bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti-interleukin-1 agents for pericarditis: a primer for cardiologists
Authors: Imazio Massimo , Lazaros George , Gattorno Marco , LeWinter Martin , Abbate Antonio , Brucato Antonio , Klein Allan 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Anti-interleukin (IL)-1 agents have been developed for the treatment of autoinflammatory and rheumatic conditions, where overproduction of IL-1 is an important pathophysiologic process. IL-1α and IL-1β are the most studied members of the IL-1 family of cytokines and have the strongest proinflammatory effects. A naturally occurring antagonist (IL-1Ra) mitigates their proinflammatory effects. Overproduction of both IL-1α (released by inflamed/damaged pericardial cells) and IL-1β (released by inflammatory cells) is now a well-recognized therapeutic target in patients with recurrent idiopathic pericarditis. Currently, there are three available anti-IL-1 agents: anakinra (recombinant human IL-1Ra), rilonacept (a soluble decoy receptor ‘trap’, binding both IL-1α and IL-1β), and canakinumab (human monoclonal anti-IL-1β antibody). For patients with corticosteroid-dependent and colchicine-resistant recurrent pericarditis with evidence of systemic inflammation, as evidenced by elevated C-reactive protein, the efficacy and safety of anakinra (2 mg/kg/day up to 100 mg/day subcutaneously usually for at least 6 months, then tapered) and rilonacept (320 mg subcutaneously for the first day followed by 160 mg subcutaneously weekly) have been clearly demonstrated in observational studies and randomized controlled clinical trials. Severe side effects are rare and discontinuation rates are very low (&lt;4%). The most common reported side effect is injection site reactions (&gt;50% of patients). In this article, we describe the historical and pathophysiological background and provide a comprehensive review of these agents, which appear to be the most significant advance in medical therapy of recurrent pericarditis in the last 5 years.
Investigation on Sudden Unexpected Death in the Young (SUDY) in Europe: results of the European Heart Rhythm Association Survey
Authors: Behr Elijah R , Scrocco Chiara , Wilde Arthur A M , Marijon Eloi , Crotti Lia , Iliodromitis Konstantinos E , Remme Carol A , Kosiuk Jedrzej , Rudaka Irina , Brugada Georgia Sarquella , Frampton Katie , Schulze-Bahr Eric , Jubele Kristine , de Asmundis Carlo , Hofman Nynke , Tfelt-Hansen Jacob , Boveda Serge , Conte Giulio 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The aims of this centre-based survey, promoted and disseminated by the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) was to investigate the current practice for the investigation of Sudden Unexplained Death in the Young (SUDY) amongst European countries. An online questionnaire composed of 21 questions was submitted to the EHRA Research Network, European Cardiac Arrhythmia Genetics (ECGen) Focus Group members, and European Reference Network GUARD-Heart healthcare partners. There were 81 respondents from 24 European countries. The majority (78%) worked in a dedicated clinic focusing on families with inherited cardiac conditions and/or SUDY or had easy access to a nearby one. On average, an autopsy was performed in 43% of SUDY cases. Macroscopic examination of the body and all organs were completed in 71% of cases undergoing autopsy, and expert cardiac examination in 32%. Post-mortem genetic testing was requested on average in 37% of Sudden Arrhythmic Death Syndrome (SADS) cases, but not at all by 20% of survey respondents. Psychological support and bereavement counselling for SADS/SUDY families were available for ≤50% of participants. Whilst electrocardiogram (ECG) and echocardiography were largely employed to investigate SADS relatives, there was an inconsistent approach to the use of provocative testing with exercise ECG, sodium channel blocking drugs, and/or epinephrine and genetic testing. The survey highlighted a significant heterogeneity of service provision and variable adherence to current recommendations for the investigation of SUDY, partly attributable to the availability of dedicated units and specialist tests, genetic evaluation, and post-mortem examination.
Micro on a macroscale: relating microbial-scale soil processes to global ecosystem function
Authors: Smercina Darian N , Bailey Vanessa L , Hofmockel Kirsten S 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTSoil microorganisms play a key role in driving major biogeochemical cycles and in global responses to climate change. However, understanding and predicting the behavior and function of these microorganisms remains a grand challenge for soil ecology due in part to the microscale complexity of soils. It is becoming increasingly clear that understanding the microbial perspective is vital to accurately predicting global processes. Here, we discuss the microbial perspective including the microbial habitat as it relates to measurement and modeling of ecosystem processes. We argue that clearly defining and quantifying the size, distribution and sphere of influence of microhabitats is crucial to managing microbial activity at the ecosystem scale. This can be achieved using controlled and hierarchical sampling designs. Model microbial systems can provide key data needed to integrate microhabitats into ecosystem models, while adapting soil sampling schemes and statistical methods can allow us to collect microbially-focused data. Quantifying soil processes, like biogeochemical cycles, from a microbial perspective will allow us to more accurately predict soil functions and address long-standing unknowns in soil ecology.
Rapid Evolution of Complete Dosage Compensation in Poecilia
Authors: Metzger David C H , Sandkam Benjamin A , Darolti Iulia , Mank Judith E 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Dosage compensation balances gene expression between the sexes in systems with diverged heterogametic sex chromosomes. Theory predicts that dosage compensation should rapidly evolve in tandem with the divergence of sex chromosomes to prevent the deleterious effects of dosage imbalances that occur as a result of sex chromosome divergence. Examples of complete dosage compensation, where gene expression of the entire sex chromosome is compensated, are rare, and have only been found in relatively ancient sex chromosome systems. Consequently, very little is known about the evolutionary dynamics of complete dosage compensation systems. Within the family Poeciliidae the subgenus Lebistes share the same sex chromosome system which originated 18.48–26.08 Ma. In Poecilia reticulata and P. wingei, the Y chromosome has been largely maintained, whereas the Y in the closely related species P. picta and P. parae has rapidly degraded. We recently found P. picta to be the first example of complete dosage compensation in a fish. Here, we show that P. parae also has complete dosage compensation, thus complete dosage compensation likely evolved in the short (∼3.7 Myr) interval after the split of the ancestor of these two species from P. reticulata, but before they diverged from each other. These data suggest that novel dosage compensation mechanisms can evolve rapidly, thus supporting the longstanding theoretical prediction that such mechanisms arise in tandem with rapidly diverging sex chromosomes.
Parental Death and Cognitive Impairment: An Examination by Gender and Race–Ethnicity
Authors: Liu Hui , Lin Zhiyong , Umberson Debra 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
We provide the first nationally representative longitudinal study of cognitive impairment in relation to parental death from childhood through early adulthood, midlife, and later adulthood, with attention to heterogeneity in the experience of parental death.

Methods
We analyzed data from the Health and Retirement Study (2000–2016). The sample included 13,392 respondents, contributing 72,860 person-periods. Cognitive impairment was assessed using the modified version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status. Discrete-time hazard regression models were estimated to predict the odds of cognitive impairment.

Results
Both exposure and timing of parental death were related to the risk of cognitive impairment in late life and associations vary by gender. The detrimental effect of a father’s death was comparable for daughters and sons although exposure to a mother’s death had stronger effects on daughter’s than son’s risk of cognitive impairment. Father’s death at younger ages had the strongest effect on sons’ late-life risk of cognitive impairment, whereas mother’s death in middle adulthood had the strongest effect on daughters’ risk. We found no significant racial–ethnic variation in the association between parental death and cognitive impairment.

Discussion
It is important to explore the gender-specific pathways through which parental death leads to increased risk of cognitive impairment so that effective interventions can be implemented to reduce risk.
Molecular mechanism of interspecies differences in the binding affinity of TD139 to Galectin-3
Authors: Kumar Amit , Paul Marilyn , Panda Manoranjan , Jayaram Shruthi , Kalidindi Narasimharaju , Sale Harinath , Vetrichelvan Muthalagu , Gupta Anuradha , Mathur Arvind , Beno Brett , Regueiro-Ren Alicia , Cheng Dong , Ramarao Manjunath , Ghosh Kaushik 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Galectin-3 (Gal-3), a β-galactoside-binding lectin, has been implicated in a plethora of pathological disorders including fibrosis, inflammation, cancer and metabolic diseases. TD139—a thio-digalactoside inhibitor developed by Galecto Biotech as a potential therapeutic for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis—is the most advanced small-molecule Gal-3 inhibitor in clinical studies. It binds to human Gal-3 with high affinity but has lower affinity towards mouse and rat homologs, which is also manifested in the differential inhibition of Gal-3 function. Using biophysical methods and high-resolution X-ray co-crystal structures of TD139 and Gal-3 proteins, we demonstrate that a single amino acid change corresponding to A146 in human Gal-3 is sufficient for the observed reduction in the binding affinity of TD139 in rodents. Site-directed mutagenesis of A146V (in human Gal-3) and V160A (in mouse Gal-3) was sufficient to interchange the affinities, mainly by affecting the off rates of the inhibitor binding. In addition, molecular dynamics simulations of both wild-type and mutant structures revealed the sustained favorable noncovalent interactions between the fluorophenyl ring and the active site A146 (human Gal-3 and mouse V160A) that corroborate the finding from biophysical studies. Current findings have ramifications in the context of optimization of drug candidates against Gal-3.
Impact of a 5-year antimicrobial stewardship program focusing on fluoroquinolone prescriptions
Authors: Pédeboscq Stéphane , Issa Nahema , Lahouati Marin , Labadie Aurélie , Pereyre Sabine , Camou Fabrice 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Within the context of the wide use of fluoroquinolones (FQs) and the emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria, French recommendations concerning the appropriate use of systemic FQs in adults were published in 2015. This study assessed the impact of antibiotic stewardship intervention on the use of FQs over a 5-year period.

Methods
Five annual audits were performed to evaluate FQ prescriptions. Following the baseline audit, a campaign of appropriate antibiotic use was initiated with courses on antibiotics including FQs. All audits included quantitative and qualitative evaluations to calculate an index of therapeutic adequacy (ITA) with six criteria: indication, molecule type, dosage, duration, route of administration and association. These audits were performed annually from 2015 to 2019.

Key findings
The number of prescriptions decreased substantially from 90 in 2015 to 17 in 2019. This reduction was consistent with consumption data, such that the defined daily dose for 1000 bed days diminished from 67 in 2015 to 42 in 2019. Between 2015 and 2016, the ITA decreased significantly from 3.27 to 1.79 (P = 0.001), corresponding to an improvement in prescription quality. The ITA stabilised between 2016 and 2019. Moreover, improvements were observed in the proportion of entirely conforming prescriptions, conformity of indications, choice of molecule type among FQs and proportion of prescriptions with non-conforming treatment durations.

Conclusions
Between 2015 and 2019, we observed quantitative and qualitative improvements in FQ prescriptions within the hospital. Prescription follow-up through annual audits, combined with training courses, contributed to consistent results.
The effects of health system reform on medical services utilization and expenditures in China in 2004–2015
Authors: Shu Zhan , Liu Yingli , Li Minlin , Li Jian 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background
In 2009, China began to implement new health system reform aimed at reducing the financial burden of patients. This study aimed to compare changes in the utilization of medical services and expenditures in different groups from 2004 to 2015.

Methods
Pooled cross-sectional data from 2004 to 2015 from the China Health and Nutrition Survey Database were used to conduct a segmental linear regression to estimate changes in the medical expenditures of different groups before and after implementation of the reform.

Results
During the reform process, the utilization rate of outpatient healthcare, primary health services and hospital health services showed a trend of increasing first and then decreasing slightly. The frequency of residents using inpatient services increased after the reform. The average medical expenditures increased significantly, especially for uninsured and primary health services users.

Conclusions
China's new round of health reform increased the coverage rate of basic medical insurance. Medical insurance has controlled the growth of the average medical expenditures; nevertheless, the average medical expenditures per patient has shown a continuous upward trend. Consequently, both basic medical insurance funds and residents face greater economic burdens and financial risks. Effective methods of controlling the growth of medical expenditures are therefore required.
Why is Japan shamed for whaling more than Norway? International Society and its barbaric others
Authors: Kolmaš Michal 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAlthough Norwegian and Japanese fishermen killed almost identical numbers of whales in the last two decades, they were subject to a largely uneven attention from the international community. While Japan was significantly shamed by all actors, the attention on Norwegian whalers was much smaller. Why is that? The article first conceptualizes the gaps in contemporary shaming literature and shows that whereas lots has been written on why and how states shame, much less has been written about why some actors are shamed more and some less. To remedy that, it then adopts post-structural theoretical position and the methodology of discourse analysis to deconstruct anti-whaling campaigns against Japan and Norway. The analysis shows that whereas Japanese culture was often depicted as cruel and barbarous, and its science as faulty and illegitimate, Norway was largely spared of this discourse. I argue that this difference can be ascribed to differing identities between the Euro-American anti-whaling camp and Japan.
Strategizing Femininity between the Global and the Taiwanese Local: Implications for International Relations
Authors: Shih Chih-Yu 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe article tackles a conceptual topic of postcolonial feminism—self-feminization. Specifically, the article explores the femininity of Taiwanese professionals’ bridging role between the head and branch offices of multinational firms in Taiwan, as well as between an allegedly universal ethos in science, market, and the globalization on the one hand and the humanist concerns for emotion, relation, and nuance on the other. The femininity of financial office as well as other local capacities demonstrates how they can improvise relationships for mutually estranging actors. Then, the article extends the discussion to allude to international relations, divided by an allegedly universal (usually conversional) and indigenous (usually resistant) force in terms of value, institution, relation, or identity. I use the local branch office qua the indigenous, the head office qua the universal, and the professionals who bridge between them as metaphors for China, the West or the global forces, and Taiwan, respectively.
Discovery of extremely low-metallicity circumgalactic gas at z = 0.5 towards Q0454−220
Authors: Norris Jackson M , Muzahid Sowgat , Charlton Jane C , Kacprzak Glenn G , Wakker Bart P , Churchill Christopher W 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
We have obtained new observations of the absorption system at zabs = 0.48 towards QSO Q0454−220, which we use to constrain its chemical and physical conditions. The system features metal-enriched gas and previously unknown low-metallicity gas detected ${\sim} 200 \, \mathrm{km \, s^{-1}}$ blueward of the metal-enriched gas. The low-metallicity gas is detected in multiple Lyman series lines but is not detected in any metal lines. Our analysis includes low-ionization (e.g. Fe ii, Mg ii) metal lines, high-ionization (e.g. C iv, O vi, N v) metal lines, and several Lyman series lines. We use new ultraviolet (UV) spectra taken with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/Cosmic Origins Spectrograph (COS) along with data taken from HST/Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph (STIS), Keck/High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer (HIRES), and Very Large Telescope(VLT)/Ultraviolet and Visual Echelle Spectrograph (UVES). We find that the absorption system can be explained with a photoionized low-ionization phase with [Fe/H] ∼ −0.5 and $n_\mathrm{H} \sim 10^{-2.3} \, \mathrm{cm}^{-3}$, a photoionized high-ionization phase with a conservative lower limit of −3.3 &lt; [Fe/H] and $n_\mathrm{H} \sim 10^{-3.8} \, \mathrm{cm}^{-3}$, and a low-metallicity component with a conservative upper limit of [Fe/H] &lt; −2.5 that may be photoionized or collisionally ionized. We suggest that the low-ionization phase may be due to cold-flow accretion via large-scale filamentary structure or due to recycled accretion, while the high-ionization phase is the result of ancient outflowing material from a nearby galaxy. The low-metallicity component may come from pristine accretion. The velocity spread and disparate conditions among the absorption system’s components suggest a combination of gas arising near galaxies along with gas arising from intergroup material.
The clustering of the SDSS-IV extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey quasar sample: testing observational systematics on the Baryon Acoustic Oscillation measurement
Authors: Merz Grant , Rezaie Mehdi , Seo Hee-Jong , Neveux Richard , Ross Ashley J , Beutler Florian , Percival Will J , Mueller Eva , Gil-Marín Héctor , Rossi Graziano , Dawson Kyle , Brownstein Joel R , Myers Adam D , Schneider Donald P , Chuang Chia-Hsun , Zhao Cheng , de la Macorra Axel , Nitschelm Christian 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) are considered to be a very robust standard ruler against various systematics. This premise has been tested against observational systematics, but not to the level required for the next generation of galaxy surveys such as the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) and Euclid. In this paper, we investigate the effect of observational systematics on the BAO measurement of the final sample of quasars from the extended Baryon Oscillation Spectroscopic Survey Data Release 16 in order to prepare and hone a similar analysis for upcoming surveys. We employ catalogues with various treatments of imaging systematic effects using linear and neural network-based non-linear approaches and consider how the BAO measurement changes. We also test how the variations to the BAO fitting model respond to the observational systematics. As expected, we confirm that the BAO measurements obtained from the DR16 quasar sample are robust against imaging systematics well within the statistical error, while reporting slightly modified constraints that shift the line-of-sight BAO signal by less than 1.1 per cent. We use realistic simulations with similar redshift and angular distributions as the DR16 sample to conduct statistical tests for validating the pipeline, quantifying the significance of differences, and estimating the expected bias on the BAO scale in future high-precision data sets. Although we find a marginal impact for the eBOSS QSO data, the work presented here is of vital importance for constraining the nature of dark energy with the BAO feature in the new era of big data cosmology.
Four new planetesimals around typical and pre-main-sequence  stars (PLATYPUS) debris discs at 8.8 mm
Authors: Norfolk Brodie J , Maddison Sarah T , Marshall Jonathan P , Kennedy Grant M , Duchêne Gaspard , Wilner David J , Pinte Christophe , Moór Attila , Matthews Brenda , Ábrahám Péter , Kóspál Ágnes , van der Marel Nienke 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
Millimetre continuum observations of debris discs can provide insights into the physical and dynamical properties of the unseen planetesimals that these discs host. The material properties and collisional models of planetesimals leave their signature on the grain size distribution, which can be traced through the millimetre spectral index. We present 8.8 mm observations of the debris discs HD 48370, CPD-72 2713, HD 131488, and HD 32297 using the Australian Telescope Compact Array (ATCA) as part of the PLanetesimals Around TYpical Pre-main-seqUence Stars (PLATYPUS) survey. We detect all four targets with a characteristic beam size of 5 arcsec and derive a grain size distribution parameter that is consistent with collisional cascade models and theoretical predictions for parent planetesimal bodies where binding is dominated by self-gravity. We combine our sample with 19 other millimetre-wavelength-detected debris discs from the literature and calculate a weighted mean grain size power-law index that is close to analytical predictions for a classical steady-state collisional cascade model. We suggest the possibility of two distributions of q in our debris disc sample; a broad distribution (where q ∼ 3.2–3.7) for ‘typical’ debris discs (gas-poor/non-detection), and a narrow distribution (where q &lt; 3.2) for bright gas-rich discs. Or alternatively, we suggest that there exists an observational bias between the grain size distribution parameter and absolute flux that may be attributed to the detection rates of faint debris discs at $\rm \sim$cm wavelengths.