bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A compact nanosecond pulse generator for x-ray radiographies
Authors: Zhou Lin , Ye Mingtian , Qi Jianming , Chu Yanyun , Wang Zhen 
Published: December 2021

A compact nanosecond pulse generator was developed, aiming at producing high-energy flash x rays with a long lifetime. The generator was designed on the basis of a 0.67-ns pulse forming line (PFL), which is charged to ∼700 kV by an air core Tesla transformer and switched by a fast spark gap. The Tesla transformer consists of a single turn primary coil surrounding a 44-turn secondary coil using no magnetic cores. 2D magnetostatic and electrostatic simulations were carried out, and the inductance and stray capacitance of the transformer were calculated. The transformer was powered by a 40-nF capacitor bank via a hydrogen thyratron. An effective coupling co-efficiency keff of 0.55 was achieved. The PFL voltage reached its second peak of 680 kV in 395 ns when the capacitor bank was switched at 25 kV. A nanosecond pulse with a peak voltage of 510 kV, a peak power of 2.6 GW, and a pulse width of 2.1 ns was generated on a 100-Ω ceramic resistor, which is going to be replaced by a vacuum x-ray tube. Since the pulse energy is small, the x-ray tube is expected to have a long lifetime. The generator is 285 mm in diameter, 800 mm in length, and 35 kg in weight, providing a compact means for high-energy x-ray radiographies both in scientific research and industrial applications.
Benzvalyne: Real or imaginary?
Authors: Poland Kimberley N. , Westbrook Brent R. , Magers David H. , Fortenberry Ryan C. , Davis Steven R. 
Published: December 2021

Benzvalyne (C6H4) is a bicyclic structural isomer of o-benzyne that some typically trusted levels of theory do not report as a minimum on the potential energy surface (PES). The structure was found to be a C2v minimum at the MCSCF, MP2, coupled-cluster single double, coupled-cluster single double triple (CCSDT)-1b, and CCSDT-2 levels of theory. Density functionals at the B3LYP-D3, B2PLYP-D3, and M06-D3 levels also produced a minimum structure. On the other hand, the CCSD(T), CCSD(T)-F12, and CCSDT-1a methods produced a single imaginary frequency for benzvalyne. However, the increase in the correlation for the CCSDT-1b and CCSDT-2 methods implies that benzvalyne is, in fact, a true, if highly strained, minimum on the PES. The C–C≡C bond angle was found to be only 108°; this angle is 180° for an unstrained C–C≡C triple bond moiety. As a result, the strain energy is notably high at 159 kcal mol−1. Comparing the strain energy of the rest of the molecule gives a strain energy of 92 kcal mol−1 for this triple bond region alone. The computed harmonic frequencies contain normal modes consisting of two hindered rotations of the C≡C diatomic part of the molecule, suggesting that the dissociation of this diatomic from the bicylobutane moiety may be important in the chemistry of this molecule. Because the putative C2v minimum is predicted to have a significant dipole moment (2.6 D), benzvalyne may be detectable in TMC-1, where the related o-benzyne molecule has recently been observed by radio astronomy.
The infant’s view redefines the problem of referential uncertainty in early word learning
Authors: Yu Chen , Zhang Yayun , Slone Lauren K. , Smith Linda B. 
Published: December 2021

SignificanceHuman infants learn object names by mapping heard names to perceived things. The key challenge to this learning is referential uncertainty: For any heard name, there are many candidate referents with variable perceptual properties. Previous experimental research on how infants solve this problem has been based on different assumptions about the nature of this uncertainty. The present study quantifies the degrees of referential uncertainty by measuring infants’ real-time attention to the potential referents when parents name unfamiliar objects. We discovered an unexpected bimodal distribution of infant attention to the intended referents in parent speech during everyday parent–infant interactions, which redefines the century-long puzzle of referential uncertainty as a problem in the sampling of data for learning.
On the mechanism of tissue-specific mRNA delivery by selective organ targeting nanoparticles
Authors: Dilliard Sean A. , Cheng Qiang , Siegwart Daniel J. 
Published: December 2021

Significance
Liver accumulation represents a significant barrier in the development of therapeutically efficacious nanoparticle drug delivery systems. Using a series of lipid nanoparticles with distinct organ-targeting properties, we provide evidence for a plausible mechanism of action for nanoparticle delivery to non-liver tissues. Following intravenous injection, specific proteins in the blood are recruited to the nanoparticle’s surface based on its molecular composition and they endow it with a unique biological identity that governs its ultimate fate in the body. An innovative paradigm emerges from this mechanistic understanding of nanoparticle delivery—endogenous targeting—wherein the molecular composition of a nanoparticle is rationally engineered to interact with specific proteins in the blood to overcome liver accumulation and to target specific organs.
Elastic forces drive nonequilibrium pattern formation in a model of nanocrystal ion exchange
Authors: Frechette Layne B. , Dellago Christoph , Geissler Phillip L. 
Published: December 2021

Significance
The widely used process of nanocrystal ion exchange operates out of thermodynamic equilibrium and can require mixing components of varying sizes. Here we use theory and computer simulation to study a simple model which captures these two basic features of ion exchange reactions. We show that a strong driving force for exchange among different-sized species creates nonequilibrium patterns within model nanocrystals. We further demonstrate that such patterns can be thermodynamically stable within core/shell nanocrystals. These results help us understand the heterostructures formed in ion-exchanged nanocrystals and suggest strategies for leveraging elasticity to design patterns in nanoscale materials.
A world of two agendas
Authors: Minooie Milad 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article studies the efficiency of different samples for content analysis of news in media effects studies by comparing the agenda-setting effect of a classic sample with the effect of a sample drawn based on audiences’ self-reported media habits. Contrary to the belief that exposure to sampled media content is necessary for observation of media effects, samples drawn based on overall readership/viewership of the media are more efficient than samples based on audiences’ actual consumption habits. A traditional media sample yields a stronger agenda-setting effect compared to a sample drawn based on self-reported media habits. But correlations between the two media samples are also strong. The findings suggest that a broad intermedia agenda-setting process makes it possible for researchers to draw a traditional sample that is representative of the issues salient to audiences regardless of their level of exposure to the sampled media. In other words, even in a demassified media environment, traditional samples are still the best option for media effects researchers.
As if irony was in stock
Authors: Lehmann Claudia , Bergs Alexander 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe linguistic treatment of verbal irony1has more often than not focused on novel, ad hoc ironies. Research in the last decade, however, suggests that there is a considerable number of utterances that are either schematic or lexically filled and interpreted as ironic by convention. By analyzing three of these, i.e.Tell me about it, XP pro BE not(A Michelangelo he is not) and stand-alone insubordinateas if(As if anyone could pronounce that), the present paper will show that these expressions are best analyzed as constructions (Goldberg 1995,2006). The paper will further show that the Viewpoint account of irony (Dancygier 2017;Tobin & Israel 2012) describes the data at hand most adequately.
Direct measurement of electron Bernstein waves in Low Aspect ratio Torus Experiment (LATE)
Authors: Guo Xingyu , Ashida Ryo , Noguchi Yuto , Kajita Ryusuke , Tanaka Hitoshi , Uchida Masaki , Maekawa Takashi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
By using a newly developed five-pin probe antenna and two-dimensional mechanical probe driving system, the 2D wave pattern of phase and amplitude has been directly measured in the Low Aspect ratio Torus Experiment (LATE) device, for an overdense ECR plasma with microwave obliquely injected. In the case of O-mode injection, an electron Bernstein wave (EBW)-like wave pattern has been detected for the first time, in a localized region near the upper hybrid resonance layer. The pattern has a short wavelength of about 2 mm and is also electrostatic and backward. In the case of X-mode injection, the 2D wave pattern is quite different and no EBW signal can be observed. By adjusting the toroidal magnetic field in O-mode injection, it is found that both the position and size of the EBW region have changed, which suggests the localized condition of efficient O-X-B conversion and high collisional damping rate of EBWs in these experiments.
Preparation and performance of graphene oxide/self-healing microcapsule composite mortar
Authors: Tang Liang , Cheng Zhihe , Ling Xianzhang , Cong Shengyi , Nan Jiaming 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
In order to solve the special needs for the durability and resistance of concrete materials in power transmission projects in Northwest China. Using sodium silicate and bentonite as capsule core and ethyl cellulose as capsule wall, microcapsules were synthesized by physical method. Standard specimens of cement-based materials were prepared by adding graphene oxide as conductive medium. Indoor experiments and micro technology were used to determine the optimal ratio of graphene-microcapsules, study the effects of graphene content, microcapsule content, and curing age on compressive strength, resistance, and self-repairing effect of the composite material. The results show that the average size of microcapsules was about 1.25 mm. The microcapsule was a relatively regular sphere with rough surface and dense structure. The recommended content was 2% microcapsules and 0.1% graphene oxide. With the increase of microcapsules and graphene oxide, the compressive strength first increased and then decreased, and the resistance increased gradually. After the cracks were repaired, the repairing rate of compressive strength was 57% and the recovery rate was 81%.
Trapping a magnetic field of 17.89 T in stacked coated conductors by suppression of flux jumps
Authors: Suyama Masahiro , Pyon Sunseng , Iijima Yasuhiro , Awaji Satoshi , Tamegai Tsuyoshi 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We have successfully trapped a field of 17.89 T at 6.5 K at the center of a compact coated-conductor (CC) stacks (13

×

12

×

11.7 mm3) within 75 min by suppressing flux jumps. The CC stack consists of 200 sheets of EuBa2Cu3O7 CCs with BaHfO3 nanorods to increase the critical current density at high fields and low temperatures. To enhance thermomagnetic stability, the central 50 CCs are coated with 1 µm thick Pb with large specific heat at low temperatures. Numerical calculations based on the actual J
c–H characteristics reproduces the trapped field quantitatively. New directions for achieving even higher trapped field at higher temperatures and making use of the trapped field are discussed.
Predictive 3D modelling of erosion and deposition in ITER with ERO2.0: from beryllium main wall, tungsten divertor to full-tungsten device
Authors: Eksaeva A , Kirschner A , Romazanov J , Brezinsek S , Linsmeier Ch , Maviglia F , Siccinio M , Ciattaglia S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Erosion and deposition is modelled with ERO2.0 for a hypothetical full-tungsten ITER for an ELM-free H-Mode baseline deuterium discharge. A parameter study considering seeding impurities (Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe) at constant percentages (0.05% to 1.0%) of the deuterium ion flux is done while neglecting their radiation cooling and core plasma compatibility. With pure deuterium plasma, tungsten main wall erosion is only due to charge exchange deuterium atoms and self-sputtering and there is only minor tungsten divertor sputtering. With a beryllium main wall, beryllium erosion is due to deuterium ions, charge exchange deuterium neutrals and self-sputtering. For this case, tungsten in the divertor is eroded by beryllium ions and self-sputtering. The simulations for full-tungsten device including seeded impurities leads to significant tungsten erosion in the divertor. In general, tungsten erosion, self-sputtering and deposition increase by factors larger than 50 at the main wall and 5000 in the divertor compared to pure deuterium plasma.
Shift-symmetric 𝖲𝖮(𝖭) multi-Galileon
Authors: Aoki Katsuki , Manita Yusuke , Mukohyama Shinji 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
A Poincarè invariant, local scalar field theory in which the Lagrangian and the equation of motion contain only up to second-order derivatives of the fields is called generalized Galileon. The covariant version of it in four dimensions is called Horndeski theory, and has been vigorously studied in applications to inflation and dark energy. In this paper, we study a class of multi-field extensions of the generalized Galileon theory. By imposing shift and SO(N) symmetries on all the currently known multi-Galileon terms in general dimensions, we find that the structure of the Lagrangian is uniquely determined and parameterized by a series of coupling constants. We also study tensor perturbation in the shift-symmetric SO(3) multi-Galileon theory in four dimensions. The tensor perturbations can obtain a mass term stemming from the same symmetry breaking pattern as the solid inflation. We also find that the shift-symmetric SO(3) multi-Galileon theory gives rise to new cubic interactions of the tensor modes, suggesting the existence of a new type of tensor primordial non-Gaussianity.
An integrated analytical model for the forecasting of the molten pool dimensions in Selective Laser Melting
Authors: Angelastro Andrea , Campanelli Sabina Luisa 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Selective laser melting (SLM) is one of the most promising processes in the Additive Manufacturing of metals because of the possibility to fabricate complex geometry parts with a wide range of materials. The molten pool dimensions are notoriously crucial for the production of high quality parts, in terms of mechanical properties and roughness, and to control the ‘balling’ phenomenon. In the past, several studies have been conducted to monitor temperature gradient and thermal history, stress and deformation field, balling occurrence, effect of volume shrinkage and the effect of process parameters on temperature evolution. Up to now, very few works are available in literature on the effects of the process parameters on the molten pool shape and dimensions: moreover, they also neglect the simultaneously effect of various physical factors. In this work, an integrated analytical model, consisting of three sub-models (thermal, optical and melting sub-models), with the purpose to forecast the molten pool dimensions in terms of width and depth, was developed. An experimental plan has been carried out, processing the 18 maraging 300 steel, to demonstrate the capability and the accuracy of the presented model. The obtained results demonstrate that the integrated analytical model led to optimal forecasting.
Persistent and enhanced spin-nematic squeezing in a spinor Bose–Einstein condensate
Authors: Li Xinfang , Liu Jianning , Seth Osei , Xiong Heng-Na , Tan Qing-Shou , Huang Yixiao 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
We propose a simple scheme to realize the persistent spin-nematic squeezing in a spinor Bose–Einstein condensate by rapidly turning-off the external magnetic field at a time that maximal spin-nematic squeezing occurs. We observe that the optimal spin-nematic squeezing can be maintained in a nearly fixed direction. For a proper initial magnetic field, the optimal squeezing can be obviously enhanced. We further construct a spin-mixing interferometer, where the quantum correlation of the squeezed state (generated by our scheme) is fully utilized in the phase measurement, and show the phase sensitivity of the interferometer has a significant enhancement.
Predictive modeling to determine oxygen and ozone doses applicable to in situ remediation of polluted water bodies
Authors: Tabla-Hernandez Jacobo , Dellepere Alejandro V , Mangas-Ramírez Ernesto 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
This work shows the results for the first time of calibrating and validating a mathematical model, capable of predicting the amounts of O3 and O2 necessary to reduce pollution levels in a lake based on the chemical oxygen demand (COD), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP) and fecal coliforms (FC) concentrations. The model was designed to treat a natural or artificial lake as though it were an aerated lagoon operating as an idealized continuous flow complete-mix reactor. The O3 yield constant for eliminating the non-biodegradable fraction of COD and for deactivating fecal coliforms were laboratory derived and calibrated with field values. Based on the field parameters, the model accurately predicted a reduction in BOD5, COD, TN, TP and FC of 53%, 51%, 39%, 42% and 98%, respectively. The model proved to be effective in predicting O2 and O3 demand and time of recovery of a polluted water body.
Thermalization of small quantum systems: from the zeroth law of thermodynamics
Authors: Wang Jiaozi , Wang Wen-ge , Wang Jiao 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Thermalization of isolated quantum systems has been studied intensively in recent years and significant progresses have been achieved. Here, we study thermalization of small quantum systems that interact with large chaotic environments under the consideration of Schrödinger evolution of composite systems, from the perspective of the zeroth law of thermodynamics. Namely, we consider a small quantum system that is brought into contact with a large environmental system; after they have relaxed, they are separated and their temperatures are studied. Our question is under what conditions the small system may have a detectable temperature that is identical with the environmental temperature. This should be a necessary condition for the small quantum system to be thermalized and to have a well-defined temperature. By using a two-level probe quantum system that plays the role of a thermometer, we find that the zeroth law is applicable to quantum chaotic systems, but not to integrable systems.
An electroceutical approach enhances myelination via upregulation of lipid biosynthesis in the dorsal root ganglion
Authors: Intisar Aseer , Kim Woon-Hae , Shin Hyun Young , Kim Min Young , Kim Yu Seon , Lim Heejin , Kang Hyun Gyu , Mo Yun Jeoung , Aly Mohamed Aly Saad , Lee Yun-Il , Kim Minseok S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
As the myelin sheath is crucial for neuronal saltatory conduction, loss of myelin in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) leads to demyelinating neuropathies causing muscular atrophy, numbness, foot deformities and paralysis. Unfortunately, few interventions are available for such neuropathies, because previous pharmaceuticals have shown severe side effects and failed in clinical trials. Therefore, exploring new strategies to enhance PNS myelination is critical to provide solution for such intractable diseases. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of electrical stimulation (ES) to enhance myelination in the mouse dorsal root ganglion (DRG)—an ex vivo model of the PNS. Mouse embryonic DRGs were extracted at E13 and seeded onto Matrigel-coated surfaces. After sufficient growth and differentiation, screening was carried out by applying ES in the 1–100 Hz range at the beginning of the myelination process. DRG myelination was evaluated via immunostaining at the intermediate (19 days in vitro (DIV)) and mature (30 DIV) stages. Further biochemical analyses were carried out by utilizing ribonucleic acid sequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction and biochemical assays at both intermediate and mature myelination stages. Imaging of DRG myelin lipids was carried out via time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). With screening ES conditions, optimal condition was identified at 20 Hz, which enhanced the percentage of myelinated neurons and average myelin length not only at intermediate (129% and 61%) but also at mature (72% and 17%) myelination stages. Further biochemical analyses elucidated that ES promoted lipid biosynthesis in the DRG. ToF-SIMS imaging showed higher abundance of the structural lipids, cholesterol and sphingomyelin, in the myelin membrane. Therefore, promotion of lipid biosynthesis and higher abundance of myelin lipids led to ES-mediated myelination enhancement. Given that myelin lipid deficiency is culpable for most demyelinating PNS neuropathies, the results might pave a new way to treat such diseases via electroceuticals.
Shape and scaling of the mean-velocity profile in thermally-stratified plane-Couette flows
Authors: Zhang Dongrong 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
It has long been known from measurements that buoyant motions cause the mean-velocity profile (MVP) in thermally-stratified, wall-bounded turbulent flows to significantly deviate from its constant-density counterpart. Theoretical analysis has restricted attention to an ‘intermediate layer’ of the MVP, akin to the celebrated ‘log layer’ in the constant-density case. Here, for thermally-stratified plane-Couette flows, we study the shape and scaling of the whole MVP. We elucidate the mechanisms that dictate the shape of the MVP by using the framework of the spectral link (Gioia et al 2010 Phys. Rev. Lett.
105 184501), and obtain scaling laws for the whole MVP by generalizing the Monin-Obukhov similarity theory.
Investigating Liriomyza (Diptera: Agromyzidae) Populations From Northeastern Brazil: mtDNA Analyses of the Global Pests L. sativae and L. huidobrensis
Authors: Sousa V R , Dias-Pini N S , Couri M S , Takiya D M 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Species of Liriomyza Mik (Diptera: Agromyzidae) occur worldwide and are economically important leafminers. However, populations of some pest species, although very similar morphologically, show highly divergent mtDNA sequences, suggesting that nominal species are in fact complexes of cryptic species. This study focuses on two globally invasive pests, L. huidobrensis (Blanchard) and L. sativae Blanchard, already known to be highly destructive in Brazilian crops, although only a few studies on morphological and genetic divergences of them have been made. A total of 63 sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome oxidase II (COII) from Brazilian populations of L. huidobrensis and L. sativae collected from six crops (gypsophila, chrysanthemum, melon, watermelon, tomato, and onion) in Northeastern Brazil were generated to investigate their genetic structure together with available sequences from the Americas, Europe, Asia, Africa, and Australia. Genetic structure was not found to be correlated to neither host plant nor geographical locality. Liriomyza huidobrensis showed an overall low intraspecific global genetic divergence in both genes. On the other hand, high intraspecific divergences for L. sativae and its phylogenetic position confirm a divergent clade currently found only in Brazil and suggest it may be a global complex of cryptic species. Considering the possibility of cryptic species (in the latter case), we provided detailed redescriptions of these Brazilian populations for future studies and local management of these global pests. Finally, our results also revealed a new synonym herein proposed, L. strigosa Spencer as a junior synonym of L. huidobrensis.