bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GENETIC CONTROL OF PHOSPHATE-METABOLIZING ENZYMES IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA: RELATIONSHIPS AMONG REGULATORY MUTATIONS
Authors: Littlewood Barbara S , Chia William , Metzenberg Robert L 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
In Neurospora crassa, the phosphate-metabolizing enzymes are made during phosphate starvation, but not under phosphate sufficiency. The synthesis of these enzymes is controlled by three regulatory genes: pcon-nuc-2, preg and nuc-1. pcon-nuc-2 and preg are closely linked. A model of the hierarchical relationships among these regulatory genes is presented. Studies of double mutants and revertants confirm several predictions of the model. It has been found that nuc-2 (null) and pconc (constitutive) mutations reside in the same cistron. pregc (constitutive) mutations are epistatic to nuc-2 mutations. nuc-1 (null) mutations are epistatic to all others.
RESOLUTION OF AN EQUIVOCAL GENETIC ELEMENT IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER: ORGANIZATION OF THE MAROON-LIKE LOCUS
Authors: Duck Peter , Chovnick Arthur 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Despite extensive prior study, an understanding of the genetic organization of the maroon-like locus (ma-l:1-64.8) has been elusive. A large-scale, three-point fine structure recombination experiment is described, whose results provide documentation for an inescapable argument that maroon-like is a single element rather than a polycistronic system.
GENIC HETEROZYGOSITY AND VARIATION IN PERMANENT TRANSLOCATION HETEROZYGOTES OF THE OENOTHERA BIENNIS COMPLEX
Authors: Levy Morris , Levin Donald A 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Genic heterozygosity and variation were studied in the permanent translocation heterozygotes Oenothera biennis I, Oe. biennis II, Oe. biennis III, Oe. strigosa, Oe. parviflora I, Oe. parviflora II, and in the related bivalent formers Oe. argillicola and Oe. hookeri. From variation at 20 enzyme loci, we find that translocation heterozygosity for the entire chromosome complex is accompanied by only moderate levels of genic heterozygosity: 2.8% in Oe. strigosa, 9.5% in Oe. biennis and 14.9% in Oe. parviflora. Inbred garden strains of Oe. argillicola exhibited 8% heterozygosity; neither garden nor wild strains of Oe. hookeri displayed heterozygosity and only a single allozyme genotype was found. The mean number of alleles per locus is only 1.30 in Oe. strigosa, 1.40 in Oe. biennis, and 1.55 in Oe. parviflora, compared to 1.40 in Oe. argillicola. Clearly, the ability to accumulate and/or retain heterozygosity and variability has not been accompanied by extraordinary levels of either. Clinal variation is evident at some loci in each ring-former. A given translocation complex may vary geographically in its allozymic constitution. From gene frequencies, Oe. biennis I, II, and III, Oe. strigosa and Oe. hookeri are judged to be very closely related, whereas Oe. argillicola seems quite remote; Oe. parviflora is intermediate to the two phylads. Gene frequencies also suggest that Oe. argillicola diverged from the Euoenothera progenitor about 1,000,000 years ago, whereas most of the remaining evolution in the complex has occurred within the last 150,000 years.
RECESSIVE LETHAL AMBER SUPPRESSORS IN YEAST
Authors: Brandriss Marjorie C , Soll Larry , Botstein David 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Recessive lethal amber suppressor mutations have been isolated in a diploid strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Diploids carrying these suppressors upon sporulation yield asci with only two live spores, both lacking the suppressor. At least two classes of recessive lethal suppressors exist. Aneuploid strains carrying one wild type and one suppressor locus have been isolated and used in mapping studies; one suppressor maps on chromosome III, the other does not.
EVIDENCE OF PREFERENTIAL PAIRING OF CHROMOSOMES AT MEIOSIS IN ANEUPLOID YEAST
Authors: James A P , Inhaber Elizabeth R 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Meiotic pairing in homothallic S. cerevisiae was studied by tetrad analysis, using strains that were trisomic or tetrasomic for chromosome I. The disomic segregants of these strains produce tetrasomic spore colonies that can be distinguished by their phenotype. Results indicated the existence of preferential pairing and nonrandom assortment of chromosomes at meiosis I. The frequency of crossing over is apparently normal in at least some regions when non-preferred pairing occurs.
REGULATION OF GENE ACTIVITY BY DOSAGE COMPENSATION AT THE CHROMOSOMAL LEVEL IN DROSOPHILA
Authors: Stewart Barbara R , Merriam John R 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
Two models of dosage compensation have been tested by the measurement of G6PD and 6PGD enzymatic specific activities in flies hyperploid for regions of the X chromosome. Females duplicated for the proximal half of the X chromosome (2½ X's) have an increased level of G6PD and a normal level of 6PGD. Females duplicated for the distal half of the X chromosome (2½ X's) have a normal level of G6PD and an increased level of 6PGD. Males bearing duplications of various segments of the X chromosome show control levels of G6PD and 6PGD, except where the duplicated region includes the structural gene for G6PD or 6PGD. These results fail to provide evidence for either the presence of discrete X-linked compensator (regulator) genes reducing the activity of other X-linked genes, or for a factor in limiting supply necessary for the transcription of all the genes on the X chromosome. Superfemales (3 X chromosomes) have the same G6PD and 6PGD activity levels as their diploid sisters. It would appear that the regulation of gene activity by dosage compensation is a chromosomal phenomenon in that the level of activity per gene copy for loci on the X chromosome is modulated in a stepwise fashion according to the total number of X chromosomes present.
GENE DUPLICATION AS A MECHANISM OF GENETIC ADAPTATION IN SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Hansche Paul E 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
It has been shown that specific mutations of the gene that codes for the general acid monophosphatase (Aphtase) of S. cerevisiae can increase the affinity of this enzyme for β-glycerophosphate (BGP) and thereby provide this organism with the capacity to exploit extremely low concentrations of this organic phosphate (Francis and Hansche 1973). In this report two additional avenues are demonstrated to be available to this organism for increasing its capacity to exploit low concentrations of organic phosphates. One avenue is through mutations that increase the amount of Aphtase that associates with the cell wall, where it catalizes the hydrolysis of exogenous organic phosphates. The other avenue is through duplication of the gene that codes for Aphtase, doubling the amount of Aphtase synthesized. — The spontaneous duplication of the structural gene of Aphtase and the incorporation of the duplicate into this experimental population as a means of exploiting low concentrations of exogenous organic phosphates provides direct support for the first step of the mechanism through which new metabolic functions are postulated to evolve.
Modified frequency–Bessel transform method for dispersion imaging of Rayleigh waves from ambient seismic noise
Authors: Xi Chaoqiang , Xia Jianghai , Mi Binbin , Dai Tianyu , Liu Ya , Ning Ling 
Published: January 2021

SUMMARYAmbient noise surface wave methods have gained much attention among geophysical and civil engineering communities because of their capability of determining near-surface shear wave velocities in highly populated urban areas. Higher mode information of surface waves is important in dispersion curve inversion for shear wave velocity structure. The frequency–Bessel (F-J) transform method is an effective tool for multimode surface wave extraction, which has been applied to multiscale investigations of the Earth structure. The measured dispersion energy with the F-J method, however, would usually be contaminated by a type of ‘crossed’ artefacts at high frequencies, which are caused by spatial aliasing and bidirectional velocity scan of dispersion analysis methods. The ‘crossed’ artefacts usually cross and smear the true dispersion energy in the frequency–velocity domain. We propose a modified F-J (MFJ) transform method in which the Bessel function is replaced by the Hankel function for dispersion analysis of empirical Green's function. The MFJ method performs a unidirectional velocity scanning on the outgoing wave to avoid the ‘crossed’ artefacts. Synthetic and real-world examples demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed MFJ method in improving the accuracy of Rayleigh wave multimode dispersion measurements.
Downregulation of long non-protein coding RNA MVIH impairs glioblastoma cell proliferation and invasion through an miR-302a-dependent mechanism
Authors: Cardoso Ana M , Morais Catarina M , Rebelo Olinda , Tão Hermínio , Barbosa Marcos , Pedroso de Lima Maria C , Jurado Amália S 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is the most frequent and malignant type of brain tumor, for which no effective therapy exists. The high proliferative and invasive nature of GB, as well as its acquired resistance to chemotherapy, makes this type of cancer extremely lethal shortly after diagnosis. Long non-protein coding RNAs (lncRNA) are a class of regulatory RNAs whose levels can be dysregulated in the context of diseases, unbalancing several physiological processes. The lncRNA associated with microvascular invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma (lncRNA-MVIH), overexpressed in several cancers, was described to co-precipitate with phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1), preventing secretion of this enzyme to the extracellular environment and promoting cell migration and invasion. We hypothesized that, by silencing the expression of lncRNA-MVIH, the secretion of PGK1 would increase, reducing GB cell migration and invasion capabilities. We observed that lncRNA-MVIH silencing in human GB cells significantly decreased glycolysis, cell growth, migration, and invasion and sensitized GB cells to cediranib. However, no increase in extracellular PGK1 was observed as a consequence of lncRNA-MVIH silencing, and therefore, we investigated the possibility of a mechanism of miRNA sponge of lncRNA-MVIH being in place. We found that the levels of miR-302a loaded onto RISC increased in GB cells after lncRNA-MVIH silencing, with the consequent downregulation of several miR-302a molecular targets. Our findings suggest a new mechanism of action of lncRNA-MVIH as a sponge of miR-302a. We suggest that lncRNA-MVIH knockdown may be a promising strategy to address GB invasiveness and chemoresistance, holding potential towards its future application in a clinical context.
Mitochondria: their role in spermatozoa and in male infertility
Authors: Boguenet Magalie , Bouet Pierre-Emmanuel , Spiers Andrew , Reynier Pascal , May-Panloup Pascale 
Published: January 2021

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe best-known role of spermatozoa is to fertilize the oocyte and to transmit the paternal genome to offspring. These highly specialized cells have a unique structure consisting of all the elements absolutely necessary to each stage of fertilization and to embryonic development. Mature spermatozoa are made up of a head with the nucleus, a neck, and a flagellum that allows motility and that contains a midpiece with a mitochondrial helix. Mitochondria are central to cellular energy production but they also have various other functions. Although mitochondria are recognized as essential to spermatozoa, their exact pathophysiological role and their functioning are complex. Available literature relative to mitochondria in spermatozoa is dense and contradictory in some cases. Furthermore, mitochondria are only indirectly involved in cytoplasmic heredity as their DNA, the paternal mitochondrial DNA, is not transmitted to descendants.OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALThis review aims to summarize available literature on mitochondria in spermatozoa, and, in particular, that with respect to humans, with the perspective of better understanding the anomalies that could be implicated in male infertility.SEARCH METHODSPubMed was used to search the MEDLINE database for peer-reviewed original articles and reviews pertaining to human spermatozoa and mitochondria. Searches were performed using keywords belonging to three groups: ‘mitochondria’ or ‘mitochondrial DNA’, ‘spermatozoa’ or ‘sperm’ and ‘reactive oxygen species’ or ‘calcium’ or ‘apoptosis’ or signaling pathways’. These keywords were combined with other relevant search phrases. References from these articles were used to obtain additional articles.OUTCOMESMitochondria are central to the metabolism of spermatozoa and they are implicated in energy production, redox equilibrium and calcium regulation, as well as apoptotic pathways, all of which are necessary for flagellar motility, capacitation, acrosome reaction and gametic fusion. In numerous cases, alterations in one of the aforementioned functions could be linked to a decline in sperm quality and/or infertility. The link between the mitochondrial genome and the quality of spermatozoa appears to be more complex. Although the quantity of mtDNA, and the existence of large-scale deletions therein, are inversely correlated to sperm quality, the effects of mutations seem to be heterogeneous and particularly related to their pathogenicity.WIDER IMPLICATIONSThe importance of the role of mitochondria in reproduction, and particularly in gamete quality, has recently emerged following numerous publications. Better understanding of male infertility is of great interest in the current context where a significant decline in sperm quality has been observed.
Science, social networks, and collaboration: an analysis of publications in fisheries science from 1990 to 2018
Authors: Olson Julia , Pinto da Silva Patricia 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Understanding the nature of collaboration underpinning scientific work in fisheries is critical to building the social foundations for effective scientific progress in addressing complex socio-ecological systems. We examine the nature of interdisciplinary work in fisheries through an analysis of nearly three decades of peer-reviewed papers authored by researchers affiliated with NOAA Fisheries’ Northeast Fisheries Science Center in the United States. Using social network analysis, and approaches novel to scientometrics such as grounded theory building, we map and analyse the relationships between authors of different disciplinary backgrounds, visualize these changing networks over time, and evaluate the nature of collaboration with a particular emphasis given to the integration of the social sciences. Our analysis suggests that areas of research such as ecosystem-based management and climate change have helped create synergies between the natural and social sciences, pointing to the importance of organizational changes promoting multiple perspectives, the institutionalization of integrated approaches, and openness to diverse understandings.
Comparative Functional Anatomy of Marmoset Brains
Authors: Kaas Jon H 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Marmosets and closely related tamarins have become popular models for understanding aspects of human brain organization and function because they are small, reproduce and mature rapidly, and have few cortical fissures so that more cortex is visible and accessible on the surface. They are well suited for studies of development and aging. Because marmosets are highly social primates with extensive vocal communication, marmoset studies can inform theories of the evolution of language in humans. Most importantly, marmosets share basic features of major sensory and motor systems with other primates, including those of macaque monkeys and humans with larger and more complex brains. The early stages of sensory processing, including subcortical nuclei and several cortical levels for the visual, auditory, somatosensory, and motor systems, are highly similar across primates, and thus results from marmosets are relevant for making inferences about how these systems are organized and function in humans. Nevertheless, the structures in these systems are not identical across primate species, and homologous structures are much bigger and therefore function somewhat differently in human brains. In particular, the large human brain has more cortical areas that add to the complexity of information processing and storage, as well as decision-making, while making new abilities possible, such as language. Thus, inferences about human brains based on studies on marmoset brains alone should be made with a bit of caution.
Intrapulmonary Vaccination Induces Long-lasting and Effective Pulmonary Immunity Against Staphylococcus aureus Pneumonia
Authors: Fan Xin , Li Ning , Xu Meiyi , Yang Decheng , Wang Beinan 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
Staphylococcus aureus causes community- and hospital-acquired pneumonia linked to a high mortality rate. The emergence and rapid transmission of multidrug-resistant S. aureus strains has become a serious health concern, highlighting the challenges associated with the development of a vaccine to combat S. aureus pneumonia.

Methods
This study evaluated the effects of intrapulmonary immunization on the immune response and protection against S. aureus lung infection in a respiratory mouse model using a subunit vaccine.

Results
Compared with the intranasal immunized mice, the intrapulmonarily immunized mice had lower levels of pulmonary bacterial colonization and lethality, accompanied by alleviated lung inflammation with reduced proinflammatory cytokines and increased levels of interleukin-10 and antimicrobial peptide following intrapulmonary challenge. Optimal protection was associated with increased pulmonary antibodies and resident memory T cells. Moreover, intrapulmonary immunization provided long-lasting pulmonary protection for at least 6 months, with persistent cellular and humoral immunity in the lungs.

Conclusions
Vaccine reaching the deep lung by intrapulmonary immunization plays a significant role in the induction of efficacious and long-lasting immunity against S. aureus in the lung parenchyma. Hence, intrapulmonary immunization can be a strategy for the development of a vaccine against S. aureus pneumonia.
Immunization through the intrapulmonary route with a subunit of S. aureus vaccine elicited tissue resident memory T cells and antigen-specific antibodies in the lungs, and provided optimal and long-term protection against S. aureus pneumonia.
Identification and Characterization of Chemical Constituents in HuaTanJiangQi Capsules by UPLC-QTOF-MS Method
Authors: Li Chenhui , Fang Wei , Wu Qingqing , Yao Zhaomin , Wu Jie , Huang Peng , Wang Dianlei , Li Zegeng 
Published: January 2021

Abstract

Background
HuaTanJiangQi (HTJQ) is a classical Chinese medicine compound preparation, mainly used for clinically treating and improving chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in China.

Objective
To establish a rapid and efficient analytical method for the identification and characterization of chemical constituents in HTJQ based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS).

Method
UPLC-QTOF-MS was used to rapidly separate and identify the chemical constituents of HTJQ via a gradient elution system. The accurate mass data of the protonated and deprotonated molecules and fragment ions were detected in positive and negative ion modes. Compounds of HTJQ can be identified and assigned by analyzing accurate mass measurements and ion fragmentation mechanisms and comparing them with a chemical compositions database.

Results
A total of 61 compounds in HTJQ were separated and identified, including 14 flavonoids, 16 organic acids, four isothiocyanic acids, eight butyl phthalides, two alkaloids, 10 terpenoids, four methoxyphenols and furanocoumarins, and three other compounds. The chemical compounds of HTJQ were identified and elucidated comprehensively for the first time.

Conclusions
A rapid, accurate, and efficient UPLC-QTOF-MS method has been developed for the identification of chemical components and applied to simultaneously evaluate the quality and effectiveness of HTJQ.

Highlights
Systematic identification of chemical constituents in HTJQ can provide a scientific and reasonable basis for the application of HTJQ in the clinical treatment of COPD.
Solo dwarfs II: the stellar structure of isolated Local Group dwarf galaxies
Authors: Higgs C R , McConnachie A W , Annau N , Irwin M , Battaglia G , Côté P , Lewis G F , Venn K 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
The Solo (Solitary Local) Dwarf Galaxy survey is a volume-limited, wide-field g- and i-band survey of all known nearby (&lt;3 Mpc) and isolated (&gt;300 kpc from the Milky Way or M31) dwarf galaxies. This set of 44 dwarfs is homogeneously analysed for quantitative comparisons to the satellite dwarf populations of the Milky Way and M31. In this paper, an analysis of the 12 closest Solo dwarf galaxies accessible from the Northern hemisphere is presented, including derivation of their distances, spatial distributions, morphology, and extended structures, including their inner integrated light properties and their outer resolved star distributions. All 12 galaxies are found to be reasonably well described by two-dimensional Sérsic functions, although UGC 4879 in particular shows tentative evidence of two distinct components. No prominent extended stellar substructures, which could be signs of either faint satellites or recent mergers, are identified in the outer regions of any of the systems examined.
The correlation of high-redshift galaxies with the thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich effect traces reionization
Authors: Baxter Eric J , Weinberger Lewis , Haehnelt Martin , Iršič Vid , Kulkarni Girish , Pandey Shivam , Roy Anirban 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT
We explore a potential new probe of reionization: the cross-correlation of high-redshift galaxies with maps of the thermal Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (tSZ) effect. We consider two types of high-redshift galaxies: Lyman break galaxies (LBGs) and Lyman-α emitters (LAEs). LBGs and LAEs will be detected in large numbers at high redshift (z ≈ 4–7) by ongoing and future surveys. We consider a future LBG sample from The Rubin Observatory Legacy Survey of Space and Time, and a selection of LAEs modelled after the Subaru SILVERRUSH programme, but covering a much larger sky fraction. The tSZ effect is sensitive to a line-of-sight integral of the ionized gas pressure, and is measured across large patches of sky using multifrequency cosmic microwave background (CMB) surveys. We consider forecast tSZ maps from CMB Stage 4 and more futuristic observations. Using a suite of hydrodynamical simulations, we show that LBGs and LAEs are correlated with the tSZ signal from reionization. The cross-spectra between LBGs/LAEs with tSZ maps contain information about the reionization history of the Universe, such as the distribution of bubble sizes, and could be used to directly measure the timing of reionization. The amplitude of the signal is small, however, and its detectability is hindered by low-redshift contributions to tSZ maps and by instrumental noise. If the low-redshift contribution to the observed tSZ signal is suppressed by masking of massive haloes, a combination of overlapping futuristic CMB and galaxy surveys could probe this signal.