bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competitive Coordination of Chloride and Fluoride Anions Towards Trivalent Lanthanide Cations (La3+ and Nd3+) in Molten Salts
Authors: Jiang Shilin , Lan Jianhui , Wang Lin , Liu Yalan , Zhong Yuke , Liu Yichuan , Yuan Liyong L.‐Y. , Zheng Lirong , Chai Zhifang , Shi Weiqun 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMolten salt electrolysis is a vital technique to produce high‐purity lanthanide metals and alloys. However, the coordination environments of lanthanides in molten salts, which heavily affect the related redox potential and electrochemical properties, have not been well elucidated. Here, the competitive coordination of chloride and fluoride anions towards lanthanide cations (La3+ and Nd3+) is explored in molten LiCl‐KCl‐LiF‐LnCl3 salts using electrochemical, spectroscopic, and computational approaches. Electrochemical analyses show that significant negative shifts in the reduction potential of Ln3+ occur when F− concentration increases, indicating that the F− anions interact with Ln3+ via substituting the coordinated Cl− anions, and confirm [LnClxFy]3−x−y (ymax=3) complexes are prevailing in molten salts. Spectroscopic and computational results on solution structures further reveal the competition between Cl− and F− anions, which leads to the formation of four distinct Ln(III) species: [LnCl6]3−, [LnCl5F]3−, [LnCl4F2]3− and [LnCl4F3]4−. Among them, the seven‐coordinated [LnCl4F3]4− complex possesses a low‐symmetry structure evidenced by the pattern change of Raman spectra. After comparing the polarizing power (Z/r) among different metal cations, it was concluded that Ln−F interaction is weaker than that between transition metal and F− ions.
Weiße Leuchtdioden als moderne Leuchtmittel
Authors: Baur Florian , Jüstel Thomas 
Published: June 2021

ZusammenfassungDie Verbreitung von Leuchtmitteln auf Basis von Halbleiter‐LEDs in der Allgemeinbeleuchtung ist in den letzten Jahren stetig gewachsen. Dies ist besonders im Hinblick auf ihre hohe Energieeffizienz von Bedeutung, da etwa 20 % des weltweiten Stromverbrauchs in der Beleuchtung anfallen. Da LED‐Leuchtmittel im Vergleich zu Glühlampen sehr vielfältige Emissionsspektren ermöglichen, sind zur Beschreibung ihrer Eigenschaften viele Parameter notwendig. Während bei Glühlampen die Angabe der Leistung in Watt zur grundlegenden Klassifizierung ausreicht, erfordert ein LED‐Leuchtmittel zumindest die Angabe von Lichtstrom, Farbtemperatur und Farbwiedergabe, um dem Anwender einen Eindruck ihrer Eigenschaften zu vermitteln. Kommerzielle LED‐Leuchtmittel beruhen fast ausschließlich auf dem Prinzip der Leuchtstoffkonversion. Die Wahl der Leuchtstoffmischung ist daher die Basis für die optischen Eigenschaften des LED‐Leuchtmittels. Durch die Entwicklung und den Einsatz neuer Leuchtstoffe nähern sich LED‐Leuchtmittel in Bezug auf Farbwiedergabe und ‐temperatur den (Halogen)Glühlampen immer weiter an.
Single Atom Catalysts: A Review of Characterization Methods
Authors: Kottwitz Matthew , Li Yuanyuan , Wang Haodong , Frenkel Anatoly I. , Nuzzo Ralph G. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractSingle atom catalysts (SACs) harbor a potential to exceed nanoparticle catalysts in terms of activity, stability and selectivity in a growing number of chemical reactions. Although their investigation is attracting significant attention, important fundamental questions focusing on key physicochemical properties of SACs (e. g., structure – property relationships, structural dynamics, reaction‐driven restructuring) remain unanswered. A main challenge for research in the field is how to reliably characterize the environments of single atoms in the presence of complicating factors such as low weight loadings, strong metal‐support interactions, and atomic and multiscale heterogeneity of bonding in the single atom sites. This review addresses this challenge – identifying catalytically relevant features of physicochemical properties of single atoms (charge state, electronic structure, atomic configuration, bonding interactions with a support) and surveying advanced tools/methods for characterizing them. The review places a strong emphasis on multimodal methods exploiting X‐ray absorption, emission and photoelectron spectroscopies, and provides several examples from the authors’ research that demonstrate their use as powerful tools for SAC characterization.
Characterization and Functional Analysis of Tumor‐Derived Microparticles
Authors: Ma Jingwei , Tang Ke , Zhang Huafeng , Wei Keke , Huang Bo 
Published: June 2021

AbstractMicroparticles (MPs) are heterogeneous populations of cell‐derived vesicles that play an important role in intercellular communications. The release of MPs by tumor cells is a very common event in tumor microenvironments (TMEs). Tumor cell−derived MPs (T‐MPs) contain a variety of bioactive molecules, thus modulating various biological processes, including the regulation of immune cell phenotype and function, as well as immune responses. Moreover, T‐MPs can be used as natural carriers to deliver therapeutic drugs into tumor cells and immune cells, thus remodeling TMEs and modifying anti‐tumor immune responses. These features allow T‐MPs to function as potential biomaterials to be applied in tumor immunotherapies and vaccines. This article describes protocols for the isolation of T‐MPs from supernatants of cultured tumor cells by multi‐step centrifugations. Tools and protocols are also provided in order to characterize and validate the isolated MPs and to analyze the interaction between T‐MPs and different target cells. © 2021 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.Basic Protocol 1: Isolation of tumor cell‐derived microparticles by multi‐step centrifugationsBasic Protocol 2: Characterization and validation of tumor cell−derived microparticlesBasic Protocol 3: Functional analysis of the uptake of tumor cell−derived microparticles by different cell types
A high output resistance, wide bandwidth, and low input resistance current mirror using flipped voltage follower cell
Authors: Jindal Caffey , Pandey Rishikesh 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe paper proposes a current mirror designed using the current sensor structure of class‐AB flipped voltage follower cell at the input stage and super cascode structure at the output stage. The proposed current mirror offers low input resistance due to the current sensor at the input stage and high output resistance due to super cascode configuration at the output stage. The proposed current mirror offers a good dynamic range of 0 to 300 μA with less copying error of 0.54%, wide bandwidth of 319.8 MHz, high output resistance of 19.8 GΩ, and low input resistance of 161.34 Ω. The proposed current mirror is designed using BSIM3V3 180‐nm CMOS technology and simulated using spectre in the Cadence Virtuoso analog design environment at room temperature. The Cadence Virtuoso layout XL editor has been used to design the physical layout of the proposed current mirror. The pre‐layout and post‐layout simulation results of the proposed current mirror have been shown to validate its performance. The Monte Carlo analysis has also been performed to analyze the effects of process variations and mismatches on the performance of the proposed current mirror.
Effects of human activity on the habitat utilization of Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana) in Zoige wetland
Authors: Zhou Shuailing , Krzton Ali , Gao Shuai , Guo Cheng , Xiang Zuofu 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHuman activity is increasingly and persistently disturbing nature and wild animals. Affected wildlife adopts multiple strategies to deal with different human influences. To explore the effect of human activity on habitat utilization of Himalayan marmot (Marmota himalayana), habitat utilization patterns of three neighboring marmot populations in habitats affected differently by human activities were recorded and compared. We found that (a) distance between reproductive burrows (a represent of reproductive pairs) becomes shorter under the influence of human activities, and more burrows were dug as temporary shelters, resulting in shorter distance between those shelters and shorter distance flee to those shelters and, consequently, shorter flight initiation distance when threatened. More burrows that are closer to the disturbed habitats improve the ability to escape from threats. (b) Reproductive burrow site selection of the species is determined by the availability of mounds in the habitat, and breeding pairs selectively build reproductive (also the hibernation) burrows on mounds, potentially to improve surveillance when basking and the drainage of burrows. Human activities generally drive breeding pairs away from the road to dig their reproductive burrows likely to reduce disturbance from vehicles. However, even heavy human activity exerts no pressure on the distance of reproductive burrows from the road or the mound volume of the high disturbance population, potentially because mounds are the best burrowing site to reproduce and hibernate in the habitat. Marmots deal with disturbance by digging more burrows in the habitat to flee more effectively and building reproductive burrows on mounds to gain better vigilance and drainage efficiency.
Environmental and anthropogenic influences on spatiotemporal dynamics ofAlosain Chesapeake Bay tributaries
Authors: Bi Rujia , Jiao Yan , Weaver L. Alan , Greenlee Bob , McClair Genine , Kipp Jeff , Wilke Kate , Haas Carola , Smith Eric 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAmerican Shad (Alosa sapidissima), Hickory Shad (A. mediocris), and river herrings (AlewifeA. pseudoharengusand Blueback HerringA. aestivalis) are anadromous pelagic fishes, which as adults spend most of the annual cycle at sea, but enter the coastal rivers in spring to spawn. Once as one of the most valuable fisheries along the Atlantic coast,Alosapopulations have declined in recent decades and current populations are at historic lows. Various management actions have been conducted to restore the populations, and stocks in different river systems display different demographic trends. Demonstration of synthetic diagnostics on the factors impacting these populations is important to better conserve this species group. We developed a Bayesian hierarchical spatiotemporal model to identify the population trends of these species among rivers in the Chesapeake Bay based on results of surveys conducted by the Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries and Maryland Department of Natural Resources and to identify environmental and anthropogenic factors influencing their distribution and abundance. The hierarchical model structure helped to diagnose river‐specific population trends and impacts of surrounding factors, and decrease uncertainties in rivers with less samples available. The results demonstrate river‐specific heterogeneity of spatiotemporal dynamics of these species and indicate river‐specific impacts of multiple factors, including water temperature, river flow, chlorophyllaconcentration, and total phosphorus concentration, on their population dynamics. Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation and Gulf Stream meanders displayed significant influence on the inter‐annual trends ofAlosaspecies in rivers with more data available. The results would help to develop river‐ and species‐specific management strategies to recover these species.
Quantifying behavior and life‐history events of an Arctic ungulate from year‐long continuous accelerometer data
Authors: Chimienti Marianna , van Beest Floris M. , Beumer Larissa T. , Desforges Jean‐Pierre , Hansen Lars H. , Stelvig Mikkel , Schmidt Niels Martin 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBio‐logging technology is now the golden standard for assessing how individual animals change their movement and behavior over time and space. Three‐dimensional accelerometer data, in particular, can provide extremely detailed information on individuals' activity and energetics associated with critical life‐history events, such as reproduction and mortality. Applications, where accelerometer data have been recorded over sufficiently long periods of time to quantify how individuals modulate their activities when facing seasonality, environmental constraints, and how this might affect life‐history events, remain rare, however. We collected high‐resolution accelerometer data, over an entire year, from seven muskox females (Ovibos moschatus) with different reproductive statuses moving in the high‐Artic. Individual‐specific hidden Markov models (HMMs) were built based on overall dynamic body acceleration (ODBA) and pitch. Snow depth was included as a dependent structure to incorporate the dominant environmental constraint on muskox activity. We used GPS and vaginal implant transmitter data to further clarify the behavioral partition and to validate calving and mortality events. We detected lower ODBA recordings during periods with increased snow depth, suggesting that snow influences animal velocity and movement‐related (energetic) costs. Time budgets and behavioral switching showed clear seasonal patterns, with distinct signatures depending on individuals' survival and reproductive status. Individuals that ultimately died drastically reduced time spent foraging/searching for food during winter, between February and May when snow depth is highest, while increasing time spent transiting/being highly active. This pattern could indicate failure to acquire sufficient food resources. Overall, individuals that survived the Arctic year spent greater amounts of time foraging yet with high individual variability in time spent foraging and transiting. Individuals that gave birth showed marked behavioral shifts at parturition times with a clear reduction in foraging behavior and increased activity. We show how long‐term high‐resolution accelerometer data analyzed within HMM frameworks can successfully be used to detect environmental‐dependent behavioral changes with implications for life‐history events. Such information opens up opportunities to study life‐history events in more detail and will facilitate integration of data at both individual and population levels, which is critical for management and conservation of species.
Landscape complexity persists as a critical source of bias in terrestrial animal home range estimation
Authors: Heit David R. , Ortiz‐Calo Waldemar , Montgomery Robert A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractHome ranges provide a conceptual and quantitative representation of animal‐habitat associations over time. Methods to estimate home ranges have swiftly progressed by dynamically accounting for various sources of bias. Across that period of growth, one potentially influential source of bias has yet to be robustly scrutinized. Animals inhabiting the terrestrial spatial domain make movement decisions in environments with variable landscape complexity. Despite that reality, home range estimation methods tend to be informed by two‐dimensional (2D) data (i.e., x and y coordinates), which analytically presume that these landscapes are flat. This analytical tendency potentially misrepresents the configuration and size of animal home range estimates. To examine the prevalence of this bias, we reviewed literature of terrestrial animal home range estimation published between 2000 and 2019. We recorded the proportion of studies that (1) recognized and (2) incorporated landscape complexity. Over 22.0% (n = 271) of the 1,203 studies recognized the importance of landscape complexity for animal movement. Interestingly, just 0.7% (n = 8) incorporated landscape complexity into the home range estimation. We infer then that landscape complexity represents an important source of bias resulting in the underestimation of terrestrial animal home range size. Given the influence of landscape complexity on terrestrial animal decision making, energetics, and fitness, our analysis highlights an important gap in current home range methodologies. We discuss the implications of our analysis for biased understandings of terrestrial animal spatial ecology with subsequent impacts on management and conservation practices built upon these estimates.
Long‐term persistence of experimental populations beyond a species' natural range
Authors: Cross Regan L. , Eckert Christopher G. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractEcological experiments usually infer long‐term processes from short‐term data, and the analysis of geographic range limits is a good example. Species' geographic ranges may be limited by low fitness due to niche constraints, a hypothesis most directly tested by comparing the fitness of populations transplanted within and beyond the range. Such studies often fail to find beyond‐range fitness declines strong enough to conclude that geographic range limits are solely imposed by niche limits. However, almost all studies only follow transplants for a single generation, which will underestimate the importance of niche limitation because critical but infrequent range‐limiting events may be missed and methodological issues may artificially boost the fitness of beyond‐range transplants. Here, we present the first multi‐generation beyond‐range transplant experiment that involves adequate replication and proper experimental controls. In 2005, experimental populations of the coastal dune plantCamissoniopsis cheiranthifoliawere planted at four sites within and one site beyond the northern limit. Fitness of initial transplants was high beyond the limit, suggesting that the range was limited by dispersal and not niche constraints. To better address the niche‐limitation hypothesis, we quantified density and fitness of descendantC. cheiranthifoliapopulations 12–14 yr (˜10 generations) after transplant. Average annual fruit production and density of reproductive individuals were as high beyond the range as at four comparable experimental populations and eight natural populations within the range, and the beyond‐range population had more than tripled in size since it was planted. This provides unprecedented support for the conclusion that northern range limit ofC. cheiranthifoliaresults from something other than niche limitation, likely involving constraints on local dispersal.
Sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor‐induced euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Cavka Luka , Bencak Ferko Urska , Pitz Natasa , Trpkovski Zoranco , Lainscak Mitja 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe number of patients receiving sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is), especially those with heart failure, is increasing worldwide. SGLT2is control glycaemia by triggering glycosuria with simultaneous facilitation of a more ketogenic metabolic profile. Patients therefore are more prone to develop euglycaemic diabetic ketoacidosis (euDKA), an entity largely unknown beyond diabetes care professionals. We present a heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) patient with known Type 2 diabetes. He was treated with dapagliflozin and presented acutely with dyspnoea, hyperglycaemia, and ketoacidosis. After standard treatment for diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycaemia was corrected, while metabolic ketoacidosis persisted, and thus, euDKA was suspected. With adequate therapy, the patient recovered completely and was discharged without any sequelae. To the best of our knowledge, our case is the first to describe SGLT2i‐induced euDKA in HFpEF patients. Regarding no previous reports of euDKA in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, our report is highly relevant for ongoing SGLT2i trials in HFpEF and clinical practice in general.
Assessing the Impact of Ambient Fabrication Temperature on the Performance of Planar CH3NH3PbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Molenda Zuzanna , Chambon Sylvain , Bassani Dario M. , Hirsch Lionel 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe ambient fabrication temperature inside the glove box is found to play an important role in determining the overall power conversion efficiency in solar cells based on CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPI) hybrid organic‐inorganic perovskites. We find that a variation of the ambient temperature of only 10 °C during the fabrication process has a crucial impact on both the reproducibility and the efficiency of the devices. Atomic Force Microscopy, XRD, UV‐Vis absorption spectroscopy, and electroluminescence studies have been carried out to investigate the origin of this behavior. We conclude that the partial vapor pressure variation of the solvent impacts the crystallization process, inducing an increased density of traps within the bandgap of the perovskite.
The role of G‐protein‐coupled receptor kinase 2 in diabetic mechanical hyperalgesia in rats
Authors: Xu Xiu‐Hua , Du Rui‐Qin , Li Lin , Yang Lin‐Lin , Zhang Yi , Li Quan‐Min 
Published: June 2021

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have indicated a negative correlation between GRK2 expression and pain development and transmission. Here, we investigated whether G‐protein‐coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) was involved in regulating diabetic mechanical hyperalgesia (DMH).MethodsThe adeno‐associated viral vectors containing the GRK2 gene (AAV‐GRK2) were used to up‐regulate GRK2 protein expression. The expression of GRK2 and exchange protein directly activated by cyclic adenosine monophosphate 1 (Epac1) in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of lumbar 4–6 was detected via immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry, and the transfection of the GRK2 gene was detected by immunofluorescence.ResultsLow levels of GRK2 were able to sustain STZ‐induced pain in DMH rats. Intrathecal injection of AAV‐GRK2 vector up‐regulated GRK2 expression, providing pain rain to rats with DMH. With an increase in DMH duration, there was a decrease in paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) value, aggravating the pain, resulting in a decreasing pattern in GRK2 protein expression over time, whereas Epac1 protein expression showed an opposite trend.ConclusionGRK2 expression regulated DMH progression and is expected to play a role in the development of targeted therapy for DMH. GRK2 and Epac1 expressions play a vital role in maintaining pain in DMH rats.
Polyaniline Nanowire Arrays Deposited on Porous Carbon Derived from Raffia for Electrochemical Detection of Imidacloprid
Authors: Liu Lei , Guo Jiawei , Ding Longhua 
Published: June 2021

AbstractAn electrochemical sensor based on raffia derived porous carbon (RPC) and polyaniline (PANI) composite functional glass carbon electrode (GCE) was constructed for imidacloprid (IMI) determination. PANI nanowire arrays were deposited on RPC surface uniformly without aggregations. The electrochemical response of IMI at RPC@PANI/GCE is about four times than that at bare GCE, indicating high electrocatalytic activity of RPC@PANI towards IMI reduction. The prepared sensor also offers a wide linear range of 0.1–70 μg mL−1 for IMI determination with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.03 μg mL−1. In addition, it offers high recoveries with testing real samples.
An Electrochemical Aptamer Biosensor for Bisphenol A on a Carbon Nanofibre‐silver Nanoparticle Immobilisation Platform
Authors: Tsekeli Tebogo R. , Tshwenya Luthando , Sebokolodi Tsholofelo I. , Ndlovu Thabile , Arotiba Omotayo A. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractA nanocomposite platform of silver nanoparticles and carbon nanofibres (AgCNFs) was used to immobilise a bisphenol A specific 63‐mer ssDNA aptamer to form a biosensor. The fabrication process of the biosensor was studied with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry in the presence of [Fe(CN)6]3−/4− as redox probe. The biosensor detected bisphenol A in a linear range of 0.1–10 nM, with a limit of detection of 0.39 nM using square wave voltammetry (SWV). The biosensor exhibited good selectivity in the presence of interfering species at 100‐fold concentrations and was used to detect BPA in real water sample.