bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Field Evolved Resistance inEarias vittella(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) From Punjab, Pakistan Against Commercial Formulations ofBacillus thuringiensis kurstaki
Authors: Ahmad Syed Faisal , Gulzar Asim , Tariq Muhammad , Asad Muhammad Javaid 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTransgenic commercial cotton expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry endotoxins or vegetative Vip toxins provide protection to cotton against bollworm attack. Continuous exposure of these targeted pests to cry toxins and to Bt commercial spray formulations has resulted in the development of resistance through natural selection. Spotted bollworm Earias vittella (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) is considered to be one of the most destructive pests of cotton and okra crops in South Asia including Pakistan and has developed resistance to various synthetic insecticides. In the present study, the level of resistance in field populations of the spotted bollworm E. vittella against Bt Cry toxins has been evaluated for the first time. We collected twelve populations of E. vittella from three districts of Punjab, Pakistan for testing against four commercial Bt formulations containing different strains of B. thuringiensis subspecies kurstaki (Btk) with a range of Cry toxins. Low to high levels of resistance were found in the field populations compared with a laboratory-reared susceptible population of E. vittella (resistance ratios 6 to 111-fold). These results suggest that E. vittella has developed resistance against different Cry toxins after continuous exposure to Bt cotton in field. In order to prevent field control failures, regular insecticide resistance monitoring programs are required together with the use of integrated management approaches, including the use of Bt cotton varieties expressing two or more toxins to delay the development of resistance against Bt toxins in E. vittella.
Supernova neutrino signals based on long-term axisymmetric simulations
Authors: Nagakura Hiroki , Burrows Adam , Vartanyan David 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
We study theoretical neutrino signals from core-collapse supernova (CCSN) computed using axisymmetric CCSN simulations that cover the post-bounce phase up to ∼4 s. We provide basic quantities of the neutrino signals such as event rates, energy spectra, and cumulative number of events at some terrestrial neutrino detectors, and then discuss some new features in the late phase that emerge in our models. Contrary to popular belief, neutrino emissions in the late phase are not always steady, but rather have temporal fluctuations, the vigour of which hinges on the CCSN model and neutrino flavour. We find that such temporal variations are not primarily driven by proto-neutron star convection, but by fallback accretion in exploding models. We assess the detectability of these temporal variations, and find that IceCube is the most promising detector with which to resolve them. We also update fitting formulae first proposed in our previous paper for which the total neutrino energy emitted at the CCSN source is estimated from the cumulative number of events in each detector. This will be a powerful technique with which to analyse real observations, particularly for low-statistics data.
rigrag: high-resolution mapping of genic targeting preferences during HIV-1 integration in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Bedwell Gregory J , Jang Sooin , Li Wen , Singh Parmit K , Engelman Alan N 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
HIV-1 integration favors recurrent integration gene (RIG) targets and genic proviruses can confer cell survival in vivo. However, the relationship between initial RIG integrants and how these evolve in patients over time are unknown. To address these shortcomings, we built phenomenological models of random integration in silico, which were used to identify 3718 RIGs as well as 2150 recurrent avoided genes from 1.7 million integration sites across 10 in vitro datasets. Despite RIGs comprising only 13% of human genes, they harbored 70% of genic HIV-1 integrations across in vitro and patient-derived datasets. Although previously reported to associate with super-enhancers, RIGs tracked more strongly with speckle-associated domains. While depletion of the integrase cofactor LEDGF/p75 significantly reduced recurrent HIV-1 integration in vitro, LEDGF/p75 primarily occupied non-speckle-associated regions of chromatin, suggesting a previously unappreciated dynamic aspect of LEDGF/p75 functionality in HIV-1 integration targeting. Finally, we identified only six genes from patient samples—BACH2, STAT5B, MKL1, MKL2, IL2RB and MDC1—that displayed enriched integration targeting frequencies and harbored proviruses that likely contributed to cell survival. Thus, despite the known preference of HIV-1 to target cancer-related genes for integration, we conclude that genic proviruses play a limited role to directly affect cell proliferation in vivo.
DNA methylation by three Type I restriction modification systems of Escherichia coli does not influence gene regulation of the host bacterium
Authors: Mehershahi Kurosh S , Chen Swaine L 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
DNA methylation is a common epigenetic mark that influences transcriptional regulation, and therefore cellular phenotype, across all domains of life. In particular, both orphan methyltransferases and those from phasevariable restriction modification systems (RMSs) have been co-opted to regulate virulence epigenetically in many bacteria. We now show that three distinct non-phasevariable Type I RMSs in Escherichia coli have no measurable impact on gene expression, in vivo virulence, or any of 1190 in vitro growth phenotypes. We demonstrated this using both Type I RMS knockout mutants as well as heterologous installation of Type I RMSs into two E. coli strains. These data provide three clear and currently rare examples of restriction modification systems that have no impact on their host organism’s gene regulation. This leads to the possibility that other such nonregulatory methylation systems may exist, broadening our view of the potential role that RMSs may play in bacterial evolution.
Strand-specific effect of Rad26 and TFIIS in rescuing transcriptional arrest by CAG trinucleotide repeat slip-outs
Authors: Xu Jun , Chong Jenny , Wang Dong 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Transcription induced CAG repeat instability is associated with fatal neurological disorders. Genetic approaches found transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair (TC-NER) factor CSB protein and TFIIS play critical roles in modulating the repeat stability. Here, we took advantage of an in vitro reconstituted yeast transcription system to investigate the underlying mechanism of RNA polymerase II (Pol II) transcriptional pausing/stalling by CAG slip-out structures and the functions of TFIIS and Rad26, the yeast ortholog of CSB, in modulating transcriptional arrest. We identified length-dependent and strand-specific mechanisms that account for CAG slip-out induced transcriptional arrest. We found substantial R-loop formation for the distal transcriptional pausing induced by template strand (TS) slip-out, but not non-template strand (NTS) slip-out. In contrast, Pol II backtracking was observed at the proximal transcriptional pausing sites induced by both NTS and TS slip-out blockage. Strikingly, we revealed that Rad26 and TFIIS can stimulate bypass of NTS CAG slip-out, but not TS slip-out induced distal pausing. Our biochemical results provide new insights into understanding the mechanism of CAG slip-out induced transcriptional pausing and functions of transcription factors in modulating transcription-coupled CAG repeat instability, which may pave the way for developing potential strategies for the treatment of repeat sequence associated human diseases.
Transcription factor RFX7 governs a tumor suppressor network in response to p53 and stress
Authors: Coronel Luis , Riege Konstantin , Schwab Katjana , Förste Silke , Häckes David , Semerau Lena , Bernhart Stephan H , Siebert Reiner , Hoffmann Steve , Fischer Martin 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Despite its prominence, the mechanisms through which the tumor suppressor p53 regulates most genes remain unclear. Recently, the regulatory factor X 7 (RFX7) emerged as a suppressor of lymphoid neoplasms, but its regulation and target genes mediating tumor suppression remain unknown. Here, we identify a novel p53-RFX7 signaling axis. Integrative analysis of the RFX7 DNA binding landscape and the RFX7-regulated transcriptome in three distinct cell systems reveals that RFX7 directly controls multiple established tumor suppressors, including PDCD4, PIK3IP1, MXD4, and PNRC1, across cell types and is the missing link for their activation in response to p53 and stress. RFX7 target gene expression correlates with cell differentiation and better prognosis in numerous cancer types. Interestingly, we find that RFX7 sensitizes cells to Doxorubicin by promoting apoptosis. Together, our work establishes RFX7’s role as a ubiquitous regulator of cell growth and fate determination and a key node in the p53 transcriptional program.
Appetite stimulants for patients with cancer: current evidence for clinical practice
Authors: Turcott Jenny G , Zatarain-Barrón Zyanya Lucia , Cárdenas Fernández Daniela , Castañares Bolaños Diana Tamara , Arrieta Oscar 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe incidence of neoplastic diseases has increased worldwide, with an estimated global burden of 19.3 million incident cases and 10 million deaths in 2020—a considerable increase compared with 9.6 million deaths in 2018. One of the most prevalent problems faced by patients with cancer and their physicians is malnutrition. It is estimated that patients with cancer have important nutritional alterations in 25% to 70% of cases, which directly affects many spheres of patient care and well-being, including quality of life, treatment toxicity, and survival outcomes. Despite the overwhelming need to address this pressing issue, current evidence in terms of pharmacologic interventions for cancer-related anorexia remains inconclusive, and there is no current standard of care for patients with cancer-related anorexia. Nonetheless, international guidelines recommend promoting anabolism through nutritional, physical, and pharmacologic therapies. In this review, the available information is summarized regarding pharmacologic therapies to treat cancer-related anorexia and findings are highlighted from a clinical stance.
Intergenerational high-fat diet impairs ovarian follicular development in rodents: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Paula Verônyca G , Vesentini Giovana , Sinzato Yuri K , Moraes-Souza Rafaianne Q , Volpato Gustavo T , Damasceno Débora C 
Published: June 2021

AbstractContextExcessive consumption of high-fat diets has increased in the population over time and is harmful to female fertility.ObjectiveTo investigate and discuss the effects of a high-fat diet on ovarian follicles in rodents.Data sourceA systematic literature search of PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and SCOPUS was carried out.Data ExtractionStudy characteristics, including study design, population, intervention, outcome, and risk of bias were analyzed.Data AnalysisTwenty-two articles were included in a systematic review. Given the availability of studies, a quantitative meta-analysis included 12 studies that were performed for outcomes. There was a decrease in primordial follicles in female rodents that received a high-fat diet compared with the standard diet group. The offspring of mothers exposed to a high-fat diet showed an increased number of cystic follicles and a decreased number of secondary follicles and antral follicles, compared with the control diet group. Therefore, these high-fat diet–induced follicular alterations might impair the fertility of dams and their female newborns.ConclusionThe consumption of a high-fat diet causes damage to ovarian follicular development, and this commitment will persist in the next generation.Systematic Review RegistrationPROSPERO registration no. CRD42019133865.
Asian American Philosophy and Feminism
Authors: Kim David Haekwon 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the intersection of Asian American philosophy and feminist philosophy. It considers feminist issues within Asian American philosophy and examines Asian American feminist philosophy as an important field in its own right that contributes to Asian American philosophy, feminist philosophy, and philosophy of race. The chapter starts with a brief discussion of reasons for including Asian American feminist philosophy in the profession and then elaborates a model for thinking about Asian America and Asian American philosophy, with particular consideration of xenophobic racism and Orientalist hypersexualization. The chapter then examines how Asian American feminist philosophy enriches our historical and social ontological understanding of American nation-building, reconceives important normative themes in philosophy of race, deepens our understanding of invisibility, and complicates our thinking about non-Eurocentric or decolonial feminist dialogue.
Analytical Feminist Ethics
Authors: Brennan Samantha 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Feminist ethics is that branch of ethics that is concerned first and foremost with understanding the oppression of women and developing a normative analysis of its wrongness. Analytical feminist ethics uses the tools and techniques of analytical philosophy, such as conceptual analysis, to further understand the injustices revealed by feminist approaches to ethics. The chapter surveys analytic themes, trends, and tendencies within feminist ethics taking a broad lens on what counts. The chapter offers an account of central issues and themes in analytic feminist philosophical engagements with ethics, reflection on examples of important contributions to this discussion, a discussion the extent to which feminist work has changed or entered the mainstream of the field, and current and future directions in analytic feminist ethics.
Feminist Bioethics
Authors: Scully Jackie Leach 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an account of the central issues and themes in feminist philosophical engagements with bioethics. After outlining the history and goals of feminist bioethics, I discuss how feminist ontology and epistemology have generated the distinguishing features of feminist bioethical approaches, including both the substantive topics addressed and the particular ethical areas highlighted. Among these areas are: attention to power dynamics and social context; the use of empirical information to inform ethical theory; a focus on relationality, care, and embodiment; and an acknowledgement of minority viewpoints that are often excluded from mainstream bioethics. In taking these distinctive approaches, feminist bioethics has also made major theoretical contributions to moral philosophy: here I discuss (i) the ethics of care and (ii) relational autonomy. Finally, I consider the extent to which feminist work has changed or entered the mainstream, and look to current and future directions in feminist bioethics.
The Body
Authors: Heyes Cressida J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an overview of central issues and themes in feminist philosophical reflections on the body. It discusses at greater length three specific examples from recent debates in feminist philosophy: how concepts of sex and gender and their juxtaposition have been contested; how the phenomenological tradition has been reworked by critical feminist philosophers; and how feminist philosophers of disability challenge the reification of bodies, refocusing philosophical attention on bodies as always in process. All three debates provide complex and connected challenges to understandings of bodies as both natural and extra-cognitive, especially where these understandings imply that the body is not a proper subject for philosophy, or that the philosopher’s body is not relevant to their work.
Bias
Authors: Antony Louise 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an account of central issues and themes in feminist philosophical reflections on bias and objectivity. Some feminists have argued that objectivity is an unachievable and thus inappropriate epistemic norm for human beings. But at the same time, these feminists have criticized philosophy for displaying masculinist bias. This complex critique faces a problem I’ve called the “Bias Paradox” and that Helen Longino calls an “Essential Tension:” how we can criticize partiality at the same time we acknowledge its ubiquity. I explain Longino’s proposed “social empiricist” solution, and contrast it with my own. I argue for a re-conception of “bias” as a normatively neutral epistemic inclination. Biases, in this sense, play a crucial constructive role in the development of human knowledge by solving the problem of underdetermination of theory by evidence. The biases we (correctly) regard as morally bad, such as social prejudice, involve the operation of neutral biases in unpropitious natural or social environments.
Prisons
Authors: Zurn Perry 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an account of central issues and themes in feminist philosophical work on prisons, examples of important contributions, and future directions for feminist work in the field. It does so, however, in a way that consciously deploys a feminist methodology that resists the replication of hierarchical norms and structural violence in the very doing of theory and history. In this spirit, it emphasizes the record of struggle across the prison’s history, the resistance efforts that live behind individual academic theories, and the conceptual frameworks generated by groups bearing the brunt of carcerality, and it investigates alternative strategies of harm reduction developed across those communities. The chapter closes with an explicit exploration of prison abolitionism, which works not only to radically rethink punishment but also to shift the locus of voice and leadership. In so doing, the chapter aims to review, as much as to create anew, a feminist theoretical analysis of prisons.
Feminist Critical Theory
Authors: Weir Allison 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an account of central issues and themes in feminist philosophical engagements with critical theory, focusing specifically on critical theory of the Frankfurt School. The chapter’s discussion reflects on examples of important feminist interventions in and contributions to critical theory, debates within feminist critical theory, and the extent to which critical theory can be considered feminist given its critique of power relations and interests in emancipation. The chapter suggests that future directions in the field must go beyond the question of gender inclusion and focus on the transformation of critical theory itself.
Biomedical Technologies
Authors: Dodds Susan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on feminist philosophical engagement with biomedical technologies, such as the development of in vitro fertilisation (IVF), genetic engineering, bionic implants, neural interventions, and synthetic biology. The chapter starts with a short account of the contemporaneous rise of bioethics as a subdiscipline of philosophy, a range of emerging biomedical technologies and the second wave of feminist political action and theory. It outlines some key feminist philosophical approaches to issues in biomedicine: including those focusing on autonomy and choice; care and care work; and the moral significance of narrative, embodiment and phenomenological experience. It ends by identifying some evolving future directions for feminist philosophical contributions to emerging technologies informed by discussion of vulnerability and dependence; disability, neural diversity, and human enhancement.
Feminism and Disability Theory
Authors: Carlson Licia 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter maps out connections between feminist and disability theories to bring into relief the multiple ways that feminist philosophers are partaking in these conversations. It begins with a discussion of what is distinctive about feminist approaches to disability, while recognizing that there is not a single, univocal “feminist philosophy of disability.” It then turns to specific areas of philosophical inquiry in which feminist philosophers address disability, including ontological, epistemological, political, ethical, and bioethical considerations. The final section highlights a number of themes central to work in feminist philosophy and disability: embodiment, identity, intersectionality, and the generative and positive dimensions of disability. The chapter concludes by pointing to more recent directions in feminist philosophy of disability. These include disability aesthetics, explorations of disability in the context of technoscience and ecofeminism, and the problem of ableism in philosophy and the academy more broadly.
Animal Studies
Authors: Gruen Lori 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Animal studies is a rapidly developing interdisciplinary field. It has roots in both animal ethics and feminist philosophy. While mainstream animal ethics has not yet incorporated the insights from feminist philosophy, work in animal studies has increasingly drawn on and built upon feminist thinking. Feminist animal studies can, in turn, contribute to discussions in feminist ethics and feminist epistemology. In this chapter, three key connected issues that are central to feminist philosophy and important within animal studies are discussed: the centrality of relationships, navigating difference, and speaking for others.
Poststructuralism
Authors: Kolozova Katerina 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter offers an account of central issues and themes in feminist philosophical engagements with poststructuralism, reflection on examples of important contributions to this discussion, a discussion of the extent to which feminist work has engaged and critiqued the mainstream of the field, and feminist poststructuralist theorizations of the subject, identity, and culture. It also offers a critical genealogy of the epistemological paradigm poststrustructuralism has come to represent, in search of its continuities and breaks from its foundations furnished by French structuralism, psychoanalysis and tangential links with Marxian critical theory. It argues that the anglophone appropriations of structuralism in postmodern context, as it would have been termed in the French academe, have veered away from the original and purely formal conceptualization of the subject by resorting to what might be called, in Marxian terminology, identity centered reifications. This chapter puts forward the claim that poststructuralist discourse and the neoliberal discourse of individual and social mobility, transformativity and the concomitant proclamation of “the death of ideology” (and history) have established numerous and mutually opportune discursive and ideological correspondences.