’s approach in the Enrica Lexie Incident arbitral award.
Does Prolonged Use of N95 Masks Affect Nasal Mucociliary Clearance? A Single Group Pre-Post Study
Authors: Rajan Nikhil , Choudhury Bikram , Prakash Dipika , Soni Kapil , Kaushal Darwin , Shakrawal Neha , Nair Nithin Prakasan , Goyal Amit 
Published: August 2021

Objective:It has been shown that prolonged use of face masks results in physiological changes in the nasal cavity. The objective of this study was to examine the effect of prolonged use of face masks on nasal mucociliary clearance (NMC).Methods:A single group pre-post study was conducted to determine the effects of prolonged use of N95 face mask (≥4 hours) on the NMC rates in health care workers. Saccharin transit time (STT) was used to measure the NMC. STT before and after using an N95 mask for at least 4 hours was measured for all participants in controlled conditions of temperature and humidity.Results:Forty-eight volunteers (20 female and 28 male) completed the study after the enrollment of 57 volunteers. The mean STT before mask use was 580.27 ± 193.93 seconds (95% CI; 523.95-636.58 seconds) and after mask use was 667.47 ± 237.42 seconds (95% CI; 598.53-736.42 seconds). There was significant prolongation of the NMC after prolonged use of N95 mask on performing the paired t-test ( P = .002). The mean prolongation was 87.20 ± 184.97 seconds with an actual effect size of 0.40. Ambient temperature and humidity were not significantly different at the two test instances.Conclusion:Use of the N95 face masks for 4 hours results in prolongation of the nasal mucociliary clearance as measured by STT. Susceptibility to any respiratory infection may be increased following doffing of the personal protective equipment, including severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) itself.
Correlations of Radiographic and Endoscopic Observations in Subglottic Stenosis
Authors: Bourdillon Alexandra T. , Hajek Michael A. , Wride Mitchel , Lee Mike , Lerner Michael , Kohli Nikita 
Published: August 2021

Objective(s): Subglottic stenosis (SGS) represents a constellation of diverse pathologic processes that ultimately lead to narrowing of the subglottic region and can produce significant morbidity. Existing endoscopic and radiographic assessments may not be consistent in practice. Methods: Severity of stenosis was evaluated and reported using the Cotton-Myer classification system from 33 endoscopic procedures from 32 unique subjects. Radiographic imaging within the preceding 3 month period was subsequently reviewed and narrowing was measured by a blinded radiologist. Degree of stenosis was reported as a percentage in 30 out of 33 endoscopic evaluations and subsequently compared to radiographically determined percentage of stenosis. Statistical analyzes were conducted to evaluate concordance between endoscopic and radiographic assessments. Results: About 45.5% (15/33) of the evaluations were in agreement using Cotton-Myer scoring, while 27.3% (9/33) were discrepant by 1 grade and 27.3% (9/33) by 2 grades. Correlation of degree of stenosis as a percentage using Spearman (coefficient: 0.233, P-value: .214) and Pearson (coefficient: 0.138, P-value: .466) methods demonstrated very weak relationships. Radiographic scoring did not predict endoscopic classification to a significant degree using mixed effects regression. Conclusions: Radiographic and endoscopic grading of subglottic stenosis may not be reliably concordant in practice.
Doctors’ Attitudes to Patient Question Asking, Patient-Generated Question Lists, and Question Prompt Lists: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Tracy Marguerite Clare , Muscat Danielle Maree , Shepherd Heather L. , Trevena Lyndal Jane 
Published: August 2021

Background Participation by patients in their own health care improves quality and safety. Question prompt lists (QPLs) can improve participation, particularly with doctors’ endorsement. Few data have explored doctors’ attitudes on these tools. We sought the experiences and attitudes of general practitioners and other specialists toward patient question asking and QPLs in their practice. Methods In-depth, semistructured interviews and focus groups with purposively selected Australian doctors were conducted. Interview guides were used to explore doctors’ experiences of patient question asking, patients’ lists, and a sample QPL created using an Australian government-funded online tool, “Question Builder.” Recordings were transcribed verbatim and data analyzed thematically using the method by Braun and Clarke. Results Focus groups with 3 to 9 participants and a further 17 individual interviews were conducted. There was a total of 40 participants, 23 general practitioners and 17 other specialists (e.g., physicians, surgeons, pediatricians). Our analysis was summarized into several themes. 1) The doctors expected, encouraged, and had significant experience of patient question asking and patients’ lists. They described many barriers for patients and their efforts to ensure patients had the information they needed. 2) The doctors felt responsible for creating an environment conducive to patient question asking, the delivery of answers, having strategies for unanswered questions, and balancing the agendas of both parties in the consultation. 3) Structured QPLs that prepared patients and facilitated the consultation agenda were viewed positively. The degree of time pressures participating doctors experienced in their context had a strong influence on how they responded to the sample QPL. Conclusion Doctors in this study expected patients to ask questions and endorsed the benefits of QPLs. However, there were more diverse views about the feasibility of implementing them in practice. Designing QPLs to fit within current workflows, via more succinct and tailored designs, may result in wider doctor acceptance and endorsement, hence maximizing the benefits of QPLs with improved patient participation and patient safety.
Hyperglycemia exacerbates cadmium-induced glomerular nephrosis
Authors: Li Mengyang , Liu Xiuxiu , Zhang Zengli 
Published: August 2021

Current research suggests that cadmium (Cd) exposure may be associated with the progression of diabetic nephropathy; however, the details of this relationship are insufficiently understood. The present study investigated the effects of elevated glucose on Cd-induced toxicity to glomerular cells using in vitro and in vivo models, and it demonstrated that Cd exposure and the hyperglycemia of diabetes acting together increased the risk of developing glomerular nephrosis . In vitro, human podocytes were exposed to a DMEM low-glucose media without (control), or with Cd (as CdCl2), or a high-glucose media plus Cd. The CCK-8, ROS, apoptosis, and mitochondrial transmembrane potential (ΔΨm) assays showed that human podocytes exposed to Cd in a high-glucose media had greater degrees of injury compared with cells treated with Cd at low (euglycemic)-glucose levels. In vivo, diabetic hyperglycemia was induced by streptozotocin in 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice to which either CdCl2 or saline (control) was intraperitoneally injected twice weekly for 24 weeks. Compared with euglycemic saline-treated controls, the diabetic mice exposed to Cd demonstrated decreased body weight and increased blood urea nitrogen levels along with histopathological renal architecture changes including collagen fiber accumulation. The results of this study supported the hypothesis that hyperglycemia plus Cd exposure increases the risk of damage to glomerular podocytes compared with Cd exposure in euglycemia.
Calibration and data reduction for X-hotwires using cross validation
Authors: Anoop Mohan Vijaya , Kannan Budda Thiagarajan 
Published: August 2021

A strategy for calibration of X-wire probes and data inversion is described in this article. The approach used has elements of full velocity vs yaw-angle calibration with robust curve fitting. The responses of an X-wire probe placed in a calibration jet are recorded for a set of velocity and yaw inputs followed by fitting cross-validated splines. These spline functions trained from calibration data are evaluated for the probe responses during measurement. X-wire probes are calibrated for low to moderate velocities (0.65 m/s to 32 m/s) and yaw angles in the range −40° to 40° and comparisons with conventional interpolation schemes are made. The proposed algorithm can be extended to calibration of other multiple wire probes and for higher velocities. Some measurements in a single round turbulent jet flow at high Reynolds number using the proposed inversion algorithm are also presented. The present scheme is found to perform better particularly at low flow magnitudes and/or extreme flow angles than the schemes used previously.
Characteristics of the least-cited and most-cited articles in ophthalmology journals: A pilot study
Authors: Patel Parth A , Gopali Rhea , Reddy Anvith , Patel Kajol K 
Published: August 2021

Background: Limited research has examined differences between uncited papers and their most-cited counterparts. By comparing characteristics of each cohort, it is possible to better determine factors associated with increased citation count in the ophthalmology literature. Methods: We initially identified all research articles published in six popular general ophthalmology journals ( Ophthalmology, JAMA Ophthalmology, Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, American Journal of Ophthalmology, British Journal of Ophthalmology, and Graefe’s Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology) between 2001 and 2011. Forty-nine articles were identified as having accrued zero citations as of March 2021 and were compared with an equivalent number of articles with the highest number of citations published in the same journals and time period. Significance ( p < 0.05) for comparisons was determined using the Mann–Whitney U test and Fisher’s exact test. Results: Compared to the least-cited articles, the most-cited articles were significantly more likely to be clinical, multi-institutional, and multi-national in scope, report a statistically significant result, have a conflict of interest, state a funding source, and have higher sample sizes. These publications had significantly more words in the abstract and manuscript and more references. Overall, the first authors of the most-cited articles were significantly more likely to be female and report greater prior research productivity, as assessed by the relative citation ratio (RCR). Conclusion: Considering a small number of articles were uncited at least a decade after publication, it appears most research is useful for future investigations. However, there remain distinct differences between uncited articles and their most-cited equivalents in ophthalmology.
A preliminary study of the relationship between working memory, language experience, and grammatical skill in dual language learners
Authors: Jenkins Kimberly C , Anderson Raquel T 
Published: August 2021

Purpose: This study examined the relationship between verbal short-term and working memory, language experience, and English tense-marking skill in Spanish L1-English L2 dual language learners (DLLs). Methodology: Ten Spanish-English DLLs, in kindergarten and first grade, participated in the study. Children completed the Test of Early Grammatical Impairment, a narrative retell task in English, and verbal memory tasks. Parents provided information regarding language input and output in the home and school environment. Data and analysis: Correlational analyses were conducted to examine relationships between English and Spanish input/output, forward and backward digit span, assessed in English and Spanish, and the accurate and productive use of English tense morphemes in various linguistic contexts. Conclusions: Study outcomes indicated varied use of English tense morphemes among DLLs. Additionally, a strong, positive association was found between the use of a variety of distinct tense forms and verbal working memory performance. Originality: This study is the first investigation to examine verbal short-term and working memory and home language experience to advance our understanding of the specific child internal and external factors that may account for the variability in tense marking during English second language acquisition. Significance: This research provides further insight to the effects of individual differences on the acquisition of second language grammatical skill during childhood.
Complications of Caesarean delivery part 2: Non-pregnant and pregnancy-related complications
Authors: Tan Eelin , Tan Timothy Shao Ern , Leong Teo Harvey Eu , Lau Li Ching 
Published: August 2021

Introduction With the rise in Caesarean deliveries, complications related to the procedure are increasingly encountered. Sonography has an indispensable role in the assessment of these complications and is often the first-line investigation of choice. Topic description: Part 2 of this pictorial review summarises the non-pregnant and pregnancy-related complications of Caesarean deliveries. Discussion Non-pregnant complications include Caesarean scar defects, scar endometriosis and malpositioned intrauterine devices. Complications related to future gestations include scar ectopic pregnancy, abnormal placentation and intrapartum uterine dehiscence or rupture. Key sonographic features of these conditions are illustrated. Pitfalls, mimics, limitations and indications for cross-sectional imaging are discussed. Conclusion Sound knowledge of the sonographic features of common non-pregnant and pregnancy-related complications of Caesarean delivery will facilitate accurate diagnosis, timely management and improved patient outcomes.
Effective disinfecting of protective devices used in the course of treating SARS-CoV2–positive patients
Authors: Tan Moarie Grace , Gui Feng Tang , Teck Liang Lim , Koh Sabrina BL , Biauw Chi Ong , Min Hoe Chew , Siok Peng Ng , Siew Fong Ng 
Published: August 2021

Background: Powered Air-Purifying Respirator (PAPR) was widely used in Sengkang General Hospital (SKH) during the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak. Ensuring a sustained supply of clean and reusable PAPR masks for frontline medical team is an immediate challenge. The Central Sterile Supplies Unit (CSSU) adopts existing disinfection methods and technology for the reprocessing of reusable personal protective equipment (PPE) such as PAPR masks and goggles. Objective: To determine an effective disinfecting method for protective devices used in the course of treating SARS-CoV2–positive patients. Method: A comparison on surface disinfection and modified thermal disinfection outcome was conducted on 30 PAPR masks through detecting the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) by swab following both disinfecting methods. Results: The modified thermal cycles emerged as the recommended disinfection method. Discussion: The outcome of this study has enhanced understanding on the risk imposed on frontline healthcare personnel who perform surface disinfecting on masks for reuse during the work shift. Leveraging on the current expertise from existing instrument logistics, CSSU takes charge of the processing and stock management of SKH’s PAPR masks. An additional workflow is needed to establish reprocessing methods for other reusable PPEs such as face shields or overalls.
Clinical Questions Asked by Long-Term Care Providers Through eConsult: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Fung Celeste , Shah Soha , Helmer-Smith Mary , Levi Cheryl , Keely Erin , Liddy Clare 
Published: August 2021

Introduction eConsult allows primary care providers (PCPs) to access timely specialist advice and informs patient care. To understand the use of eConsult in long-term care (LTC) settings, we examined the clinical content and types of questions asked by LTC PCPs. Methods A descriptive, retrospective study of eConsults submitted through the Champlain BASE™ eConsult Service between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2018, by LTC PCPs was conducted. Cases were classified using validated taxonomies. Descriptive statistics were generated for content and question type classifications, service utilization data, and close-out survey responses. Results 22 LTC PCPs submitted 113 eConsults. They sought advice about drug treatment (58%), diagnosis (44%), and management (38%) in a breadth of clinical areas, often skin-related (39%). Long-term care PCPs frequently asked more than one question type (42%). They received advice within 1 week (91%) and rated eConsult as very helpful and educational. Three case examples are presented. Conclusion This study demonstrates the type of advice LTC PCPs are seeking through eConsult and its usefulness in this setting. Long-term care stakeholders are encouraged to consider implementing eConsult in other regions, as a means to improve access to timely specialist advice, support clinical decision-making, and improve residents’ quality of life.
Factors associated with food safety knowledge and practices among meat handlers in Bangladesh: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Al Banna Md. Hasan , Disu Tasnim Rahman , Kundu Satyajit , Ahinkorah Bright Opoku , Brazendale Keith , Seidu Abdul-Aziz , Okyere Joshua , Rahman Nahidur , Mondal Shuvajit , Matubber Bidyut , Khan Md Shafiqul Islam 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackgroundFood handlers can play a vital role into reducing foodborne diseases by adopting appropriate food handling and sanitation practices in working plants. This study aimed to assess the factors associated with food safety knowledge and practices among meat handlers who work at butcher shops in Bangladesh.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among 300 meat handlers from January to March, 2021. Data were collected through in-person interviews using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire consisted of three parts; socio-demographic characteristics, assessments of food safety knowledge, and food safety practices. A multiple logistic regression model was used to identify the factors associated with food safety knowledge and practices.ResultsOnly 20% [95% confidence interval, (CI) 15.7–24.7] and 16.3% (95% CI 12.3–20.7) of the respondents demonstrated good levels of food safety knowledge and practices, respectively. The factors associated with good levels of food safety knowledge were: having a higher secondary education [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 4.57, 95% CI 1.11–18.76], income above 25,000 BDT/month (AOR = 10.52, 95% CI 3.43–32.26), work experience of > 10 years (AOR = 9.31, 95% CI 1.92–45.09), ≥ 8 h per day of work (AOR = 6.14, 95% CI 2.69–13.10), employed on a daily basis (AOR = 4.05, 95% CI 1.16–14.14), and having food safety training (AOR = 8.98 95% CI 2.16–37.32). Good food safety knowledge (AOR = 5.68, 95% CI 2.33–13.87) and working ≥ 8 h per day (AOR = 8.44, 95% CI 3.11–22.91) were significantly associated with a good level of food safety practice.ConclusionsPoor knowledge and practices regarding food safety were found among Bangladeshi meat handlers. Findings may help public health professionals and practitioners develop targeted strategies to improve food safety knowledge and practices among this population. Such strategies may include education and sensitization on good food safety practices.