bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The clinical features, management options and complications of paediatric femoral fractures
Authors: Duffy Sean , Gelfer Yael , Trompeter Alex , Clarke Anna , Monsell Fergal 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article discusses the incidence, applied anatomy and classification of paediatric femoral fractures based on critical appraisal of the available evidence. The aim is to identify techniques that are relevant to contemporary practice whilst excluding the technical details of individual procedures that are beyond the scope of this review. Injuries of the proximal, diaphyseal and distal segments are considered individually as there are considerations that are specific to each anatomical site. Femoral neck fractures are rare injuries and require prompt anatomical reduction and stable fixation to minimise the potentially devastating consequences of avascular necrosis. Diaphyseal fractures are relatively common, and there is a spectrum of management options that depend on patient age and size. Distal femoral fractures often involve the physis, which contributes up to 70% of femoral length. Growth arrest is common consequence of fractures in this region, resulting in angular and length-related deformity. Long-term surveillance is recommended to identify deformity in evolution and provide an opportunity for early intervention. Deliberate injury should be considered in all fractures, particularly distal femoral physeal injuries and fractures in the non-walking child.
Metabolic syndrome and adipokine levels in systemic lupus erythematosus and systemic sclerosis
Authors: Gigante Antonietta , Iannazzo Francesco , Navarini Luca , Sgariglia Maria Chiara , Margiotta Domenico Paolo Emanuele , Vaiarello Valentina , Foti Federica , Afeltra Antonella , Cianci Rosario , Rosato Edoardo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Aims of study were to evaluate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and systemic sclerosis (SSc) patients and to evaluate serum level of adipokines in SLE and SSc patients with and without MetS.

Methods
Fifty SLE patients and 85 SSc patients were enrolled. The diagnosis of MetS was made according to the criteria of the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) Adult Treatment Panel III. Clinical assessment and serum levels of adiponectin and resistin were evaluate in SLE and SSc patients.

Results
Prevalence of MetS was significantly (p<0.0001) higher in SLE patients than SSc patients (36% vs 10.6%). Median values of resistin were significantly (p<0.001) higher in SLE patients with MetS than SLE patients without MetS [4.01 ng/mL (2.7–4.5) vs 1.92 ng/mL (1.2–3)]. Median values of adiponectin were significantly (p<0.05) lower in SLE patients with MetS than SLE patients without MetS [5.64 ng/mL (4.96–8) vs 8.38 ng/mL (6.54–11.01)]. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Activity Index [8 (6–12) vs 10 (6–13), p<0.01] and Systemic Damage Index [2 (1–3) vs 2 (0–3), p<0.001] were significantly higher in MetS patients than in patients without MetS.
In SSc, the median value of disease severity scale was significantly higher (p<0.05) in MetS patients than in patients without MetS [7 (5–7) vs 5 (3–6)].

Conclusion
Prevalence of MetS is higher in SLE patients. In SLE patients, MetS showed an association with adipokine levels and inflammation/activity disease scores. In SSc patients, MetS was associated with severity of disease.

Key Points• Prevalence of metabolic syndrome is higher in SLE patients than SSc patients.• Resistin is higher in SLE patients with metabolic syndrome.• Adineponectin is lower in SLE patients with metabolic syndrome.• Disease severity scale is higher in SSc patients with metabolic syndrome.
Congenital anomalies causing hemato/hydrocolpos: imaging findings, treatments, and outcomes
Authors: Tanitame Keizo , Tanitame Nobuko , Urayama Saiko , Ohtsu Kazuhiro 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHemato/hydrocolpos due to congenital urogenital anomalies are rare conditions discovered in neonatal, infant, and adolescent girls. Diagnosis is often missed or delayed owing to its rare incidence and nonspecific symptoms. If early correct diagnosis and treatment cannot be performed, late complications such as tubal adhesion, pelvic endometriosis, and infertility may develop. Congenital urogenital anomalies causing hemato/hydrocolpos are mainly of four types: imperforate hymen, distal vaginal agenesis, transverse vaginal septum, and obstructed hemivagina and ipsilateral renal anomaly, and clinicians should have adequate knowledge about these anomalies. This article aimed to review the diagnosis and treatment of these urogenital anomalies by describing embryology, clinical presentation, imaging findings, surgical management, and postoperative outcomes.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure Evolution of X38CrMoV5-1 Hot-Work Tool Steel Produced by L-PBF
Authors: Carasi Gregorio , Yu Bosco , Hutten Esther , Zurob Hatem , Casati Riccardo , Vedani Maurizio 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The X38CrMoV5-1 hot-work tool steel produced by laser powder bed fusion was investigated to assess the effect of quenching and tempering and direct tempering on the as-built microstructure. After the printing process, the material microstructure appeared to be characterized by a fine cellular network consisting of γ-Fe cell boundaries and α′-Fe cores. Scheil–Gulliver curves, X-ray diffraction patterns, and transmission electron microscopy images suggested a transformation of the inner core zone from δ-Fe to α′-Fe through γ-Fe. Air quenching promoted the transition of the solidification structure into a fully martensitic microstructure. Both as-built and quenched samples revealed the presence of manganese oxides and vanadium carbonitrides forming core-shell structures. After tempering, starting from as-built and from quenched condition, a dispersion of nano-sized V and Cr-rich second phases was formed in the microstructure, achieving hardness values comparable to those obtained by the same alloy produced by conventional methods. The specimen tempered directly after the laser powder bed fusion process showed a hardness peak shifted towards higher temperatures compared to the conventionally tempered sample.
Knowledge Extraction and Discovery Based on BIM: A Critical Review and Future Directions
Authors: Hu Zhen-Zhong , Leng Shuo , Lin Jia-Rui , Li Sun-Wei , Xiao Ya-Qi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn the past, knowledge in the fields of Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industries mainly come from experiences and are documented in hard copies or specific electronic databases. In order to make use of this knowledge, a lot of studies have focused on retrieving and storing this knowledge in a systematic and accessible way. The Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology proves to be a valuable media in extracting data because it provides physical and functional digital models for all the facilities within the life-cycle of the project. Therefore, the combination of the knowledge science with BIM shows great potential in constructing the knowledge map in the field of the AEC industry. Based on literature reviews, this article summarizes the latest achievements in the fields of knowledge science and BIM, in the aspects of (1) knowledge description, (2) knowledge discovery, (3) knowledge storage and management, (4) knowledge inference and (5) knowledge application, to show the state-of-arts and suggests the future directions in the application of knowledge science and BIM technology in the fields of AEC industries. The review indicates that BIM is capable of providing information for knowledge extraction and discovery, by adopting semantic network, knowledge graph and some other related methods. It also illustrates that the knowledge is helpful in the design, construction, operation and maintenance periods of the AEC industry, but now it is only at the beginning stage.
High Innovativeness of SMEs and the Configuration of Learning-by-Doing, Learning-by-Using, Learning-by-Interacting, and Learning-by-Science: a Regional Comparison Applying Fuzzy Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Authors: Bennat Tatjana 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis paper proposes a holistic approach for investigating high innovation performance in SMEs by comparing different German regions. Invoking insights from the innovation mode concept and existing literature on regional innovation, we apply a qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) of 47 interviews with SMEs to show that high innovativeness is based on a bundle of conditions summarized as mechanisms of learning-by-doing, learning-by-using, learning-by-interacting, and learning-by-science. The results indicate that only parts of the DUI mode, in combination with the STI mode, can explain high innovativeness. This has implications for managers as well as for innovation policy, highlighting that there is no universal “best way” to become highly innovative.
On a class of singular anisotropic (p, q)-equations
Authors: Papageorgiou Nikolaos S. , Winkert Patrick 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe consider a Dirichlet problem driven by the anisotropic (p, q)-Laplacian and with a reaction that has the competing effects of a singular term and of a parametric superlinear perturbation. Based on variational tools along with truncation and comparison techniques, we prove a bifurcation-type result describing the changes in the set of positive solutions as the parameter varies.
Automated tube voltage selection and adapted contrast media injection protocols in CT angiography of the thoracoabdominal aorta
Authors: Eijsvoogel N. G. , Hendriks B. M. F. , Kok M. , Mees B. M. E. , Mihl C. , Wildberger J. E. , Das M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The aim was to assess the image quality (IQ) in computed tomography angiography (CTA) of the thoracoabdominal aorta utilizing automated tube voltage selection (ATVS) with a subsequently adapted contrast media (CM) injection protocol.

Materials and methods
A total of 104 consecutive patients referred for CTA of the thoracoabdominal aorta were included. Scans were acquired on a 3rd-generation DSCT using ATVS with a quality reference tube voltage and current of 100 kV and 150 mAs. CM protocols were adapted to kV settings by modifying iodine delivery rate (IDR) whilst maintaining an identical injection time (13.3 s): 0.9 gI/s (70 kV), 1.0 gI/s (80 kV), 1.1 gI/s (90 kV) 1.2 gI/s (100 kV). Both objective (attenuation, contrast-to-noise and signal-to-noise) and subjective (4-point Likert scale: 1 = poor/2 = sufficient/3 = good/4 = excellent) IQ were assessed.

Results
ATVS assigned a 70 kV (n = 88) and 90 kV (n = 16) protocol in most patients. Fewer patients were assigned to an 80 kV (n = 4) and 100 kV (n = 1) protocol, these protocols were, therefore, excluded from further analysis. Attenuation on all designated levels of the thoracoabdominal aorta was diagnostic in 99.0% of the scans; 87/88 scans (98.9%) in the 70 kV group and in 16/16 (100%) in the 90 kV group. Overall mean attenuation was 349 ± 72HU for 70 kV and 310 ± 43HU for 90 kV. Subjective IQ was diagnostic in all scans. Overall effective radiation dose for 70 kV and 90 kV was 1.8 ± 0.2 mSv and 3.4 ± 0.7 mSv, respectively.

Conclusions
Adaptation of CM injection protocols (IDR) to ATVS in CTA of the aorta—scanned with 70 kV and 90 kV—is feasible and results in diagnostic image quality.
Interpretation of Swedish Sign Language Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Transfer Learning
Authors: Halvardsson Gustaf , Peterson Johanna , Soto-Valero César , Baudry Benoit 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe automatic interpretation of sign languages is a challenging task, as it requires the usage of high-level vision and high-level motion processing systems for providing accurate image perception. In this paper, we use Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and transfer learning to make computers able to interpret signs of the Swedish Sign Language (SSL) hand alphabet. Our model consists of the implementation of a pre-trained InceptionV3 network, and the usage of the mini-batch gradient descent optimization algorithm. We rely on transfer learning during the pre-training of the model and its data. The final accuracy of the model, based on 8 study subjects and 9400 images, is 85%. Our results indicate that the usage of CNNs is a promising approach to interpret sign languages, and transfer learning can be used to achieve high testing accuracy despite using a small training dataset. Furthermore, we describe the implementation details of our model to interpret signs as a user-friendly web application.
An insight on promising strategies hoping to cure HIV-1 infection by targeting Rev protein—short review
Authors: Pai Sahana , Mudgal Jayesh , Kamath B. Venkatesh , Pai K. Sreedhara Ranganath 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) infection remains to be one of the major threats throughout the world. Many researchers are working in this area to find a cure for HIV-1. The group of the FDA approved drugs which are currently used against HIV-1 in the clinical practice include nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), integrase inhibitors (InIs), and protease inhibitors (PIs). Fixed dose combinations (FDCs) of these drugs are available and are used as per the anti-retroviral therapy (ART) guidelines. Despite these, unfortunately, there is no cure for HIV1 infection to date. The present review is focused upon describing the importance of a post-transcriptional regulatory protein “Rev”, responsible for latent HIV-1 infection as a possible, and promising therapeutic target against HIV-1.
High‐Altitude Polar NM With the New DAQ System as a Tool to Study Details of the Cosmic‐Ray Induced Nucleonic Cascade
Authors: Similä Markus , Usoskin Ilya , Poluianov Stepan , Mishev Alexander , Kovaltsov Gennady A. , Strauss Du Toit 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA neutron monitor (NM) is, since the 1950s, a standard ground‐based detector whose count rate reflects cosmic‐ray variability. The worldwide network of NMs forms a rough spectrometer for cosmic rays. Recently, a brand‐new data‐acquisition (DAQ) system has been installed on the DOMC and DOMB NMs, located at the Concordia research station on the Central Antarctic plateau. The new DAQ system digitizes, at a 2‐MHz sampling rate, and records all individual pulses corresponding to secondary particles in the detector. An analysis of the pulse characteristics (viz. shape, magnitude, duration, waiting time) has been performed, and several clearly distinguishable branches were identified: (A) corresponding to signal from individual secondary neutrons; (B) representing the detector's noise; (C) double pulses corresponding to the shortly separated nucleons of the same atmospheric cascades; (D) very‐high multiple pulses which are likely caused by atmospheric muons; and (E) double pulses potentially caused by contamination of the neighboring detector. An analysis of the waiting‐time distributions has revealed two clearly distinguishable peaks: peak (I) at about 1 ms being related to the intracascade diffusion and thermalization of secondary atmospheric neutrons; and peak (II) at 30–1,000 ms corresponding to individual atmospheric cascades. This opens a new possibility to study spectra of cosmic‐ray particles in a single location as well as details of the cosmic‐ray induced atmospheric cascades, using the same data set.
Calving at Ryder Glacier, Northern Greenland
Authors: Holmes F. A. , Kirchner N. , Prakash A. , Stranne C. , Dijkstra S. , Jakobsson M. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRecent evidence has shown increasing mass loss from the Greenland ice sheet, with a general trend of accelerated mass losses extending northwards. However, different glaciers have been shown to respond differently to similar external forcings, constituting a problem for extrapolating and upscaling data. Specifically, whilst some outlet glaciers have accelerated, thinned, and retreated in response to atmospheric and oceanic warming, the behavior of other marine terminating glaciers appears to be less sensitive to climate forcing. Ryder glacier, for which only a few studies have been conducted, is located in North Greenland and terminates with a floating ice tongue in Sherard Osborn Fjord. The persistence or disintegration of floating ice tongues has impacts on glacier dynamics and stability, with ramifications beyond, including sea level rise. This study focuses on understanding the controls on calving and frontal ablation of the Ryder glacier through the use of time‐lapse imagery and satellite data. The results suggest that Ryder glacier has behaved independently of climate forcing during recent decades, with fjord geometry exerting a first order control on its calving.
Solar origins of a strong stealth CME detected by Solar Orbiter
Authors: O’Kane Jennifer , Green Lucie M. , Davies Emma E. , Möstl Christian , Hinterreiter Jürgen , Freiherr von Forstner Johan L. , Weiss Andreas J. , Long David M. , Amerstorfer Tanja 
Published: April 2021

Aims.We aim to locate the origin of a stealth coronal mass ejection (CME) detected in situ by the MAG instrument on board Solar Orbiter and make connections between the CME observed at the Sun and the interplanetary CME (ICME) measured in situ.Methods.Remote sensing data were analysed using advanced image processing techniques to identify the source region of the stealth CME, and the global magnetic field at the time of the eruption was examined using potential field source surface models. The observations of the stealth CME at the Sun were compared with the magnetic field measured by the Solar Orbiter spacecraft, and plasma properties were measured by the Wind spacecraft.Results.The source of the CME is found to be a quiet Sun cavity in the northern hemisphere. We find that the stealth CME has a strong magnetic field in situ, despite originating from a quiet Sun region with an extremely weak magnetic field.Conclusions.The interaction of the ICME with its surrounding environment is the likely cause of a higher magnetic field strength measured in situ. Stealth CMEs require multi-wavelength and multi-viewpoint observations in order to confidently locate the source region; however, their elusive signatures still pose many problems for space weather forecasting. The findings have implications for Solar Orbiter observing sequences with instruments such as EUI that are designed to capture stealth CMEs.
Law, Morality, and the One-System View: A Response to T. R. S. Allan
Authors: Jiménez Felipe 
Published: April 2021

Abstract:
This is a response to a recent article by T. R. S. Allan. Allan makes several insightful observations about law and legal practice. As Allan correctly notes, (i) the moral evaluation of legal rules and institutions is carried out within legal practice and its traditions, and therefore the view that we can come up with practice-independent moral principles to evaluate the law is at least dubious; (ii) legislative enactments require judicial interpretation to determine their meaning and their incorporation within a democratic legal system; and (iii) law fulfils its functions, and allows for impartial resolution of disputes, by establishing public standards of justice that displace private judgments about political morality. In this reply, I suggest that—in contrast to what non-positivists like Allan would argue—each of these observations is either compatible with, or reinforces, a positivist view of law and legal institutions. Arguably, non-positivist views still have an advantage over positivism: they seem to fit easily with most citizens’ and officials’ judgments about legal obligation. However, positivism can offer an equally direct explanation of those judgments.
Cost-effectiveness of single-use negative-pressure therapy compared with standard care for prevention of reconstruction failure in prepectoral breast reconstruction
Authors: Murphy J A , Myers D , Trueman P , Searle R 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundSingle-use negative-pressure wound therapy (sNPWT) has been reported to reduce the incidence of reconstruction failure in prepectoral breast reconstruction compared with standard surgical dressings. The aim of this economic evaluation was to investigate the cost-effectiveness of sNPWT compared with standard care for the prevention of reconstruction failure in prepectoral breast reconstruction in the UK.MethodA decision tree model was used to estimate the expected cost and effectiveness per patient. Effectiveness was measured both by the number of reconstruction failures avoided and the gain in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). The baseline incidence of reconstruction failure (8.6 per cent) was taken from a recently published study of 2655 mastectomies in the UK. The effectiveness of sNPWT used results from a clinical study comparing sNPWT with standard dressings. Previously published utility weights were applied. The cost of reconstruction failure was estimated from detailed resource data from patients with reconstruction failure, applying National Health Service reference costs. One-way, probabilistic, scenario and threshold analyses were conducted.ResultsThe undiscounted cost per patient associated with reconstruction failure was estimated to be £23 628 (£22 431 discounted). The use of sNPWT was associated with an expected cost saving of £1706 per patient, an expected increase in QALYs of 0.0187 and an expected 0.0834 reconstruction failures avoided. Cost-effectiveness acceptability analysis demonstrated that, at a threshold of £20 000 per QALY, 99.94 per cent of the simulations showed sNPWT to be more cost-effective than standard care.ConclusionAmong patients undergoing immediate prepectoral breast reconstruction, the use of sNPWT is more cost-effective than standard dressings.
Gender representation in editorial boards of international general surgery journals
Authors: Gallivan E , Arshad S , Skinner H , Burke J R , Young A L 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Despite women constituting over half of new doctors, gender disparity remains an issue. Surgery has shown particularly slow progress towards gender parity. This study aimed to quantify gender representation within editorial boards of the highest ranking international general surgery journals.

Methods
Surgical journals were collated using two indices: SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) and Journal Impact Factor (JIF). Non-general surgery journals were excluded. Journals were contacted, requesting gender editorial team demographics. Editorial board data were collected via journal websites on 28 November 2019.

Results
The top 25 general surgery journals according to SJR and JIF ranking methods were determined, identifying 28 unique journals. Editorial board data were publicly available for 27 of these 28 surgical journals, and were examined. Women accounted for 20.2 per cent (568 of 2816) of total editorial board positions. Women constituted 11 per cent (4 of 36) of editor-in-chief positions, 32 per cent (29 of 92) of deputy editors, and 19.1 per cent (369 of 1935) of general editorial board positions.

Conclusion
The findings demonstrate gender disparity within editorial boards of the most prominent general surgery journals.