bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
162 Increasing Concentrations of Supplemental Zinc Influence Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Trace Mineral Status of Non-implanted and Implanted Steers
Authors: Messersmith Elizabeth M , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
One hundred twenty-eight Angus-cross steers (492 ± 29 kg) were utilized in a 2 × 4 factorial to determine the effects of dietary Zn within implant strategy on performance, carcass characteristics, and Zn status. Factors included Zn supplemented at 0, 30, 100, or 150 mg/kg dry matter ([DM]; Zn0, Zn30, Zn100, Zn150, respectively) from ZnSO4 and implant administered on d 0 as no implant (NoIMP) or Component TE-200 (TE-200; Elanco, Greenfield, IN). Cattle were stratified by bodyweight (BW) to GrowSafe equipped pens of 5 or 6 steers and assigned to pen-wide treatments (experimental unit of steer; n = 16/treatment). Steers were weighed on d -1, 0, 18, and 59 with blood collected on -1, 18, and 40. Via Proc Mixed of SAS, linear and quadratic effects of Zn within implant treatments and assessment of NoIMP vs. TE-200 were tested for performance, carcass characteristics, and plasma data, with initial value covariates. Plasma Zn concentrations on d 18 and 40 linearly increased within NoIMP and TE-200 (P ≤ 0.03) and were lesser for TE-200 than NoIMP on d 18 (P = 0.001). Zinc linearly increased (P ≤ 0.002) d 18 BW and d 0–18 average daily gain (ADG). Within TE-200, Zn increased dressing percentage (P = 0.01) and tended to increase hot carcass weight (P = 0.09) linearly. Carcass-adjusted final BW and overall ADG tended to increase (P = 0.10) linearly within TE-200, with no Zn effects within NoIMP (P ≥ 0.18). Implanting increased carcass-adjusted final BW 13 kg over NoIMP (P &lt; 0.0001). Overall feed efficiency quadratically increased within NoIMP (P = 0.01) peaking at Zn100 with no observed Zn effects within NoIMP or TE-200 for overall DM intake (P ≥ 0.15). These data suggest implant-induced growth in steers may require dietary Zn above current national recommendations.
158 Effect of Mootral™ and Forage Amount on Methane Emissions, Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Steers
Authors: Bitsie Bryce , Osorio Andrea M , Henry Darren D , Silva Breno , Godoi Leticia , Supapong Chanadol , Brand Tassilo , Schoonmaker Jon P 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
One hundred and forty-four Angus x Simmental steers were allotted by body weight (BW; 363 kg, breed composition, and farm origin to a 3 x 2 factorial arrangement of 6 treatments (4 pens per treatment) to determine the effect of Mootral (garlic + citrus extract; 0.25% of the diet DM vs. 0.0%) on methane emissions, growth and carcass characteristics of feedlot cattle. During the first 84 days, cattle were fed three different diets (forage content of 15, 41.5, or 68% corn silage). From day 85 to slaughter, corn silage was included at only 15% of the diet DM. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS. There was an interaction (P = 0.03) between forage content and Mootral for DMI from d 0 to 84, where Mootral decreased DMI of steers fed 15% corn silage, but did not affect DMI of steers fed 41.5 or 68% corn silage. There were no effects (P ≥ 0.22) of forage content or Mootral on BW or average daily gain at any time, or on DMI from d 84 to slaughter and overall. Gain-feed ratio from d 0 to 84 and overall was greater (P = 0.04) for steers fed 68% compared to 15 or 41.5% corn silage. On d 41, steers fed 41.5 and 68% corn silage had increased (P ≤ 0.02) methane emissions compared to steers fed 15% corn silage. There tended to be an interaction (P ≤ 0.09) between forage content and Mootral for methane emissions (g/d) on d 41 and 203, where steers fed Mootral showed lesser methane emissions with 15% corn silage, but not with the 41.5 and 68% corn silage diets. Steers fed Mootral showed lesser (P ≤ 0.03) methane emissions on d 203. Mootral tended to decrease (P &lt; 0.10) fat thickness and yield grade. In conclusion, Mootral decreased methane production in 15% corn silage diets and improved carcass leanness.
250 Effects of Bunk Management and Bulk Density of Steam-flaked Corn on Growth Performance, Carcass Characteristics, and Liver Score of Finishing Beef Cattle Fed Diets Without Tylosin Phosphate
Authors: Smock Taylor M , Woerner Dale , Hales Kristin E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
One hundred ninety-two beef steers (BW = 332 ± 8.2 kg) were used in a randomized complete block design to evaluate the effects of differing bunk management and bulk density of steam-flaked corn (SFC) in a randomized complete block design. A factorial arrangement of treatments was used with: 1) slick bunk management (SBM) + 335 g/L SFC; 2) modified ad libitum bunk management (MAL) + 335 g/L SFC; 3) SBM + 425 g/L SFC; 4) MAL+ 425 g/L SFC. Steers were randomly assigned to treatment within BW block, with 12 pen replications per treatment. Data were analyzed using a mixed model with fixed effects of bunk management, SFC bulk density, and their interaction. Block was included as a random effect. Bunk management strategy did not affect growth performance, carcass characteristics, or liver abscess score (P &gt; 0.10). The average daily gain (ADG) of steers fed 425 g/L SFC was greater (P = 0.05) from days 35 to 105 than those fed 335 g/L SFC; however, overall ADG did not differ (P = 0.36). The DMI of steers fed 425 g/L SFC was greater (P ≤ 0.05) than those fed 335 g/L SFC. Gain-to-feed of steers fed 425 g/L SFC tended (P = 0.10) to be lesser from days 0 to 35 but did not differ overall (P ≥ 0.12). Steers fed 425 g/L SFC tended to have greater backfat and calculated empty body fat (P ≤ 0.07) than those fed 335 g/L SFC and had a greater calculated yield grade (P = 0.05). Steers fed 425 g/L SFC had 43.51% fewer (P = 0.04) liver abscesses. Bunk management strategy did not impact growth performance or carcass characteristics; whereas, SFC processed to 425 g/L increased DMI, fat thickness, and yield grade while resulting in a decreased proportion of liver abscesses.
279 Evaluation of Green Grass Inclusion on Digestibility and Fatty Acid Flow in Finishing Diets of Beef Cattle
Authors: Wiseman Aksel , Spore Tyler , Norman Mitch , Wilson Hannah , MacDonald James C , Watson Andrea K , Erickson Galen E 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Six ruminally and duodenally cannulated steers were utilized in a 3 × 3 replicated Latin square experiment to determine duodenal fatty acid (FA) flow. Treatments consisted of 3 levels of Green Grass (GG, Sunseo Omega 3; Chungcheong Duk-Do, South Korea), a feed comprised of sesame meal, giant kelp, cassava, and sorghum, at 0, 15, and 30% of diet DM. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS with treatment and period as fixed effects and animal as a random effect. There were no differences in DMI, organic matter (OM) intake, total tract DM or OM digestibility (P ≥ 0.16). Intake of NDF and ADF increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) from 0 to 30% GG inclusion. Total tract digestibility of NDF was the poorest (P ≤ 0.02) for GG0 with no differences between GG30 and GG15 (P = 0.33). Total tract ADF digestibility was poorest for GG30 (P &lt; 0.01) while GG0 and GG15 were not different (P = 0.17). Fatty Acid values were reported as relative abundance of the total FA present in duodenal samples. The lowest (P &lt; 0.01) concentration of saturated FA was GG30 (70.3%) while GG0 and GG15 were not different (P = 0.83; 78.2%). The concentration of unsaturated, mono-unsaturated, poly-unsaturated, and trans FA responded quadratically (P &lt; 0.01) with no difference between GG0 and GG15 and increasing to GG30. Omega-6 FA tended to decrease linearly (P = 0.06) from 0 to 30% GG inclusion (4.91 and 3.85 g/d, respectively). Omega-3 FA increased linearly (P &lt; 0.01) from 0 to 30% GG inclusion (1.84 and 10.78 g/d, respectively). These data suggest increasing inclusion of GG up to 30% of diet DM does not affect DM or OM digestibility. Greater inclusions of GG resulted in more unsaturated and omega-3 FA concentrations in the duodenum.
68 Utility of 3-NOP in Beef Production Systems
Authors: Beauchemin Karen A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Ruminant production systems need to embrace the challenge of reducing greenhouse gas emissions to be in sync with other sectors of society that are adopting net-zero emission goals. The major greenhouse gas from ruminants is enteric methane, which contributes 3% to 5% of total global greenhouse gases. A broad range of potential mitigation strategies has been proposed to decrease methane emissions from ruminants. One promising strategy is the investigational methane inhibitor 3-nitrooxypropanol (3-NOP; DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., Kaiseraugst, Switzerland), which when fed to beef cattle, has decreased methane yield (g methane/kg dry matter intake) by 20% to 80%, depending upon the diet composition and dose. Furthermore, the decrease in methane production persists over several months. 3-NOP reduces methanogenesis in the rumen by inactivating the enzyme methyl-coenzyme M reductase used by archaea. 3-NOP is most effective when incorporated into a total mixed ration. Some advantages of 3-NOP are: only a small dose is required (1–2 g/d); no negative effects on digestibility, animal health or carcass characteristics; rapid degradation to compounds naturally occurring in the rumen (e.g., nitrate, nitrite and 1,3-propanediol); sustained efficacy over time; and risk assessments indicate residues in meat and milk are unlikely. However, 3-NOP is not yet approved for commercial use. Research studies in small pens indicate up to 5% improvement in gain:feed ratio for backgrounding and finishing cattle, although recently completed studies at a commercial feedlot indicate improvements in feed conversion may be less. This presentation will highlight the current findings of beef cattle research using 3-NOP to decrease methane emissions, with emphasis on its potential for decreasing the carbon footprint of beef.
PSI-11 Evaluation of Electronically Controlled Cooling Pad Flush Rates on Heat Stressed Gilts
Authors: Cleaver Kristen N , Shirley Larissa K , Field Tyler , Hill Brooklyn A , Kpodo Kouassi R , Johnson Jay S , Stwalley Robert , Schinckel Allan P 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
This study was designed to evaluate the effects of electronically controlled cooling pads on measures of physiological responses in HS gilts. The study utilized 12 gilts randomly assigned into one of three treatment groups [Control(CN), flush 2.0 L cool water over 30 s every 4 min(F4), or flush 2.0 L over 30 s every 8 min(F8)] in a Latin Square design and replicated 12 times(2 repetitions/d over 6 d). Gilts were housed in farrowing crates and fed 1.2 kg at 0700 and 1300 h daily. On d 1 to 3(6 repetitions) the room was gradually heated from 18ºC to 32ºC, while on d 4 to 6 the room was gradually heated from 18ºC to 35ºC starting at 0730 or 1330 h. Once the temperature was achieved, cooling pads were turned on and the temperature was maintained for 2.5 h. Two baseline measurements were taken of respiration rates(RR), skin temperature through thermal imaging(IRTemp), and vaginal temperature(VTemp) before room heating began and then recorded every 20 minutes after pads were turned on. Measurements at the end of HS(PostH) and the change in values during the HS period(DIFF) were evaluated using PROC mixed of SAS. Gilts in F4 and F8 had lower RR than CN for PostH for both 32ºC and 35ºC (P&lt; .05). DIFF in RR was less in F4 and F8 than in CN[(32ºC, P=.097) and (35ºC, P=.005)]. There was a tendency for DIFF in Vtemp at 32ºC between treatments (P=.064) but had no effect by treatment for PostH (P=.534). There was no effect in PostH and DIFF for IRTemp between treatments for 32ºC and 35ºC. PostH and DIFF for VTemp were significant at 35ºC (P=.009 and P=.001). PostH for RR was different at 35 ºC and 32 ºC (P=.0074; P=.0472) with F4 and F8 lesser and CN. In conclusion, cooling pads, regardless of flush rate, had positive impacts on physiological indicators of HS.
238 Vaccination with an E. coli F4/F18 Vaccine for the Prevention of F4-ETEC Post-weaning Diarrhea Resulted in Reduced Post-weaning Mortality and Antibiotic Use
Authors: Vangroenweghe Frédéric A 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Post-weaning Escherichia coli diarrhea (PWD) remains a major cause of economic losses for the pig industry. PWD, caused by enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), typically provokes mild to severe watery diarrhea between 5–10 days after weaning, which may result in mortality. Most common adhesins in ETEC are F4 and F18 fimbriae. Therapy to combat PWD typically consists of antibiotic treatment in combination with ZnO (3,000 ppm). Recently, an oral live bivalent E. coli F4/F18 vaccine (Coliprotec® F4/F18; Elanco) was approved on the European market, which reduces the impact of PWD provoked by F4-ETEC and F18-ETEC. The objective was to evaluate mortality and antibiotic use following E. coli F4/F18 vaccination under field conditions. A 160-sow farm (weaning at 26 days) with diagnosed problems of PWD due to F4-ETEC was selected. Piglets were vaccinated at 21 days with the oral live bivalent E. coli F4/F18 vaccine. At weaning, no standard group medication (ZnO and antibiotics) was applied for prevention of PWD. Several performance parameters were collected: treatment incidence (TI100), mortality and days in nursery. Vaccination (n = 3 groups) was compared to a historical control (n = 3 groups) Oral E. coli F4/F18 vaccination significantly reduced TI100 (18.6 ± 6.3 days to 2.4 ± 1.9 days; P &lt; 0.05) due to the reduction in days of antimicrobial group treatment. Mortality rate significantly reduced (11.2 ± 2.6% in control to 4.5 ± 1.5% in vaccinated group; P &lt; 0.05) following vaccination. Days in nursery (48.5 ± 0.3 days) remained constant throughout the trial. The results show that live E. coli F4/F18 vaccination against PWD has significantly impacted mortality, in combination with a reduction in medication use. In conclusion, control of PWD through oral vaccination is a successful option in order to prevent piglets from the negative clinical outcomes of F18-ETEC infection during the post-weaning period.
12 Equipping Humans--Optimizing Performance: The Role of Technology in Human Capital
Authors: Hoek Jonathon , Miller Monty 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Human capital influences 100% of the production and business performance achieved in swine production. “Five years from now 35% of the of important workforce skills will have changed.” according to Digital Transformation 1. To meet the coming digital transformation in swine production, the need for innovative human capital strategies has never been greater. Boessen, Artz, and Schutlz 2 found labor is a critical issue for the industry. High performing swine farms achieve it because of their people. Swan 3 noted that “pigs do not achieve excellence; people achieve excellence through their pigs.” Agriculture has been slow to adapt soft skill strategies due to the ambiguity in the value proposition. Cost metrics of turnover, poor performance, and safety are traditionally buried within the P&L under labor with labor impacting 100% of the value chain in pig and pork production. The need to analyze the human impact has never been more crucial, and this led to the 2019 Labor intel Study by sponsors and Summit SmartFarms. Schmidt and Hunter‍ 4 found that the use of general mental ability testing improves the predictability and utility of hiring the right person. The increased validity can be as high as 20% vs. traditional means of recruitment. Assessments have proven to provide intelligence on humans for many years through the principles of industrial psychology. Platforms like Cloverleaf and the Organizational Cultural Inventory have harnessed all the attributes of digital transformation to provide human intelligence for predictive and prescriptive human optimization. Pigmanship training has accelerated the value of assessments through precision training. The next step is to integrate these platforms into an analysis tool that combines production, human resource, and assessment data to quantify the value of organizational health.1. Digital Transformation by Thomas Siebel Rosetta Books 2 National Pork Board. Employee Compensation and HR Practices in Pork Production.3 Swan, M.K. Swine Human Resources: Managing Employees. 4 Schmidt FL, Hunter JE. The validity and utility of selection methods in personnel psychology
155 Opportunities and Challenges of Teaching Laboratory Content of a Swine Discipline-focused Course with Limited Swine Access
Authors: Austin Adrian G , Wiegert Jeff G 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
In spring semester, 2020, ANSC 412: Swine Production and Management (4 credits, lecture and laboratory) was offered in the Department of Animal Science at Texas A&M University following a period of nonappearance in the curriculum. Simultaneously, planned renovation of the campus swine teaching farm required depopulation of the existing herd. Hence, animal access for course laboratories was restricted for the 2020 spring and fall semesters. The objective is to present strategies to achieve effective laboratory learning objectives with limited livestock access. Average course enrollment in 2020 spring and fall semesters was 11 students of junior and senior standing. The course laboratory was held for two hours weekly for fifteen weeks. COVID-19 interruption of the spring semester, and arrival of pigs to the campus swine teaching farm in the fall semester, necessitated creation of ten equivalent laboratory sessions per semester. Example laboratory sessions include: panels with swine industry professionals, Pork Quality Assurance version 4.0 certification, virtual farm tours, evaluating genetic merit with National Swine Registry Swine Testing and Genetic Evaluation System EPD data and indexes, understanding least-cost diet formulation with diet formulation software, creating and implementing a Secure Pork Supply enhanced biosecurity plan for the campus swine farm, and multiple case study models of troubleshooting reproductive deficiencies with the US Pork Center of Excellence National Swine Reproduction Guide. Laboratory session execution facilitated achievement of TAMU Department of Animal Science programmatic learning outcomes, specifically: understanding animal breeding programs, animal husbandry, reproductive management, and nutrient conversion, and assessing business models and application of animal management strategies. In future semesters with unrestricted swine access for teaching, live-animal handling will be emphasized in the syllabus, yet preservation of effective classroom-based laboratories will persist. These methods have value for instructors operating without campus swine resources and those whose laboratory content has been impacted by COVID-19 disruption.
51 Observing the Effect of Creep Feeding on Calf Behavior Before and After Weaning
Authors: Heidtke Madelyn , Redden Miles D , Shike Daniel W , McCann Joshua C 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
The objective was to determine the effect of creep feeding on calf behavior before and after weaning. Cow-calf pairs (n = 54) were stratified by cow age, cow and calf BW, and allotted to 9 pastures. Pastures were randomly assigned to 3 treatments: unsupplemented control (CON), lower protein pellet (14.3% CP; LP), and a higher protein pellet (18.6% CP; HP) for 82 d. Pre-weaning calf behaviors were observed for 9 h on d 60, 64, and 74: position (standing or lying), location (pen, pasture, shade, creep), and consumption (creep, grass, milk, water, none). Post-weaning calf behaviors were observed for 12 h on d 83 and 84: position, walking, drinking, eating, and vocalizations. Prior to weaning, an interaction (P £ 0.01) occurred for consumption behaviors; CON calves spent the greatest percentage of time grazing at h 7 and 8 and not consuming at h 11. Also, LP calves had the greatest percentage of time nursing at h 8 and 11, with CON calves being intermediate, and HP calves being the least. On the day after weaning (d 83), an interaction (P = 0.02) was observed for time spent eating; CON calves spent the greatest time eating at h 10 and LP calves were the greatest at h 11. An interaction (P &lt; 0.01) was observed for time spent walking on d 83; HP calves spent the greatest percentage of time walking at h 9 and 13. On d 84, an interaction (P &lt; 0.01) was observed for time eating on d 84; CON calves spent the greatest percentage of time eating at h 7, 9, 11, 14, and 16 as well as overall (P = 0.05). An interaction (P &lt; 0.01) was observed for number of vocalizations on d 84; CON calves had the greatest number of vocalizations at h 16–18 as well as overall (P &lt; 0.01). Overall, creep feeding altered calf behaviors before and after weaning.
55 Sow Milk Lipidome Study Reveals Changes in Fatty Acyl Residues in Triglycerides and Phosphatidylglycerol, but Not in Plasma Membrane Phospholipids Across Lactation
Authors: Luecke Sarah , Suarez-Trujillo Aridany , Logan Lea , Stewart Kara R , Ferreira Christina , Casey Theresa 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Sow milk fat content is crucial to neonatal survival, as it is utilized for thermogenesis and nutrition. However, fat is the most variable component of milk in concentration and lipid species. Characterizing lipid changes across the course of a sow’s lactation may help identify molecules or systems to target to help enhance milk fat quality and quantity for neonatal survival and growth. Percent fat variation is greatest in colostrum, the first milk. Little is known regarding colostrum synthesis, other than it accumulates in the gland beginning in mid-late pregnancy, which is prior to the initiation of fatty acid synthesis in lactocytes. The objective of this study was to characterize changes in lipid composition of milk across the course of lactation and determine if there was a relationship between fat percent and lipid species in colostrum and mature milk. Milk was collected from 9 multiparous sows on days 0, 3, 7, and 14 relative to birth. Percent fat was determined by creamatocrit, and found to be different (p&lt; 0.05) between day 0 (12.36 ± 5.90%) and day 3 (16.22 ± 3.65%) but not between day 7 (13.13 ± 2.19%) and 14 (12.13 ± 2.45%). Fat was extracted from milk using the Bligh-Dyer method and profiled using multiple reaction monitoring. Amounts of lipid species were calculated relative to standards and data analysis was performed using Metaboanalyst 4.0. Principle component analysis revealed lactation day had a significant effect on distribution of fats. Triacylglycerides (TAG), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), and plasma membrane lipids were modified from colostrum to mature milk, with a significant increase in PGs and TAGs across the course of lactation. Correlation analysis of percent fat with lipid concentration indicated strong relationships (P &lt; 0.05; |r| &gt;0.80) with eight lipids. No differences are found in the abundance of plasma membrane phospholipids, sphingomyelin, or cholesterol esters across lactation days.