bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children, Adolescents, and Advertising
Authors:   Committee on Communications
Published: December 2021

Advertising is a powerful force in American culture. It exists to sell products and services. In 1750 BC the Code of Hammurabi made it a crime, punishable by death, to sell anything to a child without first obtaining a power of attorney. In the 1990s, selling products to American children has become a standard business practice.
American children have viewed an estimated 360 000 advertisements on television before graduating from high school.1 Additional exposures include advertisements on the radio, in print media, on public transportation, and billboards. Commercials have even entered the classroom through programs like Channel One—video equipment packaged with current events programming that contains commercials.
The principal goal of commercial children's television is to sell products to children, with food and toys being the two most frequently advertised product categories.2 Advertisers generally use two approaches to sell their products. The traditional method places commercials in programs that are attractive to children. These commercials promote products unrelated to the program being shown. The second approach, begun in 1982, features toy action figures as the main characters of a program. Because these programs are often developed by the marketing division of toy companies to market specific toys, they are frequently referred to as "program-length commercials."
The Children's Television Act of 1990 mandates that all broadcasters carry children's educational or instructional programming as a condition for license renewal. One of the problems of the current law is that stations can cite public service announcements (PSAs) or short vignettes as evidence of compliance.
FDA TO MAKE IT EASIER FOR DRUG MAKERS TO GIVE PEDIATRIC-DOSE DATA TO DOCTORS
Authors: L. J. F. 
Published: December 2021

The Food and Drug Administration plans to make it easier for pharmaceutical manufacturers to provide doctors with information on the proper doses of prescription drugs for children.
FDA Commissioner David Kessler is expected to announce plans today to allow manufacturers in some circumstances to provide pediatric-use information on drug labels, even if they haven't held full-blown clinical trials involving children. The information would be based on extrapolations from adult studies, plus other data about the effects on children.
Asthma and Immunoglobulin E Antibodies After Respiratory Syncytial Virus Bronchiolitis: A Prospective Cohort Study With Matched Controls
Authors: Sigurs N. , Bjarnason R. , Sigurbergsson F. , Kjellman B. , Björkstén B. 
Published: December 2021

Objective. To study the occurrence of bronchial obstructive symptoms and immunoglobulin (Ig) E antibodies after respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) bronchiolitis in infancy. Previous studies of this subject have mostly been retrospective or without controls, or the controls have not been followed prospectively.
Design. This was a prospective cohort study with matched controls.
Participants. Forty-seven infants had experienced RSV bronchiolitis severe enough to cause hospitalization at a mean age of 3½ months. For each child with RSV infection, two controls were acquired from the local Child Health Center and matched for date of birth, sex, and residence. Only one control was obtained for one RSV child, and the control group thus contained 93 children.
Methods. All the children underwent two follow-up examinations, the first one at a mean age of 1 year and the second at a mean age of 3 years. At the first follow-up, a skin-prick test against egg white was performed, and serum IgG antibodies against RSV were measured. At the second follow-up, serum IgE antibodies were measured using screening tests for common food and inhalant antibodies, and skin-prick tests against egg white, cat, birch, and mite allergen were performed. Hereditary and environmental factors (passive smoking, indoor furred animals) and duration of breast-feeding were recorded.
Results. At the first follow-up, 89% in the RSV group and 27% in the control group had IgG antibodies against RSV (P &lt; .001). At the second follow-up, asthma, defined as three episodes of bronchial obstruction verified by a physician, was found in 11 of 47 children (23%) in the RSV group and in 1 of 93 children (1%) in the control group (P &lt; .001). A positive test for IgE antibodies was noted in 14 of 44 (32%) RSV children and in 8 of 92 (9%) children in the control group (P = .002). An analysis of risk factors for the development of asthma and IgE antibodies on the whole group of 140 children showed that RSV bronchiolitis was the most important risk factor, and a family history of atopy or asthma further increased the risk.
Conclusions. Respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis during the first year of life apparently is an important risk factor for the development of asthma and sensitization to common allergens during the subsequent 2 years, particularly in children with heredity for atopy/asthma.
PROFESSORS BATTLING TELEVISION TECHNOLOGY
Authors: L. J. F. 
Published: December 2021

Questions about the extent to which technology will displace college professors have led to the resignation of the chancellor of the University of Maine in what some see as a forerunner to conflicts at other colleges.
Under a plan by Chancellor J. Michael Orenduff, the University of Maine would have created an eighth campus, this one without buildings or professors, but using only two-way televised classes. Rather than add a class in say, economics at one campus, students would simply watch its broadcast from another campus.
... universities are experimenting with what has come to be called distance learning or video-conferencing—the use of two-way television and two-way audio to replicate the classroom while permitting students to remain at home or at remote places.
Childhood Thrombosis
Authors: Nuss Rachelle , Hays Taru , Manco-Johnson Marilyn 
Published: December 2021

Objective. The objective of our study was to evaluate the age, sex, clinical conditions, family history, site, catheter association, means of radiologic evaluation, development of pulmonary involvement, prevalence of antithrombin III, protein C and protein S deficiencies, and lupus anticoagulants in children who suffered a thrombotic event.
Methods. Data were collected on children over 1 month of age who had or developed a thrombotic event from 1987 through 1993 at two pediatric centers.
Results. Sixty-one children (mean age, 10 years) suffered a thrombotic event. Males and females were equally affected. A variety of clinical prothrombotic conditions similar to those described in adults could be identified for two thirds of the children. Family history was positive in seven children. The primary thrombotic site for two thirds of the children was the central nervous system and other centrally located blood vessels. Diagnosis of the primary thrombotic site was primarily by ultrasound. A central vascular access device was associated with 25% of thromboses. Lung involvement occurred in 20%. Two thirds of the children were evaluated for a lupus anticoagulant and a deficiency of protein C and protein S; two thirds had one of these diagnosed. For further analyses, children without an underlying prothrombotic systemic illness or precipitant at the time of thrombosis (n = 20) were compared to those with these conditions (n = 41). Central nervous system thromboses were significantly increased in the children without prothrombotic conditions. The prevalence of a deficiency of protein C or protein S or the presence of a lupus anticoagulant approached 90% in the group without prothrombotic conditions as compared with 50% in the other group.
Conclusion. We conclude that prospective multicenter pediatric thrombosis studies are warranted to confirm our preliminary findings of a high incidence of lupus anticoagulants and protein C and protein S deficiency in children with thromboses.
Effects of Late-Afternoon Methylphenidate Administration on Behavior and Sleep in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Kent Jeffrey D. , Blader Joseph C. , Koplewicz Harold S. , Abikoff Howard , Foley Carmel A. 
Published: December 2021

Objective. This study evaluated the effects on behavior and sleep of methylphenidate (MPH) administered at 4 PM to children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Methodology. Twelve children admitted to a child psychiatric inpatient service with ADHD participated in a double-blind, crossover study in which they received a 4 PM dose of either 15 mg of MPH, 10 mg of MPH, or a placebo in random order for 12 consecutive days. Ratings of behavior, including ADHD symptoms, pertaining to the period from dose administration until sleep onset, were supplied nightly by hospital staff. Sleep latency and sleep adequacy were also assessed for each night.
Results. MPH resulted in markedly improved behavioral control compared with placebo; there was no difference between 15-mg and 10-mg MPH doses. MPH did not alter sleep latencies observed with the placebo. Children were more often rated as less tired on awakening after nights that they received 10 mg of MPH compared with 15 mg of MPH and the placebo. Weight loss was apparent among 83% of the patients, but dinner intake did not vary with third-dose condition.
Conclusions. Morning and noon administration of stimulants to children with ADHD is a near-universal practice, but many clinicians avoid a third, late-afternoon administration for fear of inducing insomnia. This study's findings show that children with ADHD derive substantial symptom reduction from MPH administered in late afternoon, with no untoward effects on sleep. Therefore, three-times-a-day dosing should be considered for those children exhibiting ADHD symptoms in the evening. Adverse effects on sleep latency were not apparent in the sample overall. Nonetheless, monitoring for possible aggravation of sleep problems and weight loss remains sound treatment practice.
Drug-Exposed Infants
Authors:   Committee on Substance Abuse, 1994 to 1995
Published: December 2021

Recent studies have documented that an increasing number of women of childbearing age are using licit and illicit substances. Although statistical data are insufficient, there are indications that approximately 1 in 10 infants may have been exposed to illicit drugs in utero. The Office of Applied Studies 1992 National Household Survey1 revealed that 6.8% of women of childbearing age admitted to having used an illicit drug in the month before questioning. Recent state surveys have shown that between 8% and 12% of women delivering in their hospitals had used illegal drugs at some time during the pregnancy, including just before delivery.2-5 These studies support information from a study in Pinellas County, FL, which demonstrated that illicit substance use during pregnancy occurs in all racial and socioeconomic lines.6,7 In addition to the use of illegal drugs, the use of alcohol or nonprescribed drugs shortly before delivery is also identified as a problem.8
These incidence data parallel the increasing number of infants being admitted to special-care nurseries for complications caused by intrauterine exposure to alcohol and other drugs. Drug-exposed infants also often go unrecognized and are discharged from the newborn nursery at increased risk for a complex of medical and social problems, including abuse and neglect.
This statement addresses illicit substance use in pregnancy and its medical, educational, social, mental health, and legal consequences for children and families. The Academy recently has developed a separate statement to address the issue of infants exposed to alcohol in utero.9
The Problem
All illicit drugs reach the fetal circulation by crossing the placenta and can cause direct toxic effects on the fetus, as well as fetal and maternal dependency.10
Children, Adolescents, and Television
Authors:   Committee on Communications
Published: December 2021

In 1984 the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) issued a statement that cautioned pediatricians and parents about the potential for television to promote violent or aggressive behavior and obesity.1 The influence of television on early sexual activity, drug and alcohol use and abuse, school performance, and perpetuation of ethnic stereotypes was also stressed. In 1990, the AAP reaffirmed its concerns about the negative effects of television on children and adolescents and provided recommendations to pediatricians and parents for prevention and management of these effects.2
In 1993, most children in the United States still spent more time (outside of school hours) watching television than performing any other activity except sleeping. According to recent Nielsen data,3 the average child and adolescent watches television between 21 and 23 hours per week, with the youngest children viewing the most hours per week. Although the amount of commercial television viewed by children has declined since 1980, the most recent estimates of television viewing do not include the use of videocassette recorders. Therefore, the amount of time that children in our country spend in front of the television set has probably not decreased significantly in the past decade.
Television's influence on children is a function of the length of time they spend watching and the cumulative effect of what they see. By the time the average child reaches age 70, he or she will have spent approximately 7 to 10 years watching television.4 Therefore, the passive nature of television may displace other more active and meaningful experiences of the world.
Neonatal Thrombosis: Report of a Prospective Canadian and International Registry
Authors: Schmidt Barbara , Andrew Maureen 
Published: December 2021

Objective. We sought to obtain representative data on the risk factors, diagnosis, current management, and short-term outcome of neonatal thrombosis.
Research Design. A case registry was established at McMaster University. Standardized questionnaires were mailed to collaborators at participating centers every 4 to 6 months.
Setting. Eighty-five level III and modified level II neonatal units in North America, Europe, and Australia were invited to join the registry.
Patients. Eligible infants were born between January 1990 and June 1993. Large-vessel thrombosis was diagnosed during the first month of life or up to 44 weeks post-conception after premature birth. The clinical impression of thrombotic vessel obstruction was confirmed using at least one imaging technique.
Results. Physicians in 64 centers expressed their willingness to participate. A total of 97 cases (excluding stroke) were registered from 29 centers. Spontaneous renal venous thrombosis (n = 21) was diagnosed at a median age of 2 days. The other venous (n = 39), arterial (n = 33), and mixed (n = 4) thromboses presented later; 89% of them were associated with an intravascular catheter and 29% with systemic infection. Doppler ultrasonography was the definitive diagnostic test in 68% of cases; contrast angiography was performed infrequently (14%). A third of all patients (but 62% of infants with renal venous thrombosis) received supportive therapy only. Thrombolytic agents were prescribed for 28% of catheter-associated venous thromboses and 30% of all arterial thromboses. The remainder of the patients were given heparin. Most patients (82%) survived to hospital discharge. Mortality rates were highest among infants with aortic thrombosis or central venous line-associated thrombosis affecting the right atrium or the superior vena cava (33%).
Conclusions. Neonatal thrombosis is diagnosed fairly rarely. With the exception of spontaneous renal venous thrombosis, almost all cases are associated with indwelling catheters. Doppler ultrasound techniques are the most popular means of confirming the diagnosis in virtually all centers. Treatment varies greatly among different centers, probably because of the lack of scientific evidence about the optimum management of affected infants.
A New Recommendation for Dietary Fiber in Childhood
Authors: Williams Christine L. , Bollella Marguerite , Wynder Ernst L. 
Published: December 2021

Objective. The consumption of dietary fiber in childhood is associated with important health benefits, especially with respect to promoting normal laxation. Dietary fiber also may help reduce the future risk of cardiovascular disease, some cancers, and adultonset diabetes. At present, there are few specific guidelines for dietary fiber intake in childhood. Our goals were to review the benefits and risks of dietary fiber in childhood and to propose a safe and effective quantitative recommendation for the US pediatric population.
Method. Current intake of dietary fiber in childhood was reviewed, including data from the US Department of Agriculture Nationwide Food Consumption (1987-1988) and National Health and Nutrition Examination II (1976-1980) Survey. Current intake was compared with existing fiber recommendations, including the 0.5-g/kg guideline proposed by the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition. Recommended fiber intake was reviewed with respect to levels required for specific health benefits, as well as levels that may result in adverse health effects.
Results and Conclusions. A new recommendation for dietary fiber intake was developed, based on the age of the child, health benefits, and safety concerns. We recommended that children older than 2 years of age consume a minimal amount of dietary fiber equivalent to age plus 5 g/d. A safe range of dietary fiber intake for children is suggested to be between age plus 5 and age plus 10 g/d. This range of dietary fiber intake is thought to be safe even if intake of some vitamins and minerals is marginal, should provide enough fiber for normal laxation, and may help prevent future chronic disease.
FATHERS IN NORWAY
Authors: L. J. F. 
Published: December 2021

"Norway's "father quota," which forces fathers to use their four-week paid paternity leave or forsake it, spurs more dads to take the leave, up to 25% of those eligible from just 1.5% the year before. Previously they could transfer the time off to the child's mother.
Norway is considered a leading family-friendly country, offering generous parental-leave policies, including 52 weeks' maternity leave at 80% salary or 42 weeks at 100%. Now, Norwegians can also stretch paid parental leave over 2½ years under a government-funded program developed by a group of trade unions and employers. In the first eight months of the program, about 1200 parents took advantage of it—8% of those eligible—including 120 fathers.
Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Clinical Specimens From Children Using a Polymerase Chain Reaction
Authors: Smith Kim Connelly , Starke Jeffrey R. , Eisenach Kathleen , Ong Lydia T. , Denby Melissa 
Published: December 2021

Objective. We evaluated the usefulness of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using the insertion sequence IS6110 as the target for DNA to detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis in clinical specimens from children.
Study Design. This was a prospective, controlled, blinded study comparing PCR on clinical specimens, mycobacterial culture, and clinical diagnosis.
Patients. Sixty-five hospitalized children were evaluated, 35 with tuberculosis disease and 30 controls. Cases were defined by culture and/or specific clinical criteria. Controls included patients with tuberculosis infection but no detectable disease as well as patients free of tuberculosis infection and disease.
Results. Polymerase chain reaction had a sensitivity of 40% and a specificity of 80% compared with clinical diagnosis. Mycobacterial culture had a sensitivity of 37%. The combination of culture and PCR identified 19 of 35 children (54%) with clinically diagnosed tuberculosis. There were six children with false-positive PCR results: One had tuberculosis infection without disease, two had Mycobacterium avium lymphadenitis, and three had diagnoses unrelated to tuberculosis.
Conclusions. The sensitivity of PCR is comparable to that of culture for detecting M tuberculosis in children, and may strengthen and hasten the clinical diagnosis in culture-negative patients. However, because of the limitations in specificity, the results of PCR alone are insufficient to diagnose tuberculosis in children. Although ongoing refinements in PCR techniques should improve the specificity of this test, epidemiologic and clinical information continue to be the most important consideration in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in culture-negative children.
Assessment of Immunization Compliance Among Children in the Department of Defense Health Care System
Authors: Lopreiato J. O. , Ottolini M. C. 
Published: December 2021

Objective. To describe immunization rates among children enrolled in the Department of Defense health care system and to determine risk factors for delay.
Design. Cross-sectional survey of immunization records and demographic characteristics among parents of children presenting for acute care at seven pediatric clinics operated by the Department of Defense.
Participants. Subjects were 1977 children aged 2 months to 18 years.
Outcome Measures. Immunization rates were measured for various age strata from infancy to adolescence.
Results. The overall immunization rate was 84%. By age 2 years, 86% of patients had received four diphtheriatetanus -pertussis, three oral polio, Haemophilus influenzae type b, and measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccines. At school entry, 87% of children were fully immunized for diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis and MMR. However, only 50% of adolescents were up-to-date, primarily because of failure to receive booster doses of MMR. Seventy-nine percent of parents whose children were delayed thought that they were up-to-date. Factors associated with immunization delay included incorrect parental perception of immunization status, failure to keep routine health maintenance visits, and non-white race. Socioeconomic status, parental education level, access to care, and family mobility had no effect on immnization status.
Conclusions. Although immunization rates for preschoolers approached national goals, accessibility to care and free vaccines did not guarantee immunization compliance, especially among adolescents. Most patients with delayed vaccinations were older children and adolescents whose school and parental reports of immunization status were incorrect. Immunization delay in our study was primarily the result of a failure to track patients and notify parents of when immunizations were due.