bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and predictors of child labour among junior public secondary school students in Enugu, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Enebe N. O. , Enebe J. T. , Agunwa C. C. , Ossai E. N. , Ezeoke U. E. , Idoko C. A. , Mbachu C. O. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Globally, millions of children are involved in child labour. However, low- and middle-income countries are mostly hit. This study examined the predictors of child labour among public secondary school students in the Enugu metropolis.

Methods
This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of 332 junior secondary students attending public schools in Enugu metropolis, Nigeria. Multistage sampling technique was used to select the six secondary schools and the students that participated in the study. Data collection was done from September to October 2018. Pretested structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire was used for data collection. The questionnaire contained information on the sociodemographic variables, the kind of work done by the respondents and the number of working hours spent weekly. UNICEF’s standard indicator for child labour was used to estimate the prevalence of child labour. Logistic regression was used to identify socioeconomic predictors of child labour.

Results
The prevalence of overall child labour was 71.7%, while for domestic and economic child labour prevalence were 52.1 and 34.0%, respectively. About 35.2% of the respondents worked under hazardous conditions while 8% were forced to work. Two-thirds (236, 65%) of the respondents who have heard about child labour perceived it as wrong. The child labourers mainly worked to render financial assistance to their parents. The predictors of child labour were class of study (AOR = 2.208 (95% CI: 1.199–4.066) and weekly income earned (AOR = 0.316 (95% CI: 0.176–0.567).

Conclusion
The prevalence of child labour among junior students in public secondary schools in Enugu is high, and is predicted by the level of schooling and income earned. Economic and social reforms could contribute to addressing the predictors of child labour.
Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and pattern of antimicrobial resistance in mastitis milk of cattle in Chitwan, Nepal
Authors: Shrestha Asmita , Bhattarai Rebanta Kumar , Luitel Himal , Karki Surendra , Basnet Hom Bahadur 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
The threat of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) exists globally and has been listed as a priority pathogen by the World Health Organization. One of the sources of MRSA emergence is livestock and its products, often raised in poor husbandry conditions. There are limited studies in Nepal to understand the prevalence of MRSA in dairy animals and its antimicrobial resistance (AMR) profile. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Chitwan, one of the major milk-producing districts of Nepal, from February 2018 to September 2019 to estimate the prevalence of MRSA in milk samples and its AMR profile. The collected milk samples (n = 460) were screened using the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and positive samples were subjected to microbiological analysis to isolate and identify S. aureus. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used to identify the presence of the mecA gene and screen for MRSA.

Results
In total, 41.5% (191/460) of milk samples were positive in the CMT test. Out of 191 CMT positive milk samples, the biochemical tests showed that the prevalence of S. aureus was 15.2% (29/191). Among the 29 S. aureus isolates, 6.9% (2/29) were identified as MRSA based on the detection of a mecA gene. This indicates that that 1.05% (2/191) of mastitis milk samples had MRSA. The antibiotic sensitivity test showed that 75.9% (22/29) and 48.3% (14/29) S. aureus isolates were found to be sensitive to Cefazolin and Tetracycline respectively (48.3%), whereas 100% of the isolates were resistant to Ampicillin. In total 96.6% (28/29) of S. aureus isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR).

Conclusions
This study revealed a high prevalence of S. aureus-mediated subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in Chitwan, Nepal, with a small proportion of it being MRSA carrying a mecA gene. This S. aureus, CoNS, and MRSA contaminated milk poses a public health risk due to the presence of a phenotype that is resistant to very commonly used antibiotics. It is suggested that dairy herds be screened for subclinical mastitis and treatments for the animals be based on antibiotic susceptibility tests to reduce the prevalence of AMR. Furthermore, future studies should focus on the Staphylococcus spp. to explore the antibiotic resistance genes in addition to the mecA gene to ensure public health.
Prognostic signature composed of transcription factors accurately predicts the prognosis of gastric cancer patients
Authors: Zhou Liqiang , Chen Zhiqing , Wu You , Lu Hao , Xin Lin 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Transcription factors (TFs) are involved in important molecular biological processes of tumor cells and play an essential role in the occurrence and development of gastric cancer (GC).

Methods
Combined The Cancer Genome Atlas Program and Genotype-Tissue Expression database to extract the expression of TFs in GC, analyzed the differences, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis to extract TFs related to GC. The cohort including the training and validation cohort. Univariate Cox, least absolute contraction and selection operator (LASSO) regression, and multivariate Cox analysis was used for screening hub TFs to construct the prognostic signature in the training cohort. The Kaplan–Meier (K–M) and the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was drawn to evaluate the predictive ability of the prognostic signature. A nomogram combining clinical information and prognostic signatures of TFs was constructed and its prediction accuracy was evaluated through various methods. The target genes of the hub TFs was predicted and enrichment analysis was performed to understand its molecular biological mechanism. Clinical samples and public data of GC was collected to verify its expression and prognosis. 5-Ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine and Acridine Orange/Ethidium Bromide staining, flow cytometry and Western-Blot detection were used to analyze the effects of hub-TF ELK3 on the proliferation and apoptosis of gastric cancer in vitro.

Results
A total of 511 misaligned TFs were obtained and 200 GC-related TFs were exposed from them. After systematic analysis, a prognostic signature composed of 4 TFs (ZNF300, ELK3, SP6, MEF2B) were constructed. The KM and ROC curves demonstrated the good predictive ability in training, verification, and complete cohort. The areas under the ROC curve are respectively 0.737, 0.705, 0.700. The calibration chart verified that the predictive ability of the nomogram constructed by combining the prognostic signature of TFs and clinical information was accurate, with a C-index of 0.714. Enriching the target genes of hub TFs showed that it plays an vital role in tumor progression, and its expression and prognostic verification were consistent with the previous analysis. Among them, ELK3 was proved in vitro, and downregulation of its expression inhibited the proliferation of gastric cancer cells, induced proliferation, and exerted anti-tumor effects.

Conclusions
The 4-TFs prognostic signature accurately predicted the overall survival of GC, and ELK3 may be potential therapeutic targets for GC
Development and clinical validation of a novel six-gene signature for accurately predicting the recurrence risk of patients with stage II/III colorectal cancer
Authors: Liu Zaoqu , Lu Taoyuan , Li Jing , Wang Libo , Xu Kaihao , Dang Qin , Guo Chunguang , Liu Long , Jiao Dechao , Sun Zhenqiang , Han Xinwei 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
A large number of patients with stage II/III colorectal cancer (CRC) have a high recurrence rate after radical resection. We aimed to develop a novel tool to stratify patients with different recurrence-risk for optimizing decision-making in post-operative surveillance and therapeutic regimens.

Methods
We retrospectively enrolled four independent cohorts from the Gene Expression Omnibus and 66 CRC tissues from our hospital. The initial signature discovery was conducted in GSE143985 (n = 91). This was followed by independent validation of this signature in GSE17536 (n = 111), GSE29621 (n = 40), and GSE92921 (n = 59). Further experimental validation using qRT-PCR assays (n = 66) was performed to ensure the robustness and clinical feasible of this signature.

Results
We developed a novel recurrence-related signature consisting of six genes. This signature was validated to be significantly associated with dismal recurrence-free survival in five cohorts GSE143985 (HR: 4.296 [2.612–7.065], P < 0.0001), GSE17536 (HR: 2.354 [1.662–3.334], P < 0.0001), GSE29621 (HR: 3.934 [1.622–9.539], P = 0.0024), GSE92921 (HR: 7.080 [2.011–24.924], P = 0.0023), and qPCR assays (HR: 3.654 [2.217–6.020], P < 0.0001). This signature was also proven to be an independent recurrent factor. More importantly, this signature displayed excellent discrimination and calibration in predicting the recurrence-risk at 1–5 years, with most AUCs were above 0.9, average C-index for the five cohorts was 0.8795, and near-perfect calibration.

Conclusions
We discovered and experimental validated a novel gene signature with stable and powerful performance for identifying patients at high recurrence-risk in stage II/III CRC.
Socio-economic and household determinants of malaria in adults aged 45 and above: analysis of longitudinal ageing survey in India, 2017–2018
Authors: Mohan Indumathi , Kodali Naveen Kumar , Chellappan Savitha , Karuppusamy Balasubramani , Behera Sujit Kumar , Natarajan Gopalan , Balabaskaran Nina Praveen 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Even though malaria cases have drastically come down in the last decade, malaria remains a serious public health concern in many parts of India. National Framework for Malaria Elimination in India (2016–2030) has been launched with the goal to eliminate malaria by 2030. Understanding the socio-economic and household determinants of malaria at the national level will greatly aid India’s malaria elimination efforts.

Methods
The data from Longitudinal Ageing Survey of India (LASI) Wave 1 (2017–2018) survey comprising 70,671 respondents ≥ 45 years across all the States and Union Territories were used for the analysis. Simple and multiple logistic regressions were used to obtain the unadjusted and adjusted odds ratio respectively of the socio-economic and household variables.

Results
The major socio-economic variables that increase the likelihood of malaria are caste (‘scheduled tribes’), low education levels and rural residence. The scheduled tribes have 1.8 times higher odds of malaria than the scheduled castes (AOR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.5–2.1). Respondents with high school education (6–12 grade) (AOR: 0.7; 95% CI: 0.6–0.8) and college education (AOR: 0.5; 95% CI: 0.4–0.6) had a very low risk of malaria than those with no school years. Rural residence and occupation (agriculture and allied jobs) also increases the odds of malaria. The major housing determinants are household size (≥ 6), housing type (kutcha), use of unclean fuel, outside water source, improper sanitation (toilet facilities) and damp wall/ceiling.

Conclusions
The study has identified the major socio-economic and housing factors associated with malaria in adults aged 45 and above. In addition to vector and parasite control strategies in the tribal dominated regions of India, improving literacy and housing conditions may help India’s malaria elimination efforts.
High-coverage targeted lipidomics revealed dramatic lipid compositional changes in asthenozoospermic spermatozoa and inverse correlation of ganglioside GM3 with sperm motility
Authors: Chen Shuqiang , Wang Ming , Li Li , Wang Jun , Ma Xuhui , Zhang Hengde , Cai Yang , Kang Bin , Huang Jianlei , Li Bo 
Published: July 2021

AbstractBackgroundIt has been previously demonstrated that cholesterol content and cholesterol/phospholipid ratio were significantly higher in asthenozoospermia and oligoasthenoteratozoospermia. The majority of published studies have investigated the fatty acid composition of phospholipids rather than lipids themselves. This study evaluated the lipid composition of asthenozoospermic and normozoospermic spermatozoa, and identified the exact lipid species that correlated with sperm motility.MethodsA total of 12 infertile asthenozoospermia patients and 12 normozoospermia subjects with normal sperm motility values were tested for semen volume, sperm concentration, count, motility, vitality and morphology. High-coverage targeted lipidomics with 25 individual lipid classes was performed to analyze the sperm lipid components and establish the exact lipid species that correlated with sperm motility.ResultsA total of 25 individual lipid classes and 479 lipid molecular species were identified and quantified. Asthenozoospermic spermatozoa showed an increase in the level of four lipid classes, including Cho, PE, LPI and GM3. A total of 48 lipid molecular species were significantly altered between normozoospermic and asthenozoospermic spermatozoa. Furthermore, the levels of total GM3 and six GM3 molecular species, which were altered in normozoospermic spermatozoa versus asthenozoospermic spermatozoa, were inversely correlated with sperm progressive and total motility.ConclusionsSeveral unique lipid classes and lipid molecular species were significantly altered between asthenozoospermic and normozoospermic spermatozoa, revealing new possibilities for further mechanistic pursuits and highlighting the development needs of culture medium formulations to improve sperm motility.
AXL kinase-mediated astrocytic phagocytosis modulates outcomes of traumatic brain injury
Authors: Zhou Hang , Hu Libin , Li Jianru , Ruan Wu , Cao Yang , Zhuang Jianfeng , Xu Hangzhe , Peng Yucong , Zhang Zhongyuan , Xu Chaoran , Yu Qian , Li Yin , Dou Zhangqi , Hu Junwen , Wu Xinyan , Yu Xiaobo , Gu Chi , Cao Shenglong , Yan Feng , Chen Gao 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Complex changes in the brain microenvironment following traumatic brain injury (TBI) can cause neurological impairments for which there are few efficacious therapeutic interventions. The reactivity of astrocytes is one of the keys to microenvironmental changes, such as neuroinflammation, but its role and the molecular mechanisms that underpin it remain unclear.

Methods
Male C57BL/6J mice were subjected to the controlled cortical impact (CCI) to develop a TBI model. The specific ligand of AXL receptor tyrosine kinase (AXL), recombinant mouse growth arrest-specific 6 (rmGas6) was intracerebroventricularly administered, and selective AXL antagonist R428 was intraperitoneally applied at 30 min post-modeling separately. Post-TBI assessments included neurobehavioral assessments, transmission electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and western blotting. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), siRNA transfection, and flow cytometry were performed for mechanism assessments in primary cultured astrocytes.

Results
AXL is upregulated mainly in astrocytes after TBI and promotes astrocytes switching to a phenotype that exhibits the capability of ingesting degenerated neurons or debris. As a result, this astrocytic transformation promotes the limitation of neuroinflammation and recovery of neurological dysfunction. Pharmacological inhibition of AXL in astrocytes significantly decreased astrocytic phagocytosis both in vivo and in primary astrocyte cultures, in contrast to the effect of treatment with the rmGas6. AXL activates the signal transducer and activator of the transcription 1 (STAT1) pathway thereby further upregulating ATP-binding cassette transporter 1 (ABCA1). Moreover, the supernatant from GAS6-depleted BV2 cells induced limited enhancement of astrocytic phagocytosis in vitro.

Conclusion
Our work establishes the role of AXL in the transformation of astrocytes to a phagocytic phenotype via the AXL/STAT1/ABCA1 pathway which contributes to the separation of healthy brain tissue from injury-induced cell debris, further ameliorating neuroinflammation and neurological impairments after TBI. Collectively, our findings provide a potential therapeutic target for TBI.
Southeast Asian clearwing moths buzz like their model bees
Authors: Skowron Volponi Marta , Casacci Luca Pietro , Volponi Paolo , Barbero Francesca 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
The endless struggle to survive has driven harmless species to evolve elaborate strategies of deceiving predators. Batesian mimicry involves imitations of noxious species’ warning signals by palatable mimics. Clearwing moths (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae), incapable of inflicting painful bites or stings, resemble bees or wasps in their morphology and sometimes imitate their behaviours. An entirely unexplored type of deception in sesiids is acoustic mimicry. We recorded the buzzing sounds of two species of Southeast Asian clearwing moths, Heterosphecia pahangensis and H. hyaloptera and compared them to their visual model bee, Tetragonilla collina, and two control species of bees occurring in the same habitat. Recordings were performed on untethered, flying insects in nature.

Results
Based on eight acoustic parameters and wingbeat frequencies calculated from slow-motion videos, we found that the buzzes produced by both clearwing moths highly resemble those of T. collina but differ from the two control species of bees.

Conclusions
Acoustic similarities to bees, alongside morphological and behavioural imitations, indicate that clearwing moths display multimodal mimicry of their evolutionary models.
The Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire (MHQ-Swe) in patients with distal radius fractures—cross-cultural adaptation to Swedish, validation and reliability
Authors: Blomstrand J. , Karlsson J. , Fagevik Olsén M. , Kjellby Wendt G. 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
The Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire—MHQ—is a well-known self-assessment questionnaire, where patients’ own perception in terms of recovery, pain and the ability to return to activities of daily living is assessed. The purpose of the study was to translate and culturally adapt the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire to Swedish and to test the validity and reliability in patients with surgically treated distal radius fractures.

Methods
The cross-cultural adaptation and the translation process were conducted according to predefined guidelines. Seventy-eight patients with surgically treated distal radius fractures completed the translated version of the questionnaire on their six-week follow-up visit.

Results
The translation and cross-cultural adaptation process revealed no major linguistic or cultural issues. The internal consistency of the MHQ-Swe ranged from 0.77 to 0.94 at test 1 and from 0.81 to 0.96 at test 2 for all subscales, which indicates good internal consistency in the subscales. The hand function subscale revealed the lowest results and work performance the highest. The ICCs showed excellent test-retest reliability, ranging from 0.77 to 0.90 on all MHQ subscales and 0.92 on total score. The highest results for the ICC were seen in the satisfaction subscale (ICC = 0.90), while the lowest were seen in the aesthetic subscale (ICC = 0.77). The correlation analysis between the MHQ-Swe, PRWE and VAS showed a generally moderate to high correlation for all the subscales.

Conclusions
The Swedish version of the MHQ, the MHQ-Swe, showed good validity and reliability and it is therefore an appropriate and relevant questionnaire for use in patients with surgically treated distal radius fractures.

Trial registration
FoU i VGR, Projectnumber: 208491, registered December 9, 2015.
Tracheostomy management in patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: an International Multicenter Retrospective Study
Authors: Schmidt Matthieu , Fisser Christoph , Martucci Gennaro , Abrams Darryl , Frapard Thomas , Popugaev Konstantin , Arcadipane Antonio , Bromberger Bianca , Lino Giovanni , Serra Alexis , Rozencwajg Sacha , Lubnow Matthias , Petrikov Sergey , Mueller Thomas , Combes Alain , Pham Tài , Brodie Daniel ,   for the International ECMO Network (ECMONet)
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Current practices regarding tracheostomy in patients treated with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for acute respiratory distress syndrome are unknown. Our objectives were to assess the prevalence and the association between the timing of tracheostomy (during or after ECMO weaning) and related complications, sedative, and analgesic use.

Methods
International, multicenter, retrospective study in four large volume ECMO centers during a 9-year period.

Results
Of the 1,168 patients treated with ECMO for severe ARDS (age 48 ± 16 years, 76% male, SAPS II score 51 ± 18) during the enrollment period, 353 (30%) and 177 (15%) underwent tracheostomy placement during or after ECMO, respectively. Severe complications were uncommon in both groups. Local bleeding within 24 h of tracheostomy was four times more frequent during ECMO (25 vs 7% after ECMO, p < 0.01). Cumulative sedative consumption decreased more rapidly after the procedure with sedative doses almost negligible 48–72 h later, when tracheostomy was performed after ECMO decannulation (p < 0.01). A significantly increased level of consciousness was observed within 72 h after tracheostomy in the “after ECMO” group, whereas it was unchanged in the “during-ECMO” group.

Conclusion
In contrast to patients undergoing tracheostomy after ECMO decannulation, tracheostomy during ECMO was neither associated with a decrease in sedation and analgesia levels nor with an increase in the level of consciousness. This finding together with a higher risk of local bleeding in the days following the procedure reinforces the need for a case-by-case discussion on the balance between risks and benefits of tracheotomy when performed during ECMO.
Early transplanting of rainfed rice minimizes irrigation demand by utilizing rainfall
Authors: Hossain Md. Belal , Roy Debjit , Mahmud Mir Nurul Hasan , Paul Priya Lal Chandra , Yesmin Mst. Shetara , Kundu Palash Kumar 
Published: July 2021

Abstract
Background
Rainfall is the key contributor to provide soil moisture for wet season rice (T. Aman) cultivation. Erratic rainfall often causes water shortage resulting negative impact on plant growth and grain yield. The study aimed to determine suitable transplanting window that utilize maximum rainfall for T. Aman rice. Firstly, three years field experiment were conducted in Kushtia, Bangladesh from T. Aman, 2013 to 2015, and then the findings were implemented for another two adjacent locations, Panba and Rajshahi. The field experiment considered six transplanting dates of popular cultivar BR11 (growth duration 145 days) at 7 days interval starting from 10 July to 14 August. The CROPWAT 8.0 model was used to calculate crop water requirement (CWR), effective rainfall and irrigation demand (ID) from collected weather data in each growth phase of rice.

Results
In all locations T. Aman rice received enormous rainfall up to vegetative phase resulting no irrigation demand in all three tested years. The early transplanting received more rainfall in reproductive phase than late planting. Thus, Irrigation demand increased at reproductive phase with delay transplanting in moderate drought prone Kushtia, Pabna and Rajshahi. A significant relationship (R2 = 0.71) observed between reproductive phase ID and grain yield, while grain yield responded weakly with the ID at ripening phase. Based on yield performance 10–24 July found suitable transplanting window for BR11 in Kushtia. Considering the relationship between ID and grain yield, 10–17 July and 10–24 July considered the best transplanting window in Pabna and Rajshahi, respectively.

Conclusions
Location specific suitable transplanting windows were selected considering minimum ID at reproductive phase and the maximum grain yield. Delay in transplanting demanded more irrigation and reduced grain yield. Whereas, early transplanting utilized maximum rainfall, reduced ID in reproductive stage and ensured desired grain yield.