bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gravitational Lensing Formalism in a Curved Arc Basis: A Continuous Description of Observables and Degeneracies from the Weak to the Strong Lensing Regime
Authors: Birrer Simon 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Gravitationally lensed curved arcs provide a wealth of information about the underlying lensing distortions. Extracting precise lensing information from extended sources is a key component in many studies aiming to answer fundamental questions about the universe. To maintain accuracy with increased precision, it is of vital importance to characterize and understand the impact of degeneracies inherent in lensing observables. In this work, we present a formalism to describe the gravitational lensing distortion effects resulting in curved extended arcs based on the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of the local lensing Jacobian and their directional differentials. We identify a nonlocal and nonlinear extended deflector basis that inherits these local properties. Our parameterization is tightly linked to observable features in extended sources and allows one to accurately extract the lensing information of extended images without imposing an explicit global deflector model. We quantify what degeneracies can be broken based on specific assumptions about the local lensing nature and assumed intrinsic source shape. Our formalism is applicable from the weak linear regime to the semi-linear regime and all the way up to the highly nonlinear regime of highly magnified arcs of multiple images. The methodology and implementation presented in this work provides a framework to assessing systematics, to guide inference efforts in the right choices in complexity based on the data at hand, and to quantify the lensing information extracted in a model-independent way (https://github.com/sibirrer/curved_arcs).
The Formation Process of the First Halo Coronal Mass Ejection in Solar Cycle 25: Magnetic Cancellation, Bidirectional Jet, and Hot Channel
Authors: Yan Xiaoli , Wang Jincheng , Guo Qiaoling , Xue Zhike , Yang Liheng , Tan Baolin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
To better understand the trigger mechanism of a coronal mass ejection (CME), we present the evolution of a CME source region (active region NOAA 12790) and the formation of a hot channel before the occurrence of the first halo CME in solar cycle 25. Through analyzing the evolution of Solar Dynamics Observatory/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager line-of-sight magnetograms, it is found that continuous magnetic cancellation occurs at the polarity inversion line (PIL) in this active region. With ongoing magnetic cancellation, several bidirectional jets and unidirectional jets occur along the large-scale arched magnetic loops. A hot channel forms during the first bidirectional jet. After the occurrence of the fourth bidirectional jet, the hot channel immediately erupts and produces a C-class flare, a cusp structure, and a halo CME. It is worth pointing out that the cusp structure only appears in the 131 Å and 94 Å observations (temperature about 10 MK). The obvious contraction of the newly formed loops is observed at the top of the cusp structure. The observations reveal a clear physics process: magnetic cancellation of a bipolar magnetic field at the PIL results in the occurrence of the bidirectional/unidirectional jets and the formation of the hot channel. The axial magnetic flux feeding for the hot channel through the continued magnetic cancellation leads to the hot channel eruption, which results in the formation of the hot cusp structure and the occurrence of the C-class flare and the halo CME.
On the Hard Gamma-Ray Spectrum of the Potential PeVatron Supernova Remnant G106.3 + 2.7
Authors: Bao Yiwei , Chen Yang 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The Tibet ASγ experiment has measured a γ-ray flux of supernova remnant G106.3+2.7 of up to 100 TeV, suggesting it is potentially a “PeVatron.” Challenges arise when the hadronic scenario requires a hard proton spectrum (with spectral index ≈1.8), while usual observations and numerical simulations prefer a soft proton spectrum (with spectral index ≥2). In this paper, we explore an alternative scenario to explain the γ-ray spectrum of G106.3+2.7 within the current understanding of acceleration and escape processes. We consider that cosmic ray particles are scattered by turbulence driven by Bell instabilities. The resulting hadronic γ-ray spectrum is novel, dominating the contribution to the emission above 10 TeV, and can explain the bizarre broadband spectrum of G106.3+2.7 in combination with leptonic emission from the remnant.
Isotope Dichotomy from Solar Protoplanetary Disk Processing of 150Nd-rich Stellar Ejecta
Authors: Susan Saji Nikitha , Schiller Martin , Christian Holst Jesper , Bizzarro Martin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
We use high-precision neodymium isotope data for sequentially acid-leached components of the primitive carbonaceous chondrite Tagish Lake to identify a non-classical 150Nd-rich presolar carrier phase that has not been identified as of yet in meteorites. The distinct isotopic signature of this carrier can be attributed to the intermediate neutron capture process (i-process) occurring in asymptotic giant branch (AGB), super-AGB, or post-AGB stars or, alternatively, the slow capture process (s-process) occurring in rotating massive stars. The 150Nd-rich carrier appears to be heterogeneously distributed in the solar protoplanetary disk resulting in systematic isotope variations between carbonaceous and non-carbonaceous solar system materials. Carbonaceous chondrites that accreted in the outer disk are depleted in this carrier relative to non-carbonaceous materials that accreted in the terrestrial planet-forming region. Calcium-aluminum-rich inclusions that represent the earliest formed disk solids record the largest depletion of this carrier. This distribution pattern is contrary to that seen for the carriers of other neutron-rich isotope anomalies (48Ca, 54Cr, 95,97Mo, etc.) that have defined carbonaceous/non-carbonaceous isotope dichotomy so far. Irrespective of the exact astrophysical origin of these carriers, divergent distribution of presolar dust as a function of physicochemical processing in the solar protoplanetary disk best explains the solar system isotope dichotomy as opposed to changes in the composition of the infall.
The Per-Tau Shell: A Giant Star-forming Spherical Shell Revealed by 3D Dust Observations
Authors: Bialy Shmuel , Zucker Catherine , Goodman Alyssa , Foley Michael M. , Alves João , Semenov Vadim A. , Benjamin Robert , Leike Reimar , Enßlin Torsten 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A major question in the field of star formation is how molecular clouds form out of the diffuse interstellar medium (ISM). Recent advances in 3D dust mapping are revolutionizing our view of the structure of the ISM. Using the highest-resolution 3D dust map to date, we explore the structure of a nearby star-forming region, which includes the well-known Perseus and Taurus molecular clouds. We reveal an extended near-spherical shell, 156 pc in diameter (hereafter called the “Per-Tau Shell”), in which the Perseus and Taurus clouds are embedded. We also find a large ring structure at the location of Taurus (hereafter called the “Tau Ring”). We discuss a formation scenario for the Per-Tau Shell, in which previous stellar and supernova feedback events formed a large expanding shell, where the swept-up ISM has condensed to form both the shell and the Perseus and Taurus molecular clouds within it. We present auxiliary observations of H i, Hα, 26Al, and X-rays that further support this scenario, and estimate the Per-Tau Shell’s age to be ≈6–22 Myrs. The Per-Tau shell offers the first 3D observational view of a phenomenon long-hypothesized theoretically, molecular cloud formation and star formation triggered by previous stellar and supernova feedback.
« Dites ce que je dis, ne dites pas ce que je vous dis de dire » ? Dilemmes et paradoxes de l’activité discursive et métadiscursive dans l’enseignement et l’apprentissage de l’oral en langues étrangères
Authors: Bouchard Robert 
Published: September 2021

Cet article s’intéresse à l’enseignement de l’oral, cible privilégiée des classes de langue étrangère. Dans ces classes le dire est en même temps un outil d’enseignement et un but d’apprentissage. Or chez l’enseignant natif en particulier, l’oral, « incorporé », échappe pour une bonne part à un contrôle conscient. Il peut exister de fortes divergences entre ce qu’il veut enseigner, et ce qu’il « manifeste » naturellement dans sa propre pratique orale en classe. Ce sont ces manifestations discursives authentiques que nous voudrions observer ici en les confrontant aux discours oraux des apprenants mais aussi aux commentaires épi/métalinguistiques que l’enseignant tient par ailleurs. Pour ce faire, nous analyserons plus précisément divers moments d’une classe de FLE (Français Langue Etrangère), en France, destinée à des étudiants étrangers et animée par une enseignante native (Corpus LiYan 2007)2.
Tacite et implicite : une caractérisation des productions langagières didactiques et de leurs enjeux épistémiques
Authors: Dépret Christian , Maitre Jean-Philippe 
Published: September 2021

Dans les échanges de signes courants, et même si les connaissances des individus sont variables, de nombreux signes sont utilisés comme si leur signification était une évidence partagée. Mais l’enseignant ne peut pas simplement présumer la compréhension de son discours par ses élèves (en particulier des termes clés, enjeux d’enseignement). Lors des toutes premières utilisations d’un signe, ce que ce signe désigne ne pourra pas être saisi immédiatement par l'élève. La compréhension ne pourra se faire qu’indirectement, sur la base d’autres signes, dont les significations sont supposées connues. Incombe ainsi à l'enseignant une gestion de l'espace sémiotique dans lequel évoluent les élèves. Dans cet article, nous développons une réflexion théorique dans le but d’éclairer cette gestion. Nous commencerons par présenter différentes acceptions du signe en insistant sur son lien à la connaissance. Cela nous amènera dans une deuxième partie à considérer les notions d’implicite et de tacite. Enfin dans une troisième et dernière partie, nous tâcherons de rendre saillants les phénomènes et problématiques didactiques qui y sont liés au sein du discours de l’enseignant.
Entre éthique de l’intégration et pratiques de la différenciation : (re)penser l’organisation du travail scolaire ?
Authors: Maulini Olivier , Mugnier Cynthia 
Published: September 2021

L'école obligatoire vise ou dit viser (et valoriser) l'intégration des élèves, mais elle a besoin pour cela de différencier leur prise en charge, au risque de séparer durablement les destins. Comment prévenir ce paradoxe ? Nous raisonnerons ici en trois temps. 1) En rappelant d’où vient l’organisation héritée du travail scolaire, et comment elle répartit les élèves dans des regroupements plus ou moins spécifiques en fonction de leurs besoins ou de leurs difficultés. 2) En montrant que l’histoire conditionne non seulement les pratiques pédagogiques, mais aussi les problèmes qu’elles ont le sentiment de rencontrer et qui peuvent les inciter à innover. 3) En résumant les résultats d’une recherche relative à l’organisation du travail scolaire dans les cycles d’apprentissage de l’école primaire : lorsque des équipes enseignantes choisissent de modifier – donc de repenser – les liens entre différenciation interne et différenciation externe des progressions, quelles sont les avancées envisagées, les conflits cognitifs qu’elles soulèvent, les ajustements qu’elles choisissent ou qu’elles sont contraintes d’opérer ?
Spécificité des dimensions temporelle et contextuellde l’aide spécialisée à dominante pédagogique
Authors: Pierrisnard Christine , Vannier Marie-Paule 
Published: September 2021

La question de la spécificité de l’aide spécialisée à dominante pédagogique, au regard de l’aide apportée par l’enseignant de la classe ordinaire apparait de manière récurrente en formation ASH. Cette contribution discute la pertinence de deux hypothèses relatives aux dimensions des temporalités et des spatialités diversifiées. L’hypothèse contextuelle fait écho à une conception de l’activité humaine comme réponse adaptative des sujets aux situations particulières qu’ils rencontrent. Autrement dit, ce seraient les caractéristiques objectives de la situation d’aide, en termes de changement de lieu, de personne, de « cadre », d’effectif réduit, d’objet d’apprentissage négocié à partir de besoins reconnus et contractualisés, qui fonderaient les pratiques spécialisées. Confrontés aux traces filmées d’une pratique spécialisée, les professionnels reconnaissent la variable « effectif » comme élément contextuel déterminant. De toute évidence, la dimension temporelle de l’activité des élèves et/ou de l’enseignant est un des éléments déterminants du contexte. L’étude de l’hypothèse temporelle montre cependant que la spécificité d’une aide spécialisée ne se réduit pas à « donner du temps » ou à « prendre du temps » mais favorise chez l’élève la construction de nouvelles représentations temporelles pour penser ses apprentissages.
Uma análise interacional multimodal de expressões faciais em sequências de comunicação diagnóstica
Authors: Andrade Daniela Negraes Pinheiro 
Published: September 2021

Este trabalho se propõe a investigar expressões faciais – movimentos coordenados envolvendo o arqueamento das sobrancelhas e o deslocamento da mandíbula para baixo (ASDMAN) – observadas em momentos em que médicos cardiologistas provêm informações diagnósticas para pacientes cardiopatas que estão recebendo alta hospitalar. As análises demonstram que as ASDMAN tornam público algum grau de alteração epistêmica do paciente acerca da cardiopatia, mas, além disso, demonstram orientação do paciente para a sequência de comunicação diagnóstica (SCOD) como ainda em progressão ou, de outra forma, terminada. A diferença de orientação depende de recursos interacionais mobilizados durante ou após a configuração da face conforme descrita. Amparado pelo arcabouço teórico-metodológico da Análise da Conversa Multimodal (Goodwin; Goodwin, 1982; 1984; Sacks, 1992; Schegloff, 2007, Mondada, 2014), o estudo baseia-se em interações de ocorrência naturalística gravadas em vídeo e transcritas (Jefferson, 1984; Mondada, 2019). Os dados analisados no estudo são originários de um corpus de 350 minutos de interação face a face entre profissionais de saúde e pacientes cardiopatas (25 atendimentos) em contexto de cuidados hospitalares em cardiologia no Brasil e que, de forma inédita, disponibiliza os corpos dos participantes para análise (Andrade, 2016). Espera-se que o trabalho contribua para a expansão do escopo analítico interacional multimodal envolvendo expressões faciais, de maneira especial, em interações em contexto de cuidados em saúde. Tem-se também a expectativa de que o trabalho colabore para a sensibilização de profissionais da saúde para recursos interacionais multimodais acionados por pacientes em contexto de SCOD e além.
Palavras-chave: Comunicação médico-paciente; Cardiologia; Análise da Conversa Multimodal.
Program Directors' and Athletic Training Students' Educational Experiences Regarding Patient-Centered Care and Transgender Patient Care
Authors: Shaughnessy Gillian T. , Crossway Ashley K. , Eberman Lindsey E. , Rogers Sean M. , Winkelmann Zachary K. 
Published: September 2021

ContextThe United States transgender patient population often suffers from insufficient health care and faces barriers to obtaining health care. Understanding the current classroom education provided in professional athletic training programs related to patient-centered and transgender patient care is necessary to foster improvements to the education of future health care providers.ObjectiveTo explore the education, comfort, and experience of professional athletic training students and program directors (PDs) on patient-centered care (PCC) and transgender patient care.DesignCross-sectional survey.SettingOnline survey.Patients or Other ParticipantsA total of 74 PDs of Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education-accredited professional athletic training programs (age = 46 ± 9 years) and 452 athletic training students (age = 23 ± 3 years) responded to the survey.Data Collection and AnalysisTwo surveys were created from literature and were reviewed by a committee of content experts. Participants were sent links to their respective survey in March 2020. Surveys contained questions on demographic information, PCC, and transgender patient care. Data were analyzed descriptively with follow-up χ2 analyses comparing athletic training students' comfort and competence between those who learned and did not learn about transgender patient care.ResultsMost PDs reportedly felt comfortable (98.6%, n = 73) and competent (94.6%, n = 70) teaching PCC. Half (50% n = 37/74) of PDs include transgender health care in their program's curriculum but lacked competence (37.8%, n = 28) in teaching. All students felt comfortable (100%, n = 452) and competent (98.7%, n = 446) practicing PCC, but only 12.4% (n = 54) reported practicing it during clinical education. Less than half (43.1%, n = 195/452) of students learned about transgender patient care, yet most (78.3%, n = 354) felt comfortable but lacked competence (41.8% n = 189).ConclusionsFew students reportedly practice PCC during clinical education. Both groups perceived deficiencies in competence related to transgender patient care. We suggest PDs teach transgender health care in their curriculum and seek professional development to create meaningful educational experiences.
Prognostication Based on Texture Analysis of Baseline 18F Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Nonsmall-Cell Lung Carcinoma Patients Who Underwent Platinum-Based Chemotherapy as First-Line Treatment
Authors: Sharma Akshima , Pandey Anil Kumar , Sharma Anshul , Arora Geetanjali , Mohan Anant , Bhalla Ashu Seith , Gupta Lalit , Biswal Shiba Kalyan , Kumar Rakesh 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
Our study aims to establish the potential for tumor heterogeneity evaluated using 18F fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (F-18 FDG PET/CT) texture analysis in nonsmall-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients who underwent platinum-based chemotherapy to provide an independent marker for overall survival (OS) of more than 1-year.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 42 patients (34 male and 8 female) with biopsy-proven NSCLC and mean age 55.33 ± 10.71 years who underwent a baseline F-18 FDG PET/CT and received platinum-based chemotherapy as first-line treatment were retrospectively included in the study. Ten first order, 21 s order texture parameters and 7 SUV and metabolic tumor volume (MTV) based metabolic parameters were calculated. All these parameters were compared between the two survival groups based on OS ≥1 year and OS <1 year. Cut-offs of significant parameters were determined using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Survival patterns were compared by log-rank test and presented using Kaplan-Meier curves. Cox proportion hazard model was used to determine the independent prognostic marker for 1 year OS.

Results:
In univariate survival analysis, 3 first order texture parameters (i.e. mean, median, root mean square with hazard ratios [HRs] 2.509 [P = 0.034], 2.590 [P = 0.05], 2.509 [P = 0.034], respectively) and 6 s order texture parameters (i.e. mean, auto correlation, cluster prominence, cluster shade, sum average and sum variance with HRs 2.509 [P = 0.034], 2.509 [P = 0.034], 3.929 [0.007], 2.903 [0.018], 2.954 [0.016] and 2.906 [0.014], respectively) were significantly associated with 1 year OS in these patients. Among the metabolic parameters, only metabolic tumor volume whole-body was significantly associated with 1 year OS. In multivariate survival analysis, cluster prominence came out as the independent predictor of 1 year OS.

Conclusion:
Texture analysis based on F-18 FDG PET/CT is potentially beneficial in the prediction of OS ≥1 year in NSCLC patients undergoing platinum-based chemotherapy as first-line treatment. Thus, can be used to stratify the patients which will not be benefitted with platinum-based chemotherapy and essentially needs to undergo some other therapy option.
Variation of the Superior Articular facet of Atlas and Their Significance
Authors: Goyal Neeru , Jain Anjali 
Published: September 2021

Introduction:
Atlas helps in complex biomechanical movements of the skull along with weight transmission of skull to spine. Recent developments in fixation technologies and minimally invasive surgical approaches have encouraged further studies of the region. Objectives of this study are to explore the shape, size, and symmetry of the superior articular facet of atlas. Good knowledge of the variations of the facet is important for orthopedicians, physiotherapists, and neurosurgeons.

Material and Methods:
The study was conducted on 110 dried adult atlas vertebrae. Shape, size, and number of the superior articular facets on each atlas were recorded.

Results:
Different shapes observed were kidney-shaped, oval-shaped, irregular, rectangular, comma-shaped, sinuous, sole/8-shaped, and two/three separate facets. Length and width of the facet were similar on two sides. In 31.82% of cases, the facets on the two sides were not symmetrical. Discussion and

Conclusion:
Variations of the superior articular facets have been extensively described. While planning treatment plans in cases of craniovertebral joint dysfunction, morphology and variations of the region should be kept in mind.
Assessing Differences in Hand Dominance by Testing Hand Preference Against Hand Performance
Authors: Idenya Pamela Mandela , Gichangi Peter , Julius A. Ogeng'o 
Published: September 2021

Introduction:
Populations are categorized as right-handed, ambidextrous, and left-handed; but handedness must be understood as having borderlines within its continuum. Typical measures of handedness based on hand use preference or hand performance testing give results which indicate no exclusive categories for hand dominance. Training of preclinical medical students in the performance of clinical techniques certainly requires the high levels of manual dexterity and invaluable hand-eye co-ordination, both of which are expected to influence the end result of hand dominance testing. However, the assessment during skills training is mostly subject to the efficiency of carrying out a given procedure, which inevitably depends upon the individual's dominant hand.

Material and Methods:
In this analytic cross-sectional study, the modified Edinburgh Handedness Inventory for hand preference and the Tapley and Bryden Dot-filling Tasks for hand performance were evaluated one against the other, to conclusively categorize hand dominance amongst 162 preclinical medical students.

Results:
Hand performance dominance was not dependent on subject gender. Tapley and Bryden Dot-filling Tasks and Geschwind Score (GS) Edinburgh Handedness Inventory (EHI) hand preference categories showed statistically significant differences (χ2 = 142.293, P < 0.001 at 95% confidence interval). Together, hand preference and hand performance testing complemented and reinforced the assessment of hand dominance. Tapley and Bryden Dot Filling Tasks in relation to GS EHI for the right hand had 90.7% sensitivity, 58.3% specificity, 96.5% precision value, and 88.3% accuracy. Discussion and

Conclusion:
The use of multiple measures to determine hand performance is a stronger predictor for evaluating hand dominance than relying on a unilateral measure. The number of previously performed procedures strongly influences the level of proficiency obtained in performing a specific task. Hand preference and performance must be considered together when assessing for potential differences in hand dominance testing.