bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Imaging in Whole-mount Zebrafish Embryos Traces Morphogen Gradient Maintenance and Noise Propagation in BMP Signaling
Authors: Wang Xu , Li Linlin , Bu Ye , Liu Yixuan , Wu Tzu-Ching , Umulis David M. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Dorsoventral (DV) embryonic patterning relies on precisely controlled interpretation of morphogen signaling. In all vertebrates, DV axis specification is informed by gradients of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs). We developed a 3D single-molecule mRNA quantification method in whole-mount zebrafish to quantify the inputs and outputs in this pathway. In combination with 3D computational modeling of zebrafish embryo development, data from this method revealed that sizzled (Szl), shaped by BMP and Nodal signaling, maintained a consistent inhibition level with chordin (Chd) to maintain the BMP morphogen gradient. Intriguingly, intrinsic BMP morphogen expression is highly noisy at the ventral marginal layer in the early zebrafish gastrula, where the gradient for DV patterning is established, which implies an unexpected role for noise in gradient shaping.
Effects of Inhalable Gene Drug Transfection as A Novel Gene Therapy for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma
Authors: Ichikawa Misa , Muramatsu Naomi , Matsunaga Wataru , Ishikawa Takahiro , Okuda Tomoyuki , Okamoto Hirokazu , Gotoh Akinobu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Gene therapy using vectors has attracted attention in recent years for the treatment of cancers caused by gene mutations. Besides, new treatments are imperative for lung cancer, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM), due to its high mortality. We developed a minimally invasive and orally inhalable tumor suppressor gene drug (SFD-p16 and SFD-p53) with non-viral vectors for lung cancer treatment by combining tumor suppressor genes with an inhalant powder that can deliver active ingredients directly to the lung. We used NSCLC (A549 and H1299) and MPM (H2052) cell lines in an air-liquid interface culture. Transfection of A549 and H2052 cells with SFD-p16 significantly increased p16 mRNA expression levels and decreased cell proliferation in both cell lines. Similar results were obtained with transfection of H1299 with the inhalable gene drug SFD-p53. In an in vivo experiment, a mouse model of lung cancer with orthotopically transplanted luciferase-expressing cancer cells was subjected to intratracheal insufflation of SFD-p16. Consequently, SFD-p16 effectively and directly affected lung cancer.This study suggests that inhalable gene drugs are effective treatments for NSCLC and MPM. We expect inhalable gene drugs to present a novel gene therapy agent for lung cancer that patients can self-administer.
Investigation of Potential Environmental Impacts and Sustainable Management of Municipal Solid Waste using the Driving force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response-Outcome (DPSIRO) framework: Case of Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
Authors: Misganaw Awoke , Akenaw Banchamlak 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The generation of MSW in urban areas in Ethiopia and elsewhere continues to increase and poses a challenge to city governments and citizens if the wastes are not properly managed. Applying an integrated system for managing MSW and recovering the material for use in new products can reduce the negative impacts on the environment. The purpose of this study is to apply the DPSIRO framework to develop a system that reduces the negative impacts of MSW in Bahir Dar city in a sustainable way. The research started by identifying the main driving forces that lead to the generation of MSW. Then, states because of pressures and the consequent impacts were investigated. Finally, the appropriate responses and outcomes obtained from the responses were dealt with. Methods used to quantify GHG emissions, leachate, and eutrophication potential were applied. According to the findings, the waste disposal site emits an estimated 46Gg of greenhouse gases per year in 2020.The eutrophication capacity of organic waste generated in the city was 0.0594 Kg N-equivalent or 59.4g N-equivalent. The waste also contains an average of 1,112mm of leachate per day on an annual basis. The state of the environment has an impact on human health and the ecosystem. Applying the circular economic system, knowledge transfer, and waste management fees are the main responses suggested to decision and policy makers. The responses correspond with balanced economic, social and environmental situations. Outcomes were quantified in terms of organic fertilizer, income and renewable energy (briquette) when the actions were taken.
Mechanism of Excessive Nitrogen Fertilization Aggravates the Damage of Cacopsylla Chinensis to Pear
Authors: Qin Zifang , Ge Yang , Jia Wantong , Zhang Liu , Feng Mingyue , Huang Xinzhen , Shi Wangpeng 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Cacopsylla chinensis (Hemiptera: Psyllidae) is one of the most important pests on pear trees. Although nitrogen fertilization is known to often benefit the performance of many herbivores including psyllids, physiochemical and molecular mechanisms of how psyllids respond to excessive nitrogen application remain unclear. Study showed that nitrogen fertilizer concentrations significantly impacted phenolic acids compositions in pear leaves, there was an upward trend in ferulic acid concentration when increasing nitrogen fertilizers. The increased ferulic acid concentration accelerated the C. chinensis development. Moreover, high nitrogen fertilization also caused a significant increase in psyllid honeydew secretion and several amino acids concentrations in honeydew. The increased amino-acid content in pear leaves under high nitrogen fertilization improved the feed intakes of psyllid, however decreased more significantly the expression levels of several C. chinensis genes in amino-acid synthesis pathways. The mechanism of excessive nitrogen fertilization aggravating the damage of C. chinensis to pear trees was defined preliminarily.
Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin Inhibits The Secretion of HBV Via Antigen-Antibody Precipitation in The Multivesicular Body
Authors: Yoon Kyung Chul , Seo Sooin , Lee Kwang-Woong , Oh Seung Cheol , Park Min Young , Hong Suk Kyun , Choi YoungRok , Yi Nam-Joon , Suh Kyung-Suk 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Although the main action of human hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) of neutralizing the hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) in the serum is known, HBIG is known to be localized in the cell. However, the effect of intracellularly located HBIG is not well elucidated due to the low purity of conventional plasma-derived HBIG (cHBIG). We attempted to clarify the mechanism of action of internalized HBIG using recombinant HBIG (lenvervimab). We used HBsAg cell lines, non-HBsAg cell lines and human HBsAg-producing hepatocytes. Autophagosome lysis pathway related proteins and Rab5, calnexin, giantin, and Rab7 were used to localize HBsAg and anti-HBs-IgG in the cytoplasm with Western blot and confocal microscopy.Intracellular anti-HBs-IgG (lenvervimab and cHBIG) transported by Fc receptor-mediated endocytosis increased the autophagosomes, but there was no change in autolysis. HBsAg and anti-HBs-IgG precipitated in the cytoplasm and co-localized in the multivesicular body. HBsAg secretion in the culture medium was decreased after lenvervimab. Simultaneously, the amount of cellular HBsAg increased in the cell lines but decreased in the human hepatocytes. Furthermore, intracellular lenvervimab was not easily washed out only in the HBsAg cell lines.Lenvervimab decreases the secretion of HBsAg, and HBsAg-antibody precipitation in the multivesicular body might play an important role.
Image Classification With Convolutional Neural Networks In MapReduce
Authors: Chen Min 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Deep learning (DL) techniques, more specifically Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), have become increasingly popular in advancing the field of data science and have had great successes in a wide array of applications including computer vision, speech, natural language processing and etc. However, the training process of CNNs is computationally intensive and high computational cost, especially when the dataset is huge. To overcome these obstacles, this paper takes advantage of distributed frameworks and cloud computing to develop a parallel CNN algorithm. MapReduce is a scalable and fault-tolerant data processing tool that was developed to provide significant improvements in large-scale data-intensive applications in clusters. A MapReduce-based CNN (MCNN) is developed in this work to tackle the task of image classification. In addition, the proposed MCNN adopted the idea of adding dropout layers in the networks to tackle the overfitting problem. Close examination of the implementation of MCNN as well as how the proposed algorithm accelerates learning are discussed and demonstrated through experiments. Results reveal high classification accuracy and significant improvements in speedup, scaleup and sizeup compared to the standard algorithms.
What Makes Health Systems Resilient? A Qualitative Analysis of The Perspectives of Swiss NGOs
Authors: Grimm Pauline Yongeun , Wyss Kaspar 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background: Resilience has become relevant than ever before with the advent of increasing and intensifying shocks on the health system and its amplified effects due to globalization. Using the example of non-state actors based in Switzerland, the aim of this study is to explore how and to what extent NGOs with an interest in global health have dealt with unexpected shocks on the health systems of their partner countries and to reflect on the practical implications of resilience for the multiple actors involved. Consequently, this paper analyses the key attributes of resilience that targeted investments may influence, and the different roles key stakeholders may assume to build resilience. Methods: This is a descriptive and exploratory qualitative study analysing the perspectives on health system resilience of Swiss-based NGOs through 20 in-depth interviews. Analysis proceeded using a data-driven thematic analysis closely following the framework method. An analytical framework was developed and applied systematically resulting in a complete framework matrix. The results are categorised into the expected role of the governments, the role of the NGOs, and practical future steps for building health system resilience. Results: The following four key ‘foundations of resilience’ were found to be dominant for unleashing greater resilience attributes regardless of the nature of shocks: ‘realigned relationships,’ ‘foresight,’ ‘motivation,’ and ‘emergency preparedness.’ The attribute to ‘integrate’ was shown to be one of the most crucial characteristics of resilience expected of the national governments from the NGOs, which points to the heightened role of governance. Meanwhile, as a key stakeholder group that is becoming inevitably more powerful in international development cooperation and global health governance, non-state actors namely the NGOs saw themselves in a unique position to facilitate knowledge exchange and to support long-term adaptations of innovative solutions that are increasing in demand. The strongest determinant of resilience in the health system was the degree of investments made for building long-term infrastructures and human resource development which are well-functioning prior to any potential crisis. Conclusions: Health system resilience is a collective endeavour and a result of many stakeholders’ consistent and targeted investments. These investments open up new opportunities to seek innovative solutions and to keep diverse actors in global health accountable. Strong governance, a bi-directional knowledge exchange, and the focus on leveraging science for impact can draw greater potential of resilience in the health systems. Governments and the NGOs have unique points of contribution in this journey towards resilience and may support governments to prioritise investing in the key ‘foundations of resilience’ in order to activate greater attributes of resilience.
Effect of Flow Induced Parameters on the Output of A High Repetition Rate Dye Laser
Authors: Chaube Rajeev 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The factors influencing the optical path stability in a dye laser flow cell are studied numerically and experimentally. A specially designed curved metallic dye flow cell providing a gain medium of 25 mm x 0.5 mm x 0.2 mm along with a compact resonator mechanical assembly is used in the study. The same configuration with gain medium of 15 mm x 0.5 mm x 0.2 mm is successfully used for single mode dye laser. The effects of flow induced vibrations on dye flow cell are studied with and without mechanically coupling it with the resonator structure for flow speeds varying from 1.33 m/s to 6.67 m/s at laser pump position. The effect of the mechanical instability, velocity fluctuation and temperature fluctuations in flowing dye solution on dye laser performance are studied at different flow speeds. These results are compared with the dye laser output parameters and found to be in good agreement. This study is useful in designing a high stability narrowband dye laser.
Immobilization of D-allulose 3-Epimerase Into Magnetic Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles For Efficient Biocatalysis
Authors: Xue Kai , Liu Chun-Li , Yang Yankun , Liu Xiuxia , Zhan Jinling , Bai Zhonghu 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
D-allulose is a rare low-calorie sugar that has many fundamental biological functions. D-allulose 3-epimerase from Agrobacterium tumefaciens (AT-DAEase) catalyzes the conversion of D-fructose to D-allulose. The enzyme has attracted considerable attention because of its mild catalytic properties. However, the bioconversion efficiency and reusability of AT-DAEase limit its industrial application. Magnetic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have uniform pore sizes and large surface areas and can facilitate mass transport and enhance the capacity for enzyme immobilization. Here, we successfully encapsulated cobalt-type AT-DAEase into the cobalt-based magnetic MOF ZIF-67@Fe3O4 using a self-assembly strategy. The AT-DAEase@ZIF-67@Fe3O4 nanoparticles had higher catalytic activity (65.1 U mg-1) and bioconversion ratio (38.1%) than the free AT-DAEase. The optimal conditions for maximum enzyme activity of the AT-DAEase@ZIF-67@Fe3O4 nanoparticles were 55°C and pH 8.0, which were significantly higher than those of the free AT-DAEase (50°C and pH 7.5). The AT-DAEase@ZIF-67@Fe3O4 nanoparticles displayed significantly improved thermal stability and excellent recycling performance, with 80% retention of enzyme activity at temperature range of 45-70°C and >45% of its initial activity after eight cycles of enzyme use. The AT-DAEase@ZIF-67@Fe3O4 nanoparticles have great potential for large-scale industrial preparation of D-allulose by immobilizing cobalt-type AT-DAEase into magnetic MOF ZIF-67@Fe3O4.
Interactive Effects of Brassinosteroids and Timber Waste Biochar Enhances the Drought Tolerance Capacity of Wheat Plant
Authors: Lalarukh Irfana , Naeem Zunaira , Mansoora Nida , Amjad Syeda Amjad , Abdel-Hafez Shams , Fawzy Mustafa , Abbas Mohamed , Abdelhafez Ahmed , Al-Ani Laith Khalil Tawfeeq 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Drought stress is among the major constraints that threat agricultural productivity within the arid and semi-arid regions, worldwide. In this study, wheat (a strategic crop) was selected to test its growth under drought stress and the mechanisms beyond this adaptation while considering two factors, i.e., (1) deficit irrigation at 35% of the water holding capacity (WHC) versus 75% of WHC (Factor A) and (2) the following safe treatments: the control treatment (C), amending soil with biochar (BC) at a rate of 2%, foliar application of 24-epibrassinolide at two different levels (1 (BR1) or 3 (BR2) μmol) and the combination between BC and BR treatments. The obtained results were statistically analyzed, and the heat-map conceits between measured variables were also calculated by using the Python software. This investigation took place under the greenhouse conditions for 35 days following a complete randomized design and all treatments were replicated trice. Results obtained herein revealed that drought stress decreased all studied vegetative growth parameters (root and shoot biomasses) and photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total contents while increased oxidative stress indicators. All additives, specifically the combined ones BR1+BC and BR2+BC, were effective in increasing growth attributes, photosynthetic pigments and ion assimilation by wheat plants. They also upraised the levels of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants while decreased stress indicators. Furthermore, they increased Ca, P and K content within plants. It can therefore be deduced that the integral application of BR and BC is essential to mitigate drought stress in plants.
Molecular Detection of Enteric Viruses in Under-Five Children with Diarrhea in Debre Tabore, Northwest Ethiopia
Authors: Gelaw Aschalew , Liebert Uwe G. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis belongs to the major public health problems of infant and children worldwide. The largest proportion of morbidity and mortality occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa. This preliminary study aimed to assess the burden and genetic diversity of enteric viruses among children with diarrhea in Debre Tabore. A cross-sectional study was undertaken from December 2015 to April 2016. A total of thirty-eight children, who presented with diarrhea at Debre Tabore health centers were included. Fecal samples were collected and screened for enteric viruses by RT-PCR. Data were analyzed by using SPSS statistical software. Descriptive statistical summary techniques were used to display the study findings. Out of the thirty-eight children screened, 52.6% were positive for at least one enteric virus. Six (30.0%) of the children had mixed enteric virus infections. Human adenovirus (HAdV) 7 (18.4%) was predominant followed by noroviruses 5 (13.2%), enterovirus 5 (13.2%), rotavirus 4 (10.5%), human astrovirus (HAstV) 2 (5.3%), and human parechovirus (HPeV) 1(2.6%). Overall nineteen different types of enteric virus genotypes were identified. Diverse adenovirus within species A (HAdV-12,-31), B (HAdV-3), C (HAdV-2), and F (HAdV-4) were detected. Norovirus II (GII.4 and GII.6) and norovirus I (GI.2, GI.3, and GI.5) genotypes were found. Sapovirus genotypes within genogroup II (GII.1, GII.5, and GII.6) were identified. Wild-type rotavirus G9[P8] genotype was detected in one of the rotavirus positive samples. Non-polio enteroviruses within species A (coxsackie A virus (CAV) 5, CAV6, and CAV14) and C (enterovirus (EV-C) 99) were also identified. HPeV-6 genotype was identified in one of the samples. In two of the fecal samples, classic HAstV-2 was detected. Phylogenetic analysis of these enteric viruses revealed that they have close phylogenetic relatedness with previous genotypes reported from Ethiopia. Diverse enteric viruses were detected in fecal samples from under-five children with diarrhea. The detection of heterogeneous enteric viruses in this small data set highlights the need for extended multicenter studies to describe the burden and genetic diversity.
A Simple Micropreparative Gel Electrophoresis Technique For Purification of Nanoscale Materials
Authors: Sajjadi Sayyed Hashem , Wu Shang-Jung , Zubkovs Vitalijs , Ahmadzadeh Hossein , Goharshadi Elaheh K. , Boghossian Ardemis A. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Many biochemical, biomedical, and material applications hinge on the ability to effectively separate and purify nanoscale materials. Though this need is largely addressed with biological macromolecules using a variety of chromatographic and electrophoretic purification techniques, such techniques are usually laborious, time-consuming, and often require complex and costly instalments that are inaccessible to most laboratories. Synthetic nanoparticles face similar purification challenges, often relying on techniques that are material-specific. In this work, we introduce a versatile micro-preparative (MP) method based on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) to purify biological samples containing proteins, nucleic acids, and complex bioconjugates, as well as synthetic nanoparticles based on graphene quantum dots (GQDs). Using a conventional vertical slab PAGE, we demonstrate the extraction of purified DNA, proteins, and DNA-protein bioconjugates from their respective mixtures using MP-PAGE. We apply this system to recover DNA from a ladder mixture with yields of up to 90%, compared to the 58% yield obtained using specialized commercial devices. We also demonstrate the purification of folded enhanced yellow fluorescence protein (EYFP) from crude cell extract with 90% purity, comparable to purities achieved using a two-step size exclusion and immobilized metal-ion affinity chromatography purification procedure. Moreover, we demonstrate the successful isolation of an EYFP-DNA bioconjugate that otherwise could not be processed using the two-step chromatography procedure. Finally, the technique was further extended to demonstrate size-dependent separation of a commercial mixture of GQDs into three different fractions with distinct optical properties. MP-PAGE thus offers a rapid and versatile means of purifying biological and synthetic nanomaterials without the need for specialized equipment.
Cost-Effectiveness Of Atrial Fibrillation Screening Strategies: A Systematic Review
Authors: Gorji Hassan Abolghasem , Khosravi Majid , Mahmoodi Razieh , Hasoumi Mojtaba , Souresrafil Aghdas , Alipour Vahid , Rezapour Aziz , Hajahmadi Marjan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Objective: This study aims to analyze the cost-effectiveness of atrial fibrillation screening strategies.Design: Systematic review Setting: LiteraturePatient(s): Patients with atrial fibrillation.Intervention(s): To find related research and articles in this field, articles published in Iranian and international databases and based on inclusion and exclusion criteria were searched and reviewed. The quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) were the main outcome used for measuring the effectiveness.­Main Outcome Measure(s): Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) per gained or additional QALY, additional case detected, and avoided stroke.Result(s): Out of 3,360 studies found in the field of the present study, finally, fifteen studies were included in the research. The lowest ICER numerical value was 78.39 for AF screening using ECG for 65-85-year-old Japanese women. The highest value of this index is equal to 70864.31 for performing ECG monitoring for more than 60 days for Canadians over 80 years without AF history who have been referred to outpatient clinics. In two studies, the results were expressed with the Years of life gained (YLG) measure. Of course, in one study, the results were not reported with this measure and in one study, the results were reported with ICER. Conclusion(s): According to the results of all the studies analyzed, most of the studies acknowledged the cost-effectiveness of different AF screening strategies. However, studies that confirmed the cost-effectiveness of population-based screening were more than studies that confirmed the cost-effectiveness of other screening strategies.