bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medical Research Council Hot Topic workshop report: Planning a UK Nutrition and Healthy Life Expectancy Trial
Authors: Carter Jennifer , Mathers John , Fairweather‐Tait Susan , Jebb Susan , Sattar Naveed , Jennings Amy , Minihane Anne‐Marie 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThere is a drive in the UK to harness findings from novel fundamental and efficacy nutritional research and, through inter‐disciplinary and multi‐agency collaborations, to improve eating behaviour for the benefit of population health. This report summarises the progress made during the Medical Research Council‐funded Hot Topic workshop on the planning for a potential UK‐wide nutrition primary prevention randomised controlled trial with incident disease as the study endpoint: the UKNutrition and HealthyLifeExpectancy (NuLifE)Trial. Through two workshops, along with online discussions and a systematic evidence synthesis, over 40 experts from a range of disciplines came together over 6 months. The workshop reached a consensus and delivered a three‐stage plan with the ultimate ambitious aim of providing effective eating behaviour change strategies to address the growing inequalities in the UK and contribute to both a reduced risk of prevalent diet‐related chronic disease and an increase in healthy life expectancy.
Nursing violent patients: Vulnerability and the limits of the duty to provide care
Authors: Dunsford Jennifer 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe duty to provide care is foundational to the nursing profession and the work of nurses. Unfortunately, violence against nurses at the hands of recipients of care is increasingly common. While employers, labor unions, and professional associations decry the phenomenon, the decision to withdraw care, even from someone who is violent or abusive, is never easy. The scant guidance that exists suggests that the duty to care continues until the risk of harm to the nurse is unreasonable, however, “reasonableness” remains undefined in the literature. In this paper, I suggest that reasonable risk, and the resulting strength of the duty to provide care in situations where violence is present, hinge on the vulnerability of both nurse and recipient of care. For the recipient, vulnerability increases with the level of dependency and incapacity. For the nurse, vulnerability is related to the risk and implications of injury. The complex interplay of contextual vulnerabilities determines whether the risk a nurse faces at the hands of a violent patient is reasonable or unreasonable. This examination will enhance our understanding of professional responsibilities and can help to clarify the strengths and limitations of the nurse's duty to care.
Auxin and its role in plant development: structure, signalling, regulation and response mechanisms
Authors: Gomes G. L. B. , Scortecci K. C. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAuxins are plant hormones that play a central role in controlling plant growth and development across different environmental conditions. Even at low concentrations, auxins can regulate gene expression through specific transcription factors and proteins that are modulated to environmental responses in the signalling cascade. Auxins are synthesized in tissues with high cell division activity and distributed by specific transmembrane proteins that regulate efflux and influx. This review presents recent advances in understanding the biosynthetic pathways, both dependent and independent of tryptophan, highlighting the intermediate indole compounds (indole‐3‐acetamide, indole‐3‐acetaldoxime, indole‐3‐pyruvic acid and tryptamine) and the key enzymes for auxin biosynthesis, such as YUCs and TAAs. In relation to the signalling cascade, it has been shown that auxins influence gene expression regulation by the connection between synthesis and distribution. Moreover, the molecular action of the auxin response factors and auxin/indole‐3‐acetic acid transcription factors with the F‐box TIR1/AFB auxin receptors regulates gene expression. In addition, the importance of microRNAs in the auxin signalling pathway and their influence on plant plasticity to environmental fluctuations is also demonstrated. Finally, this review describes the chemical and biological processes involving auxins in plants.
Effects of zinc application on the growth and photosynthetic characteristics of pecan at the seedling stage
Authors: Liu J.‐P , Deng Q.‐J. , Shang Y.‐J. , Yao X.‐W. , Wang H.‐K. , Tang Y.‐J. , Peng F.‐R. , Tan P.‐P. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) is sensitive to Zn, which is involved in basic physiological and biochemical processes.

To explore the growth and physiology of pecan in response to Zn application, we used 1‐year‐old annual grafted seedlings (Pawnee) and applied four concentrations of Zn fertilizer (0.05, 0.10, 0.20 and 0.40 g·plant−1); a control (CK; no Zn fertilization) was also included. The growth characteristics, anatomical structure of the leaves and photosynthesis were assessed.

Compared with the CK, photosynthesis and chlorophyll (Chl) fluorescence parameters, leaf area and leaf structure significantly increased at Zn concentrations of 0.05 and 0.10 g·plant−1. In addition, growth of pecan at the seedling stage increased in response to moderate Zn application. In contrast, treatment with 0.20 and 0.40 g·Zn·plant−1 dramatically decreased these physiological indices and inhibited pecan growth.

The results show that moderate soil Zn application promotes pecan growth and development by increasing photosynthesis. However excess Zn concentrations were not conducive to seedling growth. The concentration of 0.1 g·Zn·plant−1 was best when considering long‐term soil Zn applications, providing a theoretical foundation for microelement management of pecan.
Inter‐morph pollen flow and reproductive success in a self‐compatible species with stigma‐height dimorphism: the influence of herkogamy and reciprocity
Authors: Ganguly S. , Barua D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Inter‐morph pollen transfer and its dependence on herkogamy and reciprocity are not completely understood in species with stigma‐height dimorphism. We asked whether total stigmatic pollen loads, inter‐morph fraction of pollen load and reproductive success differed between morphs in Jasminum malabaricum, a species exhibiting stigma‐height dimorphism. We tested whether higher herkogamy and reciprocity resulted in higher inter‐morph pollen deposition and reproductive success.

We quantified individual‐level estimates of herkogamy, reciprocity, total stigmatic pollen load, inter‐morph stigmatic pollen fraction and fruit set for both morphs in naturally occurring populations of J. malabaricum.

Total pollen load was higher in the long‐styled morph, inter‐morph pollen fraction was higher in the short‐styled morph, but fruit set did not differ between morphs. Higher herkogamy resulted in a higher inter‐morph fraction of pollen load and fruit set in the long‐styled morph of one population. In the other population, only reciprocity was found to be related to inter‐morph pollen deposition.

This study is the first to quantify and report natural inter‐morph stigmatic pollen load in a species with stigma‐height dimorphism. Morph‐specific differences in pollen load were similar to patterns commonly observed in heterostylous species. The results highlight the importance of both herkogamy and reciprocity in facilitating inter‐morph pollen transfer. Population‐specific patterns indicate that local environmental factors determine the relative functional importance of herkogamy and reciprocity.
Should I stay or should I go? Embracing causal heterogeneity in the study of pandemic policy and citizen behavior
Authors: Barberia Lorena G , Claro Oliveira Maria Leticia , Junqueira Andrea , Moreira Natália de Paula , Whitten Guy D. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo test for multicausality between government policy, health outcomes, economic performance, and citizen behavior during the COVID‐19 global pandemic.MethodsWe perform Granger‐causality tests to explore the interrelationship between four endogenous variables, social distancing policy, home isolation, balance rate, and average weekly COVID‐19 deaths, in the 26 states of Brazil. As exogenous variables, we included a linear time trend and a dummy for the week in which the World Health Organization (WHO) declared COVID‐19 a global pandemic.ResultsOur analysis of Granger causal ordering between the four variables demonstrates that there is significant heterogeneity across the Brazilian federation. These findings can be interpreted as underscoring that there is no common model applicable to all states, and that the dynamics are context‐dependent.ConclusionOur suggested approach allows researchers to account for the complex interrelationship between government policy, citizen behavior, the economy, and COVID‐related health outcomes.
Network organization of the plant immune system: from pathogen perception to robust defense induction
Authors: Delplace Florent , Huard‐Chauveau Carine , Berthomé Richard , Roby Dominique 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARYThe plant immune system has been explored essentially through the study of qualitative resistance, a simple form of immunity, and from a reductionist point of view. The recent identification of genes conferring quantitative disease resistance revealed a large array of functions, suggesting more complex mechanisms. In addition, thanks to the advent of high‐throughput analyses and system approaches, our view of the immune system has become more integrative, revealing that plant immunity should rather be seen as a distributed and highly connected molecular network including diverse functions to optimize expression of plant defenses to pathogens. Here, we review the recent progress made to understand the network complexity of regulatory pathways leading to plant immunity, from pathogen perception, through signaling pathways and finally to immune responses. We also analyze the topological organization of these networks and their emergent properties, crucial to predict novel immune functions and test them experimentally. Finally, we report how these networks might be regulated by environmental clues. Although system approaches remain extremely scarce in this area of research, a growing body of evidence indicates that the plant response to combined biotic and abiotic stresses cannot be inferred from responses to individual stresses. A view of possible research avenues in this nascent biology domain is finally proposed.
The truncated TNL receptor TN2‐mediated immune responses require ADR1 function
Authors: Wang Wei , Liu Na , Gao Chenyang , Rui Lu , Jiang Qiaochu , Chen Shuling , Zhang Qin , Zhong Guitao , Tang Dingzhong 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARYThe loss of function of exocyst subunit EXO70B1 leads to autoimmunity, which is dependent on TIR‐NBS2 (TN2), a truncated intracellular nucleotide‐binding and leucine‐rich repeat receptor (NLR). However, how TN2 triggers plant immunity and whether typical NLRs are required in TN2‐activated resistance remain unclear. Through the CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system and knockout analysis, we found that the spontaneous cell death and enhanced resistance in exo70B1‐3 were independent of the full‐length NLR SOC3 and its closest homolog SOC3‐LIKE 1 (SOC3‐L1). Additionally, knocking out SOC3‐L1 or TN2 did not suppress the chilling sensitivity conferred by chilling sensitive 1‐2 (chs1‐2). The ACTIVATED DISEASE RESISTANCE 1 (ADR1) family and the N REQUIREMENT GENE 1 (NRG1) family have evolved as helper NLRs for many typical NLRs. Through CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing methods, we discovered that the autoimmunity of exo70B1‐3 fully relied on ADR1s, but not NRG1s, and ADR1s contributed to the upregulation of TN2 transcript levels in exo70B1‐3. Furthermore, overexpression of TN2 also led to ADR1‐dependent autoimmune responses. Taken together, our genetic analysis highlights that the truncated TNL protein TN2‐triggered immune responses require ADR1s as helper NLRs to activate downstream signaling, revealing the importance and complexity of ADR1s in plant immunity regulation.
A DNA barcode reference library of Portuguese mosquitoes
Authors: Madeira Sara , Duarte Ana , Boinas Fernando , Costa Osório Hugo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMosquitoes are important biological vectors of pathogens and species identification in all life stages is the first step for effective monitoring and control of mosquito‐borne diseases. Molecular methods for species identification have been developed over the last years to overcome the limitations of the taxonomic identification based on morphology. DNA barcoding, using a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene, can be used for species identification but a reliable and comprehensive reference database of verified sequences is required. In this study, we aimed to generate a DNA barcode reference library for the identification of mosquito species from Portuguese mosquito fauna, including most relevant vector species. Mosquitoes captured under the National Vector Surveillance Program (REVIVE) were processed for DNA extraction, COI gene fragment amplification and sequencing. Nighty‐eight barcode sequences were obtained, representing 26 species and 6 genera. Sequences were submitted to GenBank and BOLD and were used for validation of phenetic classification. Barcode Index Number (BIN) assignment and Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD) were used and clustered COI sequences into twenty‐five molecular operational taxonomic units (MOTUs). This is the first comprehensive study that combines morphological and molecular identification of most mosquito species present in Portugal aiming to offer a reliable framework for mosquito species identification.
The Effect of Multipoles on the Elasto-Plastic Properties of a Crystal: Theory and Three-Dimensional Dislocation Dynamics Modeling
Authors: Siddique Abu Bakar , Lim Hojun , Khraishi Tariq A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Plastic deformation in metals is dominated by the interactions among dislocations and other defects inside the crystal. A large number of dislocation multipoles (dipoles, tripoles, quadrupoles, etc.) can form during plastic deformation. Depending on the relative position and the orientation of the dislocations, interactions in and between multipoles can change the elastoplastic properties of a material. The authors of this article investigate the effect of dislocation multipoles on the elastoplastic properties of a material. This is performed analytically under different multipole configurations (i.e., the distance between active glide planes and the signs of the dislocations) as well as using a three-dimensional discrete dislocation dynamics (DDD) code. The simulations show that multipoles exhibit a hardening/softening effect when the sign of the dislocations involved is the same, and a hardening effect only when the dislocations are of opposite sign to nearby ones. The distance between the two neighboring dislocations was also affecting the proportional limit (PL) for the material. Such hardening or flow stress (FS) results, as in this study, can be incorporated into larger-scale modeling work.
Tilt Pad Bearing Distributed Pad Inlet Temperature With Machine Learning—Part I: Static and Dynamic Characteristics
Authors: Yang Jongin , Palazzolo Alan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractUncertainty in mixing coefficients (MCs) for estimating pad leading-edge film temperature in tilt pad journal bearings reduces the reliability of predicted characteristics. A three-dimensional hybrid between pad (HBP) model, utilizing computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and machine learning (ML), is developed to provide the radial and axial temperature distributions at the leading edge. This provides an ML derived, two-dimensional film temperature distribution in place of a single uniform temperature. This has a significant influence on predicted journal temperature, dynamic coefficients, and Morton effect response. An innovative finite volume method (FVM) solver significantly increases computational speed, while maintaining comparable accuracy with CFD. Part I provides methodology and simulation results for static and dynamic characteristics, while Part II applies this to Morton effect response.
Improving professional health literacy in hospitals: study protocol of a participatory codesign and implementation study
Authors: Lubasch Johanna Sophie , Voigt-Barbarowicz Mona , Lippke Sonia , De Wilde Rudy Leon , Griesinger Frank , Lazovic Djordje , Ocampo Villegas Paloma Citlálli , Roeper Julia , Salzmann Daniela , Seeber Gesine H , Torres-de-la-Roche Luz-Angela , Weyhe Dirk , Ansmann Lena , Brütt Anna Levke 
Published: August 2021

IntroductionIn connection with a hospital stay, patients have to make important health-related decisions. They need to find, understand, assess and apply health-related information, and therefore, require health literacy. Adequately responding to the needs of patients requires promoting the communication skills of healthcare professionals within healthcare organisations. Health-literate healthcare organisations can provide an environment strengthening professionals’ and patients’ health literacy. When developing health-literate healthcare organisations, it has to be considered that implementing organisational change is typically challenging. In this study, a communication concept based on previously evaluated communication training is codesigned, implemented and evaluated in four clinical departments of a university hospital.Method and analysisIn a codesign phase, focus group interviews among employees and patients as well as a workshop series with employees and hospital management are used to tailor the communication concept to the clinical departments and to patients’ needs. Also, representatives responsible for the topic of health literacy are established among employees. The communication concept is implemented over a 12-month period; outcomes studied are health literacy on the organisational and patient levels. Longitudinal survey data acquired from a control cohort prior to the implementation phase are compared with data of an intervention cohort after the implementation phase. Moreover, survey data from healthcare professionals before and after the implementation are compared. For formative evaluation, healthcare professionals are interviewed in focus groups.Ethics and disseminationThe study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Medical Faculty of the University of Oldenburg and is in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Study participants are asked to provide written informed consent. The results are disseminated via direct communication within the hospital, publications and conference presentations. If the intervention turns out to be successful, the intervention and implementation strategies will be made available to other hospitals.Trial registration numberDRKS00019830.
Seroprevalence of COVID-19 IgG antibodies among healthcare workers of Pakistan: a cross-sectional study assessing exposure to COVID-19 and identification of high-risk subgroups
Authors: Batool Hijab , Chughtai Omar , Khan Muhammad Dilawar , Chughtai Akhtar Sohail , Ashraf Shakeel , Khan Muhammad Jamil 
Published: August 2021

ObjectiveIn this study, we aimed to find the seroprevalence of healthcare workers (HCWs) of Pakistan involved in the treatment and care of patients with COVID-19.SettingThis was a cross-sectional study and total of 15 000 HCWs involved in providing services and care to the patients with COVID-19 were randomly selected from all over Pakistan.ParticipantsInformed consent was taken from all participants and were included according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. All testing was done on serum samples for the qualitative detection of SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies using Abbott Chemiluminescent microparticle immunoassay. An index of 1.4 was used as a cut-off to mark reactive and non-reactive cases. SPSS V.23.0 was used for data analysis.OutcomeImmune status of the study population depicting seroprevalence among HCWs.ResultsOut of all the candidates, majority of the HCWs were men (61.9%) and were doctors (62.4%). The mean age of participants was 32.8 years (SD 8.7) and majority were asymptomatic (51.8%). In this study, 33% of the HCWs were reactive for SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody. Around 44% of the reactive cases were asymptomatic. The symptoms more significantly associated with seropositivity were: fever (OR 1.31; 95% CI 1.16 to 1.48), headache (OR 2.43; 95% CI 2.16 to 2.73), cough and shortness of breath (OR 2.10; 95% CI 1.91 to 2.31), loss of sense of smell or taste (OR 3.70; 95% CI 3.29 to 4.17) (p<0.001). Factors which showed significant association with the presence of antibodies were professional category (absolute risk (AR) 0.09; OR 1.46; 95% CI 1.36 to 1.56), availability of protective masks (AR 0.02; OR 0.90; 95% CI 0.84 to 0.96), safety goggles (AR 0.02; OR 0.90; 95% CI 0.84 to 0.97) and living arrangements (AR 0.03; OR 1.12; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.20) (p<0.05).ConclusionOur study showed a high seropositivity of HCWs dealing with patients with COVID-19 in Pakistan revealing significant association with professional category, nature of work place and precautions taken while performing duties.
Does performance at medical school predict success at the Intercollegiate Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS) examination? A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ellis Ricky , Scrimgeour Duncan S G , Brennan Peter A , Lee Amanda J , Cleland Jennifer 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundIdentifying predictors of success in postgraduate examinations can help guide the career choices of medical students and may aid early identification of trainees requiring extra support to progress in specialty training. We assessed whether performance on the educational performance measurement (EPM) and situational judgement test (SJT) used for selection into foundation training predicted success at the Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons (MRCS) examination.MethodsThis was a longitudinal, cohort study using data from the UK Medical Education Database (https://www.ukmed.ac.uk). UK medical graduates who had attempted Part A (n=2585) and Part B (n=755) of the MRCS between 2014 and 2017 were included. χ2and independent t-tests were used to examine the relationship between medical school performance and sociodemographic factors with first-attempt success at MRCS Part A and B. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to identify independent predictors of MRCS performance.ResultsThe odds of passing MRCS increased by 55% for Part A (OR 1.55 (95% CI 1.48 to 1.61)) and 23% for Part B (1.23 (1.14 to 1.32)) for every additional EPM decile point gained. For every point awarded for additional degrees in the EPM, candidates were 20% more likely to pass MRCS Part A (1.20 (1.13 to 1.29)) and 17% more likely to pass Part B (1.17 (1.04 to 1.33)). For every point awarded for publications in the EPM, candidates were 14% more likely to pass MRCS Part A (1.14 (1.01 to 1.28)). SJT score was not a statistically significant independent predictor of MRCS success.ConclusionThis study has demonstrated the EPM’s independent predictive power and found that medical school performance deciles are the most significant measure of predicting later success in the MRCS. These findings can be used by medical schools, training boards and workforce planners to inform evidence-based and contemporary selection and assessment strategies.