bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decision making for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in pediatric, adolescent, and young adult patients with a hemoglobinopathy—Shared or not?
Authors: Mekelenkamp Hilda , Smiers Frans , Camp Nomie , Stubenrouch Fabienne , Lankester Arjan , de Vries Martine 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundHematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) offers an established curative option for sickle cell disease (SCD) and thalassemia patients but is associated with significant risks. Decision making is a complex process and shared decision making (SDM) could be a fitting approach in case of such preference‐sensitive decisions. This study investigated what level of SDM is used in conversations with hemoglobinopathy patients and/or their caregivers considering HSCT as a curative treatment option.MethodsLongitudinal, descriptive study using the Observing‐Patient‐Involvement‐in‐Decision‐Making scale (OPTION5) scale to determine the level of SDM in conversations with 26 hemoglobinopathy patients and/or their caregivers.ResultsThe total mean OPTION5 score was 43%, which is a moderate SDM approach. There was no difference between conversations with thalassemia patients and SCD patients. Conversations needing an interpreter scored worse than nontranslated conversations. The best scoring OPTION5 item was item 3: “informing about the various treatment options” (mean score 2.3 on scale 0–4). For OPTION5 item 4: “eliciting patients’ preferences” a more skilled effort was measured for SCD patients compared to thalassemia patients.ConclusionsThe mean OPTION5 score of “moderate” was achieved mainly by giving information on available options, which is primarily a one‐way communication. The SDM process can be improved by actively inviting patients to deliberate about options and including their elicited preferences in decision making.
Radiogenomics prediction for MYCN amplification in neuroblastoma: A hypothesis generating study
Authors: Di Giannatale Angela , Di Paolo Pier Luigi , Curione Davide , Lenkowicz Jacopo , Napolitano Antonio , Secinaro Aurelio , Tomà Paolo , Locatelli Franco , Castellano Aurora , Boldrini Luca 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundMYCN amplification represents a powerful prognostic factor in neuroblastoma (NB) and may occasionally account for intratumoral heterogeneity. Radiomics is an emerging field of advanced image analysis that aims to extract a large number of quantitative features from standard radiological images, providing valuable clinical information.ProcedureIn this retrospective study, we aimed to create a radiogenomics model by correlating computed tomography (CT) radiomics analysis with MYCN status. NB lesions were segmented on pretherapy CT scans and radiomics features subsequently extracted using a dedicated library. Dimensionality reduction/features selection approaches were then used for features procession and logistic regression models have been developed for the considered outcome.ResultsSeventy‐eight patients were included in this study, as training dataset, of which 24 presented MYCN amplification. In total, 232 radiomics features were extracted. Eight features were selected through Boruta algorithm and two features were lastly chosen through Pearson correlation analysis: mean of voxel intensity histogram (p = .0082) and zone size non‐uniformity (p = .038). Five‐times repeated three‐fold cross‐validation logistic regression models yielded an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.879 on the training set. The model was then applied to an independent validation cohort of 21 patients, of which five presented MYCN amplification. The validation of the model yielded a 0.813 AUC value, with 0.85 accuracy on previously unseen data.ConclusionsCT‐based radiomics is able to predict MYCN amplification status in NB, paving the way to the in‐depth analysis of imaging based biomarkers that could enhance outcomes prediction.
The role of sex, age and genetic polymorphisms of CYP enzymes on the pharmacokinetics of anticholinergic drugs
Authors: Trenaman Shanna C. , Bowles Susan K. , Andrew Melissa K. , Goralski Kerry 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThere is evidence that use of drugs with anticholinergic properties increases the risk of cognitive impairment, and increased exposure to these drugs potentiates this risk. Anticholinergic drugs are commonly used even with associated risk of adverse events. Aging, sex, and genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes are associated with alterations in pharmacokinetic processes, which increase drug exposure and may further increase the risk of adverse drug events. Due to the increasing burden of cognitive impairment in our aging population and the future of personalized medicine, the objective of this review was to provide a critical clinical perspective on age, sex, and CYP genetic polymorphisms and their role in the metabolism and exposure to anticholinergic drugs. Age‐related changes that may increase anticholinergic drug exposure include pseudocapillarization of liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, an approximate 3.5% decline in CYP content for each decade of life, and a reduction in kidney function. Sex‐related differences that may be influenced by anticholinergic drug exposure include women having delayed gastric and colonic emptying, higher gastric pH, reduced catechol‐O‐methyl transferase activity, reduced glucuronidation, and reduced renal clearance and men having larger stomachs which may affect medication absorption. The overlay of poor metabolism phenotypes for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 may further modify anticholinergic drug exposure in a significant proportion of the population. These factors help explain findings of clinical trials that show older adults and specifically older women achieve higher plasma concentrations of anticholinergic drugs and that poor metabolizers of CYP2D6 experience increased drug exposure. Despite this knowledge neither age, sex nor CYP phenotype are routinely considered when making decisions about the use or dosing of anticholinergic medications. Future study of anticholinergic medication needs to account for age, sex and CYP polymorphisms so that we may better approach personalized medicine for optimal outcomes and avoidance of medication‐related cognitive impairment.
Prevalence and determinants of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medication use during pregnancy: Results from the Quebec Pregnancy/Children Cohort
Authors: Lemelin Maxim , Boukhris Takoua , Zhao Jin‐Ping , Sheehy Odile , Bérard Anick 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimsThe use of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) medications has grown over the past decade among pregnant women, but these treatments are not without risk. Updated prevalence of ADHD medication use and whether prescribed dosages follow guidelines are needed. The aim of this study is to describe the prevalence of ADHD medication use among pregnant women—dosages and switches—and identify determinants of ADHD medication use.MethodA population‐based longitudinal cohort study within the Quebec Pregnancy/Children Cohort (QPC). Women aged 15–45 years old covered by the RAMQ prescription drug plan for at least 12 months before and during pregnancy from 1998 to 2015. ADHD medication exposure was assessed before and during pregnancy. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) for determinants of ADHD medication use during pregnancy with generalized estimating equations.ResultsAmong 428,505 included pregnant women, 1,130 (0.26%) used ADHD medication. A 14‐fold increase in the prevalence of ADHD medication use in pregnant women was observed, from 1998 (0.08%) to 2015 (1.2%). Methylphenidate was the most prevalent medication at 70.1%. ADHD medication fillings were at optimal dosage 91.8% of the time based on guidelines and 18.1% of women switched to another ADHD medication class during gestation. Main determinants of ADHD medication use during pregnancy were psychiatric disorders (aOR 2.19; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.57, 2.96), mood and anxiety disorders (aOR 1.74; 95% CI 1.32, 2.24), and calendar year.ConclusionsThe number of pregnancies exposed to ADHD medications has increased similarly to the increase reported in other countries between 1998 and 2015. In addition to the current literature, the use of ADHD medications during pregnancy is consistent with Canadian guidelines recommendations on dosage.
Selection bias, investment decisions and treatment effect distributions
Authors: Wiklund Stig Johan , Burman Carl‐Fredrik 
Published: May 2021

AbstractWhen making decisions regarding the investment and design for a Phase 3 programme in the development of a new drug, the results from preceding Phase 2 trials are an important source of information. However, only projects in which the Phase 2 results show promising treatment effects will typically be considered for a Phase 3 investment decision. This implies that, for those projects where Phase 3 is pursued, the underlying Phase 2 estimates are subject to selection bias. We will in this article investigate the nature of this selection bias based on a selection of distributions for the treatment effect. We illustrate some properties of Bayesian estimates, providing shrinkage of the Phase 2 estimate to counteract the selection bias. We further give some empirical guidance regarding the choice of prior distribution and comment on the consequences for decision‐making in investment and planning for Phase 3 programmes.
On the daily cycle of mesoscale cloud organization in the winter trades
Authors: Vial Jessica , Vogel Raphaela , Schulz Hauke 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHow spatial organization of clouds at the mesoscale contributes to the daily cycle of shallow cumulus clouds and precipitation is here explored, for the first time, using three years of high‐frequency satellite‐ and ground‐based observations. We focus on the four prominent patterns of cloud organization – Sugar, Gravel, Flowers and Fish – which were found recently to characterize well the variability of the North Atlantic winter trades. Our analysis is based on a simple framework to disentangle the parts of the daily cycle of trade‐wind cloudiness that are due to changes in (a) the occurrence frequency of patterns, and (b) cloud cover for a given pattern. Our investigation reveals that the contribution of mesoscale organization to the daily cycle in cloudiness is largely mediated by the frequency of pattern occurrence. All forms of mesoscale organization exhibit a pronounced daily cycle in their frequency of occurrence, with distinct 24‐hr phasing. The patterns Fish and Sugar can be viewed as daytime patterns, with a frequency peak around noon for Fish and towards sunset for Sugar. The patterns Gravel and Flowers appear instead as night‐time patterns, with a peak occurrence around midnight for Gravel and before sunrise for Flowers. The cloud cover for a given pattern, however, always maximizes at night‐time (between 0000 and 0300 hr), regardless of the specific pattern. Analyses of the role of large‐scale environmental conditions shows that the near‐surface wind speed can explain a large part of the diurnal variability in pattern frequency and cloudiness.
Robot‐assisted radical cystectomy with intracorporeal Mainz Ⅱ rectosigmoid pouch for muscle‐invasive bladder cancer
Authors: Wang Pengchao , Xiao Shuwei , Fu Weijun , Song Yong , Sun Shengkun , Zhang Fan , Shen Dan , Zhu Jie , Wang Zhongxin , Chen Jie , Qiao Jianguo , Zhang Xu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundTo report the surgical techniques and results of robot‐assisted radical cystectomy (RARC) with intracorporeal Mainz Ⅱ rectosigmoid pouch at our centre.MethodsTwo female patients were treated with this procedure. Construction of the pouch was divided into four main steps: incision of the rectum and sigmoid colon, closure of the posterior wall of the pouch, reimplantation of the ureters at the bottom of pouch in an anti‐reflux manner, and closure of the anterior wall. Surgical results and perioperative complications were assessed.ResultsThe operations were performed completely intracorporeally. No perioperative complications were observed. Postoperatively, high‐grade invasive urothelial carcinoma was detected. On postoperative day 60, no bilateral ureteral dilation was detected. Two patients demonstrated total continence. Clinical recurrence was not observed during the follow‐up period.ConclusionsWith careful patient selection, robot‐assisted intracorporeal Mainz Ⅱ rectosigmoid pouch might be a simple minimally invasive surgical technique to be evaluated in repeated applications.
Revisiting and generalizing the dual iteration for static and robust output‐feedback synthesis
Authors: Holicki Tobias , Scherer Carsten W. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe dual iteration was introduced in a conference paper in 1997 by Iwasaki as an iterative and heuristic procedure for the challenging and non‐convex design of static output‐feedback controllers. We recall in detail its essential ingredients and go beyond the work of Iwasaki by demonstrating that the framework of linear fractional representations allows for a seamless extension of the dual iteration to output‐feedback designs of practical relevance, such as the design of robust or robust gain‐scheduled controllers. In the paper of Iwasaki, the dual iteration is solely based on, and motivated by algebraic manipulations resulting from the elimination lemma. We provide a novel control theoretic interpretation of the individual steps, which paves the way for further generalizations of the powerful scheme to situations where the elimination lemma is not applicable. As an illustration, we extend the dual iteration to a design of static output‐feedback controllers with multiple objectives. We demonstrate the approach with numerous numerical examples inspired from the literature.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Synthesis of 1‐Indanone Skeleton: A Brief Update
Authors: Das Suven 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTransition‐metal‐free carbon‐carbon bond forming reactions have drawn great interest because they are operationally simple, cost‐effective and environmentally benign. However, the construction of indanone core under metal‐free condition has been long‐standing challenges to organic chemists. In this article, recent advances (2015–2021) in transition‐metal‐free strategies towards 1‐indanone skeletons are reviewed and they are classified as acid‐catalyzed, base‐catalyzed, organocatalytic and catalyst‐free methods. In most cases, mechanisms for the transformations and stereochemical aspects of the product formation have been demonstrated.
First tick and tick damage perception survey among sedentary and transhumant pastoralists in Burkina Faso and Benin
Authors: Zannou Olivier M. , Ouedraogo Achille S. , Biguezoton Abel S. , Yao Kouassi Patrick , Abatih Emmanuel , Farougou Souaïbou , Lenaert Marc , Lempereur Laetitia , Saegerman Claude 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundTranshumance, a main ancestral animal production strategy of the West African Countries (WAC), can favour the spread of vectors and vector‐borne diseases within and/or across countries. Transhumance has been implicated in such spread as well as that of related tick‐borne diseases (TBD).Methods and principal findingsUsing a questionnaire survey and statistical modelling, this study explores the perception of herders about ticks and TBD in cattle, their practices in tick control and the social groups involved in cattle farming in eastern Burkina Faso (46 random herds) and in the northern Benin (44 random herds). Results show that most of the herders (79%) are from the Fulani social group. The principal and secondary activities of herders are respectively cattle farming and agriculture. The mean age of pastoralists is between 40 and 50 years depending on the province of origin and 60% of the surveyed herds practice internal or transboundary transhumance. Herders have a clear knowledge of different genus of ticks except the genus Rhipicephalus. Their knowledge of TBD is very limited. These results also reveal that herders in Benin use less acaricides treatment calendar compared with those in Burkina Faso. Transhumant pastoralists (i.e. transhumant cattle farmers) plan more acaricide treatment and have more cows with lost teats (i.e. tick damage) than the sedentary ones. In addition, amitraz appears to be the main acaricide compound used by herders for tick control (68%) but its use is inappropriate and its source is frequently the unregulated market.Conclusions and significanceAll of these findings can induce acaricide resistance especially as the inefficacy of amitraz against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus has already been reported in previous studies. Such results would help to elaborate suitable strategies of control and prevention of ticks and TBD in Burkina Faso and Benin.
The Central Bank as Lender of Last Resort
Authors: Bindseil Ulrich , Fotia Alessio 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn this chapter we review the function of the central bank as lender of last resort (LOLR), starting from the understanding of financial crises developed in the previous chapter. We recall long-established LOLR principles: proactive lending, inertia of the central bank risk control framework, and risk endogeneity. Because of its systemic role, a central bank should not tighten its collateral framework in a crisis, as restrictive policies are likely to not only increase the overall damage done by a crisis to society, but to even increase central bank losses. We explain in more detail the main reasons why a central bank should act as LOLR: prevent negative externalities from fire sales; its unique status as institution with unlimited liquidity; its status as a risk-free counterparty making others accept to deliver collateral to it even at high haircuts; and its mandate to preserve price stability. We distinguish three different forms of LOLR: elements built into the regular operational framework; readiness to relax parameters in a crisis; and provision of emergency liquidity assistance to individual firms. We then discuss what could be the optimal propensity of a central bank to engage in LOLR activities and outline possible trade-offs. Last but not least, we develop a bank-run model which highlights the role of asset liquidity and central bank eligible collateral. We calculate through a model variant with binary asset liquidity and uniform central bank collateral haircut, but then also introduce a model variant with continuous asset liquidity and haircuts.
Threatening – The Refugee as a Threat
Authors: Massari Alice 
Published: May 2021

AbstractContemporary media and public accounts have increasingly framed the refugee ‘crisis’ in terms of security, with refugees considered as masses to be managed and controlled, migrants pointed at with generic allegation of terrorist threat, and state borders closed and militarized. Securitization of migration may not be a new phenomenon (Saunders 2014) but it is one that has recently received a great deal of attention (see among others Bigo 2002; Pugh 2004; Huysmans and Squire 2009; Huysmans 2000; Musarò 2017; Vaughan-Williams 2015; Watson 2009). What all these scholars have in common is that they highlight different ways through which refugees are represented, described, and thought of asthreat. Media and public accounts have consistently represented refugees through words such as plight, invasion, flood, hordes, or waves (Friese 2017). The “highly heterogeneous and (too) strongly mediation-dependent European politics created an array of – in most cases negative – interpretations of the Refugee Crisis” (Krzyżanowski et al. 2018). In line with this narrative, at the visual level, the images that have accompanied the news on refugees have mostly included overcrowded boats, long lines of people in need, and looming masses of people crammed at border fences.
Threatened, the Refugee as the Referent Object
Authors: Massari Alice 
Published: May 2021

AbstractSince its inception, humanitarian communication has consistently represented beneficiaries as referent objects of a threat, as threatened. Images of victims, whether in the traditional representation of a sea of humanity’ (Malkki 1996) or in the more recent aesthetic style of the individual portrait, have consistently constituted the large bulk of humanitarian NGOs’ visual production. This chapter focuses on the representation of Syrian refugees as ‘threatened’ to show how this depiction of refugees is just another form of securitization, whereby Syrians are depicted as infantilized and passive victims in need of external intervention. In order to do so, it is worthwhile digressing to understand how remarkable have been the structural changes that humanitarianism has undergone over the last quarter century and how new relief assistance’ modalities, while seeking to putting individuals and their rights center stage have also primarily represented them in terms of victimhood.
The network origins of Schumpeterian innovation
Authors: Pammolli Fabio , Riccaboni Massimo , Spelta Alessandro 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis paper investigates the key driving features of the evolving long-term division of innovative labor in biotechnology and pharmaceuticals from 1981 to 2012. Our main goal is to find if technological trajectories and mechanisms discovered by Orsenigo et al. (Res Policy 30(3): 485–508, 2001) as the main drivers of the structural configuration of the network of collaborative alliances have been at work in the long-term evolution of the industry. We extensively analyze the evolving dynamics of the degree distribution and the higher order properties of the R&D network. As in Orsenigo et al. (Res Policy 30(3): 485–508, 2001), we find that polarization through preferential attachment driven by large pharmaceutical companies as Developers and by the entry of new specialized biotechnology companies acting as Originators of new R&D opportunities dominated the early stages of the biotechnology revolution. Later on the evolution of the collaborative network has been shaped by roles’ transitions between Originators and Developers of innovative ideas. Against this background, we introduce parsimonious model of network formation and evolution is introduced, to account for some essential features of the data generating processes underlying the evolution of the network.
Nutzung von Altersinformationen aus posttranslationalen Proteinmodifikationen und DNA-Methylierung zur postmortalen Lebensaltersschätzung
Authors: Becker Julia , Naue Jana , Reckert Alexandra , Böhme Petra , Ritz-Timme Stefanie 
Published: May 2021

ZusammenfassungMit der Identifikation und Beschreibung „molekularer Uhren“ (posttranslationale Proteinmodifikationen, DNA-Methylierung) eröffnen sich neue Möglichkeiten zur Entwicklung von Verfahren zur postmortalen Lebensaltersschätzung. Bislang werden diese Ansätze aber nur unabhängig voneinander eingesetzt. Ihre Verknüpfung verspricht eine bessere Erfassung hochkomplexer Alterungsprozesse und damit die Möglichkeit zur Entwicklung optimierter Verfahren zur Altersschätzung für verschiedenste Szenarien der forensischen Praxis.In Vorbereitung umfangreicher Untersuchungen zur Überprüfung dieser Hypothese wurden verschiedene molekulare Uhren (Akkumulation von D‑Asparaginsäure, Akkumulation von Pentosidin und DNA-Methylierungsmarker [RPA2, ZYG11A, F5, HOXC4, NKIRAS2, TRIM59, ELOVL2, DDO, KLF14 und PDE4C]) in 4 fäulnisresistenten Geweben (Knochen, Sehne, Bandscheibe, Epiglottis) von 15 Individuen untersucht.In allen untersuchten Geweben fand sich eine starke Korrelation beider Proteinmarker sowie jeweils mehrerer DNA-Methylierungsmarker mit dem Lebensalter. Dabei zeigten die untersuchten Parameter gewebsspezifische Veränderungen mit dem Alter.Die Ergebnisse der Pilotstudie belegen das Potenzial der Verknüpfung molekularer Verfahren für die postmortale Altersschätzung. Weitere Untersuchungen werden zeigen, wie genau postmortale Altersschätzungen sein können, wenn Altersinformationen aus posttranslationalen Proteinmodifikationen und DNA-Methylierung aus verschiedenen Geweben in multivariaten Modellen verknüpft werden.