bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automated Computational Detection of Interstitial Fibrosis, Tubular Atrophy, and Glomerulosclerosis
Authors: Ginley Brandon , Jen Kuang-Yu , Han Seung Seok , Rodrigues Luís , Jain Sanjay , Fogo Agnes B. , Zuckerman Jonathan , Walavalkar Vighnesh , Miecznikowski Jeffrey C. , Wen Yumeng , Yen Felicia , Yun Donghwan , Moon Kyung Chul , Rosenberg Avi , Parikh Chirag , Sarder Pinaki 
Published: February 2021

Significance Statement
Reliable, digital, automated detection of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy (IFTA) has not yet been developed. Machine learning (ML) can reproduce the renal pathologist’s visual assessment of IFTA and glomerulosclerosis. Well-trained ML methods not only showed similar agreement to that seen among renal pathologists for the assessment of IFTA and glomerulosclerosis, but also equivalent statistical association with patient outcome. These methods can help expedite research on very large digital archives of renal biopsy specimens, and may also benefit clinical practice by acting as a stand-in reading for pathology scenarios where renal expertise is limited or unavailable.

Background
Interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy (IFTA), and glomerulosclerosis are indicators of irrecoverable kidney injury. Modern machine learning (ML) tools have enabled robust, automated identification of image structures that can be comparable with analysis by human experts. ML algorithms were developed and tested for the ability to replicate the detection and quantification of IFTA and glomerulosclerosis that renal pathologists perform.

Methods
A renal pathologist annotated renal biopsy specimens from 116 whole-slide images (WSIs) for IFTA and glomerulosclerosis. A total of 79 WSIs were used for training different configurations of a convolutional neural network (CNN), and 17 and 20 WSIs were used as internal and external testing cases, respectively. The best model was compared against the input of four renal pathologists on 20 new testing slides. Further, for 87 testing biopsy specimens, IFTA and glomerulosclerosis measurements made by pathologists and the CNN were correlated to patient outcome using classic statistical tools.

Results
The best average performance across all image classes came from a DeepLab version 2 network trained at 40× magnification. IFTA and glomerulosclerosis percentages derived from this CNN achieved high levels of agreement with four renal pathologists. The pathologist- and CNN-based analyses of IFTA and glomerulosclerosis showed statistically significant and equivalent correlation with all patient-outcome variables.

Conclusions
ML algorithms can be trained to replicate the IFTA and glomerulosclerosis assessment performed by renal pathologists. This suggests computational methods may be able to provide a standardized approach to evaluate the extent of chronic kidney injury in situations in which renal-pathologist time is restricted or unavailable.
Patterns of ocular morbidity among kidney transplant recipients in Ethiopia
Authors: Tamrat Lemlem , Gebrehanna Ewenat 
Published: February 2021

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Of all organ transplant procedures renal transplantation has become a very successful and routine procedure. Saint Paul’s Hospital Millennium Medical College is a pioneer and is the only center providing kidney transplant in Ethiopia. Even if this is a life changing and exiting addition to the countries’ health service coverage, its long term outcomes including various complications is not yet assessed. Therefore, the aim of this study is to describe ocular morbidities among kidney transplant recipients in Ethiopia. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> Cross sectional descriptive study was undertaken from October 2017 to December 2018. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> There were a total of 135 individuals who underwent renal transplant procedure including 95 (70.4%) male and 40 (29.6 %) female. The median age was 32 years. The cause of renal diseases is not known in majority 112 (83%) of the study subjects. More than 95% of all the study subjects were on multiple immunosuppressant therapy. Of all the individuals examined 128 (94.8%) of them have one or more ocular morbidities. Dry eye 76 (50.7%), optic neuropathies 12 (8%), retinal pigmentary changes 11 (7.3%) and cataract 9 (6%) were frequently observed eye morbidities. There were no significant sight threatening conditions observed in relation to the immunosuppressive therapy or the diseases itself.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Conclusions:</strong> Dry eye is the commonest eye morbidity among kidney transplant patients.</p>
NILAI-NILAI BUDAYA DALAM CERITA RAKYAT ASAL-USUL PAYANDERKET KAB KARO
Authors: Sembiring Lija Melisa Br 
Published: February 2021

This study aims to determine the cultural values contained in the folklore of the origin of the Karo district Payanderket. Cultural values are contained in the contents of the Payanderket story and supporting theories. This research uses descriptive analysis method. Some steps taken to obtain and analyze this research are conducting interviews with sources, classifying sources obtained from the folklore of the origins of Payanderket and then applied in writing, then reviewed to determine the cultural value contained therein, to conclude the results of research . The data obtained is referred from various library sources and then grouped based on certain criteria. The results showed that there were five cultural values namely, kinship values, religious values, legal values, conflict values, and compassion values. Each value has a very deep meaning showing the authenticity of the folklore of the origin of the Karo Regency Payanderket. By understanding and understanding the contents of the folklore of the origins of the Karo district Payanderket, it will be easier to obtain wisdom and learning the value of life from the folklore of the origin of the Payanderket Karo district.
Communication and Sensemaking in the Dutch Railway System: Explaining coordination failure between teams using a mixed methods approach
Authors: Schipper Danny , Gerrits Lasse 
Published: February 2021

Early in 2014, the Dutch railway system spiralled out of control after traffic management was confronted with the decision to take four double switches and two rail tracks out of service. A lack of coordination between the responsible teams resulted in the decision to stop all traffic in one of the busiest parts of the network during the rush hour. In this study we aim to understand why the teams in the Dutch railway system were not able to adopt a coordinated approach to reschedule rail services. To answer this question, we used a mixed-method approach by combining dynamic network analysis (DNA) with sensemaking. Our analyses show that a diverging framing of the situation accumulated over time, leading to inconsistent actions, incorrect assumptions and a lack of effective communication. Informal and indirect communication spurred uncertainty and promoted negative emotions, which eventually resulted in a conflict between the actors. We discuss the difficulties of managing ambiguous events in multi-team systems.
Heavy-mineral provenance signatures during the infill and uplift of a foreland basin: An example from the Jaca basin (southern Pyrenees, Spain)
Authors: Coll Xavier , Gómez-Gras David , Roigé Marta , Teixell Antonio , Boya Salva , Mestres Narcís 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
In the Jaca foreland basin (southern Pyrenees), two main sediment routing systems merge from the late Eocene to the early Miocene, providing an excellent example of interaction of different source areas with distinct petrographic signatures. An axially drained fluvial system, with its source area located in the eastern Central Pyrenees, is progressively replaced by a transverse-drained system that leads to the recycling of the older turbiditic foredeep. Aiming to provide new insights into the source-area evolution of the Jaca foreland basin, we provide new data on heavy-mineral suites, from the turbiditic underfilled stage to the youngest alluvial-fan systems of the Jaca basin, and integrate the heavy-mineral signatures with available sandstone petrography. Our results show a dominance of the ultrastable Ap-Zrn-Tur-Rt assemblage through the entire basin evolution. However, a late alluvial sedimentation stage brings an increase in other more unstable heavy minerals, pointing to specific source areas belonging to the Axial and the North Pyrenean Zone and providing new insights into the response of the heavy-mineral suites to sediment recycling. Furthermore, we assess the degree of diagenetic overprint vs. provenance signals and infer that the loss of unstable heavy minerals due intrastratal dissolution is negligible at least in the Peña Oroel and San Juan de la Peña sections. Finally, we provide new evidence to the idea that during the late Eocene the water divide of the transverse drainage system was located in the North Pyrenean Zone, and areas constituted by the Paleozoic basement were exposed in the west-Central Pyrenees at that time. Our findings provide new insights into the heavy-mineral response in recycled foreland basins adjacent to fold-and-thrust belts.
Quantitative 4D Seismic Assisted History Matching Using Ensemble-Based Methods on the Vilje Field
Authors: Wojnar Konrad , Saetrom Jon , Munck Tore Felix , Stunell Martha , Sviland-Østre Stig , Hettervik Knut Olav , Kristoffersen Idar , Andorsen Kent 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The aim of the study was to create an ensemble of equiprobable models that could be used for improving the reservoir management of the Vilje field. Qualitative and quantitative workflows were developed to systematically and efficiently screen, analyze and history match an ensemble of reservoir simulation models to production and 4D seismic data. The goal of developing the workflows is to increase the utilization of data from 4D seismic surveys for reservoir characterization. The qualitative and quantitative workflows are presented, describing their benefits and challenges.
The data conditioning produced a set of history matched reservoir models which could be used in the field development decision making process. The proposed workflows allowed for identification of outlying prior and posterior models based on key features where observed data was not covered by the synthetic 4D seismic realizations. As a result, suggestions for a more robust parameterization of the ensemble were made to improve data coverage. The existing history matching workflow efficiently integrated with the quantitative 4D seismic history matching workflow allowing for the conditioning of the reservoir models to production and 4D data. Thus, the predictability of the models was improved.
This paper proposes a systematic and efficient workflow using ensemble-based methods to simultaneously screen, analyze and history match production and 4D seismic data. The proposed workflow improves the usability of 4D seismic data for reservoir characterization, and in turn, for the reservoir management and the decision-making processes.
Quantifying Global and Random Uncertainties in High Resolution Global Geomagnetic Field Models Used for Directional Drilling
Authors: Beggan C. D. , Macmillan S. , Brown W. J. , Grindrod S. J. 
Published: February 2021

SummaryTotal field strength, declination, and dip angle of the Earth's magnetic field, in conjunction with gravity, are used by magnetic-survey tools to determine a wellbore's location. Magnetic field values may be obtained from global models that, depending on the model, have a wide range of spatial resolution at the Earth's surface from large scale (3000 km) to small scale (28 km). The magnetic field varies continuously in both time and space, so no model can fully capture the complexity of all sources; hence, there are uncertainties associated with the values provided. The SPE Wellbore Positioning Technical Section/Industry Steering Committee on Wellbore Surveying Accuracy (ISCWSA) published their original measurement-while-drilling (MWD) error model in 2000. Such models and uncertainties define positional error ellipsoids along the wellbore, which assist the driller in achieving their geological target, in addition to aiding collision avoidance. With the recent update to Revision 5 of the ISCWSA error model, we have reassessed the uncertainties associated with our latest high-resolution global magnetic field model.We describe the derivation of location-specific global and random uncertainties for use with predicted geomagnetic values from high-resolution models within magnetic MWD survey-tool-error models. We propose a sophisticated approach to provide realistic values at different locations around the globe; for example, we determine separate errors for regions where the models have high spatial resolution from aeromagnetic data compared to regions where only satellite data are available.The combined uncertainties are freely available via a web service with which the user can also see how they vary with time. The use of the revised uncertainty values in the MWD-error model, in most cases, reduces the positional error ellipsoids and allows better use of the increased accuracy from recent improvements in geomagnetic modeling. This is demonstrated using the new uncertainty values in the MWD-error model for three standard ISCWSA well profiles. A fourth theoretical well offshore Brazil where the vertical magnetic field is weak shows that with drillstring interference correction relying on the more uncertain magnetic dip, the positional error ellipsoids can increase. This is clearly of concern for attaining geological targets and collision avoidance.
A Cost Effective, Fit-for-Purpose Single Well Producer-Injector Completion Strategy for Improved Recovery of Oil: Case Study in Niger Delta
Authors: Dubey Pranav , Okpere Adrian , Sanni Gideon , Onyeukwu Ifeanyi 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
An optimized completion design that addresses gaps in the existing single well Producer-Injector (P-I) concept is presented in this paper. Field development scenarios based on the optimized P-I concept and conventional waterflood were implemented in full-field 3D simulation models.
Detailed review of the existing single P-I well concept revealed gaps in the completion design with regards to feasibility of data acquisition, ease of well intervention and well safety/control. The existing design utilizes a Single-String-Single (SSS) design with through-tubing water injection and oil production through annulus, whilst the optimized design is a Two-String-Dual (TSD) incorporating the flexibility of independent injection/production, zonal isolation for interventions & data acquisition and additional safety completion jewelries.
A fit-for-purpose reservoir candidate was selected by assessing it's suitability to waterflooding. The reservoir belongs to the paralic sequence of the Agbada Formation of the Niger Delta basin – a sequence of interbedded sandstones and shales. The reservoir is an elongated anticline bounded by W-E oriented faults and exhibiting channelized shoreface sediments. Porosity and permeability ranges are 17-31% and 200mD-2200mD respectively. Shale baffles strongly reduces the influence of the aquifer hence the simulation model is an oil reservoir with weak aquifer completed by the P-I well producing oil and injecting into the aquifer in tandem. Performance of the single P-I well strategy was benchmarked against conventional waterflood patterns to effectively capture the recovery efficiency and production forecast for each scenario.
Results from the five-parameter experimental design based on the P-I strategy, indicate Ultimate Oil Recovery is most impacted by horizontal permeability; injection rate, flow barrier transmissibility and vertical permeability with the least influence. Dynamic 3D water saturation maps show the waterflood front propagating principally in the horizontal direction from the injector, providing important reservoir boundary pressure support and minimizing the chance for injected water short-circuiting at the sandface.
Ultimate Oil Recovery of 5spot/line drive patterns and the P-I strategy were similar, 54% and 52% respectively. Well completion costs and forecasts were fed into simple economics spreadsheet to test which technique provides the most value. Open book economics results showed the P-I concept provides better value (NPV 23.0 and VIR 0.67) than 5 spot and line drive patterns (NPV-17 and VIR-0.14).
Water Influx Predictions in Reservoirs with Aquifer Drive Using the Two-Phase Reservoir Integral Type Pseudo-Pressure with Applicability in Gas Hydrate Reservoirs
Authors: Kome Melvin , Amro Mohd 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
The application of the Kirchhoff transformation has proven to be a very effective tool in simplifying and solving complex diffusivity equations in reservoirs. Since its introduction by [1] in addressing the non-linear behavior of compressible fluids, it has seen many modifications and implementations in multiphase systems, from the Perrine type pseudo-pressure to the reservoir integral type pseudo-pressure also called the Mass balance Model (MBM) for pseudo-pressure as discussed by [2]. Its applicability in addressing water influx from aquifers to oil and gas reservoirs has as of now not been addressed. Moreover, the models developed so far to address water influx such as the works of [3], [4], [5], have many limitations, such as imposing constant pressure at the reservoir&ndash;aquifer interface, single phase model used, no analytical approach of predicting excessive water cuts.
In this paper, the MBM pseudo-pressure is used to address water influx in reservoirs with two-phase flow (Gas/Water or Oil/Water). The model response is derived by developing diffusivity equations for the composite reservoir system to address the communication between the hydrocarbon reservoir and the aquifer. The non-homogenous nature of the diffusivity equation of each phase makes the derivation of the solutions to the equations cumbersome. Nonetheless, the reservoir integral type pseudo-pressure being a very powerful, can be incorporated in the diffusivity equations of the phases and solutions to the models can rigorously be derived. Defining the boundary conditions for each phase is very crucial as the hydrocarbons in the hydrocarbon reservoir depict a no-flow boundary at the aquifer interface, whereas the water phase and the total system response of the hydrocarbon reservoir depict mass conservation at the hydrocarbon reservoir-aquifer interface.
Using this approach, the solutions to the phases in the hydrocarbon and aquifer are readily obtained and its applicability in gas hydrate reservoirs highlighted. The effects of the water influx from the aquifer are clearly seen with increasing water cut at the sandface. The effects of different outer boundary conditions in the aquifer are investigated.
The novel approach introduced in this work will help tremendously to improve the characterization of the reservoir with multiphase flow, mostly especially for reservoirs with aquifer drive.
The Greater Etom Area (GEA): A New Phase of Exploration in the South Lokichar Basin, Turkana County, Northern Kenya
Authors: Christopherson Kevin 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT
East Africa is an integral part of the Tullow business. Tullow has been active for over ten years in the onshore rift basins of East Africa, which began with the opening of the Uganda Lake Albert Rift Basin in 2006 following the drilling of Mputa-1. We developed multiple sub-surface evaluation tools and an understanding on how rift success factors can combine during the drilling of the Lake Albert Basin that we then applied to the Tertiary rifts of Kenya. Extensive Full Tensor Gradiometry (FTG), seismic and drilling has taken place over the last five years in Kenya. This has established the South Lokichar basin as a significant oil basin with significant remaining exploration upside.
Up until 2015 exploration drilling in the South Lokichar utilized 2D seismic data. The acquisition of 3D seismic in the north and west of the basin has allowed an improved definition of the structural framework and highlighted additional exploration potential. The Etom-2 well spud in November 2015 highlights the value of this 3D seismic in complex structural settings. Etom-1 was planned and drilled on 2D seismic and encountered 10 m of oil pay. Subsequent re-mapping based upon the 3D seismic revealed that the Etom structure was more complicated than originally interpreted and that Etom-1 had drilled into a collapse graben and not tested the structural crest of the field. Etom-2 targeted the up-thrown northern fault block which was not penetrated by the Etom-1 well and encountered 102 m of oil pay. The northern part of the South Lokichar basin is structurally complex and the 3D seismic provided the required detail to highlight that Etom-1 hadn't properly tested the Etom structure. Further mapping of the 3D seismic in the area around Etom-2 has identified multiple follow-up prospects that could be part of a new play domain in the northern part of the South Lokichar Basin. These targets are the focus for Exploration drilling that is due to commence in Q4 2016.
Kinetics and Inhibition of Ferrous Sulfide Nucleation and Precipitation
Authors: Wang Qiliang ‘Luke’ , Zhang Zhang , Kan Amy , Tomson Mason 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Ferrous sulfide (FeS) precipitation is a severe problem and the significance of this problem is increased in the shale gas and oil production due to the potentially increasing biologically and thermally induced sulfide production. Although FeS scale is ubiquitous, little is understood about its precipitation and inhibition properties due to experimental difficulties. In conventional research, we used a batch reactor to study the precipitation kinetics and inhibition of FeS formation. In order to assess scaling risk in pipes, a new plug flow reactor was developed under anoxic condition at different ionic strength (IS), pH and temperature to enable more reliable study of FeS precipitation kinetics at high surface to solution ratio. The precipitation kinetics of FeS is successfully fitted by a second/pseudo-first order rate equations for batch/plug flow systems. The rate of precipitation increases with increasing pH and temperature, and decreases with increasing IS. Commercial scale inhibitors, citrate, EDTA and other chelating agents have been tested for their inhibition effects on FeS precipitation. The new plug flow apparatus not only adds reliable data to the limited database of scaling kinetics in realistic flowing pipes, but also supplies a new method to study the effect of inhibitors in oil production systems. The research outcomes will contribute to the prediction of FeS scaling risk under different brine composition and well conditions.