bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathophysiology in Surgery
Authors: SANTULLI THOMAS V. 
Published: December 2021

In this period of heavy and bulky multiauthored textbooks with the uneven degrees of excellence in the large number of subjects contained between their widely separated leaves, it is refreshing to read through one of single authorship which is concise and uniform in its approach. Doctor Hardy is to be congratulated on cramming the essentials of surgical physiology into 644 well written pages which most surgeons and pediatricians will find worth reading.
In preparing this book the author compiled material which encompasses the common physiologic problems that are encountered in general surgery. His major effort seems to have been directed to presenting this material in relation to actual patient care and in this he has been successful.
MESENTERIC CYSTS IN INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD
Authors: Arnheim Ernest E. , Schneck Herman , Norman Alex , Dreizin David H. 
Published: December 2021

The pathologic, clinical and radiologic features, diagnosis and treatment of mesenteric cysts in infancy and childhood, based upon a study of 82 cases in the literature, are discussed. An additional case of mesenteric cyst is presented.
Mesenteric cysts were usually noted in male children from 2 to 10 years of age, presenting with abdominal enlargement and abdominal pain, and revealing characteristic roentgenographic findings.
Excision of the cyst was often complicated by adhesions to the intestinal wall; simultaneous resection of the involved intestine has become a safe procedure, with an operative mortality of 7% in recent years.
THE SEARCH FOR KNOWLEDGE OF THE CHILD AND THE SIGNIFICANCE OF HIS GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT—EXAMPLES FROM THE HARVARD LONGITUDINAL STUDIES
Authors: Stuart Harold C. 
Published: December 2021

First, I wish to express my deep appreciation for the Borden Award of the American Academy of Pediatrics and the recognition which it conveys, not only for my studies over the past 30 years but for the work of my associates who have contributed to them in many ways.
Before discussing the studies for which I have been responsible I wish to emphasize that search for knowledge of the child has been undertaken by many people at different periods in many places and that pioneering in this particular field was underway in several places before I became interested in it. Also, several groups have been pioneering concurrently with us in the same or closely related fields. The Academy has already conferred a Borden Award on Washburn, who has been conducting most extensive longitudinal studies of children. That project and the one at the Fels Foundation, Antioch College, Ohio, under the direction of Sontag, were started at about the same time and are still continuing and expanding under the original direction. Time does not permit even naming the other projects which have been in operation over recent years in this and related fields.
During the first two decades or more of the present century various cross-sectional studies were made and norms were developed to describe populations of children by age, supposedly to help to distinguish the abnormal from the normal child. The concept gradually emerged however, that to fully understand the significance of a child's developmental status it was necessary to follow his progress periodically and to obtain concurrently information as to the major features of his life experiences.
I had the good fortune in 1928-1929 through two chance occurrences to be brought into this field of inquiry and to have close contacts with several leaders in it.
COPPER AND PROTEIN DEPLETION COMPLICATING HYPOFERRIC ANEMIA OF INFANCY
Authors: Schubert William K. , Lahey M. E. 
Published: December 2021

Fourteen infants are described with a syndrome consisting of iron-deficiency anemia, hypocupremia and hypoproteinemia. Significant retardation of growth was noted in one-half of the patients. Evidence is presented to indicate that the hypocupremia is due to copper depletion and is not secondary to the hypoproteinemia. Abnormalities in the absorption and utilization of iron were not observed. Study of an additional 54 infants with iron deficiency anemia and normal or elevated levels of copper in the serum reveals a significant degree of growth retardation and hypoalbuminemia, both of which correlate well with the severity of the anemia.
Hypotheses consistent with the results obtained are discussed. The possibility is proposed that initial severe deficiency of iron, resulting in marked anemia, led to protein depletion, and this in turn to impaired copper retention and consequent development of the complete syndrome.
Krankheiten Der Neugeborenen (Disease of the Newborn)
Authors: ULICH KONRAD 
Published: December 2021

A short compendium for students and physicians interested in the treatment of disease of the newborn period coming from behind the "Iron Curtain." The book shows an extensive knowledge of the "Free-World" medical literature on such subjects as erythroblastosis fetalis, cytomegalic inclusion disease, toxoplasmosis and other diseases of recent interest.
A chapter on infant mortality is extensive and shows a similar decline of the death rate over the last decades as in the United States. The over-all mortality during the first year of life per 1,000 live-born in 1954 shows 49.6 deaths/1,000 in East Germany and 42.2 deaths/ 1,000 in West Germany. Infant mortality in the United States amounted to 26.4 deaths/1,000 in 1955.
Letters to the Editor
Authors: ANDERSON DAVID W. , HOWARD HARTLEY W. 
Published: December 2021

Van Wyk et al. have reported a case of goiter and hypothyroidism in an infant maintained 8 months on a diet of soybean milk (Mull-Soy®). Their studies of this case and comparison with apparently normal individuals have led them to infer the presence in soy of a goitrogen which, in susceptible persons, modifies thyroid metabolism.
We are studying the effect of soybean products on thyroid activity in rats and it seems desirable to present certain preliminary observations at this time.
Rats, housed in individual wire-screen cages, were fed diets simulating soybean milk in composition and fortified with vitamins and iron to meet the known requirements. Water, ion-exchanged to remove traces of iodine, was provided ad libitum.
TRANSIENT SYNOVITIS OF THE HIP JOINT IN CHILDREN
Authors: Spock Alexander 
Published: December 2021

A clinical review of 47 eases of transient synovitis of the hip joint occurring in patients less than 14 years of age is presented.
Evidence from clinical, bacteriologic and serologic data is presented to show that in four patients acute streptococcal infection was associated with the development of transient synovitis. In one other patient clinical and serologic data disclosed a similar parallelism with an infection by the Coxsackie B virus. These findings suggest that these agents may be among those etiologically responsible for this syndrome.
An obese or stocky physique probably predisposes a child to this disease.
Patients with transient synovitis do not have any diagnostic abnormalities which can be detected by roentgenographic examination.
Prevention of weight bearing by bed rest until the patient is completely asymptomatic provides the best form of therapy, and failure to follow such treatment results in prolongation of the illness. Antibiotics do not appear to influence the course of the disease.
Three patients in this series developed Legg-Perthes disease within an interval of 3 to 17 months after convalescing from transient synovitis of the hip.
IN PURSUIT OF THE STREPTOCOCCUS
Authors: Hollinger Nell F. , Rantz Lowell 
Published: December 2021

Two new laboratory techniques for recovery and identification of beta-hemolytic streptococci are reviewed. One of these is an augmented culture medium containing nucleic acid, maltose and neomycin in addition to the classic agar base. Increased use of throat culture has followed a field trial of this augmented medium, with which pediatricians experienced no difficulty in distinguishing beta-hemolysis in the recognition of streptococci. The other technique, identification of streptococci with fluorescent antibody, affords a rapid means of grouping and typing on direct throat smears in those locations in which the equipment and specific fluorescein-tagged antisera are available.
Results are reported on the recovery of beta-hemolytic streptococci after transport on inert material (a Dacron-tipped throat swab in a tube with desiccant and on a Filter Paper Strip in a kit). Field trials in pediatric clinics and offices resulted in recovery of 90.5% of all positives using the Filter Paper Strip and 50.5% of the positives when swabbings were plated as controls from paired throat cultures on 1,017 children. The Filter Paper Strip technique is recommended as a reliable means of bringing the laboratory to the pediatrician. Similar trials of the Dacron swab with desiccant accounted for 80% of the positives from paired throat cultures on 552 children, with 73% positives from control cultures. The Dacron-tipped swab with desiccant technique was ready for reference laboratory study.
In the field trials of the Filter Paper Strip and Dacron-tipped swab techniques, the beta-hemolytic streptococci were isolated and classified by group and type. Of 193 positives, 82% were Group A, the rest were Group B, C or G; one-fifth were Group A, type 12. Percent by group and type is essentially the same as that reported in an earlier study of the same population. The proportion of Group C and G streptococci is high, one-seventh of the total. The proportion of Group A, type 12 organisms appears to warrant study of possible association between streptococci and glomerulonephritis in these population groups.
The new augmented culture medium, the rapid grouping and typing with fluorescent antibody, and the recently developed technique for transport on inert material enhance the value of laboratory aids to the clinician in recovery and in the identification of beta-hemolytic streptococci from throat cultures.
TRANSMISSION OF HOSPITAL STAPHYLOCOCCI AMONG NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: Hurst Valerie 
Published: December 2021

The rate and sequence in which various body areas of the newborn infant acquire coagulase-positive staphylococci was studied in two hospitals at a time when nursery infections were not occurring. The infants became colonized rapidly on numerous body surfaces in one nursery, and more slowly and less extensively in the other. Skin and rectal cultures usually became positive before those from the nose, throat, and eye. The groin and axilla of infants in one nursery tended to become colonized before the umbilical cord; in the other nursery, colonization of the umbilical cord often preceded that of the groin or the axilla. Different body sites of an individual infant often became colonized with different strains of staphylococci, as determined by phage typing, and two strains sometimes were detected in a single site.
The carrier state of the newborn infant can be assessed accurately only by culturing many body sites and by phage typing many colonies. Cultures of skin, rectum, and umbilical cord are likely to be more informative than nasal cultures, because the nose is often the last site to become colonized. The culture procedure which is most likely to portray the carrier state may have to be determined independently for each hospital nursery to be studied.
It may be difficult to prevent acquisition of hospital strains by applying bacteriostatic substances to the umbilical cord stump or portions of the skin because of the extent to which staphylococci multiply upon the skin, mucous membranes, and perhaps within the intestinal tract.
EPIDERMOLYSIS BULLOSA LETALIS
Authors: Roberts Maureen H. , Howell Denis R. S. , Bramhall James L. , Reubner Boris 
Published: December 2021

Three cases of epidermolysis bulbosa letalis are described. The infants were born within 10 miles of one another and the three mothers were related, but showed no evidence of the disease. The fathers also were apparently healthy.
At birth all the infants had bullous skin lesions. These progressed in spite of meticulous nursing care, massive doses of antibiotics, corticosteroid therapy and increased dietary protein. The babies became pyrexial and the levels of serum albumin decreased markedly. At necropsy none of the infants had any significant lesions apart from the skin. It therefore seems that loss of serum albumin and electrolytes, and dermal sepsis were responsible for the deaths. Corticosteroid therapy appeared to be of no value. Replacement of lost fluids, on the other hand, would seem to be logical in such cases and should probably be a routine procedure.
Abnormalities were observed in the histology of the skin. The earliest lesion was a vesicular degeneration of the basal cells of the epidermis, followed by cleavage at the dermoepidermal junction. In the opinion of the authors, these early lesions produce a diagnostic histologic picture differing from other bullous dermatoses, except possibly some of the other variants of epidermolysis bullosa. A study of the epidermis in future cases of this disease by histochemistry or electron microscopy is likely to elucidate further the nature of the congenital defect in the basal part of the epidermis.
PITUITARY GONADOTROPINS IN GONADAL DYSGENESIS
Authors: Grossman Elmer R. 
Published: December 2021

Four prepubertal girls with gonadal dysgenesis whose urine contained pituitary gonadotropin have been studied at various ages at the University of California Medical Center; considerable variation in urinary gonadotropin has been noted in three.
Urinary gonadotropin levels should be determined in each case where the diagnosis of gonadal dysgenesis is entertained. More than a single 24-hour specimen of urine should be tested, as a single negative specimen may be followed by one containing a diagnostically significant amount of gonadotropic activity. [See FIG. 1. in Source Pdf.]
A CONTROLLED TRIAL OF EDATHAMIL CALCIUM DISODIUM IN ACRODYNIA
Authors: McCoy James E. , Carré Ivo J. , Freeman Mavis 
Published: December 2021

A small controlled trial of edathamil calcium disodium in acrodynia (pink disease) showed no statistically significant effect on the progress of the disease nor was there any evidence that elimination of mercury from the body can be accelerated by the use of this chelating agent.
Some comments are made on the role of mercury and of therapy in acrodynia.
Prediction of Growth
Authors: ANDERSON MARGARET , GREEN WILLIAM T. 
Published: December 2021

We should like to be among the first to congratulate Stuart and Reed and their associates for their very significant contribution to child development research, which appeared in the November Supplement to Pediatrics (24:875, 1959). All who have dealt with the difficult problem of handling unwieldy, longitudinal data will particularly appreciate the careful organization and presentation of this valuable material and the original method here employed for its analysis.
Of especial interest to us was the section on "Patterns of skeletal development in the hand." At the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, April 5, 1957, we discussed some of our experiences with patterns of skeletal development and we quote from this report:
A Visit to the Soviet Union
Authors: KALB MARVIN L. 
Published: December 2021

In his article in the July, 1959 issue of Pediatrics (24:113, 1959) Dr. Stokes makes an immensely valid point. Russia is changing, and changing quickly. There's no question, I feel, that Moscow's booming rates of economic growth have finally begun to be translated into more shoes, more dresses, and more apartments, and the Russian people seem to be pleased, and rather proud of their recent material progress.
It's a good thing that the American people are refocusing their thinking about the Soviet Union. The Russian people are not barbarians; they're rather nice, in fact. They don't all wear threadbare shawls—though many peasant women still do—and they're not swaddled so inhibitingly that they all develop perverted personalities, as some of our top sociologists would still have us believe. The fact is the old walls of distortion and preconception have begun to crumble under the impact of increasingly intelligent reporting about Russia and the Russians.
RUBELLA AS A CAUSE OF THROMBOCYTOPENIC PURPURA
Authors: Ferguson Arthur W. 
Published: December 2021

Case histories are presented of two children in whom thrombocytopenic purpura followed rubella, and a third case is described in which purpura may have been secondary to a modified rubella infection. The serum of two of the children appeared to contain platelet agglutinins. The clinical features of these 2 and 17 other published cases of post-rubella purpura are summarized and discussed.
Some clinical and pathologic aspects of acute thrombocytopenic purpura in childhood are discussed, and it is suggested that infections mild enough to pass unrecognized, such as rubella, may precipitate the disease more frequently than is suspected.
CONSERVATIVE MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE
Authors: Kaplan S. A. , Strauss J. , Yuceoglu A. M. 
Published: December 2021

The observations during treatment of three children with acute renal failure by a conservative regimen of therapy are presented. One patient died. The regimen has also been applied to six adults with renal failure; one died.
The urine in the early stages of renal failure may be iso-osmotic with plasma and may represent unmodified fluid from the proximal tubules.
Cardiac failure associated with hyperkalemia or administration of excessive quantities of fluids is the most frequent cause of death in this disorder.
A regimen of therapy is described which embodies the following principles:
a) Limitation of daily fluid intake to insensible loss plus the urine volume of the previous day.
b) Restriction of sodium intake from the beginning to anticipate the development of acidosis.
c) Use of cation exchange resins to prevent excessive increase in the concentration of potassium in the serum.
d) Provision of adequate caloric intake through the administration of emulsified fat intravenously.
e) Treatment of hyperphosphatemia and hypocalcemia when they occur.
f) Continuation of careful supervision and therapy, even after the diuretic phase begins, since renal function continues to be severely restricted for several days afterwards.
Differentialdiagnose Neurologischer Krankheitsbilder
Authors: ZELLWEGER HANS 
Published: December 2021

Bodechtel and his group approach the task of writing a differential diagnosis in two ways. They devote a small section of the book to describing a few important signs and symptoms, such as headache, unconsciousness and cerebral paroxysms, as separate topics, giving their clinical significance, diagnostic value and special attributes in the various diseases and conditions. The subject matter in the remaining divisions of the book is organized nosologically and the different neurologic diseases are discussed.
Etiology and pathogenesis are mentioned but briefly. A thorough discussion of therapeutic problems is not within the scope of this book. Emphasis is given to clinical symptomatology and course and laboratory findings with special reference to their diagnostic significance.
INFECTIONS AND VIRILIZING ADRENAL HYPERPLASIA
Authors: VOORHESS MARY L. , GARDNER LYTT I. 
Published: December 2021

PHYSICIANS who treat children with virilizing adrenal hyperplasia frequently question the proper course of therapy that should be followed when these patients are exposed to infectious diseases. Misconceptions have developed because of a tendency to confuse these patients, who need adrenocorticosteroids only for replacement therapy, with patients having other syndromes who are receiving suppression therapy.
Children with virilizing adrenal hyperplasia are given long-term treatment with physiologic amounts of adrenocorticosteroids to replace those steroids which their adrenal glands are unable to produce. It is hoped that their abnormally large adrenal glands can thus be reduced to a normal size. This is replacement therapy.
Children with asthma, leukemia, nephrosis, etc., may be given large doses of steroids in an empiric effort to induce remissions in these diseases.
MUMPS VIRUS INFECTION SIMULATING PARALYTIC POLIOMYELITIS
Authors: Lennette Edwin H. , Caplan Gerald E. , Magoffin Robert L. 
Published: December 2021

Eleven cases clinically considered to be mild paralytic poliomyelitis are reported in which there was clearcut serologic evidence of mumps virus infection. Poliomyelitis viruses were not isolated from the stools and complement-fixing and neutralizing antibodies to poliomyelitis were either absent (4 cases) or did not significantly change in titer between the acute- and convalescent-phase specimens of serum.
Clinically, fever, headache, vomiting, nuchal rigidity, stiff back, muscle pain and slight to moderate weakness of several muscle groups were prominent manifestations. The cerebrospinal fluid uniformly contained over 100 leukocytes and commonly over 300, predominantly lymphocytes. Only 2 of the 11 cases developed evidence of parotitis, and in these, parotitis did not antecede the central nervous system manifestations. Electroencephalograms were abnormal in 3 of 8 cases.
All 11 cases had evident muscle weakness at the end of the acute phase of illness, and four had slight residual weakness on convalescent examination 2 to 5 months after onset. There was no significant predilection for any muscle group.
These observations emphasize that central nervous system involvement with the virus of mumps may be manifested as a syndrome of meningomyelitis and be erroneously diagnosed as paralytic poliomyelitis. Weakness is usually highly transitory but residual involvement may persist for some months. As the incidence of paralytic poliomyelitis is reduced by widespread immunization mumps virus may assume increasing relative importance as a cause of "poliomyelitis-like" disease.
COMPARISON OF ACTIVITIES OF ISOCITRIC DEHYDROGENASE AND GLUTAMIC-OXALACETIC TRANSAMINASE IN SERUM IN INFECTIOUS HEPATITIS
Authors: Bodansky Oscar , Schwartz Morton K. , Krugman Saul , Giles Joan P. , Jacobs A. Milton 
Published: December 2021

Activities of isocitric dehydrogenase (ICD) and glutamic-oxalacetic transaminase (GOT) in serum were determined concurrently and sequentially in 42 patients exposed to hepatitis virus.
In nine patients who developed clear clinical evidence of the disease, the maximal values for both enzymes were attained on the same day, but the relative rise in GOT was substantially greater. Considerations are presented for the preferential use of the latter enzyme as an aid in diagnosis of hepatitis.
THE HAZARD OF INDUCTION OF SWEATING IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS
Authors: Gorvoy Jack D. , Acs Hedda , Stein Martin L. 
Published: December 2021

A fatality in a 2-year-old child with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas, which resulted from an attempt to collect sweat using a plastic bag to enclose the patient, is described. It is reported as a reminder of the potential danger of this procedure and of the need for caution in its performance.
This method should not be used in infants less than 3 months of age, because they produce so little sensible sweat.
A child to be subjected to this procedure should have a normal temperature, good hydration and little pulmonary involvement. The addition of external heat should be avoided.
The duration of time the patient is kept in the plastic bag should rarely exceed 1 hour, and the temperature of the child should be determined repeatedly during the procedure. There should be constant close supervision by medical personnel.