bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Queer from the Horse’s Mouth
Authors: Pramaggiore Maria 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter focuses on two mid-century American screen equines who possess the power of speech: Francis, a patriotic U.S. Army mule serving during WWII, and Mr. Ed, a palomino horse living in the suburbanizing postwar San Fernando Valley. Contextualizing Arthur Lubin’s wildly popular Francis films (1950–1956) and Mr. Ed television series (1961–1966) within the tradition of talking horses in literary classics such as The Iliad and Gulliver’s Travels—and also in relation to mid-twentieth-century American debates around gender—the chapter argues that Francis and Mr. Ed’s ventriloquial voices not only serve as vehicles for a critique of traditional masculinity, but also channel some startlingly queer and post-human interspecies alternatives to human heteronormativity.
The Mills Brothers, Animators of the Unseen Stage
Authors: Smith Jacob 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe Mills Brothers were a vocal quartet who rose to fame in the 1930s with a distinctive vocal style that featured group harmonies, the imitation of musical instruments, and the incorporation of dramatic scenes into popular songs. That style doesn’t easily fit within the paradigm usually applied to popular singers of the radio age—the “crooners”—and instead, the Mills Brothers are best understood through reference to scholarship on puppetry, ventriloquism, and animation. The Mills Brothers provide an overlooked case study in Black transmedia stardom during the 1930s; the group’s multimedia presence at that time included network radio, phonograph records, live performances, three Fleischer Brothers sound cartoons, and appearances in several Hollywood films. The group’s unique vocal style was perhaps best captured in the Fleischer cartoons, and this chapter argues that they are better appreciated as animators than crooners; that is, as virtuosic practitioners in the art of sonic illusion.
A French Prerogative
Authors: Wyss Marco 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In contrast to Nigeria, there had not been any real planning for the creation of national armed forces in Côte d’Ivoire in the late 1950s. Houphouët-Boigny relied on the protection of the French-led Community army, and de Gaulle continued to expect Ivorian contributions in manpower. The situation changed, however, in the wake of the abrupt end of the Community and Houphouët-Boigny’s sudden march towards independence. Despite Franco-Ivorian frictions during the transfer of power, however, the Ivorian leader expected and could eventually count on French military assistance. But France’s exclusive military assistance role nevertheless came to be challenged from unexpected quarters, with the Ivorian civic service being built up with Israeli assistance. But even though the French were at the time probably the Israelis’ closest Western security partners, and retained control of the purely military assistance to the Ivorian armed forces, they actively and successively sought to reduce Israel’s involvement.
French Rival
Authors: Wyss Marco 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Faced with the potential withdrawal of French military assistance during his clash with de Gaulle during the transfer of power, Houphouët-Boigny enquired about potential American assistance. Neither the Eisenhower nor, at first, the Kennedy administration wanted to challenge the French in their sphere of influence. But the spectre of US military assistance began to haunt Paris, and influenced it to make concessions during the negotiations for the cooperation agreements. After independence, US policymakers were increasingly less inclined to fully defer to French sensitivities, and decided to provide a modicum of military assistance to the Entente states. With the French seeing the Americans as rivals in Africa, Houphouët-Boigny exploited the prospect of a heavier US involvement in the Ivorian security sector to extract additional military assistance from Paris and, eventually, to retain a French military presence in Côte d’Ivoire despite France’s planned withdrawal in line with its force reductions in Africa.
The Normativity of Knowledge and the Scope and Sources of Defeat
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper I will be appealing to a prior grasp of the normativity of knowledge itself—its role in entitling a subject to confidence and in authorizing others to believe on the strength of one’s epistemic standing—to shed light on the nature and scope of defeat. The strategy will be to focus on cases in which an otherwise epistemically well-positioned subject fails to enjoy these normative standings, and to argue that the best explanation is the presence of defeaters. In ordinary cases, this strategy yields results that are not particularly interesting: in such cases the allegation of relevant defeaters will be greeted with a yawn. The interest of the present paper lies in its use of this strategy to motivate the allegation of a type of defeat that is decidedly more controversial: so-called normative defeat (a term I borrow from Lackey (1999)). Highlighting this type of defeat underscores a social dimension to knowledge that the literature typically overlooks or ignores.
Albanian Transnational Social Field and Diaspora Entrepreneurs
Authors: Koinova Maria 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter and the following Chapter 5 are interconnected as they both discuss Albanian diaspora mobilizations. This chapter lays out political dynamics in the Albanian transnational social field and presents the profiles of the four types of diaspora entrepreneurs that operate within it. Incomplete nation-building and state-building processes have left Albanians scattered throughout the Balkans since the early twentieth century, where they currently live as either majorities or minorities. Weak state capacities of Kosovo alongside those of adjacent fragile states, as well as problematic treatment of Albanians where they are minorities, most notably North Macedonia and Serbia, have created dynamics conducive for Albanians to emigrate from the region and mobilize in the diaspora. Kosovo’s independence was a goal not simply for Albanians from Kosovo but was widespread among other diaspora Albanians until the 2008 independence. Albanians socialized with each other in the diaspora, irrespective of their original homeland, thereby forging bonds and seeking Kosovo’s statehood through a transnational social field perspective. More recently, another field-wide idea has emerged, of an ‘Albanian space’ formed through the EU integration of Balkan states with Albanian populations. This chapter presents data on migration in the Albanian field, in the Balkans and globally, and specifies the individual profiles of Albanian diaspora entrepreneurs.
Erich Maria Remarque’s All Quiet on the Western Front (1929)
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at Erich Maria Remarque’s novel All Quiet on the Western Front, which focuses on a generational subset for whom the past barely exists in memory and the future is inconceivable—a predicament in which war itself becomes a kind of Ithaca, the only home to which the adolescent soldier has any intimate or tangible connection. Narrator Paul Bäumer and his schoolfellows inhabit a No Man’s Land of their own: they are young but have lost hope; they feel old but have no yesteryear; they are refugees whose yearning is without shape or object. Whatever images of home they had when they enlisted, whatever plans for the future, were too nebulous, too lacking in resilience to compete with war’s intensity, its ubiquity and noise. The chapter shows that, despite its apparent pessimism, All Quiet was envisaged as a first step towards finding the ‘way back’ and pointing out ‘the road onward’, and that writing the book was itself a form of nostos.
Njabulo Ndebele’s The Cry of Winnie Mandela (2003)
Authors: Riley Kathleen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks closely at Njabulo Ndebele’s novel The Cry of Winnie Mandela, in which he gives a compelling and impassioned voice to five South African ‘descendants’ of Penelope, and to Penelope herself. It argues that the book puts into practice Ndebele’s belief that it was important for South African writing to resist the orthodoxy of spectacle, to rediscover the ordinary, to fashion a new narrative of intimacy and introspection, and thereby envisage a future of promise and complexity. It shows how Ndebele challenges the classical paradigm of the faithful waiting woman and, in so doing, urgently interrogates the notion of Home in the new South Africa.
Tunneling Phenomenon
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents basic experimental methods and the basic theory of tunneling. The classical metal-insulator-metal tunneling junction experiment of Giaever, designed to verify the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory of superconductivity, is the motivation for Bardeen to invent his perturbation theory of tunneling. That Bardeen theory then became the starting point of the most useful models of STM. Section 2.2 presents the Bardeen tunneling theory from time-dependent perturbation theory of quantum mechanics, starting from a one-dimensional case, then proceeds to three-dimensional version with wave-function corrections. The Bardeen theory in second-quantization format, the transfer-Hamiltonian formalism, is also presented. As extensions of the original Bardeen theory, the theories and experiments of inelastic tunneling and spin-polarized tunneling are discussed in depth.
Nanomechanical Effects
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the effect of force and deformation of the tip apex and the sample surface in the operation and imaging mechanism of STM and AFM. Because the contact area is of atomic dimension, a very small force and deformation would generate a large measurable effect. Three effects are discussed. First is the stability of the STM junction, which depends on the rigidity of the material. For soft materials, hysterisis is more likely. For rigid materials, the approaching and retraction cycles are continuous and reproducible. Second is the effect of force and deformation to the STM imaging mechanism. For soft material such as graphite, force and deformation can amplify the observed corrugation. For hard materials as most metals, force and deformation can decrease the observed corrugation. Finally, the effect of force and deformation on tunneling barrier height measurements is discussed.
Regional Development Banks in the World Economy
Authors: Clifton Judith , Díaz-Fuentes Daniel , Howarth David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers a revised categorization of regional development banks (RDB) through an analysis of their changing geographical operations and their shifting prioritization of five major functions—development, regional integration, market promotion, multi-polarity re-inforcement, and strategic market shaping. The authors demonstrate the first RDB were established to correct for market failure, prioritizing development with and, often, by regional integration. A second major period of RDB creation occurred in the 1990s, accompanied by a turn to promoting market-oriented functions—which shaped newly established RDB, as well as previously existing banks. The most recent period of RDB creation occurred from the beginning of the twenty-first century. RDB became more ambitious in geo-political terms and, with regard to function, adopted a more strategic approach to intervention, promoting industry and the provision of international public goods, whilst shifting to new business models with greater and more complex private sector involvement. We examine the extent to which principal-agent analysis sheds light on these complex transformations.
The European Investment Bank
Authors: Clifton Judith , Díaz-Fuentes Daniel , Gómez Ana Lara 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The European Investment Bank (EIB) constitutes one of the main institutional pillars upon which the European Union (EU) was built. Strikingly, the institution has attracted little research. EIB Statutes can be condensed down to five overarching objectives that its lending should prioritize: originally, development, integration and investment, and, since the mid-1990s, environmental protection and tackling unemployment. This chapter provides a comprehensive qualitative analysis of EIB lending to Europe from its origins to the present and examines the Bank’s loans in light of its lending objectives. We find a watershed moment occurring at the end of the Cold War. Until the 1990s, the EIB promoted integration and development above the alleviation of capital constraints. Since then, however, there was a progressive ‘mechanization’ of EIB loans at the expense of securing the institution’s mission, to the extent that loans were increasingly associated with capital subscribed by its members. This could mean that the EIB mission as found in its Statutes and its lending practice is becoming increasingly misaligned.
{ Introduction }
Authors: Storey Mark 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The introduction sets out the theoretical and historical stakes of the book. Opening with a cluster of Roman analogies stretching from the Iraq War to the American War of Independence, this chapter develops and explains the key questions that underpin the rest of the book. It offers extended rationales for its three keywords—empire, antiquity, and time—and makes claims for the methodological innovations it offers through its theorization of historical analogy. It situates the argument within the wider debates around temporality in American literary studies, postcolonial studies, and classical reception, as well as mobilizing its primary conceptual thinkers (namely, Reinhart Koselleck and Walter Benjamin). It closes by returning to the opening examples and putting the book’s main arguments into action.
Education
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Since the 1960s, a growing number of American evangelicals have withdrawn their children from “government schools,” seeking alternative provision either in private Christian day schools or in parentally provided education within the home. Over two million American children are being home educated, and in the last few years, the number of children involved in home education has grown at a rate around twelve times that of the number of students entering public schools. Across the United States, but especially in north Idaho, an increasing number of believers are turning to several varieties of Christian education to dispute the minoritarian and subcultural assumptions of those believers who have conceded to liberal expectations, and to educate a generation of the faithful that will work to reclaim and eventually control the cultural mainstream. The influence of conservative religion on the public school system has never been greater, but in home schools, private schools, and liberal arts colleges, education has become a vital weapon in strategies of survival and resistance in evangelical America.
Conclusion
Authors: Gribben Crawford 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Paradoxically, the failure of the first generation of Christian Reconstructionists to cohere, either personally or ideologically, has worked in the movement’s favor, creating an internal marketplace of ideas by means of which competing groupings within political and religious conservatism have been able to appropriate and adopt their central arguments. Recognizing that a “moral majority” does not exist, and therefore abandoning the top-down political strategies of earlier evangelicals, the believers who participate in the migration to the Pacific Northwest work to build communities that will expand organically and over time to renew America and to replace the supposed neutrality of its legislative base. The project is working. But it is not clear whether the integrity of these ideas will continue as their audience base grows. Mass culture routinizes what was once regarded as radical, with effects that may not easily be predicted at the “end of white, Christian America.”
Hebraism
Authors: Grosby Steven 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines Hebraism as the ‘third culture’, distinct from Greek and Roman Christianity, as a kind of Jewish Christianity. Hebraism, as a current of intellectual history, is expressed in the work of the Christian Hebraists of early modern Europe, the quintessential example being John Selden. Hebraism’s focus on life in this world led to the problems of how life should be organized through law, the territorialization of tradition, and the paradoxical national monotheism of the ‘new Israel’. A different interpretation of the Old Testament emerged, influencing the relation between the Old and New Testaments. The theological, political, legal, and social characteristics of Hebraic culture are clarified.
Neural Basis of Speech-Gesture Mismatch Detection in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Choudhury Momoko , Steines Miriam , Nagels Arne , Riedl Lydia , Kircher Tilo , Straube Benjamin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPatients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD) exhibit an aberrant perception and comprehension of abstract speech-gesture combinations associated with dysfunctional activation of the left inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Recently, a significant deficit of speech-gesture mismatch detection was identified in SSD, but the underlying neural mechanisms have not yet been examined. A novel mismatch-detection fMRI paradigm was implemented manipulating speech-gesture abstractness (abstract/concrete) and relatedness (related/unrelated). During fMRI data acquisition, 42 SSD patients (schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or other non-organic psychotic disorder [ICD-10: F20, F25, F28; DSM-IV: 295.X]) and 36 healthy controls were presented with short video clips of an actor reciting abstract or concrete sentences accompanied by either a semantically related or unrelated gesture. Participants indicated via button press whether they perceived each gesture as matching the speech content or not. Speech-gesture mismatch detection performance was significantly impaired in patients compared to controls. fMRI data analysis revealed that patients showed lower activation in bilateral frontal areas, including the IFG for all abstract &gt; concrete speech-gesture pairs. In addition, they exhibited reduced engagement of the right supplementary motor area (SMA) and bilateral anterior cingulate cortices (ACC) for unrelated &gt; related stimuli. We provide first evidence that impaired speech-gesture mismatch detection in SSD could be the result of dysfunctional activation of the SMA and ACC. Failure to activate the left IFG disrupts the integration of abstract speech-gesture combinations in particular. Future investigations should focus on brain stimulation of the SMA, ACC, and the IFG to improve communication and social functioning in SSD.
Three overlooked key functional classes for building up minimal synthetic cells
Authors: Danchin Antoine 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Assembly of minimal genomes revealed many genes encoding unknown functions. Three overlooked functional categories account for some of them. Cells are prone to make errors and age. As a first key function, discrimination between proper and changed entities is indispensable. Discrimination requires management of information, an authentic, yet abstract, currency of reality. For example proteins age, sometimes very fast. The cell must identify, then get rid of old proteins without destroying young ones. Implementing discrimination in cells leads to the second set of functions, usually ignored. Being abstract, information must nevertheless be embodied into material entities, with unavoidable idiosyncratic properties. This brings about novel unmet needs. Hence, the buildup of cells elicits specific but awkward material implementations, ‘kludges’ that become essential under particular settings, while difficult to identify. Finally, a third functional category characterizes the need for growth, with metabolic implementations allowing the cell to put together the growth of its cytoplasm, membranes, and genome, spanning different spatial dimensions. Solving this metabolic quandary, critical for engineering novel synthetic biology chassis, uncovered an unexpected role for CTP synthetase as the coordinator of nonhomothetic growth. Because a significant number of SynBio constructs aim at creating cell factories we expect that they will be attacked by viruses (it is not by chance that the function of the CRISPR system was identified in industrial settings). Substantiating the role of CTP, natural selection has dealt with this hurdle via synthesis of the antimetabolite 3′-deoxy-3′,4′-didehydro-CTP, recruited for antiviral immunity in all domains of life.
Transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 within-host diversity in two major hospital outbreaks in South Africa
Authors: San James E , Ngcapu Sinaye , Kanzi Aquillah M , Tegally Houriiyah , Fonseca Vagner , Giandhari Jennifer , Wilkinson Eduan , Nelson Chase W , Smidt Werner , Kiran Anmol M , Chimukangara Benjamin , Pillay Sureshnee , Singh Lavanya , Fish Maryam , Gazy Inbal , Martin Darren P , Khanyile Khulekani , Lessells Richard , de Oliveira Tulio 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes acute, highly transmissible respiratory infection in humans and a wide range of animal species. Its rapid global spread has resulted in a major public health emergency, necessitating commensurately rapid research to improve control strategies. In particular, the ability to effectively retrace transmission chains in outbreaks remains a major challenge, partly due to our limited understanding of the virus’ underlying evolutionary dynamics within and between hosts. We used high-throughput sequencing whole-genome data coupled with bottleneck analysis to retrace the pathways of viral transmission in two nosocomial outbreaks that were previously characterised by epidemiological and phylogenetic methods. Additionally, we assessed the mutational landscape, selection pressures, and diversity at the within-host level for both outbreaks. Our findings show evidence of within-host selection and transmission of variants between samples. Both bottleneck and diversity analyses highlight within-host and consensus-level variants shared by putative source-recipient pairs in both outbreaks, suggesting that certain within-host variants in these outbreaks may have been transmitted upon infection rather than arising de novo independently within multiple hosts. Overall, our findings demonstrate the utility of combining within-host diversity and bottleneck estimations for elucidating transmission events in SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks, provide insight into the maintenance of viral genetic diversity, provide a list of candidate targets of positive selection for further investigation, and demonstrate that within-host variants can be transferred between patients. Together these results will help in developing strategies to understand the nature of transmission events and curtail the spread of SARS-CoV-2.
Streamlining Follicular Monitoring During Controlled Ovarian Stimulation: A Data-Driven Approach to Efficient IVF Care in the New Era of Social Distancing
Authors: Robertson I. , Chmiel F. P. , Cheong Y. 
Published: April 2021

(Abstracted from Hum Reprod 2021;36(1):99–106)
During controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) as part of in vitro fertilization (IVF), routine monitoring using transvaginal ultrasound is indicated in order to identify the most appropriate time to trigger final follicular maturation and to identify signs of overresponse. Evidence regarding the ideal protocol and frequency of monitoring COS patients in order to maximize live birth rate and minimize morbidity has been inconclusive.