bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yb:GdScO3 crystal for efficient ultrashort pulse lasers
Authors: Zhang Yuhang , Li Shanming , Du Xiao , Guo Jie , Gong Qiaorui , Tao Siliang , Zhang Peixiong , Fang Qiannan , Pan Shilie , Zhao Chengchun , Liang Xiaoyan , Hang Yin 
Published: June 2021

We present, to the best of our knowledge, the first demonstration of thermal, optical, and laser properties of

Y
b

:

G
d
S
c
O

3

for potentially efficient ultrashort pulse lasers. The stimulated emission cross section at 1025 nm (E//c) is

0.46

×

10

−
20

c
m

2

with the emission band width of 85 nm, even broader than the well-known

Y
b

:

C
a
G
d
A
l
O

4

. It has quite a high thermal conductivity of

5.54

W

/

(

m
⋅
K

)

at 50°C, comparable with Yb:YAG. In the continuous-wave regime, the maximum output power of 13.45 W at 1063.9 nm was generated with the optical-to-optical efficiency of 63.3%. These results suggest that the

Y
b

:

G
d
S
c
O

3

crystal is a promising candidate for ultrashort pulse lasers.
Space-time-domain observation of high-speed optical beam scanning in a thermo-optic Si photonic crystal slow-light beam scanner
Authors: Gondo Jun , Ito Hiroyuki , Tamanuki Takemasa , Baba Toshihiko 
Published: June 2021

We developed a thermo-optically controlled nonmechanical optical beam scanner using a Si photonic crystal slow-light waveguide with a diffraction grating to achieve on-chip light detection and ranging (LIDAR). This Letter applies pre-emphasis signals to the thermo-optic control, and the cutoff frequency increases to 500 kHz. Observing the beam scanning in the space-time domain showed that the turn-on and turn-off times of the scanner for a rectangular drive voltage were 10 µs and reduced to 2.7 µs when the pre-emphasis signals were optimized. This new, to the best of our knowledge, result enables a frame rate of 29 fps for 12,800 resolution points in LIDAR.
Temperature-dependent characteristics of GeSn/Ge multiple-quantum-well photoconductors on silicon
Authors: Lin Kuan-Chih , Huang Po-Rei , Li Hui , Cheng H. H. , Chang Guo-En 
Published: June 2021

Temperature-dependent characteristics of GeSn/Ge multiple-quantum-well (MQW) photoconductors (PCs) on silicon substrate were investigated. The high quality GeSn/Ge MQW epitaxial structure was grown on a silicon substrate using low temperature molecular beam epitaxy techniques with atomically precise thickness control. Surface-illuminated GeSn/Ge MQW PCs were fabricated using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor-compatible processing and characterized in a wide temperature range of 55–320 K. The photodetection range was extended toλ=2235nmatT=320Kdue to bandgap shrinkage with Sn alloying. Measured spectral responsivity was enhanced at reduced temperatures. These results provide better understanding of GeSn/Ge MQW structures for efficient short-wave infrared photodetection.
Sex ratios at birth in Australia according to mother’s country of birth: A national study of all 5 614 847 reported live births 1997–2016
Authors: Edvardsson Kristina , Davey Mary-Ann , Powell Rhonda , Axmon Anna 
Published: June 2021

Objectives
Son preference and sex selective practices have resulted in a deficit of girls in several countries, primarily across Asia. Emerging evidence indicates that son preference survives migration to Western high-income countries. The objective of this study was to assess male-to-female (M/F) ratios at birth per mother’s country of birth in Australia 1997–2016, in total and by parity, and by states/territories and over time.

Methods
Data for this national population-based cross-sectional study were obtained from the National Perinatal Data Collection (NPDC) and included all live births in Australia 1997–2016 (N = 5 614 847). M/F ratios with 95% Confidence Intervals were estimated.

Results
The M/F ratio for births to Australian-born mothers was within the expected range (1.03–1.07) regardless of parity and time period. M/F ratios were elevated above the expected range for births to mothers born in China in the total sample (M/F ratio 1.084, 95% confidence interval 1.071–1.097) and at parity 2 (1.175, 1.120–1.231), and for births to mothers born in India at parity 2 (1.146, 1.090–1.204). Parity 2 births were the most consistently male-biased across time. Across states, elevated M/F ratios were identified for both groups in New South Wales (China parity 2: 1.182, 1.108–1.260; India parity 2: 1.182, 1.088–1.285), for births to Chinese-born mothers in Victoria (total births: 1.097, 1.072–1.123; parity 1: 1.115, 1.072–1.159) and Australian Capital Territory (total births: 1.189, 1.085–1.302) and births to Indian-born mothers Western Australia (parity 2: 1.307, 1.122–1.523).

Conclusions
Son preference persists in some immigrant communities after migration to Australia. The consistent pattern of elevated M/F ratios across the larger states indicates that sex imbalances at birth are largely independent of restrictiveness of local abortion laws. Drivers and consequences of son preference in Western high-income settings should be explored to further promote gender equality, and to strengthen support for women who may be vulnerable to reproductive coercion.
Predictors of ambulance transport to first health facility among injured patients in southern Sri Lanka
Authors: Reynolds Lindy M. , De Silva Vijitha , Clancy Shayna , Joiner Anjni , Staton Catherine A. , Østbye Truls 
Published: June 2021

Background
Injuries account for about 13% of all registered deaths in Sri Lanka and are the leading cause of admission to public hospitals. Prehospital trauma care is new to Sri Lanka, and in 2016, a free ambulance service was launched in the Western and Southern provinces.

Objective
The aim of this study was to identify the proportion of admitted injury patients at a tertiary hospital who used an ambulance to get to the first health facility and examine patient demographics, injury event, and injury type as predictors of ambulance transport.

Methods
A cross-sectional survey was administered to 405 patients who were admitted to the emergency trauma center at Teaching Hospital Karapitiya (THK) in Galle, Sri Lanka. Descriptive statistics were tabulated to summarize prehospital transportation variables. Logistic regression models were created to examine predictors of ambulance transport, and ArcGIS Pro was used to calculate the distance between injury location and first facility and THK.

Results
The proportion of patients with injuries who used an ambulance to get to the first health facility was 20.5%. Factors that were significantly associated with ambulance use were older age, injury mechanism, alcohol use prior to injury, location type, open wound, abrasion, and chest/abdomen injury. Distance from injury location to THK or nearest health facility were not significantly associated with ambulance transport to the first health facility.

Conclusion
Among lower acuity injury patients in southern Sri Lanka, 20.5% traveled in an ambulance to the first health facility, while over half used a tuk tuk. Older age and injuries at home were associated with lower odds of ambulance transport. Future studies on predictors of ambulance transport should include patients with more severe injuries, gather detailed data on care provided while in transport and examine the association between prehospital care and clinical outcomes.
Neonatal mortality clustering in the central districts of Ghana
Authors: Adjei George , Darteh Eugene K. M. , Doku David Teye 
Published: June 2021

Introduction
Identifying high risk geographical clusters for neonatal mortality is important for guiding policy and targeted interventions. However, limited studies have been conducted in Ghana to identify such clusters.

Objective
This study aimed to identify high-risk clusters for all-cause and cause-specific neonatal mortality in the Kintampo Districts.

Materials and methods
Secondary data, comprising of 30,132 singleton neonates between January 2005 and December 2014, from the Kintampo Health and Demographic Surveillance System (KHDSS) database were used. Verbal autopsies were used to determine probable causes of neonatal deaths. Purely spatial analysis was ran to scan for high-risk clusters using Poisson and Bernoulli models for all-cause and cause-specific neonatal mortality in the Kintampo Districts respectively with village as the unit of analysis.

Results
The study revealed significantly high risk of village-clusters for neonatal deaths due to asphyxia (RR = 1.98, p = 0.012) and prematurity (RR = 5.47, p = 0.025) in the southern part of Kintampo Districts. Clusters (emerging clusters) which have the potential to be significant in future, for all-cause neonatal mortality was also identified in the south-western part of the Kintampo Districts.

Conclusions
Study findings showed cause-specific neonatal mortality clustering in the southern part of the Kintampo Districts. Emerging cluster was also identified for all-cause neonatal mortality. More attention is needed on prematurity and asphyxia in the identified cause-specific neonatal mortality clusters. The emerging cluster for all-cause neonatal mortality also needs more attention to forestall any formation of significant mortality cluster in the future. Further research is also required to understand the high concentration of prematurity and asphyxiated deaths in the identified clusters.
Individual- and group-level network-building interventions to address social isolation and loneliness: A scoping review with implications for COVID19
Authors: Yousefi Nooraie Reza , Warren Keith , Juckett Lisa A. , Cao Qiuchang A. , Bunger Alicia C. , Patak-Pietrafesa Michele A. 
Published: June 2021

Purpose
Worldwide mandates for social distancing and home-quarantine have contributed to loneliness and social isolation. We conducted a systematic scoping review to identify network-building interventions that address loneliness and isolation, describe their components and impact on network structure, and consider their application in the wake of COVID19.

Methods
We performed forward and backward citation tracking of three seminal publications on network interventions and Bibliographic search of Web of Science and SCOPUS. We developed data charting tables and extracted and synthesized the characteristics of included studies, using an iteratively updating form.

Findings
From 3390 retrieved titles and abstracts, we included 8 studies. These interventions focused on building networks at either individual- or group-levels. Key elements that were incorporated in the interventions at varying degrees included (a) creating opportunities to build networks; (b) improving social skills; (c) assessing network diagnostics (i.e. using network data or information to inform network strategies); (d) promoting engagement with influential actors; and (e) a process for goal-setting and feedback. The effect of interventions on network structures, or the moderating effect of structure on the intervention effectiveness was rarely assessed.

Conclusions
As many natural face-to-face opportunities for social connection are limited due to COVID19, groups already at risk for social isolation and loneliness are disproportionately impacted. Network-building interventions include multiple components that address both the structure of individuals’ networks, and their skills and motivation for activating them. These intervention elements could be adapted for delivery via online platforms, and implemented by trained facilitators or novice volunteers, although more rigorous testing is needed.
When is M
0,n
(ℙ1,1) a Mori dream space?
Authors: Fontanari Claudio 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The moduli space

M
¯

0,
n

(

ℙ
1

,
1

)

${{\bar{M}}_{0,n}}\left( {{\mathbb{P}}^{1}},1 \right)$

of n-pointed stable maps is a Mori dream space whenever the moduli space

M
¯

0
,
n
+
3

of

(
n
+
3
)

${{\bar{M}}_{0,n+3}}\; \text{of} \;(n+3)$

pointed rational curves is, and

M
¯

0
,
n

(

ℙ
1

,
1

)

${{\bar{M}}_{0,n}}\left( {{\mathbb{P}}^{1}},1 \right)$

is a log Fano variety for n ≤ 5.
Anti-obesity effect and mechanism of mesenchymal stem cells influence on obese mice
Authors: Xie Zongyan , Cheng Yu , Zhang Qi , Hao Haojie , Yin Yaqi , Zang Li , Wang Xuhong , Mu Yiming 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be obtained from almost all tissues and present promising therapeutic effects for metabolic diseases. Human adipose-derived MSCs (hASCs) have recently been widely studied due to their easy access and low immunity. Thus, we intended to figure out the effects and potential mechanism of hASCs on obesity in high-fat-diet (HFD)-induced obese mice. Following 16 weeks of being fed HFD, hASCs were intravenously injected. Two weeks later, body weight, body composition, and energy expenditure were evaluated. Additionally, the phenotypes of macrophages infiltrating adipose tissue were analyzed. The results revealed that hASCs administration significantly reduced adipose tissue weight, adipocyte size, and fat mass and exerted beneficial effects in serum lipid profile. This anti-obesity effect was mediated by the increased O2 consumption, CO2 production, and energy expenditure, which was further evidenced by the upregulation of uncoupling protein-1 (UCP-1) and metabolism-associated genes. Furthermore, hASCs infusion increased the amount of alternatively activated (M2) macrophages in adipose tissue, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines-related genes was reduced. Taken together, these results indicated that hASCs suppressed obesity by increasing UCP-1 expression and enhancing energy expenditure, and this effect might be due to the increased M2 macrophages.
Postpartum fibroid degeneration associated with elevated procalcitonin levels
Authors: Thakkar Meera Madhusudan , Kaawar Fawzi , Dinglas Cheryl 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To describe a novel presentation of severely elevated procalcitonin (PCT) levels associated with postpartum fibroid degeneration.

Case presentation
We report a case of a 34-year-old woman with multiple large fibroids who was found to have fevers and a severely elevated PCT level of 34.03 ng/mL 2 days postpartum. MRI revealed carneous degeneration of her fibroids, and other etiologies such as infection were ruled out. She was successfully treated with the use of intravenous non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics, as a precaution. This report indicates procalcitonin may be elevated secondary to the inflammatory state caused by degenerating fibroids. Informed consent was obtained from all individuals included in this study.

Conclusions
Uterine leiomyomas, or fibroids, are tumors of the female reproductive tract affecting anywhere from 20–40% of women. One known complication of fibroids is degeneration, when the fibroid can infarct due to a decrease in blood supply. This can cause an inflammatory state with the release of multiple inflammatory markers. During pregnancy, routine markers such as white blood cell counts may be unreliable. Other markers such as procalcitonin are not well-studied in pregnancy. This case provides practitioners an example where the marker procalcitonin can be used to more accurately assess an inflammatory state during pregnancy. It also provides alterative diagnoses in the workup of postpartum fever.
Dielectric properties of processed cheese
Authors: Chan Chin Han , Saiter Jean-Marc , Eudier Hubert , Kammer Hans-Werner 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Dynamic studies of several processed cheeses were carried out for evaluation of their dielectric properties and their relaxation behavior. Impedance spectroscopy has been used to study the systems under discussion in low-frequency domain. A substantial number of impedance spectra will be given and discussed that relate the dielectric properties to food nutrients. Also influence of moisture on food quality might be evaluated.
The Effects of Military Expenditures on Economic Growth and Inflation: Evidence from Turkey
Authors: Emmanouilidis Kyriakos , Karpetis Christos 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The hypothesis that military spending affects economic growth and other aspects of the economy has been under scrutiny over the last decades. However, the macroeconomic impact of defense outlays is still an open question for researchers and policymakers. Aiming to contribute to the existing debate, this paper combines Keynesian with monetary theory and develops a discrete-time model that allows for potential fiscal-monetary coordination for financing the military sector in order to examine the effects of defense outlays on income and inflation. Τhe theoretical analysis suggests that military budget expansions can only have temporary effects on income, as in the long run, their impact on the economy is solely inflationary. However, the empirical findings associated with the economy of Turkey are not fully consistent with the theoretical conclusions of the specified model.
IV. Gesetzgeber und Verfasser der Carolina
Authors: Mertens Bernd 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Legislator and author of the Carolina. Emperor Charles V and his councils neither initia­ted the penal code named after him (“Carolina”) nor influenced its content. Inspired by the Imperial Court, it was a project of the imperial estates, which pushed it forward and led to its success at the Imperial Diets from 1521 to 1532. The work on the content was carried out in committees composed of members of all Curias and in the Imperial Regiment, with trained lawyers dominating. The view that Johann Freiherr von Schwarzenberg played a decisive role in the drafting of the Carolina, which still prevails in literature today, owes its origins to a certain zeitgeist and is in need of correction. Contrary to previous assumptions, Schwarzenberg was most probably not involved in the first Carolina draft at all and not in the second draft in the decisive editorial phase. Instead, the lawyer Sebastian von Rotenhan, who was most probably involved in the first and certainly in the second Carolina draft, and perhaps even later in the revision of 1530, comes more to the fore. Ultimately, the Carolina, like the “Bambergische Halsgerichtsordnung” which served as a model, was a collective work and was understood as such by contemporaries.
VI. The Brazilian civil code of 1916: principles, method and institutional conditions of private law modernization
Authors: Reis Thiago 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The article analyzes the elaboration of the Brazilian civil code of 1916 as part of a broader political project of Republican modernization, focusing on the relation between private law, politics and economics in Brazil at the turn of the 20th century. The basic argument is that the consolidation of the Republican regime during the presidency of Campos Sales (1898–1902) provided the institutional conditions that paved the way for the codification of civil law. From the political perspective, parliamentary debates indicate that the civil code draft quickly turned into an instrument of political bargain and opposition to the president’s authority. From the legal point of view, the paper argues that, contrary to the prevailing view in Brazilian private law scholarship, the code represented a real attempt to break with the old order and create the conditions for a private law system based on equal juridical freedom. Finally, the paper explores the connections between the reform of legal methodology and legislative modernization, pointing both at the normative principles guiding the civil code elaboration and at the opposition it was faced with in Brazilian society.
Maxims, Principles and Legal Change: Maritime Law in Merchant and Legal Culture (Low Countries, 16 th Century)
Authors: ruysscher D. De 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
In the course of the sixteenth century, in the Low Countries maritime law was changing. At first, damages caused during maritime transport (“averages”) were compensated on the basis of customs of limited scope and calculation, starting from “facts and figures”. From the 1550s onwards, legal scholars developed new views; they revised norms, some of which came from below, while others were imposed by the sovereign. Both in legislation and in jurisprudential commentaries, the Roman rules of general average were revived. The legal authors made use of a more principled, humanistic method of interpretation. Their views did not contradict mercantile opinions; instead, merchants called for necessary adjustments of the law. The changes in doctrine and legislation responded to developments in the organization of the maritime industry. Although the legal scholars could have doubts about the older rules and how to reconcile them with a principled approach, their contribution to updating the rules was crucial.
Zu den Arten von Kollisionsnormen in der Lehre von der Statutenkollision
Authors: Boosfeld Kristin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Types of conflict rules in the theory of
statuta. It is commonly accepted in the history of Conflict of Laws that there has been a “Copernican turning point” when Savigny introduced multilateral conflict rules and thereby abandoned the system of unilateral conflict rules of the Theory of statuta. The article challenges this narrative and argues on the one hand that the statutists already used multilateral conflict rules and on the other that their unilateral rules often reached similar results to modern multilateral conflict rules because of their universal nature.
Kelsen und seine Demokratieschrift im Exil
Authors: Bock Wolfgang 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Kelsen and his Book “Essence and Value of Democracy” in Exile. Two recently found letters and an unpublished small introduction into a planned translation of his book on democracy shed some light on Kelsen’s conception of cultural and political foundations of democracy. His description of the democratic citizen as antagonistic to absolute values rises philosophical as well as political doubts. The status of values under philosophical, moral and legal perspectives calls for a thorough discussion.
Deposition of TiN and TiAlN Thin Films on Stainless Steel Tubes by a Cylindrical Magnetron Sputtering Method
Authors: Trivedi Kunal , Rane Ramkrishna , Joseph Alphonsa , Arya Shashi Bhushan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Titanium nitride (TiN) and titanium aluminum nitride (TiAlN) coatings are very hard materials that are mostly coated on cutting tools to increase the tool life. These coatings have also been successfully applied as a coating material for biomedical applications mainly due to their tribological properties, biocompatibility, and affordable price. In an attempt to develop transition metal nitride coatings on specimens of cylindrical geometry, TiN and TiAlN thin films were deposited successfully on stainless steel tubes using a direct-current cylindrical magnetron cosputtering method. Both types of coatings were uniform in nature and had good adherence to the substrate. TiN and TiAlN thin films were characterized systematically to determine their structure, surface morphology, chemical states, chemical structure, and electrochemical behavior using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and potentiodynamic methods, respectively. The XRD patterns of the TiN and TiAlN coatings indicated (111) preferential orientation. Cross-sectional SEM images revealed a columnar growth of the coatings with an arrow-headed geometry. XPS characterization showed the presence of TiN, Titanium dioxide, titanium oxynitride, aluminum oxide, and aluminum nitride phases. Potentiodynamic polarization tests in 3.5 % sodium chloride solution revealed that the TiAlN coating exhibited superior corrosion resistance compared with the TiN coating. Furthermore, TiAlN coating showed 94 % of average absorption in ultraviolet-visible region using photospectrometry. The cylindrical magnetron sputter deposition technique enables development of uniform protective coatings on tubular geometries, which are frequently employed in solar thermal and nuclear applications.