bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Review of Minimally Invasive Procedures for Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Too Minimal, Too Fast?
Authors: Wang Ryan , Beg Usman , Padmanaban Varun , Abel Taylor J , Lipsman Nir , Ibrahim George M , Mansouri Alireza 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Cortico-amygdalohippocampectomy (CAH) is effective for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE). Concerns regarding surgical morbidity have generated enthusiasm for more minimally invasive interventions. A careful analysis of current data is warranted before widespread adoption of these techniques.

OBJECTIVE
To systematically review the use of laser interstitial thermal therapy (LITT), stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS), radiofrequency thermocoagulation (RF-TC), and focused ultrasound for mTLE.

METHODS
Major online databases were searched for prospective observational studies, randomized clinical trials, and retrospective studies (>50 patients), including mTLE patients. Outcomes of interest were seizure freedom (Engel I), complications and re-operation rates, and neuropsychological and quality-of-life (QoL) data.

RESULTS
Nineteen publications were identified. At ≥6 mo postoperatively, LITT (9/19) Engel I outcomes ranged from 52% to 80%. SRS (3/19) has a latency period (52%-67%, 24-36 mo postoperatively) and the radiosurgery vs. open surgery for epilepsy (ROSE) trial reported inferiority of SRS compared to CAH. RF-TC (7/19) demonstrated variable seizure freedom rates (0%-79%) and high re-operation rates (0%-90%). Twelve studies reported neuropsychological outcomes but QoL (4/19) was not widely reported, and few studies (3/19) assessed both. Study quality ranged from fair to good.

CONCLUSION
Based on nonrandomized data, LITT has compelling evidence of efficacy; however, comparisons to surgical resection are lacking. SRS has a latency period and is inferior to CAH (ROSE trial). RF-TC is a less resource-intensive alternative to LITT; however, comparisons of efficacy are limited. Additional studies are needed before minimally invasive procedures can supplant standard surgery.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Parameters for Noninvasive Prediction of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Amplification in Isocitrate Dehydrogenase-Wild-Type Lower-Grade Gliomas: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Park Yae Won , Park Ji Eun , Ahn Sung Soo , Kim Eui Hyun , Kang Seok-Gu , Chang Jong Hee , Kim Se Hoon , Choi Seung Hong , Kim Ho Sung , Lee Seung-Koo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) amplification status of isocitrate dehydrogenase-wild-type (IDHwt) lower-grade gliomas (LGGs; grade II/III) is one of the key markers for diagnosing molecular glioblastoma. However, the association between EGFR status and imaging parameters is unclear.

OBJECTIVE
To identify noninvasive imaging parameters from diffusion-weighted and dynamic susceptibility contrast imaging for predicting the EGFR amplification status of IDHwt LGGs.

METHODS
A total of 86 IDHwt LGG patients with known EGFR amplification status (62 nonamplified and 24 amplified) from 3 tertiary institutions were included. Qualitative and quantitative imaging features, including histogram parameters from apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), normalized cerebral blood volume (nCBV), and normalized cerebral blood flow (nCBF), were assessed. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression models were constructed.

RESULTS
On multivariable analysis, multifocal/multicentric distribution (odds ratio [OR] = 11.77, P = .006), mean ADC (OR = 0.01, P = .044), 5th percentile of ADC (OR = 0.01, P = .046), and 95th percentile of nCBF (OR = 1.24, P = .031) were independent predictors of EGFR amplification. The diagnostic performance of the model with qualitative imaging parameters increased significantly when quantitative imaging parameters were added, with areas under the curves of 0.81 and 0.93, respectively (P = .004).

CONCLUSION
The presence of multifocal/multicentric distribution patterns, lower mean ADC, lower 5th percentile of ADC, and higher 95th percentile of nCBF may be useful imaging biomarkers for EGFR amplification in IDHwt LGGs. Moreover, quantitative imaging biomarkers may add value to qualitative imaging parameters.
Overview and General Preconditions
Authors: Schillig Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The chapter provides an overview of the available resolution tools and powers in the jurisdictions under consideration. The remainder of the chapter focuses on the general preconditions for and effects of resolution proceedings, It covers the resolution triggers, notably the so-called ‘regulatory threshold’, and discusses the institutional framework for the initiation and control of the resolution process. Further key considerations are the independent ex ante and ex post valuations of the institution at issue and the write-down and conversion of capital instruments, as well as the general effects of resolution proceedings on the financial contracts to which the institution is a party.
Historical Introduction
Authors: Stone David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Interest in an EU-wide design law dates back to the origins of the European Union. Realizing that early dream, however, has taken many decades. This chapter provides a brief overview of the history of the adoption of Directive (EC) 98/71 of 13 October 1998 on the legal protection of designs (the Directive) and Council Regulation (EC) 6/2002 of 12 December 2001 on Community designs (the Regulation), and the main debates that stymied their progress.
The Office
Authors: Stone David 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
By the time of passage of the Regulation, the Office had already been established pursuant to the CTM Regulation. It was therefore unnecessary to provide in the (Designs) Regulation for the establishment or workings of the Office and many of the procedural provisions in the Regulation could be adopted from the CTM Regulation. The necessity to set up a separate Community Design Office, mooted in the Green Paper, was therefore avoided.
Loss of RightsRequirement of Use, Conversion to Generic Indication
Authors: Mühlendahl Alexander , Botis Dimitris , Maniatis Spyros , Wiseman Imogen 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The rights arising from trade mark registration may be lost. First, when registration is not renewed, the registration will be deleted from the register. Second, a registered trade mark is liable to be revoked if it has not been put to genuine use for more than five years. Third, a trade mark is subject to revocation when it has become the generic indication, the ‘name’ of the product. Fourth, a mark is also subject to revocation when it has become misleading. The last two revocation grounds are the mirror image of the absolute grounds for refusal, the difference being that revocation is available when the mark, although properly registered initially, has become generic or misleading at a later time. The first ground for revocation, absence of genuine use, has no counterpart at the time of filing or registration. Rather, the legislation provides trade mark proprietors with a period of five years following registration after which revocation is possible.
Scope of Protection, Limitations, &#x2028;and Enforcement
Authors: Mühlendahl Alexander , Botis Dimitris , Maniatis Spyros , Wiseman Imogen 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the scope of protection and considers trade mark conflicts from the perspective of trade mark infringement and enforcement. It also considers conflicts between trade mark and other types of rights over commercial indicia. The concepts of use, confusion, and protection of trade marks with reputation together with their related tests have been developed in Chapter 5. In this chapter we revisit them from an infringement perspective where the comparisons courts have to make become more concrete, and market and factual contexts become even more relevant. Issues specific to the enforcement of the Community trade mark are considered towards at the end of this chapter together with a discussion on goods in transit.
Trade Marks and Competition Law
Authors: Mühlendahl Alexander , Botis Dimitris , Maniatis Spyros , Wiseman Imogen 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this chapter we will examine briefly the formal interaction between trade marks and competition law. We have seen that competition questions were raised in the previous chapter in respect of the potential function of trade mark rights as tools for compartmentalizing the common European market into national markets. We have also highlighted the competition arguments and rationale considered by the Court first in determining what constitutes a protectable trade mark and second in delineating the scope of protection. Here, the focus shifts to how trade mark rights and agreements involving trade marks are weighed up by competition law. The two primary competition rules that are described below deal with anti-​competitive collusion (Article 101 TFEU, previously Article 81 EC) and abuse of market dominance (Article 102 TFEU, previously Article 82 EC).
Mistake
Authors: Ashdown Michael 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The equitable doctrine of mistake as the basis for setting aside a voluntary disposition, such as a gift, is of much longer standing than the rule in Re Hastings-Bass, and is of much broader application. It is concerned essentially with the impairment of the disponor’s intention: he or she would not, for example, have made a gift, or settled property on trust, or exercised a power of appointment, or consented to the exercise of a power, but for some mistake. It is not limited in its application to trustees or fiduciaries, and indeed is most commonly seen in the context of individuals dealing with their own beneficially owned property. It has obvious affinities, though is not wholly aligned, with other instances of mistake in the law of obligations: most obviously common mistake as a ground for treating a contract as void, and causative mistake as an ‘unjust factor’ in the law of unjust enrichment. However, it also raises questions which are relevant to any analysis of the Re Hastings-Bass rule, not least since both principles may be engaged in the same factual scenario.
Scope of The EIR
Authors: Bork Reinhard , Mangano Renato 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter analyses the situations in which the European Insolvency Regulation will be applied, as defined in its first article and in other provisions. The scope of the EIR is marked by a notable deference to the characterizations of particular insolvency situations used by individual Member States, and this is reflected in the chapter. The chapter looks first at the personal scope of the EIR. Member States categorize debtors in a range of ways: natural and legal persons, traders and consumers, bodies governed by private or public law. All of these perspectives will be taken into account, as well as the scope of the exemptions noted within the EIR and the position of groups of companies. The chapter scrutinizes the proceedings covered by the EIR, including pre-insolvency and hybrid proceedings brought into the system via reform and looks at the issues raised regarding territorial scope of the regulation.
England & Wales
Authors: Ereira David , Sidle Paul 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The material contained herein is intended as a general guide only and is not intended to be a memorandum of law study, nor to provide legal advice, and should not be treated as a substitute for legal advice concerning particular situations. Legal advice should always be sought before taking any action based on the information provided. The publishers, editors, and authors bear no responsibility for any errors or omissions contained therein.
South Africa
Authors: van der Linde Kathleen 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The author would like to thank Adam Harris, partner at Bowman Gilfillan, Juanitta Calitz, associate professor at the University of Johannesburg, and Riza Moosa, director at Norton Rose Fulbright South Africa, for valuable feedback on a draft of this chapter. The author also benefitted from discussions with Stephen Gamble, chairman of the Loan Markets Association’s Africa Group, and Alex Otto, head of Structured Products and Principle Investments at Standard Bank Group. The material contained herein is intended as a general guide only and is not intended to be a memorandum of law study, nor to provide legal advice, and should not be treated as a substitute for legal advice concerning particular situations. Legal advice should always be sought before taking any action based on the information provided. The publishers, editors, and author bear no responsibility for any errors or omissions contained therein.
Switzerland
Authors: Huber Ueli , Frick Jürg 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The material contained herein is intended as a general guide only and is not intended to be a memorandum of law study, nor to provide legal advice, and should not be treated as a substitute for legal advice concerning particular situations. Legal advice should always be sought before taking any action based on the information provided. The publishers, editors, and authors bear no responsibility for any errors or omissions contained therein.
Trustee Exemption Clauses
Authors: Panico Paolo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The personal liability of trustees in the event of a breach of trust may be limited or excluded under a clause in the trust instrument. The validity of such a clause was confirmed by the House of Lords in Wilkins v Hogg of 1861, where Lord Westbury LC observed that ‘[a]‌ testator could define the duty of his trustees, and point out the extent of their liability, and the court could not extend their responsibility’.
Trustees’ Remuneration, Expenses, and Indemnity
Authors: Panico Paolo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The services of trustees in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Britain were presumed to be gratuitous as the relationships between gentlemen should not be tainted by monetary arrangements. This rule reflected a situation where the trustee’s office was usually accepted out of a moral obligation to one’s family or close friends. The reality of professional trustees has gradually changed this approach and modern legislation has introduced a right for trustees acting in a professional capacity to be remunerated for their services.
Firewall Legislation
Authors: Panico Paolo 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The ‘forced heirship’ rules existing in most civil law jurisdictions constrain a testator’s ability to dispose of his property according to his wishes. These rules usually confer a statutory entitlement to a substantial portion of a decedent’s estate on his surviving spouse, children, and occasionally some other relatives. This may be a major hindrance to generation planning at the helm of a family-run business or, more generally, to an economically meaningful devolution of an estate comprising controlling interests in business entities.
Directors and Other Officers: Requirement and Definitions
Authors: Goodison Adam 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Every private company must have at least one director and every public company must have at least two directors. The Model Articles do not provide for minimum or maximum numbers of directors, leaving that matter to the Companies Act, but Table A, reg 64 provides: ‘Unless otherwise determined by ordinary resolution, the number of directors (other than alternate directors) shall not be subject to any maximum but shall not be less than two.’
Termination Of Appointment Of Directors
Authors: Brown Edward 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
It is an essential feature of the management of any company that directors’ appointments are capable of termination, either voluntarily or upon the occurrence of some specified event, such as a resolution of the company. Termination provisions may be relied upon for a number of reasons: a director may be removed as part the process of accountability to company shareholders; a director may become incapacitated or otherwise unable to perform his duties; or from time to time a director may simply resign and move on or retire. This chapter considers the provisions of the Companies Act and company articles that govern termination, together with the rights and liabilities that arise in the event of termination.
Reorganizations and Takeovers
Authors: Smith Tom 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The Companies Act, Parts 26, 27, and 28, ss 895–992, contain provisions about arrangements and reconstructions, mergers and divisions of public companies, and takeovers. Chapters 1 and 2 of Part 28, ss 942–73, concerning the Takeover Panel and impediments to takeovers, were new provisions introduced by the 2006 Act, while the remaining sections in these Parts restate with minor amendments provisions contained in the 1985 Act. The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the role of directors in relation to these procedures and to identify their duties and liabilities. For this purpose each part of this chapter begins with an introductory description of the provisions and procedures, which is followed by a discussion of the relevant functions and duties of directors.
Duties and Liabilities of Directors of Foreign Companies
Authors: Smith Tom 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
One of the features of the increased globalization of the world economy is that many of the companies which carry on business in England and Wales are companies incorporated abroad. Many of these companies may carry out a substantial part, or even all of their activities in England. The question which arises for the directors of such companies is to what extent they are subject to the provisions of the Companies Act 2006 and to the other aspects of English company law.
Emergency Sales in the US and the UK
Authors: Mallon Christopher , Waisman Shai Y , Schrock Ray C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Any business that relies on confidence in its financial position, its brand name or goodwill, talented (but mobile) employees, or short-term contracts with customers or counterparties will be particularly hard hit by suggestions that it is or may soon be experiencing financial distress. Businesses of this type have been likened to ‘melting ice cubes’—once exposed to the heat of potential insolvency, value in the business melts away rapidly as customers and counterparties look to terminate relationships, key employees look to exit, and the goodwill and brand name of the business become tarnished. The catastrophic and rapid collapse during 2008 of famous Wall Street and the City of London names illustrated this in dramatic fashion, but businesses of almost every type will suffer negative effects once financial difficulties become more widely known.
Arriving at a Compromise with, and identifying Key Stakeholders: Waivers, Amendments and Standstills, Participations, Debt Buy-backs, Intercreditor Agreements, and Make-Whole Provisions
Authors: Mallon Christopher , Waisman Shai Y , Schrock Ray C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In the context of a book on the law and practice of restructuring, waivers, amendments, and standstills are generally the paths of least resistance and, if no further procedures need to be pursued to reach the desired resolution, should be the preferred route to a successful consensual restructuring. They are the keyhole surgery alternatives to the more radical procedures discussed elsewhere in this work. For some companies they will be all that is required to enable a return to full health. For others, amendments, waivers, and standstills will be just a triage technique; a method of putting off or stabilizing the patient before the deep cuts needed can be made.
Restructuring Issues in Energy, Shipping, and Insurance Companies
Authors: Mallon Christopher , Waisman Shai Y , Schrock Ray C 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
During the last few years, restructuring professionals have been faced with new and unique situations in industries that do not fit into well-established restructuring frameworks. As this book goes to press, companies in the energy, shipping, and insurance sectors are experiencing unprecedented levels of distress and charting new territory in the restructuring world. In the chapter that follows, we review some of the salient issues that restructuring professionals should study when wading into these new areas of the law, with the caveat that these topics are evolving in real-time as we write these words.
Obtaining A Proprietary Interest by Implied or Presumed Agreement
Authors: Calnan Richard 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers how proprietary interests are created or transferred by implied intention or by presumed intention. As previously explained, implied or proprietary interests are much more common in equity than at common law, and this chapter is therefore mainly concerned with the creation of equitable proprietary interests. The factors which are used by the courts to find an intention to create a proprietary interest are identified. Examples of using implied agreement to obtain a proprietary interest include where one person sells another’s asset, where money is paid for an investment and where assets are set aside by one person for another. This chapter discusses the Quistclose trust, family homes, and the different rules which apply to commercial and family arrangements.
Extortionate Credit Transactions (Insolvency Act 1986, Sections 244 and 343)
Authors: Parry Rebecca 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Companies and, in particular, individuals in financial difficulties may suffer from an inequality of bargaining power with lenders. Unscrupulous lenders may exploit the debtor’s need for cash by demanding an excessive credit rate, fee, or equity. Debtors may be left with little choice but to comply if other lenders refuse to give them credit. Naturally, a high credit rate may be justified as a potential debtor with financial difficulties may be regarded as a credit risk; however, the rate charged may go far beyond that which would reflect this risk. In these circumstances, the lender is getting far more than he would have been able to obtain if the rate or terms of the transaction had been entered into fairly. This may be seen to disadvantage other creditors who have been reasonable in their dealings with the debtor. The legislation accordingly provides for such transactions to be adjusted, on grounds that they constitute extortionate credit transactions.
The Family Home
Authors: Parry Rebecca 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The family home will probably be the debtor’s main asset of value, so clearly it will be of considerable benefit to creditors if this asset can be claimed for the debtor’s estate. This will most obviously be possible if the house is held in the debtor’s name, although here their spouse, civil partner, or cohabitee may wish to claim an interest on the basis of equity and will in any case be entitled to a period of grace before the court will order the house to be sold for the benefit of creditors.
Avoidance of Unregistered Company Charges (Companies Act 2006, Section 859H)
Authors: Parry Rebecca 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The presence of a charge over a company’s property will reduce the likelihood of an unsecured creditor obtaining payment, or at least a substantial dividend, in the insolvency of the company. The prudent unsecured creditor will bear this in mind in assessing whether to advance credit to a company, and at what level. For this reason a system of charges registration has long been employed, initially with a separate scheme for England and Wales and another for Scotland, in order that unsecured creditors can be aware of the presence of charges. This system has recently been revised and simplified and a single scheme now applies in the UK with effect from 6 April 2016. Charges created by UK companies prior to that date remain subject to the previous regime.