bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome-wide identification and characterization of the Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain (LBD) gene family in polyploid wheat and related species
Authors: Xu Jun , Hu Ping , Tao Ye , Song Puwen , Gao Huanting , Guan Yuanyuan 
Published: August 2021

Background
Wheat (Triticum aestivum) originated from three different diploid ancestral grass species and experienced two rounds of polyploidization. Exploring how certain wheat gene subfamilies have expanded during the evolutionary process is of great importance. The Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain (LBD) gene family encodes plant-specific transcription factors that share a highly conserved LOB domain and are prime candidates for this, as they are involved in plant growth, development, secondary metabolism and stress in various species.

Methods
Using a genome-wide analysis of high-quality polyploid wheat and related species genome sequences, a total of 228 LBD members from five Triticeae species were identified, and phylogenetic relationship analysis of LBD members classified them into two main classes (classes I and II) and seven subgroups (classes I a–e, II a and II b).

Results
The gene structure and motif composition analyses revealed that genes that had a closer phylogenetic relationship in the same subgroup also had a similar gene structure. Macrocollinearity and microcollinearity analyses of Triticeae species suggested that some LBD genes from wheat produced gene pairs across subgenomes of chromosomes 4A and 5A and that the complex evolutionary history of TaLBD4B-9 homologs was a combined result of chromosome translocation, polyploidization, gene loss and duplication events. Public RNA-seq data were used to analyze the expression patterns of wheat LBD genes in various tissues, different developmental stages and following abiotic and biotic stresses. Furthermore, qRT-PCR results suggested that some TaLBDs in class II responded to powdery mildew, regulated reproductive growth and were involved in embryo sac development in common wheat.
Effect of Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Del.) Seed Oil on Liver and Kidney Biomakers of Albino Rat
Authors: Nwaogu Jude , Fakai Isah Musa , Abdullahi Ibrahim 
Published: August 2021

Vegetable oil has been used for cocking and ethnomedicinal purpose in developing countries. The aim of this research was to determine the toxicological effect of Balanites aegytiaca seed oil in albino rats. Acute and sub chronic toxicological evaluations were carried out on albino rats. The albino rats were divided into six experimental groups (n = 6 albino rats/ group). Five different doses of Balanites aegytiaca seed oil; 1000mg/kg, 2000mg/kg, 3000mg/kg, 4000mg/kg and 5000mg/kg were administered orally (gavage) to groups 2 – 6 respectively, once per day for 28 consecutive days. While control group received saline with Tween® 80 2%. Standard laboratory methods were used to assess liver and kidney functions indices. The acute toxicity screening revealed that the Balanite aegyptiaca seed oil (BASO) was non-toxic with LD 50 above 5000mg/kg. The liver function test parameters revealed non-significant (p>0.05) difference in serum AST and ALT activities between control group and treated groups. However, there is significant (p<0.05) increased of serum ALP activity in treated groups when compared to normal control group. Serum albumin concentration significantly (p<0.05) decreased in treated groups when compared to normal control group. No significant difference (P>0.05) in the concentration of total protein, total and direct bilirubin observed in treated groups when compared to normal control group. While kidney function test parameters showed alterations in serum creatinine and Potassium concentrations in treated groups compared to normal control group. Oral administration of B. aegyptiaca seed oil for 21 days did not displayed signs organs damage. The results suggest that prolonged consumption of Balanites aegytiaca seed oil could not cause adverse effects on the liver and kidney organs.
Thidiazuron with Mineral Oil as Alternative Bud Break Promoter for Apple Trees
Authors: Petri José Luiz , Sezerino André Amarildo , Fenili Cristhian Leonardo , Gabardo Gentil Carneiro 
Published: August 2021

Aims: This work aims to evaluate the efficiency of Revent® 500 SC (Thidiazuron) concentrations as a bud breaker promoter in apple trees, cv. Maxi Gala and Supreme Fuji, through phenology, sprouting of buds, fruit set and production per plant.
Place and Duration of Study: The experiments were carried out in southern Brazil, municipality of Caçador / SC, during the seasons from 2017 to 2019, in the cultivars Fuji Suprema and Maxi Gala / Marubakaido / M9.
Methodology: The treatments were 1. Control (without application); 2. Mineral Oil (MO) 3.5% + Hydrogenated Cyanamide (HC) 0.35%; 3. MO 3.5% + HC 0.5%; 4. MO 3.5% + Thidiazuron (TDZ) 0.005%; 5. MO 3.5% + TDZ 0.01%; 6. MO 3.5% + TDZ 0.015%; 7.MO 3.5% + TDZ 0.02%; 8.MO 3.5% + TDZ 0.025%, applied in stages B and C. Several variables were evaluated such as phenology, sprouting of axillary and terminal buds, fruit set, production per plant and average fruit mass.
Results: All treatments with bud breakers advanced the phenological stages in relation to the control in the three years. In the sprouting of the axillary and terminal buds, all treatments were superior to the control. TDZ treatments showed higher sprouting of axillary buds in 2017/18 compared to standard treatments with hydrogenated cyanamide. In plant production, the treatment MO 3.5% + TDZ 0.02% was higher than the other treatments in the 2018/19 and 2019/20 seasons, in both cultivars. TDZ associated with mineral oil is efficient in inducing the sprouting of ‘Maxi Gala’ and ‘Fuji Suprema’ apple trees and can be used to recover sprouts from previous years.
Effect of Cough Trick Technique on Vaccination Prick Pain among Preschool Children
Authors: Thenmozhi P. , Roshini B. Aparna 
Published: August 2021

Aims: To determine the effectiveness of the Cough trick technique on vaccination prick pain among preschool children.
Study Design: Quantitative approach with true experimental research design.
Place and Duration of Study: Pranav baby clinic, Chennai, from May 2021 to June 2021.
Methodology: True experimental post-test only research design was adopted to conduct the study with a samples of 40 children. Children were randomly allocated into the experimental group (n=20) and the control group (n=20). Demographic variables were collected from mothers of preschoolers using a structured questionnaire. The cough trick technique was administered to the experimental group during intramuscular vaccination whereas the control group received the regular technique of the intramuscular vaccination. The post-test level of pain was assessed by FLACC scale for both the group. The data were tabulated and analyzed by descriptive and inferential statistics using SPSS statistical package.
Results: The result of the study shows that in the experimental group, 14(70%) had mild pain and 6(20%) had no vaccination prick pain whereas in the control group, 14(70%) had severe pain and 6(20%) had moderate vaccination prick pain. Independent‘t’ test reveals that there is a significant difference in the level of pain after administration of the cough trick technique between the experimental and control at the level of P<0.05.
Conclusion: The finding of the present study concludes that cough trick technique is an effective and easy method to minimize and reduce the pain during intramuscular vaccination. It is a simple distraction technique that can be effective in helping children cope with the pain of immunization.
Recent Advances in Metal‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Reactions of Vinyl Benzoxazinanones
Authors: Tian Ye , Duan Meibo , Liu Jialu , Fu Siyu , Dong Kuan , Yue Hao , Hou Yunlei , Zhao Yanfang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractVinyl benzoxazinanones as versatile building blocks can undergo transition‐metal‐catalyzed decarboxylation to enable various kinds of interesting transformations by various [4+n], transition‐metal‐catalyzed C−H allylation of arenes and other types of annulations. Herein, we reviewed the latest research progress in the research and application of vinyl benzoxazinones in metal‐catalyzed decarboxylative reactions to illustrate their synthetic value.magnified image
Construction of Core–Shell MOF@COF Hybrids with Controllable Morphology Adjustment of COF Shell as a Novel Platform for Photocatalytic Cascade Reactions
Authors: Zhang Meng‐Yao , Li Jun‐Kang , Wang Rui , Zhao Shu‐Na , Zang Shuang‐Quan , Mak Thomas C. W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractRecently, novel core–shell MOF@COF hybrids display excellent performance in various fields because of their inherited advantages from their parent MOFs and/or COFs. However, it is still a grand challenge to adjust the morphology of MOFs and/or COFs for consequent performance improvement. Herein, a Ti‐MOF@TpTt hybrid coated with ultra‐thin COF nanobelt, which is different from the fibrillar‐like parent COF, is successfully synthesized through a sequential growth strategy. The as‐obtained Pd decorated Ti‐MOF@TpTt catalyst exhibits much higher photocatalytic performance than those of Ti‐MOF, TpTt‐COF, and Ti‐MOF@TpTt hybrids with fibrillar‐like COF shell for the photocatalytic cascade reactions of ammonia borane (AB) hydrolysis and nitroarenes hydrogenation. These can be attributed to its high BET surface area, core–shell structure, and type II heterojunction, which offers more accessible active sites and improves the separation efficiency of photo‐generated carriers. Finally, the possible mechanisms of the cascade reaction are also proposed to well explain the improved performance of this photocatalytic system. This work presents a constructive route for designing core–shell MOF@COF hybrids with controllable morphology adjustment of COF shell, leading to the improved photocatalytic ability to broaden the applications of MOF/COF hybrid materials.
Crosslinking improved ion transport in polymer inclusion membrane‐electrodialysis process and the underlying mechanism
Authors: Wang Baoying , Lang Qiaolin , Tan Ming , Jiang Heqing , Wang Lingyun , Liu Yang , Zhang Yang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractElectric field intensification has been demonstrated as an effective strategy for facilitating ion transfer and separation in polymer inclusion membrane (PIM) involved processes. However, it is still a challenge to develop compatible PIMs with high performance and to reveal the underlying mechanisms. Herein, crosslinked PIMs with different base polymers have been employed in PIM‐electrodialysis processes. Cross‐linked cellulose triacetate (CTA) based PIMs exhibited significant improvement in Cr(VI) transport, which permeability coefficient was 5.9 times larger than the non‐cross‐linked counterpart. The characterizations of cross‐linked PIMs showed higher hydrophilicity and lower membrane area resistance. Furthermore, cross‐linked polymeric network inside CTA based PIMs structure increased their crystallinity, thus supporting the fixed‐site jumping mechanism, thereby enabling ions to be transported directly in a manner of continuous pathway at low current density. This study shed light on further improvement of efficient ion transport and gave insights into the mechanism understanding in PIM‐ED systems.
Base‐Catalyzed Selective Deuteration of Alkynes
Authors: Kumar Shiv , Patel Monika , Verma Akhilesh K. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDeuteration of organic molecules has gained considerable importance in medicinal chemistry. A mild concept of inducing 2H isotope stoichiometrically into terminal alkynes was developed in KOH‐DMSO‐d6 medium. The four pairs of substrate scopes, namely aromatic, aliphatic, dialkynes, and alcohol/amine‐substituted alkyne were readily switchable from hydrogen to deuterium. Mild reaction condition, no requirement of column chromatography; environment‐friendly nature of the protocol increases the synthetic utility of the developed chemistry. The procedure avoids the use of expensive transition‐metal catalysts and should find attention in academia as well as in pharmaceuticals.
Highly stretchable silicone rubber nanocomposites incorporated with oleic acid‐modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles
Authors: Zeng Yu , Zhou Neng , Xiong Chenhan , Huang Zhiyong , Du Guoping , Fan Zhaoyang , Chen Nan 
Published: August 2021

AbstractSilicone rubber composites have attracted wide attention due to their excellent thermal stability and climate resistance. However, it is still a challenge to synthesize these composites with high tensile property without external stimulation. Meanwhile, incorporation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles to fabricate magnetic nanocomposites have a broad application prospect. In the present work, aiming to improve the mechanical and magnetic properties of the silicone rubber composite, fumed silica and different content of oleic acid‐modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles are well dispersed in the silicone rubber matrix. The synthesized nanocomposites exhibit excellent thermal stability, superelasticity, superparamagnetic property, and sensitive magnetic response. In particular, a high elongation at break of 1931%, a low storage modulus of 0.56 MPa and a deflection of 27 mm under an applied magnetic field of 1.31 Oe are obtained in the silicone rubber nanocomposite. The present work provides a feasible way to prepare silicone rubber matrix nanocomposites with excellent mechanical and magnetic performance.
The prevalence and incidence of early‐onset dementia among adults with autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Vivanti Giacomo , Tao Sha , Lyall Kristen , Robins Diana L. , Shea Lindsay L. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe prevalence and incidence of early‐onset dementia among adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is currently unknown. In this case–control study, the prevalence and incidence of early‐onset dementia in individuals with ASD was examined during 2008–2012 using Medicaid Analytic eXtract files. Participants were 30–64 year‐old adults who were Medicaid beneficiaries and had either a diagnosis of ASD only (n = 12,648), a diagnosis of ASD with co‐occurring intellectual disability (ID) (n = 26,168), a diagnosis of ID without ASD (n = 406,570), or no ASD nor ID diagnoses (n = 798,828). The 5‐year prevalence of dementia was 4.04% among adults with ASD only, and 5.22% for those with ASD and co‐occurring ID. This prevalence was higher compared to the prevalence of dementia in individuals with no ASD and no ID (0.97%), but lower compared to individuals with ID only (7.10%). Risk factors associated with the increased prevalence in the general population were similarly associated with the increased risk of dementia in individuals with ASD. Even after adjusting for these risk factors, compared to the general population, dementia was found to occur more frequently in individuals with ASD only (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.96; 95% CI, 1.69–2.28), as well as individuals with ASD and co‐occurring ID (adjusted hazard ratio, 2.89; 95% CI, 2.62–3.17). In conclusion, adults with ASD under the age of 65 were approximately 2.6 times more likely to be diagnosed with dementia compared to the general population in our study.Lay SummaryIt is unclear whether adults diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are at higher risk of being diagnosed with early‐onset dementia compared to those who are not on the autism spectrum. In this study we examined for the first time the nationwide prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer's Disease and other types of dementia in ASD in a sample of adults with ASD aged 30–64 years who were enrolled in Medicaid, the largest insurer of behavioral health services in the US. Medicaid claims data, which include information on the diagnoses that beneficiaries receive, suggested that the adults with ASD were approximately 2.6 times more likely to be diagnosed with early‐onset Alzheimer's disease and related dementias compared to the general population.
Exposure assessment for Cox proportional hazards cure models with interval‐censored survival data
Authors: Wang Wei , Cong Ning , Ye Aijun , Zhang Hui , Zhang Bo 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMixture cure models have been developed as an effective tool to analyze failure time data with a cure fraction. Used in conjunction with the logistic regression model, this model allows covariate‐adjusted inference of an exposure effect on the cured probability and the hazard of failure for the uncured subjects. However, the covariate‐adjusted inference for the overall exposure effect is not directly provided. In this paper, we describe a Cox proportional hazards cure model to analyze interval‐censored survival data in the presence of a cured fraction and then apply a post‐estimation approach by using model‐predicted estimates difference to assess the overall exposure effect on the restricted mean survival time scale. For baseline hazard/survival function estimation, simple parametric models as fractional polynomials or restricted cubic splines are utilized to approximate the baseline logarithm cumulative hazard function, or, alternatively, the full likelihood is specified through a piecewise linear approximation for the cumulative baseline hazard function. Simulation studies were conducted to demonstrate the unbiasedness of both estimation methods for the overall exposure effect estimates over various baseline hazard distribution shapes. The methods are applied to analyze the interval‐censored relapse time data from a smoking cessation study.
Genome sequencing guide: An introductory toolbox to whole‐genome analysis methods
Authors: Burian Alexis N. , Zhao Wufan , Lo Te‐Wen , Thurtle‐Schmidt Deborah M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTo fully appreciate genetics, one must understand the link between genotype (DNA sequence) and phenotype (observable characteristics). Advances in high‐throughput genomic sequencing technologies and applications, so‐called “‐omics,” have made genetic sequencing readily available across fields in biology from applications in non‐traditional study organisms to precision medicine. Thus, understanding these tools is critical for any biologist, especially those early in their career. This comprehensive review discusses the chronological development of different sequencing methods, the bioinformatics steps to analyzing this data, and social and ethical issues raised by these techniques that must be discussed and evaluated, including anticipatory guides and discussion questions for active engagement in the classroom. Additionally, the Supporting Information includes a case study to apply technical and ethical concepts from the text.
The relationship between muscle size, obesity, body fat ratio, pain and disability in individuals with and without nonspecific low back pain
Authors: Uçar İlyas , Karartı Caner , Cüce İsa , Veziroğlu Enes , Özüdoğru Anıl , Koçak Fatmanur Aybala , Dadalı Yeliz 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPatients with nonspecific low back pain (NSLBP) may face motor control problems and health disability barriers during various tasks. However, studies investigating the extent of these disadvantages, and possible associated factors are quite limited in patients with NSLBP. To compare motor control performances and physical assessment domains between patients with NSLBP and asymptomatic controls. Twenty‐seven patients with NSBLP and 27 age‐ and sex‐matched asymptomatic controls participated in this cross‐sectional study. Ultrasonographic imaging was used to determine abdominal and multifidus muscles thicknesses and adipose tissue rate. Visual analog scale was used to assess LBP severity. Body mass index (BMI) and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) scores of the participants were physical assessment domains of LBP. BMI values were greater in the NSLBP group compared to the asymptomatic participants. ANCOVA revealed a significant interaction effect regarding external abdominal oblique and multifidus lumborum muscles thickness, and abdominal adipose tissue (p = 0.015; p = 0.001; p = 0.006), respectively in terms of two groups. The thicknesses of these muscles were lesser in the NSLBP group compared with the control group. Similarly, abdominal adipose tissue was higher in the NSLBP group. The stepwise multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the Oswestry Disability Index and abdominal adipose tissue rate were significant and independent factors of the low back pain severity with 73.5% of the variance. The study results indicate that increased disability and fat infiltration are possible determinants influencing pain severity, although further research is required. Examining musculoskeletal properties of lumbar region could provide information about the limitation in patients with NSBLP.
Engineering a Carbonyl Reductase as a Potential Tool for the Synthesis of Chiral α‐Tetralinols
Authors: Li Aipeng , Ting Wang , Yang Ke , Zhang Xuanshuo , Yin Dongming , Qin Yong , Zhang Lianbing 
Published: August 2021

AbstractTailoring of enzyme toward α‐tetralones, a class of bulky‐bulky ketones, is still a challenge. In this work, the mutants of carbonyl reductase BaSDR1 with improved catalytic performance toward α‐tetralone 1 a were obtained by adjusting the steric hindrance and hydrophobicity of the residues that affect the approach of α‐tetralone with the catalytic residues. The designed mutants also showed enhanced catalytic performance toward halogenated α‐tetralones 2 a–6 a. Remarkably, the activity of the mutant Q237V/I291F toward 7‐fluoro‐α‐tetralone 5 a was 16.3‐fold higher than the wildtype enzyme with improved stereoselectivity (98.8 % ee). More notably, the mutants Q139S and Q139S/V187S exhibited decreased or reversed stereoselectivity toward α‐tetralone 1 a, 5‐bromo‐α‐tetralone 2 a, 7‐fluoro‐α‐tetralone 5 a and 7‐chloro‐α‐tetralone 6 a, while the relatively high ee values were obtained in the presence of 6‐chloro‐α‐tetralone 3 a and 6‐bromo‐α‐tetralone 4 a as substrates. Further analysis showed the larger size of the substrates was beneficial for the substrates binding to the active cavity with a more specific binding mode, which endows the reaction with higher stereoselectivity. Moreover, the recombinant E. coli expressing the variant Q237V/I291F successfully catalyzed the reduction of a high concentration 7‐fluoro‐α‐tetralone 5 a. These results not only offered a potential tool for chiral α‐tetralols, but also provided guiding information for the enzyme engineering toward bulky‐bulky ketones.
Silicalite‐1 Supported ZnO as an Efficient Catalyst for Direct Propane Dehydrogenation
Authors: Liu Jie , Liu Yong , Liu Hongchao , Fu Yi , Chen Zhiyang , Zhu Wenliang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDirect propane dehydrogenation (PDH) is an attractive on‐purpose strategy for propylene production. Compared with high‐priced Platinum and toxic Chromium oxide, ZnO based catalysts attract wide attention due to its low‐cost and environment‐friendly character. Herein we report silicalite‐1 supported ZnO catalysts for PDH reaction. They exhibited an excellent catalytic performance. The catalyst with 5 wt% Zn exhibited the best propane yield with propane conversion reaching 49 % and propylene selectivity around 90 % at a space velocity of 5000 ml ⋅ g−1 ⋅ h−1. Characterization with N2 adsorption, XRD, SEM, TEM, EDS, NH3‐TPD, UV–vis, XPS, 29Si MAS NMR, FT‐IR, Py‐IR and TGA reveal that the high activity and stability can be attributed to the dispersed ZnO species due to the interaction between silanol nests of silicalite‐1 support and ZnO species. This study may open a promising way for development of highly efficient PDH catalysts.