bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biohybrid robotics: From the nanoscale to the macroscale
Authors: Mestre Rafael , Patiño Tania , Sánchez Samuel 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBiohybrid robotics is a field in which biological entities are combined with artificial materials in order to obtain improved performance or features that are difficult to mimic with hand‐made materials. Three main level of integration can be envisioned depending on the complexity of the biological entity, ranging from the nanoscale to the macroscale. At the nanoscale, enzymes that catalyze biocompatible reactions can be used as power sources for self‐propelled nanoparticles of different geometries and compositions, obtaining rather interesting active matter systems that acquire importance in the biomedical field as drug delivery systems. At the microscale, single enzymes are substituted by complete cells, such as bacteria or spermatozoa, whose self‐propelling capabilities can be used to transport cargo and can also be used as drug delivery systems, for in vitro fertilization practices or for biofilm removal. Finally, at the macroscale, the combinations of millions of cells forming tissues can be used to power biorobotic devices or bioactuators by using muscle cells. Both cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue have been part of remarkable examples of untethered biorobots that can crawl or swim due to the contractions of the tissue and current developments aim at the integration of several types of tissue to obtain more realistic biomimetic devices, which could lead to the next generation of hybrid robotics. Tethered bioactuators, however, result in excellent candidates for tissue models for drug screening purposes or the study of muscle myopathies due to their three‐dimensional architecture.This article is categorized under:Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging TechnologiesNanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Collective dynein transport of the nucleus by pulling on astral microtubules during Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitosis
Authors: Jain Kunalika , Khetan Neha , Yadav Shivani A. , Palani Saravanan , Athale Chaitanya A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPositioning the nucleus at the bud neck during Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitosis involves pulling forces of cytoplasmic dynein localized in the daughter cell. Although genetic analysis has revealed a complex network positioning the nucleus, quantification of the forces acting on the nucleus and the number of dyneins driving the process has remained difficult. To better understand the collective forces involved in nuclear positioning, we compare a model of dyneins‐driven microtubule (MT) pulling, MT pushing, and cytoplasmic drag to experiments. During S. cerevisiae mitosis, MTs interacting with the cortex nucleated by the daughter spindle pole body (SPB) (SPB‐D) are longer than the mother SPB (SPB‐M), increasing further during spindle elongation in anaphase. Interphasic SPB mobility is effectively diffusive, while the mitotic mobility is directed. By optimizing a computational model of the mobility of the nucleus due to diffusion and MTs pushing at the cell membrane to experiment, we estimate the viscosity governing the drag force on nuclei during positioning. A force balance model of mitotic SPB mobility compared to experimental mobility suggests that even one or two dynein dimers are sufficient to move the nucleus in the bud neck. Using stochastic computer simulations of a budding cell, we find that punctate dynein localization can generate sufficient force to reel in the nucleus to the bud neck. Compared to uniform motor localization, puncta involve fewer motors suggesting a functional role for motor clustering. Stochastic simulations also suggest that a higher number of force generators than predicted by force balance may be required to ensure the robustness of spindle positioning.
Integral and differential approaches to Eringen's nonlocal elasticity models accounting for boundary effects with applications to beams in bending
Authors: Pisano Aurora Angela , Fuschi Paolo , Polizzotto Castrenze 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Eringen's fully nonlocal elasticity model is known to lead to ill‐posed boundary‐value problems and to suffer some boundary effects arising from particle interactions impeded by the body's boundary surface. An enhanced model is derived from the original fully nonlocal one by the addition of a regularizing non‐homogeneous local phase which accounts for boundary effects and which leads to a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind, hence to well‐posed boundary‐value problems, without paradoxes, nor other drawbacks. The enhanced integral model applied to a beam in bending proves to be equivalent to a sixth order differential equation with variable coefficients, with extra nonlocality boundary conditions here also derived. Both the integral approach and the differential one lead to a same unique solution of the small‐scale beam problem. An efficient numerical algorithm is presented in which the sixth order differential equation with variable coefficients is reduced to one of the second order, which is addressed by a finite difference method. The proposed theory is applied to a set of engineering beam problems, for each of which the inherent size effects are reported and graphically illustrated. The influence of the length scale parameter upon the beam's response is highlighted by means of a function representing the normalized maximum deflection of the beam as a function of the length scale parameter. It is shown that the enhanced model always predictssoftening size effectsno matter the boundary and loading conditions, and that the related response function generally exhibits awaved pattern with positive slopes first, then negative, as the length scale parameter increases, with a limit asymptotic behavior like an atomic lattice model. A comparison with other theories is also presented together with possible future developments.
Competitive Elections, Status Anxieties, and the Relative Strength of Ethnic versus National Identification in Africa
Authors: Gadjanova Elena 
Published: February 2021

AbstractResearch shows that ethnic identification increases on the eve of competitive elections in Africa, but does it do so at the expense of national solidarities? Do competitive elections exacerbate the negative expressions of strong ethnic attachments-coethnic favoritism, relative status concerns, and social distance to other groups? These questions are important because the latter attitudes and perceptions are linked to a host of ills in democracies. In this paper, I examine how the proximity and competitiveness of national elections influence ingroup favoritism, ethnic groups’ status anxieties, perceived discrimination, and trust in Sub-Saharan Africa. Drawing on six rounds of survey data for seventeen countries over 14 years, I find that national identities diminish in salience relative to ethnic ones as political competition increases, and that this is accompanied by heightened perceptions of ethnically-motivated discrimination, increased status anxieties, and lower levels of both inter-ethnic and generalized trust closer to nationally-competitive elections. Therefore, the electoral cycle strongly influences group anxieties in plural societies where political competition is high, and should be taken into account when designing measures to mitigate ethnic polarization in multi-ethnic states.
Investigating the association between publication performance and the work environment of university research academics: a systematic review
Authors: Aboagye Emmanuel , Jensen Irene , Bergström Gunnar , Brämberg Elisabeth Björk , Pico-Espinosa Oscar Javier , Björklund Christina 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this review was to investigate the association between publication performance and the organizational and psychosocial work environment of academics in a university setting. In 2018 we conducted database searches in Web of Science, Medline and other key journals (hand-searched) from 1990 to 2017 based on population, exposure and outcome framework. We examined reference lists, and after a title and abstract scan and full-text reading we identified studies that were original research and fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Articles were evaluated as having a low, moderate or high risk of bias using a quality assessment form. From the studies (n= 32) identified and synthesized, work-environment characteristics could explain the quality and quantity aspects of publication performance of academics. Management practices, leadership and psychosocial characteristics are influential factors that affect academics’ publication productivity. Most of the reviewed studies were judged to be of moderate quality because of issues of bias, related to the measuring of publication outcome. The findings in the studies reviewed suggest that highly productive research academics and departments significantly tend to be influenced by the organizational and psychosocial characteristics of their working environment. The practical relevance of this review is that it highlights where academics’ performance needs support and how the work environment can be improved to bolster publication productivity.
The imaginary carrot: no correlation between raising funds and research productivity in geosciences
Authors: Mariethoz Gregoire , Herman Frédéric , Dreiss Amelie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe ability of researchers to raise funding is central to academic achievement. However, whether success in obtaining research funds correlates with the productivity, quality or impact of a researcher is debated. Here we analyse 10 years of grant funding by the Swiss National Science Foundation in Earth and Environmental Sciences, and compare it to the publication record of the researchers who were awarded the funds. No significant statistical correlation can be established between the publication or citation record of a researcher and the amount of money this researcher obtains in grant funding. These results imply that researchers successful in raising funds are not necessarily in a position to be more productive or produce more impactful publications. Those results should be considered for deciding whether to use grant funding as a criterion for career advancement procedures.
Multilingual author matching across different academic databases: a case study on KAKEN, DBLP, and PubMed
Authors: Chikazawa Yuto , Katsurai Marie , Ohmukai Ikki 
Published: February 2021

AbstractResearchers often use their native languages to present and exchange ideas. To construct an individual author’s complete profile, a list of their English and non-English academic publications must be constructed. This paper presents a practical approach for multilingual author matching across different academic databases. Our approach automatically links the academic records of a target database to a researcher identifier of a source database. First, we extracted a comprehensive set of records in the target database, whose author names were identical to the researcher names in the source database. Then, we calculated multiple author similarity measures, which can be adopted in certain entity pairs from different language databases. Finally, we aggregated the measures to output an improved score that indicates the likelihood of each record as being the researcher’s work. Our method was found to be easy to implement, and its performance was evaluated in real database management settings. Experiments were conducted using DBLP and PubMed as the target English databases. As the Japanese database, KAKEN was the source for identifying researcher information. The results demonstrated each similarity measure’s performance, from which we observed that the score aggregation achieved stable performance. Our method can lessen human efforts to associate various scholarly contributions.
Graphene transfer methods: A review
Authors: Ullah Sami , Yang Xiaoqin , Ta Huy Q. , Hasan Maria , Bachmatiuk Alicja , Tokarska Klaudia , Trzebicka Barbara , Fu Lei , Rummeli Mark H. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGraphene is a material with unique properties that can be exploited in electronics, catalysis, energy, and bio-related fields. Although, for maximal utilization of this material, high-quality graphene is required at both the growth process and after transfer of the graphene film to the application-compatible substrate. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is an important method for growing high-quality graphene on non-technological substrates (as, metal substrates, e.g., copper foil). Thus, there are also considerable efforts toward the efficient and non-damaging transfer of quality of graphene on to technologically relevant materials and systems. In this review article, a range of graphene current transfer techniques are reviewed from the standpoint of their impact on contamination control and structural integrity preservation of the as-produced graphene. In addition, their scalability, cost- and time-effectiveness are discussed. We summarize with a perspective on the transfer challenges, alternative options and future developments toward graphene technology.
Dense ceramics with complex shape fabricated by 3D printing: A review
Authors: Chen Zhe , Sun Xiaohong , Shang Yunpeng , Xiong Kunzhou , Xu Zhongkai , Guo Ruisong , Cai Shu , Zheng Chunming 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThree-dimensional (3D) printing technology is becoming a promising method for fabricating highly complex ceramics owing to the arbitrary design and the infinite combination of materials. Insufficient density is one of the main problems with 3D printed ceramics, but concentrated descriptions of making dense ceramics are scarce. This review specifically introduces the principles of the four 3D printing technologies and focuses on the parameters of each technology that affect the densification of 3D printed ceramics, such as the performance of raw materials and the interaction between energy and materials. The technical challenges and suggestions about how to achieve higher ceramic density are presented subsequently. The goal of the presented work is to comprehend the roles of critical parameters in the subsequent 3D printing process to prepare dense ceramics that can meet the practical applications.
Polyhomogénéité des métriques compatibles avec une structure de Lie à l'infini le long du flot de Ricci
Authors: Ammar Mahdi 
Published: February 2021

Résumé
Le long du flot de Ricci, on étudie la polyhomogénéité des métriques pour des variétés riemanniennes non-compactes ayant « une structure de Lie fibrée à l'infini », c'est-à-dire une classe de structures de Lie à l'infini qui induit dans un sens précis des structures de fibrés sur les bords d'une certaine compactification par une variété à coins. Lorsque cette compactification est une variété à bord, cette classe de métriques contient notamment les b-métriques de Melrose, les métriques à bord fibré de Mazzeo-Melrose et les métriques edge de Mazzeo. On montre alors que la polyhomogénéité à l'infini des métriques compatibles avec une structure de Lie fibrée à l'infini est préservée localement par le flot de Ricci-DeTurck. Si la métrique initiale est asymptotiquement Einstein, on obtient la polyhomogénéité des métriques tant que le flot existe. De plus, si la métrique initiale est « lisse jusqu'au bord », alors il en sera de même pour les solutions du flot de Ricci normalisé et du flot de Ricci-DeTurck.
Maternal awareness to the timing of allergenic food introduction in Saudi infants
Authors: Almutairi Ahmed M. , Aldayel Abdulaziz A. , Aldayel Abdulrahman S. , Alhussain Hamad A. , Alwehaibi Sultan A. , Almutairi Talal A. 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Current guidelines recommend the introduction of allergenic foods as early as 4–6 months of age to decrease the risk of food allergy. However, caregivers' knowledge about such practices and adherence to them is ambiguous.

Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the timing of introduction of potentially allergenic foods into children's diet and the level of maternal awareness about and degree of compliance with current recommendations.

Materials and methods:
We conducted a cross-sectional study from May 2019 to January 2020 at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University Medical Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected through questionnaire-based surveys, and a total of 405 mothers were enrolled in the study. The eligibility criteria included mothers of children between the ages of 12 and 36 months.

Results:
Most mothers in this study had initiated allergenic foods, and the average time of introduction was 9.84 ± 3.16 months for eggs, 14.6 ± 5.78 months for peanuts, and 13.6 ± 5.37 months for fish. Around one-quarter (n = 102, 25.2%) of the children were identified as being in the high-risk group. Most mothers did not know or disagreed that the timing of introducing allergenic foods might help in preventing food allergy, but there was no difference between the risk groups (33.8% and 26.2%, respectively). Moreover, only 18.6% and 13.2% of the high- and low-risk groups, respectively, received correct information from their health care providers (P = .004). Mothers with only one child were less likely to start eggs at an early age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.5 and P = .005). Furthermore, children at a high risk of food allergy were two times more likely to start eggs at an earlier age (OR = 2.12 and P = .003).

Conclusion:
In this study, the allergenic food feeding practices being followed for infants and young children were found to be suboptimal. Parental education level and the number of siblings were identified as potential barriers to the implementation of and adherence to recent guidelines. There is a need for corrective measures to ensure safe and appropriate feeding practices in the Saudi community.
In Their Own Best Interest. Is There a Paternalistic Case for Welfare Conditionality?
Authors: MOLANDER ANDERS , TORSVIK GAUTE 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper examines paternalism as a justification for welfare reforms making benefits conditional on participation in activation programs. We clarify different types of what we denote ‘throffer paternalism’ – a paternalism conjoining an offer with a threat – and ask whether there is a good case for any of them. We argue that hard but non-perfectionistic paternalism provides the most promising defense for mandatory activation but conclude that it does not give a convincing justification for this type of welfare policy.
‘PARALLEL PROPORTIONS’ IN J. S. BACH'S MUSIC
Authors: MELAMED DANIEL R. 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTRecent studies propose that J. S. Bach established ‘parallel proportions’ in his music – ratios of the lengths of movements or of pieces in a collection intended to reflect the perfection of divine creation. Before we assign meaning to the number of bars in a work, we need to understand the mathematical and musical basis of the claim.First we need to decide what a ‘bar’ is and what constitutes a ‘movement’. We have explicit evidence from Bach on these points for Bach's 1733 Dresden Missa, and his own tallies do not agree with those in the theory. There are many ways to count, and the numbers of movements or bars are analytical results dependent on choices by the analyst, not objective data.Next, chance turns out to play an enormous role in ‘parallel proportions’. Under certain constraints almost any set of random numbers that adds up to an even total can be partitioned to show a proportion, with likelihoods better than ninety-five per cent in sets that resemble the Missa. These relationships are properties of numbers, not musical works. We thus need to ask whether any apparent proportion is the result of Bach's design or is simply a statistically inevitable result, and the answer is clearly the latter. For pieces or sets with fewer movements the odds are less overwhelming, but the subjective nature of counting and the possibility of silently choosing from among many possibilities make even these results questionable.Theories about the number of bars in Bach's music and possible meanings are interpretative, not factual, and thus resistant to absolute disproof. But a mathematical result of the kind claimed for ‘parallel proportions’ is essentially assured even for random sets of numbers, and that makes it all but impossible to label such relationships as intentional and meaningful.
THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE CELLO IN NAPLES: GIOVANNI BONONCINI, ROCCO GRECO AND GAETANO FRANCONE IN A FORGOTTEN MANUSCRIPT COLLECTION
Authors: OLIVIERI GUIDO 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTThe analysis of a forgotten source sheds light on the early history of the cello in seventeenth-century Naples. The manuscript MS 2-D-13, held in the library of the Montecassino Abbey, dates from around 1699 and contains two unknown cello sonatas by Giovanni Bononcini, together with passacaglias, sonatas for two ‘violas’ and elaborations over antiphons by Gaetano Francone and Rocco Greco, two prominent string performers and teachers in Naples. A study of this remarkable source helps to clarify the nomenclature of the bass violins in use in the city and offers new evidence on the practice of continuo realization at the cello, as well as on the connections with partimento practice. This collection is thus of critical importance for a discussion of the technical achievements and developments of the cello repertory in Naples before the emergence of the celebrated generation of Neapolitan cello virtuosi in the early years of the eighteenth century.
‘THE FAMOUS VIDAL’: NEW LIGHT ON THE LIFE AND WORKS OF A GUITARIST IN LATE EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY FRANCE
Authors: MARTÍN GIL DAMIÁN 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTDuring the second half of the eighteenth century the Spanish guitar reached a level of popularity in France not equalled elsewhere. Among the various composers who contributed to the vogue for the instrument in this country, sources of the period refer to a certain Mr Vidal, a guitarist of Spanish origins who was regarded as one of the most important masters of the guitar in Europe. Despite multiple references to his musical activities no extensive study has yet been made, which leaves this figure only partially studied. In order to address this lacuna, this article reconstructs the life of this guitarist, placing his music in the environment in which he lived in order to obtain a clearer picture of the situation of the guitar and the role of Vidal as a composer, guitarist, publisher and teacher.