bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DIAGNOSIS OF KERNICTERUS IN THE NEONATAL PERIOD
Authors: Van Praagh Richard 
Published: December 2021

In a series of 882 infants with hemolytic disease of the newborn (erythroblastosis fetalis), 31 infants developed kernicterus. In the neonatal period the diagnosis of kernicterus was established firmly in 65%, remained uncertain in 19% and was not suspected in 16%. This diagnosis was established firmly in the neonatal period when spasticity was moderate to marked. The diagnosis of kernicterus remained uncertain when spasticity was mild and short-lived. This diagnosis was not suspected when spasticity was not observed.
Characteristically, a progression of three distinct clinical phases was observed in infants with kernicterus during the neonatal period. A fourth clinical phase appeared later in infancy. The first clinical phase was characterized by hypotonia, lethargy and a poor sucking reflex; the second by spasticity, opisthotonos and fever; the third by the diminution or disappearance of spasticity; and the fourth by the progressive appearance ance of the relatively permanent signs of post-kernicteric extrapyramidal cerebral palsy.
The hypotonia, lethargy and poor sucking reflex of the first phase of kernicterus appeared highly significant because of the great importance of this phase concerning the infant's neurologic prognosis. But these critical signs were nonspecific, being associated also with major pulmonary, cardiovascular and other central nervous system pathology in non-kernicteric infants with hemolytic disease. The spasticity of the second phase indicated with great accuracy that kernicterus had occurred in the first clinical phase. The diagnostic reliability of spasticity was not related to its intensity or duration. A kernicterus-like syndrome related to hemorrhages within the basal ganglia was the only observed exception to the otherwise complete diagnostic reliability of spasticity. The true absence of any spasticity throughout the first week of life appeared to indicate with great reliability in the neonatal period that kernicterus had not occurred. The lessening or disappearance of spasticity in the third clinical phase erroneously led to diagnostic uncertainty in the neonatal period concerning the presence or absence of kernicterus.
It is hoped that accuracy in the diagnosis of the presence or absence of kernicterus in the neonatal period may be increased by an understanding of the three neonatal clinical phases, their cardinal signs, their progression and the diagnostic problems of each phase.
THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISEASES
Authors: Wenner Herbert A. , Christodoulopoulou Georgia , Weston Jean , Marsh Alice , Liu Chien 
Published: December 2021

In a study on the natural histories of infection from viruses associated with respiratory infections, answers were sought for two principal questions: a) when, during the life history of individuals, and b) how often was primary infection with each virus acquired? In 1957, 25 infants, 6 weeks of age, and in 1958, 107 family associates were entered into a study that lasted 2½ years and that was principally designed to measure seropositive and seroconversion rates for 19 respiratory viruses, and the primary atypical pneumonia agent.
During an epidemic of influenza type A" the entire population was at risk; 75% of infants, and all adults converted. Other respiratory viruses associated with high conversion rates during infancy and often continuing into childhood were HA types 1 and 2, Sendai, ECHO type 11, RS, CA, and adenovirus types 1, 2 and 5. For many of these viruses all, or a majority, of members of families were seropositive. Influenza types B and C viruses were associated with sporadic family outbreaks during 1958-1959. Other viruses, namely, influenza types A and A, Coe, ECHO virus types 10, 20, 25 and 28, and the agent of primary atypical pneumonia were associated with low conversion rates at any specified age. The risk of acquiring infection from adenoviruses indicated gradual recruitment of susceptibles at discrete intervals; adenoviruses (types 1 and 5) were present in the oropharynx of seropositive children; their presence was not always associated with appearance of demonstrable antibodies.
Food Allergy
Authors: Josephson Barry M. 
Published: December 2021

In the January issue of Pediatrics, there appeared two papers which dealt with the problem of food allergy: "Food Hypersensitiveness?" by Morishima and Kessler, and "Gastrointestinal Food Allergy in Infants," by Rosenblum and Matheson.
In the first paper, Drs. Morishima and Kessler adeptly presented two cases of reactions to foods generally considered to be hypoallergenic. They made a good point of the protein nature of food hypersensitivity and the difficulty in detection of the offending food, when the "violent" reaction is delayed in onset.
SURGICAL EXCISION OF PULMONARY METASTASES
Authors: White James G. , Krivit William 
Published: December 2021

Two patients who had had pulmonary metastatic lesions treated by surgical excision 6 and 11 years ago have been reported as cured. The majority of patients with pulmonary metastases die despite the implementation of roentgen therapy and chemotherapeutic agents. A more aggressive approach would include pulmonary metastasectomy.
The application of this technique to selected patients in whom the primary tumor has been controlled, and the metastases are limited to the lungs, should be considered before hope for a cure is abandoned.
RECOVERY FROM COMPLETE HEART BLOCK IN DIPHTHERIA
Authors: ENGLE MARY ALLEN 
Published: December 2021

Six patients who recovered from complete heart block in diphtheria have been reported. Four of these had intraventricular conduction disturbances as well. All but one of these patients had massive glandular and periglandular edema of the neck: a "bullneck." The shortest duration of the conduction disorders was two days. The longest was six weeks.
Two of the patients who recovered showed evidence of both cardiac decompensation and peripheral vascular collapse. Three of the patients were digitalized without untoward effect and with prompt improvement in at least two of them. Four of the six patients developed peripheral paralyses during convalescence.
Give Them a Chance to Talk
Authors: METRAUX RUTH W. , AMATRUDA CATHERINE S. 
Published: December 2021

This is a small cardboard covered handbook in photo-offset print, designed mainly for the speech therapist working with children handicapped by cerebral palsy. It contains a brief description of cerebral palsy (athetoid, spastic and ataxic), classification and description of the common speech disorders, an outline of the sequences of speech development together with a guide to the assessment of speech (articulatory) maturity, and a description of speech and sound discrimination tests.
A detailed outline of the methods of speech therapy used in the athetoid, the spastic, and the ataxic child follows.
PRENATAL AND NEONATAL NUTRITION
Authors: Smith Clement A. 
Published: December 2021

MOST AWARD RECIPIENTS have made carefully planned and masterfully executed investigations of some unexplored nutritional territory, which they could fully describe at such a time as this. I can report only a few disconnected explorations which discovered some useful points of view and uncovered some awkward pitfalls for future travellers. While thanking the Borden Company for the honor of being here, I should like also thank the many colleagues who did most of the work of our explorations, the Boston Lying-in Hospital, which has been such a comfortable base camp, and the Association for the Aid of Crippled Children, whose financial backing has been so necessary and so generous.
PRENATAL NUTRITION
Our thinking about unborn and newborn babies seems to have dealt so much with other problems than their nutrition and growth that prenatal nutrition was often studied not by first intention but because of some special opportunity. Perhaps the most fortunate of these came when a maternal blood volume study by our medical and obstetrical colleagues provided us with babies whose prenatally acquired iron molecules could be identified throughout infancy, but that was an interesting side trip on a trail we have not pursued further.
Another journey began with Mrs. Bertha Burke's investigations of maternal dietary histories, which afforded the chance to examine a series of infants with much special information attached. The results of our attempts to correlate particular deficiencies in what mothers had eaten during pregnancy with the condition of their infants at birth were disappointing to those so recently stirred by the demonstrations of Dr. Warkany, that specific malformations of newborn animals resulted when maternal diet was restricted in certain nutrients at critical periods of fetal life.
A QUANTITATIVE MICROMETHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF PHENYLALANINE AND TYROSINE IN BLOOD AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE DIAGNOSIS OF PHENYLKETONURIA IN INFANTS
Authors: La Du Bert N. , Howell R. Rodney , Michael Patricia J. , Sober Eva K. 
Published: December 2021

A simple enzymatic spectrophotometric method has been described which permits the quantitative determination of phenylalanine and tyrosine in 0.10 ml of whole blood. For elevated levels of phenylalanine and tyrosine, the method is rapid, specific, and precise. The method should be of value in establishing the diagnosis of phenylketonuria in infants and in following the blood levels of phenylalanine of those on the low phenylalanine diet.
Analysis of heel-prick samples of premature and term infants has shown that normal infants have a broader range of blood phenylalanine values than adults, and that the levels of tyrosine may be as high as 20 mg/100 ml in older infants and premature babies.
The fact that transient elevation of blood phenylalanine may occur in normal newborn infants must be appreciated in making a diagnosis of phenylketonuria in early infancy.
EFFECT OF ORAL POLIOVIRUS VACCINE IN NEWBORN CHILDREN
Authors: Sabin Albert B. , Michaels Richard H. , Ziring Philip , Krugman Saul , Warren Joel 
Published: December 2021

Twenty-one infants who received Type 1 oral vaccine at birth, and six infants from an unvaccinated control group observed since birth, were fed 105.9 TCD50 of Type 1 oral vaccine at 6 months of age. Among the 11 infants with evidence of infection at birth, 6 (55%) failed to excrete Type 1 poliovirus a second time and 5 excreted only for 7 to 10 days. This complete or partial resistance to reinfection obtained also for the eight infants in this group, who after the first dose of vaccine excreted virus without developing enough antibody to be detected at 3 months. Among the 10 vaccinated infants who exhibited no evidence of infection after the first dose because they had no demonstrable virus in the single specimen tested during the first week after birth and at 3 months did not fulfill the criteria for development of antibody, there were, nevertheless, 3 who did not excrete poliovirus after the second dose and 2 who excreted for only 7 to 10 days, while the remaining 5 excreted for 20 days or longer. The serologic data on the response of these infants to Salk vaccine prior to the second feeding also suggested that a few infants in this group may have been infected after the first dose.
The serologic tests indicated that immunologic tolerance does not develop in orally vaccinated newborn infants in whom the virus multiplies with insufficient antibody formation. On the contrary, their antibody mechanism is so sensitized that a subsequent dose of Salk vaccine calls forth a booster type of response only for the type of virus that multiplied shortly after birth. While oral poliovirus vaccine is not maximally or optimally effective when given during the first few days after birth, there may be administrative or public health indications for use of the Type 1 vaccine shortly after birth in poliomyelitis eradication programs in certain parts of the world.
THE CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS OF HEMOGLOBIN STRUCTURE
Authors: Gerald Park S. 
Published: December 2021

I FEEL DEEPLY HONORED to be named as one of the recipients of the 1962 Mead Johnson Awards for research in pediatrics. I am grateful for this opportunity to express my indebtedness and gratitude to the many who have aided me, and especially to my sponsor, Dr. Louis K. Diamond. His unwavering confidence and unselfish support were major contributing factors toward the successful completion of these research efforts. Lack of time prevents me from giving an adequate list of those other teachers and associates who contributed significantly toward my research efforts and training, but time can never be so short as to prevent me from mentioning my stimulating and energetic co-worker, Dr. Mary Efron. I have saved to the last, mention of my wife, as she has so often cheerfully been the vital silent partner of experiments that seemed always to last "just a little longer" than I expected.
In order to make this a coherent presentation, I am going to dwell solely upon the "Hb M diseases." This group of hemoglobinopathies is characterized by the presence of cyanosis in several generations of a given family, being transmitted as if determined by the presence of a single abnormal gene (i.e., "dominant" inheritance). In the first family of this disorder that came to our attention, the cyanosis was an incidental finding in a child whose chief complaint was an obscure peripheral neuritis. There seemed to be little relation between the peripheral neuritis and the cyanosis, since the child's brother, father, paternal aunt and other relatives also were cyanotic (Fig. 1), although lacking any neuritis.
STUDIES OF TOCOPHEROL REQUIREMENTS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE
Authors: Goldbloom Richard B. 
Published: December 2021

Premature infants were fed an artificial formula essentially free of tocopherol over the first 6 months of life. These infants were compared to two other groups of prematures one fed a formula of "average" tocopherol content, and the third group a tocopherol-fortified product. Although the use of the "tocopherol-free" product resulted in extremely low tocopherol concentration in serum, no significant differences were observed in the three groups of infants with respect to weight increment, hemoglobin concentration, erythrocyte counts, hematocrit value, or in erythrocyte glutathione and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity. The requirements of the normal premature infant are met by a formula containing 3.0 mg of alpha tocopherol per liter of formula, in terms of achieving normal concentrations in serum during a 1-to-2-month period.
Absorption studies in healthy full-term infants in the first week of life failed to reveal any significant differences in the degree of absorption of tocopherol as d-alpha tocopherol acetate, d-1 alpha tocopherol acetate and d alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate, when administered in test doses providing 2.0 and 10.0 mg of free tocopherol.
Observations on the effects of tocopherol supplementation on concentrations in serum of healthy full-term infants fed partly skim milk formula suggest that a daily supplement providing 0.5 mg of free tocopherol is adequate to produce a rapid rise to normal serum levels. However, except in terms of tocopherol concentrations, this study does not answer the question of true biological need for a tocopherol supplement in artificially fed infants.
Because of the variable but marked decrease in tocopherol absorption in children with fibrocystic disease, very large supplements are necessary to maintain normal levels in serum. The observations reported here suggest that a minimum supplement of 100 mg tocopherol per day (free to-copherol as d-alpha tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate) is likely to be necessary in such patients, in order to restore serum concentrations to normal.
CHILD-REARING PRACTICES IN A LOW SOCIOECONOMIC GROUP
Authors: Wortis H. , Bardach J. L. , Cutler R. , Rue R. , Freedman A. 
Published: December 2021

Our findings support the view that there are characteristics in child-rearing practices which are related to class status, and that these differences become more pronounced with the extremes of class.
In this sample of low-class mothers interviewed when tile child was 2½ years of age, we found some maternal rejection of the child, coldness, and physical punishment. There was lack of restrictiveness in regard to toilet training and training for manners. At 5 years there was much restrictiveness in regard to aggression against parents, and against sex play. There was great concern for education for the child, and a strong feeling that the child should fight back if molested. Some of these attitudes, we believe, came out of the mother's rejection of her own social situation and segregation into a lower caste.
The maternal attitudes and child-rearing practices which we have described and which were related to class, undoubtedly helped mold the developing child. If we can speculate, we would say that certain things in his environment were helpful to the child. He was permitted to grow at his own speed. If he was unable to perform, he did not meet with criticism and pressure to do better. He learned how to work. He was encouraged to fight for his rights. On the other hand, there was confusion as to who had authority over him and what behavior was acceptable, since many persons with different expectations had a parental role. He was accustomed to extremes of adult authority, being very controlled at times, and not at all controlled in others. He early became used to corporal punishment. He was treated with relative coldness and he was not praised for achievement. The stimuli which are supplied by books, toys, and cultural experiences were often missing. There was little opportunity for a boy to identify with a male figure. There was lack of interest in the personality characteristics which differentiate one individual from the other and which contribute to a strong feeling of self-identification.
Other elements in the environment were preparing the child to take over a lower class role. The inadequate incomes, crowded homes, lack of consistent familial ties, the mother's depression and helplessness in her own situation, were as important as her child-rearing practices in influencing the child's development and preparing him for an adult role. It was for us a sobering experience to watch a large group of newborn infants, plastic human beings of unknown potential, and to observe over a 5-year period their social preparation to enter the class of the least-skilled, least-educated, and most-rejected in our society.
THE INFLUENCE OF AGE ON PERFORMANCE AS SHOWN BY EXERCISE TESTS
Authors: Dill D. B. 
Published: December 2021

THE STUDY of work performance as related to age began in this country when Sid Robinson joined the group at the Fatigue Laboratory of the Harvard School of Business Administration. In the winter of 1936-7, he persuaded five champion milers who were in Boston for indoor meets to run on the Laboratory's treadmill on week-ends. Simultaneously, he was chiefly engaged in studying treadmill performance as related to age. This was the subject of his doctorate thesis published later under the title: "Experimental Studies of Physical Fitness as Related to Age". The 91 subjects ranged in age from boys 6 years of age to one man of 91. There were eight 6-year-olds, 10 between 8 and 13 and 20 between 48 and 76.
Robinson's background as an Olympic middle-distance runner and as an assistant track coach at Indiana University gave him skill in dealing with the many diverse problems that confronted him. Often he was faced with sociological-psychological problems more difficult to solve than the physiological problems. Indicative of his success is the fact that the subjects were volunteers—no money was offered as an inducement to come to the laboratory. Also worthy of note is that there was no untoward incident throughout the study.
Robinson's plan included respiratory, circulatory and metabolic observations in the basal state and in two grades of exercise. He describes the work experiments as follows: (pp. 251-3, reference 2)
"After the above observations were completed, the subject performed two grades of work on a motor-driven treadmill, set at an angle of 8.6% in all experiments. Each subject below 73 years of age first walked at 5.6 km per hour for 15 minutes; this raises the oxygen consumption 7 or 8 times the basal level. After resting 10 minutes, he ran or in some cases, walked, at a rate which exhausted him in 2 to 5 minutes.
Subject Matter of Pediatrics
Authors: ROSENZWEIG JOSEPH L. 
Published: December 2021

For some time I have felt that Pediatrics has been failing in its responsibilities to those of us who are in the daily practice of general pediatrics. Subject matter continues to be aimed more and more at the research-oriented, and is of decreasing value to the practicing pediatrician.
I realize the necessity for continued research that it has to be published, and that every moment I practice I am utilizing and benefiting from the results of previous investigators. I am aware, too, of the economic factors that necessitate some articles.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: WESSEL MORRIS A. 
Published: December 2021

I do appreciate Dr. Mendelsohn's kindness in writing to obtain further information regarding details of a pediatric prenatal visit for expectant couples. Although I do live in the city where Yale Medical Center is located, I conduct with an associate a full-time pediatric practice. Expectant couples seek appointments in our office because they have learned that this is a well-established routine.
I do not understand Dr. Mendelsohn's hesitancy in seeking information as to occupational and housing status of expectant parents.
Mentally Retarded Children and Their Education
Authors: CLEMENTS JAMES D. 
Published: December 2021

The author clearly and justifiably states his intent to clarify in the minds of parents, teachers, and administrators the difference between Mental Health, Mental Illness, and Mental Retardation. He suggests that the book might be of value as a text in college classes for teachers. He has listed methods, materials, and supplies that, in his opinion, are good for teaching the mentally retarded.
This book adequately discusses the definitions and differences in Mental Health, Mental Illness, and Mental Retardation from the layman's view.
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn in South African Europeans and Bantu 1946-1960
Authors: LUCEY JEROLD F. 
Published: December 2021

This thesis is a summary of the author's experience in the diagnosis and treatment of hemolytic disease of the newborn in the pre-exchange transfusion era 1946-1949 (35 infants) and in the exchange transfusion era 1951-1960 (322 infants).
The author's over-all mortality rate of 8.5% among all erythroblastotic infants receiving exchange transfusions compares favorably with that reported by other authors. Only twelve infants in this series required repeat exchange transfusions! The criteria used to select infants for repeat transfusions are not given.