bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Infection of susceptible/tolerant barley genotypes with Barley yellow dwarf virus alters the host plant preference of Rhopalosiphum padi clones depending upon their ability to transmit BYDV
Authors: Kern Maria , Meiners Torsten , Schliephake Edgar , Habekuss Antje , Ordon Frank , Will Torsten 
Published: April 2021

AbstractDiscovering mechanisms of plant–virus–vector interactions is fundamental to understand their ecology and evolution and to apply this knowledge in plant protection. To study the influence of varying Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) transmission efficiencies on host plant preference of Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) clones, we performed host choice experiments with two barley cultivars (BYDV susceptible cv. ‘Rubina’ and BYDV tolerant cv. ‘Vixen’) including healthy and virus-infected plants. For the susceptible barley cultivar ‘Rubina’, aphid clone R07 (high transmission efficiency) preferred BYDV-infected over healthy host plants after 24 h, while clones D10 (medium transmission efficiency) and R09 (low transmission efficiency) preferred neither host. In contrast, BYDV infection of ‘Vixen’ did not affect the plant’s appeal for aphid clone R07. Host plant access, indicated by ingestion and observed by electrical penetration graph technique for a period of 2 h, was facilitated on BYDV-infected cv. ‘Rubina’ for the clones R07 and D10, whereas an opposite effect was observed for the clone R09. For R07 and R09, the difference was not visible after a period of 5 h. As observed earlier for BYDV-infected wheat, enhanced emission of volatile organic compounds associated with virus-induced attraction was detected for BYDV-infected cv. ‘Rubina.’ It is concluded that host plant preference is possibly linked with a high BYDV transmission efficiency as observed for the clone R07, leading to a fitness advantage of this clone as indicated by early increased ingestion. This advantage is not present on BYDV-tolerant genotypes most likely due to the absence of infection symptoms.
Habitat use by post-fledging white-tailed eagles shows avoidance of human infrastructure and agricultural areas
Authors: Balotari-Chiebao Fabio , Brommer Jon E. , Tikkanen Hannu , Laaksonen Toni 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHabitat use studies provide invaluable information for the conservation of species that suffer from habitat loss or degradation. We used satellite telemetry to study the habitat use of white-tailed eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla) in relation to six habitat classes (artificial surfaces, agricultural areas, forests, semi-natural areas, wetlands and waterbodies) and five forest age classes (0–9, 10–19, 20–59, 60–99 and ≥ 100 years old) during the post-fledging period in Finland. The post-fledging period, defined here as the period between fledging and dispersal from the natal area, is a critical life-history stage. Our primary objective was to provide information that could be integrated into landscape planning, including wind-energy development (which poses a threat to white-tailed eagles). We found that the habitat classes that were selected by the young white-tailed eagles were forests, semi-natural areas (i.e., transitional woodland and bare rock) and wetlands. When using forests, the eagles selected stands of 0–9 years old, presumably due to the use of retention trees surrounded by a clear-cut as perching sites. Conversely, the habitat classes that were avoided were artificial surfaces, agricultural areas and (the immediate vicinity of) waterbodies. We conclude that the conversion of natural habitats into built and agricultural areas is detrimental to young white-tailed eagles because it reduces habitat availability. They, however, appear to be capable of using forests recently impacted by forestry if perch trees are present. Careful landscape planning is needed to protect priority habitats and avoid conflicts with an expanding white-tailed eagle population (e.g., by building wind farms in areas already environmentally disturbed).
Eradication of the mongoose is crucial for the conservation of three endemic bird species in Yambaru, Okinawa Island, Japan
Authors: Yagihashi Tsutomu , Seki Shin-Ichi , Nakaya Tomoki , Nakata Katsushi , Kotaka Nobuhiko 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOkinawa Island, Japan, is a globally important biodiversity hotspot. Three endemic bird species, Okinawa rail (Hypotaenidia okinawae), Okinawa woodpecker (Dendrocopos noguchii), and Okinawa robin (Larvivora namiyei), are found only in the Yambaru region of the northern part of Okinawa Island. In order to conserve endemic species, it is important to determine the effect of alien species on endemic species. We conducted playback surveys four times every three years from 2007 to 2016 to evaluate the recent distribution of these three forest-dwelling bird species during the breeding season. Then, the association between the numbers of detections of these three species with the invasive mongoose density and the hardwood forest area was evaluated with a generalized additive mixed model (GAMM). The results showed that the distribution areas of these bird species have been recovering since the 2007 within the small Indian mongoose (Urva auropunctata) controlled area. The GAMM results showed that these bird species were abundant in areas with fewer small Indian mongooses and larger areas of hardwood forests. Thus, the mongoose had a negative impact not only on the flightless rails but also on the woodpeckers and the robins. In recent years, most of the old-growth forests have been designated as protected forests, and large-scale logging is no longer taking place in Yambaru. Eradication of the mongoose is particularly important for the conservation of these three endemic bird species.
Making Sense of Stigmatized Organizations: Labelling Contests and Power Dynamics in Social Evaluation Processes
Authors: Kvåle Gro , Murdoch Zuzana 
Published: April 2021

AbstractHow do social audiences negotiate and handle stigmatized organizations? What role do their heterogenous values, norms and power play in this process? Addressing these questions is important from a business ethics perspective to improve our understanding of the ethical standards against which organizations are judged as well as the involved prosecutorial incentives. Moreover, it illuminates ethical concerns about when and how (the exploitation of) power imbalances may induce inequity in the burdens imposed by such social evaluations. We address these questions building on two event-based case studies involving Hells Angels Motorcycle Club Norway, and contribute to organizational stigma theory in three ways. First, social evaluations of a stigmatized organization by multiple audiences are found to interact, collide and combine in a labelling contest. Second, we show that labels employed in this contest are pushed to either negative extremes (‘moral panic’) or positive extremes (‘moral patronage’). Finally, we show when and how power represents a double-edged sword in social evaluation processes, which can be wielded either to the benefit or to the detriment of the actors under evaluation.
Emotional Regulation in Mothers and Fathers and Relations to Aggression in Hong Kong Preschool Children
Authors: Lau Eva Yi Hung , Williams Kate 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study explored the associations among emotional regulation in mothers and fathers and preschool children’s physical and relational aggression using a Hong Kong Chinese sample. This study also explored whether child gender would moderate the association between parental emotional regulation strategies and children’s physical and relational aggression. Participants were 168 children aged 4–6 years. Parents reported on their own emotional regulation approaches and kindergarten class teachers rated children’s aggression 6 months later. Path analyses showed that higher levels of reappraisal and lower levels of suppression by mothers was associated with higher levels of child relational aggression. There were no significant associations among fathers’ emotional regulation and children’s aggression. Results from multi-group analysis showed that there were no significant moderation of the associations by child gender. Results highlight the importance of mothers’ emotional regulation in child aggression and suggest that the maladaptive consequences of emotional suppression are culturally relative.
Why Don’t Japanese Early Childhood Educators Intervene in Children’s Physical Fights? Some Characteristics of the Mimamoru Approach
Authors: Nakatsubo Fuminori , Ueda Harutomo , Kayama Misa 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study aims to examine pedagogical meanings of the Mimamoru approach frequently used by Japanese early childhood educators in children’s physical fights. Mimamoru is a strategy in which educators intentionally withhold an intervention, while carefully observing children, to foster children’s voluntary participation in their own learning, socially and cognitively. In this report, we examine why Japanese educators tend not to intervene, and how they determine whether their intervention is necessary. Using methods from Tobin’s video cued multi-vocal ethnography, we conducted focus groups at 9 early childhood education and care facilities (7 in Japan and 2 in the U.S.) with a total of 34 Japanese and 12 U.S. educators. They watched a short video clip in which a mid-career male teacher, one of the Japanese participants, used the Mimamoru approach with two children involved in a physical fight. Educators, then, discussed their interpretations of the teacher’s responses to children. The analyses of the participants’ discussion suggest that educators’ non-intervention, an important feature of the Mimamoru approach, provides children with opportunities to autonomously learn interpersonal skills, for example, through the experiences of feeling guilty and solving problems by themselves. Yet educators do intervene when they determine that the risk of physical harm caused by fighting is greater than the benefit for children to learn. Implications of the Mimamoru approach, including in other cultural contexts, are discussed.
Analysis and Exploitation of Landforms for Improved Optimisation of Camera-Based Wildfire Detection Systems
Authors: Heyns Andries M. , du Plessis Warren , Curtin Kevin M. , Kosch Michael , Hough Gavin 
Published: April 2021

AbstractTower-mounted camera-based wildfire detection systems provide an effective means of early forest fire detection. Historically, tower sites have been identified by foresters and locals with intimate knowledge of the terrain and without the aid of computational optimisation tools. When moving into vast new territories and without the aid of local knowledge, this process becomes cumbersome and daunting. In such instances, the optimisation of final site layouts may be streamlined if a suitable strategy is employed to limit the candidate sites to landforms which offer superior system visibility. A framework for the exploitation of landforms for these purposes is proposed. The landform classifications at 165 existing tower sites from wildfire detection systems in South Africa, Canada and the USA are analysed using the geomorphon technique, and it is noted that towers are located at or near certain landform types. A metaheuristic and integer linear programming approach is then employed to search for optimal tower sites in a large area currently monitored by the ForestWatch wildfire detection system, and these sites are then classified according to landforms. The results support the observations made for the existing towers in terms of noteworthy landforms, and the optimisation process is repeated by limiting the candidate sites to selected landforms. This leads to solutions with improved system coverage, achieved within reduced computation times. The presented framework may be replicated for use in similar applications, such as site-selection for military equipment, cellular transmitters, and weather radar.
Structure-based identification of SARS-CoV-2 main protease inhibitors from anti-viral specific chemical libraries: an exhaustive computational screening approach
Authors: Bhowmick Shovonlal , Saha Achintya , Osman Sameh Mohamed , Alasmary Fatmah Ali , Almutairi Tahani Mazyad , Islam Md Ataul 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Worldwide coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak is still threatening global health since its outbreak first reported in the late 2019. The causative novel virus has been designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Although COVID-19 emergent with significant mortality, there is no availability of definite treatment measures. It is now extremely desirable to identify potential chemical entities against SARS-CoV-2 for the treatment of COVID-19. In the present study, a state-of-art virtual screening protocol was implemented on three anti-viral specific chemical libraries against SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro). Particularly, viewing the large-scale biological role of Mpro in the viral replication process it has been considered as a prospective anti-viral drug target. Herein, on collected 79,892 compounds, hierarchical multistep docking followed by relative binding free energy estimation has been performed. Thereafter, implying a user-defined XP-dock and MM-GBSA cut-off scores as −8.00 and −45.00 kcal/mol, chemical space has been further reduced. Exhaustive molecular binding interactions analyses and various pharmacokinetics profiles assessment suggested four compounds (ChemDiv_D658-0159, ChemDiv_F431-0433, Enamine_Z3019991843 and Asinex_LAS_51389260) as potent inhibitors/modulators of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro. In-depth protein–ligand interactions stability in the dynamic state has been evaluated by 100 ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies along with MM-GBSA-based binding free energy estimations of entire simulation trajectories that have revealed strong binding affinity of all identified compounds towards Mpro. Hence, all four identified compounds might be considered as promising candidates for future drug development specifically targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro; however, they also need experimental assessment for a better understanding of molecular interaction mechanisms.

Graphic abstract
Hybrid quasi-3D optimization of grid architecture for single junction photovoltaic converters
Authors: Nikander Veikka , Wei Jianguo , Aho Arto , Polojarvi Ville , Tukiainen Antti , Guina Mircea 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA numerical study of metal front contacts grid spacing for photovoltaic (PV) converter of relatively small area is presented. The model is constructed based on Solcore, an open-source Python-based library. A three-step-process is developed to create a hybrid quasi-3D model. The grid spacing under various operating conditions was assessed for two similar p–n and n–p structures. The key target was finding optimal configuration to achieve the highest conversion efficiency at different temperatures and illumination profiles. The results show that the n–p structure yields wider optimal spacing range and the highest output power. Also, it was found that temperature increase and illumination nonuniformity results in narrower optimal spacing for both structure architectures. Analyzing the current–voltage characteristics, reveals that resistive losses are the dominant loss mechanism bringing restriction in terms of ability to handle nonuniform illumination.
Pass-and-swap queues
Authors: Comte Céline , Dorsman Jan-Pieter 
Published: April 2021

AbstractOrder-independent (OI) queues, introduced by Berezner et al. (Queueing Syst 19(4):345–359, 1995), expanded the family of multi-class queues that are known to have a product-form stationary distribution by allowing for intricate class-dependent service rates. This paper further broadens this family by introducing pass-and-swap (P&S) queues, an extension of OI queues where, upon a service completion, the customer that completes service is not necessarily the one that leaves the system. More precisely, we supplement the OI queue model with an undirected graph on the customer classes, which we call a swapping graph, such that there is an edge between two classes if customers of these classes can be swapped with one another. When a customer completes service, it passes over customers in the remainder of the queue until it finds a customer it can swap positions with, that is, a customer whose class is a neighbor in the graph. In its turn, the customer that is ejected from its position takes the position of the next customer it can be swapped with, and so on. This is repeated until a customer can no longer find another customer to be swapped with; this customer is the one that leaves the queue. After proving that P&S queues have a product-form stationary distribution, we derive a necessary and sufficient stability condition for (open networks of) P&S queues that also applies to OI queues. We then study irreducibility properties of closed networks of P&S queues and derive the corresponding product-form stationary distribution. Lastly, we demonstrate that closed networks of P&S queues can be applied to describe the dynamics of new and existing load-distribution and scheduling protocols in clusters of machines in which jobs have assignment constraints.
Health-related quality of life of a conflict-affected population in Colombia
Authors: Yang Fan , Leon-Giraldo Sebastian , Moreno-Serra Rodrigo 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Purpose
We assessed the validity of the EQ-5D instrument; explored correlations between area of residence’s conflict intensity and individual health-related quality of life (HRQoL); and identified factors associated with HRQoL in a conflict-affected population in Colombia.

Methods
We conducted a household survey among residents of the Meta province, collecting longitudinal information about HRQoL (EQ-5D-3L instrument), health, demographic and socio-economic indicators, for years 2014 (pre-2016 peace accord), 2018 (post-peace accord) and 2019 (follow-up). After examining EQ-5D’s validity, we analysed panel data using multivariate random effects models to explore associations between area conflict levels (and other factors) and HRQoL. We scrutinised these results further through multivariate linear regressions using cross-sectional data, and provided preliminary estimates of quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) gained since the Colombian peace accord.

Results
In total, 1309 individuals provided information for years 2014 and 2018; 1106 individuals were followed-up in 2019. Mean EQ-5D scores in 2014, 2018 and 2019 were 0.898, 0.846 and 0.902, respectively. The tests confirmed the validity of EQ-5D. Our estimations indicated a dose–response relationship between conflict levels and HRQoL: people in lightly and heavily affected areas had 0.019 and 0.037 lower EQ-5D scores (respectively) than people in non-affected areas. Other relevant factors included age, marital status, education, assets and health status. We estimated QALY gain of 0.0343 per individual and 20,752 for all Meta adults since the peace accord.

Conclusion
We found EQ-5D to be a valid instrument for HRQoL measurement in a conflict-affected population. Area conflict intensity was negatively associated with individual HRQoL.
Traffic collision avoidance system: false injection viability
Authors: Hannah John , Mills Robert , Dill Richard , Hodson Douglas 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSafety is a simple concept but an abstract task, specifically with aircraft. One critical safety system, the Traffic Collision Avoidance System II (TCAS), protects against mid-air collisions by predicting the course of other aircraft, determining the possibility of collision, and issuing a resolution advisory for avoidance. Previous research to identify vulnerabilities associated with TCAS’s communication processes discovered that a false injection attack presents the most comprehensive risk to veritable trust in TCAS, allowing for a mid-air collision. This research explores the viability of successfully executing a false injection attack against a target aircraft, triggering a resolution advisory. Monetary constraints precluded access to a physical TCAS unit; instead, this research creates a novel program, TCAS-False Injection Environment (TCAS-FIE), that incorporates real-world distributed computing systems to simulate a ground-based attacker scenario which explores how a false injection attack could target an operational aircraft. TCAS-FIEs’ simulation models are defined by parameters to execute tests that mimic real-world TCAS units during Mode S message processing. TCAS-FIE simulations execute tests over applicable ranges (5–30 miles), altitudes (25–45K ft), and bearings standard for real-world TCAS tracking. The comprehensive tests compare altitude, measure range closure rate, and measure signal strength from another aircraft to determine the delta in bearings over time. In the attack scenario, the ground-based adversary falsely injects a spoofed aircraft with characteristics matching a Boeing 737-800 aircraft, targeting an operational Boeing 737-800 aircraft. TCAS-FIE completes 555,000 simulations using the various ranges, altitudes, and bearings. The simulated success rate to trigger a resolution advisory is 32.63%, representing 181,099 successful resolution advisory triggers out of 555,000 total simulations. The results from additional analysis determine the required ranges, altitudes, and bearing parameters to trigger future resolution advisories, yielding a predictive threat map for aircraft false injection attacks. The resulting map provides situational awareness to pilots in the event of a real-world TCAS anomaly.
The untapped potential of scenic routes for geotourism: case studies of Lasocki Grzbiet and Pasmo Lesistej (Western and Central Sudeten Mountains, SW Poland)
Authors: Chylińska Dagmara , Kołodziejczyk Krzysztof 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA view is often more than just a piece of landscape, framed by the gaze and evoking emotion. Without diminishing these obvious ‘tourism-important’ advantages of a view, it is noteworthy that in itself it might play the role of an interpretative tool, especially for large-scale phenomena, the knowledge and understanding of which is the goal of geotourism. In this paper, we analyze the importance of scenic drives and trails for tourism, particularly geotourism, focusing on their ability to create conditions for experiencing the dynamically changing landscapes in which lies knowledge of the natural processes shaping the Earth’s surface and the methods and degree of its resource exploitation. The issues are found in both wider and local contexts. A more detailed insight has been conducted on the basis of two, although in some sense peripheral, tourism regions from the Sudeten Mountains (southwestern Poland): Lasocki Grzbiet (a ridge) and Pasmo Lesistej (a small range). The subjects of the investigation were complex: the geotourism potential of selected viewpoints located on the most scenic routes (mostly paths and forest tracks) as well as the problems of maintenance, conservation, and protection of their educational value. Our work is based on desk and field research supported by results of GIS visibility analyses (conducted in the QGIS program).