bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Training opportunities of artificial intelligence (AI) in radiology: a systematic review
Authors: Schuur Floor , Rezazade Mehrizi Mohammad H. , Ranschaert Erik 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objectives
The aim is to offer an overview of the existing training programs and critically examine them and suggest avenues for further development of AI training programs for radiologists.

Methods
Deductive thematic analysis of 100 training programs offered in 2019 and 2020 (until June 30). We analyze the public data about the training programs based on their “contents,” “target audience,” “instructors and offering agents,” and “legitimization strategies.”

Results
There are many AI training programs offered to radiologists, yet most of them (80%) are short, stand-alone sessions, which are not part of a longer-term learning trajectory. The training programs mainly (around 85%) focus on the basic concepts of AI and are offered in passive mode. Professional institutions and commercial companies are active in offering the programs (91%), though academic institutes are limitedly involved.

Conclusions
There is a need to further develop systematic training programs that are pedagogically integrated into radiology curriculum. Future training programs need to further focus on learning how to work with AI at work and be further specialized and customized to the contexts of radiology work.

Key Points
• Most of AI training programs are short, stand-alone sessions, which focus on the basics of AI.
• The content of training programs focuses on medical and technical topics; managerial, legal, and ethical topics are marginally addressed.
• Professional institutions and commercial companies are active in offering AI training; academic institutes are limitedly involved.
Stent placement combined with intraluminal radiofrequency ablation and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy for advanced biliary tract cancers with biliary obstruction: a multicentre, retrospective, controlled study
Authors: Gou Qing , Wu Lingeng , Cui Wei , Mo Zhiqiang , Zeng Dejin , Gan Liming , He Jian , Mai Qicong , Shi Feng , Chen Meng , Sun Zhonghai , Liu Yongdong , Wu Jingjing , Chen Xiumei , Zhuang Wenhang , Xu Rongde , Li Weike , Cai Qichun , Zhang Jing , Chen Xiaoming , Li Jiaping , Zhou Zejian 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objective
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of stent placement combined with intraluminal radiofrequency ablation (intra-RFA) and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy (HAIC) for patients with advanced biliary tract cancers (Ad-BTCs) and biliary obstruction (BO).

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed data for patients with Ad-BTCs and BO who underwent stent placement with or without intra-RFA and HAIC in three centres between November 2013 and November 2018. The stent patency time (SPT), overall survival (OS), and adverse events (AEs) were analysed.

Results
Of the 135 enrolled patients, 64 underwent stent placement combined with intra-RFA and HAIC, while 71 underwent only stent placement. The median SPT was significantly longer in the combination group (8.2 months, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.1–9.3) than in the control group (4.3 months, 95% CI: 3.6–5.0; p < 0.001). A similar result was observed for OS (combination: 13.2 months, 95% CI: 11.1–16.5; control: 8.5 months, 95% CI: 7.6–9.6; p < 0.001). The incidence of AEs related to biliary tract operation was not significantly different between the two groups (p > 0.05). The most common AE and serious AE related to HAIC were alanine aminotransferase elevation (24/64; 37.5%) and thrombocytopenia (8/64; 12.5%), respectively. All AEs were tolerable, and there was no death from AEs.

Conclusions
Stent placement combined with intra-RFA and HAIC may be a safe, potential treatment strategy for patients with Ad-BTCs and BO.

Key Points
• Advanced biliary cancers (Ad-BTCs) with biliary obstruction (BO) can rapidly result in liver failure and cachexia with an extremely poor prognosis.
• Stent placement combined with intraluminal radiofrequency ablation and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy may be safe and effective for patients with Ad-BTCs and BO.
• The long-term efficacy and safety of the combined treatment is promising.
A multi-model study of atmosphere predictability in coupled ocean–atmosphere systems
Authors: Ma Youwei , Li Jianping , Zhang Shaoqing , Zhao Haoran 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOf great importance for guiding numerical weather and climate predictions, understanding predictability of the atmosphere in the ocean − atmosphere coupled system is the first and critical step to understand predictability of the Earth system. However, previous predictability studies based on prefect model assumption usually depend on a certain model. Here we apply the predictability study with the Nonlinear Local Lyapunov Exponent and Attractor Radius to the products of multiple re-analyses and forecast models in several operational centers to realize general predictability of the atmosphere in the Earth system. We first investigated the predictability characteristics of the atmosphere in NCEP, ECMWF and UKMO coupled systems and some of their uncoupled counterparts and other uncoupled systems. Although the ECMWF Integrated Forecast System shows higher skills in geopotential height over the tropics, there is no certain model providing the most precise forecast for all variables on all levels and the multi-model ensemble not always outperforms a single model. Improved low-frequency signals from the air − sea and stratosphere − troposphere interactions that extend predictability of the atmosphere in coupled system suggests the significance of air − sea coupling and stratosphere simulation in practical forecast development, although uncertainties exist in the model representation for physical processes in air − sea interactions and upper troposphere. These inspire further exploration on predictability of ocean and stratosphere as well as sea − ice and land processes to advance our understanding of interactions of Earth system components, thus enhancing weather − climate prediction skills.
Ectopic expression of pericentric HSATII RNA results in nuclear RNA accumulation, MeCP2 recruitment, and cell division defects
Authors: Landers Catherine C. , Rabeler Christina A. , Ferrari Emily K. , D’Alessandro Lia R. , Kang Diana D. , Malisa Jessica , Bashir Safia M. , Carone Dawn M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWithin the pericentric regions of human chromosomes reside large arrays of tandemly repeated satellite sequences. Expression of the human pericentric satellite HSATII is prevented by extensive heterochromatin silencing in normal cells, yet in many cancer cells, HSATII RNA is aberrantly expressed and accumulates in large nuclear foci in cis. Expression and aggregation of HSATII RNA in cancer cells is concomitant with recruitment of key chromatin regulatory proteins including methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2). While HSATII expression has been observed in a wide variety of cancer cell lines and tissues, the effect of its expression is unknown. We tested the effect of stable expression of HSATII RNA within cells that do not normally express HSATII. Ectopic HSATII expression in HeLa and primary fibroblast cells leads to focal accumulation of HSATII RNA in cis and triggers the accumulation of MeCP2 onto nuclear HSATII RNA bodies. Further, long-term expression of HSATII RNA leads to cell division defects including lagging chromosomes, chromatin bridges, and other chromatin defects. Thus, expression of HSATII RNA in normal cells phenocopies its nuclear accumulation in cancer cells and allows for the characterization of the cellular events triggered by aberrant expression of pericentric satellite RNA.
Stress-driven cardiac calcium mishandling via a kinase-to-kinase crosstalk
Authors: McKee Charia , Bare Dan J. , Ai Xun 
Published: February 2021

AbstractCalcium homeostasis in the cardiomyocyte is critical to the regulation of normal cardiac function. Abnormal calcium dynamics such as altered uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+-ATPase and increased diastolic SR calcium leak are involved in the development of maladaptive cardiac remodeling under pathological conditions. Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II-δ (CaMKIIδ) is a well-recognized key molecule in calcium dysregulation in cardiomyocytes. Elevated cellular stress is known as a common feature during pathological remodeling, and c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is an important stress kinase that is activated in response to intrinsic and extrinsic stress stimuli. Our lab recently identified specific actions of JNK isoform 2 (JNK2) in CaMKIIδ expression, activation, and CaMKIIδ-dependent SR Ca2+mishandling in the stressed heart. This review focuses on the current understanding of cardiac SR calcium handling under physiological and pathological conditions as well as the newly identified contribution of the stress kinase JNK2 in CaMKIIδ-dependent SR Ca2+abnormal mishandling. The new findings identifying dual roles of JNK2 in CaMKIIδ expression and activation are also discussed in this review.
Low free thyroxine and normal thyroid-stimulating hormone in infants and children: possible causes and diagnostic work-up
Authors: Lauffer Peter , van Trotsenburg A. S. Paul , Zwaveling-Soonawala Nitash 
Published: February 2021

AbstractScreening for hypo- or hyperthyroidism in adults is generally done by measuring the serum thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) concentration. This is an efficient approach in case of suspected acquired thyroid disease. However, in infants and children, congenital hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis disorders also need to be considered, including primary and central congenital hypothyroidism, and even rarer thyroid hormone receptor and transporter defects. In primary congenital hypothyroidism, TSH will be elevated, but in the other congenital HPT axis disorders, TSH is usually within the normal range. Free thyroxine (FT4) assessment is essential for the diagnosis in these conditions.Conclusion: Here we discuss a number of rare congenital HPT axis disorders in which TSH is normal, but FT4 is low, and provide a clinical algorithm to distinguish between these disorders.

What is Known:• A single thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) measurement is an appropriate screening method for primary hypothyroidism.• For central hypothyroidism and rare thyroid hormone receptor and transporter defects a free thyroxine (FT4) measurement is essential for the diagnosis because TSH is usually normal.

What is New:• Here we present a new problem-oriented clinical algorithm including a diagnostic flow-chart for low FT4 and normal TSH in infants and children.
In-peptide amino acid racemization via inter-residue oxazoline intermediates during acidic hydrolysis
Authors: Broberg Anders , Nord Christina , Levenfors Jolanta J. , Bjerketorp Joakim , Guss Bengt , Öberg Bo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIsopedopeptins are antibiotic cyclic lipodepsipeptides containing the subsequence L-Thr—L-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid—D-Phe—L-Val/L-3-hydroxyvaline. Acidic hydrolysis of isopedopeptins in D2O showed the D-Phe residues to racemize extensively in peptides with L-3-hydroxyvaline but not in peptides with L-Val. Similarly, one Leu residue in pedopeptins, which are related peptides containing the subsequence Leu—2,3-diaminopropanoic acid—Leu—L-Val/L-3-hydroxyvaline, was found to racemize in peptides with L-3-hydroxyvaline. Model tetrapeptides, L-Ala—L-Phe—L-Val/3-hydroxyvaline—L-Ala, gave the corresponding results, i.e. racemization of L-Phe only when linked to a L-3-hydroxyvaline. We propose the racemization to proceed via an oxazoline intermediate involving Phe/Leu and the L-3-hydroxyvaline residues. The 3-hydroxyvaline residue may form a stable tertiary carbocation by loss of the sidechain hydroxyl group as water after protonation. Elimination of the Phe/Leu H-2 and ring-closure from the carbonyl oxygen onto the carbocation results in the suggested oxazoline intermediate. The reversed reaction leads to either retained or inversed configuration of Phe/Leu. Such racemization during acidic hydrolysis may occur whenever a 3-hydroxyvaline residue or any amino acid that can form a stable carbocation on the C-3, is present in a peptide. The proposed mechanism for racemization was supported by incorporation of 18O in the 3-hydroxyvaline sidechain when the acidic hydrolysis was performed in H2O/H218O (1:1). The 2,3-diaminopropanoic residues of isopedopeptins and pedopeptins were also found to racemize during acidic hydrolysis, as previously described. Based on the results, the configuration of the Leu and 2,3-diaminopropanoic acid residues of the pedopeptins were reassigned to be L-Leu and D-Leu, and 2 × L-2,3-diaminopropanoic acid.
Which factors determine clinicians’ policy and attitudes towards medication and parent training for children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder?
Authors: Dekkers Tycho J. , Groenman Annabeth P. , Wessels Lisa , Kovshoff Hanna , Hoekstra Pieter J. , van den Hoofdakker Barbara J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBehavioral parent and teacher training and stimulant medication are recommended interventions for children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, not all children with ADHD receive this evidence-based care, and the aim of the current study was to find out why. More specifically, we investigated clinicians’ policy, guideline use, and attitudes towards medication and parent training when treating children with ADHD, as well as several factors that could affect this. A total of 219 Dutch clinicians (mainly psychologists, psychiatrists and educationalists) completed a survey. Clinicians were likely to recommend medication more often than parent training, and clinicians’ policy to recommend medication and parent training was positively associated with their attitudes towards these interventions. Less experienced clinicians and those with a non-medical background reported lower rates of guideline use, whereas clinicians with a medical background reported less positive attitudes towards parent training. Furthermore, a substantial portion of the clinicians based their decision to recommend parent training on their clinical judgement (e.g., prior estimations of efficacy, perceived low abilities/motivation of parents), and many clinicians reported barriers for referral to parent training, such as waiting lists or a lack of skilled staff. To achieve better implementation of evidence-based care for children with ADHD, guidelines should be communicated better towards clinicians. Researchers and policy-makers should further focus on barriers that prevent implementation of parent training, which are suggested by the discrepancy between clinicians’ overall positive attitude towards parent training and the relatively low extent to which clinicians actually advise parent training.
Moult of overwintering Wood Warblers Phylloscopus sibilatrix in an annual-cycle perspective
Authors: Jarrett Crinan , Powell Luke L. , Claire Tabe T. Regine , Tchoumbou Melanie , Helm Barbara 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWood Warblers, an Afro-Palearctic migrant species, are declining steadily in Europe likely due to mortality outside their breeding grounds. However, little is known about their overwintering, and records about the sensitive life-cycle stage of moult in Africa are practically absent. To fill this gap, we report on moult of Wood Warblers captured over two winters (January–February) in 2019–2020 in Cameroon. We caught 14 individuals, of which 12 were monitored for flight feather moult. All inspected individuals showed advanced stages of flight feather renewal. Despite low sample sizes, Underhill-Zucchini moult models aptly explained variation in primary and secondary moult (R2 = 0.61). Estimated moult onset date was 26 December, completion date was 25 February, and moult duration was 61 days. These findings fit well with experimental data on the annual cycle and the timing of recently published migration tracks of Wood Warblers. Jointly, the data suggest that moult timing is set by an internal programme, which enables Wood Warblers to organise their multi-stage migration such that they reach suitable moulting habitat in time, and can depart in time with a fresh plumage for the breeding grounds. In our study, moult occurred during the peak of the dry season, which in Cameroon nonetheless shows high relative humidity. During our mist-netting on 28 cocoa plantations of varying shade cover, Wood Warblers were caught on 6 farms whose canopies were comparatively open. These data suggest that the birds encounter in Cameroon relatively stable climatic conditions for moult, and do not measurably prefer closed-canopy forests. Our findings are important, because successful moult increases survival prospects and because moult needs to be safely embedded in a migratory life cycle. Hence, information on moult timing and location is essential for identifying year-round vulnerabilities of Wood Warblers.
Overview of the impact of forest habitats quality and landscape disturbances on the ecology and conservation of dormice species
Authors: Fedyń Izabela , Figarski Tomasz , Kajtoch Łukasz 
Published: February 2021

AbstractArboreal mammals are a group of special concern. We reviewed the available literature to summarize the overall potential effects of forest habitat disturbances on dormice ecology and population parameters. We took into consideration the influence of forest structure, area size and fragmentation, vegetation biodiversity, forestry treatments, and the development of road networks. The vast majority of studies have only examined two species, hazel and edible dormouse, while the ecological requirements and conservation priorities of forest, garden, and Japanese dormice have rarely been studied. There has been a substantial increase in the number of dormice studies; however, many aspects of their ecology are still unknown. The current state of knowledge points to the essential role of the complex vertical structure of forest vegetation in providing arboreal movement corridors and safe nesting places for dormice species. Moreover, dormice species are cavity dwellers that depend on the presence of old trees and nest boxes, which could have ambiguous effects.
A 3D hydrodynamic flow-focusing device for cell sorting
Authors: Yuan Xiaofei , Glidle Andrew , Furusho Hitoshi , Yin Huabing 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOptical-based microfluidic cell sorting has become increasingly attractive for applications in life and environmental sciences due to its ability of sophisticated cell handling in flow. The majority of these microfluidic cell sorting devices employ two-dimensional fluid flow control strategies, which lack the ability to manipulate the position of cells arbitrarily for precise optical detection, therefore resulting in reduced sorting accuracy and purity. Although three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamic devices have better flow-focusing characteristics, most lack the flexibility to arbitrarily position the sample flow in each direction. Thus, there have been very few studies using 3D hydrodynamic flow focusing for sorting. Herein, we designed a 3D hydrodynamic focusing sorting platform based on independent sheath flow-focusing and pressure-actuated switching. This design offers many advantages in terms of reliable acquisition of weak Raman signals due to the ability to precisely control the speed and position of samples in 3D. With a proof-of-concept demonstration, we show this 3D hydrodynamic focusing-based sorting device has the potential to reach a high degree of accuracy for Raman activated sorting.
The unreliable concept of native range as applied to the distribution of the rusty crayfish (Faxonius rusticus) in North America
Authors: Guiaşu Radu Cornel , Labib Mark 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe concept of native range in invasion biology is difficult to define since, in many cases, this type of range is unknown and cannot be determined. We investigate the uncertainties related to this concept by focusing on the distribution ofFaxonius rusticus(Girard, 1852), also known as the rusty crayfish, which is perceived as possibly the worst invasive crayfish species in North America. In this study, we undertake a comprehensive literature review, which includes 430 studies published between 1852 and 2018, in order to analyze the native and introduced ranges of this species. The rusty crayfish was reported to occur in 33 states in the U.S.A. and 3 Canadian Provinces. Ten of these U.S. states and one Canadian Province have been included multiple times in both the native and the non-native ranges of this crayfish. The confusion regarding the limits and history of the native range of the rusty crayfish has implications for the conservation of this species in various jurisdictions. This review also demonstrates that even for intensely studied species perceived as invasive, we often do not have a clear understanding of essential concepts such as native and non-native range.
Empirical assessment of rockfall and debris flow risk along the Karakoram Highway, Pakistan
Authors: Ali Sajid , Haider Rashid , Abbas Wahid , Basharat Muhammad , Reicherter Klaus 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe Karakoram Highway links north Pakistan with southwest China. It passes through unique geomorphological, geological and tectonic setting. This study focused 200-km-long section of the highway starting from Besham until Chilas. Landslides are frequent and are mostly triggered by torrential rain during Monsoon and Westerlies, leading to highway blockade. Rockfall and debris flow are prime mode of slope failures. Regional to site-specific approach was implemented to assess risk associated with these two modes. Remote sensing-based techniques were used to identify potential hazardous sites, which were further investigated for risk assessment. Modified Pierson’s rockfall hazard rating system (RHRS) rated potential rockfalls, whereas semi-quantitative technique was employed to assess debris flows. Normalized scores of each site shaped the final map, further classified into four zones: very high, high, intermediate and low risk.
Investigating the temporal changes in the relationships between time spent on the internet and non-mandatory activity-travel time use
Authors: Wu Guoqiang , Hong Jinhyun , Thakuriah Piyushimita 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe amount of time we spend online has been increasing dramatically, influencing our daily travel and activity patterns. However, empirical studies on changes in the extent to which the amount of time spent online are related to changes in our activity and travel patterns are scarce, mainly due to a lack of available longitudinal or quasi-longitudinal data. This paper explores how the relationships between the time spent using the Internet, and the time spent on non-mandatory maintenance and leisure activities, have evolved over a decade. Maintenance activities include out-of-home activities such as shopping, banking, and doctor visits, while leisure activities include entertainment activities, visiting friends, sporting activities, and so forth. Our approach uses two datasets from two major cross-sectional surveys in Scotland, i.e. the 2005/06 Scottish Household Survey (SHS) and the 2015 Integrated Multimedia City Data (iMCD) Survey, which were similarly structured and formed. The multiple discrete–continuous extreme value (MDCEV) model and difference-in-differences (DD) estimation are applied and integrated to examine how the relationships between the time spent on the Internet and travel have changed over time and the direction and magnitude of the changes. Our findings suggest that the complementary associations between Internet use and individuals’ non-mandatory activity-travel time use are diminishing over time, whereas their substitutive associations are increasing. We additionally find that such temporal changes are significant in the case of those who spent moderate to high levels of time on the Internet (5 h or more online) per week.