bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fermentation characteristics of carbohydrate-rich feedstuffs, using faecal inocula from unweaned piglets.
Authors: Voigt C. , Williams B. A. , Verstegen M. , Mosenthin R. 
Published: November 2021

It is increasingly being realized that hindgut fermentation in monogastric animals has an important role in maintaining the health of the GIT and also of the animal itself. Thirty-five feedstuffs which were likely to be rich in fermentable carbohydrates were fermented in vitro using faeces from 28 day old piglets as the inoculum. The piglets had been offered a standard creep feed (no added antibiotics and copper). The in vitrocumulative gas production technique (Theodorou et al., 1994) was used to measure the fermentation characteristics of the feedstuffs.The substrates were separated into groups according to the component present in the largest amounts as: fibre (pea hulls, oatbran, soya hulls, wheat bran, wheat straw); grain (barley, maize oats, wheat); gums (gum arabic, guar gum); oligosaccharides (fructo-, trans-galacto-oligosaccharide); pectin (low and high methylated citrus fruits, high methylated sugar beet pectin); starch (oatmeal, inulin from Jerusalem Artichokes and Chicory Root, maize starch, native & treated potato starch, wheat flour, pea starch). The cumulative gas data were fitted to the monophasic modified Michaelis-Menten model (Groot et al, 1996).
The incidence of prolonged luteal function following early resumption of ovarian activity in post partum dairy cows
Authors: Ball P.J.H. , McEwan E.E.A. 
Published: November 2021

Early onset of ovarian activity post partum is thought to benefit reproductive performance in dairy cows (e.g. Darwash et al., 1997). However, as in the lactating ewe (Aitken et al., 1995), very early resumption may be detrimental to subsequent conception. An experiment was conducted to determine whether cows commencing ovarian activity very early would be more likely to suffer problems such as prolonged luteal function.Milk samples were collected from 133 individual multiparous cows three times a week, from approximately one week after calving until the subsequent pregnancy was well established. Profiles of progesterone, measured by ELISA, were used to detect the start of ovarian activity, prolonged luteal function (high values until 24 or more days after the start of ovarian activity or subsequent ovulations), and pregnancy.
The effect of feeding different protein sources on intake, milk yield, milk composition and liveweight in high yielding Holstein cows
Authors: Mansbridge R J , Blake J S 
Published: November 2021

High yielding cows require high quality diets to sustain milk yields and to minimise weight loss, metabolic disorders and fertility problems. Traditionally, these diets have contained fishmeal and soyabean meal, both widely regarded as good sources of high quality, digestible undegraded protein (DUP). However, there is increasing concern over the sustainability of world fish stocks and the BSE scare has increased public awareness to the extent that feeding animal protein to herbivores may become unacceptable in me future. This in turn has driven up the price of high quality imported vegetable proteins, such as soyabean meal. The aim of this study was to investigate whether fishmeal and soyabean meal could be replaced in the diet of high yielding cows, with protein sources grown in the UKIn a 12 week randomised block design experiment, 60 muciparous Holstein cows, on average 28 days calved at the start of the study, were fed total mixed rations based on grass silage and one of five protein mixtures. These were either 0.5 kg DM fishmeal + 0.7 kg DM soya + 2.5 kg DM rapeseed (PC), 1.3 kg DM soyabean + 2.3 kg DM rapeseed (PI), 3.8 kg DM lupins + 2.3 kg DM heat treated rapeseed (P2), 3.6 kg DM linseed + 1.4 kg DM rapeseed (P3) or 5.8 kg DM rapeseed (P4). Each diet was formulated to supply sufficient energy and metabolisable protein for maintenance + 43 litres and 0.75kg/d weight loss and to contain similiar levels of DUP (AFRC, 1993).
Acidogenicity of feeds for dairy cows. 2. Production responses
Authors: Dewhurst R.J. , Wadhwa D. , Borgida L.P. , Davies D.W.R. , Fisher W.J. 
Published: November 2021

Falling prices for cereals and beneficial effects on milk protein concentrations may promote greater inclusions of rapidly fermented ingredients in dairy rations. There is, however, a limit to the inclusion of these feeds into dairy rations beyond which performance declines due to sub-acidosis and related disorders. The feed compounder will need to be able to set limits on levels of feeding concentrates according to these risks. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of feeds of different acidogenicity (Wadhwa et al., 1998) on lactation performance of dairy cows offered diets based on grass- or maize-silage.Twelve multiparous Holstein-Friesian cows in the third month of lactation were used for this experiment. The experimental design involved adaptation and covariance recording on a standard diet (grass silage and 10 kg concentrates per day), followed by three 21-day experimental periods arranged as four 3x3 Latin Squares. The Latin Squares were constrained to a single forage to avoid difficulties in changeovers between grass silage and maize silage.
Effects of forage type and protein supplementation on voluntary intakes and particle breakdown of forages by dry dairy cows
Authors: Dewhurst R.J. , Davies D.W.R. , Fisher W.J. , Thomas I.J. , Adesogan A.T. 
Published: November 2021

There is now considerable evidence of residual effects of both energy and protein supply during the dry period on performance in the next lactation. Changes in forage intake and eating/rumination behaviour in the dry period have been implicated in predisposition to metabolic disorders in the subsequent lactation. In particular, there is a close association between intake either side of calving (Grummer, 1995). The primary objective of this experiment was to identify the effects, and interactions, of pre-partum energy and protein supply on forage intake and particle size reduction (as an index of rumination behaviour) of cows in the dry period.Fifty-two Holstein-Friesian cows, calving from September to November 1996, were used in a continuous design experiment The cows were dried off 8 weeks before their anticipated calving date and grazed on bare pasture for one week before training to use Calan gates (using grass silage only).
A comparison between ARC (1965) and AFRC (1991) phosphorus requirements for ewes
Authors: Parkins J.J. , Hemingway R.G. , Adam C.L. 
Published: November 2021

Beef cows given a diet severely inadequate in phosphorus (P) from 16 weeks before calving maintained appetite until 3-6 weeks after calving when plasma P concentrations were below 1.0 mmol/1 (Bass et al. 1981). The objective of this experiment was to compare the adequacy of ARC (1965) and AFRC (1991) dietary P inputs for ewes in relation to dry matter (DM) intake, plasma P concentration and early lamb growth.Blackface ewes (˃ 3 lambings, n=87, mean liveweight (LW) 53.9, s.d. 5.1kg)) were mated to Border Leicester rams and then randomly allocated to three equal groups according to LW and expected lambing date.
Monolithically-integrated 3D printed coaxial bandpass filters and RF diplexers: single-band and dual-band
Authors: Zhao Kunchen , Psychogiou Dimitra 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe manuscript reports on additively-manufactured (AM) coaxial-resonator-based bandpass filters (BPFs) and RF diplexers. A monolithic integration concept using stereolithography apparatus (SLA) is proposed and discussed in detail. Coupled-resonator-based synthesis alongside full-electromagnetic-based design methods is used for the design of the monolithic filters and RF diplexers. In particular, the paper discusses a new external coupling mechanism for dual-band BPFs that allow to independently control the coupling in each of the BPF passbands. Furthermore, a novel coaxial transmission line-type T-junction is proposed for the design of single- and dual-band RF diplexers. For practical validation purposes, multiple BPF and RF diplexer prototypes were designed, manufactured and tested at S- and C-band demonstrating the applicability of the proposed concept to low-cost, low-loss and low-weight RF components with complex geometrical features.
Improving the Scientific Understanding of the Paradox of Irrigation Efficiency: An Integrated Modeling Approach to Assessing Basin‐Scale Irrigation Efficiency
Authors: Xiong Rui , Zheng Yi , Han Feng , Tian Yong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIrrigation is vital for the sustainability of water‐limited agricultural areas. However, higher irrigation efficiency (IE) rarely reduces irrigation water consumption, a paradox well noted in the real world. Resolving this paradox requires rigorous assessment of basin‐scale IE, which remains rare. This study holistically analyzed basin‐scale IE using the Zhangye Basin (ZB), a typical agricultural area in arid northwestern China, as the testbed. A new basin‐scale IE index was proposed that factors in irrigation return flow and groundwater's direct contributions to crop evapotranspiration. A novel approach was also developed to calculate this new index based on integrated ecohydrological modeling. The major study findings for the ZB include the following. First, return flow accounts for approximately 13% of irrigation water, which creates a difference of 0.1 between the new basin‐scale IE index and a traditional field‐scale index. Second, although basin‐scale IE has notable interannual fluctuation, its multiyear average shows stability, which may be dependent on the basin's physical characteristics. Third, basin‐scale IE reflects large spatial heterogeneity and is influenced by the intensity of surface water‐groundwater interaction. Finally, under the projected future climate, return flow in the ZB will be enhanced by 3.2% per decade, and basin‐scale IE shows an increasing trend. Overall, rigorous evaluation of basin‐scale IE is critical to making heterogeneous policies and developing adaptive management strategies under the changing climate. The integrated modeling approach developed in this study provides a methodological foundation for overcoming misunderstandings about the IE paradox and benefits the reform of the current IE policy agenda.
Occurrences of Regional Strong Es Irregularities and Corresponding Scintillations Characterized Using a High‐Temporal‐Resolution GNSS Network
Authors: Sun Wenjie , Hu Lianhuan , Yang Yuyan , Zhao Xiukuan , Yang Sipeng , Xie Haiyong , Li Yi , Liu Libo , Ning Baiqi , Li Guozhu 
Published: November 2021

AbstractStrong sporadic E (Es) irregularities over China are investigated based on high‐temporal‐resolution total electron content (TEC) derived from two crossed chains of Beidou geostationary satellite (BD‐GEO) TEC receivers along 110°E and 23°N, respectively. The high resolution rate of TEC index (HR‐ROTI) calculated at an interval of 30 s, is proposed to characterize small‐scale strong Es irregularity structures. Based on the HR‐ROTI measurements and the typical drift velocity of Es 60 m/s, the scale sizes of strong Es irregularity structures were revealed to be mainly ∼7 km. The structures were mostly quasi‐periodically separated with distances of 7–16 km. Through a further statistical analysis of strong Es irregularity structures along the two chains, it was found that the Es irregularity structures predominantly occur during local summer at middle and low latitudes, with the occurrence rate peaking at ∼30°N. On average approximately 2–5 small‐scale strong Es irregularity structures may be embedded in one larger‐scale structure. Unlike the equatorial and low‐latitude F‐region irregularities which cause scintillations under most conditions, the strong Es irregularity characterized by HR‐ROTI caused scintillation with relatively low occurrence rates of 37% and 12% at middle and low latitudes, respectively.
Moho Changes Beneath the Northeastern Tibetan Plateau Revealed by Multiple Geodetic Datasets
Authors: Zhang Guoqing , Shen Wenbin , Fu Guangyu , Li Zhangjun , Zhu Yiqing , Wang Ying 
Published: November 2021

SummaryThe Moho interface depths and variations provide important references to understanding the outward growth and expansion mechanisms of the Tibetan Plateau, which have drawn much attention. Here, we constrain the Moho variations beneath the northeastern Tibetan Plateau (NETP) by using multiple geodetic data and climate models. Hydrological and tectonic gravitational signals are identified from multisource data and removed from the satellite gravity observations. Moreover, the mass variation rate, resulting from vertical Moho changes is calculated. The result shows that the mass variation rate due to the Moho changes is 1.3 ± 0.6 mm/yr (equivalent water height) within the NETP, which corresponds to a Moho uplift rate of 2.7 ± 1.3 mm/yr. Additionally, we calculate the tectonic Earth surface uplift rate from GPS and leveling observations with loading and GIA (glacier isostatic adjustment) influence corrected, which gives an uplift rate of 2.2 ± 0.1 mm/yr and is similar with the Moho uplift rate. Our results indicate that the crust in the NETP is uplifted with a slight decrease in crustal thickness. Combined with the lithospheric structure from seismological tomography studies, we suggest that the crustal uplift of the NETP is mainly caused by isostatic adjustment since the delamination of the thickened lithosphere.
Dilatancy Toughening of Shear Cracks and Implications for Slow Rupture Propagation
Authors: Brantut Nicolas 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDilatancy associated with fault slip produces a transient pore pressure drop which increases frictional strength. This effect is analyzed in a steadily propagating rupture model that includes frictional weakening, slip‐dependent fault dilation and fluid flow. Dilatancy is shown to increase the stress intensity factor required to propagate the rupture tip. With increasing rupture speed, an undrained (strengthened) region develops near the tip and extends beyond the frictionally weakened zone. Away from the undrained region, pore fluid diffusion gradually recharges the fault and strength returns to the drained, weakened value. For sufficiently large rupture dimensions, the dilation‐induced strength increase near the tip is equivalent to an increase in toughness that is proportional to the square root of the rupture speed. In general, dilation has the effect of increasing the stress required for rupture growth by decreasing the stress drop along the crack. Thermal pressurization has the potential to compensate for the dilatant strengthening effect, at the expense of an increased heating rate, which might lead to premature frictional melting. Using reasonable laboratory parameters, the dilatancy‐toughening effect leads to rupture dynamics that is quantitatively consistent with the dynamics of observed slow slip events in subduction zones.
2016 Monsoon Convection and Its Place in the Large‐Scale Circulation Using Doppler Radars
Authors: Doyle A. J. , Stein T. H. M. , Turner A. G. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractConvective cloud development during the Indian monsoon helps moisten the atmospheric environment and drive the monsoon trough northwards each year, bringing a large amount of India's annual rainfall. Therefore, an increased understanding of how monsoon convection develops from observations will help inform model development. In this study, 139 days of India Meteorological Department Doppler weather radar data is analyzed for seven sites across India during the 2016 monsoon season. Convective cell‐top heights (CTHs) are objectively identified through the season, and compared with near‐surface (at 2 km height) reflectivity. These variables are analyzed over three time scales of variability during the monsoon: monsoon progression on a month‐by‐month basis, active‐break periods and the diurnal cycle. We find a modal maximum in CTH around 6–8 km for all sites. Cell‐averaged reflectivity increases with CTH, at first sharply, then less sharply above the freezing level. Bhopal and Mumbai exhibit lower CTH for monsoon break periods compared to active periods. A clear diurnal cycle in CTH is seen at all sites except Mumbai. For south‐eastern India, the phase of the diurnal cycle depends on whether the surface is land or ocean, with the frequency of oceanic cells typically exhibiting an earlier morning peak compared to land, consistent with the diurnal cycle of precipitation. Our findings confirm that Indian monsoon convective regimes are partly regulated by the large‐scale synoptic environment within which they are embedded. This demonstrates the excellent potential for weather radars to improve understanding of convection in tropical regions.
Life Cycle of Shallow Marine Cumulus Clouds From Geostationary Satellite Observations
Authors: Seelig Torsten , Deneke Hartwig , Quaas Johannes , Tesche Matthias 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAn analysis of the life cycle of shallow marine cumulus clouds is presented based on geostationary observations by the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager aboard Meteosat Second Generation (MSG‐SEVIRI). Trajectories of about 250,000 individual shallow marine cumulus clouds have been derived by applying Particle Image Velocimetry to the Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring CLoud property dAtAset using SEVIRI for a region in the trade wind zone centered around the Canary Islands in August 2015. The temporal evolution of the physical properties of these clouds allows to characterize cloud development and to infer the distribution of cloud life time and cloud extent. In the derived data set, the life time distribution follows a double power law with most clouds existing on a time scale of tens of minutes. The cloud physical properties, available during daytime, are analyzed along the cloud tracks. Relative time series of cloud extent, cloud water path, cloud droplet effective radius at cloud top, cloud optical thickness, and cloud droplet number concentration for clouds in two temporal ranges reveal conditions that can be attributed to long‐lasting clouds. Clouds of a certain horizontal extent and cloud top height as well as cloud droplet radius show longer life times if they are optically more dense, i.e., have a higher droplet number concentration. Furthermore, the investigation of the content of liquid cloud water regarding cloud life time and cloud extent shows that small short‐living clouds significantly contribute to cloud radiative effects.
Interplay Between Crustal‐Scale Thrusting, High Metamorphic Heating Rates, and the Development of Inverted Thermal‐Metamorphic Gradients: Numerical Models and Examples From the Caledonides of Northern Scotland
Authors: Thigpen J. Ryan , Ashley Kyle T. , Mako Calvin , Law Richard D. , Spencer Brandon 
Published: November 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the processes that produce high prograde metamorphic heating rates and the development of inverted metamorphic sequences in collisional thrust belts remains a fundamental challenge for tectonics and metamorphic petrology. New 2D finite element models of crustal‐scale thrusts with variable slip rates (10, 20, 35, 50 km Myr−1) are used to examine how thrust sheet emplacement contributes to these processes. In the models, average prograde heating rates of 31–118 °C Myr−1 are observed in the footwall, with maximum transient heating rates of ∼167 °C Myr−1 occurring at the highest slip rate. Also, thrust sheet emplacement produces an inverted thermal gradient in the model footwall. At slip rates of 10 km Myr−1, heating magnitudes >200 °C are observed >7 km structurally beneath the thrust plane. At slip rates of 20–50 km Myr−1, models produce thermal penetration depths of 4–5 km for similar heating magnitudes. Petrologically determined heating rates for thrust footwalls in the Scandian orogenic wedge of northern Scotland mostly yield rates consistent with model results (10–230 °C Myr−1). The model‐derived magnitude of inverted thermal gradients is also similar to those indicated in texturally determined deformation temperature transects across the Scandian orogenic wedge (100 °C–180 °C). Combined, these results indicate that high heating rates can be produced by fault slip at typical plate velocities. Additionally, this implies that crustal‐scale thrusts are likely to produce inverted metamorphic sequences in most systems, provided that P‐T conditions during slip allow for metamorphic or recrystallization processes that would preserve evidence for such features.
Temperature Loggers Capture Intraregional Variation of Inundation Timing for Intermittent Ponds
Authors: Gendreau Kerry L. , Buxton Valerie L. , Moore Chloe E. , Mims Meryl C. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHydroperiod, or the amount of time a lentic waterbody contains water, shapes communities of aquatic organisms. Precise measurement of hydroperiod features such as inundation timing and duration can help predict community dynamics and ecosystem stability. In areas defined by high spatial and temporal variability, fine‐scale temporal variation in inundation timing and duration may drive community structure, but that variation may not be captured using common approaches including remote sensing technology. Here, we provide methods to accurately capture inundation timing by fitting hidden Markov models to measurements of daily temperature SD collected from temperature loggers. We describe a rugged housing design to protect loggers from physical damage and apply our methods to a group of intermittent ponds in southeastern Arizona, showing that initial pond inundation timing is highly variable across a small geographic scale (∼50 km2). We also compare a 1‐logger (pond only) and 2‐logger (pond + control) design and show that, although a single logger may be sufficient to capture inundation timing in most cases, a 2‐logger design can increase confidence in results. These methods are cost‐effective and show promise in capturing variation in intraregional inundation timing for a range of temporary lentic habitats that may have profound effects on aquatic communities, with implications for how these communities may respond to hydroperiod alteration from a changing climate.
Rapid nanomolding of nanotopography on flexible substrates to control muscle cell growth with enhanced maturation
Authors: Wu Cong , Chin Chriss S. M. , Huang Qingyun , Chan Ho-Yin , Yu Xinge , Roy Vellaisamy A. L. , Li Wen J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn vivo, multiple biophysical cues provided by highly ordered connective tissues of the extracellular matrix regulate skeletal muscle cells to align in parallel with one another. However, in routine in vitro cell culture environments, these key factors are often missing, which leads to changes in cell behavior. Here, we present a simple strategy for using optical media discs with nanogrooves and other polymer-based substrates nanomolded from the discs to directly culture muscle cells to study their response to the effect of biophysical cues such as nanotopography and substrate stiffness. We extend the range of study of biophysical cues for myoblasts by showing that they can sense ripple sizes as small as a 100 nm width and a 20 nm depth for myotube alignment, which has not been reported previously. The results revealed that nanotopography and substrate stiffness regulated myoblast proliferation and morphology independently, with nanotopographical cues showing a higher effect. These biophysical cues also worked synergistically, and their individual effects on cells were additive; i.e., by comparing cells grown on different polymer-based substrates (with and without nanogrooves), the cell proliferation rate could be reduced by as much as ~29%, and the elongation rate could be increased as much as ~116%. Moreover, during myogenesis, muscle cells actively responded to nanotopography and consistently showed increases in fusion and maturation indices of ~28% and ~21%, respectively. Finally, under electrical stimulation, the contraction amplitude of well-aligned myotubes was found to be almost 3 times greater than that for the cells on a smooth surface, regardless of the substrate stiffness.