bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tourism: how to achieve the sustainable development goals?
Authors: Seraphin Hugues , Gowreesunkar Vanessa G.B. 
Published: March 2021

Purpose
The purpose is to provide an overview as to how the sustainable development goals (SDGs) are being implemented by countries with different tourism requirements and resources. In so doing, this theme issue presents case studies from across the globe and examines them from academic and practitioner perspectives. The case studies cover: hospitality, tourism agriculture, events, small and medium sized businesses, sport, the African Union as a regional organisation and wildlife tourism. Ultimately, the objective is to encourage countries to implement the SDGs by highlighting the benefits they bring to the economy, society and the environment.

Design/methodology/approach
This paper outlines the theme issue approach which draws on a blend of case studies, online sources, literature review and industry reports. This combination of primary, secondary and tertiary data enables a meaningful analysis of the implementation of SDGs in destinations with different requirements and characteristics.

Findings
The theme issue findings provide insights on the history, status and progress of SDGs in hospitality and tourism worldwide. Based on reviews and practical evidence, it is clear that many countries have not yet successfully implemented the SDGs, whereas others have made significant progress by embracing sustainable action. The overall observations point towards collaboration between stakeholders, and the scale of organisations as a sine qua non condition for the achievement of sustainability.

Originality/value
The value of this theme issue is that it presents a variety of case studies that demonstrate how different countries have successfully implemented the SDGs and the challenges faced while embracing those actions. Each case presented is unique and the variety of strategies proposed therein serves as guide to practitioners and destination managers. Further, the findings may be applicable to other geographic regions with similar contexts.
Functional characterization of a novel, highly expressed ion‐driven sugar antiporter in the thoracic muscles of Helicoverpa armigera
Authors: Yuan Yi‐Yang , Xin Yu‐Cui , Han Jian‐Li , Zhao Yu‐Han , Han Shi‐Ming , Nangong Zi‐Yan , Chen Xin , Wang Zhu‐Cheng , Li Mei , Qiu Xing‐Hui 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSugar transporters (STs), which mainly mediate cellular sugar exchanges, play critical physiological roles in living organisms, and they may be responsible for sugar exchanges among various insect tissues. However, the molecular and physiological functions of insect STs are largely unknown. Here, 16 STs of Helicoverpa armigera were identified. A phylogenetic analysis classified the putative HaSTs into 12 sub‐families, and those identified in this study were distributed into 6 sub‐families. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction indicated that the 16 HaSTs had diverse tissue‐specific expression levels. One transporter, HaST10, was highly expressed in thoracic muscles. A functional study using a Xenopus oocyte expression system revealed that HaST10 mediated both H+‐driven trehalose and Na+‐driven glucose antiport activities with high transport efficiency and low affinity levels. A HaST10 knockout clearly impaired the performance of H. armigera. Thus, HaST10 may participate in sugar‐supply regulation and have essential physiological roles in H. armigera.
Debar: A sequence‐by‐sequence denoiser for COI‐5P DNA barcode data
Authors: Nugent Cameron M. , Elliott Tyler A. , Ratnasingham Sujeevan , Hebert Paul D.N. , Adamowicz Sarah J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractDNA barcoding and metabarcoding are now widely used to advance species discovery and biodiversity assessments. High‐throughput sequencing (HTS) has expanded the volume and scope of these analyses, but elevated error rates introduce noise into sequence records that can inflate estimates of biodiversity. Denoising —the separation of biological signal from instrument (technical) noise—of barcode and metabarcode data currently employs abundance‐based methods which do not capitalize on the highly conserved structure of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) region employed as the animal barcode. This manuscript introduces debar, an R package that utilizes a profile hidden Markov model to denoise indel errors in COI sequences introduced by instrument error. In silico studies demonstrated that debar recognized 95% of artificially introduced indels in COI sequences. When applied to real‐world data, debar reduced indel errors in circular consensus sequences obtained with the Sequel platform by 75%, and those generated on the Ion Torrent S5 by 94%. The false correction rate was less than 0.1%, indicating that debar is receptive to the majority of true COI variation in the animal kingdom. In conclusion, the debar package improves DNA barcode and metabarcode workflows by aiding the generation of more accurate sequences aiding the characterization of species diversity.
Increased malignancies in our Waikato cohort of patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Rees Monique S. , Frampton Chris , White Douglas H. N. , Solanki Kamal K. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundSystemic sclerosis (SSc) has been associated with an increased risk of malignancy (especially in the skin, lung, breast, and hematological system).AimTo determine the risk of malignancies in our SSc cohort.MethodsThe NZ National Cancer Registry supplied details of all malignancies recorded in patients attending the Waikato Hospital Systemic Sclerosis Clinics from 2005 to 2018. Prospectively gathered clinical data were used to look for associations between clinical variables and malignancy.ResultsOut of the 164 patients in the Waikato SSc cohort, 32 (19.5%) had developed a malignancy. The overall standardized incidence rate was found to be 2.2 (95% CI 1.4‐3.4) but was higher for men (4.4, 95% CI 1.4‐10.3). The absolute numbers of patients with SSc and malignancies were small and were not adequately powered to investigate the SSc subgroups. The mean age of patients with malignancy was approximately 8 years older than patients without. The most common form of malignancy was skin (14, 43.7%), followed by breast (6, 18.7%), and lymphoma (5, 15.6%).ConclusionThis study found an increased risk of malignancy for patients within the Waikato SSc cohort. Risk was greater in male patients and the mean age of patients with malignancies was approximately 8 years older than those without malignancy.
Reliability analysis of successive Corneal Visualization Scheimpflug Technology measurements in different keratoconus stages
Authors: Flockerzi Elias , Häfner Larissa , Xanthopoulou Kassandra , Daas Loay , Munteanu Cristian , Langenbucher Achim , Seitz Berthold 
Published: March 2021

AbstractBackgroundThis study assesses the reliability of successive corneal biomechanical response measurements by the Corneal Visualization Scheimpflug Technology (CST, Corvis ST®, Oculus Optikgeräte, Wetzlar, Germany) in different keratoconus (KC) stages.MethodsA total of 173 eyes (15 controls: 15 eyes, and 112 KC patients: stages 1|1–2|2|2–3|3|3–4|4, n = 26|16|36|18|31|26|5 according to Topographical KC Classification, TKC) were repeatedly examined five times with the CST, each after repositioning the patient’s head and re‐adjusting the device. Tomographical analysis (Pentacam HR®; Oculus, Wetzlar, Germany) was performed once before and once after CST measurements. Outcome measures included (1) A1 velocity, (2) deformation amplitude (DA) ratio 2 mm, (3) integrated radius, (4) stiffness parameter A1 and (5) Ambrósio relational thickness to the horizontal profile (ARTh). The Corvis Biomechanical Index (CBI) is reported to be extracted out of these parameters. Mean values of the five measurements and Cronbach’s α were calculated as a measure for reliability.ResultsAmbrósio relational thickness to the horizontal profile and SPA1 were significantly higher in controls (534|123) compared to TKC1 (384|88), TKC2 (232|66), TKC3 (152|55) and TKC4 (71|27; p < 0.0001). The other parameters were similar in controls and TKC1 (A1 velocity: 0.148|0.151 m/s; integrated radius: 8.2|8.6 mm−1), but significantly higher in TKC stages 2 to 4 (DA ratio 2 mm: 5.5|6.3|8.0; A1 velocity: 0.173|0.174|0.186 m/second; integrated radius: 10.9|12.8|19.0 mm−1; p < 0.0001). All parameters proved to be highly reliable (Cronbach’s α ≥ 0.834) and the corneal tomography remained unaffected.ConclusionsThe individual parameters included in the CBI (consisting of ARTh, SPA1, DA ratio 2 mm, A1 velocity and integrated radius) are highly reliable but differ KC stage‐dependently.
Diet‐induced iron deficiency in rats impacts small intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption
Authors: Asowata Evans O. , Olusanya Oluwatobi , Abaakil Kaoutar , Chichger Havovi , Srai Surjit K. S. , Unwin Robert J. , Marks Joanne 
Published: March 2021

AbstractAimsRecent reports suggest that iron deficiency impacts both intestinal calcium and phosphate absorption, although the exact transport pathways and intestinal segment responsible have not been determined. Therefore, we aimed to systematically investigate the impact of iron deficiency on the cellular mechanisms of transcellular and paracellular calcium and phosphate transport in different regions of the rat small intestine.MethodsAdult, male Sprague‐Dawley rats were maintained on a control or iron‐deficient diet for 2 weeks and changes in intestinal calcium and phosphate uptake were determined using the in situ intestinal loop technique. The circulating levels of the hormonal regulators of calcium and phosphate were determined by ELISA, while the expression of transcellular calcium and phosphate transporters, and intestinal claudins were determined using qPCR and western blotting.ResultsDiet‐induced iron deficiency significantly increased calcium absorption in the duodenum but had no impact in the jejunum and ileum. In contrast, phosphate absorption was significantly inhibited in the duodenum and to a lesser extent the jejunum, but remained unchanged in the ileum. The changes in duodenal calcium and phosphate absorption in the iron‐deficient animals were associated with increased claudin 2 and 3 mRNA and protein levels, while levels of parathyroid hormone, fibroblast growth factor‐23 and 1,25‐dihydroxy vitamin D3 were unchanged.ConclusionWe propose that iron deficiency alters calcium and phosphate transport in the duodenum. This occurs via changes to the paracellular pathway, whereby upregulation of claudin 2 increases calcium absorption and upregulation of claudin 3 inhibits phosphate absorption.
The effects of tree cover and soil nutrient addition on native herbaceous richness in a neotropical savanna
Authors: Massi Klécia Gili , Eugênio Chesterton Ulysses Orlando , Franco Augusto César , Hoffmann William A. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractExotic grasses and high‐nutrient availability are common factors that may limit recovery of herbaceous diversity in derived savannas, while tree encroachment is a threat to diversity in old‐growth savannas. To understand the impacts of these factors on herbaceous communities, we studied the effect of nutrient addition, and the resulting increase in the exotic grass, Melinis minutiflora, at a savanna‐forest boundary in the Brazilian Cerrado. We inventoried richness of reproductive herbs, tree basal area and cover of the exotic grass, Melinis minutiflora, in each plot. Nutrient addition caused a large increase in Melinis and a large decrease in richness of flowering plants. Unexpectedly, structural equation model analysis suggests that the decline in herbaceous richness was a direct result of nutrient addition, rather than an indirect effect caused by the increase in Melinis. Tree density had a strong negative effect on both Melinis cover and herbaceous richness. Our results reveal that high‐nutrient availability imposes a barrier to the restoration of a diverse, native herbaceous layer in anthropogenic savannas, while tree encroachment is a threat to diversity in old‐growth savannas.Abstract in Portuguese is available with online material.
Missing Input: How Imbalanced Distributions of Textbook Problems Affect Mathematics Learning
Authors: Siegler Robert S. , Oppenzato Colleen O. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUnderstanding how environments influence learning requires attending not only to what is present but also to what is absent. In the context of mathematics learning, this means attending not only to problems that children encounter frequently in textbooks but also to ones that appear rarely. We present research in this article showing that students perform surprisingly poorly on seemingly simple fraction and decimal arithmetic problems that are seldom seen in textbooks. Next, we describe imbalanced distributions in textbooks of mixed notation arithmetic and comparison problems, and we hypothesize similar relations between the frequency of those types of problems and student accuracy on those tasks. Finally, we review findings about relations between textbook input and student performance in whole number arithmetic and mathematical equality, and we propose a hypothesis regarding when imbalanced distributions of problems are most detrimental. We conclude that presenting more balanced distributions of problems and helping children understand mathematical principles that differentiate legitimate from flawed solution strategies offer promising ways of improving mathematics education.
Insulin‐like growth factor‐1, growth hormone and disease outcomes in acromegaly: A population study
Authors: Thomas Melissa , Berni Ellen , Jenkins‐Jones Sara , Wensley Sarah , Poole Chris D. , Currie Craig J. , Brownrigg Jack , Ayuk John , Rees D. Aled 
Published: March 2021

AbstractContextA lack of consensus remains about the relative importance of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) and growth hormone (GH) in predicting adverse outcomes in patients with acromegaly.ObjectiveTo describe the differing association between IGF‐1 and GH and major disease outcomes in acromegaly.DesignRetrospective cohort study.PatientsUnited Kingdom National Health Service patients with acromegaly who had an IGF‐1 and/or a GH measurement recorded following diagnosis, prior to December 2019.MeasurementsA composite endpoint including all‐cause mortality (ACM), type 2 diabetes (DM), major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) or cancer was the primary outcome. These outcomes were also analysed individually. Follow‐up period was capped at 5 years.ResultsA maximum of 417 cases and 332 cases were eligible for the IGF‐1 and GH analyses, respectively, comprising 1041.5 and 938.9 years of follow‐up. There was a direct association between increased IGF‐1 concentration and adjusted event risk for the composite endpoint (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02‐1.5); in GH, the HR was 1.1 (1.0‐1.2). For the individual endpoints in relation to IGF‐1 level, the HRs were ACM (1.2; 0.93‐1.5), MACE (1.2; 0.64‐2.1), DM (1.53; 1.09‐2.2) and cancer (1.3; 0.95‐1.7). For GH, the HRs were ACM (1.1; 0.97‐1.2), MACE (0.99; 0.73‐1.3), DM (1.1; 0.99‐1.2) and cancer (0.90; 0.66‐1.2).ConclusionsIn this contemporary data set with extended follow‐up, IGF‐1 and GH concentrations showed an association with major adverse outcomes from acromegaly.
Fast Ray Tracing of Scale‐Invariant Integral Surfaces
Authors: Aydinlilar Melike , Zanni Cedric 
Published: March 2021

AbstractScale‐invariant integral surfaces, which are implicit representations of surfaces, provide a way to define smooth surfaces from skeletons with prescribed radii defined at their vertices. We introduce a new rendering pipeline allowing to visualize such surfaces in real‐time. We rely on the distance to skeleton to define a sampling strategy along the camera rays, dividing each ray into sub‐intervals. The proposed strategy is chosen to capture main field variations. Resulting intervals are processed iteratively, relying on two main ingredients; quadratic interpolation and field mapping, to an approximate squared homothetic distance. The first provides efficient root finding while the second increases the precision of the interpolation, and the combination of both results in an efficient processing routine. Finally, we present a GPU implementation that relies on a dynamic data‐structure in order to efficiently generate the intervals along the ray. This data‐structure also serves as an acceleration structure that allows constant time access to the primitives of interest during the processing of a given ray.
Estimated impact of novel coronavirus‐19 and transplant center inactivity on end‐stage renal disease‐related patient mortality in the United States
Authors: Peters Thomas G. , Bragg‐Gresham Jennifer L. , Klopstock Annie C. , Roberts John P. , Chertow Glenn , McCormick Frank , Held Philip J. 
Published: March 2021

AbstractTo predict whether the COVID‐19 pandemic and transplant center responses could have resulted in preventable deaths, we analyzed registry information of the US end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) patient population awaiting kidney transplantation. Data were from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN), the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, and the United States Renal Data System. Based on 2019 OPTN reports, annualized reduction in kidney transplantation of 25%–100% could result in excess deaths of wait‐listed (deceased donor) transplant candidates from 84 to 337 and living donor candidate excess deaths from 35 to 141 (total 119–478 potentially preventable deaths of transplant candidates). Changes in transplant activity due to COVID‐19 varied with some centers shutting down while others simply heeded known or suspected pandemic risks. Understanding potential excess mortality for ESRD transplant candidates when circumstances compel curtailment of transplant activity may inform policy and procedural aspects of organ transplant systems allowing ways to best inform patients and families as to potential risks in shuttering organ transplant activity. Considering that more than 700 000 Americans have ESRD with 100 000 awaiting a kidney transplant, our highest annual estimate of 478 excess total deaths from postponing kidney transplantation seems modest.
The influence of hidden researcher decisions in applied microeconomics
Authors: Huntington‐Klein Nick , Arenas Andreu , Beam Emily , Bertoni Marco , Bloem Jeffrey R. , Burli Pralhad , Chen Naibin , Grieco Paul , Ekpe Godwin , Pugatch Todd , Saavedra Martin , Stopnitzky Yaniv 
Published: March 2021

AbstractResearchers make hundreds of decisions about data collection, preparation, and analysis in their research. We use a many‐analysts approach to measure the extent and impact of these decisions. Two published causal empirical results are replicated by seven replicators each. We find large differences in data preparation and analysis decisions, many of which would not likely be reported in a publication. No two replicators reported the same sample size. Statistical significance varied across replications, and for one of the studies the effect's sign varied as well. The standard deviation of estimates across replications was 3–4 times the mean reported standard error.
Leveraging genomics to understand threats to migratory birds
Authors: Larison Brenda , Lindsay Alec R. , Bossu Christen , Sorenson Michael D. , Kaplan Joseph D. , Evers David C. , Paruk James , DaCosta Jeffrey M. , Smith Thomas B. , Ruegg Kristen 
Published: March 2021

AbstractUnderstanding how risk factors affect populations across their annual cycle is a major challenge for conserving migratory birds. For example, disease outbreaks may happen on the breeding grounds, the wintering grounds, or during migration and are expected to accelerate under climate change. The ability to identify the geographic origins of impacted individuals, especially outside of breeding areas, might make it possible to predict demographic trends and inform conservation decision‐making. However, such an effort is made more challenging by the degraded state of carcasses and resulting low quality of DNA available. Here, we describe a rapid and low‐cost approach for identifying the origins of birds sampled across their annual cycle that is robust even when DNA quality is poor. We illustrate the approach in the common loon (Gavia immer), an iconic migratory aquatic bird that is under increasing threat on both its breeding and wintering areas. Using 300 samples collected from across the breeding range, we develop a panel of 158 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) loci with divergent allele frequencies across six genetic subpopulations. We use this SNP panel to identify the breeding grounds for 142 live nonbreeding individuals and carcasses. For example, genetic assignment of loons sampled during botulism outbreaks in parts of the Great Lakes provides evidence for the significant role the lakes play as migratory stopover areas for loons that breed across wide swaths of Canada, and highlights the vulnerability of a large segment of the breeding population to botulism outbreaks that are occurring in the Great Lakes with increasing frequency. Our results illustrate that the use of SNP panels to identify breeding origins of carcasses collected during the nonbreeding season can improve our understanding of the population‐specific impacts of mortality from disease and anthropogenic stressors, ultimately allowing more effective management.
Juvenile corals underpin coral reef carbonate production after disturbance
Authors: Carlot Jérémy , Kayal Mohsen , Lenihan Hunter S. , Brandl Simon J. , Casey Jordan M. , Adjeroud Mehdi , Cardini Ulisse , Merciere Alexandre , Espiau Benoit , Barneche Diego R. , Rovere Alessio , Hédouin Laetitia , Parravicini Valeriano 
Published: March 2021

AbstractSea‐level rise is predicted to cause major damage to tropical coastlines. While coral reefs can act as natural barriers for ocean waves, their protection hinges on the ability of scleractinian corals to produce enough calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to keep up with rising sea levels. As a consequence of intensifying disturbances, coral communities are changing rapidly, potentially reducing community‐level CaCO3 production. By combining colony‐level physiology and long‐term monitoring data, we show that reefs recovering from major disturbances can produce 40% more CaCO3 than currently estimated due to the disproportionate contribution of juvenile corals. However, the buffering effect of highly productive juvenile corals is compromised by recruitment failures, which have been more frequently observed after large‐scale, repeated bleaching events. While the size structure of corals can bolster a critical ecological function on reefs, climate change impacts on recruitment may undermine this buffering effect, thus further compromising the persistence of reefs and their provision of important ecosystem services.