bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of long‐acting analogues of lamprey GLP‐1 and paddlefish glucagon on alpha‐ to beta‐cell transdifferentiation in an insulin‐deficient transgenic mouse model
Authors: Graham Galyna V. , Conlon J. Michael , Moffett R. Charlotte , Abdel‐Wahab Yasser H. , Flatt Peter R. 
Published: April 2021

The abilities of the long‐acting, dual‐agonist anti‐diabetic peptides [D‐Ala2]palmitoyl‐lamprey GLP‐1 and [D‐Ser2]palmitoyl‐paddlefish glucagon to induce α‐cell to β‐cell transdifferentiation were investigated in GluCreERT2;ROSA26‐eYFP mice. These animals have been genetically engineered so that yellow fluorescent protein is specifically expressed in glucagon‐producing α‐cells, thereby allowing cell lineage tracing. Insulin deficiency was produced by treatment of the mice with multiple low doses of streptozotocin. Administration of the peptides (twice daily intraperitoneal injections of 25 nmol/kg body weight over 10 days) to streptozotocin‐treated mice produced significant (P < 0.05) increases in pancreatic insulin content and plasma insulin concentrations compared with control mice. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated a significant (P < 0.05) increase in the % of cells staining for both insulin and fluorescent protein in islets located in the head region of the pancreas (from 10.0 ± 1.3% of total cells in untreated mice to 20.0 ± 3.85% in mice treated with D‐Ala2]palmitoyl‐lamprey GLP‐1 and to 17.3 ± 1.1% in mice treated with [D‐Ser2]palmitoyl‐paddlefish glucagon). Corresponding effects upon islets in the tail region were not significant. The data indicate an improvement in β‐cell mass and positive effects on transdifferentiation of glucagon‐producing to insulin‐producing cells. The study provides further evidence that proglucagon‐derived peptides from phylogenetical ancient fish show therapeutic potential for treatment of diabetes.
The phenomenon of spiritual homelessness in transnational spaces among international students in the United States
Authors: Maleku Arati , Phillips Rebecca , Um Mee Young , Kagotho Njeri , Lee Guijin , Coxe Kathryn 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAlthough student mobility and educational border crossings, particularly from non‐Western economies to English‐speaking countries, such as the United States, are not new, theoretical concepts that help illuminate global student mobilities rarely examine lived realities of university students in transnational spaces. We aim to explore the phenomenon of ‘spiritual homelessness’ experienced by international students in the United States and how their perceived sense of belonging and not belonging in their home or host places contribute to their reconstruction of identity in transnational spaces. Based on a 3‐hour focus group discussion with international students from eight different countries (N = 11) studying at a large southern university in the United States, this study highlights the nexus between multiple, contradictory and simultaneous processes of belonging and identity through student‐defined transnational higher education spaces. Findings demonstrate that international students are part of multiple and contradictory discourses, where there is a synergetic construction of transnational spaces as open and diverse, but also discriminatory and exclusionary as they negotiate where they belong or not belong. This study provides a critical scoping of student‐defined spaces and foregrounds the typological theoretical construct of spiritual homelessness to provide new insights into global student mobilities and identity reconstruction in transnational spaces.
Mixing time of PageRank surfers on sparse random digraphs
Authors: Caputo Pietro , Quattropani Matteo 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe consider the generalized PageRank walk on a digraph G, with refresh probability and resampling distribution . We analyze convergence to stationarity when G is a large sparse random digraph with given degree sequences, in the limit of vanishing . We identify three scenarios: when is much smaller than the inverse of the mixing time of G the relaxation to equilibrium is dominated by the simple random walk and displays a cutoff behavior; when is much larger than the inverse of the mixing time of G on the contrary one has pure exponential decay with rate ; when is comparable to the inverse of the mixing time of G there is a mixed behavior interpolating between cutoff and exponential decay. This trichotomy is shown to hold uniformly in the starting point and uniformly in the resampling distribution .
Electronic and Structural Properties of 2,3‐Naphthalimide in Open‐Shell Configurations Investigated by Pulse Radiolytic and Theoretical Approaches
Authors: Zhuang Bo , Tojo Sachiko , Fujitsuka Mamoru 
Published: April 2021

AbstractStructural characterization of radical ions and triplet excited states is usually challenging because of their high reactivity and corresponding short lifetime, but can be achieved by combining pulse radiolysis and time‐resolved spectroscopic techniques. Herein, we report the transient absorption and time‐resolved resonance Raman spectra of the radical anionic and the lowest triplet states of a fundamental aromatic imide compound, 2,3‐naphthalimide, recorded during pulse radiolysis. Distinct spectral features are observed for these transient species, which are further explored in the context of theoretical calculations. We found that the molecular structures of 2,3‐naphthalimide in open‐shell configurations are closely related to the spin density localised on the naphthyl and carbonyl regions, as well as the decrease in local aromaticity because of changes of electron configurations. In particular, our results demonstrate that although in the neutral ground state and the lowest triplet state 2,3‐naphthalimide exists as a symmetric molecule, in its radical anionic state, the addition of an electron leads to a deformed structure with unusual in‐plane asymmetry.
External ophthalmoparesis as part of generalised myasthenia gravis in a dog: are there more similarities to the human counterpart than originally thought?
Authors: Bongers Jos , Gutierrez‐Quintana Rodrigo , Stalin Catherine Elizabeth 
Published: April 2021

AbstractMyasthenia gravis in dogs is an autoimmune disease affecting the neuromuscular junction and resembling its human counterpart. Classification of the disease in humans includes an ocular and generalised form. Isolated ocular myasthenia gravis is confined to the extraocular muscles which most commonly results in ptosis, due to an impaired levator palpebrae superioris muscle responsible for elevating the upper eyelid, and diplopia (double vision) due to weakness of the extraocular bulbar muscles. Isolated ocular myasthenia gravis frequently becomes generalized over time or can present as part of generalised myasthenia gravis. Myasthenia gravis in dogs is classified by severity and distribution of clinical signs, as well as, serology and thymic status. However, it does not include the extraocular muscles. This is the first description of a case of ocular myasthenia gravis in a dog, progressing to generalised myasthenia gravis as seen in humans.
How to characterize a strain? Clonal heterogeneity in industrial Saccharomyces influences both phenotypes and heterogeneity in phenotypes
Authors: Rácz Hanna Viktória , Mukhtar Fezan , Imre Alexandra , Rádai Zoltán , Gombert Andreas Károly , Rátonyi Tamás , Nagy János , Pócsi István , Pfliegler Walter P. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractPopulations of microbes are constantly evolving heterogeneity that selection acts upon, yet heterogeneity is nontrivial to assess methodologically. The necessary practice of isolating single‐cell colonies and thus subclone lineages for establishing, transferring, and using a strain results in single‐cell bottlenecks with a generally neglected effect on the characteristics of the strain itself. Here, we present evidence that various subclone lineages for industrial yeasts sequenced for recent genomic studies show considerable differences, ranging from loss of heterozygosity to aneuploidies. Subsequently, we assessed whether phenotypic heterogeneity is also observable in industrial yeast, by individually testing subclone lineages obtained from products. Phenotyping of industrial yeast samples and their newly isolated subclones showed that single‐cell bottlenecks during isolation can indeed considerably influence the observable phenotype. Next, we decoupled fitness distributions on the level of individual cells from clonal interference by plating single‐cell colonies and quantifying colony area distributions. We describe and apply an approach using statistical modeling to compare the heterogeneity in phenotypes across samples and subclone lineages. One strain was further used to show how individual subclonal lineages are remarkably different not just in phenotype but also in the level of heterogeneity in phenotype. With these observations, we call attention to the fact that choosing an initial clonal lineage from an industrial yeast strain may vastly influence downstream performances and observations on karyotype, on phenotype, and also on heterogeneity.
Wrist and Hand
Authors: Khalilzadeh Omid , Canella Clarissa , Fayad Laura M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe wrist and hand have complex anatomy with small bones and supporting soft tissue structures, which limits the diagnostic yield for radiologic assessment. Knowledge of anatomy and different clinical entities is key to the radiologic diagnosis. Some of the essential anatomic and clinical topics in radiologic interpretation include knowledge of the topographic tendon anatomy of wrist and hand, the intrinsic and extrinsic carpal ligaments, the thumb ligaments, thumb carpometacarpal ligaments, the triangular fibrocartilage complex, the extensor mechanism, and the flexor tendons and pulleys. In this chapter, common traumatic injuries affecting the wrist and hand are reviewed.
The D∗Dπ and B∗Bπ couplings from light-cone sum rules
Authors: Khodjamirian Alexander , Melić Blaženka , Wang Yu-Ming , Wei Yan-Bing 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We revisit the calculation of the strong couplings D∗Dπ and B∗Bπ from the QCD light-cone sum rules using the pion light-cone distribution amplitudes. The accuracy of the correlation function, calculated from the operator product expansion near the light-cone, is upgraded by taking into account the gluon radiative corrections to the twist-3 terms. The double spectral density of the correlation function, including the twist-2, 3 terms at $$ \mathcal{O}\left({\alpha}_s\right) $$
O

α
s

and the twist-4 LO terms, is presented in an analytical form for the first time. This form allows us to use various versions of the quark-hadron duality regions in the double dispersion relation underlying the sum rules. We predict $$ {g}_{D^{\ast } D\pi}={14.1}_{-1.2}^{+1.3} $$

g

D
∗

Dπ

=

14.1

−
1.2

+
1.3

and $$ {g}_{B^{\ast } B\pi}={30.0}_{-2.4}^{+2.6} $$

g

B
∗

Bπ

=

30.0

−
2.4

+
2.6

when the decay constants of heavy mesons entering the light-cone sum rule are taken from lattice QCD results. We compare our results with the experimental value for the charmed meson coupling and with the lattice QCD calculations.
Holographic scalar and vector exchange in OTOCs and pole-skipping phenomena
Authors: Lee Kyung-Sun , Nishida Mitsuhiro , Kim Keun-Young 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We study scalar and vector exchange terms in out-of-time-order correlators (OTOCs) holographically. By applying a computational method in graviton exchange, we analyze exponential behaviors in scalar and vector exchange terms at late times. We show that their exponential behaviors in simple holographic models are related to pole-skipping points obtained from the near-horizon equations of motion of scalar and the vector fields. Our results are generalizations of the relation between the graviton exchange effect in OTOCs and the pole-skipping phenomena of the dual operator, to scalar and the vector fields.
On the D(–1)/D7-brane systems
Authors: Billò M. , Frau M. , Fucito F. , Gallot L. , Lerda A. , Morales J. F. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We study non-perturbative effects in supersymmetric U(N) gauge theories in eight dimensions realized by means of D(–1)/D7-brane systems with non-trivial world-volume fluxes turned on. Using an explicit string construction in terms of vertex operators, we derive the action for the open strings ending on the D(–1)-branes and exhibit its BRST structure. The space of vacua for these open strings is shown to be in correspondence with the moduli space of generalized ADHM gauge connections which trigger the non-perturbative corrections in the eight-dimensional theory. These corrections are computed via localization and turn out to depend on the curved background used to localize the integrals on the instanton moduli space, and vanish in flat space. Finally, we show that for specific choices of the background the instanton partition functions reduce to weighted sums of the solid partitions of the integers.
Trends in incidence rate, health care use, and costs due to rib fractures in the Netherlands
Authors: Prins Jonne T. H. , Wijffels Mathieu M. E. , Wooldrik Sophie M. , Panneman Martien J. M. , Verhofstad Michael H. J. , Van Lieshout Esther M. M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to examine population-based trends in the incidence rate, health care consumption, and work absence with associated costs in patients with rib fractures.

Methods
A retrospective nationwide epidemiologic study was performed with data from patients with one or more rib fractures presented or admitted to a hospital in the Netherlands between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2018 and have been registered in the Dutch Injury Surveillance System (DISS) or the Hospital Discharge Registry (HDR). Incidence rates were calculated using data from Statistics Netherlands. The associated direct health care costs, costs for lost productivity, and years lived with disability (YLD) were calculated using data from a questionnaire.

Results
In the 4-year study period, a total of 32,124 patients were registered of which 19,885 (61.9%) required hospitalization with a mean duration of 7.7 days. The incidence rate for the total cohort was 47.1 per 100,000 person years and increased with age. The mean associated direct health care costs were €6785 per patient and showed a sharp increase after the age of 75 years. The mean duration of work absence was 44.2 days with associated mean indirect costs for lost productivity of €22,886 per patient. The mean YLD was 0.35 years and decreased with age.

Conclusion
Rib fractures are common and associated with lengthy HLOS and work absenteeism as well as high direct and indirect costs which appear to be similar between patients with one or multiple rib fractures and mostly affected by admitted patients and age.
Double plating is associated with higher fixation strength than single plating in osteoporotic fractures of the scapular spine: a biomechanical study
Authors: Katthagen J. Christoph , Sußiek Julia , Frank Andre , Wermers Jens , Schliemann Benedikt , Raschke Michael J. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Introduction
The number of atraumatic stress fractures of the scapular spine associated with reverse shoulder arthroplasty is increasing. At present, there is no consensus regarding the optimal treatment strategy. Due to the already weakened bone, fractures of the scapular spine require a high fixation stability. Higher fixation strength may be achieved by double plating. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical principles of double plating in comparison to single plating for scapular spine fractures.

Methods
In this study, eight pairs (n = 16) of human shoulders were randomised pairwise into two groups. After an osteotomy at the level of the spinoglenoid notch, one side of each pair received fracture fixation with a single 3.5 LCP (Locking Compression Plate) plate. The contralateral scapular spine was fixed with a 3.5 LCP and an additional 2.7 LCP plate in 90–90 configuration.
The biomechanical test protocol consisted of 700 cycles of dynamic loading and a load-to-failure test with a servohydraulic testing machine. Failure was defined as macroscopic catastrophic failure (screw cut-out, plate breakage). The focus was set on the results of specimens with osteoporotic bone quality.

Results
In specimens with an osteoporotic bone mineral density (BMD; n = 12), the mean failure load was significantly higher for the double plate group compared to single plating (471 N vs. 328 N; p = 0.029). Analysis of all specimens (n = 16) including four specimens without osteoporotic BMD revealed no significant differences regarding stiffness and failure load (p > 0.05).

Conclusion
Double plating may provide higher fixation strength in osteoporotic bone in comparison to a single plate alone. This finding is of particular relevance for fixation of scapular spine fractures following reverse shoulder arthroplasty.

Level of evidence
Controlled laboratory study.
Three-dimensional quantification of tree architecture from mobile laser scanning and geometry analysis
Authors: Dorji Yonten , Schuldt Bernhard , Neudam Liane , Dorji Rinzin , Middleby Kali , Isasa Emilie , Körber Klaus , Ammer Christian , Annighöfer Peter , Seidel Dominik 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Key message
Mobile laser scanning and geometrical analysis revealed relationships between tree geometry and seed dispersal mechanism, latitude of origin, as well as growth.

Abstract
The structure and dynamics of a forest are defined by the architecture and growth patterns of its individual trees. In turn, tree architecture and growth result from the interplay between the genetic building plans and environmental factors. We set out to investigate whether (1) latitudinal adaptations of the crown shape occur due to characteristic solar elevation angles at a species’ origin, (2) architectural differences in trees are related to seed dispersal strategies, and (3) tree architecture relates to tree growth performance. We used mobile laser scanning (MLS) to scan 473 trees and generated three-dimensional data of each tree. Tree architectural complexity was then characterized by fractal analysis using the box-dimension approach along with a topological measure of the top heaviness of a tree. The tree species studied originated from various latitudinal ranges, but were grown in the same environmental settings in the arboretum. We found that trees originating from higher latitudes had significantly less top-heavy geometries than those from lower latitudes. Therefore, to a certain degree, the crown shape of tree species seems to be determined by their original habitat. We also found that tree species with wind-dispersed seeds had a higher structural complexity than those with animal-dispersed seeds (p < 0.001). Furthermore, tree architectural complexity was positively related to the growth performance of the trees (p < 0.001). We conclude that the use of 3D data from MLS in combination with geometrical analysis, including fractal analysis, is a promising tool to investigate tree architecture.
Effect of lumbar laminectomy on spinal sagittal alignment: a systematic review
Authors: Hatakka Juho , Pernaa Katri , Rantakokko Juho , Laaksonen Inari , Saltychev Mikhail 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
Positive spinal sagittal alignment is known to correlate with pain and disability. The association between lumbar spinal stenosis and spinal sagittal alignment is less known, as is the effect of lumbar decompressive surgery on the change in that alignment. The objective was to study the evidence on the effect of lumbar decompressive surgery on sagittal spinopelvic alignment.

Methods
The Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CENTRAL), Medline, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched in October 2019, unrestricted by date of publication. The study selection was performed by two independent reviewers. The risk of systematic bias was assessed according to the NIH Quality Assessment Tool. The data were extracted using a pre-defined standardized form.

Results
The search resulted in 807 records. Of these, 18 were considered relevant for the qualitative analysis and 15 for the meta-synthesis. The sample size varied from 21 to 89 and the average age was around 70 years. Decompression was mostly performed on one or two levels and the surgical techniques varied widely. The pooled effect sizes were most statistically significant but small. For lumbar lordosis, the effect size was 3.0 (95% CI 2.2 to 3.7) degrees. Respectively, for pelvic tilt and sagittal vertical axis, the effect sizes were − 1.6 (95% CI .2.6 to − 0.5) degrees and − 9.6 (95% CI − 16.0 to − 3.3) mm.

Conclusions
It appears that decompression may have a small, statistically significant but probably clinically insignificant effect on lumbar lordosis, sagittal vertical axis and pelvic tilt.
Three-dimensional quantification of twisting in the Arabidopsis petiole
Authors: Otsuka Yuta , Tsukaya Hirokazu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOrganisms have a variety of three-dimensional (3D) structures that change over time. These changes include twisting, which is 3D deformation that cannot happen in two dimensions. Twisting is linked to important adaptive functions of organs, such as adjusting the orientation of leaves and flowers in plants to align with environmental stimuli (e.g. light, gravity). Despite its importance, the underlying mechanism for twisting remains to be determined, partly because there is no rigorous method for quantifying the twisting of plant organs. Conventional studies have relied on approximate measurements of the twisting angle in 2D, with arbitrary choices of observation angle. Here, we present the first rigorous quantification of the 3D twisting angles of Arabidopsis petioles based on light sheet microscopy. Mathematical separation of bending and twisting with strict definition of petiole cross-sections were implemented; differences in the spatial distribution of bending and twisting were detected via the quantification of angles along the petiole. Based on the measured values, we discuss that minute degrees of differential growth can result in pronounced twisting in petioles.
Conversational commerce: entering the next stage of AI-powered digital assistants
Authors: Balakrishnan Janarthanan , Dwivedi Yogesh K. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDigital assistant is a recent advancement benefited through data-driven innovation. Though digital assistants have become an integral member of user conversations, but there is no theory that relates user perception towards this AI powered technology. The purpose of the research is to investigate the role of technology attitude and AI attributes in enhancing purchase intention through digital assistants. A conceptual model is proposed after identifying three major AI factors namely, perceived anthropomorphism, perceived intelligence, and perceived animacy. To test the model, the study employed structural equation modeling using 440 sample. The results indicated that perceived anthropomorphism plays the most significant role in building a positive attitude and purchase intention through digital assistants. Though the study is built using technology-related variables, the hypotheses are proposed based on various psychology-related theories such as uncanny valley theory, the theory of mind, developmental psychology, and cognitive psychology theory. The study’s theoretical contributions are discussed within the scope of these theories. Besides the theoretical contribution, the study also offers illuminating practical implications for developers and marketers’ benefit.