bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uromyces pisi-sativi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Laundon G. F. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Uromyces pisi-sativi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Pycnia and aecia on
Euphorbia
, uredia and telia on
Lathyrus, Orobus, Pisum
and
Vicia
. DISEASE: Rust on pea, vetches and broad bean. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Canary Islands, Ethiopia, Libya, Morocco); Asia (China, India,? Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, U.S.S.R.); Europe (Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Corsica, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Sicily, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, U.S.S.R., Yugoslavia); South America (Argentina, Chile) (CMI Map 404 and Herb. IMI). TRANSMISSION: Pea rust has been recorded at a distance of 25 km from the nearest source of infected
Euphorbia cyparissias
in Norway by Jorstad (1948), who considered wind-borne spores from other extraneous sources unlikely. Wild species of
Lathyrus tuberosus
serve as source of infection to vetchling in U.S.S.R. (39: 717).
Microsporum equinum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Microsporum equinum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily a pathogen of the horse, sometimes transmitted to man. Cats, dogs, guineapigs and rabbits have been experimentally infected. DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea). Infected hairs usually fluoresce bright green under Wood's light and show a small-spored ectothrix type of invasion. In horses the lesions cannot be distinguished clinically from those caused by other species. Usually they are dry, raised and scaling and lead to circumscribed, bare patches. They may occur on any part of the animal, but particularly on the saddle and girth regions. In man, infections of the glabrous skin (tinea corporis), particularly of the arms, and of the beard area (tinea barbae) have been reported, the lesions usually being small and erythematous. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Algeria, Congo (from cases of 'Kenya Mange' of horses), Madagascar, Morocco, Sudan), Asia (Iran, Java, U.S.S.R.); Australasia and Oceania (Fiji); Europe (Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, (?) Greece, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Romania, U.S.S.R.); North America (N.J., N.Y.); South America (Uruguay).
Nannizzia obtusa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stockdale P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Nannizzia obtusa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Primarily a pathogen of the pig, occasionally transmitted to man. Guinea-pigs have been experimentally infected. DISEASE: Ringworm (dermatophytosis, tinea). In pigs lesions are circular and circumscribed to irregular in outline, sometimes involving almost the whole body. They are reddish in colour and are frequently covered with brownish crusts. Alopecia and pruritis do not occur (RMVM 5, 226, 491-492). In man the scalp (tinea capitis) and glabrous skin (tinea corporis) may be infected. Scalp lesions reported have shown a kerion type of reaction with endothrix hair invasion; in some cases infected hairs have fluoresced light green under Wood's light. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Reported from Africa (Kenya), Australasia (Australia, New Zealand); North America (Canada, U.S.A. (Ind., Kans., Ky, Miss., N.J., Pa)), Central America and West Indies (Mexico, Cuba). Possibly world-wide in distribution.
Sphacelotheca reiliana
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ainsworth G. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Sphacelotheca reiliana
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sorghum bicolor
(
S. vulgare
) (sorghum),
S. sudanense
(Sudan grass), and other
Sorghum
spp.,
Zea mays
(maize),
Euchlaena mexicana
(teosinte), and species of
Andropogon, Hackelochloa
and
Cleistachne
. DISEASE: Head smut of sorghum and maize. The inflorescence being replaced by the sorus infected sorghum plants produce little grain; they are not stunted although they mature earlier than healthy plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Australasia, Europe, N., C. and S. America, see CMI Map 69, Ed. 2, 1959. The race on sorghum is more widely distributed than the race on maize. TRANSMISSION: Although seed-borne infection may occur, head smut is typically soil borne (40: 607) with infection at the seedling stage. Infection is favoured by soil temperatures of 21-28°C according to Halisky (42: 18).
Ustilago maydis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Ainsworth G. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ustilago maydis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Zea mays
(maize) and
Euchlaena mexicana
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World wide, wherever maize is grown with the major exception of Australia and New Zealand; see CMI Map 93, Ed. 3, 1964. On
E. mexicana
in N. and S. America. TRANSMISSION: Infection of the host, which occurs via any actively growing tissue, is localized. Spores carried on seed (Noble
et al., An annotated list of seed-borne diseases
, p. 79, 1958) are easily controlled by treatment with a fungicide but seed treatment is of no avail if the soil is infected. Spores have retained their viability in dry sand for more than eight years (16: 738).
Septoria lycopersici
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sutton B. C. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Septoria lycopersici
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Lycopersicon esculentum
. Also on
Datura stramonium, Solanum carolinense, S. nigrum
and
S. melongena
. Other species of
Lycopersicon
and
Solanum tuberosum
have been reported susceptible on inoculation (MacNeill, 1950). DISEASE: Leaf spot of tomato. Lesions abundant, amphigenous, circular to irregular, rarely confluent, often vein-limited and depressed, water-soaked, becoming pale brown and later grey with dark margins, up to 2 mm. diam. All stages of growth of the plant may be attacked. Severe infection causes leaves to shrivel and produces premature defoliation, exposing the fruit to sun-scald. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide on tomato (CMI Map 108, ed. 3, 1959). TRANSMISSION: Spores are disseminated by rain-splash and wind-blown water, and may also be carried on the hands and clothing of fruit-pickers or by insects (chiefly beetles) (Martin, 1918; 20: 183). The fungus is not a soil inhabitant but may persist in a viable condition from one season to the next on debris of diseased plants incorporated in the soil (3: 615; 20: 181). Solanaceous weeds also serve as one of the main means of overwintering the pathogen (3: 615). Seed contaminated with spores can produce infected seedlings (20: 183) but there is some doubt whether the pathogen is truly seed-borne (32: 154; 43, 3324; Noble
et al
, 1958).
Aspergillus niger
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Onions A. H. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Aspergillus niger
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Common as a saprophyte in soil and on decaying vegetable matter e.g. black mould of onion, garlic and shallot; a stem rot of
Dracaena
; a root stalk rot of
Sansevieria
; and a boll rot of cotton; spoilage of cashew kernels, dates, figs, vanilla pods and dried prune; occasionally reported as causing disease in man, animals and some crop plants. DISEASES: On
man and animals
: As a pathogen this fungus has most frequently been isolated as an invader of the middle and outer ear (otomycosis), Austwick, 1965, pp. 100-101; Ismail; RMVM 5, 404).
Aspergillus niger
has also been recorded as causing disease of the pulmonary system, mycetoma of the foot (Austwick, 1965), infection of the eye (Fazakaz; RMVM 4, 1084) and the renal pelvis (Comings, Turbow, Callahan & Waldstein RMVM 4, 1645).
On plants
: Crown rot of groundnut is the most serious plant disease caused by
A. niger
, which invades the hypocotyl and radicle of germinating seedlings above 30°C (Gibson, 1953; Jackson, 1963). It has also been reported pathogenic to seedlings of sorghum and jute (23: 102; 40: 684). Other diseases listed by Raper & Fennell (1965) include black mould of onion, garlic and shallot; a stem rot of
Dracaena
; a root stalk rot of
Sansevieria
; and a boll rot of cotton. Spoilage of cashew kernels, dates, figs, vanilla pods and dried prune has also been reported (40: 701, 725; 41: 163, 165; 43: 513).
Toxin production
: The growth of
A. niger
on mouldy animal food-stuffs producing oxalate poisoning is reported by Wilson & Wilson (RMVM 4, 1864) and Frischbier & Richtesteiger (
Z. Veternark
. 53: 391, 1941). Plant pathogenicity has been correlated with oxalic acid production (Gibson, 1953). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: Air and soil-borne. Infection in man and animals may arise from spore contamination from mouldy hay or straw and in some cases mouldy grain and food-stuffs (Austwick, in Raper & Fennell, 1965). The development of crown rot in groundnut in the field is closely related to the soil-borne inoculum potential of the fungus as measured by the amount of organic debris present (Ashworth & Langley, 1964). The pathogen is also seed-borne on groundnut (Jackson, 1963) and its entry and subsequent infection of kernels is facilitated by pod damage caused by
Corticium solani
[Thanatephorus cucumeris]
(44, 936).
Aspergillus terreus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Onions A. H. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Aspergillus terreus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Occurs commonly in soil, particularly in warm and comparatively dry arable land (Raper & Thom, 1965, p. 571). It has been recorded as the predominant fungus in the rhizosphere of pineapple and cotton (33: 436; 37: 662) as well as in
Cicer arietinum, Trifolium
sp., and
Viciafaba
(Herb. IMI). When added to sterilized soil containing
Macrophomina phaseoli
[Macrophomina phaseolina]
, the germination of French bean seed and the post emergence of seedlings were greatly reduced (40: 343). It causes a rot of apple and other fruit (43, 38, 2818) and has also been isolated from damaged cotton seed, palm oil and stored grain (30: 58; 40: 153). DISEASES: This fungus is of doubtful significance as a pathogen, but it has been recorded as producing aspergillosis, infection of skin and nails and, more recently, infection of ears, especially following operations (English
et al.
; RMVM 4, 1225, 1226). It was isolated as the cause of mycotic abortion in cattle (Plum, 1932,
Acta Patho !. Microbiol. Scand
. 9: 150-157; Ainsworth & Austwick, 1955,
Vet. Record
67: 88-97; Austwick, 1965, pp. 99-100) and asthma (Weiner; RMVM 4, 1094). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide in warm arable soils (Raper & Fennell, 1965). TRANSMISSION: From hay and straw (Austwick, in Raper & Fennell, 1965).
Penicillium expansum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Onions A. H. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Penicillium expansum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Found commonly in soil and in a wide variety of organic material including grains and cereal products, and though generally isolated from mouldy fruit, particularly apples, it also occurs on other pomaceous fruit, cherries, grapes, olives, pineapple and sometimes on citrus and avocado (Raper & Thom 1949, 518-522, & Herb. IMI). DISEASE: Blue mould (soft rot) of apple is characterized by the formation of watery, light or yellowish brown areas on the fruit, which may originate from either the stem or calyx ends. A soft brown rot develops which rapidly destroys the whole fruit. Later, under humid conditions, tufts of massed conidiophores with blue-green conidia appear on the surface of the fruit which gives off a characteristic musty odour. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. TRANSMISSION: By air and soil-borne spores, especially in orchards. The pathogen commonly enters through wounds and injuries but may also penetrate lenticels (11: 658).
Penicillium italicum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Onions A. H. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Penicillium italicum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Occurs on citrus fruit and occasionally in soil of citrus orchards. DISEASE: Blue-mould of citrus. Causes a characteristic soft rot of the fruit and in advanced stages the surface becomes covered in a bluish green or grey green velvety or tufted layer of conidia with a white margin. Finally the fruit becomes soft and often a slimy shapeless mass. The rot differs from that caused by
P. digitatum
(CMI Descript. 96) which produces an olive coloured conidial layer and finally reduces the fruit to a mummified shell. The two fungi are frequently found together on the same fruit. Raper & Thom (1949) suggest that sclerotial strains might be confused in culture with
P. gladioli
(CMI Descript. 98) but in the latter the sclerotia are always pinkish. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Common in all citrus producing areas but widespread on citrus fruit as a storage rot. TRANSMISSION: The fungus enters fruit through wounds and also spreads by contact from infected to sound fruit in storage.
Phytophthora megasperma
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waterhouse G. M. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phytophthora megasperma
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On a wide range of hosts (inculding sugarcane, lucerne, soyabean, crucifers (Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, rutabaga, turnip), beet, carrot, spinach, potato), also in soil and plant debris in pond water.
Phytophthora megasperma
var.
megasperma
has been recorded on
Althaea rosea, Brassica oleracea, Castanea sativa, Matthiola incana, Narcissus
sp. and conifer soil;
Phytophthora megasperma
var.
sojae
on
Asparagus officinalis, Brassica oleracea, Cicer arietinum, Glycine max, Medicago saliva, Melilotus
spp.,
Prunus amygdalus, P. persica, Saccharum officinarum, Senecio cruentus, Solanum tuberosum
and pond and soil water (Tompkins
et al.
, 1936, Herb. IMI). DISEASES: Causing seed-piece rot of sugarcane and a shoot rot of lucerne, soyabean and vegetables particularly crucifers (Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, kale, rutabaga, turnip) as well as beet, carrot, spinach, and potato ('pink rot'). Infected plants wilt and their foliage may be discoloured red or purple at the leaf margins. DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (Australia, New Zealand, Tasmania); Europe (England, France, Ireland, Italy); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); South America (Argentina). (CMI Map 157, ed 2.) TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne and favoured by wet conditions with temperatures around 15-24°C. Persistence in soil for over 1 yr. is possible due to delayed germination of oospores (31: 394).
Colletotrichum graminicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Elizabeth J. , Mordue M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Colletotrichum graminicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sorghum vulgare
[Sorghum bicolor]
and its varieties,
S. halepensis, Zea, Triticum, Secale
and other cultivated and wild genera distributed amongst at least 8 of the 12 tribes of
Gramineae
(Wilson 1914; Sprague, 1950). Also recorded on lucerne, red clover, soyabean and sweet clover (41: 368; 35: 300; 30: 598). DISEASES: Red stalk rot of internodal stem tissues, anthracnose and red leaf spot, also seedling blight of sorghum. On maize, cereals and other grasses the leaf spot form is most frequently seen, the spots are elliptical to elongated, usually 1-2 cm but occasionally confluent particularly on the midrib, pale orange to blackish purple, the centres greyish with age. Leaf anthracnose and stalk rots are characterized by the reddish discolouration, but pigmentation varies greatly according to host. Root rot is also recorded. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Libya, Malawi, Mauritius, Nigeria, Rhodesia, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Togoland, Uganda, Zambia); Asia (Burma, Hong Kong, India, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan); Australasia & Oceania (Australia, New Caledonia, New Hebrides, New Zealand), Europe (Finland, Germany, Great Britain, Rumania); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); Central America & West Indies (Cuba, Trinidad); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Guyana). TRANSMISSION: Seasonal persistence is on infected crop residues and weed hosts; sporulation has been observed on sorghum stalks and stubble after overwintering in the field (Le Beau
et al.
, 1951). Also seed transmitted (35: 653).
Phakopsora gossypii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Phakopsora gossypii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Gossypium acuminatum, G. arboreum, G. aridium, G. barbadense, G. brasiliense, G. herbaceum, G
.
mexicanum, G. microcarpum, Gossypium
sp. (cult.),
Azanza garckeana
and
Thespesia populnea
. DISEASE: Cotton rust. Confined to the growing tissues, chiefly the leaves and spreading from the older parts to the new leaves as rapidly as they are formed causing premature defoliation. The attack is severe on weak plants. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Agalega Is. (near Mauritius), Congo, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Mauritius, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda); Asia (Burma, Cambodia, Ceylon, China, Fiji, Formosa, India, Java, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Philippines, Thailand); North America (Bermuda, U.S.A.); Central America and West Indies (Cuba, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, St. Vincent, Trinidad); South America (Brazil, British Guiana, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela). (CMI Map 258, 1952, Herb IMI and Literature) TRANSMISSION: Airborne urediospores account for the spread of the rust.
Nematospora gossypii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mukerji K. G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Nematospora gossypii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Gossypium hirsutum
. Also on
Abutilon
spp.,
Asclepias curassavica, Centrosema plumieri, Citrus aurantium, C. nobilis, Coffea arabica, C. robusta, Datura metel, Glycine max, Gossypium herbaceum
var.
africanum, Gossypium
spp.,
Hibiscus cannabinus, H. esculentus, H. vitifolius, Lycopersicum esculentum, Persea gratissima, Phaseolus lunatus, P. mungo, P. vulgaris, Sida
spp.,
Sterculia platanifolia, Thespesia garckeana
and
Vigna
spp. (30: 124). DISEASES: Internal Boll Rot or staining of Cotton or Stigmatomycosis. The lint fibres become dirty yellowish-brown and the seed coat is stained with brown spots. With age the lint loosens from the seeds and becomes reduced to a papery membrane. The fungus forms a mat on the seed surface but does not penetrate this unless already mechanically injured. Infection results either in premature dropping of the bolls or in a drying out of those which remain on the plant. The discolouration of the lint is due to toxins produced by the fungus (Pearson & Maxwell Darling, 1958). A number of factors affect the degree of infection of cotton bolls such as age, sugar content of the bolls and humidity. Young bolls with high sugar content are highly susceptible. Incidence of infection increases with increase in humidity (27: 361; 39: 230). In coffee it causes dry rot, the beans become black and shrunken. Leguminous seeds become dry, shrivelled and dark. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda), Asia (Burma, India); Central America and the Caribbean and U.S.A. (CMI Map 153, ed. 3, 1959; 30: 124; 39: 413). TRANSMISSION: The fungus is mechanically transmitted from plant to plant on the mouth parts of hemipterous insects (10: 519; 18: 309; Wickens, 1942; Pearson & Maxwell Darling, 1958) including species of
Dysdercus
(cotton strainers),
Nezara
(green bug),
Leptoglossus
(leaf-footed tomato bug),
Phthia
(red tomato bug),
Antestia
(coffee bug) and
Callidea
. Of these, species of
Dysdercus
are the more common carriers. The fungus may enter through an open wound but generally infection accompanies insect punctures. The needle shaped ascospores are especially well adapted for this mode of infection (29: 211). The fungus is not a soil inhabitant but may persist in a viable condition from one season to the next on fallen diseased bolls in damp conditions as well as in insect exuviae. The fungus survives in the seeds of malvaceous plants in the off-season and from these it is carried to the cotton crop by migrant adults of
Dysdercus
(Pearson & Maxwell Darling, 1958).
Inonotus hispidus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Pegler D. N. , Waterston J. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Inonotus hispidus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Principally associated with
Fraxinus
and
Malus
, but also recorded on
Acer, Aesculus, Alnus, Betula, Carya
,
Crataegus, Euonymus, Fagus, Ficus, Juglans, Liquidambar, Morus, Pistacia, Pyrus, Platanus, Populus, Prunus, Quercus, Robinia, Salix, Schinus, Sophora, Ulmus, Vitis
and
Zizyphus
. DISEASE: Heart rot of ash. The rot is of the general delignifying type, the wood becoming soft and spongy throughout, the decayed wood turning straw to pale yellow brown. In addition to attacking heart wood the pathogen may penetrate living tissues (Nutman, 1929). Young trees may be severely damaged by cankers which distort the stems. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Morocco), Asia (China, Japan, India, Syria, U.S.S.R., West Pakistan), Europe (Belgium, Cyprus, Czechoslovakia, Finland, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); South America (? Brazil). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne spores. Stubs of dead branches, frost cracks and wounds, particularly those found in old hedgerow trees, all serve as infection courts.