bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlled Abstention Neural Networks for Identifying Skillful Predictions for Regression Problems
Authors: Barnes Elizabeth A. , Barnes Randal J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe earth system is exceedingly complex and often chaotic in nature, making prediction incredibly challenging: we cannot expect to make perfect predictions all of the time. Instead, we look for specific states of the system that lead to more predictable behavior than others, often termed “forecasts of opportunity.” When these opportunities are not present, scientists need prediction systems that are capable of saying “I don't know.” We introduce a novel loss function, termed “abstention loss,” that allows neural networks to identify forecasts of opportunity for regression problems. The abstention loss works by incorporating uncertainty in the network's prediction to identify the more confident samples and abstain (say “I don't know”) on the less confident samples. The abstention loss is designed to determine the optimal abstention fraction, or abstain on a user‐defined fraction using a standard adaptive controller. Unlike many methods for attaching uncertainty to neural network predictions post‐training, the abstention loss is applied during training to preferentially learn from the more confident samples. The abstention loss is built upon nonlinear heteroscedastic regression, a standard computer science method. While nonlinear heteroscedastic regression is a simple yet powerful tool for incorporating uncertainty in regression problems, we demonstrate that the abstention loss outperforms it for the synthetic climate use cases explored here. The implementation of the proposed abstention loss is straightforward in most network architectures designed for regression, as it only requires modification of the output layer and loss function.
Association of low-frequency and rare coding variants with information processing speed
Authors: Bressler Jan , Davies Gail , Smith Albert V. , Saba Yasaman , Bis Joshua C. , Jian Xueqiu , Hayward Caroline , Yanek Lisa , Smith Jennifer A. , Mirza Saira S. , Wang Ruiqi , Adams Hieab H. H. , Becker Diane , Boerwinkle Eric , Campbell Archie , Cox Simon R. , Eiriksdottir Gudny , Fawns-Ritchie Chloe , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Grove Megan L. , Guo Xiuqing , Hofer Edith , Kardia Sharon L. R. , Knol Maria J. , Koini Marisa , Lopez Oscar L. , Marioni Riccardo E. , Nyquist Paul , Pattie Alison , Polasek Ozren , Porteous David J. , Rudan Igor , Satizabal Claudia L. , Schmidt Helena , Schmidt Reinhold , Sidney Stephen , Simino Jeannette , Smith Blair H. , Turner Stephen T. , van der Lee Sven J. , Ware Erin B. , Whitmer Rachel A. , Yaffe Kristine , Yang Qiong , Zhao Wei , Gudnason Vilmundur , Launer Lenore J. , Fitzpatrick Annette L. , Psaty Bruce M. , Fornage Myriam , Arfan Ikram M. , van Duijn Cornelia M. , Seshadri Sudha , Mosley Thomas H. , Deary Ian J. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMeasures of information processing speed vary between individuals and decline with age. Studies of aging twins suggest heritability may be as high as 67%. The Illumina HumanExome Bead Chip genotyping array was used to examine the association of rare coding variants with performance on the Digit-Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) in community-dwelling adults participating in the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology (CHARGE) Consortium. DSST scores were available for 30,576 individuals of European ancestry from nine cohorts and for 5758 individuals of African ancestry from four cohorts who were older than 45 years and free of dementia and clinical stroke. Linear regression models adjusted for age and gender were used for analysis of single genetic variants, and the T5, T1, and T01 burden tests that aggregate the number of rare alleles by gene were also applied. Secondary analyses included further adjustment for education. Meta-analyses to combine cohort-specific results were carried out separately for each ancestry group. Variants in RNF19A reached the threshold for statistical significance (p = 2.01 × 10−6) using the T01 test in individuals of European descent. RNF19A belongs to the class of E3 ubiquitin ligases that confer substrate specificity when proteins are ubiquitinated and targeted for degradation through the 26S proteasome. Variants in SLC22A7 and OR51A7 were suggestively associated with DSST scores after adjustment for education for African-American participants and in the European cohorts, respectively. Further functional characterization of its substrates will be required to confirm the role of RNF19A in cognitive function.
Differentiation therapy for myeloid malignancies: beyond cytotoxicity
Authors: Stubbins Ryan J. , Karsan Aly 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBlocked cellular differentiation is a central pathologic feature of the myeloid malignancies, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Treatment regimens promoting differentiation have resulted in incredible cure rates in certain AML subtypes, such as acute promyelocytic leukemia. Over the past several years, we have seen many new therapies for MDS/AML enter clinical practice, including epigenetic therapies (e.g., 5-azacitidine), isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) inhibitors, fms-like kinase 3 (FLT3) inhibitors, and lenalidomide for deletion 5q (del5q) MDS. Despite not being developed with the intent of manipulating differentiation, induction of differentiation is a major mechanism by which several of these novel agents function. In this review, we examine the new therapeutic landscape for these diseases, focusing on the role of hematopoietic differentiation and the impact of inflammation and aging. We review how current therapies in MDS/AML promote differentiation as a part of their therapeutic effect, and the cellular mechanisms by which this occurs. We then outline potential novel avenues to achieve differentiation in the myeloid malignancies for therapeutic purposes. This emerging body of knowledge about the importance of relieving differentiation blockade with anti-neoplastic therapies is important to understand how current novel agents function and may open avenues to developing new treatments that explicitly target cellular differentiation. Moving beyond cytotoxic agents has the potential to open new and unexpected avenues in the treatment of myeloid malignancies, hopefully providing more efficacy with reduced toxicity.
Reduced prefrontal cortex and sympathetic nervous system activity correlate with fatigue after aHSCT
Authors: Boberg Erik , Iacobaeus Ellen , Greenfield Myrto Sklivanioti , Wang Yanlu , Msghina Mussie , Le Blanc Katarina 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLong-term fatigue and cognitive dysfunction affects 35% of allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (aHSCT) survivors, suggesting a dysfunctional prefrontal cortex. In this study, we assessed prefrontal cortex and sympathetic nervous system activity in aHSCT patients with fatigue (n = 12), non-fatigued patients (n = 12) and healthy controls (n = 27). Measurement of near-infrared spectroscopy and electrodermal activity was carried out at rest and during cognitive performance (Stroop, verbal fluency and emotion regulation tasks). Prefrontal cortex and sympathetic nervous system activity were also analyzed in response to dopamine and noradrenaline increase after a single dose of methylphenidate. Baseline cognitive performance was similar in the two patient groups. However, after methylphenidate, only non-fatigued patients improved in Stroop accuracy and had better verbal fluency task performance compared to the fatigued group. Task-related activation of prefrontal cortex in fatigued patients was lower compared to non-fatigued patients during all cognitive tests, both before and after methylphenidate administration. During the Stroop task, reaction time, prefrontal cortex activation, and sympathetic nervous system activity were all lower in fatigued patients compared to healthy controls, but similar in non-fatigued patients and healthy controls.Reduced prefrontal cortex activity and sympathetic arousal suggests novel treatment targets to improve fatigue after aHSCT.
Berberine alleviates liver fibrosis through inducing ferrous redox to activate ROS-mediated hepatic stellate cells ferroptosis
Authors: Yi Jiazhi , Wu Shuyun , Tan Siwei , Qin Yunfei , Wang Xing , Jiang Jie , Liu Huiling , Wu Bin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBerberine (BBR) has been explored as a potential anti-liver fibrosis agent, but the underlying mechanisms are unknown. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of BBR against liver fibrogenesis in thioacetamide (TAA) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced mouse liver fibrosis. In addition to i.p. injection with TAA or CCl4, mice in the treatment group received BBR intragastrically. Concurrently, combined with TAA and BBR treatment, mice in the inhibitor group were injected i.p. with ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1). Hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) were also used in the study. Our results showed that BBR obviously alleviated mouse liver fibrosis and restored mouse liver function; however, the pharmacological effects of BBR against liver fibrosis were significantly diminished by Fer-1 treatment. Mechanically, BBR impaired the autophagy–lysosome pathway (ALP) and increased cell reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in HSCs. ROS accelerated the breakdown of the iron-storage protein ferritin and sped up iron release from ferritin, which resulted in redox-active iron accumulation in HSCs. Lipid peroxidation and glutathione (GSH) depletion triggered by the Fenton reaction promoted ferroptosis and attenuated liver fibrosis. Furthermore, impaired autophagy enhanced BBR-mediated ferritin proteolysis to increase cellular ferrous overload via the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway (UPS) in HSCs and triggered HSC ferroptosis. Collectively, BBR alleviated liver fibrosis by inducing ferrous redox to activate ROS-mediated HSC ferroptosis. Our findings may be exploited clinically to provide a potential novel therapeutic strategy for liver fibrosis.
Population-specific diversity of the immunoglobulin constant heavy G chain (IGHG) genes
Authors: Bashirova Arman A. , Zheng Wanjing , Akdag Marjan , Augusto Danillo G. , Vince Nicolas , Dong Krista L. , O’hUigin Colm , Carrington Mary 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHuman immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules, IgG1, IgG2 and IgG3, exhibit substantial inter-individual variation in their constant heavy chain regions, as discovered by serological methods. This polymorphism is encoded by theIGHG1,IGHG2, andIGHG3genes and may influence antibody function. We sequenced the coding fragments of these genes in 95 European Americans, 94 African Americans, and 94 Black South Africans. Striking differences were observed between the population groups, including extremely low amino acid sequence variation in IGHG1 among South Africans, and higher IGHG2 and IGHG3 diversity in individuals of African descent compared to individuals of European descent. Molecular definition of the loci illustrates a greater level of allelic polymorphism than previously described, including the presence of common IGHG2 and IGHG3 variants that were indistinguishable serologically. Comparison of our data with the 1000 Genome Project sequences indicates overall agreement between the datasets, although some inaccuracies in the 1000 Genomes Project are likely. These data represent the most comprehensive analysis of IGHG polymorphisms across major populations, which can now be applied to deciphering their functional impact.
Parametric detector for subspace‐based distributed target detection in the presence of signal mismatch
Authors: Xu Kaiming , Deng Yunkai , Yu Zhongjun , Xu Zheng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn this letter, the authors investigate the problem of subspace‐based distributed target detection when signal mismatch arises. To solve the problem, a simple and effective detector is introduced, which is parameterised by a non‐negative scalar. By adjusting the scalar, the proposed detector can flexibly change its detection properties for mismatched signals. In particular, the proposed detector with a small scalar is robust to signal mismatch, while the detector with a large scalar is selective. Moreover, the proposed detector with an appropriate scalar can provide higher probability of detection than the existing detectors in the absence of signal mismatch. Both simulated and real data confirm the effectiveness of the proposed detector.
Bandwidth enhancement of antennas designed by band‐pass filter synthesis due to frequency pulling techniques
Authors: Koutinos Anastasios G. , Kyriacou George A. , Volakis John L. , Chryssomallis Michael T. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA novel antenna design technique is proposed, which offers bandwidth enhancement up to the limits defined by element radiation efficiency. The employed technique is referred as frequency pulling (FP) as it mimics the ‘insertion loss design methodology of band‐pass filters’. This is essentially a wideband matching approach pushing the antenna efficiency to the limits set up by radiation efficiency. There are three options towards this trend: (i) first to enhance a single element bandwidth (compact element) exploiting its possibly multiple symmetrical feeding points as distinct resonator ports, (ii) frequency pulled array as to design a small antenna array (less than about 10 elements) where each element acts as a resonator and (iii) second order frequency‐pulled array as to build a small array using compact elements of category (i). Similar to the band‐pass filter design, all antennas or distinct‐port circuits resonate at the same resonant frequency when isolated, cascading two or more of them; FP yields to multiple‐overlapping successive resonances in their overall response. Although the proposed technique is general within this first effort, it is applied to simple patch antenna elements exhibiting multiple symmetrical feeding points, namely two—for rectangular, four—for square and five—for pentagonal. The third option is applied to an array of three compact 4‐feeding point square elements offering triple bandwidth with respect to the already wideband single element. However, this is achieved at the expense of a significant beam squint. Thus, in general, these wideband compact elements should be used within a classical array design. Further bandwidth enhancement using FP to antenna elements with inherent multiple resonances as patches with slots or truncated edges constitutes our next task. Their inherent wider bandwidth in radiation efficiency is expected to allow multiply higher bandwidths when exploited with our FP technique.
Voltage control method based on three‐phase four‐wire sensitivity for hybrid AC/DC low‐voltage distribution networks with high‐penetration PVs
Authors: Zhang Lu , Zhao Chunxue , Zhang Bo , Li Gen , Tang Wei 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe increasing integration of distributed photovoltaics may further aggravate the over‐voltage and three‐phase unbalance issues of low‐voltage distribution networks with three‐phase four‐wire structures. The voltage control method based on the AC and DC side power flow control and the three‐phase power control capability of voltage source converter in hybrid AC/DC low‐voltage distribution networks is a solution for the improvement of the above power quality issues. In this paper, an accurately improved sensitivity matrix calculation method considering shunt admittance based on the ABCD parameters is proposed in hybrid AC/DC low‐voltage distribution networks with a three‐phase four‐wire structure. The presented ABCD parameters of the feeders consider the influence of the coupling effect among phases and the neutral line on sensitivity calculation, which makes the sensitivity calculation simple. Then, a power‐voltage control method for voltage source converters based on three‐phase four‐wire sensitivity matrices of the AC side is proposed considering the constraints from the voltage source converter and DC side power flow in hybrid AC/DC low‐voltage distribution networks, which can effectively address the over‐voltage and unbalanced issues. Simulations are performed to verify the proposed sensitivity calculation method and voltage control method.
Self-generated ultraviolet radiation in molecular shock waves
Authors: Lehmann A. , Godard B. , Pineau des Forêts G. , Vidal-García A. , Falgarone E. 
Published: December 2021

Context. The energetics and physical conditions of the interstellar medium and feedback processes remain challenging to probe.
Aims. Shocks, modelled over a broad range of parameters, are used to construct a new tool to deduce the mechanical energy and physical conditions from observed atomic or molecular emission lines.
Methods. We compute magnetised, molecular shock models with velocities Vs = 5–80 km s−1, pre-shock proton densities nH = 102–106 cm−3, weak or moderate magnetic field strengths, and in the absence or presence of an external UV radiation field. These parameters represent the broadest published range of physical conditions for molecular shocks. As a key shock tracer, we focus on the production of CH+ and post-process the radiative transfer of its rovibrational lines. We develop a simple emission model of an ensemble of shocks for connecting any observed emission lines to the mechanical energy and physical conditions of the system.
Results. For this range of parameters, we find the full diversity (C-, C*-, CJ-, and J-type) of magnetohydrodynamic shocks. H2 and H are dominant coolants, with up to 30% of the shock kinetic flux escaping in Lyα photons. The reformation of molecules in the cooling tail means H2 is even a good tracer of dissociative shocks and shocks that were initially fully atomic. The known shock tracer CH+ can also be a significant coolant, reprocessing up to 1% of the kinetic flux. Its production and excitation is intimately linked to the presence of H2 and C+. For each shock model we provide integrated intensities of rovibrational lines of H2, CO, and CH+, and atomic H lines, and atomic fine-structure and metastable lines. We demonstrate how to use these shock models to deduce the mechanical energy and physical conditions of extragalactic environments. As a template example, we interpret the CH+(1−0) emission from the Eyelash starburst galaxy. A mechanical energy injection rate of at least 1011 L⊙ into molecular shocks is required to reproduce the observed line. We find that shocks with velocities as low as 5 km s−1 irradiated by a strong UV field are compatible with the available energy budget. The low-velocity, externally irradiated shocks are at least an order magnitude more efficient than the most efficient shocks with no external irradiation in terms of the total mechanical energy required. We predict differences of more than two orders of magnitude in the intensities of the pure rotational lines of CO, Lyα, and the metastable lines of O, S+, and N between representative models of low-velocity (Vs ~ 10 km s−1) externally irradiated shocks and higher-velocity shocks (Vs ≥ 50 km s−1) with no external irradiation.
Conclusions. Shock modelling over an extensive range of physical conditions allows for the interpretation of challenging observations of broad line emission from distant galaxies. Our new method opens up a promising avenue to quantitatively probe the physical conditions and mechanical energy of galaxy-scale gas flows.
Wie erleben Kinder und Jugendliche mit Adipositas und deren Eltern die Corona-Situation? Kick-COVID – eine prospektive, interdisziplinäre Längsschnittstudie
Authors: Warschburger Petra , Göldel Julia M. , Holl Reinhard , Minden Kirsten , Kamrath Clemens , Wiegand Susanna 
Published: December 2021

ZusammenfassungKinder und Jugendliche mit chronischen Erkrankungen wie Adipositas stehen im Zuge der COVID-19 Pandemie vor besonderen Herausforderungen. Ziel der multizentrischen Längsschnittstudie ist es, den Einfluss der COVID-19 Pandemie auf das physische und psychische Wohlbefinden der Betroffenen und ihrer Familien zu untersuchen. Die Untersuchung erfolgt im Rahmen der Standard-Erhebung im APV-Register und wird durch einen Kurzfragebogen für die Kinder und Jugendlichen und ihre Eltern zur Versorgungssituation, Risikowahrnehmung und zum Wohlbefinden ergänzt. Im zweiten Schritt werden alle Beteiligten gebeten, an einer weiterführenden online-Befragung zur psychosozialen Situation und vorhandenen Ressourcen teilzunehmen. Nach einem Jahr findet eine erneute Befragung statt.Die gewonnenen Daten sollen Hinweise darauf geben, wie das Gesundheitssystem verbessert und die betroffenen Familien unterstützt werden können. Der Vergleich mit gleichzeitig stattfindenden Befragungen bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Rheuma und Diabetes trägt dazu bei, generische und krankheitsspezifische Belastungsprofile zu eruieren.
Bewegungs- und Ernährungsverhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Adipositas und ihren Familien während der COVID-19-Pandemie: Eine Beobachtungsstudie im sozialpädiatrischen Kontext
Authors: Rücker Petra , Brauchmann Jana , Walch Steffi , Wiegand Susanna , Galler Angela 
Published: December 2021

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie war, die Auswirkungen der COVID-19-Pandemie auf das Bewegungs- und Ernährungsverhalten von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Adipositas zu untersuchen. Im Rahmen der Adipositas-Ambulanz im SPZ der Charité -Universitätsmedizin Berlin wurden Familien von November 2020 bis Juli 2021 mit standardisierten Fragebögen befragt. Die Fragebögen für ein Elternteil und die Kinder und Jugendlichen mit Adipositas enthielten skalierte und offene Fragen zum Bewegungs- und Ernährungsverhalten während der COVID-19-Pandemie.
Ergebnisse Der mittlere BMI-SDS der Gesamtkohorte (n=278, Altersmedian 13,8 Jahre) lag zum Zeitpunkt der Befragung bei+2,73. Der Vergleich vor und während der Pandemie ergab eine leichte Steigerung des mittleren BMI-SDS von+2,66 auf+2,73. Im Rahmen der pandemiebedingt veränderten Alltagssituation berichteten ein Viertel der Eltern über mehr gemeinsame Mahlzeiten und mehr Gerichte mit frischen Zutaten, 43% der Eltern verwendeten weniger Fertiggerichte. Über 50% der Kinder und Jugendlichen mit Adipositas waren seltener draußen gewesen und über 60% der Kinder und Jugendlichen waren seltener sportlich aktiv. Zudem war eine starke Zunahme des Medienkonsums festzustellen: Über 60% der Kinder und Jugendlichen gaben an, mehr Zeit am Handy, Laptop, Tablet, Computer, Fernseher oder an der Spielkonsole verbracht zu haben.
Schlussfolgerung Die pandemiebedingten Einschränkungen (Kontaktbeschränkungen, Home-Schooling) wirken sich offensichtlich erheblich auf das Ernährungs- und Bewegungsverhalten sowie den Medienkonsum von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Adipositas aus.