bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate Models Struggle to Simulate Observed North Pacific Jet Trends, Even Accounting for Tropical Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Trends
Authors: Patterson Matthew , O’Reilly Christopher H. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractWe show that the wintertime (December‐January‐February) North Pacific jet in ERA5 has shifted northwards over the satellite‐era (1979–2023) at a faster rate than any of the state‐of‐the‐art coupled climate models used in this study. Differences in tropical sea surface temperature (SST) trends can only partially explain the discrepancy in jet trends between models and observations and a small minority of simulations forced with observed SSTs match the magnitude of the observed jet trend. However, analysis of longer‐term jet variability in reanalysis suggests that the jet trend has not clearly emerged from multi‐decadal internal climate variability. Consequently, it is unclear whether the difference in observed and modeled jet trends arises due to differing responses to anthropogenic forcing or overly weak long‐term internal variability in models. These results have important implications for future climate projections for North America and motivate further research into the underlying causes of long‐term jet trends.
Joint Time‐Domain Modeling Magnetic Field Variations of Ionospheric and Magnetospheric Origin: Conceptual Framework and Practical Implementation
Authors: Kruglyakov M. , Kuvshinov A. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThis study presents a time‐domain methodology for jointly modeling magnetic field variations resulting from ionospheric and magnetospheric currents, with the ultimate goal of improving imaging of Earth's electrical conductivity at mantle depths. Three ionospheric current systems–the equatorial electrojet (EEJ), the polar electrojet (PEJ), and the mid‐latitude current system (MLCS; called Sq in quiet times)–produce quasi‐periodic diurnal variations (DV). The longer‐period (LP) signals are primarily due to irregular fluctuations in magnetospheric currents. Traditionally, DV and LP signals are treated separately. For example, the analysis of LP signals is often based on nighttime data to reduce the effects of ionospheric sources. However, because of EM induction in the Earth, signals of ionospheric origin persist even at night. As for DV, its analysis is usually performed in the frequency domain. However, the morphology of all ionospheric sources varies from day‐to‐day, depending on the solar activity and the Earth's orbital position, which suggests the analysis of DV in the time domain. Moreover, the analysis of EEJ and MLCS signals is usually based on non‐polar data to reduce the effects of PEJ. In this study, we present a methodology to simultaneously model magnetic fields from all sources directly in the time domain using day and night as well as non‐polar and polar data. The approach uses two types (data‐based and physics‐based) of source parameterizations and accounts for 3‐D electromagnetic induction effects. Using observatory data, we obtain continuous spatio‐temporal models of multi‐source external and induced magnetic fields for 1998–2021.
Interaction Between Inner and Outer Rainbands May Lead to a Second Rapid Intensification in Idealized Tropical Cyclone Simulations
Authors: Yang Bolei , Guo Xi , Tan Zhe‐Min , Wang Yi‐Fan , Gu Jian‐Feng , Zhuo Jing‐Yi 
Published: February 2025

AbstractIn the lifetime of a tropical cyclone (TC), there can be multiple rapid intensification (RI) periods. In idealized numerical studies of TCs, a two‐stage mode of RI is frequently observed. However, the underlying mechanisms driving this phenomenon remain unclear. This study examines the physics of the second RI phase from the perspective of TC internal dynamics. It is revealed that the formation and maintenance of outer rainbands inhibit the development of inner rainbands, resulting in a more upright and compact heating structure within the inner core of the TC. This change in heating structure results in an intensification and inward movement of negative heating gradient that effectively enhances the boundary layer (BL) inflow within the radius of maximum wind (RMW), leading to a rapid increase in the inward flux of vorticity and ultimately contributing to the second phase of RI. This study highlights the significance of rainband interactions in the two‐stage RI process of TCs, suggesting that enhancing our understanding and characterization of rainband interactions hold promise for key progress in TC intensity estimation and prediction.
Hurricane Hilary (2023) and Rare Tropical Cyclones in the Southwest United States: Impacts on Temperature and Precipitation
Authors: Miles Euan , Xie Shang‐Ping 
Published: February 2025

AbstractHurricane Hilary brought extensive, record‐breaking precipitation to the Southwest United States in August 2023. Although tropical cyclones (TCs) are uncommon in this region, they can cause substantial damage, primarily through flooding. However, heat extremes associated with these TCs are understudied and could have significant impacts in populated coastal areas. This study examines the conditions that promoted the occurrence of 42 north‐reaching, northeastern Pacific TCs and quantifies how local temperatures responded to these storms. Using composite analysis, we find that there is significant warming along the coastal region of Southern California preceding a TC, particularly for storms that remain offshore. Three main mechanisms contribute to this warming pattern—adiabatic compression associated with downslope winds, warm air advection by the TC itself, and suppression of coastal upwelling. These compound heatwave‐TC events are an overlooked impact of TCs that will likely become more important as the climate warms.
Electrical Properties of Alkaline Earth Sulfides and Implications for the Interior of Mercury
Authors: Pommier Anne , Tauber Michael J. , Renggli Christian , Davies Christopher , Wilson Alfred 
Published: February 2025

AbstractAlkaline earth sulfides are possibly abundant in the mantle of Mercury, and knowledge of their melting and transport properties is needed to investigate the structure of the planet. We report electrical experiments at pressures in the range 2–5 GPa and at temperatures up to ∼2,400 K on proposed analogs of natural sulfides, that is, Ca1‐xMgxS with minor impurities. Electrical conductivity increases nonuniformly with temperature with no systematic dependence on cation composition. At relatively low temperatures (near 1,100 K), the conductivities span a wide range, whereas at higher temperatures the values converge within ∼0.5–7 S/m at 1,800 K and 5 GPa. The conductivity trends are complex, and likely reflect contributions from divalent cations, alkali metal and carbon impurities, which would similarly contribute to the conductivity of Mercury's crust and mantle. Melting is identified by a sharp increase in conductivity between ∼1,850 and 2,100 K at 5 GPa. These transition temperatures are consistent with the presence of impurities. Using electrical studies on relevant silicate minerals and petrological observations, we developed electrical conductivity‐depth profiles of Mercury's silicate portion. Depending on the interconnectivity of the sulfide phase, the conductivity at the base of the mantle containing 8 vol.% sulfide ranges from ∼0.2 to >8 S/m. Our results can be tested with future observations from the ESA‐JAXA BepiColombo mission.
Species‐By‐Species Pattern Analysis of Coastal Dune Vegetation
Authors: Demichele D. , Belcore E. , Piras M. , Camporeale C. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractVegetation is crucial for stabilizing and developing coastal dunes. Different plant species exhibit different spatial distributions which reflect their environmental role and adaptation strategy. This study aims to provide a fine‐scale species‐by‐species analysis of vegetation spatial patterns on coastal dunes within the San Rossore–Migliarino–Massacciuccoli Regional Park (Tuscany, Italy). A comprehensive vegetation data set generated by an Object‐Based Image Analysis (OBIA) algorithm applied to high‐resolution ortho‐images has been utilized. A Digital Terrain Model (DTM) of the study area was created to assess the impact of dune morphology on plant distribution. Moreover, a wave runup analysis was also conducted to understand the interaction between vegetation and hydrodynamic forces. The research highlights how the vegetation threshold distance from the coastline, , is superimposed by the reaching distance of wave runup during extreme events. Terrain morphology significantly affects the vegetation zonation: on taller and undisturbed dunefields, species zonation is clearer and more defined, whereas, on flatter and disturbed ones, spatial distribution is significantly fuzzier. A positive correlation emerges between the abundance of a species and its degree of spatial clustering, indicating how less abundant species form more tightly clustered spatial patterns. Modified Ripley's L‐function analysis revealed a multi‐scale clustered pattern for most species under examination. The present results may provide a solid benchmark in coastal ecology research for supporting natural‐based conservation plans and eco‐morphodynamic modeling.
Hollows on Mercury: Creation and Analysis of a Global Reference Catalog With Deep Learning
Authors: Bickel Valentin T. , Deutsch Ariel N. , Blewett David T. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractHollows are geologically young depressions on Mercury, most likely associated with the loss of volatile species. The distribution and morphometric properties of hollows provide information about the overall volatile budget of Mercury's (shallow) subsurface, with significant implications for our understanding of the evolution of Mercury and airless planetary bodies in general. Here, we use a convolutional neural network to map the global geographic distribution and morphometric properties of hollows in MESSENGER orbital images and assess their geostatistical relationships with the thermophysical environment. We identify up to 19,110 hollows in the MESSENGER MDIS Narrow‐Angle Camera data set and discover previously unidentified hollows in more than twenty large‐scale geographic regions. Globally, the detected hollows are predominantly located in the northern hemisphere, where MESSENGER image coverage and spatial resolution are highest. Hollows are preferentially detected in impact craters, at low elevations, on low slope angles, and cluster toward the maxima of ejecta mass production by micrometeoroid bombardment. We observe that hollows tend to be located on equator‐facing slopes and increase in size toward the equator and hot‐pole longitudes. Our observations provide new, global‐scale evidence that micrometeoroid bombardment and insolation are the primary drivers of hollow formation and evolution. Our hollow catalogs are openly available and are anticipated to inform systematic, global‐scale studies of hollow formation as well as future orbital imaging efforts by the ESA/JAXA BepiColombo mission.
Compact and Wideband Cavity‐Backed Antenna With Elliptical Coupling Slot and Elliptical Aperture for Satellite Communications Transceiver Applications
Authors: Asci Y. , Turkmen C. , Secmen M. 
Published: February 2025

AbstractA wideband full‐metal cavity‐backed antenna with elliptical coupling slot and elliptical aperture is proposed. The antenna consists of two elliptical structures, a coupling slot and a radiating aperture, which are placed on the feed waveguide side and the load side of a rectangular metal cavity resonator, respectively. By using an elliptical slot/aperture, the impedance bandwidth and gain of the antenna are found to be considerably improved in the same footprint and without increasing complexity compared to rectangular slot/aperture and also circular aperture. A prototype of the proposed wideband antenna is fabricated by using the additive manufacturing techniques of 3D printing with polylactic acid (PLA) material, which is covered with aluminum tape to validate the design at Ku‐band for satellite communication (SatCom). The measured results show that the antenna has an impedance bandwidth of 4 GHz (10.86–14.86 GHz for |S11| < −15 dB), which gives a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 31.1%. With low cross‐polarization being less than −25 dB at broadside, the antenna has a peak gain of 9 dBi. The proposed antenna is also compact, with a total volume of about 1.1λ03 at the center frequency.
Characterizing Aquifer Properties and Groundwater Storage at North China Plain Using Geodetic and Hydrological Measurements
Authors: Li Mingjia , Sun Jianbao , Xue Lian , Shen Zheng‐Kang , Li Yuexin , Zhao Bin , Hu Leyin 
Published: February 2025

AbstractClimatic and anthropogenic changes are reshaping global water resources, with the North China Plain (NCP) experiencing significant surface subsidence due to severe groundwater overexploitation over the past half‐century. In this study, we integrate data from Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar, Global Navigation Satellite System, and hydraulic head measurements observed in 2015–2019 to investigate aquifers' physical properties and corresponding changes in groundwater storage in NCP. Geodetic measurements indicate seasonal and long‐term deformation patterns. The amplitude of seasonal variation of deformation is up to 25 mm with phase lag behind the seasonal variation of water head. The integration of geodetic and hydrological data indicates that local aquifer storativity and clay lens thickness are and m, respectively. The average long‐term subsidence due to sustained water storage loss is about 29 mm/yr, with a peak rate of ∼120 mm/yr. Even though all regions show a long‐term ongoing subsidence, the subsidence trend has slowed in about half of the NCP, which can be attributed to the impact of the South‐to‐North Water Diversion (SNWD) Project, especially in areas near the SNWD aqueducts. Moreover, we find a disparity in subsidence rates between Hebei and Shandong Provinces, reflecting the impact of different groundwater exploitation management in mitigating the subsidence. This research underscores the effectiveness of combining geodetic and hydrological data for assessing groundwater circulation and optimizing groundwater management.
The Influence of Horizontal Dispersion on Residence Times in Shallow Lakes
Authors: Masunaga Eiji , Fringer Oliver B. , Kitamura Tatsumi , Ouchi Takao 
Published: February 2025

AbstractThis study presents results of circulation and residence time in lakes influenced by wind‐induced mixing investigated with numerical simulations. The study area is Lake Kasumigaura, a continuous lake system primally consisting of two lakes, West Lake and North Lake. Although metrological conditions and depths are similar for both lakes, the surface area and shape of the lakes are very different. A numerical model resolves the primary features of the wind‐driven circulation in the lake system and is forced by observed river discharges and wind stress. A passive tracer released from the river mouths is used to estimate the residence time and evaluate mixing processes. Wind‐driven flow dominates the kinetic energy in the lakes and induces chaotic motions leading to tracer dispersion which is largely influenced by the shape of the lakes. Results indicate that the residence time is much longer in the well‐mixed middle basin of West Lake than North Lake. The estimated horizontal tracer diffusivity is approximately three times larger for the large West Lake than for the small‐narrow North Lake. This study suggests that the surface area and shape of lakes in which the flow is predominantly wind driven largely influences circulation, water exchange processes and residence times in lakes.
Tidal Influences on Temperature Dynamics and Heat Exchange in Coastal Wetlands
Authors: Xu Xinghua , Yu Xiayang , Wu Junjie , Xiao Kai , Xin Pei 
Published: February 2025

AbstractSoil temperature is crucial for the ecological functions of coastal wetlands. While the impact of tides on porewater flow is well recognized, their effect on soil temperature, which is also closely related to hydrodynamic processes, has not been sufficiently explored. This study investigates how dynamic tidal and atmospheric conditions interact to drive temperature variations in coastal wetlands, based on both laboratory experiments and numerical simulations. The results reveal that temperature plumes develop near creek banks, where the annual mean soil temperature closely correlates with tidal temperature. Tide‐induced water circulation enhances local heat transfer and mixing, leading to moderate annual temperature ranges in areas close to creeks. In contrast, surface soil temperatures across the wetland platform are closer to atmospheric conditions in both annual mean values and ranges. At the field scale, tide‐induced advective heat exchange is apparent, particularly near creeks. However, its net impact on the overall heat balance is relatively limited compared to the conductive heat flux at the sediment‐water interface. The study also highlights the role of macropores in enhancing local temperature fluctuations by augmenting advective heat exchange and increasing heat capacity. Additionally, increased hydraulic and thermal conductivities in wetland sediments could result in more efficient temperature transfer and larger temperature ranges in deeper soil layers. These findings advance our understanding of the hydrodynamic and thermal processes in coastal wetlands coupled with benthic bioturbation.
Findings from computed tomography examinations of Viking age skulls
Authors: Bertilsson Carolina , Borg Eva , Vretemark Maria , Lund Henrik 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Introduction
Computed tomography (CT) images can provide information about anatomical structures and pathological processes in ancient skulls. A previous study on the teeth and jaws of 171 individuals in a late Swedish Viking age population, dating around the 10th–12th century made clinical examinations that included intraoral radiographs. Current explorative study examined a subset of this population using CT with the aim to investigate if this method could provide additional information about the studied subjects.

Materials and method
The skulls of 15 Viking-era individuals were examined with CT. Two specialists in oral and maxillofacial radiology and one general dentist examined the images together, performing the diagnostics and interpretated the results.

Results
Findings included signs of pathological conditions of the teeth; of the alveolar, mandibular, maxillary and auricular bone; and of the paranasal sinuses and temporomandibular joints. These findings indicated the presence of both clinically detectable conditions, such as dental caries, periodontal disease, periapical destructions and remodelling of the caput mandibulae, but also additional findings such as sclerotization of the mastoid process, infection-induced periosteal bone deposition, and signs of sinusitis.

Conclusion
CT investigation of skeletal remains from an early Christian community in the Viking era in Sweden indicated that the population suffered from numerous orofacial pathologies, including dental disease, sinusitis, otitis, and various infections. The current study, using CT as an investigation method of skeletal remains, indicated that this method could identify conditions that might be difficult to find through ocular inspection. Conclusively, CT is suggested to be an important non-invasive method when used in combination with other examination methods, possibly providing additional information about archeological human remains. Further studies on similar samples are suggested to examine this further.
Posture analysis during tooth extraction
Authors: Fukushima Takashi , Sugahara Keisuke , Ito Kazuhiro , Koyachi Masahide , Nishiyama Akihiro , Kurihara Chihiro , Nakajima Shintaro , Matsunaga Satoru , Katakura Akira 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Introduction
Tooth extraction is one of the clinical internship requirements in Japan. Human posture during tooth extraction is important since poor posture can cause failure of the safe operation and musculoskeletal injuries. Only a few studies aimed to evaluate the posture, but most of them used manual or complex measurement methods which can lead to some inconvenient problems such as subjective biases, quantitativeness, and device availability. Thanks to the recent advancement of computer vision and technology, pose estimation has been widely used for kinematic analysis. However, none of the research has been used for posture analysis during tooth extraction.

Aim
Therefore, this research aims to analyze posture kinematics during tooth extraction using pose estimation and find key kinematic variables for tooth extraction.

Method
All participants were grouped into three; dental students, young dentists, and experienced dentists. They were asked to perform tooth extraction on a tooth extraction simulator while being video recorded. Pose estimation was used to extract joint locations on recorded videos. Joint angles of interest were calculated based on the extracted joint locations.

Results
Right shoulder angles were significantly lower in the experienced dentists’ group than in other groups,

Discussion
Which has been pointed out by other research as a crucial point.

Conclusion
Although sample size is a main concern in this study, the result shows that pose estimation can be useful in posture analysis during tooth extraction.
Decreased miR-128-3p in serum exosomes from polycystic ovary syndrome induces ferroptosis in granulosa cells via the p38/JNK/SLC7A11 axis through targeting CSF1
Authors: Lv Yanqiu , Han Shengzhong , Sun Fuliang , Zhang Yuyang , Qu Xinglin , Li Hao , Gu Weiyu , Xu Qinglong , Yao Shunfa , Chen Xuan , Jin Yi 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that non-coding small RNAs (miRNAs) carried by exosomes (EXOs) play important roles in the development and treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). In this study, we demonstrate that PCOS mouse serum-derived EXOs promote granulosa cells (GCs) ferroptosis, and induce the occurrence of a PCOS-like phenotype in vivo. Notably, EXO miRNA sequencing combined with in vitro gain- and loss-of-function assays revealed that miR-128-3p, which is absent in the serum-derived EXOs of mice with PCOS, regulates lipid peroxidation and GC sensitivity to ferroptosis inducers. Mechanistically, overexpression of CSF1, a direct target of miR-128-3p, reversed the anti-ferroptotic effect of miR-128-3p. Conversely, ferroptosis induction was mitigated in CSF1-downregulated GCs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-128-3p inhibition activates the p38/JNK pathway via CSF1, leading to NRF2-mediated down-regulation of SLC7A11 transcription, which triggers GC iron overload. Moreover, intrathecal miR-128-3p AgomiR injection into mouse ovaries ameliorated PCOS-like characteristics and restored fertility in letrozole-induced mice. The study reveals the pathological mechanisms of PCOS based on circulating EXOs and provides the first evidence of the roles of miR-128-3p and CSF1 in ovarian GCs. This discovery is expected to provide promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of PCOS.