bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional observability and target state estimation in large-scale networks
Authors: Montanari Arthur N. , Duan Chao , Aguirre Luis A. , Motter Adilson E. 
Published: December 2021

Significance
Observing the states of a network is fundamental to our ability to explore and control the dynamics of complex natural, social, and technological systems. The problem of determining whether the system is observable has been addressed by network control researchers over the past decade. Progress on the further problem of actually designing and implementing efficient algorithms to infer the states from limited measurements has been hampered by the high dimensionality of large-scale networks. Noting that often only a small number of state variables in a network are essential for control, intervention, and monitoring purposes, this work develops a graph-based theory and highly scalable methods that achieve accurate estimation of target variables of network systems with minimal sensing and computational resources.
Large variation in availability of Maya food plant sources during ancient droughts
Authors: Fedick Scott L. , Santiago Louis S. 
Published: December 2021

SignificanceThe disruption of Classic Maya society coincided with extended droughts, as suggested by numerous paleoclimatic studies. However, the role of drought in civil upheaval and demographic decline is complicated by the difficulty of linking relatively coarse estimates of meteorological drought with fine-scale plant processes that underpin agriculture. Our analysis of drought resistance across the historically documented, indigenous food plants of ethnographic Maya groups shows a broad range of foods gradually dwindling through droughts of increasing severity. This finding implies that short to moderate droughts could have caused agricultural disruption but not subsistence collapse. However, multiyear extreme drought is consistent with agricultural collapse and the specter of starvation, unless mitigated by food storage or trade from areas less affected by drought.
Thermal conductivity of Fe-Si alloys and thermal stratification in Earth’s core
Authors: Zhang Youjun , Luo Kai , Hou Mingqiang , Driscoll Peter , Salke Nilesh P. , Minár Ján , Prakapenka Vitali B. , Greenberg Eran , Hemley Russell J. , Cohen R. E. , Lin Jung-Fu 
Published: December 2021

Significance
Earth’s liquid outer core is mainly composed of iron alloyed with ∼8 to 10% of light elements (e.g., silicon). Convection of the liquid core generates Earth’s magnetic field, which is controlled by the thermal conductivity of the core. In this study, we investigated the resistivity and thermal conductivity of iron-silicon alloys as a candidate composition in Earth’s core via high-pressure and -temperature experiments and numerical calculations. We found a near temperature independence of the resistivity in iron-silicon alloys at Earth core’s pressure and thus a high thermal conductivity. This work indicates that if silicon is the sole major light element in Earth’s core it could depress thermal convection and promote a thermally stratified layer at the topmost outer core.
A three-dimensional broadband underwater acoustic concentrator
Authors: Ma Fuyin , Wang Linbo , Du Pengyu , Wang Chang , Wu Jiu Hui 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We propose a three-dimensional (3D) omnidirectional underwater acoustic concentrator based on the concept of an acoustic prison, which can realize a substantial enhancement of underwater sound signals in broadband ranges. This device mainly employs the non-resonant multiple reflection characteristics of the semi-enclosed geometric space, so it has a wide working frequency bandwidth. Compared with previously reported concentrators based on transform acoustic mechanisms, the structure is more simple and, most importantly, it can realize omnidirectional signal enhancement in a 3D space. Moreover, the working frequency band of this acoustic concentrator depends on the size of the concentrator, so it can be changed directly through size scaling, which is convenient for engineering applications. In general, the designed underwater acoustic concentrator has the advantages of a simple structure, scalability, large bandwidth of working frequency, and high signal gain. It has potential applications in underwater target detection and other aspects.
Neural network aided diffractive metagratings for efficient beam splitting at terahertz frequencies
Authors: Li Runze , Cheng Jierong , Dong Xipu , Chang Shengjiang 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The merging of neural networks with metasurfaces is a rising subject in photonics design, which offers an abstract bridge between the geometry of the subwavelength element and the optical response. The commonly involved optical response is the transmission or reflection spectrum, while here we focus on metasurfaces with superwavelength elements and predict multiple diffraction spectra in all the possible orders and orthogonal polarization modes given the geometry. This is achieved by parallel arrangement of several fully connected neural networks with shared input and diverse output diffraction spectra. As an application example, the model is used to find a metagrating as a 1:1 beam splitter in TE mode and 1:1:1 beam splitter in TM mode. The design is taken into fabrication and experimentally tested at 0.14 THz with results that are highly consistent with the prediction.
A patient-specific hybrid phantom for calculating radiation dose and equivalent dose to the whole body
Authors: Kollitz Erika , Han Haegin , Kim Chan Hyeong , Pinto Marco , Schwarz Marco , Riboldi Marco , Kamp Florian , Belka Claus , Newhauser Wayne , Dedes George , Parodi Katia 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Objective. As cancer survivorship increases, there is growing interest in minimizing the late effects of radiation therapy such as radiogenic second cancer, which may occur anywhere in the body. Assessing the risk of late effects requires knowledge of the dose distribution throughout the whole body, including regions far from the treatment field, beyond the typical anatomical extent of clinical computed tomography (CT) scans. Approach. A hybrid phantom was developed which consists of in-field patient CT images extracted from ground truth whole-body CT scans, out-of-field mesh phantoms scaled to basic patient measurements, and a blended transition region. Four of these hybrid phantoms were created, representing male and female patients receiving proton therapy treatment in pelvic and cranial sites. To assess the performance of the hybrid approach, we simulated treatments using the hybrid phantoms, the scaled and unscaled mesh phantoms, and the ground truth whole-body CTs. We calculated absorbed dose and equivalent dose in and outside of the treatment field, with a focus on neutrons induced in the patient by proton therapy. Proton and neutron dose was calculated using a general purpose Monte Carlo code. Main results. The hybrid phantom provided equal or superior accuracy in calculated organ dose and equivalent dose values relative to those obtained using the mesh phantoms in 78% in all selected organs and calculated dose quantities. Comparatively the default mesh and scaled mesh were equal or superior to the other phantoms in 21% and 28% of cases respectively. Significance. The proposed methodology for hybrid synthesis provides a tool for whole-body organ dose estimation for individual patients without requiring CT scans of their entire body. Such a capability would be useful for personalized assessment of late effects and risk-optimization of treatment plans.
Polariton condensate and Landau-Zener-Stückelberg interferometry transition in multilayer transition metal dichalcogenides
Authors: Ekengoue C M , Kenfack-Sadem C , Danga J E , Bawe G N , El Moussaouy A , Mommadi O , Belamkadem L , Fai L C 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This paper gives a detailed description of a high-performance polariton condensate for a quantum mechanical two-level system (TLS). We propose a transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) setup and theoretically carry out the spectroscopy of these polariton condensates. Through theoretical and numerical analysis, we obtain many features in two dimensional (2D) multilayer TMDs. We compute the energy of the system and the Landau-Zener-Stückelberg (LZS) quantum tunneling probability under the effect of a sequence of laser light. At certain critical 2D TMDs parameters, the system exhibits a multi-crossing scenario in a privileged position of 2D multilayer TMDs. We predict the consecutive modulations and highlight the conservation of the LZS interference patterns mapped from the 2D TMDs system. At weak coupling regime, a successful conversion of interferometry signals is identified for some values of laser frequency. We explain such a result as a valley sensitive cavity rate model due to coherent exchange and incoherent scattering, meaning that polariton condensate is formed in the valley around the Brillouin zone. The latter is used quantitatively and qualitatively to achieve high-precision measurements beyond that of its elementary constituents. The obtained results confirm that

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has the highest sensitivity to radiation field as compared to other 2D multilayer TMDs materials. Therefore,

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stands as an appropriate candidate among other 2D TMDs to form polariton condensates.
Density functional theory investigation of the mechanical, electronic and optical properties of Pb-free vacancy-ordered double perovskites K2PdCl6 and K2PdBr6
Authors: Zhao Xian-Hao , Tang Tian-Yu , Xie Quan , Lu Li-Min , Tang Yan-Lin 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The current work has investigated the mechanical, electronic and optical properties of Pb-free vacancy-ordered double perovskites K2PdCl6 and K2PdBr6 by using first-principles calculations based on the framework of density functional theory (DFT). The calculated lattice constants of K2PdCl6 and K2PdBr6 are close to the experimental data. It is determined by calculating the Goldschmidt’s tolerance factors and elastic constants of K2PdCl6 and K2PdBr6 that they can be stabilized into 3D cubic crystal structures. The calculated Poisson and Pugh’s ratios indicate that K2PdCl6 is a brittle material, while K2PdBr6 exhibits ductile behavior. Both K2PdCl6 and K2PdBr6 are indirect band gap semiconductors, which show suitable band gaps of 2.151 eV and 1.368 eV for optoelectronic devices, respectively. In addition, the optical properties of K2PdCl6 and K2PdBr6 in the photon energy range of 0–6 eV further reveal the application potential of these compounds in single-junction and tandem solar cells as well as other optoelectronic devices.
New Features of the Pulsar B0950+08 Radiation at the Frequency of 111 MHz
Authors: Malofeev V. M. , Malov I. F. , Malov O. I. , Teplykh D. A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Results of long time observations of the pulsar B0950+08 are given. These observations were carried out at the LPA radio telescope at the frequency of 111 MHz from January of 2016 to May of 2019 (450 days). A strong variability in emission of this pulsar has been detected with changes in signal to noise ratios hundreds of times. Part of the long-time flux density variability can be explained by refractive scintillations in the interstellar medium. The existence of radiation between the interpulse (IP) and main pulse (MP) was confirmed. It was more powerful than at high frequencies. We detected the unusual IP and precursor (Pr) radiation on 2017 August 1. On the basis of 65 strong IPs we found the correlations between energies of IP and Pr and between the phase of IP and the distance Pr–IP. It is shown that the observed peculiarities of this pulsar can be explained in the frame of the aligned rotator model. We estimated distances of radiation levels from the center of the neutron star. The calculated value of the initial period of 0.2 s means that not all pulsars are born with millisecond periods. The large age of the pulsar (6.8 million years) and the small angle between its magnetic moment and the rotation axis (less than 20°) confirm the suggestion related to pulsar evolution with respect to alignment.
The First Photometric Analysis of Two Low Mass Ratio Totally Eclipsing Contact Binaries: TIC 393943031 and TIC 89428764
Authors: Tang Yan-Ke , Guo Ya-Ni , Li Kai , Gai Ning , Li Zhi-Kai 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Photometric analysis of the contact binaries TIC 393943031 and TIC 89428764 was carried out using Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite and SuperWASP data for the first time. Using the Wilson–Devinney code, we have found that TIC 393943031 is a low-mass-ratio deep contact binary with a fillout factor of 50.9(±1)% and a mass ratio of q = 0.163 ± 0.001. TIC 89428764 is a medium and low-mass-ratio contact binary with a fillout factor of 34.5(±1)% and a mass ratio of q = 0.147 ± 0.001. Furthermore, the period study reveals both the stars exhibit continuously increasing periods, the increasing rate is 4.21 × 10−7 day yr−1 for TIC 393943031 while 6.36 × 10−7 day yr−1 for TIC 89428764. The possible reason is mass transfer from the secondary component to the primary component for both stars. Meanwhile, we discussed their evolutionary phases and orbital angular momenta.
Study and Characterization of Natural Radioactivity Levels and Radiological Hazards of Soil in Wasit Governorate
Authors: Al-Rakabi Wisam Kareem H. , Al-Attabi Hadi Dwaich Z. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this paper studied and measured the natural radioactive for agricultural soil samples surrounding Kut as well as gardens, home, casinos and others. Eighteen samples of agricultural land were taken on three deep depths the first depth 10 cm and the second 20 cm and the third 30 cm. Twenty-five samples were taken from public parks, parks, casinos and other parks. They are all measured using a system NaI (Tl) 3″ × 3″. The results that the radioactive effectiveness of uranium for all samples are ranged 17.19 to 38.68 Bq/Kg and at a rate of 30.55 Bq/Kg for all samples. Thorium series values were between 56.45 to 13.26 Bq/Kg with average 38.60 Bq/Kg. With regard to potassium, values were ranged 537.20 to 118.30 Bq/Kg at a rate of 250.25 Bq/Kg. The values of radioactive effectiveness for potassium are within the globally allowed compared with the radioactive effectiveness of the Thorium. The radium equivalent and the rate absorbed dose in air and the external and internal hazard index and the annual effective dose has been calculated and that all values are within the globally allowed limits.
Computational Design of a Magnetic Mirror
Authors: Ahmad Ahmad K. , Waheeb Hussain A. , Abass Hala F. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A computer-aided design (CAD) has been carried out to investigate the properties of the magnetic electron mirror design. The work has been focused on suggesting a mathematical formula to represent the radial displacement. The function that has been taken into consideration was suggested to give rise to the mirror action. A numerical solution is carried out for solving the Paraxial-ray equation for determining the optical properties such as the focal length, the spherical and chromatic aberration coefficients and the excitation of the mirror. The pole shape of the mirror has been determined in two dimensions. In the present work, the profile of the mirror determined from the suggested trajectory is the single-pole types. The coefficients of the chromatic and spherical aberrations of the magnetic mirror are determined and normalized in terms of the focal length. The operational requirements are determining the choice of the mirror.
Measuring of radioactive contamination by Gamma-ray Spectroscopy for many water projects in Baghdad City
Authors: Saad H , Aref N 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The study aims to provide the effective monitoring of radioactive contents in refining water stations. Attempts were made to measure the radionuclide’s concentrations level which indicates to radioactive contamination in the samples of raw water taken from the Tigris River and samples of river sediments. The radionuclides contents have been obtained using the gamma-ray spectroscopy technique. Analysis system (HPGe) has been applied to measure the radioactivity concentration of Uranium, Radium, and Thorium in water and sediment samples. For solid samples (sediments), results have shown that the activity for238U the range was from (52±5.31Bq/kg)In S4 to(120±8)in S3, for 232Th the range was from(26±2.4Bq/kg)in S1to (48±3.1Bq/kg) in S3, for 40K, the range was from (247±17Bq/kg) in s4 to (453±18Bq/kg) in S3, for 137Cs the range was from(1.28±0.1Bq/kg) in S3 to (7.8±0.67) in S2. For liquid samples (water), the activity for 238U was from (10±1 Bq/l) in Kh1to(38±4.2Bq/l) in D1, for 232Th was from (1±0.35Bq/l) in kD1 to (1.8±0.60Bq/l) in D1, for 40K was from (10±0.3 Bq/l), in ka1to(48±5.7Bq/l) in KD1. In the final step (drinking water) showed only 40K isotope appeared at range(18±0.03 - 55±0.06Bq/l).
Blending Ratio Effect of ZnPc/ZnO Hybrid Nanocomposite on Surface Morphology and Structural Properties
Authors: Abbas K. F. , Abdulameer A. F. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Recently, organic/inorganic hybrid nanocomposites being the future in electronic applications. In this paper, we have investigated hybrid nanocomposite zinc phthalocyanine (ZnPc)/zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO). ZnPc/ZnO hybrid nanocomposites were prepared with different ratios (wt/wt) (1/0), (0/1), (0.75/0.25), (0.5/0.5), (0.25/0.75), and, deposited on glass substrates by spin coating technique. X-Ray diffraction investigate the structural of ZnPc/ZnO thin films and studied the morphological properties using field emission scan electron microscopy, the surface of ZnPc/ZnO hybrid nanocomposites shows the presence of nanorod-like structures represented the organic material (ZnPc) and spherical nanoparticles for (ZnO), that is depending on the ratio of the blend. In ratio (0.5/0.5) we get the preferred homogeneous surface between like-nanorod and spherical shapes were show various properties from pure compounds which used to prepare the blend. The distribution of ZnO nanoparticles on ZnPc particles nanorods led to the disappearance feature of ZnO morphological characterize and ZnPc decorated was dominated on the hybrid nanocomposite structure.
Solar cells based on inkjet-printed layer polymer
Authors: Sachit R. S. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In recent years, based on organic–inorganic hybrid solar cells the p-type conducting polymer poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly styrene sulfonate (PEDOT: PSS) and n-type silicon (Si) have attracted a lot of attention. We describe an efficient hybrid solar cell based on PEDOT from this perspective: The simplest and most cost-effective method is to use PSS and a planar Si substrate (1 0 0) fabrication method effective techniques for experimentation Drop casting was used to construct PSS at temperatures, solar cells based on a heterojunction between crystalline silicon and the organic polymer PEDOT: below 100 degrees Celsius. The Si/PEDOT interface prevents electrons from migrating to the anode in n-type silicon and serves diffused p-n junctions as a low-temperature alternative The devices take the consequence of silicon’s absorption and transfer of light capabilities while combining them with organics’ ease of manufacture. PEDOT: PSS and PEDOT: PSS interface properties hermetic Psi were studied. The structural, optical and morphological properties in addition to electrical PSS is a property of PEDOT. were studied, the effectiveness of The flawlessly matching contact between the PEDOT: PSS film and the tight silicon can be attributed to conversion. Obtaining Silver pave efficiency is a glowing future approach in order to attain maximum efficiency, low-cost solar cells.
Measuring of Ionizing Radiation and CO2 Gas Concentration in Air of the Falluja City in Iraq
Authors: Ahmed N A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this work, large nuclear radiation and CO2 readings have been achieved in Falluja city; hundreds of measurements have been collected in many places and streets. The vast data was processed by a new data visualization method, which makes all the data appear on the map using Google Earth Pro software. The lowest average exposure of ionizing radiation in the air is 1.314mSv/y for the first part of Falluja sector1, while the highest one is 1.5768mSv/y in sector2. The average radiation exposure in the air for people in Falluja city is 0.9732 mSv/y.
Fabrication of (ZnO)x: (Cu)1-x/PSi Solar Cell Using Laser Induced Plasma Technique
Authors: Jihad G. H. , Aadim K.A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Fabrication of PSi is generated successfully depending upon photo-electrochemical etching process. The purpose is to differentiate the characterization of the PSi monolayer based on c-silicon solar cell compared to the bulk silicon alone. The surface of ordinary p-n solar cell has been reconstructed on the n-type region of (100) orientation with resistivity (3.2.cm) in hydrofluoric (HF) acid at a concentration of 2 ml was used to in order to enhance the conversion efficiency with 10-minute etching time and current density of 50 mA/cm2, The morphological properties (AFM) as well as the electrical properties have been investigated (J-V). The atomic force microscopy investigation reveals a rugged silicon surface with porous structure nucleating during the etching process (etching time), resulting in an expansion in depth and an average diameter of (40.1 nm). As a result, the surface roughness increases. The electrical properties of prepared PS, namely current density-voltage characteristics in the dark, reveal that porous silicon has a sponge-like structure and that the pore diameter increases with increasing etching current density and the number of shots increasing this led that the solar cell efficiency was in the range of (1-2%), resulting in improved solar cell performance.
Spectral and Nonlinear Properties of Coconut Oil
Authors: Rajaa Nader K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this research, the spectral properties of Absorption and Fluorescence of synthetic coconut oil (Local made) have been studied. It was found that the efficiency of coconut oil equal to (3.276%). In addition, non-linear optical properties represented by the refractive index (n2) and absorption coefficient(β) have been calculatal using three –dimensioual scanning technigue (z-scan and Helium Neom laser. Refractive inex (n2=4.231×10-7 cm2/mW) and absorption coefficient (β= 0.72373 cm/mW) have been measured from Closed-aperture part and Open-aperture part, respectively. Coconut oil has non-linear properties, where it can be utilize in nonlinear spectral applications, especially in the study the living tissue through its application and its treatment with laser.
Towards the Stable Evolution of Dendrites in the Case of Intense Convection in the Melt
Authors: Alexandrov D V , Galenko P K 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The solid-phase pattern in the form of a dendrite is one of the frequently met structures produced from undercooled liquids. In the last decades, an analytical approach describing the steady-state crystal growth in the presence of conductive heat and mass transport has been constructed. However, experimental works show that crystal patterns frequently grow in the presence of convection. In this paper, a theoretical description based on convective heat and solute concentration transport near the solid/liquid phase interface is developed. The stable regime of crystallization in the presence of vigorous convection near the steady-state crystal vertex is studied. The stability analysis, determining the stable growth mode, and the undercooling balance law have been applied to deduce the stable values for the growth rate and tip diameter. Our analytical predictions (with convective transport) well describe experimental data for a small melt undercooling. Moreover, we compare both convective and conductive mechanisms in the vicinity of the crystal vertex. Our theory shows that convective fluxes substantially change the steady-state growth of crystals.