bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain Phenylalanine Concentrations in Phenylketonuria: Research and Treatment of Adults
Authors: Moats Rex A. , Moseley Kathryn D. , Koch Richard , Nelson Marvin 
Published: December 2021

Objective. To assess the effects of 2 pharmacologic interventions (amino acid supplements) on the brain levels of phenylalanine (Phe) in adults with phenylketonuria (PKU).
Methods. A prospective study was conducted in an outpatient treatment and follow-up setting. The volunteers who were recruited for the first intervention included 4 subjects with classic PKU. The second intervention included 3 adults with classic PKU. The first intervention consisted of dietary supplementation during 1 day with Phlexy 10. Two individuals were given a dose of 0.5 g/kg/d, and 2 were given 1.0 g/kg/d. The second intervention consisted of dietary supplementation with PreKUnil at 0.4 g kg/d over a period of 6 months. Brain Phe was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The number of the patients involved precluded analysis for significance.
Results. The first, shorter intervention resulted in a decrease in brain Phe. The second intervention resulted in a 20% decrease in brain Phe, which was maintained after 6 months of treatment.
Conclusion. Dietary supplementation of large neutral amino acids seems to lower the brain Phe in adults who have PKU and have difficulty following their diet.
PUBLIC HEALTH, NURSING AND MEDICAL SOCIAL WORK
Authors: WEGMAN MYRON E. 
Published: December 2021

THROUGH the sampling procedure developed by the National Office of Vital Statistics, preliminary estimates were made early in 1954 of the most important statistical indices for 1953. These estimates have been shown to be quite accurate and when the final actual figures are available there is only slight variation. Presented below are the graphs and figures illustrating the data for 1953 and 1952 on Birth Rate, Marriage License Rate, Death Rate, and Infant Mortality Rate, as shown in Monthly Vital Statistics Report, Volume 2, No. 12, Feb. 17, 1954.
Little change is to be seen between the two years, although it is gratifying to note continuation, even though slight, of the decline in Infant Mortality Rate.
Births continue at a supnisingly high level with the rate showing no signs of the long predicted fall. The figure of over 3.9 million births refers to registered births and is the highest ever recorded. Furthermore, if we take into account those which occurred but for which birth certificates were not filed, the total number of births in the U.S.A. in 1953 probably exceeded 3,970,000. [SEE GRAPH 1 IN SOURCE PDF.] Marriages also continued at a high rate, but in the last two months of the year there was a suggestion of a slight turndown, with the December 1953 rate being 7.5% under the December 1952 rate. Reports in 1954 will determine whether this trend remains in evidence. Seasonal variations, both in marriages and births, show the same pattern as in previous years.
While the total Death Rate shows no change, this is due to a rather sharp increase in the first two months of the year with 1953 showing better rates than 1952 for most of the year.
Signs of the Health Times, National Health Council, 1790 Broadway, New York 19, New York
Authors: HARPER PAUL 
Published: December 2021

Signs of the Health Times is a condensation of the papers and discussion at the 1955 National Health Forum which was held in New York on March 23 and 24, 1955.
The National Health Council comprises 50 national organizations interested in promoting the public health. Its Annual Forum is, in effect, a meeting place where these organizations may explore new problems, analyze needs and plan for the years ahead. These Forums were first organized in 1921; the 1955 meeting took as its subject "Forecasting America's Health."
THE POSSIBILITY OF TOTAL ELIMINATION OF RETROLENTAL FIBROPLASIA BY OXYGEN RESTRICTION
Authors: Guy Loren P. , Lanman Jonathan T. , Dancis Joseph 
Published: December 2021

No cicatricial retrolental fibroplasia has occurred in any of the 148 infants who have received severely limited oxygen therapy in the Bellevue Hospital Premature Infant Nursery during the past 2½ years. We believe that retrolental fibroplasia can be either completely or almost completely eliminated by administering oxygen only at times of clinical need, and then for as brief periods as possible and at concentrations less than 40 per cent.
Mortality rose slightly during the period of oxygen limitation; the rise was not statistically significant. The possibility of a relationship to oxygen limitation is discussed; the writers believe that such a relationship is not likely.
CLINICAL INVESTIGATION IN PEDIATRIC PRACTICE
Authors: Wilcox John C. 
Published: December 2021

WHILE recognizing that the common purpose of all clinical investigation is the benefit of the patient through the advancement of medical knowledge, there are other justifications and sources of inspiration which may be more immediately gained objectives. This is true whether the investigator is a professor of pediatrics or his country cousin. It is the purpose of this paper to compare the natures of those immediate objectives as they apply to clinical investigation carried on in a teaching center with clinical investigation performed in pediatric practice. In making this comparison, I do not intend to imply that the professor of pediatrics or a member of his staff has at his beck and call large crews of laboratory technicians, roomtuis of pretty secretaries and efficient stenographers, tabulators and computers in frightening array, scads of money neatly tagged for research and all the time in the world—and that none of these is possessed by the practitioner. Instead, I will point out that in spite of a seemingly vast gulf of separation in facilities and resources, there are similarities of purpose which serve to give reflected dignity to any reasonable and seriously pursued clinical study even though it be attempted under primitive conditions by academic standards.
The professor, gazing from the porticoed façade of a teaching hospital and contemplating his next venture into publication [SEE FIG. 1., FIG. 2. IN SOURCE PDF] (Fig. 1), looks in 1 of 3 possible directions for stimulation. Each of these corresponds with 1 of 3 responsibilities: (1) instruction of students; (2) scientific stimulation of pediatric confreres; (3) the recognition of academic superiors.
Childhood in Contemporary Cultures
Authors: MAY C. D. 
Published: December 2021

The current concepts of development of personality in childhood have been derived to a considerable extent from longitudinal studies of individuals by which an attempt is made to reconstruct and interpret the sequence of events by psychoanalytic technique and theory. Too few are acquainted with the wealth of material which has been accumulating from studies conducted by anthropologists and sociologists with an interest in development of personality.
This volume, edited by persons whose competency needs no elaboration, provides a survey of practices in child rearing of different cultures which pediatricians will find refreshing and broadening.
AMERICAN BOARD OF PEDIATRICS
Authors:   THE EXAMINATIONS COMMITTEE
Published: December 2021

THE WRITTEN examination of January 12, 1956, was taken by 480 candidates, exactly the same number as took the test of January, 1955. The examination proved to be more difficult than previous tests; the reasons for this may well be multiple. Nevertheless, the fact stands out that the vast majority of candidates needed the full 3 hours to complete the test and that most felt the pressure of time and were unable to review questions they had answered hurriedly. Because the grades averaged considerably lower than those of previous years, a formula was devised for adjusting the grades in such a way that the percentage of failures would be approximately the same as in 1955, that the passing grade would remain at 52, and that the mean grade would remain essentially the same for both years. It should be stressed that this process of adjusting grades in no way alters the rank order standing of the candidates. On this basis there were 41 candidates, or 8.5% who failed and were therefore ineligible for oral examination.
The adjusted marks earned by the candidates varied from a lowest grade of 29.3 to a highest grade of 94.2 and therefore covered a range satisfactory for differentiation. However, the increased hardness of the test and the necessity for adjusting the grades were associated with a significant loss in the inherent reliability of the examination, that is to say, the "probable error of estimate" (P.E.m) was larger than it has been in recent years. The data on this statistic since the time of adoption of objective methods of testing are indicated in the following table: [SEE TABLE IN SOURCE PDF].
THE MEDICAL ASPECTS OF WATER FLUORIDATION
Authors: Schlesinger Edward R. 
Published: December 2021

Fluoridation of water is the process of adjusting the concentration of fluoride ion in fluoride-deficient water supplies to a level of about 1 ppm. Groups of children drinking fluoridated water have only about one-third as much dental caries as otherwise comparable groups receiving water deficient in flouride. These benefits should carry over into adult life, on the basis of evidence from communities in which the fluoride ion is found naturally in the water supply.
Water fluoridation is universally accepted among reputable professional groups. Extensive American studies, made in areas with fluoridated water or with natural fluoride-bearing water having the same content of fluoride, have disclosed no harmful systemic effects to any individuals or groups in the population. No disfiguring dental fluorosis has been encountered among individuals drinking such water. On the contrary, the prevalence of nonspecific enamel hypoplasias has been reduced in such groups.
No well-documented evidence or valid arguments have been presented by the vociferous groups opposed to fluoridation of water. Much confusion has been engendered by the failure of these groups to differentiate between the trace quantities of fluoride used in fluoridation and the vastly greater toxic quantities encountered in some mining and industrial operations and in laboratory investigations.
Technique of Replacement Transfusion
Authors: MCGOVERN JOSEPH J. 
Published: December 2021

This letter describes a way of simplifying one of the technical aspects of the replacement transfusion procedure, and thereby avoiding errors in the tabulation of the volumes of blood withdrawn and infused during the transfusion.
Replacement transfusions are frequently done by a physician and a nurse. The nurse's duties include recording the heart rate, giving oxygen, suctioning the baby and keeping a written record of the volumes of blood being exchanged as the transfusion proceeds. The physician in carrying out this procedure, states to the nurse the amount of blood being exchanged.
SALMONELLA OSTEOMYELITIS COMPLICATING SICKLE CELL DISEASE
Authors: Hughes James G. , Carroll David S. 
Published: December 2021

Our observations and those of other authors support the opinion that children with sickle cell disease have a predisposition to osteomyelitis and that there is a tendency for Salmonella organisms to be the infecting agents.
Of the eight cases of Salmonella osteomyelitis complicating sickle cell disease now fully described, six were in children 1 to 4 years of age and two were in children 14 years old. This suggests that this combination of diseases occurs chiefly in young children.
There is a marked disposition to multiple bony involvement in this syndrome.
Roentgenograms of affected bones have a characteristic appearance. Changes include irregular destructive areas, periosteal proliferation, cortical fissuring and in some instances pathologic fractures.
Although chloramphenicol is generally the most effective antibiotic in Salmonella osteomyelitis, it is difficult to eradicate completely the offending agent. Perhaps this is partly due to the extensiveness of the pathologic process with involvement of many bones. Perhaps it is related to local abnormalities in the bones of these patients with sickle cell disease. Owing to repeated thrombosis of vessels in bones, an inherent aspect of sickle cell disease, it may be more difficult to achieve high concentrations of antibiotic in the infected areas.
Osteomyelitis should be considered as a possibility in children with sickle cell disease who have pain or swelling in one or more extremities, or who seem unusually irritable when moved. The fact that these manifestations are usually due to vascular thromboses should not blind the clinician to the possibility of bone infection. Cultures of the blood and stool should be obtained. If pathogenic bacteria are isolated their antibiotic vulnerability should be determined. As Salmonella organisms and hemolytic staphylococcus aureus are the chief organisms so far reported to cause osteomyelitis in children with sickle cell disease, when bone infection is present but results of cultures and sensitivity tests are not yet known chloramphenicol and erythromycin would appear to be the logical combination of antibiotics.
PSEUDOTUMOR CEREBRI
Authors: Moore Ralph Bryan 
Published: December 2021

The case records of three patients with the diagnosis pseudotumor cerebri are presented.
In addition, data from the records of three other children are included to give a series of six patients.
The clinical picture and the laboratory data are summarized and compared with other reports.
A review of the literature is given, with emphasis on the nomenclature, etiology, clinical findings and prognosis.
CERTAIN FEATURES OF THE NUTRITIONAL VALUE OF MILK: A TRIBUTE TO GAIL BORDEN
Authors: Weech A. A. 
Published: December 2021

[In presenting the Borden Award to Dr. Weech, Dr. Harry Bakwin, President of the Academy read the following citation : "for his fundamental contributions in major fields of pediatric investigation. His studies in rickets, nutritional edema and physiologic hyperbilirubinemia stimulated newer lines of thought of the pathogenesis of these conditions. He characterized nutritional edema as a disturbance resulting from inadequate dietary protein. As the concentration of albumin in serum represents a practical means of recognizing protein deprivation in the pre-edema stages, he undertook studies of the effect of many basic dietary substances on the synthesis of this blood component. His comprehensive investigation of the causation of jaundice of the newborn established its relationship to liver immaturity. Dr. Weech is also being honored for his inspirational qualities as a teacher and a leader of research in numerous aspects of child health and welfare."]
ON THE ANNUAL occasion of the presentation of the Borden Award of the American Academy of Pediatrics it is precedent that the recipient review those aspects of his personal investigations as have been cited by the Awards Committee in justification of its decision. In the face of such tradition I was at first perplexed. The citation begins by averring that selection has rested on "fundamental contributions in major fields of pediatric investigation." The statement is broad, too broad to serve the purpose of concise review. The citation goes on to mention studies in rickets, bilirubinemia, nutritional edema and basic dietary substances essential for the synthesis of serum albumin. The broad range of investigations still defies terse retrospective survey. Some other bond is needed to tie together the component parts of a speech of acceptance.
The occasion itself will furnish the bond for which I seek.
ASSOCIATION OF TRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT VESSELS AND RUDIMENTARY RIGHT VENTRICLE, WITH AND WITHOUT TRICUSPID ATRESIA
Authors: Kessler Althea , Adams Paul 
Published: December 2021

A group of eight cases with three different combinations of congenital cardiac defects but similar clinical findings has been presented. The differential diagnosis from other types of congenital heart disease has been discussed. All had transposition of the great vessels and same obstruction to aortic outflow, either subaortic stenosis or a rudimentary right ventricle from which the aorta arose. Six cases had tricuspid atresia and two had rudimentary right ventricle without tricuspid atresia.
The salient features were:
1) Early congestive failure.
2) Absent or minimal cyanosis.
3) Large heart and pulmonary congestion roentgenographically.
4) Electrocardiographic findings of peaked P waves and a pattern of left ventricular hypertrophy.
5) Angiocardiographic findings of a right to left atrial shunt, failure to visualize the right ventricle, early opacification of the left ventricle and pulmonary artery, and late and inadequate opacification of a small aorta.
FACIAL PARALYSIS IN POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Winter S. T. 
Published: December 2021

Fifty-eight children showing facial palsy during the acute phase of poliomyelitis were re-examined from 23 to 43 months after the onset. Twenty-six children showed complete recovery, but appreciable residual weakness was noted in 21 patients. Complaints referable to the eye and a tendency to chew on the unaffected side were the main effects of the deformity, but some children began to react emotionally to their disfigurement at about 4 years of age.
Unfavorable prognostic signs included the presence of bulbar lesions, involvement of the upper facial muscles, especially the frontalis, and failure to improve after about 18 months.
Physiotherapy appeared to have no definite value in this condition.
CLINICAL CONFERENCE
Authors: Kretchmer Norman 
Published: December 2021

Dr. Kretchmer: For many years pediatricians have known a group of inherited diseases associated with specific biochemical defects. Actually, these diseases were first compiled and demonstrated by Sir Archibald Garrod approximately 50 years ago. The case we would like to present, one of cystinosis or cystine storage disease, is an example of one of the so-called inborn errors of metabolism.
Patient B.F. was admitted to the New York Hospital with a chief complaint of growth retardation. She was the product of a normal, full-term, spontaneous delivery, and developed well until 2 years of age when growth retardation was noted.
The child has photophobia and has always demonstrated polyuria. There has been no history of convulsions. The patient has been followed by a private physician for the past 2 years.
The members of the family are indicated in Figure 1. There were three deaths, the maternal father who died of diabetes mellitus complicated with arteriosclerosis; and two siblings of the father, one who died of poliomyelitis and the other of pneumonia.
The father and mother of the present patient are living and well, one sibling died last year at the age of 7 years of cystine storage disease, and an elder male sibling of 11 years is alive and well.
The physical examination indicated a temperature of 37.7°C, a pulse of 100, respirations of 20, and a normal blood pressure. The patient is 92 cm tall and weighs 13.2 kg, and is a small, doll-like, pale, co-operative, bright girl. Also noted were the diminutive stature, haziness of the corneas, photophobia and polyuria.
IMMUNOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: DEGARA PAUL F. , GOLDBERG HENRY P. 
Published: December 2021

Complement titers of 128 sera from 107 healthy children ranging in age from three days to 15 years are presented. The 50% hemolysis method was used. In 107 instances (83.5%), the complement titer ranged between 0.0040 Ml. and 0.0069 Ml., while eight sera (6.3%) had higher titers, and in 13 instances (10.2%), the complement activity was low. The mean titer for the entire group was 0.0053 ± 0.00115 Ml.
Repeated determinations on the same individuals showed that complement activity usually remained constant over prolonged periods.
Complement activity did not vary with age, sex or season of the year in which the specimens were obtained.
IMMUNOLOGIC AND BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES IN INFANTS AND CHILDREN WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO RHEUMATIC FEVER
Authors: DEGARA PAUL F. , GOLDBERG HENRY P. 
Published: December 2021

Complement activity of 421 sera from 330 children was determined.
Complement activity was not influenced by antecedent illness.
Low complement titers were found in approximately 25% of 75 normal children during intercurrent illness.
Approximately 25% of 29 patients with active rheumatic fever had low complement titers.
No evidence was obtained to indicate that complement activity is a factor in hereditary susceptibility to rheumatic fever.
THE PEDIATRICIAN AND THE PUBLIC
Authors: HARPER PAUL 
Published: December 2021

TWO letters are presented which take opposing views of federal aid for medical education and for pediatric education in particular.
The first of these is from Alan Valentine, LL.D., President, University of Rochester, N.Y. Dr. Valentine read a paper on the financing of the privately endowed medical schools before the 1948 Annual Congress on Medical Education and Licensure. (J.A.M.A. 137:1, 1948.) He is eminently qualified to discuss this subject. His extraordinarily able and realistic presentation of the current and future financial needs of medical schools concludes with an answer to the contrary view of Dr. William C. Black. (Pediatrics 1:561, April, 1948.)
The second letter is from Dr. Thomas O. Gamble, Professor of Obstetrics, Albany Medical College, Albany, N.Y. Certain aspects of Dr. Gamble's letter require comment. In his third paragraph, Dr. Gamble quotes incompletely from the ICH Committee Report (Pediatrics 1:524, 1948) as follows: "It was finally agreed (Ed. note: i.e., by the ICH Committee) that neither the U. S. Children's Bureau nor the U. S. Public Health Service should be the administrative agency, but that the matter should be determined by the Federal Security Administrator, whose agency includes both the U. S. Children's Bureau and the U. S. Public Health Service. The correct quotation is: "It was finally agreed that neither the U. S. Children's Bureau nor the U. S. Public Health Service should be named the administrative agency . . . (etc.)." The position of the ICH Committee was and is that the Federal Security Agency, which already administers grants-in-aid for study and training in several fields of medicine, would be the logical administrative agency; it was not considered within the province of the ICH Committee to recommend which branch of this agency should be designated by the administrator. There was no attempt at "camouflage," as suggested by Dr. Gamble.
Dr. Gamble next attacks the recommended composition of the Council on Pediatric Education. He suggests that the Academy should say to the Federal Security Administrator:
Skeletal Tuberculosis, Vincente Sanchis-Olmos
Authors: LINDSAY DOUGLAS T. 
Published: December 2021

This latest publication gives the English language audience the benefit of the author's many years of interest in orthopedic problems, and especially those of children. The text has been translated from Spanish by Dr. John G. Kuhns, with a foreword by Dr. Frank R. Ober, both of Boston, where the author completed preparation of the text.
Part I of the book very adequately presents current concepts of pathogenesis, etiology, allergic phenomena, pathology, and clinical types of skeletal tuberculosis. Constant awareness of the total systemic process is emphasized. Excellent chapters are included on differential diagnosis, auxiliary diagnostic procedures, and prognosis.