bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity, Diet, and Incident Urinary Incontinence in Postmenopausal Women: Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study
Authors: Bauer Scott R , Kenfield Stacey A , Sorensen Mathew , Subak Leslee L , Phelan Suzanne , Gupta Lisa Rogo , Chen Bertha , Suskind Anne M , Park Amy J , Iglesia Cheryl , Gass Margery , Hohensee Chancellor , Breyer Benjamin N 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Physical activity and macronutrient intake, important contributors to energy balance, may be independently associated with female urinary incontinence (UI).

Methods
We evaluated the association of baseline self-reported physical activity and macronutrient intake, via food frequency questionnaire, with incident UI subtypes after 3 years among 19 741 postmenopausal women in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. Odds ratios (ORs) for incident urgency, stress, and mixed UI were calculated using multivariable logistic regression.

Results
Women who reported total physical activity (metabolic equivalent task [MET]-hours/week) ≥30 versus &lt;0.1 were 16% less likely to develop urgency UI (OR = 0.84; 95% CI 0.70, 1.00) and 34% less likely for mixed UI (OR = 0.66; 95% CI 0.46, 0.95), although linear trends were no longer statistically significant after adjusting for baseline weight and weight change (p trend = .15 and .16, respectively). The association between physical activity and incident stress UI was less consistent. Higher uncalibrated protein intake was associated with increased odds of incident urgency UI (≥19.4% vs &lt;14.1% of energy intake OR = 1.14; 95% CI 0.99, 1.30; p trend = .02), while CIs were wide and included 1.0 for calibrated protein intake. Other macronutrients were not associated with urgency UI and macronutrient intake was not associated with incident stress or mixed UI (p trend &gt; .05 for all).

Conclusions
Among postmenopausal women, higher physical activity was associated with lower risk of incident urgency and mixed UI, but not stress UI, independent of baseline weight and weight change. Higher protein intake was associated with increased risk of urgency UI, but no associations were observed between other macronutrient and UI subtypes.
Association Between Walking Energetics and Fragmented Physical Activity in Mid- to Late-Life
Authors: Liu Fangyu , Wanigatunga Amal A , Kuo Pei-Lun , Zipunnikov Vadim , Simonsick Eleanor M , Ferrucci Luigi , Schrack Jennifer A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Physical activity becomes increasingly fragmented with age, which may be an early marker of functional decline. Energetic cost of walking and energy capacity are also linked with functional decline, but their associations with activity fragmentation, and the potential modifying roles of total daily physical activity and age, remains unclear.

Method
A total of 493 participants (50–93 years) from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging underwent measures of energetic cost of usual-paced overground walking (mL/kg/m), energy demand during slow walking (mL/kg/min) on a treadmill (0.67 m/s, 0% grade), and average peak walking energy expenditure (mL/kg/min) during a fast-paced 400-m walk. A ratio of slow walking to peak walking energy expenditure (“cost-to-capacity ratio”) was calculated. Activity fragmentation was quantified as an active-to-sedentary transition probability (ASTP) using Actiheart accelerometer data. Linear regression models with ASTP as the dependent variable were used to test whether poorer energy cost and capacity were associated with higher ASTP and whether the associations differed by daily physical activity or age.

Results
After adjusting for demographics, body composition, comorbidities, and daily physical activity, every 10% higher cost-to-capacity ratio was associated with 0.4% greater ASTP (p = .005). This association was primarily driven by the least active participants (pinteraction = .023). Peak walking energy expenditure was only associated with ASTP among participants aged ≥70 years.

Conclusions
Higher cost-to-capacity ratio and lower energy capacity may manifest as more fragmented physical activity, especially among those less active or aged ≥70 years. Future studies should examine whether an increasing cost-to-capacity ratio or declining energy capacity predicts subsequent activity fragmentation.
Internet of Samples (iSamples): Toward an interdisciplinary cyberinfrastructure for material samples
Authors: Davies Neil , Deck John , Kansa Eric C , Kansa Sarah Whitcher , Kunze John , Meyer Christopher , Orrell Thomas , Ramdeen Sarah , Snyder Rebecca , Vieglais Dave , Walls Ramona L , Lehnert Kerstin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Sampling the natural world and built environment underpins much of science, yet systems for managing material samples and associated (meta)data are fragmented across institutional catalogs, practices for identification, and discipline-specific (meta)data standards. The Internet of Samples (iSamples) is a standards-based collaboration to uniquely, consistently, and conveniently identify material samples, record core metadata about them, and link them to other samples, data, and research products. iSamples extends existing resources and best practices in data stewardship to render a cross-domain cyberinfrastructure that enables transdisciplinary research, discovery, and reuse of material samples in 21st century natural science.
Testosterone Treatment Mimics Seasonal Downregulation of Dopamine Innervation in the Auditory System of Female Midshipman Fish
Authors: Perelmuter Jonathan T , Hom Kelsey N , Mohr Robert A , Demis Lina , Kim Spencer , Chernenko Alena , Timothy Miky , Middleton Mollie A , Sisneros Joseph A , Forlano Paul M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In seasonally breeding vertebrates, hormones coordinate changes in nervous system structure and function to facilitate reproductive readiness and success. Steroid hormones often exert their effects indirectly via regulation of neuromodulators, which in turn can coordinate the modulation of sensory input with appropriate motor output. Female plainfin midshipman fish (Porichthys notatus) undergo increased peripheral auditory sensitivity in time for the summer breeding season, improving their ability to detect mates, which is regulated by steroid hormones. Reproductive females also show differences in catecholaminergic innervation of auditory circuitry compared with winter, non-reproductive females as measured by tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate-limiting enzyme in catecholaminergic synthesis. Importantly, catecholaminergic input to the inner ear from a dopaminergic-specific forebrain nucleus is decreased in the summer and dopamine inhibits the sensitivity of the inner ear, suggesting that gonadal steroids may alter auditory sensitivity by regulating dopamine innervation. In this study, we gonadectomized non-reproductive females, implanted them with estradiol (E2) or testosterone (T), and measured TH immunoreactive (TH-ir) fibers in auditory nuclei where catecholaminergic innervation was previously shown to be seasonally plastic. We found that treatment with T, but not E2, reduced TH-ir innervation in the auditory hindbrain. T-treatment also reduced TH-ir fibers in the forebrain dopaminergic cell group that projects to the inner ear, and likely to the auditory hindbrain. Higher T plasma in the treatment group was correlated with reduced-ir TH terminals in the inner ear. These T-treatment induced changes in TH-ir fibers mimic the seasonal downregulation of dopamine in the midshipman inner ear and provide evidence that steroid hormone regulation of peripheral auditory sensitivity is mediated, in part, by dopamine.
Design and performance experiment of radial inflow turbine expander for organic Rankine cycle system
Authors: Gou Yanan , Li Lei , Min Hong 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Expander is the core component of organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system. Taking R245fa as the organic working fluid, the miniaturization design of radial inflow turbine expander with theoretical maximum output power 20 kW and rotational speed of 30 000 r/min is carried out. The deflector and the moving impeller are simulated and designed. The ORC system with preheater and superheater is built for performance analysis of the designed turbine expander. The effects of temperature, pressure and rotational speed on the output power, temperature drop and efficiency of turbine expander are studied experimentally. The experimental results show that with the increase of the inlet temperature, the efficiency of the turbine expander has a minimum value, but the output power keeps increasing gradually. The analysis shows that the lowest efficiency is caused by the deterioration of expansion due to the rapid increase of flow rate. The turbine expander has the maximum efficiency of 0.886 at the inlet temperature 393.15 K and the inlet pressure 1.2 MPa. When the rotational speed increases from 12 000 r/min to 28 000 r/min, the temperature drop increases from 17.2 K to 32.7 K, and the output power increases from 7.04 kW to 17.3 kW. With the increase of rotational speed, the thermal power conversion capacity and temperature drop increase, so the output power increases. The system efficiency increases with the increase of turbine expander efficiency and has the same change rule.
Psychosocial Stress Alters the Immune Response and Results in Higher Viral Load During Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in a Pigtailed Macaque Model of Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Guerrero-Martin Selena M , Rubin Leah H , McGee Kirsten M , Shirk Erin N , Queen Suzanne E , Li Ming , Bullock Brandon , Carlson Bess W , Adams Robert J , Gama Lucio , Graham David R , Zink Christine , Clements Janice E , Mankowski Joseph L , Metcalf Pate Kelly A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Although social distancing is a key public health response during viral pandemics, psychosocial stressors, such as social isolation, have been implicated in adverse health outcomes in general [1] and in the context of infectious disease, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) [2, 3]. A comprehensive understanding of the direct pathophysiologic effects of psychosocial stress on viral pathogenesis is needed to provide strategic and comprehensive care to patients with viral infection.

Methods
To determine the effect of psychosocial stress on HIV pathogenesis during acute viral infection without sociobehavioral confounders inherent in human cohorts, we compared commonly measured parameters of HIV progression between singly (n = 35) and socially (n = 41) housed simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina).

Results
Singly housed macaques had a higher viral load in the plasma and cerebrospinal fluid and demonstrated greater CD4 T-cell declines and more CD4 and CD8 T-cell activation compared with socially housed macaques throughout acute SIV infection.

Conclusions
These data demonstrate that psychosocial stress directly impacts the pathogenesis of acute SIV infection and imply that it may act as an integral variable in the progression of HIV infection and potentially of other viral infections.
A novel risk score for in-hospital perioperative mortality of five major surgeries
Authors: Jia Hongxun , Wang Shan , Liu Jianchao , Li Lin , Liu Lihua 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Risk-scoring tools for perioperative mortality adjustment are essential for inter-hospital quality comparisons, which are still lacking in China. Existing scores had significant disadvantages when applied in managerial practice.

Objective
This study aimed to develop a simple risk score using highly accessible information that could appropriately adjust the perioperative mortality from major surgeries across tertiary Chinese public hospitals and provide a reference for other underdeveloped countries with the same need.

Methods
A study cohort from 19 hospitals was randomly split into a development set and an internal validation set in the ratio of 7:3. Another cohort from six hospitals was used as an external validation set. All data were obtained from the military-hospital public services database of the National Engineering Laboratory of Application Technology in Medical Big Data. Patients aged above 18 years undergoing one of the five categories of major surgical procedures between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2020 were identified. The multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to predict the risk of mortality and derive the risk score. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) and the Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test were used to assess the discrimination and calibration of the model, respectively.

Results
The study set included 45 558 cases, divided into a development set containing 31 891 cases and an internal validation set with 13 667 cases. Another cohort with 14 956 cases was used as an external validation set. The final included predictor variables were age, Elixhauser Comorbidity Index, condition at admission, admission route and the procedure. The predicted risk score ranged from −21.5 to 37.0 points. The model discriminated well in the development set, internal validation set, and external validation set. The AUC for them were 0.753 (Standard Error(SE) 0.016, 95% Confidence Interval(CI): 0.721,0.784), 0.790 (SE 0.025, 95% CI: 0.742,0.839), and 0.766(SE 0.019, 95% CI: 0.728, 0.804), respectively. P values in the Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test were all above 0.05, indicating a good calibration.

Conclusions
This risk-scoring model was proved to have satisfactory performance, allowing the rapid and effective risk adjustment of perioperative mortality when comparing the surgical quality in tertiary hospitals in China and other underdeveloped regions.
Selective digestive decontamination with oral colistin plus gentamicin for persistent bacteraemia caused by non-carbapenemase-producing carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in a neutropenic patient
Authors: Spencer-Sandino Maria , Riquelme-Neira Roberto , Shropshire William C , Dinh An Q , González-Rocha Gerardo , González-Muñoz Paulina , Vera-Leiva Alejandra , Araos Rafael , Hanson Blake , Arias Cesar A , Munita José M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKp) have become an increasing public health problem worldwide. While most CRKp around the world harbour a carbapenemase enzyme, the clinical relevance of non-carbapenemase-producing CRKp (non-CP-CRKp) is increasingly recognized. Selective digestive decontamination (SDD) has been proven successful as a decolonization strategy for patients colonized with Gram-negatives in the ICU. However, it is not regularly used to treat invasive infections.

Objectives
To report the use of SDD as a useful strategy for managing recalcitrant CRKp bloodstream infections.

Patients and methods
We present a neutropenic patient with a recalcitrant bloodstream infection with non-CP-CRKp treated with SDD. Besides, genomic analyses of five isolates of non-CP-CRKp was performed.

Results
After 11 days of SDD treatment with oral colistin and gentamicin, bacteraemia was successfully eradicated. Genomic analysis indicates a fully carbapenem-resistant phenotype evolved in vivo and suggests that the mechanism of carbapenem resistance in our strains relates to gene amplification of narrow-spectrum β-lactamases.

Conclusions
Our report highlights that SDD might be a useful strategy to manage CRKp bloodstream infections, when intestinal translocation is the likely source of the bacteraemia. In addition, the development of a resistant phenotype during therapy is worrisome as therapies directed against these organisms are likely to favour the amplification process.
177 Quantifying Cortisol in Hair as a Chronic Stress Biomarker in Group-housed and Stall-housed Sows During Gestation
Authors: Everding Talia , Levesque Crystal L , Seddon Yolande , Perez-Palencia Jorge Y 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine hair cortisol concentrations in sows in two different housing systems. Sows (n = 66, parity 0–6) were housed at the SDSU sow facility and assigned to one of two housing systems, stalls (STL) or group pens (PEN). The STL sows (n = 34) were housed in gestation stalls from breeding until d111 ± 1.1 of gestation; PEN sows (n = 32) were moved to 3 pens approximately 24 h after breeding in a dynamic group sow housing system. All females were housed in stalls at least 5d prior to breeding. All sows were moved to farrowing crates at approximately d111 of gestation. Hair was shaved from the right hip within 5d of breeding (defined as d0). At d37, d74, and d111 of gestation the same area was shaved and hair collected; samples from d37 and d111 were analyzed for cortisol. In the statistical model, main effects of housing system, time, and their interactions were tested with parity as random effect. Sows were later assigned a parity group [0–1 (n = 23), 2–3 (n = 17), and 4–6 (n = 26)] to assess the interactions between parity and treatment. There was a treatment by parity interaction (P &lt; 0.05) where parity 0–1 STL group had higher cortisol (75.6 pg/mg) than parity 0–1 PEN group (24.2 pg/mg) and no effect of housing on parity 2–3 and 4–6 groups. Across parity, STL sows had greater (P &lt; 0.05) overall hair cortisol than PEN sows (49.4 vs 19.8 ± 8.0 pg/mg hair). Hair cortisol concentration tended to be lower (P = 0.06) at d37 than d111 (29.4 vs 39.8 ± 8.0 pg/mg) and no time by treatment interaction was observed. These results suggest that young sows experience greater stress in individual stall housing than in group housing and that cortisol increases with progressing gestation regardless of housing system.
179 A Comparison of Local Anesthetic Effectiveness in Reducing Pain Associated with Dehorning in Dairy Calves
Authors: Martin Miriam S , Kleinhenz Michael , Viscardi Abbie , Curtis Andrew , Johnson Blaine , Montgomery Shawnee , Coetzee Johann 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Dehorning is performed on a high percentage of dairies in the United States. Concern for animal welfare has led to investigating pain mitigation during dehorning. The objective was to compare the effectiveness of bupivacaine liposome suspension, lidocaine, or lidocaine + meloxicam administered at dehorning. Fifty male Holstein calves, 10–14 weeks of age were enrolled and randomly assigned to 1 of 5 treatment groups: 1) bupivacaine liposome suspension block, oral placebo, cautery dehorn (BUP); 2) lidocaine block, oral placebo, cautery dehorn (LID); 3) lidocaine block, oral meloxicam, cautery dehorn (LID + MEL); 4) saline block, oral placebo, cautery dehorn (CON); and 5) saline block, oral placebo, sham dehorn (SHAM). Biomarkers were collected from 0 to 120 hours post-dehorning and included infrared thermography (IRT), mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT), and pressure mat gait analysis. Biomarkers were statistically analyzed using repeat measures with the calf being the repeated measure. There were no significant treatment differences for IRT measures. A treatment effect was observed for the mean difference of the right horn bud minus a control point which were -1.21 kgF, -1.41 kgF, -1.56 kgF, -1.65 kgF, and -1.68 kgF for the SHAM, CON, BUP, LID + MEL, and LID groups, respectively (P = 0.004). The BUP group did not differ from CON (P = 0.78) or SHAM (P = 0.07). A treatment effect was observed for gait distance means which were 182.05 cm, 189.69 cm, 195.77 cm, 199.54 cm, and 200.59 cm for the SHAM, BUP, LID + MEL, LID and CON groups, respectively (P = 0.04). The CON group did not differ from BUP, LID, or LID + MEL (P &gt; 0.05) but did differ from SHAM (P = 0.02). These data show that administration of bupivacaine liposome suspension at the time of dehorning was not different than lidocaine or lidocaine + meloxicam.
180 Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Flunixin Meglumine and Meloxicam in Tilapia (Oreochromis Spp.)
Authors: Martin Miriam S , Smith Stephen , Kleinhenz Michael , Magnin Geraldine , Lin Zhoumeng , Kuhn David , Montgomery Shawnee , Coetzee Johann 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Aquaculture is one of the largest growing sectors of the world food supply. There is evidence of pain perception in fish, but analgesic use in aquaculture is limited, as little information is available on the properties of analgesic drugs in fish. The objective was to investigate the comparative pharmacokinetics of flunixin administered intramuscularly and meloxicam administered intramuscularly or orally in tilapia. Two hundred-seventy fish were enrolled and assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups 1) flunixin meglumine administered intramuscularly at a dose of 2.2 mg/kg; 2) meloxicam administered intramuscularly at a dose of 1 mg/kg; or 3) meloxicam administered orally at a dose of 1 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected from 6 fish per treatment group at 14 timepoints out to 10 days post-drug administration. Plasma drug concentrations were determined using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy. The mean and standard error of the plasma concentration were calculated for each treatment at each timepoint. The plasma concentration versus time data were analyzed with a non-compartmental approach using a commercially available software (Phoenix®, Version 8.3, Certara, Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA). Flunixin reached a mean maximum concentration (Cmax) of 4826.7 ng/mL at 0.5 h, had a terminal half-life (T1/2) of 0.5h, and an area under the concentration time curve extrapolated to infinity (AUCINF_obs) of 25,261.62 h*ng/mL. Intramuscular meloxicam had a T1/2 of 9.4 h after reaching a Cmax of 11.3 ng/mL at 2 h, with an AUCINF_obs of 150.31 h*ng/mL. Oral meloxicam has a T1/2 of 1.9 h after reaching a Cmax of 72.2 ng/mL at 2 h, with an AUCINF_obs of 400.83 h*ng/mL. In conclusion, flunixin, when administered intramuscularly, reaches sufficient plasma concentrations to potentially have an effect, while meloxicam when administered intramuscularly or orally at the given dosage likely does not due to the relatively low plasma concentration.
234 Effects of Housing Cow-calf Pairs on Drylots vs Pasture on Calf Performance and Behavior During the Receiving Phase
Authors: Myerscough Megan , Chapple Wes , Meteer William T , Shike Daniel W 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objectives were to analyze the effects of housing cow-calf pairs in drylots or pasture on calf performance and behavior through the receiving phase. Simmental × Angus (2 yr; 108/yr; 81 ± 15.3 d postpartum) spring-calving cows were stratified by age, BW, BCS, and calf sex and allotted to six groups/yr. Groups were randomly allotted to 1 of 2 treatments: drylot (DL) or pasture (PAST). After weaning, calves were shipped 262 km to a feedlot for a 42 d receiving period. All calves were fed a diet consisting of corn silage, wet distillers grains, corn, and grass hay during the receiving phase. Behavior was evaluated on d 1 and d 2 after arrival. Calf BW was measured on d 0, 21, and 42. Average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), and feed efficiency were also determined. The data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. On day 1, there was a treatment by time interaction for lying (P = 0.04). At h 2, 4, and 11 more PAST calves were lying. There was a tendency (P = 0.08) for PAST calves to spend more time eating. More DL calves vocalized (P = 0.03). On day 2, there were treatment by time interactions (P ≤ 0.02) for lying and walking. More PAST calves were lying at h 1, 2, 8, 9, and 12. More DL calves were walking at h 2, 11, and 12. Pasture calves had greater (P &lt; 0.01) ADG and G:F than DL calves. However, the DL calves had greater (P ≤ 0.02) BW at d 0, 21, and 42. In conclusion, calf behavior at receiving was influenced by preweaning housing. Additionally, pasture calves had improved receiving phase ADG and feed efficiency but were still lighter than drylot calves after 42 d receiving phase.