bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Organocatalyzed Asymmetric Aldol Reaction of α-Keto Amides with A Tripeptide Catalyst
Authors: Kohari Yoshihito , Kon Kazumasa , Takai Hiromu , Kobayashi Takumu , Murata Miki 
Published: February 2021

AbstractAn organocatalyzed asymmetric aldol reaction of α-keto amides was developed. An N-terminal 4-trans-siloxyproline-based tripeptide with an l-tert-leucine unit adjacent to the 4-trans-siloxyproline residue was used to catalyze the reaction between various α-keto amides and acetone, to produce the corresponding aldol adducts with up to 99% yield and 91% ee.
Primary Teeth Stains and Discoloration: A Review
Authors: Alazmah Abdulfatah 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe current review assesses the literature concerning the etiology of primary teeth staining and discoloration. The appearance of the dentition is of concern to many children and their caregivers seeking dental treatment as the color of the teeth is of aesthetic importance. The correct diagnosis of the cause of the discoloration is important as, invariably, it has a profound effect on treatment outcomes. It would seem reasonable, therefore, that dental practitioners understand the etiology of tooth discoloration to make a diagnosis and enable appropriate treatment to be conducted. Knowledge of the etiology of tooth staining is of importance to the dental practitioner to explain the patient the exact nature of the condition. In some instances, the mechanism of staining affects the outcome of the treatment and influences the options the dentist will be able to offer. Many of these contributing factors are preventable if parents are educated, managed by professional interventions, or provide a multidisciplinary approach. In this review, we highlight the importance of children smiles and the difference between primary and permanent teeth. We discuss the different types of primary teeth staining and discoloration and whether it is intrinsic or extrinsic, as well as the different impacts of some conditions on primary teeth compared with permanent teeth.
Neuroimaging of Childhood Epilepsy: Focal versus Generalized Epilepsy
Authors: Assadsangabi Reza , Ozturk Arzu , Kantamneni Trishna , Azizi Nazarin , Asaikar Shailesh M. , Hacein-Bey Lotfi 
Published: February 2021

AbstractNeuroimaging plays an increasingly crucial role in delineating the pathophysiology, and guiding the evaluation, management and monitoring of epilepsy. Imaging contributes to adequately categorizing seizure/epilepsy types in complex clinical situations by demonstrating anatomical and functional changes associated with seizure activity. This article reviews the current status of multimodality neuroimaging in the pediatric population, including focal lesions which may result in focal epileptic findings, focal structural abnormalities that may manifest as generalized epileptiform discharges, and generalized epilepsy without evidence of detectable focal abnormalities.
Not a Tumor-Nonspecific Orbital Inflammation
Authors: Garrity James A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Objective This study was aimed to illustrate the features and complexities of nonspecific orbital inflammation via discussion of two representative cases.
Design Present study is a retrospective case review.
Setting The study was conducted at a tertiary care medical center.
Participants Two patients with nonspecific orbital inflammation were participants of this retrospective study.
Main Outcome Measures Outcome of the study was disease-free patients and off all medications.
Results At follow-up, both patients are disease free and off all medications.
Conclusion Surgery plays a diagnostic and therapeutic role. While the clinical subtype is important for differential diagnosis and symptomatic treatment, the histologic subtype is similarly important. For inflammatory dacryoadenitis, surgery can be therapeutic. For extensive granulomatosis with polyangiitis, debulking surgery may allow better penetration of medications, especially rituximab.
Surgical Approaches to the Orbit: Transpalpebral
Authors: Richards Nikisha Q. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe aim of this study is to provide an overview of the safe and effective incisional transpalpebral approaches to the orbit. The location of each approach and pertinent anatomy in each respective area, suggested approach techniques, recommended specialties, reconstruction options, intraoperative neurophysiology, complications, and approach limitations are discussed in detail.
A Study on 615 Cases of Idiopathic Epistaxis
Authors: Kida Tomoko , Oka Hideki , Fushimi Katsuya , Honda Mariko , Fujiki Junya , Tsuzuki Kenzo 
Published: February 2021

AbstractEpistaxis is one of the most common complaints encountered in the field of otorhinolaryngology. Although hemostasis can be achieved by outpatient treatment in many cases, we have also encountered some difficult-to-treat patients who developed rebleeding or required admission and surgery. We conducted a retrospective analysis of the clinical features of 615 patients with idiopathic epistaxis who were seen at our hospital between 2012 and 2019. We analyzed the patient data and clinical factors associated with epistaxis, including the age, gender, month (season) of visit to our hospital, accompanying systemic complications, bleeding points, procedures used for treatment, history of rebleeding, and history of hospitalization. The patients with epistaxis were predominantly males in their 70s. In regard to the season of presentation, patients with epistaxis were encountered more frequently in the winter than in the summer. Most patients had initially been treated by electrocoagulation. Hypertension was the most common underlying disease. Rebleeding within 7 days after the primary treatment occurred in 11.5% (71/615) of patients. Analysis identified heart and liver disease and antithrombotic drug use as significant risk factors for rebleeding. Although in the overall subject population the bleeding point was most frequently observed in Kiesselbach plexus area, the bleeding point was observed more often in the middle nasal meatus or olfactory cleft in the patients with rebleeding. The most common indication of hospitalization was difficulty in hemostasis, and the bleeding point in most of the hospitalized cases was unknown or in the posterior nasal cavity. The analysis revealed that it may be important to attempt endoscopic hemostasis in patients in whom the bleeding point is identified in the posterior nasal cavity.
Untangling racism: Stress reactions in response to variations of racism against Black Canadians
Authors: Matheson Kimberly , Pierre Andrena , Foster Mindi D. , Kent Mathew , Anisman Hymie 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThe ability to effectively contend with racism is likely undermined by factors that promote uncertainty regarding racist motives. A national policy of multiculturalism exists in Canada, which is intended to encourage cultural diversity, but can also serve to mask systemic racism. This may contribute to uncertainty when racism is encountered, with implications for the appraisals, coping, and stress-related outcomes of ethnoracial minorities. Two studies were conducted to assess Black Canadians’ experiences of racism, and their reactions to variations in the nature of the experience. A survey study found that Black Canadians’ (n = 158) self-reported past encounters with explicit racism were associated with anger-out coping, which in turn was related to lower depressive affect. In contrast, ambiguous racism was related to keeping anger in and higher depressive affect; this relation was exacerbated when participants believed Blacks were held in high regard by others, likely adding uncertainty to interpreting behaviours as racist. An experimental study manipulated the nature of racist cues conveyed in a videotaped description of the experiences of a Black male interviewee. When the Black interviewee described racist experiences that were ambiguous (vs. explicit) both White (n = 112) and Black (n = 99) observers were less likely to appraise events as racist, even when physical violence was involved. However, the moment-to-moment distress elicited while listening the interviewee’s description of their racist experiences was uniquely associated with higher cortisol levels among Blacks (but not Whites), especially when physical violence was present. Taken together, the findings contribute to our understanding of the processes by which ambiguous racism might operate to undermine the well-being of targeted groups. Moreover, it is suggested that policies conveying that ethnoracial groups are highly valued (e.g., multiculturalism) might actually exacerbate negative effects of racist experiences, particularly in the absence of an open discourse acknowledging the presence of systemic racism.
Macrophages inhibit and enhance endometriosis depending on their origin
Authors: Hogg Chloe , Panir Kavita , Dhami Priya , Rosser Matthew , Mack Matthias , Soong Daniel , Pollard Jeffrey W. , Jenkins Stephen J. , Horne Andrew W. , Greaves Erin 
Published: February 2021

Significance
Endometriosis is a chronic, incurable inflammatory disorder impacting 190 million women worldwide. Immune cells called macrophages are implicated in promoting endometriosis. Macrophages have different origins and their origin can dictate function. In this study we demonstrate that endometriotic lesion-resident macrophages are derived from the uterine lining (endometrium), the abdominal (peritoneal) cavity, and recruited bone-marrow precursors (monocytes). Endometriosis triggers continuous recruitment of monocytes that differentiate into macrophages that differ from those usually present within the peritoneal cavity. By depleting different populations, we demonstrate that endometrial macrophages are “proendometriosis” while monocyte-derived peritoneal macrophages are “antiendometriosis” acting to protect the cavity from lesion establishment. In the future, immune-based therapies may allow targeting of prodisease macrophages and/or harnessing of antiendometriosis macrophages in endometriosis.
Competitive history shapes rapid evolution in a seasonal climate
Authors: Grainger Tess Nahanni , Rudman Seth M. , Schmidt Paul , Levine Jonathan M. 
Published: February 2021

SignificanceUnderstanding species’ eco-evolutionary responses to novel competitive interactions and shifting thermal regimes has become essential under global change. However, we lack insight into these dynamics because experimental evolution studies often focus on populations of individual species. Using a large-scale field experiment with two competing species of drosophilid flies, we show that rapid evolution in response to competition can alter a species’ evolutionary trajectory when exposed to a seasonally changing climate. Our results demonstrate that interactions with competitors, including invasive species, can shape evolution when climatic conditions change. More broadly, we provide empirical, field-based evidence that a legacy of recent adaptation can shape subsequent evolutionary trajectories.
ARMC12 regulates spatiotemporal mitochondrial dynamics during spermiogenesis and is required for male fertility
Authors: Shimada Keisuke , Park Soojin , Miyata Haruhiko , Yu Zhifeng , Morohoshi Akane , Oura Seiya , Matzuk Martin M. , Ikawa Masahito 
Published: February 2021

SignificanceAlthough formation of the mitochondrial sheath is a critical process in the formation of mature spermatozoa, the molecular mechanisms involved in mitochondrial sheath genesis remain unclear. Using gene-manipulated mice, we discovered that ARMC12 regulates spatiotemporal “sperm mitochondrial dynamics” during mitochondrial sheath formation through interactions with mitochondrial proteins MIC60, VDAC2, and VDAC3 as well as testis-specific proteins TBC1D21 and GK2. In addition, we demonstrated that ARMC12-interacting proteins TBC1D21 and GK2 are also essential for mitochondrial sheath formation. Our paper sheds light on the molecular mechanisms of mitochondrial sheath formation and the regulation of sperm mitochondrial dynamics, allowing us to further understand the biology of spermatogenesis and the etiology of infertility in men.
Mapping proteolytic neo-N termini at the surface of living cells
Authors: Weeks Amy M. , Byrnes James R. , Lui Irene , Wells James A. 
Published: February 2021

Significance
Cell surface proteolysis is a key mechanism for cell-cell communication and cellular signaling that is commonly dysregulated in human disease. Proteolytic cleavage events at the cell surface often evade detection by conventional proteomics methods owing to their low relative abundance compared to cytoskeletal and cytoplasmic proteins. Here we address this limitation by developing a new enzymatic tool, subtiligase-TM, for targeted mapping of cell surface proteolysis. We combine subtiligase-TM with quantitative proteomics to map proteolytic cleavage sites on the cell surface with single amino acid resolution. Based on the importance of cell surface proteolysis in human health and disease, subtiligase-TM opens up new opportunities for identifying biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
The more you move, the more action you construct
Authors: Jantunen Tommi , De Weerdt Danny , Burger Birgitta , Puupponen Anna 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper investigates, with the help of motion capture data processed on corpus principles, the characteristics
of head and upper-torso movements in constructed action and regular narration (i.e., signing without constructed action) in FinSL.
Specifically, the paper evaluates the validity of two arguments concerning constructed action: that constructed action forms a
continuum with regular narration, and that constructed action divides into three subtypes (i.e., overt, reduced, and subtle). The
results presented in the paper support the first argument but not directly the second one. Because of the ambiguous position of
reduced constructed action in between subtle and overt constructed action, we argue in the paper that the present three-part
typology of constructed action may need revising. As an alternative way of subcategorizing the phenomenon we propose a division
between strong and weak constructed action.
Pattern replication and extraction from spatial PPs in Molise Slavic
Authors: Quaglia Stefano 
Published: February 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates P-stranding under A′-extraction in spatial PPs in Molise Slavic (MSL). After showing that P-stranding bijectively correlates with dative case on the Ground argument of P, I argue that the cases of extraction at stake instantiate grammatical convergence in the form of “pattern replication” (Matras & Sakel 2007). A′-extraction is licensed by the presence of borrowed additional functional material valuing and interpreting K(ase). The richer structure allows for KP to move out of the PP Phase without violating Anti-Locality. Both Italian and MSL secondary Ps displaying P-stranding are characterized as instantiating one of two possible structural options for P-stranding. The alternative structure is argued to be instantiated in Germanic, consistently with existing proposals (Abels 2012). The choice between the two options, as well as the productivity of the selected option in a given grammatical system, is a matter of (micro-)variation in the availability of functional vocabulary.
Reducing antibiotic use in the control of mastitis in dairy herds
Authors: Breen James E. , Bradley Andrew J. , Down Peter M. , Hyde Robert M. , Leach Katharine A. , Green Martin J. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

The control of mastitis remains a focus of attention for dairy farmers, veterinary surgeons and advisors due to its impact on cow health and welfare, milk quality, sustainable production, and the financial costs associated with treatment, prevention and ongoing control. In addition, the focus on the unnecessary use of antibiotics in agriculture has meant that mastitis control in dairy herds has received renewed interest, particularly around prevention of new infection and alternative treatment strategies. The latter includes the selective use of intra-mammary antibiotic for infected cows at drying-off, reserving parenteral antibiotic for clinical cases where the cow is ill, and selecting intra-mammary antibiotic treatment for clinical mastitis based on culture results. Treating clinical mastitis caused by Gram-positive pathogens such as
Streptococcus
spp. with intra-mammary antibiotic remains important to optimise chance of cure and reduce risk of transmission of infection, although antibiotics may not be required for clinical mastitis infections caused by other pathogens, particularly
E. coli
. The long-term reduction and rationalisation of antibiotic use in mastitis control is achieved through improved management to prevent new infections and avoid the need to treat mastitis. This comes through understanding the predominant epidemiological ‘pattern’ of infection in the herd and targeted implementation of well-specified interventions to reduce the rate of new infection, either in lactation or during the dry period. For most dairy herds, environmental mastitis pathogens predominate and therefore management and hygiene of housed and pastured environments is a key component of mastitis control plans designed to reduce the need to use antibiotics in mastitis control.
Shock-free ion transmission in a skimmer-based MEMS mass spectrometer vacuum interface
Authors: Wright S , Syms R R A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Shock-free ion transmission from atmospheric pressure to a microelectromechanical system (MEMS)-based mass spectrometer has been achieved using micro-engineered nickel skimmers. The signal level has increased 70-fold compared with a previous configuration in which the skimmer did not sample the supersonic flow. The skimmers are formed by electroplating internal surfaces of anisotropically etched, pyramidal holes in (100) silicon. Etching from the reverse of the wafer exposes free-standing, open-ended skimmers supported by remaining silicon. High-resolution schlieren imaging has been used to visualise gas flow within the interface. Signal enhancement and increased gas throughput are observed when the skimmer attaches to the supersonic gas expansion via oblique shocks. The silicon back wall interacts with the flow field, causing the free jet Mach disc to evolve into a bowl-shaped surface shock whose position asymptotically approaches a stand-off separation as the interface pressure decreases. Ideally, the skimmer entrance should be located approximately midway between the inlet and the back wall. This development should allow a sensitivity increase in MEMS mass spectrometers using pumps of moderate capacity.
Electromagnetic wave-absorbing performance of carbons, carbides, oxides, ferrites and sulfides: review and perspective
Authors: Liu Jiaolong , Zhang Limin , Wu Hongjing 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The development of electromagnetic wave-absorbing materials (EMWAMs) offers a promising way to address the ever-increasing issue of electromagnetic pollution. Up to now, significant efforts have been made to explore superior EMWAMs featuring strong absorption intensity, broad bandwidth, low density, and small thicknesses as well as those with exceptional performance. Therefore, in this paper, we offer a a comprehensive review summarizing the recent inspiring advancements in various EMWAMs, including those based on carbon, carbides, oxides, ferrites and sulfides. We begin by presenting diverse lossy materials, such as dielectric loss materials, magnetic loss materials and dielectric/magnetic loss materials. In parallel, we discuss the current difficulties with the materials themselves and the corresponding composite strategies for incorporating other dielectric or magnetic components. Finally, we outline the primary problems and bottlenecks, and more importantly, the prospective research directions of these materials. Overall, this work will present a brief but systematic overview of up-to-date progress in the EMW attenuation abilities of various EMWAMs.
Creation of azimuthally and radially directed laser-induced periodic structures on large tantalum surface
Authors: Boltaev G S , Alghabra M S , Iqbal M , Ganeev R A , Alnaser A S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The formation of well-controlled nano/micrometer-sized structures on metallic surfaces enables the modification of their optical and wetting properties. Forming such structures on the surface of biocompatible materials, in particular, can expand their applications in various areas of science and technology. Here we present results on covering tantalum (Ta), a biocompatible material, with complex nanosized structures comprising azimuthally- and radially-directed laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) by rotating the metallic sample with respect to the polarization direction of the irradiating laser pulses. For the first time, we use a high-repetition rate (150 kHz) fiber-based laser with 37 fs ablating pulses and a central wavelength of 1030 nm to form ripples that are directed both parallel and perpendicular to the laser polarization direction on the surface of Ta. Rotating the target during ablation led to forming two distinct zones of structures. The first zone, around the circumference of the target, consisted of both high- and low-spatial-frequency LIPSS, while in the second zone, at the center of the target, was covered by nanoparticles redeposition. We demonstrate how the formation of such complex structures significantly alters the optical reflectance and wetting characteristics of Ta.
Spin polarization in an ac-driven magnetic material with vanishing net magnetization: a new proposal
Authors: Dey Moumita , Sarkar Manik , Maiti Santanu K 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
In this work, we address the fundamental question of whether a magnetic material having zero net magnetization can produce polarized spin current from a completely unpolarized one. Common wisdom suggests that this is not possible, but if we break the symmetry in hopping integrals in different segments of the magnetic sample, then a finite possibility of getting polarized spin current is established. To substantiate this fact, we consider a one-dimensional magnetic chain with vanishing net magnetization where one part of the chain is subjected to an ac electric field, keeping the other part free. The ac field, introduced through Peierls substitution, modulates the hopping integrals yielding a misalignment of up and down spin channels, which is the primary requirement to get finite spin polarization. Simulating the system within a tight-binding framework, we compute spin-dependent transmission probabilities using the well-known Green’s function prescriptionand determine junction currents following the Landauer–Büttiker formalism. Our analysis may shed some light on designing spin-polarized devices using driven magnetic materials with vanishing net magnetization.
Drag effect induced large anisotropic damping behavior in magnetic thin films with strong magnetic anisotropy
Authors: Li Yang , Li Yan , Sun Rui , Liu Jia-nan , Li Na , Yang Xu , Gong Zi-zhao , Xie Zong-kai , He Wei , Zhang Xiang-qun , Cheng Zhao-hua 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The determination of intrinsic Gilbert damping is one of the central interests in the field of spintronics. However, some external factors in magnetic films tend to play a remarkable role in the magnetization dynamics. Here, we present a comprehensive study of the magnetic relaxation in ferromagnetic films with various in-plane magnetic anisotropy via ferromagnetic resonance technique. We find that the magnetic drag effect can result in the resonant linewidth broadening and the nonlinear dependence of linewidth on frequency stemming from field-magnetization misalignment. As a result, this could lead to the imprecise extraction of the key dynamic parameter-Gilbert damping and cause the confusing behaviors of ultra-low and anisotropic damping in thin films and multi-layers with high magnetic anisotropy. Our results provide a crucial way for the accurately quantitative estimation of the Gilbert damping in spintronics measurements.