bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling dynamic rupture in a 3D earthquake fault model
Authors: Madariaga R. , Olsen K. , Archuleta R. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe propose a fourth-order staggered-grid finite-difference method to study dynamic faulting in three dimensions. The method uses an implementation of the boundary conditions on the fault that allows the use of general friction models including slip weakening and rate dependence. Because the staggered-grid method defines stresses and particle velocities at different grid points, we preserve symmetry by implementing a two-grid-row “thick” fault zone. Slip is computed between points located at the borders of the fault zone, while the two components of shear traction on the fault are forced to be symmetric inside the fault zone. We study the properties of the numerical method comparing our simulations with well-known properties of seismic ruptures in 3D. Among the properties that are well modeled by our method are full elastic-wave interactions, frictional instability, rupture initiation from a finite initial patch, spontaneous rupture growth at subsonic and supersonic speeds, as well as healing by either stopping phases or rate-dependent friction. We use this method for simulating spontaneous rupture propagation along an arbitrarily loaded planar fault starting from a localized asperity on circular and rectangular faults. The shape of the rupture front is close to elliptical and is systematically elongated in the inplane direction of traction drop. This elongation is due to the presence of a strong shear stress peak that moves ahead of the rupture in the in-plane direction. At high initial stresses the rupture front becomes unstable and jumps to super-shear speeds in the direction of in-plane shear. Another interesting effect is the development of relatively narrow rupture fronts due to the presence of rate-weakening friction. The solutions for the “thick fault” boundary conditions scale with the slip-weakening distance (D0) and are stable and reproducible for D0 greater than about 4 in terms of 2Tu/μ × Δx. Finally, a comparison of scalar and vector boundary conditions for the friction shows that slip is dominant along the direction of the prestress, with the largest deviations in slip-rate direction occurring near the rupture front and the edges of the fault.
3D simulation of near-field strong ground motion based on dynamic modeling
Authors: Inoue Tomohiro , Miyatake Takashi 
Published: September 2021

AbstractWe simulate the strong ground motion generated from the earthquake rupture process on a shallow strike-slip fault using a 3D finite-difference method. The faulting process is modeled using a crack model with fixed rupture velocity. The variability of peak ground velocity patterns, correlated with fault location and source parameters such as stress drop or rupture velocity, is investigated. Our findings suggest that these patterns are strongly affected by rupture directivity and the uppermost depth of the fault or that of the asperity. When a fault breaks the ground surface, the peak ground velocity and the peak ground acceleration show a narrow region of strong motion. When a fault is buried under the ground, the high peak ground velocity zone of the fault-parallel component is apart from the fault trace by a distance comparable to the fault depth. On the other hand, the fault-normal peak ground velocity is a maximum along the fault trace. The fault length (or asperity length) is not so effective for peak ground velocities. The effect of heterogeneity in stress drop and rupture velocity on strong ground motion is also investigated. When stress drop is not uniform but increases linearly with depth from zero at the uppermost depth, the peak ground velocity is reduced. These results help better predict the strong ground motion generated from a potential fault.
Far-field radiated energy scaling in elastodynamic earthquake fault models
Authors: Shaw Bruce E. 
Published: September 2021

AbstractMeasurements of the far-field radiated energy in very simple elastodynamic fault models is presented, and the scaling of the radiated energy with moment and rupture length is examined. The models produce a complex sequence of events having a wide range of sizes as a result of a frictional-weakening instability. Thus, radiated energy from a broad range of sizes of events can be measured. Using conservation of energy, I am able to measure the far-field energy very accurately and efficiently. I study a range of frictions, from velocity weakening to slip weakening, in order to examine the effects of the physics of the rupture source on the radiated energy. Examining the scaling of radiated energy as a function of moment and rupture length, I find differences for slip-weakening as compared to velocity-weakening friction. I find distinct differences in how the apparent stress scales with moment and also how the apparent stress divided by the stress drop scales with moment for the different frictions. Most dramatically, the apparent stress divided by the stress drop is significantly smaller for slip weakening relative to velocity weakening. This suggests that measurements of radiated energy versus moment and rupture length in earthquakes, combined with forward elastodynamic modeling, can be used to constrain possible source physics.
Positive Definiteness of Symmetric Rank 1 (H-Version) Update for Unconstrained Optimization
Authors: Mahmood Saad Shakir , Eidi Jaafer Hmood , Jasem Jinan Adel 
Published: September 2021

Several attempts have been made to modify the quasi-Newton condition in order to obtain rapid convergence with complete properties (symmetric and positive definite) of the inverse of Hessian matrix (second derivative of the objective function). There are many unconstrained optimization methods that do not generate positive definiteness of the inverse of Hessian matrix. One of those methods is the symmetric rank 1( H-version) update (SR1 update), where this update satisfies the quasi-Newton condition and the symmetric property of inverse of Hessian matrix, but does not preserve the positive definite property of the inverse of Hessian matrix where the initial inverse of Hessian matrix is positive definiteness. The positive definite property for the inverse of Hessian matrix is very important to guarantee the existence of the minimum point of the objective function and determine the minimum value of the objective function.
Fuzzy Real Pre-Hilbert Space and Some of Their Properties
Authors: Mohammedali Mayada N. 
Published: September 2021

In this work, two different structures are proposed which is fuzzy real normed space (FRNS) and fuzzy real Pre-Hilbert space (FRPHS). The basic concept of fuzzy norm on a real linear space is first presented to construct space, which is a FRNS with some modification of the definition introduced by G. Rano and T. Bag. The structure of fuzzy real Pre-Hilbert space (FRPHS) is then presented which is based on the structure of FRNS. Then, some of the properties and related concepts for the suggested space FRN such as -neighborhood, closure of the set named , the necessary condition for separable, fuzzy linear manifold (FLM) are discussed. The definition for a fuzzy seminorm on is also introduced with the prove that a fuzzy seminorm on is FRNS. The relationship between the -convergent sequence, -Cauchy sequence and -completeness is then investigated in this work. The structure of FRPHS with some important properties concerning on this space are introduced and proved. In addition, the property of orthogonality with some important properties for these spaces is included, for example the annihilator of the set . The relation between FRPHS and FRNS is investigated in the present work. Finally, after introducing the structure of FRPHS, it leads naturally to the definition of the most important class of FRPHS, namely the fuzzy real Hilbert space (FRHS).
Spectral Behaviour of the low concentrations of Coumarin 334 with Broadband Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy
Authors: Naif Hanan Auda , Saeed Asrar Abdulmunem , Al-Kadhemy Mahasin Fadhil Hadi 
Published: September 2021

The current research is a spectroscopic study of Coumarin 334 dissolved in methanol. The range of concentrations of the prepared stock solution was (3.39x10-9 to 2.03x10-8) M. Some optical characteristics of this dye were investigated such as absorbance and transmission spectra, absorption coefficient, refractive and extinction coefficients, oscillation and dispersion energies, and energy band gap. The absorbance spectra were recorded at 452 nm using Broad Band Cavity Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy (BBCEAS) which depends on increasing the path length of the traveling light from the source to the detector. The minimum absorbance amount was 0.07 with a low concentration of 3.39x10-9 M. As a result, the other optical properties were calculated on the basis of the lowest values of absorbance. The energy band gap, which is important to detect the electronic band structure of the material, was determined; it was found to be equal to ~2.55 eV. The low values of the concentration made less collision between the molecules in the materials and the incident light. This led to a reduction in the background noise and in the percentages of losses. Furthermore, the dispersion and single oscillator energies, which help to calculate the average strength of the inter-band optical transitions and to prepare the quantifiable information about the band structure of the material, were calculated to reduce with the increasing concentrations. The refractive and extinction coefficients were determined because they are considered important factors for the optical materials and found to increase with the increasing concentrations. As a result, the study of the optical behavior of Coumarin 334 highlighted the promising materials for photonics applications at very low concentrations. All these properties are considered the main factors to determine the usefulness of the materials in advanced applications and to develop the performance of the devices which depend on the optical characteristics.
DICE: Study Protocol for a Randomised Trial Investigating a Novel Therapy Called TAK228 in Ovarian Cancer Resistant to Standard Treatment
Authors: Webber Lee , Fiorentino Francesca , Krell Jonathan , Rosa Consuelo Nohpal de la 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Background:The standard initial treatment for ovarian cancer is surgery and platinum-based chemotherapy and potentially maintenance therapy with avastin or inhibitors of poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP). While a proportion of women are cured by this approach, the vast majority will relapse and become resistant to platinum chemotherapy either initially or on subsequent treatment. There is an unmet need to improve response to treatment and quality of life in these women. TAK228 is a novel therapy that can be added to standard treatment in the participant population and the aim of the DICE trial is to assess its effectiveness. Laboratory and clinical research has shown that these ovarian cancers may respond to the molecular target of a drug such as TAK228, and there have been studies using it in other advanced solid tumours including endometrial cancer. Methods: 124 eligible women will be recruited from participating research sites in the United Kingdom (UK) and Germany. Randomised participants will receive either weekly paclitaxel alone (standard treatment, n=62) or TAK228 plus weekly paclitaxel (n=62) until the cancer significantly worsens, there are significant adverse events or any other protocol-defined stopping criteria. Participants will be monitored for response to treatment (using radiological imaging), adverse events and quality of life during both randomised treatment and subsequent follow up.Discussion:The primary objective/endpoint of the study is to compare the two treatments in terms of progression free survival, or the length of time that each participant is alive without the cancer significantly worsening according to defined assessment criteria. If the addition of TAK228 to weekly paclitaxel chemotherapy is shown to significantly improve this statistically, and adverse events and quality of life are not significantly worse than standard treatment, then TAK228 plus weekly paclitaxel could potentially be taken forward within the context of a larger phase III trial.Trial registration:ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03648489. Registered 27th August 2018.https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03648489
Health-Related Quality of Life of Patients and Families with Primary Immunodeficiency in Malaysia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Meelad Ruwaydah Ahmed , Hamid Intan Juliana Abd , Zainudeen Zarina Thasneem , Hashim Ilie Fadzilah , Azizuddin Muhd Nur Akmal , Mangantig Ernest , Taib Fahisham , Mohamad Norsarwany , Ismail Intan Hakimah , Latiff Amir Hamzah Abdul , Noh Lokman Mohd 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose: Primary immunodeficiency disease (PID) affects various aspects of a patient’s life. However, the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of PID patients in Malaysia patients is poorly described. This study aimed to determine the quality of life of Malaysian PID patients and parents. Method: This cross-sectional study was performed from August 2020 to November 2020. Patients with PID and their families were invited to answer the PedsQL Malay version (4.0) questionnaire, the tool used to assess the HRQOL. A total of 41 families and 33 patients with PID answered the questionnaire. A comparison was performed with the previously published value of healthy Malaysian children. Result: Parent of respondents recorded a lower mean of total score than the parents of normal healthy children (67.26±16.73 vs. 79.51±11.90, p-value = 0.001, respectively). PID patients reported lower mean total score to normal healthy children (73.68 ± 16.38 vs. 79.51 ± 11.90, p-value = 0.04), including psychosocial domain (71.67±16.82 vs. 77.58±12.63, p-value = 0.05), and school functioning, (63.94±20.87 vs. 80.00 ± 14.40, p-value = 0.007). No significant difference of reported HRQOL when comparing between subgroup of PID on immunoglobulin replacement therapy and those without immunoglobulin replacement (56.96±23.58 vs. 65.83±23.82, p-value 0.28). Socioeconomic status was found to be predictive of the lower total score of PedsQL in both parent and children reports. Conclusion: Parents and children with PID, especially those from middle socioeconomic status, have lower HRQOL and school function impairment than healthy children.
Twist1 Regulates Macrophage Plasticity To Promote Renal Fibrosis Through Galectin-3
Authors: Wu Qingfeng , Sun Shiren , Wei Lei , Liu Minna , Liu Hao , Liu Ting , Zhou Ying , Jia Qing , Wang Di , Yang Zhen , Duan Menglu , Yang Xiaoxia , Gao Peisong , Ning Xiaoxuan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Renal interstitial fibrosis is the pathological basis of end-stage renal disease, in which the heterogeneity of macrophages in renal microenvironment plays an important role. However, the molecular mechanisms of macrophage plasticity during renal fibrosis progression remain unclear. In this study, we found for the first time that increased expression of Twist1 in macrophages was significantly associated with the severity of renal fibrosis in IgA nephropathy patients and mice with unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Ablation of Twist1 in macrophages markedly alleviated renal tubular injury and renal fibrosis in UUO mice, accompanied by a lower extent of macrophage infiltration and M2 polarization in the kidney. The knockdown of Twist1 inhibited the chemotaxis and migration of macrophages, at least partially, through the CCL2/CCR2 axis. Twist1 downregulation inhibited M2 macrophage polarization and reduced the secretion of the profibrotic factors Arg1, MR (CD206), IL-10, and TGF-β. Galectin-3 was decreased in the macrophages of the conditional Twist1-deficient mice, and Twist1 was shown to directly activate galectin-3 transcription. Up-regulation of galectin-3 recovered Twist1-mediated M2 macrophage polarization. In conclusion, Twist1/galectin-3 signaling regulates macrophage plasticity (M2 phenotype) and promotes renal fibrosis. This study could suggest new strategies for delaying kidney fibrosis in patients with chronic kidney disease.
Extraction, Identification And Determination of Antiviral And Anticancer Flavonoids By HPLC-DAD In Cell Suspension Culture of Melia Azedarach L.
Authors: Ahmadpoor Fatemeh , Zare Nasser , Asghari-Zakaria Rasool , Sheikhzadeh-Mosadeg Parisa 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Melia azedarach L. from the Meliaceae, contains a wide range of secondary metabolites used as antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant and anticancer in traditional medicinal. In the present study, the effect of PGRs and explant type on callus induction and cell suspension culture establishment and growth were investigated. We investigated the biochemical properties, and production and accumulation of secondary metabolites such as rutin, quercetin and kaempferol in M. azedarach L. cell cultures. The results showed that the inflorescence and petiole explants had a high percentage of callus induction compared to the leaf explants, but the highest callus growth were observed in leaf explants in MS+3 mg/L NAA+5 mg/L BAP/3 mg/L Kin and 5 mg/L 2,4-D+5 mg/L Kin (6.307, 5.152 and 3.977 g/explant, respectively). The establishment and growth of cell cultures were significantly influenced by PGRs combination and explant type. The highest cell growth were obtained from the leaf and inflorescence callus transferred into the liquid MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/L 2,4-D+1 mg/L Kin (8.489 g/50 mL suspension) and 1 mg/L 2,4-D+1 mg/L BAP (6.852 g/50 mL suspension), respectively. HPLC analysis showed that the cell cultures derived from inflorescence callus in MS+3 mg/L NAA+1 mg/L BAP showed the highest of rutin (47.536 mg/g FW). However, the highest amount of quercetin (8.570 mg/g FW) and kaempferol (5.420 mg/g FW) were obtained from the petiole cell cultures in the MS+1 mg/L 2,4-D+1 mg/L Kin.
Development of an Internet of Things (IoT) Enable Smart Parking System for Sri Lanka
Authors: Maduranga H.D.D. , Imendra K.G.T.U. , Prematilake R.D.D. , Samarasekara S.D. , Wanninayake R.B.S. , Perera A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Although the smart parking system is not a new concept for Sri Lankans, the idea of booking parking slots in advance and then parking is a novice theme for our country. So, we decided to see that novice theme as a new opportunity and used this concept for our study title, As the first phase of the study, we agreed to design a remote reservation parking system for a public parking area. We designed an online parking reservation mobile application system that shows the available free parking slots to the users where the users can reserve a parking slot for any time they want. IoT-enabled mobile app technology was used to develop the system. Results show promising results applying such a system to local parking stations in Sri Lanka.
Low-grade Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma with Intracaval or Intracardiac Extension: A Retrospective Study of 8 Cases
Authors: Chen Junyu , Wang Jinhui , Cao Dongyan , Yang Jiaxin , Huang Huifang , Pan Lingya , Xiang Yang 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to improve the knowledge of low-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma (LG-ESS) with intracaval or intracardiac extension and tried to identify the potential risk factors and optimal treatment method influencing prognosis.Methods: We performed a retrospective review of eight LG-ESS patients with intracaval or intracardiac extension who underwent treatment at Peking Union Medical College Hospital between 2012 and 2020.Results: The median age at diagnosis was 44 years, ranging from 28 to 56 years. Abnormal uterine bleeding was the most common intimal symptom (3/8), followed by low back discomfort (2/8), edema of the lower limbs (2/8), abdominal pain (1/8), and dyspnea (1/8). All patients underwent resection of the intravascular and extravascular portions of the tumor. Two patients were in stage IIIC, and 6 were in stage IVB. After surgery, 4 patients received adjuvant radiotherapy, of whom 3 also received letrozole. One patient was treated with letrozole alone, and 1 patient received medroxyprogesterone. The average follow-up time was 34.5 months, ranging from 6 to 98 months. No patients died or relapsed during the follow-up period.Conclusions: LG-ESS with intracaval or intracardiac extension is an uncommon type of tumor which is easily misdiagnosed and can only be diagnosed by histological evaluation after surgery. Complete tumoral excision followed by adjuvant therapy may benefit patient survival time. Long-term follow-up is essential due to the high rate of late recurrence.
WITHDRAWN: Hybrid WOA-BAT Optimization for Performance Enhancement of Coexisting WBANs
Authors: Nandagopal Priyanka 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The presence of multiple WBANs in any location leads to co-existence issues as multiple users occupy the same channel at the same time. In a real scenario due to mobility the co-existence issues arise intermittently depending on the closeness of the mobile WBAN and other static/mobile WBANs. Since WBAN’s are used for monitoring the vital parameters of the human body, the performance of the system consisting of multiple WBANs gets affected whenever co-existence issues arise. Existing work deals with interference issues that arise in Intra WBAN communication. Very limited work is present in literature dealing with coexistence issues that arise from Inter WBAN interference due to varying mobility. In this work we evaluate the performance of the system consisting of static/mobile WBANs subject to interference under varying mobility of other WBANs passing by, thereby creating Body to Body Networks for random, intermittent time durations depending on the speed of the mobile WBANs. We consider two cases, a park area with surrounding paths and an old age home located on a roadside with passersby. We propose an optimization technique using WOA to determine closeness between the WBANs and evaluate the performance of the system. We also consider the case of the impact of passer-by WBAN mobility on static WBANs (elderly occupants of an old age home) and develop a hybrid WOABAT approach to determine the optimal positions for the static WBANs such that the entire system performance is optimized.
Strain Range Dependence of Young’s Modulus and Size Effects of Mechanical Properties for Chiral Graphene by Molecular Dynamics Simulations
Authors: Du Yi-Xiu , Zhou Li-Jun , Guo Jian-Gang 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The stress-strain response of pristine monolayer graphene under uniaxial loading/unloading over a larger size range (100nm×100nm) is studied by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, which proves that graphene is perfectly elastic prior to the failure strain. Young’s modulus of graphene is calculated by selecting different strain ranges in the elastic region. It is found that Young’s modulus is strongly dependent on the strain range. When the selected strain ranges are increased from 0.5% to 8%, Young’s modulus of the armchair and zigzag graphene is reduced by approximately 60 Gpa and 150 Gpa, respectively. Based on the Pearson correlation coefficient method, the linearity of the stress-strain curve during graphene stretching is studied. The elastic region of the tensile curve is divided into the linear elastic region and non-linear elastic region. simultaneously, the linear elastic limit strains for the armchair and zigzag graphene are defined to be about 2.5% and 1.5%, respectively, and they are independent of the size of graphene. On this basis, the chirality dependence and size effects of Young’s modulus, failure strain, and fracture strength of pristine monolayer graphene are investigated. The results show that Young’s modulus is dependent on the chiral angle but insensitive to size. The failure strain and fracture strength depend on the chiral angle and have obvious size effects, which decrease with the increase of size range and size ratio.