bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
M2-Deficient Single-Replication Influenza Vaccine–Induced Immune Responses Associated With Protection Against Human Challenge With Highly Drifted H3N2 Influenza Strain
Authors: Eiden Joseph , Volckaert Bram , Rudenko Oleg , Aitchison Roger , Herber Renee , Belshe Robert , Greenberg Harry , Coelingh Kathleen , Marshall David , Kawaoka Yoshihiro , Neumann Gabriele , Bilsel Pamuk 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Current influenza vaccines are strain specific and demonstrate low vaccine efficacy against H3N2 influenza disease, especially when vaccine is mismatched to circulating virus. The novel influenza vaccine candidate, M2-deficient single replication (M2SR), induces a broad, multi-effector immune response.

Methods
A phase 2 challenge study was conducted to assess the efficacy of an M2SR vaccine expressing hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from A/Brisbane/10/2007 (Bris2007 M2SR H3N2; clade 1). Four weeks after vaccination, recipients were challenged with antigenically distinct H3N2 virus (A/Belgium/4217/2015, clade 3C.3b) and assessed for infection and clinical symptoms.

Results
Adverse events after vaccination were mild and similar in frequency for placebo and M2SR recipients. A single dose of Bris2007 M2SR induced neutralizing antibody to the vaccine (48% of recipients) and challenge strain (27% of recipients). Overall, 54% of M2SR recipients were infected after challenge, compared with 71% of placebo recipients. The subset of M2SR recipients with a vaccine-induced microneutralization response against the challenge virus had reduced rates of infection after challenge (38% vs 71% of placebo recipients; P = .050) and reduced illness.

Conclusions
Study participants with vaccine-induced neutralizing antibodies were protected against infection and illness after challenge with an antigenically distinct virus. This is the first demonstration of vaccine-induced protection against a highly drifted H3N2 challenge virus.
Collective Recognition and Regional Parliaments: Navigating Statehood Conflict
Authors: Kyris George , Luciano Bruno 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThis study explores whether and how regional parliaments facilitate collective state recognition, a question that has been overlooked within a literature that focuses more on recognition by individual states or international organizations more generally. We do that through a scoping exercise of how regional parliaments of four major international organizations (AU, CoE, EU, OSCE) have responded to past and present contested statehood efforts that are associated with conflicts, such as in Palestine, Western Sahara, Kosovo, or the post-Soviet space. Based on this, we conceptualize three different stances: recognition, non-recognition, and titular recognition (of a right to, as opposed to the presence of, statehood) and we propose that these stances become apparent declaratively, through resolutions or other formal texts of regional parliaments, or institutionally (e.g., through membership). We also find that regional parliaments display a certain agency through using specific parliamentary instruments to respond to statehood claimants, promoting debates on those claims, and expressing recognition stances different from the executive bodies of the organization. Further, we illustrate these arguments through a more in-depth analysis of the European Parliament's approach toward Kosovo's statehood. In this regard, the paper offers a missing but important account of how regional parliaments facilitate collective recognition and contribute to defining what is a state, one of the most fundamental questions of international relations, which sits at the heart of long and complex conflicts. The proposed conceptual and theoretical arguments can facilitate further studies on state recognition, particularly collective recognition and the role of international organizations.
Distribution characteristics of drug resistance mutations of HIV CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC from patients under ART in Ganzhou, China
Authors: Xie Ying-Na , Zhu Feng-Xiu , Zhong You-Tian , Chen Ya-Ting , Gao Qian , Lai Xiao-Ling , Liu Jun-Jie , Huang Dan-Dan , Zhang Yu-Ning , Chen Xin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Drug resistance mutation (DRM)-associated virological failure has become a critical issue for ART and the elimination of HIV.

Objectives
To investigate the distribution characteristics of DRMs of HIV CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC, the predominant subtypes in China.

Methods
Patients receiving ART up to 31 August 2020 in Ganzhou in China were recruited. Full-length sequences of the HIV pol gene were amplified from patients with virological failure. DRMs and antiretroviral susceptibility were explored using the Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database HIVdb Program.

Results
Overall, 279 of 2204 patients under ART were found to have virological failure. Nine HIV subtypes were identified among 211 sequences that were amplified successfully and CRF08_BC (37.0%), CRF01_AE (26.1%) and CRF07_BC (25.6%) were the most prevalent, with mutation frequencies of 44.9% (35/78), 52.7% (29/55) and 35.2% (19/54), respectively. The most common DRMs of these three subtypes were K103N and M184V, while the mutation frequencies of M41L, D67N, K70R, K101E, V106M, Y181C, K219E, H221Y and N348I were obviously different among subtypes. The resistance levels and frequencies for antiretroviral drugs for these three subtypes were similar and resistances to nevirapine, efavirenz, lamivudine and emtricitabine were the most frequently observed. Compared with CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC, CRF08_BC had higher proportions of DRMs for NRTIs and lower frequencies of resistance to NRTIs and NNRTIs.

Conclusions
The distribution characteristics of DRMs of HIV CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC and CRF08_BC were inconsistent and should be considered when selecting antiretroviral strategies, developing new drugs and controlling HIV strains containing DRMs.
Integrated Pest Management Control ofVarroa destructor(Acari: Varroidae), the Most Damaging Pest of (Apis melliferaL. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)) Colonies
Authors: Jack Cameron J , Ellis James D 
Published: July 2021

AbstractVarroa destructor is among the greatest biological threats to western honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) health worldwide. Beekeepers routinely use chemical treatments to control this parasite, though overuse and mismanagement of these treatments have led to widespread resistance in Varroa populations. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an ecologically based, sustainable approach to pest management that relies on a combination of control tactics that minimize environmental impacts. Herein, we provide an in-depth review of the components of IPM in a Varroa control context. These include determining economic thresholds for the mite, identification of and monitoring for Varroa, prevention strategies, and risk conscious treatments. Furthermore, we provide a detailed review of cultural, mechanical, biological, and chemical control strategies, both longstanding and emerging, used against Varroa globally. For each control type, we describe all available treatments, their efficacies against Varroa as described in the primary scientific literature, and the obstacles to their adoption. Unfortunately, reliable IPM protocols do not exist for Varroa due to the complex biology of the mite and strong reliance on chemical control by beekeepers. To encourage beekeeper adoption, a successful IPM approach to Varroa control in managed colonies must be an improvement over conventional control methods and include cost-effective treatments that can be employed readily by beekeepers. It is our intention to provide the most thorough review of Varroa control options available, ultimately framing our discussion within the context of IPM. We hope this article is a call-to-arms against the most damaging pest managed honey bee colonies face worldwide.
A Randomized Trial of Calcium Plus Vitamin D Supplementation and Risk of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ of the Breast
Authors: Peila Rita , Xue Xiaonan , Cauley Jane A , Chlebowski Rowan , Manson JoAnn E , Nassir Rami , Saquib Nazmus , Shadyab Aladdin H , Zhang Zhenzhen , Wassertheil-Smoller Sylvia , Rohan Thomas E 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
The effect of calcium plus vitamin D (CaD) supplementation on risk of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) of the breast, a nonobligate precursor of invasive ductal carcinoma, is not well understood. In this secondary analysis, we examined this association in the Women’s Health Initiative CaD trial over approximately 20 years of follow-up.

Methods
A total of 36 282 cancer-free postmenopausal women (50-79 years) were randomly assigned to daily (d) calcium (1000 mg) plus vitamin D (400 IU) supplementation or to a placebo. Personal supplementation with vitamin D (≤600 IU/d, subsequently raised to 1000 IU/d) and calcium (≤1000 mg/d) was allowed. The intervention phase (median = 7.1 years), was followed by a postintervention phase (additional 13.8 years), which included 86.0% of the surviving women. A total of 595 incident DCIS cases were ascertained. Hazard ratios (HRs) plus 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.

Results
The intervention group had a lower risk of DCIS throughout follow-up (HR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.70 to 0.96) and during the postintervention phase (HR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.61 to 0.94). The group that used CaD personal supplements in combination with the trial intervention had a lower risk of DCIS compared with the trial placebo group that did not use personal supplementation (HR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.56 to 0.91).

Conclusions
CaD supplementation in postmenopausal women was associated with reduced risk of DCIS, raising the possibility that consistent use of these supplements might provide long-term benefits for the prevention of DCIS.
Planning Considerations and Lessons Learned From a COVID-19 Mass Community Vaccination Center
Authors: Fischl Benjamin , Patterson Andrew T , Baxter Joseph , Watson James , Hemsworth Jesse , Valentine David , Wessler Jacob , Wong Danny 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The emergency use authorization for multiple coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines came at a pivotal time for the USA. In January 2021, the country exceeded 400,000 deaths from COVID-19. The USA aimed to quickly distribute and administer the Pfizer and Moderna vaccines, with bright prospects for an additional emergency use authorization for Johnson and Johnson/Janssen’s single-dose vaccine on the horizon. Part of the National Strategy for COVID-19 Response and Pandemic Preparedness was to “mount a safe, effective, comprehensive vaccination campaign” so the administration set a goal to have 100 million fully vaccinated citizens after the first 100 days in office. In order to fuel the rapid administration of vaccines, the Department of Health and Human Services was tasked to stand up new, federally supported Community Vaccination Centers across the country. The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) was the lead agency entrusted to expedite financial assistance, allocate federal equipment and supplies, and deploy federal personnel to states, tribes, territories, and other eligible applicants for vaccination efforts. Early in the process of staffing sites, FEMA recognized the need to bolster the efforts with active duty military personnel and asked for manning assistance from the Department of Defense. As a result, 222 U.S. Air Force personnel were tasked with supporting the FEMA COVID-19 vaccination operations at NRG stadium, Houston, Texas. This reflection aims to cover the lessons learned and provide meaningful insight for future mass medical operations.
Full analytical ultrarelativistic 1D solutions of a planar working surface
Authors: de la Cruz-Hernández Manuel E , Mendoza Sergio 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We show that the 1D planar ultrarelativistic shock tube problem with an ultrarelativistic polytropic equation of state can be solved analytically for the case of a working surface, i.e. for the case when an initial discontinuity on the hydrodynamical quantities of the problem form two shock waves separating from a contact discontinuity. The procedure is based on the extensive use of the Taub jump conditions for relativistic shock waves, the Taub adiabatic, and performing Lorentz transformations to present the solution in a system of reference adequate for an external observer at rest. The solutions are found using a set of very useful theorems related to the Lorentz factors when transforming between systems of reference. The energy dissipated inside the working surface is relevant for studies of light curves observed in relativistic astrophysical jets and so, we provide a full analytical solution for this phenomenon assuming an ultrarelativistic periodic velocity injected at the base of the jet.
Solar oxygen abundance
Authors: Bergemann Maria , Hoppe Richard , Semenova Ekaterina , Carlsson Mats , Yakovleva Svetlana A , Voronov Yaroslav V , Bautista Manuel , Nemer Ahmad , Belyaev Andrey K , Leenaarts Jorrit , Mashonkina Lyudmila , Reiners Ansgar , Ellwarth Monika 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Motivated by the controversy over the surface metallicity of the Sun, we present a re-analysis of the solar photospheric oxygen (O) abundance. New atomic models of O and Ni are used to perform non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (NLTE) calculations with 1D hydrostatic (MARCS) and 3D hydrodynamical (Stagger and Bifrost) models. The Bifrost 3D MHD simulations are used to quantify the influence of the chromosphere. We compare the 3D NLTE line profiles with new high-resolution, R$\approx 700\, 000$, spatially resolved spectra of the Sun obtained using the IAG FTS instrument. We find that the O i lines at 777 nm yield the abundance of log A(O) = 8.74 ± 0.03 dex, which depends on the choice of the H-impact collisional data and oscillator strengths. The forbidden [O i] line at 630 nm is less model dependent, as it forms nearly in LTE and is only weakly sensitive to convection. However, the oscillator strength for this transition is more uncertain than for the 777 nm lines. Modelled in 3D NLTE with the Ni i blend, the 630 nm line yields an abundance of log A(O) = 8.77 ± 0.05 dex. We compare our results with previous estimates in the literature and draw a conclusion on the most likely value of the solar photospheric O abundance, which we estimate at log A(O) = 8.75 ± 0.03 dex.
Radar observations of Draconid outbursts
Authors: Campbell-Brown M D , Stober G , Jacobi C , Kero J , Kozlovsky A , Lester M 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The Draconid meteor shower shows strong bursts of activity at irregular intervals, with nearly no activity in intervening years. Five outbursts of the Draconid meteor shower were observed with specular meteor radars in Canada and Europe between 1999 and 2018. The outbursts generally lasted between 6 and 8 h, and most were not fully visible at a single geographical site, emphasizing the need for observations at multiple longitudes for short-duration shower outbursts. There is at least a factor of two difference in the peak flux as measured on different radars; the initial trail radius effect is undercorrected for Draconid meteors, which are known to be fragile.
Can a jumping-Jupiter trigger the Moon’s formation impact?
Authors: DeSouza Sandro R , Roig Fernando , Nesvorný David 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigate the possibility that the Moon’s formation impact was triggered by an early dynamical instability of the giant planets. We consider the well-studied ‘jumping Jupiter’ hypothesis for the Solar system’s instability, where Jupiter and Saturn’s semimajor axes evolve in step-wise manner from their primordially compact architecture to their present locations. Moreover, we test multiple different configurations for the primordial system of terrestrial planets and the Moon-forming projectile, with particular focus on the almost equal masses impact. We find that the instability/migration of the giant planets excites the orbits of the terrestrial planets through dynamical perturbations, thus allowing collisions between them. About 10 per cent of the simulations lead to a collision with the proto-Earth which resulted in a final configuration of the terrestrial system that reproduces, to some extent, its present architecture. Most of these collisions occur in the hit-and-run domain, but about 15 per cent occur in the partial accretion regime, with the right conditions for a Moon-forming impact. In most of the simulations, there is a delay of more than ∼20 My between the time of the instability and the Moon-forming impact. This supports the occurrence of an early instability (&lt;10 My after dissipation of the gas in the protoplanetary disc), compatible with the time of the Moon-forming impact (30–60 My) inferred from cosmochemical constraints. In general, the final states of the inner Solar system in our simulations show an excess of Angular Momentum Deficit, mostly attributed to the overexcitation of Mercury’s eccentricity and inclination.
First high-resolution optical spectra of the distant emission-line star VES 723 (IRAS 02110+6212)
Authors: Miroshnichenko A S , Klochkova V G , Chentsov E L , Panchuk V E , Yushkin M V , Manset N 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The first high-resolution spectra (resolving powers of R ≥ 60 000) of the emission-line star VES 723, which has an unknown evolutionary status, were taken at the 6-m Big Telescope Alt-Azimuthal and the 3.6-m Canada–France–Hawaii Telescope. The spectrum is dominated with powerful emission lines of neutral hydrogen and helium, and forbidden singly ionized nitrogen. The Hα and He i lines were found to exhibit broad foundations of the emission profiles at least 250 km s−1 wide. The strongest emission lines exhibit no noticeable variations during the observing period (2011–2017) except for the He i lines. The spectra contain multicomponent interstellar absorptions of Na i and K i (mult. 1) and several strongest diffuse interstellar bands, while photospheric absorptions have not been detected. The average radial velocity of the forbidden [N ii] emission line centres was adopted as the systemic velocity (Vsys ≈ −52 km s−1), which indicates a large distance of ≈6 kpc. Our luminosity estimates of log  L/L⊙ = 3.7−4.0 for two different Gaia distance measurements, along with an effective temperature of Teff = 25 000 ± 2000 K and a fast decrease of the infrared flux longward of $\lambda \sim 10\, \mu{\rm m}$, allow us to suggest that VES 723 is neither a pre-main-sequence Herbig B[e] star nor a B[e] supergiant but rather a member of the FS CMa group of objects with the B[e] phenomenon.
Revisiting the Galactic Double Neutron Star merger and LIGO detection rates
Authors: Grunthal K , Kramer M , Desvignes G 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We revisit the merger rate for Galactic double neutron star (DNS) systems in light of recent observational insight into the longitudinal and latitudinal beam shape of the relativistic DNS PSR J1906 + 0746. Due to its young age and its relativistic orbit, the pulsar contributes significantly to the estimate of the joint Galactic merger rate. We follow previous analyses by modelling the underlying pulsar population of nine merging DNS systems and study the impact and resulting uncertainties when replacing simplifying assumptions made in the past with actual knowledge of the beam shape, its extent, and the viewing geometry. We find that the individual contribution of PSR J1906 + 0746 increases to $\mathcal {R} = 6^{+28}_{-5} \, \mathrm{Myr}^{-1}$ although the values are still consistent with previous estimates, given the uncertainties. We also compute contributions to the merger rates from the other DNS systems by applying a generic beam shape derived from that of PSR J1906 + 0746, evaluating the impact of previous assumptions. We derive a joint Galactic DNS merger rate of $\mathcal {R}^{\mathrm{gen}}_{\mathrm{MW}} = 32^{+19}_{-9}\, \mathrm{Myr}^{-1}$, leading to a LIGO detection rate of $\mathcal {R}^{\mathrm{gen}}_{\mathrm{LIGO}} = 3.5^{+2.1}_{-1.0}\, \mathrm{yr}^{-1}$ (90 per cent conf. limit), considering the upcoming O3 sensitivity of LIGO. As these values are in good agreement with previous estimates, we conclude that the method of estimating the DNS merger and LIGO detection rates via the study of the radio pulsar DNS population is less prone to systematic uncertainties than previously thought.
Identification of twist-angle-dependent excitons in WS2/WSe2 heterobilayers
Authors: Wu Ke , Zhong Hongxia , Guo Quanbing , Tang Jibo , Zhang Jing , Qian Lihua , Shi Zhifeng , Zhang Chendong , Yuan Shengjun , Zhang Shunping , Xu Hongxing 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Stacking atomically thin films enables artificial construction of van der Waals heterostructures with exotic functionalities such as superconductivity, the quantum Hall effect, and engineered light-matter interactions. In particular, heterobilayers composed of monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides have attracted significant interest due to their controllable interlayer coupling and trapped valley excitons in moiré superlattices. However, the identification of twist-angle-modulated optical transitions in heterobilayers is sometimes controversial since both momentum-direct (K–K) and -indirect excitons reside on the low energy side of the bright exciton in the monolayer constituents. Here, we attribute the optical transition at ∼1.35 eV in the WS2/WSe2 heterobilayer to an indirect Γ–K transition based on a systematic analysis and comparison of experimental photoluminescence spectra with theoretical calculations. The exciton wavefunction obtained by the state-of-the-art GW-Bethe-Salpeter equation approach indicates that both the electron and hole of the excitons are contributed by the WS2 layer. Polarization-resolved k-space imaging further confirms that the transition dipole moment of this optical transition is dominantly in-plane and is independent of the twist angle. The calculated absorption spectrum predicts that the so-called interlayer exciton peak coming from the K–K transition is located at 1.06 eV, but with a much weaker amplitude. Our work provides new insight into the steady-state and dynamic properties of twist-angle-dependent excitons in van der Waals heterostructures.