bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Subclinical Auditory Dysfunction: Relationship Between Distortion Product Otoacoustic Emissions and the Audiogram
Authors: Bramhall Naomi F. , McMillan Garnett P. , Mashburn Amy N. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose
Distortion product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs) and audiometric thresholds have been used to account for the impacts of subclinical outer hair cell (OHC) dysfunction on auditory perception and measures of auditory physiology. However, the relationship between DPOAEs and the audiogram is unclear. This study investigated this relationship by determining how well DPOAE levels can predict the audiogram among individuals with clinically normal hearing. Additionally, the impacts of age, noise exposure, and the perception of tinnitus on the ability of DPOAE levels to predict the audiogram were evaluated.

Method
Suprathreshold DPOAE levels from 1 to 10 kHz and pure-tone thresholds from 0.25 to 16 kHz were measured in 366 ears from 194 young adults (19–35 years old) with clinically normal audiograms and middle ear function. The measured DPOAE levels at all frequencies were used to predict pure-tone thresholds at each frequency. Participants were grouped by age, self-reported noise exposure/Veteran status, and self-report of tinnitus.

Results

Including DPOAE levels in the pure-tone threshold prediction model improved threshold predictions at all frequencies from 0.25 to 16 kHz compared with a model based only on sample mean pure-tone thresholds, but these improvements were modest. DPOAE levels for
f
2
frequencies of 4 and 5 kHz were particularly influential in predicting pure-tone thresholds above 4 kHz. However, prediction accuracy varied based on participant characteristics. On average, predicted pure-tone thresholds were better than measured thresholds among Veterans, individuals with tinnitus, and the oldest age group.

Conclusions
These results indicate a complex relationship between DPOAE levels and the audiogram. Underestimation of pure-tone thresholds for some groups suggests that additional factors other than OHC damage may impact thresholds among individuals within these categories. These findings suggest that DPOAE levels and pure-tone thresholds may differ in terms of how well they reflect subclinical OHC dysfunction.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.13564745
Emergent Literacy Assessment in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder Who Have Limited Verbal Communication Skills: A Tutorial
Authors: Clendon Sally , Paynter Jessica , Walker Sue , Bowen Rachael , Westerveld Marleen F. 
Published: January 2021

PurposeChildren with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at increased risk of experiencing difficulties with the development of literacy, including the emergent literacy skills recognized to underpin conventional literacy success. Comprehensive assessment is essential. Characteristics of ASD can make assessment challenging, and this can be compounded when children are unable to demonstrate their skills using spoken language. The purpose of this clinical tutorial is to outline the process of emergent literacy assessment for children with ASD who have limited verbal communication skills. A case example of a 5-year-old boy is presented.MethodPertinent literature is reviewed around the literacy profiles of children with ASD, the subgroup of children with ASD who have limited verbal communication skills, key components of emergent literacy, and previous research examining the emergent literacy abilities of children with ASD. The case report is described in depth and emphasizes the key factors to consider when designing an assessment battery and protocol.ResultsThe case example information is interpreted, and its application is discussed. Key outcomes are highlighted including a greater understanding of the child's literacy strengths and needs and the implications for individualized instruction.ConclusionThe clinical tutorial highlights the need for a comprehensive, well-planned assessment approach that involves all members of the educational team, and that is considerate to the needs of the individual child and responsive to their communication needs.
Forum: Serving African American English Speakers in Schools Through Interprofessional Education & Practice
Authors: Mills Monique T. 
Published: January 2021

Purpose
African American English (AAE) speakers often face mismatches between home language and school language, coupled with negative attitudes toward AAE in the classroom. This forum, Serving African American English Speakers in Schools Through Interprofessional Education & Practice, will help researchers, parents, and school-based practitioners communicate in ways that are synergistic, collaborative, and transparent to improve educational outcomes of AAE speakers.

Method
The forum includes a tutorial offering readers instructions on how to engage in community-based participatory research (Holt, 2021). Through two clinical focus articles, readers will recognize how AAE develops during the preschool years and is expressed across various linguistic contexts and elicitation tasks (Newkirk-Turner & Green, 2021) and identify markers of developmental language disorder within AAE from language samples analyzed in Computerized Language Analysis (Overton et al., 2021). Seven empirical articles employ such designs as quantitative (Byrd & Brown, 2021; Diehm & Hendricks, 2021; Hendricks & Jimenez, 2021; Maher et al., 2021; Mahurin-Smith et al., 2021), qualitative (Hamilton & DeThorne, 2021), and mixed methods (Mills et al., 2021). These articles will help readers identify ways in which AAE affects how teachers view its speakers' language skills and communicative practices and relates to its speakers' literacy outcomes.

Conclusion
The goal of the forum is to make a lasting contribution to the discipline with a concentrated focus on how to assess and address communicative variation in the U.S. classroom.
Robust cascade‐free predictive speed control for PMSM drives based on Extended State Observer
Authors: He Chun , Hu Jianhui , Li Yong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe direct predictive speed controller (DPSC) deals with the prediction of the motor speed based on precise mechanical parameters. However, the mechanical parameters are dependent on the practical applications and may not match with their actual values, which leads to inaccurate prediction of the motor behaviour and deteriorates the performance of the predictive algorithm. A three‐order Extended State Observer is designed for a permanent magnet synchronous motor to observe the unknown overall disturbance of the system and compensate the speed prediction error, which reduces the usage of the mechanical constants and improves the robustness of the system against parameter uncertainties, accurate mechanical parameters become unessential. To improve the current dynamics, by using proper weighting of the position angle observation error, along with the overall disturbance, a new current controller is incorporated in the control law of developed PSC strategy. The proposed strategy is evaluated through experimental results with a two‐level voltage source inverter. Finally, the proposed work is experimentally compared with a predictive speed control, by considering several performance indices.
Revised planet brightness temperatures using the Planck/LFI 2018 data release
Authors: Maris Michele , Romelli Erik , Tomasi Maurizio , Gregorio Anna , Sandri Maura , Galeotta Samuele , Tavagnacco Daniele , Frailis Marco , Maggio Gianmarco , Zacchei Andrea 
Published: January 2021

Aims. We present new estimates of the brightness temperatures of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune based on the measurements carried in 2009–2013 by Planck/LFI at 30, 44, and 70 GHz and released to the public in 2018. This work extends the results presented in the 2013 and 2015 Planck/LFI Calibration Papers, based on the data acquired in 2009–2011.
Methods. Planck observed each planet up to eight times during the nominal mission. We processed time-ordered data from the 22 LFI radiometers to derive planet antenna temperatures for each planet and transit. We accounted for the beam shape, radiometer bandpasses, and several systematic effects. We compared our results with the results from the ninth year of WMAP, Planck/HFI observations, and existing data and models for planetary microwave emissivity.
Results. For Jupiter, we obtain Tb = 144.9, 159.8, 170.5 K (± 0.2 K at 1σ, with temperatures expressed using the Rayleigh-Jeans scale) at 30, 44 and 70 GHz, respectively, or equivalently a band averaged Planck temperature Tb(ba) = 144.7, 160.3, 171.2 K in good agreement with WMAP and existing models. A slight excess at 30 GHz with respect to models is interpreted as an effect of synchrotron emission. Our measures for Saturn agree with the results from WMAP for rings Tb = 9.2 ± 1.4, 12.6 ± 2.3, 16.2 ± 0.8 K, while for the disc we obtain Tb = 140.0 ± 1.4, 147.2 ± 1.2, 150.2 ± 0.4 K, or equivalently a Tb(ba) = 139.7, 147.8, 151.0 K. Our measures for Uranus (Tb = 152 ± 6, 145 ± 3, 132.0 ± 2 K, or Tb(ba) = 152, 145, 133 K) and Neptune (Tb = 154 ± 11, 148 ± 9, 128 ± 3 K, or Tb(ba) = 154, 149, 128 K) agree closely with WMAP and previous data in literature.
Polytropic spheres modelling dark matter haloes of dwarf galaxies
Authors: Novotný Jan , Stuchlík Zdeněk , Hladík Jan 
Published: January 2021

Context. Dwarf galaxies and their dark matter (DM) haloes have velocity curves of a different character than those in large galaxies. These velocity curves are modelled by a simple pseudo-isothermal model containing only two parameters, which do not give us insight into the physics of the DM halo.
Aims. We seek to obtain some insight into the physical conditions in DM haloes of dwarf galaxies by using a simple physically based model of DM haloes.
Methods. To treat the diversity of the dwarf galaxy velocity profiles in a unifying framework, we applied polytropic spheres characterised by the polytropic index n and the relativistic parameter σ as a model of dwarf-galaxy DM haloes and matched the velocity of circular geodesics of the polytropes to the velocity curves observed in the dwarf galaxies from the LITTLE THINGS ensemble.
Results. We introduce three classes of the LITTLE THINGS dwarf galaxies in relation to the polytrope models due to the different character of the velocity profile. The first class corresponds to polytropes that have n < 1 with linearly increasing velocity along the whole profile, the second class has 1 < n < 2 and the velocity profile becomes flat in the external region, the third class has n > 2, and the velocity profile reaches a maximum and demonstrates a decline in the external region. The σ parameter has to be strongly non-relativistic (σ < 10−8) for all dwarf galaxy models; this parameter varies for the models of each class, but these variations have negligible influence on the character of the velocity profile.
Conclusions. Our results indicate a possibility that at least two different kinds of DM are behind the composition of DM haloes. The matches of the observational velocity curves are of the same quality as those obtained by the pseudo-isothermal, core-like models of dwarf galaxy DM haloes.
LIStEN: L′ band Imaging Survey for Exoplanets in the North
Authors: Musso Barcucci Arianna , Launhardt Ralf , Müller André , Kennedy Grant M. , van Boekel Roy , Henning Thomas , Ruh Henrik L. , Marino Sebastian , Pearce Tim D. , Brems Stefan S. , Ertel Steve , Spalding Eckhart A. 
Published: January 2021

Context. Planetary systems and debris discs are natural by-products of the star formation process, and they affect each other. The direct imaging technique allows simultaneous imaging of both a companion and the circumstellar disc it resides in, and is thus a valuable tool to study companion-disc interactions. However, the number of systems in which a companion and a disc have been detected at the same time remains low.
Aims. Our aim is to increase this sample, and to continue detecting and studying the population of giant planets in wide orbits.
Methods. We carry out the L′ band Imaging Survey for Exoplanets in the North (LIStEN), which targeted 28 nearby stars: 24 are known to harbour a debris disc (DD) and the remaining 4 are protoplanetary disc-hosting stars. We aim to detect possible new companions, and study the interactions between the companion and their discs. Angular differential imaging observations were carried out in the L′ band at 3.8 μm using the LMIRCam instrument at the LBT, between October 2017 and April 2019.
Results. No new companions were detected. We combined the derived mass detection limits with information on the disc, and on the proper motion of the host star, to constrain the presence of unseen planetary and low-mass stellar companion around the 24 disc-hosting stars in our survey. We find that 2 have an uncertain DD status and the remaining 22 have disc sizes compatible with self-stirring. Three targets show a proper motion anomaly (PMa) compatible with the presence of an unseen companion.
Conclusions. Our achieved mass limits combined with the PMa analysis for HD 113337 support the presence of a second companion around the star, as suggested in previous RV studies. Our mass limits also help to tighten the constraints on the mass and semi-major axis of the unseen companions around HD 161868 and HD 8907.
Dynamically inflated wind models of classical Wolf-Rayet stars
Authors: Poniatowski L. G. , Sundqvist J. O. , Kee N. D. , Owocki S. P. , Marchant P. , Decin L. , de Koter A. , Mahy L. , Sana H. 
Published: January 2021

Context. Vigorous mass loss in the classical Wolf-Rayet (WR) phase is important for the late evolution and final fate of massive stars.
Aims. We develop spherically symmetric time-dependent and steady-state hydrodynamical models of the radiation-driven wind outflows and associated mass loss from classical WR stars.
Methods. The simulations are based on combining the opacities typically used in static stellar structure and evolution models with a simple parametrised form for the enhanced line opacity expected within a supersonic outflow.
Results. Our simulations reveal high mass-loss rates initiated in deep and hot, optically thick layers around T ≈ 200 kK. The resulting velocity structure is non-monotonic and can be separated into three phases: (i) an initial acceleration to supersonic speeds (caused by the static opacity), (ii) stagnation and even deceleration, and (iii) an outer region of rapid re-acceleration (by line opacity). The characteristic structures seen in converged steady-state simulations agree well with the outflow properties of our time-dependent models.
Conclusions. By directly comparing our dynamic simulations to corresponding hydrostatic models, we explicitly demonstrate that the need to invoke extra energy transport in convectively inefficient regions of stellar structure and evolution models, in order to prevent drastic inflation of static WR envelopes, is merely an artefact of enforcing a hydrostatic outer boundary. Moreover, the dynamically inflated inner regions of our simulations provide a natural explanation for the often-found mismatch between predicted hydrostatic WR radii and those inferred from spectroscopy; by extrapolating a monotonic β-type velocity law from the observable supersonic regions to the invisible hydrostatic core, spectroscopic models likely overestimate the core radius by a factor of a few. Finally, we contrast our simulations with alternative recent WR wind models based on co-moving frame (CMF) radiative transfer to compute the radiation force. Since CMF transfer currently cannot handle non-monotonic velocity fields, the characteristic deceleration regions found here are avoided in such simulations by invoking an ad hoc very high degree of clumping.
Low thermal conductivity of the superfast rotator (499998) 2011 PT
Authors: Fenucci Marco , Novaković Bojan , Vokrouhlický David , Weryk Robert J. 
Published: January 2021

Context.Asteroids with a diameter of up to a few dozen meters may spin very fast and complete an entire rotation within a few minutes. These small and fast-rotating bodies are thought to be monolithic objects because the gravitational force due to their small size is not strong enough to counteract the strong centripetal force caused by the fast rotation. This argument means that the rubble-pile structure is not feasible for these objects. Additionally, it is not clear whether the fast spin prevents dust and small particles (regolith) from being kept on their surface.Aims.We develop a model for constraining the thermal conductivity of the surface of the small, fast-rotating near-Earth asteroids. This model may suggest whether regolith is likely present on these objects.Methods.Our approach is based on the comparison of the measured Yarkovsky drift and a predicted value using a theoretical model that depends on the orbital, physical and thermal parameters of the object. The necessary parameters are either deduced from statistical distribution derived for near-Earth asteroids population or determined from observations with associated uncertainty. With this information, we performed Monte Carlo simulations and produced a probability density distribution for the thermal conductivity.Results.Applying our model to the superfast rotator asteroid (499998) 2011 PT, we find that the measured Yarkovsky drift can only be achieved when the thermal conductivityKof the surface is low. The resulting probability density function for the conductivity is bimodal, with two most likely values being around 0.0001 and 0.005 W m−1K−1. Based on this, we find that the probability thatKis lower than 0.1 W m−1K−1is at least 95%. This low thermal conductivity might indicate that the surface of 2011 PT is covered with a thermal insulating layer, composed of a regolith-like material similar to lunar dust.
COVID-19 Treatment: Drug Safety Prior to Conception and During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Authors: Cavalcante Marcelo Borges , Cavalcante Candice Torres de Melo Bezerra , Braga Ana Catherine Sampaio , Andrade Dennyse Araújo , Montenegro Mariana Albuquerque , Santos Paula Andrade Neiva , Motoyama Paula Vitória Pereira , Rocha Marcelo Gondim , Dib Luciana Azôr , Araujo Júnior Edward 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn December 2019, a new viral respiratory infection known as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was first diagnosed in the city of Wuhan, China. COVID-19 quickly spread across the world, leading the World Health Organization to declare it a pandemic on March 11, 2020. The disease is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a similar virus to those involved in other epidemics such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Epidemiological studies have shown that COVID-19 frequently affects young adults of reproductive age and that the elderly and patients with chronic disease have high mortality rates. Little is known about the impact of COVID-19 on pregnancy and breastfeeding. Most COVID-19 cases present with mild flu-like symptoms and only require treatment with symptomatic relief medications, whereas other cases with COVID-19 require treatment in an
intensive care unit. There is currently no specific effective treatment for COVID-19. A large number of drugs are being used to fight infection by SARS-CoV-2. Experience with this therapeutic arsenal has been gained over the years in the treatment of other viral, autoimmune, parasitic, and bacterial diseases. Importantly, the search for an effective treatment for COVID-19 cannot expose pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 to the potential teratogenic risks of these drugs. Therefore, it is necessary to determine and understand the safety of anti-COVID-19 therapies prior to conception and during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Retrorektales Teratom (Dermoidzyste) des Erwachsenen – Diagnostik und Therapie am Beispiel einer Kasuistik
Authors: Bebobru Mathias , Nasri Farid-Ahmed , Niculescu-Valaenu Maximilian , Friedhoff Klaus 
Published: January 2021

Zusammenfassung
Anamnese Eine 29-jährige Patientin mit seit 2 Jahren bestehenden Schmerzen der unteren Lendenwirbelsäule wurde chirurgisch vorgestellt.
Diagnostik und Befunde Ursache der Schmerzen war ein retrorektaler präsakraler zystischer Tumor. Zur Diagnosestellung erfolgten eine transvaginale Endosonografie, eine CT-Untersuchung mit Kontrastmittel und eine MRT-Untersuchung des kleinen Beckens.
Therapie und Verlauf Es erfolgte die operative Entfernung des Tumors. Histologisch zeigte sich ein monodermales zystisches Teratom. Der postoperative Verlauf war unauffällig.
Diskussion Retrorektale Tumoren, die nicht mit dem Rektum in Beziehung stehen, sind insgesamt selten. Je nach Lage des Tumors sollten diese durch einen ventralen transabdominalen oder dorsalen Zugang operativ entfernt werden.
17-Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate for the Prevention of Recurrent Preterm Birth – A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Taking into Account the PROLONG Trial
Authors: Kuon Ruben-J. , Berger Richard , Rath Werner 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Background Prior spontaneous preterm birth is a strong risk factor for the recurrence of spontaneous preterm birth in a subsequent pregnancy and has been evaluated in prevention studies using progesterone (natural progesterone administered orally or vaginally, and 17-hydroxyprogesterone caproate [17-OHPC]) as a selection criterion. Based on the findings of a randomized, placebo-controlled study, 17-OHPC was approved for use in 2011 by the Food and Drug Administration in the USA for the prevention of recurrent preterm birth. The approval was granted with qualification that a subsequent confirmatory study would need to be carried out, the results of which have just been published (PROLONG trial).
Method A systematic literature search for the period from 1970 to April 2020 using the search terms “preterm birth” and “17-OHPC” or “progesterone” was carried out. Only randomized, placebo-controlled studies of women with singleton pregnancies who received 17-OHPC to prevent recurrent preterm birth were included in the subsequent meta-analysis. The relative risk and associated 95% confidence intervals were calculated. The heterogeneity between studies was evaluated with I2 statistics.
Results In addition to the original study used for the approval and the PROLONG trial, only one other study was found which met the inclusion criteria (total number of patients: 2221). With considerable heterogeneity between the studies, particularly with respect to the risk factors for preterm birth, the comparison between 17-OHPC and placebo showed no significant reduction in preterm birth rates before 37, 35 and 32 weeks of gestation and no significant differences with regard to the prevalence of miscarriage before 20 weeks of gestation or fetal deaths (antepartum or intrapartum) after 20 weeks of gestation and neonatal morbidity.
Conclusion Based on the currently available data, 17-OHPC cannot be recommended for the prevention of recurrent preterm birth. Further randomized, placebo-controlled studies with clearly defined, comparable risk factors are required to identify the group of pregnant women which could benefit from the use of 17-OHPC to prevent preterm birth.