bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Hepatoprotective and Antioxidant Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Artabotrys zeylanicus Stem against Various Hepatotoxins Induced Hepatotoxicity in Albino Wister Rats
Authors: Suresh K. , Ahad Hindustan Abdul , Satyanarayana S. V. 
Published: February 2021

The objective of the present study was to investigate the antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity of ethanolic stem extract of Artabotrys zeylanicus against paracetamol (PCT), Ethanol (ETN) and Isoniazid and Rifampicin (IR) induced hepatotoxicity in Albino wister rats.
Methodology: The material was dried in shade, they were powdered and extracted with ethanol. Preliminary Phytochemical tests were done. The hepatoprotective activity of the ethanol extract was assessed in Albino wister rats. PCT (3 g/kg), ETN (5 gm/kg) and IR (100 mg/kg) has enhanced the levels of various biochemical markers of hepatic damage like Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Trasaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), Alkaline phosphatise (ALP), bilirubin. Antioxidant levels were tested in all the Hepatotoxins treated and untreated groups.
Results: The various biochemical and Histopathological investigations done were Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Trasaminase (SGOT), Serum Glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), Alkaline phosphatise (ALP), Bilirubin, antioxidant activity by 1,1-diphenyl 2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH), Nitro Blue Tetrazolium (NBT), Hyderogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid perioxidation, hyderoxil radical and nitric oxide. Treatment of ethanolic extract of stem of A. zeylanicus (100mg/kg, 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg body weight) has brought back the altered levels of biochemical markers to the near normal levels in the dose dependent manner. Ethanolic extract of A. zeylanicus were observed to inhibit oxidant stress with the maximum value of 71% and 62% at the concentration of 100 µg/mL. The crude ethanolic extract of A. zeylanicus had a calculated IC50 value of 62.2 and 63.25 μg/mL, which is nearly similar to the calculated IC50 value of the known antioxidant, ascorbic acid, ie 65.3 μg/mL. While the rats treated with AZ extract (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg) which were shown as reduction/absence of inflammatory cells, vascular congestion, cellular degeneration, necrosis and vacuoles. In contrast, the lower doses (100 mg/kg) of ethanolic extract of AZ stem shown low protection than at higher dose 400 mg/kg.
Conclusion: Our findings suggested that A. zeylanicus ethanol stem extract possessed a potent antioxidant and hepatoprotective activity.
Industrial Ventilation
Authors: Burton D. Jeff , Soule Robert D. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Because all occupied employee workspaces require ventilation, industrial ventilation (IV) is the most widely used engineering control method for emission and exposure control. As such it generally follows various IV codes, standards, and recognized guidelines. IV has the objectives of preventing fires and explosions, preserving employee and occupant health and safety, providing comfort and increasing productivity. This chapter focuses on the application, selection and use of local exhaust ventilation (LEV) systems and introduces dilution ventilation fundamentals.
Occupational Safety and Health Law
Authors: Howard John , Smith Steven 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In 1970, Congress passed the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act), which established a national system for workplace safety and health standards development, standards enforcement, and consultative assistance under the administrative implementation of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) in the U.S. Department of Labor. The OSH Act imposes duties on employers to comply with OSHA's safety and health standards under a system of civil and criminal sanctions and provides for a number of employee participation and antidiscrimination rights. This chapter provides an overview of the major statutory provisions of the OSH Act as they have been administratively implemented by OSHA and judicially interpreted by the courts. Special emphasis is given to OSHA's health standards and regulations used in the practice of industrial hygiene.
Circular RNA profiles and the potential involvement of down‐expression of hsa_circ_0001360 in cutaneous squamous cell carcinogenesis
Authors: Chen Pingjiao , Li Changxing , Huang Hongchang , Liang Liuping , Zhang Jing , Li Qian , Wang Qi , Zhang Sanquan , Zeng Kang , Zhang Xibao , Liang Jingyao 
Published: February 2021

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) act as sponges of noncoding RNAs and have been implicated in many pathophysiological processes, including tumor development and progression. However, their roles in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are not yet well understood. This study aimed to identify differentially expressed circRNAs and their potential functions in cutaneous squamous cell carcinogenesis. The expression profiles of circRNAs in three paired cSCC and adjacent nontumorous tissues were detected with RNA sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The candidate circRNAs were validated by PCR, Sanger sequencing and quantitative RT‐PCR in another five matched samples. The biological functions of circRNAs in SCL‐1 cells were assessed using circRNA silencing and overexpression, 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐5‐(3‐carboxymethoxyphenyl)‐2‐(4‐sulfophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium inner salt (MTS), flow cytometry, transwell and colony formation assays. In addition, the circRNA–miRNA–mRNA interaction networks were predicted by bioinformatics. In summary, 1115 circRNAs, including 457 up‐regulated and 658 down‐regulated circRNAs (fold change ≥ 2 and P < 0.05), were differentially expressed in cSCC compared with adjacent nontumorous tissues. Of four selected circRNAs, two circRNAs (hsa_circ_0000932 and hsa_circ_0001360) were confirmed to be significantly decreased in cSCC using PCR, Sanger sequencing and quantitative RT‐PCR. Furthermore, hsa_circ_0001360 silencing was found to result in a significant increase of the proliferation, migration and invasion but a significant decrease of apoptosis in SCL‐1 cells in vitro, whereas hsa_circ_0001360 overexpression showed the opposite regulatory effects. hsa_circ_0001360 was predicted to interact with five miRNAs and their corresponding genes. In conclusion, circRNA dysregulation may play a critical role in carcinogenesis of cSCC, and hsa_circ_0001360 may have potential as a biomarker for cSCC.
Electrical Spin Injection into the 2D Electron Gas in AlN/GaN Heterostructures with Ultrathin AlN Tunnel Barrier
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyue , Tang Ning , Yang Liuyun , Fang Chi , Wan Caihua , Liu Xingchen , Zhang Shixiong , Zhang Yunfan , Wang Xinqiang , Lu Yuan , Ge Weikun , Han Xiufeng , Shen Bo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe spin injection into 2D electron gas (2DEG) in AlN/GaN heterostructures is studied by magneto‐transport measurements. An ultrathin AlN layer at the hetero‐interface acts as a barrier to form high‐quality 2DEG in the triangular quantum well and a tunneling barrier for the spin injection to overcome the conductance mismatch issue. In this study, Hanle signals and inversed Hanle signals are observed, proving that the spin injection is achieved in the 2DEG in the AlN/GaN heterostructure rather than in the interfacial states. The spin‐relaxation time in 2DEG at 8 K is found to be as long as 860 ps, which almost keeps constant with bias and decreases with increasing temperature. The spin‐relaxation process is illustrated as Rashba spin‐orbit coupling dominated D'yakonov Perel’ mechanisms above 8 K. These results show the promising potential of 2DEG in AlN/GaN heterostructures for spin field‐effect transistor applications.
Light Amplification and Efficient Electroluminescence from a Solution‐Processable Diketopyrrolopyrrole Derivative via Triplet‐to‐Singlet Upconversion
Authors: Shukla Atul , McGregor Sarah K. M. , Wawrzinek Robert , Saggar Siddhartha , Moore Evan G. , Lo Shih‐Chun , Namdas Ebinazar B. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOver the years, achieving efficient electroluminescence (EL) while simultaneously having low light amplification thresholds under optical excitation has been the key to progression toward the long‐thought objective of electrically pumped organic lasers. While significant progress in this regard has been made for organic semiconductors emitting in the blue–green region of the visible spectrum, organic laser dyes with low‐energy emission (>600 nm) still suffer from high amplified spontaneous emission (ASE) thresholds and low external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) in devices. Herein, low ASE thresholds and efficient EL are reported from a solution‐processable organic laser dye dithiophenyl diketopyrrolopyrrole (DT‐DPP). The ASE threshold of 4 µJ cm−2 at the wavelength of 620 nm is obtained while making constructive use of triplet excitons by doping DT‐DPP in a green‐emitting host matrix, which exhibits thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The organic light‐emitting diode fabricated from this system gives a high EQE of 7.9% due to the efficient utilization of triplet excitons. Transient EL studies further show that a high reverse intersystem crossing rate is crucial in achieving lasing under electrical pumping from such TADF‐assisted fluorescent systems.
Tailoring Materials for Modulation of Macrophage Fate
Authors: Li Jinhua , Jiang Xinquan , Li Hongjun , Gelinsky Michael , Gu Zhen 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHuman immune system acts as a pivotal role in the tissue homeostasis and disease progression. Immunomodulatory biomaterials that can manipulate innate immunity and adaptive immunity hold great promise for a broad range of prophylactic and therapeutic purposes. This review is focused on the design strategies and principles of immunomodulatory biomaterials from the standpoint of materials science to regulate macrophage fate, such as activation, polarization, adhesion, migration, proliferation, and secretion. It offers a comprehensive survey and discussion on the tunability of material designs regarding physical, chemical, biological, and dynamic cues for modulating macrophage immune response. The range of such tailorable cues encompasses surface properties, surface topography, materials mechanics, materials composition, and materials dynamics. The representative immunoengineering applications selected herein demonstrate how macrophage‐immunomodulating biomaterials are being exploited for cancer immunotherapy, infection immunotherapy, tissue regeneration, inflammation resolution, and vaccination. A perspective on the future research directions of immunoregulatory biomaterials is also provided.
Decolonising mental illness: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ Social and Emotional Wellbeing and the persistence of colonial discourses in policy
Authors: Coe Georgia 
Published: February 2021

AbstractRates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ suicide and the concerns over experiences of mental “ill” health are increasing. In recent years, this has caused contestation over approaches to “health” that seek to address this. Within this context, Social and Emotional Wellbeing, a holistic, decolonising approach to health, has ascended in Australian health policy. This paper applies a Foucauldian‐inspired discourse analysis, using his theoretical framework of power, knowledge and discourse, to four Australian policy documents associated with addressing Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples’ Social and Emotional Wellbeing and “mental health”. Findings reveal aspects of the Social and Emotional Wellbeing discourse having presence in the policy documents. Its understanding, however, is constrained by a cultural and institutional context that privileges and perpetuates a biomedical lens. Additionally, there is a failure to address systemic neo‐colonialism even while acknowledging that health disparities stem from colonialism. As such, this paper argues that, although integration of Social and Emotional Wellbeing has commenced in these policy documents, the hegemony of colonial discourses persists. This is along with a lack of policy reference in these documents for coordinated activity across social institutions and structures to address holistic demands.
An optimized medial parapatellar approach to the goat medial femoral condyle
Authors: van Hugten Pieter P. W. , Jeuken Ralph M. , Roth Alex K. , Seeldrayers Saskia , Emans Peter J. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGoats or sheep are the preferred animal model for the preclinical evaluation of cartilage repair techniques due to the similarity of the goat stifle joint to the human knee. The medial femoral condyle of the stifle joint is the preferred site for the assessment of articular cartilage repair, as this is the primary location for this type of lesion in the human knee. Proper surgical exposure of the medial femoral condyle is paramount to obtain reproducible results without surgical error. When applying the standard human medial arthrotomy technique on the goat stifle joint, there are some key aspects to consider in order to prevent destabilization of the extensor apparatus and subsequent postoperative patellar dislocations with associated animal discomfort. This paper describes a modified surgical technique to approach the medial femoral condyle of the caprine stifle joint. The modified technique led to satisfactory exposure without postoperative incidence of patellar luxations and no long‐term adverse effects on the joint.
A General Strategy for the Construction of Calyciphylline A‐Type Alkaloids: Divergent Total Syntheses of (−)‐Daphenylline and (−)‐Himalensine A
Authors: Wang Bingyang , Xu Bo , Xun Wen , Guo Yiming , Zhang Jing , Qiu Fayang G. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAn efficient general strategy for the synthesis of the Daphniphyllum alkaloids via the rapid construction of a common core intermediate has been established, based on which a divergent total synthesis of (−)‐daphenylline and (−)‐himalensine A has been accomplished in 16 and 19 steps, respectively. The present work features an enantioselective Mg(ClO4)2‐catalyzed intramolecular amidocyclization to construct the aza‐bridged core structure; a Cu‐catalyzed intramolecular cyclopropanation and subsequent phosphine‐catalyzed Cope‐type rearrangement to furnish the himalensine A scaffold; and a one‐pot Diels–Alder/aromatization method to assemble the aromatic skeleton of daphenylline.
Wavelength‐Gated Photochemical Synthesis of Phenalene Diimides
Authors: Feist Florian , Walden Sarah L. , Alves Jessica , Kunz Susanna V. , Micallef Aaron S. , Brock Aidan J. , McMurtrie John C. , Weil Tanja , Blinco James P. , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher 
Published: February 2021

AbstractHerein, we pioneer a wavelength‐gated synthesis route to phenalene diimides. Consecutive Diels–Alder reactions of methylisophthalaldehydes and maleimides afford hexahydro‐phenalene‐1,6‐diol diimides via 5‐formyl‐hexahydro‐benzo[f]isoindoles as the intermediate. Both photoreactions are efficient (82–99 % yield) and exhibit excellent diastereoselectivity (62–98 % d.r.). The wavelength‐gated nature of the stepwise reaction enables the modular construction of phenalene diimide scaffolds by choice of substrate and wavelength. Importantly, this synthetic methodology opens a facile avenue to a new class of persistent phenalenyl diimide neutral radicals, constituting a versatile route to spin‐active molecules.
A bio‐inspired gelatin‐based pH‐ and thermal‐sensitive magnetic hydrogel for in vitro chemo/hyperthermia treatment of breast cancer cells
Authors: Derakhshankhah Hossein , Jahanban‐Esfahlan Rana , Vandghanooni Somayeh , Akbari‐Nakhjavani Sattar , Massoumi Bakhshali , Haghshenas Babak , Rezaei Aram , Farnudiyan‐Habibi Amir , Samadian Hadi , Jaymand Mehdi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGelatin (Gel)‐based pH‐ and thermal‐responsive magnetic hydrogels (MH‐1 and MH‐2) were designed and developed as novel drug delivery systems (DDSs) for cancer chemo/hyperthermia therapy. For this goal, Gel was functionalized with methacrylic anhydride (GelMA), and then copolymerized with (2‐dimethylaminoethyl) methacrylate (DMAEMA) monomer in the presence of methacrylate‐end capped magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as well as triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA; as crosslinker). Afterward, a thiol‐end capped poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm‐SH) was synthesized through an atom transfer radical polymerization technique, and then attached onto the hydrogel through “thiol‐ene” click grafting. The preliminary performances of developed MHs for chemo/hyperthermia therapy of human breast cancer was investigated through the loading of doxorubicin hydrochloride (Dox) as an anticancer agent followed by cytotoxicity measurement of drug‐loaded DDSs using MTT assay by both chemo‐ and chemo/hyperthermia‐therapies. Owing to porous morphologies of the fabricated magnetic hydrogels according to scanning electron microscopy images and strong physicochemical interactions (e.g., hydrogen bonding) the drug loading capacities of the MH‐1 and MH‐2 were obtained as 72 ± 1.4 and 77 ± 1.8, respectively. The DDSs exhibited acceptable pH‐ and thermal‐triggered drug release behaviors. The MTT assay results revealed that the combination of hyperthermia therapy and chemotherapy has synergic effect on the anticancer activities of the developed DDSs.
Gene–environment interactions between air pollution and biotransformation enzymes and risk of birth defects
Authors: Padula Amy M. , Yang Wei , Schultz Kathleen , Lee Cecilia , Lurmann Fred , Hammond S. Katharine , Shaw Gary M. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGenetic and environmental factors have been observed to influence risks for birth defects, though few studies have investigated gene–environment interactions. Our aim was to examine the interaction terms of gene variants in biotransformation enzyme pathways and air pollution exposures in relation to risk of several structural birth defects. We evaluated the role of ambient air pollutant exposure (nitrogen dioxide [NO2], nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, particulate matter <10 [PM10] and <2.5 [PM2.5] microns) during pregnancy and 104 gene variants of biotransformation enzymes from infant bloodspots or buccal cells in a California population‐based case–control study in 1997–2006. Cases included cleft lip with or without cleft palate (N = 206), gastroschisis (N = 94), tetralogy of Fallot (N = 69), and dextro‐transposition of the great arteries (d‐TGA; N = 40) and were compared to 208 nonmalformed controls. Overall, the results were not consistent, though did highlight some associations for further investigation as indicated by Wald chi‐square test p value <.1. Increased risk of cleft lip was associated with exposure to high PM10 and two CYP gene variants. High PM2.5 and the variant of SLCO1B1 was associated with increased risk of teratology of Fallot. Higher NO2 and two gene variants, CYP2A6 and SLC01B1, were associated with increased risk of d‐TGA. Results for gastroschisis were inconsistent in direction and across pollutants. These exploratory results suggest that some individuals based on their genetic background may be more susceptible to the adverse effects of air pollution.
Taking “the boss” into the real world: Field interrater reliability of the Short‐Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability: Adolescent Version
Authors: De Beuf Tamara L. F. , de Ruiter Corine , Edens John F. , de Vogel Vivienne 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThere is emerging evidence that the performance of risk assessment instruments is weaker when used for clinical decision‐making than for research purposes. For instance, research has found lower agreement between evaluators when the risk assessments are conducted during routine practice. We examined the field interrater reliability of the Short‐Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability: Adolescent Version (START:AV). Clinicians in a Dutch secure youth care facility completed START:AV assessments as part of the treatment routine. Consistent with previous literature, interrater reliability of the items and total scores was lower than previously reported in non‐field studies. Nevertheless, moderate to good interrater reliability was found for final risk judgments on most adverse outcomes. Field studies provide insights into the actual performance of structured risk assessment in real‐world settings, exposing factors that affect reliability. This information is relevant for those who wish to implement structured risk assessment with a level of reliability that is defensible considering the high stakes.
Pre‐transplantation cytoreduction does not benefit advanced myelodysplastic syndrome patients after myeloablative transplantation with grafts from family donors
Authors: Sun Yu‐Qian , Xu Lan‐Ping , Liu Kai‐Yan , Zhang Xiao‐Hui , Yan Chen‐Hua , Jin Jian , Huang Xiao‐Jun , Wang Yu 
Published: February 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe role of pre‐hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) cytoreduction with either induction chemotherapy (IC) or hypomethylating agents (HMAs) in treating advanced myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) remains debatable. We aimed to evaluate pre‐HSCT strategies by comparing the endpoints related to disease control between advanced MDS patients with pre‐HSCT cytoreduction and those with best supportive care.MethodsWe described 228 consecutive advanced MDS patients who received HSCT from a haploidentical donor (HID, n = 162) or matched related donor (MSD, n = 66) with uniform myeloablative conditioning regimens between January 2015 and December 2018. Of these 228 patients, 131 (57.5%) were treated exclusively with pre‐HSCT best supportive care (BSC), 49 (22.5%) were given HMA, and 48 (21.1%) received both IC and HMA. Propensity score‐matching analysis, multivariate analyses, and subgroup analyses were performed to elucidate the impact of pre‐HSCT strategies on transplant outcomes.ResultsThe 3‐year relapse‐free survival (RFS) rates were 78.2% and 70.0% for the BSC and cytoreduction cohorts (P = 0.189) and were 78.2%, 66.7%, and 73.2% for the BSC, HMA, and HMA+IC groups, respectively (P = 0.269). A propensity score‐matching analysis confirmed that the 3‐year RFS rates were 81.9%, 87.5%, and 66.9% for BSC, cytoreduction complete remission (CR), and cytoreduction non‐CR groups, respectively (P = 0.051). Multivariate analyses demonstrated that pre‐HSCT cytoreduction, older patient age, monosomal karyotype, and interval between diagnosis and HSCT were poor prognostic factors for RFS. In the subgroup analyses, BSC was associated with longer RFS compared to cytoreduction among the younger patients, those with international prognostic scoring system intermediate‐2/high risk at diagnosis, and those with intermediate/poor cytogenetics.ConclusionsDifferent pre‐HSCT therapies did not yield discrepant post‐HSCT outcomes. No benefit in terms of post‐HSCT outcomes were correlated with pre‐HSCT cytoreduction in advanced MDS even for cytoreduction CR patients. Early referral to HSCT is essential for advanced MDS patients.