bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medical and Surgical Treatment of Vasculitic and Autoimmune Ulcers
Authors: Bekeny Jenna C. , Zolper Elizabeth G. , Kotha Vikas S. , Fan Kenneth L. , Deane Benedict Mitnick Carol , Evans Karen K. 
Published: January 2021

Chronic wounds of autoimmune and vasculitic etiologies, collectively referred to as “atypical ulcers”, are complex and heterogeneous. Evidence for a standardized approach remains deficient. Diagnosis requires a thorough history, physical exam, and investigative studies including serologic tests and wound biopsies. Management must be multidisciplinary and tailored to the individual patient and the unique characteristics of their wound. Medical therapy to stabilize the underlying disease is the most important aspect of therapy. Surgical intervention is often not appropriate and even contraindicated in some scenarios such as pyoderma gangrenosum. When medical therapy and local wound care fail and surgical intervention is deemed appropriate, inflammation must first be controlled with medical intervention before surgical intervention can be considered.
This review contains 5 figures, 2 tables, and 26 references.
Keywords: ulcer, wound healing, autoimmune diseases, vasculitis, pyoderma gangrenosum, scleroderma, rheumatoid nodule, immunosuppressive agents, rheumatology, patient care team
Wounds in Patients with Cancer
Authors: Clemens Mark W. , Blumenauer Brian J. , Francis Ashleigh M. , Olenczak Jonathon B. , Selber Jesse C. , Kapur Sahil K. 
Published: January 2021

Reconstructive surgery plays an integral role in helping restore form and function in patients with complex oncologic wounds. The intricate process of wound healing can be adversely affected by exposure to chemotherapeutic and radiation therapies. Assessment of available donor tissue quality, previous radiation therapy, vascular status, and donor site morbidity are essential when determining the most appropriate reconstructive approach for definitive wound management. The timing of reconstruction in relation to chemotherapy or radiotherapy regimens influences wound healing. Additionally, the timing of reconstruction is important in order to avoid delaying additional adjuvant therapies. Optimizing nutritional status is critical for improved patient outcomes in the oncologic patient population. At times, palliative efforts by means of surgical debulking are required of a reconstructive surgeon as advanced cancers can leave patients with disfiguring, fungating masses.
This review contains 9 figures, and 44 references.
Keywords: wounds in cancer, wounds in the cancer patient, oncologic wounds, oncologic wound healing, oncologic wound management, wound complications, effect of chemotherapy on wound healing, effect of radiation therapy on wound healing, oncologic reconstruction
Osteoarthritis of the Thumb Basilar Joint
Authors: Straszewski Andrew J , Moriatis Wolf Jennifer 
Published: January 2021

Osteoarthritis of the thumb basilar joint is a common pathology treated by hand surgeons, and this is the leading cause of degenerative pain in the hand. Multi-factorial etiologies, including occupational stresses, gender, hormone milieu, and altered biomechanics, may play roles in the development of thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint arthritis. Patients present with aching pain, synovitis, weakened pinch and grip, and in late disease, adduction deformity and web space contracture. Physical examination and plain radiography are the mainstay of diagnosis, with little utility for advanced imaging. A multitude of options exists for conservative treatment: physical therapy, splinting, anti-inflammatories, and injections. With the failure of conservative therapies, surgical management is dictated by disease severity and provider preference. The thumb CMC joint hosts a variety of treatment options that have evolved over time: arthroscopy, osteotomy, arthrodesis, trapeziectomy alone, or with combinations of ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition. No superiority has been shown amongst the many base of thumb treatment modalities, though trapeziectomy alone demonstrates a lower complication rate.
This review contains 5 tables, 3 figures, and 61 references.
Keywords: hand osteoarthritis, base of thumb, anatomy, arthroplasty, silicone, arthrodesis, tendon reconstruction, biomechanics, tendon interposition, outcomes
Neurostimulation
Authors: Aaronson Scott , Croarkin Paul 
Published: January 2021

Neurostimulation modalities in psychiatric practice and research efforts use magnetic and electric fields to modulate neuronal functioning. Physicians have used these modalities since ancient history, but most modern brain stimulation treatments developed after the inception electroconvulsive therapy in 1937. Noninvasive brain stimulation generally refers to treatments that do not require surgery, such as electroconvulsive therapy, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, and transcranial current stimulation. Conversely, deep brain stimulation and vagal nerve stimulation are the two most researched invasive brain stimulation modalities for psychiatric disorders. Treatment with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation has been shown to be effective for the treatment of resistant major depressive disorders but is less rapid acting and may be optimal for a different patient population as compared to electroconvulsive therapy. Research focused on transcranial direct current stimulation continues to expand, but its role in clinical psychiatric practice is currently not well defined. Despite mixed and, in some cases, disappointing results, invasive brain stimulation techniques such as deep brain stimulation and vagal nerve stimulation will likely continue to have an important role for certain treatment-resistant populations in psychiatric practice. This review examines the development, basic physiologic mechanisms, and evidence base of neurostimulation modalities in psychiatry.

This review contains 4 figures, 6 tables and 38 references
Key Words: deep brain stimulation, invasive, neurostimulation, noninvasive, transcranial direct current stimulation, transcranial electrical stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, treatment-resistant depression, vagal nerve stimulation
Time Is on Our Side: Age as a Diagnostic and Pathologic Clue in Pediatric Movement Disorders
Authors: Dy Marisela E. , Aravamuthan Bhooma R. , Waugh Jeff L. 
Published: January 2021

Pediatric movement disorders encompass a heterogeneous array of neurologic symptoms and syndromes and may be acquired or inherited. Movement phenomenology and age at symptom onset provide important clues in identifying the underlying etiology and establishing a diagnosis. Movement disorders are classified as hyperkinetic (increased movement) or hypokinetic (reduced amplitude and/or rate of movement). In children, hyperkinetic movement disorders are substantially more common than hypokinetic disorders; in adults, a mix of hyper- and hypokinetic disorders is the norm. We present a framework for evaluating a child with abnormal movements and describe a broad range of pediatric movement disorders: chorea, neurotransmitter-associated syndromes, tic disorders, stereotypies, primary dystonias, and dystonic cerebral palsy. Recently described genes associated with pediatric movement disorders, such as ADCY5-related dyskinesia, NKX2.1-associated chorea and dystonia, and the primary dystonias (DYT2 and DYT26), are highlighted. The developmental regulation of neurotransmitter metabolism, a dynamic process that leads to dramatic shifts in neurotransmitter availability in childhood and adolescence, is also reviewed. The myelination and maturation of long-range neuronal networks are described, and the timing of these changes is related to the timing of childhood movement disorders. Incorporating age and timing into a framework for assessing abnormal movements in children has the potential to improve both clinical and research approaches to these disorders. Understanding the genetic and pathophysiologic bases of abnormal movements may aid clinicians in rapidly recognizing and distinguishing these disorders. Recognizing the clinical specificity and age dependency of abnormal movements in children may guide researchers in identifying the molecular underpinnings of these disorders.
Key words: Movement disorders, gene expression, childhood development, childhood hyperkinetic disorders
Medical Management of Neurogenic Bladder
Authors: Cameron Anne P , Stoffel John T 
Published: January 2021

In the management of neurogenic bladder (NGB), the goals are first and foremost to protect the upper tract from damage. The second treatment goal is to maintain urinary continence, but all the while maintaining the patient’s quality of life. These goals are achieved by treating most patients with NGB in a targeted fashion based on urodynamic findings. Medical therapy optimization and appropriate bladder drainage are the cornerstones of NGB management. Detrusor overactivity, poor bladder compliance, and incontinence related to these are best initially managed with antimuscarinic agents,; however, there is an increasing role for the new beta3 agonists. In the event these therapies fail, botulinum toxin is often the next choice; however, is an expensive treatment, and some patients may be treated with combination drug therapy. Nocturnal polyuria is also extremely common in this group of patients and is quite bothersome. After other risk factors have been excluded, medical treatment with desmopressin may be a suitable alternative.

This review contains 3 highly rendered figures, 2 tables, and 85 references
Key words: adrenergic alpha blockers, antimuscarinics, botulinum toxin, desmopressin, imipramine, mirabegron, multiple sclerosis, neurogenic bladder, spinal cord injury
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Alur-Gupta Snigdha , Dokras Anuja 
Published: January 2021

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent endocrine disorder in women of reproductive age. In this review, the pathophysiology and current diagnostic criteria for PCOS are reviewed. Treatment options for symptoms commonly associated with PCOS such as hirsutism, acne, and menstrual irregularity are reviewed. Combined hormonal contraceptives are the first line of therapy in women not attempting pregnancy. The metabolic complications commonly associated with PCOS are impaired glucose tolerance and dyslipidemia. A summary of the current guidelines on screening and prevention of these complications is presented. In addition, PCOS is associated with an increased risk of depressive symptoms and anxiety disorders for which patients should be monitored.

This review contains 5 tables and 57 references.
Keywords: Polycystic ovary syndrome, PCOS
Pediatric Abdominal Emergencies
Authors: Bullard-Berent Jeffrey , Kornblith Aaron 
Published: January 2021

Pediatric abdominal emergencies represent a diverse group of conditions affecting children of all ages and are a common cause of emergency department visits. The challenge for emergency physicians is discerning which child presenting with the common complaints of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea has an abdominal emergency. The emergency physician must use a thorough history, developmentally appropriate examination skills, and integration of his or her knowledge base to arrive at the correct diagnosis. This review evaluates the most common pediatric abdominal emergencies organized by chronicity from birth to adolescents: midgut volvulus, infantile hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, incarcerated inguinal hernia, ileocecal intussusception, Meckel diverticulum, and appendicitis. Readers will understand common presentations as well as the evaluation and treatment options for each diagnosis.
This review contains 7 figures, 9 tables and 64 references
Key words: abdominal pain, appendicitis, hernia, hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, intussusception, Meckel diverticulum, midgut volvulus
Local Treatment in the Management of Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer
Authors: Tilki Derya , Evans Christopher P 
Published: January 2021

Oncologic outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) are poor, with overall survival in the range of 44 to 60 months. The treatment paradigm for newly diagnosed mPCa is changing. Previous retrospective studies reported a survival benefit for local treatment (radical prostatectomy or radiotherapy) in addition to androgen deprivation treatment in the setting of oligometastatic prostate cancer. Several randomized clinical trials are now evaluating integration of local treatment in the approach to mPCa. The aim of this review is to summarize the studies reporting local treatment in men with mPCa at diagnosis.

This review contains 1 table and 27 references.
Key Words: cytoreductive prostatectomy, hormone-naive, local treatment, metastatic prostate cancer, oligometastatic, radical prostatectomy, radiotherapy, randomized
The influence of specific aspects of occupational stress on security guards’ health and work ability: detailed extension of a previous study
Authors: Jovanović Jovica , Šarac Ivana , Martačić Jasmina Debeljak , Oggiano Gordana Petrović , Despotović Marta , Pokimica Biljana , Cupi Blerim 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In our earlier study of security guards, we showed that higher occupational stress was associated with health impairments (metabolic syndrome, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases) and work disability. The aim of this study was to further explore the association of specific occupational stressors with health impairments and work disability parameters in 399 Serbian male security guards (aged 25–65 years). Ridge linear regression analysis revealed that, after controlling for age, body mass index, and smoking status, professional stressors including high demands, strictness, conflict/uncertainty, threat avoidance and underload were significant positive predictors of fasting glucose, triglycerides, total and LDL cholesterol, blood pressure, heart rate, Framingham cardiovascular risk score, and temporary work disability. The security profession is in expansion worldwide, and more studies are needed to establish precise health risk predictors, since such data are generally lacking.
Experiences with the accreditation of the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Zagreb, Croatia
Authors: Franić Zdenko , Bituh Tomislav , Godec Ranka , Čačković Mirjana , Meštrović Tomislav , Šiško Jerko 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Accreditation in accordance with the international General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories (HRN EN ISO/IEC 17025 standard) has become a widely accepted method of quality management and objective evidence of technical competence, knowledge, and skills of testing and calibration laboratories. In 2010, the Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health (IMROH) had its management system accredited against the HRN EN ISO/IEC 17025 standard for the following scopes: determination of radioactivity, testing of ambient air quality, and testing in the scope of ionising radiation protection. This accreditation encompassed three laboratories: Radiation Protection Unit, Environmental Hygiene Unit, and the Radiation Dosimetry and Radiobiology Unit. In accordance with the rules of the Croatian Accreditation Agency, the second re-accreditation is due in 2020. This paper describes and discusses the quality management system at IMROH over the ten years of its implementation. We share our experiences about non-conformities discovered during regular work, internal audits, and external audits performed by the Croatian Accreditation Agency. The accredited management system significantly improved the performance of the accredited units, and the Institute increased its visibility and marketing advantage, consequently improving its market position.
Counteracting poisoning with chemical warfare nerve agents
Authors: Hrvat Nikolina Maček , Kovarik Zrinka 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Phosphylation of the pivotal enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by nerve agents (NAs) leads to irreversible inhibition of the enzyme and accumulation of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which induces cholinergic crisis, that is, overstimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic membrane receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system. In severe cases, subsequent desensitisation of the receptors results in hypoxia, vasodepression, and respiratory arrest, followed by death. Prompt action is therefore critical to improve the chances of victim’s survival and recovery. Standard therapy of NA poisoning generally involves administration of anticholinergic atropine and an oxime reactivator of phosphylated AChE. Anticholinesterase compounds or NA bioscavengers can also be applied to preserve native AChE from inhibition. With this review of 70 years of research we aim to present current and potential approaches to counteracting NA poisoning.
Carbamate group as structural motif in drugs: a review of carbamate derivatives used as therapeutic agents
Authors: Matošević Ana , Bosak Anita 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Due to their very good chemical and proteolytic stability, ability to penetrate cell membranes, and resemblance to a peptide bond, carbamate derivatives have received much attention in recent years and got an important role in modern drug discovery and medicinal chemistry. Today, carbamates make structural and/or functional part of many drugs and prodrugs approved and marketed for the treatment of various diseases such as cancer, epilepsy, hepatitis C, HIV infection, and Alzheimer’s disease. In drugs they can play a role in drug-target interaction or improve the biological activity of parent molecules. In prodrugs they are mainly used to delay first-pass metabolism and enhance the bioavailability and effectiveness of compounds. This brief review takes a look at the properties and use of carbamates in various fields of medicine and provides quick insights into the mechanisms of action for some of them.
Yellow gentian root extract provokes concentration- and time-dependent response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Šobot Ana Valenta , Drakulić Dunja , Joksić Gordana , Vukajlović Jadranka Miletić , Savić Jasmina , Potočnik Jelena , Tričković Jelena Filipović 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Yellow gentian (Gentiana lutea L.), a medicinal plant widely used in traditional medicine, displays multiple biological effects, ranging from beneficial to toxic. Since many promising applications have been reported so far, our aim was to evaluate its potential concentration- and time- dependent cytotoxic and genotoxic effects in vitro. To that end we exposed human peripheral blood mononuclear cells to 0.5, 1, and 2 mg/mL of yellow gentian root extract (YGRE) to determine its effects on oxidative stress parameters [pro/antioxidant balance (PAB) and lipid peroxidation], DNA damage (alkaline comet assay and chromosome aberrations), and cell viability (trypan blue exclusion test). Cell viability decreased with increasing concentrations and treatment duration. Only the lowest YGRE concentration (0.5 mg/mL) increased oxidative stress but produced minor DNA damage and cytotoxicity. At higher concentrations, redox parameters returned to near control values. The percentage of chromosome aberrations and percentage of DNA in the comet tail increased with increased YGRE concentration after 48 h and declined after 72 h of treatment. This points to the activation of DNA repair mechanism (homologous recombination), evidenced by the formation of chromosomal radial figures after 72 h of treatment with the highest YGRE concentration of 2 mg/mL. Our results suggest that YGRE, despite induction of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, activates cell repair mechanisms that counter oxidative and DNA lesions and induce cell death in highly damaged cells. Therefore, observed protective effects of yellow gentian after longer exposure could be a result of activated repair and removal of cells with irreparable damage.
How Roma Mayors Penetrate the Municipal Power Structures: Resisting the Non-Roma Dominance in Slovak Local Governments
Authors: Hrustič Tomáš 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses the outcomes of power asymmetries in Slovak municipalities with Roma population and presents examples how local Roma leaders resist the non-Roma dominance by active participation in local elections. Presenting data from field research and long-term repeated observations, the paper shows successful strategies of elected Roma mayors who disrupt the usual perception of the Roma as objects of decision-making process and passive recipients of various policies. In these paternalistic beliefs Roma have never been seen as actors who can control resources, who could hold the political power and who could decide how to use the resources. Although the Roma have penetrated the power structures of many municipalities, they are not able to wipe out invisible ethnic boundaries, or, at least, to soften and disrupt them. However, as the text illustrates, it seems that the political power asymmetries in a significant number of municipalities are being balanced, nevertheless, the symbolic dominance and symbolic power of non-Roma still persists.
Koloni Lebah Madu (Apis cerana F.) Sebagai Agen Penyerbuk Pada Tumbuhan Terung Ungu (Solanum melongena L.) Pada Sistem Pertanian Lokal Bali
Authors: Udayani I Gusti Ayu Putu Intan , Watiniasih Ni Luh , Ginantra I Ketut 
Published: January 2021

Penyerbukan merupakan proses paling penting dalam pembentukan biji dan buah pada tanaman berbunga. Beberapa hasil penelitian terdahulu menunjukkan bahwa serangga berperan penting dalam membantu proses penyerbukan baik pada tumbuhan liar maupun pada tanaman produksi. Terung ungu (Solanum melongena L.) merupakan salah satu komoditi penting pertanian. Namun penanaman terung ungu dalam sistem pertanian lokal saat ini sering kali mengalami kendala ketika hasil produksi tidak dalam jumlah yang cukup. Adanya potensi Apis cerana L. sebagai agen penyerbuk, maka penambahan koloni dari Apis cerana L. pada sistem pertanian lokal Bali perlu dikaji lebih lanjut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui peranan lebah madu (Apis cerana L.) dalam meningkatkan hasil produksi tanaman terung ungu (Solanum melongena L.). Dalam penelitian ini diperoleh data produktivitas terung ungu. Data tersebut dikumpulkan dan dianalisis dengan program statistik SPSS 17. Sebelum analisis, semua normalitas data diuji, dilanjutkan dengan One-way ANOVA. Saat ditemukan perbedaan yang nyata, analisa dilanjutkan dengan Uji Tukey untuk mengetahui perbedaan perlakuan dengan nilai perbedaan signifikansi ???? <0,05. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa penambahan lebah pada lahan percobaan menghasilkan produktivitas dua kali lebih banyak dari kelompok lainnya yang tidak diberi perlakuan.

Kata kunci: Apis cerana, Solanum melongena, produktivitas tanaman