bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Household Assets on Child Well-being: Evidence from China
Authors: Qi Shaojie , Liu Hao , Hua Fengrui , Deng Xiangshu , Zhou Zheng 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study examined the impact of household assets on multiple dimensions of child well-being using data on 2,583 children aged 10–15 years and their families from the cross-sectional 2016 China Family Panel Studies survey. Household assets were measured as the value of housing assets, cash deposits and household durable goods. Child well-being was measured with 10 indicators in five dimensions: health, education, economic well-being, subjective well-being and family relationships. Multiple linear regression was applied to investigate whether household assets were predictive of child well-being. The results suggest that children living in households with relatively low levels of household assets have lower overall well-being than those living in families with higher levels of assets. The impacts of diverse household asset types on various aspects of children’s well-being are different. Additionally, the relationship between household assets and various dimensions of child well-being is different and unequal between rural and urban areas, as well as among the eastern, central, and western regions.
Wildfire burn scar encapsulation
Authors: Duarte Jorge A. , González Andrés D. , Gourley Jonathan J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWildfires burn annually across the United States (US), which threaten those in close proximity to them. Due to drastic alterations of soil properties and to the land surfaces by these fires, risks of flash floods, debris flows, and severe erosion increases for these areas, which can have catastrophic consequences for biota, people and property. Computational tools, such as the WildfireRain algorithm, have been designed and implemented to assess the potential occurrence of debris flows over burn scars. However, in order to efficiently operate these tools, they require independent, non-overlapping buffers around burned areas to be defined, which is not a trivial task. In this paper we consider the problem of efficiently subsetting the conterminous US (CONUS) domain into optimal subdomains around burn scars, aiming to enable domain-wide WildfireRain product outputs to be used for operations by the National Weather Service (NWS). To achieve this, we define the Object Encapsulation Problem, where burn scars are represented by single-cell objects in a gridded domain, and circular buffers must be constructed around them. We propose a Linear Programming (LP) model that solves this problem efficiently. Optimal results produced using this model are presented for both a simplified synthetic data set, as well as for a subset of burn scars produced by severe wildfires in 2012 over the CONUS.
Rescue liver re-transplantation after graft loss due to severe rejection in the setting of pre-transplant nivolumab therapy
Authors: Dehghan Yalda , Schnickel Gabriel T. , Hosseini Mojgan , Burgoyne Adam M. , Ajmera Veeral H. , Morris Gerald P. , Mendler Michel H. , Parekh Justin R. , Abushamat Farid , Vodkin Irine , Kono Yuko 
Published: October 2021

AbstractImmune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) have been used to treat hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) since 2017. The safety of ICIs in the setting of solid organ transplantation remains controversial. When used in the post-transplant setting, ICIs have been associated with high allograft rejection rates, but there are few published reports on the use of ICIs prior to transplant. We present the first reported case of rescue liver re-transplantation after loss of the first allograft due to severe acute rejection with extensive hepatic necrosis in the setting of pre-transplant ICI therapy with the PD-1 inhibitor nivolumab. It is likely that the durable immune response triggered by nivolumab contributes to graft rejection, therefore extreme caution should be taken when using ICIs before transplant until further investigation has been conducted on their safety in the pre-transplant setting.
Comparative analysis of morphospace of Neotropical Sericini (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae): disparity in the light of species diversity and activity patterns
Authors: Pacheco Thaynara L. , Monné Marcela L. , Ahrens Dirk 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe striking diversity among herbivorous Scarabaeoidea is still poorly understood. Therefore, we compare in these work linear measurements of body features of Neotropical and Old World linages of Sericini chafers to uncover patterns possibly linked to foraging behavior (day or night activity) or to the success of their diversification in terms of diversity. If diversity in Sericini chafers would be linked to morphological disparity, we would expect in the much less diverse Neotropical lineage a very clear drop of morphological disparity. Comparing the two major sister clades, Old World and Neotropical Sericini, in terms of their disparity and diversity, the here elaborated distance data do not support the hypothesis that morphological disparity could be a driver for the diversity of Sericini in the Old World. The influence of the metacoxal length on morphological disparity appears to represent a possible key for a better understanding of the evolution of Sericini in the Neotropical region (including their lower diversity) and answers the question of why they are so much less diverse than their sister lineage in the Old World. The increasing length of the metacoxal plate appears to be a result of the presence of a secondary metacoxal joint in Old World Sericini, which has a crucial impact on hind leg mobility and digging behavior. General body shape and single morphological characters appear under similar general evolutionary pressure: high morphometric disparity between nocturnal and diurnal Neotropical species was also corroborated by disparity estimated from discrete morphological characters.
Dynamics of urinary and respiratory shedding of Severe acute respiratory syndrome virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA excludes urine as a relevant source of viral transmission
Authors: Mumm Jan-Niclas , Ledderose Stephan , Ostermann Andreas , Rudelius Martina , Hellmuth Johannes C. , Münchhoff Max , Munker Dieter , Scherer Clemens , Volz Yannic , Ebner Benedikt , Giessen-Jung Clemens , Lampert Christopher , Vilsmaier Theresa , Schneider Stephanie , Gapp Madeleine , Milger-Kneidinger Katrin , Behr Jürgen , von Bergwelt-Baildon Michael , Keppler Oliver T. , Stief Christian , Magistro Giuseppe , Staehler Michael , Rodler Severin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To investigate the expression of the receptor protein ACE-2 alongside the urinary tract, urinary shedding and urinary stability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA.

Methods
Immunohistochemical staining was performed on tissue from urological surgery of 10 patients. Further, patients treated for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) at specialized care-units of a university hospital were assessed for detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in urinary samples via PCR, disease severity (WHO score), inflammatory response of patients. Finally, the stability of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in urine was analyzed.

Results
High ACE-2 expression (3/3) was observed in the tubules of the kidney and prostate glands, moderate expression in urothelial cells of the bladder (0–2/3) and no expression in kidney glomeruli, muscularis of the bladder and stroma of the prostate (0/3). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected in 5/199 urine samples from 64 patients. Viral RNA was detected in the first urinary sample of sequential samples. Viral RNA load from other specimen as nasopharyngeal swabs (NPS) or endotracheal aspirates revealed higher levels than from urine. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in urine was not associated with impaired WHO score (median 5, range 3–8 vs median 4, range 1–8, p = 0.314), peak white blood cell count (median 24.1 × 1000/ml, range 5.19–48.1 versus median 11.9 × 1000/ml, range 2.9–60.3, p = 0.307), peak CRP (median 20.7 mg/dl, 4.2–40.2 versus median 11.9 mg/dl, range 0.1–51.9, p = 0.316) or peak IL-6 levels (median: 1442 ng/ml, range 26.7–3918 versus median 140 ng/ml, range 3.0–11,041, p = 0.099). SARS-CoV-2 RNA was stable under different storage conditions and after freeze–thaw cycles.

Conclusions
SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the urine of COVID-19 patients occurs infrequently. The viral RNA load and dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding suggest no relevant route of transmission through the urinary tract.
The Hydrating Effects of Hypertonic, Isotonic and Hypotonic Sports Drinks and Waters on Central Hydration During Continuous Exercise: A Systematic Meta-Analysis and Perspective
Authors: Rowlands David S. , Kopetschny Brigitte Hani , Badenhorst Claire E. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Body-fluid loss during prolonged continuous exercise can impair cardiovascular function, harming performance. Delta percent plasma volume (dPV) represents the change in central and circulatory body-water volume and therefore hydration during exercise; however, the effect of carbohydrate–electrolyte drinks and water on the dPV response is unclear.

Objective
To determine by meta-analysis the effects of ingested hypertonic (> 300 mOsmol kg−1), isotonic (275–300 mOsmol kg−1) and hypotonic (< 275 mOsmol kg−1) drinks containing carbohydrate and electrolyte ([Na+] < 50 mmol L−1), and non-carbohydrate drinks/water (< 40 mOsmol kg−1) on dPV during continuous exercise.

Methods
A systematic review produced 28 qualifying studies and 68 drink treatment effects. Random-effects meta-analyses with repeated measures provided estimates of effects and probability of superiority (p+) during 0–180 min of exercise, adjusted for drink osmolality, ingestion rate, metabolic rate and a weakly informative Bayesian prior.

Results
Mean drink effects on dPV were: hypertonic − 7.4% [90% compatibility limits (CL) − 8.5, − 6.3], isotonic − 8.7% (90% CL − 10.1, − 7.4), hypotonic − 6.3% (90% CL − 7.4, − 5.3) and water − 7.5% (90% CL − 8.5, − 6.4). Posterior contrast estimates relative to the smallest important effect (dPV = 0.75%) were: hypertonic-isotonic 1.2% (90% CL − 0.1, 2.6; p+ = 0.74), hypotonic-isotonic 2.3% (90% CL 1.1, 3.5; p+ = 0.984), water-isotonic 1.3% (90% CL 0.0, 2.5; p+ = 0.76), hypotonic-hypertonic 1.1% (90% CL 0.1, 2.1; p+ = 0.71), hypertonic-water 0.1% (90% CL − 0.8, 1.0; p+ = 0.12) and hypotonic-water 1.1% (90% CL 0.1, 2.0; p+ = 0.72). Thus, hypotonic drinks were very likely superior to isotonic and likely superior to hypertonic and water. Metabolic rate, ingestion rate, carbohydrate characteristics and electrolyte concentration were generally substantial modifiers of dPV.

Conclusion
Hypotonic carbohydrate–electrolyte drinks ingested continuously during exercise provide the greatest benefit to hydration.

Graphical abstract
Animal Business: an Ethical Exploration of Corporate Responsibility Towards Animals
Authors: Janssens Monique 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to take normative aspects of animal welfare in corporate practice from a blind spot into the spotlight, and thus connect the fields of business ethics and animal ethics. Using insights from business ethics and animal ethics, it argues that companies have a strong responsibility towards animals. Its rationale is that animals have a moral status, that moral actors have the moral obligation to take the interests of animals into account and thus, that as moral actors, companies should take the interests of animals into account, more specifically their current and future welfare. Based on this corporate responsibility, categories of corporate impact on animals in terms of welfare and longevity are offered, including normative implications for each of them. The article concludes with managerial implications for several business sectors, including the most animal-consuming and animal-welfare-threatening industry: the food sector. Welfare issues are discussed, including the issue of killing for food production.
Altitude of the East Asian Coastal Mountains and Their Influence on Asian Climate During Early Late Cretaceous
Authors: Zhang Jian , Liu Yonggang , Flögel Sascha , Zhang Tao , Wang Chengshan , Fang Xiaomin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe East Asian coastal mountains have been in place during the Late Cretaceous times, thus substantially influencing the Asian climate. So far, their altitude is uncertain. Here we investigate the influence of such mountains on Asian climate using an atmosphere‐ocean general circulation model, Community Earth System Model version 1.2.2. Simulation results show that extensive deserts would develop over the eastern part of the East Asia if the altitude of the coastal mountains was greater than 2 km. This is due to the pumping effect of the coastal mountains which deprives the moisture from the East Asian interior during summer and autumn, leading to less precipitation and greater potential evapotranspiration. The existence of extensive desert areas would be more consistent with the presented Asian paleoenvironmental reconstructions. Therefore, our results independently indicate that the altitude of the coastal mountains had attained 2 km or more by the early Late Cretaceous.
New Paleointensity Data From Aniakchak Volcano, Alaska, USA
Authors: Cromwell Geoffrey , Zhang Yiming 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study presents the first set of Holocene, high‐quality absolute paleointensity data from Alaska, USA. Existing paleointensity data for the Holocene are generally located at mid‐northern latitudes in North America, Europe, the Middle East, and eastern Asia. Relatively few data are from the Alaska region. IZZI‐modified paleointensity experiments were conducted on glassy volcanic materials from Aniakchak volcano, a mid‐ to high‐latitude composite volcano on the Alaska‐Aleutian arc. The CCRIT selection criteria were applied to the paleointensity results. A total of 30 specimens from six samples with estimated ages ranging from 1931 CE to 2,300 years before present passed all selection criteria. The sample‐mean paleointensities ranged from 49.5 to 68.0 microTesla (μT). The sample‐mean paleointensity results are comparable to modeled intensities, however all except for one sample‐mean paleointensity are lower than those predicted by geomagnetic field models. The paleointensity estimate for the historical 1931 CE eruption was about 15 μT greater than the expected field strength. This overestimate may result from unrecognized alteration or non‐ideal remanence carriers in this sample. Further evaluation of samples from the 1931 CE eruption using a Bayesian estimation method resulted in a paleointensity estimate that encompasses the historical field strength within uncertainty. These new paleointensity results are a valuable contribution to the mid‐ to high‐northern latitude paleomagnetic data set. Incorporation of these data into future geomagnetic field models will improve the predictions of geomagnetic field behavior in the Alaska region.
Toward Improving Point‐Source Moment‐Tensor Inference by Incorporating 1D Earth Model's Uncertainty: Implications for the Long Valley Caldera Earthquakes
Authors: Phạm Thanh‐Son , Tkalčić Hrvoje 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTo infer seismic moment tensor (MT) of moderate earthquakes at regional scales, seismologists typically simulate waveforms using available structural models of the Earth to match the observed seismograms. This procedure is known as waveform seismic MT inversion. However, the seismic data are noisy, and the Earth model is inevitably different from the actual structure of the Earth; hence, there is a discrepancy between the predicted and the observed waveforms. This discrepancy arises from the noise in the data and imperfections in theoretical predictions, stemming most significantly from the Earth model. This study introduces structural uncertainty, estimated empirically, and referred to as “theory uncertainty,” as part of the combined covariance matrix. In the synthetic setting, we first show through a series of synthetic experiments that the structural uncertainty plays a critical role in retrieving MT solutions, especially for short‐period waveforms. The method is then benchmarked against the waveforms of non‐double‐couple earthquakes in Long Valley Caldera, California. We confirm the highly isotropic nature of the source in a pilot event but find a non‐negligible CLVD component that was overlooked in past studies ignoring the uncertainty in Earth model. Thus, careful consideration of the Earth model's uncertainty as part of the MT inversion schemes will be necessary for future applications to better understand the complicated physics of earthquake sources.
Black Carbon Particles Physicochemical Real‐Time Data Set in a Cold City: Trends of Fall‐Winter BC Accumulation and COVID‐19
Authors: Li Houjie , Ariya Parisa A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBlack carbon (BC) plays an important role in climate and health sciences. Using the combination of a year real‐time BC observation (photoacoustic extinctiometer) and data for PM2.5 and selected co‐pollutants, we herein show that annual BC Mass concentration has a bi‐modal distribution, in a cold‐climate city of Montreal. In addition to the summer peak, a winter BC peak was observed (up to 0.433 μg/m3), lasting over 3 months. A comparative study between two air pollution hotspots, downtown and Montreal international airport indicated that airborne average BC Mass concentration in downtown was 0.344 μg/m3, whereas in the residential areas around Montreal airport BC Mass values were over 400% higher (1.487 μg/m3). During the numerous snowfall events, airborne BC Mass concentration decreased. High‐resolution scanning/transmission electron microscopy with energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis of the snow samples provided evidence that airborne BC particles or carbon nanomaterials were indeed transferred from polluted air to snow. During the COVID‐19 lockdown, the BC concentration and selected co‐pollutants, decreased up to 72%, confirming the predominance of anthropogenic activities in BC emission. This first cold‐climate BC data set can be essential for more accurate air quality and climate modeling. About one‐third of the Earth's land surface receive snow annually, the impact of this study on air quality, health and climate change is discussed.
The Dayside Ionopause of Mars: Solar Wind Interaction, Pressure Balance, and Comparisons With Venus
Authors: Chu F. , Girazian Z. , Duru F. , Ramstad R. , Halekas J. , Gurnett D. A. , Cao X. , Kopf A. J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDue to the lower ionospheric thermal pressure and existence of the crustal magnetism at Mars, the Martian ionopause is expected to behave differently from the ionopause at Venus. We study the solar wind interaction and pressure balance at the ionopause of Mars using both in situ and remote sounding measurements from the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding instrument on the Mars Express orbiter. We show that the magnetic pressure usually dominates the thermal pressure to hold off the solar wind at the ionopause at Mars, with only 13% of the cases where the ionospheric thermal pressure plays a more important role in pressure balance. This percentage at Venus, however, is up to 65%. We also find that the ionopause altitude at Mars decreases as the normal component of the solar wind dynamic pressure increases, similar to the altitude variation of the ionopauses at Venus. Moreover, our results show that the ionopause thickness at Mars and Venus is mainly determined by the ion gyromotion and is equivalent to about five ion gyroradii.
Post‐Wildfire Generation of Debris‐Flow Slurry by Rill Erosion on Colluvial Hillslopes
Authors: Alessio Paul , Dunne Thomas , Morell Kristin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractLandscapes after wildfire commonly experience accelerated hillslope erosion, which often contributes to the mobilization and volume of debris flows. However, quantitative studies of the erosion and its relationship to rainfall, runoff, and landscape characteristics have been limited to a narrow range of physiographic conditions. We estimated the volume and delivery rate of slurry (a water‐sediment mixture) supplied to stream channels during a post‐wildfire rainstorm that generated large debris flows in six catchments above Montecito, CA, in 2018. We mapped the distribution of rills and measured their cross‐sectional geometries to quantify the influences of runoff, lithology, and hillslope characteristics on the sediment volumes released by rill erosion, and we scaled the results up to the 19.5 km2 of burned hillslopes in the source catchments. We computed the likely rate of surface runoff during the rainstorm and developed an empirical model for the evolution of a representative hillslope‐spanning rill to illustrate the magnitude and speed of the erosion process. Rilling was the dominant form of erosion across the hillslopes of the source catchments, and the rapid evacuation and mixing of water and sediment during rill formation supplied a slurry with high solids concentrations to stream channels. Colluvium on shale formations was more continuous, finer‐grained, and probably less permeable than colluvium on sandstones, and these differences affected the extent and dimensions of rills. As a result, shale hillslopes were the dominant source of slurry to the debris flows and supplied over twice as much slurry per unit burn area as sandstones.
Observations of Unusual Daytime Range Spread F at Middle Latitude During the Afternoon Hours
Authors: Wei Lehui , Jiang Chunhua , Lan Ting , Wang Wenxuan , Shen Hua , Aa Ercha , Huang Wengeng , Liu Jing , Yang Guobin , Hu Yaogai , Zhao Zhengyu 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this study, an unusual daytime range spread F event recorded by the ionosonde installed at Zhangye (ZHY, 39.4°N, 100.13°E, dip latitude 29.65°N) station during the afternoon of December 23, 2016 was presented. Daytime spread F during the afternoon hours have seldom been reported at midlatitude regions. In addition, observations of daytime spread F are mostly the frequency spread F. In this case, daytime range spread F and spread Es in the midlatitude region were simultaneously observed during the afternoon hours (15:15‐16:00 LT). Moreover, some distorted traces of the main traces occurred on ionograms during the morning. The result of these observations seems to indicate that these extra traces and daytime diffused echoes on ionograms might be attributed to the same ionospheric disturbances phenomenon. Analysis of the iso‐frequency of ionospheric virtual height from ZHY ionosonde data during this event revealed the presence of wave‐like disturbances consistent with traveling ionosphere disturbances (TIDs)/atmospheric gravity waves (AGWs). The periods of TIDs on this day are in a range of 20–70 min that can be roughly classified into MSTIDs. We found that the daytime range spread F might be induced by the passage of ionospheric wave‐like structures caused by TIDs/AGWs. In addition, the seeding of TIDs/AGWs might be attributed to the stratosphere gravity waves over the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau, which causes the coupled of the atmosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere to significantly impact the ionosphere.