bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Test of theory of foraging mode: Goldcrests, Regulus regulus, forage by high‐yield, energy‐expensive hovering flight when food is abundant but use low‐yield, low‐cost methods when food is scarce
Authors: Norberg Rolf Åke 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Here, I describe foraging behavior of goldcrests, Regulus regulus, based on eight years of field observation in a coniferous forest dominated by Norway spruce Picea abies in southwestern Sweden. The aim was to test predictions from theory on the choice of optimal foraging modes in relation to food availability.

Mortality from early November to early March amounts to 70–86% among goldcrests in the resident population, suggesting they are food‐limited in winter. Food‐limitation manifests itself as a shortage of time for foraging. It promotes the use of foraging methods that minimize the daily foraging time by maximizing the rate of net energy gain. It increases both individual survival and competitiveness. Elimination of competitors by exploitation occurs when an individual is able to support itself, while food density in the habitat is reduced to levels at which others cannot.

Theory shows that when food is abundant, high‐efficiency energy‐expensive search and capture methods give shorter daily foraging times than low‐efficiency low‐cost methods, whereas the latter gives shorter daily foraging times at food shortages (Norberg 2021). Hovering flight is extremely expensive in energy but results in high foraging efficiency. Hover‐foraging should therefore be used when food is abundant.

In autumn, there were 85.3 arthropods per kilogram of branch mass, as opposed to 12.9 in spring. The numerical decline of arthropods, their fat metabolism, and size‐biased predation by birds reduced the spring density of food for goldcrests to less than 15.1% of the autumn density.

Hover‐foraging occurred 5.29 times per minute in autumn but only 0.23 times per minute in spring, which is 4.4% of the autumn frequency.

Foraging conditions are favorable at midsummer because of long days, high temperatures, and an abundance of arthropod prey. Parent birds that were feeding fledglings gathered food at a high rate and hovered 5.42 times per minute. But adults with no young to feed were not compelled to maximize the rate of net energy gain and only hover‐foraged 0.52 times per minute, which is 10% of that of providers.

These results are highly consistent from year to year and in qualitative agreement with theory.
Body composition and maximal exercise capacity after heart transplantation
Authors: Regamey Julien , Monney Pierre , Yerly Patrick , Favre Lucie , Kirsch Matthias , Tozzi Piergiorgio , Lamy Olivier , Hullin Roger 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAimsMaximal exercise capacity as measured by peak oxygen consumption (pVO2) in cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) of heart transplant recipients (HTR) is limited to a 50–70% level of healthy age‐matched controls. This study investigated the relationship between body composition and pVO2 during the first decade post‐transplant.Methods and resultsBody composition was determined by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) and pVO2 by CPET in 48 HTR (n = 38 males; mean age 51 ± 12 years). A total of 95 assessments were acquired 1–9 years post‐transplant, and the results of four consecutive periods were compared [Period 1: 1–2 years (n = 25); 2: 3–4 years (n = 23); 3: 5–6 years (n = 23); 4: 7–9 years (n = 24)]. Linear regression analysis analysed the correlation between pVO2 and pairs of appendicular lean mass (ALM) and fat mass (FM). The relation between ALM and daily dose of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) was explored using partial correlation controlling for age, gender, and height. pVO2 increased from 0.98 (0.34) to 1.35 (0.35) L/min (P < 0.01) between Periods 1 and 4 corresponding to 54.5–63.3% of predicted value. Peak heart rate (HR) raised from 115 ± 19 to 131 ± 23 b.p.m. (P = 0.05), and anaerobic threshold (AT = VO2 achieved at AT) increased from 0.57 (0.18) to 0.83 (0.35) L/min (P < 0.01) between Periods 1 and 3. Median FM normalized to height2 (FMI) always remained elevated (>8.8 kg/m2). ALM normalized to body mass index increased from 0.690 (0.188) to 0.848 (0.204) m2 (P = 0.02) between Periods 1 and 4, explaining 45% of the variance of pVO2 (R2 = 0.455; P < 0.001). Eighty‐one per cent of the variance of pVO2 (R2 = 0.817; P < 0.001) in multiple regression was explained by AT (β = 0.488), ALM (β = 0.396), peak HR (β = 0.366), and FMI (β = −0.181). ALM was negatively correlated with daily CNI dose (partial R = −0.258; P = 0.01).ConclusionsAfter heart transplantation, the beneficial effect of peripheral skeletal muscle gain on pVO2 is opposed by increased FM. Our findings support lifestyle efforts to fight adiposity and CNI dose reduction in the chronic stable phase to favour positive adaptation of peripheral muscle mass.
Exploring filamentous fungi depolymerization of corn stover in the context bioenergy queuing operations
Authors: Wendt Lynn M. , Wahlen Bradley D. , Walton Michelle R. , Nguyen Jason A. , Lin Yingqian , Brown Rebecca M. , Zhao Haiyan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRecalcitrance of lignocellulosic feedstocks to depolymerization is a significant barrier for bioenergy production approaches that require conversion of monomeric carbohydrates to renewable energy sources. This study assesses how low‐cost modifications in the supply chain can be transformed into targeted pretreatments in the context of the entire bioenergy supply chain. This research aims to overcome the physiochemical barriers in corn stover that necessitate increased severity in downstream conversion in terms of chemical loading, temperature, and residence time. Corn stover samples were inoculated with a selective (Ceriporiopsis subvermispora) and nonselective (Phanerochaete chrysosporium) lignin‐degrading filamentous fungal strains, then stored aerobically to determine the working envelope for fungal pretreatment to achieve lignin degradation. Dry matter loss and gross chemical makeup of corn stover varied by the length of treatment (2 and 4 weeks) and by the moisture content of the treated corn stover samples (40% and 60%, wet basis). Dry matter loss in P. chrysosporium inoculated biomass was elevated compared to C. subvermispora inoculated biomass; however, treatment also induced additional chemical composition changes suggestive of depolymerization. These results highlight that fungal treatment approaches must balance the loss of convertible material with the potential for reduction in recalcitrance. Techno‐economic assessment (TEA) of fungal pretreatment in a short‐term queuing system indicated the viability of this approach compared to conventional queuing operations. Total queuing system cost was estimated at $1.65/ton of biomass stored. After applying the credit of $1.48/ton from energy savings in the conversion phase using fungal pretreated biomass, the total system cost was $0.80 lower than traditional biomass queuing approach. While the TEA results suggested that treating biomass with C. subvermispora is the most economically viable storage method in the designed fungal‐assisted queuing system, future research should focus on additional fungal depolymerization such as those observed in the P. chrysosporium inoculated biomass.
Evaluating heterogeneous forecasts for vintages of macroeconomic variables
Authors: Franses Philip Hans , Welz Max 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThere are various reasons why professional forecasters may disagree in their quotes for macroeconomic variables. One reason is that they target at different vintages of the data. We propose a novel method to test forecast bias in case of such unobserved heterogeneity. The method is based on so‐called symbolic regression, where the variables of interest become interval variables. We associate the interval containing the vintages of data with the intervals of the forecasts. An illustration to 18 years of forecasts for annual US real GDP growth, given by the Consensus Economics forecasters, shows the relevance of the method.
Zur Prognose von Tagesbrüchen
Authors: Fenk Jürgen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn Ergänzung zu den Empfehlungen des Arbeitskreises „Altbergbau“ wird im Ergebnis langjähriger Erfahrungen eine vereinfachte Verfahrensweise zur Prognose von Tagesbrüchen über Hohlräumen im Lockergebirge vorgeschlagen.
Gestational age and cancer risk up to young adulthood in Swedish population born 1974 to 2013: A population‐based cohort study
Authors: Persson Monica S. M. , Yin Weiyao , Döring Nora , Risnes Kari , Weiderpass Elisabete , Steliarova‐Foucher Eva , Sandin Sven 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe examined the association between gestational age and risk of any primary cancer and observed whether the risk patterns differed by sex, birth weight for gestational age categories, cancer site and age of onset. All people live‐born in Sweden 1974 to 2013 were prospectively followed up from birth until 2016 using national registers. Gestational age was extracted from the Medical Birth Register and primary malignant cancer diagnoses were from the Swedish cancer register. The adjusted hazard ratios (aHR) for any primary cancer according to weekly gestational age and gestational age categories were determined using cox proportional hazards models adjusted for birth year and parental age. The study included 3 137 691 people; 180 363 (5.8%) born preterm and 254 790 (8.1%) born postterm. They were followed up for 71 691 112 person‐years, to a maximum of 43 years and recorded 22 604 new cancers. Although aHRs for the predefined GA categories were only increased for moderate to late preterm delivery (aHR 1.07, 95% CI 1.01‐1.14), gestational week‐specific aHRs were increased for gestational weeks 30 to 35, with greatest aHR observed for 31 weeks (aHR 1.18, 95% CI 1.05‐1.32). Increased cancer risk related to shorter gestational ages were observed particularly for women, those born small for gestational age, childhood cancers and for cancers originating at certain sites (eg, testicular and liver cancer). We provide the first evidence that those born between 30 and 35 weeks gestation may have increased risk of any primary malignant cancer up to young adulthood. Additionally, increasing gestational ages may reduce the risk of testicular and liver cancer.
Expression of NGF and its functional implication in the lung injury induced by cerebral ischemia
Authors: Zhang Lan‐Chun , Hu Yue , Xia Qing‐Jie 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundThe purpose of this study is to investigate the expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) in the lung injury induced by cerebral ischemia.MethodsAdult healthy female Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups: sham group and brain ischemia (BI) induced lung injury group. Lung injury was induced by BI and neurological severity score (NSS) was evaluated. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, brain edema, ratio of wet/dry of lung tissue, hematoxylin‐eosin (HE) staining, as well as pulmonary edema were measured, respectively. The expression of mRNA and protein of NGF in lung tissues was detected by qPCR and western blot at 14 days post injury respectively. The immunohistochemical method was used to localize the expression of NGF in the lung tissues.ResultsLung injury from BI was successfully induced. The localization of NGF was detected mainly in the lung epithelial tissue following BI, also in vascular endothelial tissues. Compared with the sham group, the expression level of mRNA and protein for NGF was increased significantly after BI.ConclusionThe increase of NGF in the lung tissue after BI showed that NGF has been involved in the repair of injured lung, and the underlying mechanism of BI induced lung injury.
The influence of seasons on craniocerebral chronic vascular diseases, cervical spondylosis, herpes zoster, knee osteoarthritis, lumbar disc disease: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Gan Zong‐Jin , Yao Ping‐Rong , Shen Kui , Sai Min , Yang Mei , Deng Ya , Shi Min , Fang Cao , Wang Rui , Wen Song , Xiong Liu‐Lin , You Min‐Fu 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundThe distribution characteristics of gender, age, and season and the influence of season on the length of hospitalization stay (LOS) were analyzed based on the information of inpatients about various diseases.MethodsA total of 5575 patients’ basic information (gender, age, hospitalization time, season of onset) of five diseases was classified according to spring, summer, autumn, winter. Their distribution characteristics were analysed using T‐test, one‐way ANOVA, Chi‐square test. Then the data were incorporated into SPSS 21.0 for statistical analysis.ResultsMost cases of cranial chronic vascular disease (CCVD) were found in summer (53% of cases), less in spring, and no cases in winter. The LOS was longer for middle‐aged men, elderly men, and elderly women in the fall group than in the spring group (p < 0.05). The LOS was longer in the fall group than in the summer group for older men and older women (p < 0.05). Herpes zoster cases were more frequent in summer (43%) and autumn (56.30%), less frequent in spring (1.20%), and no cases in winter. Middle‐aged and elderly men in the summer group had longer LOS than the autumn group (p < 0.05). The most cases of cervical spondylosis were found in the spring (42.00%), the fewest were found in the fall (0.10%). Cases of knee osteoarthritis were the most in winter (53.40%) and fewer in summer (7%) and autumn (9.80%).ConclusionCCVD, herpes zoster, cervical spondylosis, and knee osteoarthritis have an obvious seasonal distribution, and seasons have a certain impact on the hospitalization time of patients with CCVD or herpes zoster, especially in older men.
MRI tracking/detection of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells transplantation for treatment of ischemic cerebral infarction
Authors: Zhao Nan , Niu Rui‐Ze , Zhu Yu‐Hang , Yu Chang‐Yin 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundCerebral stroke is the second leading cause of death with high mortality and morbidity worldwide, currently it lacks effective therapies to improve the prognosis. This study was aimed to explore the role of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) transplantation in the recovery of brain structure and function after ischemic cerebral infarction by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).MethodsBy applying internal carotid artery embolization, the ischemic cerebral infarction model in rats was established. MRI was performed to detect the imaging changes in the brain tissue after modeling, and the successful modeling was evidenced by the presence of obvious high‐signal infarct areas in the brain. BMSCs were then injected into the lateral ventricles of rats, and the recovery of brain tissue and function were quantitatively evaluated by T2‐weighted image (T2WI) and voxel‐based morphology (VBM) after 28 days.ResultsThe results showed that BMSCs were cell subsets with multiple differentiation potentials. Deficits caused by Ischemic cerebral infarction were relieved by BMSCs transplantation, including increase in damaged cerebral tissue and recovery of cerebral function. In addition, the combined imaging technology of VBM and T2WI quantitatively revealed the effectiveness of BMSCs in repairing damaged brain tissue structure and function.ConclusionTaken together, the results revealed that the transplantation of BMSCs into the lateral ventricle was beneficial to repair the structure and function of the damaged brain tissue after ischemic cerebral infarction. Moreover, the combination of VBM and T2WI technology can detect the level of brain injury in ischemic cerebral infarction dynamically and noninvasively, and evaluate the recovery of structure and function of damaged brain tissue.
Appeared inexplicable disorders of consciousness after general anesthesia tracheal tube drawing in endoscopic tympanoplasty
Authors: Qian Kun , Cao Song , Liu Xing‐Kui 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundDisorders of consciousness (DOC) are neurocognitive disorders related to sharp fluctuations of attention and consciousness, while DOC is characterized by significant interindividual differences, rapid development, and a higher lethal rate.Case informationA 53‐year‐old female patient underwent general anesthesia with tracheal intubation in otoendoscopic tympanoplasty. The patient suddenly appeared moderate DOC after tracheal tube removal with K+ 3.6 (3.5–5.3 mmol/L). Based on the ancillary testing and routine laboratory workup, the possible causes of DOC, such as general anesthesia drugs and cardio cerebral events, were temporarily excluded. DOC was reversed by intravenous administration of KCl 1 g, with K+ 3.78 mmol/L. On one day after surgery, the patient occurred suddenly DOC again after intravenous guttae of 5% glucose 1000 ml, K+ 3.87 mmol/L, possibly because of her recurrent hypokalemic paralysis (HP) of past medical history. The patient's consciousness gradually improved after effective KCl supplementation therapy.ConclusionDOC caused by periodic paralysis (PP) has not been reported, we speculate that hypoactive DOC is closely correlated with normokalemic periodic paralysis (NormoPP) in this case.
Sevoflurane inhalation has a cognitive impairing effect of aging rats involving the regulation of AChE and ChAT
Authors: Yang Xin‐Xin , Wu Zhen‐Yu , Yang Yang , Zhang Chao , Lin Xia‐Fei , Zhou Lin , Wang Feng‐Lin , Dong Liang , Zhu Zhao‐Qiong 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundAcetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) are closely related to the regulation of learning and memory. Nevertheless, whether sevoflurane has influence on cognition through regulating the expression of AChE and ChAT remains unclear.MethodsAging rat model was established by subcutaneously injection of D‐galactose for 6 consecutive weeks. To determine the role of AChE and ChAT in sevoflurane‐induced cognitive impairment, the Morris water maze (MWM) was used to assess the cognitive and memory function after sevoflurane exposure. Then, the variations of AChE and ChAT was detected by western blotting analysis and quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) respectively.ResultsOur result indicated that aging model rats had showed cognition decline at 2 hours and 1week after exposure to sevoflurane. Moreover, the expression of AChE and ChAT enhanced in rats that had inhaled sevoflurane. Interestingly, our study also found that the increase of oxygen concentration had a positive impact on the gene expression of ChAT.ConclusionWe have identified that the overexpression of AChE and ChAT improved significantly cognitive function after sevoflurane exposure.
Thermal changes during drilling in human femur by rotary ultrasonic bone drilling machine: A histologic and ultrastructural study
Authors: Singh Ravinder Pal , Pandey Pulak Mohan , Mir Muzamil Ahmad , Mridha Asit Ranjan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractUndue heat production in surgical bone drilling leads to osteonecrosis and can be an important cause of failure of osteosynthesis, impaired healing, and loosening of implants following orthopedic surgery. The present work aims to minimize heat production below the critical temperature for thermal osteonecrosis (i.e., 47°C) and obviate thermal bone damage due to drilling. A total of 20 samples from the shaft of the human femur were obtained at autopsies and drilling was performed at room temperature by an operation theater (OT) compatible rotary ultrasonic bone drilling (RUBD) machine. K‐type thermocouples were used to measure the temperature rise during drilling and the physical changes of the bone samples were observed by infrared gama camera. Light microscopic and transmission electron microscopic studies were performed to evaluate the bone cell damage. The maximum temperature recorded in RUBD (40.6 ± 1.3°C) was much below the critical temperature for thermal osteonecrosis (p < .05) at the rotational speed of 2000 rpm. Light microscopic and ultrastructural studies also revealed that there was no appreciable damage to the bone cells. Conventional bone drilling (CD) on the other hand recorded much higher temperature (66.6 ± 3.2°C), tissue burn and bone cell necrosis. Hence, RUBD machine has a potentiality for its use in orthopedic surgery and may provide better results.
Longitudinal Changes in Left Ventricular Blood Flow Kinetic Energy After Myocardial Infarction: Predictive Relevance for Cardiac Remodeling
Authors: Ben‐Arzi Hadar , Das Arka , Kelly Christopher , van der Geest Rob J. , Plein Sven , Dall'Armellina Erica 
Published: December 2021

BackgroundFour‐dimensional (4D) flow cardiac magnetic resonance (cardiac MR) imaging provides quantification of intracavity left ventricular (LV) flow kinetic energy (KE) parameters in three dimensions. ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients have been shown to have altered intracardiac blood flow compared to controls; however, how 4D flow parameters change over time has not been explored previously.PurposeMeasure longitudinal changes in intraventricular flow post‐STEMI and ascertain its predictive relevance of long‐term cardiac remodeling.Study TypeProspective.PopulationThirty‐five STEMI patients (M:F = 26:9, aged 56 ± 9 years).Field Strength/SequenceA 3 T/3D EPI‐based, fast field echo (FFE) free‐breathing 4D‐flow sequence with retrospective cardiac gating.AssessmentSerial imaging at 3–7 days (V1), 3‐months (V2), and 12‐months (V3) post‐STEMI, including the following protocol: functional imaging for measuring volumes and 4D‐flow for calculating parameters including systolic and peakE‐wave LVKE, normalized to end‐diastolic volume (iEDV) and stroke volume (iSV). Data were analyzed by H.B. (3 years experience). Patients were categorized into two groups: preserved ejection fraction (pEF, if EF > 50%) and reduced EF (rEF, if EF < 50%).Statistical TestsIndependent sample t‐tests were used to detect the statistical significance between any two cohorts. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.ResultsAcross the cohort, systolic KEisv was highest at V1 (28.0 ± 4.4 μJ/mL). Patients with rEF retained significantly higher systolic KEisv than patients with pEF at V2 (18.2 ± 3.4 μJ/mL vs. 6.9 ± 0.6 μJ/mL, P < 0.001) and V3 (21.6 ± 5.1 μJ/mL vs. 7.4 ± 0.9 μJ/mL, P < 0.001). Patients with pEF had significantly higher peakE‐wave KEiEDV than rEF patients throughout the study (V1: 25.4 ± 11.6 μJ/mL vs. 18.1 ± 9.9 μJ/mL, P < 0.03, V2: 24.0 ± 10.2 μJ/mL vs. 17.2 ± 12.2 μJ/mL, P < 0.05, V3: 27.7 ± 14.8 μJ/mL vs. 15.8 ± 7.6 μJ/mL, P < 0.04).Data ConclusionSystolic KE increased acutely following MI; in patients with pEF, this decreased over 12 months, while patients with rEF, this remained raised. Compared to patients with pEF, persistently lower peakE‐wave KE in rEF patients is suggestive of early and fixed impairment in diastolic function.Evidence Level1Technical EfficacyStage 3