bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enabling Community-Owned Platforms
Authors: Schneider Nathan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
At a time when regulators are seeking new responses to the dilemmas of world-spanning digital platforms, forms of community ownership such as cooperatives and trusts offer attractive benefits for workers and other users. Yet if economic democracy is to provide a counterweight to investor ownership in the online economy, it will require an appropriate policy framework. This chapter argues that such a framework can come from radically generalizing and expanding on pre-digital successes in local and industry-specific policies from various countries and contexts—including policies for incorporation, financing, and coordination. Policy should use community ownership not just to solve specific problems but also as a universal means of organizing innovation. It should also seek to repair past injustices to communities marginalized through underinvestment. Community ownership could thereby become at least as available to the online economy as investor ownership has been.
Judgement in the Service of the Will: Mach and Jerusalem
Authors: Textor Mark 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Mach et al. argued that judging is biologically useful because it makes a new object familiar to us. This suggests that (atomic) judgements need to have at least two terms. Jerusalem’s Die Urteilsfunktion defended the two-term view against Brentano. Jerusalem aimed to refute Brentano’s view of judgement and replace it with one in line with Voluntarism. Jerusalem’s slogan is that judgement has (at least) two terms; it is a mental relation between two things. In this chapter I will first work through Mach’s conception of judgement and then go on to reconstruct Jerusalem’s arguments against Brentano. Later Schlick takes up Jerusalem’s suggestion and uses it to argue that every judgement must have at least two terms.
Motivation
Authors: Broome John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops a scheme for the explanation of rational action. It start from a scheme that may be attributed to Thomas Nagel in The Possibility of Altruism, and develop it step by step to arrive at a sharper and more accurate scheme. The development includes a progressive refinement of the notion of motivation. It ends by explaining the role of reasoning within the scheme. Nagel explains rational action in terms of reasons. He deliberately declines to distinguish motivating reasons from normative reasons; reasons both justify and motivate actions. But they motivate action only through the agent’s judgements about reasons, which more accurately are her judgements about what she ought to do. This paper identifies another pattern of motivation, which is instrumental reasoning.
Reasoning with preferences?
Authors: Broome John 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In reasoning, you proceed by following a rule from premise-attitudes to a conclusion-attitude. Types of reasoning can be classified by the nature of the attitudes involved. In theoretical reasoning, the conclusion-attitude is a belief; in practical reasoning it is an intention. Is there also a type of reasoning whose conclusion-attitude is a preference? This paper investigates this question. First it clarifies the notion of preference, identifying a core notion of preference as a sort of comparative desire. It concludes that there may indeed be reasoning with preferences of this sort. However, it is hard to distinguish reasoning with preferences from theoretical reasoning with beliefs that have a particular sort of content—specifically a belief that one thing is better than another. So the conclusion is not clear.
Searching for a Place
Authors: Sillars Stuart 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Books about the English countryside adopt different ways of introducing the post-War generation to places that were either previously unknown or long forgotten. In the process, they presented locations in images working together with words to present the experience responding to them, rather than preparing readers to see them. Important works here are Hammerton’s Wonderful Britain, H. V. Morton’s In Search of England. S. P. B. Mais’s Let’s Get Out Here, and books published by the Great Western and other railway companies exploited the freedom offered by cheap rail travel. Many of these approach the narrative techniques of popular illustrated novels in presenting journeys and the emotions they generate, following the model begun in Wilkie Collins’s 1851 book on Cornwall, Rambles beyond Railways.
Magazines for All
Authors: Sillars Stuart 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
A major source of information and entertainment was the illustrated magazine, of which The Graphic and the Illustrated London News were the most popular. The first was the least innovative, with rigid layout and brief captions barely related to its illustrations. The Illustrated London News had a wider scope, in its Christmas 1930 number including colour images of paintings, and illustrated fiction, yet its presentation was still moderately rigid. Picture Post, begun in 1938 brought words and images together through skilful layout and imaginative photography, attracting readers with a greater variety of social, political and artistic articles. Its use of images without borders gave energy lacking in the earlier magazines. It used these features to satirise some ministers and praise others, and attacked Government policies, including unemployment and early-war censorship. Yet many of its visual techniques were adopted by Government in its publications of the war years.
Introduction
Authors: Dougan Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the context of Brexit by providing a brief overview of the political tensions that characterized the UK’s membership of the EU right from the time of its accession in 1973. The chapter goes on to summarize some of the main approaches identified by scholars to help explain why and how Leave narrowly defeated Remain in the 2016 referendum, and discusses how different political actors then sought to interpret the outcome of the popular vote to leave the Union—including what Brexit should mean for the future EU–UK relationship. This introduction then provides a detailed summary of the remaining chapters of the book.
Article 50 TEU: The Quest for an Orderly Withdrawal and the Possibility of Alternative Denouements
Authors: Dougan Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter sets out the basic constitutional framework, under EU law, governing the withdrawal of a Member State. Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union recognizes the sovereign right of any State to leave the EU and sets out a process for agreeing the terms of an orderly departure. But Brexit also required the EU and the UK to undertake extensive internal preparations, to ensure their own legal systems were ready for the UK’s departure. Moreover, Article 50 itself is drafted in only brief and sketchy terms, leaving many important decisions about Brexit to be worked out in practice. And EU law allows for other final outcomes to the withdrawal process—including a ‘no deal Brexit’; or the UK’s right to ‘revoke and remain’ under the Wightman ruling.
Framing the Article 50 TEU Negotiations and Agreeing the First Withdrawal Package
Authors: Dougan Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the most important of the decisions relating to Brexit under Article 50 TEU: those concerning the basic scope, sequence and timing of EU–UK negotiations; which in turn determined the working agenda for the entire Brexit talks. After negotiations finally commenced in June 2017, Brexit talks were marked by several key milestones, e.g. Theresa May’s ‘Florence Speech’ in September 2017; the Joint EU–UK Report of December 2017; and the UK’s ‘Chequers Plan’ of July 2018. In November 2018, the European Council and the UK Government reached political agreement on a draft Withdrawal Package—which then had to be approved by their respective domestic institutions.
Rejection, Revision, and Approval of the Withdrawal Package
Authors: Dougan Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the process by which the UK Government led by Theresa May sought but ultimately failed to secure parliamentary approval for its proposed Withdrawal Package in accordance with section 13 of the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2018. Those efforts foundered largely upon controversies surrounding the ‘backstop’ for avoiding a ‘hard border’ between Ireland and Northern Ireland. When Boris Johnson took over as Prime Minister, he insisted upon renegotiating the terms of Brexit with the EU—resulting in a revised Withdrawal Package, containing a new ‘Irish border plan’ and foreseeing a more distant future EU–UK relationship. That Withdrawal Package was approved by the EU and UK institutions and provided the legal basis for UK departure from the EU on 31 January 2020.
Fundamentals
Authors: Hutchings Jeffrey A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Life-history theory provides an overarching framework for understanding the evolution of traits such as age and size at maturity, offspring number and offspring size, and reproductive effort. The chapter begins with a brief history of life-history theory and ends with a primer of basic population growth models. The history of life-history research mirrors that of evolution by natural selection. In the nineteenth century, the field focused on life stages and life cycles. The work by Darwin and Mendel created novel theoretical frameworks for interpreting biological variability, one of which led to Fisher’s redefinition of a life history in the 1930s. His work provided the theoretical and mathematical constructs for the key assumption of life-history evolution: natural selection favours those genotypes whose age-specific schedules of survival (lx) and fecundity (bx) generate the highest maximum per capita rate of increase (rmax) relative to other genotypes in the same population. Cole, Fisher’s leading disciple, was at the forefront of a subsequent slew of quantitative life-history models that populated the literature through the remainder of the twentieth century. Many of these models were ultimately based on fundamental elements of population growth articulated by mathematicians such as Lotka.
Diseases of the nervous system
Authors: Benedetti Fabrizio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to motor disorders, first and foremost Parkinson’s disease, the area together with pain where most of the knowledge about the mechanisms of the placebo effect comes from. The placebo effect in Parkinson’s disease is mediated by dopamine release in the striatum and is associated with changes in activity of neurons in the subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra pars reticulata, and motor thalamus. Deceptive verbal instructions about changes in drug dosage can affect the pharmacological effect of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. The therapeutic effects of deep brain stimulation are powerfully modulated by placebos. Migraine is another disease of the nervous system that shows very high rates of improvement in patients who received placebo, although the mechanisms are little understood. Other neurological diseases, like epilepsy, show improvements in placebo groups, but the mechanisms are not known.
Denmark: Traditions and Practices
Authors: Weller Patrick , Grube Dennis C. , Rhodes R. A. W. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Danish cabinet government is founded on consensus, a multi-party coalition government with a negotiative style of decision making, where changes are small and there are few ideological divisions within the polity. It has a system of ministerial government, with ministers meeting in cabinet. However, the core business was normally undertaken in two cabinet committees: the Coordination Committee, chaired by the prime minister, and the Economic Committee, chaired by the minister of finance, traditionally from the same party as the prime minister. These two, assisted by the heads of their departments, sit at the centre of government, but they can act only with the support of the committees they chair which contain the leaders, or senior representatives, of other parties in the coalitions. This duopoly was the key for a long time, although under a minority Social Democrat government since 2019, the dynamics are changing.
Switzerland: Traditions and Practices
Authors: Weller Patrick , Grube Dennis C. , Rhodes R. A. W. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Federal Council is the executive government in Switzerland. The membership of the council has remained at seven since 1849; they are elected by the Federal Assembly and, by an agreed ‘magic formula’, represent the four largest parties in the assembly. There is no coalition agreement; the federal councillors must reach agreement on items as they arise. The portfolios are allocated by agreement among the seven, not distributed by the head of government. The president serves for a year and the position rotates around the councillors. Presidents have no actual authority beyond chairing the council meeting. Decisions are determined if necessary by a vote of the seven members. The councillors must explain decisions to the parliament where they will interact with their party members, but they are not accountable because they cannot be removed by parliamentary vote. By tradition, the councillors will determine how long they stay and when they will leave. Switzerland has a strong plebiscitary tradition and acts of the parliament can be put to the voters whenever there is demand.
Political Stability
Authors: Calvo-Gonzalez Oscar 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWhile the Cold War provided an impetus for greater political stability, it is also the case that many internal factors helped buttress the stability of the Spanish polity in the decades after 1950. The legacy from the Civil War and the subsequent brutal repression, the coalition nature of the Franco dictatorship and the co-opting of elites into the regime all played a role in producing a more stable regime than over the previous century and a half. Above all, Franco demonstrated that he was bent on being dictator for life, thus forcing the use of violence if anyone wanted to oust him. The domestic opposition was ultimately unprepared to use force against Franco, out of fear of reprisal or because they feared that it could bring the country into yet another Civil War. It was ultimately this asymmetry that helps to explain why the long history of pronunciamientos was altered. If Francoism was the unintended consequence of the rebel uprising, stability was the unintended consequence of Francoism.
What We Owe Each Other, Epistemologically Speaking
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to articulate and defend a particular role for ethico-political values in social epistemology research. After describing a research program for social epistemology, it goes on to argue that by the lights of this research program, there is an important role to be played by ethico-political values in knowledge communities, and (correspondingly) an important role in social epistemological research in describing the values inhering in particular knowledge communities. It concludes by noting how, even as it expands its focus beyond the traditional one to include descriptions of our “knowledge practices,” this sort of project relates to some of the core questions that have been pursued by traditional epistemology.
Epistemic Extendedness, Testimony, and the Epistemology of Instrument-Based Belief
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores how our dependence on others in testimony differs from our reliance on instruments. The key difference lies in the presumption of responsibility in play when we depend on others’ say-so. In this respect, at least, there appears to be something epistemically distinctive about relying on another epistemic agent. The aim of the chapter is to develop this point in a way that captures the sort of reliance that the author takes to be at issue when we take the word of another speaker. This reliance reflects our dependence on the speaker as an epistemic agent in her own right; and the burden of the present proposal is to argue that this fact ought to be accommodated within any adequate epistemology of testimony.
How Institutions Influence the Appointment of Women to High Courts
Authors: Escobar-Lemmon Maria C. , Hoekstra Valerie J. , Kang Alice J. , Kittilson Miki Caul 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 5 sets out the formal and informal institutions that, collectively, comprise the selection process for the highest courts in five countries (Canada, Colombia, Ireland, South Africa, and the United States). Limiting the focus to formal rules of selection overlooks informal institutions (norms and practices) that constrain and enable the choices of selectors. Selection often rests on identifying a list of potential nominees based on informal networks, which have historically been composed of men. Across country cases, gendered networks and gendered ideas about qualifications often act as filters to hinder the appointment of women. When selectors or their key advisors decide to do so, they can disrupt reliance on these traditional networks by looking beyond the usual suspects as they draw up their shortlists. The chapter also illuminates the contexts in which electoral accountability and incentives matter. When selectors perceive electoral benefit from selecting a woman, and can be held accountable by their electorate, they are more likely to do so. In the context of pressure to select a woman, judicial nominating commissions and affirmative legal language can also increase women’s representation.
Philanthropy and the Development of Modern India
Authors: Kumar Arun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Through their philanthropy, Indian elites have played an influential role in the country’s development in the twentieth century. Presenting an innovative history of postcolonial development, the book plots elites’ formulations and formations of modernity and its entanglement with the national question. In an unusual move that reads more familiar forms of modernization from the second half of the twentieth century alongside earlier ideas of nationalist reform, it interrogates the influence of anti-colonial nationalism in India on contemporary development. It also brings into relief the longer historical trajectory of popular development ideas such as ‘self-care’ and ‘responsibility’. The book covers the differences and shifts in elites’ imaginaries of development across a range of sites—self, community, science and technology, and civil society. It concludes that as elites privileged their imaginaries of development over others, they have come to assume a pedagogic role for themselves as they justify their development choices and its exclusions: in the name of nation.
Self
Authors: Kumar Arun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
As part of national-modern development, elites have invested extensively in individual selves. The meritorious have always been a popular but expected choice as elites invested in their training, education, and in endowing modern institutions for them, etc. As the meritorious were expected to lead India’s development, they were also expected to undergo cultural modernization. Alongside which, elites also turned their attention on to India’s masses, disciplining their minds and bodies, as well as training them in new skills and cultural attitudes in order to transform the masses into citizens of a modern country. Towards the end of the twentieth century and as the irresolutions of development were laid bare, elites began to invest in building the capacities of the masses to make them market-ready.
The Teleologies of Leibniz and Kant
Authors: Guyer Paul 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In his response to the polemical writings of the Leibnizian Eberhard, Kant claims that the Critique of Pure Reason might well be the true apology for Leibniz. While that view might be an exaggeration, this chapter argues that there are important similarities and revealing differences between Leibniz and Kant on another point mentioned in that text: namely, between the Leibnizian view of the harmony between the realms of nature and grace and the Kantian view of the union between our concept of nature and our concept of freedom, the central thought of the third Critique, and of the necessary realizability of the kingdom of ends in nature in the form of the highest good because of the common authorship of the laws of both nature and freedom, the culminating thought of the second Critique.
A correlative light electron microscopy approach reveals plasmodesmata ultrastructure at the graft interface
Authors: Chambaud Clément , Cookson Sarah Jane , Ollat Nathalie , Bayer Emmanuelle , Brocard Lysiane 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Despite recent progress in our understanding of graft union formation, we still know little about the cellular events underlying the grafting process. This is partially due to the difficulty of reliably targeting the graft interface in electron microscopy to study its ultrastructure and three-dimensional architecture. To overcome this technological bottleneck, we developed a correlative light electron microscopy (CLEM) approach to study the graft interface with high ultrastructural resolution. Grafting hypocotyls of Arabidopsis thaliana lines expressing yellow FP or monomeric red FP in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) allowed efficient targeting of the grafting interface for examination under light and electron microscopy. To explore the potential of our method to study sub-cellular events at the graft interface, we focused on the formation of secondary plasmodesmata (PD) between the grafted partners. We showed that four classes of PD were formed at the interface and that PD introgression into the cell wall was initiated equally by both partners. Moreover, the success of PD formation appeared not systematic with a third of PD not spanning the cell wall entirely. Characterizing the ultrastructural characteristics of these incomplete PD gives us insights into the process of secondary PD biogenesis. We found that the establishment of successful symplastic connections between the scion and rootstock occurred predominantly in the presence of thin cell walls and ER–plasma membrane tethering. The resolution reached in this work shows that our CLEM method advances the study of biological processes requiring the combination of light and electron microscopy.
Public Attitudes toward Internal and Foreign Migration
Authors: Singer David A , Quek Kai 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe explore attitudes toward internal and foreign migration in China using an original survey experiment. If labor-market competition drives attitudes, then residents will be opposed to migrants with comparable skill levels, regardless of migrant origin. If residents fear a dilution of national identity, then they will be more opposed to foreign than internal migration. We conduct a national survey in Mainland China, where we randomly assign respondents to answer questions about migrants with different skill levels and from either foreign countries or other provinces in China. We find that attitudes cleave over skill level, but the foreign-internal dimension is, on its own, not a salient cleavage in preferences. However, when considering high-skilled migrants, respondents are more supportive of foreign than internal migration; when considering low-skilled migrants, they are more opposed to foreign than internal migration. The results cast doubt on material explanations for attitudes toward migration and suggest a reevaluation of cultural threat arguments that privilege national borders.