bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Solutions to Plastic Pollution: A Conceptual Framework to Tackle a Wicked Problem
Authors: Wagner Martin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThere is a broad willingness to act on global plastic pollution as well as a plethora of available technological, governance, and societal solutions. However, this solution space has not been organized in a larger conceptual framework yet. In this essay, I propose such a framework, place the available solutions in it, and use it to explore the value-laden issues that motivate the diverse problem formulations and the preferences for certain solutions by certain actors. To set the scene, I argue that plastic pollution shares the key features of wicked problems, namely, scientific, political, and societal complexity and uncertainty as well as a diversity in the views of actors. To explore the latter, plastic pollution can be framed as a waste, resource, economic, societal, or systemic problem. Doing so results in different and sometimes conflicting sets of preferred solutions, including improving waste management; recycling and reuse; implementing levies, taxes, and bans as well as ethical consumerism; raising awareness; and a transition to a circular economy. Deciding which of these solutions is desirable is, again, not a purely rational choice. Accordingly, the social deliberations on these solution sets can be organized across four scales of change. At the geographic and time scales, we need to clarify where and when we want to solve the plastic problem. On the scale of responsibility, we need to clarify who is accountable, has the means to make change, and carries the costs. At the magnitude scale, we need to discuss which level of change we desire on a spectrum of status quo to revolution. All these issues are inherently linked to value judgments and worldviews that must, therefore, be part of an open and inclusive debate to facilitate solving the wicked problem of plastic pollution.
Evaluating Microplastic Experimental Design and Exposure Studies in Aquatic Organisms
Authors: Adhikari Puspa L. , Bam Wokil , Campbell Pamela L. , Oberhaensli Francois , Metian Marc , Besson Marc , Jacob Hugo , Swarzenski Peter W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEnvironmental microplastic particles (MPs) represent a potential threat to many aquatic animals, and experimental exposure studies, when done well, offer a quantitative approach to assess this stress systematically and reliably. While the scientific literature on MP studies in aquatic environments is rapidly growing, there is still much to learn, and this chapter presents a brief overview of some of the successful methods and pitfalls in experimental MP exposure studies. A short overview of some experimental design types and recommendations are also presented. A proper experimental exposure study will yield useful information on MP-organism impacts and must include the following: a comprehensive MP characterization (e.g., density, buoyancy, type, nature, size, shape, concentration, color, degree of weathering/biofilm formation, an assessment of co-contaminant/surfactant toxicity and behavior, an understanding exposure modes, dose and duration, and the type and life stage of the target species). Finally, more conventional experimental considerations, such as time, costs, and access to clean water, specialized instrumentation, and use of appropriate controls, replicate, and robust statistical analyses are also vital. This short review is intended as a necessary first step towards standardization of experimental MP exposure protocols so one can more reliably assess the transport and fate of MP in the aquatic environment as well as their potential impacts on aquatic organisms.
Marine Microplastics and Seafood: Implications for Food Security
Authors: Lundebye Anne-Katrine , Lusher Amy L. , Bank Michael S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSeafood is an important food source, and this chapter addresses the food safety concerns related to plastic particles in different seafood. Here we focus on those species which are commonly consumed by humans, such as bivalves, gastropods, cephalopods, echinoderms, crustaceans, and finfish. The objectives of this chapter are to (1) outline the major sources, fate, and transport dynamics of microplastics in marine ecosystems, (2) provide a critical assessment and synthesis of microplastics in seafood taxa commonly consumed by humans, (3) discuss the implications of microplastics with regard to human health risk assessments, and (4) suggest future research priorities and recommendations for assessing microplastics in marine ecosystems in the context of global food security and ocean and human health.
Ecotoxicological Impacts of Micro- and Nanoplastics in Terrestrial and Aquatic Environments
Authors: Gomes Tânia , Bour Agathe , Coutris Claire , Almeida Ana Catarina , Bråte Inger Lise , Wolf Raoul , Bank Michael S. , Lusher Amy L. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPlastic pollution is a widespread environmental problem that is currently one of the most discussed issues by scientists, policymakers and society at large. The potential ecotoxicological effects of plastic particles in a wide range of organisms have been investigated in a growing number of exposure studies over the past years. Nonetheless, many questions still remain regarding the overall effects of microplastics and nanoplastics on organisms from different ecosystem compartments, as well as the underlying mechanisms behind the observed toxicity. This chapter provides a comprehensive literature review on the ecotoxicological impacts of microplastics and nanoplastics in terrestrial and aquatic organisms in the context of particle characteristics, interactive toxicological effects, taxonomic gradients and with a focus on synergies with associated chemicals. Overall, a total of 220 references were reviewed for their fulfilment of specific quality criteria (e.g. experimental design, particle characteristics, ecotoxicological endpoints and findings), after which 175 were included in our assessment. The analysis of the reviewed studies revealed that organisms’ responses were overall influenced by the physicochemical heterogeneity of the plastic particles used, for which distinct differences were attributed to polymer type, size, morphology and surface alterations. On the other hand, little attention has been paid to the role of additive chemicals in the overall toxicity. There is still little consistency regarding the biological impacts posed by plastic particles, with observed ecotoxicological effects being highly dependent on the environmental compartment assessed and specific morphological, physiological and behavioural traits of the species used. Nonetheless, evidence exists of impacts across successive levels of biological organization, covering effects from the subcellular level up to the ecosystem level. This review presents the important research gaps concerning the ecotoxicological impacts of plastic particles in different taxonomical groups, as well as recommendations on future research priorities needed to better understand the ecological risks of plastic particles in terrestrial and aquatic environments.
Dietary Exposure to Additives and Sorbed Contaminants from Ingested Microplastic Particles Through the Consumption of Fisheries and Aquaculture Products
Authors: Garrido Gamarro Esther , Costanzo Violetta 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMicroplastics and nanoplastics may be found in the gastrointestinal tract of some aquatic animals and could potentially be ingested by humans if consumed whole. Information on the toxicity of plastic particles, as well as co-contaminants such as plastic additives, remains scarce. This represents a serious challenge to perform realistic risk assessments. An exposure assessment of selected plastic additives and co-contaminants of known toxicity associated with microplastics was carried out for shellfish in this study, which builds on an exposure assessment of microplastic additives and a limited number of associated contaminants in mussels conducted by the FAO in 2017. This study evaluates possible impacts to food safety by examining a diverse additives and associated sorbed contaminants. The results suggest that the levels of certain microplastic additives and sorbed co-contaminants in target animals (shrimp, prawns, clams, oysters, and mussels) do not pose a food safety threat to consumers. To get to further conclusions, an exposure assessment from the whole diet should be carried out and the toxicity of some of the most common polymers and plastic additives, as well as their mixtures, needs to be carefully evaluated.
Next-to-MHV Yang-Mills kinematic algebra
Authors: Chen Gang , Johansson Henrik , Teng Fei , Wang Tianheng 
Published: October 2021

AbstractKinematic numerators of Yang-Mills scattering amplitudes possess a rich Lie algebraic structure that suggest the existence of a hidden infinite-dimensional kinematic algebra. Explicitly realizing such a kinematic algebra is a longstanding open problem that only has had partial success for simple helicity sectors. In past work, we introduced a framework using tensor currents and fusion rules to generate BCJ numerators of a special subsector of NMHV amplitudes in Yang-Mills theory. Here we enlarge the scope and explicitly realize a kinematic algebra for all NMHV amplitudes. Master numerators are obtained directly from the algebraic rules and through commutators and kinematic Jacobi identities other numerators can be generated. Inspecting the output of the algebra, we conjecture a closed-form expression for the master BCJ numerator up to any multiplicity. We also introduce a new method, based on group algebra of the permutation group, to solve for the generalized gauge freedom of BCJ numerators. It uses the recently introducedbinary BCJ relationsto provide a complete set of NMHV kinematic numerators that consist ofpure gauge.
Baryogenesis via relativistic bubble walls
Authors: Azatov Aleksandr , Vanvlasselaer Miguel , Yin Wen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe present a novel mechanism which leads to the baryon asymmetry generation during the strong first order phase transition. If the bubble wall propagates with ultra-relativistic velocity, it has been shown [1] that it can produce states much heavier than the scale of the transition and that those states are then out of equilibrium. In this paper, we show that this production mechanism can also induce CP-violation at one-loop level. We calculate those CP violating effects during the heavy particle production and show, that combined with baryon number violating interactions, those can lead to successful baryogenesis. Two models based on this mechanism are constructed and their phenomenology is discussed. Stochastic gravitational wave signals turn out to be generic signatures of this type of models.
One-loop corrections to the Higgs boson invisible decay in the dark doublet phase of the N2HDM
Authors: Azevedo Duarte , Gabriel Pedro , Mühlleitner Margarete , Sakurai Kodai , Santos Rui 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Higgs invisible decay width may soon become a powerful tool to probe extensions of the Standard Model with dark matter candidates at the Large Hadron Collider. In this work, we calculate the next-to-leading order (NLO) electroweak corrections to the 125 GeV Higgs decay width into two dark matter particles. The model is the next-to-minimal 2-Higgs-doublet model (N2HDM) in the dark doublet phase, that is, only one doublet and the singlet acquire vacuum expectation values. We show that the present measurement of the Higgs invisible branching ratio, BR(H → invisible < 0.11), does not lead to constraints on the parameter space of the model at leading order. This is due to the very precise measurements of the Higgs couplings but could change in the near future. Furthermore, if NLO corrections are required not to be unphysically large, no limits on the parameter space can be extracted from the NLO results.
The NSVZ relations for $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 1 supersymmetric theories with multiple gauge couplings
Authors: Korneev D. S. , Plotnikov D. V. , Stepanyantz K. V. , Tereshina N. A. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We investigate the NSVZ relations for $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 supersymmetric gauge theories with multiple gauge couplings. As examples, we consider MSSM and the flipped SU(5) model, for which they easily reproduce the results for the two-loop β-functions. For $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 1 SQCD interacting with the Abelian gauge superfield we demonstrate that the NSVZ-like equation for the Adler D-function follows from the NSVZ relations. Also we derive all-loop equations describing how the NSVZ equations for theories with multiple gauge couplings change under finite renormalizations. They allow describing a continuous set of NSVZ schemes in which the exact NSVZ β-functions are valid for all gauge coupling constants. Very likely, this class includes the HD+MSL scheme, which is obtained if a theory is regularized by Higher covariant Derivatives and divergences are removed by Minimal Subtractions of Logarithms. That is why we also discuss how one can construct the higher derivative regularization for theories with multiple gauge couplings. Presumably, this regularization allows to derive the NSVZ equations for such theories in all loops. In this paper we make the first step of this derivation, namely, the NSVZ equations for theories with multiple gauge couplings are rewritten in a new form which relates the β-functions to the anomalous dimensions of the quantum gauge superfields, of the Faddeev-Popov ghosts, and of the matter superfields. The equivalence of this new form to the original NSVZ relations follows from the extension of the non-renormalization theorem for the triple gauge-ghost vertices, which is also derived in this paper.
Non-perturbative determination of collisional broadening and medium induced radiation in QCD plasmas
Authors: Moore Guy D. , Schlichting Sören , Schlusser Niels , Soudi Ismail 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We supply recently obtained results from lattice EQCD with the correct UV limit to construct the collisional broadening kernel C(b⊥) in a QCD plasma. We discuss the limiting behavior of C(b⊥) at small and large impact parameters b⊥, and illustrate how the results can be used to compute medium-induced radiation rates.
Next-to-leading power two-loop soft functions for the Drell-Yan process at threshold
Authors: Broggio Alessandro , Jaskiewicz Sebastian , Vernazza Leonardo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We calculate the generalized soft functions at $$ \mathcal{O} $$
O
($$ {\alpha}_s^2 $$

α
s
2

) at next-to-leading power accuracy for the Drell-Yan process at threshold. The operator definitions of these objects contain explicit insertions of soft gauge and matter fields, giving rise to a dependence on additional convolution variables with respect to the leading power result. These soft functions constitute the last missing ingredient for the validation of the bare factorization theorem to NNLO accuracy. We carry out the calculations by reducing the soft squared amplitudes into a set of canonical master integrals and we employ the method of differential equations to evaluate them. We retain the exact d-dimensional dependence of the convolution variables at the integration boundaries in order to regulate the fixed-order convolution integrals. After combining the soft functions with the relevant collinear functions, we perform checks of the results at the cross-section level against the literature and expansion-by-regions calculations, at NNLO and partly at N3LO, finding agreement.
Symmetry-resolved entanglement entropy in Wess-Zumino-Witten models
Authors: Calabrese Pasquale , Dubail Jérôme , Murciano Sara 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We consider the problem of the decomposition of the Rényi entanglement entropies in theories with a non-abelian symmetry by doing a thorough analysis of Wess-Zumino-Witten (WZW) models. We first consider SU(2)k as a case study and then generalise to an arbitrary non-abelian Lie group. We find that at leading order in the subsystem size L the entanglement is equally distributed among the different sectors labelled by the irreducible representation of the associated algebra. We also identify the leading term that breaks this equipartition: it does not depend on L but only on the dimension of the representation. Moreover, a log log L contribution to the Rényi entropies exhibits a universal prefactor equal to half the dimension of the Lie group.
First results of the CAST-RADES haloscope search for axions at 34.67 μeV
Authors: Álvarez Melcón A. , Arguedas Cuendis S. , Baier J. , Barth K. , Bräuninger H. , Calatroni S. , Cantatore G. , Caspers F. , Castel J. F. , Cetin S. A. , Cogollos C. , Dafni T. , Davenport M. , Dermenev A. , Desch K. , Díaz-Morcillo A. , Döbrich B. , Fischer H. , Funk W. , Gallego J. D. , García Barceló J. M. , Gardikiotis A. , Garza J. G. , Gimeno B. , Gninenko S. , Golm J. , Hasinoff M. D. , Hoffmann D. H. H. , Irastorza I. G. , Jakovčić K. , Kaminski J. , Karuza M. , Lakić B. , Laurent J. M. , Lozano-Guerrero A. J. , Luzón G. , Malbrunot C. , Maroudas M. , Miralda-Escudé J. , Mirallas H. , Miceli L. , Navarro P. , Ozbey A. , Özbozduman K. , Peña Garay C. , Pivovaroff M. J. , Redondo J. , Ruz J. , Ruiz Chóliz E. , Schmidt S. , Schumann M. , Semertzidis Y. K. , Solanki S. K. , Stewart L. , Tsagris I. , Vafeiadis T. , Vogel J. K. , Widmann E. , Wuensch W. , Zioutas K. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We present results of the Relic Axion Dark-Matter Exploratory Setup (RADES), a detector which is part of the CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST), searching for axion dark matter in the 34.67 μeV mass range. A radio frequency cavity consisting of 5 sub-cavities coupled by inductive irises took physics data inside the CAST dipole magnet for the first time using this filter-like haloscope geometry. An exclusion limit with a 95% credibility level on the axion-photon coupling constant of gaγ ≳ 4 × 10−13 GeV−1 over a mass range of 34.6738 μeV < ma< 34.6771 μeV is set. This constitutes a significant improvement over the current strongest limit set by CAST at this mass and is at the same time one of the most sensitive direct searches for an axion dark matter candidate above the mass of 25 μeV. The results also demonstrate the feasibility of exploring a wider mass range around the value probed by CAST-RADES in this work using similar coherent resonant cavities.
The unbearable lightness of charged gravitini
Authors: Dall’Agata Gianguido , Emelin Maxim , Farakos Fotis , Morittu Matteo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We prove that charged gravitini cannot have parametrically small or vanishing Lagrangian mass in de Sitter vacua of extended supergravity while respecting the magnetic weak gravity conjecture. This places large classes of de Sitter solutions of gauged supergravity in the swampland, including all known stable solutions of the N=2 theory. We illustrate this result by analyzing a variety of de Sitter critical points of N=2 matter-coupled supergravity that also include new stable de Sitter solutions. Our results provide concrete evidence that (quasi) de Sitter with charged light gravitini should belong to the swampland, which also strongly resonates with the “festina lente” bound.
Concomitant full-thickness cartilage lesions do not affect patient-reported outcomes at minimum 10-year follow-up after ACL reconstruction
Authors: Wang Katherine , Eftang Cathrine N. , Ulstein Svend , Årøen Asbjørn , Jakobsen Rune B. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Purpose
To compare patients with a concomitant full-thickness cartilage lesion and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury to patients with an isolated ACL injury at 10–15 years post ACL reconstruction.

Methods
This is a longitudinal follow-up of a cohort of 89 patients that were identified in the Norwegian National Knee Ligament Registry and included in the index study in 2007. The study group consisted of 30 patients that underwent ACL reconstruction and had a concomitant, isolated full-thickness cartilage lesion (International Cartilage Repair Society [ICRS] grade 3–4). Each study patient was matched with two control patients who underwent ACL reconstruction but had no cartilage lesions (ICRS grade 1–4) (n = 59). At a median follow-up of 10.2 years (range 9.9–15.6), 65 patients (74%) completed the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), which was the main outcome measure, resulting in 23 pairs after matching.

Results
At a follow-up of 10–15 years after ACL reconstruction, no significant differences in KOOS were found between patients with a concomitant full-thickness cartilage lesion and patients without cartilage lesions. There was also no significant difference between the two groups when comparing the change over time in KOOS scores from preoperative to follow-up. Both groups showed significant improvement in all KOOS subscales from preoperative to follow-up, except for in the Symptoms subscale for the control group. The greatest improvement was in the QoL subscale for the study group.

Conclusion
ACL-reconstructed patients with a full-thickness cartilage lesion did not report worse outcomes at 10–15 years after surgery compared with patients with an isolated ACL injury. Our findings support that there is no long-term negative effect of a concomitant cartilage lesion in an ACL-reconstructed knee. These findings should be considered when discussing treatment and informing about the expected long-term outcome after ACL reconstruction to patients with such combined injuries.

Level of evidence
II.
Esophageal Duplication Cysts in 97 Adult Patients: A Systematic Review
Authors: Gonzalez‐Urquijo Mauricio , Hinojosa‐Gonzalez David Eugenio , Padilla‐Armendariz Diana Paola , Saldaña‐Rodriguez Jorge Alberto , Leyva‐Alvizo Adolfo , Rodarte‐Shade Mario , Rojas‐Mendez Javier 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundEsophageal duplication cysts are a rare congenital cystic malformation from faulty intrauterine recanalization of the esophagus during the 4‐8th weeks of development. They account for 20% of all gastrointestinal duplication cysts and commonly involve the distal esophagus. Presenting symptoms may be related to size and location.
Materials and MethodsFollowing the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review was performed by searching published literature in various databases. Data from 97 reported case reports were pooled to present a descriptive and statistical analysis.ResultsPatient population was composed of 51(52.5%) males and 46 (47.5%) females, and mean ages was 42.3 years (18–77). Distal cysts were the most prevalent. Seventy‐nine (81.4%) patients were symptomatic; common symptoms included dysphagia, chest pain, cough and weight loss. Fifteen (15.5%) patients were treated conservatively and 75 (84.5%) by surgical treatment, among them thoracotomy in 30 (30.9%) patients and VATS in 17 (17.5%) patients. Mean length of hospital stay was 8.6 days (range: 1–26 days). One fatality was registered. Location, unlike size, was not found to influence presenting symptoms or treatment employed. Frequency of conservative treatment was not significantly different between symptomatic and asymptomatic patients. Open approaches were associated with longer stays than their minimally invasive counterparts.ConclusionEsophageal duplication cysts remain rare in adults and are frequently located in the distal esophagus. Larger cysts are more likely to cause symptoms. Various surgical techniques may successfully be employed in the treatment of this pathology. Minimally invasive procedures have a shorter hospital stay.