bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quasi-periodic dipping in the ultraluminous X-ray source, NGC 247 ULX-1
Authors: Alston W N , Pinto C , Barret D , D’Aì A , Del Santo M , Earnshaw H , Fabian A C , Fuerst F , Kara E , Kosec P , Middleton M J , Parker M L , Pintore F , Robba A , Roberts T P , Sathyaprakash R , Walton D , Ambrosi E 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Most ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are believed to be stellar mass black holes or neutron stars accreting beyond the Eddington limit. Determining the nature of the compact object and the accretion mode from broad-band spectroscopy is currently a challenge, but the observed timing properties provide insight into the compact object and details of the geometry and accretion processes. Here, we report a timing analysis for an 800 ks XMM–Newton campaign on the supersoft ultraluminous X-ray source, NGC 247 ULX-1. Deep and frequent dips occur in the X-ray light curve, with the amplitude increasing with increasing energy band. Power spectra and coherence analysis reveals the dipping preferentially occurs on ∼5 and ∼10 ks time-scales. The dips can be caused by either the occultation of the central X-ray source by an optically thick structure, such as warping of the accretion disc, or from obscuration by a wind launched from the accretion disc, or both. This behaviour supports the idea that supersoft ULXs are viewed close to edge-on to the accretion disc.
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: a statistical approach to an optimal classification of stellar kinematics in galaxy surveys
Authors: van de Sande Jesse , Vaughan Sam P , Cortese Luca , Scott Nicholas , Bland-Hawthorn Joss , Croom Scott M , Lagos Claudia D P , Brough Sarah , Bryant Julia J , Devriendt Julien , Dubois Yohan , D’Eugenio Francesco , Foster Caroline , Fraser-McKelvie Amelia , Harborne Katherine E , Lawrence Jon S , Oh Sree , Owers Matt S , Poci Adriano , Remus Rhea-Silvia , Richards Samuel N , Schulze Felix , Sweet Sarah M , Varidel Mathew R , Welker Charlotte 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
Large galaxy samples from multiobject integral field spectroscopic (IFS) surveys now allow for a statistical analysis of the z ∼ 0 galaxy population using resolved kinematic measurements. However, the improvement in number statistics comes at a cost, with multiobject IFS survey more severely impacted by the effect of seeing and lower signal-to-noise ratio. We present an analysis of ∼1800 galaxies from the SAMI Galaxy Survey taking into account these effects. We investigate the spread and overlap in the kinematic distributions of the spin parameter proxy $\lambda _{R_{\rm {e}}}$ as a function of stellar mass and ellipticity εe. For SAMI data, the distributions of galaxies identified as regular and non-regular rotators with kinemetry show considerable overlap in the $\lambda _{R_{\rm {e}}}$–εe diagram. In contrast, visually classified galaxies (obvious and non-obvious rotators) are better separated in $\lambda _{R_{\rm {e}}}$ space, with less overlap of both distributions. Then, we use a Bayesian mixture model to analyse the observed $\lambda _{R_{\rm {e}}}$–log (M⋆/M⊙) distribution. By allowing the mixture probability to vary as a function of mass, we investigate whether the data are best fit with a single kinematic distribution or with two. Below log (M⋆/M⊙) ∼ 10.5, a single beta distribution is sufficient to fit the complete $\lambda _{R_{\rm {e}}}$ distribution, whereas a second beta distribution is required above log (M⋆/M⊙) ∼ 10.5 to account for a population of low-$\lambda _{R_{\rm {e}}}$ galaxies. While the Bayesian mixture model presents the cleanest separation of the two kinematic populations, we find the unique information provided by visual classification of galaxy kinematic maps should not be disregarded in future studies. Applied to mock-observations from different cosmological simulations, the mixture model also predicts bimodal $\lambda _{R_{\rm {e}}}$ distributions, albeit with different positions of the $\lambda _{R_{\rm {e}}}$ peaks. Our analysis validates the conclusions from previous, smaller IFS surveys, but also demonstrates the importance of using selection criteria for identifying different kinematic classes that are dictated by the quality and resolution of the observed or simulated data.
The SAMI Galaxy Survey: the role of disc fading and progenitor bias in kinematic transitions
Authors: Croom S M , Taranu D S , van de Sande J , Lagos C D P , Harborne K E , Bland-Hawthorn J , Brough S , Bryant J J , Cortese L , Foster C , Goodwin M , Groves B , Khalid A , Lawrence J , Medling A M , Richards S N , Owers M S , Scott N , Vaughan S P 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
We use comparisons between the Sydney-AAO Multi-object Integral Field Spectrograph (SAMI) Galaxy Survey and equilibrium galaxy models to infer the importance of disc fading in the transition of spirals into lenticular (S0) galaxies. The local S0 population has both higher photometric concentration and lower stellar spin than spiral galaxies of comparable mass and we test whether this separation can be accounted for by passive aging alone. We construct a suite of dynamically self-consistent galaxy models, with a bulge, disc, and halo using the galactics code. The dispersion-dominated bulge is given a uniformly old stellar population, while the disc is given a current star formation rate putting it on the main sequence, followed by sudden instantaneous quenching. We then generate mock observables (r-band images, stellar velocity, and dispersion maps) as a function of time since quenching for a range of bulge/total (B/T) mass ratios. The disc fading leads to a decline in measured spin as the bulge contribution becomes more dominant, and also leads to increased concentration. However, the quantitative changes observed after 5 Gyr of disc fading cannot account for all of the observed difference. We see similar results if we instead subdivide our SAMI Galaxy Survey sample by star formation (relative to the main sequence). We use EAGLE simulations to also take into account progenitor bias, using size evolution to infer quenching time. The EAGLE simulations suggest that the progenitors of current passive galaxies typically have slightly higher spin than present day star-forming disc galaxies of the same mass. As a result, progenitor bias moves the data further from the disc fading model scenario, implying that intrinsic dynamical evolution must be important in the transition from star-forming discs to passive discs.
The ZTF Source Classification Project – II. Periodicity and variability processing metrics
Authors: Coughlin Michael W , Burdge Kevin , Duev Dmitry A , Katz Michael L , van Roestel Jan , Drake Andrew , Graham Matthew J , Hillenbrand Lynne , Mahabal Ashish A , Masci Frank J , Mróz Przemek , Prince Thomas A , Yao Yuhan , Bellm Eric C , Burruss Rick , Dekany Richard , Jaodand Amruta , Kaplan David L , Kupfer Thomas , Laher Russ R , Riddle Reed , Rigault Mickael , Rodriguez Hector , Rusholme Ben , Zolkower Jeffry 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The current generation of all-sky surveys is rapidly expanding our ability to study variable and transient sources. These surveys, with a variety of sensitivities, cadences, and fields of view, probe many ranges of time-scale and magnitude. Data from the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) yields an opportunity to find variables on time-scales from minutes to months. In this paper, we present the codebase, ztfperiodic, and the computational metrics employed for the catalogue based on ZTF’s Second Data Release. We describe the publicly available, graphical-process-unit optimized period-finding algorithms employed, and highlight the benefit of existing and future graphical-process-unit clusters. We show how generating metrics as input to catalogues of this scale is possible for future ZTF data releases. Further work will be needed for future data from the Vera C. Rubin Observatory’s Legacy Survey of Space and Time.
Defensible endowments: comparing different approaches in English and ancient Roman law
Authors: Pratt Simon 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Whilst the parallels between ancient Roman fideicommissa and English trusts are well-documented, the author argues that insufficient attention has been given to their fundamental differences. This is particularly evident in the different methodologies employed by each system to protect endowments from potential attack by impatient beneficiaries. Accordingly, this article explores how English jurisprudence relied upon conditional terms—possibly informed by ancient Greek and Neoplatonic scholarship—to achieve defensibility and security for English trusts in ways that differ significantly from the Roman scheme. By doing so, this article raises important new questions about how English law has placed boundaries upon valid conditionality.
Machine Learning Approach in Predicting Clinically Significant Improvements After Surgery in Patients with Cervical Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament
Authors: Maki Satoshi , Furuya Takeo , Yoshii Toshitaka , Egawa Satoru , Sakai Kenichiro , Kusano Kazuo , Nakagawa Yukihiro , Hirai Takashi , Wada Kanichiro , Katsumi Keiichi , Fujii Kengo , Kimura Atsushi , Nagoshi Narihito , Kanchiku Tsukasa , Nagamoto Yukitaka , Oshima Yasushi , Ando Kei , Takahata Masahiko , Mori Kanji , Nakajima Hideaki , Murata Kazuma , Matsunaga Shunji , Kaito Takashi , Yamada Kei , Kobayashi Sho , Kato Satoshi , Ohba Tetsuro , Inami Satoshi , Fujibayashi Shunsuke , Katoh Hiroyuki , Kanno Haruo , Imagama Shiro , Koda Masao , Kawaguchi Yoshiharu , Takeshita Katsushi , Matsumoto Morio , Ohtori Seiji , Yamazaki Masashi , Okawa Atsushi 
Published: May 2021

Study Design.
A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data.

Objective.
This study aimed to create a prognostic model for surgical outcomes in patients with cervical ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) using machine learning (ML).

Summary of Background Data.
Determining surgical outcomes helps surgeons provide prognostic information to patients and manage their expectations. ML is a mathematical model that finds patterns from a large sample of data and makes predictions outperforming traditional statistical methods.

Methods.
Of 478 patients, 397 and 370 patients had complete follow-up information at 1 and 2 years, respectively, and were included in the analysis. A minimal clinically important difference (MCID) was defined as an acquired Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score of ≥2.5 points, after which a ML model that predicts whether MCID can be achieved 1 and 2 years after surgery was created. Patient background, clinical symptoms, and imaging findings were used as variables for analysis. The ML model was created using LightGBM, XGBoost, random forest, and logistic regression, after which the accuracy and area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC) were calculated.

Results.
The mean JOA score was 10.3 preoperatively, 13.4 at 1 year after surgery, and 13.5 at 2 years after surgery. XGBoost showed the highest AUC (0.72) and high accuracy (67.8) for predicting MCID at 1 year, whereas random forest had the highest AUC (0.75) and accuracy (69.6) for predicting MCID at 2 years. Among the included features, total preoperative JOA score, duration of symptoms, body weight, sensory function of the lower extremity sub-score of the JOA, and age were identified as having the most significance in most of ML models.

Conclusion.
Constructing a prognostic ML model for surgical outcomes in patients with OPLL is feasible, suggesting the potential application of ML for predictive models of spinal surgery.

Level of Evidence: 4
The Preoperative Cross-sectional Area of the Deep Cervical Extensor Muscles Does Not Predict Loss of Lordosis After Cervical Laminoplasty
Authors: Liu Jinping , Xie Rong , Ruan Huibing , Rivera Joshua , Li Bo , Mahmood Burooj , Lee Justin , Guizar Rafael , Mahmoudieh Yasmine , Mummaneni Praveen V. , Chou Dean 
Published: May 2021

Study Design:
This was a retrospective, single center.

Objectives:
The objective of this study was to investigate the association between the cross-sectional area (CSA) of the deep extensor muscles (DEM) and postlaminoplasty alignment.

Summary of Background Data:
The preoperative CSA of the semispinalis cervicis (SC) has been reported to correlate with loss of lordosis (LL) after laminoplasty, with a CSA <154.5 mm2 associated with a 10 degrees LL.

Methods:
Laminoplasty patients at the University of California San Francisco between 2009 and 2018 by 2 spine surgeons were retrospectively studied. Patients with previous cervical surgery or nondegenerative diagnoses were excluded. Measurements included the C2–C7 Cobb, T1 slope, and cervical sagittal vertical axis. Preoperative DEM CSA was measured on magnetic resonance imaging. Variables associated with lordosis were analyzed with univariate analysis and multivariate logistic regression, and association between postoperative cervical alignment and the musculature was evaluated.

Results:
Seventy-six patients with a mean age of 64 years were included. The average follow-up was 22.53 months. The overall average CSA of the DEM was 2274.55 mm2 and that of the SC was 275.64 mm2. Means of both CSAs were higher in men (P<0.001). Linear regression showed no correlation between LL with CSA of the DEM or the SC (r=0.005, P=0.119; r=0.001, P=0.095). Univariate and multivariate regression showed no differences in the CSA of the DEM and SC between groups with and without LL (P=0.092, 0.117 and 0.163, 0.292). There was no correlation in LL with sex or body mass index (P>0.05).

Conclusions:
Preoperative CSA of the deep cervical extensor muscles may not predict LL after cervical laminoplasty. The correlation between the preoperative SC CSA and postoperative cervical alignment may not be as strong as previously reported.
Teriparatide Treatment Increases Hounsfield Units in the Thoracic Spine, Lumbar Spine, Sacrum, and Ilium Out of Proportion to the Cervical Spine
Authors: Mikula Anthony L. , St. Jeor Jeffery D. , Naylor Ryan M. , Bernatz James T. , Patel Nitesh P. , Fogelson Jeremy L. , Larson Annalise Noelle , Nassr Ahmad , Sebastian Arjun S. , Freedman Brett , Currier Bradford L. , Bydon Mohamad , Kennel Kurt A. , Yaszemski Michael J. , Anderson Paul A. , Elder Benjamin D. 
Published: May 2021

Study Design:
This was a retrospective chart review.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to compare the effect of teriparatide on Hounsfield Units (HU) in the cervical spine, thoracic spine, lumbar spine, sacrum, and pelvis. Second, to correlate HU changes at each spinal level with bone mineral density (BMD) on dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA).

Summary of Background Data:
HU represent a method to estimate BMD and can be used either separately or in conjunction with BMD from DXA.

Materials and Methods:
A retrospective chart review included patients who had been treated with at least 6 months of teriparatide. HU were measured in the vertebral bodies of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbosacral spine and iliac crests. Lumbar and femoral neck BMD as measured on DXA was collected when available.

Results:
One hundred twenty-five patients were identified for analysis with an average age of 67 years who underwent a mean (±SD) of 22±8 months of teriparatide therapy. HU improvement in the cervical spine was 11% (P=0.19), 25% in the thoracic spine (P=0.002), 23% in the lumbar spine (P=0.027), 17% in the sacrum (P=0.11), and 29% in the iliac crests (P=0.09). Lumbar HU correlated better than cervical HU with BMD as measured on DXA.

Conclusions:
Teriparatide increased average HU in the thoracolumbar spine to a proportionally greater extent than the cervical spine. The cervical spine had a higher baseline starting HU than the thoracolumbar spine. Lumbar HU correlated better than cervical and thoracic HU with BMD as measured on DXA.
EZH2 as an Epigenetic Regulator of Cardiovascular Development and Diseases
Authors: Yuan Jia-Li , Yin Cheng-Ye , Li Ying-Ze , Song Shuai , Fang Guo-Jian , Wang Qun-Shan 
Published: May 2021

Abstract:
Enhancer of zeste homolog 2(EZH2) is an enzymatic subunit of polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) and is responsible for catalyzing mono-, di-, and trimethylation of histone H3 at lysine-27(H3K27me1/2/3). Many noncoding RNAs or signaling pathways are involved in EZH2 functional alterations. This new epigenetic regulation of target genes is able to silence downstream gene expression and modify physiological and pathological processes in heart development, cardiomyocyte regeneration, and cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertrophy, ischemic heart diseases, atherosclerosis, and cardiac fibrosis. Targeting the function of EZH2 could be a potential therapeutic approach for cardiovascular diseases.
A New Surgical Approach to Body Contouring
Authors: Flores González Emmanuel Armando , Pérez Chávez Francisco , Ramírez Guerrero Oliver René , Gracida Mancilla Noé Isaías , Vázquez Apodaca Raquel Aracely 
Published: May 2021

Background:
The success of body contouring surgery will largely depend on the correct choice and performance of the technique, and utilization of the necessary scientific measures. Thus, this study sought to highlight the combination and evolution of the abdominoplasty-assisted liposuction technique, while individualizing each case for the patient’s benefit.

Method:
We present a series of 188 cases from the past 3 years (2017–2019), using our modification to the surgical technique: performing 360-degree liposuction first, and then abdominoplasty in the same surgical time. We show our aesthetic results, surgical time, and complications, so as to compare them with the literature.

Results:
Of the 188 cases, 184 were women (97.9%) and 4 were men (2.1%). In 11 cases (5.8%), we recorded 4 hours as a minimum surgical time and 8 hours in 16 cases (8.5%) as a maximum time. Regarding complications, hematomas were recorded in 1 case (0.5%) as the least frequent complication and seromas in 18 cases (9.6%) as the most frequent complication. The aesthetic results, although not objectively measurable, are flattering for both the patient and the surgeon, as shown by documented evidence (photographs) before and after surgery.

Conclusions:
Our study supports favorable results. Modification of this technique has resulted in outstanding body contouring surgery. We hope this procedure can be reproduced because of its few complications and the pleasant results it yields.
Rhinoplasty for Hypertrophied Transverse Nasalis Muscle: A Case Report
Authors: Shah Mardan Qutaiba N. M. , Mrad Mohamed Amir , Khojah Abdullah A. , Hashem Fuad K. 
Published: May 2021

Summary
Negatively impacting the aesthetics of the face, nasal deformities can be attributed to many congenital or acquired causes, of which muscular hypertrophy is uncustomary. In this article, we narrate a case of a 26-year-old woman with a prominently wide mid-vault, in addition to other abnormalities of the nose. It was thought to originate from soft tissue because it was thick and firm to palpation. Open rhinoplasty was done where hypertrophy of the paired transverse nasalis muscle was observed and resected. The patient enjoyed a safe postoperative period with excellent cosmetic results and minimal effect on the nasal function in terms of breathing and pronunciation. We recommend this approach to any patient with a similar disfigurement due to its simplicity and ability to correct other co-existing nasal disfigurements.
Estimation of the Early Cs-137 Intake of Evacuees from Areas Affected by the 2011 Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident Based on Personal Behavioral Data and the Latest Atmospheric Transport and Dispersion Model Simulation
Authors: Kim Eunjoo , Igarashi Yu , Hashimoto Shozo , Tani Kotaro , Ishikawa Tetsuo , Kowatari Munehiko , Kurihara Osamu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
More than 9 y have passed since the 2011 nuclear disaster in Fukushima Prefecture, Japan. During this period, much effort has been spent on the dose reconstruction for Fukushima residents; however, the estimation of the internal dose due to the potential intake of the short-lived radionuclides (mainly iodine-131) has been challenging because of the lack of direct human measurements at the early phase of the accident. Our previous study revealed that the residual cesium body contents observed in delayed whole-body counter (WBC) measurements of residents from Namie-town, one of the most affected municipalities, varied greatly with the timepoint of their evacuations on 12 March 2011 when the first explosive event occurred at the accident site; i.e., the late evacuees had much higher residual cesium body contents compared to the prompt evacuees. The present study thus aimed to clarify this finding by reproducing the exposure situation based on the evacuees' personal behavioral data in combination with the latest atmospheric transport and dispersion model (ATDM) simulation for 356 selected subjects in adult and 15-y (13–17 y) age groups. The results demonstrated that the ATDM simulation-based method could reasonably reproduce the subjects’ exposure situation, supporting the previous finding. However, the residual cesium-137 body contents calculated by this method were only 10%–20% of those in the subjects’ WBC measurements. This large discrepancy was considered to be caused by both the present method’s underestimation and the overestimation of the subjects’ early intake in the WBC measurements due to a conservative intake scenario not assuming potential additional intake. Additional studies are needed to further clarify the reasons for the discrepancy and to evaluate the magnitude of the inhalation dose in the accident.
Development of a Fission Neutron Spectrum from a D-T Neutron Generator by Spectrum Subtraction Technique
Authors: Scates Wade W. , Schrader Bradley J. , Casanova Konner M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Californium-252 (252Cf) is considered essential by the National Institute of Standards and Technology for the calibration of neutron instrumentation and dosimetry. Californium-252 has a relatively short half-life of 2.645 y; consequently, it must be replaced frequently to produce an adequate neutron flux for calibration. The user community is currently looking for a replacement for 252Cf. The patented technology described herein has a high probability of being that replacement. A preferred method to replace 252Cf would use an affordable and easily maintained neutron source that generates neutrons in an energy spectrum as close to that of 252Cf as possible. Deuterium-tritium (D-T) neutron generators are both affordable and easily maintained, which makes them highly attractive for replacing 252Cf. The patented technology discussed in this paper simulates the 252Cf fission spectrum through a D-T neutron generator by using spectral subtraction. The primary spectrum is built using principally (n,xn) and (n,n′) reactions in a variety of materials. In conjunction with the primary spectrum, an engineered background spectrum is generated using a second set of materials. This engineered background spectrum corrects for differences between the primary and desired spectra. This subtraction technique generates a spectrum very similar to 252Cf while maintaining a reasonable flux. Further, by choosing different scattering materials, any fission spectrum can be matched, including the thermal and epithermal components. This flexibility expands the potential use of this technology beyond simulating 252Cf to any desired neutron spectrum below 14 MeV.