bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Connecting solar flare hard X-ray spectra to in situ electron spectra
Authors: Dresing N. , Warmuth A. , Effenberger F. , Klein K.-L. , Musset S. , Glesener L. , Brüdern M. 
Published: August 2021

Aims. We aim to constrain the acceleration, injection, and transport processes of flare-accelerated energetic electrons by comparing their characteristics at the Sun with those injected into interplanetary space.
Methods. We have identified 17 energetic electron events well-observed with the SEPT instrument aboard STEREO which show a clear association with a hard X-ray (HXR) flare observed with the RHESSI spacecraft. We compare the spectral indices of the RHESSI HXR spectra with those of the interplanetary electrons. Because of the frequent double-power-law shape of the in situ electron spectra, we paid special attention to the choice of the spectral index used for comparison.
Results. The time difference between the electron onsets and the associated type III and microwave bursts suggests that the electron events are detected at 1 AU with apparent delays ranging from 9 to 41 min. While the parent solar activity is clearly impulsive, also showing a high correlation with extreme ultraviolet jets, most of the studied events occur in temporal coincidence with coronal mass ejections (CMEs). In spite of the observed onset delays and presence of CMEs in the low corona, we find a significant correlation of about 0.8 between the spectral indices of the HXR flare and the in situ electrons. The correlations increase if only events with significant anisotropy are considered. This suggests that transport effects can alter the injected spectra leading to a strongly reduced imprint of the flare acceleration.
Conclusions. We conclude that interplanetary transport effects must be taken into account when inferring the initial acceleration of solar energetic electron events. Although our results suggest a clear imprint of flare acceleration for the analyzed event sample, a secondary acceleration might be present which could account for the observed delays. However, the limited and variable pitch-angle coverage of SEPT could also be the reason for the observed delays.
Kompetenzen in der Notfallsanitäter*innenprüfung – eine Analyse
praktischer Prüfungsergebnisse
Authors: Buder Robert , Heller Florian , Dercks Sebastian , Winterstein Ivo , Trenkmann Lars 
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung
Einführung Die Implementierung der Notfallsanitäter*innenausbildung 2014
veränderte den Rettungsdienst nachhaltig. Es existieren keine wissenschaftlichen
Erkenntnisse zur curricularen Schwerpunktsetzung.
Methodik Es wurde eine retrospektive Datenanalyse praktischer
Prüfungsprotokolle von staatlichen Prüfungen, die von Rettungsassistent*innen
zwischen 2015–2018 abgelegt wurden, durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse Die praktischen Prüfungsergebnisse von 123 Teilnehmenden wurden
ausgewertet. Die traumatologischen Szenarien fielen mit einer Erfolgsrate von
77,2% am schlechtesten aus (internistisch 81,3%, Reanimation 83,7%, sonstige
82,9%). In Reanimationsszenarien führte u.a. die Verzögerung der Rhythmusanalyse
(21%) zu Mängeln, während in den restlichen Fallbeispielen die unsichere Nutzung
des ABCDE-Schemas das größte Problem darstellte (43% Trauma, 26%
internistisch).
Schlussfolgerung Nutzung des ABCDE-Schemas sowie die konsequente
Durchführung von Basismaßnahmen in der Reanimation sind Defizite des
Rettungsfachpersonals und sollten sich in der Schwerpunktsetzung der Ausbildung
wiederfinden.
„Was Krankheiten uns sagen möchten“
Authors: Reißig Uwe 
Published: August 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGWährend unsere moderne schulmedizinische Sichtweise hauptsächlich auf die pragmatische Identifikation von Symptomen und deren „Beseitigung” fokussiert ist, bleibt häufig die Frage nach dem Ursprung der Symptomatik offen, was bei zahlreichen Erkrankungen des Kindes- und Jugendalters zu einem langfristig unbefriedigenden Ergebnis und häufigen Rezidiven führt. Im Sinne einer ganzheitlichen Betrachtung der Patienten und deren familiärer, psychosozialer Umstände kann die Methode der Familienaufstellung einen wichtigen Beitrag leisten, diversen Erkrankungen auf den Grund zu gehen und somit möglicherweise eine dauerhafte Besserung zu bewirken.
KiT – Kinder in Trennungsprozessen
Authors: Weiß Annegret , Funke Sebastian 
Published: August 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDas komplexe Geschehen einer elterlichen Trennung ist für Kinder meist nicht vollständig zu begreifen. Besonders wenn Kinder bei anhaltenden Konflikten der getrennten Eltern zum Gegenstand von Auseinandersetzungen gemacht werden, zeigen sich häufig Reaktionsweisen, die sich für den Kinderarzt als Verhaltensauffälligkeiten und/oder psychosomatische Erscheinungen wie beispielsweise chronische Bauch- oder Kopfschmerzen äußern können. Es liegt am behandelnden Pädiater, diese auch nach lange zurückliegender Trennung korrekt zuzuordnen und geeignete Behandlungsmaßnahmen zu finden. Eine Familientherapie in Form von Einzel- und Gruppensitzungen kann betroffenen Kindern nachhaltig bei der Trennungsverarbeitung und Krisenbewältigung helfen und soll die Elternteile, für die mit ihrem feindseligen Verhalten in Zusammenhang stehenden vielschichtigen Probleme und Folgeerscheinungen sensibilisieren.
Medikamentöse Therapie des primären Knochenmarködemsyndroms
Authors: Delsmann Maximilian M. , Schmidt Constantin , Stürznickel Julian , Barvencik Florian 
Published: August 2021

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie medikamentöse Therapie des primären Knochenmarködemsyndroms (KMÖS) stellt einen wesentlichen Bestandteil des Gesamttherapiekonzeptes des KMÖS dar, wobei eine frühe Detektion und eine zeitnahe Initiierung von therapeutischen Maßnahmen von entscheidender Bedeutung ist. Zunächst gilt es, neben dem Ausschluss von sekundären Ursachen, mögliche Störungen der Kalziumhomöostase zu untersuchen und ggf. auszugleichen, da von einem maßgeblichen Einfluss dieser Faktoren in der Pathogenese des primären KMÖS ausgegangen wird. So stellen Mangelzustände, wie ein Vitamin-D-Mangel, eine häufige Ursache einer solchen Störung der Kalziumhomöostase dar und können konsekutiv zu einer enteralen Kalziumaufnahmestörung sowie zu einer Mineralisationsstörung des Knochens führen. Da ein KMÖS häufig mit einem systemischen respektive lokalen High-Turnover-Knochenstoffwechsel einhergeht, ist die Steuerung des Knochenstoffwechsels im Rahmen der Therapie besonders wichtig. Im Falle eines High-Turnover-Knochenstoffwechsels oder anderer klinischer Faktoren, wie einer gelenknahen subchondralen Lokalisation des Knochenmarködems mit Risiko einer Infraktion, einer schnellen Progredienz, einem großen Volumen oder ausgeprägten, immobilisierenden Schmerzen, kann eine antiresorptive Therapie im Off-Label-Verfahren in die Behandlung integriert werden. So konnte für den Einsatz von intravenösen Bisphosphonaten, wie Ibandronat oder Zoledronat, als auch des subkutan zu injizierenden Denosumab eine klinisch relevante Effektivität festgestellt werden, wobei bei Letzterem der schnellste Wirkeintritt zu erwarten ist. Zoledronat scheint, allerdings auf Kosten einer höheren Anzahl potenziell unerwünschter Ereignisse, das effektivste Wirkprofil zu besitzen. Einen alternativen Therapieansatz stellt der Off-Label-Einsatz des Prostazyklin-Analogons Iloprost dar, welches gemäß der Studienlage eine probate Therapieoption in frühen Stadien des Knochenmarködems darstellt, allerdings unter stationärer Überwachung zu applizieren ist. Parallel zur medikamentösen Therapie ist die chirurgische Mitbehandlung mit regelmäßiger Evaluation zur Anbohrung (Core Decompression) als Teil des Gesamttherapiekonzeptes zu eruieren.
Synchrones Auftreten der klinischen Varianten: Pemphigus vegetans Typ Neumann und oraler Pemphigus vulgaris – eine seltene Variante
Authors: Burkhart Florian , Sohl Falk , Sawallich Katharina , von den Driesch Peter 
Published: August 2021

ZusammenfassungWir berichten über einen Fall synchronen Auftretens zweier Varianten derselben Grunderkrankung: Pemphigus vegetans Typ Neumann und oraler Pemphigus vulgaris. Diese Manifestationskombination wurde bisher in der Literatur nur selten beschrieben. Eine 52-jährige Patientin stellte sich mit schmerzhaften Blasen an der Mundschleimhaut vor, welche die Nahrungsaufnahme massiv einschränkten. Enoral, labial sowie pharyngeal zeigten sich flächige, krustig belegte Erosionen sowie Exulzerationen. Inguinal bestanden konfluierende, bräunliche, derb-papillomatöse Plaques. Die entnommenen Probebiopsien zeigten in der oralen Epidermis eine Akanthose, Spongiose und intraepitheliale Exozytose von Granulozyten. Inguinal zeigte sich eine Hyperparakeratose, Pseudoepitheliomatose und gemischtzelliges Entzündungsinfiltrat mit zahlreichen eosinophilen Granulozyten mit epithelialer Exozytose der Granulozyten und Lymphozyten. In der direkten Immunfluoreszenz zeigte sich das Bild einer Pemphigus-Erkrankung. Die indirekte Immunfluoreszenz zeigte zirkulierende Antikörper gegen epidermale interzelluläre Antigene. Die durchgeführten apparativen sowie laborchemischen Untersuchungen ergaben keinen Hinweis auf einen malignen Prozess. Wir diagnostizierten einen Pemphigus vulgaris oral sowie einen Pemphigus vegetans Typ Neumann inguinal. Systemisch erfolgte zunächst ein Steroidstoß mittels Methylprednisolon sowie im Verlauf die Einleitung einer Dauertherapie mit Mycophenolat-Mofetil. Lokal applizierten wir Lokalanästhetika, Antimykotika, Antiseptika sowie topische Steroide. Unter der Therapie kam es zu einem ausgezeichneten Ansprechen, sodass die Patientin bereits nach wenigen Tagen wieder feste Nahrung zu sich nehmen konnte. Auch inguinal zeigte sich eine rasche Besserung durch Abflachen der Plaques.Unser Fall zeigt, dass bei derselben Patientin die klinischen Varianten Pemphigus vegetans Typ Neumann und Pemphigus vulgaris synchron vorliegen können, wobei die orale Beteiligung die für den Pemphigus vegetans beschriebene Stomatitis und Bläschenbildung übersteigt.
Tetrabutylammonium Iodide Mediated Sulfenylation of Poly­substituted 1H-Pyrazol-5-amines with Arylsulfonyl Hydrazides
Authors: Dai Bin , Liu Ping , He Jing , Wei Yueting , Li Xuezhen 
Published: August 2021

AbstractA TBAI-mediated sulfenylation of N,3-diaryl-1-arylsulfonyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amines with arylsulfonyl hydrazides has been established, and an expanded inventory of N,5-diaryl-4-(arylthio)-1H-pyrazol-3-amines was constructed through C–S bond formation and N–S bond breaking. Mechanistic investigations suggest thiosulfonate as a key intermediate in the sulfenylation, and the detosylation is promoted by the generated arylsulfinic acid. The method is characterized by simple operating conditions, broad substrate range as well as gram-scale reaction.
Recent Advances in Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C–H Addition to Nitriles
Authors: Liao Wei-Wei , Cui Shu-Qiang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTransition-metal-catalyzed C–H bond addition to nitriles has emerged as a powerful synthetic approach for the construction of C–C bonds in organic synthesis. Due to the merits of atom- and step-economy, as well the easy availability of the starting materials, these transformations not only deliver acyclic aryl ketone products with nitriles­ as C-building blocks, but can also be utilized for the highly efficient­ assembly of azaheterocyclic skeletons using nitriles as C–N building blocks. This short review summarizes recent progress on transition-metal-catalyzed C–C bond-forming reactions based on C(sp2)–H and C(sp3)–H additions to nitriles.1	Introduction2	Palladium-Catalyzed C–H Addition to Nitriles2.1	Palladium-Catalyzed C–H Addition to Nitriles for the Preparation	of Ketone (Imine) Products2.2	Palladium-Catalyzed C–H Addition to Nitriles for the Preparation	of Azaheterocycles2.3	Palladium-Catalyzed C–H Addition to Nitriles/1,2-Rearangement3	Other Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C–H Additions to Nitriles4	Summary and Outlook
Improving laser power stability with a photosensitive lens
Authors: Guan Xiaolei , Zhang Tongyun , Shang Haosen , Pan Duo , He Jin , Pan Jun , Chen Jingbiao 
Published: August 2021

We propose a method to improve relative laser power stability using a passive photosensitive sunglass lens, which is a commercially available off-the-shelf product. We present a theoretical analysis and identify factors that affect the optimal working state of the lens. A relative laser power stability of 3.3 × 10−5 at 1 s is experimentally achieved, which is more than three times that of 1.2 × 10−4 at 1 s, acquired without power stabilization. This method does not require any active driving device, thereby significantly reducing the complexity and cost of the system, making it suitable for broad applications.
Capturing shrinkage and neck growth with phase field simulations of the solid state sintering
Authors: Ivannikov Vladimir , Thomsen Fritz , Ebel Thomas , Willumeit-Römer Regine 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The suitability of the phase field method for the simulation of the evolution of the microstructure during sintering, which has been assumed for more than a decade, receives new impetus from the progress described in this paper. A zero force formulation for the calculation of the rigid body motion of powder particles is adapted to diffuse interface model of Cahn–Hilliard and Allen–Cahn type. In this approach, the rigid body motion ensures the mechanical equilibrium in the powder compound. For this aim, the derivative of the free energy with respect to the additional degree of freedom of rigid body motion was approximated by a force in the grain boundary caused by concentration differences there. The potential of the model is demonstrated by first 2D simulations. These are compared with 2D simulations results generated with a model, which previously showed good agreement with experimentally obtained sintering data in the 3D case. In this comparison good agreements are observed qualitatively as well as quantitatively, showing the plausibility of the new approach.
Geometric aspects of two- and threepeakons
Authors: Cieślak Tomasz , Kryński Wojciech 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We apply geometric tools to study dynamics of two- and threepeakon solutions of the Camassa–Holm equation. New proofs of asymptotic behavior of the solutions are given. In particular we recover well-known collision conditions. Additionally the Gauss curvature (in the twopeakon case) and the sectional curvature (in the threepeakon case) of corresponding manifolds are computed.
Monotonicity of entropy for real quadratic rational maps
Authors: Filom Khashayar 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The monotonicity of entropy is investigated for real quadratic rational maps on the real circle

R
∪

{

∞

}

based on the natural partition of the corresponding moduli space

M

2

(

R

)

into its monotonic, covering, unimodal and bimodal regions. Utilizing the theory of polynomial-like mappings, we prove that the level sets of the real entropy function

h

R

are connected in the (−+−)-bimodal region and a portion of the unimodal region in

M

2

(

R

)

. Based on the numerical evidence, we conjecture that the monotonicity holds throughout the unimodal region, but we conjecture that it fails in the region of (+−+)-bimodal maps.
The defect of toral Laplace eigenfunctions and arithmetic random waves
Authors: Kurlberg Pär , Wigman Igor , Yesha Nadav 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We study the defect (or ‘signed area’) distribution of standard toral Laplace eigenfunctions restricted to shrinking balls of radius above the Planck scale, either for deterministic eigenfunctions averaged w.r.t. the spatial variable, or in a random Gaussian scenario (‘arithmetic random waves’). In either case we exploit the associated symmetry of the eigenfunctions to show that the expectation (spatial or Gaussian) vanishes. In the deterministic setting, we prove that the variance of the defect of flat eigenfunctions, restricted to balls shrinking above the Planck scale, vanishes for ‘most’ energies. Hence the defect of eigenfunctions restricted to most of the said balls is small. We also construct ‘esoteric’ eigenfunctions with large defect variance, by choosing our eigenfunctions so that to mimic the situation on the hexagonal torus, thus breaking the symmetries associated to the standard torus. In the random Gaussian setting, we establish various upper and lower bounds for the defect variance w.r.t. the Gaussian probability measure. A crucial ingredient in the proof of the lower bound is the use of Schmidt’s subspace theorem.
Observation of the high-density front at the high-field-side in the J-TEXT tokamak
Authors: Shi Peng , Sun Hongjuan , Zhuang Ge , Cheng Zhifeng , Gao Li , Chen Zhipeng , Li Jingchun , Zhou Yinan , Zhou Chengxi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article reports the observation of the high-density front at the high field side (HFS) region in the limiter J-TEXT tokamak. In the J-TEXT high density discharges, the high-density front at the HFS scrape-off layer (SOL) region has been clearly identified by the far-infrared laser polarimeter-interferometer. The high-density front forms at the HFS SOL when the plasma density reaches a critical value, it can be up to seven times higher than the density in the low field side region and it stays stable as long as the density remains. In this stable phase, the local radiation is at a low level and it shares common characteristics with the high-field-side high-density (HFSHD) phenomena observed in divertor devices. If density increases continuously, the high-density front expands poloidally and evolves into an unstable ‘moving’ phase while propagating into the main plasma region, which eventually triggers the disruption. The maximum achievable density on J-TEXT seems to be correlated with the evolution of the high-density front, suggesting that the region may play a role in setting the operational limit on J-TEXT. The unstable phase of high-density front seems to share some common characteristics with the well-known multifaceted asymmetric radiation from the edge (MARFE), except that the radiation level in J-TEXT stays at a low level. The density threshold of the high-density front formation and the maximum density of the region itself increase with

I

P

, consistent with the observation on both HFSHD and MARFE. The MARFE-like behavior of the high-density front in its final stage, suggests that MARFEs might be the result of these fronts forming in or moving into regions where the plasma temperature and impurity concentration are conducive for them to be radiatively unstable.
Multi-scale interactions between turbulence and magnetohydrodynamic instability driven by energetic particles
Authors: Ishizawa A. , Imadera K. , Nakamura Y. , Kishimoto Y. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In order to realize high performance burning plasmas in magnetic-confinement fusion devices, such as tokamaks, both bulk plasma transport and that of energetic fusion alpha-particles, which result from different scale fluctuations with different free energy sources, have to be reduced simultaneously. Utilizing the advantage of global toroidal non-linear simulations covering a whole torus, here, we found a new coupling mechanism between the low-frequency micro-scale electromagnetic drift-wave fluctuations regulating the former, while the high-frequency macro-scale toroidal Alfven eigenmode (TAE) regulates the latter. This results from the dual spread of micro-scale turbulence due to the macro-scale TAE not only in wavenumber space representing local eddy size but also in configuration space with global profile variations. Consequently, a new class of turbulent state is found to be established, where the turbulence is homogenized on the poloidal cross-section with exhibiting large-scale structure, which increases fluctuation levels and then both transports, leading to deterioration in the fusion performance.
Radar hybrid signal generators based on high-speed digital-to-analog converters
Authors: Romashov V V , Yakimenko K A , Doktorov A N , Groshkov I D 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Wideband frequency synthesizers are used in many different applications, such as radars, telecommunications and others. Radar parameters are dependent on the synthesizers phase noise. A general flow-chart of a hybrid frequency synthesizer based on direct digital and direct analog synthesis methods that uses a high-speed digital-to-analog converter (DAC) in special operating modes to increase the operating frequency is presented in this paper. The noise characteristics of a hybrid synthesizer with a DAC operating in two modes are simulated.
Recurrent pattern of extreme fire weather in California
Authors: Son Rackhun , Wang S-Y Simon , Kim Seung Hee , Kim Hyungjun , Jeong Jee-Hoon , Yoon Jin-Ho 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Historical wildfire events in California have shown a tendency to occur every five to seven years with a rapidly increasing tendency in recent decades. This oscillation is evident in multiple historical climate records, some more than a century long, and appears to be continuing. Analysis shows that this 5–7 year oscillation is linked to a sequence of anomalous large-scale climate patterns with an eastward propagation in both the ocean and atmosphere. While warmer temperature emerges from the northern central Pacific to the west coast of California, La Niña pattern develops simultaneously, implying that the lifecycle of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation that takes multiple years to form could be a trigger. The evolving patterns of the Pacific-to-North America atmospheric teleconnection suggest the role of tropical and subtropical forcing embedded in this lifecycle. These results highlight the semi-cyclical hydrological behavior as a climate driver for wildfire variability in California.
The Validity of Internal Support and Facilitating Content on Sustainable Green Building Management in Indonesia
Authors: Retno D P , Wibowo M A , Hatmoko J U D 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The operation and maintenance phase is one of the most important and longest phase in the green building life cycle. In this phase, the existence of internal support and facilitating that is oriented towards sustainable green management can have a major impact on building performance. Its existence is both a support and a catalyst for other processes to be undertaken during this phase. This study aims to assess the content validity in the preparation of a questionnaire for the assessment instrument for internal support and facilitating of sustainable green management, particularly the operation and maintenance phase of buildings in Indonesia. Internal support and facilitation is divided into 3 key variables in this research: leadership, policy, and people. Meanwhile, the study stage consists of instrument design, expert panel determination, and content validity quantification. The method used in the content validity analysis consists of: I-CVI, S-CVI, CVR and Kappa statistical coefficient. Based on the results of the study, the number of indicators that meet the requirements is as follows: four indicators on the leadership variable, six indicators on the policy variable and five indicators for the people variable.