bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pre- and post-pyrolysis effects on iron impregnation of ultrasound pre-treated softwood biochar for potential catalysis applications
Authors: Peter Aneeshma , Chabot Bruno , Loranger Eric 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSlow pyrolysis is widely used to convert biomass into useable form of energy. Ultrasound pre-treatment assisted pyrolysis is a recently emerging methodology to improve the physicochemical properties of products derived. Biochar, the solid residues obtained from pyrolysis, is getting considerable attention because of its good physicochemical properties. Various modification techniques have been implemented on biochars to enhance their properties. Ultrasonic pre-treated wood biochar has showcased efficient surface and adsorption properties. Iron impregnated biochar is interesting as it has potentially proved the efficiency as an efficient low-cost catalyst. In this study, by combining the advantages of ultrasonic pre-treatment and iron impregnation, we have synthesized a series of Fe-impregnated biochar from softwood chips. Pre- and post-pyrolysis methods using a lab-scale pyrolyser had been implemented to compare the pyrolysis product yields and degree of impregnation. Biochars derived from ultrasound pre-treated woodchips by post pyrolysis demonstrated better impregnation of Fe ions on surface with better distribution of pyrolysis products such as biochar and biogas. The surface functionality of all ultrasound pre-treated biochars remained the same. However, post-pyrolysed samples at high frequency ultrasound pre-treatment showed better thermal stability. The chemical characteristics of these modified biochars are interesting and can indeed be used as a cost-effective replacement for various catalytic applications.
Comprehensive study of 1-Bit full adder cells: review, performance comparison and scalability analysis
Authors: Hasan Mehedi , Siddique Abdul Hasib , Mondol Abdal Hoque , Hossain Mainul , Zaman Hasan U. , Islam Sharnali 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFull Adder (FA) circuits are integral components in the design of Arithmetic Logic Units (ALUs) of modern computing systems. Recently, there have been massive research interests in this area due to the growing need for low-power and high-performance computing systems. Researchers have proposed a variety of FA cells with diverse design techniques, each having its pros and cons. As a result, a systematic method for performance comparison of FA cells using a common simulation platform has become necessary. In this work, we present an extensive study of FA cells. We have compared the performance of thirty-three (33) existing 1-bit FA cells. The drive powers of these FA cells have been compared by applying a variety of load conditions. In addition, the 1-bit FA cells have been extended to 32-bit structures to test their scalability and to investigate their performance in wide-word structures. We have determined that twenty-one (21) of the thirty-three (33) FA cells cannot operate in a 32-bit structure, even though some of them exhibit excellent performance as a 1-bit cell. The main finding of this research is that the single-bit performance parameters of FA cells should not be considered as the main basis for performance comparison. Any FA cell should be analyzed in a multi-bit structure to determine its practical effectiveness.
Factors affecting the crop damage by wild boar (Sus scrofa) and effects of population control in the Ticino and Lake Maggiore Park (North-western Italy)
Authors: Cappa Fabrizio , Bani Luciano , Meriggi Alberto 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWild boar foraging impacts the crops, pastures, and meadows causing remarkable losses to agricultural income. Protected areas located in plains, such as the Ticino Valley Natural Park, are characterized by the coexistence of important natural habitats and intensive agricultural areas. In the Park, from 2010 to 2017, 49% of the complaints report an event of damage to maize and 43% to meadows. The total expense for reimbursements of the maize amounted to € 439,341.52, with damages concentrated in May, after sowing period and between August and September, during the milky stage of maize. For meadows reimbursements amounted to € 324,768.66, with damage events concentrated in February and March. To reduce damage to crops, the Park administration carried out lethal control of the wild boar population. From 2006 to 2017, the most used control method was culling from hunting hides. In our analysis, we did not find significant relationships between the number of shot boars and the damage amount. The factors that determine the decrease of damage probability to crops are mainly related to human disturbance and the characteristics of the fields. The predictive model of damage risk built comparing damaged and undamaged fields showed a good predictive ability. The population viability analyses showed that it is impossible to obtain a drastic reduction of population with the current harvest rate. By tripling it and focusing on the females and sub-adult a numerical reduction of 50% of the population would be achievable in 7 years and the probability of population survival would be halved in 3 years.
Lebesgue points of $$\ell _1$$-Cesàro summability of d-dimensional Fourier series
Authors: Weisz Ferenc 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe generalize the classical Lebesgue’s theorem and prove that the $$\ell _1$$

ℓ
1

-Cesàro means of the Fourier series of the multi-dimensional function $$f\in L_1({{\mathbb {T}}}^d)$$

f
∈

L
1

(

T

d

)

converge to f at each strong $$\omega $$
ω
-Lebesgue point.
Letting Climate Change
Authors: UNRUH CHARLOTTE FRANZISKA 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRecent work by Ingmar Persson and Jason Hanna has posed an interesting new challenge for deontologists: How can they account for so-called cases of letting oneself do harm? In this article, I argue that cases of letting oneself do harm are structurally similar to real-world cases such as climate change, and that deontologists need an account of the moral status of these cases to provide moral guidance in real-world cases. I then explore different ways in which deontologists can solve this challenge and argue that the most promising way to conceive of cases of letting oneself do harm is as nonstandard cases of allowing harm, supplemented with an additional argument for the moral relevance of one's own agency. The upshot is that cases of letting oneself do harm are both more theoretically challenging and practically important than has been acknowledged.
An overview of the process, progress, and outcomes of a National Center for Accelerated Innovation: The Boston Biomedical Innovation Center Experience
Authors: Antman Elliott M. , Freeman Mason W. , Golan David E. , Kitterman Roger , McKenna Erin , Parrish John , Vaughan Cheryl , Watts Lesley , Loscalzo Joseph 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Implementation of clinically useful research discoveries in the academic environment is challenged by limited funding for early phase proof-of-concept studies and inadequate expertise in product development and commercialization. To address these limitations, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) established the National Centers for Accelerated Innovations (NCAI) program in 2013. Three centers competed successfully for awards through this mechanism. Here, we present the experience of one such center, the Boston Biomedical Innovation Center (B-BIC), and demonstrate its remarkable success at the translation of innovations to clinical application and commercialization, as well as skills development and education.
Three curious dogs in a Dunhuang manuscript: re-evaluating the identification of “yaks” in Pelliot chinois 2598
Authors: Granger Kelsey 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA relatively understudied manuscript in the Pelliot collection, Pelliot chinois 2598, features a drawing on its verso of three animals tentatively identified as yaks. However, I would like to re-identify these as being a particular kind of dog which appeared suddenly in the early Tang 唐 (618–907) dynasty. This case will be built on the visual correlations between this image and other descriptions and depictions of such dogs. The manuscript and drawing as a whole will also be explored to contextualize this depiction, which may in turn lead us to hypothesize about the existence, visually or physically, of these dogs and their associated tropes in Dunhuang 敦煌.
Sex Effects on Mirror Overflow during Finger Tapping in Children with ADHD
Authors: Chen C. , Rosch K.S. , Seymour K.E. , Crocetti D. , Mahone E. M. , Mostofsky S.H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectives:The presence of excessive mirror overflow in children with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is discussed in numerous published reports. These reports, however, include a limited age range in their samples. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of diagnosis and sex on mirror overflow and standard deviation (SD) of tap time in children with and without ADHD across a larger age range (5–12 years) of children.Methods:One-hundred and forty-eight children with ADHD and 112 age- and sex-matched typically developing (TD) children completed a finger sequencing task. Mirror overflow, SD of tap time, and mean tap time were measured using finger twitch transducers.Results:Results reveal a significant diagnostic effect on mirror overflow such that boys and girls with ADHD demonstrate increased overflow compared to same-sex TD children. Boys with ADHD demonstrated more variable tap times compared to TD boys; no diagnostic effect was observed in the girls.Conclusions:Boys with ADHD exhibit anomalous motor variability; girls with ADHD show similar levels of variability as TD girls. Boys and girls with ADHD exhibit similar levels of excessive mirror overflow. This lack of sex differences on mirror overflow is distinct from reports finding sex effects on overflow and could result from an examination of a broader age range than is included in prior reports. Adolescent data would provide a greater understanding of the trajectory of anomalous mirror overflow across development. Examination of functional and structural connectivity would expand the current understanding of the neurobiological foundation of motor overflow.
Impacts of lockdown on dietary patterns among youths in China: the COVID-19 Impact on Lifestyle Change Survey
Authors: Yu Bin , Zhang Dong , Yu Wanqi , Luo Miyang , Yang Shujuan , Jia Peng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjective:To assess changes in dietary patterns among youths in China after COVID-19 lockdown.Design:This study was based on the COVID-19 Impact on Lifestyle Change Survey (COINLICS), a national retrospective survey established in early May 2020. The questionnaire was distributed through social media platforms. The sociodemographic information and routine dietary patterns before and after lockdown of participants were investigated. t tests and χ2 tests were used to compare the differences in consumption patterns of twelve major food groups and beverages between sex and across educational levels before and after lockdown. Factor analysis was employed to obtain the main dietary patterns.Settings:China.Participants:A total of 10 082 youths.Results:A significant decrease was observed in the average weekly frequency of rice intake, while significant increases were observed in the frequency of intake of wheat products, other staple foods, fish, eggs, fresh vegetables, preserved vegetables, fresh fruit and dairy products (all P values < 0·01). Heterogeneities of average weekly frequency existed between sex and across educational levels to different extents. The three main dietary patterns derived were loaded most heavily on dairy products, rice and wheat products, separately; the rice pattern became more dominant than the wheat products pattern after lockdown. The frequency of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption had decreased, while the frequency of other beverages had increased.Conclusions:Our timely survey would inform policymakers and health professionals of these significant changes in youths’ dietary patterns after lockdown, with heterogeneities observed to different extents between sex and across educational levels, for better policy-making and public health practice.
Oblique High Mach Number Heliospheric Shocks: The Role of α Particles
Authors: Ofman L. , Wilson L. B. , Koval A. , Szabo A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSpacecraft observations of heliospheric shocks often find oscillations in the magnetic field and density both, upstream and downstream. The downstream magnetic oscillations of oblique collisionless shocks were detected by Wind with 10.9 samples s−1 and DSCOVR spacecraft with high temporal resolution of 50 samples s−1. The density oscillations associated with the shocks are also evident in proton and α particle density by Wind (with much lower temporal resolution). Recently, we have investigated low Mach number low‐β oblique shock oscillations using satellite data and 2.5D hybrid modeling with electrons modeled as fluid and ions modeled as particles and found that α particles—an important component of heliospheric plasma—may affect considerably the downstream oscillations and the shock structure. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effects of α particles on high Mach number heliospheric shocks dynamics, oscillations, nonstationarity, and shock‐front rippling. We extend the study to high Mach number shocks (M > 3), investigate several α particle typical densities, and compare the results for the various shock parameters. We model the effects of α particles on the shock ramp, wake, and downstream oscillation structure and the kinetic properties of proton and α particle velocity distributions at various locations downstream of the shocks. Using the 2.5D hybrid model we found that the modeled high Mach number quasi‐perpendicular shock magnetic and density structures are significantly affected by α particles with typical solar wind relative abundances, suggesting that the observed high Mach number shocks are similarly affected by α particles.
Variation of Snow Mass in a Regional Climate Model Downscaling Simulation Covering the Tianshan Mountains, Central Asia
Authors: Yang Tao , Li Qian , Chen Xi , Hamdi Rafiq , De Maeyer Philippe , Li Lanhai 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMountain snow is a fundamental freshwater supply in the arid regions. Climate warming alters the timing of snowmelt and shortens the snow cover duration, which greatly influences the regional climate and water management. However, a reliable estimation of snow mass in the Tianshan Mountains (TS) is still unclear due to the scarcity of extensive continuous surface observations and a complex spatial heterogeneity. Therefore, a long‐time snow simulation from 1982 to 2018 was performed in WRF/Noah‐MP to quantify snow mass in the TS, forced by ERA5 reanalysis data and real‐time updated leaf area index and green vegetation fraction. Meanwhile, March snow mass (close to the annual peak snow mass), snow cover fraction (SCF), and their associated trends were investigated in the TS. The results indicated a good accuracy of the simulated snow water equivalent (root mean square error [RMSE]: 7.82 mm/day) with a slight overestimation (2.84 mm/day). Compared with ERA5 data set, the RMSE and mean bias of the daily snow depth from WRF/Noah‐MP downscaling were significantly reduced by 95.74% and 93.02%, respectively. The climatological March snow mass measured 97.85 (±16.60) Gt in the TS and exhibited a negligible tendency during the study period. The total precipitation during the cold season controlled the variations of March snow mass. The increased precipitation in the high‐altitude regions contributed to an extensive snow mass, which could offset the loss in the TS lowland. In contrast, rapidly rising air temperature caused a significant reduction of March SCF, particularly in the Southern TS.
The Direct Radiative Forcing Impact of Agriculture‐Emitted Black Carbon Associated With India's Green Revolution
Authors: Liu Xinrui , Zhang Xiaodong , Huang Yufei , Chen Kaijie , Wang Linfei , Ma Jianmin , Huang Tao , Zhao Yuan , Gao Hong , Tao Shu , Liu Junfeng , Jian Xiaohu , Luo Jinmu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBiomass burning contributes considerably to black carbon (BC) emissions in South Asia, but such emissions have not been linked with the Green Revolution (GR) which has enabled substantial crop production growth in South Asian countries, India in particular. Here, we use an Earth system model to quantify climate change through the direct radiative forcing (DRF) by agriculture‐emitted BC associated with the GR in India. We show that the BC DRF in India has increased significantly since the GR, especially during the post‐GR period. The estimated BC DRF in India rose from +0.197 W/m2 in 1961 to +0.805 W/m2 in 2011; this represents a fourfold increase in DRF since the onset of the GR. The contribution of BC DRF by India's intensive agriculture to the global BC forcing also increased from 2.6% to 4.4% during the GR. Our results reveal that increasing BC emissions associated with the GR raises the importance of emission mitigation from agriculture source.
Whistler Wave Interactions With Superthermal Electrons on Martian Crustal Magnetic Fields: Bounce‐Averaged Diffusion Coefficients and Time Scales
Authors: Shane Alexander , Liemohn Michael 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPitch angle distributions of high‐energy superthermal electrons (> 100 eV) observed at Mars show evidence of a ubiquitous energization process occurring on dayside crustal magnetic fields. Wave–particle interactions have been put forth as one explanation and in this study we investigate if the conditions are right at Mars for this process to occur regularly. The resonant energy of electrons is dependent on not only the whistler wave frequency and normal angle but also the characteristic energy of the plasma environment. The characteristic energy is determined by the magnetic field strength and thermal electron density, both measured quantities by the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN mission. Bounce‐averaged diffusion coefficients are calculated using a typical characteristic energy profile and observed wave parameters. Time constants are also calculated and it is shown that wave–particle interactions are more efficient than Coulomb collisions. Low‐energy electrons have fast wave–particle interaction time scales and electrons can be scattered across the source cone and energized. High‐energy electrons have slow wave–particle interactions time scales and electrons energized to these energies will become trapped and modify the pitch angle distribution. Modeling the evolution of the electron distribution function will provide more insight into the process.
Identifying Outflow Regions of North American Monsoon Anticyclone‐Mediated Meridional Transport of Convectively Influenced Air Masses in the Lower Stratosphere
Authors: Clapp C. E. , Smith J. B. , Bedka K. M. , Anderson J. G. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe analyzed the effect of the North American monsoon anticyclone (NAMA) on the meridional transport of summertime cross‐tropopause convective outflow by applying a trajectory analysis to a climatology of convective overshooting tops (OTs) identified in GOES satellite images, which covers the domain from 29°S to 68°N and from 205°W to 1.25°W for the time period of May to September, 2013. From this analysis, we identify seasonal development of geographically distinct outflow regions of convectively influenced air masses (CIAMs) from the NAMA circulation to the global stratosphere and quantify the associated meridional displacement of CIAMs. We find that prior to the development of the NAMA, the majority of CIAMs exit the study area in a southeastern region between 5°N and 35°N at 45°W (75.5% in May). During July and August, when the NAMA is strongest, two additional outflow regions develop that constitute the majority of outflow: 68.1% in a northeastern region between 35°N and 60°N at 45°W and 13.4% in a southwestern region between 5°N and 35°N at 145°W. The shift in the location of most CIAM outflow from the pre‐NAMA southeastern region to NAMA‐dependent northeastern and southwestern regions corresponds to a change in average meridional displacement of CIAMs from 3.3° northward in May to 24.5° northward in July and August. Meridional transport of CIAMs through persistent outflow regions from the NAMA circulation to the global stratosphere has the potential to impact global stratospheric composition beyond convective source regions.
Risk factors mediating the effect of body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio on cardiovascular outcomes: Mendelian randomization analysis
Authors: Gill Dipender , Zuber Verena , Dawson Jesse , Pearson-Stuttard Jonathan , Carter Alice R. , Sanderson Eleanor , Karhunen Ville , Levin Michael G. , Wootton Robyn E. , Klarin Derek , Tsao Philip S. , Tsilidis Konstantinos K. , Damrauer Scott M. , Burgess Stephen , Elliott Paul 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Higher body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, but the extent to which this is mediated by blood pressure, diabetes, lipid traits, and smoking is not fully understood.

Methods
Using consortia and UK Biobank genetic association summary data from 140,595 to 898,130 participants predominantly of European ancestry, Mendelian randomization mediation analysis was performed to investigate the degree to which systolic blood pressure (SBP), diabetes, lipid traits, and smoking mediated an effect of BMI and WHR on the risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), peripheral artery disease (PAD) and stroke.

Results
The odds ratio of CAD per 1-standard deviation increase in genetically predicted BMI was 1.49 (95% CI 1.39 to 1.60). This attenuated to 1.34 (95% CI 1.24 to 1.45) after adjusting for genetically predicted SBP (proportion mediated 27%, 95% CI 3% to 50%), to 1.27 (95% CI 1.17 to 1.37) after adjusting for genetically predicted diabetes (41% mediated, 95% CI 18% to 63%), to 1.47 (95% CI 1.36 to 1.59) after adjusting for genetically predicted lipids (3% mediated, 95% −23% to 29%), and to 1.46 (95% CI 1.34 to 1.58) after adjusting for genetically predicted smoking (6% mediated, 95% CI −20% to 32%). Adjusting for all the mediators together, the estimate attenuated to 1.14 (95% CI 1.04 to 1.26; 66% mediated, 95% CI 42% to 91%). A similar pattern was observed when considering genetically predicted WHR as the exposure, and PAD or stroke as the outcome.

Conclusions
Measures to reduce obesity will lower the risk of cardiovascular disease primarily by impacting downstream metabolic risk factors, particularly diabetes and hypertension. Reduction of obesity prevalence alongside control and management of its mediators is likely to be most effective for minimizing the burden of obesity.