bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment outcomes of real-time intraoral sonography-guided implantation technique of 198Au grain brachytherapy for T1 and T2 tongue cancer
Authors: Konishi Masaru , Fujita Minoru , Takeuchi Yuki , Kubo Katsumaro , Imano Nobuki , Nishibuchi Ikuno , Murakami Yuji , Shimabukuro Kiichi , Wongratwanich Pongsapak , Verdonschot Rinus Gerardus , Kakimoto Naoya , Nagata Yasushi 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
It is often challenging to determine the accurate size and shape of oral lesions through computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) when they are very small or obscured by metallic artifacts, such as dental prostheses. Intraoral ultrasonography (IUS) has been shown to be beneficial in obtaining precise information about total tumor extension, as well as the exact location and guiding the insertion of catheters during interstitial brachytherapy. We evaluated the role of IUS in assessing the clinical outcomes of interstitial brachytherapy with 198Au grains in tongue cancer through a retrospective medical chart review. The data from 45 patients with T1 (n = 21) and T2 (n = 24) tongue cancer, who were mainly treated with 198Au grain implants between January 2005 and April 2019, were included in this study. 198Au grain implantations were carried out, and positioning of the implants was confirmed by IUS, to ensure that 198Au grains were appropriately placed for the deep border of the tongue lesion. The five-year local control rates of T1 and T2 tongue cancers were 95.2% and 95.5%, respectively. We propose that the use of IUS to identify the extent of lesions and the position of implanted grains is effective when performing brachytherapy with 198Au grains.
Galaxy flybys: evolution of the bulge, disc, and spiral arms
Authors: Kumar Ankit , Das Mousumi , Kataria Sandeep Kumar 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Galaxy flybys are as common as mergers in low-redshift Universe and are important for galaxy evolution as they involve the exchange of significant amounts of mass and energy. In this study, we investigate the effect of minor flybys on the bulges, discs, and spiral arms of Milky Way mass galaxies for two types of bulges – classical bulges and boxy/peanut pseudo-bulges. Our N-body simulations comprise of two disc galaxies of mass ratios 10:1 and 5:1, where the discs of the galaxies lie in their orbital plane and the pericentre distance is varied. We performed photometric and kinematic bulge–disc decomposition at regular time-steps and traced the evolution of the disc size, spiral structure, bulge sersic index, bulge mass, and bulge angular momentum. Our results show that the main effect on the discs is disc thickening, which is seen as the increase in the ratio of disc scale height to scale radius. The strength of the spiral structure A2/A0 shows small oscillations about the mean time-varying amplitude in the pseudo-bulge host galaxies. The flyby has no significant effect on non-rotating classical bulge, which shows that these bulges are extremely stable in galaxy interactions. However, the pseudo-bulges become dynamically hotter in flybys indicating that flybys may play an important role in accelerating the rate of secular evolution in disc galaxies. This effect on pseudo-bulges is a result of their rotating nature as part of the bar. Also, flybys do not affect the time and strength of bar buckling.
An adiabatic, X-ray emitting cavity in the galaxy/group NGC 4636 and a new stellar mass-to-light ratio for the central galaxy
Authors: Mathews William G 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
An X-ray analysis revisits deep Chandra observations of the flamboyantly disturbed atmosphere in the galaxy/group NGC 4636. A known pair of faint cavities about 2–3.5 kpc from the centre is visible in azimuthally averaged Chandra data. These may be the first known cavities containing X-ray observable gas and which also appear as perfectly adiabatic perturbations. Radial gas density, temperature, and pressure profiles are all lowered in adiabatic ratios in the cavity, but the radial entropy profile is almost exactly matched with two power laws having classic logarithmic slopes, 0.77 and 1.1, but with no cavity feature. Adiabatically inflated thermal gas inside cavities is an unmistakable signature of expansion due to cosmic ray pressure. Although the gas pressure P is lower inside the cavities, the cosmic ray pressure Pc + P = P0 allows the total internal pressure P0 to be in hydrostatic equilibrium with the local atmosphere. Cosmic ray and gas pressures inside the cavities are comparable, Pc/P ≲ 11. Adiabatic cavities similar to those in NGC 4636 may be common. Chandra X-ray observations also allow a determination of the stellar mass-to-light ratio in the central galaxy by comparing the total mass profile determined from X-ray data with mass models of the stars from optical photometry and NFW dark haloes. The mass-to-light ratio ΥV = 7.77 required to match the X-ray total mass profile differs significantly from that found from the stellar velocity dispersion within the half-light radius.
Observing the host galaxies of high-redshift quasars with JWST: predictions from the BlueTides simulation
Authors: Marshall Madeline A , Wyithe J Stuart B , Windhorst Rogier A , Matteo Tiziana Di , Ni Yueying , Wilkins Stephen , Croft Rupert A C , Mechtley Mira 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
The bright emission from high-redshift quasars completely conceals their host galaxies in the rest-frame ultraviolet/optical, with detection of the hosts in these wavelengths eluding even the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) using detailed point spread function (PSF) modelling techniques. In this study, we produce mock images of a sample of z = 7 quasars extracted from the BlueTides simulation, and apply Markov chain Monte Carlo-based PSF modelling to determine the detectability of their host galaxies with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). While no statistically significant detections are made with HST, we predict that at the same wavelengths and exposure times JWST NIRCam imaging will detect $\sim 50{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of quasar host galaxies. We investigate various observational strategies, and find that NIRCam wide-band imaging in the long-wavelength filters results in the highest fraction of successful quasar host detections, detecting $\gtrsim 80{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of the hosts of bright quasars in exposure times of 5 ks. Exposure times of ≳ 5 ks are required to detect the majority of host galaxies in the NIRCam wide-band filters, however, even 10 ks exposures with MIRI result in $\lesssim 30{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ successful host detections. We find no significant trends between galaxy properties and their detectability. The PSF modelling can accurately recover the host magnitudes, radii, and spatial distribution of the larger scale emission, when accounting for the central core being contaminated by residual quasar flux. Care should be made when interpreting the host properties measured using PSF modelling.
Harnessing self-labeling enzymes for selective and concurrent A-to-I and C-to-U RNA base editing
Authors: Stroppel Anna S , Latifi Ngadhnjim , Hanswillemenke Alfred , Tasakis Rafail Nikolaos , Papavasiliou F Nina , Stafforst Thorsten 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The SNAP-ADAR tool enables precise and efficient A-to-I RNA editing in a guideRNA-dependent manner by applying the self-labeling SNAP-tag enzyme to generate RNA-guided editases in cell culture. Here, we extend this platform by combining the SNAP-tagged tool with further effectors steered by the orthogonal HALO-tag. Due to their small size (ca. 2 kb), both effectors are readily integrated into one genomic locus. We demonstrate selective and concurrent recruitment of ADAR1 and ADAR2 deaminase activity for optimal editing with extended substrate scope and moderate global off-target effects. Furthermore, we combine the recruitment of ADAR1 and APOBEC1 deaminase activity to achieve selective and concurrent A-to-I and C-to-U RNA base editing of endogenous transcripts inside living cells, again with moderate global off-target effects. The platform should be readily transferable to further epitranscriptomic writers and erasers to manipulate epitranscriptomic marks in a programmable way with high molecular precision.
Efficacy of Omadacycline Versus Moxifloxacin in the Treatment of Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia by Disease Severity: Results From the OPTIC Study
Authors: Ramirez Julio , Deck Daniel H , Eckburg Paul B , Curran Marla , Das Anita F , Kirsch Courtney , Manley Amy , Tzanis Evan , McGovern Paul C 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Background
Severity/mortality risk scores and disease characteristics may assist in deciding whether patients with community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) require outpatient treatment or hospitalization. The phase 3 OPTIC (Omadacycline for Pneumonia Treatment In the Community) study enrolled patients with Pneumonia Outcomes Research Team (PORT) risk class II–IV. Omadacycline demonstrated noninferiority to moxifloxacin in adults with CABP, at early clinical response (ECR) and posttreatment evaluation (PTE). We assessed efficacy of omadacycline versus moxifloxacin in these patients based on disease severity.

Methods
Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive intravenous (IV) omadacycline (100 mg every 12 hours for 2 doses followed by 100 mg daily [q24h], with optional transition to omadacycline 300 mg orally q24h after 3 days of IV treatment) or moxifloxacin IV 400 mg q24h (with optional transition to 400 mg orally q24h after 3 days of IV treatment). Total treatment duration was 7–14 days. We compared rates of early clinical success (72–120 hours after first dose) and investigator-assessed clinical success at PTE (5–10 days after last dose) in subgroups based (1) on severity/mortality risk scores (PORT, CURB-65, systemic inflammatory response syndrome, quick Sequential [Sepsis-related] Organ Failure Assessment, modified ATS, SMART-COP) and (2) on presence of baseline radiographic characteristics, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)/asthma, or bacteremia.

Results
Altogether, 774 patients (omadacycline, n = 386; moxifloxacin, n = 388) were randomized. Clinical success rates (ECR/PTE) were similar between treatment groups (across all subgroups). Efficacy across treatment groups was similar in patients with baseline radiographic characteristics or COPD/asthma, but moxifloxacin had higher clinical success rates in patients with bacteremia.

Conclusions
Efficacy of omadacycline was similar to that of moxifloxacin, regardless of disease severity/mortality risk and disease characteristics.
Tailored intervention to prevent relapses and hospitalization in a migrant suffering from paranoid schizophrenia
Authors: Duvivier Hélène , Lashmi Kevin 
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
Adherence issues combined with inequitable access to healthcare may increase the risk of discontinuation of care for undocumented migrants with severe mental health illness.
An Ethiopian man with paranoid schizophrenia who relapsed several times after hospitalization was identified by a humanitarian outreach team in Brussels. The team built a relationship with him by offering him access to services including accommodation and mental health care. A treatment buddy was identified to support him adhering to his treatment and accompany him while hospitalized. Effective collaboration between Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) and the hospital led to MSF ensuring continuum of care in an outpatient service with the support of the treatment buddy for treatment adherence. The patient was empowered to adhere to medication and attend appointments after hospitalization. After 6 weeks, the man became autonomous with treatment, coming for his injections and collecting his medication every 2 weeks. There has been no relapse requiring hospitalization since.
Prolegomena
Authors: Lynch Michael J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
After giving a brief biographical sketch of the life and work of John Davenant, this chapter explores the various secondary literature regarding Davenant and hypothetical universalism. This survey of literature looks not only at a vast array of writings on hypothetical universalism but also at the many misinterpretations of Davenant’s hypothetical universalism. This chapter also examines an assortment of important terms relative to this thesis. It includes an investigation into the various early modern language of what historians of theology have called hypothetical universalism. Finally, this chapter gives an outline of each chapter making up the rest of the study.
The Free Speech Blind Spot
Authors: Douek Evelyn 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The current system for monitoring and removal of foreign election interference on social media is a free speech blind spot. Social media platforms’ standards for what constitutes impermissible interference are vague, enforcement is seemingly ad hoc and inconsistent, and the role governments play in deciding what speech should be taken down is unclear. This extraordinary opacity—at odds with the ordinary requirements of respect for free speech—has been justified by a militarized discourse that paints such interference as highly effective, and “foreign” speech as uniquely pernicious. But, in fact, evidence of such campaigns’ effectiveness is limited, and the singling out and denigration of “foreign” speech is at odds with the traditional justifications for free expression. Hiding in the blind spot created by this foreign-threat, securitized framing are more pervasive and fundamental questions about online public discourse, such as how to define appropriate norms of online behavior more generally, who should decide them, and how they should be enforced. Without examining and answering these underlying questions, the goal that removing foreign election interference on social media is meant to achieve—re-establishing trust in the online public sphere—will remain unrealized.
Multiple indole glucosinolates and myrosinases defend Arabidopsis against Tetranychus urticae herbivory
Authors: Widemann Emilie , Bruinsma Kristie , Walshe-Roussel Brendan , Rioja Cristina , Arbona Vicent , Saha Repon Kumer , Letwin David , Zhurov Vladimir , Gómez-Cadenas Aurelio , Bernards Mark A. , Grbić Miodrag , Grbić Vojislava 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) defenses against herbivores are regulated by the jasmonate (JA) hormonal signaling pathway, which leads to the production of a plethora of defense compounds. Arabidopsis defense compounds include tryptophan-derived metabolites, which limit Arabidopsis infestation by the generalist herbivore two-spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae. However, the phytochemicals responsible for Arabidopsis protection against T. urticae are unknown. Here, we used Arabidopsis mutants disrupted in the synthesis of tryptophan-derived secondary metabolites to identify phytochemicals involved in the defense against T. urticae. We show that of the three tryptophan-dependent pathways found in Arabidopsis, the indole glucosinolate (IG) pathway is necessary and sufficient to assure tryptophan-mediated defense against T. urticae. We demonstrate that all three IGs can limit T. urticae herbivory, but that they must be processed by myrosinases to hinder T. urticae oviposition. Putative IG breakdown products were detected in mite-infested leaves, suggesting in planta processing by myrosinases. Finally, we demonstrate that besides IGs, there are additional JA-regulated defenses that control T. urticae herbivory. Together, our results reveal the complexity of Arabidopsis defenses against T. urticae that rely on multiple IGs, specific myrosinases, and additional JA-dependent defenses.
Catalytic promiscuity of rice 2-oxoglutarate/Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenases supports xenobiotic metabolism
Authors: Takamura Natsuki , Yamazaki Akihiko , Sakuma Nozomi , Hirose Sakiko , Sakai Motonari , Takani Yukie , Yamashita Satoshi , Oshima Masahiro , Kuroki Makoto , Tozawa Yuzuru 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The rice (Oryza sativa) 2-oxoglutarate (2OG)/Fe(II)-dependent dioxygenase HIS1 mediates the catalytic inactivation of five distinct β-triketone herbicides (bTHs). By assessing the effects of plant growth regulators on HIS1 enzyme function, we found that HIS1 mediates the hydroxylation of trinexapac-ethyl (TE) in the presence of Fe2+ and 2OG. TE blocks gibberellin biosynthesis, and we observed that its addition to culture medium induced growth retardation of rice seedlings in a concentration-dependent manner. Similar treatment with hydroxylated TE revealed that hydroxylation greatly attenuated the inhibitory effect of TE on plant growth. Forced expression of HIS1 in a rice his1 mutant also reduced its sensitivity to TE compared with that of the nontransformant. These results indicate that HIS1 metabolizes TE and thereby markedly reduces its ability to slow plant growth. Furthermore, analysis of five rice HIS1-like (HSL) proteins revealed that OsHSL2 and OsHSL4 also metabolize TE in vitro. HSLs from wheat (Triticum aestivum) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) also showed such activity. In contrast, OsHSL1, which shares the highest amino acid sequence identity with HIS1 and metabolizes the bTH tefuryltrione, did not manifest TE-metabolizing activity. Site-directed mutagenesis of OsHSL1 informed by structural models showed that substitution of three amino acids with the corresponding residues of HIS1 conferred TE-metabolizing activity similar to that of HIS1. Our results thus reveal a catalytic promiscuity of HIS1 and its related enzymes that support xenobiotic metabolism in plants.
A Framework for Movement Analysis of Tasks: Recommendations From the Academy of Neurologic Physical Therapy’s Movement System Task Force
Authors: Quinn Lori , Riley Nora , Tyrell Christine M , Judd Dana L , Gill-Body Kathleen M , Hedman Lois D , Packel Andrew , Brown David A , Nabar Nikita , Scheets Patricia 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The American Physical Therapy Association’s Vision Statement of 2013 asserts that physical therapists optimize movement in order to improve the human experience. In accordance with this vision, physical therapists strive to be recognized as experts in movement analysis. However, there continues to be no accepted method to conduct movement analysis, nor an agreement of key terminology to describe movement observations. As a result, the Academy of Neurologic Physical Therapy organized a task force that was charged with advancing the state of practice with respect to these issues, including the development of a proposed method for movement analysis of tasks. This paper presents the work of the Task Force, which includes (1) development of a method for conducting movement analysis within the context of the movement continuum during 6 core tasks (sitting, sit to stand, standing, walking, step up/down, and reach/grasp/manipulate); (2) glossary of movement constructs that can provide a common language for movement analysis across a range of tasks: symmetry, speed, amplitude, alignment, verticality, stability, smoothness, sequencing, timing, accuracy, and symptom provocation; and (3) recommendations for task and environmental variations that can be systematically applied. The expectation is that this systematic framework and accompanying terminology will be easily adapted to additional patient or client-specific tasks, contribute to development of movement system diagnostic labels, and ultimately improve consistency across patient/client examination, evaluation, and intervention for the physical therapy profession. Next steps should include validation of this framework across patient/client groups and settings.
Verse-Craft, Editing, and the Work: Shadows of Orfeo
Authors: Sawyer Daniel 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The notorious divergence between the three extant texts of Sir Orfeo has tripped up some past studies and seemingly makes the poem forbidding ground for literary criticism. Yet study of those texts informed by Paul Eggert’s recent revitalization of the concept of the ‘work’ reveals that some aspects of form and versification persist surprisingly well across the three known copies. Criticism has frequently noted the two points in Sir Orfeo which use descriptive comparisons to Paradise. The standard referencing edition, however, presents the first paradisiacal comparison with deceptively little information about its textual state. Scholars, even those alert to manuscripts, have consequently erred when discussing the relevant passages. Attention to aspects of the poem’s versification such as through-rhyme, rhyme-pairing, and rhyme-breaking can offer a partial solution to the problem. This insight opens up a broader approach to reading the verse-craft of Orfeo across its extant witnesses. A study of the poem’s use of comparison offers a trial of that approach. Though individually formulaic, the poem’s comparisons would have had a significant cumulative effect on readers. This effect has implications for scholarship’s understanding of the figure of Orfeo and of the poem as a whole. Future research on this text might fruitfully attend more closely to textual problems, to verse form, and to the relationship between the two; future studies of Middle English texts in general might benefit from the concept of the work.
Brain white matter extracellular free-water increases are related to reduced neurocognitive function in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Qian Xing , Ji Fang , Ng Kwun Kei , Koh Amelia Jialing , Loo Beatrice Rui Yi , Townsend Mary Charlotte , Pasternak Ofer , Tay Sen Hee , Zhou Juan Helen , Mak Anselm 
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Brain white matter (WM) microstructural changes evaluated by diffusion MRI are well documented in patients with SLE. Yet, the conventional diffusion tensor imaging technique fails to differentiate WM changes that originate from tissue alterations from those due to increased extracellular free water (FW) related to neuroinflammation, microvascular disruption, atrophy, or other extracellular processes. Here, we sought to delineate changes in WM tissue microstructure and extracellular FW volume and examine their relationships with neurocognitive function in SLE patients.

Methods
Twenty SLE patients [16 females, aged 36.0 (10.6)] without clinically overt neuropsychiatric manifestation and 61 healthy controls (HCs) [29 females, aged 29.2 (9.4)] underwent diffusion MRI and computerized neuropsychological assessments cross-sectionally. The FW imaging method was applied to compare microstructural tissue changes and extracellular FW volume of the brain WM between SLE patients and HCs. Association between extracellular FW changes and neurocognitive performance was studied.

Results
SLE patients had higher WM extracellular FW compared with HCs (family-wise-error-corrected P &lt; 0.05), while no group difference was found in FW-corrected tissue compartment and structural connectivity metrics. Extracellular FW increases in SLE patients were associated with poorer neurocognitive performance that probed sustained attention (P = 0.022) and higher cumulative glucocorticoid dose (P = 0.0041). Such findings remained robust after controlling for age, gender, intelligence quotient, and total WM volume.

Conclusion
The association between WM extracellular FW increases and reduced neurocognitive performance suggest possible microvascular degradation and/or neuroinflammation in SLE patients with clinically inactive disease. The mechanistic impact of cumulative glucocorticoids on WM FW deserves further evaluation.