bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frailty is associated with a higher risk of developing delirium and cognitive impairment among patients with diabetic kidney disease: A longitudinal population‐based cohort study
Authors: Lee Szu‐Ying , Wang Jui , Chao Chia‐Ter , Chien Kuo‐Liong , Huang Jenq‐Wen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimsDelirium, a form of acute brain failure, exhibits a high incidence among older adults. Recent studies have implicated frailty as an under‐recognized complication of diabetes mellitus. Whether the presence of frailty increases the risk of delirium/cognitive impairment among patients with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) remains unclear.MethodsFrom the longitudinal cohort of diabetes patients (LCDP) (n = 840,000) in Taiwan, we identified adults with DKD, dividing them into those without and with different severities of frailty based on a modified FRAIL scale. Cox proportional hazard regression was utilized to examine the frailty‐associated risk of delirium/cognitive impairment, identified using approaches validated by others.ResultsTotally 149,145 patients with DKD (mean 61.0 years, 44.2% female) were identified, among whom 31.0%, 51.7%, 16.0% and 1.3% did not have or had 1, 2 and >2 FRAIL items at baseline. After 3.68 years, 6613 (4.4%) developed episodes of delirium/cognitive impairment. After accounting for demographic/lifestyle factors, co‐morbidities, medications and interventions, patients with DKD and 1, 2 and >2 FRAIL items had a progressively higher risk of developing delirium/cognitive impairment than those without (for those with 1, 2 and >2 items, hazard ratio 1.18, 1.26 and 1.30, 95% confidence interval 1.08–1.28, 1.14–1.39 and 1.10–1.55, respectively). For every FRAIL item increase, the associated risk rose by 9%.ConclusionsFrailty significantly increased the risk of delirium/cognitive impairment among patients with DKD. Frailty screening in these patients may assist in delirium risk stratification.
Employer learning, job changes, and wage dynamics
Authors: Kim Seik , Usui Emiko 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper takes a new approach to testing whether employer learning is public or private. We show that public and private learning schemes make two distinct predictions about the curvature of the wage growth path when a worker changes jobs, because less information about the worker's productivity is transferred to a new employer in the private learning case than in the public learning case. This prediction enables us to account for individual and job‐match heterogeneity, which was not possible in previous tests. Using the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979, we find that employer learning is public for high‐school graduates and private for college graduates.
No behavioural evidence for rhythmic facilitation of perceptual discrimination
Authors: Lin Wy Ming , Oetringer Djamari A. , Bakker‐Marshall Iske , Emmerzaal Jill , Wilsch Anna , ElShafei Hesham A. , Rassi Elie , Haegens Saskia 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIt has been hypothesized that internal oscillations can synchronize (i.e., entrain) to external environmental rhythms, thereby facilitating perception and behaviour. To date, evidence for the link between the phase of neural oscillations and behaviour has been scarce and contradictory; moreover, it remains an open question whether the brain can use this tentative mechanism for active temporal prediction. In our present study, we conducted a series of auditory pitch discrimination tasks with 181 healthy participants in an effort to shed light on the proposed behavioural benefits of rhythmic cueing and entrainment. In the three versions of our task, we observed no perceptual benefit of purported entrainment: targets occurring in‐phase with a rhythmic cue provided no perceptual benefits in terms of discrimination accuracy or reaction time when compared with targets occurring out‐of‐phase or targets occurring randomly, nor did we find performance differences for targets preceded by rhythmic versus random cues. However, we found a surprising effect of cueing frequency on reaction time, in which participants showed faster responses to cue rhythms presented at higher frequencies. We therefore provide no evidence of entrainment, but instead a tentative effect of covert active sensing in which a faster external rhythm leads to a faster communication rate between motor and sensory cortices, allowing for sensory inputs to be sampled earlier in time.
Activity‐induced secretion of semaphorin 3A mediates learning
Authors: Jitsuki‐Takahashi Aoi , Jitsuki Susumu , Yamashita Naoya , Kawamura Meiko , Abe Manabu , Sakimura Kenji , Sano Akane , Nakamura Fumio , Goshima Yoshio , Takahashi Takuya 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe semaphorin family is a well‐characterized family of secreted or membrane‐bound proteins that are involved in activity‐independent neurodevelopmental processes, such as axon guidance, cell migration, and immune functions. Although semaphorins have recently been demonstrated to regulate activity‐dependent synaptic scaling, their roles in Hebbian synaptic plasticity as well as learning and memory remain poorly understood. Here, using a rodent model, we found that an inhibitory avoidance task, a hippocampus‐dependent contextual learning paradigm, increased secretion of semaphorin 3A in the hippocampus. Furthermore, the secreted semaphorin 3A in the hippocampus mediated contextual memory formation likely by driving AMPA receptors into hippocampal synapses via the neuropilin1–plexin A4–semaphorin receptor complex. This signaling process involves alteration of the phosphorylation status of collapsin response mediator protein 2, which has been characterized as a downstream molecule in semaphorin signaling. These findings implicate semaphorin family as a regulator of Hebbian synaptic plasticity and learning.
Long‐term inorganic nitrogen application changes the ammonia‐oxidizing archaeal community composition in paddy soils
Authors: Samaddar Sandipan , Truu Jaak , Chatterjee Poulami , Oopkaup Kristjan , Truu Marika , Kim Kiyoon , Kim Sookjin , Schmidt Radomir , Roy Choudhury Aritra , Choi Jeongyun , Sa Tongmin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe abundance and taxonomic composition of ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) were assessed in paddy soils that had received more than 50 years of fertilization with and without inorganic N. The inorganic N fertilized treatments were: NPK and NPK + CO (nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) and compost (CO)). The treatments without inorganic N were: CO, PK and control (unfertilized soils). Quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis of the archaeal amoA gene showed no significant changes in AOA abundance following the long‐term application of inorganic N fertilizers. However, subsequent analysis of amoA gene sequencing data showed that inorganic N application significantly changed the AOA community composition and alpha diversity indices. Edge principal components analysis (PCA) showed varying contributions of distinct AOA lineages in separating samples according to the fertilization treatment. Addition of inorganic N favoured an increase in the abundance of AOA lineages belonging to Nitrososphaera, and the treatments without inorganic N additions formed a separate cluster dominated by Nitrosotalea lineage. The distinct response of the two AOA lineages points towards different community organization of soil AOA and strongly supports the concept of habitat partitioning in paddy soil ecosystems.Highlights
Lineages of AOA responded differently to different N management practices.
Long‐term N fertilization selectively enriched AOA lineages, with C:N ratio a factor associated with such changes
Inorganic N favoured Nitrososphaera lineage abundance
Regardless of fertilizer status, Nitrosotalea lineage was dominant in the absence of inorganic N fertilization.
Tractable models of ecological assembly
Authors: Serván Carlos A. , Allesina Stefano 
Published: March 2021

AbstractEcological assembly is a fundamental and yet poorly understood process. Three main obstacles hinder the development of a theory of assembly, and when these issues are sidestepped by making strong assumptions, one can build an assembly graph in which nodes are ecological communities and edges are invasions shifting their composition. The graph can then be analysed directly, without the need to consider dynamics. To showcase this framework, we build and analyse assembly graphs for the competitive Lotka–Volterra model, showing that in these cases sequential assembly (in which species invade a community one at a time) can reach the same configurations found when starting the system with all species present at different initial conditions. We discuss how our results can advance our understanding of assembly both from an empirical and a theoretical point of view, informing the study of ecological restoration and the design of ecological communities.
Association between restless legs syndrome and peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Jiménez‐Jiménez Félix Javier , Alonso‐Navarro Hortensia , García‐Martín Elena , Agúndez José A.G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeThe coexistence of peripheral neuropathy (PN) and restless legs syndrome (RLS) or Willis–Ekbom disease is relatively frequent, but its prevalence has shown a high variability across studies. In addition, several reports have shown data suggesting the presence of PN in patients with idiopathic RLS.MethodsA search was undertaken using the PubMed, Embase and Web of Science Databases, from 1966 to 6 December 2020, crossing the search term ‘restless legs syndrome’ with ‘neuropathy’, ‘polyneuropathy’ (PNP) and ‘peripheral neuropathy’, and the references of interest for this topic were identified; a meta‐analysis was performed, according to PRISMA guidelines, and a calculation of pooled prevalences, where appropriate, was made using standard methods.ResultsRestless legs syndrome has been reported in 5.2%–53.7% of patients with PN (average 21.5%; 95% confidence interval 18.6%–24.5%), and PN has been reported in 0%–87.5% of patients with RLS (average 41.8%; 95% confidence interval 39.9%–43.6%), both being significantly more frequent than in controls. The heterogeneity across studies could be due to differences in the diagnostic criteria used for both RLS and PN. RLS is a frequent clinical complaint in patients with PN of different aetiologies, mainly diabetic PN, uraemic PNP, familial amyloid PNP, Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease and chronic dysimmune inflammatory PNP. Recent neurophysiological findings suggest the presence of small sensory fibre loss in patients diagnosed with idiopathic RLS, but it remains to be determined whether RLS associated with small sensory fibre loss and idiopathic RLS are different clinical entities.ConclusionsFuture studies including clinical and neurophysiological assessment and skin biopsy involving a large series of patients with PN and RLS are needed for a better understanding of the association between these two entities.
A comprehensive framework for operating science‐based fisheries management: A checklist for using the best available science
Authors: Su Shu , Tang Yi , Chen Jessica , Chang Bowen , Chen Yong 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDeveloping fisheries policies based on the best available science (BAS) has been generally required in international agreements and national legal documents in many countries. However, it is difficult to comply with BAS when lacking a uniformly agreed‐upon operational framework. In this study, we conducted an exhaustive literature review and developed a framework that includes a comprehensive set of criteria and a basic operational structure for science‐based fisheries management (SBFM) to better integrate BAS in fisheries policies. We proposed that SBFM consists of four components: objective‐setting, data input (implementation and enforcement process), data production (scientific research process), and data use (management strategy development). The capacity of a fisheries system to produce and use BAS is mainly reflected in the following areas: (a) efficient informational feedback among these components; (b) collecting a good range of quality‐assured data that meet the needs of scientific research and fishery policy formulation; (c) analyzing the collected data; and (d) selecting and using the best data from different sources. The framework developed provides a set of new patterns for the use of fisheries science, which is applied for management purposes. It can inform the creation, evaluation, and improvement of management systems rooted in SBFM and strengthen SBFM‐related research, communication, and cooperation.
Taxonomic turnover and northward phylogenetic clustering reveal evidence for environmental filtering in structuring Trichoptera communities across Europe
Authors: Garcia‐Raventós Aina , Viza Aida , Múrria Cesc 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

A fundamental question in macroecology is how contemporary and historical environments, species interactions and evolutionary processes contribute to determining community structure and shape current large‐scale taxa distributions.

We used a novel perspective simultaneously considering taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic diversity to elucidate how these factors have shaped regional diversity patterns in composition of Trichoptera (Insecta) at the genus level among 62 mountain stream reaches located across six regions from Morocco to Sweden.

The biogeographical range paradigm postulates declining diversity with latitude, but our results showed that taxonomic diversity was unrelated to latitude and local richness was similar in both previously glaciated and unglaciated southern regions. Also, taxonomic β‐diversity across regions was mostly driven by turnover rather than the expected nestedness component. High taxonomic diversity and several indicator genera (i.e. genera characteristic of any specific region) were found in Mediterranean regions, but also in the Carpathians and across central‐eastern Europe.

Functional traits revealed phylogenetic trait conservatism. Phylogenetic diversity and functional richness did not decrease with latitude. Phylogenetic structure of central and eastern communities was clustered (i.e. communities composed by closely related genera), whereas south‐western communities were phylogenetically overdispersed (i.e. less closely related than expected by chance).

Overall, latitudinal patterns of taxonomic turnover and variable phylogenetic community structure indicate an important role of contemporary ecological conditions in structuring community composition, probably by environmental filtering. However, the signature of biogeographical history is also relevant to understanding the large‐scale distribution of taxa. The permanence of caddisfly communities in temperate regions during Pleistocene glaciations demonstrates the presence of refugia there and, therefore, broadens the spatial extent of refugia beyond Mediterranean areas. This contrasts with theories which placed refugia exclusively in Mediterranean areas.
Variation of stomach content and isotopic niche of puye Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842) in large river systems of southern Chile
Authors: Manosalva Aliro J. , Pérez Stefanía , Toledo Bárbara , Colin Nicole , Habit Evelyn M. , Górski Konrad 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Understanding of trophic structure and flow of energy within river systems is essential for informed management of these ecosystems and conservation of native fish fauna and fisheries resources. Food resources used by riverine fish depend on productivity within the main stem and adjacent floodplains, terrestrial inputs, and longitudinal and lateral hydrologic connectivity.

Trophic ecology of puye (Galaxias maculatus Jenyns, 1842) in Chilean river systems remains poorly understood and studies that combine short‐term (stomach content) and long‐term (stable isotope analyses) analyses have not been performed to date. In this study, we assessed spatial variability in diet of puye based on both stomach content and analyses of stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in 10 river systems of southern Chile (including main stem, headwater lakes, and estuaries). Fish in the main stems of more northern rivers, with predictable flow regimes, were characterised by the most diverse diets, broad niche space, and high proportion of terrestrial prey items and zooplankton in diet. Fish collected in lakes were characterised by narrow isotopic niche space and diet dominated by zooplankton.

Diet of G. maculatus in Chilean river systems is associated with characteristics of riverine habitats within each river system (lentic, lotic, and estuarine) and hydrologic connectivity among them. Indeed, connectivity with floodplain habitats and direct supply from headwater lakes appeared to be primary drivers of fish diet in systems where these are present. These supplies maintain fish populations of good condition and allow freshwater recruitment. Therefore, maintaining seasonal flow dynamics and connectivity is essential to preserve the natural function of these river systems and conserve native fish populations.
The role of internal feedbacks in shifting deep lake mixing regimes under a warming climate
Authors: Mesman Jorrit P. , Stelzer Julio A. A. , Dakos Vasilis , Goyette Stéphane , Jones Ian D. , Kasparian Jérôme , McGinnis Daniel F. , Ibelings Bas W. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Climate warming is causing changes in the physics of deep lakes, such as longer summer stratification, increased water column stability, reduced ice cover, and a shallower depth of winter overturns. An ultimate consequence of warming would be a transition to a different mixing regime. Here we investigate the role of physical, chemical, and biological feedback mechanisms that unfold during a shift in mixing regime, and whether these feedbacks could prompt and stabilise the new regime. Although climate, interannual temperature variation, and lake morphometry are the main determinants of a mixing regime, when climate change causes shifts in mixing regime, internal feedback mechanisms may gain in importance and modify lake ecosystem functioning.

We review the role of these feedbacks in three mixing regime shifts: from polymictic to seasonally stratified, from dimictic to monomictic, and from holomictic to oligomictic or meromictic.

Polymictic lakes of intermediate depth (c. 3–10 m mean depth) could experience seasonal stratification if a stratification event triggers phytoplankton blooms or dissolved organic matter release, reducing transparency and therefore further heating the surface layer. However, this feedback is only likely to have influence in small and clear lakes, it would be easily disturbed by weather conditions, and the resulting stratified state does not remain stable in the long term, as stratification is lost in winter.

The ice‐albedo feedback might cause an accelerated shift from ice‐covered (dimictic) to ice‐free (monomictic) winters in sufficiently deep (mean depth 50 m or more) lakes, where temperature memory is carried over from one winter to the next. Nevertheless, there is an ongoing debate into whether this process can persist during natural weather variations and overcome self‐stabilising mechanisms such as thermal insulation by snow. The majority of studies suggest that a gradual transition from dimictic to monomictic is more likely than an abrupt transition.

A shift from a holomictic to a meromictic regime can occur if anoxia is triggered by incomplete mixing and an increase in deep‐water density—through the accumulation of solutes—exceeds a density decrease by hypolimnetic warming. A shift to meromixis would strongly alter the biology of a lake and might be difficult to reverse. If solutes accumulate only minimally in the hypolimnion, an oligomictic regime is formed, in which years with complete and incomplete mixing alternate.

Understanding the importance of feedback mechanisms and the role of biogeochemistry when lakes shift in mixing regime could lead to a better understanding of how climate change affects lake ecosystems.
Nucleoside/nucleotide analog consolidation therapy in hepatitis B e‐antigen positive chronic hepatitis B patients: Three years should be preferred
Authors: Li Tao , Liang Yan , Zhang Meng , Liu Feng , Zhang Lixin , Yang Baohua , Wang Lei 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimTo assess the role of consolidation therapy after cessation of nucleoside/nucleotide analogs (NAs) for off‐treatment outcome and to explore the optimal consolidation period in hepatitis B e‐antigen (HBeAg) positive chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients.MethodsWe undertook a prospective, observational cohort study including HBeAg positive CHB patients discontinuing NAs. Virological relapse was the primary endpoint of the current study and was defined as a serum hepatitis B virus DNA more than 104 copies/ml (another assay was carried out for confirmation at least 2 weeks later). Propensity score matching analysis was used to balance the baseline characteristics between HBeAg positive CHB patients with different consolidation periods.ResultsA total of 190 HBeAg positive CHB patients were included. Fifty‐four patients relapsed during follow‐up and the cumulative relapse rates at years 1, 3, 5, and 10 were 19.5%, 24.1%, 27.2%, and 32.1%, respectively. Most patients (61.1%) relapsed in the first 6 months. After propensity score matching, significantly lower cumulative relapse rates were observed in patients with consolidation period ≥36 months compared with patients with consolidation period more than 36 months (29.3% vs. 52.8% at year 10; p = 0.012).ConclusionsCessation of NAs after HBeAg seroconversion and long‐term consolidation is generally safe and feasible in HBeAg positive CHB patients. Three years of consolidation should be preferred in clinical practice.
False‐negative programmed death‐ligand 1 immunostaining in ethanol‐fixed endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration specimens of non‐small‐cell lung cancer patients
Authors: Koomen Bregje M , Vreuls Willem , de Boer Mirthe , de Ruiter Emma J , Hoelters Juergen , Vink Aryan , Willems Stefan M 
Published: March 2021

AimsProgrammed death‐ligand 1 (PD‐L1) immunostaining is used to predict which non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients will respond best to treatment with programmed cell death protein 1/PD‐L1 inhibitors. PD‐L1 immunostaining is sometimes performed on alcohol‐fixed cytological specimens instead of on formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) biopsies or resections. We studied whether ethanol prefixation of clots from endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) results in diminished PD‐L1 immunostaining as compared with formalin fixation.Methods and resultsFFPE cell blocks from EBUS‐TBNA specimens of 54 NSCLC patients were identified. For each case, paired samples were available, consisting of clots directly immersed in formalin and clots prefixed in Fixcyt (50% ethanol). Serial sections were immunostained for PD‐L1 by use of the standardised SP263 assay and the 22C3 antibody as a laboratory‐developed test (LDT). PD‐L1 positivity was determined with two cut‐offs (1% and 50%). Concordance of PD‐L1 positivity between the formalin‐fixed (gold standard) and ethanol‐prefixed material was assessed. When the 22C3 LDT was used, 30% and 36% of the ethanol‐prefixed specimens showed false‐negative results at the 1% and 50% cut‐offs, respectively (kappa 0.64 and 0.68). When SP263 was used, 22% of the ethanol‐prefixed specimens showed false‐negative results at the 1% cut‐off (kappa 0.67). At the 50% cut‐off, concordance was higher (kappa 0.91), with 12% of the ethanol‐prefixed specimens showing false‐negative results.ConclusionEthanol fixation of EBUS‐TBNA specimens prior to formalin fixation can result in a considerable number of false‐negative PD‐L1 immunostaining results when a 1% cut‐off is used and immunostaining is performed with SP263 or the 22C3 LDT. The same applies to use of the 50% cut‐off when immunostaining is performed with the 22C3 LDT.