bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cerebellar Superficial Siderosis in Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy
Authors: Koemans Emma A. , Voigt Sabine , Rasing Ingeborg , van Harten Thijs W. , Jolink Wilmar M.T. , Schreuder Floris H.B.M. , van Zwet Erik W. , van Buchem Mark A. , van Osch Matthias J.P. , Terwindt Gisela M. , Klijn Catharina J.M. , van Walderveen Marianne A.A. , Wermer Marieke J.H. 
Published: September 2021

Background and Purpose:
Although evidence accumulates that the cerebellum is involved in cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), cerebellar superficial siderosis is not considered to be a disease marker. The objective of this study is to investigate cerebellar superficial siderosis frequency and its relation to hemorrhagic magnetic resonance imaging markers in patients with sporadic and Dutch-type hereditary CAA and patients with deep perforating arteriopathy–related intracerebral hemorrhage.

Methods:
We recruited patients from 3 prospective 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging studies and scored siderosis and hemorrhages. Cerebellar siderosis was identified as hypointense linear signal loss (black) on susceptibility-weighted or T2*-weighted magnetic resonance imaging which follows at least one folia of the cerebellar cortex (including the vermis).

Results:
We included 50 subjects with Dutch-type hereditary CAA, (mean age 50 years), 45 with sporadic CAA (mean age 72 years), and 43 patients with deep perforating arteriopathy–related intracerebral hemorrhage (mean age 54 years). Cerebellar superficial siderosis was present in 5 out of 50 (10% [95% CI, 2–18]) patients with Dutch-type hereditary CAA, 4/45 (9% [95% CI, 1–17]) patients with sporadic CAA, and 0 out of 43 (0% [95% CI, 0–8]) patients with deep perforating arteriopathy–related intracerebral hemorrhage. Patients with cerebellar superficial siderosis had more supratentorial lobar (median number 9 versus 2, relative risk, 2.9 [95% CI, 2.5–3.4]) and superficial cerebellar macrobleeds (median number 2 versus 0, relative risk, 20.3 [95% CI, 8.6–47.6]) compared with patients without the marker. The frequency of cortical superficial siderosis and superficial cerebellar microbleeds was comparable.

Conclusions:
We conclude that cerebellar superficial siderosis might be a novel marker for CAA.
Water for Bongo: Creative Adaptation, Resilience & Dar es Salaam's Water Supply
Authors: Bender Matthew V. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Global climate change poses a serious threat to the water supplies of the world's cities. This is perhaps no truer than for Dar es Salaam, the largest city and commercial capital of Tanzania. What was eighty years ago a small town of a mere forty thousand residents is today the world's second-fastest growing city, with a population of more than six million. This growth has come despite a history of racist, colonial urban development and the inadequacy of its formal water supply, which services a fraction of the needs of its residents. This essay examines the development of Dar es Salaam's anthropogenic waterscape, or water infrastructure, and argues that the city's tremendous growth has come despite its inability to provide basic services. In the absence of reliable public water, its residents have adapted creatively, developing their own solutions in a way that has drawn on knowledge and practice from rural areas as well as new urban-centered strategies. This history of creative adaptation, and its benefits and drawbacks, provides a useful framework for thinking about the meaning of resilience in Africa's urban centers in an era of increasing climate uncertainty.
Ghana's Akosombo Dam, Volta Lake Fisheries & Climate Change
Authors: Miescher Stephan F. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In Ghana, the Pwalugu Dam in the Upper East is in the final planning stage. Whereas promoters of Ghana's first dams emphasized the need for generating electricity to modernize and industrialize the new nation, the planners of Pwalugu have focused on water issues. Due to climate change, droughts have had a devastating impact on local agriculture. The dam's primary purpose is an irrigation scheme and flood control. This essay historicizes these concerns by revisiting the Akosombo Dam, Ghana's largest hydroelectric dam, completed in 1965. The discussion juxtaposes personal recollections of dam-affected communities with reports by administrators, biologists, and social scientists. The essay draws on government records, scientific studies about Volta Lake, and oral histories. Ultimately, it argues, builders and administrators of the Akosombo Dam failed to address most water issues, despite ample knowledge about their existence. One hopes that these shortcomings will not be repeated in the Pwalugu project.
Sensitivity as a Complexity Measure for Sequence Classification Tasks
Authors: Hahn Michael , Jurafsky Dan , Futrell Richard 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe introduce a theoretical framework for understanding and predicting the complexity of sequence classification tasks, using a novel extension of the theory of Boolean function sensitivity. The sensitivity of a function, given a distribution over input sequences, quantifies the number of disjoint subsets of the input sequence that can each be individually changed to change the output. We argue that standard sequence classification methods are biased towards learning low-sensitivity functions, so that tasks requiring high sensitivity are more difficult. To that end, we show analytically that simple lexical classifiers can only express functions of bounded sensitivity, and we show empirically that low-sensitivity functions are easier to learn for LSTMs. We then estimate sensitivity on 15 NLP tasks, finding that sensitivity is higher on challenging tasks collected in GLUE than on simple text classification tasks, and that sensitivity predicts the performance both of simple lexical classifiers and of vanilla BiLSTMs without pretrained contextualized embeddings. Within a task, sensitivity predicts which inputs are hard for such simple models. Our results suggest that the success of massively pretrained contextual representations stems in part because they provide representations from which information can be extracted by low-sensitivity decoders.
Generalized Lapse Rate Formulas for Use in Entraining CAPE Calculations
Authors: Peters John M. , Mulholland Jake P. , Chavas Daniel R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCommon assumptions in temperature lapse rate formulas for lifted air parcels include neglecting mixing, hydrostatic balance, the removal of all condensate once it forms (pseudoadiabatic), and/or the retention of all condensate within the parcel (adiabatic). These formulas are commonly derived from the conservation of entropy, which leads to errors when nonequilibrium mixed-phase condensate is present. To evaluate these assumptions, a new general lapse rate formula is derived from an expression for energy conservation, rather than entropy conservation. This new formula incorporates mixing of the parcel with its surroundings, relaxes the hydrostatic assumption, allows for nonequilibrium mixed-phase condensate, and can be formulated for pseudoadiabatic or adiabatic ascent. The new formula is shown to exactly conserve entropy for reversible ascent. Predictions by the new formula are compared to that of older and less general formulas. The errors in previous formulas arise from the assumption of hydrostatic balance, which results in considerable warm biases due to the neglect of the energy sink from buoyancy. Predictions of ascent with entrainment using the new formula are then compared to parcel properties along trajectories in large eddy simulations. Simulated parcel properties are better predicted by the formula using a diluted analogy to adiabatic ascent, wherein condensate is diluted at the same rate as other parcel properties, than by the diluted analogy to pseudoadiabatic ascent, wherein all condensate is removed. These results suggest that CAPE should be computed with adiabatic, rather than pseudoadiabatic, parcel ascent.
Increasing the Depth of a Land Surface Model. Part I: Impacts on the Subsurface Thermal Regime and Energy Storage
Authors: González-Rouco J. F. , Steinert N. J. , García-Bustamante E. , Hagemann S. , de Vrese P. , Jungclaus J. H. , Lorenz S. J. , Melo-Aguilar C. , García-Pereira F. , Navarro J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The representation of the thermal and hydrological states in land surface models is important for a realistic simulation of land–atmosphere coupling processes. The available evidence indicates that the simulation of subsurface thermodynamics in Earth system models is inaccurate due to a zero-heat-flux bottom boundary condition being imposed too close to the surface. To assess the influence of soil model depth on the simulated terrestrial energy and subsurface thermal state, sensitivity experiments have been carried out in piControl, historical, and RCP scenarios. A deeper bottom boundary condition placement has been introduced into the JSBACH land surface model by enlarging the vertical stratification from 5 to 12 layers, thereby expanding its depth from 9.83 to 1416.84 m. The model takes several hundred years to reach an equilibrium state in stand-alone piControl simulations. A depth of 100 m is necessary, and 300 m recommendable, to handle the warming trends in historical and scenario simulations. Using a deep bottom boundary, warming of the soil column is reduced by 0.5 to 1.5 K in scenario simulations over most land areas, with the largest changes occurring in northern high latitudes, consistent with polar amplification. Energy storage is 3–5 times larger in the deep than in the shallow model and increases progressively with additional soil layers until the model depth reaches about 200 m. While the contents of Part I focus on the sensitivity of subsurface thermodynamics to enlarging the space for energy, Part II addresses the sensitivity to changing the space for water and improving hydrological and phase-change interactions.
A Cross-Sectional Study of the Effects of Physical Activity and Nutrient Intakes on Blood Glucose Control Rates in Middle-Aged and Elderly Diabetes Patients: Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2015-2017
Authors: Kim Young Mi , Kim Jin Dong , Jung Hana 
Published: September 2021

This study aimed to investigate factors affecting blood glucose control among middle-aged and older diabetic patients taking medications or receiving insulin therapy. In 2015–2017 data obtained from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES), 1257 patients with diabetes were divided into a controlled group and an uncontrolled group based on blood glucose levels (cutoff ≥126 mg/dL). After adjusting for confounding factors, the BMI, total cholesterol level, and triglycerides level of the uncontrolled group were significantly higher than the controlled group. The total amount of moderate-intensity activity in controlled patients was significantly higher than that of the controlled group. Total energy, fat, saturated fatty acids, and cholesterol intakes were found to be significantly higher in the uncontrolled than controlled group. Intakes of calcium, phosphorus, potassium, riboflavin, niacin, and vitamin C were significantly lower in the uncontrolled than controlled group. Adequate nutrition intake and physical activity of patients undergoing diabetes therapy are required for effective blood glucose management for both diabetic drug and insulin therapies.
Dependency Theory in the Academic Self-Reports of the Brasília Group
Authors: Wasserman Claudia 
Published: September 2021

A group of Brazilian writers—Ruy Mauro Marini, Theotônio dos Santos, and Vânia Bambirra—met in Brasilia in the 1960s and 1970s and produced, predominantly in exile, theories about the reality of Latin America and the periphery. In the 1980s, with the amnesty, the group returned to Brazil and confronted a hostile atmosphere in the academy. Analysis of these writers’ trajectories based on the academic self-reports they produced in the 1990s for admission or reentry into Brazilian universities addresses their views of the 1964 coup, exile, and the return to Brazil after the amnesty, the identity assigned to the group, and the controversy over the authorship of dependency theory. Um grupo de autores brasileiros—Rui Mauro Marini, Theotônio dos Santos e Vânia Bambirra—reuniu-se em Brasília e nos anos 1960 e 1970 e produziu, predominantemente no exílio, teorias acerca da realidade latino-americana e periférica. Nos anos 1980, com a anistia, o grupo retornou ao Brasil e foi hostilizado na academia. Um analisis da trajetória dos autores a partir de seus memoriais acadêmicos elaborados nos anos 1990 para ingresso ou reingresso nas universidades brasileiras abordam as visões a respeito do golpe de 1964, o exílio e o retorno depois da anistia, as denominações atribuídas ao grupo, e as polêmicas em torno da paternidade da teoria da dependência.
Flipped Classrooms in Undergraduate Statistics: Online Works Just Fine
Authors: Playfoot David 
Published: September 2021

Background The flipped classroom method requires that students engage with homework before coming to the classroom so that class time can be spent on active and collaborative learning exercises. Research has demonstrated that this can improve student performance versus traditional lecturer-led teaching methods. Objective During the COVID-19 pandemic, the vast majority of teaching has been entirely online such that even ‘in-class’ time has been virtual. The current article examined whether online-only delivery affects the efficacy of the flipped classroom approach. Method Grades for a research methods and statistics module and a statistics portfolio assignment were compared across consecutive cohorts of undergraduate psychology students taught by different methods. Results Overall grades on the module did not differ significantly across teaching methods but student performance on statistics tests did. Flipped classrooms, whether accompanied by on-campus or synchronous online classes, led to significantly better performance than traditional methods. No detriment was observed by teaching entirely online. Conclusion The key advantages of the flipped classroom method appear driven by active learning which can occur irrespective of classroom context. Teaching Implications Using flipped classrooms can be a useful tool, particularly in subjects where students may otherwise be less engaged with the content.
Proposition of quantitative parameters for pre- and early post-operative assessment in pulmonary thromboendarterectomy – An Indian prospective study
Authors: Bhosle Krishnarao N , Paul Saptarshi , Nagre Suraj W 
Published: September 2021

Introduction Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension results from the incomplete resolution of the vascular obstruction associated with pulmonary embolism. Symptoms are exertional dyspnoea and fatigue, and over a period of time, right ventricular dysfunction sets in. Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy is an effective surgical remedy for this condition. Our study is an initial post-operative experience of pulmonary thromboendarterectomy and we have also tried to formulate quantitative parameters for the prediction of the post-operative course in patients who are undergoing surgery. Methods Twenty patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension underwent pulmonary thromboendarterectomy between July 2017 and January 2020. Pre-operatively, each patient was subjected to the (i) 6-min walk test, (ii) pre-operative brain natriuretic peptide values and (iii) pulmonary artery systolic pressure. Following the surgery and subsequent discharge, the patients were followed up at intervals of 15 days, 1, 3, 6, 9 months and at 1 year. At one year post-operatively, the same three quantitative tests were performed on each subject. Results Post-operatively, the mean 6-min walk distance was 499.75 m as against 341.35 m pre-operatively ( p < 0.0001). Mean brain natriuretic peptide was 8.69 pm/l as against 47.58 pm/l pre-operatively ( p < 0.0001). Mean pulmonary artery systolic pressure was 22.25 as against 67.1 pre-operatively ( p < 0.0001). Conclusion 6-Min walk test, brain natriuretic peptide and pulmonary artery systolic pressure could be considered as useful predictors of the haemodynamic severity of disease and predict the post-operative outcome.
The effects of glucose-free and glucose-containing dialysate during dialysis in MHD patients: a prospective cross-over study
Authors: Li Minxia , Li Yuehong , Lv Jiaxuan , Xu Huiying , Wu Xianglan , Wen Wen , Wang Wei , Yang Hua 
Published: September 2021

Objective: To investigate the effects of glucose-free and glucose-containing dialysates during dialysis in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients by the prospective cross-over study, and detect glucose control methods in MHD patients. Methods: A total of 66 MHD 18–75 years old patients in our hospital from Nov. 2019 to Mar. 2020 were recruited. All patients underwent HD with 4 hours per time, three times per week. Glucose-free dialysate (glucose-free group) and then 5.55 mmol/L glucose-containing dialysate (glucose-5.55 group) were used alternately in dialysis. The demographics and parameters of pre- and post-dialysis were recorded. Results: A total of 60 patients were analyzed, and 28 patients among them had type 2 diabetes. Serum glucose pre and post dialysis were 8.64 ± 4.18 mmol/L versus 5.74 ± 1.82 mmol/L (p < 0.01) in glucose-free dialysate, and 9.31 ± 4.89 mmol/L versus 7.80 ± 2.59 mmol/L (p < 0.01) in glucose-5.55 dialysate. The post-dialysis blood glucose of glucose-free group was lower than glucose-5.55 group (5.74 ± 1.82 vs 7.80 ± 2.59, p < 0.01). About 18 (30.00%) patients in glucose-free group and 1 patient (1.67%) in glucose-5.55 group whose blood glucose was lower than 4.44 mmol/L (p < 0.01). About 29 patients (48.33%) in glucose-free group and 17 patients (28.33%; p = 0.02) in glucose-5.55 group have hunger feeling. Serum sodium level in the glucose-free group was higher than that in Glucose-5.55 group (137.92 ± 1.64 vs 136.70 ± 1.64, p < 0.01). Post-dialysis blood glucose had no significant differences between patients not using diabetes-related medication (13 patients) and patients using diabetes-related medication (15 patients) in glucose-free group (7.13 ± 1.78 mmol/L vs 6.08 ± 2.84 mmol/L, p = 0.23) and glucose-5.55 group (9.22 ± 2.59 mmol/L vs 9.35 ± 2.88 mmol/L, p = 0.90). Conclusions: Glucose-free and glucose-5.55 dialysate both decrease the blood glucose post-dialysis. Dialysates containing 5.55 mmol/L glucose can reduce the incidence of hypoglycemia and lower serum sodium, but have no effect on blood pressure during dialysis. Stopping insulin and oral anti-diabetic drugs once before dialysis may not affect the control of blood glucose.
Association of thrombophilia prospective detection with hemocompatibility related outcomes in left ventricular assist device patients
Authors: Konarik Miroslav , Netuka Ivan , Ivak Peter , Riha Hynek , Tucanova Zuzana , Wohlfahrt Peter , Maly Jiri , Szarszoi Ondrej 
Published: September 2021

Introduction: Inherited thrombophilias represent a concerning risk factor due to a proclivity to an aberrant clot formation. However, in patients with left ventricular assist device (LVAD), their impact on bleeding and thrombotic complications remains still poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of thrombophilic mutation directed anticoagulation therapy on adverse clinical outcomes in LVAD patients. Materials and methods: About 138 consecutive patients indicated for LVAD implant (HeartMate II, Abbott, Plymouth, USA) were prospectively screened for three major thrombophilic mutations: factor II (prothrombin), factor V Leiden, and homozygous methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). Subsequently, discordant individualized anticoagulation targets of INR 2.5–3.0 in thrombophilia positive and INR 1.8–2.2 in negative patients were established; notably without anti-platelet agents given the center standard of care. Results: Mean age was 50 ± 12.7 years, 83% male. Mean duration of support was 464.5 days (SD 482.9; SEM 41.1) and median of 310 days (IQR 162; 546). Full thrombophilia positive cohort analysis has not revealed any significant impact on event free survival. In contrast, detailed analysis of specific thrombophilias subsets has revealed Factor II prothrombin mutation as a significant predisposition for the pump thrombosis risk (SHR 10.48; p = 0.001) despite more aggressive prespecified anticoagulation target. Moreover, the incidence of bleeding events in prothrombin group was also significantly increased (SHR 6.0; p = 0.03). Conclusions: Our observations suggest that specific thrombophilias in LVAD patients may pose different intensity predisposition for thrombotic complications. Factor II (prothrombin) positive mutation was identified as significant risk factor associated with the pump thrombosis.
Exposure to glyphosate and tetrachlorvinphos induces cytotoxicity and global DNA methylation in human cells
Authors: Ergun Hacer , Cayir Akin 
Published: September 2021

Two organophosphate pesticides—glyphosate and tetrachlorvinphos—have been announced as carcinogens to humans by various authorities, including the European Chemical Agency and the Environmental Protection Agency. We aimed to investigate molecular mechanisms associated with carcinogenicity and to examine changes in global m5C DNA methylation and cytotoxic potential in A549 lung epithelial cells in response to glyphosate and tetrachlorvinphos, and differential gene expression of m5C DNA methyltransferase genes in Sprague Dawley rats to Roundup (commercial formulation of glyphosate). Global m5C level significantly increased after 1500 μM glyphosate exposure for 24 h. We determined that exposure to tetrachlorvinphos did not significantly increase the m5C level in A549 cells for 24 h. Additionally, we did not observe significant DNA methylation alteration for both pesticides after 12 h exposure. In the animal study, we observed that DNA methyltransferase genes (DNMT3b and DNMT3a) showed significantly higher expression in Roundup-exposed rats than the control group in the liver and kidney. We also observed that a significant cytotoxic effect was determined after the treatment of the cells with higher concentrations of glyphosate and tetrachlorvinphos. Our results revealed that DNA methylation could be modified by exposure to glyphosate and that exposure to Roundup was associated with the differential expression level of m5C DNA methylation methyltransferase. Finally, exposure to both pesticides increased cytotoxicity.