bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FIDUCIARIES THEN AND NOW
Authors: Worthington Sarah 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis article takes as its starting point three ground-breaking articles by Len Sealy in the 1960s, and examines their lasting impact on the modern law of fiduciaries. It includes a detailed consideration of the modern tendency to describe rather than define fiduciaries; it critiques the current readiness to merge fiduciaries with other power-holders, thus ignoring the significant differences between the duties of loyalty in issue in the two contexts; and finally it evaluates and defends the modern approach to fiduciary remedies, especially equitable compensation.
Chronic rhinosinusitis: microbiology and treatment of acute exacerbations in patients after endoscopic surgery
Authors: Woźniak A , Nowak K , Wnuk J , Kaczmarczyk J , Król P , Stręk P , Składzień J , Szaleniec J 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectiveAntibiotics are the mainstay of therapy for acute exacerbation of chronic rhinosinusitis. However, no treatment guidelines exist. Most clinicians follow the recommendations for acute bacterial rhinosinusitis, usually caused by Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae or Moraxella catarrhalis, and treat with amoxicillin or amoxicillin-clavulanate.MethodMedical data of 810 patients who had undergone endoscopic sinus surgery were analysed retrospectively. The results of bacterial cultures and treatment course were assessed in 152 patients who presented with acute exacerbation of chronic rhinosinusitis within 6 months of endoscopic sinus surgery.ResultsThe most common bacterial species present were Staphylococcus aureus (36 per cent), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13 per cent) and Escherichia coli (11 per cent). Most of the isolates showed resistance or intermediate sensitivity to amoxicillin-clavulanate. Targeted antibiotic therapy was significantly more effective than empiric therapy (71 per cent versus 42 per cent). The most effective antibiotics were fluoroquinolones.ConclusionAcute exacerbation of chronic rhinosinusitis shows different microbiology than acute bacterial rhinosinusitis and requires a different therapeutic approach. It is optimally treated with culture-directed antibiotic therapy.
Large increase of vertebral osteomyelitis in France: a 2010–2019 cross-sectional study
Authors: Conan Yoann , Laurent Emeline , Belin Yannick , Lacasse Marion , Amelot Aymeric , Mulleman Denis , Rosset Philippe , Bernard Louis , Grammatico-Guillon Leslie 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Vertebral osteomyelitis (VO) represents 4–10% of bone and joint infections. In Western countries, its incidence seems to increase, simultaneously with an increasing number of comorbidities among an ageing population. This study aimed to assess the evolution of VO epidemiology in France over the 2010–2019 decade. A nationwide cross-sectional study was conducted using the French hospital discharge data collected through the French diagnosis-related groups ‘Programme de Médicalisation des Systèmes d'Information’. VOs were detected with a previously validated case definition using International Classification of Diseases 10 (ICD-10) codes, implemented with the French current procedural terminology codes. The study population included all patients hospitalised in France during the 2010–2019 decade, aged 15 years old and more. Patient and hospital stay characteristics and their evolutions were described. During the study period, 42 105 patients were hospitalised for VO in France involving 60 878 hospital stays. The mean VO incidence was 7.8/100 000 over the study period, increasing from 6.1/100 000 in 2010 to 11.3/100 000 in 2019. The mean age was 64.8 years old and the sex ratio was 1.56. There were 31 341 (74.4%) patients with at least one comorbidity and 3059 (7.3%) deceased during their hospital stay. Even if rare, device-associated VOs (4450 hospital stays, 7.3%) highly increased over the period. The reliability of the method, based upon an exhaustive database and a validated case definition, provided an effective tool to compare data over time in real-life conditions to regularly update the epidemiology of VO.
Effect of nucleocytoplasmic ratio on the in vitro porcine embryo development after in vitro fertilization or parthenogenetic activation
Authors: Men Nguyen Thi , Dang-Nguyen Thanh Quang , Somfai Tamas , Nguyen Hiep Thi , Noguchi Junko , Kaneko Hiroyuki , Kikuchi Kazuhiro 
Published: October 2021

SummaryThis study was conducted to examine whether the nuclear to cytoplasmic (N/C) ratio had any influence on the timing of embryo compaction and blastocoel formation, as well as formation rate and quality of blastocyst. First, we produced embryos with increased N/C ratio by removal of approximately one-third of the cytoplasm and with decreased N/C ratio by doubling the oocyte cytoplasm with an enucleated oocyte. The initiation of compaction and cavitation in reduced cytoplasm group was significantly earlier (P < 0.05) compared with the control and doubled cytoplasm groups. The rate of blastocysts in the reduced cytoplasm and doubled cytoplasm groups was significantly lower (P < 0.05) compared with the control group. Blastocyst quality in terms of total cell number in the reduced cytoplasm group was significantly lower (P < 0.05) compared with the doubled cytoplasm group, but not different from the control group. Next, we produced embryos with various N/C ratios by oocyte fusion combined with cytochalasin D treatment. The onset of compaction and cavitation in the 2N/2C group (decreased N/C ratio) was significantly delayed (P < 0.05) or had the tendency to be delayed (P = 0.064), respectively, compared with the control group (2N/1C). A significantly higher rate of blastocyst was observed in the 4N/2C group compared with the 1N/1C group (P < 0.05) but not different from the remaining groups. These results demonstrated that an increase in N/C ratio caused an earlier occurrence of morula compaction and blastocyst formation in both in vitro fertilization (IVF) and parthenogenetically activated pig embryos.
Going in circles? The influence of the electoral cycle on the party behaviour in parliament
Authors: Schwalbach Jan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractMost analyses dealing with the interaction of parties in parliament assume their interests to be fixed between elections. However, a rational perspective suggests that parties adapt their behaviour throughout the legislative term. I argue that this change is influenced by incentives and possibilities to shape legislation and the need to distinguish oneself from competitors. While for government parties it matters whether they have to share offices, for opposition parties the influence on policy-making is important. By examining the sentiment of all parliamentary speeches on bill proposals from six established democracies over more than twenty years, I analyse institutional and contextual effects. The results show that single-party governments tend to become more positive towards the end of the legislative cycle compared to coalition governments. On the other hand, opposition parties under minority governments, or with more institutionalised influence on government bills, show a more negative trend in comparison to their counterparts.
Stark Physical and Biogeochemical Differences and Implications for Ecosystem Stressors in the Northeast Pacific Coastal Ocean
Authors: Dosser H. V. , Waterman S. , Jackson J. M. , Hannah C. G. , Evans W. , Hunt B. P. V. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractRegional differences in water properties and responses to stressors are key to understanding ecosystem vulnerabilities in coastal regions globally. Our study focuses on Canada's British Columbia coastal waters, from Queen Charlotte Strait to the Strait of Georgia. This area is bisected by shallow, narrow, tidally mixed channels with some of the strongest tidal currents in the world. We examine differences between regions on either side of this constriction, focusing on physical water properties and responses to three potential physical and biogeochemical stressors: nutrient levels, marine heatwaves, and ocean acidification. Our results quantify a spatially abrupt and temporally persistent lateral gradient in temperature, salinity, and density co‐located with a previously documented strong mixing zone. The distributions of density on either side of this front remain largely distinct throughout the tidal cycle, for all seasons, and for over 70 individual years for which data are available. Additionally, nutrient concentrations and molar ratios north of the front are statistically distinct from those to the south, and regions north of the front responded more strongly to the arrival of the marine heatwave known as “The Blob”. Lastly, regional differences in sensitivity to ocean acidification are identified, with high values at the surface in the Discovery Islands making that area very sensitive to ocean acidification. These results demonstrate the degree to which dramatic water property differences in adjacent coastal regions can persist over a wide range of time scales, with important connections to their responses to environmental stressors and implications for present and future ecosystem vulnerability.
Channel Constriction Predicts Pool‐Riffle Velocity Reversals Across Landscapes
Authors: Byrne C. F. , Pasternack G. B. , Guillon H. , Lane B. A. , Sandoval‐Solis S. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractResearch regarding self‐maintenance of pool‐riffle river morphology has focused on hydraulics within individual pool‐riffle couplets. Here, we make a scientific leap from one site on river to 702 pool‐riffle couplets across northern California to understand the frequency of the foundational velocity‐reversal hypothesis. A geometrical, mass and energy conservation‐based velocity reversal criterion was used to predict the occurrence of a velocity reversal. Only 18% of all couplets met the established criteria indicating a velocity reversal. At locations with riffle‐to‐pool bankfull width ratios greater than 1.2, more than 50% of couplets met velocity‐reversal conditions. Velocity reversal pools were almost always (89%) associated with channel constrictions while riffles were typically (71%) associated with channel expansions, albeit less often. Therefore, across landscapes, it appears channel constrictions propagate velocity reversal maintenance. Phasing between width and depth variability is central to fluvial morphodynamics and ecology and must be considered in sustainable river eco‐engineering.
Observed Regional Fluxes to Constrain Modeled Estimates of the Ocean Carbon Sink
Authors: Fay A. R. , McKinley G. A. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe compare air‐sea CO2 exchange in an ensemble of global ocean hindcast models to a suite of observation‐based products for 1990–2018. Individual products agree closely with regional fluxes, but individual models vary widely in their regional estimates. Despite their regional divergence, individual models estimate similar global mean fluxes, indicating that significant regional compensation occurs to balance in the global integral. Models diverge most strongly from the observed mean flux in the northern and southern subtropics, despite a strong agreement in seasonality. In the Southern Ocean, models estimate a wide range of both mean and seasonality. The ensemble of observation‐based products can be used to select the models that best represent the regionally‐resolved mean state of air‐sea CO2 exchange. Three models are within 3σ of the observed estimates in all regions. With this selected model ensemble, the global mean flux is slightly reduced and its uncertainty is reduced by 35%.
Copernican‐Aged (<200 Ma) Impact Ejecta at the Chang'e‐5 Landing Site: Statistical Evidence From Crater Morphology, Morphometry, and Degradation Models
Authors: Qian Yuqi , Xiao Long , Head James W. , Wöhler Christian , Bugiolacchi Roberto , Wilhelm Thorsten , Althoff Stephanie , Ye Binlong , He Qi , Yuan Yuefeng , Zhao Siyuan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractChang'e‐5 successfully returned ∼1,731 g of lunar samples on December 17, 2020. We systematically studied the morphology and morphometry of craters surrounding the Chang'e‐5 site based on high‐resolution images. A key ejecta source crater database was produced, incorporating their morphometrical parameters, excavation depth, target rock types, and ages from either crater counting, crater morphology or degradation methods. We found that (a) the regolith at the Chang'e‐5 site is ∼4–6 m thick, (b) ejecta are primarily from five proximal craters, including Xu Guangqi, dominantly with ages <200 Ma; (c) distal materials are mainly from Harpalus, Copernicus, Aristarchus, and Mairan G craters; (d) the drill samples are likely to be mainly from Impact Crater (IC)‐261 and IC‐265 particles at the top and the contribution of Xu Guangqi increases with depth; (e) the ejecta of Xu Guangqi would buried preexisting materials but probably overturned by postimpacts.
On the Relationship Between Normal Stiffness and Permeability of Rock Fractures
Authors: Li Bo , Cui Xiaofeng , Zou Liangchao , Cvetkovic Vladimir 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe hydraulic permeability and normal stiffness of rock fractures are fundamentally related, which can serve as a probe for assessing hydro‐mechanical properties in a variety of geo‐engineering contexts. We present experimentally validated numerical simulations of fracture closure and fluid flow processes in realistic aperture structures with mean in the range of 0.01–2 mm. A relatively simple relationship between permeability and normal stiffness is derived in the effective medium regime, using the elastic modulus of the rock matrix, the mean mechanical aperture, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the local mechanical aperture. The established relationship between stiffness and permeability appears independent of scale or orientation.
High‐Resolution 10Be and 36Cl Data From the Antarctic Dome Fuji Ice Core (∼100 Years Around 5480 BCE): An Unusual Grand Solar Minimum Occurrence?
Authors: Kanzawa K. , Miyake F. , Horiuchi K. , Sasa K. , Takano K. , Matsumura M. , Takahashi T. , Motizuki Y. , Takahashi K. , Nakai Y. , Ohtani K. , Tada Y. , Ochiai Y. , Motoyama H. , Matsuzaki H. , Yamazaki A. , Muramatsu Y. , Yamagata T. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCosmogenic nuclides in tree rings and polar ice cores record the information of past cosmic ray intensities and solar activities. A large 14C increase over 10 years has been discovered around 5480 BCE. The 14C variations in this event differ from those of other short‐term cosmic ray events and typical grand solar minima. To elucidate the cause of the 14C increase around 5480 BCE, we measured the 10Be and 36Cl concentrations in the Antarctic Dome Fuji ice core at quasi‐annual and 4–5 years resolutions, respectively. Based on the combined 14C, 10Be, and 36Cl data, the 5480 BCE event was probably not caused by a solar proton event (SPE) or a gamma‐ray event, because the 36Cl concentration did not significantly increase as expected in these events. The incremented 10Be data were enhanced similarly to those of recent grand solar minima, but more rapidly increased (over ∼10 years). These results suggest that an unusual grand solar minimum occurred around 5480 BCE, characterized by a rapidly decreasing solar activity.
Numerical Study of the Thermal Structure and Circulation in a Large and Deep Dimictic Lake Over Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Wu Yang , Huang Anning , Lu Youyu , Lazhu  , Yang Xianyu , Qiu Bo , Zhang Zhiqi , Zhang Xindan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA three‐dimensional (3‐D) hydrodynamic model based on the Princeton Ocean Model (POM) was applied to simulate the thermal structure and circulation of Lake Nam Co (LNC), the third largest lake over the Tibetan Plateau (TP), during May–December 2013. Compared with a spatially distributed set of one‐dimensional thermal diffusion lake models, POM better reproduced the observed seasonal evolution of the horizontal distribution of lake surface temperature and the vertical thermal structure. A heat budget analysis confirmed that the lateral heat exchange made significant contributions to the horizontal variability of lake temperature. The model results showed that LNC was thermally stratified in summer, had a weak inverse stratification since mid‐December, and was fully turned over during late spring and autumn. During both overturning phases, the modeled “thermal bar” was developed as a result of the density‐driven convection in response to the radiative heating (surface cooling) during spring (autumn). The 3‐D model results showed that the monthly mean circulation featured a predominant mid‐lake cyclonic gyre throughout the ice‐free period; upwelling along the western coast and strong coastal currents occurred in all months except in July–August. Model sensitivity experiments confirmed that the lake circulation was primarily driven by the barotropic dynamics of the prevailing southwesterly wind, while the baroclinic process made a secondary contribution. The results pointed out the necessity to resolve lateral processes when modeling large TP lakes.
Quasi‐Global Maps of Daily Aerosol Optical Depth From a Ring of Five Geostationary Meteorological Satellites Using AERUS‐GEO
Authors: Ceamanos Xavier , Six Bruno , Riedi Jérôme 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGeostationary meteorological satellites are recently receiving a great deal of attention from the aerosol remote sensing community due to their increasingly advanced performances including their ability to acquire multiple views of the Earth per day. However, this type of observing systems are limited by their partial coverage of the globe, which makes them inappropriate for monitoring long‐range‐transported particles or assimilating the derived aerosol products into global atmospheric models. This shortcoming is overcome in this pioneering investigation thanks to the simultaneous use of the geostationary satellites GOES‐17, GOES‐16, Meteosat‐11, Meteosat‐8, and Himawari‐8. The combination of these five spacecrafts (herein referred to as GEO‐ring) covers the full globe except for polar regions, which are not seen from geostationary orbit. Data acquired by the GEO‐ring in 2020 are processed by the algorithm AERUS‐GEO to provide quasi‐global maps of daily aerosol optical depth (AOD). These data are proved to be accurate with respect to AERONET ground measurements. The potential of the GEO‐ring for aerosol science is then demonstrated. First, retrieved AOD maps are proved to be potentially useful for global aerosol forecasting due to the improved Earth coverage of the GEO‐ring with respect to the polar orbiting satellites Terra/Aqua (51.4% vs. 26.6%). Second, retrieved aerosol data are used to track long‐range‐transported aerosols emitted during the 2020 Western US wildfires. This article is a prelude to the aerosol remote sensing that will be possible when a GEO‐ring exclusively consisting of next generation imagers will be available with the launch of Meteosat Third Generation‐Imager.
Trickle and Treat? The Critical Role of Marine‐Terminating Glaciers as Icy Macronutrient Pumps in Polar Regions
Authors: Hawkings Jon R. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractNutrient supply to the coastal euphotic zone is critical in sustaining the productivity of ecosystems and provides an important feedback on the carbon cycle via stimulating the biological pump. The supply of coastal nutrients is typically thought to be dominated by terrestrial inputs and upwelling of deep ocean waters. Marine‐terminating glaciers can provide nutrients via both mechanisms but the relative importance of each is dependent on complex physical–biogeochemical processes ranging from those in the glacier drainage system to the ice–ocean interface. Constraining these glacial nutrient supply processes in a remote part of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) is the focus of a new study by Williams et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JG006289). Their findings advance our understanding of the role glaciers play in polar nutrient cycling by highlighting significant shallow meltwater pumping of macronutrient‐replete marine waters by CAA marine‐terminating glaciers into the euphotic zone.
Learning to Correct Climate Projection Biases
Authors: Pan Baoxiang , Anderson Gemma J. , Goncalves André , Lucas Donald D. , Bonfils Céline J. W. , Lee Jiwoo , Tian Yang , Ma Hsi‐Yen 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe fidelity of climate projections is often undermined by biases in climate models due to their simplification or misrepresentation of unresolved climate processes. While various bias correction methods have been developed to post‐process model outputs to match observations, existing approaches usually focus on limited, low‐order statistics, or break either the spatiotemporal consistency of the target variable, or its dependency upon model resolved dynamics. We develop a Regularized Adversarial Domain Adaptation (RADA) methodology to overcome these deficiencies, and enhance efficient identification and correction of climate model biases. Instead of pre‐assuming the spatiotemporal characteristics of model biases, we apply discriminative neural networks to distinguish historical climate simulation samples and observation samples. The evidences based on which the discriminative neural networks make distinctions are applied to train the domain adaptation neural networks to bias correct climate simulations. We regularize the domain adaptation neural networks using cycle‐consistent statistical and dynamical constraints. An application to daily precipitation projection over the contiguous United States shows that our methodology can correct all the considered moments of daily precipitation at approximately resolution, ensures spatiotemporal consistency and inter‐field correlations, and can discriminate between different dynamical conditions. Our methodology offers a powerful tool for disentangling model parameterization biases from their interactions with the chaotic evolution of climate dynamics, opening a novel avenue toward big‐data enhanced climate predictions.
Fenton and Fenton-like wet oxidation for degradation and destruction of organic radioactive wastes
Authors: Walling Sam A. , Um Wooyong , Corkhill Claire L. , Hyatt Neil C. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFenton or Fenton-like oxidation for treatment of organic radioactive wastes is a promising technology with applications to a range of organic wastes. This review details this process; exploring potential challenges, pitfalls and opportunities for industrial usage with radioactive wastes. The application of this process to real radioactive wastes within pilot-plant settings has been documented, with key findings critically assessed in the context of future waste production. Although this oxidation process has not found mainstream success in treatment of radioactive wastes, a lower temperature oxidation system bring certain benefits, specifically for higher volume or problematic organic wastestreams.
Response to Powell et al., “Do Hearing Aids Prevent Falls? Commentary on Study From the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey”
Authors: Riska Kristal M. , Peskoe Sarah B. , Gordee Alex , Kuchibhatla Maragatha , Smith Sherri L. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose:
This letter serves to respond to Powell et al.'s (2021) letter to the editor regarding our recent publication, "Preliminary Evidence on the Impact of Hearing Aid Use on Falls Risk in Individuals With Self-Reported Hearing Loss." In our letter, we respond to key concerns and commentary raised by the authors.