Cardiovascular Disease and Severe Hypoxemia Are Associated With Higher Rates of Noninvasive Respiratory Support Failure in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia
Authors: Wang Jing Gennie , Liu Bian , Percha Bethany , Pan Stephanie , Goel Neha , Mathews Kusum S. , Gao Cynthia , Tandon Pranai , Tomlinson Max , Yoo Edwin , Howell Daniel , Eisenberg Elliot , Naymagon Leonard , Tremblay Douglas , Chokshi Krishna , Dua Sakshi , Dunn Andrew S. , Powell Charles A. , Bose Sonali 
Published: February 2021

Objectives:
Acute hypoxemic respiratory failure is the major complication of coronavirus disease 2019, yet optimal respiratory support strategies are uncertain. We aimed to describe outcomes with high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in coronavirus disease 2019 acute hypoxemic respiratory failure and identify individual factors associated with noninvasive respiratory support failure.

Design:
Retrospective cohort study to describe rates of high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and/or noninvasive positive pressure ventilation success (live discharge without endotracheal intubation). Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard models were used to identify patient characteristics associated with high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and/or noninvasive positive pressure ventilation failure (endotracheal intubation and/or in-hospital mortality).

Setting:
One large academic health system, including five hospitals (one quaternary referral center, a tertiary hospital, and three community hospitals), in New York City.

Patients:
All hospitalized adults 18–100 years old with coronavirus disease 2019 admitted between March 1, 2020, and April 28, 2020.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
A total of 331 and 747 patients received high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation as the highest level of noninvasive respiratory support, respectively; 154 (46.5%) in the high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula cohort and 167 (22.4%) in the noninvasive positive pressure ventilation cohort were successfully discharged without requiring endotracheal intubation. In adjusted models, significantly increased risk of high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation failure was seen among patients with cardiovascular disease (subdistribution hazard ratio, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.17–2.83 and subdistribution hazard ratio, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.06–1.84, respectively). Conversely, a higher peripheral blood oxygen saturation to Fio
2 ratio at high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation initiation was associated with reduced risk of failure (subdistribution hazard ratio, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.19–0.54, and subdistribution hazard ratio 0.34; 95% CI, 0.21–0.55, respectively).

Conclusions:
A significant proportion of patients receiving noninvasive respiratory modalities for coronavirus disease 2019 acute hypoxemic respiratory failure achieved successful hospital discharge without requiring endotracheal intubation, with lower success rates among those with comorbid cardiovascular disease or more severe hypoxemia. The role of high-flow oxygen delivered through nasal cannula and noninvasive positive pressure ventilation in coronavirus disease 2019–related acute hypoxemic respiratory failure warrants further consideration.