bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phytosphingosine induces systemic acquired resistance through activation of sphingosine kinase
Authors: Seo So Yeon , Kim Yu Jung , Kim Jinwoo , Nam Myung Hee , Park Ky Young 
Published: September 2021

AbstractPhytosphingosine (PHS) is a naturally occurring bioactive sphingolipid molecule. Intermediates such as sphingolipid long‐chain bases (LCBs) in sphingolipid biosynthesis have been shown to have important roles as signaling molecules. PHS treatment caused rapid cell damage and upregulated the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ethylene in tobacco plants. These events were followed by the induction of sphingosine kinase (SphK) in a biphasic manner, which metabolized PHS to phytosphingosine‐1‐phosphate (PHS‐1‐P). On the other hand, a PHS treatment with a virulent pathogen, Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae (Ppn), alleviated the pathogen‐induced cell damage and reduced the growth of Ppn. A Ppn infection increased the PHS and PHS‐1‐P levels significantly in the upper part of the leaves at the infection site at the later stage. In addition, Ppn increased the transcription levels of serine palmitoyltransferase (LCB1 and LCB2) for sphingolipid biosynthesis at the later stage, which was enhanced further by PHS. Moreover, the PHS treatment increased the transcription and activity of SphK, which was accompanied by prominent increases in the transcription levels of ROS‐detoxifying enzymes and PR proteins in the later phase of the pathogen infection. Overall, the PHS‐induced resistant effects were prominent during the necrotic stage of this hemibiotrophic infection, indicating that it is more beneficial for inhibiting the pathogenicity on necrotic cell death. Phosphorylated LCBs reduced the pathogen‐induced cell damage significantly in this stage. These results suggest that the selective channeling of sphingolipids into phosphorylated forms has a pro‐survival effect on plant immunity.
Risk assessment and safeguarding of lithium‐ion battery containing facilities
Authors: Marszal Edward , Bryan Austin 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAs the energy grid moves further toward renewable sources to generate the world's power requirements, energy storage becomes increasingly critical to infrastructure. Lithium‐ion batteries are an attractive option for such storage, with an energy density and cycling characteristics that provide advantages over other technologies. However, Li‐ion batteries also have several unique safety concerns due to the potential for thermal runaway, a self‐heating reaction, which can result in venting of both flammable and toxic gases and fire. This article explores the hazards associated with thermal runaways and discusses design considerations and requirements for systems intended to mitigate risk associated with such events.
Cell death mechanisms involved in cell injury caused by SARS‐CoV‐2
Authors: Morais da Silva Maríllya , Lira de Lucena André Silva , Paiva Júnior Sergio de Sá Leitão , Florêncio De Carvalho Vanessa Mylenna , Santana de Oliveira Priscilla Stela , da Rosa Michelle Melgarejo , Barreto de Melo Rego Moacyr Jesus , Pitta Maira Galdino da Rocha , Pereira Michelly Cristiny 
Published: September 2021

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (Covid‐19) is an emerging novel respiratory infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) that rapidly spread worldwide. In addition to lung injury, Covid‐19 patients may develop extrapulmonary symptoms, including cardiac, liver, kidney, digestive tract, and neurological injuries. Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 is the major receptor for the entry of SARS‐CoV‐2 into host cells. The specific mechanisms that lead to cell death in different tissues during infection by SARS‐CoV‐2 remains unknown. Based on data of the previous human coronavirus SARS‐CoV together with information about SARS‐CoV‐2, this review provides a summary of the mechanisms involved in cell death, including apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis, provoked by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus.
ABO blood groups and risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Noori Maryam , Shokri Pourya , Nejadghaderi Seyed Aria , Golmohammadi Saeid , Carson‐Chahhoud Kristin , Bragazzi Nicola Luigi , Ansarin Khalil , Kolahi Ali‐Asghar , Arshi Shahnam , Safiri Saeid 
Published: September 2021

SummaryThe last few decades have seen a pandemic of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which continues to cause substantial morbidity and mortality. ABO blood groups are anthropological and genetic characteristics of a population whose associations with HIV infection are still controversial. This systematic review with meta‐analysis was undertaken to investigate whether certain blood groups may have associations with HIV infection. PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were systematically searched as of 6 September 2021. Grey literature was identified through screening Google Scholar, and reference lists of relevant studies. All observational studies providing data on ABO blood group distribution among HIV‐infected and uninfected participants were included. Using a random effect model, risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled to quantify this relationship. Fifty eligible studies with a total of 3,068,244 participants and 6508 HIV‐infected cases were included. The overall analysis found that blood group AB increased the risk of HIV infection by 19% as compared with non‐AB blood groups (RR = 1.19, 95% CI: 1.03–1.39,p = 0.02). Pooled estimates for other blood groups failed to reach statistical significance. Subgroup analyses identified a positive relationship between AB blood group and HIV infection within Asia, patient populations (as opposed to blood donors and general populations), studies with lower sample sizes, high‐income countries and studies with a moderate quality score. The sequential omission and re‐analysis of studies within sensitivity analyses produced no change in the overall pooled effect. In conclusion, this study identified that blood group AB carriers were more susceptible to HIV infection. Future investigations should be directed toward clarification of the exact role of ABO blood groups in HIV infection and the possible underlying mechanisms.
A new ‐gain analysis framework for discrete‐time switched systems based on predictive Lyapunov function
Authors: Wang Ruihua , Zong Guangdeng , Shen Hao , Shi Kaibo 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe work proposes the pre‐‐gain analysis framework based on the newly raised nonweighted pre‐‐gain performance index and predictive Lyapunov function, which is devoted to nonweighted ‐gain analysis and relevant control of discrete‐time switched systems under mode‐dependent average dwell time. This also provides new ideas for other disturbance‐related studies. To begin with, the predictive Lyapunov function is established for switched nonlinear systems in the sense of better reflecting future system dynamics and future external disturbances. Hence, it is achievable to develop less conservative stability and nonweighted pre‐‐gain criteria for switched linear systems. Further, a new disturbance‐output expression is devised to match with the nonweighted pre‐‐gain, whose function is to estimate and optimize the traditional nonweighted ‐gain of the underlying system through discussions. Then, a solvable condition is formulated to seek the piecewise time‐dependent gains of switching controller in a convex structure, ensuring the global uniform exponential stability with nonweighted pre‐‐gain and thereby attaining much smaller non‐weighted ‐gain. Finally, the simulation comprised of a circuit system and a numerical example manifests the impressive potential of the obtained results for the purpose of preferable disturbance attenuation performances.
What matters for interorganizational connectedness? Locating the drivers of multiplex corporate networks
Authors: Novoselova Olga A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractResearch SummaryPast research discovered multiple drivers of interorganizational connectivity; however, their relative importance remains a puzzle. This study generalizes known network antecedents to six dimensions of the interorganizational environment—time, industry, geography, organization, networks, and agents—and decomposes variability in dyadic corporate connectedness to find the dimensions' relative importance for board interlocks, executive migration, and alliances among the S&P 500 companies in 1997–2015. Firm‐specific factors matter for all ties, industry—for alliances and executive migration, and geography—for board interlocks. Effects of time, executives, and past connections are relatively unimportant. Tie types differ in how much of their variability the analysis accounts for: while substantial part of alliance variability can be attributed to the six dimensions together, they explain much less of board interlock variability.Managerial SummaryConnections between firms are important for firms and markets, but what drives connections themselves? Expansive past research suggests that nearly everything does. This study asks how much influence different factors have on whether three types of interfirm connections exist among the S&P 500 companies: alliance, board interlock, and executive migration. To answer this question, it generalizes connectivity factors into those related to time, industry, location, firm itself, its existing connections, and its top managers. Results show that different factors matter differently depending on the tie type. Thus, when managers evaluate the potential of future connections between firms in the market, connectivity factors should be considered regarding a specific connection type rather than as increasing or decreasing the chances of interfirm connections in general.
Recycling Polymeric Solid Wastes for Energy‐Efficient Water Purification, Organic Distillation, and Oil Spill Cleanup
Authors: Gong Feng , Li Hao , Yuan Xiangzhou , Huang Jigang , Xia Dawei , Papavassiliou Dimitrios V. , Xiao Rui , Yamauchi Yusuke , Wu Kevin C.‐W. , Ok Yong Sik 
Published: September 2021

AbstractConventional approaches (e.g., pyrolysis) for managing waste polymer foams typically require highly technical skills and consume large amounts of energy resources. This paper presents an ultrafacile, cost‐effective, and highly efficient alternative method for recycling waste packaging and cleaning foam (e.g., polymelamine–formaldehyde foam). The designed solar absorber, a polypyrrole‐coated melamine foam (PMF), features a highly porous structure, excellent mechanical strength, low thermal conductivity, and rapid water transport capacity. These exceptional properties render the PMF suitable for multiple applications, including energy‐efficient solar‐powered water purification, ethanol distillation, and oil absorption. In water purification, the PMF yields a solar–thermal conversion efficiency as high as 87.7%, stability that is maintained for more than 35 operation cycles, and antifouling capabilities (when purifying different water types). In solar distillation, the PMF achieves a concentration increase up to 75 vol% when distilling a 10 vol% ethanol solution. In oil absorption, the PMF offers an oil‐absorption capacity of ≈70 g g−1 with only a 7% loss in capacity after 100 absorbing–squeezing cycles. Thus, systems combining solar energy with various waste foams are highly promising as durable, renewable, and portable systems for water purification, organic distillation, and oil absorption, especially in remote regions or emergency situations.
Construction of Stable Wide‐Temperature‐Range Proton Exchange Membranes by Incorporating a Carbonized Metal–Organic Frame into Polybenzimidazoles and Polyacrylamide Hydrogels
Authors: Yin Bibo , Liang Rui , Liang Xiaoxu , Fu Duo , Wang Lei , Sun Guoxing 
Published: September 2021

AbstractProton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are promising devices for clean power generation in fuel cell electric vehicles applications. The further request of high‐efficiency and cost competitive technology make high‐temperature proton exchange membranes utilizing phosphoric acid‐doped polybenzimidazole be favored because they can work well up to 180 °C without extra humidifier. However, they face quick loss of phosphoric acid below 120 °C and resulting in the limits of commercialization. Herein UiO‐66 derived carbon (porous carbon–ZrO2), comprising branched poly(4,4′‐diphenylether‐5,5′‐bibenzimidazole) and polyacrylamide hydrogels self‐assembly (BHC1‐4) membranes for wide‐temperature‐range operation (80–160 °C) is presented. These two‐phase membranes contained the hygroscopicity of polyacrylamide hydrogels improve the low‐temperature proton conductivity, relatively enable the membrane to function at 80 °C. An excellent cell performance of BHC2 membrane with high peak power density of 265 and 656 mW cm−2 at both 80 and 160 °C can be achieved. Furthermore, this membrane exhibits high stability of frequency cold start‐ups (from room temperature to 80 °C) and long‐term cell test at 160 °C. The improvement of cell performance and stability of BHC2 membrane indicate a progress of breaking operated temperature limit in existing PEMFCs systems.
2D Hybrid Halide Perovskites: Structure, Properties, and Applications in Solar Cells
Authors: Wu Guangbao , Liang Rui , Zhang Zhipeng , Ge Mingzheng , Xing Guichuan , Sun Guoxing 
Published: September 2021

Abstract2D metal‐halide perovskites have attracted intense research interest due to superior long‐term stability under ambient environments. Compared to their 3D analog, the alternate arrangement of organic and inorganic layers leads to forming a multilayer quantum well (MQW), which endows 2D perovskites with anisotropic optoelectronic properties. In addition, the spacer layer functions as a hydrophobic barrier to effectively prevent 2D perovskite films from ion migration and moisture penetrating, thus realizing outstanding stability. Recently, 2D perovskites have been widely developed with abundant species. The stunning photovoltaic performance with the coexistence of long‐term stability and high‐power conversion efficiency (PCE) has been realized in 2D perovskite solar cells (PSCs), which paves an avenue for commercialization of PSCs. This review begins with an introduction of crystal structure and crystallization kinetics to illustrate the unique layer characters in 2D perovskites. Then, electron structure, excitons, dielectric confinement, and intrinsic stability properties are discussed in detail. Next, the photovoltaic performance based on recent Ruddlesden–Popper (RP), Dion–Jacobson (DJ), and alternating cations in the interlayer (ACI) phase 2D‐PSCs is comprehensively summarized. Finally, the confronting challenges and strategies toward structural design and optoelectronic studies of 2D perovskites are proposed to offer insight into the advanced underlying properties of this family of materials.
Efficacy and safety of enflicoxib for treatment of canine osteoarthritis: A 6‐week randomised, controlled, blind, multicentre clinical trial
Authors: Salichs Marta , Badiella Llorenç , Sarasola Patxi , Homedes Josep 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundEnflicoxib is a new COX‐2 selective NSAID intended for the treatment of pain and inflammation associated with canine osteoarthritis.MethodsA prospective, multisite, blinded, randomised, controlled, parallel‐group field study was performed to determine the efficacy and safety of enflicoxib in canine osteoarthritis. A total of 242 dogs were randomised to receive enflicoxib at 4 or 2 mg/kg, mavacoxib at 2 mg/kg or placebo, orally. Enflicoxib and placebo were administered once weekly from day 0 to day 35. Mavacoxib was administered on D0 and day 14. Veterinarians assessed efficacy with a numerical rating scale and owners used the Canine Brief Pain Inventory.ResultsAfter 6 weeks, enflicoxib at 4 mg/kg showed the highest percentage of responders as assessed by the veterinarians (68%) and the owners (84%), followed by mavacoxib (62and 83%, respectively), and enflicoxib at 2 mg/kg (57 and 80%, respectively). All treatments reached statistical significance versus placebo, which obtained success rates of 37% and 53%, respectively. No differences in the incidence of adverse reactions were detected among the different groups.ConclusionsEnflicoxib administered weekly for 6 weeks, at 4 mg/kg PO with an initial loading dose of 8 mg/kg, is efficacious and safe for the treatment of canine osteoarthritis.
Dynamic characteristics of electromechanical coupling of wind turbine drive system under multi‐source excitation
Authors: Chen Ruibo , Qin Datong , Yi Yuanyuan , Liu Changzhao , Shi Junren 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWith the rapid development of wind turbine, the operational reliability of the main drive systems of wind turbine has received extensive attention. The wind turbine drive system is affected not only by random wind loads for a long time but also by the electromagnetic torque of the generator. Exploring the coupling behavior and mechanism is particularly important for optimizing the design of the drive system and improving the operational reliability of the main drive system. This study establishes a mechanical–electrical coupling model, which includes a translational–torsional dynamic model of a gear transmission system that can be used for variable speed and variable‐load conditions, a finite element model of the generator, and voltage vector control. This model takes into account nonlinear factors such as the time‐varying meshing stiffness of the gear system and the magnetic characteristics of the generator. The speed sweep analysis method was used to identify the resonance speed and dangerous components of the system. Under different external excitation conditions, the dynamic characteristics of the system were compared with and without considering electromagnetic characteristics. The generator speed of 1030 r/min and 651 r/min is the potential resonance speed of the system. The gear system and generator system have strong coupling characteristics. In the vibration signal of the gear system, there will be electrical system frequency components dominated by 6kfe and (h − 1)fe. In the current signal, not only appeared the excitation frequency in the gear system, but also the modulation signal with the excitation frequency in the gear system as the carrier frequency and the electric frequency as the fundamental frequency ((6k ± 1) ⋅ fe ± n ⋅fm) appeared. Under the gust wind, the transient response of the system will excite the gear‐generator coupling vibration mode. The electromagnetic characteristic of generator can suppress the vibration of mechanical system.
Mediation: A Change in Finnish Court Culture?
Authors: Linnanmäki Kirsikka 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe topic of this chapter is court-connected mediation and how mediation has affected the court culture in civil cases in Finland. The focus is on the three following dimensions of the mediation system: on legislative, theoretical, and practical changes. The main normative change was the act that came into force in 2006. The new legislation led gradually to changes in practice as well. A significant amount of cases in the District Courts go to mediation today. The law defines judges also as mediators, and in practice many judges are trained and experienced mediators. Also, the theoretical framework for courts has expanded, since mediation theories constitute a relevant basis for the mediation process. The change in culture is also multidirectional. Not only has mediation moved into the legalistic court culture, but also the legal context affects mediation. Mediation has changed court culture by providing an alternative to court trial and it has brought new dimensions to the definition, role and function of courts of law.
The Australian Context: National, State and School-Level Efforts to Improve Schools in Australia
Authors: Gurr David , Acquaro Daniela , Drysdale Lawrie 
Published: September 2021

AbstractAustralia, like many countries, has a history of colonisation and extensive controlled and humanitarian immigration, with this shifting from an Anglo-Celtic emphasis to include, in succession, an emphasis on migrants from Europe, Asia and Africa. This chapter provides several perspectives on evidence-based school development in this changing context. The first focus is on national school-wide improvement initiatives: IDEAS (Innovative Designs for Enhancing Achievements in Schools), which utilises professional learning communities to improve student outcomes; and PALL (Principals as Literacy Leaders) which provides principals with literacy and leadership knowledge to support teachers to improve student reading performance. The second perspective explores the state level through considering work at the Melbourne Graduate School of Education in terms of evidence-based teacher training through the development of a clinical teaching model, and evidence-based school improvement through the Science of Learning Schools Partnership. The final perspective is at the school level, where the development of two schools in challenging contexts are described: the first a school formed from the closure of three failing schools; the second a school that was at the point of closure when the current principal was appointed to turn-it-around.
Concluding Comments and Looking Ahead
Authors: Ylimaki Rose M. , Brunderman Lynnette A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter provides concluding reflections and implications for future work in school development amidst global trends toward evidence-based practice, tensions between centralization of curriculum and evaluation policy and the needs of particular, and increasingly diverse communities, schools, and students. We see the globalization of evidence-based school development policies and university-community partnerships, the use of generalizable models developed from experimental design, and increasingly diverse demographics in schools. Thus, we have argued that context matters; evidence does not necessarily mean that a model developed from an experimental design is appropriate for a problem of practice in particular school settings. At the same time, school and district leaders benefit from dialogue within levels and beyond as they work toward improvement in order to navigate the Zone of Uncertainty in their particular school and community context and in relation to particular problems of practice affecting schools in other communities, other states, or even other nation states.
Values, Culture and Context
Authors: Ylimaki Rose M. , Brunderman Lynnette A. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThis chapter presents our conception of culture for school development, including broader cultural aims and humanistic values of education for an increasingly multicultural society reflected in the micro-organizational culture of schools and the sub-culture of the leadership team. Specifically, drawing on the International Successful School Principalship Project (ISSPP) research, related studies, and education theory, we defined culture as the values, beliefs and norms of behavior embedded within the individual, the leadership team, the organization, and the larger community. The balance of the chapter presents application of theory and practice in the Arizona project (AZiLDR) as well as lessons learned. The chapter illustrates the critical importance of culture to readiness for school development. Often, during the project, teams were at different stages of readiness, resulting in the need to spend time building and solidifying the culture. In schools with less readiness, we found the diffusion process to progress much more slowly. We saw these schools existing in the Zone of Uncertainty much longer. We describe our process to develop school culture through leadership teams, using the AZiLDR delivery system of institutes, regional meetings and on-site coaching. Example case studies and activities are provided.