bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐Supporting Bimetallic Pt‐Ni Aerogel as Electrocatalyst for Ethanol Oxidation Reaction
Authors: Tang Xiao‐Di , Zeng Min , Chen De‐Ping , Yua Lei , Wang Chao‐Yang , Li Wei , Yi Yong 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe fuel cell has attracted researchers’ attention owing to its advantages of being adjustable and controllable, wide application, high efficiency, and low energy, etc. However, the main cost of fuel cells still comes from catalysts at present. Platinum‐based catalysts are still the most widely used catalysts in both cathodic ORR reactions and anodic EOR reactions. For the anodic EOR process, combined with in‐situ improved self‐gelling and Galvanic Replacement methods, a kind of Pt−Ni aerogel composite with a three‐dimensional porous network structure was prepared. The obtained Pt−Ni bimetallic aerogel materials were characterized by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Furthermore, the electrocatalytic activity of the synthesized Pt−Ni aerogels for the oxidation of EtOH in KOH was measured. The prepared Pt−Ni aerogel has the characteristics of high conductivity and catalytic activity of metal itself and high specific surface area and porosity of aerogels. The peak current density of Pt−Ni aerogel was about two times of the Ni aerogel prepared under the same situation, and the ECSA of Pt−Ni aerogel was about twice that of Ni aerogel, indicating that the addition of Pt could increase the active site of Pt−Ni aerogel, which made the Pt−Ni aerogel composite material have excellent catalytic activity.
Encapsulation of Molybdenum Schiff‐base Complex Inside the SBA‐16 Nanocages with ship‐in‐a–bottle Strategy for Selective Epoxidation of Alkenes
Authors: Masteri‐Farahani Majid , Hosseini Mahdiyeh‐Sadat , Miri Zahra 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA new heterogeneous catalyst with a unique design was successfully synthesized through a ship‐in‐a‐bottle strategy to incorporate a highly active molybdenum Schiff‐base complex within the nanocages of SBA‐16 for epoxidation reaction. For this aim, all the chemical precursors for preparation of this complex were mixed step by step in the presence of SBA‐16 and the entry of nanocages were finally tuned via silylation with long chain trimethoxyoctylsilane reagent in order to avoid the possible release of encapsulated complex. The final catalyst (named as PPh3‐Sal/Mo@SBA‐16) was characterized by FT‐IR and UV‐Vis spectroscopies, nitrogen adsorption‐desorption and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopies (SEM and TEM). All of these physicochemical techniques approved the incorporation of molybdenum Schiff‐base complex inside the SBA‐16 nanocages and maintenance of physical properties of SBA‐16 after encapsulation process. As predicted, epoxidation of some allylic alcohols and alkenes were proceeded selectively toward desired epoxides with high efficiency beyond 80 % over PPh3‐Sal/Mo@SBA‐16 catalyst. Eventually, the reusability experiment revealed the catalyst stability after five successive epoxidation reaction with only minor reduction of overall efficiency.
Progress in Photocatalytic Synthesis of Benzimidazoles
Authors: Qi Zhulin , Yang Yang , Miao Tao , Li Longfeng , Fu Xianliang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBenzimidazoles (BIs) have good and extensive biological activities in the bactericidal, anti‐inflammatory, anticancer, and antiviral fields. In addition, BIs can also be used as curing agents, metal surface treatment agents, catalysts and intermediates in organic synthesis. The preparation of BIs is an important subject of synthetic chemistry. Photocatalytic process provides a new route for the green synthesis of BIs. In this minireview, a systematic summary of the photocatalytic preparation of BIs, and the influence of reaction conditions, such as photocatalyst, solvent, atmosphere, substrates, and substituent groups, on the formation of BIs were made. The probable reaction mechanisms were introduced as well. We believe that this work will provide an inspiration and reference for the development of new photocatalysts for the synthesis of BIs and promote the application of photocatalytic technique for organic transformation.
Three‐state Structural Switching and Selective Molecular Interactions of Cylindrical Concentric Monodomain Liquid Crystal Elastomer
Authors: Arisawa Mieko , Yoshida Miyu , Fukumoto Kohei , Sawato Tsukasa , Yamaguchi Masahiko , Matsubara Masaki , Kanie Kiyoshi 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA cross‐linked poly(acrylate) containing an ethynylhelicene (P)‐pentamer was synthesized by radical polymerization between two horizontally aligned films with a parallel arrangement in trifluoromethylbenzene. The resulting liquid crystal elastomer swollen in bromobenzene showed the Maltese cross, which indicated a cylindrical concentric monodomain structure of the millimeter‐order size as determined by polarized optical microscopy (POM) analysis. In toluene, a homogeneously bright POM image was obtained, which reversibly changed in intensity upon heating and cooling. Addition of an (M)‐tetramer to the liquid crystal elastomer in toluene produced a hetero‐double‐helix exhibiting the Maltese cross, whose intensity did not change upon heating and cooling. The three states can be switched by addition and removal of an (M)‐tetramer and solvents.
Favipiravir (6‐Fluoro‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrazinecarboxamide) a Broad Spectrum Inhibitor of Viral RNA Polymerase in COVID‐19 Treatment
Authors: Gaonkar Santosh L. , D Deepika , Hakkimane Sushruta S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA pandemic disease, COVID‐19, affecting over 253 million and 5.1 million deaths reported as on November 2021 from across the globe. The worst hit pandemic since a century. Scientists around the world are working towards the development of drugs for its treatment. Several existing antiviral medications have been tried for the same. Among these, Favipiravir, a broad‐spectrum antiviral drug originally developed to treat influenza, shows noted activity against an ample range of RNA viruses. It is an oral antiviral drug with good bioavailability found to be effective in the treatment of COVID‐19. This drug has acquired FDA manifestation for drug‐resistant Influenza as it has confirmed its safety profile. There has been growing evidence that it helps in early viral clearance and speedy symptomatic relief against COVID‐19. This review attempts to provide synthetic methods of favipiravir, mechanism of action and its importance in the treatment of COVID‐19 and other viruses.
Supramolecular Microtubes by Self‐Assembly of a Co–Drug and Antifungal Activities against Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Ibukun Olamilekan Joseph , Mondal Sahabaj , Kumar Santosh , Haldar Debasish 
Published: December 2021

AbstractBenzotriazole esters have been reported to work as inactivators for severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) 3CL protease. A calcium channel blocker m‐Nifedipine is well known for its effect in hypertension, as well as angina. Combining two, we have synthesized co‐drug m‐Nifedipine‐3‐benzotriazol‐1‐yl‐ester 1 which exhibited antifungal activities against Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae strain BY4742). The single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study shows that there are two molecules with opposite chirality in the asymmetric unit. Intramolecular π‐π stacking interactions stabilize the tripod shape compound 1 molecules. In higher‐order assembly, compound 1 molecules are assembled by intermolecular hydrogen bonding, maintaining a proper registry to form a supramolecular nanotube‐like structure. Moreover, compound 1 inhibits the growth of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) against the Saccharomyces cerevisiae was 10 μg/mL. The docking studies indicate that compound 1 has a strong affinity (binding energy −8.67 kcal/mol) for the enzyme lanosterol 14α‐demethylase of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The compound 1 binds to Leu58 and Ser50 of lanosterol 14α‐demethylase through intermolecular hydrogen bonding interactions.
A Facile Approach for Elemental‐Doped Carbon Quantum Dots and Their Application for Efficient Photodetectors
Authors: Gao Lingfeng , Wang Lude , Kuklin Artem V. , Gao Jie , Yin Shouchun , Ågren Hans , Zhang Han 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe present work demonstrates a facile hydrothermal approach to synthesize lanthanide‐doped carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with europium and/or gadolinium elements. Taking the advantage of broadband adsorption in the ultraviolet‐visible region, the doped QDs are directly used as building blocks for photo‐electrochemical (PEC)‐type photodetectors (PDs) and their performance is systematically investigated under various conditions. The europium (Eu) and gadolinium (Gd) co‐doped (C:EuGd) QDs exhibit better photo‐response than the single‐elemental doped ones and also show outstanding long‐term stability. According to the apparent response to light from 350 to 400 nm, the C:EuGd QDs are demonstrated to hold great potential for narrow‐band PDs. This work highlights the practical applications of lanthanide‐doped CQDs for PDs, and the results are beneficial for the development of elemental‐doped CQDs in general.
Shrinkage curvature of cracked reinforced concrete sections under load
Authors: Scott Richard , Whittle Robin , Jones Tony 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThis paper describes an experimental program, which investigates the validity of using Expression 7.21 in Eurocode 2 for calculating shrinkage curvatures of loaded reinforced concrete beams cracked in flexure, this Expression having previously been validated for use with uncracked sections but not for cracked sections. The experimental method used a heating technique, which exploited the differing coefficients of expansion of limestone concrete and stainless steel reinforcement to impose simulated shrinkage strains on a range of rectangular beams of various sizes and reinforcement percentages. The results indicate that Expression 7.21 is valid for use with sections cracked in flexure but may overestimate curvatures by significant amounts. It is shown that improved estimates of curvature are given by using Expression 7.18 in conjunction with Expression 7.21 with the best results being obtained by setting β = 0.3 or by using an adjusted value for the cracking moment (Mcr), as detailed in the paper.
Variable Step‐Size Correntropy‐Based Affine Projection Algorithm with Compound Inverse Proportional Function for Sparse System Identification
Authors: Wang Biao , Li Hanqiong , Wu Chengxi , Xu Chen , Zhang Mingliang 
Published: December 2021

AbstractIn view of the poor performance of the traditional adaptive filtering algorithm in identifying sparse systems under impulse noise, an affine projection maximum correntropy criterion with compound inverse proportional function (APMCCCIPF) algorithm is proposed in this paper, and the compound inverse proportional function approaching norm is introduced into the traditional affine projection maximum correntropy criterion (APMCC) algorithm. The fixed step‐size APMCCCIPF algorithm cannot obtain faster convergence speed and lower steady‐state error at the same time, and the most effective method to solve this contradiction is to change the fixed step‐size in the algorithm to a variable step‐size. Further, a variable step‐size factor is constructed in the APMCCCIPF algorithm, and a novel variable step‐size APMCCCIPF algorithm is proposed. A modified Gaussian function, which can resist impulse noise interference, is applied to adjust the step‐size change. Besides, the convergence and complexity of the proposed algorithms are analyzed. In the simulation of sparse system identification and echo cancellation under impulsive noise, the proposed algorithms not only achieve a lower and faster convergence rate, but also obtain a lower steady‐state error. © 2021 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
The sense of taste: Development, regeneration, and dysfunction
Authors: Barlow Linda A. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractGustation or the sense of taste is a primary sense, which functions as a gatekeeper for substances that enter the body. Animals, including humans, ingest foods that contain appetitive taste stimuli, including those that have sweet, moderately salty and umami (glutamate) components, and tend to avoid bitter‐tasting items, as many bitter compounds are toxic. Taste is mediated by clusters of heterogeneous taste receptors cells (TRCs) organized as taste buds on the tongue, and these convey taste information from the oral cavity to higher order brain centers via the gustatory sensory neurons of the seventh and ninth cranial ganglia. One remarkable aspect of taste is that taste perception is mostly uninterrupted throughout life yet TRCs within buds are constantly renewed; every 1–2 months all taste cells have been steadily replaced. In the past decades we have learned a substantial amount about the cellular and molecular regulation of taste bud cell renewal, and how taste buds are initially established during embryogenesis. Here I review more recent findings pertaining to taste development and regeneration, as well as discuss potential mechanisms underlying taste dysfunction that often occurs with disease or its treatment.This article is categorized under:Infectious Diseases > Stem Cells and DevelopmentCancer > Stem Cells and DevelopmentNeurological Diseases > Stem Cells and Development
Reflections on Doing Cross-Cultural Research Through and with Visual Methods
Authors: Leung Kei Yan 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAs a traditional and dominant practice of qualitative research, interviewing is heavily dependent on meanings constructed by language. In a cross-cultural setting, the challenge of adequately capturing what interviewees want to convey is well acknowledged by researchers. Indeed, meanings are not only tied to linguistic meanings but also to cultural practices. Moreover, when the focus of one’s research is to understand the mindsets and practices of farmers, focusing solely on spoken words may also hide the fact that farmers also engage with plants, soil and nature through emotions and feelings. In this chapter I will reflect on my personal experiences as a non-Japanese Asian researcher working with an interpreter during my field work in Japan. In the interviews I conducted with farmers, I used photographs of local artwork to elicit information to understand what relationships they may build between the artworks and their farming practices. I used photo elicitation to supplement the limitations of language in making sense of meanings tied to farming practices. Also, to convey results to a western audience, I explore the use of visual illustrations to complement verbal quotes to more fully convey the meaning of the quotes. Two main observations emerged from this cross-cultural experience: first, the gap between language and cultural meaning can provide valuable opportunities for researchers to experiment with different methods, that broaden our sensibilities beyond rational reasoning in data collection; second, using photography in interviews can unfold different layers of realities than talk-only interviews. I argue that visual methods can take us beyond language and open up a more diverse picture to understand the practices of farmers. It is therefore important for cross-cultural researchers to be reflexive about the limitations of language, transform these challenges to an opportunity to remake method and open up different layers of understanding.
A buyer’s guide to the Hubble constant
Authors: Shah Paul , Lemos Pablo , Lahav Ofer 
Published: December 2021

AbstractSince the expansion of the universe was first established by Edwin Hubble and Georges Lemaître about a century ago, the Hubble constant $$H_0$$

H
0

which measures its rate has been of great interest to astronomers. Besides being interesting in its own right, few properties of the universe can be deduced without it. In the last decade, a significant gap has emerged between different methods of measuring it, some anchored in the nearby universe, others at cosmological distances. The SH0ES team has found $$H_0 = 73.2 \pm 1.3 \; \;\,\hbox {kms}^{-1} \,\hbox {Mpc}^{-1}$$

H
0

=
73.2
±
1.3

kms

-
1

Mpc

-
1

locally, whereas the value found for the early universe by the Planck Collaboration is $$H_0 = 67.4 \pm 0.5 \; \;\,\hbox {kms}^{-1} \,\hbox {Mpc}^{-1}$$

H
0

=
67.4
±
0.5

kms

-
1

Mpc

-
1

from measurements of the cosmic microwave background. Is this gap a sign that the well-established $${\varLambda} {\text{CDM}}$$

Λ
CDM

cosmological model is somehow incomplete? Or are there unknown systematics? And more practically, how should humble astronomers pick between competing claims if they need to assume a value for a certain purpose? In this article, we review results and what changes to the cosmological model could be needed to accommodate them all. For astronomers in a hurry, we provide a buyer’s guide to the results, and make recommendations.
Efficacy of Short-Term Oral Prednisolone Treatment in the Management of Pericardial Effusion Following Pediatric Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Mizumoto Masahiro , Masaki Naoki , Sai Sadahiro 
Published: December 2021

AbstractA standard treatment for pericardial effusion without cardiac tamponade after pediatric cardiac surgery has not been established. We evaluated the efficacy of short-term oral prednisolone administration, which is the initial treatment for postoperative pericardial effusion without cardiac tamponade at our institution. Between October 2008 and March 2020, 1429 pediatric cardiac surgeries were performed at our institution. 91 patients required postoperative treatment for pericardial effusion. 81 were treated with short-term oral prednisolone. Pericardial effusion was evaluated using serial echocardiography during diastole. Pericardial drainage was performed for patients with circumferential pericardial effusion with a maximum diameter of ≥ 10 mm or signs of cardiac tamponade. Short-term oral prednisolone treatment was administered to patients with circumferential pericardial effusion with a maximum diameter of < 10 mm or localized pericardial effusion with a maximum diameter of ≥ 5 mm. Patients with localized pericardial effusion with a maximum diameter of < 5 mm were observed. Prednisolone (2 mg/kg/day) was administered orally for 3 days, added as needed. Short-term oral prednisolone treatment was effective in 71 cases and 90% of patients were regarded as responders. The remaining patients were deemed non-responders who required pericardial drainage. Overall, 55 responders were deemed early responders whose pericardial effusion disappeared within 3 days. There were no cases of deaths, infections, or recurrence of pericardial effusion. The amount of drainage fluid on the day of surgery was higher in the non-responders. In conclusion, short-term oral prednisolone treatment is effective and safe for treating pericardial effusion without cardiac tamponade after pediatric cardiac surgery.
Three-dimensional imaging of swirled spray injection in a generic aero engine burner under realistic operating conditions
Authors: Klinner Joachim , Willert Christian E. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTomographic shadowgraph imaging is applied to reconstruct the instantaneous three-dimensional spray field immediately downstream of a generic aero engine fuel injector. Within the swirl passage of the injector model, a single kerosene jet undergoes air-blast atomization in a cross-flow configuration at Weber numbers of $$\text {We}=360-770$$

We
=
360
-
770

, air pressures of $$p_a=4-7\,\text{ bar }$$

p
a

=
4
-
7

bar

and air temperatures of $$T_a=440-570\,\text{ K }$$

T
a

=
440
-
570

K

. High-speed, high magnification shadowgraphy is used to visualize the initial fuel atomization stages within the fuel injector before the spray enters the spray chamber. The 4-camera tomographic measurement setup is described in detail and includes a depth-of-field analysis with respect to droplet size based on Mie simulations and calibration data of the point-spread function. For a volume size of $$16\times 13\times 10\,\text{ mm}^3$$

16
×
13
×
10

mm
3

, the smallest resolvable droplet diameter is estimated to be $$d=10\,\mu \text{ m }$$

d
=
10

μ

m

within the focal plane and increases to $$d \approx 20\,\mu \text{ m }$$

d
≈
20

μ

m

toward the edges of the volume. Droplet velocities above the resolution limit were retrieved by 3-d cross-correlation of two volumetric reconstructions recorded at two consecutive time-steps. This is accompanied by an error analysis on the random error dependency on the camera viewing geometry. The results indicate increasing motion and fluctuations of the spray tail with increasing temperature and Weber number. Validation against PDA data further downstream of the burner plate revealed consistency for size classes $$d=10\,\mu \text{ m }$$

d
=
10

μ

m

and $$d=15\,\mu \text{ m }$$

d
=
15

μ

m

. Deviations from PDA occur in regions with strong velocity gradients due to different spatial resolutions, the presence of reconstruction ambiguities (ghost particles), uncertainties inherent to the two-frame cross-correlation of spray volumes and the finite LED pulse duration.
Graphical Abstract
Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on pediatric trauma in Southern California
Authors: Yeates Eric O. , Grigorian Areg , Schellenberg Morgan , Owattanapanich Natthida , Barmparas Galinos , Margulies Daniel , Juillard Catherine , Garber Kent , Cryer Henry , Tillou Areti , Burruss Sigrid , Penaloza-Villalobos Liz , Lin Ann , Figueras Ryan Arthur , Coimbra Raul , Brenner Megan , Costantini Todd , Santorelli Jarrett , Curry Terry , Wintz Diane , Biffl Walter L. , Schaffer Kathryn B. , Duncan Thomas K. , Barbaro Casey , Diaz Graal , Johnson Arianne , Chinn Justine , Naaseh Ariana , Leung Amanda , Grabar Christina , Nahmias Jeffry 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Purpose
The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in increased penetrating trauma and decreased length of stay (LOS) amongst the adult trauma population, findings important for resource allocation. Studies regarding the pediatric trauma population are sparse and mostly single-center. This multicenter study examined pediatric trauma patients, hypothesizing increased penetrating trauma and decreased LOS after the 3/19/2020 stay-at-home (SAH) orders.

Methods
A multicenter retrospective analysis of trauma patients ≤ 17 years old presenting to 11 centers in California was performed. Demographic data, injury characteristics, and outcomes were collected. Patients were divided into three groups based on injury date: 3/19/2019–6/30/2019 (CONTROL), 1/1/2020–3/18/2020 (PRE), 3/19/2020–6/30/2020 (POST). POST was compared to PRE and CONTROL in separate analyses.

Results
1677 patients were identified across all time periods (CONTROL: 631, PRE: 479, POST: 567). POST penetrating trauma rates were not significantly different compared to both PRE (11.3 vs. 9.0%, p = 0.219) and CONTROL (11.3 vs. 8.2%, p = 0.075), respectively. POST had a shorter mean LOS compared to PRE (2.4 vs. 3.3 days, p = 0.002) and CONTROL (2.4 vs. 3.4 days, p = 0.002). POST was also not significantly different than either group regarding intensive care unit (ICU) LOS, ventilator days, and mortality (all p > 0.05).

Conclusions
This multicenter retrospective study demonstrated no difference in penetrating trauma rates among pediatric patients after SAH orders but did identify a shorter LOS.