bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding moral empathy: A verbatim‐theatre supported phenomenological exploration of the empathy imperative
Authors: Pieris Dilshan , Jafine Hartley , Neilson Shane , Amster Ellen , Zazulak Joyce , Lam Connie , Grierson Lawrence 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesSeveral studies have measured a decline in empathy during medical training, speculating that factors within the formal, informal and hidden curricula are responsible for this phenomenon. Although the medical education literature describes the moral domain of empathy as most fundamental to the empathic response, most research into the decline has examined the cognitive, affective and behavioural domains. This study distinguishes itself by focusing on how moral empathy is affected through training.MethodsTen medical residents from core education specialties at McMaster University participated in lightly structured interviews concerning their training experiences. Interview transcripts were analysed by way of a descriptive phenomenological approach. Analyses afforded descriptions of the way medical training influences moral empathy. These descriptions were then used to generate a verbatim theatre play that was performed for an audience of residents, educators, learners, researchers and scholars. Following the play, audience participants completed a survey to member‐check the descriptions and to glean other reflective experiences in resident training that impact moral empathy. The survey results informed revisions to the codebook that was subsequently used to re‐analyse the interview transcripts. This resulted in a final, refined version of the influence of training on learner moral empathy.ResultsThe findings suggest that a resident's sense of moral empathy relies upon the notion of an innate capacity for empathy, and is influenced by their clinical and classroom education, and specific experiences with patients during training. Importantly, these factors are rarely experienced as having a direct deleterious impact on residents' moral empathy but rather are experienced as challenges to their ability to act on their moral empathy.ConclusionsThe study promotes reflection of what it means to experience empathy in the moral domain. The description offers a new perspective from which to view empathic declines that have been previously reported, while also highlighting a moral‐behavioural tension that has implications for competency‐based assessment and the way empathy is conceptualised in medical education.
Coordinated resource allocation to plant growth–defense tradeoffs
Authors: Monson Russell K. , Trowbridge Amy M. , Lindroth Richard L. , Lerdau Manuel T. 
Published: October 2021

SummaryPlant resource allocation patterns often reveal tradeoffs that favor growth (G) over defense (D), or vice versa. Ecologists most often explain G–D tradeoffs through principles of economic optimality, in which negative trait correlations are attributed to the reconciliation of fitness costs. Recently, researchers in molecular biology have developed ‘big data’ resources including multi‐omic (e.g. transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolomic) studies that describe the cellular processes controlling gene expression in model species. In this synthesis, we bridge ecological theory with discoveries in multi‐omics biology to better understand how selection has shaped the mechanisms of G–D tradeoffs. Multi‐omic studies reveal strategically coordinated patterns in resource allocation that are enabled by phytohormone crosstalk and transcriptional signal cascades. Coordinated resource allocation justifies the framework of optimality theory, while providing mechanistic insight into the feedbacks and control hubs that calibrate G–D tradeoff commitments. We use the existing literature to describe the coordinated resource allocation hypothesis (CoRAH) that accounts for balanced cellular controls during the expression of G–D tradeoffs, while sustaining stored resource pools to buffer the impacts of future stresses. The integrative mechanisms of the CoRAH unify the supply‐ and demand‐side perspectives of previous G–D tradeoff theories.
Stress associated proteins coordinate the activation of comprehensive antiviral immunity in Phalaenopsis orchids
Authors: Chang Li , Tzean Yuh , Hsin Kuan‐Ting , Lin Chia‐Ying , Wang Chun‐Neng , Yeh Hsin‐Hung 
Published: October 2021

Summary

Viruses cause severe damage on crops, and identification of key gene(s) that can comprehensively activate antiviral immunity will provide insights for designing effective antiviral strategies. Salicylic acid (SA)‐mediated antiviral immunity and RNA interference (RNAi) are two independently discovered antiviral pathways. Previously, we identified the orchid stress‐associated protein (SAP), Pha13, which serves as a hub in SA‐mediated antiviral immunity. As SAPs exist as a protein family, whether duplicated SAPs have redundant or distinctive functions in antiviral immunity remains elusive.

We performed functional assays on orchid Pha21, a homolog of Pha13, using transient and transgenic approaches on orchid, Arabidopsis and Nicotiana benthamiana to overexpress and/or silence Pha21.

The SA treatment induced the expression of both Pha13 and Pha21, whereas Pha21 was found to play a key role in the initiation of the RNAi pathway in Phalaenopsis orchids. We demonstrated that Pha21‐mediated antiviral immunity and enhancement of the RNAi pathway is conserved between dicotyledons and monocotyledons.

We provide new insight that orchid SAPs confer distinctive functions to coordinate both SA‐signaling and RNAi for comprehensive activation of antiviral immunity, and this information will help us develop antiviral strategies on crops.
Justification, excuse, and proof beyond reasonable doubt
Authors: Ho Hock Lai 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe law requires criminal guilt to be proved beyond a reasonable doubt. There are two different approaches to construing this legal rule. On an epistemic approach, the rule is construed in terms of justified belief or knowledge; on a probabilistic approach, the rule is construed in terms of satisfying a probabilistic threshold. An epistemic construction of the rule has this advantage over a probabilistic construction: the former can while the latter cannot excuse the state from blame for a false conviction. This claim rests on an understanding of legal rules, legal justification for a finding of guilt and the central purpose of a criminal trial.
Evaluation of Israeli healthcare workers knowledge and attitudes toward the COVID‐19 vaccine
Authors: Zaitoon Hussein , Sharkansky Livnat , Ganaim Loai , Chistyakov Irina , Srugo Isaac , Bamberger Ellen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesHealthcare workers (HCWs) are considered an important target group for the COVID‐19 vaccines. The current study assesses the knowledge and attitudes of Israeli HCWs regarding COVID‐19 immunization, and how various occupational and demographic factors may underlie COVID‐related knowledge and attitudes differences.MethodsFollowing a pre‐test to validate measures, a cross‐sectional online anonymous survey was distributed to HCWs using a snowball sampling method.ResultsThe survey was completed by 714 participants (mean age 39.9; range 18–74; 447 female), 52% doctors, 32% nurses, and the remainder by paramedical staff. Of the respondents, 553 (77.4%) answered the question are you in favor of getting the COVID‐19 vaccine, 105 (14.7%) were not sure, and 56 (7.8%) were not in favor. Doctors had higher odds of agreement as compared to both nurses (p < .025) and paramedical staff (p < .001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that increased age (OR: 1.075; 95% CI: 1.04–1.11, p < .001), profession (physician vs. nurse; OR: 2.73; 95% CI: 1.32–5.65; p < .007), and getting the current influenza vaccine (OR: 4.96; 95% CI: 2.47–9.95) were significant predictors of agreement.ConclusionsA high level of HCWs knowledge and in favor attitudes were observed. Yet negative attitudes were also noted, particularly among nurses, paramedical staff, and young employees.
A Meta‐Analysis of the Government Performance—Trust Link: Taking Cultural and Methodological Factors into Account
Authors: Zhang Jiasheng , Li Hui , Yang Kaifeng 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The performance‐trust link constitutes an important issue, but the public administration and political science literature has been equivocal regarding how it is influenced by cultural and methodological factors. Meta‐analyzing 72 empirical studies, this article finds that the link is stronger in low power distance countries, when outputs are used to measure government performance, or when the focus is on local government. In addition, the performance‐trust link holds true regardless of whether performance data are subjective or objective, or whether the studies focus on performance of government as a whole or specific agencies. The results imply that in order to nurture and sustain trust in government, we should pay more attention to societal cultures and the way government performance information is provided. Trust in government studies should become both more scientific and more culturally sensitive.
Copula measures and Sklar's theorem in arbitrary dimensions
Authors: Benth Fred Espen , Di Nunno Giulia , Schroers Dennis 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlthough copulas are used and defined for various infinite‐dimensional objects (e.g., Gaussian processes and Markov processes), there is no prevalent notion of a copula that unifies these concepts. We propose a unified functional analytic framework, show how Sklar's theorem can be applied in certain examples of Banach spaces and provide a semiparametric estimation procedure for second‐order stochastic processes with underlying Gaussian copula.
Molecular identification of Acanthamoeba genotypes isolated from oral cavity of heart transplant patients in Iran
Authors: Arab‐Mazar Zahra , Niyyati Maryam , Javanmard Ehsan , Kamali Monireh , Lasjerdi Zohreh , Rahmati Roodsari Sara 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveHeart transplant is one of the accepted treatments for some patients with advanced heart failure. Of note, transplant surgeries may cause different infections and complications for patients during the post‐transplant period. A wide variety of opportunistic organisms caused these infections including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and protozoa particularly Free‐living amoebae (FLA). This study aims to study the presence of pathogenic FLA from the oral cavity of post‐heart transplant recipients.MethodsThroat swabs were collected from 80 patients who underwent post‐heart transplant surgery. All swabs were immediately cultured in non‐nutrient agar (2%). PCR and sequencing of 18S rRNA gene (DF3 region) of Acanthamoeba isolates were performed using genus‐specific primers. Genetic associations among sequenced genotypes inferred by the 18S rRNA gene obtained by MEGA X and a phylogenetic tree were constructed using the maximum likelihood algorithm and Kimura 2‐parameter model.ResultsOut of 80 samples collected from post‐heart transplant patients, six (7.5%) samples showed positive outgrowth of Acanthamoeba based on the page key and sequencing of the DF3 region. Sequence similarity of ASA1 by basic local alignment search tool(n) showed that five isolates (ANHT1, ANHT2, ANHT3, ANHT4, and ANHT5) belonged to Acanthamoeba T5 genotype corresponding to A. lenticulata and one strain (ANHT6) belonged to the T4 genotype.ConclusionTo the best of our knowledge for the first time, a comprehensive study of Acanthamoeba genotypes isolated from throat samples of heart transplant recipients is described. Heart transplantation patients can be colonized by FLA and are therefore at risk of developing an invasive infection. Physicians' awareness of central nervous system infections related to FLAs and preventive and control measures of patients with compromised immune status due to heart transplant surgery are of utmost importance.
Estimating the impact on the inventory of implementing pathogen‐reduced platelets in Canada
Authors: Blake John T. , McTaggart Ken , Couture Chantal 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundPathogen reduction (PR) technology will be implemented in pooled platelets in Canada. It is anticipated that PR platelets will be licensed in Canada for a maximum shelf life of 5 days, while non‐treated apheresis platelet products will continue to be licensed for 7 days.Study Design and MethodsThis study evaluates the impact on inventory, wastage, and shortages of implementing PR platelets. A custom‐built simulation model was used to represent a regional distribution network. Experiments with the model were used to estimate product wastage and shortages when a 5‐day PR pooled platelet product is introduced alongside a 7‐day apheresis platelet product.ResultsPooled platelet waste and shortages both increase as pooled shelf life decreases. Apheresis platelets, however, show a different response: While shortages of apheresis platelets increase as the shelf life of pooled units decreases, apheresis waste declines as pooled shelf life decreases.ConclusionAdditional platelet collections will be necessary to accommodate the shorter PR platelet shelf life and to cover increased patient transfusion needs due to a lower platelet yield in PR units. Increases of 9% for pooled units and 6% for apheresis units beyond expected demand, were found to be sufficient to ensure a non‐inferior level of customer service while minimizing waste.
AMARTYA SEN'S CAPABILITIES APPROACH: RESISTANCE AND TRANSFORMATIVE POWER IN THE AGE OF TRANSHUMANISM
Authors: Yoon I Sil 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAlthough the development of transhuman technologies has the potential to radically improve the quality of human life, transhumanism risks widening existing socio‐economic disparity. A side effect of innovative advance in AI (artificial intelligence) and IA (intelligence amplification) would be a society with a large underclass dominated by a techno‐elite. For my analysis, I will draw on Amartya Sen's Capabilities Approach, which focuses on opportunities that make possible an individuals’ capabilities of choosing to pursue their life values and well‐being. This article explores how Sen's approach can serve as a foundational framework to critique capitalism‐driven technological development and consequent social inequality. It further examines how it can serve as guidance for a democratic and just transhumanist society by necessitating the establishment of social conditions where all persons can flourish.
A Study on Adapted Similitude Modeling Method of Turboexpander With Different Gas Working Fluids
Authors: Li Yiran , Wang Xing , Zhang Xuehui , Zhu Yangli , Li Wen , Chen Haisheng 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The study on similitude modeling method of turboexpander with different working fluids is not only the key technical means and necessary method for the research and development of turboexpander with special working fluids but also an effective way to further expand the application scope of a turboexpander. In this paper, an adapted similitude modeling method (ASMM), which is based on dimensional analysis, actual characteristics of real gas, and seven similitude criteria, is proposed. Based on modeling criterion π4, the new similitude modeling relationship of turboexpander with different gas working fluids is obtained based on rotational speed, inlet total temperature, specific heat ratio, and gas constant. Aiming at the ASMM, the similitude modeling performance of turboexpander with air, methane, CO2, and helium is verified by using the computational fluid dynamics method. The results show that the modeling effects on aerodynamic performance are well predicted in a wide range including the design point (expansion ratio 2.9∼5.0), and the errors of the total-to-total isentropic efficiency, relative equivalent mass flow rate, relative equivalent shaft power are less than 0.74%, 1.94%, and 1.69%, respectively. Methane and CO2 have the best modeling performance, their errors of efficiency, relative equivalent mass flow rate, and relative equivalent shaft power are all less than 0.5%; Furthermore, the ASMM also has pinpoint accuracy with the prediction of the internal flow field, which provides a good idea for further research on special working fluid turboexpander and an approach to expand the application scope of turboexpanders.
Flow and Heat Transfer Mechanisms in a Rotating Compressor Cavity Under Centrifugal Buoyancy-Driven Convection
Authors: Gao Feng , Chew John W. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a systematic study of flow and heat transfer mechanisms in a compressor disk cavity with an axial throughflow under centrifugal buoyancy-driven convection, comparing with previously published experimental data. Wall-modeled large-eddy simulations (WMLES) are conducted for six operating conditions, covering a range of rotational Reynolds number (3.2×105−2.2×106), buoyancy parameter (0.11–0.26), and Rossby number (0.4–0.8). Numerical accuracy and computational efficiency of the simulations are considered. Wall heat transfer predictions are compared with measured data with a good level of agreement. A constant rothalpy core occurs at high Eckert number, appearing to reduce the driving buoyancy force. The flow in the cavity is turbulent with unsteady laminar Ekman layers observed on both disks except in the bore flow affected region on the downstream disk cob. The shroud heat transfer Nusselt number–Rayleigh number scaling agrees with that of natural convection under gravity for high Rayleigh numbers. Disk heat transfer is dominated by conduction across unsteady Ekman layers, except on the downstream disk cob. The disk bore heat transfer is close to a pipe flow forced convection correlation. The unsteady flow structure is investigated showing strong unsteadiness in the cavity that extends into the axial throughflow.
Manipulator Kinematics and Dynamics on Differentiable Manifolds: Part I Kinematics
Authors: Haug Edward J. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Using basic tools of Euclidian space differential geometry, maximal singularity free components of the regular manipulator configuration space are defined, with conditions that establish the space as a differentiable manifold. This structure shows that the conventional categorization of manipulators as either serial or parallel is incomplete and that three distinct categories of manipulator must be accounted for; (1) serial manipulators in which inputs globally determine outputs, (2) explicit parallel manipulators in which outputs globally determine inputs, and (3) compound manipulators in which there is no global input or output mapping. Results of differential geometry are used to show that configuration space differentiable manifolds in each category are partitioned into maximal, disjoint, path-connected components in which the manipulator is singularity free and may be effectively controlled. This extends local analytical properties of manipulators that are used for analysis and control to global validity on maximal components of regular manipulator configuration space, providing explicit criteria for avoidance of singular behavior. Model manipulators in each of the three categories are analyzed to illustrate application of the differentiable manifold structure, using only multivariable calculus and linear algebra. Computational methods for forward and inverse kinematics and construction of ordinary differential equations of manipulator dynamics on differentiable manifolds are presented in Part II of this paper, in support of manipulator control.
On the Determination of Thermal Conductivity From Frequency Domain Thermoreflectance Experiments
Authors: Saurav Siddharth , Mazumder Sandip 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Fourier and the hyperbolic heat conduction equations were solved numerically to simulate a frequency-domain thermoreflectance (FDTR) experiment. Numerical solutions enable isolation of pump and probe laser spot size effects and use of realistic boundary conditions. The equations were solved in time domain and the phase lag between the temperature of the transducer (averaged over the probe laser spot) and the modulated pump laser signal was computed for a modulation frequency range of 200 kHz–200 MHz. Numerical calculations showed that extracted values of the thermal conductivity are sensitive to both the pump and probe laser spot sizes, while analytical solutions (based on Hankel transform) cannot isolate the two effects. However, for the same effective (combined) spot size, the two solutions are found to be in excellent agreement. If the substrate (computational domain) is sufficiently large, the far-field boundary conditions were found to have no effect on the computed phase lag. The interface conductance between the transducer and the substrate was found to have some effect on the extracted thermal conductivity. The hyperbolic heat conduction equation yielded almost the same results as the Fourier heat conduction equation for the particular case studied. The numerically extracted thermal conductivity value (best fit) for the silicon substrate considered in this study was found to be about 82–108 W/m/K, depending on the pump and probe laser spot sizes used.
Manufacturing of a Gelatin Phantom With Lymphedema for Ultrasonic Imaging Measurement
Authors: Yoon Ki-Cheol , Kim Kwang Gi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
For diagnosis of secondary lymphedema, amplitude mode (A-mode) examination using a single ultrasound probe has been suggested as one of the possible diagnostic modalities due to its relatively low cost, ease of usage, and mobility. However, A-mode ultrasound waves with respect to time have lots of noise and are complicated to analyze and achieve well-correlated information related to change in volume of each layer of skin and subcutaneous tissues. Thus, the development of an adequate ultrasound calibration phantom is needed. For this, a fundamental study on proper phantom materials which show acoustic characteristics of skin and subcutaneous tissues is needed. In this research, the fabrication method for ultrasonic phantom using gelatin material is presented in a wide range of acoustic impedance and their acoustic characteristics and usability were discussed.
Compressor Stability at Pulsating Condition Via Gas Dynamics Responses Analysis
Authors: Shu Mengying , Yang Bijie , Yang Mingyang , Martinez-Botas Ricardo F. , Zhuge Weilin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The compressor is operated at unsteady exit conditions in many scenarios such as the instability of combustion in gas turbine and denotation engine. The aerodynamic stability of the compressor is inevitably influenced by the unsteady operating environment. In this paper, a one-dimensional (1D) model that combines pulsation and unsteady responses of the compressor is developed to investigate the stability of the compressor system. The results show that the onset of surge and the transient responses of the compressor during surge are well predicted by the method. The amplitude of the component at surge frequency obtained by fast Fourier transformation (FFT) method is applied as a criterion to quantitively evaluate the onset and the strength of the surge. Compressor stability is enhanced at pulsating conditions due to the interaction between forced oscillation of pulsation and self-sustained oscillation of surge. An analytical model is established to understand the mechanism of the enhancement of compressor stability under pulsation. The change of total energy of the compressing system is proposed to evaluate the influence of pulsating conditions. Specifically, the energy change is reduced for pulsation conditions due to two aspects: the lower slope of compressor characteristic curve due to the lag-effect of compressor responses and the higher energy dissipation due to the nonlinear throttling effect.