bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Home Environment Interview and associations with energy balance behaviours and body weight in school-aged children – a feasibility, reliability, and validity study
Authors: Kininmonth Alice R. , Schrempft Stephanie , Smith Andrea , Dye Louise , Lawton Clare , Fisher Abigail , Llewellyn Clare , Fildes Alison 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
The home environment is thought to influence children’s weight trajectories. However, few studies utilise composite measures of the home environment to examine associations with energy balance behaviours and weight. The present study aimed to adapt and update a comprehensive measure of the obesogenic home environment previously developed for pre-schoolers, and explore associations with school-aged children’s energy balance behaviours and weight.

Methods
Families from the Gemini cohort (n = 149) completed the Home Environment Interview (HEI) via telephone when their children were 12 years old. The HEI comprises four composite scores: one for each domain (food, activity and media) of the environment, as well as a score for the overall obesogenic home environment. The primary caregiver also reported each child’s height and weight (using standard scales and height charts), diet, physical activity and sedentary screen-based behaviours. A test-retest sample (n = 20) of caregivers completed the HEI a second time, 7–14 days after the initial interview, to establish test-retest reliability.

Results
Children (n = 298) living in ‘higher-risk’ home environments (a 1 unit increase in the HEI obesogenic risk score) were less likely to consume fruits (OR; 95% CI = 0.40; 0.26–0.61, p < 0.001), and vegetables (0.30; 0.18–0.52, p < 0.001), and more likely to consume energy-dense snack foods (1.71; 1.08–2.69, p = 0.022), convenience foods (2.58; 1.64–4.05, p < 0.001), and fast foods (3.09; 1.90–5.04, p < 0.001). Children living in more obesogenic home environments also engaged in more screen-time (β (SE) = 4.55 (0.78), p < 0.001), spent more time playing video games (β (SE) = 1.56 (0.43), p < 0.001), and were less physically active (OR; 95% CI = 0.57; 0.40–0.80, p < 0.01). Additionally, there was a positive association between higher-risk overall home environment composite score and higher BMI-SDS (β (SE) = 0.23 (0.09), p < 0.01). This finding was mirrored for the home media composite (β (SE) = 0.12 (0.03), p < 0.001). The individual home food and activity composite scores were not associated with BMI-SDS.

Conclusion
Findings reveal associations between the overall obesogenic home environment and dietary intake, activity levels and screen-based sedentary behaviours, as well as BMI in 12 year olds. These findings suggest that the home environment, and in particular the home media environment, may be an important target for obesity prevention strategies.
Microglia and astrocyte involvement in neurodegeneration and brain cancer
Authors: Vandenbark Arthur A. , Offner Halina , Matejuk Szymon , Matejuk Agata 
Published: December 2021

AbstractThe brain is unique and the most complex organ of the body, containing neurons and several types of glial cells of different origins and properties that protect and ensure normal brain structure and function. Neurological disorders are the result of a failure of the nervous system multifaceted cellular networks. Although great progress has been made in the understanding of glia involvement in neuropathology, therapeutic outcomes are still not satisfactory. Here, we discuss recent perspectives on the role of microglia and astrocytes in neurological disorders, including the two most common neurodegenerative conditions, Alzheimer disease and progranulin-related frontotemporal lobar dementia, as well as astrocytoma brain tumors. We emphasize key factors of microglia and astrocytic biology such as the highly heterogeneic glial nature strongly dependent on the environment, genetic factors that predispose to certain pathologies and glia senescence that inevitably changes the CNS landscape. Our understanding of diverse glial contributions to neurological diseases can lead advances in glial biology and their functional recovery after CNS malfunction.
European consensus on patient contact shielding
Authors: Hiles Peter , Gilligan Patrick , Damilakis John , Briers Eric , Candela-Juan Cristian , Faj Dario , Foley Shane , Frija Guy , Granata Claudio , de las Heras Gala Hugo , Pauwels Ruben , Sans Merce Marta , Simantirakis Georgios , Vano Eliseo 
Published: December 2021

AbstractPatient contact shielding has been in use for many years in radiology departments in order to reduce the effects and risks of ionising radiation on certain organs. New technologies in projection imaging and CT scanning such as digital receptors and automatic exposure control systems have reduced doses and improved image consistency. These changes and a greater understanding of both the benefits and the risks from the use of shielding have led to a review of shielding use in radiology. A number of professional bodies have already issued guidance in this regard. This paper represents the current consensus view of the main bodies involved in radiation safety and imaging in Europe: European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics, European Federation of Radiographer Societies, European Society of Radiology, European Society of Paediatric Radiology, EuroSafe Imaging, European Radiation Dosimetry Group (EURADOS), and European Academy of DentoMaxilloFacial Radiology (EADMFR). It is based on the expert recommendations of the Gonad and Patient Shielding (GAPS) Group formed with the purpose of developing consensus in this area. The recommendations are intended to be clear and easy to use. They are intended as guidance, and they are developed using a multidisciplinary team approach. It is recognised that regulations, custom and practice vary widely on the use of patient shielding in Europe and it is hoped that these recommendations will inform a change management program that will benefit patients and staff.
Ranchers or pastoralists? Farm size, specialisation and production strategy amongst cattle farmers in south-eastern Kazakhstan
Authors: Robinson Sarah , Bozayeva Zhanyl , Mukhamedova Nozilakhon , Djanibekov Nodir , Petrick Martin 
Published: December 2021

AbstractAgainst the global trend towards sedentary, specialised and feed-intensive cattle farming, we explore current patterns of production in Kazakhstan’s traditionally nomadic livestock sector. Experts see considerable potential for output expansion, and the government hopes to promote the sector as an alternative to revenues from hydrocarbons. Which production systems emerge will determine the use of the country’s vast pastoral resources, patterns of economic contribution from livestock and future greenhouse gas emissions. We focus on the beef sector, using original survey data and interviews from south-eastern Kazakhstan to compare rural households and farms by production strategy, generated using cluster analysis from data on livestock holdings, fodder provision and grazing. We examine in particular the relationships between farm size and the characteristics identified. We find that, rather than being specialised and intensive, larger farms tend to be highly diversified in terms of stock species, are more mobile and provide fewer supplements per head than smaller farms. Winter pastures appear to be a key resource associated with larger operations. Many large farms provide fodder mainly as low-quality roughage, although a subset with better access to cropland provide higher quality rations and fatten cattle before sale. Medium-sized farms lack either winter pasture bases or cropland for growing supplements, but proximity to markets enables some to compensate through fodder purchases. Inability to access government support, available only to large farms, hampers their expansion. Farmers’ professional background, distance from markets and environmental conditions are all associated with the production systems observed. In terms of policy, high transaction costs associated with leaseholds and lack of transferability between farmers impede access to land. Current pasture access mechanisms and institutions almost entirely exclude small farms and households. Changes in these systems, combined with infrastructure development, may bring economic, social and environmental benefits for the livestock sector and rural communities.
Comparison of metabolic syndrome prevalence using four different definitions – a population-based study in Finland
Authors: Haverinen Elsi , Paalanen Laura , Palmieri Luigi , Padron-Monedero Alicia , Noguer-Zambrano Isabel , Sarmiento Suárez Rodrigo , Tolonen Hanna ,   for the Joint Action on Health Information (InfAct)
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a public health problem in Europe, affecting all age groups. Several MetS definitions are available. The aim of this study was to compare four different MetS definitions in the Finnish adult population, to assess their agreement and to evaluate the impact of the choice of the definition on the prevalence of MetS.

Methods
Data from FinHealth 2017, a cross-sectional national population health survey, focusing on adults aged 25 years or older were used in the analysis (n=5687). Measured data on anthropometrics, blood pressure and biomarkers together with questionnaire data were used to classify the participants into the MetS categories according to the four definitions. The definitions chosen for the comparison were those by the World Health Organization (WHO) (1998), National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III) (2004), International Diabetes Federation (IDF) (2005), and Joint Interim Statement (JIS) (2009).

Results
The four MetS definitions resulted in substantially different MetS prevalence: 17.7% by WHO, 33.3% by NCEP-ATP III, 41.5% by IDF, and 43.0% by JIS. Regardless of the definition used, the prevalence of MetS increased with age. The prevalence of the different components varied between the definitions, depending on the different cut-off points adopted. Out of all participants, only 13.6% were identified to have MetS according to all four definitions. Agreement between participants recognised by different MetS definitions, estimated through kappa coefficients, was almost perfect for IDF vs. JIS (0.97), strong for JIS vs. NCEP-ATP III (0.80), moderate for IDF vs. NCEP-ATP III (0.76) and weak for WHO vs. NCEP-ATP III (0.42), WHO vs. IDF (0.41) and WHO vs. JIS (0.40).

Conclusions
Differences between observed prevalence of MetS in Finnish men and women using different MetS definitions were large. For cross-country comparisons, as well as for trend analyses within a country, it is essential to use the same MetS definition to avoid discrepancies in classification due to differences in used definitions.
A new innovative real-time tracking method for flying insects applicable under natural conditions
Authors: Walter Thomas , Degen Jacqueline , Pfeiffer Keram , Stöckl Anna , Montenegro Sergio , Degen Tobias 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Sixty percent of all species are insects, yet despite global efforts to monitor animal movement patterns, insects are continuously underrepresented. This striking difference between species richness and the number of species monitored is not due to a lack of interest but rather to the lack of technical solutions. Often the accuracy and speed of established tracking methods is not high enough to record behavior and react to it experimentally in real-time, which applies in particular to small flying animals.

Results
Our new method of real-time tracking relates to frequencies of solar radiation which are almost completely absorbed by traveling through the atmosphere. For tracking, photoluminescent tags with a peak emission (1400 nm), which lays in such a region of strong absorption through the atmosphere, were attached to the animals. The photoluminescent properties of passivated lead sulphide quantum dots were responsible for the emission of light by the tags and provide a superb signal-to noise ratio. We developed prototype markers with a weight of 12.5 mg and a diameter of 5 mm. Furthermore, we developed a short wave infrared detection system which can record and determine the position of an animal in a heterogeneous environment with a delay smaller than 10 ms. With this method we were able to track tagged bumblebees as well as hawk moths in a flight arena that was placed outside on a natural meadow.

Conclusion
Our new method eliminates the necessity of a constant or predictable environment for many experimental setups. Furthermore, we postulate that the developed matrix-detector mounted to a multicopter will enable tracking of small flying insects, over medium range distances (>1000 m) in the near future because: a) the matrix-detector equipped with an 70 mm interchangeable lens weighs less than 380 g, b) it evaluates the position of an animal in real-time and c) it can directly control and communicate with electronic devices.
Relating aspects of adolescents’ critical nutrition literacy at the personal level
Authors: Naigaga Desire Alice , Pettersen Kjell Sverre , Henjum Sigrun , Guttersrud Øystein 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Efforts targeting adolescents’ dietary behaviour have often focused on improving their access to nutrition information; however, adolescents report finding nutrition information difficult to understand. Exploring adolescents’ critical nutrition literacy might provide insight into how best to improve their use of available nutrition information.

Purpose
The purpose of this article is to explore how the two aspects of the critical nutrition literacy - critical evaluation of nutrition information’ and ‘engagement in dietary behaviour’ are linked at personal level. Additionally, the study sought to establish the association between critical nutrition literacy and self-efficacy in nutrition related subjects.

Methods
Applying a cross-sectional study design, the study sampled 1622 adolescents aged 15-16years, enrolled in 58 secondary schools in Norway. The adolescents responded to scales measuring self-efficacy and CNL. Using Lisrel 9.30, the study evaluated a structural equation model linking CNL and SEBH.

Results
The study yielded a simple yet theoretically sound model depicting the link between CNL and self-efficacy.

Conclusion
Efforts promoting adolescents’ nutrition literacy might benefit from increasing their self-efficacy in nutrition-related subjects.
Factors influencing utilization of municipal solid waste compost among urban farmers in western Uganda
Authors: Kabasiita Juliet Kiiza , Malinga Geoffrey Maxwell , Odongo Julius C. W. , Opolot Emmanuel 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Effective management of solid waste is one of the most serious environmental problems confronting urban governments in developing countries due to insufficient financial resources and institutional capacity to provide basic solid waste management infrastructure, impoverished urban populations, low rates and coverage of collection, and rising food consumption rates. Composting has been touted as the most economical solution for reducing organic fraction of urban waste volumes while releasing vital nutrients for the soils. However, there is a paucity of information on utilization and associated factors of urban wastes in Uganda. This study aims to assess the level of utilization of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) compost produced from Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) plants and associated factors among farmers in Fort Portal and Mbarara Municipalities, western Uganda.

Methods
Data was collected using a cross-sectional survey from 359 and 361 randomly selected farmers in Mbarara and Fort Portal, respectively. A semi-structured questionnaire was employed to collect quantitative data and analyzed statistically using SPSS and STATA statistical programs. Probit model was used to determine factors that influence farmers’ decisions to utilize MSW compost as a soil conditioner.

Results
The findings revealed a very low level of utilization in both municipalities, 1.7% in Fort Portal and 2.2% in Mbarara. The results indicated that annual farm income, access to other soil conditioners, experience with the use of fertilizers, membership to a farmers’ group and the cost of MSW compost significantly influenced farmers’ decision to use MSW compost.

Conclusions
The findings call for government investment in policies aimed at increasing the level of utilization of the MSW compost by improving accessibility to soil conditioners, creating opportunities for maximizing household incomes, farmer-to-farmer experience sharing, dissemination of information through extension programmes and other innovative communication approaches, operationalization of farmers’ groups and introduction of subsidy schemes on the price of compost through operational tax waivers in urban areas of Uganda. Finally, to guarantee quality and to improve the adoption of compost generated at the CDM plants, there is a need for research to assess the quality of MSW compost, undertake a supply chain analysis and cost–benefit study and set a price commensurate with the quality, and develop guidelines and rates of application of the MSW compost.
TIPE polarity proteins are required for mucosal deployment of T lymphocytes and mucosal defense against bacterial infection
Authors: Li Mingyue , Bou-Dargham Mayassa J. , Yu Jiyeon , Etwebi Zienab , Sun Honghong , Chen Youhai H. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMucosal surfaces are continuously exposed to, and challenged by, numerous commensal and pathogenic organisms. To guard against infections, a majority of the thymus-derived T lymphocytes are deployed at the mucosa. Although chemokines are known to be involved in the mucosal lymphocyte deployment, it is not clear whether lymphocytes enter the mucosa through directed migration or enhanced random migration. Here we report that TIPE (tumor necrosis factor-α-induced protein 8 (TNFAIP8)-like) proteins mediate directed migration of T lymphocytes into lung mucosa, and they are crucial for mucosal immune defense against Streptococcus pneumoniae infection. Knockout of both Tnfaip8 and Tipe2, which encode polarity proteins that control the directionality of lymphocyte migration, significantly reduced the numbers of T lymphocytes in the lung of mice. Compared with wild-type mice, Tnfaip8−/−Tipe2−/− mice also developed more severe infection with more pathogens entering blood circulation upon nasal Streptococcus pneumoniae challenge. Single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis revealed that TIPE proteins selectively affected mucosal homing of a unique subpopulation of T cells, called “T cells-2”, which expressed high levels of Ccr9, Tcf7, and Rag1/2 genes. TNFAIP8 and TIPE2 appeared to have overlapping functions since deficiency in both yielded the strongest phenotype. These data demonstrate that TIPE family of proteins are crucial for lung mucosal immunity. Strategies targeting TIPE proteins may help develop mucosal vaccines or treat inflammatory diseases of the lung.
Controlled transitions between phyllotactic states of repulsive particles confined on the surface of a cylinder
Authors: Tomlinson A. A. , Wilkin N. K. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Phyllotaxis is a botanical classification scheme that can describe regular lattice-like structures on cylinders, often as a set of helical chains. In this letter, we study the general properties of repulsive particles on cylindrical geometries and demonstrate that this leads to a model which allows one to predict the minimum energy configuration for any given combination of system parameters. We are able to predict a sequence of transitions between phyllotactic ground states at zero temperature. Our results are understood in terms of a newly identified global scale invariant, α, dependent on circumference and density, which alone determines the ground-state structure. This representation provides a framework within which to understand and create lattice structures on more complex curved surfaces, which occur in both biological and nanoscale experimental settings.
Acute High-Intensity Interval Exercise Modulates Corticospinal Excitability in Older Adults
Authors: NEVA JASON L. , GREELEY BRIAN , CHAU BRIANA , FERRIS JENNIFER K. , JONES CHRISTINA B. , DENYER RONAN , HAYWARD KATHRYN S. , CAMPBELL KRISTIN L. , BOYD LARA A. 
Published: December 2021

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Acute exercise can modulate the excitability of the nonexercised upper limb representation in the primary motor cortex (M1). Measures of M1 excitability using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) are modulated after various forms of acute exercise in young adults, including high-intensity interval training (HIIT). However, the impact of HIIT on M1 excitability in older adults is currently unknown. Therefore, the purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of lower limb cycling HIIT on bilateral upper limb M1 excitability in older adults.

Methods
We assessed the impact of acute lower limb HIIT or rest on bilateral corticospinal excitability, intracortical inhibition and facilitation, and interhemispheric inhibition of the nonexercised upper limb muscle in healthy older adults (mean age 66 ± 8 yr). We used single and paired-pulse TMS to assess motor evoked potentials, short-interval intracortical inhibition, intracortical facilitation, and the ipsilateral silent period. Two groups of healthy older adults completed either HIIT exercise or seated rest for 23 min, with TMS measures performed before (T0), immediately after (T1), and 30 min after (T2) HIIT/rest.

Results
Motor evoked potentials were significantly increased after HIIT exercise at T2 compared with T0 in the dominant upper limb. Contrary to our hypothesis, we did not find any significant change in short-interval intracortical inhibition, intracortical facilitation, or ipsilateral silent period after HIIT.

Conclusions
Our findings demonstrate that corticospinal excitability of the nonexercised upper limb is increased after HIIT in healthy older adults. Our results indicate that acute HIIT exercise impacts corticospinal excitability in older adults, without affecting intracortical or interhemispheric circuitry. These findings have implications for the development of exercise strategies to potentiate neuroplasticity in healthy older and clinical populations.