bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunosuppressive influence of parasitoid wasp Pimpla turionellae calyx fluid on host Galleria mellonella cell-mediated immune response and hemocyte viability
Authors: Kaya Serhat , Uçkan Fevzi , Er Aylin 
Published: October 2021

AbstractEndoparasitoid species devoid of symbiotic viruses inject secretions derived from their reproductive glands into their hosts during parasitism in order to avoid various immune responses of their hosts. Pimpla turionellae L. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) is an endoparasitoid that lacks polydnaviruses, and its venom has previously been shown to paralyze the host Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and suppress its immune reactions to ensure the egg survival. The present study demonstrates that another female-injected factor calyx fluid extracted from the P. turionellae ovary is also responsible for the suppression of G. mellonella immunity. The total hemocyte counts of G. mellonella decrease after treatment with calyx fluid in a concentration-dependent manner. Significant reductions in cell viability are also observed at all calyx fluid doses both in vivo and in vitro. The analyses of the beads injected into the insects as encapsulation targets revealed that the number of encapsulated beads reduced significantly compared to controls post-calyx fluid injection. The injection of the highest calyx fluid dose (1 female equivalent calyx) is sufficient to completely inhibit the strong encapsulation and melanization reactions of the last instar larvae 24 h post-injection. These results demonstrate that P. turionellae calyx fluid is required to regulate host immunity for successful parasitization.
The effect of fascia and free skin graft on the healing of mastoid cavity after canal wall down mastoidectomy
Authors: Bongale K R , Bhat V K , Shetty A M 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjectivePost-mastoidectomy delayed cavity healing is a challenge to manage. This study aimed to cut down healing time with a simple technique (fascia with a skin graft) and compared it with controls without this technique.MethodThe current study was a prospective non-randomised controlled study, conducted in a tertiary referral hospital. Thirty cases and 30 controls with squamosal type chronic otitis media were studied.ResultsBy the end of first month, 23.3 per cent of cases had healed compared with 3.3 per cent of controls. At the third month follow up, 83.3 per cent of cases and 53.3 per cent of controls had healed. At the sixth month follow up, 93.3 per cent of cases and 86 per cent of controls had healed.ConclusionHealing of the mastoid cavity, as evidenced by epithelialisation and formation of a dry cavity, was faster in cases that received the graft when compared with controls without the graft.
The impact of sex, age at onset, recurrence, mode of ascertainment and medical complications on the family genetic risk score profiles for alcohol use disorder
Authors: Kendler Kenneth S. , Ohlsson Henrik , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundAlcohol use disorder (AUD) is clinically heterogeneous. We examine its potential genetic heterogeneity as a function of sex, age, clinical features and mode of ascertainment.MethodsIn the Swedish population born 1932–1995 (n = 5 829 952), we examined the genetic risk profiles for AUD, major depression (MD), anxiety disorders, bipolar disorder, drug use disorder (DUD), attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and criminal behavior (CB) in 361 124 cases of AUD subdivided by sex, age at onset (AAO), recurrence, mode of ascertainment and medical complications. Family genetic risk scores (FGRS), calculated from 1st to 5th-degree relatives controlling of cohabitation, assesses genetic risk from phenotypes in the family, not from DNA variants.ResultsFGRS profiles differed modestly across sex with all scores higher in females. Differences were more pronounced for AAO and recurrence with the FGRS for AUD, DUD, ADHD and CB substantially higher in cases with early AAO or high recurrence rates. Genetic profiles differed considerably by mode of ascertainment, with higher FGRS for AUD and most other disorders in patients seen in hospital v. primary care settings. Cases of AUD with medical complications had higher FGRS for AUD. AUD cases comorbid with MD and DUD had higher FGRS risk for AUD, but this genetic may be less specific given increases in FGRS for multiple other disorders.ConclusionsFrom a genetic perspective, AUD differs substantially as a function of AAO, recurrence, mode of ascertainment and patterns of comorbidity, suggesting caution in cross-sample comparisons of AUD cohorts that differ in these features.
Causal pathways to social and occupational functioning in the first episode of schizophrenia: uncovering unmet treatment needs
Authors: Miley Kathleen , Meyer-Kalos Piper , Ma Sisi , Bond David J. , Kummerfeld Erich , Vinogradov Sophia 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackgroundWe aimed to identify unmet treatment needs for improving social and occupational functioning in early schizophrenia using a data-driven causal discovery analysis.MethodsDemographic, clinical, and psychosocial measures were obtained for 276 participants from the Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode Early Treatment Program (RAISE-ETP) trial at baseline and 6-months, along with measures of social and occupational functioning from the Quality of Life Scale. The Greedy Fast Causal Inference algorithm was used to learn a partial ancestral graph modeling causal relationships across baseline variables and 6-month functioning. Effect sizes were estimated using a structural equation model. Results were validated in an independent dataset (N = 187).ResultsIn the data-generated model, greater baseline socio-affective capacity was a cause of greater baseline motivation [Effect size (ES) = 0.77], and motivation was a cause of greater baseline social and occupational functioning (ES = 1.5 and 0.96, respectively), which in turn were causes of their own 6-month outcomes. Six-month motivation was also identified as a cause of occupational functioning (ES = 0.92). Cognitive impairment and duration of untreated psychosis were not direct causes of functioning at either timepoint. The graph for the validation dataset was less determinate, but otherwise supported the findings.ConclusionsIn our data-generated model, baseline socio-affective capacity and motivation are the most direct causes of occupational and social functioning 6 months after entering treatment in early schizophrenia. These findings indicate that socio-affective abilities and motivation are specific high-impact treatment needs that must be addressed in order to promote optimal social and occupational recovery.
Kinetostatic backflip strategy for self-recovery of quadruped robots with the selected rotation axis
Authors: Wang Shengjie , Wang Kun , Zhang Chunsong , Dai Jian S 
Published: October 2021

AbstractA kinetostatic approach applied to the design of a backflip strategy for quadruped robots is proposed in this paper. Inspired by legged animals and taking the advantage of the leg workspace, this strategy provides an optimal design idea for the low-cost quadruped robots to achieve self-recovery after overturning. Through kinetostatic and energy analysis, a four-stepped backflip strategy based on the selected rotation axis with minimum energy is proposed, with a process of selection, lifting, rotating, and protection. The kinematic factors that affect the backflip are investigated, along with the relationship between the design parameters of the leg and trunk being analyzed. At the end of this paper, the strategy is validated by a simulation and experiments with a prototype called DRbot, demonstrating that the strategy endows the robot a strong self-recovery ability in various terrains.
Antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella from poultry meat in Brazil: results of a nationwide survey
Authors: Rau Renata Batista , Ribeiro Aldemir Reginato , dos Santos Amaury , Barth Afonso Luís 
Published: October 2021

Abstract
The use of antimicrobials in food-producing animals can lead to increased bacterial resistance. Important information to address this problem can be provided by monitoring antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in foodborne pathogens. As part of preliminary activities for the implementation of AMR surveillance in Brazil, a nationwide survey on AMR in Salmonella enterica isolates from poultry meat was conducted. The survey evaluated 146 Salmonella isolates from poultry meat in 2014, and 163 isolates obtained in 2017. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of 13 antimicrobials were determined by broth microdilution, and isolates were assigned to serotypes by automated ribotyping. High resistance rates were found in 2014 and 2017, in particular to nalidixic acid (84/146, 57.5% and 141/163, 86.5%, respectively), ampicillin (82/146, 56.2% and 125/163, 76.7%), cefotaxime (76/146, 52.1% and 124/163, 76.1%), ceftazidime (73/146, 50.0% and 124/163, 76.1%), ciprofloxacin (83/146, 56.9% and 145/163, 89.0%) and tetracycline (88/146, 60.3% and 135/163, 82.8%). There was a significant increase in resistance to these antibiotics in the second survey period. Salmonella ser. Heidelberg and Salmonella ser. Minnesota were the main serotypes expressing resistance to these antimicrobials. Multidrug resistance was found in 50.7% (74/146) of the isolates from 2014, and in 77.3% (126/163) of isolates from 2017 (P < 0.05). None of the isolates was resistant to azithromycin or meropenem. These findings indicate high and increasing rates of resistance among Salmonella from poultry meat in Brazil, mainly associated with Salmonella ser. Heidelberg and Salmonella ser. Minnesota, stressing the importance of continuous monitoring of AMR in the poultry chain.
REHABILITATING BECÁN
Authors: Webster David , Ball Joseph W. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractResearch in 1970 vaulted Becán to prominence on the landscape of great Maya centers. Mapping, excavation, and ceramic stratigraphy revealed that its enigmatic earthwork, first recorded archaeologically in 1934, was a fortification built at the end of the Preclassic period. Large-scale warfare thus unexpectedly turned out to have very deep roots in the Maya lowlands. The site's wider implications remained obscure, however, in the absence of dates and other inscriptions. The ever-increasing dependence on historical and iconographic information in our narratives, along with the invisibility of its Preclassic buildings and plazas, unfortunately marginalized Becán. Some colleagues even claimed that we have misinterpreted both the nature of the earthworks (not fortifications) and their dating (not Preclassic). We rehabilitate Becán by dispelling these claims and by showing that standard archaeological evidence, contextualized in what we know today, has much to say about Becán's role in lowland culture history. We identify intervals of crisis when the earthwork remained useful long after it was originally built, especially during the great hegemonic struggles of the Snake and Tikal dynasties, and introduce new ceramic and lithic data about Becán's settlement history and political entanglements. Our most important message is that inscriptions and iconography, for all their dramatic chronological detail and historical agency, must always be complemented by standard fieldwork.
Alternate Care Sites for COVID-19 Patients: Experience from the H144 Hospital of the Health Service of the Principality of Asturias, Spain
Authors: Castro Delgado Rafael , Pérez Quesada Paloma , Pintado García Eduardo , Marañón Zabalza Iñigo , Vallina-Victorero Vázquez Manuel , Escribano Balín Rodrigo 
Published: October 2021

AbstractCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) temporary hospitals, also called “alternate care sites” (ACS), as support to the health network have had uneven use. The World Health Organization (WHO) has published different recommendations in this regard. World-wide, many health services have improved their surge capacity with the implementation of new temporary hospital structures, but there have been few experiences of use over time despite representing an important element as support to the hospital network in the management of COVID-19 patients. In this article, the experiences are explained in the design, execution, and use of the temporary COVID-19 Hospital H144 of the Health Service of the Principality of Asturias (Sespa), with 144 beds, which was in operation from April 1 through July 1, 2020 (without admitting patients) and from November 12, 2020 through March 5, 2121, admitting a total of 334 COVID-19 patients (66% women; 34% men) and generating 3,149 hospital stays. Maximum occupancy was 74 patients. Mean stay was 9.42 days (MD = 3.99; [1-34]). At discharge, 126 patients (38%) went to a nursing home, 112 (33%) to their home, 40 (12%) were transferred to another hospital, and 56 (17%) died. The mean age of the admitted patients was 82.79 years (MD = 8.68; [29-104]) and was higher in women (85.09; MD = 7.57; P = .000) than in men (78.28; MD = 9.22). Some aspects to consider for future experiences of use have been: teamwork from different fields of knowledge (ie, architecture, engineering, medicine, and nursing) is essential for success; integration in the health system must be fully developed from different perspectives (ie, information system, logistics, medical records, or clinical procedures, among others); clear procedures for patient admission from different structures (ie, home, hospitals, nursing homes, or primary health care network) must combine with flexibility of use to adapt to new and unknown circumstances; and they must not compromise specialized staff availability in other health facilities.
Characteristics of Emergency Medical Service Missions in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest and Death Cases in the Periods of Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Hasani-Sharamin Parisa , Saberian Peyman , Sadeghi Mostafa , Mireskandari Seyed Mohammad , Baratloo Alireza 
Published: October 2021

AbstractBackground:Some studies in countries affected by the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic have shown that the missions of Emergency Medical Service (EMS) have changed during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the rate of death and out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) has been increased due to the direct and indirect effects of COVID-19.Objective:The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on the process of EMS missions, death, and OHCA.Methods:This cross-sectional study was performed in Tehran, Iran. All conducted missions in the first six months of the three consecutive solar years of March 21 until September 22 of 2018-2020, which were registered in the registry bank of the Tehran EMS center, were assessed and compared. Based on the opinion of experts, the technician’s on-scene diagnoses were categorized into 14 groups, and then death and OHCA cases were compared.Results:In this study, the data of 1,050,376 missions performed in three study periods were analyzed. In general, the number of missions in 2020 was 17.83% fewer than that of 2019 (P < .001); however, the number of missions in 2019 was 30.33% more than that of 2018. On the other hand, the missions of respiratory problems, cardiopulmonary arrest, infectious diseases, and poisoning were increased in 2020 compared to that of 2019. The raw number of OHCA and death cases respectively in 2018, 2019, and 2020 were 25.0, 22.7, and 28.6 cases per 1,000 missions. Of all patients who died in 2020, 4.9% were probable/confirmed COVID-19 cases. The history of heart disease, hypertension, diabetes, and respiratory disease in patients in 2020 was more frequent than that of the other two years.Conclusion:This study showed that the number of missions in the Tehran EMS in 2020 were decreased compared to that of 2019, however the number of missions in 2019 was more than that of 2018. Respiratory problems, infectious diseases, poisoning, death, and OHCA were increased compared to the previous two years and cardiovascular complaints, neurological problems, and motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) in 2020 were fewer than that of the other two years
Development of a protein energy malnutrition screening tool for older Thais in public residential homes
Authors: Phodhichai Thitima , Satheannoppakao Warapone , Tipayamongkholgul Mathuros , Hutchinson Carol , Sasat Siriphan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractObjective:This study aimed to develop and validate protein energy malnutrition (PEM) screening tool for older adults in public residential homes, and to test its practicality.Design:This cross-sectional study consisted of two phases: tool development/validation and tool practicality evaluation. In Phase 1, the questionnaire was developed based on literature review and tested for content validity. Older residents were interviewed using this questionnaire to identify potential PEM risk factors. A 24-h recall was used to collect dietary data, and body composition and serum albumin were measured. In Phase 2, practicality of new PEM screening tool was evaluated by intended users. Data were analysed byχ2test, Fisher’s exact test,t-test, Mann–WhitneyUtest and multiple logistic regression. Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) was used to estimate the best fit model.Setting:Four public residential homes in central region, Thailand.Participants:249 older residents residing in public residential homes and eight intended users.Results:26·9 % had PEM (serum albumin <3·5 g/dl). According to multiple logistic regression and AIC values, PEM predictors were having pressure ulcer, experiencing significant weight loss and taking ≥ 9 types of medicine daily. These predictors were included in PEM screening tool. Regarding the tool performance test, area under the ROC curve was 0·8 (P< 0·001) with sensitivity and specificity of 83·9 and 45·5 %, respectively. For its practicality, eight intended users reported that it was useful and easy to use.Conclusions:New screening tool may be capable of identifying PEM in older residents, and further testing is required before being recommended for use.
INTERSECTION COHOMOLOGY OF RANK 2 CHARACTER VARIETIES OF SURFACE GROUPS
Authors: Mauri Mirko 
Published: October 2021

AbstractFor
$G = \mathrm {GL}_2, \mathrm {SL}_2, \mathrm {PGL}_2$
we compute the intersection E-polynomials and the intersection Poincaré polynomials of the G-character variety of a compact Riemann surface C and of the moduli space of G-Higgs bundles on C of degree zero. We derive several results concerning the P=W conjectures for these singular moduli spaces.
Destructive trends in contemporary armed conflicts and the overlooked aspect of intangible cultural heritage: A critical comparison of the protection of cultural heritage under IHL and the Islamic law of armed conflict
Authors: Arnal Victoria 
Published: October 2021

AbstractThe destruction of cultural heritage in armed conflicts has gained increasing political momentum and visibility over the last two decades. Syria, Iraq and Mali, among others, have witnessed the intentional destruction of their cultural heritage by non-State armed groups (NSAGs) that have invoked Islamic law and principles to legitimize their actions. The response of the international community has predominantly focused on the material aspect, to the detriment of the significant impact on the associated intangible manifestation of cultural heritage in local communities. This article argues that several Islamic legal rules and principles may, more adequately than international humanitarian law, safeguard the intangible dimension of cultural heritage in certain contemporary armed conflicts in Muslim contexts. It aims to demonstrate the importance of drawing from multiple legal traditions in order to enhance the protection of intangible cultural heritage in armed conflicts and to strengthen engagement with the relevant NSAGs.
Drift Resonance Between Particles and Compressional Toroidal ULF Waves in Dipole Magnetic Field
Authors: Li Li , Zhou Xu‐Zhi , Omura Yoshiharu , Zong Qiu‐Gang , Rankin Robert , Chen Xing‐Ran , Liu Ying , Yue Chao , Fu Sui‐Yan 
Published: October 2021

AbstractWe examine the drift‐resonant particle dynamics for toroidal ultralow frequency (ULF) waves in a pure dipole background geomagnetic field. We confirm that the resonant condition originally believed to apply only for poloidal ULF waves, , also applies for compressional toroidal waves. The predicted phase relationships have been confirmed from Van Allen Probes observations. Their good agreement provides the first observational evidence for the drift resonance condition controlled by the compressional toroidal ULF wave. Moreover, we extend the drift resonance theory into a nonlinear regime. The resulting particle motion can be described by a modified pendulum equation with solutions depending on the wave number . For high‐ toroidal waves, the resonant islands become asymmetric to perturb the particle trajectories within each potential well and consequently increase the trapping widths in both energy and L‐shell. We further carry out test‐particle simulations to show the evolution of electron distribution functions when they interact with either toroidal or poloidal waves. These findings demonstrate that toroidal ULF waves, like their poloidal counterparts, play an important role in magnetospheric particle dynamics.
Statistical Analysis of Ring Ionospheric Trough Characteristics
Authors: Karpachev A. T. 
Published: October 2021

AbstractIn this study, the statistical characteristics of the ring ionospheric trough (RIT) are determined. The RIT is formed by the decay processes of the magnetospheric ring current; therefore, it is most clearly distinguished from the main ionospheric trough (MIT) during the recovery phase of a geomagnetic storm. The dynamics of both the troughs is considered in the case of geomagnetic disturbances with Kp indices from 4 to 9 during 2000–2003. In total, 830 RIT occurrences were identified in the CHAMP satellite data. The RIT is most often formed in the post‐midnight period, less often in the evening, and never in the daytime between 10 and 14 LT. In the post‐midnight period, the RIT is observed in the belt of 39°–62° geomagnetic latitude (in both hemispheres), with an occurrence maximum at 55° (L‐shell, L = 3). This finding is in good agreement with the observations of stable auroral red (SAR) arcs and a residual magnetospheric ring current. When a storm exhibits a long recovery phase, during which the geomagnetic activity periodically resumes, the RIT can exist for more than two days. The RIT is most often formed at the longitudes of South America, where the geomagnetic field is the weakest. In contrast to the MIT position, the averaged RIT position is not so strongly dependent on the longitude and Kp index. At low Kp values, the plasmapause position is close to the MIT position, while at high Kp values, the plasmapause approaches the RIT position.
Recovering 3D Basement Relief Using Gravity Data Through Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: He Siyuan , Cai Hongzhu , Liu Shuang , Xie Jingtao , Hu Xiangyun 
Published: October 2021

AbstractGravity surveys in regional geophysical research can be used to estimate the depth of the sediment‐basement interface. In this study, we investigate a novel method using the convolutional neural network (CNN) for depth‐to‐basement inversion directly from gravity data. Based on the Random‐Midpoint‐Displacement method (RMD) and the features of the observed gravity data, we can generate a large set of realistic sediment‐basement interface models. This new method for model generation can significantly reduce the size of the training data sets which is usually considerably large to train a pervasive network. The application on synthetic models shows that the developed CNN inversion is able to capture the detailed features of the sediment‐basement interface for the complex geological model. However, so far, the training set obtained from the proposed method is still continuous and the CNN inversion still cannot effectively recover the models such as abrupt faults. We also successfully applied the developed method and workflow to a field study. The proposed approach opens a new window for estimating the physical contrast interfaces using potential field.