bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
283 Timely Euthanasia on Farm; Dairy Cattle and Swine
Authors: Pairis-Garcia Monique , Robles Ivelisse 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Euthanasia of mature swine and cattle can be challenging. On-farm euthanasia should be used as a tool to eliminate pain and suffering. However, clear guidelines regarding making euthanasia decisions and alternative euthanasia techniques available for use is limited in the United States (US). In order to prevent prolonged suffering and pain in compromised animals, science-based recommendations are needed to ensure timely and humane euthanasia can be performed when needed on-farm. This presentation will focus on two euthanasia challenges currently faced in swine and dairy cattle systems in the US today: 1) Swine: Validating alternative euthanasia techniques for use in mature breeding stock and 2) Dairy Cattle: Identifying producer barriers preventing timely euthanasia decision-making using surveys and focus groups. The swine study evaluated the effectiveness of two penetrating captive bolt gun styles (cylinder or pistol) using a frontal, temporal and behind-the-ear placement. Four treatments were 100% effective in achieving cardiac arrest and death. The cylinder style captive bolt gun resulted in greater brain trauma and death compared to a pistol style gun and behind-the-ear and temporal placement showed promise as an alternative placement site for euthanizing mature pigs. In the dairy cattle study, dairy producers were recruited to participate in a survey and focus group. Survey results indicated that farm owners were most commonly responsible for on-farm euthanasia and most respondents would treat and monitor compromised cattle for a majority of health conditions, regardless of condition severity. Participants in focus groups focused primarily on animal welfare as the most important factor influencing the decision to euthanize and the desire to eliminate animal suffering by using euthanasia as a tool. This work highlights the complicated challenges that arise when euthanizing livestock and the importance of not only identifying appropriate techniques to humanely euthanize livestock but address the emotional and animal welfare factors that influence these decisions.
10 Mechanisms by Which Amino Acids May Enhance Mineral Absorption in Animals
Authors: Goff Jesse 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Both macro- and trace minerals of the diet face similar barriers to their absorption. Minerals residing in the lumen of the GI tract, whether it be the rumen, stomach, small or large intestine of an animal, have to cross the apical and basolateral membranes of enterocytes or perhaps the tight junctions between cells of the epithelium layer to enter the interstitial space below the epithelium. Once there they can diffuse into the venous blood of the GI tract in order to reach the cells of the body requiring the minerals for various functions. Considerable evidence suggests that amino acids can enhance the absorption of minerals, particularly the trace minerals. However, the exact mechanisms by which amino acids enhance mineral absorption remain elusive. In this presentation, the role dietary amino acids may play in forming ionic and hydrogen bonds with trace minerals to enhance their solubility over the absorptive epithelium is discussed. In addition, minerals covalently bonded to amino acids have been utilized as a means of enhancing trace mineral absorption, particularly for Cu, Fe, Zn and Mn. These forms of trace minerals can be more effectively absorbed than traditional sulfate forms of these minerals. It has been suggested the amino acid bonding to the trace mineral works by preventing formation of insoluble mineral complexes with dietary chelators within the lumen of the GI tract. It has also been suggested that the amino acid -mineral complex can utilize the more efficient amino acid transporters to cross the apical membrane of the enterocytes instead of the usual mineral transport mechanisms for each mineral. The evidence for each of these mechanisms will be discussed along with the possible repercussions these mechanisms might have on mineral requirements of the animal.
7 Digestive Physiology of Pigs Lecture: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Burkey Thomas , Lindemann Merlin D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Digestive Physiology of Pigs (DPP) was organized in 1979 to promote exchange of information among scientists working in swine digestive physiology and nutrition. The objective of this presentation is to provide an overview of the past, present, and future of the most important global scientific event in the fields of pig gut physiology and nutrition. To date, fourteen symposia have been conducted including the 12th International Symposium, which was held in Keystone, Colorado (DPP-2012). In order to facilitate the activities of DPP-2012, DPP-North America was established as a non-profit entity with a mission to collaborate internationally to “establish triennial venues that present the most current research and discovery information relative to digestive physiology of pigs.” Regarding DPP-2012, 403 attendees from 28 countries were in attendance, and 250 abstracts were accepted for presentation. The attendees represented academia, industry, and major swine production entities. Today, in addition to digestive physiology and nutrition, the global DPP community has evolved to include topics such as immunology, microbiology, and the use of pigs as a model for human health. As part of the global DPP community, DPP-North America continues to work with the global DPP community to establish global networks, to learn about the latest scientific discoveries, to promote academia-industry partnerships, to involve and train the next generation of scientists, and to contribute to sustainable pork systems. Since its establishment, DPP-North America has sponsored digestive physiology lectures at the annual ASAS Midwest meetings and has provided travel scholarships for North American graduate students to attend and present research at international DPP meetings.
1 Introduction: Review of the Career: Gary L. Allee
Authors: Newcomb Mark D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Gary Allee’s professional career as a swine nutritionist spans from 1972 to 2020 in the peer-reviewed publication record. An evaluation of the major themes presented in his publications show a connectivity of work done at a “basic” science level leading to work on the application of this basic knowledge to meet pig production needs. It is interesting to explore the themes of Dr. Allee’s work and connect that to how pigs are fed on a practical basis today. Regarding sow nutrition work, Dr. Allee used his early work on lipogenesis to expand on the topic to understand how energy sources are able to cross the placental barrier and ultimately impact neonatal energy reserves. Further, Dr. Allee responded to availability changes in synthetic amino acids to the industry to explore opportunities to leverage these AA’s into sow diet formulations. In the area of nursery pig nutrition, his record explores the theme of lipid metabolism from lipogenesis, to ketogenesis to fat source and fatty acid profile implication to diet value. However, Dr. Allee picked up the themes of protein and lactose sources and implications on hypersensitivity and value of proteins and sugars targeted to the young pig all influencing practical diet formulations globally in young pig nutrition. In the area of the grow-finish pig, Gary’s work explored topics of dietary fat use, practical aspects of amino acid inclusion and the interaction of repartitioning approaches to lean deposition with nutrient requirements. This symposium is designed to highlight several key principals for success as a scientist that are evident in Dr. Allee’s career: a) importance of being a systems thinker in ability to take basic information and evolve it into practical implications; b) importance of being a global citizen in scientific professional development; and c) the impact that one has on people endures.
127 Antibody Response as an Indicator Trait for Improved Reproductive Performance During a PRRSV Outbreak: Genetic Correlations of S/P Ratio with Reproductive Traits in Landrace and Duroc Sows
Authors: Hickmann Felipe , Neto José Braccini , Kramer Luke M , Gray Kent A , Huang Yijian , Dekkers Jack C , Sanglard Leticia P , Serão Nick V 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Previous studies proposed the use of antibody response to Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome virus (PRRSV), measured as sample-to-positive (S/P) ratio, as a potential indicator trait to improve the reproductive performance of PRRSV-infected Landrace sows. However, this indicator trait has not yet been validated in Landrace sows or evaluated in a terminal sire line, such as Duroc. The main objective of this work was to perform host-genetic analyses of S/P ratio and reproductive traits during a PRRSV outbreak in maternal and terminal breeds. The data consisted of 690 Duroc and 541 Landrace multiparous sows (1.9±1.2 and 2.3±1.5, respectively) with S/P ratio collected at approximately 54 days after the predicted beginning of the outbreak. Of these, 644 Duroc and 528 Landrace sows also had reproductive data recorded during the PRRSV outbreak comprising number of piglets born alive (NBA), stillborn piglets (NSB), mummified piglets (NBM), number born dead (NBD; sum of NSB and NBM), total number born (TNB; sum of NBA and NBD), and number weaned (NW). All animals had genotype data on ~30K SNPs common across both breeds. Heritability estimates (± standard error) of S/P ratio during the PRRSV outbreak were moderate, with 0.33±0.06 for Duroc and 0.28±0.07 for Landrace. Reproductive traits during the PRRSV outbreak had overall low heritability estimates (≤0.18). Favorable genetic correlations of S/P ratio with NBA (0.65±0.33), in accordance with previous studies, and NBD (-0.33±0.28) were observed for Landrace sows only. Estimates of genetic correlation with other traits were -0.21±0.30 (NBM), -0.12±0.29 (NSB), 0.10±0.38 (NW), and 0.54±1.29 (TNB) for Landrace. For Duroc, these estimates were weaker: -0.33±0.40 (NBA), 0.26±0.27 (NBA), and 0.28±0.30 (NW), with convergence issues for mortality traits. These results further support the use of S/P ratio as an indicator trait for improved reproductive performance during a PRRSV outbreak in Landrace sows.
30 The Effect of Creep Feed Composition and Form on Pre- and Post-weaning Growth Performance of Pigs and the Utilization of Low-quality Nursery Diets
Authors: Christensen Brenda , Huber Lee-Anne 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Fifty-six litters standardized to 12 piglets from first-parity sows were used to determine the effects of creep and nursery diet compositions on pre- and post-weaning pig growth performance. At three days of age, litters (initial BW 2.31±0.61kg) were assigned to one of four creep feeding regimens (n=14): [1] commercial creep feed (COM), [2] liquid milk replacer (LMR), [3] pelleted milk replacer (PMR), or [4] no creep feed (NO); creep feeds contained 1.0% brilliant blue as a fecal marker. Fecal swabs were collected every 3±1 days to identify piglets that regularly consumed creep feed. At weaning (18±1 days of age), six pigs per litter that consumed creep feed were placed on either a HIGH- (contained highly digestible animal proteins) or LOW- (contained corn and soybean meal as the main protein sources) quality nursery diet (n = 7) in a three-phase feeding program over 38 days.
The LMR disappeared at the greatest rate (37.7 g/pig/d; DM-basis) versus COM and PMR (10.8±1.5 g/pig/d; P &lt; 0.001). Litters that received LMR had the greatest proportion of pigs with blue fecal swabs between study days 4 and 15 (85.0 vs 59.0±0.4%; P &lt; 0.05) and LMR piglets had greater BW at weaning versus all other treatments (6.32, 6.02, 5.92, 5.67±0.14 kg, for LMR, COM, NO, and PMR, respectively; P &lt; 0.001). Over the entire nursery period, pigs that received LOW diets had reduced ADG (399 vs 485±42 g; P &lt; 0.001), ADFI (520 vs 595±37 g; P&lt; 0.001), G:F (0.77 vs 0.82±0.03; P &lt; 0.01), and BW at the end of the nursery period (21.2 vs 24.4±1.6 kg; P &lt; 0.001), with no carryover effects of creep feeding regimen. Providing supplemental nutrition during the suckling period via LMR improved pig body weight at weaning, but did not improve post-weaning growth performance, regardless of nursery diet quality.
25 Estimating Fetal Age Using Transabdominal Ultrasonic Measurements in Sheep Early in Gestation
Authors: Navarrete Julissa , Kibler Michelle , Earing Jennifer , Lugar Drew W 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
An increasingly common method to detect pregnancy in sheep is transabdominal ultrasonography. Research has shown that transabdominal ultrasonography can be accurately measured between days 33–60 of gestation. Additionally, few studies have investigated the use of ultrasonic measurements as predictors of fetal age via transabdominal ultrasound. A pilot study found that pregnancy detection can be performed as early as 31 days with an accuracy of 100% and reported that embryonic vesicle depth (EVD) could be utilized to estimate fetal age. The purpose of the present study was to further evaluate the ability of transabdominal ultrasonography measurements to predict fetal age. Estrus was synchronized in fifteen crossbred ewes, followed by natural mating over a 24h period. From weeks 3 to 9 of gestation, transabdominal ultrasonography (at 3.5 MHz) was performed twice weekly. During on farm ultrasonography, pregnancy diagnosis and fetal count were recorded, and ultrasonic images were recorded for subsequent measurement of EVD and embryonic vesicle length. Eleven out of 15 ewes were confirmed pregnant from our sample. Using the surveyreg procedure in SAS we predict day of gestation through the independent variables: average embryo vesicle depth (aveEVD), aveEVD2, average embryo vesicle length (aveEVL), and the number of fetuses. The model predicts 82% of the variation in gestational age can be explained by the independent variables. Parameter estimates for aveEVD (P &lt; 0.0001) and aveEVL (P &lt; 0.0286) are positive, indicating that every 1 cm increase in these measurements results in 8.9 and 1.3 day increases in gestational age, respectively. Holding other factors constant, we find embryonic vesicle depth increases at a decreasing rate (aveEVD2, P &lt; 0.001). These results indicate gestational age can be predicted through two embryonic vesicle measurements using transabdominal ultrasonography.
21 Effect of Corn Silage Inclusion Rate on Live Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, Net Energy Utilization and Beef Production Per Hectare in Feedlot Finishing Steers
Authors: Buckhaus Elizabeth M , Smith Zachary K 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Maine-Anjou × Angus beef steers (n = 156; initial BW 366 ± 37.2 kg) were used in a finishing experiment at the Ruminant Nutrition Center in Brookings, SD. Steers were weighed on 2 consecutive days and assigned into 5 weight blocks (replicate pens). Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial, 2 types of implants and 2 dietary treatments. Dietary treatments consisted (DM basis) of 1) 15% (CS15) or 2) 30% corn silage (CS30). Other ingredients consisted of DRC, HMC, liquid supplement and a dry supplement. The NEm, NEg and CP of CS15 was 94.8 Mcal/45.4 kg, 64.0 Mcal/45.4 kg and 12.7% and 91.2 Mcal/45.4 kg, 61.1 Mcal/45.4 kg, and 12.5% respectively (DM basis) for CS30. Bunks were managed using a slick bunk approach and all diets contained (DM basis) 33 mg/kg monensin sodium. Corn silage yield was assumed to be 45.7 Mg/ha and corn grain yield was calculated to be 10.2 Mg/ha. Beef production per hectare was calculated as (carcass adjusted final BW – initial BW)/hectare. No interaction between diet and implant (P ≥ 0.16) was detected for any variables. Final BW, ADG, and G:F were increased (P ≤ 0.02) by 2.2%, 6.5% and 7.2% respectively for CS15. Observed NE and the ratio of observed-to-expected NE for maintenance and gain was not influenced (P ≥ 0.15) by treatment. Dressing percent (64.52 vs. 63.47 ± 0.250; P = 0.01) and HCW (379 vs. 371 ± 13.1 kg; P = 0.02) were greater in CS15. Beef production per hectare was not impacted (P = 0.76) by feeding greater levels of corn silage. Feeding CS15 resulted in greater carcass-adjusted growth performance and HCW. No differences in beef produced per hectare of crop land means producers can feed greater inclusions of corn silage to finishing cattle without impacting carcass quality or beef production.
119 Lysine Requirement of Market Gilts Immunized Against Gonadotropin-releasing Factor on Performance and Carcass Composition
Authors: Vonnahme Kimberly A , Amodie Deb , Patience John , Pollmann Steve , Galina-Pantoja Lucina , Mellencamp Marnie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objectives were to determine if the augmented growth performance of gilts administered anti-gonadotropin-releasing factor (GnRF) would require additional lysine and if anti-GnRF-treated gilts would require additional lysine to enhance carcass characteristics. The study treatments were arranged as a 2×3 factorial: control vs anti-GnRF (day 7 and 84; day 0 = 11 wk of age) and lysine at 100, 110, or 120% of requirement of the control gilts. Pen (n = 60) was the experimental unit (10 pens per treatment with 18 or 19 pigs per pen). There was no lysine × anti-GnRF interactions (P ≥ 0.2). Immunized gilts grew 3.7% faster and consumed 3.9% more feed with similar gain:feed from day 0 to market with increases occurring after the administration of the 2nd anti-GnRF dose. Immunized gilts weighed 3.4-kg more at marketing. The timing of marketing (4- or 6-week post 2nd dose) influenced the effects of anti-GnRF. Hot carcass weight, loin depth, and belly weight and thickness in anti-GnRF treated gilts were similar to control gilts at 4-weeks post 2nd dose but were greater in anti-GnRF vs. control (P ≤ 0.05) when harvested 6-weeks post 2nd dose. Backfat was greater, and lean was less, in immunized gilts vs. controls regardless of time to harvest. In conclusion, gilts immunized against GnRF had heavier carcass weights and required no additional lysine compared to controls.
118 Increased Growth and Carcass Attributes in Improvest®-treated Gilts Do Not Require Additional Dietary Lysine
Authors: Vonnahme Kimberly A , Van De Weyer Leanne , Amodie Deb , Patience John , Pollmann Steve , Galina-Pantoja Lucina , Mellencamp Marnie 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Numerous studies have shown that gilts treated with Improvest® have greater carcass weights and increased ADG compared with untreated gilts. To develop the optimum nutritional program for Improvest-treated gilts, a randomized 5×2 factorial design of dietary lysine levels (90, 100, 110, 120, and 130% of NRC recommendations) with or without Improvest was performed. Gilts were housed in 120 pens (4 pigs/pen) at 8 weeks of age (day 0). Gilts and feed were weighed immediately prior to each dietary phase change (days 0, 21, 42, 70, 91, and 105). Improvest was administered at 9 and 19 weeks of age (4 weeks pre-harvest). There was no diet × treatment × day (P &gt; 0.78) nor diet × treatment (P &gt; 0.11) interactions for any variables. Gilts had similar BWT, ADG, and ADFI until after the 2nd dose of Improvest, when Improvest-treated gilts were heavier (123.62 vs. 121.59 ± 0.68 and 138.16 vs. 133.97 ± 0.71 kg, days 91 and 105; P &lt; 0.01), had increased ADG (1.19 vs. 1.09 ± 0.01 and 1.03 vs. 0.88 ± 0.02 kg/day days 91 and 105; P &lt; 0.01) and consumed more feed (2.99 vs. 2.84 ± 0.03 and 3.19 vs. 2.68 ± 0.04 kg/pig/day; days 91 and 105; P &lt; 0.01) compared with untreated gilts. Carcass evaluation was conducted on 120 pigs (2 pigs/60 pens). No significant structures were present on ovaries of Improvest-treated gilts. Improvest-treated gilts were heavier (market and HCW; P ≤ 0.02) than controls. Improvest-treated gilts tended (P ≤ 0.08) to have heavier bone-in butt and bone-in ham weights. Belly weights were heavier (kg and %HCW; P ≤ 0.05) in Improvest-treated vs control gilts and were thicker (P = 0.01) but were similar (P &gt; 0.3) in length and width. While IV was similar (P &gt; 0.2) in belly fat, loin intramuscular fat was increased (P &lt; 0.01) from Improvest-treated gilts. Without additional dietary amino acids, Improvest-treated gilts delivered greater gain after the 2nd dose, yielding significantly heavier carcasses and primal cuts, including bellies which were larger as a percentage of HCW, and increased loin intramuscular fat.
58 The Effect of Altering Dietary Manganese and Selenium Levels on the Growth Performance and Blood Manganese-superoxide Dismutase Activity in Nursery Pigs
Authors: Edmunds Clint E , Seidel Darren S , Welch Christina B , Lee Eliza A , Azain Michael J , Callaway Todd R , Dove C Robert 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of altering dietary levels of manganese and selenium on growth performance and MnSOD specific activity. Weaned piglets were blocked by weight (n = 216; 5.21 ± 1.17 kg; 21 ± 3 d) and sex (2 barrows and 2 gilts/pen). Pens within a block were randomly assigned to dietary treatments in a factorial design with main effects of Se (0.1 and 0.3 ppm) and Mn (0, 12, and 24 ppm). Diets (n = 9 pens/treatment) were fed in three phases (P1 = d 1–7, P2 = d 7–21, P3 = d 21–35). Pigs and orts were weighed weekly and pigs were bled on d 0, 7, 21, and 35 for analysis of specific activity of red blood cell MnSOD. Data were analyzed as 2x3 factorial design via SAS PROC GLM. There were no Se effects or Mn x Se interactions observed. There was a linear increase (P &lt; 0.05) in overall ADG (397, 424, and 438 g day-1pig-1 for 0, 12, 24 ppm Mn, respectively). There was a linear trend (P &lt; 0.1) in overall ADFI (557, 560, 592 g day-1pig-1 for 0, 12, 24 ppm Mn, respectively). Feed efficiency (d 0–35) across increasing Mn levels were 0.71, 0.76, 0.74 (P &gt; 0.1). MnSOD activity in RBC increased from d 0–7, peaked on d 7 and decreased to d 35. On d 7, diets with 12 and 0 ppm Mn had significantly increased (P &lt; 0.05) MnSOD activity (0.91 and 0.87 IU mg-1 protein, respectively) compared to diets with 24 ppm Mn (0.67 IU mg-1 protein). The dietary treatment that best maintained MnSOD activity was 0.3 ppm Se and 12 ppm Mn supplemented, while ADG was maximized in the diet with 0.3 ppm Se and 24 ppm Mn supplementation.