bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Hard Day’s Write
Authors: Duffett Mark 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Fan fiction is, ordinarily, nonprofessional writing—premised thematically on media texts, celebrities, or artistic creations. Some fanfic uses public figures as the basis for characters and is called real person fiction (RPF). Bandfic is a subgenre of RPF involving rock musicians. Slash fiction is a subset of fanfic involving same-sex intimacy between central characters. Real person slash (RPS) is a fanfic subgenre that hybridizes RPF with slash and can involve pairs of musicians. One typical Beatles fanfic story on Archive of Our Own, is listed as male-to-male romance between John Lennon and Paul McCartney and tagged with angst, love confessions, rejection, unrequited love, and period-typical homophobia. In academia, discussions about such fanfic have covered copyright, fan labor or play, fan literacy and reading practice, community-created archives, world building, identity politics, or subversion and censorship. This chapter considers a less-discussed question: how does RPF about the Beatles relate to celebrity fandom?
Periphrôn Pênelopeia
Authors: Shapiro H. A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A fine marble torso of a seated woman was found in the ruins of the palace at Persepolis that was burned down by Alexander the Great’s army in 331 bce. The statue, now in Teheran, has aroused considerable interest as a unique example of a work of High Classical Greek art that ended up at the Persian court. From comparison with fifth-century terracotta reliefs and vases, as well as Roman copies that must go back to a second, nearly identical, and now lost statue, the woman holding her head in a melancholy pose can be identified as Homer’s Penelope. A recent study by Hölscher has proposed an intriguing scenario, in which one of the two statues would have accompanied Kallias, as a diplomatic gift, when he went to negotiate a peace treaty with the Great King in 449, while the other stood on the Athenian Akropolis as Perikles’s monument to that peace. In both instances, the figure of Penelope would have symbolized the longing for peace of women, whether Greek or Persian, who waited fearfully for their husbands and sons to come home. This interpretation raises the question of the reception of Penelope in fifth-century Athens: What was she most remembered for? Was it mainly as the wife longing for her husband away at war? Did Athenian society, as Hölscher claims, increasingly see the burden of war as falling on women as the fifth century wore on? The chapter explores these questions through a combination of literary and iconographical evidence.
Introduction
Authors: Ó Dochartaigh Niall 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The introduction sets out the central aims of the book: to offer a fresh analysis of the factors that sustained violent conflict and prevented a peace settlement in Northern Ireland for so long and to elaborate the distinctive features of negotiations conducted in secret. It describes the approach taken in the book and argues that violence and negotiation must be analysed together as part of a single process of conflict transformation. It sets out the value of existing work on civil wars, contentious politics, and wartime political orders in analysing negotiation in the case of Northern Ireland. The Northern Ireland conflict provides a revelatory case of back-channel negotiation. It is one of the few conflicts for which there is extensive, reliable primary documentation of clandestine engagement through an intermediary, and this chapter introduces the unique sources on which the book draws. These include private papers, government archives, and interviews with Irish republicans, British and Irish civil servants, the key intermediary, and others.
Conclusion
Authors: Ó Dochartaigh Niall 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The Conclusion considers why it took so long to negotiate an end to the Northern Ireland conflict, examining the role of internal divisions and leadership, emphasizing the importance of strategic action, and suggesting a more agential approach to understanding peace settlements. It outlines how back-channel negotiation allowed two key parties to the Northern Ireland conflict to coordinate their actions, and to assist each other in resolving strategic dilemmas and in overcoming intra-party resistance to compromise when direct contact and open meetings were impossible. It sets out how an analysis of the conflict through the lens of negotiation can enhance understanding of the factors that make for peace agreements.
How the French Learned to Vote
Authors: Crook Malcolm 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Voting is a familiar civic activity today, yet few participants are probably aware of its long and controversial history, which was especially marked in the case of France, the country chosen for this study of how people learn to vote. Casting a ballot does not come naturally, and it also requires the technology to accomplish it, besides the legal framework to regulate it. Democratization and the development of citizenship are lengthy processes, like the achievement of free and fair elections involving a secret ballot for all adults. A great experiment with mass voting for men was initiated in France in 1789, only for recurrent upheaval to ensure that the question of who could vote, and how they did so, was frequently re-examined and revised. The entire electoral system was a constant source of partisan conflict, popular protest, and innovation, throwing the great issues around voting into particularly sharp focus. This is the first book to explore the contested and contingent practice of the vote in a comprehensive fashion, over a time span that begins before the French Revolution and concludes with the present, while according significant space to local as well as national elections. The thematic analysis will assist an understanding of those countries where democracy remains in its infancy, while also offering insight into widespread contemporary concerns about declining electoral turnout. In so far as the global adoption of voting is reflected in the context of a specific society, it will be of interest to political scientists as well as historians.
Gone Fishing
Authors: Crook Malcolm 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Non-voting has become a major issue of late as electoral participation has declined in most liberal democracies, not just in France. However, the history of voting demonstrates that this is no new phenomenon and, indeed, the problem of abstention was attracting attention from the inception of mass voting. After 1848 it would become a major preoccupation for French politicians. Proposals were frequently tabled for the vote to be made compulsory, though this would remove the liberty of not voting, while there was always disagreement over how to enforce the obligation. By the turn of the twentieth century, in the light of turnout regularly exceeding 75 per cent of the electorate, in both legislative and municipal elections, such concern might appear exaggerated. Yet the principle of representation was perceived to be at risk when electors failed to vote and there were fears that militant minorities would take control. Despite these persistent demands for compulsion, voting has remained a voluntary act in France and the civic duty to vote has been emphasized instead.
Intersectionality, Forced Migration, and the Jus-generation of the Right to Flee
Authors: Moreno-Lax Violeta 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter critiques the piecemeal approach of the Strasbourg Court to the question of access to asylum, showing how intersectionality theory can facilitate a principled shift towards an analysis that captures the complexity of refugees’ position and recovers the indivisibility of human rights. The theory calls for the multi-dimensional appreciation of human experience in a way that encompasses the whole breadth of lived realities. A similar approach is advocated herein to the construal of the law so that intersectional thinking guides not only the appraisal of factual constellations, but also the interpretation of applicable norms. Only a whole-of-person approach matched by a whole-of-legal-system interpretation can realise substantive justice in practice. This requires a holistic understanding that penetrates the full depth of individual situations and incorporates all the relevant legal provisions in cumulative fashion, acknowledging the jus-generative effects of their interaction, overcoming the limitations of current constructions of rights as disconnected from each other and from the circumstances to which they apply. In the asylum-seeking context, the outcome of the intersection between the right to leave and the right to protection against ill-treatment is the composite ‘right to leave to escape ill-treatment’ or ‘right to flee’, based on the interactive combination of existing entitlements (without the need for new law). The purchase of this method is wider than this chapter has scope to demonstrate. It can be applied to the ECHR as a whole, promoting internal consistency and supporting its development as a constitutional instrument of European public order.
Stages of Migration and the European Convention on Human Rights
Authors: Hatas Kristina 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This case list offers a guide to the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) case law pertaining to migration. While the case list does not cite every ECtHR decision related to migration, it offers a comprehensive overview of important instances of case law indicative of the ECtHR’s jurisprudence on migration. These are, for example, Grand Chamber decisions, or cases cited by the Court in its more recent case law. In addition to including key cases cited in the preceding chapters of this book, this list also includes cases identified in thematic case law guides of the ECHR and recent jurisprudence in the area of migration, notified by the ECHR in monthly updates. The cases are organised in thematic blocks, which in turn appear in the order in which they pertain to the different temporal stages of migration, from entering the destination country to the right to remain and the cultural and religious rights of long-term migrants.
Medical Ethics Models and Frameworks in Digital Health
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The four pillars of medical ethics include autonomy, justice, beneficence, and nonmalfeasance. How can these essential principles be ensured in the highly connected world of digital health? In many ways, the foundational technologies and operating models of digital health contrast with these principles. How are patient privacy and autonomy protected when patient locations and vital signs are being transmitted 15 times per second by their Apple Watches? How to curtail the epidemic of bad medical information that emanates from the Internet with unprecedented velocity, volume, and variety? In this chapter, the detailed application of medical ethics to digital health is discussed with the intent of ensuring that ethical risks are considered as prioritized risks and potential harms that must be minimized by digital health tools and solution providers.
Introducing the 10 Toxicities
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The history of medical benefit-risk assessment shows that medical benefits tend to be far easier to demonstrate and quantify. The risks, on the other hand, tend to appear in other bodily systems than those studied for benefits—a classical example being an arthritis medicine that causes cardiovascular side effects. This principle is highly relevant for digital health and requires detailed and thoughtful study. When is a side effect of elective surgery a reduction in the credit score of the patient due to data theft? How do we quantify the negative effects of the Internet on hypochondria (cyberchondria)? Quantifying accidental and inadvertent threats can be difficult; but in examining the possible side effects of digital health, one unique characteristic is the presence of a human adversary, which truly changes the paradigm.
The “Smart” Clinic
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
“Smart” devices have become ubiquitous in society and are used by almost all of us on a daily basis, but the security history of these devices is notorious due to their lack of protections. The vision of a smart clinic where real-time patient data arrives on-site before the patient, where check-in desks are no longer necessary, and where treatment and prevention advice are based upon an entirely new spectrum of biophysical and socioeconomic measures is truly compelling but also fraught with hazards. Data can be misused and misinterpreted. Unconscious bias can slip into any well-intentioned data analysis and any “fully wired” building is most likely an attack-surface nightmare. To realize the vision of smart clinics, a complete shift in mindset to “first do no harm” is essential.
Five Mitigations for the 10 Toxicities
Authors: Perakslis Eric D. , Stanley Martin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Throughout the text we have discussed the necessity of sound and comprehensive medical benefit-risk assessment of digital health tools and have introduced the 10 Toxicities: privacy, security, misinformation, charlatanism, cybersecurity, overdiagnosis, cyberchondria, medical device deregulation, and user error. To many, these hazards appear new, evolving, and, possibly, overstated. The truth is, however, that there is preexisting precedent and numerous examples for all of them. This chapter presents five mitigations for these toxicities including awareness and education, a new regulatory paradigm, professionalism and workforce development, and new models of collaboration between health care and law enforcement. Fortunately, it is not too late to get ahead of the hazards of digital health and ensure optimized benefits and minimized risks.
Introduction
Authors: Qi Xiaoying 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The introduction discusses the reasons for writing this book and provides an overview of the interview material it draws upon and the issues it deals with. It also provides detailed summaries of each of the book’s five chapters. By reporting some of the information provided by respondents in interviews, drawing on a broader background than is indicated in publicly available statistical data, as well as on findings and theories presented in the literature, the introduction details the substantive issues that are the focus of each chapter. It also provides an account of the research method employed in the study reported in the book.
Divorce
Authors: Qi Xiaoying 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Divorce in China involves not only a disengaging couple but also their children, parents, and other relatives, who all play a significant role in the process. This chapter shows that a decision to divorce, the timing of its occurrence, and the terms on which it is based, are not simply matters for the couple involved, but also affect their broader families. The responsibilities for a child’s education, eldercare for aging parents, and ongoing concern about the feelings and face of kin qualify the terms of the separation in contemporary China. The chapter also examines the surprisingly underresearched issue of the division of family property at the end of a marriage. Even though the rising rate of divorce in China has introduced a new fluidity in family structures, family ties, even after divorce, persist because persons cannot easily relinquish long-term familial commitments and responsibilities.
Spiritual Conquest
Authors: Strasburg James D. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the twentieth-century origins of Christian nationalism and Christian globalism in American Protestant missionary efforts and the First World War. It also asserts the prominence of American Protestant engagement with Germany in shaping both theological modes of engagement. Whether it was Germany’s autocratic ambitions or its liberal theology, a growing number of American Protestant ecumenists and evangelicals alike identified Germany as a major threat to their global mission. While ecumenists mobilized for war to build a new Wilsonian international order, evangelicals found inspiration in their premillennial apocalypticism to oppose Germany. The Great War and its aftermath then led both ecumenical and evangelical Protestants to see one another as rivals within their own nation. These events ultimately activated and refined competing forms of international engagement that would define America’s global mission in the decades to follow.
Zafè Fatra(The Affair of Trash) and the Affair of Scholarly Engagement
Authors: Dirksen Rebecca 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThis chapter examines the challenges and ethics of an applied ethnomusicologist working in Haiti. She scrutinizes whether the impact of ethnomusicologists and scholars, especially when dealing with nonmusical issues such as trash, can be anything more than superficial. Intimately tied to poverty, health insecurity, political uncertainty, and structural violence, trash is one of the most visible and hazardous challenges in Port-au- Prince today. Pedestrians are frequently forced to traverse piles of garbage on their daily routes, and many Haitian citizens speak of politik fatra, a “politics of trash,” that governs civic behavior to a surprising extent. Notably, the mounting trash problem has given rise to a distinct and growing musical discourse on garbage. This repertoire might be tied to mizik angaje—literally, “engaged music,” a genre-crossing expressive form featuring politically and socially engaged lyrics that has been central to the nation’s historical record from the colonial era to the present. Yet youth today are reframing this revered tradition of “throwing” pointed verbal criticisms through music. Namely, several groups of young musicians routinely use their songs to voice concerns about environmental degradation and inappropriate dumping practices, but these musicians’ engagement with trash does not end with their lyrics. Certain artists are physically trying to combat the problem and to empower their local communities toward concrete action. The chapter looks at what happens when Haitian youth use music to clean up Haiti’s streets, before reflecting more deeply on what happens when ethnomusicologists use research methodologies to encourage the process of community engagement.
Who Invented the Black Light?
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
If you ask a search engine, “Who invented the black light?,” odds are very good that the answer you will receive is “Dr. William H. Byler in 1935.” But, in fact, Dr. Byler never claimed to have invented the long-wave ultraviolet light, no such invention is recorded in any of his papers or patents, and what is certainly what we today call the “blacklight” was invented over fifteen years earlier. So who really did invent it, and how did Byler’s name and date get on it? We look into the history and development of the ultraviolet lamp and at the work of Dr. Byler.
Revolutionary Optics—Jean-Paul Marat
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
French Revolutionary Jean-Paul Marat became an icon when his friend Jacques-Louis David painted his death at the hand of Charlotte Corday (and because of Peter Weiss’s play The Persecution and Assassination of Jean-Paul Marat as Performed by the Inmates of the Asylum at Charenton under the direction of the Marquis de Sade), but most people know little more about him. Certainly it is not widely known that he was an enthusiastic student of optics. He experimented with a proto-diffraction grating, challenged the assumptions of Newton, and that demonstrated the visibility of heated air rising from various surfaces, including Benjamin Franklin’s bald head.
Why Are Candle Flames Yellow?
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Candle flames have a warm, yellow color that is prized as nostalgic and romantic. But why is this the color of a standard candle flame? The usual explanation given is that the color is due to minute particles of soot that result from combustion of the candle wax, heated to incandescence, and emitting blackbody radiation. But this explanation cannot be correct. The shape of the emission spectrum is not that of a blackbody spectrum, and the peak occurs at much too short a wavelength, given the flame’s temperature. So what physical phenomenon does dictate the properties of the light from a candle?
The Sandbow
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Several writers in the 19th century, including Florence Nightingale, recorded their impressions of a rainbow-like phenomenon seen in the desert, and assumed to be caused, not by droplets of rain, but by grains of sand. Is it, in fact, possible for spherical grains of sand to exist in a great enough quantity for thisd, for the relatively heavy sand to be lofted into the air, and to be transparent enough to produce what we have to call a “sandbow”? Speculation centered around “oolitic” sand that nucleates around organic matter and is naturally rounded, but which is translucent, rather than transparent.
Thoughtographs and the Stanhope Lens
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Ted Serios claimed to have the psychic ability to produce “thoughtographs.” He claimed that by using the power of his mind alone he could impress images on film of things that were in his mind. It seems much more likely that he used some form of trickery. A home-built optical device similar to what is called a “Stanhope lens” could perform the feat, provided he was skillful enough to distract the experimenters long enough to employ the device. Skeptics have demonstrated how such a device could be constructed and used effectively. What is a Stanhope Imager, and how might Serios have come up with the idea of using one to produce his seeming miracle photos?
Infinitely Distant
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
A conundrum—you can estimate the focal length of a positive lens by using it to project the image of a distant scene onto the wall in a darkened room. But if you try to do it by placing the lens, a focal length away from an illuminated object and looking for the point where to produces a lens-filling collimated beam, you don’t get the correct length. When you’re figuring out the behavior of images in an optical system meant to be viewed with the human eye, don’t forget to include the optics of the eye itself.
Perspective Machines, Zograscopes, Megalethoscopes, and Boites d’Optiques
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In the 18th century, there was a craze for special viewing devices that used large lenses, through which viewers looked at engraved scenes. It was claimed that such devices could produce a lively and almost three-dimensional image. But how could they get a stereo effect with only a single picture and a single lens, and no way to provide perspective information? Several such elaborate and expensive items can still be found in several museums.
How the Ray Gun Got Its Zap! Part II—Handheld Ray Guns
Authors: Wilk Stephen R. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The earliest “ray guns” in fiction were large, unwieldy devices that might more appropriately be called “ray cannons.” The devices used in stories by Washington Irving, H.G. Wells, and early 20th century science fiction writers were large devices that required their own mounts. This reflected the reality of real experimental ray devices and the various experimental “death rays” that inventors were trying to develop and sell to armies all over the world. The idea of the small, handheld ray gun changed the nature of the device in fiction and its place in pop culture forever. Now the ray gun could be a futuristic sidearm and both symbolize the future and provide a shorthand way to signal the fantastic nature of the stories.How and why did this development take place? What were the results of the change, in both Pop Culture and Real Life?