bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Differences Between Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Adenocarcinoma Cervical Cancer Subtypes: Potential Prognostic Biomarkers
Authors: Campos-Parra Alma , Perez-Quintanilla Milagros , Martínez-Gutierrez Antonio Daniel , Pérez-Montiel Delia , Millan-Catalan Oliver , Perez-Plasencia Carlos , de León David Cantú 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Purpose

Cervical cancer (CC) remains a health problem. Persistent infection by high-risk papillomavirus (HR-HPV) is the main cause of this disease. The most frequently diagnosed histological types of CC are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and adenocarcinoma (ADC). Clinically, the prognosis of both types is controversial. Our aim was to search for a molecular profile that distinguishes each histological subtype and predicts the prognosis of one or both subtypes would be of great benefit to these patients.
Methods

The transcriptome of CC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) was analyzed using the DESeq2 package to obtain the differentially expressed genes between ADC and SCC. The differentially expressed genes obtained from the TCGA database were validated with an online, publicly available transcriptome dataset (GSE56303) containing data for a Mexican-Mestizo independent cohort. The global biological pathways involving differentially expressed genes between SSC and ADC were obtained by performing an analysis using the Webgestalt platform. In addition, associations of the differentially expressed genes with Overall Survival (OS) were assessed.
Results

The molecular profile of 70 altered transcripts between ADC and SCC patients from the TCGA cohort was determined. These transcripts were also deregulated in the Mexico-Mestizo cohort with the same Log2FoldChange values. The molecular pathways involved were IL-17, JAK/STAT and Ras signaling. Higher GABRB2 and TSPAN8 expression and lower TMEM40 expression were associated with better OS in the Mexican-Mestizo cohort.
Conclusion

We were able to detect molecular differences between the ADC and SCC subtypes of CC; however, further studies are required to define the appropriate prognostic biomarker for each histological type.
Prognostic Significance of Lymphocyte to Monocyte Ratio in Gallbladder Carcinoma
Authors: Xu xiaomeng , Ji xiaomeng , yuan shengli , Wan shiyang , Zhang yan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background: Increasing evidence indicates cancer-associated inflammatory biomarkers show great promise for predicting prognosis of cancer patients. The objective of this study aims to evaluate the prognostic significance of the lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio in patients with gallbladder carcinoma. Methods: Receiver operating characteristic curves was used to determine cut-off values for the LMR at detecting death. The primary outcome was overall survival, which was estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Univariate survival analysis was performed using a log rank test. Multivariate analysis using the Cox regression proportional hazard model was performed to identify the factors associated with the prognosis.A retrospective cohort of 80 GBC followed by operation was recruited between March 2008 and August 2014 at the Qingdao Municipal Hospital. Counts for absolute lymphocytes and monocytes were obtained and used to calculate the LMR.Results: For the LMR, the area under the ROC curve was 0.675 (95%CI: :0.530-0.820).The cut-off value for the LMR was determined to be 4.62. Patients in the high-LMR group experienced significant improvements in median survival time compared with patients in the low-LMR group(P = 0.03).The univariate analysis demonstrated that LMR, differentiation degree, TNM stage,CA199, CEA, Resection margin and operative methods were associated with overall survival (P < 0.05). The multivariate analysis identified that Differentiation grade , TNM stage, and CRP as independent prognostic factors in the patients with GBC(P <0.05). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated that LMR is closely correlated with GBC prognosis and could be useful for the evaluation of prognosis of patients with GBC.
Coping with the financial hardships caused by ill health – Urban Slums of Jaipur, India
Authors: Awasthi Neha , Chaudhary Monika 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Accountability of any health system does not ends with improving health. The vulnerability (to incur catastrophic health expenditure and coping mechanism) of this slum population was mostly pertaining to availability of acceptable healthcare services, accessing healthcare services and being forced to pay for it out-of-pocket. Determinant factors for vulnerability to incur catastrophic health expenditure and coping mechanism majorly included services availed. Determinants that affected the choice of coping mechanism were availing ANC/PNC services (OR = 3.8; P < 0.05); availed out-patients services for two or more times (OR = 2.6; P < 0.05); and availed in-patients services for one or more times (including deceased members in last one year) (OR = 10.2; P < 0.001). Similarly, households vulnerable to incur CHE were those which paid to avail in-patients services for one or more times (OR = 55.3; p < 0.001), childbirth services for one or more times (OR = 6.5; p < 0.05) Out-patient services (OR = 11.3; p < 0.001), and ANC/PNC services (OR = 6.7; p < 0.05. The household with more number of the households were two times more likely to incur CHE (OR = 2.5; p < .0001).
Selected ‘Starter Kit’ energy system modelling data for Myanmar (#CCG)
Authors: Cannone Carla , Allington Lucy , Pappis Ioannis , Barron Karla Cervantes , Usher Will , Pye Steve , Brown Edward , Howells Mark , Walker Miriam Zachau , Ahsan Aniq , Charbonnier Flora , Halloran Claire , Hirmer Stephanie , Taliotis Constantinos , Sundin Caroline , Sridha Vignesh , Ramos Eunice , Brinkerink Maarten , Deane Paul , Gritsevskyi Andrii , Moura Gustavo , Rouget Arnaud , Wogan David , Barcelona Edito , Rogner Holger , Cronin Jen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Energy system modelling can be used to assess the implications of different scenarios and support improved policymaking. However, access to data is often a barrier to energy system modelling, causing delays. Therefore, this article provides data that can be used to create a simple zero order energy system model for Myanmar, which can act as a starting point for further model development and scenario analysis. The data are collected entirely from publicly available and accessible sources, including the websites and databases of international organizations, journal articles, and existing modelling studies. This means that the dataset can be easily updated based on the latest available information or more detailed and accurate local data. These data were also used to calibrate a simple energy system model using the Open Source Energy Modelling System (OSeMOSYS) and three stylized scenarios (Fossil Future, Least Cost and Net Zero by 2050) for 2020–2050. The assumptions used and results of these scenarios are presented in the appendix as an illustrative example of what can be done with these data. This simple model can be adapted and further developed by in-country analysts and academics, providing a platform for future work.
Selected ‘Starter Kit’ energy system modelling data for Taiwan (#CCG)
Authors: Cannone Carla , Allington Lucy , Pappis Ioannis , Barron Karla Cervantes , Usher Will , Pye Steve , Brown Edward , Howells Mark , Walker Miriam Zachau , Ahsan Aniq , Charbonnier Flora , Halloran Claire , Hirmer Stephanie , Taliotis Constantinos , Sundin Caroline , Sridha Vignesh , Ramos Eunice , Brinkerink Maarten , Deane Paul , Gritsevskyi Andrii , Moura Gustavo , Rouget Arnaud , Wogan David , Barcelona Edito , Rogner Holger , Cronin Jen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Energy system modelling can be used to assess the implications of different scenarios and support improved policymaking. However, access to data is often a barrier to energy system modelling, causing delays. Therefore, this article provides data that can be used to create a simple zero order energy system model for Taiwan, which can act as a starting point for further model development and scenario analysis. The data are collected entirely from publicly available and accessible sources, including the websites and databases of international organizations, journal articles, and existing modelling studies. This means that the dataset can be easily updated based on the latest available information or more detailed and accurate local data. These data were also used to calibrate a simple energy system model using the Open Source Energy Modelling System (OSeMOSYS) and two stylized scenarios (Fossil Future and Least Cost) for 2020–2050. The assumptions used and results of these scenarios are presented in the appendix as an illustrative example of what can be done with these data. This simple model can be adapted and further developed by in-country analysts and academics, providing a platform for future work.
A decision support tool for optimising groundwater-level monitoring networks using an adaptive genetic algorithm
Authors: Parasyris Antonios , Spanoudaki Katerina , Varouchakis Emmanouil A. , Kampanis Nikolaos A. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Mapping of the spatial variability of sparse groundwater-level measurements is usually achieved by means of geostatistical methods. This work tackles the problem of deficient sampling of an aquifer, by employing an innovative integer adaptive genetic algorithm (iaGA) coupled with geostatistical modelling by means of ordinary kriging, to optimise the monitoring network. Fitness functions based on three different errors are used for removing a constant number of boreholes from the monitoring network. The developed methodology has been applied to the Mires basin in Crete, Greece. The methodological improvement proposed concerns the adaptive method for the GA, which affects the crossover–mutation fractions depending on the stall parameter, aiming at higher accuracy and faster convergence of the GA. The initial dataset consists of 70 monitoring boreholes and the applied methodology shows that as many as 40 boreholes can be removed, while still retaining an accurate mapping of groundwater levels. The proposed scenario for optimising the monitoring network consists of removing 30 boreholes, in which case the estimated uncertainty is considerably smaller. A sensitivity analysis is conducted to compare the performance of the standard GA with the proposed iaGA. The integrated methodology presented is easily replicable for other areas for efficient monitoring networks design.
Compendium of Conventional and Targeted Drug Delivery Formulation
Used for the Treatment and Management of the Wound Healing
Authors: Baboota Sanjula , Singh Ajay , Maqsood Zeba , Iqubal Mohammad Kashif , Ali Javed 
Published: July 2021

Abstract:
Wound healing is a complex and dynamic phenomenon that involves the restoration of
normal physiology and functioning of injured tissue. The process of wound healing is primarily regulated
by various cytokines, inflammatory mediators, and growth factors at the molecular level.
Any intervention in the normal wound healing process leads to further tissue damage, which in turn
leads to delayed wound healing. Several natural, synthetic drugs and their combinations were used
to restore and accelerate the wound healing process. However, the conventional delivery carriers
were not much effective, and thus, nowadays, nanocarriers are gaining much popularity since they
are playing a pivotal role in drug delivery. Since nanocarriers have their own applicability and benefits
(enhance the bioavailability, site-specific targeting) so, they can accelerate wound healing more
efficiently. This review briefly discussed about the various events that take place during the wound
healing process with emphasis on various natural, synthetic, and combination drug therapy used for
accelerating wound healing and the role of nanotechnology-based approaches in chronic wound
healing.
Discovery and Development of Macrolides as Anticancer Agents
Authors: Liu Rongli , Hou Yani , Gu Yijun 
Published: July 2021

:
Cancer is a life-threatening destructive disease. In the past several decades, the incidence
of cancer has been dramatically increased mostly due to lifestyle changes. Chemotherapy
plays an important role in the treatment of cancer, but the development of resistance against chemotherapeutic
agents, the side effects, and non-specific toxicity threatens the efficiency of anticancer
agents. Accordingly, it is important to develop novel anticancer drugs. Beyond the classical
antibacterial activity, macrolides also demonstrated potential effects against both drug-sensitive
and drug-resistant cancers through modulating diverse targets and signaling pathways, so rational
design of macrolides may generate valuable therapeutic interventions for the treatment of cancers.
The purpose of the present review article is to outline the current developments in macrolides with
an emphasis on anticancer activity, structure-activity relationships, and mechanisms of action to
lay the path for the development of novel macrolide anticancer candidates.
Hydroxychloroquine and Azithromycin Combination in the Management of COVID-19 Infection: Safety and Effectiveness Challenges
Authors: Abou Warda Ahmed E. , Tammam Mahmoud , El-Gazar Rabab A. , Sarhan Rania M. , Gaber Sayed 
Published: July 2021

Background:
The treatment of COVID-19 disease remains a dilemma so far because
there is no approved therapy for it. This study aimed to evaluate the use of hydroxychloroquine and
azithromycin combination in treatment.

Objective:
This study was carried out to determine the safety and effectiveness of hydroxychloroquine
and azithromycin combination in COVID 19 patients.

Methods:
This study included 90 adult COVID 19 patients. Treatment of all patients followed
Egyptian Ministry of Health COVID-19 protocols, receiving a combination of hydroxychloroquine
400mg twice on day 1, then 200 mg twice daily in addition to azithromycin 500mg/day for 5 days.
ECG findings, especially the QTc interval, were assessed before and after 5 days from the administration.

Results:
All patients showed a statistically significant higher post-treatment QTc readings (433.6 ±
37.2) compared to baseline QTc (402.4 ± 31.3) at p<0.005 with a median QTc prolongation by 26
mSec and IQR (17.8-41.3), but without serious clinical complications. Only 5.6% of patients
showed QTc more than 500 mSec and no torsade de points or cardiac arrest. Geriatric patients
were at higher risk for QTc prolongation compared to patients aged less than 65 years but without
a significant difference as regards the median max QTc difference p<0.65. The expected therapeutic
effectiveness was 82.5% for moderate patients compared to 26% for severe patients (P<0.005).

Conclusion:
In a modest safety profile, we support the evidence that HQ/AZ therapy can be used
to treat Covid-19 infection with more effectiveness in moderate rather than severe cases, which
might be a reflection of the time of administration in the disease course.
Pembrolizumab for First-Line Treatment of Advanced Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Analysis of Prognostic Factors of Outcomes
Authors: Tibaldi Carmelo , Mazzoni Francesca , Scotti Vieri , Vasile Enrico , Pozzessere Daniele , Stasi Irene , Camerini Andrea , Federici Francesca , Meoni Giulia , Caparello Chiara , Turrini Marianna , Rossi Virginia , Ciccone Lucia Pia , Pecora Irene , Fantechi Beatrice , Antonuzzo Lorenzo , Giannarelli Diana , Baldini Editta 
Published: July 2021

Background:
In advanced non-small-cell lung cancer, without activating mutations and with PD-L1≥50%,
Pembrolizumab monotherapy is the therapeutic standard in Europe.

Objective:
To evaluate retrospectively the safety and efficacy of this drug and to investigate potential prognostic factors
in daily clinical practice.

Methods:
From September 2017 to September 2019, 205 consecutive patients from 14 Italian Medical Oncology Units
were enrolled in the study. Gender, Age (> or <70 years), ECOG-PS (0-1 or 2), histology (squamous or nonsquamous),
presence of brain, bone and liver metastases at baseline, PD-L1 score (>90% or <90%), smoking status
(never or former or current) were applied to the stratified log-rank. Cox’s proportional hazards model was used for
multivariate analysis.

Results:
At a median follow-up of 15.2 months, median progression-free and overall survival (mPFS and mOS) were
9.2 months (95% C.I., 4.8-13.5) and 15.9 months (95% C.I., not yet evaluable), respectively. Patients with Eastern
Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG-PS) 2 had mPFS of 2.8 months (95% C.I., 2.1-3.4) and mOS
of 3.9 months (95% C.I., 2.5-5.3). Patients with liver metastases at diagnosis had an mPFS of 3.2 months (95% C.I.,
0.6-5.8) and an mOS of 6.0 months (95% C.I., 3.7-8.4). At multivariate analysis for OS gender, ECOG-PS 2, and presence
of liver metastases were independent prognostic factors.

Conclusion:
Patients with ECOG-PS 2 derived little benefit from the use of first-line pembrolizumab. In patients with
liver metastases, the association of pembrolizumab with platinum-based chemotherapy could be a better option than
pembrolizumab alone.
Computer-Aided Diagnosis of Diminutive Colorectal Polyps in Endoscopic Images: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy
Authors: Bang Chang Seok , Lee Jae Jun , Baik Gwang Ho 
Published: July 2021

Background
Most colorectal polyps are diminutive and benign, especially those in the rectosigmoid colon, and the resection of these polyps is not cost-effective. Advancements in image-enhanced endoscopy have improved the optical prediction of colorectal polyp histology. However, subjective interpretability and inter- and intraobserver variability prohibits widespread implementation. The number of studies on computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) is increasing; however, their small sample sizes limit statistical significance.

Objective
This review aims to evaluate the diagnostic test accuracy of CAD models in predicting the histology of diminutive colorectal polyps by using endoscopic images.

Methods
Core databases were searched for studies that were based on endoscopic imaging, used CAD models for the histologic diagnosis of diminutive colorectal polyps, and presented data on diagnostic performance. A systematic review and diagnostic test accuracy meta-analysis were performed.

Results
Overall, 13 studies were included. The pooled area under the curve, sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic odds ratio of CAD models for the diagnosis of diminutive colorectal polyps (adenomatous or neoplastic vs nonadenomatous or nonneoplastic) were 0.96 (95% CI 0.93-0.97), 0.93 (95% CI 0.91-0.95), 0.87 (95% CI 0.76-0.93), and 87 (95% CI 38-201), respectively. The meta-regression analysis showed no heterogeneity, and no publication bias was detected. Subgroup analyses showed robust results. The negative predictive value of CAD models for the diagnosis of adenomatous polyps in the rectosigmoid colon was 0.96 (95% CI 0.95-0.97), and this value exceeded the threshold of the diagnosis and leave strategy.

Conclusions
CAD models show potential for the optical histological diagnosis of diminutive colorectal polyps via the use of endoscopic images.

Trial Registration
PROSPERO CRD42021232189; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=232189
Prostate Cancer Risk Calculators for Healthy Populations: Systematic Review
Authors: Bandala-Jacques Antonio , Castellanos Esquivel Kevin Daniel , Pérez-Hurtado Fernanda , Hernández-Silva Cristobal , Reynoso-Noverón Nancy 
Published: July 2021

Background
Screening for prostate cancer has long been a debated, complex topic. The use of risk calculators for prostate cancer is recommended for determining patients’ individual risk of cancer and the subsequent need for a prostate biopsy. These tools could lead to better discrimination of patients in need of invasive diagnostic procedures and optimized allocation of health care resources

Objective
The goal of the research was to systematically review available literature on the performance of current prostate cancer risk calculators in healthy populations by comparing the relative impact of individual items on different cohorts and on the models’ overall performance.

Methods
We performed a systematic review of available prostate cancer risk calculators targeted at healthy populations. We included studies published from January 2000 to March 2021 in English, Spanish, French, Portuguese, or German. Two reviewers independently decided for or against inclusion based on abstracts. A third reviewer intervened in case of disagreements. From the selected titles, we extracted information regarding the purpose of the manuscript, analyzed calculators, population for which it was calibrated, included risk factors, and the model’s overall accuracy.

Results
We included a total of 18 calculators from 53 different manuscripts. The most commonly analyzed ones were the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT) and European Randomized Study on Prostate Cancer (ERSPC) risk calculators developed from North American and European cohorts, respectively. Both calculators provided high diagnostic ability of aggressive prostate cancer (AUC as high as 0.798 for PCPT and 0.91 for ERSPC). We found 9 calculators developed from scratch for specific populations that reached a diagnostic ability as high as 0.938. The most commonly included risk factors in the calculators were age, prostate specific antigen levels, and digital rectal examination findings. Additional calculators included race and detailed personal and family history.

Conclusions
Both the PCPR and ERSPC risk calculators have been successfully adapted for cohorts other than the ones they were originally created for with no loss of diagnostic ability. Furthermore, designing calculators from scratch considering each population’s sociocultural differences has resulted in risk tools that can be well adapted to be valid in more patients. The best risk calculator for prostate cancer will be that which has been calibrated for its intended population and can be easily reproduced and implemented.

Trial Registration
PROSPERO CRD42021242110; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=242110
La formación clínica de los profesionales de enfermería ante una emergencia sanitaria en México
Authors: Zárate-Grajales R.A. 
Published: July 2021

La pandemia de COVID-19 que llegó al mundo a inicios del año 2020 ha frenado abruptamente la formación clínica de los estudiantes de enfermería y enfermería y obstetricia en nuestro país, así como en el mundo entero. Dicha interrupción tendrá, seguramente, implicaciones a mediano y largo plazo en la fuerza de trabajo de enfermería en el sistema de salud y en la respuesta sanitaria ante futuras pandemias.
La pregunta es, entonces, ¿cómo le hacemos para fortalecer la educación clínica del estudiantado de enfermería en esta época de reconversión educativa y de salud frente a una crisis económica sin precedentes? ¿Cuáles deben ser las competencias de los egresados ante esta difícil situación en el escenario educativo y de salud?