bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategies of grain number determination differentiate barley row types
Authors: Thirulogachandar Venkatasubbu , Koppolu Ravi , Schnurbusch Thorsten 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Gaining knowledge on fundamental interactions of various yield components is crucial to improve yield potential in small grain cereals. It is well known in barley that increasing grain number greatly improves yield potential; however, the yield components determining grain number and their association in barley row types are less explored. In this study, we assessed different yield components such as potential spikelet number (PSN), spikelet survival (SSL), spikelet number (SN), grain set (GS), and grain survival (GSL), as well as their interactions with grain number by using a selected panel of two- and six-rowed barley types. Also, to analyze the stability of these interactions, we performed the study in the greenhouse and the field. From this study, we found that in two-rowed barley, grain number determination is strongly influenced by PSN rather than SSL and/or GS in both growth conditions. Conversely, in six-rowed barley, grain number is associated with SSL instead of PSN and/or GS. Thus, our study showed that increasing grain number might be possible by augmenting PSN in two-rowed genotypes, while for six-rowed genotypes SSL needs to be improved. We speculate that this disparity of grain number determination in barley row types might be due to the fertility of lateral spikelets. Collectively, this study revealed that grain number in two-rowed barley largely depends on the developmental trait, PSN, while in six-rowed barley, it mainly follows the ability for SSL.
The dual-targeted prolyl aminopeptidase PAP1 is involved in proline accumulation in response to stress and during pollen development
Authors: Ghifari Abi S , Teixeira Pedro F , Kmiec Beata , Singh Neha , Glaser Elzbieta , Murcha Monika W 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Plant endosymbiotic organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplasts harbour a wide array of biochemical reactions. As a part of protein homeostasis to maintain organellar activity and stability, unwanted proteins and peptides need to be completely degraded in a stepwise mechanism termed the processing pathway, where at the last stage single amino acids are released by aminopeptidases. Here, we determined the molecular and physiological functions of a prolyl aminopeptidase homologue PAP1 (At2g14260) that is able to release N-terminal proline. Transcript analyses demonstrate that an alternative transcription start site gives rise to two alternative transcripts, generating two in-frame proteins PAP1.1 and PAP1.2. Subcellular localization studies revealed that the longer isoform PAP1.1, which contains a 51 residue N-terminal extension, is exclusively targeted to chloroplasts, while the truncated isoform PAP1.2 is located in the cytosol. Distinct expression patterns in different tissues and developmental stages were observed. Investigations into the physiological role of PAP1 using loss-of-function mutants revealed that PAP1 activity may be involved in proline homeostasis and accumulation, required for pollen development and tolerance to osmotic stress. Enzymatic activity, subcellular location, and expression patterns of PAP1 suggest a role in the chloroplastic peptide processing pathway and proline homeostasis.
Cytokinin regulates apical hook development via the coordinated actions of EIN3/EIL1 and PIF transcription factors in Arabidopsis
Authors: Aizezi Yalikunjiang , Shu Huazhang , Zhang Linlin , Zhao Hongming , Peng Yang , Lan Hongxia , Xie Yinpeng , Li Jian , Wang Yichuan , Guo Hongwei , Jiang Kai 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The apical hook is indispensable for protecting the delicate shoot apical meristem while dicot seedlings emerge from soil after germination in darkness. The development of the apical hook is co-ordinately regulated by multiple phytohormones and environmental factors. Yet, a holistic understanding of the spatial–temporal interactions between different phytohormones and environmental factors remains to be achieved. Using a chemical genetic approach, we identified kinetin riboside, as a proxy of kinetin, which promotes apical hook development of Arabidopsis thaliana in a partially ethylene-signaling-independent pathway. Further genetic and biochemical analysis revealed that cytokinin is able to regulate apical hook development via post-transcriptional regulation of the PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTORs (PIFs), together with its canonical roles in inducing ethylene biosynthesis. Dynamic observations of apical hook development processes showed that ETHYLENE INSENSITVE3 (EIN3) and EIN3-LIKE1 (EIL1) are necessary for the exaggeration of hook curvature in response to cytokinin, while PIFs are crucial for the cytokinin-induced maintenance of hook curvature in darkness. Furthermore, these two families of transcription factors display divergent roles in light-triggered hook opening. Our findings reveal that cytokinin integrates ethylene signaling and light signaling via EIN3/EIL1 and PIFs, respectively, to dynamically regulate apical hook development during early seedling development.
Two Genomic Loci Control Three Eye Colors in the Domestic Pigeon (Columba livia)
Authors: Maclary Emily T , Phillips Bridget , Wauer Ryan , Boer Elena F , Bruders Rebecca , Gilvarry Tyler , Holt Carson , Yandell Mark , Shapiro Michael D 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The iris of the eye shows striking color variation across vertebrate species, and may play important roles in crypsis and communication. The domestic pigeon (Columba livia) has three common iris colors, orange, pearl (white), and bull (dark brown), segregating in a single species, thereby providing a unique opportunity to identify the genetic basis of iris coloration. We used comparative genomics and genetic mapping in laboratory crosses to identify two candidate genes that control variation in iris color in domestic pigeons. We identified a nonsense mutation in the solute carrier SLC2A11B that is shared among all pigeons with pearl eye color, and a locus associated with bull eye color that includes EDNRB2, a gene involved in neural crest migration and pigment development. However, bull eye is likely controlled by a heterogeneous collection of alleles across pigeon breeds. We also found that the EDNRB2 region is associated with regionalized plumage depigmentation (piebalding). Our study identifies two candidate genes for eye colors variation, and establishes a genetic link between iris and plumage color, two traits that vary widely in the evolution of birds and other vertebrates.
The intersection of mineralocorticoid receptor activation and the FGF23–Klotho cascade: a duopoly that promotes renal and cardiovascular injury
Authors: Epstein Murray , Freundlich Michael 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe nexus of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) amplifies the morbidity and mortality of CKD, emphasizing the need for defining and establishing therapeutic initiatives to modify and abrogate the progression of CKD and concomitant CV risks. In addition to the traditional CV risk factors, disturbances of mineral metabolism are specific risk factors that contribute to the excessive CV mortality in patients with CKD. These risk factors include dysregulations of circulating factors that modulate phosphate metabolism, including fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and soluble Klotho. Reduced circulating levels and suppressed renal Klotho expression may be associated with adverse outcomes in CKD patients. While elevated circulating concentrations or locally produced FGF23 in the strained heart exert prohypertrophic mechanisms on the myocardium, Klotho attenuates tissue fibrosis, progression of CKD, cardiomyopathy, endothelial dysfunction, vascular stiffness and vascular calcification. Mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) activation in nonclassical targets, mediated by aldosterone and other ligands, amplifies CVD in CKD. In concert, we detail how the interplay of elevated FGF23, activation of the MR and concomitant reductions of circulating Klotho in CKD may potentiate each other’s deleterious effects on the kidney and heart, thereby contributing to the initiation and progression of kidney and cardiac functional deterioration, acting through multipronged, albeit complementary, mechanistic pathways.
First E-Cigarette Flavor and Device Type Used: Associations With Vaping Persistence, Frequency, and Dependence in Young Adults
Authors: Sargent James D , Stoolmiller Mike , Dai Hongying , Barrington-Trimis Jessica L , McConnell Rob , Audrain-McGovern Janet , Leventhal Adam M 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Type of e-cigarette flavoring and device during first use might differentiate later e-cigarette use and dependence. This retrospective cross-sectional study examined associations of recalled first nicotine vaping device and flavor used with current vaping frequency/dependence.

Aims and Methods
A young adult cohort from Los Angeles, California, USA completed web-based surveys (N = 2553). Using cross-sectional data from 971 reporting ever vaping nicotine, multivariable hurdle regressions tested associations between recalled first flavor (fruit/sweet, menthol/mint, other) and device (Juul, disposable, mod, box, pod, pen, other) vaped with past-30-day vaping status (yes/no) and frequency (1–30 days), and with any vaping dependence symptoms (yes/no) and count (1–10 symptoms).

Results
The most common first-flavor was sweet (71%); the most common first-device was a vape pen (37%), then Juul (22%). First-flavor of mint/menthol (vs. other; adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.22[95% CI = 1.16 to 4.25]), and first-device mod (AOR = 2.40[95% CI = 1.34 to 4.31]) and non-Juul pod (2.64[95% CI = 1.41 to 4.92]) (vs. pen) were associated with past-30-day vaping, and twice as many vaping days (adjusted rate ratios [ARRs] range: 1.96–2.12; ps &lt; .05). First flavor of mint/menthol (vs. other; AOR: 1.95[95% CI = 1.003 to 3.79) and first device mod, box, non-Juul pod, and other (AORs range: 2.36–4.01; ps &lt; .05) were associated with nicotine dependence. First device Juul, mod, box, and non-Juul pod were also associated with more dependence symptoms (ARRs range:1.38–1.59; ps &lt; .05).

Conclusions
Exposure to mint/menthol and certain devices (mod, box, Juul, and non-Juul pods) at first e-cigarette use may be associated with more frequent e-cigarette use and nicotine dependence symptoms in young adulthood. Mint/menthol and certain devices warrant consideration in regulation of e-cigarettes based on product characteristics.

Implications
Characteristics (flavor and device type) of first e-cigarette product used were associated with higher usage and more dependence. Pending replication with prospective designs, the findings suggest certain flavors (mint/menthol) and devices (pods, mods) merit consideration in regulation because of their possible link with continued use and dependence among young people.
HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6 suppresses salicylic acid biosynthesis to repress autoimmunity
Authors: Wu Zhenjiang , He Lei , Jin Ye , Chen Jing , Shi Huazhong , Wang Yizhong , Yang Wannian 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Salicylic acid (SA) plays an important role for plant immunity, especially resistance against biotrophic pathogens. SA quickly accumulates after pathogen attack to activate downstream immunity events and is normally associated with a tradeoff in plant growth. Therefore, the SA level in plants has to be strictly controlled when pathogens are absent, but how this occurs is not well understood. Previously we found that in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), HISTONE DEACETYLASE 6 (HDA6), a negative regulator of gene expression, plays an essential role in plant immunity since its mutation allele shining 5 (shi5) exhibits autoimmune phenotypes. Here we report that this role is mainly through suppression of SA biosynthesis: first, the autoimmune phenotypes and higher resistance to Pst DC3000 of shi5 mutants depended on SA; second, SA significantly accumulated in shi5 mutants; third, HDA6 repressed SA biosynthesis by directly controlling the expression of CALMODULIN BINDING PROTEIN 60g (CBP60g) and SYSTEMIC ACQUIRED RESISTANCE DEFICIENT 1 (SARD1). HDA6 bound to the chromatin of CBP60g and SARD1 promoter regions, and histone H3 acetylation was highly enriched within these regions. Furthermore, the transcriptome of shi5 mutants mimicked that of plants treated with exogenous SA or attacked by pathogens. All these data suggest that HDA6 is vital for plants in finely controlling the SA level to regulate plant immunity.
Floral Microbes Suppress Growth of Monilinia laxa with Minimal Effects on Honey Bee Feeding
Authors: Crowley-Gall Amber , Trouillas Florent P. , Niño Elina L. , Schaeffer Robert N. , Nouri Mohamed T. , Crespo Maria , Vannette Rachel L. 
Published: August 2021

Management of Monilinia laxa, the causal agent of brown rot blossom blight in almond (Prunus dulcis), relies heavily on the use of chemical fungicides during bloom. However, chemical fungicides can have nontarget effects on beneficial arthropods, including pollinators, and select for resistance in the pathogen of concern. Almond yield is heavily reliant on successful pollination by healthy honey bees (Apis mellifera); thus, identifying sustainable, effective, and pollinator-friendly control methods for blossom blight during bloom is desirable. Flower-inhabiting microbes could provide a natural, sustainable form of biocontrol for M. laxa, while potentially minimizing costly nontarget effects on almond pollinators and the services they provide. As pollinators are sensitive to floral microbes and their associated taste and scent cues, assessing effects of prospective biocontrol species on pollinator attraction is also necessary. Here, our objective was to isolate and identify potential biocontrol microbes from an array of agricultural and natural flowering hosts and test their efficacy in suppressing M. laxa growth in culture. Out of an initial 287 bacterial and fungal isolates identified, 56 were screened using a dual culture plate assay. Most strains reduced M. laxa growth in vitro. Ten particularly effective candidate microbes were further screened for their effect on honey bee feeding. Of the 10, nine were found to both strongly suppress M. laxa growth in culture and not reduce honey bee feeding. These promising results suggest a number of strong candidates for augmentative microbial biocontrol of brown rot blossom blight in almond with potentially minimal effects on honey bee pollination.
Cognitive Rehabilitation Programs for Survivors of Breast Cancer Treated With Chemotherapy: A Systematic Review
Authors: Syed Alwi Syarifah Maisarah , Narayanan Vairavan , Che Din Normah , Mohd Taib Nur Aishah 
Published: August 2021

Background:
Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment (CRCI) is a condition experienced by many survivors of breast cancer. At present, there are a limited number of rehabilitation programs tailored to improve the cognitive performance of these survivors.

Purpose:
This systematic review aims to evaluate the existing evidence-based cognitive rehabilitation programs designed for survivors of breast cancer with CRCI.

Methods:
Electronic databases, including PubMed and CINAHL Plus, were used to identify the relevant articles. The search was restricted to studies published in the English language from inception to March 2020. The methodological quality of the studies included here was examined using the Quality Criteria for Rating Studies of Cognitive Rehabilitation.

Results:
The search strategy identified 1557 studies, 10 of which met the inclusion criteria. The studies included randomized controlled trial (n = 6), quasi-randomized controlled trial (n = 1), and single-arm trial (n = 3).

Discussion and Limitations:
Seven of the 10 studies were considered high-quality cognitive rehabilitation research. Cognitive training (n = 4), compensatory strategies (n = 5), and a combination of cognitive training and compensatory strategies (n = 1) were shown to improve executive function, working and verbal memory, processing speed, and attention.

Conclusion:
Cognitive rehabilitation programs demonstrated positive outcomes for survivors of breast cancer with cognitive impairment. However, because of methodological concerns and the diversity in the programs' parameters and outcome measures, an explicit recommendation could not be established. The findings may guide future research, policies, and practices related to cognitive rehabilitation programs for survivors of breast cancer.
Long-Term Post-traumatic Stress Disorder After Orthopaedic Injury: Prevalence and Risk Factors
Authors: LaRose Micaela , Cunningham Daniel , Paniagua Ariana , Gage Mark J. 
Published: August 2021

Objectives:
To evaluate the prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in individuals who are further removed from injury (up to 3 years) and to identify injury-specific characteristics that are associated with an increased risk for persistent PTSD symptoms.

Design:
Cross-sectional, retrospective cohort.

Setting:
Level I trauma center.

Patients/Participants:
Two hundred forty-three patients operatively treated for orthopaedic trauma between March 2017 through June 2018.

Intervention:
Orthopaedic trauma requiring operative intervention.

Main Outcome Measurements:
The primary outcome was score on the PTSD Checklist for the DSM-5 (PCL-5) survey. A score of 31 or higher was considered concerning for PTSD.

Results:
Forty-nine of 239 respondents (20.5%) scored positive for PTSD. Multivariate analysis demonstrated an increased risk of PTSD for patients with a history of smoking and those who required delayed reoperation (greater than 90 days postoperative). White race and low-energy mechanisms of injury were associated with decreased risk of PTSD. Fracture locations were not associated with a higher likelihood of PTSD.

Conclusions:
The prevalence of PTSD symptoms in patients up to 3 years after surgery remains higher than the estimated prevalence of PTSD in the general US population. It is similar to previously documented rates of PTSD for patients less than 1 year after injury. Long-term complication requiring reoperation was associated with an increased risk of persistent PTSD symptoms. Orthopaedic providers should be mindful of PTSD symptoms not only in the immediate postoperative period but throughout the treatment course particularly for those with identified PTSD risk factors.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Frameworks to Guide Faculty Development for Health Professions Education: A Scoping Review
Authors: Fallis Drew , Irwin Scott , Cervero Ronald , Durning Steven 
Published: August 2021

Introduction:
The authors explored the existence of explicit definitions, guiding competency frameworks, and learning theory to inform health professions education faculty development (FD) programs. The authors analyzed identified frameworks based on thematic focus, scope of targeted faculty, and design structure.

Methods:
A scoping review was used to identify health professions education literature between 2005 and 2020. Frameworks were characterized according to the scope of the faculty targeted and design structure, and then, domains were grouped into topical categories for analysis.

Results:
Twenty-three articles met the criteria for data extraction, of which only one (4.3%) described the explicit use of a learning theory and three (13%) included an explicit definition of FD. One (4.3%) used a recognized framework, whereas 12 (52.2%) developed a novel framework based on an existing outline. Ten (43.5%) described de novo framework development. Only three (13.0%) used entrustable professional activities or similar constructs. Five (21.7%) programs targeted multiple health professions, 11 (47.8%) targeted a single health profession, and seven (30.5%) targeted a specific specialty within a health profession. Only two frameworks included a developmental component.

Discussion:
Few authors describe an explicit definition, learning theory, or use a pre-established framework when framing their FD programs. The use of entrustable professional activities to structurally link competencies to work practices is also uncommon, as well as the use of developmental structures designed to support progressive FD over time.
Building Research Capacity in HIV and Noncommunicable Diseases in Africa: A Mentorship and Leadership Workshop Report
Authors: Aliyu Muktar H. , Sani Mahmoud U. , Ingles Donna J. , Tsiga-Ahmed Fatimah I. , Musa Baba M. , Ahonkhai Aimalohi A. , Salihu Hamisu M. , Audet Carolyn M. , Wester C. William 
Published: August 2021

Introduction:
Few structured mentoring programs target early-stage investigators in Africa, creating a gap in mentorship skills where HIV burden is greatest. We describe findings from a Nigeria-based workshop for early-career physician scientists to build mentoring and leadership capacity in HIV and noncommunicable disease research.

Methods:
Baseline surveys captured participant demographics, confidence in implementing mentoring competencies, and perceived importance of workshop training domains. The workshop included didactic presentations, small group activities, and interactive discussions. Daily surveys evaluated sessions, and postworkshop surveys solicited overall course impressions.

Results:
Of the 33 participants, most were male (n = 21, 63.6%) and from medicine, laboratory sciences, and surgical specialties. “Building mentees' confidence” and “setting mentees' research goals” were ranked as areas where participants most believed they needed training. Sessions were rated favorably across five areas. Greatest improvements in mean scores were for confidence in identifying personal temperament styles, describing mentoring and leadership theories/frameworks, and developing mentoring plans. Additional identified workshop strengths were content relevance, leadership case series, interactive nature, and collegial atmosphere. All respondents indicated learning something new/useful/helpful in each session. At 6-month postworkshop, most respondents (25 of 26, 96%) had replicated or plan to replicate parts of the workshop in their departments/institutions.

Discussion:
Effective mentoring training initiatives targeting future academic leaders have the potential to create skilled academicians who can impart mentoring skills and competencies to their mentees.