bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ADJUSTMENT OF VENTILATION, INTRAPULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE, AND ACID-BASE BALANCE DURING THE FIRST DAY OF LIFE
Authors: Prod'hom L. Samuel , Levison Henry , Cherry Ruth B. , Drorbaugh James E. , Hubbell John P. , Smith Clement A. 
Published: December 2021

Determinations of blood gases and of acid-base balance were done in umbilical vein and artery blood at birth and in arterial blood at the age of 20 minutes in 20 infants of diabetic mothers. All were born by cesarean section, 18 of them between 36 and 37 weeks gestation. None showed respiratory distress at any time.
Ventilation, gaseous metabolism, functional residual capacity, intrapulmonary gas exchange, and acid-base balance were determined at the age of 1, 4, and 24 hours in these 20 infants.
The results indicate the following conclusions with regard to infants of diabetic mothers.
1. Adjustment of ventilation to perfusion in the lung appears to be complete at 4 hours of life.
2. Throughout the first 24 hours there is a persistence of an over-all true right to left shunt of approximately 20-25% of the total cardiac output. The exact localization of this shunt is unknown.
3. Acid-base balance in cord blood and in arterial blood during the first day of life in infants of diabetic mothers differs only slightly from that of infants of nondiabetic mothers. At 1 and 4 hours of age there is some persistence of a slight respiratory acidosis.
4. At 24 hours infants of diabetic mothers have the usual low arterial Pco2 of other newborn infants, but a ventilation equivalent of 16.5, which is normal for adults.
5. Although 6 of the 17 infants studied at 4 hours have shown a respiratory rate above 60 without other signs of respiratory distress, these infants with high rates had small tidal volumes, high physiologic dead-space/tidal volume ratios, and relatively little increase in minute volume.
CURRENT STATUS OF USE OF EXCHANGE TRANSFUSION IN NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: Mckay R. James 
Published: December 2021

The only absolute indication for exchange transfusion is the appearance of clinical signs of early kernicterus whatever the level of serum bilirubin.
The decision as to whether or not to perform an exchange transfusion should be made on an individual basis and should take into consideration factors other than the serum bilirubin level. Such factors include the experience of the operator, the degree of illness of the infant, presence or absence of hemolytic disease, asphyxia, cyanosis, low blood pH, hypoglycemia, hypoproteinemia, and degree of immaturity. The PSP binding capacity of the patient's serum may also turn out to be a valuable guide or even an absolute indication after experience with it has accumulated.
THE VALIDITY OF pH AND Pco2 MEASUREMENTS IN CAPILLARY SAMPLES IN SICK AND HEALTHY NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: Gandy Gillian , Grann Lotte , Cunningham Nicholas , Adamsons Karlis , James L. Stanley 
Published: December 2021

This study has demonstrated that in healthy newborn infants over 3 hours of age, pH aIld Pco2 of "arterialized" capillary samples reflect closely the values of arterial blood.
Prior to this age and in infants with impaired cardiopulmonary function the agreement between samples from the two sources is less satisfactory. In these infants only limited conclusions regarding acid-base state and alveolar ventilation can be drawn from capillary blood pH and Pco2. The metabolic component of acid-base disturbances can be assessed with a fair degree of accuracy even if the capillary sample is "venous" in character.
Keeping Pediatricians in Practice (continued)
Authors: Berne Joel 
Published: December 2021

I am writing to you in reference to Dr. Gould's letter in the May issue of Pediatrics concerning the more distressing aspects of pediatric practice. I have been in practice for only 8 months, and with a group to boot, so I cannot say how I will feel in the next years. I would, however, like to make some observations based on my admittedly limited experience.
Pediatric practice is undertaken in this country with the understanding that the patient and mother will be treated "totally."
THROMBOTIC OCCLUSION OF THE BIFURCATION OF THE AORTA IN INFANCY
Authors: Raffensperger John G. , D'Cruz Ivan A. , Hastreiter Alois R. 
Published: December 2021

Occlusion of the abdominal aorta is a rare and usually fatal event in infancy and childhood. The etiology remains uncertain in most of the 32 cases that have been reported so far in the pediatric age group. Inflammatory and degenerative aortic changes, low-grade umbilical sepsis, concomitant systemic infections, and spread of clot from a thrombosing ductus arteriosus are possible etiological factors.
This is a report of the occlusion of the aortic bifurcation by a thrombus in a 9-month-old Mongoloid infant. The success of the surgical procedure (embolectomy) performed on this patient is attributed to early diagnosis and therapy.
Chickenpox in Leukemic Patients— Factors in Prognosis
Authors: BODEY GERALD , MCKELVEY EUGENE , KARON MYRON 
Published: December 2021

There is now ample evidence that chickenpox can produce fatal complications in patients with acute leukemia. The prognosis, however, is not invariably bad. In the past three years, we have observed twelve cases of varicella in leukemic patients, all of whom recovered (Table I).
Nine of the twelve cases occurred during two epidemics on the childrens' ward. The incubation period ranged from 14-24 days with a median of 19 days. The remaining three were infected at home. Eight children were in marrow remission, two were in partial remission (Nos. 9 & 10) and two had relapsed (Nos. 11 & 12). Three patients were severely ill (Nos. 10, 11 & 12), and none of these was in complete remission. Patient No. 11 had profound leukopenia and thrombocytopenia, but did not develop hemorrhagic lesions probably because of the frequent administration of platelet transfusions.
Opportunity to Advance Knowledge of Gaucher's Disease
Authors: BRADY ROSCOE O. 
Published: December 2021

We are interested in the metabolic aberrations which occur in patients with sphingolipidoses and in particular in Gaucher's disease.
We have recently synthesized some glucoselabeled cerebroside and have examined the catabolism of this compound in normal rat and human spleen tissues. We have found a very active enzyme which splits this material in these tissues and we are particularly interested in examining spleen tissues from Caucher's patients to try to determine if this particular enzyme is present or absent in tissues from these patients.
The Skate Board: A New Cause of Accidents
Authors: DALE MILDRED B. 
Published: December 2021

Within a group of approximately 40 pediatricians practicing in the Los Angeles area, it has recently become apparent that a new juvenile fad, the skate board, is producing an inordinate number of injuries to our patients, particularly fractures of the upper extremities.
Parents seem totally unaware of this danger and the following letter has therefore been sent to the Letters to the Editor Department of the metropolitan daily newspaper, The Los Angeles Times:
"In the hope of catching the attention of parents of skate board riders, I would like to point out the precarious nature of this new mode of juvenile locomotion.
Convulsive Disorders in Children, with Reference to Treatment with Ketogenic Diet
Authors: LAMBROSO CESARE T. 
Published: December 2021

This 300-page book covers a wide range of so-called convulsive disorders in the pediatric age, such as neonatal seizures, febrile fits, breathholding spells, and "hypsarhythmia," as well as a review of antiepileptic drugs and a series of do and don't questions most often asked by anxious parents, supplied with well-thought-out answers.
Some 80 pages are devoted to a historical review, a description of the principles and the actual practice of ketogenic diets, including necessary but often neglected tables. This section, although clearly out of proportion to the general outline of the book, is possibly its greatest contribution, for it not only offers practical aid in a most difficult therapeutic enterprise, but also affords the reader some insight into the author's own experience.
Clinical Investigation in Medicine: Legal, Ethical and Moral Aspects. An Anthology and Bibliography
Authors: SHAW EDWARD B. 
Published: December 2021

This book presents in 492 pages of a convenient paperback volume an astonishing anthology and bibliography of the ethical, moral, philosophical, and legal components of clinical investigation. The seven chapters include selections from the writings of many well-known essayists of Europe and America as well as the opinions and counsel of physicians, philosophers, psychiatrists, clergy, lawyers, publishers, sociologists, statisticians, and pharmacologists.
Only a very few will read this book in its entirety but it is a valuable reference for student, clinician, teacher, or researcher. It is difficult to review this book without yielding to the temptation of entering into the debate.
Gastrostomy for Prematures: Erudition for Pediatricians
Authors: TOW ABRAHAM 
Published: December 2021

May I endorse wholeheartedly Dr. Keitel's objection to the use of gastrostomy for the feeding of prematures. The possible shortening of the stay in the hospital by a few days surely does not justify the additional risk inherent to a surgical procedure—even in the hands of the most skilled and experienced— which it will not be if taken up indiscriminately.
I cannot, however, subscribe to his criticism of the editorial management of "Experience and Reason—Briefly Recorded.
Femoral Arteriovenous Fistula Following Venipuncture
Authors: DAVIS STARKEY D. , BAUM DAVID , DILLARD DAVID H. 
Published: December 2021

A case of traumatic femoral arteriovenous fistula in a 3-year-old female is reported. The fistula is thought to have resulted from venipuncture at a level distal to the inguinal ligament where the femoral artery is immediately anterior to the vein.
This case emphasizes the importance of performing femoral venipuncture at a level near the inguinal ligament where the artery is lateral to the vein. Arteriovenous fistula is demonstrated to be a potential hazard of attempts at femoral venipunctures.
II. CONFIGURATION OF THE CHEST
Authors: Howatt William F. , DeMuth George R. 
Published: December 2021

1. Various chest measurements have been made on 174 normal children ranging in age from newborn to 18 years and on 22 children with cystic fibrosis.
2. The patterns of growth of the anteroposterior (AP) and transthoracic (TT) and the sternal length (SL) in relation to height differ from that of the biacromial. After birth there is a rapid increase in the transthoracic and antero-posterior diameters, especially the former. Following this the growth of these two and the sternal length are relatively slow, accelerating again with increasing size.
3. The growth of a thoracic volume index (AP2.TT.SL) correlates well with the growth of the lung volumes in the ages where both are measurable. In younger children the growth pattern of the thoracic volume index is dissimilar to an extrapolation of the lung volume growth line.
4. Patients with cystic fibrosis have an increase in the antero-posterior and transverse diameters and to a lesser extent in the sternal length when compared with normal children of the same height. Because the transverse diameter is increased, a more sensitive indication of an abnormal chest is obtained from the AP diameter-height ratio than from the usual thoracic index (AP/TT).
IV. INTRAPULMONARY GAS DISTRIBUTION
Authors: DeMuth George R. , Howatt William F. 
Published: December 2021

1. Three tests of intrapulmonary gas distribution (the nitrogen clearance, the single-breath oxygen, and the oxygen equilibration index) were included in a study of normal children. Several adaptations for children were made.
2. When the tests include lung volume adjustments, they show no correlation with changing body size, indicating no change in the uniformity of gas distribution with growth.
3. Values of the upper limits in normal subjects for four interpretations of the three tests are given.
4. No significant correlation among the three volume-adjusted tests was found in these normal subjects.
5. Longitudinal studies of the SBO test show that for the individual some quality related to evenness of gas distribution persists during growth.
STUDIES ON HYALINE MEMBRANE DISEASE
Authors: Ambrus Clara M. , Weintraub David H. , Niswander Kenneth R. , Ambrus Julian L. 
Published: December 2021

Plasminogen appears to be absent from the blood of human embryos until shortly before term. In prematures plasminogen is usually absent or values are very low. Lack of plasminogen may deprive premature infants from a protective mechanism against pulmonary hyaline membrane formation.
Antiplasmin is present in the blood of fetuses from the fourth month of gestation. Levels are within the normal adult range. In prematures antiplasmin levels show greater variability, but are nevertheless significantly higher than in mature infants. The greatest variability of all groups analyzed is seen in prematures with respiratory distress syndrome.
Pulmonary plasminogen activator activity has been detected in human as well as guinea pig embryos at the fourth month and sixth week of gestation respectively. A sharp increase in activity occurs before term followed by a decrease in the postnatal period. The increase before term may represent a physiologic protective mechanism against pulmonary fibrin deposition which may occur at birth.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: STOWENS DANIEL 
Published: December 2021

Thank you very much for the opportunity of reading Dr. Van Gelder's letter, and replying to it.
First let me correct the implication inherent in Dr. Van Gelder's letter to the effect that the stories circulated by the various news media were given directly to them. The study was presented at the annual meeting of the College of American Pathologists and the American Society of Pathologists at Bar Harbor, Florida, in October, 1964. The release of information concerning the paper was by representatives of the Society (indeed, I was not present at the meeting, being confined to my home by illness).
Letters to the Editor
Authors: VERNON DAVID T. A. 
Published: December 2021

In response to Dr. Bergman's thoughtful consideration of our article we would like to stress the following points.
As we tried to make clear in the original article, the questionnaire data were offered only to illustrate a possibility which has received little consideration in research to date, not to present substantive findings on the relationship of age and response to hospitalization. The fact remains: the possibility that children may benefit psychologically from hospitalization has not been carefully considered in most research.
TAKAYASU'S DISEASE (PRIMARY AORTITIS) IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Warshaw Joseph B. , Spach Madison S. 
Published: December 2021

This is a case report of a 7-year-old child with the onset of the manifestations of Takayasu's disease (primary aortitis) at the age of 7 years. She exhibited a "prepulseless" stage with systemic symptoms of fever, fatigue, and weight loss. This early stage was also characterized by arthralgias and cardiac enlargement with laboratory findings of an elevated sedimentation rate and moderate leukocytosis. Within several months of the onset of the symptoms, she exhibited a "pulseless" or occlusive stage of the disease with absent arterial pulses of the arms and transient diminution of the carotid artery pulsations bilaterally. During this stage of her illness, she developed aneurysmal dilatation of the ascending aorta. Over a 3-year period she became asymptomatic with the disappearance of her anemia. Biplane angiocardiography demonstrated marked dilatation of the ascending aortic arch with associated discrete aneurysmal changes in the lower thoracic aorta. The patient recovered from her illness and remains asymptomatic 8 years following the onset of symptoms.
A review of the literature is presented which emphasizes the rarity of this disease in children in this country. Since aortitis may involve the aorta at any level, it is suggested that the name "Takayasu's disease" be extended to include those cases with involvement of the thoracic and abdominal aorta in addition to those with the classical picture of aortic arch involvement and absent pulses in the upper extremities.
ADJUSTMENT OF VENTILATION, INTRAPULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE, AND ACID-BASE BALANCE DURING THE FIRST DAY OF LIFE
Authors: Prod'hom L. Samuel , Levison Henry , Cherry Ruth B. , Smith Clement A. 
Published: December 2021

1. Twenty-two newborn infants with early respiratory distress syndrome (all but one cyanotic in room air) were studied.
2. By the hyperoxia test (100% O2 during 30 minutes) differences in behavior of the expected (though unlocalized) true right to left shunt, during the first day of life, allowed separation into three patterns, designated as Types I, II, and III.
3. Type I (eleven infants) was characterized by a large right to left shunt at 4 hours, which increased further during the next 24 hours. Functional residual capacity was decreased; tidal volume to functional residual capacity (VT/FRC) ratio was normal or high. Mixed acidosis, present at 4 hours, remained unchanged during the next 24 hours. Eight infants died with atelectasis associated seven times with hyaline membranes, as shown by autopsy.
4. Type II (eight) infants had a right to left shunt within the normal range during the first day. Functional residual capacity was normal, with low VT/FRC ratio. The important mixed acidosis in infants of this type at four hours disappeared later as the lung condition improved. None died. It is suggested that this respiratory distress was related to aspiration.
5. Type III (three) infants showed a large right to left shunt between 1 and 4 hours of age, with rapid normalization in the next 24 hours. There was no evident association between this type of respiratory distress and a particular disease state.
6. Type I infants were treated with sodium bicarbonate solution, with no effect on CO2 retention or right to left shunt. Seven of the ten treated infants died.
7. The necessity of distinguishing between different types of the respiratory distress syndrome, and the importance of massive oxygen therapy in the type associated with hyaline membranes, became obvious during this study.
Magnesium Sulfate for Respiratory Distress
Authors: LEEUWEN GERALD VAN 
Published: December 2021

I share Dr. Van Gelder's misgivings (Pediatrics, 35:355) over the wide publicity given magnesium sulfate enemas for the treatment of the respiratory distress syndrome. We, like Dr. Van Gelder, have not used this therapy because nearly all our patients have respiratory acidosis and electrolyte disturbances. But many physicians have asked me for information and advice.
I have recently learned of two deaths following administration of magnesium sulfate as described by Dr. Stowens. One infant died very promptly, the other 24 hours later, after increasing distress, bradypnea, fever, lethargy, and shrill cry.
The Use of Priscoline in the Treatment of the Hypoperfusion Syndrome
Authors: COTTON ERNEST K. 
Published: December 2021

In line with the report on pulmonary hypoperfusion as a possible mechanism in the etiology of hyaline membrane disease, we have been carrying out studies on newly born infants with this disease in order to correct the diminished pulmonary blood flow.
We have used drug therapy on a total of 5 infants, and this has been associated with considerable normalizing in various abnormalities caused by the disease. We have first corrected acidosis when present, and then given tolazoline HC1 (Priscoline).
SEROLOGICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI
Authors: Pryles Charles V. , Glagovsky Ann 
Published: December 2021

The character and prevalence of the O, H, and combined O and H serotypes of E. coli from children with urinary tract infection are described. The data presented include 288 strains of E. coli isolated from 164 patients.
In addition the data from 28 patients with both an acute and a recurrent urinary tract infection are analyzed.
Eighty-five per cent of the recurrent infections were caused by an organism serologically at variance with that causing the initial infection. However, in approximately one-fourth of these there was some question whether the serologic difference represented a truly different strain. On this basis it would appear, contrary to earlier thinking, that most recurrences of infection represent reinfection with a new strain rather than relapse with an original strain.
The serologic characterization of strains of E. coli promises to aid materially our understanding of the natural history, epidemiology, and pathogenesis of pyelonephritis in infancy and childhood.
Fructose Tolerance in Tay-Sachs' Disease
Authors: SCHNECK LARRY , PERLE GUTA , VOLK BRUNO W. 
Published: December 2021

1. Children with Tay-Sachs' disease and patients with hereditary fructose intolerance both have severely depressed levels of serum fructose-1-phosphate aldolase.
2. Administration of fructose to three patients with Tay-Sachs' disease did not precipitate the drop in serum glucose and inorganic phosphorus and the rise in serum magnesium that is characteristic of the response to exogenous fructose of patients with hereditary fructose intolerance.
3. The normal tolerance to exogenous fructose displayed by patients with Tay-Sachs' disease is consistent with the findings that their hepatic fructose-1-phosphate aldolase is reduced to only about 60% of normal, in contrast to the virtual absence of this enzyme in cases of hereditary fructose intolerance.
4. It is suggested that even though the serum fructose-1-phosphate aldolase is low in Tay-Sachs' disease, the defect in cerebral ganglioside metabolism may involve galactose rather than fructose.
THE TUBERCULIN TINE TEST COMPARED TO THE MANTOUX TEST WITH 5, 10, AND 100 TUBERCULIN UNITS
Authors: Rosenthal Sol Roy , Nikurs L. , Yordy E. , Hoder B. , Thorne M. 
Published: December 2021

The tuberculin tine test corresponds very closely to 5 or 10 TU by the Mantoux method. The agreement among infants and children (2 months to 18 years of age) was 92%. Among the positive reactors the agreement was 89% and among the negative reactors it was 95%. Considering agreement and disagreement between the two tests, the correlation coefficient was very high (r = 0.835). This value is very highly significant statistically (p &lt; 0.001).
There was poor agreement between the tuberculin tine test and 100 TU by the Mantoux test. The correlation coefficient was very low (r=0.192).
There was a very high degree of correlation between the tuberculin tine test and the Mantoux test quantitatively (r = 0.788; p &lt; 0.001).
The tine test stores well at room and icebox temperatures at periods up to 23 months. Storage at 37°C showed very little drop in potency up to 4 to 9 months of storage. After 15 months of storage, a drop in potency was noted. The recommended method of storage is room temperature.
There were 1,664 infants and children tested and compared.
PETS, PARASITES, AND PEDIATRICS
Authors: Webb Clarence H. 
Published: December 2021

"When Neolithic man learnt to domesticate animals and till the land he extended an open invitation to tetanus."1 Long before, when the dog attached himself to Paleolithic man as a scavenger and hunting partner, he initiated an intimate association between man and animal; his pups began the virtual symbiosis which has developed between children and their pets.
Zeuner,2 an authority on the domestication of animals, thinks it probable that the custom of making pets of a variety of animals—so universal in human groups that it must satisfy ancient basic traits (like the maternal instinct of women, the protective instinct of men, and the tactile gratification of children)—might have portended animal domestication.