bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anabaptist two kingdom dualism: metaphysical grounding for non-violence
Authors: Zimmerman Caleb 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA non-violent position drawn from the Anabaptist tradition (‘two-kingdom dualism’) is contrasted with the Christian pacifism with which that position is commonly conflated. It is argued that two-kingdom dualism more effectively leverages the philosophical and practical features of its particularly Christian character than does Christian pacifism – and that these features may have implications beyond the philosophy of religion.
Income growth in the United Kingdom during late career and after retirement: growing inequalities after deindustrialisation, educational expansion and development of the knowledge-based economy
Authors: Veira-Ramos Alberto , Schmelzer Paul 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article shows how late-life incomes from work and pensions evolved in the United Kingdom between 1991 and 2007, the year the Great Recession began. Our main contribution comes from focusing on changes across cohorts in different educational groups while also considering the gender divide. Our statistical analyses based on the British Household Panel Survey (BHPS) suggest that deindustrialisation, the expansion of jobs in the knowledge economy and pension reforms affected senior workers’ incomes before and after retirement. Highly qualified senior male workers have profited from increasing income across the cohorts more than any other social group. Such a trend is not observed among highly qualified female workers. Male and female low-qualified senior workers do not show major income loses, but have not benefited to the same extent as highly educated male workers. As a result, pension income inequalities between highly qualified men and the rest have increased. The increasing pensions gap between educational groups can be traced back to the improving situation on the labour market for highly qualified male workers, and to reforms benefiting private pension schemes, where the highly qualified are overrepresented. Thus, the shift in pension provisions towards private pension schemes is clearly disadvantageous for low-qualified male workers and for women of all educational levels, and contributes to the increase of social inequalities.
Residential reasoning: how childless older adults choose between ageing in place (AIP) and institutionalisation in rural China
Authors: Chen Shirly H. Z. , Lou Vivian W. Q. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe decision of whether to grow old in one's home (also referred to as ageing in place (AIP)) or relocating to an institution is an ongoing negotiation process, which involves residential decisions and adaptation. This research aims to explore how childless older adults in rural China choose between AIP and institutionalisation. Through a qualitative study conducted in rural China among childless older adults, we explored the reasons why they make certain residential choices and how they adapted during the decision process. Twenty-five childless participants (aged 60–83) were interviewed. Findings suggested that they referred to the term ku (literally meaning ‘bitterness’; and a metaphor referring to ‘conducting farming and farm-related activities’) to explain their residential decisions. If a person could endure ku – sustain food and basic living through farming and farm-related activities, they tended to choose to age in place; otherwise, they chose to relocate to institutions. Ku represents a sense of mastery, encompassing the stressfulness and suffering aspect that requires adaptation. Three adaptive strategies were identified: (a) positive reappraising of the negative aspect of ku, (b) routinising ku, and (c) transcending the narrative of ku into a toughness identity. Our findings suggest that childless older adults struggled to achieve residential mastery while making residential decisions, even though a sense of mastery was shaped by the individual and structural constrictions.
Re-enacting the international order, or: why the Syrian state did not disappear
Authors: Grzybowski Janis 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAt the height of the Syrian civil war, many observers argued that the Syrian state was collapsing, fragmenting, or dissolving. Yet, it never actually vanished. Revisiting the rising challenges to the Syrian state since 2011 – from internal collapse through external fragmentation to its looming dissolution by the ‘Islamic State’ – provides a rare opportunity to investigate the re-enactment of both statehood and international order in crisis. Indeed, what distinguishes the challenges posed to Syria, and Iraq, from others in the region and beyond is that their potential dissolution was regarded as a threat not merely to a – despised – dictatorial regime, or a particular state, but to the state-based international order itself. Regimes fall and states ‘collapse’ internally or are replaced by new states, but the international order is fundamentally questioned only where the territorially delineated state form is contested by an alternative. The article argues that the Syrian state survived not simply due to its legal sovereignty or foreign regime support, but also because states that backed the rebellion, fearing the vanishing of the Syrian nation-state in a transnational jihadist ‘caliphate’, came to prefer its persistence under Assad. The re-enactment of states and of the international order are thus ultimately linked.
Examining the impact of different country processes for appraising rare disease treatments: a case study analysis
Authors: Whittal Amanda , Nicod Elena , Drummond Mike , Facey Karen 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Conventional appraisal and reimbursement processes are being challenged by the increasing number of rare disease treatments (RDTs) with a small evidence base and often a high price. Processes to appraise RDTs vary across countries; some use standard processes, others have separate processes or adapted processes that explicitly deal with rare disease specificities. The objective of this study was to examine the impacts of different appraisal processes for two RDTs.

Methods
A case study analysis was conducted using countries with different forms of appraisal processes for RDTs for which public health technology assessment (HTA) reports were available. Two contrasting RDTs were chosen according to the criteria: rare versus ultra-rare treatment, affecting child versus adult, life-threatening versus disabling. Information from public HTA reports for each country's RDT appraisal was extracted into templates, allowing a systematic comparison of the appraisals across countries and identification of the impact of the different processes in practice.

Results
Reports from Belgium, England, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Scotland, Sweden, and the USA were selected for nusinersen (for spinal muscular atrophy) and voretigene neparvovec (for inherited retinal disorders). Countries with separate or adapted processes had more consistent approaches for managing RDT-related issues during appraisal, such as stakeholder involvement and criteria to address the specificities of RDTs, creating more transparency in decision-making.

Conclusions
Findings suggest that separate or adapted approaches for RDT appraisal may facilitate more structured, consistent decision-making and better management of RDT specificities.
Composition and structure of mountain forests containing two tropical pines, Pinus krempfii and Pinus dalatensis, on the Da Lat Plateau, southern Vietnam
Authors: Hara Masatoshi , Hoàng Trường Thanh , Tiến Trần Văn , Ohsawa Masahiko 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe examined the floristic composition and stand structure of tropical mountain forests containing two pine species, Pinus krempfii Lecomte and Pinus dalatensis Ferré, on the Da Lat Plateau in southern Vietnam. A total of 92 tree species were identified, and the greatest species richness at the family level was found in Lauraceae and Fagaceae. Both pine species grew to more than 25 m in height and spread their crowns over the continuous canopy layer. Under crowns of P. krempfii, Castanopsis chinensis, Trigonobalanus verticillata, Engelhardia roxburghiana, and Dendropanax hainanensis constituted the continuous canopy layer. Under crowns of P. dalatensis, pioneer species such as Schima wallichii, Exbucklandia populnea, and Pentaphylax euryoides along with gymnosperms such as Dacrycarpus imbricatus and Dacrydium elatum constituted the continuous canopy layer. Juveniles of P. krempfii were prevalent on the forest floor, but juveniles of P. dalatensis were scarce. We suggest that two pine species have different regeneration requirements related to disturbance and soil condition.
The organisation of stage stations in Central Asian colonial provinces of the Tibetan Empire according to Pelliot tibétain 1096r
Authors: BIALEK JOANNA 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBased on the first English translation of the Old Tibetan document with the shelf mark Pelliot tibétain 1096 recto, the article analyses the internal organisation of a stage station (sluṅs) in the Central Asian colonial provinces of the Tibetan Empire. It examines officials and offices that constituted a stage station, as well as persons who were using its services. By comparing the information contained in the document with later reports of foreign travellers, the article reconstructs the organisation of a stage station. It also brings to light certain traits that were apparently common to the first historically attested relay system of the Tibetan Empire and the succeeding system introduced by the Mongols during the thirteenth century ce.
Assessing Geochemical Bioenergetics and Microbial Metabolisms at Three Terrestrial Sites of Serpentinization: The Tablelands (NL, CAN), The Cedars (CA, USA), and Aqua de Ney (CA, USA)
Authors: Cook Melissa C. , Blank Jennifer G. , Suzuki Shino , Nealson Kenneth H. , Morrill Penny L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe subsurface process of serpentinization creates an extreme environment for microbial life. This environment includes reducing, ultra‐basic groundwater that is limited in electron acceptors. Despite these challenging conditions, there is a great deal of potential energy available to support microbial metabolisms both in the anaerobic subsurface and in aerobic surface environments where serpentinization associated groundwater discharges. In this study, the available energy was quantified through the calculation of chemical affinities, Ar, for three sites of active serpentinization in North America: the Tablelands (NL, CAN), The Cedars (CA, USA), and Aqua de Ney (CA, USA). The results showed that Ar values for each reaction were similar for all sites studied; however, the available energy varied a great deal from reaction to reaction. For example, the reaction of carbon monoxide oxidation provided the most energy to the system followed closely by hydrogen oxidation and methanotrophy. Potential microbial metabolisms were tested, simulating surface and subsurface conditions, in a laboratory‐based setting using microcosms with materials from each site. During these microcosm experiments, carbon monoxide oxidation was not observed, and there was little evidence of methane oxidation. Unexpectedly, microbial methanogenesis was observed in methane oxidation microcosms using material collected from The Cedars. The microbial production of methane occurred despite the addition of electron acceptors demonstrating the broad tolerance of methanogens at The Cedars for less reducing conditions.
Geospace Plume and Its Impact on Dayside Magnetopause Reconnection Rate
Authors: Zou Ying , Walsh Brian M. , Shi Xueling , Lyons Larry , Liu Jiang , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Ruohoniemi John M. , Coster Anthea J. , Henderson Michael G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe role a geospace plume in influencing the efficiency of magnetopause reconnection is an open question with two contrasting theories being debated. A local‐control theory suggests that a plume decreases both local and global reconnection rates, whereas a global‐control theory argues that the global reconnection rate is controlled by the solar wind rather than local physics. Observationally, limited numbers of point measurements from spacecraft cannot reveal whether a local change affects the global reconnection. A distributed observatory is hence needed to assess the validity of the two theories. We use THEMIS and Los Alamos National Laboratory spacecraft to identify the occurrence of a geospace plume and its contact with the magnetopause. Global evolution and morphology of the plume is traced using GPS measurements. SuperDARN is then used to monitor the distribution and the strength of dayside reconnection. Two storm‐time geospace plume events are examined and show that as the plume contacts the magnetopause, the efficiency of reconnection decreases at the contact longitude. The amount of local decrease is 81% and 68% for the two events, and both values are consistent with the mass loading effect of the plume if the plume's atomic mass is ∼4 amu. Reconnection in the surrounding is enhanced, and when the solar wind driving is stable, little variation is seen in the cross polar cap potential. This study illuminates a pathway to resolve the role of cold dense plasma on solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling, and the observations suggest that plumes redistribute magnetopause reconnection activity without changing the global strength substantially.
Induced Polarization of Carbonates
Authors: Panwar N. , Revil A. , Sharma R. , Schmutz M. , Duvillard P.A. , Garcia B. , Cerepi A. , Garcia‐Artigas R. , Vaudelet P. , Malet E. , Jaillet S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractComplex conductivity measurements of carbonate rocks are scarce despite the occurrence of these rocks at the surface of the Earth. The complex conductivity spectra of 57 carbonate samples were measured in a broad frequency range and at four salinities (NaCl). A simple model of induced polarization is developed to be applied to induced polarization measurements in the field. The in‐phase conductivity (related to conduction) is reported as a function of the pore water conductivity to determine the (intrinsic) formation factor and the surface conductivity. The surface conductivity and the normalized chargeability are linearly correlated to the specific surface area divided by the tortuosity of the pore space. This observation is consistent with a dynamic Stern layer polarization model, the Stern layer being the inner layer of the electrical double layer coating the grains. The quadrature conductivity is observed to be proportional to the measured normalized chargeability in agreement with the prediction of the constant phase model. The effect of the texture is discussed and we observe a power‐law relationship between the permeability and the formation factor. Then, we illustrate how this model can be applied to field data performed over a carbonate syncline in the French Alps. A 1.9 km long profile is used to separate the glacial till infilling the depression from the underlying limestones in terms of induced polarization properties. The induced polarization survey allows imaging the water content and the specific surface area of the formations down to a depth of 220 m.
Generation of Shoreward Nonlinear Internal Waves South of the Hainan Island: Synthetic Aperture Radar Observations and Numerical Simulations
Authors: Jia Tong , Liang Jianjun , Li Qiang , Sha Jin , Li Xiao‐Ming 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe generation of shoreward nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) on the continental shelf south of the Hainan Island (SHI) is investigated based on spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations and numerical simulations. Two types of shoreward NLIWs are identified from SAR images according to their distinct geographic distribution. One type of NLIWs, named Type‐N NLIWs, is distributed in the northern part of SHI, and the other one is named Type‐S NLIWs, distributed in the southern part of SHI. The SAR‐observed wave occurrence frequency during the spring and neap tides, combined with the calculated body force, suggests that the Type‐N NLIWs originate from the Xisha Islands, whereas the Type‐S NLIWs originate from both the Xisha Islands and the continental shelf break, and the shelf break has a larger contribution. The synergistic analyses of the internal tidal raypath, gamma parameter and earliest SAR‐observed NLIWs suggest that the Type‐N NLIWs are caused by the impingement of the diurnal internal tidal beams emanating from the Xisha Islands on the near‐surface pycnocline close to the continental shelf. Based on the realistic shelf‐slope topography and tidal forcing, the two‐dimensional numerical simulations using the MITgcm suggest that the Type‐S NLIWs result from the nonlinear disintegration of a mode‐1 diurnal internal tide, which develops from a depression formed at the continental shelf break. Furthermore, numerical experiments show that the background current can greatly affect the nonlinear evolution of the internal waves generated at the shelf break.
Coulomb-actuated microbeams revisited: experimental and numerical modal decomposition of the saddle-node bifurcation
Authors: Melnikov Anton , Schenk Hermann A. G. , Monsalve Jorge M. , Wall Franziska , Stolz Michael , Mrosk Andreas , Langa Sergiu , Kaiser Bert 
Published: May 2021

AbstractElectrostatic micromechanical actuators have numerous applications in science and technology. In many applications, they are operated in a narrow frequency range close to resonance and at a drive voltage of low variation. Recently, new applications, such as microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) microspeakers (µSpeakers), have emerged that require operation over a wide frequency and dynamic range. Simulating the dynamic performance under such circumstances is still highly cumbersome. State-of-the-art finite element analysis struggles with pull-in instability and does not deliver the necessary information about unstable equilibrium states accordingly. Convincing lumped-parameter models amenable to direct physical interpretation are missing. This inhibits the indispensable in-depth analysis of the dynamic stability of such systems. In this paper, we take a major step towards mending the situation. By combining the finite element method (FEM) with an arc-length solver, we obtain the full bifurcation diagram for electrostatic actuators based on prismatic Euler-Bernoulli beams. A subsequent modal analysis then shows that within very narrow error margins, it is exclusively the lowest Euler-Bernoulli eigenmode that dominates the beam physics over the entire relevant drive voltage range. An experiment directly recording the deflection profile of a MEMS microbeam is performed and confirms the numerical findings with astonishing precision. This enables modeling the system using a single spatial degree of freedom.
The Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility as a best-practice model for biodiversity data infrastructures
Authors: Schulman Leif , Lahti Kari , Piirainen Esko , Heikkinen Mikko , Raitio Olli , Juslén Aino 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBiodiversity informatics has advanced rapidly with the maturation of major biodiversity data infrastructures (BDDIs), such as the Global Biodiversity Information Facility sharing unprecedented data volumes. Nevertheless, taxonomic, temporal and spatial data coverage remains unsatisfactory. With an increasing data need, the global BDDIs require continuous inflow from local data mobilisation, and national BDDIs are being developed around the world. The global BDDIs are specialised in certain data types or data life cycle stages which, despite possible merits, renders the BDDI landscape fragmented and complex. That this often is repeated at the national level creates counterproductive redundancy, complicates user services, and frustrates funders. Here, we present the Finnish Biodiversity Information Facility (FinBIF) as a model of an all-inclusive BDDI. It integrates relevant data types and phases of the data life cycle, manages them under one IT architecture, and distributes the data through one service portal under one brand. FinBIF has experienced diverse funder engagement and rapid user uptake. Therefore, we suggest the integrated and inclusive approach be adopted in national BDDI development.
Adaptation and Validation of the Dynamic Imaging Grade of Swallowing Toxicity for Flexible Endoscopic Evaluation of Swallowing: DIGEST-FEES
Authors: Starmer Heather M. , Arrese Loni , Langmore Susan , Ma Yifei , Murray Joseph , Patterson Joanne , Pisegna Jessica , Roe Justin , Tabor-Gray Lauren , Hutcheson Katherine 
Published: May 2021

Purpose
While flexible endoscopic evaluation of swallowing (FEES) is a common clinical procedure used in the head and neck cancer (HNC) population, extant outcome measures for FEES such as bolus-level penetration–aspiration and residue scores are not well suited as global patient-level endpoint measures of dysphagia severity in cooperative group trials or clinical outcomes research. The Dynamic Imaging Grade of Swallowing Toxicity (DIGEST) was initially developed and validated for use during videofluoroscopic evaluations as a way to grade safety, efficiency, and overall pharyngeal swallowing impairment. The purpose of this study was to adapt and validate DIGEST for use with FEES.

Method
A modified Delphi exercise was conducted for content validation, expert consensus, adaptation, and operationalization of DIGEST-FEES. Three blinded, expert raters then evaluated 100 de-identified post-HNC treatment FEES examinations. Intra- and interrater reliability were tested with quadratic weighted kappa. Criterion validity against the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory, Functional Oral Intake Scale, Secretion Severity Scale, and Yale Residue Rating Scale was assessed with Spearman correlation coefficients.

Results

Interrater reliability was almost perfect for overall DIGEST-FEES grade (κ
w
= 0.83) and safety grade (κ
w
= 0.86) and substantial for efficiency grade (κ
w
= 0.74). Intrarater reliability was excellent for all raters (0.9–0.91). Overall DIGEST-FEES grade correlated with MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (
r
= −.43,
p
< .0001), Functional Oral Intake Scale (
r
= −.43,
p
< .0001), Secretion Severity Scale (
r
= .47,
p
< .0001), Yale Vallecular Residue (
r
= .73,
p
< .0001), and Yale Pyriform Sinus Residue (
r
= .65,
p
< .0001).

Conclusion
DIGEST-FEES is a valid and reliable scale to describe the severity of pharyngeal dysphagia in patients with HNC.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14642787
Highly cross‐linked polyethylene is the new ‘gold standard’ bearing material for total hip arthroplasty
Authors: Medley John B. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractConventional polyethylene is not used much in total hip arthroplasty (THA); it has been supplanted by oxidation‐resistant cross‐linked polyethylene (≥50 kGy irradiation). However, studies persist that de‐emphasize or ignore cross‐linked polyethylene. A selective literature review is used briefly to present the early use of conventional polyethylene and its implication in wear particle‐induced osteolysis leading to premature revision surgeries. The current situation is established based on Australian registry data and other studies that advocate the use of cross‐linked polyethylene in preference to conventional polyethylene. Although some studies suggest caution in using cross‐linked polyethylene, overall it is strongly supported. In the author’s opinion, cross‐linked polyethylene is the new reference standard bearing material in THA.