bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetics in Small Boat Racing
Authors: Smith Peter G. , Cook William E. 
Published: June 2021

In the early 1960’s, new techniques involving body movements and rapid, repeated trimming of the sails were developed in order to sail a small boat faster than ever before. Because these kinetic techniques drove a boat measurably faster, their use rapidly spread from class to class amongst the top competitors. In the attempt to try to stop small boat sailing from turning into a strictly athletic contest, the International Yacht Racing union introduced a rule in 1965 governing the use of Kinetics.
Since then, newer techniques have been developed that are not covered by the previous rule. Because these new methods are substantially faster, many top competitors are increasing their winning margins, the fleet is often forced to use kinetics in order to keep up. As a result of their rapidly spreading use, the TYRU has readdressed itself to this problem and has drafted a new proposal. Hopefully, this new rule, if adopted, will clearly define when the present techniques may be used and yet still allow for future developments in kinetic techniques.
Construction Design Approach for Contemporary Yacht Hulls
Authors: Bowles Russell 
Published: June 2021

My first impression of the widely accepted rules for sizing structural members in the construction of sailing yachts was that it was the world of empirical mystery that arrived at structural solutions that would survive most normal events through sheer quantity of structure. Nevin's rules, Herreshoff's rules, Lloyds' rules all offered quick and useful solutions for sizing structural members for the style of yacht and materials available at the time the rules were created. Applied to the current popular style of relatively light displacement, fin keel/spade rudder cruising or racing yacht these rules gave solutions that were often clumsy and quite obviously well outside the range of interpolation intended for the rules.
The approach our office has taken to structures is based on Lloyds, and more recently the ABS Guide, heavily influenced by firsthand experience on boats over a lot of heavy air ocean racing, and colored to some degree by my training as a Civil Engineer.
As a starting point we sought to determine actual loadings that occur on a hull and then organise a structure capable of resisting these loads with whatever factors of safety are appropriate. Other influencing factors such as the nature of the load, resiliance and stiffness of the material, and type of structure should all be accounted for in determining scantlings.
Basing our philosophy on the engineering logic of load x how safe x to last how long = structure we have outlined in the following our approach which we are filling out and refining in the process of conducting our business. We have tailored this approach to sailing yachts in the medium to light displacement range with fin keels, spade rudders, with or without partial skeg. Any application outside this style must be done with care - less witchcraft, more science.
Assessment of Health Risk of Daily Fluoride Intake of Some Selected Dentifrices used in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Tonubari Kpalap, Pretty , Samuel Bartimaeus, Ebirien-Agana , Holy Brown, 
Published: June 2021

Background: Several dentifrices are marketed and used by individuals for the purposes of cleaning and maintaining the aesthetic and health of the teeth, promote oral hygiene and aid in removal of dental plaque and food materials from the teeth. This study was thus designed to assess the pH and fluoride concentrations in selected dentifrices and the possible health risks associated with daily fluoride intake of these selected dentifrices used in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.
Materials and Methods: This study estimated the pH and fluoride concentration of the different dentifrices by the pH meter and Ion Selective Electrode method. In addition, the Daily fluoride intake (DFI), Chronic daily intake (CDI) and Hazard quotient (HQ) for the different dentifrices to assess the risk of fluoride intake was calculated.
Results: From the result of this study, it was noticed that only one dentifrice, chewing stick (Massularia acuminate) has a pH (6.8) that conform to the recommended pH range (6.0-7.5) by NAFDAC while the other dentifrices have a pH value (7.6-10.1) that was higher than the pH range recommended by NAFDAC. For the fluoride concentration, it was observed that some of the dentifrices like Dr. Agnes Nwanmma dental powder (440 ppm), Dr. White dental powder (480 ppm) and Eradental powder (760 ppm) have low fluoride concentration when compared with the fluoride standard concentration stipulated by SON/ NAFDAC (825-1250 ppm) while the other dentifrices showed fluoride concentration within the range stipulated by stipulated by SON/ NAFDAC but they were below the fluoride concentrations stated on their different labels. The DFI of the dentifrices was within the range (53.86-131.58 mg/day), CDI (0.744-1.8275 mg/kg/day and the HQ (12.27-30.46).
Conclusion: Although the fluoride concentrations of the dentifrices were within the normal range as stipulated by NAFDAC and SON, the observation of HQ > 1 in all the dentifrices implied that dentifrices commonly used in Nigeria may pose health risk to the consumers.
Influence of Water Regime and Fertilization on the Vegetative Parameters of Two Varieties of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, Malvacea) in the Daloa Region, Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Martine Beugré Manéhonon , N’Guessan Kouame , Jacob Kouassi N’dri , Leatitia Kouamé Ahou , Justin Kouadio Yatty 
Published: June 2021

This study aims to evaluate the effect of water stress and organo-mineral fertilization on the morphological parameters of two varieties of okra. The treatments used (fertilizers) are: T0 (controls without amendment), T1 (4 kg chicken manure), T2 (4 kg sawdust, T3 (1 kg NPK 15-15-13 fertilizer). Three (3) types of water regimes were applied, R3 (watering 3 times per week), R5 (watering 5 times per week), and R7 (watering 7 times per week). The results obtained in terms of fertilizers applied to the soil did not show any significant influence on plant growth (p> 0.05). As for the other results, they showed that 100% of the parameters studied were influenced by the variety effect, while 33% were influenced by the watering frequency effect. Four parameters were influenced by the interaction between variety and frequency of watering, which shows that the variety used and frequency of watering play an important role in okra production. Both the organic and mineral fertilizers applied to the soil showed no significant effect on the measured parameters, which could be as a result of non-decomposition of organic matter and insufficiency in the amount of mineral fertilizers required to supply the plant needs.
Protocol - Assessment about Knowledge of Panchakarma in Asha Workers and their Sensitization with Panchakarma Module in Wardha Taluka
Authors: Chaple Jagruti N. , Sawarkar Punam 
Published: June 2021

Background: A village level community health worker " Accredited Social Health Activist " (ASHA)’acts as a bridge between community & health care facilities. The ASHA workers act as catalysts in promoting various programmes of the foundation and encourage people to avail the available benefits.
Aim and objectives: To study the assessment about Knowledge of Panchakarma in ASHA Workers & Sensitization to them with Panchakarma module in Wardha taluka Objectives are 1.To design Panchakarma questionnaire module and then to assess the existing knowledge and awareness in ASHA Workers of Wardha Taluka. 2.To sensitize ASHA Workers about Panchakarma procedures with the help of demonstration videos and lectures ,then post test and compare pre & post assessment score about Knowledge and awareness about Panchakarma.
Methodology: The study will be Interventional study. Permission will be taken from the institutional ethical committee. Data will be collected in Wardha taluka by Pre and Post test interview of ASHA. All the subjects will be personally interviewed on the basis of questionnaire .Questionnaires administered by an interviewer are used to survey socio demographic factors, Knowledge, awareness and attitudes regarding Ayurveda (AYUSH Programme) . Before taking the Pre test the verbal consent of the subject will be taken.
Results: ASHA will be as a facilitator for promoting awareness in the community about Panchakarma.
Conclusion: Conclusion will be on the basis of observation and analyzed data.
Cocrystals, Coamorphous Phases and Coordination Complexes of γ‐ andε‐Lactams
Authors: Hall Amy V. , Chambers Luke I. , Musa Osama M. , Steed Jonathan W. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe strongly interacting lactam functional group in both γ‐ and ε‐lactams makes them of considerable interest in the formation of multicomponent solids including a hugely diverse range of cocrystals, coordination complexes with lactam ligands and coamorphous phases. This chapter reviews both crystalline and amorphous multicomponent materials based on small‐molecule mono‐ and bislactams with a focus on the interactions between the lactam component and the molecules or ions with which it binds. The lactam amide group is a highly polar organic functional group, and the property dominates much of the chemistry and applications of lactam derivatives. N‐Methyl pyrrolidone is an important industrial substance and is produced on a 20 000‐30 000‐ton scale annually by ester‐to‐amide conversion, treating butyrolactone with methylamine. The chapter deals with molecular cocrystals of the systems while looks at their properties as ligands for metal ion complexation within the context of metal coordination by polyvinylpyrrolidone in particular.
Selective Ion Permeation through Stabilized Metal–Phenolic Grafted Graphene Oxide Membranes
Authors: Soyekwo Faizal , Liu Changkun , Huang Wei , Wen Hao 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe structural stability and high permeability of 2D materials‐based membranes are key research interests for separation membranes. However, the instability of their microstructures due to the aqueous‐induced swelling phenomenon affects their performance. It is highly desirable to explore anti‐swelling approaches able to mitigate this challenge as well as develop 2D lamellar membranes with ion selective capabilities beyond the limits based on size exclusion mechanism. Herein, graphene oxide (GO) laminate membranes covalently anchored and intercalated with metal‐phenolic networks display suppressed swelling durability and resist delamination in aqueous media. The resultant Fe@TA‐GO membrane with confined d‐spacing boasts high water fluxes of up to 15.0 L m−2 h−1 under osmotic pressure (2 m sucrose). Furthermore, the permeation tests reveal that the interaction between the metal ions and the immobilized cation–ligand molecules influences the ion permeances through the functionalized GO membranes conducing to fast ion permeation rates with ion diffusion permselectivity as well as effective selective separation of organic contaminants. These results will help advance the applications of GO membranes for challenging ion separations related to sustainable resource recovery and environmental remediation of organic dye and metal ion contaminated wastewaters.
Assessing legacy effects of a 12‐year irrigated cropping systems study with a post‐hoc bioassay
Authors: Larney Francis J. , Pearson Drusilla C. , Blackshaw Robert E. , Lupwayi Newton Z. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA healthy soil resource is vital to the continued success of irrigated agriculture in southern Alberta. A 12‐yr (2000–2011) irrigated cropping systems study was followed with a dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) field bioassay in 2012, to assess legacy effects of preceding management. Specifically, a comparison of conventional (CONV) and conservation (CONS) management (reduced tillage, cover crops, compost addition, narrow‐row dry bean) legacies was sought. However, rotational legacies such as preceding phase, length, preceding crop, and interval since previous dry bean were also assessed by the fully phased experimental setup. Only 1 of 18 possible soil management contrasts (CONV vs. CONS, 2000–2011) was significant for the dry bean bioassay in 2012, despite overwhelming evidence of improved soil health (microbial biomass C and β‐glucosidase activity) under CONS management. Monoculture wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from 2000 to 2011 led to 2 d earlier maturity and higher disease incidence in bioassay dry bean. With wheat as a preceding crop, bioassay dry bean was significantly shorter (4 cm), earlier maturing (2 d), and lower yielding (by 21–35%) than with dry bean, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), or sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) as preceding crops, largely due to volunteer wheat competition. Significantly enhanced bioassay yields (9–13%) with shorter intervals since previous dry bean demonstrated a “legume effect.” Overall, the dry bean bioassay was less effective at assessing soil management legacies (CONV vs. CONS) than rotational legacies such as preceding crop or interval since previous dry bean.
Preliminary crop coefficients for late planted short‐season soybean: Texas High Plains
Authors: Marek Gary W. , Evett Steven R. , Colaizzi Paul D. , Brauer David K. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHaving similar profit potential but roughly half of the water requirements of corn (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has become an attractive crop in the Southern High Plains (SHP) where groundwater levels and well capacities continue to decline. However, unpredictable and erratic precipitation often results in conditions either too wet or too dry for ideal germination. Coupled with a relatively short planting window for adequate heat unit accumulation and the threat of severe weather events, cotton crops can fail, leaving limited options for producers wanting to plant a second summer crop. One option is short‐season soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. However, limited data on crop water use (evapotranspiration, ET), crop coefficient (Kc), and yield exist for late‐planted soybean in the semiarid SHP. After unseasonably wet conditions in May 2019, a short‐season soybean variety was planted on 13 June in irrigated weighing lysimeter fields at the USDA‐ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory at Bushland, TX. Results showed profitable yields (4,786–4,996 kg ha–1), and although maximum daily Kc values were not different than published values, season length was 24–29 d shorter than for soybean planted in mid‐May. Seasonal water use was less than that of archived data using earlier planting dates in 2 of 3 yr, although those studies used different varieties. Crop coefficient functions using both short and tall standardized reference ET values are presented for sprinkler and subsurface drip irrigation systems. Although these data are useful to producers in the SHP, additional data are needed to develop Kc functions that better characterize interannual variations in weather.
Scale‐up economics for cultured meat
Authors: Humbird David 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis analysis examines the potential of “cultured meat” products made from edible animal cell culture to measurably displace the global consumption of conventional meat. Recognizing that the scalability of such products must in turn depend on the scale and process intensity of animal cell production, this study draws on technoeconomic analysis perspectives in industrial fermentation and upstream biopharmaceuticals to assess the extent to which animal cell culture could be scaled like a fermentation process. Low growth rate, metabolic inefficiency, catabolite inhibition, and shear‐induced cell damage will all limit practical bioreactor volume and attainable cell density. Equipment and facilities with adequate microbial contamination safeguards have high capital costs. The projected costs of suitably pure amino acids and protein growth factors are also high. The replacement of amino‐acid media with plant protein hydrolysates is discussed and requires further study. Capital‐ and operating‐cost analyses of conceptual cell‐mass production facilities indicate economics that would likely preclude the affordability of their products as food. The analysis concludes that metabolic efficiency enhancements and the development of low‐cost media from plant hydrolysates are both necessary but insufficient conditions for displacement of conventional meat by cultured meat.
Cooperative Ligands in Dissolution of Gold
Authors: Heliövaara Eeva , Liljeqvist Henri , Muuronen Mikko , Eronen Aleksi , Moslova Karina , Repo Timo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Timo Repo at the University of Helsinki. The image depicts a ligand‐exchange reaction as a battle between hummingbirds and golden birds, which represent two different thiol ligands. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202101028
Synthesis and Characterization of TiC Nanofibers Obtained via a Modified Carbothermal Process
Authors: Tsai Chung‐Ying , Mondal Kanchan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA simple method for synthesis of titanium carbide (TiC) nanofibers by a modified carbothermal reduction of electrospun titanium‐based fibers is reported. The effect of synthesis steps on the final product is discussed. Continuous TiC fibers synthesized have a smooth surface morphology, with average diameter of 148 nm and length in the centimeter range. X‐ray diffraction and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis results indicate that the fibers consist of TiC of high purity. Impact of heat treatment on the morphology and chemical and crystalline composition of the product is also investigated. Based on the experimental evidence, it is hypothesized that the carbothermal reduction of calcined electrospun fibers with precoated carbon proceeds through diffusion‐limited shrinking core pathway while that of the as‐spun fibers follows the reaction‐limited solution precipitation mechanism. The TiC nanofibers also show superior sintering properties by increasing theoretical density of hot pressed TiB2 from 94.5% of theoretical density to 97.9% of theoretical density. When sintered with ceria, it improves the conductivity of the ceria by 18.29 times as compared to 2.94 times by TiC nanoparticles at 800 °C. The TiC nanofibers show metallic behavior as well as potential for application as electrochemical double layer capacitor supercapacitors.
Numerical investigation of skin and subcutaneous tissue thermal injury during elevated heating
Authors: Oguntala George , Sobamowo Gbeminiyi , Hu Yim‐Fun 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThis paper presents the non‐Fourier bioheat transfer prediction methodology of human skin to determine skin burn injury with non‐ideal properties of tissue, metabolism and blood perfusion. The dual‐phase lag bioheat transfer model with the inclusion of evaporation is developed for the triple‐layer skin tissues. The developed models are solved numerically using Galerkin's finite element method. Parametric studies on the effects of skin tissue properties, initial temperature, blood perfusion rate and heat transfer parameters for the thermal response and exposure time of the layers of the skin tissue are carried out. The results of the investigation are compared with experimental results in the literature. The study demonstrates that the initial tissue temperature, the thermal conductivity of the epidermis and dermis, relaxation and thermalisation time and convective heat transfer coefficient are critical parameters to examine skin burn injury threshold. The study also shows that thermal conductivity and the blood perfusion rate exhibits negligible effects on the burn injury threshold. The objective of the present study is to support the accurate quantification and assessment of skin burn injury for reliable experimentation, design and optimisation of thermal therapy delivery.
Comparing the ignition and burning hazards of sugar‐cane bagasse and hemp epoxy composites
Authors: Basnayake Asanka P. , Hidalgo Juan P. , Heitzmann Michael T. 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThe feasibility of using sugar‐cane bagasse as a reinforcement for natural fiber composites and the performance of these composites under fire conditions was investigated. Plies were manufactured using a process, which involved alkali‐treating bagasse, blending, pressing, and drying. Soaking durations of 30 minutes and 24 hours were compared. Composites were then made with these plies using a light resin transfer molding process. The composites were characterized and compared to a commercial hemp fabric using thermogravimetric analysis for thermal stability and char yield, isotropic hot disc method for thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity, and cone calorimeter for flammability. The investigation found that bagasse plies could be successfully used in composite manufacture, but posed a greater ignition hazard, and a comparable burning behavior hazard to the commercial product when tested at a radiant heat flux of 35 kW/m2. Thirty minutes treating resulted in a ply, which resulted in a char yield of 28%. Although in the composite form, there were no significant differences between all sample groups. With regards to ignition, the hemp composite had the latest time‐to‐ignition of 137 seconds. Comparison of the thermal properties to the ignition times showed that higher values of thermal properties resulted in later ignition times. The composite with the 30‐minute treated bagasse had a total heat release of 159 MJ/m2 and average heat release rate of 263 kW/m2, while the peak heat release rate was lower for the 24‐hour treated bagasse at 537 kW/m2. Overall, no significant differences in the two treatment durations were observed.