bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of group size on reproduction in cooperatively breeding gray wolves depends on density
Authors: Ausband D. E. , Mitchell M. S. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn cooperatively breeding species, large group size is often positively related to reproductive success and group persistence. We have a poor understanding, however, of how group sizes within a population affect reproduction particularly as density varies. We hypothesized that at low densities, wolves in both small and large groups would have similar reproductive rates. At high densities, however, wolves in small groups would have lower reproductive rates compared to those in large groups. Using empirical data from radio‐collared wolves in Idaho and Yellowstone National Park, WY, USA (1996–2012), we compared reproductive rates (i.e. proportion reproducing, litter size, pup survival) among small and large groups of wolves as density fluctuated within the populations. Reproductive rates were generally lower for individuals in small groups compared to those in large groups, particularly as density increased. Pup survival, however, was slightly higher for wolves in small groups compared to large groups except at very high densities. Polygamy increased with density regardless of group size, suggesting a polygamy threshold for wolves. Large group size resulted in less parturition failure, more breeding females per group, larger litter sizes, and ultimately more pups recruited per group. Large group size appears advantageous for several, but not all, aspects of reproduction particularly when population density is high.
An assessment of the current status of children’s toothpaste in Australia
Authors: Smith BD , MacPhail C , Russell J 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTBackgroundDespite recommendations that pre‐school children use toothpaste containing 500–550 ppm of fluoride, there has been an increase in non‐fluoridated toothpastes marketed for children. This study investigated children’s toothpaste in Australia.MethodsA comprehensive audit of all toothpastes marketed for pre‐school children and available in store in the Macarthur region of NSW, Australia, was carried out. All toothpastes available for purchase were obtained and examined; size and price were catalogued, along with ingredient lists and fluoride levels.ResultsOne hundred and seven individual toothpastes were identified in the audit, with 67 (62.6%) containing no fluoride. Of the 40 fluoridated toothpastes, only 11 (10.3%) contained the recommended level of fluoride of 500–550 ppm. Twenty‐two (20.6%) of all toothpastes were made in Australia, all of which were non‐fluoridated. Six (5.6%) of the toothpastes studied contained excessive levels of fluoride (1350–1500 ppm). Seventeen of the 20 least expensive toothpastes contained fluoride, while 18 of the 20 most expensive toothpastes were non‐fluoridated.ConclusionsDespite expert recommendations, the majority of children’s toothpaste available in Australia contains either no fluoride or the wrong levels of fluoride. Further study is needed to determine why this change is occurring and what is influencing the increase in non‐fluoride toothpastes on the market.
Dupilumab efficacy in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps from SINUS‐52 is unaffected by eosinophilic status
Authors: Fujieda Shigeharu , Matsune Shoji , Takeno Sachio , Ohta Nobuo , Asako Mikiya , Bachert Claus , Inoue Tomoyuki , Takahashi Yoshinori , Fujita Hiroyuki , Deniz Yamo , Rowe Paul , Ortiz Benjamin , Li Yongtao , Mannent Leda P. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundThe human monoclonal antibody dupilumab blocks interleukin (IL)‐4 andIL‐13, key and central drivers of type 2 inflammation. Dupilumab, on background mometasone furoate nasal spray (MFNS), improved outcomes in the phase III SINUS‐52 study (NCT02898454) in patients with severe chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). This posthoc analysis of SINUS‐52 examined whether eosinophilic status of CRSwNP was a predictor of dupilumab efficacy.MethodsPatients were randomized 1:1:1 to dupilumab 300 mg every 2 weeks (q2w) until week 52; dupilumab 300 mg q2w until Week 24, then 300 mg every 4 weeks until week 52; or placebo (MFNS) until week 52. Coprimary endpoints were change from baseline in nasal polyps score (NPS), nasal congestion (NC), and Lund‐Mackay score assessed by CT (LMK‐CT) at week 24. Patients (n = 438) were stratified by eosinophilic chronic rhinosinusitis (ECRS) status according to the Japanese Epidemiological Survey of Refractory Eosinophilic Rhinosinusitis algorithm.ResultsDupilumab significantly improved NPS, NC, and LMK‐CT scores versus placebo at week 24 in all ECRS subgroups (p < 0.001), with improvements maintained or increased at week 52 (p < 0.001). There was no significant interaction between ECRS subgroup (non‐/mild or moderate/severe) and dupilumab treatment effect for all endpoints at weeks 24 and 52 (p > 0.05), except LMK‐CT at week 24 (p = 0.0275). Similar results were seen for the secondary endpoints. Dupilumab was well tolerated across all ECRS subgroups.ConclusionDupilumab produced consistent improvement in symptoms of severe CRSwNP irrespective of ECRS status. Therefore, blood eosinophil level may not be a suitable biomarker for dupilumab efficacy in CRSwNP.
The gift of hospitality and the (un)welcoming of Syrian migrants in Turkey
Authors: ALKAN HILAL 
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTAs of 2020, Turkey was home to 3.6 million Syrian migrants who fled violence in their country after the uprisings of 2011. Although they are not recognized as refugees, Syrian migrants have been granted the right to self‐settlement in Turkey. The Turkish state has promoted this reception as
a form of hospitality and generosity. The state's elevation of hospitality has
been criticized, however, for reinforcing inequalities. More broadly, the concept of hospitality itself has been scrutinized for its immediate affinity to
hostility. But as revealed by ethnographic work with Istanbul's neighborhood
aid networks, “hospitality” at ​the grassroots level is governed by principles of the gift. In everyday interactions, it can catalyze a cycle of reciprocal returns that may lead to long‐term relationships. Countering the argument that hospitality is always paired with hostility, this ethnography shows that it can also turn strangers into relatable Others. [gift, hospitality, neighborhoods, reciprocity, Syrian refugees, Istanbul, Turkey]
Living arrangements after parental separation have minimal impact on mental health at age 7 years
Authors: Hjern Anders , Bergström Malin , Fransson Emma , Kjaer Urhoj Stine 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimThis study compared mental health after parental separation in 7‐year‐old children living in joint physical custody with sole physical custody family arrangements.MethodsThe study population included 39 661 children from the Danish National Birth Cohort, living in a nuclear family at age 6 months. Child mental health was measured at age 7 years with maternal reports of the Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) operationalised as a high total score. Associations between living arrangements and mental health were analysed using logistic regression models, taking into account early childhood indicators of family relations, parental mental health and socioeconomic conditions.ResultsThere were no statistically significant differences between the living arrangements after parental separation with joint physical custody having an odds ratio (OR) of 1.37 (95% CI 1.10–1.70), sole physical custody without a new partner OR 1.33 (95% CI 1.19–1.47) and OR 1.55 (95% CI 1.30–1.84) for sole physical custody with new partner, with children in a nuclear family as reference.ConclusionThis study indicates that living arrangements after parental separation have a minimal influence on child mental health at age 7 years.
Laparoscopic intraperitoneal mesh repair of a large incisional hernia in a kidney transplantation patient: A case report
Authors: Kaida Daisuke , Miyata Takashi , Kin Ryosuke , Nishiki Hisashi , Hashimoto Akifumi , Fujii Yoritaka , Miura Seiko , Fujita Jun , Tomita Yasuto , Nakamura Naohiko , Miyashita Tomoharu , Fujita Hideto , Ueda Nobuhiko , Takamura Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2021

AbstractA 73‐year‐old woman presented to our hospital because of painful bulging in the right lower abdomen, and developed a 17 × 12 cm incisional hernia after kidney transplantation using right oblique incision. Laparoscopic intraperitoneal onlay mesh (IPOM) repair was performed. Since a transplanted kidney is close to the abdominal wall defect, the space between the transplanted kidney and the abdominal wall was peeled off to secure enough space for the mesh to be place. After that the fascial defect was detected precisely, and the polypropylene‐polyglycolic acid composite mesh was fixed with 3 cm overlapping of the hernia ring by non‐absorbable tacks. The patient was discharged 9 days after surgery. In general, abdominal incisional hernias after kidney transplantation are relatively large with boundary defect of abdominal wall ensuing between the abdominal and allograft. However, laparoscopic IPOM repair of incisional hernia after kidney transplantation can be performed safely and effectively.
Anthropogenic disturbance modifies long‐term changes of boreal mountain vegetation under contemporary climate warming
Authors: Maliniemi Tuija , Virtanen Risto 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAimsAccelerating high‐latitude climate warming drives shrub expansion in open landscapes and alters species distributions and compositions of plant communities. Simultaneously, various land use practices cause disturbance to the vegetation. However, not much documentation exists on how long‐term intensive land use disturbance modifies high‐latitude vegetation under climate warming. Here, we study how the composition of boreal mountain plant communities has changed during three decades in response to heavy land use disturbance, related to ski resort construction and management, and how these changes compare to those observed in adjacent less disturbed communities.LocationIso‐Syöte, Finland.MethodsWe resurveyed vegetation along four elevational gradients (240–426 m a.s.l.) on a boreal mountain in 2013–14. After the original study in 1980, half of the gradients were subjected to continuous heavy land use disturbance, while the other half remained only slightly disturbed. All the gradients experienced a similar amount of macroclimatic warming over time. We analysed temporal changes in plant group covers, species richness and species’ elevational range means in relation to disturbance levels and elevation.ResultsUnder slight disturbance, the cover of shrubs increased on the originally open upper slopes and elevational range means of several species shifted upward. In contrast, heavy disturbance resulted in a uniform, yet modest, shrub cover increase along the whole elevational gradient and promoted both up‐ and downward shifts of species. Bryophyte cover decreased considerably over time, regardless of the disturbance level. Species richness increased throughout, yet more under heavy disturbance.ConclusionsLong‐term changes in boreal mountain vegetation are substantially influenced by heavy land use disturbance compared to less disturbed sites where the vegetation changes are more comparable to those expected under a warmer climate. Therefore, along with the climatic effects, land use effects on vegetation are important to consider in management actions and in projections of future vegetation.
Plant quality and primary productivity modulate plant biomass responses to the joint effects of grazing and fertilization in a mesic grassland
Authors: Campana Sofía , Yahdjian Laura 
Published: May 2021

AbstractQuestions: Human activities are increasing the density of domestic grazers and global nutrient loads, modifying the main determinants of vegetation community dynamics. Grazing (top‐down control) and nutrient availability (bottom‐up control) may interactively modify plant biomass, which is particularly important in grasslands devoted to livestock production. Here, we aim to understand the interactive effects of grazing and fertilization on grassland plant biomass. We hypothesized that the joint effects of nutrient addition and domestic grazing on above‐ground plant biomass are not additive, but they modify each other through changes in ground‐level light, leaf nutritional quality, above‐ground net primary productivity (ANPP), and below‐ground plant allocation.Location: Flooding Pampa (Buenos Aires, Argentina).Methods: We carried out a factorial experiment of grazing exclusion and fertilization with nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium + micronutrients during ​several years in a mesic grassland devoted to livestock production.Results: After four years, grazing reduced live above‐ground plant biomass by 52%, and when combined with fertilization this reduction was 70%. Nutrient addition in the grazed grassland increased ANPP and leaf nutrient concentration. These changes in turn intensified grazing pressure and cattle’s plant consumption. By contrast, fertilization did not produce any significant effect on plant biomass or ANPP inside the exclosures, where ground‐level light was low. A structural equation model revealed that the increase in ANPP fostered above‐ground and reduced below‐ground plant biomass.Conclusions: This is the first study conducted in the Pampas grasslands that evaluated the effect of cattle grazing and fertilization on plant communities under field conditions over several years. Grazing and nutrient addition synergistically controlled grassland plant biomass, as the reduction in above‐ground biomass by cattle consumption was greater in fertilized plots. Our results provided empirical evidence that leaf nitrogen and ANPP modulated plant biomass dynamics in grasslands devoted to livestock production in the context of increased nutrient loads in terrestrial ecosystems.
Make‐believe play with the Internet of Toys: A case for multimodal playscapes
Authors: Palaiologou Ioanna , Kewalramani Sarika , Dardanou Maria 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThis study examines whether the Internet of Toys (IoToys) (de)limits children's make‐believe play and whether the functionality and manipulatives offered by the IoToys serve as motivational pleasure (tactile, virtual and visual) for children to engage in make‐believe play. Combining Piagetian and Vygotskian ideas of play as a unity of cognition and social context, we consider IoToys as a motivational conduit for children's symbolic actions that leads to make‐believe play. Qualitative methodology was employed using observations of young children at home when interacting with IoToys (total n = 10 families) from England (n = 5 families) and Australia (n = 5 families). Data showed that children's interaction does not limit the development of their make‐believe play as they engage in imitation schemata and create imaginative situations within and beyond the intended pre‐programmed functions of the IoToy. To conclude, it is argued that instead of differentiating virtual and physical play, we should (re)think play with multimodal playscape lenses.
Practitioner notesWhat is already known about this topic

Children from a very young age engage with mainly touch screen technology and this engagement has led to the discourse of digital play inquiries.
When children use technology, they create imaginary situations that leads to make‐believe play.
What this paper adds

Research on the haptic technologies is still in an embryonic stage. Thus, this paper aims to examine how children engage with this new developing technology in home‐based settings.
The findings of our research suggest that when haptic technological tools are used by children, this leads to make‐believe play using physical and virtual spaces as a continuum of child's learning and development.
Implications for practice and/or policy

As children's interactions with haptic technologies showed that they exhibit motivated actions and psychologically triggered interactions, this calls for parent‐educator partnerships to foster a pedagogy that embeds a poly‐pronged approach (digital, virtual, visual, physical) which enhances children's multimodal playscapes.
Point‐of‐care haemoglobin testing in African hospitals: a neglected essential diagnostic test
Authors: Uyoga Sophie , George Elizabeth C. , Bates Imelda , Olupot‐Olupot Peter , Chimalizeni Yami , Molyneux Elizabeth M. , Maitland Kathryn 
Published: May 2021

SummaryOwing to the rapid turnaround time in the assessment of haemoglobin level by point‐of‐care tests (POC Hb), these have grown in popularity and scope in large parts of the world. However, whilst POC testing for malaria and HIV remains has been integrated into patient management in Africa, the use of POC haemoglobin testing remains neglected by health services. The main users of transfusions (paediatric, maternity and trauma services) present largely as emergencies. Ward‐based POC Hb could result in more rapid and accurate diagnosis of anaemia, contributing to saving of lives and at the same time reduce unnecessary transfusions which deplete the limited supplies of donated blood in Africa. Severe anaemia requiring transfusion is a major cause of paediatric admission in Africa. At a dissemination meeting to discuss the results of a large phase III paediatric transfusion trial and steps to implementation of the findings participants strongly recommended that one of the most pressing actions required was to prioritise the use of POC haemoglobin testing. This would facilitate implementation of the new transfusion algorithm, developed at the meeting, which refines patient management including blood transfusions. We present the rationale for the strongly recommended prioritisation of POC Hb, using paediatric transfusion as an exemplar.
Platelet autoantibody specificity and response to rhTPO treatment in patients with primary immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Yu Yafei , Hou Yu , Zhao Yajing , Zhou Hai , Jing Fangmiao , Liu Yanfeng , Peng Jun , Liu Xinguang , Hou Ming 
Published: May 2021

SummaryThis retrospective study aimed to evaluate the relationship between plasma autoantibody species and rhTPO response in adult ITP patients who failed the first‐line treatments. Plasma anti‐glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa and anti‐GPIb/IX autoantibodies were detected in 47·2% and 40·6% of the 123 patients, respectively. Overall response rate to rhTPO treatment in patients without anti‐GPIb/IX autoantibodies was significantly higher than patients with anti‐GPIb/IX autoantibodies (82·2% vs. 60·0%, P = 0·006). By contrast, no statistical difference in response rate was observed between patients with or without anti‐GPIIb/IIIa autoantibodies (74·1% vs. 72·3%, P = 0·819). Therefore, the presence of anti‐GPIb/IX autoantibodies might serve as a predictive factor for poor response to rhTPO treatment in ITP.
A consequence of drug targeting of aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases in Mycobacteriumtuberculosis
Authors: Ndagi Umar , Kumalo Hezekiel M. , Mhlongo Ndumiso N. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractDrug‐resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis poses a great threat to public health and remains one of the red‐flag tagged infectious diseases, with the tendency of comorbidity with other disease conditions such as HIV/AIDS. This perhaps is responsible for redoubling of effort in tuberculosis research and continuous change in patient management to optimize the drug therapy. Aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases are essential enzymes in M. tuberculosis that catalyse the transfer of a particular amino acid to its corresponding specific tRNA to form an aminoacyl‐tRNA. These enzymes are believed to be novel antibacterial, antifungal and antiparasitic drug targets because of their role in the process of protein translation. Therefore, their existence as a compliment of M. tuberculosis has attracted a lot of research interest with the aim of curbing the scourge and provide the most effective drug in the treatment of tuberculosis. This leads to the discovery of a pool of aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases with their essential inhibitors. This review seeks to articulate the current advances in the development of new TB drugs exhibiting novelty in their mode of action with specific emphasis on aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases as drug targets.
Identification of novel P2X7R antagonists by using structure‐based virtual screening and cell‐based assays
Authors: Zhao Yunshuo , Chen Xiaotong , Lyu Sifan , Ding Zhe , Wu Yahong , Gao Yanfeng , Du Jiangfeng 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIn the tumor microenvironment, inflammation and necrosis cause the accumulations of ATP extracellularly, and high concentrations of ATP can activate P2X7 receptors (P2X7R), which leads to the influx of Na+, K+, or Ca2+ into cells and trigger the downstream signaling pathways. P2X7R is a relatively unique ligand‐gated ion channel, which is over‐expressed in most tumor cells. The activated P2X7R facilitates the tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Inhibition of the P2X7R activation can be applied as a potential anti‐tumor therapy strategy. There are currently no anti‐tumor agents against P2X7R, though several P2X7R antagonists for indications such as anti‐inflammatory and anti‐depression were reported. In this study, we combined homology modeling (HM), virtual screening, and EB intake assay to characterize the structural features of P2X7R and identify several novel antagonists, which were chemically different from any other known P2X7R antagonists. The identified antagonists could effectively prevent the pore opening of P2X7R with IC50 values ranging from 29.14 to 35.34 μM. HM model showed the area between ATP‐binding pocket, and allosteric sides were hydrophobic and suitable for small molecule interaction. Molecular docking indicated a universal binding mode, of which residues R294 and K311 were used as hydrogen bond donors to participate in antagonist interactions. The binding mode can potentially be utilized for inhibitor optimization for increased affinity, and the identified antagonists can be further tested for anti‐cancer activity or may serve as chemical agents to study P2X7R related functions.
UK general population willingness to pay for scale and polish, and detailed and personalized oral hygiene advice
Authors: Akuagwuagwu Chimezie , van der Pol Marjon , Boyers Dwayne 
Published: May 2021

AbstractObjectivesUnderstanding the value the general population place on dentistry services is important for policymakers to aide service planning. Willingness to pay (WTP) is an economic method used to elicit the value of a good or service. The aim of this study is to estimate United Kingdom (UK) general population WTP for commonly provided scale and polish, and detailed and personalized oral hygiene advice (OHA), and to investigate what factors influence WTP.MethodsParticipants completed an online hypothetical WTP survey for scale and polish and detailed and personalized oral hygiene advice. The estimation sample consisted of 1405 participants, nationally representative of the UK general population in terms of age and sex. Regression analysis was used to estimate WTP and determine what factors are associated with WTP. Analyses were conducted including and excluding protest answers.ResultsThe mean (SD) WTP for a scale and polish is £26.77 (£21.91) excluding protest answers and £24.80 (£22.71) for the full sample. The mean (SD) WTP for detailed and personalized OHA is £16.56 (£19.75) excluding protest answers and £12.77 (£22.28) for the full sample. Participants on higher incomes, private attenders and those who stated that maintaining clean and healthy gums was important had higher WTP for both services. Participants in Scotland and Northern Ireland were WTP less than their English counterparts, reflecting the different regional specific payment systems.ConclusionThe general UK population value scale and polish, and detailed and personalized OHA. This study provides estimates of WTP for these services which can be used to inform resource allocation decisions.