bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in separator engineering for effective dendrite suppression of Li‐metal anodes
Authors: Boateng Bismark , Zhang Xingyi , Zhen Cheng , Chen Dongjiang , Han Yupei , Feng Chao , Chen Ning , He Weidong 
Published: January 2021

AbstractLithium dendrites cause battery failures and safety hazards in liquid‐electrolyte lithium‐based batteries. To address this problem, each component of the battery, such as cathode, anode, electrolyte and separator, should be well matched and engineered for the integrated battery system. The separator plays an increasingly important role owing to its gradual transformation from an inert to an active component in the battery, especially for resolving Li dendrite issues in Li‐metal batteries. Armed with advanced nanotechnology solutions, separator engineering presents a formidable strategy to suppress dendrite growth dynamics by modifying the electrolyte chemistry, regulating/trapping unwanted ionic species and redirecting dendrite growth direction. This review summarizes recent advances in separator engineering for effective dendrite suppression of Li‐metal anodes. We first introduce the challenges that the Li‐metal anode faces and the irreplaceable role of separators in the battery system. The characterization parameters and design principles of separators are also discussed. Then, the mainstream techniques for separator functionalization and their impacts on dendrite suppression are scrutinized and highlighted. Lastly, the conclusion is drawn and the future outlook for separator engineering is presented.
Development and validation of the Japanese version of the team job crafting scale for nurses
Authors: Iida Mako , Watanabe Kazuhiro , Imamura Kotaro , Sakuraya Asuka , Asaoka Hiroki , Sato Nana , Nozawa Kyosuke , Kawakami Norito 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTeam job crafting, which refers to designing the task, relational, and cognitive aspects of a job, is thought to be beneficial for nurses working in the ward. There are no scales to assess team job crafting among nurses. This study aimed to develop and examine the reliability and validity of a scale to measure team job crafting. Based on literature reviews and interviews, potential items were created. A total of 293 nurses working on 19 wards in two hospitals in Japan were asked to complete a questionnaire twice. A series of exploratory factor analyses (EFAs) were conducted to select the final items. For convergent validity, multilevel correlations were calculated. Cronbach's α and intra‐class correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for reliability. A total of 190 participants responded to the baseline survey and 152 responded to the retest. The EFAs yielded a three‐factor structure comprising 13 items. The three factors are task crafting considering the team's growth, cognitive crafting for members' respect and reflection of meaningfulness of work, and relational crafting for smooth information sharing. Cronbach's α ranged from .810 to .831, and test–retest ICCs ranged from 0.571 to 0.710. At the individual level, team job crafting had small‐to‐moderate correlations with individual levels of job crafting, job control, supervisor support, co‐worker support, job satisfaction, workplace social capital, and work engagement. The ICC of the team job crafting scores of 0.125 indicated meaningful variation across wards. At the ward‐level, nonsignificant but strong correlations were found with workplace social capital, job satisfaction, and psychological distress. This scale showed acceptable levels of reliability and validity. It would be useful in monitoring and improving team job crafting to increase team members' well‐being and performance.
Effects of inorganic‐organic surface modification on the mechanical and thermal properties of poly(vinyl chloride) composites reinforced with fly‐ash
Authors: Xue Caihong , Nan Hui , Lu Yunhua , Chen Huiyuan , Zhao Chunyan , Xu Shiai 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFly ash (FA) derived from the combustion of coal is considered a potential reinforcing filler for polymers, but its application is somewhat limited by the number of hydroxyl groups on the surface. In this study, FA was modified with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) (denoted as OH‐FA), resulting in an increase in the number of OH groups on the surface of FA and thus improvement of the interfacial adhesion between FA and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). OH‐FA was subjected to ball milling to induce mechanochemical activation aided by a new polyether titanate coupling agent (ETi4) (denoted as M‐ETi4‐OH‐FA). The results show that the functional groups of ETi4 can interact with the OH groups on the surface of FA via electrostatic interactions, chemical interactions, intra‐ and intermolecular hydrogen bonds by ball milling, which can increase the compatibility and interfacial bonding between FA and PVC, and improve the mechanical and thermal characteristics of PVC composites. Significantly, the impact strength and yield strength of M‐ETi4‐OH‐FA/PVC composite reaches 6.2 kJ/m2 and 64.9 MPa, which is increased by 86.8% and 13.6% compared with that of PVC, and by 18.2% and 14.6% compared with that of ETi4‐OH‐FA/PVC, respectively. The thermal stability is also higher than that of other PVC composites, and the rapidest degradation temperature reaches 297°C, which is 16°C higher than that of pure PVC.
Hormonal responsiveness in the Trier Social Stress Test and the dexamethasone‐corticotropin releasing hormone test in healthy individuals
Authors: Petrowski Katja , Herhaus Benedict , Conrad Rupert , Bornstein Stefan R. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA number of different laboratory procedures investigate the hormonal response in a standardized pharmacological challenge test (dexamethasone‐corticotropin releasing hormone; DEX‐CRH) or in a psychosocial stress induction on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis by the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST). However, the magnitude of the response related to the different stressors and the interaction of the responsiveness between the two tests is still unclear. Fifty‐two participants underwent both the DEX‐CRH test and the TSST on two separate days. The cortisol and the plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) release were assessed before and after the stress tests. For a specification of the cortisol response to both conditions, subgroups of high‐ and low‐cortisol responders to the TSST and the DEX‐CRH test were formed. The healthy participants showed a substantial increase in the ACTH and the cortisol concentration after the two tests. This increase was 3 times greater in the TSST than the DEX‐CRH test. High responders in both tests demonstrated a higher factor of the cortisol reactivity ratio (TSST/DEX‐CRH test). Psychosocial stress as induced by the TSST was associated with a significantly greater increase in cortisol compared to the DEX‐CRH test, even though the ACTH response displayed no differences. Our findings indicate an interaction of the hormonal responsiveness between the two tests with regard to the cortisol patterns.
Pace of life and perceived stress in international students
Authors: Lippke Sonia , Schalk Torven M. , Kühnen Ulrich , Shang Borui 
Published: January 2021

AbstractAn accelerated pace of life greatly impacts individuals' health and lifestyles. However, this imposition has not been systematically researched within a culturally diverse sample. Thus, this study aimed to explore the subjective experience of the pace of life and its correlates in a culturally diverse sample within a German university context. This was done to test whether students (N = 156) with a migration background from other countries (n = 105) differ from students without migration background (n = 51). The pace of life, life satisfaction, stress, work–life balance, and health were measured on an individual level along with sociodemographic variables through online questionnaires. The pace of life was found to be invariant across students from different cultural backgrounds and unrelated to the length of stay at the current university. Interrelations were found between pace of life and work–life balance, r = .21, p < .05. While this study revealed perceived stress to be generally prevalent among students, the relationship between a slower pace of life and increased stress levels, ß = −.17, p < .05, disappears when controlling for health, ß = −.26, p < .01, work–life balance, ß = −.28, p < .01, and life satisfaction, ß = −.25, p < .01, as well as sociodemographic variables (only gender and medium length of stay were significant.) Furthermore, a mediation effect, b = −1.89, 95% CI [−3.598, −0.463], revealed that students cope with a faster pace of life by effective time management, which also leads to better work–life balance and in turn reduces the experienced level of stress. Future research should examine psychological mechanisms more extensively in longitudinal research and apply interventional designs to help students prevent and manage stress in the era of a fast‐paced life.
Unveiling the high regioselectivity and stereoselectivity within the synthesis of spirooxindolenitropyrrolidine: A molecular electron density theory perspective
Authors: Acharjee Nivedita , Mohammad‐Salim Haydar A. , Chakraborty Mrinmoy , Rao Madhuri P. , Ganesh Madhu 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA molecular electron density theory (MEDT) study for the [3 + 2] cycloaddition (32CA) reaction of indoledione and N‐methyl glycine with (E)‐1‐bromonitrostyrene leading to the spirooxindole‐pyrrolidine adduct is presented. Electron localisation function (ELF) study of the in situ generated azomethine ylide classifies a pseudodiradical electronic structure associated with low activation energies. This 32CA reaction is a polar process with electronic flux from the strongly nucleophilic azomethine ylide to the strongly electrophilic nitrostyrene, confirmed from the global electron density transfer (GEDT) above 0.20 e at the transition states (TSs). Parr function analysis predicts the correct regioselectivity from the two‐centre interactions. The reaction is kinetically controlled with negative free energy of reaction which makes it irreversible. The activation enthalpy of the favoured TS is lowered by 3.4, 6.3 and 9.3 kcal mol−1 in methanol relative to the other feasible reaction paths, consistent with the experimentally observed complete regioselectivity and stereoselectivity. ELF topological characterisation along the reaction path predicts a two‐stage one‐step molecular mechanism, and bond formation is controlled by the nucleophilic character of the azomethine ylide. ELF study, Laplacian of electron density and independent gradient model (IGM) analysis predict non‐covalent interactions at the TSs, where the new C–C bond formation has not been started.
Soil physical and hydrological properties as affected by a five‐year history of poultry litter applied to a cotton–corn–soybean rotation system
Authors: Feng Gary , Tewolde Haile , Zhang Bangbang , Buehring Normie , Adeli Ardeshir 
Published: January 2021

AbstractFew studies were conducted to ascertain poultry litter (PL) and its residual influence on soil physical and hydrological properties. A field study was conducted on a sandy loam soil for 8 yr in corn (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotations at Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station in Verona, MS. Poultry litter treatment was applied to the three crops at an average of 7.6 Mg ha–1 yr–1 in the first 5 yr. The inorganic fertilizer treatment was 224 and 100 kg ha–1 yr–1 for corn and cotton. Inorganic P and K fertilizers applied were based on soil analysis, but no synthetic N was applied to soybean. Soil properties and yields were measured in the first year (2015) and third years (2017) after stopping PL application and planting all plots with soybean. Applying PL for 5 yr significantly improved soil aggregate stability by 17%. Infiltration rate and saturated hydraulic conductivity was two to three times greater in soil amended with PL than with inorganic fertilizer. Poultry litter addition significantly increased field capacity and plant available water content by 20%. Those soil properties were not affected by the rotation treatments. Total soil C did not differ between PL and fertilizer treatment. Soybean yield was continuously increased by 8% in 2015 and 11% in 2017 after stopping PL application. Poultry litter application is capable of improving soil physical and hydrological properties, and its residual could sustain soybean yield for 3 yr after stopping applications.
Evaluating three calibration transfer methods for predictions of soil properties using mid‐infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Pittaki‐Chrysodonta Zampela , Hartemink Alfred E. , Sanderman Jonathan , Ge Yufeng , Huang Jingyi 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMid‐infrared (MIR) spectroscopy models have been developed for rapid assessment of soils but are often soil and instrument specific because of differences in laboratory conditions and sensor setup. Calibration transfer is required to apply a spectral model such as partial least squares (PLS) regression developed from a primary instrument to a spectral dataset measured by a secondary instrument with statistically retained accuracy and precision. The study aimed to compare the performance of three transfer methods (i.e., direct standardization [DS], piecewise direct standardization [PDS], and spectral space transfer [SST]) and investigate the effects of transfer sample size and sample selection methods. The transfer methods were developed for predicting total C, clay, silt, and sand contents, cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH in water (pHW) and CaCl2, CaCO3equivalent, and −1,500‐kPa water retention using spectral measurements of a secondary instrument. Calibration transfer methods of three PLS models for estimating soil properties with a high (total C), intermediate (clay content), and low (pHW) predictability were discussed. The effect of sample size required for the development of the calibration transfer and the selection method of the transferred samples were investigated. It was found that SST was most favorable for a relatively small sample size used in calibration transfer (≤12 samples). The performance of transfer methods was optimal when the transfer samples accounted for the variability of MIR spectra from the secondary instrument. We conclude that SST and PDS have the potential to be applied in spectroscopy for predicting soil properties using secondary instruments.
Graphene Quantum Dots with Pyrrole N and Pyridine N: Superior Reactive Oxygen Species Generation Efficiency for Metal‐Free Sonodynamic Tumor Therapy
Authors: Yang Siwei , Wang Xuelian , He Peng , Xu Anli , Wang Gang , Duan Junli , Shi Yiqin , Ding Guqiao 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThose responsible for the development of sonosensitizers are faced with a dilemma between high sonosensitization efficacy and good biosecurity that limited the development of sonodynamic therapy (SDT). Herein, inspired by the intriguing therapeutic features of SDT and the potential catalytic activity of graphene quantum dots, the potential of N‐doped graphene quantum dots (N‐GQDs) to act as a sonosensitizer is demonstrated. The superior sonosensitization effect of N‐GQDs is believed to be three to five times higher than that of traditional sonosensitizers (such as porphyrin, porphyrin Mn, porphyrin Zn, TiO2, etc.). More importantly, the sonochemical mechanism of N‐GQDs is revealed. Pyrrole N and pyridine N are believed to form catalytic centers in sonochemical processing of N‐GQDs. This knowledge is important from the perspective of understanding the structure‐dependent SDT enhancement of carbon nanostructure. Moreover, N‐GQDs modified by folic acid (FA‐N‐GQDs) show a high marker rate for tumor cells (greater than 96%). Both in vitro and in vivo therapeutic results have exhibited high tumor inhibition efficiency (greater than 90%) of FA‐N‐GQDs as sonosensitizers while the oxidative stress response of tumor cells is activated through the PEX pathway and induced apoptosis via the p53 pathway.
Site‐Specific Electronic Properties of [Ag25(SR)18]− Nanoclusters by X‐Ray Spectroscopy
Authors: Chen Ziyi , Walsh Andrew G. , Wei Xiao , Zhu Manzhou , Zhang Peng 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSilver nanoclusters (NCs) are of significant interest owing to their interesting structural, electronic, and catalytic properties. Among these NCs, Ag25(SR)18 is particularly attractive due to its identical geometry as its Au counterpart, Au25(SR)18. Herein, the site‐specific electronic properties of Ag25(SR)18 and Au25(SR)18 using X‐ray spectroscopy experiments and quantum simulations are presented. To overcome the final state effect observed in X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), a unique method is developed to reliably analyze the charge transfer behavior of the NCs. Density functional theory calculations are combined with XPS to provide more insight into the electronic properties of the NCs. The differences in the XPS valence bands of these two NCs are further compared and interpreted using the relativistic effect. The first derivative of the X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) spectrum is further used as a tool to sensitively probe the bonding properties of Ag25(SR)18. By combining the experimental XANES data and their site‐specific quantum simulations, the large impact of the staple motif on the bonding properties of the NC is demonstrated. These findings highlight the unique electronic properties of each atomic site in Ag25(SR)18; the effective X‐ray analysis techniques developed here can offer new opportunities for the site‐specific study of other NCs.
Discovery and Facile Synthesis of a New Silicon Based Family as Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Catalysts: A Computational and Experimental Investigation of Metal Monosilicides
Authors: He Yuan , Wang Tan‐Ling , Zhang Man , Wang Ta‐Wei , Wu Li‐Fan , Zeng Lingyong , Wang Xiaopeng , Boubeche Mebrouka , Wang Shu , Yan Kai , Lin Shi‐Hsin , Luo Huixia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractA new family of transition‐metal monosilicides (MSi, M = Ti, Mn, Fe, Ru, Ni, Pd, Co, and Rh) electrocatalysts with superior electrocatalytic performance of hydrogen evolution is reported, based on the computational and experimental results. It is proposed that these MSi can be synthesized within several minutes by adopting the arc‐melting method. The previously reported RuSi is not only fabricated more readily but eventually explored 8 MSi that can be good hydrogen evolution reaction catalysts. Silicides then can be another promising electrocatalysts family as carbides, wherein carbon has the same electronic configuration as silicon. All explored silicides electrodes exhibited low overpotentials (34–54 mV at 10 mA cm−2) with Tafel slopes from 23.6 to 32.3 mV dec−1, which are comparable to that of the commercial 20 wt% Pt/C (37 mV, 26.1 mV dec−1). First‐principles calculations demonstrated that the superior performance can be attributed to the high catalytic reactivity per site that can even function at high hydrogen coverages (≈100%) on multiple low surface energy facets. The work sheds light on a new class of electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution, with earth‐abundant and inexpensive silicon‐based compounds.
The impact of smiling cues on social cooperation
Authors: Drouvelis Michalis , Grosskopf Brit 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWhile there is a plethora of experimental studies on the effects of preplay communication on economic behavior, little is known about the impact of simple cues, such as smiling, on pro‐sociality. This article presents a comprehensive analysis exploring how the presence of a smiling opportunity affects pro‐social behavior as measured by a one‐shot linear public goods game. Our design varies (i) whether smiling is costly or costless and (ii) whether one or both members in a group are given the opportunity to smile. To test for the robustness of our results, we consider two versions of smiling cues: (i) a smiling label and (ii) a smiling face (emoji). Our findings indicate that introducing a cost for smiling has detrimental behavioral consequences regardless of the cue. Specifically, when smiling is costly, only a small minority of subjects are willing to smile as opposed to when smiling is costless. As a result, subjects contribute significantly less. These results remain the same regardless of the type of smiling cue that subjects can send. Overall, our findings provide new evidence that simple cues such as smiles embody information that influences pro‐social behavior in social interactions.
Telomerase expression marks transitional growth-associated skeletal progenitor/stem cells
Authors: Carlone Diana L. , Riba-Wolman Rebecca D. , Deary Luke T. , Tovaglieri Alessio , Jiang Lijie , Ambruzs Dana M. , Mead Benjamin E. , Shah Manasvi S. , Lengner Christopher J. , Jaenisch Rudolf , Breault David T. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Skeletal progenitor/stem cells (SSCs) play a critical role in postnatal bone growth and maintenance. Telomerase (Tert) activity prevents cellular senescence and is required for maintenance of stem cells in self-renewing tissues. Here we investigated the role of mTert-expressing cells in postnatal mouse long bone and found that mTert expression is enriched at the time of adolescent bone growth. mTert-GFP+ cells were identified in regions known to house SSCs, including the metaphyseal stroma, growth plate, and the bone marrow. We also show that mTert-expressing cells are a distinct SSC population with enriched colony-forming capacity and contribute to multiple mesenchymal lineages, in vitro. In contrast, in vivo lineage-tracing studies identified mTert+ cells as osteochondral progenitors and contribute to the bone-forming cell pool during endochondral bone growth with a subset persisting into adulthood. Taken together, our results show that mTert expression is temporally regulated and marks SSCs during a discrete phase of transitional growth between rapid bone growth and maintenance.
The UK Dangerous Dogs Act: Improved, but legally and ethically flawed
Authors: Allcock Toby , Campbell Madeleine LH 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBackground: The Dangerous Dogs Act (DDA) is considered among the most controversial pieces of legislation ever passed in the UK. Its effectiveness and how it works in practice, up until a dog and its owner are charged, has been subjected to considerable analysis. However, there has been little examination of how the DDA works after charging, nor of how courts are interpreting it.Method: We accessed legal cases from 1992 to 2019, the period in which the DDA has been in force. Each case was examined from a legal and ethical perspective, using doctrinal legal methodology and the principlism approach to ethics described by Beauchamp and Childress.Results: Analysis showed that while improvements to the function of the act have been made, substantial legal and ethical failings remain, particularly with Section 1 and the therein breed specific legislation (BSL).Conclusion: Legal failings could be partially resolved by removing the reversed burden of proof placed on dog owners and allowing a change of ownership for banned breeds. However, ethical failings could only be resolved through the abolition of BSL. Further study into whether judicial bias exists against certain breeds found to be dangerously out of control is warranted.