bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of microchannel plate based detectors for &lt;25 keV x rays: Monte Carlo simulations and comparisons with experimental results
Authors: Kruschwitz Craig A. , Wu Ming , Moy Ken 
Published: April 2021

We present the results of Monte Carlo simulations of the microchannel plate (MCP) response to x rays in the 250 eV to 25 keV energy range as a function of both x-ray energy and impact angle and their comparisons with the experimental results from the X8A beamline at the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory. Incoming x rays interact with the lead glass of the microchannel plate, producing photoelectrons. Transport of the photoelectrons is neglected in this model, and it is assumed that photoelectrons deposit all their energy at the point they are created. This deposition leads to the generation of many secondary electrons, some fraction of which diffuse to the MCP pore surface where they can initiate secondary electron cascades in the pore under an external voltage bias. X-ray penetration through multiple MCP pore walls is increasingly important above 5 keV, and the effect of this penetration on MCP performance is studied. In agreement with past measurements, we find that the dependence of MCP sensitivity with angle relative to the pore bias changes from a cotangent dependence to angular independence and then proceeds to a secant dependence as the x-ray energy increases. We also find that with the increasing x-ray energy, the MCP gain sensitivity as a function of bias voltage decreases. The simulations also demonstrate that for x rays incident normal to the MCP surface, spatial resolution shows little dependence on the x-ray energy but degrades with the increasing x-ray energy as the angle of incidence relative to the surface normal increases. This agrees with experimental measurements. Simulation studies have also been completed for MCPs gated with a subnanosecond voltage pulse. We find that the optical gate profile width increases as the x-ray energy is increased above 5 keV, a consequence of increased x-ray penetration at energies &gt;5 keV. Simulations of the pulsed dynamic range show that the dynamic range varies between ∼100 and 1000 depending on x-ray energy and peak voltage.
Correlation polarimeter-interferometer in the DIII-D tokamak
Authors: Chen Jie , Brower David , Ding Weixing , Yoneda Ryota , Finkenthal Daniel 
Published: April 2021

A correlation polarimeter-interferometer system has been developed for the DIII-D tokamak to detect small amplitude magnetic and density fluctuations. Two collinear, frequency-offset (5–15 MHz), orthogonally polarized (right- and left-handed, circularly polarized) electromagnetic waves at 650 GHz probing the plasma are used to detect the Faraday effect. A third, linearly polarized, electromagnetic wave serves as the local-oscillator to provide a measure of the line-averaged density. Correlation polarimetric measurement is accomplished by correlating the Faraday effect measured along the same line of sight using two independent detectors, whereas simultaneous correlation interferometric measurement is realized by correlating the line-averaged density measured at two different intermediate frequencies. The noise floor of the correlation polarimeter-interferometer has been demonstrated to be more than one order of magnitude lower than that of a standard polarimeter-interferometer measurement. Line-averaged correlation polarimetric-interferometric measurements in DIII-D H-mode plasmas show broadband (up to 750 kHz) magnetic and density fluctuations with amplitudes as low as 0.03Gauss/kHz and 4×1013m−3/kHz, respectively.
Calibration of a versatile multi-energy soft x-ray diagnostic for WEST long pulse plasmas
Authors: Chellai O. , Delgado-Aparicio L. F. , VanMeter P. , Barbui T. , Wallace J. , Hill K. W. , Pablant N. , Stratton B. , Disch C. , Luethi B. , Pilet N. 
Published: April 2021

A compact multi-energy soft x-ray diagnostic is being installed on the W Environment in Steady-state Tokamak (WEST), which was designed and built to test ITER-like tungsten plasma facing components in a long pulse (∼1000 s) scenario. The diagnostic consists of a pinhole camera fielded with the PILATUS3 photon-counting Si-based detector (≲100 kpixel). The detector has sensitivity in the range 1.6–30 keV and enables energy discrimination, providing a higher energy resolution than conventional systems with metal foils and diodes with adequate space and time resolution (≲1 cm and 2 ms). The lower-absorption cut-off energy is set independently on each one of the ∼100 kpixels, providing a unique opportunity to measure simultaneously the plasma emissivity in multiple energy ranges and deduce a variety of plasma parameters (e.g., Te, nZ, and ΔZeff). The energy dependence of each pixel is calibrated here over the range 3–22 keV. The detector is exposed to a variety of monochromatic sources—fluorescence emission from metallic targets—and for each pixel, the lower energy threshold is scanned to calibrate the energy dependence. The data are fit to a responsivity curve (“S-curve”) that determines the mapping between the possible detector settings and the energy response for each pixel. Here, the calibration is performed for three energy ranges: low (2.3–6 keV), medium (4.5–13.5 keV), and high (5.4–21 keV). We determine the achievable energy resolutions for the low, medium, and high energy ranges as 330 eV, 640 eV, and 950 eV, respectively. The main limitation for the energy resolution is found to be the finite width of the S-curve.
Ideology selectively shapes attention to inequality
Authors: Waldfogel Hannah B. , Sheehy-Skeffington Jennifer , Hauser Oliver P. , Ho Arnold K. , Kteily Nour S. 
Published: April 2021

SignificanceInequality between groups is all around us—but who tends to notice, and when? Whereas some individuals assert rampant inequality and demand corrective interventions, others exposed to the same contexts retort that their peers see certain inequalities where none exist and selectively overlook inconvenient others. Across five studies (totalN= 8,779), we consider how individuals’ ideological beliefs shape their proclivity to naturalistically attend to—and accurately detect—inequality, depending on which groups bear inequality’s brunt. Our results suggest that social egalitarians (versus anti-egalitarians) are more naturally vigilant for and accurate at detecting inequality when it affects societally disadvantaged groups (e.g., the poor, women, racial minorities) but not when it (equivalently) affects societally advantaged groups (e.g., the rich, men, Whites).
Clidemia hirta (Koster's curse).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa , Acevedo-Rodríguez Pedro , Pasiecznik Nick 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

C. hirta is a small shrub producing vast amounts of seeds that produce a large seed bank. Although the plant can grow in relatively shaded conditions, sexual reproduction only occurs in more favourable light regimes such as tree fall gaps. Formerly, it was only considered as a pasture or crop weed but in recent decades it has become a major weed of natural forest communities. It may produce large quantities of seedlings with low mortality and is now viewed as a threat to native biodiversity in much of the tropics, but on the oceanic islands in particular.
Macrosiphum euphorbiae (potato aphid).
Authors: Whittaker Angela 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Host-alternating populations of M. euphorbiae disperse through migratory flights in the spring and autumn. The spring migration takes aphids from the over-wintering host-plant (Rosa spp.) to a wide range of secondary host-plants, including potato, tomato, lettuce and other cultivated plants. Non-host alternating populations can survive year-round on secondary hosts, especially in greenhouse and other indoor environments. Aphids can be carried on foliage in trade. There is little evidence to suggest that the geographical range of this aphid is currently expanding.
Mimosa pudica (sensitive plant).
Authors: Parker Chris 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

M. pudica is an annual or biannual sub-woody plant native to South America. It was introduced outside of its native range as an ornamental species, and is still available for sale today. This species is typically present in disturbed areas in much of the tropics where it has naturalized. It can be readily and accidentally dispersed thanks to its propagules that stick to mammals' hairs and human clothing. M. pudica can become extremely weedy in disturbed sites, often forming monotypic ground cover, and is a major weed of many tropical crops. It is classified as invasive in a wide range of countries in Asia and the Pacific and is regarded as an undesirable import in to Florida, USA and Australia (ISSG, 2017). It is also reported as invasive in Burundi, Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania and Uganda.
Murdannia nudiflora (doveweed).
Authors: Rojas-Sandoval Julissa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

M. nudiflora is classified as one of the world's worst weeds by Holm et al. (1977), infesting no less than 16 crops in 23 countries. It is a major weed species in rice and other crops (Moody, 1989), and is a moderately invasive weed species both in agricultural crops and non-agricultural areas in South and South-east Asia (Waterhouse, 1993). Its special ability to root easily at the nodes, propagating clonally through cut stems and dispersal during tillage and land preparation make this weed difficult to control. This trait coupled with its ability to adapt and survive a wide ecological window of soil types, pH, moisture availability and soil drainage makes M. nudiflora a weed to watch for potential spread into new areas in near future, and a species under the 'alert list' by the Invasive Species Specialist Group. Oliveira Pellegrini et al. (2016) recognize M. nudiflora as one of two Murdannia species invasive in the Neotropics.
Opogona sacchari (banana moth).
Authors: Maes Koen 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

O. sacchari was originally described from specimens from Mauritius. It is a tineid moth with typically Old World tropical distribution, thus populations could establish in the tropical belt and in areas with a mediterranean climate, also in glasshouses throughout the world. O. sacchari attacks a number of ornamental plants and can be transported on different plant parts. Although not listed on alert lists such as IUCN and ISSG, this species has the potential to be invasive outside its natural distribution area through the transport of ornamental plants and/or because of global warming.
Aleurocanthus woglumi (citrus blackfly).
Authors: Nguyen Ru 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Feeding by A. woglumi damages new leaf growth, reducing nitrogen levels in infested leaves. Sooty mould growing on honeydew deposits blocks light and air from the leaves, reducing photosynthesis. This can reduce fruit set by up to 80% or more (Eberling, 1954). Crop losses of limes due to A. woglumi were recorded at 25% by Watts and Alam (1973). In Mexico, citrus blackfly is regarded as a threat to citrus crops and to other crops such as mangoes, pears or coffee grown adjacent to heavily infested citrus groves. A. woglumi is a constant menace to citrus and other crops in the USA and Venezuela. It has been recorded seriously affecting citrus in India (David and Subramaniam, 1976). Le Pelley (1968) mentions it as a severe pest of coffee in the New World.
Cupressus arizonica (Arizona cypress).
Authors: Kaufman Sylvan 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

At present, in the New World, C. arizonica and its varieties are of low economic importance, but they are sometimes cut for fenceposts, fuelwood and lumber, and recently they have become popular as Christmas trees. By contrast, the Arizona cypress (C. arizonica var. arizonica) and the smooth cypress (C. arizonica var. glabra) are widespread in Europe and are used for landscaping, erosion control, windbreaks, and to a minor extent for lumber.
Phyllostachys aurea (golden bamboo).
Authors: Rickel Caryn , Rojas-Sandoval Julissa 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

This datasheet was originally prepared by INBAR. Phyllostachys is a large genus with around 50 species, concentrated in China and Japan. P. aurea is not the largest of Phyllostachys species, especially in cooler climates, but the curiously shortened basal internodes and the yellow culms make it an attractive ornamental bamboo, which also has useful culms and edible shoots. It has been widely planted and is naturalized in Java. The distinctive culm bases find use as ornamental handles for walking sticks, umbrellas, and fans. The small stature and reduced tendency to spread make it a desirable ornamental bamboo, which is very hardy and suitable for a wide range of climatic conditions. Several cultivars with variously striped culms and variegated leaves are grown.
Prosopis glandulosa (honey mesquite).
Authors: Pasiecznik Nick 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

P. glandulosa is a small to medium-sized thorny evergreen tree, native to northern Mexico (P. glandulosa is one of the most common tree species in Mexico) and the southwestern USA, mainly from California to Texas. It has also been widely introduced, but is most common as an exotic in Australia and South Africa. In Mexico, P. glandulosa wood is used for rustic construction projects, railroad ties and posts, and as firewood. P. glandulosa is an excellent soil improver; P. glandulosa foliage deposit an important layer of organic material as it fixes atmospheric nitrogen and its roots control the movement of dunes. In Mexico it is also used as forage for domestic animals, it serves as habitat for wildlife, it is used for bee forage, and its fruit is edible. The main uses of this species where exotic are for fodder, fuelwood, as a roadside, hedging, ornamental or shade tree, for dune retention, and for timber for cheap furniture. P. glandulosa is very invasive, and is seen as a weed on Mexican livestock ranges, in the USA, and where introduced.
Coarse-grained molecular simulation of the effects of carbon nanotube dispersion on the mechanics of semicrystalline polymer nanocomposites
Authors: Wu Chao , Wu Ruidong , Tam Lik-ho 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
With the incorporation of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), CNT/polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites are found to possess enhanced mechanical properties, but the reinforcing effect is reduced at large added CNT weight percentages due to CNT aggregation. Optimizing the properties of a nanocomposite requires a fundamental understanding of the effects of CNT dispersion on the nanocomposite. In this work, coarse-grained molecular models of CNT/PP nanocomposites are constructed, which consist of randomly dispersed or aggregated CNT bundles. Our simulation results reveal that with randomly dispersed CNT bundles, the nanocomposite shows properties that continuously improve with increasing CNT contents due to the effective CNT/PP interface and the reinforcing effect of CNTs. By comparison, the nanocomposite with aggregated CNT clusters exhibits a decline in yield strength at CNT contents over 3 wt%, which results from a reduced CNT load-carrying capacity due to the formation of structural voids in the interfacial region. This study achieves an in situ observation of the structural void evolution of loaded nanocomposites, provides valuable insights into the effects of CNT dispersion on the mechanics of CNT/PP nanocomposites, and paves the way for optimizing the design of nanocomposites with superior mechanical properties by designing the CNT dispersion in the structure.
Full set of relaxation constants for 174Yb level (6s6p) 3P1 in collisions with rare gases
Authors: Rubtsova N N , Khvorostov E B , Kochubei S A , Reshetov V A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
For the first time, a complete set of decay parameters, due to collisions of 174Yb atoms with noble gas atoms and with ytterbium atoms, was experimentally found for the 174Yb (6s6p) 3P1 level. The method of stimulated photon echo with special angles between the polarization vectors of light pulses forming an echo at the 174Yb (6s2) 1S0—(6s6p) 3P1 transition (type

0
↔
1

) is used. For each buffer gas of He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, and Yb, the decay rate constants of population, orientation and alignment for the collision destruction of the 3P1 level of 174Yb atoms are determined. All the decay rates demonstrated their linear increase with a buffer gas pressure, and the corresponding relaxation constants are determined. Each of the indicated relaxation constants, as well as the difference between the alignment and orientation relaxation constants, increases with the increasing buffer gas mass.
Edge deep learning for neural implants: a case study of seizure detection and prediction
Authors: Liu Xilin , Richardson Andrew G 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objective. Implanted devices providing real-time neural activity classification and control are increasingly used to treat neurological disorders, such as epilepsy and Parkinson’s disease. Classification performance is critical to identifying brain states appropriate for the therapeutic action (e.g. neural stimulation). However, advanced algorithms that have shown promise in offline studies, in particular deep learning (DL) methods, have not been deployed on resource-restrained neural implants. Here, we designed and optimized three DL models or edge deployment and evaluated their inference performance in a case study of seizure detection. Approach. A deep neural network (DNN), a convolutional neural network (CNN), and a long short-term memory (LSTM) network were designed and trained with TensorFlow to classify ictal, preictal, and interictal phases from the CHB-MIT scalp EEG database. A sliding window based weighted majority voting algorithm was developed to detect seizure events based on each DL model’s classification results. After iterative model compression and coefficient quantization, the algorithms were deployed on a general-purpose, off-the-shelf microcontroller for real-time testing. Inference sensitivity, false positive rate (FPR), execution time, memory size, and power consumption were quantified. Main results. For seizure event detection, the sensitivity and FPR for the DNN, CNN, and LSTM models were 87.36%/0.169 h−1, 96.70%/0.102 h−1, and 97.61%/0.071 h−1, respectively. Predicting seizures for early warnings was also feasible. The LSTM model achieved the best overall performance at the expense of the highest power. The DNN model achieved the shortest execution time. The CNN model showed advantages in balanced performance and power with minimum memory requirement. The implemented model compression and quantization achieved a significant saving of power and memory with an accuracy degradation of less than 0.5%. Significance. Inference with embedded DL models achieved performance comparable to many prior implementations that had no time or computational resource limitations. Generic microcontrollers can provide the required memory and computational resources, while model designs can be migrated to application-specific integrated circuits for further optimization and power saving. The results suggest that edge DL inference is a feasible option for future neural implants to improve classification performance and therapeutic outcomes.
Flexible passive LC resonator for wireless measurement during curing of thermosets
Authors: Rajawat Sapna , Hübner Martina , Kempen Ludger , Lang Walter 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Monitoring of fibre composites is an important task to spread the application of fibre composites. Cure monitoring of the polymer matrix of fibre composites during the fabrication can be realized with interdigital sensors. The measured impedance can be directly related to the curing process. However wiring the sensor may disrupt the material, therefore sensing should be done wireless. As many fibre composites are processed under high temperature and high pressure conditions no electronics can be used inside the material. Here we present the design, fabrication, and characterization of a wireless sensory system using a chipless strategy for online cure monitoring. For this purpose, different combinations of sensors and readers are designed, consisting of a planar inductor-capacitor (LC) resonator, where capacitance is an interdigital capacitor, and an inductor as antenna operating wirelessly through inductive coupling. The designs are realized onto flexible polyimide substrate using microfabrication technology. To characterize the coupling effect, the response of the reader antenna has been carried out when sensor is placed in its vicinity. Furthermore, the curing process of adhesive is demonstrated and results are discussed. It is shown that the curing process of a thermoset polymer can be monitored by a flexible chipless LC resonator wirelessly.
Graph-Analytical Method for Determining the Untreated and Treated with the Herbicide Area around the Stem with Over-lapping When the Working Body is Made in the Form of a Probe
Authors: Tsybulevskiy V V , Tarasenko B F , Oskin S V 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In order to solve the problem of uniform surface treatment of bored areas of perennial plantations (treatment with herbicides) the graph-analytical method of examination of treatment quality (determination of untreated and treated area around the overlapped die) is proposed. To do this, you need to specify the diameter of the stamp of perennial planting, the overall size of the deflector in the form of a stylus, its position in the space relative to the diameter of the stamp of perennial planting, the size of the overlap zone when treating with herbicides in the gardens, the distance between the dies and the operating speed of the unit to determine the geometric and operating parameters of the sprayer. The whole stage of the working device (probe), when it is working in the nozzle zone is divided into 4 stages. Analysis of the graphical image of the stylus trajectory during movement around the stamp gives an idea of the surface treatment process with herbicides during spraying. In the first stage, part of the borehole zone is treated with overlap, while in the third stage, the untreated area around the die is left untreated. The dependencies of determining these areas depending on the geometric dimensions of the dies, their location in the gardens, the length and angle of the stylus and the operating speed of the unit are derived. According to the different trajectories of movement, in the process of influence of a stylus on a stamp there is a change of direction of an air-droplet stream, as a result of which the flow of a working liquid and accordingly the processed area changes. It is possible to determine the deviation of the actual rate of fluid flow from the specified rate at different points in the borehole area by calculating the areas treated with overlap and untreated. All obtained dependencies will serve for optimization of geometrical and mode parameters of the working device (feeler gauge) during its operation in the borehole zone.
Study of the Shape of a Microwave Chamber for Heating a Dielectric Object
Authors: Kisel N N , Vaganova A A , Vaganov I A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Currently, microwave energy is actively used in various industrial spheres for heating dielectric materials. In order to ensure uniform heating, it is necessary to obtain a uniform distribution of absorbed power in the volume of a dielectric. In this paper, we consider two models of a microwave chamber for heating a dielectric object – a rectangular chamber and a cylindrical chamber. Computer simulation was performed in the FEKO software for several cases: using two and four radiation sources and using two different dielectrics, with parameters corresponding to water and wheat. The results show that a cylindrical chamber provides a more uniform distribution of absorbed power in the inner volume, and therefore, allows to obtain a more uniform heating of the dielectric object inside it, than a rectangular chamber. One possible variant of implementation of a chamber for microwave heating of a dielectric object may be a rotating cylindrical chamber. Its application will allow obtaining uniform heating with a smaller number of emitters due to the choice of the optimal cylinder rotation speed.