bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Concurrence of stunting and overweight/obesity among children: Evidence from Ethiopia
Authors: Farah Alinoor Mohamed , Nour Tahir Yousuf , Endris Bilal Shikur , Gebreyesus Seifu Hagos 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundNutrition transition in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) has led to shift in childhood nutritional outcomes from a predominance of undernutrition to a double burden of under- and overnutrition. Yet, policies that address undernutrition often times do not include overnutrition nor do policies on overweight, obesity reflect the challenges of undernutrition. It is therefore crucial to assess the prevalence and determinants of concurrence stunting and overweight/obesity to better inform nutrition programs in Ethiopia and beyond.MethodsWe analyzed anthropometric, sociodemographic and dietary data of children under five years of age from 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS). A total of 8,714 children were included in the current study. Concurrence of stunting and overweight/obesity (CSO) prevalence was estimated by basic, underlying and immediate factors. To identify factors associated with CSO, we conducted hierarchical logistic regression analyses.ResultsThe overall prevalence of CSO was 1.99% (95% CI, 1.57–2.53). The odds of CSO was significantly higher in children in agrarian region compared to their counter parts in the pastoralist region (AOR = 1.51). Other significant factors included; not having improved toilet facility (AOR = 1.94), being younger than 12 months (AOR = 4.22), not having history of infection (AOR = 1.83) and not having taken deworming tablet within the previous six months (AOR = 1.49).ConclusionOur study provided evidence on the co-existence of stunting and overweight/obesity among infants and young children in Ethiopia. Therefore, identifying children at risk of growth flattering and excess weight gain provides nutrition policies and programs in Ethiopia and beyond with an opportunity of earlier interventions through improving sanitation, dietary quality by targeting children under five years of age and those living in Agrarian regions of Ethiopia.
Statin use and outcome risks according to predicted CVD risk in Korea: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Jung Hae Hyuk 
Published: January 2021

BackgroundThe validity of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk calculators in decision for statin therapy has not been fully evaluated at a population level. This study aimed to examine the net benefits of statins according to predicted CVD risk.Methods and findingsA cohort of 40 to 79-year-old Korean adults without CVD was generated from the National Health Information Database 2006–2017. Major CVD event rates and all-cause mortality in 58,265 users who initiated statins during 2007–2010 were compared with those in 58,265 nonusers matched on propensity scores, from January 1, 2012 through December 31, 2017. Additionally, simulation was performed for the population-based cohort of 659,759 adults. CVD risk was predicted using the 2018 revised Pooled Cohort Equations. In propensity score-matched cohort, the CVD hazard ratios (95% CIs) in occasional, intermittent, and regular statin users were 1.06 (0.93–1.20), 0.82 (0.70–0.97), and 0.57 (0.50–0.64), respectively. The corresponding mortality hazard ratios were 1.01 (0.92–1.10), 0.87 (0.78–0.98), and 0.71 (0.66–0.77), respectively. In stratified analyses, the relative risk reductions were similar, irrespective of age, sex, or predicted CVD risk. Accordingly, absolute risk reductions were greater in higher risk categories. In 6-year follow-up simulation cohorts, regular statin use could reduce 17 CVDs and 28 deaths in 1000 adults with a 10-year risk of ≥10.0% vs 10 CVDs and 14 deaths in 1000 with ≥2 major risk factors. However, in actual adults with a risk of ≥10%, statin use was insufficient and estimated to reduce 3 CVDs and 4 deaths in 1000. Limitations of this study include assessment of medication use based on the prescription data, lack of information on the intensity of statins, and limited generalizability to individuals with very old age or other ethnicity.ConclusionsCVD risk calculators were valid in decision-making for primary prevention statin therapy. Proper risk assessment and regular statin use in patients at high predicted risk would reduce outcome risks much more than present in Asian populations.
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE KEY FACTORS INFLUENCE ON CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR OF THE POPULATION TO BIO PRODUCTS IN REGIONAL MARKETS
Authors: Blagoev V. I. , Shustova E. P. , Mischenko I. V. 
Published: January 2021

The article is devoted to the study of population consumer behavior to “bio” products on the example of two CIS countries: Kazakhstan and Russia, compared to foreign experience in the development of organic agriculture, on the example of Bulgaria.
It is expected that demand for organic products will grow steadily, both in domestic and international markets, which will further stimulate the development of organic agriculture in the world. Factors affecting consumer demand become important both for local markets and at the international level.
The study is based on a survey of residents of three representative agro-industrial regions: East Kazakhstan region (Kazakhstan), Altay territory (Russia), Varna region (Bulgaria). The aim of the study is to identify factors that influence the promotion of “bio” products in these regions.
It is assumed that the development of organic agriculture can stimulate the development of regional economies, especially in Russia and Kazakhstan.
The analysis made it possible to identify the peculiarities of the formation of consumer demand for bio products in these countries, to determine the factors that cause it and to form a number of proposals for producers for the further development of organic agriculture.
Pragmatic Presupposition in Interpersonal Communication—a Case Study of Lovers' Dialogue
Authors: Chen Jialiang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract: Pragmatic presupposition is a common linguistic phenomenon in natural language. In real life, an increasing number of people begin to use pragmatic presupposition to carry out interpersonal communication, so as to make the expression richer and more accurate. However, while the appropriate use of pragmatic presupposition is related to the effectiveness of communication, many people cannot attach great importance to the significance of pragmatic presupposition and fail to understand its role in interpersonal communication. This paper takes pragmatic presupposition theory as the theoretical basis and lovers' dialogues as an example to analyze the application of pragmatic presupposition in a specific context with the aim of helping people fully understand pragmatic presupposition theory and promote the effect of interpersonal communication in specific contexts.
Key Words: pragmatic presupposition, dialogue, boyfriend and girlfriend, interpersonal communication
The effects of phosphate on physiological responses and carbohydrate production in Ulva fasciata (Chlorophyta) from upwelling and non-upwelling sites
Authors: Figueira Tiphane Andrade , Martins Nuno Tavares , Ayres-Ostrock Lígia , Plastino Estela M. , Enrich-Prast Alex , Oliveira Vinícius Peruzzi de 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Phosphorus is a key macronutrient in macroalgal physiology, including carbohydrate anabolism. To determine the effects of phosphorus on different physiological parameters, we cultivated Ulva fasciata specimens from distinct localities (upwelling and non-upwelling sites) in the presence of different phosphate concentrations (0, 2, and 4 µM

PO
4

3
−

${\text{PO}}_{4}^{3-}$

). After 15 days, growth rates were similar (approx. 12% day−1) and carbohydrate contents had increased in individuals from both sites. In individuals from the upwelling site, carbohydrate contents were high in all treatments (71% dry mass), whereas non-upwelling site individuals cultivated under the highest phosphate concentration showed the lowest carbohydrate content (46% DM). Nevertheless, we observed higher rates of phosphorus uptake in individuals from the non-upwelling site cultivated under the highest phosphate concentration, indicating a stress response to elevated nutrient concentrations. Individuals from both sites cultivated with phosphate maintained healthy photosystems over the experimental period (F
v/F
m = 0.788), whereas those cultivated in the absence of phosphate showed evidence of photosystem impairment, as indicated by a progressive decline in maximum quantum yield. Altogether, our results indicate that site origin and phosphate concentration influence the carbohydrate content in U. fasciata and that individuals from sites with broad environmental variation, such as upwelling events, can show higher productivity.
Pre-emptive interaction in language change and ontogeny: the case of [there is no NP]
Authors: Tantucci Vittorio , Di Cristofaro Matteo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study is centred on the pre-emptive dimension of interactional exchanges. Dialogues are not merely characterised by information transmission, they are also constantly informed by pre-emptive attempts to address potential reactions to what is being said. We argue that pre-emptive interaction intersects with intersubjectivity (i.a. Traugott, Elizabeth C. 2003. From subjectification to intersubjectification. In R. Hickey (ed.), Motives for language change, 124–139. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; Schwenter, Scott A. & Richard Waltereit. 2010. Presupposition accommodation and language change. In K. Davidse & L. Vandelanotte (eds.), Subjectification, intersubjectification and grammaticalization, 75–102. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton; Tantucci, Vittorio. 2017a. From immediate to extended intersubjectification: A gradient approach to intersubjective awareness and semasiological change. Language and Cognition 9(1). 88–120; Tantucci, Vittorio. 2020. From co-actionality to extended intersubjectivity: Drawing on language change and ontogenetic development. Applied Linguistics 41(2). 185–214) and constitutes an important trigger of semantic-pragmatic reanalysis and constructional change. We provide a corpus-based study centred on the change of the [there is no NP] construction in Early Modern English dialogic interaction. During 16th century, the chunk is originally used in assertions, however it then progressively acquires a new function of pre-emptive refusal. Something similar is at stake throughout the child’s ontogeny. We provide corpus-based data from the CHILDES database of first language acquisition to show that children’s ability to use [there is no NP] to address potential reactions to what is being said occurs only around the fourth year of age, that is when a Theory of Mind (ToM) starts to become fully developed (i.a. Apperly, Ian. 2010. Mindreaders: The cognitive basis of theory of mind. New York: Psychology Press; Wellman, Henry M. 2014. Making minds: How theory of mind develops. Oxford: Oxford University Press). Pre-emptive interaction correlates diachronically and ontogentically with ToM and underpins a projected turn taking of a specific or generic interlocutor as a result of what is being currently said.
Why don’t grammaticalization pathways always recur?
Authors: Rosemeyer Malte , Grossman Eitan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Many grammaticalization pathways recur across languages. A prominent explanation for this is that the properties of lexical items determine their developmental pathways. However, it is unclear why these pathways do not always occur. In this article, we ask why English did not undergo a cross-linguistically common grammaticalization pathway, finish > anterior. We operationalize this question by testing a theory proposed on results regarding a language that did undergo this change, Spanish, on corpus and experimental data. While English finish constructions are associated with some of the distributional properties of Early Spanish finish, speakers do not show evidence of conventionally associating finish constructions with a particular type of inference crucial for the grammaticalization of the Spanish anterior. We propose that the non-conventionality of this inference blocks the grammaticalization of finish constructions in English, demonstrating that some of the black box of language change currently attributed to chance can be explored empirically.
Composition and antioxidant properties of extracts from Douglas fir bark
Authors: Miranda Isabel , Ferreira Joana , Cardoso Sofia , Pereira Helena 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the antioxidant ability and the chemical composition of apolar and polar extractives from Douglas-fir bark, cork and phloem, establishing a possible correlation with the structural variation along the tree stem and geographic location. Douglas-fir bark extractives’ composition were analyzed at three stem heights in trees from two locations. Cork and phloem extracts’ composition were analyzed in samples collected at stem base. Extractives content in Douglas-fir bark varied between 14 and 31% and polar extractives (11–29%) were dominant over non-polar. Lipophilic extracts were mainly composed of terpenoids, representing 27–77% of all compounds, highlighted by callitrisic acid (11–34%). Sterols were also abundant (6–45%), with β-sitosterol representing 7–33% of all compounds. Alkanoic acids were present in smaller amounts. Ethanol–water extracts showed high phenolic (562–762 mg GAE/g extract), flavonoid and condensed tannins contents (399–683 mg CE/g extract and 120–262 mg CE/g of extract), high scavenging (IC50 2.8 µg extract/mL) and reducing (12 mM Fe2+/g extract) abilities. Cork had high phenolic (819 mg GAE/g extract) and flavonoid contents (524 mg CE/g extract) and high antioxidant capacity (1080 mg TEAC/g extract). Detailed knowledge of Douglas-fir extracts demonstrates their potential as a source of fine chemicals towards different applications.
Moisture-dependency of the fracture energy of wood: a comparison of unmodified and acetylated Scots pine and birch
Authors: Forsman Karin , Fredriksson Maria , Serrano Erik , Danielsson Henrik 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The moisture-dependency of the fracture energy for unmodified and acetylated Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and birch (Betula pendula Roth) has been investigated. Specimens were conditioned at relative humidity levels of 20, 75, and 97%, as well as dry and water-saturated. At moisture contents below 15%, the fracture energy increased with increasing moisture content for both unmodified and acetylated wood, while it decreased for untreated wood at higher moisture contents. A significant difference in moisture-dependency was found, indicating higher fracture energy for unmodified wood compared to acetylated wood at similar moisture contents. Additionally, to assess the impact of the increased brittleness for structural applications, the fracture energy was compared at equal relative humidity levels. The largest difference was seen at 75% relative humidity with approximately 50% lower fracture energy for acetylated wood. No significant differences were found for water-saturated samples. The moisture-dependency of the fracture energy, combined with the reduced hygroscopicity of acetylated wood, is suggested to be one, but not the only, contributing factor to the lower fracture energy of acetylated wood compared to unmodified wood at equal humidity levels. These observations have importance for structural design since design codes often assess material parameters based on ambient humidity.
Synthesis of graphene: Potential carbon precursors and approaches
Authors: Yan Yuxin , Nashath Fathima Zahra , Chen Sharon , Manickam Sivakumar , Lim Siew Shee , Zhao Haitao , Lester Edward , Wu Tao , Pang Cheng Heng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGraphene is an advanced carbon functional material with inherent unique properties that make it suitable for a wide range of applications. It can be synthesized through either the top–down approach involving delamination of graphitic materials or the bottom–up approach involving graphene assembly from smaller building units. Common top–down approaches are exfoliation and reduction while bottom–up approaches include chemical vapour deposition, epitaxial growth, and pyrolysis. A range of materials have been successfully used as precursors in various synthesis methods to derive graphene. This review analyses and discusses the suitability of conventional, plant- and animal-derived, chemical, and fossil precursors for graphene synthesis. Together with its associated technical feasibility and economic and environmental impacts, the quality of resultant graphene is critically assessed and discussed. After evaluating the parameters mentioned above, the most appropriate synthesis method for each precursor is identified. While graphite is currently the most common precursor for graphene synthesis, several other precursors have the potential to synthesize graphene of comparable, if not better, quality and yield. Thus, this review provides an overview and insights into identifying the potential of various carbon precursors for large-scale and commercial production of fit-for-purpose graphene for specific applications.
Stress effect on 3D culturing of MC3T3-E1 cells on microporous bovine bone slices
Authors: Wang Junling , Zhang Yongbo , Yang Xiao , Ma Xiaobing 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The choosing of micromechanical environment is very important for the growth of bone-related cells. In this paper, bovine cancellous bone slices with 3D porous structures were used for 3D culturing of MC3T3-E1 cells (Mouse embryo osteoblast precursor cells) through a four-point-bending device due to their good biocompatibility and strength. Effects of micromechanical environment on the growth of MC3TC-E1 cells were investigated by immunofluorescent staining and alkaline phosphatase analysis, and the most positive microporous structures were found. In addition, a model of cell density vs stress was established through a specific normalization method and finite element simulation. The results showed that the micromechanical environment of the bone slices promoted cell proliferation, and the detail influence of stress on cell proliferation could be described by the mathematical model, which could provide a theoretical basis for the design of micromechanical environment in the bone tissue engineering scaffolds to stimulate cell proliferation.
Heat and mass transport investigation in radiative and chemically reacting fluid over a differentially heated surface and internal heating
Authors: Chu Yu-Ming , Adnan  , Khan Umar , Ahmed Naveed , Mohyud-Din Syed Tauseef , Khan Ilyas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study is to investigate the heat and mass transport over a stretchable surface. The analysis is prolonged to the concept of thermal radiations and chemical reaction over a differentially heated surface with internal heating. This is significant from an engineering and industrial point of view. The nonlinear model is successfully attained by adopting the similarity transforms and then further computation is done via a hybrid Runge–Kutta algorithm coupled with shooting technique. The behavior of fluid velocity and heat and mass transport are then furnished graphically for feasible ranges of parameters. A comprehensive discussion of the results is provided against multiple parameters. Foremost, the local thermal performance and mass transport rate are explained via numerical computation. The major outcomes of the study are described in the end.
Random pore structure and REV scale flow analysis of engine particulate filter based on LBM
Authors: Wu Chunrui , Zhang Tiechen , Fu Jiale , Liu Xiaori , Shen Boxiong 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In this article, lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is used to simulate the multi-scale flow characteristics of the engine particulate filter at the pore scale and the representative elementary volume (REV) scale, respectively. Four kinds of random wall-pore structures are considered, which are circular random structure, square random structure, isotropic quartet structure generation set (QSGS), and anisotropic QSGS, with difference analysis done. In terms of the REV scale, the influence of different inlet flow velocities and wall permeabilities on the flow in single channel is analyzed. The result indicates that the internal seepage laws of random structures constructed in this article and single channel are in accordance with Darcy’s law. Circular random structure has better permeability than square random structure. Isotropic QSGS has better fluidity than anisotropic one. The flow in single channel is similar to Poiseuille flow. The flow lines in the channel are complicated and a large number of vortices appear at the ends of channel with high inlet flow rate. With the increase of inlet velocity, the static pressure in channel gradually increases along the axial direction as well as the seepage velocity. The temperature field in the channel becomes more uniform as the flow velocity increases, and the higher temperature distribution appears on the wall of the porous media.
Experimental analysis and ANN prediction on performances of finned oval-tube heat exchanger under different air inlet angles with limited experimental data
Authors: Du Xueping , Chen Zhijie , Meng Qi , Song Yang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
A high accuracy of experimental correlations on the heat transfer and flow friction is always expected to calculate the unknown cases according to the limited experimental data from a heat exchanger experiment. However, certain errors will occur during the data processing by the traditional methods to obtain the experimental correlations for the heat transfer and friction. A dimensionless experimental correlation equation including angles is proposed to make the correlation have a wide range of applicability. Then, the artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used to predict the heat transfer and flow friction performances of a finned oval-tube heat exchanger under four different air inlet angles with limited experimental data. The comparison results of ANN prediction with experimental correlations show that the errors from the ANN prediction are smaller than those from the classical correlations. The data of the four air inlet angles fitted separately have higher precisions than those fitted together. It is demonstrated that the ANN approach is more useful than experimental correlations to predict the heat transfer and flow resistance characteristics for unknown cases of heat exchangers. The results can provide theoretical support for the application of the ANN used in the finned oval-tube heat exchanger performance prediction.