bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cut Throat Injury: A Tertiary Care Centre Experience
Authors: Gupta Devang , Shah Chaitry , Jain Vaishali , Ganvit Nikita 
Published: June 2021

Introduction
Cut throat injuries are one of the challenging emergencies encountered in clinical practice. This study evaluates the causes and management of cut throat injuries.

Materials and Methods
This was a retrospective study of total 100 cases of cut throat injury presented to the department of ENT in a tertiary care hospital in Ahmedabad between June 2017 and June 2019. Majority of patients were managed by suturing.

Results
In our study 69% were males,31% were females. The peak age of incidence is 4th decade (55%). 70% of them have injury in Zone II. Seventy eight percent of the patients presented with active bleed without major vessel injury. The most common cause of cut throat injury had been found to be accidental (75%), 54% had injury up to muscular layer. Five patients were managed by laryngotracheal stent placement.
Conclusion
The middle aged males were mostly affected. The majority had zone 2 injury. The most common cause was Accidental (seasonal manja/ kite thread cut). Primary repair is the best way to avoid complications.
MOVIMENTOS SOCIOTERRITORIAIS EM PERSPECTIVA COMPARADA / Socioterritorial Movements in Comparative Perspective / Movimientos socioterritoriales en perspectiva comparada
Authors: Halvorsen Sam , Mançano Fernandes Bernardo , Torres Fernanda Valeria 
Published: June 2021

Por que o espaço e o território são importantes para os movimentos sociais e como eles os produzem? Apesar da sempre aparente centralidade do espaço e do território, mediado e apropriado pelos movimentos sociais em todo o mundo (por exemplo: acampamentos, protestos, ocupações de terra, resistências indígenas, ocupações de terrenos e edifícios em áreas urbanas, organização de bairro e lutas por questões ambientais, pela educação, saúde, alimentos e outras políticas públicas, ativismos de mulheres, LGBTQIA+, feministas, estudantes, etc.), tem havido uma surpreendente falta de atenção a esta questão por estudiosos e estudiosas de várias áreas do conhecimento, por exemplo, geógrafos anglófonos. Este artigo avança na reflexão sobre as ações dos movimentos socioterritoriais como uma categoria analítica que tem como objetivo central analisar a mediação do espaço e apropriação do território. Contrastamos os conceitos de movimento socioterritorial, movimento social e movimento socioespacial em quatro eixos de análise. Primeiro, como o espaço e o território são produzidos como estratégia central para a realização dos objetivos de um movimento. Em segundo lugar, o espaço e o território produzem as identidades dos movimentos, em suas ações, gerando novas subjetividades políticas. Terceiro, espaço e território são lugares de socialização política que produzem novos valores e mudam conjunturas. Quarto, por meio de processos de territorialização, desterritorialização e reterritorialização, os movimentos podem criar novas instituições. Esses eixos são posteriormente elaborados por meio da análise comparativa de dois estudos de caso: o Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra, movimento camponês organizado em todas as regiões do Brasil, e a Organização de Bairro Tupac Amaru, um movimento urbano do noroeste da Argentina. A comparação é feita como um modo expansivo de análise para abrir o conceito de movimento socioterritorial e indicar potenciais linhas de investigação para estudos. Como citar este artigo: HALVORSEN, Sam; FERNANDES, Bernardo Mançano. TORRES, Fernanda Valeria. Movimentos Socioterritoriais em Perspectiva Comparada. Revista NERA, v. 24, n. 57, p. 24-53, Dossiê I ELAMSS, 2021.
Revisiting the reaction of dicarbonyls in aerosol proxy solutions containing ammonia: the case of butenedial
Authors: Hensley Jack C. , Birdsall Adam W. , Valtierra Gregory , Cox Joshua L. , Keutsch Frank N. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Reactions in aqueous solutions containing dicarbonyls
(especially the α-dicarbonyls methylglyoxal, glyoxal, and biacetyl)
and reduced nitrogen (NHx) have been studied extensively. It has been
proposed that accretion reactions from dicarbonyls and NHx could be a
source of particulate matter and brown carbon in the atmosphere and
therefore have direct implications for human health and climate. Other
dicarbonyls, such as the 1,4-unsaturated dialdehyde butenedial, are also
produced from the atmospheric oxidation of volatile organic compounds,
especially aromatics and furans, but their aqueous-phase reactions with
NHx have not been characterized. In this work, we determine a
pH-dependent mechanism of butenedial reactions in aqueous solutions with
NHx that is compared to α-dicarbonyls, in particular the
dialdehyde glyoxal. Similar to glyoxal, butenedial is strongly hydrated in
aqueous solutions. Butenedial reaction with NHx also produces
nitrogen-containing rings and leads to accretion reactions that form brown
carbon. Despite glyoxal and butenedial both being dialdehydes, butenedial is
observed to have three significant differences in its chemical behavior: (1) as previously shown, butenedial does not substantially form acetal
oligomers, (2) the butenedial/OH− reaction leads to light-absorbing
compounds, and (3) the butenedial/NHx reaction is fast and first order
in the dialdehyde. Building off of a complementary study on butenedial
gas-particle partitioning, we suggest that the behavior of other reactive
dialdehydes and dicarbonyls may not always be adequately predicted by
α-dicarbonyls, even though their dominant functionalities are
closely related. The carbon skeleton (e.g., its hydrophobicity, length, and
bond structure) also governs the fate and climate-relevant properties of
dicarbonyls in the atmosphere. If other dicarbonyls behave like butenedial,
their reaction with NHx could constitute a regional source of brown
carbon to the atmosphere.
Determining the gait of Miocene, Pliocene, and Pleistocene horses from fossilized trackways
Authors: Vincelette Alan 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. Much work has been done on the study of vertebrate gaits over the past several decades and efforts undertaken to apply this to fossil tracks, especially dinosaurs and mammals such as cats, dogs, camels, and horses. This work seeks to expand upon such studies and in particular to study footprints laid down in sand by modern horses and apply such studies to determine the gaits of fossil horse trackways. It thus builds upon the work of Renders (1984a, b) and Kienapfel et al. (2014) and suggests additional measurements that can be taken on horse footprints. In this study the footprints left in the sand by 15 horses of various breeds with various gaits were videotaped, photographed, described, and measured in order to determine characteristics useful in distinguishing gaits. These results were then applied to two new sets of fossil footprints, those of the middle Miocene merychippine horse Scaphohippus intermontanus that I personally examined and measured and those from the late Pleistocene horse Equus conversidens, previously illustrated and described in the literature (McNeil et al., 2007). The latter horse exhibits a fast gallop of around 9.4 m/s, but it is the former whose footprints are quite unique. The quantitative and visual features of these prints are suggestive of a medium-fast gait involving apparent “understepping” of diagonal couplets and hind feet that overlap the centerline. The gait that most closely matches the footprints of Scaphohippus is the “artificial” gait of a slow rack or tölt, or pace, around 1.9 m/s, though an atypical trot of a horse with major conformation issues or which is weaving (swaying) from side to side is a less likely possibility. This intimates, along with the earlier study of Renders (1984a, b), who found the artificial gait of the running walk displayed by Pliocene hipparionine horses, that ancient horses possessed a much greater variety of gaits than modern horses and that over time they lost these abilities with the exception of certain gaited breeds.
Design and evaluation of a novel upper limb rehabilitation robot with space training based on an end effector
Authors: Meng Qiaoling , Jiao Zongqi , Yu Hongliu , Zhang Weisheng 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. The target of this paper is to design a lightweight upper limb rehabilitation robot with space training based on end-effector configuration and to evaluate the performance of the proposed mechanism. In order to implement this purpose, an equivalent mechanism to the human being upper limb is proposed before the design. Then, a 4 degrees of freedom (DOF) end-effector-based upper limb rehabilitation robot configuration is designed to help stroke patients perform space rehabilitation training of the shoulder flexion/extension and adduction/abduction and elbow flexion/extension. Thereafter, its kinematical model is established together with the proposed equivalent upper limb mechanism. The Monte Carlo method is employed to establish their workspace. The results show that the overlap of the workspace between the proposed mechanism and the equivalent mechanism is 96.61 %. In addition, this paper also constructs a human–machine closed-chain mechanism to analyze the flexibility of the mechanism. According to the relative manipulability and manipulability ellipsoid, the highly flexible area of the mechanism accounts for 67.6 %, and the mechanism is far away from the singularity on the drinking trajectory. In the end, the single-joint training experiments and a drinking water training trajectory planning experiment are developed and the prototype is manufactured to verify it.
A method for preliminary rotor design – Part 1: Radially Independent Actuator Disc model
Authors: Loenbaek Kenneth , Bak Christian , Madsen Jens I. , McWilliam Michael 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. We present an analytical model for assessing the aerodynamic performance of a wind turbine rotor through a different parametrization of the classical blade element momentum (BEM) model. The model is named the Radially Independent Actuator Disc (RIAD) model, and it establishes an analytical relationship between the local thrust loading and the local power, known as the local-thrust coefficient and the local-power coefficient respectively. The model has a direct physical interpretation, showing the contribution for each of the three losses: wake rotation loss, tip loss and viscous loss. The gradient for RIAD is found through the use of the complex step method, and power optimization is used to show how easily the method can be used for rotor optimization. The main benefit of RIAD is the ease with which it can be applied for rotor optimization and especially load constraint power optimization as described in Loenbaek et al. (2021). The relationship between the RIAD input and the rotor chord and twist is established, and it is validated against a BEM solver.
A method for preliminary rotor design – Part 2: Wind turbine Optimization with Radial Independence
Authors: Loenbaek Kenneth , Bak Christian , McWilliam Michael 
Published: June 2021

Abstract. A novel wind turbine rotor optimization methodology is presented. Using an assumption of radial independence it is possible to obtain an optimal relationship between the global power (CP) and load coefficient (CT, CFM) through the use of Karush–Kuhn–Tucker (KKT) multipliers, leaving an optimization problem that can be solved at each radial station independently. It allows solving load constraint power and annual energy production (AEP) optimization problems where the optimization variables are only the KKT multipliers (scalars), one for each of the constraints. For the paper, two constraints, namely the thrust and blade root flap moment, are used, leading to two optimization variables. Applying the optimization methodology to maximize power (P) or annual energy production (AEP) for a given thrust and blade root flap moment, but without a cost function, leads to the same overall result with the global optimum being unbounded in terms of rotor radius (R̃) with a global optimum being at R̃→∞. The increase in power and AEP is in this case ΔP=50 % and ΔAEP=70 %, with a baseline being the Betz optimum rotor. With a simple cost function and with the same setup of the problem, a power-per-cost (PpC) optimization resulted in a power-per-cost increase of ΔPpC=4.2 % with a radius increase of ΔR=7.9 % as well as a power increase of ΔP=9.1 %. This was obtained while keeping the same flap moment and reaching a lower thrust of ΔT=-3.8 %. The equivalent for AEP-per-cost (AEPpC) optimization leads to increased cost efficiency of ΔAEPpC=2.9 % with a radius increase of ΔR=17 % and an AEP increase of ΔAEP=13 %, again with the same, maximum flap moment, while the maximum thrust is −9.0 % lower than the baseline.
Shallot Market Cointegration Between Markets in Province West Southeast and East Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Wati Sukma , Nendissa Doppy Roy , Olviana Tomycho , Retang Elfis Umbu K 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
West Nusa Tenggara Province is one of the provinces that has become the centre of shallot production in Indonesia, and this situation has made this province, in addition to being able to produce shallots for the needs of its people it is also able to be distributed in other areas, one of which is East Nusa Tenggara Province. And the price of shallots in West Nusa Tenggara Province is much lower than the price of shallots in East Nusa Tenggara Province. The research objective was to determine the long-term relationship between the cost of shallots between Kupang City, Mataram City and Bima City, and the pattern movement of the price of shallots in Kupang City, Mataram City and Bima City. This study uses monthly price data for 2018-2020, the average price of shallots for traditional markets and large traders in the East Nusa Tenggara and West Nusa Tenggara regions. The data analysis method used is the Error Correction Model (ECM) method. This determines whether there is a long-term and short-term relationship between the three markets. The results showed that there was a long-term and short-term relationship between the price of shallots in Bima City and Kupang City, and Mataram City. The situation illustrates that price changes always follow every price change in Mataram in Bima City and Kupang City.
Keywords : Shallot, Market, Cointegration, price.
Standardizing Security: Surveillance, Human Rights, and the Battle Over Tls 1.3
Authors: Kiernan Colin J. , Mueller Milton L. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
This is a detailed case study of the development of a new cybersecurity standard, Transport Layer Security (TLS) 1.3, and its implications for the privacy of Internet users and the security and accountability of network operators. It contributes to a theoretical debate about whether protocols or standards can have values or can be considered political. We find that while the design choices in TLS 1.3 do enable greater security, the interests of the actors involved in the standardization process and the level of adoption and implementation were more important. The idea that political, economic, and social effects can be hard coded into protocol designs short-circuits careful analysis of the way standards contribute to governance.
Rural Measures: A Quantitative Study of The Rural Digital Divide
Authors: Hollman Angela K. , Obermier Timothy R. , Burger Paul R. 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
A need exists for the accurate measurement of the rural digital divide to most effectively direct public policy assistance. This study examined: Can the rural-urban digital divide be accurately measured? Two pilot studies were performed to develop, test, and evaluate an inexpensive technology alongside of social science metrics. This methodology measures from the consumer's perspective, matching broadband quality and availability measures with quality of life metrics. The successes and iterative improvement of the scientific approach is detailed. Recommendations for future projects that measure the rural-urban digital divide are provided for consideration to policymakers and researchers.
Energetic and Exergetic Investigation of Regenerative Gas Turbine Air-Bottoming/Steam -Bottoming Combined Cycle
Authors: KHAN Mohammad Nadeem 
Published: June 2021

The present study is a thermodynamic analysis of a Regenerative Air-Bottoming combined (RABC) cycle /Steam bottoming combined (RABC) cycle operated by the exhaust gases the topping gas turbine cycle. The fractional mass of exhaust gases passes through the first heat exchanger where it exchanges heat with the compressed air from the air compressor of topping cycle and remaining amount of exhaust gasses passes through a second heat exchanger where it uses to supply heat to RABC cycle or third heat exchanger where it uses to supply heat to RSBC cycle. The energetic and exergetic performance of RABC cycle and RSBC cycle is investigated using turbine inlet temperature (1000 K⩽ TIT⩽1500 K) and mass fraction of exhaust gas (0⩽x⩽1) of the topping cycle as the input variables. The work net output attained its peak value at x=0 which is 22.1 % to 27.3 % for RABC cycle and 22.7 % to 21.5 % for RSBC cycle whereas the maximum thermal efficiency and minimum specific fuel consumption is observed at x=1. Also exergy loss by exhaust gases is minimum at x=0 for both RABC cycle and RSBC cycle. Finally, it is concluded that for the maximum work net output and minimum exergy loss by exhaust gases, RABC cycle is the best option followed by RSBC cycle but for optimum thermal efficiency and minimum specific fuel consumption purely regenerative gas turbine cycle have no comparison with RABC cycle and RSBC cycle.
Clinical Presentation and Surgical Outcome in Patients Presented with Peritonitis
Authors: Abro Shahnawaz , Qureshi Sajjad Hussian , Hameed Faiza , Ahmed Aftab , Yousif Sohail 
Published: June 2021

Objective: To determine the surgical outcome in patients with peritonitis at tertiary care Hospital.
Materials and Methods: This descriptive case series study was conducted in general surgery department of Peoples Medical Collage Hospital, Nawabshah (SBA). Study duration was two year from August 2014 to July 2016. All the patients aged more than 12 years and of both genders were included. Surgical management was done in all of the study subjects. Abdominal cavity was produced with midline incisions using grid iron as per investigations and clinical evaluation; the quantity and quality of intra-abdominal exudates were measured. Intestinal contents and pus were removed from peritoneal cavity with suction as well as by manual mopping, and full lavage was carried out with 3-5 liters of normal saline to all parts of the abdominal cavity. All the demographic data including clinical presentation and surgical outcome in terms of post-operative complications, Hospital stay and mortality were recorded via study proforma.
Results: A total of 100 cases of peritonitis 75% patients were male and 25% patients were female. The mean age of patients was 36.21+12.32 years. Acute generalized abdominal pain was in all cases, followed by fever 91.0%, vomiting 66.0%, constipation 69.0% and 2.0% patients complained of passing blood per rectum. Generalized abdominal tenderness, including rebound tenderness 90%, abdominal rigidity 83%, dehydration 88%, abdominal distention 85%, absent gut sound 70%, shifting dullness was elicited in 64% of cases and jaundice in 1.0% of cases. According to post-operative complications 20.0% patients developed Septicemia and Fecal fistula, 40.0% had wound Infection only, 9.0% patients developed wound infection and septicemia, 4.0% patients developed septicemia without any wound infection. Most of the patients had prolonged Hospital stay and overall mortality rate was 16%.
Conclusion: Surgical outcome of the peritonitis resulted poor in those cases who came late and there was huge contamination of peritoneal cavity when operated, these patients developed post-operative complications i.e. wound infection, septicemia, faecal fistula and there hospital stay was longer.
Estimation of Serum Glutathione Peroxidase in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rat Treated with Bitter Leaf Extract
Authors: Nwakulite Arvin , Obeagu Emmanuel Ifeanyi , Eze Richard , Ugochi Valerie Esame , Vincent C.C.N. , Okafor Chukwuma J. , Chukwurah Ejike Felix , Unaeze Bright Chukwuebuka , Amaechi Chukwudi Ofodile , Okwuanaso Chetachi Blessing , Chukwuani Ufuoma , Ifionu Bart I. 
Published: June 2021

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease in which there are high blood sugar levels. Type 2 is due to the cells of the body not responding properly to the insulin produced. The aim of this study was to evaluate the enzyme activity in glutathione peroxidase in type 2 diabetic rats induced streptozotocin Wister rats. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) methods was used. Thirty-two (32) adult rats of Wister strain weighing between 120 g – 200 g of both sexes equally were used. Streptozotocin was used to induce diabetes after high fat diet. The rats were randomly grouped into 4 groups of 8 rats; group 1 are rats fed with only feed and water, group 2 were given 37 mg/kg of streptozotocin with feed and water, group 3 had 37 mg/kg of streptozotocin, feed, water and treated with 2ml of freshly prepared bitter leaf extract daily, group 4 had feed, water, 37mg/kg of streptozotocin and treated with 5 mg/kg of glibenclamide (anti diabetic drug). Severity of the induced diabetic state was assessed by daily and weekly monitoring of body weights and blood glucose levels. The result of fasting blood sugar shows a significant difference (P<0.05) at group 3(7.72±0.99) compared to group 4(9.93±1.22) in week 2.There is also a significant decrease (p<0.05) at group 3(7.72±0.99) compared to group 4(9.90±1.24) in week 3.There is also a significant decrease (p<0.05) at group 3(6.22±1.20) compared to group 46.50±0.70) in week 5. There is a significant increase (p<0.05) at group 1(7.63±0.71) compared to group 4(5.78±1.40), group 2(7.45±0.87) compared to group 4(5.78±1.40)in week 4.There is also a significant decrease in GPX activity in group at group 1(424.59±102.65) compared to group 2(307.34±75.66). There is no significant difference (p>0.05) at group 2(307.34±75.66) compared to group 3(204.31±46.51). There is also no significant difference (p>0.05) at group 2(307.34±75.66) compared to group 4(206.12±55.37). No significant difference (p>0.05) at group 3(204.31±46.51) compared to group 4(206.12±55.37). In conclusion, the result of this study suggest that bitter leaf extract reduced glucose level and has no damage effect on the liver.
Selective Synthesis of 3‐(α‐Fluorovinyl)indoles and 3‐Acylindoles via the Cascade Reactions of 1‐Phenylpyrazolidinones with α,α‐Difluoromethylene Alkynes
Authors: Yang Yujie , Li Na , Zhao Jie , Jiang Yuqin , Zhang Xinying , Fan Xuesen 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPresented herein is a selective synthesis of 3‐(α‐fluorovinyl)indoles and 3‐acylindolesviathe coupling of 1‐phenylpyrazolidinones with α,α‐difluoromethylene alkynes. Mechanistically, the formation of 3‐(α‐fluorovinyl)indoles is resulted from a cascade process including Rh(III)‐catalyzedortho‐C−H bond cleavage, regioselective triple bond insertion, pyrazolidinone ring‐opening, indole ring‐formation and HF elimination. Interestingly, when this reaction was carried out in CH3OH/H2O instead of CH3CN, the in situ formed 3‐(α‐fluorovinyl)indoles readily undergo a hydration process to afford 3‐acylindole derivatives. This protocol features with controllable selectivity, simultaneous formation of both the heterocyclic scaffold and the monofluoroalkenyl moiety, atom‐economy, substrate diversity, good functional group tolerance and redox‐neutral reaction conditions. Anticancer screening of selected products against two human cancer cell lines demonstrated their potential as lead compounds for drug development.magnified image