bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The problems of breeding new varieties of forage and other plants for improving the soil in organic farming in Russia
Authors: Kostenko S I , Yu Kostenko N , Sedova E G , Kharkov K S 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In the agriculture of Russia, organic farming is still relatively uncommon, aimed at obtaining ecologically pure food products of the highest quality category. Such agriculture is characterized by minimal use (up to complete rejection of the use) of various pesticides and other agrochemicals. Tillage under such a farming system is also minimized. At the same time, the use of green manure plants is of great importance. The most famous of these is the seradella. But this culture is most common in the southern regions. In Western Europe, it has been used for this purpose for hundreds of years. On the territory of our country, other crops are used and mainly these are fodder plants: yellow lupine, narrow-leaved lupine, white lupine, hedgehog, perennial ryegrass, white mustard. gray mustard, spring rape, winter rape, spring vetch, winter furry vetch, meadow clover and many others. To create specialized varieties, the main thing is to select plants that, to the maximum extent, will be able to suppress the development of weeds, increase soil fertility, and make poorly soluble nutrients available. In our country, there is a huge number of soil differences and climate features (temperatures, rainfall and their distribution by seasons, etc.), therefore, the creation of one variety of each crop for the entire country is extremely difficult. The requirements for green manure and normal use of plants of the same crop differ sharply. For example, the presence in fodder plants of hydrocyanic acid, glucosinolates and other substances toxic to animals is unacceptable, and their presence in green manure crops, as a rule, is not harmful, and often useful. There are also differences in the requirements for the rate of development and longevity of varieties. Therefore, the standards for breeding varieties intended for green manure fallows or cover crops differ significantly from the requirements for a variety for other purposes - such varieties should be distinguished by rapid seed germination, rapid growth of green mass, such varieties may not differ in longevity, since they are used for one season, often they winter hardiness is not needed. Work in this direction has begun, there are specialized first varieties, but for many cultures this work is just beginning.
Reduction of Herbicidal Toxicoses on Plants Using Berkana and Izabion Organomineral Fertilizers
Authors: Demidova V N , Smetanina T I , Kuznetsova M A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Today herbicidal treatments become an obligatory component of agrotechnical activities required for plant cultivation. At the same time, being biologically active compounds, herbicides may negatively influence on plants during crop rotation. In this study the experimental data confirmed the negative effect of a metribuzin-based herbicide applied on potato towards the next crops (cucumber and lentil). Treatment of these crops with amino acid-based bioorganic fertilizers (Berkana and Izabion) in a seedling stage reduced the manifestations of the negative aftereffect of the herbicidal stress on the tested plants.
Response of Maize Hybrids and Inbred to Yield and its Components Under Irrigation Interval
Authors: Abd M S , Abdul Hamed Z A , Ghadir M A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
In order to estimate some genetic parameters for five inbred lines AG116, AG-M20, MH17, MH121 and ZM4, they were entered into a complete cross-breeding program. Khalidiya - east of Ramadi in two seasons (fall 2019 and spring 2020). The comparison experiment was applied using the RCBD randomized complete block design in the order of split-plot and with three replications, where the main plots for irrigation was interval 6, while 12 days and the secondary plots for genotypes (breeds and hybrids) to estimate some characteristics of yield and its components. Parental inbred and their reciprocal and inverse hybrids differed significantly in number of days from planting to 50% tasseling, number of rows per ear, number of grains per row, grain weight and grain yield in the two seasons of the study, cross-hybrid MH17 × AG-M20 and the inverse hybrid AG116 × ZM4 outperformed in the fall season 2019 when it gave a yield of 173.00 g plant-1 and 169.60 g plant-1, respectively. In the spring season 2020, the cross-hybrid MH121×MH17 and the reverse hybrid AG116×AG-M20 recorded the highest average for the character, reaching 165.20 and 142.90 g plant-1, respectively.
Effect of subsurface drip irrigation manners and percentages of moisture depletion on some hydraulic parameters and potato yield
Authors: Aljabri R N , Aldulaimy S E 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A field experiment was conducted in Silty Loam soil during the fall season 2020 in one of the fields of College of Agriculture (Jazeerat Al-Ramadi - Al Hamidiyah, Research Center) north of Ramadi city, latitude 33° 27“ 10.8” N, and longitude 43° 23“. 2.4” E. The soil was morphologically described and classified as (Torrifluvent) according to the American classification system (USDA, 2010). Three methods of subsurface drip irrigation were chosen Partial Drying of the Root zone PRD, Sub-surface Boarder irrigation SBI and conventional sub-surface irrigation SDI, with two moisture depletion of available water rates (25% and 50%). The results of the study showed that the PRD irrigation method had the highest mean of the total yield when depleting 25% of the prepared water which was 28.628 Meg h-1 and the lowest average was 27.088 Meg ha-1 when depleting 50%. Whereas, the PRD treatment gave the highest yield value of 29.75 Meg h-1 when depleting 25% of the available water, Also the PRD method gave the highest average values of 29,217 kg ha-1 compared to 26,142 kg ha-1 for SDI method. This was reflected in the total infiltration, saturated hydraulic conductivity and addition efficiency, the total infiltration using PRD irrigation method recorded the highest average values of 31.2 cm compared to 24.7 and 22.5 cm for SBI and SDI drip irrigation treatments respectively. The 25% depletion treatment was significantly superior to the 50% depletion treatment, which gave an average of 28.1 cm and 24.1 cm respectively. As for the saturated hydraulic conductivity, the mean values of the saturated hydraulic conductivity increased significantly in the PRD irrigation method for the depth 0-15 m, reaching the highest average values of 2.92 cm h-1 compared to 2.32 and 1.97 cm h-1 for SBI and SDI irrigation methods respectively. The depletion rate of 25% gave the highest rate of conductivity of 2.63 cm per hour-1, while the depletion rate of 50% gave the lowest rate of water conductivity of 2.17 cm h-1. The PRD treatment gave the highest mean values of water conductivity at 3.38 cm h-1 compared to 2.17 and 2.49 cm h-1 for SBI and SDI irrigation methods at 15-30 cm depth respectively. Irrigation with partial drying of the root zone PRD gave the highest efficiency rate, adding depth 15-30 cm, which was 97.07%, compared to 96.52 and 95.35% for SBI and SDI irrigation methods respectively.
Sustainable Environmental Indicators and Their Impact on The Green Areas of Ramadi City
Authors: Karbol A H , Mahmood T S , Kazkoz K S 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCities are the bedrock of growth and sustainable development. At the same time, they are centers of environmental degradation that affect many of the problems, including urban expansion towards green areas, which are natural areas within urban communities, in sites dominated by vegetation, where they are of great importance at the city and individual levels, because of their multiple functions. Therefore, the research sought to diagnose the most important problems that the city of Ramadi suffers from through sustainable environmental indicators. One of the most prominent findings of the research is that green areas are often the weakest in the field of competition among other activities, it is often devoured by residential, commercial, and industrial sprawl. As the population increases, the demand for recreational services, including green areas, increases. These services decline and their scope decreases, which creates great pressure on what is available from them, and their performance decreases.
Improving Some Vegetative Growth Characters, Yield and its Components by the Effect of Weed Control Treatments and Plant Densities in Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.)
Authors: Al-Kaisy A M A , Al-Kubaisi B N F 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A field experiment was carried out in the summer season in the field of a farmer in the Zankora/Ramadi/Anbar Governorate, located at longitude 43° E and latitude 38° N, in silty loam texture soil to study the effect of weed control treatments and different plant densities on growth characteristics, yield and its components of sesame crop. The complete randomized block design (R.C.B.D) was used in a Split Plot arrangement with three replications. The plant densities allocated to the main plot (100000, 80000, and 66666 plants ha-1), and the sub plot included several weed control treatments, which are the use of the mechanical method with three levels, which is the manual hoeing process once, twice and three times during the growing season, in addition to the two control treatments (the weed free and the weedy treatments). The results showed that there is a clear effect of different weed treatments on all the traits under study. The weedy treatment achieved the highest mean number and density of weeds after 60 and 90 days of planting, which amounted to 25, 17.8 plants m-2, while the three hoeing treatments achieved the highest percentage of inhibition in the dry weight of the weeds, which was 93.27%, the free weeds treatment gave the highest mean of stem diameter, plant dry weight and 500-seed weight, and the individual plant yield was 1.43 cm, 163 gm, 2.05 gm, and 265.20 gm, respectively. Whereas the effect of plant densities showed that there was no significant effect on most of the studied traits. As for the two-way interaction between weed control treatments and plant densities, it had a significant effect on yield characteristics, as treatment W4D1 recorded the lowest mean of weeds after 60 days of planting (2.33 plants m-2), Also, treatment W3D3 recorded the highest inhibition rate of 94.61%, and treatment W4D2 recorded the highest mean leaf area index of 5.04, while weed free treatment W1 when interacted with plant density D3 had the highest mean of stem diameter trait that was 1.54 cm. The treatment W1D1 recorded the highest value of the dry weight of the plant, which was 196 gm. It also affected the yield of the individual plant when it was interacting with the highest mean of 291.70 gm, which was positively reflected in improving most of the vegetative growth characteristics and some yield traits.
The Role of Melatonin in Improving The Vegetative Growth Characteristics of Four Genotypes of Faba Bean (Vicia faba L.)
Authors: Abbas S M , Sarhan I A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
A field study was conducted at a research station in Al-Hamidiyah, which is affiliated to the College of Agriculture - University of Anbar, during winter 2020-2021. It aims to study the effect of four concentrations of the growth regulator melatonin on the vegetative growth traits of four genotypes of faba bean. A split –plot arrangement in randomaized complete block design RCBD, in three replications, was used. The concentrations of the growth regulator occupied the main plots (0, 5, 10 and 15) mg.l-1. While the American (Sakis), Dutch (Aquadulce), Italian (Ackerbhone) and Turkish (Aquadlge) genotypes occupied the sub plots. The most important results were the following: The American genotype superiority in most growth traits gave the height of plant is 96.94 cm, branches number in plant is 10.08, leaf area is 4770 cm2. plant-1, dry weight of plant is 184.71 g, chlorophyll content in the leaves is 48.21 spad, and the length of the pod is 19.63 cm. As for the Italian variety, it gave the lowest period from planting to the beginning of flowering, which was 59.42 day. As for the Turkish genotype record, the longest period from planting to beginning of flowering 64.57day. Spraying with the growth regulator melatonin led to the emergence of significant differences between all the traits. The concentration 15 mg.l-1 of melatonin gave a highest mean for each: plant height is 78.23 cm, branches number is 8.50, leaf area is 3840 cm2. Plant-1, dry weight is 177.63 g, chlorophyll content in the leaves is 44.02 spad, and the length of the pod is 18.15 cm. There was a significant overlap between American genotype with concentration 15 mg.l-1 in each of the leaf area, dry weight of the plant, and chlorophyll content of leaves. The overlap was significant between American genotype with concentration 10 mg. l-1 in plant height.
Melatonin as Stress Marker in Fennel Plant
Authors: Salh M A , Mheidi U H 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Medicinal plants are extremely important for their use in the treatment of diseases and chronic conditions. The fennel plant is one of the most important that humans have used for hundreds of years. It is an important annual herbal plant that contains many effective compounds, vitamins and minerals. Biotic and abiotic stresses affect the fennel plant’s growth, yield, and the active compounds. Furthermore, the plants density is one of these stresses that affect the reduction of the crop quality. In order to solve this problem and increase production at the lowest economic cost, plant hormones were used to improve plant resistance to these stresses, including melatonin, which plays an important role in improving the defense systems of plants under any environmental or non-environmental stresses. Melatonin also works to regulate plant physiological processes such as photosynthesis and respiration with resistance to stress, thus improving the quality of secondary metabolism, which works to increase the active compounds and volatile oils in the fruits of the fennel.
Effect of Adding Chitosan and Oxytetracycline to the Diets of Corn in Physiological and Microbial Performance of Broiler
Authors: Jasim H H , Al-Naif H H 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis experiment was conducted in the poultry farm of the Animal Production Department/College of Agriculture/Anbar University, from 8/12/2019 until 23/3/2019 for 6 weeks. The experiment aim to compare the addition of two different levels of chitosan and a group of antibiotics to the corn-soybean diet and their effect in physiological and microbial performance at 42 days. The experiment included T1 (control of corn diet without any addition), T2 (0.2 g oxytetracycline/kg corn diet), T3 (1 g chitosan/kg corn diet), and T4 (2g chitosan/kg corn diet). In the experiment, 144 birds (Ross) at the age of 7 days were used with an average weight of 40 g. The chicks were distributed randomly to 4 treatments, with 3 replicates, and in each repeater, 12 birds. The results of the physiological parameters indicated that there were T4 increased significantly (P≤0.05) compared to other treatments in H/L and monocyte count at 42 days, while the results showed that were no significant differences in the biochemical characteristics of blood. As for the tissue of Jejunum, treatment T3 was significantly (P≤0.05) superior to the rest of the treatments in the height, thickness of villi and depth of crypts over the experimental treatment. There was a significant decrease (P≤0.05) for the T3 and T4 compared to the T1 control treatment on the total bacterial count and colon bacterial count.
The Use of Geospatial Technologies to Monitor the Variation of LULC for the Period from 1990 to 2020 for Some Agricultural Districts of Ramadi in Anbar Governorate - Iraq
Authors: Al-Bayati A H I , Jabbar S A 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Geospatial technologies were used in the study of variability in LULC for four years 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020 in 15 agricultural districts, located on the left bank of the Euphrate s River, within the are a bounde d b etwee n the cities of Ramadi and Khalidiya in Anbar Governorate, located between longitudes 43° 36′ 22″ -43° 15′ 22″ ′ E and 33° 31′ 05′ - 33° 23′ 25″ N, covering an area of 18,163.5 hectares. The results showed a large variation in the types of ground covers between 1990 and 2020. Albu-Farraj recorded a very large decrease in its agricultural lands with an area of 567.45 hectares, offset by an increase in the urban or built-up area of 28.84%. While it was noted that Mahoz district recorded the largest increase in the area of the barren lands type during the study period by 30.78%. And that the classification accuracy for the LULC indicator was 100% for the types of buildings and water, while it was 83% for the agricultural lands category, and barren lands ranked last, with an accuracy rate of 75%. And that the overall accuracy of the directed rating was 86.7%, while the Kappa Coefficient was 81.1% for this rating.
Enzymatic Regulation of Drought and Heat Stresses in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Authors: Shenawa M H , Alfalahi A O 
Published: November 2021

AbstractUnfavorable environmental conditions, whether towards increase or decrease direction, are a general feature of our planet ecosystem. Stress conditions fall into two categories, biotic including insects and diseases and abiotic including drought, salts, temperature, etc. Drought is described the most limiting factor that determine crop productivity, and under certain condition drought damages cannot be avoided. Plant have evolved a wide range of mechanisms to cope with extreme environmental conditions. However, most of these strategies depend partially or completely on antioxidant defense system through which plants can control the cell content of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS). There should be more attention to climate change, not only by developing tolerant species, but also to natural disasters that can be devastating, as happening nowadays.
A comparison of Vertical and Conventional Cultivation, Planting Distances and Growing Medium in the Growth and Yield of Three Varieties of Strawberry
Authors: Mustafa M A , Abdul Rahman H B 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This study is conducted in the unheated greenhouse of the Department of Horticulture and Landscape-College of Agriculture – Tikrit University during the two seasons 2019-2020. It aims at comparing between vertical and terrestrial cultivation and cultivation distances in growth and yield of three cultivars of strawberry. The study includes three factors. The first factor is the method of cultivation which includes two methods of cultivation, terrestrial cultivation and vertical cultivation in pipes. The second factor is planting distances which include three distances, 15, 20 and 25 cm between one plant and another, The third factor related to varieties and includes three, namely Camarosa, Ventana and Sweet Charlie, The experiment is implemented by randomized complete block design according to the split-split Plot Design system, with three replications, each replicate containing 9 experimental units with a length of 2 meters, the cultivation method was set in the main plots and the planting distances in the sub-plots, while the cultivars took the sub-sub-plots. The results have shown the superiority of the terrestrial cultivation treatment over the vertical cultivation in each of the number of leaves, the content of the leaves from chlorophyll, the average number of fruits, the weight of the fruit and the yield of the greenhouse, which reached to 13.74 leaves of plant-1, 49.25 SPAD, 15.71 fruit plant-1, 15.28 gm, and 238.5 gm plant-1, respectively. The Sweet Charlie variety outperformed in the average number of leaves, leaf content of chlorophyll, fruit weight and greenhouse yield, with 15.97 leaves plant-1, 50.47 SPAD, 15.39 gm and 231.5 gm plant-1, respectively. The distance 25 cm between one plant and another outperformed in the above-mentioned characteristics, which reached to 13.97 leaves plant-1, 49.98 SPAD, 15.25 fruits plant-1 and 212.3 gm plant-1, respectively.
An Economic Analysis of The Costs of Producing Tomato Under Greenhouse in Anbar Governorate For the Agricultural Season 2019-2020
Authors: Mohammed I A , Al Dulaimi M A K 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The research aims to analyze the costs of producing tomato under greenhouses in Anbar Governorate for the agricultural season (2019-2020), based on field data of 16 samples selected randomly. The results of the analysis shows that fixed costs constitute about (44.20%), while variable costs constitute about (55.80%) of the total costs. The average production costs in the research sample are about (109808) dinars/ton. The long-term cubic function was the best among the functions that express the relationship between production costs as a dependent variable and production and the number of greenhouses on the farm as independent variables. This is due to its analogy with the logic of economic theory. The modified coefficient of determination in it R-2 reached (0.98). It is found that the optimal size of the farm includes (3) greenhouses. It achieves the optimum production volume of (21.17) tons/farm. The average cost is about (64193) dinars/ton. (62.5%) of the farmers in the study sample achieve capacity savings, while (31.25%) do not achieve any savings. As for the percentage of farmers who achieve low rates of economic efficiency, they reach about (6.25%). The supply function shows that the elasticity of supply decreases with the increase in production. This means that the farmer faces great difficulty in controlling production in the event of price changes. The study recommended the needed to raise the marketing efficiency of the products of the agricultural sector and to protect the local product to help the Iraqi farmer attain the ability to compete.
Effect of Spraying with Extract of Water Hyacinth and Silverleaf on Dry Weight of Weeds and Specific Characteristics of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: Houry W K , Alkaisy A M A , Almehemdi A F 
Published: November 2021

AbstractA field experiment was carried out in one of the special fields Al-Jazirah - Al-Budhiyab located at latitude 38.28° north and longitude 43.19° east, to find out the effect of different concentrations of the extract of the Water hyacinth and silverleaf plants in three varieties of sun flower. The experiment was applied using a split-plate arrangement within an RCBD design with three replications. The main plots were represented by the varieties Ishaqi, Sakha, and Iqmar, and the sub plots included the spray concentrations (0, 5, 15 and 25 mg L-1). The results showed that there were no significant differences between the cultivars in both the spring and fall seasons. As for the extracts, Water hyacinth gave the highest average dry weight of the weeds (0.076 and 0.028 g m2) in both seasons, respectively. The silverleaf herb extract reduced the dry weight of the weeds (0.057 and 0.020 g m2) in both seasons, respectively. While silverleaf in the fall season gave the highest average percentage of oil and carbohydrates (3.85 and 67.48%) for the two grades, respectively. Also, the concentrations 5 and 15 mg L-1were increased from the dry weight of the weeds (0.078 g m2) of the two concentrations, respectively. Whereas, the concentration increased by 25 mg L-1from the dry weight of the weeds (0.033 g m2) in the fall season. Whereas, the concentration reduced 0 mg L-1of the dry weight of the weeds (0.035 and 0.015 g m2) in both seasons respectively. We conclude that there is fluctuation in the effect of the extracts on the behavior of the varieties and their manifestation of the results due to the overlap of study factors and in different directions, so it is recommended to single out the factors in their influence on the varieties to know more accurately the behavior of those varieties.