bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Xanthomonas axonopodis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas axonopodis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Axonopus scoparius, A. micay, A. compressus
and
A. affinis
. Also able to infect by inoculation
Digitaria decumbens, Hypharrhenia rufa, Panicum
sp. (Guinea grass) and
Saccharum officinarum
(54, 5464). DISEASE: Gummosis of Imperial and Micay grasses, important pasture grasses in tropical America. Diseased stems usually stand out from healthy ones in the same tuft by their elongated, partly bare appearance with a few pale, yellowish leaves at their ends, giving a characteristic flag-like appearance. Closer examination shows many diseased leaves with pale stripes running parallel to the main veins. After cutting diseased Imperial grass the new shoots are feeble and twisted, and often wither in a short time. Subsequent shoots behave in the same way. In severe attacks of whole tuft may shrivel and die. Such tufts are very easily pulled from the soil. When diseased stems are cut across, especially in the rainy season, minute droplets of yellowish bacterial ooze appear in a short time. In longitudinal cuts the vascular bundles are seen to be stained reddish or brownish, especially near the nodes. Masses of bacteria and mucilage are found in vessels when examined under the microscope. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Colombia. TRANSMISSION: Mainly by machete and other agricultural implements. Cattle can infect young shoots when grazing, evidently transmitting the bacteria in their saliva. Trampling by cattle and man and the passage of wheeled vehicles can also transmit the disease, and rain splash can carry infection from the exudate of recently cut stems. Insect transmission is not thought to be important and the bacteria do not survive free in the soil (46, 666). Seed transmission is also thought to occur (43, 2799c).
Xanthomonas pelargonii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , McPherson G. M. , Bradbury J. F. , Preece T. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas pelargonii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Pelargonium
spp., also a number of
Geranium
spp. DISEASE: Bacterial stem rot and leaf spot. The leaf spot phase is characterized by irregular, small, brown, withered, initially water-soaked spots, bordered by a narrow greenish yellow zone, and exuding a small amount of bacterial slime. The stem rot phase gives a brownish black discoloration of the stem tissue and often wilting followed by angular necrosis of the leaves delimited by the main veins. These leaves die back to the stem, but remain attached until finally only the terminal leaves appear healthy.
Pythium debaryanum
causes very similar symptoms on
Pelargonium
stems. The fungus, however, produces a blackish-green to almost coal black rot, whereas the bacterium gives a brown to brownish-black rot. The fungal disease progresses much faster. Microscopical examinations reveal fungal mycelium. A
Pseudomonas
sp. has also been recorded as giving similar symptoms on
Pelargonium
(Baker,
Ministry of Agriculture Technical Bulletin
25: 292, 1972). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe and N. America, also reported from the Middle East and Australia (CMI Map 414, ed. 1, 1966). Additional occurrences include France (44, 3071), Netherlands (11, 767), Romania (46, 1409), Scotland (53, ld), Switzerland (55, 5239), Yugoslavia (54, 4405), Morocco (51, 3809), Iran (49, 910d) and Japan (46, 1947). TRANSMISSION: Under horticultural conditions the disease is spread mainly by operations concerned with vegetative propagation and, in particular, by diseased stock plants, which may appear healthy and by contaminated knives. Water splash dispersal also occurs (34, 369). Transmission by greenhouse whitefly,
Trialeurodes vaporariorum
, has also been demonstrated (41, 523; 42, 553).
Lophodermium canberrianum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermium canberrianum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Diploxylon (two-three needled) pines of the
ponderosa
group, including
Pinus ponderosa
and
P. engelmannii
. DISEASE: Needle-cast of pines. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: So far reported only from Australia (Australian Capital Territory and Victoria). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet weather/humid conditions, or even exceptionally in dry conditions (Stahl, 1966).
Lophodermium pinastri
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Lophodermium pinastri
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus
spp. ; a very wide range of Diploxylon (two-three needle) pines; has been recorded occasionally on Haploxylon (five needle) pines. DISEASE: Needle cast of pines.
Lophodermium pinastri
inhabits green needles on the tree producing no symptoms. When the needles senesce and fall to the litter, the fungus fruits. It causes no significant damage to the tree. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in Europe, western USA including Washington, Australia, New Zealand, Japan. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet weather/humid conditions.
Meloderma desmazieresii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Meloderma desmazieresii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus banksiana, P. cembra, P. excelsa, P. flexilis, P. monticola, P. nigra, P. parviflora, P. peuce, P. radiata, P
.
resinosa, P. rigida, P. strobus, P. sylvestris, P. wallichiana
. DISEASE: Needle blight of pines GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (UK, Ireland, France, Denmark, Germany, Poland, Romania, USSR, Yugoslavia); North America (USA, Canada); South America (Uruguay); Asia (India, Pakistan); Australia. Very probably a recent introduction to South America and Australia (46, 1351; 51, 1991). TRANSMISSION: By ascospores discharged from infected needles during damp weather.
Fusarium heterosporum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Fusarium heterosporum
[Gibberella gordonii]
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Various cereals including
Hordeum, Zea mays, Triticum
and
Secale
. Other strains isolated from cucurbits,
Beta
,
Dianthus, Musa, Trifolium
and
Solanum
. DISEASE: Head blight of cereals, infected heads often showing complete loss of grain. It is particularly widespread in Africa on the small grains cultivated for food. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread throughout Africa south of the Sahara, Australia, Germany, Hungary, New Caledonia, New Guinea, Romania, Sarawak, Sweden, UK, USSR. TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne but whether or not the head blight is a result of systemic infection or aerial infection by spores does not appear to have been investigated. It has been isolated from root rots of spring wheat (53, 2945) and it was found to be seed-borne on
Sorghum
(50, 2915).
Cronartium coleosporioides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Gibson I. A. S. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cronartium coleosporioides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus attenuata, P. banksiana, P. contorta, P. coulteri, P. echinata, P. halepensis, P. jeffreyi, P. mugo, P
.
ponderosa, Castilleja angustifolia, C. coccinea, C. miniata, C. occidentalis, C. raupii, C. rhexifolia, C
.
septentrionalis, Melampyrum lineare, Orthocarpus lineare, Pedicularis bracteosa, Rhinanthus crista-galli
(Hiratsuka & Powell, 1976; 40, 568). DISEASE: Stalactiform blister rust. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada, USA). TRANSMISSION: Pycniospores by insects attracted by sugary exudate; other spore forms wind dispersed.
Alternaria burnsii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Anahosur K. H. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Alternaria burnsii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Cuminum cyminum
. DISEASE: Blight of cumin. White necrotic spots on leaves, branches and fruits turn purple brown and finally black. Death of plants or affected part is common. Seeds are shrivelled, discoloured and show poor germination (17, 486; 30, 627). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India. TRANSMISSION: The fungus survives in affected plant debris for more than 10 months and the conidia produced in damp weather on these parts are disseminated by wind and rain and thus act as primary sources of infection (17, 486; 30, 627; 51, 2742). Also it is seed transmissible; tests showed 10-32% seeds carried the pathogen (30, 627; 51, 2742).
Leptomitus lacteus
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Willoughby L. G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Leptomitus lacteus
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On perch, a coarse fish, often in association with other aquatic fungi such as
Achlya ambisexualis
Raper. Also attacks various salmonid and coarse fish following wounding by the lamprey. Reported to occur on fish eggs, especially of pike and rainbow trout. DISEASE: Animals: external parasite of freshwater fish. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Alaska, France, Germany, ' UK, USA. TRANSMISSION: Unknown.
Xanthomonas campestris pv. sesami
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Bradbury J. F. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Xanthomonas campestris pv. sesami
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Sesamum indicum
(
Pedaliaceae
). DISEASE: Bacterial blight of sesame or simsim; known as 'Marad ed Dum' in the Sudan. Mainly a leaf spot disease, this starts as tiny dark olive green spots, which increase in size, becoming dark red-brown to black, and about 2-3 mm. They may be rounded or angular, and may coalesce to involve larger areas of leaf. Stems and capsules may also be infected, having oval, slightly raised, dark red-brown lesions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Sudan and India (CMI Map 494, ed 2, 1973) to which must be added Venezuela, now confirmed (54, 524; 56, 2615). TRANSMISSION: Within a crop by water splash, wind-driven rain etc. ; from one area to another by seed transmission (47, 593). Survival in seed is up to 16 months (51, 400), in soil up to 6 months.
Cochliobolus spicifer
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus spicifer
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous, mostly in the tropics and sub-tropics. DISEASE: Leaf spot, root rot, on seed, and associated with spring dead spot of Bermuda grass (
Cynodon daction
; 48, 1775). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. TRANSMISSION: Probably most frequently spread through seed.
Mycovellosiella vaginae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Mycovellosiella vaginae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Saccharum officinale
. DISEASE: Associated with reddish-brown leaf sheath lesions. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ghana, Malawi, South Africa, Togo, Uganda), Asia (Japan, Malaya, Taiwan), West Indies (Cuba), South America (Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air-borne conidia.
Acremonium kiliense
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Acremonium kiliense
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Man, cattle, possibly maize;
A. kiliense
is a common, ubiquitous, soil fungus (Domsch
et al
, 1980). DISEASE: There are numerous reports of
A. kiliense
, often quoted as one of its synonyms, causing lesions of the leg and foot of man (mycetoma, madura foot) with formation of soft white grains (RMVM 6, 418; 7, 3418; 14, 2137). It has also been reported affecting the toenail plates (9, 77), and causing skin infection (14, 202). There is one record of isolation from the placenta and abomasal contents of an aborted bovine fetus (15, 1021). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: As a disease organism,
A. kiliense
is more frequent in the tropics, but has been recorded from Algeria, Brazil, Egypt, France, Germany, Italy, India, USA and USSR; it is frequently isolated from the soil, air and other substrates. TRANSMISSION: From the soil, often mediated by wounding by metal nails, parts of plants, etc.
Exophiala salmonis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Exophiala salmonis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS AND SUBSTRATA:
Salmo clarkii, S. salar, Salvelinus namaycush; Acacia karroo
(leaf litter),
Araucaria
sp. (wood). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. DISEASE: The three epidemics in fish hatcheries described by Carmichael in
S. clarkii
and
Salvelinus
'
namaycush
' involved infection of the head only, apparently commencing in the brain and spreading to neighbouring tissue. The lesions were of the chronic granulomatous type. Severe losses were caused. The outbreak described by Richards
et al.
(1978) was in Atlantic salmon,
Salmo salar
, second year smolts introduced from a hatchery into sea-cages. Fish exhibited abdominal swelling due to kidney enlargement; the posterior kidney was infected in all fish and lesions were sometimes also present in the heart, liver, spleen, pancreas and muscle. Granuloma formation occurred in all affected organs, the amount of fungus present bore little relation to the extent of granuloma formation. Giant cells were present throughout the lesions. In contrast to Carmichael's description, no lesions were found in the brain, nor in the swim bladder or intestines. PATHOGENICITY AND TRANSMISSION: Carmichael (1966) was unable to obtain infection by injection or by allowing fish to swim in water heavily contaminated by the fungus. Richards
et al.
(1978) noted that in adjacent cages of fish in seawater only one cage was affected by the disease and suspected that infection was via the commercial food supplied.
Tilletia indica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waller J. M. , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Tilletia indica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Triticum
sp.,
Triticale
(
Triticum
×
Secale
) (57, 4891). DISEASE: Causes karnal (or partial) bunt of wheat. Individual flowers are attacked randomly and are often only partially converted to smut sort, with usually only a few seeds/ear being attacked. Disease seeds are much less conspicuous than other bunts (where whole ears are usually diseased). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: India, Pakistan, Iraq (CMI Map 173, ed. 3, 1974) and parts of Mexico. TRANSMISSION: Teliospores are released when grain is harvested to contaminate seed and soil. Seed borne spores seem to be the primary source of inoculum. The teliospores germinate in the spring to produce promycelia on the soil surface which in turn produce sporidia. These are wind borne to infect florets of young wheat ears. The pathogen is not systemic and each diseased grain represents a separate infection.
Ustilago violacea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Waller J. M. , Mordue J. E. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Ustilago violacea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Arenaria, Cerastium, Dianthus, Gypsophila, Lychnis, Malachium, Melandrium, Myosoton, Saponaria, Silene
,
Stellaria, Viscaria
. DISEASE: Causes anther smut of carnation and other
Caryophyllaceae
. Infected plants may be weaker and are often slightly stunted and buds are shorter and thicker. The anthers of infected plants are converted to a mass of teliospores. Rudimentary anthers in pistillate flowers are stimulated to develop and produce teliospores. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, N. America. TRANSMISSION: The pathogen is not seed-borne but is a shoot infecting smut and will infect buds, young shoots, rhizomes etc. Bees may distribute spores between flowers (52, 12) which can infect plants through the flower organs. Teliospores can be dispersed by wind and in crop debris.
Physoderma leproides
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Physoderma leproides
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Beta vulgaris
and
B. vulgaris
var.
rapacea
. DISEASE: Parasitic in sugarbeet causing small galls on leaves, leaf stalks and stems and enormous galls on roots. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Europe, North America and South America (CMI Map 491, ed. 1, 1973). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by dissemination of resting sporangia which may germinate to rekase motile spores under natural conditions.
Synchytrium endobioticum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. C. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Synchytrium endobioticum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Solanaceae
(potato,
Solanum tuberosum
). Other plants infected experimentally include several species of
Solanum
(Karling, 1964),
Petunia
and
Nicotiana
spp. (53, 4566),
Lycopersicon esculentum, Physalis
and
Capsicastrum
spp. (59, 416). DISEASE: Potato wart disease, causing dark brown warty cauliflower-like excrescences of infected tubers, which decay to release golden-brown resting spores. On aerial shoots green galls may develop, composed of convoluted masses of tissue. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America (CMI Map 1, ed. 5, 1972). TRANSMISSION: By the movement of infected soil or plant tissues. Local dispersal by zoospores swimming in water films may also occur.
Peronospora farinosa f. sp. betae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M. , Byford W. J. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronospora farinosa f. sp. betae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Beta
spp., including the cultivated varieties of
B. vulgaris
subsp.
vulgaris
, e.g. chard, fodder beet, mangold, red beet, spinach beet and sugar beet. DISEASE: Downy mildew of beet. Typical infection is systemic and the young leaves at the centre of the rosette are attacked. Infected leaves are at first pale green; they fail to expand fully, their colour changes to yellowish green, and they become swollen, brittle and are usually incurred. Conidia are formed in great profusion, first on the under surface of infected leaves but spreading to the upper surface in wet weather. After sporulation the leaves die prematurely. Some leaves are only partly infected; the tip remains healthy and the division between diseased and healthy tissue is sharply defined. Under humid conditions, early in the season, the fungus may cause a non-systemic leaf-spot on young plants. All aerial parts of the seed plant in its second year may become infected. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Morocco); Asia (Israel, USSR); Australasia (Australia, N.S.W., Victoria. New Zealand); Europe (widespread); North America (Canada, U.S.A.); South America (Argentina). Note that CMI Map No. 28, ed. 3, 1969, shows records of
P. farinosa on Beta, Spinacia
and
Chenopodium
spp. TRANSMISSION: The disease can be transmitted by oospores, perennial mycelium or by continual reinfection from living plants. Oospores, on debris in the ground, are a potential source of inoculum but have only been reported of economic importance on seed crops in France. Seed crops and groundkeepers can provide a source of living inoculum overwinter and this is the most common and economically important source of the fungus (Byford & Hull, 1967). Seed may be contaminated by oospores and mycelium and there is evidence that oospores on imported seed were responsible for the introduction of the disease into Australia (15, 193).
Peronospora grisea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M. , Berrie A. M. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract

A description is provided for
Peronospora grisea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Hebe cookiana, H. elliptica
×
pimeleiodes, H. hulkeana, H. loganeoides, H. obtusata, H. salicifolia, H. speciosa, H. stricta, H. stricta
var.
macroura
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of
Hebe
(shrubby veronicas) causing large and conspicuous brown lesions on the leaves. The undersurface of these areas becomes covered in a fairly dense pale grey to brownish down. Young shoots may also become dry, withered and die thus checking the growth of the plant. Young plants in nurseries can be severely affected and while older plants are not killed the large brown lesions on the leaves are very disfiguring. The oospores have been found in the leaf tissue of herbarium material from New Zealand, but not yet in British material. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (New Zealand); Europe (Britain, France, Germany). TRANSMISSION: No reports. Oospores have been found in leaf material from New Zealand but not in British specimens. No great quantity of the latter however has been available for examination. Infection from other species of
Veronica
is a possibility and a list of the species of
Veronica
on which a downy mildew has been recorded are given below. Note, however, that Jafar (1962) found in his inoculation experiments that the pathogen was host specific to each single species of
Hebe
and to the two species of
Veronica, V. arvensis
and
V. tournifolia
that were included in the tests.