bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aquagenic wrinkling of the palms after brief immersion to water test as a screening tool for cystic fibrosis diagnosis
Authors: Alexopoulos A. , Chouliaras G. , Kakourou T. , Dakoutrou M. , Nasi L. , Petrocheilou A. , Siahanidou S. , Kanaka‐Gantenbein C. , Chrousos G. , Loukou I. , Michos A. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundAquagenic wrinkling of the palms (AWP) is an excessive and early palmar wrinkling occurring after Brief Immersion to Water (BIW), and has been reported as a frequent finding among cystic fibrosis (CF) patients.ObjectivesTo evaluate and assess the diagnostic performance of BIW test as an initial screening tool for CF diagnosis.MethodsWe measured AWP in CF patients, CF‐heterozygotes (CF‐het) and normal controls. The AWP parameters of palmar wrinkling, oedema, papules, pruritus and pain were assessed at 3, 7 and 11 min after a BIW test was performed for all the participants. Statistical analyses explored the progression of AWP in time for the three groups and assessed the diagnostic performance of BIW test as a diagnostic screening tool for CF.ResultsA total of 250 individuals (100 CF patients, their 50 CF‐het parents, 100 healthy controls) were included in the analysis. The average age in years (mean ± SD) was 10.4 ± 4.0 for CF, 35.9 ± 6.1 for CF‐het and 10.5 ± 4.0 for controls. The rate of positives for AWP at 3 min among CF patients, CF‐het and controls was 68%, 8% and 0%, respectively (P < 0.01). Kaplan–Meier analysis showed a clear trend towards earlier appearance of all five parameters in the direction controls < hetCF < CF (P values <0.01). The best diagnostic performance in detecting between CF patients and non‐CF was achieved by the presence of papules and wrinkling at 7 min (sensitivity/specificity: 94.0%/98.3% and 100.0%/92.0%, respectively).ConclusionsA strong association between AWP and CF was detected. AWP after BIW could be elicited easily and possibly can be used as an initial screening tool to assess if an individual with symptoms and signs that raise the likelihood of CF is a CF patient.
Lifespan decreases with proportion of sons in males but not females of zoo‐housed tigers and lemurs
Authors: Tidière Morgane , Douay Guillaume , Müller Peter , Siberchicot Aurélie , Sliwa Alexander , Whipple Mylisa , Douhard Mathieu 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSeveral studies have shown higher costs of rearing sons than daughters in mammals where males are larger than females. These studies typically focus on females by examining how the offspring sex ratio during a single reproductive event affected mothers’ subsequent reproduction or survival probability. Here, we examine relationships between offspring sex ratio during single or multiple reproductive events and several survival metrics in mothers and fathers, using data from zoo‐housed tigers (Panthera tigris) and ruffed lemurs (Varecia sp.). Our analyses failed to reveal an overall cost of reproduction or a higher cost of sons to mothers. In male ruffed lemurs, the proportion of sons produced during early life (before 10 years old) was negatively correlated with lifespan later in life. In tigers, males with a higher proportion of sons during their lifetime had shorter lifespans. One likely mechanism is the difference in testosterone levels between males: a high concentration of testosterone can increase the proportion of sons and compromise immune function. Our results suggest studies in wild populations should address the outstanding challenge of understanding consequences of sex allocation for males, and open an opportunity to predict lifespan in an applied conservation context.
To what extent can the tiny parasitoid wasps,Eretmocerus mundus, fly upwind?
Authors: Sarig Amir , Ribak Gal 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBody miniaturization in insects is predicted to result in decreased flight speed and therefore limited ability of these insects to fly upwind. Therefore, tiny insects are often regarded as relying on passive dispersal by winds. We tested this assumption in a wind tunnel by measuring the burst speed of Eretmocerus mundus (Mercet), a beneficial parasitoid wasp with body length <1 mm. Insects were filmed flying upwind towards a UV light source in a range of wind speed 0–0.5 m/s. The Insects flew towards the UV light in the absence and presence of wind but increased their flight speed in the presence of wind. They also changed flight direction to be directly upwind and maintained this body orientation even while drifted backwards relative to the ground by stronger winds. Field measurements showed that the average flight speed observed in the wind tunnel (0.3 m/s) is sufficient to allow flying between plants even when the wind speed above the vegetation was 3–5 folds higher. A simulation of the ability of the insects to control their flight trajectory towards a visual target (sticky traps) in winds show that the insects can manipulate their progress relative to the ground even when the wind speed exceeds their flight speed. The main factors determining the ability of the insects to reach the trap were trap diameter and the difference between insect flight speed and wind speed. The simulation also predicts the direction of arrival to the sticky target showing that many of the insects reach the target from the leeward side (i.e. by flight upwind). In light of these results, the notion that miniature insects passively disperse by winds is misleading because it disregards the ability of the insects to control their drift relative to the ground in winds that are faster than their flight speed.
Experimental study of ultrastructural mechanisms and kinetics of tegumental secretion in cestodes parasitizing fish (Cestoda: Diphyllobothriidea)
Authors: Kutyrev Ivan Alexandrovich , Biserova Natalia Mikhailovna , Mazur Olga Evgenievna , Dugarov Zhargal Nimaevich 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe structural response and plasticity of the cestode tegument in response to the influence of the host organism is not yet well understood. The main aims of our in vitro study were to analyse the ultrastructural mechanisms and kinetics of tegumental secretion in two cestode species, Dibothriocephalus dendriticus and Ligula interrupta, in response to the influence of fish host blood serum. The incubation of plerocercoids in the culture medium, which contained fish host blood serum, resulted in an increased number of secretory products on the tegumental surface. Our study is the first to experimentally demonstrate the formation of plerocercoid protective layers influenced by the host's internal environment factors. The mechanism of the generation of the protective layer included the following: the intensive formation of organelles in the tegumental cytons and their transfer to the distal cytoplasm of the tegument; increases in extracellular vesicles and vacuoles released on the tegumental surface; arrangement of secretory products and fine‐dispersed extracellular matrix in layers; and formation of the protective layer. The structural tegumental response included increases in the glycocalyx layer and structural changes. Our study revealed that the universal mechanism of protective layer formation was intrinsic to different tapeworms. We hypothesize that plerocercoids of cestodes parasitizing fish may use tegumental secretion in the formation of a protective layer and in the release of immunoregulator molecules to evade the host's immune response.
Simultaneous gene editing of three homoeoalleles in self‐incompatible allohexaploid grasses
Authors: Zhang Liang , Wang Tao , Wang Guangyang , Bi Aoyue , Wassie Misganaw , Xie Yan , Cao Liwen , Xu Huawei , Fu Jinmin , Chen Liang , Zhao Yang , Hu Tao 
Published: April 2021

SummaryClustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated protein 9 (Cas9) system has been widely used for precise gene editing in plants. However, simultaneous gene editing of multiple homoeoalleles remains challenging, especially in self‐incompatible polyploid plants. Here, we simultaneously introduced targeted mutations in all three homoeoalleles of two genes in the self‐incompatible allohexaploid tall fescue, using both CRISPR/Cas9 and LbCas12a (LbCpf1) systems. Loss‐of‐function mutants of FaPDS exhibited albino leaves, while knockout of FaHSP17.9 resulted in impaired heat resistance in T0 generation of tall fescue. Moreover, these mutations were inheritable. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of generating loss‐of‐function mutants in T0 generation polyploid perennial grasses using CRISPR/Cas systems.
Rural China under the COVID‐19 pandemic: Differentiated impacts, rural–urban inequality and agro‐industrialization
Authors: Zhang Qian Forrest , Hu Zhanping 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe use field data collected in a village in northern China to examine the impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on rural economy and livelihoods. The lockdown effectively protected the village from the pandemic, resulting in zero infection. The economic impacts were mostly negative but differentiated across economic sectors and livelihood strategies; some gained from the business opportunities arising from the pandemic. Wage loss for migrant workers was the most common negative impact but lasted less than 2 months. Overall, rural China has escaped the worst impacts of the pandemic found in other developing countries. We argue that the structure of inequalities in today's China, now primarily based on market differentiations, has become far more complex than the simplistic rural–urban dichotomy based on the household registration (hukou) status can possibly explain. Rather than exacerbating the hukou‐based rural–urban inequality, the true impacts of the pandemic on rural China are more likely to result from the reforms of the agri‐food system. The suspected link between the new pathogen and the food system has created a misinformed urgency for the government to accelerate the industrialization of the food system, which we think can backfire and increase the likelihood of the next outbreak.
Historical biogeography of the Southeast Asian and Malesian tribe Dissochaeteae (Melastomataceae)
Authors: Kartonegoro Abdulrokhman , Mota de Oliveira Sylvia , van Welzen Peter C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe region of Tropical Southeast Asia and the Malay Archipelago is a very appealing area for research due to its outstanding biodiversity, being one of the most species‐rich areas in the world with high levels of endemism, and due to its complex geological history. The high number of species in tribe Dissochaeteae (Melastomataceae) and their tendency to narrow endemism make the tribe an ideal group for examining biogeographic patterns. We sampled 58 accessions spread over 42 accepted and two undescribed species of the Dissochaeteae. Two nuclear (ETS, ITS) and four chloroplast regions (ndhF, psbK‐psbL, rbcL, rpl16) were used for divergence time estimation and ancestral area reconstruction. Results from the molecular dating analysis suggest that the diversity of Dissochaeteae in the Southeast Asian region resulted from a South American ancestor in the late Eocene. The ancestor of the Dissochaeteae might have migrated from South America to Southeast Asia via North America and then entered Eurasia over the North Atlantic land bridge during the Eocene. The origin and early diversification of the Dissochaeteae in Southeast Asia dates back to the middle Oligocene, and most of the genera originated during the Miocene. Indochina and Borneo are most likely the area of origin for the most recent common ancestor of the Dissochaeteae and for many of the early diverging clades of some genera within Southeast Asia.
Two species of the Rhodiola yunnanensis species complex distributed around the Sichuan Basin of China: Speciation in a ring?
Authors: Wang Zi‐Meng , Meng Shi‐Yong , Rao Guang‐Yuan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA ring species consists of two reproductively isolated forms connected by a chain of intergrading populations encircling a geographic barrier. The mountains encircling the Sichuan Basin in southwestern China harbor great species diversity and endemism, and they are candidate regions for ring species. Here, we examined a potential ring species complex with a ring distribution surrounding the Sichuan Basin and the reproductive barrier between sibling species Rhodiola yunnanensis and R. henryi of the R. yunnanensis complex. In this study, we test the hypothesis that R. yunnanensis and R. henryi diverged by the ring‐species model using an amplicon sequencing strategy targeting the introns of 27 single‐copy nuclear genes and 14 chloroplast DNA sequences. Our studies indicated that the R. yunnanensis complex is monophyletic, originates at the late Miocene, and forms its current ring distribution pattern after the LIG. In addition, clear genetic intergradation was not found among R. henryi populations within the distribution ring. All these findings suggest that the divergence of two sibling species was not driven by the geographic isolation, and they were not originated from the ring‐species model; however, the basin‐surrounding distribution pattern and reproductive barrier between them meet some criteria for being a ring species.
Positioning theory, embodiment, and the moral orders of objects in social dynamics: How positioning theory has neglected the body and artifactual knowing
Authors: McVee Mary B. , Silvestri Katarina N. , Schucker Kelly A. , Cun Aijuan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe work of Rom Harré was groundbreaking in attention to the dynamics of social episodes as discursively produced. In particular, Positioning Theory, as introduced and explicated by Harré and colleagues, focused on the examination of speech and other acts to consider positions and storylines. Positioning theorists also considered the shifting patterns of rights and duties that shape and are shaped by social interaction. In this article, we briefly revisit positioning theory. We then review two critiques of positioning theory—that positioning scholars have neglected real world, naturalistic data and that positioning theory places too much emphasis on verbocentric communication (e.g., speaking, writing). Drawing upon some of the earlier observations of Harré and his collaborators, we urge consideration of artifactual and embodied positions. Extending beyond conversational interactions, we consider how the embodied actions and the artifacts produced by individuals can be analyzed. The paper includes data‐based examples of embodied interactions related to artifacts and multimodal communication in a children’s engineering literacy club. The examples demonstrate the ways in which moral orders are created and represented through multimodal interactions with artifacts as well as gesture, speech, and embodied actions.
Subcellular dynamics studies of iron reveal how tissue‐specific distribution patterns are established in developing wheat grains
Authors: Sheraz Sadia , Wan Yongfang , Venter Eudri , Verma Shailender K. , Xiong Qing , Waites Joshua , Connorton James M. , Shewry Peter R. , Moore Katie L. , Balk Janneke 
Published: April 2021

Summary

Understanding the mechanisms of iron trafficking in plants is key to enhancing the nutritional quality of crops. Because it is difficult to image iron in transit, we currently have an incomplete picture of the route(s) of iron translocation in developing seeds and how the tissue‐specific distribution is established.

We have used a novel approach, combining iron‐57 (57Fe) isotope labelling and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS), to visualize iron translocation between tissues and within cells in immature wheat grain, Triticum aestivum.

This enabled us to track the main route of iron transport from maternal tissues to the embryo through the different cell types. Further evidence for this route was provided by genetically diverting iron into storage vacuoles, with confirmation provided by histological staining and transmission electron microscopy energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (TEM‐EDS). Almost all iron in both control and transgenic grains was found in intracellular bodies, indicating symplastic rather than apoplastic transport. Furthermore, a new type of iron body, highly enriched in 57Fe, was observed in aleurone cells and may represent iron being delivered to phytate globoids.

Correlation of the 57Fe enrichment profiles obtained by NanoSIMS with tissue‐specific gene expression provides an updated model of iron homeostasis in cereal grains with relevance for future biofortification strategies.
Impacts of teleconnection patterns on South America climate
Authors: Reboita Michelle Simões , Ambrizzi Tércio , Crespo Natália Machado , Dutra Lívia Márcia Mosso , Ferreira Glauber Willian de S. , Rehbein Amanda , Drumond Anita , da Rocha Rosmeri Porfírio , Souza Christie Andre de 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOceanic heat sources disturb the atmosphere, which, to come back to its initial state, disperses waves. These waves affect the climate in remote regions, characterizing the teleconnection patterns. In this study, we describe eight teleconnection patterns that affect South America climate: the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), the Tropical Atlantic Dipole (TAD), the South Atlantic Dipole (SAD), the Southern Annular Mode (SAM), the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO), and the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Precipitation and winds at 850‐hPa anomalies, considering these teleconnection patterns in ENSO neutral periods, are also presented. Overall, southeastern South America and the north sector of the North and Northeast regions of Brazil are the most affected areas by the teleconnection patterns. In general, there is a precipitation dipole pattern between these regions during each teleconnection pattern.
Mediterranean diet and lung function, sensitization, and asthma at school age: The PARIS cohort
Authors: Amazouz Hélène , Roda Célina , Beydon Nicole , Lezmi Guillaume , Bourgoin‐Heck Mélisande , Just Jocelyne , Momas Isabelle , Rancière Fanny 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe Mediterranean diet (MD) has known health benefits, but its specific impact on allergy development is unclear. As part of the PARIS birth cohort follow‐up, we aimed to investigate the adherence of 8‐year‐old children to the MD and its association with allergic/respiratory morbidity at school age.MethodsDiet was assessed using a food frequency questionnaire completed by the parents. Adherence to the MD was assessed based on two scores: the KIDMED index and the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS). Current allergic diseases (asthma, rhinitis, eczema), lung function indices (FEV1 and FVC), FeNO and specific IgE levels were determined during a health check‐up at 8 years. Associations between levels of adherence to the MD and respiratory/allergic morbidity were studied using multivariable logistic and linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders.ResultsA total of 975 children were included in the present study, 35.6% with low adherence to the MD, 55.7% with moderate adherence and 8.7% with high adherence according to the KIDMED index. High family socioeconomic status, any breastfeeding at 6 months and consumption of organic food were associated with higher adherence to the MD. Compared with low adherence, high adherence was associated with lower risk of asthma and sensitization at 8 years, as well as higher FEV1 and FVC.ConclusionThis study suggests a protective effect of high adherence to the MD on allergic and respiratory morbidity at school age. These results need to be confirmed by further longitudinal analyses. A healthy diet may prevent allergic and respiratory morbidity in school‐aged children.
Essential spectra of singular Hamiltonian differential operators of arbitrary order under a class of perturbations
Authors: Yang Chen , Sun Huaqing 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe main object of this paper is to study the essential spectrum of a Hamiltonian system of arbitrary order with one singular endpoint under a class of perturbations. We first present a characterization of the essential spectrum in terms of singular sequences and then give the concept of perturbations small at singular endpoints of Hamiltonian systems. Based on the above characterization, the invariance of essential spectra of Hamiltonian systems under these perturbations is shown. It is noted that these perturbations are given by using the associated pre‐minimal operator , which provides great convenience in the study of essential spectra of Hamiltonian systems since each element of the domain of has compact support. As applications, some sufficient conditions for the invariance of essential spectra of some systems are obtained in terms of coefficients of systems and perturbations terms. Further, essential spectra of Hamiltonian systems with different weight functions are discussed. Here, Hamiltonian systems may be non‐symmetric.
Effectiveness of the FIFA 11+ Referees Injury Prevention Program in reducing injury rates in male amateur soccer referees
Authors: Al Attar Wesam Saleh A. , Bizzini Mario , Alkabkabi Fahad , Alshamrani Nasser , Alarifi Saud , Alzahrani Hosam , Ghulam Hussain , Aljedaani Eman , Sanders Ross H. 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveThe Fédération International de Football Association (FIFA) 11+ Referees Injury Prevention Program (FIFA 11+ Referees Program) is a structured warm‐up program specially designed to prevent injuries in soccer referees. However, its effectiveness has yet to be fully documented in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of the FIFA 11+ Referees Program in reducing injury rates among soccer referees.MethodsA randomized controlled trial was conducted. Two hundred male amateur soccer referees (mean ± SD age, 31.6 ± 4.1 years) participated in this study. Participants were randomly allocated to the experimental and control groups. The experimental group performed the FIFA 11+ Referees Program as a warm‐up during training sessions at least twice a week, and the control group performed their usual warm‐ups. The participants were followed up for one season. The outcome measures were the incidence of overall injury, initial injury, recurrent injury, injury mechanism, and injury severity (primary), and the rate of adherence to the intervention program (secondary).ResultsA total of 24 injuries were reported among 100 referees in the control group in 16 606 h of exposure (1.45 injuries/1000 exposure h), and a total of nine injuries were reported across 100 referees within the experimental group in 17 834 exposure h (0.50 injuries/1000 exposure h). The Injury Risk Ratio (IRR) was 0.35 (95% CI 0.26–0.45).ConclusionThe results indicated that the FIFA 11+ Referees Program effectively reduced injuries in the experimental group by 65% compared to the control group.
Measuring White Fragility
Authors: Hill Terrence , Mannheimer Andrew , Roos J. Micah 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTObjectiveWe propose and develop novel survey questions and quantitative summary indices of White fragility.MethodsThe data come from the 2018 Survey of White Fragility, a longitudinal convenience sample of 279 non‐Hispanic white undergraduate students aged 18 and over taking courses at two large public universities in the southeastern and southwestern United States.ResultsFactor analyses revealed two latent factors. The first factor—Remorse Fragility—was defined by feeling sad, guilty, and, to a lesser extent, angry in the context of discussions related to racism, race‐based discrimination, and white privilege. The second factor—Depletion Fragility—was defined by feeling drained, exhausted, unsafe, and, to a lesser extent, attacked and confused in the same contexts. Additional analyses supported the reliability and validity of our indices.ConclusionMore research is needed to establish measures of White Fragility to inform interventions that support critical discussions of whiteness and the racist structures of society.