bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructure and anti-corrosion properties of spray pyrolyzed Ni-doped ZnO thin films for multifunctional surface protection applications
Authors: Owoeye Victor Adewale , Ajenifuja Emmanuel , Adeoye Abiodun Eyitayo , Salau Ayodeji Olalekan , Akindadelo Adedeji Tomide , Pelemo David A , Idowu Popoola Abimbola Patricia 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe microstructures, electrochemical, and hardness properties of deposited Ni-doped ZnO thin films on ultrasonically cleaned 316L stainless steel (316L ST) employing a low-cost chemical spray pyrolysis technique (CSPT) was examined in this work. The films were prepared at various concentrations using commercially available purity zinc acetate and nickel acetate as the precursor sources. The result of x-ray diffractometry (XRD) showed that the films have polycrystalline structure with all the films consisting of single phase ZnO hexagonal wurtzite structure. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) result affirmed that the coated films adhered to the substrates and equally spread through the substrate surfaces. The surface microstructure of the 316L ST improves with Ni content. The corrosion resistance of the 316L ST was observed to improve with the coated films. Hardness value of the uncoated 316L ST was observed to increase from 139.15 HV to 233.03 HV of coated S3 (9% nickel acetate (0.2 M) and 91% zinc acetate (0.2 M)).
Developing a virtual geriatric perioperative medicine clinic: a mixed methods healthcare improvement study
Authors: Joughin Andrea , Ibitoye Sarah , Crees Amy , Shipway David , Braude Philip 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
the Geriatric Perioperative Care clinic at North Bristol NHS Trust was suspended in March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. A virtual clinic was piloted to deliver preoperative health optimisation and shared decision-making for patients undergoing critical elective surgery. No literature existed on virtual preoperative clinics for older people to support the development.

Objective
this healthcare improvement study describes the setup and delivery of the virtual clinic as its primary aim. Secondary aims included: assessing older people’s access to technology and their digital literacy for virtual consultation; to describe barriers and facilitators for consultations, as well as evaluation of patient and clinician satisfaction with the consultations' mode of delivery and outcomes.

Methods
a mixed methods healthcare improvement study was undertaken through plan-do-study-act cycles, semi-structure interviews, and quantitative service benchmarking.

Results
the pilot evaluated 67 preoperative consultations (43.3% video, 56.7% telephone, mean age 75) with a mix of surgical pathology (vascular 88.1%, colorectal 10.4%, urological 1.5%). Patient feedback demonstrated improved understanding of conditions (90.6%), and adequate opportunity to express opinions and questions (96.2%). Clinicians preferred video consultations (adequate to deliver services: 89.7% video; 68.4% telephone). The greatest barriers to engagement, none of which were exclusions to participation, included cognitive impairment, sensory impairment, or needing technical assistance setting up video consultations (52.2%).

Conclusions
delivering a virtual preoperative medical optimisation and shared decision clinic for older people is feasible. This study will aid other units in developing their own virtual preoperative clinics. Future work should evaluate perioperative outcomes of delivering a face-to-face versus virtual clinic.
P39 Cross sectional survey of medical student volunteering and education during the coronavirus pandemic in the United Kingdom
Authors:   MedEd Collaborative (Steering Group, Byrne Matthew H V , Ashcroft James , Alexander Laith , Wan Jonathan , Harvey Anna , Clelland Andrew , Schindler Nick , Brassett Cecilia ,   Survey Development Group, Vance Gillian , Burford Bryan , Raj Vigneshwar , Brown Anmol Arora Megan E L , Bandyopadhyay Soham , Dominic Catherine , Dawidziuk Siena Hayes Aleksander , Kinder Florence , Sravanam Sanskrithi , Kawka Michal , Vaughan Adam 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Introduction
COVID-19 led to global disruption of healthcare and many students volunteered to provide clinical support. Volunteering to work was a unique medical education opportunity; however, it is unknown whether this was a positive learning experience.

Methods
The COVID Ready 2 study is a national cross-sectional study of all medical students at UK medical schools. We will compare opinions of those who did and did not volunteer to determine the educational benefit and issues they faced. We will use thematic analysis to identify themes in qualitative responses, in addition to quantitative analysis.

Results
The primary objective is to explore the effect of volunteering during the pandemic on medical education in comparison to those who did not volunteer. Our secondary objectives are to identify: whether students would be willing to assume similar roles in a non-pandemic setting; if students found the experience more or less beneficial than traditional hospital placements and reasons for this; what the perceived benefits and disadvantages of volunteering were; the difference in perceived preparedness between students who did and did not volunteer for foundation training year one and the next academic year; training received by volunteers; and to explore issues associated with volunteering, including safety issues and issues with role and competence.

Conclusions
We anticipate this study will help identify volunteer structures that have been beneficial for students, so that similar infrastructures can be used in the future; and help determine whether formal voluntary roles should be introduced into the non-pandemic medical curriculum.
VPS34 suppression reverses osimertinib resistance via simultaneously inhibiting glycolysis and autophagy
Authors: Chen Hengyi , Lu Conghua , Lin Caiyu , Li Li , Wang Yubo , Han Rui , Hu Chen , He Yong 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Autophagy and glycolysis are associated with osimertinib resistance. The energy complement and dynamic balance between these two processes make it difficult to block the process of drug resistance; breaking the complementary relationship between them may effectively overcome drug resistance. However, the exact mechanisms and the key players for regulating autophagy and glycolysis remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that autophagy and glycolysis levels in osimertinib-resistant cells were markedly higher than parental cells, and a dynamic balance existed between them. Inhibition of the class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase vacuolar protein sorting 34 (VPS34) with 3-methyladenine or small interfering RNA can not only inhibit abnormally enhanced autophagy but also inhibit glycolysis by inhibiting the location of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the expression of hexokinase II. By demonstrating that VPS34 is the key player controlling autophagy and glycolysis simultaneously, our study may provide a new strategy for overcoming osimertinib resistance for treatment of EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer patients.
THE ACTION OF HOMOTHALLISM GENES IN SACCHAROMYCES DIPLOIDS DURING VEGETATIVE GROWTH AND THE EQUIVALENCE OF hm
a and HMα LOCI FUNCTIONS
Authors: Klar Amar J S , Fogel Seymour 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The action of homothallism genes in vegetatively growing diploid cells was examined. The results demonstrate that homothallism genes function during regular vegetative growth cycles as well as during the first few divisions after spore germination. A procedure based on ultraviolet-induced reciprocal mitotic recombination monitored by homozygosity for cryptopleurine resistance (a recessive marker closely linked to the mating-type locus) allowed us to identify and recover Saccharomyces cerevisiae colonies sectored for the mating-type locus i.e., a/a and α/α. Homothallism genes can switch a/a or α/α vegetative diploid cells, generated from a strain with genotype a/α HO/ho HMα/HMα HM a/HM a, to a/α diploids or a/a/α/α tetraploids during a given mitotic division cycle. We found that both a/a and α/α sectors generated from a strain with genotype a/α HO/HO hmα/hmα hm a/HM a switch to a/α diploids or a/a/α/α tetraploids. This finding supports Naumov and Tolstorukov's suggestion (1973) that the hm a allele provides for the same functions as the HMα allele, namely, a switch at the mating-type locus from α to a. The HO allele is dominant to ho but hm a and HM a alleles are codominant. A loose linkage between the mating-type and the HMα loci (∼55cM), confirming Harashima, Nogi and Oshima (1974) data, was observed.
NEW MUTATIONS AND A 7-CHROMOSOME LINKAGE MAP OF SCHIZOPHYLLUM COMMUNE
Authors: Frankel Carl , Ellingboe Albert H 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Forty-eight useful new mutations of S. commune were obtained by mutagenesis with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. Their requirements and meiotic linkage relationships to each other and previously mapped areas were investigated. Several of these new mutations were incorporated into diploid strains so that the diploids contained at least one marker on every linkage group. Analysis of somatic recombination in these diploids indicated that each meiotic linkage group corresponded to an independent chromosome.
THE INSTABILITY OF NEUROSPORA DUPLICATION Dp(IL⇒IR)H4250, AND ITS GENETIC CONTROL
Authors: Newmeyer Dorothy , Galeazzi Donna R 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Previous work (Newmeyer and Taylor 1967) showed that a nontandem duplication, Dp(IL→IR)H4250, is regularly produced by recombination in crosses heterozygous for the effectively terminal pericentric inversion In(IL→IR)H4250. The duplications initially have strongly inhibited growth because they are heterozygous for mating type, which behaves like a vegetative-incompatibility (het) locus. Such cultures "escape" from the inhibition as a result of events that eliminate the mating-type heterozygosity. The product of a given escape event may be barren or fertile. (Neurospora duplications are characteristically barren; that is, when crossed, they make many perithecia but few ascospores.)—The present paper reports on a genetic analysis of the instability of Dp(IL→IR)H4250 . Most of the barren escape products behave as if due either to mitotic crossovers, which make mating type and distal markers homozygous, or to very long deletions which uncover mating type and all distal markers; presumably the latter would retain enough duplicated material to render them barren. It is difficult to distinguish between these two possibilities, but homozygosis seems more probable and has been clearly demonstrated in one case. Only a few barren escapes could be due to short deletions or to changes at the mating-type locus.—The fertile escape products appear to be euploid. Most of these behave as if they arose by precise deletion of one or the other duplicated segment, thus restoring one of the parental sequences. A large majority of the precise deletions restore normal sequence; only a few restore inversion sequence. Preferential restoration of the normal sequence has also been found by other workers for Neurospora duplications from several other rearrangements. A hypothesis is presented to explain these findings; it is posulated that the precise deletions result from mitotic crossing over in homologous material located at chromosome tips and tip-break-points.—There is a smaller group of fertile escapes that are unlike either parental sequence; at least one of these involves a chromosome break outside the duplicated region.—Duplications in which the vegetative incompatibility is suppressed by the unlinked modifier tol are extremely barren; they only rarely lose a duplicated segment so as to become fertile.—The instability of Dp(IL→IR)H4250, with and without tol, is markedly altered by factors in the genetic background. The two factors studied in detail have qualitatively different effects.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF A STRAIN OF MICE PLATEAUED FOR LITTER SIZE
Authors: Eklund J , Bradford G E 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A strain of mice (S1) was successfully selected for large litter size for 31 generations, increasing the mean by 4.2 young per litter. After generation 31, there was no further progress and it was concluded that a selection plateau had been reached. Realized heritability decreased during the course of the experiment from 0.16 ± 0.06 for the first 15 generations to 0.00 ± 0.03 for generations 30 through 45. — In order to explore the nature of the selection plateau, the following groups were derived from line S1 at generation 34 or 35: Upward selection with inbreeding (SF), random (relaxed) selection (SO), and downward selection (SR). Selections were carried out for 10 or 11 generations. The means of SO and SF were similar to those of S1, ruling out any major effect of natural selection or overdominance. SR decreased, the mean averaging 2.3 young per litter below that of S1 during the last three generations. The fact that SR responded to selection indicates that genetic variance was still present in the plateaued population. The SF sublines were crossed when the inbreeding was 95% and a new line, SX, was formed. SX was maintained for three generations and the difference of +0.7 young per litter above the contemporary generations of S1 was significant. The results from this experiment suggest that the selection plateau in line S1 was caused by reduction of additive genetic variance to a very low level. Some nonadditive genetic variance remained, however, and was attributed to recessive alleles at low frequency. In agreement with results reported by Falconer (1971), inbreeding with selection followed by crossing of the inbred sublines proved to be effective in overcoming a selection plateau in litter size.
A MUTATION THAT PERMITS THE EXPRESSION OF NORMALLY SILENT COPIES OF MATING-TYPE INFORMATION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Haber James E , George Jeanne P 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Studies of heterothallic and homothallic strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae have led to the suggestion that mating-type information is located at three distinct sites on chromosome 3, although only information at the mating-type (MAT) locus is expressed (HICKS, STRATHERN and HERSKO-WITZ, 1977). We have found that the recessive mutation cmt permits expression of the normally silent copies of mating-type information at the HMa and HMα loci. In haploid strains carrying HMa and HMα, the cmt mutation allows the simultaneous expression of both a and a information, leading to a nonmating ("MATa/MATα") phenotype. The effects of cmt can be masked by changing the mating-type information at HMa or HMα. For example, a cell of genotype MATα hma HMα cmt has an a mating type, while a MATα hma HMα cmt strain is nonmating. Expression of mating-type information at the HM loci can correct the mating and sporulation defects of the mata* and matα10 alleles. Meiotic segregants recovered from cmt/cmt diploids carrying the mat mutations demonstrate that these mutants are not "healed" to normal MAT alleles, as is the case in parallel studies using the homothallism gene H0.—All of the results are consistent with the notion that the HMa and hmα alleles both code for α information, while HMα and hma both code for a information. The cmt mutation demonstrates that these normally silent copies of mating-type and sporulation information can be expressed and that the information at these loci is functionally equivalent to that found at MAT. The cmt mutation does not cause interconversions of mating-type alleles at MAT, and it is not genetically linked to MAT, HMa, HMα or HO. In cmt heterozygotes, cmt becomes homozygous at a frequency greater than 1% when the genotype at the MAT locus is mata*/MATα or matα10/MATa,
ORGANIZATION OF THE RUDIMENTARY WING LOCUS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER. I. THE ISOLATION AND PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MUTANTS INDUCED WITH ETHYL METHANESULFONATE, ICR–170 AND X RAYS
Authors: Rawls John M , Porter Lawrence A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
New rudimentary (r) mutants have been isolated following mutagenesis with ethyl methanesulfonate (rLE), ICR-170 (rLI) and X rays (rLX) . From wing phenotype measurements on hamoallelic females, it has been shown that the rLE mutant series includes several leaky alleles, as well as alleles that produce moderate and strong r phenotypes. All of the tested rLI alleles yielded strong r phenotypes in homoallelic females, whereas the rLX series was found to include both moderate and strong alleles. Based on allele complementation for the wing phenotype, it was found that all three mutant series include both complementing and noncomplementing alleles, but the relative frequencies of these two types of alleles differ considerably among the three series. Complementing alleles comprise most of the rLE mutant series (19 of 25) and almost one-half of the rLX series (five of 12), while only one of 16 rLI mutants is a complementing allele. Data from enzyme assays of mutants mostly support the direct correlation of genetic complementation units with the activities of the first three enzymes in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. All of these findings are discussed in light of evidence that these three enzymes are contained within a tri-enzyme complex in animals. We conclude that the available genetic evidence supports the contention that the trienzyme complex is encoded by a single mRNA.
MAR1—A REGULATOR OF THE HM
a AND HMα LOCI IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Klar Amar J S , Fogel Seymour , Macleod Kathy 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
A mutation in the MAR1 (mating-type regulator) locus causing sterility in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is reported. The mutation maps on the left arm of linkage group IV between trp1 and cdc2 at a distance of about 27 CM from trp1 and about 31 cM from cdc2. Haploid strains with genotype MATα HMα HMa mar1-1 and MATa HMα HMa mar1-1 are sterile. However, MATα hmα HMa mar1-1 and MATa HMα hma mar1-1 strains exhibit a and a mating type, respectively. The sterile strains can be "rare mated" with standard strains as a consequence of mutational changes at HMa and HMα. It is proposed that the MAR1 locus blocks the expression of MATα and MATa information thought to exist at HMa and HMα loci, respectively (HICKS, STRATHERN and HERSKOWITZ, 1977). In a mar1-1 mutant, the expression of both HMα and HMa information leads to a nonmating phenotype similar to that of MATa/MATα diploids. The genetic evidence reported here is consistent with a central feature of the "cassette model", namely that HMα and hma carry MATa information and HMa and hmα carry MATα information.
CYTOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF AN SD CHROMOSOME FROM A NATURAL POPULATION OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Trippa G , Loverre A , Cicchetti R 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The discovery and the cytogenetic characterization of a new SD(Segregation Distorter) chromosome 2 from a natural population in Ranna (Sicily, Italy), SDRa, are reported. The main features of this chromosome are as follows: (a) it contains an SdRa gene with a moderate degree of segregation distortion (= 0.72), (b) a recessive female sterile gene, fs(2)TLM, responsible for modifications of the morphology and structure of the testes and ovaries is located at 89.7, (c) SDRa/SDRa males and females are viable but sterile, the females due to homozygosis of fs(2)TLM and the males because of homozygosis of a region containing the Sd locus, and (d) SDi/SDj combinations are fertile, thus suggesting that the different Sd factors found in natural populations constitute a multiple allelic series.——These data may indicate that each population containing SD chromosomes has evolved its own genetic architecture for the complex SD system, with specific modifiers and perhaps different Sd genes. The possibility of reconstructing the evolutionary pattern of the SDRa chromosome in the natural Ranna population after the model of CHARLESWORTH and HARTL (1978) and CROW (1979) is considered.
HETEROCHROMATIC RECOMBINATION IN GERM CELLS OF DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER FEMALES
Authors: Hiraizumi Yuichiro 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Heterochromatic recombination in germ cells was found to occur in females of Drosophila melanogaster having a specific genotype. Results of the present study can be summarized as follows: (1) The frequency of heterochromatic recombination descreases consistently and markedly as the female ages. (2) The female that induces heterochromatic recombination is associated with reduced number of progeny when she is young, but as she gets older, the number of progeny increases, approaching that of the normal female. The reduction in the number of progeny is due to unhatchability of eggs produced, not to reduced egg laying. (3) Cytoplasmic factors affect the above two traits. These traits seem to be due to interaction between chromosomal and cytoplasmic elements. (4) These traits are not expressed in males. (5) The increase in recombination frequency seems to be limited to the centric heterochromatin.—It is suggested that heterochromatic recombination is one of the traits associated with the I-R system of hybrid dysgenesis in D. melanogaster.
GENIC VARIATION IN MALE HAPLOIDS UNDER DETERMINISTIC SELECTION
Authors: Pamilo P , Crozier R H 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Genic variation in male haploids and male diploids was compared assuming constant fitnesses (derived from computer-generated random numbers) and infinite population size. Several models were studied, differing by the fitness correlation between the sexes (rs) and genotypes (rg), and by the intensity of selection as measured by the coefficient of variation (CV) of the fitness distribution. Genic variation was quantified using the proportion of polymorphic loci, P, the gene diversity at polymorphic loci, Hp, and the gene diversity over all loci, Ha. The two genetic systems were compared via variation ratios: variation in male haploidy/variation in male diploidy.—P and Ha were markedly lower for male-haploids than for male diploids, the variation ratios declining with increasing rs, rg and CV, but the two genetic systems were similar for Hp. Except for male diploids with rs = 1, the two sexes had different equilibrium gene frequencies but the sample sizes required to detect such differences reliably were larger than usually possible in surveys of natural populations.—Data from natural populations fit the above trends qualitatively, but the variation ratios are much lower than those from our analyses, except that for Hp, which is higher when Drosophila is excluded. Also, the frequency distribution of most common alleles from electrophoretic data has a deficiency of intermediate frequencies compared to that from the computer-generated sets of fitnesses, possibly reflecting either the influence of stochastic processes shifting frequencies away from equilibrium or the involvement of alleles under selection-mutation balance.——While electrophoretic data suggest that Drosophila has unusually high levels of genic variation, unusually low levels of genic variation in male haploids compared with male diploids are not strongly indicated. However, if further data confirm male haploids as having low levels of genic variation, likely explanations are that the bulk of electrophoretically detected variation involves fixed-fitness balancing selection, selection-mutation balance involving slightly deleterious recessive alleles, new favorable male haploid alleles moving more rapidly to fixation than under male diploidy and thus carrying linked loci to fixation faster, or some combination of these possible factors.