bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistical Analysis of COVID-19 Pandemic Across the Provinces of Iraq
Authors: Raghad G. Ali Al-Suhail  , Layla Fouad Ali  
Published: April 2021

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by the transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. The outbreak was declared as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in January 2020 and a pandemic in March 2020. In this study, a complete statistical analysis for SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in entire Iraq, as well as for each governorate separately, is performed for the first time. The study covers a period that starts from the beginning of the pandemic, in the 24th of February 2020, until the 16th of July 2020. It was clear that, although the average number of the reported infection cases was low during February and March, the average infection rate (R0) was >1 (1.3- 2.1), indicating a high spreading rate. During April, when there was a complete lockdown, there was a slight decrease in the RO when the lockdown was lifted, the RO and the number of new cases started to increase rapidly until the 16th of July, when the average number of new cases for every 6 days reached 2281. The cumulative average number of new cases for every six days since the beginning of the pandemic in Iraq on 16 July was 598.4 ±862.4 (Mean± SD). The higher standard deviation than mean value (SD > mean) for most of the analyzes indicates that the official statistics are not reliable. This may be due to the need to conduct further studies as well as the presence of several cases that were not officially reported. In addition, the overall six-day average RO for entire Iraq was 1.4±0.5, with unstable values after the start of the pandemic and absence of monitoring at any time. On the other hand, this study reflects the variations in average RO, average new cases, average recovery rates, average death rates for every 6 days between the Iraqi provinces. Bagdad reported the highest average number of new cases; Babil and Salah aldin reported the highest RO values (2.8± 7.6, 2.5±7.7, respectively). Erbil and Kurkuk reported the highest average recovery rates (372.3± 1340.8, 158±433%, respectively). Babil and Dhiqar reported the highest average death rates (12.2± 63.3, 10.0± 25.8%, respectively), although Duhock did not record any deaths at the time of the study. The data require the attention of the Ministry of Health and Environment to fill in performance holes, as demonstrated by an out-of-control pandemic in Iraq.
The Sedimentology of the Late Campanian–Maastrichtian Sequence, Southwestern Iraq
Authors: Mazin Y. Tamar-Agha  , Muzahim A. Basi  
Published: April 2021

Petrography, diagenesis, and facies analyses as well as the depositional environments of the late Campanian-Maastrichtian sequence in southwestern Iraq are studied in five keyholes. The sequence incorporates parts of the Hartha, Shiranish and Tayarat Formations. The Hartha Formation comprises creamy and organodetrital dolomite, grey dolomitic marl, and evaporites. The Shiranish Formation is composed of grey marl and claystone, whereas the Tayarat Formation is composed of grey ash, along with tough and fossiliferous dolomitic limestone inter-bedded with grey mudstone layers and/or wisps. Several diagenetic processes affected the sequence, such as neomorphic replacement, dissolution, dolomitization, and sulphate development. Some of these processes obliterated the primary textures.
The late Campanian-Maastrichtian sequence consists of three microfacies (Dolomitic Intraclastic Limestone, Dolomitized Biomicrite, and Biomicrosparite Microfacies) and two lithofacies (Mudrock and Sulphates-Rock Lithofacies), in addition to Fine- to Medium-Crystalline Dolomite Lithotype.
The Hartha Formation is evaporitic, possibly with supratidal sabkha deposits. The overlying Tayarat and Shiranish Formations reflect deposition in a warm tropical to subtropical reefal and open marine conditions, as deduced from faunal assemblages. Some effects of deep marine condition are evident by the presence of Shiranish facies. The sequence represents deposition in the central reef- fore reef area. The absence of isolated back-reef lagoon facies suggests that the reef was patchy without isolation of water in the middle shelf region. However, at the top of the sequence, i.e. at the end of the Cretaceous Period, restricted lagoons seem to have dominated the studied succession.
The Firm’s Performance in Relation to Capital Structure and Foreign Ownership: Evidence from Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Duy Suu , Nguyen Viet Dan , Tran Duc Thanh , Dempsey Michael Joseph 
Published: April 2021

The paper examines the impact of capital structure in the context of foreign ownership on firm performance on non-financial companies in Vietnam between 2008 and 2018. The study employs Pooled OLS, Fixed effect, random effect, and Generalized Least Square to analyze the data. The study finds a non-linear relationship of foreign ownership and firm performance, so that the relationship, which is at first a positive one, becomes negative beyond a certain level of foreign ownership (30-45% ownership depending on the measure of performance). This insight is then combined with a generally inverse relationship between capital structure and performance. Besides, we find that the firm’s size (SIZE) has a positive influence on profitability and financial leverage, while both financial leverage (LEV) and the number of listed years of company (AGE) impact negatively on firm performance. Furthermore, growth of sales (GROWTH) has a positive effect on the debt ratio, and growth rate (GDP) has a negative effect on financial leverage. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properly cited.
Exercise Is Medicine, But Perhaps Not for Preventing Low Back Pain: A Randomized Trial of Exercise and Education to Prevent Low Back Pain Recurrence
Authors: Ferreira Giovanni E. , Lin Chung-Wei Christine , Stevens Matthew L. , Hancock Mark J. , Latimer Jane , Kelly Patrick , Wisbey-Roth Trish , Maher Chris G. 
Published: April 2021

Objective To assess whether an exercise and education program was more effective than an education booklet for preventing recurrence of low back pain (LBP). Design Randomized controlled trial. Methods Participants aged 18 years or older who had recovered from an episode of LBP within the previous week were recruited from primary care practices and the community. Participants were randomized to receive either 12 weeks of exercise and education (8 supervised exercise sessions and 3 one-on-one sessions) or a control (education booklet). The primary outcome was time to recurrence of LBP during the 1-year follow-up. Times to recurrence of LBP leading to activity limitation, care seeking, and work absence were secondary outcomes. Data were analyzed with Cox regression using intention-to-treat principles. Results We planned to include 160 participants but included 111 (exercise and education, n = 57; educational booklet, n = 54). At the end of the study period, data completeness was 84.2%. Thirty-six (63%) participants in the exercise and education group and 31 (57%) participants in the control group had a recurrence of LBP. There was no statistically significant difference in time to recurrence of pain between groups (hazard ratio = 1.09; 95% confidence interval: 0.7, 1.8). There was no statistically significant effect for any of the secondary outcomes. Conclusion Among people recently recovered from LBP, exercise and education may not meaningfully reduce risk of recurrence compared to providing an educational booklet. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2021;51(4):188–195. doi:10.2519/jospt.2021.10187
THE POSITION OF QANUN 6 OF 2014 ON JINAYAT LAW TOWARD ACT 11 OF 2012 ON JUVENILE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM RELATED TO CHILD CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT
Authors: Iman Rifqi Qowiyul 
Published: April 2021

This paper aims to describe the differences and the position of the legal rules for juvenile crimes between Qanun 6 of 2014 and Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. This research is descriptive qualitative research. The results show that Qanun Number 6 of 2014 also regulates criminal sanctions for children, which are normatively regulated in Law Number 11 of 2012. In addition, Qanun, as Aceh Islamic criminal law legalizes canning punishment for children, as well as the double-track system adopted by The Law of Juvenile Criminal Justice System is not explicitly accommodated in Qanun. Qanun at the level of a Regional Regulation is part of the hierarchy of laws and regulations that should be in line with what generally applies at the national level. Law Number 11 of 2006 is being the basis of the authority to make Qanun, as long as there is no court decision invalidates it, Qanun Number 6 of 2014, which is a derivative of Law Number 11 of 2006, can be declared as "lex specialis" of The Juvenile Criminal Justice System law which regulates child crime. However, it does not rule out the possibility that in the future, the judicial review of the article can be conducted.
Machine Learning Boosted Docking (HASTEN): An Open-Source Tool To Accelerate Structurebased Virtual Screening Campaigns
Authors: Kalliokoski Tuomo 
Published: April 2021

The software macHine leArning booSTed dockiNg (HASTEN) was developed to acceleratestructure-based virtual screening using machine learning models. It has been validated usingdatasets both from literature (12 datasets, each containing three million molecules dockedwith FRED) and in-house sources (one dataset of four million compounds docked withGlide). HASTEN showed reasonable performance by having the mean recall value of 0.78 ofthe top one percent scoring molecules after docking 10 % of the dataset for the literature data,whereas excellent recall value of 0.95 was achieved for the in-house data. The program can beused with any docking- and machine learning methodology, and is freely available fromhttps://github.com/TuomoKalliokoski/HASTEN.
End-to-End Delay QoS Attribute-Based Bundling Strategy of Wireless Improved Reverse Charging Network Pricing Model
Authors: Puspita Fitri Maya , Wulandari Ayu , Yuliza Evi , Sitepu Robinson , Yunita Yunita 
Published: April 2021

In this article, a multi-link internet reverse charging (IRC) scheme model in a multi-service network with the addition of a bundling strategy is proposed. Reverse charging schemes in multi-link and multi-service networks are rarely discussed in previous studies. This financing scheme is designed with the aim of maximizing service provider profits by minimizing internet usage costs. The basic cost and satisfaction level of the service provided by the ISP is focused on this effort. The model formed in this study is a Mixed Integer Non-Linear Programming (MINLP) model that is completed using software LINGO 13.0. This problem comprises two cases, when α case as a parameter and β as a parameter and or variable with sub–cases increases in usage based financing schemes. Thus, the results obtained can be a consideration for ISPs in determining the price of services that can support an ISP. The updated IRC model provides a more optimal solution than the original IRC model.
Food-Medicine Interface and its Application in International Level, Comparative Jurisdictions and Sri Lankan Legal Context
Authors: Hettiarachchi Charith Amidha , Wijesinghe Sanath Sameera 
Published: April 2021

There has been a growing interest in the Food-medicine interface due to its legal and commercial importance with the development of both food and medicine industries. Food and medicine--even though some foods have therapeutic (curative or preventive) properties--are two different entities, regulated by different legal regimes. Hence, the distinction between food and medicine is crucial in order to protect the interests of consumers. This study is a doctrinal review on the food-medicine interface at international level with particular reference to its application in the Sri Lankan context.
There seems to be a lack of global policy consensus or coherent legal regime regarding the food-medicine interface, and the same is true for Sri Lanka. Both Western and Ayurveda drugs are registered with the competent authorities in Sri Lanka: The National Medicines Regulatory Authority and Ayurveda Department, respectively. To register a food as a drug, these authorities can use two criteria: 1. recognised medicinal properties and 2. therapeutic (curative or preventive) purpose of consumption. The registration of a food commodity by these two competent authorities can be taken as a criterion to identify them as medicines thus, to differentiate them in a legal sense from food per se. From a legal perspective, any food not registered by one of these two authorities--irrespective of their therapeutic (curative or preventive) benefits—is considered to be simply a food. This demarcation of the food-medicine interface could be used by industries for the purpose of marketing strategies and law enforcing officers for the purposes of law enforcement.
Good Questions 14: Is feeding with infant formula much worse than breastfeeding?
Authors: Kent George 
Published: April 2021

Is infant feeding with formula much worse than breastfeeding? It’s complicated, so this essay explores the evidence and ways to think about it.
There is a clear global consensus that in any population, feeding with infant formula is not as good as breastfeeding for infants’ health and also for their mothers’ health. Infant formula manufacturers agree. Nevertheless, there is an ongoing debate about when feeding with infant formula might be acceptable.
Undoubtedly, compliance with the global recommendations for optimum breastfeeding is low partly because many new parents and policymakers believe there is little difference between the health impacts of breastfeeding and feeding with formula. It is important to consider not only the ranking of alternative methods of infant feeding but also the degree of difference between them. Is the difference small and unimportant or substantial and important to consider when choosing among the options? There should be an orderly way to take account of not only the relevant scientific knowledge, but also parents’ views and circumstances related to infant feeding.
The Impact of Covid-19 on Food Security. A qualitative analysis of the rise in London’s existing food insecurity due to the financial impact of Covid-19
Authors: Geyser Leandra 
Published: April 2021

Background: The lockdown, enforced by government to limit the spread of Covid-19, has resulted in economic standstill equating to decreased working hours, pay cuts and job losses which has caused an increase in food insecurity. In the latest global food security report, 3.4 million people in the UK alone were found to be moderately to severely food insecure. Since the lockdown began, 8 million people have reported food insecurity which disproportionately effects those most vulnerable. This study aims to determine who these vulnerable groups to food insecurity are in the UK and what needs to be done to facilitate positive change and minimise future inequalities.
Methods: This observational quantitative study makes use of the Understanding Society Covid-19 survey data which forms part of a longstanding longitudinal study that has acted as a representative of all households within the UK since 2009. Access to raw data was granted by the UK Data Service and was analysed using the appropriate SPSS tests. The original sample was stratified to be representative of London, which then consisted of 1849 respondents. Selected questions relating to financial and food bank use were analysed using SPSS and compared between February (pre-lockdown) and April (post-lockdown).
Results: Black, Asian and Minority Ethnic (BAME) respondents and those not born in the UK had significantly less monthly income than their counterparts in February and remained significantly lower during the lockdown. These groups also had an increased dependency on foodbanks since the start of the pandemic.
Conclusion: BAME communities and those not born in the UK are revealed to be the most vulnerable groups to food insecurity. The government has taken steps to mitigate the negative financial impact of the pandemic for some, yet many had to rely on non-governmental organisations (NGOs) to fill in the gaps. The current health crisis provides an opportunity for change and the UK government should act now to prevent many more becoming victims to food insecurity.
Nutritional Status, Dietary Patterns and associated factors among out-of-school Adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria
Authors: Samuel Folake Olukemi , Adenekan Rashidat Abosede , Adeoye Ikeola Adejoke , Okekunle Akinkunmi Paul 
Published: April 2021

Background: Studies exploring adolescent dietary patterns (DP) and nutritional status often focus on in-school adolescents with limited data on out-of-school adolescents.
Methods: We sampled 190 out-of-school adolescents on an apprenticeship in Agbowo community, Ibadan, Nigeria. Anthropometric measurements, weight (kg), and height (cm) were taken (to determine the height-for-age and body-mass-index-for-age z-scores) using the WHO AnthroPlus and WHO cut-off points to classify stunting and overweight/obesity. The frequency of food consumption was assessed using an 84-item food frequency questionnaire. The DP was extrapolated using principal component analysis. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between sociodemographic variables, anthropometric indices, and DP at P<0.05.
Results: Mean age was 16.9±1.9 years, 61.6% were females and 58.4% had mothers who had at least secondary education. Overall, 12.1% were stunted and 9.5% were overweight/obese. Stunting was significantly more prevalent (P=0.005) among males (20.5%) than females (6.8%). Males had higher odds for stunting [OR: 3.48 (1.39, 8.75) P=0.008], and a lower odds of adhering to a ‘healthy’ DP; [OR: 0.42 (0.22, 0.80), P=0.009]. Also, adolescents with mothers who had at least a secondary school education were less likely to adhere to an ‘unhealthy’ DP [0.26 (0.11, 0.59), P=0.001].
Conclusion: Targeted nutrition education is needed to address unhealthy dietary patterns, particularly among out-of-school adolescent boys.
Barriers and facilitators to exclusive breastfeeding practices in a disadvantaged community in southern Zimbabwe: A maternal perspective
Authors: Mundagowa Paddington Tinashe , Chadambuka Elizabeth Marian , Chimberengwa Pugie Tawanda , Mukora-Mutseyekwa Fadzai Naomi 
Published: April 2021

Background: Despite the well-documented significance of EBF in developing countries, many poor communities still present with the highest percentage of disease burden resulting from suboptimal breastfeeding.
Objectives: To identify the maternal perception on barriers and facilitators to EBF in Gwanda District, Zimbabwe.
Methods: Five focused group discussions were conducted using 40 purposively-selected mothers while eight in-depth key informant interviews were also conducted. The qualitative data collected were analyzed using thematic network analysis. The themes were used in interpreting the perceived barriers and facilitators of EBF.
Results: The study identified individual, socio-cultural, health service-related and environmental factors as the basic themes influencing maternal infant feeding choice. These were grouped into two organizing themes, namely, barriers and facilitators of EBF which were summarized into one global theme: EBF intention. Facilitating factors were maternal autonomy, self-efficacy, knowledge of EBF definition, maternal diet, support and sourcing information from healthcare workers. Poor infant feeding practices, affordability of alternative infant feeding options, ritualistic/symbolic infant preparations, family conflicts, increased workload and hot climate were barriers to EBF.
Conclusion: To increase in uptake of EBF in the study area required comprehensive multiple stakeholder interventions incorporating the mothers, influential family members, religion and traditional advisors, and healthcare workers.
Design Response Spectra Based on Earthquake Hazard Maps and Specific Soil Properties at Indonesian Ports According to SNI 1726 2019
Authors: Surya Permana Christino Boyke 
Published: April 2021

Indonesia has a new seismic code, namely SNI 1726 2019 (SNI 2019). It is developed based on the 2017 Indonesian Earthquake Source, Hazard Maps, and ASCE 7-16. This paper is intended to explain the procedure for calculating response spectrum according to SNI 1726 2019, at ten ports located in Indonesia. The results are then verified with the software RSA2019. Furthermore, it will be compared to SNI 1726 2012 (SNI 2012) to see the difference in spectral acceleration value (Sa). The result presents that the ports located in Sorong and Banggai have the highest Sa, whereas the port in Banjarmasin has the smallest value. Port in Surabaya and Tuban have nearly the same Sa due to their close location, while Banyuwangi has a Sa value slightly above them. The ports in Padang, Lampung, and Penajam must use a specific site response analysis to determine the design response spectra, which is not discussed in this paper. The comparison with SNI 2012 shows that the response spectra of SNI 2019 have a higher Sa than SNI 2012. However, in some areas such as Tuban and Sorong, the Sa of SNI 2012 at 0.1 to 0.6 s period are larger than SNI 2019.
STUDY OF POPULATION DYNAMICS AND EXPLOITATION RATES OF CRAYFISH (PANULIRUS SPP) IN SPERMONDE WATERS, MAKASSAR STRAIT
Authors: Yunus Budiman , Parawansa Basse Siang 
Published: April 2021

To stimulate catch production and wise management patterns, research is carried out on the study of ecological aspects, estimates of population dynamics and exploitation rates of crayfish (Panulirus Spp) in the Spermonde waters of the Makassar Strait. Based on the COA (Correspondence Analysis) (Ludwig and Reynold, 1988), as well as the analysis of Von Bertalanffy (1938, in Sparre et al., 1989), it was found that the micro-habitat of Panulirus spp., Generally co-exist with massive coral species Alcyonaria (Sarcophyton, Heliophora , and Tubipora), and branching reefs of the Acropora species (Goniopora and Pavona), as well as living with algal grass species of Caulerpa and Halimeda. The growth pattern of Panulirus lobster follows the equation Lt = 46.3561 (1- e -0.1738 (t + 1.7827)), which means that the length decreases at relatively old age. The total mortality coefficient (Z) of population is 0.5066/year, this is relatively the same as the ideal mortality (M) which means optimal utilization, but it is necessary to select catch sizes that are larger than 24 - 27cm (in the range of 34 - 46cm).
Research advance on the relationship between Wee1 and tumor genesis and progression
Authors: Yin Ying , Yu Guohua 
Published: April 2021

In the process of biological genetic information transmission, complete and correct genetic information can make cell mitosis proceed normally. In the development of most tumor cells, G2/M cell cycle checkpoint becomes the key checkpoint in the process of mitosis due to the lack of G1/S cell cycle checkpoint, which mainly depends on the abnormal DNA information blocked by Wee1 protein kinase in G2 phase to enter M phase and prolong the time of G2 phase to complete DNA sequencing So that the normal genetic information can be passed on. Wee1 protein kinase expression is significantly increased in most tumor cells, making it a potential target for tumor therapy.