bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenges in cardiovascular pharmacogenomics implementation: a viewpoint from the European Society of Cardiology Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy
Authors: Magavern Emma F , Kaski Juan Carlos , Turner Richard M , Drexel Heinz , Janmohamed Azara , Scourfield Andrew , Burrage Daniel , Floyd Christopher N , Adeyeye Elizabeth , Tamargo Juan , Lewis Basil S , Kjeldsen Keld Per , Niessner Alexander , Wassmann Sven , Sulzgruber Patrick , Borry Pascal , Agewall Stefan , Semb Anne Grete , Savarese Gianluigi , Pirmohamed Munir , Caulfield Mark J 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Pharmacogenomics promises to advance cardiovascular therapy, but there remain pragmatic barriers to implementation. These are particularly important to explore within Europe, as there are differences in the populations, availability of resources, and expertise, as well as in ethico-legal frameworks. Differences in healthcare delivery across Europe present a challenge, but also opportunities to collaborate on pharmacogenomics implementation. Clinical workforce upskilling is already in progress but will require substantial input. Digital infrastructure and clinical support tools are likely to prove crucial. It is important that widespread implementation serves to narrow rather than widen any existing gaps in health equality between populations. This viewpoint supplements the working group position paper on cardiovascular pharmacogenomics to address these important themes.
Artificial Intelligence for Biology
Authors: Hassoun Soha , Jefferson Felicia , Shi Xinghua , Stucky Brian , Wang Jin , Rosa Epaminondas 
Published: August 2021

SynopsisDespite efforts to integrate research across different subdisciplines of biology, the scale of integration remains limited. We hypothesize that future generations of Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies specifically adapted for biological sciences will help enable the reintegration of biology. AI technologies will allow us not only to collect, connect, and analyze data at unprecedented scales, but also to build comprehensive predictive models that span various subdisciplines. They will make possible both targeted (testing specific hypotheses) and untargeted discoveries. AI for biology will be the cross-cutting technology that will enhance our ability to do biological research at every scale. We expect AI to revolutionize biology in the 21st century much like statistics transformed biology in the 20th century. The difficulties, however, are many, including data curation and assembly, development of new science in the form of theories that connect the subdisciplines, and new predictive and interpretable AI models that are more suited to biology than existing machine learning and AI techniques. Development efforts will require strong collaborations between biological and computational scientists. This white paper provides a vision for AI for Biology and highlights some challenges.
Infection Rate of Trypanosoma cruzi (Trypanosomatida: Trypanosomatidae) in Dipetalogaster maxima (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)
Authors: Flores-López Carlos Alberto , Rivas-García Lynneth , Romero-Figueroa Guillermo , Guevara-Carrizales Aldo , Peiro-Nuño Haran , López-Ordoñez Teresa , Bello-Bedoy Rafael 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the infection of the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909). Mexico is estimated to be among the countries with the highest rates of human infections. The southernmost region of the Baja California peninsula is home to the endemic, highly aggressive, and largest Triatominae vector, thus far described: Dipetalogaster maxima (Uhler 1894). Previous single-year studies have attempted to estimate the natural infection rate of T. cruzi in this species, none encompassing a multiyear sampling design nor a species-specific diagnostic tool. We report the infection rate based on more than 717 individuals examined via a PCR species-specific diagnosis. The infection rate of T. cruzi was of 4.4% (n = 5/112), 0.9% (n = 4/411), and 4.6% (n = 9/194) for 2016, 2017, and 2018, respectively, resulting in an infection rate of 2% across all sites and years (n = 18/717).
Échelle spectroscopy of the chemically peculiar star θ1 Ori F
Authors: Costero Rafael , Allen Christine , Ruelas-Mayorga Alex , Sánchez Leonardo , Ramírez Vélez Julio , Echevarría Juan , Melgoza Gustavo C 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
We analyse Échelle spectra of θ1 Ori F obtained by us on six nights unevenly distributed along 6 yr; we identify several hundred spectral lines and measure, for the first time, the star’s heliocentric radial velocity. We also collect and discuss previously published photometry of θ1 Ori F. We find that θ1 Ori F is a chemically peculiar (CP) star with overabundant silicon and phosphorus, and possibly other elements as well. From the singly ionized Fe, Cr and Ti lines we estimate its spectral type to be between B7 and B8. The radial velocity of θ1 Ori F is possibly marginally variable, with an average of 24 ± 4.2 km s−1 (standard deviation), in good agreement with the mean radial velocity of the Orion Nebula Cluster members, and about 5 km s−1 smaller than the average of the other Trapezium components. We cast doubt on the coeval nature of this star relative to the other Trapezium components, and present arguments that almost certainly exclude its membership to the Orion Trapezium. θ1 Ori F turns out to be enigmatic in several respects, and is probably an important link for understanding the evolutionary stage at which the CP phenomenon sets on.
New constraints on the physical properties and dynamical history of Centaur 174P/Echeclus
Authors: Rousselot P , Kryszczyńska A , Bartczak P , Kulyk I , Kamiński K , Dudziński G , Anderson S E , Noyelles B , Guilbert-Lepoutre A 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Since 2005 December, recurrent outbursts have been observed for Centaur 174/P Echeclus, confirming it is an active object. Thanks to a large number of photometric data obtained between 2001 April and 2019 December, we were able to compute a shape model of this object. We obtain a sidereal rotation period P = 26.785178 ± 10−6 h and six equally probable pole solutions, each with a large obliquity of the rotational axis (50° or more). We also find the object significantly elongated, with a semi-major axial ratio a/b = 1.32 (and b/c ∼ 1.1 but this second ratio is poorly constrained by the photometric data). Additionally, we present a detailed analysis of the dust emission from the 2016 outburst. Different colour maps are presented that reveal a change in dust colour, which becomes bluer with increasing cometocentric distance. A blue ring-like structure around the nucleus clearly visible in the images obtained on October 4 in the V-R spectral interval points out that the innermost near nucleus region is considerably redder than the surrounding coma. Different jets are also apparent, the main one being oriented southward. A detailed dynamical study is done to investigate past and future orbital elements. These elements appear stable in the period ≈1200 CE to ≈2900 CE. For a period of 12 000 yr the main conclusion is that Echeclus’ perihelion distance was greater than about 4 au, preventing it from following a typical cometary activity like a short-period comet. Close encounters with giant planets nevertheless prevent any study of orbital elements on longer timescale.
Inelastic scattering of interstellar silyl cyanide (SiH3CN) by helium atoms : cross-sections and rate coefficients for A- and E-SiH3CN
Authors: Naouai Manel , Jrad Abdelhak , Badri Ayda , Najar Faouzi 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Rotational inelastic scattering of silyl cyanide (SiH3CN) molecule with helium (He) atoms is investigated. Three-dimensional potential energy surface (3D-PES) for the SiH3CN–He interacting system is carried out. The ab initio 3D-PES is computed using explicitly correlated coupled cluster approach with single, double, and perturbative triple excitation CCSD(T)-F12a connected to augmented-correlation consistent-polarized valence triple zeta Gaussian basis set. A global minimum at (R = 6.35 bohr; θ = 90○; ϕ = 60○) with a well depth of 52.99 cm−1 is pointed out. Inelastic rotational cross-sections are emphasized for the 22 first rotational levels for total energy up to 500 cm−1 via close coupling (CC) approach in the case of A-SiH3CN and for the 24 first rotational levels for total energy up to 100 cm−1 via CC and from 100 to 500 cm−1 via coupled states (CS) in the case of E-SiH3CN. Rate coefficients are derived for temperature until 80 K for both A- and E-SiH3CN–He systems. Propensity rules are obtained for |ΔJ| = 2 processes with broken parity for A-SiH3CN and for |ΔJ| = 2 processes with |ΔK| = 0 and unbroken parity for E-SiH3CN.
Context-specific behavior serves as a mechanism of interspecific cohesion in mixed-species flocks
Authors: Williams Sean M , Lindell Catherine A 
Published: August 2021

AbstractWe investigated whether context-specific behavior is responsible for the cohesion of mixed-species flocks of antshrikes and antwrens in Amazonian Peru. Antshrikes perform a behavior while spatially repositioning, to which antwrens respond by approaching. The cohesion of interspecific associations requires communication, although the mechanisms often are unexplored. In monospecific groups, cohesion among individuals is maintained with actions or vocalizations given in a certain context. Dusky-throated Antshrikes (Thamnomanes ardesiacus) vocalize while in flight and the number of times they vocalize covaries with the flight distance. We refer to this pairing of flight and vocalization as repositioning behavior. Furthermore, antshrikes pair a different call type with perching, which we refer to as perching behavior. We followed Long-winged (Myrmotherula longipennis) and White-flanked Antwrens (M. axillaris) and recorded their response following natural vocalizations (no playback used) given by the antshrikes. Long-winged Antwrens, but not White-flanked, flew toward an antshrike significantly sooner and were more likely to approach the antshrikes after the repositioning behavior than after perching behavior. In addition, Long-winged Antwrens, but not White-flanked, flew toward an antshrike sooner after a longer series of repositioning calls than after a shorter series. We did not distinguish between the Long-winged Antwrens’ response as a function of movement vs. vocalizations of the antshrikes, although we argue that vocalizations are likely a more important communication component of repositioning behavior than movement. It remains unclear whether the antshrikes are deliberately signaling the Long-winged Antwrens or the antwrens are taking advantage of the repositioning behavior; active signaling is possible since antshrikes benefit from antwrens. White-flanked Antwrens may be less responsive to the antshrikes since they have a lower propensity to occur in a mixed-species flock. The results indicate that the repositioning behavior of Dusky-throated Antshrikes is a key mechanism of interspecific cohesion of Amazonian mixed-species flocks of the understory.
Anticholinergic treatment for sialorrhea in children: A systematic review
Authors: You Peng , Strychowsky Julie , Gandhi Karan , Chen Breanna A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Sialorrhea in children can be associated with adverse physical and social effects. Treatment using anticholinergic medications has been shown to offer symptomatic relief, but there is no consensus regarding which treatment is the most efficacious.

Objective
To examine the effectiveness of anticholinergic medications for sialorrhea in children.

Methods
A systematic review was carried out in Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane, Scopus, and the Web of Science from inception until April 29, 2020. Studies reporting original data on the efficacy of anticholinergic medications in the management of sialorrhea in children aged 0 to 17 years of age were included. This review adhered to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) standards. Data on study design, setting, population, pharmacologic intervention(s), comparator(s), outcomes, and results were extracted and summarized.

Results
The search strategy identified 2,800 studies of which 27 articles were included in the synthesis, including five randomized controlled trials. Each anticholinergic undergoing experimental study (glycopyrrolate, scopolamine/hyoscine, trihexyphenidyl/benzhexol, benztropine, and atropine) showed evidence of efficacy. Adverse side effects were common. Significant heterogeneity exists in the studies’ methodology and the variability of outcome measures used between studies precluded a meta-analysis.

Conclusions
Glycopyrrolate, scopolamine/hyoscine, trihexyphenidyl/benzhexol, benztropine, and atropine have all shown efficacy in the treatment of sialorrhea in children. The small number of reports and the variability in study design precluded a meta-analysis. More studies are needed with uniformity in outcome measures to help guide evidence-based decision making. A guidance table is presented.
Effect of postmortem tenderization strategies (pretumbling, blade tenderization, moisture enhancement) on processing yield parameters and eating quality of selected hip and loin muscles from youthful and mature beef carcasses
Authors: Pietrasik Zeb , Shand Phyllis J 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Several muscles from mature beef carcasses have been identified as failing to provide adequate tenderness required for a satisfactory consumer eating experience. Postmortem processing strategies can help improve the tenderness and subsequent eating quality of mature beef muscles. The current study was undertaken to investigate the impact of processing strategies (blade tenderization [BT], pretumbling [PT], and moisture enhancement [ME]), alone and in combination, on processing yield and eating quality-related parameters of selected loin and hip muscles (gluteus medius [GM], longissimus lumborum [LL], semimembranosus [SM], and biceps femoris [BF]) from youthful and mature beef cattle. Results indicate that muscles from mature beef were inherently less tender (P &lt; 0.05), but some tenderization procedures produced meat that was similar in tenderness to that of youthful cattle. Of the different tenderization strategies evaluated, BT followed by ME (injection of a salt/phosphate solution) was the most effective strategy for improving (P &lt; 0.05) tenderness of tougher muscle cuts such as BF and SM. Moisture enhancement alone improved tenderness (P &lt; 0.05) and juiciness (P &lt; 0.01) of SM, GM and LL, but with the exception of samples tenderized prior to injection, was not effective (P &gt; 0.05) in BF muscles. No additional tenderization of GM and LL samples was observed (P &gt; 0.05) by combining PT or BT with ME. Combining PT or BT with ME; however, was effective (P &lt; 0.05) to control the increased purge loss observed following ME treatment in SM and LL muscles. Pretumbling as a single treatment was ineffective (P &gt; 0.05) in all of the muscles, and only treatments that included BT were sufficient to effect an increase (P &lt; 0.05) in tenderness of BF.
Genome Sequence Resource for Erysiphe necator NAFU1, a Grapevine Powdery Mildew Isolate Identified in Shaanxi Province of China (Retracted)
Authors: Zhang Xingyuan , Mu Bo , Cui Kaicheng , Liu Min , Ke Guihua , Han Yongtao , Wu Ying , Xiao Shunyuan , Wen Ying-Qiang 
Published: August 2021

The authors of Zhang et al. 34:1446–1449 (2021) retracted this article because the initially reported genome assembly of NAFU1 was contaminated. This article was retracted on 28 November 2022, and the correction of the NAFU1 genome assembly at NCBI will be made in the future. Erysiphe necator is an economically important biotrophic fungal pathogen responsible for powdery mildew disease on grapevine. Currently, genome sequences are available for only a few E. necator isolates from the United States. Based on the combination of Nanopore and Illumina sequencing technologies, we present here the complete genome assembly for an isolate of E. necator, NAFU1, identified in China. We acquired a total of 15.93 Gb of raw reads. These reads were processed into a 61.12-Mb genome assembly containing 73 contigs with an N50 of 2.06 Mb and a maximum length of 6.05 Mb. Combining the results of three gene-prediction modules (i.e., an evidence-based gene modeler [EVidenceModeler], an ab initio gene modeler, and a homology-based gene modeler), we predicted 7,235 protein-coding genes in the assembled genome of E. necator NAFU1. This information will facilitate studies of genome evolution and pathogenicity mechanisms of E. necator and other powdery mildew species through comparative genome sequence analysis and other molecular genetic tools. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
The Etiology of Pneumonia in HIV-infected Zambian Children
Authors: Seidenberg Phil , Mwananyanda Lawrence , Chipeta James , Kwenda Geoffrey , Mulindwa Justin M. , Mwansa James , Mwenechanya Musaku , Wa Somwe Somwe , Feikin Daniel R. , Haddix Meredith , Hammitt Laura L. , Higdon Melissa M. , Murdoch David R. , Prosperi Christine , O’Brien Katherine L. , Deloria Knoll Maria , Thea Donald M. 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Despite recent declines in new pediatric HIV infections and childhood HIV-related deaths, pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in HIV-infected children under 5. We describe the patient population, etiology and outcomes of childhood pneumonia in Zambian HIV-infected children.

Methods:
As one of the 9 sites for the Pneumonia Etiology Research for Child Health study, we enrolled children 1–59 months of age presenting to University Teaching Hospital in Lusaka, Zambia, with World Health Organization–defined severe and very severe pneumonia. Controls frequency-matched on age group and HIV infection status were enrolled from the Lusaka Pediatric HIV Clinics as well as from the surrounding communities. Clinical assessments, chest radiographs (CXR; cases) and microbiologic samples (nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swabs, blood, urine, induced sputum) were obtained under highly standardized procedures. Etiology was estimated using Bayesian methods and accounted for imperfect sensitivity and specificity of measurements.

Results:
Of the 617 cases and 686 controls enrolled in Zambia over a 24-month period, 103 cases (16.7%) and 85 controls (12.4%) were HIV infected and included in this analysis. Among the HIV-infected cases, 75% were <1 year of age, 35% received prophylactic trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 13.6% received antiretroviral therapy and 36.9% of caregivers reported knowing their children’s HIV status at time of enrollment. A total of 35% of cases had very severe pneumonia and 56.3% had infiltrates on CXR. Bacterial pathogens [50.6%, credible interval (CrI): 32.8–67.2], Pneumocystis jirovecii (24.9%, CrI: 15.5–36.2) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (4.5%, CrI: 1.7–12.1) accounted for over 75% of the etiologic fraction among CXR-positive cases. Streptococcus pneumoniae (19.8%, CrI: 8.6–36.2) was the most common bacterial pathogen, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (12.7%, CrI: 0.0–25.9). Outcomes were poor, with 41 cases (39.8%) dying in hospital.

Conclusions:
HIV-infected children in Zambia with severe and very severe pneumonia have poor outcomes, with continued limited access to care, and the predominant etiologies are bacterial pathogens, P. jirovecii and M. tuberculosis.
Viral Exanthems in Pediatrics From Vaccine Preventable Diseases
Authors: Leonard Shonagh , Pelletier Janice L. 
Published: August 2021

ABSTRACT
Vaccine preventable eruptions deserve special attention in pediatrics, because early recognition speeds testing, contact tracing, treatment, reporting, and prevention. Addressing these diseases is especially important during any time when immunization rates may have lagged because of lack of access, vaccine hesitancy, or other reasons. Focusing on cutaneous manifestations of vaccine preventable diseases in pediatrics, the following diseases are discussed: measles, rubella, varicella, smallpox, and meningococcemia. Key factors identified to help differentiate such diseases from others include location, distribution, and courses of the presenting primary lesions.
Efficacy of tacrolimus as maintenance therapy after cyclophosphamide for treating antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis
Authors: Pyo Jung Yoon , Lee Lucy Eunju , Ahn Sung Soo , Song Jason Jungsik , Park Yong-Beom , Lee Sang-Won 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Azathioprine (AZA), methotrexate, or rituximab is used for the maintenance therapy of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV). Although the efficacy of tacrolimus (TAC) in various autoimmune diseases has been demonstrated, there have been few reports on the efficacy of TAC in AAV. We investigated the efficacy of TAC as maintenance therapy for AAV and compared its efficacy with that of AZA.
We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 81 patients with AAV who received cyclophosphamide as induction therapy and AZA or TAC as maintenance therapy. All-cause death, relapse, and progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) were analyzed.
Among 81 patients with AAV, 69 patients received AZA alone, 6 patients received TAC alone, and 6 patients received TAC after AZA for maintenance therapy. Overall, 11 patients (13.6%) died, 30 patients (37.0%) experienced relapse, and 16 patients (19.8%) progressed to ESRD during a median of 33.8 months. No significant differences were observed in cumulative patients’, relapse-free, and ESRD-free survival rates between patients administered AZA alone and TAC alone. There were no significant differences in the cumulative patients’ and relapse-free survival rate between patients who received AZA alone and TAC after AZA. However, the cumulative ESRD-free survival rate was lower in patients who received TAC after AZA than in those who received AZA alone (P = .027).
Patients who received TAC as maintenance therapy showed a higher incidence of ESRD than those who received AZA; however, this might be attributed to the lack of efficacy of AZA rather than the low ESRD prevention effect of TAC.
Antidepressants use is associated with overall survival improvement of patients with gastric cancer after surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy in Taiwan
Authors: Shih Wei-Tai , Yang Pei-Rung , Chen Ko-Jung , Yang Yao-Hsu , Lu Mong-Liang , Chen Vincent Chin-Hung , Shen Yi-Chia 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
To determine whether exposure to antidepressants (ATDs) results in improved overall survival (OS) of patients with gastric cancer (GC) after surgery, we conducted a large cohort study and considered confounding factors that might affect the research outcomes.
Patients who received a new diagnosis of GC and received surgery and chemotherapy between 1999 and 2008 were recruited and were classified into different groups based on the ATD level used. The association between the OS of patients with GC after surgery with different levels of ATD use, and the hazard ratio with comorbidities at different ATD use levels were compared.
According to Kaplan–Meier method, the more of an ATD was taken, the longer the OS and a dose-dependent relationship was discovered in the OS curve; the adjusted HRs were 0.76 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.68–0.84) and 0.48 (95% CI = 0.41–0.57) for ATD users taking a cumulative defined daily dose (cDDD) of 28–167 and ≧168, respectively. Sensitivity analyzes were performed to investigate the effect of various comorbidities on OS with different degrees of ATD use and the results remained consistent among the varying models. Additionally, the effect of ATD use still exhibited a dose-dependent relationship in distinct stratifications for sex and age.
The OS for patients with GC after surgery and chemotherapy improved with ATD use, and a dose-dependent relationship was discovered in this study. Further studies on the association between OS of GC and ATD use are required.