bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foundations and Applications of Social Epistemology
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This book collects twelve recent papers by the author on social epistemology. Roughly half of them propose a research program for social epistemology—including an animating vision, foundational questions, and core concepts—and the other half are applications of this vision to particular topics. The author characterizes the research program itself as the exploration of the epistemic significance of other minds. Such a program will enumerate the various ways in which we depend epistemically on others, it will describe the proper way to evaluate beliefs according to the sort of dependence they exhibit, and it will provide the basis for identifying and characterizing various dysfunctions of our epistemic communities. The book suggests that several core concepts will be helpful as part of this exploration: epistemic dependence (direct and diffuse); entitlements (epistemic as well as those deriving from our social practices); the normative expectations we have of one another as epistemic subjects; and the socio-epistemic practices in which we participate. It goes on to put this program and these concepts into practice by exploring such topics as the epistemic agency exhibited in inquiry, the practices that constitute news coverage, the basis for allegations of what we or others should have known, how reliance on another’s testimony contrasts with reliance on an instrument, our reliance on others as consumers of testimony, and the epistemic upshot of non-epistemic social norms (whether these are moral, political, professional, or relationship-based).
A Proposed Research Program for Social Epistemology
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter proposes a particular program for Social Epistemology to pursue, according to which social epistemology is the systematic exploration of the epistemic significance of other minds. Three questions are fundamental to this exploration: (1) what are the varieties of ways we rely on others in information acquisition, storage, processing, assessment, and transmission? (2) With respect to each of these sorts of ways we rely on others, what is the epistemic significance of the fact that we do so rely? And (3) what are appropriate norms for the assessment of such acts of reliance? Some of these norms will be norms of inquiry, and it is here where we will see the face of epistemic agency in social epistemology.
Social Epistemology and Epistemic Injustice
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter discusses the nature of various forms of epistemic injustice, as seen from the angle of social epistemology. To do so, it relies on the author’s previously developed approach to social epistemology. More specifically, it focuses on the variety of norms that inform our socio-epistemic practices. It is in connection with such norms that we see the potential for a variety of distinct forms of epistemic injustice. These injustices can arise from the norms themselves (as when the norms themselves are part and parcel of a practice which itself is unfair), from the application of those norms (as when the practice itself is unfairly implemented), or with the access others have to participate in the shaping of those norms (as when certain people are unfairly excluded).
The Division of Epistemic Labor
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter builds on the author’s programmatic approach to research in social epistemology, according to which such research involves the systematic investigation of the epistemic significance of other minds. This research program is developed by appeal to the thesis of the Division of Epistemic Labor. After formulating this thesis as a thesis of epistemic dependence, the chapter illustrates several ways in which individual subjects are epistemically dependent on one or more of the members of their community in the process of knowledge acquisition. Such an account supports various conclusions about the cognitively distributed nature of some knowledge acquisition, and the chapter ends with these.
Can Asserting That p Improve the Speaker’s Epistemic Position (And Is That a Good Thing)?
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that there are cases in which a speaker S’s observation of the fact that her assertion that p is accepted by another person enhances the strength of S’s own epistemic position with respect to p, as compared to S’s strength of epistemic position with respect to p prior to having made the assertion. It concludes by noting that the sorts of consideration that underwrite this (happy) possibility may go some distance toward explaining several (unhappy) aspects of our group life as epistemic subjects—in particular, groupthink and group polarization.
If That Were True I Would Have Heard about It by Now
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues that there is a species of inference from absence that can provide justification for beliefs formed in this way. The inference is from the absence of testimony that p, to the conclusion that not-p. Beliefs acquired in this way are called “coverage-based,” since they depend for their epistemic goodness on the quality of the coverage one’s community provides for one. The chapter explores the conditions on acquiring a justified coverage-based belief. It provides a process reliabilist account of the conditions on the justification of coverage-based beliefs, and suggests that the epistemology of these beliefs is importantly different from testimony-based beliefs.
Epistemically Engineered Environments
Authors: Goldberg Sanford C. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter defends the claim that, when we rely on other speakers by accepting what they tell us, our reliance on them differs in epistemically relevant ways from our reliance on instruments. The focus here is on what is distinctive of our reliance on instruments. The chapter’s key notions will be those of our social practices, the normative expectations that are sanctioned by those practices, and the epistemically engineered environments constituted by some of these practices. With these notions in mind, it will argue that one’s reliance on instruments, while relevantly different (epistemically speaking) from one’s reliance on other speakers, can nevertheless manifest a kind of epistemic dependence which epistemological theory can and should acknowledge.
Orthopaedics
Authors: Davies Nev , Vusirikala Anuhya 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter contains 24 questions that encompass all of the important areas of orthopaedics, with detailed explanations. There is a great deal of knowledge required to be proficient in this field, and it is important that the principles of orthopaedic surgery be studied to ensure thorough understanding. The questions in this section range from neonatal orthopaedic complaints, through to serious pathologies which can be life-changing for patients and career-changing for the clinicians that miss them. Unique to this series, questions are rated by difficulty and are cross-referenced to the eleventh edition of Oxford Handbook of Clinical Specialties to track revision progress and revise effectively.
Luis Buñuel, Surrealism, and the Politics of Disorder
Authors: Wood Michael 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Luis Buñuel had his doubts about dogmatic surrealism, but he found in the movement a model of discipline, a form of vigilance against the refluxes of order and reason. This chapter explores some of the ways in which two early films—Un chien andalou and L’Âge d’or—court and confute the idea of interpretation, using the art of cinema to resist all easy recourses to meaning. An examination of questions about montage and the association of ideas, about narrative and the ghosts of dead ambitions, allows us to understand a little better how surrealism can be both a definable historical intervention in the arts and an ongoing practice of skeptical resistance—skeptical even about resistance itself.
Leibniz on the Ideality of Space
Authors: Rutherford Donald 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter argues for a close connection between Leibniz’s doctrine of the relational character of space and the doctrine that space is ideal. The chapter further explores some of the consequences of the latter doctrine for Leibniz’s philosophy. The approach is anchored in basic principles of Leibniz’s metaphysics that are fixed long before his exchange with Clarke, as well as conclusions he reaches about space through work on the foundations of geometry. Throughout, it is assumed that in his writings on metaphysics, physics, and mathematics Leibniz operates with a single concept of space and a single account of the mode of cognition by which objects are apprehended as spatially related. Finally, the chapter examines the extent to which Leibniz’s doctrine of space anticipates Kant’s conception of space.
Bodies, Matter, Monads, and Things in Themselves
Authors: Stang Nicholas F. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
There is a tension in Leibniz’s mature metaphysics that has received considerable attention in the last several decades of scholarship. On the one hand, there are texts that support a phenomenalist reading, according to which bodies are simply the coordinated phenomena of minds. On the other hand, there are texts that support a realist reading, according to which bodies are aggregates of the real constituents of the world, monads. Likewise, there is a structurally similar tension in Kant’s metaphysics between “two world” and “one world” interpretations of transcendental idealism. This chapter develops an interpretation of Leibniz’s metaphysics that does justice to both his realism and his phenomenalism, and then shows how that interpretation can be applied to Kant’s transcendental idealism.
Kant and the (Alleged) Leibnizian Misconception of the Difference between Sensible and Intellectual Representations
Authors: Jauernig Anja 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The chapter focuses on Kant’s central objection to the Leibnizian philosophy, namely, that the Leibnizian conception of the difference between sensible and intellectual representations is a misconception. According to Kant, the Leibnizians regard sensible and intellectual representations to differ logically, with respect to their degrees of confusion or distinctness, whereas they actually differ in kind, with respect to their content and origin. The chapter examines in detail the “misconception objection,” its relation to other Kantian worries about the Leibnizian philosophy, as well as Kant’s underlying concerns that fuel it, and explores whether a central one of these concerns, namely, the worry that the Leibnizians are committed to the view that we could learn something about things in themselves by experience if our senses were acute enough or our powers of disfusing perceptions were strong enough, does apply to Leibniz’s actual position.
Kant’s Amphiboly as Critique of Leibniz
Authors: Bolton Martha Brandt 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the Amphiboly chapter of Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason, where he presents his clearest attack on Leibniz’s philosophy. But, ultimately, it is argued here that the chapter is a disappointment, for it is conspicuously based on mischaracterizations of Leibniz’s account of cognition. The charge that Leibniz intellectualized the phenomena is false and the closely related charge that he confused intelligibilia and sensibilia is also false. There is, however, a direct confrontation over a less well advertised issue abroad in the Amphiboly chapter that takes the form of a problem in Kant’s pre-Critical thinking: finding the epistemic and metaphysical basis of judgments which are not grounded on the law of non-contradiction alone. While Kant’s Critique does not succeed in vitiating Leibniz’s metaphysical doctrines on the basis of a supposedly misguided theory of cognition, it exposes a deep system-wide source of opposition between them.
The Development of Kant’s Conception of Divine Freedom
Authors: Kain Patrick 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
While several scholars have suggested that Kant’s early engagement with Leibniz’s philosophical theology led Kant to a conception of the divine will that helped to motivate many of the distinctive features of Kant’s mature moral psychology and moral philosophy, commentators have nevertheless neglected and failed to understand Kant’s account of divine freedom and how it functions in his rejection of substance monism, fatalism, and threats to divine self-sufficiency. This chapter examines the development of Kant’s position in a variety of his early and later published works and in his drafts, Reflexionen, and lecture notes. God is conceived of as the ens realissimum, possessing or exemplifying all fundamental realities or perfections, and it is God’s cognition of his own goodness that gives rise to his volition to create the most perfect world. Divine freedom is understood as a rational and autonomous expression of the divine nature itself, without requiring alternative possibilities.
Leibniz and Kant on Empirical Miracles
Authors: Chignell Andrew 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Leibniz and Kant were heirs of a biblical theistic tradition which viewed miraculous activity in the world as both possible and actual. But both were also deep explanatory rationalists about the natural world: more committed than your average philosophical theologian to its thoroughgoing intelligibility. These dual sympathies—supernaturalist religion and empirical rationalism—generate a powerful tension across both philosophers’ systems, one that is most palpable in their accounts of empirical miracles—that is, events in nature that violate one or more of the natural laws. The primary goal of this chapter is to exhibit their respective efforts to resolve this tension, and to show how Kant’s noumenal ignorance doctrine allows him to set aside some key difficulties that Leibniz’s model leaves unresolved. The chapter concludes with the unorthodox suggestion that both systems leave conceptual space for the idea that finite free beings, rather than just God, can produce empirical miracles.
Effect of Transcranial Direct Current Brain Stimulation of the Motor Cortex on Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting in Female Patients with Breast Cancer
Authors: Kamal Shereen Mamdouh , Elhusseini Nayria Mahmoud , Sedik Mayada Fawzy , Mohamad Mohamad F , Khedr Eman Mohamed Hussein , Kotb Hassan Ibraheem Mohamed 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Objective
Chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting (CINV) is an adverse outcome associated with chemotherapy and is sometimes difficult to manage. This study aimed to examine the impact of a single session of transcranial direct current brain stimulation (tDCS; 2 mA) over the motor cortex for 20 minutes before chemotherapy in patients receiving a highly emetogenic chemotherapy.

Study Design
Prospective randomized double-blind sham-controlled study.

Setting
Academic medical center.

Method
Sixty patients with breast cancer who were scheduled for chemotherapy treatment were selected and allocated randomly into two equal groups: a stimulation group and a sham group. tDCS was implemented over the primary motor area (M1) (2 mA) for 20 minutes. Patients’ nausea was measured by a cumulative index of nausea, a visual analog scale for nausea (VAS-N), episodes of vomiting, and the Edmonton Symptoms Assessment Scale (ESAS) to assess symptoms like pain, malaise, and sense of well-being. Evaluation was done before stimulation and every 24 hours for 72 hours after the end of infusion of chemotherapy.

Results
The tDCS group showed a reduction in the cumulative index of nausea (P &lt; 0.001, F = 50), the VAS-N (P &lt; 0.001, F = 52), the ESAS malaise score (P &lt; 0.001, F = 37.6), and the sense of well-being score (P &lt; 0.001, F = 25) vs the sham group. Six patients (20%) in the tDCS group required rescue antiemtic therapy vs 14 patients (46.7%) in the sham group (P &lt; 0.028).

Conclusion
A single session of M1 tDCS is suggested as an effective adjuvant therapy to control CINV in female patients suffering from breast cancer and receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy. Corroboratory studies are needed.
O12 A rare mimic of inflammatory arthritis
Authors: Umair Hafiz Muhammad , Kazmi Muhammad Farooq 
Published: October 2021

Abstract

Case report - Introduction
Melorheostosis is a very rare benign bone disorder involving sclerosing hyperostosis. The name derives from the Greek terms Melos ‘limb’, rheos ‘flow’ and osteon ‘bone’. The incidence of melorheostosis is 0.9 cases per million population, and in the majority of cases is diagnosed before the age of 20 years. It presents with pain, deformities, limitations of a range of motion, contractures, muscle atrophy, and limb swelling. We present a case of a 33-year-old lady who was referred with a history of pain and swelling of the right knee.

Case report - Case description
This 33-year-old lady of Nigerian origin was referred to the rheumatology department with a 7-year history of fluctuating pain and swelling in the right knee with the possibility of inflammatory arthritis. Prior to this, she had been seen by the local orthopaedic team with subsequent input sought from the regional specialist orthopaedic bone unit in Birmingham. The synovial biopsies did not show any evidence of inflammation or pigmented villo-nodular synovitis (PVNS). Prior to moving to the UK, she had been assessed in Germany and Dubai due to knee pain and swelling with a diagnosis of the unclear bone-related condition and fibromyalgia. Clinically the right knee had a chronic cool swelling with reduced range of movement but no synovitis and no signs of inflammatory arthritis in other joints. There were no features of seronegative inflammatory arthritis or connective tissue diseases. Investigations showed weak positive ANA with normal CRP, bone profile, FBC, urea and electrolytes, with negative rheumatoid factor and anti-CCP antibody. X-ray knee arranged, showed a flowing periosteal thickening medial cortices of the femur and tibia consistent with ‘melorheostosis’. MRI right knee also confirmed the same diagnosis. Imaging of the upper limbs, spine and pelvis showed no involvement. Input from the metabolic bone health team was arranged who did not deem bisphosphonates useful in her case. Physiotherapy input was arranged to improve her leg posture and movements along with appropriate patient education and analgesia titration.

Case report - Discussion
We present a rare mimic of inflammatory arthritis. Initially referred by GP to orthopaedic team who considered PVNS which was ruled out by biopsies, then next question was about inflammatory arthritis due to recurrent history of knee pain and swelling which is valid differential for monoarthritis. Rheumatology assessment noted a puffy knee but no effusion to aspirate, x-ray imaging was diagnostic for melorheostosis due to the typical presence of ‘dripping wax appearance’.
As rheumatologists while assessing joints, genetic and metabolic causes need to be considered besides inflammatory and infective causes. A thorough history remains essential along with interaction with radiology colleagues which is the main learning point.

Case report - Key learning points
A Comprehensive Review of the Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Management of Diabetic Foot Infections
Authors: Mponponsuo Kwadwo , Sibbald R. Gary , Somayaji Ranjani 
Published: October 2021

GENERAL PURPOSE
To review an approach to diabetic foot infections (DFIs), including acute osteomyelitis, while also discussing current practices and the challenges in diagnosis and management.

TARGET AUDIENCE
This continuing education activity is intended for physicians, physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and nurses with an interest in skin and wound care.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES/OUTCOMES
After participating in this educational activity, the participant will
1. Identify the risk factors for developing DFIs.
2. Outline diagnostic techniques for assessing DFIs.
3. Select the assessment techniques that support a diagnosis of osteomyelitis.
4. Choose the appropriate pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatment options for patients who have DFIs.

ABSTRACT
Diabetic foot ulcers result from a combination of peripheral neuropathy, vascular compromise, and repetitive trauma. Approximately 50% of individuals with diabetic foot ulcers will develop a diabetic foot infection (DFI), and 20% of individuals with a DFI will develop osteomyelitis. Herein, the authors review an approach to DFIs including acute osteomyelitis and discuss current practices and challenges in diagnosis and management.
The diagnosis of a skin and soft tissue DFI is based on clinical criteria. A bone biopsy is considered the criterion standard for diagnosis of osteomyelitis; however, biopsy is not always feasible or available. Consequently, diagnosis can be made using a combination of clinical, biochemical, and radiographic findings. X-ray is the recommended imaging modality for initial evaluation; however, because of its lower relative sensitivity, advanced imaging may be used when clinical suspicion remains after negative initial testing.
The microbiology of skin and soft tissue DFIs and osteomyelitis is similar. Staphylococcus aureus and other Gram-positive cocci are the most common pathogens identified. Deep cultures are preferred in both DFI and osteomyelitis to identify the etiologic pathogens implicated for targeted antimicrobial therapy. Management also requires a multidisciplinary approach. Surgical debridement in those with deep or severe infections is necessary, and surgical resection of infected bone is curative in cases of osteomyelitis. Finally, appropriate wound care is critical, and management of predisposing factors, such as peripheral neuropathy, peripheral arterial disease, tinea, and edema, aids in recovery and prevention.