bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination and comparison of flavor (retronasal) threshold values of 19 flavor compounds in Baijiu
Authors: Wang Lihua , Zhu Lin , Zheng Fuping , Zhang Fengguo , Shen Caihong , Gao Xiaojuan , Sun Baoguo , Huang Mingquan , Li Hehe , Chen Feng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractNineteen compounds, including ten esters, six acids, and three alcohols, were characterized and considered as significant tastants and aromas in Baijiu (Chinese Liquor). The flavor (retronasal) threshold values (FTVs) of these 19 compounds were determined by the 10 samples test method in hydroalcoholic solutions (46% v/v in ethanol). The FTVs of the compounds were calculated based on the best estimate threshold method. All the FTVs determined by the professional Chinese Baijiu tasters were lower than those by the nonprofessional tasters. For instance, the detection (2.31 mg/kg) and recognition (11.74 mg/kg) values of ethyl hexanoate determined by the nonprofessional group were higher than the respectively corresponding values 0.44 and 3.80 mg/kg determined by the professional group. All of the odor activity values (OAVs) of ethyl valerate (OAV: 1176.00 to 2321.17), ethyl octanoate (OAV: 6841.20 to 7851.60), and 1‐butanol (OAV: 26.78 to 39.72) in Gujinggong Baijiu were more than 10‐fold larger than their dose‐over‐threshold values (DoTs), for which the DoTs of ethyl valerate, ethyl octanoate, and 1‐butanol were 92.84 to 183.25, 180.03 to 206.62, 1.18 to 1.75, respectively. On the contrary, the OAVs of ethyl heptanoate (OAV: 3.60 to 5.70) and isoamyl alcohol (OAV: 1.18 to 1.57) were lower than their corresponding DoTs at 152.62 to 241.63 and 12.26 to 16.41. The results demonstrated that it is necessary to consider and compare their DoTs and OAVs simultaneously on evaluating the contribution of flavor compounds in Baijiu.Practical ApplicationSensory evaluation of threshold values of various flavor compounds could be significantly affected by their existing matrix. Most of the published results of the flavor threshold value of compounds were determined from the matrix such as beer, whiskey, red wine, rather than Chinese Baijiu. The results of this work not only could provide valuable information for flavor studies of Chinese Baijiu but also give useful information for the Baijiu industry to quality control.
What factors are associated with affective and cognitive empathy in informal and formal caregivers of older people?
Authors: Maximiano‐Barreto Madson Alan , Moretti Luchesi Bruna , de Moura Amanda Barros , Pavarini Sofia Cristina Iost , Chagas Marcos Hortes Nisihara 
Published: April 2021

ObjectiveTo analyse factors associated with affective and cognitive empathy in informal and formal caregivers of older people.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted with 111 formal and informal caregivers divided into three groups (lower, intermediate and higher empathy) based on the Multidimensional Interpersonal Reactivity Index score (total, affective and cognitive empathy). A sociodemographic questionnaire, the Zarit Burden Inventory, Patient Health Questionnaire‐9 and Functional Assessment Questionnaire were applied.ResultsThe participants were predominantly women (91%), and median [IQR] age was 46 [33‐57] years. In the multinomial regression analysis being an informal caregiver, being older and having depressive symptoms were associated with higher levels of empathy (total score and the affective domain). No associations were found for the cognitive domain.ConclusionsA high level of empathy, especially affective empathy, was associated with depressive symptoms, older age and being an informal caregiver. Family relationships and the lack of training among informal caregivers should be explored.
Continuous bladder irrigation after transurethral resection of non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer for prevention of tumour recurrence: a systematic review
Authors: Li Mo , Toniolo Jason , Nandurkar Ruchira , Papa Nathan , Lawrentschuk Nathan , Davis Ian D. , Sengupta Shomik 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundNon‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) can recur despite transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) that clears macroscopic disease, partly from re‐implantation of exfoliated cells. Immediate instillation of intravesical chemotherapy (IC) can reduce recurrence, is guideline‐recommended but is under‐utilized. Continuous bladder irrigation (CBI) immediately post‐TURBT is postulated to prevent re‐implantation, and may provide a simple, cheap and practical alternative. We undertook a systematic review to assess the effect of CBI on NMIBC recurrence.MethodsFollowing PRISMA guidelines, relevant publications were identified by online search of databases, including Ovid Medline and EMBASE (1980–2019). All published prospective randomized controlled trials comparing CBI post‐TURBT to a control group were included. The primary end‐point was recurrence.ResultsOur search yielded 514 studies, of which six met inclusion criteria. Two studies (935 participants), albeit without peer‐reviewed publication, comparing CBI to no CBI both showed a reduction in recurrence at 2 years. Four publications from three trials (331 participants) compared CBI to IC, showing similar recurrence rates at 1 year (odds ratio 1.29, 95% confidence interval 0.78–2.13) but a lower risk of adverse events (6–34% versus 27–48%).ConclusionCBI post‐TURBT appears to yield 1‐year recurrence rates of NMIBC comparable to immediate IC. However, existing studies are small and of heterogenous design, precluding definitive conclusions. Further trials are required to determine if CBI can be implemented routinely to reduce NMIBC recurrence, as well as the optimal irrigant, volume and duration.
The role of urban tropical botanic gardens in biodiversity conservation: An example from the KNUST botanic garden in Kumasi, Ghana
Authors: Acheampong Eric Boateng , Manu Gordon , Asante Winston Adams , Kyere Boateng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRecent concerns to strengthen the role of Tropical Botanic Gardens (TBGs) in conservation are constrained by inadequate representation of models of best practices. This also presents minimal opportunities to explore and fully appreciate the contribution of botanic gardens to biodiversity conservation, especially in urban landscapes. We contribute to addressing this issue using the KNUST Botanic Garden. The study explores biodiversity variation in two microsites (upland and inundated areas), within the context of threats from urbanization. The composition, diversity, and conservation status of plants were assessed from three 50 × 50 m plots each located at the two microsites. A total of 78 adult plant species were recorded, with 87.2% native and 12.8% exotic species. Some species were exclusively recorded at the upland (29 species) and inundated (27 species) microsites. On average, the species diversity was significantly high (HI = 3.36). The botanic garden preserves 20 nationally threatened native species, with over half of them listed in the IUCN Red List category of vulnerable species (species facing high risk of extinction in the wild). A considerable number of threatened species were exclusive to the upland (10 species) and inundated (7 species) microsites. The results indicate that the Botanic Garden could play a critical role in biodiversity conservation if integrated into national conservation and urban development strategies to safeguard its potential. The findings of the study are discussed within the context of the contribution of botanic gardens to biodiversity conservation and holds applications for sustainable management of TBGs in urban landscapes.
Discrepancy between self‐perceived mycophenolic acid‐associated diarrhea and stool water content after kidney transplantation
Authors: Douwes Rianne M. , Swarte J. Casper , Post Adrian , Annema Coby , Harmsen Hermie J. M. , Bakker Stephan J. L. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackgroundDiarrhea is a well‐known side effect of mycophenolic acid (MPA) use in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs). It is unknown whether self‐reported diarrhea using the Modified Transplant Symptom Occurrence and Symptom Distress Scale (MTSOSD‐59R) corresponds to stool water content and how both relate to MPA usage.MethodsMTSOSD‐59R questionnaires filled out by 700 KTRs from the TransplantLines Biobank and Cohort Study (NCT03272841) were analyzed and compared with stool water content. Stool samples (N = 345) were freeze‐dried, and a water content ≥80% was considered diarrhea.ResultsSelf‐perceived diarrhea was reported by 46%, while stool water content ≥80% was present in 23% of KTRs. MPA use was not associated with self‐perceived diarrhea (odds ratio(OR) 1.32; 95% confidence interval(CI), 0.87–1.99, p = .2), while it was associated with stool water content ≥80% (OR 2.88; 95%CI, 1.41–5.89, p = .004), independent of potential confounders. Adjustment for prior MPA discontinuation because of severe diarrhea, uncovered an association between MPA use and self‐perceived diarrhea (OR 1.80; 95%CI, 1.13–2.89, p = .01).ConclusionsThese results suggest that reporting bias could add to the discrepancy between both methods for diarrhea assessment. We recommend use of objective biomarkers or more extensive questionnaires which assess information on stool frequency and stool consistency, to investigate post‐transplantation diarrhea.
Secretory carcinoma of the skin with lymph node metastases and recurrence in both lungs: A case report
Authors: Taniguchi Kohei , Yanai Hiroyuki , Kaji Tatsuya , Kubo Toshio , Ennishi Daisuke , Hirasawa Akira , Yoshino Tadashi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSecretory carcinoma of the skin is an extremely rare adnexal tumor, histopathologically identical to homologous lesions in the salivary glands and breast tissue. Although this tumor was previously reported as indolent, we report a case of secretory carcinoma of the skin with metastases and recurrence. The patient, a 31‐year‐old women, had a subcutaneous mass in the right axilla. The resected specimen contained a circumscribed mass, with proliferating tumor cells that exhibited prominent nucleoli. They exhibited glandular and papillary growth patterns and there were amphophilic secretions in the glands. Immunohistochemically, the tumor cells were positive for mammaglobin and S100. The tumor was surrounded by sweat glands and there was no mammary glandular tissue, suggesting that it was derived from axillary sweat glands. Accordingly, we made a diagnosis of secretory carcinoma of the skin. Four years after the operation, there were metastases in both lungs. The resected specimen revealed a tumor identical to that of the original skin tumor. Next‐generation sequencing‐based multiplex gene assay performed on the metastatic tissue revealed an ETV6‐NTRK3 fusion gene. This is a rare case report of secretory carcinoma of the skin with lymph node metastases and recurrence in both lungs.
Childhood neurodevelopmental disorders and maternal hypertensive disorder of pregnancy
Authors: Chen Kuan‐Ru , Yu Tsung , Kang Lin , Lien Yueh‐Ju , Kuo Pao‐Lin 
Published: April 2021

AimTo examine the association of maternal chronic hypertension and pregnancy‐induced hypertension (PIH)/preeclampsia with childhood neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) in a large‐scale population‐based cohort.MethodWe conducted a linked Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database cohort study of children born between 2004 and 2008 (n=877 233). Diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), developmental delay, intellectual disability, cerebral palsy (CP), and epilepsy/infantile spasms were identified from birth to the end of 2015. Cox proportional hazards models were fitted with adjustment for potential confounders to estimate the effect of maternal hypertensive disorder of pregnancy on childhood outcomes.ResultsCompared with the offspring of unexposed mothers, offspring of mothers with chronic hypertension or PIH/preeclampsia exhibited increased risk of developing a wide spectrum of NDDs. Chronic hypertension was associated with increased risks of ADHD (hazard ratio 1.22, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13–1.​31), developmental delay (1.29, 1.21–1.38), intellectual disability (1.67, 1.43–1.95), CP (1.45, 1.14–1.85), and epilepsy/infantile spasms (1.31, 1.10–1.56) in the offspring, whereas PIH/preeclampsia was associated with increased risks of ASD (1.27, 1.12–1.43), ADHD (1.23, 1.17–1.29), developmental delay (1.29, 1.24–1.35), intellectual disability (1.53, 1.37–1.71), CP (1.44, 1.22–1.70), and epilepsy/infantile spasms (1.36, 1.22–1.52) in the offspring after adjustment for potential confounders. The co‐occurrence of maternal diabetes, preterm deliveries, or fetal growth restriction further increased the risk.InterpretationChronic hypertension or PIH/preeclampsia seems to be sufficient to increase the risk of childhood NDDs.
What this paper adds

Children exposed to maternal hypertensive disorders have a higher cumulative incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) than unexposed children.

Chronic hypertension or pregnancy‐induced hypertension/preeclampsia seems to be sufficient to increase the risk of childhood NDDs.

Co‐occurrence of maternal diabetes, preterm deliveries, or fetal growth restriction further increases the risk.
Successful minimally invasive intervention in a primary central incisor after root fracture: A case report
Authors: Santos Lorena Vieira , da Hora Keila Carrera , Alves Alessandra Castro 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRoot fractures vary in severity, extent, and location, according to the physical and mechanical aspects of the accident. Root fractures are rare in primary teeth and they affect dentin, cementum, periodontal ligament and the pulp. This paper reports a case of a two‐and‐a‐half‐year‐old baby who had a root fracture of the upper right primary central incisor (tooth 51) as a consequence of trauma that was managed with minimally invasive intervention. After clinical and radiographic examinations, the presence of tooth mobility, pain, bleeding and a horizontal apical root fracture was diagnosed on tooth 51. The treatment of choice was splinting for 120 days, which can deliver excellent results regardless of the patient's age. The tooth was preserved without needing endodontic intervention until its physiologic exfoliation and normal eruption of its permanent successor. As sequelae to the fractured tooth 51, there was some coronal color alteration and dystrophic calcification of the root canal. This tooth did not develop ankylosis or mobility during the follow‐up period. After 57 months of follow‐up, repositioning and splinting were appropriate ways to manage this horizontal root fracture in the apical third of this primary tooth. It allowed the tooth to be preserved in the arch with normal function.
Neuro‐COVID frequency and short‐term outcome in the Northern Portuguese population
Authors: Oliveira Vanessa , Seabra Mafalda , Rodrigues Rita , Carvalho Vanessa , Mendes Michel , Pereira Diogo , Caldeiras Catarina , Martins Bárbara , Silva Renata , Azevedo Ana , Lima Maria João , Monteiro Catarina , Varela Ricardo , Malheiro Sofia , Abreu Miguel , Azevedo Elsa , Leal Loureiro José , Tedim Cruz Vítor , Silva Mário Rui , Magalhães Rui , Silva Carolina , Maia Luís F. , Correia Manuel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractBackground and purposeCOVID‐19‐related acute neurological phenotypes are being increasingly recognised, with neurological complications reported in more than 30% of hospitalised patients. However, multicentric studies providing a population‐based perspective are lacking.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective multicentric study at five hospitals in Northern Portugal, representing 45.1% of all hospitalised patients in this region, between 1 March and 30 June 2020.ResultsAmong 1261 hospitalised COVID‐19 patients, 457 (36.2%) presented neurological manifestations, corresponding to a rate of 357 per 1000 in the North Region. Patients with neurologic manifestations were younger (68.0 vs. 71.2 years, p = 0.002), and the most frequent neurological symptoms were headache (13.4%), delirium (10.1%), and impairment of consciousness (9.7%). Acute well‐defined central nervous system (CNS) involvement was found in 19.1% of patients, corresponding to a rate of 217 per 1000 hospitalised patients in the whole region. Assuming that all patients with severe neurological events were hospitalised, we extrapolated our results to all COVID‐19 patients in the region, estimating that 116 will have a severe neurological event, corresponding to a rate of nine per 1000 (95% CI = 7–11). Overall case fatality in patients presenting neurological manifestations was 19.8%, increasing to 32.6% among those with acute well‐defined CNS involvement.ConclusionsWe characterised the population of hospitalised COVID‐19 patients in Northern Portugal and found that neurological symptoms are common and associated with a high degree of disability at discharge. CNS involvement with criteria for in‐hospital admission was observed in a significant proportion of patients. This knowledge provides the tools for adequate health planning and for improving COVID‐19 multidisciplinary patient care.
Orthodox–Hussite Encounters
Authors: Noble Ivana 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis article is a contribution to the ongoing debate about how the pan‐Orthodox vision of unity and the overall Christian vision of Christian unity are co‐related, following the Pan‐Orthodox Council in Crete in June 2016. The first section considers how modern Orthodox relations to ecumenism arose: in particular, how the vision of pan‐Orthodoxy and that of Christian unity were intertwined. The sections that follow concentrate on examples taken from Orthodox–Hussite relations.
Low‐intensity frequent fires in coniferous forests transform soil organic matter in ways that may offset ecosystem carbon losses
Authors: Pellegrini Adam F. A. , Caprio Anthony C. , Georgiou Katerina , Finnegan Colin , Hobbie Sarah E. , Hatten Jeffery A. , Jackson Robert B. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe impact of shifting disturbance regimes on soil carbon (C) storage is a key uncertainty in global change research. Wildfires in coniferous forests are becoming more frequent in many regions, potentially causing large C emissions. Repeated low‐intensity prescribed fires can mitigate wildfire severity, but repeated combustion may decrease soil C unless compensatory responses stabilize soil organic matter. Here, we tested how 30 years of decadal prescribed burning affected C and nitrogen (N) in plants, detritus, and soils in coniferous forests in the Sierra Nevada mountains, USA. Tree basal area and litter stocks were resilient to fire, but fire reduced forest floor C by 77% (−36.4 Mg C/ha). In mineral soils, fire reduced C that was free from minerals by 41% (−4.4 Mg C/ha) but not C associated with minerals, and only in depths ≤ 5 cm. Fire also transformed the properties of remaining mineral soil organic matter by increasing the proportion of C in a pyrogenic form (from 3.2% to 7.5%) and associated with minerals (from 46% to 58%), suggesting the remaining soil C is more resistant to decomposition. Laboratory assays illustrated that fire reduced microbial CO2respiration rates by 55% and the activity of eight extracellular enzymes that degrade cellulosic and aromatic compounds by 40–66%. Lower decomposition was correlated with lower inorganic N (−49%), especially ammonium, suggesting N availability is coupled with decomposition. The relative increase in forms of soil organic matter that are resistant to decay or stabilized onto mineral surfaces, and the associated decline in decomposition suggest that low‐intensity fires may promote mineral soil C storage in pools with long mean residence times in coniferous forests.
Above‐ and belowground biodiversity jointly drive ecosystem stability in natural alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Chen Litong , Jiang Lin , Jing Xin , Wang Jiuluan , Shi Yu , Chu Haiyan , He Jin‐Sheng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractAimMost existing studies that examined the biotic mechanisms of ecosystem stability have focused on aboveground biodiversity. Whether and how belowground biodiversity affects the stability of natural ecosystems is largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the relationships between above‐ and belowground biodiversity and the temporal stability of grassland biomass production across a large gradient of soil and climatic conditions.LocationTibetan Plateau.Time period2001–2016.Major taxa studiedAlpine grass and soil bacteria, arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) fungi and fauna.MethodsWe coupled a field biodiversity survey conducted in 54 alpine grassland ecosystems across the Tibetan Plateau with a satellite‐sensed proxy (enhanced vegetation index, EVI) of ecosystem productivity during 2001–2016. The temporal stability of primary productivity was calculated as the ratio of the mean annual peak EVI to the standard deviation of the annual peak EVI over this period. Plant diversity was determined using a classic vegetation survey approach, soil bacterial and AM fungal diversity were measured using a high‐throughput sequencing approach, and soil fauna was counted and identified at the order level after being extracted using a modified Berlese–Tullgren method.ResultsOur results demonstrated that both above‐ and belowground biodiversity were positively associated with ecosystem stability. Belowground biodiversity not only affected ecosystem stability directly, but also influenced it indirectly through plant diversity and soil fertility. Furthermore, soil pH, climate and its variability strongly influenced soil biodiversity, which in turn influenced ecosystem stability.Main conclusionsOur study demonstrates the indispensable role of belowground biodiversity in regulating ecosystem stability, emphasizing the necessity of conserving this ‘hidden’ biodiversity in fragile alpine ecosystems facing ongoing environmental change.
Willingness to purchase counterfeit luxury brands: A cross‐cultural comparison
Authors: Tunçel Niray 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis study examines the impact of idealism, possession‐based happiness, and the attitude toward the legality of counterfeits on the willingness to buy counterfeit luxury brands in Turkey and Slovenia. Data are collected from 205 consumers in Slovenia and 224 consumers in Turkey and analysed using Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling. The results confirm a negative impact of idealism on the attitude toward the legality of counterfeits and a positive impact of this attitude on the willingness to purchase counterfeit luxury brands. Turkish consumers show a positive effect of possession‐based happiness on the attitude toward counterfeits. The impact of idealism and possession‐based happiness on the willingness to purchase counterfeit luxury brands among Slovenian or Turkish consumers was not found. The study contributes to the literature by providing a cross‐cultural focus on specific personal antecedents, which the current literature has limited knowledge of and conflicting findings.
El factor ecológico: desglosando el crecimiento del empleo verde
Authors: SOFRONIOU Nick , ANDERSON Pauline 
Published: April 2021

ResumenCon datos de la encuesta de población activa del Reino Unido (2011–2014), se estima el número de empleos verdes en Escocia y su variación, utilizando un marco metodológico aplicable a cualquier región basado en la CIUO‐08 y en la O*NET. Los resultados apuntan a la importancia de utilizar definiciones de empleo verde que no se restrinjan a los nuevos empleos en determinadas industrias a fin de captar el impacto de la ecologización en el empleo en general. También indican la necesidad de prestar mayor atención analítica a las cuestiones de la calidad y del crecimiento del empleo verde en sentido amplio.