bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Conceptualization of Immigration in Jhumpa Lahiri’s The Namesake
Authors: Yousif Jahida Nuradin , Al-Jumaili Yasir Allawi 
Published: April 2021

This paper attempts to analyse the metaphorical representation of immigration in Jhumpa Lahiri’s novel The Namesake (2003). It aims to explore the way in which the process of immigration is conceptualized in terms of experiences from other domains. Lahiri as the second generation of immigrants is brought up in the family that experienced the process of immigration. However, the notion of immigration among Lahiri’s critics is explored, but a few number of researches approached its metaphorical language, whereas the current paper investigates immigration in terms of the stylistic investigation of immigration metaphors in the light of cognitive approach. This study also examines the mapping process, which is used to conceptualize immigration in the novel. It applies insights from Conceptual Metaphor Theory by George Lakoff and Mark Johnson to the linguistic expression that underlie conceptual metaphors that are selected from the novel. In addition, it identifies all the source domains that are used in the selected expressions to represent the target domain of immigration, through the mapping process. The immigration process in Lahiri’s The Namesake is compared to ‘ sort of lifelong pregnancy’, ‘perpetual wait’, ‘ constant burden’, ‘free’, and ‘ packing a pillow and a blanket’. The selection of the conceptual metaphor theory provides a deeper understanding of the way the process of immigration is represented.
Ethnolinguistic Vitality of the Subanen Tribe in Barangay Sebasi, Clarin
Authors: Pantao Alyanah 
Published: April 2021

The Philippines is the home of 120-187 dialects by different indigenous groups of people. One of them is the Subanen language which is spoken in various areas of northern, western and southern portions of the Zamboanga peninsula. Many Subanen shows linguistic inadequacy in their own mother tongue-the Subanen language. This study aimed to identify the language vitality of the Subanen in Sebasi, Clarin. Specifically, this study seeks to determine the variables of ethnolinguistic vitality which are respondents’ status, demography, and institutional support and to identify their skills in understanding, speaking, reading and writing in Subanen language. Through researcher-made instruments, the study conducted an actual test and an assessment of the ethnolinguistic vitality of the Subanen respondents. An observation checklist was used in assessing the respondents’ linguistic competence of the Subanen language which catered to four language skills-comprehension, speaking, reading and writing. This was followed by series of interviews to determine the variables for ethnolinguistic vitality including status, demography, and institutional support. Using weighted mean and standard deviation, the researchers was able to determine the respondents’ performance in all linguistic skills tested. Results revealed a weak vitality of the Subanen language in the city. The study revealed that intrinsic and extrinsic factors such as language contact, parental apathy, mixed marriages, and tribal discrimination are contributory factors affecting the language vitality. Further, the interviews revealed the major factors negatively affecting the vitality of the Subanen language in the tribal community in Barangay Sebasi. These factors include (1) language contact, specifically between the Subanen language and the Bisayan dialect, (2) mixed marriages between a Subanen and a “Bisaya," (3) apathy of Subanen parents to teach the language to their children, and (4) discrimination against the Subanen tribe. It is recommended that contemporary Subanen should take more decisive steps in revitalizing their first language for cultural preservation and tribal identity.
Non-Equivalence at the Grammatical Categories in the Kĩkamba Bible Translation
Authors: Musyoka Eunice Nthenya , Odhiambo Kenneth 
Published: April 2021

This paper explores the challenges of non-equivalence at the grammatical categories in the Kĩkamba Bible translation. Translation involves rendering a source text message into the target text by using the register, background knowledge, and other language resources to meet the intended purpose. The process is hampered by non-equivalence, which occurs when a lexical item or an expression in the source language lacks an equivalent item to translate it into the target language. A descriptive research design was used to obtain information from a sampled population. The Bible is divided into two sections; the Old and the New Testament. It is further categorized into seven groups. Purposive sampling was used to select one book from each category and one chapter from each book to form the sample for the study. Data was collected through careful study of the English Revised Standard Version Bible to identify non-equivalences at the grammatical category level and the Kĩkamba Bible to analyse how it is handled, guided by Equivalence theory proposed by Nida and the Relevance theory (Sperber and Wilson). The study established four categories of non-equivalences at the grammatical category level; gender, number, person and case. According to the research non-equivalence at the grammatical level such as the third person singular and plural, the second person and pronouns in both subjective and objective case pose a challenge when the target language lacks a distinctive expression that is present in the source text, but appropriate strategies such as unit change, explicitation and specification meet the goal of translation. The study recommends that the translator needs to interpret what the categories represent in the context as a whole before translating the separate verses. It is hoped that the research will be a contribution to applied linguistics in the area of translation, specifically on non-equivalence.
Sentential Negation in English and Izon Languages
Authors: Maledo Richard Oliseyenum , Igbomene Simeon 
Published: April 2021

This paper is a contrastive study of Sentential Negation in English and Izon languages. Contact language situations have given rise not only to the influences of one language over the other but also to the differences between the structures of the two languages in contact and the likely learning difficulties which an L1 learner of a second language may likely encounter in learning the structure of the L2. Thus, the data for this study were sourced from competent native speakers of the Ogbe-Ijo dialect of the Izon language and a contrastive approach was adopted using the Chomskyan’s Government and Binding theory as a theoretical framework with a view to identifying the structural variations, hierarchy of difficulties and the likely learning problems an Izon learner of English as a second language may encounter at the level of Negation. It discovers that there were obvious parametric variations between the English and Izon languages at the levels of do insertion and the negative particle not among others. It then recommends that conscious efforts should be made by teachers and Izon learners / speakers of English as a second language at the level of realisation of negation in English as a second language.
The Jumbled Languages: Code Mixing in the Modern World
Authors: Masorong Sharifa Khalid 
Published: April 2021

Globalization has changed the original meaning of language and culture. These two terms have transcended as the world gets crazy over new inventions and gadgets. Although historically speaking, technology has been used years earlier, the society has not noticed it until in the recent years when technology has an obvious impact to the society. Communication in the modern world has become so innovative that many use media to express and reveal their cultural identity as well. One of the aims of this study was to investigate how Meranaws use the social media as a way of expressing themselves using two or more languages. This was identified through the idea of code switching and code mixing. This research tried to unlock how Meranaws use their native language and English as communication through Facebook and Twitter accounts. The findings showed that Meranawas use Facebook statuses and tweets as a means to express what they feel and not necessarily wanting answers in return or in the categorization refers to as virtual monologue. It means that when they want to express themselves to emphasize a point, Meranaw users see status bars as an open diary wherein they rant what they have in mind and generally focuses on realizations, complains, hypothetical questions or opinions certain issues. Most Meranaw users also use the CMCs to feel that they belong to a group. They express in Meranaw to be sure that their fellow Meranawget the point of their messages. It is either to elicit sympathy or to get approval from people of the same group or in this case, culture. The results also show that code mixing help users to appreciate the culture more for it allows them to express what they feel better. Although they might have limited audience when they use their mother tongue in statuses and tweets, at least they still have avenue for them to use their language.
Neuro-imaging findings in children with developmental delay and cerebral palsy: experience from a tertiary medical center of Bangladesh
Authors: Nabi Naheed , Shefa Jannatara , Akhter Shaheen 
Published: April 2021

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common developmental disability in children. Neuro-imaging in CP is widely used investigation. Imaging study can visualize the anatomical location of lesion in brain. The aim of this study was to find out the extent of non-progressive damage in brain among children with CP.
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study. Data were collected from the out-patient department of Institute of Pediatric Neurodisorders & Autism (IPNA), Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU) from December, 2019 to March, 2020.
Results: Total 88 cases (age up to 14 years) were reviewed. There was male predominance and male to female ratio was 2:1. Computed tomography (CT) scan was done in majority of patients (71 cases) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in 17 cases. Major abnormalities were atrophy in 34.1% cases, ventricular dilatation in 14.8% cases, encephalomalacia in 19.3% cases and basal ganglia lesion in 11.4% cases. Overall in CT scan group, 95.77% cases were abnormal and in MRI group, 88.23% were abnormal.
Conclusion: Atrophy of the brain was the most common finding in neuro-imaging of patients with CP and developmental disabilities. Neuro-imaging is very useful and recommended for the children with developmental delay and CP cases. It may help to classify the CP and may give a clue for further investigations such as metabolic screening and genetic testing.
Birdem Med J 2021; 11(2): 112-115
DiGeorge syndrome presenting with seizure in neonatal period: a case report
Authors: Begum Noorjahan , Mohsin Fauzia , Sufian Abu , Islam Nasreen , Nahar Jebun , Mollah Mohammad Abid Hossain 
Published: April 2021

DiGeorge syndrome is caused by a micro-deletion of chromosome 22q11.2 that disrupts development of the third and fourth pharyngeal pouches during early embryogenesis. Other structures forming at the same period are also frequently affected. So, the phenotypic spectrum shows a wide variability. In this case report, we describe a 1-month and 24-day old male child who presented with history of recurrent afebrile seizure and noisy breathing since early neonatal period. He had history of repeated chest infections. On examination, patient had stridor, facial dysmorphism, pectus excavatum and clinical features of pneumonia. Investigations revealed hypocalcaemia, hypoparathyroidism, consolidation on X-ray chest and cellular immunodeficiency. Echocardiography findings were normal. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) was performed which confirmed the diagnosis 22q11.2 deletion.
Birdem Med J 2021; 11(2): 128-132
BIMBINGAN DAN PELATIHAN TENTANG PENGEMBANGAN KEPRIBADIAN DAN ETIKA PADA ANGGOTA PKK RW 01 KELURAHAN JATIMULYO KECAMATAN LOWOKWARU KOTA MALANG
Authors: Mahmudatul Himmah  , Diana Eka Poernamawati  , Lilies Nur Ainie  , Eko Boedhi Santoso  
Published: April 2021

Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk memberikan bimbingan dan pelatihan tentang pentingnya pengembangan kepribadian kepada masyarakat khususnya kaum wanita yang terorganisasi dalam kegiatan sosial kemasyarakatan khususnya kelompok PKK. Sesuai dengan tujuan dari organisasi ini adalah untuk memberikan pendidikan kesejahteraan keluarga dan masyarakat secara intensif agar para ibu-ibu sebagai pendidik paling pertama di keluarga dan anak- anaknya dirumah serta lingkungan masyarakat pada umumnya
Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah ceramah dan tanya jawab, yaitu penyampaian materi tentang karakter kepribadian dan cara mengembangkannya. Selain ceramah juga dilakukan diskusi dan Tanya Jawab untuk memberikan kesempatan kepada peserta dalam memahami lebih lanjut tentang materi yang disampaikan.Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah bahwa para peserta memperoleh wawasan dan pemahaman (kognisi) tentang pentingnya etika dan cara mengembangkan diri khususnya dalam menghadapi perkembangan kehidupan di era globa ini, sehingga dapat menerapkan kepribadian yang efektif dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dan mudah beradaptasi dengan perkembangan teknologi.
Bimbingan Teknis Renovasi Pembangunan Musholla Nurul Hidayah Dan Tpq Az-Zahiroh Dusun Dermo Desa Mulyoagung Kecamatan Dau Kabupaten Malang
Authors: Qomariah  , Rinto Sasongko  , Sugiarti  , Sugeng Riyanto  , Sunarto Suryanto  
Published: April 2021

Kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk memberikan bimbingan dan pelatihan tentang pentingnya pengembangan kepribadian kepada masyarakat khususnya kaum wanita yang terorganisasi dalam kegiatan sosial kemasyarakatan khususnya kelompok PKK. Sesuai dengan tujuan dari organisasi ini adalah untuk memberikan pendidikan kesejahteraan keluarga dan masyarakat secara intensif agar para ibu-ibu sebagai pendidik paling pertama di keluarga dan anak- anaknya dirumah serta lingkungan masyarakat pada umumnya
Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan pengabdian ini adalah ceramah dan tanya jawab, yaitu penyampaian materi tentang karakter kepribadian dan cara mengembangkannya. Selain ceramah juga dilakukan diskusi dan Tanya Jawab untuk memberikan kesempatan kepada peserta dalam memahami lebih lanjut tentang materi yang disampaikan.Hasil dari kegiatan ini adalah bahwa para peserta memperoleh wawasan dan pemahaman (kognisi) tentang pentingnya etika dan cara mengembangkan diri khususnya dalam menghadapi perkembangan kehidupan di era globa ini, sehingga dapat menerapkan kepribadian yang efektif dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dan mudah beradaptasi dengan perkembangan teknologi.
Myofibroblast-Derived Exosome Induce Cardiac Endothelial Cell Dysfunction
Authors: Ranjan Prabhat , Kumari Rajesh , Goswami Sumanta Kumar , Li Jing , Pal Harish , Suleiman Zainab , Cheng Zhongjian , Krishnamurthy Prasanna , Kishore Raj , Verma Suresh Kumar 
Published: April 2021

Background: Endothelial cells (ECs) play a critical role in the maintenance of vascular homeostasis and in heart function. It was shown that activated fibroblast-derived exosomes impair cardiomyocyte function in hypertrophic heart, but their effect on ECs is not yet clear. Thus, we hypothesized that activated cardiac fibroblast-derived exosomes (FB-Exo) mediate EC dysfunction, and therefore modulation of FB-exosomal contents may improve endothelial function.Methods and Results: Exosomes were isolated from cardiac fibroblast (FB)-conditioned media and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis and electron microscopy. ECs were isolated from mouse heart. ECs were treated with exosomes isolated from FB-conditioned media, following FB culture with TGF-β1 (TGF-β1-FB-Exo) or PBS (control) treatment. TGF-β1 significantly activated fibroblasts as shown by increase in collagen type1 α1 (COL1α1), periostin (POSTN), and fibronectin (FN1) gene expression and increase in Smad2/3 and p38 phosphorylation. Impaired endothelial cell function (as characterized by a decrease in tube formation and cell migration along with reduced VEGF-A, Hif1α, CD31, and angiopoietin1 gene expression) was observed in TGF-β1-FB-Exo treated cells. Furthermore, TGF-β1-FB-Exo treated ECs showed reduced cell proliferation and increased apoptosis as compared to control cells. TGF-β1-FB-Exo cargo analysis revealed an alteration in fibrosis-associated miRNAs, including a significant increase in miR-200a-3p level. Interestingly, miR-200a-3p inhibition in activated FBs, alleviated TGF-β1-FB-Exo-mediated endothelial dysfunction.Conclusions: Taken together, this study demonstrates an important role of miR-200a-3p enriched within activated fibroblast-derived exosomes on endothelial cell biology and function.
Pathological Hyperinsulinemia and Hyperglycemia in the Impaired Glucose Tolerance Stage Mediate Endothelial Dysfunction Through miR-21, PTEN/AKT/eNOS, and MARK/ET-1 Pathways
Authors: Liu Ran , Guan Shilin , Gao Zhongai , Wang Jingyu , Xu Jie , Hao Zhaohu , Zhang Yi , Yang Shaohua , Guo Zhenhong , Yang Juhong , Shao Hailin , Chang Baocheng 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundImpaired glucose tolerance (IGT) is an important prediabetic stage characterized by elevated concentrations of glucose and insulin in the blood. The pathological hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia in IGT may regulate the expression of microRNA-21 (miR-21) and affect the downstream insulin signaling pathways, leading to endothelial cell dysfunction and early renal damage.MethodsThe individual and combined effects of insulin and glucose were investigated using human glomerular endothelial cells (HGECs). The expression levels of miR-21, and PTEN/AKT/eNOS and MAPK/ET-1 pathway proteins in the treated cells were measured. The levels of nitric oxide (NO) and endothelin-1 (ET-1) secreted by the cells were also measured. The role of miR-21 in mediating the regulatory effects of insulin and glucose was assessed by overexpression/inhibition of this miRNA using mimics/inhibitor.ResultsHigh (&gt;16.7 mmol/L) concentration of glucose upregulated the expression of miR-21, leading to the activation and inhibition of the PTEN/AKT/eNOS and MAPK/ET-1 pathways, and upregulation of NO and downregulation of ET-1 secretion, respectively. High (&gt;25 ng/mL) concentration of insulin downregulated the expression of miR-21, and lead to the activation of the MAPK/ET-1 and inhibition of the PTEN/AKT/eNOS pathway, thereby upregulating the expression of ET-1 and downregulating the secretion of NO. MiR-21 was observed to play a key role by directly controlling the activation of the insulin signaling pathways when the cells were cotreated with different concentrations of insulin and glucose. The expression of miR-21 was found to be dependent on the relative concentration of insulin and glucose. Under simulated conditions of the IGT stage (8.3 mmol/L glucose + 50 ng/mL insulin), the inhibitory effect of high insulin concentration on miR-21 expression in the cells attenuated the activation by high glucose concentration, resulting in the downregulation of miR-21, upregulation of ET-1 and downregulation of NO secretion.ConclusionTaken together, these results indicate that high insulin and glucose concentrations regulate the secretory function of glomerular endothelial cells in opposite ways by regulating the expression of miRNA-21. Pathological concentrations of insulin and glucose in the IGT stage may lead to a decrease in miR-21 expression, thereby disordering the secretion of vasoactive factors, resulting in renal tubule ischemia.
Explainable Machine Learning to Predict Successful Weaning Among Patients Requiring Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Central Taiwan
Authors: Lin Ming-Yen , Li Chi-Chun , Lin Pin-Hsiu , Wang Jiun-Long , Chan Ming-Cheng , Wu Chieh-Liang , Chao Wen-Cheng 
Published: April 2021

Objective: The number of patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) is increasing worldwide, but the weaning outcome prediction model in these patients is still lacking. We hence aimed to develop an explainable machine learning (ML) model to predict successful weaning in patients requiring PMV using a real-world dataset.Methods: This retrospective study used the electronic medical records of patients admitted to a 12-bed respiratory care center in central Taiwan between 2013 and 2018. We used three ML models, namely, extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), random forest (RF), and logistic regression (LR), to establish the prediction model. We further illustrated the feature importance categorized by clinical domains and provided visualized interpretation by using SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) as well as local interpretable model-agnostic explanations (LIME).Results: The dataset contained data of 963 patients requiring PMV, and 56.0% (539/963) of them were successfully weaned from mechanical ventilation. The XGBoost model (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.908; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.864–0.943) and RF model (AUC: 0.888; 95% CI 0.844–0.934) outperformed the LR model (AUC: 0.762; 95% CI 0.687–0.830) in predicting successful weaning in patients requiring PMV. To give the physician an intuitive understanding of the model, we stratified the feature importance by clinical domains. The cumulative feature importance in the ventilation domain, fluid domain, physiology domain, and laboratory data domain was 0.310, 0.201, 0.265, and 0.182, respectively. We further used the SHAP plot and partial dependence plot to illustrate associations between features and the weaning outcome at the feature level. Moreover, we used LIME plots to illustrate the prediction model at the individual level. Additionally, we addressed the weekly performance of the three ML models and found that the accuracy of XGBoost/RF was ~0.7 between weeks 4 and week 7 and slightly declined to 0.6 on weeks 8 and 9.Conclusion: We used an ML approach, mainly XGBoost, SHAP plot, and LIME plot to establish an explainable weaning prediction ML model in patients requiring PMV. We believe these approaches should largely mitigate the concern of the black-box issue of artificial intelligence, and future studies are warranted for the landing of the proposed model.