bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of external heat source on temperature and moisture variation for composting of food waste
Authors: Rose J , Lai J C , Then Y L , Vithanawasam C K 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
This paper investigates the outcome of having an external heat source on temperature and moisture variations in the food waste composting process. Food waste accumulation is a growing concern in many countries. Converting food waste into usable compost is a more desirable tactic than dumping to crowded landfill sites. Closed composting was applied in this work, which relies on a controlled but uninterrupted airflow during the organic material degradation process. However, undesirable odour released at low aeration rate due to low temperature and high moisture content found in the compost. Finding the ideal aeration rate with the least possible loss of moisture is needed, which was discussed in this paper. The vegetable-fruit waste used in the experiment was given an aeration rate of 0.3 L/min at a moisture setting of 60% and 70%. For 15 mins/day, the forced aeration was carried out at 3-day intervals. Results showed that 0.3 L/min with 60% and 70% moisture content attained best temperature peaks of 32.4°C and 31.6°C, respectively at day 13 for 28 days composting. A strong odour continued to exist with the compost and was mitigated by using an external additional heat source (light bulb). The light bulb also helped to provide a higher temperature for the compost of 41.5°C by day 1 for 10 days composting.
Pure oxygen separation from air using dual-phase SDC-SCFZ disc membrane: A modelling approach
Authors: Chua J , Li C , Sunarso J 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Novel Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9-SrCo0.4Fe0.55Zr0.05O3-δ (SDC-SCFZ) disc membranes consist of 25 wt.% SDC fluorite ionic conducting phase and 75 wt.% SCFZ perovskite mixed conducting phase, which is more promising than perovskite oxide SCFZ single-phase membrane in terms of the oxygen permeation flux. This work features a modelling approach to simulate the oxygen permeation fluxes of the SDC-SCFZ membrane. Simplified model equations from the Zhu model and Xu-Thomson model based on the limiting cases of surface exchange reactions and bulk diffusion are compared. The Zhu model is found to be more applicable for the membranes with overall good correlation and low sum of squared error. Furthermore, modelling studies revealed that the oxygen transport is limited by surface exchange reactions from 700 to 850 °C and a mixture of both limiting cases above 850 up to 950 °C. It is concluded that the membranes exhibit high oxygen permeation flux of up to 2×10−6
mol s−1 cm−2
at 950 °C with Pair
of 5 atm and Po
2 of 0.005 atm. The optimum range of operating conditions of the membrane are found to be at 950 °C with minimum Pair
of 1 atm and P11
2
lower than 0.025 atm.
Engineering solutions for the palm mill of the future: Increasing extraction rate and sustainability through biotechnology
Authors: Silvamany Hemavathi , Mat Hassan Nik Suhaimi , Mat Yasin Nik Mohd Farid , Abdul Hamid Amirul Al Hafiz , Khairi Muhammad Izhar , Arnan Muhammad Zaidy , Mohammed Yunus Mohammed Faisal , Kulaveerasingam Harikrishna , Dunning Christopher J. R. , Nagalingam Karthini , Chew Chien Lye 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The edible oil industry involving extraction and processing of oils and fats from vegetable sources has witnessed a tremendous growth over the decade accounting for rapid expansion of urbanization and industrialization. Consequently, concerted efforts have been undertaken to increase the palm oil extraction rate (OER) at processing mills. This paper explores the commercial application of enzymatic treatment of sterilised palm fruitlets and diluted crude oil (DCO) stream in a 60 t/hr oil palm mill. Incubation of sterilised palm fruitlets mixed with enzymes in a pre-digester vessel at 70 °C and retention time of 30 minutes resulted in an increment of 1.15 % OER. Parallelly, dosing of enzyme into DCO with simpler system yielded in OER increment up to 1.19 %. This study offers insight into the potential oil left in pressed fibre using different methods, such as prolonged Soxhlet extraction, ultrasonic treatment, and supercritical fluid extraction. Additionally, confocal microscopy images of treated samples showed disintegration and thinning of cell walls resulting in higher free oil droplets.
Optimization of the medication-use process for fentanyl patches at a small community hospital
Authors: Roberts Patricia , Glowczewski Julia , Wise Celeste 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Purpose
To describe a community hospital pharmacy department’s novel approach to addressing safe use of fentanyl patches in acute and subacute care patients.

Summary
Beginning in 2017, improvement opportunities were identified within the medication-use process for fentanyl patches at Cleveland Clinic Euclid Hospital. Prescribing was addressed through development of a procedure requiring an opioid status verification by a pharmacist for all fentanyl patch orders. This procedure includes determination of indication, review of prior opioid use, and documentation within the medical record. At baseline in 2017, 11 of 45 fentanyl patches were initiated for acute pain. In the first year of the procedure, 1 of 13 orders was initiated for acute pain, and in the second year 2 of 24 orders for fentanyl patches were initiated for acute pain. With each review, the pharmacy department identified additional safety and clinical education opportunities. Subsequently, inventory and dispensing practices for patches were assessed. The hospital’s inventory was decreased and dispensing practices were altered to mitigate accessibility of the patches. This resulted in a decrease of 73.65% in the on-hand quantity from 2018 to 2020. The overall morphine milligram equivalents (MME) per 24 hours of this dosage form available in the hospital were reduced from 56,073.6 MME in 2018 to 13,557.6 MME in 2020 (75.82% decrease).

Conclusion
Evaluation of the fentanyl patch medication-use process and pharmacy-driven interventions resulted in an increase in appropriate utilization of fentanyl patches and a decrease in accessible MME of this potent dosage form.
Facial Arterial Variations in Asians: A Study on Computed Tomographic Angiography
Authors: Wang Dawei , Xiong Shixuan , Zeng Ning , Wu Yiping 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background
A consensus on facial artery anatomy has not been established due to the discrepancies in previous studies.

Objectives
The authors sought to assess the branches, course, and location of the facial artery in Asians by utilizing computed tomographic angiography.

Methods
The computed tomographic angiography images of 300 facial arteries from 150 Asian patients were evaluated. The FA was classified as follows: type 1, facial artery terminates superior labial or inferior labial artery; type 2, facial artery terminates lateral nasal or inferior alar artery; type 3, facial artery terminates medial canthal artery; or type 4, facial artery is divided into duplex branches with dominant medial canthal artery laterally. The relationship between nasolabial fold and FA was evaluated, and the distances from anatomical landmarks to FA were measured to position the course.

Results
Seventy (23.3%), 163 (54.3%), 49 (16.3%), and the other 18 arteries (6.0%) were classified as type 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. A total 72.3% of facial arteries were located medially to the nasolabial fold, and only 14.7% of arteries were lateral to the nasolabial fold. The vertical distance between the facial artery and the inner canthus or the midpoint of the inferior orbital rim decreased from type 1 to type 4 facial artery (P &lt; 0.0001). The 4 types did not significantly differ in distance between the mandibular angle (P = 0.1226) or oral commissure (P = 0.1030) and the facial artery at inferior of mandible.

Conclusions
Detailed findings of the facial artery will provide a valuable reference for filler injection in cosmetic procedures and flap design in reconstructive surgery.
Exploring the Usefulness and Validity of Democratic Professionalism for Social Work Practice: A Cross-National Qualitative Case Study
Authors: van der Tier Michelle , Hermans Koen , Potting Marianne 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Democratic professionalism challenges social workers to see social institutions as potential fields for democratic action and to act as bridge agents between citizens and social institutions. Although scholars have identified democratic professionalism as a promising theory, the relevance of this approach has hardly been empirically explored and operationalised in social work practice. To address this gap, this article explores empirical examples of bridging practices in social welfare organisations and private shelter organisations in the Netherlands, Belgium and Germany. Data were gathered by means of a mixed method design (interviews N13, and focus groups N10). Based on our case analysis, we identify three types of practices that aim to close the gap between citizens and social institutions: task-sharing with citizens; raising public awareness about social issues and facilitating a public dialogue about social issues in close proximity to the lives of citizens. We found indications that the policy environment shapes both the relationship between social institutions and society, and social workers’ actions and beliefs. Although we conclude that democratic professionalism is a promising theory for social work, more research is needed to further substantiate our findings and to explore the relevance of other aspects of democratic professionalism for social work practice.
Role of mTOR in the Development of Asthma in Mice With Cigarette Smoke-Induced Cellular Senescence
Authors: Lee Hyun Seung , Park Heung-Woo 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The role of cellular senescence in the development of asthma is not well known. We aimed to evaluate the susceptibility of mice with cellular senescence to asthma development and determine whether the mTOR pathway played an important role in this process. Cellular senescence was induced in mice by intranasal instillation of 2% cigarette smoke extract (CSE). Subsequently, a low dose (0.1 μg) of house dust mite (HDM) allergens, which cause no inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) in mice without cellular senescence, was administered intranasally. To evaluate the role of the mTOR pathway in this model, rapamycin (TORC1 inhibitor) was injected intraperitoneally before CSE instillation. CSE significantly increased senescence-associated β-gal activity in lung homogenate and S100A8/9+ p-mTOR+ population in lung cells. Moreover, S100A8/9+ or HMGB1+ populations in airway epithelial cells with p-mTOR activity increased remarkably. Rapamycin attenuated all changes. Subsequent administration of low-dose HDM allergen induced murine asthma characterized by increased AHR, serum HDM-specific immunoglobulin E, and eosinophilic airway inflammation; these asthma characteristics disappeared after rapamycin injection. In vitro experiments showed significant activation of bone marrow-derived cells cocultured with S100A9 or HMGB1 overexpressing MLE-12 cells treated with HDM allergen, compared to those treated with HDM allergen only. CSE increased the levels of senescence markers (S100A8/9 and HMGB1) in airway epithelial cells, making the mice susceptible to asthma development due to low-dose HDM allergens by activating dendritic cells. Because rapamycin significantly attenuated asthma characteristics, the mTOR pathway may be important in this murine model.
“We Are Good Neighbors, But We Are Not Carers!”: Lived Experiences of Conflicting (In)dependence Needs in Retirement Villages Across the United Kingdom and Australia
Authors: Carr Sam , Fang Chao 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Background and Objectives
This study sought to qualitatively explore the lived experiences of 80 older people living in retirement villages across the United Kingdom and Australia. We focused on residents’ narratives around the themes of independence/dependence.

Research Design and Methods
Qualitative semistructured interviews permitted in-depth exploration of how older people understood and experienced issues related to independence/dependence in the context of retirement living.

Results
Core themes identified strikingly different and often competing needs and narratives around independence/dependence. Of note was the fact that narratives and needs around independence/dependence frequently collided and conflicted, creating a sense of “us” and “them” in the retirement community. The primary source of such conflict was reflected by the fact that residents seeking a “prolonged midlife” often felt that frailer and more dependent residents were a burden on them and were not suited to an “independent living community.”

Discussion and Implications
Our findings are discussed in relation to the challenges such competing narratives create for retirement villages as living environments for a group of people who are far from homogenous.
A Glass Half Full: Critical Assessment of EU Regulation 2017/821 on Conflict Minerals
Authors: Macchi Chiara 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
EU Regulation 2017/821, bound to enter into force in early 2021, is the most recent legislative initiative aiming to sever the links between minerals trade, conflict dynamics and human rights abuses. The Regulation, which is meant to complement US legislation on conflict minerals, creates requirements for direct importers of 3TG in the EU and preludes to the establishment of a list of responsible EU smelters and refiners. While marking a historic step forward in the global efforts to curb conflict minerals trade, the Regulation presents some critical aspects. These include the exact definition of its geographical scope, its limitation to the 3TG metals and minerals and, most importantly, the exemption from its binding provisions of all downstream companies. While the functioning and effectiveness of the Regulation, as well as its possible unintended social and economic consequences on producing countries, will become clearer after its entry into force, this article provides an interim assessment of its strengths and weaknesses. The article starts by putting the Regulation in the context of global efforts to curb trade in conflict minerals, and addresses the ongoing debate on the possible adverse economic and social consequences of this type of legislation (Section 2). It then analyses the contents of the Regulation, critically focusing attention, in particular, on its hybrid combination of binding and voluntary measures, and on its scope of application (Section 3). In Section 4, an interim appraisal of the Regulation is carried out by highlighting both its undeniable potential and the shortcomings that might hamper its effectiveness in achieving its stated goals. Finally, Section 5 summarizes the article’s conclusions in the light of the likely adoption by the EU, in the near future, of a cross-sectoral mandatory human rights due diligence instrument.
Interspecific Gene Flow and Mitochondrial Genome Capture during the Radiation of Jamaican Anolis Lizards (Squamata; Iguanidae)
Authors: Myers Edward A , Mulcahy Daniel G , Falk Bryan , Johnson Kiyomi , Carbi Marina , de Queiroz Kevin 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Gene flow and reticulation are increasingly recognized as important processes in the diversification of many taxonomic groups. With the increasing ease of collecting genomic data and the development of multispecies coalescent network approaches, such reticulations can be accounted for when inferring phylogeny and diversification. Caribbean Anolis lizards are a classic example of an adaptive radiation in which species have independently radiated on the islands of the Greater Antilles into the same ecomorph classes. Within the Jamaican radiation at least one species, Anolis opalinus, has been documented to be polyphyletic in its mitochondrial DNA, which could be the result of an ancient reticulation event or incomplete lineage sorting (ILS). Here, we generate mtDNA and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data and implement gene tree, species tree, and multispecies coalescent network methods to infer the diversification of this group. Our mtDNA gene tree recovers the same relationships previously inferred for this group, which is strikingly different from the species tree inferred from our GBS data. Posterior predictive simulations suggest that our genomic data violate commonly adopted assumptions of the multispecies coalescent model (MSCM), so we use network approaches to infer phylogenetic relationships. The inferred network topology contains a reticulation event but does not explain the mtDNA polyphyly observed in this group; however, coalescent simulations suggest that the observed mtDNA topology is likely the result of past introgression. How common a signature of gene flow and reticulation is across the radiation of Anolis is unknown; however, the reticulation events that we demonstrate here may have allowed for adaptive evolution, as has been suggested in other, more recent, adaptive radiations. [Adaptive radiation; hybridization; introgression; multispecies network coalescent; posterior predictive simulation.]
Perinatal Outcome of Pregnancies With Prenatal Diagnosis of Vasa Previa: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Zhang W. , Geris S. , Al-Emara N. , Ramadan G. , Sotiriadis A. , Akolekar R. 
Published: November 2021

(Abstracted from Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2021;57:710–719)
Pregnancies with vasa previa are at risk for fetal death and hypovolemic shock due fetal blood loss. Several studies have shown that prenatal diagnosis of vasa previa improves the rate of live births.
Mediastinal Masses, Anesthetic Interventions, and Airway Compression in Adults: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Hartigan Philip M. , Karamnov Sergey , Gill Ritu R. , Ng Ju-Mei , Yacoubian Stephanie , Tsukada Hisashi , Swanson Jeffrey , Barlow Julianne , McMurry Timothy L. , Blank Randal S. 
Published: November 2021

Background
Central airway occlusion is a feared complication of general anesthesia in patients with mediastinal masses. Maintenance of spontaneous ventilation and avoiding neuromuscular blockade are recommended to reduce this risk. Physiologic arguments supporting these recommendations are controversial and direct evidence is lacking. The authors hypothesized that, in adult patients with moderate to severe mediastinal mass–mediated tracheobronchial compression, anesthetic interventions including positive pressure ventilation and neuromuscular blockade could be instituted without compromising central airway patency.

Methods
Seventeen adult patients with large mediastinal masses requiring general anesthesia underwent awake intubation followed by continuous video bronchoscopy recordings of the compromised portion of the airway during staged induction. Assessments of changes in anterior–posterior airway diameter relative to baseline (awake, spontaneous ventilation) were performed using the following patency scores: unchanged = 0; 25 to 50% larger = +1; more than 50% larger = +2; 25 to 50% smaller = −1; more than 50% smaller = −2. Assessments were made by seven experienced bronchoscopists in side-by-side blinded and scrambled comparisons between (1) baseline awake, spontaneous breathing; (2) anesthetized with spontaneous ventilation; (3) anesthetized with positive pressure ventilation; and (4) anesthetized with positive pressure ventilation and neuromuscular blockade. Tidal volumes, respiratory rate, and inspiratory/expiratory ratio were similar between phases.

Results
No significant change from baseline was observed in the mean airway patency scores after the induction of general anesthesia (0 [95% CI, 0 to 0]; P = 0.953). The mean airway patency score increased with the addition of positive pressure ventilation (0 [95% CI, 0 to 1]; P = 0.024) and neuromuscular blockade (1 [95% CI, 0 to 1]; P < 0.001). No patient suffered airway collapse or difficult ventilation during any anesthetic phase.

Conclusions
These observations suggest a need to reassess prevailing assumptions regarding positive pressure ventilation and/or paralysis and mediastinal mass–mediated airway collapse, but do not prove that conventional (nonstaged) inductions are safe for such patients.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Hemodynamic Responses to Crystalloid and Colloid Fluid Boluses during Noncardiac Surgery
Authors: Reiterer Christian , Kabon Barbara , Halvorson Sven , Sessler Daniel I. , Mascha Edward J. , Kurz Andrea ,   Crystalloid-Colloid Research Group
Published: November 2021

Background
Colloids are thought to sustain blood pressure and cardiac index better than crystalloids. However, the relative effects of intraoperative hydroxyethyl starch and crystalloid administration on the cardiac index and blood pressure remain unclear. This study therefore tested in this subanalysis of a previously published large randomized trial the hypothesis that intraoperative goal-directed colloid administration increases the cardiac index more than goal-directed crystalloid administration. Further, the effects of crystalloid and colloid boluses on blood pressure were evaluated.

Methods
This planned subanalysis of a previous trial analyzed data from 973 patients, of whom 480 were randomized to colloids and 493 were randomized to crystalloids. Fluid administration was guided by esophageal Doppler. The primary outcome was the time-weighted average cardiac index during surgery between the colloid and crystalloid group. The secondary outcomes were the cardiac index just after bolus administration, time elapsed between boluses, and the average real variability during surgery. The study recorded cardiac index, corrected flow time, and blood pressure at 10-min intervals, as well as before and after each bolus.

Results
Time-weighted average of cardiac index over the duration of anesthesia was only slightly greater in patients given colloid than crystalloid, with the difference being just 0.20 l · min–1 · m–2 (95% CI, 0.11 to 0.29; P < 0.001). However, the hazard for needing additional boluses was lower after colloid administration (hazard ratio [95% CI], 0.60 [0.55 to 0.66]; P < 0.001) in a frailty time-to-event model accounting for within-subject correlation. The median [quartiles] number of boluses per patient was 4 [2, 6] for colloids and 6 [3, 8] for crystalloids, with a median difference (95% CI) of –1.5 (–2 to –1; P < 0.001). The average real mean arterial pressure variability did not differ significantly between the groups (difference in means [95% CI] of –0.03 (–0.07 to 0.02) mmHg, P = 0.229).

Conclusions
There were not clinically meaningful differences in the cardiac index or mean pressure variability in patients given goal-directed colloid and crystalloids. As might be expected from longer intravascular dwell time, the interval between boluses was longer with colloids. However, on a case basis, the number of boluses differed only slightly. Colloids do not appear to provide substantial hemodynamic benefit.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New