bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence of a shared binding site for Bacillus thuringiensisCry1Ac and Cry2Aa toxins in Cnaphalocrocis medinalis cadherin
Authors: Zhong J. , Fang S. , Gao M. , Lu L. , Zhang X. , Zhu Q. , Liu Y. , Jurat‐Fuentes J. L. , Liu X. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractInsect midgut cadherins function as receptors and play critical roles as protein receptors of insecticidal Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxins used as biopesticides and in Bt transgenic crops worldwide. Here, we cloned and characterized the full‐length midgut cadherin (CmCad) cDNA from the rice leaffolder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis), a destructive pest of rice in many Asian countries. Expression of recombinant proteins corresponding to the extracellular domain of CmCad allowed testing binding of Cry proteins. Results from in vitro ligand blotting and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays supported that the extracellular domain of CmCad contains regions recognized by both Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa. Molecular modelling and docking simulations indicated that binding to both Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa is localized primarily within a CmCad motif corresponding to residues T1417–D1435. A recombinant CmCad protein produced without residues T1417–D1435 lacked binding to Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa, confirmed our modelling predictions that CmCad has a shared Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa binding site. The potential existence of a shared binding region in CmCad suggests that caution should be taken when using combinations of Cry1Ac and Cry2Aa in pyramided transgenic rice, as their combined use could speed the evolution of resistance to both toxins.
Photoaging factors in patients from two healthcare centers in Colombia
Authors: Yanine Zamira , Dicker Jiménez Valentina , Ortegón Pulido Luisa Fernanda , Rueda Rugeles Angélica Johana , Buitrago‐Medina Daniel‐Alejandro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundExposure to solar radiation has been documented as a direct cause of skin changes associated with aging, and its effects have been categorized as photoaging.ObjectiveTo explore the clinical characteristics of photoaging and its relationship with external predisposing factors in a Colombian urban and rural population.MethodsWe included 350 patients on outpatient consultation at Clínica Chía in Zipaquirá (rural) and Hospital Universitario Barrios Unidos in Bogotá (urban) in an observational, cross‐sectional study with an analytical component included, between 2018 and 2019. A survey was conducted and photographs were taken. A group of experts determined the degree of photoaging.ResultsThe majority of respondents worked in closed environments (n = 222). The main sociodemographic variable associated was age (p = 0.000). Factors such as smoking, alcohol consumption, use of sunscreen, exercising, and sun exposure were also associated with scale progression (p < 0.05). Exercising (odds ratio (OR) 0.6, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.3–0.9) and being from Bogotá (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.2–0.9) appeared as protective factors. Smoking (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.0–2.6) was defined as a risk factor.ConclusionsChanges related to photoaging and photocarcinogenesis are associated with sun exposure. However, there are environmental factors, such as smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle, woman's age at first delivery, and number of children, among others, that affect the degree of photoaging. It is necessary to explore these relationships in higher evidence level studies to define their causality.
Microbial population genomes from the Amazon River reveal possible modulation of the organic matter degradation process in tropical freshwaters
Authors: Santos‐Júnior Célio Dias , Logares Ramiro , Henrique‐Silva Flávio 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRivers connect the carbon cycle in land with that in aquatic ecosystems by transporting and transforming terrestrial organic matter (TeOM). The Amazon River receives huge loads of TeOM from the surrounding rainforest, promoting a substantial microbial heterotrophic activity and consequently, CO2 outgassing. In the Amazon River, microbes degrade up to 55% of the lignin present in the TeOM. Yet, the main microbial genomes involved in TeOM degradation were unknown. Here, we characterize 51 population genomes (PGs) representing some of the most abundant microbes in the Amazon River deriving from 106 metagenomes. The 51 reconstructed PGs are among the most abundant microbes in the Amazon River, and 53% of them are not able to degrade TeOM. Among the PGs capable of degrading TeOM, 20% were exclusively cellulolytic, while the others could also oxidize lignin. The transport and consumption of lignin oxidation byproducts seemed to be decoupled from the oxidation process, being apparently performed by different groups of microorganisms. By connecting the genomic features of abundant microbes in the Amazon River with the degradation machinery of TeOM, we suggest that a complex microbial consortium could explain the quick turnover of TeOM previously observed in this ecosystem.
Increasing food labelling awareness through a massive open online course (MOOC)
Authors: Mansilla Natalia , Stancu Violeta , Stickel Lisa , Grasso Simona 
Published: October 2021

AbstractTo choose a balanced diet, consumers need to understand what is in the food they buy. However, studies indicate that food labels may be misunderstood or not used. Understanding food labels, a massive open online course (MOOC), using concise, factual and engaging information, aimed to increase consumers' awareness around food labelling information. Course engagement and participation were assessed by the end of course feedback, learning metrics and course completion rates. A pre‐ and post‐course survey was integrated into the MOOC to assess changes in food label use frequency and understanding. Furthermore, use and understanding of nutrition labels were explored by text analysis of one of the discussion forums. The initial course run attracted 2046 Joiners, of whom 65% (1320/2046) became Learners, 44% (905/2046) became Active Learners (those who marked at least one step as complete in a course) and 31% (281/905) of Active Learners completed at least 90% of course steps. The number of learners who fully completed the course was 281 of 1320 (21%). Those who completed the MOOC reported reading food labels more frequently at food purchasing (p < 0.05), specifically reading the nutrition information more regularly (p < 0.05) and reading labels more frequently when preparing food at home than before the MOOC. In addition, after completing the course, learners reported that they found food labels easier to understand (p < 0.05) than before undertaking the course. Increasing consumer awareness, understanding and trust of food labelling could help consumers in their ability to make informed and healthier food choices.
Aseptic meningitis and myelitis as presenting features of SLE
Authors: Sharma Archana , Vibha Deepti , Singh Rajesh Kumar , Elavarasi Arunmozhimaran , Ramanujam Bhargavi , Garg Ajay , Tripathi Manjari 
Published: October 2021

AbstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder affecting multiple organs of body. We present a case having history of fever, headache, vomiting for 1 month, and quadriparesis with urinary retention and constipation for 5 days. MRI brain contrast showed T2/FLAIR hyperintensities in the region of bilateral cingulate gyri and midbrain with focal meningeal thickening in the region of falx and long segment myelitis in C2 to C7 with cord expansion. In view of atypical imaging findings, she was evaluated for autoimmune and inflammatory conditions besides infective causes and was diagnosed to have SLE. In our case, aseptic meningitis and myelitis were the presenting feature that led to the diagnosis of SLE. We should be aware of the uncommon association of aseptic meningitis and myelitis in SLE patients.
CAM photosynthesis: the acid test
Authors: Winter Klaus , Smith J. Andrew C. 
Published: October 2021

SummaryThere is currently considerable interest in the prospects for bioengineering crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis – or key elements associated with it, such as increased water‐use efficiency – into C3 plants. Resolving how CAM photosynthesis evolved from the ancestral C3 pathway could provide valuable insights into the targets for such bioengineering efforts. It has been proposed that the ability to accumulate organic acids at night may be common among C3 plants, and that the transition to CAM might simply require enhancement of pre‐existing fluxes, without the need for changes in circadian or diurnal regulation. We show, in a survey encompassing 40 families of vascular plants, that nocturnal acidification is a feature entirely restricted to CAM species. Although many C3 species can synthesize malate during the light period, we argue that the switch to night‐time malic acid accumulation requires a fundamental metabolic reprogramming that couples glycolytic breakdown of storage carbohydrate to the process of net dark CO2 fixation. This central element of the CAM pathway, even when expressed at a low level, represents a biochemical capability not seen in C3 plants, and so is better regarded as a discrete evolutionary innovation than as part of a metabolic continuum between C3 and CAM.
Linked selection shapes the landscape of genomic variation in three oak species
Authors: Liang Yi‐Ye , Shi Yong , Yuan Shuai , Zhou Biao‐Feng , Chen Xue‐Yan , An Qing‐Qing , Ingvarsson Pär K. , Plomion Christophe , Wang Baosheng 
Published: October 2021

Summary

Natural selection shapes genome‐wide patterns of diversity within species and divergence between species. However, quantifying the efficacy of selection and elucidating the relative importance of different types of selection in shaping genomic variation remain challenging.

We sequenced whole genomes of 101 individuals of three closely related oak species to track the divergence history, and to dissect the impacts of selective sweeps and background selection on patterns of genomic variation.

We estimated that the three species diverged around the late Neogene and experienced a bottleneck during the Pleistocene. We detected genomic regions with elevated relative differentiation (‘FST‐islands’). Population genetic inferences from the site frequency spectrum and ancestral recombination graph indicated that FST‐islands were formed by selective sweeps. We also found extensive positive selection; the fixation of adaptive mutations and reduction neutral diversity around substitutions generated a signature of selective sweeps. Prevalent negative selection and background selection have reduced genetic diversity in both genic and intergenic regions, and contributed substantially to the baseline variation in genetic diversity.

Our results demonstrate the importance of linked selection in shaping genomic variation, and illustrate how the extent and strength of different selection models vary across the genome.
Diagnostic accuracy comparing OPT and CBCT in the detection of non‐vital bone changes before tooth extractions in patients with antiresorptive intake
Authors: Ristow Oliver , Schnug Gregor , Smielowksi Maximilian , Moratin Julius , Pilz Maximilian , Engel Michael , Freudlsperger Christian , Hoffmann Jürgen , Rückschloß Thomas 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivesTo compare the diagnostic accuracy in detecting early non‐vital bone changes between orthopantomography (OPT) and cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT) in correlation with histopathological findings before tooth extractions in patients with antiresorptive (AR) intake.SubjectsPatients with an indication tooth extraction who had received OPT and CBCT preoperatively while or after undergoing AR treatment were prospectively enrolled over a 24‐month period in the progesterone in spontaneous miscarriage (PRISM) trial. Imaging studies were randomly analyzed by three examiners for early non‐vital bone changes using specific predefined characteristics and a 5‐level scale (1 definite absence of criteria to 5 definite presence of criteria). Sensitivity and specificity values were calculated in correlation with the histopathologically evaluated bone samples at the time point of tooth extraction.ResultsOne hundred thirty patients with 237 treated extraction sites met the inclusion criteria. For all images evaluated by all examiners, CBCT (430/492; 87.4%; receiver operating characteristic [ROC]: area under the curve [AUC] = 0.88; p < 0.001) was more likely to detect histopathologically confirmed non‐vital bone than the OPT (132/492; 26.8%; ROC: AUC = 0.562; p = 0.115).ConclusionsIn the detection of non‐vital bone changes, CBCT is superior to OPT in both sensitivity and specificity. Specific imaging characteristics allow for the prediction of early non‐vital bone changes already at the time before tooth extractions.
New role of sertraline against Toxoplasma gondii‐induced depression‐like behaviours in mice
Authors: Lan Hui‐Wen , Lu Yu‐Nan , Zhao Xu‐Dong , Jin Guang‐Nan , Lu Jing‐Mei , Jin Cheng‐Hua , Ma Juan , Jin Xuejun , Xu Xiang , Piao Lian‐Xun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractToxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is a neurotropic protozoan parasite, which can cause mental and behavioural disorders. The present study aimed to elucidate the effects and underlying molecular mechanisms of sertraline (SERT) on T. gondii‐induced depression‐like behaviours. In the present study, a mouse model and a microglial cell line (BV2 cells) model were established by infecting with the T. gondii RH strain. In in vivo and in vitro experiments, the underlying molecular mechanisms of SERT in inhibiting depression‐like behaviours and cellular perturbations caused by T. gondii infection were investigated in the mouse brain and BV2 cells. The administration of SERT significantly ameliorated depression‐like behaviours in T. gondii‐infected mice. Furthermore, SERT inhibited T. gondii proliferation. Treatment with SERT significantly inhibited the activation of microglia and decreased levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor‐alpha, and interferon‐gamma, by down‐regulating tumour necrosis factor receptor 1/nuclear factor‐kappa B signalling pathway, thereby ameliorating the depression‐like behaviours induced by T. gondii infection. Our study provides insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms of the newly discovered role of SERT against T. gondii‐induced depression‐like behaviours.
Effect of Compliance on Residual Stresses in Manufacturing With Moving Heat Sources
Authors: Grams Mitchell R. , Mendez Patricio F. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Manufacturing processes involving moving heat sources include additive manufacturing, welding, laser processing (cladding and heat treatment), machining, and grinding. These processes involve high local thermal stresses that induce plasticity and result in permanent residual stress and distortion. The residual stresses are typically calculated numerically at great computational expense despite the fact that the inelastic fraction of the domain is very small. Efforts to decouple the small plastic part from the large elastic part have led to the development of the tendon force concept. The tendon force can be predicted analytically for the case of infinitely rigid components; however, this limitation has prevented the broader use of the concept in practical applications. This work presents a rigorous mathematical treatment using dimensional analysis, asymptotics, and blending which demonstrates that the effect of geometric compliance depends on a single dimensionless group, the Okerblom number. Closed-form expressions are derived to predict the effect of compliance without the need for empirical ad-hoc fitting or calibration. The proposed expressions require input of only material properties and tabulated process parameters and are thus ideally suited for use in metamodels and design calculations, as well as incorporation into engineering codes and standards.
The Hanging Drape: a Vertex Analogy
Authors: Seffen Keith 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
We present a novel, rigidly folding vertex inspired by the shape of the simplest hanging drape. Fold lines in the vertex correspond to pleats and ridges in the drape, and are symmetrically arranged to enable synchronised at folding of facet pairs. We calculate the folded rotation angles exactly using a spherical image specialised for inextensible vertex folding. We show that the vertex shape is bounded by a pair of conical surfaces whose apex semi-angles directly correspond with fold-line rotations, which expresses a geometrical equivalence between the external shape and internal folding motion of the vertex. We discuss how the vertex viz. drape perform as a novel type of conical defect based on its spherical image topography; and we highlight the meaning of bistable behaviour for the vertex, in analytical- and practical terms.
Qualification Criteria and the Verification of Numerical Waves: Part 2: CFD-Based Numerical Wave Tank
Authors: Bouscasse Benjamin , Califano Andrea , Choi Young Myung , Haihua Xu , Kim Jang Whan , Kim Young Jun , Lee Sang Hun , Lim Ho-Joon , Park Dong Min , Peric Milovan , Shen Zhirong , Yeon Seong Mo 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
There is increasing interest in numerical wave simulations as a tool to design offshore structures, especially for the prediction of stochastic nonlinear wave loads like those related to air-gap and wave impact. Though the simulations cannot replace all experiments, they are now competitive on some topics such as the computations of wind and current coefficients. To proceed further it is necessary to improve the procedure to account for another complex environmental factor, wave motion.
This paper addresses an industrial collaboration to develop modeling practices and qualification criteria of CFD-based numerical wave tank for offshore applications. As a part of the effort to develop reliable numerical wave modeling practices in the framework of the “Reproducible Offshore CFD JIP”, qualification criteria are formulated for the wave solutions generated from either potential-flow based codes in Part 1 of this work. Part 2 presents first a set of solutions for forcing the qualified waves obtained with the potential codes in the CFD domain. Those solutions follow a set of coupling protocols previously proposed in the JIP framework.
Two potential codes and two CFD solvers are combined, so that four possible methods of generating waves and modalities are described. Two different potential models are considered, one using the higher order spectral method for numerical wave tank (HOS-NWT), and another using the finite-element method in the horizontal direction and a modal expansion after a sigma transform in the vertical direction (solver is called TPNWT). Both are equipped with a breaking model to generate extreme sea states. The two CFD solvers tested are Simcenter STAR-CCM+ and OpenFOAM. Simulation setups are proposed for both software.
Simulation results from eight academic or industrial partners are presented for two sets of 2D test cases in deep water, one with regular waves and one with irregular waves, both with one very steep condition (ratio of wave height over wavelength of 10% for regular waves and 1000 year return period for Gulf of Mexico for irregular waves).
The irregular waves are simulated for 10 sets of 3 hours to apply a stochastic approach to verify the quality of the waves generated in the numerical domain. Attention is given to the wave spectrum and the ensemble probability of the crest distribution, both obtained from the wave elevation at the center of the domain.
Optimization of Hydrodynamic Coefficients for VIV Prediction
Authors: Yin Decao , Wu Jie , Lie Halvor , Jin Jingzhe , Passano Elizabeth , Saevik Svein , Riemer-Sorenson Signe , Rustad Anne Marthine , Tognarelli Michael A. , Grytyr Guttorm , Andersen Torgrim , Karunakaran Daniel , Igland Ragnar , Gaskill Collin 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Vortices generated when flow pass offshore slender structures may cause structural vibrations due to fluid-structure interaction, termed vortex-induced vibrations (VIV). VIV can cause severe accumulated fatigue damage, which need to be considered in the structure design. To capture the non-linearities of different riser systems and time varying flow, time domain models are better alternatives than frequency domain models to predict VIV. The input hydrodynamic parameters of time domain models are semi-empirical. However, versatile databases of hydrodynamic parameters are not well established, due to the large variations of the flow conditions, riser systems, and corresponding sub-structures. An optimization procedure could be implemented as an alternative to conventional experimental methods for establishing adaptive hydrodynamic parameter databases capable of accurately handling changes in the underlying structure of the system or flow regime.
Literatures on application of optimization algorithms for various offshore engineering problems have been reviewed. VIV represents a constrained non-linear programming problem, where the sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm – NLPQLP has been applied in this study.
This paper proposes an optimization procedure of input hydrodynamic parameters for the time domain VIV solver - VIVANA-TD [21], for VIV prediction of various riser systems. A workflow integrating optimization and time domain VIV simulation has been established in the software work bench SIMA. By investigating the VIV prediction of typical laboratory model tests with optimized parameters, the feasibility of optimization using sequential quadratic non-linear programming algorithm - NLPQLP has been demonstrated.
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and the impact on progression of diabetic kidney disease in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Bjerre-Christensen Theis , Winther Signe A , Tofte Nete , Theilade Simone , Ahluwalia Tarunveer S , Lajer Maria , Hansen Tine W , Rossing Peter , Hansen Christian Stevns 
Published: October 2021

IntroductionWe investigated the association between cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) and decline in kidney function in type 1 diabetes.Research design and methodsWe included 329 persons with type 1 diabetes. CAN was assessed by cardiovascular reflex tests (CARTs): heart rate response to deep breathing (E/I ratio), to standing (30/15 ratio) and to the Valsalva maneuvre. Two or more pathological CARTs defined CAN diagnosis. Outcomes were yearly change in albuminuria or yearly change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). An endpoint of eGFR decline >30%, development of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) or death was examined.Associations were assessed by linear and Cox regression.ResultsParticipants were aged 55.2 (9.4) years, 52% were male, with a diabetes duration of 40.1 (8.9) years, HbA1cof 7.9% (62.5 mmol/mol), eGFR 77.9 (27.7) mL/min/1.73 m2, urinary albumin excretion rate of 14.5 (7–58) mg/24 hours, and 31% were diagnosed with CAN.CAN was associated with a 7.8% higher albuminuria increase per year (95% CI: 0.50% to 15.63%, p=0.036) versus no CAN. The endpoint of ESKD, all-cause mortality and ≥30% decline in eGFR was associated with CAN (HR=2.497, p=0.0254).ConclusionCAN and sympathetic dysfunction were associated with increase in albuminuria in individuals with type 1 diabetes suggesting its role as a potential marker of diabetic kidney disease progression.