bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crystal Structure and Ferroelectric Evidence of BaZnSi3O8, a Low‐Permittivity Microwave Dielectric Ceramic
Authors: Zou Zheng‐Yu , Song Xiao‐Qiang , Jiang Lei , Yuan Chang‐Lai , Lu Wen‐Zhong , Hu Yong‐Ming , Lei Wen 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBaZnSi3O8 ceramic was prepared by the conventional solid‐state method and sintered at 1100 °C. XRD and synchrotron Rietveld refinement analyses revealed the BaZnSi3O8 ceramic presented a monoclinic structure with a space group of P21/a (No.14), which is reported for the first time. The BaZnSi3O8 ceramic presented a weak ferroelectricity, which was confirmed by the P–E loop and the 90° nanoscale ferroelectric domain. Although ϵr–T displayed two ϵr abnormal peaks at 400 °C and 460 °C, the Curie temperature (Tc) was located at 460 °C according to the dielectric loss and Curie–Weiss law. Moreover, the BaZnSi3O8 ceramic exhibited optimized microwave dielectric properties with ϵr=6.55, Q×f=52400 GHz, and τf=−24.5 ppm/°C. Hence, the BaZnSi3O8 ceramic in the ternary BaO‐ZnO‐SiO2 system possessed both weak ferroelectricity and microwave dielectric properties. These results are expected to break the technical barrier of ferroelectric phase shifter applications in microwave and even millimeter‐wave frequency bands.
High‐Pressure High‐Temperature Synthesis of Mixed Nitridosilicatephosphates and Luminescence of AESiP3N7:Eu2+ (AE=Sr, Ba)
Authors: Eisenburger Lucien , Oeckler Oliver , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTetrahedra‐based nitrides with network structures have emerged as versatile materials with a broad spectrum of properties and applications. Both nitridosilicates and nitridophosphates are well‐known examples of such nitrides that upon doping with Eu2+ exhibit intriguing luminescence properties, which makes them attractive for applications. Nitridosilicates and nitridophosphates show manifold structural variability; however, no mixed nitridosilicatephosphates except SiPN3 and SiP2N4NH have been described so far. The compounds AESiP3N7 (AE=Sr, Ba) were synthesized by a high‐pressure high‐temperature approach using the multianvil technique (8 GPa, 1400–1700 °C) starting from the respective alkaline earth azides and the binary nitrides P3N5 and Si3N4. The latter were activated by NH4F, probably acting as a mineralizing agent. SrSiP3N7 and BaSiP3N7 were obtained as single crystals. They crystallized in the barylite‐1O (M=Sr) and barylite‐2O structure types (M=Ba), respectively, with P and Si being occupationally disordered. Cation disorder was further supported by solid‐state NMR spectroscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) mapping of BaSiP3N7 with atomic resolution. Upon doping with Eu2+, both compounds showed blue emission under UV excitation.
Disturbance of the equilibrium in ethyl acetoacetate with homemade bromine water
Authors: Schank Andreas , Schundelmeier Simon , Kremer Matthias 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBisher veröffentlichte Vorschläge zur Bromwasserherstellung ohne elementares Brom haben eines gemeinsam: Das didaktisch wertvolle Experiment zur Störung und Wiedereinstellung eines Gleichgewichts anhand der Keto‐Enol‐Tautomerie von Acetessigsäureethylester ist damit nicht realisierbar. Ein Ausweg ist nach Proske et al. [1] die Vorschrift von Lange [9] zur Bildung von elementarem Brom. Dieser Vorschlag wird hier zur Minimierung seines Gefährdungspotenzials modifiziert, wobei jedoch erhebliches experimentelles Geschick gefordert ist. Müller und Kirsch schlagen als weniger gefährliche Variante die elektrolytische Herstellung von Bromwasser vor [10]. Darauf aufbauend wird eine Versuchsvorschrift vorgeschlagen, durch die das Experiment zur Keto‐Enol‐Tautomerie realisierbar wird. Mit den beiden hier vorgestellten Herstellungsvarianten können somit auch ohne die Aufbewahrung von elementarem Brom die bekannten Schulexperimente mit Brom bzw. Bromwasser im Unterricht eingesetzt werden.
An extension to the CAM16 colour appearance model to predict the size effect
Authors: Gao Cheng , Li Changjun , Xiao Kaida , Luo Ming Ronnier , Pointer Michael R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractExperience and experimental results show that the perceived colour appearance of an object varies with the size of that object or the viewing angle. Based on available visual size‐effect data, it is found that the size effect can be compensated in the CAT16 cone‐like space. Furthermore, it is found that, similar to the von Kries chromatic adaptation, size‐effect correction can be operated independently on the different cone channels. Hence, the size effect can be easily built into the CAM16 model to predict the colour appearance for stimuli of varying sizes.
What Factors Predict Willingness to Join Low‐Risk Pragmatic Clinical Trials?
Authors: Morain Stephanie R. , Kass Nancy E. , Faden Ruth R. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTPragmatic clinical trials (PCTs) may improve the efficiency, relevance, and representativeness of research. While prior research has indicated that willingness to join a PCT is high, it is not universal among those asked in surveys exploring attitudes toward hypothetical PCTs. The objective of this study was to examine what factors predict willingness to join a hypothetical low‐risk PCT comparing two blood pressure medicines. In our study, 2,618 respondents, recruited from three populations (adult patients from an academic health system, adult patients from an integrated delivery system, and adults from an online nationally representative panel), completed an online survey. Most respondents (90%) expressed willingness to participate in the hypothetical PCT. The two key predictors of expressed willingness to join low‐risk PCTs were respondents' understanding of key features of PCTs, including how they differ from traditional research, and the degree of importance respondents perceived comparative research to have. Increasing awareness of the rationale for PCTs and understanding of these trials, including how they differ from explanatory trials, may increase prospective participants' willingness to contribute to this effort.
Should Participants in Clinical Trials Be Able to Withdraw from Passive Follow‐Up?
Authors: Capell Warren H. , Wynia Matthew K. , Hurley Elisa A. , Bonaca Marc P. 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTA research participant's right to withdraw from all research procedures is widely accepted, but there can be justifiable limits to a participant's exercise of autonomy to withdraw from some procedures. Clinical outcomes trials depend on complete subject follow‐up for accurate assessment of the safety and efficacy of investigational therapies. Subjects' refusal to complete follow‐up, even through passive medical record review, can cause failure to detect safety signals, inaccurate estimation of efficacy, or lack of acceptance of trial results, which alters the study's benefit‐risk ratio. Allowing participant refusal of follow‐up data collection therefore creates tension between respect for persons and beneficence. With minimal risk study procedures that can help preserve trial benefit, such as passive data collection, we argue that the importance of upholding the principle of beneficence outweighs individual autonomy concerns. Furthermore, a consent process that prospectively informs participants of mandatory passive follow‐up is ethically justified and optimizes the balance between autonomy and beneficence.
Among‐individual diet variation within a lake trout ecotype: Lack of stability of niche use
Authors: Chavarie Louise , Howland Kimberly L. , Harris Les N. , Gallagher Colin P. , Hansen Michael J. , Tonn William M. , Muir Andrew M. , Krueger Charles C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn a polyphenic species, differences in resource use are expected among ecotypes, and homogeneity in resource use is expected within an ecotype. Yet, using a broad resource spectrum has been identified as a strategy for fishes living in unproductive northern environments, where food is patchily distributed and ephemeral. We investigated whether specialization of trophic resources by individuals occurred within the generalist piscivore ecotype of lake trout from Great Bear Lake, Canada, reflective of a form of diversity. Four distinct dietary patterns of resource use within this lake trout ecotype were detected from fatty acid composition, with some variation linked to spatial patterns within Great Bear Lake. Feeding habits of different groups within the ecotype were not associated with detectable morphological or genetic differentiation, suggesting that behavioral plasticity caused the trophic differences. A low level of genetic differentiation was detected between exceptionally large‐sized individuals and other piscivore individuals. We demonstrated that individual trophic specialization can occur within an ecotype inhabiting a geologically young system (8,000–10,000 yr BP), a lake that sustains high levels of phenotypic diversity of lake trout overall. The characterization of niche use among individuals, as done in this study, is necessary to understand the role that individual variation can play at the beginning of differentiation processes.
The first detection of the fungal pathogen batrachochytrium dendrobatidis in Norway with no evidence of population declines for great crested and smooth newts based on modeling on traditional trapping data
Authors: Taugbøl Annette , Bærum Kim Magnus , Dervo Børre K. , Fossøy Frode 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe pathogenic fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) causes chytridiomycosis in amphibians across the world, often leading to population declines and species extinctions. Here, we present the first detection of Bd in Norway, diagnosed using environmental DNA (eDNA) in water samples. In a genetic screening of 31 ponds in southeastern Norway for Bd, great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) and smooth newt (Lissotriton vulgaris), we detected Bd in five different localities. Resampling in one location revealed that time of sampling seemingly had a strong effect on the concentration of Bd eDNA in the water, which increased from May till June. In contrast, eDNA concentration of great crested newt decreased during the same period. Following a traditional sampling approach with traps, newts in the investigated ponds have been sampled for population estimates since 2012. We imposed a model on the catch data and contrasted the Bd‐positive ponds to the Bd‐negative ponds, finding no signs of population declines in the Bd‐positive ponds. This could suggest either recent infection events, with animals still having low prevalence of Bd and with little time for Bd to affect the present breeding generations of newts, and/or that the two newt species are infection‐tolerant. This study further highlights eDNA as a tool for early detection of invasive species.
Pd‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Stereoselective sp3 C−H Arylation of Primary Aliphatic Amines: Mechanistic Studies and Synthetic Applications
Authors: Ha Hyeonbin , Choi Ho Jeong , Park Hahyoun , Gwon Yunyeong , Lee Jiin , Kwak Jaesung , Kim Min , Jung Byunghyuck 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Pd‐catalyzed γ‐position sp3−C−H arylation of primary amines bearing an aliphatic chain or cycloalkyl substituent and related mechanistic studies are disclosed. 3‐Bromo‐2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde plays a key role in γ‐position sp3−C−H arylation as a transient directing group (TDG) to assist the regio‐ and stereoselective C−H activation of a Pd catalyst, and the development of a tandem reaction to transform 1°‐amines into γ‐aryl‐substituted ketones demonstrates synthetic utility. Density functional theory (DFT)‐based calculations revealed the detailed reaction mechanism and the origins of the high selectivity (γ‐position and cis‐only). The X‐ray crystal structure of the isolated endo‐palladacycle intermediate supported the DFT results, and a kinetic isotope experiment confirmed the results of DFT calculations indicating that the C−H activation step via simultaneous palladation and deprotonation is rate‐determining.
Determinants of the WTI‐Brent price spread revisited
Authors: Geyer‐Klingeberg Jerome , Rathgeber Andreas W. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUsing autoregressive distributed lag modeling and structural break testing, we explore the drivers of the oil price spread between West Texas Intermediate and Brent in a data set from 1995 to 2019. We find a major structural break in December 2010 and minor breaks in 2005 and 2012. Important spread determinants are the convenience yield, as a proxy for crude oil inventories, the trading activity in crude oil paper markets, shipping costs, as well as the stock market development in the United States and Europe. After the break in 2010, the paper market activity, open interest, and shipping costs have become more important spread drivers.
Health Research and Social Justice Philosophy
Authors: Venkatapuram Sridhar 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSituating medical and scientific research within a framework or theory of social justice is long overdue. Attempting to extend principles of research ethics beyond the clinic and lab to other affected people or consequences tolerates or obfuscates injustice. While it must be done, the timescales, methodologies, and commitment to real‐world impact are quite different in research ethics versus political philosophy.
Enoxacin Up‐Regulates MicroRNA Biogenesis and Down‐Regulates Cytotoxic CD8 T‐Cell Function in Autoimmune Cholangitis
Authors: Itoh Arata , Adams David , Huang Wenting , Wu Yuehong , Kachapati Kritika , Bednar Kyle J. , Leung Patrick S. C. , Zhang Weici , Flavell Richard A. , Gershwin M. Eric , Ridgway William M. 
Published: January 2021

Background and Aims
Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a prototypical organ‐specific autoimmune disease that is mediated by autoreactive T‐cell attack and destruction of cholangiocytes. Despite the clear role of autoimmunity in PBC, immune‐directed therapies have failed to halt PBC, including biologic therapies effective in other autoimmune diseases. MicroRNA (miRNA) dysregulation is implicated in the pathogenesis (PBC). In the dominant‐negative TGF‐β receptor type II (dnTGFβRII) mouse model of PBC, autoreactive CD8 T cells play a major pathogenic role and demonstrate a striking pattern of miRNA down‐regulation. Enoxacin is a small molecule fluoroquinolone that enhances miRNA biogenesis, partly by stabilizing the interaction of transactivation response RNA‐binding protein with Argonaute (Ago) 2.

Approach and Results
We hypothesized that correcting aberrant T‐cell miRNA expression with enoxacin in dnTGFβRII mice could modulate autoreactive T‐cell function and prevent PBC. Here, we show that liver‐infiltrating dnTGFβRII CD8 T cells have significantly decreased levels of the miRNA biogenesis molecules prolyl 4‐hydroxylase subunit alpha 1 (P4HA1) and Ago2 along with significantly increased levels of granzyme B and perforin. Enoxacin treatment significantly up‐regulated miRNAs in dnTGFβRII CD8 T cells and effectively treated autoimmune cholangitis in dnTGFβRII mice. Enoxacin treatment directly altered T cells both ex vivo and in vitro, resulting in altered memory subset numbers, decreased proliferation, and decreased interferon‐γ production. Enoxacin significantly decreased CD8 T‐cell expression of the transcription factor, Runx3, and significantly decreased perforin expression at both the mRNA and protein levels.

Conclusions
Enoxacin increases miRNA expression in dnTGFβRII CD8 T cells, reduces CD8 T‐cell pathogenicity, and effectively halted progression of autoimmune biliary disease. Targeting the miRNA pathway is a therapeutic approach to autoimmunity that corrects pathological miRNA abnormalities in autoreactive T cells.
Mother's exposure to domestic and community violence and its association with child's behavioral outcomes
Authors: Chen Wan‐Yi , Lee Yookyong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study investigated the potential cumulative effect of maternal exposure to violence both at home and in community on children. This study used the data (N = 2506) from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing study. We found that maternal nonphysical victimization, either by witnessing violence in the community or by experiencing psychological domestic violence, had a direct negative effect on children's depression and anxiety. Maternal nonphysical victimization also indirectly elevated child's aggression through mother's use of psychological and physical aggression toward the child. Witnessing community violence by mothers, directly and indirectly, worsened the child's withdrawal behaviors through the mother's psychological aggression toward the child. Mother's direct victimization by community violence and physical domestic violence was not related to child's behavioral outcomes after controlling for other risk factors. This study points to important considerations for devising intervention and prevention for mothers and children. Implications for research and practice are discussed.
Applying “think‐pair‐share” for virtual curriculum retreat
Authors: Ramesh Aruna , Case Allison , Stockstill Leah , Dragan Irina 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWith coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) leading to ubiquitous changes across the education system, Tufts University School of Dental Medicine took advantage of their new, fast‐changing environment to foster engagement among faculty members regarding curricular modifications and their impact on assessment outcomes. A virtual curricular retreat was planned, where adaptations could be discussed through the lens of Miller's Pyramid. The retreat provided an opportunity for faculty to participate in a guided dialogue via a “think‐pair‐share” activity that resulted in documenting the outcomes of recent curriculum changes while allowing for reflection for future improvement.
Follow‐up of SARS‐CoV‐2 positive subgroup from the Asymptomatic novel CORonavirus iNFection study
Authors: Meyers Kristin J. , Dillman Brian , Williams Charles , Jiang Jianfei , Clifford Nancy , Miller Jennifer L. , Jones Meghan E. , Goetz Iris A. , Botros Fady T. , Knorr Jack , Manner David H. , Woodward Brad 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA nested longitudinal study within theAsymptomatic novel CORonavirus iNFfection study followed participants with positive nasopharyngeal swab to query for development of symptoms and assess duration of positive reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) test results. Of the 91 participants initially testing positive, 86 participated in follow‐up approximately 14 days after study enrollment; of those 86 participants, 19 (22.1%) developed at least one symptom at any time after the initial positive severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) test result. The median number of days to symptom development after their initial positive test result was 6 (range 1–29 days). No participants reported a SARS‐CoV‐2‐related hospitalization. The most frequently reported symptoms were fatigue or muscle aches (10.5%), headache (9.3%), fever (5.8%), and shortness of breath (5.8%). Of the 78 participants who submitted a nasopharyngeal swab for repeat RT‐PCR testing, 17 (21.8%) remained positive at Day 14, 4 of which continued to test positive at Day 28. These findings reinforce the probable role of silent SARS‐CoV‐2 infections in community transmission, and that reliance on symptom development will miss a large proportion of infections. Broad testing programs not limited to individuals presenting with symptoms are critical for identifying persons with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection and ultimately slowing transmission.
Cochlear Implantation in Meniere's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Villavisanis Dillan F. , Mavrommatis Maria A. , Berson Elisa R. , Bellaire Christopher P. , Rutland John W. , Fan Caleb J. , Wanna George B. , Cosetti Maura K. 
Published: January 2021

Objectives/HypothesisMeniere's disease (MD) is a debilitating condition characterized by hearing loss, vertigo, and tinnitus. The objective of this study was to systematically investigate outcomes in MD after cochlear implantation (CoI), with and without labyrinthectomy.Study DesignSystematic review and meta‐analysis.MethodsA systematic review of articles in Medline and Embase was performed to identify all studies of patients with MD who underwent CoI. This analysis evaluates outcomes of speech recognition, pure tone audiometry, vertigo, tinnitus, and quality of life.ResultsOf 321 studies identified, 37 were included, involving 216 patients. Mean age at implantation was 61.4 years (range 27–85 years) with average length of follow‐up at 1.7 years (range 0–9 years). Forty‐four (20.4%) patients underwent labyrinthectomy. Meta‐analysis demonstrated significant improvements in audiometric outcomes following CoI. There was a statistically significant improvement in Hearing in Noise Test performance, with a mean difference improvement of 44.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] [8.8, 80.6]) at 6 months and 60.1 (95% CI [35.3, 85.0]) at 12 months. The Freiburger Monosyllabic Test (FMT) and Consonant‐Nucleus‐Consonant (CNC) also improved significantly, with mean difference improvements of 46.2 (95% CI [30.0, 62.4]) for FMT and 19.3 (95% CI [8.1, 30.4]) for CNC. There was a statistically significant decrease in tinnitus, as measured by a mean difference reduction of 48.1 (95% CI [1.0, 95.2]) in the Tinnitus Handicap Index.ConclusionsCoI with and without simultaneous labyrinthectomy is a viable treatment option for patients with MD, yielding high rates of tinnitus suppression and vertigo control. Post‐CoI MD patients demonstrate similar postoperative speech perception outcomes to non‐MD implant recipients. Laryngoscope, 131:1845–1854, 2021
Role of plunge depth on the joint formation and mechanical behavior of Al6063‐AZ91 dissimilar lap joint produced by friction stir welding
Authors: Supriyanka R. , Kondaiah V.V. , Raju L.R. , Dumpala R. , Ratna Sunil B. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDissimilar lap joint of Al6063 aluminium and AZ91 magnesium alloys was successfully produced by friction stir welding. Three different plunge depths (3.2 mm, 3.25 mm, and 3.3 mm) were adopted during welding. Similar Al6063–Al6063 lap joints were also produced along with the dissimilar Al6063–AZ91 joints for the purpose of comparing the joint formation. With the increased plunge depth, the width of the similar Al6063 ‐ Al6063 lap joint was increased. On the contrary, joint width was decreased for the dissimilar joint with increased plunge depths. The dissimilar joint was formed with a strong metallurgical bonding between the Al6063 and AZ91 alloys, which is attributed to the mechanical mixing of these alloys in the nugget zone. Additionally, the formation of intermetallics was also observed from the x‐ray diffraction analysis. The variations within the measured hardness values were higher at the joint interface due to the mixing of aluminium and magnesium alloys in the nugget zone. From the tensile shear tests, increased strength and decreased elongation were measured with the increased plunge depth. The results demonstrate the importance of the plunge depth on the lap joint formation between dissimilar Al6063–AZ91 alloys during friction stir welding.