bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incorporating Tribological Considerations in the Robust Concurrent Design of Automobile Engine Lubricated Components
Authors: Rangarajan Bharadwaj , Mistree Farrokh , Sorab Jagadish 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Absence of any tribological considerations in design can lead to quality and durability problems in automobile engines, which arc unearthed only during the testing phase of an engine. The usage of an overall engine friction model in conjunction with robust design techniques facilitates the concurrent design of engine components with tribological considerations. The case study under investigation involves developing robust top-level design specifications with tribological considerations for principal lubricated components in an automobile engine. The Robust Concept Exploration Method is adopted as a framework to address tribological considerations in preliminary engine design, involving three major action items: design space exploration (design of experiments), system modeling (engine friction computer modeling and system approximation using response surface methods) and system synthesis (Compromise DSP). The usage of these action items helps in achieving an efficient and effective design process and makes possible exploration of different design scenarios. The details of the case study, the implication of the results and the conclusions that can be drawn, are elaborated in this paper. Our focus in this paper is to demonstrate a method of abstracting tribological issues to the preliminary stages of design, rather than the results per se.
Using Robust Design Techniques to Model the Effects of Multiple Decision Makers in a Design Process
Authors: Hacker Kurt , Lewis Kemper 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this paper we introduce a methodology to reduce the effects of uncertainty in the design of a complex engineering system involving multiple decision makers. We focus on the uncertainty that is created when a disciplinary designer or design team must try and predict or model the behavior of other disciplinary subsystems. The design of a complex system is performed by many different designers and teams, each of which only have control over a small portion of the entire system. Modeling the interaction among these decision makers and reducing the uncertainty caused by the lack of global control is the focus of this paper. We use well developed concepts from the field of game theory to describe the interactions taking place, and concepts from robust design to reduce the effects of one decision-maker on another. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is also used to reduce the complexity of the interaction analysis while preserving behavior of the systems. The design of a passenger aircraft is used to illustrate the approach, and some encouraging results are discussed.
Novel Empirical Similarity Method for the Reliable Product Test With Rapid Prototypes
Authors: Cho Uichung , Wood Kristin L. , Crawford Richard H. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Contemporary industries are devoting increasing attention to the product development process, due to tight market shares and the abridged product life cycle. Reliable scaled product testing with rapid prototypes has the potential to improve these processes by replacing traditional costly and time-consuming product tests. In this context, rapid prototypes provide visual, ergonomic, and functional information with minimal time delay. Among the information classes, reliable functional information is least realized because of several features of rapid prototypes: (1) limited material choices and part size; (2) distinct material structure; (3) restrictive loading conditions; and (4) state-dependent material properties. To develop reliable functional tests, an improved similarity method is needed to overcome these limitations. The traditional similarity method, based on a Buckingham П approach, is commonly applied to perform scaled tests. In contrast to this method, wherein the state transformation between two similar systems is derived from dimensional vectors, we present a new similarity method that empirically derives the transformation from a geometrically simple specimen pair. The primary advantage of the new method over the traditional method is the capability to relate highly distorted systems. In this paper, the concept and theoretical framework of the novel similarity method are introduced, and two numerical examples demonstrate the new method.
A Method for Architecting Product Platforms With an Application to Interplanetary Mission Design
Authors: Gonzalez-Zugasti Javier P. , Otto Kevin N. , Baker John D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Consider a group of products sharing common parts and assemblies. The products in question we call a product family, and the common elements, the platform. A platform architecture is the set of selection and configuration choices shared among multiple products. We present a method for designing product platforms that takes into consideration both the performance requirements as well as the cost of the product family. The definition of a product platform is formulated as a general optimization problem in which the advantages of designing a common base must be balanced against the constraints of the individual product variants and of the whole family. This optimization approach has been implemented as an interactive multi-team-based negotiation model for designing an interplanetary spacecraft platform and its supported family variants. The model is used to identify possible subsystems of each spacecraft that could be made common to all or some of the missions, and the impact of architecture decisions on the performance of the product family.
Spatial Correlation Metamodels for Global Approximation in Structural Design Optimization
Authors: Simpson Timothy W. , Allen Janet K. , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Despite the steady and continuing growth of computing power and speed, the complexity and computational expense of engineering analysis codes maintains pace. Statistical techniques are becoming widely used in engineering design to construct approximations or metamodels of these analysis codes which are then used in lieu of the actual codes, facilitating optimization and concept exploration. Our purpose in this paper is to report results of ongoing research aimed at increasing the efficiency of computer-based engineering design through the use of spatial correlation metamodels to build global approximations of computationally expensive computer analyses. Three structural design examples are presented to test the predictive capability of these metamodels for use in design optimization. The reported results confirm that these spatial correlation metamodels can produce sufficient accuracy for optimization when used as global approximations.
A Unified Representation of Geometric Constraint Problems to Support Design and Manufacturing Applications
Authors: Bettig Bernie , Shah Jami 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This research is based on the premise that a large number of problems in a variety of mechanical design and manufacturing domains can be mapped to a finite set of generic geometric problems. This paper presents only the representation aspects, which include not only the entities and their relationships at several levels of abstraction but also geometric tasks. To induce comprehensiveness we start at a very high level, listing many queries/commands arising in mechanical design and manufacturing and generalize these into a small set of generic queries/commands. In doing this we find it necessary to devise a new type of high level entity, the geometry characterization which is described with examples. To ensure tractability we start at a low level, describing primitive entities and constraints, and functions, and work our way up through compound entities and constraints. The end goal of this project is to produce an application independent system for geometric constraint solving and querying that can be integrated with any design or manufacturing application using a standardized representation.
Capturing Articulation in Assemblies From Component Geometry
Authors: Sinha Rajarishi , Paredis Christiaan J. J. , Gupta Satyandra K. , Khosla Pradeep K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a method to extract instantaneous articulation from part geometry, based on surface mating constraints as well as constraints imposed by other incidental contacts.
Many assemblies contain joints, each of which have degrees of freedom associated with them. These joints allow the relative positions of parts in the mechanism to change as the joints are articulated. Being able to represent these joints and their behavior is important from the designers perspective because it enables him or her to verify whether kinematic requirements have been met. Therefore, it is useful to be able to obtain such joint information directly from part geometry and contact physics.
The method presented here handles all lower pairs of kinematic joints. Surface mating contacts are classified into one of three types: planar, spherical and cylindrical. The contacts are represented by algebraic inequalities describing the translational and angular velocities at the contact. Non-penetration conditions are written for a finite set of points on the boundary of each contact face, and it is shown that the finite set of conditions is representative of the entire boundary and the region enclosed by the boundary. Simultaneous satisfaction of the non-penetration conditions at all the contact surfaces between a pair of bodies is represented by a 6-dimensional simplex, which can be solved using linear programming.
Design for Desired Mode Shapes: Preliminary Results
Authors: Lai Elizabeth K. , Ananthasuresh G. K. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper is concerned with the shape optimization of structures to attain prescribed normal mode shapes. Optimizing structural members in order to have desired mode shapes, besides the desired natural frequencies, is of interest in some applications at both macro and micro scales. After reviewing the relevant past work on the “inverse mode shape” problem, a feasibility study using the lumped spring-mass models and finite element models of an axially vibrating bar is presented. Based on the observations made in the feasibility study with bars, a meaningful optimization problem is formulated and solved. Using finite element analysis and numerical optimization, a method for designing beam-like structures for prescribed mode shapes is developed. The method is demonstrated with an example of designing the cross-sectional area profile of a beam along its longitudinal axis to get a desired fundamental mode shape. The nonuniqueness of the solution is noted and avenues for future research are identified.
A CAD/CAM Representation Model Applied to Tolerance Transfer Methods
Authors: Desrochers Alain 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the adaptation of tolerance transfer techniques to a model called TTRS for Technologically and Topologically Related Surfaces. According to this model, any three-dimensional part can be represented as a succession of surface associations forming a tree. Additional tolerancing information can be associated to each TTRS represented as a node on the tree. This information includes dimensional tolerances as well as tolerance chart values. Rules are then established to simulate tolerance chains or stack up along with tolerance charts directly from the graph. This way it becomes possible to combine traditional one dimensional tolerance transfer techniques with a powerful three-dimensional representation model providing high technological contents.
Optimization for Vibration Problems: Junction Layout of a Combined Structure Under Oscillation
Authors: Kawabe Yoshiko , Yoshida Shinobu , Saegusa Shozo , Kajiwara Itsuro , Nagamatsu Akio 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Layout optimization of junctions yields the minimum number of junctions. And a fewer junctions means fewer joint components or fewer spot-welding operations, and this leads to higher production efficiency. A method is developed for optimizing the layout of junctions between two structures so as to minimize the relative displacement between them when one of them is oscillated by noise disturbances. A quadratic response function serves as the expected value of relative displacement between the two structures and as the objective function in the optimization process. A set of evenly distributed variable-spring elements joins the two solid structures in a single junction surface, and the distribution of elasticity indices is continually revised. After optimization, those spring elements with elasticity indices higher than a certain threshold are considered to represent rigid joints, while lower elasticity indices indicate the absence of any joints. The optimized elasticity-index distribution thus shows where to place junctions. Use of variable-strength spring joints like this makes it easier to determine optimum junction positions. This is because it eliminates the need to renew the entire FEM model for each case.
Tolerance Representation for Mechanism Assemblies in Layered Manufacturing
Authors: Rajagopalan Sanjay , Cutkosky Mark R. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
By building parts up incrementally in layers or “compacts,” 3D layered manufacturing processes are capable of fabricating parts with complex internal geometry and multiple materials. Additionally, since parts are built fully embedded in a sacrificial support material, it is possible to fabricate fully assembled devices with multiple moving parts and mating/fitting surfaces (such as mechanisms). Given the method of manufacture, it becomes possible to provide designers of linkages with some flexibility in expressing constraints on the manufactured geometry of these parts. For example, designers now have the option of directly specifying the geometry of gaps and clearances with explicit tolerance assignments. In processes like Shape Deposition Manufacturing (SDM), these features are directly manifest in the geometry of the support structure. In many cases, it is these “shadow” features that most directly govern the behavior of the artifact being built. This paper explores the impact of in-situ manufacturing of assembled mechanisms on the tolerances required. Relaxation of the assemblability constraint is shown to result in looser manufacturing tolerances and better control over gap geometry for the specific instance of an isolated pin-joint.
Developing a DFX Course Using Structured Methodologies
Authors: Martin Mark V. , Ishii Kosuke 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
As part of the curriculum for a manufacturing program at Stanford, a Ph.D.-level course covering life-cycle design (also referred to as design for “X”) issues is required to be taken by students in the program. As a Ph.D. candidate doing research in this area, the first author (Martin) was asked to develop and teach this course. This paper discusses some of the issues in creating a new course and describes the use of structured methodologies (affinity diagrams, customer surveys, benchmarking, concept generation, and concept selection) in developing the course. Our goal in this paper is threefold: 1) to give an example of the use of structured methodologies in developing a course, 2) to show a sample curriculum for a dfX course, and 3) to present a framework describing course development.
The VR Factory: Discrete Event Simulation Implemented in a Virtual Environment
Authors: Kelsick Jason J. , Vance Judy M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Virtual reality (VR) refers to an immersive, interactive, multi-sensory, viewer-centered, three-dimensional (3D) computer generated environment and the combination of technologies required to build such an environment (Cruz-Neira, 1993). Related to problems of engineering design and manufacturing, this new technology offers engineers the ability to work with computer models in a three-dimensional, immersive environment. This paper describes a virtual reality application where the results of a discrete event simulation of a manufacturing cell are integrated with a virtual model of the cell to produce a virtual environment. The program described in this paper, the VR Factory, allows the user to investigate how various changes to the manufacturing cell affect part production. This investigation is performed while immersed in a computer generated three-dimensional representation of the cell. This paper describes the creation of the VR model of the manufacturing cell, the animation of the environment and the implementation of the results of the discrete event simulation.
Determining the Value of Remanufacture in an Integrated Manufacturing-Remanufacturing Organization
Authors: McIntosh Mark W. , Bras Bert 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In recent years, the concept of reusing products has received significant attention in academia as a means for reducing society’s negative impact on the environment. In fact, due to a number of both economic and environmental advantages to product reuse, some authors have proposed a larger role for reuse within society. In order to achieve an expanded role for product reuse, it will first be necessary to integrate remanufacturing capabilities into original equipment manufacturers (OEMs) such that reuse can be carefully planned by both product and process design. However, the implementation of OEM reuse is currently limited to the few examples that exist today by several barriers. These barriers include the problem of incomplete incentives due to the product disposal externality, the trends in production towards rapid innovation and mass customization, and the fact that remanufacture presents a fundamentally new set of challenges that producers are not prepared to deal with. It is our belief that reuse will not play a larger role in society until producers have both the incentives and ability to implement remanufacture given their business conditions. Providing this capability and these incentives will require a better understanding of how different factors impact remanufacturing operations within an OEM. This understanding can be provided through the improved modeling of remanufacture. In this work, a motivation and an algorithm for modeling how product design characteristics, product development strategies, and different business conditions impact remanufacturing viability is presented. The authors’ implementation of this model is described and the model is used to study a family of single use camera products over an eleven-year period in order to gain insight from a successful OEM remanufacturer.
Analytical Modeling for Semiconductor Wafer Fab Environments in Support of Drum-Buffer-Rope Implementation
Authors: Maguire Jay , Hinchman Jim , Luce Steve 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A simple, practical analytical approach to capacity planning is described in the context of semiconductor wafer fabrication (fab) areas and implementation of Drum-Buffer-Rope methodology. The well validated model integrates bottleneck identification with predictors of headcount requirement, fab activity levels, cycle time and inventory curves, financial impacts and other metrics, as desired, for given volume and mix. The model, used in combination with the knowledge of local experts, provides information for medium or long range planning and for focusing improvement efforts for maximum effect. Opportunities for improvement are simply explained, verified, quantified and prioritized through the use of specific tool models and of Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) as a measure of equipment performance. Several manufacturing areas on the same site can be simultaneously modeled, showing the effect of a change on the entire site.
An Experiment in Improving Student Estimation Skills
Authors: Smith David R. , D’Angelo John P. , DaSilva Robert A. , Sherwood James A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In recent years, it has been suggested that engineering students are frequently unable to perform rough estimates. In an attempt to confirm and perhaps remedy this situation, we conducted an experiment into the estimation capabilities of upper-division Mechanical Engineering students in the Fall semesters of 1996 and 1997. The experiment sought to identify weaknesses in the abilities of students to recognize plausible results when performing calculations. Additionally, the experiment attempted to improve student estimation skills through exposure to estimation problems in both individual and group settings.
Specifically, the entire senior class was given an in-class estimation problem approximately once per week. At the end of the semester, a final estimation problem was given to this class, as well as to the entire junior class, and the results compared.
The initial results corroborate studies by others which indicate that students are frequently unable to estimate a solution within an order of magnitude. Indeed, a significant percentage are unable to even provide consistent units. Our experiment suggests that students can slightly improve their estimation skills through practice. More importantly, we found that students estimate significantly better when working in teams.
A Multi-Agent Interactive Approach to Assembly Modeling
Authors: Sfeir Neyla Antoine , Fujimoto Hideo , Iwata Akira 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper introduces a new interactive multi-agent approach to automate the assembly modeling problem in order to generate the parts precedence relations of a product starting from its design data. Assembly parts are considered as self-interested intelligent agents with local information and goals. Centralized approaches based on graphical representation resulted so far in both combinatorial and information complexity, especially when dealing with actual complex industrial products. The proposed decentralized approach overcomes exhaustive combinatorial search, while the ability to store and exchange dynamic information among agents reduces the oversimplification of graphical representation. Furthermore, the incorporation of human agents helps the system to overcome the limitations of artificial intelligence. This approach offers a promising platform for assembly planning automation with minimum human intervention especially for all-new products.
Synchronization of Multiple Geneva Wheels in Parallel: Part I — A Novel Process
Authors: Sepahpour Bijan , Fischer Ian S. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Synchronization of the intermittent motion of multiple Geneva wheels in parallel by a single driver is presented. Three different types of drivers and their corresponding geometry are introduced. The characteristics of the generated synchronized motion of the multiple wheels actuated by each of the drivers are discussed. A special orientation of the multiple wheels and the single driver is proposed for optimizing the ratio of the synchronized index and dwell times of the output wheels. The assembly requirements of this approach are discussed. Correlation of the active/dwell times of the wheels are also considered. A comparison of the three types of drivers and the advantages of their applications is included. A condensed kinematic and kinetic analysis of Geneva mechanisms is presented for cohesion and continuity of the work in the appendix.