bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comprehensive Immunologic Evaluation of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Samples from Human Patients with Moderate and Severe Seasonal Influenza and Severe COVID-19
Authors: Reynolds Daniel , Vazquez Guillamet Cristina , Day Aaron , Borcherding Nicholas , Vazquez Guillamet Rodrigo , Choreño-Parra José Alberto , House Stacey L , O’Halloran Jane A , Zúñiga Joaquín , Ellebedy Ali H , Byers Derek E , Mudd Philip A 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) or seasonal influenza may lead to respiratory failure requiring intubation and mechanical ventilation. The pathophysiology of this respiratory failure is attributed to local immune dysregulation, but how the immune response to viral infection in the lower airways of the human lung differs between individuals with respiratory failure and those without is not well understood. We used quantitative multiparameter flow cytometry and multiplex cytokine assays to evaluate matched blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from control human subjects, subjects with symptomatic seasonal influenza who did not have respiratory failure, and subjects with severe seasonal influenza or SARS-CoV-2 infection with respiratory failure. We find that severe cases are associated with an influx of nonclassical monocytes, activated T cells, and plasmablast B cells into the lower airways. Cytokine concentrations were not elevated in the lower airways of moderate influenza patients compared with controls; however, 28 of 35 measured cytokines were significantly elevated in severe influenza, severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, or both. We noted the largest elevations in IL-6, IP-10, MCP-1, and IL-8. IL-1 family cytokines and RANTES were higher in severe influenza infection than severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Interestingly, only the concentration of IP-10–correlated between blood and BAL during severe infection. Our results demonstrate inflammatory immune dysregulation in the lower airways during severe viral pneumonia that is distinct from lower airway responses seen in human patients with symptomatic, but not severe, illness and suggest that measurement of blood IP-10 concentration may predict this unique dysregulation.
Sexual Dysfunction in Male Patients with Idiopathic Generalized Tonic Clonic Seizures
Authors: Sureka Rajendra Kumar , Gaur Vikas , Purohit Gaurav , Gupta Medha 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Epilepsy is the second most common neurological disorder, and it may have a significant effect on sexual functions in epileptic patients.

Materials and Methods:
Sexual dysfunctions were assessed in 146 male patients suffering from generalized tonic-clonic seizure (GTCS) with a seizure-free interval of at least 1 year. Out of 146 patients enrolled, 46 patients had a psychiatric impairment and were excluded from the study, after applying the General Health questionnaire12 (GHQ12) scale and detailed psychiatric evaluation. The remaining patients were evaluated for the presence of sexual dysfunction by applying Arizona Sexual Experience scale (ASEX). Sixty-six patients scoring more than 19 as a cutoff score on the ASEX scale were further interviewed by a psychiatrist, and a diagnosis of sexual dysfunction was made as per ICD 10 Diagnostic criteria.

Results:
Sexual dysfunction was diagnosed in 66% (n = 66) of the patients. Erectile dysfunction was the most common sexual disorder diagnosed in 36% of the patients (n = 36) followed by premature ejaculation in 26% (n = 26) and decreased libido (hypoactive sexual desire) seen in 4% (n = 4) of the patients. In patients with sexual dysfunction, a significant association was observed with the duration of epilepsy and type of therapy (mono/polytherapy) (P value < 0.05). Erectile dysfunction and hypoactive desire were more common in patients taking polytherapy, whereas premature ejaculation was more common in patients on monotherapy.

Conclusion:
Significant impairment of sexual functions was observed in male epileptics with GTCS. A high index of suspicion should be kept in mind by the practicing clinician on diagnosing and treating sexual dysfunction in them.
Knowledge, Awareness, and Attitude Towards Dementia Amongst Medical Undergraduate Students
Authors: Patel Ishani , Patel Jalpan , Jindal Siddharth Vrajesh , Desai Devangi , Desai Soaham 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Current undergraduate medical academic curriculum does not emphasize on evaluation and management of dementia. The knowledge and attitude of medical students towards patients with dementia in India has not been ascertained previously.

Objective:
We aimed to assess the knowledge and attitude of final year medical students about dementia and Alzheimer's disease. We also aimed to assess if a dedicated sensitization cum teaching session by a group of interns doctors guided by a neurologist could help improve students’ knowledge and awareness towards dementia or not.

Methods and Materials:
82 consenting final year medical students answered questionnaires of Alzheimer Disease Knowledge Scale (ADKS) and Dementia Attitude Scale (DAS) at a baseline level. A sensitization cum teaching session by intern doctors was conducted to enhance students’ knowledge about dementia. A post sensitization reassessment of students was done to assess impact of the session.

Results:
The ADKS score was 57% at baseline which was increased to 71% post sensitization program. The mean DAS score was 3.2 at baseline which was reported to be 3.4 after sensitization program. Students reported significant improvement in their knowledge level but did not show the same improvement in their attitude and comfort level in caring for dementia after the sensitization program. Students were still not comfortable dealing with patients with dementia.

Conclusion:
Medical students lack significant knowledge and training about dementia. Patient contact and practical training for basic assessment and care of dementia needs to be incorporated in the current academic curriculum. Dedicated sensitization sessions on dementia care can help improve the gap. Practical exposure to management of patients with dementia would be required to enhance the comfort level and attitude of students towards dementia.
Research on delirium
Authors: Grover Sandeep , Gupta B. M. , Mamdapur Ghouse Modin 
Published: August 2021

Aim:
To analyze the publication growth, international collaboration, funding support, citation impact, and distribution of publications on delirium with one of the authors from India, indexed in Scopus database, published during 2001–2020.

Methodology:
The Scopus database (http://www.scopus.com) was searched for publications on delirium during 2001–2020 with one of the authors from India. The publications were identified and retrieved.

Results:
The initial search, which involved locating the global publication output, yielded 22,929 records. When the search was limited to research originating from India, it yielded 478 Indian records. Researchers from India contributed to 2.08% of the world's delirium research, and overall, the research output from India, ranked twelfth in the world. Of the research originating from India, only 12.97% of publications involved international collaboration. The number of publications on delirium with one of the authors from India increased from 1 in the year 2001 to 47 in the year 2020, accounting for 33.61% annual average growth rate, higher than 9.5% of publication growth rate on the topic for the worldwide publications. The 10-year cumulative publications increased from 84 during 2001–2010 to 394 during 2011–2020, registering 369% absolute growth, which was much higher than 107.52% of the world publications.

Conclusion:
To conclude, this study suggests that only 2% of the world's delirium research emerges from India and overall based on this research output, India stands at the 12th position in delirium research. However, over the last few years, the research on delirium from India has increased.
Efficacy of thumb abduction orthosis versus local methylprednisolone acetate injection in De Quervain's tenosynovitis
Authors: Das Rakesh , Bimol Naorem , Deb Debasish , Meethal Shanavas Anoth , Singh Yumnam Nandabir 
Published: August 2021

Context:
De Quervain's disease tenosynovitis is a painful inflammation of tendons on the side of the wrist at the base of the thumb. The most common cause is chronic overuse. It can be self-limited and may resolve without intervention. For those individuals with persistent symptoms, nonsurgical modalities such as rest, massage, cold and heat application, splinting, physical therapy, systemic anti-inflammatory drugs, and corticosteroid injections have been tried with variable success.

Aims:
The aim of this study was conducted to compare the efficacy of thumb abduction orthosis with local methylprednisolone acetate injection for the management of De Quervain's tenosynovitis.

Settings and Design:
A randomized controlled study was conducted from September 2017 to August 2019, in the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department of a tertiary hospital in Imphal, Manipur.

Subjects and Methods:
In Group 1, thumb abduction orthosis was applied, and in Group 2, injection methylprednisolone acetate was given in the first dorsal compartment. Treatment effectiveness was measured by visual analog Scale (VAS) for pain and Quick disabilities score of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (quick DASH) for functional assessment. Follow-up assessment was done at 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months.

Statistical Analysis:
Chi-square test, independent t-test, and paired t-test were used for analysis.

Results:
Out of the total 60 patients, 51 patients were females and 9 were males. There was a significant improvement in both mean VAS scores and Quick DASH scores in both the groups. At 1-month of follow-up, VAS and Quick DASH score in control group significantly improved compared to study group (P < 0.05). However, there was no statistically significant differences between the two groups at 3 months and 6 months follow-up period (P > 0.05).

Conclusions:
Although methylprednisolone acetate injection has an excellent outcome, thumb abduction orthosis can be an alternative treatment option for De Quervain's disease.
Clinicopathological study of papulosquamous skin disorders in a tertiary health-care center
Authors: Shimray Rachel , Laishram Sharmila , Pukhrambam Gayatri , Devi Kh. Ambala , Pal Paramita Rudra 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Papulosquamous skin disorder is a group of heterogenous dermatoses with a distinct histomorphological feature. The characteristic primary lesion is a papule, usually erythematous, that has a variable amount of scaling on the surface. The most common papulosquamous dermatoses are psoriasis, lichen planus, and pityriasis rosea. Because all papulosquamous disorders are characterized by scaling papules, clinical confusion may result during their diagnosis. Our study is to evaluate histomorphological findings in various papulosquamous skin disorders encountered at RIMS, Imphal.

Materials and Methods:
Skin biopsies of clinically diagnosed papulosquamous skin disorders along with their relevant clinical data received during a period of 2 years from September 2017 to August 2019 were included in the study. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathological examination using hematoxylin and eosin stain.

Results:
A total of 115 papulosquamous skin disorders were studied with 75 cases of psoriasis (11–80 years), 36 cases of lichen planus (2–70 years), and 4 cases of pityriasis rosea. Age ranges from 2 to 80 years. Maximum cases were seen in the age group of 31–50 (70.6%) with a mean age of 39.18 years. Both genders were almost equally affected with a male: female ratio of 1.13:1. An analysis of the clinical with histopathological diagnosis of these papulosquamous skin lesions revealed a positive correlation in 76 (66.08%) cases and a negative correlation in 39 (2.9%) cases.

Conclusion:
Because of the varied clinical presentation and histopathological patterns of papulosquamous skin disorder, it is important to characterize the types of papulosquamous lesions as far as possible for definitive treatment.
Media and suicidality during the surge of Thai student suicides in 2019
Authors: Jatchavala Chonnakarn , Pongthanawisut Suchawadee 
Published: August 2021

Background:
During the 2 months of February and March 2019, more than 10 Thai university students were official reported to have committed suicide, which may impact on others' suicidality.

Aims:
This study aims to examine media and other factors influenced suicidal ideation among Thai university students, during the crisis of suicidal height in March–April 2019.

Methods:
The study was of a retrospective and cross-sectional design. Patients, who were university students and accessed the psychiatric outpatient clinic in March–April 2019, were recruited. Data collected by the hospital's databased system included patient profiles, perceptions of media influencing suicidality, and the Thai version of the suicide screening test.

Results:
Of the 68 participants, most participants were female (75.0%). They mostly stated that they were at a high risk of suicide (35.0%); whereas those who reported that the media influenced them were shown to have 3.5 times, higher risk of suicide (P = 0.012). Moreover, the moderate risk of suicide was statistically significantly associated with media, while other variables did not associate with suicidal risk (P = 0.03).

Conclusion:
During the crisis of copycat suicides, among Thai university students; most of whom were psychiatric outpatients, were at high risk for suicide. In addition, those who reported that the media had influenced them demonstrated a higher risk of suicide. Moreover, those who were at moderate risk for suicide were significantly associated with media.
Knowledge, attitude, and practice toward COVID-19 among the general public in Manipur
Authors: Konjengbam Shantibala , Phurailatpam Madhubala Devi , Laishram Jalina , Loukrakpam Victoria , Akoijam Pooja , Khuraijam Sushma 
Published: August 2021

Introduction:
Various measures have been adopted to control the rapid spread of the ongoing COVID-19 epidemic in the state. Adherence to control measures by the population is influenced by their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) toward COVID-19.

Objective:
The objective of this study was to determine KAP toward COVID-19 among the general public of Manipur.

Methods:
A semi-structured questionnaire was used to interview the study participants. The demographics and KAP of the participants were investigated. Chi-square test and t-test were used for statistical analysis.

Results:
Out of the total participants (n = 398), 240 (60.3%) were female. One hundred and seventeen (29.4%) participants have adequate knowledge regarding COVID-19. The number of participants who have adequate knowledge was significantly more among males, those residing in plain districts, those residing in rural areas, and among those who studied up to graduate and above. The study also showed that attitude toward practicing more hand hygiene during infectious disease outbreaks was significantly associated with residence, education, religion, and occupation. A significant association was also observed between the preventive practices and knowledge, gender, district, residence, and education.

Conclusion:
Nearly one-third of the participants have good knowledge and positive attitude. However, when coming to practice, a little more than one-tenth of the study participants practiced preventive behaviors all the time. Knowledge on COVID-19 and practice of preventive behaviors were significantly associated with gender, district, residence, education, and occupation. The results of this study can help to identify the specific target groups with low KAP with well-planned, tailored strategies.
Virologic suppression and associated factors in HIV infected Ugandan female sex workers: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Owachi Darius , Anguzu Godwin , Kigozi Joanita , Cox Janneke , Castelnuovo Barbara , Semitala Fred , Meya David 
Published: August 2021

Introduction: Key populations have disproportionately higher HIV prevalence rates than the general population.
Objective: To determine the level of virologic suppression and associated factors in female Commercial Sex Workers (CSW) who completed six months of ART and compare with the female general population (GP).
Methods: Clinical records of CSW and GPs who initiated ART between December 2014 to December 2016 from seven urban clinics were analyzed to determine virologic suppression (viral load < 1000 copies/ml) and associated factors.
Results: We identified 218 CSW and 182 female GPs. CSW had median age of 28 (IQR 25-31) vs 31 (IQR 26-37); median baseline CD4 446 (IQR 308-696) vs 352 (IQR 164–493) cells/microL; and optimal ART adherence levels at 70.6% vs 92.8% respectively, compared to GP. Virologic suppression in CSW and GPs was 85.7% and 89.6% respectively, P=0.28. Overall virologic suppression in CSW was 55% while Retention in care after 6 months of ART was 77.5%. Immediate ART initiation (<2weeks) and tuberculosis independently predicted virologic suppression in CSW with adjusted odds ratios 0.07 (95% C.I. 0.01-0.55, P=0.01) and 0.09 (95% C.I. 0.01-0.96, P=0.046) respectively.
Conclusion: Virologic suppression in both groups is similar, however, intensified follow-up is needed to improve treatment outcomes.
Keywoeds: HIV infected Ugandans; female sex workers.
The threat of persistent bacteria and fungi contamination in tuberculosis sputum cultures
Authors: Muzanyi Grace , Peace Aber , Wamuntu Bonny , Joseph Akol , Nassali Joanita 
Published: August 2021

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) sputum culture contaminants make it difficult to obtain pure TB isolates.We aimed to study and identify persistent TB sputum culture contaminants post the standard laboratory pre-culture sample decontamination techniques. Methods: This was a longitudinal study of TB sputum culture contamination for a cohort of TB patients on standard treatment at: baseline, during TB treatment and post TB treatment. Sputum samples were decontaminated with 1.5%NaOH and neutralized using 6.8 Phosphate buffer solution.Sputum was then inoculated into MGIT (mycobactrial growth indicator tube) supplemented with 0.8ml PANTA. A drop of each positive MGIT culture was sub cultured onto blood agar and incu- bated for 48 hours at 35 -37OC.Any growth was identified using growth characteristics and colony morphology. Results: From October 2017 through May 2019;we collected 8645 sputum samples of which 8624(99.8%) were eligible and inoculated into MGIT where 2444(28.3%)samples were TB culture positive and 255(10.4%)were positive for contam- inants:237 none-tuberculosis bacteria, 12 fungi and 6 mixed(none-tuberculous bacteria+fungi).There was no statistically significant difference between none tuberculosis bacteria and fungi in the treatment (OR=1.4,95%CI:0.26–7.47,p=0.690) and the post treatment TB phases(OR=2.02,95%CI:0.38–10.79,p=0.411)Vs baseline. Conclusion: None-tuberculous bacteria and fungi dominate the plethora of TB sputum culture contamination and persist beyond the standard laboratory pre-culture decontamination algorithm.
Keywords: Bacteria; Fungi; Inoculation; PANTA (Polymyxin B; Amphotericin B; Nalidixic acid; Trimethoprim; Azlocillin).
Co-existence of NDM-1 and OXA-48 genes in Carbapenem Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates in Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
Authors: Ahmed El-Domany Ramadan , El-Banna Tarek , Sonbol Fatma , Hamed Abu-Sayedahmed Samar 
Published: August 2021

Background: The noteworthy spread of carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CR-KP) isolates represents a significant safety threat.
Objective: Determination of the carbapenemase genes incidence among CR-KP clinical isolates in Kafrelsheikh, Egypt.
Methods: A total of 230 K. pneumoniae isolates were recovered from four hospitals in Kafrelsheikh, Egypt. Susceptibility testing was conducted using Kirby-Bauer method and automated-Vitek2 system. CR-KP isolates were tested using modified Hodge test (MHT) and combined disk synergy test. PCR and DNA sequencing were conducted for CR-KP isolates to rec- ognize the included carbapenemase-genes.
Results: Out of 230 K. pneumoniae isolates, 50 isolates presented resistance to carbapenem (meropenem). All 50 CR-KP iso- lates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Genes like blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-48 were the only detected genes among CR-KP with an incidence of 70.0% and 52.0%, respectively. Up to 74.0% of the tested isolates carried at least one of the two record- ed genes, among them 48.0% co-harbored both blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-48 genes. The accession-numbers of sequenced blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-48 genes were MG594615 and MG594616, respectively.
Conclusion: This study reported a high incidence of MDR profile with the emergence of blaNDM-1 and blaOXA-48 genes co-existence in CR-KP isolates in Kafrelsheikh, Egypt. Hence, more restrictions should be applied against the spread of such serious pathogens.
Keywords: Klebsiella pneumoniae; Egypt; carbapenem resistance; MDR; PCR; blaNDM-1; blaOXA-48; sequencing.
Prediction of prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Rwanda using the metropolis-hasting sampling
Authors: Dukunde Angelique , Marie Ntaganda Jean , Kasozi Juma , Nzabanita Joseph 
Published: August 2021

In this work, we predict the prevalence of type 2 diabetes among adult Rwandan people. We used the Metropolis-Hasting method that involved calculating the metropolis ratio. The data are those reported by World Health Organiation in 2015. Considering Suffering from diabetes, Overweight, Obesity, Dead and other subject as states of mathematical model, the transition matrix whose elements are probabilities is generated using Metropolis-Hasting sampling. The numerical results show that the prevalence of type 2 diabetes increases from 2.8% in 2015 to reach 12.65% in 2020 and to 22.59% in 2025. Therefore, this indicates the urgent need of prevention by Rwandan health decision makers who have to play their crucial role in encouraging for example physical activity, regular checkups and sensitization of the masses.
Keywords: Non communicable diseases; type 2 diabetes; Markov Chain Monte Carlo method; Metropolis-Hasting method; Transition probabilities.rds:
Glycemic index values of traditional Kenyan foods: the missing link in the effectiveness of dietary approach in the prevention and management of diabetes mellitus in Kenya
Authors: Ebere Rebecca , Imungi Jasper , Kimani Violet 
Published: August 2021

Background: Glycemic index (GI) measures postprandial blood sugar after consumption of carbohydrate-rich foodstuff. Kenya is yet to fully embrace this concept in prevention and management of diabetes mellitus.
Objective: To review and tabulate GIs of locally consumed foods in order to improve dietary management of diabetes mellitus.
Methodology: A literature search was conducted using Google scholar and PubMed databases which identified 7 articles on glycemic index values of Kenyan foods published between 2002 and 2020. Two articles failed to meet the inclusion criteria and five proceeded for review. Key search words used included GI, glycemic load and glycemic response combined with Kenya. The data was reported depending on whether the testing involved healthy individuals or patients suffering from diabetes mellitus.
Results: Nine individual foods and 7 mixed meals were identified. Low GI foods included beans and whole maize ugali consumed alongside cowpea leaves. High GI foods included whole maize ugali eaten with beef, boiled rice, boiled cassava and cassava-sorghum ugali eaten with silver fish.
Conclusion: Proper meal mixing is important in diabetes management. Cowpea leaves and beans possess GI lowering po- tential. This information can be used to improve guidance on food choices for diabetes patients.
Keywords: Glycemic index; glycemic load and glycemic response; Kenya.