bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Violence of Asylum: The Case of Undocumented Chinese Migration to the United States
Authors: Hsin Amy , Aptekar Sofya 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA sizable portion of the undocumented population in the US is Chinese but they are an understudied group. We analyze secondary literature and policies to understand undocumented Chinese immigration in its historical and contemporary contexts and draw on interviews with undocumented migrants, community organizers, social workers, and others working in the Chinese community in New York City, as well as participant observation of community events, to analyze how illegality is constructed and experienced by undocumented Chinese migrants. We show how restrictive immigration policies exclude most Chinese migrants from legal entry into the US, force many to endure dangerous migration routes and bind Chinese migrants’ experience of illegality with asylum seeking. The asylum regime is putatively humanitarian but inflicts legal violence and diverts efforts away from collective organizing for rights-based remedies towards debt-fueled migration and asylum seeking, a process that keeps migrants in lengthy periods of legal precarity and reproduces national and global inequalities. Our study contributes to the literature on migrant illegality in sociology that is primarily based on the experiences of Latinx migrants by highlighting the continuities and unique features of legal violence experienced by undocumented Chinese.
Becoming Actors of Change: A Gender-Disaggregated Analysis of the Effects of the Israeli Oppression on Women in Palestine
Authors: Helbich Maria , Jabr Samah 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This article examines the social and political determinants of the Israeli occupation in Palestine and how these create specific vulnerabilities for women. Although marginalized, women have always been active in the resistance to the Israeli occupation, despite being specifically targeted. Depoliticization processes by international organizations have further weakened their efforts for social change. To confront this marginalization, the article highlights the different ways that women resist structural discrimination and develop agency and resilience by defying gendered dimensions in regard to the occupation and structures of patriarchy.
Does Radial Head Resection Impair Hand and Wrist Function? A Long-Term Follow-Up
Authors: Avisar Erez , Persitz Jonathan , Shohat Noam , Tamir Eran , Assaraf Eran , Keren Timoret 
Published: March 2021

Objective:
To evaluate the long-term outcome in patients after radial head resection surgery for isolated Mason type III radial head fractures.

Design:
An observational retrospective case series.

Setting:
A Hand and Upper-Extremity Surgery Unit in a tertiary care center.

Patients:
Data were collected from files of patients who were operated between the years 1980 and 2020. Of 352 patients who underwent surgery for radial head fractures, 25 patients were eligible and were enrolled in the study.

Intervention:
All participants underwent radial head resection surgery and a follow-up clinical and radiographic evaluation by 2 senior orthopaedic surgeons.

Outcome measurements:
Objective evaluation included active range of motion of the elbow and wrist joints, ulnohumeral angle, key pinch and grip measurements, and radiographic imaging of elbow and wrist joints. Subjective evaluation included visual analog scale measurements, disability of arm shoulder and hand questionnaire, Mayo wrist score, Michigan hand outcome, and Oxford elbow score.

Results:
The mean follow-up was 18 years. Mean elbow range of motion and mean grip strength were lower in the operated hand, as compared to the contralateral hand. Mean proximal radial migration was 1.6 mm. Mean results of visual analog scale, disability of arm shoulder and hand, Mayo wrist score, Michigan hand outcome, and Oxford elbow score indicated good functional outcome and high patient satisfaction.

Conclusions:
In our study population, long-term functional outcomes after radial head resection were encouraging. Thus, this procedure may be considered as a surgical alternative when radial head reconstruction or replacement fails.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Factors Associated with the Macular Ganglion Cell–Inner Plexiform Layer Thickness in a Cohort of Middle-aged U.S. Adults
Authors: Paulsen Adam J. , Pinto Alex , Merten Natascha , Chen Yanjun , Fischer Mary E. , Huang Guan-Hua , Klein Barbara E. K. , Schubert Carla R. , Cruickshanks Karen J. 
Published: March 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
The macular ganglion cell–inner plexiform layer (mGCIPL) may serve as a quick and easily obtained measure of generalized neurodegeneration. Investigating factors associated with this thickness could help to understand neurodegenerative processes.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to characterize and identify associated factors of the mGCIPL thickness in a Beaver Dam Offspring Study cohort of middle-aged U.S. adults.

METHODS
Baseline examinations occurred from 2005 to 2008, with follow-up examinations every 5 years. Included participants had baseline data and measured mGCIPL at 10-year follow-up (N = 1848). The mGCIPL was measured using the Cirrus 5000 HD-OCT Macular Cube Scan. Associations between mean mGCIPL thickness and thin mGCIPL, defined as 1 standard deviation (SD) below the population mean, and baseline risk factors were investigated using generalized estimating equations.

RESULTS
Participants (mean [SD] baseline age, 48.9 [9.3] years; 54.4% women) had mean (SD) mGCIPL thicknesses of 78.4 (8.1) μm in the right eye and 78.1 (8.5) μm in the left (correlation coefficient = 0.76). In multivariable models, age (−1.07 μm per 5 years; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.28 to −0.86 μm), high alcohol consumption (−1.44 μm; 95% CI, −2.72 to −0.16 μm), higher interleukin 6 levels (50% increase in level: −0.23 μm; 95% CI, −0.45 to 0.00 μm), myopia (−2.55 μm; 95% CI, −3.17 to −1.94 μm), and glaucoma (−1.74 μm; 95% CI, −2.77 to −0.70 μm) were associated with thinner mGCIPL. Age (per 5 years: odds ratio [OR], 1.38; 95% CI, 1.24 to 1.53), diabetes (OR, 1.89, 95% CI, 1.09 to 3.27), myopia (OR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.63 to 2.73), and increasing and long-term high C-reactive protein (ORs, 1.46 [95% CI, 1.01 to 2.11] and 1.74 [95% CI, 1.14 to 2.65], respectively) were associated with increased odds of thin mGCIPL.

CONCLUSIONS
Factors associated cross-sectionally with mGCIPL thickness, older age, high alcohol consumption, inflammation, diabetes, myopia, and glaucoma may be important to neural retina structure and health and neuronal health system-wide.
Effect of Vergence/Accommodative Therapy on Attention in Children with Convergence Insufficiency: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors:   CITT-ART Investigator Group
Published: March 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
The results of this study suggest that clinicians providing vergence/accommodative therapy for convergence insufficiency in children should not suggest that such treatment will lead to improvements in attention when compared with placebo treatment.

PURPOSE
This study aimed to compare the effects of 16 weeks of vergence/accommodative therapy and placebo therapy on changes in attention for children in the Convergence Insufficiency Treatment Trial–Attention and Reading Trial.

METHODS
Three hundred ten children 9 to 14 years old with convergence insufficiency were assigned to receive treatment with office-based vergence/accommodative therapy or placebo therapy. Attention tests were administered at baseline and after 16 weeks of treatment. The primary measure of attention was the Strengths and Weaknesses of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms and Normal Behavior (SWAN) scale. Other measures included the Swanson, Nolan, and Pelham checklist; the Homework Problems Checklist; and the d2 Test of Attention. Within and between-group differences are reported using Cohen d effect sizes.

RESULTS
For the SWAN, there was no significant difference between the groups for the inattention scale parental report (d = 0.036; 95% confidence interval, −0.21 to 0.28) or for the hyperactivity impulsivity scale parental report (d = −0.003; 95% confidence interval, −0.24 to 0.24). Similar results were found for teacher reports and the secondary measures (d estimates from −0.97 to +0.10). There were, however, large within-group changes with d ≥ 1 in both treatment groups for the SWAN, the Homework Problems Checklist, and the d2 Test of Attention.

CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that vergence/accommodative therapy is no better than placebo therapy in improving attention. Large improvements in inattention, completing homework, and selective and sustained attention were found in each group. However, these improvements cannot be attributed to improvements in vergence and accommodation and are likely due to nonspecific effects of an intensive therapy regimen.
American Academy of Optometry Microbial Keratitis Think Tank
Authors: Szczotka-Flynn Loretta B. , Shovlin Joseph P. , Schnider Cristina M. , Caffery Barbara E. , Alfonso Eduardo C. , Carnt Nicole A. , Chalmers Robin L. , Collier Sarah , Jacobs Deborah S. , Joslin Charlotte E. , Kroken Abby R. , Lakkis Carol , Pearlman Eric , Schein Oliver D. , Stapleton Fiona , Tu Elmer , Willcox Mark D.P. 
Published: March 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
Think Tank 2019 affirmed that the rate of infection associated with contact lenses has not changed in several decades. Also, there is a trend toward more serious infections associated with Acanthamoeba and fungi. The growing use of contact lenses in children demands our attention with surveillance and case-control studies.

PURPOSE
The American Academy of Optometry (AAO) gathered researchers and key opinion leaders from around the world to discuss contact lens–associated microbial keratitis at the 2019 AAO Annual Meeting.

METHODS
Experts presented within four sessions. Session 1 covered the epidemiology of microbial keratitis, pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the role of lens care systems and storage cases in corneal disease. Session 2 covered nonbacterial forms of keratitis in contact lens wearers. Session 3 covered future needs, challenges, and research questions in relation to microbial keratitis in youth and myopia control, microbiome, antimicrobial surfaces, and genetic susceptibility. Session 4 covered compliance and communication imperatives.

RESULTS
The absolute rate of microbial keratitis has remained very consistent for three decades despite new technologies, and extended wear significantly increases the risk. Improved oxygen delivery afforded by silicone hydrogel lenses has not impacted the rates, and although the introduction of daily disposable lenses has minimized the risk of severe disease, there is no consistent evidence that they have altered the overall rate of microbial keratitis. Overnight orthokeratology lenses may increase the risk of microbial keratitis, especially secondary to Acanthamoeba, in children. Compliance remains a concern and a significant risk factor for disease. New insights into host microbiome and genetic susceptibility may uncover new theories. More studies such as case-control designs suited for rare diseases and registries are needed.

CONCLUSIONS
The first annual AAO Think Tank acknowledged that the risk of microbial keratitis has not decreased over decades, despite innovation. Important questions and research directions remain.
Visual Performance of Center-distance Multifocal Contact Lenses Fit Using a Myopia Control Paradigm
Authors: Gregory Hannah R. , Nti Augustine N. , Wolffsohn James S. , Berntsen David A. , Ritchey Eric R. 
Published: March 2021

SIGNIFICANCE
With multifocal contact lenses (MFCLs) used for myopia control, questions remain regarding visual performance. Information from nonpresbyopic patients provides insight into how MFCLs affect visual acuity and reading performance.

PURPOSE
The purpose of this study was to examine the visual performance of center-distance MFCLs in nonpresbyopic adults under different illumination and contrast conditions compared with a single-vision contact lens (SVCL).

METHODS
Twenty-five adult subjects were fit with three different lenses (CooperVision Biofinity D MFCL +2.50 add, Visioneering Technologies NaturalVue MFCL, CooperVision Biofinity sphere). Acuity and reading performance were evaluated.

RESULTS
A statistically significant difference in high-contrast distance acuity was observed (Biofinity, −0.18 ± 0.06; Biofinity MFCL, −0.14 ± 0.08; NaturalVue MFCL, −0.15 ± 0.03; repeated-measures [RM] ANOVA, P = .02). Under mesopic, high-contrast conditions, MFCLs performed worse than SVCLs (Biofinity, −0.05 ± 0.091; Biofinity MFCL, +0.03 ± 0.09; NaturalVue MFCL, +0.05 ± 0.091; RM-ANOVA, P < .0001). Under low-contrast conditions, MFCLs performed one line worse in photopic lighting and two lines worse under mesopic conditions (RM-ANOVA, P < .0001). Glare reduced acuity by 0.5 logMAR for all lenses (RM-ANOVA, P < .001). A statistically significant difference in near acuity was observed (RM-ANOVA, P = .02), but all lenses achieved acuity better than −0.1 logMAR (Biofinity, −0.16 ± 0.06; Biofinity MFCL, −0.17 ± 0.04; NaturalVue MFCL, −0.13 ± 0.08). Reading performance in words per minute (wpm) was worse with MFCLs (Biofinity MFCL, 144 ± 22 wpm; NaturalVue MFCL, 150 ± 28 wpm) than with SVCLs (156 ± 23 wpm; RM-ANOVA, P = .02) regardless of letter size (RM-ANOVA, P = .13). No difference in acuity between the MFCLs was detected (RM-ANOVA: all, P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS
Multifocal contact lenses perform similarly to SVCLs for high-contrast targets and display reduced low-contrast acuity and reading speed. Practitioners should recognize that high-contrast acuity alone does not describe MFCL visual performance.
Microbial Communities Performing Hydrogen Solventogenic Metabolism of Volatile Fatty Acids
Authors: Mockaitis Gustavo , Bruant Guillaume , Foresti Eugenio , Zaiat Marcelo , Guiot Serge R. 
Published: March 2021

1AbstractThis work evaluates four different physicochemical pretreatments (acidic, thermal, acidic-thermal and thermal-acidic) on an anaerobic inoculum used for alcohol production from acetate and butyrate. All experiments were conducted in single batches using acetate and butyrate as substrates at 30 °C and with a pressurized headspace of pure H2at 2.15 atm (218.2 MPa). Thermal and acidic-thermal pretreatments lead to higher production of both ethanol and butanol. Mathematical modelling shows that the highest attainable concentrations of ethanol and butanol produced were 122 mg L-1and 97 mg L-1for the thermal pretreatment (after 17.5 days) and 87 mg L-1and 143 mg L-1for the acidic-thermal pretreatment (after 18.9 days). Acetate was produced in all assays. Thermodynamic data indicated that a high H2partial pressure favoured solventogenic metabolic pathways. Finally, sequencing data showed that both thermal and acidic-thermal pretreatments selected mainly the bacterial generaPseudomonas, BrevundimonasandClostridium. The acidic-thermal pretreatment selected a bacterial community more adapted to the conversion of acetate and butyrate into ethanol and butanol, respectively. Thermal-acidic pretreatment was unstable, showing significant variability between replicates. Acidic pretreatment showed the lowest alcohol production.
Whole genome sequencing evidences higher rates of relapse inClostridioides difficileinfection caused by PCR ribotype 106
Authors: Suárez-Bode Loreto , López-Causapé Carla , Oliver Antonio , Mena Ana 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACTIncreasing prevalence and widespread ofClostridioides difficileinfection (CDI) caused by the epidemic DH/NAP11/106/ST-42 has been observed worldwide, probably fostered by its great capacity to produce spores or the higher resistance rates found in some strains. Previous studies have also attributed higher recurrence rates to RT106 as compared to others. This study describes the genetic analysis by whole genome sequencing (WGS) of primary and recurrent isolates of RT106 to determine if the higher rate of recurrence associated to RT106 is due to relapses, caused by the same strain, or reinfections, caused by different strains. The whole-genome sequences of ten primaries and fourteen recurrent RT106 isolates from ten patients were obtained to determine MLST profiles, resistance mutations and phylogenetic relatedness between the different isolates by comparative single nucleotide variants (SNV) analysis using theC. difficileDH/NAP11/106/ST-42 genome as reference (GenBank accession: GCA_002234355.1). All isolates were classified as ST42 and SNVs comparative analysis showed that those belonging to the same patient were isogenic (differed by ≤3 SNVs), with one exception (6 SNVs); while strains belonging to different patients were not (differing by 4 to 43 SNVs) with two exceptions of isogenic isolates from different patients, suggesting putative transmission events. Phylogenetic analysis suggested the presence of similar local epidemic lineages, except for one patient whose isolates clustered with different US isolates. All the isolates, except those clustering with the US lineage, were also associated to moxifloxacin resistant since all of them were resistant by agar diffusion (MIC >32) and contained the Thr82Ile mutation ingyrA. Our results evidence that recurrentClostridioides difficileinfections caused by RT06/ST42 are mainly due to relapses, caused by primary strains, showing the great capacity of RT106/ST42 to persist and cause recurrences as compared to other ribotypes.
Hunger improves reinforcement-driven but not planned action
Authors: van Swieten Maaike M.H. , Bogacz Rafal , Manohar Sanjay G. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHuman decisions can be reflexive or planned, being governed respectively by model-free and model-based learning systems. These two systems might differ in their responsiveness to our needs. Hunger drives us to specifically seek food rewards, but here we ask whether it might have more general effects on these two decision systems. On one hand, the model-based system is often considered flexible and context-sensitive, and might therefore be modulated by metabolic needs. On the other hand, the model-free system’s primitive reinforcement mechanisms may have closer ties to biological drives. Here, we tested participants on a well-established two-stage sequential decision-making task that dissociates the contribution of model-based and model-free control. Hunger enhanced overall performance by increasing model-free control, without affecting model-based control. These results demonstrate a generalised effect of hunger on decision-making that enhances reliance on primitive reinforcement learning, which in some situations translates into adaptive benefits.Significance statementThe prevalence of obesity and eating disorder is steadily increasing. To counteract problems related to eating, people need to make rational decisions. However, appetite may switch us to a different decision mode, making it harder to achieve long-term goals. Here we show that planned and reinforcement-driven actions are differentially sensitive to hunger. Hunger specifically affected reinforcement-driven actions, and did not affect the planning of actions. Our data shows that people behave differently when they are hungry. We also provide a computational model of how the behavioural changes might arise.
Metacommunities from bacteria to birds: stronger environmental selection in mediterranean than in tropical ponds
Authors: Gálvez Ángel , Peres-Neto Pedro R. , Castillo-Escrivà Andreu , Bonilla Fabián , Camacho Antonio , García-Roger Eduardo M. , Iepure Sanda , Miralles Javier , Monrós Juan S. , Olmo Carla , Picazo Antonio , Rojo Carmen , Rueda Juan , Sahuquillo María , Sasa Mahmood , Segura Mati , Armengol Xavier , Mesquita-Joanes Francesc 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe metacommunity concept provides a theoretical framework that aims at explaining organism distributions by a combination of environmental filtering, dispersal and drift. With the development of statistical tools to quantify and partially isolate the role of each of these processes, empirical metacommunity studies have multiplied worldwide. However, few works attempt a multi-taxon approach and even fewer compare two distant biogeographical regions using the same methodology. Under this framework, we tested the expectation that temperate (mediterranean-climate) pond metacommunities would be more influenced by environmental and spatial processes than tropical ones, because of stronger environmental gradients and greater isolation of waterbodies.We surveyed 30 tropical and 32 mediterranean temporary ponds from Costa Rica and Spain, respectively, and obtained data on 49 environmental variables (including limnological, hydrogeomorphological, biotic, climatic, and landscape variables). We characterized the biological communities of Bacteria and Archaea (from both the water column and the sediments), phytoplankton, zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, amphibians and birds, and estimated the relative role of space and environment on metacommunity organization for each group and region, by means of variation partitioning using Generalized Additive Models (GAMs).Environmental selection was important in both tropical and mediterranean ponds, but markedly stronger in the latter, probably due to their larger limnological heterogeneity. Spatialized environment and pure spatial effects were greater in the tropics, related to higher climatic heterogeneity and dispersal processes (e.g. restriction, surplus) acting at different scales. The variability between taxonomic groups in spatial and environmental contributions was very wide. Effects on passive and active dispersers were similar within regions but different across regions, with higher environmental effects in mediterranean active dispersers. The residual (unexplained) variation was larger in tropical pond metacommunities, suggesting a higher role for stochastic processes and/or effects of biotic interactions in the tropics. Overall, these results provide support, for a wide variety of organisms related to aquatic habitats, for the classical view of stronger abiotic niche constraints in temperate areas compared to the tropics.
Mesenchymal-like glioma cells are enriched in the gelatin methacrylate hydrogels
Authors: Shah Nameeta , Hallur Pavan M. , Ganesh Raksha A. , Sonpatki Pranali , Naik Divya , Chandrachari Komal Prasad , Puchalski Ralph B. , Chaubey Aditya 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGlioblastoma is the most lethal primary malignant brain tumor in adults. Simplified two-dimensional (2D) cell culture and neurospheresin vitromodels fail to recapitulate the complexity of the tumor microenvironment, limiting its ability to predict therapeutic response. Three-dimensional (3D) scaffold-based models have emerged as a promising alternative for addressing these concerns. One such 3D system is gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels, which can be used for modeling the glioblastoma microenvironment. We characterized the phenotype of patient-derived glioma cells cultured in GelMA hydrogels (3D-GMH) for their tumorigenic properties using invasion and chemoresponse assays. In addition, we used integrated single-cell and spatial transcriptome analysis to compare cells cultured in 3D-GMH to cellsin vivo. Finally, we assessed tumor-immune cell interactions with a macrophage infiltration assay and a cytokine array. We show that cells cultured in 3D-GMH develop a mesenchymal-like cellular phenotype found in perivascular and hypoxic regions present in the core of the tumor, and recruit macrophages by secreting cytokines in contrast to the cells grown as neurospheres that match the phenotype of cells of the infiltrative edge of the tumor.