bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Utilizing mycorrhizal responses to guide selective breeding for agricultural sustainability
Authors: Cobb Adam B. , Duell Eric B. , Haase Kaitlin B. , Miller R. Michael , Wu Yanqi Q. , Wilson Gail W. T. 
Published: May 2021

Societal Impact StatementAgriculture touches all aspects of society and global environmental health. Dwindling phosphorous reserves are a looming crisis for civilization, and soil erosion typically far outpaces pedogenesis. Improving plant–mycorrhizal symbioses can enhance sustainable agriculture because mycorrhizas typically improve host‐plant nutrition and stabilize soils. Selective breeding of plants that gain greater benefits from mycorrhizas can provide considerable economic and environmental benefits. Our assessments demonstrate switchgrass genetic improvement increased or maintained production of two populations, and low‐input breeding increased mycorrhizal responsiveness, compared to parent lines. Selecting for increased mycorrhizal reliance may be an effective strategy for more sustainable and economical agricultural production.Summary

Plant–mycorrhizal interactions are not typically assessed in crop breeding programs. Our experiment addresses this by determining host‐plant outcomes of newly developed synthetic (agronomic) populations compared with parent lines, following low‐input selective breeding. Assessing the potential of low‐input breeding to enhance crop mycorrhizal benefits is a critical step toward more sustainable agricultural production.
We compared four synthetic populations of Panicum virgatum, from a low‐input biofuel breeding program at Oklahoma State University, to corresponding parent lines. Plants were grown in a greenhouse in native prairie soils that were either steam‐pasteurized (nonmycorrhizal) or non‐steamed (mycorrhizal).
We assessed shoot and root biomass, shoot P concentration and P content, mycorrhizal growth response (MGR), and mycorrhizal phosphorous response (MPR). Importantly, we provide novel evidence that low‐input selective breeding increased mycorrhizal reliance of switchgrass synthetics compared to parent lines, with implications for global agricultural systems.
There are substantial opportunities for plant traits associated with increased MGR and MPR to be transferred to a wide array of crops. Our findings indicate low‐input selective breeding can improve MGR and MPR. We propose these traits serve as a useful proxy for host‐plant mycorrhizal reliance, facilitating successful hologenome breeding to reduce fertilizer requirements.
Long‐term trends in intergenerational proximity: Evidence from a grandchild design
Authors: Kalmijn Matthijs 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCompeting claims exist about how the geographic distance between parents and their adult children has changed historically. A classic modernisation hypothesis is that people currently live further away from their parents than in the past. Others have argued for stability and the remaining importance of local family ties, in spite of a long‐term decline in co‐residence of adult children and parents. The current paper uses a novel design that relies on reports by grandchildren to study long‐term changes in intergenerational proximity in the Netherlands. The analyses show that there has been a clear and continuous decline in intergenerational proximity between the 1940s and the 1990s. Mediation analyses show that educational expansion and urbanisation are the main reasons why proximity declined. No evidence is found for the role of secularisation and increasing international migration. Proximity to parents declined somewhat more strongly for women than for men.
Artificial stone‐associated silicosis with concurrent Cryptococcus infection
Authors: Shen Hsiang‐Shi , Lai Yu‐Ting , Tsai Han‐Chen , Chang Shi‐Chuan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAcute silicoproteinosis is a disease that develops in weeks, and lasting for years, after massive exposure to silica dust in relatively closed spaces. It was rare, but the cases have recently increased worldwide due to the development of artificial stone industry. Compared with traditional silicosis, artificial stone‐associated silicosis is more rapidly progressive and lethal. Hence, a correct diagnosis and optimal treatment are crucial. Here, we present the clinical course of a 33‐year‐old artificial stonemason who suffered from acute silicoproteinosis with concurrent Cryptococcus infection resulting in profound respiratory failure. This patient was treated by bronchoscope‐assisted therapeutic segmental lung lavage and antifungal agent, under mechanical ventilator and ECMO support and recovered well. A brief review of acute silicoproteinosis and artificial stone‐associated silicosis is also presented and highlights the new form of industry exposure to silica.
Families' experiments and conversations at an open‐ended exhibit in a science museum: Individual characteristics and the influence of minimal guidance strategies
Authors: Franse Rooske K. , van Schijndel Tessa J. P. , Plankman Tamara I. , Raijmakers Maartje E. J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractResearch on the impact of guided investigation, including verbal guidance strategies, has expanded in the recent decade, and the current work contributes to this line of research in a museum context. The current in‐depth study examines the impact of verbal guidance strategies on family learning at an open‐ended museum exhibit, considering participants' individual characteristics. The experiments and conversations of 104 families were observed at an object motion exhibit. Results show that families, with and without guidance, investigated in a meaningful way by performing control‐of‐variables strategy experiments, investigating a range of variables, and formulating hypotheses and causal explanations. However, the results also show that the process of learning scientific concepts could be improved. Minimal interventions of museum educators positively affected the families' learning process by reducing the number of scientifically incorrect remarks. Interestingly, in addition to discussing the phenomenon, especially the families with highly educated parents discussed the topic of reliability of their experiments, which is an under‐investigated aspect of learning through investigation. Only children's cognitive ability and not parental education was modestly, but consistently related to the families' performance.
Mapping and Controlling Liquid Layer Thickness in Liquid‐Phase (Scanning) Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Wu Hanglong , Su Hao , Joosten Rick R. M. , Keizer Arthur D. A. , van Hazendonk Laura S. , Wirix Maarten J. M. , Patterson Joseph P. , Laven Jozua , de With Gijsbertus , Friedrich Heiner 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLiquid‐Phase (Scanning) Transmission Electron Microscopy (LP‐(S)TEM) has become an essential technique to monitor nanoscale materials processes in liquids in real‐time. Due to the pressure difference between the liquid and the microscope vacuum, bending of the silicon nitride (SiNx) membrane windows generally occurs. This causes a spatially varying liquid layer thickness that makes interpretation of LP‐(S)TEM results difficult due to a locally varying achievable resolution and diffusion limitations. To mediate these difficulties, it is shown: 1) how to quantitatively map liquid layer thickness for any liquid at less than 0.01 e− Å−2 total dose; 2) how to dynamically modulate the liquid thickness by tuning the internal pressure in the liquid cell, co‐determined by the Laplace pressure and the external pressure. It is demonstrated that reproducible inward bulging of the window membranes can be realized, leading to an ultra‐thin liquid layer in the central window area for high‐resolution imaging. Furthermore, it is shown that the liquid thickness can be dynamically altered in a programmed way, thereby potentially overcoming the diffusion limitations towards achieving bulk solution conditions. The presented approaches provide essential ways to measure and dynamically adjust liquid thickness in LP‐(S)TEM experiments, enabling new experiment designs and better control of solution chemistry.
Drop‐weight testing of slender reinforced concrete beams
Authors: Madjlessi Noosha , Cotsovos Demitrios M. , Moatamedi Mojtaba 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe work presented herein sets out to investigate experimentally, via drop‐weight testing, the behavior of slender reinforced concrete (RC) beam specimens under impact loading. During testing, the behavior of each specimen is established through the combined use of conventional instrumentation and a high‐speed video camera. The primary objective of this work is to investigate the reasons that trigger the observed shift in specimen behavior (compared to that established from static tests) with increasing levels of applied loading rate and intensity. Analysis of the test data reveals that during drop‐weight testing only a portion of the element span reacts to the applied load (as indicated by the deformation and cracking profiles recorded) which in turn affects the mechanics underlying specimen behavior and therefore, significantly influencing the mode of failure ultimately exhibited. The observed localized response becomes more prominent by increasing the loading rate and intensity of the imposed impact loading. In addition to the above, the strain‐rate sensitivity of the material properties of concrete does not appear to have a significant effect on the behavior of the specimens tested. The aforementioned observations appear to be in conflict with current design practice raising questions concerning the effectives of the design solutions produced.
Sustainable wearable energy storage devices self‐charged by human‐body bioenergy
Authors: Lv Jian , Chen Jian , Lee Pooi See 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCharging wearable energy storage devices with bioenergy from human‐body motions, biofluids, and body heat holds great potential to construct self‐powered body‐worn electronics, especially considering the ceaseless nature of human metabolic activities. To bridge the gap between human‐body bioenergy and storage of energy, wearable triboelectric/piezoelectric nanogenerators (TENGs/PENGs), biofuel cells (BFCs), thermoelectric generators (TEGs) have been designed to harvest energy from body‐motions, biofluids, and body heat, respectively. Researchers have explored various strategies using bioenergy harvesters to charge wearable supercapacitors and batteries to relieve or even fully eliminate the recharging process from external power stations, thus, making wearable electronics more sustainable, autonomous, and user friendly. In this article, we review the advances in the design of sustainable energy storage devices charged by human‐body energy harvesters. The progress in multifunctional wearable energy storage devices that cater to the easy integration with human‐body energy harvesters will be summarized. Then, the focus is laid on the integrating strategies (single‐cell strategy and separated‐cell strategy), device design, materials selection, and characteristics of different self‐charging human‐body energy harvesting‐storage systems. Finally, the challenges that impede the wide application of human‐body energy harvesters charged supercapacitors/batteries and prospects will be discussed both from materials and structural design aspects.
Daily Patterns of River Herring (Alosa spp.) Spawning Migrations: Environmental Drivers and Variation among Coastal Streams in Massachusetts
Authors: Legett Henry D. , Jordaan Adrian , Roy Allison H. , Sheppard John J. , Somos‐Valenzuela Marcelo , Staudinger Michelle D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe timing of life history events in many plants and animals depends on the seasonal fluctuations of specific environmental conditions. Climate change is altering environmental regimes and disrupting natural cycles and patterns across communities. Anadromous fishes that migrate between marine and freshwater habitats to spawn are particularly sensitive to shifting environmental conditions and thus are vulnerable to the effects of climate change. However, for many anadromous fish species the specific environmental mechanisms driving migration and spawning patterns are not well understood. In this study, we investigated the upstream spawning migrations of river herring Alosa spp. in 12 coastal Massachusetts streams. By analyzing long‐term data sets (8–28 years) of daily fish counts, we determined the local influence of environmental factors on daily migration patterns and compared seasonal run dynamics and environmental regimes among streams. Our results suggest that water temperature was the most consistent predictor of both daily river herring presence–absence and abundance during migration. We found inconsistent effects of streamflow and lunar phase, likely due to the anthropogenic manipulation of flow and connectivity in different systems. Geographic patterns in run dynamics and thermal regimes suggest that the more northerly runs in this region are relatively vulnerable to climate change due to migration occurring later in the spring season, at warmer water temperatures that approach thermal maxima, and during a narrower temporal window compared to southern runs. The phenology of river herring and their reliance on seasonal temperature patterns indicate that populations of these species may benefit from management practices that reduce within‐stream anthropogenic water temperature manipulations and maintain coolwater thermal refugia.
Synthesis of Morphinans through Anodic Aryl‐Aryl Coupling
Authors: Vierengel Nina , Geske Leander , Sato Eisuke , Opatz Till 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe morphinans are an important class of structurally fascinating and physiologically important natural products as exemplified by the famous opium alkaloids of the morphine family. Although this class of secondary metabolites from the juice of the opium poppy capsule was already used for medicinal purposes thousands of years ago, chemical modifications are still being applied to the core structure today in order to achieve the most specific effect on the various receptor subtypes possible with the fewest possible side effects. The unusual architecture of the morphinan core has also proven to be a highly challenging target for total synthesis. This review highlights electrosynthetic approaches towards natural and semisynthetic morphinan alkaloids. The historical progress in applying anodic aryl‐aryl couplings to the construction of the morphinan framework is described in chronological order while particular benefits and challenges concerning the electrochemical transformations are grouped together, including the influence of substitution patterns, protecting groups, and reaction conditions.
Electrochemical Fixation of Carbon Dioxide: Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Senboku H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the past three decades, we have focused on the fixation of carbon dioxide by electrochemical method with a carbon‐carbon bond forming reaction to yield carboxylic acid, so‐called electrochemical carboxylation. Vinyl bromides and triflates, difluoroethylbenzenes, polyfluoroarenes, benzal diacetates, phenyl‐substituted alkenes and enamides, and α‐aminosulfones were found to be effective as substrates for electrochemical carboxylation. Phenylacetic acids and phenylpropanoic acids including non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory agents and their fluorinated analogues, polyfluorobenzoic acids, mandel acetates, and α‐ and β‐amino acids were successfully synthesized. Electrochemical double carboxylation of dibenzyl carbonates, reuse of carbon dioxide in benzyl carbonates for fixation of carbon dioxide (recycle‐electrochemical carboxylation), sequential aryl/vinyl radical cyclization‐electrochemical carboxylation, sacrificial anode‐free electrochemical carboxylation, and the use of supercritical carbon dioxide both as a reaction media and a reagent were also developed. In this personal account, our efforts in and results of electrochemical fixation of carbon dioxide to organic compounds with carbon‐carbon bond forming reactions yielding novel and useful carboxylic acids are introduced along with their applications and some new results.
Organic Electrosynthesis Towards Sustainability: Fundamentals and Greener Methodologies
Authors: Cembellín Sara , Batanero Belén 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe adoption of new measures that preserve our environment, on which our survival depends, is a necessity. Electro‐organic processes are sustainableper se, by producing the activation of a substrate by electron transfer at normal pressure and room temperature. In the recent years, a highly crescent number of works on organic electrosynthesis are available. Novel strategies at the electrode are being developed enabling the construction of a great variety of complex organic molecules. However, the possibility of being scaled‐up is mandatory in terms of sustainability. Thus, some electrochemical methodologies have demonstrated to report the best results in reducing pollution and saving energy. In this personal account, these methods have been compiled, being organized as follows: • Direct discharge electrosynthesis • Paired electrochemical reactions. and • Organic transformations utilizing electrocatalysis (in absence of heavy metals). Selected protocols are herein presented and discussed with representative recent examples. Final perspectives and reflections are also considered.
Directed flow of D mesons at RHIC and LHC: non-perturbative dynamics, longitudinal bulk matter asymmetry and electromagnetic fields
Authors: Oliva Lucia , Plumari Salvatore , Greco Vincenzo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We present a study of the directed flow v1 for D mesons discussing both the impact of initial vorticity and electromagnetic field. Recent studies predicted that v1 for D mesons is expected to be surprisingly much larger than that of light charged hadrons; we clarify that this is due to a different mechanism leading to the formation of a directed flow with respect to the one of the bulk matter at both relativistic and non-relativistic energies. We point out that the very large v1 for D mesons can be generated only if there is a longitudinal asymmetry between the bulk matter and the charm quarks and if the latter have a large non-perturbative interaction in the QGP medium. A quite good agreement with the data of STAR and ALICE is obtained if the diffusion coefficient able to correctly predict the RAA(pT), v2(pT) and v3(pT) of D meson is employed. Furthermore, the mechanism for the build-up of the v1(y) is associated to a quite small formation time that can be expected to be more sensitive to the initial high-temperature dependence of the charm diffusion coefficient.We discuss also the splitting of v1 for D0 and $$ {\overline{D}}^0 $$

D
¯

0

due to the electromagnetic field that is again much larger than the one observed for charged particles and in agreement with the data by STAR that have however still error bars comparable with the splitting itself, while at LHC standard electromagnetic profile assuming a constant conductivity is not able to account for the huge splitting observed.
Resurgence of the large-charge expansion
Authors: Dondi Nicola , Kalogerakis Ioannis , Orlando Domenico , Reffert Susanne 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We study the O(2N) model at criticality in three dimensions in the double scaling limit of large N and large charge. We show that the large-charge expansion is an asymptotic series, and we use resurgence techniques to study the non-perturbative corrections and to extend the validity of the eft to any value of the charge. We conjecture the general form of the non-perturbative behavior of the conformal dimensions for any value of N and find very good agreement with previous lattice data.
Covariant M5-brane action with self-dual 3-form
Authors: Vanichchapongjaroen Pichet 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In this work, we extend a theory which describes a linearly self-dual exact 3-form field in six dimensional spacetime within the formalism of arXiv:1511.08220 and arXiv:1903.12196 to an action which fully describes an M5-brane in the eleven-dimensional supergravity background. The action we obtain has all the required symmetries including kappa-symmetry. Although the derivation of the action and the proof the symmetries do not require one to express the action explicitly in terms of the original field contents, we also give an initial attempt to give this expression.
Resolving the LMA-dark NSI degeneracy with coherent neutrino-nucleus scattering
Authors: Chaves Mariano , Schwetz Thomas 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In the presence of non-standard neutrino interactions (NSI), a degeneracy exists in neutrino oscillation data, which involves the flipping of the octant of the mixing angle θ12 and the type of the neutrino mass ordering. In this article, we revisit the status of this degeneracy in the light of recent data on coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS) from the COHERENT experiment. For general relative couplings to up and down quarks, the degeneracy is disfavoured at the 2σ level by the latest data but remains at a higher confidence level. We investigate the requirements of future CEνNS measurements to resolve the degeneracy with high significance. We find that a measurement involving both, electron and muon neutrino flavours and a target with a neutron-to-proton ratio close to 1 is required. For example, an experiment with a silicon target at the European Spallation Source can resolve the degeneracy at more than 4σ for arbitrary relative couplings to up and down quarks.
Vector fields, RG flows and emergent gauge symmetry
Authors: Nogradi Daniel 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
We consider the most general perturbatively renormalizable theory of vector fields in four dimensions with a global SU(N) symmetry and massless couplings. The Lagrangian contains 1 quadratic, 2 cubic and 4 quartic couplings. The RG flow among this set of 7 couplings is computed to 1-loop and a rich phase diagram is mapped out; in particular it is shown that a finite number of asymptotically free RG-flows exist corresponding to non-trivial fixed points for the ratios of the couplings. None of these are gauge theories, i.e. possess only global SU(N) invariance but not a local one. We also include the most general ghost couplings, still with global SU(N) invariance, and compute the RG flow to 1-loop for all 9 resulting couplings. Again asymptotically free RG flows exist with non-trivial fixed points for the ratios of couplings. It is shown that Yang-Mills theory emerges at a particular fixed point. The theories at the other fixed points are marginally relevant gauge symmetry violating perturbations of Yang-Mills theory. The large-N limit is also investigated in detail.