bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Manipulation of Zinc Oxide with Zirconium Doping for Efficient Inverted Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Song Xin , Liu Guilin , Gao Weilian , Di Yongyue , Yang Yunpeng , Li Fei , Zhou Shunfeng , Zhang Jie 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSolution‐processed zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the widely used electron transporting layers (ETLs) for organic solar cells (OSCs). However, low optical transparency along with thickness‐sensitivity of ZnO ETL constrains the improvement of photovoltaic performance and large‐scale fabrication compatibility. To resolve these issues, zirconium (Zr) doping is applied to tailor the optoelectronic and morphological properties of ZnO layer. This approach not only improves light transmittance with the suppressed parasitic absorption, but also provides an optimized surface morphology for enhancing charge extraction property and reducing potential of charge trap‐assisted recombination. By using ZnO:Zr as ETL in inverted device configuration, the maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PM6:Y6:PC71BM solar cell devices is up to 17.2%, which makes an enhancement of 9.55% compared to ZnO‐based devices (15.7%). As the thickness of ZnO:Zr ETL increases to ≈60 nm, the presence of the lower parasitic absorption together with uniform surface morphology can help photovoltaic performance maintain above 15%, which is beyond the performance of the pristine ZnO‐based device achieving only 11.9%. Such superiority of ZnO:Zr ETL is also validated by a series of well‐known BHJ systems, where in comparison with the devices based on pristine ZnO ETL, a better photovoltaic performance from ZnO:Zr device can be achieved.
Recommendations for Preclinical Renal MRI: A Comprehensive Open-Access Protocol Collection to Improve Training, Reproducibility, and Comparability of Studies
Authors: Pohlmann Andreas , Back Susan J. , Fekete Andrea , Friedli Iris , Hectors Stefanie , Jerome Neil Peter , Ku Min-Chi , Longo Dario Livio , Meier Martin , Millward Jason M. , Periquito João S. , Seeliger Erdmann , Serai Suraj D. , Waiczies Sonia , Sourbron Steven , Laustsen Christoffer , Niendorf Thoralf 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRenal MRI holds incredible promise for making a quantum leap in improving diagnosis and care of patients with a multitude of diseases, by moving beyond the limitations and restrictions of current routine clinical practice. Clinical and preclinical renal MRI is advancing with ever increasing rapidity, and yet, aside from a few examples of renal MRI in routine use, it is still not good enough. Several roadblocks are still delaying the pace of progress, particularly inefficient education of renal MR researchers, and lack of harmonization of approaches that limits the sharing of results among multiple research groups.Here we aim to address these limitations for preclinical renal MRI (predominantly in small animals), by providing a comprehensive collection of more than 40 publications that will serve as a foundational resource for preclinical renal MRI studies. This includes chapters describing the fundamental principles underlying a variety of renal MRI methods, step-by-step protocols for executing renal MRI studies, and detailed guides for data analysis. This collection will serve as a crucial part of a roadmap toward conducting renal MRI studies in a robust and reproducible way, that will promote the standardization and sharing of data.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers.
Renal Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) for Apparent Diffusion Coefficient (ADC), Intravoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM), and Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI): Basic Concepts
Authors: Jerome Neil Peter , Caroli Anna , Ljimani Alexandra 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe specialized function of the kidney is reflected in its unique structure, characterized by juxtaposition of disorganized and ordered elements, including renal glomerula, capillaries, and tubules. The key role of the kidney in blood filtration, and changes in filtration rate and blood flow associated with pathological conditions, make it possible to investigate kidney function using the motion of water molecules in renal tissue. Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) is a versatile modality that sensitizes observable signal to water motion, and can inform on the complexity of the tissue microstructure. Several DWI acquisition strategies are available, as are different analysis strategies, and models that attempt to capture not only simple diffusion effects, but also perfusion, compartmentalization, and anisotropy. This chapter introduces the basic concepts of DWI alongside common acquisition schemes and models, and gives an overview of specific DWI applications for animal models of renal disease.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.
Dynamic Contrast Enhancement (DCE) MRI–Derived Renal Perfusion and Filtration: Basic Concepts
Authors: Pedersen Michael , Irrera Pietro , Dastrù Walter , Zöllner Frank G. , Bennett Kevin M. , Beeman Scott C. , Bretthorst G. Larry , Garbow Joel R. , Longo Dario Livio 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) MRI monitors the transit of contrast agents, typically gadolinium chelates, through the intrarenal regions, the renal cortex, the medulla, and the collecting system. In this way, DCE-MRI reveals the renal uptake and excretion of the contrast agent. An optimal DCE-MRI acquisition protocol involves finding a good compromise between whole-kidney coverage (i.e., 3D imaging), spatial and temporal resolution, and contrast resolution. By analyzing the enhancement of the renal tissues as a function of time, one can determine indirect measures of clinically important single-kidney parameters as the renal blood flow, glomerular filtration rate, and intrarenal blood volumes. Gadolinium-containing contrast agents may be nephrotoxic in patients suffering from severe renal dysfunction, but otherwise DCE-MRI is clearly useful for diagnosis of renal functions and for assessing treatment response and posttransplant rejection.Here we introduce the concept of renal DCE-MRI, describe the existing methods, and provide an overview of preclinical DCE-MRI applications to illustrate the utility of this technique to measure renal perfusion and glomerular filtration rate in animal models.This publication is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction is complemented by two separate publications describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.
Sodium (23Na) MRI of the Kidney: Basic Concept
Authors: Grist James T. , Hansen Esben Søvsø , Zöllner Frank G. , Laustsen Christoffer 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe handling of sodium by the renal system is a key indicator of renal function. Alterations in the corticomedullary distribution of sodium are considered important indicators of pathology in renal diseases. The derangement of sodium handling can be noninvasively imaged using sodium magnetic resonance imaging (23Na MRI), with data analysis allowing for the assessment of the corticomedullary sodium gradient. Here we introduce sodium imaging, describe the existing methods, and give an overview of preclinical sodium imaging applications to illustrate the utility and applicability of this technique for measuring renal sodium handling.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This introduction chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.
Animal Models of Renal Pathophysiology and Disease
Authors: Hosszu Adam , Kaucsar Tamas , Seeliger Erdmann , Fekete Andrea 
Published: January 2021

AbstractRenal diseases remain devastating illnesses with unacceptably high rates of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Animal models are essential tools to better understand the pathomechanisms of kidney-related illnesses and to develop new, successful therapeutic strategies. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been actively explored in the last decades for assessing renal function, perfusion, tissue oxygenation as well as the degree of fibrosis and inflammation. This chapter aims to provide a comprehensive overview of animal models of acute and chronic kidney diseases, highlighting MRI-specific considerations, advantages, and pitfalls, and thus assisting the researcher in experiment planning.This publication is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers.
Experimental Protocols for MRI Mapping of Renal T1
Authors: Garteiser Philippe , Bane Octavia , Doblas Sabrina , Friedli Iris , Hectors Stefanie , Pagé Gwenaël , Van Beers Bernard E. , Waterton John C. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe water proton longitudinal relaxation time, T1, is a common and useful MR parameter in nephrology research. Here we provide three step-by-step T1-mapping protocols suitable for different types of nephrology research. Firstly, we provide a single-slice 2D saturation recovery protocol suitable for studies of global pathology, where whole-kidney coverage is unnecessary. Secondly, we provide an inversion recovery type imaging protocol that may be optimized for specific kidney disease applications. Finally, we also provide imaging protocol for small animal kidney imaging in a clinical scanner.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.
Renal Blood Flow Using Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) MRI: Experimental Protocol and Principles
Authors: Chuang Kai-Hsiang , Meier Martin , Fernández-Seara María A. , Kober Frank , Ku Min-Chi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA noninvasive, robust, and reproducible method to measure renal perfusion is important to understand the physiology of kidney. Arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI technique labels the endogenous blood water as freely diffusible tracers to measure perfusion quantitatively without relying on exogenous contrast agent. Therefore, it alleviates the safety concern involving gadolinium chelates. To obtain quantitative tissue perfusion information is particularly relevant for multisite and longitudinal imaging of living subjects.This chapter is based upon work from the PARENCHIMA COST Action, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.
Hyperpolarized Carbon (13C) MRI of the Kidney: Experimental Protocol
Authors: Laustsen Christoffer , von Morze Cornelius , Reed Galen D. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAlterations in renal metabolism are associated with both physiological and pathophysiologic events. The existing noninvasive analytic tools including medical imaging have limited capability for investigating these processes, which potentially limits current understanding of kidney disease and the precision of its clinical diagnosis. Hyperpolarized 13C MRI is a new medical imaging modality that can capture changes in the metabolic processing of certain rapidly metabolized substrates, as well as changes in kidney function. Here we describe experimental protocols for renal metabolic [1-13C]pyruvate and functional 13C-urea imaging step-by-step. These methods and protocols are useful for investigating renal blood flow and function as well as the renal metabolic status of rodents in vivo under various experimental (patho)physiological conditions.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This experimental protocol is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and data analysis.
MR Elastography of the Abdomen: Experimental Protocols
Authors: Serai Suraj D. , Yin Meng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractApplication of MRE for noninvasive evaluation of renal fibrosis has great potential for noninvasive assessment in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). CKD leads to severe complications, which require dialysis or kidney transplant and could even result in death. CKD in native kidneys and interstitial fibrosis in allograft kidneys are the two major kidney fibrotic pathologies where MRE may be clinically useful. Both these conditions can lead to extensive morbidity, mortality, and high health care costs. Currently, biopsy is the standard method for renal fibrosis staging. This method of diagnosis is painful, invasive, limited by sampling bias, exhibits inter- and intraobserver variability, requires prolonged hospitalization, poses risk of complications and significant bleeding, and could even lead to death. MRE based methods can potentially be useful to noninvasively detect, stage, and monitor renal fibrosis, reducing the need for renal biopsy. In this chapter, we describe experimental procedure and step by step instructions to run MRE along with some illustrative applications. We also includes sections on how to perform data quality check and analysis methods.This publication is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers.
Denoising for Improved Parametric MRI of the Kidney: Protocol for Nonlocal Means Filtering
Authors: Starke Ludger , Tabelow Karsten , Niendorf Thoralf , Pohlmann Andreas 
Published: January 2021

AbstractIn order to tackle the challenges caused by the variability in estimated MRI parameters (e.g., T2* and T2) due to low SNR a number of strategies can be followed. One approach is postprocessing of the acquired data with a filter. The basic idea is that MR images possess a local spatial structure that is characterized by equal, or at least similar, noise-free signal values in vicinities of a location. Then, local averaging of the signal reduces the noise component of the signal. In contrast, nonlocal means filtering defines the weights for averaging not only within the local vicinity, bur it compares the image intensities between all voxels to define “nonlocal” weights. Furthermore, it generally compares not only single-voxel intensities but small spatial patches of the data to better account for extended similar patterns. Here we describe how to use an open source NLM filter tool to denoise 2D MR image series of the kidney used for parametric mapping of the relaxation times T2* and T2.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers.
Analysis Protocol for Renal Sodium (23Na) MR Imaging
Authors: Grist James T. , Hansen Esben Søvsø Szocska , Zöllner Frank G. , Laustsen Christoffer 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe signal acquired in sodium (23Na) MR imaging is proportional to the concentration of sodium in a voxel, and it is possible to convert between the two using external calibration phantoms. Postprocessing, and subsequent analysis, of sodium renal images is a simple task that can be performed with readily available software. Here we describe the process of conversion between sodium signal and concentration, estimation of the corticomedullary sodium gradient and the procedure used for quadrupolar relaxation analysis.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.
Analysis Methods for Hyperpolarized Carbon (13C) MRI of the Kidney
Authors: Reed Galen D. , Korn Natalie J. , Laustsen Christoffer , von Morze Cornelius 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHyperpolarized 13C MR is a novel medical imaging modality with substantially different signal dynamics as compared to conventional 1H MR, thus requiring new methods for processing the data in order to access and quantify the embedded metabolic and functional information. Here we describe step-by-step analysis protocols for functional renal hyperpolarized 13C imaging. These methods are useful for investigating renal blood flow and function as well as metabolic status of rodents in vivo under various experimental physiological conditions.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.
Data Preparation Protocol for Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio Fluorine-19 MRI
Authors: Starke Ludger , Niendorf Thoralf , Waiczies Sonia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFluorine-19 MRI shows great promise for a wide range of applications including renal imaging, yet the typically low signal-to-noise ratios and sparse signal distribution necessitate a thorough data preparation.This chapter describes a general data preparation workflow for fluorine MRI experiments. The main processing steps are: (1) estimation of noise level, (2) correction of noise-induced bias and (3) background subtraction. The protocol is supplemented by an example script and toolbox available online.This chapter is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This analysis protocol chapter is complemented by two separate chapters describing the basic concept and experimental procedure.
Hardware Considerations for Preclinical Magnetic Resonance of the Kidney
Authors: Ramos Delgado Paula , Küstermann Ekkehard , Kühne André , Millward Jason M. , Niendorf Thoralf , Pohlmann Andreas , Meier Martin 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive imaging technology that offers unparalleled anatomical and functional detail, along with diagnostic sensitivity. MRI is suitable for longitudinal studies due to the lack of exposure to ionizing radiation. Before undertaking preclinical MRI investigations of the kidney, the appropriate MRI hardware should be carefully chosen to balance the competing demands of image quality, spatial resolution, and imaging speed, tailored to the specific scientific objectives of the investigation. Here we describe the equipment needed to perform renal MRI in rodents, with the aim to guide the appropriate hardware selection to meet the needs of renal MRI applications.This publication is based upon work from the COST Action PARENCHIMA, a community-driven network funded by the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) program of the European Union, which aims to improve the reproducibility and standardization of renal MRI biomarkers. This chapter on hardware considerations for renal MRI in small animals is complemented by two separate publications describing the experimental procedure and data analysis.
Wie leben wir ein gutes Leben? Ansätze der Tugendethik
Authors: Werner Micha H. 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungGlücksstreben:Dieser häufig zitierte Ratschlag stammt aus Bertolt BrechtsDreigroschenoper, genauer aus derBallade von der Unzulänglichkeit menschlichen Planens. Die provokativ-sarkastische Ballade erklärt den Menschen für grundsätzlich unfähig in genau demjenigen, worin die philosophische Ethik über viele Jahrhunderte ihre wichtigste Aufgabe gesehen hat: die Konturen eines guten Lebens zu umreißen und das menschliche Glücksstreben durch vernünftige Überlegung und Selbstkontrolle in gute Bahnen zu lenken. Die Auffassung, dass wir alle nach Glück streben, teilt Brechts moderne Ballade dabei mit den antikenEthiken des guten Lebens, mit Aristoteles und den Autoren der Stoa, ebenso wie mit Kant und anderen neuzeitlichen Autoren.
Wann ist unser Zusammenleben fair? John Rawls’ Beitrag zur modernen Moralphilosophie
Authors: Werner Micha H. 
Published: January 2021

ZusammenfassungDeutscher Idealismus: Kants Philosophie bildet den Auftakt zu philosophischen Systembildungen, die der RubrikDeutscher Idealismuszugeordnet werden. Ihnen ist der Versuch gemeinsam, in Kants System verbleibende Spannungen und Dualismen zu überwinden. Dies zeigt sich beispielsweise in Johann Gottlieb Fichtes Radikalisierung der kantischen Bewusstseinsphilosophie.
Constraints on light vector mediators through coherent elastic neutrino nucleus scattering data from COHERENT
Authors: Cadeddu M. , Cargioli N. , Dordei F. , Giunti C. , Li Y. F. , Picciau E. , Zhang Y.Y. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe present new constraints on three different models, the so-called universal,B − LandLμ− Lτmodels, involving a yet to be observed light vectorZ′ mediator, by exploiting the recent observation of coherent elastic neutrino-nucleus scattering (CEνNS) in argon and cesium-iodide performed by the COHERENT Collaboration. We compare the results obtained from a combination of the above data sets with the limits derived from searches in fixed target, accelerator, solar neutrino and reactor CEνNS experiments, and with the parameter region that could explain the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. We show that for the universal and theB − Lmodels, the COHERENT data allow us to put stringent limits in the light vector mediator mass,MZ′, and coupling,gZ′, parameter space.
Restoration of chiral symmetry in cold and dense Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model with tensor renormalization group
Authors: Akiyama Shinichiro , Kuramashi Yoshinobu , Yamashita Takumi , Yoshimura Yusuke 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
We analyze the chiral phase transition of the Nambu-Jona-Lasinio model in the cold and dense region on the lattice, developing the Grassmann version of the anisotropic tensor renormalization group algorithm. The model is formulated with the Kogut-Susskind fermion action. We use the chiral condensate as an order parameter to investigate the restoration of the chiral symmetry. The first-order chiral phase transition is clearly observed in the dense region at vanishing temperature with μ/T ∼ O(103) on a large volume of V = 10244. We also present the results for the equation of state.