bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial intelligence and machine learning in glass science and technology: 21 challenges for the 21st century
Authors: Ravinder  , Venugopal Vineeth , Bishnoi Suresh , Singh Sourabh , Zaki Mohd , Grover Hargun Singh , Bauchy Mathieu , Agarwal Manish , Krishnan N. M. Anoop 
Published: January 2021

AbstractGlasses have been an integral part of human life for more than 2000 years. Despite several years of research and analysis, some fundamental and practical questions on glasses still remain unanswered. While most of the earlier approaches were based on (i) expert knowledge and intuition, (ii) Edisonian trial and error, or (iii) physics‐driven modeling and analysis, recent studies suggest that data‐driven techniques, such as artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML), can provide fresh perspectives to tackle some of these questions. In this article, we identify 21 grand challenges in glass science, the solutions of which are either enabling AI and ML or enabled by AI and ML to accelerate the field of glass science. The challenges presented here range from fundamental questions related to glass formation and composition–processing–property relationships to industrial problems such as automated flaw detection in glass manufacturing. We believe that the present article will instill enthusiasm among the readers to explore some of the grand challenges outlined here and to discover many more challenges that can advance the field of glass science, engineering, and technology.
Skin antigen‐presenting cells and wound healing: New knowledge gained and challenges encountered using mouse depletion models
Authors: Rajesh Aarthi , Stuart Gabriella , Real Nicola , Tschirley Allison , Ahn Jenny , Wise Lyn , Hibma Merilyn 
Published: January 2021

SummaryThe role of antigen‐presenting cells in the skin immune system, in particular Langerhans cells and dendritic cells, has not been well defined. We recently published a study in ‘Immunology’ where we reported that the loss of langerin‐positive cells in the skin accelerated wound repair in the Lang‐DTR mouse. The study published here by Li, et al. reports delayed wound closure following depletion of CD11c‐positive cells in the CD11c‐DTR mouse. In this commentary, we attribute the differences between these results to several factors that differ between the studies including the depletion of different cell populations; differences in the age and the sex of mice; differences in antibiotic use between the studies; and differences in the location of the biopsies that were taken. Here, we describe the impact of these differences on wound healing and conclude that further standardization of the wound model, and further characterization of the specific cells that are depleted in these mice, is necessary to better understand how antigen‐presenting cells contribute to wound healing.
A systematic review to inform the development of a Canadian caries risk assessment tool for use by primary healthcare providers
Authors: Schroth Robert J. , Rothney Janet , Sturym Melina , Dabiri Darya , Dabiri Donya , Dong Cecilia C. , Grant Cameron G. , Kennedy Tara , Sihra Rena 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundCaries risk assessment (CRA) tools may assist in identifying children at risk of early childhood caries.AimTo complete a systematic review of CRA and develop a Canadian CRA tool for preschool children for use in non‐dental clinical settings.DesignSystematic searches of relevant databases were conducted. Potential variables were based on strength of associations (odd ratios, relative risk, hazard ratios, etc), frequency of occurrence, and existing CRA tools. Quality of the evidence assessments were performed by at least two review teams through consensus following GRADE.ResultsOverall, 25 publications met the inclusion criteria, all prospective in design. Based on this review, variables to be considered when developing a new CRA tool for use with preschool children are as follows: age, socioeconomic status, family toothbrushing habits, fluoride exposure, infant feeding practices, dietary habits/behaviours, dental home, caries experience, visible plaque, and enamel defects. The environmental scan identified 22 CRA tools suggesting other additional variables to consider including in a CRA tool, including special healthcare needs, enamel defects, and dental attendance.ConclusionsThis review informed the development of a Canadian CRA tool for use by primary healthcare professionals, which may improve access to oral health assessments and increase interprofessional collaboration.
Clinical and economic burden of diabetic foot ulcers: A 5‐year longitudinal multi‐ethnic cohort study from the tropics
Authors: Lo Zhiwen Joseph , Surendra Naren Kumar , Saxena Akshar , Car Josip 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDiabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) present a substantial clinical and economic burden to healthcare systems around the world, with significant reductions in quality of life for those affected. We aimed to analyse the clinical and economic burden of DFU via a 5‐year longitudinal multi‐ethnic cohort study. A longitudinal analysis of inpatient and outpatient DFUs data over 5 years from a university tertiary hospital in Singapore was performed. Data included baseline characteristics, clinical outcomes, hospitalisation, and outpatient details. Descriptive statistics, Kaplan–Meier survival analyses, and Cox proportional hazard models were performed. Patients treated for DFUs (n = 1729, mean patient age of 63·4 years) were assessed. The cohort consists of Chinese (61.4%), Malay (13.5%), and Indian (18.4%) patients. Common comorbidities included peripheral arterial disease (74.8%), peripheral neuropathy (14.5%), and a median haemoglobin A1c of 9.9%. Patients underwent toe(s) amputation (36.4%), transmetatarsal amputations (16.9%), or major amputations (6·5%). The mean length of inpatient stay for ulcer‐only, minor amputation, and major amputation was 13.3, 20.5, and 59.6 days, respectively. Mean cost per patient‐year was US $3368 (ulcer‐only), US $10468 (minor amputation), and US $30131 (major amputation). Minor amputation‐free survival was 80.9% at 1 year and 56.9% at 5 years, while major amputation‐free survival was 97.4% at 1 year and 91.0% at 5 years. In conclusion, within our multi‐ethnic cohort of patients from the tropics, there was significant clinical and economic burden of DFUs, with a high wound per patient ratio and escalating healthcare costs corresponding to more proximal amputation levels.
Should I stay or should I go?: Penalties for briefly de‐prioritizing work or childcare
Authors: Sanzari Christina M. , Dennis Alexandra , Moss‐Racusin Corinne A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe examined penalties against individuals who temporarily de‐prioritize their employee or parenting role. Experiment 1 (N = 488) utilized vignettes depicting a mother/father who briefly left their child with a babysitter to engage in work/self‐care/did not leave (control). Both mothers and fathers were viewed as less parentally competent, likeable, dedicated to their family (and putting their child at greater risk) when they very briefly de‐prioritized their caregiving role by leaving their child for either reason, relative to controls. Experiment 2 (N = 494) utilized vignettes depicting a female/male employee who briefly left work to engage in childcare/self‐care/did not leave (control). Both male and female employees were rated as less professionally competent, likeable, dedicated to their work and deserving of organizational rewards (and more deserving of organizational penalties, and putting their organization at greater risk) when they very briefly de‐prioritized their employee role by leaving work for either reason, compared to controls. However, employees who left for self‐care were viewed more negatively than those who left to engage in childcare. Unexpectedly, results did not reveal target gender differences; they were also largely unaffected by participant gender. This suggests that parents and employees face penalties when they must de‐prioritize either of these important roles for even very short periods. Implications for well‐being, work‐life balance, and productivity are discussed.
The influence of mortality reminders on cultural in‐group versus out‐group takeaway food safety perceptions during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: McCabe Simon , Erdem Seda 
Published: January 2021

AbstractDuring the early stages of the COVID‐19 pandemic takeaway food orders generally increased, yet sales of Chinese and Italian food declined. At this time, news sources ran stories on the safety of cuisine from these countries, frequently juxtaposed with communications on mortality‐related information related to the virus. Terror management theory suggests mortality concerns can lead people to defend against the psychological threat of death by bolstering positive evaluations of products and values of their own culture, and by disparaging products and values of other cultures. This translates to food preferences, with death reminders heightening consumption of food from one's own (vs. others’) culture. However, whether this extends to food safety perceptions has not yet been probed. In the present experimental study, we examine whether death reminders (vs. a control topic) led U.S. participants to view American takeaway food as safer to consume, relative to Chinese and Italian food. Results indicate that across conditions, American food was evaluated as safer relative to Chinese and Italian takeout. Further, American takeaway was seen as safer after mortality reminders (vs. a control topic), with no differences in safety evaluations for Chinese or Italian takeout. Results are discussed in relation to the COVID‐19 pandemic.
Comparative effects of valsartan plus cilnidipine or hydrochlorothiazide on nocturnal home blood pressure
Authors: Fujiwara Takeshi , Hoshide Satoshi , Tomitani Naoko , Kanegae Hiroshi , Kario Kazuomi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe tested our hypothesis that, in hypertensive patients with higher nocturnal home systolic blood pressure (HSBP) at baseline, a valsartan/cilnidipine (80/10 mg) combination would reduce nocturnal HSBP more markedly than a valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide (80/12.5 mg) combination. Patients measured their nocturnal HSBP over three nights prior to study randomization and at the end of treatment. Sixty‐three and 66 patients comprised the valsartan/cilnidipine and valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide groups; their respective baseline nocturnal HSBP values were 124.3 ± 15.6 and 125.8 ± 15.2 mm Hg (P = .597). Nocturnal HSBPs were significantly reduced from baseline in both groups. Although the valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide group exhibited a significantly greater reduction in nocturnal HSBP compared to the valsartan/cilnidipine group (−5.0 vs. −10.0 mm Hg, P = .035), interaction between the treatment groups and the baseline nocturnal HSBP levels for the changes in nocturnal HSBP after the treatment periods was significant (P = .047). The BP‐lowering effect of valsartan/cilnidipine was more dependent on baseline nocturnal HSBP than that of valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide.
Human antigen R regulates hypoxia‐induced mitophagy in renal tubular cells through PARKIN/BNIP3L expressions
Authors: Yu Shao‐Hua , Palanisamy Kalaiselvi , Sun Kuo‐Ting , Li Xin , Wang Yao‐Ming , Lin Feng‐Yen , Chen Kuen‐Bao , Wang I‐Kuan , Yu Tung‐Min , Li Chi‐Yuan 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMitochondrial dysfunction contributes to the pathophysiology of acute kidney injury (AKI). Mitophagy selectively degrades damaged mitochondria and thereby regulates cellular homeostasis. RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) regulate RNA processing at multiple levels and thereby control cellular function. In this study, we aimed to understand the role of human antigen R (HuR) in hypoxia‐induced mitophagy process in the renal tubular cells. Mitophagy marker expressions (PARKIN, p‐PARKIN, PINK1, BNIP3L, BNIP3, LC3) were determined by western blot analysis. Immunofluorescence studies were performed to analyze mitophagosome, mitolysosome, co‐localization of p‐PARKIN/TOMM20 and BNIP3L/TOMM20. HuR‐mediated regulation of PARKIN/BNIP3L expressions was determined by RNA‐immunoprecipitation analysis and RNA stability experiments. Hypoxia induced mitochondrial dysfunction by increased ROS, decline in membrane potential and activated mitophagy through up‐regulated PARKIN, PINK1, BNIP3 and BNIP3L expressions. HuR knockdown studies revealed that HuR regulates hypoxia‐induced mitophagosome and mitolysosome formation. HuR was significantly bound to PARKIN and BNIP3L mRNA under hypoxia and thereby up‐regulated their expressions through mRNA stability. Altogether, our data highlight the importance of HuR in mitophagy regulation through up‐regulating PARKIN/BNIP3L expressions in renal tubular cells.
Role of melatonin in the dynamics of acute spinal cord injury in rats
Authors: Bi Jiaqi , Shen Jianxiong , Chen Chong , Li Zheng , Tan Haining , Sun Peiyu , Lin Youxi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMelatonin is well‐documented to have the ability of reducing nerve inflammation and scavenging free radicals. However, the therapeutic effect of melatonin on spinal cord injury has not been fully described. In this study, we assessed the effect of melatonin on T9 spinal cord injury established by Allen method in rats. Melatonin deficiency significantly delayed the recovery of sensory and motor functions in SCI rats. Treatment with melatonin significantly alleviated neuronal apoptosis and accelerated the recovery of spinal cord function. These results suggest that melatonin is effective to ameliorate spinal cord injury through inhibition of neuronal apoptosis and promotion of neuronal repair.
Causal Effect of Tooth Loss on Functional Capacity in Older Adults in England: A Natural Experiment
Authors: Matsuyama Yusuke , Listl Stefan , Jürges Hendrik , Watt Richard G. , Aida Jun , Tsakos Georgios 
Published: January 2021

Background/ObjectivesTooth loss is associated with reduced functional capacity, but so far, there is no relevant causal evidence reported. We investigated the causal effect of tooth loss on the instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) among older adults in England.DesignNatural experiment study with instrumental variable analysis.SettingThe English Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSA) combined with the participants' childhood exposure to water fluoride due to the community water fluoridation.ParticipantsFive thousand six hundred and thirty one adults in England born in 1945–1965 participated in the ELSA wave seven survey (conducted in 2014–2015; average age: 61.0 years, 44.6% men).MeasurementsThe number of natural teeth predicted by the exogenous geographical and historical variation in exposure to water fluoride from age 5 to 20 years old (instrumental variable) was used as an exposure variable. The outcome, having any limitations in IADL (preparing a hot meal, shopping for groceries, making telephone calls, taking medications, doing work around the house or garden, or managing money), was assessed by self‐reported questionnaires.ResultsLinear probability model with Two‐Stage Least Squares estimation was fitted. Being exposed to fluoridated water was associated with having more natural teeth in later life (coefficient: 0.726; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.311, 1.142; F = 11.749). Retaining one more natural tooth reduced the probability of having a limitation in IADL by 3.1 percentage points (coefficient: −0.031; 95% CI = −0.060, −0.002).ConclusionPreventing tooth loss maintains functional capacity among older adults in England. Given the high prevalence of tooth loss, this effect is considerable. Further research on the mechanism of the observed causal relationship is needed.
Potassium reduction in food by preparation technique for the dietetic management of patients with chronic kidney disease: a review
Authors: Batista R. Aparecida Borges , Japur C. Cremonezi , Prestes I. Valente , Fortunato Silva J. , Cavanha M. , das Graças Pena G. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackgroundChronic kidney disease patients often use food preparation techniques to reduce potassium intake. However, the most effective techniques have not yet been determined for all food groups. The present study aimed to analyse all of the available information on potassium reduction in the food and identify the best preparation techniques by comparing the trend of change in potassium level.MethodsNine databases were searched from 1976 to May 2020, according to the PRISMA Statement. We included all articles reporting the amount of potassium before and after the application of food preparation techniques. Data were analysed using the Wilcoxon test and statistical simulation.ResultsA wide variety of food and culinary processes was observed in the 65 included articles. Cooking in water, pressure cooking and cooking in a microwave oven reduced potassium levels in all food groups, particularly in cereals and derivatives, fruits and derivatives, meats and derivatives, legumes, and leafy and cruciferous vegetables. Soaking food significantly reduced the potassium content in tubers and roots and leafy and cruciferous vegetables. Steam cooking and dry heating cooking also reduced potassium, although at a level lower than the other techniques.ConclusionsThe present review shows that, in general, all food preparation techniques can reduce the potassium content, although cooking in water and soaking promotes a greater reduction; however, more studies with standardised techniques and complete data are necessary.
Morphological changes in the experimental model of polycystic ovary syndrome and effects of vitamin D treatment
Authors: Azhar Arfa , Haider Ghulam , Naseem Zehra , Farooqui Nida , Farooqui Mohammad U. , Rehman Rehana 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimThis research was designed to develop an animal model by inducing polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and observe reproductive and morphological changes after treatment with vitamin D.Materials and MethodsThirty pre‐pubertal female Sprague–Dawley (SD) dams were recruited. The animals were distributed 10 each in control, PCOS and vitamin D‐treated groups. In control group 0.2 ml of sesame oil was given. PCOS group was administered DHEA by the daily dose of 6 mg/kg for 30 days. In vitamin D‐treated group, animals were injected 6 mg/kg/day DHEA daily and 120 ng 1, 25(OH) 2D3/100 g subcutaneously once a week. The occurrence of reproductive phenotypic PCOS was evaluated by estrous cycle, morphology and histological changes of ovary, uterus on light microscope.ResultsThe results of this study showed significant weight gain, obesity, and estrous irregularity in PCOs group as compared to control and vitamin D‐treated group.ConclusionAdministration of vitamin D (120 ng 1, 25(OH) 2D3/100) improved the cycle characteristics, reduced body weight and morphological features in PCOS induced animals. The results support the effect of vitamin D treatment for metabolic and reproductive characteristic features in PCOS females.
Cord blood gas results of pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia and the relationship of these results with the amount of proteinuria
Authors: Demir Ömer , Sal Hidayet , Ozalp Mirac , Aran Turhan , Osmanağaoğlu Mehmet A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAimTo evaluate whether there is a statistically significant difference between the cord blood gas parameters of pregnancies complicated with preeclampsia and uncomplicated pregnancies and to show whether the amount of proteinuria affects fetal cord blood gas parameters in pregnancies complicated with preeclampsia.MethodsThe study was designed retrospectively. Between 2016 and 2019, the neonatal results and cord blood gas results of 109 pregnant women who were diagnosed with preeclampsia and 75 nonpreeclamptic randomly selected pregnant women were compared. The preeclampsia group was divided into groups according to amount of proteinuria. SPSS 21.0 statistics program was used, and comparative analysis was carried out.ResultsThe data of the 109 preeclampsia cases and 75 control groups included in the study were compared, and there was no statistical difference between the fetal cord blood gas parameters between the groups (p > 0.05). The median first and fifth minute Apgar scores were found significantly lower in the preeclampsia group compared to the control group (6, 8 and 8, 9, respectively;p < 0.001). Also, the amount of proteinuria does not alter cord blood gas parameters (p > 0.05).ConclusionPreeclampsia poses a risk for the neonatal period as it reduces the neonatal Apgar scores due to the chronic hypoxic process it creates. However, it was observed that the amount of proteinuria, which is one of the diagnostic criteria, did not affect neonatal results on Apgar scores or fetal cord blood gas parameters.
Diagnostic accuracy of a lung ultrasound protocol (Vet BLUE) for detection of pleural fluid, pneumothorax and lung pathology in dogs and cats
Authors: Cole L. , Pivetta M. , Humm K. 
Published: January 2021

ObjectivesTo assess the accuracy of the lung ultrasound protocol Vet BLUE, using thoracic CT as the reference standard, for the detection of thoracic pathology in dogs and cats.Materials and MethodsAnimals that had thoracic ultrasound and thoracic CT were prospectively recruited between May 2017 and September 2018. The Vet BLUE protocol was performed on animals at the time of admission by veterinarians with basic training in emergency ultrasound. A board‐certified radiologist, blinded to the Vet BLUE findings, reviewed the CT images.ResultsCT was abnormal in 64.5% (20/31) animals. The number of CT sites positive for alveolar‐interstitial syndrome was 24.2% (60/248). When using CT as the reference standard, detection of ≥3 B lines with thoracic ultrasound had a sensitivity of 18.33% and specificity of 98.4% for detection of site specific alveolar‐interstitial syndrome. The sensitivity of Vet BLUE to detect alveolar‐interstitial syndrome increased to 56.9% when including the presence of any B line as abnormal. Overall accuracy for detection of alveolar‐interstitial syndrome based on these two criteria was 79% and 73%, respectively. Vet BLUE correctly identified consolidation in 58.3% (14/24) sites, pleural effusion in 66.6% (2/3) cases, pneumothorax in 33.3% (1/3) cases and intrathoracic mass in 25% (1/4) cases.Clinical SignificanceThe Vet BLUE protocol is a useful technique to detect alveolar‐interstitial syndrome and other thoracic pathology but should not be used as a sole imaging method. Detection of ≥3 B lines is highly suggestive of alveolar‐interstitial syndrome and warrants further diagnostics.
Mental health workers' experiences of support and help‐seeking following workplace violence: A qualitative study
Authors: Rodrigues Nicole C. , Ham Elke , Kirsh Bonnie , Seto Michael C. , Hilton N. Zoe 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe consequences of workplace trauma among mental health staff can include physical injuries and somatic disorders, professional exhaustion and burnout, depression, anxiety, and other occupational stress injuries. For the well‐being of staff and patients, there is a need to understand mental health workers' experiences following exposure to workplace trauma, any subsequent mental health problems, and the process of help‐seeking. The nuances of these experiences can best be captured through qualitative exploration. In this study, we explored inpatient mental health workers' experiences of support and help‐seeking following workplace violence. Four overall themes emerged from interviews with 12 participants: (i) validation as motivation for help‐seeking; (ii) stigma as a barrier to help‐seeking; (iii) gaps in services provided; and (iv) desire for accessible and effective trauma support and education. This study demonstrates the need for supportive management responses and peer support, access to specialized and confidential trauma‐informed mental health services, and reductions in stigma, victim blaming, and other barriers to help‐seeking among mental health workers.