bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of the modified weight bias internalization scale in a Spanish adult population
Authors: Macho Sergio , Andrés Ana , Saldaña Carmina 
Published: April 2021

SummaryWeight bias internalization has received considerable attention in recent years and has been associated with serious psychological and physical consequences in Westernized societies. The modified weight bias internalization scale (WBIS‐M) is one of the most frequently used instruments for assessing internalized weight stigma across different body weight categories. The aim of this study was to adapt the WBIS‐M for use in Spanish adult populations. The sample consisted of 678 participants from the Spanish general population recruited through the internet, 79.6% of whom were women. The scale was translated into Spanish and then backtranslated. To study the internal structure, a cross‐validation analysis was carried out including both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses to assess the scale's psychometric properties. Internal consistency was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha and McDonald's omega and a test‐retest was conducted to assess one‐month stability. Results confirmed that the Spanish adaptation of the WBIS‐M is an 11‐item unidimensional scale, like the original version and shows excellent psychometric properties. In conclusion, the Spanish WBIS‐M version seems to be a robust psychometric tool for use in clinical and research settings.
Clinical relevance of emphysema in patients hospitalized with community‐acquired pneumonia: Clinical features and prognosis
Authors: Seo Hyewon , Cha Seung‐Ick , Shin Kyung Min , Lim Jae Kwang , Lee Won Kee , Park Ji‐Eun , Park Sunji , Choi Sun Ha , Lee Yong‐Hoon , Yoo Seung‐Soo , Lee Shin‐Yup , Lee Jaehee , Kim Chang‐Ho , Park Jae‐Yong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroductionFew studies have investigated the influence of emphysema on clinical features of patients presenting with community‐acquired pneumonia (CAP).ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to examine the clinical and microbiological features of patients with both CAP and emphysema.MethodsThis retrospective study included patients with CAP who underwent computed tomography (CT) scan at the time of presentation. Patients were allocated into emphysema and control groups, and clinical variables were compared between the two groups. The emphysema group was further divided into three subgroups (mild, moderate, and severe) according to the extent of emphysema on CT scan. The clinical variables of each subgroup were compared with the control group.ResultsOf 1676 patients, 431 patients (25.7%) were classified into the emphysema group. CAP patients with emphysema were more likely to have a high CURB‐65 score and pneumonia severity index and a lower incidence of complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema. The emphysema group exhibited longer hospital stay. In addition, 30‐day mortality in the severe emphysema group was significantly higher compared with the control group. As etiological agents, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae, and multidrug‐resistant pathogens were significantly more common in the emphysema group compared with the control group.ConclusionsThe presence of emphysema in CAP patients was associated with a more severe form of CAP, a longer hospital stay, and a lower incidence of complicated parapneumonic effusion or empyema. Moreover, CAP patients with severe emphysema exhibited higher 30‐day mortality than those without emphysema.
Mid‐arm muscle circumference as an indicator of exercise tolerance in chronic heart failure
Authors: Miyazaki Shinjiro , Hayashino Shusei , Matsumoto Ichiro , Kurozumi Mizuki , Namba Tsunetatsu , Takagi Yuichiro , Kunikata Jun , Minamino Tetsuo 
Published: April 2021

AimSkeletal muscle mass is associated with exercise tolerance in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). Anthropometric indicators are used to evaluate skeletal muscle mass, as these can be easily assessed in clinical practice. However, the association between anthropometric indicators and exercise tolerance is unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association between anthropometric indicators and exercise tolerance in CHF patients.MethodsWe evaluated 69 patients with CHF. Mid‐arm circumference, mid‐arm muscle circumference (MAMC), calf circumference and body mass index were measured as the anthropometric indicators. Exercise tolerance was evaluated according to the peak oxygen uptake (VO2). Correlation analyses were carried out to determine the association between peak VO2 and anthropometric indicators. Furthermore, univariate and multiple regression analyses were carried out using peak VO2 as the dependent variable, and age, male, left ventricular ejection fraction, angiotensin II receptor blocker or angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, diuretics, B‐type natriuretic peptide, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hemoglobin and anthropometric indicators as the independent variables.ResultsThere were significant positive correlations between the peak VO2 and mid‐arm circumference (rs = 0.378, P = 0.001), MAMC (r = 0.634, P < 0.001) and calf circumference (r = 0.292, P = 0.015). In multiple regression analysis, MAMC (β = 0.721, P < 0.001) and estimated glomerular filtration rate (β = 0.279, P = 0.007) were independent factors associated with peak VO2.ConclusionsMAMC is independently associated with peak VO2 in CHF patients. Thus, MAMC could be an indicator of exercise tolerance, which is closely related to the severity and prognosis of CHF. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2021; 21: 411–415.
Digestion and nutrition in freshwater bryozoans (Phylactolaemata)
Authors: Wood Timothy S. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAs suspension feeders, freshwater bryozoans (Phylactolaemata) ingest a wide variety of particles. After this material is processed in the gut, the remaining wastes are ejected in a pellet. Curiously, fecal pellet contents appear perfectly intact, often still alive, and apparently unharmed. This raises questions about the true sources of bryozoan nutrition and the entire digestive process itself. This article summarizes the results of controlled feeding experiments as well as findings from gut examination by scanning electron microscopy. Extensive feeding tests with bryozoan species in three families show that colonies ingesting protozoans and small rotifers grow much faster than those on any other diet. There is no evidence for digestion of green algae or bacteria, including cyanobacteria. Close observations reveal muscular contractions of the stomach crushing and abrading fragile prey organisms, with possible assistance from indigestible algal particles. A dense carpet of microvilli lines the walls of the stomach and intestine. In most instances, these are organized in a three‐dimensional matrix that offers an extensive surface area. Because all food is handled in sequential batches, there is limited time for many particles to be digested.
Cascading effects of composts and cover crops on soil chemistry, bacterial communities and the survival of foodborne pathogens
Authors: Devarajan N. , McGarvey J.A. , Scow K. , Jones M.S. , Lee S. , Samaddar S. , Schmidt R. , Tran T.D. , Karp D.S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Aims
Recent foodborne disease outbreaks have caused farmers to re-evaluate their practices. In particular, concern that soil amendments could introduce foodborne pathogens onto farms and promote their survival in soils has led farmers to reduce or eliminate the application of animal-based composts. However, organic amendments (such as composts and cover crops) could bolster food safety by increasing soil microbial diversity and activity, which can act as competitors or antagonists and reduce pathogen survival.

Methods and Results
Leveraging a study of a 27-year experiment comparing organic and conventional soil management, we evaluate the impacts of composted poultry litter and cover crops on soil chemistry, bacterial communities and survival of Salmonella enterica and Listeria monocytogenes. We found that bacterial community composition strongly affected pathogen survival in soils. Specifically, organic soils managed with cover crops and composts hosted more macronutrients and bacterial communities that were better able to suppress Salmonella and Listeria. For example, after incubating soils for 10 days at 20°C, soils without composts retained fourfold to fivefold more Salmonella compared to compost-amended soils. However, treatment effects dissipated as bacterial communities converged over the growing season.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that composts and cover crops may be used to build healthy soils without increasing foodborne pathogen survival.

Significance and Impact of the Study
Our work suggests that animal-based composts do not promote pathogen survival and may even promote bacterial communities that suppress pathogens. Critically, proper composting techniques are known to reduce pathogen populations in biological soil amendments of animal origin, which can reduce the risks of introducing pathogens to farm fields in soil amendments. Thus, animal-based composts and cover crops may be a safe alternative to conventional fertilizers, both because of the known benefits of composts for soil health and because it may be possible to apply amendments in such a way that food-safety risks are mitigated rather than exacerbated.
Pulmonary vein and left atrial posterior wall isolation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation: Comparable outcomes for adults with congenital heart disease
Authors: Moore Jeremy P. , Gallotti Roberto , Su Jonathan , Nguyen Heajung L. , Bedayat Arash , Prosper Ashley , Buch Eric 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIntroductionOptimal treatment strategies for ACHD with AF are unknown. This study sought to assess outcomes of pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) ± left atrial (LA), posterior wall isolation (PWI) for adults with congenital heart disease (ACHD), and atrial fibrillation (AF).MethodsA retrospective review of all cryoballoon (CB) PVI ± PWI procedures at a single center over a 3‐year period were performed. Clinical characteristics and outcomes for patients with and without ACHD were compared. The primary outcome was the occurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmia at 12‐months postablation after a 90‐day blanking period.ResultsThree‐hundred and sixteen patients (mean: 63 ± 12 years, [63% male]) underwent CB PVI ± PWI during the study, including 31 (10%) ACHD (simple 35%, moderate 39% complex 26%; nonparoxysmal AF in 52%). ACHD was younger (51 vs. 64 years; p < .001) with a lower CHADS2DS2‐VASc score (1.2 vs. 2.1; p = .001) but had a greater LA diameter (4.9 vs. 4.0 cm; p < .001) and a number of prior cardioversions (0.9 vs. 0.4; p < .001) versus controls. 12‐month freedom from recurrent AF was similar for ACHD and controls (76% vs. 80%; p = .6) and remained nonsignificant in multivariate analysis (hazard ratio: 1.8, 95% confidence interval: 0.7–5.1; p = .22). At 12‐months postablation, 75% of ACHD versus 93% of control patients were off antiarrhythmic drug therapy (p = .07).ConclusionThis study demonstrates younger age and lower conventional stroke risk, yet clinically advanced AF for ACHD relative to controls. CB PVI ± PWI was an effective strategy for the treatment of AF among all forms of ACHD with similar 12‐month outcomes as compared to controls.
Establishment and characterization of an immortalized epicardial cell line
Authors: Jiang Haobin , Song Shen , Li Jiacheng , Yin Qianqian , Hu Shengshou , Nie Yu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRecently, the increasing significance of the epicardium in cardiac development and regeneration is beginning to be recognized. However, because of the small proportion of primary epicardial cells and the limited cell culture time, further research on the mechanism of epicardial cells is hindered. Here, we transfected simian virus 40 Large T (SV40‐LT) into primary epicardial cells to establish an immortalized cell line, named EpiSV40. We further demonstrated that EpiSV40 can be easy to culture and has the proliferation, migration and differentiation capacities comparable to primary epicardial cells. EpiSV40 can serve as an ideal in vitro model for epicardial cell research, which will booster the study of the epicardium in cardiac development and heart regeneration.
Using PIT‐tags and portable antennas for quantification of fish movement and survival in streams under different environmental conditions
Authors: Saboret Grégoire , Dermond Philip , Brodersen Jakob 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhile PIT‐tag tracking using mobile antennas is being increasingly used to study fish movement and survival in streams, little is known about the limitations of the method, especially over longer periods of time and under different environmental settings. We used 6 years of data combining tagging, mobile antenna tracking and recaptures of Salmo trutta in multiple small streams in the Lake Lucerne drainage area in Switzerland to evaluate the relative importance of different environmental and intrinsic factors affecting the efficiency of the method. Our study system and experimental design allowed us to accurately verify the continuous presence and survival of recaptured fish in the stream after tracking, which meant that we could estimate detection probability with high confidence. The mean detection probability of tagged trout was 43%, but we found that fish length had a strong negative effect on detection probability, especially in males. Multivariate axes of stream environmental features did not predict efficiency but stream width alone was significantly positively correlated with efficiency. Additionally, stream temperature when tracking had a positive effect on fish detectability. Tag loss at recapture was globally rare (<8%) but common in large postspawn females (>30%). Based on the escape response of fish after detection, we could estimate the proportion of ghost tags, which reached a plateau of around 80% 2 years after tagging. We finally showed that our models of tag loss, fish detection and escape response are needed to interpret detection events. Our results highlight that individual variation in detection probability and tag loss is high and has to be considered for analysis.
Reproductive biology and ecology of Pacific hagfish (Eptatretus stoutii) and black hagfish (Eptatretus deani)
Authors: Fleury Aharon G. , MacLennan Eva M. , Command Rylan J. , Juanes Francis 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe reproductive biology of Pacific hagfish Eptatretus stoutii (Lockington, 1878) and black hagfish Eptatretus deani (Evermann & Goldsborough, 1907) was assessed using current and historical data. Our results found that the reproductive characteristics of both hagfish species reflect those of K‐selected species, which tend to live long and exhibit slow growth rates, low fecundity (approximately 20 eggs per female) and late maturity. Additionally, females of both species commence maturation prior to males. This study provides a population profile for both species of hagfish, but further assessments are needed to effectively manage a sustainable hagfish fishery.
Using linked administrative data to determine the prevalence of intellectual disability in adult prison in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Trofimovs J. , Dowse L. , Srasuebkul P. , Trollor J. N. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundStudies of the representation of people with intellectual disability (ID) in custody report widely inconsistent findings that reflect variation in how ID is defined and the methods employed for identification. Using linked administrative data may be of utility in studies of the representation of people with ID in custody. However, this approach requires an understanding of the purpose of and factors influencing identification in disparate administrative datasets.MethodsThis study uses linked administrative data encompassing disability, health and corrections data for the year 2014 to estimate the prevalence of ID in adult custody and explore how ID representation within administrative data impacts prevalence estimates and what patterns of identification reveal about support service access for this group.ResultsThis study finds that 4.3% of the New South Wales adult custody population had an identified ID. Prisoners with ID were younger, more likely to have had a previous custodial episode and more likely to be Indigenous than the general prison population. Identification of ID across linked administrative datasets is uneven, which, if used in isolation, would result in variation in prevalence estimates according to source data.ConclusionsThe utilisation of linkage data from a broad range of health and support services including custody offers a comprehensive identification methodology. Inconsistency in the identification of ID across datasets indicates a potential disjuncture between prisoners with ID and support services, which may have relevance for efforts to reduce reincarceration of those in this population.
Shikimic acid in the light of current knowledge
Authors: Batory Mirella , Rotsztejn Helena 
Published: April 2021

AbstractShikimic acid (SA) has been mainly used in the pharmaceutical industry for production of drugs, however, recently it has also appeared in the world of cosmetics. So far, there have not been many publications on cosmetics containing SA or research studies on the compound, especially those that would involve testing cosmetic products on subjects. The main source of SA is star anise. The recommended concentration of SA in cosmetic preparations ranges between 1 and 5%. The pH of a 5% solution of SA in water is 3. SA at a concentration of 5% has a similar exfoliative effect to that of 50% glycolic acid. It shows antiviral, exfoliating, deodorizing, anti‐acne, anti‐dandruff, whitening and moisturizing activity. It also regulates the amount of secreted sebum, moreover, it has antibacterial, anti‐inflammatory, hair‐growth stimulating, anti‐aging effect and antifungal properties.
Global functional variation in alpine vegetation
Authors: Testolin Riccardo , Carmona Carlos Pérez , Attorre Fabio , Borchardt Peter , Bruelheide Helge , Dolezal Jiri , Finckh Manfred , Haider Sylvia , Hemp Andreas , Jandt Ute , Korolyuk Andrei Yu , Lenoir Jonathan , Makunina Natalia , Malanson George P , Mucina Ladislav , Noroozi Jalil , Nowak Arkadiusz , Peet Robert K , Peyre Gwendolyn , Sabatini Francesco Maria , Šibík Jozef , Sklenář Petr , Vassilev Kiril , Virtanen Risto , Wiser Susan K , Zibzeev Evgeny G , Jiménez‐Alfaro Borja 
Published: April 2021

AbstractQuestionsWhat are the functional trade‐offs of vascular plant species in global alpine ecosystems? How is functional variation related to vegetation zones, climatic groups and biogeographic realms? What is the relative contribution of macroclimate and evolutionary history in shaping the functional variation of alpine plant communities?LocationGlobal.MethodsWe compiled a data set of alpine vegetation with 5,532 geo‐referenced plots, 1,933 species and six plant functional traits. We used principal component analysis to quantify functional trade‐offs among species and trait probability density to assess the functional dissimilarity of alpine vegetation in different vegetation zones, climatic groups and biogeographic realms. We used multiple regression on distance matrices to model community functional dissimilarity against environmental and phylogenetic dissimilarity, controlling for geographic distance.ResultsThe first two PCA axes explained 66% of the species’ functional variation and were related to the leaf and stem economic spectra, respectively. Trait probability density was largely independent of vegetation zone and macroclimate but differed across biogeographic realms. The same pattern emerged for both species pool and community levels. The effects of environmental and phylogenetic dissimilarities on community functional dissimilarity had similar magnitude, while the effect of geographic distance was negligible.ConclusionsPlant species in alpine areas reflect the global variation of plant function, but with a predominant role of resource use strategies. Current macroclimate exerts a limited effect on alpine vegetation, mostly acting at the community level in combination with evolutionary history. Global alpine vegetation is functionally unrelated to the vegetation zones in which it is embedded, exhibiting strong functional convergence across regions.
An island‐hopping bird reveals how founder events shape genome‐wide divergence
Authors: Sendell‐Price Ashley T. , Ruegg Kristen C. , Robertson Bruce C. , Clegg Sonya M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhen populations colonize new areas, both strong selection and strong drift can be experienced due to novel environments and small founding populations, respectively. Empirical studies have predominantly focused on the phenotype when assessing the role of selection, and limited neutral‐loci when assessing founder‐induced loss of diversity. Consequently, the extent to which processes interact to influence evolutionary trajectories is difficult to assess. Genomic‐level approaches provide the opportunity to simultaneously consider these processes. Here, we examine the roles of selection and drift in shaping genomic diversity and divergence in historically documented sequential island colonizations by the silvereye (Zosterops lateralis). We provide the first empirical demonstration of the rapid appearance of highly diverged genomic regions following population founding, the position of which are highly idiosyncratic. As these regions rarely contained loci putatively under selection, it is most likely that these differences arise via the stochastic nature of the founding process. However, selection is required to explain rapid evolution of larger body size in insular silvereyes. Reconciling our genomic data with these phenotypic patterns suggests there may be many genomic routes to the island phenotype, which vary across populations. Finally, we show that accelerated divergence associated with multiple founding steps is the product of genome‐wide rather than localized differences, and that diversity erodes due to loss of rare alleles. However, even multiple founder events do not result in divergence and diversity levels seen in evolutionary older subspecies, and therefore do not provide a shortcut to speciation as proposed by founder‐effect speciation models.
Novel mycorrhizal cheating in a green orchid: Cremastraappendiculata depends on carbon from deadwood through fungal associations
Authors: Suetsugu Kenji , Haraguchi Takashi F. , Tayasu Ichiro 
Published: April 2021

Summary

To date, there has been no robust evidence for the exploitation of saprotrophic non‐rhizoctonia fungi by green plants, although some fully mycoheterotrophic orchids are known to exploit them, and mycoheterotrophic evolution has probably occurred through intermediate mixotrophic stages.

We investigated the physiological ecology of a fully mycoheterotrophic species Cremastra aphylla and its photosynthetic sister species Cremastra appendiculata, which putatively exploit saprotrophic fungi. Their mycorrhizal partners and ultimate nutritional sources were determined using molecular, stable isotopic, and radiocarbon analysis.

Both Cremastra aphylla and Cremastra appendiculata were consistently associated with wood‐decaying Psathyrellaceae. In addition, both species were highly enriched in carbon‐13 (13C) and, to a less degree, in nitrogen‐15 (15N). The δ13C and δ15N values of Cremastra appendiculata were intermediate between those of Cremastra aphylla and those of autotrophic plants. All Cremastra appendiculata samples and two Cremastra aphylla samples exhibited elevated Δ14C values due to the acquisition of carbon fixed in wood during the past decades (14C‐enriched bomb carbon).

Our multifaceted evidence indicated that both species obtained carbon from deadwood via saprotrophic fungi. Our findings strongly suggest that mixotrophic relationships associated with wood‐decaying fungi represent a novel evolutionary pathway for full mycoheterotrophy in orchids.