bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Rights and Space: Reflections on the Implications of Human Activity in Outer Space on Human Rights Law
Authors: Ireland-Piper Danielle , Freeland Steven 
Published: September 2021

What are the implications of human activity in outer space for international human rights law? In this article, we reflect on these questions with a view to advancing dialogue on the intersection between space law and human rights. We do so by considering the impact of extra-terrestrial human activities such as access to space and remote-sensing activities, space debris, space mining, the weaponisation and militarization of space, and the assertion of criminal jurisdiction extra-terrestrially. Ultimately, we conclude that human activity in space has significant consequences for the advancement of human rights. While, in our view, existing legal frameworks on international human rights law apply extra-terrestrially, there is still scope for specialist frameworks guarding human rights law in the context of human activity in outer space.
"To confine our attention to terrestrial matters would be to limit the human spirit."
~ Stephen Hawking, Astrophysicist
"Space is for everybody. It's not just for a few people in science or math, or for a select group of astronauts. That's our new frontier out there, and it's everybody's business to know about space."
~ Christa McAuliffe, Teacher and Challenger Astronaut
Evaluation of a Web-Based Stress Management Program for Persons Experiencing Work-Related Stress in Sweden (My Stress Control): Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Eklund Caroline , Söderlund Anne , Elfström Magnus L 
Published: September 2021

Background
Stress is one of the most common reasons for sick leave. Web-based interventions have the potential to reach an unlimited number of users at a low cost and have been shown to be effective in addressing several health-related problems. Handling stress on an individual level is related to behavior change. To support behavioral changes in stress management, My Stress Control (MSC) was developed. The development of MSC was based on several health psychology theories and models; however, central in the development were Social Cognitive Theory, Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, Transactional Theory of Stress and Coping, and the Transtheoretical Model and Stages of Change. MSC is a fully automated program. The program is tailored to the user’s specific needs for stress management and behavior change.

Objective
In this study, we aim to conduct a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the extent to which MSC affects perceived stress in persons experiencing work-related stress.

Methods
This was a randomized controlled trial with 2 arms. Study participants were recruited by visiting the worksites and workplace meetings. Participants were assigned to the intervention or wait-list group. Web-based questionnaires were used before and after the intervention to collect data. Perceived stress measured using the Perceived Stress Scale-14 was the primary outcome measurement. Analyses were conducted for both between-group and within-group changes.

Results
A total of 92 participants were included in this study: 48 (52%) in the intervention group and 44 (48%) in the wait-list group. Overall, 25% (12/48) of participants in the intervention group and 43% (19/44) of participants in the wait-list group completed the postintervention assessment. There were no significant effects on perceived stress between the intervention and wait-list groups or within the groups. A small effect size (Cohen d=0.25) was found when comparing mean change over time on the primary outcome measure between the intervention and wait-list groups. In addition, a small effect size was found between pre- and postintervention assessments within the intervention group (Cohen d=0.38) as well as within the wait-list group (Cohen d=0.25).

Conclusions
The effect of MSC on perceived stress remains uncertain. As adherence was low in the intervention group, elements or features that facilitate adherence and engagement must be further developed before firmer conclusions regarding the effect of MSC can be made.

Trial Registration
ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03077568; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03077568
Tracking the Presence of Software as a Medical Device in US Food and Drug Administration Databases: Retrospective Data Analysis
Authors: Ceross Aaron , Bergmann Jeroen 
Published: September 2021

Background
Software as a medical device (SaMD) has gained the attention of medical device regulatory bodies as the prospects of standalone software for use in diagnositic and therapeutic settings have increased. However, to date, figures related to SaMD have not been made available by regulators, which limits the understanding of how prevalent these devices are and what actions should be taken to regulate them.

Objective
The aim of this study is to empirically evaluate the market approvals and clearances related to SaMD and identify adverse incidents related to these devices.

Methods
Using databases managed by the US medical device regulator, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), we identified the counts of SaMD registered with the FDA since 2016 through the use of product codes, mapped the path SaMD takes toward classification, and recorded adverse events.

Results
SaMD does not seem to be registered at a rate dissimilar to that of other medical devices; thus, adverse events for SaMD only comprise a small portion of the total reported number.

Conclusions
Although SaMD has been identified in the literature as an area of development, our analysis suggests that this growth has been modest. These devices are overwhelmingly classified as moderate to high risk, and they take a very particular path to that classification. The digital revolution in health care is less pronounced when evidence related to SaMD is considered. In general, the addition of SaMD to the medical device market seems to mimic that of other medical devices.
Causal Effects of Alcohol-Related Facebook Posts on Drinking Behavior: Longitudinal Experimental Study
Authors: Hendriks Hanneke , de Nooy Wouter , Gebhardt Winifred A , van den Putte Bas 
Published: September 2021

Background
Adolescents and young adults frequently post alcohol-related content (ie, alcoholposts) on social media. This is problematic because both social norms theory and social learning theory suggest that viewing alcoholposts of peers could increase drinking behavior. It is therefore paramount to understand the effects of exposure to alcoholposts on viewers.

Objective
This study aimed to investigate the causal effects of exposure to alcoholposts on alcohol consumption by using a rigorous design.

Methods
We conducted a 6-week longitudinal study during which alcoholposts were measured by a newly developed app that copied Facebook posts shared by participants (n=281) to a new social media environment. In addition, daily questionnaires assessed alcohol use. Effects of natural alcoholposts (ie, posted by the participants) were assessed in phase 1, and effects of experimental posts (ie, posted by fake participants) were explored in phase 2.

Results
Results showed that natural alcoholposts increased the occurrence and quantity of drinking the following day. That is, exposure to a single additional alcoholpost increased the log odds of drinking the next day by 0.27 (b=.27, credible interval [CI] .18 to .35). Furthermore, the number of natural alcoholposts had a positive (predictive) effect on the number of glasses drunk the next day (b=.21, CI .14 to .29). In phase 2 when experimental posts were also present, these effects decreased. Experimental posts themselves had hardly any effects.

Conclusions
This study illustrates clear and direct effects of exposure to alcoholposts on next-day alcohol consumption and suggests that alcoholposts represent an important societal problem that interventions need to address.
Health Care Professionals’ Experiences and Perspectives on Using Telehealth for Home-Based Palliative Care: Protocol for a Scoping Review
Authors: Lundereng Elias David , Nes Andrea Aparecida Goncalves , Holmen Heidi , Winger Anette , Thygesen Hilde , Jøranson Nina , Borge Chrstine Råheim , Chen Weiqin , Dajani Olav , Mariussen Kari L , Steindal Simen A 
Published: September 2021

Background
Telehealth seems feasible for use in home-based palliative care. However, acceptance among health care professionals (HCPs) is essential for the successful delivery of telehealth in practice. No scoping review has mapped the experiences and perspectives of HCPs on the use of telehealth for home-based palliative care.

Objective
The aim of this review is to systematically map published studies on HCPs’ experiences and perspectives on the use of telehealth in home-based palliative care.

Methods
The proposed scoping review will employ the methodology of Arksey and O’Malley. This protocol is guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocol (PRISMA-P). A systematic search will be performed in MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, CINAHL, Allied and Complementary Medicine (AMED), and Web of Science for studies published between January 2000 and July 5, 2021. We will also hand search the reference lists of included papers to identify additional studies of relevance. The search will be updated in 2022. Pairs of authors will independently assess the eligibility of studies and extract data. The first 2 stages of thematic synthesis will be used to thematically organize the data. Because the scoping review methodology consists of reviewing and collecting data from publicly available materials, this study does not require ethics approval.

Results
The database searches; testing of eligibility criteria; and screening of titles, abstracts, and full-text papers will be performed by fall 2021. The results from this scoping review will be presented as a descriptive summary of the results from all included papers, and will be inductively organized into descriptive themes. A frequency table illustrating which papers were included in which descriptive themes will be made. Results are anticipated by the fall of 2022.

Conclusions
A mapping of studies could identify research gaps regarding HCPs’ experiences and perspectives on the use of telehealth in home-based palliative care and may determine the value and feasibility of conducting a full systematic review.

International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)
PRR1-10.2196/33305
Obesidad general y abdominal en mujeres de Hermosillo: prevalencia y factores de riesgo
Authors: García-Pérez Hilda , Viera Lárraga Ana Gloria 
Published: September 2021

Objetivo: analizar la asociación entre las variables sociodemográficas, reproductivas, estilo de vida y obesidad general y abdominal en mujeres no embarazadas, residentes de Hermosillo, Sonora. Metodología: en 2005 se llevó a cabo una encuesta representativa transversal de base poblacional a mujeres de entre 25 y 54 años (n=1 239). Resultados: la prevalencia de obesidad general (índice de masa corporal) fue de 39.8% (intervalo de confianza [IC] 95%, 37.1%-42.6%). La preponderancia de obesidad abdominal (índice cintura-cadera y circunferencia de cintura) fue de 56.3% (IC 95%, 53.5%-59.1%) y 62.9% (IC 95%, 60.1%-65.6%), respectivamente. En general, la obesidad tuvo una relación positiva con la edad y estuvo inversamente asociada con la educación. El estatus marital y el uso de tabaco también se asociaron con la obesidad abdominal. La actividad física recreativa fue la única variable relacionada con las tres medidas de obesidad que se analizaron e indica un efecto protector. Valor: se trata de un estudio poblacional que evalúa la obesidad con medidas objetivas. Conclusiones: con el trasfondo del creciente problema de obesidad en la región, estos datos muestran una preeminencia elevada de obesidad general y abdominal en las mujeres de Hermosillo y destacan el rol protector de la actividad física.
Analytical Methods in Standardization of Bhasmas: A Review
Authors: P G Dileep Kumar , P. Nataraja Yadav , S. Gananadhamu , K.S. Nataraj 
Published: September 2021

Ayurveda the ancient science well known for its potential therapeutic effects with unique metallic, herbal juices/fruits in the treatment of chronic ailments. A well- known ayurvedic potent preparation, Bhasma is also known as ash which is a metallic base prepared by sophisticated pharmaceutical processes also plays a major role in acute, sub-acute, and chronic diseases. In order to determine its quality and purity to make sure the acceptability, the safety of the formulation standardization is very necessary. In this short review, an attempt has been made to present ancient methods to standardize physical characterstics like Verna, Nisvadutam, Nishchandratvam, Varitara, Unama, Rekhapurmatvam, Slakshmatvam..etc.,and chemical characterstics of bhasmas like Apurnabhavta, Niruttha, Amla Pariksha with advanced methods like SEM, TEM, and NPST, along with other natural and ancient analytical techniques.
Keywords: Bhasmas, Standardization, Analytical methods, SEM, TEM.
Bioavailability Enhancement of Ritonavir by Solid Dispersion Technique
Authors: Velupula Teja , Amboru Gayathri  Devi , Gundapaneni Sneha Chowdary , Kadiyala Bhavya , Kanakagiri Phani Sreenidhi , Kari Supraja , Kota Vyshnavi , Maddula Venkata Ramana , Nadendla Rama Rao 
Published: September 2021

Ritonavir is an antiretroviral agent used in the treatment of HIV-infection. It is a BCS class IV drug having poor aqueous solubility leading to poor bioavailability. Bioavailability is the amount of drug that enters the systemic circulation. The bioavailability is affected by various factors like solubility, dissolution and stability. In order to improve bioavailability, many techniques like solid dispersions, nanoparticles, liposomes, encapsulation methods were present. The main aim of this study is to improve the bioavailability of ritonavir with the help of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone (PVP) K-30 by using solid dispersion technique. Different formulations were made with varied concentrations of polymer. Characterization of solid dispersion was done by phase solubility, drug content, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and in-vitro dissolution studies. From phase solubility studies that apparent solubility constant was found to be 42.227M-1. The drug content of the binary system of ritonavir and PVP was found to be ranging from 99.17% to 103.06%. %. FT-IR studies revealed that there was no drastic change in the wave number indicating polymer compatibility with drug. In-vitro dissolution studies proved that there was an increase in drug release of ritonavir with incremental ratios of polymer and F5 formulation has shown almost 95% of drug release.
Keywords: Bioavailability, Solid dispersion, Polyvinyl pyrrolidine, Solvent evaporation, Dissolution.
O atendimento na educação em tempo integral Pós-Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE 2014-2024) na Baixada Fluminense
Authors: Diniz Junior Carlos Antonio 
Published: September 2021

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a oferta da educação em tempo integral nas redes municipais da Baixada Fluminense, no contexto após a aprovação do Plano Nacional de Educação (PNE), no período 2015-2019. De cunho quanti-qualitativo, o estudo tem como base referenciais teóricos que discutem a regulamentação da educação em tempo integral no Brasil, o PNE e os Planos Municipais de Educação (PMEds). Além disso, foram utilizados dados de matrículas dos Censos Escolares do período, possibilitando analisar a evolução da Meta 6 do PNE na região. Entre seus principais resultados, é possível observar distintos cenários em relação à oferta do tempo integral na educação infantil e no ensino fundamental. Destaca-se, ainda, que a ausência de ampla articulação entre os entes federados e a descontinuidade de políticas, por parte do governo federal, contribuíram para a queda significativa das matrículas em tempo integral, particularmente no ensino fundamental.
PENGARUH PENGETAHUAN AKUNTANSI, KOMITMEN ORGANISASI, KARAKTERISTIK WIRAUSAHA DAN KETIDAKPASTIAN LINGKUNGAN TERHADAP KINERJA MANAJERIAL PADA “COFFEE SHOP” DI BANDAR LAMPUNG
Authors: Syabila Febby Fadlika , Oktavia Reni , Tubarat Chara Tidespania 
Published: September 2021

Currently, coffee shops or commonly known as coffee shops are not foreign to the ears. For in Bandar Lampung itself there are lots of coffee shops ranging from lower class to upper class. Various types of consumers make business competition something that must be considered for entrepreneurs in running and maintaining their business. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of accounting knowledge, organizational commitment, environmental uncertainty and entrepreneurial characteristics on managerial performance at a coffee shop in Bandar Lampung. The research method used is causal associative research, namely research that aims to analyze the relationship between a variable with other variables. The sampling technique used in this study is a sampling technique with purposive sampling method. Methods of data collection using observation and questionnaires. The result of this research is that there is a positive influence between accounting knowledge, organizational commitment and entrepreneurial characteristics on managerial performance.
The rostral epidural rete mirabile of the llama as a place of retrograde transport of various substances – anatomical basics
Authors: Zdun Maciej , Grzeczka Arkadiusz , Zawadzki Marcin , Frąckowiak Hieronim 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyse the structure of the rostral epidural rete mirabile in the llama. Some specimens were prepared by injecting stained chemically cured acrylic into the bilateral common carotid arteries. After about 1 month received vascular corrosion casts on the bone scaffold. Some specimens made using red and blue latex introduced into the bilateral common carotid arteries and the bilateral external jugular vein. The rostral epidural rete mirabile is a well-developed, bilateral structure composed of numerous arteries, which are multiply anastomosed with each other. The cranial section of the rete is asymmetrical. Its lateral part is much better developed, because there are rostral branches to the rostral epidural rete mirabile at this point. The arterial vessels are not accompanied by homonymous veins. However, the arteries of the rostral epidural rete mirabile are accompanied by venous vessels of the cavernous sinus. That rete plays an important role in selective brain cooling, the conservation of body water, and retrograde transport of neurotransmitters. CO, GnRH, beta-endorphin, progesterone, testosterone, oxytocin, LHRH and dopamine diffuse from the venous blood of the cavernous sinus to the arterial blood of the rostral epidural rete mirabile.
Social Transparency in Rural Areas in Norway: Promoting or Restraining the Desire to Stay?
Authors: Farstad Maja , Zahl-Thanem Alexander 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
“Everyone knows everyone” is a recurring characteristic in descriptions of rural communities, one that has been interpreted as both a benefit and a drawback in research on such localities. In response to that discrepancy, this paper investigates the overall statistical effect of social transparency on residents’ desire to continue living in their rural communities. As revealed by analyses of survey data representing a national sample of Norway’s rural population in 2016, social transparency did significantly increase respondents’ desire to maintain residency in their rural communities. In providing and explaining such results, the paper contributes to current understandings of social conditions that influence rural (non-)migration and rural resilience.
The Role of the Social Capital in Rural Development. Case Study Analysis of Village Research Camps in Romania and Hungary
Authors: Farkas Tibor 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Social capital represents an increasingly used term in social sciences, but its application in rural development is not widespread. In this study, we assess the social capital of villages where we have organized village research camps over the past decade. The research utilizes a specific methodology, synthesizes the research carried out in the village research camps. Methods included statistical data analysis, questionnaire survey, interviewing, and participant observation. Among the results, we found that the social capital of the studied villages and the condition of their local communities are different. These also affected the effectiveness of development activities. The study examined the role of social capital and how the development of social capital can contribute to the development of villages. In summary, our assumption is that there is a link between social capital and rural development, but this relationship is not always evident or one-way.
Military thoracic gunshot wounds: A systematic review
Authors: Pullen Amy , Kieser David , Hooper Gary 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
A systematic review of the literature was carried out using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) method to investigate the frequency of military thoracic gunshot wounds (GSWs) and deaths in combat theatres since World War Two (WW2). An electronic database search of World of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed and Microsoft Academic was conducted using the keywords ‘combat, casualties, thorax, gunshot, and military’ to identify peer-reviewed journals and conference papers on the topic. Twenty-three sources relevant to this review were identified and covered multiple theatres of operation. While there is a downward trend in the frequency of thoracic GSWs and fatalities likely due to the improvement of body armour, the improvement in medical treatment and increased frequency of improvised explosive devices (IEDs), the review shows that the advancement has not removed the likelihood of thoracic GSWs, which still accounted for approximately 15% of all thoracic injuries in the most recent combat theatres. The systematic review identifies that GSWs of the thorax continue to be a risk in military theatres and therefore, medical personnel should be aware of the frequency and severity of thoracic GSWs and should be prepared to treat these life-threatening injuries, as timely intervention is essential.
Greece as a frontline state in the historical longue durée
Authors: Kotoulas Ioannis E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Greece as a state in South-eastern Europe and the Mediterranean has perceived itself as a frontline state, especially after it became a NATO member in 1952 along with Turkey. The two states formed the south-eastern flank of NATO and along with Iran constituted the Greece, Turkey, Iran (GTI) Corridor, part of Rimland. Greece’s strategic value stemmed from its frontline position in relation to the Eastern Bloc. After the dissolution of the Eastern Bloc, Greece has reinvented itself as a frontline state, this time in the Mediterranean Sea. We use the historical notion of longue durée and loci of Classical Geopolitics, such as Heartland and Rimland, to assess Greece’s strategic value in the long period. We also propose an additional spatial unity, the New Rimland.