bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Literary search to conceptualize the role of Sadhak and Badhak Tattva mentioned in Hatha Pradeepika with respect to Yogic concept of Nadi shuddhi and Hathasiddhi and Ayurvedic concept of Vikar vighat bhava and Vikar vighat abhava to ameliorate the immune
Authors: Goray Namrata , Khardenavis Sumant Avinash 
Published: April 2021

Abstract:
Background: The etiology of diseases is multifactorial and includes genetic factors coupled with environmental influences like rising living standards, steady urban migration, lifestyle changes, food insecurity, illiteracy, poor sanitation and dominance of communicable diseases. With increase in the number of newly diagnosed diseases some diseases are been troublesome since ancient times. But they were kept well controlled by proper diet, exercise and behaviour. In spite of having advanced tools and technology for the detection and management of disease, these troublesome diseases are changed to gruesome diseases due to improper management of diet, exercise and behaviour.
In the context of, various current, health problems, leading to impairment of immune system; it becomes the need of a time to study the Yogic concept of Nadi shuddhi and Hathasiddhi in relation with the Ayurvedic concept of Vikar vighat bhava and Vikar vighat abhava to ameliorate the immune system.
Objective: To do critical literary study of Yogic concept of Sadhak and Badhak Tattva in relation with Nadi shuddhi and Hathasiddhi and the Ayurvedic concept of Vikar vighat bhava and Vikar vighat abhava to ameliorate the immune system.
Methods: Conceptual literary search done by referring literature on Yoga, Ayurveda texts, and research papers from peer-reviewed journals to explore the effects of Yoga practices on immune system.
Results & Conclusion: The Vikar vighat abhava like Atyahar, Prayasa, Prajalpa, Niyamagraha, Jana-sanga, and Loulya hampers the immunity and causes the development of disease. Whereas Vikar vighat bhava like Utsaha, Sahasa, Dhaira, Tattvadyana, Nischaya, Janasanga parityaga helps to increase immunity or delaying the manifestation of disease or keeping check on severity of disease or effective restoration of health after the treatment of disease.
Key words: Nadi shuddhi, Hathasiddhi, Vikar vighat abhava, Vikar vighat bhava, immunity.
A ANALISA KUALITAS AUTOMOTIVE DIESEL OIL (ADO) SESUAI DENGAN BAKU MUTU YANG BEREDAR DI MASYARAKAT
Authors: Setiorini Indah Agus 
Published: April 2021

Automotif Diesel Oil (ADO) adalah bahan bakar jenis distilat berwarna kuning kecoklatan yang jernih, sedikit lebih kental dari pada minyak tanah atau kerosine, dengan trayek didih berkisar antara 180 oC sampai 370 oC, digunakan sebagai bahan bakar untuk mesin diesel berkecepatan tinggi (lebih besar dari 1000 rpm), seperti : kendaraan umum, truk, trailer, alat-alat penggusur tanah, traktor, kereta api, dll. Automotif Diesel Oil (ADO) disebut juga gasoil atau HSD (High Speed Diesel Oil). Tujuan dari evaluasi kualitas Automotif Diesel Oil (ADO) ini yaitu untuk tahu apakah Automotif Diesel Oil (ADO) yang beredar di masyarakat memenuhi syarat pemasaran terutama peruntukan automotif atau mesin diesel. Beberapa parameter uji yang dilakukan, yaitu berupa : Berat Jenis (spesific gravity), Sifat Pembakaran (ignation quality), dan Sifat Penguapan (volatility). Hasil pegujian bahan bakar ADO dari berbagai SPBU memberikan gambaran bahwa sifat atau karakteristik minyak ADO yang diteliti umumnya masih memenuhi spesifikasi baik digunakan sebagai bahan bakar mesin diesel maupun persyaratan transaksi dan transportasi. Dari hasil analisa Spesific Gravity berada di range 0,820 - 0,870, yaitu 0,850 sampai dengan 0,852. Untuk Analisa Sifat Pembakaran dengan Metode Calculated Cetane Index (CCI) ASTM D-976 dimana rata-rata cetane index berkisar 47 - 48 yaitu diatas spesifikasi (min 45). Analisa Sifat Penguapan dengan metode distilasi ASTM D-86 menunjukkan bahwa temperatur FBP memenuhi spesifikasi yaitu < 370oC.
P PENGARUH UKURAN MESH ADSORBEN ZEOLIT DAN KONSENTRASI HCl PADA PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH PENCELUPAN KAIN JUMPUTAN
Authors: Ardhiany Sri 
Published: April 2021

Zeolit merupakan mineral yang terdiri dari kristal alumina silikat terhidrasi yang mengandung kation alkali atau alkali tanah dalam kerangka tiga dimensinya. Ion – ion logam tersebut dapat diganti oleh kation lain tanpa merusak struktur zeolit dan dapat menyerap air secara reversibel. Kerangka dasar struktur zeolit terdiri dari unit-unit terhidrat AlO4 dan SiO4 yang saling berhubungan melalui atom O yang di dalam struktur tersebut Si4+ dapat diganti dengan Al3+ yang menyebabkan adanya muatan negatif pada zeolit. Salah satu sifat zeolit adalah sebagai adsorben, pada penelitian ini dilakukan pengolahan limbah kain jumputan secara adsorpsi, dimana zeolit terlebih dahulu diaktifkan dalam larutan HCl dengan konsentrasi 0,2 – 1 M, zeolit yang dipakai dengan ukuran 20 – 100 mesh. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa penyerapan zeolit terhadap limbah kain jumputan relatif besar terjadi pada zeolit ukuran 100 mesh dan dengan konsentrasi pengaktifan 1 M.
E EVALUASI PERHITUNGAN TEBAL MENARA C-2201 (PROPYLENE SCRUBBER) PADA UNIT POLIMERISASI KILANG POLYPROPYLENE PT PERTAMINA REFINERY UNIT III PLAJU – SEI. GERONG
Authors: Setiorini Indah Agus 
Published: April 2021

Unit propylene scrubber kolom C-2201 berfungsi untuk pemisahan dengan sistem penyerapan padatan yang masih terkandung pada gas oleh media air atau bahan kimia lainnya. Dalam pemisahan ini berfungsi memisahkan Propylene dan Slurry Fine Powder dengan perbedaan density dan titik didihnya. Pada kolom ini terjadi proses perpindahan panas berupa konveksi dimana panas yang berasal dari suhu fluida didalam kolom berpindah ke dinding kolom hingga bagian luar. Suhu bagian luar ini selanjutnya akan dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor-faktor antara lain : kecepatan angin dan suhu di sekitar kolom, ketebalan dinding kolom ( shell ), jenis material shell, ketinggian kolom dan sebagainya. Perhitungan Tebal Menara C-2201 di Unit polimerisasi dilakukan untuk mengetahui perbandingan Tebal Menara C-2201 secara desain dan teori. Dari hasil perhitungan diperoleh ketebalan menara berdasarkan internal press sebesar 0,5261 inch vs tebal menara menurut design 5/8 inch (0,6251) inch max.
E EVALUASI KINERJA POMPA PADA SISTEM PENIRISAN TAMBANG SUMP PIT 1 UTARA, BANKO BARAT, PT SATRIA BAHANA SARANA TANJUNG ENIM, PROPINSI SUMATERA SELATAN
Authors: Pradana Bagas , Sepriadi Sepriadi 
Published: April 2021

PT Satria Bahana sarana adalah salah satu perusahaan tambang yang terletak di Kecamatan Tanjung Enim, Kabupaten Muara Enim, Propinsi Sumatera Selatan. Air yang terdapat dalam front penambangan merupakan masalah yang cukup besar jika tidak diatasi dengan serius karena dapat mengganggu aktifitas penambangan bahkan dapat menyebabkan berhentinya produksi. Dengan jam kerja pompa sebesar 22 jam/hari dan total debit air yang masuk ke sump sebesar 66.010,48 m3/hari dan debit pompa yang dimiliki 427,05 m3/jam, maka masih terdapat air yang tersisa di sump sebesar 2.573,43 m3/jam, sehingga dibutuhkan penambahan pompa dengan kapasitas sebesar 650,68 m3/jam agar tidak ada air yang tesisa di sump. Kondisi aktual yang ada saat ini, proses pemompaan air dari sump menuju KPL hanya menggunakan satu pompa DND 200 dengan lama waktu pengeringan selama 22 jam, dengan merekomendasikan penambahan satu buah pompa dengan kapasitas sebesar 650,68 m3/jam selama 4 jam, maka tidak terdapat air yang tesisa di sump.
E EVALUASI KINERJA WEATHERING TEST APPARATUS UNTUK ANALISA LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS (LPG) SESUAI METODE ASTM D - 1837 DI LABORATORIUM PT PERTA-SAMTAN GAS FRACTIONATION PLANT SEI. GERONG
Authors: Anggraini Ineke Febrina , Utami Renti 
Published: April 2021

LPG (Liquified Petroleum Gas) merupakan gas hidrokarbon yang diproduksi dari kilang minyak dan kilang gas dengan komponen utama gas propana (C3H8) dan butana (C4H10). LPG merupakan bahan bakar berupa gas yang dicairkan merupakan produk minyak bumi yang diperoleh dari proses distilasi bertekanan tinggi. Sebagai acuannya laboratorium PT Perta-Samtan Gas Fractionation Plant Sei. Gerong menggunakan metoda pengujian yang berdasarkan pada American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM D-1837) terhadap analisa Weathering Test. Analisa WeatheringTest ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kemurnian yang terdapat dalam produk LPG dengan menggunakan Weathering Test Apparatus pada kondisi operasi alat yang telah ditentukan oleh ASTM D-1837. WeatheringTest adalah analisis Volatility yang dinyatakan dalam suhu penguapan 95% produk. Hasil analisa ini dapat digunakan sebagai indikasi adanya komponenfraksi berat (pentana) pada LPG. Hasil analisa ini sangat berhubungan langsung dengan vapor pressure dan density produk.
P PROSES ABSORBSI GAS CO2 DALAM BIOGAS MENGGUNAKAN ALAT ABSORBER TIPE PACKING DENGAN ANALISA PENGARUH LAJU ALIR ABSORBEN NaOH
Authors: Ardhiany Sri 
Published: April 2021

Biogas dapat dihasilkan dari limbah organik seperti sampah, sisa-sisa makanan, kotoran hewan dan limbah industri makanan. Hasil fermentasi dari bahan-bahan diatas menghasilkan biogas dengan kadar komponen terbesar yaitu CH4 (55% - 75%) dan CO2 (25% - 45%). Pemanfaatan biogas sebagai bahan bakar masih dalam skala rumah tangga dan belum terpakai secara optimal. Hal ini disebabkan biogas masih mengandung CO2 dalam kadar yang tinggi sehingga effisiensi panas yang dihasilkan rendah. Untuk mengurangi kadar CO2 yang terkandung dalam biogas adalah dengan mengabsorbsi CO2 menggunakan larutan NaOH secara kontinyu dalam suatu reactor (absorber). Pada penelitian ini, variabel yang diteliti adalah pengaruh laju alir NaOH terhadap CO2 yang terserap dan CH4 yang dihasilkan. Absorbsi CO2 dilakukan dengan mengumpankan larutan NaOH secara kontinyu pada bagian atas menara pada konsentrasi dan laju alir tertentu, sementara biogas dialirkan pada bagian bawah menara. Gas dan cairan akan saling kontak dan terjadi reaksi kimia. Tiap interval waktu 3 menit, larutan NaOH setelah diabsorbsi diambil untuk dianalisa jumlah CO2 terserap dengan metode acidi alkalimetri. Dari hasil analisa dan perhitungan didapatkan jumlah CO2 yang terserap dan CH4 yang dihasilkan semakin besar seiring berkurangnya laju alir NaOH serta % CO2 yang terserap maksimum 58,11% dan kadar CH4 yang dihasilkan sebesar 74,13%.
The Time of Dialectic Spiritualism: From Medina to Mecca Charter
Authors: Cerić Mustafa 
Published: April 2021

A crisis is a call for change and creative thinking that initiates a dialectics of thought and action. Also, the challenge for nations as well as individuals in crisis is to figure out which parts of their identities are already functioning well and do not need changing, and which parts are no longer working and do need changing. Indeed, Muslim thought today needs the courage to recognize what must be changed in order to deal with the new circumstances.
But, at the same time, Muslim scholars need to draw a line and stress the elements that are so fundamental to the faith and culture of Islam that they refuse to be changed. This state of affairs we call dialectical spiritualism, as opposed to Marxist „dialectical materialism“. It is time for humanity to meet the Zeitgeist, „Spirit of the Age“, which is „the Spirit of Peace“ among religions and nations across the globe. History, past and present, is not void of good examples of accords, charters, declarations and commitments to peaceful coexistence between religions and nations from the Medina Charter (622), the Magna Carta Libertatum (1215), the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948), the Nostra Aetate (1965), the Declaration of European Muslims (2005), the Common Word Between Us and You (2007), the Marrakesh Declaration (2016), the Alliance of Virtue for the Common Good (2018), the Declaration of Human Fraternity (2019) to the Mecca Charter (2019).
All these initiatives, past and present, promote the idea of „the Spirit of Peace“ of all times, but this current time has the biggest need of all times for the Zeitgeist, „Spirit of the Age“, which is the „Spirit of Peace and Tolerance“. This paper attempts to explain this need from a Muslim perspective with a comparison with other initiatives.
The Gift of Qurbani Meat: Ethnological Reflections
Authors: Vlaisavljević Ugo 
Published: April 2021

The article considers two customs traditionally followed by Muslims of Bosnia and Herzegovina during Eid Al-Aḍḥā (‘Festival of Sacrifice’ or Kurban Bayram). These are, first, giving a small amount of money, so-called bayramlık, to children as a reward or gift in return for handing out Qurbani meat to neighbors, and, second, giving the meat to non-Muslims. The topic will be explored in the light of Marcel Mauss’s seminal essay on the gift, since Qurbani appears as a gift that identifies, marks and renews the social bonds not only of close relatives, but also of friends and neighbors. In this context too, we will meet what Jacques Derrida calls the aporia of the gift.
The slaughtering of Qurbani animal is a true gift, precisely because it is an impossible gift. It may be considered as a giftless giving: although the sacrifice is unthinkable without the slaughtered animal, it cannot be a gift to God. However, after the human act of sacrifice is performed, it is God Who makes the gift to men - because He commands that the victim’s meat must be shared. It is then to be understood not as a returned gift, but as an act of God’s hospitality, which gives to men the very possibility of gift giving. It is argued that the two Bosnian customs draw their ultimate meaning from the divine hospitality vividly experienced in the ritual of sacrifice.
Religion in a Secular Society: Impediment or Benefit?
Authors: Wimmer Stefan Jacob 
Published: April 2021

The author investigates from the perspective of a Western European country, in his case Germany, if and how religion(s) can be appreciated in a secular society. With historic reviews he demonstrates that we should revise our accustomed perceptions; how (in the “West”) Islam is perceived, how religions are perceived from outside, but also how the religious sometimes misrepresent the non-religious.
Instead, he advocates to adjust our categories of “us” and “the others”, and join forces with those who are committed to living together against those who campaign and agitate against it, notwithstanding who believes in what. His considerations are shaped by the situation in Germany, but they lead to conclusions of universal value.
Muhammad Between East and West
Authors: Kovač Mirnes 
Published: April 2021

Most observers of Bosnia and Herzegovina’s political situation have focused only on the problems that the Dayton Peace Accord created for the normal functioning of this Southeastern European state, but a workable solution is yet to be proposed.
The Accord achieved peace by blocking any ability for effective governing and by diminishing the Bosnian state capacity through an excessive dispersion of power with an uncommon constitutional focus on internationalism, and an erroneous type of pluralism that undermines the normal functioning of a democracy. The solution for these problems is to be found by adjusting the procedural selection of the United Nations High Representative, who is the primary actor directly responsible for the implementation of the Accord, both in terms of the letter and intent of the document, and this paper explains how that change can be made and what problems it will resolve.
Input and output locality and representation
Authors: Chandlee Jane , Jardine Adam 
Published: April 2021

Using a rigorous, computational notion of locality, this paper evaluates one of the central motivations for autosegmental representations (ARs)—that they reduce long-distance processes to local ones. We analyze a variety of tone processes using two computational notions of locality: input strict locality as defined by Chandlee (2014) and Chandlee &amp; Jardine (2019a) and a corresponding notion of output strict locality we call recursive strict locality. The results of our survey add to our understanding of the typology of tone patterns and the role of ARs in two key ways. First, they indicate that both input and output locality play a role in a comprehensive theory of tone. Second, they reveal the various mechanisms by which ARs render long-distance patterns local by disentangling the various properties these representations combine. The larger contribution then is a more detailed and nuanced exploration of the interaction of representation, locality, and computational complexity in the domain of tonal phonology.
Evidencing an Art Evaluation
Authors: Fenner David 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Advancing a claim about the quality of a work of art is critical thinking applied in a particular arena and applies the same rules that advancing a claim about anything follows. Described this way, advancing an art evaluative claim is no different from advancing any claim. On the other hand, advancing claims in differing arenas frequently follow different methodologies. Art criticism, thought of in this way—as a species of critical thinking focused on advancing claims about the quality of works of art—has its own methodology. This paper describes two versions of that methodology, one that is object-focused (or event-focused) and one that is subject-focused.
Unfinished Stories: Problematizing Narrative Completion
Authors: Goldstein Diane E. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Throughout the history of our field, collectors have dealt condemningly with the issue of fragmentation, casting aside collected fragments of story or song as inferior and celebrating the longer, more complete version. Nevertheless, a fragmented narrative may be the most artistic and competent way of handling particular performances in context. Studies of traumatic narration, co-narration, emergence, storytelling rights, and rupture have moved narrativity studies beyond surface understandings of a “correct” nature and shape of narrative, exploring the actual ethnographic contexts of narration. This special issue explores numerous concepts and cases related to unfinished narratives, trying to come to a fuller understanding of narrative gaps.
Missing Finishes and Diminishing Heroes in Hurricane Katrina Survivor Stories
Authors: Lindahl Carl 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Narratives told by Hurricane Katrina survivors to fellow survivors in the wake of the disaster share some signal traits with belief legends as understood by Linda Dégh and Max Lüthi, as well as with hero legends as described by Wilhelm Grimm and exemplified in such ancient epics as Gilgamesh and The Iliad. Echoing contemporary belief legends, survivor narratives project a sense of purgatorial endlessness through which the overwhelming power of the storm continues unabated and the survivors remain helpless victims. At the same time, echoing legends through which godlike heroes unlearn divinity, survivor narrators depict themselves as disappearing heroes: refusing to acknowledge their own courageous acts, they identify heroism in their fellow survivors and, in the process, meld their individual identities with that of the surrounding community. In the resultant hybrid story-world, individuals gain strength only by surrendering it and can keep only what they give away. The legendary hero ultimately dissolves into the surrounding community.
Imagining a community that includes non-human beings
Authors: Komatsubara Orika 
Published: April 2021

Imagining a community that includes non-human beings: the 1990s Moyainaoshi Movement in Minamata, Japan
This article offers a vision of a community that includes non-human beings. After suffering environmental damage, a community is often harmed and confused. Restorative justice may have the potential to intervene in divisions with a community approach. However, though environmental damage affects both human and non-human beings, restorative justice typically concerns itself with human communities. Therefore, through a review of the literature I consider what non-human beings mean for a community, focusing on the Moyainaoshi Movement (MM) in Minamata, Japan, in the 1990s. This movement aimed to reconstruct the community after severe, long-term pollution. First, I examine the motivations of several stakeholders that worked to reconstruct the Minamata community in the 1990s. Second, I clarify the role of non-human beings in the vision of community as practiced by the MM. I find that non-human beings served as symbols to connect human beings within the community. Finally, I conclude that a vision of a community that includes non-human beings can propel community reconstruction in our current political realities, and I reveal that in studying this concept of community in restorative justice, listening to victims’ voices is of paramount importance.
A maximalist approach of restorative justice to address environmental harms and crimes
Authors: Da Silva Carlos Frederico 
Published: April 2021

A maximalist approach of restorative justice to address environmental harms and crimes: Analysing the Brumadinho dam collapse in Brazil
In this article, the author analyses court cases arising from the rupture of the mining tailings dam in the city of Brumadinho, Brazil, on 25 January 2019. In a civil lawsuit context, legal professionals recognised damage to people and the environment during hearings involving a judge, prosecutors, lawyers and corporate representatives. The centrality of the victims’ interests and the need for remedial measures prevailed in the agreements signed mainly to provide urgent relief and restore damage to the ecosystem. In the criminal lawsuit dealing with the same facts, there have not yet been acquittals, non-prosecution agreements or convictions. By employing a socio-legal approach to contrast different types of legal reasoning, this article explores the possibilities of restorative responses in civil proceedings and explains the lack of them in criminal justice. In highlighting some characteristics of punishment theories that hinder a possible restorative justice approach, the article offers a critique of a penal system mostly linked to argumentative competition rather than persuasive conflict resolution. The author argues that jurisprudence should address transdisciplinary concepts, such as responsive regulation, restorative efforts, proportionality and individualisation of punishment. The discussion can shed light on the decision-making process to allow environmental restorative justice responses to crimes.
Environmental justice movements and restorative justice
Authors: Minguet Angèle 
Published: April 2021

Environmental justice movements and restorative justice
The worldwide existing environmental conflicts have also given rise to worldwide environmental justice movements. Using a diversity of tools that range from petitions to legal actions, what such movements have often shown is that environmental conflicts rarely find a satisfactory resolution through criminal judicial avenues. Given this reality, the important question then is whether there is a place within environmental justice movements for a restorative justice approach, which would lead to the reparation or restoration of the environment and involve the offenders, the victims and other interested parties in the conflict transformation process. Based on the analysis of environmental conflicts collected by the Environmental Justice Organizations, Liabilities and Trade project (EJOLT), and more specifically on two emblematic environmental conflict cases in Nigeria and in Ecuador, the argument will be made that it is essentially due to the characteristics of environmental conflicts, and due to the fact that they almost never find a satisfactory resolution through traditional judicial avenues, that environmental justice movements ask for a restorative approach, and that restorative justice is a sine qua non condition to truly repair environmental injustices, as long as the worldview and nature of the victims is taken into consideration.