bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Conquest in Later Medieval English Law II
Authors: Garnett George 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 7 begins with the resurrection in Edward II’s reign of the London Collection of the Leges Anglorum, which had first been composed in John’s reign. They were commissioned by Andrew Horn, Chamberlain of the city. More recent works were appended to the Collection, including the Mirror of Justices. The role of this rejuvenated Collection in the politics of the reign is examined, with particular reference to the new clauses of the coronation oath devised in 1308. Items in the Collection are linked with the Modus tenendi parliamentum of 1320-1The chapter then pursues the Conquest as a point of reference through records of later medieval forensic practice, particularly as recorded in the Year Books, and the great works of later medieval jurisprudence. Those of Sir John Fortescue are shown to be exceptional, in that he continued to be explicit about viewing English law in a broad historical perspective, which he showed had traversed the Conquest. Thomas Littleton’s Tenures, Anthony Fitzherbert’s Abridgement, and Year Book cases are adduced as evidence of more conventional, less historically attuned attitudes. The chapter concludes with a consideration of two jurisprudential works of the 1530s—St German’s Dialogue between Doctor and Student and Starkey’s Dialogue between Pole and Lupset—and the sudden interest of government propagandists in the London Collection of the Leges Anglorum, as evidenced by compendium of historical precedent known as Collectanea satis copiosa.
The Printing of Twelfth-Century English Historiography, and the Integration of Law with History
Authors: Garnett George 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Chapter 10 opens with the first printing in the 1590s of several of the great works of twelfth-century English historical writing: Lord William Howard’s edition of John of Worcester (1592); and Henry Savile’s of William of Malmesbury, Henry of Huntingdon, Roger of Howden, and (purporting to be twelfth-century) Pseudo-Ingulf’s Historia Croylandensis (1596). It then proceeds to the editing and publication of works of Norman historiography which encompassed the Conquest: William of Jumièges, William of Poitiers, and Orderic Vitalis. It pays a great deal of attention to William Camden and Robert Cotton. The chapter culminates with a discussion of John Selden’s edition of Eadmer’s Historia novorum. This is shown to combine the two strands of antiquarian interest examined in preceding chapters: medieval historical writing, and medieval law. In terms both of choice of text and focus of editorial attention, it reveals that by the reign of James VI and I, the Conquest had again become the key issue in English medieval history. The chapter also discusses chorographical history as espoused by William Lambarde and William Camden, and the beginnings of scholarly investigation of Domesday Book. It ends by looking forward to the central role which controversy about the Conquest would play in political arguments of the seventeenth century.
Rome, Ravenna, and Venice, 750-1000
Authors: West-Harling Veronica 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The richest and most politically complex regions in Italy in the earliest Middle Ages were the Byzantine sections of the peninsula, thanks to their links with the most coherent early medieval state, the Byzantine Empire. This comparative study of the histories of Rome, Ravenna, and Venice arises from their unifying element: their common Byzantine past, since all three escaped being incorporated into the Lombard kingdom in the late seventh and early eighth centuries. By 750, however, their political links with the Byzantine Empire were irrevocably severed, except in the case of Venice. Thus, after 750, and in the ninth and tenth centuries, did these cities remain socially and culturally heirs of Byzantium in their political structures, social organization, material culture, ideological frame of reference, and representation of identity? Did they become part of the Western political and ideological framework of Italy: Frankish Carolingian in the ninth, and German Ottonian in the tenth, centuries? This book attempts to identify and analyse the ways in which each of these cities preserved the continuity of structures of the late antique and Byzantine cultural and social world; or in which they adapted each and every element available in Italy to their own needs, at various times, and in various ways. It does so through a story which encompasses the main contemporary narratives, the documentary evidence, recent archaeological discoveries, and discussions on art history, and it follows the markers of status and identity through titles, names, ethnic groups, liturgy and ritual, foundation myths, representations, symbols, and topographies of power
Cycles and Subsystems
Authors: Haughton Tim , Deegan-Krause Kevin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Most accounts of the emergence of new parties are episodic, but to understand the rise and breakthrough of new parties in Central Europe requires an understanding of the links between party death and party birth, between one cohort of new parties and the next. Parties proclaiming their novelty, anti-corruption appeals, and the celebrity of their leader usually do not survive for long. Their death creates space for a newer party to emerge and break through. This chapter illustrates the dynamic in terms of a new party subsystem. Tracing the movement of voters from one election to the next offers clear evidence that once voters have chosen a new party in one election, they are more likely to choose a newer party in the subsequent election. Computer simulations help to illustrate the dynamics of new party emergence and gauge the impact of specific factors in explaining new party emergence.
Slovenia Is Everywhere? How New Party Subsystems and Cycles Extend Worldwide
Authors: Haughton Tim , Deegan-Krause Kevin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Many of the patterns of party politics we have witnessed in Central Europe are also in evidence in other regions of the world. From Iceland to Israel, from Greece, and Guatemala, and in countries as diverse as Peru and Japan, new parties and politicians have broken through, and some old, seemingly well-established, parties have lost significant levels of support or collapsed altogether. The emergence of new parties in many countries across the globe follow the patterns of their predecessors in Central Europe, with thin organization, celebrity leaders and appeals based on anti-corruption, and newness itself. Many of these new parties have also exhibited short shelf-lives, living fast and dying young, creating space and a voting base for a subsequent wave of new parties.
Wartime Relations
Authors: Röger Maren 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
During the Second World War, all contact between German soldiers and Polish women — considered an “inferior race” — was officially banned. Sexual encounters frequently took place, however. Some were consensual, while others were characterised by brutal violence, and women often sold their bodies as a means of survival. The army and SS constructed purpose-built brothels for their soldiers, but also banned and frequently punished loving relationships. This book gives a powerful account of these encounters and describes the actions of the army and the SS in regulating relations between soldiers and civilian women. The book provides new and important insights into everyday life during the occupation, Nazi racial policy, and the fates of the women involved.
Introduction
Authors: Röger Maren 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the regulation of intimate interactions between the German army —as well as the police and the SS — and the local residents in Polish territory, following the invasion of Poland in September of 1939. The ban on the contact with Poles was based on their lower status in the Nazi racial hierarchy. During the “Third Reich”, the German nation was generally thought of as a biological-racial unit — a racial or ethnic body that has to be kept free of foreign and “inferior” racial influences. This book determines the meaning of this hierarchy for sexual encounters between German occupiers and Polish women, Jewish and Non-Jewish. There was a broad spectrum of sexual contact between German men and local women in the Polish territories: firstly, commercial contacts, i.e. both the occupier-controlled prostitution system and clandestine sex work; secondly, consensual contact, that is the (strictly-speaking banned) German–Polish wartime relationships, entered into varyingly voluntarily; and thirdly, forced contacts and sexual violence, such as rapes and assaults committed by German occupiers. By analyzing these sexual contacts, the book contributes to several fields of research, including the histories of everyday life and of violence during the German occupation, and expands knowledge of racial and ethnic policies.
Interactive Spaces in Times of Racial Segregation
Authors: Röger Maren 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter assesses how German occupiers and Polish men and women interacted during times of racial segregation. Curiosity, a thirst for adventure, and specific offers gave rise to observable intimate relationships, especially in the first weeks and months of the German occupation. One measure intended to curb contact between German and locals was physical separation by the German racial thinking. However, in everyday life and in some places, the segregation between groups was enforced less strictly than the regulations demanded. Instead, the German men's need for female company was an open secret, and was, to some extent, tolerated by both military and civilian authorities. Most couples who had intimate relationships lasting for longer periods got to know each other at work, however. This was the most logical and least dangerous space for interaction because men and women met here daily anyway, meaning that neither side would attract suspicion. Contact with local women could also arise from military or professional duties: police and customs officers got to know women during questioning and arrests. Sexual barter transactions, and also sexual blackmail, could develop from such encounters.
Disciplinary Measures
Authors: Röger Maren 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the disciplinary measures against fraternizing women. Women's sexual behaviour was linked to ideas of national honour; patriotic opinion-makers classified intimate relationships with the German occupiers as a betrayal of the nation. As such, moralistic appeals to women were made throughout the German occupation. These appeals to women form part of the general work of public education carried out by the Polish Underground. Another level of action taken by the Underground was to spy on women with German boyfriends. Espionage would be followed by a forceful warning and one of the options open to the Polish executive of the Underground in cases of repeated contravention was the practice of shaving heads as an honour punishment. This penalty was well-enough known to be feared by Polish women: short hair stigmatized them for months. The Polish Underground also made use of other physical punishments, such as beatings and the death penalty. The chapter then looks at the disciplinary measures taken by Nazi authorities, including forced prostitution
Sexual Violence before the Police and in Court
Authors: Röger Maren 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how police and court dealt with sexual violence in the occupied territories. It explains that only certain crimes on the broad spectrum of sexual forms of violence were followed up during the German occupation, and that many victims did not dare to report the assaults on their own. The chapter identifies the various authorities responsible for investigating and trying sexual violence, and presents the range of punishments for German men – from admonishments to incarceration or being sent to the eastern front. The chapter then considers how the German police acted towards women complainants whom they judged on a moral level.
Epilogue
Authors: Röger Maren 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This epilogue discusses the ongoing consequences of wartime rape, wartime encounters and prostitution in postwar Poland and Germany. Numerous victims of rape and forced prostitution would continue to suffer from the assaults, often for decades. Likewise, for many of the Polish women who had variously consensual relationships with German men during the occupation, the war continued after the German retreat. Some of them were subjected to honour punishments, or threatened with social ostracism after the war. Ultimately, the German men and Polish women alike took their experiences of commercial, consensual, and forced contact into their existing or future marriages and families.
Dream to Emote
Authors: Llewellyn Sue 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that we dream to emote, meaning to express compelling emotions. Relatedly, unconscious rapid eye movement (REM) dream images, driven by basic emotions, engender fast, intuitive, associative, unconscious actions. I look at whether REM sleep and dreams are cathartic for negative, fearful emotional experiences while, seemingly paradoxically, improving memories for them. I argue that constructing complex non-obvious patterns and depicting them in REM dreams may account for this seeming paradox. One of my own dreams, ‘quicksand’, illustrates. This chapter also introduces another brain structure: the amygdala. This makes us fearful while controlling our reactions to threats and dangerous situations.
Dream to Predict
Authors: Llewellyn Sue 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter emphasizes the predictive role of dreams in the sense of depicting a non-obvious pattern in past events in an image that is retained at an unconscious level. When assimilated with sensory data, this unconscious image then drives expectations during wake about what’s going on in the world and what will happen next. Across evolutionary time this was particularly useful when there was any ambiguity in sensory data during potentially dangerous situations. But although dreams predict, they don’t usually come true. Their primary evolutionary role was to avoid dangers. Acting on informed expectations precludes possible futures, like being eaten at the waterhole.
Dream to Reveal
Authors: Llewellyn Sue 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
My argument is that dreaming depicts complex patterns but not ones we have actually experienced because a dream is composed of elements from different experiences. Consequently, dreams reveal hidden patterns in our experience. These complex patterns are associative. Associations create meaning. So dreams will reveal personal meanings we have forged through experience but weren’t aware of during wake. Dream associations are non-obvious. We need insight to detect complex, non-obvious patterns. Since Freud we think of this insight as dream interpretation we undertake during wake. But there is also experimental evidence that we have better insight into complex patterns during sleep, as compared with wake.
Dream to Create
Authors: Llewellyn Sue 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In rapid eye movement (REM) dreams elements are taken out of their waking-life context and associated to portray a complex, non-obvious pattern in experience. In the last chapter we looked at this process as insight into a hidden pattern; here, we focus on the novel nature of the pattern. A series of dream scenes creates a narrative that has not been experienced. REM dream narratives are new, counterfactual, or fictional, but this fiction emerges from associations between elements of previous experiences (or prior knowledge). In this chapter I argue that wake and dream states are not totally differentiated. In particular, creative people may be in a dream-like state during wake; this would enable them to combine the creativity of the dream state with the secondary consciousness of the wake state. In this hybrid, de-differentiated state, creative individuals could imagine innovative, socially valuable, rather than purely personally meaningful, creative products.
Dreams as Patterns, Fit with Freud and Other Dream Theorists
Authors: Llewellyn Sue 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This final chapter summarizes my ‘dreams as patterns’ theory and compares it with those of Freud, who thought dreams express wishes—albeit ones that are disguised through associations; Revonsuo, who believes dreams simulate threats; and Hartmann, who thinks dreams make creative, emotional associations between experiences, all of which bear a relationship to my own ideas. I use one of my own dreams, ‘the museum’, to illuminate my core concepts and some of Freud’s. I also briefly discuss the positions of those, Hobson and McCarley, Crick and Mitchison, and Flanagan, who think (or thought) dreams are just noise, nonsense, or epiphenomena, i.e. that dreams are without meaning or purpose—clearly, the antithesis of my ‘dreams as patterns’ theory.
Spectrum of Effective Preventive Opportunities
Authors: Sin Julie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter provides a means of looking at a health condition or health issue through the lens of identifying effective preventive opportunities. The concept of an effective preventive opportunity is firstly clarified for use. A ‘spectrum of preventive opportunities’ model is then described which can be used to identify these opportunities for any health condition. In this model, effective opportunities are considered across a whole generic care-pathway chronology, which also acts as a prompt to considering the potential range of health service responses and to help think about the natural development of the health condition or issue. Examples illustrate that the principles can be applied to single conditions, groups of conditions, and system issues. There is also a ‘population health sieve’ summary of the different risk factor types in a population, and a summary of the different types of health service response.
Purposeful Use of Health Intelligence
Authors: Sin Julie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers how commissioners can frame the questions they pose of health information sources, so that they gain more meaningful answers to help commission for health gain. There is an overview of the three main purposes for using health information from a commissioning perspective. These are namely to help problem definition, plan and prioritize, or to monitor and evaluate actions taken. There then follows further practical guidance to assist fuller appreciation of the health information territory. This includes general themes covered by health information, example sources, and a salient reminder that whilst health information is important for commissioning, it is only one type of tangible knowledge that the commissioner needs for decision-making. Other salient knowledge that a commissioner needs for sense-making is also noted (a ‘Trio’ of knowledge is needed for commissioning). Finally there is also an orientation on making sense of economic evaluation information from a commissioning perspective.
Population Approach to All Levels of Commissioning and Health Service Decision-Making
Authors: Sin Julie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Pragmatically, healthcare commissioning activities can be described at different levels, these can be considered as strategic, tactical, and operational levels. This chapter demonstrates that a population approach to decision-making and planning is integral to all these levels of commissioning decisions. A model (Figure 9.1) illustrates the interactions between a big picture population healthcare perspective, the commissioning cycle, and the different levels of commissioning activities. It brings together the tasks to be achieved, population concepts, and business processes. It can be used to help develop commissioning systems (or equivalent strategic planning processes to secure health services for populations), and to support development of leadership for health gain across the system.
Prioritization of Investments and Disinvestments in Healthcare
Authors: Sin Julie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The chapter looks at the key concepts and issues involved in the prioritization of resources for investments and disinvestments in health services. It describes a framework for understanding what needs to be achieved in this arena. It describes three core components that underpin a coherent approach to prioritization (guiding principles, a tool to help gather and sift through the information, and coherent decision-making processes). The pragmatic overview emphasizes that the processes involved in prioritization matter, and that to do this consistently and with transparency for ethical reasons, as well as to make the task more manageable, is important. An example of a prioritization tool and guiding principles are given. Some ethical considerations in this arena are also discussed. In day-to-day work, many of the issues in this arena can be facilitated by applying the principles, even if a full blown priority setting process is not needed.
Deciding a Sensible Approach to Commissioning when Multiple Commissioners Are Involved
Authors: Sin Julie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers when it is advantageous for commissioners to work together to ‘buy’ the services needed for their populations, and when it is not. Often simple commissioning arrangements between a commissioner and provider organization are the most workable, but occasionally a number of commissioners might explore commissioning together. There are two main scenarios. These are a collaborative commissioning (collaborative contracting) approach, or a ‘collaboration of intent’. With both of these collaborative models, all participating commissioners have an aligned vision of the service to be commissioned. The crux of the matter is then around whether there is pooling of financial risk and the contracting arrangements. There is an overview of these arrangements and how to work out what is feasible. Choosing carefully is important, as using a ‘collaborative commissioning’ arrangement when it is actually a collaboration of intent in spirit can be difficult to manage and can eventually unfold.
What Can a Commissioner Do About Health Inequalities?
Authors: Sin Julie 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This chapter looks at the role of a health services commissioning function (or equivalent planning function) in addressing health inequalities of access and outcomes of services. Working definitions of health inequalities and health inequities are described for use. The backdrop to health inequities in populations is also described for orientation. The chapter then considers the roles of commissioning in contributing to reducing such inequities of access and outcomes. Commissioners’ generic responsibilities, direct contributions, and collaborative roles are captured. It is further noted that taking such a whole-system approach and recognizing the value of ‘starting early’ is also very apt for commissioners, as achieving equity of service outcomes depends not only on equitable access to services, but also to some extent on reducing the differentials in early risk factors in a population, as the latter can impact later outcomes even with seemingly equitable access to treatment services.