bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One billion euro programme for early childcare services in Italy
Authors: Giorgetti Isabella , Picchio Matteo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn 2007 the Italian central government started a programme by transferring funds to regional governments to develop both private and public early childcare services. Exploiting the different timing of programme implementation across regions, we evaluate its effectiveness in boosting the public supply of early childhood educational services. We find that the ratio between the available slots in public early childhood education and the population aged 0–2 increased by 18% 3 years after the start of the programme, with respect to the pre‐programme level. The programme impact was, however, limited in the South and mostly driven by the Center‐North.
A learning process towards person‐centred care: A second‐year follow‐up of guideline implementation
Authors: Kindblom Kristina , Edvardsson David , Boström Anne‐Marie , Vikström Sofia 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundResearch claims that ‘learning by doing’ creates new thinking, often leading to new practice.ObjectivesThe aim was to explore and describe the staff learning process from the first to the second year when adopting person‐centred care into clinical practice in a nursing home for persons with dementia.MethodThe data consisted of poster texts from staff and written notes by researchers obtained from the group discussions. The study involved 24 care units (200 staff). Content analysis was chosen as method to explore the learning process.ResultThe staff described the actions that they took during year 1 and year 2, in which five categories emerged, activities, environment, information, priorities and staff routines. With researchers' analysis the categories together created the learning process and formed a sub‐theme. They further formed an overarching theme from simplicity to complexity and consensus. Staff changes year 1 pertained more to planning and doing, while year 2 changes constituted a larger complexity of person‐centred care with reflection, collaborative learning and a mind‐set change.ConclusionStaff chose the development area, and the learning process was illuminated by the researchers. This underscores the value to visualise and verbalise the steps of change as well as include these steps in the design of an implementation process. The concept of person‐centred care could be viewed on different levels. The findings may contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of staff learning process when implementation of person‐centred care.Implications for practiceMaking staff's learning process visible can be a guide for improvement and change from a generic care towards person‐centred care. The Regional Board of Research Ethics approved the study (Reg no. 2010/1234‐31/5).
Atrial arrhythmia related outcomes in critically ill COVID‐19 patients
Authors: Colon Chad M. , Barrios James G. , Chiles Joe W. , Brown Todd M. , Pogwizd Steven M. , McElwee Samuel K. , Gandotra Sheetal , Russell Derek W. , McElderry H. Tom , Maddox William R. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRationaleCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) is associated with many clinical manifestations including respiratory failure and cardiovascular compromise.ObjectivesWe examine outcomes in critically ill individuals with COVID‐19 who develop atrial tachyarrhythmias.MethodsWe collected data from electrocardiograms and the electronic medical record of COVID‐19 positive (COVID+) and negative (COVID−) individuals admitted to our medical intensive care unit between February 29 and June 28, 2020. We compared clinical and demographic characteristics, new onset atrial tachyarrhythmia, hemodynamic compromise following atrial tachyarrhythmia, and in‐hospital mortality in COVID+ versus COVID−. Hemodynamic compromise was defined as having a new or increased vasopressor requirement or the need for direct current cardioversion for hemodynamic instability within 1 hour of atrial tachyarrhythmia onset.ResultsOf 300 individuals included, 200 were COVID+ and 100 were COVID−. Mean age was 60 ± 16 years, 180 (60%) were males, and 170 (57%) were African American. New onset atrial tachyarrhythmia occurred in 16% of COVID+ and 19% of COVID− individuals (P = .51). When compared to COVID− participants without atrial tachyarrhythmia, COVID+ individuals with new onset atrial tachyarrhythmia had higher mortality after multivariable adjustment (OR 5.0, 95% CI 1.9–13.5). New onset atrial tachyarrhythmia was followed by hemodynamic compromise in 18 COVID+ but no COVID− participants (P = .0001). COVID+ individuals with hemodynamic compromise after atrial tachyarrhythmia required increased ventilatory support at the time of atrial tachyarrhythmia onset.ConclusionsAtrial tachyarrhythmia is associated with increased mortality in critically ill individuals with COVID‐19, especially those mechanically ventilated. Recognition of this could assist with clinical care for individuals with COVID‐19.
A field study on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) response to Tetranychus urticae herbivory
Authors: Shaabani Jalal , Hossainzadeh Abdolhadi , Zeinali Hassan , Naghavi Mohammad Reza 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe bean farms in Iran are increasingly suffering from two‐spotted spider mite (TSSM) herbivory, which is intensified with the gradual increase in temperature and decrease in relative humidity coinciding with the flowering time in the common bean. Limited genetic variability for resistance to TSSM is a major bottleneck in the development of resistant common beans. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the response of a diverse panel of 104 common bean genotypes to TSSM infestation during reproductive stages. The experiment was conducted in the form of an augmented randomized complete block design under TSSM‐infested and non‐infested conditions. The less susceptible genotypes had more grain yield, number of pods, plant height and leaf chlorophyll content, but also, they showed less reduction in these traits under TSSM herbivory condition relative to the more susceptible genotypes. The spider mite laid more eggs on the leaves of more susceptible beans creating a negative density dependence condition, while there was a greater nutritional contribution per adult mite on the leaves of less susceptible common beans. Variance components estimation highlighted grain yield, number of pods, plant height and 1,000‐grain weight of the common bean with the higher genotypic variances compared to environmental variances. The findings provide a phenotypic screening procedure of common bean to determine the main plant traits contributing to genetic TSSM resistance under field conditions. This study concludes that pole‐type genotypes of common bean would tolerate the mite feeding more than bush‐type genotypes during reproductive stages.
Choose your battles: How civil society organisations choose context‐specific goals and activities to fight for immigrant welfare rights in Malaysia and Argentina
Authors: Henninger Jakob , Römer Friederike 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHow do the goals and activities of civil society organisations (CSOs) that are active in the field of immigrant welfare rights differ between autocracies and democracies? In this paper, we argue that a mechanism of CSO engagement plays out differently in these two political contexts because organisations adapt their goals and activities to the political regime they operate in. In the empirical analyses, we compare democratic Argentina and electoral‐authoritarian Malaysia using data from CSOs' public mission statements as well as from interviews with CSO members from both countries. We find that in Argentina, more universalistic constitutional provisions and commitments to international treaties allowed CSOs to reference norms of equal treatment, arguing for immigrant access to a variety of programmes, including non‐contributory social assistance benefits. In Malaysia, CSOs relied on moral frames of equality to a lesser extent. Instead, they advocated for inclusion in contributory schemes on the basis of deservingness of migrants given their contributions to society, focusing on minimum standards to guarantee that basic needs are met.
Cross‐border market building for narcotics control: A Polanyian analysis of the China–Myanmar border region
Authors: Lim Kean Fan , Su Xiaobo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFor decades, narcotics control has been unable to overhaul the durable and arguably self‐regulating socio‐economic networks driving heroin production and distribution in northern Myanmar, the second biggest drug production area in the world. To overcome this territorial barrier, the Chinese state introduced in 2000 an opium substitution programme that involved bringing Chinese agribusiness firms together with ex‐poppy farmers and local elites in northern Myanmar to form a formal cross‐border market. The programme raises a unique empirical puzzle: how could formal market building play a socially progressive role when it is superimposed in a border region underpinned by a well‐established informal, if also mostly illegal, market structure? This paper addresses this question through a reflexive Polanyian analytical framework that examines the “market” through its connections with non‐economic factors over time. It makes a distinct conceptual contribution by incorporating the border as a tangible anchor from which to assess how the processes of redistribution, reciprocity, and market exchange constitute the opium substitution programme as a social “countermovement.” Findings indicate Yunnanese firms negotiate border politics to engage in exchange with ex‐poppy farmers, establish reciprocal relations with local military elites, and implement the redistributive strategies of the Chinese state. Despite some success, this formal market‐building process continues to experience barriers generated by the pre‐existing informal market structure across the border region. Whether market building could further impact on economic restructuring in this border region and fully remove opium production from the border economy therefore remains an open question.
Transfusion medicine and blood banking education and training for blood establishment laboratory staff: A review of selected countries in Africa
Authors: Rambiritch Vanitha , Vermeulen Marion , Bell Hazel , Knox Patricia , Nedelcu Elena , Al‐Riyami Arwa Z. , Callum Jeannie , van den Berg Karin ,   on behalf of the Education Subcommittee of the AABB Global Transfusion Forum
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundAvoidable human error is a significant cause of transfusion adverse events. Adequately trained, laboratory staff in blood establishments and blood banks, collectively blood facilities, are key in ensuring high‐quality transfusion medicine (TM) services. Gaps in TM education and training of laboratory staff exist in most African countries. We assessed the status of the training and education of laboratory staff working in blood facilities in Africa.Study Design and MethodsA cross‐sectional study using a self‐administered pilot‐tested questionnaire was performed. The questionnaire comprised 26 questions targeting six themes. Blood facilities from 16 countries were invited to participate. Individually completed questionnaires were grouped by country and descriptive analysis performed.ResultsTen blood establishments and two blood banks from eight African countries confirmed the availability of a host of training programs for laboratory staff; the majority of which were syllabus or curriculum‐guided and focused on both theoretical and practical laboratory skills development. Training was usually preplanned, dependent on student and trainer availability and delivered through lecture‐based classroom training as well as formal and informal on the job training. There were minimal online didactic and self‐directed learning. Teaching of humanistic values appeared to be lacking.ConclusionWe confirmed the availability of diverse training programs across a variety of African countries. Incorporation of virtual learning platforms, rather than complete reliance on didactic, in‐person training programs may improve the education reach of the existing programs. Digitalization driven by the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic may provide an opportunity to narrow the knowledge gap in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs).
Demodectic mange in threatened southern sea otters (Enhydralutrisnereis)
Authors: Javeed Nadia , Foley Janet , Oliver‐Guimera Arturo , Affolter Verena K. , Keel Michael K. , Reed Angelina , Pesapane Risa , Duignan Pádraig J. , Murray Michael , Tinker MT , Miller Melissa A. 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundSouthern sea otters (Enhydra lutris nereis) rely on intact pelage for thermoregulation, and thus clinically significant demodicosis and associated alopecia can cause morbidity and death.Hypothesis/ObjectivesThis study aimed to describe lesions associated with follicular Demodex sp. infestation, estimate the prevalence and intensity of infestation, describe mite distribution across key anatomical regions, and assess mite presence or absence in relation to lesions and host risk factors.AnimalsTwenty necropsied, wild southern sea otters that stranded along the central California coast from 2005 to 2018.Methods and materialsGrossly normal and abnormal integument from the head, perineum, genitals, mamillary papillae and limbs was assessed microscopically for mites and mite‐associated pathological findings.ResultsIntrafollicular mites were observed in the integument of 55% of otters and 20% had clinical demodicosis. Demodicosis was considered to be contributory to death or euthanasia in two cases. Although Demodex sp. mites often were observed microscopically in grossly normal skin, the presence of multiple densely‐packed intrafollicular mites generally was associated with pigmentary incontinence, ectatic follicles, lymphoplasmacytic perifolliculitis, and neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacytic, dermal inflammation. Other findings included epidermal hyperplasia, orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis of epidermis and follicular epithelium, concurrent pyoderma and cell necrosis. Perioral integument, especially of the chin, had the highest prevalence of mites and the highest mite density, suggesting facial contact as a means of mite transmission.Conclusions and clinical importanceOur research confirmed demodectic mange as a contributor to morbidity and mortality in sea otters, with important implications for clinical care, rehabilitation and conservation.
Higher-Order Turbulence Around Different Circular Cylinders Using Particle Image Velocimetry
Authors: Misuriya Gaurav , Eldho T. I. , Mazumder B. S. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Wakes and higher-order turbulence around circular cylinders of different diameters are investigated using particle image velocimetry measurements. The cylinder Reynolds number (Red) is defined by the depth-averaged velocity, cylinder diameter, and kinematic viscosity. The influence of Red on third-order moment of velocity fluctuations, turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) flux, TKE budget, and turbulent length scales are presented. The intermittency factor (IF) and quadrant analysis around the cylinders are discussed for Red values ranging from 12,600 to 21,000. The energy budget mostly near free surface upstream and near-bed downstream is changed due to Red. Stream-wise and transverse TKE fluxes decreased significantly with Red, but not the vertical flux. Stream-wise skewness changed sign from positive to negative at a certain critical distance downstream, while vertical skewness showed reversed effect with Red. Negative stream-wise skewness and positive vertical skewness indicate the occurrence of ejection events. On the downstream, the production and dissipation rates increased with Red, whereas an opposite trend was observed for dissipation only on the upstream. Increase of Red led to an increase in the Kolmogorov length-scale much higher on the upstream than the downstream, whereas it showed depleting effect on Taylor's length-scale on the upstream and an increasing effect on the downstream. Ejection and sweep events were more prominent in the downstream near the cylinder than upstream with higher values of shear stress on the downstream. The sum of the shear stress contributions of all quadrant events increased consistently with an increase in Red near the cylinder.
A Robust Implementation of a Reynolds Stress Model for Turbomachinery Applications in a Coupled Solver Environment
Authors: Roos Launchbury David , Mangani Luca , Casartelli Ernesto , Del Citto Francesco 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the industrial simulation of flow phenomena, turbulence modeling is of prime importance. Due to their low computational cost, Reynolds-averaged methods (RANS) are predominantly used for this purpose. However, eddy viscosity RANS models are often unable to adequately capture important flow physics, specifically when strongly anisotropic turbulence and vortex structures are present. In such cases, the more costly 7-equation Reynolds stress models often lead to significantly better results. Unfortunately, these models are not widely used in the industry. The reason for this is not mainly the increased computational cost, but the stability and convergence issues such models usually exhibit. In this article, we present a robust implementation of a Reynolds stress model that is solved in a coupled manner, increasing stability and convergence speed significantly compared to segregated implementations. In addition, the decoupling of the velocity and Reynolds stress fields is addressed for the coupled equation formulation. A special wall function is presented that conserves the anisotropic properties of the model near the walls on coarser meshes. The presented Reynolds stress model is validated on a series of semi-academic test cases and then applied to two industrially relevant situations, namely, the tip vortex of a NACA0012 profile and the Aachen Radiver radial compressor case.
An Excellent Adventure on Some Roads Less Traveled
Authors: Anderson David I. 
Published: March 2021

I am not sure by what fortunate circumstance I was invited to contribute to this special issue ofKinesiology Review. However, I am deeply honored to be part of an issue with such esteemed scholars and colleagues. Like many, my introduction to the field of kinesiology was through sports, but my inspiration to pursue kinesiology as a career was the result of an injury that ended my sporting ambitions. My career is characterized by little planning, large amounts of dumb luck, a willingness to explore some paths that are less well trodden, and deep and enduring friendships that have resulted from a spirit of teamwork and collaboration. The work has been hard, the hours have been long, but the payoff has been enormously gratifying. The overarching lesson from my career for emerging scholars is to have an adventurous spirit and seek out excellent mentors and collaborators.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: parent/carer perceptions of barriers to healthcare access
Authors: Rezel-Potts Emma , Kordowicz Maria , Downs Johnny , White Patrick , Prasad Vibhore 
Published: March 2021

BackgroundChildren and young people (CYP) with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) face delays in diagnosis and barriers to accessing appropriate interventions. Evidence is limited on how these barriers are perceived by their parents and carers.MethodsFocus group in South London with parents/carers of CYP with ADHD. Data were thematically analysed using an inductive/deductive hybrid approach.ResultsParticipants (n=8) described the challenge of accessing services within a disjointed, multiagency system for their CYP’s ADHD and broader health needs. They described feeling judged and overlooked by healthcare professionals, which could negatively impact the health, relationships and educational progress of their children. Pragmatic solutions were proposed, including providing parents with information on navigating services at an early stage of ADHD symptom recognition.ConclusionsParents/carers sought improved continuity of care within and between services. They are a key group for consultation on the development of interventions to improve access for CYP with ADHD.
Experiences of adolescents living with Silver-Russell syndrome
Authors: Ballard Lisa Marie , Jenkinson Elizabeth , Byrne Christopher D , Child Jenny C , Inskip Hazel , Lokulo-Sodipe Oluwakemi , Mackay Deborah J G , Wakeling Emma L , Davies Justin Huw , Temple I Karen , Fenwick Angela 
Published: March 2021

ObjectiveThe psychosocial impact of growing up with Silver-Russell syndrome (SRS), characterised by growth failure and short stature in adulthood, has been explored in adults; however, there are no accounts of contemporary lived experience in adolescents. Such data could inform current healthcare guidance and transition to adult services. We aimed to explore the lived experience of adolescents with SRS.Design/setting/patientsIn-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted between January 2015 and October 2016 with a sample of eight adolescents aged 13–18 (five girls) with genetically confirmed SRS from the UK. Qualitative interviews were transcribed and coded to identify similarities and differences using thematic analysis; codes were then grouped to form overarching themes.ResultsWe identified four themes from the interview data: (1) the psychosocial challenges of feeling and looking different; (2) pain, disability and fatigue; (3) anticipated stigma; and (4) building resilience and acceptance. Despite adolescents accepting SRS in their lives, they described ongoing psychosocial challenges and anticipated greater problems to come, such as stigma from prospective employers.ConclusionsAdolescents with SRS may experience psychosocial difficulties from as young as 10 years old related to feeling and looking different; pain, disability and fatigue; anticipated stigma; and future challenges around employment. We discuss these findings in relation to recommendations for the care of adolescents with SRS to prepare them for adult life.
Incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy in a multi-ethnic US cohort: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis
Authors: Cheung Ning , Chee Miao Li , Klein Ronald , Klein Barbara E K , Shea Steven , Cotch Mary Frances , Cheng Ching-Yu , Wong Tien Yin 
Published: March 2021

AimTo provide contemporary longitudinal data on the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in a multi-ethnic population of whites, African Americans, Chinese and Hispanics in the United States.MethodsA prospective, multi-region, multi-ethnic population-based cohort study that included 498 participants with diabetes, aged 45–84 years at baseline, from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis with retinal images obtained twice, on average 8 years apart. Presence and severity of DR were graded from these retinal images according to the modified Airlie House classification system. Main outcome measures were 8-year incidence, progression and improvement of DR, and their associated risk factors.ResultsOver the 8 years, the cumulative rates were 19.2% for incident DR, 17.3% for DR progression, 23.3% for DR improvement, 2.7% for incident vision-threatening DR, 1.8% for incident proliferative DR and 2.2% for incident macular oedema. In multivariate analysis, significant risk factors associated with incident DR were higher glycosylated haemoglobin (relative
risk (RR) 1.28; 95% CI: 1.16 to 1.41) and higher systolic blood pressure (RR 1.14; 95% CI: 1.04 to 1.25). Significant factors associated with DR progression were higher glycosylated haemoglobin (RR 1.20; 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.43) and higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (RR 1.01; 95% CI: 1.00 to 1.03).ConclusionOver an 8-year period, approximately one in five participants with diabetes developed DR, while almost a quarter of those with DR at baseline showed improvement, possibly reflecting the positive impact of clinical and public health efforts in improving diabetes care in the United States over the last two decades.