bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FETAL ANATOMICAL VARIABILITY OF THE THYROIDS VEINS AND UNPAIRED THYROID PLEXUS
Authors: Khmara Т. , Zamorskii І. , Pankiv Т. , Koval Yu. , Ryznychuk M. 
Published: December 2024

The thyroid gland is called the fi violin in the orchestra of endocrine glands due to its high hierarchical position. It regulates primary metabolism and energy and significantly influences other endocrine organs.
Therefore, our study aimed to establish the fetal anatomical variability of the thyroid veins and unpaired thyroid plexus.
Material and methods. Using the methods of macromicroscopic preparation under a falling drop of water and injection of venous vessels, the topographic and anatomical features of the thyroid veins and unpaired thyroid plexus were investigated on 17 preparations of human fetuses of 4-10 months (81.0-375.0 mm parietal- coccygeal length (PCL)). Violations of moral and legal norms during medical and scientific research were not detected.
Results. In most studied fetuses, the upper thyroid vein began with two trunks and accompanied the artery of
the same name.
Near the lower edge of the thyroid glands isthmus is an unpaired thyroid plexus, the formation of which involves 3-5 veins that connect into venous trunks of a larger diameter or anastomose with each other. In 7 fetuses, one lower thyroid vein started from the unpaired thyroid plexus; in 6 cases – two veins and four observations (fetuses 185.0, 190.0, 220.0, and 320.0 mm PCL) – 3-4 lower thyroid veins. In our study, the places of the confl of the lower thyroid veins were: in 4 fetuses – the left brachiocephalic vein; in 2 observations – the confluence angle of the right and left brachiocephalic veins; and in one fetus – the right brachiocephalic vein.
In 11 fetuses, the lower thyroid veins were in front of the brachiocephalic trunk. In 6 of them, the lower thyroid veins crossed the brachiocephalic trunk above the jugular notch of the sternum and, in 5 cases – behind the sternum. In 6 observations, the lower thyroid veins had no close topographical-anatomical relationship with the brachiocephalic trunk.
Conclusions. Anatomical variability of the superior, middle, and inferior thyroid veins has been established in human fetuses. The structure of the unpaired thyroid plexus, the number of lower thyroid veins, and the places of their confluence are variable.
Analisis Al-Dakhil Kisah Nabi Sulaiman dalam Tafsir Al-Iklil Karya Misbah Mustafa
Authors: Alif Hibatullah  , Musyarrofah  
Published: December 2024

Tafsir al-Iklil fi Ma’ani al-Tanzil Karya Misbah Mustafa menafsirkan surat al-Naml ayat 16 dengan riwayat ahli kitab bahwa ada burung dara dan katak yang bertasbih kepada Allah, dalam surat al-Naml ayat 44 mengisahkan Nabi Sulaiman dan ratu Bilqis dengan kisah-kisah israiliyyat yang berlawanan dengan syariat Islam, ketika menafsirkan surat Saba’ ayat 13 yang mengatakan Nabi Sulaiman memerintahkan jin membuat patung para Nabi terdahulu dan ulama yang dipasang di masjid dengan tujuan agar masyarakat ingat dan semangat fokus beribadah. Metode yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif, dengan menghimpun berbagai sumber literasi sebagai bahan utama kajian. Untuk menilai al-Dakhil penafsiran tersebut digunakan dua langkah yakni mencari sumber tafsir dan analisis al-Dakhil. Untuk mencari sumber tafsir tersebut diselidiki dalam berbagai kitab tafsir, kemudian dinilai al-Dakhil dalam penafsiran tersebut dengan syariat Islam. Sumber penafsiran tafsir al-Iklil surat al-Naml ayat 16 adalah tafsir al-Sawi. Tidak ditemui dalil yang khusus membenarkan adanya burung dara dan katak yang bertasbih, penafsiran Misbah Mustafa dibenarkan dengan dalil semua makhluk bertasbih kepada Allah, baik yang di bumi maupun di langit. Sumber penafsiran tafsir al-Iklil surat al-Naml ayat 44 adalah tafsir al-Qurtubi dan tafsir al-Tabari, terdapat al-Dakhil penafsiran yang dilakukan Misbah Mustafa ketika menafsirkan ayat ini karena memakai riwayat israiliyyat yang berlawanan dengan ajaran Islam. Sumber penafsiran tafsir al-Iklil surat Saba’ ayat 13 adalah tafsir al-Qurtubi dan tafsir al-Tabari, dalam tafsirnya Misbah Mustafa menyalahi logika dan juga sejarah dalam Al-Qur’an, yakni telah dilarangnya patung sebagai media beribadah sejak zaman Nabi Nuh dan Nabi Ibrahim.
Potensi Sinergisme Kombinasi Senyawa Turunan Benzofenon dan Seskuiterpenoid Daun Gaharu (Aquilaria sp.) sebagai Antibakteri Penyakit Kulit
Authors: Leisubun Suci Frasetya , Permatasari Angel Dian , Tabuni Gloriya Puja , Dirgantara Septriyanto 
Published: December 2024

Tanaman gaharu dikenal memiliki beberapa khasiat dalam pengobatan tradisional, sebagai bahan baku kosmetik, dan lain sebagainya. Pada penelitian ini, ekstrak n-heksan, etil asetat dan etanol, serta fraksi n- heksan daun gaharu dilakukan uji aktivitas antibakteri kulit, yaitu terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis. Pene- litian ini terdiri atas tahapan: ekstraksi bertingkat dengan pelarut yang berbeda kepolaran, skrining fitokimia, fraksinasi, isolasi dan uji aktivitas antibakteri dengan metode difusi cakram. Skrining fitokimia ekstrak n-heksana daun gaharu mengandung senyawa triterpenoid dan steroid, ekstrak etil asetat daun gaharu mengandung senyawa tanin, steroid dan flavanoid dan ekstrak etanol daun gaharu mengandung senyawa tanin, triterpenoid, saponin dan flavanoid. Uji aktivitas antibakteri yang dilakukan selama 24 jam dengan variasi konsentrasi ekstrak 100 ppm, 50 ppm fraksi dan dua kandidat isolat serta kombinasinya yang diduga benzofenon dan seskuiterpenoid dengan rasio perbandingan uji (1:1), (1:3) dan (3:1). Pada hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa potensi penghambatan pertumbuhan bakteri S.epidermidis terbaik pada ekstrak n-heksan 50 ppm dan fraksi etil asetat 50 ppm. Dua kandidat isolat seskuiterpenoid 50 ppm menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antibakteri yang lemah, sementara sampel isolat kandidat benzofenon 50 ppm tidak menunjukkan adanya aktivitas antibakteri.

The agarwood plant is known to have several benefits in traditional medicine, the agarwood plant is also used as a raw material for cosmetics, and so on. In this research, agarwood leaf extract of n-hexane; ethyl acetate and ethanolic was used as an antibacterial for Staphylococcus epidermidis. This research consisted of: multilevel solvent of extraction , phytochemical screening, fractionation, isolation and antibacterial activity test using the disc diffusion method. Phytochemical screening the n-hexane extract of gaharu leaves contains triterpenoid and steroid compounds, the ethyl acetate extract of gaharu leaves contains tannin, steroid and flavonoid compounds and the ethanol extract of gaharu leaves contains tannin, triterpenoid, saponin and flavonoid compounds. The antibacterial activity test was carried out for 24 hours with varying concentrations of 100ppm (extract and initial fraction), 50ppm (extract, fraction and two isolates of candidate compounds) and also a combination of two isolates suspected to be benzophenone and sesquiterpenoid (1:1), (1:3 ) and (3:1). The test results showed that the best inhibition of the growth of S.epidermidis bacteria in 50 ppm n-hexane extract and 50 ppm ethyl acetate fractions had good activity. Benzofenon candidate isolate showed weak antibacterial activity, while the 50 ppm benzophenone candidate isolate sample did not show any antibacterial activity.

Submitted: 23-08-2024, Revised: 04-11-2024, Accepted: 23-12-2024, Published regularly: December 2024
Molecular Docking of Pomegranate Peel (Punica granatum L.) Active Compounds by Targeting Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) in Diabetes Condition
Authors: Yuniarto Ari , Rangkuti Saru Noliqo , Junaidin  
Published: December 2024

Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by increased blood glucose concentration, known as hyperglycemia. Several studies report that diabetes mellitus is associated with the presence of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). One of the medicinal plants that has the potential to be used to treat diabetes mellitus is pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Therefore, this study aimed to observe the effect of bioactive compounds of pomegranate peel as antidiabetic against TNF-α using a molecular docking approach. The stages of molecular docking include geometry optimization, validation of the docking program, docking ligand test, and visualization of the docking results. The target compounds analyzed from pomegranate peel were ellagitannin and punicalagin. The macromolecular target wasTNF-α. Redocking between the original ligand and the target TNF-α showed an RMSD value of ≤ 2.0 Å with a value of 0.4902 Å. The hydrophobic interaction was formed between ellagitannin and punicalagin on the TNF-α target shows excellent ligand-receptor interactions, this can be seen from the binding free energy value which is smaller when compared to the co-crystal ligand. These results indicate that the complex formed from tethering ellagitannin and punicalagin to the TNF-α target is more stable than the original ligand complex with the TNF-α target. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that pomegranate peel has excellent potential as an antidiabetic. In silico research shows that pomegranate peel content such as ellagitannin can bind stably with TNF-α (ΔG = -132.44kcal/mol), so it is predicted to be able to suppress TNF-α which is responsible for the emergence of diabetes mellitus.

Submitted: 05-10-2024, Revised: 16-11-2024, Accepted: 25-11-2024, Published regularly: December 2024
Formulasi dan Evaluasi Sabun Wajah yang Mengandung Ekstrak Etanol Jamur Shiitake (Lentinus edodes)
Authors: Putranti Astridani Rizky , Wijaya Yeremia Tanu , Budipramana Krisyanti 
Published: December 2024

Jamur shiitake (Lentinus edodes) kaya akan polisakarida, selenium, dan vitamin sehingga banyak digunakan sebagai salah satu komposisi kosmetik kulit dan rambut. Salah satu kosmetik yang banyak menggunakan jamur shiitake adalah sabun wajah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengekstraksi jamur shiitake dengan beberapa konsentrasi alkohol, yaitu 96% (F1), 75% (F2), dan 50% (F3) menggunakan ultrasonik. Selanjutnya, formula tersebut dievaluasi karakteristik fisikokimianya meliputi pemeriksaan organoleptis, pH, berat jenis, daya sebar, uji busa, laju alir, dan uji hedonik. Formula terbaik adalah F3 dengan karakteristik warna putih krim, tekstur homogen, aroma enak, pH 10,55, berat jenis 0,25 g/ml, daya sebar 11,4 cm, stabilitas 100%, dan viskositas 233,8 cps. Uji hedonik formula F3 dilakukan terhadap 20 responden dengan parameter organoleptis, aroma, kekentalan, uji busa, dan efek melembabkan kulit. Hasil uji hedonik dari para responden dengan nilai tertinggi dari sabun wajah diperoleh dari parameter efek melembabkan kulit, diikuti dengan organoleptis dan efek busa.

Shiitake mushrooms (Lentinus edodes) are rich in polysaccharides, selenium, and vitamins that are beneficial for skin and hair cosmetics. These compounds induce shiitake mushrooms to be wide­ly used as raw materials for cosmetics, one of which is facial wash. The purpose of this study is to extract shiitake mushroom using various ethanol concentration 96% (F1), 75% (F2), and 50% (F3) with ultra­sonic assisted extraction (UAE) method. Next, the formulas were evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, including organoleptic testing, pH, specific gravity, spreadability, foam test, flow properties, and hedonic test. F3 showed the best formula with evaluated characteristics of creamy white color, homogeneous texture, aromatic, pH value 10.55, specific gravity 0.25 g/ml, spreadability of 11.4 cm, 100% foam stability, and flow properties of 233.8 cps. Hedonic testing of F3 facial wash was conducted on 20 respondents with acceptance parameters including organoleptic, scent, viscosity, foam test, and moisturizing effect. The highest hedonic test result score was shown from the parameter of the ability of shiitake mushroom extract facial wash to moisturize the skin, followed by organoleptic and foam effect.

Submitted: 12-11-2024, Revised: 09-12-2024, Accepted: 11-12-2024, Published regularly: December 2024
PRESUPPOSITIONS: THE HIDDEN FORCE SHAPING EVERYDAY CONVERSATIONS
Authors: Eragamreddy Nagamurali 
Published: December 2024

The present investigation explores the key questions: presuppositions exist in conversation, interact with speech patterns, and function with other language elements in real-world communication beyond the speaker's intended meaning. According to linguistic theory, presuppositions significantly strengthen communication through implicit meanings that work collaboratively with linguistic structures to promote understanding, establish relationships, and elicit associated cultural convictions (Allan, 2014). Data was collected using a mixed-method methodology from various sources, including conversations, interviews, speeches given in public, articles, and literary excerpts. Discourse and pragmatic analysis were deployed to explore how presuppositions interact with speech patterns, conversational dynamics, and contextual comprehension. The results show that presuppositions often influence communication by embedding hidden meanings into questions, metaphors, and negations. Although these presuppositions improve discourse meaning-making, unspoken presuppositions might lead to misunderstandings. It was discovered that presuppositions played a significant role in establishing connections between individuals, establishing emotional bonds, and gently directing interpretations in cross-cultural settings. According to the study's findings, presuppositions are essential to everyday discourse and have significant implications for pragmatic competence, intercultural communication, and language enhancement.
Mekanisme Aus dan Umur Pahat pada Pemesinan Micro Milling Paduan Ti-6Al-4V ELI
Authors: Saputra Endra , Putra Christian Cahya 
Published: December 2024

Material titanium merupakan logam yang sangat akrab dengan kehidupan manusia, banyak orang tahu bahwa titanium dapat digunakan dalam perhiasan, elekronik, alat kedokteran dan produk lainya yang membutuhkan kekuatan bahan [1]. Titanium memiliki sifat unggul diantaranya adalah kombinasi rasio antara kekuatan dan berat yang baik pada temperatur tinggi (strength-to-weight ratio) memiliki sifat tahan patah dan sifat tahan korosi pada suhu tinggi. Titanium juga dua kali lebih kuat dari alumunium tetapi bobotnya 60% lebih berat dari alumunium [2]. Akan tetapi, karakteristik titanium mudah bereaksi dengan material pahat potong sehingga cenderung membentuk build-up-edge dan melekat pada permukaan pahat potong. Konduktivitas termal paduan titaniun yang rendah akan meningkatkan suhu pada ujung pahat potong yang mengakibatkan kegagalan pahat secara cepat, penyerpihan pada bagian ujung pahat potong ini menghasilan kondisi permukaan bahan yang dimesin menjadi rusak, yang ditandai dengan permukaan yang kasar dan tidak seragam [3]. Sekarang micro milling kecepatan tinggi semakin populer karena mempunyai ketelitian dan permukaan akhir yang baik [9]. Penelitian ini menggunakan diameter pahat 2 mm, kecepatan spindel 15.000 rpm, gerak makan 0,005 dan kedalaman potong 100 μm dan menggunakan diameter pahat 1 mm, kecepatan spindel 15.000 rpm, gerak makan 0,005 dan kedalaman potong 100 μm. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa diameter pahat berpengaruh terhadap umur pakai pahat, dengan menggunakan parameter pemesinan yang sama, menggunakan pahat berdiameter 2 mm umur pakai pahat sampai 490,6 detik sedangkan pahat berdiamter 1 mm hanya 226,17 detik. Kemudian kerusakan pahat banyak terjadi pada tepi pahat atau yang sering disebut dengan aus tepi (flank wear), selama proses pemesinan mekanisme aus pahat yang terjadi antara lain abrasive dan adhesive.
Proclamación del Año Internacional de la Ciencia y la Tecnología Cuánticas 2025, un ejemplo de diplomacia científica
Authors: Cetto Ana María 
Published: December 2024

El 7 de junio de 2024, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas (ONU) proclamó al año 2025 como el Año Internacional de la Ciencia y la Tecnología Cuánticas (AIQ2025), como resultado de largas gestiones científicas y diplomáticas que comenzaron en octubre de 2021, por iniciativa de la Unión Internacional de Física Pura y Aplicada. Este artículo da cuenta de los orígenes, los preparativos y el significado de la declaración del AIQ2025, y ofrece una reflexión sobre las negociaciones diplomáticas llevadas a cabo.
La celebración del centenario de los primeros avances de la mecánica cuántica moderna brinda una valiosa oportunidad para crear conciencia sobre la importancia de la ciencia y la tecnología cuánticas en nuestras vidas y su impacto transformador en la sociedad. De ahí la necesidad de que cada país desarrolle capacidades propias en este terreno, tanto científicas como tecnológicas y productivas, para contribuir al avance científico y, al mismo tiempo, aprovechar sus beneficios en pro de la sociedad y del desarrollo nacional.
Physiotherapist Communication Skills Questionnaire (Polish Version): A New Scale for Assessing the Communication Skills of Physiotherapists and Physiotherapy Students
Authors: Femiak Joanna , Guszkowska Monika , Czechowski Marcin 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Objective: Optimal healthcare delivery relies on strong communication skills, which ideally are introduced in physiotherapy programs and honed with continuing vocational education. Existing general social skills tests do not have robust enough communication components to assess the communication skills of health professionals in clinical settings. The aim of the present study is to validate a newly created communicative skills questionnaire tailored to physiotherapists and physiotherapy students. Methods: In the first stage, 188 students aged 17–30 years (M=19.95; SD=1.510), including 80 males from the first (n=110) and second (n=78) years of undergraduate physiotherapy studies at Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw (AWF), were included in the study to test reliability and determine the factor structure of the Physiotherapist Communication Skills Questionnaire being created (PCS-Q -17). In the second stage of the research, 109 physiotherapy students, including 47 males and 62 females aged 18–24 years (M=20.68; SD=1.471), were surveyed to determine test validity by establishing relationships with the results of questionnaires examining general social skills (the Social Competence Questionnaire, SCQ) and emotional intelligence (the Emotional Intelligence Questionnaire INTE).
Results: Based on the analysis of the communication process between the physiotherapist and the client, 17 statements were created describing behaviors that are a manifestation of communication skills in the therapeutic relationship. When assessing the reliability of items, two items with poor correlations with the overall score were removed. Based on the factor analysis using the principal component method with Varimax rotation and Kaiser normalization, three factors explaining 60.68% of the common variance were extracted. The final version of the PCS-Q contains 15 items with a five-point response format forming three scales: Management Skills, Assertiveness, and Relationship-Building Skills, with Cronbach alpha for the individual scales of 0.876, 0.808, and 0.739, respectively, and α = 0.908 for the whole tool. The validity of the scale was confirmed by the expected correlations with the SCQ and INTE scales.
Conclusion: The Polish version of the Physiotherapist Communication Skills Questionnaire (PCS-Q) was found to be a reliable and valid tool for measuring the communication skills with the patient in clinical situations revealed by physiotherapists and physiotherapy students. It allows for assessing patient management, assertiveness, and relationship-building. At the individual level, the PCS-Q can be used as a self-assessment scale, or it can be used corporately by external raters to estimate skills via observation.
The effect of cross-linking agent amount and type on the sorption properties of starch graft polyacrylamide and poly(acrylic acid) copolymers
Authors: Schmidt Beata , Wilpiszewska Katarzyna 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In free radical polymerization initiated by 2,2’-azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) dihydrochloride, grafted starch copolymers with a weight ratio of acrylamide to acrylic acid of 1:2 were obtained. Three acrylic products were used to cross-linking starch copolymers: MBA, PETIA and EBECRYL 40 in amounts of: 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 and 1.0 wt.%. Materials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and reoviscometry. The sorption properties of starch copolymers were confirmed by sorption tests: water absorption, swelling in water and sorption of cations: trivalent iron and divalent copper. The highest water absorption is characteristic of materials cross-linked with MBA (1800%), then PETIA (1400%) and EBECRYL 40 (850%). On the other hand, the best swelling results are in the sequence PETIA > MBA > EBECRYL (1050% > 900% > 570%). The most effective sorbent of cations is the copolymer cross-linked with MBA. Solution purifications of 90% and 45% were obtained for Fe+3 and Cu+2, respectively.
Radial mixing in horizontal aerated tubular reactor
Authors: Prończuk Mateusz R. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The article discusses radial mixing in a Horizontal Aerated Tubular Reactor (HATR). The study aimed to experimentally investigate mixing in HATR by determining mixing time, liquid circulation time, and Peclet number values, which measure the ratio of advective to diffusive transport rates. The experimental setup included a transparent tube for observing fluid mixing and a color tracer was used for visualizing mixing. Mixing and circulation times were determined using non-intrusive optical method. The experimentally determined circulation time was in the range of 3÷6.5 s, and the mixing time was in the range of 5÷20 s. The results suggested that fluid flow structure in HATR was closer to plug flow rather than ideal mixing, as indicated by high Peclet numbers (20÷45).
Photophysical and biological studies on structurally modified chlorophenyl-substituted pyrazolone derivatives
Authors: Naglah Ahmed M. , Almehizia Abdulrahman A. , A.K. Maniyar , Marrakkur Vidyagayatri , Naik Lohit 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In this study, chlorophenyl-substituted pyrazolone derivatives (5a–5c) were synthesized via the Baylis-Hillman acetate reaction. Comprehensive physicochemical characterization was conducted using 1H-NMR, FT-IR, and mass spectroscopy. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations at the B3LYP/6-31(G) level was employed to optimize molecular geometries and investigate electronic properties, revealing predominantly planar structures, with notable deviations in the pyrazole group. The HOMO and LUMO analyses showed π-delocalization across the entire molecule, with charge-transfer transitions dominating the excited states. Global Chemical Reactivity Descriptors (GCRD), including chemical potential, hardness, and electrophilicity index, were used to assess molecular stability and reactivity, indicating the molecules’ resistance to electron cloud deformation. Biological evaluations revealed exceptional antimicrobial and antifungal activities of the derivatives, with compound 5a demonstrating the highest efficacy against S. aureus, E. coli, A. niger and C. albicans. Furthermore, antiproliferative studies against HepG2 liver carcinoma cells showed that compound 5a exhibited superior anticancer activity (IC50 = 6 μg/mL), attributed to its structural features, such as chlorophenyl groups and a piperidin-4-one moiety. These moieties enhance the compound’s lipophilicity, facilitating cell membrane penetration and ROS generation, which contribute to apoptosis and inhibition of cancer cell growth. The findings suggest that chlorophenyl-pyrazolone derivatives, particularly 5a, hold promise as potent candidates for antimicrobial and anticancer therapies, paving the way for further pharmaceutical development.