bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship lending and bank loan covenant violations
Authors: Bo Xu Chong , Li Wenyi , Shi Jing , Zheng Yi , Zhou Qing 
Published: March 2021

AbstractWe examine the association between relationship lending and the likelihood of bank loan covenant violations. We find that relationship lending reduces the probability of ex‐post covenant violations. The length of the lending relationships has an inverted U‐shaped effect on the likelihood of covenant violations. The borrowers and lenders both benefit from relationship lending, but long‐term lending relationships weaken the borrower's bargaining power.
Incidence of schizophrenia and influence of prenatal and infant exposure to viral infectious diseases
Authors: Tanskanen Antti , Taipale Heidi , Cannon Mary , Cotter David , Tiihonen Jari 
Published: March 2021

AbstractObjectiveThere is conflicting evidence in recent literature about whether the incidence of schizophrenia is increasing or decreasing. A role for prenatal and early childhood viral infections in the aetiology of schizophrenia has also been debated. We examined the incidence of schizophrenia and the catatonic subtype of schizophrenia over a 30‐year period in Finland. We also investigated whether the incidence rate of the catatonic subtype of schizophrenia was linked to changes in exposure to viral infection (polio and measles) during the prenatal or infant period.MethodsPersons with schizophrenia were identified from the Hospital Discharge Register. Cumulative incidence of schizophrenia from 1956 to 1989 in 4 age groups was calculated with follow‐up from 1972 to 2014. Annual rates of polio and measles were derived from nationwide registers. The association between log‐transformed polio and measles incidence and incidence of schizophrenia, and specifically catatonic schizophrenia, were analysed using linear models.ResultsCumulative incidence of schizophrenia among individuals born 1956–1989 decreased by 23% (from 13 to 10 cases per 1000 live births). The decline was the most prominent in those with onset of schizophrenia diagnosed 16–25 years of age (−41%). The incidence of catatonic schizophrenia declined by 90% over three decades, and there was a significant association between annual polio incidence during the birth year and incidence of catatonic schizophrenia.ConclusionsThe results indicate that the incidence of schizophrenia in Finland has declined for individuals born between 1956 and 1989, and that the decline of catatonic schizophrenia may be partially attributable to eradication of polio.
Contribution of XP‐Endo files to the root canal filling removal: A systematic review and meta‐analysis ofin vitrostudies
Authors: Uzunoglu‐Özyürek Emel , Küçükkaya Eren Selen , Karahan Sevilay 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThis review was designed to analyse whether the supplementary use of XP‐Endo Finisher and XP‐Endo Finisher R contributes to the removal of root canal filling materials. Databases were searched up to November 2020. Studies were critically assessed according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Risk of bias evaluation was performed. Pooled standardised mean differences (SMD) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. Ten studies involving 192 teeth were eligible for systematic review and meta‐analysis could be performed with eight of these studies. Strong evidence showed that XP‐Endo Finisher R file contributed significantly to filling material removal from root canals (SMD (95% CI): 0.41 (0.06–0.76)). Although the evidence was conflicting, XP‐Endo Finisher R file was superior than other irrigant activation techniques (SMD (95% CI): 0.47 (0.02–0.93)). The supplementary use of XP‐Endo Finisher and XP‐Endo Finisher R is beneficial in further removal of root canal filling materials from root canal system.
The Welfare Implications of Massive Money Injection: The Japanese Experience from 2013 to 2020
Authors: Watanabe Tsutomu 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe present paper derives a money demand function that explicitly takes the costs of storing money into account. This function is then used to examine the consequences of the large‐scale money injection conducted by the Bank of Japan since April 2013. The main findings are as follows. First, the opportunity cost of holding money calculated using 1‐year government bond yields has been negative since the fourth quarter of 2014 and most recently (2020:Q2) was −0.2%. Second, the marginal cost of storing money, which was 0.3% in the most recent quarter, exceeds the marginal utility of money, which was 0.1%. Third, the optimal quantity of money, measured by the ratio of M1 to nominal gross domestic product, is 1.2. In contrast, the actual money‐income ratio in the most recent quarter was 1.8. The welfare loss relative to the maximum welfare obtained under the optimal quantity of money in the most recent quarter was 0.2% of nominal gross domestic product. The findings imply that the Bank of Japan needs to reduce M1 by more than 30%, for example through measures that impose a penalty on holding money.
Maternal and neonatal outcomes in planned versus emergency cesarean delivery for placenta accreta spectrum: A multinational database study
Authors: Morlando Maddalena , Schwickert Alexander , Stefanovic Vedran , Gziri Mina M. , Pateisky Petra , Chalubinski Kinga M. , Nonnenmacher Andreas , Morel Olivier , Braun Thorsten , Bertholdt Charline , Van Beekhuizen Heleen J. , Collins Sally L. ,   the International Society for Placenta Accreta Spectrum (IS‐PAS)
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionPlacenta accreta spectrum (PAS) is a condition often resulting in severe maternal morbidity. Scheduled delivery by an experienced team has been shown to improve maternal outcomes; however, the benefits must be weighed against the risk of iatrogenic prematurity. The aim of this study is to investigate the rates of emergency delivery seen for antenatally suspected PAS and compare the resulting outcomes in the 15 referral centers of the International Society for PAS (IS‐PAS).Material and methodsFifteen centers provided cases between 2008 and 2019. The women included were divided into two groups according to whether they had a planned or an emergency cesarean delivery. Delivery was defined as “planned” when performed at a time and date to suit the team. All the remaining cases were classified as “emergency”. Maternal characteristics and neonatal outcomes were compared between the two groups according to gestation at delivery.ResultsIn all, 356 women were included. Of these, 239 (67%) underwent a planned delivery and 117 (33%) an emergency delivery. Vaginal bleeding was the indication for emergency delivery in 41 of the 117 women (41%). There were no significant differences in terms of blood loss, transfusion rates or major maternal morbidity between planned and emergency deliveries. However, the rate of maternal intensive therapy unit admission was increased with emergency delivery (45% vs 33%, P = .02). Antepartum hemorrhage was the only independent predictor of emergency delivery (aOR: 4.3, 95% confidence interval 2.4‐7.7). Emergency delivery due to vaginal bleeding was more frequent with false‐positive cases (antenatally suspected but not confirmed as PAS at delivery) and the milder grades of PAS (accreta/increta). The rate of infants experiencing any major neonatal morbidity was 25% at 34+1 to 36+0 weeks and 19% at >36+0 weeks.ConclusionsEmergency delivery in centers of excellence did not increase blood loss, transfusion rates or maternal morbidity. The single greatest risk factor for emergency delivery was antenatal hemorrhage. When adequate expertise and resources are available, to defer delivery in women with no significant antenatal bleeding and no risk factors for pre‐term birth until >36+0 weeks can be considered to improve fetal outcomes. Further studies are needed to investigate this fully.
The All Wales Medicines Strategy Group: 18 years' experience of a national medicines optimisation committee
Authors: Haines Kathryn , Bracchi Robert , Lang Ruth , Samuels Karen , Routledge Philip A. 
Published: March 2021

AimsTo review the medicines optimisation activities of the All Wales Medicines Strategy Group (AWMSG), a committee established in 2002 to advise the Welsh Government on “all matters related to prescribing”. Although AWMSG conducts other activities (e.g., health technology appraisal for medicines), we focus here on its role in advising on medicines optimisation.MethodsPrescribing indicators have been used in Wales to measure change, together with data on volumes and costs of medicines dispensed. A range of improvement strategies have been categorised under the “four Es”, namely educational initiatives, economic incentives, “engineering” and “enforcement”.ResultsAWMSG has helped health professionals in NHS Wales to reduce harm and waste, and to reduce inappropriate local or regional duplication and variation. Specific initiatives include the achievement of major cost savings by supporting increased generic prescribing and an “invest to save” approach related to prescribing of hypnotics and tranquillisers, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and proton pump inhibitors. AWMSG also successfully commissioned the introduction of a single national in‐patient medication chart for Wales in 2004. Ongoing priorities include a focus on reducing prescribing of certain medicines deemed “low value for prescribing” and on optimising the use of biosimilar medicines.ConclusionsSince 2002, AWMSG has acted as a national medicines optimisation committee in Wales. From the outset, pharmacists and clinical pharmacologists have collaborated closely and shared their complementary expertise to make a much greater contribution to the safe, effective and cost‐effective use of medicines than either group could have achieved by working separately.
A safety signal of somnambulism with the use of antipsychotics and lithium: A pharmacovigilance disproportionality analysis
Authors: Gouverneur Amandine , Ferreira Amandine , Morival Camille , Pageot Cécile , Tournier Marie , Pariente Antoine 
Published: March 2021

AimsAntipsychotics and lithium are widely used in psychiatry, particularly in schizophrenia and bipolar disorders. Recently, some cases of somnambulism or sleep‐related eating disorder (SRED) have been reported in patients treated with these drugs. This study investigated the risk of reporting somnambulism or SRED associated with the use of antipsychotics and lithium.MethodsThe World Health Organization pharmacovigilance database (VigiBase), comprising >18 million adverse events, was queried. All somnambulism or SRED reports related to antipsychotics or lithium were identified. The association between antipsychotics or lithium and somnambulism or SRED was computed using the proportional reporting ratio (PRR) and information component.ResultsAmong the 5784 cases reporting somnambulism or SRED, 508 suspected at least 1 antipsychotic or lithium. Most patients were aged 18–64 years (62.0%), and 37.0% were men. In most cases (77.6%), antipsychotic or lithium were the only drug class involved, and 53.3% of cases suspected quetiapine. Somnambulism was reported in 88.6% of cases and SRED in 18.1%. A significant association was found for second‐generation antipsychotics (PRR 3.44, 95% confidence interval 3.13) and lithium (PRR 2.03, [1.22; 3.37]), but not for first‐generation antipsychotics (PRR 0.99, [0.68; 1.44]).ConclusionsWe found a significant signal of somnambulism or SRED related to second‐generation antipsychotics and lithium. While case reports mentioned mostly quetiapine and olanzapine, almost all second‐generation antipsychotics were associated with somnambulism or SRED.
Monocyte–macrophage polarization and recruitment pathways in the tumour microenvironment of B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Dander Erica , Fallati Alessandra , Gulić Tamara , Pagni Fabio , Gaspari Stefania , Silvestri Daniela , Cricrì Giulia , Bedini Gloria , Portale Federica , Buracchi Chiara , Starace Rita , Pasqualini Fabio , D'Angiò Mariella , Brizzolara Lisa , Maglia Oscar , Mantovani Alberto , Garlanda Cecilia , Valsecchi Maria Grazia , Locatelli Franco , Biondi Andrea , Bottazzi Barbara , Allavena Paola , D'Amico Giovanna 
Published: March 2021

SummaryB‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (B‐ALL) reprograms the surrounding bone marrow (BM) stroma to create a leukaemia‐supportive niche. To elucidate the contribution of immune cells to the leukaemic microenvironment, we investigated the involvement of monocyte/macrophage compartments, as well as several recruitment pathways in B‐ALL development. Immunohistochemistry analyses showed that CD68‐expressing macrophages were increased in leukaemic BM biopsies, compared to controls and predominantly expressed the M2‐like markers CD163 and CD206. Furthermore, the "non‐classical" CD14+CD16++ monocyte subset, expressing high CX3CR1 levels, was significantly increased in B‐ALL patients' peripheral blood. CX3CL1 was shown to be significantly upregulated in leukaemic BM plasma, thus providing an altered migratory pathway possibly guiding NC monocyte recruitment into the BM. Additionally, the monocyte/macrophage chemoattractant chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) strongly increased in leukaemic BM plasma, possibly because of the interaction of leukaemic cells with mesenchymal stromal cells and vascular cells and due to a stimulatory effect of leukaemia‐related inflammatory mediators. C5a, a macrophage chemoattractant and M2‐polarizing factor, further appeared to be upregulated in the leukaemic BM, possibly as an effect of PTX3 decrease, that could unleash complement cascade activation. Overall, deregulated monocyte/macrophage compartments are part of the extensive BM microenvironment remodelling at B‐ALL diagnosis and could represent valuable targets for novel treatments to be coupled with classical chemotherapy.
The use of frailty assessments in treating older adults with aggressive lymphomas
Authors: Cordoba Raul , Luminari Stefano , Eyre Toby A. 
Published: March 2021

SummaryNon‐Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) are most commonly diagnosed among people aged 65–74 years, with a median age at diagnosis of 67 years. The percentage of NHL‐related deaths is highest among people aged 75–84 years, with a median age at death of 76 years from cases between 2014 and 2018. In light of these recent data, attending physicians of patients with NHL will recognize that the majority of their patients will be of advanced age, with many suffering from a spectrum of frailties. The excess rate of death among older adults with NHL may be related to a range of different factors such as more challenging biologic features, undertreatment received due to a patient’s chronology and treatment‐related toxicity. The aim of this review is to provide an updated overview of the knowledge generated over recent years regarding epidemiology, prognosis and treatment options in older adults with lymphoma, focusing on Diffuse Large B‐cell Lymphoma (DLBCL) where the most robust evidence base is available.
Exome sequencing utility in defining the genetic landscape of hearing loss and novel‐gene discovery in Iran
Authors: Mohseni Marzieh , Babanejad Mojgan , Booth Kevin T. , Jamali Payman , Jalalvand Khadijeh , Davarnia Behzad , Ardalani Fariba , Khoshaeen Atefeh , Arzhangi Sanaz , Ghodratpour Fatemeh , Beheshtian Maryam , Jahanshad Faezeh , Otukesh Hasan , Bahrami Fatemeh , Seifati Seyed Morteza , Bazazzadegan Niloofar , Habibi Farkhonde , Behravan Hanieh , Mirzaei Sepide , Keshavarzi Fatemeh , Nikzat Nooshin , Mehrjoo Zohreh , Thiele Holger , Nothnagel Michael , Azaiez Hela , Smith Richard J. , Kahrizi Kimia , Najmabadi Hossein 
Published: March 2021

AbstractHearing loss (HL) is one of the most common sensory defects affecting more than 466 million individuals worldwide. It is clinically and genetically heterogeneous with over 120 genes causing non‐syndromic HL identified to date. Here, we performed exome sequencing (ES) on a cohort of Iranian families with no disease‐causing variants in known deafness‐associated genes after screening with a targeted gene panel. We identified likely causal variants in 20 out of 71 families screened. Fifteen families segregated variants in known deafness‐associated genes. Eight families segregated variants in novel candidate genes for HL: DBH, TOP3A, COX18, USP31, TCF19, SCP2, TENM1, and CARMIL1. In the three of these families, intrafamilial locus heterogeneity was observed with variants in both known and novel candidate genes. In aggregate, we were able to identify the underlying genetic cause of HL in nearly 30% of our study cohort using ES. This study corroborates the observation that high‐throughput DNA sequencing in populations with high rates of consanguineous marriages represents a more appropriate strategy to elucidate the genetic etiology of heterogeneous conditions such as HL.
Modeling and understanding social–ecological knowledge diversity
Authors: Schwermer Heike , Aminpour Payam , Reza Caitie , Funk Steffen , Möllmann Christian , Gray Steven 
Published: March 2021

AbstractThe concept of social–ecological knowledge diversity (SEKD) provides a novel way of examining coupled human–environment interactions—it acknowledges differences in knowledge, values, and beliefs of stakeholder groups within social–ecological systems (SES). Thus, understanding and measuring SEKD is an essential component of sustainable management with implications for conflict resolution, collective action and policymaking. However, methods to efficiently define and model knowledge diversity are still underdeveloped. Using a semiquantitative cognitive mapping approach, we collected and analyzed stakeholder‐specific knowledge and perceptions of the Western Baltic cod fishery to model SEKD. Results demonstrate substantial variation in perceptions across different individuals and social groups. SEKD was evident in (a) distinctive meanings attached to social factors relative to ecological factors, (b) causal relationships underlying the understanding of SES dynamics, and (c) social impacts of ecological changes on ecosystems (and vice versa). By identifying and representing knowledge‐specific disparities in SES frameworks, our model explicitly improves the understanding of human–environment interactions with implications that could help reduce conflicts and legitimize management plans.
Late‐onset allograft rejection, cytomegalovirus infection, and renal allograft loss: Is anti‐CMV prophylaxis required following late‐onset allograft rejection?
Authors: Rahimishahmirzadi Mohammadreza , Jevnikar Anthony M. , House Andrew A. , Luke Patrick P. , Humar Atul , Silverman Michael S. , Shalhoub Sarah M. , Hosseini‐Moghaddam Seyed M. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractRenal transplant recipients remain at risk of delayed‐onset cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection occurring beyond a complete course of prophylaxis. In this retrospective cohort, all 278 patients who received renal allografts from deceased donors from 2014 to 2016 were followed until September 1, 2019. We determined the effect of early–vs late‐onset acute rejection (EAR vs LAR [ie, occurring beyond 12 months after transplantation]) on CMV infection and subsequently long‐term allograft outcome.Median (IQR) duration of follow‐up was 1186.0 (904.7‐1531.2) days. Seventy patients including 49 patients with EAR and 21 with LAR received augmented immunosuppression. In the same interval, 40 patients developed CMV infection (36 patients beyond 90 days after transplantation [90%]). In logistic regression analysis, D+/R‐ CMV serostatus (OR: 5.5, 95% CI: 2.5‐12.2) and LAR (OR: 7.9, 95% CI: 2.8‐22.2) significantly increased the risk of CMV infection. In Cox proportional hazard model, delayed‐onset CMV infection (HR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.08‐5.86) and LAR (HR: 5.46, 95% CI: 2.26‐13.14) significantly increased the risk of allograft loss.Patients with LAR are at risk of late‐onset CMV infection. Post‐LAR, targeted prophylaxis may reduce the risk of CMV infection and subsequently allograft loss. Further studies are required to demonstrate the effect of targeted prophylaxis following LAR.
Cholesterotic fibrous histiocytoma: Case report and literature review
Authors: Lukach Alexis J. , Adams Alison K. , Werling Robert W. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractCholesterotic fibrous histiocytoma is a particularly rare variant of dermatofibroma that is distinguished histopathologically by the presence of prominent cholesterol deposits within the lesion. We report the case of a 54‐year‐old male with poorly controlled hyperlipidemia who presented with a firm violaceous papule on the right shin, diagnosed as a cholesterotic fibrous histiocytoma. We also review and summarize the existing literature on this uncommon entity.
Effects of stomach content on the breath alcohol concentration‐transdermal alcohol concentration relationship
Authors: Saldich Emily B. , Wang Chunming , Rosen I. Gary , Bartroff Jay , Luczak Susan E. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractIntroductionWearable devices that obtain transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC) could become valuable research tools for monitoring alcohol consumption levels in naturalistic environments if the TAC they produce could be converted into quantitatively‐meaningful estimates of breath alcohol concentration (eBrAC). Our team has developed mathematical models to produce eBrAC from TAC, but it is not yet clear how a variety of factors affect the accuracy of the models. Stomach content is one factor that is known to affect breath alcohol concentration (BrAC), but its effect on the BrAC‐TAC relationship has not yet been studied.MethodsWe examine the BrAC‐TAC relationship by having two investigators participate in four laboratory drinking sessions with varied stomach content conditions: (i) no meal, (ii) half and (iii) full meal before drinking, and (iv) full meal after drinking. BrAC and TAC were obtained every 10 min over the BrAC curve.ResultsEating before drinking lowered BrAC and TAC levels, with greater variability in TAC across person‐device pairings, but the BrAC‐TAC relationship was not consistently altered by stomach content. The mathematical model calibration parameters, fit indices, and eBrAC curves and summary score outputs did not consistently vary based on stomach content, indicating that our models were able to produce eBrAC from TAC with similar accuracy despite variations in the shape and magnitude of the BrAC curves under different conditions.Discussion and ConclusionsThis study represents the first examination of how stomach content affects our ability to model estimates of BrAC from TAC and indicates it is not a major factor.