bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In a Stationary Population, the Average Lifespan of the Living Is a Length-Biased Life Expectancy
Authors: Wrigley-Field Elizabeth , Feehan Dennis 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWhat is the average lifespan in a stationary population viewed at a single moment in time? Even though periods and cohorts are identical in a stationary population, we show that the answer to this question is not life expectancy but a length-biased version of life expectancy. That is, the distribution of lifespans of the people alive at a single moment is a self-weighted distribution of cohort lifespans, such that longer lifespans have proportionally greater representation. One implication is that if death rates are unchanging, the average lifespan of the current population always exceeds period life expectancy. This result connects stationary population lifespan measures to a well-developed body of statistical results; provides new intuition for established demographic results; generates new insights into the relationship between periods, cohorts, and prevalent cohorts; and offers a framework for thinking about mortality selection more broadly than the concept of demographic frailty.
Vascular endothelial growth factor c regulates hematopoietic stem cell fate in the dorsal aorta
Authors: Schiavo Rebecca K. , Tamplin Owen J. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) are multipotent cells that self-renew or differentiate to establish the entire blood hierarchy. HSPCs arise from the hemogenic endothelium of the dorsal aorta (DA) during development in a process called endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition. The factors and signals that control HSPC fate decisions from the hemogenic endothelium are not fully understood. We found that Vegfc has a role in HSPC emergence from the zebrafish DA. Using time-lapse live imaging, we show that some HSPCs in the DA of vegfc loss-of-function embryos display altered cellular behavior. Instead of typical budding from the DA, emergent HSPCs exhibit crawling behavior similar to myeloid cells. This was confirmed by increased myeloid cell marker expression in the ventral wall of the DA and the caudal hematopoietic tissue. This increase in myeloid cells corresponded with a decrease in HSPCs that persisted into larval stages. Together, our data suggest that Vegfc regulates HSPC emergence in the hemogenic endothelium, in part by suppressing a myeloid cell fate. Our study provides a potential signal for modulation of HSPC fate in stem cell differentiation protocols.
Effects of combat sports on cerebellar function in adolescents: a resting-state fMRI study
Authors: Li Wei , Kong Xin , Ma Jun 
Published: December 2021

Objectives:
To evaluate the effects of combat sports on cerebellar function in adolescents based on resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI).

Methods:
Rs-fMRI data were acquired from the combat sports (CS) group (n = 32, aged 14.2 ± 1.1 years) and non-athlete healthy control (HC) group (n = 29, aged 14.8 ± 0.9 years). The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), regional homogeneity (ReHo), and functional connectivity (FC) within the cerebellum was calculated and then compared between the two groups.

Results:
None of these participants displayed intracranial lesions on conventional MRI and microhemorrhages on SWI. Compared with the HC group, the CS group showed decreased ALFF and ReHo in the bilateral cerebellum, mainly located in the inferior regions of the cerebellum (Cerebellum_8, Cerebellum_9, Cerebellum_7b, and Cerebellum_Crus2). While increased FC was found within the cerebellar network, mainly located in the superior regions near the midline (bilateral Cerebellum_6, Cerebellum_Crus1_R, and Vermis_6). There is no internetwork FC change between the CEN and other networks.

Conclusion:
This study confirmed extensive effects of combat sports on cerebellar rs-fMRI in adolescents, which could enhance the understanding of cerebellar regulatory mechanism under combat conditions, and provide additional information about cerebellar protective inhibition and compensatory adaptation.

Advances in knowledge:
Adolescent combat participants are an ideal model to study training-induced brain plasticity and vulnerability. Relative to task-related fMRI, rs-fMRI can bring more information about cerebellar regulation and explain the Central Governor Model more comprehensively.
Analysis of the Appearance of Micronuclei in the Erythrocytes and Activity of Bone Marrow Cells Proliferation after the Prolonged Low Dose Fast Neutrons Irradiation of Mice
Authors: Moskaleva E. , Romantsova A. , Semochkina Yu. , Rodina A. , Cheshigin I. , Degtyarev A. , Zhirnik A. 
Published: December 2021

Purpose: To analyze the level of cytogenetic damage and the activity of bone marrow cells proliferation in C57BL/6 mice after prolonged fast neutrons low dose irradiation at 10–500 mGy.
Material and methods: Male C57BL/6 mice at the age of 7–8 and 16 weeks were used in the experiments. Irradiation was carried out on an OR-M installation in the field of fast neutrons and gamma quanta using five Pu(α,n)Be radionuclide sources with a high fast neutron yield at a dose rate of 2.13 mGy/h. The frequency of polychromatophilic (PCE) and normochromic (NCE) erythrocytes with micronuclei (MN) and the ratio of PCE and NCE were analyzed using light microscopy after cytochemical staining of the bone marrow cells of control and irradiated mice. The proliferation activity of bone marrow cells was determined by the number of Ki-67+-cells. The parameters of the cell cycle and the level of apoptosis were studied after DNA staining with DAPI using flow cytometry. Statistical processing of the results was carried out according to the Student’s method using the computer program Origin.
Results: It was found that prolonged irradiation of mice with fast neutrons at a low dose rate (2.13 mGy/h) at doses from 10 to 500 mGy after 24 h led to statistically significant increase in the frequency of PCE with MN at all studied doses. No dose dependence of this parameter was observed in the studied range. The increase in the frequency of PCE with MN at a dose of 500 mGy was prolonged and persisted for at least 72 h. A significant increase in the frequency of NCE with MN 24 h after irradiation was found only at a dose of 500 mGy, which persisted up to 48 h. At this dose, there was also a decrease in the number of nucleated cells in the bone marrow 24 – 72 h after exposure, a decrease in the number of Ki-67+-cells 24 h after irradiation of mice, a block of the cell cycle in the G2/M phase, and a decrease of cells in the G0/G1 phase, but after 48 h, there were no disturbances in the cell cycle.
Conclusion: It has been shown that after a single total prolonged irradiation of mice at low doses (10–500 mGy), when analyzing the frequency of PCE with MN, cytogenetic damage is recorded in the bone marrow, which indicates the genetic danger of exposure to even such low levels of fast neutron irradiation. A decrease in Ki67+ cells and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase were found only after irradiation of mice at a dose of 500 mGy and only 24 h after exposure, while the number of nucleated cells in the bone marrow at this dose was reduced, at least to 72 h.
Lokacje miast w dobrach prywatnych na Krajnie w średniowieczu (do końca XV wieku)
Authors: Karczewska Joanna Danuta 
Published: December 2021

The article discusses the issue of noble towns in the area of Nakielski poviat in the Middle Ages. The elaboration presents urbanization of this area and the related issues concerning the process of embedment of towns within private goods, difining the variants of town rights and formulating and functioning of the local self -government .Attention was also paid to town as one of the components of a noble property and the subject of transactions and family divisions. Artykuł dotyczy zagadnienia miast szlacheckich na obszarze powiatu nakielskiego w średniowieczu. Opracowanie przedstawia urbanizację tego terytorium i związane z tym kwestie dotyczące procesu osadzania miast w dobrach prywatnych, okreslenia odmiany prawa miejskiego oraz formowania i funkcjonowania samorządu. Zwrócono też uwagę na miasto jako część składową majątku szlacheckiego oraz przedmiot transakcji i działów rodzinnych.
Assessment of hepatic function, perfusion and parenchyma attenuation with indocyanine green, ultrasound and computed tomography in a healthy rat model: Preliminary determination of baseline parameters in a healthy liver
Authors: Lopez-Lopez Victor , Garcia-Carrillo Nuria , de Gea Diego , Oltra Lidia , González-Bermúdez Carlos Alberto , Carbonell Guillermo , Brusadin Roberto , Lopez-Conesa Asunción , Robles-Campos Ricardo 
Published: December 2021

Background
Defining reference intervals in experimental animal models plays a crucial role in pre-clinical studies. The hepatic parameters in healthy animals provide useful information about type and extension of hepatic damage. However, in the majority of the cases, to obtain them require an invasive techniques. Our study combines these determinations with dynamic functional test and imaging techniques to implement a non-invasive protocol for liver evaluation. The aim of the study was to determine reference intervals for hepatic function, perfusion and parenchyma attenuation with analytical and biochemical blood parameters, indocyanine green, ultrasound and computed tomography in six healthy SD rats.

Methods
Six males healthy SD rats were followed for 4 weeks. To determine hepatic function, perfusion and parenchyma attenuation analytical and biochemical blood parameters, indocyanine green, ultrasound and computed tomography were studied. Results were expressed as Means ± standard error of mean (SEM). The significance of differences was calculated by using student t-test, p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results
Indocyanine green clearance 5 and 10 minutes after its injection was 80.12% and 96.59%, respectively. Approximate rate of decay during the first 5 minutes after injection was 38% per minute. Hepatic perfusion evaluation with the high-frequency ultrasound was related to cardiovascular hemodynamic and renal perfusion. Portal area, hepatic artery resistance index, hepatic artery and portal peak systolic velocity and average between hepatic artery and porta was 3.41 ± 0.62 mm2, 0.57 ± 0.04 mm2/s, 693.24±102.53 mm2/s, 150.72 ± 17.80 mm2/s and 4.82 ± 0.96 mm2/s, respectively. Heart rate, cardiac output, left renal artery diammetre and renal blood flow were 331.01 ± 22.22 bpm, 75.58 ± 8.72 mL/min, 0.88 ± 0.04 mm2 and 13.65 ± 1.95 mm2/s. CT-scan hepatic average volume for each rat were 21.08±3.32, 17.57±2.76, 14.87±2.83 and 13.67±2.45 cm3 with an average attenuation coefficient of 113.51±18.08, 129,19±7.18, 141,47±1.95 y 151,67±1.2 HU.

Conclusion
Indocyanine green and high-frequency ultrasound could be used in rats as a suitable marker of liver function. Computed tomography, through the study of raw data, help to characterize liver parenchyma, and could be a potential tool for early detection of liver parenchymal alterations and linear follow-up of patients. Further studies in rats with liver disease are necessary to verify the usefulness of these parameters.
Do not Dispose of Historic Fluid Collections: Evaluating Research Potential and Range of Use
Authors: Herbin M. , Santin M.D. , Toro R. , Heuer K. , Cuisin J. , Martin C. , Raveendran L. , François C. , Debruyne R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The use of specific preservative solutions by museum professionals to maintain fluid-preserved specimens has fluctuated over the years with advances in chemistry. The determining factors for the original choice of solution closely correlate with the historical parameters and original usage of the collections. Consequently, for any given collection, changes and substitutions over time in the types of preservative fluids used have likely occurred. The present comparative analysis of the state of brain preservation, carried out at macroscopic, microscopic, and molecular levels, allowed us to evaluate the effect of the different treatments applied over time to fluid-preserved collections. Our results confirm that the duration of formaldehyde exposure of the tissues clearly has an effect on their long-term preservation. Despite the controversies associated with the quality or use of some historic fixatives, modern analytical methods such as medical imagery reveal the preservation quality in historic specimens and their potential for future research use. However, the choice of fixatives and storage fluids to preserve the specimens is of critical importance because today's choices will influence the use of the specimen for advanced analytical methods in the future.
Ñetonqataiqén, una canción «en desplazamiento»
Authors: Mansilla Valentín 
Published: December 2021

La presencia de prácticas musi­cales durante la coyuntura política actual de los pueblos originarios en Argentina (atrave­sada por procesos de reagrupamiento y lucha por su visibilización) viene siendo escasamente abordada por los estudios etnomusicológicos. En el presente trabajo me propongo reflexio­nar sobre la escena del pueblo mocoví en la provincia de Santa Fe a partir de un caso con­creto: el «trayecto» de una canción creada por uno de sus dirigentes (Alfredo Salteño) para ser interpretada durante los encuentros comu­nales que luego fue versionada por un músico profesional (Luis Sartor) para ser enseñada en escuelas rurales.
Por medio del análisis de cuatro versiones (tres pertenecientes a Salteño y una a Sartor) pre­tendo dar cuenta de las transformaciones efec­tuadas y de algunos de sus usos con el objetivo de ensayar posibles respuestas a los interrogan­tes que subyacen a este trabajo, a saber: ¿de qué modos opera esta canción en el proceso de visibilización mocoví? ¿Qué acciones habilita su nueva versión? ¿Qué aspectos de este movi­miento social y de su dimensión estética nos deja entrever el estudio de su «vida cambiante»?
„Słuchajcie słowa JHWH”1 Abraham Abulafi a i Luis de León – mistyka języka
Authors: MORENO SZYPOWSKA JADWIGA CLEA 
Published: December 2021

Abraham Abulafia, sefardyjski kabalista z XIII wieku i brat Luis de León, hiszpański teolog z XVI wieku, rozwijają w swoich egzegezach mistykę języka, którą podzielić można na mistykę słowa i mistykę liter. Umiłowanie języka hebrajskiego i przeświadczenie, że jest on językiem Boga, prowadzą obu do przekonania o świętości każdej z jego części. Abraham Abulafia, chcąc przeniknąć tajniki Pisma Świętego, rozwija hermeneutyczną metodę jego odczytu, w której adept, po specjalnym przygotowaniu, zagłębia się w natchniony tekst, by przemienić się w boską literę alfabetu hebrajskiego. Zjednoczony ze Stwórcą staje się zdolny do prorokowania, a ono jest głównym celem kabały prorockiej, inaczej zwanej ekstatyczną wypracowanej przez sefardyjskiego mędrca. Luis de León nie posuwa się aż tak daleko, lecz utożsamiając imię z Bogiem, dochodzi do wniosku, że litery, pełniące podwójną funkcję, obejmują w sobie całość istnienia, stając się samowystarczalnymi. W tekstach katolickiego zakonnika, pochodzącego z rodziny konwertytów, a w szczególności w traktacie O imionach Chrystusa, znaleźć można liczne ślady metody Sefardyjczyka, co świadczy o tym, że kulturowe dziedzictwo wygnanych z Hiszpanii w 1492 roku Żydów, przetrwało w świadomości ich wnuków. Autorka, biorąc na warsztat wymieniony tekst Luisa de León oraz Światło Intelektu i Księgę Znaku Abrahama Abulafii, przedstawia mistykę języka, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem mistyki słowa oraz liter, które łącząc się ze sobą tworzą liczne formy imion Boga. Zarówno Abraham Abulafia jak i brat Luis de León w swoim rozumieniu Pisma Świętego byli jednocześnie wierni tradycji – na przykład kiedy sięgali do autorytetu innego Sefardyjczyka, Abrahama ibn Ezra – jak nowatorscy, zgodnie z duchem żydowskiej egzegezy, w której, jak to zwięźle wyraził chasydzki rabin Nachman z Bracławia: „Zabronione jest się starzeć!”.
The G-sequence shadowing property and G-equicontinuity of the inverse limit spaces under group action
Authors: Ji Zhanjiang 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
First, we give the concepts of G-sequence shadowing property, G-equicontinuity and G-regularly recurrent point. Second, we study their dynamical properties in the inverse limit space under group action. The following results are obtained. (1) The self-mapping

f

f

has the G-sequence shadowing property if and only if the shift mapping

σ

\sigma

has the

G

¯

\overline{G}

-sequence shadowing property; (2) The self-mapping

f

f

is G-equicontinuous if and only if the shift mapping

σ

\sigma

is

G

¯

\overline{G}

-equicontinuous; (3)

R

R

G

¯

(

σ

)

=

lim

←

(

R

R

G

(

f

)

,
f

)

R{R}_{\overline{G}}\left(\sigma )=\underleftarrow{\mathrm{lim}}\left(R{R}_{G}(f),f)

. These conclusions make up for the lack of theory in the inverse limit space under group action.
Transcranial Random Noise Stimulation Modulates Neural Processing of Sensory and Motor Circuits, from Potential Cellular Mechanisms to Behavior: A Scoping Review
Authors: Potok Weronika , van der Groen Onno , Bächinger Marc , Edwards Dylan , Wenderoth Nicole 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNoise introduced in the human nervous system from cellular to systems levels can have a major impact on signal processing. Using transcranial stimulation, electrical noise can be added to cortical circuits to modulate neuronal activity and enhance function in the healthy brain and in neurologic patients. Transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) is a promising technique that is less well understood than other non-invasive neuromodulatory methods. The aim of the present scoping review is to collate published evidence on the effects of electrical noise at the cellular, systems, and behavioral levels, and discuss how this emerging method might be harnessed to augment perceptual and motor functioning of the human nervous system. Online databases were used to identify papers published in 2008–2021 using tRNS in humans, from which we identified 70 publications focusing on sensory and motor function. Additionally, we interpret the existing evidence by referring to articles investigating the effects of noise stimulation in animal and subcellular models. We review physiological and behavioral findings of tRNS-induced offline after-effects and acute online benefits which manifest immediately when tRNS is applied to sensory or motor cortices. We link these results to evidence showing that activity of voltage-gated sodium ion channels might be an important cellular substrate for mediating these tRNS effects. We argue that tRNS might make neural signal transmission and processing within neuronal populations more efficient, which could contribute to both (1) offline after-effects in the form of a prolonged increase in cortical excitability and (2) acute online noise benefits when computations rely on weak inputs.
Spatiotemporal Control of Noradrenaline-Dependent Synaptic Transmission in Mouse Dorsal Raphe Serotonin Neurons
Authors: Khamma Jacqueline K. , Copeland Daniel S. , Hake Holly S. , Gantz Stephanie C. 
Published: December 2021

Activity of dorsal raphe neurons is controlled by noradrenaline afferents. In this brain region, noradrenaline activates Gαq-coupled α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-AR), causing action potential (AP) firing and serotonin release.In vitro, electrical stimulation elicits vesicular noradrenaline release and subsequent activation of α1-ARto produce an EPSC (α1-AR-EPSC). The duration of the α1-AR-EPSC (∼27 s) is much longer than that of most other synaptic currents, but the factors that govern the spatiotemporal dynamics of α1-ARare poorly understood. Using an acute brain slice preparation from adult male and female mice and electrophysiological recordings from dorsal raphe neurons, we found that the time course of the α1-AR-EPSC was slow, but highly consistent within individual serotonin neurons. The amount of noradrenaline released influenced the amplitude of the α1-AR-EPSC without altering the time constant of decay suggesting that once released, extracellular noradrenaline was cleared efficiently. Reuptake of noradrenaline via noradrenaline transporters was a primary means of terminating the α1-AR-EPSC, with little evidence for extrasynaptic diffusion of noradrenaline unless transporter-dependent reuptake was impaired. Taken together, the results demonstrate that despite slow intrinsic signaling kinetics, noradrenaline-dependent synaptic transmission in the dorsal raphe is temporally and spatially controlled and noradrenaline transporters are critical regulators of serotonin neuron excitability. Given the functionally distinct types of neurons intermingled in the dorsal raphe nucleus and the unique roles of these neural circuits in physiological responses, transporters may preserve independence of each synapse to encode a long-lasting but discrete signal.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe dorsal raphe nucleus is the predominant source of serotonin in the brain and is controlled by another monoamine, noradrenaline. In this brain region, noradrenaline activates G-protein-coupled α1-adrenergic receptors (α1-AR) causing action potential (AP) firing and serotonin release. Despite high interest in pharmacotherapies to enhance serotonin signaling, the factors that govern noradrenaline α1-ARsignaling have received little attention. Here, we show using mouse brain slices that the time course of α1-ARsignaling is slow, persisting for tens of seconds. Despite slow intrinsic signaling kinetics, noradrenaline-dependent synaptic transmission in the dorsal raphe is controlled temporally and spatially by efficient noradrenaline transporter-dependent clearance of extracellular noradrenaline. Thus, noradrenaline transporters are critical regulators of serotonin neuron excitability.
Enteropathogen Changes After Rotavirus Vaccine Scale-up
Authors: Ballard Sarah-Blythe , Requena David , Mayta Holger , Sanchez Gerardo J. , Oyola-Lozada Maria G. , Colquechagua Aliaga Fabiola D. , Cabrera Lilia , Vittet Mondonedo Macarena D. , Taquiri Carmen , Tilley CAPT Drake H. , Simons CDR Mark P. , Meza Rina A. , Bern Caryn , Saito Mayuko , Figueroa-Quintanilla Dante A. , Gilman Robert H. 
Published: December 2021

OBJECTIVESTo inform next steps in pediatric diarrhea burden reduction by understanding the shifting enteropathogen landscape after rotavirus vaccine implementation.METHODSWe conducted a case-control study of 1788 medically attended children younger than 5 years, with and without gastroenteritis, after universal rotavirus vaccine implementation in Peru. We tested case and control stools for 5 viruses, 19 bacteria, and parasites; calculated coinfection-adjusted attributable fractions (AFs) to determine pathogen-specific burdens; and evaluated pathogen-specific gastroenteritis severity using Clark and Vesikari scales.RESULTSSix pathogens were independently positively associated with gastroenteritis: norovirus genogroup II (GII) (AF 29.1, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 28.0–32.3), rotavirus (AF 8.9, 95% CI: 6.8–9.7), sapovirus (AF 6.3, 95% CI: 4.3–7.4), astrovirus (AF 2.8, 95% CI: 0.0–4.0); enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat stable and/or heat labile and heat stable (AF 2.4, 95% CI: 0.6–3.1), and Shigella spp. (AF 2.0, 95% CI: 0.4–2.2). Among typeable rotavirus cases, we most frequently identified partially heterotypic strain G12P[8] (54 of 81, 67%). Mean severity was significantly higher for norovirus GII–positive cases relative to norovirus GII–negative cases (Vesikari [12.7 vs 11.8; P &lt; .001] and Clark [11.7 vs 11.4; P = .016]), and cases in the 6- to 12-month age range relative to cases in other age groups (Vesikari [12.7 vs 12.0; P = .0002] and Clark [12.0 vs 11.4; P = .0016]).CONCLUSIONSNorovirus is well recognized as the leading cause of pediatric gastroenteritis in settings with universal rotavirus vaccination. However, sapovirus is often overlooked. Both norovirus and sapovirus contribute significantly to the severe pediatric disease burden in this setting. Decision-makers should consider multivalent vaccine acquisition strategies to target multiple caliciviruses in similar countries after successful rotavirus vaccine implementation.