bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TESTING THE HETEROGENEITY OF F VALUES: A SUGGESTION AND A CORRECTION
Authors: Tsakas S , Krimbas C B 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The use of a pair of populations removes the problems posed by a structured phylogeny (pointed out by A. Robertson) and permits the application of the original test of Lewontin and Krakauer . In the case of 2n populations studied a suggestion is made to use only n pairs in such a way that no population appears in more than one pair. Data on Dacus analyzed this way show that at least two out of six genes studied are or have been selected.
RECOMBINATION AND RESPONSE TO SELECTION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Thompson Vinton 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Most biologists believe that recombination speeds response to selection for traits determined by polygenic loci. To test this hypothesis, sixteen Drosophila melanogaster populations were selected for positive phototaxis for twenty-one generations. In some populations, balancer chromosomes were used to suppress autosomal recombination, and in others the autosomes were free to recombine. Suppression of recombination had no effect on mean rate of response to selection, though it may have increased variability in the rate of response among replicate lines. Suppressed recombination lines did not shift selection response to the freely recombining × chromosomes, despite fairly large increases in × chromosome recombination. The results suggest that in populations of moderate size, sex does not accelerate short term response to selection.
REGIONS OF STABLE EQUILIBRIA FOR MODELS OF DIFFERENTIAL SELECTION IN THE TWO SEXES UNDER RANDOM MATING
Authors: Kidwell J F , Clegg M T , Stewart F M , Prout T 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The equilibrium structure of models of differential selection in the sexes is investigated. It is shown that opposing additive selection leads to stable polymorphic equilibria for only a restricted set of selection intensities, and that for weak selection the selection intensities must be of approximately the same magnitude in the sexes. General models of opposing directional selection, with arbitrary dominance, are investigated by considering simultaneously the stability properties of the trivial equilibria and the curve along which multiple roots appear. Numerical calculations lead us to infer that the average degree of dominance determines the equilibrium characteristics of models of opposing selection. It appears that if the favored alleles are, on the average, recessive, there may be multiple polymorphic equilibria, whereas only a single polymorphic equilibrium can occur when the favored alleles are, on the average, dominant. The principle that the average degree of dominance controls equilibrium behavior is then extended to models allowing directional selection in one sex with overdominance in the other sex, by showing that polymorphism is maintained if and only if the average fitness in heterozygotes exceeds one.
DEVELOPMENTAL GENETICS OF THE DROSOPHILA EGG I. IDENTIFICATION OF 59 SEX-LINKED CISTRONS WITH MATERNAL EFFECTS ON EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Mohler J Dawson 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Sex-linked mutations to recessive female sterility were induced, sorted for egg-laying, mapped within broad regions and grouped by complementation tests into cistrons. The mutations have also been partially characterized for their temperature sensitivity and pleiotropic effects. Altogether 59 cistrons have been identified, including five allelic with previously known loci: cin, fs(1)N, mk, sn, and r.
All of the genes make maternal contributions to developing embryos. In some instances mutant defects are recognized in the egg envelopes; in the remainder the defects are presumably in the egg cytoplasm. For mutations in twenty-two genes, including cin, mk, and r alleles, the lethality of the maternal effect is reversed and the embryo is "rescued" by the action of a wild-type, paternal allele. The mutant strains are potentially important for the study of developing egg envelopes and for furthering the analysis of causation in embryogenesis and its origins in oogenesis.
GENETIC EFFECTS OF ACUTE SPERMATOGONIAL X-IRRADIATION OF THE LABORATORY RAT
Authors: Chambers J R , Chapman A B 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The genetic effects of one generation of spermatogonial X-irradiation in rats, by a single dose of 600r in one experiment and by a fractionated dose of 450r in another, were measured in three generations of their descendants. Estimates of dominant lethal mutation rates—(2 to 3) × 10 -4/gamete/r—from litter size differences between irradiated and nonirradiated stock were consistent with previous estimates from rats and mice. Similar consistency was found for estimates of sex-linked recessive mutation rates—(1 to 2) × 10-4 chromosome/r—from male proportions within strains; however, when measured in crossbreds the proportion of males was higher in the irradiated than in the nonirradiated lines. This inconsistency in results is in keeping with the contradictory results reported for recessive sex-linked lethal mutation rates in mice. The effects used to estimate recessive lethal mutation rates which were unusually high—(2 to 14) × 10-4/gamete/r—were not significant. Other factors that could have contributed to the observed effects are postulated.
CONTROLLING ELEMENTS IN A TRIBAL MAIZE FROM COLOMBIA: Fcu, A TWO-UNIT SYSTEM
Authors: Gonella Jaime A , Peterson Peter A 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The genetic basis for a striking aleurone color variegation of a maize population from Colombia is described. The variegation is the result of the interaction of a particular r allele, designated r-cu, and a specific factor, Fcu (Factor Cuna), that collectively compose a controlling element system. In the absence of Fcu, a variable dilute (nonvariegated) pigmentation is expressed in the aleurone. The degree of variegation is determined by differences in the dosage of the Fcu element; differences in variegation between kernels with one r-cu vs. two r-cu's cannot be detected. Because of the specificity of the interaction, Fcu is different from the three other well-known controlling elements, Dt, Ac and En(=Spm), and therefore represents a fourth controlling element system in maize. In addition to Fcu, the Cuna tribal maize contains two other controlling elements, Dt and a very weak En. The prevalence of controlling elements in natural maize populations is discussed.
MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF GAMETIC DISEQUILIBRIUM IN THE YANOMAMA
Authors: Smouse Peter E , Neel James V 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The gametic disequilibria between all possible pairs of loci were examined for a set of eight codominant loci in each of fifty Yanomama villages, using a multivariate correlation analysis which reduces the results to a single measure of departure from multiple-locus-gametic equilibrium. Thirty-two of the fifty villages departed significantly from multiple-locus gametic equilibrium. The largest contributions to the departure from multiple-locus equilibrium were due to the disequilibria between MN and Ss and between Rh(Cc) and Rh(Ee), indicating the effects of tight linkage. After removing the effects of these obvious sources of disequilibrium, sixteen of the fifty villages still remained significantly out of equilibrium. The disequilibrium between any particular pair of loci was highly erratic from village to village, and (with the exception of the MN-Ss and Cc-Ee disequilibria) averaged out very close to zero overall, suggesting a lack of systematic forces (epistatic selection). The departure from equilibrium in any one village is in excess of that expected from random sampling alone, and is attributed primarily to the fission-fusion mode of village formation operative in the Yanomama and the fact that a single village consists of a few extended lineages. Village allele frequencies are highly correlated across loci, and most of the non-independence is accounted for by large correlations in the average allelic frequencies of different loci for related villages. It is suggested that these correlations also are due to territorial expansion and population growth. For the tribe as a whole, all but the tightly linked markers of the MNSs and Rh complexes are approximately uncorrelated, and large departures from multiple-locus Hardy-Weinberg expectation are primarily due to substantial Wahlund variance within the tribe. There is no need to postulate a role for selection in these disequilibria.
THE EFFECTS OF OVERDOMINANCE ON LINKAGE IN A MULTILOCUS SYSTEM
Authors: Yamazaki Tsuneyuki 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Computer simulations were performed with overdominant multiple alleles among tightly linked multiple loci under a multiplicative fitness model. The quantity X 2/N(n - 1) was introduced as a new measure of linkage disequilibrium which, unlike previously available measures, can be applied to multiple allele models, where N is the sample size, and n is the number of alleles at the locus possessing fewest alleles. Simulations showed that (1) With multiple (three or four) alleles, the approach to stable disequilibrium is slower and the amount of disequilibrium established is weaker than in a two allele system. (2) The number of complementary chromosomes is a function of number of alleles and of population size. (3) As population size increases, the rate of the approach to stable disequilibrium is slower. (4) There is an optimum selection coefficient which minimizes the transient fixation probability of alleles when linkage is present. (5) The absence of linkage disequilibrium is in most cases not a practical method of testing the hypothesis of balancing selection of genetic polymorphisms because it depends strongly on population size in determining linkage disequilibria.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MMS-SENSITIVE MUTANTS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE
Authors: Prakash Louise , Prakash Satya 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
We have isolated mutants sensitive to methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Alleles of rad1, rad4, rad6, rad52, rad55 and rad57 were found among these mms mutants. Twenty-nine of the mms mutants which complement the existing radiation-sensitive (rad and rev) mutants belong to 22 new complementation groups. Mutants from five complementation groups are sensitive only to MMS. Mutants of 11 complementation groups are sensitive to UV or X rays in addition to MMS, mutants of six complementation groups are sensitive to all three agents. The cross-sensitivities of these mms mutants to UV and X rays are discussed in terms of their possible involvement in DNA repair. Sporulation is reduced or absent in homozygous diploids of mms mutants from nine complementation groups.
ON THE COMPONENTS OF SEGREGATION DISTORTION IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Ganetzky Barry 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
The segregation distorter (SD) complex is a naturally occurring meiotic drive system with the property that males heterozygous for an SD-bearing chromosome 2 and an SD +-bearing homolog transmit the SD-bearing chromosome almost exclusively. This distorted segregation is the consequence of an induced dysfunction of those sperm that receive the SD + homolog. From previous studies, two loci have been implicated in this phenomenon: the Sd locus which is required to produce distortion, and the Responder (Rsp) locus that is the site at which Sd acts. There are two allelic alternatives of Rsp—sensitive (Rspsens) and insensitive (Rspins); a chromosome carrying Rspins is not distorted by SD. In the present study, the function and location of each of these elements was examined by a genetic and cytological characterization of X-ray-induced mutations at each locus. The results indicate the following: (1) the Rsp locus is located in the proximal heterochromatin of 2R; (2) a deletion for the Rsp locus renders a chromosome insensitive to distortion; (3) the Sd locus is located to the left of pr(2-54.5), in the region from 37D2-D7 to 38A6-B2 of the salivary chromosome map; (4) an SD chromosome deleted for Sd loses its ability to distort; (5) there is another important component of the SD system, E(SD), in or near the proximal heterochromatin of 2L, that behaves as a strong enhancer of distortion. The results of these studies allow a reinterpretation of results from earlier analyses of the SD system and serve to limit the possible mechanisms to account for segregation distortion.
LOCALIZATION OF STRUCTURAL AND REGULATORY GENES FOR PHOSPHODIESTERASE IN WHEAT (TRITICUM AESTIVUM)
Authors: Wolf G , Rimpau J , Lelley T 
Published: April 2021

ABSTRACT
Genes (Pde-A3; Pde-B3; Pde-D3) for phosphodiesterase (PDE; E.C. 3.1.4.1.) isoenzymes in hexaploid wheat were located on the three homoeologous chromosomes of group 3 by testing the electrophoretic banding pattern of monosomic, nullisomic and nullisomic/tetrasomic compensation lines of "Chinese Spring" variety. In plants nullisomic for chromosome 5B, the 3D structural gene is not expressed and this lack of expression can be overcome by four doses of either homoeologous chromosome 5A or 5D. Our data conclusively indicate that there are genes on group 5 chromosomes which positively control the expression of the 3D structural gene. In addition, the expression of the "regulatory genes" is dosage dependent. Thus, our study reveals a complex interaction of the three genomes of wheat for regulation of PDE gene expression.
Diversification Pattern of the Widespread Holarctic Cuckoo Bumble Bee,Bombus flavidus(Hymenoptera: Apidae): The East Side Story
Authors: Lhomme Patrick , Williams Sarah D , Ghisbain Guillaume , Martinet Baptiste , Gérard Maxence , Hines Heather M 
Published: April 2021

AbstractRecent bumble bee declines have made it increasingly important to resolve the status of contentious species for conservation purposes. Some of the taxa found to be threatened are the often rare socially parasitic bumble bees. Among these, the socially parasitic bumble bee, Bombus flavidus Eversmann, has uncertain species status. Although multiple separate species allied with B. flavidus have been suggested, until recently, recognition of two species, a Nearctic Bombus fernaldae (Franklin) and Palearctic B. flavidus, was favored. Limited genetic data, however, suggested that even these could be a single widespread species. We addressed the species status of this lineage using an integrative taxonomic approach, combining cytochrome oxidase I (COI) and nuclear sequencing, wing morphometrics, and secretions used for mate attraction, and explored patterns of color polymorphism that have previously confounded taxonomy in this lineage. Our results support the conspecificity of fernaldae and flavidus; however, we revealed a distinct population within this broader species confined to eastern North America. This makes the distribution of the social parasite B. flavidus the broadest of any bumble bee, broader than the known distribution of any nonparasitic bumble bee species. Color polymorphisms are retained across the range of the species, but may be influenced by local mimicry complexes. Following these results, B. flavidusEversmann, 1852 is synonymized with Bombus fernaldae (Franklin, 1911) syn. nov. and a subspecific status, Bombus flavidus appalachiensisssp. nov., is assigned to the lineage ranging from the Appalachians to the eastern boreal regions of the United States and far southeastern Canada.
The Effect of an Adaptive Simulated Inner Voice on User’s Eye-gaze Behaviour, Ownership Perception and Plausibility Judgement in Virtual Reality
Authors: Ding Ding , Neerincx Mark A , Brinkman Willem-Paul 
Published: April 2021

AbstractVirtual cognitions (VCs) are a stream of simulated thoughts people hear while emerged in a virtual environment, e.g. by hearing a simulated inner voice presented as a voice over. They can enhance people’s self-efficacy and knowledge about, for example, social interactions as previous studies have shown. Ownership and plausibility of these VCs are regarded as important for their effect, and enhancing both might, therefore, be beneficial. A potential strategy for achieving this is the synchronization of the VCs with people’s eye fixation using eye-tracking technology embedded in a head-mounted display. Hence, this paper tests this idea in the context of a pre-therapy for spider and snake phobia to examine the ability to guide people’s eye fixation. An experiment with 24 participants was conducted using a within-subjects design. Each participant was exposed to two conditions: one where the VCs were adapted to eye gaze of the participant and the other where they were not adapted, i.e. the control condition. The findings of a Bayesian analysis suggest that credibly more ownership was reported and more eye-gaze shift behaviour was observed in the eye-gaze-adapted condition than in the control condition. Compared to the alternative of no or negative mediation, the findings also give some more credibility to the hypothesis that ownership, at least partly, positively mediates the effect eye-gaze-adapted VCs have on eye-gaze shift behaviour. Only weak support was found for plausibility as a mediator. These findings help improve insight into how VCs affect people.
Induction of CCN1 in Growing Saccular Aneurysms: A Potential Marker Predicting Unstable Lesions
Authors: Shimizu Kampei , Imai Hirohiko , Kawashima Akitsugu , Okada Akihiro , Ono Isao , Miyamoto Susumu , Kataoka Hiroharu , Aoki Tomohiro 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Growing evidence has suggested that inflammatory responses promote the progression of saccular intracranial aneurysms (IAs). However, a biomarker predicting the progression has yet to be established. This study aimed to identify novel molecules upregulated during the progression using a previously established rat aneurysm model. In this model, aneurysms are induced at the surgically created common carotid artery (CCA) bifurcation. Based on sequential morphological data, the observation periods after the surgical manipulations were defined as the growing phase (on the 10th day) or the stable phase (on the 30th day). Total cell lysates from the CCA with or without an aneurysm lesion were prepared to perform protein array analysis. The protein array analysis revealed that the matricellular protein cellular communication network factor 1 (CCN1) is induced in lesions during the growing phase. Immunohistochemistry corroborated the significant upregulation of CCN1 in the growing phase compared with the stable phase. Simultaneously with the induction of CCN1, significant increases in the number of CD68-positive macrophages, myeloperoxidase-positive cells, and proliferating smooth muscle cells in lesions were observed. Immunohistochemistry of human IA specimens reproduced the induction of CCN1 in some lesions. These findings imply a potential role of CCN1 as a marker predicting the progression of saccular aneurysms.
CladeOScope: functional interactions through the prism of clade-wise co-evolution
Authors: Tsaban Tomer , Stupp Doron , Sherill-Rofe Dana , Bloch Idit , Sharon Elad , Schueler-Furman Ora , Wiener Reuven , Tabach Yuval 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Mapping co-evolved genes via phylogenetic profiling (PP) is a powerful approach to uncover functional interactions between genes and to associate them with pathways. Despite many successful endeavors, the understanding of co-evolutionary signals in eukaryotes remains partial. Our hypothesis is that ‘Clades’, branches of the tree of life (e.g. primates and mammals), encompass signals that cannot be detected by PP using all eukaryotes. As such, integrating information from different clades should reveal local co-evolution signals and improve function prediction. Accordingly, we analyzed 1028 genomes in 66 clades and demonstrated that the co-evolutionary signal was scattered across clades. We showed that functionally related genes are frequently co-evolved in only parts of the eukaryotic tree and that clades are complementary in detecting functional interactions within pathways. We examined the non-homologous end joining pathway and the UFM1 ubiquitin-like protein pathway and showed that both demonstrated distinguished co-evolution patterns in specific clades. Our research offers a different way to look at co-evolution across eukaryotes and points to the importance of modular co-evolution analysis. We developed the ‘CladeOScope’ PP method to integrate information from 16 clades across over 1000 eukaryotic genomes and is accessible via an easy to use web server at http://cladeoscope.cs.huji.ac.il.
Stories and Structures
Authors: Blevins Cameron 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Chapter 2 follows the story of four siblings as they migrated westward and the role of the US Post in their lives. From the time they were orphaned as children in Ohio, the postal network connected Sarah, Jamie, Delia, and Benjamin Curtis across space. The Curtis siblings joined a migratory wave of people that washed across the western United States during the late 19th century. No matter where they moved, from a railway line on the central plains to a mill town in northern California to a backcountry ranch in Arizona, they could rely on the US Post’s expansive infrastructure to communicate with each other. Across dozens of surviving letters, the US Post’s structural power comes into focus, giving meaning to how its institutional arrangements and wider geography shaped everyday experiences and conditions in the 19th-century West.
Accessing and acquiring resources
Authors: Elfring Tom , Klyver Kim , van Burg Elco 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Given the scarcity of resources in new ventures, a key challenge for entrepreneurs is the mobilization of external resources from their social networks to combine with already available internal resources in their attempts to develop and exploit opportunities. Prior research has been insightful in providing explanations on how mobilizing external resources through network ties predicts entrepreneurial success. However, conflicting and “murky” findings simultaneously indicated a need for further theorization. The authors suggest that a more thorough emphasis on networking agency, uncertainty, and the various steps in the resource process may help converge prior inconsistencies and provide a more realistic picture of entrepreneurs’ struggles to combine external and internal resources into valuable bundles. Specifically, by combining the social-interactive network and resource-based perspectives, we develop a “network-based resource model” to explain entrepreneurship in terms of building and exploiting networking relationships to develop new combinations. The model aims to explain how entrepreneurship as networking, with its social-interactive network agency, brings external resources into the uncertain and reiterative process of developing new combinations to capture value from acting on opportunities.
Moderns and Mandarins
Authors: Heinz Annelise 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The mahjong fad, with its constant evocations of a mystical Chinese past, evidenced a larger reaction to change in the 1920s. Many Americans felt deeply ambivalent about the changes that came with increasing bureaucracy and urban anonymity, and they sought a connection to an ancient authenticity through mahjong. Marketers of the game shaped mahjong’s image and fought for turf over its authenticity. Chinese Americans asserted their own vision of Chinese authenticity. Some of these attempts were conscious, some were likely not, but all participated in creating what would become a dominant understanding of mahjong as an ancient Chinese game. Mahjong’s strengthening association with the ancient Chinese court had implications for how the game would be understood as either a gambling game or a respectable form of leisure. As in the larger history of authenticity, race and class were at the heart of these developments.