bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population-specific brain [18F]-FDG PET templates of Chinese subjects for statistical parametric mapping
Authors: Wang Hongkai , Tian Yang , Liu Yang , Chen Zhaofeng , Zhai Haoyu , Zhuang Mingrui , Zhang Nan , Jiang Yuanfang , Gao Ya , Feng Hongbo , Zhang Yanjun 
Published: November 2021

AbstractStatistical Parametric Mapping (SPM) is a computational approach for analysing functional brain images like Positron Emission Tomography (PET). When performing SPM analysis for different patient populations, brain PET template images representing population-specific brain morphometry and metabolism features are helpful. However, most currently available brain PET templates were constructed using the Caucasian data. To enrich the family of publicly available brain PET templates, we created Chinese-specific template images based on 116 [18F]-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]-FDG) PET images of normal participants. These images were warped into a common averaged space, in which the mean and standard deviation templates were both computed. We also developed the SPM analysis programmes to facilitate easy use of the templates. Our templates were validated through the SPM analysis of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s patient images. The resultant SPM t-maps accurately depicted the disease-related brain regions with abnormal [18F]-FDG uptake, proving the templates’ effectiveness in brain function impairment analysis.
A SARS-CoV-2 antigen rapid diagnostic test for resource limited settings
Authors: Frew Erica , Roberts Douglas , Barry Shelly , Holden Matthew , Restell Mand Amanda , Mitsock Emily , Tan Enqing , Yu Wei , Skog Johan 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the causative agent of COVID-19 disease. RT-qPCR has been the primary method of diagnosis; however, the required infrastructure is lacking in many developing countries and the virus has remained a global challenge. More inexpensive and immediate test methods are required to facilitate local, regional, and national management strategies to re-open world economies. Here we have developed a SARS-CoV-2 antigen test in an inexpensive lateral flow format to generate a chromatographic result identifying the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 antigen, and thus an active infection, within a patient anterior nares swab sample. Our 15-min test requires no equipment or laboratory infrastructure to administer with a limit of detection of 2.0 × 102 TCID50/mL and 87.5% sensitivity, 100% specificity when tested against 40 known positive and 40 known negative patient samples established by a validated RT-qPCR test.
Droplet-based microfluidics platform for antifungal analysis against filamentous fungi
Authors: Iftikhar Sehrish , Vigne Aurélie , Sepulveda-Diaz Julia Elisa 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFungicides are extensively used in agriculture to control fungal pathogens which are responsible for significant economic impact on plant yield and quality. The conventional antifungal screening techniques, such as water agar and 96-well plates, are based on laborious protocols and bulk analysis, restricting the analysis at the single spore level and are time consuming. In this study, we present a droplet-based microfluidic platform that enables antifungal analysis of single spores of filamentous fungus Alternaria alternata. A droplet-based viability assay was developed, allowing the germination and hyphal growth of single A. alternata spores within droplets. The viability was demonstrated over a period of 24 h and the antifungal screening was achieved using Kunshi/Tezuma as antifungal agent. The efficacy results of the droplet-based antifungal analysis were compared and validated with the results obtained from conventional protocols. The percentage inhibitions assessed by the droplet-based platform were equivalent with those obtained by the other two methods, and the Pearson correlation analysis showed high correlation between the three assays. Taken together, this droplet-based microfluidic platform provides a wide range of potential applications for the analysis of fungicide resistance development as well as combinatorial screening of other antimicrobial agents and even antagonistic fungi.
Approach to Tremor Disorders
Authors: Lee Andrea , Sarva Harini 
Published: November 2021

AbstractTremor disorders are diverse and complex. Historical clues and examination features play a major role in diagnosing these disorders, but diagnosis can be challenging due to phenotypic overlap. Ancillary testing, such as neuroimaging or laboratory testing, is driven by the history and examination, and should be performed particularly when there are other neurological or systemic manifestations. The pathophysiology of tremor is not entirely understood, but likely involves multiple networks along with the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathways. Treatment options include medications, botulinum toxin, surgery, and nonpharmacologic interventions utilizing physical and occupational therapies and assistive devices. Further work is needed in developing accurate diagnostic tests and better treatment options for tremor disorders.
Approach to Limb Weakness
Authors: Bhagavan Sachin M. , Ramaswamy Swathi B. , Mehta Tejas R. , Govindarajan Raghav 
Published: November 2021

Abstract“Approach to limb weakness” provides an overview of the pathways of the motor system and the type of weakness seen with pathology at each level from the cortex to the muscle. This article provides the clinical pearls needed to identify different patterns of weakness and accurately localize the level of weakness. It offers important pointers that help distinguish among the different etiologies of weakness at each level, as well as various diagnostic approaches and treatments of diseases that lead to limb weakness. The diagnoses discussed are meant to be representative and not exhaustive, as a complete differential for each pattern of weakness is beyond the scope of this article.
Asymmetric transfer and development of temporal-aspectual sentence-final particles in English-Cantonese bilinguals’ L3
Mandarin grammars
Authors: Guo Yanyu , Yuan Boping 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Aiming to shed new light on the discussion on transfer at initial stages of third language (L3) acquisition and
development at later stages, this article reports on an empirical study of L3 acquisition of Mandarin temporal-aspectual
sentence-final particles (SFPs) le, ne and láizhe by English speaking and English-Cantonese
bilingual learners, at both low and high proficiency levels. Cantonese is typologically and structurally closer to Mandarin than
English is. Our findings show obvious facilitative effects on le by its Cantonese counterpart in
English-Cantonese bilingual learners’ L3 Mandarin, which supports the L3 models that advocate the deterministic role of structural
similarity in the transfer source selection. A transfer asymmetry is observed between the cases of le and
láizhe. No transfer effects are found in the L3 Mandarin data of láizhe, even though it has
an equivalent SFP in Cantonese. This discrepancy is argued to be attributable to input factors and misleading forms. Moreover,
patterns observed over different proficiency levels indicate that the quality and quantity of input and the register property of a
particular SFP can greatly affect initial transfer and later development of L3 acquisition.
Use of essential oil for post-harvest pest control
Authors: Shukla Amritesh Chandra 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Since past few decades, application of essential oils (EOs) was explored experimentally for the management of postharvest pests and diseases. However, uses of essential oils face a series of problems, including regulatory obstruction to commercialization (such as cost of toxicological and environmental assessments) or the way that efficiency of essential oils toward pests and diseases is not as evident or clear as that seen with the present available forms. This review highlights several issues extending from EOs chemistry to their bioactivity potential. The mechanism of action of EOs is also discussed to provide better understanding about their functions and improve the scope for the establishment of commercial opportunities in the form of natural biocontrol agents/botanical pesticides.
Investigating stability and tunability of quantum dot transport in silicon MOSFETs via the application of electrical stress
Authors: Hillier Joseph , Ibukuro Kouta , Liu Fayong , Husain Khaled Muhammad , Byers James , Nicholas Rutt Harvey , Tomita Isao , Tsuchiya Yoshishige , Saito Shinichi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this work, we experimentally investigate the impact of electrical stress on the tunability of single hole transport properties within a p-type silicon MOSFET at a temperature of T = 2 K. This is achieved by monitoring Coulomb-blockade from three disorder based quantum dots at the channel-oxide interface, which are known to lack tunability as a result of their stochastic origin. Our findings indicate that when applying gate biases between −4 V and −4.6 V, nearby charge trapping enhances Coulomb-blockade leading to a stronger quantum dot confinement that can be reversed to the initial device condition after performing a thermal cycle reset. Re-applying stress then gives rise to a predictable response from reproducible changes in the quantum dot charging characteristics with consistent charging energy increases of up to ≈50% being observed. We reach a threshold above gate biases of −4.6 V, where the performance and stability become reduced due to device degradation occurring as a product of large-scale trap generation. The results not only suggest stress as an effective technique to enhance and reset charging properties but also offer insight on how standard industrial silicon devices can be harnessed for single charge transport applications.
IrCrMnZ (Z = Al, Ga, Si, Ge) Heusler alloys as electrode materials for MgO-based magnetic tunneling junctions: a first-principles study
Authors: Roy Tufan , Tsujikawa Masahito , Shirai Masafumi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
We study IrCrMnZ (Z = Al, Ga, Si, Ge) systems using first-principles calculations from the perspective of their application as electrode materials of MgO-based magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs). These materials have highly spin-polarized conduction electrons with a partially occupied Δ1 band, which is important for coherent tunneling in a parallel magnetization configuration. The Curie temperatures of IrCrMnAl and IrCrMnGa are very high (above 1300 K), as predicted from mean-field-approximation. The stability of the ordered phase against various antisite disorders is investigated. We discuss here the effect of ‘spin-orbit-coupling’ on the electronic structure around the Fermi level. Further, we investigate the electronic structure of the IrCrMnZ/MgO heterojunction along the (001) direction. IrCrMnAl/MgO and IrCrMnGa/MgO maintain half-metallicity even at the MgO interface, with no interfacial states at/around the Fermi level in the minority-spin channel. Large majority-spin conductance of IrCrMnAl/MgO/IrCrMnAl and IrCrMnGa/MgO/IrCrMnGa is reported from the calculation of the ballistic spin-transport property for the parallel magnetization configuration. We propose IrCrMnAl/MgO/IrCrMnAl and IrCrMnGa/MgO/IrCrMnGa as promising MTJs with a weaker temperature dependence of tunneling magnetoresistance ratio, owing to their very high Curie temperatures.
Asymptotic formulae for estimating statistical significance in particle physics analyses
Authors: Basso M J 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Within the framework of likelihood-based statistical tests for particle physics measurements, we derive expressions for estimating the statistical significance of discovery using the asymptotic approximations of Wilks and Wald for four measurement models. These models include arbitrary numbers of signal regions, control regions, and Gaussian constraints. We extend our expressions to use the representative or ‘Asimov’ dataset proposed by Cowan et al such that they are made data-free. While many of the expressions are complicated and often involve solving systems of coupled, multivariate equations, we show these expressions reduce to closed-form results under simplifying assumptions. We also validate the predicted significances using toy-based data in select cases and show the asymptotic formulae to be more computationally efficient than the toy-based approach. Additionally, different parameters within each measurement model are varied in order to understand their effect on the predicted significance.
Strain and electric field tunable photoelectric properties of multilayer Sb2Se3
Authors: Ding Wanxin , Li Longhua 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Antimony selenide, Sb2Se3, has been attracted widespread attention in photovoltaic applications due to its high absorption coefficient and suitable band gap. However, the influence of uniaxial strain and electric field on the electronic and photovoltaic properties of multilayer Sb2Se3 is still unknown. Here, the quantitative relationship, such as strain-property, electric field-property, as well as thickness-property, is explored via first-principles calculations. Our results demonstrate that the band gap and photovoltaic parameters (J
sc, V
oc, FF and PCE) of multilayer Sb2Se3 are not only affected by the uniaxial strain and electric field, but can also be tuned via the coupling of thickness with strain and electric field. The band-gap of multilayer Sb2Se3 is linear dependent on uniaxial strain and external electric field. We found that the effect of strain on the photovoltaic parameters could be negligible as compared with the effect of thickness. However, the effect of electric field is thickness dependent, 1–2 layer(s) thin films are not affected while the impact of electric field increases with the increasing thickness. The quantitative strain (electric field)-properties relation of multilayer Sb2Se3 suggesting that Sb2Se3 films have a potential application in the field of strain and electric field sensors.
Theoretical study of SnS2 encapsulated in graphene as a promising anode material for K-ion batteries
Authors: Kang Xuxin , Xu Wei , Duan Xiangmei 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Rechargeable batteries with superior electronic conductivity, large capacity, low diffusion barriers and moderate open circuit voltage have attracted amount attention. Due to abundant resources and safety, as well as the high voltage and energy density, potassium ion batteries (KIBs) could be an ideal alternative to next-generation of rechargeable batteries. Based on the density functional theory calculations, we find that the SnS2 monolayer expands greatly during the potassiumization, which limits its practical application. The construction of graphene/SnS2/graphene (G/SnS2/G) heterojunction effectively prevents SnS2 sheet from deformation, and enhances the electronic conductivity. Moreover, the G/SnS2/G has not only a high theoretical special capacity of 680 mAh g−1, but an ultra-low K diffusion barrier (0.08 eV) and an average open circuit voltage (0.22 V). Our results predict that the G/SnS2/G heterostructure could be used as a promising anode material for KIBs.
Motion in nuclear cardiology imaging: types, artifacts, detection and correction techniques
Authors: Mohammadi Iraj , Castro Filipe , Rahmim Arman , Veloso João 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the authors review the field of motion detection and correction in nuclear cardiology with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) imaging systems. We start with a brief overview of nuclear cardiology applications and description of SPECT and PET imaging systems, then explaining the different types of motion and their related artefacts. Moreover, we classify and describe various techniques for motion detection and correction, discussing their potential advantages including reference to metrics and tasks, particularly towards improvements in image quality and diagnostic performance. In addition, we emphasize limitations encountered in different motion detection and correction methods that may challenge routine clinical applications and diagnostic performance.
Comprehensive investigation of radiofrequency/analog parameters in a ferroelectric tunnel field-effect transistor
Authors: Saha Rajesh , Goswami Rupam , Bhowmick Brinda , Baishya Srimanta 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper, the effect of ferroelectric (FE) layer thickness (t
FE), coercive field (E
c), remnant polarization (P
r) and saturation polarization (P
s) on the transfer characteristic is highlighted for a FE tunnel field-effect transistor (Fe-TFET) through a commercial technology computer-aided design simulator. Further, we have reported the radiofrequency (RF)/analog parameters such as transconductance, output conductance, gain, gate capacitance and cut-off frequency for a wide range of FE parameters in a Fe-TFET. An improved RF/analog performance and transfer characteristic are obtained for a low value of t
FE and P
r, whereas these behaviors are degraded at high values of P
s and E
c.
Fundamentals and working mechanisms of artificial muscles with textile application in the loop
Authors: Grellmann Henriette , Lohse Felix M , Kamble Vikram G , Winger Hans , Nocke Andreas , Hickmann Rico , Wießner Sven , Cherif Chokri 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Natural muscles, that convert chemical energy derived from glucose into mechanical and thermal energy, are capable of performing complex movements. This natural muscle power was the only way to perform mechanical work in a targeted manner for millions of years. In the course of thousands of years of technical development, mankind has succeeded in harnessing various physical and chemical phenomena to drive specific mechanical processes. Wind and water power, steam and combustion engines or electric motors are just a few examples. However, in order to make the diversity and flexibility of natural motion patterns usable for machines, attempts have been made for many years to develop artificial muscles. These man-made smart materials or structures are able to react to environmental conditions by significantly changing their shape or size. For the design of effective artificial muscles that closely resemble the natural original, the usage of textile technology offers great advantages. By means of weaving, individual actuators can be parallelized, which enables the transmission of greater forces. By knitting the maximum stretching performance can be enhanced by combining the intrinsic stretching capacity of the actuators with the structural-geometric stretching capacity of the fabric. Furthermore textile production techniques are well suited for the requirement-specific, individual placement of actuators in order to achieve the optimal geometry for the respective needs in every load case. Ongoing technical development has created fiber based and non-fibrous artificial muscles that are capable of mimicking and even out-performing their biological prodigy. Meanwhile, a large number of partly similar, but also very different functional principles and configurations were developed, each with its own specific characteristics. This paper provides an overview of the relevant and most promising technical approaches for realizing artificial muscles, classifies them to specific material types and explains the mechanisms used as well as the possible textile applications.
Active scour monitoring using ultrasonic time domain reflectometry of buried slender sensors
Authors: Funderburk Morgan L , Tran Jamie , Todd Michael D , Netchaev Anton , Loh Kenneth J 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Local scour is a growing cause of bridge failure in the United States and around the world. In the next century, the effects of climate changes will make more bridges susceptible to scour failure more than ever before. This study aims to harness the spatially continuous monitoring capabilities of ultrasonic time-domain reflectometry to detect a soil interface for the purposes of scour monitoring. In this study, a long, slender plate is coupled with two flexible piezoelectric devices that propagate Lamb waves along the length of the plate to form the scour sensor. The sensor was tested for sensitivity to external pressure using metal weights and was able to detect the position of the pressure up at a length of up to ∼20 feet. The sensor was tested under simulated scour conditions, being buried in sand at various depths. The results show that the Lamb wave scour sensor is capable of reliably detecting a soil interface at 1 ft intervals. The scour sensor was also able to detect uncompacted soil interfaces, which is important considering the issue of scour hole refill following an extreme event.
Synthesis and rheological characteristics of high viscosity linear polysiloxane carrier fluid-based magnetorheological fluids
Authors: Xie Lei , Choi Young-Tai , Liao Chang-Rong , Zeng Zhi , Wereley Norman M 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study addresses the synthesis and field-dependent rheological characteristics of novel magnetorheological fluids (MRFs) using high viscosity linear polysiloxanes (HVLPs) as a carrier fluid. First of all, the components and preparation of novel HVLP-based MRFs (HVLP MRFs) were explained in detail and the microscopic images of each component were taken by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Four HVLP MRF samples with different particle volume fractions of 10, 15, 20, and 26 vol% in the same HVLP carrier fluid viscosity of 800 Pa·s were synthesized to investigate the particle concentration effect on their field-dependent rheological properties. In order to understand the effect of the carrier fluid viscosity, two more HVLP MRF samples with different HVLP viscosities of 140 and 440 Pa·s in the same particle concentration of 26 vol% were also fabricated. In addition, the temperature effect on HVLP MRFs was studied by using the sample with 26 vol% in particle concentration and 140 Pa·s in HVLP viscosity under different operating temperatures of 25 °C, 40 °C, 55 °C and 70 °C. The flow curve measurements of shear stress versus shear rate in the magnetic fields were conducted by using controlled shear rate (CSR) test method with a commercial parallel-plate type rotational rheometer. From the flow curves, the field-dependent rheological properties of HVLP MRFs including static and dynamic yield stresses and the dynamic range (ratio of field on to field off yield stress) were obtained. These material characteristics were then examined as a function of varying particle concentration, varying carrier fluid viscosity, and varying temperature. A conventional commercial MRF (i.e. Lord MRF-126CD) was adopted for comparison study and its rheological properties under different temperatures were also measured and compared with those of HVLP MRFs. Using HVLP carrier fluids, it was demonstrated that the HVLP MRFs exhibited much greater suspension stability than the conventional commercial MRF.