bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conversion of 7-Carboxy-Cannabidiol (7-COOH-CBD) to 11-Nor-9-Carboxy-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) during Sample Preparation for GC–MS Analysis
Authors: Hart E Dale , Vikingsson Svante , Mitchell John M , Winecker Ruth E , Flegel Ronald , Hayes Eugene D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The growing use of cannabidiol (CBD) products by the general public is expected to result in an increase in the prevalence of CBD and the CBD metabolites in drug testing laboratories. CBD converts into tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) under acid conditions which could produce false-positive results, but little is known about how the presence of the urinary metabolite of CBD, 7-carboxy-cannabidiol (7-COOH-CBD), would affect urine drug testing for 11-nor-9-carboxy-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH). As the operators of the National Laboratory Certification Program (NLCP), we prepared a set of performance testing samples containing 7-COOH-CBD for cannabinoid testing at the laboratories accredited by the NLCP to investigate if 7-COOH-CBD can produce false-positive results for THC-COOH during immunological screening analysis and if 7-COOH-CBD can be converted to THC-COOH. At concentrations up to 2,500 ng/mL, 7-COOH-CBD was not reactive by immunoassay in any of the four different immunoassay kits used. Additionally, we did not observe any significant conversion of 7-COOH-CBD to THC-COOH in assays used by NLCP-certified laboratories. However, we did see conversion when we requested that selected laboratories retest their samples using derivatization with perfluorinated anhydrides in combination with perfluorinated alcohols or when samples containing 7-COOH-CBD were exposed to acid for an extended time.
Growth and reproduction by young urban and rural black bears
Authors: Gould Nicholas P , Powell Roger , Olfenbuttel Colleen , DePerno Christopher S 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHuman-dominated landscapes contain fragmented natural land cover interspersed throughout an urban matrix. Animals that occupy human-dominated landscapes often grow and reproduce differently than conspecifics. Female American black bears (Ursus americanus) produce litters for the first time usually at age 4 years; 2-year-olds rarely give birth. We visited winter bear dens and trapped bears in spring and summer to compare the reproductive output and weight of female black bears within the city limits of Asheville, North Carolina, and three forested rural sites in North Carolina and Virginia representative of the undeveloped habitat of Asheville. Urban yearling females weighed nearly double (45.0 kg ± 8.1 [± SD]; n = 36) that of yearling females from the three rural study sites (23.2 ± 8.5 [Pisgah], 23.6 ± 8.3 [Virginia SW], and 23.9 ± 9.7 [Virginia NW]; n = 95). Across all sites, hard mast production during the autumn, when females were cubs, did not affect their weights as yearlings. Seven of 12 (58%) 2-year-old urban bears produced 11 cubs (mean litter size = 1.6 ± 0.8), but no 2-year-old rural females produced cubs. Production of hard mast in the autumn, when females were yearlings, did not influence cub production by 2-year-old female bears at the urban site. We hypothesize that reproduction by 2-year-old bears is linked to the availability of anthropogenic food sources associated with urban environments. To inform population level management decisions, managers and researchers should quantify urban food sources and the effects on black bear life history. If high fecundity allows urban populations to sustain relatively high mortality rates, then urban bear populations may be source populations for surrounding, rural areas. Alternately, if reproduction in urban populations cannot match high time-specific or age-specific urban mortality rates, then urban populations may be sinks for the surrounding areas.
Evaluating the utilisation and expenditure patterns of erythropoietin stimulating agents and immunosuppressants in Australian chronic kidney disease patients
Authors: Stanley Isabelle Kitty , Schultz Kadin L , Gardiner Kyle M , Staatz Christine E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to characterise utilisation and expenditure patterns associated with erythropoietin stimulating agents (ESAs) (darbepoetin alfa, epoetin alfa, epoetin beta, epoetin lambda and methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta) and immunosuppressants (mycophenolate, tacrolimus, ciclosporine, sirolimus and everolimus) in the Australian chronic kidney disease (CKD) population from 2010–2018.

Methods
Utilisation and expenditure data for each drug were obtained from the Pharmaceutical Benefit Scheme and Highly Specialised Drugs program. Utilisation data were provided a number of dispensing per year, which was then converted to the daily defined dose per 1000 population per day for each year. Temporal trends were then analysed.

Key findings
Over the study period, utilisation of methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta and epoetin lambda rose by 13.7 and 81.4-fold, respectively. Contrastingly, the utilisation of darbepoetin alfa, epoetin alfa and epoetin beta declined by 6%, 42% and 70%, respectively. In 2018, tacrolimus, sirolimus, everolimus and mycophenolate utilisation was up 126%, 16.9%, 125% and 182% respectively; conversely, ciclosporine utilisation dropped 19%. Total Australian expenditure on all ESAs examined remained stable at around AUD 128 million over the study period, while total Australian expenditure across all immunosuppressants increased 1.1-fold reaching just over AUD 98 million.

Conclusions
It appears that immunosuppressant utilisation and expenditure are rising as transplantation rates in Australia continue to increase. Conversely, ESA utilisation and expenditure remained relatively unchanged over the study period. This may be due to increasing concerns around the safety of ESAs offsetting the increasing number of people with CKD.
Coexistence of salivary duct, myoepithelial and epithelial-myoepithelial carcinomas in the parotid gland: a case report and literature review
Authors: Yanagawa Naoki , Suzuki Masamichi , Saito Daisuke , Sugimoto Ryo , Osakabe Mitsumasa , Uesugi Noriyuki , Shiga Kiyoto , Sugai Tamotsu 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Few reports have described two or more histologically-distinct carcinoma types within the same salivary gland. A 62-year-old man presented to our hospital after detecting a mass in the right parotid gland. Computed tomography revealed a tumor (5.1 × 5.0 cm) within the right parotid gland. Tumor resection with lymph node dissection was performed. The proliferation of three morphologically-different tumor cells was demonstrated on histopathologic examination (salivary duct carcinoma [SDC], myoepithelial carcinoma and epithelial-myoepithelial carcinoma [EMC]). The shape of the inner layer of cells in the EMC was similar to the SDC. Specifically, it appeared that the cells were a mixture of the two tumors with reciprocal transfer in the same area. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the SDC cells and the EMC inner cells were positive for AR, HER2 and p53. Thus, we suggest that our case represented a high-grade transformation.
Histiocytosis and the nervous system: from diagnosis to targeted therapies
Authors: Cohen Aubart Fleur , Idbaih Ahmed , Emile Jean-François , Amoura Zahir , Abdel-Wahab Omar , Durham Benjamin H , Haroche Julien , Diamond Eli L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Histiocytoses are heterogeneous hematopoietic diseases characterized by the accumulation of CD68(+) cells with various admixed inflammatory infiltrates. The identification of the pivotal role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has opened new avenues of research and therapeutic approaches. We review the neurologic manifestations of 3 histiocytic disorders with frequent involvement of the brain and spine: Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD), and Rosai-Dorfman-Destombes disease (RDD). Central nervous system (CNS) manifestations occur in 10%-25% of LCH cases, with both tumorous or neurodegenerative forms. These subtypes differ by clinical and radiological presentation, pathogenesis, and prognosis. Tumorous or degenerative neurologic involvement occurs in 30%-40% of ECD patients and affects the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, meninges, and brain parenchyma. RDD lesions are typically tumorous with meningeal or parenchymal masses with strong contrast enhancement. Unlike LCH and ECD, neurodegenerative lesions or syndromes have not been described with RDD. Familiarity with principles of evaluation and treatment both shared among and distinct to each of these 3 diseases is critical for effective management. Refractory or disabling neurohistiocytic involvement should prompt the consideration for use of targeted kinase inhibitor therapies.
Evaluating Point-of-Care Nucleic Acid Tests in Adult Human Immunodeficiency Virus Diagnostic Strategies: A Côte d’Ivoire Modeling Analysis
Authors: Neilan Anne M , Cohn Jennifer , Sacks Emma , Gandhi Aditya R , Fassinou Patricia , Walensky Rochelle P , Kouadio Marc N , Freedberg Kenneth A , Ciaranello Andrea L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
The World Health Organization (WHO) human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnostic strategy requires 6 rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs). Point-of-care nucleic acid tests (POC NATs) are costlier, less sensitive, but more specific than RDTs.

Methods
We simulated a 1-time screening process in Côte d’Ivoire (CI; undiagnosed prevalence: 1.8%), comparing WHO- and CI-recommended RDT-based strategies (RDT-WHO, RDT-CI) and an alternative: POC NAT to resolve RDT discordancy (NAT-Resolve). Costs included assays (RDT: $1.47; POC NAT: $27.92), antiretroviral therapy ($6–$22/month), and HIV care ($27–$38/month). We modeled 2 sensitivity/specificity scenarios: high-performing (RDT: 99.9%/99.1%; POC NAT: 95.0%/100.0%) and low-performing (RDT: 91.1%/82.9%; POC NAT: 93.3%/99.5%). Outcomes included true-positive (TP), false-positive (FP), true-negative (TN), or false-negative (FN) results; life expectancy; costs; and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICERs: $/year of life saved [YLS]; threshold ≤$1720/YLS [per-capita gross domestic product]).

Results
Model-projected impacts of misdiagnoses were 4.4 years lost (FN vs TP; range, 3.0–13.0 years) and a $5800 lifetime cost increase (FP vs TN; range, $590–$14 680). In the high-performing scenario, misdiagnoses/10 000 000 tested were lowest for NAT-Resolve vs RDT-based strategies (FN: 409 vs 413–429; FP: 14 vs 21–28). Strategies had similar life expectancy (228 months) and lifetime costs ($220/person) among all tested; ICERs were $3450/YLS (RDT-CI vs RDT-WHO) and $120 910/YLS (NAT-Resolve vs RDT-CI). In the low-performing scenario, misdiagnoses were higher (FN: 22 845–30 357; FP: 83 724–112 702) and NAT-Resolve was cost-saving.

Conclusions
We projected substantial clinical and economic impacts of misdiagnoses. Using POC NAT to resolve RDT discordancy generated the fewest misdiagnoses and was not cost-effective in high-performing scenarios, but may be an important adjunct to existing RDT-based strategies in low-performing scenarios.
Clinical Practice Guideline for Physical Therapist Management of People With Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Peter Wilfred F , Swart Nynke M , Meerhoff Guus A , Vliet Vlieland Thea P M 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objective
This guideline revises the 2008 Royal Dutch Society for Physical Therapy guideline for physical therapy for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Method
This revised guideline was developed according to the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation tool and the Guidelines International Network standards. A multidisciplinary guideline panel formulated clinical questions based on perceived barriers in current care. For every clinical question, a narrative or systematic literature review was undertaken, where appropriate. The guideline panel formulated recommendations based on the results of the literature reviews, the values and preferences of patients and clinicians, and the acceptability, feasibility, and costs, as described in the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation evidence-to-decision framework.

Results
The eventual guideline describes a comprehensive assessment based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Core Set for RA. It also includes a description of yellow and red flags to support direct access. Based on the assessment, 3 treatment profiles are distinguished: (1) education and exercise instructions with limited supervision, (2) education and short-term supervised exercise therapy, and (3) education and intensified supervised exercise therapy. Education includes RA-related information, advice, and self-management support. Exercises are based on recommendations concerning the desired frequency, intensity, type, and time-related characteristics of the exercises (FITT factors). Their interpretation is compliant with the individual patient’s situation and with public health recommendations for health-enhancing physical activity. Recommended measurement instruments for monitoring and evaluation include the Patient-Specific Complaint instrument, Numeric Rating Scales for pain and fatigue, the Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index, and the 6-minute walk test.

Conclusion
An evidence-based physical therapy guideline was delivered, providing ready-to-use recommendations on the assessment and treatment of patients with RA. An active implementation strategy to enhance its use in daily practice is advised.

Impact
This evidence-based practice guideline guides the physical therapist in the treatment of patients with RA. The cornerstones of physical therapist treatment for patients with RA are active exercise therapy in combination with education. Passive interventions such as massage, electrotherapy, thermotherapy, low-level laser therapy, ultrasound, and medical taping play a subordinate role.
Academies in Health Professions Education: A Scoping Review
Authors: Uijtdehaage Sebastian , Ho Ming-Jung , Harvey Emily , Dorris C. Scott , Huggett Kathryn N. 
Published: May 2021

Purpose
Thirty years ago, academies were conceived as a sociocultural approach to revitalize the teaching mission of medical schools and to promote educators’ career advancement. The academy movement has grown rapidly and now reaches a broad range of health professions education organizations. The authors conducted a scoping review to map the literature and describe the evidence that guides the formation of new academies and justifies the continuation of existing ones.

Method
The authors searched MEDLINE (via Ovid), Embase (via Elsevier and Ovid), CINAHL (via EBSCOhost), and Web of Science (via Clarivate Analytics) from inception through March 6, 2020, for publications regarding academy-like organizations. They mapped the relevant literature using logic modeling as an organizing framework and included the mission, resources, activities, output, outcomes, and impact of the included academies.

Results
Of the 513 publications identified, 43 met the inclusion criteria, the oldest of which was published in 2000. Most publications were either case reports or perspective/opinion pieces (26, 57.8%), while studies presenting empirical findings were less common (11, 24.4%). Publications showed that academies were diversifying and increasingly were part of a broad range of organizations, including departments, hospitals, health science campuses, and national organizations. The mission, resources, and activities were similar across academies. Evaluation studies were largely limited to process measures, and rigorous studies examining outcomes (i.e., changes in academy participants) and impact on the organization at large were rare.

Conclusions
The increase in the number of academy-related publications parallels the accelerating speed of the academy movement. To sustain this movement, rigorous studies must provide evidence that academies contribute to the revitalization of organizations’ teaching mission and bring about an academic culture where educators thrive and where education is a legitimate career path.
Negative Pressure Neurogenesis: A Novel Approach to Accelerate Nerve Regeneration after Complete Peripheral Nerve Transection
Authors: Mettyas Tamer , Barton Matthew , Sahar Muhammad Sana Ullah , Lawrence Felicity , Sanchez-Herrero Alvaro , Shah Megha , St John James , Bindra Randy 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Various modalities to facilitate nerve regeneration have been described in the literature with limited success. We hypothesized that negative pressure applied to a sectioned peripheral nerve would enhance nerve regeneration by promoting angiogenesis and axonal lengthening.

Methods:
Wistar rats’ sciatic nerves were cut (creating ~7 mm nerve gap) and placed into a silicone T-tube, to which negative pressure was applied. The rats were divided into 4 groups: control (no pressure), group A (low pressure: 10 mm Hg), group B (medium pressure: 20/30 mm Hg) and group C (high pressure: 50/70 mm Hg). The nerve segments were retrieved after 7 days for gross and histological analysis.

Results:
In total, 22 rats completed the study. The control group showed insignificant nerve growth, whereas the 3 negative pressure groups showed nerve growth and nerve gap reduction. The true nerve growth was highest in group A (median: 3.54 mm) compared to group B, C, and control (medians: 1.19 mm, 1.3 mm, and 0.35 mm); however, only group A was found to be significantly different to the control group (**P < 0.01). Similarly, angiogenesis was observed to be significantly greater in group A (**P < 0.01) in comparison to the control.

Conclusions:
Negative pressure stimulated nerve lengthening and angiogenesis within an in vivo rat model. Low negative pressure (10 mm Hg) provided superior results over the higher negative pressure groups and the control, favoring axonal growth. Further studies are required with greater number of rats and longer recovery time to assess the functional outcome.
Significant and sustained decrease in non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral infections during COVID-19 public health interventions
Authors: Whitman Jeffrey D. , Pham Phong , Bern Caryn , Dekker Elaine M. , Haller Barbara L. , Jain Vivek , Winston Lisa G. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTPublic health interventions to decrease the spread of SARS-CoV-2 were largely implemented in the United States during spring 2020. This study evaluates the additional effects of these interventions on non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral infections from a single healthcare system in the San Francisco Bay Area. The results of a respiratory pathogen multiplex polymerase chain reaction panel intended for inpatient admissions were analyzed by month between 2019 and 2020. We found major decreases in the proportion and diversity of non-SARS-CoV-2 respiratory viral illnesses in all months following masking and shelter-in-place ordinances. These findings suggest real-world effectiveness of nonpharmaceutical interventions on droplet-transmitted respiratory infections.
Lipid Droplets and Ferritin Heavy Chain: a Devilish Liaison in Cancer Radioresistance
Authors: Tirinato L. , Marafioti M.G. , Pagliari F. , Jansen J. , Aversa I. , Hanley R. , Nisticò C. , Garcia-Calderón D. , Genard G. , Guerreiro J. F. , Costanzo F.S. , Seco J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAlthough much progress has been made in cancer treatment, the molecular mechanisms underlying cancer radioresistance (RR) as well as the biological characteristic of radioresistant cancer cells still need to be clarified. In this regard, we discovered that breast, bladder, lung, neuroglioma and prostate 6 Gy X-ray resistant cells were characterized by an increase of Lipid Droplet (LD) number and that the cells containing highest LDs showed the highest clonogenic potential after irradiation. Moreover, we observed that LD content was tightly connected with the iron metabolism and in particular with the presence of the ferritin heavy chain (FTH1). In fact, breast and lung cancer cells silenced for the FTH1 gene showed a reduction in the LD numbers and, by consequence, became radiosensitive. FTH1 restoration as well as iron-chelating treatment by Deferoxamine were able to restore the LD amount and RR. Overall, these results provide evidence of a novel molecular mechanism behind RR in which LDs and FTH1 are tightly connected to each other, a synergistic effect which might be worth deeply investigating in order to make cancer cells more radiosensitive and improve the efficacy of radiation treatments.
Cortico-spinal coupling along descending pain system differentiates between opioid and saline treatment in healthy participants
Authors: Tinnermann Alexandra , Sprenger Christian , Büchel Christian 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOpioids are potent analgesic drugs with widespread cortical, subcortical and spinal targets. In particular, the central pain system comprising ascending and descending pain pathways has high opioid receptor densities and is thus crucial for opioid analgesia. Here, we investigated effects of the opioid remifentanil in a large sample (n=78) of healthy male participants using combined cortico-spinal fMRI. This approach offers the possibility to measure BOLD responses simultaneously in the brain and spinal cord allowing us to investigate the role of cortico-spinal coupling in opioid analgesia. Our data show that opioids altered activity in regions involved in pain processing such as somatosensory regions including the spinal cord and pain modulation such as prefrontal regions. Moreover, coupling strength along the descending pain system, i.e. between the medial prefrontal cortex, periaqueductal gray and spinal cord was stronger in participants who reported stronger analgesia during opioid treatment while the reversed pattern was observed in the control group. These results indicate that coupling along the descending pain pathway is a potential mechanism of opioid analgesia and can differentiate between opioid analgesia and unspecific reductions in pain such as habituation.
On the Contribution of Reproductive and Offspring Investment on Fertility: Human and Animal Societies
Authors: Bukkuri Anuraag 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDifferences in investment into reproduction or offspring rearing are plentiful throughout the world, from the cells inside our bodies to complex sociological interactions among humans. Such differences can lead to profound impacts on species’ fitness, fertility, and reproductive rates, sometimes in startling ways. In this paper, we create a simple game-theoretical model to qualitatively investigate the effects of such differential investment. We focus on fertility in human societies and show that more wealthy individuals produce more offspring within a a mating group. However, when assortative mating mechanisms are introduced, this effectively leads to a speciation event, and a higher reproduction rate for poorer individuals is noticed, capturing what we call the “wealthy-to-poor switch”. We discuss extensions and implications of this work to nupital gifts in ecology and to clonal competition in cancer cell lines under the influence of treatment.