bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
grasviq: an image analysis framework for automatically quantifying vein number and morphology in grass leaves
Authors: Robil Janlo M. , Gao Ke , Neighbors Claire M. , Boeding Michael , Carland Francine M. , Bunyak Filiz , McSteen Paula 
Published: April 2021

SummaryBeyond facilitating transport and providing mechanical support to the leaf, veins have important roles in the performance and productivity of plants and the ecosystem. In recent decades, computational image analysis has accelerated the extraction and quantification of vein traits, benefiting fields of research from agriculture to climatology. However, most of the existing leaf vein image analysis programs have been developed for the reticulate venation found in dicots. Despite the agroeconomic importance of cereal grass crops, like Oryza sativa (rice) and Zea mays (maize), a dedicated image analysis program for the parallel venation found in monocots has yet to be developed. To address the need for an image‐based vein phenotyping tool for model and agronomic grass species, we developed the grass vein image quantification (grasviq) framework. Designed specifically for parallel venation, this framework automatically segments and quantifies vein patterns from images of cleared leaf pieces using classical computer vision techniques. Using image data sets from maize inbred lines and auxin biosynthesis and transport mutants in maize, we demonstrate the utility of grasviq for quantifying important vein traits, including vein density, vein width and interveinal distance. Furthermore, we show that the framework can resolve quantitative differences and identify vein patterning defects, which is advantageous for genetic experiments and mutant screens. We report that grasviq can perform high‐throughput vein quantification, with precision on a par with that of manual quantification. Therefore, we envision that grasviq will be adopted for vein phenomics in maize and other grass species.
Spontaneous abdominal effusion in dogs with presumed anaphylaxis
Authors: Summers April M. , Culler Christine , Cooper Edward 
Published: April 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo describe patient characteristics of dogs developing spontaneous abdominal effusion in association with anaphylaxis.DesignRetrospective study between 2010 and 2018.SettingUniversity teaching hospital and referral specialty private practice emergency departments.AnimalsSixteen dogs presenting to the emergency department for clinical signs suggestive of anaphylaxis with peritoneal effusion documented via ultrasonography.InterventionsNone.Measurements and Main ResultsDogs presented with clinical signs of anaphylaxis including vomiting 12 of 16 (75%), diarrhea 9 of 16 (56%), and collapse 7 of 16 (44%). Physical examination findings included altered mentation 14 of 16 (88%), erythema 2 of 16 (13%), and urticaria 2 of 16 (13%). Historically, 3 of 16 (19%) had just recently been vaccinated, 1 of 16 (6%) had known contact with an insect, and 8 of 16 (50%) had been outdoors prior to the onset of clinical signs, whereas 5 of 16 (31%) had no known triggering event. At presentation, median systolic arterial pressure was 70 mm Hg (range, 30–210 mm Hg). Venous blood gas revealed an acidemia with a mean pH of 7.24 ± 0.09, a base deficit of 7.15 ± 7.7 mmol/L, and an increased plasma lactate with a mean of 7.35 ± 2.09 mmol/L. Bloodwork abnormalities included an increased alanine aminotransferase activity with a mean of 439.2 ± 404.5 U/L and an increased gamma‐glutamyl transferase activity with a mean concentration of 7.29 ± 4.1 U/L. Twelve patients (75%) had gallbladder wall abnormalities on ultrasonography. Eight patients (50%) had abdominocentesis performed. The median PCV of the effusion was 0.29 L/L (29%; range, 4–41) and total plasma protein was 38 g/L (3.8 g/dL; range, 2.4–6.5). Two dogs (12.5%) were euthanized. The remaining 14 dogs (87.5%) survived to discharge, with a mean hospitalization time of 23.7 ± 16.7 hours.ConclusionsAbdominal effusion should be considered a potential sequela of anaphylaxis in dogs. Therefore, serial monitoring for presence or development of spontaneous abdominal effusion should be considered.
Microbial electrolysis cells and power‐to‐gas technology – A novel onsite industrial wastewater treatment and CCU arrangement
Authors: Gondal Irfan Ahmed 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIndustrial development owes its pace to the continued supply of energy; however, this development is also associated with a consequent consumption of water, climate change and environmental degradation. The increased concentration of carbon in the atmosphere and the dwindling clean water resources are posing another potent challenge to the sustained industrial development. The intermittent nature of the renewable energy resources particularly wind and solar energy make their storage difficult. Power‐to‐gas is perceived to solve this issue of storage of renewable energy through the production of synthetic natural gas. Production of economically viable hydrogen gas and carbon collection and utilization (CCU) are two energy‐intensive processes that are essential for the Sabatier reaction in the scheme of power‐to‐gas. This study proposes a novel model that employs low energy consuming microbial electrolysis cell along with carbon collectors for the production of synthetic natural gas through the Sabatier reaction. Renewable energy resources are proposed to power the MEC as well as the carbon collectors. The model uses the wastewater stream as input to the MEC ultimately delivering hydrogen to the Sabatier reactor. A successful model would be able to treat the wastewater, generate energy in the form of SNG, mitigate climate change and contribute to the achievement of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG 6, 7, 12, 13 & 14).
Beneficial effects of physical exercise for β‐cell maintenance in a type 1 diabetes mellitus animal model
Authors: Villaça Catharina de Barros Pimentel , de Paula Carolina Cavalcante , de Oliveira Caroline Cruz , Vilas‐Boas Eloisa Aparecida , dos Santos‐Silva Junia Carolina , de Oliveira Sérgio Ferreira , Abdulkader Fernando , Ferreira Sandra Mara , Ortis Fernanda 
Published: April 2021

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) leads to hyperglycaemia owing to pancreatic β‐cell destruction by the immune system. Physical exercise has been shown to have potentially beneficial protective roles against cytokine‐induced pancreatic β‐cell death, but its benefits are yet to be proved and should be understood better, especially in the islet environment.

What is the main finding and its importance?
Physical exercise protects against β‐cell loss in a well‐described animal model for T1D, induced by multiple low doses of streptozotocin. This seems to be related to reduced cytokine‐induced β‐cell death and increased islet cell proliferation. Contributions of islet neogenesis and/or transdifferentiation of pancreatic non‐β‐cells into β‐cells cannot be excluded.

AbstractPhysical exercise has beneficial effects on pancreatic β‐cell function and survival in a pro‐inflammatory environment. Although these effects have been linked to decreased islet inflammation and modulation of pro‐apoptotic pathways, little is known about the islet microenvironment. Our aim was to evaluate the effects of physical exercise in islet histomorphology in a mouse model of type 1 diabetes mellitus induced by multiple low doses of streptozotocin. As expected, induction of type 1 diabetes mellitus led to β‐cell loss and, consequently, decreased islet area. Interestingly, although the decrease in islet area was not prevented by physical exercise, this was not the case for the decrease in β‐cell mass. This was probably related to induction of β‐cell regeneration, because we observed increased proliferation and regeneration markers, such as Ki67 and Pcna, in islets of trained mice. These were found in the central and peripheral regions of the islets. An increase in the percentage of α‐ and δ‐cells in these conditions, combined with an increase in proliferation and Pax4 labelling in peripheral regions, suggest that β‐cell regeneration might also occur by transdifferentiation. This agrees with the presence of cells double stained for insulin and glucagon only in islets of diabetic trained mice. In addition, this group had more extra‐islet insulin‐positive cells and islets associated with ducts than diabetic mice. Physical exercise also decreased nuclear factor‐κB activation in islet cells of diabetic trained compared with diabetic untrained mice, indicating a decrease in pro‐inflammatory cytokine‐induced β‐cell death. Taken together, these findings indicate that preservation of β‐cell mass induced by physical exercise involves an increase in β‐cell replication and decrease in β‐cell death, together with islet neogenesis and islet cell transdifferentiation.
An Active Set Sequential Linearization Algorithm for Nonlinear Design Optimization
Authors: Tzannetakis N. , Papalambros P. Y. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Solution of nonlinear design optimization problems via a sequence of linear programs is regaining attention for solving certain model classes, such as in structural design and chemical process design. An active set strategy modification of an algorithm by Palacios-Gomez is presented. A special interior linear programming algorithm with active set strategy is used also for solving the subproblem and generating the working set of the outer iterations. Examples are included.
Optimal Design Using a Two-Level Monotonicity-Based Decomposition Method
Authors: Azarm S. , Li Wei-Chu 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a two-level decomposition method for optimal design is described. Using this method, an optimal design problem is decomposed into several subproblems in the first-level and a coordinating problem in the second-level. In the first-level, the subproblems are analyzed using the global monotonicity concepts, then in the second-level the analyses of the subproblems are coordinated to obtain the optimal solution. Two engineering design examples, namely a gear reducer (formulated and solved in the literature) and a flywheel (formulated and solved here), illustrate applications of the developed method.
Computer Aided Synthesis Equation Derivation for Mechanisms Design Automation
Authors: Soni A. H. , Weng Y. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
EQ-1, an algebraic equation derivation system for a variety of mechanism synthesis motion programs, is presented in the paper. This project is considered as part of the automated mechanism design procedure. The applied Artificial Intelligence techniques are introduced to the mechanism design area. The blackboard model for problem solving is adopted in the system for organizing reasoning steps and domain knowledge to construct a solution to a specified mechanism configuration. A frame-like data structure is demonstrated in the system. The domain knowledge is kept in several independent knowledge sources. Meanwhile, the path propagation method is addressed to control the knowledge application.
A Variational Formulation for the Dynamic Hygrothermoelastic Finite Element Analysis of Mechanical Systems Fabricated With Polymeric Composite Materials
Authors: Sung C. K. , Thompson B. S. , Gandi M. V. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Many classes of mechanical systems must now be designed with members possessing high stiffness-to-weight ratios and high strength-to-weight ratios in order to achieve superior performance characteristics. One of the philosophies proposed for addressing these classes of problems requires the articulating members to be fabricated with modern composite materials. While these materials enable high-strength, high-stiffness and low-mass members to be fabricated, the properties of these polymeric materials are adversely affected by elevated temperatures and also moisture absorption. The subject of this paper is the development of a methodology for predicting the dynamic hygrothermoelastic response of machine systems fabricated with these advanced materials. This methodology is based on a variational theorem which provides the basis for a finite element formulation. An illustrative example serves to demonstrate some preliminary work on predicting the response of a four-bar linkage fabricated with polymeric composite links simultaneously subjected to both mechanical and hygrothermal loadings.
Representing Component Types for Design
Authors: Ward A. C. , Seering W. P. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We are interested in programs which can support the design of a variety of machines. These will require program modules which can be combined by the designer. We provide parts of a theory for such modules, and illustrate the theory with examples from a simple test program. Finally, we sketch the application of the theory to more complex problems, and outline some issues for further research.
A Computer Aided Geometric Method for Development of Conical Convolutes
Authors: Gurunathan B. , Dhande S. G. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Convolutes are single curved, ruled surfaces formed by moving a plane tangent to two curves called the directrices. Conical convolutes are one form of convolutes. If atleast one of the two planar directrices is a super-ellipse, then the surface is called a super-conical convolute. Necessary mathematical expressions for the geometrical details as well as the development of the super-conical convolute surface are given in this paper. Also a suitable algorithm for the development of the surface is given. An illustrative case study is presented.
Electro-Rheological-Fluid-Based Articulating Robotic Systems
Authors: Gandhi M. V. , Thompson B. S. , Shakir S. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The limitations of the current generation of robotic systems has triggered a new research thrust for predicting the elastodynamic response of assemblages of articulating flexible-bodied systems. This research thrust is extended herein by proposing the fabrication of robotic systems in either monolithic or ultra-advanced composite laminated high-strength, high-stiffness materials in which are incorporated electrorheological fluids. These multi-phase fluid systems, which change their rheological behavior instantaneously when subjected to an externally applied electrical field, provide a potential for tailoring the vibrational characteristics of these hybrid materials from which the structural members of the proposed robotic systems are fabricated.
This paper is focused on developing the necessary design tools for predicting the vibrational response of flexible multibodied articulating systems fabricated with this new class of advanced materials. A variational theorem is developed herein as a basis for finite element formulations which can be employed to predict the elastodynamic response of these systems. A coherent combination of experimental and theoretical work on cantilevered beams is presented to demonstrate the viability of the proposed design methodology. In addition, computer simulation results are presented to demonstrate the potential payoffs in terms of superior performance characteristics of a new generation of robotic systems capitalizing on this innovative and revolutionary design philosophy.
Structural Kinematics of Partially-Parallel Robotic Mechanisms
Authors: Mohamed M. Gaber 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper introduces a new generation of robotic mechanisms. Such mechanisms are intermediate between the familiar serial and the fully-parallel robotic mechanisms. They usually comprise several subassemblies that are serially connected to one another. Each subassembly is basically an over constrained fully parallel kinematic chain. Such mechanisms are called “Partially-Parallel Robotic Mechanisms.” A type synthesis of planar and spatial partially-parallel robotic mechanisms is performed. Several practical designs are then introduced and studied for future robotic applications. Several performance criteria of this type of mechanisms are discussed and compared with those of serial as well as fully-parallel robotic mechanisms. Partially-parallel mechanisms are superior than serial mechanisms in rigidity, strength precision positioning and load carrying capacity. Furthermore, they are relatively less complex and have larger range of motion than fully-parallel mechanisms.
On the Workspace of Closed-Loop Manipulators With Ground-Mounted Rotary-Linear Actuators and Finite Size Platform
Authors: Weng Tzu-Chen , Sandor G. N. , Xu Yongxian , Kohli D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper deals with the workspace of a closed-loop manipulator having three rotary-linear (R-L) actuators on ground-mounted cylindric joints, plus three revolute and three spheric pairs [1]. The workspace is defined as the reachable region of the origin of the moving coordinate system embedded in the six-degree-of-freedom platform of the manipulator. The regions in the workspace where the platform can rotate in any direction, cannot rotate or can rotate in only some directions have been defined as complete rotatability workspace (CRW), nonrotatability workspace (NRW) and partial rotatability workspace (PRW). Equations of the workspace of the platform which has a) complete theoretical rotatability and b) nonrotatability (when its center is on the boundary of the workspace) are respectively derived. The reachable region of the center of the platform, where this center remains in a plane with a given platform orientation, is also studied.
Primary Workspace of Simple Six-Link Robots
Authors: Lin E. Y. , Yang D. C. H. , Cheng S. Y. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper presents an analytical study on the primary workspace of some simple six-link robots. The approach is to divide the structure of a six-link robot into two subsystems, the regional structure and the wrist. Taking advantage of the kinematic simplicity of three-link subsystems, we at the same time are able to solve the problem of reassemblage of the subsystems by using the concept of vector fields at the connection. Two types of wrist, the Euler Angle wrist and the Roll-Pitch-Yaw wrist are considered. (For Roll-Pitch-Yaw wrist, only Cartesian and articulated regional structures are included). Criteria for these robots to access points from specific directions are firstly developed. The theorems regarding accessing points from all directions are then derived. Finally clean statements on the boundaries of primary workspace are made.
Cam Motion Synthesis Using Spline Functions: Part I — Basic Theory and Elementary Applications
Authors: Tsay D. M. , Huey C. O. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The application of spline functions to the general synthesis of cam motion programs is presented. The approach provides a single, systematic, easily automated method of accommodating discrete constraints on follower displacements, velocities, and accelerations, even when the set of constraints becomes large. It also allows the designer to develop refined motion characteristics while still satisfying the discrete constraints. A series of examples is presented to illustrate application of the method and to compare it to the more traditional techniques.
Cycloid Drives With Machining Tolerances: Part I — Kinematic Analysis
Authors: Blanche J. G. , Yang D. C. H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The cycloidal speed reducer, or cycloid drive, is an epicyclic gear train in which the profile of the planet gear is an epitrochoid and the annular sun gear has rollers as its teeth. The cycloid drive has very high efficiency and small size, in comparison with a conventional gear mechanism, making it an attractive candidate for limited space applications. On the other hand, in this type of transmissions there exist two major drawbacks, namely, backlash and torque ripple Backlash, the angle through which the output shaft can rotate when the input shaft is held fixed, has a degrading effect on the output accuracy. Torque ripple, the variation in mechanical advantage as the input shaft rotates, causes vibrations and could lead to dynamic instability of the machinery. If the cycloid drive were manufactured to the ideal dimensions, there would be no backlash nor torque ripple. However, in reality, there will always be some machining tolerances. In this paper an analytical model is developed which models the cycloid drive with machining tolerances. This model is used in Part II of this investigation to determine the effect of machining tolerances on backlash and torque ripple. As a result, simple and practical equations for design synthesis of this type of drives are formulated.
Cycloid Drives With Machining Tolerances: Part II — Computer-Aided Design
Authors: Yang D. C. H. , Blanche J. G. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper a computer-aided design package is developed for analyzing cycloid drives with machining tolerance. It is found that both the backlash and the torque ripple are periodic functions of the input crank angle. The frequency is equal to the number of teeth on the ring gear times the input shaft frequency. Also, simple and practical formulas for design synthesis of these types of transmissions are developed with the consideration of tolerance, drive parameters (gear ratio, normalized tooth height and pitch diameter) and performance indices (backlash and torque ripple).
Kinematic Displacement Analysis of a Double-Cardan-Joint Driveline
Authors: Fischer I. S. , Paul R. N. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The input-output displacement relations of two Cardan joints arranged in series on a driveline has been investigated in detail, including the effects of unequal joints angles, the phase angle between the two Cardan joints and also such manufacturing tolerance errors as non-rigth angle link lengths and offset joint axes.
A combined Newton-Raphson and Davidson-Fletcher-Powell optimization algorithm using dual-number coordinate-transformation matrices was employed to perform the analysis.
An experiment was conducted to validate the results of the analysis. The apparatus consisted of a double-Cardan-joint driveline whose rotations were measured by optical shaft encoders that were sampled by a computer data-acquisition system. The equipment was arranged so that the phase angle between the joints and the offset angles between the shafts at each of the two joints could be readily varied.
The “relative phase angle”, the difference between the phase angle of the two joints and the angle between the planes defined by the input and intermediate and the intermediate and output shafts, was found to be the significant factor. If the offset angles at both Cardan joints are equal, the double-Cardan-joint driveline function as a constant-velocity coupling when the magnitude of the relative phase angle is zero. If the offset angles at the two Cardan joints are unequal, a condition prevailing in the important front-wheel-drive automobile steering column, then fluctuation in output velocity for a constant input velocity is minimized although not eliminated for zero relative phase angle.