bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using GRACE to Improve Altimetry's Ocean De‐Aliasing Model
Authors: Bonin J. A. , Save H. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe demonstrate that daily Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment (GRACE) data can be used to improve the non‐tidal Dynamic Atmospheric Correction (DAC) used to de‐alias Jason altimetry and reduce high‐frequency errors. To accomplish this, we compute empirical orthogonal function (EOF) maps based on the ocean‐model part of the DAC, then fit the GRACE and Jason data to those maps. The resulting DAC and GRACE EOF time‐series are compared to the altimetry EOF time‐series, to determine which best represents the state of the ocean. We find that, for the first six modes in the North Pacific, 19 modes in the Southern Ocean, and three modes in the combined Indian/Atlantic/Equatorial‐Pacific region, GRACE is able to explain more of the 10–20‐day altimetry signal than the original de‐aliasing model can. We recombine these first GRACE modes with the remaining ocean‐only DAC data to produce an improved 10–20‐day model during times when GRACE data exists. We smoothly blend that series with the original model during times when there is no GRACE data, also restoring the faster frequencies from the original. The result is a blended model which explains 10%–30% more of altimetry's 10–20‐day variance in the Southern Ocean than the original DAC model did, 5%–10% more in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans, and is functionally equivalent in the Equatorial Pacific. The removal of the additional sub‐Nyquist‐frequency signals will result in better Jason altimetry data with fewer aliased signals incorrectly propagated to longer periods.
How Consistent Are Estimates of Roughness Parameters on a Rough Coral Reef?
Authors: Lindhart M. , Monismith S. G. , Khrizman A. , Mucciarone D. , Dunbar R. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCoral reefs are hydrodynamically rough, creating turbulent boundary layers that transport and mix various scalars that impact reef processes and also can be used to monitor reef health. Often reef boundary layer characteristics derived from a single instrument are assumed to accurately represent the study site. This approach relies on two assumptions: first, that the boundary layer is relatively homogeneous across the area of interest, and second, that two instruments displaced in space or with different spatiotemporal resolution would produce similar results when sampling the same flow. We deployed four velocimeters over a 15 × 20 m reef at 10 m depth in the Chagos Archipelago. The site had a 1 m tidal range, and waves were primarily locally generated wind waves with Hrms < 0.5 m. Depth‐averaged currents were typically 0.2 m/s. Friction velocities derived directly from Reynolds stress measurements by fitting the law of the wall show agreement between instruments (pairwise coefficients of determination R2 ranged from 0.53 to 0.86). Thus, the boundary layer appears to be spatially homogeneous, at least at the scale of our array, and it appears that in the present case friction velocities from one instrument are indeed generally representative of the site. We calculate drag coefficients using curve‐fitting and Structure‐from‐Motion photogrammetry, and while we find general agreement between estimates one instrument in particular produces drag coefficients an order of magnitude larger in comparison. Hence, some variability between instruments was observed, notably when high‐resolution instruments measured localized flow features.
Research progress on the tsRNA classification, function, and application in gynecological malignant tumors
Authors: Wen Jing-tao , Huang Zheng-hao , Li Qian-hui , Chen Xi , Qin Hong-lei , Zhao Yang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA large number of small non-coding RNAs derived from tRNAs, called tRNA-derived small RNA (tsRNAs), have been identified by high-throughput RNA sequencing of cell lines. Further research has revealed that they are not produced via random tRNA degradation, but through degradation by specific nuclease cleavages, such as Elac Ribonuclease Z 2 (ELAC2)/RNase Z, RNase L, Dicer, and angiogenin (ANG), the tsRNAs can be classified into the following types based on the location from which they have been derived from the parental tRNA: tRF-1s, tRF-3s, tRF-5s, tiRNA, and tRF-2s/i-tRFs. Moreover, tsRNAs are a type of small RNAs with diverse functions, including gene expression regulation, anti-apoptosis, translation inhibition, participation in epigenetic regulation, initial virus reverse transcription, promote virus replication and cell-to-cell communication. Certain types of tsRNAs are overexpressed in cancer tissues, but are underexpressed in normal tissues. Therefore, the relationship between tsRNAs and the occurrence and development of cancer has attracted significant research attention. Research advancements have contributed to further discoveries of the biological activities of tsRNAs, but the mechanisms of their biogenesis and functions have not been fully elucidated. This article reviews the classification and biological functions of tsRNAs, and introduces the research progress in gynecological malignancies.
SARS-CoV-2 uses metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 as an internalization factor to infect cells
Authors: Wang Jinliang , Yang Guan , Wang Xinxin , Wen Zhiyuan , Shuai Lei , Luo Jie , Wang Chong , Sun Ziruo , Liu Renqiang , Ge Jinying , He Xijun , Hua Ronghong , Wang Xijun , Yang Xiao , Chen Weiye , Zhong Gongxun , Bu Zhigao 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSevere acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) uses angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a binding receptor to enter cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). However, receptors involved in other steps of SARS-CoV-2 infection remain largely unknown. Here, we found that metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 2 (mGluR2) is an internalization factor for SARS-CoV-2. Our results show that mGluR2 directly interacts with the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and that knockdown of mGluR2 decreases internalization of SARS-CoV-2 but not cell binding. Further, mGluR2 is uncovered to cooperate with ACE2 to facilitate SARS-CoV-2 internalization through CME and mGluR2 knockout in mice abolished SARS-CoV-2 infection in the nasal turbinates and significantly reduced viral infection in the lungs. Notably, mGluR2 is also important for SARS-CoV spike protein- and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus spike protein-mediated internalization. Thus, our study identifies a novel internalization factor used by SARS-CoV-2 and opens a new door for antiviral development against coronavirus infection.
Chemical heterogeneities reveal early rapid cooling of Apollo Troctolite 76535
Authors: Nelson William S. , Hammer Julia E. , Shea Thomas , Hellebrand Eric , Jeffrey Taylor G. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe evolution of the lunar interior is constrained by samples of the magnesian suite of rocks returned by the Apollo missions. Reconciling the paradoxical geochemical features of this suite constitutes a feasibility test of lunar differentiation models. Here we present the results of a microanalytical examination of the archetypal specimen, troctolite 76535, previously thought to have cooled slowly from a large magma body. We report a degree of intra-crystalline compositional heterogeneity (phosphorus in olivine and sodium in plagioclase) fundamentally inconsistent with prolonged residence at high temperature. Diffusion chronometry shows these heterogeneities could not have survived magmatic temperatures for >~20 My, i.e., far less than the previous estimated cooling duration of >100 My. Quantitative modeling provides a constraint on the thermal history of the lower lunar crust, and the textural evidence of dissolution and reprecipitation in olivine grains supports reactive melt infiltration as the mechanism by which the magnesian suite formed.
Deep neural network models reveal interplay of peripheral coding and stimulus statistics in pitch perception
Authors: Saddler Mark R. , Gonzalez Ray , McDermott Josh H. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPerception is thought to be shaped by the environments for which organisms are optimized. These influences are difficult to test in biological organisms but may be revealed by machine perceptual systems optimized under different conditions. We investigated environmental and physiological influences on pitch perception, whose properties are commonly linked to peripheral neural coding limits. We first trained artificial neural networks to estimate fundamental frequency from biologically faithful cochlear representations of natural sounds. The best-performing networks replicated many characteristics of human pitch judgments. To probe the origins of these characteristics, we then optimized networks given altered cochleae or sound statistics. Human-like behavior emerged only when cochleae had high temporal fidelity and when models were optimized for naturalistic sounds. The results suggest pitch perception is critically shaped by the constraints of natural environments in addition to those of the cochlea, illustrating the use of artificial neural networks to reveal underpinnings of behavior.
Southward expanding plate coupling due to variation in sediment subduction as a cause of Andean growth
Authors: Hu Jiashun , Liu Lijun , Gurnis Michael 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGrowth of the Andes has been attributed to Cenozoic subduction. Although climatic and tectonic processes have been proposed to be first-order mechanisms, their interaction and respective contributions remain largely unclear. Here, we apply three-dimensional, fully-dynamic subduction models to investigate the effect of trench-axial sediment transport and subduction on Andean growth, a mechanism that involves both climatic and tectonic processes. We find that the thickness of trench-fill sediments, a proxy of plate coupling (with less sediments causing stronger coupling), exerts an important influence on the pattern of crustal shortening along the Andes. The southward migrating Juan Fernandez Ridge acts as a barrier to the northward flowing trench sediments, thus expanding the zone of plate coupling southward through time. Consequently, the predicted history of Andean shortening is consistent with observations. Southward expanding crustal shortening matches the kinematic history of inferred compression. These results demonstrate the importance of climate-tectonic interaction on mountain building.
Ultralow dark current in near-infrared perovskite photodiodes by reducing charge injection and interfacial charge generation
Authors: Ollearo Riccardo , Wang Junke , Dyson Matthew J. , Weijtens Christ H. L. , Fattori Marco , van Gorkom Bas T. , van Breemen Albert J. J. M. , Meskers Stefan C. J. , Janssen René A. J. , Gelinck Gerwin H. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMetal halide perovskite photodiodes (PPDs) offer high responsivity and broad spectral sensitivity, making them attractive for low-cost visible and near-infrared sensing. A significant challenge in achieving high detectivity in PPDs is lowering the dark current density (JD) and noise current (in). This is commonly accomplished using charge-blocking layers to reduce charge injection. By analyzing the temperature dependence of JD for lead-tin based PPDs with different bandgaps and electron-blocking layers (EBL), we demonstrate that while EBLs eliminate electron injection, they facilitate undesired thermal charge generation at the EBL-perovskite interface. The interfacial energy offset between the EBL and the perovskite determines the magnitude and activation energy of JD. By increasing this offset we realized a PPD with ultralow JD and in of 5 × 10−8 mA cm−2 and 2 × 10−14 A Hz−1/2, respectively, and wavelength sensitivity up to 1050 nm, establishing a new design principle to maximize detectivity in perovskite photodiodes.
Depletion of central memory CD8+ T cells might impede the antitumor therapeutic effect of Mogamulizumab
Authors: Maeda Yuka , Wada Hisashi , Sugiyama Daisuke , Saito Takuro , Irie Takuma , Itahashi Kota , Minoura Kodai , Suzuki Susumu , Kojima Takashi , Kakimi Kazuhiro , Nakajima Jun , Funakoshi Takeru , Iida Shinsuke , Oka Mikio , Shimamura Teppei , Doi Toshihiko , Doki Yuichiro , Nakayama Eiichi , Ueda Ryuzo , Nishikawa Hiroyoshi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRegulatory T (Treg) cells are important negative regulators of immune homeostasis, but in cancers they tone down the anti-tumor immune response. They are distinguished by high expression levels of the chemokine receptor CCR4, hence their targeting by the anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody mogamulizumab holds therapeutic promise. Here we show that despite a significant reduction in peripheral effector Treg cells, clinical responses are minimal in a cohort of patients with advanced CCR4-negative solid cancer in a phase Ib study (NCT01929486). Comprehensive immune-monitoring reveals that the abundance of CCR4-expressing central memory CD8+T cells that are known to play roles in the antitumor immune response is reduced. In long survivors, characterised by lower CCR4 expression in their central memory CD8+T cells possessed and/or NK cells with an exhausted phenotype, cell numbers are eventually maintained. Our study thus shows that mogamulizumab doses that are currently administered to patients in clinical studies may not differentiate between targeting effector Treg cells and central memory CD8+T cells, and dosage refinement might be necessary to avoid depletion of effector components during immune therapy.
A machine and human reader study on AI diagnosis model safety under attacks of adversarial images
Authors: Zhou Qianwei , Zuley Margarita , Guo Yuan , Yang Lu , Nair Bronwyn , Vargo Adrienne , Ghannam Suzanne , Arefan Dooman , Wu Shandong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWhile active efforts are advancing medical artificial intelligence (AI) model development and clinical translation, safety issues of the AI models emerge, but little research has been done. We perform a study to investigate the behaviors of an AI diagnosis model under adversarial images generated by Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) models and to evaluate the effects on human experts when visually identifying potential adversarial images. Our GAN model makes intentional modifications to the diagnosis-sensitive contents of mammogram images in deep learning-based computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) of breast cancer. In our experiments the adversarial samples fool the AI-CAD model to output a wrong diagnosis on 69.1% of the cases that are initially correctly classified by the AI-CAD model. Five breast imaging radiologists visually identify 29%-71% of the adversarial samples. Our study suggests an imperative need for continuing research on medical AI model’s safety issues and for developing potential defensive solutions against adversarial attacks.
A cryo-electron microscopy support film formed by 2D crystals of hydrophobin HFBI
Authors: Fan Hongcheng , Wang Bo , Zhang Yan , Zhu Yun , Song Bo , Xu Haijin , Zhai Yujia , Qiao Mingqiang , Sun Fei 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has become a powerful tool to resolve high-resolution structures of biomacromolecules in solution. However, air-water interface induced preferred orientations, dissociation or denaturation of biomacromolecules during cryo-vitrification remains a limiting factor for many specimens. To solve this bottleneck, we developed a cryo-EM support film using 2D crystals of hydrophobin HFBI. The hydrophilic side of the HFBI film adsorbs protein particles via electrostatic interactions and sequesters them from the air-water interface, allowing the formation of sufficiently thin ice for high-quality data collection. The particle orientation distribution can be regulated by adjusting the buffer pH. Using this support, we determined the cryo-EM structures of catalase (2.29 Å) and influenza haemagglutinin trimer (2.56 Å), which exhibited strong preferred orientations using a conventional cryo-vitrification protocol. We further show that the HFBI film is suitable to obtain high-resolution structures of small proteins, including aldolase (150 kDa, 3.28 Å) and haemoglobin (64 kDa, 3.6 Å). Our work suggests that HFBI films may have broad future applications in increasing the success rate and efficiency of cryo-EM.
Harnessing Twitter data to survey public attention and attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccines in the UK
Authors: Fazel Seena , Zhang Le , Javid Babak , Brikell Isabell , Chang Zheng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAttitudes to COVID-19 vaccination vary considerably within and between countries. Although the contribution of socio-demographic factors to these attitudes has been studied, the role of social media and how it interacts with news about vaccine development and efficacy is uncertain. We examined around 2 million tweets from 522,893 persons in the UK from November 2020 to January 2021 to evaluate links between Twitter content about vaccines and major scientific news announcements about vaccines. The proportion of tweets with negative vaccine content varied, with reductions of 20–24% on the same day as major news announcement. However, the proportion of negative tweets reverted back to an average of around 40% within a few days. Engagement rates were higher for negative tweets. Public health messaging could consider the dynamics of Twitter-related traffic and the potential contribution of more targeted social media campaigns to address vaccine hesitancy.
Proof of concept and development of a couple-based machine learning model to stratify infertile patients with idiopathic infertility
Authors: Bachelot Guillaume , Lévy Rachel , Bachelot Anne , Faure Céline , Czernichow Sébastien , Dupont Charlotte , Lamazière Antonin ,   Alifert Collaborative Group, Aknin Isabelle , Cedrin-Durnerin Isabelle , Cens Steven , di Clemente Nathalie , Guéant Jean-Louis , Hercberg Serge , Lalatonne Yoann , Racine Chrystèle , Sermondade Nathalie , Sutton Angela , Uthurriague Claude , Wolf Jean-Philippe , Favier Alain 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe aimed to develop and evaluate a machine learning model that can stratify infertile/fertile couples on the basis of their bioclinical signature helping the management of couples with unexplained infertility. Fertile and infertile couples were recruited in the ALIFERT cross-sectional case–control multicentric study between September 2009 and December 2013 (NCT01093378). The study group consisted of 97 infertile couples presenting a primary idiopathic infertility (> 12 months) from 4 French infertility centers compared with 100 fertile couples (with a spontaneously conceived child (< 2 years of age) and with time to pregnancy < 12 months) recruited from the healthy population of the areas around the infertility centers. The study group is comprised of 2 independent sets: a development set (n = 136 from 3 centers) serving to train the model and a test set (n = 61 from 1 center) used to provide an unbiased validation of the model. Our results have shown that: (i) a couple-modeling approach was more discriminant than models in which men’s and women’s parameters are considered separately; (ii) the most discriminating variables were anthropometric, or related to the metabolic and oxidative status; (iii) a refined model capable to stratify fertile vs. infertile couples with accuracy 73.8% was proposed after the variables selection (from 80 to 13). These influential factors (anthropometric, antioxidative, and metabolic signatures) are all modifiable by the couple lifestyle. The model proposed takes place in the management of couples with idiopathic infertility, for whom the decision-making tools are scarce. Prospective interventional studies are now needed to validate the model clinical use.Trial registration: NCT01093378 ALIFERT https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT01093378?term=ALIFERT&rank=1. Registered: March 25, 2010.
Immunoreactivity of the SARS-CoV-2 entry proteins ACE-2 and TMPRSS-2 in murine models of hormonal manipulation, ageing, and cardiac injury
Authors: Bengs Susan , Rossi Alexia , Haberecker Martina , Mikail Nidaa , Meisel Alexander , Haider Achi , Grämer Muriel , Portmann Angela , Todorov Atanas , Schönenberger Christof , Gebhard Caroline E. , Kuster Gabriela M. , Regitz-Zagrosek Vera , Gebhard Catherine 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Previous work indicates that SARS-CoV-2 virus entry proteins angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) and the cell surface transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS-2) are regulated by sex hormones. However, clinical studies addressing this association have yielded conflicting results. We sought to analyze the impact of sex hormones, age, and cardiovascular disease on ACE-2 and TMPRSS-2 expression in different mouse models. ACE-2 and TMPRSS-2 expression was analyzed by immunostaining in a variety of tissues obtained from FVB/N mice undergoing either gonadectomy or sham-surgery and being subjected to ischemia–reperfusion injury or transverse aortic constriction surgery. In lung tissues sex did not have a significant impact on the expression of ACE-2 and TMPRSS-2. On the contrary, following myocardial injury, female sex was associated to a lower expression of ACE-2 at the level of the kidney tubules. In addition, after myocardial injury, a significant correlation between younger age and higher expression of both ACE-2 and TMPRSS-2 was observed for lung alveoli and bronchioli, kidney tubules, and liver sinusoids. Our experimental data indicate that gonadal hormones and biological sex do not alter ACE-2 and TMPRSS-2 expression in the respiratory tract in mice, independent of disease state. Thus, sex differences in ACE-2 and TMPRSS-2 protein expression observed in mice may not explain the higher disease burden of COVID-19 among men.
Pharmacokinetics and central accumulation of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and its bioactive metabolites are influenced by route of administration and sex in rats
Authors: Baglot Samantha L. , Hume Catherine , Petrie Gavin N. , Aukema Robert J. , Lightfoot Savannah H. M. , Grace Laine M. , Zhou Ruokun , Parker Linda , Rho Jong M. , Borgland Stephanie L. , McLaughlin Ryan J. , Brechenmacher Laurent , Hill Matthew N. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractUp to a third of North Americans report using cannabis in the prior month, most commonly through inhalation. Animal models that reflect human consumption are critical to study the impact of cannabis on brain and behaviour. Most animal studies to date utilize injection of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; primary psychoactive component of cannabis). THC injections produce markedly different physiological and behavioural effects than inhalation, likely due to distinctive pharmacokinetics. The current study directly examined if administration route (injection versus inhalation) alters metabolism and central accumulation of THC and metabolites over time. Adult male and female Sprague–Dawley rats received either an intraperitoneal injection or a 15-min session of inhaled exposure to THC. Blood and brains were collected at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 240-min post-exposure for analysis of THC and metabolites. Despite achieving comparable peak blood THC concentrations in both groups, our results indicate higher initial brain THC concentration following inhalation, whereas injection resulted in dramatically higher 11-OH-THC concentration, a potent THC metabolite, in blood and brain that increased over time. Our results provide evidence of different pharmacokinetic profiles following inhalation versus injection. Accordingly, administration route should be considered during data interpretation, and translational animal work should strongly consider using inhalation models.