bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distance to coastline modulates morphology and population structure in a coastal amphibian
Authors: Lorrain-Soligon Léa , Robin Frédéric , Lelong Vincent , Jankovic Marko , Barbraud Christophe , Brischoux François 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Salinization due to sea-level rise and marine submersions is expected to strongly impact coastal ecosystems. Exposure to salinity can negatively impact biodiversity especially in coastal wetlands. To understand comprehensively the consequences of environmental salinization on coastal biodiversity, it is essential to document how coastal species currently respond to exposure to salinity. In this study, we investigated how variations of environmental salinity relative to the distance to the ocean influence population structure (age ratio and sex ratio), and individual hydro-mineral balance (osmolality) and morphology (size, mass, condition) in the western spadefoot toad (Pelobates cultripes) in two populations from the French Atlantic coast. We show that distance to coastline strongly influences exposure to salt on a small spatial scale. Some variables (e.g., abundances, osmolality, morphology) responded similarly in both sites and may be related to salt deposition due to landward sea-spray. Interestingly, other variables (sex ratio and age ratio) displayed site-specific responses and appeared to be linked to the salinity of breeding sites. Distance to the shoreline appears to be a critical population structuring factor in this coastal salt-tolerant species. Future studies should investigate how distance to shoreline—and thus environmental salinity—can ultimately affect individual performances and fitness.
A Dynamic Theory of Moral Distress in Child Welfare Workers
Authors: Stahlschmidt Mary Jo , He Amy S , Lizano Erica L 
Published: December 2021

AbstractChild welfare (CW) professionals who provide direct services to families, referred to as ‘caseworkers’ in the USA, often have to act in ways that are inconsistent with their professional values, leading to feelings of guilt, anxiety and self-blame, referred to as moral distress. The conceptual basis for moral distress primarily comes from the nursing literature, leaving a theoretical gap in how CW workers experience moral distress. Hence, this study used qualitative system dynamics modelling to develop a dynamic theory of moral distress amongst US CW caseworkers (N = 25 focus groups, 192 participants). Results, presented in a qualitative system dynamics model, reveal that participants held strong values pertaining to CW casework and that moral distress was common. Participants described discrepancies between the services they wanted to provide and the services they were actually providing, and the distressing feelings that resulted. Study findings also highlight coping strategies and ‘breaking points’ related to moral distress. Overall, this study’s dynamic theory provides a framework that illustrates the stock (accumulation) and flow (release) of moral distress specific to CW caseworkers and sheds light on the psychological distress and conflict experienced in this profession. Implications for social work education and CW organizational change are discussed.
Mice lacking the cAMP effector protein POPDC1 show enhanced hippocampal synaptic plasticity
Authors: Shetty Mahesh Shivarama , Ris Laurence , Schindler Roland F R , Mizuno Keiko , Fedele Laura , Giese Karl Peter , Brand Thomas , Abel Ted 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Extensive research has uncovered diverse forms of synaptic plasticity and an array of molecular signaling mechanisms that act as positive or negative regulators. Specifically, cyclic 3′,5′-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent signaling pathways are crucially implicated in long-lasting synaptic plasticity. In this study, we examine the role of Popeye domain-containing protein 1 (POPDC1) (or blood vessel epicardial substance (BVES)), a cAMP effector protein, in modulating hippocampal synaptic plasticity. Unlike other cAMP effectors, such as protein kinase A (PKA) and exchange factor directly activated by cAMP, POPDC1 is membrane-bound and the sequence of the cAMP-binding cassette differs from canonical cAMP-binding domains, suggesting that POPDC1 may have an unique role in cAMP-mediated signaling. Our results show that Popdc1 is widely expressed in various brain regions including the hippocampus. Acute hippocampal slices from Popdc1 knockout (KO) mice exhibit PKA-dependent enhancement in CA1 long-term potentiation (LTP) in response to weaker stimulation paradigms, which in slices from wild-type mice induce only transient LTP. Loss of POPDC1, while not affecting basal transmission or input-specificity of LTP, results in altered response during high-frequency stimulation. Popdc1 KO mice also show enhanced forskolin-induced potentiation. Overall, these findings reveal POPDC1 as a novel negative regulator of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and, together with recent evidence for its interaction with phosphodiesterases (PDEs), suggest that POPDC1 is involved in modulating activity-dependent local cAMP–PKA–PDE signaling.
Calciphylaxis after kidney transplantation: a rare but life-threatening disorder
Authors: Podestà Manuel Alfredo , Ciceri Paola , Galassi Andrea , Cozzolino Mario 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT
Calciphylaxis is a rare disorder characterized by vascular calcification and thrombosis of the subcutaneous microcirculation, leading to painful necrotic skin lesions and bearing a dreadfully high mortality rate. This syndrome is frequently also termed uraemic calcific arteriolopathy, since most cases are observed in patients with kidney failure. However, it is increasingly clear that calciphylaxis may also affect patients with normal or only slightly impaired renal function, including kidney transplant recipients. A precise definition of the characteristics and risk factors of calciphylaxis developing after kidney transplantation has been hindered by the extreme rarity of this condition, which also hampered the development of effective therapeutic strategies. In the present issue of CKJ, Guillén and colleagues report the largest case series of calciphylaxis in kidney transplant recipients to date, outlining several features that are apparently specific to this population. In this editorial, we briefly present the epidemiology and pathogenesis of calciphylaxis in different patient populations and discuss recent findings for its therapeutic management.
Deep Convolutional Neural Networks Implementation for the Analysis of Urine Culture
Authors: Alouani David J , Ransom Eric M , Jani Mehul , Burnham Carey-Ann , Rhoads Daniel D , Sadri Navid 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Background
Urine culture images collected using bacteriology automation are currently interpreted by technologists during routine standard-of-care workflows. Machine learning may be able to improve the harmonization of and assist with these interpretations.

Methods
A deep learning model, BacterioSight, was developed, trained, and tested on standard BD-Kiestra images of routine blood agar urine cultures from 2 different medical centers.

Results
BacterioSight displayed performance on par with standard-of-care–trained technologist interpretations. BacterioSight accuracy ranged from 97% when compared to standard-of-care (single technologist) and reached 100% when compared to a consensus reached by a group of technologists (gold standard in this study). Variability in image interpretation by trained technologists was identified and annotation “fuzziness” was quantified and found to correlate with reduced confidence in BacterioSight interpretation. Intra-testing (training and testing performed within the same institution) performed well giving Area Under the Curve (AUC) ≥0.98 for negative and positive plates, whereas, cross-testing on images (trained on one institution’s images and tested on images from another institution) showed decreased performance with AUC ≥0.90 for negative and positive plates.

Conclusions
Our study provides a roadmap on how BacterioSight or similar deep learning prototypes may be implemented to screen for microbial growth, flag difficult cases for multi-personnel review, or auto-verify a subset of cultures with high confidence. In addition, our results highlight image interpretation variability by trained technologist within an institution and globally across institutions. We propose a model in which deep learning can enhance patient care by identifying inherent sample annotation variability and improving personnel training.
Linking socio-sexual and vocal behaviour with faecal progesterone and oestrogen metabolite levels in Southern white rhinoceros females
Authors: Jenikejew Julia , Wauters Jella , Dehnhard Martin , Scheumann Marina 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Progesterone and oestrogen are the main gonadal steroid hormones that regulate the ovarian activity and induce the fertile oestrus period in females. The monitoring of this receptive phase is particularly decisive for captive breeding and is commonly based on the observation of female behavioural patterns that coincide with their hormonal oestrus. However, in the white rhinoceros (WR), a species that is well known for its impaired reproductive rate in captivity, the female behavioural and vocal indicators of receptivity have not been systematically investigated or linked to their hormonal states so far. In order to close this gap, we combined behavioural and acoustic recordings, conducted over an average period of 32 days, with the analysis of faecal progesterone and oestrogen metabolite concentrations (fPM and fEM) in 27 adult Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum; SWR) females from 10 European zoos. For eight of the study females, we were able to detect a receptive period indicated by their acceptance of sexual behaviour from the bulls. The comparison of behaviour and vocalization between receptive and non-receptive periods in these females demonstrated that particularly presenting and marking behaviour distinctly peaked during the receptive period, indicating the significance of olfactory signalling for female reproductive behaviour. Based on the analysis of fPM profiles, we were able to identify different reproductive states (cycling, non-cycling, pregnant) in 21 of 27 study females. In contrast, fEM profiles proved to be unsuitable for the detection of ovarian activity. For the majority (five of six females for which behavioural receptivity and endocrine cyclicity were determined), a coincidence of their receptive period and the hormonal oestrus, indicated by a nadir in fPM levels, could be detected. Conclusively, this study revealed a comprehensive behavioural repertoire that reflects the hormonal oestrus in SWR females and can therefore be reliably used for non-invasive ex situ reproduction monitoring.
Reimagining ITA training: promoting student-scholars’ agency
Authors: Sahranavard Neda , Du Qian 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
The practice of international teaching assistant (ITA) training across US institutions has been centred around a traditional model of native speakerism that expects ITAs to acquire the American communication paradigm through pre-made pronunciation and comprehension drills and exercises. Such practice tends to isolate the teaching of listening, speaking, and pronunciation from ITAs’ profound academic background, linguistic competence, and agency. This paper reports on an empowering ITA training curriculum that personalizes and professionalizes learning for international young scholars by promoting their accountability, responsibility, decision-making, and agency. Rather than approaching ITA training from traditional repeat-after-me pronunciation exercises and instructor-centred lectures, our approach leads to vital strides in ITAs becoming confident users of English with tools they need in their future academic endeavours. The curriculum also prepares them for academic success by creating a community of ITAs who learn through using compelling and professionally meaningful topics and materials.
Big gamma-glutamyltransferase is associated with epicardial fat volume and cardiovascular outcome in the general population
Authors: Aimo Alberto , Chiappino Sara , Paolicchi Aldo , Della Latta Daniele , Martini Nicola , Clemente Alberto , Musetti Veronica , Masotti Silvia , Panichella Giorgia , Piagneri Valeria , Storti Simona , Monteleone Angelo , Passino Claudio , Chiappino Dante , Franzini Maria , Emdin Michele 
Published: December 2021

Abstract

Aims
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) has been recognized as a cardiovascular risk factor, and its highest molecular weight fraction [big GGT (b-GGT)] is found in vulnerable atherosclerotic plaques. We explored the relationship between b-GGT, computed tomography findings, and long-term outcomes in the general population.

Methods and results
Between May 2010 and October 2011, subjects aged 45–75 years living in a Tuscan city and without known cardiac disease were screened. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiovascular death or acute coronary syndrome requiring urgent coronary revascularization. Gamma-glutamyltransferase fractions were available in 898 subjects [median age 65 years (25th–75th percentile 55–70), 46% men]. Median plasma GGT was 20 IU (15–29), and b-GGT was 2.28 (1.28–4.17). Coronary artery calcium (CAC) score values were 0 (0–60), and the volume of pro-atherogenic epicardial fat was 155 mL (114–204). In a model including age, sex, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, current or previous smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, b-GGT independently predicted epicardial fat volume (EFV) (r = 0.162, P &lt; 0.001), but not CAC (P = 0.198). Over a 10.3-year follow-up (9.6–10.8), 27 subjects (3%) experienced the primary endpoint. We evaluated couples of variables including b-GGT and a cardiovascular risk factor, CAC or EFV. Big GGT yielded independent prognostic significance from age, LDL cholesterol, current or previous smoking status, hypertension, diabetes, obesity, but not CAC or EFV. Conversely, GGT predicted the primary endpoint even independently from CAC and EFV.

Conclusion
Big GGT seemed at least as predictive as the commonly available GGT assay; therefore, the need for b-GGT rather than GGT measurement should be carefully examined.
Syntrophic propionate-oxidizing bacteria in methanogenic systems
Authors: Westerholm Maria , Calusinska Magdalena , Dolfing Jan 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTThe mutual nutritional cooperation underpinning syntrophic propionate degradation provides a scant amount of energy for the microorganisms involved, so propionate degradation often acts as a bottleneck in methanogenic systems. Understanding the ecology, physiology and metabolic capacities of syntrophic propionate-oxidizing bacteria (SPOB) is of interest in both engineered and natural ecosystems, as it offers prospects to guide further development of technologies for biogas production and biomass-derived chemicals, and is important in forecasting contributions by biogenic methane emissions to climate change. SPOB are distributed across different phyla. They can exhibit broad metabolic capabilities in addition to syntrophy (e.g. fermentative, sulfidogenic and acetogenic metabolism) and demonstrate variations in interplay with cooperating partners, indicating nuances in their syntrophic lifestyle. In this review, we discuss distinctions in gene repertoire and organization for the methylmalonyl-CoA pathway, hydrogenases and formate dehydrogenases, and emerging facets of (formate/hydrogen/direct) electron transfer mechanisms. We also use information from cultivations, thermodynamic calculations and omic analyses as the basis for identifying environmental conditions governing propionate oxidation in various ecosystems. Overall, this review improves basic and applied understanding of SPOB and highlights knowledge gaps, hopefully encouraging future research and engineering on propionate metabolism in biotechnological processes.
Very-small-aperture 3-D infrasonic array for volcanic jet observation at Stromboli Volcano
Authors: Yamakawa Kazuya , Ichihara Mie , Lacanna Giorgio , Sánchez Claudia , Ripepe Maurizio 
Published: December 2021

SUMMARY
This study tested a very-small-aperture 3-D (VSA-3D) infrasonic array. A 3-D array is ideal for resolving the back elevation angle (BEL), which has become important in the analysis of volcanic jet noise or geological flows on steep mountain slopes. Although a VSA infrasonic array, with an aperture as small as a few tens of metres, has recently been shown to have a sufficient resolution of the backazimuth (BAZ) of incident signals, its BEL resolution is considered to be poor. We performed a four-element 3-D array experiment with a 20-m aperture and 2-m height at the summit of Stromboli Volcano. We analysed the direction of arrival (DOA) with the MUSIC algorithm as a function of frequency and conducted a cluster analysis for the estimated DOA–frequency functions of eruption signals. As a result, individual infrasonic signals were successfully related to eruptive vents. We also calculated the standard deviation (STD) of the DOAs in each cluster. Of the observed BAZ-STDs and BEL-STDs, 80 per cent were &lt;2.0° and &lt;4.6°, respectively. A comparison among the array geometries showed that the installation of a sensor above the ground, even at only 2 m, improved the BEL resolution, indicating that the VSA-3D array provides more detailed information about the wavefield than a planar array. The observed signals had higher BELs (−20° to 0°) than the vent direction (−30° to −25°) at 3–6 Hz, although signals above 20 Hz arrived from the vent direction. Our array verified that such DOA deviations were significant by the STD analysis and some tests with synthetic data. We infer that the DOA deviations do not indicate the source location and are caused by topographical diffraction.
Rapid Spread of an Introduced Parasitoid for Biological Control of Emerald Ash Borer (Coleoptera: Buprestidae) in Maryland
Authors: Aker Stokes A , de Andrade Rafael B , Duan Jian J , Gruner Daniel S 
Published: December 2021

AbstractEmerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae)), an invasive phloem-feeding beetle native to Asia, has devastated North American ash forests since its detection in Michigan, United States in 2002. As the emerald ash borer has continued to spread, the potential for successful long-term management hinges upon the release, establishment, and spread of introduced larval and egg parasitoids for biological control. Here, we focus on the establishment and evidence for spatial spread of introduced larval parasitoid, Spathius agrili Yang and Spathius galinae Belokobylskij & Strazanac (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the state of Maryland. To assess each species, we analyzed historical release and recovery data and resampled previous release sites and nonrelease sites for establishment. We found little evidence of establishment or spread for S. agrili, despite a comparatively large number of release locations, events, and individuals. By contrast, despite much lower propagule pressure and shorter history of releases, we detected multiple established populations of S. galinae at release sites and at sites up to 90 km from the nearest release point approximately 3 yr after its most current release. Our findings show that S. galinae has established and spread rapidly following field releases whereas its congener, S. agrili has not. Although it may still be too early to evaluate the level of population control and ash protection afforded by S. galinae, these findings indicate the need for continued investment in S. galinae for emerald ash borer classical biological control efforts.
Applying the Precautionary Principle to Emerging Zoonotic Disease: Lessons from China’s Response in Environmental Law
Authors: Lan Ying , Qin Tianbao 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Emerging zoonotic disease (EZD) is a major threat to human health which closely relates to anthropogenic environmental change. In its response to COVID-19, China applied the precautionary principle at the interface of environmental, animal and public health. As such, scientific uncertainties can no longer justify inaction against the causes of EZDs, and closer collaboration among sectors becomes an obligation under this integrated approach to precaution. Stricter regulation is established by improving the legal systems for surveillance, risk assessment and utilisation management. However, the aspiration for precaution is restrained, given that zoonotic risk indicators are still not explicitly incorporated into environmental impact assessment. By contrast, the prohibition on bushmeat consumption is so radical that it invites reflection on the limits on precaution. Taking social–political priorities and available enforcement resources into account, it is argued that the precautionary principle is flexible enough for countries to develop cost-effective regulation that adapts to context.
Understanding the Enemy: A Review of the Genetics, Behavior and Chemical Ecology of Varroa destructor, the Parasitic Mite of Apis mellifera
Authors: Reams Taylor , Rangel Juliana 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Varroa destructor (Mesostigmata: Varroidae) is arguably the most damaging parasitic mite that attacks honey bees worldwide. Since its initial host switch from the Asian honey bee (Apis cerana) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) to the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), Varroa has become a widely successful invasive species, attacking honey bees on almost every continent where apiculture is practiced. Two haplotypes of V. destructor (Japanese and Korean) parasitize A. mellifera, both of which vector various honey bee-associated viruses. As the population of Varroa grows within a colony in the spring and summer, so do the levels of viral infections. Not surprisingly, high Varroa parasitization impacts bees at the individual level, causing bees to exhibit lower weight, decreased learning capacity, and shorter lifespan. High levels of Varroa infestation can lead to colony-wide varroosis and eventually colony death, especially when no control measures are taken against the mites. Varroa has become a successful parasite of A. mellifera because of its ability to reproduce within both drone cells and worker cells, which allows populations to expand rapidly. Varroa uses several chemical cues to complete its life cycle, many of which remain understudied and should be further explored. Given the growing reports of pesticide resistance by Varroa in several countries, a better understanding of the mite’s basic biology is needed to find alternative pest management strategies. This review focuses on the genetics, behavior, and chemical ecology of V. destructor within A. mellifera colonies, and points to areas of research that should be exploited to better control this pervasive honey bee enemy.
Logging effects on parasitic infections in a swamp rat (Malacomys edwardsi) in West Africa
Authors: Lawer Eric Adjei , Mupepele Anne-Christine , Darkoh Esther Love , Farwig Nina , Oware Seth , Larbi John Asiedu , Essiaw-Quayson Godwin , Klein Alexandra-Maria 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHabitat disturbance can have negative impacts on biodiversity, such as reducing species richness. The effects of habitat disturbances on parasite infections of host species, potentially altering their survival rate and thus abundance, are less well known. We examined the influence of forest logging in combination with seasonality, host abundance, host body condition, and host sex, on the community composition of gastrointestinal parasites infecting Edward’s swamp rat, Malacomys edwardsi. Community composition of parasites did not differ between logged and undisturbed sites, but the abundance of some nematodes (i.e., Ascaris and hookworm) was higher in undisturbed than logged sites. The higher abundance of these nematode species implies a changed host-parasite relationship, thus potentially influencing host persistence.