bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Short and Versatile Approach for the Synthesis of Pyrrolizidinones
Authors: Dagoneau Dylan , Quinodoz Pierre , Kolleth Amandine , Bozoflu Mert , Horoz Beyza , Catak Saron , Poisson Philippe‐Alexandre , Lumbroso Alexandre , Sulzer‐Mossé Sarah , De Mesmaeker Alain 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHerein we describe a novel 3‐step synthesis of pyrrolizidinone derivatives with good overall yield. This sequence relies on first a [2+2] cycloaddition between a keteniminium salt intermediate, bearing an alkyl chloride side chain, and an alkene partner furnishing the corresponding cyclobutanone after hydrolysis of the resulting cyclobutaniminium. Then ring expansion towards the γ‐lactam using a Beckmann‐type rearrangement followed by intramolecular SN2 reaction in the presence of a base triggers the second ring formation of the process. This approach, which is particularly straightforward, allows a broad diversification of pyrrolizidinones by changing the nature of the substituents on the starting alkene and on the keteniminium precursor. Additionally, a computational study was conducted to assess the activation barrier of the SN2 step on different intermediates as well as the nitrogen pyramidalization of the resulting pyrrolizidinones adducts.
Follicular dendritic cells
Authors: Abd El‐Aleem Seham A. , Saber Entesar Ali , Aziz Neven M. , El‐Sherif Hani , Abdelraof Asmaa M. , Djouhri Laiche 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFollicular dendritic cells (FDCs) are unique accessory immune cells that contribute to the regulation of humoral immunity. They are multitasker cells essential for the organization and maintenance of the lymphoid architecture, induction of germinal center reaction, production of B memory cells, and protection from autoimmune disorders. They perform their activities through both antigen‐driven and chemical signaling to B cells. FDCs play a crucial role in the physiological regulation of the immune response. Dis‐regulation of this immune response results when FDCs retain antigens for years. This provides a constant antigenic stimulation for B cells resulting in the development of immune disorders. Antigen trapped on FDCs is resistant to therapeutic intervention causing chronicity and recurrences. Beyond their physiological immunoregulatory functions, FDCs are involved in the pathogenesis of several immune‐related disorders including HIV/AIDS, prion diseases, chronic inflammatory, and autoimmune disorders. FDCs have also been recently implicated in rare neoplasms of lymphoid and hematopoietic tissues. Understanding FDC biology is essential for better control of humoral immunity and opens the gate for therapeutic management of FDC‐mediated immune disorders. Thus, the biology of FDCs has become a hot research area in the last couple of decades. In this review, we aim to provide a comprehensive overview of FDCs and their role in physiological and pathological conditions.
Anatomy of super‐fast activated sludge process with gravity settling for biodegradation and energy recovery potential ‐ a review
Authors: Orhon Derin , Sözen Seval , Ubay Çokgör Emine , Janssen Paul 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study reviewed the conceptual basis and the application of extremely high rate activated sludge configurations with gravity settling. It evaluated the modified aeration process, as the historical pioneering development, and the A process (adsorption), which was inspired by the traditional AB process (adsorption/biological oxidation) promulgated in the seventies. For this purpose, a modelling framework was established to simulate the expected performance and the energy recovery potential of these processes using the currently applicable data base. The model evaluation was also extended to cover the Yenikapı plant in Istanbul as a current case study. The modelling results were discussed in view of the handicaps of gravity settling and the merit of high‐rate membrane bioreactors where gravity settling would be replaced by membrane filtration. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry (SCI).
Binding mechanism of lipase with Lentinus edodes mycelia polysaccharide by multi‐spectroscopic methods
Authors: Liu Jianli , Chen Jiahe , Liu Xiangyang , Shao Wei , Mei Xueying , Tang Zhipeng , Cao Xiangyu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIt is an effective strategy to avoid obesity by inhibiting the activity of lipase. In this study, the binding mechanism of lipase and Lentinus edodes mycelia polysaccharide (LMP) were explored with multi‐spectral methods, for example, three‐dimensional (3D) fluorescence, Fourier‐transformed infrared (FT‐IR), and Raman spectra. At 290 K, the binding constant was 2.44 × 105 L/mol, there was only one binding site between LMP and lipase. Static quenching was the quenching mechanism. The major forces were hydrogen bonding and van der Waals force. The binding of LMP to lipase impacted the microenvironment around tyrosine and tryptophan residues. The polarity around these residues was decreased and hydrophobicity was enhanced. This study not only revealed the binding mechanism of LMP on lipase but also provided scientific evidence for expanding the application of LMP in functional food industries.
Rapid Formation of a Lamellar Structure in an Amphiphilic Comb‐Shaped Polymer by Nanophase Separation Using Microwave–Humidity Annealing
Authors: Ohke Mizuki , Matsui Jun 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMicrowave irradiation is applied to rapidly prepare highly ordered lamellar structures of amphiphilic comb‐shaped polymers via nanophase separation. Amphiphilic comb‐shaped polymer of poly(N‐dodecyl acrylamide) (pDDA) is synthesized by free radical polymerization. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X‐ray diffraction results indicate that pDDA is amorphous at room temperature. Exposing pDDA powder to microwave irradiation in the presence of water (microwave–humidity annealing) converts the structure into lamellae. The water molecules absorb the microwaves, and their temperature rapidly increases above the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of pDDA. Moreover, a fraction of the heated water is adsorbed at the amide moiety, which increases the nanosegregation with the alkyl side chains. As a result, pDDA forms a lamellar structure by nanophase separation between the main chain with water‐containing amide moieties and the alkyl side chains. The rapid increase in temperature results in a fast formation (a few tens of seconds) of the lamellae. Moreover, the microwave–humidity annealing of pDDA thin films on Si substrates results in a uniaxial lamellar structure. These results indicate that microwave–humidity annealing is a simple method to rapidly form a self‐assembled structure in homopolymers by nanophase separation.
Depression and Apathy across Different Variants of Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
Authors: Bower Sarah M. , Weigand Stephen D. , Ali Farwa , Clark Heather M. , Botha Hugo , Stierwalt Julie A. , Whitwell Jennifer L. , Josephs Keith A. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundApathy and depression commonly occur in patients with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP)‐Richardson's syndrome variant; depression often requiring treatment. Little is known, however, about apathy and depression among other PSP variants.MethodsWe prospectively studied 97 newly diagnosed PSP patients. All were classified into a PSP variant using the 2017 Movement Disorder Society‐PSP criteria and administered the Geriatric Depression and Apathy Evaluation Scales. Differences in apathy and depression frequency and severity across six variants, and secondarily across PSP‐Richardson's syndrome, PSP‐Cortical and PSP‐Subcortical, were analyzed using ANCOVA and linear regression adjusting for disease severity.ResultsDepression (55%) was more common than apathy (12%). PSP‐Speech/Language (PSP‐SL) variant had the lowest depression frequency (13%) and lower depression scores than the other variants. No differences in apathy frequency/severity were identified.ConclusionPSP‐SL patients may have less depression compared to PSP‐Richardson's syndrome and other PSP variants.
Iterative feedback tuning for optimal repetitive constraint‐following control of uncertain mechanical systems using Udwadia–Kalaba theory
Authors: He Chunsheng , Huang Kang , Zhao Han , Zheng Yunjun , Xie Shengquan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article presents a novel optimal constraint‐following controller for uncertain mechanical systems (MSs). The MS's uncertainty is unknown (possibly time‐varying) and bounded, but the bound is unspecified. Employing the frame of Udwadia–Kalaba theory, we design a robust controller with two tunable control gains for MSs, which guarantees some deterministic performances. Assuming the constraints to be holonomic and periodic, we transform the controlled MSs and introduce an iterative feedback tuning method for optimizing the proposed controller. After optimization, the final control scheme can achieve the equilibrium between the system performance and control cost for an arbitrary single constraint period. Simulations on a two‐link rotational manipulator are provided at last to demonstrate the proposed approach.
Impact of Achromobacter spp. isolation on clinical outcomes in children with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Sunman Birce , Emiralioglu Nagehan , Hazirolan Gülsen , Ademhan Tural Dilber , Ozsezen Beste , Nayir Buyuksahin Halime , Guzelkas Ismail , Yalcin Ebru , Dogru Deniz , Özçelik Uğur , Kiper Nural 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of Achromobacter spp. in cystic fibrosis (CF) has increased while its significance remains controversial. Our aim was to investigate the impact of Achromobacter spp. isolation on clinical outcomes in children with CF.MethodsChildren with Achromobacter spp. isolation were retrospectively included from the CF database of our center. Control groups of children with CF, who had never been infected by Achromobacter spp., were individually case‐matched by age, sex, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolation status. Pulmonary function and exacerbation frequency were compared between groups during follow‐up.ResultsThirty‐seven children had at least one respiratory specimen positive for Achromobacter spp. Achromobacter spp. were chronically isolated from 15 (40.5%) and intermittently from 22 (59.5%) of these 37 children. Although the baseline forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) z‐score was similar between the Achromobacter spp.‐infected and ‐uninfected groups (−0.65 ± 2.22 vs. −0.15 ± 1.30, respectively; p = 0.318), children infected by Achromobacter spp. had a lower FEV1 z‐score compared to the control group by the end of the first year (−1.37 ± 2.17 vs. −0.14 ± 1.65, respectively; p = 0.025). In addition, the FEV1 decline in 1 year was significantly greater in the group infected by Achromobacter spp. compared to the uninfected group (−1.18%/year vs. −9.07%/year, respectively; p = 0.043). Furthermore, the cumulative numbers of exacerbations observed in the Achromobacter spp.‐infected group were higher compared to the control group by the end of the second year (4 [0–17] versus 3 [0–9], respectively; p = 0.001).ConclusionsAchromobacter spp. isolation is associated with more accelerated decline in lung function parameters and frequent exacerbations in children with CF.
Modelling reliability growth for multi‐version open source software considering varied testing and debugging factors
Authors: Saraf Iqra , Iqbal Javaid , Shrivastava Avinash K. , Khurshid Shozab 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDue to the continuous dependence of society on technology and the fast growth of Open Source Software (OSS), there is a need for the software industry to shift to multi‐release software development. To include the revisions in user demands and testing environment, factors that affect OSS reliability have to be considered. Here, we propose a quantitative method for assessing the reliability of multi‐release OSS by using Software Reliability Growth Models based on the Non‐Homogenous Poisson Process. Various factors like imperfect debugging, error generation, change‐point have been considered. The model has been estimated on Statistical Package for Social Sciences using three releases of the Apache dataset. It is concluded that the results obtained are improved than the existing ones.
Dissipative Generation of Two‐Mode Mechanical Squeezing via Frequency Modulation
Authors: Zhang Tian‐Qi , Wang Dong‐Yang , Bai Cheng‐Hua , Zhang Shou , Wang Hong‐Fu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDifferent from the general schemes of two‐mode mechanical squeezing, a dissipative scheme to generate strong and robust two‐mode mechanical squeezing via frequency modulation of cavity modes in a cavity optomechanical system consisting of a modulated two‐mode optical cavity and two mechanical oscillators is proposed. It is shown that the strong mechanical squeezing, which is highly robust against the thermal noise, can be engineered by means of cavity dissipation. Moreover, the squeezing mechanism is explored via analytical approach and it is found that the squeezing direction is controlled by modulation amplitude. The scheme provides an alternative pathway to generate strong mechanical–mechanical entanglement.
An Ultrasmall Fe3O4‐Decorated Polydopamine Hybrid Nanozyme Enables Continuous Conversion of Oxygen into Toxic Hydroxyl Radical via GSH‐Depleted Cascade Redox Reactions for Intensive Wound Disinfection
Authors: Xiao Jiayu , Hai Luo , Li Yaoyao , Li Huan , Gong Minhui , Wang Zefeng , Tang Zifeng , Deng Le , He Dinggeng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNanozyme‐based chemodynamic therapy (CDT) for fighting bacterial infections faces several major obstacles including low hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level, over‐expressed glutathione (GSH) in infected sites, and inevitable damage to healthy tissue with abundant nonlocalized nanozymes. Herein, a smart ultrasmall Fe3O4‐decorated polydopamine (PDA/Fe3O4) hybrid nanozyme is demonstrated that continuously converts oxygen into highly toxic hydroxyl radical (•OH) via GSH‐depleted cascade redox reactions for CDT‐mediated bacterial elimination and intensive wound disinfection. In this system, photonic hyperthermia of PDA/Fe3O4 nanozymes can not only directly damage bacteria, but also improve the horseradish peroxidase‐like activity of Fe3O4 decorated for CDT. Surprisingly, through photothermal‐enhanced cascade catalytic reactions, PDA/Fe3O4 nanozymes can consume endogenous GSH for disrupting cellular redox homeostasis and simultaneously provide abundant H2O2 for improving •OH generation, ultimately enhancing the antibacterial performance of CDT. Such PDA/Fe3O4 can bind with bacterial cells, and reveals excellent antibacterial property against both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Most interestingly, PDA/Fe3O4 nanozymes can be strongly retained in infected sites by an external magnet for localized long‐term in vivo CDT and show minimal toxicity to healthy tissues and organs. This work presents an effective strategy to magnetically retain the therapeutic nanozymes in infected sites for highly efficient CDT with good biosafety.
Ultrahigh Temperature Lead‐Free Film Capacitors via Strain and Dielectric Constant Double Gradient Design
Authors: Fan Jiangqi , Hu Tian‐Yi , Ma Chuansheng , Ma Chunrui , Lu Rui , Jin Jing , Hu Guangliang , Liu Ming , Jia Chun‐Lin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWith the development of miniaturization, lightweight and integration of electronic devices, the demand for high‐temperature dielectric capacitors is becoming urgent. Nevertheless, the breakdown strength and polarization are deteriorated at high temperatures due to the thermal energy assisting the electron transport and impeding the dipole alignment. Here, a structure of capacitor with double gradients of dielectric constant gradient and strain gradient is designed to achieve high breakdown strength, high working temperature, and high energy storage density simultaneously. It is found that the designed structure of BaHf0.17Ti0.83O3/1mol% SiO2 doped BaZr0.35Ti0.65O3/0.85BaTiO3‐0.15Bi(Mg0.5Zr0.5)O3 exhibits excellent energy storage performance. The energy storage density of 127.3 J cm−3 with an energy storage efficiency of 79.6% is realized in the up‐sequence multilayer with period N = 2 at room temperature. Moreover, when the working temperature varies from −100 to 200 °C, the energy storage density of the N = 4 capacitor keeps stably at 84.62 J cm−3 with an energy storage efficiency 78.42% at 6.86 MV cm−1. All these properties promise great potential applications of the designed multilayer capacitors with the double gradients in harsh environments, and the design principle can be applicable to other systems to boost working temperature.
The effects of Medicaid expansion on home production and childcare
Authors: Soni Aparna , Morrissey Taryn 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPublic health insurance programs like Medicaid provide in‐kind resources that may improve health and reduce stress, altering time use patterns. Our study examines the effects of the Affordable Care Act (ACA)‐facilitated Medicaid expansions on time spent on home production and childcare. Using time‐diary data, we estimated difference‐in‐differences models comparing the time use patterns of individuals in states that expanded Medicaid versus non‐expansion states, before and after implementation. Medicaid expansion increased the amount of time low‐income adults spent on home production by 12 min per day (p < .05), equivalent to a 9.5% increase. This was driven by increased time spent on food preparation and housework. Medicaid expansion also increased time spent on childcare among low‐income parents by 6.6 min per day (p < .10) or 7.7%. Expanding public health insurance eligibility for low‐income populations may increase time spent on home production and childcare, which are associated with significant health benefits for children and adults.
Prevalence and clinical significance of clinically evident portal hypertension in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing transarterial chemoembolization
Authors: Müller Lukas , Hahn Felix , Mähringer‐Kunz Aline , Stoehr Fabian , Gairing Simon Johannes , Foerster Friedrich , Weinmann Arndt , Galle Peter Robert , Mittler Jens , Pinto dos Santos Daniel , Pitton Michael Bernhard , Düber Christoph , Fehrenbach Uli , Auer Timo Alexander , Gebauer Bernhard , Kloeckner Roman 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundClinically evident portal hypertension (CEPH) was previously identified as a prognostic factor for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, little is known about the prognostic influence of CEPH on the long‐term outcome of patients with HCC undergoing transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), particularly in Western populations.ObjectivesThis study investigated the prevalence and prognostic influence of CEPH in a Western population of patients with HCC undergoing TACE.MethodsThis retrospective study included 349 treatment‐naïve patients that received initial TACE treatment at our tertiary care center between January 2010 and November 2020. CEPH was defined as a combination of ascites, esophageal/gastric varices, splenomegaly and a low platelet count. We assessed the influence of CEPH and its defining factors on median overall survival (OS) in HCC patients. We compared the effects of CEPH to those of well‐known prognostic factors.ResultsOf the 349 patients included, 304 (87.1%) patients had liver cirrhosis. CEPH was present in 241 (69.1%) patients. The median OS times were 10.6 months for patients with CEPH and 17.1 months for patients without CEPH (log rank p = 0.036). Median OS without a present surrogate was 17.1 months, while patients with one respectively more than two present CEPH surrogates had a median OS of 10.8 and 9.4 months (log rank p = 0.053). In multivariate analysis, CEPH was no significant risk factor for OS (p = 0.190). Of the CEPH‐defining factors, only ascites reached significance in a univariate analysis.ConclusionCEPH was present in more than two thirds of the patients with HCC undergoing TACE in our cohort of Western patients. Patients with CEPH had a significantly impaired survival in univariate analysis. However, no significance was reached in multivariate analysis. Thus, when TACE treatment is deemed oncologically reasonable, patients should not be excluded from TACE treatment due to the presence of surrogates of portal hypertension alone.
First report on the molecular detection of Entamoeba bovis from the endangered wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) in Nepal
Authors: Aryal Menuka , Adhikari Roshan Babu , Kandel Prakriti , Ghimire Tirth Raj , Khadka Deegendra , Maharjan Jyoti , Gaire Kamal Prasad , Shrestha Saurav , Manandhar Krishna Das , Kandel Ram Chandra , Poudel Ram Chandra , Pandey Kishor 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe Asiatic wild water buffalo (Bubalus arnee) is an endangered species that is conserved in the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve (KTWR), Nepal, and was recently translocated to the Chitwan National Park (CNP). Gastrointestinal (GI) parasites are the cause of significant negative health and production impacts on animals worldwide.MethodsA coprological survey of GI parasites of wild water buffalo was carried out in the CNP in 2020. Fresh dung samples (n = 25) were collected from wild water buffaloes and analysed using sedimentation and flotation techniques for morphological identification of parasite cysts, oocysts and eggs.ResultsNine different GI parasites were recorded of which Entamoeba spp. (20 samples, 80%) were the most common. The presence of Entamoeba spp. was further validated using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and DNA sequencing. The PCR results were positive for all of the microscopically positive samples, and the species was identified as Entamoeba bovis. Three samples were sequenced and formed a cluster of E. bovis, which was separated from other Entamoeba spp. in phylogenetic analysis.ConclusionThis is the first report for molecular detection of E. bovis from wild water buffaloes in Nepal. Future work should focus on the prevalence of such infections in water buffaloes in forest environments.
How should water affordability be measured in the United States? A critical review
Authors: Goddard Jessica J. , Ray Isha , Balazs Carolina 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe human right to water (HRTW) and sustainable development goals (SDG) emphasize that human well‐being depends not just on the quality and physical accessibility of drinking water, but also on its economic accessibility. Despite this recognition, governments and academics alike have been hard‐pressed to define and measure water affordability. In the US, affordability is no longer solely focused on utility cost‐recovery models but equitable water access for individuals and households. How should water affordability be measured to represent this new focus? This question motivates the critical review presented here. We propose that household‐centered affordability measures reflect the normative aims of internationally established frameworks such as the HRTW and the SDGs. Linking measurement to aims is essential to improve transparency and comparability across studies, and ultimately, to align measures with water access objectives. First, we characterize normative positions outlined in the HRTW and SDGs and identify defining features of water affordability. Second, we identify dominant definitions and measures of affordability, including novel approaches. Bringing the defining features of affordability to bear on existing measures enables us to identify several emergent debates in the literature where affordability measures could better incorporate the aspirations of the HRTW and SDGs. We conclude with recommendations on how to improve water affordability measurements, while recognizing the trade‐offs between ideal measures and practical implementation.This article is categorized under:
Water and Life > Stresses and Pressures on Ecosystems
Human Water > Value of Water
Human Water > Rights of Water