bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Newcastle disease vaccine virus I-2 fails to acquire virulence during repeated passage in vivo
Authors: Bisschop Shahn P.R. , Peters Andrew , Domingue Gil , Pearce Michael C. , Verwey Jeanette , Poolman Petrus 
Published: April 2021

Background This study determined whether the naturally attenuated, thermotolerant Newcastle disease vaccine virus I-2 could acquire virulence after five in vivo passages through SPF chickens. Methods Study design was to international requirements including European Pharmacopoeia, Ph. Eur., v9.0 04/2013:0450, 2013. I-2 Working Seed (WS) was compared with five-times-passaged I-2 WS (5XP WS) in intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI), Fo cleavage site sequencing and Safety tests. Results The first passage series used a 50% brain: 50% tracheal tissue challenge homogenate and was unsuccessful as I-2 was not detected after the fourth passage. A second passage series used 10% brain: 90% tracheal tissue homogenates. I-2 was isolated from tracheal tissue in each passage. However harvested titres were below the minimum challenge level (107 EID50) specified for the ICPI and Safety tests, possibly reflecting I-2’s inherently low pathogenicity (interestingly caecal tonsils yielded significant titres). Given this the WS and 5XP WS comparisons proceeded. ICPI values were 0.104 and 0.073 for the WS group and the 5XP WS group respectively confirming that I-2, whether passaged or not, expressed low pathogenicity. F0 amino-acid sequences for both WS and 5XP WS were identified as 112R-K-Q-G-R-↓-L-I-G119 and so compatible with those of avirulent ND viruses. In safety, no abnormal clinical signs were observed in both groups except for two chicks in the 5XP WS group, where one bird was withdrawn due to a vent prolapse, and another bird died with inconclusive necropsy results. Conclusions: These data, the issue of low passage titres with little or no virus isolation from brain tissues and the genomic copy approach suggest a need to amend Ph. Eur. v9.0 04/2013:0450, 2013 for naturally attenuated, low pathogenicity vaccine viruses such as I-2. These results add to the literature and field data demonstrating that Newcastle Disease vaccine virus I-2 is safe for use.
Features of the Organization and Provision of Emergency Psychological Assistance in Various Emergency Situations on the Territory of the Russian Federation
Authors: Shoygu Yuliya , Timofeeva L. , Tolubaeva N. 
Published: April 2021

Emergency situations, due to the suddenness of occurrence and catastrophic consequences, have an extremely high degree of danger to the mental health of people. The authors are of the opinion that effectively implemented measures to provide emergency psychological assistance to victims in emergency situations in an acute period contribute to the preservation of human mental health and are an important component of the ability to return to normal life after experiencing tragic events.
This article analyzes the experience of the specialists of the psychological service of the Russian Emergencies Ministry in eliminating the consequences of six large-scale emergencies that occurred in the period from 2009 to 2019 in the territory of the Russian Federation. Based on the examples of liquidation of the consequences of specific large-scale emergencies, the basic principles of organizing the activities of the psychological service of the Ministry of Emergencies of Russia are considered, the directions of work and tasks faced by specialists when working in emergency situations, as well as the technologies of organizing work to provide emergency psychological assistance to victims, used by specialists of the psychological service of the Ministry of Emergencies Russia. General approaches to the provision of emergency psychological assistance to victims and relatives of those killed and injured are outlined, two groups of objective parameters that have a direct impact on the organization of the work of specialists and how the specifics of the situation and the region can affect the planning and implementation of measures to provide emergency psychological assistance are described. The authors describe the groups of objective characteristics inherent in a particular emergency situation and determine the importance of taking them into account when planning, organizing and implementing emergency psychological assistance measures.
The implementation evaluation of school-industry cooperation to strengthen the vocational school students’ competence
Authors: Husnaini Azizah Nurul , Santosa Budi , Kuat Tri 
Published: April 2021

This research aims to conduct an evaluation of the implementation of school-industry cooperation in form of internship program. The evaluation focused on the aspects of (1) context in terms of the purpose of the agreement, (2) input in terms of readiness of cooperation, (3) process in terms of the quality of implementing cooperation, and (4) product in terms of benefits gained from school partner industry cooperation to strengthen the vocational students’ competencies. This research is an evaluation research viewed from the Context, Input, Process, and Product (CIPP) components. The research data were obtained from a questionnaire given to students, supervisors, internship working group teams, and school industry partners of the Electric Power Installation Engineering Department of SMK Negeri 1 Windusari. The results are, (1) the context variable got a positive result, (2) the input variable got a negative result, (3) the process variable got a negative result, and (4) the product variable got a negative result. Therefore, the CIPP evaluation found positive, negative, negative, negative (+ - - -) which made the CIPP variable is included in quadrant III of the Glickman quadrant. Thus, we found that implementation of school-industry cooperation to strengthen the students’ competence was less effective. The school could use these findings to improve the performance of the cooperation implementation.
Actuating Force Required for Operating Various Controls of a Walk-Behind Type Paddy Transplanter Leading to Development of a Remotely Operated System
Authors: Lohan Shiv Kumar , Narang Mahesh Kumar , Singh Manjeet , Khadatkar Abhijit , Karkee Manoj 
Published: April 2021

HighlightsThe actuating force, torque, and application rate needed to operate the control levers of a walk-behind type paddy transplanter were determined.The results will be beneficial for the development of a remote-control or autonomous system for the transplanter.Such a system will reduce operator fatigue, resulting in increased work efficiency and safety.Abstract. An enormous amount of human fatigue is involved in operating the walk-behind type paddy transplanters widely used in South Asian countries, especially India. To operate a transplanter remotely, accurate estimation of the actuating force needed to operate the control levers (push/pull type), the stroke length of the levers, and the frequency of use of the levers is required so that the mechanical levers can be replaced with appropriate electronic sensors, control units, and actuators. In this study, the actuating forces and required torques of the control levers of a walk-behind type paddy transplanter (Kubota NSP-4W, model MZ175-B-1) were measured using three load-measuring instruments. The results revealed that about 24.1 N of force was required to control the accelerator lever, while the left and right steering levers required an actuating force of 24.0 N each. To start the transplanting mechanism, a much higher actuating force (78.1 N) and torque (15.47 N-m) were required 54 times per hour for the planting clutch lever; however, to stop the mechanism, a comparatively smaller force (28.3 N) and torque (5.71 N-m) were required 54 times per hour. Movement of the transplanter was controlled with the shift clutch lever, which required 14.30 N of force and 2.72 N-m torque for forward movement of the transplanter in field conditions, while 12.7 N of force and 2.88 N-m torque were required for forward movement of the transplanter on paved roads. These findings will be beneficial for selecting the force and stroke length of actuators for the development of a remote-control or autonomous system for walk-behind type paddy transplanters and similar machines, which is expected to substantially reduce the operator workload and enhance both workability and safety. Keywords: Actuating force, Hand control levers, Remotely controlled paddy transplanter.
Electrically pumped shot-noise limited class A VECSEL at telecom wavelength
Authors: Kerchaoui Anwar , Mereuta Alexandru , Caliman Andrei , Paranthoen Cyril , Levallois Christophe , Batté Thomas , Hamel Cyril , Bouhier Steve , Le Corre Alain , Kapon Eli , Alouini Mehdi 
Published: April 2021

Class A shot-noise limited operation is achieved in an electrically pumped vertical external cavity surface emitting laser (VECSEL), opening the way for integration of such peculiar noiseless laser oscillation in applications where low power consumption and footprint are mandatory. The quantum well active medium is grown on an InP substrate to enable laser oscillation at telecom wavelengths. Single frequency class A operation is obtained by proper optimization of the cavity dimensions, ensuring at the same time a sufficiently long and high-finesse cavity without any intracavity filtering components. The laser design constraints due to electrical pumping are discussed as compared to optical pumping. The intensity noise spectrum of this laser is shown to be shot-noise limited, leading to a relative intensity noise of

−
160

d
B

/

H
z

for 3.1 mA detected photocurrent.
Diffuse optical localization imaging for noninvasive deep brain microangiography in the NIR-II window
Authors: Zhou Quanyu , Chen Zhenyue , Robin Justine , Deán-Ben Xosé-Luís , Razansky Daniel 
Published: April 2021

Fluorescence microscopy is a powerful enabling tool for biological discovery, albeit its effective penetration depth and resolving capacity are limited due to intense light scattering in living tissues. The recently introduced short-wave infrared cameras and contrast agents featuring fluorescence emission in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window have extended the achievable penetration to about 2 mm. However, the effective spatial resolution progressively deteriorates with depth due to photon diffusion. Here we introduce diffuse optical localization imaging (DOLI) to enable super-resolution deep-tissue fluorescence microscopy beyond the limits imposed by light diffusion. The method is based on localization of flowing microdroplets encapsulating lead sulfide (PbS)-based quantum dots in a sequence of epi-fluorescence images acquired in the NIR-II spectral window. Experiments performed in tissue mimicking phantoms indicate that high-resolution detection of fluorescent particles can be preserved over 4 mm depth range, while in vivo microangiography of murine cerebral vasculature can be accomplished through intact scalp and skull. The method further enables retrieving depth information from planar fluorescence image recordings by exploiting the localized spot size. DOLI operates in a resolution-depth regime previously inaccessible with optical methods, thus massively enhancing the applicability of fluorescence-based imaging techniques.
Toward simple, generalizable neural networks with universal training for low-SWaP hybrid vision
Authors: Muminov Baurzhan , Perry Altai , Hyder Rakib , Asif M. Salman , Vuong Luat T. 
Published: April 2021

Speed, generalizability, and robustness are fundamental issues for building lightweight computational cameras. Here we demonstrate generalizable image reconstruction with the simplest of hybrid machine vision systems: linear optical preprocessors combined with no-hidden-layer, “small-brain” neural networks. Surprisingly, such simple neural networks are capable of learning the image reconstruction from a range of coded diffraction patterns using two masks. We investigate the possibility of generalized or “universal training” with these small brains. Neural networks trained with sinusoidal or random patterns uniformly distribute errors around a reconstructed image, whereas models trained with a combination of sharp and curved shapes (the phase pattern of optical vortices) reconstruct edges more boldly. We illustrate variable convergence of these simple neural networks and relate learnability of an image to its singular value decomposition entropy of the image. We also provide heuristic experimental results. With thresholding, we achieve robust reconstruction of various disjoint datasets. Our work is favorable for future real-time low size, weight, and power hybrid vision: we reconstruct images on a 15 W laptop CPU with 15,000 frames per second: faster by a factor of 3 than previously reported results and 3 orders of magnitude faster than convolutional neural networks.
Microsatellite based molecular epidemiology of Leishmania infantum from re-emerging foci of visceral leishmaniasis in Armenia and pilot risk assessment by ecological niche modeling
Authors: Kuhls Katrin , Moskalenko Olga , Sukiasyan Anna , Manukyan Dezdemonia , Melik-Andreasyan Gayane , Atshemyan Liana , Apresyan Hripsime , Strelkova Margarita , Jaeschke Anja , Wieland Ralf , Frohme Marcus , Cortes Sofia , Keshishyan Ara 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundVisceral leishmaniasis (VL) is re-emerging in Armenia since 1999 with 167 cases recorded until 2019. The objectives of this study were (i) to determine for the first time the genetic diversity and population structure of the causative agent of VL in Armenia; (ii) to compare these genotypes with those from most endemic regions worldwide; (iii) to monitor the diversity of vectors in Armenia; (iv) to predict the distribution of the vectors and VL in time and space by ecological niche modeling.Methodology/Principal findingsHuman samples from different parts of Armenia previously identified by ITS-1-RFLP asL.infantumwere studied by Multilocus Microsatellite Typing (MLMT). These data were combined with previously typedL.infantumstrains from the main global endemic regions for population structure analysis. Within the 23 ArmenianL.infantumstrains 22 different genotypes were identified. The combined analysis revealed that all strains belong to the worldwide predominating MON1-population, however most closely related to a subpopulation from Southeastern Europe, Maghreb, Middle East and Central Asia. The three observed Armenian clusters grouped within this subpopulation with strains from Greece/Turkey, and from Central Asia, respectively. Ecological niche modeling based on VL cases and collected proven vectors (P.balcanicus,P.kandelakii)identified Yerevan and districts Lori, Tavush, Syunik, Armavir, Ararat bordering Georgia, Turkey, Iran and Azerbaijan as most suitable for the vectors and with the highest risk for VL transmission. Due to climate change the suitable habitat for VL transmission will expand in future all over Armenia.ConclusionsGenetic diversity and population structure of the causative agent of VL in Armenia were addressed for the first time. Further genotyping studies should be performed with samples from infected humans, animals and sand flies from all active foci including the neighboring countries to understand transmission cycles, re-emergence, spread, and epidemiology of VL in Armenia and the entire Transcaucasus enabling epidemiological monitoring.
Diagnostic performance of anti-Zika virus IgM, IgAM and IgG ELISAs during co-circulation of Zika, dengue, and chikungunya viruses in Brazil and Venezuela
Authors: Morales Ivonne , Rosenberger Kerstin D. , Magalhaes Tereza , Morais Clarice N. L. , Braga Cynthia , Marques Ernesto T. A. , Calvet Guilherme Amaral , Damasceno Luana , Brasil Patricia , Bispo de Filippis Ana Maria , Tami Adriana , Bethencourt Sarah , Alvarez Mayling , Martínez Pedro A. , Guzman Maria G. , Souza Benevides Bruno , Caprara Andrea , Quyen Nguyen Than Ha , Simmons Cameron P. , Wills Bridget , de Lamballerie Xavier , Drexler Jan Felix , Jaenisch Thomas ,   the IDAMS Clinical Study Group
Published: April 2021

Background
Serological diagnosis of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is challenging because of the antibody cross-reactivity among flaviviruses. At the same time, the role of Nucleic Acid Testing (NAT) is limited by the low proportion of symptomatic infections and the low average viral load. Here, we compared the diagnostic performance of commercially available IgM, IgAM, and IgG ELISAs in sequential samples during the ZIKV and chikungunya (CHIKV) epidemics and co-circulation of dengue virus (DENV) in Brazil and Venezuela.

Methodology/Principal findings
Acute (day of illness 1–5) and follow-up (day of illness ≥ 6) blood samples were collected from nine hundred and seven symptomatic patients enrolled in a prospective multicenter study between June 2012 and August 2016. Acute samples were tested by RT-PCR for ZIKV, DENV, and CHIKV. Acute and follow-up samples were tested for IgM, IgAM, and IgG antibodies to ZIKV using commercially available ELISAs. Among follow-up samples with a RT-PCR confirmed ZIKV infection, anti-ZIKV IgAM sensitivity was 93.5% (43/46), while IgM and IgG exhibited sensitivities of 30.3% (10/33) and 72% (18/25), respectively. An additional 24% (26/109) of ZIKV infections were detected via IgAM seroconversion in ZIKV/DENV/CHIKV RT-PCR negative patients. The specificity of anti-ZIKV IgM was estimated at 93% and that of IgAM at 85%.

Conclusions/Significance
Our findings exemplify the challenges of the assessment of test performance for ZIKV serological tests in the real-world setting, during co-circulation of DENV, ZIKV, and CHIKV. However, we can also demonstrate that the IgAM immunoassay exhibits superior sensitivity to detect ZIKV RT-PCR confirmed infections compared to IgG and IgM immunoassays. The IgAM assay also proves to be promising for detection of anti-ZIKV seroconversions in sequential samples, both in ZIKV PCR-positive as well as PCR-negative patients, making this a candidate assay for serological monitoring of pregnant women in future ZIKV outbreaks.
Neglected human Rickettsia felis infection in Taiwan: A retrospective seroepidemiological survey of patients with suspected rickettsioses
Authors: Yang Wan-Hsiu , Hsu Meng-Shiuan , Shu Pei-Yun , Tsai Kun-Hsien , Fang Chi-Tai 
Published: April 2021

Background
Current knowledge on Rickettsia felis infection in humans is based on sporadic case reports. Here we conducted a retrospective seroepidemiological survey of R. felis infection among febrile patients visiting a medical center in Taipei.

Methodology/Principal findings
A total of 122 patients with suspected rickettsioses presenting with fever of unknown origin (FUO) but tested negative for scrub typhus, murine typhus, or Q fever were retrospectively identified during 2009 to 2010. The archived serum samples were examined for the presence of antibodies against R. felis, Rickettsia japonica, and Rickettsia typhi using microimmunofluorescence (MIF) assay. Serological evidence of Rickettsia exposure was found in 23 (19%, 23/122) patients. Eight patients had antibodies reactive to R. felis, including four with current infection (a ≥4-fold increase in IgG titer between acute and convalescent sera). The clinical presentations of these four patients included fever, skin rash, lymphadenopathy, as well as more severe conditions such as pancytopenia, hepatomegaly, elevated liver enzymes/bilirubin, and life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome. One of the patients died after doxycycline was stopped after being tested negative for scrub typhus, Q fever, and murine typhus.

Conclusions
Rickettsia felis is a neglected flea-borne pathogen in Taiwan, and its infection can be life-threatening. Further prospective studies of the prevalence of R. felis among patients with FUO and compatible clinical manifestations are warranted.
Predicting poor outcomes in children aged 1–12 with respiratory tract infections: A systematic review
Authors: Edwards George , Newbould Louise , Nesbitt Charlotte , Rogers Miranda , Morris Rebecca L. , Hay Alastair D. , Campbell Stephen M. , Hayward Gail 
Published: April 2021

Background
Demand for NHS services is high and rising. In children respiratory tract infections (RTI) are the most common reason for consultation with primary care. Understanding which features are associated with good and poor prognosis with RTI will help develop interventions to support parents manage illness.

Aim
To identify symptoms, signs, and investigation results associated with good and poor prognosis, and clinical decision making in children aged 1–12 years with RTI symptoms, at home and presenting to ambulatory care.

Design and setting
Systematic literature review.

Methods
We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cinahl, Web of Science and the Cochrane database of systematic reviews for studies of children aged 1 to 12 years with a RTI or related condition reporting symptoms, signs and investigation results associated with prognostic outcomes. Quality was assessed using the QUIPS tool.

Results
We included 27 studies which included 34802 children and measured 192 factors. Nine studies explored future outcomes and the remainder explored clinical management from the initial consultation with the health services. None were conducted in a home setting. Respiratory signs, vomiting, fever, dehydration and tachycardia at the initial contact were associated with future hospitalisation. Little evidence was available for other outcomes.

Conclusion
Some evidence is available to clinicians to stratify risk of, future hospitalisation, but not of other prognostic outcomes. There is little evidence available to parents to identify children at risk of poor prognosis. Research is needed into whether poor prognosis can be predicted by parents in the home.
Utilization of updated version of heat flux model for the radiative flow of a non-Newtonian material under Joule heating: OHAM application
Authors: Sohail Muhammad , Ali Umair , Zohra Fatema Tuz , Al-Kouz Wael , Chu Yu-Ming , Thounthong Phatiphat 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study reports the thermal analysis and species transport to manifest non-Newtonian materials flowing over linear stretch sheets. The heat transfer phenomenon is presented by the Cattaneo–Christov definition of heat flux. Mass transportation is modeled using traditional Fick’s second law. In addition, the contribution of Joule heating and radiation to thermal transmission is also considered. Thermo-diffusion and diffusion-thermo are significant contributions involved in thermal transmission and species. The physical depiction of the scenario under consideration is modeled through the boundary layer approach. Similar analysis has been made to convert the PDE model system into the respective ODE. Then, the transformed physical expressions are calculated for momentum, thermal, and species transport within the boundary layer. The reported study is a novel contribution due to the combined comportment of thermal relaxation time, radiation, Joule heating, and thermo-diffusion, which are not yet explored. Several engineering systems are based on their applications and utilization.
Analysis of couple stress fluid flow with variable viscosity using two homotopy-based methods
Authors: Khan Alamgeer , Farooq Muhammad , Nawaz Rashid , Ayaz Muhammad , Ahmad Hijaz , Abu-Zinadah Hanaa , Chu Yu-Ming 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this article, the generalized plane Couette flow of Vogel’s model of incompressible, non-isothermal, couple stress fluid flowing steadily between two parallel walls is investigated. The governing equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations. To investigate the non-linear coupled system of differential equations, the optimal homotopy asymptotic method with DJ polynomial and asymptotic homotopy perturbation method have been used. Important flow properties are presented and discussed. We have obtained expressions for velocity, average velocity, shear stress, volume flux and temperature. The results gained employing these techniques are in the form of infinite series; thus, the results can be easily calculated. Comparison of various results, obtained through the suggested approaches, is carried out and an excellent agreement is achieved.