bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Branched Polymer‐Based Redox/Enzyme‐Activatable Photodynamic Nanoagent to Trigger STING‐Dependent Immune Responses for Enhanced Therapeutic Effect
Authors: Luo Qiang , Duan Zhenyu , Li Xiaoling , Gu Lei , Ren Long , Zhu Hongyan , Tian Xiaohe , Chen Rongjun , Zhang Hu , Gong Qiyong , Gu Zhongwei , Luo Kui 
Published: December 2021

AbstractImmune response in the tumor microenvironment (TME) is an essential therapeutic factor for antitumor therapy. Herein, to improve immunostimulatory effects, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is combined with AZD2281 to trigger the stimulator of interferon genes (STING)‐dependent immune responses. A synthetic branched polymer‐pyropheophorbide a (Ppa) conjugate (BGSSP) is designed and developed in response to redox/cathepsin B of the TME. This conjugate with a unique structure and a large molecular weight (MW) can self‐assemble into a compact structure via hydrophilic and hydrophobic forces, inducing self‐quenching of conjugated Ppa. AZD2281 is encapsulated in BGSSP to obtain a TME‐activatable photodynamic nanoagent, AZD@BGSSP. AZD@BGSSP with a stable assembly structure accumulates effectively in tumors and enters lysosomes through endocytosis pathways. Polymer degradation, Ppa activation, and AZD2281 release are achieved after exposure of AZD@BGSSP to highly expressed cathepsin B and glutathione in tumor cells. After laser irradiation, AD2281 inhibits the repair of damaged DNA caused by ROS from PDT and promotes generation of cytosolic DNA, which activates the cGAS‐STING pathway and further induces interferons‐mediated immune responses and a long‐term immune memory effect for immunotherapy. This nanoagent opens a new door to combination PDT and immune response for anti‐cancer treatment.
Enhancing the Low/Middle‐Frequency Electromagnetic Wave Absorption of Metal Sulfides through F− Regulation Engineering
Authors: Liu Jiaolong , Zhang Limin , Wu Hongjing 
Published: December 2021

AbstractFluorine ion (F−) regulation engineering rarely has been presented as a promising strategy for obtaining high‐performance electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorbing materials, and the related EMW attenuation mechanism has never been elucidated. Herein, a new F− regulation strategy is demonstrated for the first time, giving rise to broad low‐/middle‐frequency EMW attenuation by synergistically manipulating multiple factors, such as the morphology, composition, interface, defects, and conductivity. It is found that both the F− concentration and its introduction method (i.e., in situ or post‐treatment) are significant. Because of the in situ introduced heterointerfaces, the enriched defects, appropriate composition, and electronic conductivity, improvements in impedance matching and F−‐regulated dielectric loss are simultaneously achieved. Accordingly, the optimized NiCo2S4/Co1−xS/Co(OH)F composite delivered an effective absorption band of 6.03 GHz (4.57–10.60 GHz), which is five times higher than the pure counterpart, making it the only sulfide‐based absorber with a broad absorption feature toward the low frequency (from 4 GHz) with a small thickness (<3 mm) to date. In short, this work not only expounds on the unique roles of F− in chemical synthesis, microstructure design, and EMW absorption but also offers a viable strategy for solving the low‐/middle‐frequency EM interference issues through F− regulation engineering.
Designing Next Generation of Persistent Luminescence: Recent Advances in Uniform Persistent Luminescence Nanoparticles
Authors: Huang Kai , Le Nhu , Wang Justin S. , Huang Ling , Zeng Le , Xu Wei‐Chu , Li Zhanjun , Li Yang , Han Gang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPersistent luminescence is a unique optical process where long‐lasting afterglow persists after the cessation of excitation. Nanoscale persistent luminescent materials are getting increased research interest from various fields due to their unique optical property. In recent years, inspiring achievements have been made to produce uniform persistent luminescence nanoparticles (PLNPs) in a controllable manner, unleashing their fascinating potential, surpassing other types of luminescent materials in a wide variety of application such as high‐contrast bioimaging and high‐resolution X‐ray detection. In this review, the evolution of uniform PLNPs, from their bulk phosphor counterparts, to the “top‐down” preparation of nanoscale persistent luminescent materials, to the recent “bottom‐up” synthesis of uniform PLNPs is first summarized. The respective milestones of uniform PLNPs prepared by templated synthesis, aqueous synthesis, and colloidal synthesis are highlighted. The key optical properties that can be enhanced in uniform PLNPs, including increasing the persistent luminescence intensity, tuning the excitation irradiance, as well as the emission wavelengths are then analyzed. Detailed strategies to enhance each optical property are also discussed in various sections. Finally, future challenges are highlighted with respect to the perspectives on the development of next‐generation PLNPs with novel applications.
Stimuli‐Sensitive Linear–Dendritic Block Copolymer–Drug Prodrug as a Nanoplatform for Tumor Combination Therapy
Authors: Cai Hao , Tan Ping , Chen Xiaoting , Kopytynski Michal , Pan Dayi , Zheng Xiuli , Gu Lei , Gong Qiyong , Tian Xiaohe , Gu Zhongwei , Zhang Hu , Chen Rongjun , Luo Kui 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLinear–dendritic block copolymer (LDBCs) are highly attractive candidates for smart drug‐delivery vehicles. Herein, an amphiphilic poly[(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate] (POEGMA) linear‐peptide dendritic prodrug of doxorubicin (DOX) prepared by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization is reported. The hydrophobic‐dye‐based photosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6) is employed for encapsulation in the prodrug nanoparticles (NPs) to obtain an LDBCs‐based drug‐delivery system (LD‐DOX/Ce6) that offers a combination cancer therapy. Due to the presence of Gly–Phe–Leu–Gly peptides and hydrazone bonds in the prodrug structure, LD‐DOX/Ce6 is degraded into small fragments, thus specifically triggering the intracellular release of DOX and Ce6 in the tumor microenvironment. Bioinformatics analysis suggests that LD‐DOX/Ce6 with laser irradiation treatment significantly induces apoptosis, DNA damage, and cell cycle arrest. The combination treatment can not only suppress tumor growth, but also significantly reduce tumor metastasis compared with treatments with DOX or Ce6 through regulating EMT pathway, TGFβ pathway, angiogenesis, and the hypoxia pathway. LD‐DOX/Ce6 displays a synergistic chemo‐photodynamic antitumor efficacy, resulting in a high inhibition in tumor growth and metastasis, while maintaining an excellent biosafety. Therefore, this study demonstrates the potential of the biodegradable and tumor‐microenvironment‐responsive LDBCs as an intelligent multifunctional drug‐delivery vehicle for high‐efficiency cancer combination therapy.
Plasmonics on a Neural Implant: Engineering Light–Matter Interactions on the Nonplanar Surface of Tapered Optical Fibers
Authors: Pisano Filippo , Kashif Muhammad Fayyaz , Balena Antonio , Pisanello Marco , De Angelis Francesco , de la Prida Liset M , Valiente Manuel , D'Orazio Antonella , De Vittorio Massimo , Grande Marco , Pisanello Ferruccio 
Published: December 2021

AbstractOptical methods are driving a revolution in neuroscience. Ignited by optogenetic techniques, a set of strategies has emerged to control and monitor neural activity in deep brain regions using implantable photonic probes. A yet unexplored technological leap is exploiting nanoscale light‐matter interactions for enhanced bio‐sensing, beam‐manipulation and opto‐thermal heat delivery in the brain. To bridge this gap, we got inspired by the brain cells’ scale to propose a nano‐patterned tapered‐fiber neural implant featuring highly‐curved plasmonic structures (30 μm radius of curvature, sub‐50 nm gaps). We describe the nanofabrication process of the probes and characterize their optical properties. We suggest a theoretical framework using the interaction between the guided modes and plasmonic structures to engineer the electric field enhancement at arbitrary depths along the implant, in the visible/near‐infrared range. We show that our probes can control the spectral and angular patterns of optical transmission, enhancing the angular emission and collection range beyond the reach of existing optical neural interfaces. Finally, we evaluate the application as fluorescence and Raman probes, with wave‐vector selectivity, for multimodal neural applications. We believe our work represents a first step towards a new class of versatile nano‐optical neural implants for brain research in health and disease.
Wavelength Independent Photo‐Chemo Tri‐Modal Combinatorial Renal Cell Carcinoma Therapy with Biocompatible Gold‐Titania Nanostars
Authors: Kang Seounghun , Yim Gyeonghye , Min Dal‐Hee , Jang Hongje 
Published: December 2021

AbstractChemotherapy is the most commonly used strategy for the treatment of cancer; however, a complete cure is still considered intractable. Although extensive research is being performed to achieve desired therapeutic effects without any side effects, the discovery of an ideal anticancer drug is still not in sight. As a suboptimal solution, sustained‐release using nanoparticles is attempted to enable safe and efficient utilization and delivery of drugs. Moreover, the use of phototherapy to cure drug‐resistant tumors or synergistically amplify the efficacy of anticancer drugs is also being examined. In this study, gold‐titania nanostars (GTN) are synthesized via an extremely facile, safe, and clean route for cancer therapeutic applications. The use of an alcoholic solvent and two metal cations to form GTNs is the only requirement for the preparation of the nanocarriers. GTN shows sufficient colloidal stability, dispersity and biocompatibility for adoption as nanocarriers and photosensitizers. GTN demonstrates a successful sustained release of the hydrophobic drug, sorafenib, and the tri‐modal combinatorial treatment for renal cancer demonstrates potent tumor suppression in vitro and in vivo.
Kinetic Separation of n‐Hexane from 2,2‐Dimethyl Butane in Zeolite Y Using the Novel Levi–Blow Method
Authors: Nag Shubhadeep , Yashonath Subramanian 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWith stricter emission standards being implemented the world over, the increase in the research octane number (RON) is essential for continued use of fuel. This can only be achieved through the separation of the linear alkanes from the branched alkanes or through conversion of linear to branched isomer. A separation method based on levitation and blow torch effects has been recently shown to separate neopentane from n‐pentane. The same method has been employed here to separate n‐hexane from 2,2‐dimethyl butane. This method provides a single step process in which the n‐hexane can be removed completely. The method yields very high purity with minimum expenditure of energy. Several properties have been computed to quantify the separation and indicate the degree of separation. The method if implemented experimentally, will provide a generic method for the separation of molecular mixtures. The steps necessary to realize the method experimentally are discussed. The setup for scaling up of the separation using the levi–blow method for industries is also presented.
A novel integrated rotary reactor for NOx reduction by CO and air preheating: NOx removal performance and mechanism
Authors: Sun Peiliang , Li Jianjie , Cheng Xingxing , Li Xiangdong , Bi Xiaotao T. , Wang Zhiqiang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA novel integrated rotary reactor for NOx reduction by CO and air preheating (iNA reactor) was proposed. NOx removal performance was investigated in a fixed‐bed reactor, which was used to simulate the working conditions change in the iNA reactor. Lab‐synthesized Cu/FeCeOx were used as the catalyst. Two different modes were tested with the iNA reactor: short cycles and long cycles. Excellent NOx removal efficiencies of over 95% and 90% for short cycles and long cycles, respectively, were observed in the iNA reactor. Moreover, compared with the constant‐temperature rotary reactor, better H2O and SO2 resistances were also found in the iNA reactor. The reaction mechanism was proposed based on in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform study. In the iNA process, NOx was stored as nitrates in the adsorption zone, and then decomposed rapidly by both high temperatures and CO, leading to the deep catalyst regeneration. Therefore, temperature swinging and the feed of CO were key to having high iNA reactor performance for NOx removal.
Otolaryngic sensory loss as a measure of frailty among older US adults
Authors: Hura Nanki , Bernstein Isaac A. , Mady Leila J. , Agrawal Yuri , Lane Andrew P. , Rowan Nicholas R. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundFrailty is a syndrome characterized by reduced physiologic reserve and increased vulnerability to poor health outcomes. Disruption of sensorineural function appears to serve as a novel biomarker of frailty. Using population‐level data, we sought to characterize the association between otolaryngic sensory dysfunction and frailty.MethodsA cross‐sectional analysis of the 2011‐2012 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was performed on adults ≥40 years of age (n = 2138). Participants were grouped by subjective gustatory dysfunction (sGD), olfactory dysfunction (sOD), hearing loss (sHL), and measured hearing loss (mHL) with pure tone averages (PTAs). Frailty was operationalized using a continuous 36‐item frailty index (FI) scored from 0 to 1, stratified in 4 categories (“non‐frail,” “vulnerable,” “frail,” or “most frail”).ResultsAll sensory loss groups had significantly higher FI scores than those without sensory loss (sGD = 0.15; sOD = 0.14; sHL = 0.15; low‐frequency mHL = 0.16; high‐frequency mHL = 0.14 vs control = 0.11; p < 0.007 for all). “Vulnerable” individuals had increased odds of sOD (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.45; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.05‐2.00), whereas “frail” individuals had increased odds of sOD (aOR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.26‐2.71) and low‐frequency mHL (aOR, 4.01; 95% CI, 1.27‐12.63). The “most frail” individuals had increased odds of sHL (aOR, 11.72; 95% CI, 2.88‐47.66) and high‐frequency mHL (aOR 5.10; 95% CI, 1.72‐15.12). PTAs were linearly associated with FI (low: β = 10.15; 95% CI, 1.78‐18.51; high: β = 19.85; 95% CI, 5.19‐34.53).ConclusionOtolaryngic sensory loss is associated with increased frailty. Independent association of frailty with measures of olfaction and hearing suggests that olfactory and hearing assessments may help identify at‐risk individuals with modifiable risk factors.
Economic Evaluation of Dupilumab Versus Endoscopic Sinus Surgery for the Treatment of Chronic Rhinosinusitis With Nasal Polyps
Authors: Parasher Arjun K. , Gliksman Matt , Segarra Daniel , Lin Theodore , Rudmik Luke , Quast Troy 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundDupilumab is a novel monoclonal antibody that recently received US Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps. Endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) has been the mainstay of treatment for patients refractory to initial medical therapy. Data comparing the cost‐effectiveness of these treatments are scarce. The objective of this study is to compare the cost‐effectiveness of dupilumab and ESS treatment for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps refractory to medical therapy.MethodsA cohort‐style Markov decision tree economic evaluation with 10‐year time horizon was performed. The two comparative treatment strategies were dupilumab therapy or ESS followed by postoperative maintenance therapy. Patients with response to treatment continued with either maintenance or dupilumab therapy; patients with no response underwent ESS. The primary outcome measure was incremental cost per quality‐adjusted life‐year calculated from Sino‐Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT‐22) scores. Sensitivity analyses were performed including discounting scenarios and a probabilistic sensitivity analysis.ResultsThe dupilumab strategy cost $195,164 and produced 1.779 quality‐adjusted life‐years. The ESS strategy cost $20,549 and produced 1.526 quality‐adjusted life‐years. This implies an incremental cost of $691,691 for dupilumab for every 1‐unit increase in quality‐adjusted life‐year compared with ESS. Probability sensitivity analysis indicated that ESS was more cost‐effective than dupilumab in all iterations.ConclusionsWhile dupilumab and ESS may demonstrate similar clinical effectiveness, ESS remains the most cost‐effective treatment option and should remain the standard of care for patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps refractory to medical therapy.
Normal cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of PDGFRβ in patients with cerebral amyloid angiopathy and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: De Kort Anna M. , Kuiperij H. Bea , Kersten Iris , Versleijen Alexandra A.M. , Schreuder Floris H.B.M. , Van Nostrand William E. , Greenberg Steven M. , Klijn Catharina J.M. , Claassen Jurgen A.H.R. , Verbeek Marcel M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackground: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) platelet‐derived growth factor receptor‐β (PDGFRβ) has been proposed as a biomarker of blood–brain barrier (BBB) breakdown. We studied PDGFRβ levels as a biomarker for cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), or Alzheimer's disease (AD).Methods: CSF PDGFRβ levels were quantified by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay in patients with CAA, patients with aMCI/AD, and in matched controls. In aMCI/AD we evaluated CSF PDGFRβ both by clinical phenotype and by using the AT(N) biomarker classification system defined by CSF amyloid (A), tau (T), and neurodegeneration (N) biomarkers.Results: PDGFRβ levels were similar in CAA patients and controls (P = .78) and in aMCI/AD clinical phenotype and controls (P = .91). aMCI/AD patients with an AD+ biomarker profile (A+T+[N+]) had increased PDGFRβ levels compared to (A–T–[N–]) controls (P = .006).Conclusion: Our findings indicate that PDGFRβ levels are associated with an AD+ biomarker profile but are not a suitable biomarker for CAA or aMCI/AD clinical syndrome.
Tunable Second‐Level Room‐Temperature Phosphorescence of Solid Supramolecules between Acrylamide–Phenylpyridium Copolymers and Cucurbit[7]uril
Authors: Xu Wen‐Wen , Chen Yong , Lu Yi‐Lin , Qin Yue‐Xiu , Zhang Hui , Xu Xiufang , Liu Yu 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA series of solid supramolecules based on acrylamide–phenylpyridium copolymers with various substituent groups (P−R: R=−CN, −CO2Et, −Me, −CF3) and cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) are constructed to exhibit tunable second‐level (from 0.9 s to 2.2 s) room‐temperature phosphorescence (RTP) in the amorphous state. Compared with other solid supramolecules P−R/CB[7] (R=−CN, −CO2Et, −Me), P−CF3/CB[7] displays the longest lifetime (2.2 s), which is probably attributed to the fluorophilic interaction of cucurbiturils leading to a uncommon host–guest interaction between 4‐phenylpyridium with −CF3 and CB[7]. Furthermore, the RTP solid supramolecular assembly (donors) can further react with organic dyes Eosin Y or SR101 (acceptors) to form ternary supramolecular systems featuring ultralong phosphorescence energy transfer (PpET) and visible delayed fluorescence (yellow for EY at 568 nm and red for SR101 at 620 nm). Significantly, the ultralong multicolor PpET supramolecular assembly can be further applied in fields of anti‐counterfeiting and information encryption and painting.
The influence of interfacial failure on the tensile S–N response of aged Arcan joints
Authors: da Costa Joviano António , Akhavan‐Safar Alireza , Marques Eduardo A. S. , Carbas Ricardo J. C. , da Silva Lucas F. M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe strength and durability of adhesive joints are significantly influenced by environmental conditions. Humidity absorption can cause deleterious effects on the adhesive joint's performance. The current study investigates the tensile properties of an epoxy‐based adhesive using Arcan joints (which is a kind of butt joint) subjected to different aging levels and loading conditions. To this end, joints with different aging times, as well as reference‐dried samples, were subjected to both the static and cyclic loading conditions. To construct the S–N curves, different cyclic load levels were applied to the joints. The static results showed that the mechanical properties, such as tensile strength of the joints decreased with an increase of the aging time. The fatigue strength and the fatigue lifetime were significantly decreased by the increase of aging levels, mainly due to an interfacial aging phenomenon. The water diffusion in interfacial aging is faster than that of the adhesive aging, which resulted in a premature failure of the joints for both the static and fatigue conditions. Based on the experimental results, the interfacial diffusion coefficient was calculated using an inverse method. According to the results, the rate of water uptake along the interface is more than 30 times higher than that which occurs in the adhesive.
Einfluss einer Luftaufbereitungsanlage auf flüchtige organische Verbindungen unter Realbedingungen
Authors: Pichlhöfer Alexander , Streit Erich , Rosenberg Egon Erwin , Korjenic Azra 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAufgrund des steigenden Bewusstseins für Luftqualität und Gesundheit, auch beeinflusst durch die Corona‐Krise, werden generell vermehrt Luftreinigungs‐Maßnahmen umgesetzt. Ozonierungs‐ und Ionisationsanlagen werden aktuell stark nachgefragt. Um die Qualität der durch die Benützung von Luftreinigungsanlagen aufbereiteten Luft zu untersuchen, wurden im Rahmen der gegenständlichen Untersuchungen Luftanalysen durchgeführt. Es wurde geprüft, ob durch den Betrieb dieser Anlagen unerwünschte, gesundheitlich bedenkliche chemische Verbindungen entstehen. Insbesondere wurde der Frage nachgegangen, ob durch den Betrieb der Luftaufbereitungsanlage, welche die in der Luft enthaltenen VOCs (volatile organic compounds, flüchtige organische Verbindungen) idealerweise vollständig zu Kohlenstoffdioxid und Wasser umsetzt, zusätzliche entstandene Luftschadstoffe nachgewiesen werden können. Aus der aufbereiteten Luft eines Seminarraums eines Wiener Spitals wurden Luftproben entnommen. Der Luftstrom wird durch eine Luftaufbereitungsanlage bestehend aus einem Ozonierungsmodul, zwei Ionisationsmodulen sowie einem Luftfilter geführt. Die Probennahme der vor Ort gesammelten Luft erfolgte im Labor mittels SPME (solid phase microextraction, Festphasen‐Mikroextraktion). Die an der Außenluft referenzierte, semi‐quantitative Analyse erfolgte mittels Gaschromatographie mit massenspektrometrischer Detektion (GC‐MS). Bei allen Messungen wurden aliphatische Kohlenwasserstoffe in unbedenklichen Konzentrationen gefunden. Durch den Betrieb der Luftaufbereitungsanlage wurden keine signifikant erhöhten Konzentrationen von gesundheitsschädlichen VOCs nachgewiesen.