bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the basis of brain: neural-network-inspired changes in general-purpose chips
Authors: Prytkova Ekaterina , Vannuccini Simone 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we disentangle the changes that the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is inducing in the semiconductor industry. Chips based on the von Neumann architecture are struggling to deliver performance across a wide range of applications, and the new AI segment is only adding to this struggle. This poses a new challenge to chip design, with flexibility of computation at its core, i.e., hardware’s ability to support a large software variety, rather than computation speed. We identify and analyze forces and mechanisms at work and discuss the product configurations which could characterize the future of the semiconductor industry. We outline two possible scenarios: (i) fragmentation of the semiconductor industry into submarkets with dedicated chips and (ii) the shift of the industry to a system-on-a-chip-based dominant design with the emergence of a new platform chip. We rationalize the unfolding situation by modeling consumer choice between computing systems based on their crucial characteristics—speed, flexibility, and energy efficiency.
Yearlong COVID-19 Infection Reveals Within-Host Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in a Patient With B-Cell Depletion
Authors: Nussenblatt Veronique , Roder Allison E , Das Sanchita , de Wit Emmie , Youn Jung-Ho , Banakis Stephanie , Mushegian Alexandra , Mederos Christopher , Wang Wei , Chung Matthew , Pérez-Pérez Lizzette , Palmore Tara , Brudno Jennifer N , Kochenderfer James N , Ghedin Elodie 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
B-cell–depleting therapies may lead to prolonged disease and viral shedding in individuals infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and this viral persistence raises concern for viral evolution. We report sequencing of early and late samples from a 335-day infection in an immunocompromised patient. The virus accumulated a unique deletion in the amino-terminal domain of the spike protein, and complete deletion of ORF7b and ORF8, the first report of its kind in an immunocompromised patient. Unique viral mutations found in this study highlight the importance of analyzing viral evolution in protracted SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially in immunosuppressed hosts.
Visual Appropriation: A Self-reflexive Qualitative Method for Visual Analysis of the International
Authors: Möller Frank , Bellmer Rasmus , Saugmann Rune 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article introduces visual appropriation as a method in critical international political thinking and acting, contributing to the evolving repertoire of multiple, pluralist methods for visual analysis of international relations operating in a digital visual environment. We define appropriation as reuse of existing visual material—either in its entirety or in part—without substantially altering the immanent characteristics of the appropriated material. As appropriators, scholars are producers of images who capitalize on and actively participate in digital visuality (seeing–changing–sharing). Appropriators are both image-analysts and image-actors but distinct from both, contributing not only to the visual analysis, but also to the visual construction of international relations. Approaching the international through appropriation grants researchers increased agency and responsibility vis-à-vis existing visual materials “out-there.” Rather than exploring a digital space of visual images produced and appropriated by others, researchers consciously and deliberately partake in the production and dissemination of images. As a result, we highlight how we—as scholars and as citizens—are facing research-ethical problematiques linked to ways of showing and seeing inevitably emanating from appropriation.
Grass-fed vs. grain-fed beef systems: performance, economic, and environmental trade-offs
Authors: Klopatek Sarah C , Marvinney Elias , Duarte Toni , Kendall Alissa , Yang Xiang (Crystal) , Oltjen James W 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Between increasing public concerns over climate change and heightened interest of niche market beef on social media, the demand for grass-fed beef has increased considerably. However, the demand increase for grass-fed beef has raised many producers’ and consumers’ concerns regarding product quality, economic viability, and environmental impacts that have thus far gone unanswered. Therefore, using a holistic approach, we investigated the performance, carcass quality, financial outcomes, and environmental impacts of four grass-fed and grain-fed beef systems currently being performed by ranchers in California. The treatments included 1) steers stocked on pasture and feedyard finished for 128 d (CON); 2) steers grass-fed for 20 mo (GF20); 3) steers grass-fed for 20 mo with a 45-d grain finish (GR45); and 4) steers grass-fed for 25 mo (GF25). The data were analyzed using a mixed model procedure in R with differences between treatments determined by Tukey HSD. Using carcass and performance data from these systems, a weaning-to-harvest life cycle assessment was developed in the Scalable, Process-based, Agronomically Responsive Cropping Systems model framework, to determine global warming potential (GWP), consumable water use, energy, smog, and land occupation footprints. Final body weight varied significantly between treatments (P &lt; 0.001) with the CON cattle finishing at 632 kg, followed by GF25 at 570 kg, GR45 at 551 kg, and GF20 478 kg. Dressing percentage differed significantly between all treatments (P &lt; 0.001). The DP was 61.8% for CON followed by GR45 at 57.5%, GF25 at 53.4%, and GF20 had the lowest DP of 50.3%. Marbling scores were significantly greater for CON compared to all other treatments (P &lt; 0.001) with CON marbling score averaging 421 (low-choice ≥ 400). Breakeven costs with harvesting and marketing for the CON, GF20, GR45, and GF25 were $6.01, $8.98, $8.02, and $8.33 per kg hot carcass weight (HCW), respectively. The GWP for the CON, GF20, GR45, and GF25 were 4.79, 6.74, 6.65, and 8.31 CO2e/kg HCW, respectively. Water consumptive use for CON, GF20, GR45, and GF25 were 933, 465, 678, and 1,250 L/kg HCW, respectively. Energy use for CON, GF20, GR45, and GF25 were 18.7, 7.65, 13.8, and 8.85 MJ/kg HCW, respectively. Our results indicated that grass-fed beef systems differ in both animal performance and carcass quality resulting in environmental and economic sustainability trade-offs with no system having absolute superiority.
Assessment of α-Cypermethrin Pour-On Application and Diminazene Aceturate for Treating Trypanosome-Related Diseases Caused by Tsetse Flies on Cattle in Mô, Togo
Authors: Soudah Boma , Essodina Talaki , Toï N’feide , Balabadi Dao , Yao Lombo , Martin Bienvenu Somda , Wendemanegde Ernest Salou 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The effects of tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis control in high tsetse flies (Glossina spp.) challenge and trypanocidal drug resistance settings remain poorly understood in Togo owing to poor data coverage on the current disease impact. From March 2014 to November 2017, a database of zoo-sanitary surveys integrating the evolution of disease incidence and intervention coverage made it possible to quantify the apparent effects attributable to the control effort, focused on all sedentary cattle breeds in the 1,000 km² area of Mô in Togo. The strategy involved an initial phase with cross-sectional entomological and parasitological. Then, three times a year, 20% of the bovine animals of the study area received α-cypermethrin pour-on, and infected cattle with poor health (798 cattle in 2014 and 358 in 2017) were individually given diminazene aceturate at 7 mg/kg of body weight. The tsetse density in the area decreased significantly, from 1.78 ± 0.37 in March 2014 before the α-cypermethrin application to 0.48 ± 0.07 in February 2017. The α-cypermethrin pour-on application and diminazene aceturate treatment of cattle led to the largest reduction in disease incidence, from 28.1% in 2014 to 7.8% in 2017, an improvement in hematocrit from 24.27 ± 4.9% to 27.5 ± 4.6%, and a reduction in calf mortality from 15.9 ± 11% to 5.9%. Improved access to these interventions for different types of livestock and maintaining their effectiveness, despite high tsetse (Diptera: Glossinidae) challenges, should be the primary focus of control strategies in many areas of Togo.
Diversity in sphingolipid metabolism across land plants
Authors: Haslam Tegan M , Feussner Ivo 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Sphingolipids are essential metabolites found in all plant species. They are required for plasma membrane integrity, tolerance of and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, and intracellular signalling. There is extensive diversity in the sphingolipid content of different plant species, and in the identities and roles of enzymes required for their processing. In this review, we survey results obtained from investigations of the classical genetic model Arabidopsis thaliana, from assorted dicots with less extensive genetic toolkits, from the model monocot Oryza sativa, and finally from the model bryophyte Physcomitrium patens. For each species or group, we first broadly summarize what is known about sphingolipid content. We then discuss the most insightful and puzzling features of modifications to the hydrophobic ceramides, and to the polar headgroups of complex sphingolipids. Altogether, these data can serve as a framework for our knowledge of sphingolipid metabolism across the plant kingdom. This chemical and metabolic heterogeneity underpins equally diverse functions. With greater availability of different tools for analytical measurements and genetic manipulation, our field is entering an exciting phase of expanding our knowledge of the biological functions of this persistently cryptic class of lipids.
Hyperbolically symmetric static charged cosmological fluid models
Authors: Yousaf Z , Khlopov Maxim Yu , Bhatti M Z , Asad H 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
In this work, the study on static fluid distributions under the influence of electromagnetism has been carried out with an emphasis on the hyperbolically symmetric metric. For this purpose, modified gravitational formulations in the presence of charge are used to calculate the effective energy–momentum tensor, which is then further refined by taking into account tetrad field components in the Minkowski coordinate system. Also, we compute the Tolman mass and a suitable formulation of the mass function. It exhibits that the hyperbolically symmetrical source has a negative effective matter density in all stellar formulations. This demonstrates that the quantum processes together with certain excessive constraints are deemed important to explain any physical implementations under the effects of the electromagnetic field. Additionally, we assessed the structure scalars and implemented the orthogonal splitting of the structure scalars and Riemann tensor in this modified gravity. Subsequently, various explicit precise cosmological solutions and their generating functions are developed.
Orbits of globular clusters computed with dynamical friction in the Galactic anisotropic velocity dispersion field
Authors: Moreno Edmundo , Fernández-Trincado José G , Pérez-Villegas Angeles , Chaves-Velasquez Leonardo , Schuster William J 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
We present a preliminary analysis of the effect of dynamical friction on the orbits of part of the globular clusters in our Galaxy. Our study considers an anisotropic velocity dispersion field approximated using the results of studies in the literature. An axisymmetric Galactic model with mass components consisting of a disc, a bulge, and a dark halo is employed in the computations. We provide a method to compute the dynamical friction acceleration in ellipsoidal, oblate, and prolate velocity distribution functions with similar density in velocity space. Orbital properties, such as mean time-variations of perigalactic and apogalactic distances, energy, and z-component of angular momentum, are obtained for globular clusters lying in the Galactic region R ≲ 10 kpc, |z| ≲ 5 kpc, with R, z cylindrical coordinates. These include clusters in prograde and retrograde orbital motion. Several clusters are strongly affected by dynamical friction, in particular Liller 1, Terzan 4, Terzan 5, NGC 6440, and NGC 6553, which lie in the Galactic inner region. We comment on the more relevant implications of our results on the dynamics of Galactic globular clusters, such as their possible misclassification between the categories ‘halo’, ‘bulge’, and ‘thick disc’, the resulting biasing of globular-cluster samples, the possible incorrect association of the globulars with their parent dwarf galaxies for accretion events, and the possible formation of ‘nuclear star clusters’.
Coherent search for binary pulsars across all Five Keplerian parameters in radio observations using the template-bank algorithm
Authors: Balakrishnan Vishnu , Champion David , Barr Ewan , Kramer Michael , Venkatraman Krishnan V , Eatough Ralph P , Sengar Rahul , Bailes Matthew 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Relativistic binary pulsars orbiting white dwarfs and neutron stars have already provided excellent tests of gravity. However, despite observational efforts, a pulsar orbiting a black hole has remained elusive. One possible explanation is the extreme Doppler smearing caused by the pulsar’s orbital motion which changes its apparent spin frequency during an observation. The classical solution to this problem has been to assume a constant acceleration/jerk for the entire observation. However, this assumption breaks down when the observation samples a large fraction of the orbit. This limits the length of search observations, and hence their sensitivity. This provides a strong motivation to develop techniques that can find compact binaries in longer observations. Here, we present a GPU-based radio pulsar search pipeline that can perform a coherent search for binary pulsars by directly searching over three or five Keplerian parameters using the template-bank algorithm. We compare the sensitivity obtained from our pipeline with acceleration and jerk search pipelines for simulated pulsar-stellar-mass black hole binaries and observations of PSR J0737−3039A. We also discuss the computational feasibility of our pipeline for untargeted pulsar surveys and targeted searches. Our benchmarks indicate that circular orbit searches for P-BH binaries with spin-period $P{_\mathrm{{spin}}} \ge {20}\, \mathrm{m\, s}$ covering the 3–10 Tobs regime are feasible for the High Time Resolution Universe pulsar survey. Additionally, an elliptical orbit search in Globular clusters for $P{_\mathrm{{spin}}} \ge {20}\, \mathrm{m\, s}$ pulsars orbiting intermediate-mass black holes in the 5–10 Tobs regime is feasible for observations shorter than 2 h with an eccentricity limit of 0.1.
rms–flux relation and disc–jet connection in blazars in the context of the internal shocks model
Authors: Kundu Aritra , Chatterjee Ritaban , Mitra Kaustav , Mondal Sripan 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Recent analysis of blazar variability has revealed a proportionality between the mean flux and the root mean squared (rms) fluctuations about the mean flux. Although such rms–flux relation has been previously observed in the accretion disc/corona variability of X-ray binaries and Seyfert galaxies, and has been extensively modelled, its emergence in the jet light curves of blazars calls for a revised theoretical understanding of this feature. In this work, we analyse the time variability properties of realistic multiwavelength jet light curves, simulated in the context of a simplified version of the internal shocks model, particularly focusing on the rms–flux relation. These shocks accelerate the jet electrons to relativistic energies, which then cool radiatively via synchrotron and inverse-Compton processes. We find that the rms–flux relation may be consistently recovered in the cases, in which the shocks have different amplitudes based on the speed of the colliding blobs generating them as opposed to all shocks having the same amplitude. We observe that the slope of the rms–flux relation depends on the wavelength at which the variability is observed and the energy distribution of the electron population. We find that the accretion disc and the jet variability are anticorrelated, with the latter lagging that of the disc. Our results provide crucial constraints on the physical properties of the jet, and the mode of connection through which the accretion disc and jet may be related.
How the planetary eccentricity influences the pebble isolation mass
Authors: Chametla Raúl O , Masset Frédéric S , Baruteau Clément , Bitsch Bertram 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigate the pebble isolation mass (PIM) for a planet on a fixed eccentric orbit in its protoplanetary disc by conducting a set of two-dimensional (2D) hydrodynamical simulations, including dust turbulent diffusion. A range of planet eccentricities up to e = 0.2 is adopted. Our simulations also cover a range of α-turbulent viscosities, and for each pair {α, e} the PIM is estimated as the minimum planet mass in our simulations such that solids with a Stokes number ≳0.05 do not flow across the planet orbit and remain trapped around a pressure bump outside the planet gap. For α &lt; 10−3, we find that eccentric planets reach a well-defined PIM, which can be smaller than for planets on circular orbits when the eccentricity remains smaller than the disc’s aspect ratio. We provide a fitting formula for how the PIM depends on the planet's eccentricity. However, for α &gt; 10−3, eccentric planets cannot fully stall the pebbles flow and, thus, do not reach a well-defined PIM. Our results suggest that the maximum mass reached by rocky cores should exhibit a dichotomy depending on the disc's turbulent viscosity. While being limited to ${\cal O}(10\, M_\oplus)$ in low-viscosity discs, this maximum mass could reach much larger values in discs with a high turbulent viscosity in the planet vicinity. Our results further highlight that pebble filtering by growing planets might not be as effective as previously thought, especially in high-viscosity discs, with important implications to protoplanetary discs observations.
Accretion-induced merger leading to core-collapse supernovae in old stellar populations
Authors: Braudo Jessica , Bear Ealeal , Soker Noam 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
We examine a triple-star evolution that might lead to core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe) in stellar populations that are too old to allow for single or binary evolution to form CCSNe, i.e. where the most massive stars that evolve off the main sequence have masses of $\simeq 4\!-\!5\, {\rm M}_\odot$. In the scenario we examine the most massive star in the triple system, of mass $\simeq 4\!-\!5\, {\rm M}_\odot$, transfers mass to an inner binary system at an orbital separation of $\simeq 100\!-\!1000\, {\rm R}_\odot$. The initial orbital separation of the inner binary is $\simeq 10\!-\!50\, {\rm R}_\odot$. The inner binary accretes most of the mass that the primary star loses and the two stars expand and their mutual orbit contracts until merger. The merger product is a main-sequence star of mass $\simeq 8\!-\!10\, {\rm M}_\odot$ that later experiences a CCSN explosion and leaves a neutron star (NS) remnant, bound or unbound to the white dwarf (WD) remnant of the primary star. We estimate the event rate of this WD–NS reverse evolution scenario to be a fraction of ≈5 × 10−5 of all CCSNe. We expect that in the coming decade sky surveys will detect one to five such events.
The Statistical Nature of Causation
Authors: Papineau David 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCausation is a macroscopic phenomenon. The temporal asymmetry displayed by causation has no counterpart in the fundamental dynamics of the microscopic world. So causation must somehow emerge from the underlying dynamics, along with other macroscopic phenomena like entropy increase and the arrow of radiation. In this paper I shall offer an account of causation that accounts for this emergence. I shall show how macroscopic events fall into lawlike patterns that are subject to the random influences of microscopic processes. It is the probabilistic independence of these random influences that constitutes these laws as temporally asymmetric and causal. I shall approach these issues by considering ‘causal inference’ techniques that allow causal relations to be inferred from sets of observed correlations. I shall show that these techniques are best explained by a reduction of causation to structures of equations with probabilistically independent exogenous terms. This exogenous probabilistic independence imposes a recursive order on these equations and a consequent distinction between dependent and independent variables that lines up with the temporal asymmetry of causation.
CE-ICP-MS to probe Aβ1-42/copper (II) interactions, a complementary tool to study amyloid aggregation in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Duroux C , Hagège A 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Copper (II) ions appear to be involved in the Alzheimer's disease and seem to influence the aggregation of the amyloid-β1-42 (Aβ1-42) peptide. However, data are not conclusive and still not subject to consensus, copper (II) being suspected to either promote or inhibit aggregation. To address this question, CE-ICP-MS (capillary electrophoresis-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry) hyphenation was proposed as a complementary tool to follow the distribution of copper in the different oligomeric forms, at different substoichiometries and different incubation times. Results clearly indicated the formation of several negatively charged copper complexes and showed the enhancement of the aggregation rate with copper concentration. Moreover, the variations of copper (II) speciation suggest different aggregation pathway, even for substoichiometric ratios.
Fast and memory-efficient mapping of short bisulfite sequencing reads using a two-letter alphabet
Authors: de Sena Brandine Guilherme , Smith Andrew D 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
DNA cytosine methylation is an important epigenomic mark with a wide range of functions in many organisms. Whole genome bisulfite sequencing is the gold standard to interrogate cytosine methylation genome-wide. Algorithms used to map bisulfite-converted reads often encode the four-base DNA alphabet with three letters by reducing two bases to a common letter. This encoding substantially reduces the entropy of nucleotide frequencies in the resulting reference genome. Within the paradigm of read mapping by first filtering possible candidate alignments, reduced entropy in the sequence space can increase the required computing effort. We introduce another bisulfite mapping algorithm (abismal), based on the idea of encoding a four-letter DNA sequence as only two letters, one for purines and one for pyrimidines. We show that this encoding can lead to greater specificity compared to existing encodings used to map bisulfite sequencing reads. Through the two-letter encoding, the abismal software tool maps reads in less time and using less memory than most bisulfite sequencing read mapping software tools, while attaining similar accuracy. This allows in silico methylation analysis to be performed in a wider range of computing machines with limited hardware settings.