bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE DISRUPTIVE DEVELOPMENT OF COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES: IS WEB 2.0 A REASSURANCE FOR OR A THREAT TO THE CORE PRINCIPLES OF DEMOCRATIC VALUES IN RESPECT OF HUMAN RIGHTS LAWS?
Authors: GÜNER Bilge Kaan 
Published: September 2021

Data is flying around us and there is a constant flow. Data traffic, based on a predictable and controllable system, is promising with its contributions to many areas of life and the solutions it offers to social problems. With the growth of technology, the internet continues to facilitate communication channels that are an integral part of our lives. The widespread applications of algorithms using artificial intelligence (AI) and the gradual increase in the use of 'Internet of Things' (IoT) technologies are stunning examples of how the internet has become a ubiquitous part of everyday life and how it permeates our lives.
While the extensive use of digital platforms benefits human rights, facilitating greater diversity of voices, greater access to information, and stronger social movements than ever before, there is also an increase in the abuse of society by malicious actors. Political microtargeting campaigns, mass spread of disinformation, foreign intervention in elections, and polarized 'echo chambers' during election periods, cyber techniques used directly or indirectly by such actors or institutions, we are subjected to destructive information bombardment. Therefore, within the framework of international human rights, there is a need for new local or international legislation to guide digital technology. However, due to the complexity of the problem, a multidimensional approach is needed to deal with cyber techniques that threaten democracy. Finding adequate solutions to disruptive cyber techniques is directly linked to maximizing accountability in the context of digital technology.
The purpose of this article is; It is an overview of why regulations that will solve this problem are vital while addressing the current and possible consequences of the algorithmic accountability problem in digital platforms created by governments and various institutions. In light of these, the first part of this article will attempt to explain current cyber techniques and how digital platforms facilitate their use. Then, the adequacy of current approaches to the disruptive aspects of technology will be examined within the scope of relevant human rights laws. Finally, the article will be concluded with a multidimensional approach to ensure internet freedom and protect democracy and rights.
Vitamin D supply in patients with rheumatic diseases in Poland. A pilot study
Authors: Runowska Marta , Majewski Dominik , Majewska Katarzyna , Puszczewicz Mariusz 
Published: September 2021

IntroductionIn rheumatic diseases, vitamin D supply is recommended as part of the prophylaxis and treatment of osteoporosis, especially in patients undergoing glucocorticoid therapy, but also due to its immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. We aimed to evaluate serum 25-hydroxy­vitamin D [25(OH)D3] levels in Polish patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), in relation to various clinical parameters, and to assess the initial range of doses for the purpose of further research.Material and methods112 patients (39 with SLE, 44 with SSc and 29 with GPA), referred to the Department of Rheumatology and Internal Medicine in Poznan, Poland, were enrolled in this retrospective study. Demographic and clinical data were collected, including 25(OH)D3 serum levels, vitamin D supplementation doses and season of blood sampling.ResultsMean (SD) serum 25(OH)D3 concentrations were 31 (19.4) ng/ml for SLE, 28.8 (12.5) ng/ml
for SSc and 28 (15.2) ng/ml for GPA, and they did not significantly differ between the groups. Vitamin D levels below the optimal range were found in 43.8% of SLE, 65.9% of SSc and 72.4% of GPA patients. 80% of patients reported vitamin D intake, with a mean daily dose of 1398 IU for SLE, 1345 IU for SSc and 1689 IU for GPA. Vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency were frequent among patients with rheumatic diseases, independently of the diagnosis and season.ConclusionsPatients with rheumatic diseases seem to require higher doses of vitamin D than recommended for the general population. The present results indicate the necessity to use higher initial doses of vitamin D in this group of patients (2000 to 4000 UI) and to maintain the dose of vitamin D regardless of the change of seasons.
Construct validity and response to therapy of the U9 ultrasonographic scale for assessment of disease activity in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Mortada Mohamed , Aly Hany , Elmallah Reem , Radwan Ahmed , Elsaman Ahmed 
Published: September 2021

IntroductionTo test the construct validity of the U9 ultrasonographic scale, to determine the cut-off points for different degrees of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) activity, and to determine whether or not US assessment with the U9 score is useful for monitoring the response to treatment of RA.Material and methodsA prospective, multicenter study was conducted in 4 different centers in Egypt. All RA patients who were recruited were subject to evaluation of clinical disease activity by the Clinical Disease Activity Index (CDAI) and Disease Activity Score of 28 joints based on erythrocyte sedimentation rate (DAS28-ESR). Assessment of the Functional Status by the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and U9 ultrasound score was performed. All the targeted joints were assessed by EULAR recommendations and the combined score of EULAR/OMERACT (0–3). Targeted tendons scored 0–3. After three months of treatment, CDAI and DAS28-ESR, HAQ, and U9 were repeated to detect the response.ResultsOne hundred and forty patients with mean age 39.26 ±11.30 were recruited from 4 centers. With regard to convergent validity, the U9 ultrasonographic scale was significantly associated with clinical parameters (CDAI and DAS28-ESR) as well as functional state (HAQ) at both visits. Likewise, concerning discriminative validity, the U9 scale showed the ability to distinguish different grades of RA activity, presenting well-defined cut-off points of different grades (severe, moderate, and mild), with very good specificity and sensitivity (11.5, 5.5, and 3.5, respectively). A significant parallel decrease was detected in clinical and sonographic scales at the follow-up assessment.ConclusionsThe U9 ultrasound scale showed good construct (convergent and discriminative) vali­dity and can be used to monitor the disease and therapeutic response to treatment in RA.
Utility of fragility fracture prediction tools in a group of postmenopausal women
Authors: Amarowicz Jarosław , Krawczyk Agnieszka , Kumorek Anna 
Published: September 2021

IntroductionFractures are a common complication of osteoporosis. The main aim of our study was to assess the relation between fractures identified as low energy fractures (fragility), bone mineral density (BMD), trabecular bone score (TBS), and handgrip in a group of postmenopausal women. An additional aim was to determine the relation between fragility fractures and age, height loss, and falls (reported in the last 12 months and 5 years).Material and methodsThe study was conducted in a group of 120 (mean age 69 years; 59–81, SD 5.3) postmenopausal patients who were referred to the Medical Centre for an osteoporosis screening appointment by their general practitioner. All patients were interviewed (with a questionnaire containing questions on fracture risk factors and highest height), had their anthropometric measures taken (current height and weight) as well as TBS analysis following their DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) scan and handgrip measure.ResultsSixty patients from the study group had a history of fractures (with a total of 92 fractures), of whom 39 women (76 fractures) were identified as those with a low-energy fracture. Fragility fractures were more likely to be reported in older patients (Me 71 vs. 68 years, p < 0.05). Differences observed between TBS, handgrip and BMD in reference to fragility fractures were not statistically significant. Analysis showed significant correlations between BMD (neck and L1–L4) and TBS fracture risk categories. Falls reported in the last 5 years and height loss were factors which correlated with fragility fractures (p < 0.05).ConclusionsRisk of fragility fractures increases with age. Bone mineral density is insufficient as a fracture risk assessment tool. Information on falls and height loss may provide additional data on fracture risk assessment.
El derecho a la salud de las personas con enfermedades catastróficas o degenerativas
Authors: Dutan Yunga Jaime Manuel , Quinche Lavanda Darwin Jeovanny 
Published: September 2021

El presente trabajo de investigación tiene por objetivo el análisis jurídico del acceso y justiciabilidad del derecho a la salud para las personas con enfermedades degenerativas o catastróficas, con énfasis en el caso del síndrome de Laron. Para su cumplimiento se realizó un estudio descriptivo con enfoque cualitativo de tipo revisión bibliográfica, sistematizado a través de los métodos analítico-sintético, exegético y de construcciones jurídicas. Los hallazgos evidencian fisuras en torno al acceso y justiciabilidad del derecho a la salud en Ecuador, en particular el derecho de las personas con este síndrome.
ISOLASI BAKTERI Salmonella paratyphi DAN Shigell dysentriae PADA AIR SUMUR YANG TERDAPAT DI DESA PAYA BAKUNG KECAMATAN HAMPARAN PERAK TAHUN 2021
Authors: Sinaga Eka Margareta , Siahaan Maniur , Mahyudi Mahyudi 
Published: September 2021

Air merupakan bahan alam yang diperlukan untuk kehidupan manusia sebagai media pengangkutan zat-zat makanan, juga merupakan sumber energi serta berbagai keperluan lainnya. Pemeriksaan Salmonella paratyphi dan Shigella dysentriae pada air sumur dilakukan karna dapat menyebabkan demam thipoid dan diare, yang disebabkan karena masyarakat membuat sumur terlalu dekat dengan septic tank dan kandang hewan sehingga air sumur yang digunakan untuk keperluan rumah tangga bisa terkontaminasi oleh bakteri tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengisolasi bakteri Salmonella typhi dan Shigella dysentriae dari 20 sampel air sumur yang diambil di Desa Paya Bakung Kecamatan Hamparan Perak. Sampel diisolasi dengan Media yang digunakan yaitu Thioglycholat broth, Salmonella Shigella Agar (SSA) dan Mac Conkey Agar (MCA). Hasil identifikasi terhadap 20 sampel air sumur yang diambil di Desa Paya Bakung Kecamatan Hamparan Perak yaitu: dari 20 sampel terdapat 5 sampel yang tercemar bakteri Salmonella typhi, Salmonella paratyphi dan Shigella dysentriae. Saran Bagi masyarakat diharapkan untuk menjaga ke higenisan pada saat menggunakan air sumur dan sebaiknya pembuatan sumur gali lebih jauh dari sumber pencemaran yang berjarak sekitar 15 meter.
“Our Temples for Tomorrow”: Langston Hughes and the Making of a Democratic Korea
Authors: Huh Jang Wook 
Published: September 2021

AbstractIn 1964 a Korean scholar wrote to Langston Hughes, asking him to send some sources for publishing the “first Negro literature series” in Korea. Providing some of his books, Hughes supported the project that would feature “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” and other works. This article examines how Koreans translated “The Negro Speaks of Rivers” and other poems from the late 1940s to 1970s to explore Hughes's long-lasting influence on Korea. Korea's political landscape drastically changed during this period, punctuated by the ending of American military rule and the beginning and deepening of Korean authoritarian rule. The author argues that Korean writers, inspired by black resistance to American racism, disseminated Hughes poems to instill a sense of democracy in Koreans under the dictatorial regime. By building on scholarship of Hughes's global interactions, this article traces a transpacific legacy of Hughes's humanistic aesthetics that encouraged Koreans to envision social justice.
Supergene Oxidation of Copper Deposits: Zoning and Distribution of Copper Oxide Minerals
Authors: CHÁVEZ WILLIAM X. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Copper oxides represent an attractive exploration target because even low-grade prospects have the potential to produce low-cost copper in an environmentally friendly fashion. Derived from liypogene and/or supergene sulfides, copper oxides comprise a series of distinct assemblages that characterize a variable pH. oxidizing geochemical environment known as “the oxide zone.” Development of oxide copper minerals is a function of source-rock and host-rock mineralogy, pyrite and other (copper) sulfide abundance and distribution, fracture density and distribution, phreatic and/or vadose zone occurrence and stability, and maturity of the weathering profile
The paragenesis оf copper oxide mineral formation reflects local, dynamic changes in supergene solution composition attributable to reaction between host-rock mineral components and dissolved species Especially important are the concentrations of because mineral assemblages, even those that are metastable. represent the geochemical environment in which they formed, identification and mapping of copper oxides is useful in interpreting the geochemical history of an oxide zone. Furthermore, practical application of oxide zone geochemistry is significant in the recognition and solution of problems associated with weathering-engendered metals oxidation and transport from mine wastes.
Discovery of a Jurassic Porphyry Copper Belt, Pangui Area, Southern Ecuador
Authors: GENDALL IAN R. , QUEVEDO LUIS A. , SILLITOE RICHARD H. , SPENCER RICHARD M. , PUENTE CARLOS O. , LEÓN JUAN P. , P0VEDO ROMULO R. 
Published: September 2021

ABSTRACT
Grassroots exploration has led to discovery of 10 porphyry copper prospects in the previously unexplored Jurassic arc of southeastern Ecuador. The prospects are located in steep, wet, jungle-covered terrain in the Pangui area, part of the Cordillera del Cóndor. The exploration program, initially mounted in search of gold in the Oriente foreland basin, employed panned-concentrate drainage sampling. Follow-up of the resulting anomalies utilized soil sampling combined with rock-chip sampling and geologic mapping of the restricted creek outcrops. Scout and infill drilling of two of the prospects, San Carlos and Panantza, has shown hypogene mineralization averaging 0.5 to 0.7 percent Cu overlain by thin (averaging &lt;30 m) zones of chalcocite enrichment or oxidized copper mineralization.
The prospects are centered on small, composite granocliorite to monzogranite porphyry stocks that cut the Zamora batholith or, in one case, a satellite pluton. The batholith is emplaced into Jurassic volcanosedimentary formations, which concealed Triassic extensional half-grabens before being incorporated into the Subandean fold-thrust belt along the western margin of the Oriente basin. North- and northwest-striking normal faults in the hanging wall of a major north-striking fault zone controlled the locations of most of the porphyry centers.
K silicate and variably overprinted intermediate argillic alteration, containing chalcopyrite as the principal sulfide mineral, characterize the central parts of most of the porphyry prospects and grade outward to pyrite-dominated propylitic halos. Overprinted sericitic alteration is generally less widely developed, although apparently shallower erosion at the Warintza and Wawame prospects resulted in preservation of extensive pyrite-rich sericitic zones. All the prospects contain appreciable (60–250 ppm) molybdenum, but gold tenors are low except at Panantza and Wawame (~0.15 and 0.2 g/t, respectively). Supergene oxidation and chalcocite enrichment zones are immature because of inhibition by the rapid erosion prevalent in the Pangui area. Supergene profiles attain their maximum development on ridge crests but are essentially absent along major creeks.
Discovery of the Pangui belt, along with other recently defined porphyry copper systems in northern Perú, Indonesia, and the Philippines, underscores yet again the efficacy of drainage geochemistry as an exploration technique in tropical and subtropical arc terranes as well as the outstanding potential for additional exposed deposits in poorly explored parts of the circum-Pacific region.
COMPARING THE RETURN ON MUDHARABAH DEPOSIT AND THE RETURN ON EQUITY: ASSESSING THE FAIRNESS IN INDONESIAN ISLAMIC BANKING INDUSTRY
Authors: Nurul Fadhilah  , Achmad Tohirin  
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper compared the return on mudharabah deposit (ROMD) and the return on equity (ROE) in Indonesian Islamic banks to unveil the differences and factors that affect them. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the profit and loss sharing mechanism in Islamic banking through the return on mudharabah deposit and on equity. The quarterly financial report from 10 Islamic banks within the period of 2011 to 2016 are processed using independent t-test to compare means and panel regression method to disclose the variables affecting the behavior of ROMD and ROE. The results show that the ROMD and ROE are statistically different, with ROMD tend to be lesser than ROE. It also found that ROA, total equity/total asset, total total deposit/total asset, total financing/total asset, bank size and total of mudharabah deposit accounts are affect the variability of ROMD, and the same variables,exclude the mudharabah deposit account, affect the ROE. Following this result, Islamic banks in Indonesia need to evaluate the governance to treat the mudharabah contract as a mode of equity participation in nature, as like as the contract with the shareholders, in order to comply with Islamic economic framework through the presence of the fairness in banking business.
Perpetuación del despojo: Petróleo e inseguridad jurídica en la tenencia de la tierra en el Caquetá
Authors: Díaz Parra Karla 
Published: September 2021

La estructura de tenencia de la tierra en el Caquetá se caracteriza por una marcada diferencia entre grandes y pequeños propietarios y una alta informalidad en la tenencia. El conflicto armado en el departamento, particularmente a partir de la retoma militar del Caguán (2002-2010), ha reforzado estas características. Sobre este mismo territorio, desde el año 2006, se inicia el proceso de adjudicación de bloques petroleros.
Este artículo se pregunta por la incidencia de la adjudicación de bloques petroleros y las posibilidades de retorno de las víctimas de desplazamiento que, al salir de sus predios, no contaban con títulos de propiedad. Sostengo que la industria petrolera se ha servido de la informalidad en la tenencia y el desplazamiento para recrear la ficción de un territorio vacío en donde desarrollar sus actividades extractivas. Este análisis recoge los aportes teóricos de David Harvey (2004) sobre acumulación por desposesión, el estudio del mercado de tierra de Karl Polanyi (2007) y Saskia Sassen (2010) sobre el nuevo orden institucional privado.
Abstract: The land tenure structure in Caquetá is characterized by a marked difference between large and small landowners and a high informality in tenure. The armed conflict in the Department, particularly since the military takeover of Caguán (2002-2010), has reinforced these characteristics. On the same territory since 2006 the process of awarding oil blocks. This article asks about the incidence of the allocation of oil blocks and the prospect to return for victims of displacement who, when they leave their land, didn´t had land deeds. I argue that the oil industry has used informality in tenure and displacement to create the fiction of an empty territory in which to develop its extractive activities.
This analysis includes the theoretical contributions of David Harvey (2004) on accumulation by dispossession, the study of the land market by Karl Polanyi (2007) and Saskia Sassen (2010) about the new private institutional order.
Keywords: emptying, accumulation, land tenure, oil, displacement.
La movilización social en Colombia, un freno a la locomotora minera: el caso del páramo de Santurbán
Authors: Tibocha Avellaneda Julie Paola 
Published: September 2021

Este trabajo reflexiona sobre el conflicto socioambiental sucedido en el 2011 en torno al proyecto de minería a cielo abierto Angostura, en Santander, con el objetivo de mostrar las dificultades y contradicciones que enfrentó el proceso de resistencia y organización social que logró que la empresa Greystar (hoy Eco Oro) retirara la solicitud de licencia ambiental y que se ordenara al Estado delimitar el Páramo de Santurbán. Para este fin se revisó la normatividad, así como textos académicos, entrevistas a los distintos actores y artículos periodísticos. Una de las principales conclusiones es que el ascenso de un Estado neoliberal que responsabiliza a la inversión extranjera del crecimiento económico y el progreso social, tiene como resultado el aumento de las desigualdades sociales y económicas, propicia el deterioro ambiental y produce fracturas en la sociedad civil, que al encontrar limitaciones para participar en los asuntos que la afectan, recurren a las movilizaciones masivas en las calles para presionar al Estado, frenar el mercado desregulado y visibilizar las demandas a toda la ciudadanía.

Abstract: This paper recovers the socio-environmental conflict happened in 2011 around the Project of opencast mining Angostura in Santander, with the object of show the obstacles, dificulties and contradictions that faced the process of resistance and social organization which managed that the Company Greystar (Today Eco Oro) retire the request of environmental license and that it be ordered to the State delimits the Saturban’s Paramo. For this end it was revised normativity, academic texts, interviews with the different actors and newspaper articles. One of the principals conclussions is that the ascent of a neoliberal State that blames to the foreign investment of the economic growth and social progress results in the increase in social and economics inequalities, propitiates environmental deterioration and produces fractures in civil society that when encountering limitatios for participate in matters that affect it, resort to the massive mobilizations in the streets as a way to put pression on the State, stop the deregulated market and visibilize the demands to the rest of citizens.
Keywords: Socio-environmental conflict, neoliberalism, social movements, mining, Foreign Investment.
El Parque del «Descabezado» o de Camilo Torres y las luchas sociales en Barrancabermeja en los años ochenta
Authors: Archila Neira Mauricio 
Published: September 2021

El parque del «Descabezado» o de Camilo Torres en Barrancabermeja hace parte de las memorias disputadas en torno a la destrucción del monumento a Camilo Torres en 1986 —a los 20 años de su muerte—, en medio de un auge de luchas en el país y en el Magdalena Medio. Luego de una reflexión sobre la memoria colectiva y los monumentos, se indaga sobre la historia del monumento, sus gestores iniciales y los varios ataques que recibió hasta la reconstrucción reciente del actual parque. Esta disputa obliga a mirar las luchas populares en el Magdalena Medio en el segundo lustro de los años ochenta, con la violencia que se incrementará en ese auge, de la cual el episodio del «Descabezado» es solo una representación simbólica.
Abstract: The “Beheaded” or Camilo Torres Park in Barrancabermeja is a part of the memories disputed over the destruction of the monument to Camilo Torres in 1986—20 years after his death—in the context of increasing social struggles in the country and the Middle Magdalena region. After discussing collective memory and monuments, this paper examines the history of this particular monument in Barrancabermeja, its promoters and the numerous attacks it received until the recent reconstruction of the park. The dispute over memory in this case leads to a discussion on the people’s struggle in the Middle Magdalena region in the second half of the 1980s, and the increasing violence, of which the episode of the beheaded statue of Camilo Torres is just a symbolic representation.
Keywords: Middle Magdalena, Barrancabermeja, people's struggles, Camilo Torres Park, violence