bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry
Authors: Hou Xiandeng , Amais Renata S. , Jones Bradley T. , Donati George L. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES) is a powerful tool for simultaneously determining many elements in a variety of sample matrices. With this method, liquid samples are injected into a radio frequency (RF)‐induced argon plasma using one of a variety of nebulizers or sample introduction strategies. The sample aerosol reaching the plasma is quickly dried, vaporized, and energized through collisional excitation at high temperature (up to 10 000 K). The atomic emission emanating from the plasma is viewed in either a radial or axial configuration, collected with a lens or mirror, and imaged onto the entrance slit of a wavelength selection device. Simultaneous multielement determinations are performed for up to 70 elements with the combination of a polychromator and an array detector. The analytical performance of such a system is competitive with most other inorganic analysis methods, especially with regard to sample throughput and sensitivity.
The Structural Characteristics of Cell Membrane Defined by Atomic Force Microscopy
Authors: Cai Mingjun , Shi Yan , Li Hongru , Wang Hongda 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Technological progress has played an irreplaceable role in the establishment and development of cell biology. Without the invention of the microscope, there would be no cell theory. Similarly, the achievements in cell biology to date would not have been possible without the development of electron microscopy (EM) and its integration with molecular biology. The application of many new techniques and methodological breakthroughs have directly led to important advances and the formation of new concepts in cell biology. Although EM can image biological samples at the near‐nanometer resolution, morphological changes resulting from sample processing remain a major concern. The development of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) has further extended perceptions of the cellular world to the nanometer level of resolution. Among SPM techniques, atomic force microscopy (AFM) helps to overcome the limitations of optical and EM, making it possible to determine the three‐dimensional (3D) structure of cell membranes. The advantages of AFM – such as simple sample preparation, no special treatment, and the near‐physiological conditions of the imaging environment – can maintain the original shape of biological samples. The unique ability of AFM to determine the 3D structure and function of cell membranes provides a new perspective for understanding the entire character of cell membranes at a nanoscale to a sub‐nanoscale resolution and in realtime, which has contributed to the birth of the field of biomembranomics. This article will discuss the use of AFM for the imaging analysis of cell membrane structure and function, the combination of AFM with super‐resolution techniques, and the progress made in these analytical methods.
Cascade Laser Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: Teuber Andrea , Mizaikoff Boris 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMid‐infrared spectroscopy (MIR) has been applied for decades in a wide range of applications, since it is a nondestructive and versatile analytical technique allowing for the analysis of chemically and biologically relevant compounds with high sensitivity and selectivity. Laser spectroscopy provides the most advanced technological approach in IR spectroscopy with several benefits compared to conventional infrared light sources. This article highlights the fundamentals of the latest generation of IR lasers, i.e. so‐called cascade lasers. Among their advantages are their high output power, the narrow linewidth, operation in continuous or tailorable pulse mode, reliability during long‐term usage, on‐chip dimensions, and tunability. Quantum Cascade and Interband Cascade Lasers (QCLs, ICLs) are nowadays available across almost the entire infrared range extending into the terahertz (THz) regime and may either be tuned over several hundreds of wavenumbers or designed to emit a specific wavelength. The most important classes of cascade lasers to date – ICLs and QCLs – will be discussed in their theoretical and technical fundamentals and working principles. Complementarily, selected applications will be highlighted illustrating the utility of these most advanced IR laser light sources available for modern infrared spectroscopy and sensing.
Recent Chemometric Opportunities in Criminalistics
Authors: Thanni Qudus , Sah Gobind , de Boves Harrington Peter 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRecently, the growing applicability of chemometrics in various areas of civil and criminal investigations has been instrumental in resolving complex cases. As criminals become more inventive and measurement methods become more prevalent with onsite analysis and more sophisticated with increases in resolution and sensitivity, forensic analysts should be equipped with tools for advancing their laboratory analysis and investigations. The traditional mode of data analysis in criminalistics will not suffice for complex crime lab investigations, hence the need for the understanding and application of the statistical and chemometric tools is indispensable. Accurate interpretation of forensic evidence is critical for achieving justice. The use of chemometrics helps the analyst from designing effective and efficient experiments to the presentation of compelling evidence to the courts. This article highlights the most recent application of chemometrics in different forensic science areas and shows how pivotal statistical tools are to answering consequential questions in criminal investigations.
Valerius Flaccus Setinus Balbus, Gaius
Authors: Cowan Robert 
Published: December 2021

AbstractValerius Flaccus was a Flavian poet who wrote theArgonautica, an unfinished epic about Jason and the Golden Fleece. Almost nothing is known about his life, but his poem offers a Roman take on the myth, which is most famously narrated in Apollonius of Rhodes’ Hellenistic epic. It establishes the Argonauts as ushering in an Iron Age that will simultaneously bring technological progress and moral decline.
Tlos
Authors: Hülden Oliver 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAncient Tlos was one the cities of Lycia. Numerous rock‐cut tombs in the vicinity of the acropolis date back to the Classical period. The most prominent shows a relief of the LycianherosBellerophon hunting the Chimera. In the Hellenistic and Roman periods, the settlement extended to the plain beneath the acropolis. Prominent monuments include a large stadium, a theater and several other public buildings.
Modular Design for Acoustic Metamaterials: Low‐Frequency Noise Attenuation
Authors: Wu Lingling , Zhai Zirui , Zhao Xinguang , Tian Xiaoyong , Li Dichen , Wang Qianxuan , Jiang Hanqing 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA modular design method is introduced to design an acoustic metamaterial based on nested Helmholtz resonators that target low‐frequency sound attenuation. The method combines a performance evaluation using finite element methods with structural evolution, and uses a genetic algorithm to optimize the acoustic metamaterial to attain the desired properties. Both the simulated and experimental results demonstrate the noise attenuation property of the optimized acoustic metamaterials. The modular design method proposed by this study may potentially design acoustic metamaterials for practical sound attenuation applications in industries by considering different environments and constraints.
A Unique Structure of Highly Stable Interphase and Self‐Consistent Stress Distribution Radial‐Gradient Porous for Silicon Anode
Authors: Yang Zhiwei , Wu Chen , Li Shi , Qiu Lang , Yang Zuguang , Zhong Yanjun , Zhong Benhe , Song Yang , Wang Gongke , Liu Yuxia , Wu Zhenguo , Guo Xiaodong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractStress failure and continued growth of the solid electrolyte interface are the main factors contributing to the failure of lithium‐ion batteries with silicon (Si) anode. Conventional porous structures typically result in a reduction in the strength and tap density of Si materials. Due to the high melting point and chemical stability of Si, there are limited methods to prepare its porous structure. Here, a method for preparing core–shell gradient porous Si with a high‐strength core and a high‐porosity shell is presented. The high‐strength core can withstand enormous volume change stress. The rich porous structure of the shell ensures the stable existence of SEI. The Si anode material with a core–shell gradient porous structure delivers a discharge capacity of 2127 mAh g−1 (1488 mAh cm−3) after 100 cycles at 1 A g−1, cycling stability with more than 1059 mAh g−1 even after 500 cycles at 2 A g−1, and a rate capability of 1916 mAh g−1 at 4 A g−1. These results suggest that the core–shell gradient porous structure provides a new research strategy to address the stress rupture and continuous SEI growth in Si‐based anode materials during charge/discharge.
Designing Nanoporous Coral‐Like Pt Nanowires Architecture for Methanol and Ammonia Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Liu Jie , Liu Zhi , Wang Haozhi , Liu Bin , Zhao Naiqin , Zhong Cheng , Hu Wenbin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractImproving Pt catalytic activity and minimizing its usage as well as enhancing its stability is highly desirable for oxidation of methanol and ammonia in the field of electrocatalysis. Herein, the nanoporous Pt with coral‐like nanowires morphology/carbon fiber cloth electrocatalyst is reported, which is synthesized via a simple electrodeposition approach using phytantriol lyotropic liquid crystals as template. The obtained electrode with 3D coral‐like Pt nanowires architecture is composed of the orderly in situ grown Pt nanowires, and each individual Pt nanowire possesses a large number of nanopores. As expected, coral‐like Pt nanowires electrodes possess high electrochemical surface area of 43.1 m2 g‐1, almost twice that (25.4 m2 g‐1) of commercial Pt/C, and thus display superior catalytic activity of 343.1 mA mg‐1 and 72.0 mA mg‐1 toward methanol and ammonia oxidation, much higher than that of the commercial Pt/C (173.7 mA mg‐1 and 26.2 mA mg‐1), respectively. Additionally, the retention rates of oxidation peak current of coral‐like Pt nanowires electrode toward both methanol and ammonia oxidation after accelerated 100 cycles test achieve 82.1% and 85.6%, respectively, indicating the excellent stability of coral‐like Pt nanowires electrode.
H2O2‐Mediated Synthesis of 1,2,4‐Thiadiazole Derivatives in Ethanol at Room Temperature
Authors: Cao Xian‐Ting , Zheng Zuo‐Ling , Liu Jie , Hu Yu‐He , Yu Hao‐Yun , Cai Shasha , Wang Guannan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHerein, we report the H2O2‐mediated synthesis of 1,2,4‐thiadiazole derivatives under metal‐free conditions at room temperature with ethanol as the sole solvent. Various substrates could undergo the reaction smoothly, providing the expected yields of the desired products. Moreover, the target products were obtained by filtration or extraction instead of column chromatography, which requires a large amount of organic solution and silica gel during purification. The developed synthetic method can be potentially applied in the large‐scale preparation of 1,2,4‐thiadiazole derivatives as agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, and functional materials.magnified image
A Primeval Mechanism of Tolerance to Desiccation Based on Glycolic Acid Saves Neurons in Mammals from Ischemia by Reducing Intracellular Calcium‐Mediated Excitotoxicity
Authors: Chovsepian Alexandra , Berchtold Daniel , Winek Katarzyna , Mamrak Uta , Ramírez Álvarez Inés , Dening Yanina , Golubczyk Dominika , Weitbrecht Luis , Dames Claudia , Aillery Marine , Fernandez‐Sanz Celia , Gajewski Zdzislaw , Dieterich Marianne , Janowski Miroslaw , Falkai Peter , Walczak Piotr , Plesnila Nikolaus , Meisel Andreas , Pan‐Montojo Francisco 
Published: December 2021

AbstractStroke is the second leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Current treatments, such as pharmacological thrombolysis or mechanical thrombectomy, reopen occluded arteries but do not protect against ischemia‐induced damage that occurs before reperfusion or neuronal damage induced by ischemia/reperfusion. It has been shown that disrupting the conversion of glyoxal to glycolic acid (GA) results in a decreased tolerance to anhydrobiosis in Caenorhabditis elegans dauer larva and that GA itself can rescue this phenotype. During the process of desiccation/rehydration, a metabolic stop/start similar to the one observed during ischemia/reperfusion occurs. In this study, the protective effect of GA is tested in different ischemia models, i.e., in commonly used stroke models in mice and swine. The results show that GA, given during reperfusion, strongly protects against ischemic damage and improves functional outcome. Evidence that GA exerts its effect by counteracting the glutamate‐dependent increase in intracellular calcium during excitotoxicity is provided. These results suggest that GA treatment has the potential to reduce mortality and disability in stroke patients.
Stabilizing Remanent Polarization during Cycling in HZO‐Based Ferroelectric Device by Prolonging Wake‐up Period
Authors: Jiang Pengfei , Wei Wei , Yang Yang , Wang Yuan , Xu Yannan , Tai Lu , Yuan Peng , Chen Yuting , Gao Zhaomeng , Gong Tiancheng , Ding Yaxin , Lv Shuxian , Dang Zhiwei , Wang Yan , Yang Jianguo , Luo Qing , Liu Ming 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe stability of remanent polarization (Pr) during multiple operations is critical for memory applications, as the degradation of Pr leads to misreading of stored information. In this letter, improved stabilization of Pr during field cycling in HfZrO4 (HZO)‐based ferroelectric devices by inserting a ZrO2 layer is reported. This optimization method is inspired by the fact that the wake‐up effect of HZO is not obvious. By inserting a ZrO2 layer, which prolongs the wake‐up period, the fatigue process is postponed. Thus, a stabilized Pr is achieved during cycling. The endurance limit can reach over 1010 cycles with no significant decrease in Pr (<5%), which is beneficial for improving the reliability of devices in practical applications.
Identification and validation of a novel pathogenic variant in GDF2 (BMP9) responsible for hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and pulmonary arteriovenous malformations
Authors: Balachandar Srimmitha , Graves Tamara J. , Shimonty Anika , Kerr Katie , Kilner Jill , Xiao Sihao , Slade Richard , Sroya Manveer , Alikian Mary , Curetean Emanuel , Thomas Ellen , McConnell Vivienne P. M. , McKee Shane , Boardman‐Pretty Freya , Devereau Andrew , Fowler Tom A. , Caulfield Mark J. , Alton Eric W. , Ferguson Teena , Redhead Julian , McKnight Amy J. , Thomas Geraldine A. ,   Genomics England Research Consortium, Aldred Micheala A. , Shovlin Claire L. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractHereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is an autosomal dominant multisystemic vascular dysplasia, characterized by arteriovenous malformations (AVMs), mucocutaneous telangiectasia and nosebleeds. HHT is caused by a heterozygous null allele in ACVRL1, ENG, or SMAD4, which encode proteins mediating bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. Several missense and stop‐gain variants identified in GDF2 (encoding BMP9) have been reported to cause a vascular anomaly syndrome similar to HHT, however none of these patients met diagnostic criteria for HHT. HHT families from UK NHS Genomic Medicine Centres were recruited to the Genomics England 100,000 Genomes Project. Whole genome sequencing and tiering protocols identified a novel, heterozygous GDF2 sequence variant in all three affected members of one HHT family who had previously screened negative for ACVRL1, ENG, and SMAD4. All three had nosebleeds and typical HHT telangiectasia, and the proband also had severe pulmonary AVMs from childhood. In vitro studies showed the mutant construct expressed the proprotein but lacked active mature BMP9 dimer, suggesting the mutation disrupts correct cleavage of the protein. Plasma BMP9 levels in the patients were significantly lower than controls. In conclusion, we propose that this heterozygous GDF2 variant is a rare cause of HHT associated with pulmonary AVMs.
Rare presentation of FDX2‐related disorder and untargeted global metabolomics findings
Authors: Aggarwal Anjali , Pillai Nishitha R. , Billington Charles J. , Schema Lynn , Berry Susan A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractWe present the case of a 20‐year‐old male with a history of myopathy and multiple episodes of rhabdomyolysis, and lactic acidosis. He needed hemodialysis for severe rhabdomyolysis‐related acute renal failure at the time of initial presentation (age 10 years). Exome sequencing detected a homozygous likely pathogenic variant in FDX2 (c.12G>T, p.M4I). The FDX2 gene encodes a mitochondrial protein, ferredoxin 2, that is involved in the biogenesis of Fe–S clusters. Biallelic pathogenic variants in FDX2 have previously been associated with episodic mitochondrial myopathy with or without optic atrophy and reversible leukoencephalopathy. Only two cases with FDX2‐related rhabdomyolysis as a predominant feature have been reported in medical literature. Here, we report a third patient with FDX2‐related recurrent, severe episodes of rhabdomyolysis and lactic acidosis. He does not have optic atrophy or leukoencephalopathy. This is the oldest patient reported with FDX2‐related disorder and he has significantly elevated CK during episodes of rhabdomyolysis. In addition, we describe untargeted global metabolomic findings during an episode of metabolic decompensation, shedding light on the biochemical pathway perturbation associated with this ultra‐rare genetic disorder.
Investigating individual migration life histories: An isotopic case study from 17th to 18th century Nouvelle France
Authors: Vigeant Jacinthe , Ribot Isabelle , Hélie Jean‐François 
Published: December 2021

AbstractObjectivesThis isotopic study explores the mobility patterns of a growing urban population from Notre Dame's Catholic cemetery (1691–1796), located in Montreal (Canada). The site offers a unique opportunity to investigate early colonial settlement in Nouvelle France through individual life patterns.Materials and methodsStable oxygen isotopic compositions (δ18O) were measured on the enamel of 32 individuals from the Notre Dame collection. Premolars and third molars were selected, as they reflected theδ18O of the drinking water during childhood (2.5–5.5 years) and pre‐adulthood (9.5–15.5 years). Firstly, premolars from three children (4–8 years of age) allowed us to provide a meanδ18O for the water consumed locally (22.7 ±  1.0 ‰ vs. VSMOW). Then, ourδ18O were compared with published data from various geographical regions in North America (Eastern Canada and the United States) and Europe (France and the British Isles) to highlight mobility patterns of each individual.ResultsForty‐eight percent of our sample (14 out of 29 individuals) did not reflect any long‐distance mobility, as all theirδ18O reflected Montreal's variation during their lifetime. The remaining (15 out of 29 individuals) experienced mobility within (n = 8) and outside (n = 7) North America and at different phases of their life (five at pre‐adulthood, six at adulthood and four during both phases). Their migration patterns were analyzed according to age, sex, diet and possible ancestry in order to propose some “biographies.”DiscussionThis study highlights high population diversity in early colonial Montreal. Historians wrote that the city was growing, not only with the arrival of Europeans (e.g., young male workers, sailors), but also other groups (e.g., Indigenous people, slaves from North America). Additional analyses (e.g., ancient DNA) will be needed to explore further this phenomenon.
Preparation and characterization of high‐performance fibers copolymerized by melamine formaldehyde with 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol
Authors: He Jianming , Liu Shaoying , Chen Dongliang , Wang Gongying , Wang Qingyin , Bai Yuansheng 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin fiber has been used in various fields due to its excellent heat resistance, but it's mechanical properties still need to be improved. Using melamine and paraformaldehyde as raw materials, 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol (CHDM) as the comonomer, a series of modified fibers with different copolymerization ratios are prepared by dry spinning. The research results show that melamine, paraformaldehyde, and CHDM can co‐polymerize by one‐step. The introduction of CHDM can effectively improve the heat resistance and mechanical properties of the fiber. When the addition amount of CHDM is 6%, the copolymeric fibers are cylindrical with a smooth surface and bubble‐free inside, the breaking strength is 1.80 cN/dtex and the elongation at break is 13.75%. Compared with the unmodified fiber, the breaking strength is decreased by approximately 5%, and the breaking elongation is increased by nearly 90%. The thermal properties of the copolymeric fibers are not decreased, and the mass residual rate at 400°C is increased from 36.12% to 46.11%. This study provides a method of copolymeric‐modified without fiber‐forming aid to prepare high‐performance MF fibers.
Multi‐element heterocyclic compound derived from DOPO and thiadiazole toward flame‐retardant epoxy resin with satisfactory mechanical properties
Authors: Zou Jiahao , Duan Huajun , Zhang Junjun , Cao Jianfan , Zhang Chenhao , Wan Chao , Ma Huiru 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn order to comply with the environmentally friendly flame retardant requirements of epoxy resin and strive to maintain the comprehensive performance of the epoxy resin matrix, a P/N/S‐containing heterocyclic halogen‐free reactive flame retardant (VAP) was constructed. Vanillin (VA), 2‐amino‐5‐mercapto‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole, and 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene10‐oxide (DOPO) were chosen as raw materials to prepare VAP through a simple one‐pot reaction. The addition of VAP slightly decreased the curing activity of the system while the transparency of the samples was maintained well. Moreover, the maximum degradation rate of VAP modified samples dropped by 47.26% and the amount of char residue at 800°C increased. When 10 wt% VAP (0.66 wt% P) was added, EP‐10 passed UL‐94 V‐0 rating and the limited oxygen index value reached 30.3%. In contrast to pure EP, the peak heat release rate, total heat release, and total smoke production of EP‐10 were reduced by 36.87%, 25.61%, and 29.07%, representing good smoke and heat suppression effect. Besides, the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the samples remained above 165°C, showing a slight drop. Due to the existence of heteroatoms and the introduction of heterocyclic structure, the enhancement of intermolecular force in the system counteracted the deterioration of mechanical properties caused by the reduction of crosslinking density, maintaining the excellent mechanical properties of epoxy resin.