bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with dental fluorosis among Malaysian children exposed to different fluoride concentrations in the public water supply
Authors: Mohd Nor Nor Azlida , Chadwick Barbara L. , Farnell Damian J. J. , Chestnutt Ivor G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of dental fluorosis, and factors associated with its occurrence in two cohorts of children exposed to different fluoride concentrations in the Malaysian water supply.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted among lifelong residents (n = 1,155) aged 9 and 12 years old living in fluoridated and nonfluoridated areas. Malaysian children aged 12 years were born when the level of fluoride in the public water supply was 0.7 ppm while those aged 9 years were born after the level was reduced to 0.5 ppm. Fluorosis was blind scored using standardized photographs of maxillary central incisors using Dean's criteria. Fluoride exposures and other factors were assessed by parental questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Chi‐squared analyses, and logistic regression.ResultsFluorosis prevalence was lower (31.9 percent) among the younger children born after the reduction of fluoride concentration in the water, compared to a prevalence of 38.4 percent in the older cohort. Early tooth brushing practices and fluoridated toothpaste were not statistically associated with fluorosis status. However, the prevalence of fluorosis was significantly associated with parents' education level, parents' income, fluoridated water, type of infant feeding method, age breast feeding ceased, use of formula milk, duration of formula milk intake, and type of water used to reconstitute formula milk via simple logistic regression. Fluoridated water remained a significant risk factor for fluorosis in multiple logistic regression.ConclusionsFluorosis was lower among children born after the adjustment of fluoride concentration in the water. Fluoridated water remained as a strong risk factor for fluorosis after downward adjustment of its fluoride concentration.
Automatic far‐field camera calibration for construction scene analysis
Authors: Assadzadeh Amin , Arashpour Mehrdad , Bab‐Hadiashar Alireza , Ngo Tuan , Li Heng 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe use of cameras for safety monitoring, progress tracking, and site security has grown significantly on construction and civil infrastructure sites over the past decade. Localization of construction resources is a crucial prerequisite for many applications in automated construction management. However, most existing vision‐based methods perform the analysis in the image plane, overlooking the effect of perspective and depth. The manual and labor‐intensive process of traditional calibration techniques, as well as the busy and restrictive construction environment, makes this a challenging task. This study proposes a framework for automatic camera calibration with no manual intervention. The framework utilizes convolutional neural networks for geometrical scene analysis and object detection, which are used to estimate the location of horizon line, vertical vanishing point, as well as objects with known height distributions. This enables automatic estimation of camera parameters and retrieval of scale. The proposed framework is evaluated on images from two major construction projects in Melbourne, Australia. Results show that the proposed method achieves a minimum accuracy of 90% in estimating proximity of points on the ground and can facilitate further development of vision‐based solutions for safety and productivity analysis.
Measurement of cortisol in blow samples collected from free‐swimming beluga whales (Delphinapterus leucas)
Authors: Hudson Justine M. , Anderson W. Gary , Marcoux Marianne 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBlow or respiratory vapor collection is a noninvasive technique for monitoring the physiology of cetaceans and although this technique shows promise, a major challenge of blow collection is difficulty quantifying samples due to variable amounts of seawater contamination. Here, we aimed to (1) determine whether blow samples could be collected from free‐swimming belugas, (2) assess whether urea could be used as a dilution marker to normalize blow samples, and (3) determine which factors influenced cortisol and urea concentrations. We collected a total of 252 blow samples from free‐swimming belugas in the Churchill River in Manitoba, Canada. Cortisol, an indicator of individual stress and health, was detected in 65.87% of samples with concentrations ranging from 6.73 to 963.17 pg/ml of extract volume, while urea was detected in 90.48% of samples with concentrations ranging from 0.21 to 20.30 mg/L. We were unable to verify the efficacy of urea as a dilution marker to normalize blow samples from free‐swimming belugas; however, absolute cortisol concentrations varied based on sample device and quantity rating. Although we demonstrated that blow can be successfully collected from free‐swimming belugas, further refinement of this technique is needed before it can be used as a reliable method for physiological assessments.
Trust and Involvement as Higher‐Order Factors of General Attitudes Towards Politics. Testing a Structural Model Across 26 Democracies
Authors: Bromme Laurits , Rothmund Tobias 
Published: February 2021

Interindividual differences in how people think and feel about politics have been investigated for decades. However, the great number of attitudinal concepts that has been developed to describe these differences is likely to distract from their conceptual overlap and dimensional structure. In addition, not much is known about the cross‐cultural invariance of their interrelation. We propose that attitudes towards politics can be structured by two broad higher‐order factors, a factor ofgeneral political involvementand a factor ofgeneral political trust. In two studies (N1 = 767;N2 = 29,018), including representative samples from 26 democracies, we first conduct several confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to show that the higher‐order model is a well‐fitting and parsimonious alternative to a baseline model without higher‐order factors in most samples. Second, we present evidence from multigroup CFA that the overall patterns of factor loadings are the same across all 26 countries. We interpret this structural equivalence across different democracies as support for the assumption that general political involvement and general political trust reflect basic orientations towards politics that are based on (1) demands of democratic political systems and (2) universal principles in human trait structure.
The use of metaphor to explore prospective mathematics teachers’ projective identity
Authors: Gomez Carlos Nicolas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractMetaphors have been widely used to investigate the perspectives of teachers and students in mathematics. In this report, an instrument was developed, the metaphor continuums, to provide a space for four prospective teachers to discuss their projective identities as teachers and mathematics teacher. Using an argumentation perspective on identity, the responses to the instrument were investigated to determine a tentative manifestation of the participants’ projective identity. The participants’ provided some evidence of their projective identities as teacher and mathematics teachers being aligned. One participant did not provide evidence of distinguishing between her identity as a mathematics teacher and a teacher. The vehicles, or subject of the metaphors, given to the participants provided varying ways for them to explore their ideas of teaching and learning mathematics. The metaphor continuums showed potential for mathematics teacher educators to receive initial information to help in determining targeted interventions for their students.
Conduction in Rings With Internal Heat Generation
Authors: Wang C. Y. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The basic problem of steady-state heat conduction in a ring with internal heat generation and convective boundary conditions is considered. An exact solution is found for the ring with a rectangular cross section and an efficient Ritz method is presented for general cross sections. The latter is applied to the torus or the ring with a circular cross section. Hot spots and cold spots are determined.
Gas–Solid Erosion Wear Characteristics of Elbow Pipe With Corrosion Defects
Authors: Zhang Jie , Zhang Hao , Chen Xiaohua , Yu Chunyu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Corrosion and erosion are the main factors of pipes failure. Erosion wear characteristics of elbow pipe with corrosion defect are investigated in this paper. Initially, the erosion result of nondefect elbow pipe is calculated and compared to elbow pipe with corrosion defect. An elliptical erosion area with a V-shaped dent occurs at the extrados due to the particles' impact. The uniform corrosion defects change the structure of the pipe's inner surface. Therefore, the defect areas are more prone to be impacted by particles and then more severe erosion occurs. The maximum erosion rates of corrosion defect and noncorrosion area synchronously reach the maximum value as the corrosion defect located at 55 deg. The larger the particle mass flow rate is, the more severe the elbow pipe erosion is. As the flow rate increases, erosion rates of corrosion area and noncorrosion area increase, while the maximum erosion rate of corrosion area occurs at 55 deg. Structural parameters of corrosion defects affect the erosion. As the distance between two corrosion defects increases, the maximum erosion rate of lower corrosion defect increases. Considering the location, structure, and number of corrosion defect, a larger corrosion defect located in the middle of extrados has a worse effect on elbow pipe safety.
Fully Plastic Failure Stresses and Allowable Crack Sizes for Circumferentially Surface-Cracked Pipes Subjected to Tensile Loading
Authors: Hasegawa Kunio , Dvořák David , Mareš Vratislav , Strnadel Bohumir , Li Yinsheng 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Fully plastic failure stresses for circumferentially surface-cracked pipes subjected to tensile loading can be estimated by means of limit load criteria based on the net-section stress approach. Limit load criteria of the first type (labeled LLC-1) were derived from the balance of uniaxial forces. Limit load criteria of the second type are given in Section XI of the ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineering) Code, and were derived from the balance of bending moment and axial force. These are labeled LLC-2. Fully plastic failure stresses estimated by using LLC-1 and LLC-2 were compared. The stresses estimated by LLC-1 are always larger than those estimated by LLC-2. From the literature survey of experimental data, failure stresses obtained by both types of LLC were compared with the experimental data. It can be stated that failure stresses calculated by LLC-1 are better than those calculated by LLC-2 for shallow cracks. On the contrary, for deep cracks, LLC-2 predictions of failure stresses are fairly close to the experimental data. Furthermore, allowable circumferential crack sizes obtained by LLC-1 were compared with the sizes given in Section XI of the ASME Code. The allowable crack sizes obtained by LLC-1 are larger than those obtained by LLC-2. It can be stated that the allowable crack size for tensile stress depends on the condition of constraint of the pipe, and the allowable cracks given in Section XI of the ASME Code are conservative.
Prospective, randomised, controlled study on the efficacy and safety of different strategies of tranexamic acid with total blood loss, blood transfusion rate and thrombogenic biomarkers in total knee arthroplasty: study protocol
Authors: Yang Yong , Wang Zheng , Wang Faxuan , Zhao Xin , Yang Kaijie , He Jinlong , Jin Yun , Yang Haibo , Ding Dong , Jin Qunhua 
Published: February 2021

IntroductionTotal knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a common and highly effective orthopaedic procedure for treating end-stage knee osteoarthritis. Tranexamic acid (TXA) has become a routine part of perioperative care in TKAs. The best practices regarding the delivery method of TXA in TKA remain controversial. Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), thrombin–antithrombin (TAT) complexes and prothrombin fragment F1+2 (F1+2) have been demonstrated to be elevated in patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE). The aim of this trial was to investigate the most efficacious delivery method of TXA (comparison of intravenous and topical applications and comparison of three topical applications) and to evaluate the safety of TXA strategies by investigating the effect of TXA on the plasma D-dimer, PAI-1, TAT and F1+2 levels.Methods and designThis trial is a prospective, randomised, controlled study that will evaluate the efficacy and safety of strategies of TXA. A total of 250 patients undergoing primary TKA will be randomly allocated to five groups for different TXA applications. The primary outcome is total blood loss. The secondary outcomes are blood transfusion rate, drainage volume, plasma D-dimer, PAI-1, TAT and F1+2 levels, maximum haemoglobin drop, wound complications, VTE and length of hospital stay.Ethics and disseminationThis study’s protocol is in accordance with the declaration of Helsinki. The ethics committee of the General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University approved this study (approval ID: 2020–505). The results of this study will be disseminated in international peer reviewed journals.Trial registration numberChiCTR2000030624.
Internet-based acceptance and commitment therapy programme ‘Happiness Mom’ for well-being: a protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Sasaki Natsu , Imamura Kotaro , Nishi Daisuke , Watanabe Kazuhiro , Sekiya Yuki , Tsuno Kanami , Kobayashi Yuka , Kawakami Norito 
Published: February 2021

IntroductionThis randomised controlled trial (RCT) aims to examine the effects of an internet-delivered acceptance and commitment therapy (iACT) programme (‘Happiness Mom’) on the psychological well-being of working mothers.Methods and analysisThe target population of the RCT will be employed mothers with at least one preschool child. Participants who fulfil the study’s eligibility criteria will be randomly assigned either to an iACT intervention group (n=200) or to a wait-list control group (n=200). Participants in the intervention groups will be asked to complete the programme within 12 weeks of the baseline survey. The intervention programme contains eight modules based on ACT. Primary outcomes are six components of psychological well-being, based on Ryff’s theory. Secondary outcomes are intention to leave their job, work engagement, work performance, sick leave days, psychological distress, euthymia, positive emotions, job and life satisfaction, social support and parental burn-out.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for this study has been obtained from the Research Ethics Review Board of Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo (No. 2019134NI). If the intervention programmes are found to be significantly beneficial, the programmes can be made available for all working mothers with preschool children in Japan.DiscussionThis study will contribute to the development of an internet-based self-care programme that is effective, feasible, low cost and accessible to improve the well-being of working mothers.Trial registration numberUMIN000039918.
Willingness of patients with sarcoma to participate in cancer surveillance research: a cross-sectional patient survey
Authors: Schneider Patricia , Giglio Victoria , Ghanem Dana , Wilson David , Turcotte Robert , Isler Marc , Mottard Sophie , Miller Benjamin , Hayden James , Doung Yee-Cheen , Gundle Kenneth , Randall R Lor , Jones Kevin , Vélez Roberto , Ghert Michelle 
Published: February 2021

ObjectivesTo determine the proportion of patients with extremity sarcoma who would be willing to participate in a clinical trial in which they would be randomised to one of four different postoperative sarcoma surveillance regimens. Additionally, we assessed patients’ perspectives on the burden of cancer care, factors that influence comfort with randomisation and the importance of cancer research.DesignProspective, cross-sectional patient survey.SettingOutpatient sarcoma clinics in Canada, the USA and Spain between May 2017 and April 2020. Survey data were entered into a study-specific database.ParticipantsPatients with extremity sarcoma who had completed definitive treatment from seven clinics across Canada, the USA and Spain.Main outcome measuresThe proportion of patients with extremity sarcoma who would be willing to participate in a randomised controlled trial (RCT) that evaluates varying postoperative cancer surveillance regimens.ResultsOne hundred thirty complete surveys were obtained. Respondents reported a wide range of burdens related to clinical care and surveillance. The majority of patients (85.5%) responded that they would agree to participate in a cancer surveillance RCT if eligible. The most common reason to participate was that they wanted to help future patients. Those that would decline to participate most commonly reported that participating in research would be too much of a burden for them at a time when they are already feeling overwhelmed. However, most patients agreed that cancer research will help doctors better understand and treat cancer.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that most participants would be willing to participate in an RCT that evaluates varying postoperative cancer surveillance regimens. Participants’ motivation for trial participation included altruistic reasons to help future patients and deterrents to trial participation included the overwhelming burden of a cancer diagnosis. These results will help inform the development of patient-centred RCT protocols in sarcoma surveillance research.Level of evidenceV.
Risk stratifying gastric ulcers: development and validation of a scoring system
Authors: Brindle William M , Grant Rebecca K , Smith Marianne , Suddaby Meghan , Wallace Angus , Gillespie Sarah-Louise , Church Nicholas I , Noble Colin L , Penman Ian D , Plevris John N , Robertson Alexander R , Watson Eleanor F , Selinger Christian P , Kalla Rahul , Masterton Gail S M 
Published: February 2021

ObjectiveDebate is ongoing regarding the need for universal endoscopic follow-up to ensure gastric ulcer healing. We aimed to assess the value of follow-up oesophago-gastro-duodenoscopies (OGDs) for gastric ulcer healing and stratify patients according to risk of malignancy by developing a risk score.Design/methodAll patients in National Health Service (NHS) Lothian with an index OGD and a diagnosis of gastric ulcer between 1 January 2014 and 31 December 2018 were identified. Data were analysed with logistic regression to identify factors significantly associated with a diagnosis of cancer; a risk score was derived and externally validated.Results778 patients were identified and 60.3% (469/778) of patients had a follow-up OGD. 8.6% (66/778) of patients were diagnosed with cancer. No cases of cancer were found on follow-up OGD of a benign appearing ulcer with negative biopsies. Macroscopic suspicion of malignancy was present at index OGD in 100% (3/3) of those diagnosed with cancer on subsequent OGDs. Older age (p=0.014), increased ulcer size (p<0.001) and non-antral location (p=0.030) were significantly associated with malignancy. A risk score (area under the curve (AUC) 0.868, p<0.001, minimum score=0, maximum score=6) was derived from these variables. 78.0% of patients with malignant ulcers scored ≥3, only 15.8% with benign ulcers scored ≥3 (negative predictive value (NPV) 97.4%). External validation yielded an AUC of 0.862 (p<0.001) and NPV of 98.6%; 84.0% of those with malignant ulcers scored ≥3.ConclusionUlcers with a combination of macroscopically benign appearances, at least six negative biopsies and a low risk score do not necessarily need endoscopic follow-up.
TGFβ1 neutralization displays therapeutic efficacy through both an immunomodulatory and a non-immune tumor-intrinsic mechanism
Authors: Canè Stefania , Van Snick Jacques , Uyttenhove Catherine , Pilotte Luc , Van den Eynde Benoit J 
Published: February 2021

BackgroundTransforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is emerging as a promising target for cancer therapy, given its ability to promote progression of advanced tumors and to suppress anti-tumor immune responses. However, TGFβ also plays multiple roles in normal tissues, particularly during organogenesis, raising toxicity concerns about TGFβ blockade. Dose-limiting cardiovascular toxicity was observed, possibly due to the blockade of all three TGFβ isoforms. The dominant isoform in tumors is TGFβ1, while TGFβ2 and TGFβ3 seem to be more involved in cardiovascular development. Recent data indicated that selective targeting of TGFβ1 promoted the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitor anti-PD1 in transplanted preclinical tumor models, without cardiovascular toxicity.MethodsTo further explore the therapeutic potential of isoform-specific TGFβ blockade, we developed neutralizing mAbs targeting mature TGFβ1 or TGFβ3, and tested them, in parallel with anti-panTGFβ mAb 1D11, in two preclinical models: the transplanted colon cancer model CT26, and the autochthonous melanoma model TiRP.ResultsWe observed that the blockade of TGFβ1, but not that of TGFβ3, increased the efficacy of a prophylactic cellular vaccine against colon cancer CT26. This effect was similar to pan-TGFβ blockade, and was associated with increased infiltration of activated CD8 T cells in the tumor, and reduced levels of regulatory T cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells. In contrast, in the autochthonous TiRP melanoma model, we observed therapeutic efficacy of the TGFβ1-specific mAb as a single agent, while the TGFβ3 mAb was inactive. In this model, the anti-tumor effect of TGFβ1 blockade was tumor intrinsic rather than immune mediated, as it was also observed in T-cell depleted mice. Mechanistically, TGFβ1 blockade increased mouse survival by delaying the phenotype switch, akin to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which transforms initially pigmented tumors into highly aggressive unpigmented tumors.ConclusionsOur results confirm TGFβ1 as the relevant isoform to target for cancer therapy, not only in combination with checkpoint inhibitors, but also with other immunotherapies such as cancer vaccines. Moreover, TGFβ1 blockade can also act as a monotherapy, through a tumor-intrinsic effect blocking the EMT-like transition. Because human melanomas that resist therapy often express a gene signature that links TGFβ1 with EMT-related genes, these results support the clinical development of TGFβ1-specific mAbs in melanoma.