bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-acting antiretrovirals: a new era for the management and prevention of HIV infection
Authors: Thoueille Paul , Choong Eva , Cavassini Matthias , Buclin Thierry , Decosterd Laurent A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The long-acting antiretroviral cabotegravir and rilpivirine combination has just received FDA, EMA and Health Canada approval. This novel drug delivery approach is about to revolutionize the therapy of people living with HIV, decreasing the 365 daily pill burden to only six intramuscular injections per year. In addition, islatravir, a first-in-class nucleoside reverse transcriptase translocation inhibitor, is intended to be formulated as an implant with a dosing interval of 1 year or more. At present, long-acting antiretroviral therapies (LA-ARTs) are given at fixed standard doses, irrespectively of the patient’s weight and BMI, and without consideration for host genetic and non-genetic factors likely influencing their systemic disposition. Despite a few remaining challenges related to administration (e.g. pain, dedicated medical procedure), the development and implementation of LA-ARTs can overcome long-term adherence issues by improving patients’ privacy and reducing social stigma associated with the daily oral intake of anti-HIV treatments. Yet, the current ‘one-size-fits-all’ approach does not account for the recognized significant inter-individual variability in LA-ART pharmacokinetics. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), an important tool for precision medicine, may provide physicians with valuable information on actual drug exposure in patients, contributing to improve their management in real life. The present review aims to update the current state of knowledge on these novel promising LA-ARTs and discusses their implications, particularly from a clinical pharmacokinetics perspective, for the future management and prevention of HIV infection, issues of ongoing importance in the absence of curative treatment or an effective vaccine.
Cloning and characterization of Thioredoxin 1 from the Cnidarian Hydra
Authors: Perween Nusrat , Pekhale Komal , Haval Gauri , Mittal Smriti , Ghaskadbi Surendra , Ghaskadbi Saroj S 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Thioredoxins, small disulphide-containing redox proteins, play an important role in the regulation of cellular thiol redox balance through their disulfide reductase activity. In this study, we have identified, cloned, purified and characterized thioredoxin 1 (HvTrx1) from the Cnidarian Hydra vulgaris Ind-Pune. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that HvTrx1 contains an evolutionarily conserved catalytic active site Cys-Gly-Pro-Cys and shows a closer phylogenetic relationship with vertebrate Trx1. Optimum pH and temperature for enzyme activity of purified HvTrx1 was found to be pH 7.0 and 25°C, respectively. Enzyme activity decreased significantly at acidic or alkaline pH as well as at higher temperatures. HvTrx1 was found to be expressed ubiquitously in whole mount in situ hybridization.
Treatment of Hydra with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a highly reactive oxidizing agent, led to a significant increase in gene expression and enzyme activity of Trx1. Further experiments using PX12, an inhibitor of Trx1, indicated that Trx1 plays an important role in regeneration in Hydra. Finally, by using growth assay in Escherichia coli and wound healing assay in human colon cancer cells, we demonstrate that HvTrx1 is functionally active in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic heterologous systems.
General Court rules that Guerlain’s shape of Rouge G lipstick enjoys trade mark protection
Authors: Maienza Giulia 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Guerlain v European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO), T-488/20, EU:T:2021:443
The General Court (‘GC’) has overturned the EUIPO and Board of Appeal decisions, ruling that the shape of a lipstick may be registered as a 3D trade mark insofar as it represents a memorable shape that will be perceived by the relevant public as one that departs significantly from the norms and customs of the cosmetics sector. In its analysis of the distinctive character of the sign, the GC did not take into account the originality of the shape nor the high-quality design or its successful aesthetic appeal. It instead considered the range of different shapes of lipsticks available on the market and focused on the objective and uncommon visual effect of the Guerlain’s shape on the relevant public.
Characterization of growth and development of sorghum genotypes with differential susceptibility to Striga hermonthica
Authors: Kawa Dorota , Taylor Tamera , Thiombiano Benjamin , Musa Zayan , Vahldick Hannah E , Walmsley Aimee , Bucksch Alexander , Bouwmeester Harro , Brady Siobhan M 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Two sorghum varieties, Shanqui Red (SQR) and SRN39, have distinct levels of susceptibility to the parasitic weed Striga hermonthica, which have been attributed to different strigolactone composition within their root exudates. Root exudates of the Striga-susceptible variety Shanqui Red (SQR) contain primarily 5-deoxystrigol, which has a high efficiency for inducing Striga germination. SRN39 roots primarily exude orobanchol, leading to reduced Striga germination and making this variety resistant to Striga. The structural diversity in exuded strigolactones is determined by a polymorphism in the LOW GERMINATION STIMULANT 1 (LGS1) locus. Yet, the genetic diversity between SQR and SRN39 is broad and has not been addressed in terms of growth and development. Here, we demonstrate additional differences between SQR and SRN39 by phenotypic and molecular characterization. A suite of genes related to metabolism was differentially expressed between SQR and SRN39. Increased levels of gibberellin precursors in SRN39 were accompanied by slower growth rate and developmental delay and we observed an overall increased SRN39 biomass. The slow-down in growth and differences in transcriptome profiles of SRN39 were strongly associated with plant age. Additionally, enhanced lateral root growth was observed in SRN39 and three additional genotypes exuding primarily orobanchol. In summary, we demonstrate that the differences between SQR and SRN39 reach further than the changes in strigolactone profile in the root exudate and translate into alterations in growth and development.
Xylem biomechanics, water storage, and density within roots and shoots of an angiosperm tree species
Authors: Baer Alex B , Fickle Jaycie C , Medina Jackeline , Robles Catherine , Pratt R Brandon , Jacobsen Anna L 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Xylem is a complex tissue that forms the bulk of tree bodies and has several functions, including to conduct water, store water and nutrients, and biomechanically support the plant body. We examined how xylem functional traits varied at different positions within 9-year-old Populus balsamifera subsp. trichocarpa. Whole trees were excavated, and xylem samples were collected at 1-m increments along the main root-to-shoot axis of six trees, from root tip to shoot tip. We examined biomechanical and water-storage traits of the xylem, including using a non-invasive imaging technique to examine water content within long, intact branches (high-resolution computed tomography; microCT). Xylem density, strength, and stiffness were greater in shoots than roots. Along the main root-to-shoot axis, xylem strength and stiffness were greatest at shoot tips, and the tissue became linearly weaker and less stiff down the plant and through the root. Roots had greater water storage with lower biomechanical support, and shoots had biomechanically stronger and stiffer xylem with lower water storage. These findings support trade-offs among xylem functions between roots and shoots. Understanding how xylem functions differ throughout tree bodies is important in understanding whole-tree functioning and how terrestrial plants endure numerous environmental challenges over decades of growth.
m6A-express: uncovering complex and condition-specific m6A regulation of gene expression
Authors: Zhang Teng , Zhang Shao-Wu , Zhang Song-Yao , Gao Shou-Jiang , Chen Yidong , Huang Yufei 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) is the most abundant form of mRNA modification and controls many aspects of RNA metabolism including gene expression. However, the mechanisms by which m6A regulates cell- and condition-specific gene expression are still poorly understood, partly due to a lack of tools capable of identifying m6A sites that regulate gene expression under different conditions. Here we develop m6A-express, the first algorithm for predicting condition-specific m6A regulation of gene expression (m6A-reg-exp) from limited methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq) data. Comprehensive evaluations of m6A-express using simulated and real data demonstrated its high prediction specificity and sensitivity. When only a few MeRIP-seq samples may be available for the cellular or treatment conditions, m6A-express is particularly more robust than the log-linear model. Using m6A-express, we reported that m6A writers, METTL3 and METTL14, competitively regulate the transcriptional processes by mediating m6A-reg-exp of different genes in Hela cells. In contrast, METTL3 induces different m6A-reg-exp of a distinct group of genes in HepG2 cells to regulate protein functions and stress-related processes. We further uncovered unique m6A-reg-exp patterns in human brain and intestine tissues, which are enriched in organ-specific processes. This study demonstrates the effectiveness of m6A-express in predicting condition-specific m6A-reg-exp and highlights the complex, condition-specific nature of m6A-regulation of gene expression.
Codon usage and protein length-dependent feedback from translation elongation regulates translation initiation and elongation speed
Authors: Lyu Xueliang , Yang Qian , Zhao Fangzhou , Liu Yi 
Published: August 2021

AbstractEssential cellular functions require efficient production of many large proteins but synthesis of large proteins encounters many obstacles in cells. Translational control is mostly known to be regulated at the initiation step. Whether translation elongation process can feedback to regulate initiation efficiency is unclear. Codon usage bias, a universal feature of all genomes, plays an important role in determining gene expression levels. Here, we discovered that there is a conserved but codon usage-dependent genome-wide negative correlation between protein abundance and CDS length. The codon usage effects on protein expression and ribosome flux on mRNAs are influenced by CDS length; optimal codon usage preferentially promotes production of large proteins. Translation of mRNAs with long CDS and non-optimal codon usage preferentially induces phosphorylation of initiation factor eIF2α, which inhibits translation initiation efficiency. Deletion of the eIF2α kinase CPC-3 (GCN2 homolog) in Neurospora preferentially up-regulates large proteins encoded by non-optimal codons. Surprisingly, CPC-3 also inhibits translation elongation rate in a codon usage and CDS length-dependent manner, resulting in slow elongation rates for long CDS mRNAs. Together, these results revealed a codon usage and CDS length-dependent feedback mechanism from translation elongation to regulate both translation initiation and elongation kinetics.
Absolute and Relative Smokeless Tobacco Product Risk Perceptions: Developing and Validating New Measures that are Up-to-Snuff
Authors: O’Brien Erin Keely , Baig Sabeeh A , Persoskie Alexander 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Tobacco risk perceptions impact behavior. Our 2018 systematic review of tobacco risk perception measures found no measures of smokeless tobacco (ST) risk perceptions with demonstrated validity and complete consistency with tobacco researcher recommendations (e.g. specifying use frequency). This study develops such measures to assess seven specific risk perceptions of market-leading ST products: absolute health and addiction risks, health and addiction risks relative to cigarettes, pregnancy health risks relative to cigarettes, health risks relative to nicotine replacement therapy, and health risks relative to tobacco cessation.

Methods and Results
We fielded 64 items assessing risk perceptions associated with tobacco in an online survey experiment (N = 2754) that tested effects of exposing participants to a modified risk claim on a leading ST product. Through reliability and validity analyses, we reduced this to 35 items representing seven constructs. Exploratory factor analyses indicated single-factor solutions for all but two constructs: absolute health risk and health risk relative to cigarettes, which were each represented by two-factors (respiratory and oral risks). Participants perceived respiratory risks differently than oral risks: a modified risk claim reduced ST relative respiratory risk perceptions but increased ST perceived oral risks.

Conclusions
Absolute and relative risk perceptions were each represented by two factors that behaved differently, underscoring the utility of assessing respiratory and oral risk perceptions separately. These measures of seven risk perception constructs demonstrated some validity and can be used to assess perceptions of ST risk in future research, such as postmarket surveillance of tobacco products authorized for marketing by FDA.

Implications
This study develops and validates publicly available measures of seven smokeless tobacco risk perception constructs: absolute health and addiction risks, health and addiction risks relative to cigarettes, pregnancy health risks relative to cigarettes, health risks relative to nicotine replacement therapy, and health risks relative to tobacco cessation. This study suggests that for both absolute and relative risk perceptions, risks of respiratory and oral health effects should be assessed separately, because these risk perceptions may be impacted differently by modified risk claims, and are differentially related to smokeless tobacco beliefs, use intentions, and current use.
For some, luck matters more: the impact of the great recession on the early careers of graduates from different socio-economic backgrounds*
Authors: Del Bono Emilia , Morando Greta 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article uses variation in unemployment caused by the 2008 UK recession to analyse socio-economic gaps in graduate outcomes. Our data come from a survey that collects information on several cohorts of students from all English universities and reports their destinations at 6 months after graduation. The results show that, when graduating in a recession, students from less advantaged family backgrounds are more likely to become unemployed, to work part-time, and to earn less than students from more advantaged families. There is evidence that professional networks established while at university are important in explaining some of these socio-economic gaps in outcomes.
Utopia's Discontents
Authors: Hillis Faith 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In the years before the 1917 revolution, exiles who had fled the Russian empire created large and boisterous Russian colonies across Western and Central Europe. Centers of radical activity in the heart of bourgeois cities, these émigré settlements evolved into revolutionary social experiments in their own right. Feminists, nationalist activists, and Jewish intellectuals seeking to liberate and uplift populations oppressed by the tsarist regime treated the colonies as utopian communities, creating new networks, institutions, and cultural practices that reflected their values. Prefiguring the ideal world of freedom and universal fraternity of which radicals dreamed, émigré communities played a crucial role in defining the Russian revolutionary tradition and transforming it into praxis. The dreams born in the colonies also influenced their European host societies, informing international debates about the meaning of freedom on both the left and the right. But if the utopian visions forged in exile inspired populations far and wide, they developed a tendency to evolve in unexpected directions. Colony residents’ efforts to transform the world unwittingly produced explosive discontents that proved no less consequential than their revolutionary dreams.
The Other Communards
Authors: Hillis Faith 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This chapter examines the first decades of emigration in the 1830s and 1840s, in which Polish patriots and Russian intellectuals predominated. It then turns to the first Russian colony, which formed in Zurich in the 1860s thanks to the arrival of several hundred students from the Russian empire. It shows how residents of the Zurich colony transformed the abstract, utopian ideas of the first generation of exiles into concrete praxis expressed through experiments in collective living, practices of women’s liberation and ethnic inclusion, and the creation of new institutions such as libraries. The new model of revolutionary living that emerged in Zurich would become a template for future exile experiments and would profoundly affect revolutionary culture at large.
The Low-Church Idea of a University
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
William Rainey Harper, founder of the University of Chicago, was an accomplished biblical scholar who convinced John D. Rockefeller Sr. that Baptists needed a great university. While Harper emphasized Christian character, chapel, community, and Christian dimensions in teaching, he was also an efficiency expert who was later accused, as by Upton Sinclair and Thorsten Veblen, of building a university too much beholden to business interests. Amos Alonzo Stagg saw football as contributing to building character and community. In Harper’s “low-church idea of a university,” America was his parish. Sociology, as represented by Albion Small, was presented as a Christian and democratic moral enterprise and can be seen as a last flowering of moral philosophy. John Dewey, who had abandoned earlier Christian faith, exemplifies how a broadly Christian moral heritage might blend with democratic ideals.
The Fundamentalist Menace
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Nothing did more to strengthen determination for academic freedom than the fundamentalist attacks of the 1920s. In opposition to Darwinian evolution, fundamentalists found an issue that combined their alarm over the secular direction of modern culture, their reverence for the Bible, and populist appeals. William Jennings Bryan was especially effective in promoting these concerns. A number of states, especially in the South, adopted legislation banning teaching of evolution in schools. States became focal points for controversy. That is illustrated at the University of North Carolina, where, after a major controversy, antievolution forces did not prevail. Bryan helped trivialize the issue with his populist appeals at the Scopes Trial. The antievolutionist argument that if Christianity was not taught in schools, then neither should anti-Christianity be, effective earlier against Jefferson, pointed to the problem in the twentieth century of maintaining a bland blend of Christian and secular thought.
A Church with the Soul of a Nation
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
World War II generated concern for restoring values in Western civilization. The Harvard Report of 1945 urged study of the best in the West, including religious texts as one source of such values. The Truman Commission report of 1947, Higher Education for a Democratic Society, added more practical concerns for the new mass higher education. Humanists such as Robert Hutchins were appalled. The postwar era saw a broad religious revival in mainstream higher education, blending broadly Protestant, democratic, and humanistic ideals. Reinhold Niebuhr and other leading scholars provided guidance. The problem, though, was that the liberal Protestant emphasis on freedom tended to undercut any specific religious demands. Senator Joe McCarthy’s anticommunist crusade helped test the extent and limits of freedom. Leading educators often saw Catholics and their schools as too authoritarian. William F. Buckley’s critique of Yale’s claim to be a meaningfully Protestant institution should be understood in this context.
The Twenty-First-Century Postsecular University
Authors: Marsden George M. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Many observers agree that twenty-first-century universities have lost their way with respect to the task of providing moral leadership for their students and for the nation. This chapter surveys leading commentators, including Harry Lewis, Anthony Kronman, Andrew Delanco, William Egginton, Jonathan Haidt, and Greg Lukiankoff, on these themes, especially in the decline of the humanities. Many blame the business and economic interests and related careerism that shape most of university education. Still, as John Schmalzbauer and Kathleen A. Mahoney show, religious interests can still be found in many aspects of university life, including study of religion, campus ministries, and personal religious beliefs of many professors and students. Nonetheless, emphases on diversity do not always include religious diversity.
Addressing Moral Confusion
Authors: Brennan Jason , English William , Hasnas John , Jaworski Peter 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Moral confusion in business ethics and corporate social responsibility often stems from treating ethics and law as if they were the same. Ethics and the law often overlap and sometimes conflict. They are distinct categories. Laws may enforce people’s ethical obligations. But they may also contravene them and require unethical action. Because the law has no independent moral authority, business people are always required to ask themselves whether compliance with the law is the right course of action. When the law prescribes oppressive or unjust conduct, they may have an ethical duty not to obey the law.
The Effect of Incentives
Authors: Brennan Jason , English William , Hasnas John , Jaworski Peter 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
It is useful to model the temptation to act wrongly using the prisoner’s dilemma, one of the most important games in game theory. The prisoner’s dilemma appears to show that the pursuit of self-interest can paradoxically lead to situations in which everyone makes choices they know will undermine their self-interest. However, introducing the possibility of repeated, self-sorting prisoner’s dilemmas with reputation effects reveals something important about the connection between self-interest and morality: We have strong incentives not to cheat because in the long run, we do best by developing the reputation for being honest. However, unfortunately, this also introduces an incentive to exaggerate our moral goodness and to engage in moral grandstanding.
The Effect of Incentives
Authors: Brennan Jason , English William , Hasnas John , Jaworski Peter 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Diffusion of responsibility refers to the problem that when something is everyone’s job, it in effect ends up being nobody’s job. This explains why many collective problems arise. People face perverse incentives to free ride on others’ actions and not to do their part. As a result, agents often think in short-term rather than long-term ways. Problems such as climate change can be modeled as instances of the tragedy of the commons, one form of a collective action problem that arises due to perverse incentives created by the diffusion of responsibility.
Psychological Factors
Authors: Brennan Jason , English William , Hasnas John , Jaworski Peter 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Moral psychology indicates that we have a range of quirks which lead otherwise well-meaning people to act badly. These quirks include conformity effects, by which we tend to copy what others do regardless of whether it is good or bad and tend to defer to those we see as authoritative. Framing effects—how a problem is presented—can cause us to change our decisions. We suffer from moral blind spots, in which we fail to notice something is at stake because we act on auto-pilot. Further, the matrix task experiment demonstrates a wide range of external factors predictably modify how honest people are.