bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The incorporation ofMoringa oleiferaleaves powder in mutton patties: Influence on nutritional value, technological quality, and sensory acceptability
Authors: Khomola Geoffrey Tshifhiwa , Ramatsetse Kgaogelo Edwin , Ramashia Shonisani Eugenia , Mashau Mpho Edward 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMeat is a highly nutritious food rich in protein, fat, vitamins, and minerals. Nevertheless, chemical reactions and microorganisms might affect the quality of nutritional constituent of meat products. This study investigated the influence of addingMoringa oleiferaleaves powder (MOLP) on the nutritional, technological properties, and consumer acceptability of mutton patties. Four treatments of mutton patties with 0, 0.3, 0.6, and 0.9% of MOLP were produced. The prepared patties (raw and cooked) were evaluated for quality attributes such as proximate composition, total phenolic content (TPC), cooking properties (cooking yield and cooking loss), physical characteristics (colour and water holding capacity [WHC]), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), pH value, and sensory quality. The incorporation of MOLP into the mutton patties significantly increased (p< 0.05) protein, fat, ash contents, TPC, pH, WHC, and cooking yield. However, moisture content, TBARS, and colour decreased. Most sensory likability scores of patty samples with up to 0.3% of MOLP were comparable to those of the control sample. Evidently, the inclusion of 0.3% of MOLP produces mutton patties with high sensory desirability.
OH + OKAY in informing sequences: On fuzzy boundaries in a particle combination
Authors: Couper-Kuhlen Elizabeth 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis study explores fuzzy boundaries, or weak cesuras, in the particle combination OH + OKAY as used in informing sequences in ordinary English talk-in-interaction. The focus is on the third position in such sequences, where OH + OKAY responds to information that has been solicited by the speaker in a prior turn. Based on a collection of approximately 45 instances of OH + OKAY in recent American English telephone and face-to-face interactions, this study adopts the methodology of Conversation Analysis and Interactional Linguistics to examine the prosody and phonetics of OH + OKAY as a feature of turn design. It asks: (i) when does the speaker use a combination of OH and OKAY in the third position rather than a simple OH or OKAY? and (ii) to what extent does the prosodic–phonetic delivery of OH + OKAY contribute to an interpretation of what the turn is doing? The study finds that (i) OH + OKAY is used when responding to a solicited informing that not only supplies information but also accomplishes another action with consequences for the recipient and (ii) if OH + OKAY is delivered with a strong cesura between its parts, its actions are distributed in separate turn-constructional units, creating a multi-unit turn that proposes sequence closure. If the cesura in OH + OKAY is weak, the component parts are fused into a compound particle that can preface more talk by the same speaker. Weak boundaries between OH and OKAY can be exploited by participants for the purposes of turn construction and epistemic positioning.
Theta-Burst Stimulation of Primary Afferents Drives Long-Term Potentiation in the Spinal Cord and Persistent Pain via α2δ-1-Bound NMDA Receptors
Authors: Huang Yuying , Chen Shao-Rui , Chen Hong , Zhou Jing-Jing , Jin Daozhong , Pan Hui-Lin 
Published: December 2021

Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) in the spinal dorsal horn reflect activity-dependent synaptic plasticity and central sensitization in chronic pain. Tetanic high-frequency stimulation is commonly used to induce LTP in the spinal cord. However, primary afferent nerves often display low-frequency, rhythmic bursting discharges in painful conditions. Here, we determined how theta-burst stimulation (TBS) of primary afferents impacts spinal cord synaptic plasticity and nociception in male and female mice. We found that TBS induced more LTP, whereas tetanic stimulation induced more LTD, in mouse spinal lamina II neurons. TBS triggered LTP, but not LTD, in 50% of excitatory neurons expressing vesicular glutamate transporter-2 (VGluT2). By contrast, TBS induced LTD and LTP in 12–16% of vesicular GABA transporter (VGAT)-expressing inhibitory neurons. Nerve injury significantly increased the prevalence of TBS-induced LTP in VGluT2-expressing, but not VGAT-expressing, lamina II neurons. Blocking NMDARs, inhibiting α2δ-1 with gabapentin, or α2δ-1 knockout abolished TBS-induced LTP in lamina II neurons. Also, disrupting the α2δ-1–NMDAR interaction with α2δ-1Tat peptide prevented TBS-induced LTP in VGluT2-expressing neurons. Furthermore, TBS of the sciatic nerve induced long-lasting allodynia and hyperalgesia in wild-type, but not α2δ-1 knockout, mice. TBS significantly increased the α2δ-1–NMDAR interaction and synaptic trafficking in the spinal cord. In addition, treatment with NMDAR antagonists, gabapentin, or α2δ-1Tat peptide reversed TBS-induced pain hypersensitivity. Therefore, TBS-induced primary afferent input causes a neuropathic pain-like phenotype and LTP predominantly in excitatory dorsal horn neurons via α2δ-1-dependent NMDAR activation. α2δ-1-bound NMDARs may be targeted for reducing chronic pain development at the onset of tissue/nerve injury.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSpinal dorsal horn synaptic plasticity is a hallmark of chronic pain. Although sensory nerves display rhythmic bursting discharges at theta frequencies during painful conditions, the significance of this naturally occurring firing activity in the induction of spinal synaptic plasticity is largely unknown. In this study, we found that theta-burst stimulation (TBS) of sensory nerves induced LTP mainly in excitatory dorsal horn neurons and that the prevalence of TBS-induced LTP was potentiated by nerve injury. This TBS-driven synaptic plasticity required α2δ-1 and its interaction with NMDARs. Furthermore, TBS of sensory nerves induced persistent pain, which was maintained by α2δ-1-bound NMDARs. Thus, TBS-induced LTP at primary afferent–dorsal horn neuron synapses is an appropriate cellular model for studying mechanisms of chronic pain.
Long-term body composition improvement in post-menopausal women following bariatric surgery: a cross-sectional and case–control study
Authors: Santini Sara , Vionnet Nathalie , Pasquier Jérôme , Suter Michel , Hans Didier , Gonzalez-Rodriguez Elena , Pitteloud Nelly , Favre Lucie 
Published: December 2021

Objective
Bariatric surgery (BS) induces loss of body fat mass (FM) with an inexorable loss of lean mass (LM). Menopause leads to deleterious changes in body composition (BC) related to estrogen deficiency including LM loss and increase in total and visceral adipose tissue (VAT). This study aims to describe the long-term weight evolution of post-menopausal women after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and to compare the BC between BS patients vs post-menopausal non-operated women.

Design
Cross-sectional study of 60 post-menopausal women who underwent RYGB ≥2 years prior to the study with nested case–control design.

Methods
Post-menopausal BS women were matched for age and BMI with controls. Both groups underwent DXA scan, lipids and glucose metabolism markers assessment.

Results
Median follow-up was 7.5 (2–18) years. Percentage of total weight loss (TWL%) was 28.5 ± 10%. After RYGB, LM percentage of body weight (LM%) was positively associated with TWL% and negatively associated with nadir weight. Forty-one post-BS women were age- and BMI-matched with controls. Post-BS patients showed higher LM% (57.7% (±8%) vs 52.5% (±5%), P  = 0.001), reduced FM% (39.4% (±8.4%) vs 45.9% (±5.4%), P  < 0.01) and lower VAT (750.6 g (±496) vs 1295.3 g (±688), P  < 0.01) with no difference in absolute LM compared to controls. While post-BS women showed a better lipid profile compared to controls, no difference was found in glucose markers.

Conclusions
Post-menopausal women after RYGB have a lower FM and VAT, preserved LM and a better lipid profile compared to controls. Weight loss after RYGB seems to have a persistent positive impact on metabolic health.
Lay Evaluations of Restraints and Prohibitions During the 1st Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Lithuania
Authors: Valickas Gintautas , Švedas Gintaras , Vanagaitė Kristina , Barysė Dovilė 
Published: December 2021

The article analyzes how, during the 1st wave of the coronavirus pandemic, participants of a study (n = 331) assessed the government-imposed restrictions, prohibitions, liabilities and penalties for non-compliance with said restrictions, and the perceived fairness of the behavior of other people during the pandemic. The article also studies the relationships among these assessments, including the related well-being and sociodemographic characteristics.
The Status of Soft Law in Interpreting the Lithuanian Constitution
Authors: Murauskas Donatas 
Published: December 2021

In this paper, I examine the status of soft law in the official interpretation of the Lithuanian Constitution. The “living constitution” doctrine dominates the Lithuanian constitutional scholarship. I question this dominance by providing insights on the essence and application potential of the alternative methodology – the doctrine of originalism. Based on originalistic approach, I doubt the normative claim made in Lithuanian constitutional scholarship that soft law could be considered as a mandatory source of interpretation of the Lithuanian Constitution.
«У всякого своя доля і свій шлях широкий»
Authors: Думанський Юрій Васильович , Шкатула Поліна Михайлівна 
Published: December 2021

15 листопада виповнюється 65 років відомому вченому в галузі патофізіології та експериментальної онкології, лауреату Державної премії України в галузі науки і техніки (2007), заслуженому діячеві науки і техніки України (2005), лауреату премії ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України (2015), директору Інституту експериментальної патології, онкології і радіобіології ім. Р.Є. Кавецького НАН України (1996—2021), доктору медичних наук (1994), професору (1997), академіку НАН України (2006) Василю Федоровичу Чехуну.
Perception and Impact of Life Events in Medically Hospitalized Patients With Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
Authors: Bedard-Thomas Katherine K. , Bujoreanu Simona , Choi Christine H. , Ibeziako Patricia I. 
Published: December 2021

OBJECTIVES:
We describe the prevalence and perceived impact of life events reported by medically hospitalized patients with somatic symptom and related disorders (SSRD) and highlight patient characteristics and outcomes associated with highly impactful life events.

METHODS:
Retrospective chart reviews were conducted of patients with SSRD at a tertiary pediatric hospital who were seen by the psychiatry consultation service and completed various instruments while medically admitted, including a de novo life events checklist. Descriptive statistics, correlations, χ2 tests, and internal consistency analyses were used.

RESULTS:
Charts of 70.2% of patients with SSRD who completed the life events checklist (N = 172; age range 8–25 years) were reviewed. Of those studied, 94% reported at least 1 life event in the last year, with academic events most prevalent, 81% reported life events across multiple domains, and 56% perceived the life event(s) as having a great impact on their lives. Patients who perceived more great impact life events were older, from households with lower median incomes, had higher self-reported somatization, greater functional disability, more comorbid psychiatric diagnoses, required more psychotropic medications, and had longer medical admissions.

CONCLUSIONS:
Findings reveal that although the majority of medically hospitalized patients with SSRD reported at least 1 relevant life event, it was the patients’ perception of the impact of the life event(s) that correlated with high levels of disability and health care use. An assessment of the perception of life events in patients with SSRD may help hospitalists and interdisciplinary providers identify high-risk patients for whom early psychiatry referrals can be made.
Caregiver Decisional Conflict Before and After Consultation About Gastrostomy Tube Placement
Authors: Nelson Katherine E. , Oppedisano Silvana , Patel Maya Laxmi , Mahant Sanjay , Cohen Eyal 
Published: December 2021

OBJECTIVES:
Families describe decision-making about gastrostomy tube (g-tube) placement as challenging. We measured caregiver decisional conflict before and after initial g-tube consultation to evaluate the potential benefit of a decision aid and feasibility in testing it.

METHODS:
Families presenting for initial consultation about g-tube placement completed the decisional conflict scale (DCS) at 1 or 2 of 3 time points: before consultation, after consultation, and after viewing a video. The decision support consultation was a 2-hour structured meeting with a pediatric hospitalist, nurse practitioner, and dietitian that was focused on clarifying the indication, feasibility, safety, and family values around tube placement. The video described decision-making and lived experiences of families with tube feeding.

RESULTS:
We measured the decisional conflict of 61 caregivers. Preconsultation decisional conflict scores were high (mean = 38.7), but there was substantial variation between families (SD = 19.4). Baseline scores did not vary between clinically relevant subgroups. Postconsultation DCS scores were lower (17.9 and SD = 13.5 for consult alone; 12.7 and SD = 13.2 for consult with video). Three caregivers (7.7%) of families had residual decisional conflict scores &gt;37.5, the threshold conventionally associated with decision delay.

CONCLUSIONS:
Measuring decisional conflict among caregivers deciding about pediatric g-tube is feasible during the clinical encounter. Residual decisional conflict after our institution’s current decision support consultation model (with or without an additional video) was low, so development of an additional structured decision aid is not warranted. Further study of preconsult DCS variability across different clinical subgroups may help identify families benefiting from additional decisional support.
Prevalence of Social Risks on Inpatient Screening and Their Impact on Pediatric Care Use
Authors: Fritz Cristin. Q. , Thomas Jacob , Gambino Jessica , Torok Michelle , Brittan Mark S. 
Published: December 2021

OBJECTIVES:Screening for social determinants of health in the inpatient setting is uncommon. However, social risk factors documented in billing and electronic medical record data are associated with increased pediatric care use. We sought to describe (1) the epidemiology of social risks and referral acceptance and (2) association between social risks identified through routine inpatient screening and care use.METHODS:Parents of children ages 0 to 18 admitted to a general pediatric floor at an academic children’s hospital completed a psychosocial screening survey from October 2017 to June 2019. The survey covered the following domains: finances, housing, food security, medications, and benefits. Patient characteristics and care use outcomes were abstracted from the electronic medical record and compared by using Pearson’s χ2 or the Wilcoxon rank test and logistic regression analyses.RESULTS:Of 374 screened families, 141 (38%) had a positive screen result, of whom 78 (55%) reported &gt;1 need and 64 (45%) accepted a community resource. In bivariate analyses, patients with a positive screen result had higher 30-day readmission (10% vs 5%; P = .05), lower median household income ($62 321 vs $71 460; P &lt; .01), lower parental education (P &lt; .01), public insurance (57% vs 43%; P &lt; .01), lived in a 1-parent household (30 vs 12%; P &lt; .01), and had a complex chronic condition (35% vs 23%; P = .01) compared with those with a negative screen result. There was no difference in care reuse by screening status in adjusted analyses.CONCLUSIONS:Social risks are common in the pediatric inpatient setting. Children with medical complexity offer a good target for initial screening efforts.
Congenital Malformations of the Heart
Authors: GOODFRIEND JAMES 
Published: December 2021

Seldom has a monograph or text been so eagerly awaited as Dr. Taussig's summation of her observations of congenital malformations of the heart, and rarely has a book so completely justified the pre-publication interest it evoked as does this. Dr. Taussig's investigations of congenital cardiac anomalies have for some years been directed toward increasing clinical knowledge of these conditions and have been related to Dr. Maude Abbott's classical pathologic studies.
All the clinical types of congenital heart disease are here discussed in detail. The embryologic aberration is pointed out. With the nature of the anatomic deformity established, the inevitable alterations in circulatory dynamics are then considered and the conclusions in each instance are presented in diagrammatic form.
Health Consequences of Obesity in Youth: Childhood Predictors of Adult Disease
Authors: Dietz William H. 
Published: December 2021

Obesity now affects one in five children in the United States. Discrimination against overweight children begins early in childhood and becomes progressively institutionalized. Because obese children tend to be taller than their nonoverweight peers, they are apt to be viewed as more mature. The inappropriate expectations that result may have an adverse effect on their socialization. Many of the cardiovascular consequences that characterize adult-onset obesity are preceded by abnormalities that begin in childhood. Hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and abnormal glucose tolerance occur with increased frequency in obese children and adolescents. The relationship of cardiovascular risk factors to visceral fat independent of total body fat remains unclear. Sleep apnea, pseudotumor cerebri, and Blount's disease represent major sources of morbidity for which rapid and sustained weight reduction is essential. Although several periods of increased risk appear in childhood, it is not clear whether obesity with onset early in childhood carries a greater risk of adult morbidity and mortality.Obesity is now the most prevalent nutritional disease of children and adolescents in the United States. Although obesity-associated morbidities occur more frequently in adults, significant consequences of obesity as well as the antecedents of adult disease occur in obese children and adolescents. In this review, I consider the adverse effects of obesity in children and adolescents and attempt to outline areas for future research. I refer to obesity as a body mass index greater than the 95th percentile for children of the same age and gender.
Adult Height in Children With Growth Hormone Deficiency Who Are Treated With Biosynthetic Growth Hormone: The National Cooperative Growth Study Experience
Authors: August Gilbert P. , Julius Joanne R. , Blethen Sandra L. 
Published: December 2021

Objective. To determine whether the height gain during puberty in children with growth hormone deficiency (GHD) who are treated with biosynthetic growth hormone (GH) is similar to that in otherwise healthy children with delayed bone ages and whether the height standard deviation score (SDS), which began to increase before puberty, continues to increase during puberty.
Methods. The inclusion criteria included a diagnosis of idiopathic GHD, prepubertal on enrollment in the National Cooperative Growth Study, and spontaneous onset of puberty, as defined by Tanner stage 2 breast development in girls and a testicular volume of at least 3 mL in boys. Near-adult height was judged to have been attained in the subjects who had reached a chronologic age of at least 18 years (females) or 20 years (males) or had reached at least pubertal stage 4 and a chronologic age of at least 14 years (females) or 16 years (males). These subjects constituted group 1. Group 2 was a subgroup of these subjects who met a more stringent criterion for near-adult height; in addition to meeting the above criteria, they had to have attained a bone age of at least 14 years (females) or 16 years (males).
Results. Group 1 consisted of 480 males and 194 females. Group 2 consisted of 153 males and 105 females. In the subjects in group 1, the Tanner pubertal stage 2 was 14.1 ± 1.5 years in males and 12.6 ± 1.6 years in females; the bone age at this stage was 11.9 ± 1.5 years in males and 10.6 ± 1.5 years in females; and the height SDS was −2.1 ± 0.9 in males and −2.4 ± 0.9 in females. The total height gained during puberty was 22.4 ± 7.9 cm in males and 17.4 ± 6.3 cm in females; the percentage of adult height gained during puberty was 13.3% ± 4.6% in males and 11.3% ± 4.0% in females; the near-adult height SDS was −1.3 ± 1.0 in males and −1.6 ± 0.9 in females; and the target adult height SDS was −0.4 ± 0.8 in males and −0.5 ± 0.7 in females. The growth characteristics in the subjects in group 2 were of similar magnitude. In both groups, there was a significant negative correlation between age at the onset of Tanner stage 2 and both the total height gained during puberty and the percentage of adult height gained.
Conclusions. The growth characteristics of these subjects were similar to those reported in normal children and in previous reports of the pubertal growth in smaller populations of children with GHD. The height SDS increased in these subjects during puberty, but the target adult height SDS was not attained. This is a strong argument for early diagnosis and treatment in children with GHD to optimize prepubertal growth.
Clerkship Curricular Revision Based on the Ambulatory Pediatric Association and the Council on Medical Student Education in Pediatrics Guidelines: Does It Make a Difference?
Authors: Kuo Alice A. , Slavin Stuart J. 
Published: December 2021

Objective.
To compare general pediatric knowledge acquisition and clinical problem-solving skills by students pre- and postcurricular reform based on the 1994 Ambulatory Pediatric Association and the Council on Medical Student Education in Pediatrics (APA–COMSEP) curricular guidelines.

Setting.
A large, urban academic medical center.

Subjects.
Third-year medical students on a required clerkship in Pediatrics.

Intervention.
Pre- and postcurricular revision, the students were given both the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Pediatric Subject Examination and an objective examination, which was developed in-house, based on the APA–COMSEP guidelines (Pediatric Clerkship Examination [PCE]). Baseline data before curricular revision were obtained on 52 students from May 1995 to May 1996. After curricular redesign in May 1996, data were obtained on 42 students from May 1996 to May 1997. Curricular revision focused on the following: defining educational principles, selecting teaching strategies, defining learning objectives, implementing the curriculum, and evaluating the students with an examination.

Results.
Before curricular revision, the average NBME score was 521 ± 122. The average PCE score was 53.7% ± 10.1%. After curricular revision, the average NBME score was 520 ± 109, and the average PCE score was 67.7% ± 8.4%. Content areas showing the greatest improvement were fluids and electrolytes, issues pertaining to the newborn, and health supervision.

Conclusions.
Our baseline data indicate that despite spending two thirds of the clerkship in the ambulatory setting, students did not acquire adequate general pediatric knowledge or clinical problem-solving ability. After broad clerkship revision based on the APA–COMSEP Core Curriculum, students' acquisition of general pediatric knowledge and clinical problem-solving improved significantly, as measured by the PCE. The overall NBME Pediatric Subject Examination scores did not reflect this increased acquisition of general pediatric knowledge.