bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Adipose Tissue Physiology during the First Two Weeks Post‐hatch in Chicks from Lines Selected for Low or High Body Weight
Authors: Xiao Yang , Siegel Paul B. , Cline Mark A. , Gilbert Elizabeth R. 
Published: June 2021

Chickens from lines selected for low or high body weight from a common foundation population differ in appetite and adiposity; however, mechanisms associated with the predisposition to becoming obese are unclear. The objective of this study was thus to evaluate developmental changes in depot‐specific adipose tissue during the first 14 days post‐hatch. The subcutaneous (SQ), clavicular (CL) and abdominal (AB) adipose depots were collected for histological and mRNA expression measurements from chicks of each line on day of hatch, day 4 and day 14 post‐hatch. Results showed that low line chicks had decreased SQ fat mass on a body weight basis with reduced adipocyte size from day of hatch to day 4 and increased body weight and fat mass with unchanged adipocyte size from day 4 to day 14 post‐hatch. High line chicks had increased body weight throughout the first 14 days post‐hatch, and increased fat mass in all three depots with significantly enlarged adipocytes in AB from day 4 to day 14 post‐hatch. Meanwhile, mRNA expression of CCAAT/enhancer‐binding protein alpha, neuropeptide Y and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma, which are involved in adipogenesis, as well as acyl‐CoA dehydrogenase, long chain, which catalyzes fatty acid oxidation, had different expression patterns among depots between lines at different ages. From day of hatch to day 4 post‐hatch, low line chicks mobilized SQ fat and replenished the reservoir mainly through hyperplasia, whereas in the high line there was dependency on both hyperplasia and hypertrophy to maintain adipocyte size and depot mass. From day 4 to day 14, adipose tissue catabolism and adipogenesis slowed down in both lines. While the fat depot mass and adipocyte size were stable in the low line, there was rapid accumulation of fat in CL and AB regions of high line. Chicks predisposed to be anorexic or obese display different fat development patterns during the early post‐hatch period.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Daily Rhythms Are Altered by High‐Fat Feeding in Female Offspring Born to Obese Mothers
Authors: Llanora Josie Dianne , Pendergast Julie S 
Published: June 2021

About 20% of women are obese during pregnancy. Children born to obese mothers are at increased risk of obesity, impaired glucose tolerance, and other facets of metabolic syndrome. Disruption of circadian rhythms is also associated with obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Circadian, or daily, rhythms are approximately 24‐hour fluctuations in physiology and behavior. Environmental factors, such as the light‐dark cycle and diet, can alter these rhythms. For example, in male mice, high‐fat diet (HFD) feeding alters daily rhythms and increases body weight. In contrast, female mice fed HFD do not become obese, and their daily rhythms are not altered. Previous studies have shown that female mice will develop diet‐induced obesity if they are born to an obese mother. In this study, we sought to determine if female offspring weaned from obese mothers had disrupted daily rhythms of eating behavior and locomotor activity. Female C57BL/6J mice were fed HFD (60% kcal fat) for 12 weeks (6 weeks prior to pregnancy and throughout pregnancy and nursing). After weaning, female offspring were fed low‐fat diet (LFD, 10% kcal fat) for 5 weeks and then HFD for 8 weeks. We first continuously measured daily eating behavior rhythms with infrared video cameras. All female offspring, regardless of whether the mother was lean or obese, had high‐amplitude rhythms of eating behavior during LFD feeding. Consistent with our previous studies, HFD consumption did not alter the eating behavior rhythms of females born to lean mothers. In contrast, HFD consumption reduced the amplitudes, or robustness, of the eating behavior rhythms in females born to obese mothers. We also investigated the effects of HFD on locomotor activity rhythms, measure by infrared sensors, in female offspring born to lean and obese mothers. The daily rhythms of activity were not affected by HFD feeding in females born to lean mothers. However, the phases (or timing) of the activity rhythms were altered by HFD feeding, compared to LFD feeding, in females born to obese mothers. Together, our results show that maternal obesity causes daily rhythms in female offspring to be susceptible to the effects of HFD feeding.Support or Funding InformationThis study was funded by an American Physiological Society Undergraduate Summer Research Fellowship, the Gertude F. Ribble Trust, and the University of Kentucky.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Splenectomy Increases Blood Pressure and Alters the Renal T Cell Profile in a Sex‐Specific Manner in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Gillis Ellen E. , Sullivan Jennifer C. 
Published: June 2021

Over the past decade there has been increasing evidence for the role of the immune system in the development of hypertension. Our lab has previously reported that female Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR) have a blood pressure (BP)‐dependent increase in anti‐inflammatory regulatory T cells (Tregs), corresponding to lower BP compared to males. Based on the central role for immune cells in the control of BP and the known sex differences in the immune cell profile, the current study was designed to test the hypothesis that removal of the spleen will have a sex‐specific impact on BP in SHR. To test this hypothesis, baseline systolic BP was measured by tail cuff plethysmyography in male and female SHR. Rats were randomized to receive sham surgery (CON) or splenectomy (SPLNX, n=3). After 2 weeks, BP was recorded again and kidneys were harvested for flow cytometric analysis of T cells. BP was significantly higher in males compared to females at baseline and at Week 2 (Table, Effect of sex, p=0.0002 and p=0.0001, respectively, 2‐Way ANOVA). Splenectomy increased BP in both sexes after 2 weeks (Effect of SPLNX, p=0.0008), with females having a greater increase in BP than males (Interaction effect, p=0.05). Splenectomy did not alter total CD4+ cells in the kidney, but did affect the subpopulations of CD4+ cells. Renal Tregs (CD3+ CD4+ FoxP3+ cells, expressed as % CD3+ CD4+) decreased in both sexes after splenectomy, abolishing the sex differences in renal Tregs (Table, Effect of SPLNX, p<0.001, Interaction effect, p=0.0015). Renal pro‐inflammatory Th17 cells (CD3+ CD4+ RORγ+ cells, expressed as % CD3+ CD4+) increased in both sexes with splenectomy (Table, Effect of SPLNX, p<0.001). In conclusion, removing the spleen in male and female SHR significantly increased BP, with females having a greater increase in BP compared to males. Interestingly, this greater increase in BP in the female was accompanied by a greater reduction in renal Tregs, supporting the idea that renal Tregs play a critical role in BP control in female SHR, contributing to the sex difference in BP. Ongoing studies in the laboratory are further exploring the mechanisms for the relative increase in renal Tregs in females.Support or Funding InformationThis work was funded by AHA18POST34030252 to EEG and 5R01HL127091 to JCS.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
The Deletion of NHE3 Selectively in The Proximal Tubules Does not Alter the Blood Pressure Response to Angiotensin III in Male and Female Proximal Tubule‐Specific NHE3 Knockout Mice
Authors: Chen Xu , Li Xiao C , Zheng Xiaowen , Zhao Chunling , Soleimani Manoocher , Zhuo Jia L 
Published: June 2021

ObjectivesWe have recently shown that the pressor and renal Na+ excretory responses to angiotensin II (ANG II) were significantly attenuated in global (Nhe3−/−), kidney‐selective (tgNhe3−/−), and proximal tubule‐specific NHE3 knockout mice (PT‐Nhe3−/−). The present study tested the hypothesis that deletion of NHE3 selectively in the proximal tubules of the kidney alters the blood pressure and renal Na+ responses to its major metabolite, ANG III, which reportedly binds and activates AT2 receptors and inhibits NHE3 in the proximal tubules.MethodsProximal tubule NHE3 knockout mice (PT‐Nhe3−/−) were generated using the sglt2‐Cre/NHE3‐floxed approach. To test the hypothesis, adult and age‐matched male and female wild‐type littlemates (WT) and PT‐Nhe3−/− mice (n = 10–11 each group) were infused with or without ANG III at 1.5 mg/kg/day via osmotic minipump, i.p., for 2 weeks. Systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure, and 24 h urinary Na+ excretory responses were determined before and weekly after treatment.ResultsUnlike global Nhe3−/− mice, no abnormal intestinal structural and absorptive dysfunction was found in proximal tubule‐specific NHE3 knockout mice (PT‐Nhe3−/−). At the basal level, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial blood pressure was significantly lower (p<0.01), whereas 24 h urine and urinary Na+ excretion were significantly higher in male PT‐Nhe3−/− than male WT mice (p<0.01). ANG III significantly increased systolic blood pressure from 113 ± 2 mmHg to 127 ± 3 mmHg in WT mice (n=10, p<0.01 vs. baseline), and from 104 ± 3 mmHg to 116 ± 5 mmHg in PT‐Nhe3−/− mice (n=11, p<0.01 vs. baseline). However, there were no differences in the net pressor and heart rate responses to ANG III between male and female WT and PT‐Nhe3−/− mice. ANG III also significantly increased 24 h urinary Na+ excretion in male WT mice (n=10, p<0.05 vs. baseline), but not in male PT‐Nhe3−/− mice (n=11, n.s.). There were no significant differences in 24 h urinary Na+ excretion between female WT (n=10, n.s.) and PT‐Nhe3−/− mice (n=10, n.s.). Finally, ANG III infusion did not significantly alter the heart‐ or kidney‐to‐body wt. ratio, blood volume, or hematocrit in male and female WT and PT‐Nhe3−/− mice, respectively.ConclusionThe deletion of NHE3 selectively in the proximal tubules of the kidney doesn't significantly alter the blood pressure responses to ANG III in male and female PT‐Nhe3−/− mice, but it does attenuate the natriuretic response to ANG III in male PT‐Nhe3−/− mice.Support or Funding InformationThis work was supported in part by NIH grants, 2R01DK102429‐03A1, 2R01DK067299‐10A1, and 1R56HL130988‐01 to Dr. Jia Zhuo.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
TLR4‐driven Lymphatic Alterations during IBD are driven in PAMP/DAMP Specific Manners
Authors: Stephens Matthew , von der Weid Pierre‐Yves 
Published: June 2021

BackgroundInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterised by both acute and chronic phase inflammation of the gastro‐intestinal (GI) tract that affect a large and growing number of people worldwide with little to no effective treatments. This is in part due to the lack of understanding of the disease pathogenesis and also the currently poorly described involvement of other systems such as the lymphatics. During DSS induced colitis, mice also develop a severe inflammation of both the colon and terminal ileum with many features similar to IBD. As well as inflammation within the intestinal tract we have previously demonstrated lymphatic remodelling within the mesentery and mesenteric lymph nodes of DSS‐treated mice. The lymphatic remodelling includes lymphangiogenesis, lymphatic vessel dilation and leakiness, as well as cellular infiltration into the surrounding tissue and peripheral draining lymph nodes. The aim of the investigation was to delineate the contribution of PAMP‐ and/or DAMP‐driven lymphatic remodelling and inflammation during disease, in respect to Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) activity.MethodsIntestinal inflammation was induced in C57BL/6 mice by administration of 2.5% DSS in drinking water for 7 days. Mice were treated with TLR4 blocker C34 or Polymyxin‐B (PMXB) daily from days 3–7 of DSS treatment via I.P. injection, and their effects on disease activity and lymphatic function were examined. TLR4 activity and subsequent effect on lymphangiogenesis, lymphadenopathy, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) cellular composition were assessed.ResultsDSS Mice treated with TLR4 inhibitor, C34, had a significantly improved disease phenotype characterised by reduced ileal and colonic insult. The change correlated with significant reduction in colonic and mesenteric inflammation, resolved mesenteric lymphangiectasia, and CD103+ DC accumulation similar to that of healthy control. PMXB treatment did not resolve inflammation within the colon, or associated mesenteric lymphatic dysfunction, but did however prevent lymphadenopathy within the MLN through alteration of CCL21 gradients and CD103+DC migration.ConclusionsTLR4 appears to mediate several changes within the mesenteric lymphatics, more specifically it is shown to have different outcomes whether stimulation occurs through pathogen derived factors such as LPS or tissue derived DAMPs, a novel phenomenon.Support or Funding InformationThis study was supported by the Lymphedema Research and Education Program, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary to P.‐Y.v.d.W.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Translational Control of FGF21 mRNA Expression is Responsive to Nutritional Stress
Authors: Welles Jaclyn E. , Jefferson Leonard S. , Kimball Scot R. 
Published: June 2021

Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a peptide hormone associated with the pathogenesis of several metabolic disorders such as Non‐alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), Type‐2‐Diabetes, and obesity. Notably, FGF21 treatment is associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity, and in rodents, attenuation of the metabolic defects associated with consumption of a high‐fat diet. Because the majority of circulating FGF21 is secreted by the liver in mammals, understanding the mechanisms that regulate hepatic expression of the hormone is critical. Hepatic FGF21 expression has been shown to be regulated in part through changes in FGF21 gene transcription. However, recent studies have shown transcription‐independent changes in FGF21 secretion from isolated hepatocytes, implying that FGF21 protein expression is also regulated at the level of mRNA translation. Thus, the goal of the present study was to assess whether or not the FGF21 mRNA is translationally regulated using H4IIE hepatoma cells as a model system. In these studies, cells were treated with rapamycin as a mimic of starvation and translation of the FGF21 mRNA was assessed using sucrose density gradient centrifugation to separate mRNAs that are poorly translated, i.e. mRNAs associated with 3 or fewer ribosomes (“light” polysomes) from well‐translated mRNAs, i.e. mRNAs associated with four or more ribosomes (“heavy” polysomes). As a positive control, mRNAs bearing a terminal oligopyrimidine tract (TOP) at the 5′‐end of the message were also assessed, as previous studies have shown them to be translationally downregulated under the conditions used in this study. As expected rapamycin treatment resulted in repressed translation of the TOP mRNAs, as demonstrated by a shift of the mRNAs from heavy to light polysomes. In contrast, translation of the FGF21 mRNA was enhanced by rapamycin, suggesting that it is regulated through an mTORC1‐dependent mechanism distinct from, and opposite to, mRNAs with a TOP motif. Current efforts are directed toward identifying the regulatory element(s) in the FGF21 mRNA that engenders sensitivity to rapamycin‐induced translational upregulation.Support or Funding Information(Supported by NIH grant DK13499)This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Reversal of Hepatomegaly Following Cessation of Kratom Consumption in C57BL/6 Male and Female Mice
Authors: Guenther Emily , Musick Maggie , Davis Tracy 
Published: June 2021

Kratom is derived from the leaves of a Southeast Asian plant, Mitragyna speciosa. Mitragynine is one of several compounds in kratom, but has been shown to bind to the opioid receptors. Numerous people in the United States take kratom to alleviate pain, help with depression, and as a substitute during opioid withdrawal. Little is known about the effects kratom has on various organ systems. The objective of the current study was to determine if hepatomegaly caused by 10 days of consuming kratom can be reversed after 30 days of discontinuance of kratom. A kratom tea was made by placing the kratom powder in a tea bag and boiling for 10 min in spring water that was brought to a pH 4 with fresh lemon juice. Mice received a liquid diet for 3 days of acclimation. Beginning on day 6, mice received the liquid diet (control) or the liquid diet made with kratom tea with various doses of mitragynine (0.175 mg/kg BW−1) as determined by HPLC. These doses were based on allometric scaling to approximate human doses. Mice were paired fed for 10 days and tissues collected day 11 from half the mice. The remaining mice were weaned back to their pellet diet and tissues were collected 4 weeks later. Blood was collected via heart puncture and serum stored at −20°C to be analyzed for liver enzyme function and mitragynine concentration. Kidneys and small intestines were collected for analyses in future studies. Livers were collected, wet weight recorded, and portions were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen for RNA analysis and embedded in OCT or fixed in 10% buffered formalin for histology. Consumption of daily large doses of kratom appeared to have no outward health issues when the daily activities of the mice were observed. Liver size was greater (P < 0.01) on day 11 in mice consuming kratom (4.42 ± 0.31% of body weight; n = 10) as compared to controls (6.52 ± 0.31% of body weight; n = 6). At 4 weeks following cessation of kratom, liver size was no different in kratom‐treated (4.88 ± 0.44% of body weight; n = 6) as compared to control mice (4.51 ± 0.27% of body weight; n = 10). Adhesions of the liver to the diaphragm, stomach, right kidney, or small intestine were observed at 4 weeks in mice that received kratom. Alterations to enzymes or inflammatory cytokines in liver tissue have not yet been evaluated. Consumption of kratom in as few as 10 days causes hepatomegaly that can be reversed if kratom is discontinued. The extent of liver damage and dysfunction and effects on future health status has yet to be determined.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.
Creating a Course in Science Teaching to Address the Needs of Graduate Trainees
Authors: Downey Ryan M , Mulroney Susan E , Myers Adam K 
Published: June 2021

Graduate students and post‐doctoral fellows who wish to pursue academic careers have a desire and need for formal instruction to become effective science educators. To meet this need within our own academic programs, a new course was created for the fall of 2018: Learning Design for Science Education. The primary goals of this course were to introduce students to fundamental theories of science teaching and to provide students with hands‐on experience with planning, administering, and teaching a science course. Our course was divided into two components: 1) a 9‐week instructional block in which foundational pedagogical theory was introduced and current best practices in active learning, feedback, and evaluation were role modeled by course faculty; and 2) a 4‐week practical application block in which student groups designed and conducted a mini‐course incorporating active learning methods and modern teaching technologies. The final week of the course was dedicated to providing detailed debriefings of the mini‐courses. Throughout the semester, students created a portfolio of their work, including a personal teaching statement, course syllabus, any lecture materials they generated for the mini‐course, and peer and faculty evaluations from their teaching. Mid‐semester student feedback was positive with one exception. The primary criticism given by the students was that too much in‐class time was dedicated for working on the mini‐course and that students desired more time to be dedicated to delivering content. This was adjusted mid‐course and in‐class time for working on the mini‐course was eliminated for the final four weeks of the instructional block. Based on student feedback, this dedicated in‐class time was no longer useful after week three and future versions of this course will reflect that. Overall, students reported through evaluations that the course was beneficial and significantly improved their confidence in conducting lectures, engaging in active learning techniques, and in preparing for future teaching. Several students reported being able to immediately apply the knowledge and techniques in other courses in which they teach directly or provide supplemental instruction. Course directors and faculty from those courses noted the improved performance of those students in those duties. In conclusion, we report that student teaching performances and their use of active learning is improved after participation in this new course. In addition, students self‐report that the course has increased their confidence in conducting science teaching. The addition of learning best‐practices in teaching may be important for optimizing trainee success.Support or Funding InformationSupported by the American Physiological Society and the National Science Foundation IUSE: Education and Human Resources (DUE 1822245).This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.