bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardiometabolic Therapy and Mortality in Very Old Patients With Diabetes Hospitalized due to COVID-19
Authors: Ramos-Rincón Jose Manuel , Pérez-Belmonte Luis M , Carrasco-Sánchez Francisco Javier , Jansen-Chaparro Sergio , De-Sousa-Baena Mercedes , Bueno-Fonseca José , Pérez-Aguilar Maria , Arévalo-Cañas Coral , Bacete Cebrian Marta , Méndez-Bailón Manuel , Fiteni Mera Isabel , González García Andrés , Navarro Romero Francisco , Tuñón de Almeida Carlota , Muñiz Nicolás Gemma , González Noya Amara , Hernández Milian Almudena , García García Gema María , Alcalá Pedrajas José Nicolás , Herrero García Virginia , Corral-Gudino Luis , Comas Casanova Pere , Meijide Míguez Héctor , Casas-Rojo José Manuel , Gómez-Huelgas Ricardo ,   SEMI-COVID-19 Network
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe effects of cardiometabolic drugs on the prognosis of diabetic patients with COVID-19, especially very old patients, are not well known. This work was aimed to analyze the association between preadmission cardiometabolic therapy (antidiabetic, antiaggregant, antihypertensive, and lipid-lowering drugs) and in-hospital mortality among patients ≥80 years with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) hospitalized for COVID-19.MethodWe conducted a nationwide, multicenter, observational study in patients ≥80 years with T2DM hospitalized for COVID-19 between March 1 and May 29, 2020. The primary outcome measure was in-hospital mortality. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between preadmission cardiometabolic therapy and in-hospital mortality.ResultsOf the 2 763 patients ≥80 years old hospitalized due to COVID-19, 790 (28.6%) had T2DM. Of these patients, 385 (48.7%) died during admission. On the multivariate analysis, the use of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.502, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.309–0.815, p = .005) and angiotensin receptor blockers (AOR 0.454, 95% CI: 0.274–0.759, p = .003) were independent protectors against in-hospital mortality, whereas the use of acetylsalicylic acid was associated with higher in-hospital mortality (AOR 1.761, 95% CI: 1.092–2.842, p = .020). Other antidiabetic drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and statins showed neutral association with in-hospital mortality.ConclusionsWe found important differences between cardiometabolic drugs and in-hospital mortality in older patients with T2DM hospitalized for COVID-19. Preadmission treatment with dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers could reduce in-hospital mortality; other antidiabetic drugs, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and statins seem to have a neutral effect; and acetylsalicylic acid could be associated with excess mortality.
Galectin-1 impacts on glucose homeostasis by modulating pancreatic insulin release
Authors: Sundblad Victoria , Garcia-Tornadu Isabel A , Ornstein Ana M , Martínez Allo Verónica C , Lorenzo Rodrigo , Gatto Sabrina G , Morales Rosa M , Gambarte Tudela Julián A , Manselle Cocco Montana N , Croci Diego O , Becu-Villalobos Damasia , Rabinovich Gabriel A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an expanding global health problem, involving defective insulin secretion by pancreatic β-cells and peripheral insulin resistance, leading to impaired glucose regulation. Galectin-1—an endogenous lectin with affinity for N-acetyllactosamine (LacNAc)-containing glycans—has emerged as a regulator of inflammatory and metabolic disorders. However, the role of galectin-1 in glucose homeostasis and pancreatic β-cell function, independently of hypercaloric diets, has not been explored. Here, we identified a phenotype compatible with T2DM, involving alterations in glucose metabolism and pancreatic insulin release, in female but not male mice lacking galectin-1 (Lgals1−/−). Compared with age-matched controls, Lgals1−/− female mice exhibited higher body weight and increased food intake ad libitum as well as after fasting and acute re-feeding. Although fasted serum insulin levels and insulin sensitivity were similar in both genotypes, Lgals1−/− female mice presented altered glucose tolerance and higher basal glucose levels depending on the fasting period. Insulin response to glucose overload was impaired, while pancreatic insulin content was enhanced in the absence of galectin-1. Accordingly, recombinant galectin-1 enhanced glucose-stimulated insulin release in vitro. Our study identifies a role for galectin-1 in regulating glucose metabolism through modulation of pancreatic insulin secretion, highlighting novel opportunities to control T2DM.
A Tail of Four Fishes: An Analysis of Kinematics and Material Properties of Elongate Fishes
Authors: Naughton Lydia F , Kruppert Sebastian , Jackson Beverly , Porter Marianne E , Donatelli Cassandra M 
Published: May 2021

Synopsis
The elongate body plan is present in many groups of fishes, and this morphology dictates functional consequences seen in swimming behavior. Previous work has shown that increasing the number of vertebrae, or decreasing the intervertebral joint length, in a fixed length artificial system increases stiffness. Tails with increased stiffness can generate more power from tail beats, resulting in an increased mean swimming speed. This demonstrates the impacts of morphology on both material properties and kinematics, establishing mechanisms for form contributing to function. Here, we wanted to investigate relationships between form and ecological function, such as differences in dietary strategies and habitat preferences among fish species. This study aims to characterize and compare the kinematics, material properties, and vertebral morphology of four species of elongate fishes: Anoplarchus insignis, Anoplarchus purpurescens, Xiphister atropurpureus, and Xiphister mucosus. We hypothesized that these properties would differ among the four species due to their differential ecological niches. To calculate kinematic variables, we filmed these fishes swimming volitionally. We also measured body stiffness by bending the abdominal and tail regions of sacrificed individuals in different stages of dissection (whole body, removed skin, and removed muscle). Finally, we counted the number of vertebrae from CT scans of each species to quantify vertebral morphology. Principal component and linear discriminant analyses suggested that the elongate fish species can be distinguished from one another by their material properties, morphology, and swimming kinematics. With this information combined, we can draw connections between the physical properties of the fishes and their ecological niches.
Endovascular treatment of the dissected proximal aortic arch: a systematic review
Authors: Wang Changtian , von Segesser Ludwig Karl , Berdajs Denis , Ferrari Enrico 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
Surgical repair of aortic dissection involving the proximal aortic arch is associated with higher morbidity and mortality, in particular when elderly high-risk patients are concerned. Endovascular treatments for this disease are under evaluation and some reports exist. We investigated the current use of catheter-based treatments for the dissected proximal aortic arch repair.

METHODS
We searched in PubMed and MEDLINE databases up to the end of June 2020 for studies on endovascular treatment of the dissected proximal aortic arch. Data on demographic, procedure and stent graft (SG) details, access route, mortality with cause of death, complications and follow-up were extracted. A systematic review on the employed technology, procedure and outcome was performed.

RESULTS
A total number of 15 articles (13 retrospective reports and 2 case reports) were deemed eligible and were included in the study. In total, 140 patients (mean age: 56.7 years in 106 cases) received endovascular treatments for the dissected proximal aortic arch (unspecific aortic dissection: 14; acute and subacute type A aortic dissection: 88; chronic type A aortic dissection: 23; type B aortic dissection with retrograde type A dissection: 15). The procedure strategy included unspecific thoracic endovascular aorta repair (TEVAR) (n = 8), TEVAR + supra-aortic debranching (n = 2), TEVAR + cervical bypass (n = 8), TEVAR + periscope SG (n = 12), TEVAR + chimney graft (n = 8), TEVAR + branched SG (n = 21) and TEVAR + fenestration (n = 81). Procedural success rate was 95.6% for 116 reported cases. Complications included endoleaks (postoperative: 2; late: 5), stroke (n = 4), late SG-induced new entry (n = 3) and new false lumen formation (n = 1). Hospital mortality was 5% (6 cases) in 13 reports (120 patients). The mean follow-up time was 26.2 ± 29.4 months and 2 patients died during follow-up.

CONCLUSIONS
As an alternative to surgery for high-risk patients with a dissected proximal aortic arch, the endovascular treatment seems to be promising in highly selected cases. Further studies with long-term results and specifically designed devices are required to standardize this approach.
Domes over Curves
Authors: Glazyrin Alexey , Pak Igor 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
A closed piecewise linear curve is called integral if it is composed of unit intervals. Kenyon’s problem asks whether for every integral curve $\gamma $ in ${\mathbb{R}}^3$, there is a dome over $\gamma $, that is, whether $\gamma $ is a boundary of a polyhedral surface whose faces are equilateral triangles with unit edge lengths. First, we give an algebraic necessary condition when $\gamma $ is a quadrilateral, thus giving a negative solution to Kenyon’s problem in full generality. We then prove that domes exist over a dense set of integral curves. Finally, we give an explicit construction of domes over all regular $n$-gons.
Damage Potential, Effect on Germination, and Development of Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Wheat Grains in Northwestern Himalayas
Authors: Mehta Vasu , Kumar Surjeet , C. S. Jayaram 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The present investigation was carried out to study the biological parameters and orientation of Sitophilus oryzae (L.) toward wheat cultivar HPW-236 and mixed grains of different cultivars (HPW-155, HPW-236, HPW-249, HPW-349, HPW-360, HS-490, and VL-892). The incubation period, larval period, pupal period, and total life cycle period of S. oryzae was longer when fed on mixed grains as compared to HPW-236. Also, the weevils were more oriented toward HPW-236 and lower germination rates were observed from HPW-236 than mixed cultivars when exposed to S. oryzae. We also evaluated quantitative losses caused by S. oryzae in different cultivars of wheat recommended in the northwestern Himalayas under free-choice conditions. The weevil inflicted greater damage and weight loss in grains of HPW-236 while it was negligible in the case of HPW-360 and HPW-249. HPW-236 which is the most cultivated variety of wheat in northwestern Himalayas proved to be highly susceptible to the weevil and provided a more suitable environment for weevil’s development. Therefore, this particular cultivar can be avoided for prolong storage and the farmers should prefer cultivars such as HPW-360 and HPW-249, which proved to be least affected the weevil.
Surfing the Sweet Wave: Migrating Giant Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae:Apis dorsata) Display Spatial and Temporal Fidelity to Annual Stopover Site in Thailand
Authors: Robinson Willard S 
Published: May 2021

AbstractApis dorsata F. (Hymenoptera: Apidae), the giant honey bee of southern Asia, is an important pollinator of crops and non-cultivated angiosperms, and a producer of honey and beeswax. Its populations are in decline in many areas. Colonies migrate seasonally between highland and lowland nesting sites, taking advantage of available food sources. In 2009, a stopover site was discovered in Thailand where numerous migrating colonies bivouacked near one another. Bivouacs used the site again in 2010. I went to the site in 2016 to test the hypothesis that bees use the site regularly as part of an annual migration. I witnessed many bivouacs, spanning almost precisely the same time period and occupying the same area as in 2010. Here I describe their migratory dances in preparation for departure and their subsequent flights as well as periodic mass flight and defensive behavior. Analysis of photographs indicated that the bivouacking bees aged slowly and may thus live long enough to be capable of intergenerational transmission of migratory route knowledge. I describe attributes of the stopover site, e.g., abundant food and water availability, its location along a major river, and other possible navigational cues. Although the site is the only one of its kind so far known to researchers, such stopover sites probably exist wherever giant honey bees undertake long seasonal migrations. I recommend searching for bivouacking sites, particularly along rivers, wherever giant honey bees migrate. Stopover sites are undoubtedly essential to the life history and health of migratory bee populations, and thus warrant conservation policies.
How spatial and dietary overlap with domestic livestock affect African wild ass nutrition on the Messir Plateau (Eritrea)
Authors: Tesfai Redae T , Parrini Francesca , Owen-Smith Norman , Moehlman Patricia D 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Competition with livestock over forage resources has been identified as a potential threat to the survival of the African wild ass (Equus africanus) in the Danakil ecosystem (Eritrea). The Messir Plateau is an important breeding area for the African wild ass but also hosts cattle, sheep, goats, donkeys, and camels. Locations and fecal samples of African wild ass and livestock were collected in dry and rainfall months. Stable carbon isotopes [δ 13C ‰] in fecal samples were used to assess diet composition and overlaps with domestic herbivores. Fecal samples also were used to assess the nutritional quality of African wild ass and domestic donkey diets. During the dry months, African wild ass were concentrated in the northern section of the Messir Plateau, approximately 9 km from the permanent water source, and overlapped spatially with local livestock. During the rainfall months, African wild ass dispersed throughout the Messir Plateau (124 km2) when a high number of livestock, particularly cattle from the highlands with herders, were concentrated in the northern section. During the rainfall months, the northern section had relatively better vegetation cover and access to seasonal water. The grass contribution to the diet of the African wild ass in both dry and rainfall months overlapped significantly with that of domestic donkeys and cattle. In rainfall months, the percent fecal nitrogen and phosphorus contents of African wild ass were significantly lower than those of domestic donkey samples. The lower nutrient levels in fecal samples of African wild ass during rainfall months may be due to their displacement from the northern sector by the high number of immigrant highland cattle with people. Our work provides evidence as to how the presence of domestic herbivores, particularly cattle, may negatively impact the nutrient level of wild equids and threaten the survival of the critically endangered African wild ass.
Hybrid Governance and the Attribution of Political Responsibility: Experimental Evidence from the United States
Authors: Woodhouse Eleanor Florence , Belardinelli Paolo , Bertelli Anthony Michael 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHow does the mode of public service delivery affect the attribution of responsibility for public goods? Through a survey experiment on a sample of more than 1,000 Americans, we provide evidence of how the allocation of public goods shapes voters’ support for incumbent politicians. We find that voters prefer a mixture of public–private financing and management when it comes to the delivery of infrastructure. However, once performance information is available, the mode of infrastructure delivery no longer influences their voting intention. The successful delivery of these infrastructure projects is what ultimately matters to voters. Moreover, this preference for a mixture of public and private involvement in public service delivery is stronger among citizens with high political knowledge, who are more likely to punish the incumbent for a failed first phase of the public service delivery. These findings deepen our understanding of how hybrid forms of public service delivery are perceived by voters and how performance information affects evaluations of the performance of public services and politicians alike.
A Very Painful Arm with an “Alien” Inside
Authors: Cuevas-Trisan Ramon , Lou Leland 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is a disabling condition that may affect the arm following certain traumatic or neurological events. It may also be seen without any precipitating event. There are two types of CRPS, and clinicians should be familiar with their diagnostic criteria. CRPS generally requires a multidisciplinary approach for successful management, including a combination of physical/occupational therapy, patient education, pharmacological management, and, in some cases, interventional procedures. Psychologic or psychiatric interventions may be needed in select cases. Management methods should be individualized and follow a stepwise approach. The main goal of management is to provide some degree of analgesia that will allow the patient to tolerate graded activity and mobilization of the affected limb. Pharmacologic management may include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, adjuvants (specifically anticonvulsants, antidepressants, and bisphosphonates), topical analgesics, α-adrenergic antagonists, and corticosteroids. Interventional pain management procedures used to manage CRPS should always be accompanied by progressive mobilization exercises. Its prognosis is quite variable, but many patients develop long-term dysfunction in the affected limb and long-term disability.
Skateboarder Hand Blues
Authors: Sankaranarayanan Sriram , Spielman Amanda 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Carpal fractures can be difficult to detect. They are often missed on initial X-rays; therefore, when there is a high degree of clinical suspicion, a computed tomography scan or magnetic resonance imaging scan can be useful to diagnose some of these occult fractures. This chapter discusses the classical findings associated with occult carpal fractures. It reviews three common carpal fractures: scaphoid fractures, triquetrum fractures, and hook of hamate fractures. It describes the anatomy, common mechanisms of injury to the region, and patient symptoms associated with each fracture. It reviews the steps to follow to reach the diagnosis, including imaging studies and classification guides. The chapter also provides information on their management and counseling advice for patients in an outpatient setting.
Can’t Open Jars Due to Crooked Fingers
Authors: Subbarao Bruno 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune condition that primarily affects the synovial joints. It often presents first in the hands and the feet, causing painful swelling and stiffness. If left untreated, rheumatoid arthritis can lead to considerable deformity of the hands and feet as well as disability. Prompt diagnosis with laboratory tests and imaging along with management with a multidisciplinary team can help those afflicted maintain their quality of life. Imaging can assess and qualify the extent of injury to the joints and help with prognosis. Pain is most effectively managed through a multimodal approach utilizing pharmaceuticals, physical modalities, and psychological interventions. This chapter illustrate the basic evaluation and management methods of this condition.
Coexisting Disease and the Parturient: Part One
Authors: Zouki Carole , De Ranieri Aladino 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines important organ system diseases in pregnancy seen in the cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, and gastrointestinal systems. In order to nurture the fetus, pregnant women undergo multiple physiologic and anatomic changes. There are numerous systemic changes and sometimes it can be hard to differentiate what is normal from what is not. Whether neuraxial or general anesthesia is chosen, anesthesiologists play an important role in caring for a pregnant woman. More specifically, cardiovascular or gastrointestinal disease in pregnancy can be challenging, and presentation can vary from patient to patient. In the end, the goal is to help anesthesiologists familiarize themselves with the normal and abnormal physiologic changes in pregnancy in order to develop a suitable anesthetic plan.
Parturient Pre-Anesthesia Assessment and Evaluation
Authors: McConville Patrick , Polin Carrie , Swengel Justin 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Pregnancy has become attainable in women with chronic systemic disease with better management in modern day health care. It is imperative for the anesthesiologist to understand a parturient’s acute and chronic disease when she presents to the labor and delivery floor. A past medical history as well as an obstetrical history should be performed on all parturients. Optimal patient care also includes recognizing the condition of the fetus and how this will affect the plan for delivery. Frequent communication with obstetrical colleagues facilitates safe effective care.
Alternative Regional Anesthetic Techniques
Authors: Burnette Michelle S. , Roland Laura , Chu Everett , David Marianne 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
When neuraxial blocks are contraindicated in parturients desiring labor analgesia or requiring postoperative pain control after a cesarean delivery, alternate regional techniques can be considered. This chapter discusses the techniques available to the clinician to provide relief during the first and second stages of labor. These include paracervical block, pudendal block, and perineal infiltration. The chapter also discusses regional techniques to relieve postoperative pain after cesarean delivery. These include transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block, quadratus lumborum block (QLB), wound infiltration catheters, ilioinguinal-iliohypogastric (IIIH) block, and subcutaneous infiltration of local anesthetics. For each procedure, the technique is described, along with a discussion of the clinical indications and complications. Residents, advanced practitioners, and physicians practicing in the field of anesthesiology, family medicine, and obstetrics will benefit from this chapter.
Postpartum Complications in Obstetric Anesthesia
Authors: Li Lucy , Wang Jingping , Kaye Alan D. , Liu Henry 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Pregnancy and the postpartum period are characterized by major physiological changes that can potentially lead to complications. Though the majority of pregnancies are uneventful, complications can occur with regards to anesthesia techniques including regional and general anesthesia, most patients and their newborn babies have excellent outcomes. Regional anesthesia is preferred in the obstetric patient related to a number of factors, including maintaining the ability to push the baby out and airway changes of pregnancy that can increase the risk of complications with general anesthesia. Most postpartum complications are relatively common and transient, such as postpartum back soreness and headache, while rare complications can lead to devastating outcomes. Other potential complications include headache, infection, bleeding, neurologic deficits, embolism, and other rarer events. It is imperative for the anesthesiologists to be vigilant of all these potential postpartum complications in the obstetric practice and to recognize and manage them expediently. This chapter describes some of the most common postpartum complications that the anesthesiologist will encounter and their best management.