bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Review of Educational Interventions and Their Impact on Empathy and Compassion of Undergraduate Medical Students&nbsp;
Authors: Menezes Prianna , Guraya Shaista Salman , Guraya Salman Yousuf 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
BackgroundA compassionate and patient-centred care leads to improved clinical outcomes. Promoting empathy and compassion of medical students is a forerunner of their wellbeing, emotional stability, and a patient-centred care. However, there is slender evidence about best educational interventions that can inculcate empathy and compassion skills. Our objective was to conduct a systematic review of research evaluating the associations between spectrum, effectiveness, frequency of teaching modalities and their outcomes on compassion and empathy to highlight best practices. MethodsWe searched the Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCO Host. Selected studies were required to have used unique educational interventions for promoting empathy and compassion of medical students.ResultsWe analysed 24 articles from the initial yield of 2,861. Twenty-two were quantitative studies with a mean of 12.8 on MERSQI. Twelve were randomized controlled trials while 5 measured outcomes with single group pre- and post-tests. There was no association found between duration, frequency and complexity of an educational intervention and its effectiveness. Twenty used multimodality curricula, and of those 18 reported statistically significant positive improvement in empathy, while 3 of 4 single modality were effective. Only three studies looked for long-term effects of educational interventions. Fourteen studies evaluated Kirkpatrick’s level one (self-reported knowledge), 2 level three (behaviour), and 6 level four (patient outcomes). We identified six major educational constructs of teaching empathy and compassion; communication, mindfulness, early clinical exposure, technology-enhanced learning, comics and arts and culture. ConclusionOur review couldn’t identify a standard teaching construct in place and highlighted that different teaching tools carry similar impact in promoting compassion and empathy and a sustainable program rather than a single training activity is essential.
Liquefaction and Reliquefaction Resistance of Saturated Sand Deposits Treated with Sand Compaction Piles
Authors: Padmanabhan Gowtham , Kumar Ganesh 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
To mitigate liquefaction and its associated soil deformations, ground improvement techniques were adopted in field to reinforce saturated sand deposits. Sand Compaction Pile (SCP) is one such popular proven treatment to improve liquefaction resistance of sandy deposits. Installation of sand compaction piles improves soil density and rigidity which further enhance seismic resistance against liquefaction and this was well evident from past field observations. However, studies involving SCP performance during repeated shaking events were not available/limited. In this study, using 1-g uniaxial shaking table a series of shaking experiments were performed on SCP treated and untreated sand deposits having 40% and 60% relative density subjected to repeated incremental acceleration loading conditions(i.e. 0.1g – 0.4g at 5 Hz frequency).Parameters such as improvement in soil resistance and relative density, generation and dissipation of excess pore water pressures, maximum observed foundation settlement and soil displacement and variation in cyclic stress ratio were evaluated and compared. Seismic response of liquefiable sand deposits found to be improved significantly due to SCP installation together with occurrence of continuous soil densification under repeated loading. The experimental observations suggested that SCP can perform better even at repeated shaking events.
Determining Optimal Temperature Combination for Effective Pretreatment and Anaerobic Digestion of Corn Stalk
Authors: Li Juan , Li Xiujin , Wachemo Akiber Chufo , Zuo Xiaoyu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Temperature is one of the important factors affecting both chemical pretreatment and anaerobic digestion (AD) process of corn stalk (CS). In this work, the combined ways between pretreatment temperature (40℃ and 60℃) and AD temperature (35℃ and 55℃) were selected to investigate the AD performance for sodium hydroxide (NaOH) pretreated CS. Three organic loading rates (OLRs) of 1.6, 1.8 and 2.0 g·L-1·d-1 were studied within 255 days using continuously stirred tank reactors (CSTR). The results revealed that temperature of 40°C was considered as an appropriate for pretreatment whether in mesophilic or thermophilic anaerobic digestion systems. On the other hand, temperature of 35°C and 55°C were chosen as the optimal AD temperatures for lower and higher OLRs, respectively. This study provides a significant insight for exploring the effects of temperatures on the pretreatment and AD of CS.
Prognostic significance of preoperative serum inflammation markers in patients with male breast cancer
Authors: Li Xing , Xiong Zhengchong , Wang Jin , Fu Juan , Xie Xinhua , Xie Xiaoming 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
BackgroundThere were no predictive prognosis factors of serum in male breast cancer, while breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease. The purpose of our study was to determine the prognostic implications of the pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) in the serum of patients with male breast cancer. Methods：We retrospectively identified an random cohort of male breast cancer patients treated at the Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center between Jan1, 1996 and Dec31, 2016. A number of 108 patients had a different inflammation markers recorded pre-operation. Survival status was retrieved from our cancer center registry and phone follow-up. Cox proportional hazards regression model were used to analyze the disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Results：Among these patients in this study, 13 (12%) had disease recurrence, and 7 (6.5%) patients appeared distant metastasis. No statistically significant association of the preoperative NLR, PLR or LMR level with patients’ different outcomes was found. Conclusions: In short, we were unable to establish a connection between preoperative inflammation biomarkers and male breast cancer patients’ survival. Neither NLR, PLR nor LMR is useful for predicting prognosis in male breast cancer patients, and prospective studies to evaluate the above biomarkers as a simple prognostic trail is necessary.
The role of anogenital distance in the incidence risk of prostate cancer in China
Authors: zhou jiatong , liu ranlu 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Anogenital distance（AGD） can be used as a biomarker to indirectly indicate androgen levels during the sexual maturation of mammals. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the association between the AGD and the risk of prostate cancer(PCa), we performed this studyMaterials: A total of 107 patients undergoing perineal prostate biopsy from November 2019 to August 2020 were enrolled. All patients diagnosed 57 PCa patients and 50 benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH) patients through perineal prostate biopsy in our hospital . The anus to the posterior base of the scrotum (AGDAS) and the cephalad insertion of the penis (AGDAP) of all patients were measured before prostate biopsy.Result: The mean age of patients with PCa was 69.46 ± 7.52 and the mean age of patients with BPH was 67.38± 8.26. We did not find a significant association between age and BMI in the risk of PCa(all p＞0.05). Besides, there was no significant association between AGD and the risk of PCa(p＞0.05). we only discovered that PSA could play an important role in the development of PCa.Conclusion: AGD may not play an important role in predicting the incidence risk of PCa. we still need a large-scale prospective study to explore the ture association between AGD and the incidence of PCa.
Evaluation of Human Fecal Calprotectin Detection Kits and Their Potential use as Non-Invasive Intestinal Biomarker of Infectious Enterocolitis in Pigs
Authors: Barbosa Jéssica , Rodrigues Lucas , Columbus Daniel , Aguirre Juan , Harding John , Cantarelli Vinícius , Costa Matheus O. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Fecal calprotectin is largely applied as a non-invasive intestinal inflammation biomarker in human medicine. Previous studies in pigs investigated the levels of fecal calprotectin in healthy animals only. Thus, there is a knowledge gap regarding its application during infectious diarrhea. This study investigated the usefulness of fecal calprotectin as a biomarker of intestinal inflammation in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Salmonella Typhimurium infected pigs. Results: Fecal samples from pigs with colitis (n=18) were collected from animals experimentally inoculated with B. hyodysenteriae G44 or from sham-inoculated controls. Fecal samples from pigs with enteritis (n=14) were collected from animals inoculated with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium or from sham-inoculated controls. For both groups, fecal samples were scored as: 0 = normal; 1 = soft, wet cement; 2 = watery feces; 3 = mucoid diarrhea; and 4 = bloody diarrhea. Fecal calprotectin levels were assayed using a sandwich ELISA, a turbidimetric immunoassay and a point-of-care dipstick test. Fecal calprotectin levels were greater in colitis samples scoring 4 versus ≤ 4 using ELISA, and in feces scoring 3 and 4 versus ≤ 1 using immunoturbidimetry (P < 0.05). No differences were found in calprotectin concentration among fecal scores for enteritis samples, regardless of the assay used. All samples were found below detection limits using the dipstick method.Conclusions: Fecal calprotectin is a potential non-invasive biomarker of infectious colitis, but it is not suitable for detection of enteritis. While practical, the use of commercially available human presents sensitivity limitations. Further studies are needed to validate the field application of calprotectin as a marker.
The Implementation of Healthy Start-Départ Santé intervention in Canadian Childcare Centres: A Realist Evaluation
Authors: Muhajarine Nazeem , Fick MA Fiona , McRae Daphne N 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
BackgroundHealthy Start-Départ Santé (HSDS) is a 10-month, bilingual (English and French) program which aims to educate childcare centre staff about the activity and nutritional needs of young children, as well as teaching them how to incorporate healthy practices into their daily routines. This study examines “How, for whom, and in what contexts is the HSDS intervention effectively implemented and sustained in early learning childcare centers?”MethodsWe conducted a realist evaluation to assess the HSDS program. After formulating an initial program theory (described in a previously published paper) we tested and refined the theory using interview data from childcare centre directors and staff. Purposive sampling was used to recruit centres with differing characteristics (levels of engagement with HSDS, length of time since training, and geographic and cultural diversity in clientele). Twenty-five interviews from 23 centres were completed. Participants were asked questions directly related to the program theory (e.g., Does the program line up with your personal values and goals around healthy child development?) to confirm, refute, or refine elements of the initial theory. Interviews were coded by context, mechanisms, and outcomes and separated according to the stages of Training, Implementation, and Sustainability. Codes specific to physical activity and nutrition were created. NVivo 11 was used for data management. ResultsOur study found that the HSDS program was effectively implemented and sustained when staff had positive attitudes toward the program, identified with its goals and values, and were willing to actively participate in activities. Other key components for staff included a sense of responsibility for child health, increased understanding of the benefits of promoting healthy behaviours, and access to resources in support of behavioural change. For children, the program was successful when they had multiple opportunities to be physically active and try a variety of foods, and when they could develop competence in physical activities. ConclusionsThe HSDS final program theory can be tailored to various contexts and/or similar programs to facilitate improved physical activity and healthy eating in childcare centres.
Anxiety and depression associated cardiovascular health behaviors among patients with hypertension
Authors: Liu Jiao , Tang Weiming , Yang Yan , Luo Dan , Zeng Na , Liang Yunsheng 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Anxiety and depression in hypertensive patients may lead to poor blood pressure control and increases the risk of disease mortality. Lifestyle impacts depression and anxiety. This study aimed to assess cardiovascular health behaviors (CHBs) associated with co-morbid anxiety and depression among patients with hypertension.Methods: We included 488 hypertensive patients from Changsha, China. We measured anxiety and depression using the self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), and the self-rating depression scale (SDS), respectively. CHBs (smoking, overweight/obesity, leisure physical activity (LPA), and fruit and vegetable consumption (FVC)) were assessed using the Cardiovascular Health in Ambulatory Care Research Team (CANHEART) index. We compared anxiety and depression prevalence of participants in different socio-demographic, CHBs, co-morbidities, family histories, assessed risk factors and their biological synergistic interaction.Results: The proportion of not ideal in smoking, overweight/obesity, LPA, and FVC were 63.9%, 49.8%, 30.7%, 78.3%, respectively. Displaying comorbidity of HLP and not obtaining adequate amounts of LPA were risk factors for both anxiety and depression. The synergy interaction between obtaining secondary education or less and displaying comorbidity of hyperlipidemia (HLP) for anxiety (OR=5.238, 95% CI=2.784, 9.856), and between not obtaining adequate amounts of LPA and obtaining manual labor for depression (OR=7.164, 95% CI=3.553, 14.443) was statistically significant.Conclusion: Our study indicated that doctors should pay more attention to the psychiatric health of hypertensive patients at lower education levels and with second comorbidities. More importantly, patients with hypertension working on manual jobs need to pay closer attention to how they spend their leisure time and strengthen LPA.
Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of COVID-19 Mortality in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Multi-Center Study
Authors: Alsayer Rawabi , Alsharif Hassan , Baadani Abeer AL , Kalam Kiran 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide since December 2019. This study highlights the significant burden of the COVID-19 outbreak, particularly in patients’ health and the healthcare system. This study's clinical implication provides insight into the significant death indicators among COVID-19 patients in Saudi Arabia. Exploring these indicators will help physicians triage patients, identify critically ill patients, and prioritize ICU admissions by identifying high-risk medical and clinical indicators. Methods: A multi-center retrospective study conducted among all COVID-19 mortality cases, admitted to 15 of Armed forces hospitals across Saudi Arabia regions during March – July 2020. Demographic data, clinical presentation, laboratory investigations, and complications of COVID-19 mortality cases were collected and analyzed. According to the WHO, death due to COVID-19 was classified as a direct and indirect cause of death. Results: A total of 224 COVID-19 mortality cases were included in the analysis. The mean age was 69.6614.68 years, and 142(63.4%) of the cases were male. 30% of overall COVID-19 mortalities occurred in the first 24 hours of hospital admission, while 50% of the mortalities occurred on day 10. There was a highly significant difference in the survival time (days) between cases admitted to the Intensive care unit (ICU) and general ward (p-values <.001), as well as a significant difference in the survival time (days) between the direct and indirect cause of death from COVID-19 cases (p-values 0.012). The most prevalent comorbidities were diabetes mellitus (DM) occurred in 165(73.7%), and hypertension (HTN) in 156(69.6%). Logistic regression for risk factors in all mortality cases revealed that direct mortality cases from COVID-19 are more likely to develop acute respiratory distress syndrome and acute kidney injury [OR 1.75 (CI 0.89-3.43); p=.102], [OR 1.01 (CI 0.54-1.90); p=.960]. Conclusions: The prevalence of underlying diseases DM and HTN is high among COVID‐19 mortality cases in Saudi Arabia. Multiple organ dysfunction can be observed, the most common organ damage, lungs, heart, followed by the kidney. The rising of serum ferritin, Procalcitonin, CRP, and D-dimer levels can be used as indicators of disease progression.
Economic Impact of COVID-19 on the Vulnerable Population of Bangladesh
Authors: Mahmud Sakib , Zubayer Sayed Arafat , Eshtiak Ahmed , Ahmed Ibrahim , Nasim Mahmudul Hossain 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This study aims to find out the Economic condition of the vulnerable population of Bangladesh in the COVID-19 situation. This study uses the primary data of 203 respondents who were collected from all around Bangladesh using convenience and purposive sampling. In this study, a comparison of expected income in the COVID-19 situation is made with the pre-COVID-19 situation using Welch two-sample t-test, and the possible impact on Expenditure and Savings was discovered using OLS estimation. Descriptive analysis is also included considering the key economic variable of the respondents. This study finds a significant drop in income due to COVID-19 and infers that it will cause both drop-in expenditure and monthly savings, and gives an overall idea of the situation of vulnerable people in the COVID-19 situation. This study can help the stakeholders to understand the situation of the vulnerable population of Bangladesh due to COVID-19.
Exploring the Effectiveness of Acupuncture as an Adjunct to Physiotherapy in the Treatment of Musculoskeletal Conditions: A Systematic Review
Authors: Anjos Ana , Mart Soraya , Goncalves Nuno , Borrego Pedro , Corten Lieselotte 
Published: February 2021

Background:
Acupuncture is one of the most popular forms of complementary and alternative medicine, and its
usage is linked to an improvement of physical and psychological symptoms. Main Objectives: Determine whether the use
of acupuncture as an adjunct to physiotherapy treatment is more effective than physiotherapy alone or acupuncture alone in
MSK conditions.

Methodology:
A systematic review of the literature was conducted using three major databases, from March 2019 to May
2019, i.e., Cochrane Library, PubMed, and PEDro (Physiotherapy Evidence Database). The inclusion criteria were limited to
randomized controlled trials (RCT) published in English, only studies published within the past decade, and investigating
adult populations with MSK conditions.

Results:
From the 227 titles and abstracts that were identified, 75 were duplicates, leaving us with 152 studies for the initial
screening. Eight studies [13-20] were included in this review for a qualitative analysis. The studies that assessed pain did not
found statistically significant results that support the combination of physiotherapy and acupuncture, the same results were
also obtained for Range of motion in knee osteoarthritis. Muscular tension was found statistically significant within-group
improvements for all parameters in comparison with the baseline. For Isometric Neck Muscle Strength (INMS), the studies
reported significant improvements within the groups, with Physiotherapy combined with Acupuncture being more effective
than Acupuncture or Physiotherapy alone. The Constant Shoulder Assessment (CSA), for shoulder function was
significantly higher in the exercise plus acupuncture group compared with the exercise group.

Conclusion:
As an integrative or complementary therapy for pain, acupuncture has been increasingly used. However, this
review did not find significant evidence to support that the addition of acupuncture to physiotherapy treatment has an added
benefit to pain relief. This review did, however, find benefits of adding acupuncture to treatment to reducing neck disability
and improving muscular strength and shoulder function.
1,3,4-Oxadiazole Containing Compounds As Therapeutic Targets For Cancer Therapy
Authors: Ahsan Mohamed Jawed 
Published: February 2021

Background:Cancer is the first or second leading cause of premature death in 134 of 183 countries in the world. 1,3,4-Oxadiazoles are five membered heterocyclic rings containing nitrogen (two atoms) and oxygen (one atom). They show better thermal stability, metabolic stability, aqueous solubility, and lower lipophilicity than the other isomeric oxadiazoles. They are important class of heterocycles present in many drug structures like Raltegravir, Furamizole Tidazosin, Nesapidil, Setileuton (MK-0633) and Zibotentan. The presence of this nucleus in therapeutics has made them an indispensable anchor for drug design and development. Several 1,3,4-oxadiazoles are prepared and reported as anticancer agents by numerous scientists worldwide.Objectives:The present review discusses the anticancer potentials together with the molecular targets of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles reported since 2010. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) and molecular docking simulation on different targets have also been discussed herein. Some of the important cancer targets have also been explored.Methods:The most potent 1,3,4-oxadiazoles reported in the literature were highlighted in the manuscript. The anticancer activity was reported in terms of growth percent (GP), percent growth inhibition (%GI), GI50, IC50, and LC50 and TGI.Results:1,3,4-Oxadiazoles are important heterocyclic scaffolds with broad spectrum biological activities. They may be either mono substituted or disubstituted, and they may act as an indispensable anchor for drug design and discovery due to their thermal stability together with low lipophilicity. They exhibited anticancer potentials and showed the inhibitions of various cancer targets.Conclusion:The discussion outlined herein will prove to be a helpful and vital tool for medicinal chemists investigating and working with 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and anticancer research programs.