bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Power of the Sacred
Authors: Joas Hans 
Published: March 2021

Abstract“Disenchantment” is a key term in the self-understanding of modernity. But what exactly does this concept mean? What was its original meaning when Max Weber introduced it? And can the conventional meaning or Max Weber’s view really be defended, given the present state of knowledge about the history of religion? This book attempts to divest this concept of its enduring enchantment. The first chapters of the book deal with three empirical disciplines—history, psychology, and sociology of religion—to develop an understanding of religion that then lays the groundwork for chapter 4, which amounts to the most thorough study ever undertaken of Weber’s views on disenchantment. It turns out that Weber’s use of this term was highly ambiguous and that his grand narrative leading from the prophets of ancient Judaism to the crisis of meaning on the eve of World War I collapses when we recognize this ambiguity. This makes it possible to construct an alternative that takes into account the dynamics of ever new sacralizations, their normative evaluation in light of a universalist morality, and the dangers of the misuse of religion in connection with the formation of power. This book constitutes a challenge—for believers and nonbelievers alike.
History of Religion as Critique of Religion?
Authors: Joas Hans 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe Scottish eighteenth-century philosopher and historian David Hume can be considered a pioneer of the “natural history of religion” in the sense of a universal history of religion that is not based on theological presuppositions. This chapter offers a characterization of his methodological achievements and a reevaluation of his empirical claims concerning monotheism, polytheism, religion and tolerance. It also interprets the German reception of Hume in Herder and other eighteenth-century thinkers as a serious critical continuation that is free from Hume’s anti-Christian motives. This continuation opens the perspective of a serious study of the literary character of religious texts, in this case of the Bible. All simple contrasts between Enlightenment and religion are overcome as soon as we take this interaction of thinkers into account.
Ritual and the Sacred
Authors: Joas Hans 
Published: March 2021

AbstractÉmile Durkheim’s sociology of religion is presented in this chapter not as a functionalist analysis, but as an understanding of religion that sees it as anchored in collective corporeal practices. These practices and the intense experiences to which they give rise lead to the attribution of sacredness to times, places, persons, and ideas and make ideals possible. This Durkheimian idea has a rich prehistory which is reconstructed here with a special focus on Fustel de Coulanges and Robertson Smith. This prehistory sensitizes us to the persistence of ritual in modernity and even under conditions of the decline of religion. This chapter adds the discussion about a sociological perspective in the study of religion to the discussions about historiography and psychology in the previous chapters.
The Sacred and Power
Authors: Joas Hans 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis chapter presents the outlines of an alternative to Max Weber’s narrative of disenchantment. It does so first by setting out a theory of the dynamics of sacralization in summary form. Second, this theory is applied to the history of the fusions of this dynamic and the dynamics of power formation and the history of the tensions between the two. The guiding thread for this alternative history is the topic of collective self-sacralization and the sources of resistance to it. The chapter ends with a short reflection on the normative implications of this alternative.
Managers as Insiders or Outsiders to Public Organizations
Authors: James Oliver , Nakamura Ayako , Petrovsky Nicolai 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The heart of public management is that the public sector context matters in ways that generic management research typically neglects. Generic management scholarship has found that the degree of match between top managers’ career experience and the characteristics of their current organizations creates managerial fit or misfit. However, public sector management adds the insight of “publicness fit” and the empirical finding that managers appointed from outside of public organizations tend to have shorter tenures, and in some contexts, weaker performance than managers with experience managing inside public organizations. This chapter reviews the current state of research on managerial publicness fit. First, the publicness fit on dimensions of public ownership, funding, and regulation is presented and a systematic review of broader studies of managerial fit for their relevance to the topic is given. Then, review evidence on publicness “insider/outsider” fit and its consequences for the public sector is offered. The third section concludes with an agenda for integrating publicness fit with the other dimensions of managerial fit identified in the review.
How Can Public Managers Use Performance Management for Improvement Without Demotivating Employees?
Authors: Nielsen Poul A. , Grøn Caroline H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Performance management systems in public organizations have grown in importance since the advent of new public management, but they often have a hard time delivering on their promises. This chapter discusses how managers can use performance management tools without demotivating their employees. The chapter points to six guidelines which should be kept in mind when using such tools. Managers should be given procedural autonomy; performance information should be used to increase learning; links between performance and rewards should be considered carefully; performance information and management practices should be used to support professional development and to avoid negative motivational effects and gaming; performance information should be used as a basis for dialogue; and, finally, performance management should increase employee autonomy and avoid documentation overload.
Managing a Diverse Workforce
Authors: Ashikali Tanachia , Groeneveld Sandra , Ritz Adrian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the conditions that may impact workforce diversity outcomes and their underlying processes. Managing a diverse workforce is a growing concern for many public organizations that aim to improve their representativeness and responsiveness. This is a complex challenge given the multiple and sometimes conflicting motives that underpin public organizations’ HR and diversity policies. Public organizations aspire to workforce diversity in order to diminish discrimination and to support the inclusion of underrepresented groups. At the same time, workforce diversity can be seen as a resource that informs work practices and policies, enhancing organizational performance. Since workforce diversity may yield group processes with positive as well as negative consequences for individual and organizational outcomes, the role of leadership gains more attention. Leaders’ influence in fostering inclusiveness in diverse work groups is highly relevant and is increasingly being explored, both in academia and in practice. The chapter concludes with a conceptual framework that may guide future research.
Berkeley, Suárez, and the Esse–Existere Distinction
Authors: Daniel Stephen H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
For Berkeley, a thing’s existence (esse) is nothing more than its being perceived “as that thing”. It makes no sense to ask (with Samuel Johnson) about the esse of the mind or the specific act of perception, for that would be like asking what it means for existence to exist. Berkeley’s “existere is percipi or percipere” thus carefully adopts the scholastic distinction between esse and existere ignored by Locke and others committed to a substantialist notion of mind. Following the Stoics, Berkeley proposes that, as the existence of ideas, minds “subsist” rather than “exist” and thus cannot be identified as independently existing things.
Berkeley on Representation
Authors: Daniel Stephen H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
There are two different contexts in which Berkeley speaks about representations: first, in regard to ideas that “re-present” in memory or imagination the things in experience they resemble; and second (and less familiarly), in regard to how minds organize the objects of experience in the specifically linguistic ways that make those objects intelligible. This second sense does not treat minds like ideas but as the active principles by which ideas are made intelligible.
Berkeley and Hobbes
Authors: Daniel Stephen H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
By focusing on the exchange between Descartes and Hobbes on how the self is related to its activities, Berkeley draws attention to how he and Hobbes explain the forensic constitution of human subjectivity and moral/political responsibility in terms of passive obedience and conscientious submission to the laws of the sovereign. Formulated as the language of nature or as pronouncements of the supreme political power, those laws identify moral obligations by locating political subjects within those networks of sensible signs. When thus juxtaposed with Hobbes, Berkeley can be understood as endorsing a theologically inflected version of deontological ethics in which moral laws are linked directly to the constitution of the self.
Berkeley and Arnauld on Ideas
Authors: Daniel Stephen H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Perception, for Berkeley, has both an active and a passive aspect. They cannot be abstracted from one another, for ideas are unintelligible apart from being objects of mind, and minds are unintelligible apart from their differentiation and identification of ideas. For Arnauld, this means that I define my essence in thinking my thoughts. As such, Arnauld is much closer to Berkeley’s position than Descartes’s in denying that there is a parallel between modes of thought and modes of extension.
Berkeley’s Christian Neoplatonism and Malebranchean Divine Ideas
Authors: Daniel Stephen H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Berkeley’s doctrine of archetypes explains how God perceives and can have the same ideas as finite minds. His appeal to Christian Neoplatonism opens up a way to understand how the relation of mind, ideas, and their union is modeled on the Cappadocian Church Fathers’ account of the Persons of the Trinity. This way of understanding Berkeley indicates why he, in contrast to Descartes or Locke, thinks that mind (spiritual substance) and ideas (objects of mind) cannot exist or be thought of apart from one another. It also hints at why Gregory of Nyssa’s immaterialism sounds so much like Berkeley’s.
Berkeley’s Appropriation of Bayle’s Constitutive Skepticism
Authors: Daniel Stephen H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Both Bayle and Berkeley retain the concept of substance without endorsing either (a) the Cartesian view that spiritual substance is conceivable apart from its faculties of will and understanding, or (b) the Lockean view that we do not know the essential attributes or properties of either material or spiritual substance. Like Bayle, Berkeley speaks of substance not as something that can be abstracted from its attributes or modes but as constituted only by properties that are known to us (including its attributes or modes).
The Harmony of the Leibniz–Berkeley Juxtaposition
Authors: Daniel Stephen H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The juxtaposition of the views of Leibniz and Berkeley indicate how the very points mistakenly cited to differentiate them are clarified precisely by appreciating their similarities, particularly in terms of understanding how minds differentiate and relate bodies. Such a strategy is especially useful for understanding how their accounts of perception, substance, and contingency depend on their mutual commitment to the harmony of all things and on their sensitivity to distinguishing the different domains of natural philosophy and metaphysics.
Berkeley on God
Authors: Daniel Stephen H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Berkeley’s use of a posteriori arguments supports a view of God that is accessible and persuasive for finite minds. However, those arguments ultimately support belief only in a God who is finite. This chapter shows how, by appealing to an a priori argument for God’s existence, Berkeley emphasizes God’s infinity. This does not undermine other arguments, for it does not aim to challenge how those arguments support belief in a God who accounts for all we experience. It only indicates that another kind of argument is needed to show how our knowledge of the existence of an infinite God does not depend a posteriori on our experience of things in the world.
Berkeley, Browne, and Collins
Authors: Daniel Stephen H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Berkeley argues that claims about divine predication (e.g. God is wise or exists) should be understood literally rather than analogically, because like all spirits (i.e. causes), God is intelligible only in terms of the extent of his effects. By focusing on the harmony and order of nature, Berkeley unites his view of God with his doctrines of mind, force, grace, and power, and avoids challenges to religious claims that are raised by appeals to analogy. This chapter shows how a letter, supposedly by Berkeley to Peter Browne (“discovered” in 1969 by Berman and Pittion) is, in fact, by John Jackson (1686–1763), controversial theologian and friend of Samuel Clarke.
Berkeley, Edwards, and Ramist Logic
Authors: Daniel Stephen H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Edwards and Berkeley sound alike because both think of minds or spiritual substances not as things modeled on material bodies but as activities by which things are identified. Those activities cannot be described using the Aristotelian subject–predicate logic on which the metaphysics of substance, properties, attributes, or modes is based, because subjects, substances, etc. are themselves initially distinguished through such acts. To think of mind as opposed to matter, or of acts of mind as opposed to mind itself, is already to assume the differentiation enacted by those acts. Even though Edwards and Berkeley refer to distinctions such as mind vs. matter, they think it is important to avoid treating mind, its acts, and its objects in terms of subject–predicate logic or substance metaphysics.
The Aim of Inquiry
Authors: Kelp Christoph 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChapter 1 focuses on epistemologically substantive accounts of the aims of inquiry into specific questions. It mounts a detailed case that knowing that p/not-p is the aim of inquiry into whether p. To this end, Chapter 1 first develops two arguments that the knowledge aim of inquiry compares favourably with the main rivals in the literature, according to which the aim of inquiry is true belief or justified belief. Next, it shows how these arguments can be generalized to other views about the aim of inquiry that might be conceived. Finally, Chapter 1 responds to a number of objections to the idea that knowledge is the aim of inquiry and the argument developed in support of it.
Knowledge
Authors: Kelp Christoph 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChapter 2 uses the idea that inquiry into specific questions is an activity with a constitutive aim and that knowledge is this constitutive aim to develop a non-reductive account of knowledge. The key idea is that certain activities with constitutive aims do not lend themselves to reductive analysis and instead afford a so-called network analysis in which each element cannot be properly understood without grasping the connections with other elements in the network. After addressing objections, Chapter 2 compares the account developed here with Williamson’s non-reductive account of knowledge as a sui generis mental state and argues that the former is preferable to the latter.
Understanding
Authors: Kelp Christoph 
Published: March 2021

AbstractChapter 4 moves on to inquiry into general phenomena and develops a non-reductive systematic knowledge account of understanding. According to this view, roughly, maximal understanding of a phenomenon is maximally comprehensive and well-connected knowledge of it, degrees of understanding are a function of distance from maximal understanding, and understanding a phenomenon can be truly attributed when one surpasses a contextually determined threshold on degrees of understanding. Chapter 4 discusses a number of objections to the account and compares it with the most prominent rival views in the literature, according to which understanding is, in essence, knowledge of explanations. Again, it is argued that the systematic knowledge account comes out on top.
Know Yourself and Your Responsibilities
Authors: Raines James C. , Dibble Nic T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Knowing yourself and your responsibilities requires that you understand your ethical assumptions and frameworks. This chapter identifies four major ethical theories that inform professional codes of ethics: deontology, consequentialism, ethics of care, and virtue ethics. It also provides a typology for the mental health professional’s use of self that includes (a) negative underinvolvement, (b) positive underinvolvement, (c) positive overinvolvement, and (d) negative overinvolvement. It ties each of these positions to the use of a hierarchy of professional influence, ranging from persuasion, leverage, inducement, and threat to compulsion. It also addresses the professional responsibilities of school-based mental health providers in regards to federal legislation, self-care, and their respective codes of ethics. It ends with a set of ethical guidelines and exercises for reflection.
Analyze the Predicament
Authors: Raines James C. , Dibble Nic T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Analyzing the ethical predicament begins with identifying the primary client. This chapter differentiates the primary client from other participants, such as supplicants, targets, beneficiaries, and consultees. This chapter also identifies important nonclient stakeholders, including school administrators, teachers, other mental health professionals, other students, and community members. It provides eight types of organizational power that stakeholders can wield, including legitimate, reward, coercive, expert, referent, information, affiliation, and group power. It recommends determining the ethical values in conflict and the competing ethical principles involved. It recommends that mental health professionals provide an ethical orientation at the outset of the relationship and understand the differences between informed consent, informed assent, passive consent, and informed dissent.
Manage Clinical Concerns
Authors: Raines James C. , Dibble Nic T. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Managing clinical concerns is a reminder that the therapeutic relationship is important throughout an ethical crisis. This chapter focuses two kinds of threat assessment: suicidal threats and threats against others. It encourages mental health professionals to help students grow through the crisis and to take a developmental approach to shared decision-making while being aware of the risk factors that impair adolescent cognition. It recommends using Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development and cultural sensitivity when addressing ethical issues. Clinicians are warned about ethnocentric reactions to child discipline and to pay attention to power dynamics when working with minority families. It ends with guidance about how to create a welcome space to discuss clinician-client differences, especially due to intersectionality.
The New Globalization of Innovation
Authors: Breznitz Dan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates that not only has the production landscape changed, but that the entire innovation landscape has been transformed as well. Globalization means that innovation in goods and services is now fragmented into four stages, ranging from invention of novel gadgets and technologies to new ways to assemble finished products. Each of these stages necessitates a different local ecosystem of innovation-based growth, and success in each of these leads to very different social outcomes. The chapter introduces the basic thought concepts to be used throughout the book, organizing a narrative for the reader. This will allow readers to let go of their existing (and wrong) “taken-for-granted story” of how the world works, so they can develop a radically new understanding of innovation and local economic growth under globalization.
The Silicon Peaches
Authors: Breznitz Dan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter acknowledges that, for many regions, the idea of attracting cutting-edge tech start-ups is almost irresistible. Seemingly every community aspires to become the next Silicon Valley. But is that feasible? This chapter make these lessons concrete by elaborating on the rapid rise and, even faster and deeper, decline of America’s first Silicon Valley—Cleveland, Ohio. It then shows the near impossibility of trying to become the next Silicon Valley by analyzing the mysterious failure of Atlanta, Georgia—a city that diligently followed all the advice ever given to an aspiring new start-up hub, but somehow was always left only with the “potential.” We will see how at multiple time-points Atlanta’s companies were the leading innovators with the best products in the newest information and communication technologies (ICT), only to falter and be taken over by Silicon Valley companies without leaving any apparent impact on the region. It then brings in social-network research and the concept of embeddedness to explain why trying to recreate a Silicon Valley is a doomed (and expensive) enterprise.
Start-Ups Are Everywhere! (but the Growth Statistics)
Authors: Breznitz Dan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
“But,” some readers might say, “look at Israel, look at San Diego—it is still feasible to become a Silicon-Hyphen.” To which this chapter answers: “And would it be a good idea if it is?” The chapter opens the mind of the reader to new ways of thinking about innovation and growth. Providing a frontal attack on the start-up religion and its most important commandment: using venture capital (VC) as a basis for growth. VCs have attained the paradigmatic status of a “must-have,” institution, when in fact they are just one, not very successful, solution to solving the question of how to finance innovation. The chapter does it by explaining how VCs really work and make money (and for whom), where and when they are successful (rarely and only in ICT and biotech), what does that means to the companies they finance, who is allowed to be part of this party, and what are the impacts on communities in places where the VCs are successful (inequality levels last seen in the Gilded Age). It utilizes research on Israel and Silicon Valley to drive those points home. At the end of the chapter the reader should realize that, YES, they want innovation-based growth, but NO, even if they could make it happen, the last thing they want for their community is to become a Silicon-Valley/Israel look-alike.