bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bioactive Chemical Compounds Identified in Extracts of Reseda sphenocleoides Leaves and Evaluation of Antiamoebic Activity In Vitro
Authors: H. Mehdi Mansour Abdulnabi , Mohsin Mohammad , Alarabi Fadel Y.S. , Omar Gozif Mohammed N. , Farooqui Mazahar , Pradhan Vidya 
Published: January 2021

Background:
Entamoeba histolytica is a causative agent of amoebiasis, estimated to
cause more than 100,000 deaths per year. Metronidazole is used to treatment of E. histolytica infection.
However, this drug has several untoward side effects, the current study was designed to analysis
of the bioactive chemical products in extracts of Reseda sphenocleoides leaves and evaluation
of anti-amoebic activity in vitro.

Methods:
Bioactive chemical compounds were tested by GC-MS and FT-IR. Entamoeba histolytica
was cultured under xenic conditions in Locke's egg (LE) medium and different concentrations
of extracts of R. sphenocleoides were added to cultivated parasites.

Results:
11 and 18 bioactive phytochemical compounds were shown in the ethanolic and aqueous
extracts of R. sphenocleoides leaves, respectively, by GC-MS analysis. FT-IR analysis of extracts
of R. sphenocleoides leaves proved the presence of many functional groups for various phytocompounds.
The ethanolic extract of R. sphenocleoides leaves was inhibited the growth of E. histolytica
in vitro at concentrations 5 and 10 mg/ml after 96 hrs of incubation. At the same time, the highest
concentration 20 mg/ml used in this study, inhibited the E. histolytica at all times of incubation.
The aqueous extract showed that there was no growth of E. histolytica at the concentrations of 5
and 10 mg/ml after 72 and 48 hrs, respectively. However, the higher concentrations (15 and 20
mg/ml) of the aqueous extract were on the growth of E. histolytica parasite during the period of incubation.
It was found that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for ethanolic and aqueous
extracts of R. sphenocleoides leaves was <15 mg/ml and <10 mg/ml, respectively.

Conclusion:
The results specify that the extracts of R. sphenocleoides has a higher capacity of reducing
E. histolytica number in vitro. Moreover, these results showed that the extracts of R. sphenocleoides
contain various bioactive compounds and therefore have various medicinal properties that
can be used for the treatment of various diseases.
An Innovative Wearable Device For Monitoring Continuous Body Surface Temperature (HEARThermo): Instrument Validation Study
Authors: Yeh Chun-Yin , Chung Yi-Ting , Chuang Kun-Ta , Shu Yu-Chen , Kao Hung-Yu , Chen Po-Lin , Ko Wen-Chien , Ko Nai-Ying 
Published: January 2021

Background
Variations in body temperature are highly informative during an illness. To date, there are not many adequate studies that have investigated the feasibility of a wearable wrist device for the continuous monitoring of body surface temperatures in humans.

Objective
The objective of this study was to validate the performance of HEARThermo, an innovative wearable device, which was developed to continuously monitor the body surface temperature in humans.

Methods
We implemented a multi-method research design in this study, which included 2 validation studies—one in the laboratory and one with human subjects. In validation study I, we evaluated the test-retest reliability of HEARThermo in the laboratory to measure the temperature and to correct the values recorded by each HEARThermo by using linear regression models. We conducted validation study II on human subjects who wore HEARThermo for the measurement of their body surface temperatures. Additionally, we compared the HEARThermo temperature recordings with those recorded by the infrared skin thermometer simultaneously. We used intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) and Bland-Altman plots to analyze the criterion validity and agreement between the 2 measurement tools.

Results
A total of 66 participants (age range, 10-77 years) were recruited, and 152,881 completed data were analyzed in this study. The 2 validation studies in the laboratory and on human skin indicated that HEARThermo showed a good test-retest reliability (ICC 0.96-0.98) and adequate criterion validity with the infrared skin thermometer at room temperatures of 20°C-27.9°C (ICC 0.72, P<.001). The corrected measurement bias averaged –0.02°C, which was calibrated using a water bath ranging in temperature from 16°C to 40°C. The values of each HEARThermo improved by the regression models were not significantly different from the temperature of the water bath (P=.19). Bland-Altman plots showed no visualized systematic bias. HEARThermo had a bias of 1.51°C with a 95% limit of agreement between –1.34°C and 4.35°C.

Conclusions
The findings of our study show the validation of HEARThermo for the continuous monitoring of body surface temperatures in humans.
Critical Care of the Surgical Patient: Principles of Study Design
Authors: Alam Hasan B , Wakam Glenn , T. Kemp Michael 
Published: January 2021

Conducting research in an intensive care unit (ICU) is both challenging and rewarding. ICU patients are heterogeneous, complex, and critically ill. Despite these challenges, the ICU is a data-rich research environment that lends itself to cutting-edge clinical investigation. To optimize research outcomes, investigators must carefully consider the principles of study design. This review discusses the most commonly used observational, experimental, and meta-analytic study designs, as well as the theoretical underpinnings of each study type. Published ICU-based research studies are used as examples to highlight key concepts.
This review contains 4 figures, 9 tables, and 33 references.
Key words: clinical research, experimental studies, intensive care, meta-analyses, observational studies, study design
Lung Cancer Part II
Authors: Crawford Jeffrey 
Published: January 2021

In the United States, lung cancer is the second most common cancer, surpassed only by prostate cancer in men and breast cancer in women. But lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths, accounting for 29% and 26% of all cancer-related deaths in men and women, respectively. The four major pathologic cell types of lung cancer are small cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma. Because they have overlapping clinical behaviors and responses to treatment, adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma are generally grouped together in the category of non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This review discusses treatment of both NSCLC and small cell lung cancer (SCLC).
This review 2 figures, 19 tables, and 90 references.
Keywords: lung cancer, mediastinoscopy, chemoradiotherapy, TNM staging system, pulmonary parenchyma, segmentectomy
Syncope
Authors: Baker Annalee M 
Published: January 2021

Syncope is a common presenting complaint in the emergency department, accounting for approximately 1 to 3% of presentations and up to 6% of admissions. Syncope is properly defined as a brief loss of consciousness and postural tone followed by spontaneous and complete recovery. Often syncope must be distinguished from other etiologies of transient loss of consciousness, such as seizures and hypoglycemia. Comprehension of the pathogenesis, clinical presentation, and prognosis of the varied causes of syncope is essential if emergency physicians are to succeed in identifying patients at risk for adverse events while also reducing unnecessary syncope admissions. This review covers the pathophysiology, stabilization and assessment, diagnosis and treatment, and disposition and outcomes of syncope. Figures show heart block, prolonged QTc and torsades de pointes, Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, and Brugada syndrome.
This review contains 6 figures, 15 tables, and 58 references.
Keywords: Syncope, near-syncope, pre-syncope, arrhythmia, dysrhythmia, sudden cardiac death, vasovagal, passing out, neurocardiogenic
Diseases Producing Malabsorption and Maldigestion
Authors: Mukherjee Rupa , Kelly Ciarán P 
Published: January 2021

Malabsorption refers to the impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. It can result from congenital defects in absorption and the transport of ions and nutrients, defects in hydrolysis within the intestinal lumen, acquired defects in the intestinal absorptive cells that line the surface of the intestine, impaired bile production, or interruption of enterohepatic circulation or secondary to pancreatic insufficiency. Maldigestion, another factor in nutrient absorption, refers to the impaired digestion of nutrients within the intestinal lumen or at the terminal digestive site of the brush border membrane of mucosal epithelial cells. Although malabsorption and maldigestion are pathophysiologically distinct, they are interdependent, and in clinical practice, malabsorption has come to signify derangements in either or both processes. This chapter discusses the clinical manifestations of malabsorption and tests for suspected malabsorption. The diseases that can cause malabsorption, their diagnosis, and treatment recommendations are included. Figures illustrate the diagnosis and management of celiac disease; an approach to gluten challenge for the diagnosis or exclusion of celiac disease in patients maintained on a gluten-free diet without previous definitive diagnostic testing; and the histologic features of celiac disease, Crohn disease, collagenous sprue, autoimmune enteropathy, eosinophilic gastritis, and intestinal lymphangiectasia.
This review contains 9 figures, 25 tables, and 116 references.
Keywords: Malabsorption, maldigestion, Crohn disease, celiac disease, tropical sprue, diarrhea, endoscopy, short bowel syndrome, bacterial overgrowth
Infections due to Brucella, Francisella, Yersinia pestis, and Bartonella
Authors: Liles W. Conrad 
Published: January 2021

Brucellosis, tularemia, (bubonic) plague, and bartonellosis are zoonoses (i.e., infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans) caused by gram-negative bacilli. The causative agents of these diseases are Brucella species, Francisella tularensis, Yersinia pestis, and Bartonella species, respectively. Infected arthropods, such as ticks or fleas, can serve as vectors for the transmission of tularemia, (bubonic) plague, and bartonellosis. In general, the diagnosis of these zoonoses requires the physician to consider the clinical presentation (which is not always distinctive) in light of the epidemiology of these diseases. This chapter contains discussions of epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and differential diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis of brucellosis, tularemia, plague, and Bartonella infections (including trench fever, cat-scratch disease, and bacillary angiomatosis). Also included are tables outlining diagnosis and treatment and a figure showing the distribution of tularemia in the United States from 1990 to 2000.
This review contains 1 highly rendered figure, 2 tables, and 81 references.
Helminthic Infections
Authors: Van Voorhis Wesley C 
Published: January 2021

Helminthic parasites are multicellular worms that possess differentiated organ systems. They (with a few exceptions) do not replicate in the human host, and they tend to elicit eosinophilia within the tissues and blood of infected humans. Helminthic parasites include nematodes (roundworms), cestodes (tapeworms), and trematodes (flukes). The major intestinal nematodes are roundworm, pinworm, hookworm, whipworm, and Strongyloides stercoralis. Trichinellosis is caused by five species of the nematode Trichinella and develops after ingestion of infected meat, usually pork or the meat of certain carnivores. Nematode infections of the major tissue are anisakiasis, visceral larva migrans,Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection, mammomonogamosis (syngamosis), gnathostomiasis, dracunculiasis, and filariasis. Trematode and cestode infections are also described in this chapter, including infections by fish, beef, and pork tapeworms, as well as cysticercosis. Disease from Paragonimus, Clonorchis, Fasciola, Fasciolopsis, and Schistosoma is covered. Echinococcus infection and hydatid cyst disease are discussed. Tables describe intestinal nematode infection and treatment and filarial parasites of humans. Figures illustrate a variety of helminthic parasites and their life cycles.
This review contains 136 references.
Glomerular Diseases - Part I
Authors: Bonegio Ramon G.B. , Salant David J. 
Published: January 2021

Some disease processes that affect the glomerulus are acute and self-limited, whereas others lead to progressive loss of renal function. Glomerular diseases cause more than half the cases of chronic kidney disease. This chapter first briefly reviews normal glomerular structure and function, clinical classifications, terminology, diagnosis, and epidemiology of glomerular disease. Pathogenesis of glomerular injury is discussed, and then more detailed approaches to diagnosis. General principles in the management of glomerular diseases are presented. Specific glomerular diseases and their management, discussed at length, are divided into nephritic, nephrotic, and nephritic-nephrotic syndromes. Figures illustrate the pathogenesis and findings on light microscopy, electron microscopy, and immunostaining of a variety of glomerular diseases, including poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis, IgA nephropathy, anti–glomerular basement membrane disease, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), membranous nephropathy, and membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN).
This review contains 9 figures, 25 tables, and 68 references.
Keywords: Glomerulonephritis, nephritic syndrome, nephrotic syndrome, microscopy, urinalysis, proteinuria, hematuria, nephropathy, Henoch-Schönlein purpura, nephritis
Acute Kidney Injury - Part I
Authors: Sanders Paul W , Agarwal Anupam 
Published: January 2021

Acute renal failure (ARF) has been defined as a syndrome in which an abrupt decrease in renal function produces retention of nitrogenous waste products. Translating this abstract description into a clinically useful, accurate, and widely accepted definition has been challenging, in large part because of the focus on serum creatinine concentration, which is easily obtained but has the inherent limitation of poor detection of rapid or subtle, but clinically important, changes in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). In recent years, therefore, the term acute kidney injury (AKI) has replaced ARF because AKI denotes the entire clinical spectrum from mild increases in serum creatinine to overt renal failure. AKI is defined by the Risk-Injury-Failure-Loss-ESRD (RIFLE) criteria, based on serum creatinine concentration and urine flow rate. The Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN) subsequently modified the definition further and divided AKI into three stages. This chapter includes discussions of the etiology and diagnosis of AKI in hospitalized patients and community-acquired AKI. The specific causes, management, and complications of AKI are also discussed. Figures illustrate the pathophysiologic classification of AKI and the effect of hyperkalemia on cardiac conduction—electrocardiogram (ECG) changes. A worksheet for following patients with AKI is provided.
This review contains 3 figures, 21 tables, and 46 references.
Keywords:Acute kidney injury, dialysis, contrast, rhabdomyolysis, nephropathy, urinalysis, multiple myeloma, ethylene glycol, sepsis, hepatorenal syndrome
Acute Bacterial Meningitis
Authors: Roos Karen L. 
Published: January 2021

Acute bacterial meningitis is a life-threatening infection. By definition, meningitis is an infection of the meninges and the subarachnoid space. Bacterial meningitis is associated with an inflammatory response that involves the meninges, the subarachnoid space, the brain parenchyma, and the cerebral arteries and veins. As such, bacterial meningoencephalitis is the more accurate descriptive term. This chapter discusses the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology and pathogenesis, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, treatment, complications, and prognosis of the disease. The discussion of diagnosis covers clinical manifestations, physical examination findings, laboratory tests, and imaging studies. The discussion of treatment covers empirical therapy, specific antimicrobial therapy, and dexamethasone therapy. Graphs compare causative organisms and clinical manifestations of community-acquired meningitis. Illustrations depict proper patient positioning for detecting nuchal rigidity, Kernig sign, Brudzinski sign, and lumbar puncture, as well as a sagittal view of a lumbar puncture needle as it is advanced into the subarachnoid space. An algorithm delineates the approach to the patient with symptoms and signs of bacterial meningitis. Tables outline bacterial pathogens based on predisposing and associated conditions, cerebrospinal fluid diagnostic studies for meningitis, the appearance of the organism on a Gram stain, empirical antimicrobial therapy based on predisposing and associated conditions, recommendations for specific antibiotic therapy in bacterial meningitis, and recommended doses for antibiotics commonly used in the treatment of bacterial meningitis.

This chapter contains 8 highly rendered figures, 6 tables, 75 references, 1 teaching slide set, and 5 MCQs.
Wound Management and the Utility of Adjunctive Technologies in Diabetic Limb Salvage
Authors: Elmarsafi Tammer , Steinberg John S 
Published: January 2021

As the projected prevalence of diabetes worldwide advances, the need for comprehensive treatments becomes paramount. Diabetes is estimated to afflict over 430 million people by the year 2030. It is without question that complications associated with poorly managed diabetes become a threat to the limbs and lives of this cohort. A targeted, specific, and comprehensive algorithm toward the management of lower extremity pathology related to diabetes is an essential public health endeavor. This review is aimed at addressing three key areas: surgical and adjunctive management options for diabetic lower extremity ulcerations, the challenges of lower extremity salvage, and to provide an introduction to the utility of advanced wound management technologies. An emphasis directed at understanding risks and benefits of each modality is discussed. An analysis of available biologic allografts and skin substitutes will be provided in the context of our working knowledge in regenerative medicine and wound treatments.

This review has 5 figures and 45 references
Key Words: amputation, biologics, debridement, diabetes, infection, , limb salvage, negative pressure wound therapy, peripheral arterial disease, , ulcer
Iliac Artery Aneurysms
Authors: Politano Amani D , Cherry Kenneth J. 
Published: January 2021

The terminal abdominal aorta divides into the common iliac arteries at the L4 level. At the level of the sacrum, the common iliac arteries divide into the external iliac arteries and internal iliac (hypogastric) arteries. This review covers aneurysms of the iliac arteries, with discussion of the anatomy, clinical evaluation, investigative studies, management, and follow-up imaging. Figures show common presenting configurations of iliac artery aneurysms, examples of open repair techniques for common iliac artery aneurysms, example of internal iliac artery revascularization in the setting of common iliac artery aneurysm repair, examples of endovascular repair techniques for common iliac artery aneurysms, complex hybrid repair of multiple iliac aneurysms, examples of open repair techniques for internal iliac artery aneurysms, and examples of endovascular repair for internal iliac artery aneurysms. Tables list normal diameters reported by the Subcommittee on Reporting Standards for Arterial Aneurysms, rate of growth of aneurysms based on size at presentation, presenting signs and symptoms of iliac artery aneurysm, and location, rupture, and mortality reported in the literature.
This review contains 7 highly rendered figures, 4 tables, and 91 references
Keywords: Iliac artery aneurysms; IAA; Common iliac artery aneurysms; Internal iliac artery aneurysm; IIAA; External iliac artery aneurysm
Seguimiento de egresados, telebachillerato comunitario Campeche. Estudio de caso
Authors: Núñez Amaro Thelma 
Published: January 2021

El presente documento contiene los resultados obtenidos de un estudio de seguimiento de egresados del servicio educativo telebachillerato comunitario del estado de Campeche, el cual se llevó a cabo con el propósito de valorar la pertinencia del servicio mediante el análisis de la trayectoria de sus egresados y el tránsito que han tenido al nivel superior . La metodología que se ha seleccionado fue el estudio de casos múltiples, con un enfoque cualitativo y un alcance descriptivo. Para ello se consideraron 516 egresados de las generaciones 2013-2016, 2014-2017, 2015-2018 y 2016-2019 de los 19 planteles que conforman el servicio educativo. Los resultados muestran que han egresado durante las cuatro generaciones 516 jóvenes, de los cuales 279 son hombres y 237 mujeres; asimismo, 139 egresados se encuentran estudiando, lo que corresponde a 26.93 % del total. Este dato es particularmente importante por la necesidad de facilitar el tránsito a nivel superior. Igualmente, se registró que 316 egresados se encuentran laborando en actividades diferentes a su formación profesional (es decir, desarrollo comunitario), pues principalmente realizan labores del campo, del hogar o trabajan de forma independiente.
Los resultados obtenidos plasman la necesidad de establecer mecanismos para fortalecer la formación integral que reciben para incidir positivamente en su comunidad y para transitar al nivel superior de forma satisfactoria.
Biochemical Controversies Regarding the Use of Vegetal Proteins in Performance Athletes
Authors: Bătrînu Mădălina-Georgiana , Tero-Vescan Amelia , Miklos Amalia 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Consumption of animal proteins is increasingly contested by those who choose a vegetarian diet, but for athletes, protein quality is a key component in optimizing athletic performance. The purpose of this article is to provide a nutritional guide for the vegetarian athlete who does not have to give up nutritional preferences to achieve performance in sports, and well-informed counseling by respecting principles of biochemistry can overcome the already known deficiencies of vegetal proteins in certain amino acids. The second aim of this paper is to recommend methods to assess protein quality by consulting the recommendations of the world’s most important regulatory agency in the field of nutrition and food quality: the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). In conclusion, even though vegetal proteins have a lower anabolic effect due to their low digestibility and a limited quantity of essential amino acids (especially leucine) and that amino acids of vegetal origin are more likely directed towards oxidative metabolism than towards anabolic processes, recent studies present strategies (consuming higher amounts of vegetal proteins, dietary supplements with amino acids) through which a well-planned vegetarian diet can have similar benefits to omnivorous diet regarding stimulating endogenous protein synthesis.