bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trend of bed load material and bed load transport in Sungai Kenau for year 2013 until 2020
Authors: Nadiatul Adilah A A G , Lukman M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
A study was carried out to determine the trend of bed load material characteristic and bed load transport rate in Sungai Kenau at Sungai Lembing, Kuantan, Pahang between year 2013 until 2020. Sediment is a material that can be moved and deposited to the new location through the river. This study will be focusing in bed load transport as it is the key component to determine the sediment transport rate in the river. Two sampling station have been chosen to measure the bed load transport in year 2013 until to 2020. Schocklitsh and Duboys equation was used to predict sediment transport load and it was compared with measured sample from Helly-Smith equipment. The collected sample was analysed to determine the trend of bed load material and bed load transport in Sungai Kenau for year 2013 until 2020. According to Duboys calculation the highest bed load transport rate is Sample 1 with 0.013220 lb/sec and the lowest is on Sample 5 with 0.002310 lb/sec both of the samples are taken on the same station but on the different day. Meanwhile according to Schocklitsh calculation the highest bed load transport rate is Sample 7 with 3.79374 lb/sec and the lowest is on Sample 5 with 1.98018 lb/sec both of the samples also taken on the same station but on the different day. It can be sure that the higher flow rate of the river the higher bed load transport rate. It can be obtain that according to Wentworth Scale the median grain size in Sungai Kenau were between 0.68 mm to 2.6 mm where the bed material can be classified as coarse sand to the very fine gravel.
Effects of Crumb Rubber at Different Sizes in Asphalt Mixtures on Mechanical Properties
Authors: Alakhali A K , Yahaya F M , Almalik M A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
High vehicles loads due to increasing the road users are one of the main issues affecting the asphalt pavement surface and its performance by resulting various problems such as fatigue cracking and other deformations due to road overloading caused by vehicles loads. The use of crumb rubber in asphalt pavements has attracted increasingly growing attention and become one of the factors that increase the strength of the pavement. Crumb rubber is used to improve asphalt binder properties and pavement performance since it contributes as an additive material in the structural applications and reducing the environmental problem. The main contribution and purpose of this research is to investigate the effectiveness of adding crumb rubber into the asphalt by using the wet method. There were two different amounts of crumb rubber content used in this study (2.5 % and 3.5 % of the overall asphalt mixture weight) and two different crumb rubber sizes (0.6 mm and 0.3 mm) that were examined in this study. In addition to this study, asphalt grade 60/70 penetration grade. The performance of the modified binder is comparatively evaluated with an unmodified binder to find the best modifier. The evaluation is done through conducting the comparison between results obtained from modified and unmodified asphalt samples using Marshall stability, flow and resilience modulus test. The results from this study shows crumb rubber is an efficient material to be used as an additive to asphalt binder since it contributes in better performance by increasing the strength and stiffness of pavement and can be used for future development.
The application of green roof for stormwater quantity and quality improvement
Authors: Romali N S , Othman N S , Mhd Ramli N N 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The use of green roof is becoming increasingly worldwide because of its environmental, economic, and aesthetic benefits. The ability to retain storm water and improve the quality of effluent flow are the important characteristics of green roof. It is viewed as a best technology to minimize the negative impact of urbanization. However, the application of green roof in Malaysia is less and literatures regarding these is limited. An attempt has been made to evaluate the performances of green roof in improving the water quantity and quality of stormwater runoff. A lab-scale green roof with five component layers which are vegetation layer using creeping ox-eye and beach morning glory, topsoil substrate layer, non-woven geotextile filter layer, drainage plate layer and liquid waterproofing layer was used. Results indicated that the green roof with creeping ox-eyes shows a better performance in reducing peak flow with as high as 41% percentages of reduction compared to beach morning glory (15%). On the other hand, the green roof with beach morning glory manage to improve the concentration of COD up to 99% improvement while the green roof with creeping ox-eye shows a better performance in improving BOD with 17% reduction.
Compressive Strength of Concrete Containing Laterite Stone and Palm Oil Clinker as Fine Aggregate Replacement
Authors: Shahid K A , Muthusamy K , Ghazali N 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The high dependency of construction industry on supply of river sand has initiated research to find other alternative materials that can be used as partial sand replacement in concrete production. Two types of material, that is palm oil clinker (POC) which continuously produced waste from local palm oil industry and freely available laterite aggregate on earth surface have been investigated its potential to be used as partial sand replacement in concrete. The present research was carried out to determine the workability and compressive strength of concrete containing laterite aggregate and crushed palm oil clinker as partial fine aggregates replacement. Concrete mixes have been prepared by integrating various proportions of laterite aggregate and palm oil clinker by weight of river sand. The compressive strength test was conducted on the continuously water cured specimens at 7, 14 and 28 days. The results showed a perfect combination of fine laterite and fine palm oil clinker on S1 (25% of FL + 25% of FPOC) as partial fine aggregate replacement contributed towards enhancement of concrete strength.
Effect of Different Positions of Hollow Section on the High Strength Concrete Beam
Authors: Rokiah O , Mohd Arif S , Chong B W , Wong C W , Youventharan D , Ramadhansyah P J , Nadiatul Adilah A A G 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Today, the construction industry is continuously looking for lighter and high strength concrete (HSC) beams especially for high rise building. This research reported the effect of different positions of hollow section on the HSC beam containing eggshell powder (ESP) as partial cement replacement and tire crumb (TC) as partial sand replacement. Sustainable and high strength concrete is now widely used as a structural component like beam, slab and wall due to environmental impact. The hollow section also can reduce the dead loads which contribute to seismic effect in high rise buildings. Furthermore, eggshell is an agricultural waste that is generally considered worthless and is mostly disposed of because it leads to pollution, but it has similar properties as lime that used to be raw material to produce cement. In this study, 10% TC is used as partial sand replacement to produce a green concrete to make it more sustainable in construction. The experimental program consists of casting and testing high strength concrete beams of size 150 x 200 x 1500 mm with different positions of circular hollow sections. To study the flexural behaviour, all beams are tested after 28 days of curing subjected to four-points bending test in order to analyse the effect of different position of hollow section on the strength, deflection and mode of failure of HSC beam. Based on the experimental result, solid beam (SB) exhibits the higher strength with maximum loading of 156.45kN and flexural strength up to 39.11N/mm2. Besides, one hollow beam (OHB) and two vertical hollow beams (TVHB) show a better result in deflection compared to solid beam (SB). However, the two horizontal hollow beam (THHB) exhibits better performance in strength, with nearly 6.5% less than the SB. Conclusively, the position of the hollow beam affects the strength and deflection of the beam. All the beams experienced shear crack and flexural crack. The two horizontal hollow beams (THHB) can be used as a light structure beam of a building especially for the roof beam which receives less loading from the roof.
Recycling of coal bottom ash (CBA) as cement and aggregate replacement material: a review
Authors: Embong R , Kusbiantoro A , Muthusamy K , Ismail N 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The construction sector is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions that contribute to global warming. Therefore, utilizing ‘green and recycled by-products’ in construction is a measure towards a sustainable future. Coal Bottom Ash (CBA) generated from thermal power plants has increases in production. This causes disposal problems. However, due to the ongoing depletion of natural limestone in cement production and aggregate in construction, this material may be used as a recycled construction material. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of CBA’s physical and chemical properties and the impact on the use of CBA as aggregate or cement. A small volume of CBA can substitute fine aggregates without compromising the strength of the concrete. Further research remains to be carried to explore the potential of this material in producing concrete with enhanced strength.
Effect of Fly Ash as Partial Cement Replacement on Workability and Compressive Strength of Palm Oil Clinker Lightweight Concrete
Authors: Ghazali N , Muthusamy K , Embong R , Rahim I S A. , Muhamad Razali N F , Yahaya F M , Ariffin N F , Wan Ahmad S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Environmental pollution caused by waste disposal namely palm oil clinker and fly ash from palm oil industry and coal power plant respectively needs to be resolved. The present investigation explores the influence of fly ash (FA) as partial cement replacement on workability, compressive strength and flexural strength of palm oil clinker lightweight aggregate concrete. A total of five types of mixes consisting 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% FA as cement replacement were used. All specimens were subjected to curing process by immersing it in water until the testing date. Concrete specimens were subjected to compressive strength and flexural strength test at 7 and 28 days. Incorporation of fly ash as partial cement replacement influences the fresh and hardened properties of this lightweight aggregate concrete. This novel finding shows that integration of up to 20% FA increases workability and contribute to strength enhancement of palm oil clinker lightweight aggregate concrete.
Impact of Bauxite Mining on Quality of Life: An Analysis of Road Users
Authors: Rosli N , Rahman R A , Razelan I S M , Ismail A , Hasan M 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Mining activities are often associated with various adverse effects. Until now, most research focuses on the environmental, occupational, and health impacts of mining activities. However, existing literature lacks information on mining activities’ impact on the quality of life of surrounding road users. Therefore, this research aims to compare the quality of life of road users between bauxite and non-bauxite areas. To achieve that objective, questionnaire survey data from road users were collected and analyzed. The findings suggest that the affected road users have an overall significantly lower health- related quality of life than the control group. Specifically, the affected road users have significantly lower physical-, psychological-, and social-related quality of life. While numerous other factors might influence the participants’ quality of life, respondent demographic and road satisfaction variables have a low to a negligible relationship with the quality of life in this study. This research’s key contribution is by identifying the impact of mining activities on road users in a developing country.
Analysis of Potential Extreme Drought using Integrated Statistical Model
Authors: Tukimat N N A , Othman A S , Rahmat S N 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Frequent extreme drought especially in urban area is majorly connected with the changes of the global climate and drastic releases of greenhouse emissions in the earth system. It becomes significant in identifying how frequent the potential drought event in the long term and how big its impact to the existence water sources. Due to this concern, the integrated statistical model has been used to estimate the potential extreme drought in Pahang state, Malaysia. The Representative Concentration Pathways in three radiation levels known as RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 provided by IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5) were implemented to produce the plausible future weather scenarios in the different radiation levels. The results revealed the climate changes could alter the seasonal trend and intensity with small rises in average 7%/year (rainfall) and 0.2 °C/decade (temperature). Although the rainfall was expecting to increase however almost 42% of Pahang state is expected to receive lower rainfall intensity than the historical annual rainfall. Estimated the drought events potentially to occur in 20 % from upcoming 80 years with every station has high probability to drought at least twice times. For the RCPs performances, the RCP4.5 potentially to produce more frequent drought compared to other RCPs.
Estimation of the Potential Trend Changes on the Streamflow with Climatic Responses Consideration
Authors: Tukimat N N A , Rahmat S N , Winarta B 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Uncontrolled rapid development will create the negative effects especially to the unstable climate variability. In Malaysia, the huge impact to this trend changes can be examined during North-East monsoon. The most of rivers in the Eastern parts of Malaysia are exposed to the drastic and unexpected water level (WL) rises. The objective of this study was to estimate the potential changes on streamflow at Sg Yap with climate change impact. Sg Yap is a part of Pahang River basin and recorded as the worst affected area of flooding in year 2017. Thus, the integration of climate model (SDSM) considered the representative concentration pathway (RCPs) and rainfall-runoff model (IHACRES) were implemented. According to the results, the selected predictors for climate simulation were successfully to have good association with the local rainfall and temperature stations. High correlation (>0.79) and least of percentage error (<21.51%) as proved the accuracy and reliability of the findings. In the long term projection, the temperature was expected to decrease in average 6%. Meanwhile the long term rainfall trend was slightly similar to the historical trend with small percentage of decrement in the annual rainfall as -8.1% (RCP2.6), -10.2% (RCP4.5), -10.8% (RCP8.5). Thus, the long term streamflow at this region is expected to decrease with 20.9%, 22.1%, and 27.9% by RCP2.6, RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, respectively. Therefore, the relationship between rainfall-runoff can be estimated in the ratio of 1:3 (RCP2.6), and 1:2 (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5).
Study on the improvement of the torsional bracing system designing process for steel shaped I simply supported beam bridge
Authors: Nguyen K V , Huynh C A L , Nguyen H D H , Van N D , Nguyen N T , Nguyen P G , Huynh T N 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
For a long time, the steel bridge structure has been concentrated in the highway and bridge construction industry because of several advantages like high strength material, simple manufacture, and rapid construction. However, this structure still has a few remarkable disadvantages when designing the bridge structure and one of them is the overall stability of the main girders in the construction stage. This research illustrates that a system of discrete bracing along the girders’ length adopted to handle the problem effectively. From the result, the optimally designing process of the bracing system for Steel I girder simple span bridges verified against the finite element method (FEM). However, the frame forming the bracing system has not been checked by the specific process yet, especially the compressuon member, which can cause the instability of each bracing appurtenance in both the construction and exploitation stage. Therefore, the continuing research significantly adds checking the load capability and buckling of compression frames. The expected result in this research is as follows: 1) Checking members of the bracing system added in the design process. 2) The members of the bracing system promote their ability of resisting the lateral-torsional displacement of girders, and their strength ensured. 3) Designing the intermediate bracing system (IBS), which based only on the overall stability of bridge structure without caring about the strength of its members, is not enough.
Ground Motion Observation of Sabah Earthquakes on the Use of Next Generation Attenuation (NGA) Ground-Motion Models
Authors: Harith N S H , Ramadhansyah P J , Adiyanto M I , Ramli N I 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Ground motion prediction equations (GMPEs) are being used for the estimation of the ground motion parameters which are needed for the design and evaluation of important structures. The seismic hazard may contribute greatly to the total risk; therefore the selection of appropriate GMPEs may have a substantial influence on the design and safety evaluation. For low-seismicity areas, however, the available database of strong ground motion measurements is limited, with determination of an appropriate GMPE been a rather difficult task. The objective of this study is to evaluate the next generation attenuation (NGA) ground-motion models to be applied in Sabah region. In this study, six next generation attenuation (NGA) models have been selected to be evaluated. The representation of all NGA models, are compared with the Sabah ground motion database comprises 209 two horizontal-component acceleration time series recorded within 10 to 1000 km of source to site distances for 173 earthquakes with moment magnitudes (M
W
) ranging between 3.0–6.0. The comparisons are made using analyses of root of the mean square (RMS) and residuals. Two GMPEs present better residual fits than other models with smaller RMS value and indicates better estimation of the peak ground acceleration (PGA). Based on these findings, it is recommended on using the NGA relations for seismic hazard assessment of Sabah.
Prediction of Flexural Behavior of Woven Reinforced for Concrete Reinforcement
Authors: Zulkarnain M , Mukhtar Z Z , Khosim N A Md , Ramadhansyah P J , Adiyanto M I , Mohd Haziman W I 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Plain concrete possesses very low tensile strength, limited ductility and little resistance to cracking. Fibers glass-reinforced concrete supposed to improve the strain properties well as crack resistance, ductility, as flexural strength and toughness. This paper aims to predict the flexural behavior of fiber-glass reinforced concrete and optimize the beam design by applying woven layer in M35 grade concrete using finite element method. The several techniques were implemented to study flexural performance, woven position on bottom, middle and upper surface and several woven thickness layers employed to investigate flexural performance such as 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mm for beam size of 100 × 100 × 500 mm. It found that the flexural strength increased by positioned the woven on the bottom side and it given the improvement in designing when the layer thickness of fiber varied. It is because the fiber usually reduces the brittleness of concrete by providing post cracking ductility and increase toughness. The difference flexural strength between 50mm and 40mm thickness of fiberglass is about 1.29%.
Newly Developed Aggregate Gradation for Five Asean Countries
Authors: Jasni N E , Masri K A , Ramadhansyah P J , Mohammed A A , Mohamed Jaafar Z F , Mashros N 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the new aggregate gradation of the porous asphalt (PA) mixture in five Asean countries including Malaysia, Indonesia, Vietnam, Thailand and Singapore. The PA aggregate gradation need to be developed as it may suit all of the countries and the air voids content for Asean countries can be standardized. This study was carried out to investigate the air voids properties. Several aggregate testing should be conducted in order to get the new porous asphalt aggregate gradation that suits all Asean countries. Sieve analysis test was conducted to see the patterns of the aggregate gradation curve. Sieve analysis test were tested three times for each of the countries to get the best average. The results were then plotted in one graph for all countries to be evaluated. From the analysis, Singapore specification started with 0.075mm, followed by 0.15mm, 0.3mm, o.6mm and 2.36mm are seems to have all the criteria in terms of aggregate gradations for fine aggregate and the rest are from Thailand aggregate specification for lower line while for upper line, Vietnam specifications were proved to have all the criteria within all five countries gradations.
A review on nanomaterials as additive in asphalt binder
Authors: Masri K A , Nur Syafiqah S M Z , Seman M A , Ramadhansyah P J , Yaacob H , Mashros N 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Nowadays pavement tends to experience extra loadings and deteriorates faster than expected. There are various ways that has been done in order to withstand permanent deterioration such as adding fibers, polymers and waste materials. Some shows a good enhancement in the terms of fatigue life and dynamic creep. Nanotechnology is being expanded in the highway area thus, nanomaterials such as nano silica, nano clay, iron oxide nanoparticles and others are being incorporated in asphalt as modifier or additives. Some of the nanomaterials improves the mechanical performance of asphalt mixture and increase fatigue life. This review paper discusses the advantages of using nanomaterials in asphalt as an additive
Volumetric Properties and Abrasion Resistance of Stone Mastic Asphalt Incorporating Eggshell Powder
Authors: Masri K A , Ganesan E , Ramadhansyah P J , Doh S I , Jasni N E , Al-Saffar Z H , Mohammed A A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Stone Mastic Asphalt (SMA) is designed to improve durability and life span of road pavement through the use of a stable stone-on-stone skeleton held together by a rich mixture of asphalt. However, over time the structure is subjected to damage from cracking, rutting, stripping and rapid aging under the effects of repeated vehicle loading, hot climates and heavy rainfall. Previous studies proved that eggshell is capable to enhance the strength and durability of concrete. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate the performance of these stone mastic asphalt mixtures with the eggshell powder and overcome the issue that is related to SMA. A mixture contains varying percentages of eggshell powder were assessed to check which samples gives the best performance as per the requirement by using laboratory tests which are LA Abrasion and volumetric properties. Results indicated that eggshell powder can effectively recover and enhance abrasion resistance of asphalt and increases the marshal stability of SMA. SMA mixtures modified with eggshell powder produce the performance enhancement of SMA as a road surfacing material. It is concluded that the asphalt mixtures containing eggshell powder could be increases the stability and strength of the mix.