bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New [2,2]Fluorenophanes Give Insights into Asymmetric Charge Transfer‐Mediated Exciton Delocalization along the π‐π Packing Direction
Authors: Wang Chi‐Shin , Wei Yu‐Chen , Pan Ming‐Lun , Wu Cheng‐Ham , Chou Pi‐Tai , Wu Yao‐Ting 
Published: April 2021

AbstractA series of new [2,2]fluorenophanes has been synthesized and characterized; among them, molecules of crystallographically asymmetric anti‐[2.2](1,4)(4,1)fluorenophane (K2C‐2) aggregate to form one‐dimensional supramolecular chain structures through effective intermolecular π‐π overlapping. This, in combination with the synergistic intramolecular π‐π interaction, leads to prominent dual emission mediated by charge transfer (CT) exciton delocalization. Support of this new insight is given by mapping the transition density along the π‐π packing direction where the intramolecular excitation and intermolecular CT coexist in K2C‐2.
Rediscovering Sulfinylamines as Reagents for Organic Synthesis
Authors: Davies Thomas Q. , Willis Michael C. 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSulfinylamines (R−N=S=O), monoaza analogues of sulfur dioxide, have been known for well over a century, and their reactivity as sulfur electrophiles and in Diels‐Alder reactions is well‐established. However, they have only rarely been used in organic synthesis in recent decades despite the increasing prominence of compounds containing N=S=O functionality, such as sulfoximines and sulfonimidamides. This Minireview aims to bring wider visibility to the unique chemistry enabled by this class of compounds. We focus on advances from the last 10 years, including the first examples of their use in the one‐pot syntheses of sulfoximines and sulfonimidamides. Also covered are the reactions of sulfinylamines with carbon‐centred radicals, their use for formation of heterocycles through cycloadditions, and catalytic enantioselective allylic oxidation of alkenes via a hetero‐ene reaction. These examples highlight the different reactivity modes of sulfinylamines and their underappreciated potential for forming molecules which contain high‐ or low‐valent sulfur, or even no sulfur at all.
Chiral Chromium Salen@rGO as Multipurpose and Recyclable Heterogeneous Catalyst
Authors: Abd El Sater Mariam , Mellah Mohamed , Dragoe Diana , Kolodziej Emilie , Jaber Nada , Schulz Emmanuelle 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe first immobilization of a pyrene‐tagged chromium salen complex through π‐π noncovalent interactions on reduced graphene oxide (rGO) is described. A very robust supported catalytic system is obtained to promote asymmetric catalysis in repeated cycles, without loss of activity or enantioselectivity. This specific behavior was demonstrated in two different catalytic reactions (up to ten reuses) promoted by chromium salen complexes, the cyclohexene oxide ring‐opening reaction and the hetero‐Diels‐Alder cycloaddition between various aldehydes and Danishefsky's diene. Furthermore, the chiral chromium salen@rGO has been found to be compatible with a multi‐substrate type use, in which the structure of the substrate involved is modified each time the catalyst is reused.
Formic Acid Dehydrogenation for Hydrogen Production Promoted by Grubbs and Hoveyda‐Grubbs Catalysts†
Authors: Wang Qian , Xia Yihao , Cheng Fanrui , Chen Zhijian , Wang Yifan , Zhu Xiaofei , Qin Lei , Zheng Zhiping 
Published: April 2021

Main observation and conclusionIn this work, we screened three Grubbs catalysts and two Hoveyda‐Grubbs catalysts for the production of H2 by dehydrogenation of formic acid (FA). The best results were achieved with the use of a first‐generation Hoveyda‐Grubbs catalyst. With a catalyst loading of mere 0.5 μmol, a maximum TON of 36356 was obtained within 3 h. Two key intermediates were identified by using 1H NMR and high‐resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESI‐MS), based on which a mechanism possibly responsible for the observed catalysis was proposed.
Chiral Coordination Metallacycles/Metallacages for Enantioselective Recognition and Separation
Authors: Zhang Liyan , Liu Huiping , Yuan Guozan , Han Ying‐Feng 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn recent years, chiral discrete supramolecular coordination complexes have attracted increasing interest as simple enzyme mimetics owing to their aesthetic architectures and potential applications in chiral science. This review summarizes the recent advances on chiral coordination metallacycles/metallacages with inherent cavities for enantionselective recognition and separation, including their design principles and synthesis, the introduction of chirality and functionality, structural adaptability, and host‐guest bonding in enantioselective process. Finally, the perspectives on the remaining challenges and future opportunities are presented.
Rainfall flow optimization based K‐Means clustering for medical data
Authors: Jaya Mabel Rani Antony , Pravin Albert 
Published: April 2021

SummaryIn the present trend, availability of data increases more and more in all the fields in more complex way. It is very difficult for handling in an effective way with best scalability for proper decision making of knowledge extraction. K‐Means algorithm is the most familiar extensive old‐style partitioned and faster clustering algorithm than other clustering methods. But it is very subtle for initial centroids and it can be simply surrounded. So, in need of effective optimum centroid with faster clustering, this paper proposed Rainfall Flow Optimization (RFFO) based on K‐Means algorithm. RFFO is a new flood optimization technique like other optimization methods such as PSO, ACO, BCO, and so forth. RFFO is based on the nature of rainfall flow with various environments and its behavior of flow from shallow to depth. Scientific calculations are also used to find flow of data from one location to another location by its present location of waterfall, its velocity, and its most neighboring flow depth. This water storage mainly depends on nearest storage location, maximum depth, size of the storage area, and condition of the storage location. RFFO has some of the unique features than other optimization methods like speed of flow, total quantity of flow, location of flow, and so forth, that determines the optimal centroid. The performance of this proposed RFFO technique is measured with Accuracy, Jaccard Coefficient, Random Coefficient, and also compared with other existing methods using medical data set to cluster risk factor of heart disease with 300 data set.
A brief review on integration between wireless sensor networks and Cloud
Authors: Liazid Hidaya , Lehsaini Mohamed 
Published: April 2021

SummaryWireless sensor networks (WSNs) are an interconnection between hundreds to thousands of geographically distributed sensor nodes often called motes. WSNs are deployed in various fields for collecting data; they are used in healthcare monitoring, weather service, civil and military applications, and so on. WSNs are faced with many challenges due to their lack of computational resources, restrained storage capacities, and limited energy resources. The apparition of Cloud computing technology with its many advantages led the idea of integration between these two technologies. In this article, we will present an overview of works related to the interconnection between WSNs to the Cloud. After analyzing the contents of the published works, we established their classification according to the subjects treated. Four items are therefore selected, namely storage and computation, security, application and finally integration for Internet of Things (IoT). This brief review of the literature shows that the development of WSNs‐Cloud interconnection solves the problem of minimizing energy consumption at the sensor level, the problem of data storage, as well as the problem of access to the medium.
Identifying the Interunit Linkages Connecting Free Phenolic Terminal Units in Lignin
Authors: Saito Kaori , Makimura Yutaka , Nishimura Hiroshi , Watanabe Takashi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractUnderstanding the linkages connecting phenolic terminal and nonphenolic units in complex branched polymer, lignin, is crucial to facilitate efficient and selective valorization of lignin. In this study, the interunit linkages connecting phenolic units are identified by premethylation of the phenolic hydroxy groups and thioacidolysis‐desulfuration. Interestingly, the phenolic units are found to be connected by only β‐5, β‐1, and β‐O‐4 linkages. The phenolic unit abundance is approximately 20 %. The result reveals that lignin polymerization terminates with the three linkages by a coupling between a monomer and the polymer terminus, which is reasonably explained by the radical coupling mechanism. Unexpectedly, 5‐5, 4‐O‐5, and β–β linkages connecting the phenolic units are not detected, indicating that these units are further elongated to form nonphenolic units. This study reveals the linkage types connecting phenolic and nonphenolic units and their elongation mechanisms.
An automated prescriptive domain data preprocessing algorithm to support multilabel‐multicriteria classification for Indian coastal dataset, crop dataset, and breast cancer dataset
Authors: Mehfooza M. , I Haroon Basha 
Published: April 2021

SummaryIn many real‐world applications, the problem of machine learning is based on multicriteria. The multicriteria learning process becomes problematic with data classification involving multiple class labels. The multilabel‐multicriteria classification (MLMCC) is an emerging research area among the data science community, and it has applications in many domains like sciences, computer vision, government, business, and engineering domains. Most of the existing classification techniques learn single criteria and fail to focus with the multicriteria‐based internal information. In order to overcome the above research problem, we propose an expert‐based pattern driven multilabel learning algorithms (E‐PDMLAs) to handle MLMCC. The whole framework is supported with expert knowledge observed as multicriteria, and it is summarized into three broad categories of linguistic terms, namely, MoreThan(>=), LessThan(<=), and Between(‐). Also, the top level of data analytics is to unfold the prescriptive analysis on the data. In this work, prescribing data is supported with linguistic terms, namely, Critical, Feasible, and Strong. In support of E‐PDMLA, the data have been preprocessed and prescribed into linguistic terms for the better insight of information. In this paper, we propose a novel automated prescriptive and fuzzy‐based preprocessing algorithm (prescriptive fuzzy‐based domain data preprocessing technique [PF‐DDPT]) for all the above three categories. The experimental study has been carried out with Indian coastal dataset, crop dataset, and breast cancer dataset, and the results have been compared with normal and modeling technique. The analysis manifests the strength of our proposed algorithm (PF‐DDPT) over accuracy on preprocessing and prescription based on expert perception.
A rare case of primary effusion lymphoma in HIV negative patient: Diagnostic challenges and literature review
Authors: Malik Preeti , Khader Samer N. , Asiry Saeed 
Published: April 2021

AbstractWe present a rare case of primary effusion lymphoma (PEL) in a 75 year old, HIV‐negative male patient with multiple comorbidities. Imaging studies revealed a massive right pleural effusion and a significant lung collapse with multiple plural soft tissue nodules. Immediate thoracentesis was performed. Cytologic evaluation of the pleural fluid showed abnormally large cell with increased nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio, irregular nuclear contours and prominent nucleoli, with phenotypic expression of HHV‐8, CD138, CD30, and MUM1 markers and negative staining for epithelial and mesothelial markers. PEL is a rare and aggressive large B‐cell lymphoma often affecting immunocompromised adults and is mostly associated with human herpes virus 8/Kaposi sarcoma‐associated herpes virus (HHV‐8/KSHV). However, cases in immunocompetent elderly patients have been reported. The cytomorphologic features of PEL overlaps with those of aggressive lymphomas such as diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma, plasmablastic lymphoma, and anaplastic large‐cell lymphoma. Also, mesothelioma, metastatic carcinoma or melanoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Hence, PEL should be kept in mind in the diagnostic algorithm of cytological evaluation of serosal fluid not only in HIV positive patients but also HIV‐negative elderly patients. In this report, we aim to highlight the cytologic and immunohistochemical staining pattern of this rare entity to increase awareness of this entity among cytopathologists.
Reactivity of 5‐(Alkynyl)dibenzothiophenium Salts: Synthesis of Diynes, Vinyl Sulfones, and Phenanthrenes
Authors: Kafuta Kevin , Rugen Christian J. , Heilmann Tobias , Liu Tianshu , Golz Christopher , Alcarazo Manuel 
Published: April 2021

AbstractThe reactivity of 5‐(alkynyl)dibenzothiophenium salts 1 is explored in the presence of different nucleophiles, dienes, and under photochemical conditions. Reaction with lithium acetylides affords diynes in moderate yields; while depending on the substitution pattern, the reaction with sulfinates delivers either the alkyne transfer products, alkynyl sulfones, or β‐(sulfonium) vinyl sulfones through addition to the C−C triple bond. Similar behavior is observed when tosylamines are used as nucleophiles. Salts of general formula 1 also react with dienes to render the corresponding Diels‐Alder cycloadducts. The vinyl sulfonium salts obtained by these routes further react with nucleophiles through a Michael addition, dibenzothiophene elimination sequence. Alternatively, they also engage in photoinduced radical cyclizations to produce substituted phenanthrenes. Attempts to use this specific addition/radical cyclization sequence for the construction of the 6a,7‐dehydroaporphine skeleton present in several families of alkaloids are also described.
Who benefits from corruption; the private individual or the public purse?
Authors: Tawiah Vincent , Zakari Abdulrasheed , Xede James 
Published: April 2021

AbstractIn this paper, we examine the impact of corruption on wealth distribution between the public purse and private individuals conditioned on the institutional quality of a country. We used panel data on 83 countries from 2000 to 2017. Our results indicate that corruption helps private individuals to accumulate more wealth at the expense of the public purse in countries with low‐quality institutions. However, corruption increases the wealth in the public purse in countries with high‐quality institutions. Our results, therefore, imply that the institutional quality of a country significantly shapes how corruption affects the wealth of private individuals and the public purse. The results are pronounced in developing countries and robust to alternative measurements and endogeneity test.
Comparison of water productivity and crop performance in hydroponic and soil cultivation using AquaCrop software*
Authors: Sabzian Mahmoud , Rahimikhoob Ali , Mashal Mahmoud , Aliniaeifard Sasan , Dehghani Tahmine 
Published: April 2021

AbstractSoil cultivations are widely being replaced by soil‐less methods for growing plants in greenhouses. In the present study, we compared the normalized water productivity (WP*) of lettuce plants under soil and hydroponic cultivation methods. Furthermore, the AquaCrop model was assessed for the simulation of yield and water productivity (WP) of lettuce in the soil and hydroponic cultivation methods. Productivity parameters of normalized water were different for the soil and hydroponic cultivations. The AquaCrop model was applied using 14.3 and 15.8 g m−2, respectively, as obtained for WP* for soil and hydroponic cultivation methods in the first cultivation. Biomass was simulated during the growth period and was compared with the measured data from the first cultivation. The results indicated that the AquaCrop model simulates the performance of lettuce with a remarkable accuracy during the growth period using the calibrated values of WP*. In both cultivations, WP was also measured and simulated for the plants grown with the hydroponic and soil cultivation methods. WP of plants cultured in the hydroponic system was higher than the WP of soil‐grown plants. Canopy cover was measured for both cultivation methods and was simulated by the model. The model simulated the canopy covers remarkably well for both cultivation methods (coefficient of determination R2 > 0.95). Therefore, this model can be considered reliable in investigating the effect of cultivation methods on WP and biomass in lettuce plants.
Effects of combined shade and drought stress on turf‐type bermudagrasses
Authors: Chhetri Manoj , Fontanier Charles , Moss Justin Q. , Wu Yanqi 
Published: April 2021

AbstractShade and drought commonly occur together in turfgrass systems due to competition with trees for light and soil water. Two greenhouse studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of combined drought and shade stress on bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] and hybrid bermudagrass [C. dactylon (L.) Pers. × C. transvaalensis Burtt Davy] physiology. ‘Latitude 36 Turf Bermudagrass’ (Latitude 36TM) hybrid bermudagrass and ‘Riley's Super Sport’ (Celebration®) bermudagrass were selected for Experiment 1, while ‘Patriot’ hybrid bermudagrass was added as a shade‐sensitive cultivar in Experiment 2. Washed plugs of each cultivar were planted in growth tubes (10 cm diameter by 46 cm length polyvinyl chloride pipe with a flat bottom cap) filled with a 1:1 topsoil/sand root‐zone. Each experiment was conducted as a completely random design with two factors (cultivar and irrigation) repeated under two light environments. Light environment was defined as either adequate light (20.8–26.8 mol m–2 d–1) or low light (9.7–10.1 mol m–2 d–1) conditions. Irrigation was applied by hand to achieve either 100% (well‐watered) or 50% (drought) replacement of evapotranspiration (ET). Under drought conditions, low light resulted in a gradual decline in ET rate, whereas adequate light showed a sharp decline in ET rate over time. Under adequate light, Patriot consumed the most water among cultivars for either well‐watered or drought conditions. In contrast, Patriot (well‐watered) had the lowest water use in the low light environment, suggesting shade tolerance could potentially influence drought response under low light environments.
Measurement of expansion factor and distortion for expansion microscopy using isolated renal glomeruli as landmarks
Authors: Zhu Chen , Wang Aidong , Chen Lili , Guo Liangsheng , Ye Jiajia , Chen Qilin , Wang Qi , Yao Guojia , Xia Qin , Cai Tianyu , Guo Jiayun , Yang Zhenyu , Sun Zhenglong , Xu Yuwei , Lu Guoyuan , Zhang Zexin , Cao Jingyuan , Liu Ying , Xu Huizhong 
Published: April 2021

AbstractExpansion microscopy has enabled super resolution imaging of biological samples. The accurate measurement of expansion factor and distortion typically requires locating and imaging the same region of interest in the sample before and after expansion, which is often time‐consuming to achieve. Here we introduce a convenient method for relocation by utilizing isolated porcine glomeruli as landmarks during expansion. Following heat denaturation and proteinase K digestion protocols, the glomeruli exhibit expansion factor of 3.5 to 4 (only 7%‐16% less expanded than the hydrogel), and 1% to 2% of relative distortion. Due to its appropriate size of 100 to 300 μm, the location of the glomerulus in the sample are visible to eyes, while its detailed shape only requires bright field microscopy. For expansion factors ranging from 3 to 10, the region in the vicinity of the glomerulus can be easily re‐identified, and sometimes allows quantification of expansion factor and distortion under bright field without fluorescent labels.
Tibial Macrostructure and Microarchitecture Adaptations in Women During 44 Weeks of Arduous Military Training
Authors: O'Leary Thomas J. , Wardle Sophie L. , Gifford Robert M. , Double Rebecca L. , Reynolds Rebecca M. , Woods David R. , Greeves Julie P. 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Bone adapts to unaccustomed, high-impact loading but loses mechanosensitivity quickly. Short periods of military training (≤12 weeks) increase the density and size of the tibia in women. The effect of longer periods of military training, where the incidence of stress fracture is high, on tibial macrostructure and microarchitecture in women is unknown. This observational study recruited 51 women (age 19 to 30 years) at the start of 44 weeks of British Army Officer training. Tibial volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), geometry, and microarchitecture were measured by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HRpQCT). Scans of the right tibial metaphysis (4% site) and diaphysis (30% site) were performed at weeks 1, 14, 28, and 44. Measures of whole-body areal bone mineral density (aBMD) were obtained using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Blood samples were taken at weeks 1, 28, and 44, and were analyzed for markers of bone formation and resorption. Trabecular vBMD increased from week 1 to 44 at the 4% site (3.0%, p &lt; .001). Cortical vBMD decreased from week 1 to 14 at the 30% site (−0.3%, p &lt; .001). Trabecular area decreased at the 4% site (−0.4%); trabecular bone volume fraction (3.5%), cortical area (4.8%), and cortical thickness (4.0%) increased at the 4% site; and, cortical perimeter increased at the 30% site (0.5%) from week 1 to 44 (p ≤ .005). Trabecular number (3.5%) and thickness (2.1%) increased, and trabecular separation decreased (−3.1%), at the 4% site from week 1 to 44 (p &lt; .001). Training increased failure load at the 30% site from week 1 to 44 (2.5%, p &lt; .001). Training had no effect on aBMD or markers of bone formation or resorption. Tibial macrostructure and microarchitecture continued to adapt across 44 weeks of military training in young women. Temporal decreases in cortical density support a role of intracortical remodeling in the pathogenesis of stress fracture. © 2021 Crown copyright. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research © 2021 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR). This article is published with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland.