bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF THE MITOTIC CELL-CYCLE MUTATION cdc4 ON YEAST MEIOSIS
Authors: Simchen G , Hirschberg J 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The mitotic cell-cycle mutation cdc4 has been reported to block the initiation of nuclear DNA replication and the separation of spindle plaques after their replication. Meiosis in cdc4/cdc4 diploids is normal at the permissive temperature (25°) and is arrested at the first division (one-nucleus stage) at the restrictive temperature (34° or 36°). Arrested cells at 34° show a high degree of commitment to recombination (at least 50% of the controls) but no haploidization, while cells arrested at 36° are not committed to recombination. Meiotic cells arrested at 34° show a delayed and reduced synthesis of DNA (at most 40% of the control), at least half of which is probably mitochondrial. It is suggested that recombination commitment does not depend on the completion of nuclear premeiotic DNA replication in sporulation medium.—Transfer of cdc4/cdc4 cells to the restrictive temperature at the onset of sporulation produces a uniform phenotype of arrest at a 1-nucleus morphology. On the other hand, shifts of the meiotic cells to the restrictive temperature at later times produce two additional phenotypes of arrest, thus suggesting that the function of cdc4 is required at several points in meiosis (at least at three different times).
OCHRE SUPPRESSION IN SALMONELLA TYPHIMURIUM
Authors: Michalka J , Margolin P 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A bacterial strain was constructed which permitted positive selection for ochre suppressor mutations as well as for the loss of suppressor function. A derivative bearing an ochre suppressor mutation was selected following mutagenesis with N-methyl-N-nitroso-N'-nitroguanidine. The suppressor-bearing strain was treated with nitrous acid to eliminate suppressor function by mutation, and a strain lacking suppressor activity was selected. The selected strain which had lost suppressor function was then subjected to mutagenesis to induce a second suppressor mutation. The alternating sequence (induction of an ochre suppressor mutation → induction of a mutation eliminating ochre suppressor activity) was repeated 29 and one-half times in a single strain. Some of the suppressor mutations were tentatively mapped at four locations on the chromosome. The first suppressor mutation selected maps at about minute 30 on the chromosome. The second suppressor selected maps at approximately minute 60, while the third suppressor maps nearby, possibly as far as minute 72. Among the subsequently selected suppressor mutations, all eleven which were mapped were cotransducible with the gal and nic loci near minute 36 on the chromosome and may represent more than one suppressor gene. Deletions were selected which inactivate two of the ochre suppressor alleles mapping near the gal-nic region, suggesting that one or more such genes are dispensable. Some evidence also suggests that the occurrence of either deletion mutations or transduction-mediated recombination events in the gal-nic region can cause instability of nearby suppressor alleles.
BEHAVIOR OF SOMATIC CELLS HOMOZYGOUS FOR ZYGOTIC LETHALS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Ripoll Pedro 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The behavior in genetic mosaics of 86 EMS-induced sex-linked lethals has been studied. Seventy-five percent of them are autonomous in gynandromorphs. Forty-three lethals nonviable in sex mosaics have been analyzed in X-ray-induced spots in the abdominal tergites and the imaginal wing derivatives. Of the lethals, 90.7% are homozygous viable in mosaic spots, and only 9.3% have been classified as epidermal cell lethal. Thus, the fraction of the Drosophila genome essential for cell viability has been estimated to be about 420 genes. The phenotypes at the cellular level of some cell-viable mutations altering cell parameters (mitotic orientation, differentiation, etc.) are described.
EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT IN HOUSE FLY EGGS FERTILIZED WITH GENETICALLY DEFICIENT SPERM
Authors: LaChance Leo E , Richard Robert D , Johnson Odell A , Belich Charmaine 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
In house flies, Musca domestica L., eggs fertilized with sperm that have chromosome deficiencies and duplications do not hatch, but develop to a stage where a fully differentiated, prehatch larva is formed. Fifteen different chromosome translocations involving most of the 10 arms of the 5 autosomes were studied by crossing male translocation heterozygotes to normal females. Egg hatch was reduced to 36–66% depending on the translocation used. Eggs that did not hatch after 24 hours were fixed, stained, and examined for stage of development. Several translocations involving the right arm of chromosome 4 indicate that the region closest to the centromere contains genes that affect the process of syngamy or early cleavage divisions, but do not reduce the ability of the sperm to compete for egg fertilization. Approximately 70% of the autosomal genes can be absent from sperm (not simultaneously but in different crosses) without inhibiting embryonic development.
LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM IN NATURAL POPULATIONS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. SEASONAL VARIATION
Authors: Langley Charles H , Ito Kazuko , Voelker Robert A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Linkage disequilibrium among ten polymorphic allozyme loci and polymorphic inversions on chromosomes 2 and 3 in a natural population of Drosophila melanogaster was examined early and late in the annual season. Similar to previous studies, little linkage disequilibrium was observed among allozymes. The two significant cases that were observed in the first sample behaved in a contradictory way. One declined much more rapidly than expected due simply to recombination; the other declined slowly as expected. There was little change in allozyme or inversion frequencies during the season.
THE DETECTION OF SYMPATRIC SIBLING SPECIES USING GENETIC CORRELATION ANALYSIS. I. TWO LOCI, TWO GAMODEMES
Authors: Makela M E , Richardson R H 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Four models are presented describing zygotic frequencies at two loci for one or two sympatric but genetically differentiated populations or "gamodemes." Linkage disequilibrium within gamodemes is allowed in two of the models. Maximum likelihood criteria are used to fit the models to the observed numbers of zygotes in a sample. A fitting-testing sequence for choosing a best model is described and the power of the test is analyzed. The statistical characteristics of the genetic parameter estimates were examined by simulation studies. In general, estimates were reliable when allele frequency differences between gamodemes were greater than 0.30 at both loci. This method may be used to study the population structure of samples with fewer heterozygotes than expected for Hardy-Weinberg populations, including the detection and genetic description of sibling species having overlapping ranges.—An example is given for Drosophila longicornis and D. propachuca, two sibling species within the mulleri complex of the repleta group which have been studied in detail using more conventional techniques. The reanalysis using the approach derived in this paper confirmed the reproductive isolation of these two species, and hinted at the possibility of further subdivision within D. propachuca.
The Scharfetter–Gummel scheme for aggregation–diffusion equations
Authors: Schlichting André , Seis Christian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this paper we propose a finite-volume scheme for aggregation–diffusion equations based on a Scharfetter–Gummel approximation of the quadratic, nonlocal flux term. This scheme is analyzed concerning well posedness and convergence towards solutions to the continuous problem. Also, it is proven that the numerical scheme has several structure-preserving features. More specifically, it is shown that the discrete solutions satisfy a free-energy dissipation relation analogous to the continuous model. Consequently, the numerical solutions converge in the large time limit to stationary solutions, for which we provide a thermodynamic characterization. Numerical experiments complement the study.
Post-COVID Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in the Deployed Environment
Authors: Ghoddusi Faraz , Garcia David , Harroun Teresa 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Cases of multisystem inflammatory syndrome after current or previous SARS-CoV-2 infection have been extensively documented in children. Although there has been recent recognition of a similar adult post-COVID entity known as multisystem inflammatory syndrome in adults (MIS-A), these cases have rarely been reported. This report describes the case of a soldier in the deployed setting with a benign initial clinical presentation who rapidly developed life-threatening MIS-A.
Bayesian Markov models improve the prediction of binding motifs beyond first order
Authors: Ge Wanwan , Meier Markus , Roth Christian , Söding Johannes 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) regulate gene expression by binding to specific DNA motifs. Accurate models for predicting binding affinities are crucial for quantitatively understanding of transcriptional regulation. Motifs are commonly described by position weight matrices, which assume that each position contributes independently to the binding energy. Models that can learn dependencies between positions, for instance, induced by DNA structure preferences, have yielded markedly improved predictions for most TFs on in vivo data. However, they are more prone to overfit the data and to learn patterns merely correlated with rather than directly involved in TF binding. We present an improved, faster version of our Bayesian Markov model software, BaMMmotif2. We tested it with state-of-the-art motif discovery tools on a large collection of ChIP-seq and HT-SELEX datasets. BaMMmotif2 models of fifth-order achieved a median false-discovery-rate-averaged recall 13.6% and 12.2% higher than the next best tool on 427 ChIP-seq datasets and 164 HT-SELEX datasets, respectively, while being 8 to 1000 times faster. BaMMmotif2 models showed no signs of overtraining in cross-cell line and cross-platform tests, with similar improvements on the next-best tool. These results demonstrate that dependencies beyond first order clearly improve binding models for most TFs.
Networking mechanisms
Authors: Elfring Tom , Klyver Kim , van Burg Elco 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Entrepreneurs benefit from their social network positions. In this chapter, we question how entrepreneurs get those benefits. We distinguish two broad perspectives on the way networks are conceptualized—namely, the entrepreneur’s business network perspective and the social network perspective. The business network perspective, with strong links to the strategy field, focuses on the potential beneficial effects of formal relationships with suppliers, customers, trade associations, and other professional connections. The content of the ties represent value and influence performance. In contrast, the social network perspective has its roots in sociology. Its central idea is that position within a social structure influences entrepreneurs’ attitudes and behaviors and thus affects their performance. These two perspectives jointly point at underlying mechanisms that explain how particular network dimensions in fact turn into social capital with positive and/or negative impacts on performance and how entrepreneurs can actively shape their networks and resulting benefits. Our mechanism-based approach aligns and synthesizes these two perspectives and benefits from their complementarity.
Introduction
Authors: Heinz Annelise 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Introduction provides an orientation to the book and its key questions: What did it mean to become “modern” in the early twentieth century? How did American ethnicities take shape in the years leading up to and after World War II? How did middle-class women experience and shape their changing roles in society, before the social revolutions of the late twentieth century? How are these things related? The Introduction also covers an overview of mahjong’s trajectory in the United States. It examines background related to the history of leisure, gender, and consumerism in addition to introducing key sources and methodologies. The introduction sets up the book to tell the story of mahjong’s role in the creation of identifiably ethnic communities, women’s access to respectable leisure, and how Americans used ideas of China to understand themselves.
Cosmopolitan Roots in Shanghai
Authors: Heinz Annelise 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Mahjong had been spreading throughout China’s urban centers for four decades before the rest of the world began playing it. A new elite class of Chinese intermediaries eventually helped introduce mahjong to American businessmen and travelers, for whom it soon served similar purposes of community, entertainment, and posturing as it did for Chinese players. While expatriate male social circles were more visible, the growing numbers of both American women and Western-educated Chinese women helped create new patterns and places of interaction. The seeds of the gender shift from predominately male to female mahjong players originated in the expat world. Mahjong’s path through American social circles highlights the dynamics of leisure and domestic labor that underwrote the patterns of foreign life in semi-colonial China.
The Americanization of Mahjong
Authors: Heinz Annelise 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
During the years of depression, war, and postwar expansion, mahjong evolved in the United States and abroad, creating discrete national, regional, and community forms. In the 1940s, the wives of Air Force officers created their own version, which continued to spread across postwar bases. The most influential community adaptation by far was driven by the National Mah Jongg League. Over the ensuing decades, eventually hundreds of thousands of players, mostly but not exclusively Jewish American women, played their “National” version of the international Chinese game. The changes to the game that the League initiated were enabled by their proximity to the small factories making the tiles. The locus of mahjong manufacturing for the American market moved from China to plastic fabricating shops in New York City. As factories developed in concert with distinctive regional and community-based forms of the game, American mahjong grew into a domestic industry.
Epilogue
Authors: Heinz Annelise 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
From the twentieth century into the twenty-first, mahjong’s cultural meaning continued to evolve and diversify along with the social, demographic, and technological changes that marked each era. Today mahjong is once again rising in popularity. The game’s adaptability continues to undergird its evolving social meanings, from ongoing ethnic and gendered resonances to a new digital world and increasing diversification. A mahjong revival is being fueled by collectors interested in the game’s aesthetics and materiality, nostalgic baby boomers recalling their mothers’ forms of play and community, and younger generations looking for ethnic roots and undeterred by gendered stigmas, as an American gaze increasingly fixates on a China seen as, once again, both alluring and ominous.
Health Inequality
Authors: Schemmel Christian 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that relational egalitarianism has distinctive, and plausible, implications not only for the goods directly produced by social cooperation, but also for health. First, it yields a clear ordering of the injustice of different kinds of health inequalities: inequalities caused by inegalitarian relations which are independently unjust are more unjust than those caused by other social processes, which in turn are more unjust (unless justified according to the model developed in the preceding chapter) than those not so caused. The resulting requirements fit well with important strands in public health research on the social determinants of health. Second, it also justifies the universal provision of healthcare, and relational egalitarians need not, and should not, be committed to prioritizing patients with socially caused health deficiencies at the point of delivery of treatment. There are other, better ways to justly prioritize the fight against such health inequalities.
Nathan Cohen, the Man without a Country
Authors: Young Elliott 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Nathan Cohen, a Russian-Brazilian Jew, was declared insane and deported from the United States in 1914. After being twice refused landing in Brazil and Argentina, Cohen remained trapped on a ship in New York’s harbor with no country willing to accept him. Cohen’s well-publicized story reflected Americans’ fear of immigrants and immigrants’ difficulty navigating increasingly restrictive immigration policies. This episode also reveals how psychiatric evaluations were used at the beginning of the twentieth century to identify, detain, and deport supposedly “unfit” and “mentally defective” immigrants. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the mental hospital was by far the carceral institution most likely to hold both immigrants and citizens, and the rate of mental hospital incarceration then is equivalent to the rate in the more recent era of mass incarceration in jails and prisons.
Conclusion
Authors: Young Elliott 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Although the Supreme Court limited detention for non-citizens in the first decade of the twenty-first century (Zadvydas [2000] and Martinez [2005]), its most recent decisions indicate that under certain circumstances non-citizens can be held indefinitely behind bars with no possibility of even a bond hearing. In practice, non-citizens deemed excludable from the United States are like the forever prisoners of Guantanamo, exposed to massive state power with few constitutional protections. Khalid Qassim is one of the forty Guantanamo detainees held for more than eighteen years to date with no charges and no trial. Although Guantanamo prisoners are not voluntary immigrants, they share with immigrants a lack of protection by the US Constitution and a vulnerability to indefinite detention. Immigrant detention today is part of a carceral landscape in the United States that includes more than 2 million citizens behind bars.
Conclusion
Authors: Smith Christian , Adamczyk Amy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The conclusion draws together the various findings and arguments in this book into a final assessment. It emphasizes the complex, contingent, and multileveled forces that shape American parents’ task today of passing on religion to their children. Emphasis is placed on parenting as a “project” involving difficult responsibilities. The conclusion summarizes the main practices that appear most successfully to transmit religion from parents to children.
Value and Values
Authors: Phelps Charles E. , Madhavan Guru 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Many decisions are done intuitively. Sometimes, this works well, and sometimes they lead us astray. Tools of systems engineering recognize human biases and ask about what we do best—specify what is most important to us under the circumstances. This chapter presents a brief introduction into this world (multi-criteria decision analysis) using an example comparing three fictitious wines to show how different preferences lead to different rankings of wine quality, even when using the same “objective” data. This is as it should be—tastes differ, and good decision support systems take this into account. At this point, we focus on decisions made by one person. Later chapters focus on combining a diversity of individual preferences into a group choice.
Choosing How to Choose
Authors: Phelps Charles E. , Madhavan Guru 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
“Majority rule” seems like the fairest and best voting process imaginable, yet it simply doesn’t work in many cases. Dozens of different voting rules have been proposed to assemble the preferences of individuals into a collective group decision. Some use rank-order ballots. Some use rating scales (like “stars” for Uber drivers or amazon.com purchases). Some use letter grades like those assigned by teachers to students. This chapter reviews over a dozen different voting methods, showing how and why they can lead to different choices even with the same set of voter preferences using a simple example where 19 people (e.g., at a conference together somewhere) vote to decide where to have dinner—an American, a Brazilian, a Chinese, or an Indian restaurant. The powerful conclusion emerges that it is the voting method, not the voters’ preferences, that determines the choice.
Superpowers, God, Omniscience, and Afterlife
Authors: Wellman Henry M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Theory of mind not only begins and develops robustly in early childhood, but also continues beyond that into older childhood and adulthood. A good window on these later developments is children’s emerging understandings of possible extraordinary mental abilities: children’s understanding of, and wrestling with, concepts like God, superheroes, Hell, and omniscience. Superheroes provide a next step beyond preschool as children’s theory of mind moves beyond thinking about the ordinary to wrestle with the extraordinary. Interest in God often begins with partial understanding and also first springs from children’s interest in strength and power. From these beginnings, children reach for the concepts of God, omniscience, the afterlife, and the soul. This journey tells an anthropomorphism story: Children begin by understanding the limited and fallible minds of ordinary people. From this base they move toward an ever-expanding grasp of extraordinary minds.
Theory of Mind at Work
Authors: Wellman Henry M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at theory of mind at work. Theory of mind is at work in ways big and small, in ways hidden and obvious. It is a foundation for people’s human way of looking at the world, so whether false or true, whether directed at themselves or at others, it colors their thinking, their institutions, and their basic beliefs. Societally, it shapes legal and moral codes, written and pictorial conventions, and screen media. Individually, it shapes people’s feelings, their gift giving, their teaching and learning, or their failures to learn. It is at work in adults and in children and in the way people can bring together their adult and childhood selves. Ultimately, it is a foundational piece of who we were, who we are, who we will become, and how those knit together.
Beatles Fandom
Authors: Leonard Candy 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A confluence of demographic, technological, political, and other cultural factors in the 1960s resulted in the Beatles becoming an epochal phenomenon. Never in human history had millions of people around the world received and reacted to the same communication at the same time over a period of years. The nonstop deluge of compelling sounds, words, images, and ideas the band put forth made it a unique source of emotional, intellectual, aesthetic, and spiritual nurturance, distinct and apart from parents and other traditional sources of socialization. Using a synthesis of sociocultural and phenomenological analyses, this chapter shows how and why Beatles fandom endures as a kind of secular religion, serving the same functions in fans’ lives that religion serves in the lives of believers.