bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrastrong, elastic, and fatigue‐resistant SiC nanowires network
Authors: Lu De , Wang Hongjie , Su Lei , Niu Min , Guo Pengfei , Gao Hongfei , Zhuang Lei , Cai Zhixin , Xu Liang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractLight, strong, and elastic ceramics are of great interest for widespread engineering applications but it is always been a challenge to design and fabricate such materials for the conflict that lightweight structure usually requires high porosity while high porosity often leads to low strength. Here, we report a lightweight (90.9% porosity) and ultra‐strong SiC nanowires network (SiC NN) constructed by highly inter‐bonded nanowires in a layered distribution through a facile way. The resulting lamellar SiC NN (L‐SiC NN) exhibits a nearly complete compressive resilience from 20% strain while showing significantly high compressive stress (5.7 MPa). In particular, the L‐SiC NN shows high storage modulus (12.3 MPa), small damping ratio (0.046), frequency invariant from 20 to 100 Hz, and fatigue resistance up to 100 000 compression‐release cycles. In addition, the L‐SiC NN possesses high‐temperature stability up to 1100°C in air and low thermal conductivity of 0.121 W m‐1 k‐1. These integrated features make the L‐SiC NN an attractive substitute for thermal insulators and mechanical energy storage in a harsh environment.
In situ hot‐stage TEM of the phase and domain evolution in quenched Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3–BaTiO3
Authors: Fetzer Ann‐Katrin , Wohninsland Andreas , Lalitha K.V. , Kleebe Hans‐Joachim 
Published: December 2021

AbstractQuenching relaxor ferroelectric 0.94(Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3–0.06BaTiO3 (NBT‐6BT) enhances the depolarization temperature (Td), linked to the stabilization of ferroelectric order. The thermal evolution of the domain structure and phase assemblage provides insights about the onset of ferroelectric order in quenched materials. Unpoled furnace cooled and quenched NBT‐6BT ceramics were studied using in situ temperature‐dependent transmission electron microscopy. The rhombohedral to tetragonal structural transition in furnace cooled and quenched samples occurs in a comparable temperature range of 120°C–220°C. While the tetragonal phase is characterized by polar nanoregions (PNRs) and no domain contrast in the furnace cooled state, the quenched composition exhibits an increased fraction of lamellar domains, which are partially stable up to 300°C, thus benefiting the delayed depolarization. This is further corroborated by the dielectric data indicating earlier freezing of PNR dynamics in the quenched state. The reversibility of the phase transition is demonstrated by successive cooling, where quenched NBT‐6BT features an increased grainy PNR contrast after the experiment, followed by a kinetically delayed coalescence of PNRs back into lamellar domains. This demonstrates that the stabilized ferroelectric state upon quenching is associated with the conversion of polar units on the nanometer scale into long‐range domain structures.
The ratio of length at first maturity to maximum length across marine and freshwater fishes
Authors: Chen Zhaomin , Bigman Jennifer , Xian Weiwei , Liang Cui , Chu Elaine , Pauly Daniel 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe prevailing determinant of maturation in fishes is thought to be a redirection of energy from growth to reproduction. Instead, the Gill Oxygen Limitation Theory predicts that maturation, and thus reproduction, is induced when a fish reaches a critical ratio of oxygen supply to demand (Qm/Qmaint). The consistency of this critical ratio has been previously documented in many fishes, but a broader test was lacking. In this study, the authors assess if this critical ratio is consistent across 132 unique fish species, as measured by the slope of the relationship betweenLmaxDandLmD, whereLmaxis the maximum length reached in a given population,Lmis the mean size at first maturity in that population andDis a gill‐related exponent which renders theLmaxD/LmDratio equivalent to theQm/Qmaintratio. The authors found that across all species, theLmaxD/LmDratio was 1.40 (95%c.i.1.38–1.42), which was not significantly different from that previously estimated across other species groups (1.35, 95%c.i.1.22–1.53), especially when phylogenetic relationships were considered (1.25, 95% Bayesian credible interval 1.09–1.40). The consistency of theLmaxD/LmDratio across taxa, which expresses the difference in metabolic rate at maturity and maximum size, suggests that the scaling of gill surface area is the factor that underlies this ratio, and which triggers the maturation in fishes.
Towards precision medicine in lymphoid malignancies
Authors: Bühler Marco M. , Martin‐Subero José I. , Pan‐Hammarström Qiang , Campo Elias , Rosenquist Richard 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCareful histopathologic examination remains the cornerstone in the diagnosis of the clinically and biologically heterogeneous group of lymphoid malignancies. However, recent advances in genomic and epigenomic characterization using high‐throughput technologies have significantly improved our understanding of these tumors. Although no single genomic alteration is completely specific for a lymphoma entity, some alterations are highly recurrent in certain entities and thus can provide complementary diagnostic information when integrated in the hematopathological diagnostic workup. Moreover, other alterations may provide important information regarding the clinical course, that is, prognostic or risk‐stratifying markers, or response to treatment, that is, predictive markers, which may allow tailoring of the patient's treatment based on (epi)genetic characteristics. In this review, we will focus on clinically relevant diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers identified in more common types of B‐cell malignancies, and discuss how diagnostic assays designed for comprehensive molecular profiling may pave the way for the implementation of precision diagnostics/medicine approaches. We will also discuss future directions in this rapidly evolving field, including the application of single‐cell sequencing and other omics technologies, to decipher clonal dynamics and evolution in lymphoid malignancies.
COVID‐19 hospitalization is associated with pulmonary/diffusion abnormalities but not post‐acute sequelae of COVID‐19 severity
Authors: Lam Grace Y. , Befus Dean , Damant Ronald W. , Ferrara Giovanni , Fuhr Desi P. , Laratta Cheryl R. , Lau Angela , Stickland Michael K. , Varughese Rhea A. , Wong Eric Y. , Smith Maeve P. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractCoronavirus disease‐19 (COVID‐19) has resulted in much acute morbidity and mortality worldwide. There is now a growing recognition of the post‐acute sequela of COVID‐19, termed long COVID. However, the risk factors contributing to this condition remain unclear. Here, we address the growing controversy in the literature of whether hospitalization is a risk factor for long COVID. We found that hospitalization is associated with worse pulmonary restriction and reduction in diffusion capacity at 3 months post‐infection. However, the impact on mental health, functional and quality of life is equally severe in those who have and have not been hospitalized during the acute infection. These findings suggest that hospitalization is a risk factor for pulmonary complications of long COVID but not the overall severity of long COVID.
Gender differences in modifiable risk factors for hip fracture: 10‐year follow‐up of a prospective study of 0.5 million Chinese adults
Authors: Yao Pang , Parish Sarah , Bennett Derrick A. , Du Huaidong , Yang Ling , Chen Yiping , Guo Yu , Yu Canqing , Zhou Gang , Lv Jun , Li Liming , Chen Zhengming , Clarke Robert ,   China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group
Published: December 2021

AbstractBackgroundLittle is known about the incidence rates and importance of major modifiable risk factors for hip and major osteoporotic fractures in low‐ and middle‐income countries. We estimated the age‐ and sex‐specific incidence of hip, major osteoporotic, and any fractures and their associated risk factors in Chinese adults.MethodsThis was a prospective study of 512,715 adults, aged 30–79 years, recruited from 10 diverse areas in China from 2004 to 2008 and followed up for 10 years. Age‐ and sex‐specific incidence rates were estimated, and Cox regression was used to yield adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and population attributable fractions for risk factors.ResultsThe incidence rates of hip fracture in Chinese adults were 5.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] 5.0–5.3) per 10,000 person‐years; they were higher in women than in men and increased by two‐ to threefold per 10‐year older age. Among men, five risk factors for hip fracture, including low education (HR = 1.23; 95% CI 1.04–1.45), regular smoker (1.22, 1.03–1.45), lower weight (1.59, 1.34–1.88), alcohol drinker (1.18, 1.02–1.36), and prior fracture (1.62, 1.33–1.98), accounted for 44.3% of hip fractures. Among women, lower weight (1.30, 1.15–1.46), low physical activity (1.22, 1.10–1.35), diabetes (1.62, 1.41–1.86), prior fracture (1.54, 1.33–1.77), and self‐rated poor health (1.29, 1.13–1.47) accounted for 24.9% of hip fractures. Associations of risk factors with major osteoporotic or any fractures were weaker than those with hip fractures.ConclusionsThe age‐ and sex‐specific incidence rates of hip fracture in Chinese adults were comparable with those in Western populations. Five potentially modifiable factors accounted for half of the hip fractures in men and one quarter in women.
Suspected human intravenous immunoglobulin‐induced acute haemolytic anaemia in a dog
Authors: Koo Y. , Yun T. , Chae Y. , Lee D. , Choi D. , Oh J. , Kim J. , Kim H. , Yang M. P. , Kang B. T. 
Published: December 2021

A 2‐year‐old mixed breed dog presented with a 1‐year history of crust and erosion on the nasal planum. Because histopathological examination revealed ruptured intraepidermal pustules and superficial dermal inflammation, the dog was diagnosed with pemphigus foliaceus. Human intravenous immunoglobulin was administered in two consecutive doses of 0.5 g/kg/day due to poor therapeutic response to previous immunosuppressive therapy. From Day 3 after the first dose of human intravenous immunoglobulin, tachypnoea, pale mucous membrane, haemoglobinuria and haemoglobinemia were observed, thus confirming haemolytic anaemia. Other drug‐induced haemolytic anaemias were excluded because no additional drugs had been administered before the haemolysis occurred. Immune‐mediated haemolytic anaemia was also excluded because the direct antiglobulin test was negative. Two transfusions were performed, and haemolysis was not observed from Day 4 of haemolytic anaemia onset. In conclusion, human intravenous immunoglobulin‐induced haemolytic anaemia should be considered in dogs that develop haemolysis following the administration of human intravenous immunoglobulin.
Beckettite, Ca2V6Al6O20, a new mineral in a Type A refractory inclusion from Allende and clues to processes in the early solar system
Authors: Ma Chi , Krot Alexander N. , Paque Julie , Tschauner Oliver , Nagashima Kazuhide 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBeckettite (Ca2V6Al6O20; IMA 2015‐001) is a newly discovered refractory mineral, occurring as micrometer‐sized grains intergrown with hibonite and perovskite, and surrounded by secondary grossular, anorthite, coulsonite, hercynite, and corundum. It occurs within highly altered areas in a V‐rich, Type A Ca‐Al‐rich inclusion (CAI), A‐WP1, from the Allende CV3 carbonaceous chondrite. The type beckettite has an empirical formula of (Ca1.99Na0.01)(V3+3.47Al1.40Ti4+0.57Mg0.25Sc0.08Fe2+0.04)(Al5.72Si0.28)O20, with a triclinic structure in space group P and cell parameters a = 10.367 Å, b = 10.756 Å, c = 8.895 Å, α = 106.0°, β = 96.0°, γ = 124.7°, V = 739.7 Å3, and Z = 2, which leads to a calculated density of 3.67 g cm−3. Beckettite’s general formula is Ca2(V,Al,Ti,Mg)6Al6O20 and the endmember formula is Ca2V6Al6O20. Beckettite is slightly 16O‐depleted (Δ17O = −16 ± 2‰) compared to the coexisting hibonite and spinel −24 ± 2‰. Beckettite is a primary high‐temperature mineral resulting from igneous crystallization of an 16O‐rich V‐rich CAI melt together with V‐bearing hibonite, perovskite, burnettite, spinel, and paqueite. Subsequently, beckettite experienced an incomplete isotope exchange with an 16O‐poor aqueous fluid (Δ17O = −3 ± 2‰) on the Allende parent asteroid.
Population differences in the length and early‐life dynamics of telomeres among European pied flycatchers
Authors: Kärkkäinen Tiia , Laaksonen Toni , Burgess Malcolm , Cantarero Alejandro , Martínez‐Padilla Jesús , Potti Jaime , Moreno Juan , Thomson Robert L. , Tilgar Vallo , Stier Antoine 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTelomere length and shortening rate are increasingly being used as biomarkers for long‐term costs in ecological and evolutionary studies because of their relationships with survival and fitness. Both early‐life conditions and growth, and later‐life stressors can create variation in telomere shortening rate. Studies on between‐population telomere length and dynamics are scarce, despite the expectation that populations exposed to varying environmental constraints would present divergent telomere length patterns. The pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca) is a passerine bird breeding across Eurasia (from Spain to western Siberia) and migrating through the Iberian Peninsula to spend the nonbreeding period in sub‐Saharan Africa. Thus, different populations show marked differences in migration distance. We studied the large‐scale variation of telomere length and early‐life dynamics in the pied flycatcher by comparing six European populations across a north–south gradient (Finland, Estonia, England and Spain) predicting a negative effect of migration distance on adult telomere length, and of nestling growth on nestling telomere dynamics. There were clear population differences in telomere length, with English birds from midlatitudes having the longest telomeres. Telomere length did not thus show consistent latitudinal variation and was not linearly linked to differences in migration distance. Early‐life telomere shortening rate tended to vary between populations. Fast growth was associated with shorter telomeres in the early life, but faster nestling growth affected telomeres more negatively in northern than southern populations. While the sources of between‐population differences in telomere‐related biology remain to be more intensively studied, our study illustrates the need to expand telomere studies at the between‐population level.
Drivers of neutral and adaptive differentiation in pike (Esox lucius) populations from contrasting environments
Authors: Sunde Johanna , Yıldırım Yeşerin , Tibblin Petter , Bekkevold Dorte , Skov Christian , Nordahl Oscar , Larsson Per , Forsman Anders 
Published: December 2021

AbstractUnderstanding how eco‐evolutionary processes and environmental factors drive population differentiation and adaptation are key challenges in evolutionary biology of relevance for biodiversity protection. Differentiation requires at least partial reproductive separation, which may result from different modes of isolation such as geographic isolation (allopatry) or isolation by distance (IBD), resistance (IBR), and environment (IBE). Despite that multiple modes might jointly influence differentiation, studies that compare the relative contributions are scarce. Using RADseq, we analyse neutral and adaptive genetic diversity and structure in 11 pike (Esox lucius) populations from contrasting environments along a latitudinal gradient (54.9–63.6°N), to investigate the relative effects of IBD, IBE and IBR, and to assess whether the effects differ between neutral and adaptive variation, or across structural levels. Patterns of neutral and adaptive variation differed, probably reflecting that they have been differently affected by stochastic and deterministic processes. The importance of the different modes of isolation differed between neutral and adaptive diversity, yet were consistent across structural levels. Neutral variation was influenced by interactions among all three modes of isolation, with IBR (seascape features) playing a central role, wheares adaptive variation was mainly influenced by IBE (environmental conditions). Taken together, this and previous studies suggest that it is common that multiple modes of isolation interactively shape patterns of genetic variation, and that their relative contributions differ among systems. To enable identification of general patterns and understand how various factors influence the relative contributions, it is important that several modes are simultaneously investigated in additional populations, species and environmental settings.
Identification of TbPBN1 in Trypanosoma brucei reveals a conserved heterodimeric architecture for glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐mannosyltransferase‐I
Authors: Cowton Andrew , Bütikofer Peter , Häner Robert , Menon Anant K. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGlycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored proteins are found in all eukaryotes and are especially abundant on the surface of protozoan parasites such as Trypanosoma brucei. GPI‐mannosyltransferase‐I (GPI‐MT‐I) catalyzes the addition of the first of three mannoses that make up the glycan core of GPI. Mammalian and yeast GPI‐MT‐I consist of two essential subunits, the catalytic subunit PIG‐M/Gpi14 and the accessory subunit PIG‐X/Pbn1(mammals/yeast). T. brucei GPI‐MT‐I has been highlighted as a potential antitrypanosome drug target but has not been fully characterized. Here, we show that T. brucei GPI‐MT‐I also has two subunits, TbGPI14 and TbPBN1. Using TbGPI14 deletion, and TbPBN1 RNAi‐mediated depletion, we show that both proteins are essential for the mannosyltransferase activity needed for GPI synthesis and surface expression of GPI‐anchored proteins. In addition, using native PAGE and co‐immunoprecipitation analyses, we demonstrate that TbGPI14 and TbPBN1 interact to form a higher‐order complex. Finally, we show that yeast Gpi14 does not restore GPI‐MT‐I function in TbGPI14 knockout trypanosomes, consistent with previously demonstrated species specificity within GPI‐MT‐I subunit associations. The identification of an essential trypanosome GPI‐MT‐I subcomponent indicates wide conservation of the heterodimeric architecture unusual for a glycosyltransferase, leaving open the question of the role of the noncatalytic TbPBN1 subunit in GPI‐MT‐I function.
Chromosome‐specific painting unveils chromosomal fusions and distinct allopolyploid species in the Saccharum complex
Authors: Yu Fan , Zhao Xinwang , Chai Jin , Ding Xueer , Li Xueting , Huang Yongji , Wang Xianhong , Wu Jiayun , Zhang Muqing , Yang Qinghui , Deng Zuhu , Jiang Jiming 
Published: December 2021

Summary

Karyotypes provide key cytogenetic information on the phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary origins in related eukaryotic species. Despite our knowledge of the chromosome numbers of sugarcane and its wild relatives, the chromosome composition and evolution among the species in the Saccharum complex have been elusive owing to the complex polyploidy and the large numbers of chromosomes of these species.

Oligonucleotide‐based chromosome painting has become a powerful tool of cytogenetic studies especially for plant species with large numbers of chromosomes. We developed oligo‐based chromosome painting probes for all 10 chromosomes in Saccharum officinarum (2n = 8x = 80). The 10 painting probes generated robust fluorescence in situ hybridization signals in all plant species within the Saccharum complex, including species in the genera Saccharum, Miscanthus, Narenga and Erianthus.

We conducted comparative chromosome analysis using the same set of probes among species from four different genera within the Saccharum complex. Excitingly, we discovered several novel cytotypes and chromosome rearrangements in these species.

We discovered that fusion from two different chromosomes is a common type of chromosome rearrangement associated with the species in the Saccharum complex. Such fusion events changed the basic chromosome number and resulted in distinct allopolyploids in the Saccharum complex.
Using structural variants to understand the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of fungal plant pathogens
Authors: Hartmann Fanny E. 
Published: December 2021

SummaryDeletions, duplications, insertions, inversions and translocations are commonly referred to as structural variants (SVs). Fungal plant pathogens have compact genomes, facilitating the generation of accurate maps of SVs for these species in recent studies. Structural variants have been found to constitute a significant proportion of the standing genetic variation in fungal plant pathogen populations, potentially leading to the generation of accessory genes, regions or chromosomes enriched in pathogenicity factors. Structural variants are involved in the rapid adaptation and ecological traits of pathogens, including host specialization and mating. Long‐read sequencing techniques coupled with theoretical and experimental approaches have considerable potential for elucidating the phenotypic effects of SVs and deciphering the evolutionary and genomic mechanisms underlying the formation of SVs in fungal plant pathogens.
Pulp changes from rapid maxillary expansion: A systematic review
Authors: de Andrade Vieira Walbert , Oliveira Millena Barroso , Machado Leonardo de Souza , Cericato Graziela Oro , Lima Igor Felipe Pereira , Paranhos Luiz Renato 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIntroductionThis study aimed to systematically review the current evidence on the occurrence of pulp changes as side effects from orthopaedic rapid maxillary expansion (ORME) or surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME).MethodsAn electronic search was performed in eleven databases. The eligibility criteria included clinical studies assessing vitality, sensibility or dimensions of the pulp chamber of permanent teeth before and after ORME or SARME, without restrictions on publication year or language. The risk of bias was analysed with the NIH ‘Quality Assessment Tool for Before‐After (Pre‐Post) Studies with No Control Group’ and the ‘JBI for quasi‐experimental studies’ tool. The GRADE tool was used to assess the certainty of evidence.ResultsThe initial search resulted in 1,197 records, from which only seven before‐after studies were included. There was a change in the pulpal blood flow (PBF) of maxillary incisors and canines up to 5 days after SARME, which gradually returned after 7 days to 3 months. After ORME, one study observed an increased PBF and one study observed a reduced PBF, which gradually returned after the end of expansion. Two studies observed that both ORME and SARME caused temporary changes in pulp sensibility. Three studies observed a significant reduction in the pulp chamber after ORME or SARME. The outcomes presented a very low certainty of evidence.ConclusionsAlthough limited, the evidence shows that ORME and SARME caused temporary changes in pulp vitality and sensibility, with the possibility of inducing a reduction in pulp chamber dimensions.