bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Encryption and Decryption of Images using GGH Algorithm: Proposed
Authors: Kadhim Qusay Kanaan , Al-Nedawe Basman M. , Hameed Emad Majeed 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Images are considered as important data used in many fields such as military operations, medical imaging, and astronomy researches. For sending images through an insecure network, it is necessary to develop a secure encryption algorithm when transmitting the images. Three main properties of security services (i.e., confidentiality, integrity, and availability), the confidentiality is the most essential feature for exchanging images. The Goldreich Goldwasser Halevi (GGH) algorithm can be a good method for encrypting images as both the algorithm and sensitive data are represented in numeric matrices. Additionally, the GGH algorithm does not increase the size of the image. However, one of the disadvantages of using the GGH algorithm is the attacking of GGH cryptosystem mainly relied on special properties of the lattice generated. This shortcoming of GGH algorithm has been taken to proposed lattice reduction algorithms. A lattice basis reduction algorithm to get a better basis which is used into encryption and decryption approach.
Time Domain Pilot-Based Channel Estimation (TDPCE) Using Kalman Filtering for OFDM System
Authors: Abbood Huda A , Khazal Hasan F , Jamel Thamer M 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This work involves using the OFDM technique with the Time domain pilot-based channel estimation (TDPCE) to mitigate the effects of severe channel conditions such as fast and selective fading Raleigh channel with maximum Doppler shift equal to (120 Hz). The propose method has good robust performance, as compared to frequency domain channel estimation approaches.
This method is based on comb pilot and Kalman filtering adaptive algorithm. Three digital modulation techniques including Quadrature Amplitude Modulation QAM 16, 32, and 64 were used in the OFDM transmitter with Rayleigh fading multipath channel. The OFDM performance was evaluated by measuring the bit error rate (BER) and the mean square deviation (MSD). Through simulation results, the (BER) has reached (0.0004, 0.004, and 0.01) when (Eb/No) is equal to (12 dB) using QAM 16, 32, and 64, respectively. Also, the convergence rate has almost reached (50, 50, and 125) iterations for the aforementioned QAM’s. These results can be taken into consideration as acceptable results in this paper compared to other results in the presence of severe conditions, where the value of maximum Doppler shift parameter of Rayleigh multipath fading channel is (120 Hz) or the user is available in a moving position.
Performance of Sills on Stilling Basin of Barrage with Various Open Gates
Authors: Shamkhi Mohammed S , Neama Nateq M , Qais Haider 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This research aimed to investigate safeguarding the hydraulic structures. In the barrage model, the performance of continuous sills with different cases of open gates was investigated experimentally in the laboratory. The experimental works are implemented in laboratory of technical institute of Kut. There are several closed gates and how symmetry and asymmetry with different discharges and sills arrangements are carried out. The results were recorded and analysed. The discussion has illustrated the impact of sills in confining the hydraulic jumps in the stilling basin’s paved region and reducing the near-bed velocity that cooperates in reduction the scouring case near the stilling basin.
Indicators of Spatial Dominance of the Potential of Transformation in the Urban Hierarchy: A Comparative Analysis of Musayyib and Suwayrah in Iraq
Authors: Al–Khafaji Rashaa Malik Musa 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The spatial dimension is the basis of the process of identifying the common interests and objectives of the parties involved in the planning process and it carries the flexibility to determine decisions related to economic and social development. The city is an integrated representation to the essence of spatial dimension. It is a purely social phenomenon and a state of interaction between human groups within economic and cultural dimensions. Cities are developed by human interaction, transportation, and communication; which is one of the means of this interaction that contribute to the growth of the urban center. Cities divided according to the functional classification often based on the existence and operation of primary, secondary and tertiary economic activities. The growth of cities developed by human interaction within economic and cultural dimensions. The current research suggests that the mechanism by which the change of the administrative unit approved are limited to the same bases used in determining the city rankings (including the transfer of the administrative ranks from districts to governorates in Iraq, especially a mechanism that does not provide an integrated view of spatial dimensions). This research aims to study the concept of urban transformation in the urban structure in an integrated manner according to the functional relations and its spatial implications with the two attributes of spatial dominance, and the urban hierarchy of cities within the urban system. The theoretical framework indicators were applied to the cities of Musayyib and Suwayrah in Iraq. The main conclusion of the study is that transforming these cities to a higher administrative rank does not change the hierarchical disparities along the country level while serving the city as a dominating city within its regional scope.
Generative Urban Design Concepts and Methods: A Research Review
Authors: Qeisi S Al , Al-Alwan H 
Published: March 2021

AbstractGenerative design is a fast-growing design approach that is both important and pervasive. This approach has developed after the great digital revolution in the last few decades, especially during the first two decades of the third millennium. Taking advantage of the computational capabilities of modern computers, generative design offers designers the ability to test multiple and complex alternatives by automating design processes using algorithms. The automation makes it possible to manage an ever increasing number of variables and parameters that are difficult to manage manually. This paper presents an attempt to classify the approaches of the generative urban design methodologies applied in the field today, with the aim of highlighting the gaps in the current practices. By reviewing the previous available studies that dealt with the idea of generative urban design, we find that they can be classified according to the approach they adopt in four categories: the first is the approach of deforming or distorting a basic shape proposed by the designer, the second is the approach stemming from the simulation of real urban growth, while the third is the approach of dealing with the urban form on the scale of building blocks without being concerned with the spatial network, and finally the fourth is the approach that emerges from analysing a realistic spatial structure and then proposing modifications based on the results of the analysis. From this review, the paper proposes a new approach resulting from the analysis of a realistic spatial structure to build a generic model that can be the starting point of a synthetic process to be integrated into a generative design methodology.
Estimating Environmental Damages Due to Solid Wastes’ Open Burning Using Endpoint Approach in Life Cycle Assessment
Authors: Alyaseri Isam 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Open burning of solid waste represents one of the most important pollution problems in developing countries. In Iraq, the lack of an integrated solid waste management program had led to a situation where the practice of open burning of solid waste becomes the common disposal method. Solid waste’s open burning is associated with high pollution problems. Life cycle assessment (LCA) is an emerging methodology to test environmental burdens associated with processes. The Southern Governorate of AlMuthanna was taken as a case study and a life cycle inventory of inputs-outputs from technical publications related to open burning of solid waste in the Governorate was conducted. The endpoint approach in LCA was able to show that an annual loss of 901 (±607) DALY in human life and 2.31 (±1.60) species in ecosystems may occur due to the open burning of solid waste in the Governorate. Climate change affecting human health, human toxicity, and particulate matter formation are the major impact categories related to solid waste’s open burning. This relatively high level of damages requires an urgent strategy to stop or reduce these damages. Increasing the portion of recycled materials and energy can highly reduce the damages and alter the burdens. Information resulted from this study can be used by environmental activists to raise pressure towards sustainable solid waste management.
Experimental and Numerical Investigation on Reinforced Concrete Slab under Low Velocity Impact Loading
Authors: Senthil K , Kubba Ziyad , Sharma R , Thakur A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The effect of out plane dynamic loading on the reinforced concrete slab is evaluated in order to estimate the impact resistance of reinforced concrete under low velocity impact loading. The experimental study is performed on M40 (f

c

′ = 48 MPa) concrete slab specimen of size (1200 × 1200 × 50) mm reinforced with 6∅ mm Fe500 bars using pendulum drop weight (60 kg) impacting the center of specimen at a drop height of 370 mm. The impact velocity is calculated using open-source software as 2.7 m/s. The experimental study is evaluated for the impact force, crack pattern and the failure mode of the specimen. The peak force was observed as 36 kN from the experiment. The finite element analysis is performed using concrete damage plasticity (CDP) model available in ABAQUS to validate the model incorporating strain rate effects to accurately predict the behavior under dynamic loading. The constitutive model incorporating strain rate effects successfully predicted the behavior under impact loading and was quite beneficial contrary to the tedious experimental procedures. Overall, the results thus obtained from the finite element analysis found to be closely matching with the experimental results.
Modelling of flow pattern in an open channel with sidewall obstruction
Authors: Mulahasan S , Al-Osmy S , Alhashimi S 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
To predict flow pattern of shallow obstructed open channel flows, laboratory experiments of flow around a vertical emergent sidewall abutment (lateral constriction) in an open channel flow is simulated numerically and results of water surface and vertical profile of velocity are compared with the numerical results. The turbulence kinetic energy at the separation zone and bed shear stresses are also investigated. A computational fluid dynamic (CFD) numerical tool and volume of fluid (VOF) were used to predict water surface profiles. Results showed a very good agreement between the numerical and the experimental results of the water surface profiles. The numerical findings highlighted an increase in the velocity around the structure of two times the average flow velocity. The maximum pressure was observed in front of the constriction increases with increasing discharges. The vertical velocity profiles upstream the sidewall abutment at the three selected locations showed reasonable results. The maximum turbulence kinetic energy is shown at the zone of separation when the flow passes around the nose with high velocity. In this research, numerically it was found that the estimated bed shear stresses are 2-3 times the mean bed-shear stress of incoming flow. While, previous researchers finding showed a maximum value of bed shear stress near the leading edge 3.63 to 5 times the bed shear stress of the incoming flow. Because of the wide rang variation in calculating bed shear stresses by the previous researchers, so our research aims to calculate it using CFD and compare it with others. Also, dynamics of the flow around the obstacle was considered in this research under uniform flow conditions for an aspect ratio ranged 5 to 10.
An efficient multistage CBIR based on Squared Krawtchouk-Tchebichef polynomials
Authors: Hameed Ibtihaal M. , Abdulhussain Sadiq H. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Image databases are increasing exponentially because of rapid developments in social networking and digital technologies. To search these databases, an efficient search technique is required. CBIR is considered one of these techniques. This paper presents a multistage CBIR to address the computational cost issues while reasonably preserving accuracy. In the presented work, the first stage acts as a filter that passes images to the next stage based on SKTP, which is the first time used in the CBIR domain. While in the second stage, LBP and Canny edge detectors are employed for extracting texture and shape features from the query image and images in the newly constructed database. The proposed CBIR was tested against existing algorithms on well-known database (Wang’s database), where Manhattan distance is used as a similarity metric. The improvement ratio in terms of computation time between the proposed system and existing system achieves 73.99%, which is considered a promising result.
Behavior of FRP sheet-concrete bond in high strength concrete samples
Authors: Hilal Ali Oday , Hamoody Ahid Zuhair , Saadoon Ahmed Sagban 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe main goal of the present work is to investigate the effect of concrete compressive strength on the behavior of FRP sheet-concrete bond. For this purpose, a model of single shear test was selected and modeled using ANSYS program to study the “FRP-concrete bond”. The formulated model was used in the analysis process and it gave results of good correspond with the available actual test results. It was found that the increasing in concrete strength leads to increasing in the bond capacity and the greater concrete strength the better utility of the FRP sheet. All studied models were failed in the same way by debonding the FRP sheet due to concrete failure.
Open Field Temperature and Strain Records of a Concrete-Steel Composite Beam
Authors: Mussa Faten I. , Abid Sallal R. , Tayşi Nildem 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Open field structures, like bridges, are loaded with the typical static, moving and dynamic loads in addition to the open-field thermal loads. These loads include the time-dependent changing of solar radiation and air temperature in addition to the speed of this air. Due to the importance of bridge structures and their high construction costs and long planned life spans, special focus are given to the thermal response of these structures in bridge design codes. With the advances of construction technologies and the use of new composite materials and configurations, updates in code specifications become required, which make the researches in this field of a vital and continuous need. An experimental concrete-steel composite beam with special configuration was cast and installed in an open field. Several temperature and strain sensors in addition to metrological sensors were used to observe its long-term thermal response. The presented experimental records can be helpful for a better understanding of the thermal behavior of such configuration of composite beams under open-field thermal loads. Along two-month cold-season measurements, a maximum temperature difference, within the beam body, of 13.3 °C was recorded, with maximum net tensile and compression thermal strains of 40 and 110 micro-strains
Development and classification of flood hazard map using 2D hydraulic model
Authors: Mahdi Tabarak W , Hillo Ali N , Abdul-Sahib Ali A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
A flood happens when water floods wet land. In Iraq, there have been floods several times in the Tigris River, but the flood in 2019 was one of the major events that have greatly affected Maysan city. This paper shows the study of Maysan’s extreme flood with hydraulic models. HEC-RAS two dimensional has been utilized to model the action of the study area from the downstream of Kut Barrage to Al-Musandaq escape, at the Tigris River. The model includes descriptions of simulated temporal parameters such as water depth and flow velocity. HEC-RAS Validation of simulated flood outcomes was done by correlation coefficient (r) Equation Between simulated and observed data, where the coefficient of r for calibrating the Tigris River and the Al-Musandaq escape was 0.995 and 0.991 in an appropriate range, respectively. The validation results demonstrated that the HEC-RAS model performance is highly efficient and can be implemented for design and production by hydrologists or water resources engineers.
Effect of rotational speed and tool pin profile on the corrosion rate of friction stir welded AA6061-T3
Authors: Abbas Waseem S , Alali Muhaed , Salim J A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In this study, the corrosion behaviour of friction stir welding (FSW) of AA6061-T3 alloy was investigated. The FSW was performed under two different rotation speed (850 and 950 rpm) and constant travelling speed (22 mm/min). Two tool pin profiles (straight cylindrical and conical types) were utilised to study their impact on corrosion resistance. The corrosion behaviour of the base metal (BM) and weld zone were studied by Tafel polarisation cell using 3.5wt.% NaCl and 3.5wt.% KCl solutions at ambient temperature. The results showed that the welded alloy exhibits lower corrosion resistance than the BM. Lower rotational speed (850 rpm) produced weld with higher corrosion resistance in both NaCl and KCl media. Conical tool pin profile produced weld with corrosion resistance higher than the straight cylinder pin in both NaCl and KCl media. NaCl recorded higher corrosion rate with almost twice of the KCl for all welding conditions.
Secure-Reliable Blockchain-Based Data Access Control and Data Integrity Framework in The Environment of Smart City
Authors: Varfolomeev Alexander A. , Alfarhani Liwa H. , Oleiwi Zahraa Ch. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The most important concern of smart cities and electronic governments that provide their services through smart applications and modern technology is security, reliability and privacy management. Therefore, it has become an effective research area. The open access environment that the Smart City idea offers suffers from the issue of data access and integrity rights. Encryption, Sequence Detection, and other traditional techniques may be somewhat unable to maintain the required level of security. In this paper, we suggest a practical framework based on blockchain technology and how its positive advantages will be reflected to provide a secure, reliable, integrity and controlled data access system. The main idea presented by the research is to manage access rights and protect privacy according to blockchain strategies. The analytical results showed a high level of protection, decentralization and reliability of the proposal based on blockchain technology and its advantages.
Response Surface Modeling of Arsenic Adsorption by Modified Spent Tea Leaves
Authors: Dakhil Ihsan H. , Naser Ghazi F. , Ali Ahmed H. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractArsenic (V) is represented as a very toxic compound, hence the importance of this research is concerned to reduce AS (V) from contaminated water before emitting it into river water by using modified spent tea leaves MSTL. The effect of arsenic initial concentration (10-100) mg.L−1, the mass of MSTL (0.1-0.6) g.L−1, pH (2-10), and mixing time (10-110) min were studies to obtain a mathematical model which describes the arsenic adsorption on MSTL using response surface methodology. The higher adsorption capacity has been conducted at 40 ppm of initial concentration, 0.5 g.L−1of MSTL, pH=4, and 70 min of mixing time. The maximum removal efficiency and adsorption capacity were 87% and 69.8 mg/g, respectively. The optimum experimental results were analyzed isothermally and they were found fitted in high accuracy with Langmuir isotherm models.
Using audio noise for generating random key stream
Authors: Odhaib Auda Raheemah 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSteam ciphers systems are widely used in cryptography applications due to low possibility of propagating errors, ease of implementation and high processing speed. A stream cipher is an encryption process where random binary stream keys combine with the plaintext to produce cipher text. The stream cipher systems encrypt bits of plaintext individually by adding bits from a key stream to plaintext bits. The security of a cipher text fully depends on the key stream. Therefore, generating a long unpredictable sequence of binary bits used as the encryption key is the main topic in stream cipher systems. This paper focuses on generating a stream of binary keys using audio noise and subjected the generated keys to several local randomness tests such as; frequency test, serial test, Poker test and Autocorrelation test. The randomness tests show that the generated keys contain good statistical characteristics and high security makes them suitable to be used in stream cipher systems.
Optimization of Performance and Emission Responses for a CIE Run by Meoh/Biodiesel/Diesel Blends Utilizing Response Surface Methodology
Authors: Maki Duraid F , Yasiry Ahmed Sh , Shahad Haroun A K 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The response surface methodology - central composite design matrix (RSM-CCD) is applied to make experiment design and response optimization for CIE engine fulled by different methanol-biodiesel-diesel blending ratios. The 5% biodiesel has enhanced methanol-diesel miscibility by about twelve folds. A full factorial design is employed to build the experimental tests of the performance and exhaust emissions for CIE run by methanol/biodiesel/diesel fuel. The statistical tests are used to check the significance of models by p-value test, adeq. Precision test, Predicted R2, and adjusted R2. With a maximum error of 6%, models of the BTE, CO, UHC, CO2, and NOX are showed a good agreement between predicted and experimental results. The optimization indicated that engine load is a master input factor affecting the responses.
Water Sorption and Solubility of Light-Cured Dental Composites Prepared from Two Different Types of Matrix Monomers
Authors: Ghazi Israa F , Oleiwi Jawad K , Salih Sihama I , Mutar Mohammed A 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Two groups of resins reinforced by different ratios of nano-hydroxyapatite were used to produce the novel dental composite, with the main purpose of measuring the water sorption (WS) and solubility (SO) of the prepared nanocomposites. Ten experimental specimens were prepared in disk-shaped with and without filler materials, in two groups, each group was classified according to filler contents (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4) wt. % of nano-hydroxyapatite. Each specimen was stored for 7 days in water, proceeding to measure the mass of each specimen. After drying process, the specimen masses were determined. Then WS and SO were calculated from these determinations. The results showed that values of water sorption after 1 week for group A composite and group B composite ranged (9.66 to 13.07 mg/mm3) and (5.11 to 8.52) mg/mm3, respectively, while solubility was (2.97 to 3.25) mg/mm3 for group A and (1.83 to 2.26 mg/mm3)for the composites specimens of group B, respectively. For composite with different filler contents the results showed a high filler contents of 4% for each group with high value of water sorption (WS) and solubility (SO). It could be concluded that the percentage of sorption and solubility of composite based on acrylic and amide were significantly lower than that based on acrylate.