bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Level of physical activity in undergraduate students in Peshawar, Pakistan
Authors: Alam Shahid , Khan Sardar Bakht , Khattak Qamar Wahid , Abidin Syed Zain Ul , Farooqi Salman , Khan Zardad , Kazmi Abeer 
Published: February 2021

Background: Physical activity is one of the leading health indicators, considered an essential factor in the population's health and quality of life promotion. Physical inactivity is the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality. Physical inactivity has been linked with chronic disease and obesity in most populations. This study aims to compare the prevalence of physical activity and overweight/obesity among students of the university.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted from March to September 2019 on undergraduate students from different departments of Peshawar University. A sample of 377 (male n = 243, female n = 134) was taken through convenience sampling. Those individuals who were physically disabled and not willing to participate were excluded from the study. Those meeting the inclusion criteria were given the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ short form). Demographic data included age, weight, and height was self-stated by the participants. The levels of physical activity in each of three domains (leisure, transport, and domestic) were calculated and presented as metabolic equivalent (M.E.T.) hour per week in the form of means, percentage, and frequency in different physical activity domains.
Results: The overall sample showed that 13.70% of participants were inactive, 27.76% showed a low level of physical activity, 41.29% showed moderate physical activity level, and 17.24% showed a high level of physical activity. A total of 90.98% of participants were involved in leisure physical activities, 93.10% presented transport-related physical activity, and 74.80% were involved in domestic-related physical activity. Average time spent during sitting was found to be 53.32 hrs/week and 7.61 hrs/ day, with females being more involved in sitting activities as compared to males. A significant difference was found between B.M.I. and sitting domain (p-value 0.002) with a Pearson value of -0.12 showing a negative correlation.
Conclusion: The B.M.I. and Physical Activity are found negatively associated with each other. Male students were more physically active than females as females spend their majority of time sitting. It is concluded that students are moderately active, while a minimal percent of students are highly active. There were a few numbers of respondents too who were physically inactive, which shows that there is still unawareness of physical activity on the university level.
Effect of the 90-second ‘Gear’ exercise programme on cardiometabolic risk factors in persons with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease
Authors: Rugbeer Nivash , Demitri Constantinou  , Georgia Torres  
Published: February 2021

Background: High-intensity interval training has recently gained popularity at improving cardiometabolic health. However, a close investigation of high-intensity interval training reveals that the exercise duration is similar to moderate-intensity continuous exercise.
Objective: To compare the effect of the time-efficient ‘Gear’ exercise programmes to traditional exercise on cardiometabolic risk factors in persons with an elevated risk of cardiovascular disease.
Methods: The study implemented a six-week, randomised controlled trial. The variables were low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, total cholesterol, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), blood pressure and body composition. Forty-eight participants completed the study. Participants were randomly assigned to either the ‘Gear’ exercise programme repeated at different times during the day (GEP-DT): cycled for 90 seconds, repeated three times/day, for three days/week (n = 12); ‘Gear’ exercise programme at one point in time (GEP-OT): cycled for 90 seconds followed by 4 minutes and 30 seconds rest, repeated three times at one point in time, for three days/week (n = 14); 30 minutes of moderate-intensity continuous cycling repeated three days/week at 55-69% HRmax (n = 11); and the controls, who were encouraged not to exercise (n = 11).
Results: The 90-second GEP-DT intervention reduced HbA1c post six-weeks of training (MD = ­0.1±0.4, % Δ = -1.3%, d = ˗0.70). The GEP-OT group decreased blood triglycerides with a large effect size (MD = ­0.6±1.3, % Δ = ˗31.9%, d = ˗0.83).
Conclusion: The novel 90-second ‘Gear’ exercise programme moderately reduced HbA1c and the 18-minute GEP-OT lowered blood triglycerides. ‘Gear’ exercise programmes will encourage future research in persons with non-communicable diseases, and it should be considered as a public health initiative to promote exercise in clinical, home and work environments.
(Не)время взрослеть: как меняется возраст наступления дебютных биографических событий у россиян
Authors: Митрофанова Екатерина Сергеевна 
Published: February 2021

Бытует мнение, что нынешняя молодежь не только не торопится взрослеть, но и вообще отказывается обретать важные биографические события, которые как-то ограничивают их свободу и предполагают приверженность своему выбору (commitment). Чтобы узнать, так ли это, мы изучили возрасты наступления шести дебютных событий жизненного пути: получение профессионального образования, первое трудоустройство, первое отделение от родителей, первое партнерство (незарегистрированные отношения с совместным проживанием), первый брак, рождение первого ребенка.
Мы сопоставили поведение шести поколений россиян, родившихся между 1930 и 1986 годами. Выборка составила 5451 человека из панельной части обследования «Родители и дети, мужчины и женщины в семье и обществе» (РиДМиЖ) по состоянию на 2011 г. Мы не только изучили медианные возрасты наступления событий и наглядно представили их на сетке Лексиса, но также оценили шансы обретения стартовых событий при помощи регрессий Кокса (event history analysis).
Было выявлено, что серьезного откладывания или отказа от социоэкономических событий не происходит: трудоустройство и отделение от родителей минимально меняют свою позицию в расписаниях жизни молодых поколений. Возраст завершения обучения отодвинулся на более поздний срок, но это связано с существенным ростом числа получающих профессиональное образование разных уровней. Возраст вступления в первое партнерство в молодых поколениях снизился до исторического минимума, став самым ранним из трех демографических событий в жизни современной молодежи. Другие два демографических события – первые браки и деторождения – действительно, откладываются молодыми поколениями, особенно мужчинами. То есть молодежь не саботирует взросление, но дебютирует в разных сферах жизни сообразно своим жизненным расписаниям и в свое время.
Тенденции заболеваемости, распространенности и смертности от ВИЧ-инфекции и туберкулеза в регионах России в XXI веке
Authors: Астрелин Алексей Михайлович 
Published: February 2021

По официальным данным Роспотребнадзора, в России проживают свыше 1 млн человек с ВИЧ-инфекцией (ВИЧ), при этом число как новых случаев заражения, так и летальных исходов непрерывно растет в течение последних двух десятилетий. По тем же данным у 50% зарегистрированных пациентов ВИЧ-инфекция сочетается с туберкулезом (ТБ), а у свыше половины умерших от ВИЧ имела место клиническая картина прогрессирующего туберкулёза.
В настоящей работе представлены результаты пространственного анализа эпидемиологической ситуации с ВИЧ-инфекцией и туберкулёзом, в том числе предпринимается попытка определения взаимосвязей развития эпидемии ВИЧ и туберкулёза на региональном уровне. Региональные тренды различаются между собой по большинству рассматриваемых позиций: динамика заболеваемости, распространённости и смертности от этих инфекций неоднородна, регионы буквально ежегодно сменяют друг друга на «лидирующих» позициях, что добавляет сложности к выделению ключевых факторов, влияющих на данные показатели. Макроуровневый анализ взаимосвязи распространённости и смертности от ВИЧ-инфекции и туберкулёза показал, что однозначно определить от чего конкретно зависит уровень смертности от ВИЧ невозможно, но он точно зависит от степени распространения ВИЧ на территории субъекта. В то же время достаточно достоверной взаимосвязи между распространённостью антиретровирусной терапии (АРВТ) и смертностью от ВИЧ обнаружить не удалось, что может служить косвенным доказательством не только недостаточного распространения АРВТ (в России на 2019 г. только половина ВИЧ-позитивных пациентов получали терапию), но и недостаточной её эффективности, например из-за слишком позднего выявления ВИЧ или начала терапии.
How the Indonesian Ministry of Finance Handles Government Debt Issue
Authors: Sutejo Soni , Wijaya Mahendra , Satyawan Ign. Agung 
Published: February 2021

An organization cannot be separated from its interactions with stakeholders. In these interactions, there are often different views and perspectives of each party. This gap is often referred to as an issue. Issues facing an organization should be properly managed through an issue management. One of the issues facing the Ministry of Finance is the issue of Indonesian government debt. This issue developed through the mass media. This issue has the potential to damage the reputation and public trust in the Ministry of Finance. This study examines how the Ministry of Finance deals with the issue of Indonesian government debt. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach to gain an understanding of the issue management undertaken. The research data was collected from observations and in-depth interviews with several sources.The results show that the Ministry of Finance has succeeded in dealing with government debt issues through the application of standard operating procedure (SOP) for handling negative news which is an adaptation of the issue management model.
Molecular Placement of an Outbreak-Causing Gall Wasp,Zapatella davisae(Hymenoptera: Cynipidae), with Comments on Phylogenetic Arrangements in the Tribe Cynipini
Authors: Andersen Jeremy C. , Davis Monica J. , Schick Katherine N. , Elkinton Joseph S. 
Published: February 2021

AbstractGall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) have fascinated researchers for centuries due to the elaborate diversity of charismatic galls they produce, the presence of unique reproductive systems (e.g., a form of cyclical parthenogenesis), the possible convergent evolution of semiparasitic gall wasp forms (i.e., “inquilines”), and their multitrophic interactions. While many classifications for gall wasps have been proposed, recent DNA sequence efforts combined with taxonomic revisions are beginning to clarify the evolutionary relationships of this group. To date, however, a well resolved phylogeny is lacking, complicating the study of outbreak-causing pest species. Outbreaks by one such species, the black oak gall wasp, Zapatella davisae Buffington & Melika (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), have led to extensive damage and mortality of black oaks, Quercus velutina L. (Fagales: Fagaceae), in the northeastern United States. Here we sequenced fragments of the nuclear ribosomal gene 28S, and the nuclear protein coding gene long-wavelength opsin from samples of Z. davisae collected on Cape Cod, MA, and Long Island, NY. Using these sequences and sequences previously published from the mitochondrial locus cytochrome b, we performed Bayesian and maximum likelihood multilocus phylogenetic reconstructions based on a concatenated alignment including species of gall wasps in the tribe Cynipini from which all three loci were present in the GenBank database. Confirming morphological work, we find that Z. davisae is most closely related to species in the genera Callirhytis and Neuroterus, and appears to be a basal member of the “Quercus” section of the tribe Cynipini. We find that recent generic reclassifications within the Cynipini have made great progress towards clarifying the taxonomic relationships of species of gall-inducing wasps in this tribe, and we comment on several classifications that require additional research.
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL SURGERY IN DENTAL REHABILITATION. LITERATURE REVIEW WITH A DESCRIPTION OF THE CLINICAL CASE
Authors: Ivashov Aleksandr , Dement'eva Kristina , Nersesyan Petros , Mandra Yuliya , Khodko Valery 
Published: February 2021

Subject. With the advent of advanced imaging technology and CAD/CAM technologies, the possibility of guided surgery has become of wide interest among implantology. The article is devoted to the use of surgical template implantation in the rehabilitation of a dental patient. It provides information about some advantages and disadvantages of the digital protocol in comparison with traditional dental implantation. The main stages of navigation surgery in a clinical case are described.
Goal. To evaluate the actual clinical advantages and disadvantages of dental implant placement using a surgical template compared to the traditional treatment protocol.
Methodology. The literature search was conducted in scientific search bibliographic databases such as PubMed, eLIBRARY, Medline, and Google Academy. More than 384 studies up to 2014 were found under the thematic headings "Dental implantation" and "Surgical template". During the study of these works, the sample included 56 articles and literature reviews.
Conclusions. Recently, implant placement using a surgical template has become a popular treatment method among dental surgeons. The study of modern literature allowed us to formulate the main advantages and disadvantages of this method. Advantages of the method: precise positioning of implants; flap-free surgery reduces the operation time and is characterized by a favorable postoperative course; integration of restoration determinants in surgical planning, which leads to a more aesthetic, functional and predictable result of prosthetics; the possibility of pre-manufacturing a prosthesis based on the planned position of the implant; simplification of the surgical procedure for the dentist. However, this method is not without its drawbacks: the surgeon's inability to visualize anatomical structures; the risk of axis and depth deviation during implant placement; requires additional digital planning.
EFFECT OF CHEWING LOAD DEFICIENCY ON STATE OF THE DENTAL SYSTEM IN CHILDREN
Authors: Shtaeva Natalia , Anokhina Antonina , Ksembaev Said , Yakovleva Marina 
Published: February 2021

Subject. A review of the literature is presented on the topical problem of pediatric dentistry — the development of major dental diseases in childhood due to the existing deficiency of chewing load.
The aim of the study was to study the materials of publications on the influence of the deficit of chewing load in childhood on the development of dental pathology.
Methodology. The effect of the deficit of the chewing load on the structures of the dentition in children, leading to hypofunction and a decrease in resistance to dental diseases, is described.
Results. It was found that in children in the period of mixed bite, the occlusal load is distributed unevenly. One of the reasons for this is malocclusion. As a result, the functional state of the temporal and masticatory muscles changes. The simultaneous presence in the mouth of deciduous teeth that have lost their stability due to root resorption and permanent teeth, which are at various stages of eruption and root formation, leads to a significant decrease in chewing function, leading to poor oral hygiene, uneven training of the chewing muscles, abnormal growth of the jaw bones and the formation of dentoalveolar anomalies. Violation of the chewing function has a negative impact on the growth and development of the child, causing pathological adaptation of all structures to occlusion anomalies. Therefore, the question of the importance of active chewing, full load on the dentition is important for the prevention of periodontal disease, dental caries and the development of dentoalveolar anomalies.
Conclusions. The results of the review indicate that there is a connection between the development of major dental diseases in children with a deficit in chewing load due to the widespread consumption of soft foods.
In the available literature, there is an insufficient number of works devoted to the influence of the deficit of the chewing load on the development of major dental diseases.
In our opinion, one of the ways to solve this problem can be the use of dentoalveolar training in childhood.
ELECTROMYOGRAPHY OF MUSCULOFACIAL REGION MUSCLES AND RESULTS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL EXAMINATIONS IN WORKERS WITH HAZARDOUS WORKING CONDITIONS
Authors: Olesova Valentina , Martynov Dmitry , Olesov Egor , Ekusheva Evgeniya , Salamov Magomed , Morozov Dmitry 
Published: February 2021

According to the data of targeted examinations of workers with hazardous working conditions, in particular, in the presence of a radiation factor, the dental status in terms of the prevalence and intensity of major dental diseases does not differ significantly from those working in normal working conditions. At the same time, during interviews and clinical examination, workers in hazardous industries often reveal hypertonicity of the muscles of the maxillofacial region, which is especially noticeable in people with long work experience. One of the reasons for the hypertonicity of the muscles of the maxillofacial region can be chronic stressful loads associated with hazardous working conditions. However, this section of functional dentistry has not been sufficiently studied in relation to workers in hazardous industries. It is required to compare the results of electromyography of the muscles of the maxillofacial region and the data of psychological examination of workers.
The aim of the study is to compare the psychological characteristics and the results of electromyography of the muscles of the maxillofacial region in workers with hazardous working conditions and normal working conditions in the 45-55 age group. Material and Methods: A comparative analysis of electromyography data of masticatory and temporal muscles, "Hamburg testing" of the masticatory apparatus and psychological characteristics was carried out in 50 workers of hazardous industries (radiation production factor) and in 53 workers in normal working conditions. Results of the study: the study revealed differences in the results of psychophysiological examination, "Hamburg testing" of the chewing apparatus and electromyography of the muscles of the maxillofacial region in workers with hazardous working conditions and working in normal conditions. Employees of hazardous industries, according to psychological examination, are subject to chronic stress, which leads to a distortion of the tone of the muscles of the maxillofacial region, which, in turn, causes more frequent detection of dysfunction of the masticatory apparatus in workers. Conclusion: the results of the study should be taken into account in the complex dental rehabilitation of workers in hazardous industries, including measures aimed at normalizing the muscle tone of the maxillofacial region.
MODERN LASER TECHNOLOGIES IN ENDODONTICS
Authors: Polevaya Aleksandra , Borisova Eleonora , Polevaya Larisa 
Published: February 2021

Subject. Pulp tissue diseases are characterized by a wide prevalence, which makes it possible to consider the quality of endodontic dental treatment one of the most urgent problems of modern dentistry. High-quality treatment of complicated forms of caries is the prevention of odontogenic inflammatory processes, which include periodontitis, periostitis, osteomyelitis, abscess and phlegmon. Therefore, new tools and methods of treatment of complicated forms of caries are proposed, aimed at long-term preservation of teeth as a functional unit of the dental system.
Objective: to analyze modern laser technologies in the treatment of complicated forms of caries.
Materials and methods. The study was based on the search and study of original articles on the endodontic treatment of complicated forms of caries using laser radiation in the databases: Russian state library, eLibrary, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Google Scholar. The main selection of materials was carried out by keywords.
Results. The literature review describes the positive properties of laser radiation, its mechanism of action, the basics of its use in endodontic treatment, and its application in various branches of dentistry.
Conclusions. Analyzing the literature data, we can conclude that the use of laser technologies in the treatment of complicated forms of caries is promising. It is possible to achieve high-quality cleaning of the root canal system and the best long-term results. However, the literature does not sufficiently cover the use of Er, Cr:YSGG laser with a wavelength of 2780 nm in the treatment of purulent pulpitis and pulp necrosis. In addition, taking into account the possibility of using lasers at a therapeutic appointment, it is possible to significantly improve the professional level of a dentist, improving the quality of dental care, reducing the number of complications and preventing various dental diseases.
SOCIOLOGICAL ASSESMENT OF THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTRONIC DEVICES ON HUMAN HEALTH
Authors: Simonyan Laura , Lomiashvili Larisa , Anisimova Irina , Balchytis Vladimir , Barkan Irina 
Published: February 2021

Background. In this article we have studied the results of a sociological survey of young people living in Omsk, users of modern electronic devices and their impact on the organs and systems of the human body.
Objectives ― to study the frequency of using electronic devices in various spheres of life of Omsk residents; to assess the influence of electromagnetic radiation of a personal computer on the human body; establish the frequency of visits to the dentist for the purpose of a preventive examination.
Methods. An electronic survey (Google Form) of 318 people was conducted in order to study issues related to electronic devices, general and dental health. The questionnaire consists of 25 questions, conventionally divided into 4 thematic groups.
Results. Out of 318 people 80% of survey participants work on a personal computer every day for 2-3 hours without a break. 95% of respondents are aware of the negative effects of electromagnetic radiation from electronic devices. 52.5% of the respondents do not comply with the recommendations regulated by the Russian Federation when working on a PC; 11% have no information about their existence. 80.8% of respondents visit a dentist 1-2 times a year for a preventive examination.
Conclusions. According to the results of a sociological survey in the format of a questionnaire, the majority of respondents work on a personal computer every day, not observing hygiene recommendations. It has been proven that a long stay at a personal computer is unsafe for human organs and systems. It is necessary to develop dental recommendations for the prevention of the negative impact of electromagnetic radiation from a personal computer on the state of the oral cavity.