bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shape fidelity and sterility assessment of 3D printed polycaprolactone and hydroxyapatite scaffolds
Authors: Scocozza Franca , Sakaj Mirena , Auricchio Ferdinando , Marconi Stefania , Riello Pietro , Ferrari Cinzia , Cansolino Laura , Catenacci Laura , Sorrenti Milena , Scatto Marco , Conti Michele 
Published: August 2021

AbstractPolycaprolactone (PCL) and hydroxyapatite (HA) composite are widely used in tissue engineering (TE). They are fit to being processed with three-dimensional (3D) printing technique to create scaffolds with verifiable porosity. The current challenge is to guarantee the reliability and reproducibility of 3D printed scaffolds and to create sterile scaffolds which can be used for in vitro cell cultures. In this context it is important for successful cell culture, to have a protocol in order to evaluate the sterility of the printed scaffolds. We proposed a systematic approach to sterilise 90%PCL-10%HA pellets using a 3D bioprinter before starting the printing process. We evaluated the printability of PCL-HA composite and the shape fidelity of scaffolds printed with and without sterilised pellets varying infill pattern, and the sterility of 3D printed scaffolds following the method established by the United States Pharmacopoeia. Finally, the thermal analyses supported by the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy were useful to verify the stability of the sterilisation process in the PCL solid state with and without HA. The results show that the use of the 3D printer, according to the proposed protocol, allows to obtain sterile 3D PCL-HA scaffolds suitable for TE applications such as bone or cartilage repair.
Distribution of ETBE-degrading microorganisms and functional capability in groundwater, and implications for characterising aquifer ETBE biodegradation potential
Authors: Nicholls Henry C. G. , Rolfe Stephen A. , Mallinson Helen E. H. , Hjort Markus , Spence Michael J. , Bonte Matthijs , Thornton Steven F. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractMicrobes in aquifers are present suspended in groundwater or attached to the aquifer sediment. Groundwater is often sampled at gasoline ether oxygenate (GEO)-impacted sites to assess the potential biodegradation of organic constituents. However, the distribution of GEO-degrading microorganisms between the groundwater and aquifer sediment must be understood to interpret this potential. In this study, the distribution of ethyl tert-butyl ether (ETBE)-degrading organisms and ETBE biodegradation potential was investigated in laboratory microcosm studies and mixed groundwater-aquifer sediment samples obtained from pumped monitoring wells at ETBE-impacted sites. ETBE biodegradation potential (as determined by quantification of the ethB gene) was detected predominantly in the attached microbial communities and was below detection limit in the groundwater communities. The copy number of ethB genes varied with borehole purge volume at the field sites. Members of the Comamonadaceae and Gammaproteobacteria families were identified as responders for ETBE biodegradation. However, the detection of the ethB gene is a more appropriate function-based indicator of ETBE biodegradation potential than taxonomic analysis of the microbial community. The study shows that a mixed groundwater-aquifer sediment (slurry) sample collected from monitoring wells after minimal purging can be used to assess the aquifer ETBE biodegradation potential at ETBE-release sites using this function-based concept.
Multiannual soil mulching in agriculture: analysis of biogeochemical soil processes under plastic and straw mulches in a 3-year field study in strawberry cultivation
Authors: Meyer Maximilian , Diehl Dörte , Schaumann Gabriele Ellen , Muñoz Katherine 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The application of plastic mulching differs globally as well as climate, soils, crops, and agricultural practices, making it difficult to generalize the reported impacts on soil. Because literature is scarce about the influence of plastic mulching on soil under temperate, humid climate, the objective of this study was to understand how multiannual plastic mulching influences central soil parameters and processes under Central European cultivation conditions to evaluate its impact on soil quality in the long term.

Materials and methods
Central soil parameters and processes like leaching, aggregation, soil organic matter (SOM), and microbial biomass were investigated in a strawberry cultivation in Southwestern Germany. The field experiment compared a plastic-covered ridge–furrow system with subsurface drip irrigation (PC) to the same system with straw coverage (SC) in three soil layers (0–10, 10–30, and 30–60 cm) at seven dates within a 3-year period. Soil analyses comprised soil temperature and moisture, pH, bulk density, water-stable aggregates, soil organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen.

Results
Rainfall infiltration impeded by PC reduces soil moisture but neither reduces leaching nor promotes (macro-)aggregate formation or stability; however, it maintains a loose and friable soil structure in surface soil (0–5 cm), compared to SC. PC promotes SOM accumulation and shifted SOM composition to a more hardly degradable SOM, especially below the topsoil (10–60 cm). Furthermore, PC revealed no indications of an increased microbial biomass or activity accompanied with an enhanced SOM decomposition due to the shifted microclimate. The seasonal, time- and depth-dependent effects, observed in some parameters, emphasize the importance to include them in future studies for a more holistic process understanding.

Conclusion
Our study showed no indications that multiannual plastic mulching influences soil quality within the 3 years of this study. Further research is advisable to support our findings on a larger scale and longer time periods and across various soil and crop types.
Influence of Microstructure and Defects on Mechanical Properties of AISI H13 Manufactured by Electron Beam Powder Bed Fusion
Authors: Kahlert Moritz , Brenne Florian , Vollmer Malte , Niendorf Thomas 
Published: August 2021

AbstractElectron beam powder bed fusion (E-PBF) is a well-known additive manufacturing process. Components are realized based on layer-by-layer melting of metal powder. Due to the high degree of design freedom, additive manufacturing came into focus of tooling industry, especially for tools with sophisticated internal cooling channels. The present work focuses on the relationships between processing, microstructure evolution, chemical composition and mechanical properties of a high alloyed tool steel AISI H13 (1.2344, X40CrMoV5-1) processed by E-PBF. The specimens are free of cracks, however, lack of fusion defects are found upon use of non-optimized parameters finally affecting the mechanical properties detrimentally. Specimens built based on suitable parameters show a relatively fine grained bainitic/martensitic microstructure, finally resulting in a high ultimate strength and an even slightly higher failure strain compared to conventionally processed and heat treated AISI H13.
Endothelin-1 axes in the framework of predictive, preventive and personalised (3P) medicine
Authors: Torres Crigna Adriana , Link Barbara , Samec Marek , Giordano Frank A. , Kubatka Peter , Golubnitschaja Olga 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEndothelin-1 (ET-1) is involved in the regulation of a myriad of processes highly relevant for physical and mental well-being; female and male health; in the modulation of senses, pain, stress reactions and drug sensitivity as well as healing processes, amongst others. Shifted ET-1 homeostasis may influence and predict the development and progression of suboptimal health conditions, metabolic impairments with cascading complications, ageing and related pathologies, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative pathologies, aggressive malignancies, modulating, therefore, individual outcomes of both non-communicable and infectious diseases such as COVID-19. This article provides an in-depth analysis of the involvement of ET-1 and related regulatory pathways in physiological and pathophysiological processes and estimates its capacity as

a predictor of ageing and related pathologies,

a sensor of lifestyle quality and progression of suboptimal health conditions to diseases for their targeted prevention

and as a potent target for cost-effective treatments tailored to the person.
On the nature and types of anomalies: a review of deviations in data
Authors: Foorthuis Ralph 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAnomalies are occurrences in a dataset that are in some way unusual and do not fit the general patterns. The concept of the anomaly is typically ill defined and perceived as vague and domain-dependent. Moreover, despite some 250 years of publications on the topic, no comprehensive and concrete overviews of the different types of anomalies have hitherto been published. By means of an extensive literature review this study therefore offers the first theoretically principled and domain-independent typology of data anomalies and presents a full overview of anomaly types and subtypes. To concretely define the concept of the anomaly and its different manifestations, the typology employs five dimensions: data type, cardinality of relationship, anomaly level, data structure, and data distribution. These fundamental and data-centric dimensions naturally yield 3 broad groups, 9 basic types, and 63 subtypes of anomalies. The typology facilitates the evaluation of the functional capabilities of anomaly detection algorithms, contributes to explainable data science, and provides insights into relevant topics such as local versus global anomalies.
Risk Perception and Protective Behavior in the Context of COVID-19: a Qualitative Exploration
Authors: Siddiqui Salma , Qamar Azher Hameed 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAs a result of the devastating health effects of the COVID-19 outbreak, the lockdown has been considered a safety measure in many countries. In Pakistan, the first case of COVID-19 was reported in February 2020. The purpose of this qualitative study was to investigate people’s risk perception and protective behavior during the lockdown. Twenty-two (22) participants from eight big cities across Pakistan were interviewed. A six-step reflective thematic analysis was used for data analysis. The study focused on risk perception and protective behaviors. Our main analytical goal was to understand how risk perception shapes human behavior in the context of lockdown, pandemic-related information flow, and corresponding meaning-making. The study revealed that people influenced by information and advice campaigns form a perception of risk that has shaped their protective behavior. They used familiar means of coping with distress, including the search for strength through religious belief practices and following the precautions recommended by health professionals through the media.
Parametrical investigation for the optimization of spherical jet-stirred reactors design using large eddy simulations
Authors: Esmaeelzade Ghazaleh , Moshammer Kai , Markus Detlev , Maas Ulrich , Grosshans Holger 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDue to the importance of gas-phase chemical reaction kinetics in low-emission combustion, stirred tank reactors have been used for decades as an experimental tool to study high- and low-temperature oxidation. A Jet-Stirred Reactor (JSR) setup is valuable to determine the evolution of species mole fractions. For the accuracy of the experimental results, it is important that a JSR is designed such that the concentration field is as homogeneous as possible in order to avoid disturbance of the chemical kinetics. In this work, numerical simulations were performed to investigate the mixing in a JSR chamber. The turbulent structures inside the JSR and the nozzles are captured using Large Eddy Simulations. We conducted numerically a parametric study to evaluate the effects of thermodynamic conditions and geometrical parameters on the mixing characteristics. More specifically, the diameter of the spherical chamber is modified together with the diameter of the nozzles through which fresh gases are fed. The characterization of the gas flow inside a typical spherical JSR layout and results derived by the normalized standard deviation of a tracer mass fraction show that a reduction of the JSR diameter at high pressures improves the homogeneity. Further, we propose a new optimized configuration consisting of six nozzles pointing to the center of the reactor which provides a more uniform composition compared to the standard JSR design.
A Sub-element Adaptive Shock Capturing Approach for Discontinuous Galerkin Methods
Authors: Markert Johannes , Gassner Gregor , Walch Stefanie 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn this paper, a new strategy for a sub-element-based shock capturing for discontinuous Galerkin (DG) approximations is presented. The idea is to interpret a DG element as a collection of data and construct a hierarchy of low-to-high-order discretizations on this set of data, including a first-order finite volume scheme up to the full-order DG scheme. The different DG discretizations are then blended according to sub-element troubled cell indicators, resulting in a final discretization that adaptively blends from low to high order within a single DG element. The goal is to retain as much high-order accuracy as possible, even in simulations with very strong shocks, as, e.g., presented in the Sedov test. The framework retains the locality of the standard DG scheme and is hence well suited for a combination with adaptive mesh refinement and parallel computing. The numerical tests demonstrate the sub-element adaptive behavior of the new shock capturing approach and its high accuracy.
The Impact of Extreme Heat Events on Emergency Departments in Canadian Hospitals
Authors: Kegel Fraser , Luo Owen D. , Richer Signe 
Published: August 2021

Introduction Mean daily temperatures in Canada rose 1.7°C between 1948 and 2016, and the frequency, severity, and duration of extreme heat events has increased. These events can exacerbate underlying health conditions, bringing patients to emergency departments (EDs). This retrospective analysis assessed the impact of temperature and humidex on ED volume and length of stay (LOS). Methods LOS is an indicator of ED overcrowding and system performance. Using daily maximum temperatures and humidex values, this study investigated the impact of mean 3-d temperatures and humidex preceding ED presentation on the median and maximum ED LOS and patient volume in 2 community hospitals in Montreal, Quebec, during the summer months of 2016 to 2018. Data were analyzed with 1-way analysis of variance with post hoc Fisher least significant difference tests and Spearman correlation tests. Results The mean maximum temperature and humidex were 26.1°C and 30.4°C, respectively (n=276 d). Mean 3-d temperatures ≥30°C were associated with higher daily ED volumes in both hospitals (138 vs 121, P=0.002 and 132 vs 125, P=0.03) and with increased median LOS at 1 hospital (8.9 vs 7.6 h, P=0.03). Mean 3-d humidex ≥35 was associated with higher daily ED volumes at both hospitals as well (136 vs 123, P=0.01 and 133 vs 125, P=0.009) with an increased median LOS at 1 hospital (8.6 vs 6.9 h, P=0.0001) with humidex values of 25 to 29.9°C. Conclusions Heat events were associated with increased ED presentations and LOS. This study suggests that a warming climate can impede emergency service provision by increasing the demand for and delaying timely care.
A Minimal Metaphysics for Scientific Practice
Authors: Hüttemann Andreas 
Published: August 2021

What are the metaphysical commitments which best 'make sense' of our scientific practice (rather than our scientific theories)? In this book, Andreas Hüttemann provides a minimal metaphysics for scientific practice, i.e. a metaphysics that refrains from postulating any structure that is explanatorily irrelevant. Hüttemann closely analyses paradigmatic aspects of scientific practice, such as prediction, explanation and manipulation, to consider the questions whether and (if so) what metaphysical presuppositions best account for these practices. He looks at the role which scientific generalisation (laws of nature) play in predicting, testing, and explaining the behaviour of systems. He also develops a theory of causation in terms of quasi-inertial processes and interfering factors, and he proposes an account of reductive practices that makes minimal metaphysical assumptions. His book will be valuable for scholars and advanced students working in both philosophy of science and metaphysics.
Une revue, un lecteur
Authors: Devoto Fernando J. 
Published: August 2021

Une revue, un lecteurL’article propose une approche de l’évolution des Annales à un double niveau. Le premier se fonde sur les manifestes programmatiques de la revue depuis ses débuts, en portant une attention particulière au moment 1989, afin d’identifier quelques lignes de continuité au sein de propositions innovantes et de contextes intellectuels changeants. Le second explore comment, au cours des trente dernières années, et au-delà de l’hétérogénéité inévitable d’une revue qui articule différentes strates historiographiques, ces propositions ont trouvé certaines traductions éditoriales concrètes. L’ouverture des Annales vers les mondes extra-européens en fournit un exemple, qui aboutit à renouveler la réflexion non seulement sur les échelles d’analyse, mais aussi sur l’articulation entre histoire comparée, histoire globale et histoire croisée. Enfin, l’article cherche à revenir sur quelques défis récents qui se sont posés au comité de rédaction des Annales concernant les conditions d’exercice de la profession d’historien aujourd’hui et la place qu’y occupent les revues.
Il n’est pas de passé sans futur: Les Annales à l’heure du nouveau millénaire
Authors: Hesse Carla 
Published: August 2021

Il n’est pas de passé sans futur: Les Annales à l’heure du nouveau millénaireAu cours des dernières décennies, le comité de rédaction des Annales a transformé la plus importante revue historique de l’après-guerre pour en faire aujourd’hui une entreprise académique innovante du xxie siècle qui reste néanmoins ancrée dans la mission, l’ambition et le mode de fonctionnement de ses fondateurs et des générations qui leur ont succédé. Au cœur de sa réinvention se trouve un tournant post-structurel, en réponse aux changements géopolitiques, à la révolution numérique et aux développements de l’économie comportementale. Celui-ci a permis à la revue de renouer avec son engagement pluridisciplinaire originel en faveur d’une recherche historique empirique, mais en l’inscrivant dans un nouveau registre épistémique, qualifié par le comité de « constructiviste ». Les Annales ont ainsi élargi leur engagement aux sciences sociales classiques pour inclure de nouvelles approches de la littérature, de la pensée politique et d’autres disciplines des « humanités », tout en étendant leurs modes de diffusion.
COVID-19 in South Korea: Proper Timing for Easing Mask Mandates After COVID-19 Vaccination
Authors: Kang Yun-Jung 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective:As of July 25, 2021, the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency reported 1,422 new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) cases, 188,848 total cases, and 2,073 total deaths (1.10% fatality rates). Since the first severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) case was reported, efforts to find a treatment and vaccine against COVID-19 have been widespread.Methods:Four vaccines are on the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) emergency use listing and are approved of their usage; BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, AZD1222, and Ad26.COV2.S. Vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 need at least 14 d to achieve effectiveness. Thus, people should abide by prevention and control measures, including wearing masks, washing hands, and social distancing.Results:However, a lot of new cases were reported after vaccinations, as many people did not follow the prevention control measures before the end of the 14-d period. There is no doubt we need to break free from mask mandates.Conclusions:But let us not decide the timing in haste. Even if the mask mandates are eased, they should be changed depending on the number of reported cases, vaccinations, as well as prevention and control measures on how circumstances are changing under the influence of mutant coronavirus.
DESIGN KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION WITH TECHNOLOGY SEMANTIC NETWORK
Authors: Sarica Serhad , Luo Jianxi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEngineers often need to discover and learn designs from unfamiliar domains for inspiration or other particular uses. However, the complexity of the technical design descriptions and the unfamiliarity to the domain make it hard for engineers to comprehend the function, behavior, and structure of a design. To help engineers quickly understand a complex technical design description new to them, one approach is to represent it as a network graph of the design-related entities and their relations as an abstract summary of the design. While graph or network visualizations are widely adopted in the engineering design literature, the challenge remains in retrieving the design entities and deriving their relations. In this paper, we propose a network mapping method that is powered by Technology Semantic Network (TechNet). Through a case study, we showcase how TechNet’s unique characteristic of being trained on a large technology-related data source advantages itself over common-sense knowledge bases, such as WordNet and ConceptNet, for design knowledge representation.
DESIGN KNOWLEDGE REUSE IN DESIGN OF PROGRESSIVE STAMPING TOOLS: A QUALITATIVE STUDY
Authors: Jonsson Carl-Johan , Stolt Roland , Elgh Fredrik 
Published: August 2021

AbstractProgressive stamping tools are widely used in mass-production of sheet metal components and their performance is critical as the design of the tool impact the cost of the manufactured component significantly.Knowledge reuse is an important part of successful design in general, and in progressive stamping tool design in particular. In the study described in this paper, 8 tool designers from 5 different Swedish companies were interviewed about (1) at what points in the tool design process they search for previously designed tools for information and knowledge reuse, (2) under what conditions and for what reasons does this reuse take place, and (3) what types of information and knowledge are sought for at each point. The results show that reuse of information and knowledge from previously designed tools happens in many parts of the tool design process. The reasons and conditions for reuse vary depending on where in the process the designer is. High component complexity is one example of a common factor triggering reuse. Also, information about the performance of the tool is important to tool designers, as they only want to reuse information and knowledge from tools with good performance and low maintenance.
DESIGN OF EXPERIMENT FOR SPORTS EQUIPMENT - EXPERIMENTALLY MAPPING THE DESIGN SPACE FOR PARALYMPIC ALPINE OUTRIGGERS
Authors: Silseth Helene , Sletten Henrik Snarvold , Grøndahl Harald , Eikevåg Sindre Wold , Steinert Martin 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis article presents a design of an experiment for investigating the effect of changing the geometry of Paralympic alpine sit-ski poles/outriggers in the LW 10-12 class. An experiment design for mapping an individual athlete’s performance parameters has been developed, with a resolution for finding the optimal outrigger geometry. By prototyping an adjustable experiment setup with implemented sensor systems, the performance increase can be analysed and implemented in new equipment. Results show that changing double poling geometry provides a substantial performance increase, regarding time and propulsive force.