bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Megrelian
Authors: Rostovtsev-Popiel Alexander 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter addresses Megrelian, a Kartvelian (South Caucasian) language spoken by Megrelians, a subethnic group compactly residing in one of the western provinces of Georgia, Samegrelo. A language of informal communication, Megrelian has been subject to linguistic research both in Georgia and beyond for more than two hundred years. Backed by the existing literature on the language, most of which has been published in Georgian, this sketch provides an account of essential features of Megrelian phonology, grammar, and lexicon, including such typologically renowned properties of Megrelian as the elaborate system of preverbs and innovative and extremely specific case-marking alignment that not only features ergative stimuli of affective verbs, but can also license this case to adverbs as well. Furthermore, new insights are proposed for such domains of linguistic structure as the language’s case system, grades of comparison, expression of spatial deixis by pronominal expressions, verbal aspect, and evidentiality; some of these statements are based on the data from the author’s long-term fieldwork and are now being introduced to linguistic discourse.
Advocacy and Research
Authors: Dresser Rebecca 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In recent decades, patient advocates have joined scientists in lobbying for research funds from government agencies, nonprofit organizations, and for-profit entities. Advocates also seek to influence decisions about access to unproven interventions, most notably in right-to-try and expanded-access debates. Advocates weigh in on the design and conduct of individual studies, too. Advocates can help make research more responsive to the needs and desires of patients, but they can also contribute to harm in the form of unjust resource allocation, as well as burdens and disappointments for research participants and patients. Ethical analysis of advocacy activities points to guidelines that can maximize the benefits and minimize the harms produced by research advocacy.
Saint Thomas and His Sources
Authors: Torrell Jean-Pierre 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSt Thomas’s sources are to be found in the ‘authorities’ he quotes; he uses them according to precise criteria that make it possible to put them in a hierarchy. First, citations from the Bible have an authority that is absolute in principle. The argument from authority is the weakest of all in human reason, but it is the most efficacious if it is based on divine revelation. Second, the authority of the Fathers of the Church is great in the realm of faith, but not in other matters; they are susceptible to an expositio reverentialis. Third, when they speak the truth, the authorities of human reason represented by the philosophers likewise carry weight, since reason is not in itself contrary to faith. Since grace does not destroy nature, it is legitimate to have recourse to the philosophers. Thomas holds them in high regard, and the manner in which he behaves in respect to them remains exemplary for us all, whether we be philosophers or theologians.
The Catholic Reception of Aquinas in theDe auxiliisControversy
Authors: Gaetano Matthew T. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Catholic theologians debated how to reconcile God’s predestination and grace with human free choice. The de auxiliis controversy had as its touchstones the works of the Dominican Domingo Báñez and the Jesuit Luis de Molina. Pope Paul V concluded the debates in Rome on these questions, the Congregatio de auxiliis (1597–1607), by prohibiting the accusation of heresy from either side in this quarrel. Dominicans, initially accused of Calvinism, and Jesuits, charged at first with semi-Pelagianism, generally claimed that their conclusions were at least consistent with Thomas Aquinas’ principles. But key notions in this controversy, such as physical predetermination, middle knowledge, and efficacious grace, are not found in Aquinas’ corpus, which encouraged theologians to account for the appearance of novelty. In the aftermath of these debates, Thomism was associated with these soteriological questions, and many Catholic theologians envisioned Thomas Aquinas as Augustine’s faithful disciple.
Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Reformed, Anglican, and Lutheran Reception of Aquinas
Authors: Duby Steven J. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides an account of the way in which some major figures in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Reformed, Anglican, and Lutheran theology interacted with the theology of Thomas Aquinas. As in contemporary Protestant engagement of Aquinas, this reception of the Angelic Doctor’s thought has both appreciative and critical moments. The section on the Reformed tradition discusses the role of Aquinas in the Systematic Theology of Charles Hodge and the early volumes of Herman Bavinck’s Reformed Dogmatics. The section on the Anglican tradition discusses the role of Aquinas in the ecclesiological reflections of E. B. Pusey and Charles Gore. Finally, the section on the Lutheran tradition discusses the role of Aquinas in the work of Isaak Dorner.
Nineteenth-Century Catholic Reception of Aquinas
Authors: Marschler Thomas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the second half of the eighteenth century, under the influence of the Enlightenment, Catholic theology had increasingly turned away from its scholastic tradition. A renewal of Thomist thought started in the first decades of the nineteenth century, especially from Italy. Its original concern was to overcome the modern philosophies that were perceived as endangering faith. From the middle of the century, the movement spread to other parts of Europe, gaining support of the Church’s magisterium under Pope Pius IX. In the wake of the encyclical Aeterni Patris (1879) written by his successor Leo XIII, neo-scholasticism made its final breakthrough in Catholic academic life. Subsequently, numerous Thomist-oriented textbooks were published and Thomist academies were founded throughout Europe. The critical edition of the works of Aquinas (Editio Leonia) marked the beginning of a period of intense historical research on medieval theology and philosophy.
The Reception of Thomas Aquinas by Neo-Scholastic Philosophers in the First Half of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Schumacher Bernard N. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Thomism at the beginning of the twentieth century was situated largely within the context of the secular university that regarded medieval thought as nothing more than an archaic system belonging to a period devoid of philosophical reflection. The renewal of Thomism during the first two decades of the twentieth century was of very little concern to most academics and was marked principally by a debate, often polemical, over the theory of knowledge launched by Blondel. The Thomists of the period between the two world wars wanted to bring Thomism to the university scene and into the public arena by addressing contemporary questions in terms provided by Thomas Aquinas, while affirming that philosophy gains in depth and strength when it is rooted in theology and faith. Gilson developed a historical approach of medieval philosophy and theology, while Maritain and Pieper proposed to rethink contemporary problems analytically according to the method of Thomas Aquinas.
The Reception of Aquinas in Kuyper’sEncyclopaedie der heilige Godgeleerdheid
Authors: Eglinton James 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThis chapter explores the reception of Thomas Aquinas in modern Dutch Reformed theology. It does so by focusing on Abraham Kuyper’s Encyclopaedie der heilige Godgeleerdheid (1894), one of that period’s most important, extensive, and subsequently neglected texts. As the architect of the neo-Calvinist movement—a resurgent form of Reformed theology that attempted to be recognizably orthodox and modern—Kuyper rose to a position of national influence, reimagining Dutch Reformed theology, establishing the Free University of Amsterdam in 1880, and serving as prime minister of the Netherlands from 1901 until 1905. This chapter charts the place of Aquinas in the Encyclopaedie—intended by Kuyper to be his magnum opus—noting the particular epistemological, historiographical, and theological commitments that led him to present neo-Calvinism as a paradigm shift of comparable significance in modernity to Aquinas’ achievements in the medieval period.
The Reception of Thomas Aquinas in Moral Theology and Moral Philosophy in the Late Twentieth Century
Authors: Kaczor Christopher 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRichard McCormick, John Finnis, and Alasdair MacIntyre offer rival models of the reception of Aquinas in late twentieth century moral theology and philosophy. They differed in their interpretations of Aquinas as well as in how they conceived the relationship of Aquinas with predecessors such as Aristotle and with successors such as the neo-scholastic manualists. In a way, McCormick and MacIntyre are mirror images. McCormick became less and less Thomistic as the years went on, for he came to reject Thomas’s conclusions about many practical matters as well as coming to reject Thomistic principles. MacIntyre became more and more Thomistic as the years went on, coming to accept Thomas’s views, including on a great many matters that he had previously rejected. Finnis, by contrast to both, maintains a steady interest in Thomas over many decades and his reception of Thomas involves relatively minor organic developments.
The Reception of Aquinas’ Ethics
Authors: Knobel Angela 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this chapter I argue that the most productive way to approach long-standing, apparently ‘insoluble’ interpretive questions about Aquinas is to focus not on finding a definitive solution, but on the question of how Aquinas’ fundamental commitments ‘constrain’ the various solutions that can be offered. As an example of how this might be helpful, I apply this method to the long-standing debate over whether or not Aquinas recognized the possibility of so-called ‘pagan’ virtue. I argue that while Aquinas’ text can sustain multiple answers to this question, his most fundamental commitments regarding the good commensurate to human nature, man’s inherent capacity to pursue that good, and the effects of original sin create important limits on the different solutions that can be offered.
The Contemporary Reception of St Thomas on Law and Politics
Authors: Pakaluk Michael 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe reception of Thomistic political and legal philosophy is considered with respect to what is called ‘political liberalism’. The appeal to a hypothetical state of nature should be rejected, as it misconstrues the social nature of human beings. Aquinas’ account of the origin of political society starts from an interpretation of human nature. On this basis one can account for human rights, the importance of the right to religious liberty, the family as the basic cell of society, civil society as including subsidiary authorities, the importance of private property, and the nature and role of freedom. A key question for the continued flourishing of a free society is what practically enables persons to govern for the genuine good of others.
Duns Scotus and William of Ockham
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Duns Scotus and William of Ockham engage with Aquinas’ thought in fundamentally negative ways. They never make distinctively Thomist positions their own, and when they use Aquinas’ thought, they do so merely as a way of sharpening their own theologies through the dialectical process of rejecting an opponent’s view. This chapter first considers the role of Aquinas’ thought in Scotus’ teaching on religious language and univocity, divine simplicity and omnipresence, the Trinity, cognitive theory, the question of the first object of cognition, angelic individuation, the beatific vision, the plurality of substantial forms, free will, and normative ethics. A second section discusses Aquinas’ place in Ockham’s teaching on common natures, intuitive cognition, divine ideas, and the nature of grace.
Creation, Fall, and Providence
Authors: te Velde Rudi A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn this chapter, I explore the (implicit) presence of hermeneutical perspectives in the thought of Thomas Aquinas with respect to issues of faith, outside the reach of ‘scientific’ reason, concerning the Christian meaning of creation, history and the temporal condition of human existence. First, the chapter discusses Aquinas’ view on creation as including a temporal beginning of the world. In this discussion on the ‘eternity of the world’, hermeneutical reason obliquely plays a role in suggesting the positive meaning of the temporality of the world in the light of faith and God’s guidance through history to an end beyond time and history. Aquinas’ treatment of the Christian doctrine of original sin is another example of a hermeneutical turn of reason with respect to tenets of faith. In dealing with the reality of original sin, as confessed by faith, moral theory must be supplied with what one may call a theological hermeneutics of the Christian experience of actual human life in its dimension of sinfulness with respect to God.
Aquinas on Nature, Grace, and the Moral Life
Authors: Spezzano Daria 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Aquinas’ teaching on nature, grace and the moral life in the Summa theologiae outlines the graced movement of the rational creature from God to God, by perfection in the likeness of God. Reflection on causality, trinitarian exemplarity, and the communication of divine goodness shapes his thought. The human person, made to the image of God for knowledge and love of God, is elevated by grace to the supernatural end by a participation in the divine nature that assimilates the intellect and will to the trinitarian persons. This deification by grace, taking the form in the creature of the created habitus of infused charity and wisdom, makes the adopted child of God a new principle of activities directed towards supernatural beatitude and constantly moved by divine auxilium. The predestined human person, led in freedom by the Holy Spirit, manifests the divine goodness in the graced journey to union with God in eternal life.
Jesus Christ
Authors: Gaine Simon Francis 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHistorical research has confirmed that there can be no doubt of the importance of Jesus Christ to Aquinas’ faith, devotion, and theological enterprise. This scholarship has exposed the faults of unsympathetic portrayals of his Christology as docetic or Monophysite, and presented his doctrine of the incarnation afresh, particularly by manifesting its distinctiveness in context and its maturation over time. In this way Aquinas’ Christology has been made available for reception in contemporary Christology in a way that goes beyond the recounting of the history of medieval theology. For those who share his confession of faith, the tasks of contemporary Christology can benefit from the enduring worth of many of his conclusions, the arguments employed, and his organization of material. Such a reception can retrieve a sense of fundamental continuity in Christology, of how Christ is unlike as well as like us, and of the bearing this has on our salvation.
Fourteenth-Century Western Reception of Aquinas in Meister Eckhart, Hervaeus Natalis, and Durandus of St-Pourçain
Authors: Iribarren Isabel 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMeister Eckhart, Hervaeus Natalis, and Durandus of St-Pourçain represent three different forms that the reception of Aquinas’ teaching adopted during the aftermath of the Correctoria controversy. Eckhart welcomes Aquinas’ insights as conceptual tools, but feels free to adapt them to his own theological programme and imperatives. Hervaeus’ reception of Aquinas’ doctrine is hardly dissociable from that of Durandus, in that it was fashioned in reaction to the latter’s alleged deviation in a context of rising ‘Thomist orthodoxy’ within the Dominican Order. Although Hervaeus’ position relied on an Aristotelian metaphysics which allowed compatibility with Aquinas’ position, his generous use of non-Thomist sources and enhanced interpretation of certain Thomist theses suggest that what was at stake in Durandus’ censure was the preservation of the Thomist doctrinal heritage by investing Aquinas’ teaching with the coherence and soundness that could merit the relative approval accorded to the ‘common opinion.’
Performance in the Public Sector
Authors: Taylor Jeannette 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Big claims have been made about the application of performance management in the public sector. In addition to improving accountability, performance management has been widely promoted as a useful managerial tool that is capable of improving organizational performance. This chapter reviews the literature on performance management in the public sector, paying particular attention to empirical research on its implementation in the Australian public sector. The review findings suggest that the promise of the performance-enhancing effects of performance management in the public sector is likely to remain an illusion until public managers are able to effectively address the various challenges associated with its implementation, particularly around non-technical issues.
The Ethics of Placebo and Nocebo in Psychotherapy
Authors: Gaab Jens , Locher Cosima , Trachsel Manuel 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
There is as little doubt as much as there is empirical proof that psychotherapy is an effective intervention for psychological problems and disorders. However, there is ongoing controversy about the mechanisms underlying these often impressive, but also often overestimated effects, reaching back to the very origins of psychotherapy research. While this “great psychotherapy debate” vivifies both psychotherapy research and practice, it finally poses an ethical challenge for both psychotherapists and psychotherapy scholars. Basically, the lack of agreed and validated mechanisms impedes the attempt to inform patients about how changes of psychotherapy are brought about. Thus, even though patients can readily be furnished with possible and expectable benefits, costs and strains, the situation becomes more complex and less certain with regard to the specific mechanisms and determinants of change. In this chapter, psychotherapy scholars’ strivings and troubles for specificity will be briefly covered, touching the uncomfortable relationship with placebo and nocebo and finishing with an ethical plea for transparency in psychotherapy and of psychotherapists.
Religious Terrorism at the Turn of the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Juergensmeyer Mark 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, extreme violence associated with religion has become a global problem, appearing in Christian, Jewish, Muslim, Sikh, Hindu, and Buddhist cultures. Religion is associated with this violence but is not the cause of it. In other words, religion is not the problem, but it is problematic, in two ways. One is the way that religious identities and ideologies have become part of a global rebellion against the European Enlightenment notion of a secular state. The other is the way that certain features of religious actions and images—such as the performance of religious ritual and the awesome notion of cosmic war—are appropriated by violent actors seeking to justify their savage attempts at power and cloak them in religious garb.
Mafic Microgranular Enclaves Formed by Gas-driven Filter Pressing During Rapid Cooling: an Example from the Gangdese Batholith in Southern Tibet
Authors: Xu Wei , Zhu Di-Cheng , Wang Qing , Weinberg Roberto F , Wang Rui , Li Shi-Min , Zhang Liang-Liang , Zhao Zhi-Dan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMafic microgranular enclaves (MMEs), widespread in intermediate to felsic arc plutons, carry significant information on the genesis and evolution of arc magmas, yet their origin remains debatable. Here, we examine MME-host diorite pairs from the c.200 Ma Cuijiu Igneous Complex in the eastern Gangdese Batholith, southern Tibet, to constrain the petrogenesis of MMEs and the evolution of arc magmas. Within the complex, MMEs are essentially similar to their host diorites with similar emplacement ages (∼200 Ma), mineral assemblages and mineral compositions, as well as whole-rock Sr–Nd–Hf and zircon Hf isotopic compositions. However, MMEs have higher modal contents of hornblende and biotite, and are enriched in compatible elements and depleted in incompatible elements. Zircons from some MME samples are characterized by dark cathodoluminescence (CL) cores overgrown by light-CL rims of varying thickness. The dark-CL cores show higher Th, U and rare earth elements (REE) abundances than the light-CL rims. Based on comparison with co-genetic mafic melts and mass-balance calculations, we propose that the MMEs were early-crystallized cumulates (autoliths) related to their host diorites. The chilled textures, flow microstructures and pillow shapes suggest that the MMEs experienced rapid cooling before being captured by the host magmas. The rapid cooling may result from contact between ascending diorite magmas and cooler wall rocks. As the magmas quickly crystallized, they reached second boiling and vesiculation, and separated into fine-grained crystal-rich margins and melt-rich centres. Gradients in crystallinity and pressure expelled interstitial melts from the crystal-rich margins to the crystal-poor centres, leading to crystal-liquid separation (gas-driven filter pressing). The dark-CL zircon cores with high Th and U abundances may crystallize from highly evolved interstitial melts within the crystal-rich margins. The fine-grained crystal-rich margins were subsequently captured and dragged as MMEs before their complete crystallization by later ascending host magmas. This differentiation process could have occurred over several kilometres of magma ascent, and have played an important role in the polybaric fractional crystallization of the Cuijiu Igneous Complex, feeding more differentiated andesitic magmas to upper crustal mushes.
TNFi-induced sustained clinical remission in peripheral spondyloarthritis patients cannot be maintained with a step-down strategy based on methotrexate
Authors: Carron Philippe , De Craemer Ann-Sophie , Renson Thomas , Colman Roos , Elewaut , Dirk , Van den Bosch Filip 
Published: January 2021

AbstractObjectivesTreatment with golimumab monotherapy in early peripheral SpA (pSpA) results in higher rates of clinical remission compared with treatment in more longstanding disease. When reaching remission, treat-to-target recommendations suggest tapering of treatment. We therefore explored whether addition of MTX would permit discontinuation of golimumab in patients with pSpA in sustained clinical remission.MethodsAfter a 2-year extension phase with golimumab treatment, patients with pSpA reaching clinical remission in the CRESPA trial were offered a tapering strategy leading to discontinuation of golimumab and replacement by MTX monotherapy. Patients were prospectively followed to assess the rate of sustained biologic-free clinical remission. In case of relapse of arthritis, enthesitis or dactylitis under MTX monotherapy, golimumab was restarted.ResultsOf the original 60 pSpA patients, 25 entered the step-down strategy. Currently, only 4 patients (16%) are still in sustained remission under MTX monotherapy. In 21 patients (84%), golimumab was reinstalled because of relapse of disease activity (n = 19) or development of adverse events related to MTX (n = 2). Restarting golimumab treatment promptly restored clinical remission in all patients within 12 weeks.ConclusionIn patients with early pSpA achieving clinical remission after 2 years of golimumab treatment, step-down therapy to monotherapy with MTX led to high rates of clinical relapse. This underscores the overall weak efficacy of MTX in maintaining clinical remission in pSpA.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, https://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01426815.