bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autism - A Comprehensive Array of Prominent Signs and Symptoms
Authors: Nadeem Muhammad Shahid , Murtaza Bibi Nazia , Al-Ghamdi Maryam A. , Ali Akbar , Zamzami Mazin A. , Khan Jalaluddin A. , Ahmad Aftab , Rehman Mujaddad Ur , Kazmi Imran 
Published: January 2021

Background:Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a multifaceted neurodevelopmental condition characterized by multiple psychological and physiological impairments in young children. According to the recent reports, 1 out of every 58 newly-born children is suffering from autism. The aetiology of the disorder is complex and poorly understood, hindering the adaptation of targeted and effective therapies. There are no well- established diagnostic biomarkers for autism. Hence the analysis of symptoms by the pediatricians plays a critical role in the early intervention.Methods:In the present report, we have emphasized 24 behavioral, psychological and clinical symptoms of autism.Results:Impaired social interaction, restrictive and narrow interests, anxiety, depression; aggressive, repetitive, rigid and self-injurious behavior, lack of consistency, short attention span, fear, shyness and phobias, hypersensitivity and rapid mood alterations, high level of food and toy selectivity; inability to establish friendships or follow the instructions; fascination by round spinning objects and eating non-food materials are common psychological characteristics of autism. Speech or hearing impairments, poor cognitive function, gastrointestinal problems, weak immunity, disturbed sleep and circadian rhythms, weak motor neuromuscular interaction, lower level of serotonin and neurotransmitters, headache and body pain are common physiological symptoms.Conclusion:A variable qualitative and quantitative impact of this wide range of symptoms is perceived in each autistic individual, making him/her distinct, incomparable and exceptional. Selection and application of highly personalized medical and psychological therapies are therefore recommended for the management and treatment of autism.
Analysis of Herbal Mechanisms and Prescriptions for Chronic Cerebral
Circulatory Insufficiency Based on Data Mining and Network
Pharmacology
Authors: Han Tao , Huang Hai-liang , Yu Ying , Zhang Gong 
Published: January 2021

Background::
Traditional Chinese medicine has accumulated rich resources and
experience through clinical research to explore the prevention and treatment of chronic cerebral
circulatory insufficiency, but current medicine lacks in-depth research and confirmation on the
established protocols and mechanism of prescribed TCMs at the macro and micro levels.

Objective::
To explore the prescription of Chinese medicines for the treatment of chronic cerebral
circulation insufficiency (CCCI) and to explore the mechanism of core drugs.

Methods::
229 Chinese prescriptions for CCCI were collected from CNKI, CBM, VIP and
WANFANG databases for this study. The frequency and association rules of drugs were analyzed
and the core drugs by TCMISSV2.5 software was extracted. The active ingredients and targets
were obtained by TCMSP, and genes of CCCI were collected from the DisGeNET, OMIM,
DrugBank disease databases. The intersection targets of herbal medicine and disease were
imported into the STRING database for PPI network. The key targets were screened by the
network topology algorithm. The Systems Dock website was used to verify the molecular docking.
The GOEAST and DAVID tools were used to perform GO and KEGG pathway analysis with the
key target genes.

Results::
117 drugs involved in 229 prescriptions were identified, 2 core drugs were identified. We
identified 8 active ingredients, which were mandenol, myricanone, perlolyrine, senkyunone,
wallichilide, sitosterol, beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol. 371 herbal targets predicted and 335
disease targets. The enrichment analysis showed that the core herbal medicines could prevent
CCCI by 15 key signaling pathways.

Conclusion::
There are direct or indirect connections in key signaling pathways, which not only
participate in energy metabolism, hormone regulation, signal transduction, but also play a role in
the comprehensive intervention of nervous system, immune system, circulatory system and other
systems, which is consistent with the comprehensive pathogenesis of CCCI induced by multiple
factors.
One-pot Synthesis of a New Category of 2-aryl-quinazolinones Using
OImDSA as an Efficient Heterocyclic Medium
Authors: Keyhani Abdolrahman , Nikpassand Mohammad , Fekri Leila Zare , Kefayati Hassan 
Published: January 2021

Background::
Dihydroquinazolinone derivatives are an important family of fused heterocyclic shows a wide
range of biological, medicinal and pharmacological properties such as anti-tumor, anti-biotic, diuretic, analgesic, antihypertonic,
anti-pyretic, anti-depressant, anti-histamine and vasodilation activities.

Introduction::
So far some acid catalysts, e.g.; p-toluenesulfonic acid, silica sulfuric acid, zinc(II) perfluorooctanoate,
gallium(III) triflate, ionic liquid, Al(H2PO4)3, I2, montmorillonite K-10, Amberlyst-15, Al/Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles,
have been reported to accomplish this three component reaction. Some of these methods have drawbacks such as toxic
solvents and catalysts, long reaction time, the use of expensive catalysts and adverse yields.

Method::
A mixture of benzaldehydes (1mmol), isatoic anhydride (1 mmol), Glycine (1 mmol) and OImDSA (2 mL) were
stirred at room temperature for the required reaction times (1-2 h). The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC
(EtOAc: petroleum ether 1:2). After completion of reaction, as indicated by TLC, the ionic liquid was separated by
extraction with 2×15 mL of water. The solid residue was separated by recrystallization from EtOH. The pure products were
collected in 86-97% yields.

Results::
Herein, in order to achieve a more efficient synthesis method, to deplete side effects, reduce reaction steps,
increase efficiency and curtail reaction time, and also to continue our research on the synthesis of heterocyclic and
pharmaceutical compounds. We wish to report the mild synthesis of some derivatives of 2-aryl-quinazolin-4(1H)-ones from
isatoic anhydride and Glycine using OImDSA

Conclusion::
In conclusion, we have developed a simple, green and efficient protocol for the synthesis of 2-aryl-quinazolin-
4(1H)-ones using OImDSA as an efficient and new procedure. Simplicity, easy practice, integrated with inexpensive,
environmentally friendly and reusable ionic liquid are notable attributes of this new method. To the best of our knowledge,
this is the first report for the synthesis of a new library of quinazolin-4(1H)-ones derived from Glycine as a natural substrate
based on green chemistry conditions.
Miscellaneous Passerini Reaction for α-Acyloxy Carboxamide: Synthesis
and Process Optimization Study
Authors: Jivani Amita J. , Kapadiya Khushal M. , Khunt Ranjan C. 
Published: January 2021

:
An accelerating effect of “Phase Transfer Catalyst” as additive was exposed for the Passerini three-component
reactions and the influence on the reaction rate was studied concerning direct involvement of reactant molecules. The most
flexible reaction for the rapid formation of diverse “α-acyloxycarboxamides” using passerini reaction involved multicomponent reactions using miscellaneous 2-(prop-2-ynyloxy)benzaldehyde with various aromatic acid and slightly non-polar
fragment i.e. 2-isocyano-2,3,3-trimethylbutane and the representative molecule was characterized with resepct to DEPT135 NMR technique.
The Adjunctive Value of Diffusion Weighted Imaging in Diagnosis and Follow Up of Uterovaginal Diffuse B-cell Lymphoma: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Saleh Gehad A. , Alghandour Reham , Rashad Eman Y. , Tawfik Ahmed M. , Elmokadem Ali H. 
Published: January 2021

Background:Lymphoma of the female gynecologic tract is extremely rare. Typically, lymphoma is managed nonsurgically unlike other non-lymphomatous malignant tumors raising the importance of differentiation between both entities.Case Presentation:We describe the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) features of a case of uterovaginal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in a 50-year-old postmenopausal woman emphasizing Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) as a diagnostic and follow up tool. We reviewed the literature regarding the diagnostic methods for female genital lymphoma. Forty-five cases, including our patient, were reviewed with an age range from 22 to 85 years. Vaginal bleeding was the most common presentation. The diagnosis was established by Papanicolaou smear, cervical biopsy (25/45), endometrial biopsy (6/45), vaginal biopsy (2/45), pelvic mass biopsy (2/45), iliac LN biopsy (1/45) and surgical diagnosis (8/45). Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas (DLBCL) constitute the vast majority of the cases (82%). The uterine cervix was involved at diagnosis in the majority of these cases (68%), while the uterine body (42%) and vagina (28%) were less involved. Pelvic lymphadenopathy was found in 15 cases, while extra genital lymphomatous infiltration in 13 cases. Sonographic findings were nonspecific, while CT provided excellent data about extra-genital involvement. Thirteen cases underwent pelvic MRI that displayed superior detection of disease extension and parametric involvement. Diffusion restriction was reported only in one case without quantitative analysis of ADC map.Conclusion:MRI shows unique features that differentiate uterovaginal lymphoma from the much more common carcinomas and discriminate post-operative changes from tumor recurrence. It exhibits a marked restricted diffusion pattern with lower ADC values than carcinomas and post-operative changes.
Fluorescent Carbon Dots and their Applications in Sensing of Small
Organic Molecules
Authors: Laghari Sakib Hussain , Memon Najma , Yar Khuhawer Muhammad , Jahangir Taj Muhammad 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Fluorescence-based sensing is considered highly sensitive and fluorescent probes with improved
properties are always desired. Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) are newly emerging quasi-spherical nanoparticles of less than
10 nm in size and belong to the carbon nano-material’s family. CDs have great potential as fluorescent probes and currently
are under open deliberation by the researchers due to their striking properties such as low environmental hazard, high
selectivity, greater sensitivity, good biocompatibility, tunable fluorescent properties and excitation dependent multicolor
emission behavior.

Introduction:
This review demonstrates various available methods for fabrication of fluorescent CDs, capping of CDs and
characterization with various techniques including UV-visible, FT-IR, and TEM. Analytical applications using CDs for the
sensing of small organic molecules, specifically nitroaromatic compounds in the environmental samples are complied.

Methods:
The review covers literature related to synthesis and characterization of carbon dots. It includes around 171
research articles in this field.

Results:
Carbon dots can be synthesized using numerous routes. In all cases CDs possess spectral properties with little
variation in wavelength maxima. Optical properties of CDs can be tuned by compositing these with metallic quantum dots
or by modifying their surface with desired functionalities. HR-TEM is needed to see the morphology and size of particles
whereas UV-Visible and FTIR are indispensable tools for this kind of research. These particles are successfully applied to
sense small molecules in some matrices.

Conclusion:
Carbon dots are bright stars in fluorescent sensing of small molecules. However, more research is needed to
determine small organic molecules in diversified areas of analysis.
Optimization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipidic Carriers as Promising Delivery for Gefitinib: Characterization and Invitro Evaluation
Authors: Shah Akshat , Patel Asha , Dharamsi Abhay 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Response surface methodology is a unique tool for the optimization of Solid lipid Nanoparticles
and Nanostructured lipid carriers by developing the relationship between dependent and independent variables and
exploring their interactions.

Methods:
Central Composite Design and Box Benkhen Design was used to develop
optimized formulations of Gefitinib [GEF] Solid Lipid Nanoparticles [SLN] and Nanostructured Lipidic Carriers [NLC].
In the design matrix, the independent variables chosen were the amount of Solid Lipid, Liquid Lipid, and Surfactant and
dependent variables were Particle Size and Poly Dispersity Index.

Result:
The GEF-SLN under optimized conditions gave
rise to Particle size (187.9 nm ± 1.15), PDI (0.318 ± 0.006), %EE (95.38%±0.14), Zeta Potential (-8.75 mv ±0.18) and
GEF-NLC under optimized conditions gave rise to Particle size (188.6 nm± 1.12), PDI (0.395± 0.004), %EE (97.46%±
0.33), Zeta Potential (-5.72 mv± 0.04) respectively. SEM of the Freeze-dried optimized lipidic carriers showed spherical
particles. The in vitro experiments proved that Gefitinib in the lipidic carriers is released gradually throughout 24 h.

Conclusion:
This study showed that the response surface methodology could be efficiently applied for the modeling of
GEF-SLN & GEF-NLC.
Chemical Genetic Validation of GWAS-derived Disease Loci
Authors: Quan Yuan , Zhang Hong-Yu 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have opened the door to unprecedented
large-scale identification of susceptibility loci for human diseases and traits. However,
it is still a great challenge to validate these loci and elucidate how these sequence variants give rise
to the genetic and phenotypic changes. Because many drug targets are genetic disease genes and the
general drug mode of action (MoA, agonist or antagonist) is in line with the consequence of target
gene mutations (loss-of-function (LOF) or gain-of-function (GOF)), here we propose a chemical
genetic method to address the above issues of GWAS.

Objective:
This study intends to use chemical genetics information to validate GWAS-derived disease
loci and interpret their underlying pathogenesis.

Method:
We conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis on GWAS data and drug/target information
(chemical genetics information).

Results:
We have identified hundreds of GWAS-derived disease loci which are linked to drug target
genes and have matched disease traits and drug indications. It is interesting to note that more
than 40% genes have been recognized as disorder factors, indicating the potential power of chemical
genetic validation. The pathogenesis of these loci was inferred by the corresponding drug MoA.
Some inferences were supported by prior experimental observations; some were interpreted in
terms of microRNA regulation, codon usage bias, and transcriptional regulation, in particular the
transcription factor-binding affinity variation induced by disease-causing mutations.

Conclusion:
In summary, chemical genetics information is useful to validate GWAS-derived disease
loci and to interpret their underlying pathogenesis as well, which has important implications
not only in medical genetics but also in methodology evaluation of GWAS.
Protective Effects of Antrodia cinnamomea and Its Constituent Compound Dehydroeburicoic Acid 32 Against Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Xu Lu , Peng An-Kang , Cao Yi-ni , Qiao Xue , Yue Shan-Shan , Ye Min , Qi Rong 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), a leading chronic hepatic disease, affects an increasing
number of people, and no effective drugs for the treatment of AFLD are available. Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) can inhibit
AFLD, but its mechanisms and the effective compound in AC are unknown.

Objective:
We aimed to explore the anti-AFLD mechanism of AC and the active compound within AC.

Methods:
Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice underwent 4 weeks of daily ethanol (EtOH) feeding to induce AFLD. AC or
dehydroeburicoic acid 32 (DEA32), a compound in AC, was given to the mice. Parallel experiments to assess the effect of
AC were conducted in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2)-knockout (KO) mice. Primary mouse hepatocytes were
incubated with ethanol and Alda-1 (an ALDH2 agonist), AC or DEA32.

Results:
In WT mice with AFLD, AC reduced lipid deposition, increased the expression and activity
of ALDH2, reduced the acetaldehyde content, and downregulated the expression of lipogenic
and inflammatory genes in the liver. These effects of AC disappeared in ALDH2 KO mice. DEA32
was identified as an active compound in AC, as its effects on EtOH-treated WT hepatocytes were
similar to those of AC, which were comparable to the effects of Alda-1. These effects of DEA32
disappeared in EtOH-treated ALDH2 KO hepatocytes. Furthermore, in WT mice with AFLD,
DEA32 reduced lipid deposition, increased the activity of ALDH2, and reduced the accumulation
of acetaldehyde in the liver. DEA32 also downregulated the mRNA expression of genes related to
lipogenesis and inflammation.

Conclusion:
AC and its constituent compound DEA32 inhibit AFLD by upregulating ALDH2 activity, accelerating
acetaldehyde metabolism and suppressing lipogenesis and inflammation in the liver.
An Investigation for the Negative-Bias Temperature Instability Aware CMOS Logic
Authors: Kajal  , Sharma Vijay Kumar 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Scaling of the dimensions of semiconductor device plays a very important role
in the advancement of Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) technology. There are many advantages of
scaling in VLSI technology such as increment in the speed of the device and less area requirement of the
device. Aggressive device scaling causes some limitations in the form of short channel effects which
produce large leakage current. Large leakage current harms the characteristics of the device and affects
the reliability of the device.

Objective:
The most important and popular reliability issue in Deep Sub Micron (DSM) regime is Negative-
Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI). NBTI effect increases the threshold voltage of p-channel
Metal Oxide Semiconductor (PMOS) device over the time and affects the different characteristics of the
device. As a result, circuit delay exceeds the design specification and there may be timing violations or
logic failure. Different performance parameters are observed under NBTI effect for different logic gates.

Methods:
This paper presents an impact of NBTI at 22nm Berkeley short-channel IGFET model4
(BSIM4) Predictive Technology Model (PTM) for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
(CMOS) logic gates. Reliability simulations are utilized to evaluate the amount of gradual damage in
PMOS device due to NBTI effect.

Results :
The impact of NBTI degradation is checked for various CMOS logic gates using Mentor
Graphics’s Eldo circuit simulator. Output voltage and drain current are reducing over the time under
NBTI effect.

Conclusion:
NBTI degradation increases the threshold voltage of PMOS device over time and affects
the different characteristics of the device.
Internet of Things Based Stable Increased-throughput Multi-hop Protocol for Link Efficiency (IoT-SIMPLE) For Health Monitoring Using Wireless Body Area Networks
Authors: Rana Arun Kumar , Sharma Sharad 
Published: January 2021

Aims:
This study aimed to propose a routing protocol for IoT-based WBANs that is reliable,
power-efficient, and has a high throughput.

Background:
A variety of services and applications that use wireless connections such as LTE,
3G, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and ZigBee communication technologies have become popular in daily life
as a result of the rapid development of network hardware technology. Remote medical monitoring
and care is one such service. Governments have developed new policies in response to the
healthcare needs of aging populations. Their goal is to create a comprehensive medical network
based on new wireless technologies like sensor networks and cloud computing. Their purpose is to
take the medical industry and the Internet of Things (IoT) to the next level of development.

Objective:
The goal of our proposed study is to improve the network nodes' ability to stay alive for
a longer period of time and to maintain stability. A longer stability period contributes to high
packet delivery of the node to the sink that enhances the efficiency of the WBAN network.

Methods:
The Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) Internet of Things (IoT) for healthcare applications
has attracted attention from various fields of study in the last few years. In this paper,
we propose a routing protocol for IoT-based WBANs that is reliable, power-efficient and has a
high throughput. To achieve low energy consumption and a longer network lifetime, we used a
multi-hop topology. To choose a parent node or forwarder, we propose a cost function that selects
a parent node with the highest residual energy and the shortest distance to sink. The residual energy
parameter balances energy consumption among sensor nodes, while the distance parameter ensures
packet delivery to the sink. Our key goal is to increase WBAN’s total network by raising
cumulative energy usage. The residual energy parameter governs the usage of energy by the sensor
nodes, while the distance parameter ensures that the packet is effectively transmitted to the sink.

Result:
Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed protocol is energy efficient and maximizes
network stability for longer periods.

Conclusion:
Real-time health and activity recognition with wearable sensors is a prerequisite for
assistive paradigms. In this paper, we suggest a method for routing data to WBANs. The proposed
scheme employs a cost function to determine the best route to the sink. The residual energy of
nodes and their distance from the sink is used to calculate the cost function. Nodes with a lower
cost function value are selected as the parent node. Other nodes are children nodes and send their
data to the parent node. The proposed routing scheme improves network stability time and packet
delivery to sink, according to our simulation results. Path loss is also investigated in this protocol
and will be considered in future work.
Microbial-based Biocontrol Solutions for Fruits and Vegetables: Recent Insight, Patents, and Innovative Trends
Authors: De Simone Nicola , Capozzi Vittorio , Amodio Maria Luisa , Colelli Giancarlo , Spano Giuseppe , Russo Pasquale 
Published: January 2021

Background:Fruits and vegetables are susceptible to colonisation by undesired microflora, which, in pre- and post-harvest conditions, negatively impact the quality of these products, leading to a reduction of yield, shelf-life, and marketability. In the few last years, the use of microbial Biological Control Agents (BCAs) has assumed international relevance in order to control harmful microorganisms, as a promising alternative to chemical interventions.Objective:The purpose of this review is to discuss the microbial-based solutions applicable for the biocontrol of the main microbial spoilers, phytopathogens, and human food-borne pathogens affecting fruits and vegetables during their production and storage.Results:A comprehensive overview of the scientific literature investigating the effectiveness of BCA-based products available on the market is provided, as well as of the most recent patents protecting biotechnological applications in this field. Innovative trends are discussed, with a particular focus on the integration of BCAs to minimise spoilage phenomena and microbiological risks adopting combined approaches.Conclusion:This study underlines the growing interest about biocontrol strategies to counteract the growth of spoilage and/or pathogenic microorganisms indicating that in the next years a considerable increase of commercial products and patents will be developed worldwide to exploit innovative biotechnological solutions in the sector.