bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex differences in behavioural and anatomical estimates of visual acuity in the green swordtail, Xiphophorus helleri
Authors: Caves Eleanor M. , de Busserolles Fanny , Kelley Laura A. 
Published: November 2021

ABSTRACT
Among fishes in the family Poeciliidae, signals such as colour patterns, ornaments and courtship displays play important roles in mate choice and male–male competition. Despite this, visual capabilities in poeciliids are understudied, in particular, visual acuity, the ability to resolve detail. We used three methods to quantify visual acuity in male and female green swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri), a species in which body size and the length of the male's extended caudal fin (‘sword’) serve as assessment signals during mate choice and agonistic encounters. Topographic distribution of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) was similar in all individuals and was characterized by areas of high cell densities located centro-temporally and nasally, as well as a weak horizontal streak. Based on the peak density of RGCs in the centro-temporal area, anatomical acuity was estimated to be approximately 3 cycles per degree (cpd) in both sexes. However, a behavioural optomotor assay found significantly lower mean acuity in males (0.8 cpd) than females (3.0 cpd), which was not explained by differences in eye size between males and females. An additional behavioural assay, in which we trained individuals to discriminate striped gratings from grey stimuli of the same mean luminance, also showed lower acuity in males (1–2 cpd) than females (2–3 cpd). Thus, although retinal anatomy predicts identical acuity in males and females, two behavioural assays found higher acuity in females than males, a sexual dimorphism that is rare outside of invertebrates. Overall, our results have implications for understanding how poeciliids perceive visual signals during mate choice and agonistic encounters.
Scientific Expertise of Profiling Programs: Algorithmization of Students' Success
Authors: Bychkov Anatoliy 
Published: November 2021

The goal of modern specialized training is to increase the human potential – the sustainable development of schoolchildren in the process of becoming professional adaptability – the ability to cope with the challenges of civilization and globalization in production activities, the active introduction of students into socio-economic life, the formation of satisfaction with the process and results of training that create a positive attitude as a factor for ensuring life success both during school education and in later life.
Profiling of training is the development of programs aimed at meeting the needs of students in professional self-determination.
Algorithmization of training profiling (building of educational material in a scientifically based sequence) it helps to increase the effectiveness of the educational process aimed at the formation of social and professional success of students.
Scientific expertise of specialized training programs is a mechanism for managing the personal success of students in a specialized school. During the examination, an active qualitative analysis of the didactic materials and educational technologies proposed by the developer takes place, methods of their improvement are recommended. This is the activity essence of pedagogical expertise.
Effects of Social Information on Risk Taking and Performance: Understanding Others’ Decisions vs. Comparing Oneself with Others in Short-Term Performance
Authors: Pittnauer Sabine , Hohnisch Martin , Ostermaier Andreas , Pfingsten Andreas 
Published: November 2021

When a problem leaves decision makers uncertain as to how to approach it, observing others’ decisions can improve one’s own decisions by promoting more accurate judgments and a better insight into the problem. However, observing others’ decisions may also activate motives that prevent this potential from being realized, for instance, ego concerns that prompt excessive risk taking. Our experimental study investigates how two features of the social environment influence the effect of observing others’ decisions on individual risk taking and performance. We manipulated (1) the psychological distance to others whose decisions could be observed (and thereby the tendency to seek self-enhancing social comparison) and (2) the opportunity for interaction (and thereby for a cumulative effect of any such tendency on decisions over time and for an effect on social information itself). Because the two features covary in real-world settings, we designed two treatments corresponding to the two natural combinations. Both treatments provided participants with two other participants’ period decisions in a multiperiod problem under uncertainty. No new objective information about the problem could be inferred from these decisions. We predicted that participants who observed the decisions of distant others (who had solved the same problem earlier) would perform better than participants in a control sample without any information about others’ decisions and that participants who observed the decisions of proximal others (with whom interaction could arise) would take more risk and perform worse than those who observed distant others’ decisions. The data corroborate our predictions. We discuss implications for organizational learning.History: This paper has been accepted for the Organization Science Special Issue on Experiments in Organizational Theory.Funding: The research was made possible by funding from the Nordrhein-Westfälische Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Künste through the Akademienprogramm of the German Academies of Sciences and Humanities (2006–2015). Hohnisch and Pittnauer gratefully acknowledge funding from the Stiftung der Freunde und Förderer der NRW-Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Künste (2016).Supplemental Material: The supplemental material is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1507 .
The impact of an enhanced recovery programme on length of stay and post-discharge resource usage following hip and knee arthroplasty
Authors: Milligan David J. , Hill Janet C. , Agus Ashley , Bryce Leeann , Gallagher Nicola , Beverland David 
Published: November 2021

Aims The aim of this study is to assess the impact of a pilot enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) programme on length of stay (LOS) and post-discharge resource usage via service evaluation and cost analysis. Methods Between May and December 2019, 100 patients requiring hip or knee arthroplasty were enrolled with the intention that each would have a preadmission discharge plan, a preoperative education class with nominated helper, a day of surgery admission and mobilization, a day one discharge, and access to a 24/7 dedicated helpline. Each was matched with a patient under the pre-existing pathway from the previous year. Results Mean LOS for ERAS patients was 1.59 days (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14 to 2.04), significantly less than that of the matched cohort (3.01 days; 95% CI 2.56 to 3.46). There were no significant differences in readmission rates for ERAS patients at both 30 and 90 days (six vs four readmissions at 30 days, and nine vs four at 90 days). Despite matching, there were significantly more American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade 3 patients in the ERAS cohort. There was a mean cost saving of £757.26 (95% CI £-1,200.96 to £-313.56) per patient. This is despite small increases in postoperative resource usage in the ERAS patients. Conclusion ERAS represents a safe and effective means of reducing LOS in primary joint arthroplasty patients. Implementation of ERAS principles has potential financial savings and could increase patient throughput without compromising care. In elective care, a preadmission discharge plan is key. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2021;2(11):966–973.
Watt-level 743 nm source by second-harmonic generation of a cascaded phosphosilicate Raman fiber amplifier
Authors: Chandran A. M. , Battle R. A. , Murray R. T. , Runcorn T. H. , Taylor J. R. 
Published: November 2021

We demonstrate a nanosecond pulsed 743 nm source through second-harmonic generation of a cascaded phosphosilicate Raman fiber amplifier system operating at 1485 nm. The amplifier is pumped by a 1240 nm phosphosilicate Raman fiber amplifier and seeded with a continuous-wave 1485 nm diode. This 1485 nm light is used for second-harmonic generation in periodically poled lithium niobate. Greater than 1 W of average power is generated at 743 nm with a corresponding pulse energy of 220 nJ at a repetition rate of 5 MHz. The source displays excellent beam quality (M

x
,
y

2

≤

1.18) with ideal parameters for biomedical imaging applications.
Premature cognitive decline in specific domains found in young veterans with mTBI coincide with elder normative scores and advanced-age subjects with early-stage Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Nejtek Vicki A. , James Rachael N. , Salvatore Michael F. , Alphonso Helene M. , Boehm Gary W. 
Published: November 2021

Importance
Epidemiologists report a 56% increased risk of veterans with (+) mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) developing Parkinson’s disease (PD) within 12-years post-injury. The most relevant contributors to this high risk of PD in veterans (+) mTBI is unknown. As cognitive problems often precede PD diagnosis, identifying specific domains most involved with mTBI-related PD onset is critical.

Objectives
To discern which cognitive domains underlie the mTBI-PD risk relationship proposed in epidemiology studies.

Design and setting
This exploratory match-controlled, cross-sectional study was conducted in a medical school laboratory from 2017–2020.

Participants
Age- and IQ-matched veterans with (+) and without mTBI, non-veteran healthy controls, and IQ-matched non-demented early-stage PD were compared. Chronic neurological, unremitted/debilitating diseases, disorders, dementia, and substance use among others were excluded.

Exposure
Veterans were or were not exposed to non-penetrating combat-related mTBI occurring within the past 7-years. No other groups had recent military service or mTBI.

Main outcomes / measures
Cognitive flexibility, attention, memory, visuospatial ability, and verbal fluency were examined with well-known standardized neuropsychological assessments.

Results
Out of 200 volunteers, 114 provided evaluable data. Groups significantly differed on cognitive tests [F (21,299) = 3.09, p<0.0001]. Post hoc tests showed veterans (+) mTBI performed significantly worse than matched-control groups on four out of eight cognitive tests (range: p = .009 to .049), and more often than not performed comparably to early-stage PD (range: p = .749 to .140).

Conclusions and relevance
We found subtle, premature cognitive decline occurring in very specific cognitive domains in veterans (+) mTBI that would typically be overlooked in a clinic setting, This result potentially puts them at-risk for continual cognitive decline that may portend to the eventual onset of PD or some other neurodegenerative disease.
Age, gender, and financial literacy in Japan
Authors: Okamoto Shohei , Komamura Kohei 
Published: November 2021

Objective
The aim of this study is to investigate the association between financial literacy and age as well as gender differences in financial literacy.

Methods
We analyse a sample of 25,000 individuals from ‘The Financial Literacy Survey 2016’ conducted by the Central Council for Financial Services Information (Bank of Japan). The analysis focuses on the relationship of age and financial literacy as well as that of age and self-rated financial knowledge. To consider factors accounting for gender differences in financial literacy, we use the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method. To further our understanding of financial literacy, we conduct additional analyses on financial behaviour and attitude.

Results
Although age is associated with increased financial literacy (Men, β: 0.249, standard error [SE]: 0.030; Women, 0.354, SE: 0.026), the growth rate decreases among the older respondents (Men, β: -0.002, SE: 0.000; Women, -0.003, SE: 0.000). However, the association between age and self-rated financial knowledge among men moves in the opposite direction (Age, β: -0.021, SE: 0.009, Age2, β: 0.000, SE: 0.000). Furthermore, female respondents are likely to be less financially literate than their male counterparts (β: -0.586, SE: 0.095) due to gender differences in the distribution of the factors that affect financial literacy (specifically education), their responses to financial literacy, and the interactions of these effects. In contrast to knowledge-based financial literacy, financial behaviour and attitudes among women are more preferable to those among men, namely, more premeditated.

Conclusion
Financial literacy increases until about one’s early 60s, after which it declines, while confidence in financial literacy reflects the inverse trend, especially among men. Additionally, men are more financially literate than women; however, these differences could be mitigated through education. Meanwhile, financial behaviour and attitudes among men are less premeditated. Thus, policies are needed that can help older adults with their financial decision-making, enhance women’s financial literacy, and improve men’s financial behaviours and attitudes.
Mitral valve thickening in acute rheumatic fever as a predictor of late valvar dysfunction
Authors: da Silva Telêmaco Luis , Pazin-Filho Antonio , Romano Minna M. D. , Ferriani Virgínia P. L. , Marin-Neto José A. , Maciel Benedito C. , Schmidt André 
Published: November 2021

BackgroundRheumatic heart disease (RHD) complicating acute rheumatic fever (ARF) remains an important health problem in developing countries. No definitive diagnostic test for ARF exists and the role of Doppler echocardiography (DEC) for long-term prognostic evaluation following ARF is not well established.ObjectiveTo investigate the prognostic value of DEC in patients with ARF as a predictor of chronic valve dysfunction.MethodsProspectively enrolled patients with clinical ARF had a DEC performed soon after diagnosis and repeated at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months and thereafter at every 1–2 years. We defined chronic valve dysfunction by ≥ 3 of the following: increased valve thickening, commissure fusion, subvalvular thickening, reduced leaflet mobility, non-trivial mitral and/or aortic regurgitation. We performed univariate analysis and developed multivariate logistic regression models to identify variables that may influence evolution to RHD. p <0.05 was considered significant.ResultsWe evaluated 70(57% men) patients, 10.8±5.6 years-old during the ARF episode and followed for 95±26 months. Chronic valve dysfunction was identified in 36(51.4%) which fulfilled criteria for RHD and 10(27.8%) of them died or underwent valve surgery. Univariate analysis showed that mitral valve thickening and presence of mitral regurgitation at baseline DEC, were associated with RHD(p<0.01). Multivariate logistic regression showed that only mitral valve thickness either as a continuous (Odds-Ratio:5.8;95%CI:1.7–19.7) or as a categorical variable (Odds-Ratio:4.04;95%CI:1.06–15.3) was an independent predictor of chronic valve dysfunction.ConclusionsMitral leaflets thickening documented at the time of diagnosis of ARF is a consistent prognostic marker for the subsequent evolution to RHD.
Angiotensin II receptor I auto-antibodies following SARS-CoV-2 infection
Authors: Jiang Yonghou , Duffy Fergal , Hadlock Jennifer , Raappana Andrew , Styrchak Sheila , Beck Ingrid , Mast Fred D. , Miller Leslie R. , Chour William , Houck John , Armistead Blair , Duvvuri Venkata R. , Yeung Winnie , Haglund Micaela , Wallner Jackson , Wallick Julie A. , Hardy Samantha , Oldroyd Alyssa , Ko Daisy , Gervassi Ana , Murray Kim M. , Kaplan Henry , Aitchison John D. , Heath James R. , Sather D. Noah , Goldman Jason D. , Frenkel Lisa , Harrington Whitney E. 
Published: November 2021

Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with endothelial activation and coagulopathy, which may be related to pre-existing or infection-induced pro-thrombotic autoantibodies such as those targeting angiotensin II type I receptor (AT1R-Ab).

Methods
We compared prevalence and levels of AT1R-Ab in COVID-19 cases with mild or severe disease to age and sex matched negative controls utilizing multivariate logistic and quantile regression adjusted for comorbidities including hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease.

Results
There were trends toward increased prevalence (50% vs. 33%, p = 0.1) and level of AT1R-Ab (median 9.8 vs. 6.1 U/mL, p = 0.06) in all cases versus controls. When considered by COVID-19 disease severity, there was a trend toward increased prevalence of AT1R-Ab (55% vs. 31%, p = 0.07), as well as significantly higher AT1R-Ab levels (median 10.7 vs. 5.9 U/mL, p = 0.03) amongst individuals with mild COVID-19 versus matched controls. In contrast, the prevalence (42% vs. 37%, p = 0.9) and level (both medians 6.7 U/mL, p = 0.9) of AT1R-Ab amongst those with severe COVID-19 did not differ from matched controls.

Conclusions
These findings support an association between COVID-19 and AT1R-Ab, emphasizing that vascular pathology may be present in individuals with mild COVID-19 as well as those with severe disease.
Prospects for the production of radioisotopes and radiobioconjugates for theranostics
Authors: Choiński Jarosław , Łyczko Monika 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe development of diagnostic methods in medicine as well as the progress in the synthesis of biologically active compounds allows the use of selected radioisotopes for the simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of diseases, especially cancerous ones, in patients. This approach is called theranostic. This review article includes chemical and physical characterization of chosen theranostic radioisotopes and their compounds that are or could be useful in nuclear medicine.
Semiotic modeling of the text-driven conceptual paradigm in language education
Authors: Li Yufeng 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
The conceptual paradigm of Thomas Sebeok’s modeling systems theory builds a theoretical foundation that modeling and knowing converge and coexist in the process of life evolution, and affords multiple narrative spaces for foreign language education, allowing us to address living and learning concurrently in the process of meaning modeling. The present paper argues that the concept of modeling has elevated us above the long-standing emphasis on the most valuable knowledge with the same (target) language standards and the same discourse power, and has captured the interest of language educators to establish a semiotic connection between knowledge content and knowledge representation through a representation model, the English textbook, which is generally considered as an important carrier of language knowledge. The study of the concept of English textbooks promotes sustainable regeneration of semiotic information on multi-level spatial interpretability so that learning can be regarded as exploration and growth of experience. Based on what these analyses reveal, the paper concludes by confirming that the textbook can effectively construct a diverse cultural signification order, considering the learner’s greater flexibility and social responsibility and providing the curriculum with a modeling nature for meaning negotiation among all parties involved.
The end of Sebeok’s century meets twenty-first century pandemic: modeling through and beyond Sebeok’s systems, semiotics, science
Authors: Cannizzaro Sara , Anderson Myrdene 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Thomas A. Sebeok’s name became all but synonymous with semiotics during the last half of the twentieth century. Sebeok located neglected semioticians in antiquity, and convinced many contemporary scholars that they were semioticians. One of his most fruitful encounters was with Juri Lotman of the Tartu–Moscow School of Semiotics, who had published in 1967 an ambitious model of human sign systems in which language would constitute a primary modeling system, and cultural phenomena a secondary modeling system. We inspect how Sebeok amended Lotman’s system, inserting another primary modeling system before language. This brings biological precursors to human language as a syntactic and learned faculty that builds on many nonsyntactic and sometimes nonconscious senses, including emotion, affect, and memory. We note how, in Sebeok’s final book in 2000 on modeling systems theory, co-authored with Marcel Danesi, there is a suggestion that the three layers of modeling systems may be colored by Peircean notions of firstness, secondness, and thirdness; we clarify how these layers are analogue. Finally, the fundamentals of the primary modeling system leak into languaging, as better understood through post-Sebeok cognitive and neurological sciences, and rendering less mysterious some of the strange effects of the COVID-19 pandemic’s proxemics crisis.
First approaches to an underexplored dialect region: Trudgill’s Upper Southwest
Authors: Asprey Esther , Jeffries Ella , Kailoglou Eleftherios 
Published: November 2021

Abstract
Although dialectology in England received two major boosts at the end of the 19th century and the middle of the 20th century (Ellis 1889 and Orton & Barry 1956-8), discussion of dialect change since that time has avoided discussion of many areas, concentrated as it was in those Universities with a tradition of dialectology (Essex, Leeds, Sheffield, Newcastle). Though many areas have since been re-examined in England; notably Bristol dialect (Blaxter & Coates 2019), Newcastle dialect (Milroy 1994, Milroy et al. 1999) Sunderland dialect (Burbano-Elizondo 2007), and Manchester dialect (Baranowski & Turton 2015, Bermúdez-Otero et al. 2015) there remain many areas which were never fully explored at the time of the Survey of English Dialects (Birmingham as an urban area for example was completely bypassed by that survey), as well as many areas which remain little known and studied. This paper brings together what is known about the dialects of the Upper Southwest and suggests pointers for directions in future research there based on the data from Worcestershire and Herefordshire that we discuss.
Miradas aéreas en la literatura de Santiago de Chile. Desde Le Corbusier al frequent flyer contemporáneo
Authors: Willem Bieke 
Published: November 2021

Resumen
La vista aérea introdujo en la primera mitad del siglo XX una nueva forma de percepción que cambió por completo el concepto de paisaje y desempeñó un papel fundamental en el desarrollo de un imaginario urbano moderno. El siguiente artículo resume en un primer momento las características de esta mirada aérea moderna a través de los apuntes que el arquitecto y urbanista Le Corbusier tomó durante sus viajes por América Latina. Luego, se examinan los vestigios de aquella mirada en la literatura latinoamericana contemporánea. Más en concreto, el artículo se centra en cuatro ejemplos literarios de aterrizajes en Santiago de Chile con el fin de estudiar cómo el deseo de unidad urbana se filtra en la literatura a través de la vista aérea. Estrella distante de Roberto Bolaño, Synco de Jorge Baradit, Una casa vacía de Carlos Cerda y Sangre en el ojo de Lina Meruane se construyen alrededor de tres tipos de miradas que se vierten sobre la capital: la del poeta-conquistador, la del turista y la del chileno que regresa. Estas miradas verticales vehiculan un distanciamiento gradual con respecto a la realidad urbana y sus problemas de fragmentación.