bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bringing Back the State: Understanding Varieties of Pension Re-reforms in Latin America
Authors: Carrera Leandro N. , Angelaki Marina 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTPension policy is a highly political issue across Latin America. Since the mid-2000s, several countries have re-reformed their pension systems with a general trend toward more state involvement, yet with significant variation. This article contends that policy legacies and the institutional political setting are key to understanding such variation. Analyzing the cases of Argentina, Bolivia, and Chile, this article shows that where a weak legacy, characterized by low coverage and savings rates, a weakly organized pension industry, and strong societal groups that oppose the private system, combines with a strong institutional setting, characterized by a government with large support in Congress and where the president concentrates decisionmaking, re-reform outcomes may lead to the outright elimination of the private pillar. Conversely, where a strong legacy combines with a weak institutional setting, re-reform outcomes will tend to maintain the private pillar and expand only the role of the public one.
Charting the Rise of School Choice across Canadian Provinces: A Policy Index
Authors: Asadolahi Salar , Farney James , Triadafilopoulos Triadafilos , White Linda A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis article introduces and discusses the findings of the Canada School Choice Policy Index (CSCPI). This is the first index of its kind that measures the development of school choice policies across the Canadian provinces from 1980 to 2020 using eight unique indicators of choice. In contrast to other countries in the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the CSCPI reveals that although Canada has witnessed an increase in school choice over time, this increase has largely been contained within public education systems rather than in the expansion of private education options. Our findings raise the importance of future research to address growing choice in public education systems across the provinces, in addition to choice in the private sphere.
Association of dietary intake of branched-chain amino acids with long-term risks of CVD, cancer and all-cause mortality
Authors: Xu Binbin , Wang Meng , Pu Liyuan , Shu Chang , Li Lian , Han Liyuan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectives:We aimed to investigate the associations between dietary branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) intake and long-term risks of CVD, cancer and all-cause mortality in nationwide survey participants aged ≥ 18.Design:This was a prospective cohort study. Dietary intakes of BCAA (leucine, isoleucine and valine) were determined from the total nutrient intake document. The main outcomes were CVD, cancer and all-cause mortality.Setting:A nationally representative sample of US adults were recruited by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) from 1988 to 1994.Participants:A total of 14 397 adults aged ≥ 18 who participated in the United States National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (NHANES III) were included.Results:During 289 406 person-years of follow-up, we identified 4219 deaths, including 1133 from CVD and 926 from cancer. After multivariate adjustment, the hazard ratios (95 % confidence intervals) of all-cause mortality in the highest dietary BCAA and isoleucine intake quintile (reference: lowest quintiles) were 0·68 (0·48, 0·97) and 0·68 (0·48, 0·97), respectively. Each one-standard-deviation increase in total dietary BCAA or isoleucine intake was associated with an 18 % or 21 % decrease in the risk of all-cause mortality, respectively. The serum triglyceride (TAG) concentration was found to modify the association between the dietary BCAA intake and all-cause mortality (Pfor interaction = 0·008).Conclusions:In a nationally representative cohort, higher dietary intakes of BCAA and isoleucine were independently associated with a lower risk of all-cause mortality, and these associations were stronger in participants with higher serum TAG concentrations.
A Climatology of Narrow Cold‐Frontal Rainbands in Southern California
Authors: de Orla‐Barile Marian , Cannon Forest , Oakley Nina S. , Ralph F. Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractNarrow cold‐frontal rainbands (NCFRs) produce short‐duration, high‐intensity precipitation associated with flash flooding and debris flows in Southern California, including the extremely destructive 2018 Montecito event. This manuscript presents the first known catalog of NCFR events in this region during winter seasons 1995–2020. A manual approach was used to identify NCFRs in radar imagery, supported by rain gauges and atmospheric reanalysis products. In total, 94 NCFRs were observed, with an average of three landfalling events occurring per water year. Propagation and impacts of these NCFRs were also investigated. Composite analyses of synoptic conditions reveal similarities across events; however, individual NCFRs exist on a spectrum of atmospheric conditions, precipitation intensity, and associated hazards. This regional record serves as a control dataset for the development of an objective identification algorithm and supports the evaluation and improvement of forecasting procedures. Methods established here are transferrable to other mid‐latitude regions with limited radar coverage.
Stage‐Wise Stochastic Deep Learning Inversion Framework for Subsurface Sedimentary Structure Identification
Authors: Zhan Chuanjun , Dai Zhenxue , Soltanian Mohamad Reza , Zhang Xiaoying 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe stochastic models and deep‐learning models are the two most commonly used methods for subsurface sedimentary structures identification. The results from the stochastic models typically involve uncertainty due to their nature. For the deep‐learning models, sufficient structure samples are necessary for training, but they are practically difficult to obtain. This study develops an inversion framework to combine the strength of these two models to overcome the limitations. The stochastic model is first adopted to generate the structure samples required by the deep‐learning models by integrating available observations. Then the trained deep‐learning model is utilized to reduce the uncertainty of the structures generated by the stochastic models. This integrated framework can successfully estimate the structures using available observations. Importantly, no additional structure training samples are required in the identification process. To summarize, the combination of the stochastic and the deep‐learning models shows great advantages in identifying subsurface sedimentary structures.
Evidence of Alfvén Waves Generated by Mode Coupling in the Magnetotail Lobe
Authors: Sun Jicheng , Wang Guoqiang , Zhang Tielong , Hu Hongqiao , Yang Huigen 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMode coupling is an important mechanism to excite Alfvén waves and has been extensively investigated based on numerical simulations. However, no direct observational evidence has been found regarding to this mechanism in the magnetotail lobe. Here, we report an in‐situ observation that an Alfvén wave with a period of several minutes is clearly relevant to a fast mode wave in the magnetotail lobe based on observations of the Cluster spacecraft. These waves occur at the region where the Alfvén speed has a gradient during an enhancement of the solar wind dynamic pressure. This suggests that the Alfvén wave is generated by the mode conversion at the region where the Alfvén speed has a gradient, and the fast mode wave might be driven by the solar wind. Our observations provide an important insight into the wave generation and energy conversion in the magnetosphere.
Machine Learning Based Long‐Term Water Quality in the Turbid Pearl River Estuary, China
Authors: Ma Chunlei , Zhao Jun , Ai Bin , Sun Shaojie , Yang Zhihao 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTotal suspended solid (TSS) and chlorophyll‐a (Chl‐a) are critical indicators of water quality. Moderate‐resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the Aqua satellite provides a critical tool to map TSS and Chl‐a on a daily basis. However, robust algorithms are required to retrieve TSS and Chl‐a from MODIS/Aqua images in the turbid Pearl River Estuary (PRE). Here, a new artificial neural network algorithm was developed to estimate TSS and Chl‐a in the PRE using a large amount of in situ measurements spanning more than a decade. Cross‐validation showed that the ANN‐based algorithm presented good performance with R2s of 0.73 and 0.66 for TSS and Chl‐a, respectively. The ANN‐based algorithm outperformed existing empirical and semi‐analytical algorithms. By implementing the proposed algorithm to MODIS/Aqua images, TSS and Chl‐a from August 2002 to July 2020 over the PRE were obtained. The results show that TSS decreased from northwest to southeast in all seasons while peaked in winter and summer. Chl‐a peaked in summer and the high Chl‐a patch transferred from the upper reach to the lower reach of the PRE with the increase of river discharge. TSS decreased at an annual rate of ∼0.13 mg L−1 while Chl‐a increased at an annual rate of ∼0.05 mg m−3 in the last 18 years. Our findings suggest that machine learning provides a practical approach to estimate TSS and Chl‐a in turbid estuaries via MODIS/Aqua images and the approach developed in this study can be applied to other turbid waters with similar optical properties.
The incidence of discordant clinical and genomic risk in patients with invasive lobular or ductal carcinoma of the breast: a National Cancer Database Study
Authors: Abel Mary Kathryn , Shui Amy M. , Melisko Michelle , Chien A. Jo , Yoshida Emi J. , Lancaster Elizabeth M. , Van ‘T Veer Laura , Esserman Laura J. , Mukhtar Rita A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWhen molecular testing classifies breast tumors as low risk but clinical risk is high, the optimal management strategy is unknown. One group of patients who may be more likely to have such discordant risk are those with invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast. We sought to examine whether patients with invasive lobular carcinoma are more likely to have clinical high/genomic low-risk tumors compared to those with invasive ductal carcinoma, and to evaluate the impact on receipt of chemotherapy and overall survival. We conducted a cohort study using the National Cancer Database from 2010–2016. Patients with hormone receptor positive, HER2 negative, stage I-III breast cancer who underwent 70-gene signature testing were included. We evaluated the proportion of patients with discordant clinical and genomic risk by histology using Kaplan-Meier plots, log-rank tests, and Cox proportional hazards models with and without propensity score matching. A total of 7399 patients (1497 with invasive lobular carcinoma [20.2%]) were identified. Patients with invasive lobular carcinoma were significantly more likely to fall into a discordant risk category compared to those with invasive ductal carcinoma (46.8% versus 37.1%,p < 0.001), especially in the clinical high/genomic low risk subgroup (35.6% versus 19.2%,p < 0.001). In unadjusted analysis of the clinical high/genomic low-risk cohort who received chemotherapy, invasive ductal carcinoma patients had significantly improved overall survival compared to those with invasive lobular carcinoma (p = 0.02). These findings suggest that current tools for stratifying clinical and genomic risk could be improved for those with invasive lobular carcinoma to better tailor treatment selection.
Robot-assisted surgery in space: pros and cons. A review from the surgeon’s point of view
Authors: Pantalone Desirè , Faini Giulia Satu , Cialdai Francesca , Sereni Elettra , Bacci Stefano , Bani Daniele , Bernini Marco , Pratesi Carlo , Stefàno PierLuigi , Orzalesi Lorenzo , Balsamo Michele , Zolesi Valfredo , Monici Monica 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe target of human flight in space has changed from permanence on the International Space Station to missions beyond low earth orbit and the Lunar Gateway for deep space exploration and Missions to Mars. Several conditions affecting space missions had to be considered: for example the effect of weightlessness and radiations on the human body, behavioral health decrements or communication latency, and consumable resupply. Telemedicine and telerobotic applications, robot-assisted surgery with some hints on experimental surgical procedures carried out in previous missions, had to be considered as well. The need for greater crew autonomy in health issues is related to the increasing severity of medical and surgical interventions that could occur in these missions, and the presence of a highly trained surgeon on board would be recommended. A surgical robot could be a valuable aid but only inasfar as it is provided with multiple functions, including the capability to perform certain procedures autonomously. Space missions in deep space or on other planets present new challenges for crew health. Providing a multi-function surgical robot is the new frontier. Research in this field shall be paving the way for the development of new structured plans for human health in space, as well as providing new suggestions for clinical applications on Earth.
Mandipropamid as a chemical inducer of proximity for in vivo applications
Authors: Ziegler Michael J. , Yserentant Klaus , Dunsing Valentin , Middel Volker , Gralak Antoni J. , Pakari Kaisa , Bargstedt Jörn , Kern Christoph , Petrich Annett , Chiantia Salvatore , Strähle Uwe , Herten Dirk-Peter , Wombacher Richard 
Published: December 2021

AbstractDirect control of protein interactions by chemically induced protein proximity holds great potential for both cell and synthetic biology as well as therapeutic applications. Low toxicity, orthogonality and excellent cell permeability are important criteria for chemical inducers of proximity (CIPs), in particular for in vivo applications. Here, we present the use of the agrochemical mandipropamid (Mandi) as a highly efficient CIP in cell culture systems and living organisms. Mandi specifically induces complex formation between a sixfold mutant of the plant hormone receptor pyrabactin resistance 1 (PYR1) and abscisic acid insensitive (ABI). It is orthogonal to other plant hormone-based CIPs and rapamycin-based CIP systems. We demonstrate the applicability of the Mandi system for rapid and efficient protein translocation in mammalian cells and zebrafish embryos, protein network shuttling and manipulation of endogenous proteins.
Development and validation of proton track-structure model applicable to arbitrary materials
Authors: Ogawa Tatsuhiko , Hirata Yuho , Matsuya Yusuke , Kai Takeshi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA novel transport algorithm performing proton track-structure calculations in arbitrary materials was developed. Unlike conventional algorithms, which are based on the dielectric function of the target material, our algorithm uses a total stopping power formula and single-differential cross sections of secondary electron production. The former was used to simulate energy dissipation of incident protons and the latter was used to consider secondary electron production. In this algorithm, the incident proton was transmitted freely in matter until the proton produced a secondary electron. The corresponding ionising energy loss was calculated as the sum of the ionisation energy and the kinetic energy of the secondary electron whereas the non-ionising energy loss was obtained by subtracting the ionising energy loss from the total stopping power. The most remarkable attribute of this model is its applicability to arbitrary materials, i.e. the model utilises the total stopping power and the single-differential cross sections for secondary electron production rather than the material-specific dielectric functions. Benchmarking of the stopping range, radial dose distribution, secondary electron energy spectra in liquid water, and lineal energy in tissue-equivalent gas, against the experimental data taken from literature agreed well. This indicated the accuracy of the present model even for materials other than liquid water. Regarding microscopic energy deposition, this model will be a robust tool for analysing the irradiation effects of cells, semiconductors and detectors.
Tunable asymmetric spin wave excitation and propagation in a magnetic system with two rectangular blocks
Authors: Seo Dongpyo , Hwang S. , Kim Byungro , Yang Yeonhee , Yoon Seungha , Cho B. K. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAsymmetric spin wave excitation and propagation are key properties to develop spin-based electronics, such as magnetic memory, spin information and logic devices. To date, such nonreciprocal effects cannot be manipulated in a system because of the geometrical magnetic configuration, while large values of asymmetry ratio are achieved. In this study, we suggest a new magnetic system with two blocks, in which the asymmetric intensity ratio can be changed between 0.276 and 1.43 by adjusting the excitation frequency between 7.8 GHz and 9.4 GHz. Because the two blocks have different widths, they have their own spin wave excitation frequency ranges. Indeed, the spin wave intensities in the two blocks, detected by the Brillouin light scattering spectrum, were observed to be frequency-dependent, yielding tuneable asymmetry ratio. Thus, this study provides a new path to enhance the application of spin waves in spin-based electronics.
Involvement of the zebrafish trrap gene in craniofacial development
Authors: Suzuki Taichi , Hirai Yo , Uehara Tomoko , Ohga Rie , Kosaki Kenjiro , Kawahara Atsuo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTrrap (transformation/transcription domain-associated protein) is a component shared by several histone acetyltransferase (HAT) complexes and participates in transcriptional regulation and DNA repair; however, the developmental functions of Trrap in vertebrates are not fully understood. Recently, it has been reported that human patients with genetic mutations in the TRRAP gene show various symptoms, including facial dysmorphisms, microcephaly and global developmental delay. To investigate the physiological functions of Trrap, we established trrap gene-knockout zebrafish and examined loss-of-function phenotypes in the mutants. The trrap zebrafish mutants exhibited smaller eyes and heads than the wild-type zebrafish. The size of the ventral pharyngeal arches was reduced and the mineralization of teeth was impaired in the trrap mutants. Whole-mount in situ hybridization analysis revealed that dlx3 expression was narrowly restricted in the developing ventral pharyngeal arches, while dlx2b expression was diminished in the trrap mutants. These results suggest that trrap zebrafish mutants are useful model organisms for a human disorder associated with genetic mutations in the human TRRAP gene.
Phosphate group functionalized magnetic metal–organic framework nanocomposite for highly efficient removal of U(VI) from aqueous solution
Authors: Bi Changfen , Zheng Baoxin , Yuan Ye , Ning Hongxin , Gou Wenfeng , Guo Jianghong , Chen Langxing , Hou Wenbin , Li Yiliang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe phosphate group functionalized metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as the adsorbent for removal of U(VI) from aqueous solution still suffer from low adsorption efficiency, due to the low grafting rate of groups into the skeleton structure. Herein, a novel phosphate group functionalized metal–organic framework nanoparticles (denoted as Fe3O4@SiO2@UiO-66-TPP NPs) designed and prepared by the chelation between Zr and phytic acid, showing fast adsorption rate and outstanding selectivity in aqueous media including 10 coexisting ions. The Fe3O4@SiO2@UiO-66-TPP was properly characterized by TEM, FT-IR, BET, VSM and Zeta potential measurement. The removal performance of Fe3O4@SiO2@UiO-66-TPP for U(VI) was investigated systematically using batch experiments under different conditions, including solution pH, incubation time, temperature and initial U(VI) concentration. The adsorption kinetics, isotherm, selectivity studies revealed that Fe3O4@SiO2@UiO-66-TPP NPs possess fast adsorption rates (approximately 15 min to reach equilibrium), high adsorption capacities (307.8 mg/g) and outstanding selectivity (Su = 94.4%) towards U(VI), which in terms of performance are much better than most of the other magnetic adsorbents. Furthermore, the adsorbent could be reused for U(VI) removal without obvious loss of adsorption capacity after five consecutive cycles. The research work provides a novel strategy to assemble phosphate group-functionalized MOFs.
Influence of entropy on Brinkman–Forchheimer model of MHD hybrid nanofluid flowing in enclosure containing rotating cylinder and undulating porous stratum
Authors: Redouane Fares , Jamshed Wasim , Devi S. Suriya Uma , Amine Belhadj M. , Safdar Rabia , Al-Farhany Khaled , Eid Mohamed R. , Nisar Kottakkaran Sooppy , Abdel-Aty Abdel-Haleem , Yahia I. S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe current article aims to discuss the natural convection heat transfer of Ag/Al2O3-water hybrid filled in an enclosure subjected to a uniform magnetic field and provided with a rotating cylinder and an inner undulated porous layer. The various thermo-physical parameters are investigated such as Rayleigh number ($$100 \le Ra \le 100000$$

100
≤
R
a
≤
100000

), Hartmann number ($$0 \le Ha \le 100$$

0
≤
H
a
≤
100

), and the nanoparticles concentration ($$0.02 \le \phi \le 0.08$$

0.02
≤
ϕ
≤
0.08

). Likewise, the rotational speed of the cylinder ($$- 4000 \le \omega \le + 4000$$

-
4000
≤
ω
≤
+
4000

), as well as several characteristics related to the porous layer, are examined li its porosity ($$0.2 \le \varepsilon \le 0.8$$

0.2
≤
ε
≤
0.8

), Darcy number ($$- 100000 \le Da \le - 100$$

-
100000
≤
D
a
≤
-
100

) which indicates the porous medium permeability and the number of undulations ($$0 \le N \le 4$$

0
≤
N
≤
4

). The calculations are carried out based on the Galerkin Finite element method (GFEM) to present the streamlines, isotherms, entropy generation, and average Nusselt numbers in details. The main results proved that increment of Rayleigh number and Darcy number enhances heat transfer convection within the enclosure. Whilst, the porosity presents a minimal impact. Also, the rotational speed in a positive direction has a favorable influence on the heat transfer dispersion across the cavity.
Accelerated mass extinction in an isolated biota during Late Devonian climate changes
Authors: Pier Jaleigh Q. , Brisson Sarah K. , Beard J. Andrew , Hren Michael T. , Bush Andrew M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe fossil record can illuminate factors that contribute to extinction risk during times of global environmental disturbance; for example, inferred thermal tolerance was an important predictor of extinction during several mass extinctions that corresponded with climate change. Additionally, members of geographically isolated biotas may face higher risk because they have less opportunity to migrate to suitable climate refugia during environmental disturbances. Here, we investigate how different types of risk intersect in the well-preserved brachiopod fauna of the Appalachian Foreland Basin during the two pulses of the Frasnian–Famennian mass extinction (Late Devonian, ~ 372 Ma). The selectivity of extinction is consistent with climate change (cooling) as a primary kill mechanism in this fauna. Overall, the extinction was mild relative to other regions, despite the many endemic species. However, vulnerable taxa went extinct more rapidly, during the first extinction pulse, such that the second pulse was insignificant. These results suggest that vulnerable taxa in geographically isolated biotas face heightened extinction risk at the initiation of environmental stress, but that taxa in other regions may eventually see elevated extinction risk if environmental stress repeats or intensifies.