bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postwar Healthcare Reconstruction
Authors: Gross Michael L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Following humanitarian wars, multinational forces incur an obligation to rebuild. As international donors and local authorities rebuilt healthcare services in Iraq and Afghanistan, life expectancy and vaccination rates increased while infant and maternal mortality decreased. Using health to enhance state-building, however, was less successful. State-building is an ambitious undertaking that requires legitimacy, governance, essential services, and human security. Although health care can foster trust between the government and its citizens, Iraq and Afghanistan show only slight progress toward constructing secure, stable nations. War-torn countries, however, are not the only eligible recipients for reconstruction aid. Any severely fragile and destitute state has a claim for assistance and healthcare aid against the international community. To get the most of their resources, therefore, donor states must apportion aid to those states with the best chances of providing their citizens with a decent and dignified life.
Conclusion
Authors: Gross Michael L. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Rounding out Military Medical Ethics in Contemporary Armed Conflict, the conclusion first highlights the signposts that lead the reader to understand how the ethics of war is inseparable from the ethics of military medicine. Military medicine must serve just war. Historically, just wars are defensive or humanitarian. But things may change. So next, we look to the future. Past wars do not necessarily predict coming conflicts. Future wars will see novel weapons and new adversaries drawing from nation-states, nonstates, criminals, and unknown assailants. Nevertheless, the experience of recent wars, particularly those in Iraq and Afghanistan, offers important lessons to guide military medicine as war evolves into ways we can anticipate and in ways we cannot.
Distal Transradial “Snuffbox” Approach
Authors: Brunet Marie-Christine , Chen Stephanie H. , Jabbour Pascal M. , Peterson Eric C. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The distal radial or “snuffbox” approach is a modification of the traditional radial approach that uses a more distal location of the radial artery for puncture. The radial artery at this location is beyond the palmer arch thus puncturing has a theoretically lower risk of hand or thumb ischemia. In addition, the hand is positioned in the neutral position so it is more comfortable for the patient. Finally, the compression times are shorter so the patient can be discharged earlier after diagnostic procedures. This was originally an interventional cardiology innovation because of the frequent use of left radial access in interventional cardiology, but the approach has benefits for right radial access in neurointervention as well. The patient positioning and technical nuances of the snuffbox approach are reviewed.
Left Transradial Approach
Authors: Sweid Ahmad , Peterson Eric C. , Jabbour Pascal M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The left transradial access has an essential role in the cerebrovascular armamentarium in limited indications. Access to the posterior circulation via the left vertebral artery is one of the main indications, in addition to cases that require bilateral access. It has several advantages such as using the non-dominant hand, ergonomic when accessing through the anatomical snuffbox, and overcomes certain anatomical variations. This chapter will delve the advantages, limitations, and technical nuances of the left transradial approach.
Intraoperative Transradial Angiogram
Authors: Sweid Ahmad , Peterson Eric C. , Jabbour Pascal M. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Intraoperative angiogram (IOA) is a valuable tool for cerebrovascular surgery. It confirms surgical outcomes for a variety of pathologies. It allows early identification of any residue or compromise of a parent vessel. This chapter will delve into the advantages, limitations, and technical nuances of IOA via a radial approach. IOA is a valuable tool for cerebrovascular surgery. IOA allows early diagnosis and identification of any residue and obviates the need for postoperative diagnostic angiogram. It confirms surgical outcomes for a variety of pathologies such as aneurysm occlusion and parent vessel patency, arteriovenous malformation resection, dural fistula ligation, bypass patency, and adequate carotid revascularization after endarterectomy. Though there are alternatives, such as indocyanine green fluorescence (ICGA) angiography, formal angiography remains the gold standard as it overcomes the limitations of ICGA. Femoral access has been the main approach for IOA with an excellent safety profile. Recently the radial approach has been gaining wide interest among neurointerventionalists, and there are several advantages for the radial approach over the femoral approach in IOA.
Scope and Principles of Neuropsychiatry in the Young
Authors: Taylor Eric 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter introduces the concept of neurodevelopmental disorders, a group of conditions characterized by onset in early childhood, persistence into adult life, and high rates of altered cognitive and neurological function. Genetic influences are strong and male gender predominates. Such disorders are frequent reasons for referral to psychiatry, paediatrics, and clinical psychology and often require team approaches to meet a variety of needs for service. They used to be regarded as distinct categories of disturbance, but a modern understanding has established them as common conditions, frequently present together and having continuous distribution in the population. Attention disorders, the spectrum of autism, intellectual and learning deficits, language disorders, and abnormalities of movement all figure and commonly account for difficulties in education and the development of problems in personal relationships.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Taylor Eric 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter describes the recognition and associations of the syndrome of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with special reference to the multitude of associated problems. Inattentiveness, overactivity, and impulsiveness are behaviour styles that predict later disadvantage in education, employment, physical health, substance use, mental health, and personal relationships. They very often coexist with features of oppositional disorders, anxiety, and the autism spectrum. These are considered both as differential diagnoses and as multiple morbidities needing to be recognized. Several cognitive limitations, including in executive function, can be identified by psychological testing. Genetic inheritance is a powerful influence. Neuroimaging is detecting an increasing number of changes in brain structure and function. The problems are widespread, but recognition of the syndrome varies between countries. The diagnosis is increasing in frequency over time. Treatment with stimulant medication is often helpful, but there is considerable controversy about how widely to apply it.
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Early Development
Authors: Taylor Eric 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers the genetic and environmental influences that may lead to the appearance of neurodevelopmental changes in early life. Behavioural genetics considers similarities between individuals in the light of their degree of biological relatedness, and has established high levels of heritability for several problems. Molecular genetics has therefore progressed to identifying individual genes. Single environmental risk factors can be identified and aggregated into a concept of adversity. Defined chromosome and single-gene changes are described for conditions such as Down and fragile-X. They emphasize the power and the complexity of genetic influences. Most complex psychiatric disorders are the result of large numbers of genes of small effect considered individually, but large effect in interactions with each other and with the environment. Environmental influences are considered in this chapter both from the perspectives of gene–environment correlation and interaction, and as known associations that can be causes. Infections, toxins, and deficiencies are described. Challenges from psychosocial adversity are included, together with their possible modes of action.
Conventional echocardiography—basic principles
Authors: Hagendorff Andreas , Stobe Stephan , Tayal Bhupendar 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Echocardiography is an imaging technique that enables accurate assessment of cardiac structures and cardiac function. Conventional echocardiography involves different modalities—especially the M-mode, the 2D, and colour Doppler, as well as the pulsed-wave and continuous wave Doppler. The M-mode illustrates the reflections of a single sound beam plotted against time. 2D echocardiography enables the documentation of views, which represent characteristic sectional planes of the moving heart during one heart cycle. Colour Doppler echocardiography adds the information of blood flow to the 2D cineloop. Pulsed-wave Doppler is the acquisition of a local blood flow spectrum of a defined region represented by the dimension of the sample volume, whereas continuous wave Doppler displays the blood flow spectrum of all measured blood flow velocities along a straight line sound beam from its beginning to the end. The handling of the transducer has to be target-oriented, stable with respect to the imaging targets, and coordinated with respect to angle differences between the defined views to use all these modalities correctly to get optimal image quality of the cineloops and spectra. Thus, the focus of this chapter will be a mainly practically oriented description of scanning technique in transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography.
CMR—basic principles
Authors: Bogaert Jan , Symons Rolf , Wright Jeremy 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has rapidly evolved to become the modality of choice in the evaluation of a wide spectrum of cardiovascular disorders. This is mostly related to its multiparametric approach where the different features such as morphology (including deep tissue characterization), function, perfusion can be non-invasively studied using a series of (different) pulse sequences. Therefore, CMR may provide a ‘one stop shop’ approach to cardiac patients offering a complete cardiac evaluation by a single modality without the use of ionizing radiation. However, to maximize its clinical use, not all pulse sequences should be used in every patient. Moreover, minimizing time spent in the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine is desirable in critically ill, unstable patients. Therefore, experienced cardiac imagers from radiology and cardiology should be present to provide on-site real-time assessment of the images and to determine which pulse sequences are necessary each patient. In this fashion, a complete CMR exam should be obtainable in less than 30 minutes for the vast majority of patients. The aim of this chapter is to describe the physics and practical aspects of CMR and then explore the available pulse sequences, so that the clinical utility of CMR can be maximized.
Assessment of myocardial function by speckle-tracking echocardiography
Authors: Edvardsen Thor , Klaeboe Lars Gunnar , Szymczyk Ewa , Kasprzak Jarosław D. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Myocardial deformation or strain is the universal property of contracting cardiac muscle. Deformation is defined in physics as relative change of length (and is therefore unitless and usually given as percentage) and in cardiac imaging it is thus algebraically negative for shortening or positive for thickening. There are several definitions of strain—Lagrangian strain refers to a fixed baseline distance and Eulerian (or natural) strain—to a dynamically changing reference length, representing a time integral of strain rate (which can be obtained by tissue Doppler). Measurements of strains are usually obtained by greyscale image quantification modality—speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) which analyses myocardial motion by tracking and matching naturally occurring markers of myocardial texture, described as speckles. Echocardiographic speckles represent interference pattern of subtle myocardial scatters and can be followed from frame to frame by dedicated software to define the displacement of the myocardium within the interval between consecutive frames (inverse of frame rate).
New technical developments in nuclear cardiology and hybrid imaging
Authors: Saraste Antti , Dorbala Sharmila , Knuuti Juhani 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Cardiac hybrid imaging offers the ability to combine strengths of different imaging modalities in providing information on cardiac physiology along with cardiac and coronary anatomy. Hybrid images contain two data sets combined into a fused image in which both data sets contribute important information. Hybrid coronary computed tomography angiography and nuclear or magnetic resonance myocardial perfusion imaging has been shown to accurately detect coronary artery disease. Emerging clinical applications of cardiac hybrid imaging include evaluation of myocardial viability, cardiac or vascular inflammation, infection, and cardiac infiltration. Cardiac dedicated single photon emission computed tomography scanners, novel software methods for low count image reconstruction, and quantification of myocardial blood flow by positron emission tomography (PET) have potential to lower radiation dose associated with cardiac imaging while maintaining high diagnostic accuracy for the detection of coronary artery disease.
Mitral valve stenosis
Authors: Peters Ferande , Brochet Eric 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Mitral stenosis is an important valvular lesion that when encountered both in the developing world and the developed world requires accurate assessment. The mitral valve area is the key parameter that should be used to assess severity. Morphological assessment of the entire valve apparatus is required to identify rheumatic versus non-rheumatic aetiology as well the subgroup of patients who may benefit from percutaneous mitral commisurotomy. Three-dimensional transthoracic and transoesophageal echocardiography provide additive qualitative and quantitative data to the aforementioned key imaging requirements. Tomographic imaging (CT/MRI) are mainly utilized when echocardiography is not feasible. Imaging techniques are vital to aid diagnosis and explore therapeutic options in degenerative mitral stenosis but require further refinement with regard to accuracy of diagnosis and selection of optimal quantitative techniques.
Mitral valve regurgitation
Authors: Muñoz Daniel Rodríguez , Yiangou Kyriakos , Zamorano José Luis 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The prevalence of mitral regurgitation (MR) is increasing in Western countries, which results in making it the second most frequent valvular heart disease requiring surgery. MR can be classified as primary (organic) or secondary (functional). Causes of primary MR consist of leaflet lesions, either degenerative changes (Barlow’s disease, fibroelastic degeneration, and annular calcification), rheumatic disease, or infective endocarditis. Causes of secondary MR consist of those that produce geometrical distortion of the subvalvular apparatus due to dilatation and remodelling of the left ventricle such as ischaemic heart disease and cardiomyopathies. The implementation of mitral valve repair as well as the rise of new transcatheter techniques, provided that are performed in experienced, high volume centres with the contribution of a valvular heart team, have impressively changed the prognosis of patients with severe MR. This has set new frontiers in the management of MR and has upgraded the role of imaging, creating new responsibilities, since its presence in every step of the procedure either preoperatively (quantification of MR, determination of the underlying mechanisms, investigation of reparability, determination of prognosis) or intra- and postoperatively, has been declared as fundamental.
Endocarditis
Authors: Muñoz Daniel Rodríguez , del Castillo Álvaro Marco 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Cardiac imaging is the cornerstone in the diagnosis of endocarditis. It plays a key role in the confirmation of the diagnosis, location, and extension of the disease, as well as on the evaluation of associated lesions that directly impact treatment options. Echocardiography, both transthoracic and transoesophageal, are the main tools in the diagnostic process. However, alternative imaging techniques have emerged to compensate some of their pitfalls. In this chapter, we review the potential findings as well as the advantages and limitations of each technique. A correct understanding of the information they can provide is essential both for the clinical cardiologist and the specialist in cardiac imaging.
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation
Authors: Ng Arnold C.T. , Delgado Victoria , Bax Jeroen J. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is an established therapy for patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis and contraindications for surgical aortic valve replacement or with intermediate and high operative risk in whom the heart team considers that TAVI is the best therapeutic option. Accurate patient selection strongly relates on multimodality imaging consisting mostly of the combination of transthoracic echocardiography and computed tomography. To guide the procedure, fluoroscopy is the mainstay imaging modality. In the follow-up of the patients, transthoracic echocardiography and computed tomography are again the main imaging modalities to use. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance and nuclear imaging have a minimal role in this area.
Transcatheter mitral valve interventions
Authors: Wunderlich Nina C. , Siegel Robert J. , Rajani Ronak , Flint Nir 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
The past decade has been a revolution in the use of percutaneous procedures for mitral valve (MV) therapy, and currently there are several devices in different stages of development. The enhanced imaging with 3D transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE), as well as computed tomography (CT) and fusion imaging, has led to better understanding of MV anatomy, which in turn helped promote the development of new devices, as well as being crucial for procedural guidance and effective valve repair or replacement. In addition to the new devices, fusion imaging promises to result in even better outcomes in the future by enhancing device deployment. While initially device development for the MV focused on degenerative mitral regurgitation (MR), more recent studies have demonstrated that reducing the severity of secondary MR with transcatheter techniques may provide symptomatic benefit with regards to cardiac heart failure and improved survival. Percutaneous therapies for the MV, as they are less invasive, have many advantages that may supplant surgical techniques, provided that they reduce morbidity and mortality and have comparable efficacy. In this chapter we review transcatheter MV interventions for mitral stenosis (MS) and MR.
Transcatheter tricuspid valve repair/replacement
Authors: Hahn Rebecca T. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Given the high prevalence of significant functional tricuspid regurgitation (TR) in a number of disease states, as well as the impact of TR on mortality, interest has grown in refining the diagnosis and treatment, with hopes of improving outcomes. Surgical intervention has been associated with high mortality and limited improvement in mortality resulting in a need for less invasive alternatives. The current chapter reviews the new percutaneous options for treatment of TR by looking at the pertinent surgical literature, reviewing the relevant anatomic, discussing the strengths and pitfalls of imaging this complex disease process and finally reviewing important device design that may influence device choice.
Nuclear cardiology and detection of coronary artery disease
Authors: Underwood Richard , Stirrup James , Neglia Danilo 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Experience with radionuclide assessments of myocardial perfusion can be measured over decades. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy (MPS), performed by either single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) or positron emission tomography (PET), has been validated for the diagnosis and prognosis of coronary artery disease (CAD) and is embedded in national and international guidelines. With multiple alternative cardiac imaging modalities available, it is important to understand the principles, indications, and pitfalls of each option. No single technique provides a complete assessment of the heart; many provide complementary rather than equivalent information. In this chapter, the value of cardiac radionuclide imaging in stable CAD and acute coronary syndromes (ACS) is discussed, with a particular emphasis on the role of SPECT MPS, the most commonly used technique in nuclear cardiology.
PET-CT and detection of coronary artery disease
Authors: Di Carli Marcelo F. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Myocardial perfusion PET/CT imaging has emerged as a powerful and comprehensive non-invasive approach for the management of patients with suspected or known coronary artery disease (CAD). The multiparametric PET/CT approach provides quantitative information about the extent and severity of focal and diffuse CAD, coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD), atherosclerotic burden, and left ventricular function. Contemporary evidence demonstrates that this comprehensive approach is one of the most accurate non-invasive tools for diagnosis, risk prediction, and guiding management in patients with CAD. This chapter summarizes the versatility of the integrated PET/CT scan to provide detailed quantitative information tailored to the patient and clinical question. I then review patient-centred clinical applications using case vignettes to illustrate indications of PET/CT and how to present the findings into clinically actionable information for the practising cardiologist. In each case, I review the available data highlighting the diagnostic and prognostic value of the integrated PET/CT protocol.
Non-invasive imaging of the vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque
Authors: Bing Rong , Newby David E. , Narula Jagat , Dweck Marc R. 
Published: June 2021

Abstract
Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death globally despite advances in medical therapy and risk stratification; ischaemic heart disease was responsible for an estimated 9.5 million deaths in 2016. To address this ongoing global burden of morbidity and mortality, there is a need for more sophisticated methods of diagnosis and prognostication, above and beyond clinical risk scores alone. The majority of myocardial infarction occurs due to ruptured atherosclerotic plaque, leading to acute thrombosis and coronary occlusion. For decades, the concept of the vulnerable plaque—plaques prone to rupture or thrombotic complications—has been central to our understanding of the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes. More recently, there has been a shift towards identifying the vulnerable patient through assessment of total atherosclerotic disease burden, in recognition of the fact that most plaque rupture events do not lead to clinical events. Moreover, demonstrating a strong causal link between vulnerable plaques and clinical events has previously proven difficult due to limitations in available invasive and non-invasive imaging modalities. However, we now have an array of imaging techniques that hold great potential for the advancement of vulnerable plaque imaging. These modalities are the subject of state-of-the-art clinical research, aiming to develop the role of atherosclerotic plaque imaging in modern clinical practice and ultimately to improve patient outcomes.