bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on entrepreneurship and small businesses
Authors: Belitski Maksim , Guenther Christina , Kritikos Alexander S. , Thurik Roy 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe existential threat to small businesses, based on their crucial role in the economy, is behind the plethora of scholarly studies in 2020, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Examining the 15 contributions of the special issue on the “Economic effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on entrepreneurship and small businesses,” the paper comprises four parts: a systematic review of the literature on the effect on entrepreneurship and small businesses; a discussion of four literature strands based on this review; an overview of the contributions in this special issue; and some ideas for post-pandemic economic research.
Knowledge attribution, socioeconomic status, and education: new results using the Great British Class Survey
Authors: de Bruin Boudewijn 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis paper presents new evidence on the impact of socioeconomic status (SES) and education on knowledge attribution. I examine a variety of cases, including vignettes where agents have been Gettiered, have false beliefs, and possess knowledge (according to orthodoxy). Early work investigated whether SES might be associated with knowledge attribution (Weinberg et al. in Philos Top 29(1–2):429–460, 2001; Seyedsayamdost in Episteme 12(1):95–116, 2014). But these studies used college education as a dummy variable for SES. I use the recently developed Great British Class Survey (Savage et al. in Sociology 47(2):219–250, 2013) to measure SES. The paper reports evidence against an association between SES and patterns of knowledge ascription, and reports mixed evidence about education effects.
Scrum methodology in context-based secondary chemistry classes: effects on students’ achievement and on students’ perceptions of affective and metacognitive dimensions of their learning
Authors: Vogelzang Johannes , Admiraal Wilfried F. , van Driel Jan H. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractTeaching with Scrum methodology includes ceremonies, roles and artefacts supporting students in planning, monitoring and directing their learning process. It scaffolds students’ learning in complex and sometimes overwhelming context-based learning environments. Effects of the implementation on both students’ learning outcomes and self-reported perceptions of six affective and metacognitive outcomes were investigated. Six teachers implemented Scrum methodology in a context-based secondary chemistry module on Green Chemistry. Their classes formed the experimental group. Based on how students experienced the quality of the implementation, teachers of the experimental group were subdivided into top-teachers and growth-teachers. Consequently, their students formed two sub-experimental groups. The comparison group, which did not use Scrum methodology, consisted of students taught by four teachers. A pre-test post-test control group design was used to study its effect on students’ achievements and self-reported affective and metacognitive outcomes. Students of both experimental groups outperformed students of the comparison group with a large effect-size (top-teachers); and medium effect-size (growth-teachers) on learning outcomes. Findings on students’ perceptions of affective and metacognitive outcomes revealed medium and small effects of Scrum methodology. Despite the fact that the implementation is challenging for teachers, it appears that Scrum methodology has positive effects on students’ achievement and on students’ perceptions of affective and metacognitive dimensions of their learning.
Implementation barriers to integrating exercise as medicine in oncology: an ecological scoping review
Authors: Kennedy Mary A. , Bayes Sara , Newton Robert U. , Zissiadis Yvonne , Spry Nigel A. , Taaffe Dennis R. , Hart Nicolas H. , Galvão Daniel A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
While calls have been made for exercise to become standard practice in oncology, barriers to implementation in real-world settings are not well described. This systematic scoping review aimed to comprehensively describe barriers impeding integration of exercise into routine oncology care within healthcare systems.

Methods
A systematic literature search was conducted across six electronic databases (since 2010) to identify barriers to implementing exercise into real-world settings. An ecological framework was used to classify barriers according to their respective level within the healthcare system.

Results
A total of 1,376 results were retrieved; 50 articles describing implementation barriers in real-world exercise oncology settings were reviewed. Two hundred and forty-three barriers were identified across all levels of the healthcare system. Nearly 40% of barriers existed at the organizational level (n = 93). Lack of structures to support exercise integration and absence of staff/resources to facilitate its delivery were the most common issues reported. Despite the frequency of barriers at the organizational level, organizational stakeholders were largely absent from the research.

Conclusions
Implementing exercise into routine cancer care is hindered by a web of interrelated barriers across all levels of the healthcare system. Organizational barriers are central to most issues. Future work should take an interdisciplinary approach to explore best practices for overcoming implementation barriers, with organizations as a central focus.

Implications for Cancer Survivors
This blueprint of implementation barriers highlights critical issues that need to be overcome to ensure people with cancer have access to the therapeutic benefits of exercise during treatment and beyond.
Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Exhibit High HLA-DR Levels and Altered Cellular Characteristics under a Xeno-free and Serum-free Condition
Authors: Dam Phuong T. M. , Hoang Van T. , Bui Hue Thi Hong , Hang Le Minh , Hoang Duc M. , Nguyen Hoang Phuong , Lien Ha Thi , Tran Huong Thi Thanh , Nguyen Xuan-Hung , Nguyen Thanh Liem 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background
We have observed an increased expression of negative markers in some clinical-grade, xeno- and serum-free cultured adipose-derived mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (ADMSC) samples. It gave rise to concern that xeno- and serum-free conditions might have unexpected effects on human ADMSCs. This study aims to test this hypothesis for two xeno- and serum-free media, PowerStem MSC1 media (PS) and StemMACS MSC Expansion Media (SM), that support the in vitro expansion of ADMSCs.

Methods
We investigated the expression of negative markers in 42 clinical-grade ADMSC samples expanded in PS. Next, we cultured ADMSCs from seven donors in PS and SM and examined their growth and colony-forming ability, surface marker expression, differentiation, cell cycle and senescence, as well as genetic stability of two passages representing an early and late passage for therapeutic MSCs.

Results
15 of 42 clinical-grade PS-expanded ADMSC samples showed an increased expression of negative markers ranging from 2.73% to 34.24%, which positively correlated with the age of donors. This rise of negative markers was related to an upregulation of Human Leukocyte Antigen – DR (HLA-DR). In addition, the PS-cultured cells presented decreased growth ability, lower frequencies of cells in S/G2/M phases, and increased ß-galactosidase activity in passage 7 suggesting their senescent feature compared to those grown in SM. Although MSCs of both PS and SM cultures were capable of multilineage differentiation, the PS-cultured cells demonstrated chromosomal abnormalities in passage 7 compared to the normal karyotype of their SM counterparts.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that the SM media is more suitable for the expansion of therapeutic ADMSCs than PS. The study also hints a change of ADMSC features at more advanced passages and with increased donor’s age. Thus, it emphasizes the necessity to cover these aspects in the quality control of therapeutic MSC products.

Graphical abstract
Circulating Hematopoietic (HSC) and Very-Small Embryonic like (VSEL) Stem Cells in Newly Diagnosed Childhood Diabetes type 1 – Novel Parameters of Beta Cell Destruction/Regeneration Balance and Possible Prognostic Factors of Future Disease Course
Authors: Jamiołkowska-Sztabkowska Milena , Grubczak Kamil , Starosz Aleksandra , Krętowska-Grunwald Anna , Krętowska Magdalena , Parfienowicz Zuzanna , Moniuszko Marcin , Bossowski Artur , Głowińska-Olszewska Barbara 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Aims/Hypothesis
We aimed to evaluate hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) and very small embryonic-like stem cells (VSEL) mobilization to establish their role in residual beta cell function maintenance and partial remission occurrence in children newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes.

Methods
We recruited 59 type 1 diabetic patients (aged 6–18 years) monitored for 2 years, and 31 healthy children as a control group. HSC and VSEL levels were assessed at disease onset in PBMC isolated from whole peripheral blood with the use of flow cytometry. An assessment of beta cell function was based on C-peptide secretion. Studied groups were stratified on the basis of VSEL, HSC and/or C-peptide median levels in regard to beta cell function and partial remission.

Results
Patients with higher stimulated C-peptide secretion at disease onset demonstrated lower levels of HSC (p < 0.05), while for VSEL and VSEL/HSC ratio higher values were observed (p < 0.05). Accordingly, after 2 years follow-up, patients with higher C-peptide secretion presented lower initial levels of HSC and higher VSEL/HSC ratio (p < 0.05). Patients with lower values of HSC levels demonstrated a tendency for better partial remission prevalence in the first 3 to 6 months after diagnosis.

Conclusions
These clinical observations indicate a possible significant role of HSC and VSEL in maintaining residual beta cell function in type 1 diabetic patients.

Graphical Abstract
Application of ADSCs and their Exosomes in Scar Prevention
Authors: Li Cong , Wei Shuqiang , Xu Quanchen , Sun Yu , Ning Xuchao , Wang Zhiguo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractScar is a common way of healing after tissue injury. The poor scar healing will not only cause dysfunction of tissues and organs but also affect the appearance of the patients’ body surface, which causes the pressure of life and spirit to the patients. However, the formation of scar tissue is an extremely complex process and its mechanism is not fully understood. At present, there is no treatment method to eliminate scars completely. Fibroblasts are the most abundant cells in the dermis, which have the ability to synthesize and remodel extracellular matrix (ECM). Myofibroblasts actively participate in the wound healing process and influence the outcome. Therefore, both of them play important roles in wound healing and scar formation. Adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ADSCs) are pluripotent stem cells that can act on target cells by paracrine. Adipose tissue stem cell-derived exosomes (ADSC-Exos) are important secretory substances of ADSCs. They are nanomembrane vesicles that can transport a variety of cellular components and fuse with target cells. In this review, we will discuss the effects of ADSCs and ADSC-Exos on the behavior of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts during wound healing and scarring stage in combination with recent studies.
Graphical Abstract
Quantitative Analysis of the QMS for Pharmaceutical Manufacturing
Authors: Wang Guoxu , Wang Weibing , Zheng Qiang 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To propose a statistical methodology for quantitative analysis of the quality management system (QMS) of pharmaceutical manufacturing.

Methods
(1) Based on the manufacturing data from two established active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufacturers in China from 2010 to 2019, the linear regression with Pearson correlation coefficient is used to find the correlations between the proposed QMS operation indicators and performance indicators. (2) A stepwise multiple linear regression is used to identify the independent operation indicators with the biggest impact on a given performance indicator. (3) The Akaike Information Criterion is used to predict the performance indicators based on the operation indicators.

Results
(1) Correlation: the right-first-time rate correlates strongly with various changes and deviations; the customer complaints correlate with changes, deviations, and CAPAs; the deficiency rate of foreign inspections correlates with deviations and CAPAs; and the CAPA on-time completion rate correlates with changes, deviations, and the ratio of employees in quality. (2) Impact: the right-first-time rate and the customer complaints are mostly impacted by the total deviations; the deficiency rate of foreign inspections is mostly impacted by deviations in equipment and instrument, and deviations due to human error; the CAPA on-time completion rate is mainly impacted by deviations in facility and utilities. (3) Predictability: the right-first-time rate, the customer complaints, the deficiency rate of foreign inspections, and the CAPA on-time completion rate can all be predicted based on the existing data with statistical significance.

Conclusions
Deviations emerge as a key leading indicator for the performance of QMS. The proposed statistical methodology provides a basis for the data-driven quality management and regulation, whose visibility and predictability are likely to progress as the data accumulates.
Postgraduate Surgical Training in the UK: the Trainees’ Perspective
Authors: Rose Anna , Aruparayil Noel 
Published: September 2021

AbstractOver the last 20 years, surgical training in the United Kingdom (UK) has changed dramatically. There have been considerable efforts towards creating a programme that delivers the highest standard of training while maintaining patient safety. However, the journey to improve the quality of training has faced several hurdles and challenges. Recruitment processes, junior doctor contracts, flexible working hours and equality and diversity have all been under the spotlight in recent times. These issues, alongside the extended surgical team and the increasingly recognised importance of trainee wellbeing, mean that postgraduate surgical training is extremely topical. Alongside this, as technology has evolved, this has been incorporated into all aspects of training, from recruitment to simulated training opportunities and postgraduate examinations. The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has brought technology and simulation to the forefront in an attempt to compensate for reduced operative exposure and experience, and has transformed the way that we learn and work. In this article, we reflect on the UK surgical trainee experience and discuss areas of success as well as highlighting potential areas for improvement going forward.
The Historic Centre of Urbino, UNESCO World Heritage (Marche Region, Italy): an Urban-Geological Itinerary Across the Building and Ornamental Stones
Authors: Santi Patrizia , Tramontana Mario , Tonelli Gianluigi , Renzulli Alberto , Veneri Francesco 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe local and extra-regional (national and transnational) stones mainly used as building and ornamental materials in the historic centre of Urbino (UNESCO World Heritage List) were unravelled through a detailed geological and petrographic study. The types of building stones used in the past for the development of an urban centre were mostly affected by the availability of suitable geomaterials in the surrounding areas. For this reason, the stones found in the historical buildings of Urbino generally come from the local sedimentary formations (mostly limestones) belonging to the Umbria–Marche–Romagna SuccessionAuct., which crops out in the Northern Marche Apennines. Only some ornamental highly prized stones used for monuments and decorations come from both extra-regional Italian areas (Alps, other sectors of the Northern Apennines) and foreign countries (France, Egypt). A brief description of the Northern Marche geology was also reported to exactly match the local provenance of the stones, so highlighting the relationship between the territory and the architecture of Urbino. Because of obvious conservation reasons, no samples were collected from buildings or monuments and only autoptic observations, together with a detailed historical and bibliographic research, were carried out to identify the different materials and the provenance areas. Besides the availability of the local sedimentary rocks, we emphasised how the choice of the building and ornamental stones could have been also influenced by the historic period and artistic style, aesthetic features, economic and social importance of the building and/or monument and the relationship to some distinguished personality (e.g., Pope Clemente XI). An open-air stone itinerary across significant places (10 stops and additional sites and monuments in the urban area) is finally proposed for the best fruition of the geological and cultural heritage of Urbino, also aimed at geotourism development.
Small Polymeric Toys Placed in Child-Dedicated Chocolate Food Products—Do They Contain Harmful Chemicals? Examination of Quality by Example of Selected VOCs and SVOCs
Authors: Śmiełowska Monika , Marć Mariusz , Zabiegała Bożena 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis study was focused on child-dedicated chocolate food products that contain a plastic package with a small toy inside (also known as chocolate eggs). Three types of these products that are commercially available on the Polish market, with different prices, chocolate composition, and main types of polymers used in the toy manufacturing process, were investigated. The polymers were identified using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) analysis and emissions of selected toxic volatile organic compounds of toy and packaging samples were identified using stationary emission micro-chamber. Total volatile organic compounds emissions were also estimated. Moreover, the content of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) as bioaccumulative semi-volatile organic compounds was checked in all parts of the cheapest product. The highest PBDE concentrations, which ranged from 5.32 ± 0.79 to 1768 ± 289 ng/g, were recorded in chocolate samples. This demonstrates the need for consumer knowledge on the safety of such products available on the Polish market to be broadened. This is one of the many examples of studies showing that products sold on the European market do not always comply with the Conformité Européenne (CE) declaration of conformity. Furthermore, the presence of phased-out PBDEs in toys may provide evidence of wrong recycling practices. Forward-looking considerations showed that, based on assessments of the hazard quotient (HQ) and cancer risk of BDE-209 and assuming each child has contact with one toy and eats one of the studied chocolate products per day, there is no high risk associated with the exposure of children to PBDEs.
Life at the continental–marine interface: palaeoenvironments and biota of the Alcobaça Formation (Late Jurassic, Central Portugal), with a formal definition of the unit appended
Authors: Fürsich Franz T. , Schneider Simon , Werner Winfried , Lopez-Mir Berta , Pierce Colm S. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe Kimmeridgian Alcobaça Formation of the Lusitanian Basin forms a mixed carbonate–siliciclastic unit between basinal deposits of the Abadia Formation, and fluvial–terrestrial strata of the Lourinhã Formation. This study presents >2.5 km of detailed logs of nine outcrop sections of the Alcobaça Formation in its type region. Eight of these sections encircle the Caldas da Rainha Diapir, which was a prominent, emergent, passive salt diapir during the time of deposition. Palaeoenvironments of the unit form a complex mosaic of low- to high-energy, carbonate- or siliciclastic-dominated shallow shelf settings; coastal embayments and lagoons; and coastal plains with rivers, lakes and playas. In the strata, abundant microfauna is often joined by a rich macrofauna, usually dominated by bivalves. Locally, corals, calcareous sponges or oysters form meadows or patch reefs. These autochthonous to parautochthonous remnants of former communities are assigned to 35 benthic macrofaunal associations. The integration of palaeoecological analysis of these associations with microfaunal and sedimentological data provides constraint on their salinity ranges, which range from slightly hypersaline to freshwater. Frequent temporal and spatial salinity fluctuations are attributed to variations in relative sea-level, salt tectonics or climate. The NNE-trending Caldas da Rainha Diapir induced pronounced facies differentiation. Predominantly, non-marine siliciclastic facies in the northwest and carbonate to siliciclastic, marine to brackish facies in the southwest are contrasted by shallow-marine carbonate facies east of the diapir. Comprehensive exposure and well-preserved fossils make the Alcobaça Formation an excellent showcase to demonstrate how biofacies analysis can help to disentangle the interplay of climate changes, sea-level fluctuations and salt tectonics. Based on the improved characterisation of the unit, the Alcobaça Formation is formally defined, and seven members are established.
An emotion-driven virtual counselling system in computer-mediated communication
Authors: Gaeta Angelo , Orciuoli Francesco , Parente Mimmo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe present and evaluate a virtual counselling system that is devoted to improving user awareness of emotional situations in computer-mediated communication and making informed decisions on actions to recommend to the users involved in a conversation. Starting from elements such as the moods and emotions of the users involved in a conversation, the system constructs the emotional signatures of individuals and groups that are used to characterize a situation. It then uses an approximate reasoning mechanism based on three-way decisions to classify recognized situations with respect to particular emotional dynamics based on emotional contagion. A prototype of the system has been experimented on in a real context based on collaboration between university students for the realization of project work. The distinctive features of the system have been evaluated with accuracy measures, and the results are promising.
Novel preparation of low-cost support for NaA zeolite membrane by utilizing natural clay
Authors: Chen Gangling , Zhang Jianying , Ma Tianlin , Wang Yujie , Chen Guihua , Guo Youzhi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe membrane support is the basis for the preparation and application of the zeolite membrane and its cost and properties directly determine the performance of the zeolite membrane as well as its industrial applications. In this paper, the direct synthesis of NaA zeolite membrane on a novel low-cost support via an in situ reaction by utilizing natural clay can enable a significant reduction in manufacturing costs. During the preparation of the support for the NaA zeolite membrane, additives, such as Al2O3, Al(OH)3 and AlF3, were combined with kaolin clay and used as alumina precursors. Using the resulting porous mullite support, the effects of the firing temperature on the permeability and pore structure of the support were investigated extensively. The results of the experiment showed that silica in the natural clay was reacted by the Al2O3 precursor additives, producing a needle-like mullite in situ that served as a rigid skeleton porous structure for the support. Thus, a network porous structure of the mullite support could be formed during sintering process. The prepared network porous structure mullite supports exhibited a high pure water permeance of 3324 L m2 h1 bar1, open porosity of 41.8% and a mean pore size of 1.36 µm which was ideal for the preparation of the NaA zeolite membrane.