bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Best Practice for Metallurgical Quality Evaluation of Nitrided Components
Authors: Rowan Olga K. , Pershing Michael A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Nitriding is a surface hardening treatment used on steel components to improve their resistance to corrosion, fatigue, and wear. Iron nitrides at the nitrided steel surface form a compound layer known for its high hardness but also for its brittle nature. It is not uncommon for this layer to chip or break away during metallurgical sample preparation, making it difficult to accurately characterize the microstructure of the nitrided load. This paper presents the results of several studies that assess the effect of cutting and polishing operations along with polishing pressure, the use of foils, and Ni plating. A best practice procedure has been developed to prevent damage to nitrided samples and minimize uncertainty when evaluating part quality.
Non-Destructive Hardness/Microstructure Testing of Heat-Treated Parts by Mass Production, with Multiple Frequency Magnetic Induction Method
Authors: Horsch A. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper discusses the basic principles of multi-frequency eddy current testing and explains how it can be used on high-volume production lines to detect faulty heat-treated parts based on case depth, hardness patterns, tensile strength, carbon content, soft spots, and surface decarburization. It also presents examples showing how the method is used in high-speed inspection of cam shafts, screws, balls of various sizes and materials, distance pins, and complex bolts.
Boro-Austempering Treatment of High Strength Bainitic Steels
Authors: de Oliveira Pedro Gabriel Bonella , Mariani Fábio Edson , Casteletti Luiz Carlos , Filho André Itman , Neto Amadeu Lombardi , Totten George Edward 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The purpose of this work is to incorporate boriding and austempering treatments in a single thermal cycle and assess its effect on two high strength bainitic steels. The combined process, called boro-austempering, is a promising alternative to increase the surface wear resistance of advanced high strength steels as shown in the test results presented.
Effect of Quenching Temperature on the Distortion and Microstructure of Small Components
Authors: MacKenzie D. Scott 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper examines the causes of distortion in heat treated 1080 steel parts and the influence of quenchants and quenching temperature. A comparison of parts produced using a different oil and different quench temperatures shows that a significant improvement can be achieved in distortion with only minor grain growth and a slight reduction in hardness.
Parallelized Particle Swarm Optimization to Estimate the Heat Transfer Coefficients of a Series of Vegetable Oils in Comparison with Typical Fast Petroleum Quench Oil Quenchant
Authors: Simencio Otero Rosa L. , Szénási Sándor , Fried Zoltán , Felde Imre , Viscaino Jônatas M. , Canale Lauralice C.F. , Totten George E. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In various studies, heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) have been used to characterize the relative ability of a quenching medium to harden steel. In this current work, HTCs are determined for a series of vegetable oils using a stochastic (particle swarm) optimization technique and cooling curves produced via Tensi probe measurements. The vegetable oils investigated include canola, coconut, corn, cottonseed, palm, peanut, soybean, and sunflower oil, and their quenching performance is compared with that of a typical petroleum oil quenchant.
An Approach to Micro Segregation Level and Presence of Quench Cracks in Medium Carbon Low Alloy Steels
Authors: Dybdahl Cato , Dahle Nora , Tomovic-Petrovic Stanka 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Samples from forged and heat-treated steel products with known quench crack histories have been mapped in order to study a possible relation between banding segregation and quench cracking. The products were medium carbon low alloy steels produced by ingot and continuous casting. EDS X-ray mapping was used to characterize the banding pattern and tensile testing revealed corresponding properties. The experimental procedures are described in the paper along with test results and conclusions.
A Comparative Study on Cooling Performance of Hot Oil and Molten Salt Media for Industrial Heat Treatment
Authors: Pranesh Rao K.M. , Narayan Prabhu K. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study on the cooling performance of hot oil and molten salt quench media. It describes the tests performed, analyzes the results, and interprets the findings. It explains how the heat extraction mechanism in hot oil differs from that of NaNO2 eutectic mixtures and how it translates to differences in cooling rate, spatial uniformity, and hardness in quenched steel parts.
Gas Nitriding Comparison of Austenitic and Martensitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Welch Amberlee 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Gas nitriding is proving to be a viable low temperature case hardening process for stainless steels used in numerous applications. In this study, a comparison between austenitic (grade 304) and martensitic (grade 401) stainless steels shows how pre-oxidation temperature affects the thickness and porosity of the compound layer produced as well as hardness and nitriding diffusion depth. The results indicate that austenitic stainless steel would be the best choice for a part requiring wear resistance and strength, and that a standard rolled martensitic stainless steel would suffice if only a wear resistant surface is needed.
Effect of Alloying Additions of Aluminum and Iron on the Creep Resistance of Ti-12Cr
Authors: Chakravarty H. , Ballor J. , Boehlert C.J. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this study, the creep properties of three titanium alloys were experimentally obtained at different applied stresses and at 683 K. X-ray diffraction and optical and electron microscopy were used to help characterize the microstructure before and after creep deformation and to show how changes in hardness correlate with the precipitation of α and ω phases in the β titanium matrix. The results of the study show that Ti-12Cr-1Fe-3Al is the most creep resistant followed by Ti-12Cr-3Al and Ti-12Cr.
Electron-Beam Surface Modification of Boron-Based Diffusion Layers Obtained of the Surface of Steel H21
Authors: Mishigdorzhiyn Undrakh , Ulakhanov Nikolay , Semenov Alexander 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a study on a new coating method for alloy steel. The coatings were synthesized on the surface of H21 die steel through a combination of thermal-chemical treatment (TCT) and electron beam processing (EBP). A paste containing boron and aluminum was applied to the test samples which were then heated to accelerate the diffusion process. After 2 h at 950 °C, the diffusion layers were found to be 120 μm thick, and after 2 h at 1050 °C, they were 580 μm thick. The subsequent EBP led to a complete transformation of the primary diffusion layer and an increase in thickness to 1.6 mm. XRD analysis showed significant differences in composition before and after EBP and the presence of tungsten and iron borides. It was also found that the distribution of microhardness and composition over the layer thickness had a more favorable profile after EBP.
Perfecting the Hardening Process with 3D Technology
Authors: Schlesselmann Dirk , Endmann Andreas 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Induction hardening, although a safe repeatable process, can require a lot of tuning whenever an input parameter or inductor is changed. This paper discusses the nature of the problem and how it can be alleviated using 3D technology. It explains that long setup times and tedious adjustments after tooling changes are due to inaccuracies in the inductors and their positioning relative to the workpiece. It then describes how these inaccuracies are removed using 3D construction, production, measurement, and positioning technology, including FEA and CFD software, laser powder bed fusion, and optical scanning. To verify the approach, two inductors were additively manufactured and tested in a hardening system. The first inductor was used to harden a bearing seat on a shaft. The inductors were then swapped and another part was hardened without any adjustment to the process. The hardening depth and surface hardness of the two parts are identical within the scope of measurement accuracy.
On a Modified Approach of Measuring Quench Severity and its Application
Authors: Athavale Viraj A. , Buchely Mario , Bartlett Laura , O’Malley Ronald , Van Aken David C. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a method for calculating quench severity based on hardness profile matching. The new method has the potential to eliminate the need for Jominy end-quench testing as required in the traditional Kern approach. To assess the accuracy of the proposed method, a test bar and Jominy bar were machined from 2-in. bar stock and heat treated in accordance with ASTM A255. The test bar was quenched in a draft-tube system with a water velocity of 6 ft/s. An excel workbook was programmed to calculate the quenched hardness profile based on prior austenite grain size and steel chemistry. The calculations were in good agreement with measured Jominy hardness as were the quench severities determined by the Kern method and the proposed hardness profile matching technique.
Benchmarking of print properties and microstructures of 316L stainless steel DMLS prints
Authors: Gallant Lucas , Hsiao Amy , McSorley Grant 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Direct metal laser sintering (DMLS) is an established technology in metal additive manufacturing. This complex manufacturing process yields unique as-built material properties that influence mechanical performance and vary with different machine parameters. Part porosity and residual stresses, which lead to part failures, and grain structure, as it relates to mechanical properties and anisotropy of DMLS parts, require investigation for different print settings. This work presents results for density, residual stress, and microstructural inspections on designed test artifacts for the benchmarking of 3D metal printers. Results from printing artifacts on two separate DMLS printer models with default parameters show highly dense parts for both printers, with relative densities above 99.5%. Characterization of residual stress through cantilevered deflection specimens indicates similar resulting thermal stresses developed in both build processes, with deflection averages of 32.48% and 28.09% for the respective machines. Additionally, properties of the test artifact printed after adjusting default machine parameters for equal energy density are characterized.
Inline Non-Destructive Material Property Testing: The Future of Manufacturing
Authors: Wright David M. , Ward Dan C. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Across all industries, material specifications are tightening beyond previously understood process capabilities. Slight shifts in material grade, microstructure, heat treatment, or alloy composition can significantly impact long term material integrity. This study examines the feasibility of noncontact, 100% inline magneto-inductive testing on materials and components to ensure material quality standards. To investigate the hypothesis that material grade, carbon content, density, and alloy composition can be accurately tested in real time during production, an experiment was conducted using magneto-inductive test instrumentation and an encircling coil. The results of the investigation confirmed that 100% of the material in a component could be thus tested, accurately, efficiently, and autonomously verifying that the specified material grade with the proper composition and properties had been used.
Influence of Specimen Design on Maximum Heating Rate and Temperature Variation During Induction Heating in an 805L Dilatometer
Authors: Cryderman Robert , Bamrud Finn , Eddir Tareq , Goldstein Robert 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Commercially, carbon steels are induction heated at heating rates on the order of 100 to 1,000 °C·s-1 for surface hardening. The high precision DIL 805L dilatometer employs induction heating and is often used to study transformation characteristics and prepare test specimens for metallurgical analysis. However, heating the commonly used 4 mm diameter by 10 mm long specimens at rates above 50 °C·s-1 results in non-linear heating rates during transformation to austenite and large transient temperature variations along the specimen length. These limitations in heating rate and variances from ideal uniform heating can lead to inaccurate characterization of the transformation behavior compared to commercial induction hardening practices. In this study it is shown that changing the specimen design to a thin wall tube allows faster heating rates up to 600 °C·s-1 and modifies the pattern of temperature variations within the test sample. The response of selected specimen geometries to induction heating in the dilatometer is characterized by modelling and tests using multiple thermocouples are used to verify the models. It is demonstrated that the use of properly designed tubular test specimens can aid in more accurately establishing transformation characteristics during commercial induction hardening.
Austempering and Bainitic Transformation Kinetics of AISI 52100
Authors: You Haoxing , Yang Mei , Zhang Yishu , Sisson Richard D. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
AISI 52100 is a high carbon alloy steel typically used in bearings. One hardening heat treatment method for AISI 52100 is austempering, in which the steel is heated to above austenitizing temperature, cooled to just above martensite starting (Ms) temperature in quench media (typically molten salt), held at that temperature until the transformation to bainite is completed and then cooled further to room temperature. Different austempering temperatures and holding times will develop different bainite percentages in the steel and result in different mechanical properties. In the present work, the bainitic transformation kinetics of AISI 52100 were investigated through experiments and simulation. Molten salt austempering trials of AISI 52100 were conducted at selected austempering temperatures and holding times. The austempered samples were characterized and the bainitic transformation kinetics were analyzed by Avrami equations using measured hardness data. The CHTE quench probe was used to measure the cooling curves in the molten salt from austenitizing temperature to the selected austempering temperatures. The heat transfer coefficient (HTC) was calculated with the measured cooling rates and used to calculate the bainitic transformation kinetics via DANTE software. The experimental results were compared with the calculated results and they had good agreement.
Mechanical Design, Additive Manufacturing, and Performance of Equal Volume Metamaterials
Authors: Horváth Richárd , Barth Vendel , Gonda Viktor , Réger Mihály , Felde Imre 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
In this paper, we study the energy absorption of metamaterials composed of unit cells whose special geometry makes the cross-sectional area and the volume of the bodies generated from them constant (for the same enclosing box dimensions). After a parametric description of such special geometries, we analyzed by finite element analysis the deformation of the metamaterials we have designed during compression. We 3D printed the designed metamaterials from plastic to subject them to real compression. The results of the finite element analysis were compared with the real compaction results. Then, for each test specimen, we plotted its compaction curve. By fitting a polynomial to the compaction curves and integrating it (area under the curve), the energy absorption of the samples can be obtained. As a result of these investigations, we drew a conclusion about the relationship between energy absorption and cell number.
Understanding Cooling Rate Response of Test Pieces and Actual Gears Using Heat Treat
Authors: Maniruzzaman Mohammed , Pershing Michael A. , Komurka Joel , Henning Curtis 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
The cooling history of carburized heat-treated gears plays a significant role in developing microstructure, hardness, and residual stress in the tooth that influences the fatigue performance of the gear. Evaluating gear carburizing heat treatment should include a microstructure and hardened depth evaluation. This can be done on an actual part or with a test piece. The best practice for a test piece is to use a section size that closely approximates the cooling rate at the gear flank of the actual gear. This study furthers work already presented showing the correct test piece size that should be used for different gear modules (tooth thicknesses). Metallurgical comparisons between test pieces, actual gears, and FEA simulations are shown.
Changes in Residual Stress State During Quench and Temper of Vacuum Carburized Gear Steel
Authors: Sala Kevin C. , Hernandez Amy , Gordon Ryan , Frame Lesley D. 
Published: September 2021

Abstract
Vacuum carburizing 9310 gear steel followed by austenitizing, oil quench, cryogenic treatment, and tempering is known to impact the residual stress state of the material. Residual stress magnitude and depth distribution can have adverse effects on part distortion during intermediary and finish machining steps. This study provides residual stress measurement, microstructural, and mechanical property data for test samples undergoing a specific heat treat sequence. Test rings of 9310 steel are subjected to a representative gear manufacturing sequence that includes normalizing, rough machining, vacuum carburizing to 0.03”, austenitizing, quench, cryo-treatment, temper, and finish machining. The rings along with metallurgical samples are characterized after each step in order to track residual stress and microstructural changes. The results presented here are particularly interesting because the highest compressive residual stresses appear after removal of copper masking, not after quenching as expected. Data can be used for future ICME models of the heat treat and subsequent machining steps. Analytical methods employed include X-ray diffraction, optical and electron microscopy, and hardness testing.
Eschatology in the Intertestamental Period in Light of 4 Ezra 6, 7-10
Authors: Тодиев Александр 
Published: September 2021

Материал статьи посвящён библейской эсхатологии. В межзаветной апокалиптической литературе жизнь мира делилась обыкновенно на две половины или же на два века: «нынешний век», «грядущий век». Для Ездры концепция «двух веков» является магистральной. В статье рассматривается аллегорическое переложение в 3 Езд. данной эсхатологической темы на мотив истории Иакова и Исава. Отмечена историософская традиция толкования 3 Езд. 6, 7-10.
The article is devoted to the biblical eschatology. In the intertestamental apocalyptic literature the life of the world is divided commonly into two halves, or into two ages: «this age», «the coming age». For 4 Ezra the concept of «two ages» is in the mainline. The article considers the allegorical arrangement in 4 Ezra of the mentioned eschatological theme according to the of the story of Jacob and Esau. There is marked the historiosophical tradition of interpretation 4 Ezra 6, 7-10.
Martyrius-Sahdona. “On the True Faith and the Firm Confession of Orthodoxy”
Authors: Судаков Максим 
Published: September 2021

На русский язык переведён фрагмент из «Книги совершенства» - пространного аскетического трактата восточносирийского автора VII века Мартирия-Сахдоны, епископа Церкви Востока. Он известен как руководитель монахов и видный духовный писатель. Примечателен он главным образом тем, что пошёл на разрыв с Церковью Востока,когда стал учить об одной ипостаси Христа, за что и был лишён сана и предан анафеме. «Книга совершенства» сохранилась не менее, чем в двух рукописях, древнейшая из которых - Argent.4116 - происходит из синайского монастыря Неопалимой купины (Бет-Мар-Моше) и датируется 837 г. В 1960-х гг. «Книга совершенства» была опубликована вместе с прочими известными сочинениями Мартирия-Сахдоны, тогда же был опубликован их французский перевод. Христологическое учение Мартирия-Сахдоны, с давних пор и до сего времени привлекающее внимание исследователей, содержится, главным образом, в приводимом ниже фрагменте «Книги совершенства». Помимо вопросов христологии, в нем изложено учение о Святой Троице, всеобщем Воскресении и Страшном Суде, а также сказано о взаимосвязи веры и нравственности. Перевод снабжён словарёмосновных терминов и подстрочным комментарием, в котором указаны источники, главным образом, библейских цитат, а также даны пояснения к переводу.
This is a translation from Syriac into Russian of a fragment of the «Book of Perfection», a large ascetic treatise. The author of the book, Martyrius-Sahdona, a bishop in the Church of the East, is a 7th century East-Syrian writer. He is known as a teacher of monks and famous spiritual author. He is especially distinguished by his controversy with the Church of the East, after he begun to teach about one hypostasis of the Christ. For this reason, he was disgowned and anathematized. The «Book of Perfection» is preserved in at least two manuscripts, the earliest of which originates from the Beth-Mar-Moshe Monastery of Mount Sinai and is dated by 837 AC (Argent. 4116). In the 1960s the «Book of Perfection» was published along with some other known Sahdona’s writings. At the same time corresponding translations into French were issued. The christological teaching of Sahdona, which has been attracting attention of researchers from the earliest times hitherto, is mainly contained in the present fragment of the «Book of Perfection». Besides christological aspects, it also contains doctrines of the Trinity, of the universal resurrection, and of the Last Judgement, along with considerations on the relationship between faith and morality. The introduction presents brief biographic and literary information and outlines the main subjects of the fragment. The translation is supplemented with a glossary of the main terms and a commentary indicating sources of citations in the text (foremost biblical) and explaining the translation.
KONTROL SOSIAL MASYARAKAT TERHADAP PERILAKU MENYIMPANG REMAJA (KASUS PACARAN DI TAMAN SYARIAH KOTA PAREPARE)
Authors: Syam Syahrul , Zakaria Zakaria , Haris Andi , Muhammad Rahmat 
Published: September 2021

This research explains about community social control toward deviant behavior of adolescents in Parepare City, especially community social control toward adolescents who are dating in the sharia park. Qualitative research methods were used to explore and understand the meaning of the problem studies, on the basis of case study research. There were seven informants in this research, consisting of community leaders, people who lived around the park, and visitors of the sharia park. The results of the research revealed that adolescent dating behavior was still considered in the category of relative deviation. Thus, the community that controls adolescents starting from the form, nature, and control processes are very weak. This was because the community would only control optimally when the courtship of adolescents in the sharia park had entered the stage of intimacy or sexual self-disclosure. The lack of community social control was caused by lack of socialization, government oversight and a variety of existing values and norms. Keywords: social control, deviant behavior, dating of adolescent.