bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le service public comme stratégie de régulation
Authors: Lanneau Régis 
Published: December 2021

La question de la régulation des services publics est souvent considérée comme centrale chez les juristes. C’est à partir de cette idée que sont conceptualisées les lois du service public et plus largement les obligations de service public. L’objet du présent article est de renverser la perspective. Le service public peut être conçu comme une stratégie de régulation (et donc comme une modalité d’intervention) et non comme un « service » (défini par sa matérialité) à réguler. Ce pas de côté par rapport à la doctrine traditionnelle en droit public offre une perspective renouvelée sur le « droit » du service public.
Conflits entre catégories revendiquées et catégories attribuées à des justiciables : le référentiel islamique à l’aune du raisonnement préventif
Authors: Lizzola Irene , Gafsia Nawel 
Published: December 2021

La logique de la prévention du « danger » propre au dispositif français de la lutte contre le terrorisme s’illustre à travers la référence au « standard juridique » 1 de la « menace pour la sécurité et l’ordre public ». Cette prévention est caractérisée par la catégorisation des individus et de leurs actions 2 à partir de la mise en place d’enquêtes de surveillance. Deux affaires défendues par une avocate qui a exercé des recours pour excès de pouvoir contre des mesures administratives prises en vue de prévenir des actes « portant atteinte à l’ordre public » et dont le travail a été observé lors d’un terrain ethnographique mené de janvier 2015 à mars 2018 constituent le matériau principal de cette étude. Les contentieux analysés reflètent des débats de plus ample portée au niveau sociétal relatifs à la perception et à l’interprétation d’une normativité islamique s’exprimant dans des discours et des pratiques d’individus identifiés musulmans et donc présumés appartenir à cette catégorie selon les cas de figure. Ces justiciables se perçoivent eux-mêmes de manière plus ou moins explicite comme étant « ciblés » en raison de cette catégorisation. Dans ce contexte, un « désaccord pratico-moral » 3 mène à des interprétations opposées des mêmes faits. Dans l’arène de cette confrontation, le référentiel islamique est un enjeu central et son appréciation détermine le résultat du contentieux. Ce dernier peut servir d’appui aussi bien aux stratégies de défense qu’à la logique de surveillance préventive du Ministère de l’Intérieur : ce qui oppose ces deux usages, c’est le caractère moralement implicatif de la catégorisation islamique de certaines pratiques. Dans une logique de lutte préventive contre le terrorisme, la conséquence directe est celle de l’exclusion et la privation de certains droits fondamentaux.
Qualifier les blessures. Ethnographie de la catégorisation médico-légale en Inde du Nord
Authors: Provost Fabien 
Published: December 2021

À quel prix la médecine devient-elle la référente systématique de la justice dans le travail d’évaluation des dommages corporels ? Que se passe-t-il lorsque des médecins examinent des corps sans être autorisés à les soigner ? Même si le solide ancrage institutionnel de l’expertise médico-légale semble indiquer que ces questions sont secondaires ou déjà résolues, cet article montre au contraire qu’elles méritent d’être prises au sérieux. Dans cette optique, je me penche sur le travail de catégorisation des blessures. En m’appuyant sur des archives judiciaires et sur une série de situations empiriques observées lors d’une enquête de douze mois dans trois hôpitaux publics d’Inde du Nord, j’explore la façon dont la pratique ordinaire de la médecine légale transforme la signification des catégories médicales et juridiques de description des blessures. Les cas étudiés portent notamment sur le processus d’évaluation de la gravité. Ils mettent en lumière les stratégies d’enquête et les effets rhétoriques qui permettent aux médecins légistes d’influencer l’interprétation judiciaire de leurs résultats, dans une logique largement inspirée par leur expérience de soignants et dépassant le simple cadre des définitions fournies par le Code pénal indien. Ce travail contribue ainsi à une meilleure compréhension des rapports entre médecine et droit, et du rôle de l’expertise médico-légale dans leur enrichissement mutuel.
Le mythe fédéral en France : ébauche d’une interprétation de l’identité de la république française en période de turbulence
Authors: Carrier Lucien , Barillé Pierre 
Published: December 2021

Nous proposons dans cet article d’approcher différemment l’idée fédérale en France, à partir du constat simple et troublant qu’à chaque crise d’envergure depuis au moins deux cents ans, on retrouve d’une façon ou d’une autre la mention du fédéralisme. Cette récurrence semble mettre à mal les poncifs bien éculés – et erronés – d’un désintérêt français pour ce qui est fédéral. L’apparent paradoxe peut être dépassé si, précisément, on choisit d’analyser le fédéralisme en France comme un mythe. Ce dernier se définit comme un système sémiologique second qui permet l’expression d’un concept déformé. C’est-à-dire que le mythe est un véhicule pour une idée déguisée. Nous tenterons de montrer dans cet article que malgré la diversité des usages du fédéralisme au cours des nombreuses crises constitutionnelles françaises, il est toujours possible de retrouver, sous des guises différentes, le concept de République. Dans la France des Révolutions, nous maintiendrons que le fédéralisme déforme l’idée d’une République unie, libérale ou émancipatrice. Par la suite, dans le cadre de la décolonisation au XX e siècle, nous soutiendrons que le mythe fédéral déforme le concept d’une République un peu différente, plus ambiguë, là impériale, ailleurs repentante.
Functional Competence of NK Cells via the KIR/MHC Class I Interaction Correlates with DNAM-1 Expression
Authors: Shang Qian-Nan , Yu Xing-Xing , Xu Zheng-Li , Cao Xun-Hong , Liu Xue-Fei , Zhao Xiao-Su , Chang Ying-Jun , Wang Yu , Zhang Xiao-Hui , Xu Lan-Ping , Liu Kai-Yan , Huang Xiao-Jun , Zhao Xiang-Yu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The interaction of inhibitory receptors with self–MHC class I (MHC-I) molecules is responsible for NK cell education. The intensity of DNAM-1 expression correlates with NK cell education. However, whether DNAM-1 expression directly influences the functional competence of NK cells via the KIR/MHC-I interaction remains unclear. Based on allogeneic haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, we investigated the intensity of DNAM-1 expression on reconstituted NK cells via the interaction of KIR with both donor HLA and recipient HLA at days 30, 90, and 180 after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The reconstituted NK cells educated by donor and recipient HLA molecules showed the highest DNAM-1 expression, whereas DNAM-1 expression on educated NK cells with only recipient HLA molecules was higher than that on educated NK cells with only donor HLA molecules, indicating that NK cells with donor or recipient HLA molecules regulate DNAM-1 expression and thereby affect NK cell education. Additionally, the effects of recipient cells on NK cell education were greater than those of donor cells. However, only when the DNAM-1, NKP30, and NKG2D receptors were blocked simultaneously was the function of educated and uneducated NK cells similar. Therefore, activating receptors may collaborate with DNAM-1 to induce educated NK cell hyperresponsiveness. Our data, based on in vitro and in vivo studies, demonstrate that the functional competence of NK cells via the KIR/MHC-I interaction correlates with DNAM-1 expression in human NK cells.
Single-Cell Transcriptomics Reveals Discrete Steps in Regulatory T Cell Development in the Human Thymus
Authors: Morgana Florencia , Opstelten Rianne , Slot Manon C , Scott Andrew M , van Lier René A W , Blom Bianca , Mahfouz Ahmed , Amsen Derk 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
CD4+CD25+FOXP3+ regulatory T (Treg) cells control immunological tolerance. Treg cells are generated in the thymus (tTreg) or in the periphery. Their superior lineage fidelity makes tTregs the preferred cell type for adoptive cell therapy (ACT). How human tTreg cells develop is incompletely understood. By combining single-cell transcriptomics and flow cytometry, we in this study delineated three major Treg developmental stages in the human thymus. At the first stage, which we propose to name pre-Treg I, cells still express lineage-inappropriate genes and exhibit signs of TCR signaling, presumably reflecting recognition of self-antigen. The subsequent pre-Treg II stage is marked by the sharp appearance of transcription factor FOXO1 and features induction of KLF2 and CCR7, in apparent preparation for thymic exit. The pre-Treg II stage can further be refined based on the sequential acquisition of surface markers CD31 and GPA33. The expression of CD45RA, finally, completes the phenotype also found on mature recent thymic emigrant Treg cells. Remarkably, the thymus contains a substantial fraction of recirculating mature effector Treg cells, distinguishable by expression of inflammatory chemokine receptors and absence of CCR7. The developmental origin of these cells is unclear and warrants caution when using thymic tissue as a source of stable cells for ACT. We show that cells in the major developmental stages can be distinguished using the surface markers CD1a, CD27, CCR7, and CD39, allowing for their viable isolation. These insights help identify fully mature tTreg cells for ACT and can serve as a basis for further mechanistic studies into tTreg development.
The male nursing students' childhood traumas and attitudes toward violence
Authors: Çelik Sevim , Öztürk Ayfer , Karahan Elif 
Published: December 2021

Context:
To prevent domestic violence against women, it is critical to identify men's attitudes toward violence itself.

Aims:
This study aimed to examine the relationship between the experience of childhood trauma and attitudes toward violence in male nursing students.

Methods:
This study included 276 male nursing students. Data were collected using a descriptive information form, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire Short Form (CTQ-SF) and the Attitudes toward Violence Scale (ATVS).

Results:
Participants' mean age was 21.61 ± 2.01, 47.5% of them experienced violence, and 31.2% witnessed it. They had low levels of childhood trauma and negative attitudes toward violence. There was a weak-positive relationship between their ATVS mean scores and the mean emotional abuse, physical abuse, and sexual abuse subscale scores (CTQ-SF) (P < 0.05).

Conclusions:
Nursing training programs should include courses on violence and its perception in society to increase awareness. Because childhood trauma negatively affects the violence perception, there should be support programs provided to students who have experienced it.
Cross sectional study on burden and psychiatric morbidity in the caregivers of patients of major psychiatric illness in a tertiary healthcare centre
Authors: Akhilesh M. , Priyamkari Anupama , Kakunje Anil , Karkal Ravichandra 
Published: December 2021

Introduction:
Psychiatric illnesses such as bipolar affective disorder, major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and dementia can cause significant burden to patient as well as family members. About 14% of the global burden of disease is attributed to neuropsychiatric disorders. Half of the patients with psychiatric illness reported disability in all three domains of work, social, and family life.

Aims:
(1) To study if caring for patients with major psychiatric illness will lead to significant caregiver's burden. (2) To find the association between caregiver's burden and psychiatric morbidity among the caregivers.

Materials and Methods:
It is a cross-sectional study conducted at a tertiary care teaching hospital after obtaining institutional ethical clearance. One hundred caregivers of outpatients diagnosed with major psychiatric illness including schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder, dementia, and major depressive disorder for a period not <2 years were included in the study. The data were using recorded by means of Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview and burden assessment schedule.

Results:
Caregivers of patients with major depressive disorder experienced significantly less burden than those with bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. Spouses of patients experienced significantly more burden compared to other family members providing care. The study also revealed that caregivers caring for patients with longer duration of illness were found to have higher chance of experiencing moderate or severe levels of burden and that, as the age of the carers increased, they were more likely to experience higher levels of burden and caregivers with lower per-capita income experienced severe burden (P = 0.022). It was observed that several carers had psychiatric morbidities with Generalized Anxiety Disorder (56.9%, n = 45) being most commonly reported. This was followed by Major Depressive episode, current at 22.5% (n = 40) and dysthymia at 17.4% (n = 31).

Conclusion:
Caring for patients with major psychiatric illness leads to significant caregivers' burden. It can also lead to psychiatric morbidities among the caregivers.
Prevalence and characteristics of abnormal Papanicolaou smear
Authors: Bhutia Tseten Wangyal , Lepcha Lhakit , Sherpa Ashok Tshering , Pradhan Priya Darshini 
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND:
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancer remain chief health complications for women globally. Cervical cytology by Papanicolaou (Pap)-stained smears is an effective means of screening for cervical premalignant and malignant situations. This study was designed to determine and assess the prevalence and characteristics of abnormal Pap smears in this region of Sikkim, India.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:
This retrospective study was conducted in the Departments of Pathology at Multi-Specialty Hospital in Gangtok, Sikkim. All Pap smears screened during 2018 and 2020 were included in this study. Approximately 1256 Pap smears were reported based on Bethesda III System (2001). All abnormal smears patients' data were collected and evaluated accordingly.

RESULTS:
Most of the patients screened during the 2 years belonged to the ethnic group of Bhutias (15.45%), followed by Rai (12.90%), and the majority were aged 31–40 years (43.78%). Epithelial abnormalities categorized as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance, atypical squamous cells-high-grade lesions, low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and high grade squamous intraepithelial lesion were found in 18.07%, 15.04%, 7.25%, and 4.77% of the women, respectively. The majority of the women with abnormal Pap smear were associated with inflammatory response, with moderate inflammation (33.07%), followed by severe (30.75%) and mild (24.36%) inflammation. The most common pattern was inflammatory which includes neutrophilic infiltration and reactive cellular changes with 66.6% of the case having irregular uterine bleeding (P = 0.002) followed by abnormal vaginal discharge (P = 0.3) and lower abdominal pain (P = 0.005).

CONCLUSION:
Prevalence of abnormal Pap smears in Sikkim, India is relatively low compared with other states of India. In contrast, the prevalence of progressive glandular anomalies with inflammation was observed to be high.
Hard- and Soft-Tissue Cephalometric Landmark Detection when Using a Thyroid Lead Shield
Authors: Gorjizadeh Fatemeh , Panahi Roghayeh , Masoumi Milad 
Published: December 2021

Introduction:
The aim of this study was to assess the detection of some hard- and soft-tissue cephalometric landmarks when using a thyroid lead shield.

Materials and Methods:
Two study groups were designed, and each group consisted of 50 cephalograms: the first group was without thyroid shield cephalograms and the second group consisted of cephalograms taken using a lead thyroid shield. An observer blinded about the aim of the study was appointed to identify 12 landmarks on the lateral cephalograms.

Results:
Out of 12 of landmarks, 3 landmarks had a significant relationship with the thyroid shield group. Landmarks of cervical point, second and third vertebrae were not detected in 20%, 30%, and 66% of cases, respectively.

Discussion:
Two hard-tissue landmarks (second and third vertebrae) and one soft-tissue landmark (cervical point) were masked by the thyroid shield when preparing a cephalogram.
The Effect of 660-nm Low Level Laser Therapy on Mandibular Lateral Movement After Orthognathic Surgery
Authors: Noshirvani Farnaz , Momeni Hasan , Sadighi Alireza 
Published: December 2021

Introduction:
Limited jaw motion is a common complication after orthognathic surgeries that can negatively affect the patients’ quality of life, thus it is required to be properly treated. Regarding the growing interests in laser application in density, we aimed to evaluate the effects of 660nm LLLT on mandibular lateral movements after orthognathic surgery.

Materials and Methods:
Twelve candidates of bimaxillary orthognathic surgery were included in a split-mouth, triple-blind phase 1 trial. On 1, 4, and 7 days after the surgery, a 660-nm diode low-level laser was applied to one facial side of patients, whereas the other side was kept untreated as placebo. Then, rightward and leftward mandibular movements from the maxillary midline were measured in millimeters (mm) on 2, 7, and 14 after the surgery. The measurements were then compared between the study groups using ANCOVA analysis.

Results:
Despite the constant improvement in mandibular lateral movements in both study groups, the rightward mandibular movements in LLLT group were significantly better than in placebo group on second (3.9 versus 3.2 mm, P = 0.015), seventh (5.6 versus 4.2 mm, P = 0.018), and 14th (7.1 versus 5.2 mm, P = 0.005) days after the surgery. Also, the leftward mandibular movements in LLLT group were significantly better than in placebo group on second (3.7 versus 2.1 mm, P = 0.021), seventh (4.9 versus 2.9 mm, P = 0.019), and 14th (6.7 versus 4.2 mm, P = 0.002) days after the surgery.

Conclusion:
LLLT can effectively improve both rightward and leftward movements of mandibular after an orthognathic surgery.
Evaluation of Signs and Symptoms of Temporomandibular Disorders in Children and Adolescents, Before and After Rapid Maxillary Expansion
Authors: Correa Marcelo Soares , de Freitas Karina Maria Salvatore , de Freitas Marcos Roberto , Guimaraes Antônio Sergio , Janson Guilherme 
Published: December 2021

Objective:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the presence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) signs and symptoms before and after rapid maxillary expansion (RME), in patients with posterior crossbite.

Materials and Methods:
The sample was comprised of 22 individuals (13 girls, 9 boys), with ages varying from 7 to 14 years (mean: 9.1 years), with posterior crossbite. They were all treated with RME using the Hyrax appliance. They were submitted to a questionnaire of the European Academy of the Craniomandibular Disorder for evaluation of the presence of signs and symptoms of TMD at five different times: T0, T1, T2, T3, Tf (before treatment starts, 15 days after the beginning of the activations, 4, 8, and 10 months after installation of the Hyrax appliance, respectively). If any of the answers to the questionnaire were YES, research diagnosis criteria for temporomandibular disorders - axis I (RDC/TMD-axis I) was applied. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square, and Fisher's exact tests were applied.

Results:
The initial prevalence of TMD signs and symptoms was 18%. At T2, there was statistically significant improvement (P = 0.046) of TMD signs and symptoms in relation to T0. There was no statistically significant association between sex and TMD signs and symptoms in the five stages that were evaluated.

Conclusions:
RME temporarily influenced the TMD signs and symptoms in T2. However, there was a return of the TMD signs and symptoms 10 months after installation of the Hyrax appliance.
Incidence of Colorectal Cancer in North-Western India over 5 Years
Authors: Daga Prateek , Rawal Trilok , Gupta Piyush Kumar , Khatri Naresh Kumar 
Published: December 2021

Background:
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the most common gastrointestinal malignancy. CRC occurs more common in males than females worldwide. There are very few studies on the incidence of CRC in the state of Rajasthan. The present study evaluates its temporal variation and area-wise distribution.

Materials and Methods:
Five-year retrospective data on CRC incidence were obtained from Hospital-Based Cancer Registry of Regional Cancer Center (RCC), Bikaner, from January 2016 to December 2020. The collected data show the trend of CRC incidence over these 5 years. District- and tehsil-wise distribution of patients was also analyzed.

Results:
A total of 37,132 cases registered at RCC, Bikaner, from January 2016 to December 2020, there were 796 cases of CRC accounting for 2.14% of the total. Among these, there were 500 male and 296 female cases, respectively. The median age at the diagnosis of CRC was 53 years in females and 56 years in males. This 5-year data analysis showed an increasing trend of CRC incidence in the last 5 years. The highest incidence rate was found in the districts of Bikaner, Sri Ganganagar, Hanumangarh, and Churu, with most patients coming from Bikaner tehsil of Bikaner district.

Conclusion:
CRC cases have shown an increasing trend in the past 5 years in Rajasthan with a higher incidence in the North-western districts. There is a need to early diagnosis through screening and find out solutions for reducing the risk of CRC in future.