bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ontogeny, anatomical structure and function of lobed stems in the evolution of the climbing growth form in Malvaceae (ByttneriaLoefl.)
Authors: Luna-Márquez Lorena , Sharber Wyatt V , Whitlock Barbara A , Pace Marcelo R 
Published: August 2021

AbstractBackground and AimsByttneria is one of the few climbing genera in Malvaceae. Some Byttneria are known for their lobed stems. We explore the development of these stems, how they have evolved within the group and their relevance in the evolution of the climbing growth form in Malvaceae.MethodsWe combine developmental anatomical work with phylogenetic comparative methods. We use Byttneria divaricata and B. filipes as models in the anatomical work, a review of herbarium vouchers, and the most recent phylogeny of Byttneria and allies to elucidate how these stems evolved within the clade under maximum-likelihood and Bayesian approaches. We use Pagel94 tests to analyse the correlated evolution of lobed stems and prickles.Key ResultsEach lobe coincides with one of the five vascular bundles. By augmented activity of the fascicular cambium in the lobes coupled with reduced activity of the interfascicular cambium in the interlobes, secondary growth increases the lobulation already present during primary growth. Within Byttneria and allies, lobed young stems appeared at least three times, once in Ayenia and twice in the paraphyletic Byttneria. Lobed adult stems were conserved in Byttneria s.s., where lobed adult stems in combination with prickles were shown to have evolved as a climbing mechanism within the group; prickles were lost once within Byttneria s.s., in a shrubby subclade. Byttneria Clade 2 comprises climbers with twining cylindrical adult stems and no prickles, which constitutes a different climbing mechanism in the group.ConclusionsWe provide evidence of one of the few cambial variants known whose secondary body reflects the primary body vasculature and show that lobed adult stems and prickles in Byttneria could be used in the new delimitation of genera in the group. Lobed stems independently appeared in climbing Grewia, suggesting a convergence favouring the climbing growth form.
Between Remand and Verdict: Ethnic Minority Prisoners’ Legal and Penal Consciousness
Authors: Johansen Louise Victoria 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
This article combines the analytical perspectives ‘legal’ and ‘penal’ consciousness in order to analyse how ethnic minority prisoners in remand anticipate their upcoming court trial and how they subsequently make sense of the legal process and their sentence. Based on fieldwork in a Danish remand prison and courts, the study explores how prisoners’ experiences in prison and more broadly in society shape these expectations. Prisoners reflect critically on majority perceptions of immigration and social deprivation while simultaneously embracing these cultural schemas of difference by trying not to act and speak as ‘immigrants’ or ‘gang members’ in court. The article thus contributes to our understanding of how remand prisoners engage with law, combining notions of its neutrality with internalized notions of ‘important differences’.
The promise of artificial intelligence: a review of the opportunities and challenges of artificial intelligence in healthcare
Authors: Aung Yuri Y M , Wong David C S , Ting Daniel S W 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Introduction
Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are rapidly evolving fields in various sectors, including healthcare. This article reviews AI’s present applications in healthcare, including its benefits, limitations and future scope.

Sources of data
A review of the English literature was conducted with search terms ‘AI’ or ‘ML’ or ‘deep learning’ and ‘healthcare’ or ‘medicine’ using PubMED and Google Scholar from 2000–2021.

Areas of agreement
AI could transform physician workflow and patient care through its applications, from assisting physicians and replacing administrative tasks to augmenting medical knowledge.

Areas of controversy
From challenges training ML systems to unclear accountability, AI’s implementation is difficult and incremental at best. Physicians also lack understanding of what AI implementation could represent.

Growing points
AI can ultimately prove beneficial in healthcare, but requires meticulous governance similar to the governance of physician conduct.

Areas timely for developing research
Regulatory guidelines are needed on how to safely implement and assess AI technology, alongside further research into the specific capabilities and limitations of its medical use.
Factors influencing the residence’s intention to adopt solar photovoltaic technology: a case study from Klang Valley, Malaysia
Authors: Cheam Wei-Yong , Lau Lin-Sea , Wei Chooi-Yi 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Recently, the Malaysian government has targeted to achieve the 20% renewable-energy goal by 2025. Despite the Malaysian government’s having taken initiatives in promoting the use of renewable energy for more than a decade, to date, more than three-quarters of the electricity supply in Peninsular Malaysia is generated from the burning of fossil fuels. Apparently, the development of renewable energy is still slow and in its infancy. The current study intends to identify the predictors (environmentalism, cost, knowledge and personal innovativeness) that influence the residential intention to adopt solar photovoltaic (PV) in Klang Valley. This study adopts the technology acceptance model as the theoretical framework to analyse the mediation effect on perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness between the determinants and the intention to adopt solar PV. Self-administered questionnaires are used to collect data from non-solar PV users who stay in Klang Valley. Structural equation modelling analysis was carried out on the 200 samples from data collection. The findings demonstrated that environmentalism is having a significant impact on the intention to adopt solar PV, followed by knowledge. The perceived usefulness mediates the relationship between the predictors and the intention to use solar PV, although no mediation effect was found for the perceived ease of use. Lastly, several implications are highlighted to the policymakers and solar-market practitioners to improve the existing policies and promote solar PV adoptions among residents.
Cortical Gyrification Morphology in ASD and ADHD: Implication for Further Similarities or Disorder-Specific Features?
Authors: Gharehgazlou Avideh , Vandewouw Marlee , Ziolkowski Justine , Wong Jimmy , Crosbie Jennifer , Schachar Russell , Nicolson Rob , Georgiades Stelios , Kelley Elizabeth , Ayub Muhammad , Hammill Christopher , Ameis Stephanie H , Taylor Margot J , Lerch Jason P , Anagnostou Evdokia 
Published: August 2021

AbstractShared etiological pathways are suggested in ASD and ADHD given high rates of comorbidity, phenotypic overlap and shared genetic susceptibility. Given the peak of cortical gyrification expansion and emergence of ASD and ADHD symptomology in early development, we investigated gyrification morphology in 539 children and adolescents (6–17 years of age) with ASD (n=197) and ADHD (n=96) compared to typically developing controls (n=246) using the local Gyrification Index (lGI) to provide insight into contributing etiopathological factors in these two disorders. We also examined IQ effects and functional implications of gyrification by exploring the relation between lGI and ASD and ADHD symptomatology beyond diagnosis. General Linear Models yielded no group differences in lGI, and across groups, we identified an age-related decrease of lGI and greater lGI in females compared to males. No diagnosis-by-age interactions were found. Accounting for IQ variability in the model (n=484) yielded similar results. No significant associations were found between lGI and social communication deficits, repetitive and restricted behaviours, inattention or adaptive functioning. By examining both disorders and controls using shared methodology, we found no evidence of atypicality in gyrification as measured by the lGI in these conditions.
Changes in left atrial structure and function over a decade in the general population
Authors: Olsen Flemming Javier , Johansen Niklas Dyrby , Skaarup Kristoffer Grundtvig , Lassen Mats Christian Højbjerg , Ravnkilde Kirstine , Schnohr Peter , Jensen Gorm Boje , Marott Jacob Louis , Søgaard Peter , Møgelvang Rasmus , Biering-Sørensen Tor 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Aims
Assessing left atrial (LA) size and function is an important part of the echocardiographic examination. We sought to assess how LA size and function develop over time, and which clinical characteristics promote atrial remodelling.

Methods and results
We examined longitudinal changes of the LA between two visits in the Copenhagen City Heart Study (n = 1065). The median time between the examinations was 10.4 years. LA measurements included: maximal LA volume (LAVmax), minimal LA volume (LAVmin), and LA emptying fraction (LAEF). Clinical and echocardiographic accelerators were determined from linear regression. The value of LA remodelling for predicting incident atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) was examined by Cox proportional hazards regressions. During follow-up, LAVmax and LAVmin significantly increased by 8.3 and 3.5 mL/m2, respectively. LAEF did not change. Age and AF were the most impactful clinical accelerators of LA remodelling with standardized beta-coefficients of 0.17 and 0.28 for changes in LAVmax, and 0.18 and 0.38 for changes in LAVmin, respectively. Left ventricular (LV) systolic function, diameter, and mass were also significant accelerators of LA remodelling. Changes in both LAVmax and LAVmin were significantly associated with incident AF [n = 46, ΔLAVmax: HR = 1.06 (1.03–1.09), P &lt; 0.001 and ΔLAVmin: HR = 1.14 (1.10–1.18), P &lt; 0.001, per 1 mL/m2 increase] and HF [n = 27, ΔLAVmax: HR = 1.08 (1.04–1.12), P &lt; 0.001 and ΔLAVmin: HR = 1.13 (1.09–1.18), P &lt; 0.001, per 1 mL/m2 increase].

Conclusion
Both maximal and minimal LA volume increase over time. Clinical accelerators included age and AF. LV structure and systolic function also accelerate LA remodelling. LA remodelling poses an increased risk of clinical outcomes.
In Dubio Mitius: Advancing Clarity and Modesty in Treaty Interpretation
Authors: Fahner Johannes Hendrik 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
The principle of in dubio mitius stipulates that if treaty interpreters have doubts about the correct meaning of a provision, they should adopt the interpretation that imposes the less demanding obligation. Although the principle is commonly rejected by scholars, it keeps surfacing in international legal practice. This article describes the history of the principle and provides an overview of its treatment by international courts and tribunals. It then argues that in dubio mitius can be of renewed relevance, now that the legitimacy of international courts and tribunals has become increasingly controversial. The principle recognizes that some questions of treaty interpretation may not have a single permissible answer, even after an application of the customary rules of treaty interpretation, and instead allow for legitimate disagreement or ‘doubt’. In such circumstances, in dubio mitius provides treaty interpreters with a solution, advising them to limit the scope of vague provisions to a normative core that can be deduced with sufficient certainty. In doing so, the principle acknowledges that international courts and tribunals lack the authority to expand international law in the face of legitimate disagreement within and among states.
Incidence of ischaemic stroke and mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome and first-time detected atrial fibrillation: a nationwide study
Authors: Petersen Jeppe Kofoed , Butt Jawad Haider , Yafasova Adelina , Torp-Pedersen Christian , Sørensen Rikke , Kruuse Christina , Vinding Naja Emborg , Gundlund Anna , Køber Lars , Fosbøl Emil Loldrup , Østergaard Lauge 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Aims
The aim of this study was to examine contemporary data on the 1-year prognosis of patients surviving acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and concomitant first-time detected atrial fibrillation (AF).

Methods and results
Using Danish nationwide registries, we identified all patients surviving a first-time admission with ACS from 2000 to 2018 and grouped them into (i) those without AF prior to or during ACS; (ii) those with a history of AF; and (iii) those with first-time detected AF during admission with ACS. With 1 year of follow-up, rates of ischaemic stroke, death, and bleeding were compared between study groups using multivariable adjusted Cox proportional hazards analysis. We included 161 266 ACS survivors: 135 878 (84.2%) without AF, 18 961 (11.8%) with history of AF, and 6427 (4.0%) with first-time detected AF at admission with ACS. Compared to those without AF, the adjusted 1-year rates of outcomes were as follows: ischaemic stroke [hazard ratio (HR) 1.38 (95% CI 1.22–1.56) for patients with history of AF and HR 1.67 (95% CI 1.38–2.01) for patients with first-time detected AF]; mortality [HR 1.25 (95% CI 1.21–1.31) for patients with history of AF and HR 1.52 (95% CI 1.43–1.62) for patients with first-time detected AF]; and bleeding [HR 1.22 (95% CI 1.14–1.30) for patients with history of AF and HR 1.28 (95% CI 1.15–1.43) for patients with first-time detected AF].

Conclusion
In patients with ACS, first-time detected AF appeared to be at least as strongly associated with the 1-year rates of ischaemic stroke, mortality, and bleeding as compared with patients with a history of AF.
The effect of slow breathing exercise on heart rate and blood pressure in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Zou Yan , Wu Qing , Liu Ting , Wang Jing-Yuan , Liu Lin , Wang Xiao-Hua 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Aim
To determine the effects of slow breathing exercise (SBE) on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) in patients after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Methods and results
The study is a single-blind, randomized controlled trial. Seventy-eight eligible patients after primary PCI were divided randomly into either the control group or the trial group. The control group only received routine post-PCI care. In addition to routine care, participants in the trial group performed SBE at home, two to three times for a total of 30 min every day for 12 weeks. The main outcomes were HR and BP measured in the office and at home. The secondary outcome was compliance with the breathing exercise. Patients allocated to the trial group, on average, performed 5.21 days/week for 26.00 min/day. The trial group showed a significant reduction in HR of 3.95 b.p.m. (P = 0.004) measured in the office. The reduction in HR measured in the office was greater for the trial group, with a significant difference between the two groups (P = 0.005). There was no significant difference between the two groups in HR measured at home. There was also no significant difference in BP measured in the office or at home between the two groups.

Conclusion
Slow breathing exercise is an effective non-pharmacological method to reduce HR in patients undergoing PCI. Further study is needed to confirm whether the intervention is effective on BP.

Registration
The trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry: ChiCTR-IOR-17012525
Multiple Losses of MSH1, Gain of mtMutS, and Other Changes in the MutS Family of DNA Repair Proteins in Animals
Authors: Muthye Viraj , Lavrov Dennis V 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
MutS is a key component of the mismatch repair (MMR) pathway. Members of the MutS protein family are present in prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and viruses. Six MutS homologs (MSH1–6) have been identified in yeast, of which three function in nuclear MMR, while MSH1 functions in mitochondrial DNA repair. MSH proteins are believed to be well conserved in animals, except for MSH1—which is thought to be lost. Two intriguing exceptions to this general picture have been found, both in the class Anthozoa within the phylum Cnidaria. First, an ortholog of the yeast-MSH1 was reported in one hexacoral species. Second, a MutS homolog (mtMutS) has been found in the mitochondrial genome of all octocorals. To understand the origin and potential functional implications of these exceptions, we investigated the evolution of the MutS family both in Cnidaria and in animals in general. Our study confirmed the acquisition of octocoral mtMutS by horizontal gene transfer from a giant virus. Surprisingly, we identified MSH1 in all hexacorals and several sponges and placozoans. By contrast, MSH1 orthologs were lacking in other cnidarians, ctenophores, and bilaterian animals. Furthermore, while we identified MSH2 and MSH6 in nearly all animals, MSH4, MSH5, and, especially, MSH3 were missing in multiple species. Overall, our analysis revealed a dynamic evolution of the MutS family in animals, with multiple losses of MSH1, MSH3, some losses of MSH4 and MSH5, and a gain of the octocoral mtMutS. We propose that octocoral mtMutS functionally replaced MSH1 that was present in the common ancestor of Anthozoa.
Consumer Attitudes Towards Deprescribing: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Weir Kristie Rebecca , Ailabouni Nagham J , Schneider Carl R , Hilmer Sarah N , Reeve Emily 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Harmful and/or unnecessary medication use in older adults is common. This indicates deprescribing (supervised withdrawal of inappropriate medicines) is not happening as often as it should. This study aimed to synthesize the results of the Patients’ Attitudes Towards Deprescribing (PATD) questionnaire (and revised versions).

Methods
Databases were searched from January 2013 to March 2020. Google Scholar was used for citation searching of the development and validation manuscripts to identify original research using the validated PATD, revised PATD (older adult and caregiver versions), and the version for people with cognitive impairment (rPATDcog). Two authors extracted data independently. A meta-analysis of proportions (random-effects model) was conducted with subgroup meta-analyses for setting and population. The primary outcome was the question: “If my doctor said it was possible, I would be willing to stop one or more of my medicines.” Secondary outcomes were associations between participant characteristics and primary outcome and other (r)PATD results.

Results
We included 46 articles describing 40 studies (n = 10,816 participants). The meta-analysis found the proportion of participants who agreed or strongly agreed with this statement was 84% (95% CI 81%–88%) and 80% (95% CI 74%–86%) in patients and caregivers, respectively, with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 95% and 77%).

Conclusion
Consumers reported willingness to have a medication deprescribed although results should be interpreted with caution due to heterogeneity. The findings from this study moves toward understanding attitudes toward deprescribing, which could increase the discussion and uptake of deprescribing recommendations in clinical practice.
Intersectional Discrimination and Change in Blood Pressure Control Among Older Adults: The Health and Retirement Study
Authors: Sims Kendra D , Smit Ellen , Batty G David , Hystad Perry W , Odden Michelle C 
Published: August 2021

Abstract

Background
Associations between multiple forms of discrimination and blood pressure control in older populations remain unestablished.

Methods
Participants were 14 582 noninstitutionalized individuals (59% women) in the Health and Retirement Study aged at least 51 years (76% non-Hispanic White, 15% non-Hispanic Black, 9% Hispanic/Latino). Primary exposures included the mean frequency of discrimination in everyday life, intersectional discrimination (defined as marginalization ascribed to more than one reason), and the sum of discrimination over the life span. We assessed whether discrimination was associated with a change in measured hypertension status (N = 14 582) and concurrent medication use among reported hypertensives (N = 9 086) over 4 years (2008–2014).

Results
There was no association between the frequency of everyday discrimination and change in measured hypertension. Lifetime discrimination was associated with higher odds of hypertension 4 years later among men (odds ratio [OR]: 1.21, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.08–1.36) but not women (OR: 0.98, 95% CI: 0.86–1.13). Only among men, everyday discrimination due to at least 2 reasons was associated with a 1.44-fold (95% CI: 1.03–2.01) odds of hypertension than reporting no everyday discrimination, reporting intersectional discrimination was not associated with developing hypertension among women (OR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.70–1.20). All 3 discriminatory measures were inversely related to time-averaged antihypertensive medication use, without apparent gender differences (eg, OR for everyday discrimination–antihypertensive use associations: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.77–0.94).

Conclusions
Gender differences in marginalization may more acutely elevate hypertensive risk among older men than similarly aged women. Experiences of discrimination appear to decrease the likelihood of antihypertensive medication use among older adults overall.
Compact magnetization vector inversion
Authors: Ghalehnoee Mohammad Hossein , Ansari Abdolhamid 
Published: August 2021

SUMMARY
Magnetization vector inversion (MVI) has attracted considerable attention in recent years since by this inversion both distribution of the magnitude and direction of the magnetization are obtained; therefore, it is easy to distinguish between the magnetic causative bodies especially when magnetic data are affected by different remanent magnetization. In this research, the compact magnetization vector inversion is presented: a 3-D magnetic modelling is proposed from surface data measurements to obtain compact magnetization distribution. The equations are solved in data-space least squares and the algorithm includes a combination of two weights as depth weighting and compactness weighting in the Cartesian system. The re-weighted compactness weighting matrix handles sparsity constraints imposed on the magnitude of magnetization for varying Lp-norms ($0 \le p \le 2$). The low value of the norm leads to more focused or compact inversion, and using a large value of p obtains a smooth model. The method is validated with two synthetic examples, the first is a cube that has significant remanent magnetization and the second consists of two causative cube bodies with significant different magnetization directions at different depths. The case study is the magnetic data of Galinge iron ore deposit (China) that the apparent susceptibility and magnetization directions are reconstructed. The compact model reveals that the results agree with drilling and geological information.