bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Massive deposition of Sahelian dust on the Canary Island Lanzarote during North Atlantic Heinrich Events
Authors: Heinrich Hartmut , Schmidt Christoph , Ziemen Florian , Mikolajewicz Uwe , Roettig Christopher-Bastian 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
New IRSL ages of eolianites close to Muñique (Lanzarote) demonstrate the influence of millennial scale climatic variability on the sedimentary dynamics on the Canary Islands during the last glacial cycle. The repetitive succession of interstadial and stadial climatic conditions formed multiple sequences of eolian deposits, each in general comprising three depositional types. DepoType 1 and DepoType 2 consist mainly of marine biogenic carbonate detritus with small amounts of dust from the Sahara representing interstadial conditions. DepoType 2 compared to DepoType 1 is characterized by larger amounts of land snails and calcified brood cells. A DepoType 3 rich in dust from African subtropical/tropical Latisols terminates a sequence. IRSL dating on DepoType 3 type deposits clearly shows that these were deposited during Heinrich Events under stadial conditions. The stadial cooling of the North Atlantic Ocean caused a southern shift of climate zones that culminated during Heinrich Events when the arctic climate reaches its most southerly extent. As a consequence, atmospheric changes led to massive dust supply from the then-dry Sahel. The increase in dust and precipitation from the dry DepoTypes 1 to the more humid DepoTypes 3 originates from a modified atmospheric dynamic during a millennial cycle.
English for North Korean refugees in South Korea
Authors: Jang Eun-Young , Kim Eun-Yong 
Published: January 2021

Mee-Soo was a good student in North Korea. She came to South Korea in her early teens, and South Korean state policy for North Korean defectors enabled her to gain entry into a decent university in Seoul. She majored in Business Management and, when she had to choose her sub-major, she chose Accounting over Marketing and Human Resources because she thought she could avoid English. Achieving CPA (Certified Public Accountant) status was the goal for Accounting majors. Passing a score of 700 in the Test of English for International Communication (TOEIC) was a requirement to take the CPA exam. Mee-Soo worked hard studying for TOEIC and took the test ten times. Her score rose from the 400s to the 600s, but she could not pass the 700 threshold and was left behind while other South Korean students passed the English requirement. She could not even begin to study for the CPA exam itself. She once sighed and told me (one of the authors), ‘I wish I could have a life without English.’ I responded, ‘I didn't think English would be so important to North Koreans in South Korea.’ To this, Mee-Soo exclaimed, ‘It is a matter of survival.’Given there have now been over 70 years of separation between North and South Korea since the Korean War, it is unquestionable that North Korean migrants face and struggle with a variety of troubles in their attempts to settle into South Korean society. In this context, why does English constitute a ‘matter of survival’ for North Koreans when there are so many other critical issues for these individuals, who crossed several borders at the risk of their lives? This phenomena, that ‘English’ represents a major difficulty for North Korean defectors in their process of settling in South Korea (Jung & Lim, 2009), constitutes an interesting linguistic phenomena in an intra-ethnic contact. However, by itself, this statement somewhat simplifies how English actually affects the migrant group. Instead, its influence works in a surprisingly diverse number of ways across different ranges and layers within the North Korean population, depending on their regional and social background, age, time of migration, and possibly many other factors. A meaningful pattern we discuss here is the changing relations between English and North Korean migrants according to age; it is the North Korean young adults who seem to be particularly affected by English and disproportionately in need of English teaching. We also note, though, that this pattern itself is changing, as we are seeing the recent increase of children of North Korean migrants born and educated in South Korea or in China.
INVESTIGATING TEXTUAL ENHANCEMENT AND CAPTIONS IN L2 GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY
Authors: Cintrón-Valentín Myrna C. , García-Amaya Lorenzo 
Published: January 2021

AbstractTo probe the limits of attention raising through form-focused instruction, second-language research must adapt to the needs of a technologically driven learning environment. In this study, we used a randomized control design to investigate the effect of captioned media on the learning of vocabulary and grammar in L2 Spanish (n = 369 learners). Through four data-collection sessions, participants were presented with a grammar-lesson video and a multimodal video with one of three captioning formats: textually enhanced target vocabulary, textually enhanced target grammar, or no captioning. Results show strong immediate effects of captioning on target vocabulary, with additional effects of captioning on some, but not all, target-grammar structures. The findings demonstrate that (a) the learning of some grammatical structures is more conducive to captioning than others, and (b) there is space for future investigation into the factors that may influence the effectiveness of multimodal interventions, such as prior knowledge or frequency of use.
COVID-19 and Fieldwork: Challenges and Solutions
Authors: Krause Peter , Szekely Ora , Bloom Mia , Christia Fotini , Daly Sarah Zukerman , Lawson Chappell , Marks Zoe , Milliff Aidan , Miura Kacie , Nielsen Richard , Reno William , Souleimanov Emil Aslan , Zakayo Aliyu 
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACTThis reflection article presents insights on conducting fieldwork during and after COVID-19 from a diverse collection of political scientists—from department heads to graduate students based at public and private universities in the United States and abroad. Many of them contributed to a newly published volume, Stories from the Field: A Guide to Navigating Fieldwork in Political Science (Krause and Szekely 2020). As in the book, these contributors draw on their years of experience in the field to identify the unique ethical and logistical challenges posed by COVID-19 and offer suggestions for how to adjust and continue research in the face of the pandemic’s disruptions. Key themes include how contingency planning must now be a central part of our research designs; how cyberspace has increasingly become “the field” for the time being; and how scholars can build lasting, mutually beneficial partnerships with “field citizens,” now and in the future.
Incremental and Modular Context-sensitive Analysis
Authors: GARCIA-CONTRERAS ISABEL , MORALES JOSÉ F. , HERMENEGILDO MANUEL V. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractContext-sensitive global analysis of large code bases can be expensive, which can make its use impractical during software development. However, there are many situations in which modifications are small and isolated within a few components, and it is desirable to reuse as much as possible previous analysis results. This has been achieved to date through incremental global analysis fixpoint algorithms that achieve cost reductions at fine levels of granularity, such as changes in program lines. However, these fine-grained techniques are neither directly applicable to modular programs nor are they designed to take advantage of modular structures. This paper describes, implements, and evaluates an algorithm that performs efficient context-sensitive analysis incrementally on modular partitions of programs. The experimental results show that the proposed modular algorithm shows significant improvements, in both time and memory consumption, when compared to existing non-modular, fine-grain incremental analysis techniques. Furthermore, thanks to the proposed intermodular propagation of analysis information, our algorithm also outperforms traditional modular analysis even when analyzing from scratch.
India‐Elan Bank‐East Antarctica Breakup, Crustal Architecture, and Margin Evolution: Results From Constrained Potential Field and Process‐Oriented Gravity Modeling of Conjugate Margin Segments
Authors: Rao G. Srinivasa , Radhakrishna M. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe present here the results of a seismically well‐constrained potential field modeling along with process‐oriented gravity modeling across the Eastern Continental Margin of India (ECMI) and its conjugate East Antarctica Continental Margin (EACM). The study revealed both along‐strike variations in crustal architecture and effective elastic thickness (Te), showing a locally asymmetric pattern. Crustal stretching factors (β) estimated at these margins range between 1.5 and 4.0 with slightly lower values varying over the narrow zone in the Cauvery basin‐western Enderby basin and relatively higher values in other margin segments. The models reveal typical magma‐poor margin characteristics in the Krishna‐Godavari (K‐G) and Cauvery basin segments of ECMI. The ocean‐continent transition (OCT) in the K‐G basin and its conjugate (central Enderby basin) indicates asymmetric rifting marked by the development of a detachment fault separating the combined India‐Elan Bank margin and the EACM. The higher β values and magmatic underplating at OCT in the Mahanadi basin segment of ECMI may be related to the post‐breakup magmatic emplacement associated with the proximal activity of the Kerguelen plume after the separation of Elan Bank from India by a ridge jump during M2/M0 (124–120 Ma). The pre‐rift reconstruction model through the palinspastic restoration of margins suggests that the central part of ECMI (16–20°) is the ideal pre‐rift location for the Elan bank.
Insights on Controlling Factors of Hydraulically Induced Seismicity in the Duvernay East Shale Basin
Authors: Hui Gang , Chen Shengnan , Gu Fei , Pang Yu , Yu Xinran , Zhang Linyang 
Published: January 2021

AbstractHistorically, the Duvernay East Shale Basin had been regarded as a seismicity‐quiescent region. However, an ML 4.18‐magnitude earthquake on 04/03/2019 was triggered due to hydraulic fracturing of two horizontal wells. The physical mechanism and controlling factors of this large‐magnitude earthquake are not well understood. In this work, the coupled modeling of the ML 4.18 case is conducted to quantify the poroelastic effects during fluid injection and to reveal the triggering mechanism of this earthquake cluster. Additional simulations of tested cases with different hydraulic, geomechanical, and operational parameters are also conducted to quantify the effects of these factors on hydraulically induced seismicity. It is found that the hydraulic fractures of two wells propagated within the Duvernay formation and connected with the inferred fault. The increase in pore pressure reduced the shear stress of the fault and caused the fault slip. The hydraulically induced seismicity is susceptible to the low permeable injection layer and high‐permeable fault, less rigid fault with low‐Biot's coefficient, large fluid injection, and proximity of hydraulic fracturing‐fault distance. Enlarging the distance between the stimulated well and seismogenic fault is the first‐order choice to mitigate seismic risks. Under the proximity of well‐fault distance, reducing the fracturing size job would be an effective approach to reduce the expected magnitude of hydraulically induced seismicity.
Interaction of Space Weather Phenomena with Mars Plasma Environment During Solar Minimum 23/24
Authors: Kajdič P. , Sánchez‐Cano B. , Neves‐Ribeiro L. , Witasse O. , Bernal G. C. , Rojas‐Castillo D. , Nilsson H. , Fedorov A. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractWe study the interaction of three solar wind (SW) structures, two stream interaction regions, and one interplanetary coronal mass ejection, with Mars’ plasma environment during November 20–27, 2007. This period corresponds to the solar minimum between the solar cycles 23 and 24 which was characterized by very low values of the SW density and dynamic pressure and low interplanetary magnetic field magnitude. During that time the Mars Express orbit was in the terminator plane, while the Earth, Sun, and Mars were almost aligned, so we use the Advance Composition Explorer and Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory probes as SW monitors in order to identify and characterize the structures that later hit Mars. We find that the passage of these structures caused strong variations in the bow shock location (between 2.2 and 3.0 RM), compression of the magnetospheric cavity (up to 45%), and an increased transterminator flow below 2 RM (by a factor of ≤ 8). This study shows that during times of low solar activity, modest space weather phenomena may cause large variations of plasma flow at Mars.
Fungal foraging behaviour and hyphal space exploration in micro-structured Soil Chips
Authors: Aleklett Kristin , Ohlsson Pelle , Bengtsson Martin , Hammer Edith C 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
How do fungi navigate through the complex microscopic maze-like structures found in the soil? Fungal behaviour, especially at the hyphal scale, is largely unknown and challenging to study in natural habitats such as the opaque soil matrix. We monitored hyphal growth behaviour and strategies of seven Basidiomycete litter decomposing species in a micro-fabricated “Soil Chip” system that simulates principal aspects of the soil pore space and its micro-spatial heterogeneity. The hyphae were faced with micrometre constrictions, sharp turns and protruding obstacles, and the species examined were found to have profoundly different responses in terms of foraging range and persistence, spatial exploration and ability to pass obstacles. Hyphal behaviour was not predictable solely based on ecological assumptions, and our results obtained a level of trait information at the hyphal scale that cannot be fully explained using classical concepts of space exploration and exploitation such as the phalanx/guerrilla strategies. Instead, we propose a multivariate trait analysis, acknowledging the complex trade-offs and microscale strategies that fungal mycelia exhibit. Our results provide novel insights about hyphal behaviour, as well as an additional understanding of fungal habitat colonisation, their foraging strategies and niche partitioning in the soil environment.
Efficient clofilium tosylate-mediated rescue of POLG-related disease phenotypes in zebrafish
Authors: Facchinello Nicola , Laquatra Claudio , Locatello Lisa , Beffagna Giorgia , Brañas Casas Raquel , Fornetto Chiara , Dinarello Alberto , Martorano Laura , Vettori Andrea , Risato Giovanni , Celeghin Rudy , Meneghetti Giacomo , Santoro Massimo Mattia , Delahodde Agnes , Vanzi Francesco , Rasola Andrea , Dalla Valle Luisa , Rasotto Maria Berica , Lodi Tiziana , Baruffini Enrico , Argenton Francesco , Tiso Natascia 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe DNA polymerase gamma (Polg) is a nuclear-encoded enzyme involved in DNA replication in animal mitochondria. In humans, mutations in the POLG gene underlie a set of mitochondrial diseases characterized by mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion or deletion and multiorgan defects, named POLG disorders, for which an effective therapy is still needed. By applying antisense strategies, ENU- and CRISPR/Cas9-based mutagenesis, we have generated embryonic, larval-lethal and adult-viable zebrafish Polg models. Morphological and functional characterizations detected a set of phenotypes remarkably associated to POLG disorders, including cardiac, skeletal muscle, hepatic and gonadal defects, as well as mitochondrial dysfunctions and, notably, a perturbed mitochondria-to-nucleus retrograde signaling (CREB and Hypoxia pathways). Next, taking advantage of preliminary evidence on the candidate molecule Clofilium tosylate (CLO), we tested CLO toxicity and then its efficacy in our zebrafish lines. Interestingly, at well tolerated doses, the CLO drug could successfully rescue mtDNA and Complex I respiratory activity to normal levels, even in mutant phenotypes worsened by treatment with Ethidium Bromide. In addition, the CLO drug could efficiently restore cardio-skeletal parameters and mitochondrial mass back to normal values. Altogether, these evidences point to zebrafish as a valuable vertebrate organism to faithfully phenocopy multiple defects detected in POLG patients. Moreover, this model represents an excellent platform to screen, at the whole-animal level, candidate molecules with therapeutic effects in POLG disorders.
Plasma membrane integrity in health and disease: significance and therapeutic potential
Authors: Dias Catarina , Nylandsted Jesper 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMaintenance of plasma membrane integrity is essential for normal cell viability and function. Thus, robust membrane repair mechanisms have evolved to counteract the eminent threat of a torn plasma membrane. Different repair mechanisms and the bio-physical parameters required for efficient repair are now emerging from different research groups. However, less is known about when these mechanisms come into play. This review focuses on the existence of membrane disruptions and repair mechanisms in both physiological and pathological conditions, and across multiple cell types, albeit to different degrees. Fundamentally, irrespective of the source of membrane disruption, aberrant calcium influx is the common stimulus that activates the membrane repair response. Inadequate repair responses can tip the balance between physiology and pathology, highlighting the significance of plasma membrane integrity. For example, an over-activated repair response can promote cancer invasion, while the inability to efficiently repair membrane can drive neurodegeneration and muscular dystrophies. The interdisciplinary view explored here emphasises the widespread potential of targeting plasma membrane repair mechanisms for therapeutic purposes.
Concomitant control of mechanical properties and degradation in resorbable elastomer-like materials using stereochemistry and stoichiometry for soft tissue engineering
Authors: Wandel Mary Beth , Bell Craig A. , Yu Jiayi , Arno Maria C. , Dreger Nathan Z. , Hsu Yen-Hao , Pitto-Barry Anaïs , Worch Joshua C. , Dove Andrew P. , Becker Matthew L. 
Published: January 2021

AbstractComplex biological tissues are highly viscoelastic and dynamic. Efforts to repair or replace cartilage, tendon, muscle, and vasculature using materials that facilitate repair and regeneration have been ongoing for decades. However, materials that possess the mechanical, chemical, and resorption characteristics necessary to recapitulate these tissues have been difficult to mimic using synthetic resorbable biomaterials. Herein, we report a series of resorbable elastomer-like materials that are compositionally identical and possess varying ratios of cis:trans double bonds in the backbone. These features afford concomitant control over the mechanical and surface eroding degradation properties of these materials. We show the materials can be functionalized post-polymerization with bioactive species and enhance cell adhesion. Furthermore, an in vivo rat model demonstrates that degradation and resorption are dependent on succinate stoichiometry in the elastomers and the results show limited inflammation highlighting their potential for use in soft tissue regeneration and drug delivery.
A wheat cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase confers broad-spectrum resistance against Septoria tritici blotch
Authors: Saintenac Cyrille , Cambon Florence , Aouini Lamia , Verstappen Els , Ghaffary Seyed Mahmoud Tabib , Poucet Théo , Marande William , Berges Hélène , Xu Steven , Jaouannet Maëlle , Favery Bruno , Alassimone Julien , Sánchez-Vallet Andrea , Faris Justin , Kema Gert , Robert Oliver , Langin Thierry 
Published: January 2021

AbstractThe poverty of disease resistance gene reservoirs limits the breeding of crops for durable resistance against evolutionary dynamic pathogens. Zymoseptoria tritici which causes Septoria tritici blotch (STB), represents one of the most genetically diverse and devastating wheat pathogens worldwide. No fully virulent Z. tritici isolates against synthetic wheats carrying the major resistant gene Stb16q have been identified. Here, we use comparative genomics, mutagenesis and complementation to identify Stb16q, which confers broad-spectrum resistance against Z. tritici. The Stb16q gene encodes a plasma membrane cysteine-rich receptor-like kinase that was recently introduced into cultivated wheat and which considerably slows penetration and intercellular growth of the pathogen.
Ionic liquid enables highly efficient low temperature desalination by directional solvent extraction
Authors: Guo Jiaji , Tucker Zachary D. , Wang Yu , Ashfeld Brandon L. , Luo Tengfei 
Published: January 2021

AbstractSeawater desalination plays a critical role in addressing the global water shortage challenge. Directional Solvent Extraction (DSE) is an emerging non-membrane desalination technology that features the ability to utilize very low temperature waste heat (as low as 40 °C). This is enabled by the subtly balanced solubility properties of directional solvents, which do not dissolve in water but can dissolve water and reject salt ions. However, the low water yield of the state-of-the-art directional solvent (decanoic acid) significantly limits its throughput and energy efficiency. In this paper, we demonstrate that by using ionic liquid as a new directional solvent, saline water can be desalinated with much higher production rate and thus significantly lower the energy and exergy consumptions. The ionic liquid identified suitable for DSE is [emim][Tf2N], which has a much (~10×) higher water yield than the currently used decanoic acid. Using molecular dynamics simulations with Gibbs free energy calculations, we reveal that water dissolving in [emim][Tf2N] is energetically favorable, but it takes significant energy for [emim][Tf2N] ions to dissolve in water. Our findings may significantly advance the DSE technology as a solution to the challenges in the global water-energy nexus.
Passerini-type reaction of boronic acids enables α-hydroxyketones synthesis
Authors: Yang Kai , Zhang Feng , Fang Tongchang , Li Chaokun , Li Wangyang , Song Qiuling 
Published: January 2021

AbstractMulticomponent reactions (MCRs) facilitate the rapid and diverse construction of molecular scaffolds with modularity and step economy. In this work, engagement of boronic acids as carbon nucleophiles culminates in a Passerini-type three-component coupling reaction towards the synthesis of an expanded inventory of α-hydroxyketones with skeletal diversity. In addition to the appealing features of MCRs, this protocol portrays good functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope under mild conditions and operational simplicity. The utility of this chemistry is further demonstrated by amenable modifications of bioactive products and pharmaceuticals as well as in the functionalization of products to useful compounds.