bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RADIATION AND CHILD HEALTH
Authors: Weber Francis J. , Hetznecker W. H. 
Published: December 2021

BECAUSE of the considerable complexity of the field of radiation hazards, no one of us is able to explore every aspect in the detail necessary for a complete understanding. I shall discuss details that pertain to public health.
The swift changes in the field of science affect our personal roles. Speaking personally, some years ago I was one of the principal architects in the national community-wide mass x-ray survey program. I now find myself in the present position of discouraging such a special type of effort, except of course for particular population groups where that technique clearly carries more benefit than it does risk.
One theme that is worthy of special mention concerns the role that the physician—and today it is the pediatrician in particular—needs to exercise in the important field of radiological health. During the spring of 1960, the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy of the 86th Congress conducted open public hearings for nearly 2 weeks on the subject of radiation protection standards. Some of us present at the Annual Meeting of the Academy of Pediatrics participated in the hearings, as well as in others held earlier. Frequent references were made to the important work of Dr. Friedell's special ad hoc committee of the National Committee on Radiation Protection and Measurements dealing with human population exposure to the radionuclide, strontium-90 (published in Science, 131:3399, 1960); that important document should be read and re-read. At the hearings we tried to represent the profession of medicine and public health. It is worthy of note that ours was only one of many professions to appear.
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Dickerson Ann E. , Crump E. Perry , Horton Carrell P. 
Published: December 2021

Within the framework of a project designed to study the growth and development of Negro children, a longitudinal study was conducted for the purpose of analyzing the child-training practices of a group of mothers whose children were subjects of the project, and comparing these findings with those from related investigations. The study was focused upon the child-training practices of 144 mothers in the areas of toileting, feeding, and dressing when their children were between 15 and 30 months of age. The data for this study were obtained when the psychologist interviewed the mothers during the administration of the Gesell Developmental Schedules. Assessment of progress in the areas of toileting, feeding and dressing is included in the personal-social area of the Gesell Schedules.
It is apparent from the results of this study that mothers encouraged self-help and independence in the areas of dressing and feeding, with the exception of the use of a bottle. However, in the category of toileting this was not true, inasmuch as emphasis upon self-management in daily toilet habits seemed to be at a minimum. These findings indicate that the mothers were permissive with regard to toilet-training and weaning. These practices and their patterns of breast-feeding agree with those practices advocated by the most recent edition of Infant Care.
The mother's educational level, the sex of the child, or the number of children in the family were not found to be significantly related to the child-training practices used by the mothers in this study. The data in this study are in agreement with White's finding that there is "a need for revising our ideas about social class differences in child-rearing practices." It is, of course, recognized that the lack of significant differences or relationships in this study does not prove that no such differences or relationships exist. It does, however, indicate that none can be recognized for this population from the available data. Differences in attitude as well as practice, on the part of the mothers, may well be prevalent; but they apparently are not reflected in the development of the children in the areas of toiletry, feeding and dressing as measured by the Gesell Schedules.
THE PHYSICAL WORKING CAPACITY OF NORMAL SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Adams Forrest H. , Linde Leonard M. , Miyake Hisazumi 
Published: December 2021

The physical working capacity was determined for 243 California school children of both sexes, ranging in age from 6 to 14 years. Working capacity correlated well with the surface area, height, weight, 3-second vital capacity, total vital capacity and age. The 1-second vital capacity and the blood pressures gave relatively poor correlations.
The surface area was selected as the variable to be compared with working capacity. Regression lines and 95% confidence bands were determined for each of the sexes. Boys possessed significantly greater working capacities than girls, even at the smaller surface area. Differences became quite marked in the older and larger boys as contrasted with girls of the same age or size.
The working-capacity test has a number of advantages over other methods of evaluating physical fitness. It is objective and reproducible and is easily administered with few trained individuals. The results readily permit comparison of various groups and of healthy and diseased individuals.
STUDIES OF RESPIRATORY PHYSIOLOGY IN CHILDREN
Authors: Cook Charles D. , Bucci Giovanni 
Published: December 2021

The results of follow-up pulmonary function studies of nine previously lobectomized children without residual lung disease and one pneumonectomized and seven lobectomized children with residual disease are presented. From the studies of patients with remaining normal lung tissue, it appeared that there was little or no tendency to compensatory increase in volume or number of remaining lung units or compensatory changes in the pulmonary capillary bed. The discrepancy between these conclusions and those of others who have shown overdistention may be based on the lack of residual disease in this group of patients and/ or the less extensive removal of lung tissue.
In the patients with residual disease, there was evidence of obstructive emphysema and an indication of slight increase in diffusion and pulmonary capillary blood volume. The poor results with penumonectomy when there is chronic obstructive dissease in the remaining lung are illustrated by the presentation of a case.
ASSOCIATION OF COXSACKIE VIRUSES WITH ILLNESSES RESEMBLING MILD PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Magoffin Robert L. , Lennette Edwin H. , Schmidt Nathalie J. 
Published: December 2021

Viral diagnostic studies were done in 1,210 cases clinically diagnosed as poliomyelitis or aseptic meningitis. Fairly severe paresis was observed in one instance among 182 patients whose stools yielded a Coxsackie virus; 24 others were clinically regarded as having paralytic poliomyelitis on the basis of mild to moderate paresis of one or more muscle groups, accompanied in some instances by muscle pain and back pain, and appearing in the course of an acute meningitic syndrome. These 25 patients comprised 5% of the 497 clinically classified as having paralytic poliomyelitis, for whom viral studies were done. The types of Coxsackie virus recovered included A9 (3 cases), B2 (6 cases), B3 (1 case), B4 (8 cases), B5 (6 cases), and in one instance both B4 and B5.
Serologic studies in 16 of the 25 patients revealed equivocal evidence of poliomyelitis in two cases, but in the remainder it appeared unlikely from the antibody pattern that poliovirus infection could have been associated with the present illness. There was no occurrence of paralytic poliomyelitis in members of the family of any of these patients, but in two families siblings of the patient experienced a milder febrile illness and also excreted the same type of Coxsackie virus as recovered from the patient. The laboratory diagnosis of Coxsackie virus infection was further supported by significant titer rises (4 cases) or elevated titers (1:32 or greater, 10 cases) of homotypic neutralizing antibody to the type of Coxsackie virus recovered in 14 of 15 patients whose serums were tested. Serologic tests for mumps and Western equine and St. Louis encephalitis were negative. Nearly half of the 25 paralytic illnesses associated with Coxsackie virus infection were in children aged 5 to 9 years, and only three patients were more than 12 years of age, viz., ages 16, 37 and 64.
STATEMENT ON THE USE OF DIAGNOSTIC X-RAY
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON RADIATION HAZARDS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MALFORMATIONS
Published: December 2021

THERE is no longer any disagreement on the harmful nature of the biologic effects of ionizing radiations. The fact that responsible physicians continue to employ this form of energy for medical purposes is an indication of its great value in modern medical care. Properly controlled ionizing radiations, and x-rays in particular, provide benefits that greatly outweigh the potential hazards. Nevertheless, considerable emphasis is still being given to the reduction of exposure to ionizing radiations to the lowest level consistent with acceptable standards for good medical care.
Two important factors govern the benefits received from a given exposure to x-rays: the indications for the exposure, and the manner in which it is done. The indications are a matter of judgment on the part of the responsible physician and reflect, among other things, his experience with the method. It follows that a physician regularly engaged in the practice of radiology is usually in a better position to evaluate the relative merits of various types of examinations than is the physician who uses the techniques only infrequently. It is clear also that "routines" cannot substitute for judgment. The manner of employment of x-rays involves, in addition to the skill and experience of the operator, consideration of types of equipment. Leak-free tube housing, appropriate filtration, rectangular coning, shielding, modern films, screens and processing techniques are available to the occasional user of radiography as well as to the professional radiologist, and permit appreciable reduction in radiation doses.
CLINICAL CONFERENCE
Authors: Kunstadter Ralph H. , Tanman Faik 
Published: December 2021

History: This 13-year-old white male was admitted to Sarah Morris Hospital on April 17, 1960, for re-evaluation of diabetes insipidus.
The patient was first seen at another hospital in June, 1957, because of small penis and shortness of stature. Laboratory studies revealed 17-ketosteroids, 2.9 mg/24 hr, and follicle-stimulating hormone in urine, 13.6 units/24 hr. The bone age was 8 3/12 years, and roentgenograms of the skull revealed normal findings. The specific gravity of urine was 1.002; otherwise, findings were negative.
In August, 1958, he was readmitted with complaints of growth failure, polyuria and polydypsia. His weight on the first admission was 71.5 lb (32.4 kg), and on the second, 82.0 lb (37.2 kg), but his height was the same. Water load and pitressin test were diagnostic for diabetes insipidus. An intravenous pyelogram was normal. He developed a short period of hypernatremia, which was corrected with intravenous fluids. The protein-bound iodine value was 6.8µg; fasting blood sugar, 115 mg/100 ml; and nonprotein nitrogen, 35 mg/100 ml. On October 15, 1958, the specific gravity of urine varied between 1.016 and 1.027 following administration of vasopressin (Pitressin) tannate. Vasopressin was administered in doses of 0.5 to 1.0 cc daily, and the patient responded well.
He did well until the summer of 1959 when he developed almost constant sleepiness. He had been a grade A student, but his work deteriorated. He also became a difficult person to get along with because of uncontrollable emotional outbursts and a definite personality change. His weight had increased considerably but his linear growth remained stationary.
Physical Findings: Physical examination revealed a small obese boy in no acute distress. His height was 130 cm (3rd percentile for 10 years of age) and his weight, 50.2 kg (75th percentile for 13 years of age).
Indications for and Risks of Replacement Transfusion
Authors: Newman Arthur J. , Gross Samuel 
Published: December 2021

We would like to offer several comments about the article by Wishingrad and Elegant concerning replacement transfusions (Pediatrics, 28:331, 1961).
The authors consider a positive Coombs test sufficient indication for an exchange transfusion in an erythroblastotic infant born into a family in which previously affected siblings have required exchange transfusions. A positive Coombs test does not of itself serve as adequate indication for an exchange transfusion. There must exist the same criteria for an exchange transfusion in any affected patient, particularly when one considers the fact that this procedure is not totally benign.
Circumcision and the Tribe
Authors: Swafford T. D. 
Published: December 2021

In regard to child care, I have come across two amusing quotations.
1. "Father Buget points out that the uncircumcised, kehee, has no rights of possession. He cannot build a homestead of his own. In the days of tribal war he could not go to the battlefield; he could only stay at home with the women and defend the homestead. He cannot boast or brag or even appear to do so. He is not allowed to wear the long hair of the mwanake, circumcised youth; it is taboo for him to have sexual intercourse with circumcised egirls.
Positive Schick Test after Diphtheria Immunization, as Evidence of Hypogammaglobulinemia
Authors: Mofenson Howard C. 
Published: December 2021

The report of the Committee on the Control of Infectious Disease of the American Academy of Pediatrics in the 1961 edition states on the subject of Schick tests:
"If immunization practices, including periodic recall injections, are carried out as outlined in this report, the routine use of the Schick test to determine individual susceptibility to diphtheria is unnecessary."
I have been doing Shick test prior to vaccination for smallpox for several years as a means to determine the patient's gamma-globulin level by this indirect means.
VACCINATION AS PRIMARY CONTACT WITH INFLUENZA A AND B VIRUSES
Authors: NICHOLAS RAE V. , HENLE WERNER 
Published: December 2021

A single dose of 0.5 ml. of commercially available influenzal virus vaccine injected into children from seven weeks to three years of age produced antibodies in about 70%. Resulting antibody levels in the children, most of whom were born after the last widespread epidemics of influenza A and B, were distinctly lower than those observed in older individuals who, in all likelihood, had experienced previous contacts with influenzal antigens. Two injections at a week's interval failed to result in a better antibody response in these children in agreement with the experience gained in adults. Increase in the dose of vaccine appears unwarranted now, since the incidence of febrile reactions—all of short duration—exceeded 40%.
This inferior antibody response may be the result of several factors: (a) the smaller dose of vaccine which can be safely administered to such children; (b) the possible inferior immune response of the younger individual; and (c) the absence of a basic immunity to the antigens present in most older individuals as a result of previous contacts with influenzal viruses.
Although it is impossible to decide among these factors, the booster effect of restimulation with small doses of antigen is a well known phenomenon in protective measures against other infectious agents. It is felt that such a mechanism may well be the explanation for the discrepancies between young children and older individuals in their response to vaccination against influenza.
TRENDS IN HEALTH LEGISLATION AND ADMINISTRATION
Authors: WALL JOSEPH S. 
Published: December 2021

A MONTH ago in this column we indicated briefly the attitude of the administration as it may influence health legislation in the 81st Congress. In particular, we pointed out that we may anticipate a reintroduction of the School Health Services Bill and a new bill for the creation of a National Child Health Research Institute.
These latter two measures a "re of real concern to all those interested in the health and welfare of children and have a very direct bearing upon the general field of pediatrics. Therefore, we present here drafts of these two bills as they now stand (December 20, 1948).
It will be noted that the School Health Services Bill is now in the form of an amendment to the Social Security Act of 1935, rather than a separate bill as in the case of S.1290—The School Health Services Bill—introduced in the 80th Congress by Senator Saltonstall, which never got further than committee hearings. In essence, this new proposed legislation would increase the appropriation made to the Children's Bureau for Maternal and Child Health Services and for Crippled Children's Services from $18,500,000 where it now stands to $37,000,000. Particular attention should be given to the sections in italic which are proposed as amendments in place of words and passages which have been lined out (i.e. shown in parentheses). It should be noted also that under section 501 (b) and (c) and under section 511 (b) and (c) provision is made for grants paid through state agencies for the training of personnel for Maternal and Child Health Services and for Crippled Children's Services.
SPECIAL REPORT FROM THE COMMITTEE FOR THE STUDY OF CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS OF THE AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS
Authors: MILLER HERBERT C. , CLIFFORD STEWART H. , SMITH CLEMENT A. , WARKANY JOSEF , WILSON JAMES L. , YANNET HERMAN 
Published: December 2021

1. The data on 199 cases of maternal rubella have been presented according to the method by which the maternal infection was diagnosed and according to the period of gestation in which it occurred. The difficulties in timing the maternal infection in retrospect from a history have been pointed out. The incidence and types of defects that occurred in the 199 children have been discussed.
2. Evidence is presented to indicate that sharp peaks of prevalance of rubella occur simultaneously in many parts of the United States in the spring of the year.
3. Replies were received on 14 children with the so-called rubella syndrome whose mothers were considered to have had no infection during pregnancy, indicating either that the mothers had rubella but did not know it or that the rubella syndrome has more than one etiology.
4. The difficulties involved in planning an investigation which will give more accurate information concerning the incidence of congenital defects subsequent to maternal rubella have been discussed.
5. Evidence obtained from a survey of Kansas physicians is in agreement with previously reported data and indicates that perhaps 5% of congenital defects are associated with maternal rubella.
6. A total of 26 cases of maternal measles, mumps, chicken pox, infectious mononucleosis and poliomyelitis are reported in the present study. Seventy-seven cases of the above infections that occurred in the first four months of pregnancy have been collected from the literature, including those from the present study. The number is to small to draw any definite conclusions concerning any specific disease. The high incidence of defects following maternal infectious mononucleosis deserves especial attention.
THE PEDIATRICIAN AND THE PUBLIC
Authors: HARPER PAUL 
Published: December 2021

DR. W. MONTAGUE COBB, who prepared the article which follows, is the professor of anatomy at Howard University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C., and is recognized as one of the foremost Negro educators in this country. He is chairman of the Council on Medical Education and Hospitals of the National Medical Association and a member of the National Medical Committee of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. His article describes the difficulties and obstacles encountered by Negroes in this country in obtaining medical education and shows the paucity of Negro physicians and the dearth of facilities for medical care of our 14,000,000 Negro people.
It is generally admitted that the greatest difficulty in our current medical care structure is the appalling lack of personnel and facilities for the care of the Negro. The Negro and white races are so intermingled in their working and living arrangements that the health of one race is profoundly influenced by the state of health of the other. Sickness in the Negro undoubtedly takes its toll among the white race. But the real reason why good medical education and good medical care should be provided for the Negro race is not this, but because they need it for their own happiness and welfare; as citizens of this country they are entitled to equal opportunity to obtain good medical care.
If the editors of the column may be permitted to express their own personal views, it is that qualified Negroes should be admitted to our medical schools and should subsequently be given the necessary opportunities to obtain working experience in our hospitals and clinics.
How to Help Your Child Grow Up
Authors: MCCULLOCH HUGH 
Published: December 2021

It is a pleasure to receive and recommend this book and to know that the short chapters published as syndicated articles in the daily press have been made available in permanent form. The use of these short chapters, repeated frequently in small doses, is one of the effective methods of bringing home to parents good advice on child behavior and the approach to the problems and questions related thereto. There are many who would like to have a permanent record of the press articles.
The book is a continuation of several books under varied titles, made up of the same subject matter. The text is made up of seven parts—The Child Himself—The Baby—The Child at Home— The Child at School—Growing into Youth—and Suggestions for Special Problems. Each part is subdivided into chapters, made up of an introductory statement, then an arrangement of short topics, each with a special note. There are no illustrations and none are needed for this book. There is a good index.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: HOROWTTZ LEON 
Published: December 2021

I cannot help commenting on Dr. Spock's article "Should Not Physicians' Families Be Allowed the Comfort of Paying for Medical Care?" (Pediatrics, 30:109, 1962).
Dr. Spock gives the best argument against his own case in the introductory two paragraphs of his communication. The tradition is honorable and does demonstrate some of the noble attributes of man—generosity, loyalty, pride in service, and devotion to an ideal, not to mention devotion to our history and principles. to render medical service to his family.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: CENTERWALL SIEGRIED A. , CENTERWALL WILLIARD R. 
Published: December 2021

Thank you for your invitation to comment on the discussions of our study of children with mongolism. We are glad that so much sincere interest has been shown in this subject. It bodes well for further studies and for better care for retarded children and better guidance for their parents.
Hersher has expressed many of the views we have about Birch and Belmont's paper, and we thank him particularly for his insight into the problem of clinical studies of this type.