bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron microscopy for imaging organelles in plants and algae
Authors: Weiner Ethan , Pinskey Justine M , Nicastro Daniela , Otegui Marisa S 
Published: September 2021

AbstractRecent developments in both instrumentation and image analysis algorithms have allowed three-dimensional electron microscopy (3D-EM) to increase automated image collections through large tissue volumes using serial block-face scanning EM (SEM) and to achieve near-atomic resolution of macromolecular complexes using cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) and sub-tomogram averaging. In this review, we discuss applications of cryo-ET to cell biology research on plant and algal systems and the special opportunities they offer for understanding the organization of eukaryotic organelles with unprecedently resolution. However, one of the most challenging aspects for cryo-ET is sample preparation, especially for multicellular organisms. We also discuss correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) approaches that have been developed for ET at both room and cryogenic temperatures.
Exploring the relationship between political partisanship and COVID-19 vaccination rate
Authors: Ye Xinyuan 
Published: September 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlthough increasing COVID-19 vaccination rates is critical to end the pandemic, vaccination goals are far from being achieved. Political partisanship may be a risk factor for getting the COVID-19 vaccine. This study examines the association between the political partisanship and vaccination rate at the county-level and quantifies the differences between the Democratic and Republican parties.MethodsData are from CDC, the NY Times, and the US Census and American Community Survey. Linear regressions are used to test the relationships between the political partisanship and COVID-19 vaccination rate at the county level. The dependent variable is the cumulative COVID-19 vaccination rate each month between January and August, 2021 and the explanatory variables are the county political partisanship and interaction terms between political partisanship and time dummies during the study period.ResultsRepublican counties consistently had lower vaccination rates than Democratic counties, and the gap in vaccination rates between a typical Democratic and Republican county has steadily widened by month.ConclusionThe COVID-19 vaccination rate is strongly associated with political partisanship. The political nature of this pandemic has created gaps in vaccination rates along party lines and will continue to be a barrier in mitigating this public health crisis.
Identification of ultrastructural signatures of sleep and wake in the fly brain
Authors: Flores Carlos C , Loschky Sophia S , Marshall William , Spano Giovanna Maria , Massaro Cenere Mariangela , Tononi Giulio , Cirelli Chiara 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe cellular consequences of sleep loss are poorly characterized. In the pyramidal neurons of mouse frontal cortex, we found that mitochondria and secondary lysosomes occupy a larger proportion of the cytoplasm after chronic sleep restriction compared to sleep, consistent with increased cellular burden due to extended wake. For each morphological parameter, the within-animal variance was high, suggesting that the effects of sleep and sleep loss vary greatly among neurons. However, the analysis was based on 4–5 mice/group and a single section/cell. Here, we applied serial block-face scanning electron microscopy to identify signatures of sleep and sleep loss in the Drosophila brain. Stacks of images were acquired and used to obtain full 3D reconstructions of the cytoplasm and nucleus of 263 Kenyon cells from adult flies collected after a night of sleep (S) or after 11 h (SD11) or 35 h (SD35) of sleep deprivation (9 flies/group). Relative to S flies, SD35 flies showed increased density of dark clusters of chromatin and Golgi apparata and a trend increase in the percent of cell volume occupied by mitochondria, consistent with increased need for energy and protein supply during extended wake. Logistic regression models could assign each neuron to the correct experimental group with good accuracy, but in each cell, nuclear and cytoplasmic changes were poorly correlated, and within-fly variance was substantial in all experimental groups. Together, these results support the presence of ultrastructural signatures of sleep and sleep loss but underscore the complexity of their effects at the single-cell level.
Solving the Coral Species Delimitation Conundrum
Authors: Ramírez-Portilla Catalina , Baird Andrew H , Cowman Peter F , Quattrini Andrea M , Harii Saki , Sinniger Frederic , Flot Jean-François 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDistinguishing coral species is not only crucial for physiological, ecological, and evolutionary studies but also to enable effective management of threatened reef ecosystems. However, traditional hypotheses that delineate coral species based on morphological traits from the coral skeleton are frequently at odds with tree-based molecular approaches. Additionally, a dearth of species-level molecular markers has made species delimitation particularly challenging in species-rich coral genera, leading to the widespread assumption that interspecific hybridization might be responsible for this apparent conundrum. Here, we used three lines of evidence—morphology, breeding trials, and molecular approaches—to identify species boundaries in a group of ecologically important tabular Acropora corals. In contrast to previous studies, our morphological analysis yielded groups that were congruent with experimental crosses as well as with coalescent-based and allele sharing-based multilocus approaches to species delimitation. Our results suggest that species of the genus Acropora are reproductively isolated and independently evolving units that can be distinguished morphologically. These findings not only pave the way for a taxonomic revision of coral species but also outline an approach that can provide a solid basis to address species delimitation and provide conservation support to a wide variety of keystone organisms. [Acropora; coral reefs; hybridization; reproductive isolation; taxonomy.]
Diagnostic Accuracy of Clinical Tests and Imaging Exams for Femoroacetabular Impingement: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews
Authors: Fernandes Daniel A. , Melo Gilberto , Contreras Marcos E. K. , Locks Renato , Chahla Jorge , Neves Fabricio S. 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
To synthesize available evidence about diagnostic accuracy of clinical tests and imaging examinations for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome.

Design:
Umbrella review.

Setting:
N/A.

Participants:
N/A.

Interventions:
N/A.

Main Outcome Measures:
Systematic reviews (SR) indexed in Embase, LIVIVO, PubMed, SCOPUS, the Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched in a 2-phase process. SR assessing diagnostic accuracy were considered eligible.

Results:
From 1520 studies, 6 SR were included, which evaluated 24 primary studies related to FAI syndrome. Of these, 5 SR assessed clinical tests, and a substantial heterogeneity was found concerning reference standards adopted across primary studies, which included arthroscopy, clinical examination (associated or not with imaging exams), intra-articular injections, and open surgery. Most clinical tests presented higher values of sensitivity compared with specificity, although evidence was considered limited because the same primary studies were often included across SR. Nonetheless, evidence around the flexion adduction internal rotation (FADIR) test was considered stronger and its use as a screening tool was consistently supported. Only one SR assessed the accuracy of imaging examinations, which adopted open surgery as the sole reference standard. Most imaging exams presented considerably high values of sensitivity, although specificity values were notably lower.

Conclusions:
No robust recommendations can be provided for most clinical tests, although the FADIR test, in particular, was consistently supported as a screening tool. Moreover, although imaging examinations showed considerably high sensitivity values, evidence was considered sparse and further research is strongly recommended to validate its use as reference standards for diagnostic accuracy data.
Advanced cardiac life support: lessons from recent trials on how to move forward
Authors: Berg Katherine M. , Soar Jasmeet 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
This review discusses potential reasons why many recent large trials in advanced cardiac life support have failed to demonstrate a difference in outcomes and suggests some points for consideration in planning future trials.

Recent findings
The ARREST trial, a small controlled trial studying the effect of intra-arrest extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO, or E-CPR) on survival and functional outcome in patients with refractory ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest, was stopped after 30 patients for benefit. This stands in contrast to several recent trials enrolling up to several thousand patients and finding no difference. Three ways in which the ARREST trial approach differed from that of other recent trials, and how those differences may contribute to the possibility of detecting the benefit of an intervention, are discussed.

Summary
Refining our ability to select patients with potential to benefit from an intervention, providing those interventions earlier, and tailoring the specifics of an intervention to the individual patient all may be important in design of cardiac arrest trials, as illustrated by the large effect seen in the ARREST trial.
Perioperative renal protection
Authors: Saadat-Gilani Khaschayar , Zarbock Alexander 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common but underestimated syndrome in the perioperative setting. AKI can be induced by different causes and is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, no specific treatment options are available at the moment.

Recent findings
AKI is now understood as being a continuum ranging from normal kidney function over AKI and acute kidney disease to ultimately chronic kidney disease. The KDIGO organization recommend in 2012 implementation of preventive bundles in patients at high risk for AKI. In the perioperative setting, relevant measures include hemodynamic optimization, with careful consideration of blood pressure targets, adequate fluid therapy to maintain organ perfusion and avoidance of hyperglycaemia. These measures are most effective if patients at risk are identified as soon as possible and measures are implemented accordingly. Although current point of care functional biomarkers can detect patients at risk earlier than the established damage biomarkers, some components of the preventive bundle are still under investigation.

Summary
Good evidence exists for the use of biomarkers to identify individual patients at risk for AKI and for the implementation of haemodynamic optimization, abdication of nephrotoxins, adequate fluid administration using balanced crystalloid solutions and glycaemic control. The data for using colloids or the degree of nephrotoxicity of contrast media still remain inconclusive.
Definitions of acute renal dysfunction: an evolving clinical and biomarker paradigm
Authors: Ostermann Marlies , Wu VinCent , Sokolov Dmitry , Lumlertgul Nuttha 
Published: September 2021

Purpose of review
The current definition and classification of acute kidney injury (AKI) has limitations and shortcomings, which impact clinical management. The aim of this review is to highlight recent advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology and epidemiology of AKI, which impacts management and offers opportunities.

Recent findings
Kidney damage varies according to the type of primary insult, secondary effects and mitigating responses and leads to distinct molecular, cellular and functional changes. Different sub-types of AKI with varying clinical phenotypes, recovery patterns and responses to therapeutic interventions have been identified. New tools to identify and characterize these AKI sub-types are available with the potential opportunity for individualized timely aetiology-based management of AKI.

Summary
The identification of different sub-phenotypes of AKI based on genetic, molecular, cellular and functional pathophysiological changes following potential nephrotoxic exposures is possible with new technologies. This offers opportunities for personalized management of AKI and supports the call for a refinement of the existing AKI criteria.
Increased Use of Anti‐Tumor Necrosis Factor Following the Implementation of the ECCO–ESPGHAN Guidelines and its Impact on the Outcome of Pediatric Crohn's Disease
Authors: D'Arcangelo Giulia , Abi Nader Elie , Charbit‐Henrion Fabienne , Talbotec Cécile , Goulet Olivier , Ruemmele Frank M. , Pigneur Bénédicte 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACTObjectives:The first ECCO‐ESPGHAN guidelines for the medical management of pediatric Crohn disease (CD) were published in 2014. Whether their implementation, and the consequent increased use of an upfront anti‐tumor necrosis factor therapy, have changed the course of the disease has not been investigated yet. We aimed at comparing the evolution of pediatric CD patients diagnosed and treated before and after 2014.Methods:Single‐center retrospective study including all children diagnosed with CD from January 2010 to December 2018. Patients diagnosed between 2010 and 2014 (group 1) were compared to those diagnosed after 2014 (group 2). For each patient, at baseline and every 6‐month, number of relapses, the occurrence of complication, therapy received and biological parameters were noted, as well as any endoscopic or radiologic evaluation.Results:One hundred and fifty‐four patients were included in the analysis, 78 (51%) diagnosed after 2014. The cumulative probability of a relapse‐free and surgery‐free course was significantly higher for patients treated according to the guidelines (log rank hazard ratio [HR] = 1,818, P = 0.003 and HR = 3,15, 95% confidence interval, P = 0.04, respectively). Mucosal healing rate was significantly higher among patients of group 2 at 1 and 2 years (P = 0.04 and P = 0.05, respectively), while no significant difference was observed for transmural healing rates, as well as for the risk of complications.Conclusions:The implementation of the 2014 CD guidelines appears to have a significant impact on disease outcomes, with a significantly lower risk for relapse and surgery, while no effect could be observed on the risk of developing complications.
Pulmonary Open, Robotic, and Thoracoscopic Lobectomy (PORTaL) Study
Authors: Kent Michael S. , Hartwig Matthew G. , Vallières Eric , Abbas Abbas E. , Cerfolio Robert J. , Dylewski Mark R. , Fabian Thomas , Herrera Luis J. , Jett Kimble G. , Lazzaro Richard S. , Meyers Bryan , Mitzman Brian A. , Reddy Rishindra M. , Reed Michael F. , Rice David C. , Ross Patrick , Sarkaria Inderpal S. , Schumacher Lana Y. , Tisol William B. , Wigle Dennis A. , Zervos Michael 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
The aim of this study was to analyze outcomes of open lobectomy (OL), VATS, and robotic-assisted lobectomy (RL).

Summary Background Data:
Robotic-assisted lobectomy has seen increasing adoption for treatment of early-stage lung cancer. Comparative data regarding these approaches is largely from single-institution case series or administrative datasets.

Methods:
Retrospective data was collected from 21 institutions from 2013 to 2019. All consecutive cases performed for clinical stage IA-IIIA lung cancer were included. Neoadjuvant cases were excluded. Propensity-score matching (1:1) was based on age, sex, race, smoking-status, FEV1%, Zubrod score, American Society of Anesthesiologists score, tumor size, and clinical T and N stage.

Results:
A total of 2391 RL, 2174 VATS, and 1156 OL cases were included. After propensity-score matching there were 885 pairs of RL vs OL, 1,711 pairs of RL vs VATS, and 952 pairs of VATS vs OL. Operative time for RL was shorter than VATS (P < 0.0001) and OL (P = 0.0004). Compared to OL, RL and VATS had less overall postoperative complications, shorter hospital stay (LOS), and lower transfusion rates (all P<0.02). Compared to VATS, RL had lower conversion rate (P<0.0001), shorter hospital stay (P<0.0001) and a lower postoperative transfusion rate (P =0.01). RL and VATS cohorts had comparable postoperative complication rates. In-hospital mortality was comparable between all groups.

Conclusions:
RL and VATS approaches were associated with favorable perioperative outcomes compared to OL. Robotic-assisted lobectomy was also associated with a reduced length of stay and decreased conversion rate when compared to VATS.
Moderate to Severe Soft Tissue Diabetic Foot Infections
Authors: Pham Truong-Thanh , Gariani Karim , Richard Jean-Christophe , Kressmann Benjamin , Jornayvaz François R. , Philippe Jacques , Lipsky Benjamin A. , Uçkay Ilker 
Published: September 2021

Background:
The optimal duration of antibiotic therapy for soft-tissue infections of the diabetic foot remains unknown.

Objective:
We determine if antibiotic therapy after debridement for a short (10 days), compared with a long (20 days), duration for soft-tissue infections of the diabetic foot results in similar rates of clinical remission and adverse events (AE).

Summary of Background Data:
The optimal duration of systemic antibiotic therapy, after successful debridement, for soft tissue infections of diabetic patients is unknown. Because of the high recurrence risk, overuse is commonplace.

Methods:
This was a randomized, controlled, non-inferiority pilot trial of cases of diabetic foot infection (excluding osteomyelitis) with the primary outcome of “clinical remission at 2-months follow-up”.

Results:
Among 66 enrolled episodes (17% females; median age 71 years), we randomized 35 to the 10-day arm and 31 to the 20-day arm. The median duration of the parenteral antibiotic therapy was 1 day, with the remainder given orally. In the intention-to-treat population, we achieved clinical remission in 27 (77%) patients in the 10-day arm compared to 22 (71%) in the 20-days arm (P = 0.57). There were a similar proportion in each arm of AE (14/35 versus 11/31; P = 0.71), and remission in the per-protocol population (25/32 vs 18/27; P = 0.32). Overall, 8 soft tissue DFIs in the 10-day arm and 5 cases in the 20-day arm recurred as a new osteomyelitis [8/35 (23%) versus 5/31 (16%); P = 0.53]. Overall, the number of recurrences limited to the soft tissues was 4 (6%). By multivariate analysis, rates of remission (intention-to-treat population, hazard ratio 0.6, 95%CI 0.3-1.1; per-protocol population 0.8, 95%CI 0.4-1.5) and AE were not significantly different with a 10-day compared to 20-day course.

Conclusions:
In this randomized, controlled pilot trial, post-debridement antibiotic therapy for soft tissue DFI for 10 days gave similar (and non-inferior) rates of remission and AEs to 20 days. A larger confirmatory trial is under way.

Trial registration:
ClinicalTrials NCT03615807.
“The Story I Will Never Forget”
Authors: Sandhu Harminder , Foote Darci C. , Evans Julie , Santosa Katherine B. , Kemp Michael T. , Donkersloot John N. , White Erin M. , Mazer Laura M. , Sandhu Gurjit 
Published: September 2021

Objective:
We sought to better understand what defines a critical incident experience for the surgical trainee.

Summary Background Data:
Critical incidents are formative moments stamped indelibly on one's memory that shape professional identity. The critical incident technique—using participants’ narratives to identify patterns and learn from their perceptions—has been explored in some healthcare settings, but there has been no inquiry within surgery.

Methods:
Surgical residents at 5 residency programs (1 community, 1 university-affiliated, 3 university) were surveyed using an online questionnaire from November to December 2020. Convenience sampling was used to identify the study population. Participants were invited to write about formative, impactful experiences in training. Interpretive description was the qualitative methodology used to locate information, analyze, and record patterns in the data. Individual responses were categorized and assessed for overlying themes.

Results:
Overall, 28 narratives were collected from surgery residents in 3 specialties (general surgery, plastic surgery, and urology), with postgraduate year representation of post-graduate years 1 to 6. Respondents were 40% female. Nineteen of the narratives reported a negative experience. Four themes were identified from responses: 1) growth through personal self-reflection, 2) difficult interpersonal interactions, 3) positive team dynamics as a psychological safety net, and 4) supportive program cultures that promote learning.

Conclusions:
Critical incident narratives among surgical residents indicate that unforgettable and formative experiences—both positive and negative— occur in 4 domains: within the individual, within a relationship, among a team, and within a program. Further exploring these domains in surgical training will inform optimal educational programming to support trainee development and wellbeing.
Local Exhaust Ventilation to Control Dental Aerosols and Droplets
Authors: Allison James R , Dowson Christopher , Pickering Kimberley , Červinskytė Greta , Durham Justin , Jakubovics Nicholas S , Holliday Richard 
Published: September 2021

AbstractDental procedures produce aerosols which may remain suspended and travel significant distances from the source. Dental aerosols and droplets contain oral microbes and there is potential for infectious disease transmission and major disruption to dental services during infectious disease outbreaks. One method to control hazardous aerosols often used in industry is Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of LEV on aerosols and droplets produced during dental procedures. Experiments were conducted on dental mannequins in an 825.4 m3 open plan clinic, and a 49.3 m3 single surgery. 10-minute crown preparations were performed with an air-turbine handpiece in the open plan clinic, and 10-minute full mouth ultrasonic scaling in the single surgery. Fluorescein was added to instrument irrigation reservoirs as a tracer. In both settings, Optical Particle Counters (OPCs) were used to measure aerosol particles between 0.3 – 10.0 μm and liquid cyclone air samplers were used to capture aerosolised fluorescein tracer. Additionally, in the open plan setting fluorescein tracer was captured by passive settling onto filter papers in the environment. Tracer was quantified fluorometrically. An LEV device with High Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filtration and a flow rate of 5,000 L/min was used. LEV reduced aerosol production from the air-turbine handpiece by 90% within 0.5 m, and this was 99% for the ultrasonic scaler. OPC particle counts were substantially reduced for both procedures, and air-turbine settled droplet detection reduced by 95% within 0.5 m. The effect of LEV was substantially greater than suction alone for the air-turbine and was similar to the effect of suction for the ultrasonic scaler. LEV reduces aerosol and droplet contamination from dental procedures by at least 90% in the breathing zone of the operator and it is therefore a valuable tool to reduce the dispersion of dental aerosols.