bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cardioprotective effects of empagliflozin after ischemia and reperfusion in rats
Authors: Seefeldt Jacob Marthinsen , Lassen Thomas Ravn , Hjortbak Marie Vognstoft , Jespersen Nichlas Riise , Kvist Frederikke , Hansen Jakob , Bøtker Hans Erik 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe Sodium Glucose Co-Transporter-2 inhibitor, empagliflozin (EMPA), reduces mortality and hospitalisation for heart failure following myocardial infarction irrespective of diabetes status. While the findings suggest an inherent cardioprotective capacity, the mechanism remains unknown. We studied infarct size (IS) ex-vivo in isolated hearts exposed to global IR injury and in-vivo in rats subjected to regional myocardial ischemia reperfusion (IR) injury, in whom we followed left ventricular dysfunction for 28 days. We compared rats that were given EMPA orally for 7 days before, EMPA 1.5 h before IR injury and at onset of reperfusion and continued orally during the follow-up period. We used echocardiography, high resolution respirometry, microdialysis and plasma levels of β-hydroxybutyrate to assess myocardial performance, mitochondrial respiration and intermediary metabolism, respectively. Pretreatment with EMPA for 7 days reduced IS in-vivo (65 ± 7% vs. 46 ± 8%, p < 0.0001 while administration 1.5 h before IR, at onset of reperfusion or ex-vivo did not. EMPA alleviated LV dysfunction irrespective of the reduction in IS. EMPA improved mitochondrial respiration and modulated myocardial interstitial metabolism while the concentration of β-hydroxybutyric acid was only transiently increased without any association with IS reduction. EMPA reduces infarct size and yields cardioprotection in non-diabetic rats with ischemic LV dysfunction by an indirect, delayed intrinsic mechanism that also improves systolic function beyond infarct size reduction. The mechanism involves enhanced mitochondrial respiratory capacity and modulated myocardial metabolism but not hyperketonemia.
Concurrent X chromosome inactivation and upregulation during non-human primate preimplantation development revealed by single-cell RNA-sequencing
Authors: Cidral Ana Luíza , de Mello Joana C. Moreira , Gribnau Joost , Pereira Lygia V. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn mammals, dosage compensation of X-linked gene expression between males and females is achieved by inactivation of a single X chromosome in females, while upregulation of the single active X in males and females leads to X:autosome dosage balance. Studies in human embryos revealed that random X chromosome inactivation starts at the preimplantation stage and is not complete by day 12 of development. Alternatively, others proposed that dosage compensation in human preimplantation embryos is achieved by dampening expression from the two X chromosomes in females. Here, we characterize X-linked dosage compensation in another primate, the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus). Analyzing scRNA-seq data from preimplantation embryos, we detected upregulation of XIST at the morula stage, where female embryos presented a significantly higher expression of XIST than males. Moreover, we show an increase of X-linked monoallelically expressed genes in female embryos between the morula and late blastocyst stages, indicative of XCI. Nevertheless, dosage compensation was not achieved by the late blastocyst stage. Finally, we show that X:autosome dosage compensation is achieved at the 8-cell stage, and demonstrate that X chromosome dampening in females does not take place in the marmoset. Our work contributes to the elucidation of primate X-linked dosage compensation.
Late stroke after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: a nationwide study
Authors: Bjursten Henrik , Norrving Bo , Ragnarsson Sigurdur 
Published: May 2021

AbstractTranscatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is a rapidly growing field. Short-term safety and efficacy of these procedures have been studied extensively. However, little is known about the safety of these devices over time. Stroke is one feared long-term complication, and an increased stroke rate could affect guidelines for treating both the aortic stenosis and choosing antithrombotic therapy after TAVR. The primary objective was to study the incidence of stroke up to 8 years after TAVR implantation, comparing it with the risk of stroke in the general population. Secondary objectives were to study risk factors for late stroke and to study outcomes after stroke. A nationwide, all-comers study of patients who underwent TAVR in Sweden 2008–2018 was performed. The study was based on data from three national registries: a TAVR registry, a stroke registry, and a diagnosis registry. The main outcome was stroke incidence 30-days or more after TAVR implantation and was compared to a standardized incidence. The annual risk for stroke varied between 2.0% and 3.1% as compared to 1.5% and 1.9% in an age- and sex-matched cohort. Risk factors for developing stroke were reduced renal function, diabetes, history of stroke, age, and male sex. The 1-year mortality after stroke was 44%. This study demonstrated an increased rate of stroke after TAVR, but the findings suggest that this can in part be attributed to the group’s higher frequency of pre-disposing risk factors.
Corneal sensitivity is required for orientation in free-flying migratory bats
Authors: Lindecke Oliver , Holland Richard A. , Pētersons Gunārs , Voigt Christian C. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe exact anatomical location for an iron particle-based magnetic sense remains enigmatic in vertebrates. For mammals, findings from a cornea anaesthesia experiment in mole rats suggest that it carries the primary sensors for magnetoreception. Yet, this has never been tested in a free-ranging mammal. Here, we investigated whether intact corneal sensation is crucial for navigation in migrating Nathusius’ bats, Pipistrellus nathusii, translocated from their migratory corridor. We found that bats treated with corneal anaesthesia in both eyes flew in random directions after translocation and release, contrasting bats with a single eye treated, and the control group, which both oriented in the seasonally appropriate direction. Using a Y-maze test, we confirmed that light detection remained unaffected by topical anaesthesia. Therefore our results suggest the cornea as a possible site of magnetoreception in bats, although other conceivable effects of the anaesthetic are also explored. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the corneal based sense is of bilateral nature but can function in a single eye if necessary.
Variation in Speech Intelligibility Ratings as a Function of Speech Rate Modification in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Knowles Thea , Adams Scott G. , Jog Mandar 
Published: May 2021

PurposeThe aim of this study was to quantify changes in speech intelligibility in two cohorts of people with Parkinson's disease (PD; those with and without deep brain stimulation [DBS]) across a broad range of self-selected speech rate alterations in (a) read sentences and (b) extemporaneous speech (monologues).MethodFour speaker groups participated in this study: younger and older controls, people with PD undergoing standard pharmaceutical treatment, and people with PD and DBS. Naïve listeners rated the intelligibility of read sentences and extemporaneous monologues, spoken by participants at seven self-selected speech rates from very slow to very fast. Intelligibility was modeled as a function of group, speech rate condition, and speech task.ResultsOverall, compared to habitual speech rate, slower speech rate conditions were not associated with changes in speech intelligibility, whereas faster-than-habitual conditions were associated in declines in intelligibility. Results were mediated by group and task effects, such that talkers with PD and DBS were more likely to see intelligibility benefits at slower self-selected speech rates and less likely to see detriments at faster rates, and these differences were amplified in monologues compared to sentences.ConclusionFindings suggest differences in the ways in which slower and faster speech rate adjustments impact speech intelligibility in people with PD with and without DBS, with the latter demonstrating greater magnitudes of change.
Novel Pentafluorophenyl- and Alkoxyphenyl-Appended 2,2′-Bipyridine Push–Pull Fluorophores: A Convenient Synthesis and Photophysical Studies
Authors: Varaksin Mikhail V. , Chupakhin Oleg N. , Moseev Timofey D. , Nikiforov Egor A. , Starnovskaya Ekaterina S. , Savchuk Maria I. , Nikonov Igor L. , Kopchuk Dmitry S. , Zyryanov Grigory V. , Charushin Valery N. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA convenient method for the synthesis of new highly in non-polar solvents soluble photoactive pentafluorophenyl-substituted and extended alkoxyphenyl-substituted 2,2′-bipyridines is reported. The synthetic strategy for the preparation of such ligands involves a sequence of several structural transformations, such as O-alkylation, nucleophilic substitution of hydrogen (SN
H) in 1,2,4-triazine precursors via the ‘addition–elimination’ scheme, and the subsequent conversion of the obtained 1,2,4-triazines into 2,2′-bipyridines by means of the aza-Diels–Alder reaction. The photophysical properties of the synthesized novel pentafluoroaryl-substituted 2,2′-bipyridines were comprehensively studied. The obtained photophysical data indicate the competitive advantages of the herein reported pentafluoroarylated push–pull fluorophores, bearing extended aliphatic moieties, over their analogues containing benzoxy or phenolic fragments in terms of improvement in quantum yield and well-pronounced positive solvatochromism confirmed by the mathematical analysis according to the Lippert–Mataga equation.
Unified Approach for the Total Synthesis of Bis-THF C15 Acetogenins: A Chloroenyne from Laurencia majuscula, Laurendecumenyne B and Laurefurenynes A/B
Authors: Ramana Chepuri V. , Senapati Sibadatta , Unmesh Nivedya A. , Shet Manoj N. , Ahmad Iram , Ajikumar Nandu 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA highly diastereoselective total synthesis of several bis-THF C15 acetogenin natural products, chloroenyne from Laurencia majuscula, laurendecumenyne B, and laurefurenynes A/B, is reported. Additionally the synthesis of an advanced intermediate reported in the earlier total synthesis of (E/Z)-elatenynes (formal synthesis) is described. The salient features in the synthesis include epoxide opening, Birch reduction, Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation-cycloetherification, SN2 halo­genation, and a relay cross metathesis.
Imaging of Ampullary and Periampullary Conditions
Authors: Sunnapwar Abhijit , Nagar Arpit , Katre Rashmi , Khanna Lokesh , Sayana Hari Prasad 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe ampulla of Vater is formed by the union of the pancreatic duct and the common bile duct and is also known as hepatopancreatic ampulla or hepatopancreatic duct. The ampulla is surrounded by a muscular valve known as the sphincter of Oddi, which controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juices into the duodenum in response to food. The ampulla is also an important embryological landmark as it marks the anatomical transition from foregut to the midgut. Because of this, it is a watershed zone where the blood supply changes from the celiac axis to the superior mesenteric artery. Radiologic evaluation of the ampulla and the periampullary region is challenging because it requires an understanding of the embryology, the normal appearance, and different anatomic variants. Also, a wide variety of pathologies can occur in this region. The purpose of this review is to present the normal anatomy of the ampulla and the periampullary region on different imaging modalities and to summarize the imaging features of the common variants, and benign and malignant ampullary and periampullary conditions. Understanding of the normal anatomical appearance and variants along with the knowledge of common pathologic conditions affecting the ampulla and periampullary conditions can help radiologists in making accurate diagnosis resulting in optimum patient care.
Beam quality measurement of high power laser by using an involute pinhole array
Authors: Chen Shaowu , Yang Pengling , Luan Kunpeng , Wu Junjie , Feng Gang , Zhao Haichuan 
Published: May 2021

A novel method for power-in-the-bucket (PIB) measurement of high power laser beams is proposed. The laser beam spot was first sampled by a rotating involute pinhole array and then collected by using a photodetector placed behind the pinholes. The spatial–temporal distribution and calibrated PIB curve of the laser beam can be obtained. The spatial and temporal resolution is 20 µm and 5 ms, respectively. Compared with conventional methods, the proposed measurement method is simple, convenient, and accurate, which is suitable for high power laser beams with jitter.
A self-powered vibration sensor for downhole drilling tools based on hybrid electromagnetic–triboelectric nanogenerator
Authors: Wu Chuan , Yang Shuo , Wen Guojun , Fan Chenxing 
Published: May 2021

The vibration of downhole drilling tools is important to the drilling process, which needs to be measured in real time. Here, a self-powered vibration sensor for downhole drilling tools based on a hybrid electromagnetic–triboelectric nanogenerator is proposed in this research. The sensor has high reliability because the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) and the electromagnetic generator (EMG) parts of the sensor can be used as vibration sensors alone, and it may also supply power to other micro-power measurements while drilling instruments when the TENG and the EMG are used in parallel to increase the output power. Test results show that for the TENG part, the maximum output voltage, current, and power are 14 V, 5.2 µA, and 3.2 µW, respectively, with a 1 MΩ resistance in series, and for the EMG part, they are 1.22 V, 33 µA, and 21.8 mW, respectively, with a 10 Ω resistance in series. Further tests show that the measurement range of both the TENG and EMG is 0–11 Hz, the measurement error of both is less than ±5%, and both can work normally in the temperature range of less than 250 °C. In addition, this research also builds a wireless vibration data transmission system based on the sensor, which shows the potential for use in the wireless sensing field.
Measurements of impurity ion temperature and velocity distributions via active charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy in C-2W
Authors: Nations M. , Gupta D. , Sweeney J. , Frausto L. , Tobin M. ,   TAE Team
Published: May 2021

In TAE Technologies’ C-2W experiment, electrode biasing is utilized for boundary control of a field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasma embedded in a magnetic mirror. Understanding the underlying physics associated with FRC rotation, stabilization, and heating is crucial for improving machine performance. Impurity ion rotation and temperature are sensitive to biasing effects, and measurements of these quantities can provide insight into important plasma dynamics and overall effectiveness of the biasing system. To this end, a charge-exchange recombination spectroscopy (ChERS) diagnostic was developed and deployed to measure local impurity ion temperature and velocity in the confinement vessel of C-2W. The system utilizes a new diagnostic neutral beam (40 keV, 8.5 A) and a fiber-coupled spectrometer with an image-intensified high-speed camera to measure beam-induced spectral line emission at multiple lines-of-sight. Design details and the first experimental results obtained with this new diagnostic are presented and discussed.
High-speed giant magnetostrictive actuator using laminated silicon steel core
Authors: Liu Pengfei , Kong Mengmeng , Diao Weidong , Feng Zhihua 
Published: May 2021

The high-frequency eddy current loss limits the output speed of the giant magnetostrictive actuator (GMA). This paper investigates a GMA using a laminated silicon steel core. Compared with the integral silicon steel core, the laminated silicon steel core can reduce the equivalent conductivity and eddy currents. The laminated structure reduces the magnetic reluctance of the core and increases the magnetic field intensity in the giant magnetostrictive material rod. Therefore, the actuator can output large vibration amplitude under high-frequency magnetic field. At the sinusoidal excitation current of 35 A (rms) @ 2 kHz, the output vibration amplitude of the actuator using the laminated silicon steel core is 11.1 µm @ 4 kHz, which is 44.2% higher than that of the actuator with the integral silicon steel core. This indicates that the laminated structure of the magnetic core is beneficial to improve the output speed of GMA.
Hypoxia-inducible factor-dependent ADAM12 expression mediates breast cancer invasion and metastasis
Authors: Wang Ru , Godet Ines , Yang Yongkang , Salman Shaima , Lu Haiquan , Lyu Yajing , Zuo Qiaozhu , Wang Yufeng , Zhu Yayun , Chen Chelsey , He Jianjun , Gilkes Daniele M. , Semenza Gregg L. 
Published: May 2021

SignificanceHypoxia (reduced oxygen availability) is a common finding in the tumor microenvironment and plays a critical role in stimulating the metastasis of breast cancer cells from the primary tumor to distant organs, which is closely related to patient mortality. Critical transcriptional responses to reduced O2availability are mediated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). In this study, we demonstrate that hypoxia induces HIF-dependent expression of a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 12 (ADAM12), which clips off the extracellular domain of the membrane-bound heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF). The liberated extracellular domain of HB-EGF binds to the epidermal growth factor receptor, triggering a signal transduction pathway that endows breast cancer cells with increased capability for cell migration and invasion, leading to distant metastasis.
Rapid Buprenorphine Microdosing for Opioid use Disorder in a Hospitalized Patient Receiving Very High Doses of Full Agonist Opioids for Acute Pain Management: Titration, Implementation Barriers, and Strategies to Overcomes
Authors: DeWeese Jonathan P. , Krenz James R. , Wakeman Sarah E. , Peckham Alyssa M. 
Published: May 2021

Background Conventional buprenorphine inductions for OUD are clinically useful but require patients to experience mild to moderate opioid withdrawal symptoms to avoid precipitated withdrawal. This may be intolerable/unreasonable for some, which may have precluded successful buprenorphine treatment in the past. Microdosing buprenorphine, allowing for full agonist opioid overlap, has emerged as a clinically useful strategy for those unable to complete conventional buprenorphine induction. However, many questions remain such as preclusions regarding the amount of full agonist opioid overlap, speed of buprenorphine microdose titration, and overcoming implementation barriers in U.S. hospitals. Case presentation A female between the ages of 30 and 40 with severe OUD admitted to the hospital for IDU-related osteomyelitis wished to begin buprenorphine for OUD. Her hospitalization was subject to premature discharge at any time due to competing interests of potential foreclosure on her home, so buprenorphine needed to be started rapidly for safety and improved outcomes. Due to her significant acute pain requirements managed with full agonist opioids, it was unreasonable to consider conventional buprenorphine induction. Buprenorphine microdose strategy was employed at more rapid titration and previously described in the literature, starting at 1 mg TDD on day 1, 3 mg TDD on day 2, and 8 mg TDD on day 3 with full agonist opioid overlap starting at 1,944 MME tapered down to 473 MME. The patient prematurely left the hospital, at which time buprenorphine 8 mg TDD was held at this dose for days 3–8 while full agonist opioid was tapered from 473 MME to 117 MME. BUP was then further titrated to 8 mg TID. This patient tolerated buprenorphine microdosing well, without any treatment-emergent opioid symptoms or worsening of baseline symptoms. Discussion This case demonstrates the success of buprenorphine microdose induction despite very high doses of full agonist opioid overlap and demonstrates the ability to titrate buprenorphine microdoses faster than originally described. Strategies to overcoming implementation barriers are also discussed.
Estimating somatotype from a single‐camera 3D body scanning system
Authors: Chiu Chuang‐Yuan , Ciems Raimonds , Thelwell Michael , Bullas Alice , Choppin Simon 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTSomatotype is an approach to quantify body physique (shape and body composition). Somatotyping by manual measurement (the anthropometric method) or visual rating (the photoscopic method) needs technical expertize to minimize intra‐ and inter‐observer errors. This study aims to develop machine learning models which enable automatic estimation of Heath‐Carter somatotypes using a single‐camera 3D scanning system. Single‐camera 3D scanning was used to obtain 3D imaging data and computer vision techniques to extract features of body shape. Machine learning models were developed to predict participants' somatotypes from the extracted shape features. These predicted somatotypes were compared against manual measurement procedures. Data were collected from 46 participants and used as the training/validation set for model developing, whilst data collected from 17 participants were used as the test set for model evaluation. Evaluation tests showed that the 3D scanning methods enable accurate (mean error < 0.5; intraclass correlation coefficients >0.8) and precise (test‐retest root mean square error < 0.5; intraclass correlation coefficients >0.8) somatotype predictions. This study shows that the 3D scanning methods could be used as an alternative to traditional somatotyping approaches after the current models improve with the large datasets.
The need for a paradigm shift in the development of military exoskeletons
Authors: Mudie Kurt , Billing Daniel , Garofolini Alessandro , Karakolis Thomas , LaFiandra Michael 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTAn exoskeleton is a body‐worn mechanical device designed to work in concert with the user to enhance human capabilities. For the dismounted close combatant, an exoskeleton could be worn whilst performing a variety of complex tasks and duties. As such, there is a requirement for the human and the exoskeleton to readily adapt to different movements in different contexts. There have been many attempts to design an exoskeleton to improve the performance of the complex adaptive human system with limited success. Despite a vast investment in time and resources, exoskeletons have not yet been adopted for operational use by military leadership for use by the dismounted close combatant as they are yet to demonstrate substantive augmentation to individual warfighter and collective team capability. We argue that a major limitation of current exoskeleton systems is their inability to concurrently adapt to the user, task and environment. Unless a device can meet this requirement, it is unlikely to offer a comparative benefit to the dismounted close combatant. This paper will present the state of the art of current exoskeleton technology, and recommend future research necessary to reach an acceptable standard of augmentation and thereby lead to widespread adoption.