bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcriptome analysis of early stages of sorghum grain mold disease reveals defense regulators and metabolic pathways associated with resistance
Authors: Nida Habte , Lee Sanghun , Li Ying , Mengiste Tesfaye 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Sorghum grain mold is the most important disease of the crop. The disease results from simultaneous infection of the grain by multiple fungal species. Host responses to these fungi and the underlying molecular and cellular processes are poorly understood. To understand the genetic, molecular and biochemical components of grain mold resistance, transcriptome profiles of the developing grain of resistant and susceptible sorghum genotypes were studied.

Results
The developing kernels of grain mold resistant RTx2911 and susceptible RTx430 sorghum genotypes were inoculated with a mixture of fungal pathogens mimicking the species complexity of the disease under natural infestation. Global transcriptome changes corresponding to multiple molecular and cellular processes, and biological functions including defense, secondary metabolism, and flavonoid biosynthesis were observed with differential regulation in the two genotypes. Genes encoding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), regulators of growth and defense homeostasis, antimicrobial peptides, pathogenesis-related proteins, zein seed storage proteins, and phytoalexins showed increased expression correlating with resistance. Notably, SbLYK5 gene encoding an orthologue of chitin PRR, defensin genes SbDFN7.1 and SbDFN7.2 exhibited higher expression in the resistant genotype. The SbDFN7.1 and SbDFN7.2 genes are tightly linked and transcribed in opposite orientation with a likely common bidirectional promoter. Interestingly, increased expression of JAZ and other transcriptional repressors were observed that suggested the tight regulation of plant defense and growth. The data suggest a pathogen inducible defense system in the developing grain of sorghum that involves the chitin PRR, MAPKs, key transcription factors, downstream components regulating immune gene expression and accumulation of defense molecules. We propose a model through which the biosynthesis of 3-deoxyanthocynidin phytoalexins, defensins, PR proteins, other antimicrobial peptides, and defense suppressing proteins are regulated by a pathogen inducible defense system in the developing grain.

Conclusions
The transcriptome data from a rarely studied tissue shed light into genetic, molecular, and biochemical components of disease resistance and suggested that the developing grain shares conserved immune response mechanisms but also components uniquely enriched in the grain. Resistance was associated with increased expression of genes encoding regulatory factors, novel grain specific antimicrobial peptides including defensins and storage proteins that are potential targets for crop improvement.
The death risk factors of patients undergoing re-exploration for bleeding or tamponade after isolated off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting: a case–control study
Authors: Luan Tongxiao , Zhuang Yingzhu , Nie Weihong , Yang Sumin , Wu Yuhui , Wang Rongmei , Dai Yunyan , Zhang Hong 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
The purpose of the study is to identify off-pump patients who are at higher risk of mortality after re-exploration for bleeding or tamponade.

Methods
We analyzed the data of 3256 consecutive patients undergoing isolated off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG) in our heart center from 2013 through 2020. Fifty-eight patients underwent re-exploration after OPCABG. The 58 patients were divided into death group and survival group according to their discharge status. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to analysis the risk factors of death. 15 pairs of cases of two groups were matched well.

Results
The mortality rate of patients underwent re-exploration after OPCABG for bleeding or tamponade was 27.59% (16/58). In the raw data, we found the patients in death group had higher body mass index (BMI) (P = 0.030), higher cardiac troponin T (cTnT) (P = 0.028) and higher incidence of heart failure before OPCABG (P = 0.003). After PSM, the levels of lactic acid before and after re-exploration (P = 0.028 and P < 0.001) were higher in death group. And the levels of creatinine (P = 0.002) and cTnT (P = 0.017) were higher in the death group after re-exploration. The death group had longer reoperation time (P = 0.010). In addition, the perioperative utilization rate of intra-aortic ballon pump (IABP) (P = 0.027), continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) (P < 0.001) and platelet transfusion (P = 0.017) were higher than survival group.

Conclusions
The mortality rate of patients undergoing re-exploration for bleeding or tamponade after isolated OPCABG is high. More attention should be paid to patients with above risk factors and appropriate measures should be taken in time.
Olaparib-mediated enhancement of 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity in mismatch repair deficient colorectal cancer cells
Authors: de Castro e Gloria Helena , Jesuíno Nogueira Laura , Bencke Grudzinski Patrícia , da Costa Ghignatti Paola Victória , Guecheva Temenouga Nikolova , Motta Leguisamo Natalia , Saffi Jenifer 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
The advances in colorectal cancer (CRC) treatment include the identification of deficiencies in Mismatch Repair (MMR) pathway to predict the benefit of adjuvant 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and oxaliplatin for stage II CRC and immunotherapy. Defective MMR contributes to chemoresistance in CRC. A growing body of evidence supports the role of Poly-(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors, such as Olaparib, in the treatment of different subsets of cancer beyond the tumors with homologous recombination deficiencies. In this work we evaluated the effect of Olaparib on 5-FU cytotoxicity in MMR-deficient and proficient CRC cells and the mechanisms involved.

Methods
Human colon cancer cell lines, proficient (HT29) and deficient (HCT116) in MMR, were treated with 5-FU and Olaparib. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT and clonogenic assays, apoptosis induction and cell cycle progression by flow cytometry, DNA damage by comet assay. Adhesion and transwell migration assays were also performed.

Results
Our results showed enhancement of the 5-FU citotoxicity by Olaparib in MMR-deficient HCT116 colon cancer cells. Moreover, the combined treatment with Olaparib and 5-FU induced G2/M arrest, apoptosis and polyploidy in these cells. In MMR proficient HT29 cells, the Olaparib alone reduced clonogenic survival, induced DNA damage accumulation and decreased the adhesion and migration capacities.

Conclusion
Our results suggest benefits of Olaparib inclusion in CRC treatment, as combination with 5-FU for MMR deficient CRC and as monotherapy for MMR proficient CRC. Thus, combined therapy with Olaparib could be a strategy to overcome 5-FU chemotherapeutic resistance in MMR-deficient CRC.
Vocal-cord Only vs. Complete Laryngeal radiation (VOCAL): a randomized multicentric Bayesian phase II trial
Authors: Bahig Houda , Rosenthal David I. , Nguyen-Tan Félix-Phuc , Fuller David C. , Yuan Ying , Hutcheson Katherine A. , Christopoulos Apostolos , Nichols Anthony C. , Fung Kevin , Ballivy Olivier , Filion Edith , Ng Sweet Ping , Lambert Louise , Dorth Jennifer , Hu Kenneth S. , Palma David 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundRadiotherapy, along with laser surgery, is considered a standard treatment option for patients with early glottic squamous cell cancer (SCC). Historically, patients have received complete larynx radiotherapy (CL-RT) due to fear of swallowing and respiratory laryngeal motion and this remains the standard approach in many academic institutions. Local control (LC) rates with CL-RT have been excellent, however this treatment can carry significant toxicities include adverse voice and swallowing outcomes, along with increased long-term risk of cerebrovascular morbidity. A recent retrospective study reported improved voice quality and similar local control outcomes with focused vocal cord radiotherapy (VC-RT) compared to CL-RT. There is currently no prospective evidence on the safety of VC-RT. The primary objective of this Bayesian Phase II trial is to compare the LC of VC-RT to that of CL-RT in patients with T1N0 glottic SCC.MethodsOne hundred and fifty-five patients with T1a-b N0 SCC of the true vocal cords that are n ot candidate or declined laser surgery, will be randomized in a 1:3 ratio the control arm (CL-RT) and the experimental arm (VC-RT). Randomisation will be stratified by tumor stage (T1a/T1b) and by site (each site will be allowed to select one preferred radiation dose regimen, to be used in both arms). CL-RT volumes will correspond to the conventional RT volumes, with the planning target volume extending from the top of thyroid cartilage lamina superiorly to the bottom of the cricoid inferiorly. VC-RT volumes will include the involved vocal cord(s) and a margin accounting for respiration and set-up uncertainty. The primary endpoint will be LC at 2-years, while secondary endpoints will include patient-reported outcomes (voice impairment, dysphagia and symptom burden), acute and late toxicity radiation-induced toxicity, overall survival, progression free survival, as well as an optional component of acoustic and objective measures of voice analysis using the Consensus Auditory-Perceptual Evaluation of Voice.DiscussionThis study would constitute the first prospective evidence on the efficacy and safety of VC-RT in early glottic cancer. If positive, this study would result in the adoption of VC-RT as standard approach in early glottic cancer.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier:NCT03759431Registration date: November 30, 2018
Incidence and management of retrobulbar hemorrhage after blowout fracture repair
Authors: Park Jae Hwi , Kim Inhye , Son Jun Hyuk 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Retrobulbar hemorrhage (RBH) is a rare complication after orbital surgery but associated with ocular complications including blindness. The aim of this study was to identify clinical characteristics of patients with RBH requiring emergent orbital decompression after blowout fracture repair.

Method
A retrospective review of 426 blowout fracture patients at a tertiary oculoplastic clinic provided data regarding demographics, physical examination findings, and computed tomography (CT) images. Extraocular motility had been recorded in patient charts on a scale from 0 to − 4. Patients requiring emergent orbital decompression due to RBH after surgery (RBH group) were compared with those who did not (Control group), using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Incidences of RBH according to primary or secondary surgery were also investigated, using Fisher’s exact test.

Result
Five (1.2%) of the 426 patients who underwent blowout fracture repair developed RBH requiring emergent intervention. All RBH patients fully recovered after the decompression procedure or conservative treatment. Number of days to surgery was significantly longer in the RBH group (97.0 ± 80.1) than in the Control group (29.0 ± 253.0) (p = 0.05). Preoperative enophthalmos was also significantly greater in the RBH group (RBH vs. Control group, 3.6 ± 1.7 mm versus 1.2 ± 1.3 mm (p = 0.003)). The incidence of RBH was significantly higher in patients that underwent secondary surgery (odds ratio = 92.9 [95% confidence interval, 11.16–773.23], p = 0.001).

Conclusions
Surgeons should pay more attention to hemostasis and postoperative care in patients with a large preoperative enophthalmic eye, when time from injury to surgery is long and in revision cases. When RBH occurs, time to intervention and surgical decompression is critical for visual recovery and preventing blindness.

Trial registration
The institutional review board of the Yeungnam University Medical Center approved this study (YUMC 2018-11-010), which was conducted in accord with the Declaration of Helsinki.
Simple action for depression detection: using kinect-recorded human kinematic skeletal data
Authors: Li Wentao , Wang Qingxiang , Liu Xin , Yu Yanhong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundDepression, a common worldwide mental disorder, which brings huge challenges to family and social burden around the world is different from fluctuant emotion and psychological pressure in their daily life. Although body signs have been shown to present manifestations of depression in general, few researches focus on whole body kinematic cues with the help of machine learning methods to aid depression recognition. Using the Kinect V2 device to record participants’ simple kinematic skeleton data of the participant’s body joints, the presented spatial features and low-level features is directly extracted from the record original Kinect-3D coordinates. This research aimed to constructed machine learning model with the preprocessed data importing, which could be used for depression automatic classification.MethodsConsidering some patients’ conditions and current status and refer to psychiatrists’ advices, simple and significant designed stimulus task will lead human skeleton data collection job. With original Kinect skeleton data extracting and preprocessing, the proposed experiment demonstrated four strong machine learning tools: Support Vector Machine, Logistic Regression, Random Forest and Gradient Boosting. Using the precision, recall, sensitivity, specificity, roc-curve, confusion matrix et.al, indicators were calculated as the measurement of methods, which were commonly used to evaluate classification methodologies.ResultsAcross screened 64 pairs with age and gender totally matching in depression and control group, and Gradient Boosting achieved the best performance with the prediction accuracy of 76.92%. Sorted by female (54.69%) and male for the gender-based depression recognition, we applied best performance classifier Gradient Boosting got prediction accuracy of 66.67% in the male group, and 71.73% in the female group. Utilizing the best model Gradient Boosting for age-based classification, prediction accuracy got 76.92% in the older group (age >40, 50% of total) and 53.85% accuracy in the younger group (age <= 40).ConclusionThe depression and non-depression individuals can be well classified by computational models using Kinect captured skeletal data. The Gradient Boosting, an excellent machine learning tool, get the performance in the four methods we demonstrated. Meanwhile, in the gender-based depression classification also gets reasonable accuracy. In particular, the recognition results of the old group are significantly better than that of the young group. All these findings suggest that kinematic skeletal data based depression recognition can be applied as an effective tool for assisting in depression analysis.
Burden and future projection of revision Total hip Arthroplasty in South Korea
Authors: Park Jung-Wee , Won Seok-Hyung , Moon Sun-Young , Lee Young-Kyun , Ha Yong-Chan , Koo Kyung-Hoi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
The annual number of hip arthroplasties is increasing combined with the aging population worldwide. In accordance with the increasing number of primary hip arthroplasties, the number of revision total hip arthroplasties (THAs) is expected to increase. The incidence and burden of revision THAs in the United States and have been reported by registry studies. To identify potential differences according to ethnics and regional practice, it is important to obtain data from East Asia. Nevertheless, there has been a lack of studies on the burden and future projection of revision THA based on a large-scale database in East Asia. The purpose of this study was to evaluate annual incidence and burden of revision THAs and to project the future burden in South Korea.

Methods
We identified primary THAs, primary hemiarthroplasties (HAs) and revision THAs, which were performed from 2010 to 2018, using database of Health Insurance and Review and Assessment (HIRA); nation-wide medical claim system of South Korea. The annual incidence rates (per 100,000) of primary THA, primary HA and revision THA, and the annual burden of revision THA; the number of revision THAs divided by the sum of primary hip arthroplasties and revision THAs, were calculated. The future burden of revision THAs were projected through 2030 using generalized linear model with Quasi-poisson regression.

Results
During the 9-year period, the annual incidences of primary THA, primary HA and revision THA increased by 47, 29 and 3%, respectively, while the revision burden decreased from 0.13 to 0.10. Compared to 2018, the annual incidences of primary THA, HA, and revision THA were projected to increase by 7.2, 2.3 and 1.1% per year, respectively, whereas the burden of revision THA was projected to decrease to 0.07 in 2030.

Conclusion
Trends of revision THA in South Korea were similar with those of national registry studies from the United States. The annual incidence of revision THA has steadily increased, whereas its burden has decreased. Findings of our study could be used for epidemiological comparison between Western countries and East Asia as well as for the establishment of medical policies of revision THA in East Asian countries.
Alisol A 24-acetate stimulates lipolysis in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes
Authors: Lou Hai-xia , Fu Wen-cheng , Chen Jia-xiang , Li Tian-tian , Jiang Ying-ying , Liu Chun-hui , Zhang Wen 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlisol A 24-acetate (AA-24-a), one of the main active triterpenes isolated from the well-known medicinal plantAlisma orientale(Sam.) Juz., exhibits multiple biological activities including hypolipidemic activity. However, its effect on lipid metabolism in adipocytes remains unclear. The present study aimed to clarify the effect of AA-24-a on adipocyte lipolysis and to determine its potential mechanism of action using 3 T3-L1 cells.MethodsWe assayed the release of glycerol into culture medium of 3 T3-L1 cells under treatment with AA-24-a. Protein and mRNA expression and phosphorylation levels of the main lipases and kinases involved in lipolysis regulation were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting. Specific inhibitors of protein kinase A (PKA; H89) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK; PD98059), which are key enzymes in relevant signaling pathways, were used to examine their roles in AA-24-a-stimulated lipolysis.ResultsAA-24-a significantly stimulated neutral lipolysis in fully differentiated adipocytes. To determine the underlying mechanism, we assessed the changes in mRNA and protein levels of key lipolysis-related genes in the presence or absence of H89 and PD98059. Both inhibitors reduced AA-24-a-induced lipolysis. Moreover, pretreatment with H89 attenuated AA-24-a-induced phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase at Ser660, while pretreatment with PD98059 attenuated AA-24-a-induced downregulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ and perilipin A.ConclusionsOur results indicate that AA-24-a promoted neutral lipolysis in 3 T3-L1 adipocytes by activating PKA-mediated phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase and ERK- mediated downregulation of expression of perilipin A.
The beneficial effects of the composite probiotics from camel milk on glucose and lipid metabolism, liver and renal function and gut microbiota in db/db mice
Authors: Manaer Tabusi , Yu Lan , Nabi Xin-Hua , Dilidaxi Dinareer , Liu Lu , Sailike Jialehasibieke 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Background
Probiotics may have beneficial effects on patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We separated 4 lactobacillus and 1 saccharomycetes from traditional fermented cheese whey (TFCW) and prepared composite probiotics from camel milk (CPCM) and investigated their effects on glucose and lipid metabolism, liver and renal function and gut microbiota in db/db mice.

Methods
CPCM was prepared in the laboratory and 40 db/db mice were randomly divided into 4 groups as metformin, low-dose and high-dose group and model group, and treated for 6 weeks. In addition, 10 C57BL/Ks mice as normal control group were used for comparison. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), body weight (BW), oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc), C-peptide (CP), triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), 24 h urinary microalbumin (24 h malb), urine ketone, urine sugar, pancreas and liver tissue and intestinal flora were tested.

Results
Compared to diabetic group, high dose CPCM significantly decreased FBG, OGTT, HbAlc and IRI, plasma TC, TG, LDL-C, 24 h malb, urine ketone and urine sugar, increased CP, HDL-C levels, improved the liver and kidney function, protected the function of islets, also increased intestinal tract lactic acid bacteria and Bifidobacterium, decreased Escherichia in db/db mice.

Conclusion
CPCM decreased FBG, OGTT and HbAlc, increased CP, modulated lipid metabolism and improved liver and kidney protected injury in db/db mice, which may be related to various probiotics acting through protecting the function of islets and regulating intestinal flora disturbance.
Applications of brain organoids in neurodevelopment and neurological diseases
Authors: Sun Nan , Meng Xiangqi , Liu Yuxiang , Song Dan , Jiang Chuanlu , Cai Jinquan 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA brain organoid is a self-organizing three-dimensional tissue derived from human embryonic stem cells or pluripotent stem cells and is able to simulate the architecture and functionality of the human brain. Brain organoid generation methods are abundant and continue to improve, and now, an in vivo vascularized brain organoid has been encouragingly reported. The combination of brain organoids with immune-staining and single-cell sequencing technology facilitates our understanding of brain organoids, including the structural organization and the diversity of cell types. Recent publications have reported that brain organoids can mimic the dynamic spatiotemporal process of early brain development, model various human brain disorders, and serve as an effective preclinical platform to test and guide personalized treatment. In this review, we introduce the current state of brain organoid differentiation strategies, summarize current progress and applications in the medical domain, and discuss the challenges and prospects of this promising technology.