bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computation of Optimal Spacing and Density of Bus Rapid Transit Stations Using Evolutionary Algorithms
Authors: Umair Muhammad , ur Rehman Sabih , Sohail Aimal , Khattak Afaq 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this research, a feasible mechanism is developed to determine the optimum number of bus rapid transit (BRT) stations as well as their respective locations along the service corridor. To accomplish this, a mathematical model is developed and optimized by using three different evolutionary algorithms, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO), genetic algorithm (GA), and differential evolution (DE), and the results are compared. The total cost function is composed of two main costs namely the operator’s cost, i.e., related to costs on service provider’s end, and the user’s cost, i.e., related to costs on commuters’ end. A functional numerical example with the commuters’ demand is worked out by minimizing the cost function, which demonstrates the applicability of the framework. In our case study, PSO outclassed GA and DE on the basis of convergence rate. Since our work has proved the robustness of PSO as compared to GA and DE, we conducted our sensitivity analysis keeping PSO as our benchmark algorithm to study the influence of various parameters on the optimal cost. The computational experiments reveal that the optimal cost is substantially affected by the variations in the commuters’ demand, commuters’ walking speed, and value of the users’ access and in-vehicle time. On the contrary, the acceleration/deceleration delays at a bus station, bus operating cost, and headway have an inconsiderable impact on the optimal cost.
Autism Spectrum Disorder and Social Story Research: a Scoping Study of Published, Peer-Reviewed Literature Reviews
Authors: Camilleri Louis John , Maras Katie , Brosnan Mark 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSocial Stories (SS) is a widely used intervention for children on the autism spectrum. A search of databases (CINAH EBSCO, A+Eductaion, ERIC, Education Source, PsyINFO, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, Web of Science, and ABI Inform Global) identified that, since its development over 25 years ago, the research exploring SS has been reviewed 17 times. These reviews include synthesis of literature; systematic reviews, meta-analyses; comparative reviews; and descriptive reviews. A scoping review of these 17 literature reviews identified 5 major themes: (1) research design of SS studies, (2) effectiveness of SS, (3) factors influencing outcomes of SSs, (4) social validity of SS interventions, and (5) maintenance and generalisation of SS outcomes. Future recommendations related to SS research were also identified.
Investigation of Chemomechanical Effects on Sapphire Surfaces Modified by Ion-Implantation-Induced Carbon Impurities
Authors: Yadav Arti , Moharrami Noushin , Bull Steve 
Published: February 2021

AbstractModification of the chemomechanical behaviour of the surface of sapphire by ion implantation to improve its near-surface mechanical properties has been investigated. 300 keV Ti+ ions at various doses were implanted and the concentration and damage profiles characterised using Rutherford Backscattering (RBS). At high doses (≥ 3 × 1016 Ti+ cm−2), a surface amorphous layer is formed due to implantation-induced damage. Nanoindentation was used to determine the hardness behaviour of the ion-implanted layer. Hardness increases at low implantation doses, associated with implantation-induced damage, but it is also observed that chemomechanical softening of the surface is reduced due to the removal of adsorbed water. In situ Raman scattering measurements demonstrate this removal at low doses and the re-establishment of the adsorbed water layer at high doses. The adsorption process is changed due to the introduction of carbon into the sapphire surface during implantation. For the optimum-implanted dose, the water readsorption does not recur even several years after the implantation treatment was first carried out. The loss of water adsorption is related to the formation of a non-polar carbonaceous layer on the sapphire surface by cracking of back-streamed diffusion pump oil deposited on the sample surface by inelastic collisions with the ion beam. Based on this study, it is concluded that ion implantation with an appropriate ion species and dose can control the chemomechanical effect and improve the hardness of ceramics, such as sapphire.
Swarm-based counter UAV defense system
Authors: Brust Matthias R. , Danoy Grégoire , Stolfi Daniel H. , Bouvry Pascal 
Published: February 2021

AbstractUnmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) have quickly become one of the promising Internet-of-Things (IoT) devices for smart cities. Thanks to their mobility, agility, and onboard sensors’ customizability, UAVs have already demonstrated immense potential for numerous commercial applications. The UAVs expansion will come at the price of a dense, high-speed and dynamic traffic prone to UAVs going rogue or deployed with malicious intent. Counter UAV systems (C-UAS) are thus required to ensure their operations are safe. Existing C-UAS, which for the majority come from the military domain, lack scalability or induce collateral damages. This paper proposes a C-UAS able to intercept and escort intruders. It relies on an autonomous defense UAV swarm, capable of self-organizing their defense formation and to intercept the malicious UAV. This fully localized and GPS-free approach follows a modular design regarding the defense phases and it uses a newly developed balanced clustering to realize the intercept- and capture-formation. The resulting networked defense UAV swarm is resilient to communication losses. Finally, a prototype UAV simulator has been implemented. Through extensive simulations, we demonstrate the feasibility and performance of our approach.
Global Landscape of Native Protein Complexes in Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803
Authors: Xu Chen , Wang Bing , Yang Lin , Zhongming Hu Lucas , Yi Lanxing , Wang Yaxuan , Chen Shenglan , Emili Andrew , Wan Cuihong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 (hereafter: Synechocystis) is a model organism for studying photosynthesis, energy metabolism, and environmental stress. Although known as the first fully sequenced phototrophic organism, Synechocystis still has almost half of its proteome without functional annotations. In this study, by using co-fractionation coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), we define 291 multi-protein complexes, encompassing 24,092 protein–protein interactions (PPIs) among 2062 distinct gene products. This information not only reveals the roles of photosynthesis in metabolism, cell motility, DNA repair, cell division, and other physiological processes, but also shows how protein functions vary from bacteria to higher plants due to changes in interaction partners. It also allows us to uncover the functions of hypothetical proteins, such as Sll0445, Sll0446, and Sll0447 involved in photosynthesis and cell motility, and Sll1334 involved in regulation of fatty acid biogenesis. Here we present the most extensive PPI data for Synechocystis so far, which provide critical insights into fundamental molecular mechanisms in cyanobacteria.
Immigration, médias et sécuritisation au Canada : une étude deLa Presseet duNational Post, 1998–2015
Authors: Vigneau Elsa 
Published: February 2021

RésuméCet article propose une documentation empirique du processus social de construction de l'immigration comme un problème de sécurité pour l’État canadien et sa population, et ce, au travers d'une analyse de contenu thématique d'articles de journaux publiés parLa Presseet leNational Postentre 1998 et 2015. Il quantifie et compare la place occupée par quatre discours-types au sein du discours médiatique canadien sur l'immigration. Ultimement, il révèle un discours de sécurité publique élevé fluctuant de façon importante sur la période et réfute l'hypothèse d'une intensification linéaire de la sécuritisation.
Range-wide decline of Chinese giant salamanders Andrias spp. from suitable habitat
Authors: Tapley Benjamin , Turvey Samuel T. , Chen Shu , Wei Gang , Xie Feng , Yang Jian , Liang Zhiqiang , Tian Haifeng , Wu Minyao , Okada Sumio , Wang Jie , Lü Jingcai , Zhou Feng , Xu Jingcheng , Zhao Haipeng , Redbond Jay , Brown Thomas , Cunningham Andrew A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOver recent decades, Chinese giant salamanders Andrias spp. have declined dramatically across much of their range. Overexploitation and habitat degradation have been widely cited as the cause of these declines. To investigate the relative contribution of each of these factors in driving the declines, we carried out standardized ecological and questionnaire surveys at 98 sites across the range of giant salamanders in China. We did not find any statistically significant differences between water parameters (temperature, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate, salinity, alkalinity, hardness and flow rate) recorded at sites where giant salamanders were detected by survey teams and/or had been recently seen by local respondents, and sites where they were not detected and/or from which they had recently been extirpated. Additionally, we found direct and indirect evidence that the extraction of giant salamanders from the wild is ongoing, including within protected areas. Our results support the hypothesis that the decline of giant salamanders across China has been primarily driven by overexploitation. Data on water parameters may be informative for the establishment of conservation breeding programmes, an initiative recommended for the conservation of these species.
Medical Paternalism or Legal Imperialism: Not the Only Alternatives for HandlingSaikewicz-type Cases
Authors: Buchanan Allen 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn 1977, the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts held in theSaikewiczcase that the probate court is the proper tribunal for making decisions whether to give or to withhold “life-prolonging treatment” for terminally ill incompetent patients. This ruling provoked debate in the medical and legal communities. Dr. Arnold Relman, Editor ofThe New England Journal of Medicine,argues thatSaikewiczencroaches on existing sound medical practice and requires decision-making machinery that is impractical and inhumane. Relman contends that treatment decisions for terminally ill incompetents inSaikewicz-type cases should be made by the physician in consultation with the patient's family. Law professor Charles Baron, in contrast, defendsSaikewicz'sjudicialization approach, arguing that such decisions must be made in an adversary framework that approximates the ideal of the rule of law.In the present Article, Professor Buchanan argues that Relman's criticism ofSaikewiczrests on a defective, medical paternalist view of the physician-patient relationship, and that Baron's support ofSaikewiczis based on an unjustifiable, legal imperialist view of decision making for incompetents. In Buchanan's view, Relman's approach fails to distinguish appropriately between the making of medical judgments and the making of moral judgments and wrongly assumes that the patient's family typically cannot understand the elements of the decision, while Baron's approach unjustifiably extends the sphere of the legal process by ignoring the special moral relationship that usually exists between the family and its incompetent member.Buchanan proposes an alternative decision-making approach that he believes incorporates the merits, while remedying the defects, of both Baron's and Relman's approaches. The alternative is based on three propositions. (1) The properpresumptioninSaikewicz-typecases is that the family of an incompetent is to make decisions concerning treatment. (2) Thispresumptionof the family's dominant role in decision making isdefeasible:protection of the patient's rights requires that decisions be made within a framework that allows vigorous discussion and accountability through impartial review and that provides for legal intervention when necessary. (3) The institutional framework for implementing the features listed in the preceding proposition will rely heavily upon anethicscommittee that is neither an all-medical prognosis committee nor an administrative agency of the hospital.Besides evaluating and responding to the Relman and Baron approaches, Buchanan examines the contribution to theSaikewiczdebate made by law-and-medicine professor George Annas. In essence, Buchanan rejects Annas's argument that, taken together, theSaikewiczopinion and theQuinlanopinion of the Supreme Court of New Jersey delineate a proper division of medical and legal decision-making responsibility concerning terminally ill incompetents. Buchanan concludes that, contrary to Annas's view, those two cases are not reconcilable.
Wiser Than the Laws?: The Legal Accountability of The Medical Profession
Authors: Gold Jay Alexander 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis Article argues that many seemingly disparate questions in health law are related to the issue of how experts are to be held accountable to nonexperts—show the principle that decisions should be made by those most affected is to be reconciled with the principle that decisions should be made by those with experience and training in the area. The basic subject matter of health law comprises a number of relationships between medical professionals, on the one hand, and laymen, on the other. In dealing with the proper allocation of decision-making authority within these relationships, the Article considers the social role of medical profession, the theoretical issues in the accountability of expertise, and the nature of medical expertise. On the basis of this discussion, the Article develops principles that can be applied throughout health law.Whenever anyone appears to be investigating … medicine contrary to the written regulations, … any one of the citizens who wishes may indict him in court, on the ground that he … persuades young men to practice medicine in an illegal way, to practice on their own authority …. For no one ought to be wiser than the laws.Plato, The Statesman
Guilty But Mentally Ill: A Retreat from the Insanity Defense
Authors: Sherman Scott Leigh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract“Guilty but mentally ill” legislation responds to the increasing outbreak of violent crimes and to public skepticism concerning the ability of psychiatrists to determine the advisability of a criminal's return to society. Under this alternative to the traditional insanity defense, once the defendant chooses to plead not guilty by reason of insanity, the trier of fact may elect to find him guilty, but mentally ill. This may occur when it is determined that the defendant's mental illness is not severe enough to negate culpability. The court must then sentence the defendant to a term in prison instead of committing him to a psychiatric institution.This Note discusses the origins of the guilty but mentally ill verdict and outlines the development of commitment standards for civil patients and insanity acquittees. While these standards appeared to be merging for a period of time the more recent trend has been to treat civil patients and insanity acquitees differently. This Note maintains that the guilty but mentally ill verdict involves an unnecessarily severe curtailment of the mentally ill offender's constitutional rights.The Note delineates a proposal critiquing the misconceptions on which the statute is based and the excessive restraints on liberty it causes. The proposal examines the reasons for the public's misgivings with the insanity defense and suggests that the threat to the public's safety may not be as serious as it appears. Furthermore, it indicates that while problems remain with the existing insanity defense, the solution to those problems provided by the guilty but mentally ill statute outweighs the risk that insanity acquittees pose to the public.
Control of Fraud and Abuse in Medicare and Medicaid
Authors: Pies Harvey E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis Comment explores issues concerning the control of fraud and abuse in health programs financed with public funds, specifically the Medicare and Medicaid programs. It summarizes the nature, scope, and possible causes of what some regard as a fraud and abuse “crisis,” and points out the difficulties and obstacles facing those who attempt to develop legislative and executive action aimed at controlling fraud and abuse. Recent federal initiatives in fraud and abuse control are examined, and a brief summary of key provisions of H.R. 3 (the Medicare-Medicaid Anti-fraud and Abuse Amendments, which may prove to be a landmark piece of legislation in this area) is provided. The author emphasizes that more effective control of fraud and abuse is necessary if further expansion of government financing of health programs, including national health insurance, is to occur in the near future. At the same time, caution must be taken not to neglect the appropriate use of other mechanisms necessary for reducing the costs of medical care and improving its quality. In addition, it is likely that efforts to stem fraud and abuse will raise important medicolegal and public policy issues that will require careful interdisciplinary consideration.
Managing Public Health Risks: The Swine Flu Immunization Program Revisited
Authors: Fielding Jonathan E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn this Comment, the Massachusetts Commissioner of Public Health views the federal government’s 1976-77 Swine Flu Immunization Program, which was sharply criticized by Dr. Cyril Wecht in a recent Article in this journal, as a classic example of a public policy decision made under conditions of stress and uncertainty. Once the responsible government officials had made a public commitment to immunize the entire populace of the United States, he contends, they found it very difficult to reformulate the program in response to changing information concerning its relative costs and benefits. Dr. Fielding offers suggestions for avoiding in the future some of the problems that surrounded the Swine Flu Program and for preventing further erosion of public confidence in essential preventive medicine programs.
Patient Confidentiality Statutes in Medicare & Medicaid Fraud Investigations
Authors: Khajezadeh Dina 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Medicare and Medicaid programs have been burdened with health care providers’ fraudulent and abusive practices since their implementation in 1965. To help states discover and prevent Medicare and Medicaid fraud, Congress has enacted statutes permitting access to patients’ medical records in investigations of fraud. The majority of states have enacted physician-patient and psychotherapist-patient privilege statutes to protect confidential information from disclosure. Thus, the state's need for patient information conflicts with the patient's right of privacy. This Note discusses several court decisions that have wrestled with the tension between these two policies. The courts, after balancing the state interest in eliminating fraud against the patient's privacy interest, have often allowed disclosure of patient medical records. Although some courts have attempted to limit the extent of the information disclosed, few have set forth explicit standards to protect patient records from unwarranted disclosure of confidential information. This Note suggests guidelines for courts, legislatures and health care providers to uniformly limit the extent of this disclosure.
Quality Improvement in Community-Based, Long-Term Care: Theory and Reality
Authors: Kinney Eleanor D. , Freedman Jay A. , Loveland Cook Cynthia A. 
Published: February 2021

Community-based, long-term care has become an increasingly popular and needed service for the aged and disabled populations in recent years. These services witnessed a major expansion in 1981 when Congress created the Home and Community-Based Waiver authority for the Medicaid program. Currently, all states offer some complement of community-based, long-term care services to their elderly and disabled populations and nearly all states have Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services waivers which extend these services to their Medicaid eligible clients.An ever increasing proportion of the population is in need of community-based, long-term care services. Between nine and eleven million Americans of all ages are chronically disabled and require some help with tasks of daily living. In 1990, thirty percent of the elderly with at least one impaired activity of daily living used a community-based, long-term care service. Not surprisingly, expenditures for community-based, long-term care have increased.
Future Fear: Prenatal Duties Imposed By Private Parties
Authors: Solomon Renee I. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe national abortion debate, rising drug use and homelessness, and the return to conservatism intersect in the trend which increasingly recognizes fetal rights, often at the expense of women's rights. Pregnant women, as never before, are faced with criminal charges and physical invasions in the name of protection of fetuses. This Note examines the sociological forces creating these situations and suggests better solutions. The Note cautions against the future fear that private parties will claim a legal right to interfere with a pregnant woman's behavior, and illustrates the need to prevent it.
The Case Against Compulsory Casefinding in Controlling AIDS—Testing, Screening and Reporting
Authors: Gostin Lawrence O. , Curran William J. , Clark Mary E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe spread of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) demands a comprehensive and effective public health response. Because no treatment or vaccine is currently available, traditional infection control measures are being considered. Proposals include compulsory testing and screening of selected high risk populations. The fairness and accuracy of compulsory screening programs depend upon the reliability of medical technology and the balancing of public health and individual confidentiality interests. This Article proposes criteria for evaluating compulsory testing and screening programs. It concludes that voluntary identification, education, and counselling of infected persons is the most effective means of encouraging the behavioral changes that are necessary to halt the spread of AIDS.
Drunk Driving and the Alcoholic Offender: A New Approach to an Old Problem
Authors: Gouvin Eric J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHealth laws in every state recognize alcoholism as a treatable disease. State drunk driving laws, however, inadequately provide for alcoholic drunk drivers. Studies show that problem drinkers make up as much as two-thirds of the DWI offender class. Alcoholic drunk drivers cannot fully conform their drinking behavior to the dictates of the law as long as their alcoholism remains untreated. This Note argues that the law should consistently treat alcoholism as a disease. This Note suggests that the most appropriate way for the legal system to deal with alcoholic DWI offenders is to suspend the offender's license until he can show that he has successfully completed an initial alcohol detoxification/rehabilitation program. In addition, because alcoholism requires lifelong treatment, alcoholic drivers should be required to present periodic documentation that their condition is under supervised treatment. Epileptic drivers are handled in a similar manner in most states.
Cancer and The Adjudicative Process: The Interface of Environmental Protection and Toxic Tort Law
Authors: Schwartzbauer Edward J. , Shindell Sidney 
Published: February 2021

But it does not matter to a man whether he acts at his own peril or not, unless harm comes of it, and there must always be some one within reach of the consequences of the act before any harm can be done.—Oliver Wendell Holmes[Scientists must be certain of their interpretation of the facts, that their priorities are correct, and that they are not bringing unnecessary and unjustified anxiety to many by over-statement or by expression of cancer risks in terms incomprehensible to the lay public.—John Higginson, Director, International Agency for Research on Cancer