bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Methodology for Characterization of Surface Roughness of Solid Metallic Surfaces Using Oil Slippage Method
Authors: Ohijeagbon I. O. , Adeleke A. A. , Ikubanni P. P. , Orhadahwe T. A. , Adebayo G. E. , Adekunle A. S. , Omotosho A. O. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The study employed the phenomenon of friction between liquid droplets and solid metallic surfaces in surface roughness analysis of engineering materials. Five samples of mild steel plate were prepared to different degrees of surface roughness by facing operation. The sample surfaces were analysed to determine the roughness parameters (mean roughness, root mean square roughness, roughness skewness, and roughness kurtosis) and friction coefficient of the surfaces. Oil droplet sliding velocity was determined using the oil slippage test. The friction coefficient of the surfaces increased with increasing roughness parameter which varied from 26.334 µm at friction coefficient = 0.63 to 13.153 µm at friction coefficient = 0.46. The results from oil slippage test showed that the sliding velocity of the oil drop decreased as the friction coefficient of samples increased. At an inclination angle of 30°, sliding velocity varied from 0.51 cm/s at friction coefficient = 0.63 to 0.92 cm/s at friction coefficient = 0.46. Some of the samples exhibited a deviation in the trend of relationship between friction coefficient and sliding velocity which resulted from the variation in peak height of roughness between the sample surfaces. Oil slippage method predicts the surface behaviours of materials based on their surface parameters.
Existence and multiplicity results for a Steklov problem involving (p(x), q(x))-Laplacian operator
Authors: Karim Belhadj , Lakhdi A. , Ammi M. R. Sidi , Zerouali A. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In this work, we are concerned with a generalized Steklov problem with (p(x), q(x))-Laplacian operator. Under some appropriate conditions on the data involved in the elliptic problem, we prove the existence of at least three solutions using Ricceri’s three critical points theorem.
On some results on interpolative Kannan-type and CRR-type contractions.
Authors: Amri Amnay El , Foutayeni Youssef El , Marhrani Late El Miloudi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Recently, Karapinar, Aydi and De Hierro introduced the notions of interpolative Kannan-type contractions and interpolative CRR-type contractions and proved that they possess a fixed point when the space is complete. In this paper, we show that the existence of fixed points for interpolative Kannan-type and CRR-type contractions remains true for a metric space which is not necessarily complete and we give a more precise result concerning the behaviour of Picard sequences of arbitrary initial point. We also study some particular classes of interpolative Kannan-type and CRR-type contractions.
The Influence of Technological Peculiarities on Fermented Sausages’ Quality and Sensory Properties
Authors: Gramatina Ilze , Sauka Janis , Semjonovs Aleksandrs , Strode Sintija , Straumite Evita 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Fermentation is one of the ancient technological processes used in food production which influences the shelf-life of meat and meat products, also significantly affects the sensory properties like aroma and flavour. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the elaborated technology for a new fermented sausage production on the product quality and sensory properties. Sausages were produced by the standard technology using glucono-delta-lactone or starter culture. The drying of samples differs from 3 to 4 weeks at the same conditions; samples were dried for 4 weeks which produced with the starter culture, and 3 weeks which produced with glucono-delta-lactone. The sausages were tested at the end of the production, analysing pH, water activity, moisture and salt content, as well as the presence of Listeria monocytogenes, colony forming units of Listeria monocytogenes and Enterobacteriaceae in the sausage samples were analysed. The sensory evaluation was organised after getting Listeria monocytogenes testing results.
The moisture content, water activity and salt content significantly differed (p < 0.05) among samples, no differences were established in pH, taste and flavour liking. The presence of Listeria monocytogenes was not established in samples which indicates that the producer properly applies a hurdle technology in fermented sausage production.
Sensory evaluation results showed higher scores for texture and appearance in fermented sausages with glucono-delta-lactone. The study results confirmed that fermented sausages with glucono-delta-lactone during 3 weeks of drying can achieve corresponding safety criteria and sensory properties which are set for semidry fermented sausages.
The Efficiency of Different Wood Coatings against Water Surface Absorption
Authors: Iejavs Jānis , Ruļuks Oskars , Laiveniece Laura , Jakovļevs Vilnis , Pugovičs Kārlis , Liše Sigita , Spulle Uldis 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
In the market of the Latvia different wood surface coating materials suitable for use in outdoor conditions are offered, but available information on the efficiency of these against direct water exposure is insufficient. For structural timber building elements, such as glued laminated timber (GLT), the surface coating should be applied taking into account technological, visual or colour changes (ISO 7724:1984) and – last, but not least – economic aspects are considered. Wood surfaces coated with coating materials, such as varnishes, paints, etc. can stabilize some properties such as movement of moisture content, dimensional changes and attack by microorganisms and fungi. The changes in the moisture content of timber may influence such important parameters as mechanical properties and the total life time of the structural timber elements. A study has been conducted with the aim of assessing the efficiency of coating materials used for wood protection against water absorption. In this study, six different commercial coating products used for the treatment of spruce (Picea Abies L. Karst.) and pine (Pinus Sylvestris L.) samples were tested. The efficiency of different coating substances was assessed using two modified test methods according to the standards EN 382-2 (1994) and EN 927-5 (2006), determining the surface water absorption after immersion in water for 24 h and the dynamics of water absorption of the glued laminated timber for 696 h kept in water. As a result of the study, it has been ascertained that organic solvent-based commercial coating products are more efficient against short-term and long-term wood water absorption compared to oil-based coating materials.
Project Valuation and Risk Assessment in Food Product Development: Evidence from Fuzzy Real Option Valuation
Authors: Pilvere Irina , Silovs Mihails , Ozolins Janis , Nipers Aleksejs , Dmitrijeva Olga 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
To survive in today's competitive environment, companies must continuously develop and offer customers new products. To increase the probability of a successful business case of investing in the development of a new product, careful attention must be paid to risk analysis in terms of the present value of future potential income. The article considers an example of the research work of the Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, in the framework of which a technical and technological project was developed to produce a new product, like Mediterranean anchovy, from cheaper Baltic sprats. The main goal of this work is to explore the application multi-factor sensitivity and fuzzy real option analysis to the valuation of new product development project.
The multivariate analysis of the sensitivity of the financial model of the greenfield production project described in this article revealed the main risk groups, as well as their degree of influence on the assessment of the Net Present Value of the project by a potential investor. The use of Fuzzy Real Option Valuation made it possible to evaluate the project with uncertain parameters, as well as to calculate the potential upside from preliminary refinement of parameters to eliminate negative scenarios.
The described approach is applicable to risk assessment of new food product development and allows investors to make a more informed decision about participation in such projects.
Resilience of Milk Supply Chains during and after the COVID-19 Crisis in Latvia
Authors: Pilvere Irina , Upite Ilze , Muska Aina , Zdanovskis Kristaps , Nipers Aleksejs , Janmere Lana 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on national economies are characterized as the worst economic turmoil in recent years, as economic growth slowed to the level of the 2008 global financial crisis. At the end of 2019 and the beginning of 2020, economic growth surveys did not project that the novel virus could have a negative impact on economic growth. As a result of the rapid spread of the virus and the increase in the number of infection cases, national governments took strict measures to limit the spread of the virus, which led to a significant deterioration in the economic situation in all industries of the economy. Agriculture plays an important role in providing food to the country’s population, yet the pandemic made a negative impact on sales volumes and prices in the domestic and international markets. The research aims to assess the impacts of the pandemic on milk supply chains in Latvia and come up with solutions to stabilizing the situation in the dairy sector. The national restrictions to combat the pandemic also hampered the dairy sector concerning the sale of raw milk and finished products in foreign markets, thereby leading to overproduction and stockpiling of the finished products, price dumping and a significant decrease in milk purchase prices to or below the production cost level for many dairy farms. Although there is no indication that the pandemic would lead to a decrease in the numbers of livestock and farms or output in early 2021, it is too early to assess the overall impact of the pandemic on dairy farming, as uncertainty over the duration of pandemic restrictions is a major risk to farm survival. The operation of the dairy sector was stabilized by means of the support provided by the government, as well as the farms’ accumulated financial and feed resources. In order to identify future challenges for milk supply chains, the research performed an analysis of operational risks for milk producers and processors to identify the most important risks and design recommendations for their elimination. The longer there is uncertainty about the return of the dairy sector to pre-pandemic output levels, the more likely it is that the pandemic is going to lead to a decrease in the numbers of dairy livestock and farms.
State Decoupling Audit of Low-Carbon Agricultural Production
Authors: Datsii Oleksandr , Levchenko Nataliia , Shyshkanova Ganna , Dmytrenko Ruslan , Abuselidze George 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
It is stated that the strategic benchmark for transformational changes in the economy is currently low-carbon production, the achievement of which is possible to provide with the consistent application of an arsenal of strict control measures, in particular, the introduction of state audit of low-carbon production. The effectiveness of the mechanism for ensuring the implementation of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change has been assessed. The necessity of implementation in the domestic practice of the state audit of low-carbon production by the decoupling approach is proved. The agri-business portfolio has been formed according to the decoupling approach as one of the leaders in greenhouse gas pollution. The author's economic and mathematical models of estimation according to the decoupling approach of the impact of branches of crop and livestock production on environmental pollution are proposed. The dependence of greenhouse gas emissions on the volume of gross output of agricultural production, capital investment and current expenditures on environmental protection has been established. The results of a comparative analysis of the realism of forecasts of changes in greenhouse gas emissions according to the methodology of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine and the author's methodology are highlighted. A roadmap for the introduction of a state low-carbon decoupling audit of the state decoupling audit has been proposed as part of the preparation of the second nationally determined contribution to the Paris Agreement. The expediency of supplementing GRI 300 “Environmental Disclosures” with the group of indicators GRI-305.5 “Reduction of GHG emissions”, formed by the decoupling approach, is substantiated.
Usefulness of the CPTU method in evaluating shear modulus G0
changes in the subsoil
Authors: Młynarek Zbigniew , Wierzbicki Jędrzej , Lunne Tom 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article contains the analysis of the correlation between the cone resistance qc
from CPTU tests and shear modulus G0
determined from seismic tests SDMT and SCPTU. The analysis was performed for sands located in Poland, characterised by differential grain size distribution and origin. The significant impact of the independent variables; grain size, preconsolidation stress σ’p
, geostatic vertical stress σ’v0
and relative density index on the dependencies analysed, were examined in three stages. Firstly, a general relationship between the cone resistance and shear modulus G0
was established; in the second stage, an analysis was carried out in selected groups of subsoil; and in the third stage, the influence of other independent variables was taken into account. In each stage, the functional form of the dependency was determined, and their statistical significance was assessed throughout coefficient of determination R2. For more variables, multivariable regression analysis was applied for assessment. Conducted analysis showed that the overall view of the relation between the cone resistance qc
and shear modulus G0
has low evaluation of the statistical significance. This fact is consistent with the theoretical assessment of this relationship. To obtain a satisfactory assessment of this dependency, it is necessary to construct empirical equations for individual groups of soil, taking into account other independent variables; preconsolidation stress σ’p
, vertical stress σ’vo
and relative density index. This approach allows to assess the local correlation relationship, which is very useful during the geological project.
The vegetation of the forest-alpine transition in the Grunningsdalen area, Telemark, S. Norway.
Authors: Økland R. H. , Bendiksen E. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This study is divided into two parts. The general part contains a review of theories of the nature of vegetation. It is concluded that present evidence points in the direction of species individuality and vegetational continuum as responses to continuous environmental gradients, on a regional, and mostly also on a local scale. Accordingly, a gradient approach to classification of the forest and alpine vegetation of the investigated area was designed as an alternative to traditional phytosociological classification. The importance of the concept of corresponding vegetation types in different regions is stressed. It is argued that four environmental gradients explain the major variation in Southern Norwegian forest and alpine vegetation. In the special part, the vegetation of the Grunningsdalen area is treated. Two gradients, the vertical gradient and the complex-gradient topographic moisture snow cover, are considered sufficient to explain the major variation in forest and alpine vegetation in the area. The vegetation is classified into 16 site-types by division of the gradients into four zones (according to altitude) and four series (according to moisture - snow cover) by means of floristic criteria known to reflect particular ecological conditions. For each of the site-types a description of the vegetation and an extensive comparison with corresponding Fennoscandian vegetation is given. On the basis of results from the present study area regional variation in Southern Norwegian poor vegetation corresponding to the xeric, subxeric, and submesic series, and phytosociological classification in the forestalpine transition are discussed. Various numerical classification and ordination methods are used in an analysis of the floristic composition of the site-types and the autecology of the species. The main phytosociological gradient in the investigated vegetation runs from dry and high altitude to wet and low altitude, most closely approaching the moisture gradient. Diversity relations are discussed. It is strongly emphasized that a hierarchic system is unable to give a consistent classification of a vegetation that must be regarded as a multidimensional network of variation along environmental gradients. Viewed in the light of the results of this study, a gradient approach to classification seems most suitable for a variety of Fennoscandian ecosystems.
Distribution of bryophytes on Fuerteventura and Lanzarote, the Canary Islands.
Authors: Malme L. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Forty mosses and twenty-six hepatics are reported for the first time from Fuerteventura, and fifteen mosses and nine hepatics are reported for the first time from Lanzarote, among them Gigaspermum mouretii Corb. which is new to Macaronesia. All taxa recorded so far are listed and their distribution outlined. Distribution maps are given for some of the more common species. The zonation of bryophytes is considered, and a survey of their phytogeographical affinities is given. some ecological factors are discussed, and it is suggested that the bryophyte flora of these two islands is primarily restricted by climatic factors.
A phytoecological study of the mire Northern Kisselbergmosen, SE. Norway. I. Introduction, flora, vegetation and ecological conditions.
Authors: Økland R.H. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A part of the mire complex N. Kisselbergmosen, termed the special area, is subjected to a detailed investigation of hydrotopography, species distributions, and ecological conditions. Species occurrences and distributions are related to four main complex-gradients; (1) the mire expanse - mire margin gradient, (2) the nutrient gradient, (3) the gradient in depth to the water table, and (4) a peat productivity gradient. The former two are termed broad-scale, the latter fine-scale gradients.
A hydrotopographical mapping was made, including establishment of a detailed map of mire features and subfeatures, and construction of a map showing the topography of the water table. Two or three synsegments and seven catchments make up the special area. Broad-scale distributions of species were mapped in a contiguous 4x4 m grid, resulting in a classification of species to nine D-groups. Six zones reflecting variation along gradients ( 1) and (2) were discerned. The concepts of mineral soil water limit and fen plant limit were discussed by reference to hydrotopography, species distributions, and chemical composition of peat along transects.
Fine-scale patterns were studied by use of 800 randomly placed plots, analyzed with respect to vegetational composition and provided with measurements of depth to the water table. Fluctuations of depth to the water table in the period 1980-82 was related to climate. Particular emphasis was put on studying parameters of the cumulative distribution functions of depth to the water table; between-year variation, interdependence, and estimation from few observations. Species were classified to seven W-groups according to relationships with the water table, and five series were considered along this gradient. The vegetation was classified into 32 site-types by a reticulate division of the ecological space spanned by the four gradients. These site-types were described by use of 654 randomly and 765 subjectively selected plots. The site-types were compared to main types of other works, and successional relationships of site-types were inferred from observed transitions and ecological measurements. Mechanisms responsible for vegetational variation along the four gradients are thoroughly discussed.
Some corticolous and lignicolous Pyrenomycetes s. lat. (Ascomycetes) on Salix in Troms, N Norway
Authors: Mathiassen G. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A total of 29 pyrenomycetous species on Salix in Troms, N Norway are treated. Two new species are described: Herpotrichiella collapsa G. Mathiassen and Lophiotrema boreale G. Mathiassen. A new combination is proposed: Platystomwn curtwn (Fr.) G. Mathiassen. New to Scandinavia is Glyphiwn schizosporwn. Nine species are new to Norway: Anthostomella melanotes, Keissleriella cladophila, Lophiostoma quadrinucleatwn, Lophiotrema nucula, Melanomma fuscidulwn, Platystomwn curtwn, Rebentischia massalongii, Rhynchostoma minutwn and Saccardoella transsylvanica. Eleven species are new to Troms: Amphisphaerella xylostei, Berlesiella nigerrima, Chaetosphaeria pomiformis, Cryptodiaporthe salicella, Diatrype bullata, Enchnoa infernalis, Hysterographiwn elongatwn, Kirschsteiniothelia aethiops, Leptosphaeria hendersoniae, Lophiostoma macrostomoides and Platystomwn compresswn. The remaining six species have previously been reported from Troms: Arthropyrenia lapponina, Bertia moriformis var. moriformis, Cryptosphaeria subcutanea, Hypoxylon macrosporwn, H. mammatwn and Melanomma pulvis-pyrius.

A dichotomous key is followed by descriptions of the species in alphabetic order. The ecology and systematics of the different species are discussed, and some difficult genera are commented upon. Comments are given on the ecology and distribution of the different Salix species in Troms.
The genus Nemania s.l. (Xylariaceae) in Norden
Authors: Granmo A. , Læssøe T. , Schumacher T. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
A taxonomic study of Nemania Gray, Entoleuca Syd. and Euepixylon Füisting (= Nemania s.l.; Xylariaceae) was carried out for the Nordic countries: Norway, Sweden, Finland and Denmark. No species of Nemania have been found in the remaining Norden: Iceland and the Faeroes. Fourteen species of Nemania s. str. were found in the area: Nemania aenea, N. aureolutea comb. n., N. atropurpurea, N. carbonacea, N. chestersii, N. colliculosa comb. n., N. con.fluens, N. diffusa, N. effusa, N. prava n. sp., N. reticulata comb. n., N. serpens, and two unknown species (Nemania spp. A and B) not formally described because of scanty material. In addition the two split-outs fromNemania, Entoleuca mammata andEuepixylon udum, are treated. A dichotomous key has been prepared and the species are reviewed alphabetically with comments on taxonomy, ecology and chorology. All species have been drawn, photographed and mapped.
In addition to conventional taxonomic procedures, a selection of species from Nemania s.l., Biscogniauxia and Hypoxylon were subjected to an ITS nrDNA sequencing study. This study supported the delimitation of taxa as defined in this work, and confirms Nemani a as different from Hypoxylon and Biscogniauxia.

Four EuropeanNemania taxa are still unknown in Norden: Nemania gwyneddii (Whalley, R.L. Edwards & S.M. Francis) Pouzar, N. illita (Schwein.) Pouzar, Nemania serpens (Pers.: Fr.) Gray var. macrospora (J.H. Mill.) Pouzar. The fourth taxon, Hypoxylon terricola J.H. Mill. certainly also belongs to Nemania.