bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of the Inland Estimated Recovery System Potential (ERSP) Calculator
Authors: Balsley Alexander , McGrath Gabrielle G. , Rowe Jill , Etkin Dagmar Schmidt , Joeckel John 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Mechanical oil spill recovery response planning currently depends on an equation contained in regulations which assigns an oil removal capability value to an individual oil skimmer. The Effective Daily Recovery Capacity (EDRC) calculator, the current planning standard oil spill recovery planning calculation method, depends solely on a prescribed percentage of the skimmer's nameplate capacity. EDRC came under heavy scrutiny as an inadequate means for vessel and facility plan holders to calculate their oil spill equipment needs in the wake of the 2010 Deepwater Horizon incident. EDRC's calculation omitted factors such as the encounter rate and onboard storage of skimmers.
These limitations led the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) to develop a new calculator called the Estimated Recovery System Potential (ERSP) calculator in collaboration with the United States Coast Guard (USCG). ERSP is an oil encounter rate-based calculator that evaluates mechanical recovery equipment as a complete “system” as opposed to focusing on an individual component such as the skimmer capacity or an intake pump. This calculator incorporated the previously neglected factors such as decreasing oil thickness over time, swath width of skimmers, speed of the skimmers relative to the oil spill, oil/water separability, pump rate, onboard fluid storage, and transition time. Although ERSP appears to significantly improve mechanical recovery planning for offshore and nearshore skimming operations, USCG recognized that it may not be applicable for the inland operating environments where large numbers of oil spills occur. The USCG Research and Development Center (RDC) initiated a project to conduct research into oil spill response planning factors for the inland operational environment.
RDC and RPS Group (Project Team) interviewed numerous governmental, industry, and Oil Spill Removal Organization (OSRO) subject matter experts to gain a broad perspective on this tool, what factors were critical to include, and how best to implement the tool. These interviews and further research led to the creation of the Inland ERSP Calculator conceptual model. Employing a system-based approach, the conceptual model provides the relationship between these factors and the ways in which they contribute into the calculator's estimation of oil spill recovery capacity. The Project Team presents this Inland ERSP Calculator conceptual model as consideration for regulatory implementation as a planning tool. It may improve planning capabilities for oil spill events in inland environments.
Quantified Exposures from Potential Deepwater Releases for Comparative Risk Assessment of Oil Spill Response Options Including Dispersant Use
Authors: French-McCay Deborah , Crowley Deborah , Rowe Jill , Bock Michael , Robinson Hilary , Wenning Richard , Walker Ann Hayward 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
The goal of oil spill response is to mitigate the overall impacts of spilled oil on ecological and socioeconomic resources. Surface and subsea dispersant applications are effective tools that remain controversial after decades of research and discussion. The tradeoff that dispersants potentially increase effects on water column and benthic communities while reducing floating and nearshore/shoreline oil exposure is recognized, but inevitably are qualitatively considered when subjectivity and stakeholder interests prevail. To be objective and transparent, we developed a quantitative approach using oil spill modeling to evaluate response alternatives in a Comparative Risk Assessment (CRA) framework where the fractions of resources potentially exposed are compared, along with their recovery potential. The model quantifies exposure as water surface area, shoreline area and water volume exposed above thresholds of concern, multiplied by duration of exposure, in each environmental compartment. These exposure metrics (i.e., area-days or volume-days) are multiplied by relative densities across the environmental compartments to evaluate the fractions of the resources exposed in each modeled scenario. The fractions of resources exposed, along with their recovery potential, inform decisionmakers using a Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment (SIMA) approach with quantitative estimates of potential consequences, which they may consider along with stakeholder values.
Previously, we evaluated a deepwater blowout in the Gulf of Mexico, assuming no intervention or various response options (mechanical recovery, in-situ burning, surface dispersant application, and subsea dispersant injection [SSDI]). The findings were that inclusion of SSDI reduced human and wildlife exposure to volatile organic compounds; dispersed oil into a large water volume at depth; enhanced biodegradation; and reduced surface water, nearshore and shoreline exposure to floating oil and entrained/dissolved oil in the upper water column. Tradeoffs included increased exposures at depth. However, since organisms are less abundant at depth, overall exposure of valued ecosystem components was minimized by use of SSDI. Follow-up modeling shows the benefits of SSDI are due to reduction of the oil droplet sizes released to the water column. Droplet sizes are sensitive to oil and gas release rates, release depth, orifice size and dispersant-to-oil ratio. The exposure metrics resulting from a matrix of scenarios varying these inputs and response actions are expected to be generally representative of the fate and behavior of oil and gas blowouts in the offshore areas of the Gulf of Mexico, as well as other regions with similar oceanographic conditions.
Cybersecurity in Oil Storage and Transportation
Authors: Klarmann Christopher 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Cyber threats to the oil and gas industry have been existent in one form or another for as long as computing and networking systems have utilized to increase the efficiency of production and transportation operations. The number of systems that are utilizing internet-connected technology to aid the industry has risen dramatically over the past 20 years, seeing use on exploration, management of production systems, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA), and supply chain management. As the number of available exploits and attacks against these systems increases over time, it is more necessary than ever to ensure that cybersecurity is in facility and vessel plans. Incorporating cybersecurity measures into the existing security framework will be critical to ensuring that malicious actors do not impact communities and the environment through destructive attacks upon production and transportation. This paper will provide a look at the impact cyberattacks may have on the safe production, storage, and transportation of oil, as well as provide insight as to what industry standards and legal proposals exist to ensure that industry partners are operating securely throughout the US.
Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment Case Study: Dispersants Use in Shallow Waters of Northern Caspian Sea
Authors: Broje Victoria , Utegen Nazgul 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA) and Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment (SIMA), a broader version of NEBA, are structured approaches used by response decision-makers and stakeholders during oil spill preparedness and response to compare available oil spill response options and identify those that have best potential to reduce environmental and socio-economic impacts and facilitate fastest recovery. The process comprises four stages: evaluate data, predict outcomes, balance trade-offs and select the best response options. This paper describes a case study of Spill Impact Mitigation Assessment conducted for shallow waters of North Caspian Sea. As a part of this analysis several steps were undertaken: - Environmental conditions in the area were characterized and critical environmental and socio-economic resources were identified;- Trajectory modeling was conducted for different seasons to evaluate oil fate and behavior with and without response techniques;- Impacts of a base scenario (no response) was compared to impacts of scenarios where different response techniques were used;- SIMA methodology was used to rank response techniques based on their ability to minimize environmental and socio-economic impacts;- Optimal combination of response options for each scenario was selected.
This case study demonstrated how SIMA methodology could be applied even in challenging locations requiring careful analysis of environmental and socio-economic tradeoffs to ensure that selection of response strategies is supported by best available science.
Oil Spill Preparedness and Response: Building the Capacity to Protect Public Welfare and Support Community Resilience
Authors: Walker Ann Hayward , McKinnon LCDR Renee , Ritchie Liesel , Gill Duane , Hasenaeur Terry , Giese John 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Some oil spills become disastrous for communities who live and work in proximity of the spill, even when a disaster is not formally declared. For decades, social science researchers have reported the negative impacts of such oil spills on communities, but their findings remain in the literature and have not resulted in improvements to oil spill preparedness and response practice.
Effective response to an oil spill which has the potential to become a social disaster requires leaders in emergency management to proactively address spill threats to public welfare in addition to stopping the release of oil and cleaning up the spill. To accomplish this, the oil spill community could proactively engage stakeholders at the grass-roots level to share information, address questions and concerns through risk communication, and include inputs for pre-spill planning. The capacity to engage with vulnerable communities and stakeholders before, during, and after an oil spill is one measure of a successful response.
This paper is a collaborative effort among oil spill specialists, social science researchers, and community members on the Eastern Shore of Virginia to prepare for a serious oil spill and mitigate its potential threats. This remote area of global ecological significance is highly vulnerable to an offshore persistent oil spill that could negatively impact the way of life of many community members who depend upon the environment. Prior to this effort, community members were not engaged in oil spill preparedness. A subcommittee of the Virginia Area Committee sought community input in developing a new annex of the Area Contingency Plan. This effort engaged non-governmental organizations (NGOs), academia, watermen, local governmental agencies, and others on the Eastern Shore, recognizing the importance of two-way communications with stakeholders, rather than one-way outreach. In addition, social scientists who have studied major spills identify opportunities to adapt oil spill practices and help communities recover from potential psychosocial and incident-specific impacts.
The community aspects of the new annex were exercised during a 4-day, full-scale Area Exercise under Preparedness for Response Exercise Program (PREP), along with other pre-exercise activities, to support public welfare and community resiliency. Through this work, the authors demonstrate adaptations to strengthen incident management by leveraging networks of trusted relationships developed during planning with local government, elected officials, and communities.
Oil Spill Fate and Trajectory Simulation for Sierra Leone's Offshore Exploration Basin, Using the Savanah-1X Well as the Focal Point
Authors: Bintu Momoh Sebay Janet , Bassey Bassey Okon 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTThe demand for crude oil and petroleum products have subsequently led to an increase in the likelihood of occurrence of oil spills. It is therefore imperative to understand the impacts of these spills on humans and the environment. Developing appropriate oil spill response and remediation techniques can be achieved by understanding the fate and likely trajectory of different types of oils, once they come in contact with the sea surface. Though still at the nascent stage of oil and gas exploration, the Sierra Leone basin is known to hold large undeveloped hydrocarbon reserves which are being exploited with the aim of contributing to national development. With the availability of oil spill modelling tools, and owing to the fact that environmental conditions vary over time, there is the need to carry out routine studies on the likely behavior of a spill offshore Sierra Leone. This study aims to develop a prediction model that would aid in understanding the fate, trajectory and uncertainties of oil spilled on Sierra Leone waters in the dry, rainy, and harmattan seasons. In order to analyze the trajectory of a spill in the Sierra Leone basin, the GNOME software was used. Furthermore, ADIOS2 was also employed to analyze the weathering processes of the spill. The results obtained from GNOME showed that during the dry and rainy seasons, approximately 15% of oil would be stranded on the shores of Sierra Leone, within three – five days. Owing to the permanently warm water temperatures in the Gulf of Guinea basin, a high percentage of the oil is expected to evaporate and disperse within few days of the spill. The weathering models from ADIOS2 reveal that 34% of oil would be lost to evaporation in the dry season, and 36% and 38% will be lost in the rainy and harmattan seasons respectively. Furthermore, it can be seen that dispersion accounts for 2.5% of oil lost in the dry season, 7.8% during the rainy season and 6.2% in the harmattan period. Within 5-days, ADIOS2 reveals a stable water-in-oil emulsion, leading to an increase in viscosity and density. Airborne benzene concentration is expected to be high on the first day of the spill, but would decrease as the days go by. Based on these results, it is recommended that oil spill response personnel are professionally trained, and equipment must be available to respond to spills in a timely and efficient manner.
A Comparison between Chemical and Natural Dispersion of a North Sea Oil-spill
Authors: Thomas Gareth E , McGenity Terry J , Zeinstra-Helfrich Marieke , McKew Boyd A 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTThe application of dispersants to an oil-slick is a key remediation tool and thus understanding its effectiveness is vital. Two in situ oil slicks were created in the North Sea (off the coast of The Netherlands), one left to natural processes whilst dispersant (Slickgone NS) was applied to the other. GC-MS analysis of seawater from the surface slick, and at 1.5 and 5 m below the slick, revealed only two samples with measurable hydrocarbons (221 ± 92 μg ml−1 seawater), from the surface of the “Slickgone Dispersed” oil-slick ~25.5 hours after oil-slick formation, which was likely due to environmental conditions hindering sampling. Additionally, 16S rRNA gene quantitative PCR and amplicon analysis revealed extremely limited growth of obligate hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (OHCB), detected at a relative abundance of &lt;1×10-6 %. Furthermore, the Ecological Index of Hydrocarbon Exposure (EIHE) score, which quantifies the proportion of the bacterial community with hydrocarbon-biodegradation potential, was extremely low at 0.012 (scale of 0 – 1). This very low abundance of hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria at the time of sampling, even in samples with measurable hydrocarbons, could potentially be attributed to nutrient limitation (~25.5 hours after oil-slick creation total inorganic nitrogen was 3.33 μM and phosphorus was undetectable). The results of this study highlight a limited capacity for the environment, during this relatively short period, to naturally attenuate oil.
Assessment of Milk Consumption and Lactose Intolerance among Self Perceived Lactose Intolerant Student of Abia State Polytechnic, Aba, Nigeria
Authors: Elekwachi O. E. , Afam-Anene O. C. , Asinobi C. O. 
Published: December 2021

Objective: The study assessed milk consumption and prevalence of lactose intolerance among self-perceived lactose intolerant students of Abia State Polytechnic, Aba.
Subject and Methods: The study involved 121 self-reported lactose intolerants students from which 76 students with confirmed cases of lactose intolerant were selected from two purposively selected departments namely: Food Science and Technology (F.S.T) and Hospitality Management Technology (H.M.T) Abia State Polytechnic Aba. Questionnaires were used to collect information on dairy consumption and self- perceived intolerance to milk; while milk tolerance test was used to investigate the incidence of lactose tolerance among the student
Results: The result shows that self-perceived lactose intolerance was higher (89%) than the estimated prevalence of (79%) among the students. The majority of the students consumed milk and dairy products, with percentages of 100%, 82%, 72%, and 100% for milk, ice cream, yoghurt, and flavored dairy products, respectively. The frequency and serving portions consumed per day were small. The percentages were 24%, 17%, 16%, and 15% for milk, ice cream, yoghurt, and flavored dairy products, respectively. None of the subjects consumed up to 2 serving of milk per day.
Conclusion: The result shows that a high percentage of the students still consume milk and dairy products, irrespective of their lactose intolerance. This suggests that lactose intolerance could not stop the subjects from consuming milk and dairy products. The low frequency of daily consumers of milk and dairy products coupled with small portion sizes of milk and dairy products indicates that dairy consumption among the subjects was poor and inappropriate. Inappropriate consumption of milk and dairy products would fail to meet the nutritional needs of the consumer.
Tanzanian Bat Guano as an Alternative Source of Phosphorus for Organic Rice Production
Authors: Hatibu Asha Ally , Shitindi Mawazo Jamson , Marwa Ernest Melkiory 
Published: December 2021

Many tropical and subtropical soils are low in phosphorus. This is partly because of excessive weathering, high phosphorous (P) fixation rates, and low P levels in soil parent materials. Continuous removal of P from soils by crops, coupled with limited application of P fertilizers, is also among the contributing factors for low P in soils. Phosphorus is among the most limiting macronutrient in rice (Oryza sativa L.) production. This study was conducted to evaluate the suitability of bat guano collected from Kisarawe (BGK-A and BGK-B) and Sukumawera caves (BGS) in Tanzania. The screen-house experiment at the Sokoine University of Agriculture was designed as a 4 × 6 factorial experiment conducted as a randomized complete block design (RCBD). Guano and triple superphosphate (TSP) were used as standard fertilizer at six P application rates. The yield of rice in response to applied TSP was comparable to applied guano but in the order TSP > BGK-A > BGS > BGK-B. All parameters increased with an increase in applied amounts of P from guano and TSP. Besides this study revealed the significant (P = .05) interaction between P sources and P rates on plant height (PH), micronutrient concentration and dry matter (DM). The study showed the correlation between grain yield (GY) and other crop components of dry matter (DM), the number of panicles (NP), Panicle height (PAH), plant height (PH) and number of tillers (NT). A significant and positive correlation was found for the GY-DM (r = 0.58, P = .05), GY-PAH (r = 0.65, P < .001), and GY-NT (r = 0.420, P = 0.1). But strong positive correlation was found between GY-PH (r = 0.76, P < .001) and GY-NP (r = 0.84, P < .001). It was concluded that studied guanos can be used as an alternative source of P, especially for smallholder farmers.
The Construction and Practice of the Right of Residence System from the Perspectives of China
Authors: Chungang Miao 
Published: December 2021

In the history of civil law, the residence right system, as a representative of human servitude, originated from Roman law and continued to develop in the "French Civil Code" and "German Civil Code". Based on the differences between Chinese and Western social and cultural traditions, Japanese civil law did not accept the human servitude system in the initial legal inheritance, and modern Chinese civil law also abandoned the human servitude system based on similar cultural value judgments. With the major changes in social life, based on the response to real social needs, the "Civil Code of the People's Republic of China" created a system of residency rights. This article uses the comparative method to study the historical evolution of the housing rights system, and explore the legal and cultural roots behind the establishment of the system. At the same time, with the help of typical cases, it analyzes the practice of the right of residence after the promulgation of the Civil Code and discusses the legal perfection of the right of residence system. This article points out the unpaid nature of the right of residence, which can easily hinder the development and effectiveness of the right of residence system. In the future judicial practice, we need to expand the interpretation of the law, expand the scope of the right of residence, and expand the legal function of the right of residence system, so as to make full use of social resources to meet the public's housing needs.
Methanocaldococcaceae
Authors: Dodsworth Jeremy A. , Whitman William B. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Me.tha.no.cal.do.coc.ca.ce'ae. N.L. masc. n.
Methanocaldococcus
type genus of the family; ‐
aceae
ending to denote family; N.L. fem. pl. n.
Methanocaldococcaceae
the
Methanocaldococcus
family.

Methanobacteriota / Methanococci / Methanococcales / Methanocaldococcaceae

Irregular cocci with a protein cell wall. Obligately anaerobic methanogenic archaea that use carbon dioxide as an electron acceptor. Hydrogen is the sole electron donor. Hyperthermophilic. Selenium is required for or stimulates growth. Found in marine hydrothermal environments. Consists of the genus
Methanocaldococcus
.

DNA G + C content (mol%)
: 29.5–33.6 (genome, HPLC).

Type genus
:
Methanocaldococcus
Whitman 2001, VL85.