bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon‐Dot‐Based White‐Light‐Emitting Diodes with Adjustable Correlated Color Temperature Guided by Machine Learning
Authors: Wang Xiao , Wang Bo , Wang Hongshuai , Zhang Tianyang , Qi Huihui , Wu Zhenyu , Ma Yurong , Huang Hui , Shao Mingwang , Liu Yang , Li Youyong , Kang Zhenhui 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHere, we show the fabrication of the carbon dots (CDs) with green and orange emissions from PTCDA (perylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride). Using these CDs as emitters, the orange (or green) CDs LEDs were fabricated, which show electroluminescence (EL) spectra centered at 560 nm (or 498 nm) with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 1.98 % (1.76 %) adhering a luminescence of 626 cd m−2 (or 519 cd m−2). The machine learning was successfully used to predict PL CCT value. With the model, the white photoluminescence (PL) emission with adjustable correlated color temperature (CCT) from 3093 to 11018 K via combining blue, green, and orange CDs was achieved. Then, we obtained the warm white CDs LEDs with CCT of 3107, 4071 and 4548 K, and cold white CDs LEDs with CCT of 5632 (CIE coordinates of (0.33, 0.33), EQE: 1.18 %, luminescence: 598 cd m−2) and 6034 K accurately.
Identification of spatial defects in semiconductor manufacturing
Authors: Borgoni Riccardo , Galimberti Chiara , Zappa Diego 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this article, we investigate the occurrence of defects in integrated circuit fabrication and show how spatial analysis can be effective in grasping and representing spatial regularities in defect patterns on the silicon supports, called wafers, used to produce microchips. Defects occurring on the wafer surface are the main cause of yield loss in the semiconductor industry; hence, to promptly detect an excess of defects and identify their spatial structure is crucial to the entire fabrication process. To address this hard‐to‐solve problem, this article proposes a concatenation of different methods, namely, a control chart, a clustering algorithm, and a graphical tool. First, a control chart based on the p‐value of an appropriate test recognizes spatially structured defects on the wafer area. Then a clustering procedure grounded on the minimum spanning tree algorithm is adopted to identify those regions more prone to defect occurrences. Finally, alpha‐shapes are employed to display their shape effectively. The suggested procedure proves to be extremely fast and effective, allowing its implementation in‐line during the fabrication process. This provides a great advantage in modern microelectronics where items tend to be highly specialized and often produced in small lots. In particular, due to the Monte Carlo nature of the procedure, the control chart proposed hereafter does not require gold standard data to be set. This is particularly advantageous for small lot production, which is typically limited in time and does not permit to collect long time series of the charting statistics.
Homogene oder heterogene Katalyse? Simultane Verwendung von basischen und sauren Zeolithen in der flüssigen Phase bei der Umesterung und Veresterung
Authors: Roessner Frank 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDie basisch‐katalysierte Umesterung von Triglyceriden mit Methanol wurde an einem K‐LSX‐Katalysator in flüssiger Phase durchgeführt. Freie Fettsäuren führen zu einer Desaktivierung. Deren Veresterung erfolgte an einem sauren H‐Y‐Zeolith. Überraschenderweise wurde bei der Vermischung beider Katalysatoren keine katalytische Aktivität beobachtet. Somit sollten beide Teilreaktionen homogen stattfinden, weil die Bildung des intermediären Methylations zum Erliegen kommt. Eine schnelle Ionenaustauschreaktion zwischen den K+‐Ionen des K‐LSX und den H+‐Ionen des Y‐Zeoliths könnten hierfür verantwortlich sein. Andererseits deutet die beobachtete Stofftransportlimitierung auf eine heterogen‐katalysierte Reaktion. Somit ist bei Umsetzungen in einer flüssigen, auch nicht‐wässrigen, Phase eine homogene Komponente zu berücksichtigen.
White appearance and chromatic adaptation on a display under different ambient lighting conditions
Authors: Peng Rui , Cao Mingkai , Zhai Qiyan , Luo Ming Ronnier 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of neutral white and chromatic adaptation on a display under ambient lighting conditions with different chromaticities and illuminance levels. The desktop display was arranged to simulate a mobile phone. The neutral white was the whitest point that excluded chromatic color. Only one original image was used and it comprised black text against a white background under CIE illuminant D65 and the CIE 1964 standard colorimetric observer. Forty‐two rendered images were made to cover a representative area of chromaticity space that might be considered white. Eleven ambient lighting conditions were applied with five values of correlated color temperature (3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, and 8000 K) each at two illuminance levels (500 and 1000 lx) plus a dark condition. A psychophysical experiment was conducted where observers were asked to judge each image in terms of “neutrality” under each ambient lighting condition. The results showed that there were significant differences between different ambient lighting conditions. All the available data including the present were used to develop an incomplete chromatic adaptation function with different scaling factors for the incomplete adaptation factor (D) in CAT02. The function suggests that the illuminance and chromaticity of the illuminant had a clear trend on chromatic adaptation. However, the degree of adaptation is affected by the viewing conditions in each experiment.
Investigation on the Growth and Properties of Six Garnet Single Crystals with Large Lattice Constants
Authors: Han Zhiyuan , Sun Dunlu , Zhang Huili , Luo Jianqiao , Quan Cong , Hu Lunzhen , Dong Kunpeng , Cheng Maojie , Chen Guangzhu , Hang Yin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractLarge lattice constant Y3Al5O12, Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG), Y3Sc2Ga3O12 (YSGG), Gd3Sc2Ga3O12, Ca0.4Mg0.25Zr0.65Gd2.6Ga4.1O12 (CaMgZr:GGG), and Gd1.17Y1.83Sc2Ga3O12 (GYSGG) substrate crystals with 2 in. in diameter are grown by the Czochralski (Cz) method, their physical, chemical, and optical properties are analyzed and compared in details. The X‐ray rocking curves (XRCs) illustrate that the as‐grown crystals possess high crystalline quality. The lattice constants of six crystals are calculated and that of GYSGG can be easily adjusted in the range of 1.2450–1.2565 nm by changing the Gd/Y proportion. The dislocation densities on the (111)‐crystalline face are about 102 cm−2 order of magnitude. The thermal conductivities of six crystals are measured to be 11.72, 8.98, 6.83, 5.45, 4.67, and 4.66 W m−1 K−1, respectively. It is found that the thermal expansion coefficients of six crystals can be reduced by annealing at 1273 K for 60 h. In addition, the transmission spectra show that the six crystals have excellent transparency and the coefficients of the Sellmeier equation are fitted by the calculated refractive indices. These results of the six crystals can provide the necessary parameters and references for the selection of suitable substrate materials or laser host crystals.
Enlarging the π‐Conjugation of Cobalt Porphyrin for Highly Active and Selective CO2Electroreduction
Authors: Dou Shuo , Sun Libo , Xi Shibo , Li Xiaogang , Su Tan , Fan Hong Jin , Wang Xin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHeterogeneous molecular catalysts have attracted considerable attention as carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) electrocatalysts. The π‐electron system of conjugated ligands in molecular catalysts may play an important role in determining the activity. In this work, by enlarging π‐conjugation through appending more aromatic substituents on the porphyrin ligand, altered π‐electron system endows the as‐prepared 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(4‐(pyren‐1‐yl)phenyl)porphyrin CoIIwith high Faradaic efficiency (ca. 95 %) for CO production, as well as high turnover frequency (2.1 s−1at −0.6 V vs. RHE). Density functional theory calculation further suggests that the improved electrocatalytic performance mainly originates from the higher proportion of Coorbital and the CO2π* orbital in the HOMO of the (Co−porphyrin−CO2)−intermediate with larger π‐conjugation, which facilitates the CO2activation. This work provides strong evidence that π‐conjugation perturbation is effective in boosting the CO2RR.
How Comparable are Microbial Electrochemical Systems around the Globe? An Electrochemical and Microbiological Cross‐Laboratory Study
Authors: Santoro Carlo , Babanova Sofia , Cristiani Pierangela , Artyushkova Kateryna , Atanassov Plamen , Bergel Alain , Bretschger Orianna , Brown Robert K. , Carpenter Kayla , Colombo Alessandra , Cortese Rachel , Erable Benjamin , Harnisch Falk , Kodali Mounika , Phadke Sujal , Riedl Sebastian , Rosa Luis F. M. , Schröder Uwe 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA cross‐laboratory study on microbial fuel cells (MFC) which involved different institutions around the world is presented. The study aims to assess the development of autochthone microbial pools enriched from domestic wastewater, cultivated in identical single‐chamber MFCs, operated in the same way, thereby approaching the idea of developing common standards for MFCs. The MFCs are inoculated with domestic wastewater in different geographic locations. The acclimation stage and, consequently, the startup time are longer or shorter depending on the inoculum, but all MFCs reach similar maximum power outputs (55±22 μW cm−2) and COD removal efficiencies (87±9 %), despite the diversity of the bacterial communities. It is inferred that the MFC performance starts when the syntrophic interaction of fermentative and electrogenic bacteria stabilizes under anaerobic conditions at the anode. The generated power is mostly limited by electrolytic conductivity, electrode overpotentials, and an unbalanced external resistance. The enriched microbial consortia, although composed of different bacterial groups, share similar functions both on the anode and the cathode of the different MFCs, resulting in similar electrochemical output.
Evaluation of DNA ploidy and S‐phase fraction in fine needle aspirates from breast carcinoma
Authors: Panwar Shalini , Handa Uma , Kaur Manveen , Mohan Harsh , Attri Ashok K 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe use of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) as a primary tool in the diagnosis of breast carcinoma provides opportunity for early proliferative characterization of the tumor. This study was undertaken to assess DNA ploidy and S‐phase (SPF) fraction by flow cytometry in fine needle aspirates of patients with breast cancer.MethodFifty patients of breast cancer diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and who subsequently underwent either mastectomy or lumpectomy were included. Material obtained by FNAC was subjected to DNA ploidy and SPF analysis. Immunohistochemical estimation of Ki‐67 was done on histopathology sections. The proliferation markers (SPF and Ki‐67) were compared with each other and with the histopathologic parameters.ResultsOn DNA flow cytometry, 27 (54%) cases were aneuploid and 23 (46%) cases were diploid. The median SPF was 12.43% and 4.03% in aneuploid and diploid tumors respectively. Median Ki‐67 among aneuploid tumors was 28.6% compared to 8.7% among diploid tumors. Aneuploid tumors were significantly associated with higher values of SPF and Ki‐67, with Kappa 0.437 and agreement of 72%. Diploid tumors showed lower values of SPF and Ki‐67, with Kappa 0.455 and agreement of 72.7%. Correlation among SPF and Ki‐67 was highly significant with Kappa value 0.446, P value of .002 and agreement of 72.3%.ConclusionDNA ploidy and proliferative activity by flow cytometric SPF estimation on fine needle aspirates from breast cancer can provide valuable prognostic and predictive information at the time of diagnosis in patients with breast cancer. This might help in selection of appropriate treatment modality.
Identifying high‐density areas of oysters using species distribution modeling: Lessons for conservation of the native Ostrea edulis and management of the invasive Magallana (Crassostrea) gigas in Sweden
Authors: Bergström Per , Thorngren Linnea , Strand Åsa , Lindegarth Mats 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimUnderstanding spatial patterns of the distribution of adult native oyster, Ostrea edulis, and the invasive Magallana (Crassostrea) gigas is important for management of these populations. The aim of this study was to use ensemble SDM’s to (a) identify and predict conservation hotspots, (b) assess the current level of protection for O. edulis, and (c) quantify the amount of overlap between the two species where interactions with M. gigas are most likely.LocationSkagerrak, Sweden.MethodsWe used data collected by video at depths from 0.5 to 10 m in 436 sites. Models of occurrence and densities >1 m−2 were fitted and assessed using ensemble methods (“biomod2” package). Models of high‐density hotspots were used to predict, map, and quantify areal extent of the species in order to assess the degree of overlap with protected areas and the potential for interactions between the two species.ResultsBoth species were widely distributed in the region. Observations of high‐density habitats, mainly occurring at depths of ≈3 and 0.5 m for O. edulis and M. gigas, respectively, were found in 4% and 2% of the sites. Models provided useful predictions for both species (AUC = 0.85–0.99; sensitivity = 0.74–1.0; specificity = 0.72–0.97). High‐density areas occupy roughly 15 km2 each with substantial overlap between species. 50% of these are protected only by fisheries regulations, 44% are found in Natura 2000 reserves and 6% of the predicted O. edulis enjoys protection in a national park.Main conclusionsData collection by video in combination with SDM’s provides a realistic approach for large‐scale quantification of spatial patterns of marine population and habitats. O. edulis and M. gigas are common in the area, but a large proportion of the most valuable O. edulis habitats are not found in protected areas. The overlap between species suggests that efforts to manage the invasive M. gigas need to be integrated with management actions to conserve the native O. edulis.
Olefin Metathesis, p‐Cresol, and the Second Generation Grubbs Catalyst: Fitting the Pieces
Authors: Swart Marthinus R. , Twigge Linette , Erasmus Elizabeth , Marais Charlene , Bezuidenhoudt Barend C. B. 
Published: March 2021

Abstractp‐Cresol as additive to the Grubbs second generation catalyst (GII) allows the cross‐metathesis of acrylates with prop‐1‐en‐1‐ylbenzenes under conditions that only give the prop‐1‐en‐1‐ylbenzene self‐metathesis product in the absence of cresol. NMR and IR spectroscopy, MALDI‐TOF MS and XPS supported the formation of a ruthenium benzylidene with hydrogen bonds between p‐cresol and the chloride ligands of GII. XPS furthermore confirmed p‐cresol to increase the binding energies of the GII Ru 3d5/2, 3d3/2, 3p3/2 and 3p1/2 photoelectron lines, whereas 1H NMR spectroscopy indicated the carbene carbon and hydrogen to be shielded. It is thus postulated that p‐cresol allows for more facile interaction between electron‐deficient compounds and the ruthenium benzylidene by decreasing the electron density on the metal center and increasing the electron density on the carbene.
Methyl jasmonate application and flowering stage affect scent emission of Styrax japonicus
Authors: Chen Chen , Chen Hong , Ni Ming , Yu Fangyuan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractStyrax japonicus is a gorgeous species with high medicinal and ornamental values. Floral scent is an important feature of this species. However, the previous study on its floral scent is limited. To demonstrate the effects of methyl jasmonate on floral scent compounds in Styrax japonicus at different flowering stages, static headspace solid‐phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry was adopted. The results showed that 22 volatile compounds were identified in control at initial flowering, full flowering and end flowering stage. Besides, the relative content of these compounds increased with the development of flowers. Linalool, estragole and germacrene‐d were main volatiles. Compared to the control, 4 new compounds were determined under methyl jasmonate treatment, including β‐elemene, α‐muurolene, β‐caryophyllene and alloaromadendrene. 26 volatile compounds were found under 200 μmol/L methyl jasmonate treatment with much higher contents of α‐pinene and linalool. Meanwhile, 200 μmol/L methyl jasmonate enhanced the relative content of volatile compounds at three flowering stages. This treatment also contributed to the highest content of linalool, followed by control. The linalool content displayed a continuous increasement in both 200 μmol/L methyl jasmonate treatment and control. Our research highlighted that the application of methyl jasmonate, especially with the concentration of 200 μmol/L, had a more positive impact on the type and the relative content of volatile compounds in S japonicus flowers. The results helped to understand the release patterns of volatile compounds in S japonicus flowers and provide important information to regulate the floral scents.
Metabolome‐Genome‐Wide Association Study (mGWAS) Reveals Novel Metabolites Associated with Future Type 2 Diabetes Risk and Susceptibility Loci in a Case‐Control Study in a Chinese Prospective Cohort
Authors: Ouyang Yang , Qiu Gaokun , zhao Xinjie , Su Benzhe , Feng Disheng , Lv Wangjie , Xuan Qiuhui , Wang Lichao , Yu Di , Wang Qingqing , Lin Xiaohui , Wu Tangchun , Xu Guowang 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn a Chinese prospective cohort, 500 patients with new‐onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) within 4.61 years and 500 matched healthy participants are selected as case and control groups, and randomized into discovery and validation sets to discover the metabolite changes before T2D onset and the related diabetogenic loci. A serum metabolomics analysis reveals that 81 metabolites changed significantly before T2D onset. Based on binary logistic regression, eight metabolites are defined as a biomarker panel for T2D prediction. Pipecolinic acid, carnitine C14:0, epinephrine and phosphatidylethanolamine 34:2 are first found associated with future T2D. The addition of the biomarker panel to the clinical markers (BMI, triglycerides, and fasting glucose) significantly improves the predictive ability in the discovery and validation sets, respectively. By associating metabolomics with genomics, a significant correlation (p < 5.0 × 10−8) between eicosatetraenoic acid and the FADS1 (rs174559) gene is observed, and suggestive correlations (p < 5.0 × 10−6) between pipecolinic acid and CHRM3 (rs535514), and leucine/isoleucine and WWOX (rs72487966) are discovered. Elevated leucine/isoleucine levels increased the risk of T2D. In conclusion, multiple metabolic dysregulations are observed to occur before T2D onset, and the new biomarker panel can help to predict T2D risk.
Anatomical texture patterns identify cerebellar distinctions between essential tremor and Parkinson's disease
Authors: Hett Kilian , Lyu Ilwoo , Trujillo Paula , Lopez Alexander M. , Aumann Megan , Larson Kathleen E. , Hedera Peter , Dawant Benoit , Landman Bennett A. , Claassen Daniel O. , Oguz Ipek 
Published: March 2021

AbstractVoxel‐based morphometry is an established technique to study focal structural brain differences in neurologic disease. More recently, texture‐based analysis methods have enabled a pattern‐based assessment of group differences, at the patch level rather than at the voxel level, allowing a more sensitive localization of structural differences between patient populations. In this study, we propose a texture‐based approach to identify structural differences between the cerebellum of patients with Parkinson's disease (n= 280) and essential tremor (n= 109). We analyzed anatomical differences of the cerebellum among patients using two features: T1‐weighted MRI intensity, and a texture‐based similarity feature. Our results show anatomical differences between groups that are localized to the inferior part of the cerebellar cortex. Both the T1‐weighted intensity and texture showed differences in lobules VIII and IX, vermis VIII and IX, and middle peduncle, but the texture analysis revealed additional differences in the dentate nucleus, lobules VI and VII, vermis VI and VII. This comparison emphasizes how T1‐weighted intensity and texture‐based methods can provide a complementary anatomical structure analysis. While texture‐based similarity shows high sensitivity for gray matter differences, T1‐weighted intensity shows sensitivity for the detection of white matter differences.
Unpacking some of the linkages between uncertainties in observational data and the simulation of different hydrological processes using the Pitman model in the data scarce Zambezi River basin
Authors: Hughes Denis A. , Farinosi Fabio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe main objective of this study was to use an uncertainty version of a widely used monthly time step, semi‐distributed model (the Pitman model) to explore the equifinalities in the way in which the main hydrological processes are simulated and any identifiable linkages with uncertainties in the available observational data. The study area is the Zambezi River basin and 17 gauged sub‐basins have been included in the analyses. Unfortunately, it is not generally possible to quantify some of the observational uncertainties in such a data scarce area and mostly we are limited to identifying where these data are clearly deficient (i.e., erroneous or non‐representative). The overall conclusion is that the equifinalities in the model are hugely dominant in terms of the uncertainties in the relative occurrence of different runoff generating processes, although water use uncertainties in the semi‐arid parts of the basin can contribute to these uncertainties. The identification of landscape features that suggest the occurrence of saturation excess surface runoff provides some information to constrain the model. Improved independent estimates of groundwater recharge is also identified as a key source of observational data that would help a great deal in constraining the model parameter space and therefore reducing some of the model equifinality.
Spatulas for operative vaginal birth: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Grillo‐Ardila Carlos Fernando , Paez‐Castellanos Edgar , Bolaños‐Palacios Jesús Camilo , Bautista‐Charry Alejandro Antonio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundOperative vaginal birth represents an alternative to address problems during the second stage of labor. Obstetricians have access to three different instruments: forceps, vacuum, and spatulas.ObjectiveTo evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the use of spatulas for operative vaginal birth.Search strategyMEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, LILACS, SciELO, ClinicalTrials.gov, and OpenGrey.Selection criteriaRandomized controlled studies and non‐randomized controlled studies (NRS) were included.Data collection and analysisStudies were independently assessed for inclusion, data extraction, and risk of bias.Main resultsNine NRS (n = 16 497 women) compared the use of spatulas versus forceps. Low‐certainty evidence suggests that spatulas were not different in terms of failed operative vaginal delivery rate (odds ratio [OR] 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.53–1.52), but may decrease the incidence of birth canal trauma (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.54–0.91), birth canal laceration (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.28–0.91), and neonatal soft‐tissue injury (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.13–0.29). Six NRS (n = 2992 women) compared the use of spatulas versus vacuum. Low‐quality evidence suggests that spatulas may decrease failed operative vaginal delivery rate (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.04–0.26). There were no apparent differences in other maternal and neonatal outcomes.ConclusionLow‐certainty evidence suggests that spatulas could be a safe and effective alternative for operative vaginal birth.