bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Block Copolymer‐Based Supramolecular Ionogels for Accurate On‐Skin Motion Monitoring
Authors: Cho Kyung Gook , An Sol , Cho Dae Hyun , Kim Jeong Hui , Nam Jieun , Kim Myungwoong , Lee Keun Hyung 
Published: June 2021

AbstractInterest in wearable and stretchable on‐skin motion sensors has grown rapidly in recent years. To expand their applicability, the sensing element must accurately detect external stimuli; however, weak adhesiveness of the sensor to a target object has been a major challenge in developing such practical and versatile devices. In this study, freestanding, stretchable, and self‐adhesive ionogel conductors are demonstrated which are composed of an associating polymer network and ionic liquid that enable conformal contact between the sensor and skin even during dynamic movement. The network of ionogel is formed by noncovalent association of two diblock copolymers, where phase‐separated micellar clusters are interconnected via hydrogen bonds between corona blocks. The resulting ionogels exhibit superior adhesive characteristics, including a very high lift‐off force of 93.3 N m−1, as well as excellent elasticity (strain at break ≈720%), toughness (≈2479 kJ m−3), thermal stability (≈150 °C), and high ionic conductivity (≈17.8 mS cm−1 at 150 °C). These adhesive ionogels are successfully applied to stretchable on‐skin strain sensors as sensing elements. The resulting devices accurately monitor the movement of body parts such as the wrist, finger, ankle, and neck while maintaining intimate contact with the skin, which was not previously possible with conventional non‐adhesive ionogels.
Functional Separators Regulating Ion Transport Enabled by Metal‐Organic Frameworks for Dendrite‐Free Lithium Metal Anodes
Authors: Hao Zhendong , Wu Yue , Zhao Qing , Tang Jiadong , Zhang Qianqian , Ke Xiaoxing , Liu Jingbing , Jin Yuhong , Wang Hao 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDeveloping high energy density lithium secondary batteries is pivotal for satisfying the increasing demand in advanced energy storage systems. Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have attracted growing attention due to their high theoretical capacity, but the lithium dendrites issue severely fetter their real‐world applications. It is found that reducing anion migration near lithium metal prolongs the nucleation time of dendrites, meanwhile, promoting homogeneous lithium deposition suppresses the dendritic growth. Thus, regulating ion transport in LMBs is a feasible and effective strategy for addressing the issues. Based on this, a functional separator is developed to regulate ion transport by utilizing a well‐designed metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) coating to functionalize polypropylene (PP) separator. The well‐defined intrinsic nanochannels in MOFs and the negatively charged gap channels both restricts the free migration of anions, contributing to a high Li+ transference number of 0.68. Meanwhile, the MOFs coating with uniform porous structure promotes homogeneous lithium deposition. Consequently, a highly‐stable Li plating/stripping cycling for over 150 h is achieved. Furthermore, implementation of the separator enables LMBs with high discharge capacity, prominent rate performance and good capacity retention. This work is anticipated to aid developement of dendrite‐free LMBs by utilizing advanced separators with ion transport management.
Organic Electrochemical Transistor Common‐Source Amplifier for Electrophysiological Measurements
Authors: Tyrrell James E. , Petkos Konstantinos , Drakakis Emmanuel M. , Boutelle Martyn G. , Campbell Alasdair J. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe portability of physiological monitoring has necessitated the biocompatibility of components used in circuitry local to biological environments. A key component in processing circuitry is the linear amplifier. Amplifier circuit topologies utilize transistors, and recent advances in bioelectronics have focused on organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs). OECTs have shown the capability to transduce physiological signals at high signal‐to‐noise ratios. In this study high‐performance interdigitated electrode OECTs are implemented in a common source linear amplifier topology. Under the constraints of OECT operation, stable circuit component parameters are found, and OECT geometries are varied to determine the best amplifier performance. An equation is formulated which approximates transistor behavior in the linear, nonlinear, and saturation regimes. This equation is used to simulate the amplifier response of the circuits with the best performing OECT geometries. The amplifier figures of merit, including distortion characterizations, are then calculated using physical and simulation measurements. Based on the figures of merit, prerecorded electrophysiological signals from spreading depolarizations, electrocorticography, and electromyography fasciculations are inputted into an OECT linear amplifier. Using frequency filtering, the primary features of events in the bioelectric signals are resolved and amplified, demonstrating the capability of OECT amplifiers in bioelectronics.
Infrared‐Emitting Multimodal Nanostructures for Controlled In Vivo Magnetic Hyperthermia
Authors: Ximendes Erving , Marin Riccardo , Shen Yingli , Ruiz Diego , Gómez‐Cerezo Diego , Rodríguez‐Sevilla Paloma , Lifante Jose , Viveros‐Méndez Perla X. , Gámez Francisco , García‐Soriano David , Salas Gorka , Zalbidea Carmen , Espinosa Ana , Benayas Antonio , García‐Carrillo Nuria , Cussó Lorena , Desco Manuel , Teran Francisco J. , Juárez Beatriz H. , Jaque Daniel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDeliberate and local increase of the temperature within solid tumors represents an effective therapeutic approach. Thermal therapies embrace this concept leveraging the capability of some species to convert the absorbed energy into heat. To that end, magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) uses magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) that can effectively dissipate the energy absorbed under alternating magnetic fields. However, MNPs fail to provide real‐time thermal feedback with the risk of unwanted overheating and impeding on‐the‐fly adjustment of the therapeutic parameters. Localization of MNPs within a tissue in an accurate, rapid, and cost‐effective way represents another challenge for increasing the efficacy of MHT. In this work, MNPs are combined with state‐of‐the‐art infrared luminescent nanothermometers (LNTh; Ag2S nanoparticles) in a nanocapsule that simultaneously overcomes these limitations. The novel optomagnetic nanocapsule acts as multimodal contrast agents for different imaging techniques (magnetic resonance, photoacoustic and near‐infrared fluorescence imaging, optical and X‐ray computed tomography). Most crucially, these nanocapsules provide accurate (0.2 °C resolution) and real‐time subcutaneous thermal feedback during in vivo MHT, also enabling the attainment of thermal maps of the area of interest. These findings are a milestone on the road toward controlled magnetothermal therapies with minimal side effects.
In Situ Tumor Vaccination with Nanoparticle Co‐Delivering CpG and STAT3 siRNA to Effectively Induce Whole‐Body Antitumor Immune Response
Authors: Ngamcherdtrakul Worapol , Reda Moataz , Nelson Molly A. , Wang Ruijie , Zaidan Husam Y. , Bejan Daniel S. , Hoang Ngoc Ha , Lane Ryan S. , Luoh Shiuh‐Wen , Leachman Sancy A. , Mills Gordon B. , Gray Joe W. , Lund Amanda W. , Yantasee Wassana 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe success of immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in a subset of individuals has been very exciting. However, in many cancers, responses to current ICIs are modest and are seen only in a small subsets of patients. Herein, a widely applicable approach that increases the benefit of ICIs is reported. Intratumoral administration of augmenting immune response and inhibiting suppressive environment of tumors—AIRISE‐02 nanotherapeutic that co‐delivers CpG and STAT3 siRNA—results in not only regression of the injected tumor, but also tumors at distant sites in multiple tumor model systems. In particular, three doses of AIRISE‐02 in combination with systemic ICIs completely cure both treated and untreated aggressive melanoma tumors in 63% of mice, while ICIs alone do not cure any mice. A long‐term memory immune effect is also reported. AIRISE‐02 is effective in breast and colon tumor models as well. Lastly, AIRISE‐02 is well tolerated in mice and nonhuman primates. This approach combines multiple therapeutic agents into a single nanoconstruct to create whole‐body immune responses across multiple cancer types. Being a local therapeutic, AIRISE‐02 circumvents regulatory challenges of systemic nanoparticle delivery, facilitating rapid translation to the clinic. AIRISE‐02 is under investigational new drug (IND)‐enabling studies, and clinical trials will soon follow.
Phase Coexistence and Structural Dynamics of Redox Metal Catalysts Revealed by Operando TEM
Authors: Huang Xing , Jones Travis , Fedorov Alexey , Farra Ramzi , Copéret Christophe , Schlögl Robert , Willinger Marc‐Georg 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMetal catalysts play an important role in industrial redox reactions. Although extensively studied, the state of these catalysts under operating conditions is largely unknown, and assignments of active sites remain speculative. Herein, an operando transmission electron microscopy study is presented, which interrelates the structural dynamics of redox metal catalysts to their activity. Using hydrogen oxidation on copper as an elementary redox reaction, it is revealed how the interaction between metal and the surrounding gas phase induces complex structural transformations and drives the system from a thermodynamic equilibrium toward a state controlled by the chemical dynamics. Direct imaging combined with the simultaneous detection of catalytic activity provides unparalleled structure–activity insights that identify distinct mechanisms for water formation and reveal the means by which the system self‐adjusts to changes of the gas‐phase chemical potential. Density functional theory calculations show that surface phase transitions are driven by chemical dynamics even when the system is far from a thermodynamic phase boundary. In a bottom‐up approach, the dynamic behavior observed here for an elementary reaction is finally extended to more relevant redox reactions and other metal catalysts, which underlines the importance of chemical dynamics for the formation and constant re‐generation of transient active sites during catalysis.
Multidimensional Morphology Control for PS‐b‐P4VP Templated Mesoporous Iron (III) Oxide Thin Films
Authors: Yin Shanshan , Cao Wei , Ji Qing , Cheng Yajun , Song Lin , Li Nian , Weindl Christian L. , Schwartzkopf Matthias , Roth Stephan V. , Müller‐Buschbaum Peter 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMesoporous α‐Fe2O3 thin films with large area homogeneity demonstrate tremendous potential in multiple applications. In the present work, the synthesis of morphology‐controlled α‐Fe2O3 thin films is realized with polystyrene‐block‐poly(4‐vinyl pyridine) (PS‐b‐P4VP) diblock copolymer assisted sol‐gel chemistry. The solvent category (DMF and 1,4‐dioxane) and polymer‐to‐FeCl3 ratio used for the solution preparation are systematically varied to tune the morphology of the thin films. For both solvents, DMF and 1,4‐dioxane, nanocluster structures are obtained with low PS‐b‐P4VP concentration. When the concentration of PS‐b‐P4VP reaches the critical micelle concentration, spherical and wormlike porous structures are specifically formed in the DMF and 1,4‐dioxane solvent system, respectively. Further increasing the polymer‐to‐FeCl3 ratios leads to the enlargement of the spherical pore sizes in the DMF system, whereas the center‐to‐center distances of the wormlike structures in the 1,4‐dioxane system decrease. Moreover, DMF/1,4‐dioxane solvent mixtures with different volume ratios are applied for the sol–gel solution preparation to gain more insight into how the solvent selectivity affects the thin film morphology. By adjusting the preferential affinity of the solvent mixture to the polymer blocks, a spherical to wormlike pore shape transition is observed with a critical Δχ value of around 0.77.
Nonlinear Poisson's Ratio for Modeling Hyperelastic Capacitive Sensors
Authors: Porte Elze , Kramer‐Bottiglio Rebecca 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHighly stretchable capacitive sensors are of great interest for soft robotic control due to their ability to measure relatively large strains. These sensors are often multilayered materials, with one or more of the layers made from silicones filled with functional particles. However, the models used to describe the material behavior do not always account for the hyperelastic nature of the silicones, the altered material properties due to fillers, and potential anisotropy due to the layered structure. Large errors arise when predicting capacitance using widespread assumptions of linear elastic mechanics and isotropic material properties. This study demonstrates how these modeling assumptions are inadequate for predicting sensor performance, and compares alternative models based on empirical material mechanics. The Poisson's ratio of multi‐layered hyperelastic capacitors is measured in both the width and thickness directions by imaging the sensor dimensions during strain. The results indicate that the sensors are anisotropic and have a strain‐dependent Poisson's ratio, demonstrating the validity of the proposed model. Considering these properties in capacitance models will lead to an improved ability to predict sensor performance, especially at high strains.
Clinical expert consensus on standard care of blood glucose for residents in senior care facility in China (2021 edition)
Authors: Wang Shuang , Zhan Junkun , Cheng Mei , Pan Qi , Liang Zhen , Liu Xiaohong , Peng Wen , Cao Xiaopei , Luo Yingquan , Kang Dongmei , Liu Youshuo ,   Endocrine Metabolic Diseases Group of the Chinese Geriatrics Society, Chinese Medical Association
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACTWith the demographic changes, more and more elderly people have chosen to spend their retirement life in a senior care facility. The elderly people in senior care facility are commonly suffering from various geriatric syndromes, including declined daily living activities, cognitive dysfunction, frailty, comorbidities, and polypharmacy, which make them vulnerable to adverse effects, like hypoglycemia and fall. Therefore, layered management is necessary for this population with group disparities. However, the staff in senior care facility vary greatly in concepts and skills on management of senile diabetic population, which needs urgently to be standardized and improved. For this purpose, based on literature review and panel discussion, 28 recommendations are proposed in respect of the standardized management of blood glucose, covering the comprehensive assessment, layered management and grouping, exercise, nutrition, glucose monitoring, identification and treatment of severe hyperglycemia, identification of macrovascular and microvascular complications, management of hypoglycemic drugs, falls and choking and other common problems, blood glucose screening, hypoglycemia prevention, and blood glucose management in major public health events or serious natural disasters. This guideline aims to standardize management skills of medical staff and caregivers in senior care facility for the blood glucose of elderly people and improve their quality of life.
PHKA2 variants expand the phenotype of phosphorylase B kinase deficiency to include patients with ketotic hypoglycemia only
Authors: Benner Anne , Alhaidan Yazeid , Lines Matthew A. , Brusgaard Klaus , De Leon Diva D. , Sparkes Rebecca , Frederiksen Anja L. , Christesen Henrik T. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractIdiopathic ketotic hypoglycemia (IKH) is a diagnosis of exclusion with glycogen storage diseases (GSDs) as a differential diagnosis. GSD IXa presents with ketotic hypoglycemia (KH), hepatomegaly, and growth retardation due to PHKA2 variants. In our multicenter study, 12 children from eight families were diagnosed or suspected of IKH. Whole‐exome sequencing or targeted next‐generation sequencing panels were performed. We identified two known and three novel (likely) pathogenic PHKA2 variants, such as p.(Pro869Arg), p.(Pro498Leu), p.(Arg2Gly), p.(Arg860Trp), and p.(Val135Leu), respectively. Erythrocyte phosphorylase kinase activity in three patients with the novel variants p.(Arg2Gly) and p.(Arg860Trp) were 15%–20% of mean normal. One patient had short stature and intermittent mildly elevated aspartate aminotransferase, but no hepatomegaly. Family testing identified two asymptomatic children and 18 adult family members with one of the PHKA2 variants, of which 10 had KH symptoms in childhood and 8 had mild symptoms in adulthood. Our study expands the classical GSD IXa phenotype of PHKA2 missense variants to a continuum from seemingly asymptomatic carriers, over KH‐only with phosphorylase B kinase deficiency, to more or less complete classical GSD IXa. In contrast to typical IKH, which is confined to young children, KH may persist into adulthood in the KH‐only phenotype of PHKA2.
Conceptual issues in hominin taxonomy: Homo heidelbergensis and an ethnobiological reframing of species
Authors: Athreya Sheela , Hopkins Allison 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEfforts to name and classify Middle Pleistocene Homo, often referred to as “Homo heidelbergensis” are hampered by confusing patterns of morphology but also by conflicting paleoanthropological ideologies that are embedded in approaches to hominin taxonomy, nomenclature, and the species concept. We deconstruct these issues to show how the field's search for a “real” species relies on strict adherence to pre‐Darwinian essentialist naming rules in a post‐typological world. We then examine Middle Pleistocene Homo through the framework of ethnobiology, which examines on how Indigenous societies perceive, classify, and name biological organisms. This research reminds us that across human societies, taxonomies function to (1) identify and classify organisms based on consensus pattern recognition and (2) construct a stable nomenclature for effective storage, retrieval and communication of information. Naming Middle Pleistocene Homo as a “real” species cannot be verified with the current data; and separating regional groups into distinct evolutionary lineages creates taxa that are not defined by readily perceptible or universally salient differences. Based on ethnobiological studies of this kind of patterning, referring to these hominins above the level of the species according to their generic category with modifiers (e.g., “European Middle Pleistocene Homo”) is consistent with observed human capabilities for cognitive differentiation, is both necessary and sufficient given the current data, and will allow for the most clear communication across ideologies going forward.
Modular Synthesis of a Versatile Double‐Allylation Reagent for Complex Diol Synthesis
Authors: Dorn Stanna K. , Tharp Annika E. , Brown M. Kevin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDouble‐allylation reagents allow for the construction of highly complex molecules in an expedient fashion. We have developed an efficient, modular, and enantioselective approach towards accessing novel variants of these reagents through Cu/Pd‐catalyzed alkenylboration of alkenylboron derivatives. Importantly, we demonstrate novel use of an allylBdan reagent directly in a stereocontrolled allylation without initial deprotection to the boronic ester. These allylation products are employed in a second intermolecular allylation to access complex diol motifs, which has yet to be shown with these types of double‐allylation reagents. Overall, the modularity of this approach and the ease in which complex structural motifs can be accessed in a rapid manner signify the importance and utility of this method.
Intrinsisch ungeordnete Osteopontin‐Fragmente ordnen sich während der interfazialen Calciumoxalat‐Mineralisierung
Authors: Lu Hao , Ng David Yuen Wah , Lieberwirth Ingo , Weidner Tobias , Bonn Mischa 
Published: June 2021

AbstractCalciumoxalat ist der Hauptbestandteil von Nierensteinen. Das saure Osteopontin (OPN)‐Protein im Urin kann das Wachstum von CaC2O4‐Kristallen hemmen und wirkt so als Inhibitor der Mineralisation. Studien in Bulk‐Lösung belegten die Wichtigkeit der Bindung und Erkennung von OPN an der CaC2O4‐Mineraloberfläche, allerdinngs fehlen noch Einblicke in das aktive Zentrum auf molekularer Ebene während der CaC2O4‐Mineralisierung. Wir studieren die Struktur des zentralen OPN‐Fragments und seine Wechselwirkung mit Ca2+ und CaC2O4 an der Wasser‐Luft‐Grenzfläche mittels oberflächenspezifischer nichtlinearer Schwingungsspektroskopie. Während OPN‐Peptide in Lösung weitgehend ungeordnet bleiben, faltet die bidentate Bindung von Ca2+‐Ionen die Peptide an der Grenzfläche zu gut geordneten und assemblierten β‐Turn‐Motiven zurück. Die Mineralisierung wird durch ein Intermediat gesteuert, das die strukturelle Freiheit des Rückgrats und der bindenden Seitenketten freigibt. Diese Einblicke in die mineralische Grenzfläche sind wichtig für das Verständnis der Entwicklung von Nierensteinen und möglicherweise relevant für die CaC2O4‐Biomineralisation.
Ligand‐Enabled δ‐C(sp3)−H Borylation of Aliphatic Amines
Authors: Chandrashekar Hediyala B. , Dolui Pravas , Li Bijin , Mandal Astam , Liu Hao , Guin Srimanta , Ge Haibo , Maiti Debabrata 
Published: June 2021

AbstractDirected C−H functionalization has been realized as a complimentary technique to achieve borylation at a distal position of aliphatic amines. Here, we demonstrated the oxidative borylation at the distal δ‐position of aliphatic amines using various borylating agents, a palladium catalyst, and a rightly tuned ligand in the presence of a cheap oxidant. Moreover, an organopalladium δ‐C(sp3)‐H‐activated intermediate has been isolated and crystallographically characterized to get mechanistic insight.
Spatially Selective Imaging of Mitochondrial MicroRNAs via Optically Programmable Strand Displacement Reactions
Authors: Zhao Jian , Li Zhixiang , Shao Yulei , Hu Wenping , Li Lele 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMicroRNA (miRNA) functions are tightly regulated by their sub‐compartmental location in living cells, and the ability to imaging of mitochondrial miRNAs (mitomiRs) is essential for understanding of the related pathological processes. However, most existing DNA‐based methods could not be used for this purpose. Here, we report the development of a DNA nanoreporter technology for imaging of mitomiRs in living cells through near‐infrared (NIR) light‐controlled DNA strand displacement reactions. The sensing function of the DNA nanoreporters are silent (OFF) during the delivery process, but can be photoactivated (ON) with NIR light after targeted mitochondrial localization, enabling spatially‐restricted imaging of two types of cancer‐related mitomiRs with improved detection accuracy. Furthermore, we demonstrate imaging of mitomiRs in vivo through spatiotemporally‐controlled delivery and activation. Therefore, this study illustrates a simple methodology that may be broadly applicable for investigating the mitomiRs‐associated physiological events.