bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethics and antibiotic resistance
Authors: Jamrozik Euzebiusz , Heriot George S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Introduction or background
Antibiotic resistance raises ethical issues due to the severe and inequitably distributed consequences caused by individual actions and policies.

Sources of data
Synthesis of ethical, scientific and clinical literature.

Areas of agreement
Ethical analyses have focused on the moral responsibilities of patients to complete antibiotic courses, resistance as a tragedy of the commons and attempts to limit use through antibiotic stewardship.

Areas of controversy
Each of these analyses has significant limitations and can result in self-defeating or overly narrow implications for policy.

Growing points
More complex analyses focus on ethical implications of ubiquitous asymptomatic carriage of resistant bacteria, non-linear outcomes within and between patients over time and global variation in resistant disease burdens.

Areas timely for developing research
Neglected topics include the harms of antibiotic use, including off-target effects on the human microbiome, and the lack of evidence guiding most antibiotic prescription decisions.
A clinical primer for the glymphatic system
Authors: Carlstrom Lucas P , Eltanahy Ahmed , Perry Avital , Rabinstein Alejandro A , Elder Benjamin D , Morris Jonathan M , Meyer Fredric B , Graffeo Christopher S , Lundgaard Iben , Burns Terry C 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The complex and dynamic system of fluid flow through the perivascular and interstitial spaces of the CNS has new-found implications for neurological diseases. CSF movement throughout the CNS parenchyma is more dynamic than could be explained via passive diffusion mechanisms alone. Indeed, a semistructured glial-lymphatic (glymphatic) system of astrocyte-supported extracellular perivascular channels serves to directionally channel extracellular fluid, clearing metabolites and peptides to optimize neurological function. Clinical studies of the glymphatic network have to date proven challenging, with most data gleaned from rodent models and post-mortem investigations. However, increasing evidence suggests that disordered glymphatic function contributes to the pathophysiology of CNS ageing, neurodegenerative disease and CNS injuries, as well as normal pressure hydrocephalus. Unlocking such pathophysiology could provide important avenues towards novel therapeutics. We here provide a multidisciplinary overview of glymphatics and critically review accumulating evidence regarding its structure, function and hypothesized relevance to neurological disease. We highlight emerging technologies of relevance to the longitudinal evaluation of glymphatic function in health and disease. Finally, we discuss the translational opportunities and challenges of studying glymphatic science.
What matters more for employees’ mental health: job quality or job quantity?
Authors: Wang Senhu , Kamerāde Daiga , Burchell Brendan , Coutts Adam , Balderson Sarah Ursula 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Recent debates about whether the standard full-time working week (35–40 h) can be replaced by a shorter working week have received extensive attention. Using 2015 European Working Conditions Survey data, this study contributes to these debates by exploring the relationships between job quantity, job quality and employees’ mental health. Overall, we find that a job’s quality matters more than its quantity as measured in hours per week. The results show that actual working hours are hardly related to employees’ mental health but job quality, especially intrinsically meaningful work, less intensified work and having a favourable social environment, has positive effects on employee mental health, even in jobs with short working hours. Moreover, although working less than one prefers (under-employment) has negative effects, these negative effects become much smaller in size and non-significant in good quality jobs, especially in jobs with skill discretion and good job prospects. These findings develop the debates about a shorter standard working week by emphasising the continued and crucial importance of job quality in debates on the future of work. These results also suggest that policymakers should pay particular attention to job quality when addressing the dramatic reduction in total hours of employment in Europe following the COVID-19 crisis.
A new fastening system for temporary pacing with active-fixation leads: effectiveness and safety
Authors: Vicente-Miralles Raimundo , Martín-Langerwerf David Alejandro , Núñez-Martínez José María , Marco-Juan Ana , Sangio-Ferreyros Antonio Domenico , Dávila-Arias Adriana , Montes-Jacobo Laura , Barrios Vivencio , Palazón-Bru Antonio , Gil-Guillén Vicente Francisco , Bertomeu-Gonzalez Vicente 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Aims
Temporary cardiac pacing with active-fixation leads (TPAFL) using a reusable permanent pacemaker generator has been shown to be safer than lead systems without fixation. However, TPAFL requires the off-label use of pacemaker leads and generators. We designed a fastening system to ensure the safety and efficacy of the procedure: the KronoSafe System®. To demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of the KronoSafe System® for temporary pacing in a series of patients receiving TPAFL.

Methods and results
A prospective cohort of 20 patients undergoing TPAFL between August 2019 and June 2020 was recruited in a Spanish region. The temporary pacemaker was implanted through jugular access and secured with the KronoSafe System®. R-wave detection, lead impedance, and capture threshold were assessed every 48 h. Complications associated with the procedure or occurring during TPAFL were recorded. There were no complications associated with temporary pacing, and the therapy was effective in all cases. TPAFL was used for a mean of 7.6 days (maximum 25 days), and 84.56% of the time in a cardiology ward.

Conclusion
TPAFL secured using the KronoSafe system® provides safe and stable cardiac stimulation for patients requiring temporary cardiac pacing.
A soft functional mitral valve model prepared by three-dimensional printing as an aid for an advanced mitral valve operation
Authors: Yang Yuanting , Wang Hao , Song Hongning , Hu Xiaoping , Hu Rui , Cao Sheng , Guo Juan , Zhou Qing 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
The goal of this study was to build a soft mitral valve (MV) model for surgical simulation to aid with an advanced MV operation.

METHODS
Soft three-dimensional models of the MV were constructed by the mould-modelling method using silicone. The properties of the material used were tested and compared with those of the valve tissue. Then, the accuracy of the three-dimensional model was assessed from the perspectives of the pathological and morphological parameters. Thereafter, surgical simulation of MV repair, closure of the perforation and transcatheter MV replacement were simulated using our model. Two experienced surgeons were invited to perform and evaluate the fidelity and softness of the model. Morphological changes in the MV and the potential compression of the device on surrounding cardiac tissue were also measured after simulation.

RESULTS
The soft MV model was successfully constructed by the mould-modelling method. The property of the material used was closer to that of valve tissue than to that of the rigid model. In addition, the pathological details and morphological measurements of the three-dimensional model were consistent with the surgical findings. The simulated surgical procedure was successful using our model. Morphological changes, including the ratio of the leaflet/annulus area and the coaptation depth, were closely correlated with the regurgitation left after MV repair, which might be an indicator of the surgical effects. The results of this study demonstrated the great advantages of our constructed soft model in exploring the interaction of the device with the surrounding tissue. These advantages were not obtained using the rigid model in a previous study.

CONCLUSIONS
The soft MV model was successfully constructed using the mould-modelling method, and its physical properties were similar to those of heart tissue. In addition, the constructed model exhibited great advantages in surgical simulation and clinical application compared with the anatomical model.
Does Increasing the Minimum School-Leaving Age Affect the Intergenerational Transmission of Education? Evidence from Four European Countries
Authors: Grätz Michael 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Reforms in the minimum school-leaving age are candidates for policies that affect the intergenerational transmission of education. I propose that the societal contexts in which these reforms occur may moderate their effects on educational mobility. To test this hypothesis, I estimate the cross-country variation in the effects of increases in the minimum school-leaving age on educational mobility in four European countries. I employ a regression discontinuity design and data from the European Social Survey and the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe on Austria, Denmark, France, and the Netherlands. The findings provide no evidence to the hypothesis that the reforms in the minimum school-leaving age changed the association between the education of parents and the education of their children in any of the four countries. These findings are robust to measuring educational attainment in a multitude of ways, and they do not vary between men and women. The results are at odds with rational choice theories that expect reforms in the minimum school-leaving age to increase educational mobility.
(Meta)Physical Homelessness In Behrouz Boochani’s No Friend But The Mountains
Authors: Baldi Elio Attilio 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Behrouz Boochani is a Kurdish-Iranian writer who was detained on Manus Island, in northern Papua New Guinea, for more than four years. During these years of detention, he wrote a book in WhatsApp messages on his phone: No Friend but the Mountains (2018). Although understandably sold as non-fiction and therefore marketed mostly as a testimony, Boochani’s interweaving of different genres renders the book resistant to classification, just as its author is difficult to define and ‘categorize’ in our world of nation states and borders. This article explores an important nucleus of Boochani’s book, a motif that runs through his narrative, both explicitly and figuratively: home and homelessness. I argue that the loss of home is normatively and performatively repeated in Manus Prison, presenting the prisoners with a form of discipline and violence both physical and metaphysical. After losing the right to their place, the detainees gradually lose their ability to conceive of a different world that includes the homeless.
Whole-Genome Sequencing Highlights Conservative Genomic Strategies of a Stress-Tolerant, Long-Lived Scleractinian Coral, Porites australiensis Vaughan, 1918
Authors: Shinzato Chuya , Takeuchi Takeshi , Yoshioka Yuki , Tada Ipputa , Kanda Miyuki , Broussard Cédric , Iguchi Akira , Kusakabe Makoto , Marin Frédéric , Satoh Noriyuki , Inoue Mayuri 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Massive corals of the genus Porites, common, keystone reef builders in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, are distinguished by their relative stress tolerance and longevity. In order to identify genetic bases of these attributes, we sequenced the complete genome of a massive coral, Porites australiensis. We developed a genome assembly and gene models of comparable quality to those of other coral genomes. Proteome analysis identified 60 Porites skeletal matrix protein genes, all of which show significant similarities to genes from other corals and even to those from a sea anemone, which has no skeleton. Nonetheless, 30% of its skeletal matrix proteins were unique to Porites and were not present in the skeletons of other corals. Comparative genomic analyses showed that genes widely conserved among other organisms are selectively expanded in Porites. Specifically, comparisons of transcriptomic responses of P. australiensis and Acropora digitifera, a stress-sensitive coral, reveal significant differences in regard to genes that respond to increased water temperature, and some of the genes expanded exclusively in Porites may account for the different thermal tolerances of these corals. Taken together, widely shared genes may have given rise to unique biological characteristics of Porites, massive skeletons and stress tolerance.
Dynamic streaming potential coupling coefficient in porous media with different pore size distributions
Authors: Thanh Luong Duy , Jougnot Damien , Solazzi Santiago G , Van Nghia Nguyen , Van Do Phan 
Published: December 2021

SUMMARY
Seismoelectric signals are generated by electrokinetic coupling from seismic wave propagation in fluid-filled porous media. This process is directly related to the existence of an electrical double layer at the interface between the pore fluid and minerals composing the pore walls. The seismoelectric method attracts the interest of researchers in different areas, from oil and gas reservoir characterization to hydrogeophysics, due to the sensitivity of the seismoelectric signals to medium and fluid properties. In this work, we propose a physically based model for the dynamic streaming potential coupling coefficient (SPCC) by conceptualizing a porous medium as a bundle of tortuous capillaries characterized by presenting different pore size distributions (PSD). The results show that the dynamic streaming potential coupling coefficient is a complex function depending on the properties of pore fluid, mineral–pore fluid interfaces, microstructural parameters of porous media and frequency. Parameters influencing the dynamic SPCC are investigated and explained. In particular, we show that the PSD affects the transition frequency as well as the shape of the SPCC response as a function of frequency. The proposed model is then compared with published data and previous models. It is found that the approach using the lognormal distribution is in very good agreement with experimental data as well as with previous models. Conversely, the approach that uses the fractal distribution provides a good match with published data for sandstone samples but not for sand samples. This result implies that the fractal PSD may not be pertinent for the considered sand samples, which exhibit a relatively narrow distribution of pore sizes. Our proposed approach can work for any PSD, for example, including complex ones such as double porosity or inferred from direct measurements. This makes the proposed models more versatile than models available in literature.
WNT11, a new gene associated with early onset osteoporosis, is required for osteoblastogenesis
Authors: Caetano da Silva Caroline , Edouard Thomas , Fradin Melanie , Aubert-Mucca Marion , Ricquebourg Manon , Raman Ratish , Salles Jean Pierre , Charon Valérie , Guggenbuhl Pascal , Muller Marc , Cohen-Solal Martine , Collet Corinne 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Monogenic early onset osteoporosis (EOOP) is a rare disease defined by low bone mineral density (BMD) that results in increased risk of fracture in children and young adults. Although several causative genes have been identified, some of the EOOP causation remains unresolved. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a de novo heterozygous loss-of-function mutation in Wnt family member 11 (WNT11) (NM_004626.2:c.677_678dup p.Leu227Glyfs*22) in a 4-year-old boy with low BMD and fractures. We identified two heterozygous WNT11 missense variants (NM_004626.2:c.217G &gt; A p.Ala73Thr) and (NM_004626.2:c.865G &gt; A p.Val289Met) in a 51-year-old woman and in a 61-year-old woman, respectively, both with bone fragility. U2OS cells with heterozygous WNT11 mutation (NM_004626.2:c.690_721delfs*40) generated by CRISPR-Cas9 showed reduced cell proliferation (30%) and osteoblast differentiation (80%) as compared with wild-type U2OS cells. The expression of genes in the Wnt canonical and non-canonical pathways was inhibited in these mutant cells, but recombinant WNT11 treatment rescued the expression of Wnt pathway target genes. Furthermore, the expression of RSPO2, a WNT11 target involved in bone cell differentiation, and its receptor leucine-rich repeat containing G protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5), was decreased in WNT11 mutant cells. Treatment with WNT5A and WNT11 recombinant proteins reversed LGR5 expression, but Wnt family member 3A (WNT3A) recombinant protein treatment had no effect on LGR5 expression in mutant cells. Moreover, treatment with recombinant RSPO2 but not WNT11 or WNT3A activated the canonical pathway in mutant cells. In conclusion, we have identified WNT11 as a new gene responsible for EOOP, with loss-of-function variant inhibiting bone formation via Wnt canonical and non-canonical pathways. WNT11 may activate Wnt signaling by inducing the RSPO2–LGR5 complex via the non-canonical Wnt pathway.
Racemic Ketamine as an Alternative to Electroconvulsive Therapy for Unipolar Depression: A Randomized, Open-Label, Non-Inferiority Trial (KetECT)
Authors: Ekstrand Joakim , Fattah Christian , Persson Marcus , Cheng Tony , Nordanskog Pia , Åkeson Jonas , Tingström Anders , Lindström Mats B , Nordenskjöld Axel , Movahed Rad Pouya 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Ketamine has emerged as a fast-acting and powerful antidepressant, but no head to head trial has been performed, Here, ketamine is compared with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), the most effective therapy for depression.

Methods
Hospitalized patients with unipolar depression were randomized (1:1) to thrice-weekly racemic ketamine (0.5 mg/kg) infusions or ECT in a parallel, open-label, non-inferiority study. The primary outcome was remission (Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score ≤10). Secondary outcomes included adverse events (AEs), time to remission, and relapse. Treatment sessions (maximum of 12) were administered until remission or maximal effect was achieved. Remitters were followed for 12 months after the final treatment session.

Results
In total 186 inpatients were included and received treatment. Among patients receiving ECT, 63% remitted compared with 46% receiving ketamine infusions (P = .026; difference 95% CI 2%, 30%). Both ketamine and ECT required a median of 6 treatment sessions to induce remission. Distinct AEs were associated with each treatment. Serious and long-lasting AEs, including cases of persisting amnesia, were more common with ECT, while treatment-emergent AEs led to more dropouts in the ketamine group. Among remitters, 70% and 63%, with 57 and 61 median days in remission, relapsed within 12 months in the ketamine and ECT groups, respectively (P = .52).

Conclusion
Remission and cumulative symptom reduction following multiple racemic ketamine infusions in severely ill patients (age 18–85 years) in an authentic clinical setting suggest that ketamine, despite being inferior to ECT, can be a safe and valuable tool in treating unipolar depression.
Pharmacokinetic evaluation of twice-a-week micafungin for prophylaxis of invasive fungal disease in children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: a prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Bury Didi , Wolfs Tom F W , ter Heine Rob , Muilwijk Eline W , Tissing Wim J E , Brüggemann Roger J 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To determine the pharmacokinetics of twice-a-week micafungin prophylaxis in paediatric leukaemic patients to provide the rationale for this approach.

Methods
Twice-a-week micafungin at a dose of 9 mg/kg (maximum 300 mg) was given during the leukaemic induction treatment with at least one pharmacokinetic assessment. Non-linear mixed-effects modelling was used for analysis. For model building, our paediatric data were strengthened with existing adult data. Monte Carlo simulations were performed with twice-a-week dosing regimens of 5, 7 and 9 mg/kg and flat dosing per weight band. Simulated paediatric exposures were compared with the exposure in adults after a once-daily 100 mg regimen.

Results
Sixty-one paediatric patients were included with a median age and weight of 4.0 years (range 1.0–17) and 19.5 kg (range 8.60–182), respectively. A two-compartment model best fitted the data. CL and central Vd were lower (P &lt; 0.01) in paediatric patients compared with adults. Predicted exposures (AUC0–168 h) for the 5, 7 and 9 mg/kg and flat dosing per weight band regimens exceeded the adult reference exposure.

Conclusions
All twice-a-week regimens appeared to result in adequate exposure for Candida therapy, with simulated exposures well above the adult reference exposure. These findings provide the rationale for the pharmacokinetic equivalence of twice-a-week and once-daily micafungin regimens. The greater micafungin exposures seem to be caused by a slower-than-anticipated CL in our paediatric leukaemic patients. The generalizability of our results for Aspergillus prophylaxis cannot be provided without assumptions on target concentrations and within-class identical efficacy.
Evaluating Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening for Young African American Men With Cancer
Authors: Qiao Edmund M , Lynch Julie A , Lee Kyung M , Kotha Nikhil V , Nalawade Vinit , Voora Rohith S , Qian Alexander S , Nelson Tyler J , Yamoah Kosj , Garraway Isla P , Stewart Tyler F , Parsons J Kellogg , Rose Brent S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Despite higher risks associated with prostate cancer, young African American men are poorly represented in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) trials, which limits proper evidence-based guidance. We evaluated the impact of PSA screening, alongside primary care provider utilization, on prostate cancer outcomes for these patients.

Methods
We identified African American men aged 40-55 years, diagnosed with prostate cancer between 2004 and 2017 within the Veterans Health Administration. Inverse probability of treatment-weighted propensity scores were used in multivariable models to assess PSA screening on PSA levels higher than 20, Gleason score of 8 or higher, and metastatic disease at diagnosis. Lead-time adjusted Fine-Gray regression evaluated PSA screening on prostate cancer–specific mortality (PCSM), with noncancer death as competing events. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results
The cohort included 4726 patients. Mean age was 51.8 years, with 84-month median follow-up. There were 1057 (22.4%) with no PSA screening prior to diagnosis. Compared with no screening, PSA screening was associated with statistically significantly reduced odds of PSA levels higher than 20 (odds ratio [OR] = 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.49 to 0.63; P &lt; .001), Gleason score of 8 or higher (OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.69 to 0.88; P &lt; .001), and metastatic disease at diagnosis (OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.39 to 0.64; P &lt; .001), and decreased PCSM (subdistribution hazard ratio = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.36 to 0.76; P  &lt; .001). Primary care provider visits displayed similar effects.

Conclusions
Among young African American men diagnosed with prostate cancer, PSA screening was associated with statistically significantly lower risk of PSA levels higher than 20, Gleason score of 8 or higher, and metastatic disease at diagnosis and statistically significantly reduced risk of PCSM. However, the retrospective design limits precise estimation of screening effects. Prospective studies are needed to validate these findings.