bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Case law on standard essential patents in Europe
Authors: Bonadio Enrico , Tanwar Anushka 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn Europe disputes over SEPs are frequently litigated. In Huawei v ZTE, the CJEU gave a landmark judgement where it established guidelines to balance the interests of SEP owners and those of implementers. In this paper we will cover that case as well as other important SEP-related decisions from courts in the UK, Germany, France, Netherland and Italy.
Clover: An anonymous transaction relay protocol for the bitcoin P2P network
Authors: Franzoni Federico , Daza Vanesa 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe Bitcoin P2P network currently represents a reference benchmark for modern cryptocurrencies. Its underlying protocol defines how transactions and blocks are distributed through all participating nodes. To protect user privacy, the identity of the node originating a message is kept hidden. However, an adversary observing the whole network can analyze the spread pattern of a transaction to trace it back to its source. This is possible thanks to the so-called rumor centrality, which is caused by the symmetry in the spreading of gossip-like protocols. Recent works try to address this issue by breaking the symmetry of the Diffusion protocol, currently used in Bitcoin, and leveraging proxied broadcast. Nonetheless, the complexity of their design can be a barrier to their adoption in real life. In this work, we propose Clover, a novel transaction relay protocol that protects the source of transaction messages with a simple, yet effective, design. Compared to previous solutions, our protocol does not require building propagation graphs, and reduces the ability of the adversary to gain precision by opening multiple connections towards the same node. Experimental results show that the deanonymization accuracy of an eavesdropper adversary against Clover is up to 10 times smaller compared to Diffusion.
Upgrading Big Brother: Local Strategic Adaptation in China’s Security Industry
Authors: Huang Jingyang , Tsai Kellee S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhat are the circumstances under which latecomer firms can develop indigenous innovative capacity and compete globally? China’s construction of a vast domestic security apparatus has contributed to it becoming the world’s largest supplier and consumer of video surveillance products and services. It has also produced several globally competitive companies, including those engaged in digital surveillance. Although security equipment producers initially emerged in Guangdong province, China’s leading technology companies are concentrated in Zhejiang province. This comparative study is motivated by the puzzle of why Guangdong, which has a larger security equipment industry with more local investment and earlier introduction of foreign technology, has lagged behind Zhejiang in technological upgrading. We trace this provincial variation to thepolicy choices of local state bureaucraciesand the business strategies of local enterprises. While macro-level variables such as market demand and establishing national industry standards are important for industrial development, this study demonstrates the critical role of local technocrats and entrepreneurs in facilitating technological innovation in a rapidly evolving surveillance regime. Our analysis also reveals how latecomers to a technology-intensive industry were able to adapt their products strategically to meet the technical demands of a major segment of the domestic market, China’s public security sector.
Fourier multipliers for Triebel–Lizorkin spaces on compact Lie groups
Authors: Cardona Duván , Ruzhansky Michael 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe investigate the boundedness of Fourier multipliers on a compact Lie group when acting on Triebel-Lizorkin spaces. Criteria are given in terms of the Hörmander-Mihlin-Marcinkiewicz condition. In our analysis, we use the difference structure of the unitary dual of a compact Lie group. Our results cover the sharp Hörmander-Mihlin theorem on Lebesgue spaces and also other historical results on the subject.
Intelligent algorithms and complex system for a smart parking for vaccine delivery center of COVID-19
Authors: Jemmali Mahdi 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAchieving community immunity against the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) depends on vaccinating the largest number of people within a specific period while taking all precautionary measures. To address this problem, this paper presents a smart parking system that will help the health crisis management committee to vaccinate the largest number of people with the minimum period of time while ensuring that all precautionary measures are followed, through a set of algorithms. These algorithms seek to ensure a uniform distribution of persons in parking. This paper proposes a novel complex system for smart parking and nine algorithms to address the NP-hard problem. The experimental results demonstrate the performance of the proposed algorithms in terms of gap and time. Applying these algorithms to smart cities to ensure precautionary measures against COVID-19 can help fight against this pandemic.
The Influence of Acid Hardener on the Strength and Hot-Distortion Properties of No-Bake Sand Cores
Authors: Budavári Imre , Gyarmati Gábor , Varga László 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this research work, the effects of different amounts of acid hardener (30%, 40%, 60%, 80% weighted to the resin) on the hardening characteristics and hot-distortion properties of no-bake furan and no-bake phenolic bonded sand cores were studied. Bending tests were conducted on test bars with storage times of 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 24h. Hot-distortion tests were carried out on specimens with storage times of 4h and 24h. The bending tests revealed that in the case of the furan binder system, the acid hardener is best utilized in terms of higher bending strength, in an amount of 40–60%, while in the case of the phenolic binder system, the amount of 60–80% acid hardener resulted in higher bending strength of the sand specimens. Too low (30%) acid hardener (catalyst) level produced low bending strength. Too high (80%) amount of acid hardener decreased the strength of the no-bake furan sand samples, and as can be seen from the SEM analysis, it damaged the binder bridges between the sand grains. The hot-distortion tests showed that there is a correlation between the catalyst content and the max. Deformation of the samples both in the furan and in the phenolic no-bake sand cores, which can be described with a maximum curve. Increasing the acid hardener changes the thermoplastic behavior of the phenolic resin, thus the binder bridges become more rigid and brittle. The acid hardener above 40% decreased the thermal stability of the furan and phenolic bonded test pieces. The research work also revealed significant differences between the specimens made with furan and phenolic binder and the effect of the storage time in terms of the bending strength and hot-distortion properties.
Arbeitsintensität und ihre Determinanten. Eine Übersicht über das Analysepotential von Erwerbstätigenbefragungen
Authors: Hünefeld Lena , Ahlers Elke , Vogel Serife Erol , Meyer Sophie-Charlotte 
Published: October 2021

ZusammenfassungEine langanhaltende hohe Arbeitsintensität kann eine gesundheitsgefährdende Belastung für Beschäftigte darstellen. Für eine angemessene Gestaltung der Arbeit sind Kenntnisse von Determinanten dauerhaft erhöhter Arbeitsintensität von zentraler Bedeutung. Dieser Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, welche empirischen Grundlagen zur Verfügung stehen, um die Verbreitung hoher Arbeitsintensität in Deutschland zu beschreiben und insbesondere potenzielle Determinanten zu identifizieren. Hierfür wurden sechs Erwerbstätigenbefragungen systematisch analysiert. Es konnten insgesamt 662 Fragebogenitems zum Thema „Arbeitsintensität und ihre Determinanten“ identifiziert und anhand von 11 Hauptkategorien – sechs Kategorien für Arbeitsintensität und fünf für Determinanten – und mehr als 65 Unterkategorien klassifiziert werden. Trotz empirischer Lücken zeigt sich damit, dass in Deutschland eine breite Datenbasis zur Analyse des Themas Arbeitsintensität und deren Determinanten zur Verfügung steht. In zukünftigen Erhebungen sollten auch Informationen zur Leistungspolitik, wie Kundenorientierung oder auch Dienstreisen, Zielvereinbarungen, dem Maß der Ergebnisorientierung und auch Eigenverantwortung als mögliche Determinanten von Arbeitsintensität erhoben werden. Ebenfalls sollte die ausführliche Erhebung von betrieblichen Rahmenbedingungen, wie die Unternehmensform oder auch existierende Personalengpässe stärker mitbedacht werden.Praktische Relevanz: Die vorliegende Studie verdeutlicht, welche Datenbasis in Deutschland vorhanden ist, um Determinanten von Arbeitsintensität zu beleuchten und somit auch Gestaltungspotentiale für eine angemessene Arbeitsintensität zu identifizieren.
Formalizing Secularism as a Regime of Restrictions and Protections: The Case of Quebec (Canada) and Geneva (Switzerland)
Authors: Barras Amélie 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn 2019, the province of Quebec and the canton of Geneva passed bills establishing their states as “secular.” While each law is, to a certain extent, context specific, both present noteworthy similarities. First, neutrality (the cornerstone of laïcité) is articulated around two elements: (1) restrictions that affect the religious practices of public servants belonging to minority religions and (2) protections for Christian symbols constructed as “cultural.” The article questions the implications for inclusive citizenship of formalizing regulatory regimes that differentiate between “religion” and “culture.” Second, a comparative lens enables an analysis of how, through whom, and why similar regimes of regulation travel from one area of the world to another. The article argues for the importance of considering transnational influences when analyzing the regulation of religion to better (1) understand why particular models of secularism gain traction and (2) capture power dynamics structuring these processes of traction.
An approach for the quantitative description of uncertainty to support robust design in sensing technology
Authors: Welzbacher Peter , Schulte Fiona , Neu Marcel , Koch Yanik , Kirchner Eckhard 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Sensing machine elements offer the potential to upgrade conventional machine elements by extending their primary function to be able to measure a quantity of interest at its point of origin in a technical system, the so-called in situ measurement. To ensure the functionality of these next generation machine elements, special attention must be paid to uncertainty in terms of modelling to be able to correctly evaluate the provided signal and obtain reliable information. Consequently, this contribution describes an approach to classify uncertainty in sensing technology, especially in SMEs, based on the amount of available information, which can be used as a point of departure to reduce the impact of occurring uncertainty to improve the robustness of the obtained signal. Starting from the understanding of uncertainty and the corresponding classification scheme as well as its linkage to robust design from the Collaborative Research Centre 805, a quantitative model is presented to determine the impact of uncertainty on a measuring signal. The applicability of the proposed approach is demonstrated using the example of a sensing timing belt by taking into account the uncertainty from the SME itself and also from the surrounding technical system.
Transfer efficiency of an enveloped virus, human coronavirus 229E, from various hard surface fomites to finger pads of the hands
Authors: Gerba Charles P. , Leija Brianna M. , Ikner Luisa A. , Gundy Patricia , Rutala William A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRespiratory viruses can be transmitted by fomite contact, but no data currently exist on the transfer of enveloped viruses. The transfer efficiency of human coronavirus from various hard surfaces ranged from 0.46% to 49.0%. This information can be used to model the fomite transmission of enveloped viruses.
THE RENAISSANCE OF ENGLISH LEGAL HISTORY
Authors: Ibbetson D.J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractJohn Baker's “English Law and the Renaissance” is perhaps the most significant paper in English legal history to appear in the Cambridge Law Journal. In many ways it was a response to, and development from, F. W. Maitland's Rede Lecture with the same title, published some 80 years previously. Baker's paper marks a punctuation in his study of English law under the early Tudors, a subject which he has made his own, culminating in his magisterial sixth volume of The Oxford History of the Laws of England. In addition, it marked a major break with the earlier orthodoxy that English law in this period was fundamentally distinct from the law which was developing on the European continent. The present paper explores both of these themes.
NOVUS ACTUS AND BEYOND: ATTRIBUTING CAUSAL RESPONSIBILITY IN THE CRIMINAL COURTS
Authors: du Bois-Pedain Antje 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGlanville Williams's influential 1989 article on causation, “Finis for Novus Actus?”, addressed two pertinent questions: (1) when, and on what grounds, may a person be judged to bear causal responsibility for harms most immediately brought about by the subsequent action of another person (the locus classicus of the novus actus interveniens doctrine), and (2) how should questions of causation be resolved in cases where the potential cause in question constitutes an omission? This article revisits these questions through an engagement with some of the major causation cases decided in the criminal courts in the past decade. The discussion of these cases is set in the broader context of a critique of H.L.A. Hart and Tony Honoré's influential doctrinal-theoretical framework for findings of legal causation, the autonomy doctrine, on which Williams had built his arguments.
Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 on ENT clinical practice and training: the resident's perspective
Authors: Kapoor D , Ramavat A S , Mehndiratta M , Agrawal A , Arora V , Goel A 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe arrival of the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic disrupted life suddenly and forcefully, and healthcare systems around the world are still struggling to come to terms with it. This paper reviews the impact of the pandemic on ENT practice and training.MethodsThe present manuscript was developed as a narrative review to examine the role of otorhinolaryngologists in the management of the pandemic, and assess its impact on practice and training in the specialty.ResultsOtorhinolaryngologists handle secretions of organs implicated in disease transmission, leaving them particularly vulnerable even while performing simple procedures. Although the pandemic increased skill expectations, it simultaneously reduced learning opportunities for trainees. In addition, attention to emergencies has been delayed. Further, the suspension of elective procedures has affected patients with malignancies.ConclusionWhile planning service resumption, provisions need to be made for protective equipment and training; improving teleconsultation services will help provide sustainable care during further waves.
Older people's experiences of dignity and support with eating during hospital stays: analytical framework, policies and outcomes
Authors: Vizard Polly , Burchardt Tania 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThere is growing recognition of the importance of dignity and support with eating as markers of high-quality and older-person-centred hospital services. We use data on these markers from the national Adult Inpatient Survey for England to build up statistical evidence on older people's experiences. We find that poor and inconsistent experiences of being treated with dignity and respect, and of receiving support with eating, affect a substantial proportion of inpatients across the vast majority of acute hospital trusts. There has been remarkably little change over time, although small improvements provide some grounds for optimism relating to policy developments in the period following the Francis Inquiry. Amongst people over 65, the prevalence of inconsistent and poor experiences of dignity and support with eating was higher amongst the ‘oldest of the old’ (inpatients aged over 80), individuals who experience a long-standing limiting illness or disability, and women. The highest rates of prevalence were observed amongst disabled women over 80. Perceptions of inadequate nursing quantity and quality, and lack of choice of food, stand out from logistic regression analysis as having consistent, large associations with lack of support with eating. These factors provide potential policy levers since they are within the control of hospitals to a certain extent. In drawing lessons from our analysis for inspection, regulation and monitoring, we highlight the importance of inequalities analysis – including systematic disaggregation and separate identification of at risk sub-groups (e.g. older disabled women) – rather than relying on a ‘population average approach’.
Comparison of Outcome Tools Used to Test Mass-Casualty Algorithms in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Donofrio J. Joelle , Shaban Alaa , Kaji Amy H. , Santillanes Genevieve , Cicero Mark X. , Chang Todd P. , Gausche-Hill Marianne , Claudius Ilene A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntroduction:Mass-casualty incident (MCI) algorithms are used to sort large numbers of patients rapidly into four basic categories based on severity. To date, there is no consensus on the best method to test the accuracy of an MCI algorithm in the pediatric population, nor on the agreement between different tools designed for this purpose.Study Objective:This study is to compare agreement between the Criteria Outcomes Tool (COT) to previously published outcomes tools in assessing the triage category applied to a simulated set of pediatric MCI patients.Methods:An MCI triage category (black, red, yellow, and green) was applied to patients from a pre-collected retrospective cohort of pediatric patients under 14 years of age brought in as a trauma activation to a Level I trauma center from July 2010 through November 2013 using each of the following outcome measures: COT, modified Baxt score, modified Baxt combined with mortality and/or length-of-stay (LOS), ambulatory status, mortality alone, and Injury Severity Score (ISS). Descriptive statistics were applied to determine agreement between tools.Results:A total of 247 patients were included, ranging from 25 days to 13 years of age. The outcome of mortality had 100% agreement with the COT black. The “modified Baxt positive and alive” outcome had the highest agreement with COT red (65%). All yellow outcomes had 47%-53% agreement with COT yellow. “Modified Baxt negative and <24 hours LOS” had the highest agreement with the COT green at 89%.Conclusions:Assessment of algorithms for triaging pediatric MCI patients is complicated by the lack of a gold standard outcome tool and variability between existing measures.
Microanalysis of the Intestinal Bulb of Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon Idella): Histological, Histochemical, Immunohistochemical, and Scanning Electron Microscopical Studies
Authors: Mokhtar Doaa M , Abd-Elhafez Enas A , Hassan Ahmed H S 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Cyprinid fishes have one of the simplest types of gastrointestinal tract among vertebrates. Those fish species do not possess a true stomach that is replaced by a simple dilatation at the anterior part of the intestine called the intestinal bulb. Twenty adult specimens of grass carp were used in the present study to identify the cellular components as well as the immunohistochemical and surface architectural characteristics of the intestinal bulb. The mucosa of the intestinal bulb shows numerous, deep longitudinal folds arranged in zigzagging-like patterns. The epithelium is composed mainly of absorptive columnar cells covered by microvilli and mucous goblet cells. Spindle-shaped enteroendocrine cells and some migratory immune cells such as intraepithelial lymphocytes and rodlet cells could be identified between the absorptive cells. The epithelium also contains many secretory granules and large numbers of vacuoles containing digestive enzymes mostly in the basal part. The immunohistochemistry revealed that CD20-positive B-lymphocytes are immunolocalized mainly in the connective tissue core lamina propria of the mucosal folds. However, CD3-immunopositive T-lymphocytes are highly concentrated in the lamina propria. In addition, intraepithelial T-lymphocytes expressed immunopositivity to CD3. The current study presented many types of immune cells and suggests their essential immunological role for the intestinal blub.
Arcana and Ambiguity in Intellectual History
Authors: Peden Knox 
Published: October 2021

As history became a narrative of contexts as well as of actions, the moral and exemplary character of the actions related was affected … The narrative of action became a narrative of mystery, meaning not only the mystery of random contingency, but the mystery of how decision and action were framed in the face of contingency. Whether action had proved successful or disastrous, that which was exemplary about it was at the same time that which was arcane, formed in the depths of the human heart as it interacted with fortune.The epigraph comes from the “prelude” to the second volume ofBarbarism and Religion, J. G. A. Pocock's masterpiece devoted to reconstructing the manifold contexts for understanding Edward Gibbon'sHistory of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire. In this passage, Pocock is addressing the transformation of historical understanding in the wake of the Pyrrhonian controversy that dominated early modern learning. Reconstruction of contexts, Pocock argued, was one answer to skepticism about our knowledge of the past, but it could not come at the expense of an understanding of action and motivations. For his part, Gibbon sought a neoclassical synthesis designed to generate “narrative at the point where the exemplary became the arcane.” Such is the paradox of historiography as a modern craft. That which gives a historical episode its value (its exemplarity) is typically that which escapes the explanatory frameworks we bring to it (its arcana).
Protecting the global information space in times of armed conflict
Authors: Lahmann Henning 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe legal implications of information activities in the context of armed conflict against the background of the digital transformation have so far received only scarce attention. This article aims to fill this gap by exposing some of the legal issues arising in relation to mis- and disinformation tactics during armed conflict in order to provide a starting point for further debate in this respect. Specifically, it explores the existence and content of existing limits imposed by international humanitarian law on (digital) information operations and inquires whether the current framework adequately captures the humanitarian protection needs that arise from such conduct.
Humanitarian values in a counterterrorism era
Authors: Modirzadeh Naz K. , Lewis Dustin A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this opinion note, we explore ways to understand the contemporary encounters between a growing global counterterrorism architecture and impartial humanitarian activities while critically assessing our own role in shaping responses to those encounters. Humbled by a decade of experience in this area, we aim to explain how counterterrorism concerns have been elevated over the humanitarian imperative and to offer potential avenues to secure greater respect for impartial humanitarian activities.