bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of the Cell-Derived Inactivated Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine in Individuals at High Risk of Influenza Complications in the 2018–2019 United States Influenza Season
Authors: Boikos Constantina , Imran Mahrukh , Nguyen Van Hung , Ducruet Thierry , Sylvester Gregg C , Mansi James A 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Higher rates of influenza-related morbidity and mortality occur in individuals with underlying medical conditions. To improve vaccine effectiveness, cell-based technology for influenza vaccine manufacturing has been developed. Cell-derived inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccines (cIIV4) may improve protection in seasons in which egg-propagated influenza viruses undergo mutations that affect antigenicity. This study aimed to estimate the relative vaccine effectiveness (rVE) of cIIV4 versus egg-derived inactivated quadrivalent influenza vaccines (eIIV4) in preventing influenza-related medical encounters in individuals with underlying medical conditions putting them at high risk of influenza complications during the 2018–2019 US influenza season.

Methods
An integrated dataset, linking primary care electronic medical records with claims data, was used to conduct a retrospective cohort study among individuals aged ≥4 years, with ≥1 health condition, vaccinated with cIIV4 or eIIV4 during the 2018–2019 season. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were derived using a doubly robust inverse probability of treatment-weighting (IPTW) model, adjusting for age, sex, race, ethnicity, geographic region, vaccination week, and health status. Relative vaccine effectiveness was estimated by (1 − OR) × 100 and presented with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results
The study cohort included 471 301 cIIV4 and 1 641 915 eIIV4 recipients. Compared with eIIV4, cIIV4 prevented significantly more influenza-related medical encounters among individuals with ≥1 health condition (rVE, 13.4% [95% CI, 11.4%–15.4%]), chronic pulmonary disease (rVE, 18.7% [95% CI, 16.0%–21.3%]), and rheumatic disease (rVE, 11.8% [95% CI, 3.6%–19.3%]).

Conclusions
Our findings support the use of cIIV4 in individuals ≥4 years of age at high risk of influenza complications and provide further evidence supporting improved effectiveness of cIIV4 compared with eIIV4.
Discordance of the Repeat GeneXpert MTB/RIF Test for Rifampicin Resistance Detection Among Patients Initiating MDR-TB Treatment in Uganda
Authors: Ssengooba Willy , de Dieu Iragena Jean , Komakech Kevin , Okello Iginitius , Nalunjogi Joanitah , Katagira Winceslaus , Kimuli Ivan , Adakun Susan , Joloba Moses L , Torrea Gabriela , Kirenga Bruce J 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
The Global Laboratory Initiative (GLI) guidelines recommend repeat for GeneXpertMTB/RIF (XpertMTB/RIF) in patients with a low pretest probability of rifampicin resistance (RR).

Methods
This was a cross-sectional study using results of sputum specimens collected from participants screened for the STREAM 2 trial. We recruited all patients with XpertMTB/RIF RR-TB detected who were referred for RR/multidrug-resistant (MDR) TB treatment initiation at Mulago National Referral Hospital, Kampala, between September 2017 and October 2019. At baseline, smear microscopy, repeat XpertMTB/RIF, Xpert Ultra, and MTBDRplus assays were done on sputum specimens. Culture-based drug susceptibility testing (DST) was performed on discordant specimens. We analyzed the prevalence and factors associated with discordance between initial and repeat XpertMTB/RIF RR and false XpertMTB/RIF RR. False XpertMTB/RIF RR was defined as no RR detected by any of Xpert Ultra, LPA, or culture DST (reference comparator).

Results
A total of 126/130 patients had repeat XpertMTB/RIF results, of whom 97 (77.0%) had M. tuberculosis detected, 81 (83.5%) had RR detected, and 1 (1.0%) had RR indeterminate. The prevalence of discordant XpertMTB/RIF RR was 15/96 (15.6%), whereas false XpertMTB/RIF RR prevalence was 10/96 (10.4%).
Low–bacillary load sputum specimens were more likely to have discordant XpertMTB/RIF RR and false XpertMTB/RIF RR results (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.04; 95% CI, 0.00–0.37; P = .01; aOR, 0.02; 95% CI, 0.01–0.35; P = .01, respectively).

Conclusions
Our findings show a high false-positive rifampicin resistance rate in low–TB burden patients, which calls for repeat testing in order to prevent unnecessary prescription of anti-MDR-TB therapy.
Perception of solar UV radiation by plants: photoreceptors and mechanisms
Authors: Rai Neha , Morales Luis Orlando , Aphalo Pedro José 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
About 95% of the ultraviolet (UV) photons reaching the Earth’s surface are UV-A (315–400 nm) photons. Plant responses to UV-A radiation have been less frequently studied than those to UV-B (280–315 nm) radiation. Most previous studies on UV-A radiation have used an unrealistic balance between UV-A, UV-B, and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Consequently, results from these studies are difficult to interpret from an ecological perspective, leaving an important gap in our understanding of the perception of solar UV radiation by plants. Previously, it was assumed UV-A/blue photoreceptors, cryptochromes and phototropins mediated photomorphogenic responses to UV-A radiation and “UV-B photoreceptor” UV RESISTANCE LOCUS 8 (UVR8) to UV-B radiation. However, our understanding of how UV-A radiation is perceived by plants has recently improved. Experiments using a realistic balance between UV-B, UV-A, and PAR have demonstrated that UVR8 can play a major role in the perception of both UV-B and short-wavelength UV-A (UV-Asw, 315 to ∼350 nm) radiation. These experiments also showed that UVR8 and cryptochromes jointly regulate gene expression through interactions that alter the relative sensitivity to UV-B, UV-A, and blue wavelengths. Negative feedback loops on the action of these photoreceptors can arise from gene expression, signaling crosstalk, and absorption of UV photons by phenolic metabolites. These interactions explain why exposure to blue light modulates photomorphogenic responses to UV-B and UV-Asw radiation. Future studies will need to distinguish between short and long wavelengths of UV-A radiation and to consider UVR8’s role as a UV-B/UV-Asw photoreceptor in sunlight.
The Economic Consequences of Increasing Sleep Among the Urban Poor
Authors: Bessone Pedro , Rao Gautam , Schilbach Frank , Schofield Heather , Toma Mattie 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe urban poor in developing countries face challenging living environments, which may interfere with good sleep. Using actigraphy to measure sleep objectively, we find that low-income adults in Chennai, India, sleep only 5.5 hours a night on average despite spending 8 hours in bed. Their sleep is highly interrupted, with sleep efficiency—sleep per time in bed—comparable to those with disorders such as sleep apnea or insomnia. A randomized three-week treatment providing information, encouragement, and improvements to home sleep environments increased sleep duration by 27 minutes a night by inducing more time in bed. Contrary to expert predictions and a large body of sleep research, increased nighttime sleep had no detectable effects on cognition, productivity, decision making, or well being, and led to small decreases in labor supply. In contrast, short afternoon naps at the workplace improved an overall index of outcomes by 0.12 standard deviations, with significant increases in productivity, psychological well-being, and cognition, but a decrease in work time.
Gluing Non-commutative Twistor Spaces
Authors: Marcolli Matilde , Penrose Roger 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe describe a general procedure, based on Gerstenhaber–Schack complexes, for extending to quantized twistor spaces the Donaldson–Friedman gluing of twistor spaces via deformation theory of singular spaces. We consider in particular various possible quantizations of twistor spaces that leave the underlying spacetime manifold classical, including the geometric quantization of twistor spaces originally constructed by the second author, as well as some variants based on non-commutative geometry. We discuss specific aspects of the gluing construction for these different quantization procedures.
Workforce Composition, Productivity, and Labour Regulations in a Compensating Differentials Theory of Informality
Authors: Haanwinckel Daniel , Soares Rodrigo R 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We develop a search model of informal labour markets with realistic labour regulations, including minimum wage, and heterogeneous workers and firms. Smaller firms and lower wages in the informal sector emerge endogenously as firms and workers decide whether to comply with regulations. Because skilled and unskilled workers are imperfect substitutes in production, the model uniquely captures the informality consequences of shocks that affect returns to skill, such as rising educational levels. The model also reproduces empirical patterns incompatible with other frameworks: the presence of skilled and unskilled workers in the formal and informal sectors, the rising share of skilled workers by firm size, and formal and firm-size wage premiums that vary by skill level. We estimate the model using 2003 data from Brazil and show that it successfully predicts labour market changes observed between 2003 and 2012. Under a range of different assumptions, changes in workforce composition appear as the main drivers of the reduction in informality over this period. Policy simulations using the estimated model suggest that progressive payroll taxes are a cost-effective way to reduce informality.
The Macroeconomics of Epidemics
Authors: Eichenbaum Martin S , Rebelo Sergio , Trabandt Mathias 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
We extend the canonical epidemiology model to study the interaction between economic decisions and epidemics. Our model implies that people cut back on consumption and work to reduce the chances of being infected. These decisions reduce the severity of the epidemic but exacerbate the size of the associated recession. The competitive equilibrium is not socially optimal because infected people do not fully internalize the effect of their economic decisions on the spread of the virus. In our benchmark model, the best simple containment policy increases the severity of the recession but saves roughly half a million lives in the United States.
Relationships between sleep traits and lung cancer risk: a prospective cohort study in UK Biobank
Authors: Xie Junxing , Zhu Meng , Ji Mengmeng , Fan Jingyi , Huang Yanqian , Wei Xiaoxia , Jiang Xiangxiang , Xu Jing , Yin Rong , Wang Yuzhuo , Dai Juncheng , Jin Guangfu , Xu Lin , Hu Zhibin , Ma Hongxia , Shen Hongbing 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Study objectives
To prospectively investigate the association between sleep traits and lung cancer risk, accounting for the interactions with genetic predisposition of lung cancer.

Methods
We included 469 691 individuals free of lung cancer at recruitment from UK Biobank, measuring sleep behaviors with a standardized questionnaire and identifying incident lung cancer cases through linkage to national cancer and death registries. We estimated multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for lung cancer (2177 incident cases) across four sleep traits (sleep duration, chronotype, insomnia, and snoring) and examined the interaction and joint effects with a lung cancer polygenic risk score.

Results
A U-shaped association was observed for sleep duration and lung cancer risk, with an 18% higher risk (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07 to 1.30) for short sleepers and a 17% higher risk (95% CI: 1.02 to 1.34) for long sleepers compared with normal sleepers (7–8 h/day). Evening preference was associated with elevated lung cancer risk compared with morning preference (HR: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.07 to 1.46), but no association was found for insomnia or snoring. Compared with participants with favorable sleep traits and low genetic risk, those with both unfavorable sleep duration (&lt;7 hours or &gt;8 hours) or evening preference and high genetic risk showed the greatest lung cancer risk (HRsleep duration: 1.83; 95% CI: 1.47 to 2.27; HRchronotype: 1.85; 95% CI: 1.34 to 2.56).

Conclusions
Both unfavorable sleep duration and evening chronotype were associated with increased lung cancer incidence, especially for those with low to moderate genetic risk. These results indicate that sleep behaviors as modifiable risk factors may have potential implications for lung cancer risk.
Endorsement of Religion–Science Conflict as an Expression of Group Solidarity among Graduate Students in the Sciences
Authors: Scheitle Christopher P , Corcoran Katie E 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWhy do some individuals perceive religion and science as being in conflict while others do not? Research suggests that individuals’ endorsement of religion–science conflict is often as much an expression of identity and group membership as it is an intellectual assessment of the relationship. This study examines this dynamic among graduate students in five science disciplines in the United States. An analysis of original survey data finds that students who both identify strongly with science and believe that others in their scientific discipline are hostile toward religion are more likely to say that religion and science are in conflict and that they are on the side of science. This suggests that endorsements of religion–science conflict are a way for students to express solidarity with a group that is important to their identity.
Retracted: Trends in mental health symptoms, service use, and unmet need for services among U.S. adults through the first 9 months of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Coley Rebekah Levine , Baum Christopher F 
Published: April 2021

Lay Summary
The myriad stressors imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic have impaired mental health and well-being. Although evidence from early in the pandemic revealed elevated rates of mental health conditions, research has not documented whether psychological disorders have continued to rise as the pandemic has persisted. In this research, we assess data from nearly 1.5 million U.S. adults who participated in cross-sectional surveys each week from April through November 2020 to track trends in mental health disorder symptoms and services. Our results show that reports of anxiety and depression rose significantly from April to November 2020 to rates six times higher than in 2019. We also found evidence of growing unmet need for mental health services. Rising mental health challenges are being borne largely by young, less advantaged people of color and women. Growing disparities in mental health disorders and treatment raise concerns for psychological, social, and economic recovery from COVID-19.
What Underlies a Greater Reversal in Tactile Temporal Order Judgment When the Hands Are Crossed? A Structural MRI Study
Authors: Moharramipour Ali , Kitazawa Shigeru 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOur subjective temporal order of two successive tactile stimuli, delivered one to each hand, is often inverted when our hands are crossed. However, there is great variability among different individuals. We addressed the question of why some show almost complete reversal, but others show little reversal. To this end, we obtained structural magnetic resonance imaging data from 42 participants who also participated in the tactile temporal order judgment (TOJ) task. We extracted the cortical thickness and the convoluted surface area as cortical characteristics in 68 regions. We found that the participants with a thinner, larger, and more convoluted cerebral cortex in 10 regions, including the right pars-orbitalis, right and left postcentral gyri, left precuneus, left superior parietal lobule, right middle temporal gyrus, left superior temporal gyrus, right cuneus, left supramarginal gyrus, and right rostral middle frontal gyrus, showed a smaller degree of judgment reversal. In light of major theoretical accounts, we suggest that cortical elaboration in the aforementioned regions improve the crossed-hand TOJ performance through better integration of the tactile stimuli with the correct spatial representations in the left parietal regions, better representation of spatial information in the postcentral gyrus, or improvement of top-down inhibitory control by the right pars-orbitalis.
Detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies formed in response to the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1237 mRNA vaccine by commercial antibody tests
Authors: Kanji Jamil N , Bailey Ashley , Fenton Jayne , Ling Sean H , Rivera Rafael , Plitt Sabrina , Sligl Wendy I , Taylor Sean , Turnbull LeeAnn , Tipples Graham , Charlton Carmen L. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTPURPOSEWith rapid approval of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the ability of clinical laboratories to detect vaccine-induced antibodies with available high-throughput commercial assays is unknown. We aimed to determine if commercial serology assays can detect vaccine-induced antibodies (VIAs) and understand the vaccination response.METHODSThis cohort study recruited healthcare workers and residents of long-term care facilities (receiving the BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273 products, respectively) who underwent serum collection pre-vaccination (BNT162b2 group), 2-weeks post vaccination (both groups), and pre-2nddose (both groups). Sera were tested for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 IgG using four commercial assays (Abbott Architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG, Abbott Architect SARS-CoV-2 IgG II Quant, DiaSorin Liaison Trimeric S IgG, and GenScript cPASS) to detect VIAs. Secondary outcomes included description of post-vaccination antibody response and correlation with neutralising titers.RESULTS225 participants (177 receiving BNT162b2 and 48 receiving mRNA-1273) were included (median age 41 years,; 66-78% female). Nucleocapsid IgG was found in 4.1% and 21.9% of the BNT162b2 (baseline) and mRNA-1273 (2-weeks post first dose). All anti-spike assays detected antibodies post-vaccination, with an average increase of 87.2% (range 73.8-94.3%; BNT162b2), and 25.2% (range 23.8-26.7%; mRNA-1273) between the first and last sampling time points (all p<0.05). Neutralising antibodies were detected at all post-vaccine timepoints for both vaccine arms, with increasing titers over time (all p<0.05).CONCLUSIONAnti-spike vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 IgG are detectable by commercially available high-throughput assays and increases over time. Prior to second dose of vaccination, neutralising antibodies are detectable in 73-89% of individuals, suggesting the majority of individuals would have some degree of protection from subsequent infection.
Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity by a Rapid Antigen Detection Test
Authors: Korenkov Michael , Poopalasingam Nareshkumar , Madler Matthias , Vanshylla Kanika , Eggeling Ralf , Wirtz Maike , Fish Irina , Dewald Felix , Gieselmann Lutz , Lehmann Clara , Fätkenheuer Gerd , Gruell Henning , Pfeifer Nico , Heger Eva , Klein Florian 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe identification and isolation of highly infectious SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals is an important public health strategy. Rapid antigen detection tests (RADT) are promising candidates for large-scale screenings due to timely results and feasibility for on-site testing. Nonetheless, the diagnostic performance of RADT in detecting infectious individuals is yet to be fully determined. Two combined oro- and nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from individuals at a routine SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic center. Side-by-side evaluations of RT-qPCR and RADT as well as live virus cultures of positive samples were performed to determine the sensitivity of the Standard Q COVID-19 Ag Test (SD Biosensor/Roche) in detecting SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals with cultivable virus. A total of 2,028 samples were tested and 118 virus cultures inoculated. SARS-CoV-2 infection was detected in 210 samples by RT-qPCR, representing a positive rate of 10.36%. The Standard Q COVID-19 Ag Test yielded a positive result in 92 (4.54%) samples resulting in an overall sensitivity and specificity of 42.86% and 99.89%. For adjusted Ct values <20, <25, and <30 the RADT reached sensitivities of 100%, 98.15%, and 88.64%, respectively. All 29 culture positive samples were detected by RADT. While overall sensitivity was low, Standard Q COVID-19 RADT reliably detected patients with high RNA loads. Additionally, negative RADT results fully corresponded with the lack of viral cultivability in Vero E6 cells. These results indicate that RADT can be a valuable tool for the detection of individuals that are likely to transmit SARS-CoV-2. RADT testing could therefore guide public health testing strategies to combat the COVID-19 pandemic.One Sentence SummaryStandard Q COVID-19 Ag test reliably detects individuals with high RNA loads and negative results correspond with lack of viral cultivability of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells.
Tryptophan and arginine metabolism is significantly altered at the time of admission in hospital for severe COVID-19 patients: findings from longitudinal targeted metabolomics analysis
Authors: Ansone Laura , Ustinova Monta , Terentjeva Anna , Perkons Ingus , Birzniece Liga , Rovite Vita , Rozentale Baiba , Viksna Ludmila , Kolesova Oksana , Klavins Kristaps , Klovins Janis 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe heterogeneity in severity and outcome of COVID-19 cases points out the urgent need for early molecular characterization of patients followed by risk-stratified care. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the fluctuations of serum metabolomic profiles of COVID-19 patients with severe illness during the different disease stages in a longitudinal manner. We demonstrate a distinct metabolomic signature in serum samples of 32 hospitalized patients at the acute phase compared to the recovery period, suggesting the tryptophan (tryptophan, kynurenine, and 3-hydroxy-DL-kynurenine) and arginine (citrulline and ornithine) metabolism as contributing pathways in the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 with a potential link to the clinical severity of the disease. In addition, we provide evidence for glutamine metabolism in M2 macrophages as a complementary process and contribution of phenylalanine and tyrosine in the molecular mechanisms underlying the severe course of the infection. In conclusion, our results provide several functional metabolic markers for disease progression and severe outcome with potential clinical application.ImportanceAlthough the host defense mechanisms against SARS-CoV-2 infection are still poorly described, they are of central importance in shaping the course of the disease and the possible outcome. Metabolomic profiling may complement the lacking knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying clinical manifestations and pathogenesis of COVID-19. Moreover, early identification of metabolomics□based biomarker signatures is proved to serve as an effective approach for the prediction of disease outcome. Here we provide the list of metabolites describing the severe, acute phase of the infection and bring the evidence of crucial metabolic pathways linked to aggressive immune responses. Finally, we suggest metabolomic phenotyping as a promising method for developing personalized care strategies in COVID-19 patients.