bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epilepsy surgery in infants up to 3 months of age: Safety, feasibility, and outcomes: A multicenter, multinational study
Authors: Roth Jonathan , Constantini Shlomi , Ekstein Margaret , Weiner Howard L. , Tripathi Manjari , Chandra Poodipedi Sarat , Cossu Massimo , Rizzi Michele , Bollo Robert J. , Machado Hélio Rubens , Santos Marcelo Volpon , Keating Robert F. , Oluigbo Chima O. , Rutka James T. , Drake James M. , Jallo George I. , Shimony Nir , Treiber Jeffrey M. , Consales Alessandro , Mangano Francesco T. , Wisoff Jeffrey H. , Teresa Hidalgo Eveline , Bingaman William E. , Gupta Ajay , Erdemir Gozde , Sundar Swetha J. , Benifla Mony , Shapira Vladimir , Lam Sandi K. , Fallah Aria , Maniquis Cassia A. B. , Tisdall Martin , Chari Aswin , Cinalli Giuseppe , Blount Jeffrey P. , Dorfmüller Georg , Christine Bulteau  , Uliel‐Sibony Shimrit 
Published: June 2021

SummaryObjectiveDrug‐resistant epilepsy (DRE) during the first few months of life is challenging and necessitates aggressive treatment, including surgery. Because the most common causes of DRE in infancy are related to extensive developmental anomalies, surgery often entails extensive tissue resections or disconnection. The literature on “ultra‐early” epilepsy surgery is sparse, with limited data concerning efficacy controlling the seizures, and safety. The current study's goal is to review the safety and efficacy of ultra‐early epilepsy surgery performed before the age of 3 months.MethodsTo achieve a large sample size and external validity, a multinational, multicenter retrospective study was performed, focusing on epilepsy surgery for infants younger than 3 months of age. Collected data included epilepsy characteristics, surgical details, epilepsy outcome, and complications.ResultsSixty‐four patients underwent 69 surgeries before the age of 3 months. The most common pathologies were cortical dysplasia (28), hemimegalencephaly (17), and tubers (5). The most common procedures were hemispheric surgeries (48 procedures). Two cases were intentionally staged, and one was unexpectedly aborted. Nearly all patients received blood products. There were no perioperative deaths and no major unexpected permanent morbidities. Twenty‐five percent of patients undergoing hemispheric surgeries developed hydrocephalus. Excellent epilepsy outcome (International League Against Epilepsy [ILAE] grade I) was achieved in 66% of cases over a median follow‐up of 41 months (19–104 interquartile range [IQR]). The number of antiseizure medications was significantly reduced (median 2 drugs, 1–3 IQR,p < .0001). Outcome was not significantly associated with the type of surgery (hemispheric or more limited resections).SignificanceEpilepsy surgery during the first few months of life is associated with excellent seizure control, and when performed by highly experienced teams, is not associated with more permanent morbidity than surgery in older infants. Thus surgical treatment should not be postponed to treat DRE in very young infants based on their age.
Anti‐oxidant and anti‐fatigue properties of apple pomace polysaccharides by acid or alkali extraction
Authors: Chang Xiangna , Chen Xuefeng , Gong Pin , Yang Wenjuan , Wang Lan , Liu Ning , Su Yao , Zhao Yuanyuan 
Published: June 2021

SummaryThe anti‐fatigue effects and structure‐activity relationship of apple polysaccharides (APPs), the active components in apple pomace, remain unknown. We examined the effects of different extraction methods on polysaccharide structures and anti‐fatigue activities. Additionally, the structural and biochemical properties of APPs prepared under acidic (ACAPP) or alkaline (ALAPP) conditions, were characterised. ACAPP and ALAPP were acidic heteropolysaccharides primarily comprising arabinose, rhamnose, galactose, glucose, xylose and galacturonic acid. The molecular weights of ACAPP and ALAPP were 110 kDa and 89.6 kDa, respectively. ALAPP had more branched chains than ACAPP and showed stronger free radical‐scavenging and anti‐fatigue properties. The anti‐fatigue properties of APPs correlated with their anti‐oxidant activities and were exerted through eliminating free radicals and mediating an oxidative balance. The stronger anti‐fatigue activity of ALAPP is probably related to its structural characteristics. Collectively, our study provides a fundamental basis for the development and use of APPs in medicine and functional foods.
Changes in phenolic compounds, antioxidant potential and antinutritional factors of Teff (Eragrostis tef) during different thermal processing methods
Authors: Kataria Ankita , Sharma Savita , Dar B.N. 
Published: June 2021

SummaryBrown teff exhibits superior antioxidant characteristics and is categorised as a super grain. Thermal treatments are common processing steps prior to domestic consumption or at industrial production. This study aimed to analyse the effect of thermal processing treatments (moist heat – conventional heating (2, 3.5 and 5 min), autoclaving (121°C for 15 min); dry heat – roasting (5, 7.5 and 10 min), microwave processing (2, 3.5 and 5 min)) at different experimental conditions on total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), potential antioxidant activities, antioxidant potency composite index and antinutritional factors of brown teff (Eragrostis tef). Raw grains contained appreciable quantities of TPC (2.52 mg gallic acid equivalents/g) and TFC (14.68 mg quercetin equivalents/g), but roasting and microwave processing further improved their levels (10–24%). Results showed that microwave processed grains exhibited higher antioxidant activities with the highest average antioxidant potency composite index (81.52). Phytic acid and tannins were effectively reduced by all the thermal processes (26–37%). During, roasting and microwave processing, the reduction in saponins occurred after higher processing times. These results suggest that thermal processing can be utilised to improve the antioxidant properties along with a reduction of antinutritional compounds to approve regular consumption of this super grain.
Effect of androgen deprivation therapy on cognitive functioning in men with prostate cancer: A systematic review
Authors: Andela Cornelie D , Matte Rafil , Jazet Ingrid M , Zonneveld Willemijn CG , Schoones Jan W , Meinders A Edo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe objective of this study was to review publications assessing cognitive functioning in patients with prostate cancer treated with androgen deprivation therapy. We conducted a systematic review of the literature published in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO up to February 2020. A total of 31 studies were included. Half of the studies (n = 16) demonstrated that androgen deprivation therapy in patients with prostate carcinoma did not result in a negative effect on cognitive functioning, however, still a substantial proportion of the studies (n = 11) reported a negative effect on cognitive functioning. In four studies the results were inconclusive. In the three studies using additional functional magnetic resonance imaging, no significant effect on neuropsychological tests was found, but grey matter volume, brain activity, and brain connectivity were affected. Given the substantial number of studies showing a significant negative effect of androgen deprivation therapy on cognitive functioning, clinicians should be aware of this side effect. Furthermore, future research should focus on the further examination of brain characteristics using functional magnetic resonance imaging, since these techniques might be more sensitive in detecting brain abnormalities as a result of androgen deprivation therapy.
Immune control of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is dependent on both soluble TNFRp55 and soluble TNFRp75
Authors: Keeton Roanne , du Toit Jan Pierre , Hsu Nai‐Jen , Dube Felix , Jacobs Muazzam 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTuberculosis presents a global health challenge, and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) signalling is required for host immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). TNF receptor shedding, however, compromises effective immunity by reducing bioactive TNF through the formation of inactive complexes. In this study, we first compared the effect of total soluble TNF receptors using a transgenic p55ΔNS/p75−/− murine strain on host protection during a low‐dose aerosol Mtb H37Rv challenge. We report that the presence of membrane‐bound TNFRp55 alone in the absence of TNFRp75 results in superior control of a primary Mtb infection where p55ΔNS/p75−/− hyperactive dendritic cells displayed an increased capacity to induce a hyperactive Mtb‐specific CD4+ T‐cell response. p55ΔNS/p75−/− dendritic cells expressed a higher frequency of MHCII and increased MFIs for both CD86 and MHCII, while CD4+ T cells had higher expression of CD44 and IFN‐γ. Next, the relative contributions of soluble TNFRp55 and soluble TNFRp75 to host protection against either primary Mtb infection or during reactivation of latent tuberculosis were delineated by comparing the experimental outcomes of control C57BL/6 mice to transgenic p55ΔNS/p75−/−, p55ΔNS and p75−/− mouse strains. We found that soluble TNFRp55 is redundant for immune regulation during the chronic stages of a primary Mtb infection. However, TNFRp55 together with soluble TNFRp75 has a crucial role in immune regulation of reactivation of latent tuberculosis.
COVID‐19 economic vulnerability and resilience indexes: Global evidence
Authors: Diop Samba , Asongu Simplice A. , Nnanna Joseph 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThis study complements the extant literature by constructing COVID‐19 economic vulnerability and resilience indexes using a global sample of 150 countries categorised into four principal regions: Africa, Asia‐Pacific and the Middle East, America, and Europe. Seven variables are used for the vulnerability index and nine for the resilience index. Both regions and sampled countries are classified in terms of the two proposed and computed indexes. The classification of countries is also provided in terms of four scenarios pertaining to vulnerability and resilience characteristics: low vulnerability‐low resilience, high vulnerability‐low resilience, high vulnerability‐high resilience, and low vulnerability‐high resilience to illustrate sensitive, severe, asymptomatic, and best cases, respectively. The findings are relevant to policy makers, especially as they pertain to decision‐making in resource allocation in the fight against the global pandemic.
Broadband electromagnetic absorption of Ti3C2Tx MXene/WS2 composite via constructing two‐dimensional heterostructure
Authors: Ren Hengdong , Wang Sheng , Zhang Ximing , Liu Yin , Kong Lingbing , Li Chang , Lu Xiaoyong , Chen Yonghong 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTi3C2Tx MXene, an emerging two‐dimensional (2D) ceramic material, has rich interfaces and strong conductive networks. Herein, we have successfully built a heterostructure between Ti3C2Tx MXene and WS2 to improve electromagnetic absorption performance. X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to determine the successful synthesis of Ti3C2Tx/WS2 composite. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images show that WS2 nanosheets are evenly dispersed on the accordion‐like Ti3C2Tx MXene. Importantly, Ti3C2Tx MXene/WS2 composite has sufficiently high dielectric loss and impedance matching due to self‐adjusting conductivity and 2D heterostructure interfaces. As a result, the Ti3C2Tx/WS2 composite has a minimum reflection loss (RLmin) of −61.06 dB at 13.28 GHz. Besides, it has a broad effective absorption bandwidth (EAB) of 6.5 GHz, with EAB >5.0 GHz covering a wide range of thickness. Such impressive results may provide experience for the application of Ti3C2Tx ceramics and 2D materials.
The early course and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder in very young children: diagnostic prevalence and predictors in hospital‐attending children and a randomized controlled proof‐of‐concept trial of trauma‐focused cognitive therapy, for 3‐ to 8‐year‐olds
Authors: Hitchcock Caitlin , Goodall Benjamin , Wright Isobel M. , Boyle Adrian , Johnston David , Dunning Darren , Gillard Julia , Griffiths Kirsty , Humphrey Ayla , McKinnon Anna , Panesar Inderpal K. , Werner‐Seidler Aliza , Watson Peter , Smith Patrick , Meiser‐Stedman Richard , Dalgleish Tim 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundThe introduction of developmentally adapted criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has improved the identification of ≤6‐year‐old children with clinical needs. Across two studies, we assess predictors of the development of PTSD in young children (PTSD‐YC), including the adult‐led acute stress disorder (ASD) diagnosis, and provide proof of principle for cognitive‐focused therapy for this age range, with the aim of increasing treatment options for children diagnosed with PTSD‐YC.MethodStudy 1 (N = 105) assessed ASD and PTSD‐YC diagnosis in 3‐ to 8‐year‐old children within one month and at around three months following attendance at an emergency room. Study 2 (N = 37) was a preregistered (www.isrctn.com/ISRCTN35018680) randomized controlled early‐phase trial comparing CBT‐3M, a cognitive‐focused intervention, to treatment‐as‐usual (TAU) delivered within the UK NHS to 3‐ to 8‐year‐olds diagnosed with PTSD‐YC.ResultsIn Study 1, the ASD diagnosis failed to identify any young children. In contrast, prevalence of acute PTSD‐YC (minus the duration requirement) was 8.6% in the first month post‐trauma and 10.1% at 3 months. Length of hospital stay, but no other demographic or trauma‐related characteristics, predicted development of later PTSD‐YC. Early (within one month) diagnosis of acute PTSD‐YC had a positive predictive value of 50% for later PTSD‐YC. In Study 2, most children lost their PTSD‐YC diagnosis following completion of CBT‐3M (84.6%) relative to TAU (6.7%) and CBT‐3M was acceptable to recipient families. Effect sizes were also in favor of CBT‐3M for secondary outcome measures.ConclusionsThe ASD diagnosis is not fit for purpose in this age‐group. There was a strong and encouraging signal of putative efficacy for young children treated using a cognitive‐focused treatment for PTSD, and a larger trial of CBT‐3M is now warranted.
Nonsurgical reshaping of the nose, chin, and jawline: A retrospective analysis using experience‐based eligibility criteria
Authors: Calvisi Lucia , Palazzolo Dario , Triolo Antonio 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundNonsurgical reshaping of the nose, chin, and jawline with hyaluronic acid fillers is becoming increasingly popular. Appropriate patient selection is essential.ObjectivesTo assess the safety and efficacy of nonsurgical treatment of these facial areas using experience‐based eligibility criteria and injection of the high G’ filler, VYC‐25L.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing aesthetic improvement of the nose, chin, and/or jawline with VYC‐25L, selected based on detailed criteria derived from extensive experience and imaging assessments. In a subgroup of subjects, high‐resolution 3D imaging was used to assess nasal angles, nasal hump height, and chin projection.ResultsA total of 135 patients were included (n = 106 females; mean age, 43.4 ± 14.3 years; n = 44 nose treatment only, n = 24 chin/jawline only, n = 67 both). Mean treatment volume was 3.3 ± 2.0 ml. In total, 111 individuals (82.2%) were injected in the nose (mean volume: 0.9 ± 0.2 ml) and 91 (67.4%) in the chin/jawline (mean volume: 3.8 ± 0.8 ml). Most complications were injection site‐related (bruising, n = 27 [20.0%]; pain, n = 1 [0.7%]). One patient (0.7%) experienced lip herpes, successfully managed with antiviral therapy. Thirty‐two individuals underwent 3D imaging, which showed substantial mean changes from baseline in nasofrontal angle (3.5 ± 1.6 degrees), nasofacial angle (2.2 ± 0.8 degrees), and nasolabial angle (3.9 ± 2.6 degrees); decreases in nasal hump height (1.7 ± 0.9 mm); and increased chin projection (2.7 ± 1.5 mm).ConclusionsNonsurgical reshaping of the nose, chin, and jawline was safe and effective using experience‐based eligibility criteria and VYC‐25L.
Analgesic efficacy of ultrasound‐guided transversus abdominis plane block after cesarean delivery: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Peng , Chen Xu , Chang Ying , Wang Yanping , Cui Hongyan 
Published: June 2021

AbstractPurposeThe meta‐analysis is aimed to further access the analgesic efficacy of ultrasound‐guided transversus abdominis plane (USG‐TAP) block after cesarean section (CS).MethodsElectronic databases were searched for eligible studies. Primary objectives were pain‐related outcomes. Weighted mean differences (WMDs) or standardized mean differences (SMDs), as well as risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were used to calculate estimates. Subgroup analyses were done based on whether USG‐TAP blocks were performed with long‐acting intrathecal opioids (ITO).ResultsA total of 17 studies were included. When compared with control groups (placebo or no blocks), USG‐TAP block resulted in lower cumulative opioid consumption at 6 h (WMD: −8.32; 95% CI: −14.86, −1.79), 12 h (WMD: −10.75; 95% CI: −20.93, −0.57), and 24 h (WMD: −12.71, 95% CI: −21.28, −4.14). No significant differences were demonstrated among dynamic or resting pain scores. Patients in USG‐TAP groups needed longer time to request first analgesic (WMD: 3.56; 95% CI: 1.43, 5.68) and showed a lower requirement of opioid rescue analgesia for breakthrough severe pain during 24 h (RR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.18, 0.86). Subgroup analyses showed USG‐TAP blocks did not afford additional benefit in the presence of intrathecal morphine. Also, reduced need for antiemetics after CS and higher maternal satisfaction were provided by USG‐TAP blocks.ConclusionUSG‐TAP block can provide significantly effective analgesia for patients who underwent CS in the absence of long‐acting ITO and therefore are worth promoting in the setting of long‐acting ITO being unfeasible.
Twenty‐five years of biologicals in IBD: What´s all the hype about?
Authors: Herrlinger Klaus R. , Stange Eduard F. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractTwenty‐five years ago the field was revolutionized by the introduction of infliximab as the first hybrid anti‐TNF‐antibody. Subsequently, other humanized anti‐TNFs were developed and marketed, followed by antibodies to new targets including integrins (vedolizumab) and interleukin 12/23 (ustekinumab). All these so‐called biologicals were shown in registrational trials to induce remission superior to placebo but consistently were effective in only a minority of patients. Even though in most trials only the responders were selected to continue on the respective medication for maintenance, many experienced a secondary loss of response and only a minority of usually <25% of the initial cohort achieved long‐term (1 year) remission. In 'real life studies', the outcome was somewhat better, probably due to proper selection of patients and open, mostly retrospective study designs. A clear benefit of biologicals is apparent in otherwise treatment refractory patients, in extraintestinal manifestations and in Crohn´s disease (CD) with fistulizing complications. Biologicals achieve mucosal healing (MH) more often than corticosteroids or thiopurines, and MH is associated with improved prognosis. However, this does not justify escalating treatment until MH is reached since controlled trials proving this point of 'treat to target' are lacking both in ulcerative colitis and CD. Surgical rates have decreased with increasing use of biologicals, but disease progression has not been proven to improve. With the exception of opportunistic infections, serious adverse events are rare. In conclusion, biologicals have changed the scene considerably and expanded our armamentarium, but there is also a marketing hype fostering expectations without evidence.
Dark side of laundry pods: Analysis of exposure to laundry detergent capsules in children
Authors: Rocka Agata , Piędel Faustyna , Madras Dominika , Krawiec Paulina , Pac‐Kożuchowska Elżbieta 
Published: June 2021

AimWe aimed to evaluate the epidemiological characteristic and clinical features of laundry detergent capsule (LDC) exposure in children.MethodsRetrospective review of medical records of patients hospitalised due to the exposure to LDC at the Department of Paediatrics and Gastroenterology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland, from 2014 to 2019 was conducted.ResultsDuring the study period, 38 children including 19 (50%) boys and 19 (50%) girls were admitted to our department due to exposure to LDC. The age of patients ranged from 11 months to 9 years, with a mean 48.61 ± 28.85 months of age. About 66% of patients were younger than 5 years. The major route of exposure was ingestion (n = 37; 97%). Most patients (n = 27; 71%) exhibited symptoms of exposure to the LDC. The most common symptoms were vomiting (n = 23; 60%), cough (n = 7; 18%) and salivation (n = 5; 13%). Seven patients required gastroscopy. Abnormalities were subsequently identified in three children.ConclusionsAccidental exposure to LDC usually occurs in children younger than 5 years. Although the majority of cases had mild or moderate clinical outcomes, ingestion of LDC may lead to some severe consequences. Improvements in parental education regarding the risks of LDC, and in the packaging of LDC may prevent serious injury.
The role of homeobox gene‐encoded transcription factors in regulation of phototransduction: Implementing the primary pinealocyte culture as a photoreceptor model
Authors: Hertz Henrik , Blancas‐Velazquez Aurea Susana , Rath Martin Fredensborg 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHomeobox genes encode transcription factors controlling development; however, a number of homeobox genes are expressed postnatally specifically in melatonin‐producing pinealocytes of the pineal gland and photoreceptors of the retina along with transcripts devoted to melatonin synthesis and phototransduction. Homeobox genes regulate melatonin synthesis in pinealocytes, but some homeobox genes also seem to be involved in regulation of retinal phototransduction. Due to the lack of photoreceptor models, we here introduce the rat pinealocyte culture as an in vitro model for studying retinal phototransduction. Systematic qPCR analyses were performed on the rat retina and pineal gland in 24 hour in vivo series and on primary cultures of rat pinealocytes: All homeobox genes and melatonin synthesis components, as well as nine out of ten phototransduction genes, were readily detectable in all three experimental settings, confirming molecular similarity between cultured pinealocytes and in vivo retinal tissue. 24 hours circadian expression was mostly confined to transcripts in the pineal gland, including a novel rhythm in arrestin (Sag). Individual knockdown of the homeobox genes orthodenticle homeobox 2 (Otx2), cone‐rod homeobox (Crx) and LIM homeobox 4 (Lhx4) in pinealocyte culture using siRNA resulted in specific downregulation of transcripts representing all levels of phototransduction; thus, all phototransduction genes studied in culture were affected by one or several siRNA treatments. Histological colocalization of homeobox and phototransduction transcripts in the rat retinal photoreceptor was confirmed by RNAscope in situ hybridization, thus suggesting that homeobox gene‐encoded transcription factors control postnatal expression of phototransduction genes in the retinal photoreceptor.