bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new formation scenario of a counter-rotating circumstellar disk: Spiral-arm accretion from a circumbinary disk in a triple protostar system
Authors: Takaishi Daisuke , Tsukamoto Yusuke , Suto Yasushi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
We present the evolution of rotational directions of circumstellar disks in a triple protostar system simulated from a turbulent molecular cloud core with no magnetic field. We find a new formation pathway of a counter-rotating circumstellar disk in such triple systems. The tertiary protostar forms via the circumbinary disk fragmentation and the initial rotational directions of all three circumstellar disks are almost parallel to that of the orbital motion of the binary system. Their mutual gravito-hydrodynamical interaction for the subsequent ∼104 yr greatly disturbs the orbit of the tertiary, and the rotational directions of the tertiary disk and star are reversed due to the spiral-arm accretion of the circumbinary disk. The counter-rotation of the tertiary circumstellar disk continues to the end of the simulation (∼6.4 × 104 yr after its formation), implying that the counter-rotating disk is long-lived. This new formation pathway during the disk evolution in Class 0/I young stellar objects possibly explains the counter-rotating disks recently discovered by ALMA.
p-Coumaroylation of poplar lignins impacts lignin structure and improves wood saccharification
Authors: Lapierre Catherine , Sibout Richard , Laurans Françoise , Lesage-Descauses Marie-Claude , Déjardin Annabelle , Pilate Gilles 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose into glucose, referred to as saccharification, is severely hampered by lignins. Here, we analyzed transgenic poplars (Populus tremula × Populus alba) expressing the Brachypodium (Brachypodium distachyon) p-coumaroyl-Coenzyme A monolignol transferase 1 (BdPMT1) gene driven by the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) Cinnamate 4-Hydroxylase (AtC4H) promoter in the wild-type (WT) line and in a line overexpressing the Arabidopsis Ferulate 5-Hydroxylase (AtF5H). BdPMT1 encodes a transferase which catalyzes the acylation of monolignols by p-coumaric acid (pCA). Several BdPMT1-OE/WT and BdPMT1-OE/AtF5H-OE lines were grown in the greenhouse, and BdPMT1 expression in xylem was confirmed by RT-PCR. Analyses of poplar stem cell walls (CWs) and of the corresponding purified dioxan lignins (DLs) revealed that BdPMT1-OE lignins were as p-coumaroylated as lignins from C3 grass straws. For some transformants, pCA levels reached 11 mg·g−1 CW and 66 mg·g−1 DL, exceeding levels in Brachypodium or wheat (Triticum aestivum) samples. This unprecedentedly high lignin p-coumaroylation affected neither poplar growth nor stem lignin content. Interestingly, p-coumaroylation of poplar lignins was not favored in BdPMT1-OE/AtF5H-OE transgenic lines despite their high frequency of syringyl units. However, lignins of all BdPMT1-OE lines were structurally modified, with an increase of terminal unit with free phenolic groups. Relative to controls, this increase argues for a reduced polymerization degree of BdPMT1-OE lignins and makes them more soluble in cold NaOH solution. The p-coumaroylation of poplar samples improved the saccharification yield of alkali-pretreated CW, demonstrating that the genetically driven p-coumaroylation of lignins is a promising strategy to make wood lignins more susceptible to alkaline treatments used during the industrial processing of lignocellulosics.
Cerebellar Dentate Connectivity across Adulthood: A Large-Scale Resting State Functional Connectivity Investigation
Authors: Bernard Jessica A , Ballard Hannah K , Jackson Trevor Bryan 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Cerebellar contributions to behavior in advanced age are of interest and importance, given its role in motor and cognitive performance. There are differences and declines in cerebellar structure in advanced age and cerebellar resting state connectivity is lower. However, the work on this area to date has focused on the cerebellar cortex. The deep cerebellar nuclei provide the primary cerebellar inputs and outputs to the cortex, as well as the spinal and vestibular systems. Dentate networks can be dissociated such that the dorsal region is associated with the motor cortex, whereas the ventral aspect is associated with the prefrontal cortex. However, whether dentato-thalamo-cortical networks differ across adulthood remains unknown. Here, using a large adult sample (n = 590) from the Cambridge Center for Ageing and Neuroscience, we investigated dentate connectivity across adulthood. We replicated past work showing dissociable resting state networks in the dorsal and ventral aspects of the dentate. In both seeds, we demonstrated that connectivity is lower with advanced age, indicating that connectivity differences extend beyond the cerebellar cortex. Finally, we demonstrated sex differences in dentate connectivity. This expands our understanding of cerebellar circuitry in advanced age and underscores the potential importance of this structure in age-related performance differences.
Recovery of silver fir (Abies alba Mill.) seedlings from ungulate browsing mirrors soil nitrogen availability
Authors: Csilléry Katalin , Buchmann Nina , Brendel Oliver , Gessler Arthur , Glauser Alexandra , Doris Kupferschmid Andrea 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Abies alba (Mill.) has a high potential for mitigating climate change in European mountain forests; yet, its natural regeneration is severely limited by ungulate browsing. Here, we simulated browsing in a common garden experiment to study growth and physiological traits, measured from bulk needles, using a randomized block design with two levels of browsing severity and seedlings originating from 19 populations across Switzerland. Genetic factors explained most variation in growth (on average, 51.5%) and physiological traits (10.2%) under control conditions, while heavy browsing considerably reduced the genetic effects on growth (to 30%), but doubled those on physiological traits related to carbon storage. While browsing reduced seedling height, it also lowered seedling water-use efficiency (decreased $\delta ^{13}$C) and increased their $\delta ^{15}$N. Different populations reacted differently to browsing stress, and for seedling height, starch concentration and $\delta ^{15}$N, population differences appeared to be the result of natural selection. First, we found that populations originating from the warmest regions recovered the fastest from browsing stress, and they did so by mobilizing starch from their needles, which suggests a genetic underpinning for a growth-storage trade-off across populations. Second, we found that seedlings originating from mountain populations growing on steep slopes had a higher $\delta ^{15}$N in the common garden than those originating from flat areas, indicating that they have been selected to grow on N-poor, potentially drained, soils. This finding was corroborated by the fact that nitrogen concentration in adult needles was lower on steep slopes than on flat ground, strongly indicating that steep slopes are the most N-poor environments. These results suggest that adaptation to climate and soil nitrogen availability, as well as ungulate browsing pressure, co-determine the regeneration and range limit of silver fir.
VIII Renaissance Drama: Excluding Shakespeare
Authors: Bull Steve , Balakrishnan Lakshmi , Moroney Elizabeth , Ragni Cristiano , Equestri Alice 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter has three sections: 1. Editions and Textual Matters; 2. Theatre History; 3. Criticism. Section 1 is by Steve Bull; section 2 is by Lakshmi Balakrishnan; section 3(a) is by Elizabeth Moroney; section 3(b) is by Cristiano Ragni; section 3(c) is by Alice Equestri.
X The Seventeenth Century: Part II
Authors: Baker William , Airey Jennifer 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThis chapter has five sections: 1. General and Poetry; 2. Restoration Drama Excluding Dryden; 3. Dryden; 4. Prose; 5. Miscellaneous. Sections 1, 4, and 5 are by William Baker; sections 2 and 3 are by Jennifer Airey.
The Progress and Challenges of Convalescent Plasma Therapy for Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Shi Ming , Zhang Chao , Wang Fu-Sheng 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and SARS-CoV-2 infection (causing coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) are serious diseases. To date, no effective post-exposure prophylaxis, prevention, or therapeutic agents are recommended as effective for these diseases. Convalescent plasma (CP), donated by individuals with established humoral immunity to the virus after recovering from coronavirus infection, has been successfully applied to treat several infectious diseases, including SARS, MERS, and COVID-19. Nonetheless, there are obstacles and challenges to using CP that should be taken into account. In this review, we summarize the evidence derived from clinical attempts to treat COVID-19 with CP, which represents a promising therapy for severe coronavirus infection. Furthermore, we outline the remaining challenges and general issues that should be considered when using CP treatment for therapeutic or prophylactic purposes.
Using Invitational Theory to Examine Nursing Students’ Experiences of Their Learning Environment
Authors: Watts Sarah Owens , Hodges Helen F. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

AIM
The aim of this study was to test Purkey’s invitational theory to evaluate unique aspects of the learning environment in nursing education.

BACKGROUND
Faculty evaluate student learning but rarely students’ unique experiences within learning environments.

METHOD
This interpretive phenomenological analysis explored students’ perceptions of their prelicensure learning environments. Twelve participants from two private bachelor of science in nursing programs were interviewed about their experiences.

RESULTS
Students’ perceptions of what helped (invited) their learning and hindered (disinvited) their learning included thematic aspects of learning environments based on Purkey’s theory: people, places, processes, policies, and programs. Findings illustrate facets of the learning environment often not considered by educators in planning learning environments most conducive to student learning.

CONCLUSION
Purkey’s theory is a plausible framework for nurse educators to evaluate learning environments from students’ perspectives and may provide valuable data about the unique milieu that promotes or hinders successful learning.
Understanding Academic Success From the Perspective of Nursing Students: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Adorno Marie , Kensler Paula A. , Tartavoulle Todd 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Baccalaureate nursing education programs must focus on social transition as well as academic preparedness to maximize student success. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to identify nontraditional nursing students’ perspectives on strategies that enabled them to succeed. Focus groups were conducted with nontraditional students who graduated on time from a BSN program. Themes that emerged included resources, self-awareness, social support, and early engagement. Using findings from this study, the faculty and administration changed the new student orientation to include time management, test-taking skills, self-awareness assessments, and professional socialization.
Dose-dependent Respiratory Depression by Remifentanil in the Rabbit Parabrachial Nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse Complex and Pre-Bötzinger Complex
Authors: Palkovic Barbara , Callison Jennifer J. , Marchenko Vitaliy , Stuth Eckehard A. E. , Zuperku Edward J. , Stucke Astrid G. 
Published: August 2021

Background
Recent studies showed partial reversal of opioid-induced respiratory depression in the pre-Bötzinger complex and the parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex. The hypothesis for this study was that opioid antagonism in the parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex plus pre-Bötzinger complex completely reverses respiratory depression from clinically relevant opioid concentrations.

Methods
Experiments were performed in 48 adult, artificially ventilated, decerebrate rabbits. The authors decreased baseline respiratory rate ~50% with intravenous, “analgesic” remifentanil infusion or produced apnea with remifentanil boluses and investigated the reversal with naloxone microinjections (1 mM, 700 nl) into the Kölliker–Fuse nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, and pre-Bötzinger complex. In another group of animals, naloxone was injected only into the pre-Bötzinger complex to determine whether prior parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex injection impacted the naloxone effect. Last, the µ-opioid receptor agonist [d-Ala,2N-MePhe,4Gly-ol]-enkephalin (100 μM, 700 nl) was injected into the parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex. The data are presented as medians (25 to 75%).

Results
Remifentanil infusion reduced the respiratory rate from 36 (31 to 40) to 16 (15 to 21) breaths/min. Naloxone microinjections into the bilateral Kölliker–Fuse nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, and pre-Bötzinger complex increased the rate to 17 (16 to 22, n = 19, P = 0.005), 23 (19 to 29, n = 19, P < 0.001), and 25 (22 to 28) breaths/min (n = 11, P < 0.001), respectively. Naloxone injection into the parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex prevented apnea in 12 of 17 animals, increasing the respiratory rate to 10 (0 to 12) breaths/min (P < 0.001); subsequent pre-Bötzinger complex injection prevented apnea in all animals (13 [10 to 19] breaths/min, n = 12, P = 0.002). Naloxone injection into the pre-Bötzinger complex alone increased the respiratory rate to 21 (15 to 26) breaths/min during analgesic concentrations (n = 10, P = 0.008) but not during apnea (0 [0 to 0] breaths/min, n = 9, P = 0.500). [d-Ala,2N-MePhe,4Gly-ol]-enkephalin injection into the parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex decreased respiratory rate to 3 (2 to 6) breaths/min.

Conclusions
Opioid reversal in the parabrachial nucleus/Kölliker–Fuse complex plus pre-Bötzinger complex only partially reversed respiratory depression from analgesic and even less from “apneic” opioid doses. The lack of recovery pointed to opioid-induced depression of respiratory drive that determines the activity of these areas.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Women's Experience of Their First Sexual Encounter After Pelvic Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Caldwell Lauren , Halder Gabriela E. , Dunivan Gena , White Amanda B. , Ossai Uchenna , Rogers Rebecca G. 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To describe the timing, quality and patient concerns regarding the first sexual encounter after surgery for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) or urinary incontinence (UI).

METHODS:
Women scheduled to undergo POP or UI surgery who self-identified as sexually active were recruited to this qualitative study. Routine counseling regarding the return to sexual activity was provided 4–6 weeks postoperatively. Participants completed interviews 2–4 months after their surgery. Interviews were tape recorded, de-identified, and transcribed. Transcriptions were coded for major themes by two independent researchers; disagreements were arbitrated by the research team. Analysis was performed using Dedoose software.

RESULTS:
Twenty patients with an average age of 52.4 years participated. Most identified themselves as White (85%), one quarter had a history of hysterectomy, and 15% had previously undergone pelvic reconstructive surgery. Nineteen (95%) patients resumed intercourse 2–4 months after surgery. Thematic saturation was reached with major themes of Outside Influences, Conflicting Emotions, Uncertainty, Sexual Changes and Stability, Normalization, and Self-Image. First sexual encounter timing was strongly influenced by partners' desires and fears and physician counseling. Fear of damage to repairs affected patients' comfort with return to sexual activity. Although uncertain of how anatomical changes or presence of mesh would affect function, women hoped that changes would be positive, regardless of preoperative sexual function. Some women found their experience unchanged, whereas others reported need for change in sexual position, use of lubrication, and sensation of foreign body. Positive changes included increase in desire, pleasure, and improvement in orgasm. Self-image generally improved after surgery, which increased women's sexual confidence.

CONCLUSION:
The return to sexual activity after surgery for POP or UI represents a great unknown for many women. Reports of initial sexual activity after surgery are often positive, and physicians strongly influence initial postoperative sexual encounter timing. Frank counseling about patient and partners' fears regarding the effect of repair on sexual activity would likely improve patients' outcomes.
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation for Pain Management of Aspiration Abortion up to 83 Days of Gestation
Authors: Lerma Klaira , Goldthwaite Lisa M. , Blumenthal Paul D. , Shaw Kate A. 
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate high-frequency, high-intensity transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) as an inexpensive, noninvasive pain management approach for first-trimester aspiration abortion.

METHODS:
We conducted a noninferiority, single-blind, randomized controlled trial of patients seeking aspiration abortion at up to 83 days of gestation. Participants received TENS (placed posteriorly, T10-L1 and S2-S4) or intravenous (IV) sedation (fentanyl, midazolam). The primary outcome was pain with aspiration, as self-reported by visual analog scale (VAS, 100 mm). To detect at least a 15 mm mean difference on the 100 mm VAS with 90% power and a significance level of .05, a total of 90 participants were required.

RESULTS:
Between January 2018 and October 2019, we enrolled 109 participants (55 TENS, 54 IV). Participant median gestation was 53 days (range 36–82) in the TENS group and 58 days (range 35–82) in the IV group (P=.65). Group demographics and clinical histories were similar. Intention-to-treat analysis (n=109) yielded noninferior results for the primary outcome (mean difference 4.8 mm, 95% CI −5.9 to 13.5 mm). In the per-protocol analysis, 9 (16%) in the TENS group were excluded after receiving IV sedation; 100 participants were included (46 TENS, 54 IV). Median (range) reported VAS for aspiration was 73 mm (13–97) and 66 mm (0–99) in the TENS and IV groups, respectively (P=.40). With a mean difference of 4.4 mm (95% CI −5.6 to 14.5 mm), we found TENS to be noninferior to IV. Physicians underestimated participant pain, perceiving pain to be 34 mm (6–91) in the TENS group and 25 mm (0–83) in the IV group (P=.003).

CONCLUSION:
We found TENS to be a noninferior alternative to IV sedation for aspiration pain during first-trimester abortion. Expanding pain management options can improve quality of and access to abortion. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation could be a standalone or adjunct approach for abortion pain management for those without access to or are ineligible to receive IV sedation due to the lack of sedation practitioner, designated driver, or local restrictions.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:
ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03187002.
Relationship Between Maternal Economic Vulnerability and Childhood Neurodevelopment at 2 and 5 Years of Life
Authors: Premkumar Ashish , Mele Lisa , Casey Brian M. , Varner Michael W. , Sorokin Yoram , Wapner Ronald J. , Thorp John M. , Saade George R. , Tita Alan T.N. , Rouse Dwight J. , Sibai Baha , Costantine Maged M. , Mercer Brian M. , Tolosa Jorge E. , Caritis Steve N. ,   for the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) Network
Published: August 2021

OBJECTIVE:
To assess the relationship between economic vulnerability during pregnancy and childhood neurodevelopment.

METHODS:
This is a secondary analysis of two parallel multicenter, randomized, controlled trials of administration of levothyroxine to pregnant individuals with subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia in the United States. All participants who delivered a live, nonanomalous neonate and completed the WPPSI-III (Weschler Preschool & Primary Scale of Intelligence) at 5 years of life and the Bayley-III (Bayley Scales of Infant Development) test at 2 years were included. The primary outcome is WPPSI-III score. Secondary outcome included Bayley-III subtest scores. Multivariable analyses were used to assess the relationships between economic vulnerability during the index pregnancy—defined as a household income less than 200% of the estimated federal poverty level, part-time or no employment, and use of government insurance—and the prespecified outcomes. Tests of interaction were performed to assess whether the magnitude of association differed according to whether participants were married or completed more than a high school education. A sensitivity analysis was performed to limit the income criteria for economic vulnerability to household income of less than 100% of the estimated federal poverty level.

RESULTS:
Of 955 participants who met inclusion criteria, 406 (42.5%) were considered economically vulnerable. In bivariate analysis, the WPPSI-III score and Bayley-III subtest scores were significantly lower among children of the economically vulnerable. For the WPPSI-III, Bayley-III cognitive subtest, and Bayley-III language subtest scores, the associations between economic vulnerability and lower childhood neurodevelopmental scores were primarily seen only among those who were married or completed more than a high school education (P for interaction<.05). A similar pattern was noted when restricting the income criteria for economic vulnerability to less than 100% of the federal poverty level.

CONCLUSION:
Economic vulnerability during pregnancy is associated with an increased risk of adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in their children at 2 and 5 years of life, particularly among those who are married or completed more than a high school education.
Pessary for Management of Cervical Varices Complicating Pregnancy
Authors: González-Bosquet Eduardo , Grau Laia , Ferrero-Martínez Sílvia , Hernandez-Saborit Alicia , Rebollo Monica , Gomez-Chiari Marta , Martínez Crespo Josep Maria , Gómez-Roig Maria Dolores 
Published: August 2021

BACKGROUND:
Cervical varices complicating pregnancy are rare but can cause significant maternal and perinatal morbidity. There is limited evidence regarding the optimal management of bleeding caused by cervical varices during pregnancy.

CASE:
A 38-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital at 16 weeks of gestation due to vaginal hemorrhage in the setting of cervical varices accompanied by placenta previa. A cervical pessary was placed at 21 weeks of gestation without further bleeding. Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated variceal reduction after pessary placement, and a cesarean delivery was performed at 36 weeks of gestation without complications.

CONCLUSION:
Cervical pessary should be considered as conservative option to control the bleeding associated with cervical varices during pregnancy.