bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the Practice of Universal Jurisdiction Through the Concept of Legitimacy
Authors: Rosen Natalie 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This article examines the practice of universal criminal jurisdiction with respect to the core international crimes, namely war crimes, genocide, crimes against humanity and torture, while using the concept of legitimacy to analyse the grounds for compliance (viz. the implementation and application) with that principle, or lack thereof, particularly with the unconditional form of universal jurisdiction. The concept of legitimacy has been in the centre of the discourse on the effectiveness of public international law since the end of 1980s, and rests on the assumption that a rule that is perceived as legitimate exerts stronger pull for compliance and is subsequently likely to be exercised more effectively than a rule which is regarded as illegitimate. The added value of the article to the debate on universal jurisdiction lies with its methodical breaking down of legitimacy into three heads: legitimacy of source, legitimacy of process and legitimacy of outcome, which provides new insights and perspectives regarding the much-contested universal jurisdiction practice. The article starts with discussing different approaches to legitimacy and then moves to apply them to the principle of universal jurisdiction as generally practised over the last two decades, using the three-head-taxonomy of legitimacy of source, legitimacy of process and legitimacy of outcome, as well as the typology offered by Thomas Franck of the factors influencing a norm or an institution’s perception as legitimate.
First Reports of Macrosaccus morrisella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) Feeding on Soybean, Glycine max (Fabales: Fabaceae)
Authors: Koch Robert L , Moisan-De Serres Joseph , Ribeiro Arthur V 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Macrosaccus morrisella (Fitch) is a tiny leaf-mining moth native to North America. In this publication, we provide first reports of this insect feeding on soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., in Canada and the United States, describe its injury to soybean, and briefly review leaf miners associated with soybean. Further efforts related to M. morrisella should focus on its geographic extent of infestation of soybean, impacts to soybean, and ecology in the agricultural landscape.
Laboratory Evaluation of Flight Capacities ofAedes japonicus(Diptera: Culicidae) Using a Flight Mill Device
Authors: Krupa Eva , Gréhal Alexa-Lou , Esnault Jérémy , Bender Christelle , Mathieu Bruno 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDispersion expands the distribution of invasive species and as such, it is a key factor of the colonization process. Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald, 1901) is an invasive species of mosquito and a vector of various viruses. It was detected in the northeast of France in 2014. The population of this species can expand its distribution by several kilometers per year. However, though flight capacities play an active part in the dispersion of Ae. japonicus, they remain unknown for this species. In this study, we investigated the flight capacities of Ae. japonicus in a laboratory setting using the flight mill technique. We evaluated the influence of age on flight. We recorded videos of individual flights with a camera mounted on Raspberry Pi. We extracted data on distance, duration, and speed of flight using the Toxtrac and Boris software. Our analysis showed a median flight distance of 438 m with a maximum of 11,466 m. Strong flyers, which represented 10% of the females tested, flew more than 6,115 m during 4 h and 28 min at a speed of 1.7 km per h. As suspected, Ae. japonicus is a stronger flyer than the other invasive species Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) (Diptera: Culicidae). To our knowledge, this is the first flight mill study conducted on Ae. japonicus and therefore the first evaluation of its flight capacity. In the future, the flight propensity of Ae. japonicus determined in this study can be included as a parameter to model the colonization process of this invasive vector species.
Challenges needed to be overcome in multi-institutional surgical trials: accumulated experience in the JCOG Colorectal Cancer Study Group (CCSG)
Authors: Kataoka Kozo , Fujita Shin , Inomata Masafumi , Takii Yasumasa , Ohue Masayuki , Shiozawa Manabu , Akagi Tomonori , Ikeda Masataka , Tsukamoto Shunsuke , Tsukada Yuichiro , Ito Masaaki , Ikeda Satoshi , Ueno Hideki , Shida Dai , Kanemitsu Yukihide 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
JCOG-CCSG has been conducting several surgical trials and experienced several challenges. The first point is the appropriate timing of conducting the trial. Once a certain number of surgeons acquire the new technique and its utility is accepted, it suddenly becomes difficult to maintain ‘equipoise’ between the standard and new treatment, which may lead to poor patient accrual. Smooth preparation and commencement of the trial at an appropriate timing is necessary for its success. Second is the appropriate quality assurance of surgery. High-level quality assurance will strengthen the comparability of randomized control trials and minimize the heterogeneity among hospitals. On the other hand, it may impair the generalizability of the trial. Large observational studies help to bridge the gap of heterogeneity among hospitals. Third is the selection of an appropriate endpoint. Overall survival (OS) is the gold-standard primary endpoint; however, the number of events is much less due to more effective treatment. JCOG0212 and JCOG0404 were unable to demonstrate the non-inferiority of omission of lateral lymph node dissection and laparoscopic surgery partly due to a lack of power. Disease-free survival (DFS) is also a promising candidate for primary endpoint, but as in JCOG0603, special attention must be paid when DFS does not correlate with OS. Although careful discussion is required because the precision of the hazard ratio depends on the number of events, an alternative population-level summary of variables, including restricted mean survival time, can be considered as the primary endpoint. Future surgical trials should be planned considering these points.
The effects and the mechanisms of naringenin from Artemisia ordosica Krasch on allergic rhinitis based on mast cell degranulation model and network pharmacology
Authors: Niu Yixuan , She Zhanfei , Su Changhai , Zhao Qingchun , Wang Shumin , Xiao Bin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objectives
The ethyl acetate extraction of Artemisia ordosica Krasch (AOK) root showed anti-allergic rhinitis (AR) effect, while the active compounds and pharmacological targets were unknown.

Methods
The P815 degranulation was established by cell counting kit 8 assay, β-hexosaminidase releasing assay and toluidine blue staining. The flavonoids were screened in vitro. Then toluidine blue staining and ELISA were carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the active compound. Network pharmacology was implemented to explain the mechanisms of the active compound. iGEMDOCK was used to investigate the binding between active compound and hub targets.

Key findings
C48/80 was the optimum reagent in triggering P815 degranulation. Naringenin could significantly decrease P815 degranulation. Meanwhile, naringenin could remarkably increase the IL-4 and decrease the tumour necrosis factor-α. The effect of naringenin on AR was achieved by regulating multiple targets (e.g. AKT1, MAPK3, VEGFA) and pathways (e.g. pathways in cancer, VEGF signalling pathway). Nine hub proteins were obtained by topological analysis. Multiple hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces were formed between the naringenin and the residues of hub proteins.

Conclusions
Naringenin might be one of the effective ingredients of AOK against AR. And its effects could achieve through regulating multiple targets and pathways.
Neuroprotective effects of synthetic borneol and natural borneol based on the neurovascular unit against cerebral ischaemic injury
Authors: Xie Qian , Li Jinxiu , Dong Taiwei , Yuan Jianmei , Lu Danni , Ma Rong , Li Hongyan , Li Yong , Ren Mihong , Chen Hai , Wang Jian 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Natural borneol and synthetic borneol were commonly used to treat ischaemic stroke in clinical practice. This study evaluated their different neuroprotective effects on the remodelling and repair of the neurovascular unit (NVU) after cerebral ischaemia.

Methods
We evaluated the different effects of borneol through neurological test and staining methods in cerebral ischaemia injury. Western blot, immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy were used to evaluate the reparative effects of borneol on NVU.

Key findings
The prevention and treatment of borneol could prolong recovery time, reduce body temperature and cerebral infarction rate and improve pathological conditions. Further investigations revealed that borneol could inhibit the expression of DII4, Hes1, Hes5 and p65 and increase the Nissl body number and microvessel density. They also inhibited the activation of the microglia. It was also observed through an ultramicroelectron microscope that the structural stability of the NVU has also been repaired. Moreover, natural borneol shows better results in most indicators when compared with synthetic borneol.

Conclusions
Natural borneol showed a stronger effectiveness and had better regulation and neuroprotection on the NVU when compared with synthetic borneol, indicating that it may be better to use natural borneol in the prescription of Chinese patent medicine in clinical practice.
Fully automated rigid image registration versus human registration in postoperative spine stereotactic body radiation therapy: a multicenter non-inferiority study
Authors: Koide Yutaro , Shimizu Hidetoshi , Miyauchi Risei , Haimoto Shouichi , Tanaka Hiroshi , Watanabe Yui , Adachi Sou , Kato Daiki , Aoyama Takahiro , Kitagawa Tomoki , Tachibana Hiroyuki , Kodaira Takeshi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
To confirm the fully automated rigid image registration (A-RIR) accuracy in postoperative spine stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT), we conducted a multicenter non-inferiority study compared to the human rigid image registration (H-RIR). Twenty-eight metastatic cancer patients who underwent postoperative spine SBRT are enrolled—image registration (IR) of planning computed tomography (CT) and CT-myelogram for delineating the spinal cord. The adopted A-RIR workflow is a contour-focused algorithm performing a rigid registration by maximizing normalized mutual information (NMI) restricted to the data contained within the automatically extracted contour. Three radiation oncologists (ROs) from multicenters were prompted to review two blinded registrations and choose one for clinical use. Indistinguishable cases were allowed to vote equivalent, counted A-RIR side. A-RIR is considered non-inferior to H-RIR if the lower limit of the 95% confidence interval (CI) of A-RIR preferable/equivalent is greater than 0.45. We also evaluated the NMI improvement from the baseline and the translational/rotational errors between A-RIR and H-RIR. The A-RIR preferable/equivalent was selected in 21 patients (0.75, 95% CI: 0.55–0.89), demonstrating non-inferiority to H-RIR. The A-RIR’s NMI improvement was greater than H-RIR in 24 patients: the mean value ± SD was 0.225 ± 0.115 in A-RIR and 0.196 ± 0.114 in H-RIR (P &lt; 0.001). The absolute translational error was 0.38 ± 0.31 mm. The rotational error was −0.03 ± 0.20, 0.05 ± 0.19, −0.04 ± 0.20 degrees in axial, coronal, and sagittal planes (range: −0.66–0.52). In conclusion, A-RIR shows non-inferior to H-RIR in CT and CT-myelogram registration for postoperative spine SBRT planning.
MADS-box transcription factors determine the duration of temporary winter dormancy in closely related evergreen and deciduousIrisspp.
Authors: Li Danqing , Shao Lingmei , Zhang Jiao , Wang Xiaobin , Zhang Dong , Horvath David P , Zhang Liangsheng , Zhang Jiaping , Xia Yiping 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWinter dormancy (WD) is a crucial strategy for plants coping with potentially deadly environments. In recent decades, this process has been extensively studied in economically important perennial eudicots due to changing climate. However, in evergreen monocots with no chilling requirements, dormancy processes are so far a mystery. In this study, we compared the WD process in closely related evergreen (Iris japonica) and deciduous (I. tectorum) iris species across crucial developmental time points. Both iris species exhibit a ‘temporary’ WD process with distinct durations, and could easily resume growth under warm conditions. To decipher transcriptional changes, full-length sequencing for evergreen iris and short read RNA sequencing for deciduous iris were applied to generate respective reference transcriptomes. Combining results from a multipronged approach, SHORT VEGETATIVE PHASE and FRUITFULL (FUL) from MADS-box was associated with a dormancy- and a growth-related module, respectively. They were co-expressed with genes involved in phytohormone signaling, carbohydrate metabolism, and environmental adaptation. Also, gene expression patterns and physiological changes in the above pathways highlighted potential abscisic acid and jasmonic acid antagonism in coordinating growth and stress responses, whereas differences in carbohydrate metabolism and reactive oxygen species scavenging might lead to species-specific WD durations. Moreover, a detailed analysis of MIKCCMADS-box in irises revealed common features described in eudicots as well as possible new roles for monocots during temporary WD, such as FLOWERING LOCUS C and FUL. In essence, our results not only provide a portrait of temporary WD in perennial monocots but also offer new insights into the regulatory mechanism underlying WD in plants.
Volatile-mediated plant–plant interactions: volatile organic compounds as modulators of receiver plant defence, growth, and reproduction
Authors: Brosset Agnès , Blande James D 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
It is firmly established that plants respond to biotic and abiotic stimuli by emitting volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These VOCs provide information on the physiological status of the emitter plant and are available for detection by the whole community. In the context of plant–plant interactions, research has focused mostly on the defence-related responses of receiver plants. However, responses may span hormone signalling and both primary and secondary metabolism, and ultimately affect plant fitness. Here we present a synthesis of plant–plant interactions, focusing on the effects of VOC exposure on receiver plants. An overview of the important chemical cues, the uptake and conversion of VOCs, and the adsorption of VOCs to plant surfaces is presented. This is followed by a review of the substantial VOC-induced changes to receiver plants affecting both primary and secondary metabolism and influencing plant growth and reproduction. Further research should consider whole-plant responses for the effective evaluation of the mechanisms and fitness consequences of exposure of the receiver plant to VOCs.
The epigenetic mechanisms regulating floral hub genes and their potential for manipulation
Authors: Yamaguchi Nobutoshi 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Gene regulatory networks formed by transcription factors play essential roles in the regulation of gene expression during plant reproductive development. These networks integrate endogenous, phytohormonal, and environmental cues. Molecular genetic, biochemical, and chemical analyses performed mainly in Arabidopsis have identified network hub genes and revealed the contributions of individual components to these networks. Here, I outline current understanding of key epigenetic regulatory circuits identified by research on plant reproduction, and highlight significant recent examples of genetic engineering and chemical applications to modulate the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Furthermore, I discuss future prospects for applying basic plant science to engineer useful floral traits in a predictable manner as well as the potential side effects.
Conflicted presence: The many arrivals of Palestinians in Lebanon
Authors: Feldman Ilana 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
No refugee arrival is ever a single event. Arrival repeats, but it is not the same each time. Each arrival is shaped by previous experience as well as future expectation. Considering the multiple layers that constitute refugee arrival is thus necessary to understand such experiences. Palestinians, who have experienced many arrivals, offer an instructive case. This article focuses on Lebanon, where Palestinian presence has always been challenged, and challenging. And this presence has also undergone many changes over the years. Approaching presence through the lens of the built environment, it explores how the construction, inhabitation, and destruction of buildings change over time and are historically layered. The article takes up three distinct moments in Palestinian history in Lebanon: (1) the early years/first arrival; (2) the time of revolution [thawra]; and (3) rebuilding after destruction by Israeli invasion and the Lebanese civil war. Together, these snapshots of different layers in cumulative arrival offer a textured image of Palestinian presence. An exploration of these layers shows that the formal recognition that derives from hereness is often the smaller part of its impact. Presence has a power that regularly defies the discursive, legal, and even affective limits that people and governments seek to put on it.
Massive stars dying alone: the remote environment of supernova 2010jp and its associated late-time source
Authors: Corgan Austin , Smith Nathan , Andrews Jennifer , Filippenko Alexei V , Van Dyk Schuyler D 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
We present late-time images of the site of the peculiar jet-driven Type IIn supernova (SN) 2010jp, including Hubble Space Telescope images taken 2–5 yr post-explosion and deep ground-based images over a similar time. These are used to characterize its unusually remote environment and to constrain the progenitor’s initial mass and age. The position of SN 2010jp is found to reside along a chain of diffuse starlight that is probably an outer spiral arm or tidal tail of the interacting galaxy pair NGC 2207/IC 2163. There is one bright H ii region projected within 1 kpc, and there is faint extended H α emission immediately surrounding the continuum source at the position of SN 2010jp, which has MF555W = −7.7 ± 0.2 mag. In principle, the lingering light could arise from late-time circumstellar material (CSM) interaction, an evolved supergiant, a host star cluster, or some combination of these. Steady flux over 3 yr and a lack of strong, spatially unresolved H α emission make ongoing CSM interaction unlikely. If an evolved supergiant dominates, its observed luminosity implies an initial mass $\lesssim\!{22}$ M⊙ and an age $\gtrsim\!{8}$ Myr. If the source is a star cluster, then its colour and absolute magnitude imply an age of 8–13 Myr and a modest cluster initial mass of log(M/M⊙) = 3.6–3.8. Extended H α emission out to a radius of ∼30 pc reveals a faint evolved H ii region, pointing to recent star formation with at least one late O-type star. Based on these various clues, we conclude that the progenitor of SN 2010jp had a likely initial mass of 18–22 M⊙.
The ‘breaking the chains’ migration model for super-Earth formation: the effect of collisional fragmentation
Authors: Esteves Leandro , Izidoro André , Bitsch Bertram , Jacobson Seth A , Raymond Sean N , Deienno Rogerio , Winter Othon C 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Planets between 1 and 4 R⊕ (Earth radius) with orbital periods &lt;100 d are strikingly common. The migration model proposes that super-Earths migrate inwards and pile up at the disc inner edge in chains of mean motion resonances. After gas disc dispersal, simulations show that super-Earth’s gravitational interactions can naturally break their resonant configuration leading to a late phase of giant impacts. The instability phase is key to matching the orbital spacing of observed systems. Yet, most previous simulations have modelled collisions as perfect accretion events, ignoring fragmentation. In this work, we investigate the impact of imperfect accretion on the ‘breaking the chains’ scenario. We performed N-body simulations starting from distributions of planetary embryos and modelling the effects of pebble accretion and migration in the gas disc. Our simulations also follow the long-term dynamical evolution of super-Earths after the gas disc dissipation. We compared the results of simulations where collisions are treated as perfect merging events with those where imperfect accretion and fragmentation are allowed. We concluded that the perfect accretion is a suitable approximation in this regime, from a dynamical point of view. Although fragmentation events are common, only ∼10 per cent of the system mass is fragmented during a typical ‘late instability phase’, with fragments being mostly reacreted by surviving planets. This limited total mass in fragments proved to be insufficient to alter qualitatively the final system dynamical configuration – e.g. promote strong dynamical friction or residual migration – compared to simulations where fragmentation is neglected.
Kinetic simulations of imbalanced turbulence in a relativistic plasma: Net flow and particle acceleration
Authors: Hankla Amelia M , Zhdankin Vladimir , Werner Gregory R , Uzdensky Dmitri A , Begelman Mitchell C 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Turbulent high-energy astrophysical systems often feature asymmetric energy injection: for instance, Alfvén waves propagating from an accretion disc into its corona. Such systems are ‘imbalanced’: the energy fluxes parallel and antiparallel to the large-scale magnetic field are unequal. In the past, numerical studies of imbalanced turbulence have focused on the magnetohydrodynamic regime. In this study, we investigate externally driven imbalanced turbulence in a collision-less, ultrarelativistically hot, magnetized pair plasma using 3D particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations. We find that the injected electromagnetic momentum efficiently converts into plasma momentum, resulting in net motion along the background magnetic field with speeds up to a significant fraction of lightspeed. This discovery has important implications for the launching of accretion disc winds. We also find that although particle acceleration in imbalanced turbulence operates on a slower time-scale than in balanced turbulence, it ultimately produces a power-law energy distribution similar to balanced turbulence. Our results have ramifications for black hole accretion disc coronae, winds, and jets.