bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the epidemic consequences of HIV prevention gaps among key populations
Authors: Mishra Sharmistha , Silhol Romain , Knight Jesse , Phaswana‐Mafuya Refilwe , Diouf Daouda , Wang Linwei , Schwartz Sheree , Boily Marie‐Claude , Baral Stefan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionHIV epidemic appraisals are used to characterize heterogeneity and inequities in the context of the HIV pandemic and the response. However, classic measures used in appraisals have been shown to underestimate disproportionate risks of onward transmission, particularly among key populations. In response, a growing number of modelling studies have quantified the consequences of unmet prevention and treatment needs (prevention gaps) among key populations as a transmission population attributable fraction over time (tPAFt). To aid its interpretation and use by programme implementers and policy makers, we outline and discuss a conceptual framework for understanding and estimating the tPAFt via transmission modelling as a measure of onward transmission risk from HIV prevention gaps; and discuss properties of the tPAFt.DiscussionThe distribution of onward transmission risks may be defined by who is at disproportionate risk of onward transmission, and under which conditions. The latter reflects prevention gaps, including secondary prevention via treatment: the epidemic consequences of which may be quantified by the tPAFt. Steps to estimating the tPAFt include parameterizing the acquisition and onward transmission risks experienced by the subgroup of interest, defining the most relevant counterfactual scenario, and articulating the time‐horizon of analyses and population among whom to estimate the relative difference in cumulative transmissions; such steps could reflect programme‐relevant questions about onward transmission risks. Key properties of the tPAFt include larger onward transmission risks over longer time‐horizons; seemingly mutually exclusive tPAFt measures summing to greater than 100%; an opportunity to quantify the magnitude of disproportionate onward transmission risks with a per‐capita tPAFt; and that estimates are conditional on what has been achieved so far in reducing prevention gaps and maintaining those conditions moving forward as the status quo.ConclusionsThe next generation of HIV epidemic appraisals has the potential to support a more specific HIV response by characterizing heterogeneity in disproportionate risks of onward transmission which are defined and conditioned on the past, current and future prevention gaps across subsets of the population.
Quantifying shoulder activity after rotator cuff repair: Technique and preliminary results
Authors: Ruder Matthew C. , Zauel Roger , Diefenbach Brian J. , Bey Michael J. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractRepair tissue healing after rotator cuff repair remains a significant clinical problem, and excessive shoulder activity after surgical repair is believed to contribute to re‐tears. In contrast, small animal studies have demonstrated that complete removal of activity impairs tendon healing and have advocated for an “appropriate” level of activity, but in humans the appropriate amount of shoulder activity to enhance healing is not known. As an initial step toward understanding the relationship between postoperative shoulder activity and repair tissue healing, the objectives of this study were to assess the precision, accuracy, and feasibility of a wrist‐worn triaxial accelerometer for measuring shoulder activity. Following assessments of precision (±0.002 g) and accuracy (±0.006 g), feasibility was assessed by measuring 1 week of shoulder activity in 14 rotator cuff repair patients and 8 control subjects. Shoulder activity was reported in terms of volume (mean acceleration, activity count, mean activity index, active time) and intensity (intensity gradient). Patients had significantly less volume (p ≤ .03) and intensity (p = .01) than controls. Time post‐surgery was significantly associated with the volume (p ≤ .05 for mean acceleration, activity count, and mean activity index) and intensity (p = .03) of shoulder activity, but not active time (p = .08). These findings indicate this approach has the accuracy and precision necessary to continuously monitor shoulder activity with a wrist‐worn sensor. The preliminary data demonstrate the ability to discriminate between healthy control subjects and patients recovering from rotator cuff repair and provide support for using a wearable sensor to monitor changes over time in shoulder activity.
Patient‐specific 3D‐printed shelf implant for the treatment of hip dysplasia: Anatomical and biomechanical outcomes in a canine model
Authors: Willemsen Koen , Tryfonidou Marianna , Sakkers Ralph , Castelein René M. , Zadpoor Amir A. , Seevinck Peter , Weinans Harrie , Meij Björn , van der Wal Bart C. H. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA solution for challenging hip dysplasia surgery could be a patient‐specific 3D‐printed shelf implant that is positioned extra‐articular and restores the dysplastic acetabular rim to normal anatomical dimensions. The anatomical correction and biomechanical stability of this concept were tested in a canine model that, like humans, also suffers from hip dysplasia. Using 3D reconstructed computed tomography images the 3D shelf implant was designed to restore the radiological dysplastic hip parameters to healthy parameters. It was tested ex vivo on three dog cadavers (six hips) with hip dysplasia. Each hip was subjected to a biomechanical subluxation test, first without and then with the 3D shelf implant in place. Subsequently, an implant failure test was performed to test the primary implant fixation. At baseline, the dysplastic hips had an average Norberg angle of 88 ± 3° and acetabular coverage of 47 ± 2% and subluxated at an average of 83 ± 2° of femoral adduction. After adding the patient‐specific shelf implants the dysplastic hips had an average Norberg angle of 122 ± 2° and acetabular coverage of 67 ± 3% and subluxated at an average of 117 ± 2° of femoral adduction. Implant failure after primary implant fixation occurred at an average of 1330 ± 320 Newton. This showed that the patient‐specific shelf implants significantly improved the coverage and stability of dysplastic hips in a canine model with naturally occurring hip dysplasia. The 3D shelf is a promising concept for treating residual hip dysplasia with a straightforward technology‐driven approach; however, the clinical safety needs to be further investigated in an experimental proof‐of‐concept animal study.
Raman spectroscopic‐based chemometric modeling in assessment of red pepper ripening phases and carotenoids accumulation
Authors: Kolašinac Stefan , Pećinar Ilinka , Danojević Dario , Aćić Svetlana , Stevanović Zora Dajić 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe main goal of the present study is validation of different chemometric models in Raman spectroscopic monitoring of different maturity phases of the red pepper fruit. Successive ripening stages commonly corresponding with different fruit coloration (green, green‐brown, brown‐red, and deep red) were assessed. The fruit maturation process in red pepper is related to alteration in composition and content of different primary and secondary metabolites, including the most represented carotenoid, the capsanthin. Raman microspectroscopy with wavelength of 532 nm was used to obtain the spectra of the pericarp of different maturation phases. Several multivariate classification methods, such as Principal Component Analysis–Linear Discriminant Analysis (PCA–LDA), Partial Least Squares‐Discriminant Analysis (PLS‐DA), and Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) were tested to determine the model which best fits the target ripening phases related to composition and the content of the most represented carotenoids. Concerning different fruit ripening phases, several characteristic bands were obtained, including those at 1514–1517, 1151, and 1003 cm−1, all assigned to carotenoids with nine conjugated double bonds in the main polyene chain (e.g., lutein, beta carotene, beta cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, capsorubin, and capsanthin). All tested classification chemometric models had a high rate of prediction accuracy (between 95% and 100%). The SIMCA showed the best result, probably because of using a different algorithm compared with the other tested models.
Does harvesting Urochloa and Megathyrsus forages at short intervals confer an advantage on cumulative dry matter yields and quality?
Authors: Mwendia Solomon W , Ohmstedt Uwe , Nyakundi Fridah , Notenbaert An , Peters Michael 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDDue to increasing demand for livestock products in sub‐Saharan Africa, increasing livestock productivity is a priority. The core constraint is limited availability of feed of good quality. We assessed optimal harvesting time of three improved grasses, two Urochloa lines (Basilisk a selection from wild population, Cayman – a hybrid, a product of breeding) plus Mombasa, a Megathyrsus selection. All are released in Latin America and Kenya or in the registration in other regional countries. We assessed dry matter (DM) yields and quality at 4, 6, 8 and 12 weeks of age in two sites.RESULTSDM yields (in t ha−1) were of the order Cayman (9.6–14.3) > Mombasa (8.0–11.3) > Basilisk (5.5–10.2) in one site, and Cayman (6.4–9.7) > Basilisk (4.9–7.6) > Mombasa (3.3–5.9) at site two. The harvesting regimes produced DM largely similar for weeks 4 and 6, 6 and 8, 8 and 12. Across the sites quality was of the order Cayman > Mombasa > Basilisk for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), metabolizable energy (ME) and crude protein (CP). With increasing harvesting interval, MJ ME ha−1 and kg CP ha−1 were inconsistent across both sites, but significant differences returned for MJ ME ha−1 unlike kg CP ha−1.CONCLUSIONSHarvesting at either 8 or 12 weeks is not recommendable as quality drops without an increase in DM yield that can compensate despite doubling and tripling time respectively, compared to 4 weeks. We recommend harvesting at 4 through 6 weeks for any of the three grasses based on yield against time, and demand at the intensified cut‐and‐carry smallholder systems. © 2021 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Intersection of social vulnerability and residential diversity: Postoperative outcomes following resection of lung and colon cancer
Authors: Diaz Adrian , Dalmacy Djhenne , Hyer J. Madison , Tsilimigras Diamantis , Pawlik Timothy M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIntroductionWhile the impact of demographic factors on postoperative outcomes has been examined, little is known about the intersection between social vulnerability and residential diversity on postoperative outcomes following cancer surgery.MethodsIndividuals who underwent a lung or colon resection for cancer were identified in the 2016–2017 Medicare database. Data were merged with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention social vulnerability index and a residential diversity index was calculated. Logistic regression models were utilized to estimate the probability of postoperative outcomes.ResultsAmong 55 742 Medicare beneficiaries who underwent lung (39.4%) or colon (60.6%) resection, most were male (46.6%), White (90.2%) and had a mean age of 75.3 years. After adjustment for competing risk factors, both social vulnerability and residential diversity were associated with mortality and other postoperative outcomes. In assessing the intersection of social vulnerability and residential diversity, synergistic effects were noted as patients from counties with low social vulnerability and high residential diversity had the lowest probability of 30‐day mortality (3.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.0–3.5) while patients from counties with high social vulnerability and low diversity had a higher probability of 30‐day postoperative death (5.2%, 95% CI: 4.6–5.8; odds ratio: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01–1.03).ConclusionSocial vulnerability and residential diversity were independently associated with postoperative outcomes. The intersection of these two social health determinants demonstrated a synergistic effect on the risk of adverse outcomes following lung and colon cancer surgery.
Tonsillectomy Outcomes for Children With Severe Obesity
Authors: Hines Susan , Pickett Kaci , Tholen Kaitlyn , Handley Elyse , Friedman Norman R. 
Published: July 2021

Objectives/HypothesisTo determine the success of an adenotonsillectomy (T&A) in treating children with severe obesity utilizing a more accurate obesity scale.Study DesignRetrospective cohort.MethodsA retrospective cohort of children with obesity between 5 and 10 years of age who underwent a T&A at Children's Hospital of Colorado (CHCO) was used. This study also utilized publicly available data from the Childhood Adenotonsillectomy Trial (CHAT) study. The cohort was divided into three obesity classes using age‐ and sex‐specific body mass index (BMI) expressed as a percentage of the 95th percentile (%BMIp95) and compared for operative success differences.ResultsThere were 132 patients included in our primary analysis, with obesity distribution as follows: Class 1 to 53 patients (40%), Class 2 to 45 patients (34%), and Class 3 to 34 patients (26%). Overall, 52 patients (35.9%) experienced a cure (obstructive apnea/hypopnea index [OAHI] <1), with 27 (52%) patients in Class 1 obesity, 18 (35%) in Class 2, and 7 (13%) in Class 3. Class 3 had a significantly lower obstructive sleep apnea cure rate compared with Class 1 patients (P = .013), but after adjusting for covariates, this difference was no longer present (P > .05). There was no significant difference in the preoperative to postoperative percent change in mean oxygen saturation (P = .82 CHCO, P = .43 CHAT), oxygen nadir (P = .20 CHCO, P = .49 CHAT), or OAHI (P = .12 CHCO, P = .26 CHAT) between the obesity classes.ConclusionAfter adjusting for covariates, children with Class 3 obesity are as likely to be cured with a T&A as those with Class 1 obesity. A T&A should be considered a first line treatment for all children with obesity.Level of Evidence3 Laryngoscope, 132:461–469, 2022
Coping with darkness: The adaptive response of marine picocyanobacteria to repeated light energy deprivation
Authors: Coe Allison , Biller Steven J. , Thomas Elaina , Boulias Konstantinos , Bliem Christina , Arellano Aldo , Dooley Keven , Rasmussen Anna N. , LeGault Kristen , O'Keefe Tyler J. , Stover Sarah , Greer Eric L. , Chisholm Sallie W. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe picocyanobacteriaProchlorococcusandSynechococcusare found throughout the ocean's euphotic zone, where the daily light:dark cycle drives their physiology. Periodic deep mixing events can, however, move cells below this region, depriving them of light for extended periods of time. Here, we demonstrate that members of these genera can adapt to tolerate repeated periods of light energy deprivation. Strains kept in the dark for 3 d and then returned to the light initially required 18–26 d to resume growth, but after multiple rounds of dark exposure they began to regrow after only 1–2 d. This dark‐tolerant phenotype was stable and heritable; some cultures retained the trait for over 132 generations even when grown in a standard 13:11 light:dark cycle. We found no genetic differences between the dark‐tolerant and parental strains ofProchlorococcusNATL2A, indicating that an epigenetic change is likely responsible for the adaptation. To begin to explore this possibility, we asked whether DNA methylation—one potential mechanism mediating epigenetic inheritance in bacteria—occurs inProchlorococcus. LC–MS/MS analysis showed that while DNA methylations, including 6 mA and 5 mC, are found in some otherProchlorococcusstrains, there were no methylations detected in either the parental or dark‐tolerant NATL2A strains. These findings suggest thatProchlorococcusutilizes a yet‐to‐be‐determined epigenetic mechanism to adapt to the stress of extended light energy deprivation, and highlights phenotypic heterogeneity as an additional dimension ofProchlorococcusdiversity.
Potential competition between marine heterotrophic prokaryotes and autotrophic picoplankton for nitrogen substrates
Authors: Deng Wenchao , Wang Shanlin , Wan Xianhui , Zheng Zhenzhen , Jiao Nianzhi , Kao Shuh‐Ji , Moore Jefferson Keith , Zhang Yao 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHeterotrophic prokaryotes have the capacity to uptake inorganic nitrogen (N) substrates. However, it remains unclear what the potential competition is between heterotrophic prokaryotes and autotrophic plankton for N in the ocean, which would shunt the flow of N supporting primary production. To date, it has been difficult to distinguish heterotrophic prokaryotic N uptake from that of autotrophic picoplankton, especially in oligotrophic oceans dominated by cyanobacteria. We carried out field‐based DNA stable isotope probing incubation experiments in the South China Sea combining measurements of uptake rates of ammonium, nitrate, nitrite, and urea to estimate the taxon‐specific potential N assimilation. The results indicate that phylogenetically diverse heterotrophic prokaryotes significantly incorporated multiple N sources, contributing approximately 17–41% and 19–55% of total N uptake potential in the euphotic zone of the South China Sea continental shelf and open ocean, respectively, potentially competing with cyanobacteria (mainly Prochlorococcus). Notably, heterotrophic prokaryotes made a higher contribution to bulk uptake of nitrate in the incubation systems of the open ocean relative to regenerated N, and thus there was a tendency to overestimate the f‐ratio. Extrapolating our results to the oligotrophic, low‐latitude ocean via a global model suggests the f‐ratio would decrease ~ 18%. This suggests a more complicated biogeochemical role of heterotrophic prokaryotes in the biological carbon pump than hitherto assumed, with important implications for N and carbon cycling in the vast open ocean.
Effects of the severity of collective threats on people's donation intention
Authors: Zheng Chundong , Liu Ning , Luo Cheng , Wang Lin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractUnderstanding people's behavior when they are under threat is important to both researchers and practitioners. This study investigates the impact of the severity of collective threats on people's donation intention. Through a series of studies, our findings show that the severity of collective threats positively affects people's donation intention. Specifically, when a collective threat becomes more severe, people under threat tend to pay more attention to and feel empathy for others experiencing the same threat, thus increasing their donation intention. Furthermore, the positive effect of collective threat severity on people's donation intention becomes weaker when the degree of threat relief is high (vs. low). It is also found that when donation recipients are experiencing a different threat from that of donors, the positive effect of collective threat severity disappears. This study enriches our understanding of people's behavior under threat and extends the literature on social identity theory. Additionally, our results provide important managerial implications for charity organizations regarding how to increase people's donation intention by selecting appropriate locations and timings for donation activities.
SCR7, an inhibitor of NHEJ can sensitize tumor cells to ionization radiation
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Vidya , Sharma Shivangi , Ray Ujjayinee , Manjunath Meghana , Lakshmanan Divya , Vartak Supriya V. , Gopinatha Vindya K. , Srivastava Mrinal , Kempegowda Mantelingu , Choudhary Bibha , Raghavan Sathees C. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractNonhomologous end joining (NHEJ), one of the major DNA double‐strand break repair pathways, plays a significant role in cancer cell proliferation and resistance to radio and chemotherapeutic agents. Previously, we had described a small molecule inhibitor, SCR7, which inhibited NHEJ in a DNA Ligase IV dependent manner. Here, we report that SCR7 potentiates the effect of γ‐radiation (IR) that induces DNA breaks as intermediates to eradicate cancer cells. Dose fractionation studies revealed that coadministration of SCR7 and IR (0.5 Gy) in mice Dalton's lymphoma (DLA) model led to a significant reduction in mice tumor cell proliferation, which was equivalent to that observed for 2 Gy dose when both solid and liquid tumor models were used. Besides, co‐treatment with SCR7 and 1 Gy of IR further improved the efficacy. Notably, there was no significant change in blood parameters, kidney and liver functions upon combinatorial treatment of SCR7 and IR. Further, the co‐treatment of SCR7 and IR resulted in a significant increase in unrepaired DSBs within cancer cells compared to either of the agent alone. Anatomy, histology, and other studies in tumor models confirmed the cumulative effects of both agents in activating apoptotic pathways to induce cytotoxicity by modulating DNA damage response and repair pathways. Thus, we report that SCR7 has the potential to reduce the side effects of radiotherapy by lowering its effective dose ex vivo and in mice tumor models, with implications in cancer therapy.
Accelerated calibrationless parallel transmit mapping using joint transmit and receive low‐rank tensor completion
Authors: Hess Aaron T. , Dragonu Iulius , Chiew Mark 
Published: July 2021

PurposeTo evaluate an algorithm for calibrationless parallel imaging to reconstruct undersampled parallel transmit field maps for the body and brain.MethodsUsing a combination of synthetic data and in vivo measurements from brain and body, 3 different approaches to a joint transmit and receive low‐rank tensor completion algorithm are evaluated. These methods included: 1) virtual coils using the product of receive and transmit sensitivities, 2) joint‐receiver coils that enforces a low rank structure across receive coils of all transmit modes, and 3) transmit low rank that uses a low rank structure for both receive and transmit modes simultaneously. The performance of each is investigated for different noise levels and different acceleration rates on an 8‐channel parallel transmit 7 Tesla system.ResultsThe virtual coils method broke down with increasing noise levels or acceleration rates greater than 2, producing normalized RMS error greater than 0.1. The joint receiver coils method worked well up to acceleration factors of 4, beyond which the normalized RMS error exceeded 0.1. Transmit low rank enabled an eightfold acceleration, with most normalized RMS errors remaining below 0.1.ConclusionThis work demonstrates that undersampling factors of up to eightfold are feasible for transmit array mapping and can be reconstructed using calibrationless parallel imaging methods.