bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Kings of the Corona Crisis: The Impact of the outbreak of Covid‐19 on Small‐scale Producers in Hungary
Authors: Benedek Zsófia , Balogh Pál Géza , Baráth Lajos , Fertő Imre , Lajos Veronika , Orbán Éva , Szabó Gábor G. , Nemes Gusztáv 
Published: February 2021

SummaryThe Covid‐19 pandemic has fundamentally reshaped our lives. Its effects on the sales and use of marketing channels of small‐scale Hungarian producers are addressed here. Based on the level of proximity, sales channels were classified into three types. Due to local regulations concerning restrictions on movement, it was only impersonal (online) channels that survived, or the opposite type, i.e. very personal ones involving the face‐to‐face meeting of producers and consumers in the private spaces (mostly homes) of one of the parties. Results from the survey of 136 producers reveal that 60 per cent suffered an economic loss due to loss of sales, while 10 per cent increased their sales. Successful producers were those lucky enough to be operating within the fresh fruit and vegetable sector, within which consumer demand increased significantly. The parallel use of several sales channels before the virus outbreak increased subsequent chances of success by increasing the probability that some of the channels would remain operational. Furthermore, successful producers had invested a lot of work pre‐Covid into maintaining private relationships with their customers; a situation that proved vital during times of restrictions. Also, the former moved fast, and were open enough to learn and make use of the opportunities modern technology offered them.
EU Food System Strengths and Vulnerabilities during Covid‐19
Authors: Matthews Alan 
Published: February 2021

SummaryThe performance of the EU food system during the early stages of the Covid‐19 pandemic is examined in this article. The preliminary evidence from the early lockdown period in March to June 2020 supports the view that, apart from some experiences of empty supermarket shelves in the very first days of lockdown caused by hoarding by consumers, the EU food system has been remarkably resilient. EU farmers, processors and retailers have maintained food supplies to EU consumers and adjusted to the shift in demand caused by the lockdowns in the food service sector. Farm prices fell after lockdowns were introduced but, with some notable exceptions, such as flowers, the fall in prices has been limited. Consumer food prices, on the contrary, increased but this seems to have been a temporary phenomenon. The response to the pandemic has revealed the limitations in the EU’s crisis response mechanism particularly where market support may be needed. The argument of some EU leaders that local food systems should be supported as a way of increasing the resilience of the food system to future shocks does not have empirical support. Policies in the future should support firms in building more robust and resilient supply chains and not undermine food security built on misconceptions about how supply chains performed during the Covid‐19 pandemic.
The optimal dose of Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) for providing protective effects against CCl4‐induced hepatic damage in rats
Authors: Lee Kwang Yeon , Bae In Young 
Published: February 2021

AbstractLarvae of edible insects Protaetia brevitarsis seulensis (Kolbe) is well known in Korean traditional medicine for improvement of blood circulation. This study focused on the optimal dose of P. brevitarsis larvae for protection against CCl4‐induced hepatic injury in rats. The optimal dose of P. brevitarsis larvae was estimated by intraperitoneal administration of 100, 300, 1,000, or 3,000 mg/kg, once daily for 5 days, to CCl4‐induced hepatotoxicity rats. CCl4 administration showed much higher levels of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, compared to control groups. Also, histopathological results showed extensive liver lesions, characterized by substantial necrosis, steatosis, and hemorrhage. In addition, an increased prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) level and decreased fibrinogen level was observed in the CCl4 groups. In contrast, the treatment of P. brevitarsis larvae showed significant protection against the CCl4‐induced hepatotoxicity reducing the serum AST and ALT activities (P < 0.05); the lowest level of serum AST and ALT activities were observed in the group treated with 100 and 300 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the treatment with P. brevitarsis larvae at 100 and 300 mg/mL significantly reduced PT and aPTT values, and increased the fibrinogen level, when compared to the CCl4‐treatment alone (P < 0.05). In intoxicated rats, the doses of P. brevitarsis larvae greater than 300 mg/kg did not enhance its protective action (1,000 mg/mL group) or was not as effective (3,000 mg/mL group). The results indicate that P. brevitarsis larvae revealed a protective effect against CCl4 acute hepatotoxicity including coagulation disorders and the optimum dose was 300 mg/kg.
A liminal lens on integrating refugees into the workplace: Conceptualising a theoretical model
Authors: Loon Mark , Vitale Agata 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe integration of refugees into workplaces in their destination country remains a global concern. We meet the challenge of this problem by conceptualising a theoretical model using a liminal lens; more specifically, through the three thematic lenses of liminality as process, liminality as position and liminality as place. By addressing the research question; ‘how does a liminal lens provide new insights into refugees' integration into the workplace?’ we make three contributions to extant literature. First, we offer a dynamic perspective of refugees' integration into the workplace. Second, we provide a synthesis that brings together key factors at the micro, meso and macro levels that are germane to refugees' assimilation into the workplace. Finally, we contribute to human resource (HR) literature by showing a more nuanced view of the role of human resource management, specifically how an ambidextrous HR architecture can help firms explore refugees as a talent pool, while exploiting existing talents.
Origin of the Gas Hydrate and Free Gas in the Qilian Permafrost, Northwest China: Evidence from Molecular Composition and Carbon Isotopes
Authors: TAN Furong , LI Yang , DU Fangpeng , LIU Shiming , CUI Weixiong , LIU Zhiwu , GENG Qingming , LU Ping 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Qilian permafrost of the South Qilian Basin (SQB) has become a research focus since gas hydrates were discovered in 2009. Although many works from different perspectives have been conducted in this area, the origin of gas from gas hydrate is still controversial. Molecular composition and carbon isotope of 190 samples related to gas hydrates collected from 11 boreholes allowed exploration of genetic type, thermal maturity, biodegradation, as well as gas‐source correlation of alkane gases from gas hydrates and free gases. Results indicate that alkane gases biodegraded after the formation of natural gas. According to differences in carbon isotopes of methane and their congeners (CH4, C2H6, C3H8), the thermal maturity (vitrinite reflectance, VRo) of most alkane gases ranges from 0.6% to 1.5%, indicating a mature to high mature stage. The thermal maturity VRo of a small part of alkane gas (in boreholes DK5 and DK6) is higher than 1.3%, indicating a high mature stage. Alkane gases were mainly produced by secondary cracking, consisting of crude oil‐cracking gases and wet gases cracking to dry gases. Genetic types of alkane gases are primarily oil‐type gases generated from shales and mudstones in the upper Yaojie Formation of Jurassic, with less coal‐type gases originated from the mudstones in the Triassic Galedesi Formation and the lower Yaojie Formation of Jurassic. Carbon dioxides associated with alkanes from gas hydrates and free gases indicate the thermal decomposition and biodegradation of organic matter. The origins of natural gases from gas hydrates and free gases shed light on the evaluation of petroleum resource potential, deeply buried sediments, and petroleum resource exploration in the SQB.
U‐Pb Zircon and Re‐Os Molybdenite Geochronology of the W‐Mo Mineralized Region of South Qinling, China, and their Tectonic Implications
Authors: HAN Ke , YANG Xingke , CHAO Huixia , HE Hujun , RUAN Shiqi , GAO Yunfeng , ZHANG Weisheng , ZHU Wei , JIN Gang 
Published: February 2021

AbstractA W‐Mo mineralized region is located along the northern margin of the South Qinling tectonic belt of China. W‐Mo mineralization occurs mainly in Cambrian–Ordovician clastic and carbonate rocks, and the ore bodies are structurally controlled by NW–SE‐ and NNE–SSW‐striking faults. Evidence for magmatism in the area is widespread and is dominated by intermediate–felsic intrusives or apophyses, such as the Dongjiangkou, Yanzhiba, Lanbandeng, and Sihaiping granitic bodies. Quartz‐vein‐type mineralization and fault‐controlled skarn‐type mineralization dominate the ore systems, with additional enrichment in residual deposits. At present, there are few or insufficient studies on (1) the age of mineralization, (2) the relationship between intermediate–felsic granite and W‐Mo mineralization, (3) the source of ore‐forming materials, and (4) the metallogenic and tectonic setting of the mineralized area. In this paper, we present geochronology results for numerous intrusive granitic bodies in the South Qinling tectonic belt. U‐Pb zircon geochronology of the Lanbandeng monzogranite and Wangjiaping biotite monzogranite yields ages of 222.7 ± 2.3 and 201.9 ± 1.8 Ma, respectively. In contrast to the Late Triassic age of the Lanbandeng monzogranite, the age of the newly discovered Wangjiaping biotite monzogranite places it at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Re‐Os molybdenite geochronology on the Qipangou W‐Mo deposit yielded a model age of 199.7 ± 3.9 Ma, indicating the deposit formed in the early Yanshanian period of the Early Jurassic. Granitoid intrusions in the mineralized area are characterized by composite granite bodies that crystallized at ca. 240–190 Ma. While there were multiple stages of intrusion, most occurred at 210–220 Ma, with waning magmatic activity at 200–190 Ma. The Re‐Os age of molybdenite in the region is ca. 200–190 Ma, which may represent a newly discovered period of W‐Mo metallogenesis that occurred during the final stages of magmatism. The heat associated with this magmatism drove ore formation and might have provided additional ore‐forming components for metallogenesis (represented by the Wangjiaping biotite monzogranite). Ore materials in the mineralized area were derived from mixed crustal and mantle sources. Enrichment of the region occurred during intracontinental orogenesis in the late Indosinian–Yanshanian, subsequent to the main Indosinian collision. At this time, the tectonic environment was dominated by extension and strike‐slip motion.
Lithofacies and Pore Structure of Fine‐grained Sedimentary Rocks of Qing‐1 Member of Cretaceous in the Southern Songliao Basin
Authors: LIN Lamei , LIU Su , XU Yang , LI Fulai 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFine‐grained sedimentary rocks often contain hydrocarbon and mineral resources. Compared with coarse‐grained sedimentary rocks, fine‐grained sedimentary rocks are less studied. To elucidate the lithofacies and pore structure of lacustrine fine‐grained rocks, the 340.6 m continuous core of Cretaceous Qing‐1 Member from five wells in the southern central depression of the Songliao Basin was analyzed using X‐ray diffraction, Rock‐Eval pyrolysis, low‐temperature nitrogen adsorption, high‐pressure mercury injection, argon ion polishing‐field emission scanning electron microscopy, and laser scanning confocal microscopy. Based on mineral compositions, organic matter abundance and sedimentary structure, lacustrine fine‐grained rocks in the study area were divided into ten lithofacies, with their spatial distributions mainly influenced by tectonic cycle, climate cycle and provenance. Furthermore, pore structure characteristics of different lithofacies are summarized. (1) The siliceous mudstone lithofacies with low TOC content and the laminated/layered clay‐bearing siliceous mudstone lithofacies with medium TOC content have the highest proportion of first‐class pores (diameter > 100 nm), making it the most favourable lithofacies for the accumulation of shale oil and shale gas. (2) The massive clay‐bearing siliceous mudstone lithofacies with low TOC content has the highest proportion of second‐class pores (diameter ranges from 10 to 100 nm), making it a favourable lithofacies for the enrichment of shale gas. (3) The massive clay‐bearing siliceous mudstone lithofacies with high TOC content has the highest proportion of third‐class pores (diameter < 10 nm), making it intermediate in gas storage and flow. Laser confocal oil analysis shows that the heavy component of oil is mainly distributed in the clay lamina, while the light part with higher mobility is mainly concentrated in the silty lamina.
Association of the genetic variants in the endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 gene with ankylosing spondylitis susceptibility
Authors: Ebrazeh Mehrdad , Ezzatifar Fatemeh , Torkamandi Shahram , Mohammadi Fatemeh Sadat , Salimifard Sevda , Gowhari Shabgah Arezoo , Hemmatzadeh Maryam , Aslani Saeed , Babaie Farhad , Jadidi‐Niaragh Farhad , Gholizadeh Navashenaq Jamshid , Mohammadi Hamed 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundGenetic polymorphisms in the endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase gene ERAP2 has been attributed with the etiopathogenesis of ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Here we assessed the association of ERAP2 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with AS predisposition in Iranian patients and determined their effect on the inflammatory state of the patients.MethodsFor genotyping of rs2548538, rs2287988, and rs17408150 SNPs using a real‐time allelic discrimination approach, DNA was extracted from the whole blood of 250 AS patients and 250 healthy individuals. RNA of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells was separated, cDNA was synthesized, and transcriptional levels of cytokines, including interleukin (IL)‐17A, IL‐23, IL‐10, and transforming growth factor‐β, were measured. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to measure the serum concentration on the cytokines.ResultsThree ERAP2 gene SNPs were not associated significantly with AS risk. Nonetheless, rs2287988 and rs17408150 SNPs showed statistically significant association with susceptibility to the disease in those AS patients who were positive for human leukocyte antigen (HLA)‐B27. Transcriptional level and serum concentration of IL‐17A and IL‐23 were higher, but those of IL‐10 were lower in both AS patients and the HLA‐B27‐positive patient group relative to the control group. Nevertheless, ERAP2 gene SNPs in the HLA‐B27‐positive AS patients did not affect the transcription level and serum concentration of cytokines.ConclusionsERAP2 gene rs2287988 and rs17408150 SNPs are associated with susceptibility to AS, but they are probably not determining the levels of IL‐17A, IL‐23, and IL‐10 in this disease.
Pathogenesis of Salmonella Newport to BALB/c mice when internalized into cherry tomatoes
Authors: Mancilla‐Becerra Lilia Mercedes , Orozco‐García Adriana Guadalupe , Armas‐Puente Priscila , Martínez‐Chávez Liliana , Barba‐León Jeannette 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSalmonella Newport is a serovar frequently associated with outbreaks caused by consumption of raw tomatoes. This study tested the internalization of S. Newport‐45 into cherry tomatoes and its resulting pathogenicity in vivo. Pathogenicity of S. Newport‐45 was tested in BALB/c mice inoculated orally with either LB grown or cherry tomatoes homogenates internally contaminated with S. Newport‐45. CFU of S. Newport‐45 was recovered from the gastrointestinal tract, liver and spleen of the inoculated animals. Similar loads (p > 0.05) were recovered from the GI tract of BALB/c mice inoculated with S. Newport‐45 grown in LB or with cherry tomato homogenates internally contaminated. Spread of S. Newport‐45 to the liver of mice increased (p < 0.05) when they were inoculated with homogenates of cherry tomatoes internally contaminated with S. Newport‐45 stored for 3 days compared with bacteria grown in LB. Salmonella Newport‐45 hilA and rpoS genes were transcribed when the bacteria were inside the cherry tomato. The results obtained in this study show S. Newport‐45 pathogenicity when it is internalized in a raw consumption fruit such as cherry tomato.
ATF3 drives senescence by reconstructing accessible chromatin profiles
Authors: Zhang Chao , Zhang Xuebin , Huang Li , Guan Yiting , Huang Xiaoke , Tian Xiao‐Li , Zhang Lijun , Tao Wei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractChromatin organization and transcriptional profiles undergo tremendous reordering during senescence. However, uncovering the regulatory mechanisms between chromatin reconstruction and gene expression in senescence has been elusive. Here, we depicted the landscapes of both chromatin accessibility and gene expression to reveal gene regulatory networks in human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) senescence and found that chromatin accessibilities are redistributed during senescence. Particularly, the intergenic chromatin was massively shifted with the increased accessibility regions (IARs) or decreased accessibility regions (DARs), which were mainly enhancer elements. We defined AP‐1 transcription factor family as being responsible for driving chromatin accessibility reconstruction in IARs, where low DNA methylation improved binding affinity of AP‐1 and further increased the chromatin accessibility. Among AP‐1 transcription factors, we confirmed ATF3 was critical to reconstruct chromatin accessibility to promote cellular senescence. Our results described a dynamic landscape of chromatin accessibility whose remodeling contributes to the senescence program, we identified that AP‐1 was capable of reorganizing the chromatin accessibility profile to regulate senescence.
Upland rush management advocated by agri‐environment schemes increases predation of artificial wader nests
Authors: Kelly L. A. , Douglas D. J. T. , Shurmer M. P. , Evans K. L. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFarmland birds, including breeding waders, have declined across Europe. One frequently advocated strategy to facilitate population recovery is using agri‐environment schemes (AES) to improve vegetation structure. A key example is cutting dense rush Juncus to open the sward which aims to increase the abundance of wading birds, for example by improving foraging conditions. Effects on breeding success are, however, unknown. This is a critical knowledge gap as high nest and chick predation rates are a key driver of wader declines. For wader species that nest across a range of sward structures, for example Eurasian curlew Numenius arquata and common snipe Gallinago gallinago, converting denser swards to more open ones may reduce opportunities for nest concealment and thus increase predation risk. Due to the difficulties of locating large numbers of wader nests, we assess rush management impacts on nest predation risk using artificial wader nests (n = 184) in two upland areas of England, using fields in which rush is managed according to AES prescriptions (treatment; n = 21) or un‐managed (control; n = 22) fields. Daily nest predation rates (DPRs) were twice as high in treatment (0.064 day−1) than control fields (0.027 day−1). Within treatment fields, DPRs were twice as high for nests in cut rush patches (0.108 day−1) than in uncut rush (0.055 day−1). Modelling links higher DPRs associated with rush cutting to the resultant shorter and less dense vegetation. Our results highlight the need to assess how AES prescriptions that alter vegetation structure impact all aspects of the target species’ fitness and thus determine population recovery. Studies using real wader nests should test whether AES rush management inadvertently creates an ecological trap by altering vegetation structure, and identify the sward structure and configuration that optimizes trade‐offs between foraging conditions and nest predation risk.
Plant–animal interactions of understory species in an area of tropical rainforest, north‐eastern Brazil
Authors: da Silva Leonardo Barbosa , da Silva Jacilene Bezerra , Souza Camila Silveira , Menck Guimarães Murilo , Sales Margareth Ferreira , de Castro Cibele Cardoso 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe studied the reproductive attributes (reproductive phenology, pollination and seed dispersion) of understory woody species from a rainforest area in the Araripe‐Apodi National Forest (FLONA), NE Brazil. The FLONA has a representative number of fauna and flora species that are important for the local climatic, hydrological and ecological equilibrium of the region. The community was composed of 68 species distributed in 43 genera and 26 plant families. Melastomataceae was the family with the highest species richness. Most species (61.76%) shared floral traits that promoted bee pollination, for example white, dish type, medium‐sized flowers with pollen as the main resource. Zoochory was the most frequent dispersion system (76.47%), followed by autochory (16.17%) and anemochory (7.35%). Resource distribution (flowers and fruits) was uniform throughout the year, and pollination and dispersion networks were significantly modular, composed of five and four modules, respectively. In the pollination network, bees occurred in almost all modules, but flies, hummingbirds, butterflies and hawk moths were more restricted to certain modules, partially highlighting the idea of pollination syndromes. In the dispersion network, the modules were composed of birds from different families; only one module was comprised of all sampled mammals. Our results show that most species depend on the action of biotic vectors during their reproductive processes (pollination and dispersal). Those interactions are fundamental for maintaining biological diversity in different tropical ecosystems.
Comparative analysis of different periapical index systems used in cone‐beam computed tomography
Authors: Sisli Selen Nihal , Yılmaz Büşra , Özpolat Zeynep , Gülşahı Kamran 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to compare the three index systems designed for cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) in terms of intra‐ and inter‐observer agreement. 117 root‐filled teeth with or without periapical radiolucency from 77 of already existing CBCT images were chosen randomly. Two observers evaluated the periapical status of the selected teeth and graded the scores twice using CBCT periapical index (CBCTPAI), endodontic radiolucency index (ERI) and complex periapical index (COPI) part of the periapical and endodontic status scale (PESS), respectively. The researchers' self‐agreement kappa values ranged from substantial to almost perfect. A moderate inter‐observer agreement was present for the COPI and ERI, whereas a fair agreement was present for CBCTPAI. The researchers' ICC for the inter‐observer reliability of CBCTPAI, ERI and COPI was 0.75, 0.77 and 0.80, respectively. COPI had the highest self‐agreement and inter‐observer reliability. ERI showed the highest intra‐observer variation, whereas CBCTPAI showed the highest inter‐observer variation.