bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing the Performance of Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus rhamnosus on The Formation of Lactic Acid from Glucose
Authors: maryanty Yanty , Hadiantoro Sigit , Widjajanti Kristina , Kinasih Ruri Hapsari , Natalia Vicky Meritha Nanda 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
For producing lactic acid, it may use pure glucose. Lactic acid is a category in organic compounds, and it has a high sales value since being used in the food processing industry is quite diverse. Lactic acid has also has used in numerous manufacturing fields and that same food industry, including pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, chemicals, and textiles. We can make lactic acid from refined starch and cellulose fermentation materials; lactic acid is a monomer of poly-lactic acid (PLA), the primary ingredient manufacturer of environmentally friendly biodegradable plastic. Variables used in this research include up to 10-60 percent for medium BHM (Bushnell Haas Medium), 40-60 percent for medium MRS (de Man Rogosa and Sharpe), and Lactobacillus delbrueckii and Lactobacillus rhamnosus for glucose concentration. After the fermentation process, we took lactic acid, and absorbance, lactic acid, and glucose levels have measured. The study shows that best-operating conditions are 21 hours of fermentation time. Lactobacillus delbrueckii develops more vital lactic acid from both the media used, BHM, and MRS media.
Antimicrobial properties colorimetric film of Damask Rose and freshness monitoring: A review
Authors: Suzihaque M.U.H. , Mohammad Nurul Aida Binti 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This work aims to investigate the antimicrobial properties of colorimetric film using different types of anthocyanins on different types of microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Listeria innocua, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other types of microorganisms. Most of colorimetric film with addition of anthocyanins exhibits the antimicrobial properties which could prolong the shelf life of food products. Moreover, the methods to extract anthocyanins using different kinds solvent such as ethanol, methanol, tetrahydrofuran and others solvent also been studied. Finally, the effect of colorimetric films such as colour changes to monitor the freshness on different kinds of food products also been reported.
Preparation of Solid Acid – Activated Carbon as Catalyst in Aspirin Synthesis
Authors: Kurniawansyah Firman , Syifa Sarah , Pakpahan Ronal Marada , Ni’mah Hikmatun , Roesyadi Achmad 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Pharmaceutical synthesis commonly relies on a homogeneous acid catalyst, which is relatively simple in application yet problematic in product purification procedures. This study was an effort to investigate an alternative replacement for homogeneous acid catalysts with an acidified solid catalyst, developed from activated carbon. The activated carbon catalyst had been treated with sulfuric acid before it was applied to produce aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) through catalytic acetylation route. Using atmospheric pressure reaction, conducted at 353 K, aspirin was successfully synthesized. When salicylic acid and acetic acid glacial were used as reactants, approximately 9-10 % reaction yield could be obtained. Replacement of acetic acid with acetic anhydride in the acetylation reaction produced an overall yield as high as 28 %.
Ultrasound-assisted Esterification of Glycerol for Triacetin Production
Authors: Raemas A F A , Cahyonugroho J , Wicaksono A D , Dewi R L , Hadiyanto  
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Glycerol is a by-product of biodiesel production. So far, glycerol has not been used optimally. An alternative product that can be produced from glycerol is triacetin through the esterification process. Research on the review of reaction kinetics to determine the optimum conditions of the reaction still limited. Previous study also reported that the esterification process requires quite a long reaction time. Therefore, in this study ultrasonic technology will be used to accelerate the reaction of glycerol esterification with acetic acid using sulfuric acid catalyst. The purpose of this study is to study the effect of ultrasonic technology on the conversion of esterification of glycerol/acetic acid, and to observe the kinetic study of triacetin production. To answer this goal, this study uses a set of ultrasonic devices as a substitute for the esterification of conventional models. The greatest conversion results are obtained when the reaction temperature is 1000C with a mole ratio of glycerol/mole of acetic acid 1/8. The use of ultrasonic technology in theory should have a greater impact on conversion results. The reaction order obtained is order 2 with the largest k value in the mole ratio of glycerol: acetic acid 1: 8 which is 0.0006 (l.mol−1menit−1). Due to the variation of moles ratio, the ratio at 1/6 and 1/4 did not show significant changes of reaction rate, the changes are constant for both first and second order reaction. But at the mole ratio of 1/8, the reaction rate constant shows a significant different for temperature changes.
Glycerol Steam Reforming to Biohydrogen over Zeolite Catalyst from Geothermal Solid Waste
Authors: Widayat  , Philia J , Dwilaksana M I , Luthfi A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Glycerol (C3H8O3) is a polyhydric alcohol compound with three hydroxyl groups in one molecule, polar and viscous in nature. Glycerol can be obtained through the transesterification process in the biodiesel industry, the saponification process in the soap industry and the hydrolysis process in the fatty acid industry. The research method follows two partss, which is catalyst synthesis and steam reforming process. The zeolite catalyst was characterized using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to determine crystal characteristic, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) to identify the morphology of the catalyst, and surface area by using BET method. Zeolite catalyst have analcime diffraction pattern Performance of zeolite catalyst was evaluated trough glycerol steam reforming process. The biohydrogen yield increased up to 47% by using zeolite catalyst. Reaction temperature is a parameter that affected to the biohydrogen yield.
PALM KERNEL SHELL BIOCHAR CATALYST FOR BIODIESEL PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COOKING OIL
Authors: Widayat  , Fernanda A A A , Silvie E S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel and have properties similar to conventional diesel. The process of making biodiesel requires two stages of the process, namely esterification then proceed with the transesterification. But to keep the process efficient, the esterification and transesterification are carried out simultaneously. A new type of catalyst is being developed that comes from carbonization of incomplete natural products called biochar. Biochar has better catalyst performance for FFA esterification, and higher stability than other solid acid catalysts. The research procedure consist of stages: Pretreatment Palm Kernel Shell (PKS), Increasing Surface Size and Porosity, catalyst impregnation with H2SO4 and (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O, and the biodiesel manufacture. Weight variations of the catalyst (1% wt; 1.5 wt%; 2% wt, 2.5% wt; and 3% wt) and variations of temperature (50°C; 55°C; 60°C; 65°C; 65°C and 70°C) to the %FAME biodiesel produced, is used in this research.
Production of biodegradable plastics using aking rice starch and chitosan from crab shells as a substitute for conventional plastic
Authors: Sasria N , Hernando R , Lubis M P D , Zulfikar A 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
The aim of this research is to make biodegradable plastics using starch and chitosan from crab shells as a substitute for conventional plastic. Biodegradable plastic synthesis can utilize organic materials such as crab shell waste and Aking rice as the basic ingredients. Crab shells are used as basic ingredients because they contain chitosan which has several beneficial properties namely biocompability, biodegradability, hydrophilicity and antibacterial. Meanwhile, aking rice waste which is a household waste can also be used as a biodegradable plastic base material because it contains starch consisting of two types of polymers namely amylose and amylopectin which can form a thin layer. In the manufacture of bioplastics, a transparent and strong enough sample was obtained, namely 1 g of chitosan, 3% glycerol and bioplastic which had sufficient flexibility but had an uneven surface, namely 2 gr chitosan, 5% glycerol samples. Plastics with the highest percentage of biodegradation, 33.3%, were found in samples with 1 g of chitosan, 3% glycerol, while the lowest percentage of biodegradation was 2% which was obtained in samples with 2 gr chitosan, 5% glycerol.
Competitiveness in removing copper, zinc and chromium trivalent in plating industrial effluent by using hydroxide precipitation versus sulphide precipitation
Authors: Yatim Siti Rohana Mohd , Zainuddin N A , Mokhtar Nurul Shahirazni , Syahjidan Hanin Nazhifah , Kamsuri Siti Nor Hazliyana 
Published: February 2021

AbstractPlating industry wastewater is one of the processes that may contain various types of heavy metals. The most common heavy metals that mostly found are copper, nickel, cadmium, chromium, silver, zinc, and lead. In this study, three types of metals which are copper, zinc and chromium trivalent were removed using hydroxide precipitation and sulphide precipitation. Both performances of the method were observed and compared. A jar test was used to determine the optimum pH, coagulant dosage and precipitant dosage. The coagulant and precipitant used in this experiment was ferric chloride (FeCl3), poly aluminium chloride (PAC), sodium hydroxide (hydroxide precipitant) and sodium sulphide (sulphide precipitation) respectively. In order to remove chromium trivalent, sodium metabisulfite was used to reduce chromium hexavalent to chromium trivalent. Based on the result, hydroxide precipitation can remove 86.61% of copper, 99.81% of zinc and 99.99% of chromium trivalent. While, for sulphide precipitation, 93.91% of copper, 99.37% of zinc and 99.99% of chromium trivalent were removed. Therefore, sulphide precipitation can remove better mixed heavy metals, thus it also produces less total suspended solid compared to hydroxide precipitation.
Fuel Grade Bioetanol Production from Suweg Starch Through Distilation-Adsorption Process Using Natural Zeolite
Authors: Hargono H , Jos B , Purwanto P , Sumardiono S , Zakaria M F 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Suweg (Amorphophallus campanulatus B) is a sweet tuber which has starch content around 77%, it is suitable as raw material for fuel grade bioethanol production. Bioethanol is ethanol derived from biomass. Fuel grade bioethanol must have a minimum concentration 99.5%. This research will study the effect of zeolite adsorbent concentration on the ethanol purification. The manufacture of fuel grade bioethanol through hydrolysis, fermentation, and purification via distillation and adsorption. Hydrolysis and fermentation (SSF) were carried out on Suweg starch at concentration of 250 g/L using StargenTM 002 at a concentration of 1.5% (w/w) and a concentration of 5 g/L Saccharomyces cerevisiae for 78 hours, producing maximum crude ethanol at a concentration of 14.09% for 54 hours. Furthermore, this crude ethanol is purified using two-stage distillation for 105 minutes and adsorption using natural zeolite with various concentration of 30-90% (w/v) for 120 minutes. The best results of distillation purification produce ethanol concentration of 94.78% (v/v) for 90 minutes, while the adsorption process stage produces 99.62% bioethanol using 90% (w/v) zeolite for 90 minutes.
Simultaneous Biogas Upgrade and Production of Precipitated Calcium Carbonate
Authors: Madhania S , Abdurrahman F M , Naufal M , Kusidanto K , Machmudah S , Winardi S 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Biogas upgrading is a necessary step to remove impurities and increase a calorific value of biogas before it can be used as a proper energy source. The most significant impurity in raw biogas is typically carbon dioxide, composing up to 50% of biogas volume. Carbon dioxide capture is therefore an important part of the upgrading process which in turn raises the question of the availability of final carbon storage. This problem can be addressed by using calcium hydroxide solution or other lime-based solvents as scrubber in carbon dioxide capture via carbonation where precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) is formed as a by-product. This paper reviews the viability of packed column, bubble column, and spray column for simultaneous biogas purification by CO2 capture and PCC synthesis, as well as examining various parameters that affect both carbon dioxide capture and the production of PCC. Among the three reviewed types of contactors, only packed column is deemed unsuitable for the simultaneous process. The optimal condition for both carbon dioxide scrubbing efficiency and PCC yield can be obtained by using a high liquid flow rate, low gas flow rate, and high solvent concentration. However, the desired characteristics of PCC should be considered in determining the operating parameters as the said characteristics such as crystal phase, morphology, and particle size are affected by several operating parameters, namely gas flow rate, solvent concentration, temperature, size of bubbles, and concentration of additives.
The Role of Failure Analysis on Maintaining Reliability of Oil Refinery for Sustainable Development Goals
Authors: Suhadi A , Febriyanti E , Sari L N 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Reliability of oil refinery unit in energy industry is very important to enhance sustainable development goals in Indonesia. When an important component on a system fails, the whole system will be shut down. As a result, potential lack of energy supply will be high and give a huge impact to sustainable development goals. Therefore failure analysis should be done immediately to make the system working again. The purpose of this research is to find out the main cause of failure on shroud plate of orifice chamber on refinery unit in order to avoid similar problem in the future. Root cause analysis method is used to investigate the main cause of failure with performing several tests and examinations on the specimens. The specimen is taken from failed shroud plate made of SS 304H around failure area. Testing and examinations result shows that shroud plate of orifice chamber has a crack on both circumferential weld and horizontal weld. Further examination also shows some evidence of inter granular corrosion attack or sensitization and formation of chrome carbides. Another testing result also found some degradation of mechanical properties of the specimens. It is concluded that the main cause of failure of shroud plate of orifice chamber is a combination of overheating that promote sensitization and degradation of mechanical properties. By observing the main cause of failure on shroud plate of orifice chamber, quick repair or replacement can be done correctly and reliability of oil refinery can be maintained to support sustainable development goals.
Modelling of ozone multiphase flow behaviour in an ozonolysis pretreatment reactor
Authors: Shamjuddin Amnani , Rasid Nurul Suhada Ab , Omar Wan Nor Nadyaini Wan , Raissa Makam Mba Michele , Amin Nor Aishah Saidina 
Published: February 2021

AbstractOzonolysis pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass (LB) is envisaged as a green and effective method to selectively remove lignin for subsequent bio-based processing. Herein, this study investigates the ozone multiphase flow behaviour of an ozonolysis pretreatment reactor for lignin degradation of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB). A coupled transport-reaction model is simulated using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) via COMSOL Multiphysics® software to visualize the ozone multiphase flow behaviour in non-porous and porous bed regions. Numerical findings indicate the pressure drop across porous bed linearly increases with superficial ozone velocity. Simulation results also reveal that the relative pressure across the biomass bed reduces by reducing the biomass bed length. The present work provides preliminary insights for ozonolysis reactor design and optimum operations of biomass pretreatment for up-scaling and commercialization purposes.
Rehydration Capacity of Vermicelli Prepared by Combining Arenga Starch, Rice Flour and Sorghum
Authors: Hastuti Ririn Puji , Sasongko Setia Budi , Djaeni Mohamad 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Vermicelli, called Sohun, is one of white noodles types popular in Indonesia. The product is mainly made of Arenga starch that contains high starch and amylose. In this research, several formulation was prepared to find high quality of vermicelli with reasonable physical properties. The process included the combination of Arenga starch with rice flour. Here, the arenga starch was substituted by rice flour from 0 up to 100%, with variation step size of 10%. The physical property of formulation was observed based cooking time, swelling index, cooking loss and rehydration capacity. The step was repeated for sorghum flour. Result showed that the substitution of rice flour can be good option to obtain the reasonable vermicelli sheet. Whereas, the sorghum flour can be added in amount of below 40%. The results were meaningful for developing new vermicelli product enriched with nutrition.
Essential Oil Extraction From Citronella Stems (Cymbopogon winterianus) By Vacuum Distillation
Authors: Kusumo P , Shobib A , Luthfi R 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
This research aims to determine the most influential variables among the three variables in extracting essential oils by vacuum distillation, to determine the optimum conditions of the most influential variables, and to determine the characteristics of citronella essential oils according to Indonesian National Standard for citronella oil.
The method used is experimental design by factorial design with two levels with the aim of making a new design to determine the most influential variables.
The results of the research that had been carried out using experimental design methods obtained that the most influential variable in distillation of citronella oil through the water vapor distillation process with the assistance of vacuum were the variables of the duration of the oven, and the optimum conditions for the distillation of citronella oil through the steam distillation process with the assistance of vacuum were obtained, namely: 3 hours oven time, with 1 cm of citronella stem size and distillation operating temperature of 150o C. The Geraniol test results through GC-MS showed that geraniol has not met the requirements of Indonesian National Standard 06-3953-1995.
Study on the Influence of Surfactant Addition for Bitumen Separation from Asbuton Rocks using Hot Water Process
Authors: Rinanda Z. L. , Irfin Z. , Susianto  , Altway A. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Indonesia has a bitumen reservoir in a form of rocks located in Buton Island, Southeast Sulawesi. These rocks contain both bitumen and mineral. Bitumen was mostly used for road preparation, hence bitumen had to be separated from its mineral. It was concluded from previous researches that bitumen extraction using the hot water process had a low bitumen recovery. One way to improve its recovery was by adding surfactant. This research aimed to study the effects of anionic and cationic surfactant addition to the percent recovery of bitumen. There were three main processes of bitumen extraction using hot water namely; preparation, mixing-preheating, and digesting. First, asbuton rocks were ground into fine material, then it was sieved using sieve number 30. Then it was continued by mixing asbuton and diesel oil with a ratio of 60:40 at 250 rpm at 60°C for 30 minutes. Then the second process was done by mixing diesel oil-asbuton and wetting agent solution that contains Sodium Dodecyl Benzene Sulfonate (SDBS) as anionic surfactant and NaOH at 1500 rpm for 30 minutes. The other mixture is Dodecyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide (DTAB) as a cationic surfactant and NaOH. In this research, the concentrations of surfactant used were 0.125; 0.25; 0.375; 0.5%, the used NaOH concentrations were constant at 0.5% (% mass), while the variation of temperature used were 60, 70, 80, to 90°C. The product of the digestion process was taken into beaker glass for 24 hours to separate into 3 layers by gravitational force. The top layer is a bitumen-diesel oil solution. The result showed that the performance of SDBS is better than DTAB, this could be because DTAB is positively charged, yet the minerals are negatively charged, so they tend to bind. It can be concluded from this study that the highest percent recovery of bitumen was 72.30 % at a temperature of 90°C with SDBS surfactant concentration of 0.125%, which means anionic surfactant had a better result than cationic surfactant.
The Effectivity of Aluminum Electrode for River Water Purification Using Electrocoagulation
Authors: Suryaningsih Nining , Widayatno Tri , Sugiharto Agung , Fuadi Ahmad M. 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Electrocoagulation process is expected to be widely applied not only in wastewater treatment but also in water purification. In this work, electrocoagulation process was used for clean water treatment. The effectivity of aluminum electrode in the electrocoagulation process has been investigated. The water samples used in the experimentation were obtained from the Bengawan Solo river. The samples were characterized to have a normal pH, high turbidity of 388,33 NTU, high organic matter shown from the KMnO4 value of 52,46 mg/L, alkalinity value 79,16 mg CaCO3/L, hardness value of 180 mg CaCO3/L and iron content of 4,59 mg/L. A set of experiments have been carried out to investigate the percentage of removal of water parameters using electrocoagulation processes compared to those with chemical coagulation processes. The chemical process was carried out with a jar test of alum dosage variation. In the electrocoagulation process 10 aluminum electrodes were used with an area of 100 cm2 at which all electrodes were mounted in series, with variations in time and current density. Jar test and electrocoagulation test result, both, show significant improvement of water parameters indicated by a high percentage of removal of turbidity, iron content and KMnO4 number. However, removal of hardness has not shown significant result, even in the electrocoagulation process of hard water.
Effects of incorporating ZnO on characteristic, performance, and antifouling potential of PSf membrane for PRW treatment
Authors: Kusworo T D , Aryanti N , Dalanta F 
Published: February 2021

Abstract
Numerous researchers around the world have developed the separation process by membrane technology. The application of membrane-based separation in industrial activity is limited due to its low production capacity due to the fouling formation on the surface of the membrane. The incorporating of nanomaterial has been developed to enhance membrane performance and productivity. In this study, we introduced the zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles to process the petroleum refinery wastewater (PRW). The SEM result shows the presence of ZnO nanoparticles on the surface of the polysulfone (PSf) membrane, and it increased the porosity of the membrane. The addition of ZnO nanoparticles has been successfully increasing the hydrophilicity, increase the water uptake ability, and also increase the tensile strength and elongation break of the modified membrane. The investigation of the performance of the membranes shows that incorporating ZnO nanoparticles into the membrane has resulted in the higher of permeate flux and pollutant removal efficiency compared to the pristine membrane. The quantitative analysis of the fouling behavior by the model shows the addition of ZnO nanoparticles has been successfully reduced the resistances during filtration that mean the decreasing of the fouling tendency on the surface of the membrane. These also proved by the antifouling potential analysis at the addition of 1 %-wt ZnO nanoparticle decreased up to 39% of total resistance and increased the flux recovery ratio up to 72%.