bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth inhibition of tropical fungi by silver nanoparticles incorporated polyurethane coating
Authors: Said K M , Yunus W M Z W , Hidayah A , Ong K K , Shazwani A L N , Shakira M S N N , Nurnadia A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Polyurethanes (PUs) have been widely used in the coating industry due to their high flexibility and good UV resistance. Extensive formulations of PU coatings have been reported previously in the literature. Scientists nowadays improvise products whereby nanomaterial additives such as silver nanoparticles are incorporated to obtain antibacterial and antifungal properties. In this study, spherical shaped silver nanoparticles with an average size of 46 nm were added into polyol (polypropylene glycol) which was cross-linked with toluene isocyanate to obtain PU nanocomposite coating films. Characterizations of the coating film were carried out using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to observe the urethane linkage that was formed during the cross-linking and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive X-Ray (FESEM-EDX) Spectroscopy analysis to determine size, shape and distribution of the nanoparticles. The antifungal activity of the nanocomposite coating was studied against Cladosporium cladosporiodes, Penicillium oxalicum and Aspergillus aculaetus. The results showed that the AgNPs-incorporated PU coating film has the ability to inhibit the tropical fungi growth.
Biodegradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and starch – based plastic (SBP) by thermophiles Bacillus subtilis and Candida tropicalis
Authors: Zahari N Z , Abdullah S N , Tuah P M , Cleophas F N 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This project was carried out to study the biodegradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and starch-based plastics (SBP) by two types of thermophiles microorganisms namely B.subtilis and C. tropicalis in a lab scale method. A few specific objectives were set to identify the growth curve of both strains on LDPE and SBP films, changes in physical and chemical properties by weight loss, carbon dioxide (CO2) evolved, topography changes of plastics surfaces and the efficiency on biodegradation rate of LDPE and SBP. The results showed that after 49 days incubation period, the optimum growth of B. subtilis for both LDPE and SBP is at week 5 of incubation with 8.9 x 108 CFU/mL and 9.1 x 108 CFU/mL respectively. While for C. tropicalis the highest growth was recorded at week 4 of incubation with 9.6 x 108 for both LDPE and SBP. The weight loss reduction percentage of LDPE and SBP by C.tropicalis was 3.2% and 22.3% respectively while for B. subtilis the results recorded were 4.6% and 12.9% respectively. SEM analysis revealed that there are topography changes for LDPE with bubbling on surface while cracks and holes formed on SBP surface. The strum test used to identify CO2 evolved in SBP by C. tropicalis is 2.7 g/L which was 5-fold higher as compared to LDPE while in SBP by B. subtilis the results is 2.5 g/L which 5-fold higher compared to LDPE. Based on this study, it can be concluded that C. tropicalis have great potential in degrading SBP as compared to LDPE.
Prototype of automatic conveyor system using programmable logic controller for educational purpose
Authors: Putri T W O , Mowaviq M I 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The study of conveyor control and programming using PLC (Programmable Logic Controller) has been taught in many universities, especially in the field of Electrical Engineering. Unfortunately, the material obtained by students is only in the form of theory without direct application to the conveyor system in the industry because it is constrained by the company policy. Therefore, it is necessary to build a prototype of automatic conveyor system using PLC for educational purpose. This prototype is owned by the university so that students can directly implement the results of the PLC program design that they have learned in class. The prototype of the automatic conveyor system can increase students’ interest and understanding of the industrial automation process so that they will be better prepared when they have implemented it directly to the industry. This research discusses the design and manufacture of a prototype of automatic conveyor system using PLC. The main controlling device used is the FX3U Mitsubishi PLC which is equipped with analogue inputs, analogue outputs, and high-speed counter output as PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) output. The conveyor used is a mini conveyor with a DC motor drive. Conveyor speed control is done by adjusting the rotational speed of the DC motor using direct PWM setting from PLC. To complete the automation system, infrared sensor was added as the input to detect the dummy load. Thus, full automation system of conveyor for educational purpose was done and it showed satisfying results.
The application of Tukey’s mean difference (Tukey’s HSD) for identification of local genetic sources of corn in selecting prospective parental lines
Authors: Hikam S , Timotiwu P B , Sudrajat D , Alvianti S 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Extensive use of corn hybrids in Indonesia started in 1980 became expensive to farmers. In fact, the hybrids became obsolete and were replaced with the new ones. The obsolete hybrids, however, expressed superior traits toward detrimental hindrances in situ. The traits were identified, the obsolete hybrids were worthy to select for being local genetic sources (LGS) in a corn breeding program. The research was done to identify the LGS collected from Padang, Palembang, Jogjakarta, West Kalimantan and Lampung. In 2018 the LGS were planted in two rows and open-pollinated among themselves. The seeds were harvested separately to make female lines. A synthetic line was made by mixing 100 seeds of each female line. In 2019 the six lines: five female and one synthetic, and Pioneer36 (P36) F1-hybrid as control were planted in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. The data were collected for traits: plant height, leaf number plant−1, time to tasseling, time to silking, ear length, ear diameter, 100 seed weight and seed yield m−2. The data were variance-analysed and Tukey’s HSD was applied to separate and group the lines. A dendrogram was constructed to decide lines suitable to recombine. The result indicated that the Padang, Palembang, Lampung and Synthetic lines could be used as the male parents to recombine with the Jogjakarta and West Kalimantan lines. The Tukey’s HSD and dendrogram statistics could be useful to identify line superior and pairing appropriate lines as parents in a breeding program.
Aerodynamic drag reduction on the application of suction flow control on vehicle model with varied upstream velocity
Authors: Tarakka R , Salam N , Jalaluddin  , Rauf W , Ihsan M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The innovation in the automotive industry must prioritize the issue of energy security and the environment. One aspect of the innovations is regarding the development of more aerodynamic vehicle design. The study of vehicle aerodynamics has been considered as very important, due to its direct relation to the safety and efficiency factors of energy utilization. Applying active control on the onset region of flow separation is one example of the efforts. This study aims to analyse the effect of the application of active control by suction to the aerodynamic drag of the vehicle model through qualitatively observations of flow dynamics and quantitatively pressure fields. The test model is a modified Ahmed body with 35° slant angles and varied flow orientations. This study has been conducted in both numerical computation and experimental testing at a suction velocity of 1.0 m/s and upstream velocity of 11.1 m/s, 13.9 m/s, and 16.7 m/s, respectively. The results have found out that the attachment of active control is proven capable able to delay flow separations, to increase the pressure coefficients on the back wall, and to reduce aerodynamic drag by 10.8487% for computational methods and 10.9748% for experimental methods.
Dynamic response analysis of aircraft with actuation system failure: open-loop and closed-loop cases
Authors: Syamsul M F D , Sasongko R A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
On flight control implementation, the control surface actuator system plays one of the key roles that will significantly affect the closed-loop performance of the aircraft. The actuators must provide the required effort for moving the control surface so that the desired control action can be reached. Any failure on the actuator system will limit or degrade the operation of the control surface, so that it will affect the performance of the system in controlling the aircraft, or even worse, may bring the aircraft into an unsafe condition. In this project, the effect of some control surface problems due to actuator failures are modeled, simulated, and analyzed. To reconstruct the situation, the control device failure model is integrated into the flight dynamic model of an aircraft. The numerical model of the equation then is used for simulating the aircraft response under some failure conditions. It can be seen from the simulation results that control surface failure can significantly affect the trim condition of the aircraft, since the failures can change the balance of forces and moments that work on the aircraft. The simulation results also show that for some control surface failures may initiate an asymmetrical response from the aircraft dynamics. On closed-loop simulations, where some type of flight control systems for stabilization and maneuvering tasks are implemented, control surface failures may affect the performance of the control system. The results of the study suggest that any possibilities of control surface failure must be anticipated, by using a robust control scheme or other reconfigurable schemes that can cope with the change in the dynamic characteristics due to the failures.
Take off simulation and analysis of aircraft with twin floats
Authors: Jakaria H A , Indriyanto T 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Amphibious aircraft is a multi-function aircraft which can be operated on land and water. This type of aircraft helps transportation sector due to its ability to reach remote areas. Indonesia as the largest archipelago in the world has problems in connecting remote areas. Land transportations and conventional aircraft have difficulties to reach remote areas due to lack of facility. Hence, small aircraft capable of operating on land or water with take off and landing distance less than 1000 m are required. This study conducted take off simulation and analysis for DHC-6 Twin Otter Series 400 equipped with twin float. It tries to propose a simpler method to initiate the analysis of take of performance for float planes with limited data constraints. Several programs were used to generate required data, such as DatCom and SolidWorks. Float plane take-off simulation used in this research utilized Gudmundsson’s method. Results showed that the method is suitable and correctly produce take off distance and time similar to those of the real aircraft. Aircraft weight and thrust affect take-off distance and required time, as well as hydrodynamic forces produced. Reduction of weight 10% reduces the distance approximately 17%, while 10% thrust reduction increases take off distance about 15%. In the future this research will be expanded to include other float shapes and sizes, as well as flying boats.
Developing a non-routine maintenance load forecasting procedure in maintenance, repair and overhaul (MRO) XYZ company: A case study of B737NG aircraft
Authors: Graciova D , Suwondo E 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Turn Around Time (TAT) is one of the most important performance indicators in a Maintenance, Repair, and Overhaul (MRO) company. MRO companies need a high percentage of on-time TAT to compete in the industry. In 2019, there is a 29% difference between the planned and the actual TAT in MRO XYZ. Based on observations in MRO XYZ, there is no planning to perform non-routine maintenance. 54% of the total maintenance loads is a non-routine maintenance, therefore, it needs to be planned. The first step of the research is to identify routine maintenance tasks that dominate the non-routine maintenance loads based on ATA Chapter and CAMP Number using Pareto Analysis. The next step is to develop a procedure which determines the variables and the mathematical model to estimate the Non-Routine Ratio (NRR) workloads. The last step is to implement the procedure to obtain the NRR estimation model, which is also as the validation of the developed procedure. Several routine maintenance tasks dominate Non-routine maintenance loads are categorized by ATA Chapter, CAMP Number, and task types. Dominant ATA Chapters are ATA 53, 25, and 57. Dominant CAMP numbers are 53-140-00, 53-800-00, and 53-866-00. Dominant task categories are DVI for the system, internal GVI for structure, and external inspection for zonal. The NRR forecasting model for B737NG C-Check is composed of C-Check number, aircraft’s age, the ratio of ATA 53, the ratio of ATA 25, and the ratio of ATA 57. The NRR forecast model can be improved by adding some variables, such as Flight Hours (FH) and Flight Cycles (FC).
Modelling and design of flight control for quadcopter in ballistic airdrop mission under wind perturbation
Authors: Liuswanto C , Jenie Y I 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Airdrop mission are often carried for areas that are difficult to reach using land route and do not have the infrastructure for manned aircraft. The benefits of using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) for airdrop mission are getting much more attention with the rapid development of unmanned technology since last decade. The purpose of this paper is to develop a mathematical model of a quadcopter to carry out ballistic airdrop mission in a windy environment, modelled in the MATLAB/Simulink software. The quadcopter based on nonlinear dynamics model which is obtained by using Newton-Euler equation, equipped with sensor model, and free-fall payload model. The sensor consists of Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), barometer, and Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). Sensor fusion algorithm is developed to estimate attitude and position of quadcopter using Kalman filter, as well as to estimate the wind speed. A Proportional, Integral, and Derivative (PID) based controller is designed to obtain the attitude and position control of quadcopter using estimated state of quadcopter. Then, the quadcopter will carry out an airdrop mission by following a simple automated waypoint navigated system. The results of the ballistic airdrop show good precision and accuracy in a high speed, but emphasize the importance of validation model.
Using FC-CLAHE-ADF to enhance digital mammograms for detecting breast lesions
Authors: Suradi S H , Abdullah K A 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Digital mammograms are commonly used for breast screening, especially to aid the detection of cancer. However, digital mammograms suffer with low contrast images due to the low exposure factors used. This paper presents a novel image enhancement technique for digital mammogram images known as Fuzzy Clipped Contrast-Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization with Anisotropic Diffusion Filter (FC-CLAHE-ADF). This proposed FC-CLAHE-ADF has adopted a fuzzy-based and histogram-based image enhancement technique where it can further reduce the noise of the digital mammograms while preserving the contrast and brightness. A total of six digital mammograms were retrieved from Mammographic Image Analysis Society (MIAS) open-source database. The performance of FC-CLAHE-ADF was compared to Recursive Mean-Separate Histogram Equalization (RMSHE), Fast Discrete Curvelet Transform via Unequally Spaced Fast Fourier Transform (FDCT-USFFT), and FC-CLAHE only. In summary, this novel FC-CLAHE-ADF has provided the most superior results, among other selected enhancement techniques. The resulting images have been able to demonstrate breast lesions better.
Effect of Sr2+doping on the phase transition of BaTiO3 lead-free ferroelectric ceramics
Authors: Uddin Sarir , Hameed Sidra , Ali Nisar , Althubeiti Khaled , Zaman Abid , Alrobei Hussein , Mushtaq Muhammad , Ali Asad , Sultana Fozia 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The single phase Ba1−xSrxTiO3 (x = 0, 0.4, 0.8) ceramic compositions were fabricated through solid state (mixed oxides) method calcined at 850 °C and sintered at 1200 °C in air. The XRD patterns revealed the single phase BaTiO3 composition with a space group of pm-3m. The shifting of the (1 0 0) XRD peak to higher 2θ values is accredited to the substitution of comparatively smaller ion of Sr2+ (1.4 Å) for larger Ba2+ (1.6 Å) ion following the Braggs diffraction law (2dsinθ = mλ). The phase transition or Curie point from polar ferroelectric phase to non-polar paraelectric phase of Ba1−xSrxTiO3 was reported to decrease with increasing Sr2+ content in Ba1−xSrxTiO3 compositions. The value of the dielectric constant decreased with increasing the content of Sr2+, which may be attributed to the substitution of comparatively smaller ion of Sr2+ for Ba2+ in the perovskite structured Ba1−xSrxTiO3.
Capturing discrete latent structures: choose LDs over PCs
Authors: Alexander Theresa A , Irizarry Rafael A , Bravo Héctor Corrada 
Published: September 2021

Summary
High-dimensional biological data collection across heterogeneous groups of samples has become increasingly common, creating high demand for dimensionality reduction techniques that capture underlying structure of the data. Discovering low-dimensional embeddings that describe the separation of any underlying discrete latent structure in data is an important motivation for applying these techniques since these latent classes can represent important sources of unwanted variability, such as batch effects, or interesting sources of signal such as unknown cell types. The features that define this discrete latent structure are often hard to identify in high-dimensional data. Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the most widely used methods as an unsupervised step for dimensionality reduction. This reduction technique finds linear transformations of the data which explain total variance. When the goal is detecting discrete structure, PCA is applied with the assumption that classes will be separated in directions of maximum variance. However, PCA will fail to accurately find discrete latent structure if this assumption does not hold. Visualization techniques, such as t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) and Uniform Manifold Approximation and Projection (UMAP), attempt to mitigate these problems with PCA by creating a low-dimensional space where similar objects are modeled by nearby points in the low-dimensional embedding and dissimilar objects are modeled by distant points with high probability. However, since t-SNE and UMAP are computationally expensive, often a PCA reduction is done before applying them which makes it sensitive to PCAs downfalls. Also, tSNE is limited to only two or three dimensions as a visualization tool, which may not be adequate for retaining discriminatory information. The linear transformations of PCA are preferable to non-linear transformations provided by methods like t-SNE and UMAP for interpretable feature weights. Here, we propose iterative discriminant analysis (iDA), a dimensionality reduction technique designed to mitigate these limitations. iDA produces an embedding that carries discriminatory information which optimally separates latent clusters using linear transformations that permit post hoc analysis to determine features that define these latent structures.
Maternal Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Drug Resistance Is Associated With Vertical Transmission and Is Prevalent in Infected Infants
Authors: Boyce Ceejay L , Sils Tatiana , Ko Daisy , Wong-on-Wing Annie , Beck Ingrid A , Styrchak Sheila M , DeMarrais Patricia , Tierney Camlin , Stranix-Chibanda Lynda , Flynn Patricia M , Taha Taha E , Owor Maxensia , Fowler Mary Glenn , Frenkel Lisa M 
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Background
We aimed to assess if maternal human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) drug resistance is associated with an increased risk of HIV vertical transmission and to describe the dynamics of drug resistance in HIV-infected infants.

Methods
This was a case-control study of PROMISE study participants. “Cases” were mother-infant pairs with HIV vertical transmission during pregnancy or breastfeeding and “controls” were mother-infant pairs without transmission matched 1:3 by delivery date and clinical site. Genotypic HIV drug resistance analyses were performed on mothers’ and their infants’ plasma at or near the time of infant HIV diagnosis. Longitudinal analysis of genotypic resistance was assessed in available specimens from infants, from diagnosis and beyond, including antiretroviral therapy (ART) initiation and last study visits.

Results
Our analyses included 85 cases and 255 matched controls. Maternal HIV drug resistance, adjusted for plasma HIV RNA load at infant HIV diagnosis, enrollment CD4 count, and antepartum regimens, was not associated with in utero/peripartum HIV transmission. In contrast, both maternal plasma HIV RNA load and HIV drug resistance were independent risk factors associated with vertical transmission during breastfeeding. Furthermore, HIV drug resistance was selected across infected infants during infancy.

Conclusions
Maternal HIV drug resistance and maternal viral load were independent risk factors for vertical transmission during breastfeeding, suggesting that nevirapine alone may be insufficient infant prophylaxis against drug-resistant variants in maternal breast milk. These findings support efforts to achieve suppression of HIV replication during pregnancy and suggest that breastfeeding infants may benefit from prophylaxis with a greater barrier to drug resistance than nevirapine alone.
Diseases of the Aorta and Kidney Disease: conclusions from a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference
Authors: Sarafidis Pantelis , Martens Sven , Saratzis Athanasios , Kadian-Dodov Daniella , Murray Patrick T , Shanahan Catherine M , Hamdan Allen D , Engelman Daniel T , Teichgräber Ulf , Herzog Charles A , Cheung Michael , Jadoul Michel , Winkelmayer Wolfgang C , Reinecke Holger , Johansen Kirsten ,   for Conference Participants
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an independent risk factor for the development of abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), as well as for cardiovascular and renal events and all-cause mortality following surgery for AAA or thoracic aortic dissection. In addition, the incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) after any aortic surgery is particularly high, and this AKI per se is independently associated with future cardiovascular events and mortality. On the other hand, both development of AKI after surgery and the long-term evolution of kidney function differ significantly depending on the type of AAA intervention (open surgery vs. the various subtypes of endovascular repair). Current knowledge regarding AAA in the general population may not be always applicable to CKD patients, as they have a high prevalence of co-morbid conditions and an elevated risk for periprocedural complications. This summary of a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes Controversies Conference group discussion reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of Diseases of the Aorta in CKD and identifies knowledge gaps, areas of controversy, and priorities for future research.