bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of oxidative stress in onychomycosis: Thiol/disulphide homeostasis
Authors: Metin Mahmut Sami , Elmas Ömer Faruk , Demirbaş Abdullah , Erel Özcan , Atasoy Mustafa , Türsen Ümit , Lotti Torello 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesOnychomycosis is the general term to define fungal nail infections that arise from dermatophytes, non‐dermatophytic moulds and yeasts. Thiol/disulphide homeostasis is a new indicator of oxidative stress. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of thiol/disulphide balance in the pathogenesis of onychomycosis.MethodsThis cross‐sectional study included adult patients with onychomycosis who were admitted to the dermatology department and healthy adult volunteers without any dermatologic or systemic condition. The patients and controls were evaluated in terms of native thiol, total thiol, and disulphide levels, and disulphide/native thiol, disulphide/total thiol and native thiol/total thiol ratios. The possible association between these parameters and clinical subtypes of onychomycosis and demographic characteristics was also investigated.ResultsA total of 52 patients with onychomycosis and 50 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. The patient group showed lower levels of total thiol, native thiol and native thiol/total thiol ratio, and higher ratios of disulphide/native thiol and disulphide/total thiol. No statistically significant relationship was found between the parameters, clinical subtypes of onychomycosis and demographic characteristics (p > .05).ConclusionPatients with onychomycosis showed a shifted thiol/disulphide homeostasis towards oxidative stress with a reduction in thiols and an increase in disulphide/native thiol, and disulphide/total thiol ratios. These findings may indicate the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of onychomycosis.
Concomitant use of isavuconazole and CYP3A4/5 inducers: Where pharmacogenetics meets pharmacokinetics
Authors: Van Daele Ruth , Debaveye Yves , Vos Robin , Van Bleyenbergh Pascal , Brüggemann Roger J. , Dreesen Erwin , Elkayal Omar , Guchelaar Henk‐Jan , Vermeersch Pieter , Lagrou Katrien , Spriet Isabel 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundIsavuconazole is a triazole antifungal drug, approved for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and mucormycosis. Isavuconazole is metabolised by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, and it has been shown that the CYP3A inducer rifampin reduces isavuconazole exposure. By extrapolation, the concomitant use of isavuconazole with moderate and strong CYP450 inducers is contraindicated, although it is known that some CYP450 inducers are less potent in comparison with rifampin.ObjectivesWe aim to document exposure to isavuconazole in patients concomitantly treated with a CYP450 inducer that is less potent compared to rifampin. Moreover, although it is well known that CYP3A enzymes are important for the metabolism of isavuconazole, this induction effect has never been studied in combination with the patient's CYP3A genotype.PatientsWe report three patients treated with both isavuconazole and a CYP3A inducer that is less potent compared to rifampin (rifabutin or phenobarbital), in whom we determined isavuconazole concentrations.ResultsThese cases suggest that the CYP3A4/5 genotype is an important determinant for isavuconazole exposure and that it might also influence the CYP450 induction interaction.ConclusionsCYP3A inducers that are less potent compared to rifampin, may be combined with isavuconazole in patients with loss of CYP3A5 activity (CYP3A5*3/*3). Therapeutic drug monitoring is recommended during this combination. However, low‐isavuconazole exposure was observed in the extensive metaboliser with CYP3A4*1/*1 and CYP3A5*1/*3 alleles.
Hypothermia‐induced triphasic waves
Authors: Shiraishi Wataru , Ogoshi Takaaki 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA 79‐year‐old Japanese woman was admitted to our hospital with consciousness disturbance and difficulty in moving. On admission, her core temperature was 28°C. Electroencephalography showed slow waves and frontal‐dominant triphasic waves. After rewarming, her symptoms and electroencephalography abnormality disappeared. Triphasic waves and their resembling appear in numerous cerebral diseases, for example, metabolic encephalopathy, antibiotic encephalopathy, and stroke; however, there are only a few case reports of hypothermia‐associated triphasic waves.
Ways of walking, speaking and listening: Nursing practices and professional identities among Polish nurses in Norway
Authors: Pawlak Marek 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article explores the lived experiences of Polish nurses’ transition into the Norwegian healthcare system and analyses the emerging differences in nursing practices and professional identities between Poland and Norway. It draws on ethnographic findings and argues that nursing is a complex practice, which involves not only nursing knowledge, but also less obvious and often taken for granted nursing imaginaries and actions. In doing so, the article looks at different ways of walking, speaking and listening, which are not merely nurses’ daily habits, but also the embodiments of hierarchical relations, agency and empowerment in healthcare settings. This kind of analytical perspective of the existing differences in nursing practices and professional identities between Poland and Norway raises crucial questions about transitional contexts of nurse migration and shows that nursing is not static, but rather a dynamic and processual way of conduct.
Fol‐milR1, a pathogenicity factor of Fusarium oxysporum, confers tomato wilt disease resistance by impairing host immune responses
Authors: Ji Hui‐Min , Mao Hui‐Ying , Li Si‐Jian , Feng Tao , Zhang Zhao‐Yang , Cheng Lu , Luo Shu‐Jie , Borkovich Katherine A. , Ouyang Shou‐Qiang 
Published: May 2021

Summary

Although it is well known that miRNAs play crucial roles in multiple biological processes, there is currently no evidence indicating that milRNAs from Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol) interfere with tomato resistance during infection.

Here, using sRNA‐seq, we demonstrate that Fol‐milR1, a trans‐kingdom small RNA, is exported into tomato cells after infection.

The knockout strain ∆Fol‐milR1 displays attenuated pathogenicity to the susceptible tomato cultivar ‘Moneymaker’. On the other hand, Fol‐milR1 overexpression strains exhibit enhanced virulence against the resistant cultivar ‘Motelle’. Several tomato mRNAs are predicted targets of Fol‐milR1. Among these genes, Solyc06g007430 (encoding the CBL‐interacting protein kinase, SlyFRG4) is regulated at the posttranscriptional level by Fol‐milR1. Furthermore, SlyFRG4 loss‐of‐function alleles created using CRISPR/Cas9 in tomato (‘Motelle’) exhibit enhanced disease susceptibility to Fol, further supporting the idea that SlyFRG4 is essential for tomato wilt disease resistance. Notably, our results using immunoprecipitation with specific antiserum suggest that Fol‐milR1 interferes with the host immunity machinery by binding to tomato ARGONAUTE 4a (SlyAGO4a). Furthermore, virus‐induced gene silenced (VIGS) knock‐down SlyAGO4a plants exhibit reduced susceptibility to Fol.

Together, our findings support a model in which Fol‐milR1 is an sRNA fungal effector that suppresses host immunity by silencing a disease resistance gene, thus providing a novel virulence strategy to achieve infection.
Evolution of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) as an escape from ecological niche conservatism in MalagasyBulbophyllum(Orchidaceae)
Authors: Gamisch Alexander , Winter Klaus , Fischer Gunter A. , Comes Hans Peter 
Published: May 2021

SummaryDespite growing evidence that niche shifts are more common in flowering plants than previously thought, little is known of whether such shifts are promoted by changes in photosynthetic pathways.Here we combine the most complete phylogeny for epiphytic MalagasyBulbophyllumorchids (c. 210 spp.) with climatic niche and carbon isotope ratios to infer the group’s spatial‐temporal history, and the role of strongly expressed crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) in facilitating niche shifts and diversification.We find that most extant species still retain niche (Central Highland) and photosynthesis (C3) states as present in the single mid‐Miocene (c. 12.70 million yr ago (Ma)) ancestor colonizing Madagascar. However, we also infer a major transition to CAM, linked to a late Miocene (c. 7.36 Ma) invasion of species from the sub‐humid highland first into the island’s humid eastern coastal, and then into the seasonally dry ‘Northwest Sambirano’ rainforests, yet without significant effect on diversification rates.These findings indicate that CAM in tropical epiphytes may be selectively advantageous even in high rainfall habitats, rather than presenting a mere adaptation to dry environments or epiphytismper se. Overall, our study qualifies CAM as an evolutionary ‘gateway’ trait that considerably widened the spatial‐ecological amplitude of Madagascar’s most species‐rich orchid genus.
The bacterial effector HopZ1a acetylates MKK7 to suppress plant immunity
Authors: Rufián José S. , Rueda‐Blanco Javier , López‐Márquez Diego , Macho Alberto P. , Beuzón Carmen R. , Ruiz‐Albert Javier 
Published: May 2021

Summary

The Pseudomonas syringae type III secretion system translocates effector proteins into the host cell cytosol to suppress plant basal immunity. Effector HopZ1a suppresses local and systemic immunity triggered by pathogen‐associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and effectors, through target acetylation. HopZ1a has been shown to target several plant proteins, but none fully substantiates HopZ1a‐associated immune suppression. Here, we investigate Arabidopsis thaliana mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinases (MKKs) as potential targets, focusing on AtMKK7, a positive regulator of local and systemic immunity.

We analyse HopZ1a interference with AtMKK7 by translocation of HopZ1a from bacteria inoculated into Arabidopsis expressing MKK7 from an inducible promoter. Reciprocal phenotypes are analysed on plants expressing a construct quenching MKK7 native expression. We analyse HopZ1a–MKK7 interaction by three independent methods, and the relevance of acetylation by in vitro kinase and in planta functional assays.

We demonstrate the AtMKK7 contribution to immune signalling showing MKK7‐dependent flg22‐induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, MAP kinas (MAPK) activation and callose deposition, plus AvrRpt2‐triggered MKK7‐dependent signalling. Furthermore, we demonstrate HopZ1a suppression of all MKK7‐dependent responses, HopZ1a–MKK7 interaction in planta and HopZ1a acetylation of MKK7 with a lysine required for full kinase activity.

We demonstrate that HopZ1a targets AtMKK7 to suppress local and systemic plant immunity.
Soil biotic and abiotic effects on seedling growth exhibit context‐dependent interactions: evidence from a multi‐country experiment on Pinus contorta invasion
Authors: Nuske Susan J. , Fajardo Alex , Nuñez Martin A. , Pauchard Aníbal , Wardle David A. , Nilsson Marie‐Charlotte , Kardol Paul , Smith Jane E. , Peltzer Duane A. , Moyano Jaime , Gundale Michael J. 
Published: May 2021

Summary

The success of invasive plants is influenced by many interacting factors, but evaluating multiple possible mechanisms of invasion success and elucidating the relative importance of abiotic and biotic drivers is challenging, and therefore rarely achieved.

We used live, sterile or inoculated soil from different soil origins (native range and introduced range plantation; and invaded plots spanning three different countries) in a fully factorial design to simultaneously examine the influence of soil origin and soil abiotic and biotic factors on the growth of invasive Pinus contorta.

Our results displayed significant context dependency in that certain soil abiotic conditions in the introduced ranges (soil nitrogen, phosphorus or carbon content) influenced responses to inoculation treatments.

Our findings do not support the enemy release hypothesis or the enhanced mutualism hypothesis, as biota from native and plantation ranges promoted growth similarly. Instead, our results support the missed mutualism hypothesis, as biota from invasive ranges were the least beneficial for seedling growth. Our study provides a novel perspective on how variation in soil abiotic factors can influence plant–soil feedbacks for an invasive tree across broad biogeographical contexts.
A randomized controlled trial of manual versus powered tooth brushing during haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Potting Carin M.J. , van Leeuwen Stephanie J.M. , Kurstjens Marie‐Helene , Bronkhorst Ewald M. , Thomas Renske Z. , Blijlevens Nicole M.A. , Huysmans Marie‐Charlotte D.N.J.M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimTo compare manual and powered tooth brushing (MT and PT) with respect to patient compliance to brushing frequency advice, plaque removal and severity of oral mucositis (OM) in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) after high‐dose chemotherapy.Materials & methodsA randomized controlled trial was conducted. Forty‐six patients scheduled to receive myeloablative conditioning regimen before autologous HSCT were included and randomly assigned to control (MT, n = 23) or test (PT, n = 23) groups. Starting at day 1 (day of hospital admission for HSCT), brushing frequency (patient recorded diary), plaque scores (Plaque Control Index) and oral mucositis (Oral Mucositis Nursing Index) were recorded daily. Data for days 1 to 17 were analysed using regression analysis and general linear models.ResultsFew patients maintained 4 times per day brushing, but most brushed at least 2 times per day throughout the study. In PT, overall plaque scores were lower by 6.98% (p = .006) as compared to MT. No differences were seen in OM scores between the groups (p = .968). A small but significant positive correlation was found between plaque scores and OM severity: R2=0.15 (p < .01).ConclusionsPowered tooth brushing resulted in lower plaque scores, but was not associated with reduced OM severity. Individual plaque scores were positively related to OM severity.
Haematoma of the buccal space in an edentulous patient – a case report
Authors: Maciver Rory , Ali Sarah , Mackenzie Fiona R. , Henderson Neil 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundOral swellings can be attributed to various causes, both odontogenic and non‐odontogenic in nature. This paper will discuss a buccal swelling caused by a haematoma.Case presentationA 76‐year‐old edentulous male patient presented to a dental student outreach clinic with a three‐day history of a right‐sided facial swelling. No dental cause could be confirmed and so the patient was referred to the local secondary oral surgery department. The patient was examined, and an ultrasound of the swelling was arranged on the same day. The swelling was aspirated, and a haematoma was deemed the likely cause. After aspiration and a course of antibiotics, the swelling reduced rapidly. Blood tests were undertaken, and no underlying cause could be identified.ConclusionsAlthough uncommon, haematoma should be considered within differential diagnoses when dental pathology has been ruled out. A course of antibiotics is indicated where symptoms appear consistent with a systemic infection and timely referral to local dental hospital services is recommended. Blood tests should be requested to identify any undiagnosed coagulopathies or platelet abnormalities and liaison with local haematology services if resolution is not achieved would be appropriate.
Clinical Efficacy of Minimally Invasive Elastic Stable Intramedullary Nailing for Limb Long Bone Fractures in Children
Authors: Dong Liangchao , Wang Yichen , Jiao Qin , Wang Sun 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveThe aim of the present paper was to investigate the clinical efficacy of minimally invasive elastic stable intramedullary nailing (ESIN) for long bone fractures in children.MethodsA total of 350 children with limb fractures from June 2012 to June 2018 were recruited and randomized into two groups: an ESIN group (n = 175) treated with elastic stable intramedullary nailing, and an MPIF group (n = 175), treated with metal plate internal fixation. Both groups received the same physical examination and routine medication. Operation related indexes, clinical efficacy, complications, and postoperative quality of life scores were analyzed and compared.ResultsThe operation time, intraoperative blood loss, hospitalization time, and fracture healing time in the ESIN group were 43.74 ± 4.96 min, 8.14 ± 1.34 mL, 5.97 ± 1.88 days, and 55.89 ± 5.61 days, respectively, which were all significantly less than those in the MPIF group (all P < 0.001). In terms of common complications after limb fracture treatment, there were 6 cases of osteomyelitis, 5 cases of skin irritation response, and 7 cases of inflammatory granuloma in the MPIF group. There were 2 cases of skin irritation response and 5 cases of inflammatory granuloma in the ESIN group. The incidence of postoperative complications in the ESIN group was 4.00%, which was significantly lower than that in MPIF group (10.29%) (P < 0.05). The effective rate for recovery condition in the ESIN group (93.71%) was significantly higher than that in the MPIF group (P < 0.001). The quality of life scores after treatment in both groups were improved, while the score in the ESIN group was significantly higher than that in the MPIF group (79.43%) (P < 0.001). The postoperative satisfaction rate in the ESIN group (94.29%) was significantly higher than that in the MPIF group (86.29%) (P < 0.05). The quality of life scores after treatment in both groups were improved, while the score in the ESIN group was significantly higher than that in the MPIF group (P < 0.001). The postoperative satisfaction rate and the acceptance rate for adjacent joint function in the ESIN group (100%) were significantly higher than those in the MPIF group (92.00%) (P < 0.0001).ConclusionElastic stable intramedullary nailing is a minimally invasive procedure for long bone fractures in children. It can effectively improve the operation‐related indicators and postoperative quality of life and reduce the incidence of complications.
Glucagon stimulation test as a possible predictor of residual β‐cell function
Authors: Yoshida Kei , Urakami Tatsuhiko , Morioka Ichiro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to investigate the significance of the C‐peptide levels on a glucagon stimulation test (GST) conducted soon after diagnosis as a predictive marker for residual β‐cell function over time in Japanese children with type 1 diabetes (TD1).MethodsWe retrospectively enrolled 65 Japanese children (25 male, 40 female; age <16 years) with new‐onset TD1. A GST was conducted within 1 month of diagnosis, when glucose toxicity improved. One‐ to 2‐h postprandial serum C‐peptide values were measured at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 60, and 120 months after diagnosis.ResultsReceiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the cutoff values of peak serum C‐peptide levels used to predict the complete destruction of β‐cells at 3, 6, and 12 months after diagnosis were all 0.20 ng/mL (area under the curve [AUC] 0.867, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.745–0.990; AUC 0.774, 95% CI 0.634–0.914; and AUC 0.804, 95% CI 0.695–0.914, respectively); the values at 24, 36, and 60 months were 0.69 ng/mL (AUC 0.828, 95% CI 0.721–0.936), 0.60 ng/mL (AUC 0.777, 95% CI 0.636–0.918), and 0.70 ng/mL (AUC 0.848, 95% CI 0.715–0.982), respectively. On multivariate analysis, peak serum C‐peptide level on a GST, diabetic ketoacidosis, age, and HbA1c level at diagnosis were associated with residual β‐cell function over time.ConclusionsPeak serum C‐peptide levels on a GST conducted soon after diagnosis in Japanese children with TD1 could predict the time to decrease in postprandial serum C‐peptide values to < 0.20 ng/mL.
Benzodiazepine‐induced photosensitivity reactions: A compilation of cases from literature review with Naranjo causality assessment
Authors: Momin Noorulain , Phan Phuong , Ali Ashmal A. , I. Ali Hamed , Seeger Christina M. , Joseph Merlyn 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveBenzodiazepines have been reported to cause photosensitivity reactions. We characterized the clinical presentation and diagnosis of benzodiazepine‐associated photosensitivity and adjudicated these cases for a causal association with benzodiazepines.MethodsA literature search on PubMed's “MeSH” search feature and CINAHL (1964 to 2019) was performed using search terms: benzodiazepine, photosensitivity, and photosensitivity disorders/chemically induced. We applied the Naranjo scale, a standardized causality assessment algorithm, to identified cases.ResultsWe identified eight published cases, with 50% of patients being female with a mean age of 46.3 years. Alprazolam, tetrazepam, clobazam, and clorazepate induced phototoxic reactions. Chlordiazepoxide induced one photoallergic reaction. Photosensitivity occurred between 1‐3 days (37.5%), 7‐14 days (25%), and >14 days (25%). Photosensitivity resolved after drug discontinuation within 2 weeks (62.5%). Benzodiazepine rechallenge confirmed photosensitivity in 75% of cases. Photopatch testing was negative in two patients; however, these patients had positive oral provocation testing. However, an oral photoprovocation test, an ideal diagnostic test, was not administered to several patients. Despite these challenges, the Naranjo scale identified 5 cases as definite benzodiazepine‐induced photosensitivity.ConclusionFive benzodiazepines induced photosensitivity reactions. Five patients showed a definite association with the Naranjo scale. Reporting to pharmacovigilance databases may help identify other benzodiazepines causing photosensitivity reactions.
Phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity of Monilinia spp. isolated in Poland based on housekeeping‐ and pathogenicity‐related gene sequence analysis
Authors: Poniatowska Anna , Michalecka Monika , Puławska Joanna 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMonilinia spp. fungi, which cause brown rot disease, are of great economic importance for pome and stone fruit production in Poland. To date, four species of this genus, M. fructicola, M. fructigena, M. laxa, and M. polystroma, have been identified in this country. However, little is known about their phylogenetic relationships and genetic diversity. In this research, β‐tubulin and three genes not previously studied in these species, heat shock protein 60 (hsp60), acid protease 1 (acp1), and a zinc finger transcription factor (pac1), were investigated to infer the phylogenetic relationships among these species. Diversity data, as well as recombination analyses of the sequenced regions, were used to assess the genetic variation of Monilinia fungi and the evolutionary forces that are currently acting upon these microorganisms. Based on the topology of the obtained dendrograms, the current study demonstrates the lack of a relationship between the phylogenetic position of the strain, the host plant, and the geographical origin of the strain. Additionally, our study provided evidence that phylogenetic analysis using a combination of tub2, hsp60, acp1, and pac1 gene sequences can be used to effectively resolve the relationships among Monilinia species. For each species analysed in this study, low genetic diversity and a lack of recombination were detected. On the basis of the obtained results, it can be concluded that variation in the population of Monilinia spp. in Poland is largely influenced by mutation rather than recombination processes.