bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vision-based pose estimation of craniocervical region: experimental setup and saw bone-based study
Authors: Zubair Mohammad , Kansal Sachin , Mukherjee Sudipto 
Published: November 2021

SummaryThis article discusses the intervertebral motion present in the craniovertebral junction (CVJ) region. The CVJ region is bounded by the first three vertebras from the spinal column. It helps in bringing most of the neck motion. Intervention in this region requires surgery in which an implant is placed to stabilize the whole system. The various available implants need to undergo performance evaluation as their performance varies from region and anatomical diversity. For the Indian population, we are targeting to evaluate the performance of such an implant, testing it into a cadaver. The region of interest will be loaded as per the loading condition of an average human. Motion in these regions is evaluated using the camera. A preliminary test was done on a saw bone model of CVJ to assess the performance of segmentation methods. Multiple such ArUco markers are used to increase pose accuracy further, and the pose of the entire board of multiple tags provides us with reliable pose estimation. The absolute error ranged from a minimum of 0.1 mm to a maximum of 16 mm. At the same time, the mean and median absolute errors were 3.8961 mm and 3.35 mm. By considering the absolute lengths, the percentage error showed the following trends. The percentage error was between 3.9168% and 0.0230%.
Truth and Reparation for the U.S. Imprisonment and Policing Regime
Authors: Page Jennifer M. , King Desmond 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIn the literature on transitional justice, there is disagreement about whether countries like the United States can be characterized as transitional societies. Though it is widely recognized that transitional justice mechanisms such as truth commissions and reparations can be used by Global North nations to address racial injustice, some consider societies to be transitional only when they are undergoing a formal democratic regime change. We conceptualize the political situation of low-income Black communities under the U.S. imprisonment and policing regime in terms of three criteria for identifying transitional contexts:normalized collective and political wrongdoing,pervasive structural inequality, and thefailure of the rule of law.That these criteria are met, however, does not necessarily mean that a transition is taking place. Drawing on the American political development and abolition democracy literatures, we discuss what it would mean for the United States to transition out of its present imprisonment and policing regime. A transitional justice perspective shows the importance of not only pushing for truth and reparation, but for an actual transition.
The value of agrobiodiversity: an analysis of consumers preference for tomatoes
Authors: Posadinu Chiara M. , Rodriguez Monica , Madau Fabio , Attene Giovanna 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe valorization of plant genetic resources and their direct use in local markets can make a significant contribution to the preservation of agrobiodiversity, while also contributing to the sustainability of rural communities. Indeed, plant genetic resources are a precious source of genes, and they represent an important crop heritage for the quality and sensory characteristics that are required by both farmers and consumers. However, an efficient strategy of agrobiodiversity conservation is strictly connected to product marketability and to consumer preferences. In the present study, choice experiments that involved 920 consumers were carried out to determine their willingness to pay for ancient local tomato varieties (landraces) rather than commercial varieties based on their preferences, and to determine how much they valued these products. The results obtained indicate that consumers are willing to pay premium prices for ancient local tomato varieties (an additional €0.90 kg−1), thus demonstrating their increasing attention to sustainable food and the willingness to contribute to agrobiodiversity conservation and enhancement. These results provide the basis for planning strategies and programs to support the cultivation of these landraces and the development of regional and national markets to acknowledge their characteristics, which will considerably increase the effectiveness and efficiency of conservation strategies.
Unexpected Magnetic Behavior of Natural Hematite‐Bearing Rocks at Low Temperatures
Authors: Abrajevitch Alexandra , Roberts Andrew P. , Pillans Brad J. , Hori Rie S. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHematite is a commonly occurring magnetic mineral in nature that has numerous scientific and technological applications. A characteristic property of hematite is a low‐temperature spin‐flop transition called the Morin transition. Above the transition temperature, hematite is a canted antiferromagnet that can carry a remanent magnetization. Below this transition, spin canting disappears and hematite becomes a true antiferromagnet although a small defect moment is usually preserved. We observe Morin transition behavior in natural samples that has not been reported before for hematite. During repeated thermal cycling of a remanent magnetization acquired at room temperature, the remanence intensity at the end of the cycle oscillates between a high remanence state at the end of odd‐numbered cycles and a low remanence state (LRS) at the end of even‐numbered cycles. Alternation of the high and LRSs during repeated thermal cycling points to hysteretic behavior of the spin‐flop process, likely due to sublattice magnetization alignment switches along different easy magnetization axes in samples with preferred crystallographic orientations of hematite particles. We report these observations to seek to expand explanations of the magnetism of hematite.
Machine‐Learning Based Reconstructions of Past Regional Sea Level Variability From Proxy Data
Authors: Radin Cristina , Nieves Veronica 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe analysis of past regional climate‐related sea level variations has important implications for diagnosing changes in future sea level driven by climate fluctuations. As the climate changes, there is a need for new explanatory variables of within‐region climate factors and for more complex methods able to identify nonlinear relationships, such as machine learning algorithms. This study demonstrates the application of a new machine learning‐based methodology to reconstruct historical sea level tide gauge records from proxy data (i.e., upper‐ocean temperature estimates in open ocean regions), which provide a reasonably good dynamical representation of coastal sea level variations linked to slow and persistent natural processes like internal climate variability. The learning performance of our method was evaluated against observations of multiple stations and across a variety of model reconstructions, as shown and evidenced by the results.
The Energy and Mass Balance of Peruvian Glaciers
Authors: Fyffe Catriona L. , Potter Emily , Fugger Stefan , Orr Andrew , Fatichi Simone , Loarte Edwin , Medina Katy , Hellström Robert Å. , Bernat Maud , Aubry‐Wake Caroline , Gurgiser Wolfgang , Perry L. Baker , Suarez Wilson , Quincey Duncan J. , Pellicciotti Francesca 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPeruvian glaciers are important contributors to dry season runoff for agriculture and hydropower, but they are at risk of disappearing due to climate change. We applied a physically based, energy balance melt model at five on‐glacier sites within the Peruvian Cordilleras Blanca and Vilcanota. Net shortwave radiation dominates the energy balance, and despite this flux being higher in the dry season, melt rates are lower due to losses from net longwave radiation and the latent heat flux. The sensible heat flux is a relatively small contributor to melt energy. At three of the sites the wet season snowpack was discontinuous, forming and melting within a daily to weekly timescale, and resulting in highly variable melt rates closely related to precipitation dynamics. Cold air temperatures due to a strong La Niña year at Shallap Glacier (Cordillera Blanca) resulted in a continuous wet season snowpack, significantly reducing wet season ablation. Sublimation was most important at the highest site in the accumulation zone of the Quelccaya Ice Cap (Cordillera Vilcanota), accounting for 81% of ablation, compared to 2%–4% for the other sites. Air temperature and precipitation inputs were perturbed to investigate the climate sensitivity of the five glaciers. At the lower sites warmer air temperatures resulted in a switch from snowfall to rain, so that ablation was increased via the decrease in albedo and increase in net shortwave radiation. At the top of Quelccaya Ice Cap warming caused melting to replace sublimation so that ablation increased nonlinearly with air temperature.
Ice Nucleating Particle Connections to Regional Argentinian Land Surface Emissions and Weather During the Cloud, Aerosol, and Complex Terrain Interactions Experiment
Authors: Testa Baptiste , Hill Thomas C. J. , Marsden Nicholas A. , Barry Kevin R. , Hume Carson C. , Bian Qijing , Uetake Jun , Hare Hannah , Perkins Russell J. , Möhler Ottmar , Kreidenweis Sonia M. , DeMott Paul J. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractHere, we present a multi‐season study of ice‐nucleating particles (INPs) active via the immersion freezing mechanism, which took place in north‐central Argentina, a worldwide hotspot for mesoscale convective storms. INPs were measured untreated, after heating to 95°C, and after hydrogen peroxide digestion. No seasonal cycle of INP concentrations was observed. Heat labile INPs, which we define as “biological” herein, dominated the population active at −5 to −20°C, while non‐heat‐labile organic INPs (decomposed by peroxide) dominated at lower temperatures, from −20 to −28°C. Inorganic INPs (remaining after peroxide digestion), were minor contributors to the overall INP activity. Biological INP concentration active around −12°C peaked during rain events and under high relative humidity, reflecting emission mechanisms independent of the background aerosol concentration. The ratio of non‐heat‐labile organic and inorganic INPs was generally constant, suggesting they originated from the same source, presumably from regional arable topsoil based on air mass histories. Single particle mass spectrometry showed that soil particles aerosolized from a regionally common agricultural topsoil contained known mineral INP sources (K‐feldspar and illite) as well as a significant organic component. The INP activity observed in this study correlates well with agricultural soil INP activities from this and other regions of the world, suggesting that the observed INP spectra might be typical of many arable landscapes. These results demonstrate the strong influence of regional continental landscapes, emitting INPs of types that are not yet well represented in global models.
Contributions of Anthropogenic Forcings to Evapotranspiration Changes Over 1980–2020 Using GLEAM and CMIP6 Simulations
Authors: Liu Jianyu , Zhang Jiawen , Kong Dongdong , Feng Xingyu , Feng Shuyun , Xiao Mingzhong 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAnthropogenic impacts on terrestrial evapotranspiration (ET) changes during 1980–2020 were evaluated based on newly released observed‐based GLEAM ET and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) through optional fingerprint method. Global assessments show that anthropogenic forcings dominate the increasing ET trend, other than natural forcing (NAT). On the global scale, anthropogenic forcings explain ∼84.2% of the observed ET trend, while the signal of natural forcing cannot be detected. Among anthropogenic forcings, greenhouse gases (GHG) are the primary driving factor for ET changes, and GHG‐only has already explained ∼78.8% of the observed ET trend. This study for the first time demonstrates that the GHG signal can be detected in the observed‐based ET and can be separable from NAT and aerosol (AER) signals. At the regional scale, CMIP6 simulations work well in North Hemisphere, but are deficient in South Hemisphere. GHG still dominates ET changes in the North Hemisphere, except for Europe, where the influence of AER forcing stands out, and attributable changes to AER is 2.4 times of GHG. Our first quantitative detection and attribution of ET contribute to advance the understanding of anthropogenic activities on hydrological cycle changes.
Smoking-associated upregulation of CBX3 suppresses ARHGAP24 expression to activate Rac1 signaling and promote tumor progression in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Jin Xin , Zhang Bin , Zhang Hao , Yu Haixin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAlthough tobacco smoking is a risk factor for lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), the mechanisms by which tobacco smoking induces LUAD development remain elusive. Histone methylation levels in human bronchial epithelial cells have been reported to increase after exposure to cigarettes. In this study, we explored the mechanisms regulating histone methylation in LUAD in response to smoking. We found that the histone H3K9 methylation reader CBX3 was upregulated in current smokers with LUAD, and that CBX3 overexpression promoted LUAD progression. Functional enrichment analyses revealed that CBX3 regulated the activation of Rho GTPases in LUAD. We also found that by forming a complex with TRIM28, TRIM24, and RBBP4, CBX3 repressed the expression ofARHGAP24and increased the amount of active Rac1 in LUAD cells. Collectively, these results suggest that smoking associated upregulation of CBX3 promotes LUAD progression by activating the ARHGAP24/Rac1 pathway. Hence, the CBX3/ARHGAP24/Rac1 axis may represent a promising therapeutic target in smoking-induced LUAD.
Co-activation of Sonic hedgehog and Wnt signaling in murine retinal precursor cells drives ocular lesions with features of intraocular medulloepithelioma
Authors: Dottermusch Matthias , Sumisławski Piotr , Krevet Julia , Middelkamp Maximilian , Voß Hannah , Siebels Bente , Bartsch Harald , Sotlar Karl , Meyer Peter , Frank Stephan , Korshunov Andrey , Glatzel Markus , Schüller Ulrich , Neumann Julia E. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractIntraocular medulloepithelioma (IO-MEPL) is a rare embryonal ocular neoplasm, prevalently occurring in children. IO-MEPLs share histomorphological features with CNS embryonal tumors with multilayered rosettes (ETMRs), referred to as intracranial medulloepitheliomas. While Sonic hedgehog (SHH) and WNT signaling pathways are crucial for ETMR pathogenesis, the impact of these pathways on human IO-MEPL development is unclear. Gene expression analyses of human embryonal tumor samples revealed similar gene expression patterns and significant overrepresentation of SHH and WNT target genes in both IO-MEPL and ETMR. In order to unravel the function of Shh and Wnt signaling for IO-MEPL pathogenesis in vivo, both pathways were activated in retinal precursor cells in a time point specific manner. Shh and Wnt co-activation in earlySox2-orRax-expressing precursor cells resulted in infiltrative ocular lesions that displayed extraretinal expansion. Histomorphological, immunohistochemical, and molecular features showed a strong concordance with human IO-MEPL. We demonstrate a relevant role of WNT and SHH signaling in IO-MEPL and report the first mouse model to generate tumor-like lesions with features of IO-MEPL. The presented data may be fundamental for comprehending IO-MEPL initiation and developing targeted therapeutic approaches.
A master of all trades – linking retinoids to different signalling pathways through the multi-purpose receptor STRA6
Authors: Dhokia Vinesh , Macip Salvador 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRetinoids are a group of vitamin A-related chemicals that are essential to chordate mammals. They regulate a number of basic processes, including embryogenesis and vision. From ingestion to metabolism and the subsequent cellular effects, retinoid levels are tightly regulated in the organism to prevent toxicity. One component of this network, the membrane receptor STRA6, has been shown to be essential in facilitating the cellular entry and exit of retinol. However, recent data suggests that STRA6 may not function merely as a retinoid transporter but also act as a complex signalling hub in its own right, being able to affect cell fate through the integration of retinoid signalling with other key pathways, such as those involving p53, JAK/STAT, Wnt/β catenin and calcium. This may open new therapeutic strategies in diseases like cancer, where these pathways are often compromised. Here, we look at the growing evidence regarding the novel roles of STRA6 beyond its well characterized classic functions.
Programmable viscoelasticity in protein-RNA condensates with disordered sticker-spacer polypeptides
Authors: Alshareedah Ibraheem , Moosa Mahdi Muhammad , Pham Matthew , Potoyan Davit A. , Banerjee Priya R. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractLiquid-liquid phase separation of multivalent proteins and RNAs drives the formation of biomolecular condensates that facilitate membrane-free compartmentalization of subcellular processes. With recent advances, it is becoming increasingly clear that biomolecular condensates are network fluids with time-dependent material properties. Here, employing microrheology with optical tweezers, we reveal molecular determinants that govern the viscoelastic behavior of condensates formed by multivalent Arg/Gly-rich sticker-spacer polypeptides and RNA. These condensates behave as Maxwell fluids with an elastically-dominant rheological response at shorter timescales and a liquid-like behavior at longer timescales. The viscous and elastic regimes of these condensates can be tuned by the polypeptide and RNA sequences as well as their mixture compositions. Our results establish a quantitative link between the sequence- and structure-encoded biomolecular interactions at the microscopic scale and the rheological properties of the resulting condensates at the mesoscale, enabling a route to systematically probe and rationally engineer biomolecular condensates with programmable mechanics.
SARS-CoV-2 infection and replication in human gastric organoids
Authors: Giobbe Giovanni Giuseppe , Bonfante Francesco , Jones Brendan C. , Gagliano Onelia , Luni Camilla , Zambaiti Elisa , Perin Silvia , Laterza Cecilia , Busslinger Georg , Stuart Hannah , Pagliari Matteo , Bortolami Alessio , Mazzetto Eva , Manfredi Anna , Colantuono Chiara , Di Filippo Lucio , Pellegata Alessandro Filippo , Panzarin Valentina , Thapar Nikhil , Li Vivian Sze Wing , Eaton Simon , Cacchiarelli Davide , Clevers Hans , Elvassore Nicola , De Coppi Paolo 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCOVID-19 typically manifests as a respiratory illness, but several clinical reports have described gastrointestinal symptoms. This is particularly true in children in whom gastrointestinal symptoms are frequent and viral shedding outlasts viral clearance from the respiratory system. These observations raise the question of whether the virus can replicate within the stomach. Here we generate gastric organoids from fetal, pediatric, and adult biopsies as in vitro models of SARS-CoV-2 infection. To facilitate infection, we induce reverse polarity in the gastric organoids. We find that the pediatric and late fetal gastric organoids are susceptible to infection with SARS-CoV-2, while viral replication is significantly lower in undifferentiated organoids of early fetal and adult origin. We demonstrate that adult gastric organoids are more susceptible to infection following differentiation. We perform transcriptomic analysis to reveal a moderate innate antiviral response and a lack of differentially expressed genes belonging to the interferon family. Collectively, we show that the virus can efficiently infect the gastric epithelium, suggesting that the stomach might have an active role in fecal-oral SARS-CoV-2 transmission.
Simultaneous functional MRI of two awake marmosets
Authors: Gilbert Kyle M. , Cléry Justine C. , Gati Joseph S. , Hori Yuki , Johnston Kevin D. , Mashkovtsev Alexander , Selvanayagam Janahan , Zeman Peter , Menon Ravi S. , Schaeffer David J. , Everling Stefan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSocial cognition is a dynamic process that requires the perception and integration of a complex set of idiosyncratic features between interacting conspecifics. Here we present a method for simultaneously measuring the whole-brain activation of two socially interacting marmoset monkeys using functional magnetic resonance imaging. MRI hardware (a radiofrequency coil and peripheral devices) and image-processing pipelines were developed to assess brain responses to socialization, both on an intra-brain and inter-brain level. Notably, the brain activation of a marmoset when viewing a second marmoset in-person versus when viewing a pre-recorded video of the same marmoset—i.e., when either capable or incapable of socially interacting with a visible conspecific—demonstrates increased activation in the face-patch network. This method enables a wide range of possibilities for potentially studying social function and dysfunction in a non-human primate model.
Hydrogen peroxide signaling via its transformation to a stereospecific alkyl hydroperoxide that escapes reductive inactivation
Authors: Queiroz Raphael F. , Stanley Christopher P. , Wolhuter Kathryn , Kong Stephanie M. Y. , Rajivan Ragul , McKinnon Naomi , Nguyen Giang T. H. , Roveri Antonella , Guttzeit Sebastian , Eaton Philip , Donald William A. , Ursini Fulvio , Winterbourn Christine C. , Ayer Anita , Stocker Roland 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDuring systemic inflammation, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) becomes expressed in endothelial cells where it uses hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to oxidize L-tryptophan to the tricyclic hydroperoxide, cis-WOOH, that then relaxes arteries via oxidation of protein kinase G 1α. Here we show that arterial glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins that rapidly eliminate H2O2, have little impact on relaxation of IDO1-expressing arteries, and that purified IDO1 forms cis-WOOH in the presence of peroxiredoxin 2. cis-WOOH oxidizes protein thiols in a selective and stereospecific manner. Compared with its epimer trans-WOOH and H2O2, cis-WOOH reacts slower with the major arterial forms of glutathione peroxidases and peroxiredoxins while it reacts more readily with its target, protein kinase G 1α. Our results indicate a paradigm of redox signaling by H2O2 via its enzymatic conversion to an amino acid-derived hydroperoxide that ‘escapes’ effective reductive inactivation to engage in selective oxidative activation of key target proteins.