bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Anaerobic Swim Ergometer Training on Sprint Performance in Adolescent Swimmers
Authors: Pinos Adam J. , Bentley David J. , Logan-Sprenger Heather M. 
Published: February 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare 4 weeks of pool-based sprint interval training with a similar ergometer training intervention on a maximal anaerobic lactate test (MANLT), 50-m (competition) freestyle performance, and 6- and 30-second maximal swimming ergometer performances. Methods: A total of 14 competitive adolescent swimmers (male, n = 8; female, n = 6) participated in this study. Swimmers were categorized into 2 sex-matched groups: swimming ergometer (ERG; n = 7) and pool-sprint training (n = 7) groups. Each athlete performed 4 preintervention and postintervention assessments consisting of a MANLT, a 50-m freestyle race, and 6- and 30-second maximal swim ERG performances. Results: Both groups demonstrated a significant effect (P < .05) of time for all assessments. Group differences were observed after 4 weeks of sprint interval training as follows: (1) The ERG group had a significantly faster speed in the fourth 50-m MANLT sprint (ERG 1.58 [0.05] vs pool-sprint training 1.48 [0.07] m/s, P < .01) and (2) The ERG group demonstrated enhanced Δblood lactate post-MANLT (ERG 2.4 [1.2] vs pool-sprint training 2.7 [0.9] mmol/L, P < .05). A significant correlation was found between the 30-second maximal ERG test and 50-m freestyle swimming velocity (r = .74, P < .01, effect size = 0.52). Conclusions: The results demonstrate significant physiological improvements to anaerobic sprint ability after 4 weeks of sprint interval training in both swim ERG and pool-based interventions. Thus, sprint ability may be improved through multiple modalities (pool and dry land) to elicit a positive training response.
Ten-year follow-up of cardiac function and neural regulation in a group of amateur half-marathon runners
Authors: De Maria Beatrice , de Oliveira Gois Mariana , Catai Aparecida Maria , Marra Christian , Lucini Daniela , Porta Alberto , Pagani Massimo , Dalla Vecchia Laura Adelaide 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveIn the last years, a debate exists about type, intensity and frequency of physical exercise that is really indicated to protect healthy subjects from cardiovascular disease. Regular physical training has been associated with an improved cardiovascular risk profile, but it has also been demonstrated that strenuous and uncontrolled physical exercise could be dangerous, in terms of increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In the present study, we evaluated a group of 35 amateur half-marathon runners, who were likewise studied 10 years before (B). The results of B suggested that an increased cardiac sympathetic modulation could potentially represent a negative prognostic factor. The aim of this follow-up was to assess the medium–long-term effects of moderate to vigorous physical training on the cardiovascular neural control, cardiac function and occurrence of cardiovascular diseases.MethodsEach enrolled subject underwent: (1) an interview and physical examination to ascertain the presence of cardiovascular disease; (2) standing test to evaluate the cardiovascular neural control by means of heart rate variability (HRV), arterial blood pressure (AP) variability and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS); (3) transthoracic echocardiography to evaluate cardiac function.ResultsAt 10-year follow-up (FU), in this group of middle-aged athletes the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases was low, not unlike that of the overall population. The results of HRV analysis showed a decreased sympathetic and increased vagal modulation directed to the heart, compared with B. In addition, HRV, AP variability and BRS indices showed a physiological response to active standing. Finally, athletes had normal echocardiographic measures.ConclusionWe conclude that in our group of athletes a regular moderate–vigorous physical training through the 10 years was quite beneficial as the prevalence of sympathetic cardiac modulation observed at B was not accompanied by increased cardiovascular risk, on the contrary a slight prevalence of vagal indices was observed at FU.
An extensible lattice Boltzmann method for viscoelastic flows: complex and moving boundaries in Oldroyd-B fluids
Authors: Kuron Michael , Stewart Cameron , de Graaf Joost , Holm Christian 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Most biological fluids are viscoelastic, meaning that they have elastic properties in addition to the dissipative properties found in Newtonian fluids. Computational models can help us understand viscoelastic flow, but are often limited in how they deal with complex flow geometries and suspended particles. Here, we present a lattice Boltzmann solver for Oldroyd-B fluids that can handle arbitrarily shaped fixed and moving boundary conditions, which makes it ideally suited for the simulation of confined colloidal suspensions. We validate our method using several standard rheological setups and additionally study a single sedimenting colloid, also finding good agreement with the literature. Our approach can readily be extended to constitutive equations other than Oldroyd-B. This flexibility and the handling of complex boundaries hold promise for the study of microswimmers in viscoelastic fluids.

Graphic abstract
Chapter 5.2b Erebus Volcanic Province: petrology
Authors: Martin Adam P. , Cooper Alan F. , Price Richard C. , Kyle Philip R. , Gamble John A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Igneous rocks of the Erebus Volcanic Province have been investigated for more than a century but many aspects of petrogenesis remain problematic. Current interpretations are assessed and summarized using a comprehensive dataset of previously published and new geochemical and geochronological data. Igneous rocks, ranging in age from 25 Ma to the present day, are mainly nepheline normative. Compositional variation is largely controlled by fractionation of olivine + clinopyroxene + magnetite/ilmenite + titanite ± kaersutite ± feldspar, with relatively undifferentiated melts being generated by <10% partial melting of a mixed spinel + garnet lherzolite source. Equilibration of radiogenic Sr, Nd, Pb and Hf is consistent with a high time-integrated HIMU
sensu stricto
source component and this is unlikely to be related to subduction of the palaeo-Pacific Plate around 0.5 Ga. Relatively undifferentiated whole-rock chemistry can be modelled to infer complex sources comprising depleted and enriched peridotite, HIMU, eclogite-like and carbonatite-like components. Spatial (west–east) variations in Sr, Nd and Pb isotopic compositions and Ba/Rb and Nb/Ta ratios can be interpreted to indicate increasing involvement of an eclogitic crustal component eastwards. Melting in the region is related to decompression, possibly from edge-driven mantle convection or a mantle plume.
Topological Indices of Derived Networks of Benzene Ring Embedded in
P
-Type Surface on
2

D
Authors: Yin Feng , Numan Muhammad , Butt Saad Ihsan , Aslam Adnan , Kausar Andleeb 
Published: February 2021

Topological index (TI) is a numerical number assigned to the molecular structure that is used for correlation analysis in pharmacology, toxicology, and theoretical and environmental chemistry. Benzene ring embedded in the

P

-type surface on

2

D

network has stability similar to

C

60

and can be defined as

3

D

linkage of

C

8

rings. This structure is the simplest possible tilling of the periodic minimal surface

P

which contains one type of carbon atom. In this paper, we compute general Randić, general Zagreb, general sum-connectivity, first Zagreb, second Zagreb, and

A
B
C

and

G
A

indices of two operations (simple medial and stellation) of

2

D

network of benzene ring. Also, the exact expressions of

A
B

C

4

and

G

A

5

indices of these structures are computed.
A Safe Method for Early Rehabilitation of Articular Fracture at the Base of Thumb Metacarpal Bone
Authors: Oc Yunus , Kilinc Bekir Eray , Varol Ali , Kara Adnan 
Published: February 2021

Background. To evaluate the clinical and radiological results of closed reduction, distraction using an external fixator, and percutaneous fixation in patients with Bennet and Rolando fractures. Methods. Patients over 18 years of age, who had isolated fracture at the base of the first metacarpal bone, had no previous functional limitations and pain complaints, were regularly followed up, and had fixation using K-wire combined with an external fixator, were included. Arthrosis was evaluated according to Eaton and Littler classification. Pain intensity was evaluated using the visual analogue scale (VAS) on a 0–10 scale. Furthermore, patients were questioned regarding limitations in their daily activities and hobbies. Pinch and grasp strengths were evaluated. Results. Thirteen of the patients were male and five were female, with a mean age of 31.5 ± 12.5 years. The surgical procedure was performed on the right extremity in 12 patients and left extremity in six patients. Twelve patients were found to have Bennet fractures, whereas six patients had Rolando fractures. The mean follow-up period of the patients was found to be 29.6 ± 5.4 months. The VAS score was rated as 2 in one patient and 1 in one patient. Other patients had a pain VAS score of 0. The mean Quick-DASH score was calculated to be 1.20. No statistical difference was found in pinch strength between the two extremities (

p

> 0.05). No difference was observed in terms of the range of motion (

p

> 0.05). Conclusion. Fixation using K-wire combined with an external fixator has more benefits than its disadvantages and is superior to other methods in the intra-articular fractures of the first metacarpal bone.
Graphs Associated with the Ideals of a Numerical Semigroup Having Metric Dimension 2
Authors: Wang Ying , Binyamin Muhammad Ahsan , Ali Wajid , Aslam Adnan , Rao Yongsheng 
Published: February 2021

Let

Λ

be a numerical semigroup and

I
⊂
Λ

be an irreducible ideal of

Λ

. The graph

G

I

Λ

assigned to an ideal

I

of

Λ

is a graph with elements of

Λ
∖
I

∗

as vertices, and any two vertices

x
and
y

are adjacent if and only if

x
+
y
∈
I

. In this work, we give a complete characterization (up to isomorphism) of the graph

G

I

Λ

having metric dimension 2.
Sugary Drink Consumption and Subsequent Colorectal Cancer Risk: The Japan Public Health Center–Based Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Leung Chi Yan , Abe Sarah Krull , Sawada Norie , Ishihara Junko , Takachi Ribeka , Yamaji Taiki , Iwasaki Motoki , Hashizume Masahiro , Inoue Manami , Tsugane Shoichiro 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Background:
Most studies examining the associations of sugary drink consumption on colorectal cancer risk have been conducted in Western populations.

Methods:
This study consisted of 74,070 participants in the Japan Public Health Center–based Prospective Study who completed a food frequency questionnaire (1995–1999). The participants were followed until December 2013 to investigate the associations between sugary drink consumption and colorectal cancer risk using Cox proportional hazards regression models.

Results:
Among the 74,070 participants, mean age was 56.5 years at baseline, with a mean body mass index (BMI) of 23.5 and a mean daily consumption of 286 mL/day for men and 145 mL/day for women. During a follow-up of 15 years, 1,648 colorectal cancer cases were identified. No overall greater risk of colorectal cancer was observed among men [multivariable HR = 0.84; 95% confidence of interval (CI), 0.70–1.02; ≥254 mL/day vs. nonconsumers] and women (HR = 1.20; 95% CI, 0.96–1.50, ≥134 mL/day vs. nonconsumers). Sugary drink consumption was associated with colon cancer among women (HR = 1.36; 95% CI, 1.03–1.78, ≥134 mL/day vs. nonconsumers). HRs for proximal colon cancer among women who consumed sugary drinks, as compared with nonconsumers, were 1.47 (95% CI, 1.03–2.10) for sugary drink consumption less than 134 mL/day, and 1.45 (95% CI, 1.01–2.09) for at least 134 mL/day.

Conclusions:
In this large prospective cohort of Japanese with a moderate sugary drink consumption level and low prevalence of obesity, we observed a 36% increased risk of colon cancer in women.

Impact:
Our findings highlight the importance of subsite- and sex-specific investigation.
Modernizing Clinical Trial Eligibility Criteria: Recommendations of the ASCO-Friends of Cancer Research Laboratory Reference Ranges and Testing Intervals Work Group
Authors: Spira Alexander I. , Stewart Mark D. , Jones Suzanne , Chang Elaine , Fielding Anitra , Richie Nicole , Wood Laura S. , Thompson Michael A. , Jones Lee , Nair Abhilasha , Mahal Brandon A. , Gerber David E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Purpose:
In clinical research, eligibility criteria promote patient safety and optimize the evidence generated from clinical trials. However, overly stringent eligibility criteria, including laboratory requirements, may limit enrollment, resulting in delayed trial completion and potentially limiting applicability of trial results to a general practice population.

Experimental Design:
Starting in 2018, a working group consisting of experts in direct patient care, the FDA, industry, and patient advocacy developed recommendations to guide the optimal use of laboratory reference ranges and testing intervals in clinical trial eligibility criteria and study procedures. The working group evaluated current eligibility criteria across different clinical trial phases and performed a literature review to evaluate the impact of and justification for laboratory test eligibility requirements and testing intervals in clinical trials. Recommendations were developed on the basis of the goals of promoting safety and optimizing the evidence generated, while also expanding eligibility and applicability, and minimizing excess burden of trial participation.

Results:
In general, we found little variation over time and trial phase in laboratory test requirements, suggesting that these eligibility criteria are not refined according to ongoing clinical experience. We propose recommendations to optimize the use of laboratory tests when considering eligibility criteria.

Conclusions:
Tailoring the use of laboratory test requirements and testing intervals may increase the number and diversity of patients in clinical trials and provide clinical data that more closely represent the general practice populations.
See related commentary by Giantonio, p. 2369
Modernizing Clinical Trial Eligibility Criteria: Recommendations of the ASCO–Friends of Cancer Research Prior Therapies Work Group
Authors: Osarogiagbon Raymond U. , Vega Diana Merino , Fashoyin-Aje Lola , Wedam Suparna , Ison Gwynn , Atienza Sol , De Porre Peter , Biswas Tithi , Holloway Jamie N. , Hong David S. , Wempe Madison M. , Schilsky Richard L. , Kim Edward S. , Wade James L. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Purpose:
Restrictive eligibility criteria induce differences between clinical trial and “real-world” treatment populations. Restrictions based on prior therapies are common; minimizing them when appropriate may increase patient participation in clinical trials.

Experimental Design:
A multi-stakeholder working group developed a conceptual framework to guide evaluation of prevailing practices with respect to using prior treatment as selection criteria for clinical trials. The working group made recommendations to minimize restrictions based on prior therapies within the boundaries of scientific validity, patient centeredness, distributive justice, and beneficence.

Recommendations:
(i) Patients are eligible for clinical trials regardless of the number or type of prior therapies and without requiring a specific therapy prior to enrollment unless a scientific or clinically based rationale is provided as justification. (ii) Prior therapy (either limits on number and type of prior therapies or requirements for specific therapies before enrollment) could be used to determine eligibility in the following cases: a) the agents being studied target a specific mechanism or pathway that could potentially interact with a prior therapy; b) the study design requires that all patients begin protocol-specified treatment at the same point in the disease trajectory; and c) in randomized clinical studies, if the therapy in the control arm is not appropriate for the patient due to previous therapies received. (iii) Trial designers should consider conducting evaluation separately from the primary endpoint analysis for participants who have received prior therapies.

Conclusions:
Clinical trial sponsors and regulators should thoughtfully reexamine the use of prior therapy exposure as selection criteria to maximize clinical trial participation.
See related commentary by Giantonio, p. 2369
Modernizing Clinical Trial Eligibility Criteria: Recommendations of the ASCO-Friends of Cancer Research Washout Period and Concomitant Medication Work Group
Authors: Harvey R. Donald , Mileham Kathryn F. , Bhatnagar Vishal , Brewer Jamie R. , Rahman Atiqur , Moravek Cassadie , Kennedy Andrew S. , Ness Elizabeth A. , Dees E. Claire , Ivy S. Percy , Ebbinghaus Scot W. , Schenkel Caroline , Uldrick Thomas S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Purpose:
Washout periods and concomitant medication exclusions are common in cancer clinical trial protocols. These exclusion criteria are often applied inconsistently and without evidence to justify their use. The authors sought to determine how washout period and concomitant medication allowances can be broadened to speed trial enrollment and improve the generalizability of trial data to a larger oncology practice population without compromising the safety of trial participants.

Experimental Design:
A multistakeholder working group was convened to define problems associated with excessively long washout periods and exclusion of patients due to concomitant medications. The group performed a literature search and evaluated study data from the Pancreatic Cancer Action Network (PanCAN), Emory University School of Medicine (Atlanta, GA), and the FDA to understand recent approaches to these eligibility criteria. The group convened to develop consensus recommendations for broadened eligibility criteria.

Results:
The data analysis found that exclusion criteria based on washout periods and concomitant medications are frequently inconsistent and lack scientific rationale. Scientific rationale for appropriate eligibility criteria are presented in the article; for washout periods, rationale is presented by treatment type.

Conclusions:
Arbitrary or blanket washout and concomitant medication exclusions should be eliminated. Where there is evidence to support them, clinically relevant washout periods and concomitant medication–related eligibility criteria may be included.
See related commentary by Giantonio, p. 2369
Modernizing Clinical Trial Eligibility Criteria: Recommendations of the ASCO-Friends of Cancer Research Performance Status Work Group
Authors: Magnuson Allison , Bruinooge Suanna S. , Singh Harpreet , Wilner Keith D. , Jalal Shadia , Lichtman Stuart M. , Kluetz Paul G. , Lyman Gary H. , Klepin Heidi D. , Fleury Mark E. , Hirsch Brad , Melemed Allen , Arnaldez Fernanda I. , Basu Roy Upal , Schenkel Caroline , Sherwood Shimere , Garrett-Mayer Elizabeth 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Purpose:
Performance status (PS) is one of the most common eligibility criteria. Many trials are limited to patients with high-functioning PS, resulting in important differences between trial participants and patient populations with the disease. In addition, existing PS measures are subjective and susceptible to investigator bias.

Experimental Design:
A multidisciplinary working group of the American Society of Clinical Oncology and Friends of Cancer Research evaluated how PS eligibility criteria could be more inclusive. The working group recommendations are based on a literature search, review of trials, simulation study, and multistakeholder consensus. The working group prioritized inclusiveness and access to investigational therapies, while balancing patient safety and study integrity.

Results:
Broadening PS eligibility criteria may increase the number of potentially eligible patients for a given clinical trial, thus shortening accrual time. It may also result in greater participant diversity, potentially reduce trial participant and patient disparities, and enable clinicians to more readily translate trial results to patients with low-functioning PS. Potential impact on outcomes was explored through a simulation trial demonstrating that when the number of Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group PS2 participants was relatively small, the effect on the estimated HR and power was modest, even when PS2 patients did not derive a treatment benefit.

Conclusions:
Expanding PS eligibility criteria to be more inclusive may be justified in many cases and could result in faster accrual rates and more representative trial populations.
See related commentary by Giantonio, p. 2369
Distinct Genomic Alterations in Prostate Tumors Derived from African American Men
Authors: Liu Wennuan , Zheng S. Lilly , Na Rong , Wei Lin , Sun Jishan , Gallagher Johnie , Wei Jun , Resurreccion W. Kyle , Ernst Sarah , Sfanos Karen S. , Isaacs William B. , Xu Jianfeng 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

We aim to understand, from acquired genetic alterations in tumors, why African American (AA) men are more likely to develop aggressive prostate cancer. By analyzing somatic mutations in 39 genes using deeper next-generation sequencing with an average depth of 2,522 reads for tumor DNA and genome-wide DNA copy-number alterations (CNA) in prostate cancer in a total of 171 AA/black men and comparing with those in 860 European American (EA)/white men, we here present several novel findings. First, &gt;35% of AA men harbor damaging mutations in APC, ATM, BRCA2, KDM6A, KMT2C, KMT2D, MED12, ZFHX3, and ZMYM3, each with &gt;1% of mutated copies. Second, among genes with &gt;10% of mutated copies in tumor cells, ZMYM3 is the most frequently mutated gene in AA prostate cancer. In a patient's tumor with &gt;96% frameshift mutations of ZMYM3, we find allelic imbalances in 10 chromosomes, including losses of five and gains of another four chromosomes, suggesting its role in maintaining genomic integrity. Third, when compared to prostate cancer in EA/white men, a higher frequency of CNAs of MYC, THADA, NEIL3, LRP1B, BUB1B, MAP3K7, BNIP3L and RB1, and a lower frequency of deletions of RYBP, TP53, and TMPRSS2-ERG are observed in AA/black men. Finally, for the above genes with higher frequency of CNAs in AA than in EA, deletion of MAP3K7, BNIP3L, NEIL3 or RB1, or gain of MYC significantly associates with both higher Gleason grade and advanced pathologic stage in AA/black men. Deletion of THADA associates with advanced pathologic stage only.

Implications:
A higher frequency of damaging mutation in ZMYM3 causing genomic instability along with higher frequency of altered genomic regions including deletions of MAP3K7, BNIP3L, RB1, and NEIL3, and gain of MYC appear to be distinct somatically acquired genetic alterations that may contribute to more aggressive prostate cancer in AA/black men.