bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practical Cases: Geohazards on RoW Generated by Third Party Damage
Authors: Oliveros Francisco , Malpartida John , Melo Alberto , Rosario Christian , Mecatti Marcos 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Camisea Pipeline Transportation System (PTS) in Peru, owned by Transportadora de Gas del Perú (TGP) and operated by Compañía Operadora de Gas (COGA), begins in the Amazon rainforest, crosses the Andes Mountains (4850msnm) and finally descends towards the Pacific coast. The PTS has been operating for more than 10 years and it has Natural Gas (NG) and Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) transportation pipelines. The NG pipeline is 888km long which includes two Loops (105km and 18km in the coast and mountain sectors, respectively). NGL pipeline is 557km long.
From the beginning (0 km) to 210 km, the Right of Way (RoW) is located in the geotechnical context of the Amazon rainforest. Then, between km 210 and km 420, the PTS crosses the mountain chain of the Andes. Finally, between km 420 and Km 730 the RoW is located on the Peruvian Pacific coast.
TGP’s operation of the PTS identifies, analyzes and controls the different types of threats that can affect the integrity of the pipelines. The operation is developed according to international standards defined in the Pipeline Integrity Management (PIM) of the operation. Consequently, hazards such as Third Party Damage (TPD), geohazard, external and internal corrosion, among others, are analyzed.
However, associated to the economic growth and development of Peru, there have been some cases where the intervention of a person, community or industrial activity in the surroundings of the RoW has resulted in the level of geohazards are spontaneously modified and activated. Consequently, the degree of stability of the RoW is necessary to analyze the integrity of the NG and NGL pipelines.
This article describes the occurrence of some practical cases where there was a change in the stability of the RoW of the TGP’s PTS triggered by activities related to TPD. It is highlighted that the identification, analysis, definition and execution of mitigation actions are carried out in a transversal way which involves the participation of different operational areas such as: Integral Maintenance, Geotechnics, Integrity, Social Management, among others. All the activities are done with the approach of keeping the balance between community, environment and infrastructure.
Some of the cases considered are: Flood and scour of the RoW triggered by the failure of a water tank in an industrial area, scour of channels due the obstructions and an unstable slope process generated by constructions near the RoW.
Today, the operation develops activities in order to mitigate geohazards generated by TPD. Some of these activities are, among others: Social awareness, technical talks, agreements with industrial and local administration entities, geotechnical maintenance and monitoring. In addition, it is highlighted that all the mentioned mitigation actions are carried out in a transversal manner between different operational areas. Afterward, the collected information is properly saved in the Geographic Information System database.
The Contribution of In-Line IMU Inspection to Geohazard and Crack Management Strategies
Authors: Young Andy , Wilde Andrew , Grosmann Ivan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Geohazards and external loads are a significant threat to the integrity of pipelines in hilly terrain, at river crossings and where ground subsidence is taking place. Well designed pipelines can tolerate strains that exceed the nominal strain of 0.5% that corresponds specified minimum yield strengths, however the presence of weld defects and stress corrosion cracking can reduce the load capacity dramatically. Welds that are to specification but are under-matched on actual strength to the adjacent parent pipe have also been recognised as potentially vulnerable to low strain failures in high strength pipes.
Modern pipelines in terrain susceptible to geohazards normally include design studies to identify and avoid or mitigate the threats. Surveillance of the right-of-way is also routinely carried out for pipelines with good integrity management practices, and particularly for major strategic lines. In-line inspection using an inertial measurement unit (IMU) is a well-known method to detect ground movement loads and contributes to the integrity management of pipelines.
In this paper we illustrate :
1. How IMU inspection is an important tool in the management of geohazards and how it compliments other methods of geohazard assessment.
2. How locations of elevated pipe strain are identified and evaluated for external loading threats, and can be aligned with other data sets that indicate the pipeline load capacity.
3. How the locations of bending strain can be prioritised for further action.
4. How the loading profile in the pipeline can be incorporated into crack management strategies in order prioritise locations for further investigation or assessment.
Remote Geotechnical Evaluation of Rights of Way of Hydrocarbon Transmission Lines
Authors: Amórtegui Gil José Vicente 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Due to the health emergency currently affecting the planet, it has been impossible for engineering specialists to carry out direct inspections of the land. During this time, it has been necessary to develop techniques and procedures that allow engineers to obtain information from the land remotely. Here, they are supported by the technology that allows them to record images remotely via drones and communicate so they can perform inspections by auxiliary field personnel, directed at a distance by specialists.
To do this, a preliminary flight plan is defined, based on the experience and knowledge of the terrain by the specialist and the visual of the drone is transmitted via the Internet from a PC in the field. Later, which images to record and the sites that require more detail or a direct inspection by the field assistant are defined. Finally, the field assistant transmits the images of the inspection. In this way, the specialist’s training and experience, the operational ease of the drone, and the skill of the field staff are taken advantage of.
This article details the procedure for remote inspection, and ways in which it can even be extended to corridor recognition tasks to define the layout of rights of way.
Statins act as transient type I interferon inhibitors to enable the antitumor activity of modified vaccinia Ankara viral vectors
Authors: Tenesaca Shirley , Vasquez Marcos , Alvarez Maite , Otano Itziar , Fernandez-Sendin Myriam , Di Trani Claudia Augusta , Ardaiz Nuria , Gomar Celia , Bella Angela , Aranda Fernando , Medina-Echeverz José , Melero Ignacio , Berraondo Pedro 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundModified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) are genetically engineered non-replicating viral vectors. Intratumoral administration of MVA induces a cyclic GMP-AMP synthase-mediated type I interferon (IFN) response and the production of high levels of the transgenes engineered into the viral genome such as tumor antigens to construct cancer vaccines. Although type I IFNs are essential for establishing CD8-mediated antitumor responses, this cytokine family may also give rise to immunosuppressive mechanisms.MethodsIn vitro assays were performed to evaluate the activity of simvastatin and atorvastatin on type I IFN signaling and on antigen presentation. Surface levels of IFN α/β receptor 1, endocytosis of bovine serum albumin-fluorescein 5 (6)-isothiocyanate, signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) phosphorylation, and real-time PCR of IFN-stimulated genes were assessed in the murine fibroblast cell line L929. In vivo experiments were performed to characterize the effect of simvastatin on the MVA-induced innate immune response and on the antitumor effect of MVA-based antitumor vaccines in B16 melanoma expressing ovalbumin (OVA) and Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC)-OVA tumor models. RNAseq analysis, depleting monoclonal antibodies, and flow cytometry were used to evaluate the MVA-mediated immune response.ResultsIn this work, we identified commonly prescribed statins as potent IFNα pharmacological inhibitors due to their ability to reduce surface expression levels of IFN-α/β receptor 1 and to reduce clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Simvastatin and atorvastatin efficiently abrogated for 8 hours the transcriptomic response to IFNα and enhanced the number of dendritic cells presenting an OVA-derived peptide bound to major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I. In vivo, intraperitoneal or intramuscular administration of simvastatin reduced the inflammatory response mediated by peritumoral administration of MVA and enhanced the antitumor activity of MVA encoding tumor-associated antigens. The synergistic antitumor effects critically depend on CD8+cells, whereas they were markedly improved by depletion of CD4+lymphocytes, T regulatory cells, or NK cells. Either MVA-OVA alone or combined with simvastatin augmented B cells, CD4+lymphocytes, CD8+lymphocytes, and tumor-specific CD8+in the tumor-draining lymph nodes. However, only the treatment combination increased the numbers of these lymphocyte populations in the tumor microenvironment and in the spleen.ConclusionIn conclusion, blockade of IFNα functions by simvastatin markedly enhances lymphocyte infiltration and the antitumor activity of MVA, prompting a feasible drug repurposing.
Direct identification of neoantigen-specific TCRs from tumor specimens by high-throughput single-cell sequencing
Authors: Lu Yong-Chen , Zheng Zhili , Lowery Frank J , Gartner Jared J , Prickett Todd D , Robbins Paul F , Rosenberg Steven A 
Published: July 2021

BackgroundRecognition of neoantigens by T cells plays a major role in cancer immunotherapy. Identification of neoantigen-specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) has become a critical research tool for studying T cell-mediated responses after immunotherapy. In addition, neoantigen-specific TCRs can be used to modify the specificity of T cells for T cell-based therapies targeting tumor-specific mutations. Although several techniques have been developed to identify TCR sequences, these techniques still require a significant amount of labor, making them impractical in the clinical setting.MethodsThanks to the availability of high-throughput single-cell sequencing, we developed a new process to isolate neoantigen-specific TCR sequences. This process included the isolation of tumor-infiltrating T cells from a tumor specimen and the stimulation of T cells by neoantigen-loaded dendritic cells, followed by single-cell sequencing for TCR and T-cell activation markers, interferon-γ and interleukin-2.ResultsIn this study, potential neoantigen-specific TCRs were isolated from three melanoma and three colorectal tumor specimens. These TCRs were then synthesized and transduced into autologous T cells, followed by testing the recognition of neoantigens. A total of 28 neoantigen-specific TCRs were identified by this process. If identical TCR sequences were detected from two or more single cells, this approach was highly reliable (100%, 19 out of 19 TCRs).ConclusionThis single-cell approach provides an efficient process to isolate antigen-specific TCRs for research and clinical applications.
Cooling–heating phase transition of the Euler–Heisenberg-AdS black hole
Authors: Meng Y. , Chen B. B. , Tang J. 
Published: July 2021

We investigate the cooling–heating phase transition of the Euler–Heisenberg-AdS black hole. First, the black hole thermodynamic quantities and the state equation are reviewed. Then, we research cooling–heating phase transition and further plot the inversion and isenthalpic curves in the T–P plane. Meanwhile, we find that the inversion temperature gradually decreases with the increase of Euler–Heisenberg parameter a for the inversion curves, while this parameter has no effect in the cooling region, and the isenthalpic curves gradually move to the positive direction of X-axis with the increase of Euler–Heisenberg parameter a in the heating region. In particular, the inversion temperature and pressure of this black hole are negative, we deem that this case is caused by the vacuum polarization and the quantum electrodynamics corrections, which makes the electromagnetic energy (repulsion force) produced by the black hole shield the gravity produced by the black hole mass. In addition, this explanation has been mentioned in previous studies [M. Daniela and B. Nora, Phys. Rev. D 102, 084011 (2020); R. Ruffini, Y. B. Wu and S. S. Xue, Phys. Rev. D 88, 085004 (2013)].
Electrochemical Reduction of H2O and CO2 Using Anode Supported SDC Cells
Authors: Zhang Xinge , Fahlman Jason , Robertson Mark , Yao Peter 
Published: July 2021

Solid oxide electrolysis cells (SOECs) have emerged as an attractive approach for electrochemical reduction of CO2 and/or H2O to high energy molecules, such as CO and/or H2, and demonstrated high faradic efficiency (good selectivity), high energy efficiency (low cell voltage), and high operating current density (high productivity). Conventionally SOECs based on YSZ as electrolyte material operate approximately 800oC in order to achieve a practical cell performance and to mitigate carbon deposition. However, high operating temperature leads to high cost and fast degradation of the SOEC system. Meanwhile, it becomes impossible to produce chemical fuels, such as methane, from the co-electrolysis of CO2 and H2O through in situ methanation.
In this contribution, we studied electrochemical reduction of H2O and CO2 at reduced temperatures using anode supported SDC cells, with Ni-SDC anode and SSC cathode of effective area of 2 cm2, and the SDC electrolyte about 10-15 um in thickness. We found that the SDC cell performance (Cell#1) under electrochemical reduction of H2O reaches 0.5 A/cm2 at 1.15 V at 500oC with inlet gas composition of 50% H2O + 50% H2, at a flow rate of 100 ml/min/cm2. We repeated electrochemical reduction of H2O test using another SDC cell (Cell#2), and also conducted electrochemical reduction of CO2 at reduced temperatures. It was noticed that the cell performance under electrochemical reduction of H2O showed slightly better than, but quite similar to, that under CO2 reduction. The SDC cell (Cell#2) performance under electrochemical reduction of CO2 showed 0.5 A/cm2 at 1.17 V at 500oC with inlet gas composition of 80% CO2 + 20% H2, at a flow rate of 10 ml/min. This cell also showed no degradation during a short term (72hr) stability test under the CO2 reduction condition.
Interestingly, under the tested conditions, SDC cells showed much better performance under the electrolysis cell (EC) mode than under the fuel cell (FC) mode. For example, at 500 oC, with 100mlpm H2-100mlpm H2O, the cell OCV is about 0.844V, the cell only reached 0.25A/cm2 at 0.4V under the FC mode, while under the EC mode it reached 1.26V at 1 A/cm2, which is approximately 4 times higher with the same polarization value of the cell voltage in comparison to the FC mode. The cause for the difference are investigated.
Redox Stability of Tubular Solid Oxide Cell Using LaGaO3 Electrolyte Film Prepared by Dip-Coating
Authors: Tan Zhe , Ishihara Tatsumi 
Published: July 2021

Reversible operation of SOFC is now important subjects from energy storage of renewable electric power from solar or wind power. At present, planer type cell design is widely used for this purpose, however, because of tight gas sealing, tubular type cell design is more suitable. In this study, tubular solid oxide cell using La0.9Sr0.1Ga0.8Mg0.2O3−δ (LSGM) thin electrolyte film was prepared by dip-coating and co-sintering process.
NiO-YSZ porous substrate with 10 mm diameter and 30 mm length was used for preparation of the cell. For preventing reaction between LSGM and NiO, TiO2-Ce0.6La0.4O2/Ce0.6Mn0.3Fe0.1O2 was used for buffer layer. The cyclic operation of fuel cell and electrolysis mode was measured for investigating the stability of the prepared tubular cell at an intermediate temperature of 600℃ under the fuel of 20%steam-30%H2 in Ar. After 100 redox cycles under the applied current density of ±100 mA cm-2 , OCV was almost the same with the initial value before measurement. The terminal potential in SOFC operation became slightly lower and unstable with increasing cycle number, however, degradation in power density is not significantly observed. The cell also presents a relative stable performance in the electrolysis mode and it seems to be more active to SOEC than that to SOFC. From measurement of internal resistance, degradation may be related with the increased overpotential of anode. Therefore, aggregation and reoxidation of Ni in Ni-YSZ substrate is expected.
In order to further increase performance of the cell, effects of Ce infiltration into NiO-YSZ contributes and it was found that the power density and electrolysis performance was much increased by the decreased internal resistance. The redox stability of NiO-YSZ-CeO2 cell was also measured and it also presents a stable redox performance after 100 times cycles by infiltration of CeO2.
Analysis of 3D Printed Ceramic Nanocomposite Fuel Cells
Authors: Asghar Muhammad Imran , Lund Peter D. 
Published: July 2021

We have reported our synthesized ceramic nanocomposite materials with remarkably high ionic conductivity (0.5 S/cm at 550oC). The fuel cells utilizing this promising ceramic nanocomposite electrolyte produced a high performance of 1.1 W/cm2 at 550oC. The performance of the cell is limited due to the thickness of the cell (600 µm) and especially the electrolyte layer (300 µm). We envision that our fuel cells utilizing promising nanocomposite materials can reach performances >2 W/cm2 at 550oC if their thickness can be reduced to less than 200 µm. Unfortunately, with the conventional pressing method used for our cells manufacturing, the thickness of the cells cannot be reduced precisely. Moreover, this fabrication method is not suitable for large-scale upscaling of the technology. The printing methods, especially digital printing techniques including 3D and inkjet printing, enable the fabrication of thin ceramic fuel cell with better controllability. In our preliminary experiments, we successfully printed our high-performance nanocomposite electrolyte with a 3D printer. The printed electrolyte shows an excellent performance of 0.32 ± 0.04 S/cm at 550oC. The key challenges related to the 3D printing of ceramic fuel cell is highlighted in the work. Furthermore, in addition to our research on conventional 3-layer cell structure, our research on novel 3D printed single-layer cells will be presented.

Acknowledgement: This work is supported by Academy of Finland (Grant No. 13329016). Dr. Asghar thanks Academy of Finland (Grant No. 13322738) and the Hubei overseas Talent 100 program for their support.

References

[1] M. I. Asghar, M. Heikkilä and P. D. Lund, Materials Today Energy, 5 (2017) 338.
[2] M. I. Asghar, S. Jouttijärvi and P. D. Lund, International Journal of Hydrogen energy, 43 (2018) 12892.
[3] M. I. Asghar, S. Jouttijärvi and P. D. Lund, International Journal of Hydrogen energy, 43 (2018) 12797.
[4] M. I. Asghar, S. Jouttijärvi, R. Jokiranta, A. Valtavirta and P. D. Lund, Nanoenergy, 53 (2018) 391.
[5] M. I. Asghar, S. Jouttijärvi, R. Jokiranta, E. Hochreiner and P. D. Lund, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, (2019).
Sr Surface Segregation; Implications for Oxygen Electrode Behavior and Routes to Mitigate Impact
Authors: Tripković Đorđije , Küngas Rainer , Mogensen Mogens Bjerg , Yildiz Bilge , Hendriksen Peter Vang 
Published: July 2021

The activation energy of the oxygen evolution/oxygen reduction process at perovskite type oxygen electrode materials is slightly higher than that of oxygen transport in the classical electrolyte materials, and also of that of the steam-splitting/hydrogen oxidation process at the fuel electrode. Today at 750 oC – 800 oC state of the art oxygen electrodes do not limit overall SOEC/SOFC performance, but when pushing the operation temperature lower, towards 600 oC the oxygen electrode can become limiting. Hence, there is still a need to develop high performing and importantly, durable, oxygen electrodes.
One mechanism that has been reported to reduce oxygen exchange rates at Sr-containing perovskite type electrode materials is Sr segregation to the surface. This has especially been studied and observed on model systems like thin films [1, 2] and bulk materials [3, 4]. A surface enrichment in Sr will potentially make an electrode more vulnerable to degradation by reaction with gas-phase impurities like CO2 and Sulphur-species, but also to Cr-poisoning. Hence, it is important to study what drives such surface enrichment and how to mitigate its consequences.
We have studied this in some detail on La0.6Sr0.4FeO3 both on thin films [2] and on bulk samples [4]. Interestingly, on the thin film model system, one can to some extent alleviate the consequences of the enrichment by leaching away excess Sr [1,2]. On the bulk samples, we have found that the oxygen exchange kinetics decrease with aging at low temperature (650 oC), but that the samples can be rejuvenated by a short high temperature treatment [4].
In this contribution, we shall present the relation between the oxygen exchange rates measured on La0.6Sr0.4FeO3 surfaces and the chemistry of the surface. It turns out, that Sr enrichment to the surface occurs very fast and the “rejuvenation” treatment does not affect the Sr content at the surface, but rather in which phase/environment the Sr is found.
We shall further discuss the implications of the learnings on above presented model-type-systems to the technical level, where often the materials are applied in form of composites.
[1] Z. Cai, M. Kubicek, J. Fleig and B. Yildiz, Chem. Mater., 2012, 24, 1116–1127
[2] Tripković, D., Küngas, R., Mogensen, M. B. & Hendriksen, P. V., 2020, Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 22, 27, p. 15418-15426
[3] Edith Bucher, Werner Sitte, Solid State Ionics
192 (2011) 480–482.
[4] Đ. Tripković, R. Küngas, M. B. Mogensen and P. V. Hendriksen, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2019, 7, 11782–11791.

Figure 1
Conducting Property and Performance Evaluation of LNF as Cathode Current Contact Layer in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Authors: Lyu Qiuqiu , Wang Yu , Zhu Tenglong , Sun Kaihua , Sun Zaihong , Bu Yunfei , Zhong Qin , Han Minfang 
Published: July 2021

Electrical performance, durability and degradations are challenging issues for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) commercialization. Ce0.9Gd0.1O2-δ (GDC) and La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF) are current gold material system in SOFC, which mainly works as barrier layer and cathode, respectively. However, the porous GDC barrier layer and vulnerable cathode/electrolyte interface often leads to high ohmic resistances and fast degradations. Herein, we develop and report a novel approach for barrier layer and cathode modifications, using cost-competitive and scalable hydrothermal reaction.
Results show that, the as-sintered porous GDC barrier layer is filled up with in-situly grown Ceria based nano particles during hydrothermal reaction, yielding improved density and sintering-active surface, simultaneously. After co-sintered with cathode, the cell obtains optimized cathode/barrier layer interface, exhibiting decreased ohmic and cathode polarization resistances with higher electrical performance and less degradation.
On the other aspect, the Ceria based nano particles are also observed in-situly precipitated on LSCF powder surface during hydrothermal reaction, forming dual-phase LSCF@GDC cathode, which also yields decreased ohmic and polarization resistance than pristine LSCF.
Above results suggest that hydrothermal modifications are effective for barrier layer and cathode/electrolyte interface optimizations. Thus, the improved oxygen ion transfer and interface contact are beneficial for SOFC electrical performance and long-term operation. Furthermore, this hydrothermal modification is applicable in many other surface and interface optimizations.