bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salt intake and salt‐reduction strategies in South Asia: From evidence to action
Authors: Ghimire Kamal , Mishra Shiva Raj , Satheesh Gautam , Neupane Dinesh , Sharma Abhishek , Panda Rajmohan , Kallestrup Per , Mclachlan Craig S 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe World Health Organization recommends salt reduction as a cost‐effective intervention to prevent noncommunicable diseases. Salt‐reduction interventions are best tailored to the local context, taking into consideration the varying baseline salt‐intake levels, population's knowledge, attitude, and behaviors. Fundamental to reduction programs is the source of dietary salt‐intake. In South Asian countries, there is a paucity of such baseline evidence around factors that contribute to community salt intake. Upon reviewing the electronic literature databases and government websites through March 31, 2021, we summarized dietary salt intake levels and aimed to identify major sources of sodium in the diet. Information on the current salt reduction strategies in eight South Asian countries were summarized, namely Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka. One hundred twelve publications (out of identified 640) met our inclusion‐exclusion criteria for full text review. Twenty‐one studies were included in the review. Quality of the included studies was assessed using the US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute assessment tool. The primary result revealed that mean salt intake of South Asian countries was approximately twice (10 g/day) compared to WHO recommended intake (< 5 g/day). The significant proportion of salt intake is derived from salt additions during cooking and/or discretionary use at table. In most South Asian countries, there is limited data on population sodium intake based on 24‐h urinary methods and sources of dietary salt in diet. While salt reduction initiatives have been proposed in these countries, they are yet to be fully implemented and evaluated. Proven salt reduction strategies in high‐income countries could possibly be replicated in South Asian countries; however, further community‐health promotion studies are necessary to test the effectiveness and scalability of those strategies in the local context.
Landscape composition and configuration affect bees in the olive agroecosystem
Authors: Pascual Susana 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOlive groves constitute a landscape that covers a large area in the Mediterranean basin, with essential economic importance, but which can also have environmental importance if an olive grove landscape is designed that favours populations of beneficial insects. Bees are also essential from an economic and environmental viewpoint and are in increasing decline. This work aimed to determine the landscape parameters in the olive agroecosystem that favour bee populations. Fifteen olive groves were sampled in central Spain throughout 2015 and 2016. Bees belonging to 6 families and 24 genera were captured. The most numerous family was Halictidae, and the most numerous genus Lasioglossum. The parameter that mostly affected the abundance and richness of bee genera was the scrubland area (CAMME), with a positive effect. The olive grove area (CAO) had a negative effect in general, although the responses of the different families vary slightly. The configuration of the landscape (MSI) also positively affected bees, which indicates the importance of maintaining linear elements with wild vegetation, to contribute to the maintenance of these important insects. Environmental conditions can affect the importance of olive grove as a supplier of resources for bees, being greater in dry and warm years.
Actual needs and perceived supply of nursing supportive care among patients with cancer in mainland China: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Song Yongxia , Li Jingru , Feng Yuan , Li Shuwen , Hong Jingfang 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAimNurses are considered a major source of professional support for patients. However, little is known about what cancer patients need from nurses regarding professional support and the provision of services in China. The purpose of this study is to investigate professional nursing supportive care needs, perceived supply, and the possible gaps between the two for patients with cancer in mainland China.MethodsA total of 390 inpatients with different types of cancer were recruited. The professional nursing supportive care scale was used to assess the needs for and perceived supply of various types of support.ResultsThe information aspect was one of the most critical needs for supportive care, and the technical aspect was the one with the highest perceived level of supply. Significant mismatches between actual needs and perceived supply were identified.ConclusionsSignificant gaps existed between actual needs and perceived supply. Nurses should pay more attention to the higher actual needs and lower perceived levels of supply regarding supportive care for cancer patients.
Morphine‐induced kinase activation and localization in the periaqueductal gray of male and female mice
Authors: Ram Akila , Edwards Taylor M. , McCarty Ashley , McDermott Max V. , Bobeck Erin N. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMorphine is a potent opioid analgesic with high propensity for the development of antinociceptive tolerance. Morphine antinociception and tolerance are partially regulated by the midbrain ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG). However, the majority of research evaluating mu‐opioid receptor signaling has focused on males. Here, we investigate kinase activation and localization patterns in the vlPAG following acute and chronic morphine treatment in both sexes. Male and female mice developed rapid antinociceptive tolerance to morphine (10 mg/kg i.p.) on the hot plate assay, but tolerance did not develop in males on the tail flick assay. Quantitative fluorescence immunohistochemistry was used to map and evaluate the activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK 1/2), protein kinase‐C (PKC), and protein kinase‐A (PKA). We observed significantly greater phosphorylated ERK 1/2 in the vlPAG of chronic morphine‐treated animals which co‐localized with the endosomal marker, Eea1. We note that pPKC is significantly elevated in the vlPAG of both sexes following chronic morphine treatment. We also observed that although PKA activity is elevated following chronic morphine treatment in both sexes, there is a significant reduction in the nuclear translocation of its phosphorylated substrate. Taken together, this study demonstrates increased activation of ERK 1/2, PKC, and PKA in response to repeated morphine treatment. The study opens avenues to explore the impact of chronic morphine treatment on G‐protein signaling and kinase nuclear transport.
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Craniofacial orientation and parietal bone morphology in adult modern humans
Authors: Pereira‐Pedro Ana Sofia , Bruner Emiliano 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn adult humans, the orbits vary mostly in their orientation in relation to the frontal bone profile, while the orientation of the cranial base and face are associated with the anteroposterior dimensions of the parietal bone. Here we investigate the effect of parietal bone length on the orientation of the orbits, addressing craniofacial integration and head orientation. We applied shape analysis to a sample of computed tomography scans from 30 adult modern humans, capturing the outlines of the parietal and frontal bones, the orbits, and the lateral and midline cranial base, to investigate shape variation, covariation, and modularity. Results show that the orientation of the orbits varies in accordance with the anterior cranial base, and in association with changes in parietal bone longitudinal extension. Flatter, elongated parietal bones are associated with downwardly oriented orbits and cranial bases. Modularity analysis points to a significant integration among the orbits, anterior cranial base, and the frontal profile. While the orbits are morphologically integrated with the adjacent structures in terms of shape, the association with parietal bone size depends on the spatial relationship between the two blocks. Complementary changes in orbit and parietal bone might play a role in accommodating craniofacial variability and may contribute to maintain the functional axis of the head. To better understand how skull morphology and head posture relate, future studies should account for the spatial relationship between the head and the neck.
Fracture Resistance of Titanium and Fiber Dental Posts: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Alhajj Mohammed Nasser , Qi Chong Hui , Sayed Mohammed E. , Johari Yanti , Ariffin Zaihan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPurposeThe fracture resistance of dental post systems is influenced by the material of the post. The purpose of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to assess if there is a difference in fracture resistance between prefabricated dental titanium posts and fiber posts.MethodsAn online electronic search was performed using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases for in vitro studies published from 2010 to 2020 in English. The retrieved eligible studies that compared the fracture resistance of titanium and fiber posts on human teeth were selected. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with a 95% confidence interval was calculated. In addition, the trial sequential analysis (TSA) was performed to test if the available studies are sufficient to make conclusive evidence.ResultsOf the 1165 retrieved studies, 17 studies were included in the qualitative analysis, while 16 studies were included in the quantitative analysis. Because of the high heterogeneity among studies, data from 10 studies were pooled and submitted to TSA. A total of 852 teeth were evaluated for fracture of the posts in 27 independent comparison groups. The pooled effect of the residual studies revealed no significant difference between titanium and fiber posts (SMD = –0.12; 95% CI = –0.30, 0.06; p = 0.20). Results of the TSA revealed no conclusive evidence.ConclusionsThe results of the current evidence revealed no significant difference between fiber and titanium posts. The evidence is insufficient, and more standardized in vitro studies are required.
Associations of sleep duration and sleep–wake rhythm with lung parenchymal abnormalities on computed tomography: The MESA study
Authors: Kim John S. , Dashti Hassan S. , Huang Tianyi , Cade Brian E. , Podolanczuk Anna J. , O'Hearn Daniel J. , Hoffman Eric A. , Wang Heming , Blaikley John , Barr R. Graham , Redline Susan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractImpairment of the circadian rhythm promotes lung inflammation and fibrosis in pre‐clinical models. We aimed to examine whether short and/or long sleep duration and other markers of sleep–wake patterns are associated with a greater burden of lung parenchymal abnormalities on computed tomography among adults. We cross‐sectionally examined associations of sleep duration captured by actigraphy with interstitial lung abnormalities (n = 1111) and high attenuation areas (n = 1416) on computed tomography scan in the Multi‐Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis at Exam 5 (2010–2013). We adjusted for potential confounders in logistic and linear regression models for interstitial lung abnormalities and high attenuation area, respectively. High attenuation area models were also adjusted for study site, lung volume imaged, radiation dose and stratified by body mass index. Secondary exposures were self‐reported sleep duration, sleep fragmentation index, sleep midpoint and chronotype. The mean age of those with longer sleep duration (≥ 8 hr) was 70 years and the prevalence of interstitial lung abnormalities was 14%. Increasing actigraphy‐based sleep duration among participants with ≥ 8 hr of sleep was associated with a higher adjusted odds of interstitial lung abnormalities (odds ratio of 2.66 per 1‐hr increment, 95% confidence interval 1.42–4.99). Longer sleep duration and higher sleep fragmentation index were associated with greater high attenuation area on computed tomography among participants with a body mass index < 25 kg m−2 (p‐value for interaction < 0.02). Self‐reported sleep duration, later sleep midpoint and evening chronotype were not associated with outcomes. Actigraphy‐based longer sleep duration and sleep fragmentation were associated with a greater burden of lung abnormalities on computed tomography scan.
Influence of milling methods on the flow properties of ivory teff flour
Authors: Barretto Roselle , Buenavista Rañia Marie , Pandiselvam Ravi , Siliveru Kaliramesh 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIncreasing teff (Eragrostis tef) consumption has been recorded in recent years due to its gluten‐free nature and exceptional nutritional composition. Studies on the particle level that relates to processing and handling of teff flour are limited. The effect of different milling methods (roller mill, pin mill, and hammer mill) on size distribution, shape characteristics, and flowability of teff flour was evaluated. Physical properties (angle of repose, tapped and bulk densities, size distribution, and shape characteristics) and proximate composition were investigated and correlated with flow properties. Flowability was measured in terms of bulk, shear, and dynamic flow properties using the FT4 powder rheometer. Particle size distribution significantly (p < .05) influenced the angle of repose, aeration energy, and wall friction angle while shape characteristics (circularity and aspect ratio) significantly (p < .05) affected the aerated and tapped bulk densities and basic flow energy. Hammer‐milled flour had the highest aerated (548.00 kg/m3) and tapped bulk densities (804.33 kg/m3). Pin‐milled flour had the highest compressibility index (38.46%), Hausner ratio (1.62), angle of repose (71.57°), and wall friction angle (25.92° at 3 kPa) indicating poorer flowability. Stability index and specific energy did not vary significantly (p > .05) among the milled flours. Highest basic flow (1,191.03 mJ) and aerated energies (272.32 mJ) were required to induce flow in hammer‐milled flour due to greater proportion of large particles. Based on the flow function, all flours fall under the “easy flowing” category, but the pin‐milled flour exhibited the poorest flowability.
Noninvasive imaging of hollow structures and gas movement revealed the gas partial‐pressure‐gradient‐driven long‐distance gas movement in the aerenchyma along the leaf blade to submerged organs in rice
Authors: Yin Yong‐Gen , Mori Yoshinao , Suzui Nobuo , Kurita Keisuke , Yamaguchi Mitsutaka , Miyoshi Yuta , Nagao Yuto , Ashikari Motoyuki , Nagai Keisuke , Kawachi Naoki 
Published: September 2021

Summary

Rice (Oryza sativa) plants have porous or hollow organs consisting of aerenchyma, which is presumed to function as a low‐resistance diffusion pathway for air to travel from the foliage above the water to submerged organs. However, gas movement in rice plants has yet to be visualized in real time.

In this study involving partially submerged rice plants, the leaves emerging from the water were fed nitrogen‐13‐labeled nitrogen ([13N]N2) tracer gas, and the gas movement downward along the leaf blade, leaf sheath, and internode over time was monitored.

The [13N]N2 gas arrived at the bottom of the plant within 10 min, which was 20 min earlier than carbon‐11 photoassimilates. The [13N]N2 gas movement was presumably mediated by diffusion along the aerenchyma network from the leaf blade to the root via nodes functioning as junctions, which were detected by X‐ray computed tomography.

These findings imply the diffusion of gas along the aerenchyma, which does not consume energy, has enabled plants to adapt to aquatic environments. Additionally, there were no major differences in [13N]N2 gas movement between paddy rice and deepwater rice plants, indicative of a common aeration mechanism in the two varieties, despite the difference in their response to flooding.
Something is true
Authors: Asay Jamin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe thesis that nothing is true has long been thought to be a self‐refuting position not worthy of serious philosophical consideration. Recently, however, the thesis ofalethic nihilism—that nothing is true—has been explicitly defended (notably by David Liggins). Nihilism is also, I argue, a consequence of other views about truth that have recently been advocated, such as fictionalism about truth and the inconsistency account. After offering an account of alethic nihilism, and how it purports to avoid the self‐refutation problem, I argue that it avoids the problem at the expense of changing the subject. I then present other arguments against nihilism and responses to the considerations offered in defense of it. The only tenable position is that something is indeed true.
The right to work and to live: The implications of India's NREGS program for missing women
Authors: Chaure Trupti , Hicks Daniel 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveLimited economic opportunity for women reduces their household bargaining power and the economic value of daughters, amplifying son preference. This paper studies India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS), the largest workfare program in the world.MethodsIn a setting where the gender gap in employment and wages are sizeable, NREGS represented both an income shock and a large relative improvement in the labor market for women. We use the staggered rollout of NREGS to show that districts that implemented the program earlier experienced an improvement in child sex ratios in favor of girls.ResultsWe find that impacts exist only in rural areas, not in the urban counterparts of the same district, where NREGS did not operate. Furthermore, effects are larger in middle‐income and upper income districts and districts with the most skewed initial sex ratios, results which are inconsistent with an alternative selection story. Finally, the effects appear only for rural youth sex ratios, not for adult sex ratios, suggesting endogenous migration is not driving the results.ConclusionOur results suggest that the adoption of NREGS may have decreased pressures associated with sex selection in India, lessening skewed sex ratios in rural areas.
Clothes dryer–induced heat stroke in three cats
Authors: Cudney Sarah E. , Wayne Annie , Rozanski Elizabeth A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the clinical course of 3 cats successfully treated following clothes dryer–induced heat stroke.Case series summaryThree cats were treated after accidental clothes dryer–induced heat stroke. All cats fulfilled canine heat stroke criteria and showed evidence of heat injury, including neurological dysfunction, corneal and mucosal ulceration, and evidence of rhabdomyolysis. Coagulopathy, acute liver injury, acute kidney injury, cardiac dysfunction, and gastrointestinal signs were seen in cats with a longer duration of dryer exposure.New or unique information providedDescribes the management of cats after inadvertent clothes dryer–induced heat stroke.
Emergency treatment with intermittent hemodialysis for amikacin overdose in a cat
Authors: Mauro Katie D. , Culler Christine A. , Vigani Alessio 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the safety and use of intermittent hemodialysis (IHD) for the emergency treatment of a cat with an amikacin overdose.Case summaryA cat was accidentally administered 400 mg (97.5 mg/kg, IV) of amikacin. Four hours after the time of the overdose, a single emergency IHD session to remove amikacin was performed. The 4‐hour IHD treatment allowed for the active removal of approximately 110 mg of amikacin. The plasma concentration of amikacin from the beginning to the end of the session decreased from approximately 160 μg/mL to a nontoxic concentration of 10 μg/mL. Following IHD treatment, the cat developed an International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) grade IV acute kidney injury (AKI) with a peak creatinine of 486 μmol/L (5.5 mg/dL) and was hospitalized for 4 days for supportive management of AKI. At the time of discharge, 4 days following the overdose, the AKI had resolved.New or unique information providedThis is the first report describing the use and safety of using IHD for emergency removal of amikacin overdose in a cat.
Retrospective evaluation of fluid production at the time of thoracostomy tube removal following elective and emergency surgery in dogs (2010–2017): 185 cases
Authors: Racette Molly A. , Sharkey Leslie C. , Rendahl Aaron K. , Heinrich Daniel A. , Chow Rosalind S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo report the rate of fluid production at the time of removal of thoracostomy tubes placed intraoperatively and to determine the association of this rate with specific patient factors, surgical factors, or clinical diagnosis. The secondary objective was to determine whether identification of pleural effusion within 2 weeks of thoracostomy tube removal was associated with the same variables.DesignRetrospective study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsOne hundred eighty‐five client‐owned dogs with thoracostomy tubes placed intraoperatively between January 2010 and March 2017.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsThoracostomy tubes were removed at a median fluid production of 0.09 mL/kg/h (range, 0–7.0 m L/kg/h). Median fluid production at the time of thoracostomy tube removal was significantly higher in dogs with preoperative pleural effusion compared to dogs without preoperative pleural effusion (0.21 vs 0.05 mL/kg/h; P = 0.0001) and in dogs that had a median sternotomy compared to dogs that had a lateral thoracotomy (0.14 vs 0.09 mL/kg/h; P = 0.04). Of the 169 dogs available for follow‐up, 12 (7.1%) had pleural effusion within 2 weeks of removal of the thoracostomy tube. Detection of pleural effusion during the follow‐up period was significantly associated with the presence of preoperative pleural effusion (P = 0.0019) and the diagnosis (P = 0.01). A greater proportion of dogs with a lung lobe torsion (4/9, 44.4%) and idiopathic chylothorax (2/7, 28.5%) had pleural effusion within 2 weeks compared to other diagnoses. Reintervention was performed in 4.7% of dogs.ConclusionsThoracostomy tubes were removed at pleural fluid production rates that frequently exceeded current veterinary guidelines. However, the fluid production rate at the time of thoracostomy tube removal was not associated with the detection of pleural effusion within 2 weeks of thoracostomy tube removal, and the overall need for reintervention following thoracostomy tube removal was low (4.7%).