bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histopathological Growth Patterns and Survival After Resection of Colorectal Liver Metastasis: An External Validation Study
Authors: Höppener Diederik J , Galjart Boris , Nierop Pieter M H , Buisman Florian E , van der Stok Eric P , Coebergh van den Braak Robert R J , van Amerongen Martin J , Balachandran Vinod P , Jarnagin William R , Kingham T Peter , Doukas Michail , Shia Jinru , Nagtegaal Iris D , Vermeulen Peter B , Koerkamp Bas Groot , Grünhagen Dirk J , de Wilt Johannes H W , D’Angelica Michael I , Verhoef Cornelis 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
After resection of colorectal cancer liver metastases (CRLM), 2 main histopathological growth patterns can be observed: a desmoplastic and a nondesmoplastic subtype. The desmoplastic subtype has been associated with superior survival. These findings require external validation.

Methods
An international multicenter retrospective cohort study was conducted in patients treated surgically for CRLM at 3 tertiary hospitals in the United States and the Netherlands. Determination of histopathological growth patterns was performed on hematoxylin and eosin–stained sections of resected CRLM according to international guidelines. Patients displaying a desmoplastic histopathological phenotype (only desmoplastic growth observed) were compared with patients with a nondesmoplastic phenotype (any nondesmoplastic growth observed). Cutoff analyses on the extent of nondesmoplastic growth were performed. Overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were estimated using Kaplan-Meier and multivariable Cox analysis. All statistical tests were 2-sided.

Results
In total 780 patients were eligible. A desmoplastic phenotype was observed in 19.1% and was associated with microsatellite instability (14.6% vs 3.6%, P = .01). Desmoplastic patients had superior 5-year OS (73.4%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 64.1% to 84.0% vs 44.2%, 95% CI = 38.9% to 50.2%, P &lt; .001) and DFS (32.0%, 95% CI = 22.9% to 44.7% vs 14.7%, 95% CI = 11.7% to 18.6%, P &lt; .001) compared with their nondesmoplastic counterparts. A desmoplastic phenotype was associated with an adjusted hazard ratio for death of 0.36 (95% CI = 0.23 to 0.58) and 0.50 (95% CI = 0.37 to 0.66) for cancer recurrence. Prognosis was independent of KRAS and BRAF status. The cutoff analyses found no prognostic relationship between either OS or DFS and the extent of nondesmoplastic growth observed (all P &gt; .1).

Conclusions
This external validation study confirms the remarkably good prognosis after surgery for CRLM in patients with a desmoplastic phenotype. The extent of nondesmoplastic growth does not affect prognosis.
On the linkage between influence matrices in the BIEM and BEM to explain the mechanism of degenerate scale for a circular domain
Authors: Chen Jeng-Tzong , Lee Jia-Wei , Huang Yi-Ling , Shao Cheng-Hsiang , Lu Cheng-Hsuan 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
In this paper, we proposed two ways to understand the rank deficiency in the continuous system (boundary integral equation method, BIEM) and discrete system (boundary element method, BEM) for a circular case. The infinite-dimensional degree of freedom for the continuous system can be reduced to finite-dimensional space using the generalized Fourier coordinates. The property of the second-order tensor for the influence matrix under different observers is also examined. On the other hand, the discrete system in the BEM can be analytically studied, thanks to the spectral property of circulant matrix. We adopt the circulant matrix of odd dimension, (2N + 1) by (2N + 1), instead of the previous even one of 2N by 2N to connect the continuous system by using the Fourier bases. Finally, the linkage of influence matrix in the continuous system (BIE) and discrete system (BEM) is constructed. The equivalence of the influence matrix derived by using the generalized coordinates and the circulant matrix are proved by using the eigen systems (eigenvalue and eigenvector). The mechanism of degenerate scale for a circular domain can be analytically explained in the discrete system.
Study on antidepressant mechanism of Radix Bupleuri–Radix Paeoniae Alba herb pair by metabonomics combined with 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry detection technology
Authors: Zhou Yuzhi , Li Tian , Zhu Shiwei , Gong Wenxia , Qin Xuemei , Du Guanhua 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Radix Bupleuri–Radix Paeoniae Alba (BP), a traditional Chinese medicine herb pair, has treated depression by coordinating the liver in Chinese classical medicine books and modern research. This study aims to verify the antidepressant effect of BP by behavioural examination, and reveal the underlying antidepressant mechanisms of BP.

Methods
The antidepressant effects in chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) of BP were observed by behavioural indicators and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) metabonomics techniques combined with the related analysis platforms.

Key findings
BP could significantly improve the depressive behaviour of CUMS rats. Compared with the model group, body weight (P &lt; 0.05), the number of crossing (P &lt; 0.001) and rearing (P &lt; 0.01) and sucrose preference rate (P &lt; 0.01) were significantly enhanced, and the immobility time was shortened in the forced swimming test (P &lt; 0.001) of the BP group. In metabonomics study, 35 depression-related metabolites were identified by 1H NMR and UHPLC-MS/MS metabonomics by comparing model and control groups. BP could significantly retrieve 17 depression-related metabolites. Thirteen depression-related metabolic pathways were found through Met-PA and BP could regulate seven metabolic pathways.

Conclusions
BP herb pair had significantly antidepressant effect, which provides a basis for further finding drug targets.
Assessing the Impacts of COVID-19 on Women Refugees in South Africa
Authors: Mutambara Victoria M , Crankshaw Tamaryn L , Freedman Jane 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
The global COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent lockdowns and restrictions have had uneven impacts on populations and have deepened many pre-existing inequalities along lines of race, ethnicity, class, gender. Refugees have been shown to be particularly negatively impacted in many countries, with existing structures of violence and insecurity worsened by the immediate consequences of the pandemic through policy responses which largely ignore their needs whether by excluding them from targeted COVID-19 mitigation measures, or by imposing restrictions which directly impact on their well-being. Our research with refugee women in Durban, South Africa, illustrates the ways in which COVID-19 has exacerbated their insecurities and intensified structural violence which renders them vulnerable. More importantly, it seems that the impacts of COVID-19 are not just short term but will deepen the violence and insecurities experienced by these women in the longer term if these are not addressed by government and relevant NGOs and civil society organizations.
Cold War Refugees: South Korea’s Entry into the International Refugee Regime, 1950–1992
Authors: Kim Nora Hui-Jung 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
When and how does a state become a part of the international refugee regime, and how does a state’s role within the regime change over time? Using South Korea as a case study, this article highlights the significance of Cold War politics as a main cause of the expansion of the international refugee regime. South Korea was first entered into the international refugee regime during the US-led Korean War. And it was due to the neocolonial relationship between South Korea and the US that South Korea participated in the Vietnam War, and consequently, South Korea received its first internationally recognized refugees. Pressure from the US largely explains the burden-sharing role that South Korea played during the Indochinese refugee crisis. However, repositioning itself as a subempire in Asia and seeking enhanced international stature, South Korea signed the 1951 UN Refugee Convention, finally becoming an official member of the international refugee regime.
Gemini/GMOS optical transmission spectroscopy of WASP-121b: signs of variability in an ultra-hot Jupiter?
Authors: Wilson Jamie , Gibson Neale P , Lothringer Joshua D , Sing David K , Mikal-Evans Thomas , de Mooij Ernst J W , Nikolov Nikolay , Watson Chris A 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We present ground-based, spectroscopic observations of two transits of the ultra-hot Jupiter WASP-121b covering the wavelength range ≈500–950 nm using Gemini/GMOS. We use a Gaussian process framework to model instrumental systematics in the light curves, and also demonstrate the use of the more generalized Student’s-T process to verify our results. We find that our measured transmission spectrum, whilst showing overall agreement, is slightly discrepant with results obtained using HST/STIS, particularly for wavelengths shortwards of ≈650 nm. In contrast to the STIS results, we find evidence for an increasing bluewards slope and little evidence for absorption from either TiO or VO in our retrieval, in agreement with a number of recent studies performed at high-resolution. We suggest that this might point to some other absorbers, particularly some combination of recently detected atomic metals, in addition to scattering by hazes, being responsible for the excess optical absorption and observed vertical thermal inversion. Our results are also broadly consistent with previous ground-based photometry and 3D GCM predictions, however, these assumed different chemistry to our retrievals. In addition, we show that the GMOS observations are repeatable over short periods (days), similar to the HST/STIS observations. Their difference over longer periods (months) could well be the result of temporal variability in the atmospheric properties (i.e. weather) as predicted by theoretical models of ultra-hot Jupiters; however, more mundane explanations such as instrumental systematics and stellar activity cannot be fully ruled out, and we encourage future observations to explore this possibility.
A variable corona for GRS 1915+105
Authors: Karpouzas Konstantinos , Méndez Mariano , García Federico , Zhang Liang , Altamirano Diego , Belloni Tomaso , Zhang Yuexin 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
Most models of the low-frequency quasi-periodic oscillations (QPOs) in low-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) explain the dynamical properties of those QPOs. On the other hand, in recent years reverberation models that assume a lamp-post geometry have been successful in explaining the energy-dependent time lags of the broad-band noise component in stellar mass black holes and active galactic nuclei. We have recently shown that Comptonization can explain the spectral-timing properties of the kilo-hertz (kHz) QPOs observed in neutron star (NS) LMXBs. It is therefore worth exploring whether the same family of models would be as successful in explaining the low-frequency QPOs. In this work, we use a Comptonization model to study the frequency dependence of the phase lags of the type-C QPO in the BH LMXB GRS 1915+105. The phase lags of the QPO in GRS 1915+105 make a transition from hard to soft at a QPO frequency of around 1.8 Hz. Our model shows that at high QPO frequencies a large corona of ∼100–150 Rg covers most of the accretion disc and makes it $100{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ feedback dominated, thus producing soft lags. As the observed QPO frequency decreases, the corona gradually shrinks down to around 3–17 Rg, and at 1.8 Hz feedback on to the disc becomes inefficient leading to hard lags. We discuss how changes in the accretion geometry affect the timing properties of the type-C QPO.
The galaxy–galaxy strong lensing cross-sections of simulated ΛCDM galaxy clusters
Authors: Robertson Andrew 
Published: March 2021

ABSTRACT
We investigate a recent claim that observed galaxy clusters produce an order of magnitude more galaxy–galaxy strong lensing (GGSL) than simulated clusters in a Λ cold dark matter (CDM) cosmology. We take galaxy clusters from the c-eagle hydrodynamical simulations and calculate the expected amount of GGSL for sources placed behind the clusters at different redshifts. The probability of a source lensed by one of the most massive c-eagle clusters being multiply imaged by an individual cluster member is in good agreement with that inferred for observed clusters. We show that numerically converged results for the GGSL probability require higher resolution simulations than had been used previously. On top of this, different galaxy formation models predict cluster substructures with different central densities, such that the GGSL probabilities in ΛCDM cannot yet be robustly predicted. Overall, we find that GGSL within clusters is not currently in tension with the ΛCDM cosmological model.
Sensorimotor predictions shape reported conscious visual experience in a breaking continuous flash suppression task
Authors: Skora Lina I , Seth Anil K , Scott Ryan B 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
Accounts of predictive processing propose that conscious experience is influenced not only by passive predictions about the world, but also by predictions encompassing how the world changes in relation to our actions—that is, on predictions about sensorimotor contingencies. We tested whether valid sensorimotor predictions, in particular learned associations between stimuli and actions, shape reports about conscious visual experience. Two experiments used instrumental conditioning to build sensorimotor predictions linking different stimuli with distinct actions. Conditioning was followed by a breaking continuous flash suppression task, measuring the speed of reported breakthrough for different pairings between the stimuli and prepared actions, comparing those congruent and incongruent with the trained sensorimotor predictions. In Experiment 1, counterbalancing of the response actions within the breaking continuous flash suppression task was achieved by repeating the same action within each block but having them differ across the two blocks. Experiment 2 sought to increase the predictive salience of the actions by avoiding the repetition within blocks. In Experiment 1, breakthrough times were numerically shorter for congruent than incongruent pairings, but Bayesian analysis supported the null hypothesis of no influence from the sensorimotor predictions. In Experiment 2, reported conscious perception was significantly faster for congruent than for incongruent pairings. A meta-analytic Bayes factor combining the two experiments confirmed this effect. Altogether, we provide evidence for a key implication of the action-oriented predictive processing approach to conscious perception, namely that sensorimotor predictions shape our conscious experience of the world.
Partitioned glioma heritability shows subtype-specific enrichment in immune cells
Authors: Ostrom Quinn T , Edelson Jacob , Byun Jinyoung , Han Younghun , Kinnersley Ben , Melin Beatrice , Houlston Richard S , Monje Michelle ,   GLIOGENE Consortium, Amos Christopher I , Barnholtz-Sloan Jill S , Bernstein Jonine L , Bondy Melissa L , Claus Elizabeth B , Houlston Richard S , Il’yasova Dora , Jenkins Robert B , Johansen Christoffer , Lachance Daniel , Lai Rose , Melin Beatrice S , Merrell Ryan T , Olson Sara H , Sadetzki Siegal , Schildkraut Joellen , Shete Sanjay , Walsh Kyle M , Amos Christopher I , Bondy Melissa L 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

Background
Epidemiological studies of adult glioma have identified genetic syndromes and 25 heritable risk loci that modify individual risk for glioma, as well increased risk in association with exposure to ionizing radiation and decreased risk in association with allergies. In this analysis, we assess whether there is a shared genome-wide genetic architecture between glioma and atopic/autoimmune diseases.

Methods
Using summary statistics from a glioma genome-wide association studies (GWAS) meta-analysis, we identified significant enrichment for risk variants associated with gene expression changes in immune cell populations. We also estimated genetic correlations between glioma and autoimmune, atopic, and hematologic traits using linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC), which leverages genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) associations and patterns of linkage disequilibrium.

Results
Nominally significant negative correlations were observed for glioblastoma (GB) and primary biliary cirrhosis (rg = −0.26, P = .0228), and for non-GB gliomas and celiac disease (rg = −0.32, P = .0109). Our analyses implicate dendritic cells (GB pHM = 0.0306 and non-GB pHM = 0.0186) in mediating both GB and non-GB genetic predisposition, with GB-specific associations identified in natural killer (NK) cells (pHM = 0.0201) and stem cells (pHM = 0.0265).

Conclusions
This analysis identifies putative new associations between glioma and autoimmune conditions with genomic architecture that is inversely correlated with that of glioma and that T cells, NK cells, and myeloid cells are involved in mediating glioma predisposition. This provides further evidence that increased activation of the acquired immune system may modify individual susceptibility to glioma.
Sciatic-to-Femoral Nerve End-to-End Coaptation for Proximal Lower Extremity Function in Patients With Acute Flaccid Myelitis: Technical Note and Review of the Literature
Authors: Lubelski Daniel , Pennington Zach , Tuffaha Sami , Moore Amy , Belzberg Allan J 
Published: March 2021

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) is an acute-onset anterior horn disease resulting in flaccid paralysis of extremities, trunk, facial, and cervical musculature in children following upper respiratory or gastrointestinal viral illness. Nerve transfer procedures have been shown to restore function.

OBJECTIVE
To present a technical description of sciatic-to-femoral nerve transfers in 4 children with AFM.

METHODS
Retrospective review of relevant cases was performed.

RESULTS
A total of 4 cases are presented of young children with persistent quadriparesis in the setting of AFM, presenting between 4 and 15 mo following initial diagnosis. Electromyography showed denervation of muscles innervated by the femoral nerve, with sparing of the sciatic distribution. The obturator nerve was also denervated in all patients. We therefore elected to pursue sciatic-to-femoral transfers to restore active knee extension. These transfers involved end-to-end coaptation of a sciatic nerve fascicle to the femoral nerve motor branches supplying quadriceps muscles.

CONCLUSION
We present technical descriptions of bilateral sciatic-to-femoral nerve neurotization for the restoration of quadriceps function in 4 patients with AFM. The sciatic nerve fascicles are a reasonable alternative donor nerve for patients with proximal muscle paralysis and limited donor options in the lower extremity.
Imitation
Authors: Ungemah Joe 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter follows the short, troubled history of Uber’s corporate culture and how a leader’s behavior can permeate an entire organization, turning the workplace environment toxic and hostile to underrepresented groups of employees. A deeper look at role modeling via the classic Bobo doll study demonstrates how simply observing someone else’s behavior can lead to either socially beneficial or harmful outcomes. On a subtler level, expectations held by others, and particularly those in power, can result in their fulfillment through unconscious words and action, termed the Pygmalion effect, as demonstrated with a study of teacher expectations and student IQ. Imitation, through either role modeling or conforming to expectations, lies at the heart of a culture’s establishment and rigidity.
Choice
Authors: Ungemah Joe 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter dives into why people sometime feel paralyzed by decisions. Challenging conventional wisdom that more choice is better, the chapter explains how choice can lead to cognitive overload, as demonstrated first by the story of a failed electronics retailer and then by a study involving a fruit jam display at a California farmers market. Yet choice is critical to a happy and prolonged life, as shown with some novel research involving houseplants in a nursing home setting. The chapter concludes on the compounding nature of decisions, where cause and effect is never as simple as it seems, as demonstrated by the Hindenburg disaster. Implications for the workplace include providing employee choice where it matters most, promoting worker autonomy, and recognizing human biases toward oversimplifying successes and failures.
Conformity
Authors: Ungemah Joe 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
This chapter speaks about Asch’s classic study about how individuals will conform to the group even in the face of unambiguously true information. Similar trends were witnessed in the real world during the Bay of Pigs fiasco, where President Kennedy’s top advisors succumbed to groupthink and failed to recognize Cuba’s military strength and foresight in predicting the planned US invasion. Contrary to common sense, individuals tend to resolve the cognitive dissonance they experience when faced with group pressure by changing their deeply held (and objectively true) opinions. Conformity to work processes is necessary in any workplace environment, but when taken to the extreme, it can lead to false perceptions about agreement, a lack of speaking out, and ultimately poor decision-making.
The Music in Berlin: Spaces and Places
Authors: Alexander Phil 
Published: March 2021

Abstract
In a complement to the networks and styles of the previous chapter, this chapter offers a detailed analysis of the spaces that frame the Berlin klezmer scene. It draws on the influence of British cultural studies to locate this scene within the characteristic fluidity and bricolage aesthetics of the city’s wider street-level musical culture—brought to life here through description and analysis of the sonic profusion of Mauerpark’s weekly “mini-festival.” The chapter then moves on to explore in depth ways in which we might understand “Jewish space,” including the important role of music in the mediation of German-Jewish space. The majority of the chapter then looks in detail at the official/unofficial spatial spectrum that frames several characteristic klezmer venues in the city: a long-running and appealingly shabby club/bar; a contemporary arthouse theater program; a well-established, friendly yet surprisingly formal dance night; and the lively space of a West Berlin kosher cafe. It then discusses in depth the three klezmer jam sessions that take place in the city, considering each of these sessions as its own version of a wider “scene,” with reference to the work of Will Straw and others. The last part of the chapter discusses how several unofficial spaces that have developed recently point to a possible paradigm shift in the presentation and reception of Yiddish musical culture in the city, seen in the ground-level complex of Yiddish cultural activities established over the last six years in the Neukölln district. Once again, the solid theoretical underpinning is brought to life by strong ethnographic description and interviews.