bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring patient experiences of person‐centred care: Translation, cultural adaption and qualitative evaluation of item candidates for use in England and Sweden
Authors: Rosenlund Lena , Jakobsson Sofie , Lloyd Helen , Lundgren‐Nilsson Åsa , Hermansson Miriam , Dencker Anna 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundTo facilitate change for person‐centred care, there is a need to invest in measures to assess if and how healthcare systems are delivering care based on the principles of person‐centred care. This paper describes the first phase in developing an item bank to measure patients’ experiences of person‐centred care.AimThe aim was to translate, culturally adapt and evaluate candidate items to measure person‐centred care from the patient's perspective.MethodsThe Centre for person‐centred care at Gothenburg university and the UK Person‐centred and coordinated care model informed our conceptual framework. The initial pool of item candidates originated from a previous systematic review where 855 items were identified. In this study, a mixed method design was used involving persons with experience as patients, caregivers, healthcare professionals and researchers in person‐centred care or questionnaire design (n = 84). The item analysis included two validation rounds using web questionnaires, a focus group and cognitive interviews.ResultsFrom the initial pool, 155 items covering core domains and subdomains of person‐centred and coordinated care were selected for translation and qualitative item analysis. After translation, 44 items were excluded (duplicates). After the first validation round, 21 items were rephrased and 35 were excluded (due to low ratings, lack of comprehensibility, were duplicates or too specifically phrased). To reflect the ethical basis of person‐centred care, rewordings were also made to encompass the patient as an active partner in care and where communication and information goes two‐ways and care is co‐created. After the second round, 11 items were rephrased and 25 items were excluded (for being redundant/repetitive). Six new items were added (covering access to care, patient capabilities, mental well‐being and identifying goals).ConclusionWe have developed a first set of 57 items to proceed towards developing an item bank to measure the patient experiences of person‐centred care.
Sámi language in Norwegian health care: ‘He speaks good enough Norwegian, I don’t see why he needs an interpreter’
Authors: Engnes Janne Isaksen , Sivertsen Nina , Bongo Berit Andersdatter , Mehus Grete 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIntroductionThe Indigenous people of Norway are legally entitled to use their Sámi language in encounters with healthcare services, yet these encounters are generally conducted in Norwegian language. The right to Sámi language and culture in health is particularly relegated when Sámi healthcare personnel is not present. This neglect of Sámi language and culture in the Norwegian healthcare system impacts on the quality of care Sámi patients receive.AimThis paper describes and interprets healthcare interactions between nurses and Sámi‐speaking patients in Norway.MethodQualitative semi‐structured focus group interviews were conducted with Sámi (n = 13) and Norwegian nurses (n = 10). Participants were included if they had experience working with Sámi‐speaking patients and two years clinical practice in the Sámi area of northern Norway. Interpretive and descriptive analyses were conducted.FindingsObtaining only basic patient information and lack of mapping of native language in admission documents or patient notes makes it challenging to recognise Sámi patients. In encounters with Sámi patients, Norwegian nurses must navigate linguistic challenges with an additional layer of interplay between culture and care. Misunderstandings in this area can undermine patient safety and be directly contrary to health legislation and patient rights. As remedy, Sámi nurses often improve the nurse–patient dialogue by translating and explaining cultural nuances, thus improving understanding of healthcare interactions, and bridging the gap to the Norwegian staff.ConclusionTo integrate Sámi language and culture into nursing care new guidelines to implement knowledge of Sámi patients’ culture and language rights in healthcare education is needed. In addition, the authorities have to facilitate implementation of laws and regulations, research and guidelines in practical health care. At last, the number of Sámi‐speaking nurses has to increase.
Comparative assessment of the prevalence, practices and factors associated with self‐medication with antibiotics in Africa
Authors: Yeika Eugene Vernyuy , Ingelbeen Brecht , Kemah Ben‐Lawrence , Wirsiy Frankline Sevidzem , Fomengia Joseph Nkeangu , van der Sande Marianne A. B. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate and compare the prevalence, reasons, sources and factors associated with self‐medication with antibiotics (SMA) within Africa.MethodsSystematic review and meta‐analysis. An electronic search of PubMed and Google Scholar databases was performed for observational studies conducted between January 2005 and February 2020. Two reviewers independently screened abstracts and full texts using the PRISMA flowchart and performed quality assessment of eligible studies. Both qualitative and quantitative syntheses were carried out.ResultsForty studies from 19 countries were eligible for qualitative synthesis. The prevalence of SMA in Africa ranged from 12.1% to 93.9% with a median prevalence of 55.7% (IQR 41–75%). Western Africa was the sub‐region with the highest reported prevalence of 70.1% (IQR 48.3–82.1%), followed by Northern Africa with 48.1% (IQR 41.1–64.3%). We identified 27 antibiotics used for self‐medication from 13 different antibiotic classes. Most frequently used antibiotics were penicillins (31 studies), tetracyclines (25 studies) and fluoroquinolones (23 studies). 41% of these antibiotics belong to the WHO Watch Group. The most frequent indications for SMA were upper respiratory tract infections (27 studies), gastrointestinal tract symptoms (25 studies) and febrile illnesses (18 studies). Common sources of antibiotics used for self‐medication were community pharmacies (31 studies), family/friends (20 studies), leftover antibiotics (19 studies) and patent medicine stores (18 studies). The most frequently reported factor associated with SMA was no education/low educational status (nine studies).ConclusionsThe prevalence of SMA is high in Africa and varies across sub‐regions with the highest prevalence reported in Western Africa. Drivers of SMA are complex, comprising of socio‐economic factors and insufficient access to health care coupled with poorly implemented policies regulating antibiotic sales.
Effect of contrasting maternal nitrogen environments on Buglossoides arvensis seed germination response to gibberellic and abscisic acids
Authors: Longás María de las Mercedes , Sabbatini Mario Ricardo , Batlla Diego , Chantre Guillermo Rubén 
Published: May 2021

AbstractNitrogen availability in Buglossoides arvensis mother plants influences seed dormancy level. Abscisic acid (ABA) levels chiefly determine primary dormancy during embryo maturation and its maintenance depends on ABA/gibberellic acid (GA) balance. We hypothesised that soil nitrogen fertilisation of B. arvensis mother plants affects seed sensitivity to hormonal germination promotors and inhibitors. The purpose of the present work was therefore to investigate to what extent the changes that occur in seed germinability as a result of maternal nitrogen fertilisation (with ‐N(+)‐ and without ‐N(−)‐) are paralleled by changes in ABA or GAs de novo synthesis and embryonic sensitivity to ABA or GAs. Seed germinability was assessed under a gradient of ABA and GA3 and their corresponding de novo synthesis inhibitors (fluridone ‐FLU‐ and paclobutrazol ‐PBZ‐). B. arvensis seeds were incubated at suboptimal (7°C), optimal (15°C) and supraoptimal (20°C) temperatures. Results indicated a higher germination of N(+) seeds, irrespective of hormone type, dose or incubation temperature. N(−) seeds were more sensitive to FLU at 7°C and to GA3 at 15°C, whereas N(+) seeds were more sensitive to FLU at 15‐20°C and to PBZ at 7°C. At 20°C, N(+) seed germinability was stimulated by GA3 counteracting the thermo‐inhibitory effect. The higher seed germinability recorded from nitrogen‐fertilised plants could be associated to a decrease in seed dormancy levels due to lower ABA levels during embryogenesis, thus requiring a lower amount of GAs to germinate. Further studies are required to confirm this hypothesis.
Singularity Loci, Bifurcated Evolution Routes, and Configuration Transitions of Reconfigurable Legged Mobile Lander From Adjusting, Landing, to Roving
Authors: Han Youcheng , Zhou Caizhi , Guo Weizhong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper presents the reconfigurable legged mobile lander (ReLML) with its modes from adjusting, landing, to roving. Based on the invented metamorphic variable-axis revolute hinge, the actuated link has three alternative phases of rotating around either of two orthogonal topological axes or locking itself to the base as a rigid body. This property enables the ReLML to switch among three modes and within two driving states (as the adjusting and roving modes are active mechanisms driven by motors, while the landing truss is regarded as a passive mechanism driven by the touchdown impact force exerted on footpad). The unified differential kinematics for the ReLML is established by the screw-based Jacobian modeling, unifying both active and passive operation phases throughout all modes. Afterward, the distributions of workspaces and singularity loci in three modes are discussed for the multi-solution sake, and the selection principle of the practicable solution pattern is proposed to obtain the actual workspace, singularity loci, and configurations. The results stemming from the Jacobian-matrix-based method and the Grassmann-geometry-based method give mutual authentication. Finally, as prospects for promising applications, four bifurcated evolution routes and configuration transitions are figured out and compared.
Heat Transfer Characteristics Analysis on a Fully Cooled Vane With Varied Density Ratios
Authors: Yao Chun-yi , Zhang Zheng , Zhang Bo-lun , Zhu Hui-ren , Liu Cun-liang 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective of this experimental investigation was to determine the cooling performance of a fully cooled vane with 18 rows of cylinder cooling holes. The exit Reynolds number in the wind tunnel normalized by the true chord was 500,000 with an inlet turbulence intensity of 15%. The film cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficient distribution were obtained by the transient liquid crystal (TLC) technology, three mass flow ratios (MFRs = 7.0%, 9.9%, 11%) and two density ratios (DRs = 1.0, 1.5) were tested. The results show that the film cooling effectiveness distribution on the suction side is more uniform and the coolant injection trajectory is much longer than that on the pressure side. As the density ratio increasing to 1.5, the more laterally uniform film cooling effectiveness contour on the pressure side is observed and the spatially averaged film cooling effectiveness is increased by 11–43%. For the MFR = 7.0%, the coolant injection with low momentum thickens the boundary layer and reduces the heat transfer coefficient in the mid-chord region of the pressure side. Both the increased mass flow ratio and decreased density ratio result in a higher heat transfer coefficient, while do not alter the distribution trend. By calculating the heat flux ratio, the reduction in the heat flux at DR = 1.5 is found to be within 20% in most areas than that of DR = 1.0 on the vane surface.
Application of Four Genotyping Methods to Mycoplasma bovis Isolates Derived from Western Canadian Feedlot Cattle
Authors: Kinnear Andrea , Waldner Matthew , McAllister Tim A. , Zaheer Rahat , Register Karen , Jelinski Murray 
Published: May 2021

Mycoplasma bovis
is a significant pathogen of feedlot cattle, responsible for chronic pneumonia and polyarthritis syndrome (CPPS).
M. bovis
isolates (
n
= 129) were used to compare four methods of phylogenetic analysis and to determine if the isolates’ genotypes were associated with phenotypes. Metadata included the health status of the animal from which an isolate was derived (healthy, diseased, or dead), anatomical location (nasopharynx, lung, or joint), feedlot, and production year (2006 to 2018).
Relative infectiousness of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected persons compared with symptomatic individuals: a rapid scoping review
Authors: McEvoy David , McAloon Conor , Collins Aine , Hunt Kevin , Butler Francis , Byrne Andrew , Casey-Bryars Miriam , Barber Ann , Griffin John , Lane Elizabeth Ann , Wall Patrick , More Simon John 
Published: May 2021

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to determine the relative infectiousness of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected persons compared with symptomatic individuals based on a scoping review of available literature.DesignRapid scoping review of peer-reviewed literature from 1 January to 5 December 2020 using the LitCovid database and the Cochrane library.SettingInternational studies on the infectiousness of individuals infected with SARS-CoV-2.ParticipantsStudies were selected for inclusion if they defined asymptomatics as a separate cohort distinct from presymptomatics and if they provided a quantitative measure of the infectiousness of asymptomatics relative to symptomatics.Primary outcome measuresPCR result (PCR studies), the rate of infection (mathematical modelling studies) and secondary attack rate (contact tracing studies) - in each case from asymptomatic in comparison with symptomatic individuals.ResultsThere are only a limited number of published studies that report estimates of relative infectiousness of asymptomatic compared with symptomatic individuals. 12 studies were included after the screening process. Significant differences exist in the definition of infectiousness. PCR studies in general show no difference in shedding levels between symptomatic and asymptomatic individuals; however, the number of study subjects is generally limited. Two modelling studies estimate relative infectiousness to be 0.43 and 0.57, but both of these were more reflective of the infectiousness of undocumented rather than asymptomatic cases. The results from contact tracing studies include estimates of relative infectiousness of 0, but with insufficient evidence to conclude that it is significantly different from 1.ConclusionsThere is considerable heterogeneity in estimates of relative infectiousness highlighting the need for further investigation of this important parameter. It is not possible to provide any conclusive estimate of relative infectiousness, as the estimates from the reviewed studies varied between 0 and 1.
Safety and efficacy of transcarotid artery revascularisation versus carotid endarterectomy: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis study
Authors: Bai Xuesong , Zhang Xiao , Yang Wuyang , Wang Tao , Wang Yan , Feng Yao , Yang Kun , Wang Xue , Ma Yan , Jiao Liqun 
Published: May 2021

IntroductionIn recent years, the transcarotid artery revascularisation (TCAR) with flow reversal technique has been developed to treat carotid artery stenosis. The superiority of TCAR over transfemoral carotid artery stenting has been demonstrated. However, the safety and efficacy of TCAR and carotid endarterectomy remain unclear. This study aims to introduce a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the morbidity and mortality rates between TCAR and carotid endarterectomy in the treatment of atherosclerotic carotid artery stenosis.Methods and analysisThis protocol was drafted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols statement. Herein, major databases will be searched, including Medline, Web of Science, Embase and the Cochrane Library, and randomised controlled trials and high-quality observational studies will be included. We will screen all studies published from January 2000 to March 2021. Bias risk will be evaluated using the Cochrane Collaboration criteria or Methodological Index for Non-randomised Studies criteria, depending on the study type. Two reviewers will select eligible studies and extract the data independently. The primary outcome will include stroke or death during the perioperative period and follow-up. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses will be performed to explore any potential sources of heterogeneity. Specific results will be described in a narrative form when available eligible studies are insufficient for meta-analysis. Publication bias will be assessed using a funnel plot.Ethics and disseminationThis study will summarise and analyse the existing literature; hence, ethics approval will not be required. The final results may be published at a relevant academic conference or in a journal.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42020178691.
Trends and socioeconomic disparities in all-cause mortality among adults with diagnosed diabetes by race/ethnicity: a population-based cohort study - USA, 1997–2015
Authors: Mercado Carla , Beckles Gloria , Cheng Yiling , Bullard Kai McKeever , Saydah Sharon , Gregg Edward , Imperatore Giuseppina 
Published: May 2021

ObjectivesBy race/ethnicity and socioeconomic position (SEP), to estimate and examine changes over time in (1) mortality rate, (2) mortality disparities and (3) excess mortality risk attributed to diagnosed diabetes (DM).DesignPopulation-based cohort study using National Health Interview Survey data linked to mortality status from the National Death Index from survey year up to 31 December 2015 with 5 years person-time.ParticipantsUS adults aged ≥25 years with (31 586) and without (332 451) DM.Primary outcomeAge-adjusted all-cause mortality rate for US adults with DM in each subgroup of SEP (education attainment and income-to-poverty ratio (IPR)) and time (1997–2001, 2002–2006 and 2007–2011).ResultsAmong adults with DM, mortality rates fell from 23.5/1000 person-years (p-y) in 1997–2001 to 18.1/1000 p-y in 2007–2011 with changes of −5.2/1000 p-y for non-Hispanic whites; −5.2/1000 p-y for non-Hispanic blacks; and −5.4/1000 p-y for Hispanics. Rates significantly declined within SEP groups, measured as education attainment (<high school=−5.7/1000 p-y; high school graduate=−4.2/1000 p-y; and >high school=−4.8/1000 p-y) and IPR group (poor=−7.9/1000 p-y; middle income=−4.7/1000 p-y; and high income=−6.2/1000 p-y; but not for near poor). For adults with DM, statistically significant all-cause mortality disparity showed greater mortality rates for the lowest than the highest SEP level (education attainment and IPR) in each time period. However, patterns in mortality trends and disparity varied by race/ethnicity. The excess mortality risk attributed to DM significantly decreased from 1997–2001 to 2007–2011, within SEP levels, and among Hispanics and non-Hispanic whites; but no statistically significant changes among non-Hispanic blacks.ConclusionsThere were substantial improvements in all-cause mortality among US adults. However, we observed SEP disparities in mortality across race/ethnic groups or for adults with and without DM despite targeted efforts to improve access and quality of care among disproportionately affected populations.
Frontline interdisciplinary clinician perspectives on caring for patients with COVID-19: a qualitative study
Authors: Rao Hassan , Mancini Diana , Tong Allison , Khan Humaira , Santacruz Gutierrez Brissa , Mundo William , Collings Adriana , Cervantes Lilia 
Published: May 2021

ObjectiveTo describe the drivers of distress and motivations faced by interdisciplinary clinicians who were on the frontline caring for patients with COVID-19.Design50 semistructured interviews. Transcripts were analysed using qualitative thematic analysis.SettingA safety-net hospital in Denver, Colorado.ParticipantsInterdisciplinary frontline clinicians including physicians, advance practice providers, nurses, respiratory therapists and paramedics providing inpatient hospital care to patients hospitalised for COVID-19.ResultsFifty clinicians (32 women and 18 men) participated. Five themes with respective subthemes (in parentheses) were identified: depersonalisation and barriers to care (impeding rapport and compassion, focusing on infection risk at the expense of high-quality care, grief from witnessing patients suffer in isolation), powerless in uncertainty (inescapable awareness of personal risk, therapeutic doubt in a void of evidence, confronting ethical dilemmas, struggling with dynamic and unfamiliar challenges), overwhelmed and exhausted (burden of personal protective equipment (PPE), information overload and confusion, overstretched by additional responsibilities at work, compounded by personal life stressors, feeling vulnerable and dispensable, compassion fatigue, distress from the disproportionate impact on socially oppressed communities), bolstering morale and confidence (motivated by community and family support, equipped with data), and driven by moral duty (responsibility to patient care and community, collegial solidarity and collaboration, contributing to the greater good).ConclusionFrontline clinicians reported distress due to the challenges of PPE, uncertainty and powerlessness, new responsibilities at work and home, losing control of their schedules, grief from witnessing patients suffer in isolation and witnessing healthcare disparities exacerbated by this pandemic. Clinicians feel supported by their colleagues, families, and community and were driven by a sense of moral duty. Healthcare system should adopt strategies to minimise distress faced by interdisciplinary clinicians on the frontline of COVID-19.
Factors influencing thrombectomy decision making for primary medium vessel occlusion stroke
Authors: Cimflova Petra , Kappelhof Manon , Singh Nishita , Kashani Nima , Ospel Johanna Maria , McDonough Rosalie , Demchuk Andrew M , Menon Bijoy K , Sakai Nobuyuki , Chen Michael , Fiehler Jens , Goyal Mayank 
Published: May 2021

BackgroundWe aimed to explore the preference of stroke physicians to treat patients with primary medium vessel occlusion (MeVO) stroke with immediate endovascular treatment (EVT) in an international cross-sectional survey, as there is no clear guideline recommendation for EVT in these patients.MethodsIn the survey MeVO-Finding Rationales and Objectifying New Targets for IntervEntional Revascularization in Stroke (MeVO-FRONTIERS), participants were shown four cases of primary MeVOs (six scenarios per case) and asked whether they would treat those patients with EVT. Multivariable logistic regression with clustering by respondent was performed to assess factors influencing the decision to treat. Dominance analysis was performed to assess the influence of factors within the scenarios on decision making.ResultsOverall, 366 participants (56 women; 15%) from 44 countries provided 8784 answers to 24 scenarios. Most physicians (59.2%) would treat patients immediately with EVT. Younger patient age (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 1.24, 99% CI 1.19 to 1.30), higher National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score (IRR 1.69, 99% CI 1.57 to 1.82), and small core volume (IRR 1.35, 99% CI 1.24 to 1.46) were positively associated with the decision to treat with EVT. Interventionalists (IRR 1.26, 99% CI 1.01 to 1.56) were more likely to treat patients with MeVO immediately with EVT. In the dominance analysis, factors influencing the decision in favor of EVT were (in order of importance): baseline NIHSS, core volume, alteplase use, patients’ age, and occlusion site.ConclusionsMost physicians in this survey were interventionalists and would treat patients with MeVO stroke immediately with EVT. This finding supports the need for robust clinical evidence.