bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mexican Miltons
Authors: Duran Angelica 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This essay follows key traces of John Milton’s presence in Mexico and concludes with a discussion of their extensions into twentieth- and twenty-first-century Mexico, the hispanophone world, and related critical discussions. Milton’s works circulated in Mexican collections despite the fact that, starting in the eighteenth century, Milton was proscribed by two significant texts that circulated in the Americas: the Spanish Catholic Inquisition’s and Roman Catholic Inquisition’s infamous indexes of proscribed works and authors. English, Spanish, and French versions of Milton’s works appear at the first public library in the Americas, the Biblioteca Palafoxiana, confirming the multilingualism of and active participation in Western cultural trends by Mexican readers. After Mexican independence (1821), Mexico’s Francisco Granados Maldonado published his hispanophone translation of Paradise Lost (1858), even though three others by European Spaniards were available. Granados Maldonado’s translational choices reflect a linguistic and political engagement with, but independence from, Spanish and European cultural trends.
Milton and Radicalism
Authors: Smith Nigel 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the half-century before the quatercentenary of Milton’s birth in 2008, the dominant attention to his poetry and prose was of a historical nature and focused on exploring in detail his career as an apologist for aspects of the English Revolution: versions of radical Puritanism; republicanism; and domestic reform in the shape of the divorce argument. Yet the recent resurgence of formalist approaches, with particular focus on the poetry, has obscured or banished the politics, and work on Milton and philosophical/scientific reform has produced a picture not of the seventeenth-century Voltaire or Jefferson but of a republican Newton. This chapter insists on Milton’s identity as a radical religious and political thinker, writer, and actor, over and against some recent contrary arguments, taking account of a more recent return to historical scholarship, where some of that work has been inspired by changing definitions of radicalism in our own time.
Jus Post Bellum and Just Peace
Authors: Stahn Carsten 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Theories of just peace have remained understudied in international law and peace studies. This chapter introduces major themes of the book and traces the role of peace and justice in just peace discourse. It identifies different approaches towards just peace in three fields: just war theory, peacebuilding practice, and transitional justice approaches. It argues that just peace is more than ‘just a peace’, namely a stable peace with justice, but at the same time highly dependent on relational and discursive dimensions. It requires negotiation, recognition, and implementation and involves concession or compromise from parties. It is not only related to form and process, but connected to different dimensions of justice (retributive, procedural, restorative, and distributive justice) which need to be adjusted to the context of transitions from conflict to peace. Peace must be perceived to be fair and just.
Jus Post Bellum and Proportionality
Authors: Newton Michael A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The chapter analyses proportionality aspects of jus ad bellum and jus in bello and their connection to jus post bellum. It argues that proportionality functions are interconnected, although they operate as independent normative frameworks. Nevertheless, each operates beneath the larger shadow cast by jus post bellum considerations. The contribution engages with misapplication of Cicero’s precept of the nexus of war and peace. While jus ad bellum concepts provide a vital safeguard against reckless usages of armed force, jus in bello proportionality delineates the outer boundaries of the commander’s appropriate discretion during hostilities. The author shows that jus post bellum provides an important bridging function that arises from the deep synergies shared by the proportionality principle embodies across respective usages.
Jus Post Bellum and the Evolution of Reparations
Authors: Payne Cymie R. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that reparations should be seen as instrumental for peacebuilding. In contemporary practices, they are no longer solely mediated through the state or confined to claims by individuals against states. Experiences of UN claims mechanisms and international criminal tribunals show that duties may also arise in the relationship between individuals. The chapter examines reparation practices, especially from the ICC, critically engaging with the source of compensation funds, as well as with the ultimate goal of reparations: building a just and sustainable peace. With this assessment, including lessons learned from the UN Compensation Commission, the chapter aims to reframe reparations as a critical element for peacebuilding.
Mapping a Norm of Inclusion in the Jus Post Bellum
Authors: Turner Catherine 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter maps the existence of provisions requiring the inclusion of traditionally excluded groups in peace negotiations. It argues that international law now require inclusion not only as an aspiration or an optional political gesture, but as a fundamental general principle of the jus post bellum. It shows that inclusion as a norm emerges from within existing shared principles embodied in the United Nations Charter, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and existing international human rights treaty law. It proposes inclusion as an underpinning norm of jus post bellum, ensuring sustainable peace by engaging with those most affected by peace agreements and post-conflict constitutions.
Rights of Indigenous Peoples and Environmental Protection in Jus Post Bellum
Authors: Sjöstedt Britta 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the protection of the environment of territories that indigenous peoples inhabit, occupy, or otherwise use in the aftermath of armed conflict. It focuses on how rights of indigenous peoples apply and how they sit in the larger framework of jus post bellum. It traces international obligations to respect indigenous peoples’ rights to protect the environment of their territories in human rights law and in international environmental law. It discusses the ICL Draft Principles on the Protection of the Environment in Relation to Armed Conflicts which contain a clause on indigenous peoples. The author suggests that peacebuilding activities can be reconciled with states’ international obligations towards indigenous peoples.
Norm Persistence in Distributive Justice
Authors: Pugh Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A guiding principle of assisting recovery from conflict is that normative transformations in political economy are essential to establishing peace through law and regulation. Significant and reflexive policy shifts have occurred since the 1990s so as to sustain ‘peace from below’. The chapter submits an interpretation of post bellum economic justice that emphasizes the persistence of norms about capital accumulation and the rights of labour. Particular norms and values have been categorical for interventionists, continually reproduced and almost ideologically unimpeachable, even though such presumptions about economic progress are in jeopardy in policy centres that promote post bellum transformations. However the global growth in economic service sectors will require new forms of sustenance and new enforceable regimes to establish and maintain peace that will be recognized as ‘just’.
Statistical Tests and Algorithms
Authors: Láruson Áki J. , Reed Floyd A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this chapter statistical tests are performed in R, including the χ2 tests; testing can be started if allele and genotype frequency data match the reader’s expectations. Writing and running algorithms are introduced as functions, specifically working through building an Expectation Maximization function. The function is then used to estimate and update the reader’s inferences of allele frequencies from observed and expected genotypes.
Genetic Variation
Authors: Láruson Áki J. , Reed Floyd A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
An introduction to randomness and the neutral theory of molecular evolution and how it contributes to levels of genetic diversity in populations. The estimation of random shifts in allele frequencies over time is discussed using the binomial probability distribution. This chapter visualizes how different initial allele frequencies relate to their probability of being fixed in a population when only drift is acting. The outputs of multiple simulations of a population undergoing random increase and decrease in allele frequencies per generation are built, run, and visualized. The fixation index (F) is introduced to quantify the loss of genetic variance over time.
Adaptation and Natural Selection
Authors: Láruson Áki J. , Reed Floyd A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Here non-random shifts in allele frequencies over time are introduced, as well as how to incorporate varying levels of selection into a model of a single population through time. This chapter highlights the difference between weak and strong selection, the dynamics of single allele versus genotype-level selection, and how selection strength and population size affect allele frequency distributions over time. Finally the inference of the selection coefficient from allele frequency data is discussed, alongside the concepts of overdominance and underdominance.
Person Identification at Airports During Passport Control
Authors: Stevens Charlie 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides insight into the development of internationally interoperable standards for passport and travel documents, and technological advances to facilitate fast and effective processing of passenger information for comparison against watchlists at borders and airports. The demands posed to border controls are considered and how these have changed over time, with particular emphasis on the modern-day threat of identity impostors and the development of facial recognition technology at Automated Border Control points. The continuing central role of human personnel for verifying the identity and nationality of travellers is described, with consideration of personnel selection, training, and performance monitoring.
Steps Towards a Cognitive Theory of Unfamiliar Face Matching
Authors: Bindemann Markus , Burton A. Mike 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The visual comparison of unfamiliar faces—or ‘face matching’—is utilized widely for person identification in applied settings and has generated substantial research interest in psychology, but a cognitive theory to explain how observers perform this task does not exist. This chapter outlines issues of importance to support the development of a cognitive account of unfamiliar face matching. Characteristics of the face, such as within-person variability and between-person similarity in appearance, are considered as the visual input upon which identification must build. The cognitive mechanisms that observers may bring to bear on faces during identity comparison are analysed, focusing on attention, perception, evaluation, and decision processes, including sources of individual differences at each of these stages. Finally, the role of different experimental and occupational contexts in understanding face matching and for optimizing theory development is discussed.
Possession and Title to Land
Authors: Rostill Luke 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the nature of the title that is acquired through taking possession of land. It argues that the traditional view, which is that mere possession is not a source of freehold title, is plausible only if one overlooks how the law has evolved. Today, one can acquire a fee simple estate simply through taking possession. The chapter seeks to marshal new arguments in support of this claim. Its main strategy is to analyse the incidents of the possessor’s interest with a view to showing that it has the core features of a fee simple estate. It also considers the scope of the rule and analyses a number of objections.
Moral Personhood and Personal Identity
Authors: Boeker Ruth 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter applies Locke’s kind-dependent account of identity to persons. First, the author argues that Lockean persons belong to a moral and legal kind of being: they are subjects of accountability. This interpretation gives full credit to Locke’s claim that ‘person’ is a forensic term, but it also shows that his arguments presuppose a particular conception of morality that is grounded in divine law and the power to enforce morality by reward and punishment. Next, the chapter asks how Locke’s moral and legal account of personhood enables us to specify persistence conditions for persons. It is argued that it is helpful to examine Locke’s understanding of just accountability. For Locke sameness of consciousness is a necessary condition for moral accountability. This makes it possible to establish that sameness of consciousness is a necessary condition for personal identity. Yet it is also acknowledged that Locke thinks about moral accountability in particular and controversial ways. The chapter ends by offering fine-grained distinctions for understanding the relation between morality and metaphysics in Locke’s account of personal identity.
Hegel and Marx on the Historical Necessity of the Terror
Authors: James David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Hegel is shown to explain the historical necessity of the phase of the French Revolution known as the Terror in terms of conceptual necessity. This conceptual necessity concerns the self-conception and understanding of how the world ought to be characteristic of agents who are committed to the idea of ‘absolute’ freedom. Practical necessity here plays a key role, in that it is the mediating factor between this conceptual necessity and historical necessity. It also enables Hegel to avoid introducing a standpoint that is external to the one of the agents caught up in the historical process that is being explained. Marx explains the Terror in similar terms, and his explanation of it is shown to be related to his critique of the modern state and his critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right.
The Compatibility of Freedom and Necessity in Marx’s Idea of Communist Society
Authors: James David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
It is argued that the manner in which workers organize production and determine its goals explains how freedom and necessity are reconciled in Marx’s idea of communist society. Freedom and necessity are reconciled, moreover, in such a way that both self-realization and engagement in activities that possess some intrinsic value become possible, whereas this is not the case for workers in capitalist society. Communist society is explained in terms of a concept of freedom that incorporates three distinct types of freedom, whereas this concept of freedom is incompatible with the constraints generated by the capitalist mode of production and the social relations that emerge on its basis. The theme of how historical materialism is committed to the idea of historical necessity and seeks to explain this necessity in terms of practical necessity is then introduced.
Eugenio Montale
Authors: Hofmann Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Montale, in the 1930s, was between wars but also between women. His ‘hermetic’ style shimmers between suggested meanings or implications. ‘Boats on the Marne’ sounds like a pleasure-outing, a Sunday sail or row, and begins with ‘happiness’ but ends with ‘floating’ (like a corpse?); begins with an upside-down sun, and ends among the stars. A poem whose thought takes the characteristically Montalean form of a cyclone, opening and opening.
Karen Solie
Authors: Hofmann Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The fourth and last of these poems is the newest, and dates from 2015. ‘The World’ is shown to be an actual ship, a privately owned and managed luxury liner kept in continuous, obscene movement around our planet. Hence its name. Solie’s speaker (male, unnamed) is a co-owner and passenger-cum-inmate. His speech or pitch runs in parallel to the ship’s unceasing progress. Alas for both, it is shown to have the unhappy, destabilizing knack of puncturing itself, of turning down, of emerging into profound, unhappy, unanswerable questions.
Introduction
Authors: Rosenberg Joseph Elkanah 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Drawing on a number of examples from writers such as D. H. Lawrence and James Joyce, the introduction develops the concept of “wastepaper modernism”: an awareness of communicative failure that finds its most potent manifestation in images of wasted and ruined print. While “wastepaper modernism” finds its fullest constellation at mid-century, its origins lie at the end of the Victorian era. In a moment that is symptomatic of an emerging ambivalence towards the printed residue of history, Henry James, watching the media spectacle of Queen Victoria’s Diamond Jubilee, figures the transition of one age into another as a layering of papery debris over papery debris: the presentable “historic page” becomes only another peeling poster or discarded billet that accumulates in the Jubilee’s aftermath. To be modern, for James, is to anticipate ruination.
Vladimir Nabokov’s Identity Papers
Authors: Rosenberg Joseph Elkanah 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the disciplinary power of “identity papers,” such as passports and citizenship cards, in Nabokov’s fiction. The loss of such documents does more than alienate so many of Nabokov’s characters from their homelands: it estranges them from their very selves. To be without papers in Nabokov’s fiction is not just to be stateless, but to be without any identity at all. Passports and citizenship cards both reflect their holders and supplant them, becoming papery doubles that, in mirroring the self, take its place. In “fictitious biographies” like The Real Life of Sebastian Knight, Nabokov depicts lives that rely entirely on documentation and paperwork—selves quite literally made out of paper.
Coda
Authors: Rosenberg Joseph Elkanah 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Wastepaper Modernism concludes by briefly turning towards our current age of new media technologies and networks. Where literature’s first media age of cinemas and radios brought about an acute anxiety about the novel’s status as a print-based medium, by the end of the century this turned into a state of wistfulness towards all things paper. This change exposes what was at stake in wastepaper modernism’s imagination of literature as a decayed medium. Wastepaper modernism marked a brief but vital moment in which literature recognized its own materials as occupying the border between meaning and unmeaning.
Future War and the Defence of Europe
Authors: Allen John R. , Hodges Frederick Ben , Lindley-French Julian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Set against the backdrop of the COVID-19 crisis, Future War and the Defence of Europe considers in the round how peace can be maintained on a continent that has suffered two cataclysmic conflicts since 1914. COVID-19 and the trend-accelerating impact of such pandemics is first considered. The book then weaves history, strategy, policy, and technology into a compelling analytical narrative that sets the scale of the challenge Europeans and their allies will face if Europe’s peace is to be upheld in a transformative century. The book challenges foundational assumptions about how Europe’s defence is organized, the role of a fast-changing transatlantic relationship, NATO, the European Union, and their constituent nation-states. At the heart of the book is a radical vision of a technology-enabling future European defence built around a new kind of Atlantic alliance, an innovative strategic public–private partnership, and the future hyper-electronic European force it must spawn. Europeans should be under no illusion: unless they do far more for their own defence, and very differently, all that Europeans now take for granted could be lost in the maze of hybrid war, cyber war, and hyperwar they must face.
Defending Europe
Authors: Allen John R. , Hodges F. Ben , Lindley-French Julian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The maintenance of peace in Europe must not and cannot be taken for granted. Unless Europeans do far more for their own defence, the Americans will be unable to defend them, but there is no credible future war, future defence of Europe without the Americans! Five lines of strategy are thus needed: managing Russia with defence and dialogue; balancing post-COVID-19 human security and national defence; re-establishing European strategic realism and responsibility via a genuine NATO–EU partnership; building a strategic public–private partnership; and really adapting NATO to meet the future war, future defence challenge of Europe. This chapter details these.
Introduction
Authors: Giles Paul 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis chapter outlines the underlying theoretical argument informing this work. The first section, ‘Four-Dimensional Postmodernism’, summarizes various ways in which postmodernism has been understood, arguing that a broad historical definition functions most effectively. It discusses the ramifications of postmodernism as a term with social and economic as well as cultural implications, along with the complex relation between postmodernism and religion. The second section, ‘Ironies of the Anthropocene’, engages environmentalist theory, suggesting that the Anthropocene can usefully be understood as (among other things) a rhetorical concept. It traces how such representations have influenced art marked by the prospect of climate change. The final section, ‘Genealogies of the Planetary’, tracks how ideas of the planetary have been critically framed, from the nineteenth century through to the present day. It discusses how planetary time is represented in postmodernist Indigenous painting and how such disruptions of linear sequence are also manifested in musical temporalities.
A War to Remember (1)
Authors: Shams Fatemeh 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Iran–Iraq War ran for eight grueling and bloody years between 1980 and 1988, when the Islamic Republic was still in its infancy, irrevocably changing the official literary discourse of the 1980s. Through a socio-literary analysis, this chapter investigates the way in which the state’s martial campaign was manifested in, and promoted by, the canonized voices of the war, resulting in the launch of a whole new genre of Sacred Defense poetry, and the deployment of a form of mystic militantism, drawing on the lexicon and tropes of the classical Persian mystical and devotional poetry.
Conclusion
Authors: Bradley Ian 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Arthur Sullivan was no saint and certainly no ascetic. He enjoyed life to the full and was an unashamed pleasure seeker, adding gambling to the usual trinity of women, wine, and song. It is not surprising that he related so closely to the biblical figure of the Prodigal Son whom he resembled both in terms of his somewhat profligate lifestyle and in his bouts of remorse and regret. He had a remarkable capacity for generosity and a simple and trusting Christian faith. Although his life was not without its apparent contrasts and contradictions, his character, like his music, was distinguished by its simplicity, straightforwardness, and utter sincerity. Both exerted a softening and uplifting effect which it is not too much to describe as a divine emollient.