bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary mismatch along salinity gradients in a Neotropical water strider
Authors: Castillo Anakena M. , De León Luis F. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe evolution of local adaptation is crucial for the in situ persistence of populations in changing environments. However, selection along broad environmental gradients could render local adaptation difficult, and might even result in maladaptation. We address this issue by quantifying fitness trade‐offs (via common garden experiments) along a salinity gradient in two populations of the Neotropical water strider Telmatometra withei—a species found in both fresh (FW) and brackish (BW) water environments across Panama. We found evidence for local adaptation in the FW population in its home FW environment. However, the BW population showed only partial adaptation to the BW environment, with a high magnitude of maladaptation along naturally occurring salinity gradients. Indeed, its overall fitness was ~60% lower than that of the ancestral FW population in its home environment, highlighting the role of phenotypic plasticity, rather than local adaptation, in high salinity environments. This suggests that populations seemingly persisting in high salinity environments might in fact be maladapted, following drastic changes in salinity. Thus, variable selection imposed by salinization could result in evolutionary mismatch, where the fitness of a population is displaced from its optimal environment. Understanding the fitness consequences of persisting in fluctuating salinity environments is crucial to predict the persistence of populations facing increasing salinization. It will also help develop evolutionarily informed management strategies in the context of global change.
Detection of the weak‐secretor rs1047781 (385A>T) single nucleotide polymorphism using an unlabeled probe high‐resolution melting‐based method
Authors: Soejima Mikiko , Koda Yoshiro 
Published: April 2021

AbstractFUT2 encodes galactoside 2‐α‐l‐fucosyltransferase 2 which determines the secretor status of ABO(H) blood group antigens. Secretors have at least one functional FUT2 allele (Se), while nonsecretors or weak secretors are homozygous for nonfunctional (non‐ or weak secretor) FUT2 alleles (se or Sew). The Sew having the 385A>T missense SNP (rs1047781) is the prevalent nonfunctional allele in East and Southeast Asians. In this study, we developed an unlabeled‐probe high‐resolution melting (HRM) analysis for genotyping of 385A>T and validated the method by analyzing 72 Japanese whose 385A>T genotypes were confirmed by DNA sequencing. The unlabeled‐probe HRM analysis clearly discriminated three genotypes of 385A>T. In addition, the results obtained for the 72 Japanese by this method were fully concordant with previous ones. Estimation of secretor status using this cost‐effective method may be useful in East and Southeast Asian populations.
Thorium Exposure Drives Fatty Acid and Metal Transfer from Biofilms to the Grazer Lymnaea sp.
Authors: Doose Caroline , Fadhlaoui Mariem , Morin Soizic , Fortin Claude 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Aquatic ecotoxicological risks associated with tetravalent metallic elements such as thorium (Th) are still poorly understood. Periphytic biofilm represents an important food source in aquatic environments; thus, such risks could severely affect nutrient and energy cycling in these ecosystems. The present study investigated the potential for Th to change the fatty acid composition of biofilm communities. Bioaccumulation of Th and fatty acids were measured after 4 wk to 2 exposure conditions: a control (C0) and Th exposure (C10). Some major fatty acids such as C16:1n-7 and docosahexaenoic acid C22:6n-3 differed significantly between control and C10 conditions. To determine if Th can be trophically transferred and to investigate the impacts of nutritional quality changes on primary consumers, common pond snails (Lymnaea sp.) were fed for 4 wk with control and Th-exposed biofilm. Thorium appeared to be trophically transferable to the grazers, although we cannot exclude that part of the Th accumulated by the snails may have been taken from the water through release from the biofilms. The composition of major fatty acids observed in the grazers was also significantly affected, notably by a decrease of total polyunsaturated fatty acids. These results indicate that very low Th concentrations can decrease the nutritional quality of organisms at the base of the food chain. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:2220–2228. © 2021 SETAC
Abstract
Thorium (Th) waterborne exposure induced bioaccumulation in biofilms and a reduction in fatty acids (FAs) such as C20:2n-6. The Th-exposed biofilm diet caused a decrease in polyunsaturated FAs and n-6 FAs in grazers, as well as Th bioaccumulation in soft bodies. PUFA = polyunsaturated FA.
Lattice Boltzmann method for compressible Euler equations based on exact kinetic system
Authors: Hanada Takaya , Kataoka Takeshi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe have developed a new type of simple lattice Boltzmann (LB) model for the compressible Euler equations based on the collisionless kinetic‐equation approach proposed by Sone. The model uses the collisionless kinetic equation in the streaming process, and modifies the distribution function to its Chapman–Enskog type at each time step. Compared with the current LB models which solve the kinetic equation of the BGK type, the proposed model is superior in the following two points: (i) Inviscid flows can be computed stably while there is no such model in the current LBM; (ii) The velocity distribution function does not need to be memorized in computation. We calculate various inviscid compressible flows described by the compressible Euler equations using our new one‐, two‐, and three‐dimensional models. Numerical results show the capability of our scheme to simulate high‐speed supersonic flows with shock waves.
Extraction and purification of total flavonoids from Eupatorium lindleyanum DC. and evaluation of their antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities
Authors: Li Chao , Chen Shanglong , Sha Jin , Cui Jue , He Juping , Fu Junning , Shen Yingbin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe health benefits and promising medical treatment potential of total flavonoids from Eupatorium lindleyanum DC. (TFELDC) have been recognized. The process parameters of extracting total flavonoids from Eupatorium lindleyanum DC. by ultrasonic–microwave synergistic extraction (UMSE) were optimized, and they were purified by AB‐8 macroporous resin in the current study. In addition, the antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of the purified TFELDC (PTFELDC) were evaluated. The results showed that the optimal parameters of UMSE were as follows: ethanol volume fraction 71.5%, L/S ratio 12.2 ml/g, microwave power 318 W, and extraction time 143 s. After TFELDC were purified by AB‐8 macroporous resin, the total flavonoid contents of PTFELDC increased from 208.18 ± 1.60 to 511.19 ± 3.21 mg RE/g FDS. Compared with TFELDC, the content of total flavonoids in PTFELDC was increased by 2.46 times. The antioxidant activities of PTFELDC were assessed using DPPH radical, superoxide anion radical, reducing power, and ferric reducing antioxidant power assays, and the IC50 values were found to be 37.13, 19.62, 81.22, and 24.72 μg/ml, respectively. The enzyme inhibitory activities of PTFELDC were measured using lipase, α‐amylase, α‐glucosidase, and acetylcholinesterase assays with the IC50 values 1.38, 2.08, 1.63, and 0.58 mg/ml, respectively. By comparing with their positive controls, it was found that PTFELDC had good antioxidant activities, and lipase, α‐amylase, and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activities, However, the acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity was relatively weaker. These results suggested that PTFELDC have a promising potential as natural antioxidant, antilipidemic, and hypoglycemic drugs used in functional foods or pharmaceuticals.
The cross‐sectional interplay between neurochemical profile and brain connectivity
Authors: Zacharopoulos George , Emir Uzay , Cohen Kadosh Roi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNeurochemical profile and brain connectivity are both critical aspects of brain function. However, our knowledge of their interplay across development is currently poor. We combined single‐voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopy and resting functional magnetic resonance imaging in a cross‐sectional sample spanning from childhood to adulthood which was reassessed in ~1.5 years (N = 293). We revealed the developmental trajectories of 20 neurochemicals in two key developmental brain regions (the intraparietal sulcus, IPS, and the middle frontal gyrus, MFG). We found that certain neurochemicals exhibited similar developmental trajectories across the two regions, while other trajectories were region‐specific. Crucially, we mapped the connectivity of the brain regions IPS and MFG to the rest of the brain across development as a function of regional glutamate and GABA concentration. We demonstrated that glutamate concentration within the IPS is modulated by age in explaining IPS connectivity with frontal, temporal and parietal regions. In mature participants, higher glutamate within the IPS was related to more negative connectivity while the opposite pattern was found for younger participants. Our findings offer specific developmental insights on the interplay between the brain's resting activity and the glutamatergic system both of which are crucial for regulating normal functioning and are dysregulated in several clinical conditions.
Loss‐of‐Function Genetic Screening Identifies Aldolase A as an Essential Driver for Liver Cancer Cell Growth Under Hypoxia
Authors: Niu Yi , Lin Ziyou , Wan Arabella , Sun Lei , Yan Shijia , Liang Heng , Zhan Siyue , Chen Dongshi , Bu Xianzhang , Liu Peiqing , Chen Ceshi , He Weiling , Lu Xiongbin , Wan Guohui 
Published: April 2021

Background and Aims
Hypoxia is a common feature of the tumor microenvironment (TME), which promotes tumor progression, metastasis, and therapeutic drug resistance through a myriad of cell activities in tumor and stroma cells. While targeting hypoxic TME is emerging as a promising strategy for treating solid tumors, preclinical development of this approach is lacking in the study of HCC.

Approach and Results
From a genome‐wide CRISPR/CRISPR‐associated 9 gene knockout screening, we identified aldolase A (ALDOA), a key enzyme in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, as an essential driver for HCC cell growth under hypoxia. Knockdown of ALDOA in HCC cells leads to lactate depletion and consequently inhibits tumor growth. Supplementation with lactate partly rescues the inhibitory effects mediated by ALDOA knockdown. Upon hypoxia, ALDOA is induced by hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α and fat mass and obesity–associated protein–mediated N6‐methyladenosine modification through transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation, respectively. Analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas shows that elevated levels of ALDOA are significantly correlated with poor prognosis of patients with HCC. In a screen of Food and Drug Administration–approved drugs based on structured hierarchical virtual platforms, we identified the sulfamonomethoxine derivative compound 5 (cpd‐5) as a potential inhibitor to target ALDOA, evidenced by the antitumor activity of cpd‐5 in preclinical patient‐derived xenograft models of HCC.

Conclusions
Our work identifies ALDOA as an essential driver for HCC cell growth under hypoxia, and we demonstrate that inhibition of ALDOA in the hypoxic TME is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating HCC.
Science in action? A critical view of UK blood donation deferral policy and men who have sex with men
Authors: Fisayo Temitope 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe rules that govern blood donation vary globally. Some potential blood donors are ineligible for immediate blood donation, and as such are deferred until such time that they become eligible. This practice, the blood donation deferral period, is intended to reduce the risk of blood‐borne infections being transfused into a blood product‐recipient. As blood screening technologies improve, the risk of an infected blood product remaining undetected decreases—and so too have the deferral periods for certain donors. Much has been made of the importance of an evidence‐based, scientific approach to protecting blood product‐recipients. However, these deferrals are controversial. What exactly determines the blood donation deferral period? This article argues that blood donation deferral periods are not merely the result of enacting empirical data. Instead, the deferral periods represent a negotiation between scientific evidence, experts, politically expedient narratives, institutionalised risk aversion, as well as more mundane concerns such as operational feasibility. As a case study, I examine how the UK Advisory Committee on the Safety of Blood, Tissues and Organs changed the 12‐month deferral period for blood donation from men who have sex with men to a 3‐month deferral period.
An integrative review on the toxicity of Bisphenol A (BPA) released from resin composites used in dentistry
Authors: Lopes‐Rocha Lígia , Ribeiro‐Gonçalves Lara , Henriques Bruno , Özcan Mutlu , Tiritan Maria Elizabeth , Souza Júlio C. M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe main aim of this study was to perform an integrative review on the release of bisphenol A (BPA) from resin‐matrix composites and potential toxic effects. A bibliographic search was performed on the PubMed platform using the following keywords: “Bisphenol A" OR “BPA” AND “resin composite” OR “composite resin” AND “toxicity” OR “cytotoxicity” OR “release”. Inclusion criteria involved in vitro and in vivo studies on the release and toxicity of BPA. Results highlighted the release of BPA from resin‐matrix composites due to insufficient polymerization and/or degradation of the polymeric matrix. BPA is part of the organic matrix of resin‐matrix composites and may be hydrolysed in human saliva, although studies report that low doses might not be detected by traditional chemical analysis. Studies exposing zebrafish embryos to different concentrations of Bis‐GMA, showed 55% mortality at 10 μM Bis‐GMA while 30% mortality was recorded at 1 μM Bis‐GMA. In patients, a BPA concentration of around 2.09 × 10−2 μg/ml was found in the saliva after placement of lingual orthodontic retainers with resin‐matrix composites. Also, the BPA molecule can be swallowed and absorbed by the oral/gastrointestinal mucosa, which might result in systemic toxicity. The degradation of resin‐matrix composites and release of BPA in oral environment are dependent on the organic matrix content and on the polymerization method. A increased release of BPA can lead to the absorption into oral and gastrointestinal mucosa with high risks of local and systemic toxicity.
Meta‐Analysis of Noncompartmental Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Ertugliflozin to Evaluate Dose Proportionality and UGT1A9 Polymorphism Effect on Exposure
Authors: Marshall Jean‐Claude , Liang Yali , Sahasrabudhe Vaishali , Tensfeldt Thomas , Fediuk Daryl J. , Zhou Susan , Krishna Rajesh , Dawra Vikas Kumar , Wood Linda S. , Sweeney Kevin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractErtugliflozin, a sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, is primarily metabolized via glucuronidation by the uridine 5′‐diphospho‐glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) isoform UGT1A9. This noncompartmental meta‐analysis of ertugliflozin pharmacokinetics evaluated the relationship between ertugliflozin exposure and dose, and the effect of UGT1A9 genotype on ertugliflozin exposure. Pharmacokinetic data from 25 phase 1 studies were pooled. Structural models for dose proportionality described the relationship between ertugliflozin area under the plasma concentration‐time curve (AUC) or maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) and dose. A structural model for the UGT1A9 genotype described the relationship between ertugliflozin AUC and dose, with genotype information on 3 UGT1A9 polymorphisms (UGT1A9‐2152, UGT1A9*3, UGT1A9*1b) evaluated as covariates from the full model. Ertugliflozin AUC and Cmax increased in a dose‐proportional manner over the dose range of 0.5‐300 mg, and population‐predicted AUC and Cmax values for the 5‐ and 15‐mg ertugliflozin tablets administered in the fasted state demonstrated good agreement with the observed data. The largest change in ertugliflozin AUC was in subjects carrying the UGT1A9*3 heterozygous variant, with population‐predicted AUC (90% confidence interval) values of 485 ng·h/mL (458 to 510 ng·h/mL) and 1560 ng·h/mL (1480 to 1630 ng·h/mL) for ertugliflozin 5 and 15 mg, respectively, compared with 436 ng·h/mL (418 to 455 ng·h/mL) and 1410 ng·h/mL (1350 to 1480 ng·h/mL), respectively, in wild‐type subjects. Overall, the mean effects of the selected UGT1A9 variants on ertugliflozin AUC were within ±10% of the wild type. UGT1A9 genotype did not have any clinically meaningful effects on ertugliflozin exposure in healthy subjects. No ertugliflozin dose adjustment would be required in patients with the UGT1A9 variants assessed in this study.
Information asymmetries in web‐based information for engineering transfer students
Authors: Reeping David , Knight David B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundTransfer students in engineering must navigate a myriad of information sources to obtain accurate information on how to matriculate into a 4‐year institution. Although some institutional and state‐level initiatives attempt to streamline the transfer process, students still report difficulties.PurposeThis article explores the extent to which web‐based transfer information is fragmented across institutional websites and written using communicative strategies that could limit comprehension. Accordingly, this study characterizes information asymmetries—gaps in information—that affect transfer students in terms of two constructs: fragmentation and language.MethodWe employed a convergent fully integrated mixed‐methods design with a stratified random sample of 38 US engineering degree‐granting institutions. The connections between the webpages were transformed into networks and clustered using k‐means and partitioning around medoids with measures of dispersion and centrality. A purposeful nested sample of 16 institutions was taken based on the clusters and explored using a two‐cycle mixed‐methods coding protocol to understand how fragmentation and language interact to create information asymmetries. The resulting themes from each construct were integrated to develop narratives across the sampled institutions.ConclusionsWe found the web‐based information for transfer students to be a messy web of loosely connected structures with language that complicates understanding. We identified four fragmentation themes illustrating how transfer information is organized and six language themes capturing linguistic patterns across the webpages. We offer strategies for researchers and practitioners based on the narratives we developed.
Ammonia emissions and dispersion from broiler production
Authors: Harper Lowry A. , Ritz Casey W. , Flesch Thomas K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAmmonia (NH3) has been used as a target gas for nuisance complaints to restrict or close poultry operations near encroaching rural development. There are conflicting data on NH3 emissions from broiler production across the United States. The purpose of this research is to compare emission rates from a Georgia broiler operation across seasons and with other geographical areas in the United States. Comparison of seasonal and geographical emission rates showed large seasonal variation in NH3 emissions for eastern U.S. sites but little seasonal variation in the semi‐arid region of the United States. Differences in production management practices, ambient temperature, and animal density did not appear to explain differences in emissions between regions; however, the climatic influence of ambient humidity and litter management practices are thought to be key factors in the generation of emissions.
Integrative anatomical study of the branched annelid Ramisyllis multicaudata (Annelida, Syllidae)
Authors: Ponz‐Segrelles Guillermo , Glasby Christopher J. , Helm Conrad , Beckers Patrick , Hammel Jörg U. , Ribeiro Rannyele P. , Aguado M. Teresa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe sponge‐dwelling Syllidae Ramisyllis multicaudata and Syllis ramosa are the only annelid species for which a branched body with one head and multiple posterior ends is known. In these species, the head is located deep within the sponge, and the branches extend through the canal system of their host. The morphology of these creatures has captivated annelid biologists since they were first discovered in the late XIXth century, and their external characteristics have been well documented. However, how their branched bodies fit within their symbiotic host sponges and how branches translate into internal anatomy has not been documented before. These features are crucially relevant for understanding the body of these animals, and therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate these aspects. In order to assess these questions, live observation, as wells as histology, immunohistochemistry, micro‐computed tomography, and transmission electron microscopy techniques were used on specimens of R. multicaudata. By using these techniques, we show that the complex body of R. multicaudata specimens extends greatly through the canal system of their host sponges. We demonstrate that iterative external bifurcation of the body is accompanied by the bifurcation of the longitudinal organ systems that are characteristic of annelids. Additionally, we also highlight that the bifurcation process leaves an unmistakable fingerprint in the form of newly‐described “muscle bridges.” These structures theoretically allow one to distinguish original and derived branches at each bifurcation. Last, we characterize some of the internal anatomical features of the stolons (reproductive units) of R. multicaudata, particularly their nervous system. Here, we provide the first study of the internal anatomy of a branched annelid. This information is not only crucial to deepen our understanding of these animals and their biology, but it will also be key to inform future studies that try to explain how this morphology evolved.