bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of the earthquakes of May 1960 in Concepción and vicinity
Authors: Galli O. Carlos , Sanchez R. Joaquin 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The rocks and sediments of the region have been divided into four units: metamorphic rocks of unknown but great age; granites of Jurassic-Cretaceous age; fossiliferous sediments of Cretaceous and Tertiary age; Quaternary sands, silts, clays, gravels, and artificial fill. The metamorphic and intrusive rocks are deeply weathered.
In general, damage is clearly related to the type of materials of construction, independently of the subsoil. Nonetheless, damage was over soft alluvium and artificial fill. The overpass on the north of the railway bridge on Rio Bio Bio sunk into artificial fill and was damaged. The houses that survived best were built of reinforced concrete or wood. Houses of adobe or bricks held together with poor mortar or mud failed miserably. In the steeper zones, danger from landslides menaces populous areas in the hills La Pólvora, Chepe, Chacabuco, and others.
Observations of multiple seismic events
Authors: Pilant W. L. , Knopoff L. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
Two or more dispersed wave trains each with constant amplitude will interfere giving a resultant wave train which is amplitude modulated, if the individual waves have their principal energies in a common frequency band and if the trains arrive with time separations small compared to their total length. The dispersive characteristics of the trains need not be the same. If the component trains are of comparable magnitude, the modulation due to interference becomes significant and a “beat” phenomenon occurs. Multiple trains of dispersed seismic surface waves may occur because of a temporal and/or spatial distribution at the source or because of multipath propagation. Each of these causal mechanisms influences the amplitude and phase spectra of the resultant wave train; derived properties such as phase velocities and amplitude ratios are also influenced. In the case of multipath propagation, wavelength dependent time delays may occur. Two cases of twin earthquakes are analyzed, and the significant features of interference are demonstrated. In one case, estimates are obtained for the amplitude ratio and time delay of the second shock with respect to the first. The interpretation of seismograms and spectra influenced by multiple events is discussed.
Angle of incidence and amplitude ratio of P and PP waves
Authors: Papazachos Basil 
Published: July 2021

abstract
Apparent angles of incidence and amplitudes of P and PP waves of period 7 to 15 seconds were obtained from seismograms of the long period Columbia-Sprengnether instruments at the stations Manhattan (Kansas), Rolla (Missouri), Dubuque (Iowa) and Bloomington (Indiana). The calculated angle of incidence, by assuming Poisson's ratio equal to 14, agrees with a velocity of 6.4 km/sec for these longitudinal waves near the surface of the earth. The amplitude ratios of reflected to incident waves at the points half the distance between epicenters and stations were calculated. Comparison of these ratios with theoretical results shows that the unsymmetrical radiation at foci and errors in measurements make difficult, but not impossible, the use of these ratios for studying the structure of the earth. Another possible way to use the relative amplitudes of P and PP waves for studying regions of doubtful structure is to examine if those regions give reflections not only at the surface of the earth but also at the bottom of a possible crustal layer. Atlantic reflections indicate that these longitudinal waves are not affected by any surface crustal layer under the Atlantic Ocean.
On the travel times of P as determined from nuclear explosions
Authors: Lehmann I. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
A study has been made of the travel times of P waves as recorded from 14 shots on the Nevada Test Site (NTS) and from the Gnome (GN) shot. The travel times on different lines extending from the test sites were considered separately. Of special interest were the travel times obtained on the line joining the NTS and GN site. The two sets of travel times were in good agreement, but from epicentral distance 700 km onwards they were delayed and scattered. This was an indication of the presence of a low velocity layer at small depth on the line. Travel times on lines extending in other directions from the NTS differed somewhat but not very greatly from those on the NTS-GN line.
On the line from the Gnome site to the northeast travel times are considerably smaller owing to a strong increase of velocity with depth close to the Gnome site. Travel times in agreement with those observed were calculated.
Some California stations at distances around 1700 km observed P of the Gnome shot with an exceptional delay of 412 seconds.
The new Madrid earthquake of February 2, 1962, had its epicenter on the Gnome northeast line, but the surface velocity of Pn of the earthquake is smaller on the line than that of the Gnome shot. Pn of the earthquake was well recorded in all directions from the epicenter; there is no low velocity layer at small depth in these regions. In an earlier study of some earthquakes in northeastern America Pn and also Sn were found to be well recorded phases. It may seem as if shallow, low-velocity layers are confined to the western mountain regions.
Some observations relating to the effect of the crust on long-period P-wave motion
Authors: Nuttli Otto 
Published: July 2021

abstract
Long-period P waves recorded in the central United States at distances of 20 to 110 degrees for earthquakes of magnitude 6 and greater indicate that the amplitude of the ground motion is very similar at all stations in the area. The crust is uniform in this region, but the sedimentary section varies both in thickness and in character. Direction of approach, as determined by the ratio of the amplitudes of the horizontal components of motion, does not differ significantly from the great-circle path in the majority of cases studied.
Apparent angles of incidence cannot be satisfactorily explained by a half-space model, because calculations based on such a model require a larger value of the P-wave velocity for the shorter period waves. However, calculations based upon Haskell's model of a crustal layer over a half-space give a satisfactory fit to the observed data.
A new method for the measurement of the natural periods of buildings
Authors: Hudson D. E. , Keightley W. O. , Nielsen N. N. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
It is shown that the inertia force obtained by a man moving his body back and forth in synchronism with the natural period of vibration of a large structure is sufficient to build up a measurable amplitude of motion. By recording such structural vibrations versus time, the natural period and damping of several of the lower modes of vibration can be determined. The amplitudes of motion set up in this way are for many structures significantly larger than can be obtained from wind excitation, which has been used in the past for the measurement of the period of the fundamental mode.
A low-noise transistorized seismic amplifier
Authors: Thanos Stamatios N. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
The use of transistors for the amplification of fractional microvolt signals at extremely low frequencies is illustrated in the design of an amplifier developed for use in a lunar seismograph. The amplifier has an equivalent input noise voltage of 0.2 microvolts, p-p, with a source impedance of 2000 ohms and a 3 db bandwidth of 0.035 cps to 22 cps. The nominal input impedance is 1700 ohms. It is completely transistorized and performs satisfactorily over a specified temperature range of −20°C to +100°C. Low power requirements, high reliability, and capability for remote calibration and gain change make this amplifier especially suitable for any field or remote operation under extreme environmental conditions. This amplifier is presently being used in ocean bottom seismographs and magnetic variometers.
The effect of boundaries on wave propagation in a liquid-filled porous solid: VI. Love waves in a double surface layer
Authors: Deresiewicz H. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
The classical solution of Stoneley and Tillotson is generalized by considering the outer one of the pair of layers to be porous. Although the dispersion relation turns out, for practical purposes, to be identical with the one governing the classical case, the motion in the present instance is shown to be dissipative and the expression is exhibited for the specific energy loss.
A matrix method for elastic wave problems
Authors: Knopoff L. 
Published: July 2021

abstract
The solution to problems of elastic wave propagation in multilayered media, in which each layer is homogeneous and where the ensemble of layers has physical properties that vary only with one coordinate, may be given as the quotient of products of matrices. In the case of SH waves, the matrices are of order two; in the case of P-SV waves the matrices are of order four. The individual matrix elements are themselves determinants of order two or four in the two cases. The solution is obtained by means of Laplace's development by minors.
Transmission of Love waves in a half-space with a surface layer whose thickness varies hyperbolically
Authors: Takahashi Takehito 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The Propagation of Love waves in a layer over a half-space is theoretically studied for cases where the upper or lower boundary of the layer can be represented by a hyporbola.
Curvilinear coordinates are used. Approximate solutions of various modes exist. Among the component harmonic waves of a mode, the representative one for each given position can be specified. This explains the position dependancy of phase velocity. The condition of transmission and refiection of Love waves for this model and the case in which one-half of the hyperbola is replaced by a straight line are discussed.
Universal dispersion tables 1. Love waves across oceans and continents on a spherical earth
Authors: Anderson Don L. 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACTThe variational approach to surface wave dispersion problems has been largely replaced by the powerful method of Haskell which is exact and particularly convenient for use on digital computers. This paper shows how the two methods may be combined to yield dispersion curves which can be used to interpret data from any layered structure.A set of graphs and tables is presented which can be used to calculate the dispersion of Love waves in the period range of 4 to 1000 seconds over any spherical earth model. In addition, it is possible to determine by inspection which portion of the earth is contributing to a set of observed dispersion data thereby facilitating the design of an appropriate earth model. These tables can be used to determine how much freedom can be taken with proposed models without violating dispersion data. Application to the inverse problem is immediate.
Spherical waves in a simple locking medium
Authors: Hanagud Sathyanarayana 
Published: July 2021

ABSTRACT
The mechanical behavior of some types of soils can be idealized by that of a “Locking Solid.” This paper investigates the spherical shock wave and the stress distribution behind the wave in a simple locking solid due to a sudden explosion at the surface of a small spherical cavity. The cases of infinitesimal and finite deformations are considered. The effect of an elastic shear resistance and the consequent phenomenon of “unlocking” are also studied.
Elastic waves from a spherical source: Aperiodic solutions for Scholte's model
Authors: Hirasawa Tomowo 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The radiation patterns of P and S waves from a spherical cavity, in an infinite elastic medium on which the stress similar to a single couple force acts, were obtained by J. G. J. Scholte and A. R. Ritsema (1962). In this paper the solution for their model is presented in the case when a step function is assumed as the time variation of the stress.
As a result, it is found that the wave form of S waves depends on θ in spherical coordinates (r, θ, ø). Generally speaking, the orbit of the particle motion of S waves is not linear. Also the radiation pattern of S waves is similar to that for Type II rather than for Type I force system.
Elastic displacement of primary waves from explosive sources
Authors: Berg Joseph W. , Papageorge George E. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Equations derived from Blake's (1952) model of diverging waves from a point source were programmed for computer analysis. Variations of the displacement resulting from changes in the pressure function, propagational velocity, range, and cavity size were investigated. Results of the research indicate that: (1) a step pressure function used with this model gives displacements that closely approximate the displacements measured at 0.4 km from the Gnome nuclear explosion; (2) near the source, long-period displacements are inherent with this model; (3) the periods of the maximum Fourier transform amplitude of the radiation field is proportional to the equivalent cavity radius; (4) the peak displacements scale to the two-thirds power of charge size for values of a between 80 (0.5 kt) and 600 m (275 kt); and (5) between 0.1 and 3.0 cps, the amplitudes of given frequencies scale to the first power of charge size for values of a between 145 (3 kt) and 305 m (28 kt). In general, Fourier amplitudes at frequencies below the natural frequency of the cavity scale to the first power of charge size, and Fourier amplitudes at frequencies above the natural frequency of the cavity scale to a fractional power of charge size. It is suggested that this may be a good model with which to compare near-source observations of seismic phenomena.
Seismicity in a restricted region
Authors: Bostrom Robert C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
The Benioff seismic model and a Ree-Eyring viscosity equation have been used to evaluate the effects of seismicity in a confined region. Viscosity changes preclude the continuance of seismicity at its peak value for more than about 107 years. The zone of seismicity dipping beneath the circum-Pacific tectonic arcs may mark the site of an alteration front.
How prepared were we? A study to assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of dental surgeons regarding the Covid 19 pandemic in district Dehradun
Authors: Yogeshwari  , Agarwal Anubha , Aeran Himanshu 
Published: July 2021

The novel corona virus disease 2019 has been declared a global public health emergency & is affecting people across the globe. Dental Surgeons are at an invariably high risk of contracting COVID 19. Since all dentists are slowly resuming their full practice they shall be fully prepared. Aim of the study is to assess the knowledge, attitude & practise of Dental Surgeons regarding the novel Corona Virus Disease 2019 in District, Dehradun. An online Questionnaire was circulated among dental surgeons in District, Dehradun. The Questionnaire consisted of 5 sections: 1. Consent, 2. Epidemiological Data, 3. Knowledge Based Questions (11 Questions), 4. Attitude Based Questions (8 Questions), 5. Practice Based Questions (11 Questions). 107 responses were collected in total. Most dental surgeons had a degree of MDS (Masters of Dental Science): 60.7%. Good knowledge and practice scores were observed among 92.7% and 79.5% of the dental surgeons. Significant association of good knowledge scores with qualifications (p = 0.04) and years of practice (p = 0.02) was found; while good practice scores were associated with qualifications only (p = 0.03). Dental surgeons in district Dehradun were found to have good knowledge and practice scores, which is important to skirmish COVID-19. They are hence advised to follow the Center of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) World Health Organization (WHO), Ministry of Health & Family Welfare (MoHFW) guidelines in their clinics and should sensitize their staff as well. So that they themselves, their staff and patients all remain safe.
Udział Bernardynów w powstaniu styczniowym i ich późniejsze losy
Authors: Sitnik Krzysztof 
Published: July 2021

Według historyków udział Zakonu Braci Mniejszych (bernardynów) w powstaniu styczniowym był znaczący. W świetle źródeł historycznych zapisali oni piękną kartę w zrywie narodowym. Uznać to trzeba za zryw szlachetny, jak stwierdził bernardyński historyk Hieronim Eugeniusz Wyczawski, będący wyrazem umiłowania Ojczyzny i wolności. Z drugiej jednak strony nie sposób nie dostrzec, że w podejmowanych przez bernardynów akcjach było dużo nierozwagi, brak umiejętności organizowania pracy konspiracyjnej i niemało łatwowierności. W niniejszym opracowaniu przedstawiłem działalność bernardynów w Królestwie Kongresowym i na ziemiach bezpośrednio wcielonych do rosyjskiego imperium, gdzie był duży ucisk narodowościowy i gdzie wybuchło krwawe powstanie styczniowe 22 stycznia 1863 r. w Królestwie Polskim i 1 lutego 1863 r. w byłym Wielkim Księstwie Litewskim. W omawianym okresie wystąpiły wielorakie ograniczenia życia zakonnego, również dla prowincji bernardyńskich. Władze zaborcze nie tylko deklarowały niechęć wobec tej formy życia, ale stopniowo ograniczały i likwidowały struktury zakonne, pojedyncze klasztory i całe prowincje. Kasatom klasztorów towarzyszyły grabieże ich mienia, zabór archiwów i bibliotek, wykorzystywanie pomieszczeń kościelnych i klasztornych na cele świeckie. Kasata rozbiła struktury bernardynów w Królestwie Polskim. W wielu zakonnikach zagubiła sens prowadzenia życia zakonnego, co przejawiało się w częstych prośbach o sekularyzację oraz w emigracji. Była to cena, jaką bernardyni płacili za zaangażowanie patriotyczne i związanie swego życia z losami społeczeństwa polskiego.
Famotidine in COVID-19 treatment
Authors: TAŞDEMİR Canatan , GÜÇLÜ Ertuğrul , DEVRAN MUHARREMOĞLU Zeynep , HOTSCHKA El Medina , AYDEMİR Yusuf , ÖĞÜTLÜ Aziz , KARABAY Oğuz 
Published: July 2021

Objective: Famotidine is an H2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) and has been shown to have antiviral properties in in-vitro studies. Pantoprazole is one of the proton pump inhibitors (PPI). In this study, it was aimed to compare the efficacy of Famotidine with Pantoprazole in the treatment of COVID-19.
Material-method: Patients who were hospitalized and given famotidine and pantoprazole treatment for at least 48 hours were included in the study. Demographic, clinical and laboratory findings of the patients were analyzed retroprospectively from the patient files. While the primary endpoints were the need for an intensive care unit (ICU) and death, the secondary endpoints were the absence of the need for oxygen support, fever to normal levels, and length of hospital stay.
Results: A total of 179 Covid-19 patients (85 (47.5%) famotidine, 94 (52.5%) pantoprazole) were included in the study. Demographic findings and other symptoms except dyspnea were similar in both groups (p> 0.05). Dyspnea, chronic diseases, and the number of patients given steroids were higher in those who were given pantoprazole (p 0.05). The number of days with fever, duration of hospitalization, and the number of days requiring oxygen support was less in those given famotidine (p
Phosphate regime of sod-podzolic soil in natural and agrophytocenoses
Authors: Vasbieva M. T. , Zavyalova N. E. 
Published: July 2021

The phosphate regime of sod-podzolic soil (heavy loam) of Cis-Urals under natural phytocenoses (mixed forest, cereal-grass meadow) and agrophytocenoses was studied. The influence of agricultural use of arable land on phosphate regime was evaluated in the long-term stationary experiment (year of establishment – 1978) and the eastern galega (Galega orientalis L.) (year of sowing – 1988). The total content of phosphorus in soil, quantity of its organic, mineral and plant available forms were studied, the fractional composition of mineral phosphates was considered (using Ginzburg-Lebedeva method). The total content of phosphorus in the upper soil layer in all studied objects varied from 1 030 to 1 350 mg/kg. Mineral phosphorus forms prevailed over organic ones in the soil. It was found that the fractional composition of mineral phosphates was 40–62% represented by iron phosphates and 31–48% by calcium phosphates, which is due to the characteristic features of the soil-forming rock – yellow-brown non-carbonate silt drape. Aluminum phosphates amounted to 8–12%. Long-term cultivation of crops during five cycles of the eight-field crop rotation led to a significant decrease in the content of organic phosphorus in the soil. The lower content of iron phosphates (1.6–1.8 times) and the higher content (1.3–2.0 times) of calcium phosphates, available for plants, were observed in the soil of long-term experiment when compared with natural phytocenoses. The content of plant available phosphorus in soil gradually decreased from 239 to 164 mg/kg from the moment of experiment establishment to the fifth rotation. Prolonged fertilizer application (N60P60K60) resulted in the significant increase in mineral and plant available phosphorus forms content in the soil. The residual phosphorus of fertilizers was noted in the Fe-P, Ca-PI and Ca-PII fractions. Under the eastern galega the quantitative and qualitative indicators of the phosphate regime of the soil did not differ significantly from their natural analogues.
Pengaruh Persepsi tentang Program Pendidikan Profesi Guru (PPG) dan Profesi Guru terhadap Minat Mahasiswa untuk Menjadi Guru
Authors: Anggraini Beti , Hawi Akmal , Zainuri Ahmad 
Published: July 2021

Minat merupakan suatu keinginan dari dalam diri seseorang yang timbul karena adanya ketertarikan terhadap sesuatu yang akan menimbulkan rasa keingintahuan yang tinggi dalam diri seseorang. Penelitian ini merupakan jenis penelitian yang bersifat asosiatif kausal dan pendekatan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, penelitian dilakukan pada bulan Maret sampai April 2020 di Fakultas Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Fatah Palembang, sampel penelitian berjumlah 152 orang siswa Program Studi Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah dengan menggunakan Nomogram Herry King dengan taraf kesalahan 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh positif persepsi mahasiswa tentang program pendidikan profesi guru (PPG) (sebesar 0,723 dengan nilai t sebesar 9,139 dan signifikansi 0,000) dan profesi guru (sebesar 0,201 dengan nilai t sebesar 3,994 dan signifikansi 0,000) terhadap minat menjadi guru pada mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Guru Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Universitas Islam Negeri Raden Fatah Palembang.