bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reverse Engineering of Standard Mechanical Elements
Authors: Hegazi Hesham A. , Metwalli Sayed M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a new procedure by which standard machine elements can be reverse engineered. Standard elements or components need not be scanned and identified as surface or solid model. The standard character is sufficient to be identified by few parameters. These parameters can be measured or deduced by calculations from certain geometric relations. The procedure presented herein is devoted to the reverse engineering of spur and helical gears. Other standard machine elements can be treated the same way. A computer aided reverse engineering (CARE) program is used to satisfy all geometric constraints, identify other dependent geometries and define production and inspection requirements. It allows the further check of the design appropriateness of material selection and loading conditions.
CAD of Disc Brakes by Multi-Objective Optimization
Authors: Metwalli Sayed M. , Hegazi Hesham A. , Abdel-Aal Usama M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper is concerned with CAD techniques to solve the multi-objective problem of designing optimum disc brakes. The geometrical parameters affecting disk brake design such as the outer and inner disc diameters, disc thickness, pad thickness and pad angle are considered. A computer aided optimum design program is constructed with full graphics interface for automatic viewing and further detailing of the design construction. The design vector for optimizing disc brakes includes the outer disc diameters, diameter ratio, disc thickness, and pad angle. The multi-objectives formulation satisfies maximum attained torque; minimum actuating force; minimum thermal stresses; minimum temperature and minimum disc volume. A comparison with previous optimization results indicates a marked saving since previous results did not consider all design objectives and parameters.
A Sequential-Quadratic-Programming Algorithm Using Orthogonal Decomposition With Gerschgorin Stabilization
Authors: Teng Chin-Pun , Angeles Jorge 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper introduces a new approach to sequential quadratic programming. Upon application of the Gerschgorin Theorem for the stabilization of the Hessian matrix and of the orthogonal-decomposition algorithm in the quadratic programming solution, this novel approach offers a faster computation and dispenses with a feasible initial guess.
Topology Synthesis of Two-Phase Compliant Actuators
Authors: Sigmund Ole 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper describes how the topology optimization method can be used as a tool for the synthesis of two-phase compliant actuators. Two materials, one or both being active materials, are distributed in a design domain such that the work performed on an elastic workpiece is maximized. The two-material design is obtained by introducing two variables per element. One variable determines the relative density of material in the element and the other variable determines the material type. Examples demonstrate the design of thermal actuators and gripping mechanisms.
Smooth Surface Interpolation With Multiple Patches
Authors: Adhikary N. , Gurumoorthy B. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper addresses the problem of interpolating point data with multiple patches. The specific issue addressed in this paper is the continuity between the patches used for interpolation. The procedure described in this paper maintains continuity by introducing an intermediate patch between the two patches used for interpolating the point data. This patch is formed by several Bezier patches that maintain continuity with the corresponding Bezier patches obtained by repeated knot insertion in the two interpolating patches. The blending Bezier patches are then converted to a blending B-spline patch by knot removal. It is shown that C1 continuity is obtained across the junction between each interpolating patch and the blending patch. The continuity, across each blending patch and the interpolation performance in the blending patch is also discussed. The paper presents results, of implementation on some typical surfaces.
A Novel Approach for Decoupling of Dynamical Equations of Flexible Manipulators
Authors: Meghdari Ali , Fahimi Farbod 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Recent advances in the study of dynamics of elastic multibody systems, specially the flexible manipulators, indicate the need and importance of decoupling the equations of motion. In this paper, an improved method for deriving elastic generalized coordinates is presented. In this regard, the Kane’s equations of motion for elastic multibody systems are considered. These equations are in the generalized form and may be applied to any desired holonomic system. Flexibility in choosing generalized speeds in terms of generalized coordinate derivatives in Kane’s method is used. It is shown that proper choice of a congruency transformation between generalized coordinate derivatives and generalized speeds leads to a series of first order decoupled equations of motion for holonomic elastic multibody systems. Furthermore, numerical implementation of the decoupling technique using congruency transformation is discussed and presented via simulation of a two degree of freedom flexible manipulator.
Neural Network-Based Fuzzy Reasoning for Conceptual Design Evaluation
Authors: Sun J. , Kalenchuk D. K. , Xue D. , Gu P. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a neural network-based fuzzy reasoning method for design candidate evaluation and identification to improve design quality and efficiency at the crucial conceptual design stage. The evaluation and identification of design candidates are carried out through the following four steps: (1) acquisition of customer needs and ranking of their importance, (2) establishment of measurable metrics and their relations with customer needs, (3) development of design specifications and initial evaluation of design candidates, and (4) evaluation and identification of design candidates based on design specifications and customer needs. A case study is given to show the effectiveness of the neural network-based fuzzy reasoning method in conceptual design evaluation.
An Exact Method for NC Verification of up to 5-Axis Machining
Authors: Abdel-Malek K. , Seaman Walter , Yeh Harn-Jou 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The motion of a cutter tool is modeled as a surface undergoing a sweep operation along another geometric entity. A numerically controlled machining verification method is developed based on a formulation for delineating the volume generated by the motion of a cutting tool on the workpiece (stock). Varieties and subvarieties that are subsets of some Eucledian space defined by the zeros of a finite number of analytic functions are computed and are characterized as closed form equations of surface patches of this volume. A topological space describing the swept volume will be built as a stratified manifold with corners. Singularities of the variety are loci of points where the Jacobian of the manifold has lower rank than maximal. It is shown that varieties appearing inside the manifold representing the removed material are due to a lower degree strata of the Jacobian. Some of the varieties are complicated (so as not to confuse with varieties in complex Cn) and will be shown to be reducible because of their parametrization and are addressed. Benefits of this method are evident in its ability to depict the manifold and to compute a value for the volume.
Automated Methods in Computer Aided Design
Authors: Abdel-Malek K. , Zou H.-L. , Wang J.-Y. , Othman S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A numerical variational method is herein introduced for the automatic redesign of mechanical parts subject to a design change. This method is demonstrated to the design of mechanical parts in the context of concurrent engineering of 3D parts. Relations between dimensions in a mechanical part as dictated by a designer are modeled using mechanisms and their kinematic relations. Variational cut-joint constraints are introduced, kinematic joints in the formulation are combined, and a Jacobian is determined. Constraint violations are then compensated to compute an assembled mechanism, hence redesigning the part. It is shown that this formulation is broadly applicable to 2D and 3D models. The method and algorithm are illustrated through examples.
Methodology and Implementation of Dynamic Design Advisor (DDA) in a Feature-Based System
Authors: Bardhan Tridip K. , Rajan Venkat N. , Masud Abu S. M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Designing right the first time decreases cost significantly. If requirements of downstream activities could be considered during conceptual design, fewer changes would be required later. A design advisory system can provide enough information to the designer to achieve this goal of designing right at the conceptual stage. A systematic methodology for design advising in a feature-based design environment is developed to identify problems at the design stage, and provide the designer the opportunity to correct them. Five pre-conditions are also identified for this methodology. During the development of the part geometry, a multi-digit code is added to every feature. Based on the code, all applicable design rules are checked as constraints and in case of constraint violation, suggestions are generated and presented to the designer. During the design process, the designer can check a design rating, generated from the extent to which the constraints are satisfied. An example session is also presented to illustrate the ten steps of this method. To validate the developed methodology, a DDA system for pipeline design is developed in an actual industrial application. Effectiveness of the DDA methodology is analyzed by comparing the designers’ performance using the feature-based DDA system with performance using a regular feature based system. The performance measures used are: the number of errors in a design and the time taken to complete the design. Statistical results indicate that designers perform better with the DDA system in terms of fewer errors and less time to design.
Structural Abstraction in Snap-Fit Analysis
Authors: Suri Gaurav , Luscher Anthony F. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Snap-fit design has always been more of an art rather than a pure engineering science. Research in this area focuses on generating finite element models for predicting the performance of snap-fit features. Such research typically uses fixed end conditions at the base of the snap-fit feature. Often this is an unrealistic assumption, because snap-fits are usually molded on plastic parts with significant flexibility. The performance of snap-fits can be significantly influenced by this additional flexibility.
To predict the performance of snap-fits in complex plastic parts, it has often been necessary to analyze the entire part, which can be a costly and time consuming process. There is no general methodology in the open literature to incorporate base-part flexibility into the design of snap-fit features. Existing work in this area such as Q-Factor charts, is inaccurate and specific to certain base-part and snap-fit topologies.
This paper proposes a new methodology called structural abstraction for incorporating base-part flexibility into feature models. This methodology abstracts base-parts as spring elements with various stiffnesses. The theory behind this approach and the relevant relationships are developed and the approach is validated using several test cases. Independence of the approach to both base-part and snap-fit topologies is established and shown to be a major advantage of this technique. Use of this methodology will improve snap-fit analysis and give a more accurate estimation of retention strength. It is shown that in certain cases the improvement in accuracy can be as high as 70 percent or more.
Overlap Detection Using Minkowski Sum in Two-Dimensional Layout
Authors: Yu Chan , Manoochehri Souran 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In optimal layout problems, which are often demanded by many industries, it is desired to have new computer-based approaches that are fast and effective. To determine the overall speed of layout procedure, one has to consider not only the search algorithm but also the performance of overlap detection algorithm. In this paper, a new methodology of detecting an overlap in two-dimensional layout problem is presented. This method introduces the concept of Minkowski sum, which is defined as an algebraic sum of two point sets, to the overlap detection. Using mathematical relations, the algorithm can rapidly detect if two convex objects are overlapping, fully contained or separated. Fast detection of overlaps eventually allows user to accelerate the overall speed of layout algorithms. In addition, to obtain the robustness of this method it is being extended to the cases involving irregular-shaped non-convex objects.
Configuration Design Optimization Method
Authors: Grignon Pierre M. , Fadel Georges M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This work presents a method (CDOM) for optimizing multiple system level assembly characteristics of complex mechanical assemblies by placement of their components. It addresses any component shape (including non-convex, hollow, sharp edges) connected together by functional constraints. This method finds multiple solutions to the Engineering Configuration Design Problem (ECDP) and proposes a simple cooperation scheme with the engineer using a Genetic Algorithm working on population of sets instead of population of individual points. In this paper four areas are addressed:
• defining the assembly components and their relations (ECDP)
• defining the Configuration Design Optimization Method (CDOM)
• propose two strategies to improve the CDOM performance
• show application of the CDOM to one academic and two engineering test cases
Robust Design via Tolerance Analysis in the Conceptual Design Stage
Authors: Parkinson Alan , Chase Kenneth , Rogers Matt 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Robust design methods are used to develop designs which can tolerate variation. Most methods developed to date are applied during the detailed design phase. Yet the potential for developing robust designs is greatest during the conceptual design stage, where the overall design concept is determined.
This research is part of a larger effort to develop robust design methods for conceptual design. The focus of the research is on developing methods for identifying critical tolerances during concept evaluation. We propose that in many mechanical designs, a 70-30 rule applies: 30% of the tolerances contribute 70% of the variation. This hypothesis is supported by the results from several case studies. We discuss progress in developing methods — in particular the vector loop method — which can be applied during conceptual design to detect critical tolerances. By being aware of these tolerances early in the design process, the designer can either change the design to make the tolerances less critical or make sure the tolerances are appropriately considered as manufacturing process plans are developed.
Robust Design for Improved Vehicle Handling Under a Range of Maneuver Conditions
Authors: Chen Wei , Garimella Raman , Michelena Nestor 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this article, a robust design procedure is applied to achieve improved vehicle handling performance as an integral part of simulation-based vehicle design. Recent developments in the field of robust design optimization and the techniques for creating global approximations of design behaviors are applied to improve the computational efficiency of robust vehicle design built upon sophisticated vehicle dynamic simulations. Our approach is applied to the design of a M916A1 6-wheel tractor / M870A2 3-axle semi-trailer. The results illustrate that the proposed procedure is effective for preventing the rollover of ground vehicles as well as for identifying a design that is not only optimal against the worst maneuver condition but is also robust with respect to a range of maneuver inputs. Furthermore, a comparison is made between a statistical approach and a bi-level optimization approach in terms of their effectiveness in solving robust design problems.
Interactive Multiobjective Optimization Design Strategy for Decision Based Design
Authors: Tappeta Ravindra V. , Renaud John E. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This research focuses on multi-objective system design and optimization. The primary goal is to develop and test a mathematically rigorous and efficient interactive multi-objective optimization algorithm that takes into account the Decision Maker’s (DM’s) preferences during the design process. An Interactive Multi-Objective Optimization Procedure (IMOOP) developed in [12] has been modified in this research to include the DM’s local preference functions in an Iterative Decision Making Strategy (IDMS). This enhanced multiobjective optimization procedure called the interactive MultiObjective Optimization Design Strategy (iMOODS) provides the DM with a formal means for efficient design exploration around a given Pareto point. The use of local preference functions allows the original algorithm [12] to be modified such that the second order Pareto surface approximation is more accurate in the preferred region of the Pareto surface. The iMOODS has been successfully applied to two test problems. The first problem consists of a set of simple analytical expressions for the objectives and constraints. The second problem is the design and sizing of a high-performance and low-cost ten bar structure that has multiple objectives. The results indicate that the class functions are effective in capturing the local preferences of the DM. The Pareto designs that reflect the DM’s preferences can be efficiently generated within IDMS.
Fictitious Domain Solution of Frequency Response Problems
Authors: Chellappa Sudarsanam , DeRose Giuseppe C. A. , Diaz Alejandro R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses an alternative solution strategy for frequency response problems in elasticity. This strategy uses a meshless method, derived in a periodic domain setting, extended to allow the analysis of arbitrary geometries with the use of a fictitious domain. This solution technique is designed to solve problems with a large number of degrees of freedom and it requires the use of iterative solvers where preconditioning is necessary for reasonable convergence rates. Two dimensional examples illustrating this approach are provided.
Touch Recognition Using a Passive Large Compliance Robotic Finger With Internal Sensors for Planar Applications
Authors: Hong Dennis W. , Cipra Raymond J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper, a touch-sensing device consisting of a passive large compliance robotic finger with internal sensors, and algorithms for using this device for recognition applications are presented. These algorithms include recognition of the two-dimensional projected outline shape and dimensions of an object, and recognition of the three-dimensional convex outline height profiles of an object. The two-dimensional outline of an object is identified by tracing the object’s outer edge with the robotic finger and returning the XY coordinates of selected outline contact points and their tangent line directions. Recognition of the three-dimensional convex outline height profiles of an object is done by observing the change of the robotic finger deflection angle while moving the finger toward the object in contact. The feasibility of the device and the algorithms developed were successfully tested for planar applications by both analytical simulations and by experiments using a simple two-degree-of-freedom inverted joystick attached to the end of a planar manipulator arm. Simplicity, low cost, and easy implementation are some of the major benefits of using the proposed touch-sensing device.
A Fuzzy Adaptive Simplex Search Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Trabia Mohamed B. , Lu Xiao Bin 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Optimization algorithms usually use fixed parameters that are empirically chosen to reach the minimum for various objective functions. This paper shows how to incorporate fuzzy logic in optimization algorithms to make the search adaptive to various objective functions. This idea is applied to produce a new algorithm for minimization of a function of n variables using an adaptive form of the simplex method. The search starts by generating a simplex with n+1 vertices. The algorithm replaces the point with the highest function value by a new point. This process comprises reflecting the point with the highest function value in addition to expanding or contracting the simplex using fuzzy logic controllers whose inputs incorporate the relative weights of the function values at the simplex points. The efficiency of the algorithm is studied using a set of standard minimization test problems. This algorithm generally results in a faster convergence toward the minimum. The algorithm is also applied successfully to two engineering design problems.
Basic Models for Topology Design Optimization in Crashworthiness Problems
Authors: Soto Ciro A. , Diaz Alejandro R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A study of basic and simple models for topology design optimization in crash events is presented. A 1D collinear and a 2D truss lattice models were implemented and used to solve a set of problems to design the topology of structural members of vehicles under frontal crash. Both design models explore several optimization formulations as well as possible design variables to address the fundamental issues in crashworthiness design, namely, minimization of accelerations while controlling or reducing deformations. Results show the viability of these simple models to solve structural topology optimization problems for crashworthiness.
Applications of Wavelet Based Signature Analysis in Designing for Crashworthiness
Authors: Gearhart Chris 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
We present a statistical method for characterizing the information contained in multiple crash pulses. This method uses a wavelet expansion to give a compact representation of each of the crash pulses analyzed. A probable distribution of the wavelet coefficients representing each pulse is calculated. Bayesian inference is used to determine the most probable subset of wavelet coefficients needed to describe the data sets. This subset forms a signature that is representative of all the crash pulses used for the analysis. For tests we have analyzed the wavelet signatures typically consist of 10 to 20 wavelet coefficients which can be associated with specific subsystems in the vehicle. These signatures can be used as a basis for measuring correlation between pulses. We demonstrate this by comparing signatures taken from two types of sedans and from two types of trucks. Correlation between CAE analysis and test results or between CAE analysis and design objectives are also possible. We present results from one application in which correlation, based on wavelet signatures, is used to move a crash worthiness concept model toward a specified design target.