bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enzymatic response of ryegrass cellulose and hemicellulose valorization introduced by sequential alkaline extractions
Authors: Sun Shao-Fei , Yang Jing , Wang Da-Wei , Yang Hai-Yan , Sun Shao-Ni , Shi Zheng-Jun 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
In view of the natural resistance of hemicelluloses in lignocellulosic biomass on bioconversion of cellulose into fermentable sugars, alkali extraction is considered as an effective method for gradually fractionating hemicelluloses and increasing the bioconversion efficiency of cellulose. In the present study, sequential alkaline extractions were performed on the delignified ryegrass material to achieve high bioconversion efficiency of cellulose and comprehensively investigated the structural features of hemicellulosic fractions for further applications.

Results
Sequential alkaline extractions removed hemicelluloses from cellulose-rich substrates and degraded part of amorphous cellulose, reducing yields of cellulose-rich substrates from 73.0 to 27.7% and increasing crystallinity indexes from 31.7 to 41.0%. Alkaline extraction enhanced bioconversion of cellulose by removal of hemicelluloses and swelling of cellulose, increasing of enzymatic hydrolysis from 72.3 to 95.3%. In addition, alkaline extraction gradually fractionated hemicelluloses into six fractions, containing arabinoxylans as the main polysaccharides and part of β-glucans. Simultaneously, increasing of alkaline concentration degraded hemicellulosic polysaccharides, which resulted in a decreasing their molecular weights from 67,510 to 50,720 g/mol.

Conclusions
The present study demonstrated that the sequential alkaline extraction conditions had significant effects on the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of cellulose and the investigation of the physicochemical properties of hemicellulose. Overall, the investigation the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency of cellulose-rich substrates and the structural features of hemicelluloses from ryegrass will provide useful information for the efficient utilization of cellulose and hemicelluloses in biorefineries.
Development and evaluation of two-parameter linear free energy models for the prediction of human skin permeability coefficient of neutral organic chemicals
Authors: Naseem Sana , Zushi Yasuyuki , Nabi Deedar 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe experimental values of skin permeability coefficients, required for dermal exposure assessment, are not readily available for many chemicals. The existing estimation approaches are either less accurate or require many parameters that are not readily available. Furthermore, current estimation methods are not easy to apply to complex environmental mixtures. We present two models to estimate the skin permeability coefficients of neutral organic chemicals. The first model, referred to here as the 2-parameter partitioning model (PPM), exploits a linear free energy relationship (LFER) of skin permeability coefficient with a linear combination of partition coefficients for octanol–water and air–water systems. The second model is based on the retention time information of nonpolar analytes on comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC). The PPM successfully explained variability in the skin permeability data (n = 175) with R2 = 0.82 and root mean square error (RMSE) = 0.47 log unit. In comparison, the US-EPA’s model DERMWIN™ exhibited an RMSE of 0.78 log unit. The Zhang model—a 5-parameter LFER equation based on experimental Abraham solute descriptors (ASDs)—performed slightly better with an RMSE value of 0.44 log unit. However, the Zhang model is limited by the scarcity of experimental ASDs. The GC × GC model successfully explained the variance in skin permeability data of nonpolar chemicals (n = 79) with R2 = 0.90 and RMSE = 0.23 log unit. The PPM can easily be implemented in US-EPA’s Estimation Program Interface Suite (EPI Suite™). The GC × GC model can be applied to the complex mixtures of nonpolar chemicals.
Dynamic handoff policy for RAN slicing by exploiting deep reinforcement learning
Authors: Wu Yuansheng , Zhao Guanqun , Ni Dadong , Du Junyi 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIt has been widely acknowledged that network slicing is a key architectural technology to accommodate diversified services for the next generation network (5G). By partitioning the underlying network into multiple dedicated logical networks, 5G can support a variety of extreme business service needs. As network slicing is implemented in radio access networks (RAN), user handoff becomes much more complicated than that in traditional mobile networks. As both physical resource constraints of base stations and logical connection constraints of network slices should be considered in handoff decision, an intelligent handoff policy becomes imperative. In this paper, we model the handoff in RAN slicing as a Markov decision process and resort to deep reinforcement learning to pursue long-term performance improvement in terms of user quality of service and network throughput. The effectiveness of our proposed handoff policy is validated via simulation experiments.
Qualitative analysis of a two-group SVIR epidemic model with random effect
Authors: Zhao Kaiyan , Ma Shaojuan 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the dynamical behavior of a two-group SVIR epidemic model with random effect. Firstly, the two-group SVIR epidemic model with random perturbation of natural death rate is established. The existence and uniqueness of positive solution are proved by using stopping time theory and the Lyapunov analysis method. Secondly, a property of the system solution is obtained by using the law of strong numbers and the continuous local martingale. Finally, a new combination of Lyapunov functions is applied. The solution of the model we obtained is oscillating around a steady state if the basic reproduction number is less than one, which is the disease-free equilibrium of the corresponding deterministic model. A numerical simulation is presented to verify our theoretical results.
The influence of expressive and instrumental social capital from parents on women and underrepresented minority students’ declaration and persistence in engineering majors
Authors: Puccia Ellen , Martin Julie P. , Smith Chrystal A. S. , Kersaint Gladis , Campbell-Montalvo Rebecca , Wao Hesborn , Lee Reginald , Skvoretz John , MacDonald George 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
Social capital, defined as the people one knows and the resources available through that network of people, has been a key variable in research examining the participation of women and underrepresented minority students in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). This study focuses on two types of social capital: instrumental (concrete advice and resources) and expressive (emotional support and encouragement). The analysis of interviews with 55 White women and women and men underrepresented minority engineering undergraduate students shows how the instrumental and expressive social capital received from parents influenced their students’ declaration of and persistence in the engineering major. Within this analysis, we considered students’ transition to adulthood and the corresponding expectation that parents would still provide support but allow their children to independently determine their own paths.

Results
Participants shared the advice they received from people in their social networks, with the majority of participants highlighting parents as a major contributor of instrumental and expressive social capital. Instrumental social capital was helpful in students’ major declarations and offered them an opportunity to further develop their interests and aptitude in STEM as well as a pathway for obtaining an engineering degree. During the first year of their engineering major, students relied heavily on the expressive social capital of parents when considering whether to stay in engineering; parental encouragement of “you can do it” became a common resource.

Conclusions
These findings offer nuance to explanations of social capital’s influence on STEM degree major declaration and persistence, which often use deficit approaches. In highlighting the resources of social capital, especially expressive support, this work offers educators a new frame of reference for building upon the valuable advice offered by parents to their children completing engineering majors.
Experimental investigations and empirical relationship on the influence of innovative hub geometry in a centrifugal fan for performance augmentation
Authors: Madhwesh N. , Vasudeva Karanth K. , Yagnesh Sharma N. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Background
One of the problem areas of fluid flow in the turbomachine is its inlet region, manifested by flow distortions due to the induced fluid swirl accompanied by improper flow incidence onto the impeller. Further, the hub forms one of the main components of many of the turbomachines and it is found that there has not been significant study on geometrical modifications of the same in centrifugal fans for augmented performance. This is partially due to designers trying to reduce the cost of the overall machine.

Objective
There is a scope for detailed parametric study and the present work involves an exploration of flow behavior by parametric variation of hub geometry in terms of both its shape and size.

Methods
Experiments are carried out in order to determine the importance of hub with different size and shapes. The geometric models of hemi-spherical and ellipsoidal hubs are considered for the analyses in the present study.

Results
An optimized ellipsoidal hub configuration is found to yield a relative improvement of about 7.5% for head coefficient and 7.7% increase in relative theoretical efficiency over the hub-less base configuration. Finally, correlations are developed for the optimized hub shape configurations.

Conclusion
It is revealed from experimental analysis that hub plays a vital role in streamlining the flow at the inlet to the centrifugal fan and augments its performance.
Setting up a clozapine service for Parkinson's psychosis
Authors: Taylor Christine , Marsh-Davies Alison , Skelly Rob , Archibald Neil , Jackson Sarah 
Published: March 2021

SUMMARYParkinson's psychosis can be very challenging to manage, with limited treatment options available. There is a good evidence base to support the use of clozapine, but practical obstacles often prevent its use. There is a drive nationally to set up services so that people with Parkinson's psychosis can access treatment with clozapine in a timely manner and, where possible, with initiation in the community. The authors describe their experiences in setting up clozapine services specifically for this patient group in England and offer a practical approach to the assessment of Parkinson's psychosis. They also outline the evidence base in relation to treatment options and share their experiences of prescribing clozapine for Parkinson's psychosis.
Resilience and Sovereignty in the Context of Contemporary Biopolitics
Authors: De La Fabián Rodrigo 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis essay offers a critical history, in the Foucauldian sense, of the contemporary hegemony of resilience as a new risk-management technology. Its hypothesis is that resilience is a new way of conjoining biopolitics with thanatopolitics or sovereign power. If, for Roberto Esposito, the paradigm of immunization explained this deadly linkage, resilience refers to a different biopolitical matrix, one that can no longer be understood in Esposito's terms. While the paradigm of immunization is staked on securing biopolitical bodies, resilience is a strategy for enhancing life itself. This shift, from protecting bodies to protecting life, is related to resilience's biopolitical matrix, which mediates between the molecular fiction of life and an ecological eschatology. The essay concludes, in the first place, that the discourse of resilience entails a naturalization and a seeming depoliticization of precarious forms of life—which must learn not to resist but to adapt to precarity. And, secondly, this essay concludes that, in the context of resilience, the sovereign's old right to kill is no longer invoked in the name of epistemic uncertainty (fear of the unpredictability of the future) but of ontological uncertainty: fear of the annihilation of the conditions of existence for certain life-forms.
Political Struggle in Search of Strategy
Authors: Manfredi Zachary 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This piece discusses the author's experiences in the Occupy protests at the University of California, Berkeley, in 2011 and the initial travel-ban litigation in 2017. It contrasts the different roles law and violence played in each and reflects on the significance of mass mobilizations for achieving the goals of political movements. The piece also situates these two experiences in the broader context of post-financial-crisis left politics; the conclusion builds on Stuart Hall's reflections on Thatcherism and highlights the need for strategic thinking to link disparate struggles in unified opposition to neoliberalism.
Depression and smoking – widespread health problems among 14-year-old adolescents in Poland. The results of the SOPKARD-Junior survey
Authors: Pakalska-Korcala Anna , Suligowska Klaudia , Wolańczyk Tomasz , Zdrojewski Tomasz 
Published: March 2021

Cel pracyOcena występowania oraz współwystępowania depresji i nadużywania substancji psychoaktywnych wśród sopockiej młodzieży.MetodaW roku 2006 i 2007 w ramach programu SOPKARD-Junior badaniem psychologicznym objęto 316 gimnazjalistów. Zastosowano Skalę Depresji Becka, Krakowski Inwentarz Depresyjny oraz własny kwestionariusz oceniający częstość przyjmowania używek. U młodzieży z objawami depresyjnymi w badaniach kwestionariuszowych wykonano badanie psychiatryczne.
Program SOPKARD-Junior jest wielospecjalistycznym badaniem epidemiologicznym kompleksowo oceniającym stan zdrowia w populacji uczniów drugich klas sopockich gimnazjów.WynikiObjawy depresyjne stwierdzono u 29,4% badanych (37,4% dziewcząt (Dz) i 20,9% chłopców (Chł) (p<0,05). W badaniu psychiatrycznym: u 4,1% młodzieży (5,5% Dz i 2,6% Chł) potwierdzono rozpoznanie depresji. Przyjmowanie używek (okazjonalne i regularne) deklarowało: papierosy - 20,2% młodzieży (24% Dz. i 16,4% Chł., p<0,05), alkohol - 45,9% (50,9% Dz. i 40,5% Chł, p<0,05) i narkotyki - 6,3% (6,2% Dz. i 6,6% Chł., n.s.). Młodzież z objawami depresyjnymi istotnie częściej niż młodzież bez objawów depresyjnych pali papierosy ( 30,1% vs 16,1%, p<0,05) i pije alkohol (61,3% vs 39,5%, p<0,05).Wnioski1. Wśród młodzieży stwierdzono znaczne rozpowszechnienie objawów depresyjnych
– co trzecia dziewczynka i co piąty chłopiec ma depresyjny przebieg dorastania.
W badaniu lekarskim rozpoznanie epizodu depresji potwierdzono u 4% młodzieży – u dziewczynek dwukrotnie częściej niż u chłopców.
2. Co piąty badany pali papierosy. Dziewczynki istotnie częściej niż chłopcy palą papierosy i piją alkohol.
3. Obecność objawów depresyjnych u młodzieży prawie dwukrotnie zwiększa ryzyko używania tytoniu i alkoholu.
Identidad y rivalidad entre Real Madrid y FC Barcelona en el léxico de las crónicas futbolísticas del diario «Marca»
Authors: López González Antonio María 
Published: March 2021

Identidad y rivalidad entre Real Madrid y FC Barcelona en el léxico de las crónicas futbolísticas del diario Marca
El presente artículo analiza la expresión léxico-semántica de la identidad y rivalidad de Real Madrid y FC Barcelona en las crónicas deportivas del diario Marca. Apartir del análisis estadístico de tipos léxicos y concordancias en un corpus textual, caracterizamos los términos relativos al concepto ‘equipo’, en relación con ambos clubes. Analizamos el léxico que identifica y caracteriza a ambos clubes, así como la forma en la que estas palabras designan por medio de la denotación, identificación y connotación en las crónicas analizadas.
The Comprehensive Effects of Sales Force Management: A Dynamic Structural Analysis of Selection, Compensation, and Training
Authors: Chung Doug J. , Kim Byungyeon , Park Byoung G. 
Published: March 2021

This study provides a comprehensive model of an agent’s behavior in response to multiple sales management instruments, including compensation, recruiting/termination, and training. The model takes into account many of the key elements that constitute a realistic sales force setting: allocation of effort, forward-looking behavior, present bias, training effectiveness, and employee selection and attrition. By understanding how these elements jointly affect agents’ behavior, the study provides guidance on the optimal design of sales management policies. A field validation, by comparing counterfactual and actual outcomes under a new policy, attests to the accuracy of the model. The results demonstrate a tradeoff between adjusting fixed and variable pay; how sales training serves as an alternative to compensation; a potential drawback of hiring high-performing, experienced salespeople; and how utilizing a leave package leads to sales force restructuring. In addition, the study offers a key methodological contribution by providing formal identification conditions for hyperbolic time preference. The key to identification is that under a multiperiod nonlinear incentive system, an agent’s proximity to a goal affects only future payoffs in nonpecuniary benefit periods, providing exclusion restrictions on the current payoff. This paper was accepted by Matthew Shum, marketing.
The impact of wearing an abdominal corset to achieve compression on colonoscopy outcomes: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Özkan Zeynep Kızılcık , Fındık Ümmü Yıldız , Albayrak Doğan 
Published: March 2021

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of abdominal corset use on colonoscopy outcomes in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Methods: This randomised controlled trial was conducted between March 2019 and January 2020, with the participation of 60 patients who underwent colonoscopy in the endoscopy unit of a university hospital. Half (n=30) of these patients were included in the experimental group and wore an abdominal corset during colonoscopy. Findings: It was determined that there was no statistically significant difference between the groups according to variables, including caecal intubation time (p=0.371), the need for position change in the colonoscopy process (p=0.554), position change in caecum imaging (p=1.000) and manual abdominal compression during the procedure (p=0.091). Conclusions: The results of this study reveal that abdominal corset usage does not provide a significant extra benefit compared with conventional colonoscopy in improving colonoscopy outcomes.
Influence of ceftriaxone on human bone cell viability and in vitro mineralization potential is concentration- and time-dependent
Authors: Wiesli Matthias Guido , Kaiser Jean-Pierre , Gautier Emanuel , Wick Peter , Maniura-Weber Katharina , Rottmar Markus , Wahl Peter 
Published: March 2021

Aims In orthopaedic and trauma surgery, implant-associated infections are increasingly treated with local application of antibiotics, which allows a high local drug concentration to be reached without eliciting systematic adverse effects. While ceftriaxone is a widely used antibiotic agent that has been shown to be effective against musculoskeletal infections, high local concentrations may harm the surrounding tissue. This study investigates the acute and subacute cytotoxicity of increasing ceftriaxone concentrations as well as their influence on the osteogenic differentiation of human bone progenitor cells. Methods Human preosteoblasts were cultured in presence of different concentrations of ceftriaxone for up to 28 days and potential cytotoxic effects, cell death, metabolic activity, cell proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation were studied. Results Ceftriaxone showed a cytotoxic effect on human bone progenitor cells at 24 h and 48 h at concentrations above 15,000 mg/l. With a longer incubation time of ten days, subtoxic effects could be observed at concentrations above 500 mg/l. Gene and protein expression of collagen, as well as mineralization levels of human bone progenitor cells, showed a continuous decrease with increasing ceftriaxone concentrations by days 14 and 28, respectively. Notably, mineralization was negatively affected already at concentrations above 250 mg/l. Conclusion This study demonstrates a concentration-dependent influence of ceftriaxone on the viability and mineralization potential of primary human bone progenitor cells. While local application of ceftriaxone is highly established in orthopaedic and trauma surgery, a therapeutic threshold of 250 mg/l or lower should diminish the risk of reduced osseointegration of prosthetic implants. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2021;10(3):218–225.
The dawn of a new competency-based training era
Authors: James Hannah K. , Gregory Robert J. H. 
Published: March 2021

The imminent introduction of the new Trauma & Orthopaedic (T&O) curriculum, and the implementation of the Improving Surgical Training initiative, reflect yet another paradigm shift in the recent history of trauma and orthopaedic training. The move to outcome-based training without time constraints is a radical departure from the traditional time-based structure and represents an exciting new training frontier. This paper summarizes the history of T&O training reform, explains the rationale for change, and reflects on lessons learnt from the past.Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2-3:181–190.
3D printed vascular phantoms for high-resolution biophotonic image quality assessment via direct laser writing
Authors: Horng Hannah , O’Brien Kerry , Lamont Andrew , Sochol Ryan D. , Pfefer T. Joshua , Chen Yu 
Published: March 2021

Fluorescence imaging techniques such as fluorescein angiography and fundus autofluorescence are often used to diagnose retinal pathologies; however, there are currently no standardized test methods for evaluating device performance. Here we present microstructured fluorescent phantoms fabricated using a submicron-scale three-dimensional printing technology, direct laser writing (DLW). We employ an in situ DLW technique to print 10 µm diameter microfluidic channels that support perfusions of fluorescent dyes. We then demonstrate how broadband photoresist fluorescence can be exploited to generate resolution targets and biomimetic models of retinal vasculature using standard DLW processes. The results indicate that these approaches show significant promise for generating better performance evaluation tools for fluorescence microscopy and imaging devices.