bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on impurity seeding and transport in edge and SOL of tokamak plasma
Authors: Raj Shrish , Bisai N. , Shankar Vijay , Sen A. , Ghosh Joydeep , Tanna R.L. , Chowdhuri Malay B. , Jadeja K.A. , Assudani Kumudni , Macwan Tanmay Martin , Aich Suman , Singh Kaushlender 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We present numerical simulation studies on impurity seeding using nitrogen, neon, and argon gases. These impurity gases are ionized by the electron impact ionization. These ions can be at multiply ionized states, recombine again with the plasma electrons, and radiate energy. The radiation losses are estimated using a non-coronal equilibrium model. A set of 2D model equations to describe their self-consistent evolution are derived using interchange plasma turbulence in the edge and SOL regions and solved using BOUT++. It is found that impurity ions (with single or double-positive charges) move in the inward direction with a velocity ∼0.02c
s
so that these fluxes are negative. These fluxes are analyzed for different strengths of an effective gravity that help to understand the impurity ion dynamics. Increased gravity shows an accumulation of certain charged species in the edge region. The radiation loss is seen to have a fluctuation in time with frequency 5–20 kHz that closely follows the behavior of the interchange plasma turbulence. The simulation results on the radiated power and its frequency spectrum compare favourably with observations on the Aditya-U tokamak. The negative fluxes of the impurity ions, their dynamics in the edge region, and the fluctuating nature of the radiation loss are the most important results of this work.
Estimation of Total Suspended Sediment Solid in Porong River Waters Using Multitemporal Satellite Imagery
Authors: Ghuvita Hadi Z N , Hariyanto T , Hayati N 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Monitoring the concentration of Total Suspended Solid (TSS) is one method to determine water quality, because a high TSS value indicates a high level of pollution. Remote sensing data can be used effectively in generating suspended sediment concentrations. Nowdays, Google Earth Engine platform has provided a large collection of remote sensing data. Therefore, this study uses Google Earth Engine which is processed for free and aims to calculate the TSS value in the Kali Porong area. This research was conducted multitemporal in the last ten years, namely from 2013-2021 using multitemporal satellite imagery landsat-8 and sentinel-2 by applying empirical algorithms for calculating TSS. The results of this study are the value of TSS concentration at each sample point and a multitemporal TSS concentration distribution map. The year 2016, 2017, and 2021, the distribution of TSS concentration values was higher than in other years. At the sample point, the lowest TSS concentration value was 16.55 mg/L in 2013. Meanwhile, the highest TSS concentration value of 266.33 mg/L occurred in 2014 precisely in the Porong River estuary area which is the border area between land and water. the sea so that a lot of TSS material is concentrated in the area due to waves and ocean currents.
Three-dimensional Tomography of Coseismic Ionospheric Disturbances from the 2016 West Sumatera Earthquake
Authors: Rahayu R W , Cahyadi M N , Muslim B , Anjasmara I M , Handoko E Y , Muafiry I N 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGlobal Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a navigation system that uses satellite signals to determine its position, which consists of several satellites arranged in a constellation system. GNSS transmits signals to receivers on Earth. The GNSS receiver determines the user’s position, speed, and time by processing the signals transmitted by the satellites. The initial purpose of launching the GNSS was for navigation purposes, but along with its development, GNSS can be used for the purposes of observing deformation of the earth’s crust and in studying the atmosphere. The delayed wave data when passing through the ionosphere can be used to obtain Total Electron Content (TEC) values which then used to study ionospheric disturbances. Ionospheric disturbances are caused by various phenomena, the most common one is the ionospheric disturbances caused by the induction of acoustic and gravitational waves excited by co seismic crustal motions from large earthquakes. Ionospheric disturbances that happened before an earthquake are called Pre-seismic Ionospheric Disturbances and those that occur after an earthquake are called Co-seismic Ionospheric Disturbances (CID). Most studies of ionospheric disturbances still provide information on the timing and value of TEC anomalies in 2D form. Therefore, in this study, a 3D ionosphere profile modelling using computed 3D tomography will be carried out. The 3D information provided is in the form of time, ionosphere altitude and TEC anomaly value by utilizing GNSS data. The TEC anomaly value is obtained from the calculation of linear combination of the ionosphere. This study aims to obtain a spatial and temporal analysis of the CID caused by the West Sumatra Earthquake on March 2, 2016.
Web-Based Online Post-Processing GNSS Service InaCORS BIG for Mapping Control Point Positioning for Channel or Road Design
Authors: Masykur Muchammad , Handoko Eko Yuli , Susilo  
Published: December 2021

Abstract
One of the stages in the topographical mapping work is the measurement of the horizontal control framework, which is currently almost all done using GNSS satellite technology. The online post-processing services provided by the Indonesian Geospatial Information Agency (BIG) are called xpos-InaCORS. Using this service, measurements are possible using only 1 GNSS receiver can be used for measurement and obtained of the mapping control framework. This research was conducted to determine the accuracy of the online post-processing method by xpos-InaCORS BIG when used as a control point for the mapping of the route of the channel or road which tends to be elongated with a 3rd order (SNI 19-6724-2002). The coordinates of the results of the online processing calculation are compared with the results of the static differential method, which is calculated using commercial software (Leica Infinity). The results showed that at this location, observations for 15 minutes on each benchmark were able to produce an accuracy of 1 centimeter, and to comply with the qualifications of order 3rd SNI, observations must be a minimum duration of 75 minutes. The cost of observation on the online post-processing method requires 60% of the static differential. Observation at 75 minutes resulted in an average accuracy of northing (N) = 15mm and easting (E) = 8mm.
Geoid Modelling of Kalimantan Island using Airborne Gravity Data and Global Geoid Model (EGM2008)
Authors: Udama Zahroh Arsy , Anjasmara Ira Mutiara , Pahlevi Arisauna Maulidyan , Osman Anas Sharafeldin Mohamed 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe availability of geoids, especially in survey and mapping activities, is useful for transforming the geometric heights obtained from observations of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) into orthometric heights that have real physical meanings such as those obtained from waterpass measurements. If a geoid is available, the orthometric heights of points on earth can be determined using the GNSS heighting method. The use of modern survey and mapping instruments based on satellite observations such as GNSS is more efficient in terms of time, effort, and cost compared to the accurate waterpass method. According to the Indonesian Geospatial Information Agency (BIG) it is stated that the application of geoid as a national Vertical Geospatial Reference System has an adequate and ideal category if the accuracy is higher than 15 cm. Recent studies have shown that it is possible to generate local geoid models with centimetre accuracy by utilizing airborne gravity data. We calculate free-air gravity anomaly data is calculated by processing airborne gravity and GNSS data using the Stokes Integral method on AGR software. Next a geoid model is created by calculating the contribution of three components, namely the long wave component represented by the EGM2008 global geoid data model, the shortwave component represented by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data and the medium wave component represented by the free-air gravity anomaly data. The geoid model validation was carried out using the geoid fitting method for geoid accuracy by calculating the difference between the gravimetric geoid and the geometric geoid and comparing it with the global geoid model EGM2008 degrees 2190. As a result, the total geoid model accuracy value was determined to be 49.4 cm on gravimetric geoid undulations with a standard deviation of 7.1 cm. Meanwhile, the results of the EGM2008 geoid undulation accuracy test at 2190 degrees resulted in an accuracy of 51.9 cm with a standard deviation of 9.9 cm. These results indicate that the local geoid model from airborne gravity measurement data produces a geoid model with a higher accuracy than the global geoid model EGM2008 degrees 2190. However, the accuracy of the resulting data is still below the BIG standard of 15 cm, so further research is needed to produce a geoid model which conforms to the standard.
Atmospheric phase delay correction of PS-InSAR to Monitor Land Subsidence in Surabaya
Authors: Ulma Toifatul , Anjasmara Ira Mutiara , Hayati Noorlaila 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Atmospheric phase delay is one of the most significant errors limiting the accuracy of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) results. In this research, we used the Generic Atmospheric Correction Online Service for InSAR (GACOS) data to correct the tropospheric delay modeling from the persistent scatterers’ InSAR monitoring. Eighty-one (81) Sentinel-1A images and tropospheric delay maps from GACOS monitored land subsidence in Surabaya city between 2017 and 2019. InSAR processing was carried out using the GMTSAR software, continued with StaMPS and TRAIN, which were used to correct the tropospheric delay of PSInSAR-derived deformation measurements. The results before and after the atmospheric phase delay correction using GACOS were confirmed and analyzed in the main subsidence area. The findings of the experiments reveal that the atmospheric phase affects the mean LOS velocity results to some extent. The average difference between PS-InSAR before and after tropospheric correction is 1.734 mm/year with a standard deviation of 0.550 mm/year. The significance test of the two variables, 95%, showed that the tropospheric correction with GACOS data could affect the PS-InSAR results. Furthermore, GACOS correction may increase the error at some points, which could be due to its turbulence data’s low accuracy.
Assessment of high-degree reference models and Recent Goce/Grace Global Geopotential Models over Sudan based on the GPS/Leveling data
Authors: Osman Anas Sharafeldin Mohamed , Anjasmara Ira Mutiara , Ruby Abdelrahim , Udama Zahroh Arsy 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Nowadays, Global Geopotential Models (GGMs) can be used as a reference to develop more detailed regional/local geoids, or they can be used to provide geoid heights on their own. Since 2000, several GGMs have been released, and they are mainly derived from satellite gravity measurements, satellite-only models, terrestrial gravimetry, altimeter-derived gravity data in marine areas, and airborne gravity data. With a precise geoid model, ellipsoidal heights obtained from GPS can be converted to orthometric heights, which is reasonably quite needed in Geodesy, Civil Engineering, etc. These heights reflect changes in topography as well as local variations in gravity. This paper evaluates some of the latest releases of high degree reference models and the satellite-only global gravity field model over Sudan using 19 GPS/Leveling stations. We have been selected 6 GGMs based on Gravity field Goce and Grace, and they released in 2020, 2019, 2014, 2008, and 1996 as shown in the International Centre for Global Earth Models website (ICGEM). The accuracy evaluation of the GGM models have been discussed, the accurate GGMs over Sudan are XGM2019e_2159 and GOCO05s, which have indicated -0.019 and 0.046 meters, respectively. The evaluation results produce valuable information to academia and geoid modeling research topics in Sudan, which shows the precise model from the selected GGMs in Sudan by using the available GPS/Leveling data.
Integrating GIS and Analytical Hierarchy Process to Determine Flood Vulnerability Level in Surabaya, Indonesia
Authors: Nurwatik  , Cahyono A B , Rachmandafitri A O 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Flood is one of the hydrometeorological disasters that occur in Surabaya, especially during the rainy season. The occurrence of floods brings a huge impact on the economy, the environment, and humans’ losses. Based on the National Disaster Management Agency in Indonesia (BNPB) records, the flood inundation height in Surabaya reach about 10 -70 cm for 6 hours. Some anticipation efforts are required to minimize the impact. Therefore, this study aims to provide a flood vulnerability level assessment using the GIS and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method as a priority recommendation in increasing capacity. This research uses 4 criteria in the assessment including social, economic, physical, and environmental. Each criterion is divided into several classes with adjusted scoring values. The results of the AHP rank the social criteria as the highest weighted value of 0.42322. Furthermore, the results of the flood vulnerability assessment yield some areas that have the highest vulnerability value including Trengilismejoyo District, Wonocolo District, Dukuhpakis District, Sukolilo District, Krembangan District, Semampir District, and Benowo District.
Determining Suitable Locations for Regional Waste Final Processing Site (WFP) Using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) (Case Study: Malang City and Malang Regency)
Authors: Budisusanto Yanto , Nurwatik  , Zhaqdavyan Dani Ilham 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Garbage or waste is basically a residual material resulting from human activities and natural processes that have no economic value anymore. The volume of waste in Malang City and Malang Regency every year always increases, so the existing waste final processing site will no longer be able to accommodate the pile of garbage. Therefore the Malang City Government plans to collaborate with the Malang Regency Government in making an integrated regional waste landfill and processing site. In this study, an analysis of the determination of the appropriate location for regional waste final processing for Malang City and Malang Regency was carried out using the Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) method. The SAW method is a weighted summation method, which can make a more precise assessment, based on the predetermined criteria and preference weights. Preference weights were determined by pairwise comparison method. The criteria used are geological hazardous areas, distance from drinking water sources, land slope level, distance from settlements, protected areas and distance from airports. The final result in this study is a map of the appropriate location for a regional waste final processing site and an analysis of the location for the best regional final processing site. The location map is classified into three, namely: not feasible with a total area of 54,774.33 ha, less feasible with a total area of 170,846.49 ha and feasible with a total area of 130,096.63 ha.
Drought Hazard Modelling of Klaten Regency Central Java Using AHP and TOPSIS Method
Authors: Nugrahani Meiga , Santosa Purnama Budi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
According to information of areas at high risk of drought provided by Central Java disaster risk assessment in 2016 - 2020, Klaten Regency is in the top ten at high risk of drought in Central Java. Drought is an annual disaster in this region, which usually occurs during the dry season. The impact of the drought has caused some areas to experience a lack of clean water. For the purpose of disaster mitigation in anticipating and minimizing drought disasters losses, it is necessary to analyze the level of drought with a decision-making system by comparing two methods, namely the AHP with TOPSIS. Both methods are decision-making methods that are composed of various criteria to obtain an alternative sequence of choices. Both the AHP and TOPSIS methods produces weight values and a positive ideal solution value, respectively. These are used as input data in the mapping of drought vulnerability analysis with Geographical Information Systems (GIS). The results of the analysis are visualized with a map that shows the level of drought vulnerability. AHP and TOPSIS method decision making generates the order of the drought classes in predicting the distribution of areas experiencing drought. To validate the model, the authors compare the results of the analysis of drought vulnerability of the two methods with drought data from BPBD (Local Agency for Disaster Prevention) and DPUPR (Public Works and Public Housing Department). The results show that AHP provides better results than TOPSIS based on results validation with BPBD and DPUPR data. By comparing the two models with BPBD data, the results show that the percentage of AHP suitability is higher than TOPSIS at 47,619% and 19,048% respectively.
Determination of hydraulic resistance of channels using spectral geometry methods
Authors: Baron Alexander 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we propose a new method for calculation of hydraulic resistance of channels with constant cross-section. The method is based on the obtained estimates for the average energy dissipation rate in a turbulent flow. The first part of the paper is devoted to theoretical justification of the method. The second part is devoted to calculation of hydraulic resistance of various channels using the above-mentioned method and comparison of these values with the known results. The proposed method allows for calculation of hydraulic resistance of various channels with sufficiently high accuracy and is based only on the information about the channel geometry.
Progress in design, nanofabrication and performance of metalenses
Authors: WANG Zhenghao , WU Yongling , QI Dongfeng , YU Wenhui , ZHENG Hongyu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Metalens has been shown to overcome the diffraction limit of conventional optical lenses to achieve sub-wavelength resolution. Due to its planar structure and lightweight, metalens has the potential applications in the manufacture of flat lenses for cameras and other high resolution imaging optics. However, currently reported metalenses have low focusing efficiencies: 26% - 68% in THz and GHz range, 1% - 91% in near infrared range (NIR), and 5% - 91.6% in the visible range. Far field imaging in the visible light is essential for use in camera and mobile phones, which requires a complex metalens structure with multi-layers of alternating metal and dielectric layers. Most of the reported metalenses work in a single wavelength, mainly due to the high dispersion characteristics of the diffractive metalenses. It remains a challenge to realize high resolution imaging for a wide wavelength band in particular in the visible range. In this review, we report the state-of-the-art in metalens design principle, types of nanoscale structures, and various fabrication processes. We introduce femtosecond laser direct writing based on two-photon polymerization as an emerging nanofabrication technology. We provide an overview of the optical performance of the recently-reported metalenses and elaborate the major research and engineering challenges and future prospects.
Quantum algorithm for MUSIC-based DOA estimation in hybrid MIMO systems
Authors: Meng Fan-Xu , Li Ze-Tong , Xu-Tao Yu , Zhang Zai-Chen 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The multiple signal classification (MUSIC) algorithm is a well-established method to evaluate the direction of arrival (DOA) of signals. However, the construction and eigen-decomposition of the sample covariance matrix (SCM) are computationally costly for MUSIC in hybrid multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems, which limits the application and advancement of the algorithm. In this paper, we present a novel quantum method for MUSIC in hybrid MIMO systems. Our scheme makes the following three contributions. First, the quantum subroutine for constructing the approximate SCM is designed, along with the quantum circuit for the steering vector and a proposal for quantum singular vector transformation. Second, the variational density matrix eigensolver is proposed to determine the signal and noise subspaces utilizing the destructive swap test. As a proof of principle, we conduct two numerical experiments using a quantum simulator. Finally, the quantum labelling procedure is explored to determine the DOA. The proposed quantum method can potentially achieve exponential speedup on certain parameters and polynomial speedup on others under specific moderate circumstances, compared with their classical counterparts.
Charge transfer state characterization and voltage losses of organic solar cells
Authors: Jungbluth Anna , Kaienburg Pascal , Riede Moritz 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A correct determination of voltage losses is crucial for the development of organic solar cells (OSCs) with improved performance. This requires an in-depth understanding of the properties of interfacial charge transfer (CT) states, which not only set the upper limit for the open-circuit voltage of a system, but also govern radiative and non-radiative recombination processes. Over the last decade, different approaches have emerged to classify voltage losses in OSCs that rely on a generic detailed balance approach or additionally include CT state parameters that are specific to OSCs. In the latter case, a correct determination of CT state properties is paramount. In this work, we summarize the different frameworks used today to calculate voltage losses and provide an in-depth discussion of the currently most important models used to characterize CT state properties from absorption and emission data of organic thin films and solar cells. We also address practical concerns during the data recording, analysis, and fitting process. Departing from the classical two-state Marcus theory approach, we discuss the importance of quantized molecular vibrations and energetic hybridization effects in organic donor-acceptor systems with the goal to providing the reader with a detailed understanding of when each model is most appropriate.
Mutual information scaling for tensor network machine learning
Authors: Convy Ian , Huggins William , Liao Haoran , Birgitta Whaley K 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Tensor networks have emerged as promising tools for machine learning, inspired by their widespread use as variational ansatze in quantum many-body physics. It is well known that the success of a given tensor network ansatz depends in part on how well it can reproduce the underlying entanglement structure of the target state, with different network designs favoring different scaling patterns. We demonstrate here how a related correlation analysis can be applied to tensor network machine learning, and explore whether classical data possess correlation scaling patterns similar to those found in quantum states, which might indicate the best network to use for a given dataset. We utilize mutual information (MI) as measure of correlations in classical data, and show that it can serve as a lower-bound on the entanglement needed for a probabilistic tensor network classifier. We then develop a logistic regression algorithm to estimate the MI between bipartitions of data features, and verify its accuracy on a set of Gaussian distributions designed to mimic different correlation patterns. Using this algorithm, we characterize the scaling patterns in the Modified National Institute of Standards and Technology and Tiny Images datasets, and find clear evidence of boundary-law scaling in the latter. This quantum-inspired classical analysis offers insight into the design of tensor networks that are best suited for specific learning tasks.