bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and patterns of illicit drug use in people with human immunodeficiency virus infection in Korea
Authors: Lee Soon Ok , Lee Jeong Eun , Lee Shinwon , Lee Sun Hee , Kang Jin Suk 
Published: April 2021

Background
Data on illicit drug use by Korean people infected with HIV are lacking. Here, we examined the prevalence and patterns of illicit drug use among people infected with HIV in Korea.

Material and methods
In this cross-sectional study, we included all patients infected with HIV who visited a tertiary care hospital in Korea from January 1990 to May 2020. Sociodemographic data of patients, including drug use, were collected at the first visit and during follow-up.

Results
Among 1,267 patients, 5.13% reported the use of an illicit drug in their lifetime, and 2.61% were users of injection drugs. The most commonly used drugs were cannabis/marijuana and methamphetamine, followed by nitrite inhalants, cocaine, dextromethorphan, carisoprodol, and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine. The illicit drug users tended to be younger than non-users, homosexuals/bisexuals, and infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV); they had a higher CD4+ cell count than non-users. Among 65 users of illicit drugs, only 24.6% revealed their drug use at the first visit interview, and 24.6% reported using two or more drugs in their lifetime. Individuals who used injection drugs were more likely to be arrested for drug-related charges than the users of non-injection drugs. Moreover, they tended to be heavy users of illicit drugs, to report using two or more drugs in their lifetime, and to be HCV seropositive. In contrast, the users of non-injection drugs were more likely to be experimental users and to start using drugs overseas for the first time, but less likely to report their drug use at the first interview.

Conclusions
The prevalence of illicit drug use in people with HIV infection in Korea may have been underestimated. Further research based on more accurate measurements are warranted.
Comparison of surgical versus medical termination of pregnancy between 13-20 weeks of gestation in Ethiopia: A quasi-experimental study
Authors: Tufa Tesfaye Hurissa , Prager Sarah , Wondafrash Mekitie , Mohammed Shikur , Byl Nicole , Bell Jason 
Published: April 2021

BackgroundDilation and evacuation is a method of second trimester pregnancy termination introduced recently in Ethiopia. However, little is known about the safety and effectiveness of this method in an Ethiopian setting. Therefore, the study is intended to determine the safety and effectiveness of dilation and evacuation for surgical abortion as compared to medical abortion between 13–20 weeks’ gestational age.MethodsThis is a quasi-experimental study of women receiving second trimester termination of pregnancy between 13–20 weeks. Patients were allocated to either medical or surgical abortion based on their preference. A structured questionnaire was used to collect demographic information and clinical data upon admission. Procedure related information was collected after the procedure was completed and before the patient was discharged. Additionally, women were contacted 2 weeks after the procedure to evaluate for post-procedural complications. The primary outcome of the study was a composite complication rate. Data were collected using Open Data Kit and then analyzed using Stata version 14.2. Univariate analyses were performed using means (standard deviation), or medians (interquartile range) when the distribution was not normal. Multiple logistic regression was also performed to control for confounders.ResultsTwo hundred nineteen women chose medical abortion and 60 chose surgical abortion. The composite complication rate is not significantly different among medical and surgical abortion patients (15% versus 10%; p = 0.52). Nine patients (4.1%) in the medical arm required additional intervention to complete the abortion, while none of the surgical abortion patients required additional intervention. Median (IQR) hospital stay was significantly longer in the medical group at 24 (12–24) hours versus 6(4–6) hours in the surgical group p<0.001.ConclusionFrom the current study findings, we concluded that there is no difference in safety between surgical and medical methods of abortion. This study demonstrates that surgical abortion can be used as a safe and effective alternative to medical abortion and should be offered equivalently with medical abortion, per the patient’s preference.
GESTÃO ESCOLAR E ADMINISTRAÇÃO EMPRESARIAL: APROXIMAÇÃO E CONFRONTO
Authors: Tredezini Adriana de Lanna Malta , Da Silva Jefferson Idelfonso 
Published: April 2021

Estas reflexões pretendem analisar em que teorias se baseia a gestão administrativa no ensino superior, bem como confrontá-las com as teorias administrativas atuais, verificando se há articulação entre o universo administrativo e o universo pedagógico na escola e a partir daí tentar contribuir com uma nova alternativa para a gestão escolar. A estrutura organizacional burocrática da e scola tem se mostrado desarticulada do processo pedagógico e ineficiente nas questões administrativas, não contribuindo para a melhoria de qualidade nos aspectos pedagógicos. O caminho proposto para superar esse problema é buscar nas teorias organizacionais modernas as diretrizes para a gestão escolar, ainda que seja necessário afrontar o desafio de salvaguardar a especificidade pedagógica da escola e assumir sem preconceitos os fundamentos organizacionais das administrações atuais. Foram consideradas a Administração Participativa, a Administração Holística e,
principalmente, a Administração Estratégica como possíveis formas de administração capazes de garantir a qualidade da educação.
COME SCRIVE PLATONE ESEMPI DI UNA SCRITTURA A CARATTERE "PROTRETTICOâ€?
Authors: Migliori Maurizio 
Published: April 2021

Vários estudiosos dedicados ao pensamento de Platão defendem a
tese segundo a qual o texto do ateniense é incongruente,
contraditório e até mesmo "irremediavelmente estranhoâ€?. Neste
artigo, tentamos demonstrar em que medida a crítica ao texto de
Platão deve recair não sobre o seu gênio literário ou seu talento
filosófico extraordinários - hipótese obviamente absurda -, mas,
isso sim, sobre a qualidade do intérprete e do método usado para
estudar o pensamento do filósofo. Aqui, entre outras coisas,
analisamos, com base em trechos emblemáticos dos próprios
diálogos, o conceito platônico de "escrito-jogoâ€?, verdadeiramente
fundamental para a compreensão das aparentes desarmonias do
texto platônico.
IDENTIDADES, SABERES E PRaTICAS
Authors: Moreira Antonio Flavio Barbosa 
Published: April 2021

O texto acentua a importância da discussão da identidade nos dias
de hoje e a utiliza para analisar a presença dos "estranhosâ€? em nossas
salas de aula. Procura caracterizar o estranho e mostrar como, ao
longo dos tempos, a escola buscava a homogeneização, expulsando
o estranho. Defende que a concepção pós-moderna de identidade
pode sugerir estratégias pedagógicas para se lidar com o estranho,
de modo que ele se torne menos estranho na sala de aula.
CEOS’ influences on the stock performance on companies
Authors: Machado Maria Augusta Soares , Moraes Ana Beatriz de Mello , Jacobsen Alberto , Caldeira André Machado , Santos Bruno Roberto 
Published: April 2021

Investors are not concerned with subjective internal measures, employees’ satisfaction or internal policies regarding the CEO’s evaluation and their compensation. For the investor, the most important aspect is the return of their investment. This paper focuses filling the gap left generically and quantitatively in evaluating the CEOSs influence on the stock performance on their companies during their management. The measurement of the CEOSs influence on the stock performance of the most important North American companies is this paper’s proposal. Assuming an efficient market and observing these companies’ stock performance during a specific period, it is possible to know with accuracy what these institutions created during the same period, as well as, expectation changes on their future profits. In this study, it was used some statistical tests described along the paper. This study demonstrated that, completely assume that the CEOSs of the main American companies were a determinant factor in the success of these corporations is a widely committed mistake.
Sigma metrics of Alinity ci system – a study on thirty-nine clinical chemistry and immunoassay parameters
Authors: Kanani Fatima Zehra , Haider Kazmi Adnan , Kaleem Bushra 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objectives
Sigma metrics in an invaluable and inexpensive tool used in laboratories to monitor analytical quality of the assays. Alinity ci platform is a relatively recent analytical system launched by Abbott Diagnostics, and as such performance studies on it are few. We have calculated sigma metrics of 39 clinical chemistry and immunoassay analytes on two Alinity ci systems.

Methods
Sigma metrics were calculated using results of method validation studies. Coefficient of variation (CV) was calculated according to CLSI EP 15 guidelines. Bias was calculated using three different methods i.e., proficiency testing material, alternate method comparison with existent analyzers and linearity experiment. Total allowable error limits were kept similar to or less than the ones used in reference studies.

Results
All analytes except blood urea nitrogen (BUN) demonstrated greater than six sigma value across one or more levels and methods. No analyte amongst clinical chemistry and immunoassays was at below three sigma class. Amongst electrolytes, sodium was below three sigma class at two levels by proficiency testing method, although it was above four sigma class by other two methods. Sigma levels obtained were comparable to those reported in previously published studies.

Conclusions
Acceptable sigma metrics were achieved for all clinical chemistry, immunoassays and electrolytes on Alinity ci. Sigma metrics is an objective and well established cost effective tool to tailor internal quality control practices. This study determines sigma metrics for a wide range of high throughput assays. Long term assay performance needs to be monitored.
Holistically Modelling the Medieval Book: Towards a Digital Contribution
Authors: Stokes Peter A. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
The book has long played an important role in medieval and indeed modern culture, being at the same time a carrier of texts and images, a sign potentially of wealth and/or education, a site of enquiry for modern scholarship for literature, history, linguistics, palaeography, codicology, art history, and more. The ‘archaeology of the book’ can tell us about its history (or biography) as well as the cultures that produced and used it, right up to its present ownership. This multidimensionality of the object has long been known, but it has also proven a challenge to digital approaches which (like all representations) are by their nature models that involve conscious or unconscious selection of particular aspects, and that have been more successful in some aspects than others. This then raises the question to what degree these different viewpoints can be brought together into something approaching a holistic view, while always allowing for the tension between standardisation and innovation, and while remembering that a ‘complete model’ is a tautology, neither possible nor desirable.
Macromolecular Science Turns 100
Authors: Luscombe Christine K. , Russell Gregory T. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Being 100 years since the birth of macromolecular science, 2020 was meant to be the “Year of Polymers,” but instead it turned into the year of the pandemic. Actually the two are not unrelated —most PPE is made of polymer, and without it the health-care response to COVID-19 would have looked completely different and been far more treacherous. But that’s another story, one with which the IUPAC Polymer Division is engaging [1]. Here is the story behind the centenary year that wasn’t. It all centers on Hermann Staudinger, who changed everything in 1920.
The Continued Need for CHEMRAWN within IUPAC: A Personal Account
Authors: Sydnes Leiv K. 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
At the General Assembly (GA) in Paris in July 2019, the IUPAC Bureau recommended to Council that CHEMRAWN should be dissolved. This led many to question ‘What is the purpose of the CHEMRAWN committee?’ and perhaps this can be seen most easily through what it has done and continues to do within its role in addressing topics relevant to the UN’s sustainable development goals.
Sub-chronic toxicological evaluation of Strophanthus hispidus DC (Apocynaceae) aqueous root extract
Authors: Fageyinbo Muyiwa Samuel , Akindele Abidemi James , Agbaje Esther Oluwatoyin 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Objectives

Strophanthus hispidus DC (Apocynaceae) has gained wide and extensive applications in herbal medicine in Africa for the treatment of quite a lot of diseases. Owing to the extensive application and the propensity of persistent consumption of this shrub, this research investigates the sub-chronic toxicological effect of aqueous root extract of S. hispidus (SHP) in laboratory animals (rats).

Methods
The rats were allotted into four groups of eight rats each (n=8) and orally treated daily for ninety (90) days with SHP extract at 100, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg and the control group received distilled water (10 mL/kg). The rats were weighed at 15 days interval. After 90 days daily oral administration of SHP extract, blood samples were collected from the rats into lithium heparin and EDTA bottles for biochemical and haematological analysis respectively. Vital organs were weighed and histological examination was performed on the liver and kidney

Results
The SHP extract displayed no significant (p>0.05) alterations in body weight of treated compared to control rats. At doses of 500 and 1,000 mg/kg, SHP-treated rats showed significant (p<0.05) increase in white blood cell (WBC), without significant difference in other haematological parameters. Non-significant (p>0.05) decrease in urea and non-significant (p>0.05) increase Na+, K+ and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were observed. Significant (p<0.05) decrease in liver weight was observed without any alteration in the architecture of the liver and other organs investigated.

Conclusions
Aqueous root extract of S. hispidus demonstrated a good safety profile in rats. Therefore, S. hispidus is harmless and safe following sub-chronic oral administration.
Japanese apophonic compounds
Authors: Labrune Laurence , Irwin Mark 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive description and analysis of Japanese apophonic compounds, such as ama-gasa (ame + kasa), ko-kage (ki + kage) or kamu-tikara (kami + tikara), in which the initial element exhibits one of three different pairs of final vowel alternations. The three pairs involved are e ∼ a, i ∼ o, and i ∼ u. To determine the controlling factors for apophony, its morphological function, its overall characteristics and its interaction with other compositional devices of Japanese (mainly rendaku) we constructed a database of 2,322 compounds. Each compound has as an element at least one of 22 “apophonic nouns” which may undergo vowel alternation when the initial element in a compound. The core results of this study are that there exists a range of morphological, lexical and phonological factors which tend to favour or disfavour apophony. The phonological factors mostly pertain to the length of either element in the compound. Further, it was also found that apophony is generally not linked, either positively (redundancy of morphological devices) or negatively (economy of morphological devices), to rendaku.
Clinicopathologic features of Good’s syndrome: Two cases and literature review
Authors: Chen Yi-Dan , Wen Zhong-Hui , Wei Bing , Xiao Shu-Yuan , Wang Yu-Fang 
Published: April 2021

Abstract

Background
Good’s syndrome (GS) is an immunodeficiency disease, causing thymoma, low or absent B-cells, hypogammaglobulinemia, and defects in cell-mediated immunity. The most common clinical presentation is recurrent infection, followed by refractory diarrhea, due to the immunodeficiency. However, there are only few reports on intestinal endoscopy and pathology.

Case summary
We report here two typical GS cases with diarrhea as the prominent manifestation. Both cases presented with thymoma combined with immunodeficiency, characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, low or absent B lymphocytes, and decreased T-cells with inverted CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratio, while two GS patients were evaluated by endoscopy revealed mucosal edema and fine-granular or nodular appearance changes in the small intestine. Histological examination showed chronic inflammation and villous atrophy. A very interesting finding is that the inflammatory cell infiltration in the two GS cases was different. In one case, predominantly CD138+ plasma cells with only scattered CD3+ T-cells infiltration were revealed, while in another, it showed predominantly T-cells infiltration without plasma cells in the lamina propria. Although GS cases shared various clinical characteristics with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) cases, they still differed from CVID cases in terms of its late onset, lack of familial clusters, low or absent peripheral blood B lymphocytes, absence of lymphoid hyperplasia, and plasma cells infiltration in the lamina propria in some patients. Although both patients had been diagnosed previously with recurrent diarrhea, respiratory infection, and thymoma, the association between these conditions and the possibility of GS was not recognized. The patients had remained misdiagnosed for 2 and 4 years, respectively, even after receiving the diagnosis of thymoma. The rarity of GS was likely the primary cause for the lack of disease recognition. Reporting of these cases will help to alert clinicians and raise awareness of this disease.

Conclusion
GS should be considered among the differential diagnoses for patients with unexplained recurrent diarrhea and opportunistic infection. Although it was regarded as a subset of CVID with thymoma, GS had a different clinical-pathological feature from CVID.
Effect of the galvanization process on the fatigue life of high strength steel compression springs
Authors: Özen Fatih , İlhan Ahmet , Sezan Hakkı Taner , İlhan Erdinç , Aslanlar Salim 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
In this study, a compression spring fatigue problem arising from the galvanization process was investigated. Fatigue, crack initiation and growth of galvanized and non-galvanized springs manufactured from fully pearlitic high strength steel wires were investigated. According to the results, the galvanized compression springs exhibited a low fatigue life due to hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrogen embrittlement induced crack initiations formed under the galvanizing layer and adversely affect fatigue life. It was observed that local embrittlement on the outer surface of the spring wire causes crack initiations and disperses through the pearlitic interlamellar microstructure. Compared to non-galvanized and shot-peened specimens with the same surface roughness, compression springs, galvanized compression springs exhibited a 25 % reaction force loss at 50 000 cycles.
Structural hydroxyl distribution in jadeite grains and the diagenesis mechanism of jadeitite in Myanmar, Guatemala and Russia
Authors: Yingying Xing , Lijian Qi 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Carrying out jadeitite diagenesis in its basic state as well as in combination with the multiple fluid activities of water, we focused on jadeite grains in production areas such as Myanmar, Guatemala and Russia to determinethe essence of nominal anhydrous jadeite grains and the distribution of structural hydroxyl in individual jadeite grains via infrared microscope. This is a scientific problem that urgently needs to be solved. The results show that a microscale of structural water in the form of structural hydroxyl is widely found in the jadeite grains of primary jadeitite in Myanmar, Guatemala and Russia. There are certain differences in the three groups of characteristic infrared absorption bands generated by the stretching vibration of the structural hydroxyl in jadeite from these different producing areas. The structural hydroxyl content of the individual jadeite grain shows obvious differences according to the producing areas, and the structural hydroxyl content in jadeite grains in Myanmar is up to 2522.11 × 10-6. By contrast, jadeite grains in Guatemala and Russia yield lower results. In addition, the structural hydroxyl content in individual jadeite grains in the three producing areas are inhomogeneous, showing an increasing trend from interior to exterior. However, dynamic metamorphism of different intensities and multi-period fluid participation lead to differences in the increase, whereby an increase in structural hydroxyl content in jadeite grains from Guatemala and Russia is slower. The study of the distribution of structural hydroxyl in jadeite grain from different producing areas is helpful for exploring the interaction trajectory of fluids involved in jadeitite and the diagenesis mechanism of jadeitite, a fact that is of great scientific significance for revealing the formation process and conditions of jadeitite.
Advances in Dion-Jacobson phase two-dimensional metal halide perovskite solar cells
Authors: Niu Tianqi , Xue Qifan , Yip Hin-Lap 
Published: April 2021

Abstract
Low-dimensional metal halide perovskites have emerged as promising alternatives to the traditional three-dimensional (3D) components, due to their greater structural tunability and environmental stability. Dion-Jacobson (DJ) phase two-dimensional (2D) perovskites, which are formed by incorporating bulky organic diammonium cations into inorganic frameworks that comprises a symmetrically layered array, have recently attracted increasing research interest. The structure-property characteristics of DJ phase perovskites endow them with a unique combination of photovoltaic efficiency and stability, which has led to their impressive employment in perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we review the achievements that have been made to date in the exploitation of DJ phase perovskites in photovoltaic applications. We summarize the various ligand designs, optimization strategies and applications of DJ phase PSCs, and examine the current understanding of the mechanisms underlying their functional behavior. Finally, we discuss the remaining bottlenecks and future outlook for these promising materials, and possible development directions of further commercial processes.