bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Royal and Elite Cemeteries at Meroe
Authors: Yellin Janice W. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe earliest of the three royal cemeteries at Meroe, the Western Royal Cemetery (early 9th century bce) had elite Napatan and Meroitic burials including those of Meroitic queens and princes, while the slightly later Southern Royal Cemetery had elite Napatan and Meroitic burials as well as the first two generations of royal burials at Meroe. Both have areas in which smaller pyramids belonging to family members and dependents surrounded larger (patron) ones. The Northern Royal Cemetery (ca. 270 bce–350 ce), inaugurated when the southern one filled, has the pyramid burials of Meroitic kings, ruling queens, and important (crown?) princes. The small chapels abutting royal and important elite pyramids had reliefs showing funeral rites and the establishment of their owners’ mortuary/ancestor cults. These burials and their decorations are important for understanding Meroitic history, social organization, art, and religion.
Islamic Nubian Kingdoms
Authors: Spaulding Jay 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe 15th century in Nubia witnessed the passage between medieval Christian culture and the Islamic kingdoms of the early modern era. While the transitional age itself generated few historical sources, the course of events may be inferred through examination of the 16th-century consequences. An Islamic political and cultural movement grounded in the Nubian tradition and centered in Kordofan swept eastward to the Red Sea and westward into central Chad. It ended a period of alien intrusions from Egypt and the Red Sea and gave rise to two new political traditions—the Funj kingdom of Sinnar in the Nile valley and the realm of the Tunjur centered in the western highlands. Both kingdoms practiced a distinctly Nubian idiom of Islamic culture that left them vulnerable to critique from more conventional interpretations. The Funj kingdom prospered for most of three centuries, while the realm of the Tunjur gave way to the non-Nubian successor states of Darfur and Wadai in the mid-17th century.
Geology of Nubia and Surrounding Regions
Authors: Harrell James A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractNubia occupies a low, interior plain extending from southern Egypt to central Sudan. It is surrounded by high plateaus and mountains on all sides except the north. Across this plain flows the Nile River. The bedrock geology is dominated by metamorphic and igneous rocks of the mainly Precambrian to Paleozoic Basement Complex, and sedimentary rocks of the Cretaceous Nubian Sandstone Formation. Cataracts and rapids exist wherever the Nile River flows over Basement Complex rocks. The bedrock is blanketed in many areas by unconsolidated alluvial, lacustrine, and especially eolian sediments of mostly Quaternary age. The tectonically active Red Sea and East African rift zones are responsible for Cenozoic and still ongoing volcanism and seismicity in the Nubian region with additional tectonism resulting from uplift along the Nubian Swell in southern Egypt and northern Sudan.
Wisdom in Rabbinic Interpretation
Authors: Tropper Amram 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
An expansive approach to the rabbinic interpretation of wisdom would entail comparing the rabbis’ diverse notions of wisdom with pre-rabbinic conceptions, while a more focused approach, and the one pursued here, approaches wisdom from a literary perspective. If we consider Wisdom as a literary genre or mode, Mishnah Avot emerges as a late member of the Wisdom literary trajectory, sharing salient features with earlier Wisdom Literature. In light of Avot’s presence on a literary continuum with ancient Hebrew Wisdom, I hope to show how Ben Sira’s Praise of the Fathers paved the way for various features and innovations of Avot which, in turn, enriched the rabbinic interpretation of wisdom.
The Chronological Development of Wisdom Literature
Authors: Saur Markus 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this article, the historical localization of Hebrew Bible Wisdom Literature is discussed firstly with regard to the literary development of the books of Proverbs, Job, and Ecclesiastes. By examining these books one can make several observations that help to reconstruct the history not only of the individual books, but also the history of Wisdom Literature as a whole. Wisdom Literature is understood in this context as the result of a process of discussion, interaction, and interdependence, and thus the documentation of a broader discourse surrounding Wisdom topics. This discourse is reflected in the whole of Wisdom Literature of the Hebrew Bible. From this point of view, the differentiation between the Wisdom books and some other Wisdom texts, such as the Wisdom Psalms or the book of Ben Sira, is finally placed within an era overview, and thus a short history of Wisdom Literature is presented.
Job
Authors: Jones Scott C. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This essay treats the character of Job as a religious ideal, the topic of theodicy, the poetic achievement of the book, the literary genre of Job and its relation to other biblical Wisdom Literature, and Job in relation to “exemplary sufferer” texts from Mesopotamia and Ugarit. The remainder of the essay moves through the book, section-by-section. First is the prose tale in chs. 1–2 and the act-consequence nexus, the character שטן, Job’s wife, and the meaning of ברך and נחם. Next are the monologues and dialogues in chs. 3–31 and the arguments of Job and his friends. The third section treats the “answers” given by Elihu (chs. 32–37) and YHWH (chs. 38–42), including Elihu’s claim to revelation and YHWH’s use of strange animals. Last is the closing prose tale, including Job’s repentance (42:6) and restoration, along with various expansions of the tale in early Christian traditions.
Virtue and its Limits in the Wisdom Corpus
Authors: Brown William P. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Given its fluid nature, wisdom in the sapiential corpus of the Hebrew Bible is notoriously difficult to conceptualize, much less define. There is no one-size-fits-all definition. Nevertheless, the field of “virtue ethics” offers a useful approach for highlighting the defining contours of wisdom in Proverbs, Job, and Ecclesiastes. This essay explores these books according to three main features of virtue ethics: (1) the efficacy of virtue, (2) the shape of eudaimonia, and (3) the narrativity of the moral self. Whereas a virtue-based ethical approach is a natural fit for Proverbs, it encounters limitations in Job and Ecclesiastes, highlighting thereby their radical distinctiveness vis-à-vis Proverbs. While Job ultimately champions an ethics of encounter over an ethics of virtue, Ecclesiastes adopts a peculiarly hedonic orientation. Nevertheless, virtue ethics remains a useful hermeneutical tool for identifying the sapiential distinctions and commonalities across all three books within the broad scope of wisdom, which has all to do with living “well,” however that is to be defined.
Analytical and Semi-empirical Models of Tornadoes and Downbursts
Authors: Romanic Djordje , Hangan Horia 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Analytical and semi-empirical models are inexpensive to run and can complement experimental and numerical simulations for risk analysis-related applications. Some models are developed by employing simplifying assumptions in the Navier-Stokes equations and searching for exact, but many times inviscid solutions occasionally complemented by boundary layer equations to take surface effects into account. Other use simple superposition of generic, canonical flows for which the individual solutions are known. These solutions are then ensembled together by empirical or semi-empirical fitting procedures. Few models address turbulent or fluctuating flow fields, and all models have a series of constants that are fitted against experiments or numerical simulations. This chapter presents the main models used to provide primarily mean flow solutions for tornadoes and downbursts. The models are organized based on the adopted solution techniques, with an emphasis on their assumptions and validity.
The Lack of Coherence in the European Union’s Approach to Noncommunicable Disease Prevention
Authors: Garde Amandine 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the extent to which the European Union's (EU) and its Member States have addressed the growing rates of non–communicable diseases (NCDs) through the development and implementation of effective prevention policies. After discussing the powers that the EU derives from the EU Treaties to address the main commercial determinants of health through the adoption of EU–wide harmonizing rules, it compares the EU regulatory response to tobacco on the one hand, and unhealthy diets and alcohol on the other. It then reflects on the role that the EU Court of Justice has played in the prevention of NCDs in Europe, before concluding with a few remarks on what the future may hold in this policy area now that the new EU Commission in post has announced its ‘Beating Cancer Plan’ and its ‘Farm to Fork Strategy’.
Youth Digital Anti-Racism Activism in Brazil and Colombia
Authors: Roshani Niousha 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Increased Internet access in Latin America has intensified hate speech targeting people of African descent and normalized existing racial stigmas and negative constructs. Discriminatory speech can bolster the legitimization and implementation of racist ideologies, exclusion, and violence. The digital era has introduced a rethinking about issues of racism as it feeds the rise of inequality and transforms understanding of race and identity. Echoing the resistance by an emerging cohort of Black youth activists, innovators, and entrepreneurs, this essay argues that they have created a new form of digital anti-racism activism (DARA) that serves as a mechanism to disrupt structural inequalities and combat the harmfulness of racist speech online. A more inclusive engagement with modern-day scholarship encompassing the struggles, approaches, and knowledge produced in two countries of the Global South may be helpful when debating interventions for and prevention of hate crimes, racism, and exclusion of youths of African descent.
Sixteenth-Century Reception of Aquinas by the Council of Trent and Its Main Authors
Authors: Cessario Romanus 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The sixteenth-century Council of Trent occupies a central place in Catholic life. The disciplinary reforms and theological clarifications made by the college of bishops under the authority of the pope still shape Catholic teaching. Because of the development of the Thomist Commentatorial Tradition by the middle of the sixteenth century, Aquinas greatly influenced the thinking of the council’s leading participants. The Summa theologiae and, especially, its commentary by Thomas de Vio, Cardinal Cajetan (d. 1534), who had held exchanges with Luther, helped to resolve many of the council’s most pressing agenda items. The Council of Trent aimed to initiate reforms that served the wellbeing of the Catholic Church. Toward this end, the articulation that Aquinas introduces into Catholic theology enabled the Council to distinguish authentic Catholic teaching from some of the distortions that appeared around the time of the Protestant Reform.
Aquinas and the Emergence of Moral Theology during the Spanish Renaissance
Authors: Lantigua David M. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The reception of Aquinas’ thought in early modern Renaissance Spain directly contributed to the emergence of moral theology as a pastorally grounded practical science distinct from dogmatic theology and canon law. At the centre of the moral renewal of Spanish theology was the ‘School of Salamanca’ and its unique blend of Thomism, humanism, and law. This chapter isolates Aquinas’ influence on Spanish late scholastic moral thought in the three interrelated areas of theological method, the sacrament of penance, and economic and political ethics. Strong appropriations of Aquinas’ moral teachings on human acts, law, and justice sparked innovative Spanish scholastic ideas about conscience, commerce and money, and natural rights and political order to address current social issues.
Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-Century Reception of Aquinas in the East
Authors: Todt Klaus-Peter 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe influence of scholastic theology in general and of Thomas Aquinas in particular on Orthodox theology in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries should not be overestimated. In particular, the Orthodox theologians who had studied in Italy were familiar with the work of Thomas Aquinas. This may have contributed to their inclination to consider transubstantiation an authentic element of Orthodox theology. But is certainly not correct to speak of a ‘Babylonian captivity’ of Orthodox theology in this period. Orthodox theologians were not alienated from the doctrine of the early church synods and the church fathers through occidental influence. Almost all authors treated here quote far more frequently from the works of Greek church fathers than from works by scholastic or counter-reformation theologians of the Roman Catholic Church. Even when they admired Thomas Aquinas they did not allow themselves to be won over to approving specifically Roman Catholic doctrines.
Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Greek Reception of Aquinas
Authors: Kontouma Vassa 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores several original documents in order to identify the references to Thomas Aquinas that occur in the Greek theology of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, and to evaluate the context in which these appear. A portion of the Thomistic oeuvre, already translated into Greek by late Byzantine authors, continues to be copied in the eighteenth century, and seven manuscripts record this. Furthermore, Thomas’s name is cited in a number of debates of this time, such as that on the Eucharist (the moment of consecration, the matter and form of the sacrament), on divine properties and activities, and on the necessity and limitations of the scholastic method. The authors considered in this regard are: Sebastos Kyminetes (1632–1702), Eustratios Argenti († c.1757), Vikentios Damodos (1700–1752), Eugenios Boulgaris (1716–1806), Athanasios Parios (1722–1813), Emmanuel Romanites († c.1758), and Nikodemos the Hagiorite (1749–1809).
Twentieth-Century Orthodox Reception of Aquinas
Authors: Plested Marcus 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The reception of Aquinas in the twentieth century must be understood in the context of the experience of political instability, exile, and Communist oppression that affected, in one way or another, virtually all the theology of the period. In this century, the anti-Westernism of the Russian Slavophiles reaches something of a peak, with Aquinas routinely held up as an archetypal representative of a theological tradition quite foreign to that of the Orthodox Church. That said, there are a number of examples of a more nuanced and less polemical approach to Aquinas that serve to provide hope for a less confrontational (if still duly critical) engagement with Aquinas within Orthodox theology in the twenty-first century. Such an engagement would, in fact, be not unlike that widely found in the Byzantine and early modern periods.
The Reception of Aquinas in Postliberal, Grammatical, and Historical Theology
Authors: Moreland Anna Bonta 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The late twentieth-century reception of Aquinas in the areas of historical, postliberal, and grammatical theology is marked by three advances in research: a recovery of the theological, a rediscovery of scriptural commentaries, and a renewed attention to the historical landscape out of which Thomas’s writings emerged. Each has led to fresh readings of Thomas’s texts, unmooring these writings from a search for universal timeless truths. This chapter outlines advances in historical theology (Torrell, Weinandy), postliberal theology (Lindbeck, Preller, Rogers, Marshall, Buckley), and grammatical theology (McCabe, Lash, Burrell). These thinkers bring Thomas’s medieval theology to bear upon pressing questions of contemporary concern.
Reception of Thomas Aquinas in the Area of Eschatology
Authors: O’Callaghan Paul 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The study examines the principal elements of the eschatological doctrine of Thomas Aquinas. First his teaching is situated in the medieval context that preceded him, especially in Peter Lombard’s Sentences; the principal authors who developed their eschatology in continuity are also presented. Second, Aquinas’ principal texts on eschatology are listed; for the most part they are to be found in the so-called Supplementum to the Summa theologiae, drawn from his Commentary on the Sentences by his disciples. Structural priority seems to be given in his writings to the topic of resurrection. Third, the study presents the different aspects of Aquinas’ eschatology and their reception, in respect of the following topics: end-time signs and millenarianism; death and the ‘separated soul’; resurrection of the dead; purgatory, praying for the dead and intercession of the saints; beatific vision; condemnation; general judgment and the glorified universe.
The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence in Psychotherapy
Authors: Manríquez Roa Tania , Biller-Andorno Nikola , Trachsel Manuel 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Current developments in artificial intelligence (AI) for mental health have raised important ethical debates around its uses in psychotherapy, including how and under what circumstances AI may be valuable to improve and expand access to psychotherapy. This chapter discusses the use of chatbots and AI tools as supplements to psychotherapy delivered by persons, and as supervised primary treatments. It presents ethical guidelines and standards for AI and mobile apps in mental health, and discusses how these developments are relevant in the ethics of AI in psychotherapy. Current discussions on the role of chatbots and other AI tools for mental health rely mostly on a perspective of justice. The chapter aims to enrich the debate by complementing a perspective of justice with one of care and using both approaches to reflect on the topics of respect of autonomy, access to treatment, non-discrimination, and fulfillment of people’s needs and care. It argues that trustworthy AI tools may help to establish caring relationships between therapist and patient, and contribute to the therapeutic process.
On the Empirical Aesthetics of Plating
Authors: Spence Charles 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPlating food beautifully has traditionally been seen as more of an art than a science. However, in recent years, a growing body of research in the field of empirical aesthetics has started to demonstrate that the art of beautiful plating can, in fact, be studied scientifically. What is more, the results of such research are now providing actionable insights concerning how to deliver the most aesthetically pleasing dishes. In fact, there is an intriguing parallel here between the visual aesthetics of painting and plating. It turns out that a number (but by no means all) of the aesthetic rules worked out previously for painting, such as balance, harmony, and the aesthetic oblique effect, also influence people’s judgments of aesthetic plating in much the same way. And while people undoubtedly do generally find larger portions of food more attractive, a number of the preferences that people have been demonstrated to exhibit appear to be “disinterested” (in the Kantian sense), thus qualifying them as genuinely aesthetic judgments. Recent chef/scientist collaborations that have started to deliberately elicit different kinds of affective responses from diners (such as, for example, surprise, “the aesthetic aha,” and perhaps even a sense of awe) are also discussed briefly. While questions concerning the cross-cultural generalizability of many of the findings summarized here remain (awaiting further research), progress is undoubtedly being made in this new and intriguing field of empirical aesthetics.
Implicit and Explicit Motor Learning Interventions Have Similar Effects on Walking Speed in People After Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Jie Li-Juan , Kleynen Melanie , Meijer Kenneth , Beurskens Anna , Braun Susy 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectiveClinicians may use implicit or explicit motor learning approaches to facilitate motor learning of patients with stroke. Implicit motor learning approaches have shown promising results in healthy populations. The purpose of this study was to assess whether an implicit motor learning walking intervention is more effective compared with an explicit motor learning walking intervention delivered at home regarding walking speed in people after stroke in the chronic phase of recovery.MethodsThis randomized, controlled, single-blind trial was conducted in the home environment. The 79 participants, who were in the chronic phase after stroke (age = 66.4 [SD = 11.0] years; time poststroke = 70.1 [SD = 64.3] months; walking speed = 0.7 [SD = 0.3] m/s; Berg Balance Scale score = 44.5 [SD = 9.5]), were randomly assigned to an implicit (n = 38) or explicit (n = 41) group. Analogy learning was used as the implicit motor learning walking intervention, whereas the explicit motor learning walking intervention consisted of detailed verbal instructions. Both groups received 9 training sessions (30 minutes each), for a period of 3 weeks, targeted at improving quality of walking. The primary outcome was walking speed measured by the 10-Meter Walk Test at a comfortable walking pace. Outcomes were assessed at baseline, immediately after intervention, and 1 month postintervention.ResultsNo statistically or clinically relevant differences between groups were obtained postintervention (between-group difference was estimated at 0.02 m/s [95% CI = −0.04 to 0.08] and at follow-up (between-group difference estimated at −0.02 m/s [95% CI = −0.09 to 0.05]).ConclusionImplicit motor learning was not superior to explicit motor learning to improve walking speed in people after stroke in the chronic phase of recovery.ImpactTo our knowledge, this is the first study to examine the effects of implicit compared with explicit motor learning on a functional task in people after stroke. Results indicate that physical therapists can use (tailored) implicit and explicit motor learning strategies to improve walking speed in people after stroke who are in the chronic phase of recovery.