bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of Asthma Computable Phenotypes to Identify Pediatric Asthma at an Academic Institution
Authors: Ross Mindy K. , Zheng Henry , Zhu Bing , Lao Ailina , Hong Hyejin , Natesan Alamelu , Radparvar Melina , Bui Alex A.T. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objectives Asthma is a heterogenous condition with significant diagnostic complexity, including variations in symptoms and temporal criteria. The disease can be difficult for clinicians to diagnose accurately. Properly identifying asthma patients from the electronic health record is consequently challenging as current algorithms (computable phenotypes) rely on diagnostic codes (e.g., International Classification of Disease, ICD) in addition to other criteria (e.g., inhaler medications)—but presume an accurate diagnosis. As such, there is no universally accepted or rigorously tested computable phenotype for asthma.
Methods We compared two established asthma computable phenotypes: the Chicago Area Patient-Outcomes Research Network (CAPriCORN) and Phenotype KnowledgeBase (PheKB). We established a large-scale, consensus gold standard (n = 1,365) from the University of California, Los Angeles Health System's clinical data warehouse for patients 5 to 17 years old. Results were manually reviewed and predictive performance (positive predictive value [PPV], sensitivity/specificity, F1-score) determined. We then examined the classification errors to gain insight for future algorithm optimizations.
Results As applied to our final cohort of 1,365 expert-defined gold standard patients, the CAPriCORN algorithms performed with a balanced PPV = 95.8% (95% CI: 94.4–97.2%), sensitivity = 85.7% (95% CI: 83.9–87.5%), and harmonized F1 = 90.4% (95% CI: 89.2–91.7%). The PheKB algorithm was performed with a balanced PPV = 83.1% (95% CI: 80.5–85.7%), sensitivity = 69.4% (95% CI: 66.3–72.5%), and F1 = 75.4% (95% CI: 73.1–77.8%). Four categories of errors were identified related to method limitations, disease definition, human error, and design implementation.
Conclusion The performance of the CAPriCORN and PheKB algorithms was lower than previously reported as applied to pediatric data (PPV = 97.7 and 96%, respectively). There is room to improve the performance of current methods, including targeted use of natural language processing and clinical feature engineering.
Pathophysiology of Bronchiectasis
Authors: Keir Holly R. , Chalmers James D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBronchiectasis is a complex, heterogeneous disorder defined by both a radiological abnormality of permanent bronchial dilatation and a clinical syndrome. There are multiple underlying causes including severe infections, mycobacterial disease, autoimmune conditions, hypersensitivity disorders, and genetic conditions. The pathophysiology of disease is understood in terms of interdependent concepts of chronic infection, inflammation, impaired mucociliary clearance, and structural lung damage. Neutrophilic inflammation is characteristic of the disease, with elevated levels of harmful proteases such as neutrophil elastase associated with worse outcomes. Recent data show that neutrophil extracellular trap formation may be the key mechanism leading to protease release and severe bronchiectasis. Despite the dominant of neutrophilic disease, eosinophilic subtypes are recognized and may require specific treatments. Neutrophilic inflammation is associated with elevated bacterial loads and chronic infection with organisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Loss of diversity of the normal lung microbiota and dominance of proteobacteria such as Pseudomonas and Haemophilus are features of severe bronchiectasis and link to poor outcomes. Ciliary dysfunction is also a key feature, exemplified by the rare genetic syndrome of primary ciliary dyskinesia. Mucus symptoms arise through goblet cell hyperplasia and metaplasia and reduced ciliary function through dyskinesia and loss of ciliated cells. The contribution of chronic inflammation, infection, and mucus obstruction leads to progressive structural lung damage. The heterogeneity of the disease is the most challenging aspect of management. An understanding of the pathophysiology of disease and their biomarkers can help to guide personalized medicine approaches utilizing the concept of “treatable traits.”
The Aphasia Communication Outcome Measure: Motivation, Development, Validity Evidence, and Interpretation of Change Scores
Authors: Hula William D. , Doyle Patrick J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe Aphasia Communication Outcome Measure (ACOM) is a patient-reported measure of communicative functioning developed for persons with stroke-induced aphasia. It was motivated by the desire to include the perspective of persons with aphasia in the measurement of treatment outcomes and to apply newly accessible psychometric tools to improve the quality and usefulness of available outcome measures for aphasia. The ACOM was developed within an item response theory framework, and the validity of the score estimates it provides is supported by evidence based on its content, internal structure, relationships with other variables, stability over time, and responsiveness to treatment. This article summarizes the background and motivation for the ACOM, the steps in its initial development, evidence supporting its validity as a measure of patient-reported communication functioning, and current recommendations for interpreting change scores.
Plasma Exchange in Acute and Acute on Chronic Liver Failure
Authors: Maiwall Rakhi , Sarin Shiv K. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractLiver failure in the context of acute (ALF) and acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) is associated with high mortality in the absence of a liver transplant. For decades, therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is performed for the management of immune-mediated diseases. TPE has emerged as an attractive extracorporeal blood purification technique in patients with ALF and ACLF. The basic premise of using TPE is to remove the toxic substances which would allow recovery of native liver functions by facilitating liver regeneration. In recent years, encouraging data have emerged, suggesting the benefits of TPE in patients with liver failure. TPE has emerged as an attractive liver support device for the failing liver until liver transplantation or clinical recovery. The data in patients with ALF suggest routine use of high-volume TPE, while the data for such a strategy are less robust for patients with ACLF.
Telemedicine Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of an International Survey
Authors: Ahmad Farhan , Wysocki Robert W. , White Neil , Richard Marc , Cohen Mark S. , Simcock Xavier 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Objective The aim of the study is to survey hand surgeons' perspectives on telemedicine during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and intended applications after the pandemic.
Methods Online surveys were sent to 285 Canadian and American surgeons in late April and early May 2020.
Results Response rate was 63% (180)—84% (152) American and 16% (28) Canadian. Forty-three percent (76) of respondents were in private practice, 36% (64) academics, 13% (24) privademics, and 6% (12) hospital employed. The most common telemedicine platform was Zoom. During the pandemic, 42% of patient visits were conducted via telemedicine; however, 37% required a subsequent in-person office visit. The most common complaint by surgeons was the inability to provide routine in-office procedures. The most beneficial feature was ease of use, and the most frustrating feature was connectivity difficulty. Time spent was similar to in-person visits, and surgeons were likely to recommend their platforms. Surgeons were neutral about using telehealth in the future and were most likely to use it for follow-up visits. New patient visits for traumatic injuries or fractures were of limited value. Canadians used telemedicine for a greater proportion than Americans (50 vs. 40%, p <0.05) and spent more time than in-person visits (7/10 vs. 5/10, p <0.05). Americans were more likely to use telemedicine for postoperative follow-up visits (6/10 vs. 4/10, p <0.05) and in mornings before clinic opens (4/10 vs. 2/10, p <0.05). Private practices were more likely to use telemedicine for future allied health provider visits than all other practice types (p <0.05).
Conclusion Telemedicine comprised nearly half of patient encounters during the COVID-19 pandemic, but limitations remain.
Point-Prevalence Survey for the Hospital-Acquired Infections in Intensive Care Units of Trauma Center in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Northern India
Authors: Boora Sandeep , Singh Parul , Verma Arun , Chauhan Ashok , Lathwal Amit , Mathur Purva 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background The burden of hospital-acquired infections (HAIs) is all assumption based, and the true burden remains unknown in most countries, particularly in the developing countries where healthcare facilities are suboptimal and knowledge is limited.
Methodology This cross-sectional study was conducted at the trauma center of a tertiary care institute from August to September 2019, to assess the burden of HAI and antibiotic resistance pattern of HAI. The total sample size in our study was 105. Our objective was to estimate the point prevalence of HAI and study the associated factors in a tertiary care hospital.
Result In this study, the point prevalence of HAI was five to six times higher when compared with that of developed countries. Gram-negative organisms were the predominant bacteria; with Acinetobacter baumannii the most common among them.
Conclusion Point-prevalence survey is an important objective of the antimicrobial stewardship program; it will be helpful in controlling antimicrobial resistance and this tool plays a significant role in hospital settings. Our study is quite pertinent to assess the point prevalence of HAI. It will help in knowing the current prevalence and pattern of the HAI. Therefore, as healthcare administrators, we can further decrease the HAI for better patient outcomes in the future.
Analysis of the Prevalence and Severity of Dysregulated Bone Mineral Homeostasis in Nondialyzed Chronic Kidney Disease Patients
Authors: Patel Digishaben D. , Vachhani Uday , Rajput Ajay , Raghavani Pratik , Parchwani Deepak N. , Dholariya Sagar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background Progressive loss of kidney function in chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to altered mineral homeostasis, reflected by the imbalance in calcium and phosphorus, and has been associated with progression of renal failure.
Aims The aim of this study was to investigate CKD-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD)-associated candidate variables and its relationship with parathyroid hormone (PTH), as well as to quantify the prevalence of CKD-associated mineral disturbances in nondialyzed CKD patients.
Materials and Methods This cross-sectional analytical study included 124 CKD patients and 157 control participants. Blood samples were analyzed for serum total calcium, phosphorus, PTH, electrolytes, and other hematological/hemodynamic parameters by standard methods. Suitable descriptive statistics was used for different variables.
Results The 124 patients had a mean age of 50.2 ± 7.8 years with male to female ratio of 1.58; majority of patients had stage 3 CKD (40.32%), and the most common comorbid conditions were diabetes mellitus (n = 78 [62.9%]) and hypertension (n = 63 [50.8%]). A high prevalence of mineral metabolite abnormalities was observed in a patient cohort; overall prevalence of hyperparathyroidism was found in 57.25% patients, hypocalcemia in 61.29%, and hyperphosphatemia in 82.25% patients. Prevalence of abnormal homeostasis (with regard to total calcium, phosphate, and PTH) increased progressively with the severity of disease (analysis of variance; p < 0.05). Significant differences in the mean values of total calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and PTH were seen compared with healthy participants (p < 0.0001). Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between serum PTH with serum phosphorous (R
2: 0.33; p < 0.0001), serum creatinine (R
2: 0.084; p < 0.0259), serum potassium (R
2: 0.068; p < 0.0467), and a significant negative correlation with serum total calcium (R
2: 0.37; p < 0.0001).
Conclusions CKD patients are at risk of or may already have developed secondary hyperparathyroidism apparent from PTH-linked derangements in mineral metabolism in predialysis CKD patients. These abnormalities start in early stages of CKD and worsen with disease progression. This accentuates the significance of early recognition of mineral bone disorder, understanding its pathophysiological consequences and scheduling necessary interventions/management strategies to protect the CKD patients from a plethora of complications.
Antibiotics in pig meat production: restrictions as the odd case and overuse as normality? Experiences from Sweden and Italy
Authors: Waluszewski Alexandra , Cinti Alessandro , Perna Andrea 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFor people interested in high-quality food,Italyhas long been acknowledged for its production of Parma ham, salami and similar pig meat-based products. For researchers in the field of antibiotic resistance, they are known as products of a highly antibiotic-dependent production system. Italy has one of the highest consumptions of antibiotics by animals in the EU, estimated to be 244 mg/PCU. By contrast,Swedenhas the lowest consumption of antibiotics by animals in the EU, estimated to be 12.5 mg/PCU. Thus, the Italian level is about 20 times higher than the Swedish one. Theaimof this paper is to pinpoint the role of antibiotics in the Swedish and Italian production systems. What are the underlying forces and the key features of the Swedish production system—a system that can actually compensate for routine group treatment with antibiotics through precautionary health and biosecurity? What aspects are behind the different antibiotic consumption patterns in the Italian setting? We argue that the Swedish ability to compensate for routine prophylactic antibiotic group treatment was the outcome of an extensive interaction process: ‘outsiders’ increased the general awareness of routine antibiotic use by debating it in the media, and ‘insiders’ took the debate seriously and consequently acted to develop a production system that was able to compensate for routine use of antibiotics. Based on both the Swedish and Italian experiences, we argue that a legal ban on routine group treatment does not in itself guarantee a change. Those who are supposed to adopt must first share the ideas the legislation rests on; second, they must be prepared to invest in a change of material structures; third, they must foresee a ‘fair’ distribution of costs and benefits among producers and users—that is, an economic context in which all players are incentivised to follow the same route.
Determination of group velocity based on nanoindentation using Si and SiO2/Si wafers
Authors: Norimasa Oga , Hase Masataka , Mori Ryotaro , Hayamizu Mai , Murotani Hiroshi , Miyazaki Koji , Takashiri Masayuki 
Published: July 2021

The analyses of thermal transport properties can help improve the performance of high-tech semiconducting devices, such as thermoelectric generators and electronic devices. However, methods to measure thermal transport properties are limited, especially the group velocity and phonon mean free path (MFP) of thin films. Herein, we propose a simple technique to measure the group velocity and phonon MFP based on nanoindentation using Si and SiO2/Si wafers. The group velocities, including the longitudinal, transverse, and average group velocities, were estimated using Young’s modulus, shear modulus, and Poisson’s ratio. The phonon MFP was estimated from the average group velocity, lattice thermal conductivity, and specific heat. The determined group velocities (∼6050 m/s) and phonon MFP (∼80 nm) when the Si wafer was used as a bulk material were in good agreement with the corresponding reference data. The influence of the underlying Si substrate increased when the indentation depth was increased when the SiO2/Si wafer was used as a thin film (SiO2 layer thickness, 200 nm). The influence of the underlying Si substrate existed even when the smallest indentation depth of 50 nm and the determined group velocities (∼4750 m/s) and phonon MFP (∼0.5 nm) were slightly different from those of the reference data. Therefore, although the accuracy of the measurement technique can be improved, this study verified that nanoindentation can be used to measure the group velocity and phonon MFP of materials. Furthermore, this technique opens a pathway for investigating the thermal transport properties of nanostructured materials.
Asymptotics of the scattering operator for the wave equation in a singularly perturbed domain
Authors: Korikov D. V. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
A family of Cauchy-Dirichlet problems for the wave equations in unbounded domains

is considered (here

is a small parameter); a scattering operator

is associated with each domain

. For

the boundaries of the

are smooth, while the boundary of the limit domain

contains a conical point. The asymptotics of

as

is determined.
Bibliography: 11 titles.
In vitro affinity maturation of broader and more-potent variants of the HIV-1–neutralizing antibody CAP256-VRC26.25
Authors: Yin Yiming , Quinlan Brian D. , Ou Tianling , Guo Yan , He Wenhui , Farzan Michael 
Published: July 2021

SignificanceBroadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) can prevent new HIV-1 infections, but most are insufficiently broad or potent to protect from the diverse pool of circulating viruses. V2-glycan/apex bNAbs are exceptionally potent, but their breadth is limited. Their neutralizing activity requires tyrosine sulfation, a posttranslational modification that precludes their improvement with phage or yeast display. Here, we demonstrate the utility of a mammalian display approach whereby the heavy- and light-chain loci of a B cell line are CRISPR edited to encode the apex bNAb CAP256-VRC26.25. These loci were iteratively diversified through homology-directed repair with a library of DNA templates and through in vitro somatic hypermutation and selected with diverse envelope glycoprotein trimers. This approach can identify broader and more-potent apex bNAbs.
Alternative pathways for the development of lymphoid structures in humans
Authors: Berteloot Laureline , Molina Thierry Jo , Bruneau Julie , Picard Capucine , Barlogis Vincent , Secq Véronique , Abdo Chrystelle , Boddaert Nathalie , Griscelli Claude , Neven Bénédicte , Fischer Alain 
Published: July 2021

Significance
Development of secondary lymphoid organs (SLO) was shown in mice to depend on lymphoid tissue inducer cells (LTi). Mutations of the IL2RG/JAK3 genes lead to severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) characterized by an absence of T cells, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and likely LTi lymphocytes. Development of SLO was evaluated in T cell–reconstituted SCID patients by MRI, showing that lymph nodes were not detectable with the exception of those draining the gut. Analysis of tissues from a patient who died despite T cell reconstitution showed that lymph nodes were absent and that no LTi cells could be seen in the lymphoid-rich spleen and appendix. Thus, a LTi-independent pathway, mostly associated with the gut, contributes to SLO formation.
Sedentary behaviour, physical activity and cardiometabolic health in highly trained athletes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Franssen Wouter M.A. , Vanbrabant Eva , Cuveele Eline , Ivanova Anna , Franssen Gregor H.L.M. , Eijnde Bert O. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTProlonged periods of sedentary time appear to increase the risk for the development of several chronic conditions and all‐cause mortality, even when moderate‐to‐vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is taken into consideration. However, whether the beneficial health effects of MVPA in highly active individuals remain present when leisure time is spent sedentary remains speculative. Therefore, we systematically evaluated off‐training sedentary behaviour and physical activity levels in athletes. Studies were collected from four bibliographic databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials). Studies were eligible for inclusion if they evaluated sedentary behaviour and physical activity levels among athletes. Data from athletes were compared with the general population and pooled using a random‐effects model. After deduplication 3104 were identified of which 13 studies met inclusion criteria. Compared to the general population, athletes spent significantly more time in sedentary behaviour (+79 min/day; 95% confidence interval [CI]: [41, 65] min/day; p<0.001). In addition, athlete individuals spent less time in light intensity physical activity (‐92 min/day; 95% CI: [‐117, ‐66] min/day; p<0.001) and had increased levels of MVPA (+62 min/day; 95% CI: [38, 85] min/day; p<0.001) compared to the general population. Athletes exceed the average time spend sedentary per day and make them even more sedentary compared to the general population.
Considerations in Personality Measurement
Authors: Hall Matthew E. K. , Hollibaugh Gary E. , Klingler Jonathan D. , Ramey Adam J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn another article in this issue, Black et al. discuss their preferred approach to estimating Supreme Court justices’ Big Five personality traits from written text and provide several critiques of the approach of Hall et al. In this rejoinder, we show that Black et al.’s critiques are substantially without merit, their preferred approach suffers from many of the same drawbacks that they project onto our approach, their specific method of implementing their preferred approach runs afoul of many contemporary social scientific norms, our use of concurrences to estimate personality traits is far more justifiable than they suggest (especially in contrast to their use of lower court opinions), and their substantive critiques reflect a potential misunderstanding of the nature of conscientiousness. Nonetheless, we also acknowledge their broader point regarding the state-of-the-art textual analysis methodology vis-à-vis the estimation of personality traits, and we provide some constructive suggestions for the path forward.
Teaching friction at university level through an experiment with images
Authors: Leite Marcos L , Maidana Nora L , Fonseca Monaliza , Barros Suelen F , Adúriz-Bravo Agustín , Vanin Vito R 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The experiment with images described here contributes to the scarce literature about the experimental approach to the classical problem of oblique launching on the surface of an inclined plane. It is directed at an intermediate physics course, with the aim of contextualizing the teaching of the laws of friction and empirical modeling in Classical Mechanics. We used a video of a two-dimensional real motion of a coin sliding on an inclined plane, a case where the net force varies continuously. The video frames were separated and each one was assigned a time code by a computational process. The resulting set of images was used to analyze the dynamical evolution of the system, by recording the coin positions at known instants. All the images and laboratory manuals can be accessed at http://www.fep.if.usp.br/∼fisfoto/translacao/planoInclinado/index.php. Realizing that the resistive force can be interpreted as the kinetic friction force, according to Amontons’ laws, it is possible to build a theoretical model able to predict the trajectory through a first order numerical method, and then fit its parameters to the observed trajectory. This proposal reconciles the laboratory with Information and Communication Digital Technologies (ICDT). It also favors a deeper discussion about the role of laws, models and hypotheses in the physical sciences, which could be particularly interesting in the case of teacher education.