bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pediatric emergency medicine fellows’ milestone evaluations: Do they all meet the targets for graduation?
Authors: Roskind Cindy G. , Leonard Kathryn , Baghdassarian Aline , Kou Maybelle , Levasseur Kelly , Rose Jerri A. , Shabanova Veronika , Vu Tien , Zuckerbraun Noel S. , Langhan Melissa L. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe ACGME Milestone Project created a competency‐based trainee assessment tool. Subcompetencies (SCs) are scored on a 5‐point scale; level 4 is recommended for graduation. The 2018 Milestones Report found that across subspecialties, not all graduates attain level 4 for every SC.ObjectiveThe objective was to describe the number of pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) fellows who achieve ≥ level 4 in all 23 SCs at graduation and identify SCs where level 4 is not achieved and factors predictive of not achieving a level 4.MethodsThis is a multicenter, retrospective cohort study of PEM fellows from 2014 to 2018. Program directors provided milestone reports. Descriptive analysis of SC scores was performed. Subanalyses assessed differences in residency graduation scores, first‐year fellowship scores, and the rate of milestone attainment between fellows who did and did not attain ≥ level 4 at graduation.ResultsData from 392 fellows were obtained. There were no SCs in which all fellows attained ≥ level 4 at graduation; the range of fellows scoring < level 4 per SC was 7% to 39%. A total of 67% of fellows did not attain ≥ level 4 on one or more SC. While some fellows failed to attain ≥ level 4 on up to all 23 SCs, 26% failed to meet level 4 on only one or two. In 19 SCs, residency graduation and/or first year fellow scores were lower for fellows who did not attain ≥ level 4 at graduation compared to those who did (mean difference = 0.74 points). Among 10 SCs, fellows who did not attain ≥ level 4 at graduation had a faster rate of improvement compared to those who did attain ≥ level 4.ConclusionIn our sample, 67% of PEM fellows did not attain level 4 for one or more of the SCs at graduation. Low scores during residency or early in fellowship may predict difficulty in meeting level 4 by fellowship completion.
Nitrogen content of pea‐based cover crop mixtures and subsequent organic corn yield
Authors: Lavergne Stéphanie , Vanasse Anne , Thivierge Marie‐Noëlle , Halde Caroline 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOrganic growers rely heavily on manure additions to meet corn (Zea mays L.) nitrogen (N) needs. Considering the limited availability of farmyard manure and its increasing cost, the use of cover crop mixtures may help in addressing this challenge. The impact of fall‐seeded cover crops with or without pelletized poultry manure application on corn yield and N dynamics was investigated at three sites in Québec, Canada. Cover crop treatments consisted of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) in a pure stand, 2‐, 6‐, and 12‐species pea‐based mixtures, and a weedy control without cover crops. Nitrogen content of shoot biomass was the greatest for the pure stand of field pea at Augustin17 (157 kg N ha–1), and for the pure stand of field pea and the 2‐species mixture at Augustin18 (average of 109 kg N ha–1) and Barthelemy17 (average of 171 kg N ha–1). Nitrogen content of root biomass averaged 13 kg N ha–1. Cover crops increased organic corn grain yield by 28% compared to a weedy control. Corn grain yield was similar following the pure stand of field pea and the mixtures of 2 and 12 species, showing no clear advantage of using mixtures instead of a pure stand of field pea regarding N supply and corn yield. Corn yield increased by 10% with poultry manure application irrespective of the cover crop treatments. These results indicate that the use of cover crops, either a pure legume or legume in mixture, could contribute to organic grain corn yield.
A novel stochastic optimization method to efficiently synthesize large‐scale nonsharp distillation systems
Authors: Zhang Shuo , Luo Yiqing , Yuan Xigang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study presents a novel stochastic optimization method for the efficient synthesis of large‐scale nonsharp distillation systems, where heat integration and thermal coupling can be involved simultaneously. A new binary tree encoding method was developed to represent distillation sequences with no limits on the number of middle components in nonsharp splits to ensure a complete solution space. Thermally coupled structures were defined by 0–1 binary variables. Evolutionary rules were developed to generate neighboring distillation configurations randomly. Finally, an optimization framework was proposed, where simulated annealing (SA) algorithm was used to optimize distillation configurations; for a certain distillation configuration randomly generated by SA, its continuous variables were optimized using particle swarm optimization algorithm. Four cases—including the synthesis of six‐ and seven‐component nonsharp heat integrated and thermally coupled distillation sequences—were studied to demonstrate that the proposed method was efficient and could obtain optimal and valuable suboptimal solutions with high probabilities.
POEMS syndrome: 2021 Update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management
Authors: Dispenzieri Angela 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDisease overviewPOEMS syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome due to an underlying plasma cell neoplasm. The major criteria for the syndrome are polyradiculoneuropathy, clonal plasma cell disorder (PCD), sclerotic bone lesions, elevated vascular endothelial growth factor, and the presence of Castleman disease. Minor features include organomegaly, endocrinopathy, characteristic skin changes, papilledema, extravascular volume overload, and thrombocytosis.DiagnosisThe diagnosis of POEMS syndrome is made with three of the major criteria, two of which must include polyradiculoneuropathy and clonal plasma cell disorder, and at least one of the minor criteria.Risk stratificationBecause the pathogenesis of the syndrome is not well understood, risk stratification is limited to clinical phenotype rather than specific molecular markers. Risk factors include low serum albumin, age, pleural effusion, pulmonary hypertension, and reduced eGFR.Risk‐adapted therapyFor those patients with a dominant plasmacytoma, first line therapy is irradiation. Patients with diffuse sclerotic lesions or disseminated bone marrow involvement and for those who have progression of their disease 3–6 months after completing radiation therapy should receive systemic therapy. Corticosteroids are temporizing, but alkylators are the mainstay of treatment, either in the form of low dose conventional therapy or high dose with stem cell transplantation. Lenalidomide shows promise with manageable toxicity. Thalidomide and bortezomib also have activity, but their benefit needs to be weighed against their risk of exacerbating the peripheral neuropathy. Prompt recognition and institution of both supportive care measures and therapy directed against the plasma cell result in the best outcomes.
Surface oxygen Vacancies on Reduced Co3O4(100): Superoxide Formation and Ultra‐Low‐Temperature CO Oxidation
Authors: Liu Yun , Peng Yuman , Naschitzki Mathias , Gewinner Sandy , Schöllkopf Wieland , Kuhlenbeck Helmut , Pentcheva Rossitza , Roldan Cuenya Beatriz 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe activation of molecular oxygen is a fundamental step in almost all catalytic oxidation reactions. We have studied this topic and the role of surface vacancies for Co3O4(100) films with a synergistic combination of experimental and theoretical methods. We show that the as‐prepared surface is B‐layer terminated and that mild reduction produces oxygen single and double vacancies in this layer. Oxygen adsorption experiments clearly reveal different superoxide species below room temperature. The superoxide desorbs below ca. 120 K from a vacancy‐free surface and is not active for CO oxidation while superoxide on a surface with oxygen vacancies is stable up to ca. 270 K and can oxidize CO already at the low temperature of 120 K. The vacancies are not refilled by oxygen from the superoxide, which makes them suitable for long‐term operation. Our joint experimental/theoretical effort highlights the relevance of surface vacancies in catalytic oxidation reactions.
A Self‐Assembled Cage for Wide‐Scope Chiral Recognition in Water
Authors: Wu Guangcheng , Chen Yixin , Fang Shuai , Tong Lu , Shen Libo , Ge Chenqi , Pan Yuanjiang , Shi Xiangli , Li Hao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHerein, we report the self‐assembly of an anionic homochiral octahedral cage by condensing six Ga3+ cations and four trisacylhydrazone ligands. The robust nature of the hydrazone bond renders the cage stable in water, where it can take advantage of the hydrophobic effect for host–guest recognition. In addition to the internal binding site, namely, the inner cavity, the octahedral cage possesses four “windows”, each of which represents an external binding site allowing peripheral complexation. These internal and external binding sites endow the cage with the capability to bind a broad range of guests whose sizes could either be smaller than or exceed the volume of the cage′s inner cavity. Upon accommodation of a chiral guest, one of the two cage enantiomers becomes more favored than the other, producing circular‐dichroism (CD) signals. The CD signal intensity of the cage is observed to be proportional to the ee value of the chiral guest, allowing a quantitative determination of the latter.
Cross‐linking and foaming behavior of elastomers with water based blowing agents
Authors: Hopmann Christian , Kammer Sebastian , Facklam Martin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPhysiologically hazardous chemical blowing agents are state of the art for the foaming of extruded rubber profiles. Water is a potential alternative to these blowing agents and is incorporated into rubber compounds in the form of water‐loaded hygroscopic substances such silica or hydrates. To achieve an optimum foaming result, the water desorption and cross‐linking reaction has to be coordinated. Studies of the foaming behavior in the salt bath of the Sponge Rubber Analyzer show, that the density of an ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM) rubber compound is reduced to about 60% and a nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) compound to approximately 70%. The low reference densities of chemically foamed EPDM of 30% and NBR of 45% are not achieved. This is attributed to the premature foaming when using water‐loaded silica as blowing agent. Due to the low resistance of the rubber matrix, large cells are formed by coalescence, which collapse at low cross‐linking densities. Investigations of the cross‐linking behavior of EPDM and NBR with water‐loaded silica as blowing agent state, that the cross‐linking density is reduced to about 65% for EPDM and 50% for NBR when water is present. Furthermore, the incubation time is shortened by inhibition of the CBS retarder in the cross‐linking system of the NBR. However, this is not sufficient to fix the foamed cells.
New quinoxalin‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole derivatives: Synthesis, characterization, in vitro biological evaluations, and molecular modeling studies
Authors: Mirzazadeh Roghieh , Asgari Mohammad S. , Barzegari Ebrahim , Pedrood Keyvan , Mohammadi‐Khanaposhtani Maryam , Sherafati Maedeh , Larijani Bagher , Rastegar Hossein , Rahmani Hojjat , Mahdavi Mohammad , Taslimi Parham , Üç Eda M. , Gulçin İlhami 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA new series of quinoxalin‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (10a–l) derivatives was synthesized and evaluated against some metabolic enzymes including human carbonic anhydrase (hCA) isoenzymes I and II (carbonic anhydrases I and II), cholinesterase (acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase), and α‐glucosidase. Obtained data revealed that all the synthesized compounds were more potent as compared with the used standard inhibitors against studied target enzymes. Among the synthesized compounds, 4‐fluoro derivative (10f) against hCA I, 4‐chloro derivative (10i) against hCA II, 3‐fluoro derivative (10e) against acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, and 3‐bromo derivative (10k) against α‐glucosidase were the most potent compounds with inhibitory activity around 1.8‐ to 7.37‐fold better than standard inhibitors. Furthermore, docking studies of these compounds were performed at the active site of their target enzymes.
Event‐triggered control for a class of nonlinear random systems involving time‐varying delay and exogenous disturbances
Authors: Xi Ruipeng , Zhang Huaguang , Wang Yingchun , Sun Shaoxin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn terms of system modeling, random differential equations (RDEs) with colored noise are demonstrated to be more appropriate than stochastic differential equations (SDEs) relating to white noise in most practical situations. This paper discusses a category of nonlinear random systems involving time‐varying delay and exogenous disturbances. The definitions for noise‐to‐state practically stable (NSPS) and noise‐to‐state practically exponentially mean‐square stable (NSPEMS) are first given. An event‐based controller is then constructed to render the closed‐loop system NSPEMS and circumvents the Zeno behavior at the same time. Since the introduction of event‐triggered mechanism endows the closed‐loop system with hybrid behaviors, event‐based control for RDE systems still remains difficult to deal with. Within our cognitive scope, this paper serves as a pioneering attempt for event‐based control of RDE systems. And the validity of the results is corroborated by two simulation examples.
Tumor necrosis: A synergistic consequence of metabolic stress and inflammation
Authors: Yee Patricia P. , Li Wei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTumor necrosis is a common histological feature and poor prognostic predictor in various cancers. Despite its significant clinical implications, the mechanism underlying tumor necrosis remains largely unclear due to lack of appropriate pre‐clinical modeling. We propose that tumor necrosis is a synergistic consequence of metabolic stress and inflammation, which lead to oxidative stress‐induced cell death, such as ferroptosis. As a natural consequence of tumor expansion, tumor cells are inevitably stripped of vascular supply, resulting in deprivation of oxygen and nutrients. The resulting metabolic stress has commonly been considered the cause of tumor necrosis. Recent studies found that immune cells, such as neutrophils, when recruited to tumors, can directly trigger ferroptosis in tumor cells, suggesting that immune cells can be involved in amplifying tumor necrosis. This article will discuss potential mechanisms underlying tumor necrosis development and its impact on tumor progression as well as the immune response to tumors.
Systematically identifying the anti‐inflammatory constituents of Cimicifuga dahurica by UPLC–Q/TOF–MS combined with network pharmacology analysis
Authors: Pang Qian‐qian , Li Ting , Liu Ling‐xian , Shi Dan‐feng , Yao Xin‐sheng , Li Hai‐bo , Yu Yang 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCimicifuga dahurica (Turcz.) Maxim, which is also regarded as the main origin of “Shengma” in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, has been used as a cooling and detoxification agent for thousands of years. Our previous phytochemical investigations of C. dahurica extracts (CDEs) led to the isolation of a series of 9,19‐cycloalkane triterpenoids and phenolic acids showing a potential anti‐inflammatory activity. However, the chemical profiling of CDEs and the material basis of its anti‐inflammatory effect in vivo has not been clarified. In the present study, the CDE chemical profile and prototype components in rat plasma were identified via ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. As a result, a total of 106 components were identified or tentatively characterized in CDEs, including 54 triterpenoids, 35 phenolic acids, eight amides and nine other type constituents (39 compounds were confirmed with the reference standards). In addition, 20 prototype components (15 triterpenoids and five phenolic acids) were identified in rat plasma, which potentially related to the anti‐inflammatory effects of CDEs. Moreover, the anti‐inflammatory activities of the main prototype components were further evaluated by their inhibitory effects on the production of NO, as well as the expressions of iNOS and COX‐2 in lipopolysaccharide‐stimulated RAW264.7 cells, which indicated that 9,19‐cycloalkane triterpenoids may play an anti‐inflammatory role by down‐regulating the expression of iNOS.
Green process innovation: Where we are and where we are going
Authors: Khan Sher Jahan , Kaur Puneet , Jabeen Fauzia , Dhir Amandeep 
Published: May 2021

AbstractEnvironmental pollution has worsened in the past few decades, and increasing pressure is being put on firms by different regulatory bodies, customer groups, NGOs and other media outlets to adopt green process innovations (GPcIs), which include clean technologies and end‐of‐pipe solutions. Although considerable studies have been published on GPcI, the literature is disjointed, and as such, a comprehensive understanding of the issues, challenges and gaps is lacking. A systematic literature review (SLR) involving 80 relevant studies was conducted to extract seven themes: strategic response, organisational learning, institutional pressures, structural issues, outcomes, barriers and methodological choices. The review thus highlights the various gaps in the GPcI literature and illuminates the pathways for future research by proposing a series of potential research questions. This study is of vital importance to business strategy as it provides a comprehensive framework to help firms understand the various contours of GPcI. Likewise, policymakers can use the findings of this study to fill in the loopholes in the existing regulations that firms are exploiting to circumvent taxes and other penalties by locating their operations to emerging economies with less stringent environmental regulations.
Corporate performance patterns of Canadian listed firms: Balancing financial and corporate social responsibility outcomes
Authors: Radu Camélia , Smaili Nadia 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBased on stakeholder theory and considering the conflicting performance interests of a wide range of stakeholders, this research investigates corporate performance patterns using a cluster analysis of financial, social, and environmental performance dimensions. An analysis of a Canadian sample of 771 company‐year observations for the period 2014–2018 reveals three types of corporate performance: financially focused performance, balanced performance, and corporate social responsibility (CSR)‐focused performance. Firms in the largest cluster, financially focused performance, deliver poor sustainable performance and prioritize financial performance over social and environmental performance. The CSR‐focused performance cluster scores low for financial performance and high for environmental and social performance. The balanced‐performance cluster also has higher levels of sustainable performance but is the smallest cluster, accounting for a quarter of the sample. Overall, this study presents a portrait of corporate performance balancing financial and CSR objectives and the evolution of this activity over the research period.
Board interlocks, absorptive capacity, and environmental performance
Authors: Lu Jing , Mahmoudian Fereshteh , Yu Dongning , Nazari Jamal A. , Herremans Irene M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCoupling resource dependence theory with absorptive capacity concepts, we analyze the role absorptive capacity plays as a potential facilitator between board interlocks and environmental performance. Board interlocks act as avenues for knowledge and information that exist outside the organization to become resources to improve environmental performance. However, an organization also needs the ability to utilize knowledge to implement activities that lead to better environmental performance. Our results show that firms with a diversity of interlocks (greater number of board interlocks, interlocks in the same and different industries, and interlocks with top performers) achieve better environmental performance. Furthermore, we find that absorptive capacity, as measured by research and development (R&D) intensity, moderates the relationship between board interlocks and environmental performance.
Morphological variation of the hemophilic talus
Authors: Talbott Harriet G. , Wilkins Richard A. , Redmond Anthony C. , Brockett Claire L. , Mengoni Marlène 
Published: May 2021

AbstractFlattening of the trochlear tali is clinically observed as structural and functional changes advance in patients with hemarthropathy of the ankle. However, the degree of this flattening has not yet been quantified, and distribution of the morphological changes across the talus not yet defined. Chronologically sequential MR images of both a hemophilic patient group (N = 5) and a single scan from a nondiseased, sex‐matched, control group (N = 11) were used to take four measurements of the trochlear talus morphology at three locations (medial, central and lateral) along the sagittal plane. Three ratios of interest were defined from these to assess whether the talar dome flattens with disease. The control group MRI measurements were validated against literature data obtained from CT scans or planar X‐Rays. The influence of disease on talar morphology was assessed by direct comparison of the hemophilic cases with the control group. The values for all three ratios, in all locations, differed between the control and the hemophilic group. Flattening was indicated in the hemophilic group in the medial and lateral talus, but differences in the central talus were not statistically significant. This work demonstrates that morphological assessment of the talus from MR images is similar to that from CT scans or planar X‐Rays. Talar flattening does occur with hemarthropathy, especially at the medial and lateral edges of the joint surface. General flattening of the trochlear talus was confirmed in this small patient sample, however the degree and rate of change is unique to each ankle.
Emerging from emergency pandemic pedagogy: A survey of anatomical educators in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Authors: Dulohery Kate , Scully Deirdre , Longhurst Georga J. , Stone Danya M. , Campbell Thomas 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIt is critical that academic opinion of pandemic pedagogy is comprehensively quantified in order to inform future practices. Thus, this study examines how anatomists in the United Kingdom (UK) and Republic of Ireland (ROI) perceive the teaching adaptations made in response to COVID‐19, and how these adaptations have impacted their experiences teaching, their online work environment and community. Data was collected via a questionnaire from 24 anatomists across 15 universities in the UK (11) and ROI (4). With regards to teaching, 95.6% of academics have upskilled in new technologies to meet the demands of distance teaching. Academics (95.8%) preferred face‐to‐face delivery of practical sessions. Most universities (80.0%) reported that practical sessions will continue in a new form that ensures social distancing. However, 50.0% of academics are uncertain if these adaptations will improve student learning. Many anatomists believe that the new adaptations may hinder student–student (66.7%) and student–tutor (45.8%) interactions. Regarding assessment, 52.6% of academics preferred traditional methods to online. Remote online assessment was difficult to protect against collusion, but provided time saving opportunities for academics. Finally, in terms of working environment, 83.3% of academics stated that their workload increased; 54.2% preferred working on site rather than remotely and 79.2% think that staff interactions are better when working on site. These results demonstrate a widespread concern amongst anatomists regarding the pandemic‐induced adaptations to teaching, assessment and working environment. However, important opportunities were also identified that could ultimately serve to benefit students and educators alike.