bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rationale Klimapolitik – ökonomische Anforderungen und politische Hindernisse
Authors: Pritzl Rupert , Söllner Fritz 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungIn der klimapolitischen Debatte stehen meist einzelne Instrumente und Maßnahmen im Vordergrund, wohingegen die Frage der ökonomischen Rationalität der Klimapolitik als solcher häufig vernachlässigt wird. Eine Klimapolitik wäre dann ökonomisch rational, wenn politisch vorgegebene Klimaziele mit geringstmöglichen Kosten realisiert werden würden. Notwendig hierfür ist eine umfassende und einheitliche Bepreisung der Treibhausgasemissionen. Dieser rationalen Klimapolitik wird die aktuelle deutsche und europäische Politik gegenübergestellt, die sich als ineffektiv und ineffizient erweist. Ursächlich hierfür sind die Anreize, denen die politischen Akteure unterliegen und die zu einem Widerspruch zwischen ökonomischer Rationalität und politischer Opportunität führen.
Classification and Change Detection in Mobile Mapping LiDAR Point Clouds
Authors: Voelsen Mirjana , Schachtschneider Julia , Brenner Claus 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCreating 3D models of the static environment is an important task for the advancement of driver assistance systems and autonomous driving. In this work, a static reference map is created from a Mobile Mapping “light detection and ranging” (LiDAR) dataset. The data was obtained in 14 measurement runs from March to October 2017 in Hannover and consists in total of about 15 billion points. The point cloud data are first segmented by region growing and then processed by a random forest classification, which divides the segments into the five static classes (“facade”, “pole”, “fence”, “traffic sign”, and “vegetation”) and three dynamic classes (“vehicle”, “bicycle”, “person”) with an overall accuracy of 94%. All static objects are entered into a voxel grid, to compare different measurement epochs directly. In the next step, the classified voxels are combined with the result of a visibility analysis. Therefore, we use a ray tracing algorithm to detect traversed voxels and differentiate between empty space and occlusion. Each voxel is classified as suitable for the static reference map or not by its object class and its occupation state during different epochs. Thereby, we avoid to eliminate static voxels which were occluded in some of the measurement runs (e.g. parts of a building occluded by a tree). However, segments that are only temporarily present and connected to static objects, such as scaffolds or awnings on buildings, are not included in the reference map. Overall, the combination of the classification with the subsequent entry of the classes into a voxel grid provides good and useful results that can be updated by including new measurement data.
The potential of photoacoustic techniques in inflammatory arthritis: what can it do to assist conventional imaging methods?
Authors: Zhao Chenyang , Zhang Rui , Zhu Qinli , Wang Ming , Yang Meng , Jiang Yuxin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTo make comprehensive assessments of some rheumatoid diseases, a more reliable imaging method for evaluating joint lesions is required. Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is a state-of-the-art imaging technique, providing new options for diagnosing joint disease. In light of the recent preclinical studies, detailed morphological structures and micro-vessels of small joints, especially the finger joints, could be visualized by PAI with high spatial resolution and optical contrast using different PA implementations. By measuring the signals of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin through dual-wavelength PAI, oxygenation of local tissues can be identified, thus enabling functional PA imaging. Notably, among various PA systems, the co-registration of PAI into high-end commercial US units with a special-designed handheld PA/US probe can be of great value in further clinical application. Molecular PAI of small joints can also be performed using exogenous PA chromophores. In this article, we aim to inform readers of this new technique in joint imaging and its potential use, to impart a deeper understanding of medical imaging in this field.
Smooth surface induced glossy appearance of freestanding multiwall carbon nanotube sheet
Authors: Susantyoko Rahmat Agung , Aldarmaki Noura , Karam Zainab , Mustafa Ibrahim , Almheiri Saif 
Published: May 2021

AbstractCarbon nanotube (CNT) structures reported in the literature often have a black color with low reflectance and matt surface appearance. Only a few papers reported the high reflectance and glossy appearance of the CNT surface on a substrate. To our knowledge, no one has reported the glossy appearance of freestanding CNT. Herein, we have successfully fabricated a freestanding multi-walled CNT sheet with a glossy or mirror-like surface appearance. Raman spectroscopy confirmed that both matt and glossy freestanding CNT sheets have the same chemical composition. We found that the glossy freestanding CNT sheet has a relatively flat surface morphology compared to matt freestanding CNT sheet, as seen in the atomic force microscopy results. We attributed the glossy appearance due to a relatively flat surface morphology of the freestanding CNT sheet.
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy and Other Novel Treatment Approaches for Premature Ovarian Insufficiency
Authors: Ulin Mara , Cetin Esra , Hobeika Elie , Chugh Rishi Man , Park Hang-Soo , Esfandyari Sahar , Al-Hendy Ayman 
Published: May 2021

AbstractPremature ovarian insufficiency (POI) is a condition characterized by amenorrhea, hypergonadotropic hypogonadism, estrogen deficiency, and reduced follicle counts leading to infertility under the age of 40. POI occurs in approximately 1-3% of women in the general population. Evaluation is warranted when the diagnosis of POI is made to rule out underlying etiologies, which could be multifactorial. This review serves to cover the novel treatment approaches reported in the literature.
Learning from the experiences of Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) university students who withdraw from their undergraduate degree
Authors: Kauser Sophia , Yaqoob S. , Cook A. , O’Hara M. , Mantzios M. , Egan H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractStudents from a Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) background are more likely to withdraw from their undergraduate degree in the United Kingdom (UK). It is therefore important to explore withdrawal experiences and perspectives that relate to this population of students to increase both student retention and success. Thirteen UK-domiciled, full-time undergraduate, first-degree entrants from a BAME background, who had withdrawn from a post-1992 university in the West Midlands, took part in a semi-structured interview. The present study explored BAME student experiences of withdrawal which covered personal, academic and social concerns. Using a thematic analysis approach, five themes were developed: (a) academic issues, (b) does anybody even care? (c) balancing part-time employment alongside HE, (d) family perception and pressure and (e) the importance of social integration. Participants often discussed withdrawal as a holistic experience whereby although certain aspects were more prominently spoken about, generally withdrawal was a materialisation of more than one problematic area. There is a need for institutions to further understand the challenges faced by BAME students in order to provide more localised support and intervention to improve BAME retention, success and experiences within higher education (HE).
Widening the divide: the impact of school closures on primary science learning
Authors: Canovan Cherry , Fallon Naomi 
Published: May 2021

AbstractProlonged Covid-19-related school closures in the UK raised concerns that science teaching and learning at primary level would be negatively impacted. This paper reports the findings of phase 1 of a study that the authors are conducting with teachers and parents to explore this issue. We found that a significant proportion of teachers were providing less science during lockdown than in the normal school week. Teachers, particularly those working in more deprived areas, reported that translating the science curriculum for home learning had been difficult, with concerns around resources, internet access and parental ability to help. Some areas of the curriculum posed particular difficulties, leading to a narrowing of topics being taught. Both teachers and parents felt that schools prioritised English and maths above science. Meanwhile some parents reported that their children had engaged in sophisticated extracurricular activities, bolstered by resources available at home and knowledgeable adult help, but others said that their children had done no science at all. Parents who had studied science at post-compulsory level were much more comfortable in helping their children with science home learning. These factors combine to create conditions which may exacerbate existing inequalities as to who can access science education and careers.
Conceptual and normative approaches to AI governance for a global digital ecosystem supportive of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Authors: Gill Amandeep S. , Germann Stefan 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAI governance is like one of those mythical creatures that everyone speaks of but which no one has seen. Sometimes, it is reduced to a list of shared principles such as transparency, non-discrimination, and sustainability; at other times, it is conflated with specific mechanisms for certification of algorithmic solutions or ways to protect the privacy of personal data. We suggest a conceptual and normative approach to AI governance in the context of a global digital public goods ecosystem to enable progress on the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Conceptually, we propose rooting this approach in the human capability concept—what people are able to do and to be, and in a layered governance framework connecting the local to the global. Normatively, we suggest the following six irreducibles: a. human rights first; b. multi-stakeholder smart regulation; c. privacy and protection of personal data; d. a holistic approach to data use captured by the 3Ms—misuse of data, missed use of data and missing data; e. global collaboration (‘digital cooperation’); f. basing governance more in practice, in particular, thinking separately and together about data and algorithms. Throughout the article, we use examples from the health domain particularly in the current context of the Covid-19 pandemic. We conclude by arguing that taking a distributed but coordinated global digital commons approach to the governance of AI is the best guarantee of citizen-centered and societally beneficial use of digital technologies for the SDGs.
Modeling human activity dynamics: an object-class oriented space–time composite model based on social media and urban infrastructure data
Authors: Zhang Zhe , Yin Dandong , Virrantaus Kirsi , Ye Xinyue , Wang Shaowen 
Published: May 2021

AbstractModeling human activity dynamics is important for many application domains. However, there are problems inherent in modeling population information, since the number of people inside a given area can change dynamically over time. Here, a cyberGIS-enabled spatiotemporal population model is developed by combining Twitter data with urban infrastructure registry data to estimate human activity dynamics. This model is an object-class oriented space–time composite model, in which real-world phenomena are modeled as spatiotemporal objects, and people can move from one object to another over time. In this research, all spatiotemporal objects are aggregated into 14 spatiotemporal object classes, and all objects in a given space at different times can be projected down to a spatial plane to generate a common spatiotemporal map. A temporal weight matrix is derived from Twitter activity curves for each spatiotemporal object class and represents population dynamics for each object class at different hours of a day. Finally, model performance is evaluated by using a comparison to registered census data. This spatiotemporal human activity dynamics model was developed in a cyberGIS computing environment, which enables computational and data intensive problem solving. The results of this research can be used to support spatial decision-making in various application areas such as disaster management where population dynamics plays an important role.
A carbon neutral chemical industry powered by the sun
Authors: González-Garay Andrés , Mac Dowell Niall , Shah Nilay 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe decarbonisation of the chemical industry requires a transformation of the sources of energy, raw materials, and structure of the sector. The production of chemicals by converting fossil fuels is a pillar of the modern economy, consuming 10% of global energy demand and releasing 7% of global CO2emissions. Being the most abundant source of energy available to humankind, solar energy can provide solutions across the different needs identified to deploy a low-carbon and sustainable industry. However, its transformation into functional energy and chemical feedstocks presents multiple challenges at the technical, economic, environmental, and social levels. While solar energy is being largely deployed, its incorporation within the chemical sector requires a guarantee of supply at feasible costs. Analysing alternative feedstocks, even mature processes struggle to reach competitive prices, a situation that worsens as technologies at early development stage are considered. Despite these, and other challenges, the use of solar energy is a general trend that is widely accepted within the chemical and other industries, with increasing research efforts aiming to present solutions to guarantee its sustainable implementation. The penetration of these technologies into the existing structure of the sector calls for a process systems engineering thinking, which combined with life cycle assessment, can shed light into the sustainable deployment of solar-based processes. On this basis, we present the status of solar technologies and their potential contribution to achieve a sustainable industry. This perspective thus presents an analysis of solar technologies that can support the transition of the sector in the short, middle, and long term, and the challenges inherent to their implementation. While the transition of the chemical industry from fossil fuels to solar technologies seems promising and shows significant abatement of CO2emissions, it is expected to occur at the expense of higher production costs and unintended environmental burden shifting. Therefore, the application of sustainable process systems thinking at a multi-scale level will be key to identify energy-efficient and highly-integrated systems deployed within local and regional contexts. These tools will ultimately assist the decision-making process to guide a global environmental policy framework that promotes sustainable development and ensures competitiveness of the sector across multiple regions.
The Tampon Test as a Primary Outcome Measure in Provoked Vestibulodynia: A Mixed Methods Study
Authors: Kaarbø Mette Bøymo , Danielsen Kristine Grimen , Haugstad Gro Killi , Helgesen Anne Lise Ording , Wojniusz Slawomir 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundProvoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is characterized by severe pain, often induced by penetrative sex. This may lead to women abstaining from sexual intercourse, hence the recording of pain intensity levels in PVD research is often challenging. The standardized tampon test was designed as an alternative outcome measure to sexual intercourse pain and has frequently been used in clinical studies.AimThe aim of this mixed methods study is to evaluate the tampon test as a primary outcome measure for an upcoming randomized clinical trial for women with PVD.MethodsAn explanatory sequential design was applied, integrating quantitative and qualitative methods. In phase one, pain intensity levels were evaluated with the tampon test amongst 10 women, aged 18-33, with PVD. The test was repeated on day 1, 7 and 14. Pain intensity was rated on the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), (0-10), 10 being worst possible pain. In phase two, the participants’ experiences with the test were explored with semi-structured interviews using a descriptive and inductive qualitative design. All participants were recruited from the Vulva Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.OutcomesThe tampon test data and interviews were brought together to see how the interviews could refine and help to explain the quantitative findings.RESULTSThe tampon test data demonstrated large intra- and inter-individual variability. Median tampon pain intensity was 4.5 (min=1.7; max=10; Q1=2.5; Q3=6). Many experienced the test as an inadequate representation of pain during intercourse as it was less painful, different in nature and conducted in an entirely different context. Four participants had a mean score of four or lower on the NRS, whilst concurrently reporting high levels of pain during sexual intercourse.Clinical ImplicationsThe findings indicate that the tampon test may underestimate severity of pain among some women with PVD. Participants with low pain scores would be excluded from studies where the tampon test is part of the trial eligibility criteria, even though severe pain was experienced during sexual intercourse. Large intra-individual variability in pain scores also reduces the test’s ability to register clinical meaningful changes and hence necessitates repeated measurements per assessment time point.CONCLUSIONAlthough the tampon test has many advantages, this study indicates several potential problems with the application of the test as a primary outcome measure in PVD. In our opinion the test is most useful as a secondary outcome, preferably undertaken repeatedly in order to increase precision of the pain estimation.
A National Survey of Wilderness Medicine Curricula in United States Emergency Medicine Residencies
Authors: Goldflam Katja , Coughlin Ryan F. , Cotton Widdicombe A. , Della-Giustina David 
Published: May 2021

Introduction Wilderness medicine (WM) is a growing subspecialty of emergency medicine. In 2018, we surveyed all 240 emergency medicine residencies in the United States to assess the scope of WM education in emergency medicine training programs in light of the nearly 30% increase in the number of residencies since 2015. Methods A survey was e-mailed to the Council of Residency Directors in Emergency Medicine listserv and individual program directors of each of the 240 residencies. The survey included questions on educational content, format, number of hours taught, availability of conference credit, offering of an elective or fellowship, and several predefined WM curricula. We evaluated differences between 3-y and 4-y residencies using the χ2 test, where P<0.05 was considered significant. Results We had a response rate of 57% for completed surveys. Analysis showed 63% of respondent programs teach WM material. The majority (86%) partially or completely developed their curriculum, with 33% offering at least 1 of the predefined curricula. Thirteen percent taught with lecture only, 2% taught by hands-on only, and 85% used a combination of the 2. WM electives were significantly more likely to be offered by 4-y than 3-y residencies ( P=0.009). Conclusions Almost two-thirds of respondent residency programs teach WM material. Of these, only one-third teach any of the predefined curricula. Four-year residencies are more likely to offer WM electives but are otherwise comparable to 3-y programs.
Infrared signal of the lobed mixer with external air mixing
Authors: Choi S.M. , Jang H.S. , Park H.H. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn order to know the characteristics of reducing the exhaust gas infrared signal of the lobed mixer according to the external air mixing ratio, an infrared signal and temperature distribution measurement using a micro-turbojet engine is performed. A certain amount of compressed air is supplied through an external duct mounted on the micro-turbojet engine exhaust to simulate bypass flow, which is mixed with high-temperature core air and ejected to the atmosphere. The exhaust nozzle used in the experiment is a lobed mixer with a lobe of sinusoidal shape and is designed to have a penetration of 0.2. Exhaust gas temperature and infrared signal are measured according to distance from nozzle outlet under conditions of bypass ratio of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.4. Infrared reduction rates are compared to data without compressed air supply. As a result of the experiment, as the bypass ratio increased, the infrared signal of the exhaust gas and the temperature decrease with bypass ratio increase, and in the case of a bypass ratio of 1.4, the effect of reducing the temperature is observed even at a long distance. In addition, we compared the results of previous studies of a simple cone shape without mixer with infrared reduction effect. The results show that the lobed mixer has a greater effect on reducing the temperature of the exhaust gas and reducing the infrared signal than the cone nozzle. The structure of the mixed jet flow is also studied through Schlieren visualisation and 3D temperature distribution.
TUKEY ORDER AMONG IDEALS
Authors: HE JIALIANG , HRUŠÁK MICHAEL , ROJAS-REBOLLEDO DIEGO , SOLECKI SŁAWOMIR 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWe investigate the Tukey order in the class of
$F_{\sigma }$
ideals of subsets of
$\omega $
. We show that no nontrivial
$F_{\sigma }$
ideal is Tukey below a
$G_{\delta }$
ideal of compact sets. We introduce the notions of flat ideals and gradually flat ideals. We prove a dichotomy theorem for flat ideals isolating gradual flatness as the side of the dichotomy that is structurally good. We give diverse characterizations of gradual flatness among flat ideals using Tukey reductions and games. For example, we show that gradually flat ideals are precisely those flat ideals that are Tukey below the ideal of density zero sets.
THE RELATIVIZED LASCAR GROUPS, TYPE-AMALGAMATION, AND ALGEBRAICITY
Authors: DOBROWOLSKI JAN , KIM BYUNGHAN , KOLESNIKOV ALEXEI , LEE JUNGUK 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this paper we study the relativized Lascar Galois group of a strong type. The group is a quasi-compact connected topological group, and if in addition the underlying theory T is G-compact, then the group is compact. We apply compact group theory to obtain model theoretic results in this note. For example, we use the divisibility of the Lascar group of a strong type to show that, in a simple theory, such types have a certain model theoretic property that we call divisible amalgamation. The main result of this paper is that if c is a finite tuple algebraic over a tuple a, the Lascar group of
$\operatorname {stp}(ac)$
is abelian, and the underlying theory is G-compact, then the Lascar groups of
$\operatorname {stp}(ac)$
and of
$\operatorname {stp}(a)$
are isomorphic. To show this, we prove a purely compact group-theoretic result that any compact connected abelian group is isomorphic to its quotient by every finite subgroup. Several (counter)examples arising in connection with the theoretical development of this note are presented as well. For example, we show that, in the main result above, neither the assumption that the Lascar group of
$\operatorname {stp}(ac)$
is abelian, nor the assumption of c being finite can be removed.