bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of the stringency of lockdown measures on covid-19: A theoretical model of a pandemic
Authors: Violato Claudio , Violato Emilio Mauro , Violato Efrem Mauro 
Published: October 2021

Background
How effective have lockdowns been at reducing the covid-19 infection and mortality rates? Lockdowns influence contact among persons within or between populations including restricting travel, closing schools, prohibiting public gatherings, requiring workplace closures, all designed to slow the contagion of the virus. The purpose of the present study was to assess the impact of lockdown measures on the spread of covid-19 and test a theoretical model of the covid-19 pandemic employing structural equation modelling.

Methods
Lockdown variables, population demographics, mortality rates, infection rates, and health were obtained for eight countries: Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, and the United Kingdom. The dataset, owid-covid-data.csv, was downloaded on 06/01/2020 from: https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data/tree/master/public/data. Infection spread and mortality data were depicted as logistic growth and analyzed with stepwise multiple regression. The overall structure of the covid-19 data was explored through factor analyses leading to a theoretical model that was tested using latent variable path analysis.

Results
Multiple regression indicated that the time from lockdown had a small but significant effect (β = 0.112, p< 0.01) on reducing the number of cases per million. The stringency index produced the most important effect for mortality and infection rates (β = 0.588,β = 0.702, β = 0.518, β = 0.681; p< 0.01). Exploratory and confirmatory analyses resulted in meaningful and cohesive latent variables: 1) Mortality, 2) Infection Spread, 3) Pop Health Risk, and 4) Health Vulnerability (Comparative Fit Index = 0.91; Standardized Root Mean Square Residual = 0.08).

Discussion
The stringency index had a large impact on the growth of covid-19 infection and mortality rates as did percentage of population aged over 65, median age, per capita GDP, diabetes prevalence, cardiovascular death rates, and ICU hospital beds per 100K. The overall Latent Variable Path Analysis is theoretically meaningful and coherent with acceptable fit indices as a model of the covid-19 pandemic.
Three year clinical outcomes in a nationwide, observational, siteless clinical trial of atrial fibrillation screening—mHealth Screening to Prevent Strokes (mSToPS)
Authors: Steinhubl Steven R. , Waalen Jill , Sanyal Anirudh , Edwards Alison M. , Ariniello Lauren M. , Ebner Gail S. , Baca-Motes Katie , Zambon Robert A. , Sarich Troy , Topol Eric J. 
Published: October 2021

Background
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is common, often without symptoms, and is an independent risk factor for mortality, stroke and heart failure. It is unknown if screening asymptomatic individuals for AF can improve clinical outcomes.

Methods
mSToPS was a pragmatic, direct-to-participant trial that randomized individuals from a single US-wide health plan to either immediate or delayed screening using a continuous-recording ECG patch to be worn for two weeks and 2 occasions, ~3 months apart, to potentially detect undiagnosed AF. The 3-year outcomes component of the trial was designed to compare clinical outcomes in the combined cohort of 1718 individuals who underwent monitoring and 3371 matched observational controls. The prespecified primary outcome was the time to first event of the combined endpoint of death, stroke, systemic embolism, or myocardial infarction among individuals with a new AF diagnosis, which was hypothesized to be the same in the two cohorts but was not realized.

Results
Over the 3 years following the initiation of screening (mean follow-up 29 months), AF was newly diagnosed in 11.4% (n = 196) of screened participants versus 7.7% (n = 261) of observational controls (p<0.01). Among the screened cohort with incident AF, one-third were diagnosed through screening. For all individuals whose AF was first diagnosed clinically, a clinical event was common in the 4 weeks surrounding that diagnosis: 6.6% experienced a stroke,10.2% were newly diagnosed with heart failure, 9.2% had a myocardial infarction, and 1.5% systemic emboli. Cumulatively, 42.9% were hospitalized. For those diagnosed via screening, none experienced a stroke, myocardial infarction or systemic emboli in the period surrounding their AF diagnosis, and only 1 person (2.3%) had a new diagnosis of heart failure. Incidence rate of the prespecified combined primary endpoint was 3.6 per 100 person-years among the actively monitored cohort and 4.5 per 100 person-years in the observational controls.

Conclusions
At 3 years, screening for AF was associated with a lower rate of clinical events and improved outcomes relative to a matched cohort, although the influence of earlier diagnosis of AF via screening on this finding is unclear. These observational data, including the high event rate surrounding a new clinical diagnosis of AF, support the need for randomized trials to determine whether screening for AF will yield a meaningful protection from strokes and other clinical events.

Trail registration
The mHealth Screening To Prevent Strokes (mSToPS) Trial is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov with the identifier NCT02506244.
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis–Associated Cholangiocarcinoma Demonstrates High Intertumor and Intratumor Heterogeneity
Authors: Kamp Eline J.C.A. , Peppelenbosch Maikel P. , Doukas Michail , Verheij Joanne , Ponsioen Cyriel Y. , van Marion Ronald , Bruno Marco J. , Groot Koerkamp Bas , Dinjens Winand N.M. , de Vries Annemarie C. 
Published: October 2021

INTRODUCTION:
Intertumor and intratumor heterogeneity may explain the diagnostic challenge and limited efficacy of chemotherapy for primary sclerosing cholangitis–associated cholangiocarcinoma (PSC-CCA). In this study, tumor heterogeneity was assessed through p53 and p16 protein expression analysis and next-generation sequencing (NGS) of TP53 and CDKN2A genetic alterations in PSC-associated CCA.

METHODS:
Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue samples from resection material of patients with PSC-CCA or patients with PSC diagnosed with biliary dysplasia were selected. Sections with CCA and foci with dysplastic epithelium were identified by 2 independent gastrointestinal pathologists. Immunohistochemical evaluation of p53 and p16 protein expression and NGS of TP53 and CDKN2A genetic alterations were performed.

RESULTS:
A total of 49 CCA and 21 dysplasia samples were identified in the resection specimens of 26 patients. P53 protein expression showed loss of expression, wild type, and overexpression in 14%, 63%, and 23% CCA and in 19%, 62%, and 19% dysplasia samples, respectively. P16 protein expression showed negative, heterogeneous, and positive results in 31%, 57%, and 12% CCA and in 33%, 53%, and 14% dysplasia samples, respectively. NGS showed high intertumor and intratumor heterogeneity of TP53 mutations and CDKN2A loss. Nearly 70% of the samples with a TP53 missense mutation demonstrated p53 overexpression, whereas all samples with a TP53 nonsense mutation demonstrated loss of p53 protein expression.

DISCUSSION:
PSC-associated CCA is characterized by high intertumor and intratumor heterogeneity of both p53/p16 protein expression and genetic alterations in TP53/CDKN2A, indicating that these tumors consist of multiple subclones with substantially different genetic makeup. The high intertumor and intratumor heterogeneity in PSC-CCA should be acknowledged during the development of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Characterization of the JAR Sealants in the Fluid Collections of the Muséum National D'histoire Naturelle
Authors: Sablier M. , Davron C. , Herbin M. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Over the centuries, the composition of jar sealants in natural history museum fluid collections has changed but has not been the subject of extensive documentation. Consequently, it is of paramount interest to increase our knowledge of sealant composition as well as to correlate this information with the date of manufacture and type of preparation. As an initial step towards achieving this goal, an analytical protocol was developed to characterize the composition of sealants encountered in fluid collections of the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN) in Paris. Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were used to investigate the nature of selected jar sealants, and these techniques proved to be efficient for the identification and characterization of waxes and resin additives in sealing samples. First results are very promising; similar examinations should be continued on a large scale for an exhaustive analysis of the MNHN fluid collections.
Indeks Kuning Telur, Indeks Putih Telur dan pH Telur Puyuh Jepang (Coturnix-coturnix japonica L) setelah pencelupan pada air mendidih sebelum penyimpanan
Authors: Djaelani Muhammad Anwar 
Published: October 2021

Telur memiliki kandungan gizi yang lengkap mulai dari protein, lemak, vitamin, dan mineral. Telur mengandung bahan organik yang mudah rusak. Salah satu faktor yang menyebabkan rusaknya telur adalah lama waktu penyimpanan . Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis nilai Indeks Kuning Telur (IKT), Indeks Putih Telur (IPT), dan pH telur puyuh Jepang (Coturnix-coturnix japonica L) setelah pencelupan dengan air mendidih. Sampel yang digunakan adalah telur puyuh yang diambil pada hari keempat peneluran. Sampel berasal dari peternakan di Klaten Jawa Tengah Indonesia. Pada penelitian ini digunakan Rancangan acak lengkap dengan 5 kelompok perlakuan yaitu P1 kelompok telur,diamati pada hari ke 4.P2 kelompok telur,diamati pada hari ke 18. P3 kelompok telur dicelupkan pada air mendidih selama 5 detik, disimpan dan diamati pada hari ke 18. P4 kelompok telur,diamati pada hari ke 32. P5 kelompok telur dicelupkan pada air mendidih selama 5 detik, disimpan dan diamati pada hari ke 32. Masing- masing kelompok terdiri dari 15 ulangan. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan ANOVA dengan taraf signifikansi 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan semua variabel penelitian meenunjukkan penurunan seiring dengan bertambahnya waktu penyimpanan. Penurunan kualitas disebabkan faktor lamanya penyimpanan yang menyebabkan perubahan kondisi telur.
Pertumbuhan Anak Itik Magelang (Anas javanica) Pasca Tetas dari Induk yang Disuplementasi Kurkumin (Curcuma Longa L.) serta Dipajan Cahaya Putih dan Merah
Authors: Albab Luthfiana Ulil , Isdadiyanto Sri , Djaelani Muhammad Anwar 
Published: October 2021

Itik magelang merupakan itik lokal yang memiliki prosentase produksi telur mencapai 80% pada pemeliharaan intensif, untuk meningkatkan produksi telur maka pada penelitian ini itik magelang diberi suplementasi kurkumin serta pajanan cahaya putih dan merah. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji pengaruh pemberian kurkumin serta cahaya putih dan merah pada induk terhadap pertumbuhan anak itik magelang. Rancangan penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) yang berasal dari 4 induk yang berbeda, yaitu induk A0B0 (kurkumin 0 mg dan cahaya putih), A0B1 (kurkumin 0 mg dan cahaya merah), A1B0 (kurkumin 18 mg dan cahaya putih) dan A1B1 (kurkumin 18 mg dan cahaya merah). Masing-masing kelompok induk diambil 5 anak itik betina untuk diukur morfometrinya. Variabel yang diamati berupa morfometri yang terdiri dari pengukuran panjang badan, panjang sayap, dan panjang kaki. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis menggunakan uji non parametrik Kruskal Wallis dan diuji lanjut menggunakan uji Mann Whitney-U. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa suplementasi kurkumin dan pajanan cahaya putih serta merah pada induk secara umum dapat mempengaruhi pertumbuhan anak itik magelang.
Efek Ekstrak Air Daun Insulin (Tithonia Diversifolia) pada Status Darah Tikus (Rattus Norvegicus L.) Hiperglikemik
Authors: Yuniwarti Enny Yusuf Wachidah , Tana Silvana 
Published: October 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan analisis efek ekstrak air daun insulin terhadap status darah tikus hiperglikemik. Kondisi hiperglikemik akan meningkatkan jumlah radikal bebas yang dapat merusak struktur membran eritrosit sehingga menurunkan jumlah eritrosit, persentase hematokrit dan kadar hemoglobin. Penelitian ini menggunakan 16 ekor tikus Wistar jantan yang dikelompokkan dalam 4 kelompok perlakuan yaitu P0 merupakan kelompok kontrol, P1 kelompok tikus hiperglikemik yang diberi glibenklamid 2 mg/BB, P2 dan P3 kelompok tikus hiperglikemi yang diberi ekstrak air daun insulin 30 mg/BB/ hari dan 60 mg/BB/hari. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan 4 perlakuan dan 4 ulangan.Pakan dan minum diberikan ad libitum selama 4 minggu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa jumlah eritrosit tidak berbeda nyata pada semua perlakuan, begitu pula persentase hematokrit dan kadar hemoglobin tidak berbeda nyata antar kelompok perlakuan. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa ekstrak air daun insulin mampu memperbaiki status darah tikus hiperglikemi setara dengan glibenklamid. Kata kunci: eritrosit, hemoglobin, hematokrit, daun insulin, tikus hiperglikemi
Pemeriksaan Kolesterol , LDL, dan HDL Daging Ayam Petelur Jantan dengan Pakan Berimbuhan Serbuk Daun Kelor
Authors: Djaelani Muhammad Anwar , Kasiyati Kasiyati , Sunarno Sunarno 
Published: October 2021

Penelitian ini dirancang untuk melihat pengaruh tepung daun kelor sebagai imbuhan pakan terhadap kadar kolesterol total, kadar LDL dan kadar HDL daging ayam petelur jantan. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis perubahan fisiologis yang terjadi pada profil lipid daging ayam petelur jantan terkait dengan pemberian tepung daun kelor sebagai imbuhan pakan. Penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan lima perlakuan, terdiri atas satu perlakuan kelompok kontrol dan empat kelompok perlakuan dengan pakan basal yang diberi imbuhan berbagai kadar tepung daun kelor. Kelompok perlakuan pada penelitian ini adalah K0: Pakan basal, tanpa imbuhan tepung daun kelor (kontrol) K1: Pakan basal yang diberi imbuhan tepung daun kelor 1% K2: Pakan basal yang diberi imbuhan tepung daun kelor 2% K3: Pakan basal yang diberi imbuhan tepung daun kelor 3% K4: Pakan basal yang diberi imbuhan tepung daun kelor 4%.Variabel yang diamati adalah kadar kolesterol total daging, LDL daging, serta HDL daging ayam petelur jantan. Analisis data dilakukan dengan Anova Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat penurunan yang nyata kadar kolesterol total daging dan kadar LDL daging, serta peningkatan kadar HDL daging ayam yang nyata (P < 0.05).Pada penelitian ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemberian tepung daun kelor sebagai imbuhan pakan berpotensi memperbaiki performa lipid daging ayamKata kunci : Daging ayam, kelor, kolesterol, LDL ,HDL
Pengaruh Wadah dan Suhu Penyimpanan yang Berbeda terhadap Kematangan Buah Sawo (Manilkara zapota L.)
Authors: Muhammad Rafif Zuhair , Prihastanti Erma , Budihastuti Rini 
Published: October 2021

Buah sawo merupakan salah satu komoditas hortikultura yang mempunyai sifat mudah rusak. Buah sawo memerlukan penanganan pascapanen yang baik untuk mengurangi kerusakan pascapanen. Penelitian ini menggunakan 24 buah sawo terdiri atas 4 perlakuan dan 6 kali ulangan. Setiap ulangan terdiri atas 3 buah sawo yang ditempatkan dalam 2 wadah. Penelitian ini menggunakan perlakuan yaitu A1: Wadah plastik yang disimpan pada suhu 15oC, B1: Wadah kardus yang disimpan pada suhu 15oC, A2: Wadah plastik yang disimpan pada suhu 27oC, B2: Wadah kardus yang disimpan pada suhu 27oC. Penelitian ini menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL). Parameter yang diukur dalam penelitian ini adalah warna buah, susut bobot buah, total padatan terlarut buah, dan lama penyimpanan buah. Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis menggunakan Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) pada taraf kepercayaan 95% dan dilanjut uji Duncan dengan α = 0,005. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa wadah dan suhu berpengaruh terhadap lama penyimpanan dan kualitas buah sawo. Kombinasi wadah plastik dan suhu 15oC dapat meningkatkan masa simpan hingga 12 hari, sedangkan kombinasi wadah kardus dan suhu 27oC hanya dapat meningkatkan masa simpan selama 3 hari.
Design of optical packet switch in presence of dispersion compensation and amplifier noise
Authors: Chandra Sumit , Fatima Shahnaz , Suryavanshi Raghuraj Singh 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Optical communication gained popularity in past few years. Optical communication has many distinct advantages over copper cable based electronic communication. Optical switches are integral part of optical networks which are used for rerouting of packets and also plays important role in contention resolution of the packets. These switch uses fiber delay lines (FDLs) act as optical memory. In past analysis of the switch is done by considering loss, power and noise and finally bit error rate (BER); however dispersion was neglected which is an important parameter in high speed communication. In this paper, design analysis is done by considering dispersion compensation along with optical amplifier noise.
The Effect of Interactive Computer Animation and Simulation on Students’ Achievement and Motivation in Learning Electrochemistry
Authors: Ahmad N. J. , Yakob N. , Bunyamin M. A. H. , Winarno N. , Akmal W. H. 
Published: October 2021

Electrochemistry is difficult to learn due to its abstract concepts involving macroscopic, microscopic, and symbolic representation levels. Studies have shown that students can visualize and improve their understanding of chemistry by using interactive computer animation and simulation. This study reports the effect of interactive computer animation and simulation module named “Interactive Electrolysis of Aqueous Solution” (IEAS) developed to aid students in learning electrolysis. A pre and post-test control quasi-experimental design was carried out to investigate the effects of the IEAS on students’ achievement and motivation in electrochemistry topics. This study involved 62 16-years-old male students from two different secondary schools. Pre and post electrochemistry achievement tests (EAT) and pre and post- Instructional Material Motivation Surveys (IMMS) were used. For EAT, using one-way ANOVA, it shows that there was a significant difference in the post-test mean score in this study on the understanding of the electrolysis concept between students in the treatment and control groups [F (1, 60) = 5.15, p <0.05]. The qualitative results also provided evidence that the students in the treatment group had a better conceptual understanding than the control group, especially at the microscopic representation level. For the IMMS test, there was a significant difference between the treatment and control groups in terms of the mean score of the post motivation IMMS test where p <0.05 in chemistry learning [F (1,59) = 266.89, p <0.05]. Thus, it can be concluded that IEAS has an impact on enhancing the students’ understanding of the electrolysis concept, and the students are more motivated to learn electrochemistry.
Improving Undergraduate Science Education Students’ Argumentation Skills through Debates on Socioscientific Issues
Authors: Martini M. , Widodo W. , Qosyim A. , Mahdiannur M. A. , Jatmiko B. 
Published: October 2021

This research aims to examine undergraduate students’ argumentation skills during and after the learning process in the classroom setting and their responses toward the implementation of socioscientific issues (SSI) through debate in the learning process. This research involved 32 undergraduate students and implemented design-based research with pretest and posttest in a natural classroom setting using three topics of SSI debate that widely discussed in Indonesia: Nuclear Powerplant (Topic 1), Food Preservation (Topic 2), and Genetically Modified Organism (Topic 3). Data was collected using observation sheets, tests, and questionnaires. Observation is to measure argumentation ability when applying the debate method in class settings, the test measures the improvement of argumentation skills, and questionnaires measure students’ responses to the application of the debate method. In this study, argumentation scores were obtained from six indicators and divided by a maximum score of 24 times 100. Normalized gain (N-gain) was calculated to determine the effectiveness of the intervention in the classroom. T-test was also conducted to test the significance of the differences in the pretest and posttest results on argumentation skills. The results obtained in this study are: the argumentation skills score during the learning process for six groups were 95, 80.6, 90.3, 95, 83.3, and 77.5; the mean score of pretest and posttest were 52.22 ± 6.62 and 85.78 ± 4.72. The consistency of opinions shows the change from “agree” to “disagree” for Topics 1 and 3. The undergraduate students agree and consistently agree toward Topic 2. The paired t-test result also shows that the intervention statistically has a significant difference between the two means, indicating that the undergraduate students’ argumentation skills are better than before the intervention. Otherwise, most of the undergraduate students respond positively toward the implementation of the debate related to SSI. Despite some limitations, the debate on SSI can improve argumentation skills in classroom settings, especially in science education majors.
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC): unusual metastatic sites
Authors: Kazakou Paraskevi , Simeakis George , Alevizaki Maria , Saltiki Katerina 
Published: October 2021

Summary
Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) has a varying clinical course; distant metastases are frequently present even at diagnosis. We present two MTC cases with unusual metastatic sites. Two female patients are presented with slow progressive MTC. The first case developed distant metastases 23 years after diagnosis and underwent locoregional therapies. At the same time a breast mass developed representing MTC metastasis. Treatment with vandetanib led to long-term disease stabilization. The second patient is presented with metastases in the pancreas 13 years after diagnosis. Shortly, a painful mass developed in the mandible and metastasis of MTC was diagnosed. Disease progression was recorded 20 months after the initiation of local and systemic therapy. Such cases have only rarely been reported in the literature and highlight the need for prompt recognition of unexpected MTC metastases.

Learning points

Unusual sites of metastasis may appear in patients with medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) years after the initial diagnosis.

Although rare, unexpected MTC metastases highlight the need for prompt recognition and appropriate treatment.

Local recurrences accompanied by inappropriately low calcitonin levels should prompt further investigation for possible distant metastatic disease.

Systemic treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors may be effective even in patients with unusual metastases from MTC.