bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physics For Medical Colleges: Proposing An Extended Syllabus
Authors: Omer Hiba 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background

Physics has indeed revolutionized medical practice since the birth of medicine thousands of years ago. It provided us with a better understanding of our health problems through many diagnostic and treatment tools yet, many medical colleges do not fully implement physics as a core subject in their curricula. Physics is taught only as a freshman year subject, and many medical students feel obliged to take it without knowing its real benefits to their future careers. This is basically due to the lack of an appropriate course design, references, and the poor commissioning of physics in the medical field. The aim of this work is to propose a series of courses of physics in medicine that would fulfill the requirements of any medical college.
Methods

The presented courses will be divided into three phases: premedical, pre-clinical, and clinical years for medical students. To do so, a critical analysis of the topics needed at the different phases and the possibilities of implementing this syllabus and constraints that may face the process is conducted.
Results

the different topics are shown and means of implementing them as a single subject or in conjunction with other subjects is clarified
Conclusion

Once properly tailored, physics can provide a strong tool in medical education
Chronic Corticosterone Disrupts The Circadian Rhythm of CRH Expression and m6A RNA Methylation In The Chicken Hypothalamus
Authors: Yang Yang , Han Wanwan , Zhang Aijia , Zhao Mindie , Cong Wei , Jia Yimin , Wang Deyun , Zhao Ruqian 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background: Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), the major secretagogue of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, is intricately intertwined with the clock genes to regulate the circadian rhythm of various body functions. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA methylation is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythm, yet it remains unknown whether CRH expression and m6A modification oscillate with the clock genes in chicken hypothalamus and how the circadian rhythms change under chronic stress. Results: Chronic exposure to corticosterone (CORT) eliminated the diurnal patterns of plasma CORT and melatonin levels in the chicken. The circadian rhythms of clock genes in hippocampus, hypothalamus and pituitary are all disturbed to different extent in CORT-treated chickens. The most striking changes occur in hypothalamus in which the diurnal fluctuation of CRH mRNA is flattened, together with mRNA of other feeding-related neuropeptides. Interestingly, hypothalamic m6A level oscillates in an opposite pattern to CRH mRNA, with lowest m6A level after midnight (ZT18) corresponding to the peak of CRH mRNA before dawn (ZT22). CORT diminished the circadian rhythm of m6A methylation with significantly increased level at night. Further site-specific m6A analysis on 3’UTR of CRH mRNA indicates that higher m6A on 3’UTR of CRH mRNA coincides with lower CRH mRNA at night (ZT18 and ZT22). Conclusions: Our results indicate that chronic stress disrupts the circadian rhythms of CRH expression in hypothalamus, leading to dysfunction of HPA axis in the chicken. RNA m6A modification is involved in the regulation of circadian rhythms in chicken hypothalamus under both basal and chronic stress conditions.
Mediating Effect of Students’ Perception in Programming on the Relationship Between Project Work and College Students’ Interest in Programming
Authors: Senior Isaac Ampofo Atta 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Computer programming has been a subject of debate, whether students have an interest or not. Students' impressions of their own abilities to program and of programming in general are influenced by their early programming experiences, which play a role in encouraging or discouraging students' interest in computing areas. As a result, project work as a method of teaching has been adopted by many lecturers in teaching computer programming. However, the study sought to assess the mediating influence of students' perception in the relationship between project work and college students' interest in programming. The study used a descriptive survey design. The target population for the study included all Computer Science and Mathematics students at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana. The population for the study was 2,410 students with a sample size of 332. The researcher used a questionnaire to gather the data for studying the issue under investigation. Analysis of the data was done through the use of the PROCESS Macro. The results revealed that the mediating effect of students’ perception of programming on the relationship between project work and college students’ interest in programming accounts for only 0.34% of the total contribution of factors that influence college students’ interest in programming.
Spatial-Temporal Change Analysis for Multivariate Drought Risk Based on Bayesian Copula: Application to the Balkhash Lake Basin
Authors: Yang Xin , Li Yongping 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this study, a spatial-temporal Bayesian copula (SBC) method is developed through integrating spatial-temporal analysis and Bayesian copula into a general framework. SBC method can help model dependence structures of variable pairs and handle the uncertainty caused by parameter in copulas, and SBC can reveal the spatial and temporal changes of drought events. SBC is applied to the Balkhash Lake Basin (in Central Asia) to analyze spatial-temporal characteristic and drought risk in 1901-2020. Several findings can be summarized: (1) Balkhash Lake Basin suffered 53 drought events in 1901-2020, and five typical severe drought events occurred in 1916-1920, 1943-1945, 1973-1977, 1995-1998 and 2007-2009; (2) the most severe drought event lasted for 40 months (1973.10-1977.1), affecting 335,800 km2 of the study basin; (3) drought usually develops from east to west, and Ili River delta and alluvial plain has the highest frequency of drought (47.2%), following by plateau desert (28.3%) and arid grassland in north Balkhash Lake (24.5%); (4) drought shows significant seasonality in the study basin, which usually begins in spring and summer (64.2%) and ends in summer and autumn (66.0%); and drought risk of middle and lower reaches of Ili River is highest in spring and summer; (5) in Balkhash Lake Basin, multivariate characteristics (duration, severity and affected area) significantly affect drought risk; (6) the range of drought risk is [1.9%, 18.1%], [3.7%, 33.1%], [8.7%, 46.0%], [16.0%, 55.1%] and [27.6%, 59.8%] when guarantee rate is 0.99, 0.98, 0.95, 0.90 and 0.80, respectively.
Allyl Isothiocyanate Inhibits Invasion and Angiogenesis in Breast Cancer via EGFR Mediated JAK1/STAT3 Signaling Pathway
Authors: Rajakumar Thangarasu , Pugalendhi Pachaiappan 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis are the main events of cancer cells. JAK1/STAT3 is a key intracellular signaling transduction path, which controls the growth, differentiation, apoptosis, invasion, and angiogenesis in various cancer cells. The existing study explored the impact of AITC on the JAK-1/STAT-3 pathway in DMBAinjected rat mammary tumorigenesis. The mammary tumor was initiated through a single dose of 25 mg DMBA/rat through a subcutaneous injection administered near the mammary gland. We observed decreased body weight and augmented the total number of tumors, tumor incidence, tumor volume, well-developed tumor, and histopathological abnormalities in DMBA-injected rats and that were modulated after being treated with AITC. Staining of mammary tissues showed a high accumulation of collagen in DMBAtreated rats and it was normalized by the AITC treatment. Moreover, DMBA-induced mammary tissues showed up-regulated expressions of EGFR, pJAK-1, pSTAT-3, the nuclear fraction of STAT-3, and its associated products like VEGF, VEGFR2, HIF-1α, MMP-2, and MMP-9 and the down-regulated expressions of cytosolic STAT-3 and TIMP-2. Oral administration of AITC on DMBAtreated rats inhibits angiogenesis and invasion through modified these angiogenic and invasive markers. The finding of the current study is further confirmed by molecular docking analysis that shows a strong binding interaction between AITC with STAT-3 and cocrystal structure of STAT3 glide energy of -18.123 and − 72.246 (kcal/mole), respectively. Overall, the results suggested that AITC inhibits activation of the JAK-1/STAT-3 path, which subsequently prevents angiogenesis and invasion. It was recommended that AITC might develop a beneficial effect against breast cancer.
Learning Manifolds from Non-stationary Streams
Authors: Mahapatra Suchismit , Chandola Varun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Streaming adaptations of manifold learning based dimensionality reduction methods, such as Isomap, are based on the assumption that a small initial batch of observations is enough for exact learning of the manifold, while remaining streaming data instances can be cheaply mapped to this manifold. However, there are no theoretical results to show that this core assumption is valid. Moreover, such methods typically assume that the underlying data distribution is stationary and are not equipped to detect, or handle, sudden changes or gradual drifts in the distribution that may occur when the data is streaming. We present theoretical results to show that the quality of a manifold asymptotically converges as the size of data increases. We then show that a Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) model, that uses a manifold-specific kernel function and is trained on an initial batch of sufficient size, can closely approximate the state-of-art streaming Isomap algorithms. The predictive variance obtained from the GPR prediction is then shown to be an effective detector of changes in the underlying data distribution. Results on several synthetic and real data sets show that the resulting algorithm can effectively learn lower dimensional representation of high dimensional data in a streaming setting, while identifying shifts in the generative distribution.
The Oculomotor Signature of Expected Surprise
Authors: Drążyk Dominika , Missal Marcus 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Expected surprise could be defined as the anticipation of the uncertainty associated with the future occurrence of a target of interest. We hypothesized that spatial expected surprise could have a different impact on anticipatory and visual gaze orientation. This hypothesis was tested in humans using a saccadic reaction time task in which a cue indicated the future position of a stimulus. In the ‘no expected surprise’ condition, the visual target could appear only at the previously cued location. In other conditions, more likely future positions were cued with increasing expected surprise. Anticipation was more frequent and pupil size was larger in the no expected surprise condition compared with all other conditions. The latency of visually-guided saccades increased linearly with the logarithm of surprise but their maximum velocity did not.In conclusion, before stimulus appearance oculomotor responses were altered probably due to increased arousal in the no expected surprise condition. After stimulus appearance, the saccadic decision signal could be scaled logarithmically as a function of surprise (Hick’s law). However, maximum velocity also reflected increased arousal in the no surprise condition. Therefore, expected surprise alters the balance between anticipatory and visually-guided responses and differently affects movement kinematics and latency.
Timing of Renal Replacement Therapy Initiation in Patients with Septic Acute Kidney Injury; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Oh Hyung Jung , Min In Kyung , Roh Yun Ho , Kim Jung ho , Ahn Jin Young , Jeong Su Jin , Choi Jun Yong , Yeom Joon-Sup , Song Young Goo , Ku Nam Su , Chung Yong Eun 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background; Acute kidney injury (AKI) is the most frequent complication seen in patients with septic shock and is an independent risk factor for death. Although renal-replacement therapy (RRT) is standard care for patients with severe septic AKI, the optimal timing of RRT initiation remains controversial.Methods; The PubMed, Cochrane, and Embase databases were searched from their inception to June 2021 to identify the ideal timing of RRT initiation in patients with septic AKI by comparing 28- and 90-day mortality rates.Results; Among a total of six studies including 1,058 patients, the 28-day mortality rate was significantly lower in the early RRT-treated group compared to the late group [RR=0.69; 95% CI (0.51-0.94); P=0.018]. Moreover, among the five studies including 938 patients, the 90-day mortality rate was also significantly lower in the early RRT-treated group than the late group [RR=0.61; 95% CI (0.47-0.80); P=0.01]. In a subgroup analysis for continuous RRT (CRRT), we also found significantly lower 28- and 90-day mortality rates in the early CRRT-treated group compared to the late group.Conclusion; This study showed that early initiation of RRT might reduce 28- and 90-day mortality compared with late initiation in septic AKI patients.
Characteristics of Pollen Grains of Different Date Pollinator Cultivars and Their Metaxenia Effect on Secondary Metabolites, Enzymes and Other Biochemical Compounds of ‘piarom’ Dates at Different Stages of Fruit Growth
Authors: Shahsavar Ali Reza , Shahhosseini Asma 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this study, the characteristics of pollens of eight date pollinating cultivars including ‘Shahani’, ‘Zahedi’, ‘Beraem’, ‘Faryab’, ‘Sheikhali’, ‘Fard’ and ‘Jarvis’ were compared and their metaxenia effects on secondary metabolites, enzymes and other biochemical compounds of ‘Piarom’ date fruit was investigated in four stages of fruit growth and development. The pollens of these eight pollinating cultivars were compared in terms of carbohydrate, protein starch, total phenol, flavonoids, pectin methyl esterase, and amylase enzymes. According to the results, , pollens of ‘Sheikhali’, ‘Fard’, ‘Zahedi’ and ‘Shahani’ cultivars had higher amounts of the above compounds than other cultivars. Regarding the effect of pollens on the composition of ‘Piarom’ date fruit, ‘Fard’ and ‘Sheikhali’ pollens produced the lowest amount of soluable tannin, which resulted in better quality of ‘Piarom’ date fruits. Pollens of ‘Sheikhali’ and ‘Fard’ cultivars produced the highest amounts of glucose and fructose in the fruit. In relation to sucrose, ‘Jarvis’ and ‘Shikhali’ were the best. Pollens of ‘Sheikhali’ and ‘Fard’ cultivars caused the lowest amount of chlorophyll in different stages of fruit growth, indicating better decomposition of fruit chlorophyll and, as a result, better fruit quality. Pollens of ‘Sheikhali’ and ‘Fard’ cultivars produced the highest amount of secondary metabolites such as total phenol, carotenoids and anthocyanin at different stages of ‘Piarom’ date fruit development. Pollens of ‘Fard’ and ‘Sheikhali’ cultivars produced the highest levels of polygalacturonase, cellulase and invertase enzymes at different stages of ‘Piarom’ date fruit growth. Regarding cellulase enzyme, ‘Zahedi’ cultivar produced more ‘cellulase’ in fruit than ‘Sheikhali’. In general, the pollens of ‘Fard’ and ‘Sheikhali, in comparison with other cultivars, improved the quantity and quality of ‘Piarom’ date fruit, due to their metaxenia properties.
Interventional Indirect Effects: A Novel Approach to Optimise Complex Psychological Therapies to Treat Depression for Scale-up in Goa, India
Authors: Seward Nadine , Vansteelandt Stijn , Moreno-Agostino Darío , Patel Vikram , Araya Ricardo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Introduction: Understanding how and under what circumstances complex psychological therapies work (or not) is important to bring evidence-informed intervention to scale, especially in resource poor settings. However, current methods do not apply methodology that account for the underlying complexity of these interventions including the interplay between implementation outcomes, implementation strategies and mechanisms. Here we apply a robust mediation analysis to address these issues to data from the Healthy Activity Program (HAP) trial –a psychological intervention for depression delivered using task-shifting with lay counsellors in Goa India.Methods: Interventional in(direct) effects were used to simultaneously decompose the total effect of the intervention on depression symptoms measured through the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). The following indirect effects were considered: fidelity of receipt including number of sessions and homework completed; behavioural activation according to an adapted version of the Behavioural Activation for Depression Short Form (BADS-SF), and extra sessions offered to participants who did not respond to the intervention. Results: Of the total effect of the intervention measured through the difference in PHQ-9 scores between treatment arms (mean difference: -2.2, 95% bias-corrected CI: -3.2, -0.8), 45% was mediated through improved levels of behavioural activation (-1.0, -1.3, -0.6). There was little evidence to support the mediating role of characteristics of the sessions nor the extra sessions offered to participants who did not respond to the treatment. ConclusionsFindings from our analyses have demonstrated how interventional (in)direct effects can be applied to understand how implementation research programmes can be optimised for scale-up. Our results highlight the importance of sessions focusing on behavioural activation to improve symptoms of depression. Targeting non-responders with strategies other than extra therapy sessions has the potential to improve depression outcomes at a population level.
WaterSwap Analysis, a Computation-based Method for the Discovery of Effective and Stable Binding Compounds for Mutant EGFR Inhibition
Authors: Karnik Kshipra S. , Sarkate Aniket P. , Jambhorkar Vaishanavi S. , Wakte Pravin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The epidermal growth factor receptor of the tyrosine kinase family has been largely targeted in mutations associated with non-small cell lung cancer. EGFR inhibitors have been produced that bind allosterically to the C797S mutant EGFR enzyme. Here, the Waterswap tool has been used for the interpretation and visualization of trajectories of mutant EGFR-ligand complexes. Virtual screening of the generated compounds has been carried out along with its molecular docking and ADMET analysis. Out of the generated library of compounds, the top 15 have been selected. Waterswap calculated the binding free energies of the compounds and thermodynamic properties of the enumerated compounds were compared with that of standard EAI045. It was observed that styrylquinoline stabilized better than EAI045. The results show that Waterswap analysis offers a promising new path in the hunt for improved tools for analyzing and visualizing molecular driving forces in protein-ligand complex simulations.
Peer group-based online intervention program to empower families of those raising children with disabilities: Study protocol for a non-randomized waitlist-controlled trial
Authors: Matsuzawa Akemi , Wakimizu Rie , Sato Iori , Fujioka Hiroshi , Nishigaki Kaori , Suzuki Seigo , Iwata Naoko 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
BackgroundFamilies raising children with disabilities assume risks to their health and lives. Therefore, it is necessary to support these families to improve family empowerment, which is the ability of these families to control their own lives and to promote the collaborative raising of children with disabilities. This is the first online program development and interventional study focusing on the empowerment of families raising children with disabilities who live at home in Japan.MethodThe program consisted of four online peer-based group sessions. Moreover, the families engage in several activities in stages wherein they discover their own issues, find measures to resolve them, and take action, while visualizing interfamily relationships, including social resources, and the status of their family life, with facilitators and other peer members. This study was a non-randomized, waitlist-controlled trial. It compared the results of the intervention group (early group) and the waitlist-controlled group (delayed group). The participants were allocated to the early or delayed group in the order of their applications. The main outcome was family empowerment. Other outcomes are the caregiver burden, awareness of the use of social resources, self-compassion, and the quality of life (QOL) of primary caregivers. The timing of the online surveys was as follows: the initial evaluation (Time 1 [T1]) was conducted before the start of the first early group program, and post-intervention evaluation (Time 2 [T2]) was conducted immediately (within one week) after the early group had completed all four sessions (four weeks) of the program. Follow-up evaluation (Time 3 [T3]) was conducted four weeks after the post-intervention evaluation. This timing was the same in the delayed group, but the delayed group attended the program after a four-week waiting period, compared to the early group.DiscussionThe intention is to evaluate whether the provision of the program developed in this study and the evaluation test design are feasible and to verify the efficacy of this program.Clinical trial registrationThe UMIN Clinical Trials Registry (UMIN000044172), registration date: May 19, 2021. https://upload.umin.ac.jp/cgi-open-bin/ctr/ctr_view.cgi?recptno=R000050422
20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 promotes TRAIL-induced apoptosis by upregulating DR5 in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Liu Wenmo , Wang Siqi , Yang Qinchuan , Feng Xinyao , Yu Bin , Yu Xianghui 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a potential therapeutic anti-cancer drug with selective cytotoxicity in cancer cells. However, in multiple clinical trials, the therapeutic effect of TRAIL is limited owing to tumor resistance. The combination of small molecules or other drugs may represent a suitable strategy to overcome TRAIL resistance. This study found that 20(s)-ginsenoside Rh2 sensitized non-sensitive human hepatocellular carcinoma cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The combination of TRAIL and Rh2 decreased cell viability and increased caspase cascade-induced apoptosis in several liver cancer cell lines. Moreover, we found that Rh2 reduced the apoptosis-related protein XIAP and Survivin, a negative regulator of the apoptosis pathway. At the same time, Rh2 can further enhance TRAIL-induced apoptosis by upregulating the death receptor 5 (DR5), thereby significantly enhancing its anti-tumor effect. Furthermore, Rh2 enhanced the therapeutic efficacy of TRAIL in mouse xenograft models, suggesting that Rh2 also sensitizes TRAIL in vivo. Taken together, our study indicates that Rh2 may act as a sensitizer in combination with TRAIL to increase the efficacy of its anti-tumor activity.