bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Disaster Management in Rural and Remote Primary Health Care: A Scoping Review
Authors: Willson Katie A. , FitzGerald Gerard J. , Lim David 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjective:This scoping review aims to map the roles of rural and remote primary health care professionals (PHCPs) during disasters.Introduction:Disasters can have catastrophic impacts on society and are broadly classified into natural events, man-made incidents, or a mixture of both. The PHCPs working in rural and remote communities face additional challenges when dealing with disasters and have significant roles during the Prevention, Preparedness, Response, and Recovery (PPRR) stages of disaster management.Methods:A Johanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scoping review methodology was utilized, and the search was conducted over seven electronic databases according to a priori protocol.Results:Forty-one papers were included and sixty-one roles were identified across the four stages of disaster management. The majority of disasters described within the literature were natural events and pandemics. Before a disaster occurs, PHCPs can build individual resilience through education. As recognized and respected leaders within their community, PHCPs are invaluable in assisting with disaster preparedness through being involved in organizations’ planning policies and contributing to natural disaster and pandemic surveillance. Key roles during the response stage include accommodating patient surge, triage, maintaining the health of the remaining population, instituting infection control, and ensuring a team-based approach to mental health care during the disaster. In the aftermath and recovery stage, rural and remote PHCPs provide long-term follow up, assisting patients in accessing post-disaster support including delivery of mental health care.Conclusion:Rural and remote PHCPs play significant roles within their community throughout the continuum of disaster management. As a consequence of their flexible scope of practice, PHCPs are well-placed to be involved during all stages of disaster, from building of community resilience and contributing to early alert of pandemics, to participating in the direct response when a disaster occurs and leading the way to recovery.
Patient Outcomes Following Ketamine Administration for Acute Agitation with a Decreased Dosing Protocol in the Prehospital Setting
Authors: Cunningham Cassidy , Gross Karen , Broach John P. , O’Connor Laurel 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackground:Agitated behaviors are frequently encountered in the prehospital setting and require emergent treatment to prevent harm to patients and prehospital personnel. Chemical sedation with ketamine works faster than traditional pharmacologic agents, though it has a higher incidence of adverse events, including intubation. Outcomes following varying initial doses of prehospital intramuscular (IM) ketamine use have been incompletely described.Objective:To determine whether using a lower dose IM ketamine protocol for agitation is associated with more favorable outcomes.Methods:This study was a pre-/post-intervention retrospective chart review of prehospital care reports (PCRs). Adult patients who received chemical sedation in the form of IM ketamine for agitated behaviors were included. Patients were divided into two cohorts based on the standard IM ketamine dose of 4mg/kg and the lower IM dose of 3mg/kg with the option for an additional 1mg/kg if required. Primary outcomes included intubation and hospital admission. Secondary outcomes included emergency department (ED) length of stay, additional chemical or physical restraints, assaults on prehospital or ED employees, and documented adverse events.Results:The standard dose cohort consisted of 211 patients. The lower dose cohort consisted of 81 patients, 17 of whom received supplemental ketamine administration. Demographics did not significantly differ between the cohorts (mean age 35.14 versus 35.65 years; P = .484; and 67.8% versus 65.4% male; P = .89). Lower dose subjects were administered a lower ketamine dose (mean 3.24mg/kg) compared to the standard dose cohort (mean 3.51mg/kg). There was no statistically significant difference between the cohorts in intubation rate (14.2% versus 18.5%; P = .455), ED length of stay (14.31 versus 14.88 hours; P = .118), need for additional restraint and sedation (P = .787), or admission rate (26.1% versus 25.9%; P = .677). In the lower dose cohort, 41.2% (7/17) of patients who received supplemental ketamine doses were intubated, a higher rate than the patients in this cohort who did not receive supplemental ketamine (8/64, 12.5%; P <.01).Conclusion:Access to effective, fast-acting chemical sedation is paramount for prehospital providers. No significant outcomes differences existed when a lower dose IM ketamine protocol was implemented for prehospital chemical sedation. Patients who received a second dose of ketamine had a significant increase in intubation rate. A lower dose protocol may be considered for an agitation protocol to limit the amount of medication administered to a population of high-risk patients.
Land rental market and rural household efficiency in China
Authors: Chavas Jean Paul , Shi Guanming , Meng Xiangyi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWell-functioning factor markets play an important role in improving the performance of the agricultural sector. Our paper examines both technical and allocative efficiencies at the household level, with an application to a cross-section sample of rural households in three provinces of China in 2009. In a first step, we use nonparametric methods to estimate household efficiency. In a second step, we examine econometrically the role of land rental market and its linkages with household-level efficiencies. We find that participation in the land rental market does not affect technical efficiency but has large positive effects on allocative efficiency. This stresses the need to distinguish between technical efficiency and allocative efficiency in the analysis of land tenure issues. The improvements in allocative efficiency from land-leasing contribute to significant increases in household income in rural China.
The EU ETS and its companion policies: any insight for China's ETS?
Authors: Verde Stefano F. , Galdi Giulio , Alloisio Isabella , Borghesi Simone 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis paper analyses the role that companion policies have had in the reduction of emissions regulated by the EU Emissions Trading System (EU ETS) and the related policy interactions, with a view to identifying relevant insights for China's forthcoming Emissions Trading System (ETS). The investigation rests on: (a) the observation of the EU's and China's ETSs and policy mixes; (b) economic theory concerning companion policies and ETS design; and (c) empirical ex-post evidence from the EU ETS. Three main conclusions emerge from the analysis. First, China's ETS, while not imposing a fixed cap on emissions, will not be immune to waterbed effects of companion policies. Second, the European experience stresses the importance of making explicit the objectives pursued by companion policies, and of balancing policies for innovation and policies for adoption of low-carbon technologies. Third, in the presence of a major market surplus, only permanent adjustments to allowance supply can be effective in raising prices.
Economic considerations of enhanced BRD control
Authors: Peel Derrell S. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCattle producers and animal health professionals are increasingly frustrated by the inability to reduce the impacts of bovine respiratory disease (BRD). Improved BRD control is difficult due to the complex nature of the disease; the complexity of cattle industry structure and function; and the imbalance of economic incentives for enhanced BRD control. Success in improving BRD control will depend on an industry-wide comprehensive effort to address lifetime animal health issues as well as correcting or offsetting imbalances in economic benefits and costs for enhanced animal health management across cattle production sectors.
R-GROUP AND WHITTAKER SPACE OF SOME GENUINE REPRESENTATIONS
Authors: Gao Fan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractFor a unitary unramified genuine principal series representation of a covering group, we study the associatedR-group. We prove a formula relating theR-group to the dimension of the Whittaker space for the irreducible constituents of such a principal series representation. Moreover, for certain saturated covers of a semisimple simply connected group, we also propose a simpler conjectural formula for such dimensions. This latter conjectural formula is verified in several cases, including covers of the symplectic groups.
Intraregional Comparisons of the Near‐Storm Environments of Storms Dominated by Frequent Positive Versus Negative Cloud‐to‐Ground Flashes
Authors: Eddy A. J. , MacGorman D. R. , Homeyer C. R. , Williams E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe gridded 11 years of cloud‐to‐ground (CG) flashes detected by the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network during the warm season in 15 km × 15 km × 15 min grid cells to identify storms with substantial CG flash rates clearly dominated by flashes lowering one polarity of charge to the ground or the other (+CG flashes vs. −CG flashes). Previous studies in the central United States had found that the gross charge distribution of storms dominated by +CG flashes included a large upper negative charge over a large middle level positive charge, a reversal of the usual polarities. In each of seven regions spanning the contiguous United States (CONUS), we compared 17 environmental parameters of storms dominated by +CG flashes with those of storms dominated by –CG flashes. These parameters were chosen based on their expected roles in modulating supercooled liquid water content (SLWC) in the updraft because laboratory experiments have shown that SLWC affects the polarity of charge exchanged during rebounding collisions between riming graupel and small ice particles in the mixed phase region. This, in turn, would affect the vertical polarity of a storm's charge distribution and the dominant polarity of CG flashes. Our results suggest that the combination of parameters conducive to dominant +CG flash activity and, by inference, to anomalous storm charge structure varies widely from region to region, the lack of a favorable value of any particular parameter in a given region being offset by favorable values of one or more other parameters.
Long‐Term Variations of the Geomagnetic Activity: A Comparison Between the Strong and Weak Solar Activity Cycles and Implications for the Space Climate
Authors: Hajra Rajkumar , Marques de Souza Franco Adriane , Echer Ezequiel , José Alves Bolzan Mauricio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe study the long‐term variations of geomagnetic activity using more than five solar cycles of geomagnetic and solar wind observations. From the Dst index variation, 1523 geomagnetic storms were identified during January 1957 through December 2019, and 145 high‐intensity long‐duration continuous auroral electrojet (AE) activity (HILDCAA) events were identified using the AE index from January 1975 through December 2017. Among the storms, ∼3/4th were moderate (−50 nT ≥ Dst > −100 nT), and only ∼1/4th were stronger in intensity (Dst ≤ −100 nT). Cross‐correlation analysis reveals a strong correlation (r = 0.58−0.78) between the magnetic storms and the F10.7 solar flux at 0−1‐year time lag and a weaker correlation (r = 0.59) between HILDCAAs and F10.7 at a ∼3‐year lag. This result is consistent with the magnetic storm occurrence rate centered around the solar cycle maximum with a secondary peak after the maximum, and HILDCAAs peaking around the descending phase. Wavelet analysis reveals a dominating ∼10–11‐year periodicity in the number of geomagnetic storms and HILDCAAs, geomagnetic activity indices, solar wind, and interplanetary parameters. The periodicity is attributed to the solar activity cycle variation. Solar wind speed induces additional longer (∼15−16 years) and shorter (∼3−5 years) scale variations in geomagnetic activity. Solar cycles 20 and 24 are found to be significantly weaker compared to the cycles 19, 21, 22, and 23 in solar flux, solar wind‐magnetosphere coupling, and resultant geomagnetic activity. If the decreasing trend of the solar and geomagnetic activities continues in cycle 25, this may have important implications for the space weather science and operations.
Climate Changes in the Upper Atmosphere: Contributions by the Changing Greenhouse Gas Concentrations and Earth's Magnetic Field From the 1960s to 2010s
Authors: Qian Liying , McInerney Joseph M. , Solomon Stan S. , Liu Hanli , Burns Alan G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractPrevious studies have established the importance of the increasing greenhouse gas (GHG) concentrations in causing trends in the thermosphere and ionosphere (T‐I). Recent work indicates that the changing Earth's magnetic field is also important. We conduct whole atmosphere model simulations to examine T‐I trends driven by these two drivers and their relative importance. We found that, (1) trends in the T‐I, driven by either of the two drivers, exhibited significant latitudinal and longitudinal variability; (2) in the thermosphere, trends were predominantly driven by the GHG driver except that the magnetic field driver played a small role in the neutral temperature trend (∼25%) in some regions mainly in the longitude sector ∼120°W–20°E. The magnetic field driver played a more important role in the ionosphere in the longitude sector ∼120°W–20°E. In this longitude sector, the two drivers were comparable in driving the trends of hmF2, NmF2, and electron temperature; the relative importance of the two drivers to the ion temperature trend additionally depends on altitude, with the GHG driver being the dominant driver at lower altitudes (∼200–320 km), and the two drivers becoming comparable above; (3) although the magnetic field driver is important in the longitude sector ∼120°W–20°E, it drove both negative and positive trends in roughly equal amounts, consequently, its contributions to the global average trends in the T‐I are negligible.
Imaging the Subsurface Plumbing Complex of Steamboat Geyser and Cistern Spring With Hydrothermal Tremor Migration Using Seismic Interferometry
Authors: Wu Sin‐Mei , Lin Fan‐Chi , Farrell Jamie , Keller William E. , White Erin B. , Hungerford Jefferson D. G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSteamboat Geyser in Yellowstone National Park is the tallest active geyser on Earth and is believed to have hydrologic connection to Cistern Spring, a hydrothermal pool ∼100 m southwest from the geyser vent. Despite broad scientific interest, rare episodic Steamboat eruptions have made it difficult to study its eruption dynamics and underground plumbing architecture. In response to the recent reactivation of Steamboat, which has produced more than 130 eruptions since March 2018, we deployed a dense seismic nodal array surrounding the enigmatic geyser in the summer of 2019. The array recorded abundant 1–5 Hz hydrothermal tremor originating from phase‐transition events within both Steamboat Geyser and Cistern Spring. To constrain the spatiotemporal distribution of the tremor sources, an interferometric‐based polarization analysis was developed. The observed tremor locations indicate that the conduit beneath Steamboat is vertical and extends down to ∼120 m depth and the plumbing of Cistern includes a shallow vertical conduit connecting with a deep, large, and laterally offset reservoir ∼60 m southeast of the surface pool. No direct connection between Steamboat and Cistern plumbing structures is found. The temporal variation of tremor combined with in situ temperature and water depth measurements of Cistern reveals interaction between Steamboat and Cistern throughout the eruption/recharge cycles. The observed delayed responses of Cistern Spring in reaction to Steamboat eruptions and recharge suggest that the two plumbing structures may be connected through a fractured/porous medium instead of a direct open channel, consistent with our inferred plumbing structure.
Trophic Dynamics of Calanus hyperboreus in the Pacific Arctic Ocean
Authors: Choi Hyuntae , Won Haemin , Kim Jee‐Hoon , Yang Eun Jin , Cho Kyoung‐Ho , Lee Youngju , Kang Sung‐Ho , Shin Kyung‐Hoon 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe zooplankton community composition in the Pacific Arctic Ocean depends heavily on the sea ice and hydrodynamic conditions. The calanoid copepod Calanus hyperboreus is a dominant Arctic zooplankton, but its diet sources in the Pacific Arctic are unclear. C. hyperboreus individuals were collected in the northern Chukchi Sea (NCS) and the northern‐East Siberian Sea (NESS), which display contrasting chlorophyll abundance and sea ice concentration in summer 2018. Nitrogen isotopes of individual amino acid and fatty acid compositions were measured to determine its trophic level (TL) and dominant diet. C. hyperboreus collected in the NCS had higher TL values (3.0 ± 0.2) and a relatively low proportion of C20:5(n‐3). In the NESS, C. hyperboreus had lower TL values (2.7 ± 0.2) and a larger percentage of C20:5(n‐3), suggesting a greater proportion of diatoms in its diet. Spatial TL variations of C. hyperboreus between the NCS and NESS may be caused by variations in phytoplankton composition (micro‐phytoplankton vs. nano‐ and picophytoplankton) as a result of surface seawater stratification triggered by the inflow of sea ice meltwater as well as summer Bering Sea water through the Bering Strait. These results suggest that the filter‐feeding copepod C. hyperboreus could be a useful indicator to understand trophic dynamics in zooplankton food web.
RF Energy Harvesting Using High Impedance Asymmetric Antenna Array Without Impedance Matching Network
Authors: Fakharian Mohammad M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis manuscript presents a rectenna with a high impedance asymmetric antenna array for ambient wireless energy harvesting at the 2.45 GHz frequency band. It is fulfilled without using any impedance matching networks, which demonstrations significant benefits over available rectennas as a function of the layout and cost with a wide range of input power level and load impedance. A rectenna prototype has been designed, fabricated, and tested. The rectenna configuration is etched on a single layer, commercial, low‐cost FR4 substrate. Simulation and experiments have been carried out. The results show that the proposed rectenna features a good characteristic of RF to DC conversion efficiency. Over 60% (up to 67%) RF‐DC conversion efficiency is realized for the input power levels from 12 to 21 dBm and load impedance between 1,200 and 8,100 Ω. The proposed rectenna can be suitable for powering many low‐power electronic devices, because of simple structure and low cost.
Standardizing human brain parcellations
Authors: Lawrence Ross M. , Bridgeford Eric W. , Myers Patrick E. , Arvapalli Ganesh C. , Ramachandran Sandhya C. , Pisner Derek A. , Frank Paige F. , Lemmer Allison D. , Nikolaidis Aki , Vogelstein Joshua T. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUsing brain atlases to localize regions of interest is a requirement for making neuroscientifically valid statistical inferences. These atlases, represented in volumetric or surface coordinate spaces, can describe brain topology from a variety of perspectives. Although many human brain atlases have circulated the field over the past fifty years, limited effort has been devoted to their standardization. Standardization can facilitate consistency and transparency with respect to orientation, resolution, labeling scheme, file storage format, and coordinate space designation. Our group has worked to consolidate an extensive selection of popular human brain atlases into a single, curated, open-source library, where they are stored following a standardized protocol with accompanying metadata, which can serve as the basis for future atlases. The repository containing the atlases, the specification, as well as relevant transformation functions is available in the neuroparc OSF registered repository or https://github.com/neurodata/neuroparc.
A standardised approach for determining heat tolerance in cotton using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride
Authors: Jaconis Susan Y. , Thompson Alan J. E. , Smith Shanna L. , Trimarchi Chiara , Cottee Nicola S. , Bange Michael P. , Conaty Warren C. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractImproving the heat tolerance of cotton is a major concern for breeding programs. To address this need, a fast and effect way of quantifying thermotolerant phenotypes is required. Triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) based enzyme viability testing following high-temperature stress can be used as a vegetative heat tolerance phenotype. This is because when live cells encounter a TTC solution, TTC undergoes a chemical reduction producing a visible, insoluble red product called triphenyl formazan, that can be quantified spectrophotometrically. However, existing TTC based cell viability assays cannot easily be deployed at the scale required in a crop improvement program. In this study, a heat stress assay (HSA) based on the use of TTC enzyme viability testing has been refined and improved for efficiency, reliability, and ease of use through four experiments. Sampling factors that may influence assay results, such as leaf age, plant water status, and short-term cold storage, were also investigated. Experiments conducted in this study have successfully downscaled the assay and identified an optimal sampling regime, enabling measurement of large segregating populations for application in breeding programs. The improved HSA methodology is important as it is proposed that long-term improvements in cotton thermotolerance can be achieved through the concurrent selection of superior phenotypes based on the HSA and yield performance in hot environments. Additionally, a new way of interpreting both heat tolerance and heat resistance was developed, differentiating genotypes that perform well at the time of a heat stress event and those that maintain a similar performance level to a non-stressed control.