bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cryptic diversity within thePoecilochirus carabimite species complex phoretic onNicrophorusburying beetles: Phylogeny, biogeography, and host specificity
Authors: Canitz Julia , Sikes Derek S. , Knee Wayne , Baumann Julia , Haftaro Petra , Steinmetz Nadine , Nave Martin , Eggert Anne‐Katrin , Hwang Wenbe , Nehring Volker 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCoevolution is often considered a major driver of speciation, but evidence for this claim is not always found because diversity might be cryptic. When morphological divergence is low, molecular data are needed to uncover diversity. This is often the case in mites, which are known for their extensive and often cryptic diversity. We studied mites of the genusPoecilochirusthat are phoretic on burying beetles (Silphidae:Nicrophorus).Poecilochirustaxonomy is poorly understood. Most studies on this genus focus on the evolutionary ecology ofPoecilochirus carabi sensu lato, a complex of at least two biological species. Based on molecular data of 230 specimens from 43 locations worldwide, we identified 24 genetic clusters that may represent species. We estimate that these mites began to diversify during the Paleogene, when the clade containingP.subterraneusbranched off and the remaining mites diverged into two further clades. One clade resemblesP.monospinosus. The other clade contains 17 genetic clusters resemblingP.carabi s.l.. Among these areP.carabi sensu stricto,P.necrophori, and potentially many additional cryptic species. Our analyses suggest that these clades were formed in the Miocene by large‐scale geographic separation; co‐speciation of mites with the host beetles can be largely ruled out. Diversification also seems to have happened on a smaller scale, potentially due to adaptation to specific hosts or local abiotic conditions, causing some clusters to specialize on certain beetle species. Our results suggest that biodiversity in this genus was generated by multiple interacting forces shaping the tangled webs of life.
Beneficial worm allies warn plants of parasite attack below‐ground and reduce above‐ground herbivore preference and performance
Authors: Kamali Shokoofeh , Javadmanesh Ali , Stelinski Lukasz L. , Kyndt Tina , Seifi Alireza , Cheniany Monireh , Zaki‐Aghl Mohammad , Hosseini Mojtaba , Heydarpour Mahyar , Asili Javad , Karimi Javad 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAntagonistic interactions among different functional guilds of nematodes have been recognized for quite some time, but the underlying explanatory mechanisms are unclear. We investigated responses of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) to two functional guilds of nematodes—plant parasite (Meloidogyne javanica) and entomopathogens (Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema feltiae below‐ground, and S. carpocapsae)—as well as a leaf mining insect (Tuta absoluta) above‐ground. Our results indicate that entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs): (1) reduced root knot nematode (RKN) infestation below‐ground, (2) reduced herbivore (T. absoluta) host preference and performance above‐ground, and (3) induced overlapping plant defence responses by rapidly activating polyphenol oxidase and guaiacol peroxidase activity in roots, but simultaneously suppressing this activity in above‐ground tissues. Concurrently, we investigated potential plant signalling mechanisms underlying these interactions using transcriptome analyses. We found that both entomopathogens and plant parasites triggered immune responses in plant roots with shared gene expression. Secondary metabolite transcripts induced in response to the two nematode functional guilds were generally overlapping and showed an analogous profile of regulation. Likewise, we show that EPNs modulate plant defence against RKN invasion, in part, by suppressing active expression of antioxidant enzymes. Inoculations of roots with EPN triggered an immune response in tomato via upregulated phenylpropanoid metabolism and synthesis of protease inhibitors in plant tissues, which may explain decreased egg laying and developmental performance exhibited by herbivores on EPN‐inoculated plants. Furthermore, changes induced in the volatile organic compound‐related transcriptome indicated that M. javanica and/or S. carpocapsae inoculation of plants triggered both direct and indirect defences. Our results support the hypothesis that plants “mistake” subterranean EPNs for parasites, and these otherwise beneficial worms activate a battery of plant defences associated with systemic acquired resistance and/or induced systemic resistance with concomitant antagonistic effects on temporally co‐occurring subterranean plant pathogenic nematodes and terrestrial herbivores.
Oomycete intracellular effectors: specialised weapons targeting strategic plant processes
Authors: Fabro Georgina 
Published: October 2021

SummaryOomycete phytopathogens have adapted to colonise plants using effectors as their molecular weapons. Intracellular effectors, mostly proteins but also small ribonucleic acids, are delivered by the pathogens into the host cell cytoplasm where they interfere with normal plant physiology. The diverse host processes emerging as ‘victims’ of these ‘specialised bullets’ include gene transcription and RNA‐mediated silencing, cell death, protein stability, protein secretion and autophagy. Some effector targets are directly involved in defence execution, while others participate in fundamental metabolisms whose alteration collaterally affects defences. Other effector targets are susceptibility factors (SFs), that is host components that make plants vulnerable to pathogens. SFs are mostly negative regulators of immunity, but some seem necessary to sustain or promote pathogen colonisation.
Public perceptions about nurses communicated via Twitter in Turkey
Authors: Şahan Seda , Yıldız Ayşegül , Ergin Eda 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesSocial media platforms such as Twitter allow people to openly express their views about many topics, including the nursing profession. COVID‐19 is currently a frequently searched and discussed topics on Twitter. This study was performed to identify the image of nursing in the social media before and during COVID‐19 pandemic in Turkey, and to review of public perceptions about nurses’ communication on twitter in Turkey.DesignThis study was conducted using content analysis with a sample of tweets posted on Twitter before and during the COVID‐19 pandemic. Codes were created, including expressions of respect, anxiety, violence, gratefulness, anger, positivity, and negativity.ResultsFindings showed that 35.65% of the 373 tweets posted prior to the COVID‐19 pandemic were positive while 64.35% were negative. During the pandemic 91.94% of the 1006 tweets were positive and 8.06% were negative.ConclusionThe results of this study suggests that public opinion about nurses, as reflected on Twitter during the COVID 19 pandemic, was positive.
Perspectives on Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers—Rise of the Dark Dimers†
Authors: Lawrence Karl P. , Delinasios George J. , Premi Sanjay , Young Antony R. , Cooke Marcus S. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACTSome early reports demonstrate that levels of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPD) may increase after UVR exposure had ended, although these observations were treated as artifacts. More recently, it has been shown unequivocally that CPD formation does occur post‐irradiation, with maximal levels occurring after about 2–3 h. These lesions have been termed “dark CPD” (dCPD). Subsequent studies have confirmed their presence in vitro, in mouse models and in human skin in vivo. Melanin carbonyls have a role in the formation of dCPD, but they have also been observed in amelanotic systems, indicating other, unknown process(es) exist. In both cases, the formation of dCPD can be prevented by the presence of certain antioxidants. We lack data on the spectral dependence of dCPD, but it is unlikely to be the same as for incident CPD (iCPD), which are formed only during irradiation. There is evidence that iCPD and dCPD may have different repair kinetics, although this remains to be elucidated. It is also unknown whether iCPD and dCPD have different biological properties. The formation of dCPD in human skin in vivo has implications for post solar exposure photoprotection, and skin carcinogenesis, with a need for this to be investigated further.
Turgor loss point and vulnerability to xylem embolism predict species‐specific risk of drought‐induced decline of urban trees
Authors: Petruzzellis F. , Tordoni E. , Di Bonaventura A. , Tomasella M. , Natale S. , Panepinto F. , Bacaro G. , Nardini A. 
Published: October 2021

ABSTRACT

Increasing frequency and severity of drought events is posing risks to trees' health, including those planted in urban settlements. Drought‐induced decline of urban trees negatively affects ecosystem services of urban green spaces and implies cost for maintenance and removal of plants. We aimed at identifying physiological traits that can explain and predict the species‐specific vulnerability to climate change in urban habitats.

We assessed the relationships between long‐term risk of decline of different tree species in a medium‐sized town and their key indicators of drought stress tolerance, i.e. turgor loss point (TLP) and vulnerability to xylem embolism (P50).

Starting from 2012, the study area experienced several summer seasons with positive anomalies of temperature and negative anomalies of precipitation. This trend was coupled with increasing percentages of urban trees showing signs of crown die‐back and mortality. The species‐specific risk of decline was higher for species with less negative TLP and P50 values.

The relationship between species‐specific risk of climate change‐induced decline of urban trees and key physiological indicators of drought tolerance confirms findings obtained in natural forests and highlights that TLP and P50 are useful indicators for species selection for tree plantation in towns, to mitigate negative impacts of climate change.
Firing on all cylinders: Decomposing regional growth dynamics in South Africa
Authors: Visagie Justin , Turok Ivan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe poor performance of the South African economy has been widely analysed, yet this disguises considerable internal variation, both between sectors and regions. Most disaggregated analysis focuses on national industry trends and neglects the role of geography. We undertake a shift‐share analysis with multifactor partitioning to decompose the growth performance of provinces into nationwide industry and region‐specific (or ‘place‐based’) shares between 1995 and 2018. The main finding is that place‐based effects explain as much of the variation in growth as nationwide industry effects in most provinces. This implies that the economic capabilities of each region need careful consideration as part of national growth strategies and reforms.
Improving soil organic carbon mapping with a field‐specific calibration approach through diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and machine learning algorithms
Authors: Camargo Livia Arantes , do Amaral Lucas Rios , dos Reis Aliny Aparecida , Brasco Thiago Luis , Magalhães Paulo Sergio Graziano 
Published: October 2021

AbstractDetailed mapping of soil attributes is often not viable due to the high cost of wet‐chemical laboratory analysis, which requires a large number of samples. Thus, we evaluated whether the prediction of SOC contents through field‐specific diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) can increase the amount of samples available to SOC mapping through data interpolation. For such, we tested the performance of the partial least squares regression (PLSR), random forest (RF) and gradient boosting tree (GBT) algorithms to model and predict SOC. The field‐specific calibration approach proposed here proved to be suitable for predicting SOC content on soil samples, reducing the dependence on wet‐chemical soil laboratory analyses for mapping. With such SOC content prediction, the higher amount of samples to be used for spatial interpolation can be increased, leading to more accurate SOC maps that can be applied for site‐specific management.
Patterns of paediatric massive blood transfusion protocol use in trauma and non‐trauma patients
Authors: Alberto Emily C. , Zheng Yinan , Milestone Zachary P. , Cheng Megan , Ahmed Omar Z. , Olafson Samantha , Fritzeen Jennifer L. , Sharron Matthew P. , Burd Randall S. , Jacquot Cyril 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundMassive blood transfusion is infrequently required by children but can be a lifesaving intervention for haemorrhage or coagulopathy. Product volumes and ratios administered during the initiation of paediatric massive blood transfusion protocol (MBTP) are highly variable and the optimal component ratio is unknown.Methods/MaterialsWe performed a single‐centre retrospective chart review of patients (<20 years) who received MBTP activation from August 2012 through January 2018. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between MBTP use characteristics (including blood product type and volume transfused, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation [ECMO] support, and cardiac arrest occurrence) and 24‐h mortality. “Low” product ratio was defined as a ratio of plasma or platelets to red blood cells (RBCs) of <1:2 and “high” as ≥1:2.ResultsNinety‐eight MBTPs were activated for 89 patients (range 1–4 per patient). The most common underlying diagnoses were congenital heart disease (CHD, n = 28, 31.5%), followed by cardiopulmonary disease, and trauma. CHD patients required the greatest volume of RBCs (226.3 ml/kg, 95%CI [160.0, 292.7], p = 0.002) and platelets (46.7 ml/kg, 95%CI [33.2, 60.2], p < 0.001). A “low” product ratio was more common for the MBTP, with its incidence similar among the underlying diagnoses.ConclusionAn MBTP developed for trauma patients can be applied to non‐trauma patients but standard MBTP components may not be optimal for all children. These findings show that underlying patient diagnoses may be a factor when designing an MBTP for a heterogeneous paediatric population.
Soil‐transmitted helminth infections after mass drug administration for lymphatic filariasis in rural southern India
Authors: Kaliappan Saravanakumar , Ramanujam Karthikeyan , Manuel Malathi , Farzana Jasmine , Janagaraj Venkateshprabhu , Laxmanan Selvi , Muliyil Jayaprakash , Sarkar Rajiv , Kang Gagandeep , Walson Judd , Ajjampur Sitara 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesTargeted deworming is the current strategy for control of morbidity associated with soil‐transmitted helminths (STH) among at‐risk populations: preschool‐aged children, school‐aged children and women of childbearing age. We report the prevalence and intensity of STH in a district after lymphatic filariasis (LF) mass drug administration (MDA) in southern India where albendazole was co‐administered from 2001.MethodsChildren aged 2 to 15 years and adults (defined as ≥15 years) in a rural administrative block of Tamil Nadu were recruited using a probability proportional to size method. Stool samples were screened and eggs per gram (EPG) determined by Kato‐Katz method. Multilevel logistic regression (MLR) and multilevel negative binomial regression (MNBR) analyses were used to identify factors associated with infection and intensity, respectively.ResultsOf 862 participants who provided samples, 60 (7.0%; 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.3–8.7) were positive for STH with a predominance of hookworm infections (n = 57, 6.6%; 95% CI: 5.0–8.3). Increasing age (odds ratio (OR): 1.09; 95% CI: 1.04–1.15) and regular usage of the toilet (OR: 0.32; 95% CI: 0.12–0.88) were independently associated with hookworm infection and age was significantly associated with increasing intensity of hookworm infection (infection intensity ratio (IIR): 1.28; 95% CI: 1.19–1.37). A brief review of STH prevalence in endemic settings before and after the stoppage of LF MDA indicated that, in most settings, a substantial reduction in STH prevalence is seen.ConclusionCommunity‐wide MDA in all age groups in these post‐LF MDA districts with low prevalence and light intensity infections could result in transmission interruption of STH.
The essential dimension of congruence covers
Authors: Farb Benson , Kisin Mark , Wolfson Jesse 
Published: October 2021

AbstractConsider the algebraic function $\Phi _{g,n}$ that assigns to a general $g$-dimensional abelian variety an $n$-torsion point. A question first posed by Klein asks: What is the minimal $d$ such that, after a rational change of variables, the function $\Phi _{g,n}$ can be written as an algebraic function of $d$ variables? Using techniques from the deformation theory of $p$-divisible groups and finite flat group schemes, we answer this question by computing the essential dimension and $p$-dimension of congruence covers of the moduli space of principally polarized abelian varieties. We apply this result to compute the essential $p$-dimension of congruence covers of the moduli space of genus $g$ curves, as well as its hyperelliptic locus, and of certain locally symmetric varieties. These results include cases where the locally symmetric variety $M$ is proper. As far as we know, these are the first examples of nontrivial lower bounds on the essential dimension of an unramified, nonabelian covering of a proper algebraic variety.
Four Weeks of Power Optimized Sprint Training Improves Sprint Performance in Adolescent Soccer Players
Authors: Derakhti Mikael , Bremec Domen , Kambič Tim , Ten Siethoff Lasse , Psilander Niklas 
Published: October 2021

Purpose: This study compared the effects of heavy resisted sprint training (RST) versus unresisted sprint training (UST) on sprint performance among adolescent soccer players. Methods: Twenty-four male soccer players (age: 15.7 [0.5] y; body height: 175.7 [9.4] cm; body mass: 62.5 [9.2] kg) were randomly assigned to the RST group (n = 8), the UST group (n = 10), or the control group (n = 6). The UST group performed 8 × 20 m unresisted sprints twice weekly for 4 weeks, whereas the RST group performed 5 × 20-m heavy resisted sprints with a resistance set to maximize the horizontal power output. The control group performed only ordinary soccer training and match play. Magnitude-based decision and linear regression were used to analyze the data. Results: The RST group improved sprint performances with moderate to large effect sizes (0.76–1.41) across all distances, both within and between groups (>92% beneficial effect likelihood). Conversely, there were no clear improvements in the UST and control groups. The RST evoked the largest improvements over short distances (6%–8%) and was strongly associated with increased maximum horizontal force capacities (r = .9). Players with a preintervention deficit in force capacity appeared to benefit the most from RST. Conclusions: Four weeks of heavy RST led to superior improvements in short-sprint performance compared with UST among adolescent soccer players. Heavy RST, using a load individually selected to maximize horizontal power, is therefore highly recommended as a method to improve sprint acceleration in youth athletes.
Equity of geographical access to public health facilities in Nepal
Authors: Cao Wen-Rui , Shakya Prabin , Karmacharya Biraj , Xu Dong Roman , Hao Yuan-Tao , Lai Ying-Si 
Published: October 2021

IntroductionGeographical accessibility is important against health equity, particularly for less developed countries as Nepal. It is important to identify the disparities in geographical accessibility to the three levels of public health facilities across Nepal, which has not been available.MethodsBased on the up-to-date dataset of Nepal formal public health facilities in 2021, we measured the geographical accessibility by calculating the travel time to the nearest public health facility of three levels (ie, primary, secondary and tertiary) across Nepal at 1×1 km2resolution under two travel modes: walking and motorised. Gini and Theil L index were used to assess the inequality. Potential locations of new facilities were identified for best improvement of geographical efficiency or equality.ResultsBoth geographical accessibility and its equality were better under the motorised mode compared with the walking mode. If motorised transportation is available to everyone, the population coverage within 5 min to any public health facilities would be improved by 62.13%. The population-weighted average travel time was 17.91 min, 39.88 min and 69.23 min and the Gini coefficients 0.03, 0.18 and 0.42 to the nearest primary, secondary and tertiary facilities, respectively, under motorised mode. For primary facilities, low accessibility was found in the northern mountain belt; for secondary facilities, the accessibility decreased with increased distance from the district centres; and for tertiary facilities, low accessibility was found in most areas except the developed areas like zonal centres. The potential locations of new facilities differed for the three levels of facilities. Besides, the majority of inequalities of geographical accessibility were from within-province.ConclusionThe high-resolution geographical accessibility maps and the assessment of inequality provide valuable information for health resource allocation and health-related planning in Nepal.
Partial pressure of oxygen level at admission as a predictor of postoperative pneumonia after hip fracture surgery in a geriatric population: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Ji Yahong , Li Xiaoli , Wang Yakang , Cheng Li , Tian Hua , Li Na , Wang Junning 
Published: October 2021

ObjectiveTo identify whether the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood (PaO2) level at admission is an independent risk factor as a prognostic biomarker to predict postoperative pneumonia (POP) in the geriatric population who have undergone hip fracture surgical repair at our hospital.DesignA retrospective cohort study.SettingThis is a retrospective chart review of POP after hip fracture surgery in China.ParticipantsIn training cohort, patients aged ≥65 years who had hip fracture surgery between 1 January 2018 and 30 November 2019. In the validation cohort, a series of patients who underwent hip fracture surgery between 1 January 2020 and 28 February 2020.InterventionsReceiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to obtain the area under the ROC curve (AUC) and cut-off values of PaO2to predict POP. A binomial logistic regression model was used to identify potential risk factors for POP by analysing demographic distribution factors, laboratory results, preoperative comorbidities and surgical factors. Then the regression model was validated using an independent cohort.ResultsIn the training cohort, ROC curves were generated to compare the predictive performance of PaO2for the occurrence of POP, and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.653 (95% CI 0.577 to 0.729, p<0.0001), with sensitivity and specificity values of 60.0% and 63.8%, respectively. The cut-off value of the PaO2for POP was 72.5 mm Hg. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that hypoxaemia (PaO2<72.5 mm Hg) at hospital admission (OR=3.000, 95% CI 1.629 to 5.528; p<0.0001) was independent risk factors associated with POP after hip fracture surgery. In the validation cohort, PaO2had a predictive eﬀect for POP (AUC 0.71, 95% CI 0.541 to 0.891).ConclusionsThe current study revealed that the PaO2level at hospital admission is a simple and widely available biomarker predictor of POP after hip fracture surgery in elderly patients.