bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protecting concessionary rights: General principles and the making of international investment law
Authors: Leiter Andrea 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article engages with the history of international investment law in the first half of the twentieth century. It traces how international lawyers inscribed their vision of an international legal order protecting private property of Western companies against attempts at nationalization in the wake of socialist revolutions and the decolonization of large parts of the world. The article focuses on the role of ‘general principles of law as recognized by civilized nations’ as building blocks for an international legal order today called international investment law. Rather than describing a direct line between contemporary standards of protection and the invocation of general principles, the article develops conditions of possibility for the emergent field of international investment law. These conditions are located both in arbitral practice, as well as in international legal scholarship of the early twentieth century. Based on the analysis of such arbitrations over disputes resulting from concession agreements and scholarly writings in the interwar period, the contribution draws out the modes of authorization upon which the legal claims advanced by international lawyers rested. At the heart of the vision were ideas of ‘modernity’, ‘civilization’, ‘equity’, and ‘justice’ that enabled a hierarchization of difference, locating Western claims to legality above rivalling claims of socialist and ‘newly independent’ states. These ideas ultimately constituted the paradox of a ‘modern law of nature’ that claimed timeless universality while authorizing the ordering of foreign property in line with Western conceptions of modernity.
Creating a new future: Redeveloping the tribal-museum relationship in the time of NAGPRA
Authors: Teeter Wendy Giddens , Martinez Desiree , Lippert Dorothy 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe hope has long been that the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (NAGPRA) would finally bring ancestors and their cultural items home to their communities to be reconnected and rest. However, 30 years later, museums and academics still fear losing control of research and access in their intellectual pursuits. Far from true, museums have benefited in working with tribes in telling stories around their cultural history, present and future. This article shares experiences over the authors’ careers and counters the alarmist calls to arms against compliance with NAGPRA.
Formalization of metatheory of the Lambda Calculus in constructive type theory using the Barendregt variable convention
Authors: Copello Ernesto , Szasz Nora , Tasistro Álvaro 
Published: November 2021

AbstarctWe formalize in Constructive Type Theory the Lambda Calculus in its classical first-order syntax, employing only one sort of names for both bound and free variables, and with α-conversion based upon name swapping. As a fundamental part of the formalization, we introduce principles of induction and recursion on terms which provide a framework for reproducing the use of the Barendregt Variable Convention as in pen-and-paper proofs within the rigorous formal setting of a proof assistant. The principles in question are all formally derivable from the simple principle of structural induction/recursion on concrete terms. We work out applications to some fundamental meta-theoretical results, such as the Church–Rosser Theorem and Weak Normalization for the Simply Typed Lambda Calculus. The whole development has been machine checked using the system Agda.
Finitary monads on the category of posets
Authors: Adámek Jiří , Ford Chase , Milius Stefan , Schröder Lutz 
Published: November 2021

AbstractFinitary monads on Pos are characterized as precisely the free-algebra monads of varieties of algebras. These are classes of ordered algebras specified by inequations in context. Analogously, finitary enriched monads on Pos are characterized: here we work with varieties of coherent algebras which means that their operations are monotone.
Jain Memory of the Tughluq Sultans: Alternative Sources for the Historiography of Sultanate India
Authors: VOSE STEVEN M. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractSome of the earliest narratives of meetings between leaders of an Indian community and their Muslim ruler appear in the Vividhatīrthakalpa (Chapters on Many Sacred Places) of the Jain monk Jinaprabhasūri (c. 1261–1333 ce). The text depicts the monk's relationship with Sultan Muḥammad bin Tughluq (r. 1325–51) in the years 1328–33, which resulted in the sovereign issuing a number of edicts (farmāns) to protect Jains and Jain temples and which led to the return of a Jina icon (Pkt. paḍima, Skt. pratimā) and the establishment of a Jain quarter in Delhi. Over the next two-and-a-half centuries, Jinaprabhasūri's story would be retold several times, with fifteenth-century narrators shifting his interlocutor to Fīrūz Shāh Tughluq (r. 1351–88). In the process of making Jinaprabha an object of memory, Jain authors of both the monk's own and rival monastic orders (gacchas) depicted the sultans as benefactors of the Jain community. While these narratives were attempts to delineate the proper relationship between Jain monastic leaders and Muslim rulers, they also constituted a Jain memory of the Tughluq sultans that is often at odds with modern historical representations of them. Reading these narratives alongside other evidence of Jains’ relations with the Tughluqs offers historians an alternative view of these figures and their relations with their Indian subjects, helping to de-centre modern historical narratives based on selective readings of Persian and Arabic sources and a privileging of Brahmanical or colonial viewpoints of the period. However, these narratives require historians to theorise this ‘memory’ to understand them productively as historical sources.
Locating Ḥākimiyya in Global History: The Concept of Sovereignty in Premodern Islam and Its Reception after Mawdūdī and Quṭb
Authors: AL-AZAMI USAAMA 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThe concept of ḥākimiyya (sovereignty), as understood by its leading proponents, refers to the notion that it is God, rather than humans, Who possesses the prerogative to make laws. A concomitant of this is that Muslims with political power and authority must recognise the supremacy of Islamic law. This notion, perhaps most notably articulated in modern times by Abū al-Aʿlā Mawdūdī, may be viewed as the rearticulation of ideas latent in the premodern Islamic juristic tradition, but whose modern incarnation as ḥākimiyya emerged in response to the legislative norms of the liberal colonial state. Despite its modern articulation, and against the views of several scholars, I argue that ḥākimiyya qua sovereignty finds its antecedents quite clearly in the Islamic scholarly tradition. Such an understanding leads into a discussion of how Islamic conceptions of sovereignty can help us reassess influential Western articulations of the concept. I also show that Mawdūdī's influential younger contemporary, the Islamist alim Abū al-Ḥasan ʿAlī Nadwī, upholds ḥākimiyya despite his critique of Mawdūdī and Sayyid Quṭb's conceptions of it. I conclude with a brief reflection on how our understanding of ḥākimiyya as sovereignty can help us provincialise Europe in global historical studies.
Comparative dosimetry of brachytherapy treatment planning between a volume-based plan by CT and a point-based plan by TAUS in CT datasets for brachytherapy
Authors: Pintakham Chaiyaporn , Tharavichitkul Ekkasit , Wanwilairat Somsak , Nobnop Wannapha 
Published: November 2021

Abstract

Aim:
To evaluate comparative dosimetry of brachytherapy treatment planning between a volume-based plan by computed tomography (CT) and a point-based plan by transabdominal ultrasound (TAUS) in CT datasets for brachytherapy.

Materials and methods:
From 2019 to 2021, 59 different datasets of CT images were collected from 38 patients treated by intracavitary brachytherapy with tandem ovoid or tandem ring applicators. At that time, TAUS was performed to prevent uterine perforation and to evaluate topography of the cervix during application. In volume-based planning by CT, the target dose was used to keep the dose at 90% of high-risk clinical target volume (HR-CTV), to give a dose of at least 7Gy, while in the point-based plan by TAUS, the target dose was used to keep the minimum dose to eight cervix reference points (measured by TAUS), to give a dose of at least 7Gy. The doses to targets and organs at risk were evaluated and compared between volume-based planning by CT and the point-based plan by TAUS.

Results:
Of 59 fractions, a tandem ovoid applicator was used in 48 fractions (81·3%). In the volume-based plan by CT, the mean doses to HR-CTV(D90), intermediate-risk clinical target volume (IR-CTV)(D90), bladder(D2cc), rectum(D2cc) and sigmoid colon(D2cc) were 7·0, 3·9, 4·9, 2·9 and 3·3 Gy, respectively, while in the point-based plan by TAUS, the mean doses to HR-CTV(D90), IR-CTV(D90), bladder(D2cc), rectum(D2cc) and sigmoid colon(D2cc) were 8·2, 4·6, 5·9, 3·4 and 3·9 Gy, respectively. The percentages of mean dose differences between TAUS and CT of HR-CTV(D90), IR-CTV(D90), bladder(D2cc), rectum(D2cc) and sigmoid colon(D2cc) were 17·7, 19·5, 20·5, 19·5, 21·3 and 19·8%, respectively. With the target dose to the point-based plan by TAUS (7 Gy to the cervix reference points), this was close to D98 of HR-CTV with a mean percentage of difference of 0·6%.

Findings:
The point-based plan by TAUS showed higher values to targets and organs at risk than the volume-based plan by CT. With the point-based plan by TAUS, it was close to D98 of HR-CTV.
Potentials and perspectives of food self-sufficiency in urban areas—a case study from Leipzig
Authors: Rüschhoff Judith , Hubatsch Carl , Priess Jörg , Scholten Thomas , Egli Lukas 
Published: November 2021

AbstractRegionalization of food systems is a potential strategy to support environmental, economic and social sustainability. However, local preconditions need to be considered to assess the feasibility of such a transformation process. To better understand the potentials and perspectives of food self-sufficiency in urban and peri-urban areas, we determined the food self-sufficiency level (SSL) of a German metropolitan region, i.e., the percentage of the food demand that could be potentially provided on existing agricultural land. Main input parameters were actual food demand, agricultural productivity and its temporal variability and land availability. Furthermore, we considered changes in diet, food losses and land management. Based on current diets and agricultural productivity, the administrative region of Leipzig achieved a mean SSL of 94%, ranging from 77 to 116%. Additionally, an area of 26,932 ha, representing 12% of the regionally available agricultural land, was needed for commodities that are not cultivated regionally. Changes in food demand due to a diet shift to a more plant-based diet and reduced food losses would increase the SSL by 29 and 17%, respectively. A shift to organic agriculture would decrease the SSL by 34% due to lower crop yields compared with conventional production. However, a combination of organic agriculture with less food loss and a more plant-based diet would lead to a mean SSL of 95% (75–115%). Our results indicate the feasibility of food system regionalization in the study area under current and potential near future conditions. Addressing a combination of multiple dimensions, for example plant-based and healthier diets combined with reduced food loss and organic farming, is the most favorable approach to increase food self-sufficiency in urban and peri-urban areas and simultaneously provide synergies with social and environmental objectives.
Jus ex bello and international humanitarian law: States’ obligations when withdrawing from armed conflict
Authors: Strauch Paul , Walton Beatrice 
Published: November 2021

AbstractThis article considers the international legal obligations relevant to States when withdrawing from situations of armed conflict. While a growing literature has focused on precisely when armed conflicts come to a legal end, as well as obligations triggered by the cessation of active hostilities, comparatively little attention has been paid to the legal implications of withdrawals from armed conflict and the contours of the obligations relevant to States in doing so. Following in the wake of just war scholarship endeavouring to distil jus ex bello principles, this article examines States’ obligations when ending their participation in armed conflicts from the perspective of international humanitarian law (IHL). It shows that while it is generally understood that IHL ceases to apply at the end of armed conflict, this is in reality a significant simplification; a number of obligations actually endure. Such rules act as exceptions to the general temporal scope of IHL and continue to govern withdrawing States, in effect straddling the in bello and post bellum phases of armed conflict. The article then develops three key end-of-participation obligations: obligations governing detention and transfer of persons, obligations imposed by Article 1 common to the four Geneva Conventions, and obligations relating to accountability and the consequences of conflict.
Study of an Equatorward Detachment of Auroral Arc From the Oval Using Ground‐Space Observations and the BATS‐R‐US–CIMI Model
Authors: Yadav Sneha , Shiokawa K. , Oyama S. , Inaba Y. , Takahashi N. , Seki K. , Keika K. , Chang Tzu‐Fang , Tam S. W. Y. , Wang B.‐J. , Kazama Y. , Wang S.‐Y. , Asamura K. , Kasahara S. , Yokota S. , Hori T. , Kasaba Y. , Tsuchiya F. , Kumamoto A. , Shoji M. , Kasahara Y. , Matsuoka A. , Matsuda S. , Jun C.‐W. , Imajo S. , Miyoshi Y. , Shinohara I. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe present observations of an equatorward detachment of the auroral arc from the main oval and magnetically conjugate measurements made by the Arase satellite in the inner magnetosphere. The all‐sky imager at Gakona (magnetic latitude = 63.6°N), Alaska, shows the detachment of the auroral arc in both red and green lines at local midnight (∼0130–0230 MLT) on 30 March 2017. The electron density derived from the Arase in‐situ observations shows that this arc occurred outside the plasmapause. At the arc crossing, the electron flux of energies ∼0.1–2 keV is found to be locally enhanced at L∼4.3–4.5. We estimated auroral intensities for both red and green lines by using the Arase low‐energy (0.1–19 keV) electron flux data. The peak latitude of the estimated intensity shows reasonably good correspondence with the observed intensity mapped at the ionospheric footprints of the Arase satellite. These findings indicate that the observed arc detachment at Gakona was associated with the localized enhancement of low‐energy electrons (∼0.1–2 keV) at the inner edge of the electron plasma sheet. Further, we employ the simulation results of the Community Coordinated Modeling Center (CCMC), the BATS‐R‐US–CIMI 3‐D MHD code to understand the conditions in the inner magnetosphere around the time of detachment. Although the simulation could not reproduce the lower‐energy component responsible for the arc detachment, it successfully reproduced two earthward convection events at the lower radial distance (R) (R ≤ ∼4) around the time of arc detachment and the features of enhanced convection in similarity with the observations.
Sensitivity of Steady State, Deep Ocean Dissolved Organic Carbon to Surface Boundary Conditions
Authors: Matsumoto Katsumi , Tanioka Tatsuro , Gilchrist Maya 
Published: November 2021

AbstractWe use the transport matrices of a data‐constrained circulation model to efficiently compute the steady state distribution of the deep ocean dissolved organic carbon (DOC) at a 1° horizontal resolution by propagating the surface DOC boundary conditions into the ocean interior. An equivalent simulation in the traditional forward modeling approach would be prohibitively computationally expensive. Our model simulates the total DOC as the sum of two DOC pools, the refractory and the semi‐labile. The model is able to simulate the large‐scale features of the deep ocean DOC without local sources or sinks of DOC in the ocean interior. The deep ocean DOC in the model is sensitive to the preformed DOC concentrations in the formation sites of deep and bottom waters, where observations are lacking. Furthermore, our model experiments indicate that the deep Atlantic DOC gradient is sensitive to the mixing of deep waters with different concentrations of preformed refractory DOC, the transport of semi‐labile DOC from the surface North Atlantic, and the decay rate of semi‐labile DOC. These, combined with the observation that much of the deep ocean DOC gradient is in the Atlantic, suggests that the semi‐labile DOC may be an important component of the deep Atlantic DOC. Finally, we show that DOC export depends substantially on the depth level where it is evaluated.
The Spectrum of Slip Behaviors of a Granular Fault Gouge Analogue Governed by Rate and State Friction
Authors: Rudolf M. , Rosenau M. , Oncken O. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractCurrently, it is unknown how seismic and aseismic slip influences the recurrence and magnitude of earthquakes. Modern seismic hazard assessment is therefore based on statistics combined with numerical simulations of fault slip and stress transfer. To improve the underlying statistical models we conduct low velocity shear experiments with glass micro‐beads as fault gouge analogue at confining stresses of 5–20 kPa. As a result, we show that characteristic slip events emerge, ranging from fast and large slip to small scale oscillating creep and stable sliding. In particular, we observe small scale slip events that occur immediately before large scale slip events for a specific set of experiments. Similar to natural faults we find a separation of scales by several orders of magnitude for slow events and fast events. Enhanced creep and transient dilatational events pinpoint that the granular analogue is close to failure. From slide‐hold‐slide tests, we find that the rate‐and‐state properties are in the same range as estimates for natural faults and fault rocks. The fault shows velocity weakening characteristics with a reduction of frictional strength between 0.8% and 1.3% per e‐fold increase in sliding velocity. Furthermore, the slip modes that are observed in the normal shear experiments are in good agreement with analytical solutions. Our findings highlight the influence of micromechanical processes on macroscopic fault behavior. The comprehensive data set associated with this study can act as a benchmark for numerical simulations and improve the understanding of observations of natural faults.
Study of Substorm‐Related Auroral Absorption: Latitudinal Width and Factors Affecting the Peak Intensity of Energetic Electron Precipitation
Authors: Nikolaev A. V. , Sergeev V. A. , Shukhtina M. A. , Spanswick E. , Rogov D. D. , Stepanov N. A. 
Published: November 2021

AbstractPreviously, suggesting a scenario of “injected and drifting electron cloud” to describe the enhancements and precipitations of energetic electrons during substorms we used the linear prediction filter (LPF) method to build the empirical dynamical model of auroral absorption in the middle of auroral zone, driven by the midlatitude positive bay (MPB) index time series. In this paper, to understand better the relationship between magnetic dipolarization, injection, and energetic electron precipitation, we quantitatively explore correlations between dipolarization proxies (MPB and SML indices, substorm current wedge (SCW) intensity, location, and size) and precipitation‐related auroral absorption in the morning maximum region for 148 isolated substorms. We confirm good correlation of precipitation peak values with dipolarization proxies and show that the absorption amplitude is most strongly controlled by total SCW current and its azimuthal size, and is also influenced by solar wind‐dependent background energetic electron flux in the conjugate plasma sheet. This result confirms the adequacy of our starting assumption that there is a close relationship between the intensities and size of substorm dipolarizations and energetic particle injections. To extend the latitudinal coverage, we computed the LPF response functions for individual riometers of NORSTAR array. Finding similar shapes and amplitudes of their response at latitudes 63°–69° in the regions where maximal precipitation is statistically observed, we suggest, test, and approve that the auroral absorption in the belt 63°–69° may be predicted using a set of LPFs determined empirically in the center of auroral zone for various magnetic local times.
Depth Dependent Focal Mechanisms of Volcanic Deep Low‐Frequency Earthquakes in Northeast Japan
Authors: Oikawa Genki , Aso Naofumi , Nakajima Junichi 
Published: November 2021

AbstractDeep low‐frequency earthquakes (LFEs) in Northeast Japan occur beneath active volcanoes at depths of 10–40 km. These volcanic LFEs radiate low‐frequency seismic waves, with most energy at 2–8 Hz, despite their low magnitudes (M < 2). Although many previous studies have obtained various focal mechanisms with non‐double‐couple components and suggested physical processes related to magma, the universal physical process is poorly understood. Therefore, we comprehensively determined the focal mechanisms of 264 LFEs for 26 volcanic regions in Northeast Japan usingS/Pamplitude ratios. Many of the obtained solutions have large double‐couple components with small compensated linear vector dipole components. Such source mechanisms can be explained by shear slip on the bending fault. We observed that the plunge of the null axis is as small as 20–30º at depths of 15–25 km, whereas it becomes larger and more varied at depths of 25–35 km. We interpreted that the regional stress field is relatively homogeneous in the middle of the crust, whereas it may be altered near the Moho discontinuity due to thermal stress or other effects related to potential magmatic processes. In addition, after quantitatively investigating the possible triggering of LFEs due to static stress changes in both the 2008 Iwate‐Miyagi earthquake and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake, we concluded that LFEs might have been triggered by substantial stress changes caused by large earthquakes in some regions.