bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Striatal Direct Pathway Targets Npas1+Pallidal Neurons
Authors: Cui Qiaoling , Du Xixun , Chang Isaac Y. M. , Pamukcu Arin , Lilascharoen Varoth , Berceau Brianna L. , García Daniela , Hong Darius , Chon Uree , Narayanan Ahana , Kim Yongsoo , Lim Byung Kook , Chan C. Savio 
Published: March 2021

The classic basal ganglia circuit model asserts a complete segregation of the two striatal output pathways. Empirical data argue that, in addition to indirect-pathway striatal projection neurons (iSPNs), direct-pathway striatal projection neurons (dSPNs) innervate the external globus pallidus (GPe). However, the functions of the latter were not known. In this study, we interrogated the organization principles of striatopallidal projections and their roles in full-body movement in mice (both males and females). In contrast to the canonical motor-promoting response of dSPNs in the dorsomedial striatum (DMSdSPNs), optogenetic stimulation of dSPNs in the dorsolateral striatum (DLSdSPNs) suppressed locomotion. Circuit analyses revealed that dSPNs selectively target Npas1+neurons in the GPe. In a chronic 6-hydroxydopamine lesion model of Parkinson's disease, the dSPN-Npas1+projection was dramatically strengthened. AsDLSdSPN-Npas1+projection suppresses movement, the enhancement of this projection represents a circuit mechanism for the hypokinetic symptoms of Parkinson's disease that has not been previously considered. In sum, our results suggest that dSPN input to the GPe is a critical circuit component that is involved in the regulation of movement in both healthy and parkinsonian states.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn the classic basal ganglia model, the striatum is described as a divergent structure: it controls motor and adaptive functions through two segregated, opposing output streams. However, the experimental results that show the projection from direct-pathway neurons to the external pallidum have been largely ignored. Here, we showed that this striatopallidal subpathway targets a select subset of neurons in the external pallidum and is motor-suppressing. We found that this subpathway undergoes changes in a Parkinson's disease model. In particular, our results suggest that the increase in strength of this subpathway contributes to the slowness or reduced movements observed in Parkinson's disease.
Functional Microstructure of CaV-Mediated Calcium Signaling in the Axon Initial Segment
Authors: Lipkin Anna M. , Cunniff Margaret M. , Spratt Perry W. E. , Lemke Stefan M. , Bender Kevin J. 
Published: March 2021

The axon initial segment (AIS) is a specialized neuronal compartment in which synaptic input is converted into action potential (AP) output. This process is supported by a diverse complement of sodium, potassium, and calcium channels (CaV). Different classes of sodium and potassium channels are scaffolded at specific sites within the AIS, conferring unique functions, but how calcium channels are functionally distributed within the AIS is unclear. Here, we use conventional two-photon laser scanning and diffraction-limited, high-speed spot two-photon imaging to resolve AP-evoked calcium dynamics in the AIS with high spatiotemporal resolution. In mouse layer 5 prefrontal pyramidal neurons, calcium influx was mediated by a mix of CaV2 and CaV3 channels that differentially localized to discrete regions. CaV3 functionally localized to produce nanodomain hotspots of calcium influx that coupled to ryanodine-sensitive stores, whereas CaV2 localized to non-hotspot regions. Thus, different pools of CaVs appear to play distinct roles in AIS function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe axon initial segment (AIS) is the site where synaptic input is transformed into action potential (AP) output. It achieves this function through a diverse complement of sodium, potassium, and calcium channels (CaV). While the localization and function of sodium channels and potassium channels at the AIS is well described, less is known about the functional distribution of CaVs. We used high-speed two-photon imaging to understand activity-dependent calcium dynamics in the AIS of mouse neocortical pyramidal neurons. Surprisingly, we found that calcium influx occurred in two distinct domains: CaV3 generates hotspot regions of calcium influx coupled to calcium stores, whereas CaV2 channels underlie diffuse calcium influx between hotspots. Therefore, different CaVclasses localize to distinct AIS subdomains, possibly regulating distinct cellular processes.
An aggressive and expanded phenotype in a kindred with a c.57delG SDHD mutation
Authors: Caetano Celina , Stroop Jennifer , Forouhar Faripour , Orsey Andrea , Malchoff Carl 
Published: March 2021

Summary
Familial paraganglioma syndrome type 1 (PGL-1) is maternally imprinted, caused by SDHD mutations on the paternally inherited allele, and presents with paragangliomas and pheochromocytomas that are usually benign. We describe a kindred with a germline c.57delG SDHD mutation that demonstrates an aggressive and possibly expanded phenotype. Eight individuals across four generations were heterozygous for the c.57delG SDHD mutation. The three with known paternal inheritance were clinically affected. The aggressive phenotype was manifested by a neck paraganglioma with distant metastases, and to a lesser degree a neck paraganglioma infiltrating into local connective tissue and a pheochromocytoma presenting at age 8 y. A pulmonary capillary hemangioma may expand the SDHD phenotype. We conclude that the c.57delG SDHD mutation may confer a more aggressive and possibly expanded phenotype than other SDHD mutations.

Learning points:

The c.57delG SDHD mutation may confer a more aggressive phenotype than other mutations associated with familial paraganglioma syndrome type 1.

A capillary hemangioma, a component of other pseudohypoxia states, was observed in the lung of a single member of the c.57delG SDHD kindred.

This report supports the hypothesis of others that mutations found near the beginning of the SDHD open reading frame are more likely to demonstrate an aggressive phenotype.
Renal Inflammation Induces Salt Sensitivity in Male db/db Mice through Dysregulation of ENaC
Authors: Veiras Luciana C. , Shen Justin Z. Y. , Bernstein Ellen A. , Regis Giovanna C. , Cao DuoYao , Okwan-Duodu Derick , Khan Zakir , Gibb David R. , Dominici Fernando P. , Bernstein Kenneth E. , Giani Jorge F. 
Published: March 2021

Significance Statement
Men with diabetes have higher incidence of renal disease and hypertension than premenopausal women with diabetes. A mouse model investigated the mechanisms that predispose to salt-sensitive hypertension during diabetes. Male, 34-week-old, diabetic mice display hypertension when exposed to a high-salt diet, whereas females remain normotensive. Hypertension in males was associated with greater renal inflammation and no downregulation of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) compared with females. Blocking inflammation prevented the development of salt sensitivity and restored the normal regulation of ENaC in male diabetic mice. These findings indicate that inflammation is a key contributor to the sexual dimorphism associated with diabetic nephropathy. Understanding the mechanisms behind diabetes-associated salt sensitivity is critical to tailor rational therapies in a sex-specific manner.

Background
Hypertension is considered a major risk factor for the progression of diabetic kidney disease. Type 2 diabetes is associated with increased renal sodium reabsorption and salt-sensitive hypertension. Clinical studies show that men have higher risk than premenopausal women for the development of diabetic kidney disease. However, the renal mechanisms that predispose to salt sensitivity during diabetes and whether sexual dimorphism is associated with these mechanisms remains unknown.

Methods
Female and male db/db mice exposed to a high-salt diet were used to analyze the progression of diabetic kidney disease and the development of hypertension.

Results
Male, 34-week-old, db/db mice display hypertension when exposed to a 4-week high-salt treatment, whereas equivalently treated female db/db mice remain normotensive. Salt-sensitive hypertension in male mice was associated with no suppression of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) in response to a high-salt diet, despite downregulation of several components of the intrarenal renin-angiotensin system. Male db/db mice show higher levels of proinflammatory cytokines and more immune-cell infiltration in the kidney than do female db/db mice. Blocking inflammation, with either mycophenolate mofetil or by reducing IL-6 levels with a neutralizing anti–IL-6 antibody, prevented the development of salt sensitivity in male db/db mice.

Conclusions
The inflammatory response observed in male, but not in female, db/db mice induces salt-sensitive hypertension by impairing ENaC downregulation in response to high salt. These data provide a mechanistic explanation for the sexual dimorphism associated with the development of diabetic kidney disease and salt sensitivity.
Pensamentos e sentimentos sobre envelhecimento: um estudo das representações sociais em produtores rurais de Diamantino – MT
Authors: Tomé Adriana , Formiga Nilton 
Published: March 2021

INTRODUÇÃO: O envelhecimento humano é um fenômeno mundial que pode ser analisado como um processo natural, contínuo, progressivo e irreversível, onde há alterações orgânicas, psicológicas e morfofuncionais. O processo de envelhecer é visto de forma diferenciada em cada cultura, podendo ser marcado por aspectos positivos e negativos. OBJETIVOS: O presente estudo objetivou analisar os pensamentos e sentimentos sobre envelhecimento para pequenos e grandes produtores rurais do município de Diamantino – MT. MÉTODOS: Participaram da pesquisa, 28 produtores rurais do município de Diamantino – MT, do sexo masculino e idade entre 65 e 87 anos; 64,3% tem Ensino Fundamental Incompleto; 67,9% é casado e moram com suas esposas, e/ou filhos e/ou netos. A respeito do recebimento sócio assistencial, 50% recebem aposentadoria, 17,9% recebem algum Benefício de Prestação Continuada (BPC) e 17,9% não recebe aposentadoria e nem benefício. Os entrevistados foram divididos em dois grupos: o primeiro composto por produtores rurais cuja posse de propriedade(s) não ultrapassa 100 hectares classificado como pequeno produtor, e o segundo por produtores com propriedade(s) que totalizam mais de 100 hectares. Para a análise, utilizou-se a Teoria das Representações Sociais e o método de análise de conteúdo do discurso. RESULTADOS: Os sentimentos e pensamentos sobre envelhecimento foram classificadas nas seguintes categorias emergentes do construto envelhecimento: Enfrentamento (46,42%), Desespero (21,42%), Integridade (14,28%), Sujeição/Submissão (3,57%), Agressão (3,57%) e sem sentido (10,71%), que são apresentadas neste artigo pela amostra geral, contendo as informações dos pequenos e grandes produtores. CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS: Os pensamentos e sentimentos atribuídos ao envelhecimento estão relacionados ao bem-estar e qualidade de vida, e a capacidade funcional, nível socioeconômico, estado emocional, interação social, atividade intelectual, autocuidado, suporte familiar, estado de saúde, religiosidade, entre outros.
HYPER SPECTRAL REMOTE SENSING FOR DAMAGE DETECTION AND CLASSIFICATION MODELS IN AGRICULTURE - A REVIEW
Authors: Rahul Malik Akshay Dhande, 
Published: March 2021

Agriculture is the pillar of the financial system of any country and it's far enormously crucial for financial improvement and social stability. Remote sensing has numerous benefits within the discipline of agronomical studies purpose. Remote sensing has the capacity to face this big obstacle in the evolutionary changes in agricultural practices, by delivering recurrent information on crop condition at multiple scales and for different actors during the season. Because of the rapid changes in farming started from mid to past 1980, remote sensing has become an indispensable a part of precision agriculture. Agricultural systems need to be monitored in regular interval. Remote sensing act as vital method in well timed tracking and provides a correct snapshot of the agricultural with good accuracy. The tracking of agricultural strongly follows seasonal patterns on the subject of the organic life of crops. Because of this background we studied various remote sensing methods like crop classification, crop tracking and yield assessment. We discovered that almost all of the remote sensing methods have been exploratory investigations, examined on a nearby scale with direct dependence on ground data. In tandem with other specialized methods such as geographical information systems and global positioning systems, remote sensing plays an important role in the measurement and monitoring of agricultural activities. We begin this review by presenting an outline of the existing methods of remote sensing relevant to the agricultural sector. This paper analyses remote sensing methods progress, problems and future in agricultural context. This article will offer an outline of commercially remote sensors having high resolution which have been used or have ability for accuracy in collecting agriculture information. Further, overview illustrates current research trends in remote sensing methods that allow reinforcing applicative skills with precise necessities for specific forms of stakeholders. We offer a synthesis of the rising possibilities in remote sensing techniques that have to reinforce the role in imparting long time and efficient services for agricultural purpose. SAR remote sensing techniques have extremely good capability and could play an important role in diverse fields of agricultural remote sensing. Finally, the paper outlines challenges, limitation and future trends of remote sensing methods in crop evaluation. This paper concludes that current utilization of remote sensing methods in crop evaluation still remains in an experimental stage.
SENTIMENT ANALYSIS OF CUSTOMER FEEDBACK ON APPAREL AND COSMETICS PURCHASE IN E-COMMERCE: A TAKE ON CUSTOMER SATISFACTION
Authors: MARLA SUKESH 
Published: March 2021

Customer Satisfaction has been the major driving factor for the revenue generation for any company especially those are operating in the Ecommerce domain. In this research, the consumer perception across various factors was considered especially the ones which impact the customer satisfaction in Ecommerce domain. Primary data has been collected in the form of questionnaire to know the most important factors that are responsible for better customer satisfaction.
From the factors which has impacted more, secondary data in the form of reviews are collected for every factor and Sentiment Analysis is performed to understand the perception of customers and their level of satisfaction with the overall service This will help the firms to gain a sneak peek into the satisfaction levels of the customer and the kind of experience they have or would like to have.
GROUND TRUTH SOIL MOISTURE ESTIMATION ALONG WITH MINIMAL DRIZZLING TIME
Authors: Shivangi Barthwal Vivek Chamoli, Rishi Prakash, Anurag Vidyarthi, 
Published: March 2021

The aim of this study was to determine the soil moisture along with minimal drizzling time using two methods using hot air convection oven (HA-CO) and microwave oven (MO) to find out the best method for estimation the soil moisture. The convection oven method was considered as the most accurate method to determine the soil moisture; hence, we utilized this method as source for assessing the results. The experiment was conducted in lab which was completely based on random 110 dry soil samples weight of approximately 100 gram from the bare land. In convection oven method we used 105 °C for 24 hours and in microwave oven method we used different thermal power (180, 360, 540, 720 and 900 watt) for different time duration. The result based on the RMSE between soil moisture retrieval from hot air convection oven method and soil moisture retrieval from microwave oven method. 720 watt takes 15 minutes to dry the soil while 900 watt takes 8 minutes; both are gives approximately same results as convection oven method, which takes 24 Hours. Therefore for retrieval of soil moisture we can utilize the microwave oven method at 900 watt power. The low RMSE for 900 watt is 0.51% shows that the microwave oven method is most convenient, time saving and safe method for retrieval of soil moisture.
Limited Proprietary Rights to Residential Premises in Russian and Foreign Civil Law
Authors: Klimanova D. D. 
Published: March 2021

The right to housing is important and universally recognized. In foreign countries, in order to ensure the realization of the right to housing, in addition to the right of ownership, other limited proprietary rights are provided granting citizens with the right to own and use residential premises. The paper considers the limited proprietary rights to residential premises in France, Italy, Germany, Switzerland, Austria and Russia. It is established that the legislation of the abovementioned foreign countries enshrines real rights to use the residential premise, which, being a kind of usufruct (personal servitude), possesses specific features. They are facility feature (which includes residential premises), the authorized entity (which allows for a natural person) only, as well as the purposive character (this sets the right to stay in the residential premises for personal needs and the needs of his family). In Russia, there are problems of legal regulation of relations between the use of residential premises by members of the owner’s family and former members of the owner’s family who gave consent to privatization, which cause difficulties in practice and numerous disputes in the doctrine. The outcomes of the analysis of the proposed changes in civil and housing legislation make it possible to conclude that the discussed innovations are not able to solve the existing problems and contradictions.The author proposes to consolidate in civil legislation such a limited real right as the right to use residential premises, which is a kind of usufruct, which will combine all existing real rights to residential premises. The legal structure of the right to use residential premises is formulated, its content, the grounds for its occurrence and termination are set out.
National Seismological Network in India for Real-Time Earthquake Monitoring
Authors: Bansal Brijesh K. , Pandey Ajeet P. , Singh Ajay P. , Suresh Gaddale , Singh Ravi K. , Gautam Jia L. 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The National Seismological Network (NSN) of India has a history of more than 120 yr. During the last two decades, the NSN has gone through a significant modernization process, involving installation of seismic stations equipped with a broadband seismograph (BBS) and a strong-motion accelerograph (SMA). Each station has a very-small-aperture terminal connectivity for streaming data in real time to the central receiving station (CRS) in New Delhi. Seismic data recorded by the network are analyzed continuously on 24×7 basis to monitor the earthquakes in India and its adjoining regions. In this article, we present details of BBS and SMA network configurations; data streaming from the field seismic stations to the CRS for analysis; and the automatic and manual publication of the earthquake parameters including location coordinates, focal depth, time of occurrence, and magnitude, etc. Details of historically significant analog seismic charts and the seismic catalog, which includes more than 34,000 events with magnitude Mw 1.7–9.3 since 1505, are provided. The national network of India has been strengthened over the years and is now capable of estimating the main earthquake source parameters within ∼5–10min with an average of about 8.0 min. The spatial analysis of minimum magnitude of completeness further indicates a significant enhancement in minimum threshold magnitude detection capability of the network in recent decades.
Association Between Promoter Polymorphisms of IL-1Β, IL-4 and IL-6 Genes and a Viral Load Infected Women with Human Papillomavirus
Authors: Albosale Abbas Hadi , Mashkina Elena Vladimirovna 
Published: March 2021

Background: The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between IL-4 -589C>T, IL-6 -174G>C, IL-1β -31T>C and IL-1β -511C>T genes polymorphism with high concentrations of human papillomavirus (HPV), and the influence of gene-gene interactions on persistent human papillomavirus infection.
Methods: In this study, 101 infected women with high HPV viral load and 93 healthy women were involved in a case-control study. Genotyping of SNPs for IL-4 -589C>T, IL-6 -174G>C, IL-1β -31T>C and IL-1β -511C>T genes was carried out by allele-specific PCR. Quantitative analysis of HPV-DNA was performed by Amplisens HPV HCR genotype-titer software. Gene-gene interactions were analyzed using multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) algorithm. Haplotype interactions were analyzed by HaploView 4.2 tool.
Results: The study of single individual SNPs in promoters of IL-4 -589C>T, IL-6 -174G>C and IL-1β -31T>C genes did not reveal statistically significant difference in genotypesand allele frequencies among women with high HPV viral load and control group. The frequency of -511T allele and TT genotype of the IL-1β gene in case group was significantly higher than the one in control group (OR=1.71, p=0.012 and OR=2.02, p=0.046, respectively). Haplotype analysis revealed that -511C/-31T haplotype for IL-1β gene is significantly less common among women with high HPV viral load (p=0.018).
Conclusion: The haplotype -511C/-31T for IL-1β gene is associated with a protective effect against increasing HPV viral load. The frequencies of -511T allele and -511TT genotype of the IL-1β -511C>T were significantly higher among women with HPV in comparison to control group.
The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Stress and Anxiety of Non-infected Pregnant Mothers
Authors: Mehdizadehkashi Abolfazl , Chaichian Shahla , Haghighi Ladan , Eshraghi Nooshin , Bordbar Arash , Hashemi Neda , Derakhshan Roya , Mirgalobayat Shahla , Rokhgireh Samaneh , Tahermanesh Kobra 
Published: March 2021

Background: The newly emerging COVID-19 has caused severe anxiety around the world and it is infecting more people each day since there is no preventive measure or definite therapy for the diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate its effect on anxiety and stress of pregnant mothers during perinatal care.
Methods: Three–hundred pregnant mothers without COVID–19 infection who were referred to the hospitals affiliated to Iran University of Medical Sciences for delivery during April 2020, based on negative clinical symptoms and the results of polymerase chain reaction (rt-PCR) for COVID–19, were recruited by census method and asked to complete the Persian version of the perceived stress scale (PSS); participants views about their anxiety level and the role of COVID–19 as the source of their stress and worries were recorded. Women who refused to continue the study were excluded. The frequency of variables and mean scores were calculated using SPSS v. 21.
Results: Mean age of mothers was 30.20±16.19 years; 31.3% were primigravida and mean gestational age was 38.00±4.14 weeks. Moreover, 16.3% asked for earlier pregnancy termination and 39% requested Cesarean section (C/S). Assessing the mothers’ anxiety revealed a high/very high level of anxiety in 51.3%. The majority felt worried and frustrated because of COVID–19 (86.4%). Social media had a great impact on the level of stress among these mothers (60.3%).
Conclusion: COVID-19 pandemic is an important source for the increased anxiety and stress among healthy pregnant mothers.