bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geotechnical Lessons Learned From Nineteen Railway Trenchless Crossings During Construction of a Transmission Pipeline
Authors: Park Jack , Wheeler Lisa , Johnston Katherine , Statters Mike 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
When new pipelines are constructed, they often cross existing major infrastructure, such as railways. To reduce potential service disruption, it is a common practice to complete these crossings using trenchless technologies. Without proper methods and oversight in planning and construction, there may be serious safety and financial implications to the operators of the railways and the public due to unacceptable settlement or heave. If movement tolerances are exceeded, the schedule and financial loss to the railway operators could be in the millions of dollars per day.
Recent construction of a new pipeline across the Canadian prairies implemented ground movement monitoring plans at 19 trenchless railway crossings in order to reduce the potential for impact to the track and railway operations. The specifics of the plan varied for each site and were based on the expected ground conditions, as well as permit requirements from the various railway operators, but typically included ground movement monitoring surveys, observation of the cuttings, recommendations for a soil plug at the leading edge of the bore casing, and frequent communication with both the railway operators and the contractors. For all crossings, the expected soil and groundwater conditions were obtained from pre-construction boreholes and confirmed during excavation of the bore bays. Based on the expected ground conditions, appropriate soil plug lengths, if required, were recommended. In general, fine-grained clay/silt-dominated soils needed minimal to no soil plug in order to minimize the potential for ground heave, while coarser-grained sand-dominated soils needed a longer soil plug in order to reduce the potential for “flowing soil” which would cause over excavation along the bore path. Prior to boring, surface monitoring points were established along the tracks to monitor for changes in the ground surface elevation. Additional subsurface points were installed for crossings where the potential for over excavation was higher. These monitoring points were surveyed before, throughout, and following completion of construction, and the frequency of the surveys was increased when the movement was nearing or exceeding specified tolerances. The effort to monitor and reduce the potential for ground movement was a coordinated effort between the geotechnical engineers, railway operators, and construction contractors.
The purpose of this paper is to present the lessons learned from the 19 trenchless railway crossings, including the challenges and successes. Recommendations for ground movement monitoring are also provided to help guide railway operators, design and geotechnical engineers, and contractors during the construction of future trenchless pipeline crossings of railway infrastructure.
Dent Assessment and Management: API Recommended Practice 1183
Authors: Dinovitzer Aaron , Tiku Sanjay , Piazza Mark 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Pipeline dents can be developed from the pipe resting on rock, a third-party machinery strike, rock strikes during backfilling, amongst other causes. The long-term integrity of a dented pipeline segment is a complex function of a variety of parameters including pipe geometry, indenter shape, dent depth, indenter support, secondary features, and pipeline operating pressure history at and following indentation. In order to estimate the safe remaining operating life of a dented pipeline, all of these factors must be considered and guidelines for this assessment are not available.
US DOT regulations (49 CFR 192 and 195) include dent repair and remediation criteria broadly based upon dent depth, dent location (top or bottom side), pressure cycling (liquid or gas), and dent interaction with secondary features (weld, corrosion, cracks). The criteria defined above are simple to use, however, they may not direct maintenance to higher risk dent features and be overly conservative or, in some cases, unconservative.
PRCI, USDOT, CEPA and other full-scale testing, finite element modelling and engineering model development research has been completed to evaluate the integrity of pipeline dents. These results have demonstrated trends and limits in dent behavior and life that can improve on existing codified and traditional treatment of dents. With these research results a guideline for dent management can be developed to support operators develop and implement their pipeline integrity management programs.
This paper provides an overview of the newly developed API recommended practice for assessment and management of dents (RP 1183). The RP considers dent formation strain, failure pressure and fatigue limit states including the effects of coincident features (i.e. welds, corrosion, cracks and gouges). This paper will focus on how pipeline operators can derive value from this step change in integrity management for dents. The paper describes the basis for the dent screening and integrity assessment tools included in the RP. This RP provides well founded techniques for engineering assessment that may be used to determine the significance of dent features, if remedial actions are required and when these actions should be taken.
A Comparison of Remote Sensing Techniques for Centreline and Weld Mapping in Place of Manual Survey in Hazardous Environments
Authors: Hlady Joseph , Sands Dana , Fugate Lance 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Many places where pipelines are built have soil, basal material and water table conditions which can create suboptimal environments for centerline as-builting and weld mapping. Furthermore, ditches containing multiple pipelines can make as-built and weld mapping particularly complex especially when the pipes are of varying sizes. The complexity of the laying in of multiple pipes may also result in the ditch being exposed longer than desired, enabling further deterioration of ditch conditions and even flooding. At times, circumstances can become so hazardous that manual survey of the pipeline centerline can only be completed while the pipe is outside of the ditch (requiring a transposition) and a variety of survey techniques must be used to capture the centreline locations. Surveying at a distance from the pipes can make verification to weld mapping and field inspection problematic. Recent advancements in remote sensing, particularly mobile LiDAR and imagery collection technology, have lowered collection and processing costs and expanded the applicability of the technology to complex collection environments and harsh conditions on pipeline construction rights-of-way. Additionally, there has been a marked improvement in overall data accuracy and precision from mobile mapping systems. Up until recently, these technologies have only been useful in static construction environments where periods of inactivity during construction afforded the time to set up and collect data in a safe and accurate manner. New remote sensing systems, designed for more rugged, fast-paced, and complex environments are expanding the use of mobile remote sensing to the pipeline construction right of way. These mobile mapping technologies have significant advantages over drone collected data particularly with respect to the logistics of the data collection. Recently, advanced mobile mapping technology was employed on various pipeline construction projects and the accuracy of LiDAR and imagery collection for centerline as-builting and weld mapping was assessed. Some of the project locations were in areas where the traditional manual collection of data could be deemed hazardous or unsafe. This paper evaluates the collection technique against the traditional methods used under hazardous or inaccessible conditions and discusses the benefits of mobile remote sensing for this scenario. The authors also provide an analysis of the remote sensing based as-built and weld mapping data against those acquired through the traditional technique during this trial. Opportunities for adoption of this method as well as improvements to its application are also discussed.
Identification and Mitigation of a Landslide Threatening Four Operating Natural Gas Pipelines
Authors: Ahmadipur Amir , McKenzie-Johnson Alexander , Ebrahimi Ali , Rice Anthony H. 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
This paper presents a case study of a landslide with the potential to affect four operating high-pressure natural gas pipelines located in the south-central US state of Mississippi. This case study follows a landslide hazard management process: beginning with landslide identification, through pipeline monitoring using strain gauges with an automated early alert system, to detection of landslide movement and its effects on the pipeline, completion of a geotechnical subsurface investigation, conceptual geotechnical mitigation planning, landslide stabilization design and construction, and stress relief excavation. Each step of the landslide hazard management process is described in this case study.
Plastic Constraint-Matched Pin-Loaded SENT Specimen for Fracture Analysis of Radially Growing Longitudinal Cracks in Thin-Walled Piping
Authors: Furmanski Jevan , Sarosi Peter , Marzinsky Cary , Carpenter Don , Thirumalai Neeraj 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In recent years increased attention has been given to the transferability of standardized fracture test data to thin-walled pressurized equipment. For smaller diameter piping, for example, standard test specimens loaded in “hoop” tension are not possible due to pipe curvature and thinner wall thickness (often less than 1/3 inch). Further, it is not clear that standardized fracture specimens produce transferrable results to the seam weld fracture problem due to low plastic constraint, which is exacerbated in thin wall pipe. Single-edge notched tension (SENT) specimens were fabricated by extracting a segment pipe wall and finishing to a parallel piped incorporating nearly all the wall thickness. These segments were electron beam welded to low carbon steel grip ends to produce only localized heat affected zone without affecting the test section. The result is a nearly ideal pin-loaded SENT specimen for radial fracture testing. This geometry was evaluated with 2D and 3D nonlinear finite element analysis in Abaqus, and plastic constraint matching was evaluated compared to a thin-walled pipe under internal pressure with a radially growing crack. A nearly ideal plastic constraint match between the pin-loaded SENT and radial seam weld crack was confirmed up to about 500 psi-in, which is substantially beyond a typical JIc in the X52 steel used in the analysis. Thus, pinned SENT testing is recommended for evaluation of radial fracture in thin-walled piping.
Study on Non-Axisymmetric 3D Curved Surface Turning by Driven-Type Rotary Tool Synchronized With Spindle
Authors: Ishizuka Akane , Nakagawa Kensuke , Morimoto Yoshitaka , Hayashi Akio , Kaneko Yoshiyuki , Suzuki Naohiko , Hirono Ryo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
Since shifting to electric vehicles as a countermeasure against global warming is hard to complete, the hybrid car has been considered as another possible solution. However, based on the calculation of total CO2 emissions, all hybrid cars which will constitute 90% of all cars are expected to be equipped with an internal combustion engine even after 2030. Therefore, further efficiency improvement of the internal combustion engine is necessary. One of the key factors is the variable valve timing and variable lift of the cam mechanism. Since conventional technology uses a complicated link mechanism and servo motor control, this creates a problem to build small cars or two-wheeled vehicles because they are not big enough for the size and weight of the two important parts: the variable valve timing and variable of cam mechanism, which won’t fit. To solve this problem, a cam shape with a three-dimensional curved surface has been proposed. In order to create this shape, the machining method for non-axisymmetric curved surface turning (NACS-Turning) is required. To build the new system, our research group has proposed a new machining method using a driven rotary tool and a linear motor driven moving table to enable to achieve NACS-Turning. In this new system, a new tool rotation axis (B axis) is adopted to synchronize its rotation position with the rotation position of the spindle (C axis) holding the workpiece and the X1-, X2-, and Z-Axis positions in total. In this paper, the new hardware configuration is proposed to overcome the present machining accuracy from the point of non-circular machining method.
Investigation of Crystallographic Aspects of Subsurface Damage Induced by Grinding Using Micro-Raman Tomographic Imaging
Authors: Onuki Teppei , Kan Shunsuke , Lin Wangpiao , Lu Wentong , Hasegawa Kousuke , Ojima Hirotaka , Shimizu Jun , Zhou Libo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The objective of this study is to propose and develop an evaluation method on the process damages of sapphire wafers, regarding crystallographic aspects of the damages by use of tomographic imaging techniques with laser Raman microscopy (called as micro Raman tomographic imaging: mRTI). In this paper, tomographic images with the peak width and the shift of the peak position were observed with mRTI, on c-plane cut sapphire wafers along a-plane, with micro fractures induced by brittle-mode grinding. Fractures along m-plane from the surface to 2–7 microns-depth, and fractures along r-plane from the bottom end of the m-plane fracture to 14 microns-depth, subsequently induced elastic strain field around the fractures, could be visualized without destructions of the wafers.
Achieving Highly Stable Removal Rate in Small Tool Polishing of Glass Lenses
Authors: Satake Urara , Enomoto Toshiyuki , Miyagawa Teppei , Ohsumi Takuya 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The demand for improving the image quality of cameras has increased significantly, especially in industrial applications, such as broadcasting, on-vehicle, security, factory automation, and medicine. Surface of glass lenses, which is a key component of cameras, is formed and finished by polishing using small tools. However, the existing small tool polishing technologies exhibit serious problems including an unstable removal rate with the accumulated polishing time. In concrete, low removal rate at the beginning of the polishing process and sudden decrease in the removal rate during the polishing process significantly deteriorate stability of the removal rate.
To improve the stability of the removal rate, we proposed a vibration-assisted polishing method using newly developed polishing pads with titanium dioxide particles in the previous work. Polishing experiments on glass lenses confirmed that the variation in the removal rate was suppressed by the developed polishing method; however, the reason for the improvement, in concrete, the relation between the vibration of polishing pressure and the stability of the removal rate remains unknown.
In this study, we investigated and clarified the effect of the vibration of polishing pressure on the surface conditions of polishing pads, which strongly affected removal rate.
Fabrication of Novel Microvalves Driven by Heat From Magnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Miwa Daiki , Sakurai Junpei , Hata Seiichi , Oka Chiemi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The present paper proposes novel microvalves remotely controlled without electrical wiring on each valve. The proposed microvalves are controlled utilizing heat from magnetic nanoparticles in an alternating magnetic field. A procedure for fabrication of the microvalves was established. the fabricated microvalves operated on a hotplate.
Investigation of Cutting Force in Screw Cutting by Three Axis Controlling Helical Interpolate With a Wireless Communication Tool Holder System
Authors: Matsui Shota , Ozaki Nobutoshi , Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi , Matsuda Ryo 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In recent years, the movement of machine tools including 5-axis control machining centers (5 MC) and turning centers has progressed to enable machining at high speeds and high degrees of accuracy. The accuracy of simultaneous three-axis movement at very high feed speeds has increased significantly. Specifically, with the development of control technologies for these machine tools featuring simultaneous three-axis control, the accuracy of helical interpolation motion at high feed speed has achieved a sufficient level to perform processes such as screw cutting with a thread mill tool. Boring machining and pocket machining for difficult-to-cut materials are processing methods that employ helical interpolation movements with an endmill tool, and it is becoming a promising technology in light of recent advancements. Therefore, we looked at screw cutting with a thread mill tool and proposed a novel monitoring method to improve the accuracy of machining the screw by deriving the radial force of thread cutting from three components — two forces in the X and Y directions and torque around the Z axis — using a piezoelectric dynamometer. In this study, we also investigated the accuracy of machining the screw when the pilot hole and screw were drilled at the same time as well as the accuracy when the pilot hole is drilled beforehand. In addition, we monitored the cutting data and X-Y feed motions using a wireless holder and CNC information to construct a smart manufacturing method for machining screws using helical interpolation. As a result, the proposed monitoring method is effective at improving the accuracy of machining screws from various work materials using helical interpolation motion of a thread mill tool.
Removal Machining Performances by Using Inert Gas Filled Micro Bubble Coolant
Authors: Iwai Manabu , Yamashita Ryouta , Anzai Satoshi , Ninomiya Shinichi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The authors have proposed a micro bubble coolant in which micro bubbles (20∼50μm in diameter) are included in water soluble coolant. In the previous study, it was confirmed that the tool life was improved by applying the micro bubble coolant to various machining operations such as drilling, turning and grinding. Also, purification effects of the micro bubble coolant were found. In this study, micro bubble coolant in which inert gases (N2 and CO2) were mixed was proposed to be applied to grinding processes for further improvement in grinding performances. When nitrogen gas (2L/min) was mixed with the micro bubble in the water soluble coolant (70L), amount of the dissolved oxygen in coolant decreased to 0.5mg/L. And concentration of the carbon dioxide gas in the coolant increased to 100mg/L when carbon dioxide gas (2L/min) was mixed in. From the result of grinding test on high speed steel, it was found that grinding performances improved when the micro bubble coolant with any of air, N2 and CO2 gases was used. The grinding force decreased by a factor of about 15% and the tool life increased by 20∼30%. When nitrogen gas was mixed in, the surface roughness improved by about 15%. In grinding stainless steels, performances such as grinding force, tool life and surface roughness improved by 10% when nitrogen gas was mixed in. In addition, a tendency of flank wear reduction and improvement in the surface roughness were observed when air micro bubble was mixed into the coolant in the turning of high carbon steel and Inconel 718 as well. When N2 micro bubble was generated in the coolant, a flank wear was reduced by 20% and surface roughness was improved by 30 to 40%. These effects were higher than the coolant with air micro bubble.
Development of Tool Steel Matrix Composites With High Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Sasaki Gen , Choi Yongbum , Sugio Kenjiro 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
The improvement of thermal conductivity of tool steel is a very important problem to achieve life prolongation of a metal die used in press forming and die-casting and obtain large size or complex shape products with good mechanical properties. To improve the thermal conductivity without the degradation of mechanical properties, some kind of dispersants were added into tool steel 40CrMoV5 in ISO standard. 0.5–1.0 vol. % carbon nanofiber, 4–8 vol. % TiB2 particles with 2.62 micrometer in average diameter and 8 vol. % Cu particles was added in tool steel. Dense composites were fabricated by spark plasma sintering by controlling sintering temperature and time. The thermal conductivity was improved by adding all dispersant. Strength of carbon nanofiber / steel composites increased by adding 0.5 vol. % fiber, but decreased by adding 1.0 vol. % because of aggregation of carbon fiber. Some chemical reaction occurred in TiB2 particles/ steel composites, and the elongation improved because of the boron element in the interface. Cu /steel composites keep good strength compared with monolithic tool steel and the thermal conductivity increased dramatically as increasing Cu contents.
Monitoring of Tool Wear Distribution With Cutting Force Measurement in Drilling
Authors: Tamura Shoichi , Sekigawa Kodai , Matsumura Takashi 
Published: January 2021

Abstract
In the automated machining processes, tool damage should be managed to assure product qualities, promote machine tool performance and reduce production time and cost. In drilling process, the cutting process changes along the cutting edge; and the tool wear is not uniform. This paper presents a monitoring of the tool wear distribution with measuring the cutting force in drilling with a twist drill. The cutting force increases with the cutting area in the edge penetration into workpiece in drilling. In the proposed approach, the cutting edges are divided into small discrete segments. The increasing rate of the cutting force at a segment is associated with the normal forces loaded at the cutting area. The normal force distributions, then, are estimated for the cutting edge damage. The widths of flank wear lands along the cutting edge is monitored based on the increase of the normal force distribution. The cutting tests were conducted to validate the presented approach with measuring the cutting force in drilling of carbon steel. The presented approach estimates the tool wear distribution on the edge with the cutting time. The average stress distribution loaded on the flank wear land is also estimated in the regression analysis.