bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of different red palm oil volume on characteristics and degradation of polylactic acid/zinc oxide film
Authors: Karim S F A , Jai J , Saiful N A , Hamid K H K , Kamarudin N 
Published: October 2021

AbstractPLA/ZnO combination caused agglomeration, especially at a high concentration of ZnO. This condition improved by adding a plasticizer to smoothen the incorporation of ZnO into PLA. The work’s objective was to study the changes in polylactic acid/zinc oxide (PLA/ZnO) film’s properties incorporated with red palm oil (RPO) that acted as a plasticizer. The films were prepared using the solvent casting method. RPO’s impact as a plasticizer was determined on the film’s thickness, moisture content, functional group, mechanical properties, and solubility. More RPO increased the thickness because of the formation of more free volume in the polymer matrix. Otherwise, the moisture content has shown a different trend, which decreased with more RPO content. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy proved that interaction occurred between each material in this film by sharpening the peak representing the ester group, C = O stretching bonds, 1365 cm−1(C-H bending), and 1216 cm−1(C-O stretching). The highest tensile strength obtained by PLA/ZnO/0.25RPO, showing the lowest performance in elongation at break. ZnO increased the solubility of PLA film, but the presence of RPO proportionally reduced the solubility. These results counsel that the PLA/ZnO/RPO films could be applied as an alternative to manufacture film packaging that needs high tensile strength and low elongation at break. Further study should be conducted for a range of one until 25 weight % of RPO over 100% PLA to determine the optimum formulation.
Three-Phase Induction Motor Controller Design Based on Hysteresis Voltage Control
Authors: Ismail @ Marzuki M S N , Arifin A I M , Chek W A K W , Hussian A H , Tazudin F R M , Zulkifli S A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This paper describes a controller for Three-Phase Induction Motor. Induction motor is an electromechanical actuator widely used due to its reliability and relatively low maintenance cost. However, the control problem of an induction motor is complex due to nonlinearities, load torque perturbation, and parameter uncertainties. An element included in this study is voltage source control, which is to control the voltage fed from three-phase inverter to Three-Phase Induction Motor. Hysteresis Controller was proposed in this paper to minimize voltage error. Hysteresis controller is seen as an input – output phase lag corrector. The implementation of the designed hysteresis controller is performed in simulation using MATLAB/Simulink. The result proved that the proposed controller design can minimize the line voltage error of the induction motor, preventing the line voltage from being kept low hence avoiding excess current at low speeds.
A Study on Different Slot Position for Designing Dual Band Microstrip Antenna for 5G Wireless Communication
Authors: Nasir N A M , Ja’afar H , Baba H , Aziz N H A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this paper, four antenna designs with different slot positions for dual band frequencies are analysed. A reference antenna operating at 8 GHz is used at a dimension of 30 mm2 using Rogers RT58880 as the substrate with a dielectric constant of 2.2. Two slots are etched in order to produce a dual band. The antenna resonates at 8 GHz and 15 GHz. Return loss at 8 GHz and 15 GHz are −17.03 dB and −21.37 dB with gain at 7.39 dB at 8 GHz. By using CST Microwave Software, the simulated results are obtained. The slotted antenna produces a dual band antenna that is a suitable candidate for 5G wireless communication tool.
High Selectivity Hydrogen Gas Sensor Using Pd/ZnO Tapered Optical Fiber
Authors: Yahya N A M , Hamid M R Y , Ong B H , Mahdi M A , Yaacob M H 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Besides so many great potentials of hydrogen (H2) applications, such as primary reagent used for the industrial chemical processes and a potential clean energy source in future, handling it can cause potential hazardous situations due to its highly flammable and explosive nature. Therefore, hydrogen leakage detection is crucial to control the chemical reaction process running smoothly, thereby ensure industrial manufacturing safety in routine life. For this reason, this paper will be reported on tapered optical fiber coated with Pd/ZnO that is sensitive and highly selective towards H2 gas. The sensor developed comprises a tapered optical fiber and ZnO nanoparticles incorporated using a chemical bath deposition technique. The synthesized ZnO was inspected by FESEM, RAMAN, TGA and UV-VIS to confirm its material properties. The sensing response towards H2, CH4 and NH3 was conducted to observe its sensitivity and selectivity towards the gases. It was found that the Pd/ZnO tapered optical fiber sensor demonstrated high selectivity and sensitivity on H2 gas compared to CH4 and NH3 with 86.6% increment of response. The repeatability test was also conducted to re-confirm the reliability of the sensor developed. The test measured standard deviation of the number of cycles repeated which yield 0.02902 or 97.1% to produce the same output or responses. These results perhaps are useful, especially in the automotive industry for advanced combustion monitoring and emission control.
Design and Fabrication of Kayak Carrier
Authors: Ghazali H , Mas’aud N H , Rahman N A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Kayak has become the most popular outdoor activities among the community of UiTM Cawangan Terengganu, Kampus Bukit Besi. It is due to the location of this campus is situated near Tasik Puteri. During kayak activities, the users need to bring the kayak from campus to the lake. The distance from the storage area to the lake is about 800 m. A minimum of two persons is required to carry the kayak due to its size and weight. Where the average recreational kayak weighs 16kg for a single kayak and 27kg for a tandem kayak. Therefore, this study is focused on designing the kayak carrier to overcome these problems. There are several stages involved in producing the kayak carrier, which are concept generation and evaluation, CAD design, fabrication, and testing. In a conclusion, by using this kayak carrier, only one person needed to carry the kayak from the storage area to the lake, and the traveling time also can be reduced as the person need to cycle instead of walking.
Piper Nigrum (Green Corrosion Inhibitor) as a Modified Quenchant in Heat Treatment of Ductile Iron
Authors: Idham M F , Nasip S H , Hazirah N , Abdullah B , Alias S K 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Corrosion of ductile iron leads to many consequences in all its application aspects, like a structural failure due to the porosity formation, which is consequenced by corrosive chemical exposure. Hence, this project was carried out to modify the water quenchant using Piper Nigrum (black pepper) essence, as a green corrosion inhibitor, in promoting corrosion resistance towards austenitized ductile iron in hydrochloric acid (HCl). Furthermore, its effects on the hardness and microstructure of austenitized ductile iron were also investigated. The modified quenchant employed in the austenitizing process was modified by diluting Piper Nigrum extract to several concentrations. The corrosion resistance performance of ductile iron quenched by this modified quenchant was tested using the gravimetric method. The samples were exposed to 1 molar (M) of HCl for 2 hours in the method. This study’s novelty has proved that the Piper Nigrum extract was successfully used as an alternative quenchant to reduce ductile iron’s corrosion rate in HCl and its corrosion resistance performance was equipotential to other synthetic inhibitors practiced conventionally. This approach could replace the use of synthetic inhibitor, which is harmful and costly. The gravimetric test showed that the corrosion rate of austenitized ductile iron decreased to 51.2685 mm/year and inhibition efficiency increased to 72.17% as the extract’s concentration of quenchant increased to 15%. This extract’s presence as a quenchant in the heat treatment process neither improved nor exacerbated the samples’ mechanical properties, and it has not changed the behavior of microstructure transformation.
A smart building security system with intelligent face detection and recognition
Authors: Khairuddin M H , Shahbudin S , Kassim M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The security system is the most important application that protects several threats from inside and outside of an organization. The purposes of several security building applications such as the system will know criminals, disgruntled former employees enter the workplace, and enabling building security to work proactively for ensuring that associates and customers are safe from harm. By implementing face detection and recognition of the security system, video surveillance in the building can be improved by upgrading the system of video surveillance with artificial intelligence. The aim of the research is to develop the face detection and recognition in the security system in the building with recognizing human faces and image capture to the cloud storage. The result shows that the video will stream and recognize human faces whether the person is authorized or unauthorized in the system image using Raspberry Pi 3. For analysis purpose, the image captured and stored from the two type of cloud storage namely Cloudinary and Dropbox had been analyzed. Based on the analysis, the image captured and stored into Dropbox cloud storage give the best performance features which gained more 75% of quality images.
Extending technology acceptance model (TAM) to measure the students’ acceptance of using digital tools during open and distance learning (ODL)
Authors: Noh N H M , Raju R , Eri Z D , Ishak S N H 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Ever since the Covid-19 pandemic outbreak, we are taught to live in the new norm. Higher learning institutions are forced to adopt a new norm of open and distance learning (ODL) immediately. Since that, students are facing issues, especially in courses that need a conventional setting. During ODL, students and lecturers rely on digital tools, social media, pre-recorded video, and video conference to assist the learning process. However, there are unexplored topics on the students’ intention to use digital tools during ODL. A sample of 367 students who responded from different diploma and degree programs of Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) Terengganu was collected via an online survey. Data collected are analysed on its correlation and coefficient determinant, regression, and analysis of actual use. Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) is expanded to include external factors of technology access and online learning skills to be measured with perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use, attitude, behaviour intention to use and actual system use. Findings on the study will help uncover significant understanding of students’ acceptance of ODL in using digital tools for a better decision-making and students’ support assistance. Hence, this study benefits us to foresee the possible future need for courses in conducting ODL successfully.
Designing Roller Coaster Loop’s By Using Extended Uniform Cubic B-Spline
Authors: Sukri N M , Nor-Al-Din S M , Razali N K , Mazwin M A A 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Roller coaster is one of the attractions to the public. The design of roller coaster plays an important role for the smoothness and safety of each roller coaster rail. This research is about designing a smooth roller coaster rail loop using extended cubic uniform B-spline method as one of the alternative in designing a smooth roller coaster rail. Two-dimensional design of roller coaster rail loop is form by using extended cubic uniform B-spline with degree 3, 4 and 5 and shape parameter, λ= 0.5, and 1. Then, three-dimensional cubic B-spline is formed by using sweep surface which is translation method. The loop is analysed by the distance between curve and control polygon. Moreover, the G-felt with the different radius of the loop has been calculated. The value of G-felt for each method used will be compared to the G-felt value of the original roller coaster. The result from this research showed that by using extended cubic B-spline method degree 4, λ = 0.5 is the best way to design roller coaster rail because it has the best G-force value compared to others designs.
Detection of Myristic and Palmitic Acid in Butter By Hydrolysis And Acid Methylation
Authors: Tapak N S , Senin S , Mohamed A H , Dzulkifli N N , Zain Z M , Ahmad N M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Myristic acid and palmitic acid in butter was successfully detected by Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) after hydrolysis and methylated to fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs). Optimization of initial oven temperature and carrier gas flow rate were determined earlier, and it was found that 50°C and 2.0 mL/min were chosen as optimum initial oven temperature and carrier gas flow rate respectively. Two different calibration curves were constructed using methyl myristate and methyl palmitate. Both were found linear at 20-100 ppm with correlation coefficient (R2) 0.9972 and 0.9933 respectively. Methyl stearate were used as an internal standard (IS). Limit of detection (LOD) where the lowest concentration that can be detected by the instrument was found at 16 ppm. In order to determine the concentration of FAMEs in butter, fatty acids were hydrolyzed using lipase enzymes and were converted to FAMEs by acid catalyst methylation method. Butter with Brand A, B and C was found to contain 24 ppm, 21 ppm and 30 ppm Methyl Myristate. Methyl Palmitate was only found in butter Brand B and not detected for another two brands.
Lithology Identification, Shale Volume Estimation and Formation Wate Saturation of Fenchuganj Gas Field Using Wireline Log Data
Authors: Rahman M , Mojid M R , Khan I M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This study has been undertaken with a view to interpreting and analyzing different types of logs, detecting hydrocarbon-bearing sand zone, identifying the lithology, estimating shale volume, and determining water saturation of the formation of the Fenchuganj gas field. Fenchuganj gas field is in the southern part of Bangladesh in the Sylhet division. It lies in the Surma basin and characterized as a water drive gas field. Gamma Ray (GR) log and Spontaneous Potential (SP) log analysis help to interpret the formation lithology. After interpreting lithology, the gamma-ray log and SP log were analyzed further, and the hydrocarbon-bearing zone was detected. From the analysis of different logs, for well 4, so many gas-bearing sand zones have been detected. The gas-bearing zones are found between (1585-1595) m, (1600-1610) m, (2409-2420) m, (2265-2270) m, (2295-2303) m, (2435-2450) m, (2465-2480) m, (3150-3155) m, (2955- 2960) m. These are the gas-bearing zones of fenchugonj well-4 determined from the composite log of this field. Water-bearing sand zones are between (1708-1714) m and the fully compacted shale zone is between (1920-1930) m. From the analysis of different logs, for well 5, so many gas-bearing sand zones have been detected. The gas-bearing zones are found between (2365-2385.5) m, (1820-1830) m, (1782-1803) m, (305-308) m, (336.5-338.5) m, (607.5-609.5) m. These are the gas-bearing zone of fenchugonj well-5 determined from the composite log of the field. Shale volume has been estimated from the gamma-ray log and from resistivity logs by the true resistivity method. In well 4, the calculated value of shale volume by Gamma Ray method and true Resistivity methods were respectively 15% and 6%, in well 5 these values were 7.25% and 7.64%. Formation water resistivity was determined from the formula and taken as 0. 1ohm-m and mud filtrate resistivity 0.76 ohm-m. for well-4 and for well-5 it was taken as 0.7 ohm-m (from the provided composite log of well 4 and 5). Formation true resistivity Rt was estimated directly from the ILD log and true resistivity log. The average value of Rt for well-5 was 33.75 ohm-m and for well-4 the value is 34.09 ohm-m. From the RFOC log, flushed zone resistivity Rxo was calculated directly. Water saturation has been determined by three different techniques named Archie, Indonesia, and Simandoux method. For well 5, the value of average water saturation found from Archie, Indonesia, and Simandoux model was 8.5%,22%, and 24.84%, and for well-4. The value of average water saturation was found as 7.3%,18%, 20.51%respectively.
Eco-Friendly Hybrid Solar Cells using Eugenia Claviflora as New Alternatives Sensitizer to TiO2/PEDOT:PSS
Authors: Kamarulzaman N H , Salleh H , Dagang A N , Ghazali M S M , Ishak N , Abdullah M , Muda S M 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Studies on HSCs have been focussing on exploration of natural dyes obtained from Eugenia claviflora (EC). This work mainly aimed to enhance device efficiencies related to new dye sensitizer particularly Eugenia claviflora. These samples were then characterised based on morphology, thickness, optical absorption, electrical conductivity and solar cell’s performance in term of efficiency, voltage and current using various techniques including FESEM, EDS, profilometer, UV-Vis, FTIR and autolab with irradiance of 100 mW/m2. TiO2/PEDOT:PSS/ EC obtained an open – circuit voltage (Voc) of 0.43 V with fill factor of 0.2 leading to an efficiency of 1.33%. The absorption of TiO2/PEDOT:PSS/EC was located at 550 nm (between 450 nm to 755 nm) which exhibited an intense broad band in visible light. Hence, fabrication of HSCs was successful thus improving its’ performance.
Electron–phonon interaction and superconductivity in hexagonal ternary carbides Nb2
AC (A: Al, S, Ge, As and Sn)
Authors: Karaca E , Byrne P J P , Hasnip P J , Tütüncü H M , Probert M I J 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The superconducting transition temperatures T
c of hexagonal Nb2
AC (A: Al, S, Ge, As and Sn) are investigated using density functional perturbation theory to model the electron–phonon interaction. A critical assessment of the calculated electronic structure and density of states revealed that the electronic states near to the Fermi level are mostly composed of the Nb 4d states, which are responsible for the electrical conductivity. The theoretical T
c data from electron–phonon calculations are in excellent agreement with the Fröhlich model, and this model was used as a computationally efficient screening method to identify promising Nb–C M
2
AX phase materials. For Nb2
AC (A: Zn, Cd, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Pb and P), the model indicated that Nb2AlC should have the highest T
c of this set, a little lower than Nb2GeC and comparable to Nb2SC and Nb2SnC. Superconductivity in Nb2AlC has not been studied experimentally, but this result was confirmed by full electron–phonon calculations, which also revealed that the mechanism for superconductivity is the interactions of Nb 4d-state electrons with low-frequency phonons (in particular, acoustic phonon and low-frequency optical phonons dominated by Nb and the A element). The average electron–phonon coupling parameter was found to be λ ∼ 0.646, 0.739, 0.685, 0.440 and 0.614 for Nb2
AC (A: Al, S, Ge, As and Sn), respectively, with a corresponding superconducting critical temperature T
c ∼ 6.7 K, 7.7 K, 9.8 K, 2.1 K and 6.3 K, respectively.
Constructing Binary Matrices with Good Implementation Properties for Low-Latency Block Ciphers based on Lai-Massey Structure
Authors: Li Xiaodan , Wu Wenling 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Diffusion layers are crucial components for lightweight cryptographic schemes. Optimal binary matrices are widely used diffusion layers that can be easier to achieve the best security/performance trade-off. However, most of the constructions of binary matrices are concentrated in smaller dimensions. Besides, to maximize the number of branches, the performance is often neglected. In this paper, we investigate the diffusion of the Lai-Massey (L-M) structures and propose a series of binary diffusion layers with the best possible branch number and efficient software/hardware implementations as well for feasible parameters (up to 64). Firstly, we prove the lower bound of the circuit depth of a binary matrix with a fixed branch number. Then, we construct binary matrices by L-M structure with cyclic shift as round functions because of taking account of the improvement of software performance and demonstrate that this construction can not get the diffusion layers with branch number &gt;4. Then, we get some 4 $\times $ 4 and 6 $\times $ 6 optimal binary matrices with branch number 4 by one-round L-M structure. Note that the depth of these results is optimal, i. e. they achieve the lowest hardware costs without loss of software efficiency. Secondly, we construct diffusion layers by extended L-M structures to obtain binary matrices with large sizes. We give a list of software/hardware friendly optimal binary matrices with large dimensions, especially for dimensions 48 and 64. In particular, some of the solutions are Maximum Distance Binary Linear matrices. Finally, we also present diffusion layers constructed by the extended generalized L-M structure to improve their applicabilities on other platforms.
Clinically Recognized Varicose Veins and Physical Function in Older Individuals: The ARIC Study
Authors: Mok Yejin , Ishigami Junichi , Sang Yingying , Kucharska-Newton Anna M , Salameh Maya , Schrack Jennifer A , Palta Priya , Coresh Josef , Windham B Gwen , Lutsey Pamela L , Folsom Aaron R , Matsushita Kunihiro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough a few studies reported an association between varicose veins and physical function, this potentially bidirectional association has not been systematically evaluated in the general population.MethodIn 5 580 participants (aged 71–90 years) from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study, varicose veins were identified in outpatient and inpatient administrative data prior to (prevalent cases) and after (incident cases) visit 5 (2011–2013). Physical function was evaluated by the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB, score ranging from 0 to 12). We evaluated (i) cross-sectional association between prevalent varicose veins and physical function, (ii) association of prevalent varicose veins with subsequent changes in physical function from visit 5 to visits 6 (2016–2017) and 7 (2018–2019), and (iii) association of physical function at visit 5 with incident varicose veins during a median follow-up of 3.6 years (105 incident varicose veins among 5 350 participants without prevalent cases at baseline).ResultsAt baseline, varicose veins were recognized in 230 (4.1%) participants and cross-sectionally associated with reduced physical function. Longitudinally, prevalent varicose veins were not significantly associated with a decline in SPPB over time. In contrast, a low SPPB ≤6 was associated with a greater incidence of varicose veins compared to SPPB ≥10 (adjusted hazard ratio 2.13 [95% confidence interval = 1.19, 3.81]).ConclusionIn community-dwelling older adults, varicose veins and low physical function were associated cross-sectionally. Longitudinally, low physical function was a risk factor for incident varicose veins, but not vice versa. Our findings suggest an etiological contribution of low physical function to incident varicose veins.