bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
365 DAYS OF LEARNING: EMBRACING LEARNING AS A SUPERPOWER
Authors: Bassey Ekpedeme “Pamay” M. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBassey writes from her personal experience as CLO/Chief Learning Officer of the global food corporation Kraft Heinz. Noting that not everyone understands the role of the CLO, she describes it in two parts: “First, I drive the company’s global training and learning strategy, programs and initiatives, and second, I drive a culture of continuous learning, bold creativity and intellectual curiosity.” She details research from Association for Talent Development about the solid business value of having learning cultures, but that only 31% of organizations have such a culture. Within her company, she describes the initiative dubbed #LearnLikeAnOwner. This requires each employee to, in her words, (1) seek out high impact learning experiences; (2) commit to a learning practice, even if it is just a few minutes a day; (3) encourage others to do the same—whether you are encouraging your peers, your team, or the entire organization—everyone is expected to contribute to a culture of learning. While making a commitment to being a lifelong learner, she describes concepts such as, in her words, determine your searching and learning style, identify your trusted sources of learning, and reflect on and share what you are learning.
An Eye on Movement Disorders
Authors: Wilson Duncan , Hallett Mark , Anderson Tim 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTEye disorders spanning a range of ocular tissue are common in patients with movement disorders. Highlighting these ocular manifestations will benefit patients and may even aid in diagnosis. In this educational review we outline the anatomy and function of the ocular tissues with a focus on the tissues most affected in movement disorders. We review the movement disorders associated with ocular pathology and where possible explore the underlying cellular basis thought to be driving the pathology and provide a brief overview of ophthalmic investigations available to the neurologist. This review does not cover intracranial primary visual pathways, higher visual function, or the ocular motor system.
Study of flow effects on temperature‐controlled radiofrequency ablation using phantom experiments and forward simulations
Authors: Nolte Teresa , Vaidya Nikhil , Baragona Marco , Elevelt Aaldert , Lavezzo Valentina , Maessen Ralph , Schulz Volkmar , Veroy Karen 
Published: July 2021

AbstractPurposeBlood flow is known to add variability to hepatic radiofrequency ablation (RFA) treatment outcomes. However, few studies exist on its impact on temperature‐controlled RFA. Hence, we investigate large‐scale blood flow effects on temperature‐controlled RFA in flow channel experiments and numerical simulations.MethodsAblation zones were induced in tissue‐mimicking, thermochromic phantoms with a single flow channel, using an RF generator with temperature‐controlled power delivery and a monopolar needle electrode. Channels were generated by molding the phantom around a removable rod. Channel radius and saline flow rate were varied to study the impact of flow on (i) the ablated cross‐sectional area, (ii) the delivered generator power, and (iii) the occurrence of directional effects on the thermal lesion. Finite volume simulations reproducing the experimental geometry, flow conditions, and generator power input were conducted and compared to the experimental ablation outcomes.ResultsVessels of different channel radii affected the ablation outcome in different ways. For mm, the ablated area decreased with increasing flow rate while the energy input was hardly affected. For mm and mm, the energy input increased toward larger flow rates; for these radii, the ablated area decreased and increased toward larger flow rates, respectively, while still being reduced overall as compared to the reference experiment without flow. Directional effects, that is, local shrinking of the lesion upstream of the needle and an extension thereof downstream, were observed only for the smallest radius. The simulations qualitatively confirmed these observations. As compared to performing the simulations without flow, including flow effects in the simulations reduced the mean absolute error between experimental and simulated ablated areas from 0.23 to 0.12.ConclusionWhile the temperature control mechanism did not detect the heat sink effect in the case of the smallest channel radius, it counteracted the heat sink effect in the case of the larger channel radii with an increased energy input; this explains the increase in ablated area toward high flow rates (for mm). The experiments in a simple phantom setup, thus, contribute to a good understanding of the phenomenon and are suitable for model validation.
Palladium‐polymer bilayer on a soft substrate for optical hydrogen sensing
Authors: She Xiaoyi , Yao Qiankun , Yang Guowei , Shen Yang , Jin Chongjun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe detection of hydrogen in air is essential because of the flammability of hydrogen gas (H2). Optical hydrogen sensor is safer than electrical hydrogen sensor because it can eliminate the potential risk of sparks by reading out remotely. Palladium‐based optical hydrogen sensors have attracted lots of attentions. However, impurity poisoning of the sensing materials is a severe problem for the utilization of hydrogen sensors. Here, we report that a palladium (Pd) ‐PMMA bilayer on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate can eliminate the adverse effect of the impurity (such as oxygen) in air. With a 16‐nm PMMA layer coating on the Pd surface, the hydrogenation time of a 25‐nm Pd film on PDMS can decrease to 5 seconds exposed to 4% H2 mixed with dry air. Meanwhile, the Pd‐PMMA bilayer on PDMS shows a high reflectance change over 22.7% at the whole visible band with the reflectance contrast more than 370% due to the light scattering on the wrinkling surface induced by the volume expansion of the Pd film on PDMS during hydrogenation. By setting the alarm threshold of the reflectance change of 4% at the 600‐nm wavelength, the response time of the sensor can be reduced to 1 second. This optical hydrogen sensor is low‐cost and easy‐operation with high optical contrast and fast response rate, showing great potential for practical applications.
Robust time‐varying estimator for descriptor system with random one‐step measurement delay
Authors: Shen Hao , Dou Yinfeng , Ran Chenjian 
Published: July 2021

AbstractFor the linear stochastic descriptor system with random one‐step measurement delay and uncertain‐variance correlated noises, the robust estimation problem is addressed. Applying the singular value decomposition method, augmented state approach and fictitious noise approach, the original descriptor system is transformed to new standard system only with uncertain‐variance fictitious noises. Based on Kalman filtering and the minimax robust estimation principle, the actual Kalman estimator for the proposed standard system with actual measurement and the upper bounds of the variances is presented, including the Kalman predictor, filter, smoother and white noise deconvolution estimator. According to the relation of the new standard system and the original system, the actual estimator of original state of descriptor system and actual estimation error variance are presented. Further, the robustness of the actual estimator is proved by the Lyapunov equation approach, that is, the actual estimation error variance is guaranteed to have minimal upper bound for all admissible uncertainties. A simulation example about circuits system verifies the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed results.
Can Precision Policing Reduce Gun Violence? Evidence from “Gang Takedowns” in New York City
Authors: Chalfin Aaron , LaForest Michael , Kaplan Jacob 
Published: July 2021

AbstractDuring the last decade, while national homicide rates have remained flat, New York City has experienced a second great crime decline, with gun violence declining by more than 50 percent since 2011. In this paper, we investigate one potential explanation for this dramatic and unexpected improvement in public safety—the New York Police Department's shift to a more surgical form of “precision policing,” in which law enforcement focuses resources on a small number of individuals who are thought to be the primary drivers of violence. We study New York City's campaign of “gang takedowns” in which suspected members of criminal gangs were arrested in highly coordinated raids and prosecuted on conspiracy charges. We show that gun violence in and around public housing communities fell by approximately one third in the first year after a gang takedown. Our estimates imply that gang takedowns explain nearly one quarter of the decline in gun violence in New York City's public housing communities over the last eight years.
A culture of conservation: How an ancient forest plantation turned into an old‐growth forest reserve – The story of the Wamulin forest
Authors: Yang Zhi‐jie , Zheng Qun‐rui , Zhuo Ming‐xiu , Zeng Hong‐da , Hogan James Aaron , Lin Teng‐Chiu 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

The global expansion of forest plantations at the expense of natural forests, especially old‐growth forests, raises concerns about habitat loss and a decline in ecosystem services.

Natural regeneration of second‐growth forests with minimal human assistance has been suggested as a cost‐effective way to restore forests and increase forest ecosystem service potential. However, it is unclear whether natural regeneration will lead to the development of second‐growth forests similar to natural forests because most naturally regenerated second‐growth forests are still young.

We present a case study of a very old second‐growth forest in southeastern China in which a forest plantation established approximately six centuries ago has now developed into an old forest with extraordinary high biodiversity levels, an immense carbon pool, and a rich culture. The forest was established in the 14th century because of a charitable contribution, became protected under the Chinese cultural norm of ‘unity between humans and the nature’, and was conserved because of the belief that the prosperity of people is closely linked to the prosperity of trees. The recent designation of the forest as a nature reserve further protects it from development despite competing land‐use demands related to recent economic growth.

This case illustrates that, although human activity is the main cause for the disappearance and degradation of many forests, when human interests and cultural values align second‐growth restoration and subsequent forest conservation can lead to the successional development of old‐growth forests. Because this development takes multiple centuries, the protection of current second‐growth forests within conservation easements (e.g. nature reserves) and the reformation of culture values for the linkage of forests to human well‐being are key aspects of the continued conservation‐aided succession of second‐growth forests.

A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
Predictive accuracy of prenatal ultrasound findings for lower urinary tract obstruction: A systematic review and Bayesian meta‐analysis
Authors: Keefe Daniel T. , Kim Jin Kyu , Mackay Eric , Chua Michael , Van Mieghem Tim , Yadav Priyank , Lolas Marisol , Santos Joana Dos , Skreta Marta , Erdman Lauren , Weaver John , Fermin Antoine Selman , Tasian Gregory , Lorenzo Armando J. , Rickard Mandy 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundLower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO) is a rare but critical fetal diagnosis. Different ultrasound markers have been reported with varying sensitivity and specificity.AimsThe objective of this systematic review and meta‐analysis was to identify the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound markers for LUTO.Materials and MethodsWe performed a systematic literature review of studies reporting on fetuses with hydronephrosis or a prenatally suspected and/or postnatally confirmed diagnosis of LUTO. Bayesian bivariate random effects meta‐analytic models were fitted, and we calculated posterior means and 95% credible intervals for the pooled diagnostic odds ratio (DOR).ResultsA total of 36,189 studies were identified; 636 studies were available for full text review and a total of 42 studies were included in the Bayesian meta‐analysis. Among the ultrasound signs assessed, megacystis (DOR 49.15, [15.28, 177.44]), bilateral hydroureteronephrosis (DOR 41.33, [13.36,164.83]), bladder thickening (DOR 13.73, [1.23, 115.20]), bilateral hydronephrosis (DOR 8.36 [3.17, 21.91]), male sex (DOR 8.08 [3.05, 22.82]), oligo‐ or anhydramnios (DOR 7.75 [4.23, 14.46]), and urinoma (DOR 7.47 [1.14, 33.18]) were found to be predictive of LUTO (Table 1). The predictive sensitivities and specificities however are low and wide study heterogeneity existed.DiscussionClassically, LUTO is suspected in the presence of prenatally detected megacystis with a dilated posterior urethra (i.e., the keyhole sign), and bilateral hydroureteronephrosis. However, keyhole sign has been found to have modest diagnostic performance in predicting the presence of LUTO in the literature which we confirmed in our analysis. The surprisingly low specificity may be influenced by several factors, including the degree of obstruction, and the diligence of the sonographer at searching for and documenting it during the scan. As a result, providers should consider this when establishing the differential for a fetus with hydronephrosis as the presence or absence of keyhole sign does not reliably rule in or rule out LUTO.ConclusionsMegacystis, bilateral hydroureteronephrosis and bladder wall thickening are the most accurate predictors of LUTO. Given the significant consequences of a missed LUTO diagnosis, clinicians providing counselling for prenatal hydronephrosis should maintain a low threshold for considering LUTO as part of the differential diagnosis.
ModVizPop: A shiny interface for empowering teams to perform interactive pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic simulations
Authors: Vaddady Pavan , Kandala Bhargava 
Published: July 2021

AbstractModVizPop is an interactive and dynamic visualization tool developed for simulating differential equation–based population pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) models with variability. It has a built‐in PK/PD ordinary differential equations library of models to choose from alongside the ability to plug in a user‐defined model from a local or project directory. The user interface consists of several key inputs for performing the simulations as well as options to visualize the plots, perform simple noncompartmental analysis, and review inputs and model code. It also provides the ability to download the underlying model, plots, simulated data, or a comprehensive report consisting of all the key inputs and outputs of the simulations. The interface includes advanced features where users can overlay external data on a simulation, set a certain simulation scenario as a reference, or carry out sensitivity analysis–based simulations. This easy‐to‐use interface can serve as a valuable tool to project teams to evaluate potential scenarios facilitating collaborative decision making in the drug discovery and development paradigm.
Investigation of phytochemical composition and metabolite profiling in vivo of Beta vulgaris L.
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyong , Chen Xuezhao , Li Wei , Zhu Wei , Ge Zhiwei , Gong Minghua , Li Shouxin , Tian Jingkui 
Published: July 2021

RationaleBeta vulgaris L. has attracted increasing attention because of its broad application. The root of B. vulgaris L. (beetroot) possesses many excellent biological properties such as antianemic, anti‐inflammatory, antihypertensive, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antipyretic, antibacterial, detoxicant, and diuretic. The chemical constituents of beetroot play a major role in the research on beetroot application and development. At present, no systematic identification study that focuses on the chemical constituents of beetroot has been reported.MethodsThis study investigated a three‐step strategy comprising phytochemical profiling, prototype profiling, and metabolism of its correlative metabolites in vivo using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography tandem quadruple time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UPLC‐QTOF‐MS/MS).ResultsUPLC‐QTOF‐MS/MS technique proved to be a rapid, sensitive, and reliable method for monitoring the specific ingredients as well as the whole chemical constituents in beetroot. In sum, 95 phytochemical compounds, 51 prototype compounds, and 37 derived metabolites in vivo were found in beetroot.ConclusionsThe main metabolic pathways were sulfonation, glucuronidation, methylation/sulfonation, and methylation. The present findings provided the phytochemical basis both in vitro and in vivo for future application.
Regional estimates of a range‐extending ecosystem engineer using stereo‐imagery from ROV transects collected with an efficient, spatially balanced design
Authors: Sward Darryn , Monk Jacquomo , Barrett Neville Scott 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe redistribution of marine ecosystem engineers in response to changing climate is restructuring endemic benthic communities globally. Therefore, developing and implementing efficient monitoring programs across the complete depth range of these marine ecosystem engineers is often an urgent management priority. Traditionally, many monitoring programs have been based on a systematically selected set of survey locations that, while able to track trends at those sites through time, lack inference for the overall region being monitored. This study trialled a probabilistic sampling design to address this need, taking advantage of an important prerequisite for such designs, extensive multibeam echosounder (MBES) mapping, to inform a spatially balanced sample selection. Here, we allocated 170 remotely operated vehicles (ROVs) transects based on a spatially balanced probabilistic sampling design across three locations with extensive mapping. Generalized additive models were used to estimate the density and associated barren cover of the range‐expanding ecosystem engineer, the long spined urchin (Centrostephanus rodgersii). Estimates were generated at a reef‐wide scale across three locations on the east coast of Tasmania, Australia, representing the leading edge of the species recent range extension. Model‐based estimates of urchin density and barren cover incorporated seabed structure attributes, such as depth and ruggedness, with differences in these modelled relationships being identified between locations. Estimates ranged from 0.000065 individuals m−2 and 0.018% barren cover in the Tasman Peninsula to 0.167 individuals m−2 and 2.10% barren cover at Governor Island Marine Reserve, reflecting a north to south distributional gradient. This study highlights the value of combining probabilistic sampling designs, ROV transects, stereo video, and MBES mapping to generate reliable and robust estimates of important ecosystem species needed to protect reef‐based fishery and conservation values via adaptive and informed management.
Emerging Cocatalysts on g‐C3N4 for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhu Qiaohong , Xu Zehong , Qiu Bocheng , Xing Mingyang , Zhang Jinlong 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOver the past few decades, graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) has arisen much attention as a promising candidate for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) owing to its low cost and visible light response ability. However, the unsatisfied HER performance originated from the strong charge recombination of g‐C3N4 severely inhibits the further large‐scale application of g‐C3N4. In this case, the utilization of cocatalysts is a novel frontline in the g‐C3N4‐based photocatalytic systems due to the positive effects of cocatalysts on supressing charge carrier recombination, reducing the HER overpotential, and improving photocatalytic activity. This review summarizes some recent advances about the high‐performance cocatalysts based on g‐C3N4 toward HER. Specifically, the functions, design principle, classification, modification strategies of cocatalysts, as well as their intrinsic mechanism for the enhanced photocatalytic HER activity are discussed here. Finally, the pivotal challenges and future developments of cocatalysts in the field of HER are further proposed.
Nanotechnology‐Assisted RNA Delivery: From Nucleic Acid Therapeutics to COVID‐19 Vaccines
Authors: Rinoldi Chiara , Zargarian Seyed Shahrooz , Nakielski Pawel , Li Xiaoran , Liguori Anna , Petronella Francesca , Presutti Dario , Wang Qiusheng , Costantini Marco , De Sio Luciano , Gualandi Chiara , Ding Bin , Pierini Filippo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn recent years, the main quest of science has been the pioneering of the groundbreaking biomedical strategies needed for achieving a personalized medicine. Ribonucleic acids (RNAs) are outstanding bioactive macromolecules identified as pivotal actors in regulating a wide range of biochemical pathways. The ability to intimately control the cell fate and tissue activities makes RNA‐based drugs the most fascinating family of bioactive agents. However, achieving a widespread application of RNA therapeutics in humans is still a challenging feat, due to both the instability of naked RNA and the presence of biological barriers aimed at hindering the entrance of RNA into cells. Recently, material scientists’ enormous efforts have led to the development of various classes of nanostructured carriers customized to overcome these limitations. This work systematically reviews the current advances in developing the next generation of drugs based on nanotechnology‐assisted RNA delivery. The features of the most used RNA molecules are presented, together with the development strategies and properties of nanostructured vehicles. Also provided is an in‐depth overview of various therapeutic applications of the presented systems, including coronavirus disease vaccines and the newest trends in the field. Lastly, emerging challenges and future perspectives for nanotechnology‐mediated RNA therapies are discussed.
Saturation effects in SIDIS at very forward rapidities
Authors: Iancu E. , Mueller A. H. , Triantafyllopoulos D. N. , Wei S. Y. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Using the dipole picture for electron-nucleus deep inelastic scattering at small Bjorken x, we study the effects of gluon saturation in the nuclear target on the cross-section for SIDIS (single inclusive hadron, or jet, production). We argue that the sensitivity of this process to gluon saturation can be enhanced by tagging on a hadron (or jet) which carries a large fraction z ≃ 1 of the longitudinal momentum of the virtual photon. This opens the possibility to study gluon saturation in relatively hard processes, where the virtuality Q2 is (much) larger than the target saturation momentum $$ {Q}_s^2 $$

Q
s
2

, but such that z(1 − z)Q2 ≲ $$ {Q}_s^2 $$

Q
s
2

. Working in the limit z(1 − z)Q2 ≪ $$ {Q}_s^2 $$

Q
s
2

, we predict new phenomena which would signal saturation in the SIDIS cross-section. For sufficiently low transverse momenta k⊥ ≪ Qs of the produced particle, the dominant contribution comes from elastic scattering in the black disk limit, which exposes the unintegrated quark distribution in the virtual photon. For larger momenta k⊥ ≳ Qs, inelastic collisions take the leading role. They explore gluon saturation via multiple scattering, leading to a Gaussian distribution in k⊥ centred around Qs. When z(1 − z)Q2 ≪ Q2, this results in a Cronin peak in the nuclear modification factor (the RpA ratio) at moderate values of x. With decreasing x, this peak is washed out by the high-energy evolution and replaced by nuclear suppression (RpA< 1) up to large momenta k⊥ ≫ Qs. Still for z(1 − z)Q2 ≪ $$ {Q}_s^2 $$

Q
s
2

, we also compute SIDIS cross-sections integrated over k⊥. We find that both elastic and inelastic scattering are controlled by the black disk limit, so they yield similar contributions, of zeroth order in the QCD coupling.