bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Date Palm leaves Fiber Utilization as sorbent for Crude Oil Spill Cleanup and the Temperature Effect
Authors: Khairallah Ihsan Ali , Abass Zina Abed Al-Ameer , Nasir Dr. Mohammad Ibrahim 
Published: May 2021

Crude oil spill are a global concern due to the environmental and economic impact as well as harm the beauty of the polluted sites. Date Palm leaves fiber (DPLF) as a natural agricultural fiber, which is environmentally materials, biodegradable, renewable, abundant, and cheap. A hollow cellulosic material like DPLF is a potential sorbent to counter the oil spill pollution. The oil sorption capacity (OSC) of fresh and weathered oils into DPLF as a sorbent was studied. The effects of contact time and temperature on sorption were studied in simulated tap water as well as salty water. The OSC increases with increasing the contact time. The DPLF has given oil sorption capacity of 4.534-7.985 g oil/g sorbent for a contact time of 5-90 min for fresh oil (tap water, at room temperature). This OSC are considered to be good for a sorbent considering it is locally available and not expensive. Fresh oil is having higher OSC at room temperature at all the experimental times (5-120 min). At lower temperature, e.g. 15 °C the adsorption of oil having greater role in increasing OSC, since at low temperature the oil having high viscosity and that will increase the adherence of oil onto the surface of the fibers and within the capillary during drainage. At room temperature and little higher e.g. 25 & 30 °C , the oil will have less viscosity and more diffusion and that will increase the absorption within the internal capillary and lumens of the fibers and that increase the OSC. There is decrease in viscosity at higher temperature e.g. 45 & 60 °C that will increase the diffusion in the oil and increase the segmental mobility of the fibers as well as increasing the penetration of oil into the pores and lumens of the fibers. That will increase the OSC, but much oil will come out during the drainage time (5 min).
Investigation of Corrosion Behavior of Low Carbon Steel Oil Pipelines
Authors: Alsultani Dr.Kadhim F. , Jasem Dr.Ahmed A. , Ali Duaa Amer 
Published: May 2021

The research aims at investigating the corrosion behavior of low Carbone steel pipelines welds and mechanical properties of weldment . The corrosion behavior was investigated in crude oil and water extraction from oil to study the effect of water chemistry on corrosion employing electrochemical and weight loss measurements.
Corrosion and erosion-corrosion have important role in oil fields especially in oil pipelines . The experimental work tests of erosion- corrosion were done using special device which was designed and manufactured according to (G 73) ASTM . The work tests were achieved using traditional weight loss technique to measure weight loss rates in (mpy) Unit, the tests above were done in pumped media and pumped media had constant pressure of 1 bar, flow rate Q = 36 L/min, temperature ≈25 ºC and pH = 6.56 for erosive-corrosive media.
Weight loss method was used in which test specimens of carbonsteel, with a known weights, were immersed in the oil for a total exposure time of 60 days. The weight loss was measured at an interval of 10 days, whereas in water specimens immersed for 30 day at an interval 2 days. The corrosion rate was determined using (mpy) unit. Metallographic observations and micro-hardness measurements were also performed on specimens taken from the parent metal, heat affected zone and weld metal. The obtained results clearly indicate a degradation of the mechanical properties of steel welds.
A New Integrated Technique for Saturation Height Function Modeling based on Modified EQR Method
Authors: Saemi Mohsen , Askari Amir abbas 
Published: May 2021

Equivalent Radius (EQR) is a relatively new normalized capillary pressure method for modeling of the saturation height function. In this method petrophysical data such as well logs, special and routine core analysis have been used in an integrated manner.
The main purpose of this study is to investigate dynamic behavior of the fluid flow through porous media with a new integrated technique for saturation height function modeling. Amongst different methods, EQR method that originally developed by Engstrom in 1996 has been selected for further study. Although this method can model the initial water saturation with high accuracy but it only can be applicable for low permeability formations. However, there is still an incomplete understanding its application for other rock units with higher degree of porosity and permeability. For this purpose, we present a Modified EQR (MEQR) based on iterative curve fitting procedure. To demonstrate the capabilities of MEQR method, one of the Iranian oil field data located in southwest of Iran with quite high degree of permeability in its porous sandstone layers has been used.
It is shown that this technique can accurately predict the initial water saturation in all rock types and in each cell of the reservoir with very good correlation coefficient achieved in comparison with interpreted saturation well logs.
Batch and Column Extraction of Lead from Al-Doura Oil Refinery Soil
Authors: Gzar Dr. Hatem Asal , Gatea Israa Mohammed 
Published: May 2021

The aim of this research is to investigate the extraction of lead (Pb) from soil of Al-Doura oil refinery in Baghdad/Iraq. Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt (Na2EDTA) and Hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution were used as extractants. Soil washing method was practiced in two ways, batch extraction and column extraction experiments. A set of batch experiments were carried out at different conditions of extractant (Na2EDTA, HCl) concentration, contact time, pH and agitation speed. From the batch experiments, the maximum removal percentages of Pb that have been obtained were 70 % using Na2EDTA (0.1M) at pH 4 , agitation speed 200 and at equilibrium time 4 hours and 65 % using HCl (1M) at pH 1.08 , agitation speed 200 at equilibrium time 5 hours.
Column experiments were conducted at different conditions of extractant (Na2EDTA, HCl) concentration, contact time and flow rate. The maximum removal percentages of Pb were 78% using Na2EDTA (0.1M) at pH 4 , flow rate 30 ml/hr and equilibrium time 8 hours and 75% using HCl (1M) at pH 1.08, flow rate 20 ml/hr and equilibrium time 10 hours.
The column extraction proved that the extractant volume required to achieve high removal efficiency is less than that of the batch extraction, but requires a longer contact time.
The experimental data of batch and column extraction were applied in four kinetic models; first order, parabolic diffusion, two constant and Elovich model to find best fit model for extraction system. For batch extraction, the parabolic diffusion and two-constant models gave the best correlation {coefficient of determination (R2)} with experimental data using HCl and Na2EDTA respectively. While for column extraction, Elovich model gave good correlation with experimental data.
المحتويات الشمعية في النفوط الخام لحقول شركة نفط الشمال (وسط وشمال العراق) والعوامل المؤثرة عليها
Authors: القيسي د. عادل طالب , عبد الرزاق وداد نعمان 
Published: May 2021

اعتمد البحث الحالي على تحاليل مختبرية للنفط الخام في حقول شركة نفط الشمال وقد تم اختيار 20 حقلا تتوفر فيها التحاليل المطلوبة، وقد توخينا دراسة اربعة محاور رئيسية هي:
1- نسب الشمع في النفوط الخام لحقول شركة نفط الشمال ونشأته وتوزيعه الجغرافي.
2- العلاقة بين نسب الشمع والصخور المولدة (نوعية المادة العضوية ونضوجها الحراري)
3- تأثير عمليات الهجرة والفصل الوزني على نسب الشمع.
4- تأثير عمليات التدني(الالتهام البكتيري والغسل المائي والاكسدة الهوائية) على نسب الشمع.
وقد تم تحديد نسب الشمع للعصرين الثلاثي والطباشيري في النفوط الخام للحقول قيد البحث.
ان المحتوى الشمعي قد يعكس تأثير نوع معين من المواد المصدرية، وقد تكون الشموع الواقية لاوراق النباتات الخضرية القارية هي الاسلاف الاساسية للشمع البارافيني المتواجد في النفوط الخام للحقول قيد الدراسة.
ان نسب الشمع في النفط الخام للحقول قيد الدراسة وللعصرين الثلاثي والطباشيري تتراوح ما بين 0.75% و 6.00% وان هذه النسب وبصورة عامة تقل من الشرق الى الغرب ومن الشمال الشرقي باتجاه الجنوب والجنوب الغربي وصولا الى نهر دجلة.
ان اختلافات نسب الشمع قد تكون ناتجة عن العوامل التالية:
1- الصخور المولدة ونضوجها الحراري.
2- الهجرة والفصل الوزني.
3- عمليات التدني (الاكسدة الهوائية والغسل المائي والالتهام البكتيري)
Edge Water Breakthrough in each of the major zones within Mishrif reservoir in West Qurna phase 1
Authors: Abdullah Rafea Ahmed Abdullah , Al-Jorany Khudhair Al-Jorany , Mohsin Firas Mohsin , Imad Ahmed Imad , Abdulrazaq Massara Abdulrazaq 
Published: May 2021

The Mishrif reservoir (Upper Cretaceous) considered the main discovered and developedreservoir at West Qurna I field in southern Iraq and has been on production intermittently since1999. Mishrif reservoir has been deviated into six main zones from youngest to oldest are mA,CRI, mB1, CRII, mB2 & mC.The West Qurna Phase I Field (WQI) has pressure depletion since production commenced in1999. More than 450 wells penetrated Mishrif Formation, to date, almost all of the productionhas been from the Mishrif formation (2180 to 2505 m true vertical depth, subsea) with minor oilproduction from the Lower Cretaceous Zubair formations. Geoscientist and reservoir engineersare looking for producing dry oil especially there are limited surface facilities at West Qurnaphase 1, for that purpose and as part of Reservoir Management, It was very important to monitorthe Formation & injection water movement across Mishrif reservoir with the time. Cased holelogs (Saturation logs & Production logs) and Open hole logs for new drill wells are beingintegrated to describe the water encroachment in Mishrif in order to Study behavior of aquifermovement and water injection, Validate the geologic reservoir model, assess the vertical andhorizontal water sweep & enhance perforation strategies.In West Qurna 1 (from 2010 to date) have been ran more than 500 PLTs (Production logs)and 300 PNLs (Saturation logs) and open hole logs for new drill wells, all these logs have beenanalysis and interpreted (using Geolog &Emeraude software) then were created different watermovement maps for each main productive zone mA, mB1 & mB2 in 2013, 2014 & 2016 (byPetrel).
Different water encroachment behavior among the different zones due to heterogeneity inreservoir rock quality, Integrating production rate allocated by zone with water encroachmentmaps shows excellent relationship between production and flood front by zone, the maps showedthat quicker water movement in the Meshrif reservoir compared to the model, these maps areusing for perforation strategy, and the maps will be updated periodically every 12 months.
حساب معامل الانكسار للنفوط المكمنية للتنبؤ بالضغوط المكمنية التي يحدث عندها ترسب الاسفلتينات
Authors: الهيد Aliaa , رضا Selma 
Published: May 2021

الهدف من هذه الدراسة هو تحديد مديات الضغوط المكمنية التي يحدث فيها ترسب للاسفلتينات ومكان حدوثها وذلك من خلال ايجاد معامل الانكسار للنفط الخام والنفط الحي باستخدام نتائج الفحوصات الفيزياوية للنفط المكمني PVT و موديلات ومعادلات رياضية خاصة وايجاد الحلول المناسبة لمشكلة الترسب.
تعاني ابارحقول المنطقة الشمالية ( كركوك, خباز , جمبور) من مشكلة ترسب الاسفلتينات مما يسبب مشاكل عديدة منها انسدادات في انابيب و معدات الانتاج حيث تعالج الانسدادات بالتنظيف باستخدام والوسائل الميكانيكية وما يتطلب ذلك من جهد و وقت و خسارة في الانتاج.
تم اخذ نماذج من النفط الخام من رأس البئر ونماذج من الترسبات و اجريت الفحوصات و التجارب عليها و استخدم احد الموديلات الرياضية الخاص بقياسات معامل الانكسار، وكذلك معادلات خاصة للوصول الى ظروف ترسب الاسفلتينات، كما تم اجراء تجارب عديدة على ترسبات الاسفلتينات الصلبة و معالجتها بمذيبات عضوية كثيرة و الوصول الى افضل مذيب.
تم تحديد مديات الضغوط المكمنية لانتاج النفط الخام التي عندها يحدث ترسب الاسفلتينات ومكان حدوثها حيث ان احتمالات حدوثها عديدة, فقد تحدث في الطبقة المكمنية او انبوب الانتاج او معدات رأس البئر او المعدات السطحية بل حتى الخزانات وحسب ظروف النفط الخام المنتج وذلك من خلال ايجاد معامل الانكسار للنفط الخام والنفط الحي باستخدام موديلات ومعادلات رياضية وبالاعتماد على تسحيح النفط الخام الميت مع مذيبات كالبنتان او النورمال هبتان في الظروف الاعتيادية ومراقبة تجمع الاسفلتينات تحت المجهروتحديد قابلية الاذابة و بدأ الترسب في النفط الخام حيث يمكن تحديدها من خلال قياس معامل الانكسارعند درجة حرارة 20C◦ للنفط الخام ولنماذج من خليط من النفط الخام وأحد المذيبات بنسب مختلفة وعندها يمكن قياس معامل الانكسار الذي يحدث فيه ترسب للاسفلتينات ويسمى (FRI) وهو دالة معامل الأذابة (δ)، و من خلال علاقات تجريبية تم ايجاد مديات الضغط التي يحدث فيها الترسب وايجاد افضل مذيب وهو التولوين شرط أتخاذ أجراءات السلامة الخاصة به (يعتبر التولوين من المواد الخفيفة المتطايرة). كما يفضل استخدام تقنية الانابيب الملفوفة وفي حالة عدم توفر مادة التولوين فمن الممكن استخدام مادة الكيروسين او الريفورميت أو الصفوة البيضاء.
The Evaluation of Petro-physical and Geological Properties of the Southern Asmari Reservoir / Fauqi oil field Southeastern Iraq
Authors: Al-Saad Huda F. , Al-Shahwan Muwafaq F. 
Published: May 2021

The wire line logs of five wells from Fauqi field are studied to delineate petro-physical properties, and also the shale volume and porosities are calculated and corrected from the effect of shale in this work. It is found that the formation of water resistivity is equal to 0.0145 Ω. m, which is calculated from the SP method (through the relationship between SSP and Rw).
It is observed that the type of crude oil of the Asmari reservoir in Fauqia oil field is heavy. The Four units of oil reservoir within the Asmari Formation penetrated by the wells are delineated: A-B1-B2-C. The case study shows that the units (B1, B2) belongs to the formation of the upper Kirkuk, which is one of the main reservoir units producing oil in Asmari
Structural geology and petrophysics analysis to Injection wells of Mishrif Formation in Shuaiba Dome – Zubair Oil Field
Authors: Lazim Aymen Adil , Dawood Hussain Sakban 
Published: May 2021

Mishrif formation is the one of the most important reservoir in Southern – Iraq and the injection water important to support the reservoir pressure. The current study combined the interpretations of PLT, structural geology and petro-physics to understand the distribution of the injection rate for nine injection wells to the Mishrif Formation in Shuaiba Dome (or culmination) - Zubair Oil Field. PLT analysis calculated injection rate for Mishrif Formation, structural analysis included geometric and genetic analysis, whereas petrophysics analysis used open hole logs interpretation and core data for the injection wells to determine the petro-physics characteristics (especially the distribution of porosity and permeability). The current study concluded that the injection rate, porosity and permeability of Mishrif Formation distributed unequally across it. This variation is almost regular, whereas the Upper Mishrif more than Lower Mishrif, while Middle Mishrif get the least value. The thickness of Lower Mishrif more than Upper Mishrif. This may affected by a folding mechanism due to tectonic activity (reactivated basement faults and Hormuz salt structures).
Portraying EFL Students Individual Different in Learning English
Authors: Sugianto Sugianto , Defitranita Defitranita , Apriani Eka , Syafryadin Syafryadin 
Published: May 2021

The objectives of this research are to find out the low and high achiever students’ individual differences in learning English . in this study, the researcher used qualitative methods study.The population and the subject of this research were consisted of three low achiever student and three high achiever student at TBI which are the total number six students. In this study, the researcher took purposive sampling and the instrument used is interview. The individual differences consisted of age, sex, aptitude, motivation, learning styles, learning strategies, personality. The data showed that the low achiever student motivation is to obtain sarjana degree, use more cognitive strategies, preffer to study with friend, choose the extrovert way in learning, use to fight with the inhibition, and having the anxiety in learning English. while the high achiever wanted to be the native like, using less cognitive strategies, preffer to study alone, use the introvert way in acquiring language, and let the inhibition win. There some similarities between both student such as they couldnt comprehend the material in relatively shortime, they plan monitor and evaluate their English, like to watch english stuff and listen to song to improved their English, they both prefer learning with the phsycally activities involved, like solving problem while learning English, their confidence built by their experienced in learning English and the last their prefer the democratic classs than the traditional one because the same reason.
Some Preliminary Considerations for a Métis-Catalan Comparison
Authors: White Gerald Stephen 
Published: May 2021

This paper argues for the value of a comparison of the Métis national movement with the Catalan national movement. It pays special attention to the matter of federalism (especially the writings of Harry Daniels and the recent court rulings about Catalonia's status and bid for independence), of small communities that have been "carved out" (especially the Métis Settlements of Alberta and the microstate of Andorra) and the existence of communities that cross borders (especially the Turtle Mountain Reservation in North Dakota and the Catalan communities of France).
Over-qualification in the Workforce: Do Indigenous Women and Men Benefit Equally from High Levels of Education?
Authors: Park Jungwee 
Published: May 2021

Using data from the 2016 Census, this study examined the level of education–job mismatch (over-qualification, in particular) in the Canadian labour market among Indigenous women workers aged 25 to 64 who received post-secondary education. Their rate of over-qualification was compared with that of Indigenous men as well as non-Indigenous workers. In doing so, this study aimed to shed some light on the effect of post-secondary education on labour market outcomes by investigating whether Indigenous men and women benefit equally from their post-secondary education. Compared to their non-Indigenous counterparts and Indigenous men, Indigenous women workers with university-level education (bachelor’s degree or higher) were less likely to be over-qualified. Conversely, Indigenous women workers with post-secondary education lower than university level were more likely than non-Indigenous women and Indigenous men to be over-qualified. This pattern persisted after sociodemographic factors were controlled for. The results suggest that, among those with a post-secondary education, higher levels of education were especially advantageous to Indigenous women.
An Empirical Study of Bugs in COVID-19 Software Projects
Authors: Rahman Akond Ashfaque Ur , Farhana Effat 
Published: May 2021

The dire consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic have influenced development of COVID-19 software i.e., software used for analysis and mitigation of COVID-19. Bugs in COVID-19 software can be consequential, as COVID-19 software projects can impact public health policy and user data privacy. The goal of this paper is to help practitioners and researchers improve the quality of COVID-19 software through an empirical study of open source software projects related to COVID-19. We use 129 open source COVID-19 software projects hosted on GitHub to conduct our empirical study. Next, we apply qualitative analysis on 550 bug reports from the collected projects to identify bug categories. We identify 8 bug categories, which include data bugs i.e., bugs that occur during mining and storage of COVID-19 data. The identified bug categories appear for 7 categories of software projects including (i) projects that use statistical modeling to perform predictions related to COVID-19, and (ii) medical equipment software that are used to design and implement medical equipment, such as ventilators. Based on our findings, we advocate for robust statistical model construction through better synergies between data science practitioners and public health experts. Existence of security bugs in user tracking software necessitates development of tools that will detect data privacy violations and security weaknesses.
The Adsorption Performance of MoS2 Nano-rod by Combined with Graphene Oxide for Cr(VI) Removal from Aqueous Solution
Authors: ZHOU Jing , SI Chongdian , GAO Hongtao 
Published: May 2021

The rod-like nano-MoS2/graphene oxide (GO) nanocomposite was fabricated by a facile hydrothermal method, which was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms, respectively. It was used as adsorbent to remove heavy metal contaminate, such as Cr(VI), from aqueous solution. The investigations on adsorption kinetics and isotherms showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm model could well fit the experimental data. The adsorption rate was controlled by both exterior and interior surface diffusion steps. Further investigations on the activation energy and thermodynamics of the adsorption process elucidated that the Cr(VI) adsorption on MoS2/GO was an endothermic and spontaneous chemi-sorption process. The maximum adsorption capacity was 43.95 mg·g-1 and the adsorption efficiency of Cr(VI) was enhanced significantly with the coexistence of organic contamination. After recycling five times, the decline of adsorption capacity of MoS2/GO wasno more than 8.0 %, which indicated that the adsorbents could be reused in Cr(VI) removal practically. The MoS2/GO nanocomposite has been proved to be a low-cost, efficient and promising adsorbent used for heavy metal ions removal from wastewater.
Adsorption of Azo Dye on Magnetically Separable Fe3O4/CeO2 Nanocomposite: Kinetics, Isotherm, Mechanism
Authors: AN Zhihao , ZHANG Wenwen , MA Jingying , ZENG Ke , YUAN Ming , CHEN Donghui 
Published: May 2021

In this study, magnetically separable Fe3O4/CeO2 nanocomposite (F/CNc) was first synthesized in hydrothermal and sol-precipitation methods and characterized by techniques including SEM-EDS, XRD, BET, FT-IR and VSM. The adsorption experiments of acid black dye (AB210) onto F/CNc were carried out under the conditions of temperature (30 – 60 ℃), solution pH (1 – 11), Fe-Ce molar ratio (1:2.5 – 4) and initial dye concentrations (20 – 80 mg/L). The adsorption capacity of AB210 increased with increasing initial dye concentration and temperature, and decreased with increasing solution pH. The maximum adsorption capacity of F/CNc for AB210 reached 124.5 mg/g when Fe-Ce molar ratio was 1:3. Pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models were then used to describe the kinetics of adsorption, of which the latter fitted the adsorption process well, and the adsorption process complied also with the intra-particle diffusion model. The isothermal adsorption was described using Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models and the Langmuir model matched. FT-IR and Zeta-potential measurement proved the physical adsorption process of AB210 onto F/CNc. The saturation magnetizations of Fe3O4 nanospheres and F/CNc were measured to be 69.1 emu/g and 22.9 emu/g respectively, indicating the coating layer reduced the magnetization of Fe3O4 nanospheres, but F/CNc were still separated easily by applying a magnetic field, keeping easy separability. Being easy to recover and remaining adsorption efficiency 90 % in comparison to the original even after four adsorption cycles, demonstrate the effectiveness and practical application of F/CNc as an adsorbent.