bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High‐frequency‐link DC solid state transformer based on voltage self‐balancing control for MVDC power distribution application
Authors: Wang Peng , Chen Xianzhong , Tong Chaonan , Zhang Xiaoguang , Jia Pengyu , Wen Chunxue 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis paper presents a novel voltage self‐balancing converter (VBC) applied to DC solid‐state transformer (DCSST), analyzes the operating principle of the proposed VBC, and proves the voltage balance performance. Based on this converter, a novel DCSST topology is proposed, which can be used in medium and low voltage DC distribution application, microgrid and medium and low voltage energy storage system. Compared with the previous work, under the same voltage level, it can effectively reduce the number of transformers and switches, reduce the voltage level of switches, and realize the soft switching of the VBC switches, so as to improve the system efficiency and power density, and then improve the system reliability. Meanwhile, the fault handling ability and fault tolerance ability of DCSST are improved, which makes DCSST more reliable when multiple isolated bi‐directional DC/DC Converters (IBDC) are connected in series. In addition, with this topology, the input voltage self‐balancing control strategy of the IBDC is not needed because of the voltage self‐balancing characteristic of VBC, which simplifies the control complexity and greatly improves the control accuracy of the control system. Experimental results agree well with the accuracy and correctness of the proposed topology.
The “Maggie” filament: Physical properties of a giant atomic cloud
Authors: Syed J. , Soler J. D. , Beuther H. , Wang Y. , Suri S. , Henshaw J. D. , Riener M. , Bialy S. , Rezaei Kh. S. , Stil J. M. , Goldsmith P. F. , Rugel M. R. , Glover S. C. O. , Klessen R. S. , Kerp J. , Urquhart J. S. , Ott J. , Roy N. , Schneider N. , Smith R. J. , Longmore S. N. , Linz H. 
Published: November 2021

Context. The atomic phase of the interstellar medium plays a key role in the formation process of molecular clouds. Due to the line-of-sight confusion in the Galactic plane that is associated with its ubiquity, atomic hydrogen emission has been challenging to study.
Aims. We investigate the physical properties of the “Maggie” filament, a large-scale filament identified in H I emission at line-of-sight velocities, vLSR ~−54 km s−1.
Methods. Employing the high-angular resolution data from The H I/OH Recombination line survey of the inner Milky Way (THOR), we have been able to study H I emission features at negative vLSR velocities without any line-of-sight confusion due to the kinematic distance ambiguity in the first Galactic quadrant. In order to investigate the kinematic structure, we decomposed the emission spectra using the automated Gaussian fitting algorithm GAUSSPY+.
Results. We identify one of the largest, coherent, mostly atomic H I filaments in the Milky Way. The giant atomic filament Maggie, with a total length of 1.2 ± 0.1 kpc, is not detected in most other tracers, and it does not show signs of active star formation. At a kinematic distance of 17 kpc, Maggie is situated below (by ≈500 pc), but parallel to, the Galactic H I disk and is trailing the predicted location of the Outer Arm by 5−10 km s−1 in longitude-velocity space. The centroid velocity exhibits a smooth gradient of less than ±3 km s−1 (10 pc)−1 and a coherent structure to within ±6 km s−1. The line widths of ~10 km s−1 along the spine of the filament are dominated by nonthermal effects. After correcting for optical depth effects, the mass of Maggie’s dense spine is estimated to be 7.2−1.9+2.5 × 105 M⊙. The mean number density of the filament is ~4 cm−3, which is best explained by the filament being a mix of cold and warm neutral gas. In contrast to molecular filaments, the turbulent Mach number and velocity structure function suggest that Maggie is driven by transonic to moderately supersonic velocities that are likely associated with the Galactic potential rather than being subject to the effects of self-gravity or stellar feedback. The probability density function of the column density displays a log-normal shape around a mean of ⟨NH I⟩ = 4.8 × 1020 cm−2, thus reflecting the absence of dominating effects of gravitational contraction.
Conclusions. While Maggie’s origin remains unclear, we hypothesize that Maggie could be the first in a class of atomic clouds that are the precursors of giant molecular filaments.
Multifilter photometry of Solar System objects from the SkyMapper Southern Survey
Authors: Sergeyev A. V. , Carry B. , Onken C. A. , Devillepoix H. A. R. , Wolf C. , Chang S.-W. 
Published: November 2021

Context. The populations of small bodies of the Solar System (asteroids, comets, and Kuiper Belt objects) are used to constrain the origin and evolution of the Solar System. Their orbital distribution and composition distribution are both required to track the dynamical pathway from their formation regions to their current locations.
Aims. We aim to increase the sample of Solar System objects (SSOs) that have multifilter photometry and compositional taxonomy.
Methods. We searched for moving objects in the SkyMapper Southern Survey. We used the predicted SSO positions to extract photometry and astrometry from the SkyMapper frames. We then applied a suite of filters to clean the catalog from false-positive detections. We finally used the near-simultaneous photometry to assign a taxonomic class to objects.
Results. We release a catalog of 880 528 individual observations, consisting of 205 515 known and unique SSOs. The catalog completeness is estimated to be about 97% down to V = 18 mag and the purity is higher than 95% for known SSOs. The near-simultaneous photometry provides either three, two, or a single color that we use to classify 117 356 SSOs with a scheme consistent with the widely used Bus-DeMeo taxonomy.
Conclusions. The present catalog contributes significantly to the sample of asteroids with known surface properties (about 40% of main-belt asteroids down to an absolute magnitude of 16). We will release more observations of SSOs with future SkyMapper data releases.
Impact of Hypothyroidism on Tomography and Biomechanics in Keratoconus – Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Assessment within the Homburg Keratoconus Center at the Time of
Inclusion and after 1 Year
Authors: Razafimino Sonia , Flockerzi Elias , Zemova Elena , Munteanu Christian , Seitz Berthold 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Background and Purpose The etiology of keratoconus (KC) is probably multifactorial but remains essentially unknown. Previous scientific observations have suggested that
hypothyroidism might play a role in the development and progression of KC. The purpose of this study was to analyze the tomographic and biomechanical parameters in KC patients with or
without hypothyroidism.
Methods Twenty-eight patients with KC and hypothyroidism (HT group) and fifty-six KC patients without thyroid dysfunction (WHT group) with matching gender and age were analyzed. Mean
age was 40.3 years (range 14 – 57) in the HT group and 40.3 years (range 14 – 57) in the WHT group. Routine ophthalmic examinations consisted of corneal tomography and biomechanical
parameters. We extracted the following KC parameters from the Pentacam (Pentacam HR, Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany): Keratoconus Index (KI), maximum keratometry (Kmax), astigmatism,
and thinnest pachymetry (TP). From the ocular response analyzer (ORA, Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments, Depew, NY, USA), we extracted corneal hysteresis (CH), corneal resistance factor (CRF),
and KC match index (KMI).
Results The comparison of the tomographic and biomechanical values from cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses showed no significant differences between the HT and WHT groups.
Conclusion The severity of KC based on tomographical and biomechanical parameters does not seem to depend on the presence of hypothyroidism.
Initiating a New Era of Cardiovascular Diagnosis and Therapy in Acute Aortic Syndromes: The Mainz–Essen Experience (Part I)—Imaging and Biomarkers
Authors: Bossone Eduardo , Gorla Riccardo , Ranieri Brigida , Russo Valentina , Jakob Heinz , Erbel Raimund 
Published: November 2021

AbstractAcute aortic syndromes (AAS) encompass a group of life-threatening medical conditions (acute aortic dissection [AAD], intramural hematoma, and penetrating aortic ulcer) with a common pathophysiological pathway. Due to overlapping symptoms and signs with other cardiovascular emergencies, the diagnosis remains challenging resulting in time delays and related increased in-hospital and long-term morbidity and mortality. The Cardiovascular Department of Johannes Gutenberg University in Mainz at West-German Heart Centre in Essen (Germany) first described (in 1984) AAD by transesophageal echocardiography, AAD diagnostic features, and furtherly explored the implementation of “invasive” imaging techniques, namely, intravascular ultrasound and intraluminal phased-array imaging. Furthermore, pioneer studies were undertaken on the biomarker and imaging interplay, namely, D-dimer and F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography. We discuss the unique 35-year-long Mainz–Essen experience on the diagnostic and prognostic role of serological and imaging biomarkers in AAS.
Clinical Longevity of Indirect Composite Resin Inlays and Onlays: An Up to 9-Year Prospective Study
Authors: Galiatsatos Aristidis , Galiatsatos Panagiotis , Bergou Dimitra 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Objective This clinical study evaluated the clinical performance of composite resin inlays and onlays over 9 years.
Materials and Methods Sixty composite resin inlays and onlays were placed in 32 patients, aged 20 to 60 years, by a single operator using the same clinical procedure. The restorations were examined for fracture rate; esthetics; and patient acceptance and marginal integrity, including caries, marginal discoloration, tooth integrity, and surface texture. All restorations were evaluated at the time of placement and 3, 6, and 9 years after placement by using the modified U.S. Public Health Service criteria.
Results At the 3-year follow-up, an Alpha score was given to 88.4% of restorations, while a Bravo score was given to the remaining 11.6%. There was not any failure. At the 6-year follow-up, the success rate of the restorations was 100% without failure. None of the restorations was scored with Delta (D). An Alpha score was given to 60% of the restorations, a Bravo score was assigned to 35%, and a Charlie score was 5% of the restorations. Overall, the success rate of the restorations at 9-year follow-up was 85% and the failure rate was 15%. An Alpha score was given to 15% of the restorations, a Bravo score was given to 50%, a Charlie score was assigned to 20%, and a D score was given to 15% of the restorations.
Conclusion Indirect resin composite inlays and onlays showed acceptable long-term clinical results. The success rate of the restorations at 9-year follow-up was 85% and the failure rate was 15%.
Reproductive Governance in a Fragile and Population-Dense Context: Family Planning Policies, Discourses, and Practices in Burundi
Authors: Schwarz Joëlle , Manirakiza René , Merten Sonja 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article describes the reproductive governance deployed in Burundi, which promotes fertility control through uptake of modern contraceptives as a solution to the economic hardship and land pressure of individuals and communities. Using a qualitative approach, we explore how women and couples in rural Burundi set their preferences, choices and practices of family planning, and how they relate with the government discourse. We describe how reproductive practices are complex and modulated by social and material factors and power dynamics. We argue that the current hegemonic discourse—largely supported by external donors—adopts a depoliticised and technocratic approach to family planning that aligns with neoliberal development frameworks, leaving existing power dynamics and resources distribution issues unexamined and unaddressed. By situating reproductive navigation in context, we show how medicalisation of reproduction is not fully enacted, and partly resisted by women and other actors.
Osmotic pressure and swelling behavior of ionic microcapsules
Authors: Alziyadi Mohammed O. , Denton Alan R. 
Published: November 2021

Ionic microcapsules are hollow shells of hydrogel, typically 10–1000 nm in radius, composed of cross-linked polymer networks that become charged and swollen in a good solvent. The ability of microcapsules to swell/deswell in response to changes in external stimuli (e.g., temperature, pH, and ionic strength) suits them to applications, such as drug delivery, biosensing, and catalysis. The equilibrium swelling behavior of ionic microcapsules is determined by a balance of electrostatic and elastic forces. The electrostatic component of the osmotic pressure of a microcapsule—the difference in the pressure between the inside and outside of the particle—plays a vital role in determining the swelling behavior. Within the spherical cell model, we derive exact expressions for the radial pressure profile and for the electrostatic and gel components of the osmotic pressure of a microcapsule, which we compute via Poisson–Boltzmann theory and molecular dynamics simulation. For the gel component, we use the Flory–Rehner theory of polymer networks. By combining the electrostatic and gel components of the osmotic pressure, we compute the equilibrium size of ionic microcapsules as a function of particle concentration, shell thickness, and valence. We predict concentration-driven deswelling at relatively low concentrations at which steric interactions between particles are weak and demonstrate that this response can be attributed to crowding-induced redistribution of counterions. Our approach may help to guide the design and applications of smart stimuli-responsive colloidal particles.
In situ synchrotron x-ray diffraction studies monitoring mechanochemical reactions of hard materials: Challenges and limitations
Authors: Rathmann Tobias , Petersen Hilke , Reichle Steffen , Schmidt Wolfgang , Amrute Amol P. , Etter Martin , Weidenthaler Claudia 
Published: November 2021

In situ monitoring of mechanochemical reactions of soft matter is feasible by synchrotron diffraction experiments. However, so far, reactions of hard materials in existing polymer milling vessels failed due to insufficient energy input. In this study, we present the development of a suitable setup for in situ diffraction experiments at a synchrotron facility. The mechanochemical transformation of boehmite, γ-AlOOH, to corundum, α-Al2O3, was chosen as a model system. The modifications of the mill’s clamping system and the vessels themselves were investigated separately. Starting from a commercially available Retsch MM 400 shaker mill, the influence of the geometrical adaptation of the setup on the milling process was investigated. Simply extending the specimen holder proved to be not sufficient because changes in mechanical forces need to be accounted for in the construction of optimized extensions. Milling vessels that are suitable for diffraction experiments and also guarantee the required energy input as well as mechanical stability were developed. The vessels consist of a steel body and modular polymer/steel rings as x-ray transparent windows. In addition, the vessels are equipped with a gas inlet and outlet system that is connectable to a gas analytics setup. Based on the respective modifications, the transformation of boehmite to corundum could be observed in an optimized setup.
Application of circular economy principles to pastoral farming: development of an assessment framework
Authors: Burggraaf V. T. , Mazzetto A. M. , Romera A. J. , Mercer G. J. K. , Ledgard S. F. 
Published: November 2021

Context Circular economy principles are being adopted to design out waste, use resources more efficiently and maintain ecosystem health. Aims This study developed a framework to assess the ‘circularity’ of pastoral farms, using a New Zealand dairy farm as a case study. Methods Key resource inputs and environmental impacts to assess for the farming system were determined. Nitrogen and phosphorus flows were assessed using the OVERSEER® model, to then determine their circularity on the basis of the material circularity indicator. Life-cycle assessment was used to determine the carbon footprint and fossil fuel depletion associated with the farm. Single-use plastic disposal was calculated on the basis of farm purchases and end-points of packaging. Key results MCI circularity scores were 0.46 for nitrogen, 0.48 for phosphorus and total circularity 0.46, which could be improved by focusing on reducing the high rates of mineral fertiliser use and large losses of nitrogen to water and the atmosphere. Although the farm’s cradle-to-farm-gate fossil fuel resource depletion footprint (1.16 MJ/kg fat- and protein-corrected milk) was low compared with other New Zealand and European dairy farms, its carbon footprint of 0.85 kg carbon dioxide-equivalent/kg fat and protein corrected milk was high for New Zealand, with enteric methane emissions and inputs of supplementary feeds being the major sources. Plastic waste was a minor source of waste compared with nutrients, but the key sources were identified. Conclusions and implications This framework could be used and adapted to assess the circularity of nutrients in pastoral farming systems and help identify key areas to reduce the depletion of critical resources and negative environmental impacts. Further development and testing are required for a range of farming systems.
Magmatic thickening of crust in non–plate tectonic settings initiated the subaerial rise of Earth’s first continents 3.3 to 3.2 billion years ago
Authors: Chowdhury Priyadarshi , Mulder Jacob A. , Cawood Peter A. , Bhattacharjee Surjyendu , Roy Subhajit , Wainwright Ashlea N. , Nebel Oliver , Mukherjee Subham 
Published: November 2021

Significance
Understanding when and how subaerial continental crust first formed is crucial, as it likely played a critical role in establishing Earth’s habitability. Although debated, the broad consensus is that the subaerial rise of continents began ∼2.5 billion years ago and was driven by plate tectonics. Here, we integrate the igneous and sedimentary history of Archean cratons to demonstrate that stable continental landmasses started to emerge above sea level 3.3 to 3.2 billion years ago (i.e., over 700 million years earlier than most models predict). We also demonstrate that these initial episodes of continental emersion were driven by voluminous granitoid magmatism in non–plate tectonic settings that formed ∼50-km-thick, silica-rich crust, which rose above the oceans due to isostasy.
Is there a dative alternation in Romanian?
Authors: Cornilescu Alexandra , Tigău Alina 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Against recent claims that Romance languages lack a genuine dative alternation since they lack a genuine Prepositional Dative Construction (e.g., Pineda 2012), we bring evidence that, in Romanian, even in Recipient ditransitive constructions, datives manifest either DP or PP properties. In order to establish this result, we examine both the (internal) structure of the Romanian inflectional dative, and the prepositional dative, marked by the preposition la “at”/“to” and show that both forms require a ‘dual categorial analysis’, in order to allow licensing of their case and person features. While the default interpretation of datives in Recipient ditransitive constructions is that of DPs (whence the possibility of clitic doubling (CD)), there is a class of contexts (e.g., double datives, featuring a possessive dative and a Goal/Recipient dative), where the Recipient must be projected as a PP, since otherwise it cannot be licensed. The dual categorization of the Recipient as a DP/PP proves the existence of a genuine dative alternation in Romanian.
Dative clitics in Romanian ditransitives
Authors: Tigău Alina , von Heusinger Klaus 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This chapter presents a novel analysis for Romanian ditransitives. Based on empirical findings, we develop a derivational account building on the internal make-up of the two internal arguments. The account departs from the observation that clitic doubling (CD) of indirect objects (IO) and Differential Object Marking (DOM) of direct objects (DO) interact in an interesting and unexpected way: while unmarked DOs bind IOs irrespective of Clitic Doubling of IOs, counterparts where DOM-ed DOs bind CD-ed IOs are degraded; however, CD-ed+DOM-ed DOs fare much better. These facts seem to arise as a consequence of the interaction between DOM-ed DOs and CD-ed IOs which have similar internal make-up (they both carry a [Person] feature) and compete for the same probe, with the closer blocking agreement of the other. When DO cliticizes, these intervention effects no longer arise.
New metric reconstruction scheme for gravitational self-force calculations
Authors: Toomani Vahid , Zimmerman Peter , Spiers Andrew , Hollands Stefan , Pound Adam , Green Stephen R 
Published: November 2021

AbstractInspirals of stellar-mass objects into massive black holes will be important sources for the space-based gravitational-wave detector LISA. Modelling these systems requires calculating the metric perturbation due to a point particle orbiting a Kerr black hole. Currently, the linear perturbation is obtained with a metric reconstruction procedure that puts it in a ‘no-string’ radiation gauge which is singular on a surface surrounding the central black hole. Calculating dynamical quantities in this gauge involves a subtle procedure of ‘gauge completion’ as well as cancellations of very large numbers. The singularities in the gauge also lead to pathological field equations at second perturbative order. In this paper we re-analyze the point-particle problem in Kerr using the corrector-field reconstruction formalism of Green, Hollands, and Zimmerman (GHZ). We clarify the relationship between the GHZ formalism and previous reconstruction methods, showing that it provides a simple formula for the ‘gauge completion’. We then use it to develop a new method of computing the metric in a more regular gauge: a Teukolsky puncture scheme. This scheme should ameliorate the problem of large cancellations, and by constructing the linear metric perturbation in a sufficiently regular gauge, it should provide a first step toward second-order self-force calculations in Kerr. Our methods are developed in generality in Kerr, but we illustrate some key ideas and demonstrate our puncture scheme in the simple setting of a static particle in Minkowski spacetime.
Scanning tunneling microscopy study of CaF2 on Si(111): observation of metastable reconstructions
Authors: Galbiati Miriam , Scarselli Manuela , Arciprete Fabrizio , De Crescenzi Maurizio , Camilli Luca 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The deposition of calcium fluoride (CaF2) on Si(111) at temperatures above 570 °C has been studied with scanning tunneling microscopy. At such temperatures, triangular calcium fluoride islands are formed both on terraces and along the phase domain boundaries of the (7 × 7) reconstruction of the Si(111) substrate. In addition to the formation of islands, we observe that CaF2 molecules react with the substrate inducing large areas of its surface to reconstruct into (√3 × √3) and c(2 × 4) phases. Upon annealing at 600 °C, the abovementioned areas of (√3 × √3) and c(2 × 4) turn into the stable (3 × 1) phase upon desorption of fluorine. Calcium fluoride islands are stable at this temperature. Depositions of calcium fluoride performed with Si substrate kept at higher temperature, namely at 680 °C, lead directly to the formation of (3 × 1) phase due to the complete desorption of fluorine, without passing through the formation of the metastable (√3 × √3) and c(2 × 4) phases. If CaF2/Si(111) is brought at even higher temperatures, Ca also starts desorbing and the (7 × 7)-Si(111) reconstruction can eventually be restored.