Abstract A20: An essential role for Argonaute 2 in mouse models of KRAS driven cancers
Authors: Shankar Sunita , Tien Jean Ching-Yi , Siebenaler Ronald F. , Dommeti Vijaya L. , Zelenka-Wang Sylvia , Waninger Jessica , Wang Xiao-Ming , Juckette Kristin M. , Xu Alice , Chugh Seema , Mody Malay , Eyunni Sanjana , Goodrum Andrew , Tsaloff Grace , Zhang Yuping , Apel Ingrid J. , Wang Lisha , Siddiqui Javed , Smith Richard D. , Carlson Heather A. , Tesmer John , Cao Xuhong , Shi Jiaqi , Kumar-Sinha Chandan , Chinnaiyan Arul M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In 2016, we identified a direct interaction between RAS and Argonaute 2 (AGO2), a key mediator of RNA-mediated gene silencing that is required for KRAS-driven oncogenesis using pancreatic and lung cancer cell line models. Recently, we employed the genetically engineered mouse model of pancreatic cancer to define the effects of conditional loss of AGO2 in KRASG12D driven pancreatic cancer. Genetic ablation of AGO2 did not interfere with development of the normal pancreas or KRASG12D-driven early precursor pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PanIN) lesions. However, AGO2 loss prevents progression from early to late PanIN lesions, development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and metastatic progression. This results in a dramatic increase in survival of KRASG12D mutant mice deficient in AGO2 expression. Using validated pan-RAS and AGO2 antibodies for immunofluorescence (IF) and proximity ligation assay (PLA), we observed increased RAS and AGO2 co-localization at the plasma membrane in mouse and human pancreatic tissues associated with PDAC progression. AGO2 ablation permits PanIN initiation driven by the EGFR-RAS axis; however rather than progressing to PDAC, these lesions undergo profound oncogene-induced senescence (OIS). Since PanIN development requires EGFR and is not AGO2 dependent, we probed the effects of EGF stimulation in cell lines expressing wild-type and mutant forms of KRAS (using co-IP and PLA analyses). In wild-type RAS expressing cells, grown in media containing serum, RAS-AGO2 co-localization was limited to the intracellular regions of the cells, which dramatically increased and shifted to the plasma membrane under conditions of stress (serum starvation). Interestingly, EGF stimulation disrupted this membrane RAS-AGO2 interaction and restored it to intracellular basal levels. Using phosphorylation-deficient AGO2 mutants, we demonstrate that the disruption of wild type-RAS-AGO2 interaction is due to AGO2Y393 phosphorylation, a target of EGFR. Interestingly, the mutant KRAS-AGO2 interaction is not subject to EGFR activation, suggesting that although both the wild-type and mutant RAS bind AGO2, they are differentially regulated through growth factor receptor activation. Taken together, our study supports a biphasic model of pancreatic cancer development: an AGO2-independent early phase of PanIN formation reliant on EGFR and wild-type RAS signaling, and an AGO2-dependent phase wherein the mutant KRAS-AGO2 interaction is critical for PDAC progression. In the lung cancer mouse model, we also observed a similar dependence of AGO2 in KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma. Along with related abstracts detailing the mechanisms of OIS mediated by AGO2 (Ronald Siebenaler) and evidence of direct interaction between oncogenic KRAS and AGO2 with an affinity of 200nM (Jessica Waninger), we present our latest studies related to the KRAS-AGO2 interaction.
Citation Format: Sunita Shankar, Jean Ching-Yi Tien, Ronald F. Siebenaler, Vijaya L. Dommeti, Sylvia Zelenka-Wang, Jessica Waninger, Xiao-Ming Wang, Kristin M. Juckette, Alice Xu, Seema Chugh, Malay Mody, Sanjana Eyunni, Andrew Goodrum, Grace Tsaloff, Yuping Zhang, Ingrid J. Apel, Lisha Wang, Javed Siddiqui, Richard D. Smith, Heather A. Carlson, John Tesmer, Xuhong Cao, Jiaqi Shi, Chandan Kumar-Sinha, Arul M. Chinnaiyan. An essential role for Argonaute 2 in mouse models of KRAS driven cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Targeting RAS-Driven Cancers; 2018 Dec 9-12; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Res 2020;18(5_Suppl):Abstract nr A20.