bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study of the Utility of Cartridge-Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test in Diagnosis of Pulmonary and Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis in People Living with HIV in Second Highest HIV Prevalent State in India
Authors: Bagbi Tade , Reema Ningthoukhongjam , Devi S. Bhagyabati , Singh Thangjam Gautam , Jaleel Mohammad , Nishad Ravi 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Introduction Tuberculosis (TB) in people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV) is difficult to diagnose due to fewer organisms in sputum and extrapulmonary samples. Sputum culture takes 4 to 8 weeks for growth of the mycobacteria. Delayed treatment for TB in PLHIV leads to increased mortality. This study evaluated cartridge-based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) as a diagnostic tool for diagnosis of pulmonary TB (PTB) and extrapulmonary TB (EPTB) in PLHIV in the second most HIV prevalent state in India and for comparing its efficacy between Ziehl–Neelsen (ZN) staining sputum smear–positive and sputum smear–negative TB.
Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in RIMS, Imphal, with 167 PLHIV patients, age 15 years or older, having signs and symptoms of TB. Appropriate samples for sputum microscopy and CBNAAT were sent.
Conclusion The overall sensitivity of sputum smear for acid-fast bacillus (AFB) was found to be 30.71% and that of CBNAAT was 38.57%. Sensitivity of CBNAAT for sputum smear–positive and sputum smear–negative TB was 100 and 11.3%, respectively. Sensitivity of ZN smear for AFB of EPTB sample was 48.1% and that of CBNAAT was 59.25%. In both PTB and EPTB, CBNAAT showed an increase in diagnosis of microbiologically confirmed PTB cases by 7.8 and 11.1%, respectively, over and above the cases diagnosed by ZN smear microscopy. Rifampicin resistance was detected in five patients. We conclude that CBNAAT is a rapid test with better sensitivity in diagnosis of PTB and EPTB in PLHIV, compared with ZN smear microscopy. It detects rifampicin resistance for multidrug-resistant TB and helps in early treatment intervention.
What Information Do Clinicians Deem Important for Counseling Parents Facing Extremely Early Deliveries?: Results from an Online Survey
Authors: Kim Brennan Hodgson , Feltman Dalia M. , Schneider Simone , Herron Constance , Montes Andres , Anani Uchenna E. , Murray Peter D. , Arnolds Marin , Krick Jeanne 
Published: June 2021

Objective The study aimed to better understand how neonatology and maternal fetal medicine (MFM) physicians convey information during antenatal counseling that requires facilitating shared decision-making with parents facing options of resuscitation versus comfort care after extremely early delivery
Study Design Attending physicians at US centers with both Neo and MFM fellowships were invited to answer an original online survey about antenatal counseling for extremely early newborns. The survey assessed information conveyed, processes for facilitating shared decision-making (reported separately), and clinical experiences. Neonatology and MFM responses were compared. Multivariable logistic regression analyzed topics often and seldom discussed by specialty groups with respect to respondents' clinical experience and resuscitation option preferences at different gestational weeks.
Results In total, 74 MFM and 167 neonatologists representing 94% of the 81 centers surveyed responded. Grouped by specialty, respondents were similar in counseling experience and distribution of allowing choices between resuscitation and no resuscitation for delivery at specific weeks of gestational ages. MFM versus neonatology reported similar rates of discussing long-term health and developmental concerns and differed in all other categories of topics. Neonatologists were less likely than MFM to discuss caregiver impacts (odds ratio [OR]: 0.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.11–0.18, p < 0.001) and comfort care details (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.15–0.25, p < 0.001). Conversely, neonatology versus MFM respondents more frequently reported “usually” discussing topics pertaining to parenting in the NICU (OR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.2–1.8, p < 0.001) and those regarding stabilizing interventions in the delivery room (OR: 1.8, 95% CI: 1.4–2.2, p < 0.001). Compared with less-experienced respondents, those with 17 years' or more of clinical experience had greater likelihood in both specialties to say they “usually” discussed otherwise infrequently reported topics pertaining to caregiver impacts.
Conclusion Parents require information to make difficult decisions for their extremely early newborns. Our findings endorse the value of co-consultation by MFM and neonatology clinicians and of trainee education on antenatal consultation education to support these families.
Key Points
Ion temperature measurements from tomographic reconstruction of Doppler spectra in the presence of multi-component flow in two dimensions
Authors: Goodman A. , Yoo J. , Jara-Almonte J. , Ji H. 
Published: June 2021

A new ion Doppler diagnostic has been constructed to measure ion temperature profiles in the presence of multi-component flow during magnetic reconnection experiments. The inversion technique and diagnostic setup are applicable to axisymmetric plasmas with two-component flow across the measurement cross section, which occurs during magnetic reconnection. The particular design discussed here is optimized for operation on the Magnetic Reconnection eXperiment (MRX) at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory. To prove the viability of this diagnostic for MRX and the future Facility for Laboratory Reconnection Experiments, measurements have been taken and ion temperature and perpendicular flow profiles have been obtained. The radial velocity on MRX does not contribute to the Doppler shift of the measured spectra but does contribute to the broadening of the spectra, while toroidal flow contributes to both. It is shown that neglecting the radial velocity for vR = 20 km/s leads to an error in the ion temperature inversion of 20%. Results from MRX discharges are shown, and the impact of radial velocity on ion temperature inversions is discussed.
Design and implementation of a portable diagnostic system for Thomson scattering and optical emission spectroscopy measurements
Authors: Kafle N. , Elliott D. , Garren E. W. , He Z. , Gebhart T. E. , Zhang Z. , Biewer T. M. 
Published: June 2021

A diagnostic system, which has a design goal of high-portability, has been designed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). This project aims at providing measurements of key plasma parameters (ne, Te, ni, Ti) for fusion-relevant devices, utilizing Thomson scattering (TS) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The innovative design employs mostly commercial off-the-shelf instrumentation and a traveling team of researchers to conduct measurements at various magnetic-confinement plasma devices. The TS diagnostic uses a Quantel Q-smart 1500 Nd:YAG laser with a 2ω harmonic generator to produce up to 850 mJ of 532 nm laser pulses at 10 Hz. Collection optics placed at the detection port consists of an 11 × 3 optical fiber bundle, where the TS diagnostic uses an 11 × 1 subset array of the fibers, the OES diagnostic uses another 11 fibers, and the remaining fibers are available to the host institution. The detection system is comprised of two separate IsoPlane-320 spectrometers with triple-grating turrets of various line spacing and two PI-MAX 4 intensified CCD detectors, used simultaneously to measure a broad range of ion, impurity, and electron parameters. The self-contained diagnostic package also includes a data processing and storage system. The design and initial implementation of the TS-OES diagnostic system are described. The experiments from the proof-of-principle operation of the portable package on a high density (∼2.5 × 1022 m−3) and low-temperature (∼5 eV) electrothermal arc source at ORNL are also discussed.
Ultrasound measurement technique for the single-turn-coil magnets
Authors: Nomura T. , Hauspurg A. , Gorbunov D. I. , Miyata A. , Schulze E. , Zvyagin S. A. , Tsurkan V. , Matsuda Y. H. , Kohama Y. , Zherlitsyn S. 
Published: June 2021

Ultrasound is a powerful means to study numerous phenomena of condensed-matter physics as acoustic waves couple strongly to structural, magnetic, orbital, and charge degrees of freedom. In this paper, we present such a technique combined with single-turn coils (STCs) that generate magnetic fields beyond 100 T with the typical pulse duration of 6 µs. As a benchmark of this technique, the ultrasound results for MnCr2S4, Cu6[Si6O18]·6H2O, and liquid oxygen are shown. The resolution for the relative sound-velocity change in the STC is estimated as Δv/v ∼ 10−3, which is sufficient to study various field-induced phase transitions and critical phenomena.
A modified C-field circuit for the rubidium atomic clock
Authors: Guo Yonggang , Zhang Jun , Wang Shiwei , Wang Kuan , Wei Lixun , Li Wenxin , Lu Fang , Liu Zhidong , Yang Wei 
Published: June 2021

As one of the important circuits of the rubidium atomic clock, the C-field circuit plays a significant role in the rubidium atomic clock’s performance. Generally, a C-field circuit is used to provide a constant current to a C-field coil by forming a weak magnetic field to select two hyperfine mF = 0 energy levels and thus fine-tune the transition frequency of 87Rb. In this way, the C-field circuit has a direct influence on the frequency stability of the rubidium atomic clock. In this paper, by studying the principles and functions of the C-field in a rubidium atomic clock, we propose a modified C-field circuit, which not only provides constant current to the C-field coil but also provides a pathway to improve the performance of the rubidium atomic clock significantly by optimizing the start-up characteristics and temperature coefficient carefully. In addition, according to the theoretical analysis and test verification, the rubidium atomic clock with the proposed C-field circuit improves the temperature coefficient from −1.2 × 10−13 to 2.7 × 10−15/°C, and in addition, the stability of long-term frequency can reach 3.88 × 10−15 at 105 s.
A non-intrusive voltage measurement scheme based on MEMS electric field sensors: Theoretical analysis and experimental verification of AC power lines
Authors: Yang Pengfei , Wen Xiaolong , Lv Yao , Chu Zhaozhi , Peng Chunrong 
Published: June 2021

A non-interference AC voltage measurement system based on a resonant electric field microsensor is proposed. The equivalent circuit of the proposed system is established, which shows that the frequency response function is only related to the capacitances of the system structure in the kHz low-frequency range. Furthermore, the sensitivity analysis and experiments demonstrate that the amplitude sensitivity is independent of the frequency of an unknown AC voltage. Therefore, this technique is very suitable for measuring arbitrary waveform voltage. A functional prototype was developed and tested to acquire AC power-line voltages. The prototype responded well to the transient waveform of the AC input signal, yet with a phase delay of 177.24°. The output of the system was linear in the range of 0–1000 Vrms at 50-Hz and the linearity was 0.54%, whereas the maximum relative deviation of the rms voltage measurements above 10 V was −0.83%. Finally, the shielding ability of the system against interference and noise was verified through the AC interference voltage measurement.
Toward achieving persistent behavior change in household water conservation
Authors: Vivek Vivek , Malghan Deepak , Mukherjee Kanchan 
Published: June 2021

SignificanceResearchers have been successful in inducing environmental conservation behavior, but the effect is usually transient. Persistence in behavior change has been elusive. We developed a simple, cost-effective, and replicable behavioral intervention for household water conservation that achieved persistence of behavior change. Our method uses objectively defined, sustainability-based per-person goals rather than comparative social norms that can themselves be beyond the threshold of biophysical sustainability or policy goals. Per-person goals help transcend the limitations of extant social comparison interventions that ignore household size. This work also expands the scope of behavioral interventions to settings where resource pricing is not possible or is difficult.
Cadherin puncta are interdigitated dynamic actin protrusions necessary for stable cadherin adhesion
Authors: Li John Xiao He , Tang Vivian W. , Boateng Kingsley A. , Brieher William M. 
Published: June 2021

SignificanceA major question in tissue biology is how cells manage to maintain stable cell–cell adhesion using the intrinsically weak homophilic bonds of cadherin adhesion molecules. One suggestion is that cells cluster cadherins into large puncta to promote strong adhesion. However, we now show that puncta are not clusters of cadherins but rather interdigitated protruding microspikes. Actin polymerization–dependent protrusive activity generates the interdigitated fingers that help hold the cells together by increasing the membrane surface area available for cadherin–cadherin molecular interactions and by generating a rough, interlocking topography to impede relative movement between cells. The latter, analogous to friction, may offer a physical means of adhesion to compliment the chemical adhesion afforded by cadherin–cadherin homophilic binding.
The balance of giving versus receiving social support and all-cause mortality in a US national sample
Authors: Chen Edith , Lam Phoebe H. , Finegood Eric D. , Turiano Nicholas A. , Mroczek Daniel K. , Miller Gregory E. 
Published: June 2021

Significance
Social support is a key contributor to mortality risk, with effects comparable in magnitude (though opposite in direction) to smoking and obesity. Research has largely focused on either support received or support given; yet, everyday social relationships typically involve interchanges of support rather than only giving or only receiving. Using a longitudinal US national sample, this article elucidates how the balance of social support (amount of giving one does on a monthly basis relative to receiving support) relates to all-cause mortality over a 23-y follow-up period. Although correlational, one possible implication of the findings is that encouraging individuals to give support (e.g., helping others with errands) in moderation, while also being willing to accept support, may have longevity benefits.
TMK1-based auxin signaling regulates abscisic acid responses via phosphorylating ABI1/2 in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Yang Jie , He Hang , He Yuming , Zheng Qiaozhen , Li Qingzhong , Feng Xin , Wang Pengcheng , Qin Guocheng , Gu Yangtao , Wu Ping , Peng Chao , Sun Shilei , Zhang Yi , Wen Mingzhang , Chen Rong , Zhao Yang , Xu Tongda 
Published: June 2021

Significance
The complex and diverse functions of the phytohormone auxin rely on its concentration. A high concentration of auxin has distinct effects on plant development and environmental adaptation in comparison with a low level of auxin. In this study, we show that a high concentration of auxin is capable of stimulating ABA responses partially through a TMK1-based mechanism. This involves the phosphorylation of ABI1/2, two negative regulators of ABA signaling, and following the activation of downstream ABA responses. Our work reveals the interplay between the phytohormone auxin and ABA, and provides a basis for interpreting differential phytohormone responses during plant development.
A note on coarse graining and group representations
Authors: Bodendorfer Norbert , Haneder Fabian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
A coarse graining operation of spatially homogeneous quantum states based on an SU(1,1) Lie group structure has recently been proposed in (Bodendorfer and Haneder 2019 Phys. Lett. B 792 69–73) and used in (Bodendorfer and Wuhrer 2020 Class. Quantum Grav.
33 185007) to compute an explicit renormalisation group flow in the context of loop quantum cosmology. In this note, we explain the group theoretical origin of this procedure and generalise previous results based on these insights. We also highlight how the group theoretical origin of these techniques implies their immediate generalisation to other Lie groups.
Photodissociation dynamics of methyl iodide across the A-band probed by femtosecond extreme ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy
Authors: Downes-Ward Briony , Warne Emily M , Woodhouse Joanne , Parkes Michael A , Springate Emma , Pearcy Philip A J , Zhang Yu , Karras Gabriel , Wyatt Adam S , Chapman Richard T , Minns Russell S 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The dissociation dynamics of CH3I at three UV pump wavelengths (279 nm, 254 nm, 243 nm) are measured using an extreme ultraviolet probe in a time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy experiment. The results are compared with previously published data at a pump wavelength of 269 nm, [2020, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 22, 25695], with complementary photoelectron spectroscopy experiments performed using a multiphoton ionization (MPI) probe [2019, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 21, 11142] and with the recent action spectroscopy measurements of Murillo-Sánchez et al [2020, J. Chem. Phys., 152, 014304]. The measurements at 279 nm and 243 nm show signals that are consistent with rapid dissociation along the C–I bond occurring on timescales that are consistent with previous measurements. The measurements at 254 nm show a significantly longer excited state lifetime with a secondary feature appearing after 100 fs which is indicative of more complex dynamics in the excited state. The time-dependence of the changes are consistent with the previously measured MPI photoelectron spectroscopy measurements of Warne et al, [2019, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 21, 11142]. The consistency of the signal appearance across ionization processes suggests that the extended observation time at 254 nm is not an artefact of the previously used MPI process but is caused by more complex dynamics on the excited state potential. Whether this is caused by complex vibrational dynamics on the dominant 3
Q
0 state or is due to enhanced population and dynamics on the 1
Q
1 state remains an open question.
The effect of oxygen admixture on the properties of microwave generated plasma in Ar–O2: a modelling study
Authors: Baeva M , Stankov M , Trautvetter T , Methling R , Hempel F , Loffhagen D , Foest R 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This work presents results of a self-consistent modelling analysis on microwave plasma generated in Ar–O2 mixtures at a frequency of 2.45 GHz at atmospheric pressure. The study focuses on how the plasma properties are influenced by the increase of the oxygen fraction in the gas mixture. The oxygen admixture is increased from 1% up to 95% in mass for values of the input microwave power of 1 and 1.5 kW. The results show that for a power of 1 kW and gradually increasing the oxygen admixture from 1% to 25% the electron density drops by a factor of more than four due to the energy lost by the electrons due to dissociation of oxygen molecules and the gas heating. An analysis of the number densities of species produced in the Ar–O2 plasma is presented. Oxygen admixtures of above 50% are considered along with an increase of the input microwave power in order to supply the discharge with electron number density values of the order of 1019 m−3. Gas temperatures above 3700 K are obtained in the plasma core along with a strong production of oxygen atoms with a number density of the order of 1023 m−3.
Bounce of a biassed ball
Authors: Cross Rod 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
If a smooth ball is dropped vertically without spin on a smooth horizontal surface then one might expect the ball to bounce vertically without spin. If it does not then the centre of mass of the ball does not coincide with its geometric centre. An experiment is described where a billiard ball and a superball are deliberately biassed by adding a small steel ball on one side. The results agree well with theoretical calculations.
Measurement of strong electromagnetic pulses generated from solid targets at sub-ns kJ-class PALS laser facility
Authors: Rączka P , Cikhardt J , Pfeifer M , Krása J , Krupka M , Burian T , Krůs M , Pisarczyk T , Dostál J , Dudžák R , Badziak J 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Measurements had been performed of strong electromagnetic pulses (EMPs) generated as a result of laser–target interaction at the sub-ns kJ-class Prague Asterix Laser System facility. Two conductive Prodyn FD5C D-dot pencil probes were used. Measurements were performed inside the experimental chamber and outside the chamber in a large chamber window 40 cm in diameter in a setup that guaranteed 6 GHz bandwidth. A very good signal-to-noise ratio (17:1) was obtained after some steps were taken to ensure proper EMP shielding of the data collection setup. The EMP signal in the time domain was found to have the form of a sharp initial spike followed by gradually decaying oscillations interspersed with some secondary spikes. The values of the vertical component of the electric field strength were estimated. The highest value recorded in this experiment was

620

−
180

+
260

kV m−1 at a distance of 40 cm from the target. It was observed that plastic targets—particularly the 100s of µm thick plastic foils—tend to generate stronger EMP fields than Cu and Au targets. A time-frequency analysis was performed for a typical shot, clearly showing some spectral features that appear only sometime after the start of the signal and hence indicate EMP generation from secondary sources. Electrons ejected from the target were recorded with the energies exceeding 1.5 MeV, which indicates that highly energetic processes are triggered as a result of the laser–target interaction.
Spatio-temporal complexity of power-grid frequency fluctuations
Authors: Gorjão Leonardo Rydin , Schäfer Benjamin , Witthaut Dirk , Beck Christian 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Power-grid systems constitute one of the most complex man-made spatially extended structures. These operate with strict operational bounds to ensure synchrony across the grid. This is particularly relevant for power-grid frequency, which operates strictly at 50 Hz (60 Hz). Nevertheless, small fluctuations around the mean frequency are present at very short time scales <2 s and can exhibit highly complex spatio-temporal behaviour. Here we apply superstatistical data analysis techniques to measured frequency fluctuations in the Nordic grid. We study the increment statistics and extract the relevant time scales and superstatistical distribution functions from the data. We show that different synchronous recordings of power-grid frequency have very distinct stochastic fluctuations with different types of superstatistics at different spatial locations, and with transitions from one superstatistics to another when the time lag of the increment statistics is changed.