bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PP30 The Minnesota satisfaction questionnaire as a measure of advanced paramedic practitioner satisfaction with a three part rotational model of working
Authors: Wright Stella , Robertson Duncan , Nosworthy Gemma , Baines Bob , Thomas Wyn , Thomas Bryn , Timmins Mark , Watson Robyn 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundWelsh Ambulance Service NHS Trust (WAST) and Betsi Cadwaladr University Health Board (BCUHB) were jointly awarded Welsh Government Pacesetter funding to assess the viability of a rotational approach to the delivery of care. The three part rotation incorporates the WAST Clinical Contact Centre, solo responding and shifts in BCUHB primary care settings. Nine WAST Advanced Paramedic Practitioners (APPs) started their rotation in north Wales in June 2019, a further eight joined in September 2020. The Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ) was one of a number of data collection items undertaken as part of a service evaluation to evaluate the impact of this Pacesetter project.MethodsAPP Satisfaction was measured using the Minnesota Satisfaction Questionnaire (MSQ), a standardised tool designed to measure an employee’s satisfaction with work and aspects of the workplace environment. It comprises a 100-item questionnaire, with each question aligned to one of 20 scales. The MSQ was completed by the first cohort of APPs nine months into their rotation, and by the second Cohort in their third month. APPs were asked to consider all aspects of the rotation.ResultsOverall, both cohorts demonstrated a high level of satisfaction, in particular questions associated with intrinsic satisfaction scored better than ones linked to extrinsic satisfaction. For both Cohorts, Social Service, Working Conditions and Activity were all in the top five scoring scales. Whereas, Authority and Supervision (Human Relations) were lower scoring scales for both Cohorts.The individual raw scores were slightly higher for Cohort II than I. Cohort II also demonstrated a wider range in standard deviation scores across the scales.ConclusionThe MSQ is a simple yet effective measure of assessing workplace satisfaction. For the current Cohorts of Pacesetter APPs, scores indicated a high level of satisfaction across all aspects of the rotation.
PP31 Patterns of use of ambulance senior support during the COVID-19 pandemic: a service evaluation
Authors: Bell Fiona , Hodge Andrew , Pilbery Richard , Whiterod Sarah 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundIn early March 2020, a senior clinical support cell (SCSC) was established within Yorkshire Ambulance Service NHS Trust (YAS). The SCSC aimed to provide an additional layer of clinical leadership within the Emergency Operations Centre to support call centre and decision support for on-scene ambulance staff working in challenging circumstances. It was staffed by advanced practitioners, doctors and other senior paramedics with range of diverse skills from critical to urgent care. We aimed to understand the patterns of use of a SCSC for emergency 999 calls during the COVID-19 pandemic.MethodsRoutinely collected call data was retrospectively analysed to understand the patterns of use in the first three months of the service. The reason for the call, patient demographic and any regional differences were described. An anonymous survey was distributed to frontline ambulance crews to understand the reasons for contacting the SCSC, or not, and the outcomes of that contact for patient care.Results7296 patient care episodes received either a telephone triage by SCSC for 999 calls or 111 calls transferred for an emergency ambulance response (3160) or had telephone support provided to crews on scene (4136). Telephone triage accounted for 3160 calls where 642 cases (20.3%) resulted in a hear-and-treat outcome, and the findings suggest a low re-contact rate within 24 hours at 2.4%.The primary reasons for crews seeking support/advice from the SCSC were discharge advice or permission (37%); support for pathways in their area (25%); or for cases where patients refused care or conveyance (11%).ConclusionsSCSC was developed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, and lessons can be learned to prepare for any future significant service challenges as a result of the rapid implementation of the SCSC and the clinical leadership required to support the pace of change and emerging clinical knowledge and practice.
PP34 The experiences and attitudes of ambulance staff towards the counter-terrorism ‘PREVENT’ training: a survey-based service evaluation
Authors: Mochrie Tessa , Foster Theresa , Prothero Larissa , South Nigel 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundUnderstanding the views and opinions of ambulance clinicians about counter-terrorism is limited, as are the roles they have in identifying individuals vulnerable to radicalisation. The aim of this survey was to investigate ambulance clinician views and preparedness to identify individuals at risk of radicalisation and whether the current national PREVENT training offered is suitable for this clinical setting.MethodsA purpose-designed, 18-question survey, was developed to understand staff attitudes and content knowledge of the national PREVENT training module. The survey was opened to all emergency ambulance clinicians in one UK ambulance service during August 2020, resulting in a sample of 123 responses which were analysed using descriptive and thematic approaches.ResultsMost respondents (87%; n=107) were aware of the PREVENT strategy, with almost three-quarters (73%; n=90) receiving training within the previous three years. Respondents were asked to score training received: the majority (89%; n=110) reported 5/10 or less. Whilst most (79%; n=97) identified the correct way to refer an individual, few had completed a PREVENT referral (9%; n=11). ‘Gut instinct’ was utilised by respondents to support their knowledge obtained via PREVENT training (70%, n=86). Respondents felt the national PREVENT training lacked relevance to their role and recommended ambulance-specific training packages be made available. They recognised their responsibility of identifying radicalisation and the opportunities their unique position offered to do so. Having a ‘duty of care’ and ‘moral responsibilities’ to make PREVENT referrals, and the importance of treating individuals as patients (not criminals), was also highlighted.ConclusionsAmbulance staff have highlighted the importance of a clear and robust referral pathway for individuals vulnerable to radicalisation. Current training lacks specificity and effectiveness for the ambulance service setting. As this survey was limited to one ambulance service, future research is warranted to ensure PREVENT training is appropriate for all ambulance staff.
PP38 Rates of recording different aspects of patients’ social history on ambulance electronic patient records – a service evaluation
Authors: Barley Chloé R , Gunson Imogen M 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundUnderstanding the impact of a patient’s social history forms part of medical assessments and wider NHS data collection. To date, there has been little work examining the extent of social history recording by ambulance clinicians. The aim of this service evaluation is to examine how frequently staff complete social history fields on electronic patient records and to identify patterns in completion rate when comparing categories of call, localities of crew, conveyance or non-conveyance, and individual fields of social history data.MethodA retrospective review of one NHS ambulance trust’s electronic patient records (attended 01/01/2019 – 31/12/2019) was conducted. 10% of the records were analysed due to software limitations (n = 134434 adult cases).ResultsVery few cases (<0.05%) had every field completed, with 28.6% of all cases having no fields completed at all. In 45% of cases, between 8 and 11 fields were completed. The mean number of fields completed per case was 5.79 and the median number was 7.‘Mobility’ and ‘Home circumstances’ were the most frequently completed and ‘Sexual Orientation’ and ‘Language’ were the least.Category of call appears to have minimal impact on completion rates. Localities and specialists had more variation, ranging from 21.3% to 49.9% with no fields completed at all.ConclusionSocial history documentation is very infrequently fully completed by frontline ambulance crews within this service. The majority of cases have a partially complete social history however, due to software limitations, it is unknown whether the same fields are consistently completed throughout these cases.Further research, including qualitative work, is recommended to understand the low rate of recording of social history data and how this information is used by ambulance staff.
Phase I/II trial of a long peptide vaccine (LPV7) plus toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists with or without incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA) for resected high-risk melanoma
Authors: Patel Sapna P , Petroni Gina R , Roszik Jason , Olson Walter C , Wages Nolan A , Chianese-Bullock Kimberly A , Smolkin Mark , Varhegyi Nikole , Gaughan Elizabeth , Smith Kelly T , Haden Kathleen , Hall Emily H , Gnjatic Sacha , Hwu Patrick , Slingluff Craig L 
Published: August 2021

BackgroundWe performed a clinical trial to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of a novel long peptide vaccine administered in combinations of incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IFA) and agonists for TLR3 (polyICLC) and TLR7/8 (resiquimod). We hypothesized that T cell responses to minimal epitope peptides (MEPs) within the long peptides would be enhanced compared with prior vaccines with MEP themselves and that T cell responses would be enhanced with TLR agonists, compared with IFA alone.MethodsParticipants with resected stage IIB-IV melanoma were vaccinated with seven long melanoma peptides (LPV7) from tyrosinase, gp100, MAGE-A1, MAGE-A10, and NY-ESO-1, each containing a known MEP for CD8+T cells, plus a tetanus helper peptide (Tet) restricted by Class II MHC. Enrollment was guided by an adaptive design to one of seven adjuvant combinations. Vaccines were administered at weeks 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12 at rotating injection sites. T cell and IgG antibody (Ab) responses were measured with IFN-gamma ELIspot assay ex vivo and ELISA, respectively.ResultsFifty eligible participants were assigned to seven study groups, with highest enrollment on arm E (LPV7+Tet+IFA+polyICLC). There was one dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) in Group E (grade 3 injection site reaction, 6% DLT rate). All other treatment-related adverse events were grades 1–2. The CD8+T cell immune response rate (IRR) to MEPs was 18%, less than in prior studies using MEP vaccines in IFA. The CD8+T cell IRR trended higher for IFA-containing adjuvants (24%) than adjuvants containing only TLR agonists (6%). Overall T cell IRR to full-length LPV7 was 30%; CD4+T cell IRR to Tet was 40%, and serum Ab IRR to LPV7 was 84%. These IRRs also trended higher for IFA-containing adjuvants (36% vs 18%, 48% vs 24%, and 97% vs 60%, respectively).ConclusionsThe LPV7 vaccine is safe with each of seven adjuvant strategies and induced T cell responses to CD8 MEPs ex vivo in a subset of patients but did not enhance IRRs compared with prior vaccines using short peptides. Immunogenicity was supported more by IFA than by TLR agonists alone and may be enhanced by polyICLC plus IFA.Trial registration numberNCT02126579.
Both sides of the story: comparing student-level data on reading performance from administrative registers to application generated data from a reading app
Authors: Sortkær Bent , Smith Emil , Reimer David , Oehmcke Stefan , Andersen Ida Gran 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe use of various learning apps in school settings is growing and thus producing an increasing amount of usage generated data. However, this usage generated data has only to a very little extend been used for monitoring and promoting learning progress. We test if application usage generated data from a reading app holds potential for measuring reading ability, reading speed progress and for pointing out features in a school setting that promotes learning. We analyze new data from three different sources: (1) Usage generated data from a widely used reading app, (2) Data from a national reading ability test, and (3) Register data on student background and family characteristics. First, we find that reading app generated data to some degree tells the same story about reading ability as does the formal national reading ability test. Second, we find that the reading app data has the potential to monitor reading speed progress. Finally, we tested several models including machine learning models. Two of these were able to identify variables associated with reading speed progress with some degree of success and to point at certain conditions that promotes reading speed progress. We discuss the results and avenues for further research are presented.
Hillslope form and process: history 1960–2000+
Authors: Kirkby Mike J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The study of hillslopes has been dominated by the expansion of studies into process rates and mechanisms. Perhaps the greatest volume of work has been on the ‘wash’ processes of soil erosion, but there has also been significant work on the diffusive mass movements of linear and non-linear ‘creep’ that shape the convexity of hilltops, on more rapid mass movements and on solution processes. There has also been fresh work on distinctive processes in coastal, arid and cold-climate environments. Accompanying and integrated with process understanding, and made possible by ubiquitous computational power, modelling has developed from soluble mathematical simplifications to complex simulations that incorporate much of our understanding of process and climate. Particular topics that have seen significant advance include a more complete understanding of drainage density and texture, and a broadening of interest to encompass the ‘critical zone’ that constructively unifies the land surface with the lower atmosphere, the biosphere and the regolith. There has also been a change of focus towards steeplands, dominated by mass movements, supply-limited removal and tectonic activity. Most recently, and now incorporated into the concept of the ‘Anthropocene’, human impact is now receiving increasing attention as we acknowledge its accelerating role in changing landscapes and their relationships.
Catala: a programming language for the law
Authors: Merigoux Denis , Chataing Nicolas , Protzenko Jonathan 
Published: August 2021

Law at large underpins modern society, codifying and governing many aspects of citizens' daily lives. Oftentimes, law is subject to interpretation, debate and challenges throughout various courts and jurisdictions. But in some other areas, law leaves little room for interpretation, and essentially aims to rigorously describe a computation, a decision procedure or, simply said, an algorithm.
Unfortunately, prose remains a woefully inadequate tool for the job. The lack of formalism leaves room for ambiguities; the structure of legal statutes, with many paragraphs and sub-sections spread across multiple pages, makes it hard to compute the intended outcome of the algorithm underlying a given text; and, as with any other piece of poorly-specified critical software, the use of informal, natural language leaves corner cases unaddressed.
We introduce Catala, a new programming language that we specifically designed to allow a straightforward and systematic translation of statutory law into an executable implementation. Notably, Catala makes it natural and easy to express the general case / exceptions logic that permeates statutory law. Catala aims to bring together lawyers and programmers through a shared medium, which together they can understand, edit and evolve, bridging a gap that too often results in dramatically incorrect implementations of the law. We have implemented a compiler for Catala, and have proven the correctness of its core compilation steps using the F* proof assistant.
We evaluate Catala on several legal texts that are algorithms in disguise, notably section 121 of the US federal income tax and the byzantine French family benefits; in doing so, we uncover a bug in the official implementation of the French benefits. We observe as a consequence of the formalization process that using Catala enables rich interactions between lawyers and programmers, leading to a greater understanding of the original legislative intent, while producing a correct-by-construction executable specification reusable by the greater software ecosystem. Doing so, Catala increases trust in legal institutions, and mitigates the risk of societal damage due to incorrect implementations of the law.
A Randomized Clinical Hypnosis Pilot Study: Improvements in Self-Reported Pain Impact in Adults with Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Wallen Gwenyth R. , Middleton Kimberly R. , Kazmi Narjis B. , Yang Li , Brooks Alyssa T. 
Published: August 2021

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is characterized by recurrent painful vasoocclusive crises. Current evidence focuses on the frequency of acute pain crises resulting in emergency department use and nonplanned inpatient hospital admissions; yet few studies focus on pain sequelae outside the healthcare system or how individuals self-manage their chronic SCD-related pain. This study investigated the feasibility of a biobehavioral intervention as an adjunct nonpharmacological therapy to assist in the self-management of chronic pain. A randomized, controlled clinical trial of hypnosis was conducted in outpatients with SCD (n = 31). Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) administered at baseline, five, and twelve weeks from both groups included pain frequency, intensity, and quality (Pain Impact Scale (PIQ) and Numerical Rating Scales); anxiety (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), coping strategies (Coping Strategies Scale), sleep (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)), and depression (Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)). The same PROs were collected at weeks seventeen and twenty-four from the control group after the crossover. No significant group by time interaction effects were found in any of the PROs based on the repeated-measures mixed models. The PIQ and PSQI scores decreased over time in both groups. Post hoc pairwise comparisons with the Bonferroni adjustment indicated that the mean PIQ score at baseline decreased significantly by week 12 (

p

= 0.01) in the hypnosis group. There were no significant changes across time before and after the crossover in any of the PROs in the control group. As suggested by these findings, pain impact and sleep in individuals with SCD may be improved through guided mind-body and self-care approaches such as hypnosis.
CX-5461 Sensitizes DNA Damage Repair–proficient Castrate-resistant Prostate Cancer to PARP Inhibition
Authors: Lawrence Mitchell G. , Porter Laura H. , Choo Nicholas , Pook David , Grummet Jeremy P. , Pezaro Carmel J. , Sandhu Shahneen , Ramm Susanne , Luu Jennii , Bakshi Andrew , Goode David L. , Sanij Elaine , Pearson Richard B. , Hannan Ross D. , Simpson Kaylene J. , Taylor Renea A. , Risbridger Gail P. , Furic Luc 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Monotherapy with PARP inhibitors is effective for the subset of castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) with defects in homologous recombination (HR) DNA repair. New treatments are required for the remaining tumors, and an emerging strategy is to combine PARP inhibitors with other therapies that induce DNA damage. Here we tested whether PARP inhibitors are effective for HR-proficient CRPC, including androgen receptor (AR)-null tumors, when used in combination with CX-5461, a small molecule that inhibits RNA polymerase I transcription and activates the DNA damage response, and has antitumor activity in early phase I trials. The combination of CX-5461 and talazoparib significantly decreased in vivo growth of patient-derived xenografts of HR-proficient CRPC, including AR-positive, AR-null, and neuroendocrine tumors. CX-5461 and talazoparib synergistically inhibited the growth of organoids and cell lines, and significantly increased the levels of DNA damage. Decreased tumor growth after combination therapy was maintained for 2 weeks without treatment, significantly increasing host survival. Therefore, combination treatment with CX-5461 and talazoparib is effective for HR-proficient tumors that are not suitable for monotherapy with PARP inhibitors, including AR-null CRPC. This expands the spectrum of CRPC that is sensitive to PARP inhibition.
The Ratio of Exhausted to Resident Infiltrating Lymphocytes Is Prognostic for Colorectal Cancer Patient Outcome
Authors: Foroutan Momeneh , Molania Ramyar , Pfefferle Aline , Behrenbruch Corina , Scheer Sebastian , Kallies Axel , Speed Terence P. , Cursons Joseph , Huntington Nicholas D. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Immunotherapy success in colorectal cancer is mainly limited to patients whose tumors exhibit high microsatellite instability (MSI). However, there is variability in treatment outcomes within this group, which is in part driven by the frequency and characteristics of tumor-infiltrating immune cells. Indeed, the presence of specific infiltrating immune-cell subsets has been shown to correlate with immunotherapy response and is in many cases prognostic of treatment outcome. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) can undergo distinct differentiation programs, acquiring features of tissue-residency or exhaustion, a process during which T cells upregulate inhibitory receptors, such as PD-1, and lose functionality. Although residency and exhaustion programs of CD8+ T cells are relatively well studied, these programs have only recently been appreciated in CD4+ T cells and remain largely unknown in tumor-infiltrating natural killer (NK) cells. In this study, we used single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data to identify signatures of residency and exhaustion in colorectal cancer–infiltrating lymphocytes, including CD8+, CD4+, and NK cells. We then tested these signatures in independent single-cell data from tumor and normal tissue–infiltrating immune cells. Furthermore, we used versions of these signatures designed for bulk RNA-seq data to explore tumor-intrinsic mutations associated with residency and exhaustion from TCGA data. Finally, using two independent transcriptomic datasets from patients with colon adenocarcinoma, we showed that combinations of these signatures, in particular combinations of NK-cell activity signatures, together with tumor-associated signatures, such as TGFβ signaling, were associated with distinct survival outcomes in patients with colon adenocarcinoma.
The First of All Natural Sciences: Roger Bacon on Perspectiva and Human Knowledge
Authors: Mantovani Mattia 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article is devoted to Roger Bacon’s understanding of perspectiva as “the first of all natural sciences.” After considering a few alternative medieval definitions and classifications of this discipline – such as al-Fārābī’s, Grosseteste’s and Kilwardby’s – the author turns to Bacon’s arguments for according to perspectiva so exceptional a role. He shows that Bacon’s arguments are grounded in his peculiar understanding of the visual process: according to Bacon, vision is indeed the only sense in which perception takes place “by reasoning” (per sillogismum). The author argues that this theory of perception also lays the foundations for Bacon’s – prima facie amiss – claim that “concerning vision alone, and no other sense, have philosophers developed a separate science.” The author explores this point by contrasting with one another Bacon’s conception of perspectiva and of music, and closes with some more general remarks on the implications of Bacon’s account of the visual process for his theory of knowledge. Based on his theory of a “vision by reasoning,” the author concludes that Bacon came to reinterpret perspectiva as the organon of visual knowledge.