bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Meal patterns associated with energy intake in people with obesity
Authors: Horn Cathrine , Laupsa-Borge Johnny , Andersen Amanda I. O. , Dyer Laurence , Revheim Ingrid , Leikanger Trine , Næsheim Nicole Tandrevold , Storås Inghild , Johannessen Kristine Kjerpeseth , Mellgren Gunnar , Dierkes Jutta , Dankel Simon N. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractIt is widely assumed that people with obesity have several common eating patterns, including breakfast skipping, eating during the night and high fast-food consumption. However, differences in individual meal and dietary patterns may be crucial to optimising obesity treatment. Therefore, we investigated the inter-individual variation in eating patterns, hypothesising that individuals with obesity show different dietary and meal patterns, and that these associate with self-reported energy intake (rEI) and/or anthropometric measures. Cross-sectional data from 192 participants (aged 20–55 years) with obesity, including 6 d of weighed food records, were analysed. Meal patterns and dietary patterns were derived using exploratory hierarchical cluster analysis and k-means cluster analysis, respectively. Five clear meal patterns were found based on the time-of-day with the highest mean rEI. The daily rEI was highest among ‘midnight-eaters’ (10 669 (sd 2301) kJ), and significantly (P < 0·05) higher than ‘dinner-eaters’ (8619 (sd 2301) kJ), ‘lunch-eaters’ (8703 (sd 2176) kJ) and ‘supper-eaters’ (8786 (sd 1925) kJ), but not ‘regular-eaters’ (9749 (sd 2720) kJ). Despite differences of up to 2050 kJ between meal patterns, there were no significant differences in anthropometric measures or physical activity level (PAL). Four dietary patterns were also found with significant differences in intake of specific food groups, but without significant differences in anthropometry, PAL or rEI. Our data highlight meal timing as a determinant of individual energy intake in people with obesity. The study supports the importance of considering a person’s specific meal pattern, with possible implications for more person-focused guidelines and targeted advice.
The transgenerational consequences of maternal parasitism for aphid life history and suitability for subsequent parasitism
Authors: Rasekh A. , Shahbazi-Gahrouhi M. R. , Michaud J. P. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAphids parasitized in later instars can give birth to several nymphs before their reproduction is curtailed by the developing parasitoid. We examined the life histories ofAphis fabaeScopoli born to mothers parasitized byLysiphlebus fabarumMarshall, and their suitability as subsequent hosts, to test the ‘fecundity compensation’ hypothesis. Maternal parasitism negatively impacted life history parameters, resulting in reduced estimates of population increase (rm,R0, and λ), and increased generation time (GT) and doubling time (DT). These impacts were greater when the larva developing in the mother turned out to be female rather than male, and greater still when mothers were superparasitized. Maternal parasitism produced aphids with shorter hind tibia (HTL), at birth and at maturity, but their developmental time was unaffected. Although femaleL. fabarumreadily accepted such aphids for oviposition, rates of mummification and wasp emergence were lower, and more so when the maternal parasitoid was female. The resulting parasitoids took longer to develop than progeny from control wasps, had shorter HTLs, lower egg loads, smaller eggs, and produced fewer mummies with lower rates of adult emergence, all differences that were more pronounced when the maternal parasitoid was female. The progeny of these wasps exhibited similar impairments to these biological parameters as their parents, demonstrating that the negative impacts of development in maternally parasitized hosts extended for at least two generations. Thus, our results do not support fecundity compensation, but suggest that any benefits of post-parasitism reproduction will be offset by reduced fitness in both aphid progeny and the parasitoids that develop in them.
Learning to Predict Proliferation
Authors: Miller Nicholas L. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractHow effective are states at assessing and predicting the nuclear intentions of foreign countries? Drawing on close to 200 US assessments of foreign countries’ proliferation intentions between 1957 and 1966, this research note finds that close to 80 percent of testable US assessments were correct and that they shifted from highly inaccurate in the late 1950s to highly accurate in the 1960s. Based on quantitative and qualitative analysis, I conclude that learning from early failures led the intelligence community to achieve higher accuracy.
Dispersion of adeleid oocysts by vertebrates in Gran Canaria, Spain: report and literature review
Authors: Santana-Hernández Kevin M. , Priestnall Simon L. , Modrý David , Rodríguez-Ponce Eligia 
Published: July 2021

AbstractWithin the family Adeleidae, Adelina spp. belong to a group of arthropod pathogens. These parasites have been reported to have a wide geographic distribution, however, there are no reports of these protists in the Canary Islands, Spain. One of the peculiarities of the life cycle of Adelina spp. is the participation of a predator, because fecundation and sporulation occur inside the body cavity, and so necessitate destruction of the definitive host. The involvement therefore of a ‘dispersion host’, which eats the definitive host and spreads the oocysts through its faeces, is critical for the maintenance of certain Adelina spp. On the island of Gran Canaria, adeleid oocysts have been found in stool samples from four animals, three California kingsnakes (Lampropeltis californiae), and one feral cat. These animals were part of a larger coprological study of vertebrate parasites (117 snakes, 298 cats), where pseudoparasitic elements were also recorded. L. californiae and feral cats are invasive species which are widespread across the island and this novel finding of Adelina spp. oocysts in their faeces suggests that they could also serve as potential sentinel species for arthropod parasites.
Effectiveness, durability, and clinical correlates of the PEERS social skills intervention in young adults with autism spectrum disorder: the first evidence outside North America
Authors: Chien Yi-Ling , Tsai Wen-Che , Chen Wen-Hao , Yang Chi-Liang , Gau Susan Shur-Fen , Soong Wei-Tsuen , Laugeson Elizabeth , Chiu Yen-Nan 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundDespite the fact that social deficits among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are lifelong and impact many aspects of personal functioning, evidence-based programs for social skills training were not available until recently. The Program for the Education and Enrichment of Relational Skills (PEERS®) has been shown to effectively improve social skills for adolescents on the spectrum across different social cultures. However, the effectiveness for young adults beyond North America has yet to be examined. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of the PEERS intervention in Taiwanese young adults with ASD, and examine its durability and clinical correlates.MethodsWe recruited 82 cognitively-able young adults with ASD, randomized to the PEERS treatment or treatment-as-usual.ResultsFollowing treatment, significant improvement was found in aspects of social deficits, autism severity, social interaction anxiety, empathy, and social skills knowledge either by self-report or coach-report. Additionally, communicative behaviors rated by observers improved throughout the sessions, showing a trend toward more appropriate eye contact, gestures, facial expression during conversation, and appropriate maintenance of conversation and reciprocity. Most effects maintained at 3-month and 6-month follow-ups. The improvement of social deficits was positively correlated with baseline severity, while gains in social skills knowledge were positively correlated with IQ. The improvement of social deficits, autism severity, and empathy were positively correlated with each other.ConclusionOverall, the PEERS intervention appears to effectively improve social functioning in Taiwanese young adults with ASD. Improvement of social response and knowledge may be predicted by baseline severity and intelligence respectively.
Targeting dietary restraint to reduce binge eating: a randomised controlled trial of a blended internet- and smartphone app-based intervention
Authors: Linardon Jake , Messer Mariel , Shatte Adrian , Skvarc David , Rosato John , Rathgen April , Fuller-Tyszkiewicz Matthew 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundExisting internet-based prevention and treatment programmes for binge eating are composed of multiple distinct modules that are designed to target a broad range of risk or maintaining factors. Such multi-modular programmes (1) may be unnecessarily long for those who do not require a full course of intervention and (2) make it difficult to distinguish those techniques that are effective from those that are redundant. Since dietary restraint is a well-replicated risk and maintaining factor for binge eating, we developed an internet- and app-based intervention composed solely of cognitive-behavioural techniques designed to modify dietary restraint as a mechanism to target binge eating. We tested the efficacy of this combined selective and indicated prevention programme in 403 participants, most of whom were highly symptomatic (90% reported binge eating once per week).MethodParticipants were randomly assigned to the internet intervention (n = 201) or an informational control group (n = 202). The primary outcome was objective binge-eating frequency. Secondary outcomes were indices of dietary restraint, shape, weight, and eating concerns, subjective binge eating, disinhibition, and psychological distress. Analyses were intention-to-treat.ResultsIntervention participants reported greater reductions in objective binge-eating episodes compared to the control group at post-test (small effect size). Significant effects were also observed on each of the secondary outcomes (small to large effect sizes). Improvements were sustained at 8 week follow-up.ConclusionsHighly focused digital interventions that target one central risk/maintaining factor may be sufficient to induce meaningful change in core eating disorder symptoms.
How negative mood hinders belief updating in depression: results from two experimental studies
Authors: Kube Tobias , Kirchner Lukas , Gärtner Thomas , Glombiewski Julia Anna 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn two experimental studies, we tested the hypothesis that negative mood would hinder the revision of negative beliefs in response to unexpectedly positive information in depression, whereas positive mood was expected to enhance belief updating.MethodsIn study 1 (N= 101), we used a subclinical sample to compare the film-based induction of sadv.happy mood with a distraction control group. Subsequently, participants underwent a well-established paradigm to examine intra-individual changes in performance-related expectations after unexpectedly positive performance feedback. In study 2, we applied the belief-updating task from study 1 to an inpatient sample (N= 81) and induced sadv.happy mood via film-clipsv.recall of autobiographic events.ResultsThe results of study 1 showed no significant group differences in belief updating; the severity of depressive symptoms was a negative predictor of belief revision, though, and there was a non-significant trend suggesting that the presence of sad mood hindered belief updating in the subgroup of participants with a diagnosed depressive episode. Study 2 revealed that participants updated their expectations significantly less in line with positive feedback when they underwent the induction of negative mood prior to feedback, relative to positive mood.ConclusionsBy indicating that the presence of negative mood can hinder the revision of negative beliefs in clinically depressed people, our findings suggest that learning from new experiences can be hampered if state negative mood is activated. Thus, interventions relying on learning from novel positive experiences should aim at reducing state negative mood in depression.
The Emergence of Mafia-like Business Systems in China
Authors: Rithmire Meg , Chen Hao 
Published: July 2021

AbstractA large body of literature on state–business relations in China has examined the political role of capitalists and collusion between the state and the private sector. This paper contributes to that literature and understanding of the internal differentiation among China's business elites by documenting the emergence of a particular kind of large, non-state business group that we argue is more akin to a mafia system than any standard definition of a firm. Drawing on large-N descriptive data as well as deep ethnographic and documentary research, we argue that mafia-like business systems share organizational principles (plunder and obfuscation) and means of growth and survival (relations of mutual endangerment and manipulation of the financial system). Understanding the particular moral economy that underlies mafia-like business systems and their interactions with the state challenges methodological foundations of research on China's political economy and helps to explain recent conflict between high-profile business people and the state.
Experimental determination of reflectance spectra of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) in the Scotia Sea
Authors: Belcher Anna , Fielding Sophie , Gray Andrew , Biermann Lauren , Stowasser Gabriele , Fretwell Peter , Ireland Louise , Tarling Geraint A. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractAntarctic krill are the dominant metazoan in the Southern Ocean in terms of biomass; however, their wide and patchy distribution means that estimates of their biomass are still uncertain. Most currently employed methods do not sample the upper surface layers, yet historical records indicate that large surface swarms can change the water colour. Ocean colour satellites are able to measure the surface ocean synoptically and should theoretically provide a means for detecting and measuring surface krill swarms. Before we can assess the feasibility of remote detection, more must be known about the reflectance spectra of krill. Here, we measure the reflectance spectral signature of Antarctic krill collected in situ from the Scotia Sea and compare it to that of in situ water. Using a spectroradiometer, we measure a strong absorption feature between 500 and 550 nm, which corresponds to the pigment astaxanthin, and high reflectance in the 600–700 nm range due to the krill's red colouration. We find that the spectra of seawater containing krill is significantly different from seawater only. We conclude that it is tractable to detect high-density swarms of krill remotely using platforms such as optical satellites and unmanned aerial vehicles, and further steps to carry out ground-truthing campaigns are now warranted.
The limnology and spectral behaviour of a freshwater lake at Harmony Point, Nelson Island, Antarctica
Authors: Rosa Cristiano Niederauer Da , Pereira Filho Waterloo , Bremer Ulisses Franz , Andrade André Medeiros De , Kramer Gisieli , Hillebrand Fernando Luis , Jesus Janisson Batista De 
Published: July 2021

AbstractThe present study investigates the effect of limnology on the spectral reflectance of a freshwater lake, located in an ice-free area in the Antarctic Peninsula. Field-collected samples generated limnological and spectral parameters. This fact indicates that the studied lake has an ultra-oligotrophic/oligotrophic nature based on chlorophyll a (chl a), which registered concentrations below 3 μg l-1 with no total suspended solids, almost neutral pH and transparency equalled by depth. The water spectral behaviour in each sampling station indicates that the benthic characteristics of the lake have a strong influence as the reflectance at the 705 nm wavelength being greater than that at 583 nm signals the presence of soil and/or vegetation at its bottom. Hence, it is believed that the orbital sensors with spectral bands focused on regions between the green and red edge, such as the MultiSpectral Instrument (MSI) sensor, may present better results for distinguishing the different bottom types found in the research area.
Use of mid-upper arm circumference to screen for thinness among sub-Saharan African male detainees
Authors: Philpott David CE , Belchior-Bellino Valérie , Ververs Mija 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjective:BMI is a time-intensive measurement to assess nutritional status. Mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) has been studied as a proxy for BMI in adults, but there is no consensus on its optimal use.Design:We calculated sensitivity, specificity and area under receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROCC) of MUAC for BMI < 18·5, <17 and <16 kg/m2. We designed a system using two MUAC cut-offs, with a healthy (non-thin) ‘green’ group, a ‘yellow’ group requiring BMI measurement and a ‘red’ group who could proceed directly to treatment for thinness.Setting:We retrospectively analysed monitoring data collected by the International Committee of the Red Cross in places of detention.Participants:11 917 male detainees in eight African countries.Results:MUAC had excellent discriminatory ability with AUROCC: 0·87, 0·90 and 0·92 for BMI < 18·5, BMI < 17 and BMI < 16 kg/m2, respectively. An upper cut-off of MUAC 25·5 cm to exclude healthy detainees would result in 64 % fewer detainees requiring BMI screening and had sensitivity 77 % (95 % CI 69·4, 84·7) and specificity 79·6 % (95 % CI 72·6, 86·5) for BMI < 18·5 kg/m2. A lower cut-off of MUAC < 21·0 cm had sensitivity 25·4 % (95 % CI 11·7, 39·1) and specificity 99·0 % (95 % CI 97·9, 100·0) for BMI < 16 kg/m2. An additional 50 kg weight requirement improved specificity to 99·6 % (95 % CI 99·0, 100·0) with similar sensitivity.Conclusions:A MUAC cut-off of 25·5 cm, above which detainees are classified as healthy and below receive further screening, would result in significant time savings. A cut-off of <21·0 cm and weight <50 kg can identify some detainees with BMI < 16 kg/m2 who require immediate treatment.
What factors are associated with food security among recently arrived refugees resettling in high-income countries? A scoping review
Authors: Wood JM , Booth AO , Margerison C , Worsley A 
Published: July 2021

AbstractObjective:Refugees are vulnerable to food insecurity (FI). This is attributable to a combination of inequitable social determinants and cultural differences. In 2019, 92 % of refugee resettlement (host country provides residency/citizenship) occurred in high-income countries, but little is known about the factors impacting their food security status in this setting. The review’s objective was to therefore thematically identify factors affecting food security among refugees resettling in high-income countries.Design:This review was based on the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews. Between May–July 2020 and February 2021, peer-reviewed studies focused on FI, and published in English from 2000–2020, were searched on Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, Informit, PsychArticles, Proquest and EmBase.Setting:Only studies set in high-income countries were included.Participants:Fifty percent or more of study participants had to be refugees who had resettled within 5 years.Results:Twenty studies from six high-income countries were included. Culturally based food practices and priorities, confidence in navigating local foodways and transport, level of community connections and capabilities in local language and food preparation were key themes associated with food security.Conclusions:Utilising the four themes of culture, confidence, community and capabilities, there is an opportunity to improve the cultural sensitivity of measurement tools, develop understanding of how community-based resources (such as social capital) can be leveraged as food security buffers and modify existing food security initiatives to better serve refugee needs.
Investigating low-dose herbicide programs for goosegrass (Eleusine indica) and smooth crabgrass (Digitaria ischaemum) control on creeping bentgrass greens
Authors: Brewer John R. , Askew Shawn D. 
Published: July 2021

AbstractOnly four herbicides are registered for smooth crabgrass or goosegrass control on creeping bentgrass golf putting greens. None of the four herbicides control weedy grasses for the entire season or control weeds postemergence when applied once at labeled rates. Three of the product labels prohibit repeated use or application during stressful summer conditions. We hypothesized frequently applying herbicides at low doses could provide season-long control of summer grasses while minimizing turf injury. Seven field experiments were conducted on creeping bentgrass putting greens to evaluate various herbicides applied monthly, biweekly, or weekly for postemergence and residual control of goosegrass and smooth crabgrass as well as creeping bentgrass putting green tolerance. Metamifop applied twice monthly at 200 g ai ha−1, topramezone applied eight times weekly at 1.5 g ae ha−1, and siduron applied weekly at 5.6 kg ai ha−1 or four times biweekly at 11 kg ha−1 did not injure creeping bentgrass greater than 10% and maintained creeping bentgrass quality and cover equivalent to nontreated turf. Weekly or biweekly programs of fenoxaprop or quinclorac caused unacceptable injury and quality decline. Metamifop applied monthly and either fenoxaprop program controlled both smooth crabgrass and goosegrass by 97% to 99% throughout the growing season. Programs containing either quinclorac or siduron controlled smooth crabgrass by 99% to 100% but did not control goosegrass greater than 39%. All topramezone programs controlled smooth crabgrass by 69% to 77% and goosegrass by 93% to 98%. In additional studies, siduron applied five times biweekly did not injure creeping bentgrass on putting greens and controlled smooth crabgrass by more than 90% at seasonal, cumulative rates between 17 and 65 kg ai ha−1. This method of frequent, low-dose herbicide treatment to control smooth crabgrass and goosegrass on golf putting greens is novel and currently could be legally implemented with siduron.
1999 – 2020: Die Novellierung des Psychotherapeutengesetzes
Authors: Schönpflug Wolfgang 
Published: July 2021

Zusammenfassung. Das Psychotherapeutengesetz von 1998 hat die Stellung der Psychotherapeutinnen und Psychotherapeuten in Deutschland gestärkt, jedoch auch dringliche Wünsche offen gelassen. Nach zehnjähriger Diskussion entstanden die ersten Entwürfe für eine grundlegende Novellierung des bestehenden Gesetzes. Das Bundesgesundheitsministerium beteiligte etwa 60 Verbände und Interessenvertretungen an der Vorbereitung eines Reformgesetzes sowie einer neuen Approbationsordnung, darunter die Bundespsychotherapeutenkammer, die Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie und den Berufsverband deutscher Psychologinnen und Psychologen. Vorrangig war die Gleichstellung der Psychotherapie mit anderen akademischen Heilberufen durch Einführung einer einheitlichen Approbation für Psychotherapie nach einem B.Sc./M.Sc.-Studiengang. Dabei konkurrierten ein eher multidisziplinäres Studienmodell, das schon ab dem ersten Semester eine Ausbildung in Psychotherapie vermittelt, und ein eher disziplinär ausgerichtetes Modell, das eine Spezialisierung auf Psychotherapie im zweiten Abschnitt des Psychologiestudiums vornimmt.. Anhand von Dokumenten und Druckschriften wird die Vorgeschichte des 2019 erlassenen Reformgesetzes und der 2020 nachfolgenden Approbationsordnung rekonstruiert.