bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of concentration and date of spraying with trace elements on growth and yield of cotton plant ( Gossypium hirsutum L.)
Authors: Al-Assaf Mohammad Ali , Abbud Raad Lahoob 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study was conducted in the fields of the Cotton Research Unit / Technical Agricultural College / Mosul, to study the effect of three concentrations of the trace element composition (0, 1.25, 2.5) ml / liter and three spraying dates (the vegetative growth stage, the flowering stage and the boll formation stage) on qualitative and quantitative characteristics of vegetative growth and yield of Lashata cultivar cotton plant. The seeds were sown at 15/4/2018 in mixed soil by adopting the design of complete random design. RCBD with three replicates and one experimental unit contained ten homogeneous plants. The results were analyzed and tested according to the Duncan polynomial test under the level of error probability of 5%. The results of this study showed a significant effect of the trace elements in most of the studied characteristics. Especially when adopting the spraying date in the vegetative growth stage as the vegetative growth characteristics increased (plant height, number of nodes until the first fruit branch, number of vegetative branches, number of fruiting branches) and quantity yield characteristics (number of bolls, weight of the existing boll, seed index, cotton yield Cast iron) and qualitative yield characteristics (staple index, percentage of hair, earliness percentage) and the interaction coefficients between spray concentrations and dates compared to control treatment.
A Vision to Develop the Effectiveness of the Dissemination of Innovations to Rationalize the Use of Irrigation Water in Iraqi Agriculture
Authors: Al-Taye Hussain Khadair , Fayyadh Saad Obaid , Hassooni Ihsan Radhi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Iraqi agriculture faces a major water problem, affecting cultivated areas, agricultural production, farmers’ incomes and food security. However, the results achieved in rationalizing the use of irrigation water are still limited and do not match what they should be in order to meet this serious challenge. The study aimed to provide a vision for the development of the effectiveness of the dissemination of innovations to rationalize the use of irrigation water in Iraqi agriculture. In light of the framework of the dissemination of agricultural innovations, factors related to their effectiveness, and the summary of the Iraqi experience in the field of dissemination of modern irrigation technologies and the factors related to its limited effectiveness, the vision was prepared to develop the effectiveness of the dissemination of these innovations. The vision consists of eight integrated elements, which are distributed to the internal and external environment for the dissemination of agricultural innovations, which are defined as follows: 1. Enhancing national responsibility and institutionalized partnership. 2. Development of planning. 3. Updating the approach of disseminating innovations. 4. Capacity development. 5. Active supplying. 6. Develop an enabling environment. 7. Establishment and development of infrastructure. 8. Monitoring, evaluation and continuous improvement.
What are the Determinants of Investment in the Iraqi Agricultural Sector?
Authors: Drebee Hayder Abbas , Abdul Razak Nor Azam , Brisam Ahmed Abbas 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The agricultural sector is one of the main economic activities that contribute to a country’s national economy. However, this sector’s growth in Iraq is facing difficulties considering the decline of agricultural capital stock and its reliance on government investment, which is insufficient. Therefore, it requires activating investment in the agricultural sector. Agricultural investment is affected by many determinants that prevent its development. This study aims to investigate the determinants of investment in Iraq such as the rate of inflation, corruption, and agricultural gross domestic production (GDP) for the period 2004Q1-2019Q4. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL) is used to investigate the study parameters. The results indicated a significant impact of corruption, inflation, and agricultural GDP on Iraq’s agricultural investment in the long run. A 1% decrease in the inflation rate leads to an increase in agricultural investment by 50%. An increase in agricultural GDP by 1% leads to increased agricultural sector investment by 59%. 20% of the defect in the previous year for agricultural investment was corrected in the current year.
The results also indicated a long-term equilibrium relationship between investment in the agricultural sector, inflation, corruption, and agricultural GDP, which differed in their impact between the short and long terms. Therefore, decision-makers in Iraq must draw a clear future vision and set appropriate laws to attract investment in the agricultural sector for its development. The country needs financial and economic policies that achieve low and stable inflation rates and limit the adverse effects of inflationary pressures in the short and long term and combat the country’s rampant corruption.
Effect of clearance on some rice cultivars quality
Authors: Aljibouri Mousa A. , Alwan Alsharifi Salih K. , Esmail Essam L. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The effect of clearance between cylinders in husking machine ( type) on maize cultivars of Jasmine (JA) and Mishkhab (MI-31) were tested during sheller at three clearance of 0.4, 0.5 and 0.6mm. The experiments were carried out in a factorial experiment under complete randomized design with three replications. The results showed that the JA cultivar was significantly better than the MI-31in all studied conditions. The results showed a machine productivity, power required, husking efficiency, breakage percentage, cracked grain and head rice percentage 1.626 and 1.437 t.hr-1, 12.321 and 13.183 kW, 82.434% and 81.014%, 6.715 and 7.423%, 3.885 and 4.520% and 65.536% and 64.163% for AJ and MI-31, respectively. The clearance of 0.6 mm was significantly superior to the levels of 0.4 and 0.5mm in all studied conditions.
The Impact of Selenium, Nano (SiO2) and Organic Fertilization on growth and yield of Potato Solanum tuberosum L. under Salt Stress Conditions
Authors: Ali Nasek M. , Altaey Duraid K.A. , Altaee Nadia H. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in the desert area of the extension center of the Karbala governorate for the agricultural season 2019-2020 to study the effect of spraying selenium fertilizer, SiO2-NPs and organic fertilizers on growth and yield of potato plants under salt stress conditions, The experiment was carried out according to the split plot design of randomized complete block design (RCBD), The results of the study showed that irrigation water with salinity of 10 ds.m−1 caused a decrease in all the characteristics of vegetative growth and yield, while the water quality 5.9 ds.m−1 achieved the highest values in all the studied parameters, the results showed significant differences in the treatment combinations compared to control treatment, the treatment (corn cobs compost + Se) was achieved the highest results in all study parameters, which was significantly superior to most of the vegetative growth and yield characteristics.
Disadvantages of using Nano-particles as fertilizers in Iraq
Authors: Mohammed Mohammed Mahmood 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The agriculture around the world faced many difficulties and the important was to reduce inputs of chemical fertilizers and pesticides and increase the total yield specially with the continuous grow of populations numbers at the world expected to reach more than 9 billion by 2050. In other hand there are other problems which make the challenges bigger such as wars, biotic and abiotic stress, and diseases. The scientists tried to find solutions by using Nano-fertilization which consider a modern way to quickly grow up the yield and decrease use the chemicals. The use of nanotechnology may be destructive on human and the environment due to fast accumulation in the tissues of alive bodies which obligate the researchers to find the correct method and doses of Nano fertilizers for the different plants beside the attempt to use fertilizer environment friendly with high efficiency on growth and yield. Many products of nanotechnology were used in agriculture as fertilizers, pesticides, and water purification and while these products use expand, we need to make our steps fast to be careful of the advantages use which may appears in the future on human health and his environments. In Iraq there is many of challenges faced plant production such as wars, migrations, pollutions, and salinity so a lot of farmers found that Nano-fertilizers are a good technique to reduce their loss while there are many studies cautioned of bad use of nanomaterials which its dangerous is bigger than chemicals due its ability to permeability and accumulations.
Effect of Nano and Regular Iron Spraying and Bio-fertilization on Growth of Local Lemon Transplants Citrus
limon L. Budded on Sour Orange
Authors: Al-Zuhairi Faris F. A. , Al-Aareji Jassim M. A. , Al-Taae Ali K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study was conducted on Local lemon (Citrus
limon L.) transplants budded on sour orang, one year old, by using Completely Randomized Block Design (RCBD) with two factors and three replications and four transplants for each experimental unit, First factor was foliar spray with nano iron in three concentrations (0, 15 and 30 mg.L−1), and chelated iron at a concentration of 30 mg. L−1, the transplants were sprayed with iron twice during the season, first was in the mid-March and the second spray was applied after one month of first spray, while the transplant of control treatment were sprayed with distilled water, the second factor was inoculation with Bacillus
subtilis and Trichoderma
harzianum separately, in addition to control treatment (without inoculation), as the inoculation with the bacterial and fungus suspension was carried out twice a season and according to the treatments, by adding 10 ml.transplant−1 in each addition, first was in the mid-March and the second was after three months of first treatment. Results indicated that foliar application of nano iron espacialy at a concentration of 30 mg.L−1significantly increased all studied parameters (increase in sction length, sction diameter, number of branches, number of leaves, chlorophyll content, leaf area and shoot dry matter) as compared with other treatments, the inoculation with T.
harzianum gave the highest values of increase in sction length, sction diameter and leaf area, while the inoculation with B.
subtilis gave the highest values of other parameters which included number of leaves, chlorophyll content and shoot dry matter. The interaction between iron and bi-fertilizers significantly effected on all studied characteristics, the interaction between nano iron at a concentration of 30 mg.L−1 with B. subtilis gave the highest values of increase in sction length and number of leaves, and with T. harzianum. gave the highest means of sction diameter, chlorophyll content, number of branches, leaf area and shoot dry matter.
The Effect of Nitroxin Application and Drought Stress on Growth and Yield of Two Persian and Iraqi Celery Populations
Authors: Dahham Ali Amer 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo investigate the effect of drought stress and nitroxin biological fertilizer on two Iranian and Iraqi celery papulations, an experiment was designed and done in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2016-2017. This three-full randomized factorial experiment was performed with three replications. The first factor is drought stress in three levels include: control (100% of field capacity), moderate stress (70% of field capacity) and severe stress (40% of field capacity), the second factor is using nitroxin in seed treatment in three concentrations of zero (control), 15 mM and 30 mM and the third factor is the cultivar type at two levels (Iranian celery mass, Iraqi celery mass). According to the results of this study, it was found that different studied cultivar type showed different responses. Use of drought stress in the plant in both type compared to the control treatment reduced the growth traits. In Iraqi celery papulation, use of nitroxin at 15 mM concentration and in Persian celery papulation, use of 30 mM nitroxin concentration had the greatest effect on growth traits such as: leaf area, height, plant dry weight, leaf chlorophyll content and plants Stomatal conductance. The fresh weight of the plant was strongly affected by drought stress and use of nitroxin at different levels of drought stress prevented from the significant reduction in fresh weight of the plant in both Iranian and Iraqi celery papulation.
Effect of biofertilizers and animal manure on morphophysiological characteristics and amount of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oil under drought stress conditions
Authors: Kadhim Aws Jawad 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTo investigate the effect of animal manure and nitroxin application on drought-affected coriander, an experiment was designed and conducted in the research greenhouse of the Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. This experiment was performed as a three-factor full factorial design with three replications. The first factor includes the type of manure (0, 5, and 10 tons per hectare), the second factor is nitroxin biofertilizer (0, 0.5, and 1) and the third factor was drought stress at four levels (100, 75, 50, and 25% of field capacity). The results showed that drought stress was reduced the fresh and dry plant weight, fresh and dry weight of roots, plant height, Stem length, leaf comparative juice content and leaf chlorophyll content compared to the controlled. Some measured traits such as sugar, phenol, essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield increased due to drought stress compared to the control. In most traits, usage of animal manure under drought stress conditions improved the adverse effects of drought stress on coriander. Also, Nitroxin biofertilizer could improve the yield of coriander under drought stress. Besides, the simultaneous use of biofertilizer and nitroxin was effective in improving the measured traits in the plant. Animal manure and nitroxin biofertilizer were able to improve most of the morphological and physiological traits measured in coriander under stress conditions and cause better plant growth in these conditions. It seems that the use of this animal manure (10 tons per hectare) and nitroxin (1 mM) in drought stress conditions have a significant effect on plant growth and have the ability to balance stress conditions and even overcome them.
The efficiency of interaction between cytokines and Auxins in Micropropagation of Chrysanthemum plant (Chrysanthemum indicum L.)
Authors: Alsoufi Abdulwadood S.M. , Ahmed Ziyad Shihab , Salim Aysar M. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study was conducted in the Tissue Culture Laboratory at the College of Science / Tikrit University, with the aim of micropropagation of the Chrysanthemum plant and determining the optimal concentration of the growth regulators used, In this study, a single nodes cutting from the shoots of Chrysanthemum indicum L. was used and the growth regulator (kinetin) Kin with concentrations (0.0-4.0) mg.L−1 time alone and again with the interaction (Indol-3-butyric acid) IBA at concentrations (0.0-0.6 ) mg.L−1, The results showed that the interaction between the concentrations of Kin and IBA had a higher significant effect than the use of Kin alone, Where the average of vegetative growth of Chrysanthemum plant increased as the average number of shoots, shoot length and number of leaves amounted to 7.2 shoot.plant−1, 5.27 cm and 17.0 leaf.plant−1 when added 4 mg.L−1 of Kin with 0.6 mg.L−1 of IBA to Murashige and skoog medium (MS) after being 3.3 shoot.explant−1, 3.81 cm and 5.3 leaf.shoot−1 respectively when 4 mg L-1 of Kin has added alone to MS medium, As for the rooting experiments, in which the average MS was used with the full strength of the salts and half the strength of the salts containing different concentrations of IBA growth regulator (0.0-2.0) mg.L−1 for rooting the shoots resulting from the multiplication experiments. The MS medium half the salt strength excelled and giving the highest average of rooting percentage, average number of roots and average root length of 90%, 12.5 root.explant−1 and 3.5 cm respectively when adding 1 mg.L −1 IBA to the medium.
ANATOMICAL STUDY OF THE STEMS OF SOME WILD SPECIES OF POACEAE FAMILY IN THE WESTERN DESERT
Authors: Mousa Mohammed Othman , Abood Nihad Mohammed , Shahatha Suad Shallal , Najeeb Alawadi Hussam F. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The research included anatomical study of cross sections of stems of eight species belonging to six genera, namely Aristida adscensionis, Avena barbata, Avena fatua, Eragrostis cilinensis, Polypogon monseplinsis, Schismus arabicus, Setaria glauca, Setaria verticillata from plants of the Poaceae family growing in the Western Desert of Iraq. The results showed that the quantitative and qualitative characteristics have greatly contributed to isolating the species depending on the cross-sectional diameter of the stem, which ranged between 1112-2185 μm. The sections also varied in terms of the presence of the core region (soild section) or the absence of it (hollow section). As for the sclerenchymal tissue, its cell numbers ranged between 2-9 rows, as well as the variation in thickness of this tissue between species. The same is the case with the Parenchyma tissue, which differed greatly between the types in terms of thickness and the type of tissue, which ranged between the ordinary Parenchymal tissue and the Chlorenchyma tissue, as well as the variation in the nature of the tissue between the regular annular and semi-annular or in the form of small, medium or large clusters. Most types contained two or three rows of bundels except for Avena barbata and Avena fatua, which contained only one row. The number of vascular bundles varied greatly between species, as well as their different in sizes and the different diameter of a single vessel.
Influence of Nitrogen Fertilizer on Growth and Calyx Yield of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Grown under Field Conditions
Authors: Ali Evan A. H. M. , Alhasan Ali Sabah , Najeeb Hussam Fahem , Al-Ameri Dalal Tareq 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Assessments of growth, calyx yield and nutritional composition of roselle can help farmers in Iraq to determine which cultivars are the best for commercialization. The field experiment has been done on two roselle cultivars (red and white) during summer of 2019 in a private farm that belongs to a farmer in Al-Saniyah county, Al-Diwaniyah, Al-Qadisiyah province, Iraq, to investigate the impact of applying various rates of N fertilizer (0, 30, 60, 90, and 120 kg N/ha) on some agronomic traits and calyx yield. The results exhibited that there were significant differences in the rate of Nitorgen and applying N fertilizer has increased the vegetative growth and yield. Significant differences have been also reported in different agronomic traits between the cultivars and the white cultivar showed the best. The red cultivar of roselle showed the better in yield and yield components than the white cultivar grown in Iraq. it can be concluded that applying of nitrogen fertilizer had a pronounced beneficial influenced on the red roselle cultivar.
Influence of Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense, Trichoderma harzianum and Tri-calcium phosphate on hydroponically-grown barley grains
Authors: Ali Abbas Fadhil , Suhail Faris M. , Salim Hussein Ali , Abed Asmaa Hussein 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study investigated to evaluate the effect of Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum brasilense, Trichoderma harzianum and Tri-calcium phosphate on sprouted barley grains under hydroponic culture conditions. The results showed that increase of a total weight of sprouted barley grains in treatments of A. chroococcum 257.3 g, Tri-calcium phosphate (TCP) 255.6 g and A. brasilense 254.3 g, whereas T. harzianum + TCP, A. brasilense + TCP and TCP recorded highest height of sprouted barley 25.8, 25.7 and 25.6 cm respectively, the protein ratio in the roots of sprouted barley was increased in A. chroococcum 19.8% followed by T. harzianum 18.4%, while the protein ratio in the vegetative portion was increased in T. harzianum + TCP, A. brasilense + TCP, A. chroococcum and A. chroococcum + TCP which reached 36.4, 32.7, 32.5 and 31.0 % respectively.
Effect of chemical and organic fertilization and Aztobacter chorocoocum inoculation on the bacterial biomass and yield of tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)
Authors: Dahham Ali Amer , Arbi Hatem Nahi , Mohamed Meyada Jassim , Kadhim Kamal Jawad Abdul 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The tomato crop (Bride of Spring) 2019 was planted in a field within the Thurima project Al-Qadisiyah Governorate, and the mineral NPK fertilizer was used in three levels, organic fertilizer (composed poultry) with three levels and a biological fertilizer consisting of Aztobacter chorocoocum bacteria after that. Isolation and diagnosis of it on two levels. The results of the treatment of half the recommendation of compost in combination with the third level of organic fertilizer and bio-fertilizer gave results that do not differ significantly from the treatment of the recommendation of the full fertilizer in the above triple interaction in soil characteristics and plants (Total Bactiria, The productivity of one plant) This indicates the importance of the role of organic fertilizer Bio-reduction in mineral fertilizers.
Effect of Chemical and Organic Fertilization and Aztobacter Chorocoocum inoculation in IAA Acid and Growth plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)
Authors: Arbi Hatem Nahi , Dahham Ali Amer , Kadhim Kamal Jawad Abdul 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This study was executed for the spring tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) for the year 2019 in a field within the Thuraya project-Qadisiyah Governorate, Mineral fertilizer NPK was used with three levels, organic fertilizer (composed poultry) with three levels, and a biological fertilizer consisting of Aztobacter chorocoocum bacteria after Than isolating and diagnosing them. The results of the treatment of half of the fertilizer recommendation in combination with the third level of organic fertilizer and bio-fertilizer gave results that do not differ significantly from the treatment of the full fertilizer recommendation in the above triple interference in soil and plant characteristics (IAA, average plant height), and this indicates the importance of the role of organic and biological fertilizers in Minimize mineral fertilizers.