bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of diffractive dissociation
Authors: Khoze V. A. , Martin A. D. , Ryskin M. G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractWe describe a QCD based model which incorporates the main properties of the inclusive particle distributions expected for diffractive processes, including the diffractive dissociation at high energies. We study, in turn, the total cross section, $$\sigma _\mathrm{tot}$$

σ
tot

, the differential elastic, $$d\sigma _\mathrm{el}/dt$$

d

σ
el

/
d
t

, cross section, the dependence of the single proton dissociation cross section, $$\xi d\sigma ^\mathrm{SD}/d\xi $$

ξ
d

σ
SD

/
d
ξ

, on the momentum fraction, $$\xi =1-x_L$$

ξ
=
1
-

x
L

, lost by the leading proton, the multiplicity distributions in inelastic (non-diffractive) collisions and in the processes of dissociation. Besides this we calculate the mean transverse momenta of the ‘wee partons’ (secondaries) produced in the case of dissociation (that is in the processes with a large rapidity gap) and compare it with that in inelastic interactions.
Kaluza–Klein minimally interacting dark energy model in the presence of massive scalar field
Authors: Naidu K. Dasu , Aditya Y. , Naidu R. L. , Reddy D. R. K. 
Published: February 2021

In this paper, our purpose is to discuss the dynamical aspects of Kaluza–Klein five-dimensional cosmological model filled with minimally interacting baryonic matter and dark energy (DE) in the presence of an attractive massive scalar field. We obtain a determinate solution of the Einstein field equations using (i) a relation between the metric potentials and (ii) a power law relation between the average scale factor of the universe and the massive scalar field. We have determined scalar field, matter energy density, DE density, equation of state (EoS) [Formula: see text], deceleration [Formula: see text] and statefinder [Formula: see text] parameters of our model. We also develop [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] phase, squared sound speed, statefinders and [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] planes in the evolving universe. It is observed that the EoS parameter exhibits quintom-like behavior from quintessence to phantom epoch by crossing the vacuum era of the universe. The squared speed of sound represents the instability of the model, whereas the [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] plane shows both thawing and freezing regions. The [Formula: see text]CDM limit is attained in both [Formula: see text]–[Formula: see text] and statefinder planes. We have also discussed the cosmological importance of the above parameters with reference to modern cosmology. It is found that the dynamics of these cosmological parameters indicate the accelerated expansion of the universe which is consistent with the current cosmological observations.
Artificial Suffering: An Argument for a Global Moratorium on Synthetic Phenomenology
Authors: Metzinger Thomas 
Published: February 2021

This paper has a critical and a constructive part. The first part formulates a political demand, based on ethical considerations: Until 2050, there should be a global moratorium on synthetic phenomenology, strictly banning all research that directly aims at or knowingly risks the emergence of artificial consciousness on post-biotic carrier systems. The second part lays the first conceptual foundations for an open-ended process with the aim of gradually refining the original moratorium, tying it to an ever more fine-grained, rational, evidence-based, and hopefully ethically convincing set of constraints. The systematic research program defined by this process could lead to an incremental reformulation of the original moratorium. It might result in a moratorium repeal even before 2050, in the continuation of a strict ban beyond the year 2050, or a gradually evolving, more substantial, and ethically refined view of which — if any — kinds of conscious experience we want to implement in AI systems.
How to effectively use body language
Authors: Yaffe Philip 
Published: February 2021

Each "Communication Corner" essay is self-contained; however, they build on each other. For best results, before reading this essay and doing the exercise, go to the first essay "How an Ugly Duckling Became a Swan," then read each succeeding essay.
Learn how to use body language when delivering a speech or presentation. This installment of Communication Corner presents the practical aspects of body language such as eye contact, gestures, and vocal intonation to name a few.
Ecoepidemiological Model and Analysis of Prey-Predator System
Authors: Bezabih Abayneh Fentie , Edessa Geremew Kenassa , Rao Koya Purnachandra 
Published: February 2021

In this paper, the prey-predator model of five compartments is constructed with treatment given to infected prey and infected predator. We took predation incidence rates as functional response type II, and disease transmission incidence rates follow simple kinetic mass action function. The positivity, boundedness, and existence of the solution of the model are established and checked. Equilibrium points of the models are identified, and local stability analyses of trivial equilibrium, axial equilibrium, and disease-free equilibrium points are performed with the method of variation matrix and the Routh-Hurwitz criterion. It is found that the trivial equilibrium point

E

o

is always unstable, and axial equilibrium point

E

A

is locally asymptotically stable if

β
k
−

t

1

+

d

2

<
0
,

q

p

1

k
−

d

3

s
+
k

<
0

and

q

p

3

k
−

t

2

+

d

4

s
+
k

<
0

conditions hold true. Global stability analysis of an endemic equilibrium point of the model has been proven by considering the appropriate Lyapunov function. The basic reproduction number of infected prey and infected predators are obtained as

R

01

=

q

p

1

−

d

3

2

k
β

d

3

s

2

/

q

p

1

−

d

3

q

p

1

−

d

3

2

k
s

t

1

+

d

2

+
r
s
q

p

2

k
q

p

1

−
k

d

3

−

d

3

s

and

R

02

=

q

p

1

−

d

3

q

p

3

d

3

k
+
α
r
s
q

k
q

p

1

−
k

d

3

−

d

3

s

/

q

p

1

−

d

3

2

t

2

+

d

4

k

, respectively. If the basic reproduction number is greater than one, then the disease will persist in the prey-predator system. If the basic reproduction number is one, then the disease is stable, and if the basic reproduction number is less than one, then the disease dies out from the prey-predator system. Finally, simulations are done with the help of DEDiscover software to clarify results.
Long-Term Association of Air Pollution and Hospital Admissions Among Medicare Participants Using a Doubly Robust Additive Model
Authors: Danesh Yazdi Mahdieh , Wang Yan , Di Qian , Wei Yaguang , Requia Weeberb J. , Shi Liuhua , Sabath Matthew Benjamin , Dominici Francesca , Coull Brent A. , Evans John S. , Koutrakis Petros , Schwartz Joel D. 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Studies examining the nonfatal health outcomes of exposure to air pollution have been limited by the number of pollutants studied and focus on short-term exposures.

Methods:

We examined the relationship between long-term exposure to fine particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 micrometers (PM
2.5
), NO
2
, and tropospheric ozone and hospital admissions for 4 cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes (myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, atrial fibrillation and flutter, and pneumonia) among the Medicare population of the United States. We used a doubly robust method for our statistical analysis, which relies on both inverse probability weighting and adjustment in the outcome model to account for confounding. The results from this regression are on an additive scale. We further looked at this relationship at lower pollutant concentrations, which are consistent with typical exposure levels in the United States, and among potentially susceptible subgroups.

Results:

Long-term exposure to fine PM
2.5
was associated with an increased risk of all outcomes with the highest effect seen for stroke with a 0.0091% (95% CI, 0.0086–0.0097) increase in the risk of stroke for each 1-µg/m
3
increase in annual levels. This translated to 2536 (95% CI, 2383–2691) cases of hospital admissions with ischemic stroke per year, which can be attributed to each 1-unit increase in fine particulate matter levels among the study population. NO
2
was associated with an increase in the risk of admission with stroke by 0.00059% (95% CI, 0.00039–0.00075) and atrial fibrillation by 0.00129% (95% CI, 0.00114–0.00148) per ppb and tropospheric ozone was associated with an increase in the risk of admission with pneumonia by 0.00413% (95% CI, 0.00376–0.00447) per parts per billion. At lower concentrations, all pollutants were consistently associated with an increased risk for all our studied outcomes.

Conclusions:
Long-term exposure to air pollutants poses a significant risk to cardiovascular and respiratory health among the elderly population in the United States, with the greatest increase in the association per unit of exposure occurring at lower concentrations.
Cross‐Sectional Associations of Objectively Measured Sedentary Time, Physical Activity, and Fitness With Cardiac Structure and Function: Findings From the Dallas Heart Study
Authors: Thangada Neela D. , Patel Kershaw V. , Peden Bradley , Agusala Vijay , Kozlitina Julia , Garg Sonia , Drazner Mark H. , Ayers Colby , Berry Jarett D. , Pandey Ambarish 
Published: February 2021

Background
Physical inactivity and low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are associated with higher risk of heart failure. However, the independent contributions of objectively measured sedentary time, physical activity, and CRF toward left ventricular (LV) structure and function are not well established.

Methods and Results

We included 1368 participants from the DHS (Dallas Heart Study) (age, 49 years; 40% men) free of cardiovascular disease who had physical activity and sedentary time measured by accelerometer, CRF estimated from submaximal treadmill test, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging performed using 3‐T magnetic resonance imaging. A series of linear regression models were constructed to evaluate the associations of sedentary time, moderate physical activity, vigorous physical activity, and CRF with LV parameters after adjustment for established cardiovascular risk factors. We observed a modest correlation between CRF levels and objectively measured moderate (correlation coefficient, 0.17;
P
<0.001) and vigorous physical activity (correlation coefficient, 0.25;
P
<0.001) levels. In contrast, sedentary time was not associated with CRF. In adjusted analysis, both vigorous physical activity and higher CRF were significantly associated with greater stroke volume, LV mass, LV end‐diastolic volume, and lower arterial elastance, independent of other confounders. Sedentary time and moderate physical activity levels were not associated with LV parameters.

Conclusions
Vigorous physical activity and CRF are significantly associated with cardiac structure and function parameters. Future studies are needed to determine if interventions aimed at improving CRF levels may favorably modify cardiac structure and function.
Intra-Arterial Adjunctive Medications for Acute Ischemic Stroke During Mechanical Thrombectomy
Authors: Chen Vanessa H.E. , Lee Grace K.H. , Tan Choon-Han , Leow Aloysius S.T. , Tan Ying-Kiat , Goh Claire , Gopinathan Anil , Yang Cunli , Chan Bernard P.L. , Sharma Vijay K. , Tan Benjamin Y.Q. , Yeo Leonard L.L. 
Published: February 2021

Background and Purpose:
In patients with acute ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion, the role of intra-arterial adjunctive medications (IAMs), such as urokinase, tPA (tissue-type plasminogen activator), or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, during mechanical thrombectomy (MT) has not been clearly established. We aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of concomitant or rescue IAM for acute ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion patients undergoing MT.

Methods:
We searched Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Stroke Group Trials Register databases from inception until March 13, 2020. We analyzed all studies with patients diagnosed with acute ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion in the anterior or posterior circulation that provided data for the two treatment arms, (1) MT+IAM and (2) MT only, and also reported on at least one of the following efficacy outcomes, recanalization and 90-day modified Rankin Scale, or safety outcomes, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage and 90-day mortality. Data were collated in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines.

Results:
Sixteen nonrandomized observational studies with a total of 4581 patients were analyzed. MT only was performed in 3233 (70.6%) patients, while 1348 (29.4%) patients were treated with both MT and IAM. As compared with patients treated with MT alone, patients treated with combination therapy (MT+IAM) had a higher likelihood of achieving good functional outcome (risk ratio, 1.13 [95% CI, 1.03–1.24]) and a lower risk of 90-day mortality (risk ratio, 0.82 [95% CI, 0.72–0.94]). There was no significant difference in successful recanalization (risk ratio, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.99–1.06]) and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage between the two groups (risk ratio, 1.13 [95% CI, 0.87–1.46]).

Conclusions:
In acute ischemic stroke with large vessel occlusion, the use of IAM together with MT may achieve better functional outcomes and lower mortality rates. Randomized controlled trials are warranted to establish the safety and efficacy of IAM as adjunctive treatment to MT.
Retinal Vasculature Fractal and Stroke Mortality
Authors: Liew Gerald , Gopinath Bamini , White Andrew J. , Burlutsky George , Yin Wong Tien , Mitchell Paul 
Published: February 2021

Background and Purpose:
Fractal analysis is a method of quantifying the branching complexity and density of the retinal vessels. We hypothesized that reduced fractal dimension, signifying a sparser vascular network, is associated with long-term stroke mortality.

Methods:
We examined the relationship of fractal dimension and stroke mortality in a prospective, population-based cohort of 3143 participants aged 49 years or older. Fractal dimension was measured from digitized fundus photographs using a computer-automated method. Stroke mortality was documented from Australian National Death Index records. We defined reduced fractal dimension as values in the lowest quartile.

Results:

Over 12 years, there were 132 (4.2%) stroke-related deaths. Stroke-related mortality was higher in participants with reduced fractal dimension (lowest quartile) compared with the highest quartile (7.7% versus 1.3%,
P
<0.01). After controlling for age, gender, smoking, blood pressure, history of stroke, and other factors, participants with reduced fractal dimension had higher stroke mortality (hazard ratio, 2.42 [95% CI, 1.15–5.07], lowest versus highest quartile). When modeled as a continuous variable, reduced fractal dimension was associated with increased stroke mortality (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratio, 1.26 [95% CI, 1.06–1.51], per SD decrease).

Conclusions:
Reduced retinal vascular fractal dimension is independently associated with 12-year stroke mortality. Reduced fractal dimension may indicate cerebral tissue hypoxia and increased risk of stroke.
Consistency and Homogeneity of Atmospheric Energy, Moisture, and Mass Budgets in ERA5
Authors: Mayer Johannes , Mayer Michael , Haimberger Leopold 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis study uses advanced numerical and diagnostic methods to evaluate the atmospheric energy budget with the fifth major global reanalysis produced by ECMWF (ERA5) in combination with observed and reconstructed top of the atmosphere (TOA) energy fluxes for the period 1985–2018. We assess the meridional as well as ocean–land energy transport and perform internal consistency checks using mass-balanced data. Furthermore, the moisture and mass budgets in ERA5 are examined and compared with previous budget evaluations using ERA-Interim as well as observation-based estimates. Results show that peak annual mean meridional atmospheric energy transports in ERA5 (4.58 ± 0.07 PW in the Northern Hemisphere) are weaker compared to ERA-Interim (4.74 ± 0.09 PW), where the higher spatial and temporal resolution of ERA5 can be excluded as a possible reason. The ocean–land energy transport in ERA5 is reliable at least from 2000 onward (~2.5 PW) such that the imbalance between net TOA fluxes and lateral energy fluxes over land are on the order of ~1 W m−2. Spinup and spindown effects as revealed from inconsistencies between analyses and forecasts are generally smaller and temporally less variable in ERA5 compared to ERA-Interim. Evaluation of the moisture budget shows that the ocean–land moisture transport and parameterized freshwater fluxes agree well in ERA5, while there are large inconsistencies in ERA-Interim. Overall, the quality of the budgets derived from ERA5 is demonstrably better than estimates from ERA-Interim. Still some particularly sensitive budget quantities (e.g., precipitation, evaporation, and ocean–land energy transport) show apparent inhomogeneities, especially in the late 1990s, which warrant further investigation and need to be considered in studies of interannual variability and trends.
Environmental Conditions Associated with Horizontal Convective Rolls, Cellular Convection, and No Organized Circulations
Authors: Santellanes Sean R. , Young George S. , Stensrud David J. , Kumjian Matthew R. , Pan Ying 
Published: February 2021

AbstractTypical environmental conditions associated with horizontal convective rolls (HCRs) and cellular convection have been known for over 50 years. Yet our ability to predict whether HCRs, cellular convection, or no discernable organized (null) circulation will occur within a well-mixed convective boundary layer based upon easily observed environmental variables has been limited. Herein, a large database of 50 cases each of HCR, cellular convection, and null events is created that includes observations of mean boundary layer wind and wind shear, boundary layer depth; surface observations of wind, temperature, and relative humidity; and estimates of surface sensible heat flux. Results from a multiclass linear discriminant analysis applied to these data indicate that environmental conditions can be useful in predicting whether HCRs, cellular convection, or no circulation occurs, with the analysis identifying the correct circulation type on 72% of the case days. This result is slightly better than using a mean convective boundary layer (CBL) wind speed of 6 m s−1 to discriminate between HCRs and cells. However, the mean CBL wind speed has no ability to further separate out cases with no CBL circulation. The key environmental variables suggested by the discriminant analysis are mean sensible heat flux, friction velocity, and the Obukhov length.
Estimation of Bivariate Survival Function from Random Censored Data with Poisson Sample Size
Authors: Abdushukurov Abdurakhim Akhmedovich , Muradov Rustamjon Sobitkhonovich 
Published: February 2021

At the present time there are several approaches to estimation of survival functions of vectors of lifetimes. However, some of these estimators either are inconsistent or not fully defined in range of joint survival functions and therefore not applicable in practice. In this article, we consider three types of estimates of exponential-hazard, product-limit, and relative-risk power structures for the bivariate survival function, when replacing the number of summands in empirical estimates with a sequence of Poisson random variables. It is shown that these estimates are asymptotically equivalent. AMS 2000 subject classification: 62N01
Data quality in primary care, Scotland
Authors: Weatherburn Christopher J 
Published: February 2021

Background and aims This project explores primary care data quality (DQ) across Scotland. Methods and results A survey was sent to primary care staff in winter 2019. National data regarding Quality and Outcomes Framework (QOF) performance indicators and the GP software system used was obtained, analysed with T-tests and Chi-squared tests. Overall QOF performance with non-financial incentives from 918 practices was 77%. There was no significant difference with overall QOF performance against GP system ( p = 0.46) or if the practice had a coder ( p = 0.06). From the survey, search systems that make it hard to search for particular codes was the most important barrier to DQ; 61% of respondents ( n = 491) felt there was particular information GPs should code, 16% of respondents stated that hospital discharge letters generally include corresponding codes and 9% for outpatient correspondence; 43% stated their practice had undertaken steps to improve DQ, training was the most common initiative, followed by workflow optimisation, dedicated coder(s), audit, guidelines and using code lists; 80% ( n = 475) of respondents had received training in using their GP system, an average of eight years ago. Conclusion Obtaining improved GP systems, training, agreeing what GPs should code and improving transfer of data should be explored.
Effect of Chronic Kidney Disease on Olfactory Function: A Case–Control Study
Authors: Yusuf T. , Raji Y. R. , Daniel A. , Bamidele O. T. , Fasunla A. J. , Lasisi O. A. 
Published: February 2021

Background: Olfactory function of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been found to be defective, and patients are often unaware of it. This predisposes them to malnutrition with consequence on health recovery and quality of life. Aim: To assess the olfactory function and determine the pattern of olfactory dysfunction in patients with CKD attending the University College Hospital, Ibadan. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, hospital-based case–control study of adult patients with CKD. The control group were age- and sex-matched individuals without CKD. Olfactory threshold (OT), odor discrimination (OD), and odor identification (OI) tests were carried out in participants using the “Sniffin Sticks.” Results: There were 100 patients with CKD and 100 healthy controls, age ranges between 19 to 86 years (mean ± SD = 46.3 ± 13.9 years) and 20 to 85 years (mean ± SD = 43.4 ± 14.9 years), respectively. There was no statistically significant difference between cases and control gender distribution ( P = .57). The mean olfactory scores were significantly lower among the cases than control, OI 11.2 ± 2.3 and 13.1 ± 1.2 ( P < .001), OD 8.5 ± 2.4 and 10.9 ± 1.5 ( P < .001), OT 6.4 ± 2.5 and 9.6 ± 1.9 ( P < .001), and threshold discrimination and identification 26.0 ± 5.7 and 33.6 ± 3.3 ( P < .001), respectively. Prevalent olfactory dysfunction among patients with CKD was 77% (hyposmia 72%, anosmia 5%), and the control was 16% (all hyposmia; P < .001). Conclusion: There was high prevalence of olfactory dysfunction among patients with CKD, and the affectation is more at the central olfactory pathway.