bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rectal Bleeding
Authors: SMITH E. IDE 
Published: December 2021

After reading "Rectal Bleeding in Childhood" by Hillemeier (PIR 5:35, 1983), I would like to raise a question concerning the child with lower rectal bleeding and a demonstrable anal fissure.
In the article, the statement is made, "Once the determination has been made that the child has rectal bleeding from the lower GI tract, an endoscopic procedure is required." I would question the necessity of endoscopy with its additional complexity and definite increased costs as a requirement in the treatment of children with anal fissures. Obviously, some clinical judgment is necessary as the presence of an anal fissure does not rule out disease above, but in many clinical situations, a diagnosis can be made and appropriate therapy can be initiated without endoscopy. An additional problem, which has occurred frequently in my experience, is that many of the children with anal fissures have considerable constipated stool present at the time of their visit and the endoscopy requires an additional visit.
In the absence of abdominal pain or any evidence of significant bleeding and in a clinical setting that is confirmatory of an anal fissure, I would suggest that a demonstrable fissure may be treated without endoscopy.
Zinc Deficiency in the Premature Infant
Authors: Hambidge K. Michael 
Published: December 2021

Although zinc was recognized to be essential for the growth of microorganisms during the 19th century, and for the growth of mammals 50 years ago, interest in the role of zinc in human nutrition has developed only in the last 20 years. Hence, in contrast to iron and iodine, zinc can be regarded as one of the "newer" trace elements in this context. Human deficiencies of several of these newer trace elements are now recognized, but human zinc deficiency syndromes are of special interest to the clinician. The clinical importance of this trace element stems from the frequency of zinc deficiency states relative to those of the other newer trace elements, the wide variety of circumstances in which zinc deficiency may occur, the number of organ systems and major metabolic pathways that may be affected, and the extent of the clinical consequences. The cardinal importance of zinc for normal growth and development, both prenatally and postnatally make this micronutrient of special interest to the obstetrician and pediatrician.
This article will focus primarily on the premature infant. Despite the paucity of information, zinc nutrition is of particular concern in this nutritionally challenging population group for several reasons. First, the relatively rapid growth of the healthy premature infant, after initial stabilization, suggests the need for relatively large quantities of zinc to meet the demands of new tissue, especially lean body mass.
Some Reminders About Prescription Writing
Authors: Mofenson Howard C. , Caraccio Thomas R. 
Published: December 2021

A prescription is a written order by a physician to a pharmacist to dispense a therapeutic agent to a patient. This therapeutic transaction is the sum of the physician's evaluation of the problem (the history, physical examination, diagnostic tests, decision on treatment, and prognosis). On this single sheet of paper are the final results of the physician's education, experience, and diagnostic acumen.
The prescribing physician should use a drug only if necessary and should choose the safest and most effective agent with which he has knowledge and experience. The physician should know the ingredients that make up the contents of the drug, not only the active ingredients, but inactive ingredients as well, such as the sugar content, the alcohol content, preservatives, emulsifiers, fillers, and stabilizers.
HOW TO WRITE A GOOD PRESCRIPTION
1. Write or print the prescription legibly. If the physician has poor writing, preprinted or typed prescriptions may help.
2. Spell the name(s) of the drug(s) correctly, especially in view of the number of "look-alikes" and "sound-alikes." Get in the habit of writing both the trade and generic names.
3. Write the prescription in proper English grammar. Latin abbreviations such as q.i.d. may be interpreted as q.d. and are no longer recommended. Avoid phrases such as "as directed" or "as needed." Specify exact times to be taken: daytime hours, around the clock, and relationship to meals.
Current Management of Common Bacterial Meningitides
Authors: Kaplan Sheldon L. 
Published: December 2021

Bacterial meningitis is one of the most important, relatively frequent life-threatening infections encountered in children; thus physicians caring for children must be familiar with the current recommendations concerning its management. Newer antibiotics, especially third-generation cephalosporins, have provided satisfactory alternatives to the standard antibiotic treatment of bacterial meningitis in children but present the pediatrician with a baffling array of potential choices that can lead to confusion and indecision when selecting an agent to administer. At the present time, none of these newer agents has emerged as clearly superior to the others, and, therefore, a particular agent cannot be recommended as the single drug of choice for the treatment of bacterial meningitis in the pediatric age group. This review will focus on the antibiotic treatment and supportive care of the child with bacterial meningitis due to the most common pathogens
ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY OF BACTERIAL MENINGITIS IN CHILDREN
The principles of the antibiotic therapy of bacterial meningitis have been derived from both clinical studies and animal models.1 It is clear that an antibiotic must be bactericidal in vitro against a particular microorganism in order to be most effective in vivo. Antibiotics that only inhibit growth of an organism frequently do not result in sterility of CSF in animal models or in the human host.
Prevention of Infection with Neisseria meningitidis and Haemophilus influenzae Type b
Authors: Feigin Ralph D. 
Published: December 2021

MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE
Background
Since the first description by Vieusseux in 1805 of an epidemic of "cerebrospinal fever," physicians have been aware of the potential for spread of meningococcal disease. Numerous studies of military recruits in the United States documented conclusively nasopharyngeal acquisition of Neisseria meningitidis during the course of their basic training. In the military setting, attack rates as high as 46% have been reported for exposed susceptible individuals.
In the United States, endemic meningococcal disease occurs in 3,000 to 5,000 persons yearly. Secondary cases occur with a frequency of 0.4% in the first month following disease in the index case. The risk to household contacts is approximately 2.2/1,000/yr; this risk is greatest in the week after the onset of illness in the index case but remains in excess of the endemic disease rate for at least 1 month. The risk of secondary meningococcal disease in household contacts (adults and children) of an index case is 1,000 times greater than that for the population as a whole.
Carriage Versus Invasive Disease
Household contacts, day care center contacts, and bunk mates (military installations) of an index case frequently are noted to have an increased rate of carriage of N meningitidis in the nasopharynx. It has been noted repeatedly that when the carriage rate of N meningitidis is high, invasive disease is more likely to occur.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Brody Alan S. , Gooding Charles A. 
Published: December 2021

Magnetic resonance imaging is the newest of the imaging modalities available for the diagnosis of diseases of children. No ionizing radiation is used and most studies are performed without the administration of contrast material.
FUNDAMENTALS OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGE FORMATION
Physics
The physics of magnetic resonance imaging is only accurately explained by complex mathematics, but analogy can serve as a rough guide. When placed in a strong magnetic field, atomic nuclei containing odd numbers of protons and neutrons align along the lines of magnetic force. The magnetic fields used are in the range of 6,000 to 15,000 G. (The earth's magnetic field measures 5 G.) Although many kinds of nuclei can be used, current magnetic resonance imaging systems image hydrogen nuclei.
Recurrent Abdominal Pain: The Cost of the Aches and the Aches of the Cost
Authors: Coleman William L. , Levine Melvin D. 
Published: December 2021

Recurrent abdominal Pain is the most common chronic pain entity in the school-aged child and young adolescent.1,2 It is rarely seen before a child is 5 years of age; its peak incidence in children is 10 to 12 years of age. Although definitions vary, different studies estimate the prevalence at 10% to 15%; girls slightly outnumber boys.2,3
Recurrent abdominal pain accounts for 5% of pediatric office visits4 and continues to be a challenging, frustrating, time-consuming enterprise, one capable of generating intense anxiety on the part of children, parents, and seasoned clinicians. Multiple diagnostic tests may be painful (and fruitless). Significant costs may be incurred through diagnostic procedures, laboratory investigation, extensive medical evaluations (including subspecialty consultations), hospitalization, lost work days for parents, and caretaker's fees. Children also suffer a reduction in normal activity and sacrifice school days.3,5 Finally, there is the toll (for child and parent) of living with the symptom(s) of a "disease" without knowing its cause, cure, or prognosis.6
The object of this review is to present a multifactorial model of causation and a cost-efficient approach for the practical management of recurrent abdominal pain. Two case prototypes will portray the conceptual framework and highlight practical issues in diagnosis and management.
A Child's Reactions to Parents' Problems
Authors: Woolston Joseph L. 
Published: December 2021

In the current world of high technology and glorification of "hard" science, the study of a child's reactions to his parents' problems may seem a bit archaic or sentimental. One might wonder what new information could have been learned in the past several decades about these age-old human problems for which common sense, rather than new data, might seem to serve as the best guide. However, the more rigorous applications of scientific methods of psychiatry, psychoanalysis, epidemiology, cybernetics, and psychology have shed new light on this age-old problem. Perhaps the most challenging aspect of addressing the issue of a child's reaction to his parents' problems is the bewildering diversity of possible responses. To propose that one kind of parental problem gives rise to one kind of reaction in a child obviously in nonsense. Although there seem to be some reactions that are more likely to occur in response to some specific parental problems, children can and do respond with the entire repertoire of emotional and behavioral reactions that are available to them as human beings.
The following case illustrates the complexity and diversity of a child's reactions to his parents' problems.
DG was an 8-year-old boy who was referred for a psychiatric evaluation by his pediatrician because of concerns about DG'S poor attention span, excessive activity, and provocative behaviour.
Iron Supplementation in Infancy
Authors: Reeves Jerry D. 
Published: December 2021

Although dietary practices in the United States have changed in the past decade to include more bioavailable iron in many infant's diets, iron deficiency remains an important problem. Prevalence of iron deficiency is still high, even among economically privileged infants. Not only microcytic anemia but also adverse effects on growth, behavior, intestinal function, energy metabolism, and immune function may result with deficiencies of the many important ironcontaining compounds in the body.
Infants are at highest risk for iron deficiency because initial iron endowment is often low, iron needs for growth are high, and foods in infants' diets usually are poor iron sources or impair iron absorption. In addition, the frequent infections typical in infants impair iron absorption when needs remain high.
By taking a careful history and using simple laboratory screening procedures, the pediatrician can identify a large proportion of those who will benefit from iron supplementation. Avoiding foods impairing iron absorption, continuing intake of foods with relatively large amounts of bioavailable iron, and giving additional iron supplementation to particularly highrisk infants can further decrease the prevalence of iron deficiency and its potentially serious consequences with minimal risk.
The Call: Anticipatory Guidance for the Death of a Family's Newborn
Authors: Drell Martin J. 
Published: December 2021

When I arrived home, my wife told me to call a personal friend of ours who needed some advice. All my wife knew was that our friend, Mary, had just found out that the baby she was about to deliver was deformed and might not live. Mary wanted to talk with me about how to handle the matter with Barry, her son who was nearly 4 years old.
Calls like this are always difficult ones, and it was with some trepidation that I called. Mary answered. Her voice quivered as she talked. The history unfolded piecemeal throughout the one-half hour phone call.
From the beginning, Mary believed that something was wrong with her pregnancy, that somehow it had not "felt right" From a medical stadpoint, however, there were only minor problems. At the beginning of the third trimester, she had a short period of spotting. The obstetrician had Mary lie down and not exert herself. During this period of rest, Barry was told specifically not to jump on his mother, because it might hurt the baby. The spotting did not recur and the pregnancy progressed, supposedly without a hitch. As the delivery time approached, sonography was done to check on the health of the fetus. The test was done because of the mother's past history of having delivered Barry prematurely and having had a subsequent miscarriage.
What's New in 1987?
Authors: H. R. J. 
Published: December 2021

This issue begins year 9 of the Academy's Pediatric Review and Education Program and Pediatrics in Review, or, as it is officially designated, PREP 2—year 3. The topic areas for this year are neonatology, cardiology, genetics and dysmorphism, and health supervision during infancy.
As in the past, the majority of articles planned for this year address educational objectives directed at these topics, and the abstracts are usually used to present material concerning the recent advances educational objectives. In a few instances, recent advances objectives serve as the basis for articles and, in rare instances, I recruit papers with no specific educational objectives. You might call this the Editor's prerogative! One of these appears in this issue, "Health Care Systems: A Pediatric Perspective," by Blim and Matlin. It addresses the important topic of new methods of organization and payment of pediatricians. Nearly 2 years ago, the Executive Board of The American Academy of Pediatrics authorized us to present occasional papers on socioeconomic issues of pertinence to pediatricians in Pediatrics in Review. This and the previously published article by Robertson on medical liability (1985;6:229) are our response to date. We will have more such articles in the future.
Starting with this issue, you will find brief biographies of the authors of the review articles.
Cyanosis in the Newborn
Authors: Lees Martin H. , King Douglas H. 
Published: December 2021

RECOGNITION OF CYANOSIS IN THE NEWBORN
Clinical cyanosis is chiefly dependent on the absolute concentration of reduced hemoglobin in the blood rather than on the oxygen saturation. Thus, when there is more than 3 g of reduced hemoglobin per deciliter of arterial blood, central cyanosis should be recognizable. The O2 saturation when clinical central cyanosis becomes apparent varies from about 62% when the hemoglobin is only 8 g/dL to about 88% saturation in the polycythemic infant with a hemoglobin of 24 g/dL.
The normal relative polycythemia of newborn infants (hemoglobin 14 to 20 g/dL), therefore, facilitates recognition of cyanosis.
Recognition of cyanosis in the newborn is rendered more difficult by the presence of fetal hemoglobin (Fig 1). The ratio of fetal to adult hemoglobin varies from infant to infant, and the proportions of each hemoglobin affect the oxygen saturation resulting at any give Pao2. Thus, if a baby with a pH of 7.4 and a temperature of 37°C has mostly adult hemoglobin, central cyanosis (arterial saturation 75% to 85%) will be observed at a Pao2 of 42 to 53 mm Hg, whereas if the baby has mostly fetal hemoglobin, central cyanosis will be observed at a Pao2 of 32 to 42 mm Hg. Thus, the newborn with a high proportion of fetal hemogolobin may have a serious reduction in oxygen tension before central cyanosis is clinically apparent.
When Pediatric Patients Become Parents
Authors: Weitzman Michael 
Published: December 2021

In the past year a number of my adolescent patients have had children of their own. Many of these adolescents had been patients of mine for as many as 10 years prior to their becoming pregnant. My own transition in caring for their children has been surprisingly difficult.
Working in a hospital-based primary care center, I have cared for many children of teenaged parents, but only recently have patients whom I have known for most of their childhood reached an age at which they are becoming parents. In subtle but certain ways, I have had more difficulty with teenaged parents with whom I have a long-term relationship than I have had with teenaged parents with whom I have had no prior experience.
Features Central Blood Circulation at Women with Normal and Pathological Current of Pregnancy
Authors: Kosheleva N. G. , Buzurukova P. S. , Vosheva T. P. , Crawl T. M. 
Published: December 2021

Features central blood circulation at 386 women are investigated: 6O healthy not pregnant women, 53 healthy pregnant, 147 women with threat of interruption of pregnancy and 126 with gestosis. Distribution on types of central blood circulation at healthy pregnant differed from healthy not pregnant. The increase of frequency eucinetic blood circulation in 2 times and demotion of frequency hypocinetic blood circulation in 3 times took place.
At development gestosis the increase of frequency hypocinetic blood circulation was observed: at hypostases pregnant in 3 times, and at nephropathy in 6 times in comparison with healthy pregnant.
At threat of interruption of pregnancy distribution pregnant on types is similar with not pregnant.
Ki Bagus Hadikusumo: Peran dan Pemikiran bersama Muhammadiyah dalam Penerapan Syariat Islam di Indonesia
Authors: Lestariningsih Sri , Aminati Wahyu , Khoiriyah Siti , Fatonah Anna 
Published: December 2021

Tulisan ini merupakan paparan mengenai Ki Bagus Hadikusumo, peran serta pemikirannya bagi Indonesia. Sebagaimana negara terjajah lainnya, Indonesia mengalami ketidakbebasan dalam berbagai hal baik dalam kehidupan sosial hingga politik. Hal ini mendorong Ki Bagus Hadikusumo untuk memberikan peran yang besar bagi negara. Sebagai seorang muslim, sikap tegas beliau tentang tauhid begitu besar. Peran Ki Bagus Hadi Kusumo dimulai dari studinya di berbagai Lembaga pendidikan, persyarikatan Muhammadiyah hingga dalam perumusan dasar negara. Penjelasan mengenai Biografi, peran Muhammadiyah dalam kemerdekaan Indonesia, peran Muhammadiyah dalam politik (Masyumi), sikap Ki Bagus Hadikusumo mengenai seikerei hingga pemikiran Ki Bagus Hadikusumo mengenai Islam dan Negara merupakan hal yang disampaikan dalam tulisan ini. Metode pengumpulan informasi tulisan ini menggunakan studi literatur guna mendapatkan data sekunder yang kemudian dianalisis secara kontekstual sehingga membentuk suatu keterkaitan.
Strategic analysis of business models innovative development
Authors: Rudinska O. V. , Baron R. D. , Sakharova S. O. , Yakov S. M. 
Published: December 2021

The article examines strategic approaches to the analysis of external and internal factors of the business concept, which makes it possible to formulate further tactical and strategic goals, as well as adjust the initial vision, balance it with specific existing facts in conditions of high uncertainty. The comparative analysis of external and internal factors of classical business models is carried out. The advantages and disadvantages of the selected methods of business modeling of innovative development are determined.
The qualitative analysis of such business models as SNW-analysis, SWOT-analysis, and MCC matrix is ​​considered, carried out. The assessment of the methodology from the point of view of optimization of implementation in the conditions of innovation space of “VUCA world” – the world without landmarks.
It is emphasized that according to the requirements of the world of VUCA, SWOT-analysis and MCC matrix can be called more universal. SNW-analysis should be considered as a deep and detailed study of the results of SWOT-analysis.
Fenomenologi Pernikahan se-kufu Pada Masyarakat Palembang Komunitas `Alawiyyin dalam Perspektif Surah Al-Hujarat: 13
Authors: . Izmawanti , Quran Jurnal Semiotika 
Published: December 2021

Melihat fenomena yang ada, terdapat perbedaan cara pernikahan yang dilakukan oleh orang islam itu sendiri. Yaitu pernikahan dilakukan oleh komunitas ‘Alawiyyin keturunan Rasulullah Saw atau keturunan Arab yang berada di Kota Palembang dengan muslim lainnya yang bukan keturunan Rasulullah Saw (akhwal). Di dalam pernikahan ‘Alawiyyin yang menerapkan pernikahan kafa’ah. Yaitu laki-laki dan perempuan dari keturunan mereka sendiri. Maka dari itu, pembahasan ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui alasan-alasan seperti apa yang menyebabkan hal tersebut, kemudian dengan pendekatan sebuah teori Sosiologi seorang tokoh David O Sears yang memandang prilaku manusia terdiri dari tiga aspek, yaitu aspek kognitif, afektif dan konatif.