bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of oxygen vacancies in improving the NO gas sensing behavior of DC magnetron sputtered sub-stoichiometric WO3 thin films
Authors: Dwivedi Charu , Srivastava Stuti , Kumar Ashwani , Singh Preetam 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
WO3 thin films have been deposited on alumina substrates at different O2/Ar gas ratios and thicknesses by reactive DC magnetron sputtering for NO gas sensing. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirms the presence of oxygen vacancies in all monoclinic-phase WO3 thin films. A systematic decrease in the band gap was found with an increase in the oxygen vacancies leading to a significant upward shift in the Fermi level. Here, the influence of stoichiometry of WO3 thin film on the NO gas sensing performance is presented. It was found that the fabricated device using sub-stoichiometric WO3−x showed enhanced performance in terms of high stability, high selectivity, and fast response/recovery time with a sensor response of 147 for 50 ppm NO concentration at 275 °C, with a fast response time (∼19 s) and recovery time (∼17 s). The NO gas sensing of WO3 thin films has been tested at different operating temperatures (175–350 °C) and gas concentrations (1–50 ppm), witnessing a variation in sensor response. The NO gas sensing mechanism on the surface of WO3 has also been discussed.
A framework to obtain wave, energy, and momentum conservation equations
Authors: Aldakhail Allah Amal S , Arbab Arbab I 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
A new method for obtaining wave, energy, and momentum conservation equations for Dirac and Maxwell systems is presented. This method makes use of the algebraic features of quaternion products. A framework that uses quaternions to describe quantum physics and electrodynamics has been introduced. In this approach, mass and charge produce electric and magnetic fields that satisfy Maxwell's equations. Quaternionic mass leads to massive electrodynamics based on quantum mechanics concepts. The conservation of energy and momentum is not affected by quaternionic mass. Quaternionic Maxwell's equations with quaternionic mass yield intriguing phenomena that can be examined experimentally. These equations generalize the classical Wilczek axion electrodynamics to quantum one.
Generating immiscible localized WC phase in layered WS2 upon 15 keV C2+ irradiation
Authors: Deka Bhupali , Talukdar Dhanjit , Naik V , Saha A , Mohanta D 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Herein, we report on the insertion of tungsten carbide (WC) phase within tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanosheets taking advantage of the combinatorial effects of implantation of C with low energy irradiation of 15 keV C2+ ions and generating sulfur vacancies. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses suggest the co-existence of WC and WS2 hexagonal phases at mid-fluences of ion implantation, typically in the range of 3.5 × 1015 – 7.5 × 1015 ions cm−2. The phase analysis revealed that WC content was highest at a fluence of 3.5 × 1015 ions cm−2 with ion irradiation of competing electronic (inelastic) and nuclear (elastic) energy losses. The defect-mediated peak can be probed in the Raman spectra, which is the result of numerous point defects (specifically, S vacancies and C as dopants) caused due to the ion irradiation event. First-principles calculations have also been carried out to study the geometrical constructs and electronic structures of WS2 before and after implantation. The doped C atoms in WS2 introduce localized defect states in the conduction band with minima at the M point of the Brillouin zone. Interestingly, the model predicts a semi-metallic behavior, especially when C and S vacancies tend to co-exist. Generating an immiscible WC phase within a few layered WS2 sheets is believed to enhance both the mechanical strength and stability of the specimen apart from the introduction of semi-metallicity needed for desired applications.
Synthesis, microstructural refinement, and shielding optimization of Gd2O3-reinforced AISI 316L stainless steel: a multi-dimensional integration assessment for targeted protection applications
Authors: Yayla Nihal , Albayrak M Gökhan , Guler Omer , Sen Baykal Duygu , Alkarrani Hessa , Ghada ALMisned , Issa Bashar , Tekin Huseyin Ozan O. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the multi-dimensional effects of increasing Gd2O3 reinforcement on the structural, mechanical, and gamma-ray shielding properties of AISI 316L stainless steel composites. Samples with varying Gd2O3 content (1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% by weight) were synthesized and characterized through X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) to assess the microstructural changes and homogeneity of Gd2O3 dispersion after mechanical milling. The addition of Gd2O3 significantly enhanced the gamma-ray shielding properties, with the mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), and half-value layer (HVL) improving as the Gd2O3 content increased, particularly in low to moderate photon energy ranges. Simultaneously, the elastic modulus exhibited an inverse relationship, decreasing with higher Gd2O3 content due to the lower stiffness of gadolinium compared to iron. Transmission factor (TF) values also decreased, indicating enhanced photon attenuation with higher Gd2O3 content across various thicknesses. The experimental characterization confirmed improved Gd2O3 dispersion and material uniformity after mechanical milling, contributing to the composites' superior radiation shielding performance. It can be concluded that Gd2O3-reinforced AISI 316L stainless steel composites offer a promising balance between enhanced radiation shielding properties and reduced mechanical stiffness, making them ideal candidates for applications requiring efficient and adaptable radiation protection especially for portable and non-structural shielding applications.
A new 2D hyperchaotic model-based encryption strategy for multiple images via pixel fusion
Authors: Zhou Lili , Chen Pengyu , Tan Fei 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In view of the intrinsic characteristics of chaotic system, it can be widely applied in image encryption. Considering the common issues of insufficient chaotic performance and discontinuous range of control parameters in current chaotic systems, a hybrid chaotic model with the characteristics of simple and easy to design is devised to address these challenges. Through phase portraits, bifurcation diagrams, and the analysis of Lyapunov exponent spectrum, it is demonstrated that the proposed system can exhibit robust traversal performance. To meet the demands of digital image encryption, an effective encryption strategy for multi-image based on this model is proposed, which can accommodate the varying image sizes and types simultaneously. In the given strategy, the pixels are merged from multiple images at first, and then the keys can be derived with SHA-512. By the application of discrete wavelet transform, the information can be embedded from the plaintext images, which can ensure the robust resistance to data loss while facilitating the shared transmission of plaintext information. Finally, by leveraging the developed chaotic system, a three-dimensional cross-plane scrambling and diffusion algorithm is introduced to enhance the effectiveness of encryption scheme.
Trap sensitivity of junction and junction-less nano sheet FETs: a comparative study
Authors: Gogoi Manosh Protim , Saha Rajesh , Baishya Srimanta 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In this paper, we have explored the trap sensitivity of Junction and Junctionless mode Nanosheet FETs (NSFETs) using a technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulator. The study investigates ideal trap charges at the oxide-semiconductor interface for both donor-like and acceptor-like traps. Sensitivity to variations in temperature, trap concentration, work function of gate metal, and peak energy position is analyzed and compared for both types of NSFETs. The findings indicate that the sensitivity of Junction NSFETs to various electrical parameters is significantly higher than Junctionless NSFETs. Specifically, Junction NSFET shows sensitivities of around 100 and 77 for acceptor and donor impurities, respectively, while the Junctionless NSFET exhibits sensitivities of approximately 100 and 62 for acceptor and donor impurities, respectively, across a wide range of trap concentration variations. Furthermore, even with large fluctuations in the parameters, the trap sensitivity at high gate voltage is insignificant for donor-type trap concentrations. For changes in peak energy position the junction mode offers sensitivity of about 70.1 and 35 for acceptor and donor traps, respectively, while junctionless mode shows sensitivity of about 33.69 and 23 for acceptor and donor traps, respectively.
A hybrid network using transformer with modified locally linear embedding and sliding window convolution for EEG decoding
Authors: Li Ketong , Chen Peng , Chen Qian , Li Xiangyun 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Objective. Brain–computer interface(BCI) is leveraged by artificial intelligence in EEG signal decoding, which makes it possible to become a new means of human-machine interaction. However, the performance of current EEG decoding methods is still insufficient for clinical applications because of inadequate EEG information extraction and limited computational resources in hospitals. This paper introduces a hybrid network that employs a transformer with modified locally linear embedding and sliding window convolution for EEG decoding. Approach. This network separately extracts channel and temporal features from EEG signals, subsequently fusing these features using a cross-attention mechanism. Simultaneously, manifold learning is employed to lower the computational burden of the model by mapping the high-dimensional EEG data to a low-dimensional space by its dimension reduction function. Main results. The proposed model achieves accuracy rates of 84.44%, 94.96%, and 82.79% on the BCI Competition IV dataset 2a, high gamma dataset, and a self-constructed motor imagery (MI) dataset from the left and right hand fist-clenching tests respectively. The results indicate our model outperforms the baseline models by EEG-channel transformer with dimension-reduced EEG data and window attention with sliding window convolution. Additionally, to enhance the interpretability of the model, features preceding the temporal feature extraction network were visualized. This visualization promotes the understanding of how the model prefers task-related channels. Significance. The transformer-based method makes the MI-EEG decoding more practical for further clinical applications.
Adapted Swin Transformer-based real-time plasma shape detection and control in HL-3
Authors: Dong Qianyun , Chen Zhengwei , Li Rongpeng , Yang Zongyu , Gao Feng , Chen Yihang , Xia Fan , Zhong Wulyu , Zhao Zhifeng 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In the field of magnetic confinement plasma control, the accurate feedback of plasma position and shape primarily relies on calculations derived from magnetic measurements through equilibrium reconstruction or matrix mapping method. However, under harsh conditions like high-energy neutron radiation and elevated temperatures, the installation of magnetic probes within the device becomes challenging. Relying solely on external magnetic probes can compromise the precision of EFIT in determining the plasma shape. To tackle this issue, we introduce a real-time, non-magnetic measurement method on the HL-3 tokamak, which diagnoses the plasma position and shape via imaging. Particularly, we put forward an adapted Swin Transformer model, the Poolformer Swin Transformer (PST), to accurately and fastly interpret the plasma shape from the Charge-Coupled Device Camera images. By adopting multi-task learning and knowledge distillation techniques, the model is capable of robustly detecting six shape parameters under visual interference conditions such as bright light from the divertor and gas injection, thereby avoiding cumbersome manual labeling. Specifically, the well-trained PST model capably infers R and Z within the mean average error below 1.1 cm and 1.8 cm, respectively, while requiring less than 2 ms for end-to-end feedback, an 80% improvement over the smallest Swin Transformer model, laying the foundation for real-time control. Finally, we deploy the PST model in the Plasma Control System using TensorRT, and achieve 500 ms stable PID feedback control based on the PST-computed horizontal displacement information. In conclusion, this research opens up new avenues for the practical application of image-computing plasma shape diagnostic methods in the realm of real-time feedback control.
Towards nonlinear model predictive control of flexible structures using Gaussian Processes
Authors: AlQahtani Nasser A. , Rogers Timothy J. , Sims Neil D. 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In recent years, there is a growing interest of using and implementing data driven control in structural dynamics. This study considers applying Nonlinear Model Predictive Control (NMPC) to flexible structures by utilising recent developments in models which have been learnt from example data, i.e. machine learning approaches. The Gaussian process (GP) is a Bayesian machine learning algorithm identified for use as a black-box model in NMPC; it provides both the prediction of the system output and the associated confidence. In a control context, a GP can be utilised as a discrepancy model for linear or nonlinear flexible dynamic structures within MPC or even as the nonlinear model of the system itself. The Nonlinear Output Error model (GP-NOE) is a popular GP structure for dynamic systems that is utilised in predictive control strategies and requires predictions to be propagated to the control horizon. This novel framework is evaluated on a cantilever beam with light damping, and the results demonstrate robust control performance in both tracking and regulator tasks. The positive results inspire additional investigation into the proposed technique, particularly in the setting of a fully nonlinear system with unknown dynamics, such as an actuator within the flexible structure.
Analysis of RF terminator to the Butler Matrix performance at 28 GHz
Authors: Jizat Noorlindawaty Md , Afiqah Ayuni , Zainuddin Norsiha , Abdullah Norazah , Yamada Yoshihide 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
In the wireless network systems, where signal integrity is essential, Radio Frequency (RF) terminators act as an important element, assuring no disruption of communication, preventing reflection, and maximizing performance. In the industry and academia, most RF terminators use 50 Ω or 75 Ω impedance matching to prevent signal loss and to complete the signal flows in the RF circuit. When RF energy enters a port without terminator, the unused signal will reflect into the network and causing problems to the RF devices. Another issue that could arise from an unterminated port is the possibility of external interfering signals from a nearby devices with an undesirable RF signal will disrupting the real-time measurement. Beamforming system is one of the elements that is essential in the wireless network especially for millimeter wave application. However, when the frequency is higher, the losses will be the main challenges. The losses are contributed from the internal and external signals. The internal signal loss can be improved with the stringent requirement in the design. However, the external signal is inevitable, thus RF terminator is needed at the unused port. In this study, the Butler Matrix elements using terminator to the unused port and without the terminator is analyzed. According to the simulation, the structure with the terminator produces a more stable and uniform performances in terms of the S-Parameter and the output phase, while the maximum signal is observed to the output port in the power flow analysis. The results can serve as the basis for the future research in the other RF devices used for wireless communication.
Assessment of water quality in the Poso Watershed based on the pollution index and carlson trophic status index
Authors: Sulawesty F , Triyanto  , Haryani G S , Samir O , Hidayat  , Wibowo H , Lukman  , Ali F , Setiawan F A , Riyanto M , Dwinovantyo A , Triwisesa E , Nafisyah E 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Poso watershed was located in South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. Lake Poso is included in the national priority lakes because it is a habitat for eel fish with high economic value, so its sustainability needs to be maintained. Changes in the environment in the water catchment area will affect the condition of the waters, it is necessary to evaluate the condition of the waters in the Poso watershed, as an eel migration area. The purpose of this study was to assess the water quality status of the Poso watershed using the Pollution Index and Carlson Trophic Status Index methods. The research was conducted in the Poso Watershed in June 2021 and January 2022. Pollution Index values in rivers in the Poso watershed range from 0.61 to 2.69 (good to slightly polluted), while Carlson Trophic Status Index values range from 14.37 to 33.00 (oligotrophic). The results of this research show that the water quality conditions in the Poso watershed are still good to support the life of the biota in it, such as eels, but water area conservation is needed to maintain its habitat.
Pollutant transport model and the carrying capacity of the Asahan River, North Sumatra
Authors: Riyadi A , Syaefudin  , Garno Y S , Prayogo T , Hidayat N , Kusumastuti E , Rosadi AHY , Tresnadi H , Zaidan M , Widodo L , Mujianto  
Published: December 2024

Abstract
The only estuary of Lake Toba is the Asahan River, which extends for a distance of 147 kilometers. The river has a depth ranging from 1.6 to 7.2 meters. Current conditions indicate a decrease in discharge and an increase in pollutants. Monthly discharge data for 9 years is the result of measurements from Perum Jasa Tirta I in 2009 - 2018 and measurements in 2022 show a minimum discharge of 62 m3 / second. The amount of discharge fluctuation is very Asahan depending on the season and the use of water by hydropower managed by PT INALUM. This study will look at the pattern of pollutant transport in the Asahan River originating from the Miils Outfall of PT Toba Pulp Lestari Tbk with a maximum discharge of 0.425 m3/sec and coordinate position 522680.79/272684.34. The model employed is DHI Mike 21 Flow FM, which was operational for a period of one year, during which time it was subjected to a series of alterations in discharge. Model input parameters are TSS, BOD and COD. Furthermore, these parameters are employed in order to ascertain the Asahan River’s carrying capacity. The water quality hue for BOD, COD, and TSS in the Asahan River was 0.4 mg/L, 1.6 mg/L, and 5 mg/L, respectively. In contrast, the BOD, COD, and TSS in the outlet mills were 14.8 mg/L, 155 mg/L, and 35.3 mg/L, respectively (PT Toba Pulp Lestari Tbk, July 2022). The model results show that the maximum concentration of BOD at the mill outfall is 0.84 mg/L with a Zone of Initial of Dillution (ZID) of 0.683841 Ha, the maximum concentration of COD at the mill outfall is 6.23 mg/L with a ZID of 4.195784 Ha and TSS at the mill outfall is 4 mg/L with a ZID of 0.220491 Ha. which occurred in May, November and December. In accordance with the quality rules for river water and similar bodies of water set forth in Appendix VI of Government Regulation No. 22 of 2021, the concentration of BOD, COD, and TSS discharged into the Asahan River through the mill outfall does not exceed the Class 1 quality standard of 2 mg/L. The Maximum Pollutant Load Allocation for the 3 parameters TSS, BOD and COD (kg/day) are 268,286; 16,097 and 134,143 respectively, while the Actual Pollutant Load for the 3 parameters are (kg/day) 16,097; 2,146; and 8,585. The Asahan River has a carrying capacity of 252,189, 13,950, and 125,557 kg/day for total suspended solids (TSS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), and chemical oxygen demand (COD) parameters, respectively. The Asahan River continues to demonstrate excellent capacity and carrying capacity.
Wavelength-selective nonvolatile optical switch based on periodic Ge2Sb2Se4Te1-assisted racetrack micro-ring
Authors: Chen Xuanyi , Miao Yinping , Zhang Yangyuan , Bai Yangbo , Yao Jianquan 
Published: December 2024

Abstract
Integrated silicon photonics based on phase-change materials have the advantages of energy efficiency, ultra-compactness, and nonvolatility, with a promising prospect in reconfigurable photonic systems. A wavelength-selective 1 × 2 nonvolatile optical switch based on a periodic Ge2Sb2Se4Te1 (GSST)-assisted racetrack silicon micro-ring is proposed, where the GSST is embedded in the micro-ring as a one-dimensional photonic crystal. The switch state changes from ‘OFF’ to ‘ON’ by changing the GSST state from amorphous to crystal. The results show that the extinction ratio of the device is 27.99 dB and 19.57 dB at the drop and through ports, respectively. The insertion loss is as low as 1.21 dB at the through port in the crystal state and 0.61 dB at the drop port in the amorphous state. The proposed on-chip optical switch significantly enhances device integration, offers a potential path toward the development of nonvolatile Si-GSST hybrid optical switches, and is crucial to realizing reconfigurable photonic systems. Furthermore, the resonant wavelength of the switch changes very little, by only 0.66 nm between the ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ states, which is suitable for multichannel wavelength-division-multiplexing systems.
Intraoperative Predictors of Salvage in Infected Breast Implants: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Ash Makenna , Brown Owen , Wang Jennifer , Jean-Baptiste Omar , Cheng Angela , Carlson Grant , Losken Albert , Thompson Peter 
Published: December 2024

Abstract

Background
Infectious complications associated with implant-based breast reconstruction (IBBR) can be devastating and may lead to reconstructive failure. Although there are known demographic risk factors for reconstructive failure, few studies have identified intraoperative findings that predict failure after attempted salvage.

Objectives
The objective of this study was to identify intraoperative findings in infected breasts that might be predictive of implant failure.

Methods
In total, 837 patients undergoing IBBR between January 2017 and July 2023 were included. Intraoperative records of patients who developed a major infection were reviewed. Reconstructive salvage denoted any intervention not resulting in explantation. Failure denoted explantation.

Results
Of 837 patients, 8% developed a major infection (n = 71). Within this group, 8% had successful treatment with intravenous antibiotics alone, 38% were salvaged after operative intervention, 28.2% failed without salvage attempt, and 25.4% underwent salvage attempt but ultimately failed. Overall, the rate of reconstructive failure was 53.5% and the rate of implant salvage was 46.5%. A total of 51% of patients returning to operating room were found to have unincorporated acellular dermal matrix (ADM). Seventy-eight percent of patients undergoing intervention had a positive culture, most commonly methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Serratia, Enterobacter, Pseudomonas or Proteus. Unincorporated ADM was significantly associated with reconstructive failure (odds ratio 5.4, P = .003). Serratia infection, hematoma, and gram-negative infection were associated with implant failure, but these findings did not achieve statistical significance.

Conclusions
Presence of unincorporated ADM was associated with eventual implant failure. Surgeons should be aware that this finding may portend poor outcomes for patients. These results may be helpful to intraoperative decision-making.

Level of Evidence: 4 (Therapeutic)