bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Process of Stellar Tidal Disruption by Supermassive Black Holes
Authors: Rossi E. M. , Stone N. C. , Law-Smith J. A. P. , Macleod M. , Lodato G. , Dai J. L. , Mandel I. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTidal disruption events (TDEs) are among the brightest transients in the optical, ultraviolet, and X-ray sky. These flares are set into motion when a star is torn apart by the tidal field of a massive black hole, triggering a chain of events which is – so far – incompletely understood. However, the disruption process has been studied extensively for almost half a century, and unlike the later stages of a TDE, our understanding of the disruption itself is reasonably well converged. In this Chapter, we review both analytical and numerical models for stellar tidal disruption. Starting with relatively simple, order-of-magnitude physics, we review models of increasing sophistication, the semi-analytic “affine formalism,” hydrodynamic simulations of the disruption of polytropic stars, and the most recent hydrodynamic results concerning the disruption of realistic stellar models. Our review surveys the immediate aftermath of disruption in both typical and more unusual TDEs, exploring how the fate of the tidal debris changes if one considers non-main sequence stars, deeply penetrating tidal encounters, binary star systems, and sub-parabolic orbits. The stellar tidal disruption process provides the initial conditions needed to model the formation of accretion flows around quiescent massive black holes, and in some cases may also lead to directly observable emission, for example via shock breakout, gravitational waves or runaway nuclear fusion in deeply plunging TDEs.
Characterization of dairy innovations in selected milksheds in Kenya using a categorical principal component analysis
Authors: Wairimu Edith , Mburu John , Gachuiri Charles K. , Ndambi Asaah 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTo enhance milk quantity and quality which have continued to decrease in Kenya, various stakeholders have intervened through promotion of technical dairy innovations at the farm level including improved cow feeding, health management, promotion of exotic breeds, and milking hygiene. At the milkshed level, stakeholders’ focus has been on organizational innovations, specifically milk sale by farmers through groups. This study sought to characterize dairy innovations that have been adopted by farmers in the milkshed of three milk processors including New Kenya Co-operative Creameries Sotik (NKCC Sotik), Happy Cow Limited (HCL), and Mukurweini Wakulima Dairy Limited (MWDL), representing one state, private, and farmer-owned processor, respectively. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire from a sample of 1146 farmers (410, 382, and 354 in MWDL, HCL, and NKCC Sotik, respectively). A categorical principal components analysis was used to reduce 32 variables into four sets of uncorrelated components. Four categories were identified including principal component (PC) 1 (technical capacity), PC 2 (animal health management), PC 3 (organizational capacity), and PC 4 (milk hygiene). More farmers in the milkshed of MWDL adopted technical and organizational dairy innovations such as use of artificial insemination and milk sale through groups, respectively, than farmers in milkshed of NKCC and HCL. The county governments in the milkshed of HCL and NKCC Sotik need to strengthen cooperative societies to boost adoption of artificial insemination through arrangement in which milk is sold and payment of services offered on credit is settled from milk sale and ensure milk market availability throughout the year.
On Defining “Reliance” and “Trust”: Purposes, Conditions of Adequacy, and New Definitions
Authors: de Fine Licht Karl , Brülde Bengt 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTrust is often perceived as having great value. For example, there is a strong belief that trust will bring different sorts of public goods and help us preserve common resources. A related concept which is just as important, but perhaps not explicitly discussed to the same extent as “trust”, is “reliance” or “confidence”. To be able to rely on some agent is often seen as a prerequisite for being able to trust this agent. Up to now, the conceptual discussion about the definition of trust and reliance has been rational in the sense that most people involved have offered arguments for their respective views, or against competing views. While these arguments rely on some criterion or other, these criteria are rarely explicitly stated, and to our knowledge, no systematic account of such criteria has been offered. In this paper we give an account of what criteria we should use to assess tentative definitions of “trust” and “reliance”. We will also offer our own well-founded definitions of “trust” and “reliance”. Trust should be regarded as a kind of reliance and we defend what we call “the accountability view” of trust, by appealing to the desiderata we identify in the first parts of the paper.
Gesundheitskompetenz für die Familie: Frauen mit Migrationshintergrund als Mittlerinnen
Authors: Adam Yvonne , Berens Eva-Maria 
Published: March 2021

Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund
Menschen mit Migrationshintergrund gelten als vulnerable Gruppe, deren Gesundheitskompetenz gefördert werden muss. Bisher gibt es noch wenige Studien, die neben dem Migrationshintergrund auch den gender- und intergenerationalen Einfluss untersuchen.

Ziel und Methodik
Entlang der vier Schritte der Informationsverarbeitung Suchen, Verstehen, Beurteilen und Anwenden werden zwei Fokusgruppen und sechs Einzelinterviews mit türkisch- und russischsprachigen Frauen der mittleren Generation analysiert, um aufzuzeigen, welchen Einfluss die Gesundheitskompetenz der Frauen auf die gesamte Familie hat.

Ergebnisse
Die Frauen setzen ihr Wissen, ihre Fähigkeiten und insbesondere ihre Mehrsprachigkeit gezielt ein, um ihre älteren Angehörigen zu unterstützen. Beim Suchen, Verstehen und Beurteilen von Informationen wird deutlich, dass Entscheidungen in der Familie diskutiert und vom sozialen Umfeld beeinflusst werden. Beim Anwenden motivieren die Frauen ihre älteren Angehörigen zu einem gesundheitsförderlichen Verhalten.

Schlussfolgerung
Die Frauen treten als Mittlerinnen für die Gesundheit der gesamten Familie auf. Über sie könnten auch schwer erreichbare Gruppen differenz- und ressourcenorientiert gefördert werden. Für die Konzeption einer Family Health Literacy ist nicht nur der Einfluss von Eltern auf ihre Kinder interessant, sondern auch von erwachsenen Kindern auf ihre Eltern.
Assertive, but Less Competent and Trustworthy? Perception of Police Officers with Tattoos and Piercings
Authors: Hauke-Forman Nicole , Methner Nicole , Bruckmüller Susanne 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThere is an ongoing debate whether police officers should be allowed to wear tattoos or piercings on visible parts of the body or not. One argument often brought forward against it is that such body modifications would cue negative evaluations of officers by citizens that would impede officers’ fulfillment of their duties. Yet, empirical evidence for this claim is missing. The present research aims to close this gap by examining how citizens perceive police officers with tattoos and piercings. In an experiment, participants saw edited photographs of police officers with and without tattoos (study 1) or piercings (study 2). They rated each officer regarding communion, agency, likability, respect, and threat. We found that, as expected, police officers with tattoos and piercings were perceived as less trustworthy and less competent, were liked somewhat less, and triggered higher perceptions of threat. In addition, police officers with tattoos (but not with piercings) were perceived as less friendly and more assertive. Regarding respect, we found no differences between officers with and without body modifications. While our empirical results cannot answer the societal and political question whether police officers should be allowed to wear tattoos and piercings or not, experimental psychological research can contribute to the respective discussions by providing an empirical basis. Our findings further have important theoretical implications, as the opposing effects on competence and assertiveness underline the importance of distinguishing between these two facets of agency in research on social perception and judgment.
Challenges in Paragangliomas and Pheochromocytomas: from Histology to Molecular Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Juhlin C. Christofer 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAbdominal paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas (PPGLs) are rare neuroendocrine tumors of the infradiaphragmatic paraganglia and adrenal medulla, respectively. Although few pathologists outside of endocrine tertiary centers will ever diagnose such a lesion, the tumors are well known through the medical community—possible due to a combination of the sheer rarity, their often-spectacular presentation due to excess catecholamine secretion as well as their unrivaled coupling to constitutional susceptibility gene mutations and hereditary syndromes. All PPGLs are thought to harbor malignant potential, and therefore pose several challenges to the practicing pathologist. Specifically, a responsible diagnostician should recognize both the capacity and limitations of histological, immunohistochemical, and molecular algorithms to pinpoint high risk for future metastatic disease. This focused review aims to provide the surgical pathologist with a condensed update regarding the current strategies available in order to deliver an accurate prognostication of these enigmatic lesions.
A reaction norm perspective on reproducibility
Authors: Voelkl Bernhard , Würbel Hanno 
Published: March 2021

AbstractReproducibility in biomedical research, and more specifically in preclinical animal research, has been seriously questioned. Several cases of spectacular failures to replicate findings published in the primary scientific literature have led to a perceived reproducibility crisis. Diverse threats to reproducibility have been proposed, including lack of scientific rigour, low statistical power, publication bias, analytical flexibility and fraud. An important aspect that is generally overlooked is the lack of external validity caused by rigorous standardization of both the animals and the environment. Here, we argue that a reaction norm approach to phenotypic variation, acknowledging gene-by-environment interactions, can help us seeing reproducibility of animal experiments in a new light. We illustrate how dominating environmental effects can affect inference and effect size estimates of studies and how elimination of dominant factors through standardization affects the nature of the expected phenotype variation through the reaction norms of small effect. Finally, we discuss the consequences of reaction norms of small effect for statistical analysis, specifically for random effect latent variable models and the random lab model.
Daylight saving time does not seem to be associated with number of percutaneous coronary interventions for acute myocardial infarction in the Netherlands
Authors: Derks L. , Houterman S. , Geuzebroek G. S. C. , van der Harst P. , Smits P. C. ,   the PCI Registration Committee of the Netherlands Heart Registration, Amoroso G. , Arkenbout E. K. , Aydin S. , Brouwer J. , Camaro C. , Daemen J. , Danse P. W. , van der Ent M. , Erdem R. , Henriques J. P. , van ’t Hof A. W. J. , Karalis I. , Kraaijeveld A. , van Kuijk J. P. , Lipsic E. , Margo M. , Marques K. M. J. , Oude Ophuis A. J. M. , van Ramshorst J. , Roolvink V. , Ruifrok W. T. , Scholte M. , Schotborgh C. E. , Sorgdrager B. J. , Spano F. , Stoel M. G. , Teeuwen T. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn multiple studies, the potential relationship between daylight saving time (DST) and the occurrence of acute myocardial infarction (MI) has been investigated, with mixed results. Using the Dutch Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI) registry facilitated by the Netherlands Heart Registration, we investigated whether the transitions to and from DST interact with the incidence rate of PCI for acute MI.MethodsWe assessed changes in hospital admissions for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or non-STEMI (NSTEMI) undergoing PCI between 1 January 2015 and 31 December 2018. We compared the incidence rate of PCI procedures during the first 3 or 7 days after the transition with that during a control period (2 weeks before transition plus second week after transition). Incidence rate ratio (IRR) was calculated using Poisson regression. Potential gender differences were also investigated.ResultsA total of 80,970 PCI procedures for STEMI or NSTEMI were performed. No difference in incidence rate a week after the transition to DST in spring was observed for STEMI (IRR 0.95, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87–1.03) or NSTEMI (IRR 1.04, 95% CI 0.96–1.12). After the transition from DST in autumn, the IRR was also comparable with the control period (STEMI: 1.03, 95% CI 0.95–1.12, and NSTEMI: 0.98, 95% CI 0.91–1.06). Observing the first 3 days after each transition yielded similar results. Gender-specific results were comparable.ConclusionBased on data from a large, nationwide registry, there was no correlation between the transition to or from DST and a change in the incidence rate of PCI for acute MI.
Attitudes in Poland Towards the Legalization of Same-Sex Registered Partnerships in the Context of Political Preferences
Authors: Tomczak Łukasz , Iwański Rafał , Zawadzka–Witt Katarzyna 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Over recent decades, the issue of same-sex civil unions has been discussed and then legally regulated in many European Union countries. In the case of Poland, this issue is still debated in the socio-political discourse.

Methods
The research presented in this article is aimed at analyzing the attitudes of Polish society towards legalization of same-sex registered partnerships. The study was nationwide and based on a quota sampling method (n = 2119). The data was collected in 2019.

Results
An analysis of the collected data showed that the support for legalizing same-sex partnerships is not accepted by the majority of voters in Poland. However, there are differences between supporters of various political groups as well as between those who declare left-wing or right-wing views.

Conclusions
For opponents of equal rights for homosexuals and heterosexuals, a crucial issue is the objection to same-sex marriage. The voters of left-wing parties and people declaring left-wing political leanings were more likely to accept other forms of marriage, although for the majority of them, marriage can be only a union between a woman and a man.
Policy Implications
The resistance of the ruling party Law and Justice, a conservative one, against legalization of same-sex partnerships and making decisions aimed at LGBT community, for instance introducing “LGBT-free zones,” are one of the elements encouraging its electorate.
Impacts of groundwater over exploitation on the renewal and hydrodynamic behavior of the alluvial aquifer of Sidi Bel Abbes (Algerian NW)
Authors: Otmane Abdelkader , Baba-Hamed Kamila , Bouanani Abderrazak , Gherissi Radia 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSidi Bel Abbes plain, in Western Algeria, covers an area of 813 km2 and holds an important groundwater reservoir, providing the region with a large water potential. It displays characteristics of a peri-urban aquifer, with a large agricultural sector. The climatic variations that affected this region, the development of industrial and agricultural activities along with the over-exploitation of the groundwater resource negatively impact the aquifer's hydrodynamic balance. This work is structured around a multiapproach process based mainly on geophysical data to determine the reservoir bathymetry, rainfall data, humidity data using the standardized precipitation index (SPI), piezometric maps, hydrodynamic data, and groundwater extraction rate. Results revealed a significant decrease in humidity values over time. This negatively influences the water potential of the alluvial aquifer and induces a lateral recharge from adjacent aquifers (overfilling). Indeed, the rainfall contribution to the recharge appears low compared to that of the surrounding aquifers. However, total annual rainfall above 500 mm/year may reduce the input of the adjacent aquifers. Besides, our study indicates a well-defined hydrodynamic pattern in the alluvial aquifer, due to the bowl-shaped bedrock of the aquifer and the excessive overexploitation, especially downstream (the region of Sidi Bel Abbes). Thus, this aquifer adapted to such exploitation, through continuous and systematic recharge of drainage flows by the upstream groundwater (regions characterized by a wall uplift). The aquifer’s pluviometric dependence occurs clearly in its south-western part. A 50% humidity value implies a 0–10 m increase in the water table.
Rotorcraft fuselage mass assessment in early design stages
Authors: Schwinn Dominik B. , Weiand Peter , Buchwald Michel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLike the design of fixed-wing aircraft the design of rotorcraft is generally divided into the three consecutive phases of conceptual, preliminary and detailed design. During each phase the acquired results in turn serve as input for new calculations, thus increasing the detail level and information about the new concept, while uncertainties about the new design are reduced. An important aspect of the overall design process is the mass estimation in early design stages. The weight of the rotorcraft drives the design of many important components, such as the rotor(s), the propulsion system and, therefore, the required fuel. The fuselage is considered as the central structural part, since it connects all other components to each other and serves as protection of the occupants but in the past it often turned out to also be the heaviest part of all rotorcraft components. This paper shows an approach to estimate rotorcraft component masses using statistical methods based on existing rotorcraft but also an approach to use finite element methods that determine the structural airframe mass based on mission profiles, respectively, bearable load cases.
Current research on the ecosystem service potential of legume inclusive cropping systems in Europe. A review
Authors: Ditzler Lenora , van Apeldoorn Dirk F. , Pellegrini Fernando , Antichi Daniele , Bàrberi Paolo , Rossing Walter A. H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLegume crops hold promise to diversify the currently simplified rotations that dominate Europe and to increase the sustainability of European farming systems. Nevertheless, most legumes have been ignored by farmers, advisors, and value chain agents in the EU, where legumes are estimated to occupy only ~2% of arable land. Recent surveys find that farmers see a lack of knowledge on the agroecological impacts of (re)introducing legumes as a key barrier to legume adoption. A review of current research on the agroecological potential of legume-inclusive cropping systems would help in assessing whether research targeting sufficiently supports farmers in overcoming this barrier. We have systematically reviewed and synthesized published literature reporting on agricultural ecosystem service delivery in European cropping systems with legumes included compared to those without legumes. Our analysis of 163 published articles revealed: (1) the bulk of published research addresses production-related services delivered by few legume species (pea, clover, faba bean, and vetch, 70% of reviewed studies) comparatively assessed in cereal-based rotations; (2) substantial knowledge gaps also exist, encompassing ecosystem services with less direct relevance to economic outcomes (e.g., biodiversity) and with potential for high variability (e.g., pest and disease suppression); (3) studies at plot-level and within-season scales dominate (92% and 75% of reviewed studies, respectively). Assessed in the context of recent complementary studies, we find that a limited research focus is both counter to knowledge demands from farmers and likely the result of self-reinforcing socio-technical regimes which prioritize production over non- or indirectly-marketable ecosystem services. We conclude that scientists in Europe should diversify research to include legume species, ecosystem services, contexts, and scales not yet well studied, in order to provide the agroecological knowledge base farmers need to amplify the potential benefits of crop diversity.
A multi-group higher-order factor analysis for studying the gender-effect in Teacher Job Satisfaction
Authors: Cavicchia Carlo , Sarnacchiaro Pasquale 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTeachers’ performances also depend on whether and how they are satisfied with their job. Therefore, Teacher Job Satisfaction must be considered as the driver of teachers’ accomplishments. To plan future policies and improve the overall teaching process, it is crucial to understand which factors mostly contribute to Teacher Job Satisfaction. A Common Assessment Framework and Education questionnaire was administered to 163 Italian public secondary school teachers to collect data, and a second-order factor analysis was used to detect which factors impact on Teacher Job Satisfaction, and to what extent. This model-based approach guarantees to detect factors which respect important properties: unidimensionality and reliability. All the coefficients are estimated according to the maximum likelihood estimation method in order to make inference on the parameters and on the validity of the model. Moreover, a new multi-group test for higher-order factor analysis was proposed and implemented. Finally, we analyzed in detail whether the factors impacting Teacher Job Satisfaction are characterized by gender.
The discontinuity between value and price form: tracking the subtraction of the qualitative
Authors: Kranjc Uroš 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRuptures represent the pertinent cause of scientific progress. On the one hand, such “scientific breaks” demarcate one type of scientific discourse from another, while simultaneously always putting in place some specific ideological aspect of the science in question. They consequently suture a determinate scientific totality, one that always reflects and serves the ruling class—be it a worldview or a concrete research programme. The article will attempt to trace the notion of value in different economic discourses to outline the historical discontinuities between them. The subsequent aim is to explore the genealogy of quantitative and qualitative determinations of value (ranging from Smith and Ricardo, through Marx, all the way to the marginalists). We will do this by highlighting a shift in the methodological approach of the object of knowledge—a parallax shift of object—i.e. between the positivist and dialectical grounding of notions. In the first part, the paper tracks the impasses arising from the move to mathematized economics via a “marginalist revolution”. In the second and third part, it proceeds with examining the rupture in “objective” and “subjective” aspects of value, reviewing different positions from Marx’s value form (as sensuous–supersensuous thing) and A. Amonn’s compromise based on the “social” form to F. A. von Hayek’s and mainstream economics’ embrace of the price form. The article concludes with a reaffirmation of Marx’s critique of the specific structure of the capitalist mode of production, one in which the subtraction of the abstract/general (“Real abstraction”) is central to a synchronous structure of economic categories. It remains the only genuine critical assessment of such a rupture within the domain of economic scientific strata.