bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Intersectionality and Contemporary Human Rights
Authors: Bond Johanna 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The book enriches our understanding of international human rights by using intersectionality theory, the concept that aspects of identity, such as race and gender, are mutually constitutive and intersect to create unique experiences of discrimination and subordination, to examine contemporary human rights issues. Perpetrators of sexual violence in armed conflict, for example, often target victims based on both gender and ethnicity. Human rights remedies that fail to capture the intersectional nature of human rights violations do not offer comprehensive redress to victims. The book explores the influence of intersectionality theory on human rights in the modern era and traces the evolution of intersectionality as a theoretical framework in the United States and around the world. The book draws upon critical race feminism and human rights jurisprudence to argue that scholars and activists have under-utilized intersectionality theory in the global discourse of human rights. As the central intergovernmental organization charged with the protection of human rights, the United Nations has been slow to embrace the insights gained from intersectionality theory. Global Intersectionality argues that the United Nations and other human rights organizations must more actively embrace intersectionality as an analytical framework in order to fully address the complexity of human rights violations around the world.
Genealogy and Critique
Authors: Reginster Bernard 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The chapter examines the concept of a genealogy of morality and its critical significance. I consider and criticize interpretations of Nietzsche’s genealogical inquiries that take them to challenge the epistemic standing of moral judgments. I argue that genealogies aim instead to determine the function of these judgments by identifying what particular affective need they are suited to serve. This functional approach allows to shed light on the much-disputed role of history in genealogical inquiry, and to circumscribe what Nietzsche has in mind when he calls into question the “value” of moral values. In particular, I address two salient problems his functional approach poses for a functional critique of morality: respectively, the problem of dysfunctionality and the problem of multiple functionality.
Dante's New Life of the Book
Authors: Eisner Martin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This study uses the material transmission history of Dante’s innovative first book, the Vita nuova (New Life), to intervene in recent debates about literary history, reconceiving the relationship between the work and its reception, and investigating how different material manifestations and transformations in manuscripts, printed books, translations, and adaptations participate in the work. Just as Dante frames his collection of thirty-one poems surrounded by prose narrative and commentary as an attempt to understand his own experiences through the experimental form of the book, so later scribes, editors, and translators use different material forms to embody their own interpretations of it. Traveling from Boccaccio’s Florence to contemporary Hollywood with stops in Emerson’s Cambridge, Rossetti’s London, Nerval’s Paris, Mandelstam’s Russia, De Campos’s Brazil, and Pamuk’s Istanbul, this study builds on extensive archival research to show how Dante’s strange poetic forms continue to challenge readers. In contrast to a conventional reception history’s chronological march, each chapter analyzes how one of these distinctive features has been treated over time, offering new perspectives on topics such as Dante’s love of Beatrice, his relationship with Guido Cavalcanti, and his attraction to another woman, while highlighting Dante’s concern with the future, as he experiments with new ways to keep Beatrice alive for later readers. Deploying numerous illustrations to show the entanglement of the work’s poetic form and its material survival, Dante’s New Life of the Book offers a fresh reading of Dante’s innovations, demonstrating the value of this philological analysis of the work’s survival in the world.
A Philology of World Literature
Authors: Eisner Martin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues for the importance of integrating the multiplicity of material copies of a work, such as Dante’s Vita nuova, into investigations of its meaning. Discussing different approaches to analyzing the textual tradition, such as reconstructing the original text or examining the cultural context of a given moment of reception, this chapter proposes exploring the relationship between those multiple copies, which should be understood as participating in the work. Adopting the idea of a ‘philology of world literature’ first proposed by Erich Auerbach, this chapter situates this approach in relation to the recent return to philology and the current interest in world literature. It argues that this integration of history and form could serve as a model for literary study and shows how this approach offers a new awareness of the complexity and richness of Dante’s work.
The Painting (Composition)
Authors: Eisner Martin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This chapter scrutinizes the challenges editors confronted in their typographical composition of Dante’s poem with two beginnings. Should the first beginning be followed by the rest of the poem and then the second beginning or both beginnings and then remaining verses? The various solutions proposed in the early printed editions, nineteenth-century translations, and early modern manuscripts, show the complexity of Dante’s own poetic strategy in this poem on the anniversary of Beatrice’s death, which aims to defeat time and overcome Beatrice’s death by adding more time. Exploring the persistence of this issue in the most recent editions, the chapter considers the poem in light of Dante’s decision to represent himself in the prose as painting an angel. Connecting this remark to Dante’s reflections on angels and representation in the De vulgari eloquentia and the Commedia, this chapter examines Dante’s thinking about the materiality of texts and the relationship between word and image in the context of a larger tradition that stretches from Augustine and Petrarch to Sterne’s Tristram Shandy.
Upper Quadrant Edema Patient-Reported Outcome Measure Is Reliable, Valid, and Efficient for Patients With Lymphatic and Venous Disorders
Authors: Deutscher Daniel , Hayes Deanna , Cook Karon F , Werneke Mark W , Tucker Carole A , Mioduski Jerome E , Levenhagen Kim , Tidhar Dorit , Pfarr Megan , Kallen Michael A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objective
The main aims of this study were to (1) create a patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) item bank for measuring the impact of upper quadrant edema (UQE) on physical function by calibrating responses to newly developed items; and (2) assess reliability, validity, and administration efficiency of scores based on computerized adaptive test (CAT) and 10-item short-form (SF) administration modes.

Methods
This was a retrospective study including data from patients treated in outpatient rehabilitation clinics for UQE that responded to all 27 candidate items at intake. Item response theory model assumptions of unidimensionality, local item independence, item fit, and presence of differential item functioning were evaluated. UQE-CAT– and UQE-SF–generated scores were assessed for reliability, validity, and administration efficiency.

Results
The total cohort included 3486 patients (mean [SD] age = 61 [13] years; range = 14–89 years). After removing 2 items, a 25-item solution was supported for its unidimensionality and fit to the item response theory model with reliability estimates of more than 0.93 for scores based on both CAT and SF administration modes. No items demonstrated differential item functioning. Scores discriminated among multiple patient groups in clinically logical ways and were moderately responsive to change with negligible floor and acceptable ceiling effects. CAT scores were generated using an average of 5.6 items (median = 5).

Conclusion
Scores on the UQE PROM were reliable, valid, and efficient for assessing perceived physical function of patients with upper quadrant edema; thus, the measure is suitable for research and routine clinical administration.

Impact
The newly developed UQE PROM is reliable and valid and offers efficient administration modes for assessing perceived physical function of patients with UQE caused by lymphatic and venous disorders, both for research and routine clinical care in busy outpatient rehabilitation settings. As an item response theory–based measure, the UQE PROM allows administration of condition-specific functional questions with low response burden for patients. This study supports a transition to PROMs that are based on modern measurement approaches to achieve high accuracy and efficiency.
The Real Effects of Monetary Expansions: Evidence from a Large-scale Historical Experiment
Authors: Palma Nuno 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The discovery of massive deposits of precious metals in America during the early modern period caused an exogenous monetary injection to Europe’s money supply. I use this episode to identify the causal effects of money. Using a panel of six European countries, I find that monetary expansions had a material impact on real economic activity. The magnitudes are substantial and persist for a long time: an exogenous 10% increase in the production of precious metals in America measured relative to the European stock leads to a front-loaded response of output and, to a lesser extent, inflation. There was a positive hump-shaped response of real GDP, with a cumulative increase up to 0.9% six to nine years later. The evidence suggests that this is because prices responded to monetary injections with considerable lags.
Jumping on the Bandwagon: Comparing the Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Versus Povidone-Iodine Preoperative Skin Antiseptic in Preventing Surgical Site Infections Following Pediatric Orthopaedic Surgery
Authors: Beber Samuel A. , Sanborn Ryan M. , Miller Patricia E. , Kasser James R. , Waters Peter M. , Watkins Colyn J. , Shore Benjamin J. 
Published: September 2021

Background:
Adult literature has demonstrated chlorhexidine (CH) superiority at preventing surgical-site infections when compared with povidone-iodine (P-I). The purpose of this study is to compare the rate of postoperative infections after preoperative skin cleansing with either CH or P-I in pediatric orthopaedic surgery in an effort to identify superiority.

Methods:
We retrospectively identified all patients (18 y and below) that underwent orthopaedic surgery at our institution in 2015, when P-I was the preoperative skin antisepsis of choice, and in 2018, when a change in protocol resulted in more frequent use of CH. Open fractures, infections, neuromuscular, and tumor surgeries were excluded. Orthopaedic surgeries were classified according to their subspecialty (sports-related/upper extremity, hip and lower extremity, trauma-related, or spine procedure). A 1:1 propensity score matching was conducted within each procedure group on the basis of age, sex, and year using nearest-neighbor matching. Spine procedures could not be matched and were subsequently excluded from analyses.

Results:
Propensity score matching matched 1416 CH cases with 1416 P-I controls. The infection rate for CH was 19 infections per 1000 cases (27/1416; 1.9%) compared with an infection rate of 11 infections per 1000 cases (16/1416; 1.1%) for P-I subjects. No difference was detected in infection rate across preoperative skin antisepsis groups (P=0.12). Moreover, it was found that CH and P-I resulted in significantly equivalent infection rates to within ±1.5% (P=0.004). When stratified by procedure type, CH used in sports/upper extremity procedures resulted in 29 more infections per 1000 cases compared with P-I use (16/450; 3/450; P=0.005). No difference was detected in infection rate across CH and P-I skin antisepsis groups in lower extremity procedures (9/792; 8/792; P=1.00) or in trauma-related procedures (3/174; 4/174; P=1.00).

Conclusions:
CH and P-I are both protective against postoperative infections after sports/upper extremity, lower extremity, and trauma-related pediatric orthopaedic procedures. P-I may provide improved protection over CH as a preoperative skin antisepsis in upper extremity and sports-related procedures.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—comparative cohort.
Coffee consumption and gastric cancer: a pooled analysis from the Stomach cancer Pooling Project consortium
Authors: Martimianaki Georgia , Bertuccio Paola , Alicandro Gianfranco , Pelucchi Claudio , Bravi Francesca , Carioli Greta , Bonzi Rossella , Rabkin Charles S. , Liao Linda M. , Sinha Rashmi , Johnson Ken , Hu Jinfu , Palli Domenico , Ferraroni Monica , Lunet Nuno , Morais Samantha , Tsugane Shoichiro , Hidaka Akihisa , Hamada Gerson Shigueaki , López-Carrillo Lizbeth , Hernández-Ramírez Raúl Ulises , Zaridze David , Maximovitch Dmitry , Aragonés Nuria , Martin Vicente , Ward Mary H. , Vioque Jesus , Garcia de la Hera Manoli , Zhang Zuo-Feng , Kurtz Robert C. , Lagiou Pagona , Lagiou Areti , Trichopoulou Antonia , Karakatsani Anna , Malekzadeh Reza , Camargo M. Constanza , Curado Maria Paula , Boccia Stefania , Boffetta Paolo , Negri Eva , La Vecchia Carlo 
Published: September 2021

Objective
This study aimed to evaluate and quantify the relationship between coffee and gastric cancer using a uniquely large dataset from an international consortium of observational studies on gastric cancer, including data from 18 studies, for a total of 8198 cases and 21 419 controls.

Methods
A two-stage approach was used to obtain the pooled odds ratios (ORs) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for coffee drinkers versus never or rare drinkers. A one-stage logistic mixed-effects model with a random intercept for each study was used to estimate the dose–response relationship. Estimates were adjusted for sex, age and the main recognized risk factors for gastric cancer.

Results
Compared to never or rare coffee drinkers, the estimated pooled OR for coffee drinkers was 1.03 (95% CI, 0.94–1.13). When the amount of coffee intake was considered, the pooled ORs were 0.91 (95% CI, 0.81–1.03) for drinkers of 1–2 cups per day, 0.95 (95% CI, 0.82–1.10) for 3–4 cups, and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.79–1.15) for five or more cups. An OR of 1.20 (95% CI, 0.91–1.58) was found for heavy coffee drinkers (seven or more cups of caffeinated coffee per day). A positive association emerged for high coffee intake (five or more cups per day) for gastric cardia cancer only.

Conclusions
These findings better quantify the previously available evidence of the absence of a relevant association between coffee consumption and gastric cancer.
Efficacy of black rice extract on obesity in obese postmenopausal women: a 12-week randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled preliminary clinical trial
Authors: Jung Ah Jin , Sharma Anshul , Lee Sung-Hyen , Lee Sung-Joon , Kim Jung-Hwan , Lee Hae-Jeung 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Objectives:
Postmenopausal obesity is a paramount health concern among older women. Black rice is a well-known pigmented rice variety with a higher anthocyanin content. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated the effects of black rice on obesity. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of black rice extract (BRE) on obesity among obese postmenopausal women from Korea.

Methods:
This was a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled preliminary clinical trial. The participants were postmenopausal women who had stopped menstruating for more than a year. Specifically, 105 participants were randomly assigned to the BRE (1 g/d) or placebo (maltodextrin, 1 g/d) group.

Results:
Eighty-eight participants completed the study, 47 in the intervention group and 41 in the placebo group. At the study endpoint, dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry assessment showed that the BRE group had a significantly lower trunk fat (P = 0.04), total fat (P = 0.04), and total body fat percentage (P = 0.04) than did the placebo group. The body fat percentage (P = 0.04) was lower in the BRE group with marginal significance, and there were no significant differences in anthropometric measures such as weight, body mass index, waist circumference, or waist-to-hip ratio estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis.

Conclusion:
BRE supplementation for 12 weeks seems to be effective in reducing fat accumulation in postmenopausal women.
The Natural History of Acute Radiation-induced H-ARS and Concomitant Multi-organ Injury in the Non-human Primate: The MCART Experience
Authors: Farese Ann M. , Booth Catherine , Tudor Greg L. , Cui Wanchang , Cohen Eric P. , Parker George A. , Hankey Kim G. , MacVittie Thomas J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The dose response relationship and corresponding values for mid-lethal dose and slope are used to define the dose- and time-dependent parameters of the hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome. The characteristic time course of mortality, morbidity, and secondary endpoints are well defined. The concomitant comorbidities, potential mortality, and other multi-organ injuries that are similarly dose- and time-dependent are less defined. Determination of the natural history or pathophysiology associated with the lethal hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome is a significant gap in knowledge, especially when considered in the context of a nuclear weapon scenario. In this regard, the exposure is likely ill-defined, heterogenous, and nonuniform. These conditions forecast sparing of bone marrow and increased survival from the acute radiation syndrome consequent to threshold doses for the delayed effects of acute radiation exposure due to marrow sparing, medical management, and use of approved medical countermeasures. The intent herein is to provide a composite natural history of the pathophysiology concomitant with the evolution of the potentially lethal hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome derived from studies that focused on total body irradiation and partial body irradiation with bone marrow sparing. The marked differential in estimated LD50/60 from 7.5 Gy to 10.88 Gy for the total body irradiation and partial body irradiation with 5% bone marrow sparing models, respectively, provided a clear distinction between the attendant multiple organ injury and natural history of the two models that included medical management. Total body irradiation was focused on equivalent LD50/60 exposures. The 10 Gy and 11 Gy partial body with 5% bone marrow sparing exposures bracketed the LD50/60 (10.88 Gy). The incidence, progression, and duration of multiple organ injury was described for each exposure protocol within the hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome. The higher threshold doses for the partial body irradiation with bone marrow sparing protocol induced a marked degree of multiple organ injury to include lethal gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome, prolonged crypt loss and mucosal damage, immune suppression, acute kidney injury, body weight loss, and added clinical comorbidities that defined a complex timeline of organ injury through the acute hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome. The natural history of the acute radiation syndrome presents a 60-d time segment of multi-organ sequelae that is concomitant with the latent period or time to onset of the evolving multi-organ injury of the delayed effects of acute radiation exposure.
Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease
Authors: Joye Ashlin , Suhler Eric 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
Here, we provide an overview of Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease (VKH), including recent updates in our understanding of disease pathophysiology, classification and therapeutics.

Recent findings
Advancements in bioinformatics, metabolomics and genomics investigations continue to illuminate VKH pathogenesis, and may provide insight into future therapeutic options. Multimodal imaging is indispensable in the initial evaluation of VKH, and is becoming increasingly important in understanding disease pathogenesis, as well as monitoring therapeutic response. Enhanced VKH classification criteria, released in 2021, provide standardized guidelines and terminology for clinical and research purposes.

Summary
Modern research and imaging techniques continue to improve our understanding of VKH; more work is needed to further elucidate pathogenic mechanisms and establish optimal therapeutic recommendations.
Cardiac arrest in special circumstances
Authors: Lott Carsten , Truhlár Anatolij 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
European Resuscitation Council Guidelines for Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation prioritize treatments like chest compression and defibrillation, known to be highly effective for cardiac arrest from cardiac origin. This review highlights the need to modify this approach in special circumstances.

Recent findings
Potentially reversible causes of cardiac arrest are clustered into four Hs and four Ts (Hypoxia, Hypovolaemia, Hyperkalaemia/other electrolyte disorders, Hypothermia, Thrombosis, Tamponade, Tension pneumothorax, Toxic agents). Point-of-care ultrasound has its role in identification of the cause and targeting treatment. Time-critical interventions may even prevent cardiac arrest if applied early. The extracorporeal CPR (eCPR) or mechanical CPR should be considered for bridging the period needed to reverse the precipitating cause(s). There is low quality of evidence available to guide the treatment in the majority of situations. Some topics (pulmonary embolism, eCPR, drowning, pregnancy and opioid toxicity) were included in recent ILCOR reviews and evidence updates but majority of recommendations is based on individual systematic reviews, scoping reviews, evidence updates and expert consensus.

Summary
Cardiac arrests from reversible causes happen with lower incidence. Return of spontaneous circulation and neurologically intact survival can hardly be achieved without a modified approach focusing on immediate treatment of the underlying cause(s) of cardiac arrest.
Calcium phosphate injection technique for treatment of distal radius fracture
Authors: Kim Dae-Geun , Kwack Byung Hoon 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Introduction:
Distal radius fracture (DRF) is 1 of the common sites of osteoporotic fractures. Bone defects near fractures play an important role in the treatment of unstable distal radius fractures in older patients. To prevent this, bone grafts can be considered, and the most easily available and easy-to-use bone grafting materials are synthetic bone grafts. However, the efficacy of using injectable calcium phosphate (CaP), a synthetic bone substitute graft is controversial in terms of the volume required to provide adequate strength. In the case reports, we focus on the use of CaP in conventional surgery for osteoporotic distal radius fracture.

Patient concern:
In the first case, an 81-year-old woman presented with right wrist pain after a slip and fall accident. She had a right DRF with osteoporosis. In the second case, a 67-year-old woman presented with left wrist pain after falling. She was found to have a left DRF.

Diagnosis:
Radiography and computed tomography revealed the DRFs, and bone mineral density indicated osteoporosis. We defined these DRFs were unstable due to loss of position following anatomical reduction and the presence of osteoporosis.

Interventions:
We performed internal fixation using conventional locking plates. After fixation, a hole was made in the middle of the window of the plate, and CaP was injected through this hole.

Outcomes:
Six months postoperatively, complete bone union was achieved without subsidence of the distal fragment.

Conclusion:
This novel CaP injection technique can be a safe and effective technique for the treatment of unstable DRF to prevent malunion.