bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reimagining the peer‐review system for translational health science journals
Authors: Smith Elise M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractRetractions of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) papers in high impact journals, such as The Lancet and the New England Journal of Medicine, have been panned as major scientific fraud in public media. The initial reaction to this news was to seek out scapegoats and blame individual authors, peer‐reviewers, editors, and journals for wrong doing. This paper suggests that scapegoating a few individuals for faulty science is a myopic approach to the more profound problem with peer‐review. Peer‐review in its current limited form cannot be expected to adequately address the scope and complexity of large interdisciplinary science research collaboration, which is central in translational research. In addition, empirical studies on the effectiveness of traditional peer‐review reveal its very real potential for bias and groupthink; as such, expectations regarding the capacity and effectiveness of the current peer review process are unrealistic. This paper proposes a new vision of peer‐review in translational science that, on the one hand, would allow for early release of a manuscript to ensure expediency, whereas also creating a forum or a collective of various experts to actively comment, scrutinize, and even build on the research under review. The aim would be to not only generate open discussion and oversight respecting the quality and limitations of the research, but also to assess the extent and the means for that knowledge to translate into social benefit.
System Performance Implications of Capacity and Flexibility Constraints on Bullwhip Effect in Supply Chains
Authors: Narayanan Arunachalam , Mackelprang Alan W. , Malhotra Manoj K. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractUtilizing behavioral experiments involving approximately one thousand subjects, we empirically evaluate the relationship between volume flexibility and the Bullwhip Effect (BWE). We not only evaluate differences in the level of BWE, but also differences in associated system performance. We find that systems with hard capacity constraints are effective at limiting BWE, but also produce very poor customer service levels. However, systems with low levels of volume flexibility generate similar performance as fully flexible systems but do so while also generating a lower BWE. In a multi‐echelon setting, we show that having partial volume flexibility at the upstream echelon helps in reducing order variance, with no significant drop in service level in the supply chain. This is particularly useful in those manufacturing environments which prefer stable orders for production planning without affecting the downstream customer service level. Counterintuitively, both experiments uncovered instances of irrational behavior where participants invoked flexibility in ways that did not always enhance system performance. In addition, these experiments also established enhancements in BWE and system performance through introduction of incremental volume flexibility into upstream echelon of a supply chain.
Bearing witness against unbearable whiteness: Lessons from Luther for confronting racism today
Authors: Bateza Anthony 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAnti‐black racism has a long history in the United States, and while its presence is constant its ramifications are manifold. This means that careful attention, prudent discernment, and diligent action are required if we are to confront racism today. In this article I examine the obstacles that whiteness creates when it comes to recognizing the testimony of Black people. My claim is that white peoples in general, and Lutherans in particular, suffer from either a persistent inability or cultivated unwillingness to receive Black witness. I begin by briefly discussing Martin Luther's views on bearing witness, highlighting the theological and practical importance of this work within a Lutheran theological heritage. Next, I proceed to the ways that witness is compromised, the conditions that undermine the giving and receiving of testimony. Drawing on insights from Rebecca Kukla, Miranda Fricker, and others, I frame these compromises as instances of discursive and epistemic injustice, as harms done to Black subjects as their white counterparts fail to take up offerings of truth and extend trust. Finally, I conclude by suggesting some Lutheran theological and practical opportunities for resistance and retraining, so that anti‐racist work might be embodied more fully in spaces filled with whiteness.
Long‐term incidence of hypoglycaemia‐related events after bariatric surgery or usual care in the Swedish Obese Subjects study: A register‐based analysis
Authors: Sjöholm Kajsa , Jacobson Peter , Taube Magdalena , Svensson Per‐Arne , Andersson Assarsson Johanna C. , Carlsson Lena M. S. , Peltonen Markku 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimsTo examine the incidence of hypoglycaemia‐related events over a period of up to 31 years in patients treated with bariatric surgery in the prospective, controlled Swedish Obese Subjects (SOS) study.Materials and MethodsThe SOS study (n = 4047) is a prospective controlled intervention study. The present analysis included 1989 patients treated with bariatric surgery and 2027 control patients with obesity who received usual care. Diagnosed hypoglycaemia and events commonly attributed to hypoglycaemia (confusion, syncope, epilepsy and seizures), requiring hospital or specialist outpatient treatment, were identified by searching the National Patient Register. Analyses were stratified by baseline glycaemic status. Hazard ratios were adjusted for inclusion year, age, sex, smoking, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) level and body mass index at baseline. At the time of analysis (December 31, 2018), the median follow‐up was 22 years.ResultsCompared with usual care, bariatric surgery was associated with increased incidence of hypoglycaemia‐related events in patients without baseline diabetes (168 and 219 events, respectively; log‐rank P = .011), with a more pronounced risk during the first years of follow‐up (test of time‐treatment interaction P = .010). Multivariate analyses in patients without baseline diabetes indicated that male sex (P < .001), older age (P = .001) and higher HbA1c levels (P = .006) were associated with hypoglycaemia‐related events. No association was found between risk of hypoglycaemia‐related events and bariatric surgery in patients with baseline diabetes.ConclusionsBariatric surgery is associated with an increased incidence of hypoglycaemia‐related events in patients without baseline diabetes, especially during the first years after treatment.
Do sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors increase plasma glucagon by direct actions on the alpha cell? And does the increase matter for the associated increase in endogenous glucose production?
Authors: Kuhre Rune E. , Deacon Carolyn F. , Wewer Albrechtsen Nicolai J. , Holst Jens J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) lower blood glucose and are used for treatment of type 2 diabetes. However, SGLT2is have been associated with increases in endogenous glucose production (EGP) by mechanisms that have been proposed to result from SGLT2i‐mediated increases in circulating glucagon concentrations, but the relative importance of this effect is debated, and mechanisms possibly coupling SGLT2is to increased plasma glucagon are unclear. A direct effect on alpha‐cell activity has been proposed, but data on alpha‐cell SGLT2 expression are inconsistent, and studies investigating the direct effects of SGLT2 inhibition on glucagon secretion are conflicting. By contrast, alpha‐cell sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐1 (SGLT1) expression has been found more consistently and appears to be more prominent, pointing to an underappreciated role for this transporter. Nevertheless, the selectivity of most SGLT2is does not support interference with SGLT1 during therapy. Paracrine effects mediated by secretion of glucagonotropic/static molecules from beta and/or delta cells have also been suggested to be involved in SGLT2i‐induced increase in plasma glucagon, but studies are few and arrive at different conclusions. It is also possible that the effect on glucagon is secondary to drug‐induced increases in urinary glucose excretion and lowering of blood glucose, as shown in experiments with glucose clamping where SGLT2i‐associated increases in plasma glucagon are prevented. However, regardless of the mechanisms involved, the current balance of evidence does not support that SGLT2 plays a crucial role for alpha‐cell physiology or that SGLT2i‐induced glucagon secretion is important for the associated increased EGP, particularly because the increase in EGP occurs before any rise in plasma glucagon.
Real‐world performance of the MiniMed™ 670G system in Europe
Authors: Da Silva Julien , Bosi Emanuele , Jendle Johan , Arrieta Arcelia , Castaneda Javier , Grossman Benyamin , Cordero Toni L. , Shin John , Cohen Ohad 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimTo evaluate the real‐world performance of the MiniMed 670G system in Europe, in individuals with diabetes.Materials and MethodsData uploaded from October 2018 to July 2020 by individuals living in Europe were aggregated and retrospectively analysed. The mean glucose management indicator (GMI), percentage of time spent within (TIR), below (TBR) and above (TAR) glycaemic ranges, system use and insulin consumed in users with 10 or more days of sensor glucose data after initial Auto Mode start were determined. Another analysis based on suboptimally (GMI > 8.0%) and well‐controlled (GMI < 7.0%) glycaemia pre‐Auto Mode initiation was also performed.ResultsUsers (N = 14 899) spent a mean of 81.4% of the time in Auto Mode and achieved a mean GMI of 7.0% ± 0.4%, TIR of 72.0% ± 9.7%, TBR less than 3.9 mmol/L of 2.4% ± 2.1% and TAR more than 10 mmol/L of 25.7% ± 10%, after initiating Auto Mode. When compared with pre‐Auto Mode initiation, GMI was reduced by 0.3% ± 0.4% and TIR increased by 9.6% ± 9.9% (P < .0001 for both). Significantly improved glycaemic control was observed irrespective of pre‐Auto Mode GMI levels of less than 7.0% or of more than 8.0%. While the total daily dose of insulin increased for both groups, a greater increase was observed in the latter, an increase primarily due to increased basal insulin delivery. By contrast, basal insulin decreased slightly in well‐controlled users.ConclusionsMost MiniMed 670G system users in Europe achieved TIR more than 70% and GMI less than 7% while minimizing hypoglycaemia, in a real‐world environment. These international consensus‐met outcomes were enabled by automated insulin delivery meeting real‐time insulin requirements adapted to each individual user.
The effects of psychological stress on approach tendencies for smoking‐related cues in smokers
Authors: Zlomuzica Armin , Lange Miriam , Reher Sarah , Machulska Alla , Rinck Mike 
Published: May 2021

AbstractStress may potentiate the chronification of nicotine addiction, but the exact mechanisms remain elusive. We performed an explorative pilot study examining the effects of psychological stress, administered via the socially evaluated cold pressor task (SECPT), on implicit approach bias for smoking‐related cues in smokers in the approach–avoidance task (AAT). Smokers (N = 24) were subjected to the stress or control condition of the SECPT by using a within‐subject design. Consistent with previous findings, a strong approach bias for smoking‐related cues in the AAT was found in smokers. Exposure to stress did not affect the general bias for smoking‐related cues in the AAT relative to the control condition of the SECPT. In additional explorative analyses, an interaction among carbon monoxide (CO) levels in expired air, cortisol levels, and stress on approach bias for smoking‐related cues was found. Higher CO levels, possibly due to recent smoking, prior to stress exposure were associated with an approach bias for smoking‐related cues. Our results suggest that CO levels in interaction with stress can modulate implicit, automatic processing in the context of nicotine addiction. Our findings might provide novel cues to how stress influences cigarette craving and smoking behavior.
Scale‐dependent effects of niche specialisation: The disconnect between individual and species ranges
Authors: Huang Shan , Tucker Marlee A. , Hertel Anne G. , Eyres Alison , Albrecht Jörg 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOne of the most general expectations of species range dynamics is that widespread species tend to have broader niches. However, it remains unclear how this relationship is expressed at different levels of biological organisation, which involve potentially distinctive processes operating at different spatial and temporal scales. Here, we show that range sizes of terrestrial non‐volant mammals at the individual and species level show contrasting relationships with two ecological niche dimensions: diet and habitat breadth. While average individual home range size appears to be mainly shaped by the interplay of diet niche breadth and body mass, species geographical range size is primarily related to habitat niche breadth but not to diet niche breadth. Our findings suggest that individual home range size is shaped by the trade‐off between energetic requirements, movement capacity and trophic specialisation, whereas species geographical range size is related to the ability to persist under various environmental conditions.
Rheumatoid meningitis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Villa Eduardo , Sarquis Teresita , de Grazia José , Núñez René , Alarcón Pablo , Villegas Rodrigo , Guevara Carlos 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeRheumatoid meningitis (RM) is a neurological complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Current evidence is based on case reports and partial reviews.MethodsThis is a systematic review and meta‐analysis following the PRISMA statement. The aim is to describe the characteristics of the disease, including clinical, imaging and laboratory findings, treatment, outcomes and prognosis reported in the literature.ResultsIn all, 103 studies with 130 cases were included. RM affected adults with an average age of 62 years, with or without a previous RA diagnosis. RA activity and time with the disease were associated with a worse prognosis. Most common clinical manifestations were transient focal neurological signs (64.6%), systemic symptoms (51.3%), episodic headache (50.4%) and neuropsychiatric alterations (47.7%). Joint manifestations were present in only 27.4% of cases. Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed unilateral or bilateral involvement, predominantly frontoparietal. Both pachymeninges and leptomeninges were affected, the latter more frequently (82.88%). The laboratory findings included increased levels of rheumatoid factor (89.71%), anti‐cyclic citrullinated peptide (89.47%), C‐reactive protein (82.54%) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (81.81%). Cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed an increase in the protein level (76.14%), with pleocytosis (85.19%) of mononuclear predominance (89.19%). Biopsy was performed in 72.52% of the patients. Corticosteroid pulse therapy was the main induction therapy. Disease relapse occurred in 31.17% of patients, whilst 54.54% had a full recovery.ConclusionsRheumatoid meningitis must be considered in adult patients with or without RA diagnosis, high‐dose corticosteroid induction therapy should be installed and maintenance therapy plays a key role. It is not recommended to use anti‐TNF as an induction therapy. Nowadays, RM has a significantly better outcome. These findings may aid clinicians in timely RM diagnosis and treatment, thus improving its outcomes.
Innate and learned predator recognition across populations of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar
Authors: Lau Malcolm J. , Wilson Chris C. , Neff Bryan D. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractInnate and learned anti‐predator responses can be important determinants of survival in natural environments. Our study measured innate and learned anti‐predator responses in three populations of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar. Across populations, we found that the presence of a chemical alarm cue derived from the skin of conspecifics was associated with a significant decline in behavioural activity, indicating an innate anti‐predator response to the chemical alarm cue. The presence of a kingfisher model was not associated with a change in behavioural activity, indicating that this visual predator cue does not elicit an innate anti‐predator response. Following training in which the alarm cue and predator cue were paired, the presence of a kingfisher model was not associated with a change in behavioural activity, indicating the absence of a learned anti‐predator response across the three populations. Understanding population variability in anti‐predator behaviour may be important when selecting populations for reintroduction efforts of Atlantic salmon.
Border procedures in the Commission’s New Pact on Migration and Asylum: A case of politics outplaying rationality?
Authors: Cornelisse Galina , Reneman Marcelle 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis article demonstrates that the role of the European Commission in the area of asylum policy is characterised by an imbalance between politicisation and rationality. Politicisation of the role of the Commission is especially visible in its proposals for border procedures in the New Pact on Migration and Asylum. We show that the efficiency and effectiveness of these proposals are not supported by evidence or a thorough assessment of past EU action, as required by Better Regulation. The result is that they fail to address the structural problems that exist with regard to the implementation and application of EU law at external borders. The broken balance between politicisation and rationality in the legislative process leads to a prioritisation of security over freedom and justice. We argue that it needs to be compensated by a stronger role of the judiciary.
The genome of the Pyrenean desman and the effects of bottlenecks and inbreeding on the genomic landscape of an endangered species
Authors: Escoda Lídia , Castresana Jose 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) is a small semiaquatic mammal endemic to the Iberian Peninsula. Despite its limited range, this species presents a strong genetic structure due to past isolation in glacial refugia and subsequent bottlenecks. Additionally, some populations are highly fragmented today as a consequence of river barriers, causing substantial levels of inbreeding. These features make the Pyrenean desman a unique model in which to study the genomic footprints of differentiation, bottlenecks and extreme isolation in an endangered species. To understand these processes, the complete genome of the Pyrenean desman was sequenced and assembled using a Bloom filter‐based approach. An analysis of the 1.83 Gb reference genome and the sequencing of five additional individuals from different evolutionary units allowed us to detect its main genomic characteristics. The population differentiation of the species was reflected in highly distinctive demographic trajectories. In addition, a severe population bottleneck during the postglacial recolonization of the eastern Pyrenees created one of the lowest genomic heterozygosity values recorded in a mammal. Moreover, isolation and inbreeding gave rise to a high proportion of runs of homozygosity (ROH). Despite these extremely low levels of genetic diversity, two key multigene families from an eco‐evolutionary perspective, the major histocompatibility complex and olfactory receptor genes, showed heterozygosity excess in the majority of individuals, revealing that functional diversity can be maintained up to a certain extent. Furthermore, these two classes of genes were significantly less abundant than expected within ROH. In conclusion, the genomic landscape of each analysed Pyrenean desman turned out to be strikingly distinctive and was a clear reflection of its recent ancestry and current conservation conditions. These results may help characterize the genomic health of each individual, and can be crucial for the conservation and management of the species.
Geographic proximity and price efficiency: Evidence from high‐speed railway connections between firms and financial centers
Authors: Gao Hao , Qu Yuanyu , Shen Tao 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe study how geographic proximity to financial centers affects price efficiency. Using high‐speed railway connections between firm cities and their nearest financial centers in China as exogenous shocks, we find stocks of connected firms are more efficiently priced than those of firms that are not connected. Consistent with our hypothesis, ease of travel has a stronger effect on firms that are closer to financial centers, smaller, have less institutional ownership and financial analyst coverage, and are not on the short sales list. Our paper highlights the importance of the geographic proximity of firms to financial centers on financial market efficiency.
The effectiveness of Shark‐Management‐Alert‐in‐Real‐Time (SMART) drumlines as a tool for catching white sharks, Carcharodon carcharias, off coastal New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Tate Rick D. , Kelaher Brendan P. , Brand Craig P. , Cullis Brian R. , Gallen Christopher R. , Smith Stephen D.A. , Butcher Paul A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWhite (Carcharodon carcharias L.), bull (Carcharhinus leucas, Müller & Henle) and tiger (Galeocerdo cuvier, Péron & Lesueur) sharks are the primary species responsible for unprovoked shark bites. Historically, management practices were based on culling “target” shark species (i.e. white, bull and tiger sharks), which resulted in high levels of bycatch and mortality. Shark‐Management‐Alert‐in‐Real‐Time (SMART) drumlines were trialled in New South Wales, Australia, aiming to optimise the capture of target shark species while minimising bycatch and mortality. Target shark species accounted for 70% of the total catch, with white sharks contributing 298 of the 350 sharks that were caught. Four animals died, and bycatch consisted of 13 species including two threatened species. Generalised linear mixed models (GLMMs) revealed a significant spatial, temporal, environmental and gear influence on white shark catch rates. SMART drumlines are a useful tool for catching target shark species with low bycatch and mortality relative to historical bather protection methods.
Lender of last resort, buyer of last resort, and a fear of fire sales in the sovereign bond market*
Authors: Acharya Viral , Pierret Diane , Steffen Sascha 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe document the mechanism through which the risk of fire sales in the sovereign bond market contributed to the effectiveness of two major central bank interventions designed to restore financial stability during the European sovereign debt crisis. As a lender of last resort via the long‐term refinancing operations (LTROs), the European Central Bank (ECB) improved the collateral value of sovereign bonds of peripheral countries. This resulted in an elevated concentration of these bonds in the portfolios of domestic banks, increasing fire‐sale risk and making both banks and sovereign bonds riskier. In contrast, the ECB's announcement of being a potential buyer of last resort via the Outright Monetary Transaction (OMT) program attracted new investors and reduced fire‐sale risk in the sovereign bond market.