bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Performance of Single‐atom Catalyst Pd1/MgO for Semi‐hydrogenation of Acetylene to Ethylene in Excess Ethylene
Authors: Guo Yalin , Qi Haifeng , Su Yang , Jiang Qike , Cui Yi‐Tao , Li Lei , Qiao Botao 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSemi‐hydrogenation of acetylene in excess ethylene is important in purifying alkene streams. Industrially used Pd‐based catalysts are highly active but suffer from low selectivity. Supported Pd single‐atom catalysts (SACs) are promising in this reaction but the fabrication of highly stable Pd SACs remains a grand challenge. In this work, we have developed a stable MgO supported Pd SAC by ball‐milling method which showed good catalytic performance. The strong interaction between Pd atoms and MgO support not only inhibited the aggregation of Pd atoms, but also resulted in a high chemical state of Pd which may facilitate the adsorption as well as reactivity of acetylene. In addition, the isolation nature of the SAC is in favour of ethylene desorption, giving rise to a high selectivity. This work provided a good example to develop highly stable Pd SAC for catalytic semi‐hydrogenation reaction with high efficiency.
Minkowski Sommon Feature Map‐based Densely Connected Deep Convolution Network with LSTM for academic performance prediction
Authors: Ramanathan Kaviyarasi , Thangavel Balasubramanian 
Published: March 2021

SummaryStudent academic performance prediction plays a major role in the current educational systems to improve the quality of education. The conventional single classifier‐based predictive analysis is not efficient to provide accurate results. In this paper, a novel technique called Minkowski Sommon Feature Map Densely connected Deep Convolution Network with LSTM (MSFMDDCN‐LSTM) is introduced to predict the academic performance of students with higher accuracy and lesser time consumption. The MSFMDDCN‐LSTM technique uses a densely connected deep convolution network to learn the given input for accurate prediction. The student activities are collected and stored in the organization dataset. The MSFMDDCN‐LSTM technique starts with the data collection followed by performing the attributes selection and classification. The collected data are given to input layer to predict the students' academic achievement at the end of study program. Secondly, the importance of numerous dissimilar attributes or “features” is considered for student performance prediction using steepest descent Minkowski sommon mapping. After that, the classification is performed using LSTM to classify the input instances for accurate prediction. Finally, the classification results are observed in the output layer. The quantitative outcomes inferred that MSFMDDCN‐LSTM technique performs well in terms of achieving higher precision, recall, f‐measure, and lesser time consumption than the state‐of‐the‐art methods.
The Issue of Tissue: Approaches and Challenges to the Light Control of Drug Activity
Authors: Sharma Mayank , Friedman Simon H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractMany of the major challenges associated with drug delivery can potentially be addressed by linking drug action to light irradiation. These challenges include the spacing, timing and amount of a drug's activity. Once a drug's activity is linked to light, this activity can be more easily manipulated, because light itself is easy to manipulate. One of the main issues that light control can address is off‐target toxicity. This has the potential to be limited if drugs are activated only in target tissues using light. For drugs that are needed at varying concentrations through the day, varying light has the potential to temporally modulate drug release. Because of these and other advantages, a range of mechanisms for using light to manipulate drug activity has been developed, including photocleavage control, photoconformational control, photothermal control and photodegradation control. These major themes of light control will be described in this minireview, and illustrated with examples. In addition, the issue of tissue light permittivity, arguably the major challenge for the discipline, will be described and analyzed.
Organic‐Inorganic Superlattices of Vanadium Oxide@Polyaniline for High‐Performance Magnesium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zuo Chunli , Xiao Yao , Pan Xiaoji , Xiong Fangyu , Zhang Wenwei , Long Juncai , Dong Shijie , An Qinyou , Luo Ping 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRechargeable magnesium batteries (RMBs) have attracted significant attention owing to the high energy density and economic viability. However, the lack of suitable cathode materials, owing to the high polarizability of divalent Mg‐ion and slow Mg‐ion diffusion, hinders the development of RMBs. V2O5 is a promising RMBs cathode material, but its limited interlayer spacing is unfavorable for the rapid diffusion of Mg2+, demonstrating unsatisfactory electrochemical performance. In this study, the superlattices of V2O5 and polyaniline (PANI) with expanded interlayer spacing are assembled as the cathode material for RMBs. The intercalation of PANI in the interlayer region of V2O5 significantly improves the reversible capacities, Mg2+ diffusion kinetics, and cycling performance of the PVO cathode. Furthermore, RMBs with PVO as the cathode and Mg metal as the anode deliver high specific capacities. The introduced polyaniline layer not only expands the interlayer spacing of V2O5, but also increases the electrical conductivity. Moreover, ex situ XRD characterization indicates that PVO does not undergo obvious phase transformation with the continuous insertion of Mg2+, which may be ascribed to the π‐conjugated chains of PANI that give flexibility to the structure to improve cycling stability. This study demonstrates that designing organic‐inorganic superlattices is an efficient strategy for developing high‐performance cathode materials for RMBs.
Isolation of plant nuclei for estimation of nuclear DNA content: Overview and best practices
Authors: Loureiro João , Kron Paul , Temsch Eva M. , Koutecký Petr , Lopes Sara , Castro Mariana , Castro Sílvia 
Published: March 2021

AbstractA critical aspect for obtaining accurate, reliable, and high‐resolution estimates of nuclear DNA content is the release of nuclei from the cytoplasm in sufficient amounts, while maintaining their integrity throughout the analysis, protecting their DNA from degradation by endonucleases, and enabling stoichiometric DNA staining. In embryophytes, the most common method consists of chopping the plant material with a sharp razor blade to release nuclei into an isolation buffer, filtering the homogenate, and staining the nuclei in buffered suspension with a fluorochrome of choice. Despite the recent description of alternative approaches to isolate nuclei, the chopping procedure remains the most widely adopted method, due to its simplicity, rapidity, and effectiveness. In this review article, we discuss the specifics of nuclei isolation buffers and the distorting effects that secondary metabolites may have in nuclear suspensions and how to test them. We also present alternatives to the chopping procedure, options for filtering and fluorochromes, and discuss the applications of these varied approaches. A summary of the best practices regarding the isolation of plant nuclei for the estimation of nuclear DNA content is also provided.
Natural variation in colony inbreeding does not influence susceptibility to a fungal pathogen in a termite
Authors: Aguero Carlos M. , Eyer Pierre‐André , Martin Jason S. , Bulmer Mark S. , Vargo Edward L. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractReduced genetic diversity through inbreeding can negatively affect pathogen resistance. This relationship becomes more complicated in social species, such as social insects, since the chance of disease transmission increases with the frequency of interactions among individuals. However, social insects may benefit from social immunity, whereby individual physiological defenses may be bolstered by collective‐level immune responses, such as grooming or sharing of antimicrobial substance through trophallaxis. We set out to determine whether differences in genetic diversity between colonies of the subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes, accounts for colony survival against pathogens. We sampled colonies throughout the United States (Texas, North Carolina, Maryland, and Massachusetts) and determined the level of inbreeding of each colony. To assess whether genetically diverse colonies were better able to survive exposure to diverse pathogens, we challenged groups of termite workers with two strains of a pathogenic fungus, one local strain present in the soil surrounding sampled colonies and another naïve strain, collected outside the range of this species. We found natural variation in the level of inbreeding between colonies, but this variation did not explain differences in susceptibility to either pathogen. Although the naïve strain was found to be more hazardous than the local strain, colony resistance was correlated between two strains, meaning that colonies had either relatively high or low susceptibility to both strains regardless of their inbreeding coefficient. Overall, our findings may reflect differential virulence between the strains, immune priming of the colonies via prior exposure to the local strain, or a coevolved resistance toward this strain. They also suggest that colony survival may rely more upon additional factors, such as different behavioral response thresholds or the influence of a specific genetic background, rather than the overall genetic diversity of the colony.
Stoichiometric traits (N:P) of understory plants contribute to reductions in plant diversity following long‐term nitrogen addition in subtropical forest
Authors: Wu Jianping , Shen Fangfang , Thompson Jill , Liu Wenfei , Duan Honglang , Bardgett Richard D. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractNitrogen enrichment is pervasive in forest ecosystems, but its influence on understory plant communities and their stoichiometric characteristics is poorly understood. We hypothesize that when forest is enriched with nitrogen (N), the stoichiometric characteristics of plant species explain changes in understory plant diversity. A 13‐year field experiment was conducted to explore the effects of N addition on foliar carbon (C): N: phosphorus (P) stoichiometry, understory plant species richness, and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) in a subtropical Chinese fir forest. Four levels of N addition were applied: 0, 6, 12, and 24 g m−2 year−1. Individual plant species were categorized into resistant plants, intermediate resistant plants, and sensitive plants based on their response to nitrogen addition. Results showed that N addition significantly decreased the number of species, genera, and families of herbaceous plants. Foliar N:P ratios were greater in sensitive plants than resistant or intermediate resistant plants, while iWUE showed an opposite trend. However, no relationship was detected between soil available N and foliar N, and soil N:P and foliar N:P ratios. Our results indicated that long‐term N addition decreased the diversity of understory plants in a subtropical forest. Through regulating water use efficiency with N addition, sensitive plants change their N:P stoichiometry and have a higher risk of mortality, while resistant plants maintain a stable N:P stoichiometry, which contributes to their survival. These findings suggest that plant N:P stoichiometry plays an important role in understory plant performance in response to environmental change of N.
You are welcome here: A practical guide to diversity, equity, and inclusion for undergraduates embarking on an ecological research experience
Authors: McGill Bonnie M. , Foster Madison J. , Pruitt Abagael N. , Thomas Samantha Gabrielle , Arsenault Emily R. , Hanschu Janaye , Wahwahsuck Kynser , Cortez Evan , Zarek Kaci , Loecke Terrance D. , Burgin Amy J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAs we build a more diverse, equitable, and inclusive culture in the ecological research community, we must work to support new ecologists by empowering them with the knowledge, tools, validation, and sense of belonging in ecology to succeed. Undergraduate research experiences (UREs) are critical for a student's professional and interpersonal skill development and key for recruiting and retaining students from diverse groups to ecology. However, few resources exist that speak directly to an undergraduate researcher on the diversity, equity, and inclusion (DEI) dimensions of embarking on a first research experience. Here, we write primarily for undergraduate readers, though a broader audience of readers, especially URE mentors, will also find this useful. We explain many of the ways a URE benefits undergraduate researchers and describe how URE students from different positionalities can contribute to an inclusive research culture. We address three common sources of anxiety for URE students through a DEI lens: imposter syndrome, communicating with mentors, and safety in fieldwork. We discuss the benefits as well as the unique vulnerabilities and risks associated with fieldwork, including the potential for harassment and assault. Imposter syndrome and toxic field experiences are known to drive students, including students from underrepresented minority groups, out of STEM. Our goal is to encourage all students, including those from underrepresented groups, to apply for UREs, build awareness of their contributions to inclusion in ecology research, and provide strategies for overcoming known barriers.
Resource utilization and costs among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction following a worsening heart failure event
Authors: Givertz Michael M. , Yang Mei , Hess Gregory P. , Zhao Bin , Rai Ashwin , Butler Javed 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study is to characterize healthcare resource utilization and costs in patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) following a worsening heart failure event.Methods and resultsThis was a retrospective observational cohort analysis. Patients with HFrEF were identified from the PINNACLE Registry and linked to a nationwide pharmacy and medical claims database. Worsening heart failure was defined as stable heart failure with a subsequent hospitalization and/or intravenous diuretic therapy. Healthcare resource use and costs in 2015 US dollars were analysed for dispensed prescriptions, outpatient encounters, and hospital encounters. Among 11 064 patients with HFrEF, 3087 (27.9%) experienced a worsening heart failure event during an average follow‐up of 973 days. During the first 30 days after the worsening event, 19.8% of patients had hospital readmissions with heart failure as the primary or secondary diagnosis. During that same time period, mean per patient heart failure‐related healthcare resource use included 1.3 prescriptions, 0.5 practitioner visits, and 0.5 hospital encounters (admissions, observations, or emergency care), for an average total medical cost of $8779 per patient including $5359 in heart failure‐related costs. During the first year following worsening heart failure onset, mean per patient total and heart failure‐related costs were $62 615 and $35 329, respectively.ConclusionsThe economic burden following a worsening heart failure event calls for further review of methods to prevent progressive disease, improve adherence to guideline‐directed therapy, and develop novel treatments and care strategies to moderate further progression.
2‐(8‐Iodonaphthalen‐1‐yl)‐Substituted Nitronyl Nitroxide: Suppressed Reactivity of Iodine Atom and Unusual Temperature Dynamics of the EPR Spectrum
Authors: Tretyakov Evgeny V. , Lomanovich Konstantin A. , Bagryanskaya Elena G. , Romanenko Galina V. , Bogomyakov Artem S. , Zueva Ekaterina M. , Petrova Maria M. , Dmitriev Alexey A. , Gritsan Nina P. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWhile developing methods for obtaining high‐spin graphene nanostructures, we carried out a model cross‐coupling reaction between 1,8‐diiodonaphthalene and an organogold derivative of a nitronyl nitroxide. It was found that only one iodine atom reacted, leading to the corresponding 8‐iodonaphthalen‐1‐yl‐substituted nitronyl nitroxide. The latter was successfully isolated as two polymorphic modifications, whose X‐ray structural analysis revealed a strong distortion of the paramagnet's geometry in comparison with a noniodinated analog. Moreover, the spatial proximity of the heavy iodine atom and the paramagnetic moiety resulted in unprecedented temperature dynamics of the EPR spectrum. To clarify these dynamics, quantum chemical calculations were performed using the exact two‐component relativistic X2C method with the self‐consistent account of spin‐orbit coupling in conjunction with the B3LYP functional and relativistic STO‐type basis set. These computations predicted a reasonableaiso(127I) value that can affect the EPR spectrum. Substitution of the second iodine atom would lead to the formation of a diradical with a 1,8‐naphthalenediyl bridge, whose structure and magnetic properties were analyzed at the DFT level. Two stable conformations of the diradical with strongly distorted geometry were identified. In both conformations, calculations predict a ferromagnetic exchange between the paramagnetic centers withJ=8 and 14 cm−1(H=−2 J⋅S1S2).
Debenzylative Sulfonylation of Tertiary Benzylamines Promoted by Visible Light
Authors: Fu Ying , Wu Qing‐Kui , Du Zhengyin 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAn efficient, general, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly photosynthesis of sulfonamides via visible light promoted debenzylative sulfonylation of tertiary benzylamines is described. Compared to the traditional S−N coupling reactions, which are promoted by oxidative C−N bond cleavage of symmetrical tertiary alkylamines, this strategy provides a selective C−N bond cleavage protocol and avoids the use of transition‐metal, explosive oxidants, and ligands.
The variability of antidune morphodynamics on steep slopes
Authors: Pascal Ivan , Ancey Christophe , Bohorquez Patricio 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSteep streams on rough beds are generally characterised by supercritical flow conditions under which antidunes can develop and migrate over time. In this paper, we present flume experiments that we conducted to investigate the variability of antidune geometry and migration celerity, a variability observed even under steady‐state conditions. Quantifying this variability is important for river morphodynamics, hydraulics and paleohydraulics. We imposed moderate to intense bedload transport rates at the flume inlet to assess their effects on antidune morphodynamics for near‐constant values of the mean bed slope. The bed elevation profile was monitored for each experiment with high spatial and temporal resolution. Upstream migrating antidunes were observed along most of the flume length. Considering single values for wavelength and celerity was not sufficient to describe the antidune behaviour in these experiments. By using spectral analysis, we identified the variability ranges of bedform shape and celerity. Interestingly, migration celerity increased with increasing antidune wavelength; the opposite trend was reported for dunes in other studies. Antidunes were more uniform and migrated faster for higher sediment feeding rates. Scaling the spectra made it possible to find a general dimensionless relationship between antidune wavelength and celerity. This framework provides a novel method for estimating the mean bedload transport rate in the presence of upstream migrating antidunes.
Influence of physical crust cover on the wind erodibility of soils in the inland Pacific Northwest, USA
Authors: Pi Huawei , Webb Nicholas P. , Huggins David R. , Sharratt Brenton 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSoil crusts are especially important for agricultural fields in the inland Pacific Northwest where there is a high wind erosion risk due to exposure of fine erodible soils in fallow croplands. The objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the effect of physical soil crust cover on wind erosion and identify critical soil crust cover amounts to control wind erosion. The effect of crust cover of five loessial soils on wind erosion was tested in a wind tunnel. The results indicated that crust cover appeared to have little influence on soil loss until crust cover was > 30%. Soil loss at this percentage of crust cover was 55.04% to 68.08% lower as compared with a soil surface devoid of crust cover for the five soil types. The relationship between soil loss and crust cover appeared to be nearly a linear function, although an exponential function also provided a good fit to the data. With progressive development of a crust cover, the rate of change in soil loss varied among soil types. From 0 to 100% crust cover, the rate of change in soil loss ranged from −312.8 g m−2 for Palouse silt loam to −1449.1 g m−2 for Warden sandy loam. The rate was not only associated with intrinsic soil erodibility, but also crust stability and abrasion flux. Due to the lower intrinsic soil erodibility and greater crust stability, Palouse silt loam crust was characterized by lower flaking potential and limited abrasion flux relative to the other tested soil types. The Single‐event Wind Erosion Evaluation Program (SWEEP) was used to simulate and identify the effect of crust cover on erosion processes. Differences between simulated and measured soil loss suggest that cracks in soil crusts may affect soil loss and should be incorporated into the SWEEP to expand the model capability for representing crusted soils.
Patterns and Trends of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Bald Eagle Nestlings in Minnesota and Wisconsin, USA
Authors: Route William T. , Dykstra Cheryl R. , Strom Sean M. , Meyer Michael W. , Williams Kelly A. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
We measured concentrations of up to 17 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in plasma of 492 bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) nestlings between 1995 and 2017 from 12 study areas in Wisconsin and Minnesota, USA. Geometric mean concentrations of the sum of 9 PBDE congeners (∑PBDE) measured across all years ranged from 2.88 to 10.8 µg/L, and nestlings in urban areas had higher concentrations than those in remote locations. Region-wide from 2006 through 2017, we found that ∑PBDEs declined by 3.8% annually and congeners BDE-47, -99, and -100 declined by 5.6 to 6.5%, whereas BDE-153 and -154 had no significant declines. When categorized by waterbody type, nestlings from Great Lakes and river study areas had higher concentrations of ∑PBDEs than those at inland lakes, but river study areas spanned the extremes. From 2006 to 2017, ∑PBDEs declined by 7.3% annually in Great Lakes nestlings and by 3.2% in nestlings along rivers, and increased by 32.7% at inland lakes. Using a longer dataset (1995–2015), we found that ∑PBDEs declined in Lake Superior nestlings by 3.3% annually. Our results show that PBDEs declined in bald eagle nestling plasma in most study areas since PBDE production was reduced, but that concentrations remain high near urban centers and that trends differ by congener, study area, and waterbody type. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:1606–1618. © 2021 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
Abstract
As apex predators, bald eagles can serve as biosentinels of environmental contamination to aquatic environments. Blood plasma from bald eagle nestlings is particularly useful for measuring the extent of local contamination. PBDE = polybrominated diphenyl ether. For study area acronym abbreviations, see Table 1 footnote.