bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive optics for structured illumination microscopy based on deep learning
Authors: Zheng Yao , Chen Jiajia , Wu Chenxue , Gong Wei , Si Ke 
Published: February 2021

AbstractStructured illumination microscopy (SIM) is widely used in biological imaging for its high resolution, fast imaging speed, and simple optical setup. However, when imaging thick samples, the structured illumination patterns in SIM will suffer from optical aberrations, leading to a serious deterioration in resolution. Therefore, it is necessary to reconstruct structured illumination patterns with high quality and efficiency in deep tissue imaging. Here we demonstrate an adaptive optics (AO) correction method based on deep learning in wide‐field SIM imaging system. The mapping between the coefficients of the first 15 Zernike modes and their corresponding distorted patterns is established to train the convolution neural network (CNN). The results show that the optimized CNN can predict the aberration phase within ~10.1 ms with a personal computer. The correlation index between the aberration phases and their corresponding predicted aberration phase is up to 0.9986. This method is highly robust and effective for patterns with various spatial densities and illumination conditions and able to effectively correct the imaging distortion caused by optical aberration in SIM system.
A method for routing and data aggregating in cluster‐based wireless sensor networks
Authors: Sharifi Sedigheh Sadat , Barati Hamid 
Published: February 2021

SummaryWireless sensor networks (WSNs) consist of a large number of small nodes, containing sensors; these sensors serve as powerful devices to gather data in different environments. One of the major challenges facing WSNs is their limited energy resources, which affects network lifetime directly. This paper provides a method of hierarchical routing and data aggregating for WSNs. In the proposed method, the network is clustered, and some nodes are selected as cluster heads. On constructing a rendezvous region and selecting backbone nodes, a tree is formed within backbone‐tree nodes. The aggregated data are sent to the sink through backbone‐tree nodes and cluster heads. Here, there are two modes of data transmission. The proposed method is simulated by Network Simulator (NS‐2) software and compared with based data aggregation and rendezvous‐based routing protocol. The results of simulation reveal that our method causes a decrease in end‐to‐end delay and energy consumption as well as an increase in the number of alive nodes and packet delivery rate.
Anatomical distribution and expression of CYP in humans: Neuropharmacological implications
Authors: Fanni Daniela , Pinna Federica , Gerosa Clara , Paribello Pasquale , Carpiniello Bernardo , Faa Gavino , Manchia Mirko 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe cytochrome P450 (CYP450) superfamily is responsible for the metabolism of most xenobiotics and pharmacological treatments generally used in clinical settings. Genetic factors as well as environmental determinants acting through fine epigenetic mechanisms modulate the expression of CYP over the lifespan (fetal vs. infancy vs. adult phases) and in diverse organs. In addition, pathological processes might alter the expression of CYP. In this selective review, we sought to summarize the evidence on the expression of CYP focusing on three specific aspects: (a) the anatomical distribution of the expression in body districts relevant in terms of drug pharmacokinetics (liver, gut, and kidney) and pharmacodynamics, focusing for the latter on the brain, since this is the target organ of psychopharmacological agents; (b) the patterns of expression during developmental phases; and (c) the expression of CYP450 enzymes during pathological processes such as cancer. We showed that CYP isoforms show distinct patterns of expression depending on the body district and the specific developmental phases. Of particular relevance for neuropsychopharmacology is the complex regulatory mechanisms that significantly modulate the complexity of the pharmacokinetic regulation, including the concentration of specific CYP isoforms in distinct areas of the brain, where they could greatly affect local substrate and metabolite concentrations of drugs.
Intense pulsed light for pigmented and vascular lesions and skin rejuvenation: Two decades of clinical trials
Authors: Rachidi Saleh , Goldberg David J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe wide wavelength spectrum of intense pulsed light (IPL) provides an opportunity for a versatile array of clinical applications in dermatology.MethodsKey randomized clinical trials which took place in the past 20 years were summarized, focusing on skin rejuvenation, including pigmented and vascular lesions. We searched Pubmed using the key words intense, pulsed, light, and skin, then filtered results for randomized clinical trials.Results and ConclusionsStudies uniformly showed improvement in pigmented and vascular lesions with IPL. Efficacy in treating rhytides was only observed in some studies. IPL was also effective as a light source in treating actinic keratosis with photodynamic therapy. Rare cases of post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation were observed.
Nonablative radiofrequency for the treatment of androgenetic alopecia: An open‐label study
Authors: Lim Rachel K. , Verner Ines , Wambier Carlos G. , Kolodchenko Yegor , Goren Andy 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIntroductionAndrogenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type of progressive hair loss, and current treatments are limited. Wound healing has been associated with hair regrowth; consequently, its mechanism has been suggested for treatment of hair loss. Nonablative radiofrequency (RF), which induces wound healing mechanisms through thermal damage, has been shown to increase hair growth when applied to the scalp. In this study, we aim to evaluate a specially adapted non‐ablative RF device as a noninvasive, nonsystemic treatment for AGA.MethodsAn open‐label study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of a nonablative RF device for treatment of AGA. Patients diagnosed with Hamilton–Norwood Stage 3 or above were recruited and received 10 weekly RF treatment sessions. Hair counts were performed before and after treatment manually by a medical resident.ResultsTen male and 10 female subjects were recruited. Hair count, hair density (per cm2), vellus hair density (per cm2), terminal hair density (per cm2), cumulative thickness (mm/cm2), number of follicular units, density of follicular units (per cm2), and average hair per unit increased from before to after treatment. Only the increases in hair count, overall hair density, terminal hair density, cumulative thickness, and average hair count/unit were statistically significant (p < .05).DiscussionWe observed significant improvement in hair growth in 19 out of 20 patients. Overall, significant improvement was observed in total hair counts, terminal hair counts, hair shaft thickness, and in the number of follicular units. Further clinical research is warranted to further explore nonablative RF for treatment of AGA.
The influence of social motivation on neural correlates of cognitive control in girls
Authors: Barker Tyson V. , Buzzell George A. , Troller‐Renfree Sonya V. , Bowman Lindsay C. , Pine Daniel S. , Fox Nathan A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMotivation influences cognitive control, particularly in childhood and adolescence. Previous work finds that the error‐related negativity (ERN), an event‐related potential (ERP) linked to cognitive control following errors, is influenced by social motivation. However, it is unclear whether the influences of social motivation on the ERN extend to stimulus‐locked neural correlates of cognitive control. This study reexamines how social motivation influences cognitive control in adolescence by exploring motivational influences on two stimulus‐locked ERPs; the N2 and P3. Adolescent girls (8–17 years of age) completed a flanker task under two different conditions. In the social condition, girls were led to believe that they were evaluated by a peer during a flanker task. In the nonsocial condition, girls completed a flanker task while evaluated by a computer. Results revealed that all girls exhibited a larger P3 in social as compared to nonsocial contexts, whereas the N2 was not different between contexts. In addition, the largest P3 enhancements were observed among younger girls. These findings suggest that social motivation influences some ERP components related to cognitive control, and such influences change across development. Additionally, findings suggest the importance of including multiple ERPs when interpreting the functional significance of motivation on cognitive control.
Metabolic profiling of deschloro‐N‐ethyl‐ketamine and identification of new target metabolites in urine and hair using human liver microsomes and high‐resolution accurate mass spectrometry
Authors: Larabi Islam Amine , Zerizer Fanny , Ameline Alice , Etting Isabelle , Joseph Delphine , Kintz Pascal , Alvarez Jean Claude 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to identify new markers of deschloro‐N‐ethyl‐ketamine (O‐PCE), a ketamine analogue that has been involved in acute intoxications with severe outcomes including death and whose metabolism has never been studied before. In vitro study after 2‐h incubation with pooled human liver microsomes (HLMs) cross‐checked by the analysis of urine and hair from a 43‐year‐old O‐PCE user (male) were performed by liquid chromatography–high resolution mass spectrometry (LC‐HRMS). Acquired data were processed by the Compound Discoverer® software, and a full metabolic profile of O‐PCE was proposed. In total, 15 metabolites were identified, 10 were detected in vitro (HLMs) and confirmed in vivo (urine and/or hair), two were present only in HLMs, and the remaining three metabolites were identified only in biological specimens. While O‐PCE was no longer detected in urine, nine metabolites were identified allowing to increase its detection window. In descending order of metabolites abundance, we suggest using 2‐en‐PCA‐N‐Glu (34%, first), M3 (16%, second), O‐PCA‐N‐Glu (15.4%, third), OH‐O‐PCE (15%, fourth) and OH‐PCE (11.9%, fifth) as target metabolites to increase the detection window of O‐PCE in urine.In hair, nine metabolites were identified. OH‐PCA was the major compound (78%) with a relevant metabolite to parent drug ratio (=6) showing its good integration into hair and making it the best marker for long‐term monitoring of O‐PCE exposure.
Nonframeshifting indel variations in polyalanine repeat of HOXD13 gene underlies hereditary limb malformation for two Chinese families
Authors: Zu Bailing , Wang Zhigang , Xu Yunlan , You Guoling , Fu Qihua 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundPolydactyly and syndactyly are the most common hereditary limb malformations. Molecular genetic testing is of great significance for hereditary limb malformations, which can establish prognosis and recurrence risk of surgical intervention.MethodsThe present study aimed to identify the genetic etiologies of a three‐generation family with postaxial polydactyly and a four‐generation family with postaxial syndactyly. Whole exome sequencing was used, followed by standard mutation screening procedure, Sanger sequencing and bioinformatics analysis.ResultsTwo nonframeshifting insertion/deletion (indel) mutations in HOXD13 (c.206_207ins AGCGGCGGCTGCGGCGGCGGCGGC:p.A68insAAAAAAAA or c.171_182delGGCGGCGGCGGC: p.56_60delAAAA) were successfully identified as the pathogenic mutation. The two nonframeshifting indel mutations led to truncation or expansion of homopolymeric alanine (Poly‐Ala) repeats of HOXD13 proteins. Sequence alignment of HOXD13 protein among many different species for Poly‐Ala position is highly conserved. Hypothetical three‐dimensional (3‐D) structural analysis further showed mutant HOXD13 proteins (p.A68insAAAAAAAA and p.56_60delAAAA) converted the disordered fragment into a short β‐strand (residues 63‐68 or residues 64‐68), thereby forming a conformational change.ConclusionsThe present study identified two nonframeshifting mutations of HOXD13 polyalanine repeat location in two Chinese families with postaxial polydactyly or postaxial syndactyly. Our results also provide new insights into genetic counseling and clinical management.
The long and the short of tails
Authors: Rashid Dana J. , Chapman Susan C. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAmniote tails display a wide variety of features for adaptation to diverse environments. Each feature originates from its own distinct developmental processes, and these processes in turn attest to an organism's evolutionary history. In this perspective, we discuss the ontogeny of tails from embryonic to adult stages, amniote tail regeneration, the mechanisms underlying tail length and neural systems, and the benefits of studying tails across vertebrates, in mammals, birds, and non‐avian reptiles.
Gastrointestinal symptoms following treatment for anorexia nervosa: A systematic literature review
Authors: West Madeline , McMaster Caitlin M. , Staudacher Heidi M. , Hart Susan , Jacka Felice N. , Stewart Tim , Loughman Amy , Rocks Tetyana , Ruusunen Anu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveGastrointestinal (GI) disturbances are a frequent and burdensome experience for patients with anorexia nervosa (AN). How GI symptoms respond to current interventions is not well characterized, yet is critical to facilitate treatment success, and to inform the development of new treatments for AN. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to identify which treatments are effective in improving GI symptoms in patients with AN.MethodA systematic search for studies of AN treatments measuring GI symptoms pre‐ and post‐treatment was conducted in May 2020 (PROSPERO ID: CRD42020181328). After removal of duplicates, title and abstracts of 3,370 studies were screened. Methodological quality was assessed using National Institute of Health Quality Assessment Tool.ResultsFollowing full‐text screening, 13 studies (12 observational studies and 1 randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled trial) with 401 participants met eligibility criteria and were included. All observational studies included a component of nutritional rehabilitation, with half (n = 6) involving concurrent psychological treatment. The randomized controlled trial reported a drug therapy. Eleven studies reported an improvement in all (n = 6) or at least one (n = 5) patient‐reported GI symptom following treatment. Two studies reported no change. Methodological quality was fair or poor across all studies.DiscussionThis is the first systematic review to synthesize available evidence on the trajectory of patient‐reported GI symptoms from commencement to end of treatment for AN. The results suggest that most studies showed improvement in one or more GI symptom in response to current treatments. Future therapeutic approaches should consider GI symptoms within their design for optimal treatment adherence and outcomes.
Smartphone apps for eating disorders: A systematic review of evidence‐based content and application of user‐adjusted analyses
Authors: Wasil Akash R. , Patel Raveena , Cho Jin Young , Shingleton Rebecca M. , Weisz John R. , DeRubeis Robert J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo examine the frequency of evidence‐based treatment elements in popular smartphone apps for eating disorders (EDs), and to characterize the extent to which real‐world users encounter different elements.MethodWe searched the Apple App Store and Google Play Store for apps offering treatment or support to individuals with EDs. Then, we created a codebook of 47 elements found in evidence‐based treatments for EDs. We examined the presence or absence of each element within each ED app. We also acquired estimates of the monthly active users (MAU) of each app.ResultsThe ED apps (n = 28) included a median of nine elements of empirically supported treatments (mean = 9.46, SD = 6.28). Four apps accounted for 96% of all MAU. MAU‐adjusted analyses revealed that several elements are reaching more users than raw frequency tallies would suggest. For example, assessments were included in 32% of apps, but 84% of users used an app with assessments. Similar trends were found for cognitive restructuring (21% of apps, 56% of MAU), activity scheduling (39%, 57%), and self‐monitoring (14%, 46%). Problem solving, exposure, and relapse prevention strategies, elements that are prominent in face‐to‐face empirically supported treatments, were rarely included in the apps.DiscussionEvidence‐based content is commonly included in ED apps, with certain elements reaching more users than others. Additionally, the top four apps are responsible for nearly all active users. We recommend that ED clinicians and researchers familiarize themselves with these apps—those that patients are most likely to encounter.
Reproductive interference hampers species coexistence despite conspecific sperm precedence
Authors: Iritani Ryosuke , Noriyuki Suzuki 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNegative interspecific mating interactions, known as reproductive interference, can hamper species coexistence in a local patch and promote niche partitioning or geographical segregation of closely related species. Conspecific sperm precedence (CSP), which occurs when females that have mated with both conspecific and heterospecific males preferentially use conspecific sperm for fertilization, might contribute to species coexistence by mitigating the costs of interspecific mating and hybridization. We discussed whether two species exhibiting CSP can coexist in a local environment in the presence of reproductive interference. First, using a behaviorally explicit mathematical model, we demonstrated that two species characterized by negative mating interactions are unlikely to coexist because the costs of reproductive interference, such as loss of mating opportunity with conspecific partners, are inevitably incurred when individuals of both species are present. Second, we experimentally examined differences in mating activity and preference in twoHarmonialadybird species known to exhibit CSP. These behavioral differences may lead to local extinction ofH. yedoensisbecause of reproductive interference byH. axyridis. This prediction is consistent with field observations thatH. axyridisuses various food sources and habitats whereasH. yedoensisis confined to a less preferred prey item and a pine tree habitat. Finally, by a comparative approach, we observed that niche partitioning or parapatric distribution, but not sympatric coexistence in the same habitat, is maintained between species with CSP belonging to a wide range of taxa, including vertebrates and invertebrates living in aquatic or terrestrial environments. Taken together, it is possible that reproductive interference may destabilize local coexistence even in closely related species that exhibit CSP.
Butterfly species diversity and their floral preferences in the Rupa Wetland of Nepal
Authors: Subedi Bandana , Stewart Alyssa B. , Neupane Bijaya , Ghimire Sudha , Adhikari Hari 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFloral attributes often influence the foraging choices of nectar‐feeding butterflies, given the close association between plants and these butterfly pollinators. The diversity of butterflies is known to a large extent in Nepal, but little information is available on the feeding habits of butterflies. This study was conducted along the periphery of Rupa Wetland from January to December 2019 to assess butterfly species diversity and to identify the factors influencing their foraging choices. In total, we recorded 1535 individuals of 138 species representing all six families. For our examination of butterfly–nectar plant interactions, we recorded a total of 298 individuals belonging to 31 species of butterfly visiting a total of 28 nectar plant species. Overall, total butterfly visitation was found to be significantly influenced by plant category (herbaceous preferred over woody), floral color (yellow white and purple preferred over pink), and corolla type (tubular preferred over nontubular). Moreover, there was a significant positive correlation between the proboscis length of butterflies and the corolla tube length of flowers. Examining each butterfly family separately revealed that, for four of the families (Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae, Papilionidae, and Pieridae), none of the tested factors (flower color, plant category, and corolla type) were shown to significantly influence butterfly abundance at flowers. However, Hesperidae abundance was found to be significantly influenced by both flower color (with more butterflies observed at yellow flowers than purple) and flower type (with more butterflies observed at tubular flowers than nontubular flowers). Our results reveal that Rupa Lake is a suitable habitat for butterflies, providing valuable floral resources. Hence, further detailed studies encompassing all seasons, a greater variety of plants, and other influential factors in different ecological regions are fundamental for creating favorable environments to sustain important butterfly pollinators and help create balanced wetland ecosystems.
Effects of forest disturbance on the fitness of an endemic rodent in a biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Ademola Olaoluwa John , Vanden Broecke Bram , Leirs Herwig , Mulungu Loth S. , Massawe Apia W. , Makundi Rhodes H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPraomys delectorumoccurs abundantly in both disturbed and intact forests in the Ukaguru Mountains within the Eastern Arc Mountains (EAM), Morogoro, Tanzania. While previous studies have reported that anthropogenic disturbances such as grazing, wood cutting, and harvesting have a positive effect on the population density ofP. delectorum, the impact of habitat disturbance on its demographic traits is still unknown. We performed a capture–mark–recapture study in both disturbed and intact forests from June 2018 to February 2020 in order to investigate the effects of habitat disturbance on abundance and two demographic traits: survival and maturation ofP. delectorumin the Ukaguru Mountains. We found no variation in abundance or maturation between intact and disturbed forests, but habitat type did affect survival. However, this effect was sex‐dependent since female survival was higher in disturbed forests, while male survival remained similar across the two forest types potentially due to differences in predation pressure or food availability between the two habitats. Continuous demographic monitoring ofP. delectorumin EAM is necessary given that the increasing human population surrounding the landscape is leading to higher deforestation rates and expansion of the pine plantation in the forest reserve.