bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global Stability for Novel Complicated SIR Epidemic Models with the Nonlinear Recovery Rate and Transfer from Being Infectious to Being Susceptible to Analyze the Transmission of COVID-19
Authors: Alshammari Fehaid Salem , Akyildiz F. Talay 
Published: October 2021

Epidemiological models play pivotal roles in predicting, anticipating, understanding, and controlling present and future epidemics. The dynamics of infectious diseases is complex, and therefore, researchers need to consider more complicated mathematical models. In this paper, we first describe the dynamics of a complex SIR epidemic model with nonstandard nonlinear incidence and recovery rates. In this model, we consider the rate at which individuals lose immunity. Rigorous mathematical results have been established from the point of view of stability and bifurcation. The basic reproduction number (

R

0

) is determined. We then apply LaSalle’s invariance principle and Lyapunov’s direct method to prove that the disease-free equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable when

R

0

<
1

. The model has a unique endemic equilibrium when

R

0

>
1

. A nonlinear Lyapunov function is used together with LaSalle’s invariance principle to show that the endemic equilibrium is globally asymptotically stable under some conditions. Further, for the case when

R

0

=
1

, we analyze the model and show a backward bifurcation under certain conditions. In the second part of this paper, we analyze a modified SIR model with a vaccination term, which must be a function of time. We show that the modified model agrees well with COVID-19 data in Saudi Arabia. We then investigate different future scenarios. Simulation results suggest that a two-pronged strategy is crucial to control the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia.
Risk of Liver Cirrhosis in HBV/HCV-Infected Individuals with First-Degree Relatives Who Have Liver Cancer: Development and Validation of a Simple Model
Authors: Liu Yin , Guo Lan-Wei , Xu Hui-Fang , Kang Rui-Hua , Zheng Li-Yang , Zhang Lu-Yao , Chen Qiong , Sun Xi-Bin , Zhang Shao-Kai , Qiao You-Lin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIdentification of high-risk population among hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected individuals with first-degree relatives (FDR) who have liver cancer is important to implement precise intervention. A cross-sectional study was conducted under the framework of a population-based Cancer Screening Program in Urban China (CanSPUC), aimed to develop and validate a simple noninvasive model that could assess and stratify cirrhosis risk, in HBV/HCV-infected individuals with FDRs who have liver cancer. People who participated in liver cancer screening in Henan province were enrolled. Using the data set consisting of participants admitted from October 1, 2013, to December 31, 2016, a 24-point scale risk score model was developed through logistic regression, based on educational background, dietary habit, smoking index, cooking oil fume exposure, history of severe trauma, HBV/HCV infection status, history of diabetes, history of hyperlipidemia, and parent history of liver cancer. The model showed excellent discrimination with area under the receiver operator characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.875 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.853–0.896] and fair calibration with a Hosmer–Lemeshow test P = 0.106. The prevalence rates in the medium- and high-risk groups were 2.87 (95% CI, 1.94–4.25) and 47.57 (95% CI, 31.59–71.63) times of low-risk group, respectively. After internal validation, bias-corrected AUROC was 0.874 (95% CI, 0.873–0.875). In the external validation data set consisting of participants admitted from January 1, 2017, to October 31, 2018, the model had achieved similar discrimination, calibration, and risk stratification ability. In conclusion, the risk score model we developed can be a practical tool for the screening and prevention of liver cirrhosis among HBV/HCV-infected individuals with FDRs who have liver cancer.Prevention Relevance:We created a simple and noninvasive cirrhosis risk model for individuals infected by HBV/HCV who have FDRs with liver cancer. This model is useful not only for the prognosis of HBV/HCV infection, but also for the prevention of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Dietary Pterostilbene for MTA1-Targeted Interception in High-Risk Premalignant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Hemani Rutu , Patel Ishani , Inamdar Ninad , Campanelli Gisella , Donovan Virginia , Kumar Avinash , Levenson Anait S. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Prostate cancer remains one of the most prevalent cancers in aging men. Active surveillance subpopulation of patients with prostate cancer includes men with varying cancer risk categories of precancerous disease due to prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) heterogeneity. Identifying molecular alterations associated with PIN can provide preventable measures through finding novel pharmacologic targets for cancer interception. Targeted nutritional interception may prove to be the most appropriate chemoprevention for intermediate- and high-risk active surveillance patients. Here, we have generated two prostate-specific transgenic mouse models, one overexpressing MTA1 (R26MTA1) and the other overexpressing MTA1 on the background of Pten heterozygosity (R26MTA1; Pten+/f), in which we examined the potential chemopreventive efficacy of dietary pterostilbene. We show that MTA1 promotes neoplastic transformation of prostate epithelial cells by activating cell proliferation and survival, leading to PIN development. Moreover, MTA1 cooperates with PTEN deficiency to accelerate PIN development by increasing cell proliferation and MTA1-associated signaling. Further, we show that mice fed with a pterostilbene-supplemented diet exhibited more favorable histopathology with decreased severity and number of PIN foci accompanied by reduced proliferation, angiogenesis, and inflammation concomitant to reduction in MTA1 and MTA1-associated CyclinD1, Notch2, and oncogenic miR-34a and miR-22 levels.

Prevention Relevance:
Developing novel interceptive strategies for prostate cancer chemoprevention is a paramount goal in clinical oncology. We offer preclinical evidence for the potential of pterostilbene as a promising natural agent for MTA1-targeted interceptive strategy in future cancer prevention trials towards protecting select patients with prostate cancer under active surveillance from developing cancer.
The Urgent Need for Expanded Cancer Screening
Authors: DuBois Raymond N. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
On October 20, 2021, I had the privilege of testifying before the House Energy and Commerce Committee, Subcommittee on Health Hearing on Enhancing Public Health: Legislation to Protect Children and Families. This commentary is based on the written testimony I provided to the Subcommittee on issues related to cancer screening and early detection. It highlights the research progress, updated guidelines, and new challenges in this field, emphasizing the importance of screening asymptomatic, at-risk population to detect precancerous lesions or cancer at an early stage.
Altered Cardiac Energetics and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Ranjbarvaziri Sara , Kooiker Kristina B. , Ellenberger Mathew , Fajardo Giovanni , Zhao Mingming , Vander Roest Alison Schroer , Woldeyes Rahel A. , Koyano Tiffany T. , Fong Robyn , Ma Ning , Tian Lei , Traber Gavin M. , Chan Frandics , Perrino John , Reddy Sushma , Chiu Wah , Wu Joseph C. , Woo Joseph Y. , Ruppel Kathleen M. , Spudich James A. , Snyder Michael P. , Contrepois Kévin , Bernstein Daniel 
Published: October 2021

Background:
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a complex disease partly explained by the effects of individual gene variants on sarcomeric protein biomechanics. At the cellular level, HCM mutations most commonly enhance force production, leading to higher energy demands. Despite significant advances in elucidating sarcomeric structure–function relationships, there is still much to be learned about the mechanisms that link altered cardiac energetics to HCM phenotypes. In this work, we test the hypothesis that changes in cardiac energetics represent a common pathophysiologic pathway in HCM.

Methods:
We performed a comprehensive multiomics profile of the molecular (transcripts, metabolites, and complex lipids), ultrastructural, and functional components of HCM energetics using myocardial samples from 27 HCM patients and 13 normal controls (donor hearts).

Results:
Integrated omics analysis revealed alterations in a wide array of biochemical pathways with major dysregulation in fatty acid metabolism, reduction of acylcarnitines, and accumulation of free fatty acids. HCM hearts showed evidence of global energetic decompensation manifested by a decrease in high energy phosphate metabolites (ATP, ADP, and phosphocreatine) and a reduction in mitochondrial genes involved in creatine kinase and ATP synthesis. Accompanying these metabolic derangements, electron microscopy showed an increased fraction of severely damaged mitochondria with reduced cristae density, coinciding with reduced citrate synthase activity and mitochondrial oxidative respiration. These mitochondrial abnormalities were associated with elevated reactive oxygen species and reduced antioxidant defenses. However, despite significant mitochondrial injury, HCM hearts failed to upregulate mitophagic clearance.

Conclusions:
Overall, our findings suggest that perturbed metabolic signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction are common pathogenic mechanisms in patients with HCM. These results highlight potential new drug targets for attenuation of the clinical disease through improving metabolic function and reducing mitochondrial injury.
Foraging and scavenging behaviour of the prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis): no evidence that envenomation cues facilitate kleptoparasitism of struck prey
Authors: Teshera Mark S. , Clark Rulon W. , Wagler Amy E. , Greenbaum Eli 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Most viperids are ambush predators that primarily use venom to subdue prey, employing a strike-release-trail hunting strategy whereby snakes follow the unique scent of envenomated prey to locate carcasses they have bitten and released. In addition to killing prey, rattlesnakes (like most carnivores) will also opportunistically scavenge carrion. This scavenging strategy likely includes the occasional consumption of carcasses killed by other snakes (i.e., kleptoparasitism). In areas with high densities of other pitvipers, utilizing the unique scent of animals envenomated by other snakes might be a viable alternative foraging strategy. We evaluated this possibility experimentally using a series of captive behavioural trials on prairie rattlesnakes (Crotalus viridis) to determine whether conspecific or heterospecific (C. scutulatus, C. ornatus) envenomation cues might increase the likelihood of kleptoparasitism. Rattlesnakes did not prefer envenomated prey over nonenvenomated prey, nor did they prefer venom cues of one species over another. Although they did frequently scavenge carcasses, in the absence of striking, snakes generally located carcasses using random searching movements instead of scent trails. Additionally, the amount of time rattlesnakes spent investigating carcass trails did not differ significantly among treatments, suggesting that striking, and the resultant formation of a chemical search image of prey, is more crucial to trailing behaviour than venom cues. Moreover, a high degree of behavioural variation among individuals was observed, suggesting that scavenging and kleptoparasitism in rattlesnakes is more complex than previously realized, and making generalizations about these behaviours is challenging.
The Vacuity of Structurelessness: Situating Agency and Structure in Exploitative and Alienated Social Relations
Authors: Lafrance Xavier 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Replying to Samuel Knafo and Benno Teschke, this article shows how Political Marxism offers powerful conceptual tools to understand modes of production that structure historical processes as fundamentally constituted by exploitative social and political relations. I explain how structure, or rules of reproduction, should be understood as alienated social relations, which are inherent to all class societies. Understanding structure this way leaves ample space for – and makes inevitable – the consideration of agency.
On ‘The Problem with Brenner’: The Paradox of Agency and the Heresy of Reification
Authors: Žmolek Michael Andrew 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Knafo and Teschke’s surprisingly polemical critique of Brenner’s work is derived from earlier work which applies the same critique arising out of the agency/structure debate in International Relations theory. Casting Brenner’s work as increasingly structuralist over time and therefore increasingly prone to reify social relations, thereby suppressing or downplaying the role of agency, Knafo and Teschke ask their readers to take such claims at face value, offering no close textual reading of Brenner’s work. Focusing almost entirely on method rather than on substance and by framing their critique within the confines of the unending debate over structure and agency, Knafo and Teschke’s claim that Brenner’s work consistently reifies social relations – presuming but not demonstrating that this is his intent – obscures and fails to engage substantively with his powerful historical contributions, or to offer alternative definitions or historical theories.
First evidence of hunting of a Crested Indian Porcupine by an avian predator: The Eurasian Eagle Owl
Authors: Hadad Ezra , Shochat Eyal 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Encounters between birds of prey and porcupines are rarely documented, and so far only in North America. At least 39% of such encounters lead to death of the attacker. We present first evidence for similar encounters between The Eurasian Eagle Owl and the Indian Crested Porcupine, suggesting that young porcupines may occasionally serve as potential prey for the owl.
Evaluation of the utilization of extracorporeal toxin removal in lithium poisoning patients in Hong Kong
Authors: Chow Shuk Hang , Chan Chi Keung 
Published: October 2021

Background:Extracorporeal toxin removal is used for enhanced elimination in severe lithium poisoning. The Extracorporeal TReatments In Poisoning workgroup provides recommendations on the use of extracorporeal toxin removal in poisoning.Objectives:Our aim was to identify the pattern for using extracorporeal toxin removal in managing lithium poisoning in Hong Kong and compare the outcomes in extracorporeal toxin removal‐treated patients and non‐extracorporeal toxin removal‐treated patients if indicated for treatment as defined by The Extracorporeal TReatments In Poisoning criteria.Methods:Lithium poisoning presented between year 2009 and 2019 in Hong Kong Poison Information Centre (HKPIC) database was categorized into extracorporeal toxin removal‐treated group and non‐extracorporeal toxin removal‐treated group. Comparative analyses were performed.Results:Among 112 lithium‐poisoned patients, 21% were treated with extracorporeal toxin removal. Larger proportion of patients had fulfilled at least one Extracorporeal TReatments In Poisoning criteria for extracorporeal toxin removal in the extracorporeal toxin removal‐treated group (87% vs 18%, p < 0.005). The extracorporeal toxin removal‐treat group patients were more commonly presented with impaired consciousness, seizure and dysrhythmia (p < 0.05). They also got higher admission (3.62 mmol/L vs 2.18 mmol/L, p < 0.05) and peak (4.15 mmol/L vs 2.28 mmol/L, p < 0.05) serum lithium concentrations, as well as a significantly higher serum creatinine concentration upon presentation (263.74 µmol/L vs 98.66 µmol/L, p < 0.05). Extracorporeal toxin removal‐treat group patients more frequently had a severe poisoning outcome (91.3% vs 9%, p < 0.05) and developed complications (69.6% vs 13.5%, p < 0.05). Logistic regression identified seizure, peak serum lithium concentration, and serum creatinine concentration upon presentation as risk factors for severe poisoning outcome. In subgroup analysis on patients with at least one indication for extracorporeal toxin removal as defined by Extracorporeal TReatments In Poisoning criteria, the proportion of severe poisoning remained higher in the extracorporeal toxin removal‐treated group (90% vs 43.7%, p < 0.05). Complication rate was not significantly different between the two groups.Conclusion:Clinically severe lithium poisoning patients were treated with extracorporeal toxin removal in Hong Kong. Extracorporeal TReatments In Poisoning criteria can serve as a reference in considering extracorporeal toxin removal treatment for lithium poisoning patients. Nevertheless, Extracorporeal TReatments In Poisoning criteria recommend more extracorporeal toxin removal treatment than it was actually done. Lithium poisoning patients with positive Extracorporeal TReatments In Poisoning criteria have been managed without extracorporeal toxin removal. No statistically significant adverse outcome was observed in these cases.
Do institutions matter for tourism spending?
Authors: Nguyen Canh Phuc 
Published: October 2021

Institutional frameworks are important for individuals’ attitudes and behaviours, and thus they are important for travel decisions. This study endeavours to examine the influence of various formal and informal institutional factors on tourism spending for a global sample of 120 countries from 2002 to 2019. Applying the two-step system generalised method of moments estimate, the results are robust and consistent. First, informal institutions, that is, colonial history, socialist history, origin of the legal system, religion and language, are important explanatory factors for differences in tourism spending between countries. Second, improvements in formal institutions appear to increase domestic tourism spending while they decrease outbound tourism spending. The results have important policy implications. JEL code: E02, Z30, Z32.
High risk of relapsed disease in patients with NK/T-cell chronic active Epstein-Barr virus disease outside of Asia
Authors: Dávila Saldaña Blachy J. , John Tami , Bonifant Challice , Buchbinder David , Chandra Sharat , Chandrakasan Shanmuganathan , Chang Weni , Chen Leon , Elfassy Hannah L. , Geerlinks Ashley V. , Giller Roger H. , Goyal Rakesh , Hagin David , Islam Shahidul , Mallhi Kanwaldeep , Miller Holly K. , Owen William , Pacheco Martha , Patel Niraj C. , Querfeld Christiane , Quigg Troy , Richard Nameeta , Schiff Deborah , Shereck Evan , Stenger Elizabeth , Jordan Michael B. , Heslop Helen E. , Bollard Catherine M. , Cohen Jeffrey I. 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Chronic active Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) disease (CAEBV) is characterized by high levels of EBV predominantly in T and/or natural killer cells with lymphoproliferation, organ failure due to infiltration of tissues with virus-infected cells, hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, and/or lymphoma. The disease is more common in Asia than in the United States and Europe. Although allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is considered the only curative therapy for CAEBV, its efficacy and the best treatment modality to reduce disease severity prior to HSCT is unknown. Here, we retrospectively assessed an international cohort of 57 patients outside of Asia. Treatment of the disease varied widely, although most patients ultimately proceeded to HSCT. Though patients undergoing HSCT had better survival than those who did not (55% vs 25%, P &lt; .01), there was still a high rate of death in both groups. Mortality was largely not affected by age, ethnicity, cell-type involvement, or disease complications, but development of lymphoma showed a trend with increased mortality (56% vs 35%, P = .1). The overwhelming majority (75%) of patients who died after HSCT succumbed to relapsed disease. CAEBV remains challenging to treat when advanced disease is present. Outcomes would likely improve with better disease control strategies, earlier referral for HSCT, and close follow-up after HSCT including aggressive management of rising EBV DNA levels in the blood.
Home monitoring of physiology and symptoms to detect interstitial lung disease exacerbations and progression: a systematic review
Authors: Althobiani Malik A. , Evans Rebecca A. , Alqahtani Jaber S. , Aldhahir Abdulelah M. , Russell Anne-Marie , Hurst John R. , Porter Joanna C. 
Published: October 2021

BackgroundAcute exacerbations (AEs) and disease progression in interstitial lung disease (ILD) pose important challenges to clinicians and patients. AEs of ILD are variable in presentation but may result in rapid progression of ILD, respiratory failure and death. However, in many cases AEs of ILD may go unrecognised so that their true impact and response to therapy is unknown. The potential for home monitoring to facilitate early, and accurate, identification of AE and/or ILD progression has gained interest. With increasing evidence available, there is a need for a systematic review on home monitoring of patients with ILD to summarise the existing data. The aim of this review was to systematically evaluate the evidence for use of home monitoring for early detection of exacerbations and/or progression of ILD.MethodWe searched Ovid-EMBASE, MEDLINE and CINAHL using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines (PROSPERO registration number CRD42020215166).Results13 studies involving 968 patients have demonstrated that home monitoring is feasible and of potential benefit in patients with ILD. Nine studies reported that mean adherence to home monitoring was >75%, and where spirometry was performed there was a significant correlation (r=0.72–0.98, p<0.001) between home and hospital-based readings. Two studies suggested that home monitoring of forced vital capacity might facilitate detection of progression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.ConclusionDespite the fact that individual studies in this systematic review provide supportive evidence suggesting the feasibility and utility of home monitoring in ILD, further studies are necessary to quantify the potential of home monitoring to detect disease progression and/or AEs.
A sui generis QA approach using RoBERTa for adverse drug event identification
Authors: Jain Harshit , Raj Nishant , Mishra Suyash 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
Background
Extraction of adverse drug events from biomedical literature and other textual data is an important component to monitor drug-safety and this has attracted attention of many researchers in healthcare. Existing works are more pivoted around entity-relation extraction using bidirectional long short term memory networks (Bi-LSTM) which does not attain the best feature representations.

Results
In this paper, we introduce a question answering framework that exploits the robustness, masking and dynamic attention capabilities of RoBERTa by a technique of domain adaptation and attempt to overcome the aforementioned limitations. With formulation of an end-to-end pipeline, our model outperforms the prior work by 9.53% F1-Score.

Conclusion
An end-to-end pipeline that leverages state of the art transformer architecture in conjunction with QA approach can bolster the performances of entity-relation extraction tasks in the biomedical domain. In particular, we believe our research would be helpful in identification of potential adverse drug reactions in mono as well as combination therapy related textual data.