bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Choice Points for a Theory of Normality
Authors: Loets Annina J 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA variety of recent work in epistemology employs a notion of normality to provide novel theories of knowledge or justification. While such theories are commonly advertised as affording particularly strong epistemic logics, they often make substantive assumptions about the background notion of normality and its logic. This article takes recent normality-based defences of the KK principle as a case study to submit such assumptions to scrutiny. After clarifying issues regarding the natural language use of normality claims, the article isolates a number of choice points regarding the role of contingency, context-sensitivity and similarity in our theorizing with normality. It turns out that both weaker and stronger logics of normality can be motivated depending on how such choices are resolved. And yet securing logics of normality strong enough for normality to play its envisaged role in epistemology may have unwelcome downstream consequences for the resultant theories of knowledge or justification.
Antifungal prescribing in neonates: Using national point prevalence survey data from Australia
Authors: McMullan Brendan J , Blyth Christopher C , Jones Cheryl A , Thursky Karin A , Cooper Celia , Spotswood Naomi , James Rodney , Konecny Pamela 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

We describe contemporary antifungal use in neonates, with point-prevalence survey data from the National Antimicrobial Prescribing Survey across Australian hospitals from 2014 to 2018. There were 247 antifungal prescriptions in 243 neonates in 20 hospitals, median age six days (range 0–27 days). In 219/247 prescriptions (89%) antifungals were prescribed as prophylaxis. Topical (oral) nystatin was the most frequently prescribed in 233/247 prescriptions (94%), followed by fluconazole 11/227 (4%), with substantial variation in dosing for both. Two of 243 neonates (0.8%) had invasive fungal infection. Nystatin use dominates current antifungal prescribing for Australian neonates, in contrast to other countries, and invasive fungal infection is rare.

Lay summary
Novel nationwide surveillance found newborn infants in Australian hospitals commonly receive antifungal medications, mostly oral nystatin. This is given mainly to prevent rather than treat infection, which is rare. There is substantial unexplained variation in dosing of antifungal drugs nationally.
The Pristine survey – XII. Gemini-GRACES chemo-dynamical study of newly discovered extremely metal-poor stars in the Galaxy
Authors: Kielty Collin L , Venn Kim A , Sestito Federico , Starkenburg Else , Martin Nicolas F , Aguado David S , Arentsen Anke , Fabbro Sébastien , González Hernández Jonay I , Hill Vanessa , Jablonka Pascale , Lardo Carmela , Mashonkina Lyudmila I , Navarro Julio F , Sneden Chris , Thomas Guillaume F , Youakim Kris , Bialek Spencer , Sánchez-Janssen Rubén 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTHigh-resolution optical spectra of 30 metal-poor stars selected from the Pristine survey are presented, based on observations taken with the Gemini Observatory GRACES spectrograph. Stellar parameters Teff and log g are determined using a Gaia DR2 colour–temperature calibration and surface gravity from the Stefan–Boltzmann equation. GRACES spectra are used to determine chemical abundances (or upper limits) for 20 elements (Li, O, Na, Mg, K, Ca, Ti, Sc, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Y, Zr, Ba, La, Nd, Eu). These stars are confirmed to be metal-poor ([Fe/H] &lt; −2.5), with higher precision than from earlier medium-resolution analyses. The chemistry for most targets is similar to other extremely metal-poor stars in the Galactic halo. Three stars near [Fe/H] = −3.0 have unusually low Ca and high Mg, suggestive of contributions from few SN II where alpha-element formation through hydrostatic nucleosynthesis was more efficient. Three new carbon-enhanced metal-poor (CEMP) stars are also identified (two CEMP-s and one potential CEMP-no star) when our chemical abundances are combined with carbon from previous medium-resolution analyses. The GRACES spectra also provide precision radial velocities (σRV ≤ 0.2 km s−1) for dynamical orbit calculations with the Gaia DR2 proper motions. Most of our targets are dynamically associated with the Galactic halo; however, five stars with [Fe/H] &lt; −3 have planar-like orbits, including one retrograde star. Another five stars are dynamically consistent with the Gaia-Sequoia accretion event; three have typical halo [α/Fe] ratios for their metallicities, whereas two are [Mg/Fe]-deficient, and one is a new CEMP-s candidate. These results are discussed in terms of the formation and early chemical evolution of the Galaxy.
CMB mode coupling with isotropic polarization rotation
Authors: Namikawa Toshiya 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We provide a new analysis technique to measure the effect of the isotropic polarization rotation, induced by e.g. the isotropic cosmic birefringence from axion-like particles and a miscalibration of cosmic microwave background (CMB) polarization angle, via mode coupling in the CMB. Several secondary effects such as gravitational lensing and CMB optical-depth anisotropies lead to mode coupling in observed CMB anisotropies, i.e. non-zero off-diagonal elements in the observed CMB covariance. To derive the mode coupling, however, we usually assume no parity violation in the observed CMB anisotropies. We first derive a new contribution to the CMB mode coupling arising from parity violation in observed CMB. Since the isotropic polarization rotation leads to parity violation in the observed CMB anisotropies, we then discuss the use of the new mode coupling for constraining the isotropic polarization angle. We find that constraints on the isotropic polarization angle by measuring the new mode-coupling contribution are comparable to that using the EB cross-power spectrum in future high-sensitivity polarization experiments such as CMB-S4 and LiteBIRD. Thus, this technique can be used to cross-check results obtained by the use of the EB cross-power spectrum.
The Heraklion Extragalactic Catalogue (HECATE): a value-added galaxy catalogue for multimessenger astrophysics
Authors: Kovlakas K , Zezas A , Andrews J J , Basu-Zych A , Fragos T , Hornschemeier A , Kouroumpatzakis K , Lehmer B , Ptak A 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We present the Heraklion Extragalactic Catalogue, or HECATE, an all-sky value-added galaxy catalogue, aiming to facilitate present and future multiwavelength and multimessenger studies in the local Universe. It contains 204 733 galaxies up to a redshift of 0.047 (D${\lesssim }200\, \text{Mpc}{}$), and it is &gt;50 per cent complete in terms of the B-band luminosity density at distances in the 0–170 Mpc range. By incorporating and homogenizing data from astronomical data bases and multiwavelength surveys, the catalogue offers positions, sizes, distances, morphological classifications, star formation rates, stellar masses, metallicities, and nuclear activity classifications. This wealth of information can enable a wide range of applications, such as (i) demographic studies of extragalactic sources, (ii) initial characterization of transient events, and (iii) searches for electromagnetic counterparts of gravitational-wave events. The catalogue is publicly available to the community at a dedicated portal, which will also host future extensions in terms of the covered volume and data products.
Thirdhand Smoke Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behavior: Development of Reliable and Valid Self-report Measures
Authors: Record Rachael A , Greiner Lydia H , Wipfli Heather , Pugel Jessica , Matt Georg E 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Introduction
This study sought to provide essential tobacco control tools by testing the reliability and validity of new self-report scales developed to assess thirdhand smoke (THS) (ie, toxic tobacco residue) related knowledge, attitudes, and behavior (KAB).

Aims and Methods
Items for the KAB scales were adapted from established secondhand smoke (SHS) measures, reviewed to support face validity, and tested in a longitudinal online survey evaluating THS health messages. Participants were California adults at risk of THS exposure. For 7 months, the three KAB scales were completed monthly, and data from the first (n = 1086), third (n = 315), and seventh (n = 301) month surveys were used in these analyses.

Results
All three scales demonstrated consistent reliability and single-factor loading at all three timepoints for knowledge (αrange: .87–.90), attitude (αrange: .84–.87), and behavior (αrange: .80–.86). Similarly, analyses supported scale convergent validity (scale correlations rrange: .45–.85; all p values &lt;.001), discriminant validity between smokers and nonsmokers (knowledge Cohen’s drange: .57–.61, all p values &lt;.001; attitude Cohen’s drange: .78–.82, all p values &lt;.001; behavior Cohen’s drange: .90–.99, all p values &lt;.001), and predictive validity (range R2KAB: .41–.48; all p values &lt;.001).

Conclusions
KAB scales about THS provide new opportunities for tobacco control advocates and scholars to identify gaps in knowledge, misperceptions, and obstacles to behavior change in order to guide the design of novel tobacco control policies and interventions.

Implications
Numerous scales have been vetted as reliable and valid measures for assessing SHS-related KABs. Currently, standard measures of THS KABs are not available. This study tested three THS scales to fill this gap. The present findings provide tobacco control advocates, scholars, and practitioners tools for assessing KABs related to THS. This information is critical to development, implementation, and evaluation of novel tobacco control strategies.
Treatment Dilemmas in Disseminated Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infections With Interferon-gamma Autoantibodies
Authors: King Elizabeth M , Weaver Victoria K , Kestler Mary H 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex (dMAC) is typically seen in individuals with impaired cell-mediated immunity and is best described in those with HIV. Recently, cases have been described in otherwise healthy individuals with neutralizing antibodies to interferon-gamma (nIFNγ-autoAb), especially in patients of Southeast Asian descent. Treatment is often refractory to mycobacterial therapies, and the use of rituximab and other immunomodulatory agents has been explored. We report 3 cases of dMAC with nIFN-γ-autoAb and review the available literature on treatment strategies to provide a framework for the management of patients with refractory infections in the context of neutralizing antibodies to interferon-gamma.
The ARP2/3 complex, acting cooperatively with Class I formins, modulates penetration resistance in Arabidopsis against powdery mildew invasion
Authors: Qin Li , Liu Lijiang , Tu Jiangying , Yang Guogen , Wang Sheng , Quilichini Teagen D. , Gao Peng , Wang Hong , Peng Gary , Blancaflor Elison B. , Datla Raju , Xiang Daoquan , Wilson Kenneth E. , Wei Yangdou 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe actin cytoskeleton regulates an array of diverse cellular activities that support the establishment of plant–microbe interactions and plays a critical role in the execution of plant immunity. However, molecular and cellular mechanisms regulating the assembly and rearrangement of actin filaments (AFs) at plant–pathogen interaction sites remain largely elusive. Here, using live-cell imaging, we show that one of the earliest cellular responses in Arabidopsis thaliana upon powdery mildew attack is the formation of patch-like AF structures beneath fungal invasion sites. The AFs constituting actin patches undergo rapid turnover, which is regulated by the actin-related protein (ARP)2/3 complex and its activator, the WAVE/SCAR regulatory complex (W/SRC). The focal accumulation of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate at fungal penetration sites appears to be a crucial upstream modulator of the W/SRC–ARP2/3 pathway-mediated actin patch formation. Knockout of W/SRC–ARP2/3 pathway subunits partially compromised penetration resistance with impaired endocytic recycling of the defense-associated t-SNARE protein PEN1 and its deposition into apoplastic papillae. Simultaneously knocking out ARP3 and knocking down the Class I formin (AtFH1) abolished actin patch formation, severely impaired the deposition of cell wall appositions, and promoted powdery mildew entry into host cells. Our results demonstrate that the ARP2/3 complex and formins, two actin-nucleating systems, act cooperatively and contribute to Arabidopsis penetration resistance to fungal invasion.
Curvature perturbations and anomaly explain dark energy
Authors: Kitazawa Yoshihisa 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
We investigate the history of dark energy to explain the present magnitude. We assume the dark energy is the residual cosmological constant. The most important channel in the reheating process is gluon pair production by the quantumchromodynamic trace anomaly. We argue that dark energy decays rapidly by gluon pair emissions during the reheating and after the big bang. The reheating temperature is determined by the decay width of dark energy, $\Gamma$, and the Planck mass, $M_\mathrm{p}$, as $\sqrt{M_\mathrm{P}\Gamma} \sim 10^6 \, GeV$. This is a consequence of Friedmann’s equation and the equilibrium condition $\Gamma\sim H$. As the Universe cools below the hadronic scale, the dark energy density is almost frozen. Nevertheless, the dark energy further decreases by emitting two photons. We have estimated the current decay rate of dark energy from the quantum electrodynamic trace anomaly. The consistent solution of the Friedmann equation is in excellent agreement with the observations. The suppression factor of the dark energy scale is the product of the fine structure constant, $\alpha$, and the curvature perturbation, $P$: $10^{-30}=(\alpha^2P/4\pi)^2$. We argue that the conformal symmetry breaking in both ultraviolet and infrared are necessary unless dark energy is subtracted. We also investigate leptogenesis by adding massive right-handed neutrinos: realistic leptogenesis takes place during the reheating process.
Prevalence of avascular necrosis in idiopathic inflammatory myopathies: a single-centre experience
Authors: Bourji Khalil I , Mecoli Christopher A , Paik Julie J , Albayda Jemima , Tiniakou Eleni , Kelly William , Lloyd Thomas E , Mammen Andrew , Ahlawat Shivani , Christopher-Stine Lisa 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To assess the prevalence of avascular necrosis (AVN) in a large cohort of patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) and define the major associated risk factors.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of all patients with a definitive diagnosis of IIM enrolled in our registry between 2003 and 2017, and followed until 2020. Pertinent demographic, clinical, serologic and imaging data were collected. A matched group of patients without AVN was then selected for comparison.

Results
A total of 1680 patients were diagnosed with IIM. Fifty-one patients developed AVN, with an overall prevalence of 3%. Musculoskeletal MRI was available for 1085 patients and AVN was present in 46 patients (43 lower extremities and 3 upper extremities MRI studies), with a relative prevalence of 4.2%. Most patients with AVN were Caucasian females (57%) with a mean (s.d.) age at diagnosis of 44.5 (12.4) years. Sixty-one percent had DM and 29% had PM. The median time from onset of IIM to diagnosis of AVN was 46 months. The hip joint was most commonly involved in 76% of cases, followed by the knee joint in 15% and shoulder joint in 9%. Some 81% of patients were asymptomatic. Established risk factors for AVN were not found to be associated with the development of AVN in IIM patients.

Conclusion
Although mostly asymptomatic and incidental, the overall prevalence of AVN in IIM was 3% and the prevalence by MRI was 4.2%. None of the established risk factors was found to be associated with AVN development.
Expertise influences congruency monitoring during action observation at the motor level
Authors: Zhao Qiwei , Wang Yixuan , Chen Yifan , Wang Yingying , Zhou Chenglin , Lu Yingzhi 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Congruency monitoring of action occurs in individuals with relevant motor experience while observing actions. However, it remains unclear whether congruency monitoring can occur at the motor level and the extent to which expertise contributes. Here, we examined the behavioral performance and electrophysiological brain activity of individuals with and without domain-specific expertise when judging the action congruency of occluded video clips of a snowboard halfpipe trick and normal walking. For the halfpipe trick, experts exhibited better task performance and greater midline theta oscillations before possible incongruency compared with controls. Source reconstruction for the theta oscillation revealed a stronger activation in the middle and superior frontal gyrus for experts in response to incongruency compared with controls. Incongruent halfpipe actions elicited a higher N400 amplitude in experts compared with congruent actions, while no such differences were observed in controls. Source reconstruction revealed the activation in the board frontal regions and middle temporal gyrus for experts. These findings suggest that congruency monitoring can occur at the motor level during action observations and is modulated by individual expertise. The modulation of expertise reflects in the special N400 effect and midline theta oscillation.
A feature-based network analysis and fMRI meta-analysis reveal three distinct types of prosocial decisions
Authors: Rhoads Shawn A , Cutler Jo , Marsh Abigail A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Tasks that measure correlates of prosocial decision-making share one common feature: agents can make choices that increase the welfare of a beneficiary. However, prosocial decisions vary widely as a function of other task features. The diverse ways that prosociality is defined and the heterogeneity of prosocial decisions have created challenges for interpreting findings across studies and identifying their neural correlates. To overcome these challenges, we aimed to organize the prosocial decision-making task space of neuroimaging studies. We conducted a systematic search for studies in which participants made decisions to increase the welfare of others during functional magnetic resonance imaging. We identified shared and distinct features of these tasks and employed an unsupervised graph-based approach to assess how various forms of prosocial decision-making are related in terms of their low-level components (e.g. task features like potential cost to the agent or potential for reciprocity). Analyses uncovered three clusters of prosocial decisions, which we labeled as cooperation, equity and altruism. This feature-based representation of the task structure was supported by results of a neuroimaging meta-analysis that each type of prosocial decisions recruited diverging neural systems. Results clarify some of the existing heterogeneity in how prosociality is conceptualized and generate insight for future research and task paradigm development.
Prevalence and Functional Consequences of Social Anxiety in Individuals at Clinical High-Risk for Psychosis: Perspective From a Community Sample Comparison
Authors: Kuhney Franchesca S , Damme Katherine S F , Pelletier-Baldelli Andrea , Chun Charlotte , Ellman Lauren M , Schiffman Jason , Mittal Vijay A 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Social anxiety disorder (SAD) commonly occurs among individuals at clinical high-risk (CHR) for psychosis. Extant research has yet to examine the prevalence and clinical/functional correlates of SAD in this population compared to a community control (CC) sample. This comparison may improve the generalizability that traditional nonpsychiatric control samples cannot provide. Additionally, it remains unknown how SAD contributes to symptom severity and social impairments in individuals at CHR for psychosis.

Methods
Both CHR and CC groups were recruited from general community sources; CC participants were not excluded in this analysis on the basis of any psychopathology except psychosis. A total of 245 adolescents and young adults (CHR = 81; CC = 164) were administered the Social Phobia Scale, the Structured Interview for Psychosis-risk Syndromes, Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Research Version, and the Social Functioning Scale.

Results
The CHR group was at increased risk for having SAD relative to CC (42% CHR; 13% CC; RR = 3.28) and, to a lesser degree, a non-SAD anxiety disorder (41% CHR; 29% CC; RR = 1.42). Greater social anxiety was related to higher levels of negative (r = 0.29) but not positive (r = 0.05) symptoms within the CHR group. Furthermore, elevated social anxiety was found to be linked with poor social functioning in the CHR group (r = −0.31).

Conclusions
These findings demonstrate the specificity of SAD over and above other anxiety disorders in individuals at CHR for psychosis and the critical target of SAD to treat subclinical psychotic symptoms and social functioning.
Associations of COVID-19 online information sources and information overload with psychological distress symptoms: a population-based study
Authors: Guo Ningyuan , Zhao Sheng Zhi , Weng Xue , Wu Yongda , Luk Tzu Tsun , Wong Janet Yuen Ha , Lam Tai Hing , Wang Man Ping 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Using information communication technologies as information sources of COVID-19 was associated with psychological problems, but mechanisms remain uncertain. We examined associations of COVID-19 information sources and information overload with psychological distress symptoms and explored the mediating effect of information overload in Hong Kong. A random sample of Chinese adults (N = 1501; 52.6% females; 55.0% aged 30–59) from dual landline and online surveys in April 2020 reported frequency of using traditional media, internet websites, social networking sites, instant messaging, and online discussion forums as COVID-19 information sources. Psychological distress symptoms were measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire 4-item ([PHQ-4]; 0–12). Information overload defined as a perception of being overwhelmed was measured (1–6). Linear regressions were performed to analyze the associations, and the mediating effect of information overload was examined. Greater PHQ-4 score was observed for frequent use of internet websites (adjusted b = 0.58, 95% CI 0.29, 0.87, adjusted β = 0.12) and online discussion forums (adjusted b = 0.39, 95% CI 0.08, 0.70, adjusted β = 0.08) and information overload (adjusted b = 0.54, 95% CI 0.44, 0.63, adjusted β = 0.28). Information overload mediated 44.9% and 36.9% of associations of frequent use of internet websites and online discussion forums with PHQ-4 score, respectively. Frequent use of social networking sites was associated with lower PHQ-4 score (adjusted b = −0.37, 95% CI −0.69, −0.04, adjusted β = −0.07) partially through lower information overload (37.5%). Psychological distress symptoms were associated with frequent use of internet websites and online discussion forums as COVID-19 information sources, which were mediated through information overload.