bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical considerations in clinical trial design with event‐free survival as the primary efficacy endpoint
Authors: Xu Tu , Zhang Yiming , Goldwasser Meredith , Zhang Vickie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractIn late‐phase confirmatory clinical trials in the oncology field, time‐to‐event (TTE) endpoints are commonly used as primary endpoints for establishing the efficacy of investigational therapies. Among these TTE endpoints, overall survival (OS) is always considered as the gold standard. However, OS data can take years to mature, and its use for measurement of efficacy can be confounded by the use of post‐treatment rescue therapies or supportive care. Therefore, to accelerate the development process and better characterize the treatment effect of new investigational therapies, other TTE endpoints such as progression‐free survival and event‐free survival (EFS) are applied as primary efficacy endpoints in some confirmatory trials, either as a surrogate for OS or as a direct measure of clinical benefits. For evaluating novel treatments for acute myeloid leukemia, EFS has been gradually recognized as a direct measure of clinical benefits. However, the application of an EFS endpoint is still controversial mainly due to the debate surrounding definition of treatment failure (TF) events. In this article, we investigate the EFS endpoint with the most conservative definition for the timing of TF, which is Day 1 since randomization. Specifically, the corresponding non‐proportional hazard pattern of the EFS endpoint is investigated with both analytical and numerical approaches.
A geometric description of the set of stabilizing PID controllers
Authors: Gu Keqin , Ma Qian , Zhou Huiqing , Mahzoon Salma , Yang Xingzi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis article developed a new method to described the set of stabilizing PID control. The method is based on D‐parameterization with natural description of the set. It was found that the stability crossing surface is a ruled surface that is completely determined by a curve known as discriminant. The discriminant is divided into sectors at the cusps. Corresponding to the sectors, the stability crossing surface is divided into positive and negative patches. A systematic study is conducted to identify the regions with a fixed number of right half‐plane characteristic roots. The crossing directions of characteristic roots for positive patches and negative patches are also studied. As a result, a systematic method is developed to identify the regions of PID parameter such that the system is stabilized.
Biased random k‐SAT
Authors: Larsson Joel , Markström Klas 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe basic random k‐SAT problem is: given a set of n Boolean variables, and m clauses of size k picked uniformly at random from the set of all such clauses on our variables, is the conjunction of these clauses satisfiable? Here we consider a variation of this problem where there is a bias towards variables occurring positive—that is, variables occur negated w.p. and positive otherwise—and study how the satisfiability threshold depends on p. For this model breaks many of the symmetries of the original random k‐SAT problem, for example, the distribution of satisfying assignments in the Boolean cube is no longer uniform. For any fixed k, we find the asymptotics of the threshold as p approaches 0 or . The former confirms earlier predictions based on numerical studies and heuristic methods from statistical physics.
The Use of Nanomaterial In Vivo Organ Burden Data for In Vitro Dose Setting
Authors: Ma‐Hock Lan , Sauer Ursula G. , Ruggiero Emmanuel , Keller Johannes‐Georg , Wohlleben Wendel , Landsiedel Robert 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEffects of nanomaterials are usually observed at higher concentrations in vitro compared to animal studies. This is pointing to differences between in vivo situations and generally less complex in vitro models. These differences concern toxicodynamics and the internal exposure (at the target cells of the in vitro and in vivo test system). The latter can be minimized by appropriate in vivo to in vitro dose extrapolations (IVIVE). An IVIVE six‐step procedure is proposed here: 1) determine in vivo exposure; 2) identify in vivo organ burden at lowest observed adverse effect concentration; 3) extrapolate in vivo organ burden to in vitro effective dose; 4) extrapolate in vitro effective dose to nominal concentration; 5) set dose ranges to establish dose–response relationships; and 6) consider uncertainties and specificities of in vitro test system. Assessing the results of in vitro studies needs careful consideration of discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo models: apart from different endpoints (usually cellular responses in vitro and adverse effects on organs or organisms in vivo), nanomaterials can also have a different potency in relatively simple in vitro models and the more complex corresponding organ in vivo. IVIVE can, nonetheless, reduce the differences in exposures.
Photothermal Membrane Distillation toward Solar Water Production
Authors: Gao Minmin , Peh Connor Kangnuo , Meng Fan Lu , Ho Ghim Wei 
Published: February 2021

AbstractFreshwater production is one of the biggest global challenges today. Though desalination can provide a climate‐independent source of clean water, the process requires a high energy consumption. Emerging advancement of photothermal nanomaterials and the urgent demand for a green technology transition have reinvigorated the established solar distillation technology. The current development of photothermal vaporization focuses on material innovation and interfacial heating, which largely emphasizes vapor generation efficiency, without considering pragmatic water collection. Moreover, salt accumulation is another critical issue of seawater solar‐driven vaporization. The incorporation of photothermal materials into a photothermal membrane distillation (PMD) solar evaporator design harmoniously resolves these issues through combination of renewable energy and efficient interfacial distillation, to achieve the ultimate goal of practical saline water into freshwater conversion. At this juncture, it is imperative to review the recent opportunities and progresses of the PMD system. Here, the fundamental photothermal processes, strategies for efficient evaporator design, evaluation of various criteria for photothermal material incorporation with desired properties, discussions on desalination, water treatment, and energy generation applications are covered. Guidelines in material and system designs to further advance the PMD system that is highly promising in delivering portable water for both large‐scale and decentralized systems are provided.
Orbital Fractures
Authors: Parameswaran Ananthanarayanan , Marimuthu Madhulaxmi , Panwar Shreya , Hammer Beat 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSurgery for orbital trauma is challenging. A good understanding of the orbit, its normal form, function, and the varying patterns of its disruption due to trauma is essential for its proper management. The aim of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive clinical overview of all facets of orbital trauma for the young surgeon. The chapter has been structured to include the basics of (i) anatomy, (ii) biomechanics of injury, (iii) classification and their clinical implications, (iv) surgical approaches and (v) management options available for individual types of fractures. Special features of this chapter include descriptions of clinical features exclusive to orbital trauma with a section for management of orbital emergencies. A detailed note is provided for the management of fractures of the orbital floor including guidelines for deep orbital dissection and elaboration of the principles of reconstruction. The role of computer assisted surgery, intra-operative navigation and patient specific implants has also been added to explain the recent advances in this field of surgery.
Adjunctive Therapy in Oral Cancer
Authors: Dhawan Amit 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOral squamous cell carcinoma is the third most common cancer in Indian subcontinent affecting people with lower socioeconomic status. Due to inadequate screening facilities and lack of awareness among individuals most of the oral cancer cases are detected at an advanced stage. As early stage oral squamous cell carcinoma patients can be treated with single modality treatment (surgery or radical radiotherapy), multimodality regimen (surgery followed by concurrent chemoradiation) is adopted for high risk advanced stage cancers with multiple adverse features like extra nodal extension, lymphovascular invasion and perineural spread. The chapter outlines the principles of adjunctive therapy in oral cancer patients with special reference to different techniques, indications of radiotherapy and role of chemotherapeutic regimes in improving the overall survival of advanced stage oral cancer patients.
Region Prepositions: The View from French
Authors: Ursini Francesco-Alessio , Tse Keith 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe goal of this article is to offer a formal account of region prepositions in French. We define region prepositions as prepositions that denote non-oriented locations and resist modification with measure phrases (e.g.,au nez dein#dix metres au nez de l'avion‘ten meters from (in front of) the tip of the airplane’). We show that region prepositions may involve items that include inflected markers or items involving “bare” markers (au bord de‘at the edge of’ vs.à droite de‘to the right of’). We analyze the relation between structure and semantic type to show that this distribution stems from the morpho-syntactic properties of their “internal location nouns” (e.g.,nez,bord, droite, sommet). We offer a feature-driven analysis of these prepositions that hinges on a Lexical Syntax account and can capture all of the relevant data in a unified perspective. We conclude by discussing some theoretical consequences for accounts of spatial prepositions.
Modeling configurational explanations
Authors: Damonte Alessia 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHow can Qualitative Comparative Analysis contribute to causal knowledge? The article's answer builds on the shift from design to models that the Structural Causal Model framework has compelled in the probabilistic analysis of causation. From this viewpoint, models refine the claim that a ‘treatment’ has causal relevance as they specify the ‘covariates’ that make some units responsive. The article shows how QCA can establish configurational models of plausible ‘covariates’. It explicates the rationale, operations, and criteria that confer explanatory import to configurational models, then illustrates how the basic structures of the SCM can widen the interpretability of configurational solutions and deepen the dialogue among techniques.
Unraveling the Philosophical Foundations of Co-opetition Strategy
Authors: Dagnino Giovanni Battista , Minà Anna 
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACTThis article aims to understand how Eastern and Western philosophies shape the perspectives of scholars and practitioners in framing co-opetition (i.e., the coexistence of competition and cooperation) in distinctive manners and, in turn, how such distinctions shape the behavioral patterns of co-opetition. We disentangle the constructs of competition and cooperation and their coexistence as proposed by three Chinese schools of thought (i.e., Taoism, Confucianism, and Legalism) and three Western philosophers (i.e., Immanuel Kant, Georg W. F. Hegel, and Adam Smith). Based on this groundwork, we unveil four comparative philosophical logics used to address the essence of co-opetition (i.e., either/or, both/and, both/or, and either/and). In addition, we apply such East-meeting-West linkages to a typology of co-opetition strategies.
Intercropping of climbing bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.) and East African highland banana (Musa spp.) in the Ugandan highlands
Authors: Ronner Esther , Thuijsman Eva , Ebanyat Peter , Descheemaeker Katrien , Giller Ken E. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEast African highland bananas and climbing beans are important crops for food and income in the highlands of Uganda. Intercropping of banana with legume crops is a common practice, yet climbing bean intercropping with perennials has rarely been studied in Uganda. To understand how best to improve the production system, we assessed the effects of pruning of banana leaves on light availability for climbing beans, resulting effects on bean yields and potential differences in shade tolerance between two climbing bean varieties in the eastern and southwestern highlands of Uganda. Measurements of the transmission of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) through the banana canopy were combined with yield measurements of a local and improved climbing bean variety and with banana pseudostem girth in two seasons (2016A and 2016B). We also compared yields of intercropped with sole-cropped climbing beans. The mean fractions of PAR transmitted through the banana canopy – hence available for beans – were 0.43 on pruned and 0.38 on non-pruned subplots, a significant 15% difference. The improved light availability did not increase climbing bean yield. Although no direct relationship between light interception and bean yields was found, bean yields on the most and least shaded parts of the intercropped fields differed significantly, suggesting that beans do benefit from improved light availability in intercropping. Generally, yields of sole-cropped beans were significantly larger than of intercropped beans, but we could not single out the effects of competition for light, water, and/or nutrients. The bean varieties responded similarly to the pruning treatments. The local variety tended to perform relatively better in intercropping, the improved variety in sole cropping, though differences were not significant overall. Pruning and retention of eight banana leaves over the course of a season did not affect banana pseudostem girths in the mature banana plantations. Although light availability improved, farmers may not expect a major effect on bean yield. Future research may focus on the effects of a lower number of leaves retained, comparing a number of bean varieties for suitability in sole or intercropping, or on other factors influencing the relation between the two crops such as relative plant densities of beans and bananas.
Identity, Death, and Ascension in the First Apocalypse of James and the Gospel of John
Authors: Parkhouse Sarah 
Published: February 2021

AbtractIn the Gospel of John, Jesus declares himself to be the way to the Father; in the First Apocalypse of James, Jesus explains exactly what this way entails. This article analyzes how 1 Apoc. Jas. uses the Johannine christological themes of identity, death and ascension and makes them applicable for human salvation. The identity of Jesus as a son of the Father, as opposed to the inhabitants of the world/cosmos, his autonomous death that conquers cosmic evils, and his immediate ascension and fleshly return are all Johannine motifs that are reformulated in 1 Apoc. Jas. Jesus reveals to James that he too is a son of the Father, and James must declare this identity during his postmortem journey through the celestial toll-collectors. He must not fear his impending stoning as, like other martyrdom literature, the martyr is immune to earthly concerns, and the real challenge lies in the cosmic sphere.
Contestations of the Liberal International Order: From Liberal Multilateralism to Postnational Liberalism
Authors: Börzel Tanja A. , Zürn Michael 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe 1990s saw a systemic shift from the liberal post–World War II international order ofliberal multilateralism(LIO I) to a post–Cold War international order ofpostnational liberalism(LIO II). LIO II has not been only rule-based but has openly pursued a liberal social purpose with a significant amount of authority beyond the nation-state. While postnational liberal institutions helped increase overall well-being globally, they were criticized for using double standards and institutionalizing state inequality. We argue that these institutional features of the postnational LIO II led to legitimation problems, which explain both the current wave of contestations and the strategies chosen by different contestants. We develop our argument first by mapping the growing liberal intrusiveness of international institutions. Second, we demonstrate the increased level and variety of contestations in international security and international refugee law. We show that increased liberal intrusiveness has led to a variety of contestation strategies, the choice of which is affected by the preference of a contestant regarding postnational liberalism and its power within the contested institution.
Comparison between two preventive treatments for hyperketonaemia carried out pre-partum: effects on non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyrate and some biochemical parameters during peripartum and early lactation
Authors: Fiore Enrico , Perillo Laura , Gianesella Matteo , Giannetto Claudia , Giudice Elisabetta , Piccione Giuseppe , Morgante Massimo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe objective of this study was to compare the effect of two different preventive protocols, on serum β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration and liver health indices pre-partum and during early-lactation in high-yielding Holstein dairy cows. One hundred cows were randomly divided into three groups: control group (CTRL, n = 20, without preventive treatment), second group (SUPP, n = 40 animals treated with a compound based on acetyl-methionine, inositol, cyanocobalamin, l-alanine, l-arginine, l-threonine, l-glutamic acid supplementation and α-lipoic acid) and third group (MON, n = 40 animals treated with monensin). Blood samples were collected from all cows at on 3 occasions pre-partum and 3 occasions post-partum. Body condition (BCS) score was evaluated and glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), BHB, triglycerides, total cholesterol, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), total bilirubin, total proteins, globulins, albumin and urea concentrations were assessed. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was applied. Statistically significant differences among the three experimental groups were found in the values of all studied parameters (P < 0.05). Our results confirm the established beneficial effect of MON treatment in decreasing BHB levels and increasing glucose availability after calving. Serum biochemical analysis revealed the expected post-partum alterations attributable to adaptations that influenced the metabolism and liver function in CTRL, whereas these alterations were reduced or absent in SUPP and MON. Results from the present study suggest that both preventive protocols, but in particular SUPP, could positively affect selected indicators of energy metabolism reducing the risk of hyperketonaemia and increase of liver function in Holstein dairy cows, both pre- and post-partum.
Reproductive females and young mouflon (Ovis gmelini musimon×Ovissp.) in poor body condition are the main spreaders of gastrointestinal parasites
Authors: Bourgoin Gilles , Portanier Elodie , Poirel Marie-Thérèse , Itty Christian , Duhayer Jeanne , Benabed Slimania , Cockenpot Anne , Callait-Cardinal Marie-Pierre , Garel Mathieu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractSeveral individual, environmental and parasitic factors can influence the impacts of parasites on host's fitness and on host's ability to transmit these parasites to new hosts. Identifying these factors and the individuals who play a greater role in parasite transmission is of main concern for the development of parasite control strategies. In the present study, we aimed to describe the diversity of gastrointestinal parasites and to identify the individual factors influencing the faecal spreading of parasites in a free-ranging population of Mediterranean mouflon. From the analysis of 433 faecal samples, we foundEimeriaspp. and gastrointestinal strongyles (GIS) were the most common parasites (>94%). The faecal oocyst counts ofEimeriaspp. were the highest during the first years of life. It was 1.6 times higher in females than in males and 2.5 times higher in individuals in poor than in good body condition. Similarly, the faecal egg count of GIS was higher in females and decreased with age, but only in males. Finally, reproductive females had GIS faecal egg count values 2.6 times higher than non-reproductive females. Management strategies of parasites should thus primarily focus on reproductive females and young individuals in poor body condition as they represent the main contamination source of the environment.
Exploring Neotropical anuran parasites: a morphological, life cycle and phylogenetic study of Catadiscus marinholutzi (Trematoda: Diplodiscidae)
Authors: Queiroz Murilo S. , Alves Philippe V. , López-Hernández Danimar , Anjos Luciano A. , Pinto Hudson A. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAmphistome species belonging to the genus Catadiscus are poorly studied intestinal trematodes found primarily in Neotropical anurans. Herein, developmental stages of an amphistome species found during herpetological and malacological surveys in a temporary marsh pond from Brazil were subjected to morphological (light and scanning electron microscopy) and molecular analyses. Adult parasites recovered from anurans were identified as Catadiscus marinholutzi. Amphistome cercariae found in the planorbid snails Drepanotrema depressissimum and Drepanotrema lucidum from the same waterbody were used for experimental and molecular studies. Immature parasites, morphologically compatible with members of Catadiscus, were experimentally obtained in laboratory-reared tadpoles. Sequencing of a partial region of 28S rDNA gene of both adult and cercariae revealed 100% similarity between these developmental stages, confirming their conspecificity. Phylogenetic analyses were attempted for the first time to reveal the position of a species of Catadiscus in the superfamily Paramphistomoidea. Catadiscus marinholutzi falls in a virtual polytomy together with other paramphistomoids, which leaves its phylogenetic relationships within the group unclear. Moreover, the high genetic divergence to Diplodiscus spp. (10.06–10.84%) cast doubts on the placement of Catadiscus within Diplodiscidae. Hence the species composition of the Diplodiscidae should be re-evaluated in further studies using a broader spectrum of related taxa.
The Political Distribution of Economic Privilege in Van Buren's New York
Authors: Bodenhorn Howard 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHistorians have long recognized that one of the principal functions of early nineteenth-century American state governments was the distribution of economic privileges, including preferential grants of corporate privileges. North, Wallis, and Weingast label such regimes natural states and argue that government as privilege dispenser is a characteristic of most societies and, in some few instances, represents a transitional phase between traditional premodern societies and modern open-access democracies. This article documents the operation of the natural state in New York, focusing on how Martin Van Buren's Democratic coalition manipulated the distribution of bank and insurance company charters so as to advance the interests of their Democratic coalition. Consistent with the North, Wallis, and Weingast interpretation, the evidence shows that the transition to open access was neither smooth nor inevitable; Van Buren's Democratic coalition reversed the long-run trend toward greater access until they were unseated during the financial crisis years of the late 1830s.