bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Taking Principles Seriously: A Hybrid Approach to Value Alignment in Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Kim Tae Wan , Hooker John , Donaldson Thomas 
Published: March 2021

An important step in the development of value alignment (VA) systems in artificial intelligence (AI) is understanding how VA can reflect valid ethical principles. We propose that designers of VA systems incorporate ethics by utilizing a hybrid approach in which both ethical reasoning and empirical observation play a role. This, we argue, avoids committing “naturalistic fallacy,” which is an attempt to derive “ought” from “is,” and it provides a more adequate form of ethical reasoning when the fallacy is not committed. Using quantified model logic, we precisely formulate principles derived from deontological ethics and show how they imply particular “test propositions” for any given action plan in an AI rule base. The action plan is ethical only if the test proposition is empirically true, a judgment that is made on the basis of empirical VA. This permits empirical VA to integrate seamlessly with independently justified ethical principles.
This article is part of the special track on AI and Society.
COVID-19 street reallocation in mid-sized Canadian cities: socio-spatial equity patterns
Authors: Fischer Jaimy , Winters Meghan 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Intervention
Street reallocation interventions in three Canadian mid-sized cities: Victoria (British Columbia), Kelowna (British Columbia), and Halifax (Nova Scotia) related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Research question
What street reallocation interventions were implemented, and what were the socio-spatial equity patterns?

Methods
We collected data on street reallocations (interventions that expand street space for active transportation or physical distancing) from April 1 to August 15, 2020 from websites and media. For each city, we summarized length of street reallocations (km) and described implementation strategies and communications. We assessed socio-spatial patterning of interventions by comparing differences in where interventions were implemented by area-level mobility, accessibility, and socio-demographic characteristics.

Results
Two themes motivated street reallocations: supporting mobility, recreation, and physical distancing in populous areas, and bolstering COVID-19 recovery for businesses. The scale of responses ranged across cities, from Halifax adding an additional 20% distance to their bicycle network to Kelowna closing only one main street section. Interventions were located in downtown cores, areas with high population density, higher use of active transportation, and close proximity to essential destinations. With respect to socio-demographics, interventions tended to be implemented in areas with fewer children and areas with fewer visible minority populations. In Victoria, the interventions were in areas with lower income populations and higher proportions of Indigenous people.

Conclusion
In this early response phase, some cities acted swiftly even in the context of massive uncertainties. As cities move toward recovery and resilience, they should leverage early learnings as they act to create more permanent solutions that support safe and equitable mobility.
ANÁLISE DO APEGO AO LUGAR E REPRESENTAÇÕES SOCIAIS DA ESCOLA EM CRIANÇAS NO ÂMBITO ESCOLAR
Authors: Pavei Macan Mariane , Castro Amanda 
Published: March 2021

Este estudo buscou compreender as representações sociais de escola e o apego ao lugar de alunos das primeiras sérias do ensino fundamental, em uma escola no município de Criciúma. Para a coleta de dados utilizou-se um mapa comportamental, mapa afetivo e uma entrevista informal com 14 crianças. Estas informações foram transcritas e analisadas por meio de análise de conteúdo. Compreende-se que o meio de locomoção da criança até a escola e seus hábitos fazem com que a sua percepção ambiental aumente ou não. Ao caminhar a pé a criança consegue focar sua atenção na paisagem, nos elementos e na composição do caminho que está fazendo, fazendo com que ela tenha mais domínio do ambiente possibilitando maior auto segurança no momento que por exemplo, ela é deixada na escola, pois ela saberá fazer o caminho de volta até a casa caso algo aconteça. A casa, em detrimento da escola apareceu com mais ênfase nos desenhos, com isso, para que favorecer identidade de lugar e para que a criança se sinta parte do ambiente precisa-se que ela forneça elementos para apropriação do espaço, para que ela possa também construir esse ambiente e se identificar. Palavras-chave: Apego; Escola; Crianças.
PROJETO SALA DE LEITURA ITINERANTE: A LEITURA LITERÁRIA E O SEU PAPEL TRANSFORMADOR
Authors: Jakabson Lavezzo Lana , Rodrigues Endiara , Arcângelo Schlickmann Carlos , Beirith F. Freitas Cibele , Arns Silveira Daniela , Souza de Carvalho Richarles 
Published: March 2021

Este artigo pretende apresentar e compartilhar as experiências do projeto de extensão Sala de Leitura Itinerante, realizado pela Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e de relatos que registraram a prática da leitura literária nas escolas. Fundamentamo-nos a partir de bases teóricas, que contribuem para a reflexão acerca das temáticas apresentadas. Alguns dos autores, cujos trabalhos são pertinentes para o desenvolvimento deste artigo: Antonio Candido (1972 – 2017), Jacques Rancière (2002 – 2005), Leyla Perrone-Moisés (2016) e Regina Zilberman (1999). A partir dessas leituras, traçamos relações pertinentes entre as temáticas abordadas e a proposta do projeto. Discorremos sobre o que o projeto propõe, a importância da leitura literária, a formação de leitores literários emancipados e o relato de experiência. É possível afirmar que ainda há desafios a serem superados na prática de leitura literária em sala de aula, contudo, podemos afirmar que a experiência com textos literários promove a formação de alunos transformadores de sua própria realidade.
ANALISIS HUBUNG SINGKAT PADA GARDU INDUK 150/20 KV (STUDI KASUS DI GARDU INDUK GANDUL, CINERE)
Authors: Calnela Cilvia , Suyitno  , Arif Raharjo Imam 
Published: March 2021

This study aims to determine the difference in short circuit current with manual calculation and ETAP 12.60 Simulation in to know the suitability of capacity circuit breaker Substasion 150/20 kV at Gandul. The used method is qualitative descriptive method. The subject that will be studied is short circuit on the substation 150/20 kV Gandul Cinere. The research was conducted by using is manual calculation and software ETAP 12.60 simulation. The results obtained is differences of the short circuit current is not significant between the manual calculation and software ETAP 12.60 simulation in three conditions include 0.572% for the conditions of short circuit fault of one phase to ground, 0.884% for the conditions of short circuit fault of phase to phase and last 0.884% for the short circuit fault of three phase. Furthermore, the result of the calculation of the short circuit current will be used as an indicator of a determinant of the suitability of the capacity circuit breaker substation 150/20 kV at Gandul , obtained that a comparison of the rating circuit breaker installed (existing) is great against the result of the election of the rating circuit breaker base on manual calculation. So it can be concluded that the circuit breaker beinstalled on the substation 150/20 KV at Gandul, has a capacity that suits your needs and still fit for use.
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbedaan besar arus hubung singkat antara perhitungan manual dan simulasi ETAP Power Station 12.6 serta untuk mengetahui kesesuaian kapasitas pemutus tenaga GI Gandul 150/20 kV. Metode yang digunakan adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek pada penelitian ini adalah arus hubung singkat pada Gardu Induk 150/20 kV Gandul Cinere. Penelitian dilakukan menggunakan perhitungan manual dan simulasi software ETAP Power Station 12.6. Hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa perbedaan hasil arus hubung singkat yang tidak signifikan antara perhitungan manual dan simulasi software ETAP Power Station 12.6 dalam tiga kondisi meliputi 0.572% untuk kondisi gangguan hubung singkat salah satu fasa ketanah, 0.884% untuk kondisi gangguan arus hubung singkat fasa ke fasa dan terakhir 0.884% untuk gangguan arus hubung singkat tiga fasa. Selanjutnya, hasil perhitungan arus hubung singkat tersebut akan digunakan sebagai indikator penentu kesesuaian kapasitas pemutus PMT (Circuit Breaker) GI Gandul 150/20 kV, diperoleh bahwa perbandingan rating pemutus PMT yang terpasang (existing) lebih besar terhadap hasil pemilihan rating pemutus PMT berdasarkan perhitungan manual. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemutus tenaga yang terpasang pada di GI Gandul 150/20 kV memiliki kapasitas yang sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan masih layak digunakan.
Disparities in clinical and demographic characteristics among Asian/Pacific Islander and Non-Hispanic White newly diagnosed lung cancer patients
Authors: Patel Parth Bhargav , Alpert Naomi , Taioli Emanuela , Flores Raja 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Racial disparities persist among lung cancer (LC) patients but have not been adequately studied among Asian/Pacific Islander (API) subgroups, which are heterogeneous. This study compared clinical and demographic characteristics at diagnosis of API subgroups and NHW patients.
Methods
NHW and API adults diagnosed with LC were identified from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (1990–2015). API was divided into 8 subgroups: Filipino, Chinese, Japanese, Asian Indian/Pakistani, Korean, Vietnamese, Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and Other. Multivariable multinomial logistic regression models were used to assess independent associations of clinical and demographic factors with API/subgroup.
Results
There were 522,702 (92.6%) NHW and 41,479 (7.4%) API LC patients. API were significantly younger (ORadj: 0.53, 95% CI: 0.49–0.58 for ≥ 80 vs. ≤39 years) than NHW. All subgroups followed a similar trend except Japanese patients. API and subgroups were less often female (ORadj: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.83–0.86), and unmarried (ORadj: 0.71, 95% CI: 0.69–0.74), except for Hawaiian/Pacific Islanders who were more often unmarried. API and subgroups were more frequently diagnosed at a later stage (ORadj: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.27–1.35 for stage IV vs. stage I). API had significantly less squamous cell carcinoma (ORadj: 0.54, 95% CI: 0.52–0.55, compared to adenocarcinoma), with varying effects by subgroup. (range: ORadj[Vietnamese]: 0.37 to ORadj [Hawaiian/Pacific Islander]: 0.89).
Conclusion
At diagnosis, there are significant differences in demographic and clinical characteristics between NHW, API, and API subgroups. Treating API patients as a single population may overlook biological, environmental and behavioral differences that might be beneficial in designing prevention strategies and treatment.
On the basis of Hashimoto's thyroiditis, to form papillary thyroid carcinoma, metastasized and then to de-differentiate into poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Huang Jian , Ren Xinle , Wang Hen , Zhu Di , Wang Jilin , Luo Yi , Lin Biyun , Ou Yongfang , Chen Yonghua , Lin Biyun , Zhang Zhi , Xu Tuo , Lu Rongxi , Wang Dong , Zhou Hechao , Huang Bing 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Thyroid squamous cell carcinoma is very rare. At present, it is limited to case reports. Since the thyroid follicular epithelium is the non-squamous epithelium, how primary squamous cell carcinoma(SCC) of the thyroid occurs is still a controversial issue. Hashimoto's thyroiditis(HT) is considered to be an independent risk factor for thyroid cancer, under the basis of HT, how tumor cells evolve and develop to papillary thyroid carcinoma(PTC), and particularly to de-differentiate into SCC is elusive.Patient: We report a 72-year-old female patient who developed multiple subtypes of PTC on a basis of HT, and finally to de-differentiate into SCC within the local foci of lymph node metastasis. Summary: We found that there was a variety of sub-types of PTC in this patient in the background of HT. SCC was found within local lymph node metastasis. Pathomorphology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular pathology have confirmed that SCC was derived from PTC, and then developed into poorly differentiated SCC and/or anaplastic carcinoma. We also conducted a comprehensive literature review.Conclusions: Thyroid SCC is derived from PTC and de-differentiated into poor differentiated SCC and/or anaplastic carcinoma, which is the result of the continuous evolution of PTC. It is suggested that the prognosis of the patient is very poor.
Pien-Tze-Huang attenuates neuroinflammation in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats partially through the TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK pathway
Authors: Zhang Xiao-qin , Zhang Qing , Huang Li-li , Liu Ming-zhen , Cheng Zai-xing , Zheng Yan-fang , Xu Wen , Lu Jin-Jian , Liu Jian , Huang Mingqing 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background

Pien-Tze-Huang (PTH), one of the most famous traditional Chinese medicines in China, is traditionally applied to treat various inflammation-related diseases including stroke. However, literature regarding the anti-inflammatory effects and possible mechanisms of PTH in ischemic stroke is unavailable. This study intended to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of PTH against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury and clarify its potential molecular mechanisms.
Methods

Cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was induced through transient left transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in male rats receiving oral pretreatment with PTH (180 mg/kg) for 4 days. TLR4 antagonist TAK-242 (3 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally at 1.5 h after MCAO. Magnetic resonance imaging, hematoxylin–eosin staining, RT-PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence methods were used to studied the effect and mechanism of PTH against ischemic stroke.
Results

PTH treatment reduced cerebral infarct volume, improved neurological function, and ameliorated brain histopathological damage in MCAO rats. In addition, it markedly suppressed a variety of inflammatory responses as evidenced by the reduced mRNA levels of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and MCP-1; the inhibition of microglia and astrocyte activations; and the decreased protein expressions of iNOS and COX-2 in injured brains. Moreover, PTH down-regulated the protein expressions of TLR4, MyD88, and TRAF6; reduced the expression and NF-κB; and lowered the protein expressions of p-ERK1/2, p-JNK, and p-p38. Similar effects were observed in the TAK-242 treated group. However, TAK-242 did not significantly reinforce the anti-inflammatory effects of PTH.
Conclusion

PTH could attenuate neuroinflammation, improve neurological function, and alleviate brain injury in MCAO rats, and its potential mechanisms are partly connected to inhibition of neuroinflammation involving the TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway.
Fast Location and Isolation of Phenanthrene-degrading Halophilic Microbial Community and its Degradation Pathway
Authors: Peng Peng , Yuan Linjie , Li Qing , Wang Chaobei , Shen Taiming , Xie Qinglin 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Microbial consortium WZ-4, which could degrade phenanthrene (PHE) as the main carbon and energy source, was isolated from the aerobic sludge of Weizhou wastewater treatment plant. Under the condition of high salinity (3%), the degradation of PHE (100 mg/L) was 87.76% in 7d. Its metabolites, genome sequence and biodegradation pathway were studied. The main metabolites include 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthalene, 5,6-benzocoumarin and phthalic acid. 12 PHE degrading enzyme genes appeared in the metagenome sequencing of WZ-4, and the genes involved in PHE degradation were included phdE, phdF, phdG, and pcaL. Based on the metabolites detected by GC-MS and the potential PHE-degrading genes identified by BLAST search, biodegradation pathway of PHE by WZ-4 was predicted.
Dietary habits and per-meal protein intake among older adults: Associations with visceral proteins
Authors: Nygård Linda Kornstad , Dahl Lisbeth , Mundal Ingunn , Rokstad Anne Marie Mork 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: There is emerging evidence that per meal intake of protein might influence the anabolic effects of protein intake. Visceral proteins are commonly used as biomarkers of protein nutrition status. However, associations between visceral proteins and different aspects of protein intake, like per meal intake and protein sources, are rarely examined.Method: In a cross-sectional study of 92 adults aged 65 years or older protein intake (all day, breakfast, lunch, dinner and evening meal) and number of meals with ≥30g protein were assessed by a 24h multiple pass method. Dietary habits were assessed by a frequency questionnaire, and nutritional status by the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). Blood samples were analyzed for serum albumin, pre-albumin and retinol-binding protein (RBP), and associations with nutrition assessed with correlation analyses and t-tests for difference between groups. Result: More than one meal with ≥30g protein was reported by 10% of the participants, and 28% of the participants did not reach an intake of 30g in any of their meals. Albumin, prealbumin and RBP was not associated with protein intake in total or per meal.Further, the biomarkers were not significantly different compared to participants with at least one meal with ≥30g protein. Conclusions: This study demonstrated infrequent intake of meals with ≥30g protein and no associations with biomarkers. Larger studies should assess per meal intake of protein to gain knowledge of possible health effects of protein eating patterns in elderly. Trial registrationThis study report baseline assessments from a randomised controlled study pre-registered at http://www.clinicaltrials.gov with the unique identifier NCT02890290.
RF and Crosstalk Analysis of Copper and MLGNR Interconnects Using Different Repeaters in Sub-10 nm Regime
Authors: Kaur Manjit , Kumar Sanjeev , Raj Balwinder , Gupta Neena , Singh Arun Kumar 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This paper presents RF and crosstalk analysis of Copper (Cu) and multi-layer Graphene nanoribbon (MLGNR) based interconnects using Fin field-effect transistor (FinFET) and virtual-source carbon nanotube field effect transistor (CNFET) based repeater insertions in sub-10 nm regime. The SPICE based analysis utilizes an accurate π-type equivalent single conductor (ESC) model for mutually coupled interconnects at 7 nm technology node. The transfer function and 3-dB bandwidth results of lithium-doped MLGNRs offer many fold improved RF performance than Cu. The out-of-phase crosstalk induced (OPXT) delay results with FinFET repeaters demonstrate 27.54 and 67.6 % reductions for pristine and lithium-doped MLGNRs as compared to Cu, whereas CNFET repeaters demonstrate 20.48 and 81.88 % reductions at interconnect length of 1000 µm. The peak far-end crosstalk (FEXT) noise voltage results demonstrate 86.03 and 62.5 % using FinFET repeaters and 88.14 and 69.9 % reductions using CNFET repeaters for pristine and Li-doped MLGNRs than Cu at 1000 µm length. Further, the energy-delay-product (EDP) results demonstrate 59.7 and 97 % reductions using FinFET repeaters for pristine and Li-doped MLGNRs than Cu at length of 1000 µm. The EDP results using CNFET repeaters exhibit 34 % degradations for pristine-MLGNRs than Cu while Li-MLGNR exhibit 98.61% reductions than Cu at length of 1000 µm.
Efficient Utilization of Cooperative Spectrum Sensing (CSS) in Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) Using Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA)
Authors: T BALACHANDER , B Mukesh Krishnan M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the recent past, efficient cooperative spectrum sensing and usage are playing a vital role in wireless communication because of the significant progress of mobile devices. There is a recent surge and interest on Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) focused on communication powered by wireless mode. In modern research, more attention has been focused on efficient and accurate Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA). NOMA wireless communication is highly adapted with Cognitive Radio Network (CRN) for improving performance. In the existing cognitive radio network, the secondary users could be able to access the idle available spectrum while primary users are engaged. In the traditional CRN, the primary user’s frequency bands are sensed as free, the secondary users could be utilized those bands of frequency resources. In this research, the novel methodology is proposed for cooperative spectrum sensing in CRN for 5G wireless communication using NOMA. The higher cooperative spectrum efficiency can be detected in the presence of channel noise. Cooperative spectrum sensing is used to improve the efficient utilization of spectrum. The spectrum bands with license authority primary user are shared by Secondary Users (SU) by simultaneously transmitting information with Primary Users (PU). The cooperative spectrum sensing provides well under the circumstances that the different channel interference to the primary user can be guaranteed to be negligible than an assured thresholding value. The Noisy Channel State Information (CSI) like AWGN and Rayleigh fading channels are considered as wireless transmission mediums for transmitting a signal using Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) NOMA to increase the number of users. The proposed NOMA is fascinated with significant benefits in CRN is an essential wireless communication method for upcoming 5G technology. From experimental results it has been proved that the novel methodology performance is efficient and accurate than existing methodologies by showing graphical representations and tabulated parameters.
Lifestyle Modification Practice and Associated Factors among Diagnosed Hypertensive Patients in Selected Hospitals in West Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional State, Ethiopia
Authors: Wakjira Hika , Gobena Tesfaye , Shore Hirbo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background: Globally 1.13 billion peoples were living with hypertension, Out of this two-thirds of them were living in low and middle-income countries. In Ethiopia, Non Communicable Disease deaths are estimated at around 42%. However, it remain widely undetected and poorly controlled. To resolve these, lifestyle modification approach that often overlooked are corner stone of the prevention and management of hypertension.Objective: To assess lifestyle modification practice and associated factors among hypertensive patients in selected hospitals in West Arsi Zone, Oromia Regional, Ethiopia December 7 to 21, 2019.Method: Hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the selected public hospital among 299 hypertensive patients. Systemic random sampling method were used to select the study participants. Data were collected by face-to-face interviews using a structured questionnaire by trained data collectors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multivariate logistic regression method to identify predictors of the outcome (p<0.05).Results: Of the total participants, only 25.2% (95% CI: 18.8-32.9) of the patients were practice recommended lifestyle modifications. Patients Age older than 65 years (AOR=2.9, 95% CI: 1.17-7.0), the patients with 2-5 years’ time since diagnoses hypertension (AOR=0.26, 95%CI: 0.07-0.9), multiple co-morbidity (AOR=2.7, 95% CI: 1.25-5.8) and their knowledge on hypertension management (AOR=14.6, 95% CI: 4.6-45.9) have an independently associated with recommended lifestyle modification.Conclusion: Lifestyle modification practices among hypertensive patients were low in this study. Age, comorbidity, time since diagnoses of hypertension and knowledge of lifestyle were identified as predictors of the outcome.