bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutation in senataxin alters the mechanism of R-loop resolution in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 4
Authors: Kannan Annapoorna , Cuartas Juliana , Gangwani Pratik , Branzei Dana , Gangwani Laxman 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Mutation in the senataxin (SETX) gene causes an autosomal dominant neuromuscular disorder, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis 4 (ALS4), characterized by degeneration of motor neurons, muscle weakness and atrophy. SETX is an RNA-DNA helicase that mediates resolution of co-transcriptional RNA:DNA hybrids (R-loops). The process of R-loop resolution is essential for the normal functioning of cells, including neurons. The molecular basis of ALS4 pathogenesis and the mechanism of R-loop resolution are unclear. We report that the zinc finger protein ZPR1 binds to RNA:DNA hybrids, recruits SETX onto R-loops and is critical for R-loop resolution. ZPR1 deficiency disrupts the integrity of R-loop resolution complexes containing SETX and causes increased R-loop accumulation throughout gene transcription. We uncover that SETX is a downstream target of ZPR1 and that overexpression of ZPR1 can rescue R-loop resolution complexe assembly in SETX-deficient cells but not vice versa. To uncover the mechanism of R-loop resolution, we examined the function of SETX-ZPR1 complexes using two genetic motor neuron disease models with altered R-loop resolution. Notably, chronic low levels of SETX-ZPR1 complexes onto R-loops result in a decrease of R-loop resolution activity causing an increase in R-loop levels in spinal muscular atrophy. ZPR1 overexpression increases recruitment of SETX onto R-loops, decreases R-loops and rescues the spinal muscular atrophy phenotype in motor neurons and patient cells. Strikingly, interaction of SETX with ZPR1 is disrupted in ALS4 patients that have heterozygous SETX (L389S) mutation. ZPR1 fails to recruit the mutant SETX homodimer but recruits the heterodimer with partially disrupted interaction between SETX and ZPR1. Interestingly, disruption of SETX-ZPR1 complexes causes increase in R-loop resolution activity leading to fewer R-loops in ALS4. Modulation of ZPR1 levels regulates R-loop accumulation and rescues the pathogenic R-loop phenotype in ALS4 patient cells. These findings originate a new concept, ‘opposite alterations in a cell biological activity (R-loop resolution) result in similar pathogenesis (neurodegeneration) in different genetic motor neuron disorders’. We propose that ZPR1 collaborates with SETX and may function as a molecular brake to regulate SETX-dependent R-loop resolution activity critical for the normal functioning of motor neurons.
Rapid vigilance and episodic memory decrements in COVID-19 survivors
Authors: Zhao Sijia , Shibata Kengo , Hellyer Peter J. , Trender William , Manohar Sanjay , Hampshire Adam , Husain Masud 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Recent studies indicate that COVID-19 infection can lead to serious neurological consequences in a small percentage of individuals. However, in the months following acute illness, many more suffer from fatigue, low motivation, disturbed mood, poor sleep and cognitive symptoms, colloquially referred to as ‘brain fog’. But what about individuals who had asymptomatic to moderate COVID-19 and reported no concerns after recovering from COVID-19? Here, we examined a wide range of cognitive functions critical for daily life (including sustained attention, memory, motor control, planning, semantic reasoning, mental rotation and spatial–visual attention) in people who had previously suffered from COVID-19 but were not significantly different from a control group on self-reported fatigue, forgetfulness, sleep abnormality, motivation, depression, anxiety and personality profile. Reassuringly, COVID-19 survivors performed well in most abilities tested, including working memory, executive function, planning and mental rotation. However, they displayed significantly worse episodic memory (up to 6 months post-infection) and greater decline in vigilance with time on task (for up to 9 months). Overall, the results show that specific chronic cognitive changes following COVID-19 are evident on objective testing even amongst those who do not report a greater symptom burden. Importantly, in the sample tested here, these were not significantly different from normal after 6–9 months, demonstrating evidence of recovery over time.
Representational similarity scores of digits in the sensorimotor cortex are associated with behavioral performance
Authors: Gooijers J , Chalavi S , Koster L K , Roebroeck A , Kaas A , Swinnen S P 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPrevious studies aimed to unravel a digit-specific somatotopy in the primary sensorimotor (SM1) cortex. However, it remains unknown whether digit somatotopy is associated with motor preparation and/or motor execution during different types of tasks. We adopted multivariate representational similarity analysis to explore digit activation patterns in response to a finger tapping task (FTT). Sixteen healthy young adults underwent magnetic resonance imaging, and additionally performed an out-of-scanner choice reaction time task (CRTT) to assess digit selection performance. During both the FTT and CRTT, force data of all digits were acquired using force transducers. This allowed us to assess execution-related interference (i.e., digit enslavement; obtained from FTT & CRTT), as well as planning-related interference (i.e., digit selection deficit; obtained from CRTT) and determine their correlation with digit representational similarity scores of SM1. Findings revealed that digit enslavement during FTT was associated with contralateral SM1 representational similarity scores. During the CRTT, digit enslavement of both hands was also associated with representational similarity scores of the contralateral SM1. In addition, right hand digit selection performance was associated with representational similarity scores of left S1. In conclusion, we demonstrate a cortical origin of digit enslavement, and uniquely reveal that digit selection is associated with digit representations in primary somatosensory cortex (S1).Significance statement In current systems neuroscience, it is of critical importance to understand the relationship between brain function and behavioral outcome. With the present work, we contribute significantly to this understanding by uniquely assessing how digit representations in the sensorimotor cortex are associated with planning- and execution-related digit interference during a continuous finger tapping and a choice reaction time task. We observe that digit enslavement (i.e., execution-related interference) finds its origin in contralateral digit representations of SM1, and that deficits in digit selection (i.e., planning-related interference) in the right hand during a choice reaction time task are associated with more overlapping digit representations in left S1. This knowledge sheds new light on the functional contribution of the sensorimotor cortex to everyday motor skills.
Substance use disorders among primary care patients screening positive for unhealthy alcohol use
Authors: Metz Verena E , Palzes Vanessa A , Kline-Simon Andrea Hessel , Chi Felicia W , Campbell Cynthia I , Weisner Constance M , Sterling Stacy A 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundDespite high prevalence of polysubstance use, recent data on concurrent alcohol use in patients with specific substance use disorders (SUDs) are lacking.ObjectiveTo examine associations between specific SUDs and alcohol consumption levels.MethodsUsing electronic health record data, we conducted a cross-sectional study of 2,720,231 primary care adults screened for alcohol use between 2014 and 2017 at Kaiser Permanente Northern California. Alcohol consumption levels were categorized as no reported use, low-risk use, and unhealthy use (exceeding daily, weekly, or both recommended drinking limits). Using multinomial logistic regression, and adjusting for sociodemographic and health characteristics, we examined the odds of reporting each alcohol consumption level in patients with a prior-year SUD diagnosis (alcohol, cannabis, cocaine, inhalant, opioid, sedative/anxiolytic, stimulant, other drug, nicotine, any SUD except nicotine) compared to those without.ResultsThe sample was 52.9% female, 48.1% White; the mean age was 46 years (SD = 18). Patients with SUDs were less likely to report low-risk alcohol use relative to no use compared with patients without SUDs. Patients with alcohol or nicotine use disorder had higher odds of reporting unhealthy alcohol use relative to no use; however, patients with all other SUDs (except cocaine) had lower odds. Among patients who reported any alcohol use (n = 861,427), patients with SUDs (except opioid) had higher odds of exceeding recommended limits than those without.ConclusionThe associations of unhealthy alcohol use and SUDs suggest that screening for both alcohol and drug use in primary care presents a crucial opportunity to prevent and treat SUDs early.
Fungi as mediators linking organisms and ecosystems
Authors: Bahram Mohammad , Netherway Tarquin 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTFungi form a major and diverse component of most ecosystems on Earth. They are both micro and macroorganisms with high and varying functional diversity as well as great variation in dispersal modes. With our growing knowledge of microbial biogeography, it has become increasingly clear that fungal assembly patterns and processes differ from other microorganisms such as bacteria, but also from macroorganisms such as plants. The success of fungi as organisms and their influence on the environment lies in their ability to span multiple dimensions of time, space, and biological interactions, that is not rivalled by other organism groups. There is also growing evidence that fungi mediate links between different organisms and ecosystems, with the potential to affect the macroecology and evolution of those organisms. This suggests that fungal interactions are an ecological driving force, interconnecting different levels of biological and ecological organisation of their hosts, competitors, and antagonists with the environment and ecosystem functioning. Here we review these emerging lines of evidence by focusing on the dynamics of fungal interactions with other organism groups across various ecosystems. We conclude that the mediating role of fungi through their complex and dynamic ecological interactions underlie their importance and ubiquity across Earth's ecosystems.
Ps-splitting analysis reveals differential crustal deformation beneath the Qinling Orogenic Belt and its surrounding areas
Authors: Li Mengkui , Wu Tengfei 
Published: December 2021

SUMMARYCrustal anisotropy parameters beneath the Qinling Orogenic Belt (QOB) and its surrounding areas (including the northeastern Tibetan Plateau) are investigated by harmonic fitting the arrival times of the P-to-S converted phase from the Moho and an intracrustal discontinuity. The measurements reveal strong and spatially varying crustal anisotropy beneath the study region, with an average splitting time of 0.50 ± 0.17 s. The eastern Kunlun Orogen (EKLO), western part of QOB (WWQL) and Longmenshan block (LMB) present relatively larger crustal anisotropy, and the fast orientations changed gradually from NWW–SEE in EKLO and WWQL to NEE–SWW in LMB. The crustal anisotropy measurements, combined with the results from ambient-noise tomography and gravity inversion, suggest that the middle-lower crustal flow induced by the inhomogeneous crustal thickening during the early stage of plateau growth exists beneath these areas. The fast orientations beneath the eastern part of the QOB are predominantly NNE–SSW, nearly orthogonal to that from local shear wave splitting and teleseismic XKS splitting. The crustal anisotropy measurements suggest a layered deformation beneath the eastern QOB. The upper crust retains the fossil deformation formed during the main orogeny, the middle-to-lower crust is dominated by the N–S oriented subduction, collision and continued convergence between the North China Block, South China Block and Qinling microblocks; the upper mantle is decoupled from the crust and mainly controlled by the mantle flow from the Tibetan Plateau.
3-D multicomponent full waveform inversion for shallow-seismic target: Ettlingen Line case study
Authors: Irnaka T M , Brossier R , Métivier L , Bohlen T , Pan Y 
Published: December 2021

SUMMARY
In this work, we investigate methodological development and application of viscoelastic full waveform inversion to a multicomponent source and receiver data set at the near-surface scale. The target is located in Germany and lies in an ancient war trench from the War of the Spanish Succession that was buried at approximately 1 m depth. We present the pre-processing of the data, including a matching filter correction to compensate for different source and receiver coupling conditions during the acquisition, as well as a dedicated multistep workflow for the reconstruction of both P-wave and S-wave velocities. Our implementation is based on viscoelastic modelling using a spectral element discretization to accurately account for the wave propagation complexity in this shallow region. We illustrate the inversion stability by starting from different initial models, either based on dispersion curve analysis or homogeneous models consistent with first arrivals. We recover similar results in both cases. We also illustrate the importance of accounting for the attenuation by comparing elastic and viscoelastic results. The 3-D results make it possible to recover and locate the trench precisely in terms of interpretation. They also exhibit another trench structure, in a direction forming an angle at 45° with the direction of the targeted trench. This new structure had been previously interpreted as an artifact in former 2-D inversion results. The archaeological interpretation of this new structure is still a matter of discussion.
Sensitivity studies on the thermal beta+decay and thermal neutrino loss rates in the multizone X-ray burst model mesa
Authors: Lau Rita 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Recently, it has been discovered that the beta+decay rates and neutrino loss rates of 64Ga and 68Se greatly affect the light curves and final abundances of X-ray bursts in a one-zone model in all circumstances. Here we further expand the study to the multizone model mesa and compare the results with observations of the bursting source GS 1826–24. It was found that the light curve of the modified beta decay rates of 64Ga is more comparable to observations than the standard beta decays. The final mass fractions of the ashes of the X-ray bursts for elements with a mass number of 38 (38Ar, 38Ca) are greatly modified because of the beta+decay rate and neutrino loss rate of 68Se. They also produce more URCA nuclei, which may lead to stronger cooling in the neutron star crusts. Both the modified rates of 68Se and 64Ga make the recurrence times of the simulated X-ray bursts longer because they cause more energy loss than the standard rates and more time is needed to accumulate energy to trigger the bursts.
Dust accumulation near the magnetospheric truncation of protoplanetary discs around T Tauri stars
Authors: Li(李日新) Rixin , Chen(陈逸贤) Yi-Xian , Lin(林潮) Douglas N C 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The prevalence of short-period super-Earths that are independent of host metallicity challenges the theoretical construction of their origin. We propose that dust trapping in the global pressure bump induced by magnetospheric truncation in evolved protoplanetary discs (PPDs) around T Tauri stars offers a promising formation mechanism for super-Earths, where the host metallicity is already established. To better understand this planet-forming scenario, we construct a toy inner disc model and focus on the evolution of dust trapped in the bump, taking into account the supply from drifting pebbles and loss due to funnel flows. We develop an implicit coagulation–fragmentation code, rubble, and perform a suite of simulations to evolve the local dust-size distributions. Our study for the first time considers dust feedback effect on turbulent diffusion in this kind of model. We report that efficient dust growth and significant accumulation of dust mass are possible in less turbulent disc with sturdier solids and with faster external supply, laying out a solid foundation for further growth towards planetesimals and planetary embryos. We further find that, depending on the dominant process, solid mass may predominantly accumulate in cm-sized grains or particles in runaway growth, indicating different ways of forming planetesimals. Furthermore, these various outcomes show different efficiencies in saving dust from funnel flows, suggesting that they may be distinguishable by constraining the opacity of funnel flows. Also, these diverse dust behaviours may help to explain the observed dipper stars and rapidly varying shadows in PPDs.
Long-term outcomes of transplant kidneys donated after circulatory death
Authors: Müller Amélie K , Breuer Eva , Hübel Kerstin , Lehmann Kuno , Cippà Pietro , Schachtner Thomas , Oberkofler Christian , Müller Thomas , Weber Markus , Dutkowski Philipp , Clavien Pierre-Alain , de Rougemont Olivier 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT

Background
Donation after circulatory death (DCD) represents up to 40% of used kidney grafts. While studies have shown similar outcomes compared with donation after brain death (DBD) in the short term and mid-term, no data on long-term outcomes exist.

Methods
We retrospectively analysed patients transplanted at our institution between January 1985 and March 2000. All DCD recipients were matched one-to-one with patients transplanted with DBD grafts during this period according to sex, age and year of transplantation and followed up until December 2020. During this period, 1133 kidney transplantations were performed, of which 122 were with a DCD graft.

Results
The median graft survival after 35 years of follow-up was 23 years [277 months {95% confidence interval (CI) 182–372}] in DBD recipients and 24.5 years [289 months (95% CI 245–333)] in DCD recipients (P = 0.65; hazard ratio 0.91). Delayed graft function occurred in 47 patients in the DCD group compared with 23 in the DBD group (P &lt; 0.001), albeit without a significant long-term outcome difference in graft or patient survival. We could not show any difference in graft function in terms of creatinine levels (133 versus 119 µmol/L), proteinuria (370 versus 240 mg/24 h) and glomerular filtration rate slope (–0.6 versus –0.3 mL/min/year) between the two groups for graft survival &gt;20 years.

Conclusions
This is the first study to show similar graft survival and function in DCD kidneys compared with DBD kidneys after 35 years of follow-up. DCD grafts are a valuable resource and can be utilized in the same way as DBD grafts.
Competition in Education
Authors: Butera Fabrizio , Świątkowski Wojciech , Dompnier Benoît 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this chapter, the authors delineate how competition circulates through education. First, the authors show how competitive ideologies, values, and norms are transmitted from society to educational institutions, in particular ideologies and values such as meritocracy, the belief in a fair free market, and neoliberalism, as well as norms such as productivism and employability. Second, the authors review the competitive structures and climates within educational institutions that shape students’ values, goals, and behaviors, in particular structures such as normative assessment, tracking, and numerus clausus, as well as climates such as classroom climate, goal structures, and error climate. Third, the authors report research that documents the impact of students’ competitive values, goals, and behaviors on educational outcomes, from learning and achievement to social relations. Finally, the authors conclude by reflecting on how such a socialization of students may impact society in a feedback loop, either in terms of maintenance of the status quo or in terms of social change.
Barriers to Access in the Norwegian Criminal Justice
System
Authors: Kermit Patrick , Olsen Terje 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents and discusses barriers that Deaf people who have Norwegian Sign Language as their first language face in encounters with the Norwegian criminal justice system. Since this system is based exclusively on spoken language, and mainly depends on the individual law professional’s ability to establish critical, self-reflective practices in each case, Deaf people’s legal safety, as demanded by the rule of law, cannot be taken for granted. Establishing a public, independent, professionalized sign language interpreter service in Norway, however, has helped to reduce risks for Deaf people. Independent interpreters can demand changes in the criminal justice system’s practices, thus making these practices more accessible to Deaf people. Empirical examples illustrating the interaction between Deaf people, law professionals, and interpreters are presented and analyzed. This interaction is less characterized by conflict and more by cooperation and mutual recognition, where both Deaf people and law professionals state their confidence and trust in their interpreters. The chapter concludes that structural change and organization, such as the establishment of an independent public interpreter service in Norway, trump general and well-meant inclusive intentions in organizations such as the Norwegian criminal justice system when it comes to secure Deaf peoples’ rights and the prevention of miscarriage of justice.
Jeremiah and Inner Biblical Exegesis
Authors: Rom-Shiloni Dalit 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Bringing inner biblical exegesis as a methodology to the study of Jeremiah has opened venues to discuss Jeremiah in two quite separate spheres: The book and its literary evolution, as well as the prophetic activity in its early oral-written stages. This chapter is aimed at presenting the great benefits and the many pitfalls that these cross-lines (of methodology and Jeremiah) provide for the study of the prophetic book, and not least, for the basic methodological presumptions of inner biblical exegesis as part of the study of intertextuality in prophetic literature. Focusing on interpretive (i.e., adaptation/actualization) techniques within the plethora of intertextual relationships, this chapter takes the utilization of pentateuchal traditions (rarely, texts) in Jeremiah as a case study, and calls to question some of the basic scholarly assumptions concerning Jeremiah: the differences of style (poetry and prose) and the options to differentiate the prophet from his followers/tradents/editors.