bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verknüpfung von Abrechnungsdaten gesetzlicher Krankenkassen
und Einsatzprotokollen des Rettungsdienstes: Brückenschlag durch
Krankenversichertennummer?
Authors: Goldhahn Ludwig , Swart Enno , Piedmont Silke 
Published: December 2021

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung In Deutschland wurde der Rettungsdienst im Jahr
2016/2017 bei insgesamt rund 7,3 Mio. Notfallereignissen aktiv 1. Informationen zu der dabei erfolgenden
prähospitalen Versorgung von Patient*innen finden sich in
unterschiedlichen Sekundärdatenquellen; jedoch ist die kombinierte
Analyse dieser Daten auf Fall-/Einsatz- oder Patient*innen-Ebene
selten der Fall. Um dies zu ändern, ist die Erforschung von Merkmalen
und Methoden erforderlich, anhand derer Sekundärdaten, welche
präklinische Inhalte umfassen, verknüpft werden
können.
Methode Es werden Rettungsdienst-Einsatzprotokolle aus 5 bayerischen
Rettungsdienstbereichen mit Abrechnungsinformationen 10 gesetzlicher
Krankenkassen zusammengeführt (Daten aus 2016). Demonstriert werden 2
Verknüpfungsansätze auf Ebene patient*innenindividueller
Einsätze bzw. abgerechneter Leistungen. Zuerst erfolgt die
Verknüpfung deterministisch anhand des Personenidentifikators
Krankenversichertennummer (KVNR). Der zweite Verknüpfungsansatz beruht
auf einem probabilistischen Verfahren, das neben der nur in einem Teil der
Einsatzprotokolle verfügbaren KVNR indirekte Schlüsselvariablen
berücksichtigt. Dabei handelt es sich um die Kassenzugehörigkeit
der Patient*innen, ihr Geschlecht und Geburtsjahr sowie die
zurückgelegte Wegstrecke des eingesetzten Rettungsmittels. Zur
Prüfung sowohl der deterministischen als auch probabilistischen
Verknüpfung werden Übereinstimmungsquoten verschiedener, in
beiden Datenquellen vorhandener Variablen ermittelt.
Ergebnisse Ausgangspunkt für die Datenverknüpfungen
stellen 106 371 Rettungsdienst-Einsatzprotokolle (unabhängig von
der Krankenkasse) sowie 432 693 bei Krankenkassen abgerechnete
Leistungen (unabhängig vom Rettungsdienstanbieter) aus dem Bereich der
Notfallrettung dar. Von 5921 Einsatzprotokollen, in denen eine an Inno_RD
datenliefernde Krankenkasse dokumentiert ist, können 4327
Einsatzprotolle deterministisch unter Rückgriff auf die KVNR mit den
Abrechnungsdaten zusammengeführt werden. Im Rahmen der probabilistischen
Verknüpfung lässt sich diese Anzahl auf 5379 Einsatzprotolle
steigern. Alle Prüfungen deuten sowohl für den deterministischen
als auch den probabilistischen Ansatz auf eine hohe
Verknüpfungsqualität hin.
Schlussfolgerung Eine personen- und einsatzbezogene Verknüpfung
von Einsatzprotokollen des Rettungsdienstes mit Abrechnungsdaten ist
möglich. Als Alternative zur deterministischen Verknüpfung
anhand der KVNR hat sich in Inno_RD ein probabilistischer Ansatz
bewährt, auf dessen Grundlage Einsatzprotokolle auch dann sinnvoll
verknüpft werden können, wenn KVNR nicht vorliegen sowie
indirekte Schlüsselvariablen im geringen Umfang
Nicht-Übereinstimmungen oder Missing-Values aufweisen.
Recent Advances in the Smiles Rearrangement: New Opportunities for Arylation
Authors: Greaney Michael F. , Whalley David M. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe Smiles rearrangement has undergone a renaissance in recent years providing new avenues for non-canonical arylation techniques in both the radical and polar regimes. This short review will discuss recent applications of the reaction (from 2017 to late 2021), including its relevance to areas such as heterocycle synthesis and the functionalization of alkenes and alkynes as well as glimpses at new directions for the field.1	Introduction2	Polar Smiles Rearrangements3	Radical Smiles: Alkene and Alkyne Functionalization4	Radical Smiles: Rearrangements via C–X Bond Cleavage5	Radical Smiles: Miscellaneous Rearrangements6	Conclusions
Anti-Galectin-2 Antibody Treatment Reduces Atherosclerotic Plaque Size and Alters Macrophage Polarity
Authors: Kane Jamie , Jansen Matthijs , Hendrix Sebastian , Bosmans Laura A. , Beckers Linda , Tiel Claudia van , Gijbels Marion , Zelcer Noam , Vries Carlie J. de , von Hundelshausen Philipp , Vervloet Marc , Eringa Ed , Horrevoets Anton J. , Royen Niels van , Lutgens Esther 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background Galectins have numerous cellular functions in immunity and inflammation. Short-term galectin-2 (Gal-2) blockade in ischemia-induced arteriogenesis shifts macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype and improves perfusion. Gal-2 may also affect other macrophage-related cardiovascular diseases.
Objectives This study aims to elucidate the effects of Gal-2 inhibition in atherosclerosis.
Methods ApoE −/−
mice were given a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for 12 weeks. After 6 weeks of HCD, intermediate atherosclerotic plaques were present. To study the effects of anti-Gal-2 nanobody treatment on the progression of existing atherosclerosis, treatment with two llama-derived anti-Gal-2 nanobodies (clones 2H8 and 2C10), or vehicle was given for the remaining 6 weeks.
Results Gal-2 inhibition reduced the progression of existing atherosclerosis. Atherosclerotic plaque area in the aortic root was decreased, especially so in mice treated with 2C10 nanobodies. This clone showed reduced atherosclerosis severity as reflected by a decrease in fibrous cap atheromas in addition to decreases in plaque size.The number of plaque resident macrophages was unchanged; however, there was a significant increase in the fraction of CD206+ macrophages. 2C10 treatment also increased plaque α-smooth muscle content, and Gal-2 may have a role in modulating the inflammatory status of smooth muscle cells. Remarkably, both treatments reduced serum cholesterol concentrations including reductions in very low-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein while triglyceride concentrations were unchanged.
Conclusion Prolonged and frequent treatment with anti-Gal-2 nanobodies reduced plaque size, slowed plaque progression, and modified the phenotype of plaque macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory profile. These results hold promise for future macrophage modulating therapeutic interventions that promote arteriogenesis and reduce atherosclerosis.
Prevention of the Postthrombotic Syndrome with Anticoagulation: A Narrative Review
Authors: Makedonov Ilia , Kahn Susan R. , Abdulrehman Jameel , Schulman Sam , Delluc Aurelien , Gross Peter , Galanaud Jean-Philippe 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe postthrombotic syndrome (PTS) is chronic venous insufficiency secondary to a prior deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It is the most common complication of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and, while not fatal, it can lead to chronic, unremitting symptoms as well as societal and economic consequences. The cornerstone of PTS treatment lies in its prevention after DVT. Specific PTS preventative measures include the use of elastic compression stockings and pharmacomechanical catheter-directed thrombolysis. However, the efficacy of these treatments has been questioned by large randomized controlled trials (RCTs). So far, anticoagulation, primarily prescribed to prevent DVT extension and recurrence, appears to be the only unquestionably effective treatment for the prevention of PTS. In this literature review we present pathophysiological, biological, radiological, and clinical data supporting the efficacy of anticoagulants to prevent PTS and the possible differential efficacy among available classes of anticoagulants (vitamin K antagonists [VKAs], low molecular weight heparins [LMWHs] and direct oral anticoagulants [DOACs]). Data suggest that LMWHs and DOACs are superior to VKAs, but no head-to-head comparison is available between DOACs and LMWHs. Owing to their potentially greater anti-inflammatory properties, LMWHs could be superior to DOACs. This finding may be of interest particularly in patients with extensive DVT at high risk of moderate to severe PTS, but needs to be confirmed by a dedicated RCT.
The PAR4 Platelet Thrombin Receptor Variant rs773902 does not Impact the Incidence of Thrombotic or Bleeding Events in a Healthy Older Population
Authors: Selvadurai Maria V. , Riaz Moeen , Xie Sophia , Tonkin Andrew M. , McNeil John J. , Lacaze Paul , Hamilton Justin R. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background Protease-activated receptor 4 (PAR4) is a platelet thrombin receptor important for thrombosis and a target of antiplatelet drug development. A frequently occurring single-nucleotide polymorphism (rs773902) causes a PAR4 sequence variant (NC_000019.10:p.Ala120Thr) whereby platelets from Thr120-expressing individuals are hyperresponsive to PAR4 agonists versus platelets from Ala120-expressing individuals. However, whether this enhanced platelet responsiveness translates to increased thrombotic risk or decreased bleeding risk remains unknown.
Objectives This article examines the association of rs773902 with adjudicated cardiovascular events and aspirin use in a randomized trial population of healthy older individuals.
Methods We analyzed 13,547 participants in the ASPirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly trial. Participants had no previous cardiovascular events at enrollment and were randomized to either 100 mg daily aspirin or placebo for a median follow-up of 4.7 years. Total genotypes were 8,761 (65%) GG (Ala120 variant), 4,303 (32%) heterozygotes, and 483 (4%) AA (Thr120 variant). Cox proportional hazard regression tested the relationship between rs773902 and thrombotic events (major adverse cardiovascular events [MACE] and ischemic stroke [IS]) and bleeding (major hemorrhage [MHEM] and intracranial bleeding [ICB]).
Results No statistically significant association was observed overall or by treatment group between rs773902 and any thrombotic or bleeding event examined. Further, there was no significant interaction between rs773902 and treatment for any of MACE, IS, MHEM, or ICB.
Conclusion This post hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study suggests that, despite sensitizing platelet activation, the rs773902 PAR4 variant is not associated with thrombotic cardiovascular or bleeding events in a healthy older population.
Nerve-Sparing Radical Hysterectomy Using the Okabayashi–Kobayashi Method
Authors: Sakuragi Noriaki , Kaneuchi Masanori 
Published: December 2021

AbstractRadical hysterectomy (RH) is a standard treatment for early-stage cervical cancer. This surgery extirpates the uterus along with the paracervical tissues, vagina, and the paracolpium to achieve local control. Pelvic lymphadenectomy is a critical component of RH performed for regional control. A clear understanding of pelvic anatomy is critical to safely performing a RH and achieving optimal oncological and functional outcomes. The various surgical steps can damage the pelvic autonomic nerves, and a systematic nerve-sparing technique is used for the preservation of autonomic nerves. There is an intricate vascular network in the lateral paracervix (cardinal ligament) and the pelvic sidewall. We need to comprehend the three-dimensional structure of the vascular and nerve anatomy in the pelvis to perform RH effectively and safely. We can create six spaces around the uterine cervix, including the paravesical spaces, pararectal spaces, a vesicovaginal space, and a rectovaginal space to reveal the target of extirpation. It is critical to find the proper tissue plane separated by the layers of membranous connective tissue (fascia), in order to minimize intraoperative bleeding.
A simple replacement of tungsten filament hot cathodes by DC heated LaB6 rod and its noise characteristics with laser-induced fluorescence
Authors: Jiang Di , Yip Chi-Shung , Zhang Wei , Jin Chen-yao , Xu Guo-Sheng , Wang Liang 
Published: December 2021

Hot cathode discharges are common plasma sources for fundamental plasma physics studies and other applications due to their quiescent and relatively simple properties, and tungsten filaments are commonly used for the ease of heating them. Recently, tungsten filaments are increasingly being replaced by less luminous alternatives, such as barium oxide or lanthanum hexaboride. These materials can emit electrons at temperatures close to 1000 K lower than tungsten, greatly reducing their blackbody radiations. This results in significant improvement in signal recovery for active spectral diagnostic, such as laser-induced fluorescence. However, these less luminous cathodes often come in vastly more complicated designs than those of tungsten hot cathodes and are much more expensive to procure and difficult to operate. In this paper, we present a simple, low cost direct current heated design of a LaB6 cathode that is manufactured at suitable dimensions and make a comparison of the laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) signal-to-noise ratio of this LaB6 hot cathode discharge with that of a typical tungsten filament discharge, revealing that LaB6 has, indeed, an improved LIF signal-to-noise ratio compared with the tungsten filament.
Optomechanical metamaterial nanobolometer
Authors: Papas Dimitrios , Ou Jun-Yu , Plum Eric , Zheludev Nikolay I. 
Published: December 2021

Bolometers are detectors of electromagnetic radiation that usually convert the radiation-induced change in temperature of the detector into electric signals. Temperature-dependent electrical resistance in semiconductors and superconductors, the thermoelectric effect in thermocouples, and the pyroelectric effect of transient electric polarization of certain materials when they are heated or cooled are among the underlying physical phenomena used in bolometers. Here, we report that the dependence of the fundamental frequency of a nanowire string detected via scattering of light on the string can be used in a bolometer. Arrays of such nanowires can serve as detectors with high spatial and temporal resolution. We demonstrate a bolometer with 400 nm spatial resolution, 2–3 µs thermal response time, and optical power detection noise floor at 3–5 nW/Hz1/2 at room temperature.
Timing considerations for removal of early cumulus cells in short-term insemination strategies
Authors: Liu Zhiren , Liu Qicai , Jiang Mingting , Chen Xingting , Lin Chen , Guo Yujia 
Published: December 2021

Context The timing of early cumulus cell removal (ECCR) can be changed within a range. The change has an effect on the multiple pronuclei (MPN) rate and the exposure time of oocytes to sperm waste products. The timing of ECCR effects the outcomes of assisted reproductive technology, however, it is still unclear what time is best for ECCR. Aims To find the best time for ECCR based on clinical outcomes in order to increase the success rate of assisted reproductive technology. Methods A retrospective study was performed. Cycles were categorised into six groups according to the timing of ECCR. The clinical outcomes of these six groups were compared by Kruskal–Wallis test and Pearson X 2 test. Key results The timing of ECCR had a significant effect on the MPN rate, 0PN without cleavage rate and grade 1–2 embryo rate at Day 3. Among our six time groups of ECCR, the cumulus cell removal ≤4 h post-insemination group had the highest MPN rate and grade 1–2 embryo rate at Day 3, and the 5.5 h < time ≤6 h group had the highest pronuclear formation failure rate. In addition, 2PN rate was not significantly different among the six time groups. Conclusions Within the time range of ECCR in our study, selecting an earlier timing to remove the cumulus cells may have a better outcome. Implications ECCR is helpful for optimisation of the short-term insemination strategy.
Metapopulations with habitat modification
Authors: Miller Zachary R. , Allesina Stefano 
Published: December 2021

Significance
Beavers build dams, which dramatically alter the local landscape and ecological community. Bacteria modify the chemistry of their environment, changing its suitability for other microbes. Viral infections induce adaptive immunity, blunting future infection by similar strains. These apparently dissimilar situations share common features: An organism causes lasting changes to the environment that affect other species—even after the beavers emigrate, the bacterial colony collapses, or the infection is cleared. To understand the dynamics of these systems, we extend a metapopulation model (in which local populations inhabit patches connected by dispersal) to incorporate “patch memory,” modeling environmental modification. This model can produce complex dynamics and illuminates mechanisms that promote diversity in the meta-ecosystem and affect its robustness to changing environmental conditions.
In vivo kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its relationship with a person’s infectiousness
Authors: Ke Ruian , Zitzmann Carolin , Ho David D. , Ribeiro Ruy M. , Perelson Alan S. 
Published: December 2021

Significance
Quantifying the kinetics of SARS-CoV-2 infection and individual infectiousness is important for understanding SARS-CoV-2 transmission and evaluating intervention strategies. Here, we developed within-host models of SARS-CoV-2 infection, and by fitting them to clinical data, we estimated key within-host viral dynamic parameters. We also developed a mechanistic model for viral transmission and show that the logarithm of the viral load in the upper respiratory tract serves as an appropriate surrogate for a person’s infectiousness. Using data on how viral load changes during infection, we further evaluated the effectiveness of PCR and antigen-based testing strategies for averting transmission and identifying infected individuals.
A quantitative paradigm for water-assisted proton transport through proteins and other confined spaces
Authors: Li Chenghan , Voth Gregory A. 
Published: December 2021

Significance
As first proposed more than 200 y ago by Grotthuss, proton transport is enabled by a chemical bond-breaking and bond-making proton-hopping mechanism through water networks or “wires,” often contained within confined systems such as protein channels or nanotubes. Herein, concepts from graph theory are utilized in order to define a continuously differentiable collective variable for water wire connectivity and facile proton transport. As such, the water connectivity can be explicitly quantified via free-energy sampling to both qualitatively and quantitatively describe the thermodynamics and kinetics of water-facilitated proton transport via Grotthuss hopping—something that has been lacking since the first conceptual identification of this key chemical process in nature.
Rapid weight gain predicts fight success in mixed martial arts – evidence from 1,400 weigh‐ins
Authors: Faro Heloiana , de Lima‐Junior Dalton , Machado Daniel Gomes da Silva 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACTWe aimed to analyze whether rapid weight gain (RWG) between the official weigh‐in and the time of the fight was associated with fight success in MMA. A total of 700 professional MMA fights involving 1,400 weigh‐ins from 21 MMA promotions regulated by the California State Athletic Commission were analyzed. Multilevel logistic regression accounting for individual (i.e. athlete) and cluster levels (i.e. fights) was used to analyze the association of all measures with a theoretical relationship with the dependent variable and without interdependency with one another (i.e. %RWG, sex, body mass division, competition level) with the fight outcome (i.e. win or loss). The odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. The highest mean %RWG was found for the flyweight, bantamweight, featherweight, and lightweight divisions. The %RWG significantly predicted the fight outcome (ß = 0.044; OR = 1.045; 95%CI = 1.014–1.078; p = 0.005) so that for each 1% of additional RWG, the chance of winning increased by 4.5%. With the largest sample to date and in a “real‐world” scenario, the present results suggest that the magnitude of RWG is linked to the chance of winning in MMA combats. It is suggested that regulatory commissions, confederations, and event organisers should consider regulating RWG, considering that, despite its detrimental impact on the athletes’ health and performance, the potential advantage might stimulate athletes to invest in rapid weight loss, followed by gain after the official weigh‐in to increase their chance of winning.
Er:fiber-based femtosecond frequency comb stabilized to an Yb+ single-ion optical frequency standard
Authors: Koliada N A , Pivtsov V S , Kuznetsov S A , Filonov A A , Farnosov S A , Kolyada I M , Primakov D Yu , Dychkov A S , Kharenko D S , Zhdanov I S 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
An erbium fiber-based femtosecond optical frequency comb stabilized to an Yb+ single-ion optical frequency standard was created. For the first time, a combination of an extra-cavity acousto-optic frequency modulator with fiber outputs and an intracavity electro-optic phase modulator based on a KTP crystal were used to stabilize offset frequency and one of the optical components of the Er:fiber femtosecond comb. As a result a locking bandwidth of 30 kHz for the optical comb offset frequency has been obtained. It is shown that the relative instability introduced by the stabilization and measurement systems into the output radio frequencies (in addition to the instability of the reference optical signal) is no worse than 5 × 10−14 for averaging times of 1 s and 2 × 10−16 for averaging times of 400 s.
Adversarial Modeling in WSN and its Application in Key Distribution
Authors: Bathla Rohit , Ahlawat Priyanka 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Wireless sensor network (WSN) is the interconnection of very small sensors placed in hostile environments. It results in physically node capturing of a node. These further decreases the performance of key management scheme as number of captured nodes increases. In the paper, we approach the issue of node capturing from adversary view. Adversary is considered more intelligent and aims to capture less nodes with maximum destructiveness in the network. This reduces energy capturing cost of adversary in launching this attack. The proposed models exploit different vulnerable points in the networks to build a matrix based attack model. These use dominating set of nodes with node path vulnerability value to quantify the probability of network compromise. These also focus on low capturing cost nodes with high destructiveness in the network. Later, it also considers the travelling capturing cost which also be minimized. Thus all factors are used to compute final attack matrix. It is shown that above models have improved performance in damaging the network in terms of energy capturing cost and number of attacking rounds.
Application of Different Filtering Techniques in Digital Image Processing
Authors: Mohanty Sumant Sekhar , Tripathy Sushreeta 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Noise in an image is a random variation of brightness or color information in the original image. Noise is consistently presented in digital images during picture obtaining, coding, transmission, and processing steps. Image noise is most apparent in image regions with a low signal level. There are various reasons for the creation of noise in an image, such as electronic noise in amplifiers or detectors, disturbances and overheating of the sensor, disturbances in the medium of traveling for a digital image, etc. Noise is exceptionally hard to eliminate from the digital pictures without the earlier information of the noise model. There are various types of noise that can be available in a noise model. Filters are used to remove these types of noises in a digital image in image processing. In this research, we have implemented different filtering techniques that have been used to remove the noises in an image.