bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macroalgal detrital systems: an overlooked ecological niche for heterotrophic nitrogen fixation
Authors: Raut Yubin , Capone Douglas G. 
Published: June 2021

SummaryDiazotrophic macroalgal associations (DMAs) can contribute fixed nitrogen (N) to the host macroalgae. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) rates investigated using acetylene reduction assays with living macroalgae surrounding Santa Catalina Island were low (maximum: 36 nmol N × g−1 (dw) × h−1) and probably insufficient towards helping meet macroalgal N demand. However, DMAs were observed during periods of low nitrate availability in Southern California coastal waters, highlighting the potential importance of diazotrophs during N depleted conditions. Eleven long‐term (16–32 days) litter bag decomposition experiments with various macroalgae, especially those with high (> 10) C:N ratios, resulted in much higher BNF rates (maximum: 693 nmol N × g−1 (dw) × h−1) than observed with living macroalgae. BNF rates were lower at the beginning of macroalgal decomposition but rapidly increased during the second phase before declining towards the end of decomposition. Labile carbon availability is likely influencing BNF rates throughout macroalgal degradation and limits BNF in the final decomposition stage. Comparable dark and light BNF rates with most macroalgae surveyed suggest macroalgal detrital systems are an overlooked, potentially global, niche for heterotrophic N2 fixation. Lastly, suppressed BNF rates with sodium molybdate additions highlight the prevalence of sulfate reducing diazotrophs.
Ras subfamily GTPases regulate development, aflatoxin biosynthesis and pathogenicity in the fungus Aspergillus flavus
Authors: Zhu Zhuo , Ma Gengli , Yang Mingkun , Tan Can , Yang Guang , Wang Sen , Li Na , Ge Feng , Wang Shihua 
Published: June 2021

SummaryRas subfamily proteins are molecular switches in signal transduction pathways of many eukaryotes that regulate a variety of cellular processes. Here, the Ras subfamily, encoded by six genes, was identified in Aspergillus flavus: rasA, rasB, rasC, rab‐33, rheb and rsr1. The rsr1 deletion mutant (∆rsr1), rheb deletion mutant (∆rheb) and double deletion mutant (∆rheb/rsr1) displayed significantly decreased growth and sporulation. Sclerotia formation was significantly decreased for ∆rheb or ∆rheb/rsr1 but increased for ∆rsr1. Aflatoxin production was significantly increased in ∆rheb but decreased in ∆rsr1 and ∆rheb/rsr1. We found that rsr1 and rheb are crucial for the pathogenicity of A. flavus. Quantitative proteomics identified 520 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) for the ∆rsr1 mutant and 133 DEPs for the ∆rheb mutant. These DEPs were annotated in multiple biological processes and KEGG pathways in A. flavus. Importantly, we identified the cytokinesis protein SepA in the protein–protein interaction network of rsr1, and deletion mutants showed that SepA has pleiotropic effects on growth and AF biosynthesis, which may depend on Rsr1 for regulation in A. flavus. Our results indicated that these Ras subfamily proteins exhibited functional redundancy with each other but there were also differences in A. flavus.
Decolonising Oral History: A Conversation
Authors: FRANCIS HILARY , BOUDEWIJN INGE , CARCELÉN‐ESTRADA ANTONIA , FRANCIS BONE JUANA , JENKINS KATY , ZARAGOCIN SOFIA 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIn late 2019, a team of researchers and activists from Ecuador and the UK began a new oral history project, accompanying Afro‐Ecuadorian women living in the province of Esmeraldas, as they interrogated and articulated their history and heritage. The impact of coronavirus, which has hit Ecuador particularly hard, delayed the workshops and oral history interviews we had planned, but also created the space for an extended exploration of the ethics of the project. Over email and video calls, the research team debated how to ensure that our work was truly led by its Afro‐Ecuadorian participants. How would we secure recognition for their creative and intellectual work and avoid appropriation of their ideas? And how would we facilitate a collective, community‐based methodology when most eurocentric oral history is so rooted in individualist approaches? The result of this process is a collectively authored document, which stands as our ethical agreement and baseline, and a record of our joint commitment to decolonise the research process. This wide‐ranging conversation between community activists and scholars explores the complex, painstaking negotiations required to create a truly decolonial and feminist practice in transnational oral history work.
Preservation of non‐Saccharomyces yeasts: Current technologies and challenges
Authors: Casas‐Godoy Leticia , Arellano‐Plaza Melchor , Kirchmayr Manuel , Barrera‐Martínez Iliana , Gschaedler‐Mathis Anne 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThere is a recent and growing interest in the study and application of non‐Saccharomyces yeasts, mainly in fermented foods. Numerous publications and patents show the importance of these yeasts. However, a fundamental issue in studying and applying them is to ensure an appropriate preservation scheme that allows to the non‐Saccharomyces yeasts conserve their characteristics and fermentative capabilities by long periods of time. The main objective of this review is to present and analyze the techniques available to preserve these yeasts (by conventional and non‐conventional methods), in small or large quantities for laboratory or industrial applications, respectively. Wine fermentation is one of the few industrial applications of non‐Saccharomyces yeasts, but the preservation stage has been a major obstacle to achieve a wider application of these yeasts. This review considers the preservation techniques, and clearly defines parameters such as culturability, viability, vitality and robustness. Several conservation strategies published in research articles as well as patents are analyzed, and the advantages and disadvantages of each technique used are discussed. Another important issue during conservation processes is the stress to which yeasts are subjected at the time of preservation (mainly oxidative stress). There is little published information on the subject for non‐Saccharomyces yeast, but it is a fundamental point to consider when designing a preservation strategy.
Bronchial carcinoid tumor managed with bronchial artery embolization before endobronchial resection: A case report
Authors: Kajikawa Shigehisa , Suzuki Kojiro , Matsunaga Nozomu , Taniguchi Natsuki , Tsuzuki Toyonori , Fujishiro Eisuke , Yonezawa Toshiyuki , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Kato Toshio , Kubo Akihito , Ito Satoru 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEndobronchial resection using a bronchoscope is often selected as treatment for carcinoid tumors located in the central airways. However, massive bleeding is one of the most serious complications during bronchoscopic surgery. Here, we report the case of a 77‐year‐old female with a typical carcinoid tumor located in the right truncus intermedius who underwent bronchial artery embolization (BAE) one day before endobronchial intervention using a flexible bronchoscope. The tumor was successfully resected without bleeding. BAE prior to endobronchial resection of carcinoid tumors may be useful for reducing the risk of bleeding.
Retreatment in endodontics with plastic core obturators. A new technique
Authors: Ruíz‐Piñón Manuel , Gancedo‐Gancedo Tania , Castelo‐Baz Pablo , Lorenzo‐Pouso Alejandro Ismael , Martín‐Cruces José , Martín‐Biedma Benjamín 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study was to present a new technique for plastic carrier removal in retreatment situations. The gutta‐percha technique that uses plastic carrier obturators is one of the most commonly used; however, removing this core is tedious and time‐consuming. Two clinical cases were performed by an expert in the field of endodontics, to expose this technique, in which a conical ultrasonic tip with an active point and a Hëdstrom hand file allowed the removal of the plastic carrier quickly and effectively. The use of magnification is indispensable for a predictable success with this method.
Growth rates of mayflies (Ephemeroptera) reared in the field differed under contrasting temperatures
Authors: Hankel Guillermo E , Molineri Carlos 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAquatic insect growth is tightly linked to environmental temperature. Growth rate tends to increase with rising temperatures. Growth rate integrates different factors related to population fitness, being partly responsible for species distribution. We aim to estimate daily growth rates from mayfly nymphs reared under different thermal regimes in the field, during five different periods from 2016 to 2018. Twelve species of mayflies were reared in mesocosms in six streams (from three altitudinal levels with a mean elevation 725, 1069, and 1509 m.a.s.l.). Additionally, we transplanted nymphs between lowest and highest pairs of streams, thus rearing them under a different thermal regime. Temperature and other ambient variables were recorded at regular intervals. Daily growth rate (dgr) of most species resulted lower in the higher pair of streams (colder sites) than in the medium and lower streams (warmer sites). Transplant experiment also clearly showed this tendency: (1) nymphs transplanted to colder thermal regimes grew slower than those reared under their natural (warmer) regime and (2) nymphs transplanted to hotter thermal regimes grew faster than those reared under their original (colder) regime. Nymphs of three species (Americabaetis alphus, Leptohyphes eximius, and Cloeodes penai) did not show differences in growth among treatments. Our findings relating sensitiveness of Ephemeroptera nymphs to small temperature changes suggest that the distribution of some species will modify by increases in temperature derived from climatic change.
A genomic‐based vision on the genetic diversity and key performance traits in selectively bred Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus)
Authors: Palaiokostas Christos , Anjum Anam , Jeuthe Henrik , Kurta Khrystyna , Lopes Pinto Fernando , de Koning Dirk Jan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractRoutine implementation of genomic information for guiding selection decisions is not yet common in the majority of aquaculture species. Reduced representation sequencing approaches offer a cost‐effective solution for obtaining genome‐wide information in species with a limited availability of genomic resources. In the current study, we implemented double‐digest restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (ddRAD‐seq) on an Arctic charr strain with the longest known history of selection (approximately 40 years) aiming to improve selection decisions. In total, 1730 animals reared at four different farms in Sweden and spanning from year classes 2013–2017 were genotyped using ddRAD‐seq. Approximately 5000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified, genetic diversity‐related metrics were estimated, and genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) for body length at different time points and age of sexual maturation were conducted. Low genetic differentiation amongst animals from the different farms was observed based on both the results from pairwise Fst values and principal component analysis (PCA). The existence of associations was investigated between the mean genome‐wide heterozygosity of each full‐sib family (year class 2017) and the corresponding inbreeding coefficient or survival to the eyed stage. A moderate correlation (−0.33) was estimated between the mean observed heterozygosity of each full‐sib family and the corresponding inbreeding coefficient, while no linear association was obtained with the survival to the eyed stage. GWAS did not detect loci with major effect for any of the studied traits. However, genomic regions explaining more than 1% of the additive genetic variance for either studied traits were suggested across 14 different chromosomes. Overall, key insights valuable for future selection decisions of Arctic charr have been obtained, suggesting ddRAD as an attractive genotyping platform for obtaining genome‐wide information in a cost‐effective manner.
Quantifying trade‐offs between butterfly abundance and movement in the management of agricultural set‐aside strips
Authors: Threadgill Katie R. D. , Hodgson Jenny A. , Jones Naomi , McClean Colin J. , Hill Jane K. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Agri‐environment schemes (AES) create small areas of habitat within agricultural landscapes to support biodiversity. Here, we study butterfly flight behaviour within linear AES features and examine whether differences in resource availability affect the speed, linearity, or directionality of local movements, thereby affecting their contribution to landscape connectivity.
We surveyed butterflies within three basic (naturally regenerating) and three wildflower‐sown linear field margin strips (0.09–0.15 ha) on a farm in North Yorkshire, UK, and mapped butterfly flight paths to quantify local displacement (movement speed), efficiency (linearity, turning angles), directionality (step orientation), and behaviour (time spent flying, nectaring).
Butterfly species richness was similar between margin types {estimated asymptotic species richness of 21.9 [confidence interval (CI): 15.0–77.7] for basic margins and 14.2 (CI: 14.0–18.7) for wildflower‐sown margins}, but abundance was 78% higher in wildflower‐sown margins. For the three most common species [meadow brown, Maniola jurtina (L.); ringlet, Aphantopus hyperantus (L.); and small white, Pieris rapae (L.); n = 233 paths], movements within both margin types were highly linear (median turning angle 45°) and generally oriented along the length of the margin strip (median step orientation 27°). Movements in basic margins were slightly more orientated along the length of the margin but we found no differences between margin types in speed, path linearity, turning angles or the proportion of time spent flying or nectaring.
We found strong channelling of movements along field margin strips regardless of management type, potentially aiding landscape connectivity. Providing field margin strips with additional foraging resources through wildflower‐sowing increases butterfly abundance without impeding local movement rates or efficiency.
Even worse than the undocumented? Assessing the refugees’ integration in the labour market of Lombardy (Italy) in 2001–2014
Authors: Ortensi Livia Elisa , Ambrosetti Elena 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe paper aimed to assess possible gaps in labour market integration or refugees compared with other migrants, including irregular migrants in the Italian region of Lombardy in 2001–2014. Despite the Italian labour market's remarkable capacity to integrate foreign workers, our findings support the results of studies carried out in other contexts on a ‘refugee gap’ in labour market integration. Our research shows that refugees have more considerable difficulties integrating into the labour market than other migrants and notably compared with their co‐nationals, including those undocumented that may be in refugee‐like situations. Refugees show higher unemployment levels, irregular employment and a higher incidence of very low monthly work‐related incomes compared with other regular migrants. At the same time, they show higher levels of unemployment compared with irregular migrants.
Are emotionally intelligent people less prejudiced? The importance of emotion management skills for outgroup attitudes
Authors: Makwana Arti Purshottam , Dhont Kristof , García‐Sancho Esperanza , Fernández‐Berrocal Pablo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPeople vary in their ability to understand, process, and manage information about one's own and others’ emotions, a construct known as Emotional Intelligence (EI). Past research highlighted the importance of EI in interpersonal relations as well as the key role of emotions underlying outgroup prejudice. Remarkably, hardly any research has investigated the associations between EI and outgroup prejudice. In three studies (total N = 922) conducted in Spain and the United Kingdom, we measured emotional intelligence using self‐report and performance tests and prejudice toward a variety of outgroups. Results showed that those with stronger performance‐based emotion management skills expressed lower generalized ethnic prejudice (Studies 1–3), more positive attitudes toward immigrants (Study 2a) and refugees (Study 2b), and less homophobic attitudes (Study 3). This negative association between emotion management and prejudice was found with different performance‐based EI measures and held after controlling for self‐perceived EI (Study 1) and self‐reported abilities to regulate emotions (Study 3). Study 3 further demonstrated that higher empathy partly accounted for the association between emotion management and prejudice. The findings suggest that emotion management abilities play an important, but so far largely neglected role in generalized prejudice.
Association between dyslipidemia and antihypertensive and antidiabetic treatments in a China multicenter study
Authors: Miao Chao‐Ying , Ye Xiao‐Fei , Zhang Wei , Ji Li‐Nong , Wang Ji‐Guang ,   for the ATTEND investigators
Published: June 2021

AbstractDyslipidemia is an emerging disease in China, especially in the presence of hypertension and diabetes mellitus. We investigated the association of dyslipidemia with the use of antihypertensive and antidiabetic agents. The study participants (n = 2423) were hypertensive and diabetic patients enrolled in a China nationwide registry. Serum mean ± (SD, except for serum triglycerides, median [interquatile range]) concentrations were 1.38 (0.97‐2.02) mmol/L, 4.85 ± 1.12 mmol/L, 1.30 ± 0.36 mmol/L, and 2.89 ± 0.92 mmol/L for triglycerides and total, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL), and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, respectively. The prevalence of dyslipidemia was 18.9%, 13.5%, 16.6%, and 37.7% for hypertriglyceridemia (serum triglycerides ≥2.3 mmol/L), hypercholesterolemia (total cholesterol ≥6.2 mmol/L or LDL cholesterol ≥4.1 mmol/L), low HDL cholesterol (HDL cholesterol <1.0 mmol/L), and any of the three lipid disorders, respectively. Treated (n = 1647), compared with untreated hypertensive patients (n = 303), had a significantly (P ≤ .0006) lower serum total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol, but similar serum triglycerides (P = .20). Treated (n = 1325), compared with untreated diabetic patients (n = 238), had a significantly (P ≤ .004) lower serum triglycerides, and total and LDL cholesterol, but similar serum HDL cholesterol (P = .81). After adjustment, the odds ratios (OR) were significant for hypercholesterolemia (OR 0.76, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.58‐0.997, P = .048) and low HDL cholesterol (OR 1.56, CI 1.19‐2.03, P = .001) in treated versus untreated hypertension, and for low HDL cholesterol (OR 1.50, CI 1.18‐1.89, P = .0008) in treated versus untreated diabetes. In conclusion, the prevalence of dyslipidemia differed between treated and untreated hypertension and diabetes.
Up‐regulation of KISS1 as a novel target of Let‐7i in melanoma serves as a potential suppressor of migration and proliferation in vitro
Authors: Alkafaji Haider A. , Raji Ahmed , Rahman Heshu S. , Zekiy Angelina O. , Adili Ali , Jalili Mohammadmahdi , Hojjatipour Tahereh , Cid‐Arregui Angel , Shomali Navid , Tarzi Saeed , Tamjidifar Rozita , Heshmati Ramin , Marofi Faroogh , Akbari Morteza , Hasanzadeh Ali , Deljavanghodrati Mina , Jarahian Mostafa , Sandoghchian Shotorbani Siamak 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMelanoma is a kind of skin cancer that is begun by the alteration of melanocytes. miRNAs are small non‐coding RNA molecules that regulate a variety of biological processes. KISS1, the metastasis‐suppressor gene, encodes kisspeptins which inhibits migration and proliferation of cancers. This study was aimed to determine the role of Let‐7i and KISS1 in melanoma cell migration and proliferation. At first, the expression of Let‐7i and KISS1 was determined in patients with melanoma. In the in vitro part of the study, Let‐7i mimics were transfected and the impact of its restoration on target gene expression, proliferation, migration and apoptosis of SK‐MEL‐3 melanoma cell line was assessed by real‐time PCR and Western blotting, MTT assay, wound‐healing assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Besides, KISS1 inhibitor siRNA alone and along with Let‐7i was transfected to determine their probable correlation. The results revealed that either Let‐7i or KISS1 were down‐regulated in patients with melanoma. The results obtained from the in vitro part of the study revealed that restoration of Let‐7i reduced the expression of metastasis‐ and proliferation‐related target genes. Moreover, it was revealed that up‐regulation of Let‐7i attenuated migration and proliferation capability of SK‐MEL‐3 cells. Besides, it was demonstrated that Let‐7i restoration induced apoptosis in melanoma cells. More importantly, the KISS1 inhibitor caused a prominent cell migration and proliferation, attenuated by Let‐7i re‐expression. To sum up, the present study revealed the impressive role of Let‐7i restoration along with its correlation with KISS1 on melanoma carcinogenicity which may be applicable in future in vivo studies.
“Moderate” Arab States: From the Cold War to the Syrian Conflict
Authors: Voller Yaniv 
Published: June 2021

AbstractModeration has been a recurring theme in international politics, particularly in the international politics of the Middle East, where foreign and regional actors have often categorized others and themselves as either “moderates” or “radicals.” However, very few works have sought to deconstruct the meaning of moderation in this context. Those that have addressed the issue have mostly treated moderation as a Western attempt to simplify regional geopolitics and dichotomize the actors to justify their choices of allies and foreign policy toward the region. This article argues that “moderate” has evolved from a category of analysis to one of practice. The so‐called moderates, after negotiating the word's meaning, have embraced it as a description of themselves. Through an examination of the evolution of the “moderate” Arabs label from the Cold War to the Syrian civil war, the article demonstrates that the word has evolved through negotiations among the foreign powers that introduced it and the so‐called moderates themselves. Furthermore, it demonstrates the role that the label as a category of practice has come to play in regional geopolitics.
Manganese impairs the QoxABCD terminal oxidase leading to respiration‐associated toxicity
Authors: Sachla Ankita J. , Luo Yuanchan , Helmann John D. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCell physiology relies on metalloenzymes and can be easily disrupted by imbalances in metal ion pools.Bacillus subtilisrequires manganese for growth and has highly regulated mechanisms for import and efflux that help maintain homeostasis. Cells defective for manganese (Mn) efflux are highly sensitive to intoxication, but the processes impaired by Mn excess are often unknown. Here, we employed a forward genetics approach to identify pathways affected by manganese intoxication. Our results highlight a central role for the membrane‐localized electron transport chain in metal intoxication during aerobic growth. In the presence of elevated manganese, there is an increased generation of reactive radical species associated with dysfunction of the major terminal oxidase, the cytochromeaa3heme‐copper menaquinol oxidase (QoxABCD). Intoxication is suppressed by diversion of menaquinol to alternative oxidases or by a mutation affecting heme A synthesis that is known to convert QoxABCD from anaa3to abo3‐type oxidase. Manganese sensitivity is also reduced by derepression of the MhqR regulon, which protects cells against reactive quinones. These results suggest that dysfunction of the cytochromeaa3‐type quinol oxidase contributes to metal‐induced intoxication.