bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zirconium‐Embedded Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Containing Phosphaphenanthrene‐Substituent Group Used as Flame Retardants for Epoxy Resin Composites
Authors: Zeng Birong , He Kaibin , Wu Haiyang , Ye Jianyu , Zheng Xianghong , Luo Weiang , Xu Yiting , Yuan Conghui , Dai Lizong 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA zirconium hybrid polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane derivative (Zr–POSS–bisDOPO) is synthesized by the corner‐capping and Kabachnik–Fields reactions. It is characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), and then used as a flame retardant in diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) to endow epoxy resin (EP) with flame retardancy. The flame retardancy, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of the cured EP/Zr–POSS–bisDOPO composites are investigated. The results show that when Zr–POSS–bisDOPO is added by 5–7 wt%, the EP/Zr–POSS–bisDOPO composites pass the UL‐94 V‐0 rating test. In addition, they have a better flame‐retardant effect than pure EP. The combination of Zr atom embedded in the SiO cubic cage and the two phosphaphenanthrene substituent groups in one corner of cubic cage is expected to realize the Zr/Si/P ternary intramolecular hybrid synergistic effect and achieve the possibility of dispersing metal–POSS cages at a sub‐micrometer‐scale level into polymer matrix. It also proves that Zr–POSS–bisDOPO produces phosphorus‐containing free radicals and terminates the chain reactions in gas phase. Meanwhile the SiOSi and ZrO units are retained in the solid phase, which promote the char formation and enhance the flame retardancy. This kind of Zr‐doped POSS will be helpful for developing the new metal–POSS hybrid flame‐retardant and polymer composites.
Ultra‐Stretchable Monofilament Flexible Sensor with Low Hysteresis and Linearity based on MWCNTs/Ecoflex Composite Materials
Authors: Zhang Yanlin , Zhu Xubin , Liu Yitao , Liu Li , Xu Qiang , Liu Hao , Wang Wei , Chen Li 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWearable human–computer interaction equipment is a common technology, which can improve the comfort, convenience, and safety of the human body, and also can monitor human health. The flexible and wearable tensile sensor can be conveniently installed on clothes or directly connected to the body. This provides a convenient, timely, and portable solution for the detection of human motion. Therefore, wearable electronic equipment is gaining more attention. In this paper, a highly stretchable, flexible, and sensitive strain sensor which is based on multi‐walled carbon nanotubes/Ecoflex nanocomposites is reported. A monofilament tensile sensor obtains good linearity (10.77%), low hysteresis (1.63%), good stability (6000 cycles under 100% strain), and ultra‐high strain range (ε = 1300%). This ultra‐stretchable sensor has potential applications in human motion monitoring, medical rehabilitation, health monitoring, human–computer interaction, and soft robots.
Advances in Electrospun Fiber‐Based Flexible Nanogenerators for Wearable Applications
Authors: Arica Tugce A. , Isık Tugba , Guner Tugrul , Horzum Nesrin , Demir Mustafa M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn today's digital age, the need and interest in personal and portable electronics shows a dramatic growth trend in daily life parallel to the developments in sensors technologies and the internet. Wearable electronics that can be attached to clothing, accessories, and the human body are one of the most promising subfields. The energy requirement for the devices considering the reduction in device sizes and the necessity of being flexible and light, the existing batteries are insufficient and nanogenerators have been recognized a suitable energy source in the last decade. The mechanical energy created by the daily activities of the human body is an accessible and natural energy source for nanogenerators. Fiber‐structured functional materials contribute to the increase in energy efficiency due to their effective surface to volume ratio while providing the necessary compatibility and comfort for the movements in daily life with its flexibility and lightness. Among the potential solutions, electrospinning stands out as a promising technique that can meet these requirements, allowing for simple, versatile, and continuous fabrication. Herein, wearable electronics and their future potential, electrospinning, and its place in energy applications are overviewed. Moreover, piezoelectric, triboelectric, and hybrid nanogenerators fabricated or associated with electrospun fibrous materials are presented.
Clinical Profiles and Mortality of COVID‐19 Inpatients with Parkinson's Disease in Germany
Authors: Scherbaum Raphael , Kwon Eun Hae , Richter Daniel , Bartig Dirk , Gold Ralf , Krogias Christos , Tönges Lars 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundComprehensive, nationwide data regarding Parkinson's disease (PD) hospitalizations, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) in‐hospital frequency, and COVID‐19‐associated inpatient mortality during the first wave of the COVID‐19 pandemic are not available.ObjectiveTo provide a nationwide analysis on hospitalized PD patients in Germany and evaluate the impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study using an administrative claims database covering 1468 hospitals and 5,210,432 patient hospitalizations including a total of 30,872 COVID‐19+ cases between January 16 and May 15, 2020.ResultsCompared to 2019, hospitalizations for PD transiently decreased by up to 72.7% in 2020. COVID‐19 frequency was significantly higher in the population of 64,434 PD patients (693 being COVID‐19+) than in non‐PD patients (1.1% vs. 0.6%, P < 0.001), especially in subjects with advanced age (≥ 65 years). Regarding established COVID‐19 risk comorbidities, COVID‐19+ inpatients with PD showed higher incidences than non‐PD COVID‐19+ subjects, particularly hypertension and chronic kidney disease. Advanced age and male sex were significantly more frequent in COVID‐19+ than in COVID‐19− PD patients. The COVID‐19 inpatient mortality rate was much higher in PD patients than in non‐PD patients (35.4% vs. 20.7%, P < 0.001), especially in patients aged 75–79 years. Of note, overall inpatient mortality of PD patients was significantly higher in 2020 than in 2019 (5.7% vs. 4.9%, P < 0.001).ConclusionsPD inpatients are more frequently affected by COVID‐19 and suffer from increased COVID‐19‐associated mortality in comparison to non‐PD patients. More comprehensive studies are needed to assess the significance of associated comorbidities for COVID‐19 risk and mortality in PD. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Is Persistent Motor or Vocal Tic Disorder a Milder Form of Tourette Syndrome?
Authors: Claudio‐Campos Karla , Stevens Daniel , Koo Sang‐Wahn , Valko Alexa , Bienvenu Oscar Joseph , Budman Cathy B. , Cath Danielle C. , Darrow Sabrina , Geller Daniel , Goes Fernando S. , Grados Marco A. , Greenberg Benjamin D. , Greenberg Erica , Hirschtritt Matthew E. , Illmann Cornelia , Ivankovic Franjo , King Robert A. , Knowles James A. , Krasnow Janice , Lee Paul C. , Lyon Gholson J. , McCracken James T. , Robertson Mary M. , Osiecki Lisa , Riddle Mark A. , Rouleau Guy , Sandor Paul , Nestadt Gerald , Samuels Jack , Scharf Jeremiah M. , Mathews Carol A. ,   for the Tourette Association of America International Consortium for Genetics (TAAICG) and the OCD Collaborative Genetics Association Study (OCGAS)
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundPersistent motor or vocal tic disorder (PMVT) has been hypothesized to be a forme fruste of Tourette syndrome (TS). Although the primary diagnostic criterion for PMVT (presence of motor or vocal tics, but not both) is clear, less is known about its clinical presentation.ObjectiveThe goals of this study were to compare the prevalence and number of comorbid psychiatric disorders, tic severity, age at tic onset, and family history for TS and PMVT.MethodsWe analyzed data from two independent cohorts using generalized linear equations and confirmed our findings using meta‐analyses, incorporating data from previously published literature.ResultsRates of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) were lower in PMVT than in TS in all analyses. Other psychiatric comorbidities occurred with similar frequencies in PMVT and TS in both cohorts, although meta‐analyses suggested lower rates of most psychiatric disorders in PMVT compared with TS. ADHD and OCD increased the odds of comorbid mood, anxiety, substance use, and disruptive behaviors, and accounted for observed differences between PMVT and TS. Age of tic onset was approximately 2 years later, and tic severity was lower in PMVT than in TS. First‐degree relatives had elevated rates of TS, PMVT, OCD, and ADHD compared with population prevalences, with rates of TS equal to or greater than PMVT rates.ConclusionsOur findings support the hypothesis that PMVT and TS occur along a clinical spectrum in which TS is a more severe and PMVT a less severe manifestation of a continuous neurodevelopmental tic spectrum disorder. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Longitudinal Analysis of Multiple Neurotransmitter Metabolites in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Early Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Kremer Thomas , Taylor Kirsten I. , Siebourg‐Polster Juliane , Gerken Thomas , Staempfli Andreas , Czech Christian , Dukart Juergen , Galasko Douglas , Foroud Tatiana , Chahine Lana M. , Coffey Christopher S. , Simuni Tanya , Weintraub Daniel , Seibyl John , Poston Kathleen L. , Toga Arthur W. , Tanner Caroline M. , Marek Kenneth , Hutten Samantha J. , Dziadek Sebastian , Trenkwalder Claudia , Pagano Gennaro , Mollenhauer Brit 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of monoamine metabolites may represent biomarkers of Parkinson's disease (PD).ObjectiveThe aim of this study was quantification of multiple metabolites in CSF from PD versus healthy control subjects (HCs), including longitudinal analysis.MethodsAbsolute levels of multiple monoamine metabolites in CSF were quantified by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry from 161 individuals with early PD and 115 HCs from the Parkinson's Progression Marker Initiative and de novo PD (DeNoPA) studies.ResultsBaseline levels of homovanillic acid (HVA) and 3,4‐dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were lower in individuals with PD compared with HCs. HVA levels correlated with Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale total scores (P < 0.01). Both HVA/dopamine and DOPAC/dopamine levels correlated with caudate nucleus and raw DOPAC with putamen dopamine transporter single‐photon emission computed tomography uptake ratios (P < 0.01). No metabolite changed over 2 years in drug‐naive individuals, but some changed on starting levodopa treatment.ConclusionsHVA and DOPAC CSF levels mirrored nigrostriatal pathway damage, confirming the central role of dopaminergic degeneration in early PD. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Expectations of Benefit in a Trial of a Candidate Disease‐Modifying Treatment for Parkinson Disease
Authors: Mestre Tiago A. , Macklin Eric A. , Ascherio Alberto , Ferreira Joaquim J. , Lang Anthony E. , Schwarzschild Michael A. ,   the Parkinson Study Group SURE‐PD3 Investigators
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundExpectations of benefit have an important therapeutic impact. How well study participants understand the concept of slowing disease progression and how their expectations of benefit are shaped in related clinical trials is not well known.ObjectiveWe aimed to assess expectancy and treatment arm preference of participants in a disease‐modification trial in Parkinson disease (PD).MethodsParticipant expectations and treatment preference were assessed before treatment randomization in the SURE‐PD3 trial (NCT02642393).ResultsWe included 297 PD patients (0.71 ± 0.67 years after diagnosis). Pre‐randomization, 90% of participants expressed a preference for inosine (active treatment) allocation (n = 266/297), and 53% (n = 158) expected to be “somewhat” or “a lot better” in their symptoms over 2 years of treatment with inosine.ConclusionsParticipants of a disease‐modification trial in PD had likely unrealistic expectations of benefit (ie, improvement in symptoms over years), which may affect clinical trial interpretation and calls for improved education in future disease‐modification trials in PD. © 2021 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Onset of Skin, Gut, and Genitourinary Prodromal Parkinson's Disease: A Study of 1.5 Million Veterans
Authors: Scott Gregory D. , Lim Miranda M. , Drake Matthew G. , Woltjer Randy , Quinn Joseph F. 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundProdromal Parkinson's disease of skin, genitourinary, and gastrointestinal systems offers a unique window for understanding early disease pathogenesis and developing disease modifying treatments. However, prior studies are limited by incomplete timing information, small sample size, and lack of adjustment for known confounders. Verifying prodromal timing and identifying new disorders in these accessible organs is critically important given their broad use.ObjectiveWe aimed to measure onset timing for gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and skin disorders in a large, nationwide clinically characterized cohort of 1.5 million participants.MethodsPatients with Parkinson's disease (n = 303,693) were identified using diagnostic codes in the medical records database of the United States Veterans Affairs healthcare system and were compared 4:1 with matched controls. Disorder prevalence and estimated onset times were assessed for 20 years preceding diagnosis.ResultsThe earliest significantly increased prodromal disorders were gastroesophageal reflux, sexual dysfunction, and esophageal dyskinesia at 17, 16, and 15 years before diagnosis. Estimated onset times for each disorder occurred 5.5 ± 3.4 years before the first measured increase. The earliest estimated onset times were smell/taste, upper gastrointestinal tract, and sexual dysfunction at 20.9, 20.6, and 20.1 years before diagnosis. Onset times for constipation and urinary dysfunction were notably longer by 7 and 9 years compared to prior studies in sleep disorder patients. Dermatophytosis and prostatic hypertrophy were identified as new high prevalence prodromal disorders.ConclusionsGastrointestinal, genitourinary, and skin disorders manifest decades before diagnosis of Parkinson's disease, reiterating their potential as sites for developing early diagnostic testing and understanding pathogenesis.
A novel essential splice site variant in SPTB in a large hereditary spherocytosis family
Authors: Nieminen Taina T. , Liyanarachchi Sandya , Comiskey Daniel F. , Wang Yanqiang , Li Wei , Hendrickson Isabella V. , Brock Pamela , de la Chapelle Albert , He Huiling 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe studied a large family with 22 individuals affected with autosomal dominant hereditary spherocytosis (HS).MethodsGenome‐wide linkage, whole‐genome sequencing (WGS), Sanger sequencing, RT‐PCR, and ToPO TA cloning analyses were performed.ResultsWe revealed a heterozygous G>A transition in the 14q23 locus, at position +1 of the intron 8 donor splice site of the spectrin beta, erythrocytic (SPTB) gene. This splice variant (SPTB c.1064+1G>A) was confirmed by Sanger sequencing and showed complete co‐segregation with HS in the family. Further RT‐PCR reactions and sequencing analysis indicated that the variant leads to the exclusion of exon 8 and subsequent frameshift in exon 9 and a premature stop codon in SPTB. Translation of the altered allele would lead to a truncation with a loss of all spectrin repeat domains in SPTB protein.ConclusionThis variant is novel and has not been found in any databases. We propose that this splice variant explains the spherocytosis phenotype observed in this large family.
Ion exchange for halide perovskite: From nanocrystal to bulk materials
Authors: Jiang Haotian , Cui Siqi , Chen Yu , Zhong Haizheng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHalide perovskite, an ionic semiconductor, with the typically structural composition of ABX3 has become the extremely popular star in optoelectronics due to its superior photophysical properties and easily solution processing. In comparison with the traditional semiconductors, the perovskite possesses a low crystal formation energy with facile solution synthesis, which results into its soft and dynamic crystal lattice. Therefore, the post‐synthetic composition tuning via ion exchange has been proved to be an effective technique to introduce heteroatoms into perovskite lattice. In this review, we summarize the recent progress on ion exchange of halide perovskites, including mechanisms, methods, as well as different scales from low‐dimensional nanoscale to bulk crystal. Besides, we also briefly discuss the prospective of ion exchange for halide perovskites, and hope it benefit for the structural design and compositional optimization in halide perovskites for various optoelectronic applications.
Risk of obstetric anal sphincter injury with fundal pressure in second stage of labor: Transperineal ultrasound study
Authors: Öncü Hande N. , Aydın Serdar , Arıoğlu Çağrı 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimsClinical management of the second stage of labor and effectiveness of preventive measures for severe perineal tears are controversial. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of using uterine fundal pressure during the second stage of delivery on obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI), among primiparous women using three‐dimensional (3D) transperineal ultrasonography.MethodsA total of 73 women who had their first vaginal birth were included in the study, the fundal pressure group included women where the fundal pressure maneuver was applied (n = 37); and the control group included women who delivered spontaneously without fundal pressure (n = 36). Tomographic ultrasound imaging with 3D transperineal assessment was performed within 48 h of delivery, internal anal sphincter (IAS) and external anal sphincter (EAS) defect were determined.ResultsFive (13.5%) women in the fundal pressure group, seven (20%) women in the control group had complete EAS defect (p = 0.4). Complete IAS defect was observed in one (2.7%) woman in the fundal pressure group and two (5.7%) women in the control group (p = 0.5). A Half‐moon sign was observed in one woman in both groups (p = 0.9). The rate of other signs was similar in both groups. Multivariate regression models revealed that none of age, fetal birth weight, episiotomy, length of the second stage of labor, fundal pressure application status, and number were independent predictors of complete IAS or EAS defect.ConclusionFundal pressure with mediolateral episiotomy during the second stage of delivery does not increase the rate of OASI detected with ultrasonography.
Phase stability of colloidal spheres mixed with supramolecular rod‐like polymers
Authors: Peters Vincent F. D. , Vis Mark , Tuinier Remco 
Published: May 2021

AbstractMixtures of colloids and supramolecular polymers exhibit stimuli‐responsive phase behavior. In previous work (Peters and Tuinier, Physica A 510, 233 [2018]) the polymers were treated as fully flexible chains, while in experimental systems supramolecular polymers may have a certain degree of stiffness. Here we predict that for stiff rod‐like supramolecular polymers phase separation can occur at much lower polymer concentrations than for flexible supramolecular polymers. Additionally, it is demonstrated that colloid–polymer interactions can significantly influence the equilibrium polymer size distribution, however this does not strongly affect the phase behavior of the mixture. At the low polymer concentrations at which the system already gets unstable, the effect of excluded volume interactions between polymers chains themselves is small. Finally, for an experimental system it is predicted that a variety of re‐entrant phase transitions may be observed within a realistic temperature range as illustrated by a specific example.
Predicting the potential for spread of emerald ash borer (Agrilus planipennis) in Great Britain: What can we learn from other affected areas?
Authors: Webb Cerian R. , Mona Tamas , Gilligan Christopher A. 
Published: May 2021

Societal Impact StatementEmerald ash borer (EAB) is thought to have arrived in North America and European Russia at least 10 years prior to detection. Despite heightened awareness that EAB could invade Great Britain (GB), detection in the early stages of establishment is difficult, and initial symptoms might be mistaken for Chalara ash dieback. Our results suggest that if partial resistance to EAB inFraxinus excelsiordoes not significantly dampen EAB population dynamics, then EAB could establish and spread across large parts of southern England within a relatively short time period; however, further northern spread may be limited by the relatively cool climate.SummaryThe accidental introduction of emerald ash borer (EAB) to North America and European Russia in the 1990s has resulted in an ongoing crisis with millions of ash trees damaged and killed at immense economic and social cost. Improving our understanding of how rapidly the pest might spread should it enter Great Britain (GB) plays an essential part in planning for a potential outbreak.Two metrics are used to investigate the potential dynamics of EAB in GB: the observed rate of spread in the North American and Russian regions; and the relationship between degree days and emergence that may determine environmental suitability and whether the life cycle is univoltine or semivoltine.The pest is still spreading in North America and European Russia with an overall average rate of spread between 2002 and 2018 of approximately 50 km a year. Early detection of the pest is difficult, but a similar delay in detection to that in North America would result in a costly and hard to control outbreak. Comparison of degree days between regions suggests that a semivoltine life cycle is most likely in most areas of GB but spread maybe limited by the relatively cool climate in parts of GB.There are several potentially important differences in the biophysical environment in GB compared with North America and European Russia. However, the speed with which it has invaded these areas highlights the need for early surveillance and mitigations to minimise human‐mediated spread of this highly destructive pest.