bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and Validation of a Prediction Model for Stroke, Cardiac, and Mortality Risk After Non‐Cardiac Surgery
Authors: Woo Sang H. , Marhefka Gregary D. , Cowan Scott W. , Ackermann Lily 
Published: January 2021

Background
Commonly used cardiovascular risk calculators do not provide risk estimation of stroke, a major postoperative complication with high morbidity and mortality. We developed and validated an accurate cardiovascular risk prediction tool for stroke, major cardiac complications (myocardial infarction or cardiac arrest), and mortality after non‐cardiac surgery.

Methods and Results
This retrospective cohort study included 1 165 750 surgical patients over a 4‐year period (2007–2010) from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Database. A predictive model was developed with the following preoperative conditions: age, history of coronary artery disease, history of stroke, emergency surgery, preoperative serum sodium (≤130 mEq/L, >146 mEq/L), creatinine >1.8 mg/dL, hematocrit ≤27%, American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status class, and type of surgery. The model was trained using American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data from 2007 to 2009 (n=809 880) and tested using data from 2010 (n=355 870). Risk models were developed using multivariate logistic regression. The outcomes were postoperative 30‐day stroke, major cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest, or stroke), and 30‐day mortality. Major cardiac complications occurred in 0.66% (n=5332) of patients (myocardial infarction, 0.28%; cardiac arrest, 0.41%), postoperative stroke in 0.25% (n=2005); 30‐day mortality was 1.66% (n=13 484). The risk prediction model had high predictive accuracy with area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for stroke (training cohort=0.869, validation cohort=0.876), major cardiovascular events (training cohort=0.871, validation cohort=0.868), and 30‐day mortality (training cohort=0.922, validation cohort=0.925). Surgery types, history of stroke, and coronary artery disease are significant risk factors for stroke and major cardiac complications.

Conclusions
Postoperative stroke, major cardiac complications, and 30‐day mortality can be predicted with high accuracy using this web‐based predictive model.
Managing “Property”
Authors: Petley Christer 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Probate inventories helped to support the established social and economic order in colonial Jamaica. These documents were part of the legal process of winding up an estate after a death and presented an account of personal possessions that had belonged to a decedent. They facilitated the transfer of property to heirs and identified those parts of an estate that were available for the repayment of debts. The inventories contain lists of enslaved people, representing them as a type of “property,” and so these documents form a major part of the archive of Jamaican slavery. This article explores the practices, aims, and assumptions of the people who produced the inventories, developing our understanding of slaveholder culture in the British Caribbean and of the bureaucratic and accounting techniques that facilitated slave management.
The Whip and the Hoe
Authors: Roberts Justin 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Spectacular physical punishments such as whipping were at the core of the master-slave relationship but it was the chronic and acute physical demands of forced labor that did the most destructive and lasting damage to enslaved people. Plantation field work caused more extensive damage to enslaved bodies than non-field work. Field work was more debilitating to enslaved women than to their male counterparts. Work on sugar plantations caused more damage to the enslaved than work on cotton plantations. Changes in crops, productivity rates, and work regimes had a compound and cumulative effect on the health of the enslaved.
“[M]anaged at First as if They Were Beasts”
Authors: Radburn Nicholas 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
How did British-American planters forcibly integrate newly purchased Africans into existing slave communities? This article answers that question by examining the “seasoning” of twenty-five enslaved people on Egypt, a mature sugar plantation in Jamaica’s Westmoreland parish, in the mid-eighteenth century. Drawing on the diaries of overseer Thomas Thistlewood, it reveals that Jamaican whites seasoned Africans through a violent program that sought to brutally “tame” Africans to plantation life. Enslaved people fiercely resisted this process, but colonists developed effective strategies to overcome opposition. This article concludes that seasoning strategies were a key component of plantation management because they successfully transformed captive Africans into American slaves.
“Whoever Takes Her Up, Gives Her 50 Good Lashes, and Deliver Her to Me”
Authors: Dornan Inge 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This study establishes that women slave-owners were specifically inscribed into South Carolina’s laws on slave management from the first decades of English colonization. Mistresses were explicitly named alongside masters or incorporated into the gender-neutral rubric of owner in a common understanding that absolute ownership and authority over enslaved people was as much rooted in female mastery as male. Remarkably, neither the scholarship on women slave-owners nor the far more voluminous scholarship on American slave laws and slave management have explored, or even acknowledged, how gender influenced the formulation of American slave laws, and how mistresses, in particular, featured in the roles and duties assigned to slave-owners in the management of slaves. This study seeks to redress this by examining how South Carolina’s lawmakers incorporated women slave-owners into the colony’s slave laws, culminating with an assessment of the 1740 slave code, which marked a key turning point both in the colony’s laws governing the management of slaves and in an evolving ideology of female mastery.
The Tripartite Intervention: Breaking Down Attitudinal Barriers in Education
Authors: Freer John R. R. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Students with disabilities face attitudinal barriers to social inclusion. Poor attitudes toward disability can impact friendship development between students with and without disabilities and result in social exclusion. Fortunately, a body of literature exists, which suggests that educational interventions can help to enhance students’ attitudes toward disability. Such interventions, however, vary in both their approach to teaching students about disability experiences and their effectiveness. This paper presents the Tripartite Intervention, a 12-lesson intervention created for junior-level elementary students that targets cognitive, behavioural, and affective dimensions of attitude. This paper provides a high-level overview of the intervention lessons, as well as, offers readers some practical considerations for implementation. Those interested in utilizing the Tripartite Intervention for educational or research purposes are encouraged to contact the author for intervention materials and training opportunities.
Contrastive Pragmatics in a Diachronic Perspective: Insights from Othello
Authors: Taavitsainen Irma , Włodarczyk Matylda 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The paper provides an overview of the interface of contrastive and historical pragmatics and a case study of Othello’s monologue. The emerging lines of development at the cross-roads of contrastive and historical pragmatics cover, in particular, speech acts, forms of discursive behaviour and stance. In the analysis, German, Swedish, Finnish and Polish translations from different periods are compared to show differences in the above-mentioned features. The illustrations are contextualised in order to show the discursive sensitivity of these linguistic items and their cross-linguistic diversity. The study reveals some tendencies and diachronic developments in translation strategies and underlines the need to include historical analyses in the realm of contrastive research.
Theoretical investigations on the linear and nonlinear damping force for an eddy current damper combining with rack and gear
Authors: Li Shouying , Li Yafeng , Wang Jianzhong , Chen Zhengqing 
Published: January 2021

To study the damping characteristics of a new type of eddy current damper with rack and gear recently proposed by the authors, the damping torque for the eddy current damper with rack and gear was theoretically investigated based on some fundamental assumptions, including evenly distributed magnetic field on a conductor plate and no magnetic leakage. A linear relationship between damping torque and velocity was obtained. Numerical simulations by using COMSOL Multiphysics were conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the linear theoretical formula. When angular velocity is less than 30 rad/s, it seems that the linear theoretical results agree well with the numerical results, and maximum relative error between them is about 6.58%. Then, by using COMSOL Multiphysics, a series of parametric studies on damping torque, including the effects of the air gap, the thickness of a back iron plate, the location and number of permanent magnets, and the thickness of a conductor plate, were carried out to further examine the linear theoretical formula. The results show the effects of the air gap and back iron plate on the relative error between linear theoretical and numerical results can be ignored, whereas the location and number of permanent magnets and the thickness of the conductor plate have significant influences on the relative error. Finally, a nonlinear theoretical formula was obtained by introducing three modified coefficients into the linear theoretical formula, and its accuracy was verified in some typical cases. It is proved that there is sufficient accuracy to adopt the nonlinear theoretical formula in preliminary design of the eddy current damper with rack and gear to determine the main structural parameters.
Does rTMS Targeting Contralesional S1 Enhance Upper Limb Somatosensory Function in Chronic Stroke? A Proof-of-Principle Study
Authors: Pundik Svetlana , Skelly Margaret , McCabe Jessica , Akbari Heba , Tatsuoka Curtis , Plow Ela B. 
Published: January 2021

Background Somatosensory deficits are prevalent after stroke, but effective interventions are limited. Brain stimulation of the contralesional primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is a promising adjunct to peripherally administered rehabilitation therapies. Objective To assess short-term effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting contralesional (S1) of the upper extremity. Methods Using a single-session randomized crossover design, stroke survivors with upper extremity somatosensory loss participated in 3 rTMS treatments targeting contralesional S1: Sham, 5 Hz, and 1 Hz. rTMS was delivered concurrently with peripheral of sensory electrical stimulation and vibration of the affected hand. Outcomes included 2-point discrimination (2PD), proprioception, vibration perception threshold, monofilament threshold (size), and somatosensory evoked potential (SEP). Measures were collected before, immediately after treatment, and 1 hour after treatment. Mixed models were fit to analyze the effects of the 3 interventions. Results Subjects were 59.8 ± 8.1 years old and 45 ± 39 months poststroke. There was improvement in 2PD after 5-Hz rTMS for the stroke-affected ( F(2, 76.163) = 3.5, P = .035) and unaffected arm ( F(2, 192.786) = 10.6, P < .0001). Peak-to-peak SEP amplitudes were greater after 5-Hz rTMS for N33-P45 ( F(2, 133.027) = 3.518, P = .032) and N45-P60 ( F(2, 67.353) = 3.212, P = .047). Latencies shortened after 5-Hz rTMS for N20 ( F(2, 69.64) = 3.37, P = .04), N60 ( F(2, 47.343) = 4.375, P = .018), and P100 ( F(2, 37.608) = 3.537, P = .039) peaks. There were no differences between changes immediately after the intervention and an hour later. Conclusions Short-term application of facilitatory high-frequency rTMS (5Hz) to contralesional S1 combined with peripheral somatosensory stimulation may promote somatosensory function. This intervention may serve as a useful adjunct in somatosensory rehabilitation after stroke.
Specific Brain Reorganization Underlying Superior Upper Limb Motor Function After Spinal Cord Injury: A Multimodal MRI Study
Authors: Nakanishi Tomoya , Nakagawa Kento , Kobayashi Hirofumi , Kudo Kazutoshi , Nakazawa Kimitaka 
Published: January 2021

Background We recently discovered that individuals with complete spinal cord injury (SCI) have a higher grip force control ability in their intact upper limbs than able-bodied subjects. However, the neural basis for this phenomenon is unknown. Objective This study aimed to investigate the neural basis of the higher grip force control in the brains of individuals with SCI using multimodal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Methods Eight SCI subjects and 10 able-bodied subjects performed hand grip force control tasks at 10%, 20%, and 30% of their maximal voluntary contraction during functional MRI (fMRI). Resting-state fMRI and T1-weighted structural images were obtained to investigate changes in brain networks and structures after SCI. Results SCI subjects showed higher grip force steadiness than able-bodied subjects ( P < .05, corrected), smaller activation in the primary motor cortex ( P < .05, corrected), and deactivation of the visual cortex ( P < .001, uncorrected). Furthermore, SCI subjects had stronger functional connectivity between the superior parietal lobule and the left primary motor cortex ( P < .001, uncorrected), as well as larger gray matter volume in the bilateral superior parietal lobule ( P < .001, uncorrected). Conclusions The structural and functional reorganization observed in the superior parietal lobule of SCI subjects may represent the neural basis underlying the observed higher grip force control, and is likely responsible for the smaller activation in the primary motor cortex observed in these individuals. These findings could have applications in the fields of neurorehabilitation for improvement of intact limb functions after SCI.
Rituximab in combination with cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R-CHOP) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma
Authors: Candelaria Myrna , Dueñas-Gonzalez Alfonso 
Published: January 2021

Background: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most frequent non-Hodgkin lymphoma worldwide. The current standard of care is chemoimmunotherapy with an R-CHOP regimen. We aim to review the role of this regimen after two decades of being the standard of care. Methods: A comprehensive literature review of DLBCL, including the epidemiology, trials defining R-CHOP as the standard of care, as well as dose intensification and dose reduction schemes. Additionally, we briefly review the development of rituximab biosimilars and the addition of targeted drugs to R-CHOP in clinical trials. Discussion: R-CHOP cures approximately 70% of DLBCL patients. Dose-dense regimens do not show a benefit in response and increase toxicity. Dose reduction, particularly in elderly patients or with comorbidities, may be a treatment option. DLBCL constitutes a group of diseases that activate different biological pathways. Matching specific treatments to a defined genetic alteration is under development. Rituximab biosimilars have become available to a broader population, particularly in developing countries, where access to treatment is limited because of economic resources. Conclusion: DLBCL landscape is heterogeneous. R-CHOP immunochemotherapy has been a standard of care for two decades and cures approximately 70% of cases. Molecular characterization of patients is evolving and may have critical therapeutic implications.
Severity of Myocardial Ischemia Is Related to Career Length Rather Than Age Among Professional Firefighters
Authors: Dzikowicz Dillon J. , Carey Mary G. 
Published: January 2021

Background: Ischemic heart disease (IHD) is the major cause of duty-related fatalities in the fire service. Age and career length are not only important risk factors associated with IHD, but are also highly correlated. The aim of this secondary analyses was to assess the relationship between age, career length, and IHD, based on ischemic severity, to identify whether age or career length had a stronger relationship to IHD. Methods: This was a secondary, correlational analysis of on-duty firefighters without known cardiovascular or respiratory disease who underwent exercise treadmill testing with 12-lead electrocardiography. Ischemia was defined based on current guidelines. Maximum ST-segment depression was measured to determine IHD ischemic severity. Age, years of employment, demographics, weight, blood pressure were recorded. Multiple correlations were computed between age, career length, and IHD. Findings: Twenty-two firefighters were included (96% male, 82% White, 82% overweight or obese, 77% hypertensive). The partial correlation between maximum ST-segment depression and age controlled for career length was not significant ( r = –.392, p = .079). The partial correlation between maximum ST-segment depression and career length controlled for age was statistically significant ( r = .466, p = .033). Conclusion/Application to Practice: Career length, not age, moderately correlates with IHD ischemic severity among firefighters. Career length is a proxy measure of occupational exposures which contributes to IHD. When assessing IHD risk in firefighters, health practitioners should consider incorporating the occupational exposure history (i.e., career length) in addition to age when providing risk reduction services.
Assessment of chronic disease self-management in patients with chronic heart failure based on the MCID of patient-reported outcomes by the multilevel model
Authors: Tian Jing , Zhao Jinghua , Zhang Qing , Ren Jia , Han Linai , Li Jing , Zhang Yanbo , Han Qinghua 
Published: January 2021

AbstractPurposeThe minimal clinically important difference (MCID) of a patient-reported outcome (PRO) represents the threshold value of the change in the score for that PRO. It is deemed to have an important implication in clinical management. This study was performed to evaluate the clinical significance of chronic disease self-management (CDSM) for patients with chronic heart failure based on the MCID of the chronic heart failure—PRO measure (CHF-PROM).MethodsA multicenter, prospective cohort study of 555 patients with heart failure were enrolled from July 2018. Advice of CDSM was provided in written form at discharge to all patients. Information regarding CHF-PROM and CDSM were collected during follow-up. Multilevel models were applied to dynamically evaluate the effects of CDSM for CHF-PROM scores, as well as its physical and psychological domains. MCID changes of the PRO were introduced and compared with β values of CDSM obtained from the multi-level models to further evaluate the clinical significance. The STROBE checklist is shown in Additional file 1.ResultsScores for CHF-PROM improved significantly after discharge. The multilevel models showed that a regular schedule, avoidance of over-eating, a low-sodium diet and exercise increased scores on CHF-PROM. Compared with the MCID, avoidance of over-eating (12.39 vs. 9.75) and maintenance of a regular schedule often (10.98 vs. 9.75), and exercise almost every day (11.36 vs. 9.75) reached clinical significance for the overall summary. Avoidance of over-eating (5.88 vs. 4.79) and a regular schedule almost every day (4.96 vs. 4.79) reached clinical significance for the physical scores. Avoidance of over-eating half of the time (5.26 vs. 4.87) and a regular schedule almost every day (5.84 vs. 4.87) demonstrated clinical significance for the psychological scores.ConclusionsThis study observed an association of avoidance of over-eating and maintenance of a regular schedule with the improvement of CHF-PROM. It provides further evidence for management of heart failure.Trial Registration: Current Prospective Trials NCT02878811; registered August 25, 2016;https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02878811?term=NCT02878811&draw=2&rank=1.
The long-term impact of a chronic total occlusion in a non-infarct-related artery on acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction after primary coronary intervention
Authors: Liu Yu , Wang Le-Feng , Yang Xin-Chun , Lu Chang-Lin , Li Kui-Bao , Chen Mu-Lei , Li Na , Wang Hong-Shi , Zhong Jiu-Chang , Xu Li , Ni Zhu-Hua , Li Wei-Ming , Xia Kun , Zhang Da-Peng , Sun Hao , Guo Zong-Sheng , Chi Yong-Hui , He Ji-Fang , Zhang Zhi-Yong , Jiang Feng , Wang Hong-Jiang 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Objectives
To investigate the long-term outcome of patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) and a chronic total occlusion (CTO) in a non-infarct-related artery (IRA) and the risk factors for mortality.

Methods
The enrolled cohort comprised 323 patients with STEMI and multivessel diseases (MVD) that received a primary percutaneous coronary intervention between January 2008 and November 2013. The patients were divided into two groups: the CTO group (n = 97) and the non-CTO group (n = 236). The long-term major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE) experienced by each group were compared.

Results
The rates of all-cause mortality and MACCE were significantly higher in the CTO group than they were in the non-CTO group. Cox regression analysis showed that an age ≥ 65 years (OR = 3.94, 95% CI: 1.47–10.56, P = 0.01), a CTO in a non-IRA(OR = 5.09, 95% CI: 1.79 ~ 14.54, P < 0.01), an in-hospital Killip class ≥ 3 (OR = 4.32, 95% CI: 1.71 ~ 10.95, P < 0.01), and the presence of renal insufficiency (OR = 5.32, 95% CI: 1.49 ~ 19.01, P = 0.01), stress ulcer with gastraintestinal bleeding (SUB) (OR = 6.36, 95% CI: (1.45 ~ 28.01, P = 0.01) were significantly related the 10-year mortality of patients with STEMI and MVD; an in-hospital Killip class ≥ 3 (OR = 2.97,95% CI:1.46 ~ 6.03, P < 0.01) and the presence of renal insufficiency (OR = 5.61, 95% CI: 1.19 ~ 26.39, P = 0.03) were significantly related to the 10-year mortality of patients with STEMI and a CTO.

Conclusions
The presence of a CTO in a non-IRA, an age ≥ 65 years, an in-hospital Killip class ≥ 3, and the presence of renal insufficiency, and SUB were independent risk predictors for the long-term mortality of patients with STEMI and MVD; an in-hospital Killip class ≥ 3 and renal insufficiency were independent risk predictors for the long-term mortality of patients with STEMI and a CTO.