bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sample size calculation for active-arm trial with counterfactual incidence based on recency assay
Authors: Gao Fei , Glidden David V. , Hughes James P. , Donnell Deborah J. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The past decade has seen tremendous progress in the development of biomedical agents that are effective as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) for HIV prevention. To expand the choice of products and delivery methods, new medications and delivery methods are under development. Future trials of non-inferiority, given the high efficacy of ARV-based PrEP products as they become current or future standard of care, would require a large number of participants and long follow-up time that may not be feasible. This motivates the construction of a counterfactual estimate that approximates incidence for a randomized concurrent control group receiving no PrEP.

Methods
We propose an approach that is to enroll a cohort of prospective PrEP users and aug-ment screening for HIV with laboratory markers of duration of HIV infection to indicate recent infections. We discuss the assumptions under which these data would yield an estimate of the counterfactual HIV incidence and develop sample size and power calculations for comparisons to incidence observed on an investigational PrEP agent.

Results
We consider two hypothetical trials for men who have sex with men (MSM) and transgender women (TGW) from different regions and young women in sub-Saharan Africa. The calculated sample sizes are reasonable and yield desirable power in simulation studies.

Conclusions
Future one-arm trials with counterfactual placebo incidence based on a recency assay can be conducted with reasonable total screening sample sizes and adequate power to determine treatment efficacy.
Numerical investigation on implication of innovative hydrogen strut injector on performance and combustion characteristics in a scramjet combustor
Authors: Kireeti Sribhashyam Krishna , Ravikiran Sastry Gadepalli , Gugulothu Santosh Kumar 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A detailed numerical analysis on a scramjet combustor is carried out by introducing an innovative shaped strut in place of the conventional strut. The design of newly added strut aids in generating intense vorticity which helps in efficient mixing of fuel and oxidizer. The air from the isolator enters the combustor at Mach 2.0, whereas fuel enters from the trailing edge of the strut sonically. In this study the flow dynamics with finite volume approach on commercial software Ansys-Fluent 20.0 to solve the two-dimensional Reynolds average Navier Stokes equation (RANS) with compressible fluid flow by considering the density-based solver with SST k-ε turbulent model. The species transport model with volumetric reaction and finite rate/eddy dissipation turbulence chemistry interaction is adopted to study the combustion phenomena and validated with the experimental results, and it is found that the interaction of the shear shock layer enhances the mixing rate by intensifying turbulence. The modified strut injector’s mixing efficiency is compared to the base strut and observed that with a 40% reduction in length, the modified strut injection technique exhibited a mixing efficiency of >95%. The combustion efficiency is then estimated streamwise, and the plot follows the same pattern as the mixing efficiency with fuel burns down completely when x = 150 mm for the modified strut whereas x = 200 mm for the base strut. This can compact the combustion chamber and increases the thrust-to-weight ratio. So, the innovative strut adopted can improvise the combustion efficiency.
Kinetics, equilibrium and thermodynamics of dyes adsorption onto modified chitosan: a review
Authors: Kausar Abida , Naeem Kashaf , Iqbal Munawar , Nazli Zill-i-Huma , Bhatti Haq N. , Ashraf Aisha , Nazir Arif , Kusuma Heri S. , Khan Muhammad I. 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In view of promising sorption capacity, stability, biodegradability, cost-effectiveness, environmental friendly nature, regeneration and recycling ability, the chitosan (CS) based adsorbents are highly efficient for the sequestration of dyes. Since CS offers variable chemical structures and CS have been modified by incorporating different moieties. The CS composites with unique properties have been employed successfully for dye adsorption with reasonably high adsorption capacity versus other similar adsorbents. Modifications of CS were promising for the preparation of composites that are extensively studied for their adsorption capacities for various dyes. This review highlights the CS and its modification and their applications for the adsorption of dyes. The removal capacities of CS-based adsorbents, equilibrium modeling, kinetics studies and the thermodynamic characteristics are reported. Moreover, the FTIR, BET, SEM, TGA and XRD were employed for the characterization of CS modified adsorbents are also discussed. Results revealed that the modified CS is highly efficient and can be employed for the sequestration of dyes from effluents.
NEST Desktop, an Educational Application for Neuroscience
Authors: Spreizer Sebastian , Senk Johanna , Rotter Stefan , Diesmann Markus , Weyers Benjamin 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSimulation software for spiking neuronal network models matured in the past decades regarding performance and flexibility. But the entry barrier remains high for students and early career scientists in computational neuroscience since these simulators typically require programming skills and a complex installation. Here, we describe an installation-free Graphical User Interface (GUI) running in the web browser, which is distinct from the simulation engine running anywhere, on the student’s laptop or on a supercomputer. This architecture provides robustness against technological changes in the software stack and simplifies deployment for self-education and for teachers. Our new open-source tool, NEST Desktop, comprises graphical elements for creating and configuring network models, running simulations, and visualizing and analyzing the results. NEST Desktop allows students to explore important concepts in computational neuroscience without the need to learn a simulator control language before. Our experiences so far highlight that NEST Desktop helps advancing both quality and intensity of teaching in computational neuroscience in regular university courses. We view the availability of the tool on public resources like the European ICT infrastructure for neuroscience EBRAINS as a contribution to equal opportunities.
The Role of Muscle Spindle Feedback in the Guidance of Hindlimb Movement by the Ipsilateral Forelimb during Locomotion in Mice
Authors: Mayer William P. , Akay Turgay 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSafe and efficient locomotion relies on placing the foot on a reliable surface at the end of each leg swing movement. Visual information has been shown to be important for determining the location of foot placement in humans during walking when precision is required. Yet in quadrupedal animals where the hindlimbs are outside of the visual field, such as in mice, the mechanisms by which precise foot placement is achieved remain unclear. Here we show that the placement of the hindlimb paw is determined by the position of the forelimb paw during normal locomotion and in the presence of perturbations. When a perturbation elicits a stumbling corrective reaction, we found that the forelimb paw shifts posteriorly relative to body at the end of stance, and this spatial shift is echoed in hindlimb paw placement at the end of the swing movement. Using a mutant mouse line in which muscle spindle feedback is selectively removed, we show that this posterior shift of paw placement is dependent on muscle spindle feedback in the hindlimb but not in the forelimb. These findings uncover a neuronal mechanism that is independent of vision to ensure safe locomotion during perturbation. This mechanism adds to our general knowledge of how the nervous system controls targeted limb movements and could inform the development of autonomous walking machines.
Preventive Cardiology
Authors: Gupta Dhruv 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
The etiology of premature cardiovascular disease in children is multifactorial Hypocholesteremia Obesity/lack of physical activity Smoking The goals of preventive cardiology are to Prevent, identify, and treat potential atherosclerotic cardiac risk factors. Educate children and families on preventive strategies. Intervene early to decrease the burden of atherosclerotic heart disease in adult life. The American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics have proposed a risk stratification and treatment algorithm for children at increased risk for premature coronary heart disease. The National Cholesterol Education Program recommends 2 separate approaches to managing hypercholesterolemia in children. Broad, population-based approach Iindividualized patient approach
Gender Identity
Authors: Weimer Amy 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
The prevalence of gender dysphoria is increasing, and all providers should be prepared to interact with transgender patients.Gender-affirming care has been shown to improve health outcomes. The specific treatments recommended vary depending on age and developmental stage.Pubertal suppression may be used for children at Tanner stages 2 to 4 to prevent unwanted pubertal changes and allow more time to evaluate goals.Hormone therapy is partially irreversible and may be considered for teenagers with stable gender identity.Surgery is typically deferred until adulthood, although masculinizing chest reconstruction may be pursued in adolescence.Care through a multidisciplinary program may be optimal, but pediatricians have an important role in providing resources and psychosocial support and navigating family discussions.
Constipation
Authors: Kuo Alice A. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Bowel patterns can vary widely, as long as stools are painless and soft. Constipation involves painful stools that are hard, dry or difficult to pass. Causes include diet, illness, withholding or stressors. Encopresis is when a child no longer feels the sensation of the need to defecate and liquid stool leaks around retained hard stool in the rectum. Prevention includes eating fiber, drinking water and having timed sits on the toilet. Treatment can involve dietary and behavioral changes, and in some cases laxatives are needed to help clean out retained stool.
Dizziness and Vertigo
Authors: Wells Lindsay 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Dizziness and vertigo are very different symptoms with different clinical implications.Dizziness indicates a symptom such as faintness, giddiness, light-headedness, or unsteadiness.Vertigo is a sensation of rotating, spinning, or whirling motion.The mechanisms for dizziness and vertigo depend on their underlying causes.In most cases, the origin of dizziness and vertigo can be determined by history and physical examination alone.Laboratory/imaging studies are indicated on the basis of suspected origin.Management depends on the origin of dizziness and vertigo.
Epistaxis
Authors: Kirolos Henry 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Anterior acute bleeding from the nostril or nasal cavity accounts for greater than 90% of epistaxis in children. Posterior bleeding into the nasopharynx and mouth is more difficult to assess and likelier to lead to hemodynamic instability. Up to one-third of children with recurrent bleeding have a coagulopathy. Direct pressure via pinching the nostrils for 5 to 10 minutes is the first-line treatment. Topical lidocaine, silver nitrate sticks, topical oxymetazoline, anterior packing, and other vasoconstrictive and hemostatic tactics may be used. Posterior epistaxes require referral to an otolaryngologist because they are more difficult to control.
Hemoptysis
Authors: Adam Henry M. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Hemoptysis is bleeding that originates within the thorax. Must distinguish hemoptysis from gastrointestinal and upper airway bleeding. Priority is to determine whether the patient is stable or requires emergency resuscitative intervention. Once the patient is stable, differential diagnosis is guided by a detailed history and physical examination and whether or not there is an underlying predisposing medical condition.
Petechiae and Purpura
Authors: Adam Henry 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
The differential diagnosis for petechiae and/or purpura is broad, but in an ill-appearing child with sepsis must be at the top of the list.In a well-appearing child, petechiae and/or purpura should raise the possibility of a platelet disorder or another hemostatic defect.Facial petechiae after vaginal delivery in a well-appearing newborn likely result from birth trauma, but more diffuse petechiae warrant further investigation.If thrombocytopenia is accompanied by an abnormality of red and/or white blood cells, a bone marrow process should be considered.
Recurrent Infections
Authors: Adam Henry 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Recurrent infections from immunodeficiency are much less common than the normal pattern of frequent infections in early childhood.Immunodeficiency secondary to nonimmunologic causes (eg, cancer, malnutrition, medication/toxin) is more common than primary immunodeficiency.Common allergic conditions can be confused for recurrent infections: allergic rhinitis for upper respiratory tract infections and asthma for pneumonias.Children thought to be immunodeficient should not receive live attenuated vaccines (measles-mumps-rubella, rotavirus, varicella, oral poliovirus).Prompt diagnosis and treatment of children with immunodeficiency can be lifesaving.
Scrotal Swelling and Pain
Authors: Adam Henry 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Scrotal swelling can be classified as painful or painless and as acute or chronic.Inguinal hernias and hydroceles are the most common causes of scrotal swelling.When testicular torsion is considered, it is an emergency; confirmatory imaging (ie, ultrasound with Doppler or nuclear scintigraphy) should be done only if it will not delay surgical exploration.Laboratory tests are of limited value.
Short Stature
Authors: Adam Henry 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Parents may worry their child is too short even if their child’s height does not meet accepted criteria for short stature.The commonest causes of short stature are constitutional growth delay and familial short stature.The most helpful tools for evaluation are the growth curve and a thorough history.For short children approaching or in puberty, pubertal staging is a key part of evaluation.Growth hormone is not a panacea and has limited indications.
Syncope
Authors: Adam Henry M. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Most cases of pediatric syncope occur in adolescence and are benign, either neurally mediated syncope (also known as vasovagal or neurocardiogenic syncope) or orthostatic hypotension. In early childhood (6 months to 3 years) syncopal episodes typically result from breath-holding spells, either cyanotic or pallid. A detailed history is most crucial in distinguishing benign syncope from less common but more serious episodes, particularly cardiac- induced syncope or seizures. All patients with syncope need close follow-up to monitor for frequency of episodes and response to any therapeutic interventions.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Gupta Dhruv 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is a normal physiological process that entails relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter, independent of swallowing. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) is frequent, persistent, and troublesome symptoms associated with GER, leading to complications or sequelae or complications associated with GER. GER is prevalent in the first 5 months after birth; most cases resolve by 12 to 14 months of age, and almost all by 24 months of age. No single criterion standard test or testing approach allows a definitive diagnosis of GER or GERD. Diagnosis of reflux disorders is generally based on a description of symptoms in the absence of alternative diagnoses. Many diagnostic modalities can be used in a thoughtful and serial manner to provide specific information about the cause and severity of acid reflux and to investigate for associated or alternative conditions. Management of GER/GERD involves lifestyle modifications, buffering agents, acid suppression, promoters of gastric emptying, and motility. Surgical therapy is reserved for children at risk for significant life-threatening complications of GERD.
Henoch-Schonlein Purpura
Authors: Kamat Deepak M. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is the most common form of vasculitis in children.It is a small-vessel vasculitis mediated by immunoglobulin A–containing immune complexes and characterized by nonthrombocytopenic purpura, abdominal pain, arthralgia, and renal disease.Diagnosis of HSP is clinical, and no laboratory tests are specific for HSP.Newborn screening has helped with early diagnosis and management, thus decreasing morbidity and improving longevity.Treatment is supportive. Patients with severe abdominal and joint pain may be treated with steroids.Steroids do not prevent renal disease in patients with HSP.Patients with nephritic or nephrotic syndrome have a much higher risk of developing chronic kidney disease and should be referred to a nephrologist.
Otitis Media
Authors: Bode Sara 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Acute otitis media (AOM) may be treated with close observation only in the following children without severe signs or symptoms (severe otalgia or fever &gt;39°C (102.2°F): Those 6 to 24 months of age with unilateral or bilateral otitis media Those older than 24 months with bilateral otitis media First-line antibiotic treatment for AOM is high-dose amoxicillin (90 mg/kg/d). Children younger than 24 months: 10-day course Children 2 to 5 years of age: 7-day course Children older than 5 years with mild symptoms: 5-day course
Psoriasis
Authors: Bode Sara 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Psoriasis is characterized by well-demarcated erythematous papules and plaques with overlying scale. Scalp and face may be common sites in children.Guttate psoriasis can follow a streptococcal infection; consider a throat and perianal swab for streptococci to assist in diagnosis and treatment.Medium- to high-potency topical steroids with or without calcipotriol (Dovonex) or calcipotriene are first-line therapy.Refer to dermatology specialist if persistent or widespread disease for consideration of systemic or light therapy.
Severe Acute Asthma (Status Asthmaticus)
Authors: DeWitt Thomas G. 
Published: November 2021

Key Points
Initiate high- flow oxygen therapy to maintain oxygen saturation of greater than 90%.Dexamethasone is as effective as methylprednisolone and should be given as soon as possible.Intravenous magnesium sulfate is a useful adjunct if therapy with β-agonists and anti-cholinergics are not effective initially.
Neural networks on-line optimized PID controller with wind gust rejection for a quad-rotor
Authors: Ben Jabeur Chiraz , Seddik Hassene 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In this paper a complete methodology of modeling and control of quad-rotor aircraft is exposed. In fact, a PD on-line optimized Neural Networks Approach (PD-NN) is developed and applied to control the attitude of a quad-rotor that is evolving in hostile environment with wind gust disturbances and should maintain its position despite of these troubles. Whereas PD classical controllers are dedicated for the positions, altitude and speed control. The main objective of this work is to develop a smart Self-Tuning PD controller for attitude angles control, based on neural networks capable of controlling the quad-rotor for an optimized performance thus following a desired trajectory. Many problems could arise if the quad-rotor is evolving in hostile environments presenting irregular troubles such as wind gusts modeled and applied to the overall system. The quad-rotor has to rapidly achieve tasks while guaranteeing stability and precision and must behave quickly with regards to decision making fronting turbulences. This technique offers some advantages over conventional control methods such as PD controllers. Simulation results are achieved with the use of Matlab/Simulink environment and are established on a comparative study between PD and PD-NN controllers founded on wind disturbances application. These obstacles are applied with numerous degrees of strength to test the quad-rotor comportment. Experimental results are reached with the use of the V-REP environment with which some trajectories are tracked and then applied on a BLADE Inductrix FPV+. These simulations and experimental results are acceptable and have confirmed the efficiency of the proposed PD-NN approach. In fact, this controller has fairly smaller errors than the PD controller and has an improved ability to reject troubles. Moreover, it has confirmed to be extremely vigorous and efficient fronting disturbances in the form of wind disturbances.
Paulownia tomentosa flower polysaccharide as an effective immunopotentiator to enhance immune responses for Newcastle disease vaccine in mice
Authors: Chen Xiaolan , Jin Junjie , Hao Fuxing , Yang Haifeng , Sun Hongxiang , Jiang Chunmao 
Published: November 2021

To investigate the immunomodulatory activity and explore the mechanism of Paulownia tomentosa flower polysaccharides (PTFP). PTFP was orally administrated to mice for seven successive days before and after Newcastle disease vaccination. The results demonstrated that compared with the vaccine control (VC) group, PTFP enhanced the inhibition of hemagglutination assay antibody titers, promoted the antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgG1, IgG2a, and IgG2b antibodies responses, enhanced proliferation of spleen T and B lymphocytes, increased the secretions of interferon-γ and interleukin-10 cytokines of spleen lymphocytes, and promoted the activation of natural killer cells. Therefore, PTFP, as an effective immunopotentiator, could induce a mixed T-helper (Th)1 and Th2 immune responses and an innate immune response.
Kościół katolicki w Nowej Hucie w okresie gierkowskim. Rozwój sieci parafialnej i budownictwa sakralnego
Authors: Krzysztonek Jakub 
Published: November 2021

Artykuł naukowy składa się zasadniczo z dwóch autonomicznych części oraz krótkiego wstępu i zakończenia. Pierwsza część rozpoczyna się od wyjaśnienia rzeczywistych realcji panujących na linii Kościół katolicki – państwo polskie w latach 70. XX wieku. Dalsza część tego rozdziału została poświęcona na szczegółowe omówienie istniejących w rzeczonym okresie na obszarze nowohuckiego dekanatu parafii wraz ze stanem faktycznym kadry duchownych oraz znajdujących się tam wówczas zakonów męskich i żeńskich. Część druga pracy zawiera natomiast drobiazgowy opis rozbudowy, remontów i budowy obiektów sakralnych na terenie poszczególnych parafii w Nowej Hucie w kontekście prowadzonej przez władze komunistyczne urzędowej ateizacji przestrzeni publicznej. Opis zmagań duchowieństwa i wiernych z lokalnymi władzami administracyjnymi o możliwość budowy nowych kościołów, a także punktów katechetycznych, ukazano na wybranych przykładach z terenu parafii Bieńczyce, Pleszów, Mistrzejowice, Mogiła oraz Czyżyny.