bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preaching from the Whole
Authors: Grove Kevin G. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 shows how, in preaching, the self comes to be mediated by the whole Christ. The insight about memory and Christ from the Confessions grows into a full-fledged Christological reality wherein the “whole Christ” becomes a route to God. This chapter, especially by attention to exegesis and rhetorical tools in addition to his philosophical and theological interlocutors, shows the development of Augustine’s communal construct called the whole Christ, or totus Christus. The chapter tracks Augustine’s developing understanding of Christ’s mediation through the incarnation, passion, and ascension. In his mature preaching, Augustine describes ongoing Christological mediation as transfiguring human persons into Christ. Chapter 2 concludes the first part of the book, “The Beginning of Memory,” and sets up the method of the middle portion of the book.
Kant and the Law of War
Authors: Ripstein Arthur 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The past two decades have seen renewed scholarly and popular interest in the law and morality of war. Positions that originated in the late Middle Ages through the seventeenth century have received more sophisticated philosophical elaboration. Although many contemporary writers draw on ideas that figure prominently in Kant’s moral philosophy, his explicit discussions of war have not been brought into their proper place within these discussions and debates. Kant argues that a special morality governs the permissible use of force because of war’s distinctive immorality. He characterizes war as barbaric, because in war, might makes right—which side prevails does not depend on who is in the right. The very thing that makes war wrongful also provides the appropriate standard for evaluating the conduct of war, and the only basis for law governing war.
National Defense
Authors: Ripstein Arthur 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter develops Kant’s argument that national defense is the only legitimate ground of going to war. It explains why there can be no procedure in the state of nature, and so why none of the grounds of war offered by the just war or regular war traditions are legitimate. It then explains why defensive force is permissible in the absence of legal institutions and how it must be conceived as preventing a wrong rather than either remedying one or punishing a wrongdoer. The focus on preventive force explains why questions of culpability or of the forfeiture of rights are not part of an acceptable characterization of national defense. The chapter concludes with an examination of the relation between this conception of the grounds of war and the other traditional ad bellum conditions, including proper authority, necessity, reasonable prospect of success, and proportionality.
The Roots of Global Health Inequity
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines the historical roots of health inequities. It focuses on the African continent, where life expectancy is the shortest and health systems are weakest. The chapter describes the impoverishment of countries by colonial powers and the impact of this history on health care delivery. It reviews the development of the global human rights framework, the impact of African liberation struggles, and the challenges faced by newly liberated African governments to deliver health care through the public sector. The influence of the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund’s neoliberal economic policies is also discussed. The chapter highlights the shift from the aspiration of “health for all” voiced at the Alma Ata Conference on Primary Health Care in 1978 to the more narrowly defined “selective primary health care.” Lastly, the chapter explains the challenges inherent in financing health in impoverished countries and how user fees became standard practice.
The Millennium Development Goals and Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The turn of the 21th century and the movement for AIDS treatment access ushered in a spirit of international collaboration to improve the lives of the world’s most impoverished citizens. This chapter focuses on the international goals to that were set out in 2001: the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). They were agreed upon by all UN member states and focused on specific health targets, as well as reducing impoverishment and gender inequality. The MDGs sought to reduce women and children’s mortality, to treat AIDS, TB and malaria, and to reduce extreme hunger and poverty. Impoverished governments recognized that achieving these goals would require the rebuilding and strengthening of the public’s health systems. Yet, donor funds are often vertical—focusing on a specific disease. This chapter investigates how disease-specific programs can fragment health systems or, alternatively, can be leveraged to strengthen health care delivery. Finally, the chapter summarizes the successes and failures of the MDGs and the framework of the SDGs.
Global Health and the Global Burden of Disease
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In this new era of global health in which delivering care has become a reality, it is important to understand the terms used to describe the health of populations, such as incidence, prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. As well as to be able to describe the concepts such as the burden of disease in a population, the quantity and impact of diseases that affect the health of populations, and the epidemiologic shifts within a society. This chapter reviews these key terms and concepts as well as the creation of the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) project, launched in 1990 at the World Health Organization. The GBD project measures and estimates the disease burden in countries on a regular basis. These data are critical to built health systems with sufficient inputs to address the entirety of the disease burden and achieve universal health coverage.
Understanding and Practicing Social Medicine
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the social determinants of health. The phrase “social determinants of health” is used to describe the factors and forces in society that cause ill health and premature death. To achieve health equity, it is important to understand the impact of social determinants and work to mitigate their adverse health effects. The practice of social medicine uses a biosocial approach that merges biomedical science with social analysis to design programs that strive for health equity. Because of the historical and geopolitical forces that have shaped global inequities, social medicine and a biosocial approach are important in global health and health equity and are addressed in this chapter.
Universal versus Decentralized Politics
Authors: Kapoor Ilan , Zalloua Zahi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter compares and contrasts a negative conception of universality with key critics of universalism—those who advocate for a decentralized politics. It outlines two strains of the latter. The first is informed by the linguistic/cultural turn, including postmodernism and radical democracy (as represented by Foucault and Lyotard, and Laclau and Mouffe, respectively). The second strain operates under the ontological/affective turn, including New Materialism (Latour, Bennett), queer theory (Edelman, Ahmed), decoloniality (Mignolo), and Deleuzism (Hardt and Negri). The chapter deploys workers’ struggles as a case study for examining their place in a universal politics.
Conclusion: After the System
Authors: Kapoor Ilan , Zalloua Zahi 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
In theorizing post-capitalism, a universal politics cannot downplay “the power of envy” or engage in a fetishistic disavowal of envy. Envy is to be avowed, acknowledged as a constitutive element of human existence. This is not to naturalize or justify envy. Quite the contrary, the avowal of envy enjoins us to politically confront it, to de-individualize envy’s hold on us—not to transcend it or acquiesce to its presence. Envy registers first and foremost an ontological dissatisfaction, a “glitch” in us, that the current system is all too keen to exploit and manipulate. And this insight must not be lost on a universal politics. The unavoidable implication is that the struggle for emancipation is a never-ending one—it always fails; it always falls short of its objective. Reaching a destination inevitably brings with it killjoys and spoilers, making for new struggles. But this should come as no surprise since universality, after all, is about the very absence of meaning—impossible to reach, possess, or fully realize. Struggle, struggle again, struggle better.
Authority Taming Power
Authors: Fèvre Raphaël 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
From a political perspective, ordoliberals formulated a “new” social question based on the collapse of human freedom and autonomy in the face of the rise of private and public economic powers. Thus ordoliberals regarded the dispersion of economic power within the economic process as the key to overcome the social question. Finding an answer to the social question required the institution and perpetuation of the competitive order. Thus, the ordoliberal economic policy is directed toward the dispersion of economic power. Ordoliberals considered competition as a formidable tool for the disempowering of private economic power and for regulating the social body. Tracing the various manifestations of economic power led the ordoliberals to consider a broad program of economic and social policies that should be politically implemented by a strong state.
Epilogue
Authors: Fèvre Raphaël 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This last chapter outlines the ordoliberal discourse in the early postwar period (1946–1950) and the way it gained traction on the political stage. The author shows that the ordoliberals sought to establish a continuity between the economic order of the Third Reich and the administration of the Western Allies and thereby confronted political authorities with the fact that proper denazification could succeed only if Nazi planning methods were rejected. This argument has been constructed around various kinds of documentation, including advisory reports, newspaper/magazine articles, and academic publications. Ultimately, the chapter contributes both to a better definition of ordoliberal ideas (especially of their critical scope) and to a better knowledge of competing ideologies in the early Cold War context.
Conclusion
Authors: Fèvre Raphaël 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
After having briefly summarized the content of the book, this concluding chapter uses the definition of ordoliberalism as a political economy of power to discuss what is today called the “ordoliberal core” of European governance. The conclusion shows that the word “ordoliberalism” refers to two separates—and at time conflicting—paradigms: an old form of political economy and a new form of neoliberal orthodoxy. Hence the conclusion investigates the reasons for the political success of ordoliberalism in the immediate aftermath of the war, as well as to what extent the lasting influence of the ordoliberal discourse was accompanied by its transformation: abandoning its original form of a political economy of power to embody the contemporary form of neoliberal orthodoxy in the European Union.
Knowledge from the Outside
Authors: Kornblith Hilary 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Knowledge may be examined from the third-person perspective, as psychologists and sociologists do, or it may be examined from the first-person perspective, as each of us does when we reflect on what we ought to believe. This chapter takes the third-person perspective. One obvious source of knowledge is perception, and some general features of how our perceptual systems are able to pick up information about the world around us are highlighted. The role of the study of visual illusions in this research is an important focus of the chapter. Our ability to draw out the consequences of things we know by way of inference is another important source of knowledge, and some general features of how inference achieves its successes are discussed. Structural similarities between the ways in which perception works and the ways in which inference works are highlighted.
Milton Friedman’s Corporate Misanthropy
Authors: Lechterman Theodore M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter considers how arguments from previous chapters inform the ethics of corporate philanthropy. It also draws help from an unlikely ally, the libertarian economist Milton Friedman, notorious for his opposition to corporate philanthropy. The chapter argues that this controversial stance can be anchored in a democratic critique of corporate power. Because a firm’s shareholders, managers, and employees are already free to make donations in their individual capacities as citizens, allowing firms to donate in addition can objectionably multiply the public influence of their stakeholders. Furthermore, as firms typically command concentrated wealth, deploying that wealth for social purposes can afford them domineering influence over receiving communities. Finally, an inherent conflict between a commercial firm’s acquisitive and altruistic motives exposes vulnerable beneficiaries to mistreatment. The chapter reveals how corporate philanthropy can overcome this criticism and proposes that new developments in business that blend commercial and nonprofit aims invite further research.
Overthrowing the Tyranny of Generosity
Authors: Lechterman Theodore M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This concluding chapter summarizes and reflects on the arguments of the book. Even when philanthropy comes with noble intentions, just aims, and rigorous methods, it can objectionably privatize matters that all of us have equal interests in deciding, augment the power of the richer at the expense of the poorer, empower the dead at the expense of the living, and perpetuate structural inequalities between donors and recipients. But democracy’s contribution to the ethics of philanthropy isn’t merely critical. The chapter insists that reflection on the value of democracy shows how philanthropy can be consistent with, and facilitative of, the democratic ideal. When sensitively regulated and conducted, philanthropy provides a valuable vehicle for individual liberty that complements and strengthens democratic institutions. The chapter goes on to clarify the arguments’ practical upshots, note some of the topics and questions left outstanding, and propose issues for further research.
Treating Dominant Digital Platforms as Public Trustees
Authors: Napoli Philip M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter outlines a rationale for digital platform regulation that involves treating platforms as public trustees, and the massive aggregations of user data that serve as the foundation of these platforms’ business models as a public resource. In developing this argument, the first section of this chapter provides an overview of the public trustee concept and its application in policymaking. The second section argues for the applicability of the public trustee concept to large aggregators of user data such as social media platforms and search engines. The third section delineates key limitations and boundaries in terms of how this public trustee framework would be applied. The concluding section offers some preliminary thoughts on possible public interest obligations for dominant digital platforms.
The Architectonic of Reason
Authors: Ypi Lea 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Architectonic of Pure Reason, one of the most important sections of Kant’s first Critique, raises three fundamental questions. What can I know? What should I do? What may I hope? Taken together these questions converge on a fourth one, which is at the centre of philosophy as a whole: what is the human being? This book suggests that the answer to this question is tied to a particular account of the unity of reason—one that stresses its purposive character. By focusing on the sources, evolution, and function of Kant’s concept of purposiveness, the book shows that the idea of purposiveness that Kant endorses in the Critique of Pure Reason is a concept of purposiveness as intelligent design, quite different from the concept of purposiveness as normativity that will become central to his later works. wIn the case of purposiveness as normativity, it is anchored to the concept of reflexive judgment, and grounded on transcendental freedom. Understanding this shift has important implications for some of the most difficult questions that confront the Kantian system: the passage from the system of nature to that of freedom, the relation between faith and knowledge, the philosophical defence of progress in history, and the role of religion. It is also crucial to shed light on the way in which Kant’s critique has shaped the successive German philosophical tradition.
The Nature of Knowledge: Avenarius and Schlick
Authors: Textor Mark 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The Criticist project, as articulated by Riehl, is to draw the limits of knowledge. If knowledge is properly delimited, we can see that the alleged knowledge of metaphysics lies beyond these limits. So what is the nature of knowledge? Schlick General Theory of Knowledge found the key to an answer to this question in Avenarius’ two-term view of knowledge. The chapter introduces the basic concepts and theses of Schlick’s epistemology as it is presented in his General Theory of Knowledge. He argued that every cognition must have two terms, and that in the case of scientific knowledge at least one of the terms will be a precise concept. While endorsing the two-term view, Schlick disagreed with Avenarius and Mach about the economy of thought. The chapter will outline how Schlick reconfigured the idea that the aim of all cognition is to save intellectual expenditure and how he tried to argue for the two-term view of judgement against Brentano.
Drawing the Limits of Knowledge
Authors: Textor Mark 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Metaphysicians hold that there are two kinds of real things: those that are truly real and those that are less real. The former are the grounds of the latter. Metaphysics is supposed to be knowledge of the truly real things; the reality that underlies appearances. Schlick argued (i) that metaphysics so understood needs to have a special source of knowledge distinct from the sources of knowledge on which science and common sense rely and (ii) that there is no such source of knowledge. Hence, even if there are truly real objects and facts, they are beyond the limits of knowledge. Schlick concludes that there are no differences in degrees of being: all being is on a par. The chapter gives an overview of the metaphysicians attacked by Schlick and reconstructs his argument against metaphysical knowledge that is based on the two-term view of cognition.
Housing for the People
Authors: Sillars Stuart 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The inter-war years great housing innovation and expansion. As a result, a new kind of publication, the book detailing structures and layouts of buildings, became popular. Earlier illustrated texts had explored housing problems and their solutions, but all were too technical or lacked impact. The Illustrated London News and The Graphic, as well as books by Jack London, and photographs of slum houses, began a tradition of verbal-visual discussion, although lacking practical advice and immediate impact. By contrast, the Tudor Walters Report of 1919, on housing for working people, made highly effective use of diagrams and floor plans with brief, precise prose descriptions. Walters, himself an architect, also designed buildings combining traditional and modern materials. Richard Reiss’s The Home I Want explored similar concerns. All prepared the way for later publications that made the housing debate visibly accessible, becoming an art form in itself.
Some Uses of Imagery
Authors: Sillars Stuart 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Throughout the period, book design and typography developed to improve clarity of presentation and idea, and page design became much clearer, in principles described by G. Wren Howard. This was matched by the use of many kinds of illustration within a wide range of books. Crime thrillers, increasingly popular, used illustrations rarely, perhaps because they intruded with the readers’ own construction of scenes that they could share. Illustrations on other books covered many styles. This chapter discusses the range of uses to which illustrations are put, and other ways in which they relate to the written texts alongside which they appear.
Sightseeing
Authors: Hawes Greta 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter begins from the premise that reading Pausanias is an experience, one that is shaped by what a reader might have before her eyes, and already hold in her head. It comprises two case studies: an examination of Pausanias’ Thebes that seeks to understand how topographical description and spatial awareness function within the Periegesis; and a survey of Heracles’ appearances which tests the relationship between required and acquired mythic knowledge. It argues that the experiential facets of Pausanias’ work create almost infinite possibilities for idiosyncratic interpretation while simultaneously instilling in the reader a set of normative habits for approaching both travel and travel literature.
The UK's Withdrawal from the EU
Authors: Dougan Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Following a national referendum on 23 June 2016, the UK announced its intention to end its decades-long membership of the EU. That decision initiated a process of complex negotiations, governed by Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union, with a view to making the arrangements required for an ‘orderly Brexit’. This book explores the UK’s departure from the EU from a legal perspective. As well as analysing the various constitutional principles relevant to ‘EU withdrawal law’, and detailing the main issues and problems arising during the Brexit process itself, the book provides a critical analysis of the final EU–UK Withdrawal Agreement—including dedicated chapters on the future protection of citizens’ rights, the border between Ireland and Northern Ireland, and the prospects for future EU–UK relations in fields such as trade and security.
Emergence and development of scientific medicine
Authors: Benedetti Fabrizio 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter 2 describes how scientific medicine has evolved over the centuries, representing an important point if we want to investigate the doctor–patient relationship and placebo effects from a neuroscientific perspective. The transition from the shaman to the modern physician, and from shamanism (i.e. a spiritual-based notion of disease) to scientific medicine (i.e. an anatomophysiological-based concept of disease), was a slow process that took many centuries to develop. With the advent of psychoimmunology, modern medicine recognizes that the brain may play an important role in the pathophysiology of many illnesses. It is important to underscore that, although medical approaches vary across different cultures, the interaction between the doctor and his patient does not change very much, as it is always characterized by four steps: feeling sick, seeking relief, meeting the therapist, receiving the therapy.