bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Indirect caries‐preventive effect of silver diamine fluoride on adjacent dental substrate: A single‐section demineralization study
Authors: Romero Maria Jacinta Rosario H. , Lippert Frank 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study assessed the indirect effect of 38% silver diamine fluoride (SDF) on demineralization of adjacent untreated sound and pre‐demineralized enamel and dentine using a single‐section model for digital transverse microradiography (TMR‐D). Forty‐eight bovine dentine single sections were demineralized, stratified (n = 12) according to integrated mineral loss (ΔZ), and treated with SDF or deionized water (DIW). Each “treated dentine” section was attached between untreated sound and pre‐demineralized enamel or dentine and then subjected to demineralization. ΔZ and lesion depths (LD) of all specimens at baseline, 24 and 48 h demineralization, and after treatment of “treated dentine” were quantified using TMR‐D. Fluoride in the demineralization solution of SDF clusters was determined using an ion‐selective electrode. ΔZ and LD of sound and ΔZ of pre‐demineralized enamel adjacent to SDF‐treated dentine did not increase over time. All untreated dentine demineralized significantly; however, ΔZ of sound dentine adjacent to SDF‐treated specimen was still significantly lower than control. SDF‐treated dentine remineralized and released fluoride even after 48 h. Consistent with clinical findings, when applied only to demineralized teeth in this chemical model, 38% SDF completely inhibited demineralization in adjacent untreated sound enamel. Demineralization prevention was observed to a lesser extent in adjacent pre‐demineralized enamel but not in dentine.
Effect of silica coating and laser treatment on the flexural strength, surface characteristics, and bond strength of a dental zirconia
Authors: da Silva Beatriz Togoro Ferreira , Trevelin Livia Tosi , Schroeter Ananda Carolina , Willers Amanda Endres , Cesar Paulo Francisco , Matos Adriana Bona 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of irradiation with an erbium‐doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Er:YAG) laser and coating with silica on the surface characteristics, bond strength, and flexural strength of dental zirconia. Three hundred and forty‐three standard zirconia specimens were created, and 49 were assigned to each of seven surface treatment groups: (i) no treatment; Er:YAG laser (80 mJ/2 Hz) with pulse widths of 50 μs (ii), 100 μs (iii), 300 μs (iv), or 600 μs (v); or tribochemical silica coating at the partially sintered stage (vi) or after sintering was complete (vii). All specimens were sintered after the surface treatments, except for the group in which specimens were sintered before treatment. The study outcomes were roughness, surface loss, microshear bond strength (μSBS), and biaxial flexural strength (BFS). Mean roughness and surface loss values were significantly higher in specimens from irradiated groups than in those from silica‐coated groups. Regarding μSBS, after aging, specimens from all experimental groups presented very low and similar μSBS values, irrespective of the surface treatment. Silica coating after sintering yielded the highest BFS (1149.5 ± 167.6 MPa), while coating partially sintered specimens with silica resulted a BFS (826.9 ± 60.9 MPa) similar to that of the untreated control group (794.9 ± 101.7 MPa). Laser treatments, irrespective of pulse width used, significantly decreased the BFS. In the group treated with laser at 300 μs pulse width, specimens exhibited the lowest BFS value (514.1 ± 71.5 MPa). Adhesion to zirconia was not stable after aging, regardless of the surface treatment implemented.
Xerostomia and hyposalivation among a 65‐yr‐old population living in Oslo, Norway
Authors: Diep My Tien , Jensen Janicke Liaaen , Skudutyte‐Rysstad Rasa , Young Alix , Sødal Anne Thea Tveit , Petrovski Beáta Éva , Hove Lene Hystad 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis study aimed to describe the prevalence and associated factors for xerostomia and hyposalivation in a young‐elderly population. A random sample of 460 65‐yr‐old people living in Oslo, Norway, answered a questionnaire and underwent a clinical examination (237 men and 223 women; response rate 58%). Ten percent of respondents reported xerostomia. The median Summated Xerostomia Index was 6 (interquartile range [IQR]: 5–7) and the median Clinical Oral Dryness Score was 2 (IQR: 1–3). The median unstimulated whole saliva (UWS) secretion rate was 0.34 (IQR: 0.20–0.53) mL min–1 and the median stimulated whole saliva (SWS) secretion rate was 1.74 (IQR: 1.24–2.38) mL min–1. In 8% of the study participants the UWS secretion rate was ≤0.1 mL min–1 and in 4% the SWS secretion rate was ≤0.7 mL min–1. Three percent of the study participants had both xerostomia and hyposalivation with respect to UWS. Xerostomia was significantly associated with medication use, having rheumatic disease, and having received radiation therapy to the head/neck region. Hyposalivation with respect to UWS and SWS was significantly associated with medication use and type II diabetes. Even though xerostomia and hyposalivation were not prevalent conditions in this population, clinicians should be especially aware of the salivary conditions in patients taking four or more medications, patients diagnosed with type II diabetes, and those who have undergone radiation therapy to the head/neck region.
A composite absorbable implant used to treat subchondral bone cysts in 38 horses
Authors: Ravanetti Paolo , Lechartier Antoine , Hamon Muriel , Zucca Enrica 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn the last 30 years, several treatments have been proposed to treat subchondral cystic lesions (SCLs) but there have been no randomised studies to compare different methods and there is no consensus as to the optimal treatment.ObjectivesTo evaluate a biocompatible absorbable implant for the treatment of SCLs in young horses in different anatomical locations.Study designRetrospective case series.MethodsHorses with SCLs were treated with debridement through a trans‐cortical extra‐articular approach and an absorbable implant was inserted in the cavity. Clinical and radiographic follow‐up was recorded and follow up ranged from 28 to 46 months (mean 37 months). Racing records were reviewed.ResultsThirty‐eight horses between 10 and 24 months of age were included in the study. In 36 of 38 horses treated, lameness resolved, and 77% average filling of the cyst was measured 120 days after surgery on radiographs. In two cases, surgical complications were recorded.Main limitationsInformation about the resorption of the implant is not available. Radiographs were performed in various hospitals or at farms or training stables, therefore, possible minor variations in technique and positioning occurred.ConclusionsThe extra‐articular approach to the SCLs followed by the insertion of the absorbable implant led to clinical and radiographic improvement of the SCLs at 120 days after surgery. This technique, feasible in different anatomical locations, may offer an alternative to treat SCLs in young horses.
Synergistic effects of harvest and climate drive synchronous somatic growth within key New Zealand fisheries
Authors: Morrongiello John R. , Horn Peter L. , Ó Maolagáin Caoimhghin , Sutton Philip J. H. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFisheries harvest has pervasive impacts on wild fish populations, including the truncation of size and age structures, altered population dynamics and density, and modified habitat and assemblage composition. Understanding the degree to which harvest‐induced impacts increase the sensitivity of individuals, populations and ultimately species to environmental change is essential to ensuring sustainable fisheries management in a rapidly changing world. Here we generated multiple long‐term (44–62 years), annually resolved, somatic growth chronologies of four commercially important fishes from New Zealand's coastal and shelf waters. We used these novel data to investigate how regional‐ and basin‐scale environmental variability, in concert with fishing activity, affected individual somatic growth rates and the magnitude of spatial synchrony among stocks. Changes in somatic growth can affect individual fitness and a range of population and fishery metrics such as recruitment success, maturation schedules and stock biomass. Across all species, individual growth benefited from a fishing‐induced release of density controls. For nearshore snapper and tarakihi, regional‐scale wind and temperature also additively affected growth, indicating that future climate change‐induced warming and potentially strengthened winds will initially promote the productivity of more poleward populations. Fishing increased the sensitivity of deep‐water hoki and ling growth to the Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). A forecast shift to a positive IPO phase, in concert with current harvest strategies, will likely promote individual hoki and ling growth. At the species level, historical fishing practices and IPO synergized to strengthen spatial synchrony in average growth between stocks separated by 400–600 nm of ocean. Increased spatial synchrony can, however, increase the vulnerability of stocks to deleterious stochastic events. Together, our individual‐ and species‐level results show how fishing and environmental factors can conflate to initially promote individual growth but then possibly heighten the sensitivity of stocks to environmental change.
Cd–S–Se quantum dot embedded glasses with dual emissions for wide color gamut white LED
Authors: Han Karam , Heo Jong , Im Won Bin , Chung Woon Jin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractCd‐S‐Se quantum dot embedded glasses (QDEGs) with dual‐band emissions of green and red were synthesized by assembling two QDEGs, to obtain a color converter for white LEDs (wLEDs) with a wide color gamut and long‐term stability. Each QDEG, possessing different sizes of QD, was prepared by adjusting heat‐treatment conditions. They were then bonded to each other by an additional heat treatment to fabricate a pattern structured QDEG (pQDEG). The fabrication conditions of the pQDEGs, such as their heat‐treatment condition and thickness, were varied to improve the color gamut. pQDEG‐based WLEDs were demonstrated and their optical properties such as color coordinates, luminous efficiency, and color rendering index (CRI) were monitored. The effect of pQDEG fabrication conditions on the resultant emission spectra and color gamut were discussed.
IL‐36 cytokines and gut immunity
Authors: Ngo Vu L. , Kuczma Michal , Maxim Estera , Denning Timothy L. 
Published: January 2021

SummaryInterleukin 36 (IL‐36) constitutes a group of cytokines that belong to the IL‐1 superfamily. Emerging evidence has suggested a role of IL‐36 in the pathogenesis of many inflammatory disorders. Intriguingly, in the gastrointestinal tract, IL‐36 has a rather complex function. IL‐36 receptor ligands are overexpressed in both animal colitis models and human IBD patients and may play both pathogenic and protective roles, depending on the context. IL‐36 cytokines comprise three receptor agonists: IL‐36α, IL‐36β and IL‐36γ, and two receptor antagonists: IL‐36Ra and IL‐38. All IL‐36 receptor agonists bind to the IL‐36R complex and exert pleiotropic effects during inflammatory settings. Here, we first briefly review the processing and secretion of IL‐36 cytokines. We then focus on the current understanding of the immunology effects of IL‐36 in gut immunity. In addition, we also discuss the ongoing trials that aim to blockage IL‐36R signalling for treating chronic intestinal inflammation and present some unexplored questions regarding IL‐36 research.
Developmental changes in the rules for B cell selection
Authors: Vergani Stefano , Yuan Joan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe autoimmune checkpoint during B cell maturation eliminates self‐antigen reactive specificities from the mature B cell repertoire. However, an exception to this rule is illustrated by B‐1 cells, an innate‐like self‐reactive B cell subset that is positively selected into the mature B cell pool in a self‐antigen‐driven fashion. The mechanisms by which B‐1 cells escape central tolerance have puzzled the field for decades. A key clue comes from their restricted developmental window during fetal and neonatal life. Here we use B‐1 cells as a prototypic early life derived B cell subset to explore developmental changes in the constraints of B cell selection. We discuss recent advancements in the understanding of the molecular program, centered around the RNA binding protein Lin28b, that licenses self‐reactive B‐1 cell output during ontogeny. Finally, we speculate on the possible link between the unique rules of early life B cell tolerance and the establishment of B cell – microbial mutualism to propose an integrated model for how developmental and environmental cues come together to create a protective layer of B cell memory involved in neonatal immune imprinting.
Physical proximity, corporate social responsibility, and the impact of negative investor sentiment on stock returns: Evidence from COVID‐19 in China
Authors: Zhai Huayun , Xiao Mingsheng , Chan Kam C. , Liu Qingzhuo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractUsing the Hubei province in China as the COVID‐19 pandemic epicenter and January 23, 2020 as the event date (the date the Chinese government announced the lockdown of Wuhan, the provincial capital), we document that while Chinese firms generally exhibited negative cumulative abnormal returns (CARs) around the event date, firms located far from the Hubei province experienced relatively less adverse impact by way of negative CARs than firms located close to and in the province. Moreover, firms that engaged strongly in corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities in terms of corporate donations prior to the event date experienced less of an adverse impact than those with no or weak CSR activities, suggesting that CSR serves an insurance‐like function that alleviates the adverse impact on stock returns precipitated by the negative investor sentiment stemming from COVID‐19.
Lentiginous melanoma (lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma) in Australia: clinicopathological characteristics, management and recurrence rates after 10‐year follow‐up at a tertiary centre
Authors: Collgros H. , Rodriguez‐Lomba E. , Regio Pereira A. , Lo S.N. , Scolyer R.A. , Guitera P. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundLentiginous melanoma or lentigo maligna is a slow‐growing type of melanoma frequently arising in sun‐damaged skin and often first diagnosed in the elderly. Few studies report long‐term follow‐up.ObjectivesTo define characteristics of lentiginous melanoma in situ (LM) and invasive lentiginous melanoma (LMM) in Australian patients managed at a tertiary centre and describe local recurrence or treatment failure rates after long‐term follow‐up.MethodsRetrospective single‐centre study of LM/LMM patients evaluated between January 2005 and March 2007. Medical and photographic records were reviewed.ResultsOne hundred two patients were included, with a total of 117 lesions (70 LM and 47 LMM). Seventy‐nine were new primary LM/LMM, and 38 were recurrences. Primary cases were mostly pigmented (71%), while 77% of recurrent cases were partially pigmented/light brown or amelanotic. The margins were clinically ill‐defined in the majority of cases (64% of primary cases and 94% of recurrent cases). Dermoscopy of the primary LM/LMM showed either classic ‘common’ melanoma features (33%) or classic LM/LMM features (41%), while 95% of recurrent cases had no features for melanoma or LM/LMM. Primary cases that were initially excised (113, 97%) had mean histopathological clear margins of 4.9 mm (range 0.1–22 mm). The median follow‐up time was 7.5 years (95% CI 5.2–10.0) with more than 10‐year follow‐up in 32% and 5–10 years in 24% of patients. There were 44 (38%) recurrences over the entire follow‐up period. Half of the patients who recurred did so within the first 3.8 years after the first treatment.ConclusionLM/LMM often recur late and are clinically subtle; therefore, careful monitoring and long‐term follow‐up are required.
Effects of pretreatments on quality attributes, moisture diffusivity, and activation energy of solar dried ivy gourd
Authors: Elangovan Elavarasan , Natarajan Sendhil K. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractEffect of pretreatments and drying method on the ivy gourd and their drying characteristics such as rate of drying, moisture diffusivity and activation energy are studied. The ivy gourd samples are pretreated with four pretreatments such as ascorbic acid, lemon juice, sugar solution, honey dip, and control for 10 min. Pretreated and control (untreated) ivy gourd slices are dried in a single slope solar dryer. The solar dryer temperature is found to be in the range of 35–72°C at air velocity of 1 m/s. The effective moisture diffusivity of the dried ivy gourd samples is found to be best in ascorbic acid (7.90 × 10−8 m2/s) followed by control samples (5.07 × 10−9 m2/s), lemon juice samples (6.92 × 10−9 m2/s), honey dip samples (3.05 × 10−10 m2/s), and sugar solution samples (3.37 × 10−10 m2/s). The activation energy of the dried ivy gourd is found as lowest in ascorbic acid (21.23 kJ/mol) followed by control samples (24.81 kJ/mol), lemon juice samples (26.06 kJ/mol), sugar solution samples (27.05 kJ/mol), and honey dip (27.79 kJ/mol) samples. The sensory analysis for the dried samples is performed in terms of taste, color and it is observed that honey treated sample given promising results followed by sugar solution, ascorbic acid, lemon juice, and control samples.Practical applicationDrying is a widely practicing technology in the postharvest food processing for their longer preservation. Most of the developing countries are facing huge loss in the vegetable postharvesting due to open drying methods. This is mainly due to the non‐availability of efficient solar drying facilities. This study proposed the most efficient solar drying method suitable for developing countries. Besides, quality of four different pretreatment ivy gourds is dried in a natural and forced convective single slope direct solar dryer and also dried in an open sun drying method. The effects of pretreatments on the moisture loss are analyzed and presented here. Based on the results, it is confirmed that, the pretreatments are the effective method for removing the moisture content of the food substances for longer period of preservation.
Salicylic acid and ethylene coordinately promote leaf senescence
Authors: Yu Xiaodong , Xu Yiren , Yan Shunping 
Published: January 2021

SummaryLeaf senescence is an intrinsic biological process of plants. The phytohormones salicylic acid (SA) and ethylene (ET) are known to promote senescence. However, their relationship in this process is still unclear. We found that EIN3 and EIL1, two key transcription factors in ET signaling, are required for SA‐induced leaf senescence in Arabidopsis. Furthermore, ET enhances the effect of SA in promoting senescence. Biochemical studies revealed that NPR1, the master regulator of SA signaling, interacts with EIN3 to promote its transcriptional activity. Our study suggests that SA and ET function coordinately in senescence, which is in contrast to their antagonistic crosstalk in other biological processes.
Early life factors of schizotypal personality disorder in adolescents: A systematic review
Authors: Dong Fanghong , Liu Jianghong , Hodgson Nancy A. , Medoff‐Cooper Barbara 
Published: January 2021

Accessible summaryWhat is known on the subject?

The complexity and high prevalence of schizotypal personality disorders (SPD) pose serious challenges for mental health practice in its management, and also bring severe consequences for the patients.

The identification of the specific early life factors (ELFs) that confer risk to SPD has become a major focus of clinical research on schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders which aligns well with the mental health nursing's responsibility in health promotion, prevention and treatment.

What this paper adds to existing knowledge?

Adolescents may experience certain ELFs, which contribute to the occurrence of SPD, but no systematic review has been conducted to identify ELF among them. And nursing literature addressing modifiable ELF is very limited.

Two clusters of ELF and SPD in adolescents were identified: prenatal and early postnatal factors; childhood trauma and parental factors.

The findings also show that more research is needed to determine the specificity and cumulative effects of ELF on the development of SPD by using rigorous and comprehensive measurements and a longitudinal design.

What are the implications for practice?

Mental health nurses, especially nurses in the primary care, should be aware of potentially modifiable ELFs and incorporate more comprehensive and valid instrument for assessing cumulative ELF and SPD.

These findings may serve to inform possible future interventions for SPD, such as parent education and support to mitigate these risk factors.

AbstractIntroductionSchizotypal personality disorder (SPD) affects 4% of the general population in the United States. The identification of early life factors (ELFs) that confer risk to SPD in adolescents (ages 10–24 years old) has become a major focus of clinical research on schizophrenia‐spectrum disorders.AimThis systematic review aims to determine what ELFs contribute to the onset of SPD in the adolescent population.MethodsA systematic search of PubMed, PsycINFO, Psychiatry online, Scopus, Web of Science, EMBASE and CINAHL databases was conducted using relevant keywords. Data were extracted using a standardized form following PRISMA guidelines.ResultsTwenty‐four studies met the criteria for inclusion. ELFs in the development of SPD were grouped into two important clusters: (a) prenatal and early postnatal factors; (b) childhood trauma and parental factors.ConclusionMental health nurses, especially nurses in primary care, should be aware of potentially modifiable ELF. Longitudinal research is needed to determine the causative roles of these ELF play in the occurrence of SPD by using rigorous measurements.Implications for practiceThese findings call for awareness of the modifiable ELF for SPD and also inform possible future interventions to reduce these risks, such as parent‐training or environmental enrichment programmes.
Lipopolysaccharide decreases cochlear blood flow dose dependently in a guinea pig animal model via TNF signaling
Authors: Ihler Friedrich , Freytag Saskia , Kloos Benedikt , Spiegel Jennifer Lee , Haubner Frank , Canis Martin , Weiss Bernhard G. , Bertlich Mattis 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo evaluate the effect of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a bacterial endotoxin on cochlear microcirculation, and its mode of action.MethodsTwenty‐five Dunkin‐Hartley guinea pigs were divided into five groups of five animals each. After surgical preparation, cochlear microcirculation was quantified by in vivo fluorescence microscopy. Placebo or LPS (1 mg, 10 µg, and 100 ng) was applied topically, and microcirculation was measured before and twice after application. A fifth group was pretreated with etanercept, a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonist, and afterward the lowest LPS concentrations that yielded significant results (10 µg) were applied.ResultsIn the groups that had been treated with 1 mg and 10 µg LPS, a significant drop in cochlear microcirculation was observed after 30 (.791 ± .089 Arbitrary Units (AU), compared to baseline, and .888 ± .071AU) and 60 (.756 ± .101 AU and .817 ± .124 AU, respectively) minutes. The groups that had been treated with 100 ng LPS and that had been pretreated with etanercept showed no significant change in cochlear blood flow compared to placebo.ConclusionLipopolysaccharide shows a dose‐dependent effect on cochlear microcirculation; this effect can already be observed after 30 min. Pretreatment with etanercept can abrogate this effect, indicating that TNF mediates the effect of LPS on cochlear microcirculation.