bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental study on cooling feasibility and indoor thermal comfort of multi-connected dry capillary radiant air conditioning system
Authors: Zhang Lina , Tu Qiu , Gong Xuemei , He Yanqiu , Yuan Xiaojun , Ji Chengfan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The traditional capillary radiant air conditioning system with water as heat exchange medium in the indoor unit may have defects of water leakage, pipeline freezing in winter and time delay of cooling and heating effect. It can only achieve good cooling or heating comfort, which is related to the installation of radiant capillary or panel in the floor or ceiling. In view of these defects, this work proposes a multi-connected dry capillary radiant (MDCR) air conditioning system with refrigerant as heat exchange medium. For the cooling operation, the fan coil assisted capillary radiant cooling (FCR) is developed. The fan coil bears part of the sensible cooling load to improve cooling effect and undertakes the entire latent cooling load to dehumidify the air to avoid the condensation. Two operation modes including the capillary radiant cooling (CR) and the FCR were comparatively tested. The test results show that the FCR can maintain the indoor temperature at 19–22°C, a comfortable temperature range, and can dehumidify the air to prevent the condensation. The experimental results demonstrate the application feasibility of MDCR for radiant cooling. In addition, the FCR can maintain the comfort relative humidity at 74–80% during the whole process of the refrigeration operation. The thermal comfort indices of predicted mean vote (PMV) and predicted percentage dissatisfied (PPD) can be kept at −0.5 ~ 0.5 and 0–10% at different heights of the indoor room. It can be concluded that FCR can achieve good thermal comfort and the indices of PMV and PPD can reach Class I standard.
The impact of social norms on rice farmers’ behavior of organic fertilizers application: mediating effect of value perception and moderating effect of education level
Authors: Li Xiaoling , Wu Xianrong 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Existing research on farmers’ behavior of organic fertilizers application usually focuses on individual and household characteristics without considering external social characteristics and potential psychological factors. This paper uses the logistic regression model, mediating effect and moderating effect test method to investigate the influence mechanism of social norms on rice farmers’ behavior of organic fertilizers application. The empirical results show that firstly, social norms can effectively promote rice farmers to apply organic fertilizers. Secondly, the variables of value perception play a mediating role in the relationship between social norms and rice farmers’ behavior of organic fertilizers application. Thirdly, education level plays a significant moderating role in the relationship between social norms and rice farmers’ behavior of organic fertilizers application; the higher the education level of rice farmers, the stronger the positive impact of social norms on their behavior of organic fertilizers application. The results of this study provide an important scientific basis for encouraging rice farmers in developing countries and regions to apply organic fertilizer.
The Exclusivity of Inclusion: Global Construction of Vulnerable and Apolitical Victimhood in Peace Agreements
Authors: Jamar Astrid 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This article examines the articulation of commitments towards inclusion and victimhood agreed upon within peace processes. It builds on original and comprehensive empirical material to scrutinize provisions for victims’ inclusion in all peace agreements signed from 1990 to 2016. In addition to methodological innovations, this approach offers a global picture and theoretical insights from intersectional, feminist and decolonial perspectives. The article finds that the conceptualizations of ‘victimhood’ and ‘inclusion’ are mostly gender and politically blind; inclusion efforts are often pursued without consideration for political and socio-cultural issues. Still within such conceptual ambiguity, qualifiers and types of efforts provided for inclusion produce the global construction of victimhood as vulnerable, innocent and apolitical. Such conceptual construction negates the complex and fluid political identity of victims; and reproduces sexist, heteronormative and subordinating binaries. The adopted language magnifies vulnerabilities within peace agreements, and provides for actions that do not create space for active participation within these institutional settings. This article contributes to the growing theoretical and policy discussions about inclusion by exposing the ‘inclusion conundrum,’ i.e., inevitable exclusivity – shaped by different forms of sexism, classism and racism – entailed in practices that inquire and decide which victims should be included. Building on these observations, I call for an ontological re-articulation of inclusion by reshaping transitional institutional responses that embrace fluidity rather than reproduce oppression exacerbated by violent conflicts.
Error analysis for space discretizations of quasilinear wave-type equations
Authors: Hochbruck Marlis , Maier Bernhard 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this paper we study space discretizations of a general class of first- and second-order quasilinear wave-type problems. We present a rigorous error analysis based on a combination of inverse estimates with semigroup theory for nonautonomous linear Cauchy problems. Moreover, we provide refined results for the special case that the nonlinearities are local in space. As applications of these general results we derive novel error estimates for two prominent examples from nonlinear physics: the Westervelt equation and the Maxwell equations with Kerr nonlinearity. We conclude with a numerical example to illustrate our theoretical findings.
Blaschke–Santaló Inequalities for Minkowski and Asplund Endomorphisms
Authors: Hofstätter Georg C , Schuster Franz E 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
It is shown that each monotone Minkowski endomorphism of convex bodies gives rise to an isoperimetric inequality, which directly implies the classical Urysohn inequality. Among this large family of new inequalities, the only affine invariant one—the Blaschke–Santaló inequality—turns out to be the strongest one. A further extension of these inequalities to merely weakly monotone Minkowski endomorphisms is proven to be impossible. Moreover, for functional analogues of monotone Minkowski endomorphisms, a family of analytic inequalities for log-concave functions is established, which generalizes the functional Blaschke–Santaló inequality.
Vanishing for Hodge Ideals of ℚ-Divisors
Authors: Chen Bingyi 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Mustaţă and Popa [ 7] introduced the notion of Hodge ideals for an effective $\mathbb{Q}$-divisor $D$ and proved a vanishing theorem for Hodge ideals, which generalizes Nadel vanishing for multiplier ideals. However, their proof needs an extra assumption on the existence of $\ell $-roots of the line bundle $\mathscr{O}_X(\ell D)$, which is not necessary for Nadel vanishing. In this paper, we prove that vanishing for Hodge ideals still holds even without this assumption.
The Effect of Diabetes and Prediabetes on Antituberculosis Treatment Outcomes: A Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Arriaga María B , Araújo-Pereira Mariana , Barreto-Duarte Beatriz , Nogueira Betânia , Freire Maria Vitória C N S , Queiroz Artur T L , Rodrigues Moreno M S , Rocha Michael S , Souza Alexandra B , Spener-Gomes Renata , Carvalho Anna Cristina C , Figueiredo Marina C , Turner Megan M , Durovni Betina , Lapa-e-Silva José R , Kritski Afrânio L , Cavalcante Solange , Rolla Valeria C , Cordeiro-Santos Marcelo , Sterling Timothy R , Andrade Bruno B ,   Regional Prospective Observational Research in Tuberculosis (RePORT)–Brazil Consortium, Andrade Alice M S , Nascimento Vanessa , Malta-Santos Hayna , Rebouças-Silva Jéssica , Costa Alysson G , Silva Jaquelane , de Oliveira Jamile G , Benjamin Aline , Gomes-Silva Adriano , Sant’Anna Flavia M , Ignácio Francine P , Lourenço Maria Cristina , Silva Elisangela C , Moreira Adriana S R , Mello Mayla 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
It is unclear whether diabetes or prediabetes affects unfavorable treatment outcomes and death in people with tuberculosis (PWTB).

Methods
Culture-confirmed, drug-susceptible PWTB, enrolled in the Regional Prospective Observational Research in Tuberculosis (RePORT)–Brazil cohort between 2015 and 2019 (N = 643) were stratified based on glycemic status according to baseline glycated hemoglobin. Unfavorable tuberculosis (TB) outcome was defined as treatment failure or modification, recurrence, or death; favorable outcome was cure or treatment completion. We corroborated the findings using data from PWTB reported to the Brazilian National System of Diseases Notification (SINAN) during 2015–2019 (N = 20 989). Logistic regression models evaluated associations between glycemic status and outcomes.

Results
In both cohorts, in univariate analysis, unfavorable outcomes were more frequently associated with smoking, illicit drug use, and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Diabetes, but not prediabetes, was associated with unfavorable outcomes in the RePORT-Brazil (adjusted relative risk [aRR], 2.45; P &lt; .001) and SINAN (aRR, 1.76; P &lt; .001) cohorts. Furthermore, diabetes was associated with high risk of death (during TB treatment) in both RePORT-Brazil (aRR, 2.16; P = .040) and SINAN (aRR, 1.93; P = .001).

Conclusions
Diabetes was associated with an increased risk of unfavorable outcomes and mortality in Brazilian PWTB. Interventions to improve TB treatment outcomes in persons with diabetes are needed.
Pathogens Associated With Linear Growth Faltering in Children With Diarrhea and Impact of Antibiotic Treatment: The Global Enteric Multicenter Study
Authors: Nasrin Dilruba , Blackwelder William C , Sommerfelt Halvor , Wu Yukun , Farag Tamer H , Panchalingam Sandra , Biswas Kousick , Saha Debasish , Jahangir Hossain M , Sow Samba O , Reiman Robert F B , Sur Dipika , Faruque Abu S G , Zaidi Anita K M , Sanogo Doh , Tamboura Boubou , Onwuchekwa Uma , Manna Byomkesh , Ramamurthy Thandavarayan , Kanungo Suman , Omore Richard , Ochieng John B , Oundo Joseph O , Das Sumon K , Ahmed Shahnawaz , Qureshi Shahida , Quadri Farheen , Adegbola Richard A , Antonio Martin , Mandomando Inacio , Nhampossa Tacilta , Bassat Quique , Roose Anna , O’Reilly Ciara E , Mintz Eric D , Ramakrishnan Usha , Powell Helen , Liang Yuanyuan , Nataro James P , Levine Myron M , Kotloff Karen L 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
The association between childhood diarrheal disease and linear growth faltering in developing countries is well described. However, the impact attributed to specific pathogens has not been elucidated, nor has the impact of recommended antibiotic treatment.

Methods
The Global Enteric Multicenter Study enrolled children with moderate to severe diarrhea (MSD) seeking healthcare at 7 sites in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. At enrollment, we collected stool samples to identify enteropathogens. Length/height was measured at enrollment and follow-up, approximately 60 days later, to calculate change in height-for-age z scores (ΔHAZ). The association of pathogens with ΔHAZ was tested using linear mixed effects regression models.

Results
Among 8077 MSD cases analyzed, the proportion with stunting (HAZ below −1) increased from 59% at enrollment to 65% at follow-up (P &lt; .0001). Pathogens significantly associated with linear growth decline included Cryptosporidium (P &lt; .001), typical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (P = .01), and untreated Shigella (P = .009) among infants (aged 0–11 months) and enterotoxigenic E. coli encoding heat-stable toxin (P &lt; .001) and Cryptosporidium (P = .03) among toddlers (aged 12–23 months). Shigella-infected toddlers given antibiotics had improved linear growth (P = .02).

Conclusions
Linear growth faltering among children aged 0–23 months with MSD is associated with specific pathogens and can be mitigated with targeted treatment strategies, as demonstrated for Shigella.
Spread and Endemicity of Cholera in India: Factors Beyond the Numbers
Authors: Saha Gautam Kumar , Ganguly Nirmal Kumar 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Cholera outbreaks currently account for 1.3 to 4.0 million cases and cause between 21 000 and 143 000 deaths worldwide. Cholera is preventable by proper sanitization and immunization; however, in many developing nations such as India, cholera disease is endemic.
The surveillance system in India does not adequately capture the actual number of cases. As a result, it is important to utilize limited public health resources correctly in India and other developing counties more effectively to reach vulnerable communities. In this study, we analyze how studies make sense of cholera transmission and spread in India from 1996 to 2015. Furthermore, we analyze how a more sensitive surveillance system can contribute to cholera eradication by giving rise to outbreak preparedness.
Contrasting Epidemiology of Cholera in Bangladesh and Africa
Authors: Sack David A , Debes Amanda K , Ateudjieu Jerome , Bwire Godfrey , Ali Mohammad , Ngwa Moise Chi , Mwaba John , Chilengi Roma , Orach Christopher C , Boru Waqo , Mohamed Ahmed Abade , Ram Malathi , George Christine Marie , Stine O Colin 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In Bangladesh and West Bengal cholera is seasonal, transmission occurs consistently annually. By contrast, in most African countries, cholera has inconsistent seasonal patterns and long periods without obvious transmission. Transmission patterns in Africa occur during intermittent outbreaks followed by elimination of that genetic lineage. Later another outbreak may occur because of reintroduction of new or evolved lineages from adjacent areas, often by human travelers. These then subsequently undergo subsequent elimination.
The frequent elimination and reintroduction has several implications when planning for cholera’s elimination including: a) reconsidering concepts of definition of elimination, b) stress on rapid detection and response to outbreaks, c) more effective use of oral cholera vaccine and WASH, d) need to readjust estimates of disease burden for Africa, e) re-examination of water as a reservoir for maintaining endemicity in Africa. This paper reviews major features of cholera’s epidemiology in African countries which appear different from the Ganges Delta.
Typhoid in India: An Age-old Problem With an Existing Solution
Authors: Kumar Supriya , Ghosh Raj Shankar , Iyer Harish , Ray Arindam , Vannice Kirsten , MacLennan Calman , Shewchuk Tanya , Steele Duncan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Enteric fever continues to impact millions of people who lack adequate access to clean water and sanitation. The typhoid and paratyphoid fever burden in South Asia is broadly acknowledged, but current estimates of incidence, severity, and cost of illness from India are lacking. This supplement addresses this gap in our knowledge, presenting findings from two years of surveillance, conducted at multiple sites between October 2017 and February 2020, in the Surveillance for Enteric Fever in India (SEFI) network. Results provide contemporaneous evidence of high disease burden and cost of illness—the latter borne largely by patients in the absence of universal healthcare coverage in India. Against a backdrop of immediate priorities in the COVID-19 pandemic, these data are a reminder that typhoid, though often forgotten, remains a public health problem in India. Typhoid conjugate vaccines, produced by multiple Indian manufacturers, and recommended for use in high burden settings, ensure that the tools to tackle typhoid are an immediately available solution to this public health problem.
Rotavirus Vaccine Trials in International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) and Future Use of the Vaccine in Bangladesh
Authors: Zaman K , Aziz Asma Binte , Yunus Md , Qadri Firdausi , Ross Allen G , Clemens John D 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Safe and effective rotavirus vaccines (RVs) are needed to reduce the enormous public health burden of rotavirus illness in developing countries. Vaccination is critical for effective control of rotavirus infection since it cannot be prevented with improvements in water and sanitation. The International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b) has completed several groundbreaking RV trials (Phase I–Phase IV). The safety, immunogenicity, efficacy, and effectiveness of different RVs were evaluated among both urban and rural populations. In this study, we present the results, policy implications, and lessons learned for successful implementation of these trials as well as future directions for rotavirus vaccination in Bangladesh.
Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine: An Urgent Tool to Combat Typhoid and Tackle Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Saha Samir K , Tabassum Nazifa , Saha Senjuti 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Typhoid is endemic in many countries in South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The high burden of this age-old, preventable disease exacerbates constraints on the health systems of these countries. Currently, most patients are treated effectively in the community or outpatient departments, but with rising antimicrobial resistance and the dearth of novel antimicrobials in the horizon, we risk losing our primary defense against typhoid. Extensively drug-resistant Salmonella Typhi is spreading, and azithromycin is the last oral drug to continue treating typhoid in the community. With increasing azithromycin resistance, emergence of pan-oral drug resistant Salmonella Typhi is imminent. The high burden of typhoid is also an underlying cause of the unnecessary use of antimicrobials. In addition to implementing water sanitation and hygiene interventions to prevent typhoid, it is imperative to rapidly roll out typhoid conjugate vaccines in endemic countries. This will not only reduce the burden of typhoid but will also help interrupt the trend of increasing antimicrobial resistance.
Messenger RNA Vaccine Effectiveness Against Coronavirus Disease 2019 Among Symptomatic Outpatients Aged ≥16 Years in the United States, February–May 2021
Authors: Kim Sara S , Chung Jessie R , Belongia Edward A , McLean Huong Q , King Jennifer P , Nowalk Mary Patricia , Zimmerman Richard K , Balasubramani Goundappa K , Martin Emily T , Monto Arnold S , Lamerato Lois E , Gaglani Manjusha , Smith Michael E , Dunnigan Kayan M , Jackson Michael L , Jackson Lisa A , Tenforde Mark W , Verani Jennifer R , Kobayashi Miwako , Schrag Stephanie J , Patel Manish M , Flannery Brendan 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Evaluations of vaccine effectiveness (VE) are important to monitor as coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines are introduced in the general population. Research staff enrolled symptomatic participants seeking outpatient medical care for COVID-19–like illness or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) testing from a multisite network. VE was evaluated using the test-negative design. Among 236 SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification test-positive and 576 test-negative participants aged ≥16 years, the VE of messenger RNA vaccines against COVID-19 was 91% (95% confidence interval, 83%–95%) for full vaccination and 75% (55%–87%) for partial vaccination. Vaccination was associated with prevention of most COVID-19 cases among people seeking outpatient medical care.
Effect of a waiting room communication strategy on imaging rates and awareness of public health messages for low back pain
Authors: Sharma Sweekriti , Traeger Adrian C , Tcharkhedian Elise , Middleton Paul M , Cullen Louise , Maher Chris G 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
Few studies have investigated the effects of waiting room communication strategies on health-care behavior.

Objective
We aimed to determine the effect of a waiting room communication strategy, designed to raise awareness of potential harms of unnecessary imaging, on lumbar imaging rates in the emergency department (ED).

Methods
We conducted a controlled experimental study with a replicated time series design. The design included a 6-week run-in time. Following this there were alternating 1-week intervention and control periods. The intervention group received a communication strategy describing the potential harms of unnecessary imaging for low back pain, shown on a 55” LCD screen positioned in the ED waiting room. The communication strategy was designed by a creative innovation agency and included five digital posters and a patient leaflet. The control group received standard messaging for the waiting room at the time, shown on the same 55” LCD screen, and access to the patient leaflet. The primary outcome was the number and proportion of people presenting to ED with low back pain who received at least one lumbar imaging test, measured using routinely collected ED data. Secondary patient-reported outcomes (patient satisfaction and awareness of campaign messages) were collected from a sample of people presenting for any condition who responded to a text-message-based survey.

Results
For the imaging outcome, 337 people presenting to ED with low back pain were included over a 4-month period (intervention n = 99; control n = 238). All had available data on lumbar imaging. Use of lumbar imaging was 25% in those exposed to the communication strategy [95% confidence interval (CI) = 18% to 35%] compared with 29% in those exposed to the standard waiting room messaging [95% CI = 23% to 35%; odds ratio (OR) = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.49 to 1.41]. For the patient-reported outcomes, 349 patients presenting to ED for any condition responded to the survey (intervention n = 170; control n = 179; response rate = 33%). There was uncertain evidence that the intervention increased awareness of the communication strategy leaflet (OR = 2.00, 95% CI = 0.90 to 4.47). Other measures did not suggest between-group differences in patient satisfaction or awareness of the campaign messages.

Conclusion
A communication strategy displayed in the ED waiting room may slightly reduce the proportion of patients with low back pain who receive lumbar imaging, although there is uncertainty due to imprecision. The campaign did not appear to increase awareness of campaign messages or affect patient satisfaction in a sample of patients presenting to the ED for any reason. Larger studies should investigate whether simple, low-cost waiting room communication strategies can raise awareness of unnecessary healthcare and influence health-care quality.

Trial registration
ACTRN12620000300976, 05/03/2020
China’s motives, influence and prospects in Pacific Island countries: views of Chinese scholars
Authors: Zhang Denghua 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
China’s rise in the Pacific has brought the region into the limelight, but research into the views of Chinese scholars of Pacific Studies is limited. Building on a survey and interviews of 39 Chinese scholars, this article analyses China’s motives, influence, and prospects in the Pacific. It finds out that Chinese scholars list China’s diplomatic strategy, the Belt and Road Initiative, and economic interests as the three main causes of China’s Pacific diplomacy. The majority of these scholars rate the performance of China’s Pacific diplomacy as pass/average. Most Chinese scholars are cautiously optimistic about the Belt and Road Initiative in the Pacific, and they expect China to both compete and cooperate with traditional powers in the Pacific in the foreseeable future. Some of these scholars’ views on issues like the China–Taiwan diplomatic competition and the impact of Chinese aid on local corruption contradict the official Chinese line strikingly.