Framing responsibility (Health Coverage)
Authors: Reifegerste Doreen , Wiedicke Annemarie 
Published: April 2021

Responsibility frames in media coverage describe the mediated attribution of responsibility for causes and remedies (treatments, solutions) for health issues, mostly differentiating between individual and societal responsibility.
Field of application/theoretical foundation:
Media coverage of health topics, public opinion formation, attribution of responsibility, framing studies, social media on health issues
Example studies:
Gollust & Lantz (2009); Kim & Willis (2007); O’Hara & Smith (2007); Stefanik-Sidener (2013); Yoo & Kim (2012); Zhang & Jin (2015)

Information on Kim & Willis, 2007
Authors: Sei-Hill Kim, Leigh Anne Willis
Health topic: Obesity
Research questions: How have the media presented the causes and solutions for obesity? Have certain causes and solutions appeared more often than others? How has media coverage of causal and solution responsibility changed over the years? Have mentions of certain causes and solutions increased or decreased?
Object of analysis: Newspaper and television news data containing “obesity” or “obese” appearing in the headline, lead paragraphs, or index terms; articles published in The New York Times, The Washington Post, Chicago Sun-Times, The San Francisco Chronicle, The Houston Chronicle, and USA Today; news transcripts on obesity from three television networks (ABC, CBS, NBC); after conducting a systematic sampling, n = 300 articles and n = 200 transcripts were analyzed
Time frame of analysis: January 1995 to August 2004
Info about variables
Variables: Variables included attributions of causal and treatment responsibility, cause or treatment option was coded as ‘‘not present’’ (0) or ‘‘present’’ (1).
Level of analysis: News article respectively tv transcript

Causal responsibility

Solution responsibility

Personal causes (Scott’s pi= .81)
Unhealthy diet: Consuming too much food, consuming too much unhealthy food, addictive or emotional eating.
Sedentary lifestyle: Lack of exercise, Lack of physical activities.
Genetic conditions: Genetic=biological factors that may produce obesity (e.g., imbalance of hunger hormones that may stimulate appetite).
Others: E.g., poor adult role models.

Personal solutions (Scott’s pi= .74)
Healthy diet: Consuming less food, consuming healthy food.
Physically activities: More exercise and physical activities.
Medical treatments: Medications (e.g., diet pills), surgical treatments of obesity (e.g., gastric bypass, gastric stapling).
Others: E.g., working with a support group, talking to a counselor, parents as role models.

Societal causes (Scott’s pi= .86)
The food industry: Obesity-promoting foods (fast=junk food), super-sizing, large increase in fast=junk food restaurants, other aggressive marketing promotions.
Schools & education: Unhealthy foods in school cafeterias, lack of physical activity programs at schools, lack of public education about healthy eating and lifestyle.
Socioeconomic factors: Low-income families may not be able to afford healthy food, exercise equipment, or a gym membership. They may be too busy to prepare their own healthy food.
Others: E.g., automobile-oriented society (e.g., drive-thru stores and restaurants, big-box stores), unsafe community (crime, traffic, accident), and limited opportunities for outdoor activities.

Societal solutions (Scott’s pi= .81)
Regulations of the food industry: Regulating obesity-promoting foods, super-sizing, vending machines, and other aggressive marketing promotions, taxing unhealthy food.
Changes in schools & education: Healthier food in school cafeteria, more physical activity programs at schools, more public education.
Socioeconomic changes: Narrowing income gap, healthy food should be more affordable and available, more affordable exercise.
Others: E.g., less automobile-oriented and more walking-oriented society (less drive-thru stores and restaurants, less big-box stores), safer community, and more opportunities for outdoor activities.

Information on Stefanik-Sidener, 2013
Author: Kelsey Stefanik-Sidener
Health topic: Diabetes
Research questions: What was the dominant frame used in news stories about diabetes? What were the most common cause and solution frames used for each type of diabetes?
Object of analysis: Diabetes coverage in the New York Times (N = 239)
Time frame of analysis: 2000 to 2010
Info about variables
Variables: The articles were coded for the presence of three types of frames for both causes of and solutions to diabetes, respectively: behavioral, societal, or medical, frames were not mutually exclusive
Level of analysis: News article

General cause frame (Krippendorff’s Alpha= .96)

General solution frame (Krippendorff’s Alpha= .64)

Behavioral causal frame
Poor diet, lack of physical activity, or other individual-level issues

Personal solutions
Improving one’s diet or increasing activity levels

Societal cause frames
Poor food environments, car-centered culture, poor nutrition in schools, or other broad problems

Societal solution frames
Improving access to healthy foods, increasing nutrition education, or other public policy/societal-level solutions

Medical cause frames
Family history, genetics, age

Medical solution frames
Blood sugar control, medication, or surgery

Information on Yoo & Kim, 2012
Authors: Jina H. Yoo, Junghyun Kim
Health topic: obesity
Research questions: What typifications (i.e., causal claims and solution claims) have been made in videos on YouTube with regard to the obesity issue? How do these typifications vary among different types of media formats on YouTube?
Object of analysis: YouTube was searched with the keywords “obesity” and “obese” on 5 March 2010 and owing to capacity limits, the number of available videos was limited to 1,000 per each keyword; after a systematic random sampling and excluding irrelevant videos, total sample of N = 417 YouTube videos was analyzed
Time frame of analysis: 2000 to 2010
Info about variables
Variables: articles were coded for the presence of causal claims and solution typifications, behavioral, biological, and systematic causal factors on obesity being causal claims and behavioral solution, medical or pharmacological solution and systematic solution
Reliability: Intercoder reliability was calculated for each category, and average intercoder reliability coefficient was .89. The Cohen’s kappa coefficient for each variable ranged between .77 and 1.00
Level of analysis: each whole video, including all of the video’s visual, audio, and text presentation

Causal claims for obesity

Solution typifications for obesity

Behavioral causal claim
Obesity is due to the individual’s lifestyle choices, including lack of exercise, wrong diet, lack of willpower and self-control, etc.

Behavioral solution
Improving one’s diet or increasing activity levels

Biological causal claim
Obesity is due to genetic or hormonal problems

Medical or pharmacological solution
To use diet pills or have a gastric bypass surgery as a means of treating obesity.

Systematic causal claim
Obesity is based on environmental influences and policy choices, including detrimental practices of corporations and government, such as the fast food industry’s marketing practices, school cafeterias’ unhealthy foods, inadequate or inaccurate information about food and nutrition, etc.

Systematic solution
A societal level of obesity treatment, such as implementing obesity-related policies, banning fast food marketing, removing vending machines from school, etc.

Information on Zhang & Jin, 2015
Authors: Yuan Zhang, Yan Jin
Health topic: Depression
Research question: Do cultural values and organizational restraints shape the responsibility frames for health issues?
Object of analysis: US (n = 228) and Chinese (n = 224) newspaper coverage on depression, including New York Times and USA Today, Philadelphia Inquirer, Houston Chronicle, Star Tribune and Denver Post; Chinese newspapers were not further specified, except for People’s Daily and Beijing Daily
Time frame of analysis: 2000 to 2012
Info about variables
Variables: News framing of causal and problem-solving responsibilities was measured at individual and societal levels, with individual-level and society-level causes and solutions. Each cause and solution included four subcategories which were measured nominally as 0 (absent) or 1 (present).
Reliability: For the US data, a pretest in which two coders both coded a randomly selected 10% of the sample yielded Pearson’s r of 0.737 (p < 0.001) for individual causes, 0.862 (p < 0.001) for societal causes, 0.790 (p < 0.001) for individual solutions, and 0.907 (p < 0.001) for societal solutions.
For the Chinese data, a pretest in which two bilingual coders both coded a randomly selected 10% of the sample yielded Pearson’s r of 0.861 (p < 0.001) for individual causes, 0.893 (p < 0.001) for societal causes, 0.807 (p < 0.001) for individual solutions, and 0.899 (p < 0.001)
Level of analysis: Article
Variables & operational definitions: In the appendix

References
Gollust, S. E., & Lantz, P. M. (2009). Communicating population health: Print news media coverage of type 2 diabetes. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 69(7), 1091–1098. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.07.009
Kim, S.?H., & Willis, A. (2007). Talking about obesity: News framing of who is responsible for causing and fixing the problem. Journal of Health Communication, 12(4), 359–376. https://doi.org/10.1080/10810730701326051
O’Hara, S. K., & Smith, K. C. (2007). Presentation of eating disorders in the news media: What are the implications for patient diagnosis and treatment? Patient Education and Counseling, 68(1), 43–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pec.2007.04.006
Stefanik-Sidener, K. (2013). Nature, nurture, or that fast food hamburger: Media framing of diabetes in the New York Times from 2000 to 2010. Health Communication, 28(4), 351–358. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2012.688187
Yoo, J. H., & Kim, J. (2012). Obesity in the new media: a content analysis of obesity videos on YouTube. Health Communication, 27(1), 86–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2011.569003
Zhang, Y., & Jin, Y. (2015). Who's responsible for depression? The Journal of International Communication, 21(2), 204–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/13216597.2015.1052532
Zhang, Y., & Jin, Y. (2015). Who's responsible for depression? Journal of International Communication, 21(2), 204–225.