bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application of ion-engineered Persian Gulf seawater in EOR: effects of different ions on interfacial tension, contact angle, zeta potential, and oil recovery
Authors: Saeedi Dehaghani Amir Hossein , Ghalamizade Elyaderani Seyed Masoud 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this study, we initially performed interfacial tension (IFT) tests to investigate the potential of using the Persian Gulf seawater (PGSW) as smart water with different concentrations of NaCl, KCl, MgCl2, CaCl2, and Na2SO4. Next, for each salt, at the concentration where IFT was minimum, we conducted contact angle, zeta potential, and micromodel flooding tests. The results showed that IFT is minimized if NaCl or KCl is removed from PGSW; thus, for solutions lacking NaCl and KCl, the IFT values were obtained at 26.29 and 26.56 mN/m, respectively. Conversely, in the case of divalent ions, minimum IFT occurred when the concentration of MgCl2, CaCl2, and Na2SO4 in PGSW increased. Specifically, a threefold rise in the concentration of Na2SO4 further reduced IFT as compared to optimal concentrations of MgCl2 or CaCl2. It should be mentioned that eliminating NaCl from PGSW resulted in the lowest IFT value compared to adding or removing other ions. Whereas the removal of NaCl caused the contact angle to decrease from 91.0° to 67.8° relative to PGSW and changed surface wettability to weakly water-wet, eliminating KCl did not considerably change the contact angle, such that it only led to a nine-degree reduction in this angle relative to PGSW and left wettability in the same neutral-wet condition. At optimal concentrations of MgCl2, CaCl2, and Na2SO4, only an increase in Na2SO4 concentration in PGSW could change wettability from neutral-wet to weakly water-wet. For solutions with optimal concentrations, the removal of NaCl or KCl caused the rock surface to have slightly higher negative charges, and increasing the concentration of divalent ions led to a small reduction in the negative charge of the surface. The results of micromodel flooding indicated that NaCl-free PGSW could raise oil recovery by 10.12% relative to PGSW. Furthermore, when the Na2SO4 concentration in PGSW was tripled, the oil recovery increased by 7.34% compared to PGSW. Accordingly, depending on the conditions, it is possible to use PGSW so as to enhance the efficiency of oil recovery by removing NaCl or by increasing the concentration of Na2SO4 three times.
Low-Level Environmental Heavy Metals are Associated with Obesity Among Postmenopausal Women in a Southern State
Authors: Stahr Shelbie , Chiang Tung-chin , Bauer Michael A. , Runnells Gail A. , Rogers Lora J. , Do Huyen Vi , Kadlubar Susan A. , Su L. Joseph 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBoth arsenic and cadmium are reported to be toxic to humans. The use of saliva as a biomarker of low-level exposures to these elements has not been adequately explored, and the putative relationship between exposure and obesity is unclear. This cross-sectional study aims to investigate the relationship between salivary arsenic and cadmium concentrations and their association with obesity. Arsenic and cadmium concentrations were analyzed in human saliva samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry on 270 randomly selected women who participated in the Arkansas Rural Community Health Study. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association between heavy metal concentrations and obesity. Stratified logistic regression was performed based on menopausal status. Generalized linear models were used to evaluate weight gain velocity. Significant positive associations were observed in postmenopausal women for both arsenic (OR = 4.43, 95% CI 1.91–10.28) and cadmium (OR = 2.72, 95% CI 1.23–5.99) concentrations, as well as significant trends among tertiles (p < 0.01 and p  = 0.01, respectively). No relationship with obesity was evident among premenopausal women for either metal. A dose–response relationship was observed between increasing weight gain velocity and increasing metal concentrations. At concentrations well below governmental and industrial standards for acute toxicity, significant associations between obesity and concentration of these heavy metals are evident. The rate at which individuals gain weight is affected by metal concentrations and may play a role in the rapid increase in weight in postmenopausal women. These results might explain, in part, the missing variability in the increasing obesity pandemic in certain population exposed to these environmental toxicants.
Hydrogeochemical status and geoelectrical characteristics of the shallow aquifers of Kalanad Basin, Kasaragod, Kerala, India
Authors: Anoop S. , Ashwathi C. , Baburaj V. Haritha , Pillai Resma S. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGroundwater demand has increased due to overpopulation and intensive irrigation which resulted in decline of water resources and deterioration of water quality. In this view, a microlevel study was conducted through hydrogeochemical investigation and resistivity survey (VES) in Kalanad river basin, Kasaragod, Kerala. The study aims to determine the spatial variations in physicochemical parameters with delineation of geological layers of the study area through VES. Hydrogeochemical investigation and water suitability assessment for drinking and irrigation purposes were confined to open well water samples of the study area. The sample analysis and comparison with various standards (WHO and BIS) show that the groundwater is not entirely fit for drinking with respect to pH. Almost all samples fall within standard values as per the irrigation water quality indices. The chemical nature of the groundwater samples was dominated by alkalies and majority of the samples belonged to sodium chloride type. This study also dealt with the interpretation of hydrogeochemical data using correlation and R mode factor analyses. VES was carried out at seven locations, and the apparent resistivity values obtained had been analysed. The interpretation delineated a maximum of four geologic layers in the study area. The sequence of geologic formation is composed of highly resistive top lateritic soil followed by saturated zone and then the basement topography in the entire basin.
NABat: A top-down, bottom-up solution to collaborative continental-scale monitoring
Authors: Reichert Brian E. , Bayless Mylea , Cheng Tina L. , Coleman Jeremy T. H. , Francis Charles M. , Frick Winifred F. , Gotthold Benjamin S. , Irvine Kathryn M. , Lausen Cori , Li Han , Loeb Susan C. , Reichard Jonathan D. , Rodhouse Thomas J. , Segers Jordi L. , Siemers Jeremy L. , Thogmartin Wayne E. , Weller Theodore J. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCollaborative monitoring over broad scales and levels of ecological organization can inform conservation efforts necessary to address the contemporary biodiversity crisis. An important challenge to collaborative monitoring is motivating local engagement with enough buy-in from stakeholders while providing adequate top-down direction for scientific rigor, quality control, and coordination. Collaborative monitoring must reconcile this inherent tension between top-down control and bottom-up engagement. Highly mobile and cryptic taxa, such as bats, present a particularly acute challenge. Given their scale of movement, complex life histories, and rapidly expanding threats, understanding population trends of bats requires coordinated broad-scale collaborative monitoring. The North American Bat Monitoring Program (NABat) reconciles top-down, bottom-up tension with a hierarchical master sample survey design, integrated data analysis, dynamic data curation, regional monitoring hubs, and knowledge delivery through web-based infrastructure. NABat supports collaborative monitoring across spatial and organizational scales and the full annual lifecycle of bats.
Representative boreal forest habitats in northern Europe, and a revised model for ecosystem management and biodiversity conservation
Authors: Berglund Håkan , Kuuluvainen Timo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe natural range of variation of ecosystems provides reference conditions for sustainable management and biodiversity conservation. We review how the understanding of natural reference conditions of boreal forests in northern Europe has changed from earlier perceptions of even-aged dynamics driven by stand-replacing disturbances towards current understanding highlighting the role of non-stand-replacing disturbances and the resultant complex forest dynamics and structures. We show how earlier views and conceptual models of forest disturbance dynamics, including the influential ASIO model, provide estimates of reference conditions that are outside the natural range of variation. Based on a research synthesis, we present a revised forest reference model incorporating the observed complexity of ecosystem dynamics and the prevalence of old forests. Finally, we outline a management model and demonstrate its use in forest ecosystem management and show how regional conservation area needs can be estimated. We conclude that attaining favourable conservation status in northern Europe’s boreal forests requires increasing emphasis on ecosystem management and conservation for old forest characteristics.
Uptake of fluorescent d- and l-glucose analogues, 2-NBDG and 2-NBDLG, into human osteosarcoma U2OS cells in a phloretin-inhibitable manner
Authors: Ogawa Tetsuya , Sasaki Ayako , Ono Koki , Ohshika Shusa , Ishibashi Yasuyuki , Yamada Katsuya 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMammalian cells take in d-glucose as an essential fuel as well as a carbon source. In contrast, l-glucose, the mirror image isomer of d-glucose, has been considered merely as a non-transportable/non-metabolizable control for d-glucose. We have shown that 2-[N-(7-Nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-NBDG), a d-glucose analogue combining a fluorophore NBD at the C-2 position, is useful as a tracer for monitoring d-glucose uptake through glucose transporters (GLUTs) into mammalian cells. To more precisely evaluate the stereoselectivity of 2-NBDG uptake, we developed an l-glucose analogue 2-NBDLG, the mirror-image isomer of 2-NBDG. Interestingly, 2-NBDLG was taken up into mouse insulinoma MIN6 cells showing nuclear heterogeneity, a cytological feature of malignancy, while remaining MIN6 cells only exhibited a trace amount of 2-NBDLG uptake. The 2-NBDLG uptake into MIN6 cells was abolished by phloretin, but persisted under blockade of major mammalian glucose transporters. Unfortunately, however, no such uptake could be detected in other tumor cell lines. Here we demonstrate that human osteosarcoma U2OS cells take in 2-NBDLG in a phloretin-inhibitable manner. The uptake of 2-NBDG, and not that of 2-NBDLG, into U2OS cells was significantly inhibited by cytochalasin B, a potent GLUT inhibitor. Phloretin, but neither phlorizin, an inhibitor of sodium-glucose cotransporter (SGLT), nor a large amount of d/l-glucose, blocked the 2-NBDLG uptake. These results suggest that a phloretin-inhibitable, non-GLUT/non-SGLT, possibly non-transporter-mediated yet unidentified mechanism participates in the uptake of the fluorescent l-glucose analogue in two very different tumor cells, the mouse insulinoma and the human osteosarcoma cells.
Multi-Modal Analgesic Strategy for Trauma: A Pragmatic Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Harvin John A. , Albarado Rondel , Truong Van Thi Thanh , Green Charles , Tyson Jon E. , Pedroza Claudia , Wade Charles E. , Kao Lillian S. , Hudson Jessica A. , Taub Ethan A. , Meyer David E. , Adams Sasha D. , Moore Laura J. , McNutt Michelle K. , Holcomb John B. 
Published: January 2021

BACKGROUND:
An effective strategy to manage acute pain and minimize opioid exposure is needed for injured patients. In this trial, we aimed to compare 2 multimodal pain regimens (MMPRs) for minimizing opioid exposure and relieving acute pain in a busy, urban trauma center.

METHODS:
This was an unblinded, pragmatic, randomized, comparative effectiveness trial of all adult trauma admissions except vulnerable patient populations and readmissions. The original MMPR (IV administration, followed by oral, acetaminophen, 48 hours of celecoxib and pregabalin, followed by naproxen and gabapentin, scheduled tramadol, and as-needed oxycodone) was compared with an MMPR of generic medications, termed the Multi-Modal Analgesic Strategies for Trauma (MAST) MMPR (ie oral acetaminophen, naproxen, gabapentin, lidocaine patches, and as-needed opioids). The primary endpoint was oral morphine milligram equivalents (MMEs) per day and secondary outcomes included total MMEs during hospitalization, opioid prescribing at discharge, and pain scores.

RESULTS:
During the trial, 1,561 patients were randomized, 787 to receive the original MMPR and 774 to receive the MAST MMPR. There were no differences in demographic characteristics, injury characteristics, or operations performed. Patients randomized to receive the MAST MMPR had lower MMEs per day (34 MMEs/d; interquartile range 15 to 61 MMEs/d vs 48 MMEs/d; interquartile range 22 to 74 MMEs/d; p < 0.001) and fewer were prescribed opioids at discharge (62% vs 67%; p = 0.029; relative risk 0.92; 95% credible interval, 0.86 to 0.99; posterior probability relative risk <1 = 0.99). No clinically significant difference in pain scores were seen.

CONCLUSIONS:
The MAST MMPR was a generalizable and widely available approach that reduced opioid exposure after trauma and achieved adequate acute pain control.
Improving Hurricane Boundary Layer Parameterization Scheme Based on Observations
Authors: Gopalakrishnan Sundararaman , Hazelton Andrew , Zhang Jun A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFlight‐level data and global positioning system dropwindsonde observations collected from more than 187 flights into 19 tropical cyclones were used to examine why different planetary boundary layer parameterization schemes applied to hurricane models produce diverse forecasts of structure and intensity change. Two popular, yet diverse, physics schemes, namely, the GFS K‐Profile and a 1.5‐order turbulence kinetic energy closure parameterization from NOAA's next‐generation FV3‐based Hurricane Analysis and Forecast System were used. It was found that uncertainty related to some key variables used in the parameterization of the eddy diffusivity, Km, led to diverse solutions. For a given grid resolution, both parameterization schemes converged to a similar forecast state provided those uncertainties could be identified and improved based on observations. This is important for providing a generalized framework for the development and evaluation of parameterization schemes in operational models that resemble reality. This study also indicates that the shape of the Km profile is equally important as its maximum value. The smaller the Km near the surface, the stronger the inflow in the boundary layer.
Model Age Derivation of Large Martian Impact Craters, Using Automatic Crater Counting Methods
Authors: Lagain A. , Servis K. , Benedix G. K. , Norman C. , Anderson S. , Bland P. A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDetermining when an impact crater formed is a complex and tedious task. However, this knowledge is crucial to understanding the geological history of planetary bodies and, more specifically, gives information on erosion rate measurements, meteorite ejection location, impact flux evolution and the loss of a magnetic field. The derivation of an individual crater's age is currently performed through manual counting. Because crater size scales as a power law, this method is limited to small (and/or young) surface areas and, in the case of the derivation of crater emplacement age, to a small set of impact craters. Here, we used a Crater Detection Algorithm, specifically retrained to detect small impact craters on large‐ and high‐resolution imagery data set to solve this issue. We applied it to a global, 5 m/pixel resolution mosaic of Mars. Here, we test the use of this data set to date 10 large impact craters. We developed a cluster analysis tool in order to distinguish potential secondary crater clusters from the primary crater population. We then use this, filtered, crater population to date each large impact crater and evaluate our results against literature ages. We found that automated counting filtered through clustering analysis produced similar model ages to manual counts. This technique can now be expanded to much wider crater dating surveys, and by extension to any other kind of Martian surface. We anticipate that this new tool will considerably expand our knowledge of the geological events that have shaped the surface of Mars, their timing and duration.
Impact‐Based Forecasting for Pluvial Floods
Authors: Rözer V. , Peche A. , Berkhahn S. , Feng Y. , Fuchs L. , Graf T. , Haberlandt U. , Kreibich H. , Sämann R. , Sester M. , Shehu B. , Wahl J. , Neuweiler I. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPluvial floods in urban areas are caused by local, fast storm events with very high rainfall rates, which lead to inundation of streets and buildings before the storm water reaches a watercourse. An increase in frequency and intensity of heavy rainfall events and an ongoing urbanization may further increase the risk of pluvial flooding in many urban areas. Currently, warnings for pluvial floods are mostly limited to information on rainfall intensities and durations over larger areas, which is often not detailed enough to effectively protect people and goods. We present a proof‐of‐concept for an impact‐based forecasting system for pluvial floods. Using a model chain consisting of a rainfall forecast, an inundation, a contaminant transport and a damage model, we are able to provide predictions for the expected rainfall, the inundated areas, spreading of potential contamination and the expected damage to residential buildings. We use a neural network‐based inundation model, which significantly reduces the computation time of the model chain. To demonstrate the feasibility, we perform a hindcast of a recent pluvial flood event in an urban area in Germany. The required spatio‐temporal accuracy of rainfall forecasts is still a major challenge, but our results show that reliable impact‐based warnings can be forecasts are available up to 5 min before the peak of an extreme rainfall event. Based on our results, we discuss how the outputs of the impact‐based forecast could be used to disseminate impact‐based early warnings.
Summertime Evolution of Net Community Production and CO2 Flux in the Western Arctic Ocean
Authors: Ouyang Zhangxian , Qi Di , Zhong Wenli , Chen Liqi , Gao Zhongyong , Lin Hongmei , Sun Heng , Li Tao , Cai Wei‐Jun 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTo examine seasonal and regional variabilities in metabolic status and the coupling of net community production (NCP) and air‐sea CO2 fluxes in the western Arctic Ocean, we collected underway measurements of surface O2/Ar and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in the summers of 2016 and 2018. With a box‐model, we demonstrate that accounting for local sea ice history (in addition to wind history) is important in estimating NCP from biological oxygen saturation (Δ(O2/Ar)) in polar regions. Incorporating this sea ice history correction, we found that most of the western Arctic exhibited positive Δ(O2/Ar) and negative pCO2 saturation, Δ(pCO2), indicative of net autotrophy but with the relationship between the two parameters varying regionally. In the heavy ice‐covered areas, where air‐sea gas exchange was suppressed, even minor NCP resulted in relatively high Δ(O2/Ar) and low pCO2 in water due to limited gas exchange. Within the marginal ice zone, NCP and CO2 flux magnitudes were strongly inversely correlated, suggesting an air to sea CO2 flux induced primarily by biological CO2 removal from surface waters. Within ice‐free waters, the coupling of NCP and CO2 flux varied according to nutrient supply. In the oligotrophic Canada Basin, NCP and CO2 flux were both small, controlled mainly by air‐sea gas exchange. On the nutrient‐rich Chukchi Shelf, NCP was strong, resulting in great O2 release and CO2 uptake. This regional overview of NCP and CO2 flux in the western Arctic Ocean, in its various stages of ice‐melt and nutrient status, provides useful insight into the possible biogeochemical evolution of rapidly changing polar oceans.
Neogene Development of the Terror Rift, Western Ross Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Sauli C. , Sorlien C. , Busetti M. , De Santis L. , Geletti R. , Wardell N. , Luyendyk B. P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe Terror Rift is a 350 km‐long, 50–70 km‐wide, north‐trending deep basin in the western Ross Sea, adjacent to the Transantarctic Mountains. The Terror Rift lies within the broader Victoria Land Basin, which experienced 100 km of a mid‐Cenozoic extension. New fault and post‐29 Ma seismic stratigraphic interpretations were developed using all the seismic reflection data available from the Antarctic Seismic Data Library System and were correlated to all the scientific coreholes. A new 3D velocity model was used for depth conversions. Depth‐converted seismic profiles are used to image the faulting along the rift margins. Two segments of steep normal‐separation faults, which are connected by a broad anticline, border the eastern margin, whereas steep to sub vertical faults, combined with a stratal dip, produce the relief present at the western margin. The overall geometry of the Terror Rift shows an asymmetric half‐graben structure with a main bounding fault that dips alternatively eastward and westward in the southern and in the central parts, until it becomes a symmetric graben in the north. Both the eastern and western faults were active since at least 29 Ma in the southern and central Terror Rift and at least since 21 Ma in the north. This fault activity appears to have continued within the whole Terror Rift into post‐Miocene time, as suggested by the significant component of post‐Miocene vertical slip. The measurements of large sedimentary rock thicknesses changes over time between the rift shoulders and the deepest part of the basin and agree with the continuous faulting and relative subsidence in the southern Terror Rift that occurred between 29 and 13 Ma. These changes differ from several published papers that proposed that no significant tectonic activity occurred between 23 and 13 Ma. Despite the growth of the Terror Rift basin, the extension after 21 Ma was only ∼2–4 km across offshore mapped faults in the Terror Rift, and this minor extension agrees with a published plate tectonic study that suggests that the Terror Rift was a transtensional dextral transform boundary between 26 and 11 Ma. Therefore, the Terror Rift may have changed from an orthogonal rift into a transtensional transform boundary after 26 Ma, with the faulting after 11 Ma considered to be intraplate deformation.