bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PREVENTIVE IMPLICATIONS OF A STUDY OF 100 POISONINGS IN CHILDREN
Authors: Jensen Gordon D. , Wilson Wesley W. 
Published: December 2021

One hundred cases of accidental poisoning occurring in Seattle, Washington, during the summer of 1958 and referred through the Poison Control Center were studied. Although this group probably was not representative of all Seattle children in whom poisonings occurred during this period, the information gained from a study of the circumstances leading to the poisonings has important preventive implications.
Eighty-two of the children were between 1 and 3 years of age. Aspirin caused 24 poisonings. In 19 of these cases it had been left out by another family member, and only three children found aspirin in the medicine cabinet. The medicine cabinet was the source of the poison in only 4 of the 100 cases. Poisonous berries and toadstools caused 14 poisonings and represent an important local hazard, particularly as most parents were not aware that the berries were harmful.
Whereas only 22 of the patients had previously suffered accidents, 25 had been poisoned before, several more than once. In 32 cases there had been recent or concurrent illness in some member of the household.
Three circumstances were found to occur commonly, and singly or in combination accounted for 86 of the poisonings: 1) In 26 cases some person other than the parents (siblings, other children, neighbors, relatives, friends) played an important part either by making it possible for the patient to reach the poison or by failing to put it away. 2) In 31 cases the parents did not think that the child could climb, open doors, unscrew caps, or perform other tasks necessary to get the poison. 3) In 53 cases the poison was not in its usual location, either because it was in use, because persons other than the parents had left it out, or because the parents themselves were careless. As most of these parents appeared to have some degree of safety consciousness and at least tried to provide a safe place in which to keep potential poisons, they would probably profit from specific advice based on the most common circumstances under which poisonings occur.
IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA PRODUCING EVIDENCE OF MARROW HYPERPLASIA IN THE CALVARIUM
Authors: Britton Howard A. , Canby John P. , Kohler Colette M. 
Published: December 2021

Five cases of iron deficiency anemia associated with diploic hyperostosis are reported.
The changes are sufficiently pronounced to be identical with the "hair on end" appearance usually associated with the chronic hemolytic anemias.
It is suggested that untreated, chronic iron deficiency anemia in prematures and twins, and even in full-term infants fed diets poor in iron can produce diploic hyperostosis.
MANAGEMENT OF BURNS IN CHILDREN
Authors: Farmer A. W. 
Published: December 2021

Burns are one of the common injuries of childhood.
Prevention is better than cure.
Most burns are minor in extent and require local treatment only.
All second and third degree burns in children involving over 10% of the body surface should be regarded as major injuries, requiring emergency care.
With adequate resuscitative therapy death during the phase of secondary shock is unusual except for massive burns.
The trend in burn therapy is for early surgical debridement, followed by early restoration of skin cover, in order to by-pass serious complications due to infection and nutritional changes.
It is most important to protect the extensively burned patient from exposure to additional illnesses, and to restore the surface as early as possible.
PROGRESS IN TREATMENT OF TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Lincoln Edith M. , Cruz Pio G. Vera 
Published: December 2021

The results of specific therapy in 420 children with tuberculosis have been reported in terms of immediate survival, and after periods of follow-up observation ranging from 3 to 15 years.
While the over-all result of specific therapy is excellent in contrast to the results obtained before the era of antimicrobial therapy, much remains to be accomplished.
Early diagnosis of tuberculosis must be stressed, still better methods of treatment of some forms of tuberculosis must be evolved, and the search for antimicrobial agents which may truly eradicate the disease must be pursued.
Finally, in order to evaluate properly the results of specific therapy for tuberculosis, patients must be kept under observation for many years.
CHLORAMPHENICOL TOXICITY IN THE PREMATURE INFANT
Authors: Lambdin Morris A. , Waddell W. W. , Birdsong McLemore 
Published: December 2021

A study of deaths occurring during prophylactic administration of chloramphenicol to premature infants is presented.
The potential toxicity of this agent in this age group is implied strongly, if not proven.
It is noted that the revised dose of chloramphenicol for the premature infant now advised is 25 mg/kg/24 hr., and for the full-term newborn is 50 mg/kg/24 hr.
These data point out the necessity of more careful evaluation of drugs prior to their release for administration to infants, especially to the premature infant.
"SPORADIC" HYPOPHOSPHATEMIA AND VITAMIN D-RESISTANT RICKETS
Authors: Winters Robert W. , McFalls Vernon W. , Graham John B. 
Published: December 2021

A 7-year-old female child presenting with hypophosphatemia associated with a severe degree of vitamin D-resistant rickets of the "simple" type is described. Genetic studies of 30 close relatives on both sides revealed no other persons with the disease; chemical studies of 13 relatives showed no instances of occult hypophosphatemia. No clinical or biochemical features other than the unusual severity of the bone disease were uncovered which unequivocally distinguish this patient from the more common sex-linked dominant form of the disease.
There are a number of possible explanations for the occurrence of such "sporadic" cases of vitamin D-resistant rickets. The possibilities of either homozygosity for an unrecognized autosomal recessive form or of a new mutation are regarded as being more likely than phenocopy or acquired disease, but no one explanation can be accepted to the exclusion of the others at this point. It is emphasized that important results can be anticipated from a collation and study of a group of fully validated "sporadic" cases of the disease. The authors would like to propose one of us (J.B.G.) to serve as a clearing house for information regarding any similar "sporadic" cases known to other investigators in the hope that a suitably large group can be collected for analysis.
The Placenta and Fetal Membranes
Authors: BLANC WILLIAM A. 
Published: December 2021

This book is the result of a well planned effort sponsored by the Association for the Aid of Crippled Children.
In the first part (124 pages), 8 reviews accompanied by a bibliography bring up-to-date some of the basic aspects of research on the placenta. All of them are excellent and have been written by outstanding scholars. Amoroso reviews extensively the comparative aspect of hormonal functions and Dempsey emphasizes some facets of the histophysiology of the placenta.
AMINO ACID EXCRETION IN URINE OF NORMAL INFANTS AND CHILDREN
Authors: Berry Helen K. 
Published: December 2021

Glutamic acid, serine, glycine, threonine, alanine, glutamine, lysine and tyrosine are excreted in the urine by normal infants. The urinary excretion of glycine and alanine, particularly, decreases with age, and probably this is related to development of renal function. The amount of histidine excretion is probably related to intake of dietary protein in most instances.
The role of proline and hydroxyproline in the urine of young infants is not explained.
Other amino acids may be excreted in small quantities, less than 25 µg/mg of creatinine. The presence of taurine,β-amino-isobutyric acid, leucine, valine, or Unknown No. 35 in larger quantities in the urine, is significant. In the young, apparently "normal" child the excretion of these substances in large amounts may indicate the presence of a metabolic disturbance even though no clinical symptoms are evident.
Use of the term "amino-aciduria" should be employed with great caution. The effects of drugs on amino acid excretion have not been established. The assessment of the significance of amino-aciduria, once established, whether generalized or specific, must await further investigation of metabolic interrelationships.
BIOPSY OF BONE MARROW WITH THE SILVERMAN NEEDLE IN CHILDREN
Authors: Pearson Howard A. , McFarland William , Cone Thomas E. 
Published: December 2021

Biopsy of the marrow of the posterior iliac crest with the Silverman needle is a simple and safe procedure in infants and children. Using this technique, accurate marrow evaluation has been possible in six instances of "dry tap," and in each case the marrow was abnormal.
Because of the ease of performance, with no more preparation than for ordinary marrow aspiration, and because of the rapidity with which a truly adequate marrow biopsy specimen can be made available for histologic study, we believe that the Silverman-needle biopsy is the method of choice for biopsy of time marrow in children.
MID-FACIAL CONTOUR IN PATIENTS WITH CLEFT LIP AND CLEFT PALATE
Authors: Hagerty Robert F. , Hill Milton J. 
Published: December 2021

Ninety-nine cases of cleft palate were studied with conventional and soft tissue cephalometric roentgenograms. The Type III cases (clefts of the entire palate, alveolar ridge and lip) were studied in detail and statistically evaluated. No gross differences were seen in bony growth of the postoperative and unoperated cases of cleft palate of this group. In the postoperative cases of cleft palate, where the lips had been repaired at an average age of 3 months, there was a significant lingual version of the incisor teeth, posterior displacement of the upper lip, and exaggerated fullness of the lower lip. This was not seen in the unoperated cases of cleft palate, where the lips were closed at an average age of 2 years. These contoural abnormalities are believed to be related to a tight, early, lip closure and not to the effects of palatal surgery. In general, facial contoural abnormalities in cases of cleft lip and cleft palate after conventional surgery are believed to be more the direct result of a tight lip following unsatisfactory surgical repair, resulting in a collapse of the supporting incisor teeth, than the result of interference with maxillary growth centers by palatal surgery. It is believed that surgical techniques developed in recent years will be most effective in helping to eliminate such results.
In view of the foregoing, it would appear that conventional palatal surgery can be carried out before the end of the second year of life without detriment to the facial contour, and with maximal opportunity for the development of good speech. It is most important to effect a loose lip-closure to obtain a more normal facial contour.
SINUS ARRHYTHMIA
Authors: Reeve Richard , DeBoer Kee 
Published: December 2021

Though there are many comments on respiratory sinus arrhythmia in articles and textbooks, there have been surprisingly few data collected. We have presented data from 4,096 electrocardiograms of 199 healthy individuals on pulse rate, range (max. difference in cycle length), and frequency index (range/mean cycle lengthx100).
Pulse rates for this group, though not as low as those taken under basal conditions,32 show generally lower values with a greater variation than those often reported.30,31 The girls have higher pulse rates than the boys as a group after the age of 6 years.
Sinus arrhythmia defined as a range of 0.16 seconds or more is present under a year of age in both sexes. The range increases to a maximum between 8 and 12 years and only the 75th and 90th percentiles for boys show a definite decrease after this. Of 81 individuals from whom we have records from the ages of at least 8 years through 17 years, only one boy and one girl do not at some time show a range of 0.16 seconds or more.
The values for the frequency index (defined in text) we obtained were higher than those of Landtman.19 The girls show higher values than the boys after the age of 12 years for the 75th and 90th percentiles because of their higher range and higher pulse rate.
From a study of individuals over a number of years, we find that there is a strong negative association between range and pulse rate and a definite though less strong negative association between range and P-R interval. Siblings show marked similarities in their group position for pulse rate, sinus arrhythmia (range), and P-R interval.
The influence of variation in tidal volume and respiratory rate on sinus arrhythmia (range) was investigated. The results show that there is usually an increase in range with increase in tidal volume but a variable response to respiratory rate changes. Rapid respiratory rates decrease sinus arrhythmia (range) probably by the increase in pulse rate from the greater work involved, though changes in CO2 tension of the blood might also be important.
From studying the effect of breath-holding on sinus arrhythmia we find that slowing usually occurs 3 to 6 heart beats after the increase in rate which is associated with inspiration, and occurs with expiration only by coincidence. The amount of slowing is not related to the time of expiration.
A STUDY OF NONFATAL ACCIDENTS IN CHILDREN UNDER SUPERVISION IN CHILD HEALTH STATIONS OF NEW YORK CITY DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (1952-1959)
Authors: Jacobziner Harold , Rich Herbert , Merchant Roland 
Published: December 2021

Accidents are the leading cause of death and disability in young children. Data are presented on 5,000 nonfatal accidents in which 4,791 children under supervision in New York City child health stations were involved. Based on a health examination by the physician, a physician-parent conference, and/or nurse-parent conference, it is our impression that these children are not in the main dissimilar in growth and development and intelligence from the group not involved in accidents.
Age and sex are important factors in the occurrence of nonfatal accidents. The highest frequency was at ages 12 to 17 months. A statistically significant preponderance in male children was also noted. No conclusions are drawn as to color; the high incidence in the nonwhite and Puerto Rican population is not a racial characteristic, but a reflection of overcrowding and substandard housing. Of all accidents 56.6% were of a serious nature. The frequency of home accidents is very high in the first 2 years of life.
Type of accident varies with age. Falls and burns were the two leading causes of accidents. The head was frequently involved in falls and the upper extremity in burns. The relationship of congenital malformations and behavior disorders to accidents could not be determined in this study. The majority of the reported accidents were judged preventable.
Accordingly, education is assumed to be crucial in accident prevention, with the physician playing a dominant role. However, it is to be emphasized that accident prevention requires a team approach from all facets of the community. Further systematic and intensive research is needed about many phases of accidental occurrences and particularly about the human facets, including the cultural and social as pects.
While much still remains unknown, a great body of knowledge has already been accumulated, and much more could be accomplished now if current existing knowledge were much more widely applied. It is strongly recommended that accident prevention become part of the physician's daily practice, and that it be included as an integral part of well-child supervision. Any program of accident prevention must be predicated on two essentials: 1) Get the facts; 2) Act quickly on the facts obtained.
PRACTICE OF PEDIATRICS
Authors: Knudson Alfred G. , Natterson Joseph M. 
Published: December 2021

A program for the participation of parents in the hospital care of fatally ill children is described. Such a program is practical and, in fact, serves useful purposes for patients, parents and staff.
The ill children are spared to a large extent from the great difficulty of separation from the parents. This has a maximally beneficial effect upon children less than 6 years of age. For the child 6 to 10 years of age, fear of procedures and of bodily harm seem to take precedence over separation fear, so that parent participation is less helpful. Parent participation is least helpful for the children over 10 years of age, where fear of death itself is the primary problem. There is apparently a maturation of death fear, whereby it evolves from separation fear and mutilation fear.
Parents, particularly mothers, are enabled to cope with their own separation anxiety and guilt feelings by participating in the hospital care of the child. This is especially important initially in the course of the child's illness, when the mother's reactions are conspicuously characterized by denial, guilt and hysterical emotionality. Later, when the mother's behavior becomes more rational, her desire to participate is balanced against her desire to support the rest of the family. There is apparently a phasic response in the mother, with an initial emotional and denying reaction and a later more rationally adaptive reaction.
Staff personnel, particularly nurses, are largely relieved of the burden of assuming a role of psychologic parentage. An opportunity to identify with a research program is afforded, thus providing constructive purpose. Compensation is also provided by the gratitude of parents who have come to know the staff and to appreciate their efforts and by the satisfaction of aiding in the psychologic rehabilitation of parents.
Phenylketonuria without Mental Retardation
Authors: Caudle Harold V. 
Published: December 2021

Mental retardation has been generally considered a sine qua non of phenylketonuria (phenylpyruvic oligophrenia) but recent reports have described normal intelligence in some children so afflicted.1,2 It is the purpose of this letter to report an untreated child with phenylketonuria and above-normal intelligence.
See table in the PDF file
The patient, a 3½-year-old white boy, was the product of a normal pregnancy, delivery and neonatal period. His birth weight was 3,263 gm. Growth and development were normal, and at 2½ years he weighed 12.8 kg and was 91 cm tall.
COLLECTING CHILDREN'S BOOKS: A REWARDING PASTIME
Authors: Kerlan Irvin 
Published: December 2021

Collecting children's books is an appealing and absorbing hobby which has personal attraction for the physician who engages in this pleasant pursuit. As in all fields of collecting, whether it be stamps, coins, old automobiles, guns or antiques of any kind, there is great delight and satis faction in developing a special area of interest.
Books are of particular appeal since they afford pleasure on reading and in the case of children's books offer an additional reward through their visual and tactile attraction. As one accepts the infectious preference of selecting first editions of the books that one recalls from one's childhood, and which gave endless hours of enjoyment, one is soon energetically on his magic carpet to a land of old friends and new acquaintances.
As in any field, one should be familiar with the heritage of the developments of the area to have a preferred advantage, and in some instances such background may serve as a specialized area of interest. In the case of children's books, although illuminated manuscripts and the first printed books are not usually regarded as children's fare, we do find that in the Seventeenth Century there were books published for children. Collecting the highspots of the great books for children through the centuries opens many vistas of awareness in already charted fields. To be sure, the price of one's selections may be appreciable, yet it differs no wise from the proportionate values placed on all rare and scarce materials.
Although John Newbery, an apothecary in London in the 1740's, set about to make books for children and is avidly recognized as the first exclusive publisher of children's books, Thomas Boreman, also in England, made a few books for young readers in the years just before Newbery.
THE BLOOD PRESSURE OF NEWBORN INFANTS IN ASPHYXIAL STATES AND IN HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE
Authors: Neligan Gerald A. , Oxon. D. M. , Smith Clement A. 
Published: December 2021

The early changes in the systolic blood pressures in six clinical groups of newborn infants have been studied. Readings of the sphygmomanometer used have been compared with "direct" measurements during cardiac catheterization, and the results are reported.
In 36 normal mature infants the systolic pressure fell by a mean of 25 mm Hg from the initial value recorded within the first 5 minutes after delivery, to the lowest value, reached as a rule between 1 and 4 hours after delivery. In 18 clinically asphyxiated mature infants, the mean fall (38.5 mm Hg) was significantlygreater because the initial level was significantly higher (by 15.1 mm Hg) than the comparable initial level in the infants who breathed promptly. Three episodes of apnea during anesthesia have also been observed in two infants aged less than 48 hours, and on each occasion there has been an abrupt rise in the systolic pressure, with or without a corresponding bradycardia.
In a group of premature infants studied from within the first half-hour after delivery, the seven of them diagnosed as hyaline membrane disease had a significant hypotension between 5 minutes and 4 hours after birth, as compared with the lowest systolic pressures found at corresponding times in the 10 infants who remained well. Among infants of diabetic mothers, a similar relative hypotension was observed in the four severe cases of hyaline membrane disease as compared with blood pressures of the 11 who remained well and the three who were mildly affected. A group of 13 mature infants delivered by elective cesarean section, for indications other than maternal illness of any kind, showed no significant differences in the course of their lowest systolic pressures as compared with the group of mature infants delivered from below. Neither the cause nor the significance of the hypotension seen in hyaline membrane disease is yet sufficiently clear to allow recommendation as to treatment.
RADIOACTIVE-IODINE CONCENTRATION IN THYROID GLANDS OF NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: Ogborn Richard E. , Waggener Ronald E. , VanHove Eugene 
Published: December 2021

The thyroid function of 28 newborn in fants was studied by the uptake of I131 by the thyroid gland.
The range of I131 uptakes was from 6.3 to 36.4% with a mean of 20.3% (standard deviation is 8.5%). Fourteen of the cases were within one standard deviation of the mean and all cases were within two standard deviations.
In this study sex and weight were not found related to thyroid function.
Ciba Foundation Study Group No. 4: Virus Virulence and Pathocenicity, G.E.W. Wolstenholme, and C.M. O'Connor, Eds. Boston, Little, Brown and Co., 1960, 114 pp
Authors: Cramblett Henry C. 
Published: December 2021

This book contains the papers presented by various investigators in the Ciba Foundation Conference concerned with virus virulence and pathogenicity. The participants were investigators noted for their excellence in virologic research.
The various factors known to effect virulence and pathogenicity of viruses in in-vitro culture systems as well as in vivo in humans are well elucidated. Although the influenza virus was used as the model for a major portion of the discussions, other viruses were also considered.