bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cleaved Delta like 1 intracellular domain regulates neural development via Notch signal-dependent and -independent pathways
Authors: Okubo Yusuke , Ohtake Fumiaki , Igarashi Katsuhide , Yasuhiko Yukuto , Hirabayashi Yoko , Saga Yumiko , Kanno Jun 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Notch-Delta signaling regulates many developmental processes, including tissue homeostasis and maintenance of stem cells. Upon interaction of juxtaposed cells via Notch and Delta proteins, intracellular domains of both transmembrane proteins are cleaved and translocate to the nucleus. Notch intracellular domain activates target gene expression; however, the role of the Delta intracellular domain remains elusive. Here, we show the biological function of Delta like 1 intracellular domain (D1ICD) by modulating its production. We find that the sustained production of D1ICD abrogates cell proliferation but enhances neurogenesis in the developing dorsal root ganglia (DRG), whereas inhibition of D1ICD production promotes cell proliferation and gliogenesis. D1ICD acts as an integral component of lateral inhibition mechanism by inhibiting Notch activity. In addition, D1ICD promotes neurogenesis in a Notch signaling-independent manner. We show that D1ICD binds to Erk1/2 in neural crest stem cells and inhibits the phosphorylation of Erk1/2. In summary, our results indicate that D1ICD regulates DRG development by modulating not only Notch signaling but also the MAP kinase pathway.
Guidelines for reporting methods to estimate metabolic rates by aquatic intermittent-flow respirometry
Authors: Killen Shaun S. , Christensen Emil A. F. , Cortese Daphne , Závorka Libor , Norin Tommy , Cotgrove Lucy , Crespel Amélie , Munson Amelia , Nati Julie J. H. , Papatheodoulou Magdalene , McKenzie David J. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Interest in the measurement of metabolic rates is growing rapidly, because of the importance of metabolism in advancing our understanding of organismal physiology, behaviour, evolution and responses to environmental change. The study of metabolism in aquatic animals is undergoing an especially pronounced expansion, with more researchers utilising intermittent-flow respirometry as a research tool than ever before. Aquatic respirometry measures the rate of oxygen uptake as a proxy for metabolic rate, and the intermittent-flow technique has numerous strengths for use with aquatic animals, allowing metabolic rate to be repeatedly estimated on individual animals over several hours or days and during exposure to various conditions or stimuli. There are, however, no published guidelines for the reporting of methodological details when using this method. Here, we provide the first guidelines for reporting intermittent-flow respirometry methods, in the form of a checklist of criteria that we consider to be the minimum required for the interpretation, evaluation and replication of experiments using intermittent-flow respirometry. Furthermore, using a survey of the existing literature, we show that there has been incomplete and inconsistent reporting of methods for intermittent-flow respirometry over the past few decades. Use of the provided checklist of required criteria by researchers when publishing their work should increase consistency of the reporting of methods for studies that use intermittent-flow respirometry. With the steep increase in studies using intermittent-flow respirometry, now is the ideal time to standardise reporting of methods, so that – in the future – data can be properly assessed by other scientists and conservationists.
Clinical evaluation of data-driven respiratory gating for PET/CT in an oncological cohort of 149 patients: impact on image quality and patient management
Authors: Messerli Michael , Liberini Virginia , Grünig Hannes , Maurer Alexander , Skawran Stephan , Lohaus Niklas , Husmann Lars , Orita Erika , Trinckauf Josephine , Kaufmann Philipp A. , Huellner Martin W. 
Published: September 2021

Objectives:
To evaluate the impact of fully automatic motion correction by data-driven respiratory gating (DDG) on positron emission tomography (PET) image quality, lesion detection and patient management.

Materials and Methods:
A total of 149 patients undergoing PET/CT for cancer (re-)staging were retrospectively included. Patients underwent a PET/CT on a digital detector scanner and for every patient a PET data set where DDG was enabled (PETDDG) and as well as where DDG was not enabled (PETnonDDG) was reconstructed. All PET data sets were evaluated by two readers which rated the general image quality, motion effects and organ contours. Further, both readers reviewed all scans on a case-by-case basis and evaluated the impact of PETDDG on additional apparent lesion, change of report, and change of management.

Results:
In 85% (n = 126) of the patients, at least one bed position was acquired using DDG, resulting in mean scan time increase of 4:37 min per patient in the whole study cohort (n = 149). General image quality was not rated differently for PETnonDDG and PETDDG images (p = 1.000) while motion effects (i.e. indicating general blurring) was rated significantly lower in PETDDG images and organ contours, including liver and spleen, were rated significantly sharper using PETDDG as compared to PETnonDDG (all p &lt; 0.001). In 27% of patients, PETDDG resulted in a change of the report and in a total of 12 cases (8%), PETDDG resulted in a change of further clinical management.

Conclusion:
Deviceless DDG provided reliable fully automatic motion correction in clinical routine and increased lesion detectability and changed management in a considerable number of patients.

Advances in knowledge:
DDG enables PET/CT with respiratory gating to be used routinely in clinical practice without external gating equipment needed.
Micromachining of glassy carbon using a Yb-based master oscillator power amplifier nanosecond fiber laser
Authors: Li Kun , Chopra Pranav , O’Neill William 
Published: September 2021

Laser machining of glassy carbon was experimentally investigated using a 1065 nm wavelength Yb-based master oscillator power amplifier fiber laser source. Ablation characteristics were determined for SIGRADUR G glassy carbon samples using laser fluence of less than

3

J

/

c
m

2

. The ablation threshold was found to be

0.31

J

/

c
m

2

for incident pulse repetition rates of 250 and 500 kHz. Glassy carbon exhibited excellent machining characteristics with features of clearly defined edges and smooth surfaces. The ablation rate varied linearly with fluence over the range

0.31

−

1.3

J

/

c
m

2

. High-quality glassy carbon microstructures were created with optimum laser parameters.
Experimental investigation of short pulse Raman amplification with backward pumping
Authors: Vanderhaegen Guillaume , Szriftgiser Pascal , Conforti Matteo , Kudlinski Alexandre , Droques Maxime , Mussot Arnaud 
Published: September 2021

We report an experimental study on the backward-pumped Raman amplification of short pulses into a 20.3 km long optical fiber. We demonstrate that the gain and the pump saturation depend on the pulse duration. We also reveal that for short enough pulses, the amplification process remains linear, and very high peak powers, even larger than the Raman pump, are achievable. Numerical simulations reproduce the experimental results with excellent agreement.
2  µm lasing from Tm3+-doped PbO-PbF2-Bi2O3-Ga2O3 glass microspheres
Authors: Yu Jin , Du Yanqiu , Zhao Xiaotong , Jia Shijie , Li Zhenrui , Wang Shunbin , Wang Pengfei 
Published: September 2021

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) lasers at

∼

2

µ

m

are demonstrated in PbO-

P
b
F

2

-

B
i

2

O

3

-

G
a

2

O

3

(PBG) heavy metal oxyfluoride glass microspheres. A 793 nm diode laser is used to pump the PBG microsphere and achieve single-mode and multimode WGM lasing. The fluorescence spectra of

T
m

3
+

-doped PBG glasses are measured under 793 nm diode laser pumping. The maximum absorption and emission cross sections of

T
m

3
+

:

3

F

4

→
3

H

6

are calculated to be

8.23

×

10

−
21

and

4.42

×

10

−
20

c
m

2

, respectively. The experimental results indicate that these PBG glass microspheres could become an important photonic component for infrared laser applications.
Shift-variant color-coded diffractive spectral imaging system
Authors: Arguello Henry , Pinilla Samuel , Peng Yifan , Ikoma Hayato , Bacca Jorge , Wetzstein Gordon 
Published: September 2021

State-of-the-art snapshot spectral imaging (SI) systems introduce color-coded apertures (CCAs) into their setups to obtain a flexible spatial-spectral modulation, allowing spectral information to be reconstructed from a set of coded measurements. Besides the CCA, other optical elements, such as lenses, prisms, or beam splitters, are usually employed, making systems large and impractical. Recently, diffractive optical elements (DOEs) have partially replaced refractive lenses to drastically reduce the size of the SI devices. The sensing model of these systems is represented as a projection modeled by a spatially shift-invariant convolution between the unknown scene and a point spread function (PSF) at each spectral band. However, the height maps of the DOE are the only free parameters that offer changes in the spectral modulation, which causes the ill-posedness of the reconstruction to increase significantly. To overcome this challenge, our work explores the advantages of the spectral modulation of an optical setup composed of a DOE and a CCA. Specifically, the light is diffracted by the DOE and then filtered by the CCA, located close to the sensor. A shift-variant property of the proposed system is clearly evidenced, resulting in a different PSF for each pixel, where a symmetric structure constraint is imposed on the CCA to reduce the high number of resulting PSFs. Additionally, we jointly design the DOE and the CCA parameters with a fully differentiable image formation model using an end-to-end approach to minimize the deviation between the true and reconstructed image over a large set of images. Simulation shows that the proposed system improves the spectral reconstruction quality in up to 4 dB compared with current state-of-the-art systems. Finally, experimental results with a fabricated prototype in indoor and outdoor scenes validate the proposed system, where it can recover up to 49 high-fidelity spectral bands in the 420–660 nm.
Dying within dyads: Stress, sense of security and support during palliative home care
Authors: Liljeroos Maria , Milberg Per , Krevers Barbro , Milberg Anna 
Published: September 2021

ObjectivesTo examine similarities and dissimilarities in patient and family caregiver dyads in their experience of stress, support, and sense of security.Methods144 patients and their family caregivers participated. Patients were admitted to six Swedish specialist palliative home care units and diagnosed with a non-curable disease with an expected short survival. We analysed similarity patterns of answers within dyads (correlations) as well as dissimilarities, expressed as the difference between within-dyad responses. The latter were subjected to a model-building procedure using GLM, with 13 sociodemographic and clinical characteristics as independent variables.ResultsWithin dyads, patients and family caregivers scored similar in their perception of support and sense of security with care. There was also dissimilarity within dyad responses in their perception of stress and support that could be attributed to sociodemographic or clinical characteristics. When patients scored higher levels of stress than family caregivers, the family caregiver was more likely to be male. Also family caregiver attachment style (attachment anxiety), patient age and the relationship of the family caregiver to the patient explained dissimilarities within the dyads.ConclusionsPatients and family caregivers within the dyads often, but not always, had similar scores. We suggest that it is important that the healthcare staff identify situations in which perceptions within the dyads regarding stress and perception of support differ, such that they can recognise patients’ and family caregivers’ unique needs in different situations, to be able to provide adequate support and facilitate dyadic coping.
Time course of changes in the range of motion and muscle-tendon unit stiffness of the hamstrings after two different intensities of static stretching
Authors: Takeuchi Kosuke , Akizuki Kazunori , Nakamura Masatoshi 
Published: September 2021

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to examine the time course of changes in the range of motion and muscle-tendon unit stiffness of the hamstrings after two different intensities of static stretching.

Methods
Fourteen healthy men (20.9 ± 0.7 years, 169.1 ± 7.5cm, 61.6 ± 6.5kg) received static stretching for 60 seconds at two different intensities based on the point of discomfort (100%POD and 120%POD) of each participant, in random order. To evaluate the time course of changes in the flexibility of the hamstrings, the knee extension range of motion (ROM), passive torque at end ROM, and muscle-tendon unit stiffness were measured pre-stretching, post-stretching, and at both 10 and 20 minutes after static stretching.

Results
For both intensities, ROM and passive torque at pre-stretching were significantly smaller than those at post-stretching (p < 0.01 in both intensities), 10 minutes (p < 0.01 in both intensities), and 20 minutes (p < 0.01 in both intensities). The muscle-tendon unit stiffness at pre-stretching was significantly higher than that at post-stretching (p < 0.01), 10 minutes (p < 0.01), and 20 minutes (p < 0.01) only in the 120%POD, but it showed no change in the 100%POD.

Conclusion
The results showed that ROM and passive torque increased in both intensities, and the effects continued for at least 20 minutes after stretching regardless of stretching intensity. However, the muscle-tendon unit stiffness of the hamstrings decreased only after static stretching at the intensity of 120%POD, and the effects continued for at least 20 minutes after stretching.
An exploration of the nomological network of trypophobia
Authors: Mayor Eric , Meyer Andrea , Miani Alessandro , Lieb Roselind 
Published: September 2021

Background
Trypophobia is characterised by an aversion to or even revulsion for patterns of holes or visual stimuli featuring such patterns. Past research has shown that trypophobic stimuli trigger emotional and physiological reactions, but relatively little is known about the antecedents, prodromes, or simply covariates of trypophobia.

Aim
The goals of this study were (a) to draw the contours of the nomological network of trypophobia by assessing the associations of symptoms of trypophobia with several constructs that were deemed relevant from past research on anxiety disorders and specific phobias, (b) to compare such associations with those found for symptoms of spider phobia and blood and injection phobia (alternative dependent variables), and (c) to investigate the main effect of gender on symptoms of trypophobia and replicate the association of gender with symptoms of spider phobia and blood and injection phobia (higher scores for women).

Methods
Participants (N = 1,134, 53% men) in this cross-sectional study completed an online questionnaire assessing the constructs of interest.

Results
Most assessed constructs typically associated with anxiety disorders (neuroticism, conscientiousness, anxiety sensitivity, trait anxiety, disgust sensitivity, and disgust propensity) were also associated with trypophobia in the predicted direction. All of these constructs were also associated with spider phobia and blood and injection phobia. Behavioral inhibition was negatively associated with trypophobia and spider phobia—contrary to what was expected, but positively with blood and injection phobia. We found no gender difference in trypophobia, whereas women scored higher on spider phobia and blood and injection phobia.

Discussion
Although some differences were observed, the nomological network of trypophobia was largely similar to that of spider phobia and blood and injection phobia. Further studies are needed to clarify similarities and dissimilarities between trypophobia and specific phobia.
Influence of coronavirus disease 2019 on myopic progression in children treated with low-concentration atropine
Authors: Yum Hae Ri , Park Shin Hae , Shin Sun Young 
Published: September 2021

Purpose
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused many children to stay indoors. Increased near work and insufficient outdoor activities are considered important risk factors for myopic progression. This study aimed to compare the changes in myopic progression before and after COVID-19 in children treated with low-concentration atropine.

Methods
The records of 103 eyes of 103 children who were treated with low-concentration atropine eye drops were retrospectively reviewed. We classified children according to the concentration of atropine eye drops and children’s age. The beginning of the pre-COVID-19 period was set from January 2019 to May 2019, and the endpoint was set in March 2020. The beginning of the post-COVID-19 period was set in March 2020, and the endpoint was set from January 2021 to March 2021. We evaluated the questionnaires administered to children’s parents.

Results
A significant myopic progression was observed in the post-COVID-19 period compared to the pre-COVID-19 period in the 0.05% and 0.025% atropine groups (P < 0.001 and P = 0.020, respectively). For children aged 5 to 7 and 8 to 10 years, the axial elongations were significantly faster in the post-COVID-19 period than in the pre-COVID-19 period (P = 0.022 and P = 0.005, respectively). However, the rates of axial elongation and myopic progression were not significantly different between pre- and post-COVID-19 in children aged 11 to 15 years (P = 0.065 and P = 0.792, respectively). The average time spent using computers and smartphones and reading time were significantly increased, and the times of physical and outdoor activity were significantly decreased in the post-COVID-19 period compared to the pre-COVID-19 period.

Conclusions
The rates of myopic progression have increased substantially after the spread of COVID-19 with an increase in the home confinement of children. Therefore, it is necessary to control the environmental risk factors for myopia, even in children undergoing treatment for the inhibition of myopic progression.
Scholars and Literati at the Universitas Lovaniensis (1425–1797)
Authors: Catoire Guillaume , Debois Valentine , De la Croix David , Duchêne Julie , Ganterer Maximilian , Vitale Mara 
Published: September 2021

This note is a summary description of the set of scholars and literati who taught at the Universitas Lovaniensis, commonly referred to as the University of Louvain or University of Leuven, from its inception in the 15th century to its abolishment in 797 following the cession to the French Republic of the Austrian Low Countries.
“Unity in Diversity” Reloaded: The European Court of Human Rights’ Turn to Subsidiarity and its Consequences
Authors: Madsen Mikael Rask 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The European Convention of Human Rights system was originally created to sound the alarm if democracy was threatened in the member states. Yet, it eventually developed into a very different system with a focus on providing individual justice in an ever growing number of member states. This transformation has raised fundamental questions as to the level of difference and diversity allowed within the common European human rights space. Was the system to rest on minimum standards with room for domestic differences, or was it to create uniform standards? These questions have come up as increasingly contentious issues over the past years and have triggered a number of reforms seeking to introduce more subsidiarity in the system, striking a different balance between the European and national oversight of human rights. The article analyses this turn to subsidiarity by exploring whether the reform process has introduced new forms of difference and diversity within the common space of European human rights. Covering the period from 2000 to the end of 2019 and using a dataset of all judgments of the period, the article provides a structural analysis of developments in reference to the margin of appreciation which is the European Court of Human Rights’ long-standing tool for balancing the common standards, yet leaving space for individual member states to find local solutions to implementing those standards. It concludes that recent developments have contributed to a more federal-style construction of European human rights with more space for differences within the common general standards.
A drawer-type abdominal window with an acrylic/resin coverslip enables long-term intravital fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging of the liver
Authors: Deng Deqiang , Dai Bolei , Wei Jianshuang , Yuan Xuenan , Yang Xiaoquan , Qi Shuhong , Zhang Zhihong 
Published: September 2021

AbstractThe liver has a unique vascular structure and regional immunosuppressive characteristics closely linked to the occurrence and development of diseases. There are no long-term, large-field, and high-quality imaging methods to simultaneously obtain the structure of blood vessels and movement activities of immune cells in abdominal organsin vivo.This research developed a drawer-type abdominal window with an acrylic/resin coverslip named DAWarc and applied it to the intravital fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging of the liver for over 10 days. The liver lobe was inserted into the drawer holder of the DAWarc to physically fix the liver, which decreased the imaging artifacts. The acrylic/resin material used as the coverslip has a high compatibility for fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging. Through intravital fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging, information on the structure of hepatic lobules, spatial distribution of nanopomegranate labeled Kupffer cells (KCs), the movement behavior of invariant natural killer T cells, and morphology of KCs were obtained. We also used a self-organizing map neural network to detect tumor metastases in the photoacoustic images automatically. Conclusively, the DAWarc model provided a powerful tool for intravital fluorescence/photoacoustic imaging of the liver; it helped us to better understand the structure of hepatic lobules and the distribution and function of immune cells during the occurrence and development of liver diseases.