bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do combined glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate supplements affect condylar remodelling during functional appliance therapy?
Authors: Barley Gosia , Shen Gang , Almuzian Mohammed , Jones Alan , Oliver Rema , Petocz Peter , Walsh William R. , Darendeliler M. Ali 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to qualitatively and quantitatively analyse the effect of glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate supplements on condylar remodelling in conjunction with bite-jumping functional appliance therapy in rats.

Materials and methods
The study involved 140 three-week-old, female rats which were divided into a control group (CG), a supplementation group (SG), a functional appliance (bite-jumping) group (FG) and a bite-jumping appliance and supplement recipient group (FSG). The animals were sacrificed at Day 0, Day 7 and at Day 21 after appliance placement, as well as seven days following appliance removal. The condylar head from each animal was blindly scanned using micro-computed tomography (μCT). Qualitative evaluation and volumetric measurements of the condyles, including total condylar volume (TCoV), posterior condylar volume (PCoV), total cartilage volume (TCaV) and posterior cartilage volume (PCaV), were undertaken using VGStudioMax software.

Results
One hundred and thirty-five rats were analysed, some of which responded to the intervention with a protruded bite (Class III response) while others responded with a retruded bite (Class II response). The TCoV and PCoV of the CG decreased during the experimental period. The functional appliance alone and the combination of the functional appliance with the supplement had a significant effect on TCoV and PCoV over the intervention period (p < 0.01), peaking at Day 7. There was no statistically significant difference in TCaV between animals that experienced Class II and Class III bite responses at Days 21 and 28 (p > 0.05). However, at Day 21, the PCaV increased significantly in those animals which displayed a Class II bite response (p < 0.05). The shape of the condyles in FG and FSG varied significantly from that of the condyles in CG and SG.

Conclusion
Supplement therapy was found to enhance the normal biological response to functional appliance therapy in a rat model, particularly after the functional appliance was removed. Further research using an immuno-histochemical analysis of a modified bite-jumping appliance and improved food delivery is recommended.
Two-phase treatment of iatrogenic periodontitis: an eight-year follow-up
Authors: Gu Yan , Zhao Chunyang , Yan Bin , Zhang Yan , Liu Ke , Wang Lin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The mixed dentition is often accompanied by transient malocclusions, such as a midline diastema. The general principle is to monitor development to ascertain the appropriate timing of possible intervention. The present clinical article reports the case of a seven-year-old boy who suffered from severe iatrogenic periodontitis of the maxillary incisors due to direct closure of a diastema by a rubber band. The incisors survived and exhibited periodontal and pulpal health at an eight-year review. Carefully-sequenced interdisciplinary management and co-operation, appropriate biomechanics aided by temporary anchorage devices, and a longterm follow-up are noted as key factors determining success when clinicians encounter such challenges.
The qualitative assessment of median and transverse palatal sutures in various age groups – a CBCT analysis
Authors: Strzecki Adrian , Osiewacz Sandra , Jabłońska-Zrobek Joanna , Szczepańska Joanna , Pawłowska Elżbieta 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To detect age-related morphological changes occurring in the median and transverse palatal sutures that could affect the outcome of rapid maxillary expansion. Determined by Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) scans.

Material and methods
CBCT scans were retrospectively analysed of 325 patients aged from 5.9 to 82 years (mean = 27.3 +/-17.9), comprising 144 males and 181 females who underwent CBCT scanning of the maxillary region. The median and transverse palatal sutures were assessed at four topographic points using a grading scale created for the purpose of this study to attempt to assess the shape and the amount of calcified tissue within the examined sutures.

Results
At each of the assessed topographic points, the median palatal suture evolved from a straight/polyline shape to a more tortuous outline with a concomitant increase in the amount of calcified tissue most significantly identified in the middle and posterior regions of the suture. Patients older than 20 years showed significant suture obliteration at all points evaluated. No agedependent increase in the transverse suture calcification could be established.

Conclusion
Patients younger than 15 years should be treated with more predictable effect by means of an RME if no factors other than median palatal suture morphology are considered. Patients between 15 and 20 years old can be described as borderline cases in which an individual assessment by CBCT scans may prove clinically relevant. Patients older than 20 years showed significant suture obliteration at all points evaluated and therefore could be considered as patients at high risk of RME failure.
The relationship between maxillary dental and occlusal anomalies: evidence of a ‘Maxillary Deficiency Syndrome’
Authors: Williams Stephen , Loster Jolanta E. , Loster Bartłomiej W. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Recent reports have suggested that anomalies involving the maxillary dentition can sometimes occur in combination. The aim of the study was to investigate combinations of maxillary dental anomalies relating to occlusal and skeletal factors which could suggest a ‘syndrome-like’ aetiology.

Method
This report is based on observations of study models and cephalograms of individuals exhibiting dental anomalies or malocclusion traits related to maxillary or maxillary arch development. A series of nine dental and skeletal anomalies was defined. A possible inter-relationship between the dental factors as well as a correlation with the skeletal malocclusion traits and skeletal factors was investigated.

Results
Of the 253 cases examined, 157 demonstrated single dental symptoms; the remainder demonstrated a combination of at least two or more. Dental and occlusal anomalies in maxillary development were usually associated with bi-maxillary jaw retrognathism and a low mandibular ramus height, indicating a vertical mandibular developmental pattern.

Conclusions
Maxillary anomalies based on the finding of aplasia, eruption problems or crossbite could occur in combination and be associated with constricted skeletal development of the palate or atypical mandibular morphology. It is proposed that these findings suggest the existence of a Maxillary Deficiency Syndrome which should be considered carefully when orthodontic treatment planning.
Hybrid crowns – bonding protocols and shear bond strength
Authors: Epperson Matthew , Vazirani Neha , Armbruster Paul C. , Kee Edwin L. , Xu Xiaoming , Ballard Richard W. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Aims
The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of three different surface treatment protocols on the shear bond strength (SBS) of metal brackets to Vita Enamic® and Lava™ Ultimate CAD/CAM hybrid ceramics.

Methods
A total of 60 crowns were milled and divided into one of three etching groups which used 9.6% hydrofluoric acid, 35% phosphoric acid and 50 μ aluminum oxide microetching. The surface morphology of the ceramic was observed after each etching treatment using a scanning electron microscope to characterise the etched surface. Lower left first molar tubes (Ormco™) were bonded with light-cure composite, stored in artificial saliva for one week and subsequently thermocycled. The SBS test was performed using an Instron 5566 machine. Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI) scores were also assigned to determine the mode of bond failure. Data were analysed using an Independent Sample t-test.

Results
The SBS of all groups, except the HFA Enamic® group, were significantly lower than the mean SBS of the enamel control group (8.8 MPa). The mean shear bond strength values of Enamic® were significantly higher than those of Lava™ Ultimate (p-values < 0.05).

Conclusions
Statistically, only Enamic® treated with HFA exhibited sufficient SBS when compared with the enamel control. Adhesive failures between the bracket base and adhesive were the predominant mode of failure in all groups except in the PA Lava™ Ultimate group.
Incidental pathological finding during routine orthodontic treatment: a case report
Authors: Kamisetty Ravi Theja , Sampson Wayne , Dreyer Craig , Logan Richard 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Lateral cephalograms and orthopantomograms (OPGs) are often taken prior to the commencement of orthodontic treatment to assist in diagnosis and treatment planning. Further radiographs may be taken during treatment to monitor progress. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to carefully and thoroughly assess all aspects of the radiographs, both orthodontic and non-orthodontic. In the case presented, a radiolucency in the right mandible was identified in a mid-treatment OPG. Following referral to an oral maxillofacial surgeon for opinion and management, the lesion was biopsied and a specimen sent for histological examination. This case highlights the need for the orthodontic clinician to assess not only the state of orthodontic treatment, but also the overall clinical presentation and any radiographs that may be taken.
Orthodontic screening and referral practices of dental therapists in New Zealand
Authors: Lim Nadarren , Bennani Florence , Mei Li , Thomson William Murray , Farella Mauro , Antoun Joseph Safwat 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Timely referrals of appropriately screened cases are essential for the effective delivery of orthodontic treatment. Dental therapists are intimately involved with the orthodontic screening process in New Zealand, given that they are the primary oral health providers for child and adolescent patients.

Objectives
(1) To investigate New Zealand dental therapists’ orthodontic screening and referral practices; and, (2) to quantify the perceived need for supplementary orthodontic resources by New Zealand dental therapists.

Methods
An online questionnaire was distributed via email to 659 actively practising dental therapists in New Zealand. Participants answered questions related to their socio-demographic characteristics, orthodontic screening and referral practices, and further orthodontic education.

Results
All surveyed dental therapists viewed orthodontics as an important treatment priority. Most (64.6%, N = 148) agreed that the orthodontic screening process should be a joint undertaking between general dental practitioners and dental therapists. Most practitioners (63.3%, N = 145) had access to (and used) an orthodontic screening guideline. While almost all dental therapists (98.7%, N = 226) were confident in assessing cases that were suitable for orthodontic referral, 63.8% felt that they could gain from further education, and virtually all (99.6%, N = 228) believed that continuing professional development (CPD) courses in orthodontics would be beneficial. Over three-quarters were in favour of a standardised national guideline for orthodontic screening, while the remainder were either satisfied with their current guidelines (15.3%, N = 35) or believed that such guidelines were unnecessary (7.0%, N = 16). Several patterns were observed by therapist characteristics, particularly related to working sector (private or public) and length of professional experience.

Conclusions
There were differences in the orthodontic screening and referral practices of dental therapists in New Zealand. Dental therapists were receptive to the idea of standardised guidelines for orthodontic screening and there was a perceived need for CPD courses in orthodontics.
Orthodontic tooth movement in relation to angular bony defects
Authors: Michelogiannakis Dimitrios , Makou Margarita , Madianos Phoebus N. , Rossouw P. Emile 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives
This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the benefits of adjunctive orthodontic treatment with or without periodontal regenerative surgery in the treatment of angular bony defects, defect volume, and periodontal tissue conditions in adult patients.

Methods
An electronic keyword search was conducted in the literature database PubMed as well as in Google Scholar.
Originally, studies describing all types of orthodontic tooth movement (tipping, bodily movement, intrusion, extrusion) in relation to bone defects such as periodontal, furcation and extraction site defects were reviewed. Only those articles depicting tooth movement after periodontal therapy and the control of inflammation were included.

Results
Evidence indicates that orthodontic tooth movement can result in the reduction or elimination of periodontal bony defect dimensions, a reduction in probing pocket depth and a gain in clinical attachment level. Furthermore, the published data show that orthodontic tooth movement before or after regenerative surgery can provide therapeutic benefits in the recovery of angular bony defects.

Conclusions
This review supports the premise that adjunctive orthodontic treatment in adults with reduced but healthy periodontal tissues is a solution for the modification of bony defect contours with or without periodontal regenerative therapy.
Evaluation of the effects of two different Alt-RAMEC procedures: five weeks versus nine weeks
Authors: Celikoglu Mevlut , Buyukcavus Muhammet Hilmi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
To evaluate and compare the skeletal, dentoalveolar and soft tissue effects of two different alternate rapid maxillary expansion (RMEs) and constriction (Alt-RAMEC) procedures.

Material and methods
Thirty-two consecutive patients presenting with a skeletal Class III malocclusion were placed into two comparative groups. Group 1 consisted of 16 patients (5 females and 11 males; mean age: 11.45 ± 1.87 years) who had an Alt-RAMEC procedure for five weeks and Group 2 consisted of 16 patients (6 females and 10 males; mean age: 11.52 ± 1.29 years) who had an Alt-RAMEC procedure for nine weeks. The parents of the patients were instructed to open the screw twice per day for one week and to close it twice per day for the following week (0.20 mm per turn). Nine angular and 20 linear cephalometric variables were measured.

Results
The groups were well matched in relation to patient gender distribution, chronological age and initial cephalometric values. Both Alt-RAMEC procedures showed similar effects with no statistically significant differences. The maxillae moved slightly forward and the mandible moved slightly downward, the changes of which caused an improvement in the maxillo-mandibular relationship in both groups. The overjet slightly increased and the overbite decreased in both groups. The upper lip moved slightly forward during the nine-week treatment Alt-RAMEC group.

Conclusion
Despite the favourable and similar effects of both procedures, neither seems to be sufficient for the complete correction of a skeletal Class III malocclusion.
Single tooth osteotomy and distraction in the treatment of an ankylosed central incisor — a case report
Authors: Mayne Robert , Mayne Roslyn , Saranathan Sathyan , Spencer Kevin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Clinical practice encounters the unfortunate consequences of dental trauma. The avulsion of permanent teeth is seen in 0.5–3% of all dental traumatic injuries, and when re-implanted, a tooth can undergo ankylosis in the form of replacement resorption. When ankylosis of a maxillary incisor occurs in a pre-adolescent, the affected tooth gradually becomes infra-occluded with time, which results in severe local dentoalveolar disturbances in normal growth and development, along with aesthetic concerns that challenge orthodontic management. To achieve an ideal dental outcome, an interdisciplinary approach is often required.

Aim
To detail a case report of an infra-occluded ankylosed central incisor successfully treated with a single tooth osteotomy and distraction osteogenesis in conjunction with mechanotherapy to correct the osseous and gingival margins.

Methods
This combined orthodontic/surgical case report was completed in stages by (1) pre-surgical orthodontics to diverge the roots of the adjacent teeth from the surgical site, (2) a single tooth osteotomy followed by distraction osteogenesis, (3) postsurgery orthodontics, and (4) retention. Consent and complete records were obtained, including pre-treatment photographs, radiographs and cephalometric superimpositions over an eight-year period from initial presentation until retention.

Results
Distraction osteogenesis in combination with orthodontics successfully managed the dentoalveolar and soft tissue defect. If tooth replacement is eventually needed, donor site morbidity associated with conventional bone and soft tissue grafting procedures may be eliminated.

Conclusion
This combined interdisciplinary treatment is an effective alternative to bony and soft tissue augmentation procedures that may not be as predictable in restoring vertical and horizontal osseous and soft tissue defects resulting from severe infraocclusion of anterior teeth.
The effect of benzocaine and ketoprofen gels on pain during fixed orthodontic appliance treatment: a randomised, double-blind, crossover trial
Authors: Eslamian Ladan , Borzabadi-Farahani Ali , Gholami Hadi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Aims
To compare the analgesic effect of topical benzocaine (5%) and ketoprofen (1.60 mg/mL) after 2 mm activation of 7 mm long delta loops used for maxillary en-masse orthodontic space closure.

Subjects and methods
Twenty patients (seven males, 13 females, 15–25 years of age, mean age of 19.5 years) participated in a randomised crossover, double-blind trial. After appliance activation, participants were instructed to use analgesic gels and record pain perception at 2, 6, 24 hours and 2, 3 and 7 days (at 18.00 hrs), using a visual analogue scale ruler (VAS, 0–4). Each patient received all three gels (benzocaine, ketoprofen, and a control (placebo)) randomly, but at three different appliance activation visits following a wash-over gap of one month. After the first day, the patients were instructed to repeat gel application twice a day at 10:00 and 18:00 hrs for three days. The recorded pain scores were subjected to non-parametric analysis.

Results
The highest pain was recorded at 2 and 6 hours. Pain scores were significantly different between the three groups (Kruskal–Wallis test, p < 0.01). The overall mean (SD) pain scores for the benzocaine 5%, ketoprofen, and control (placebo) groups were 0.89 (0.41), 0.68 (0.34), and 1.15 (0.81), respectively. The pain scores were significantly different between the ketoprofen and control groups (mean difference = 0.47, p = 0.005). All groups demonstrated significant differences in pain scores at the six different time intervals (p < 0.05) and there was no gender difference (p > 0.05).

Conclusion
A significant pain reduction was observed following the use of ketoprofen when tested against a control gel (placebo). The highest pain scores were experienced in patients administered the placebo and the lowest scores in patients who applied ketoprofen gel. Benzocaine had an effect mid-way between ketoprofen and the placebo. The highest pain scores were recorded 2 hours following force application, which decreased to the lowest scores after 7 days.
Mini-implant-anchored Mesialslider for simultaneous mesialisation and intrusion of upper molars in an anterior open bite case: a three-year follow-up
Authors: Wilmes Benedict , Katyal Vandana , Willmann Jan , Stocker Bruce , Drescher Dieter 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
The present case report describes the orthodontic treatment and long-term follow-up of an adult female patient (27 years) who was diagnosed with a mild Class III malocclusion characterised by an anterior and lateral open bite and three periodontally-compromised first permanent molars.

Aim
The aim of treatment was to provide an acceptable aesthetic and functional occlusion while, at the same time, improving the periodontal prognosis.

Methods
The patient was treated with fixed orthodontic appliances utilising direct and indirect skeletal anchorage derived from two mini-screws placed in the palate and one mandibular buccal mini-screw.

Results
The objectives of good aesthetics, a functional occlusion, a healthy periodontium and a balanced profile were achieved.
The total treatment time was 31 months, which comprised 13 months of maxillary fixed labial appliances and 25 months of mandibular fixed labial appliances. The three-year follow-up records showed stability of the Class III correction.
The extraction of maxillary lateral incisors for the treatment of a Class II crowded malocclusion: a case report
Authors: Dave Heemanshu R. , Samrit Vilas D. , Kharbanda Om Prakash 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
The extraction of an upper lateral incisor for orthodontic purposes is rare and must be adequately justified.

Aim
The present case report describes the management of a skeletal Class II crowded malocclusion that was facilitated by the extraction of upper lateral incisors and lower first premolars.

Methods
A 14-year-old male patient presented with a skeletal Class II crowded malocclusion with associated speech and chewing difficulties. Phase I of treatment involved the extraction of the upper lateral incisors and functional appliance therapy. Phase II included the extraction of lower first premolars and mechanotherapy using full fixed appliances.

Results
An improvement in aesthetics and sagittal relations was achieved during phase I therapy as the mandible was advanced over a period of eight months. Mandibular skeletal change was 6.5 mm observed at pogonion. During phase II therapy, the maxillary canines were substituted for lateral incisors and a functional occlusion was achieved. The skeletal correction and occlusion were stable one year after debonding.

Conclusion
The present case indicated that the timely extraction of palatally-placed maxillary lateral incisors facilitated functional appliance therapy in the management of a skeletal Class II problem. The crowding of the lower anterior teeth was relieved and alignment of the upper arch was achieved with full fixed appliance therapy, resulting in improved aesthetics and a stable occlusion at one year review.