bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Special Susceptibility of the Fetal and Neonatal Hematopoietic System to Chemical Pollutants Including Drugs Administered to the Mother
Authors: Brown Audrey K. 
Published: December 2021

Because of the anemia or bleeding that may herald the adverse impact of any agent upon the hematopoietic system, the capacity of drugs, insecticides, lead, and other agents to cause malfunction of this system has long been recognized. As a matter of fact, the major therapeutic step in the management of recognized aplastic anemia is to separate the child from his environment even before the offending agent has been identified. There is, however, no good evidence to date that the child or neonate is singularly susceptible to aplastic anemia or neutropenia from such agents. In response to other agents, there is a special susceptibility of the hematopoietic system in the fetus and newborn.
One special feature of the fetus affecting susceptibility to environmental agents is that, in a sense, he is trapped in his environment; and, we cannot extract him early enough from exposures via the mother and placenta. The smoking mother, the heroin addict, and the mother exposed to industrial pollutants are the conduits through whom poisons may reach the fetus. The special features of fetal physiology, the stage of organ development, and the phase of physiologic maturity dictate the uniqueness of response at a particular time in gestation or immediately after delivery.
CHEMICAL EFFECTS ON RED CELLS OR PLATELETS
In the last trimester women take an average of 8.7 drug agents or vitamins and 80% of these agents are taken without medical supervision. The impact of these agents on red cells, white cells, platelets, the fetal coagulation system, and on the appearance of pigments formed during red cell destruction are in some instances predictable because of the growing fund of information concerning the unique physiology of these cells and systems in the fetus and newborn.
Metabolic Studies of Environmental Effects
Authors: Dorfman Albert 
Published: December 2021

Perhaps some of the comments already made here about developing a theoretical basis for predictive purposes were in disagreement because opportunities vary greatly with the model under discussion. Certainly the general lesson of molecular biology and biochemistry in the last two decades has been surprisingly opposite to that of toxicology in that metabolic pathways are remarkably similar in range, not merely from mouse to man but even from bacteria to man. It is at times hard to accept the claim that animal models are not too useful for studying teratogenesis.
Some principles that have been reviewed today are worth summarizing, because if one thinks of certain parameters, such as the final toxic substance (frequently a metabolite of the original pollutant) there is probably not much difference among various species or organisms. At least so it seems from study of enzyme systems. If one considers simpler situations, such as mercury pollution, he can realize the validity of this concept.
THREE PARAMETERS OF TOXICITY
One could possibly look at the situation as follows: at various stages of the developmental process, starting from the fertilized ovum and progressing to the mature organism or even the aged organism, there are enzymological differences which have become of interest in developmental biology. In particular, in pediatrics we know about programmed processes that go forward inevitably, and others which are subject to control by hormonal influences, by administration of certain substances, or by induction. In the interpretation of any kind of toxic effect, we must consider if our developmental parameter will or will not be toxic at certain stages of development, as I will ifiustrate later.
Effects of Air Pollution on Children
Authors: Holland Walter W. 
Published: December 2021

Unfortunately we do not know, at this point in time, which components of air pollution are really the causative agents associated with respiratory symptoms or respiratory diseases, whether it be in the adult or in the child. All that we can say is that air pollution is bad for health, and I would like to emphasize that it is not only air pollution but also other factors that are related to symptoms or disease in both the child and the adult.
ACUTE EFFECTS
When we consider the effects of air pollution, we ought to consider two major types. First, the acute (smog) episode: in London, 1952, we had one of the severest episodes that has ever occurred in the world. There were about 3,000 excess deaths in men and women aged 45 years and over. There were about eight excess deaths in children aged less than 1 year. We could not find any evidence of excess mortality in children older than 1 and below 24 years of age.1 More recently Lawther and my own group have followed up approximately 1,000 children born just before the 1952 smog; that is to say, who were exposed in this smog episode at less than 1 year of age. We contrasted them with a control group, and have not been able to identify any harmful effects in terms of symptoms or lung function among the survivors. However, it is quite clear that air pollution in the first year of life does have an effect on mortality from respiratory disease and other conditions,2 but we cannot show an effect in later periods.
Behavioral Implications of Prenatal and Early Postnatal Exposure to Chemical Pollutants
Authors: Weiss Bernard , Spyker Joan M. 
Published: December 2021

Although this Conference focuses on the fetus and child, it should not deflect us from the larger issue-effects over the total lifespan. Early developmental stages are important less in themselves than in what they portend.
So that you do not conclude, to our immense embarrassment, that we are about to envelop you in a Freudian mist, let us immediately brace these statements with some quantitative perspectives.
Assume that exposure to an environmental contaminant takes place over a lifetime-a contaminant that, like methylmercury, can destroy brain tissue (although we don't know whether a threshold for damage exists for methylmercury). What are the implications for central nervous system function and performance? Figure 1 represents extrapolations from a function postulated by Kety,1 on the basis of the then existing literature, to represent aging of the brain. It shows a decline in neuronal cell density (paralleled by declines in oxygen consumption and blood circulation) of about 20% to 25% between age 25 and 75. There is substantial evidence that the central nervous system undergoes a continuous loss of cells throughout postnatal life, that a large proportion of cells die during morphogenesis, and that numerous structural and chemical changes take place both in the developing and the aging brain. An important, in fact a key, concurrent process is the decline with advancing age in a wide range of behavioral performance measures.
Weiss and Simon2 calculated the additional decrease that would be imposed by enhancing the rate of loss calculated by Kety. Even as minute an increment as 0.1% represents a significant acceleration in terms of equivalent brain age.
Who Invented the Ice Cream Sundae?
Authors: Dickson Paul 
Published: December 2021

The ice cream sundae emerged in the late 1890s and became extremely popular around the turn of the century. This popularity was substantially aided by laws prohibiting the sale of sodas on Sunday, and for this reason the concoction was first known as the "Sunday" or the "Soda-less Soda." The more elegant -ae ending probably came about when those who orated from the pulpit on the sinful soda went to work on the sacrilegious use of the name of the Sabbath for its stand-in.
As for the specific birthplace of the dish, two possibilities emerge as the most likely among many contenders. Neither place can offer conclusive dates, so one can pick between "Heavenston" (favored by the National Dairy Council, among others) and Two Rivers (championed by such diverse sources as the old Ice Cream Review and H. L. Mencken in his American Language).
The first claim goes back to the 1890s in Evanston, Illinois (then widely known as "Chicago's Heaven" or "Heavenston"), where civic piety had reached such a state that it became the first "Sunday Soda Menace." This prompted confectioners to create Sundays so that they could do business on the Sabbath. Ironically the soda was later given a strong boost from this community when the Evanston-based Women's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) championed it as a pleasant alternative to alcoholic drinks.
The Two Rivers, Wisconsin, claim goes back to the same era and, so the story goes, was created when a youth named George Hallauer went into Ed Berner's soda fountain for a dish of ice cream.
Dr. J. Marion Sims Wonders How To Treat a Child With Cholera Infantum (1835)
Authors: C. T. E. 
Published: December 2021

The major limitation of formal American medical education in the early 1800's was the absence of any practical clinical and laboratory training.1
J. Marion Sims (1803-1883), probably the most eminent gynecologist and surgeon of his day, wrote as follows about his first case as a newly graduated physician—an infant suffering from gastroenteritis (then called cholera infantum).
. . . I examined the child minutely from head to foot. I looked at its gums, and, as I always carried a lancet with me and had surgical propensities, as soon as I saw some swelling of the gums I at once took out my lancet and cut the gums down to the teeth. This was good so far as it went. But, when it came to making up a prescription, I had no more idea of what ailed the child, or what to do for it, than if I never studied medicine. I was at a perfect loss what to do....
I hurried back to my office, and took out one of my seven volumes of Eberle, which comprised my library, and found his treatise on the "Diseases of Children." I hastily took it down, turned quickly to the subject of "Cholera Infantum," and read it through, over and over again, to the end most carefully. I knew no more what to prescribe for the sick babe than if I hadn't read it at all. But it was my only resource. I had nobody else to consult but Eberle....
Pediatric Education—For What?
Authors: Bergman Abraham B. 
Published: December 2021

I am at the midpoint of my medical career; about ten years getting trained to be a pediatrician, and about ten years supposedly training others to be pediatricians. And though the worm's eye perspective is probably the worst, I would like to examine the past 20 years of medical education, and then try to take a look at where we're heading. I will speak mostly of pediatric education because it is what I know best.
I entered pediatrics when the subspecialties were bursting forth into full bloom. The diagnostic and therapeutic tools used by the cardiologists, hematologists, endocrinologists and others have profoundly improved the care of sick children. Where the unique talent of all pediatricians used to be applied to care of the newborn, now few of us "generalists" dare enter the sanctum of flashing lights, clicking machines, and hissing vapors. By the time I entered pediatrics, at least lip service was paid to the notion that children had minds and souls as well as bodies, and that they came from families and communities. Pioneers like Ben Spock, Milton Senn, and a few others in this country had fought hard to establish psychosocial pediatrics; physicians of my generation, if not families, reap the fruits of their efforts.
Another change that I witnessed was the growth of full-time faculties to teach clinical medicine—basic science teachers had, of course, come in long before. Where previously the bulk of clinical teaching was performed by practitioners who had to make a living seeing private patients, I was trained mostly by physicians who were paid to do so—or so I thought.
WHO INVENTED THE ICE CREAM CONE?
Authors: Dickson Paul 
Published: December 2021

On April 28, 1954, the pooh-bahs of the cone and ice cream industries assembled in St. Louis to celebrate the golden anniversary of the ice cream cone. Under the sponsorship of the International Association of Ice Cream Manufactuners IAICM), the two-day celebration/convention was held at the Chase Hotel, built atop the very spot where the Association had determined that the first cone had been made.
It was a festive affair honoring the late Ernest A. Hamwi, a Syrian who had come to St. Louis from Damascus in 1903. Based on the IAICM's investigations, the birth of the cone goes like this.
Newborn Screening for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Zellweger Hans , Antonik Alan 
Published: December 2021

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) occurs in about 1 of 3,000 to 4,000 boys. Laboratory evidence of the disease, notably elevated creatinephosphokinase (CPK), is present already in the newborn infant. Unspecific CPK elevation occurs in the newborn as well, yet disappears shortly thereafter, while in DMD patients the CPK remains high throughout infancy.
A new method to reliably determine CPK in a drop of dried blood is described. The method fulfills the criteria given for a suitable screening method in the newborn infant. Although DMD is an incurable disease, early diagnosis has benefits. The latter include early beginning of supportive treatment and particularly recognition of heterozygous carriers of the mutant gene before other affected children are born in a stricken family. It is proposed to adopt the method as a new screening procedure for male newborn infants. (Received January 15; revision accepted for publication March 27, 1974.)
WHO INVENTED THE GOOD HUMOR BAR?
Authors: Dickson Paul 
Published: December 2021

One of those who heard of Nelson's original 1919 discovery that melted chocolate could be made to adhere to ice cream was Harry Burt, a confectioner and ice cream parlor operator in Youngstown, Ohio. Burt, who had successfully marketed a lollipop called the Good Humor Sucker, was always looking for new ideas, so in 1920 he decided to try to replicate Nelson's feat. After a series of failures, late one night Burt emerged from his hardening room and presented his new ice cream bar to the family to taste. His daughter approved but thought the bar "too messy" and asked why he did not put it on a stick like his famous lollipop. Father Burt went back to the hardening room and tried a new prototype model with a stick in it. A bond was formed by ice crystals interlocking with the wooden handle and it stuck. He immediately applied for a patent on the Good Humor Ice Cream Sucker. Burt liked the name "Good Humor" because it expressed his belief that the humors of the mind were regulated by those of the palate.
After three years of waiting, the Good Humor patent had still not come through, so Burt's son, Harry, Jr., was sent to Washington with a five-gallon can of Good Humors which he carried to the Patent Office. Young Harry literally forced his evidence into the mouths of patent officials, who then agreed that it was an original idea and granted the patent.
Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura in Children: Diagnosis and Management
Authors: McClure P. D. 
Published: December 2021

In children, the term idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) has been loosely applied to at least four conditions; postviral thrombocytopenia, "true" idiopathic thrombocytopenia in which no precipitating factor or associated illness can be found, thrombocytopenia associated with other autoimmune syndromes and drug-induced immune thrombocytopenia. Patients initially thought to have "true" ITP may later develop lupus erythematosus or hemolytic anemia and hence move from one category to another.
In 1951 Harrington demonstrated an antiplatelet factor in the serum of patients with ITP. Later this factor was proven to be an antibody of the IgG class and to be present in the blood of all four types of patients. Platelets lightly coated with antibody are sequestered and removed by the reticuloendothelial system in the spleen while more heavily coated platelets may be removed in the liver.2-4 The spleen further contributes to the thrombocytopenia by producing platelet antibodies.5-7 Recently Wybran and others8-10 have shown that cell-mediated immunity to autologous platelets may also be a factor in the pathogenesis of some cases of ITP. In view of the obvious association of ITP and altered immune mechanisms some authors have suggested the term ITP be changed to immunological or immunogenic thrombocytopenic purpura.11, 12 Karpatkin, Garg and Siskind recommend that if a platelet antibody can be demonstrated in the absence of associated disease, the term autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ATP) be applied.13 Since not all patients have demonstrably altered immunity and since the cause of autoantibody production is unclear, we think the term idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura should be retained at least for those cases in which the precipitating cause (virus or drug) cannot be identified.
Yersinia enterocolitica Arthritis
Authors: Jacobs Jerry C. 
Published: December 2021

Human infections with Yersinia were first recognized and reported in upper New York State almost 40 years ago. Recently, there have been increasing numbers of reports from Scandinavia of episodes of polyarthritis associated with Yersinia infections.
A 6-month-old girl from upstate New York had a fever of 40 C for two weeks and green watery diarrhea, and irritability was noted when she was handled. An evanescent rash was most apparent at times of temperature elevations. Her mother and father had had diarrhea during the month preceding the child's illness.
Stool cultures were grown in an effort to identify Yersinia enterocolitica if it was present, and the organism was found. A rise in serum agglutination titer against polyvalent Y. enterocolitica was demonstrated from zero to 1:256 dilutions.
Y. enterocolitica is probably a cause of arthritis, mesenteric adenitis, and erythema nodosum in the United States.
THE LIMITS OF MEDICAL CARE
Authors: Illick Ivan 
Published: December 2021

Overpopulation makes more people dependent on limited resources. Affluence compels each person to use more energy. Faulty technology degrades energy in an inefficient way.
Honesty requires that we each recognize the need to limit procreation, consumption and waste, but equally we must radically reduce our expectations that machines will do our work for us or that therapists can make us learned or healthy.
PEOPLE OR PERSONNEL
Authors: Goodman Paul 
Published: December 2021

There is the realization . . . . that urban anomie and the hopelessness of rural areas that have lost their economies cannot be manipulated away by simply imparting social and medical services, or even money.
The new wisdom is that the neighborhood(or community) must "participate" in its own reconstruction. . . . The best means of creating community is to delegate power.
Throughout society the centralizing style of organization has been pushed so far as to become inefficient, economically wasteful, humanly stultifying and ruinous to democracy . . . .the only remedy is a strong admixture of decentralism.
Are Physicians Really Needed?
Authors: Eskes Philip W. H. 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Mortimer’s commentary on the letter of David Turbeville on Indian health deserves discussion, or more specifically, his statistics on the Indian Health Service. He states that as of July 1974 only 408 physicians will be available in the I.H.S. for some 523 funded positions (66% of those believed needed, 78% of those funded), and the situation will be worse after July 1, 1975.
Apparently reflecting these figures, an announcement appeared in the July issue of News and Comments asking for short-term volunteers for the I.H.S. on the Navajo reservation.
Vaccination against herpesviruses
Authors: Brunell Philip 
Published: December 2021

The elimination of infectious diseases in the United States during this century has been a truly remarkable achievement. Mortality from diphtheria, smallpox, pertussis, poliomyelitis, and tetanus have been reduced dramatically. Consequently, attention turned to the conquest of diseases such as measles, rubella, and even mumps. As the expertise which was acquired in these efforts is applied to elimination of infectious diseases that produce relatively less morbidity, the wisdom of pursuing these goals is critically evaluated.
Skepticism stems not only from bureaucratic considerations of cost-benefit ratios, but also from the fear that vaccines are not themselves without risks. We have been sensitized, if you will excuse the pun, by a number of sobering experiences such as the use of killed measles vaccines.
Hydranencephaly
Authors: Philip Alistair G.S. 
Published: December 2021

The article by Koffler and colleagues presented an interesting hypothesis attributing hydranencephaly to elevated hematocrit levels in a newborn. The hypothesis is quite reasonable, but appears to be based on shaky clinical evidence.
The authors make it clear that their determinations of hematocrit levels were made on capillary blood, but do not make it clear how they were obtained. Their statements about polycythemia and hyperviscosity relate to venous blood. Since no studies of viscosity were performed, it may not be justifiable to assume that because the capillary hematocrit was greatly elevated, hyperviscosity was present.
Drs. Greensher and Mofenson Reply
Authors: Greensher Joseph , Mofenson Howard C. 
Published: December 2021

Drs. Kaemmer and Johnson have rightfully pointed out that the patient in question had a single lead level of 64µg/100 ml and X-rays of the wrists and knees demonstrating lead lines as the only evidence of systemic lead absorption.
The authors recognized that treatment with BAL and calcium EDTA was started too hastily but felt that a discussion of treatment was not germane to the reporting of the unusual source of the lead poisoning in this article.
A Comparison of Pulmonary Function Tests in Detecting Exercise-Induced Bronchoconstriction
Authors: Buckley Jerome M. , Souhrada Joseph F. 
Published: December 2021

In an attempt to compare most of the available pulmonary function tests in detecting airway obstruction after exercise, two studies were conducted. In the first study 24 bronchodilator-dependent asthmatic boys were evaluated before treadmill exercise (baseline) and at 7 and 30 minutes afterwards. The following pulmonary function parameters were measured: forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), maximum mid-expiratory flow (MMEF), peak expiratory flow rate, thoracic gas volume, airway resistance, specific airway conductance (SGaw), and closing volume (CV). Results showed that SGaw, MMEF, and CV were the most sensitive parameters reflecting changes in airway caliber. Less significant changes also appeared in FEV1 and in FVC. The significance of these changes and their relationships to other parameters are discussed.
In an attempt to better understand the effects of airway obstruction on the maximum-expiratory flow-volume curve (MEFV curve) after exercise, a second study was conducted. Comparisons were made between "classical" parameters such as MMEF (measured by spirometry), SGaw (measured by body plethysmography), and flowvolume parameters (measured by wedge spirometer). Sixteen asthmatic subjects (9 to 12 years of age) whose airway obstruction was further exacerbated by exercise of a moderate work load on the treadmill (2 w/kg of body weight) were studied. The asthmatic subjects were tested prior to exercise and at 7 and 30 minutes after exercise.
All the measurements mentioned above were done in a randomized manner. When both MMEF and SGaw were decreased in the post-exercise period, significant correlations were obtained between these "classical" parameters and all of the flow-volume parameters. However, when only one of the two was decreased, no correlation could be obtained with any of the flow-volume parameters. It was concluded that under certain conditions flow-volume curves reflect airway obstruction satisfactorily, but under other conditions they appear to be less sensitive than the "classic" parameters. These results are also discussed.