bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developmental pathways linking the quality and intensity of organized afterschool activities in middle school to academic performance in high school
Authors: Liu Yangyang , Simpkins Sandra D. , Vandell Deborah Lowe 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIntroductionAdolescents' organized afterschool activities have been linked to their academic performance, but processes contributing to these relations are not well understood. This study tested two pathways linking activity intensity and activity quality in 6th grade to high school academic performance: adolescents' activities in 9th grade and adolescents’ academic skills in 9th grade.MethodsData were from the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, a longitudinal study conducted at 10 sites in the United States. Data were collected from 918 participants (51% female) who were assessed in 6th grade (Age 12; middle school), 9th grade (Age 15; beginning of high school), and 12th grade (Age 18; end of high school).Results & ConclusionsFindings from structural equation models indicated that adolescents who had higher activity intensity and activity quality in 6th grade participated in activities with higher intensity and quality in 9th grade. These 9th grade activities formed an indirect path linking 6th grade activities to high school academic performance, including grades and number of advanced classes. In addition, 6th grade activity quality promoted adolescents’ work orientations in 9th grade, a key academic disposition that then predicted grades and number of advanced classes in high school. These findings suggest that organized afterschool activities in middle school may prepare adolescents for academic success in high school via their participation in activities in 9th grade as well a stronger work orientation in 9th grade.
Complex Designers and Emergent Design: Reforming the Investment Treaty System
Authors: Roberts Anthea , St John Taylor 
Published: September 2021

AbstractHow do actors undertake institutional design in complex systems? Scholars recognize that many international regimes are becoming increasingly complex. Yet relatively little is known about how actors design or redesign institutions amid this complexity. As participant-observers in the UN negotiations on investment treaty reform, we have watched state officials and other participants grapple with this question for several years. To help explain what we have observed, we conceptualize these participants as complex designers—actors who seek to design and redesign institutions within complex adaptive systems. We then formulate three emergent design principles that seem to guide their approach as they aim to create: flexible structures, balanced content, and adaptive management processes. In a dynamic era marked by unpredictability, division, and complex transnational challenges, we believe these concepts may prove to be increasingly relevant in global governance.
Applying a scoping review approach for identifying effective implementation strategies in oral health settings
Authors: Guerrero Erick G. , Kaplan Charles D. , Gruß Inga , Frantsve-Hawley Julie , Fellows Jeffrey L. , Yosuf Nadia , Polk Deborah E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Dental service providers have limited capacity to identify strategies to implement evidence-based practices (EBPs). We developed a rigorous yet parsimonious scoping review approach to identify, select, and rate implementation strategies based on an oral health system context. From 153 strategies identified, we selected the top 11 strategies, which had a moderate level of support of evidence and where managers were the main actors. The main actions were to educate, remind, structure, and influence. Targets included dentists, dental hygienists, and assistants and managers from a large prepaid dental care delivery system. This approach responds to calls for rapid and innovative methods to implement EBPs in oral health.
An outbreak of severe acute respiratory coronavirus virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections among hospital personnel with high mRNA vaccine uptake
Authors: Tene Yael , Levytskyi Katia , Adler Amos , Halutz Ora , Paran Yael , Goldshmidt Hanoch , Itzhaki-Alfia Ayelet , Halperin Tamar , Stepansky Sarit , Ben-Ami Ronen , Henig Oryan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractReal-world studies have demonstrated impressive effectiveness of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine in preventing symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. We describe an outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 infections in a hospital with high vaccine uptake. We found a low secondary attack rate (7%), suggesting low infectivity of vaccinated persons with vaccine breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections.
What's in a buzzword? A systematic review of the state of populism research in political science
Authors: Hunger Sophia , Paxton Fred 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAlthough attention to populism is ever-increasing, the concept remains contested. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of populism research and identifies tendencies to a conflation of host ideologies and populism in political science through a two-step analysis. First, we conduct a quantitative review of 884 abstracts from 2004 to 2018 using text-as-data methods. We show that scholars sit at “separate tables,” divided by geographical foci, methods, and host ideologies. Next, our qualitative analysis of 50 articles finds a common conflation of populism with other ideologies, resulting in the analytical neglect of the former. We, therefore, urge researchers to properly distinguish populism from “what it travels with” and engage more strongly with the dynamic interlinkages between thin and thick ideologies.
Point break: using machine learning to uncover a critical mass in women's representation
Authors: Funk Kendall D. , Paul Hannah L. , Philips Andrew Q. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDecades of research has debated whether women first need to reach a “critical mass” in the legislature before they can effectively influence legislative outcomes. This study contributes to the debate using supervised tree-based machine learning to study the relationship between increasing variation in women's legislative representation and the allocation of government expenditures in three policy areas: education, healthcare, and defense. We find that women's representation predicts spending in all three areas. We also find evidence of critical mass effects as the relationships between women's representation and government spending are nonlinear. However, beyond critical mass, our research points to a potential critical mass interval or critical limit point in women's representation. We offer guidance on how these results can inform future research using standard parametric models.
Invariance of KMS states on graph C*-algebras under classical and quantum symmetry
Authors: Joardar Soumalya , Mandal Arnab 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe study the invariance of KMS states on graph $C^{\ast }$-algebras coming from strongly connected and circulant graphs under the classical and quantum symmetry of the graphs. We show that the unique KMS state for strongly connected graphs is invariant under the quantum automorphism group of the graph. For circulant graphs, it is shown that the action of classical and quantum automorphism groups preserves only one of the KMS states occurring at the critical inverse temperature. We also give an example of a graph $C^{\ast }$-algebra having more than one KMS state such that all of them are invariant under the action of classical automorphism group of the graph, but there is a unique KMS state which is invariant under the action of quantum automorphism group of the graph.
Effects of location, size and shape of tympanic membrane perforations on hearing: analysis of 400 cases
Authors: Balcı M K , İşlek A , Bakiş Y B , Önal H K 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of size, location and shape of tympanic membrane perforations on hearing levels of a large study group treated in a tertiary referral centre.MethodMedical data of 458 patients with tympanic membrane perforations were evaluated.ResultsA total of 336 patients had normal middle-ear findings during the surgical procedures. There was a significant difference in terms of mean pure tone average and air–bone gap values between posterior-inferior and anterior-inferior perforations (p = 0.005 and p = 0.044, respectively). The mean air–bone gap value of kidney-shaped perforations was significantly higher. Posterior-superior and posterior perforations were significant indicators for ossicular chain defects (p < 0.001; odds ratio, 14.2 and p = 0.004; odds ratio, 3.4, respectively).ConclusionPerforations located in the posterior-inferior quadrant caused the greatest hearing loss. The difference between posterior-inferior and anterior-superior or inferior perforations was statistically significant. Posterior perforations had a significant relationship with ossicular chain pathologies. Kidney-shaped perforations caused higher pure tone average and air–bone gap values than annular, elliptical or pinpoint perforations.
Validation of a Belgian Prediction Model for Patient Encounters at Football Mass Gatherings
Authors: Spaepen Kris , Lauwaert Door , Kaufman Leonard , Haenen Winne AP , Hubloue Ives 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackground:To validate the Belgian Plan Risk Manifestations (PRIMA) model, actual patient presentation rates (PPRs) from Belgium’s largest football stadium were compared with predictions provided by existing models and the Belgian PRIMA model.Methods:Actual patient presentations gathered from 41 football games (2010-2019) played at the King Baudouin Stadium (Brussels, Belgium) were compared with predictions by existing models and the PRIMA model. All attendees who sought medical help from in-event health services (IEHS) in the stadium or called 1-1-2 within the closed perimeter around the stadium were included. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, Pearson correlation tests, and Wilcoxon singed-rank test.Results:A total of 1,630,549 people attended the matches, with 626 people needing first aid. Both the PRIMA and the Hartman model over-estimated the number of patient encounters for each occasion. The Arbon model under-estimated patient encounters for 9.75% (95% CI, 0.49-19.01) of the events. When comparing deviations in predictions between the PRIMA model to the other models, there was a significant difference in the mean deviation (Arbon: Z = −5.566, P <.001, r = −.61; Hartman: Z = −4.245, P <.001, r = .47).Conclusion:When comparing the predicted patient encounters, only the Arbon model under-predicted patient presentations, but the Hartman and the PRIMA models consistently over-predicted. Because of continuous over-prediction, the PRIMA model showed significant differences in mean deviation of predicted PPR. The results of this study suggest that the PRIMA model can be used during planning for domestic and international football matches played at the King Baudouin Stadium, but more data and further research are needed.
When voting turnout becomes contentious repertoire: how anti-ELAB protest overtook the District Council election in Hong Kong 2019
Authors: Shum Maggie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractUnder what conditions can voting turnout be transformed into a contentious repertoire? Based on the two case studies of the Umbrella Movement and the Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill movement in Hong Kong, I compare how movement actors used the electoral arena to leverage their causes. I propose a new relationship between street and electoral politics – short-term mobilization that turns voting turnout into a contentious repertoire. I posit three necessary scope conditions for movements to perceive this electoral strategy as viable: (1) protest cycle precedes and/or overlaps with the electoral period, (2) election perceived to be competitive, and (3) closing of political opportunity window for street mobilization. I further argue that the tactics movements pursue in the electoral arena is conditional on the relationship between movement actors and political elites, and regime type. In democratic regimes where parties and elections are institutionalized and less volatile, movements are on a more solid ground to invest in a long-term electoral strategy with existing parties. Contrarily, electoral competition in authoritarian regimes tends to skew toward incumbent's advantage. Movement activists and political elites may seek short-term strategic mobilizations focusing on the election at hand rather than a long-term plan. This argument illuminates the common ground between collective action and voting, and thus bridging the two sets of literature for further engagement, as recent movements such as the Black Lives Matter and the Sunrise Movement in the United States and Navalny's anti-Putin movement in Russia are mobilizing their supporters to take on the electoral arena.
A Comparison of Preterm Birth Rate and Growth from Birth to 18 Years Old between in Vitro Fertilization and Spontaneous Conception of Twins
Authors: Zhang Yali , Hong Xuanming , Gao Wenjing , Lv Jun , Yu Canqing , Wang Shengfeng , Huang Tao , Sun Dianjianyi , Liao Chunxiao , Pang Zengchang , Yu Min , Wang Hua , Wu Xianping , Dong Zhong , Wu Fan , Jiang Guohong , Wang Xiaojie , Liu Yu , Deng Jian , Lu Lin , Cao Weihua , Li Liming 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to compare the rate of preterm birth (PTB) and growth from birth to 18 years between twins conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF) and twins conceived by spontaneous conception (SC) in mainland China. The retrospective cohort study included 1164 twins resulting from IVF and 25,654 twins conceived spontaneously, of which 494 from IVF and 6338 from SC were opposite-sex twins. PTB and low birth weight (LBW), and growth, including length/height and weight, were compared between the two groups at five stages: infancy (0 year), toddler period (1–2 years), preschool (3–5 years), primary or elementary school (6–11 years), and adolescence (10–18 years). Few statistically significant differences were found for LBW and growth between the two groups after adjusting for PTB and other confounders. Twins born by IVF faced an increased risk of PTB compared with those born by SC (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 8.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] [3.19, 21.13], p < .001 in all twins and aOR 10.12, 95% CI [2.32, 44.04], p = .002 in opposite-sex twins). Twins born by IVF experienced a similar growth at five stages (0–18 years old) when compared with those born by SC. PTB risk, however, is significantly higher for twins conceived by IVF than those conceived by SC.
Field‐Aligned Electron Density Distribution of the Inner Magnetosphere Inferred From Coordinated Observations of Arase and Van Allen Probes
Authors: Obana Yuki , Miyashita Yukinaga , Maruyama Naomi , Shinbori Atsuki , Nosé Masahito , Shoji Masafumi , Kumamoto Atsushi , Tsuchiya Fuminori , Matsuda Shoya , Matsuoka Ayako , Kasahara Yoshiya , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Shinohara Iku , Kurth William S. , Smith Charles W. , MacDowall Robert J. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Radiation Belt Storm Probes (RBSP) and the Arase satellites have different inclinations and sometimes they fly both near the equator and off the equator on the same magnetic field line simultaneously. Such conjunction events give us opportunities to compare the electron density at different latitudes. In this study, we analyzed the plasma waves observed by Arase and RBSP during the three conjunction events during and after the September 7, 2017 storm. The electron number density at the satellite positions was estimated from frequencies of the Upper Hybrid Resonance emissions obtained by the High Frequency Analyzer of the Plasma Wave Experiment onboard the Arase and the Waves instrument onboard the RBSP, respectively. During the three conjunction events, the satellites passed through the plume, inner trough (the narrow region with low electron density between the main body of the plasmasphere and the plume), plasmatrough with variable electron density, and partially refilled plasmasphere. The power‐law index m for the inner trough and plume was inferred to be 4–7 and ∼0, respectively. This is interpreted to mean that the trough was close to collisionless and the plume was relatively near diffusive equilibrium. In the plasmatrough with the varying density, both the high‐density and low‐density regions had m ∼ 0. The low‐density portion of this region may have a different origin from the inner trough, because of the different m indices. For the partially refilled plasmasphere in the storm recovery phase, the power‐law index m showed negative values, meaning that the density in the equatorial plane was higher than at higher latitudes.
Simultaneous Observation of Whistler Waves and Electron Cyclotron Harmonic Waves in the Separatrix Region of Magnetopause Reconnection
Authors: Yu Xiancai , Lu Quanming , Wang Rongsheng , Gao Xinliang , Sang Longlong , Wang Shui 
Published: September 2021

AbstractA variety of plasma waves have been observed in the separatrix region during magnetic reconnection, and their roles on reconnection and exciting mechanisms are still controversial. In this paper, we report the whistler wave with a very narrow frequency band just above half of the electron cyclotron frequency in the separatrix region. This whistler wave is accompanied with the electron cyclotron harmonic (ECH) waves. The ECH waves have frequencies between the first and fifth harmonic of electron cyclotron frequency . The wave normal angle of the whistler waves is ∼20°–∼40°, meaning the quasi‐parallel propagation, while the ECH waves propagate perpendicular to the background magnetic field with . In the separatrix region, the electrons have a loss‐cone distribution while these two kinds of waves are observed. Based on the linear theory, such an electron distribution is unstable for both whistler waves and ECH waves. It indicates that these two kinds of waves are generated by the electron loss‐cone instability.
Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Relocated Deep Low‐Frequency Earthquakes Beneath 52 Volcanic Regions in Japan Over an Analysis Period of 14 Years and 9 Months
Authors: Kurihara Ryo , Obara Kazushige 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe constructed a catalog of deep low‐frequency (DLF) earthquakes beneath 52 volcanic regions in Japan to investigate their seismicity based on three analyses: relocation, classification, and detection. Relocation and classification analyses were based on waveform correlation, and detection analysis was conducted using the matched filter technique. We detected a total of 105,327 DLF earthquakes and found that DLF earthquakes in many regions are spatially clustered with a spatial spread of only 1–2 km with approximately 5 km intervals between the lower limit of crustal earthquakes and Moho discontinuity. Based on temporal seismicity patterns, DLF earthquake groups in each region can be classified into episodic and non‐episodic types. Episodic groups consist of seismic swarms and quiescence. In some episodic groups, DLF earthquakes have constant recurrence interevent times or increasing interevent times as a function of time. Swarms of DLF earthquakes sometimes are associated with volcanic activities at the surface, which are crustal deformations of Meakan volcano, 2007 and 2014 eruptions of Ontake volcano, and the 2015 magma intrusion of Sakurajima volcano. The spatiotemporal characteristics of DLF earthquake groups may be linked to the movement of magmatic fluids. The discrete vertical separation of DLF earthquake groups may reflect small‐scale heterogeneities, such as injected magma. Periodic activity patterns may be caused by volcanic mechanisms, such as intermittent magma flow. The variety of DLF earthquake patterns may suggest that multiple mechanisms, including magma cooling and intermittent magma flow in complex magma supply systems, may trigger DLF earthquakes rather than a single mechanism.
Tectonic Control Over Shallow Crustal Exhumation Across the India‐Asia Convergent Margin
Authors: Pundir S. , Adlakha V. , Devrani R. , Kumar S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the processes and mechanisms responsible for exhumation are essential for determining the evolution of landscapes. Our knowledge of these issues in continental convergent margins is still incomplete despite decades of research. Here, we present a record of exhumation rates obtained from thermochronology across the collision zone of the Himalayan‐Tibetan orogen, which has been carved by the dextral Karakoram fault (KF) along its western margin. Our thermochronology results across the KF suggest that transpression controlled exhumation from ∼10 to 8 Ma. Exhumation rates at the margin of the Tibetan plateau, in the SE Karakoram range, to the north of the KF are twice as high as the Ladakh range, to the south of the KF, since at least middle Miocene. We hypothesize that rapid exhumation of the Tibetan margin was in response to topographic uplift and subsequent erosion due to the convective removal of the lower lithosphere, triggered by the rollback of the subducting Indian lower crust during the Oligocene‐Miocene in an early phase. Our thermochronology results document an additional two‐fold increase in the exhumation rates of the Tibetan margin since the late Mio‐Pliocene. We propose that the underthrusting of the Indian Plate below Tibet during the late Mio‐Pliocene was responsible for this additional increase of exhumation rates of the Tibetan margin in the late phase. These exhumation rates are in good agreement with the topographic slope, relief, and channel steepness data of these regions. Thus, the coupling of tectonics and topography dictated the exhumation patterns since late Mio‐Pliocene.
Sustainable irrigation based on co-regulation of soil water supply and atmospheric evaporative demand
Authors: Zhang Jingwen , Guan Kaiyu , Peng Bin , Pan Ming , Zhou Wang , Jiang Chongya , Kimm Hyungsuk , Franz Trenton E. , Grant Robert F. , Yang Yi , Rudnick Daran R. , Heeren Derek M. , Suyker Andrew E. , Bauerle William L. , Miner Grace L. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIrrigation is an important adaptation to reduce crop yield loss due to water stress from both soil water deficit (low soil moisture) and atmospheric aridity (high vapor pressure deficit, VPD). Traditionally, irrigation has primarily focused on soil water deficit. Observational evidence demonstrates that stomatal conductance is co-regulated by soil moisture and VPD from water supply and demand aspects. Here we use a validated hydraulically-driven ecosystem model to reproduce the co-regulation pattern. Specifically, we propose a plant-centric irrigation scheme considering water supply-demand dynamics (SDD), and compare it with soil-moisture-based irrigation scheme (management allowable depletion, MAD) for continuous maize cropping systems in Nebraska, United States. We find that, under current climate conditions, the plant-centric SDD irrigation scheme combining soil moisture and VPD, could significantly reduce irrigation water use (−24.0%) while maintaining crop yields, and increase economic profits (+11.2%) and irrigation water productivity (+25.2%) compared with MAD, thus SDD could significantly improve water sustainability.