bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suicide Bombing Terrorism
Authors: Tin Derrick , Galehan Jordan , Markovic Vesna , Ciottone Gregory R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIntroduction:While suicide bombings in the context of warfare have existed throughout history, there was an exponential rise in such attacks in the decade following the initiation of the War on Terror. The health care implications of such attacks are a growing concern across the emergency response sector, and this study is an epidemiological examination of all terrorism-related bombings sustained from 1970-2019, comparing the rates of fatal injuries (FI) and non-fatal injuries (NFI) between suicide bombing attacks (SBA) versus non-suicide bombing attacks (NSBA).Method:Data collection was performed using a retrospective database search through the Global Terrorism Database (GTD). The GTD database was downloaded and searched using the internal database search functions for all events that occurred from January 1, 1970 - December 31, 2019. Bombing/explosion as a primary “attack type” and explosives as a primary “weapon type” were selected for the purpose of this study, and events were further sub-classified as either “suicide attack” or “non-suicide attack.” Results were exported into an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Corp.; Redmond, Washington USA) for analysis.Findings:There were 82,217 bombing/explosion terrorist attacks using explosives documented during the study period with 135,807 fatalities and 352,500 NFI.A total of 5,416 events (6.59% of all events) were sub-classified as SBA causing 52,317 FI (38.52% of all FI) and 107,062 NFI (30.37% of all NFI).Mean SBA FI was 9.66 per event and mean SBA NFI was 19.77 per event compared to a mean NSBA FI of 1.09 per event and mean NSBA NFI of 3.20 per event.Conclusion:Suicide bombing attacks are a unique terrorist methodology that can inflict wide-spread psychological damage as well as significantly higher death and injury tolls when compared to more traditional NSBA. They have been increasing in popularity amongst terrorist organizations and groups, and Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM) specialists need to be aware of the unique injury patterns and potential risk mitigation strategies associated with SBA depending on the target type, location, and gender of the perpetrator.
Empirical Modeling of Ionospheric Current Using Empirical Orthogonal Function Analysis and Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Owolabi Charles , Ruan Haibing , Yamazaki Yosuke , Li Jinfeng , Zhong Jiahao , Eyelade A. V. , Priyadarshi Shishir , Yoshikawa Akimasa 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGiven the potential importance of solar quiet (Sq) ionospheric current in geomagnetic field modeling, it is vital to obtain accurate parameters characterizing its variations, particularly the spatial and temporal variations. In this paper, we derived the Sq current function based on the spherical harmonic analysis (SHA) technique using a 14‐year (2006–2019) quiet geomagnetic field record over the American sector. The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis was then applied to deduce temporal and spatial variations of the Sq current. It is observed that the first EOF mode of the Sq current function is dominated by solar activity, while the second and third EOF modes exhibit annual and semiannual variations, respectively. Also, the artificial neural network (ANN) model of Sq current function was constructed to validate the EOF model predictions. While the Sq current intensity predicted by the ANN model is underestimated by 2.83%, the EOF model underpredicted the Sq current intensity by 1.92% relative to the observation. The root mean square error (RMSE) of the EOF model is 0.64 kA. This RMSE is about 79% smaller than that of the ANN model. In addition, both the EOF and ANN models capture the variation of the total Sq current (Jtotal) intensity with respect to solar activity. In principle, the EOF model had an optimal performance at nearly 98% accuracy, with the ANN model exhibiting almost the same degree of accuracy, which appears to be a reference point for ionospheric conditions when looking for space weather applications.
The emerging roles of Gα12/13 proteins on the hallmarks of cancer in solid tumors
Authors: Rasheed Suhail Ahmed Kabeer , Subramanyan Lalitha Vaishnavi , Lim Wei Kiang , Udayappan Udhaya Kumari , Wang Mei , Casey Patrick J. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractG12 proteins comprise a subfamily of G-alpha subunits of heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G proteins) that link specific cell surface G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to downstream signaling molecules and play important roles in human physiology. The G12 subfamily contains two family members: Gα12 and Gα13 (encoded by the GNA12 and GNA13 genes, respectively) and, as with all G proteins, their activity is regulated by their ability to bind to guanine nucleotides. Increased expression of both Gα12 and Gα13, and their enhanced signaling, has been associated with tumorigenesis and tumor progression of multiple cancer types over the past decade. Despite these strong associations, Gα12/13 proteins are underappreciated in the field of cancer. As our understanding of G protein involvement in oncogenic signaling has evolved, it has become clear that Gα12/13 signaling is pleotropic and activates specific downstream effectors in different tumor types. Further, the expression of Gα12/13 proteins is regulated through a series of transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, several of which are frequently deregulated in cancer. With the ever-increasing understanding of tumorigenic processes driven by Gα12/13 proteins, it is becoming clear that targeting Gα12/13 signaling in a context-specific manner could provide a new strategy to improve therapeutic outcomes in a number of solid tumors. In this review, we detail how Gα12/13 proteins, which were first discovered as proto-oncogenes, are now known to drive several “classical” hallmarks, and also play important roles in the “emerging” hallmarks, of cancer.
ACTL6A suppresses p21Cip1 tumor suppressor expression to maintain an aggressive mesothelioma cancer cell phenotype
Authors: Shrestha Suruchi , Adhikary Gautam , Naselsky Warren , Xu Wen , Friedberg Joseph S. , Eckert Richard L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMesothelioma is a poor prognosis cancer of the mesothelial lining that develops in response to exposure to various agents including asbestos. Actin-Like Protein 6A (ACTL6A, BAF53a) is a SWI/SNF regulatory complex protein that is elevated in cancer cells and has been implicated as a driver of cancer cell survival and tumor formation. In the present study, we show that ACTL6A drives mesothelioma cancer cell proliferation, spheroid formation, invasion, and migration, and that these activities are markedly attenuated by ACTL6A knockdown. ACTL6A expression reduces the levels of the p21Cip1cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and tumor suppressor protein. DNA binding studies show that ACTL6A interacts with Sp1 and p53 binding DNA response elements in the p21Cip1gene promoter and that this is associated with reduced p21Cip1promoter activity and p21Cip1mRNA and protein levels. Moreover, ACTL6A suppression of p21Cip1expression is required for maintenance of the aggressive mesothelioma cancer cell phenotype suggesting that p21Cip1is a mediator of ACTL6A action. p53, a known inducer of p21Cip1expression, is involved ACTL6A in regulation of p21Cip1in some but not all mesothelioma cells. In addition, ACTL6A knockout markedly reduces tumor formation and this is associated with elevated tumor levels of p21Cip1. These findings suggest that ACTL6A suppresses p21Cip1promoter activity to reduce p21Cip1protein as a mechanism to maintain the aggressive mesothelioma cell phenotype.
Activity-based, genome-resolved metagenomics uncovers key populations and pathways involved in subsurface conversions of coal to methane
Authors: McKay Luke J , Smith Heidi J , Barnhart Elliott P , Schweitzer Hannah D , Malmstrom Rex R , Goudeau Danielle , Fields Matthew W 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Microbial metabolisms and interactions that facilitate subsurface conversions of recalcitrant carbon to methane are poorly understood. We deployed an in situ enrichment device in a subsurface coal seam in the Powder River Basin (PRB), USA, and used BONCAT-FACS-Metagenomics to identify translationally active populations involved in methane generation from a variety of coal-derived aromatic hydrocarbons. From the active fraction, high-quality metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) were recovered for the acetoclastic methanogen, Methanothrix paradoxum, and a novel member of the Chlorobi with the potential to generate acetate via the Pta-Ack pathway. Members of the Bacteroides and Geobacter also encoded Pta-Ack and together, all four populations had the putative ability to degrade ethylbenzene, phenylphosphate, phenylethanol, toluene, xylene, and phenol. Metabolic reconstructions, gene analyses, and environmental parameters also indicated that redox fluctuations likely promote facultative energy metabolisms in the coal seam. The active “Chlorobi PRB” MAG encoded enzymes for fermentation, nitrate reduction, and multiple oxygenases with varying binding affinities for oxygen. “M. paradoxum PRB” encoded an extradiol dioxygenase for aerobic phenylacetate degradation, which was also present in previously published Methanothrix genomes. These observations outline underlying processes for bio-methane from subbituminous coal by translationally active populations and demonstrate activity-based metagenomics as a powerful strategy in next generation physiology to understand ecologically relevant microbial populations.
Ice nucleation in a Gram-positive bacterium isolated from precipitation depends on a polyketide synthase and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase
Authors: Failor Kevin C , Liu Haijie , Llontop Marco E Mechan , LeBlanc Sophie , Eckshtain-Levi Noam , Sharma Parul , Reed Austin , Yang Shu , Tian Long , Lefevre Christopher T , Menguy Nicolas , Du Liangcheng , Monteil Caroline L , Vinatzer Boris A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Earth’s radiation budget and frequency and intensity of precipitation are influenced by aerosols with ice nucleation activity (INA), i.e., particles that catalyze the formation of ice. Some bacteria, fungi, and pollen are among the most efficient ice nucleators but the molecular basis of INA is poorly understood in most of them. Lysinibacillus parviboronicapiens (Lp) was previously identified as the first Gram-positive bacterium with INA. INA of Lp is associated with a secreted, nanometer-sized, non-proteinaceous macromolecule or particle. Here a combination of comparative genomics, transcriptomics, and a mutant screen showed that INA in Lp depends on a type I iterative polyketide synthase and a non-ribosomal peptide synthetase (PKS-NRPS). Differential filtration in combination with gradient ultracentrifugation revealed that the product of the PKS-NRPS is associated with secreted particles of a density typical of extracellular vesicles and electron microscopy showed that these particles consist in “pearl chain”-like structures not resembling any other known bacterial structures. These findings expand our knowledge of biological INA, may be a model for INA in other organisms for which the molecular basis of INA is unknown, and present another step towards unraveling the role of microbes in atmospheric processes.
Immune and nonimmune mechanisms mediate the mental stress-induced tumor growth in a xenograft model of breast cancer
Authors: Ma Wenjing , Liu Pengfei , Zheng Jie , Lü Jinhui , Zhao Qian , Li Danni , Guo Yuefan , Qian Lu , Wang Qiong , Miao Xinman , Yu Zuoren 
Published: October 2021

AbstractExcess mental stress may harm health, and even accelerate cancer initiation and progression. One fourth of breast cancer patients suffer mental stress including anxiety, sadness, or depression, which negatively affect prognosis and survival. However, the regulatory mechanism is yet to be determined. Herein, we applied unpredictable stress stimuli to the breast tumor-bearing mice to establish a xenograft model of breast cancer suffering mental stress, followed by behavioral tests, tumor growth tracking, immune analysis, miRNA screening, and tumor cell proliferation analysis as well. As a result, increased stress hormone levels in serum, decreased percentage of T and NK cells in both blood and tumor samples and accelerated tumor growth in vivo were observed in the mice exposed to mental stress. Promoted cell proliferation was observed in both primary tumor cells derived from the stressed mice and 4T1 breast cancer cells treated with stress hormone corticosterone. In addition, a subset of miRNAs including miR-326, 346, 493, 595, 615, and 665 were identified through a miRNA screening with downregulation in tumors of the stressed mice. CCND1 was identified as a common target gene of miR-346 and miR-493, the top two most significantly downregulated miRNAs by stress exposure. The stress-miRNA-CCND1 signaling regulation of the tumor cell proliferation was further validated in 4T1 cells treated with corticosterone in vitro. GO terms and KEGG pathways analyses on the target genes of miR-346 and miR-493 revealed their involvement in the regulation of human cancer and neuron system, indicating the importance of non-coding genome in mediating the mental stress-induced cancer regulation. In conclusion, this study not only explored immune and nonimmune mechanisms through which mental stress exposure contributes to tumor growth in breast cancer, but also suggested a new therapeutic strategy for cancer patients suffering mental stress.
Over-expression of lncRNA TMEM161B-AS1 promotes the malignant biological behavior of glioma cells and the resistance to temozolomide via up-regulating the expression of multiple ferroptosis-related genes by sponging hsa-miR-27a-3p
Authors: Chen Qiudan , Wang Weifeng , Wu Zhong , Chen Shuying , Chen Xiaotong , Zhuang Shihao , Song Guanglei , Lv Yuan , Lin Yong 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA growing body of evidence suggests that long-chain non-coding RNA (lncRNA) plays an important role in the malignant biological behavior and drug resistance of glioblastoma (GBM) cells. In this study, we analyzed the role and potential mechanism of lncRNA TMEM161B-AS1 in the malignant biological behavior of GBM cells and temozolomide (TMZ) resistance. Studies have found that FANCD2 and CD44 are significantly related to the occurrence of GBM, TMZ resistance and the survival of GBM patients. Knockdown of TMEM161B-AS1 down-regulated the expression of FANCD2 and CD44 by sponging hsa-miR-27a-3p, inhibited the proliferation, migration, invasion and promoted apoptosis, ferroptosis of U87 cells and U251 cells. Down-regulation of lncRNA TMEM161B-AS1 and/or over-expression of hsa-miR-27a-3p down-regulated the expression of FANCD2 and CD44, and inhibited the tumor growth in nude mice. These results demonstrated that the lncRNA TMEM161B-AS1-hsa-miR-27a-3p-FANCD2/CD44 signal axis regulated the malignant biological behavior of GBM and TMZ resistance. These findings were expected to provide promising therapeutic targets for the treatment of glioma.
PRIMA: a rapid and cost-effective genotyping method to detect single-nucleotide differences using probe-induced heteroduplexes
Authors: Kakui Hiroyuki , Yamazaki Misako , Shimizu Kentaro K. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTargeted mutagenesis by programmable site-specific nucleases like CRISPR typically produce 1-base pair (bp) insertion or deletion (indel) mutations. Although several methods have been developed to detect such 1-bp indels, each method has pros and cons in terms of cost and/or resolution. Heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA) is a traditional technique detecting small base pair differences but it has a limited resolution of mutation size and the band patterns are often complex. Here, we developed a new method called PRIMA (Probe-Induced HMA) using a short single-stranded DNA molecule as a probe in HMA. By utilizing a 40-mer probe containing a 5-nucleotide deletion, we assessed the mobility of a heteroduplex with a target DNA fragment from a plant, bacterium, and human. This method allowed us to detect a 1-bp indel mutation consistently. We also showed that SNPs can be detected using PRIMA. PRIMA provides a rapid and cost-effective solution for the genotyping.
Comparison of Various Modalities Utilized for Preoperative Planning in Microsurgical Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Nassar Amer H. , Maselli Amy M. , Manstein Samuel , Shiah Eric , Slatnick Brianna L. , Dowlatshahi Arriyan S. , Cauley Ryan , Lee Bernard T. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background The benefits of preoperative perforator imaging for microsurgical reconstruction have been well established in the literature.
Methods An extensive literature review was performed to determine the most commonly used modalities, and their applicability, advantages and disadvantages.
Results The review demonstrated varioius findings including decreases in operative time and cost with the use of CT angiography to identification of perforators for inclusion in flap design with hand-held Doppler ultrasound. Modalities like MR angiography offer alternatives for patients with contrast allergies or renal dysfunction while maintaining a high level of clarity and fidelity. Although the use of conventional angiography has decreased due to the availability of less invasive alternatives, it continues to serve a role in the preoperative evaluation of patients for lower extremity reconstruction. Duplex ultrasonography has been of great interest recently as an inexpensive, risk free, and extraordinarily accurate diagnostic tool. Emerging technologies such as indocyanine green fluorescence angiography and dynamic infrared thermography provide real-time information about tissue vascularity and perfusion without requiring radiation exposure.
Conclusion This article presents an in-depth review of the various imaging modalities available to reconstructive surgeons and includes hand held Doppler ultrasound, CT angiography, MR angiography, conventional angiography, duplex ultrasonography, Indocyanine Green Fluorescence Angiography and Dynamic Infrared Thermography.
Parental Life Span and Polygenic Risk Score of Longevity Are Associated With White Matter Hyperintensities
Authors: Dong Chao , Thalamuthu Anbupalam , Jiang Jiyang , Mather Karen A , Brodaty Henry , Sachdev Perminder S , Wen Wei 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Human longevity is moderately heritable and is hence influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. However, there remains considerable uncertainty regarding its relationship with brain aging. Here, we used a discovery sample (N = 19 136, aged 45–81 years) from the UK Biobank and a replication sample (N = 809, aged 66–93 years) from the Sydney Memory and Ageing Study and the Older Australian Twins Study to investigate the associations between both parental life span (parental age at death) and polygenic risk score (PRS) for longevity (longevity-PRS) and structural magnetic resonance imaging brain metrics, which are considered to reflect the brain aging process, namely white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), total gray matter, and cortical volumes. We found lower volumes of WMHs to be significantly associated with longer parental life span in the discovery (whole WMH, β = −0.0323, padj = .0002) and replication samples (whole WMH, β = −0.0871, padj = .0208) and higher longevity-PRS in the discovery sample (whole WMH, β = −0.0331, padj = .0015) and a similar trend in the replication sample (significant before multiple comparison adjustment). The association of longevity-PRS with WMH remained significant after removing the influence of the apolipoprotein E locus (whole WMH, β = −0.0297, padj = .0048). While total gray matter and cortical volumes were related to parental life span in the discovery sample, they were not significantly associated with longevity-PRS. Additionally, the effects of longevity-PRS on the association were more prominent in males. Our findings suggest that enrichment of longevity-related alleles may provide some protection against WMH burden and highlight the important aspect of genetic relationship between longevity and WMH.
Effects of fermented wheat bran and yeast culture on growth performance, immunity, and intestinal microflora in growing-finishing pigs
Authors: He Wei , Gao Yanan , Guo Zhiqiang , Yang Zheng , Wang Xiaoxu , Liu Honggui , Sun Haoyang , Shi Baoming 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of feeding fermented wheat bran (FWB) and yeast culture (YC) on growth performance, immune levels, and intestinal microflora in growing-finishing pigs. In total, 96 crossbred pigs were randomly distributed into four treatments with four replicates pens and six pigs per pen. This study was performed using a 2 × 2 factor design: 1) CON (basal diet), 2) FWB (basal diet + 5% FWB), 3) YC (basal diet + 2% YC), and 4) FWB + YC (basal diet + 5% FWB + 2% YC). Dietary FWB supplementation significantly increased the average daily gain and significantly decreased the feed gain ratio of growing-finishing pigs (P &lt; 0.05). Supplementation of FWB and YC improved the immune capacity and reduced the inflammation level of growing-finishing pigs (P &lt; 0.05). In addition, pigs fed FWB, YC, and FWB + YC diets showed better intestinal development and morphology compared with those CON pigs. The relative abundance of Streptococcus in the FWB group was significantly lower than that in the CON group (P &lt; 0.05), and the relative abundance of probiotics (unclassified_f_Lachnospiraceae, Turicibacter) increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the relative abundance of probiotics (Lactobacillus, norank_f_Muribaculaceae) in the YC group was significantly increased compared with the CON group (P &lt; 0.05). The results of this study observed positive effects of FWB and YC on growing-finishing pigs, which provides insights into the application of biological feed in swine industry.
The British Orthopaedic Oncology Management audit protocol
Authors: Archer James E , Chauhan Govind S , Osman Khabab , Thomson Calum , Dewan Varun , Nandra Rajpal , Stevenson Jonathan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Metastatic bone disease (MBD) is a frequently encountered condition in trauma and orthopaedic practice, and delayed or inappropriate management may lead to worse oncological outcomes, dysfunction and reoperation. Updated guidance from the British Orthopaedic Oncology Society (BOOS) and British Orthopaedic Association (BOA), in 2015, aimed to raise awareness of such risks and to set clear standards for the provision of care in MBD patients. However, it is unclear whether these recommendations have been routinely adopted into clinical practice. BOOS and BOA aim to revise and update this guidance, and British Orthopaedic Association Standard for Trauma (BOAST) guidelines relating to MBD management are due to be published. The aim of this collaborative audit is to evaluate and benchmark current practice in the management of MBD prior to the publication of these BOAST guidelines, providing a baseline comparison for further future re-audit.
Predicted free–free emission at radio wavelengths from Coronal Mass Ejections: event on 2011 March 7
Authors: Montes-Doria Daniela , González Ricardo F , Cantó Jorge , Kurtz Stanley 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT
We present an analytical model for the free–free emission at radio wavelengths produced by the interaction of a Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) with the ambient solar wind. Using our previous models, we show that a dense shell bounded by two shock fronts is formed from this interaction, whose dynamical evolution can be calculated based on considerations of the mass and momentum conservation for the shell. This structure undergoes two stages in its dynamical evolution: (1) A first one of constant velocity, when the shell is bounded by two shock fronts, and (2) a second one, in which a one-shock structure (the leading shock) is decelerated. Here, we compute the emission produced by these shocks, and present a comparison with synthetic observations of the 2011 March 7 CME. Our simplified model gives a physical insight into the free–free emission produced by shocks of CMEs.