bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paradox and Possibility
Authors: Poyntz Stuart R. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The history of youth and media culture can be examined by tracing the relationships between the production, representation, circulation, and consumption of media, technology, and cultural texts aimed at youth markets and audiences. The historical development of youth relates to larger socioeconomic, cultural, and political conditions, including the role of mass reproduction and changes in the conditions of distance that shape youth lives. Youth and mass media first melded together in the West, owing to developments in the United States and the United Kingdom. The histories of media and youth culture in other countries, however, capture differences in youth media relationships. In the contemporary period, the use of YouTube in the West and WeChat in China illuminates the globalization of youth cultures and the ongoing role of a central paradox integral to young people’s entanglements with media around the world: the key media structures that shape and contour youth lives are also the very sites where youth continue to navigate authentic meaning and experience and imagine their own futures.
Defining and Identifying Secondary Layers
Authors: Kratz Reinhard G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This essay examines the criteria for defining and identifying secondary layers of composition in the Pentateuch. It considers both external evidence (e.g. the evidence from different ancient versions of the text and ancient rewritten texts) and internal evidence. The essay concludes with an extended examination of the Genesis texts that contain the promises to the patriarchs.
The Place of Deuteronomy in the Formation of the Pentateuch
Authors: Rüterswörden Udo 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter addresses six key issues with regard to Deuteronomy and its place in the formation of the Pentateuch: the place of Deuteronomy in the pentateuchal narrative; Deuteronomy as a “reworked Tetrateuch”; redactional layers in Deuteronomy; the date of the book; the concept of “covenant” in Deuteronomy and its relationship to the treaty traditions in the ancient Near East; and, finally, the connection between Deuteronomy and “Deuteronomism” in the Hebrew Bible.
The Identification of Postexilic Material in the Pentateuch
Authors: Albertz Rainer 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Without archaeological or paleographical means to determine the date of texts from the Pentateuch, scholarship relies on historical, linguistic, and literary-historical evidence to place pentateuchal materials in their compositional contexts. Under these three headings, this essay presents the evidence for texts originating in the postexilic period, and argues that there is considerably more of it than has traditionally been identified.
The Imperial Context of the Pentateuch
Authors: Brett Mark G. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This chapter explores the variety of ways in which the Persian imperial context may have helped to shape, directly or indirectly, the authority and the content of the Torah as the five books of Moses. It critically evaluates the theory that the Pentateuch was officially authorized by the Persians, and finds this scenario much less convincing than more subtle accounts of imperial pressure giving rise to a series of compromises—between priestly and non-priestly literature and between the temples of Jerusalem and Mount Gerizim. Unlike the book of Ezra, the Pentateuch studiously avoids giving priority either to Jerusalem or to Gerizim, while hexateuchal redactions affirm the north. The chapter also considers proposals for understanding the pentateuchal traditions through the lens of postcolonial studies, clarifying the ways in which this research paradigm highlights the dynamics of mimicry, while undermining assumed distinctions between local agency and imperial administration.
The Pentateuch as (/and) Social Memory of “Israel” in the Late Persian Period
Authors: Ben Zvi Ehud 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This essay explores the heuristic potential of Social Memory approach for the study of the Pentateuch. It focus on eight different “windows” that each sheds light on what an approach informed by memory studies may contribute to current discussions on the Pentateuch as a collection and the types of issues, questions or “angles” within existing questions that such an approach may raise. These windows focus on matters such as the Pentateuch as shared foundational memory of not one but two distinctive ‘groups’, beginnings and endings, main sites of memory, villains, multiplicity of voices, and intertwining of laws and narratives.
The Pentateuch in Second Temple Judaism
Authors: Collins John J. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis essay reviews the basic contents of the Pentateuch and the labels assigned to it, both ancient and modern. It then turns to the question of pentateuchal origins in the Persian period and its earliest interpretation in that era. It then turns to the Hellenistic and early Roman periods and the reception and social roles of the Pentateuch in Hebrew, Greek, and Aramaic.
The Relevance of Moses Traditions in the Second Temple Period
Authors: Zahn Molly M. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This essay considers the array of Moses traditions in the Second Temple period and their relationship to the Pentateuch. It begins with a discussion of the pluriformity of the pentateuchal text during this period. It then turns to pentateuchal figures and themes in non-pentateuchal texts, analyzing their impact on questions of canon and authority. The essay also examines the term “Torah” itself, demonstrating that, even in the late Second Temple period, this term was not coterminous with the Pentateuch. It concludes with suggestions for how scholarship might take fuller advantage of the insights provided by the Second Temple period texts and manuscripts.
The Greek Translation of the Pentateuch
Authors: Dogniez Cécile 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This essay describes the Greek translation of the Pentateuch, the earliest attested translation and interpretation of this text. It discusses ancient characterizations of this translation as well as modern theories of its origins, social status, and translation method, including its linguistic and stylistic distinctives. The essay also considers the characteristics of the individual pentateuchal books in their Greek translation and how they differ from the Hebrew texts.
The Beginnings of a Critical Reading of the Pentateuch
Authors: Ska Jean-Louis 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This essay presents a brief history of critical inquiry into the origin of the Pentateuch, whether to Mosaic authorship or to the idea of unified authorship in any sense, as well as into whether the Pentateuch, or the Bible more generally, is to be taken as “true” in a literal sense. It covers ground from Origen to Spinoza, and presents the background to later, and all modern, critical engagement with the text.
Diffusion Processes in International Political Economy
Authors: Greenhill Brian 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This article provides an overview of recent literature on diffusion within the field of International Political Economy (IPE). It considers some of the more significant channels through which diffusion can occur, as well as the major causal processes that are likely to be responsible for the diffusion. After providing a brief overview of the modeling strategy adopted by many of the more influential diffusion studies, it goes on to discuss a number of promising directions for future research. It suggests that the literature has moved away from answering the question of whether diffusion is occurring in different contexts and is now more focused on understanding the conditions under which diffusion is more or less likely to occur. It argues that the study of diffusion within IPE tends to be problem-centered in its approach and stands to benefit from more engagement between quantitative and qualitative research.
Migration and IPE
Authors: Menz Georg 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The study of migration developed in somewhat of an isolated fashion within the academic discipline of political science. It is only recently that the study of migration has been mainstreamed and has entered into dialogue with international and comparative political economy (IPE/CPE). The reasons for this mutual neglect are briefly accounted for. The chapter takes stock of the existing literature and makes a case for more dialogue between the two domains. While academic silo building sadly often interferes with dialogue across different subfields, the issue of immigration certainly could be connected with areas of interest to IPE scholars, such as trade, development, and monetary politics. Immigration regulation is commonly also linked to foreign (economic) policy and more scholarly work could be pursued in this vein. Existing IPE/CPE scholarship has demonstrated the economic considerations that shape migration policy design, such as the composition of the domestic work force, labor market requirements, strategies regarding skill sets, and real or alleged labor shortages, etc. Future scholarship could probe the relationship between migration regulation and development in more detail, as most future migration will likely involve emigration from the Global South. Environmental degradation might also cause larger scale emigration flows that should be of interest to those working on the development-migration nexus. Finally, migration within regional free trade areas, such as ASEAN or the EU, will likely continue to be of policy relevance and important for scholars to examine.
Interest Groups and Order in Global Economic Relations
Authors: Osgood Iain 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Scholars of international relations have long pointed to organized interest groups as prime movers in the creation of order and disorder in global economic relations. This review introduces interest groups, illustrating the many types—representing producers, workers, consumers, issues, ideologies, and identities—that are examined in current scholarship. The costs, benefits, and challenges of collective organization are highlighted. It also provides a synthetic overview of four stylized varieties of interest group explanations for international order, focusing on: preferences and group size; organization and parties; domestic political institutions; and international institutions and organizations. Each of these factors shaping interest group influence has been treated as fixed in some accounts and as an endogenous outcome of interest group activity in others. Interest group-centered explanations for global order remain a vital and variegated approach within International Political Economy (IPE).
RAD51 supports DMC1 by inhibiting the SMC5/6 complex during meiosis
Authors: Chen Hanchen , He Chengpeng , Wang Chongyang , Wang Xuanpeng , Ruan Fengyin , Yan Junjie , Yin Ping , Wang Yingxiang , Yan Shunping 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Meiosis is a fundamental process for sexual reproduction in most eukaryotes and the evolutionarily conserved recombinases RADiation sensitive51 (RAD51) and Disrupted Meiotic cDNA1 (DMC1) are essential for meiosis and thus fertility. The mitotic function of RAD51 is clear, but the meiotic function of RAD51 remains largely unknown. Here we show that RAD51 functions as an interacting protein to restrain the Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes5/6 (SMC5/6) complex from inhibiting DMC1. We unexpectedly found that loss of the SMC5/6 partially suppresses the rad51 knockout mutant in terms of sterility, pollen inviability, and meiotic chromosome fragmentation in a DMC1-dependent manner in Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochemical and cytological studies revealed that the DMC1 localization in meiotic chromosomes is inhibited by the SMC5/6 complex, which is attenuated by RAD51 through physical interactions. This study not only identified the long-sought-after function of RAD51 in meiosis but also discovered the inhibition of SMC5/6 on DMC1 as a control mechanism during meiotic recombination.
Cognitive dysfunction and associated neuroimaging biomarkers in antiphospholipid syndrome: a systematic review
Authors: Donnellan Claire , Cohen Hannah , Werring David J 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Cognitive dysfunction is common in patients with aPL (including primary APS or APS associated with SLE). Neuroimaging biomarkers may contribute to our understanding of mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction in these cohorts. This review aimed to investigate: (i) the prevalence of cognitive dysfunction in studies including neuroimaging biomarkers; and (ii) associations between cognition and neuroimaging biomarkers in patients with APS/aPL.

Methods
We conducted a systematic search of electronic databases PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus and PsycINFO, and included studies with descriptions of neuroimaging findings, cognitive dysfunction or both, in patients with aPL positivity (LA, IgG and IgM aCL and anti-β2 glycoprotein-I antibodies).

Results
Of 120 search results we included 20 eligible studies (6 APS, 4 SLE with APS/aPL and 10 NPSLE). We identified a medium risk of bias in 6/11 (54%) of cohort studies and 44% of case–control studies, as well as marked heterogeneity in cognitive assessment batteries, APS and aPL definitions, and neuroimaging modalities and protocols. The prevalence of cognitive dysfunction ranged between 11 and 60.5%. Structural MRI was the most common imaging modality, reporting cognitive dysfunction to be associated with white matter hyperintensities, ischaemic lesions and cortical atrophy (four with cerebral atrophy, two with white matter hyperintensities and two with cerebral infarcts).

Conclusion
Our findings confirm that cognitive impairment is commonly found in patients with aPL (including APS, SLE and NPSLE). The risk of bias, and heterogeneity in the cognitive and neuroimaging biomarkers reported does not allow for definitive conclusions.
Case Report of Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia in a Term Newborn
Authors: Cakir Ufuk , Demirel Merve Akin , Kanik Yuksek Saliha , Tugcu Ali Ulas , Tufan Nihan , Tayman Cuneyt 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been shown to affect all age groups. The data in the literature usually admit a milder form of disease in infants and newborns than adults. COVID-19 is rarely seen in newborns and an urgent diagnosis should be made in any suspicious situation. A 6-day-old female newborn was admitted to our hospital with fever and dyspnea without cough. A rapid reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction COVID-19 showed a positive result. Chest computed tomography revealed bilateral and widespread pulmonary involvement. After support therapy, the newborn was successfully discharged. We should carefully consider the new type of coronavirus as an agent for pneumonia in newborns with fever and dyspnea together with non-symptomatic family history. Our case was one of the interesting reported cases of severe pneumonia presenting in the perinatal period.
A social network approach for the study of leprosy transmission beyond the household
Authors: Kendall Carl , Kerr Ligia Regina Franco Sansigolo , Miranda José Garcia Vivas , Rubin de Pinho Suani Tavares , Silva Andrade Roberto Fernandes , Rodrigues Laura Cunha , Frota Cristiane Cunha , Mota Rosa Maria Salani , Freitas de Almeida Rosa Lívia , Moreira Fabio Brito , Gomes Raoni Boaventura Cruz , Alves de Almeida Naíla , França Lucas , Pontes Maria Araci de Andrade , Gonçalves Hector , Penna Gerson Oliveira , Bührer-Sékula Samira , Klovdahl Alden , Barreto Maurício Lima 
Published: May 2021

Abstract

Background
Mycobacterium leprae was the first microorganism directly associated with a disease, however, there are still important gaps in our understanding of transmission. Although household contacts are prioritized, there is evidence of the importance of extrahousehold contacts. The goal of this article is to contribute to our understanding of the transmission of leprosy ex-household.

Methods
We compare co-location data of 397 leprosy cases and 211 controls drawn from the Centro de Dermatologia Sanitária D. Libânia in Fortaleza, Brazil. We collected lifetime geolocation data related to residence, school attendance and workplace and developed novel methods to establish a critical distance (Rc) for exposure and evaluated the potential for transmission for residence, school and workplace.

Results
Our methods provide different threshold values of distance for residence, school and workplace. Residence networks demonstrate an Rc of about 500 m. Cases cluster in workplaces as well. Schools do not cluster cases.

Conclusions
Our novel network approach offers a promising opportunity to explore leprosy transmission. Our networks confirm the importance of coresidence, provide a boundary and suggest a role for transmission in workplaces. Schools, on the other hand, do not demonstrate a clustering of cases. Our findings may have programmatic relevance.
Civil Commitment for Substance Use Disorders: A National Survey of Addiction Medicine Physicians
Authors: Jain Abhishek , Christopher Paul P. , Fisher Carl Erik , Choi C. Jean , Appelbaum Paul S. 
Published: May 2021

Background:
Civil commitment (CC) for substance use disorders (SUDs) is a legal mechanism, initiated by family members, healthcare professionals, or others, that compels individuals with substance use problems into involuntary treatment. With the recent rise of US overdose deaths, more states are considering these laws. Yet little is known about physicians’ perspectives regarding CC in treating patients with SUDs.

Methods:
We conducted a web-based survey of American Society of Addiction Medicine (ASAM) physician members regarding their awareness of, attitudes towards, and experiences with CC for adults with SUDs.

Results:
One hundred sixty-five addiction physicians completed the survey; 60.7% favored, 21.5% opposed, and 17.8% were unsure regarding CC for SUDs. More than a third (38.4%) were unfamiliar with these laws and more than a quarter (28.8%) were unsure if CC for SUDs was permitted in their state. Support for CC was strongest for SUDs involving heroin (79.0%), alcohol (74.7%), and nonheroin opioids (74.7%). Those opposing CC were more likely to believe it would jeopardize patient rapport (P < 0.001), would be ineffective for unmotivated individuals (P < 0.001), and should only be permitted for certain substances (P = 0.007). A majority of respondents endorsed the need for more clinician education (91.5%) and research (87.1%) on this topic.

Conclusions:
Although most addiction physicians in this study approve of CC for SUDs, enthusiasm for this compulsory intervention is mixed with strongest support for patients with opioid and alcohol use disorders. At the same time, many respondents are unfamiliar with these laws and most believe more education and research are needed.
Postcardiac Arrest Neuroprognostication Practices: A Survey of Brazilian Physicians
Authors: Zhou Sonya E. , Barden Mary M. , Gilmore Emily J. , Pontes-Neto Octavio M. , Sampaio Silva Gisele , Kurtz Pedro , Oliveira-Filho Jamary , Cougo-Pinto Pedro Telles , Zampieri Fernando G. , Napoli Nicholas J. , Theriot Jeremy J. , Greer David M. , Maciel Carolina B. 
Published: May 2021

Objectives:
End-of-life care and decisions on withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies vary across countries, which may affect the feasibility of future multicenter cardiac arrest trials. In Brazil, withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy is reportedly uncommon, allowing the natural history of postcardiac arrest hypoxic-ischemic brain injury to present itself. We aimed to characterize approaches to neuroprognostication of cardiac arrest survivors among physicians in Brazil.

Design:
Cross-sectional study.

Setting:
Between August 2, 2019, and July 31, 2020, we distributed a web-based survey to physicians practicing in Brazil.

Subjects:
Physicians practicing in Brazil and members of the Brazilian Association of Neurointensive Care, who care for patients resuscitated following cardiac arrest.

Interventions:
Not applicable.

Measurements and Main Results:
Responses from 185 physicians were obtained. Pupillary reflexes, corneal reflexes, and motor responses were considered critical to prognostication, whereas neuroimaging and electroencephalography were also regarded as important. For patients without targeted temperature management, absent pupillary and corneal reflexes at 24 hours postarrest were considered strongly predictive of poor neurologic outcome by 31.8% and 33.0%, respectively. For targeted temperature management-treated patients, absent pupillary and corneal reflexes at 24-hour postrewarming were considered prognostic by 22.9% and 20.0%, respectively. Physicians felt comfortable making definitive prognostic recommendations at day 6 postarrest or later (34.2%) for nontargeted temperature management-treated patients, and at day 6 postrewarming (20.4%) for targeted temperature management-treated patients. Over 90% believed that improving neuroprognostic accuracy would affect end-of-life decision-making.

Conclusions:
There is significant variability in neuroprognostic approaches to postcardiac arrest patients and timing of prognostic studies among Brazilian physicians, with practices frequently deviating from current guidelines, underscoring a need for greater neuroprognostic accuracy. Nearly all physicians believed that improving neuroprognostication will impact end-of-life decision-making. Given the tendency to delay prognostic recommendations while using similar neuroprognostic tools, Brazil offers a unique cohort in which to examine the natural history of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in future studies.
Association Between Hyperoxia, Supplemental Oxygen, and Mortality in Critically Injured Patients
Authors: Douin David J. , Anderson Erin L. , Dylla Layne , Rice John D. , Jackson Conner L. , Wright Franklin L. , Bebarta Vikhyat S. , Schauer Steven G. , Ginde Adit A. 
Published: May 2021

OBJECTIVES:
Hyperoxia is common among critically ill patients and may increase morbidity and mortality. However, limited evidence exists for critically injured patients. The objective of this study was to determine the association between hyperoxia and in-hospital mortality in adult trauma patients requiring ICU admission.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS:
This multicenter, retrospective cohort study was conducted at two level I trauma centers and one level II trauma center in CO between October 2015 and June 2018. All adult trauma patients requiring ICU admission within 24 hours of emergency department arrival were eligible. The primary exposure was oxygenation during the first 7 days of hospitalization.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
Primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes were hospital-free days and ventilator-free days. We included 3,464 critically injured patients with a mean age of 52.6 years. Sixty-five percent were male, and 66% had blunt trauma mechanism of injury. The primary outcome of in-hospital mortality occurred in 264 patients (7.6%). Of 226,057 patient-hours, 46% were spent in hyperoxia (oxygen saturation > 96%) and 52% in normoxia (oxygen saturation 90–96%). During periods of hyperoxia, the adjusted risk for mortality was higher with greater oxygen administration. At oxygen saturation of 100%, the adjusted risk scores for mortality (95% CI) at Fio
2 of 100%, 80%, 60%, and 50% were 6.4 (3.5–11.8), 5.4 (3.4–8.6), 2.7 (1.7–4.1), and 1.5 (1.1–2.2), respectively. At oxygen saturation of 98%, the adjusted risk scores for mortality (95% CI) at Fio
2 of 100%, 80%, 60%, and 50% were 7.7 (4.3–13.5), 6.3 (4.1–9.7), 3.2 (2.2–4.8), and 1.9 (1.4–2.7), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:
During hyperoxia, higher oxygen administration was independently associated with a greater risk of mortality among critically injured patients. Level of evidence: Cohort study, level III.