bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction and expansion of the writ
Authors: Tyler Amanda L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the Reconstruction of the United States as one country following the Civil War. As explored, the Reconstruction Amendments to the US Constitution met dramatic resistance in many of the states that had once comprised the Confederacy from, in particular, the Ku Klux Klan. As detailed in the chapter, to try and put down the Klan and advance the new civil rights of the newly freed slaves, Congress authorized President Ulysses Grant to suspend habeas, which he did in portions of South Carolina. The chapter explores this episode as well as the expansion of habeas in the US during this period to permit review of state criminal convictions, noting how this new vision for habeas was predicated upon the writ’s history as a vehicle in times past for freeing slaves and how it has led to pathbreaking criminal justice decisions and more recently, retreat from this habeas model.
XOmiVAE: an interpretable deep learning model for cancer classification using high-dimensional omics data
Authors: Withnell Eloise , Zhang Xiaoyu , Sun Kai , Guo Yike 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The lack of explainability is one of the most prominent disadvantages of deep learning applications in omics. This ‘black box’ problem can undermine the credibility and limit the practical implementation of biomedical deep learning models. Here we present XOmiVAE, a variational autoencoder (VAE)-based interpretable deep learning model for cancer classification using high-dimensional omics data. XOmiVAE is capable of revealing the contribution of each gene and latent dimension for each classification prediction and the correlation between each gene and each latent dimension. It is also demonstrated that XOmiVAE can explain not only the supervised classification but also the unsupervised clustering results from the deep learning network. To the best of our knowledge, XOmiVAE is one of the first activation level-based interpretable deep learning models explaining novel clusters generated by VAE. The explainable results generated by XOmiVAE were validated by both the performance of downstream tasks and the biomedical knowledge. In our experiments, XOmiVAE explanations of deep learning-based cancer classification and clustering aligned with current domain knowledge including biological annotation and academic literature, which shows great potential for novel biomedical knowledge discovery from deep learning models.
Effects of Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 With Convalescent Plasma in 25 B-Cell–Depleted Patients
Authors: Gharbharan Arvind , GeurtsvanKessel Corine H , Jordans Carlijn C E , Blaauw Marc , van der Klift Marjolein , Hassing Robert-Jan , Smits-Zwinkels Marijn , Meertens Maaike , van den Hout Ella C , de Man Anne Marie , Hageman Ilse , Bogers Susanne , van der Schoot C Ellen , Swaneveld Francis , Anas Adam A , Rokx Casper , Rijnders Bart J A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Twenty-five B-cell–depleted patients (24 following anti-CD19/20 therapy) diagnosed with coronavirus disease 2019 had been symptomatic for a median of 26 days but remained antibody negative. All were treated with convalescent plasma with high neutralizing antibody titers. Twenty-one (84%) recovered, indicating the potential therapeutic effects of this therapy in this particular population.
Keynes’s user cost and its implication for the real rate of interest
Authors: Takayama Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2021

AbstractKeynes’s user cost in the General Theory is a two-dimensional concept. While its role as a national income accounting device to avoid double counting has arguably been subsumed under the current national income accounting practices, its significance in the context of the theory of value, specifically how user cost links the current prices of goods and services with their expected future prices, may not have been fully appreciated. This paper elaborates and develops the measurement of user cost along the lines indicated by Keynes and shows that user cost is an expectation-dependent component of prime cost that constitutes the conduit for future price expectations to feed into the current prices. It is argued that user cost plays the role of anchoring the current prices of goods and services to their expected future prices and that this has an implication that raises a serious question about the theoretical usefulness of the real rate of interest as an ex ante concept.
Patient-led Remote IntraCapillary pharmacoKinetic Sampling (fingerPRICKS) for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring in patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Chee Desmond , Nice Rachel , Hamilton Ben , Jones Edward , Hawkins Sarah , Redstone Clare , Cairnes Vida , Pohl Keith , Chanchlani Neil , Lin Simeng , Kennedy Nicholas A , Ahmad Tariq , Goodhand James R , McDonald Timothy J 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background and Aims
Because of COVID-19 public health restrictions, telemedicine has replaced conventional outpatient follow up for most patients with chronic immune-mediated inflammatory disorders treated with biologic drugs. Innovative solutions to facilitate remote therapeutic drug monitoring are therefore required. Low-volume intracapillary blood sampling can be undertaken by patients at home and samples returned by post to central laboratories. We sought to report the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on requests for therapeutic drug monitoring and the equivalence, acceptability and effectiveness of low volume Patient-led Remote IntraCapillary pharmacoKinetic Sampling [fingerPRICKS] compared to conventional venepuncture.

Methods
We undertook a cross-sectional blood sampling methods comparison study and compared sample types using linear regression models. Drug and antidrug antibody levels were measured using standard ELISAs. Acceptability was assessed using a purpose-designed questionnaire.

Results
Therapeutic drug monitoring requests for adalimumab (96.5 [70.5–106] per week to 52 [33.5–57.0], p &lt; 0.001) but not infliximab (184.5 [161.2–214.2] to 161 [135–197.5], p = 0.34) reduced during the first UK stay-at-home lockdown compared with the preceding 6 months. Fingerprick sampling was equivalent to conventional venepuncture for adalimumab, infliximab, vedolizumab and ustekinumab drug, and anti-adalimumab and anti-infliximab antibody levels. The median [interquartile range] volume of serum obtained using intracapillary sampling was 195 µL [130–210]. More than 87% [90/103] of patients agreed that intracapillary testing was easy and 69% [71/103] preferred it to conventional venepuncture. In routine care, 75.3% [58/77] of patients returned two blood samples within 14 days to permit remote assessment of biologic therapeutic drug monitoring.

Conclusions
Therapeutic drug monitoring can be undertaken using patient-led remote intracapillary blood sampling and has the potential to be a key adjunct to telemedicine in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases.
Bounding infection prevalence by bounding selectivity and accuracy of tests: with application to early COVID-19
Authors: Stoye Jörg 
Published: July 2021

Summary
I propose novel partial identification bounds on infection prevalence from information on test rate and test yield. The approach utilizes user-specified bounds on (i) test accuracy and (ii) the extent to which tests are targeted, formalized as restriction on the effect of true infection status on the odds ratio of getting tested and thereby embeddable in logit specifications. The motivating application is to the COVID-19 pandemic but the strategy may also be useful elsewhere. Evaluated on data from the pandemic’s early stage, even the weakest of the novel bounds are reasonably informative. Notably, and in contrast to speculations that were widely reported at the time, they place the infection fatality rate for Italy well above the one of influenza by mid-April.
The Thermoperiod AltersBoperGene Expression and Thereby Regulates the Eclosion Rhythm ofBradysia odoriphaga(Diptera: Sciaridae)
Authors: Han Haolin , Sun Dan , Cheng Jiaxu , Yang Yuting , Xia Jixing , Xie Wen , Xu Baoyun , Wu Qingjun , Wang Shaoli , Guo Zhaojiang , Zhang Youjun 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIn most organisms, various physiological and behavioral functions are expressed rhythmically. Previous studies have shown that thermoperiod is an important factor affecting circadian clock-related genes that regulate insect locomotor activity. Bradysia odoriphaga Yang & Zhang is an underground pest that attacks more than 30 crops but is especially damaging to Chinese chives. In this study, we analyzed the adult eclosion time and period (Boper) gene expression in B. odoriphaga as affected by temperature (cycling vs constant temperature), insect stage, and tissue specific. We found that the eclosion time and expression of the Boper gene changed during the temperature cycle but not under a constant temperature. Silencing of Boper expression significantly decreased the adult eclosion rate and significantly increased adult mortality and malformation. The findings indicate that thermoperiod alters Boper expression and regulates the eclosion rhythm.
Assessment of Nymphal Ecology and AdultXylella fastidiosaTransmission Biology ofAphrophoranr.permutata(Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) in California Vineyards
Authors: Beal Dylan J , Adams Amielia G , Cooper Monica L , Varela Lucia G , Smith Rhonda J , Kron Cindy R , Almeida Rodrigo P P , Daugherty Matthew P 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAlthough Aphrophora nr. permutata (Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae) is a reported vector of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa (Wells) (Xanthomonadales: Xanthomonadaceae), its ecology and role in Pierce’s disease dynamics in coastal California vineyards are poorly understood. From 2016 to 2020, we surveyed the abundance of A. nr. permutata nymphs among potential host plants along the vineyard floor, the vineyard edges, and adjacent vegetation in vineyards in Napa and Sonoma county. In 2019 and 2020, vineyards adjacent to woodland habitat hosted larger A. nr. permutata populations than those next to riparian habitat, while in 2017 and 2018, the nymphal populations were similar among riparian and woodland sites. Among 2020 plant cover taxa, nymph abundance was positively associated with Helminthotheca echioides, Vicia sativa, and Daucus carota cover and negatively associated with Taraxacum officinale cover. In 2018 and 2019, we also tracked early-season occurrence and development of A. nr. permutata nymphs among potential host plants. Analyses showed a significant effect of site, year, and plant taxa on the first detection of nymphs and a significant effect of site and year on the estimated development time between first and fifth instars. In 2019, we conducted grapevine to grapevine X. fastidiosa transmission experiments with individuals and groups of five A. nr. permutata adults. In the transmission experiment, 5% (3 of 60) individual A. nr. permutata and 7.7% (1 of 13) of groups successfully transmitted X. fastidiosa. This study provides preliminary evidence of potential host plant associations with A. nr. permutata abundance and phenology that should be explored further with field and greenhouse-based approaches.
The association of anaemia and high-sensitivity cardiac troponin and its effect on diagnosing myocardial infarction
Authors: Haller Paul Michael , Neumann Johannes T , Sörensen Nils A , Hartikainen Tau S , Goßling Alina , Lehmacher Jonas , Keller Till , Zeller Tanja , Blankenberg Stefan , Westermann Dirk 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Aims
Anaemia is common in patients with acute myocardial infarction (MI). We investigated the association of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) and haemoglobin (Hb) and the influence of anaemia on the performance of diagnostic protocols for suspected MI.

Methods and results
Patients with suspected MI were consecutively enrolled at a tertiary centre. Final diagnoses were independently adjudicated by two cardiologists. Performance measures of hs-cTn-based algorithms were compared for anaemic and non-anaemic patients (Hb &lt;12 g/dL in women and &lt;13 g/dL in men). The influence of anaemia on survival (median follow-up 1.7 years) was investigated using multivariable cox-regression analysis and the association of Hb and hs-cTn by multivariable linear regression analysis. Overall, 2223 patients were included, of whom 415 (18.7%) had anaemia. In anaemic patients, the incidence of MI was similar; however, chronic myocardial injury was significantly more prevalent (20.1% vs. 48.2%). The negative predictive value to rule-out MI was similar for both algorithms and all assays in patients with anaemia, although the positive predictive value to rule-in MI was partly reduced for the 0/3-h algorithm. Fewer anaemic patients were triaged after 1 h. Anaemia was an independent predictor of death. Adjusted for patient characteristics, Hb was significantly associated with hs-cTn. By providing a point-based tool, the Hb-associated hs-cTn concentration and thus chronic myocardial injury may be predicted.

Conclusion
Anaemia partly affects the rule-in, but not the rule-out of MI in hs-cTn-based diagnostic protocols. Hs-cTn concentrations and thus chronic myocardial injury may be predicted by clinical variables and Hb.

Trial registration
clinicaltrials.gov (NCT02355457 and NCT03227159).
Transnational Activism and Domestic Politics: Arms Exports and the Anti-Apartheid Struggle in the UK–South Africa Relations (1959–1994)
Authors: Moraes Rodrigo Fracalossi de 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
In 1964, the UK government imposed an arms embargo on South Africa, which it maintained until the end of the white minority rule. What explains this embargo? Using mainly archival evidence, this paper demonstrates that domestic political dynamics in the United Kingdom mediated the influence of the transnational anti-apartheid and anti-colonial struggles on the British government. The United Kingdom imposed and maintained this embargo due in part to a domestic advocacy network, whose hub was the Anti-Apartheid Movement. The paper provides a comprehensive explanation of an important issue in British foreign policy, the anti-colonial struggle, and Southern Africa's history. There are theoretical implications for foreign policy analysis concerning the role of advocacy networks, interactions between local and global activism, the role of political parties’ ideology and contestation, the effects on foreign policy of changes in a normative environment, the effects of norm contestation, and normative determinants of sanctions.
Mercenary gentlemen? The transnational service of foreign quarterdeck officers in the Royal Navy of the American and French wars, 1775–1815
Authors: Caputo Sara 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
In the late eighteenth century, like most European fleets, the British Royal Navy still employed some foreign officers. This phenomenon, almost completely unexplored, seemingly embodies a contradiction between the national and the transnational meanings of honour. Using archival and printed sources, this article examines the foreign presence, or lack thereof, in four distinct categories of ‘quarterdeck’ officer: commissioned officers, ‘young gentlemen’ (aspirant officers), surgeons and assistant surgeons, and a final miscellaneous group fulfilling special tasks, sometimes ashore. The peculiar values attached to the officer class, and the relative social and occupational positioning of these four categories, serve to test the real motives behind ‘national’ acceptance and exclusion: beyond the opposing discourses of gentlemanly and professional cosmopolitanism on the one hand, and patriotic duty, loyalty and emerging anti-mercenarism on the other, the levels of foreign presence among navy officers should be explained mainly with reference to supply and demand on the international labour migration market. The distinction between natives and foreigners was culturally and politically meaningful in a wartime context, and strategically deployed by various actors to regulate access and exclusion, but it can also operate as a red herring for the social historian. This has broader implications for the way in which we conceptualize honour, patriotism and the nation at the turn of the nineteenth century.
Stability of Whole Blood Electrolyte Specimens at Room Temperature vs. Slushed Ice Conditions
Authors: Zavorsky Gerald S , van Wijk Xander M R , Gasparyan Samuel , Stollenwerk Nicholas S , Brooks Rebecca A 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
Data on the stability of whole blood electrolytes is limited to small sample sizes. We sought to determine the stability of whole blood electrolytes under room temperature and slushed iced conditions in human patients at a major hospital center.

Methods
Whole blood samples were obtained from 203 patients hospitalized for various pathophysiological conditions. Electrolyte concentrations of sodium, potassium [K+], ionized calcium, and chloride were measured at 5 different timepoints spanning 3 h. Samples were stored at room temperature (22–24 °C) or under slushed ice conditions (0.1–0.2 °C) before analysis.

Results
Under both conditions, sodium, ionized calcium, and chloride did not show a measurable change up to 109 min compared to baseline; however, the mean increase in [K+] over 138 min of storage in slushed ice was 0.0032 (0.0021 [5th percentile] to 0.0047 [95th percentile]) mmol/L/min (adjusted R2 = 0.62, P &lt; 0.001). Five percent of the specimens demonstrated a ≥0.3 mmol/L change in [K+] from baseline after 67 min of storage in slushed ice. In contrast, 1% of the specimens stored at room temperature showed the same change at the same timepoint.

Conclusions
Whole blood sodium, [K+], ionized calcium, and chloride concentrations remain stable for at least 109 min at room temperature. However, whole blood specimens stored in slushed ice for not more than 67 min exhibit a 5% probability that the [K+] concentration will increase by at least 0.3 mmol/L compared to baseline. The other analytes do not destabilize for up to 178 min of slushed ice storage.
Baseline Susceptibility of Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) to Commonly Used Insecticides in the Columbia Basin
Authors: Yang Pahoua , Crossley Michael , Charlton Brian , Rondon Silvia I 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), is one of the most challenging pests of potato, Solanum tuberosum L., largely due to its propensity to develop insecticide resistance. Historically, L. decemlineata has rapidly evolved resistance to all major classes of synthetic insecticides, particularly in the eastern United States. However, in the U.S. Pacific Northwest, there have thus far been no confirmed reports of insecticide resistance despite anecdotal accounts of control failure. Hence, the objective of this study was to develop baseline data on the susceptibility of L. decemlineata in the Columbia Basin to abamectin, imidacloprid, and spinetoram, three insecticides commonly used to manage this insect. In 2018 and 2019, baseline susceptibility of four L. decemlineata populations, three from the Columbia Basin and one from Wisconsin (used as a resistant reference), was examined using topical LD50 bioassays. In general, L. decemlineata populations in the Columbia Basin exhibited relatively high sensitivity to imidacloprid, but variable sensitivity to abamectin and spinetoram among sites and years. Although small sample sizes hindered estimation of statistically significant LD50 values, results suggest that L. decemlineata in the Columbia Basin are beginning to develop levels of insensitivity to spinetoram, and possibly abamectin that are comparable to insecticide-resistant populations in Wisconsin. This preliminary examination of geographic variation in sensitivity to commonly used insecticides reinforces the value of rotating insecticide modes of action and suggests the need for continued monitoring for the development of insecticide resistance throughout the U.S. Pacific Northwest.
Digitization and Development: Property Rights Security, and Land and Labor Markets
Authors: Beg Sabrin 
Published: July 2021

AbstractI test the land and labor market effects of a property rights reform that computerized rural land records in Pakistan, making digitized records and automated transactions accessible to agricultural landowners and cultivators. Using the staggered roll-out of the program, I find that while the reform does not shift land ownership, landowning households are more likely to rent out land and shift into non-agricultural occupations. At the same time, cultivating households have access to more land, as rented in land and overall farm size increase. I construct measures of farmer-level total factor productivity (TFP) and marginal product of land, and demonstrate evidence of improved allocative efficiency as land is redistributed toward more productive farmers. Aggregate district-level production data suggest a reduction in the dispersion of marginal products of land and an improvement in productivity. The results have implications for both the allocation of land across farmers and the selection of labor into farming, demonstrating that agricultural land market frictions present a constraint to scale farming and structural change in developing countries.
Perspectives on follow-up care and research for childhood cancer survivors: results from an international SIOP meet-the-expert questionnaire in Kyoto, 2018
Authors: Bakker M E , Pluimakers V G , van Atteveld J E , Neggers S J C M M , van den Heuvel-Eibrink M M , Sato S , Yamashita K , Kiyotani C , Ishida Y , Maeda M 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Survival of childhood cancer has increased over the past decades. This has led to the development of strategies aiming to enhance follow-up care and research, for which priorities may vary globally. We explored perspectives of an international healthcare workers panel.

Methods
Attendants of a meet-the-expert session on childhood cancer survivorship at the 2018 SIOP conference completed a survey about their view on important follow-up care and research aspects for survivors below and over 18 years. We analysed overarching categories and subtopics, and compared Asian versus European and North American healthcare workers.

Results
A total of 58 participants from different medical specialties (67.2% paediatric oncologists) and continents (48.3% Asia, 39.7% Europe/North America) responded. Follow-up care priorities for survivors below and over 18 years included physical care (39.3% ≤18 years, 35.9% &gt;18 years) and healthcare structure (29.4%, 26.0%). Physical care was also the most important research aspect for both age groups (52.5%, 50.7%). Psychological support was the most frequently reported subtopic. Asian clinicians (n = 22) primarily prioritized physical care aspects of follow-up care, whereas European/North American (n = 19) clinicians underscored the importance of healthcare structure.

Conclusion
Physical care is the most important aspect of survivorship care and research according to clinicians from several continents. Asian and European/North American respondents shared most priorities, however, healthcare structure was a more important category for European/North American clinicians. The most common subtopic was psychological support, underlining also the need to involve psychologists in follow-up.