bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of a genus-specific rGroEL1-524 IgM-ELISA and commercial ELISA kits during the course of leptospirosis in Thailand
Authors: Maneewatchararangsri Santi , Doungchawee Galayanee , Kalambaheti Thareerat , Luvira Viravarn , Soonthornworasiri Ngamphol , Vattanatham Pisut , Chaisri Urai , Adisakwattana Poom 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn the present study, we developed a genus-specific rGroEL1-524 IgM-ELISA assay for use in screening diagnosis of suspected leptospirosis among acute undifferentiated febrile illness patients during acute fever. The diagnostic accuracies of the rGroEL1–524 IgM-ELISA, commercial Panbio IgM-ELISA, and Virion-Serion Classic IgG-ELISA were evaluated using 133 Thai leptospirosis sera and 210 controls. Sensitivities were 91.7%, 59.6%, and 17.7% for acute infection, and the specificities were 92.6%, 90.2%, and 88.3% for the non-leptospirosis control, respectively. The rGroEL1-524 IgM-ELISA had high sensitivity, at 92.3% and 91.7%, among culture-positive and MAT-negative cases at 1–3 days post-onset of symptoms (DPO1–3), respectively. Impaired specificity on scrub typhus was found, possibly from antibody cross-reaction to ortholog GroEL. Commercial Panbio IgM-ELISA had sensitivities at DPO1–3 of 30.8% and 41.7% for culture-positive and MAT-negative cases whereas Virion-Serion IgG-ELISA showed sensitivities of 5.9% and 13.3%, respectively. The rGroEL1-524 IgM-ELISA could be useful as a screening test for early diagnosis. The performance of the commercial ELISA suggests the applicability of IgM-ELISA for diagnosis, while IgG-ELISA is useful for seroprevalence surveys. However, confirmation by reference tests is recommended.
Population-scale identification of differential adverse events before and during a pandemic
Authors: Zhang Xiang , Sumathipala Marissa , Zitnik Marinka 
Published: October 2021

AbstractAdverse patient safety events, unintended injuries resulting from medical therapy, were associated with 110,000 deaths in the United States in 2019. A nationwide pandemic (such as COVID-19) further challenges the ability of healthcare systems to ensure safe medication use and the pandemic’s effects on safety events remain poorly understood. Here, we investigate drug safety events across demographic groups before and during a pandemic using a dataset of 1,425,371 reports involving 2,821 drugs and 7,761 adverse events. Among 64 adverse events identified by our analyses, we find 54 increased in frequency during the pandemic, despite a 4.4% decrease in the total number of reports. Out of 53 adverse events with a pre-pandemic gender gap, 33 have seen their gap increase with the pandemic onset. We find that the number of adverse events with an increased reporting ratio is higher in adults (by 16.8%) than in older patients. Our findings have implications for safe medication use and preventable healthcare inequality in public health emergencies.
Spatial Hearing and Functional Auditory Skills in Children With Unilateral Hearing Loss
Authors: Corbin Nicole E. , Buss Emily , Leibold Lori J. 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to characterize spatial hearing abilities of children with longstanding unilateral hearing loss (UHL). UHL was expected to negatively impact children's sound source localization and masked speech recognition, particularly when the target and masker were separated in space. Spatial release from masking (SRM) in the presence of a two-talker speech masker was expected to predict functional auditory performance as assessed by parent report.

Method
Participants were 5- to 14-year-olds with sensorineural or mixed UHL, age-matched children with normal hearing (NH), and adults with NH. Sound source localization was assessed on the horizontal plane (−90° to 90°), with noise that was either all-pass, low-pass, high-pass, or an unpredictable mixture. Speech recognition thresholds were measured in the sound field for sentences presented in two-talker speech or speech-shaped noise. Target speech was always presented from 0°; the masker was either colocated with the target or spatially separated at ±90°. Parents of children with UHL rated their children's functional auditory performance in everyday environments via questionnaire.

Results
Sound source localization was poorer for children with UHL than those with NH. Children with UHL also derived less SRM than those with NH, with increased masking for some conditions. Effects of UHL were larger in the two-talker than the noise masker, and SRM in two-talker speech increased with age for both groups of children. Children with UHL whose parents reported greater functional difficulties achieved less SRM when either masker was on the side of the better-hearing ear.

Conclusions
Children with UHL are clearly at a disadvantage compared with children with NH for both sound source localization and masked speech recognition with spatial separation. Parents' report of their children's real-world communication abilities suggests that spatial hearing plays an important role in outcomes for children with UHL.
The Effectiveness of Physical, Occupational, and Speech Therapy in the Treatment of Patients With COVID-19 in the Inpatient Rehabilitation Setting
Authors: Bellinger Leah , Ouellette Nelle Hannah , Robertson Julie Leonard 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has resulted in prolonged hospitalizations due to complications of moderate-to-severe COVID-19, leaving many with significant debilitation and functional impairment. The purpose of this research study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of physical, occupational, and speech therapy in the treatment of individuals recovering from COVID-19 in the inpatient rehabilitation setting.

Method

An observational pretest–posttest study of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 admitted to Adventist HealthCare Rehabilitation was conducted. Results from the Inpatient Rehabilitation Facility Patient Assessment Instrument (IRF PAI), the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), the Modified Barthel Index–Shah Version (mBI), the Orientation Log, and the Cognitive Log were collected and analyzed utilizing a paired
t
test.

Results

Statistically significant improvements (
p
< .05) in IRF PAI (
p
= 2.02 × 10
−14
), 6MWT (
p
= 2.29 × 10
−9
), mBI (
p
= 5.95 × 10
−9
), Orientation Log (
p
= 1.81 × 10
−2
), and Cognitive Log (
p
= 9.21 × 10
−4
) scores demonstrate that physical, occupational, and speech therapy improved the mobility, self-care, and cognitive performance of individuals recovering from COVID-19 at the inpatient rehabilitation level of care.

Conclusions
These findings can be used to impact the appropriate progression of patients through the health care continuum. As treatment of COVID-19 continues to evolve, ongoing research in this area of practice is warranted to continue to demonstrate the role of rehabilitation in the recovery process.
Comparison of Self-Report of Dysphagia Using the Eating Assessment Tool and the Sydney Swallowing Questionnaire in Community Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Madhavan Aarthi , Shuman Nicole , Snyder Claire , Etter Nicole 
Published: October 2021

Purpose
Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) are an important feature in clinical evaluation of swallowing. The Eating Assessment Tool (EAT-10) and the Sydney Swallow Questionnaire (SSQ) are two validated dysphagia PROs commonly used in healthy older adult populations as screening tools for swallowing problems. The purpose of this study is to compare the consistency of the EAT-10 and SSQ scores for self-reported swallowing difficulties in a group of community-dwelling older adults (CDOA) completing both questionnaires.

Method
A total of 316 individuals over the age of 60 years completed the EAT-10, SSQ, and provided demographic data, including a self-report of any medical diagnoses. Participants were excluded if they had any diagnoses known to cause dysphagia. Questionnaire responses were analyzed for frequencies of responses across all participants.

Results
Seventy-five participants were identified as having dysphagia by the EAT-10 (23.7%), while 30 participants were identified by the SSQ (9.49%). When comparing the results of the two assessments, the scales agreed on 289 out of 316 participants (91%). There was a disagreement on the results in 27 of the 316 participants, with 26 of these self-reporting dysphagia symptoms on the EAT-10 but not on the SSQ.

Conclusions
Two commonly used dysphagia PROs resulted in different prevalence rates of self-reported dysphagia in a group of CDOA. CDOAs may need questionnaires specifically validated for them with special consideration for specific age-related risk factors, to ensure accurate early identification.
Unveiling wide-orbit companions to K-type stars in Sco-Cen withGaiaEDR3
Authors: Bohn Alexander J. , Ginski Christian , Kenworthy Matthew A. , Mamajek Eric E. , Meshkat Tiffany , Pecaut Mark J. , Reggiani Maddalena , Seay Christopher R. , Brown Anthony G. A. , Cugno Gabriele , Henning Thomas , Launhardt Ralf , Quirrenbach Andreas , Rickman Emily L. , Ségransan Damien 
Published: October 2021

Context.The detection of low-mass companions to stellar hosts is important for testing the formation scenarios of these systems. Companions at wide separations are particularly intriguing objects as they are easily accessible for variability studies of the rotational dynamics and cloud coverage of these brown dwarfs or planetary-mass objects.Aims.We aim to identify new low-mass companions to young stars using the astrometric measurements provided by theGaiaspace mission. When possible, we use high-contrast imaging data collected with VLT/SPHERE.Methods.We identified companion candidates from a sample of K-type, pre-main-sequence stars in the Scorpius Centaurus association using the early version of the third data release of theGaiaspace mission. Based on the provided positions, proper motions, and magnitudes, we identified all objects within a predefined radius, whose differential proper motions are consistent with a gravitationally bound system. As the ages of our systems are known, we derived companion masses through comparison with evolutionary tracks. For seven identified companion candidates we used additional data collected with VLT/SPHERE and VLT/NACO to assess the accuracy of the properties of the companions based onGaiaphotometry alone.Results.We identify 110 comoving companions that have a companionship likelihood of more than 95%. Further color-magnitude analysis confirms their Sco-Cen membership. We identify ten especially intriguing companions that have masses in the brown dwarf regime down to 20MJup. Our high-contrast imaging data confirm both astrometry and photometric masses derived fromGaiaalone. We discovered a new brown dwarf companion, TYC 8252-533-1 B, with a projected separation of approximately 570 au from its Sun-like primary. It is likely to be located outside the debris disk around its primary star and SED modeling ofGaia, SPHERE, and NACO photometry provides a companion mass of 52−11+17 MJup.Conclusions.We show that theGaiadatabase can identify low-mass companions at wide separations from their host stars. For K-type Sco-Cen members,Gaiacan detect sub-stellar objects at projected separations larger than 300 au and with a sensitivity limit beyond 1000 au and a lower mass limit down to 20MJup. A similar analysis of other star-forming regions could significantly enlarge the sample size of such objects and facilitate testing of the formation and evolution theories of planetary systems.
Sulfur abundances in the Galactic bulge and disk
Authors: Lucertini F. , Monaco L. , Caffau E. , Bonifacio P. , Mucciarelli A. 
Published: October 2021

Context. The measurement of α-element abundances provides a powerful tool for placing constraints on the chemical evolution and star formation history of galaxies. The majority of studies on the α-element sulfur (S) are focused on local stars, making S behavior in other environments an astronomical topic that is yet to be explored in detail.
Aims. The investigation of S in the Galactic bulge was recently considered for the first time. This work aims to improve our knowledge on S behavior in this component of the Milky Way.
Methods. We present the S abundances of 74 dwarf and sub-giant stars in the Galactic bulge, along with 21 and 30 F and G thick- and thin-disk stars, respectively. We performed a local thermodynamic equilibrium analysis and applied corrections for non-LTE on high resolution and high signal-to-noise UVES spectra. S abundances were derived from multiplets 1, 6, and 8 in the metallicity range of − 2 < [Fe/H] < 0.6, by spectrosynthesis or line equivalent widths.
Results. We confirm that the behavior of S resembles that of an α-element within the Galactic bulge. In the [S/Fe] versus [Fe/H] diagram, S presents a plateau at low metallicity, followed by a decreasing of [S/Fe] with the increasing of [Fe/H], before reaching [S/Fe] ~ 0 at a super-solar metallicity. We found that the Galactic bulge is S-rich with respect to both the thick- and thin-disks at − 1 < [Fe/H] < 0.3, supporting a scenario of more rapid formation and chemical evolution in the Galactic bulge than in the disk.
News from Gaia on σ Ori E: A case study for the wind magnetic braking process
Authors: Song H. F. , Meynet G. , Maeder A. , Mowlavi N. , Stroud S. R. , Keszthelyi Z. , Ekström S. , Eggenberger P. , Georgy C. , Wade G. A. , Qin Y. 
Published: October 2021

Context.σ Ori E, a massive helium B-type star, shows high surface rotation and a strong surface magnetic field, potentially challenging the process of wind magnetic braking.
Aims. The Gaia satellite provides an accurate distance to σ Ori E and confirms its membership to the σ Ori cluster. We account for these two key pieces of information in order to investigate whether single star models can reproduce the observed properties of σ Ori E and provide new estimates for its metallicity, mass, and age.
Methods. We computed rotating stellar models accounting for wind magnetic braking and magnetic quenching of the mass loss. We considered two metallicities (Z = 0.014, with a helium mass fraction Y = 0.273 and Z = 0.020 with Y = 0.266), four initial masses between 8 and 9 M⊙, three initial rotations between 250 and 450 km s−1, and three initial surface equatorial magnetic field between 3 and 7 kG. Differential rotation is assumed for the internal rotation in all models. We looked for models simultaneously accounting for the observed radius, position in the HR diagram, surface velocity, and braking timescale.
Results. We obtain that σ Ori E is a very young star (age less than 1 Myr) with an initial mass of around 9 M⊙, a surface equatorial magnetic field of around 7 kG, and a metallicity Z (mass fraction of heavy elements) of around 0.020. No solution is obtained with the present models for a metallicity of Z = 0.014. The initial rotation of the models fitting σ Ori E is not highly constrained and could be anywhere in the range studied here. Because of its very young age, models predict no observable changes of the surface abundances due to rotational mixing.
Conclusions. The simultaneous high surface rotation and high surface magnetic field of σ Ori E may simply be a consequence of its young age. This young age implies that the processes responsible for producing the chemical inhomogeneities that are observed at its surface should be rapid. Therefore, for explaining the properties of σ Ori E, there is no necessity to invoke a merging event, although such a scenario cannot be discarded. Other stars (HR 5907, HR 7355, HR 345439, HD 2347, CPD –50°3509) showing similar properties to σ Ori E (fast rotation and strong surface magnetic field) may also be very young stars, although determination of the braking timescales is needed to confirm such a conclusion.
Impact of Dietary Sodium Reduction on the Development of Obesity and
Type 2 Diabetes in db/db Mice
Authors: Hofmann Anja , Brunssen Coy , Peitzsch Mirko , Mittag Jennifer , Frenzel Annika , Eisenhofer Graeme , Brown Nicholas F. , Weldon Steven M. , Reeps Christian , Bornstein Stefan R. , Morawietz Henning 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe impact of dietary sodium reduction on mouse models of type 2 diabetes is not
well understood. Therefore, we analyzed the effect of a low-salt diet on obesity
and parameters of type 2 diabetes in db/db mice. Five-week-old male
db/db and lean db/m mice were fed a normal salt (0.19%
Na+, NS) or a low-salt diet (<0.03%
Na+, LS) for 5 weeks. Body and organ weight and
parameters of glucose and insulin tolerance were analyzed. Plasma levels of
steroids were determined by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Body
weight, glucose, and insulin tolerance were not affected by LS. The amount of
gonadal adipose tissue showed a trend to be increased by LS whereas liver,
pancreas, kidney, heart, and adrenal weight remained unaffected. LS reduced
urinary sodium-to-creatinine ratio but did not affect plasma
Na+ levels in both genotypes. Plasma and urinary
potassium-to-creatinine ratio did not differ in all groups of mice. Aldosterone
as a major determinant of changes in dietary sodium remained unaffected by LS in
db/db mice as well as further investigated steroid hormones. The present
study showed reduced sodium-to-creatinine ratio, but no additional effects of
dietary sodium reduction on major metabolic parameters and steroid levels in
obese and hyper-glycemic db/db mice.
A New Synthetic Route to (Trifluoromethyl)quinolines: Nickel-Catalyzed Insertion of an Alkyne into an Aromatic C–S Bond by Formation of a Thianickelacycle and Thermal Desulfidation
Authors: Kurahashi Takuya , Matsubara Seijiro , Inami Tasuku 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe have developed a nickel-catalyzed insertion reaction of an alkyne into a 2-(trifluoromethyl)-1,3-benzothiazole to give a seven-membered benzothiazepine that is converted into a 2-(trifluoromethyl)quinoline by thermal desulfidation. This process can be considered a formal substitution of a sulfur atom with an alkyne. The structure of the thianickelacycle intermediate formed through oxidative addition of a C–S bond in the benzothiazole to nickel(0) was confirmed by X-ray single-crystal structure analysis and in situ X-ray absorption fine-structure spectroscopy.
A Facile Synthesis of 2-Aminobenzoxazines Based on Iodine­Catalyzed Desulfurative Cyclization
Authors: Tanimori Shinji , Fuchiya Asuka , Miyamura Takuya , Nariki Haruna , Noda Shizuki , Makiyama Kouhei , Sonoda Motohiro 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA facile and environmentally benign access to N-aryl/alkyl-4H-benzoxazin-2-amines is achieved from 1-[2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl/alkyl]-3-phenylthioureas under transition-metal-free conditions. The conversions occur smoothly in the presence of a catalytic amount of molecular iodine and hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature to afford moderate to good yields (28–90%) of the desired products within 2 hours. This method reports the first examples of the catalytic transformations of 1-[2-(hydroxymethyl)phenyl/alkyl]-3-phenylthioureas into N-aryl/alkyl-4H-benzoxazin-2-amines based on desulfurative cyclization.
What are Concepts?
Authors: Singh Anirudh 
Published: October 2021

Concepts are mental icons that represent elements of another domain. The first domain may be in the physical world, in which case the mental icons represent entities of the physical world in mind space. Each situation of interest to humans is described by its own set of concepts. Classical mechanics is described in terms of particles, forces, and Newton's laws of motion. Chemistry uses the concepts of atoms, chemical kinetics, reactants, and products to describe chemical reactions.
A concept is characterized by its properties, which may be intrinsic or extrinsic. Concepts may be further divided into fundamental and non-fundamental concepts. Fundamental concepts are those whose intrinsic properties are conserved.
The concept of symmetry has an all-pervading influence on all spheres of our lives. A system has a particular symmetry if a transformation leaves a feature of the system invariant. The transformations occur in mathematical groups. The symmetry of a physical system may be linked to its conserved properties through Noether's theorem.
Concept Analysis and Maxwell's Demon
Authors: Singh Anirudh 
Published: October 2021

This chapter employs concept analysis for the elaboration of some confusion and misconceptions regarding the relation between information, work, and energy. It begins by noting that while the subjective exists in the mind, it is sometimes confused with the objective that exists in the real world. This occurs in the case of strongly correlated concepts. This phenomenon is defined as coupled concepts.
It ends with a critique of the use of Maxwell's Demon in the book by Paul Davies to explain the magic of life.
The behavior of inanimate matter is driven by the laws of physics, while that of animate matter involves decision-making, and is information-driven. This includes life at the cellular level, where information is embedded in molecular codes in the DNA molecule.
Information is similar to concepts that exist in mind space. Energy and work exist in real space. Thus, information cannot be the same as either. This confusion exemplifies the phenomenon of coupled concepts.
Maxwell's Demon cannot exist, as it has to be of molecular dimensions to be able to manipulate molecules, but a macroscopic organism to be able to think. In Davies’ book, the molecules and molecular machines were constrained in their movements as they were coded or ratcheted. The observed phenomena could be explained in terms of these reductions in their degrees of freedom.
The politics of fear in Hong Kong protest representations
Authors: Ming Liu , Ma Jingxue 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThis study gives a corpus-assisted discourse study of the representations of 2019 Hong Kong protests in theNew York Times. With the corpus-analytic tools Wmatrix and Wordsmith, it examines both the dominant patterns in its representations and the specific strategies used. The findings suggest that while NYT still draws on the traditional patterns in its representations of Hong Kong protests, it deviates from the protest paradigm in its representations of concerned parties. Meanwhile, emotion discourse has emerged as a distinct strategy in its representations. This is most revealing in the emotion of fear, and a close analysis of its use in its context has revealed its role in the construction of concerned parties and the distrust of Hong Kong people towards the Chinese government.
“We shall not flag or fail, we shall go on to the end”
Authors: Bhatia Aditi , Ross Andrew S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Focusing on the anti-extradition bill protests in Hong Kong, this article presents an analysis of Twitter posts adopting the hashtags #antiELAB, #NoChinaExtradition and #HongKongProtests. The analysis explores the public narrative among the collective identity of Hongkongers opposing the extradition bill as events unfolded during mid-2019 in Hong Kong. To do so, we adopt Bhatia’s (2015) multi-perspective framework for the Discourse of Illusion, which takes a three-prong approach to the study of argument construction and establishing legitimacy. Specifically, through the interrelated components of (1) historicity, (2) linguistic and semiotic action, and (3) social impact, the dimensions of the hashtag narrative that emerged on Twitter were explored.
Theory of the line shape of the 1S–2S transition for magnetically trapped antihydrogen
Authors: Gustafson R A , Robicheaux F 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The physics that determines the line shape of the 1S–2S transition in magnetically trapped

H

¯

is explored. Besides obtaining an understanding of the line shape, one goal is to replace the dependence on large scale simulations of

H

¯

with a simpler integration over well defined functions. For limiting cases, analytic formulas are obtained. Example calculations are performed to illustrate the limits of simplifying assumptions. We also describe a χ
2 method for choosing experimental parameters that can lead to the most accurate determination of the transition frequency.