bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The (In)discreet Charm of the Romans
Authors: Ostrowska Elżbieta 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Made in 2001 by Jerzy Kawalerowicz, the Polish film Quo vadis represents a vernacular variant of ‘heritage cinema’ which has flourished in the country since 1989. Mostly consisting of adaptations of Polish literary classics, whose action takes place in a relatively distant past, they feature protagonists who are preoccupied by matters such as love, honour, and patriotism that are always linked with Catholicism. As demonstrated in this chapter, Kawalerowicz’s film also condones regressive gender norms, patriarchal order, and the hegemonic discourse of Catholicism. Most importantly, the chapter will argue that Quo vadis follows other novels by Sienkiewicz in developing a vernacular colonial fantasy. In Kawalerowicz’s Quo vadis colonial fantasies merge with contemporary discourse about Poland’s Europeanness. Arguably, Lygia’s romance with Marcus Vinicius, who decides to convert to Christianity, implies a symbolic union between (Eastern European) Poland and the (Western European) Roman Empire. Kawalerowicz’s decision to frame the ancient story with two contemporary images of the Roman Colosseum seems to suggest that, ultimately, Poland has ‘returned to Europe’—as the post-communist slogan claimed. The chapter will also pay special attention to the film’s melodramatic mode of representation and its affective power, as well as to its potential to present a utopian world of moral potency and transparency. Melodrama in Quo vadis provides a textual space through which viewers could channel the emotions they had experienced during the stark time of transition.
Towards an Analyses of the Mega-Political Jurisprudence of the ECOWAS Community Court of Justice
Authors: Akinkugbe Olabisi D. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter fills the gap in the judicialization of mega-political disputes before the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Community Court of Justice (ECOWAS Court). Judicialization of mega-political disputes in this Court has until now been understudied. Although the ECOWAS Court lacks an express mandate to adjudicate over political disputes, the Court has been innovative in assuming jurisdiction over mega-political disputes when these disputes are intertwined with actual or potential human rights violations. The Ugokwe doctrine, enunciated in the case of, Dr. Jerry Ugokwe v. The Federal Republic of Nigeria and Dr. Christian Okeke, established the “cause of action” for the judicialization of mega-political disputes before the ECOWAS Court. By examining cases that have largely remained obscure, the chapter uncovers the judicialization of political disputes, particularly of electoral cases, before the ECOWAS Court. Unlike the traditional scholarship that measures effectiveness based on compliance with the decisions of the courts, the chapter argues that the significance of the mega-political disputes judicialized before Africa’s regional courts derives from the instrumental objectives of the litigants. By incorporating the social, political, and economic contexts that gave rise to the francophone and anglophone cases analyzed, the chapter illuminates the judicialization of mega-political disputes in ways that are not wedded to the traditional analyses of the functions of regional economic courts.
Introduction
Authors: Televantos Andreas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter discusses the significance of the Regency era in English commercial law's development. There are two main reasons for this. First, the unstable economic circumstances of the period, and the business failures this caused, brought commercial law issues into sharp focus. The second reason the Regency era was particularly important in the development of commercial law relates to the availability of published legal materials. In the period, cases were continuously reported for the first time, and many new commercial law treatises were published. This story of how the courts responded to the needs of commerce has four sets of main characters, which the chapter describes in depth. It concludes with a quick outline of the basic structure of this book.
Trusts and the Risk of Bankruptcy
Authors: Televantos Andreas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter shows how commercial parties could use trusts to control the effects of bankruptcy and evade the doctrine of reputed ownership. Trusts facilitated by improving traders' capacity to pursue their rational self-interest: by acting as a surrogate for a charge or mortgage over personal property. The chapter examines how traders could use trusts to avoid the risk of their debtors' insolvency in three stages. It first examines why and how the doctrine of reputed ownership restricted the ability of traders to take mortgages or charges over personal property, and so limited their autonomy. The chapter then examines why the doctrine did not apply to trusts law — if a trustee had legal title to trust assets, surely he was their ‘reputed owner’? Finally, this chapter shows the role that trusts played in controlling the risk of insolvency in contemporary finance.
Partnership Dissolution and Bankruptcy
Authors: Televantos Andreas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at those cases where a partnership failed and looks at the rules governing how its assets would be distributed on the bankruptcy of its partners. This is used as a way of examining the extent to which a partnership was treated as an entity separate from the partners, given contemporary ideas about the importance of traders' personal liability for their business debts. Exactly how partnership law prioritised business creditors' claims over the personal creditors of a partner has to be examined in cases where the firm collapsed. Only in cases of insolvency did the issue of which assets different types of creditor could claim matter. By examining the rights of creditors upon a partnership's insolvency in this way, the extent to which the law encouraged creditors to lend money to partnerships — and so facilitated trade — are examined.
Gore Mountain Garnet Amphibolite Records UHT Conditions: Implications for the Rheology of the Lower Continental Crust during Orogenesis
Authors: Shinevar William J , Jagoutz Oliver , VanTongeren Jill A 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The Gore Mountain Garnet Amphibolite (GMGA), part of the Mesoproterozoic Grenville Province in the Adirondack Highlands, NY, USA, is an iconic rock type known for hosting the world’s largest garnets (up to 1 m diameter). We present a new detailed petrographic study of these rocks. Field relations, whole-rock, and mineral major and trace element chemistry suggest that these rocks formed via a prograde hydration reaction of a metagabbro during an increase in pressure and temperature. Laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry U–Pb geochronology applied to zircon interpreted to be metamorphic in origin dates this reaction to 1053·9 ± 5·4 Ma (2σ; MSWD = 0·94), during the Ottawan Orogeny (1090–1020 Ma). Our results on peak metamorphic P–T conditions based on thermobarometry, diffusion models, and thermodynamic modelling indicate that these rocks formed at ultrahigh-temperature (&gt;900 °C) conditions (P = 9–10 kbar, T = 950 ± 40 °C), significantly hotter than previously estimated. Diffusion models pinned by nearby cooling ages require the GMGA to initially cool quickly (9·1 °C Ma–1), followed by slower cooling (2·6 °C Ma–1). The two-stage cooling history for the GMGA could reflect initial advection-dominated cooling followed by conduction-dominated cooling once flow ceases. Our results suggest that the region was hot enough to undergo topography-driven lower crustal flow similar to that hypothesized for modern Tibet for 20–0 Ma (25–0 Ma when the effects of melt are included).
Arabidopsis Ca2+-ATPases 1, 2, and 7 in the endoplasmic reticulum contribute to growth and pollen fitness
Authors: Rahmati Ishka Maryam , Brown Elizabeth , Rosenberg Alexa , Romanowsky Shawn , Davis James A , Choi Won-Gyu , Harper Jeffrey F 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Generating cellular Ca2+ signals requires coordinated transport activities from both Ca2+ influx and efflux pathways. In Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), multiple efflux pathways exist, some of which involve Ca2+-pumps belonging to the Autoinhibited Ca2+-ATPase (ACA) family. Here, we show that ACA1, 2, and 7 localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and are important for plant growth and pollen fertility. While phenotypes for plants harboring single-gene knockouts (KOs) were weak or undetected, a triple KO of aca1/2/7 displayed a 2.6-fold decrease in pollen transmission efficiency, whereas inheritance through female gametes was normal. The triple KO also resulted in smaller rosettes showing a high frequency of lesions. Both vegetative and reproductive phenotypes were rescued by transgenes encoding either ACA1, 2, or 7, suggesting that all three isoforms are biochemically redundant. Lesions were suppressed by expression of a transgene encoding NahG, an enzyme that degrades salicylic acid (SA). Triple KO mutants showed elevated mRNA expression for two SA-inducible marker genes, Pathogenesis-related1 (PR1) and PR2. The aca1/2/7 lesion phenotype was similar but less severe than SA-dependent lesions associated with a double KO of vacuolar pumps aca4 and 11. Imaging of Ca2+ dynamics triggered by blue light or the pathogen elicitor flg22 revealed that aca1/2/7 mutants display Ca2+ transients with increased magnitudes and durations. Together, these results indicate that ER-localized ACAs play important roles in regulating Ca2+ signals, and that the loss of these pumps results in male fertility and vegetative growth deficiencies.
Meta-analysis of the association between emphysematous change on thoracic computerized tomography scan and recurrent pneumothorax
Authors: Girish M , Pharoah P D , Marciniak S J 
Published: January 2021

Summary

Objectives
At least a third of patients go on to suffer a recurrence following a first spontaneous pneumothorax. Surgical intervention reduces the risk of recurrence and has been advocated as a primary treatment for pneumothorax. But surgery exposes patients to the risks of anaesthesia and in some cases can cause chronic pain. Risk stratification of patients to identify those most at risk of recurrence would help direct the most appropriate patients to early intervention. Many studies have addressed the role of thoracic computerized tomography (CT) in identifying those individuals at increased risk of recurrence, but a consensus is lacking.

Aim
Our objective was to clarify whether CT provides valuable prognostic information for recurrent pneumothorax.

Design
Meta-analysis.

Methods
We conducted an exhaustive search of the literature for thoracic CT imaging and pneumothorax, and then performed a meta-analysis using a random effects model to estimate the common odds ratio and standard error.

Results
Here, we show by meta-analysis of data from 2475 individuals that emphysematous change on CT scan is associated with a significant increased odds ratio for recurrent pneumothorax ipsilateral to the radiological abnormality (odds ratio 2.49, 95% confidence interval 1.51–4.13).

Conclusions
The association holds true for primary spontaneous pneumothorax when considering emphysematous changes including blebs and bullae. Features, such as bullae at the azygoesophageal recess or increased Goddard score similarly predicted recurrent secondary pneumothorax, as shown by subgroup analysis. Our meta-analysis suggests that CT scanning has value in risk stratifying patients considering surgery for pneumothorax.
Subcutaneous dosing regimens of tocilizumab in children with systemic or polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Authors: Ruperto Nicolino , Brunner Hermine I , Ramanan Athimalaipet V , Horneff Gerd , Cuttica Rubén , Henrickson Michael , Anton Jordi , Boteanu Alina Lucica , Penades Inmaculada Calvo , Minden Kirsten , Schmeling Heinrike , Hufnagel Markus , Weiss Jennifer E , Pardeo Manuela , Nanda Kabita , Roth Johannes , Rubio-Pérez Nadina  , Hsu Joy C , Wimalasundera Sunethra , Wells Chris , Bharucha Kamal  , Douglass Wendy , Bao Min , Mallalieu Navita L , Martini Alberto , Lovell Daniel , Benedetti Fabrizio De ,   for the Paediatric Rheumatology INternational Trials Organisation (PRINTO) and the Paediatric Rheumatology Collaborative Study Group (PRCSG)
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objectives
To determine s.c. tocilizumab (s.c.-TCZ) dosing regimens for systemic JIA (sJIA) and polyarticular JIA (pJIA).

Methods
In two 52-week phase 1 b trials, s.c.-TCZ (162 mg/dose) was administered to sJIA patients every week or every 2 weeks (every 10 days before interim analysis) and to pJIA patients every 2 weeks or every 3 weeks with body weight ≥30 kg or &lt;30 kg, respectively. Primary end points were pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and safety; efficacy was exploratory. Comparisons were made to data from phase 3 trials with i.v. tocilizumab (i.v.-TCZ) in sJIA and pJIA.

Results
Study participants were 51 sJIA patients and 52 pJIA patients aged 1–17 years who received s.c.-TCZ. Steady-state minimum TCZ concentration (Ctrough) &gt;5th percentile of that achieved with i.v.-TCZ was achieved by 49 (96%) sJIA and 52 (100%) pJIA patients. In both populations, pharmacodynamic markers of disease were similar between body weight groups. Improvements in Juvenile Arthritis DAS-71 were comparable between s.c.-TCZ and i.v.-TCZ. By week 52, 53% of sJIA patients and 31% of pJIA patients achieved clinical remission on treatment. Safety was consistent with that of i.v.-TCZ except for injection site reactions, reported by 41.2% and 28.8% of sJIA and pJIA patients, respectively. Infections were reported in 78.4% and 69.2% of patients, respectively. Two sJIA patients died; both deaths were considered to be related to TCZ.

Conclusion
s.c.-TCZ provides exposure and risk/benefit profiles similar to those of i.v.-TCZ. S.c. administration provides an alternative administration route that is more convenient for patients and caregivers and that has potential for in-home use.

Trial registration
ClinicalTrials.gov, http://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01904292 and NCT01904279
Causal pathways to health-related quality of life in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis: results from the ReACCh-Out cohort
Authors: Oen Kiem , Tian Jiahao , Loughin Thomas M , Shiff Natalie J , Tucker Lori B , Huber Adam M   , Berard Roberta A , Levy Deborah M , Rumsey Dax G , Tse Shirley M , Chan Mercedes , Feldman Brian M , Duffy Ciaran M , Guzman Jaime ,   for the ReACCh-Out Investigators
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Objective
Structural equation modelling was applied to data from the Research in Arthritis in Canadian Children emphasizing Outcomes (ReACCh-Out) cohort to help elucidate causal pathways to decreased health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in children with JIA.

Methods
Based on published literature and clinical plausibility, a priori models were constructed with explicit root causes (disease activity, treatment intensity) and mediators (pain, disease symptoms, functional impairments) leading to HRQoL [measured by the Quality of my Life (QoML) scale and the Juvenile Arthritis Quality of Life Questionnaire (JAQQ)] at five disease stages: (i) diagnosis, (ii) 3–9 months after diagnosis, (iii) flare, (iv) remission on medications, (v) remission off medications. Following structural equation modelling, a posteriori models were selected based on data fit and clinical plausibility.

Results
We included 561, 887, 137, 186 and 182 patients at each stage, respectively. In a posteriori models for active disease stages, paths from disease activity led through pain, functional impairments, and disease symptoms, directly or through restrictions in participation, to decreased QoML scores. Treatment intensity had detrimental effects through psychosocial domains; while treatment side effects had a lesser role. Pathways were similar for QoML and JAQQ, but JAQQ models provided greater specificity. Models for remission stages were not supported by the data.

Conclusion
Our findings support disease activity and treatment intensity as being root causes of decreased HRQoL in children with JIA, with pain, functional impairments, and participation restrictions being mediators for disease activity; they support psychosocial effects and side effects as being mediators for treatment intensity.
Informed Trading and Momentum in the Corporate Bond Market
Authors: Li Lifang , Galvani Valentina 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Taking advantage of the different trading behaviors of investors on same-issuer bonds, we show that informed trading lies at the core of the momentum effect for corporate bonds. We split the firm-level bond cross-section into top (nontop) bonds that are characterized by higher (lower) volumes of institution-sized trades. We show that top bonds attract more informed trading and transmit information faster than nontop bonds. We design specific top and nontop bond momentum strategies to capitalize on this informational heterogeneity. The results indicate that fast news spreading yields short-lived momentum in top bonds, whereas momentum in nontop bonds is strong and drawn-out due to slow information diffusion. These differences are concentrated in bond-level information-intensive periods and are not explained by differences in liquidity levels, systematic risk (including liquidity risk), bond characteristics, and market states. In particular, bond-level liquidity affects the momentum effect only by altering the rate at which news spreads.
Low Preoperative Lung Functions in Children With Early Onset Scoliosis Predict Postoperative Length of Stay
Authors: White Klane K. , Bompadre Viviana , Krengel Walter F. , Redding Gregory J. 
Published: January 2021

Introduction:
Children with early onset scoliosis (EOS) undergoing spine surgery often have significant respiratory disease. Preoperative risk assessments that predict an increased length of hospital stay (LOS) for this group have not been previously evaluated.

Methods:
A voluntary protocol using preoperative lung function studies began among participants of a multicenter registry in 2016. Preoperative assessments were standardized to include spirometry, blood hemoglobin levels, serum bicarbonate, albumin and prealbumin; radiographic parameters of the spine, C-EOS classification and need for preoperative pulmonary assistance before initial growth friendly device insertion or “definitive” spine fusion. Primary outcome was LOS postoperatively. Data, including age, diagnosis, and type of surgery, was collected prospectively. Secondary outcomes measured included intensive care unit LOS, requirement for new pulmonary assistance on discharge, and pulmonary complications. Groups were compared using the Fisher exact tests.

Results:
Of 525 children enrolled, 101 (20%) had preoperative spirometry. Median age was 8.9 years [interquartile range (IQR): 4.27]. Etiologies for EOS included 29 neuromuscular (28%), 33 idiopathic (32%), 19 syndromic (19%), and 22 congenital (21%) scoliosis. Eighty (78%) had growing rod (GR) insertions; 23 (22%) had spine fusion SF. Eighteen subjects (17%) were hospitalized ≥7 days (median=9 d); 83 had a LOS <7 days (median=3 d). Percentage of forced vital capacity (FVC%) predicted was inversely associated with LOS ≥7 days with a median of 75.3% (IQR: 41.7) for LOS <7 days and 51.7% (IQR: 41.6) (P=0.02). There were no detectable differences in LOS for other preoperative values.

Conclusion:
FVC predicted ≤50% preoperatively in children undergoing initial growth friendly rod insertion or definitive fusion after growth friendly treatment is associated with an increased risk of postoperative hospital stays ≥7 days. As demonstrated in previous studies, severe restrictive lung disease (FVC% predicted at or below 50%) is associated with increased risk of poorer outcomes for EOS patients.
Do Obese Children Have Poor Patient-reported Outcomes After Closed Reduction and Percutaneous Pin Fixation of Supracondylar Humerus Fractures?
Authors: DiBartola Alex C. , Thakur Nikita , Singh Satbir , Quinion Carl D. , Samora Julie Balch 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Nearly 1 in 5 American children are obese. The primary purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between childhood obesity and perioperative complications, patient-reported outcomes (PRO), and functional recovery after closed reduction and percutaneous pinning (CRPP) of type II and III supracondylar humerus fractures.

Methods:
Retrospective review of patients treated operatively with CRPP of Wilkins modification of the Gartland classification type II and III supracondylar humerus fractures was performed over a 1-year timeframe (July 1, 2016 to July 1, 2017). One hundred forty-four patients under the age of 16 treated were identified. Obesity was defined as body mass index (BMI) at or above the 95th percentile for age. Obesity as a risk factor for poor outcomes was assessed. The primary outcome measure was postoperative PRO [quick-DASH, Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS)-UE, PROMIS Global Health, and PROMIS Pain scores].

Results:
Mean age at surgery was 5.9 years (SD=2.1, 1.07 to 12.2) and mean age at final follow-up (3.3 y) was 8.8 (SD=2.14, 4 to 16). Mean patient BMI was 17.2 (SD=4.48, 12.4 to 56.2). Sixty-six patients were female (45.8%) and 78 patients were male (54.2%). In all, 31 of 144 patients (21.5%) met criteria for obesity. Obesity (95th percentile for BMI or above) was not associated with a higher rate of complications overall (χ2=1.29, P=0.256), range of motion loss (χ2=0.2, P=0.655) or requirement of postoperative physical therapy (χ2=0.17, P=0.678). Seventy-five patients were available and willing to participate in the outcomes score assessments. Mean follow-up for this cohort of 75 patients was 3.3 years (SD=0.31, 2.85 to 3.88). There were no differences in PROMIS pain, PROMIS upper extremity function, PROMIS general health, or quick-DASH scores when comparing obese with nonobese patients.

Conclusions:
Obesity is a growing concern in the United States and its effect on long-term outcomes after CRPP of supracondylar humerus fractures is unknown. The present study demonstrates no difference in complications or PRO among obese patients compared with nonobese patients.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—retrospective cohort study.