bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advanced glycation endproducts and bone quality: practical implications for people with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Moseley Kendall F. , Du Zexu , Sacher Sara E. , Ferguson Virginia L. , Donnelly Eve 
Published: May 2021

Purpose of review
Individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) are at increased risk of fracture, often despite normal bone density. This observation suggests deficits in bone quality in the setting of abnormal glucose homeostasis. The goal of this article is to review recent developments in our understanding of how advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are incorporated into the skeleton with resultant deleterious effects on bone health and structural integrity in patients with T2D.

Recent findings
The adverse effects of skeletal AGE accumulation on bone remodeling and the ability of the bone to deform and absorb energy prior to fracture have been demonstrated both at the bench as well as in small human studies; however, questions remain as to how these findings might be better explored in large, population-based investigations.

Summary
Hyperglycemia drives systemic, circulating AGE formation with subsequent accumulation in the bone tissue. In those with T2D, studies suggest that AGEs diminish fracture resistance, though larger clinical studies are needed to better define the direct role of longstanding AGE accumulation on bone strength in humans as well as to motivate potential interventions to reverse or disrupt skeletal AGE deposition with the goal of fracture prevention.
Single-use duodenoscopes: where are we and where are we going?
Authors: Peter Shajan , Bang Ji Young , Varadarajulu Shyam 
Published: May 2021

Purpose of review
Given the growing concerns about infection transmission from use of contaminated reusable duodenoscopes, technological advancements have been made that vary from modifications of existing designs to development of single-use devices.

Recent findings
To circumvent mechanical limitations that preclude access to critical areas of a duodenoscope to perform thorough cleaning and disinfection, single-use disposable duodenoscopes have been developed. A thorough assessment of this technology is limited by the minimal published data that is currently available. This opinion assesses the current technical functionality of these devices, potential for further improvements, implications for healthcare economics and the future of gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Summary
Currently available data suggest that majority of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography procedures can be safely performed using single-use duodenoscopes. The ability to improve technical functionality, incorporate futuristic technology and secure financial reimbursement from insurance carriers will largely define the future prospects of this recent innovation.
Role of VLDL receptor in atherogenesis
Authors: Takahashi Sadao 
Published: May 2021

Purpose of review
My group previously discovered and characterized the rabbit and human VLDL receptors. For more than 30 years, I have focused on research regarding the functions of VLDL receptors in the fields of lipoprotein metabolism and atherogenesis. In this review, I introduce the roles of VLDL receptors in lipoprotein metabolism under physiological conditions and in atherogenesis under nonphysiological conditions.

Recent findings
I propose that the VLDL receptor plays key roles in the metabolism of postprandial remnant lipoproteins in concert with lipoprotein lipase (LPL). Furthermore, I propound a new mechanism for macrophage foam cell formation via VLDL receptors by remnant lipoproteins and lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] in addition to scavenger receptor pathways.

Summary
The VLDL receptor is a so-called macrophage β-VLDL receptor, which is involved in macrophage foam cell formation by remnant lipoproteins. Furthermore, Lp(a) is a VLDL receptor ligand and is directly taken up through macrophage VLDL receptors for macrophage foam cell formation. Additionally, the roles of VLDL receptors in atherogenesis are canvassed.

Supplementary video abstract

http://links.lww.com/COL/A21
The Fuelbox “Young Next of Kin”—A Mixed-Methods Study on the Development and Piloting of a Communication Tool for Adolescents Coping With Parental Cancer or Death
Authors: Hauken May Aasebø , Farbrot Inger Marie 
Published: May 2021

Background
Adolescents’ ability to cope with parental cancer and death is largely dependent on information and open communication, but parents and professionals often feel uncertain in such circumstances.

Objectives
To develop and pilot a communication tool to enhance communication with adolescents living with or having lost a parent with cancer.

Methods
A Fuelbox was developed in a 4-phased process including adolescents and professionals and piloted by 51 participants (adolescents, parents, and professionals) over 4 months. Using a mixed-methods study with a convergent design, data were collected via a questionnaire and interviews and were then merged.

Results
The final “Young Next of Kin” Fuelbox consisted of 8 topics and 176 questions. Participants used the Fuelbox in different contexts, utilizing a variety of approaches. The participants found that it covered significant topics and questions important to adolescents’ situation. The Fuelbox was considered a very useful and beneficial tool to promote communication with adolescents, given that users maintain awareness of voluntary participation, confidentiality, preparedness, time, and safe frames.

Conclusion
The Fuelbox “Young Next of Kin” seems to be a flexible and accessible communication tool in private and professional settings to enhance communication with adolescents living with or having lost a parent with cancer. As the Fuelbox is diagnosis-neutral in nature, it may be transferable to other populations and settings.

Implications for Clinical Practice
The Fuelbox is a flexible, accessible, and useful tool for communication between adolescents and parents, and adolescents and healthcare professionals in specialist and primary healthcare settings.
Physical Examination—Indicated Cerclage in Twin Pregnancy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Roman Amanda , Zork Noelia , Haeri Sina , Schoen Corina N. , Saccone Gabriele , Colihan Sarah , Zelig Craig , Gimovsky Alexis C. , Seligman Neil S. , Zullo Fulvio , Berghella Vincenzo 
Published: May 2021

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020;223:902.e1–902.e11)
Twin pregnancies in the United States represent a small proportion of births each year, but they are associated with increased risks of preterm birth (PTB), low birthweight, and perinatal mortality. In the setting of cervical dilation in the second trimester, the risks for complications in a twin pregnancy are even higher.
Preliminary Computed Tomography Radiomics Model for Predicting Pretreatment CD8+ T-Cell Infiltration Status for Primary Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Wang Colin Y. , Ginat Daniel Thomas 
Published: May 2021

Purpose
Immunotherapy has emerged as a treatment option for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), with tumor response being linked to the CD8+ T-cell inflammation. The purpose of this study is to assess whether computed tomography (CT) radiomic analysis can predict CD8+ T-cell enrichment in HNSCC primary tumors.

Methods
This retrospective study included 71 patients from a head and neck cancer genomics cohort with CD8+ T-cell enrichment status. Pretreatment contrast-enhanced neck CT scans were retrospectively reviewed using 3D Slicer for primary lesion segmentation.
The SlicerRadiomics extension was used to extract 107 radiomic features. Ridge regression and lasso regression were applied for feature selection and model construction.

Results
Lasso regression defined Coarseness as the most important variable, followed by SmallDependenceEmphasis, SmallAreaLowGrayLevelEmphasis, Contrast.1, and Correlation.
Ridge regression defined Coarseness as the most important variable, followed by SmallDependenceLowGrayLevelEmphasis, Contrast.1, DependenceNonUniformityNormalized, and Idmn. These variables identified by lasso and ridge regressions were used to create a combined logistic regression model. The area under the curve (AUC) for the lasso-generated model was 0.786 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.532–1.000), and the AUC for the ridge-generated model was 0.786 (95% CI, 0.544–1.000). Combining the radiomic variables identified by lasso and ridge regressions with clinical characteristics including alcohol use, tobacco use, anatomic site, and initial T stage produced a model with an AUC of 0.898 (95% CI, 0.731–1.000).

Conclusions
T-cell inflammation status of HNSCC primary tumors can be predicted using radiomic analysis of CT imaging and thereby help identify patients who would respond well to immunotherapy.
Detection of Antibodies Against Human Leukocyte Antigen Class II in the Sera of Patients Receiving Intravenous Immunoglobulin
Authors: Takamatsu Hiroyuki , Yamada Shinya , Tsuji Noriaki , Nakagawa Noriharu , Matsuura Erika , Kasada Atsuo , Sato Keijiro , Hosokawa Kohei , Iwaki Noriko , Arahata Masahisa , Tanaka Hidenori , Nakao Shinji 
Published: May 2021

Background.
IVIG is occasionally used for preventing and treating severe infections of patients who are to undergo transplantation. Administration of IVIG, which includes high-titer antibodies (Abs) against HLA class I and II, might have a substantial influence on the HLA Ab test results of these patients. However, this issue has remained unreported.

Methods.
Anti-HLA Ab titers were determined in 4 types of IVIG preparations, fresh frozen plasma, and the sera of 11 patients with hematological diseases before and after IVIG administration.

Results.
Although anti-HLA Abs were not detected in any of the fresh frozen plasma products, various anti-HLA class I and II Abs were detected in all 4 IVIG preparations. Six out of 11 patients who had received IVIG showed a low titer of anti-HLA class II Abs, which were not detected before IVIG administration. Conversely, no anti-HLA class I Abs were detected in any of the 11 patients. Furthermore, all 4 (100%) patients who were positive for anti-HLA class II Abs initially and were assessable became negative for anti-HLA Abs after the discontinuation of IVIG treatment (median, d 79; range, d 22–192).

Conclusions.
IVIG preparations consist of high-titer anti-HLA class I and II Abs, but the latter can be transiently detected in the sera of patients who had received IVIG. When these patients are screened for the presence of donor-specific Abs, some may be incorrectly deemed positive for HLA class II Abs. Thus, caution is necessary when only donor-specific Abs specific to class II HLAs are detected in patients.
Autoimmune movement disorders with neuronal antibodies – an update
Authors: Balint Bettina , Bhatia Kailash P. 
Published: May 2021

Purpose of review
The rapid developments in neuroimmunology reflect also on the field of movement disorders, where there is an ever expanding spectrum of new antibodies. This review focuses on the new neuronal antibodies, their clinical spectrum and recent pathophysiological insights. It gives an update on previous work about neuronal antibody-related movement disorders.

Recent findings
Phosphodiesterase 10A antibodies are a new marker of paraneoplastic chorea. Seizure-related 6 homolog like 2 antibodies are a differential diagnosis in atypical parkinsonism with cerebellar ataxia and cognitive impairment. mGluR5-antibodies cause various hyperkinetic movement disorders with Ophelia syndrome. Most new antibodies were described in the context of cerebellar ataxia: Kelch-like protein 11 antibodies are a comparatively frequent marker of paraneoplastic cerebellar ataxia with germ cell tumours. Nonparaneoplastic cerebellar ataxia occurs with Septin-5 and neurochondrin antibodies. Studies into the mechanisms of neuronal surface antibodies have shown that there is much pathophysiological heterogeneity, ranging from immediate antagonistic effect to induction of neurodegeneration after weeks.

Summary
The new markers of autoimmune movement disorders are key to identify those patients that may benefit from immunotherapy, and tumour therapy, where appropriate. Insights into the underlying pathophysiology might guide treatment decisions and help tailoring more targeted approaches in the future.
Manifestation of Hippocampal Interictal Discharges on Clinical Scalp EEG Recordings
Authors: Lee Somin , Wu Shasha , Tao James X. , Rose Sandra , Warnke Peter C. , Issa Naoum P. , van Drongelen Wim 
Published: May 2021

Purpose:
Epileptiform activity limited to deep sources such as the hippocampus currently lacks reliable scalp correlates. Recent studies, however, have found that a subset of hippocampal interictal discharges may be associated with visible scalp signals, suggesting that some types of hippocampal activity may be monitored noninvasively. The purpose of this study is to characterize the relationship between these scalp waveforms and the underlying intracranial activity.

Methods:
Paired intracranial and scalp EEG recordings obtained from 16 patients were used to identify hippocampal interictal discharges. Discharges were grouped by waveform shape, and spike-triggered averages of the intracranial and scalp signals were calculated for each group. Cross-correlation of intracranial and scalp spike-triggered averages was used to determine their temporal relationship, and topographic maps of the scalp were generated for each group.

Results:
Cross-correlation of intracranial and scalp correlates resulted in two classes of scalp waveforms—those with and without time delays from the associated hippocampal discharges. Scalp signals with no delay showed topographies with a broad field with higher amplitudes on the side ipsilateral to the discharges and a left–right flip in polarity—observations consistent with the volume conduction of a single unilateral deep source. In contrast, scalp correlates with time lags showed rotational dynamics, suggesting synaptic propagation mechanisms.

Conclusions:
The temporal relationship between the intracranial and scalp signals suggests that both volume conduction and synaptic propagation contribute to these scalp manifestations. Furthermore, the topographic evolution of these scalp waveforms may be used to distinguish spikes that are limited to the hippocampus from those that travel to or engage other brain areas.
Public attitudes to COVID-19 vaccines: A qualitative study
Authors: Williams Simon N , Dienes Kimberly 
Published: May 2021

AbstractOBJECTIVETo explore public attitudes to COVID-19 vaccines in the UK, focused on intentions and decisions around taking vaccines, views on ‘vaccine passports’, and experiences and perspectives on post-vaccination behavior.DESIGNQualitative study consisting of 6 online focus groups conducted between 15th March – 22nd April 2021.SETTINGOnline video conferencingPARTICIPANTS29 adult UK-based participantsRESULTSThree main groups regarding participants’ decision or intention to receive a COVID-19 vaccine were identified: (1) Accepters, (2) Delayers and (3) Refusers. Two reasons for vaccine delay were identified: delay due to a perceived need more information and delay until vaccine was “required” in the future. Three main facilitators (Vaccination as a social norm; Vaccination as a necessity; Trust in science) and six barriers (Preference for “natural immunity”; Concerns over possible side effects; Distrust in government; Perceived lack of information; Conspiracy theories; “Covid echo chambers”) to vaccine uptake were identified. For some delayers, vaccine passports were perceived to be a reason why they would get vaccinated in the future. However, vaccine passports were controversial, and were framed in three main ways: as “a necessary evil”; as “Orwellian”; and as a “human rights problem”. Participants generally felt that receiving a vaccine was not changing the extent to which people were adhering to COVID-19 measures.CONCLUSIONSOverall, positive sentiment toward vaccines was high. However, there remains a number of potential barriers which might be leading to vaccine delay in some. ‘Vaccine delay’ might be a more useful and precise construct than vaccine hesitancy in explaining why some may initially ignore or be uncertain about vaccination invitations. Vaccine passports may increase or ‘nudge’ uptake in some delayers but remain controversial. Earlier concerns that vaccination might reduce adherence to social distancing measures are not borne out in our data, with most people reporting ongoing adherence and caution.
Evaluation on the Effectiveness on the Implementation of WHO-CST Programme in Hong Kong: A RCT Protocol
Authors: Wong Paul Wai-Ching , Chow Siu-Lun 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDevelopmental delays/disorders in young children are identified as a public health priority. WHO and Autism Speaks co-designed a training programme titled “WHO-Caregiver Skills Training” (WHO-CST) which aims at providing training for caregivers whose children are with possible symptoms of Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms and pervasive developmental disorders (PDD), so that they can learn better strategies on managing the daily lives of their children and foster better communication between the parent-children dyad. The WHO-CST programme is currently implemented in more than 30 regions worldwide and it started in Hong Kong from 2018. As the programme is newly developed, only a few studies tried to evaluate the effectiveness of the programme in qualitative approaches, or in quantitative approach with relatively small sample (e.g. n < 10). In the present study, our team, who is responsible for the implementation and evaluation of the WHO-CST programme in Hong Kong, attempt to assess the effectiveness of the training in WHO-CST under a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design with about 120 eligible caregivers who will be randomly assigned in experimental and control groups. Our measurement will include the Joint Engagement Rating Inventory (JERI) developed by experts in WHO to gauge how parents engage their children in a 10-minute video recording their dyadic interaction and behaviors in a defined play setting. A set of other measurements on the caregiver’s experience of using intervention skills and their enhancement of knowledges will also be measured. We hypothesize that caregivers in treatment group will have better growth in scores of both JERI and measurements of other outcome than the wait-list control group’s after the 12-week WHO-CST training, and also persistence of skill and knowledge level should also be found after a 30-day follow-up test.
miR-2 contributes to WSSV infection by targeting Caspase 2 in mud crab (Scylla paramamosain)
Authors: Gong Yi , Chen Jiao , Cui Yalei , Li Shengkang 
Published: May 2021

SummaryAs we known, Caspase 2 is widely studied for its apoptosis regulatory function in mammals. However, despite the fundamental role of apoptosis during the anti-viral immune response, the relationship between Caspase 2 and virus infection has not been extensively explored in invertebrates, whether miRNAs are involved in this process also remains unclear. To address this issue, the miRNA-mediated regulation of Caspase 2 in mud crab Scylla paramamosain was characterized in this study. The results suggested that Sp-Caspase 2 could suppress white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection via apoptosis induction. The further data showed that Caspase 2 was directly targeted by miR-2 in mud crab. Silencing or overexpression of miR-2 could affect apoptosis and WSSV replication through regulating the expression level of Caspase 2. Taken together, all these results demonstrated the crucial role of miR-2-Caspase 2 pathway in the innate immunity of mud crab and revealed a novel mechanism during anti-viral immune response in marine invertebrates.
The impact of leadership on the nursing workforce during the COVID-10 pandemic
Authors: Phillips Natasha , Hughes Luke , Vindrola-Padros Cecilia , Petrella Anika , Fern Lorna A , Panel-Coates Flo , Taylor Rachel M 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimsTo determine how the learning about protective factors from previous pandemics were implemented and the impact of this on nurses’ experience.BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic led to systemic change within healthcare settings and demands placed on frontline nurses has been overwhelming. Lessons learned from previous pandemics indicate that clear communication and strong visible leadership can mitigate the impact stressful events may have on nurses. Conversely, a lack of clear leadership and regulatory protocols in times of crisis can lead to an increase in psychological distress for nurses.DesignSecondary analysis of semi-structured interview transcripts.MethodsSecondary data analysis was conducted on data collected during a hospital-wide evaluation of barriers and facilitators to changes implemented to support the surge of COVID-19 related admissions in wave one of the pandemic. Participants represented three-levels of leadership: whole trust (n=17), division (n=7), ward/department-level (n=8), and individual nurses (n=16). Data were collected through semi-structured video interviews between May and July 2020. Interviews were analysed using Framework analysis.ResultsKey changes that were implemented in wave one reported at whole trust level included: a new acute staffing level, redeploying nurses, increasing the visibility of nursing leadership, new staff wellbeing initiatives, new roles created to support families and various training initiatives. Two main themes emerged from the interviews at division, ward/department and individual nurse level: impact of leadership, and impact on the delivery of nursing care.ConclusionsLeadership through a crisis is essential for the protective effect of nurses’ emotional wellbeing. While nursing leadership was made more visible during wave one of the pandemic and processes were in place to increase communication, system-level challenges resulting in negative experiences existed. By identifying these challenges, it has been possible to overcome them during wave two by employing different leadership styles, to support nurse wellbeing
A validation study of the identification of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in England using population-based health data
Authors: Bishton Mark , Stilwell Peter , Card Tim R , Lanyon Peter , Ban Lu , Elliss-Brookes Lucy , Manson Jessica , Nanduri Vasanta , Earp Kate , Flower Luke , Amarnani Raj , Rankin Judith , Sen Ethan S , Tattersall Rachel S , Crooks Colin J , Aston Jeanette , Siskova Veronika , West Joe , Bythell Mary 
Published: May 2021

SummaryWe assessed the validity of coded health care data to identify cases of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) identified 127 cases within five hospital Trusts 2013-2018 using ICD-10 codes D76.1, D76.2 and D76.3. Hospital records were reviewed to validate diagnoses. 73/74 patients with confirmed/probable HLH were coded D76.1 or D76.2 (positive predictive value 89.0% [95% CI 80.2-94.9%]). For cases considered not HLH, 44/53 were coded D76.3 (negative predictive value 97.8% [95% CI 88.2%-99.9%]). D76.1 or D76.2 had 68% sensitivity in detecting HLH compared to an established active case finding HLH register in Sheffield. Office for National Statistics (ONS) mortality data (2003-2018) identified 698 patients coded D76.1, D76.2 and D76.3 on death certificates. 541 were coded D76.1 or D76.2 of whom 524(96.9%) had HLH in the free text cause of death. Of 157 coded D76.3, 66(42.0%) had HLH in free text.D76.1 and D76.2 codes reliably identify HLH cases, and provide a lower bound on incidence. Non-concordance between D76.3 and HLH excludes D76.3 as an ascertainment source from HES. Our results suggest electronic health care data in England can enable population wide registration and analysis of HLH for future research.