bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emulsion‐Guided Controllable Construction of Anisotropic Particles: Droplet Size Determines Particle Structure
Authors: Li Chen , Peng Haijun , Cai Jiandong , Li Le , Zhang Jian , Mai Yiyong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAnisotropic particles have attracted significant attention due to their alluring features that distinguish them from isotropic particles. One of the most appealing strategies for the synthesis of anisotropic particles is the emulsion‐guided method. However, morphological control and the understanding of formation mechanisms have remained a major challenge. Based on a novel mechanism, here, a facile one‐pot emulsion‐templating method for the tunable construction of anisotropic polymeric particles (APPs) with different defined structures is reported. Three types of monocomponent APPs with new morphologies and sizes in the range of 240–650 nm, including Janus mushroom‐like mesoporous poly(m‐phenylenediamine) (PmPD) particles, wheel‐shaped particles, and acorn‐like PmPD particles, are obtained by controlling the average size of the oil droplets in the emulsion. Furthermore, the APPs demonstrate the ability for conversion to nitrogen‐doped anisotropic carbon particles (ACPs) by pyrolysis at 800 °C under a N2 atmosphere, thereby inheriting their structures. These novel ACPs show appreciable potential as metal‐free electrocatalysts for use in oxygen reduction reactions. Compared to their isotropic counterpart, these ACPs exhibit remarkable advantages such as enhanced specific surface area and pore volume, reduced stacking density, and easy fabrication of continuous and uniform membrane electrodes.
Direct Observation of Photoexcited Electron Dynamics in Organic Solids Exhibiting Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence via Time‐Resolved Photoelectron Emission Microscopy
Authors: Fukami Yusuke , Iwasawa Masato , Sasaki Masahiro , Hosokai Takuya , Nakanotani Hajime , Adachi Chihaya , Fukumoto Keiki , Yamada Yoichi 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSolid‐state films exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) can offer high internal electroluminescence (EL) quantum efficiency, even in a simplified device structure. However, the exciton dynamics in solid‐state TADF films, particularly for the unexpected exciton loss processes such as concentration quenching, have not yet been clarified. The dynamics of photoexcited electrons in the TADF process of a 2,4,5,6‐Tetra (9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl) isophthalonitrile (4CzIPN) solid film are observed via time‐resolved photoelectron emission microscopy (TR‐PEEM) and the results are compared with the conventional time‐resolved photoluminescence (TR‐PL) technique. The initial decay process of the photoexcited electrons probed via TR‐PEEM is thoroughly traced in the TR‐PL signal, while unusual long‐lived electrons are detected only through the use of TR‐PEEM. These results indicate that the excitons of 4CzIPN spontaneously dissociate into free carriers within the exciton lifetime, which seems to be a common process that contributes to the exciton loss in polar organic solids.
A chemical engineer's take of COVID‐19 epidemiology
Authors: Nikita Saxena , Raman Ruchir , Rathore Anurag S. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSARS‐CoV‐2, a novel coronavirus spreading worldwide, was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization 3 months after the outbreak. Termed as COVID‐19, airborne or surface transmission occurs as droplets/aerosols and seems to be reduced by social distancing and wearing mask. Demographic and geo‐temporal factors like population density, temperature, healthcare system efficiency index and lockdown stringency index also influence the COVID‐19 epidemiological curve. In the present study, an attempt is made to relate these factors with curve characteristics (mean and variance) using the classical residence time distribution analysis. An analogy is drawn between the continuous stirred tank reactor and infection in a given country. The 435 days dataset for 15 countries, where the first wave of epidemic is almost ending, have been considered in this study. Using method of moments technique, dispersion coefficient has been calculated. Regression analysis has been conducted to relate parameters with the curve characteristics.
The introduction of clinical genetic testing in Ethiopia: Experiences and lessons learned
Authors: Quinonez Shane C. , Terefework Zewdu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractLimited data are available on genetic testing laboratories in low‐ and middle‐income countries including those in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). To characterize the need for genetic testing in SSA we describe the experience of MRC‐ET Advanced Laboratory, a genetic testing laboratory in Ethiopia. Test results were analyzed based on indication(s) for testing, referral category, and diagnostic yield. A total of 1311 tests were run using the full MRC‐Holland catalogue of Multiplex‐Ligation Probe Amplification assays. Of all samples, 77% were postnatal samples, 15% products of conception (POC), and 8% amniotic samples. Of postnatal samples, the most common testing categories were multiple congenital anomalies (32%), disorders of sex development (17%), and Obstetrics/Gynecology (16%). Forty‐three percent of postnatal samples were diagnostic, 11% were variants of uncertain significance (VUS), and 46% were normal with Trisomy 21 the most common diagnosis. Of POC samples, 10% were diagnostic, 34% revealed VUSs, and 55% were normal with Trisomy 18 the most common diagnosis. Of amniotic samples 17.5% were diagnostic, 3% revealed VUSs, and 79% were normal with Trisomy 18 the most common diagnosis. There is increasing demand for genetic testing in Ethiopia. Diagnostic genetic testing in SSA deserves increased attention as testing platforms become more affordable.
Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM®): Victor McKusick's magnum opus
Authors: Hamosh Ada , Amberger Joanna S. , Bocchini Carol , Scott Alan F. , Rasmussen Sonja A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractVictor McKusick's many contributions to medicine are legendary, but his magnum opus is Mendelian Inheritance in Man (MIM), his catalog of Mendelian phenotypes and their associated genes. The catalog, originally published in 1966 in book form, became available on the internet as Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man (OMIM®) in 1987. The first of 12 editions of MIM included 1486 entries; this number has increased to over 25,000 entries in OMIM as of April 2021, which demonstrates the growth of knowledge about Mendelian phenotypes and their genes through the years. OMIM now has over 20,000 unique users a day, including users from every country in the world. Many of the early decisions made by McKusick, such as to maintain MIM data in a computer‐readable format, to separate phenotype entries from those for genes, and to give phenotypes and genes MIM numbers, have proved essential to the long‐term utility and flexibility of his catalog. Based on his extensive knowledge of genetics and vision of its future in the field of medicine, he developed a framework for the capture and summary of information from the published literature on phenotypes and their associated genes; this catalog continues to serve as an indispensable resource to the genetics community.
Binding studies of ferrocene‐steroid conjugates with human serum albumin as potential drug carrier using fluorescence spectroscopy and in silico docking approach
Authors: Narváez‐Pita Xiomara , Meléndez Enrique 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe interactions of 16‐ferrocenylidene‐3α‐hydroxy androstan‐17‐one (1), 16‐ferrocenylidene‐3β‐hydroxy androstan‐17‐one (2), 21‐ferrocenylidene‐3β‐hydroxy pregn‐5‐en‐20‐one (3), and 16‐ferrocenylidene‐3β‐hydroxydehydro androstan‐17‐one (4) with human serum albumin (HSA) have been studied by fluorescence quenching spectroscopy and in silico docking calculations. The experimental results showed that the intrinsic fluorescence of HSA is quenched upon addition of the ferrocene‐steroid conjugates and the quenching mechanism is static. Thermodynamic parameters demonstrated that the protein‐ferrocene interactions are spontaneous, highly entropic, and hydrophobic. Protein‐ligand docking studies were performed using AutoDock Vina Program. Docking studies corroborated the experimental data, and the binding interactions are hydrophobic. All ferrocene‐steroid conjugates get engaged in hydrophobic interactions with LEU387, TYR411, LEU430, and ARG485 amino acid residues.
Thermodynamic equilibrium analysis of oxy‐dry reforming of biogas with CO2 sequestration using Aspen HYSYS
Authors: Rosha Pali , Kumar Sandeep , Ibrahim Hussameldin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHydrocarbon reforming route has gained immense attention for producing energy‐effective renewable fuels and/or chemicals in the recent era. In this simulation study, O2 addition and CH4 recycling's effect on the dry oxidative reforming reactor's performance was investigated. Aspen HYSYS simulation software was used to assess a biogas‐to‐syngas conversion process's feasibility by integrating with the CH4 recycling loop and CO2 sequestration in a dry oxidative reforming process. Simulation runs were performed by varying the O2/CH4 ratio content from 0 to 0.20 and temperature (450 to 700°C). Results illustrated that CH4 conversion improved by re‐injecting of unreacted CH4, followed by CO2 sequestration to a great extent. In dry oxidative reforming, at stoichiometry O2/CH4 ratio of 0.17, CH4 conversion (21.7%), and CO2 conversion (3.3%) were obtained at 500°C, with 1.2 H2/CO ratio. Further, 0.308 kg mole/h of H2 could be produced with biogas (1.0 kg mole/h) at optimal parameters 500°C (temperature) and 0.17 (O2/CH4 ratio) by using recycling loop in one cycle. Thus, dry oxidative reforming coupled with the CH4 recycling unit provides a better option for syngas/H2 production and remarkably addresses high energy demand in the dry reforming process.
Deformation‐induced bonding of polymer films below the glass transition temperature
Authors: Padhye Nikhil , Vallabh Ajay 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBonding between polymers through interdiffusion of macromolecules is a well‐known mechanism of polymer adhesion. A new polymer bonding mechanism in the solid state, taking place at ambient temperatures well below the glass transition value (Tg), has been recently reported; in this mechanism, bulk plastic compression of polymer films held in contact led to adhesion over timescales of the order of a fraction of a second. In this study, we prepared various blends of plasticized polymer films with desirable ductility from amorphous and semicrystalline powders of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and polyvinyl alcohol derivatives; then, we observed the bonding of these polymers at ambient temperatures, up to 80 K below Tg, purely through mechanical deformation. The deformation‐induced bonding of the polymer films studied in this work led to interfacial fracture toughnesses in the range of 1.0–21.0 J/m2 when bulk plastic strains between 3% and 30% were imposed across the films. Scanning electron microscopy observation of the debonded interfaces also confirmed that bonding was caused by deformation‐induced macromolecular mobilization and interpenetration. These results expand the range of applicability of sub‐Tg, solid‐state, deformation‐induced bonding processes.
Geospatial genetics: Integrating genetics into marine protection and spatial planning
Authors: Kershaw Francine , McClintock Will , Andrews Kimberly R. , Riet‐Sapriza Federico G. , Caballero Susana , Tetley Michael J. , Notarbartolo di Sciara Giuseppe , Hoyt Erich , Goldberg Grace , Chou Emily , Kane‐Ritsch Kelsey , Rosenbaum Howard C. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe protection of evolutionary processes and maintenance of genetic diversity is necessary for the persistence of biodiversity and ecosystem resilience. The importance of genetic diversity has been reflected in a range of marine policy mechanisms, and the genetic ‘toolbox’ has great potential to support marine protection and marine spatial planning (MSP) at multiple scales. Despite scientific advances in the application of genetics in marine protection and management, systematic integration of genetic information has been generally lacking, primarily due to a knowledge and communication disconnect between geneticists and the marine policy and management community.To meet these outstanding needs, a ‘geospatial genetics’ approach to spatially map species‐specific genetic data and associated information in a way that can be readily integrated by practitioners into marine protection and MSP decisions was developed. Techniques to derive geospatial genetic data layers, which can be viewed and mapped alongside other kinds of spatial data commonly used by conservation practitioners, hold promise for increasing the accessibility of genetic data to support policy decisions more fully.While applicable to many mobile and sessile taxa, an initial focus was placed on marine mammals, and the approach was developed and refined through a series of international meetings and published papers, as well as the development of interactive, expert‐reviewed case studies hosted on the MSP tool SeaSketch.Outcomes of the work to date are currently serving in the policy arena by informing the identification of Important Marine Mammal Areas, an initiative led by the IUCN Marine Mammal Protected Areas Task Force to apply criteria to identify marine mammal habitats across the world's ocean, seas and relevant inland waters through a standardized process.It has become clear that geospatial genetics has great potential to foster increased collaboration among an intersectional community of geneticists, spatial ecologists, and practitioners. This increased opportunity for dialogue and cooperation will help ensure that evolutionary processes are factored into marine protection and MSP processes, and potentially for freshwater and terrestrial systems.
Recovery, conservation status, and environmental effects on arapaima populations in Guyana
Authors: Watson L. Cynthia , Stewart Donald J. , Clifford Kean , Castello Leandro , Jafferally Deirdre , James Samantha , Norman Zacharias , Watkins Graham G. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Using population estimates that were made regularly between 2001 and 2013, the state of recovery of arapaima populations and their IUCN conservation status were assessed after they were almost extirpated from the upper Essequibo basin, Guyana. Recovery rates were compared across multiple areas with different degrees of access by fishers to evaluate effectiveness of conservation efforts.
Population estimates were also used to investigate the influence of environmental factors on arapaima abundance in lakes with different morphometries, vegetation, and water types and to determine the relationship between the numbers of spawning individuals and subsequent recruits (at about age 2 years).
The most recent census conducted in November–December of 2013 indicated a 5.6‐fold increase in overall abundance compared with 2001, with 4,591 individuals, of which 1,932 were juveniles (1.0–1.5 m total length) and 2,659 adults.
Assessment of conservation status following IUCN criteria indicated that arapaima populations in the upper Essequibo basin in 2001 would have been considered borderline Critically Endangered, but in 2013 after conservation interventions, status would be categorized as Near Threatened.
Arapaima in the Essequibo basin appear to favour larger but shallow lakes with low conductivity, clear water, and abundant aquatic macrophytes. Stock–recruitment relationships suggest that the entire upper Essequibo basin population may still be growing and that there is approximately a 1:1 juvenile to adult ratio. This ratio of juveniles to adults across all areas suggests a paucity of young fishes to sustain overall population growth, which might reflect widespread illegal removals of young fishes in the basin.
Comparisons of arapaima densities in the upper Essequibo basin with those at four localities across the Amazon Basin, suggest that with enhanced conservation efforts in the Essequibo, populations could potentially increase two‐fold or more.
Erweitertes Torsionstragmodell extern vorgespannter Kreisringsegmente mit trockenen Fugen: Interaktionsmodell zur Bestimmung der Torsionstragfähigkeit unter Querkraft und Biegung
Authors: Hartwig Steffen , Middendorf Julia 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDie intensive Nutzung der Verbindungstechnik der Trockenfugen im Bereich der Türme von Windenergieanlagen und des Fertigteilbrückenbaus macht es notwendig, die Berechnungsmodelle dieser Verbindungen zu verbessern. Dieser Artikel beschreibt die Entwicklung eines Interaktionsmodells zur Bestimmung der Torsionstragfähigkeit unter Querkraft‐ und Biegebeanspruchungen an Kreisringsegmenten. Das Modell berücksichtigt nicht nur die Interaktion mit allen Beanspruchungszuständen, sondern auch die Wechselwirkung in den klaffenden Fugen durch die Biegebeanspruchung. Bisherige Modelle beschreiben die Tragfähigkeit der Kreisringsegmentfugen ungenügend oder lediglich ohne die Interaktion mit der Querkraft oder dem Biegemoment. Abschließend erfolgt ein Vergleich der Ergebnisse der entwickelten Modellberechnungen mit numerischen Simulationen, der eine gute Übereinstimmung zeigte.
Impact of freeze–thaw processes on monoclonal antibody platform process development
Authors: Weber Dennis , Sittig Christian , Hubbuch Jürgen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractFreezing of cell culture supernatant (CCS) is a standard procedure in process development of monoclonal antibody (mAb) platform processes as up‐ and downstream development are usually separated. In the manufacturing process of mAb, however, freezing is avoided, which poses the question of comparability and transferability from process development to manufacturing. In this case study, mAb CCS from Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells is frozen and thawed in a novel active freezing device and subsequently captured by protein A chromatography. Critical quality attributes such as host cell protein (HCP) concentration and soluble mAb dimer shares have been monitored throughout the case study. Furthermore, cryo‐concentration of individual proteins was investigated. The main factors that drive cryo‐concentration are diffusion and natural convection. Natural convection in freezing processes was found to increase at warmer freezing temperatures and thus slower freezing, leading to higher concentration gradients from top to bottom of a freezing chamber. The freeze concentration was dependent on protein size and correlated to diffusivity, where smaller proteins are exposed to higher cryo‐concentration. Our results suggest that as a result of freezing processes, large particles based on mAb and specific host cell proteins (HCPs) expressing a certain affinity to mAbs are formed that have to be removed before purification. This leads to a significant improvement in HCP reduction by the protein A step, when compared with reference samples, where twice as much HCP remained in the eluate. Furthermore, HCP and mAb dimer concentrations in protein A eluate were dependent on the freezing temperature. As a conclusion, CCS should be frozen as rapidly as possible during process development to minimize issues of transferability from process development to manufacturing.
Responses of tobacco thrips and peanut to imidacloprid and fluopyram
Authors: Brandenburg Rick , Royals Brian , Taylor Sally , Malone Sean , Jordan David , Hare Andrew 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTobacco thrips (Frankliniella fusca Hinds) can reduce peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield if not controlled in many instances in North Carolina and Virginia. Systemic insecticides are often applied in the seed furrow at planting to suppress tobacco thrips and protect peanut yield. Foliar sprays of acephate [N‐(methoxy[methylsulfanyl]phosphoryl)acetamide] are often made regardless of the insecticide applied at planting. Imidacloprid [(NE)‐N‐[1‐([6‐chloropyridin‐3‐yl]methyl)imidazolidin‐2‐ylidene)nitramide] plus fluopyram [N‐(2‐[3‐chloro‐5‐(trifluoromethyl)pyridin‐2‐yl]ethyl)‐2‐(trifluoromethyl)benzamide])] is registered for use in peanut but information in the peer‐reviewed literature is limited regarding its effectiveness in suppressing tobacco thrips and whether or not a foliar application of acephate is needed when this product is used. Peanut injury caused by tobacco thrips was lower when phorate [diethoxy‐(ethylsulfanylmethylsulfanyl)‐sulfanylidene‐λ5‐phosphane] or imidacloprid were applied alone compared with imidacloprid plus fluopyram in 16 trials conducted in North Carolina and Virginia from 2014 to 2020. However, all insecticides applied at planting protected peanut from injury caused by tobacco thrips well enough to prevent yield loss compared with nontreated peanut. Although acephate decreased visible injury caused by tobacco thrips, yield was not affected by acephate regardless of the systemic insecticide applied at planting. The results from these trials indicate that imidacloprid plus fluopyram offers adequate suppression of tobacco thrips to protect yield. Although acephate suppressed tobacco thrips, yield was not affected by acephate.
Optimization of operation conditions for improved cytochrome P450BM3 enzymatic reaction yield
Authors: Vincent Thierry , Gaillet Bruno , Garnier Alain 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe P450 cytochrome monooxygenase CYP102A1 from Bacillus megaterium, better known as P450BM3, is a heme‐thiolate enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of numerous substrates. Many of the resulting products are of commercial interest to the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries. Unlike most other P450 cytochromes, P450BM3 is both soluble and fused to its natural redox partner, which supplies the necessary electrons from NADPH to drive its reaction forward. However, the industrial use of this enzyme is limited by its poor stability and its expensive cofactor. In this work, we explore the effects of buffer formulation and temperature on the stability of wildtype and P450BM3 mutant R966D/W1046S as well as on the stability of nicotinamide cofactors NADPH, NADH, and the biomimetic cofactor N‐benzyl‐1,4‐dihydronicotinamide. We demonstrate that cofactor stability is more important to increase product yield than that of the enzyme. We also demonstrate that low temperatures enhance oxido‐reduction reactions coupling, thus resulting in an increase in the molar ratio of p‐nitrophenolate produced from 10‐pNCA per oxidized cofactor. Overall, the optimized reaction conditions lead to a 2 to 2.6‐fold increase in total product output when wildtype P450BM3 or R966D/W1046S mutant is used with either of these three aforementioned cofactors.