bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidural and transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation facilitates descending inputs to upper-limb motoneurons in monkeys
Authors: Guiho Thomas , Baker Stuart N , Jackson Andrew 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective. There is renewed interest in epidural and transcutaneous spinal cord stimulation (SCS) as a therapy following spinal cord injury, both to reanimate paralyzed muscles as well as to potentiate weakened volitional control of movements. However, most work to date has focussed on lumbar SCS for restoration of locomotor function. Therefore, we examined upper-limb muscle responses and modulation of supraspinal-evoked movements by different frequencies of cervical SCS delivered to various epidural and transcutaneous sites in anaesthetized, neurologically intact monkeys. Approach. Epidural SCS was delivered via a novel multielectrode cuff placed around both dorsal and ventral surfaces of the cervical spinal cord, while transcutaneous SCS was delivered using a high carrier frequency through surface electrodes. Main results. Ventral epidural SCS elicited robust movements at lower current intensities than dorsal sites, with evoked motor unit potentials that reliably followed even high-frequency trains. By contrast, the muscle responses to dorsal SCS required higher current intensities and were attenuated throughout the train. However, dorsal epidural SCS and, to a lesser extent, transcutaneous SCS were effective at facilitating supraspinal-evoked responses, especially at intermediate stimulation frequencies. The time- and frequency-dependence of dorsal SCS effects could be explained by a simple model in which transynaptic excitation of motoneurons was gated by prior stimuli through presynaptic mechanisms. Significance. Our results suggest that multicontact electrodes allowing access to both dorsal and ventral epidural sites may be beneficial for combined therapeutic purposes, and that the interaction of direct, synaptic and presynaptic effects should be considered when optimising SCS-assisted rehabilitation.
A new automated multi-stage system of non-local means and multi-kernel adaptive filtering techniques for EEG noise and artifacts suppression
Authors: Eltrass Ahmed S , Ghanem Noha H 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Context. Electroencephalography (EEG) signals are contaminated with diverse types of noises and artifacts, which greatly distort EEG recording and increase the difficulty in obtaining accurate diagnosis. Objective. This paper investigates, for the first time, multi-kernel normalized least mean square with coherence-based sparsification (MKNLMS-CS) algorithm for suppressing different artifact components, and the 1D patch-based non-local means (NLM) algorithm for eliminating white and colored noises. Approach. A novel multi-stage system based on combining the NLM algorithm with the MKNLMS-CS algorithm is proposed for eliminating different noise and artifact sources by targeting each noise or artifact component in a single stage. Main Results. The proposed approach is applied to clinical real EEG data, and the results reveal the superior performance of the proposed system in removing white and colored noises, suppressing different artifact components, preserving the important and tiny features of the original EEG signal, and keeping the morphology of EEG frequency components. Significance. The proposed multi-stage design succeeds not only to suppress different artifact components and noise sources under low and high noise conditions, but also to achieve accurate sleep spindle detection from the filtered high-quality EEG signals. This demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed approach for obtaining high-resolution EEG signal from noisy and contaminated EEG recordings.
Characterizing pink and white noise in the human electroencephalogram
Authors: Barry Robert J , De Blasio Frances M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective. The power spectrum of the human electroencephalogram (EEG) as a function of frequency is a mix of brain oscillations (Osc) (e.g. alpha activity around 10 Hz) and non-Osc or noise of uncertain origin. ‘White noise’ is uniformly distributed over frequency, while ‘pink noise’ has an inverse power-frequency relation (power ∝ 1/f). Interest in EEG pink noise has been growing, but previous human estimates appear methodologically flawed. We propose a new approach to extract separate valid estimates of pink and white noise from an EEG power spectrum. Approach. We use simulated data to demonstrate its effectiveness compared with established procedures, and provide an illustrative example from a new resting eyes-open (EO) and eyes-closed (EC) dataset. The topographic characteristics of the obtained pink and white noise estimates are examined, as is the alpha power in this sample. Main results. Valid pink and white noise estimates were successfully obtained for each of our 5400 individual spectra (60 participants × 30 electrodes × 3 conditions/blocks [EO1, EC, EO2]). The 1/f noise had a distinct central scalp topography, and white noise was occipital in distribution, both differing from the parietal topography of the alpha Osc. These differences point to their separate neural origins. EC pink and white noise powers were globally greater than in EO. Significance. This valid estimation of pink and white noise in the human EEG holds promise for more accurate assessment of oscillatory neural activity in both typical and clinical groups, such as those with attention deficits. Further, outside the human EEG, the new methodology can be generalized to remove noise from spectra in many fields of science and technology.
Spatial and temporal resolution of optogenetically recovered vision in ChR2-transduced mouse retina
Authors: Reh Miriam , Lee Meng-Jung , Schmierer Julia , Zeck Günther 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Objective. Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) represent an attractive target in vision restoration strategies, because they undergo little degeneration compared to other retinal neurons. Here we investigated the temporal and spatial resolution in adult photoreceptor-degenerated (rd10) mouse retinas, where RGCs have been transduced with the optogenetic actuator channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). Approach. The RGC spiking activity was recorded continuously with a CMOS-based microelectrode array during a variety of photostimulation protocols. The temporal resolution was assessed through Gaussian white noise stimuli and evaluated using a linear-nonlinear-Poisson model. Spatial sensitivity was assessed upon photostimulation with single rectangular pulses stepped across the retina and upon stimulation with alternating gratings of different spatial frequencies. Spatial sensitivity was estimated using logistic regression or by evaluating the spiking activity of independent RGCs. Main results. The temporal resolution after photostimulation displayed an about ten times faster kinetics as compared to physiological filters in wild-type RGCs. The optimal spatial resolution estimated using the logistic regression model was 10 µm and 87 µm based on the population response. These values correspond to an equivalent acuity of 1.7 or 0.2 cycles per degree, which is better than expected from the size of RGCs’ optogenetic receptive fields. Significance. The high temporal and spatial resolution obtained by photostimulation of optogenetically transduced RGCs indicate that high acuity vision restoration may be obtained by photostimulation of appropriately modified RGCs in photoreceptor-degenerated retinas.
Research on Public Space Optimization of Intelligent Community based on User Requirements
Authors: Wei Sifan , Kuang Fuchun , Guo Zijing , Ren Bing 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Under the background of informatization, the function and structure of public space in intelligent community can no longer meet the requirements of community users. Through field survey, this study interprets the user demand reflected by various phenomena in the community public space, and preliminarily identifies the user demand items. Then, it uses the KJ method to classify the demand items. Guided by Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, the requirements are integrated again by matrix analysis method to get the user's needs and on this basis the friendly strategy of public space design in intelligent community is proposed.
Contactless Elevator Call Based on TOF Laser Ranging and Floating Image Technologies
Authors: Xu Yuechang , Zhang Bing 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper introduces a method of applying TOF (Time of flight) laser ranging (TOFlrt) and floating image technologies for contactless elevator call. The first is to project the image of the elevator button into the air. The second is to touch the floating image with your finger to activate the TOF sensor to send a control signal to the elevator. In order to verify the accuracy and sensing range of the TOF laser sensor, a measurement experiment is carried out. The measurement results show that when the floating image height is from 30mm to 50mm above the device surface, the sensor can detect the finger accurately with low latency. This system has been successfully implemented to elevators in a number of office buildings in Shanghai and all implemented systems are currently in smooth operation.
Agriculture Knowledge Graph Construction and Application
Authors: Qin Hongchen , Yao Yiheng 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
For the purpose of establishing vertical knowledge graph and auxiliary applications in the agricultural field, a set of agricultural knowledge graph construction methods, calculation frameworks and practical application systems are proposed. Firstly, the existing storage form and knowledge representation of knowledge in the agricultural field are integrated and regularized. On the basis of this data processing, the intelligent construction method of automatic and manual dual mode of knowledge graph in the agricultural field is proposed, and the key technology of entity relationship joint model to extract entity relationship and intelligent retrieval of irregular data. Then, similarity calculation will be used to perform entity knowledge fusion on knowledge graph in the agricultural field, making the graph more standardized, accurate and complete. A good graph is visualized and applied to the mainstream functions of intelligent question answering, which makes the whole system sort out the messy agricultural knowledge and apply it better to better assist learning and research.
Evaluation and Improvement of the Intrinsic Safety Level of Employees
Authors: Zhang Jing , Zhang Xiaonuo , Yi Yan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Intrinsic safety is the eternal pursuit of power companies. The intrinsic safety level of front-line employees of technical skills posts is the basic guarantee for the security and stability operation of power systems. In order to help power companies scientifically evaluate and effectively improve the intrinsic safety level of employees, a quantifiable evaluation model is created. Combining with the sample to give a verification process, the validity of the model is confirmed. It shows that this model can be adjust to be much greater targeting for different types of jobs of grid companies and the evaluation efficiency is improved while ensuring the accuracy of the evaluation. In practical applications, the evaluation results have many uses such as providing reference for talent-post matching. This paper also designed a training system that matches the evaluation model, which can provide employees with targeted learning basing on their own weak links and quickly improve the intrinsic safety level.
Research on the Improvement Path of Financial Report Based on XBRL
Authors: Wen Yong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Cloud computing drives the exponential growth of data scale, forming a "big data phenomenon".There is huge commercial value behind big data, which requires the use of deep mining and machine intelligence technologies to discover and apply.In the third wave of informatization, the application of big data technology in the field of XBRL financial reporting has a strong necessity and feasibility.The article first conducts extensive surveys and statistics on the problems in the application of XBRL from the perspective of the capital market, and conducts a visual analysis.Then, the article introduces the IASB's accounting information quality characteristics and China's accounting information quality requirements.Finally, it discusses how to use big data technology to improve the quality of XBRL financial report presentation information, such as deep learning, knowledge calculation, visualization, classification prediction, outliers, etc.
Anti-CEA tagged iron nanoparticles for targeting triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Correa Thais S , Bocca Anamélia L , Figueiredo Florêncio , Lima Emilia C O , Almeida Santos Maria De Fatima M , Lacava Zulmira G M , Campos-da-Paz Mariana 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Systemic therapy is generally required for breast cancer. However, treatment toxicity and side effects are a concern, especially for triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), a subtype that usually develops resistance to chemotherapy. To overcome this issue, new nanoformulations capable of targeting cancer cells have been developed and alternative biomarkers have been explored as target molecules for TNBC management. In this study, we performed an in vivo assay in a murine orthotopic TNBC model to evaluate the targeting ability of anti-carcinoembryonic antigen (anti-CEA) loaded nanoparticles (labelled MFCEA), which had been previously synthetized by our research group. 4T1 cells were injected in the mammary gland of balb-c mice, and tumors were evaluated for CEA expression by immunohistochemistry. Tumor-bearing mice received targeted (MFCEA) and non-targeted (MF) nanoparticles intraperitoneally. Tumors were removed 1, 4, 15 and 24 h after treatment, and Prussian blue iron staining was performed. Our results showed, as far as we know for the first time, that 4T1 induced tumors are CEA positive, and this opens up new prospects for treating TNBC. Furthermore, MFCEA nanoparticles were able to target malignant tissue and were retained in the tumor for longer than MF nanoparticles. The retention property of MFCEA, together with the absence of toxicity observed in the MTT assay, make these nanoparticles a promising device for management of CEA positive tumors and perhaps for TNBC. Nevertheless, further studies must be carried out to improve their performance and ensure safety for clinical studies.
How fire patterns reveal uneven stabilization at the end of conflict: examining Syria’s unusual fire year in 2019
Authors: Schon Justin , Mezuman Keren , Heslin Alison , Field Robert D , Puma Michael J 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In 2019, Syria experienced its largest outbreak of fires since 2003, when fire occurrence began to be monitored via the MODIS satellite instruments. Here, we combine remotely sensed data on fire, local climatic conditions, and vegetation with spatial data on violence, territorial control, and return of internally displaced persons (IDPs) to explore the underlying causes of Syria’s fires at the sub-district, or ADM-3, level. We find evidence for a nuanced story: precipitation and stabilization in Kurdish-controlled territory fueled a bountiful wheat-growing year in 2019. This agricultural resurgence coincided with high fire activity, possibly revealing that people were attempting to jump-start agricultural livelihoods that were lost during the civil war. Restoration of labor forces from IDP returns was not a significant factor in this agricultural recovery. Meanwhile, most sub-districts outside Kurdish-controlled territory were free of fires, which explains the absence of a relationship between vegetation and fire. Thus, Syrian fire patterns in 2019 may be a signal of uneven stabilization, rather than destabilization.
Global search for temporal shifts in fire activity: potential human influence on southwest Russia and north Australia fire seasons
Authors: Liu Tianjia , Mickley Loretta J , McCarty Jessica L 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Decadal trends in fire activity can reveal important human and climate-driven influences across a multitude of landscapes from croplands to savannas. We use 16 years of daily satellite observations from 2003 to 2018 to search globally for stationary temporal shifts in fire activity during the primary burning season. We focus on southwest Russia and north Australia as case study regions; both regions experienced nearly 40 d shifts over a 16 year period but in opposite directions. In southwest Russia, a major wheat-growing region, we trace the delay in post-harvest fires to several potential drivers: modernization in the agricultural system and recent droughts, followed by government restrictions on wheat exports. In north Australia, prescribed burns in the early dry season are a key practice in Aboriginal fire management of savannas, and the increasing trend of such fires has limited the size and extent of fast-spreading late dry season fires, thereby shifting overall fire activity earlier. In both regions, human action, through controlling fire ignition and extent, is an important driver of the temporal shifts in fire activity with climate as both a harbinger and an amplifier of human-induced changes.
Exact multivariate amplitude distributions for non-stationary Gaussian or algebraic fluctuations of covariances or correlations
Authors: Guhr Thomas , Schell Andreas 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Complex systems are often non-stationary, typical indicators are continuously changing statistical properties of time series. In particular, the correlations between different time series fluctuate. Models that describe the multivariate amplitude distributions of such systems are of considerable interest. Extending previous work, we view a set of measured, non-stationary correlation matrices as an ensemble for which we set up a random matrix model. We use this ensemble to average the stationary multivariate amplitude distributions measured on short time scales and thus obtain for large time scales multivariate amplitude distributions which feature heavy tails. We explicitly work out four cases, combining Gaussian and algebraic distributions. The results are either of closed forms or single integrals. We thus provide, first, explicit multivariate distributions for such non-stationary systems and, second, a tool that quantitatively captures the degree of non-stationarity in the correlations.
A Contrastive Analysis of Carbon Emissions in Different Solutions to Battered Piles
Authors: Fan-ren LYU , Hong-cai SHAO , Wen ZHANG 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Carbon emission from construction engineering is one of the main sources of environmental pollution. Complicated geological conditions, imperfect construction technology, and inattentive management in construction are the reasons of battered piles. The extant solutions to battered piles focus on bearing capacity, lower cost and convenience in engineering, rather than carbon emissions, as well as the requirements of environmental protection. This paper, through a contrastive analysis of carbon emissions in different solutions, concludes that the approach of prestressed pipe pile with concrete floor can significantly reduce carbon emissions to one third of its counterpart approaches. Carbon emission database for accurate calculation should be built to optimize construction projects. This paper provides a feasible solution to treat battered piles in a environment-friendly way.
Predicting the influence of Guangfo Metro on the economic level of Foshan City Based on the GM(1,1) model
Authors: Wang Beibei , Ge Yingxi 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Taking Foshan as an example, this paper analyzes the degree of correlation between Guangzhou-Foshan subway construction and the city’s economic level, and establishes a GM (1,1) prediction model by using the gray prediction method to predict the development trend of Foshan’s GDP in the next five years, and concludes that 2024 Foshan’s simulated regional GDP will reach 1507361.527 million yuan. The research results of this article will provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of Foshan’s urban planning and construction policies.
Environmental impact assessment of Materialization Stage of prefabricated buildings based on LCA and WTP
Authors: Xu Mingxiao , Liu Yan 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In recent years, prefabricated buildings have developed rapidly because of their high efficiency and time saving, but the large consumption of resources has also led to many environmental problems. In order to explore the impact of prefabricated buildings on the environment, the environmental impact assessment of the prefabricated buildings based on Life Cycle Assessment Theory (LCA) and Willingness to Pay Theory (WTP) was carried out. First of all, this article combines field research and literature research, using BIM modeling methods to obtain the engineering quantity of prefabricated and cast-in-place buildings. Secondly, analyzing the whole process of the two construction modes based on the life cycle theory, calculate and obtain the consumption list. Next, the ReCiPe method is used to evaluate the environmental impact of prefabricated buildings, and five types of midpoint environmental impact assessment results are obtained: greenhouse gas emissions, fine particulate matter generation, acid gas emissions, energy and mineral resource consumption, etc. Finally, based on the theory of WTP, all kinds of environmental effects are unified for comparative analysis. The results show that the environmental load of the prefabricated construction method is greater than that of the cast-in-place method. It is necessary to further improve the standardization in the production technology and management methods to obtain more advantageous environmental performance.
Research on the effect of Market Mechanism for Industrial Energy Conservation
Authors: Guo Huiting , Wang Bo , Jin Chenhong 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Over the years, China’ s energy conservation practices has relied on government intervention, that is, the energy efficiency of enterprises has been improved by means of administrative orders and government regulation, but the endogenous power of energy conservation has not been effectively stimulated. Since the 12th Five-Year Plan period, with the improvement of enterprises’ understanding of energy conservation, the government has gradually faded out from its powerful position during the 11th Five-Year Plan period and more attention has been paid to enterprises’ dominant position in energy conservation. The Third Plenary Session of the 18th Central Committee of the CPC put forward that the market shall play a decisive role in the allocation of resources and the energy conservation shall give full play to the role of market mechanisms. Moreover, it also proposed to create a multi-benefit market environment, improve enterprises ’ enthusiasm in energy conservation, actually benefit the enterprises in energy conservation and make the energy conservation a conscious action of enterprises by promoting contract energy management system, carrying out carbon emissions permit trading, implementing power demand side management and using fair and transparent market means.