bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polygenic risk for coronary artery disease in the Scottish and English population
Authors: Yang Chuhua , Starnecker Fabian , Pang Shichao , Chen Zhifen , Güldener Ulrich , Li Ling , Heinig Matthias , Schunkert Heribert 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Epidemiological studies have repeatedly observed a markedly higher risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) in Scotland as compared to England. Up to now, it is unclear whether environmental or genetic factors might explain this phenomenon.

Methods
Using UK Biobank (UKB) data, we assessed CAD risk, based on the Framingham risk score (FRS) and common genetic variants, to explore the respective contribution to CAD prevalence in Scotland (n = 31,963) and England (n = 317,889). We calculated FRS based on sex, age, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), systolic blood pressure (SBP), antihypertensive medication, smoking status, and diabetes. We determined the allele frequency of published genome-wide significant risk CAD alleles and a weighted genetic risk score (wGRS) for quantifying genetic CAD risk.

Results
Prevalence of CAD was 16% higher in Scotland as compared to England (8.98% vs. 7.68%, P < 0.001). However, the FRS only predicted a marginally higher CAD risk (less than 1%) in Scotland (12.5 ± 10.5 vs.12.6 ± 10.6, P = 0.03). Likewise, the overall number of genome-wide significant variants affecting CAD risk (157.6 ± 7.7 and 157.5 ± 7.7; P = 0.12) and a wGRS for CAD (2.49 ± 0.25 in both populations, P = 0.14) were remarkably similar in the English and Scottish population. Interestingly, we observed substantial differences in the allele frequencies of individual risk variants. Of the previously described 163 genome-wide significant variants studied here, 35 variants had higher frequencies in Scotland, whereas 37 had higher frequencies in England (P < 0.001 each).

Conclusions
Neither the traditional risk factors included in the FRS nor a genetic risk score (GRS) based on established common risk alleles explained the higher CAD prevalence in Scotland. However, we observed marked differences in the distribution of individual risk alleles, which emphasizes that even geographically and ethnically closely related populations may display relevant differences in the genetic architecture of a common disease.
Evaluating the transitions in care for children presenting with acute asthma to emergency departments: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Kroetch Kimberly R. , Rowe Brian H. , Rosychuk Rhonda J. 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Acute asthma is a common presentation to emergency departments (EDs) worldwide and, due to overcrowding, delays in treatment often occur. This study deconstructs the total ED length of stay into stages and estimates covariate effects on transition times for children presenting with asthma.

Methods
We extracted ED presentations in 2019 made by children in Alberta, Canada for acute asthma. We used multivariable Cox regressions in a multistate model to model transition times among the stages of start, physician initial assessment (PIA), disposition decision, and ED departure.

Results
Data from 6598 patients on 8270 ED presentations were extracted. The individual PIA time was longer (i.e., HR < 1) when time to the crowding metric (hourly PIA) was above 1 h (HR = 0.32; 95% CI:0.30,0.34), for tertiary (HR = 0.65; 95% CI:0.61,0.70) and urban EDs (HR = 0.77; 95% CI:0.70,0.84), for younger patients (HR = 0.99 per year; 95% CI:0.99,1.00), and for patients triaged less urgent/non-urgent (HR = 0.89; 95% CI:0.84,0.95). It was shorter for patients arriving by ambulance (HR = 1.22; 95% CI:1.04,1.42). Times from PIA to disposition decision were longer for tertiary (HR = 0.47; 95% CI:0.44,0.51) and urban (HR = 0.69; 95% CI:0.63,0.75) EDs, for patients triaged as resuscitation/emergent (HR = 0.51; 95% CI:0.48,0.54), and for patients arriving by ambulance (HR = 0.78; 95% CI:0.70,0.87). Times from disposition decision to ED departure were longer for patients who were admitted (HR = 0.16; 95% CI:0.13,0.20) or transferred (HR = 0.42; 95% CI:0.35,0.50), and for tertiary EDs (HR = 0.93; 95% CI:0.92,0.94).

Conclusions
All transition times were impacted by ED presentation characteristics. The sole key patient characteristic was age and it only impacted time to PIA. ED crowding demonstrated strong effects of time to PIA but not for the transition times involving disposition decision and ED departure stages.
Clinical impact of multidrug-resistant bacteria in older hospitalized patients with community-acquired urinary tract infection
Authors: Madrazo Manuel , Esparcia Ana , López-Cruz Ian , Alberola Juan , Piles Laura , Viana Alba , Eiros José María , Artero Arturo 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Introduction
Previous studies have described some risk factors for multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria in urinary tract infection (UTI). However, the clinical impact of MDR bacteria on older hospitalized patients with community-acquired UTI has not been broadly analyzed. We conducted a study in older adults with community-acquired UTI in order to identify risk factors for MDR bacteria and to know their clinical impact.

Methods
Cohort prospective observational study of patients of 65 years or older, consecutively admitted to a university hospital, diagnosed with community-acquired UTI. We compared epidemiological and clinical variables and outcomes, from UTI due to MDR and non-MDR bacteria. Independent risk factors for MDR bacteria were analyzed using logistic regression.

Results
348 patients were included, 41.4% of them with UTI due to MDR bacteria. Median age was 81 years. Hospital mortality was 8.6%, with no difference between the MDR and non-MDR bacteria groups. Median length of stay was 5 [4–8] days, with a longer stay in the MDR group (6 [4–8] vs. 5 [4–7] days, p = 0.029). Inadequate empirical antimicrobial therapy (IEAT) was 23.3%, with statistically significant differences between groups (33.3% vs. 16.2%, p < 0.001). Healthcare-associated UTI variables, in particular previous antimicrobial therapy and residence in a nursing home, were found to be independent risk factors for MDR bacteria.

Conclusions
The clinical impact of MDR bacteria was moderate. MDR bacteria cases had higher IEAT and longer hospital stay, although mortality was not higher. Previous antimicrobial therapy and residence in a nursing home were independent risk factors for MDR bacteria.
Laparoscopic pancreatectomy for benign or low-grade malignant pancreatic tumors: outcomes in a single high-volume institution
Authors: Cai He , Feng Lu , Peng Bing 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Objective
To investigate the perioperative and long-term outcomes of laparoscopic pancreatectomy for benign and low-grade malignant pancreatic tumors, and further compare the outcomes between different surgical techniques.

Methods
We retrospectively collected clinical data of consecutive patients with benign or low-grade malignant pancreatic tumors underwent surgery from February 2014 to February 2019. Patients were grouped and compared according to different surgical operations they accepted.

Results
Totally 164 patients were reviewed and 83 patients underwent laparoscopic pylorus-preserving pancreaticoduodenectomy (LPPPD), 41 patients underwent laparoscopic spleen-preserving distal pancreatectomy (LSPDP) and 20 patients underwent laparoscopic central pancreatectomy (LCP) were included in this study, the rest 20 patients underwent laparoscopic enucleation were excluded. There were 53 male patients and 91 female patients. The median age of these patients was 53.0 years (IQR 39.3–63.0 years). The median BMI was 21.5 kg/m2 (IQR 19.7–24.0 kg/m2). The postoperative severe complication was 4.2% and the 90-days mortality was 0. Compare with LCP group, the LPPPD and LSPDP group had longer operation time (300.4 ± 89.7 vs. 197.5 ± 30.5 min, P < 0.001) while LSPDP group had shorter operation time (174.8 ± 46.4 vs. 197.5 ± 30.5 min, P = 0.027), more blood loss [140.0 (50.0–1000.0) vs. 50.0 (20.0–200.0) ml P < 0.001 and 100.0 (20.0–300.0) vs. 50.0 (20.0–200.0 ml, P = 0.039, respectively), lower rate of clinically relevant postoperative pancreatic fistula [3 (3.6%) vs. 8 (40.0%), P < 0.001 and 3 (7.3%) vs. 8 (40.0%), P = 0.006, respectively], lower rate of postpancreatectomy hemorrhage [0 (0%) vs. 2 (10.0%), P = 0.036 and (0%) vs. 2 (10.0%) P = 0.104, respectively] and lower rate of postoperative severe complications [2 (2.4%) vs.4 (20.0%), P = 0.012 and 0 (0%) vs. 4 (20.0%), P = 0.009, respectively], higher proportion of postoperative pancreatin and insulin treatment (pancreatin: 39.8% vs., 15% P = 0.037 and 24.4%vs. 15%, P = 0.390; insulin: 0 vs. 18.1%, P = 0.040 and 0 vs. 12.2%, P = 0.041).

Conclusions
Overall, laparoscopic pancreatectomy could be safely performed for benign and low-grade malignant pancreatic tumors while the decision to perform laparoscopic central pancreatectomy should be made carefully for fit patients who can sustain a significant postoperative morbidity and could benefit from the excellent long-term results even in a high-volume center.
Transparency in public pharmaceutical sector: the key informants’ perceptions from a developing country
Authors: Esfandiari Atefeh , Yazdi-Feyzabadi Vahid , Zarei Leila , Rashidian Arash , Salari Hedayat 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Policymaking in the pharmaceutical sector plays a pivotal role in achieving the health systems’ goals. Transparency in the pharmaceutical policy could increase confidence in decision-making processes. This study aims to assess transparency in the public pharmaceutical sector of Iran.

Methods
This qualitative study with a content analysis approach was conducted in 2017 using the World Health Organization tool to explore pharmaceutical transparency. The perceptions of the various stakeholders of the health system through semi-structured interviews with a maximum variation of stakeholders were obtained in eight functions, including registration, licensing, inspection, promotion, clinical trials, selection, procurement, and distribution of medicines.

Results
There are some problems in two main categories: (1) General problems, including lack of transparency, conflict of interest, centralization, and monopoly. (2) Ethical problems include illegal payments, gifts, bribes, conflicts of interest, hidden power, hoarding, relationship-oriented behavior, medicine trafficking, and counterfeit medicine. Suggested solutions include evidence-based decision-making, the use of transparent and accountable processes, standardization, needs assessment, declaring a conflict of interest, skilled human resources, and tracking prescription.

Conclusion
Despite the development of effective pharmaceutical policy in the health care system and government interventions for the control of the market, in some functions, reviewing the pharmaceutical policy is essential. Additionally, declaring a conflict of interest statement must be at the core of policy development to provide greater transparency.
Cupriavidus in the intestinal microbiota of Tibet endemic fish Glyptosternum maculatum can help it adapt to habitat of the Qinghai Tibet Plateau
Authors: Pan Yingzi , Li Zhichao , Zhou Jianshe , Wang Qielu , Xu Huifen , Mou Zhenbo 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Gut microbes play an important role in the growth and development of fish. The Tibetan Plateau fish Glyptosternum maculatum is a unique species of sisorid catfish living in the river up to 4200 m altitude.

Results
To understand the mechanisms underlying the ability of G. maculatum to adapt to the high-altitude habitat, the intestinal microbiota of G. maculatum was studied. We used high-throughput sequencing of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene of intestinal microorganisms of wild and cultured G. maculatum to explore the characteristics of intestinal microorganisms and compared the gut microbial community of wild and cultured G. maculatum. The results showed that the α-diversity and richness of the intestinal microbiome were higher in wild G. maculatum than in cultured fish. The most abundant phylum in both G. maculatum were Fusobacteria, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Bacteroidetes; Cetobacterium and Cupriavidus are the most dominant genus. The membership and structure of intestinal bacterial communities in wild G. maculatum are similar to the cultured fish, suggesting that a core microbiota is present in both G. maculatum intestinal bacterial communities. Metastats analysis showed that six genera were differentially represented between the wild and cultured G. maculatum.

Conclusions
The most interesting characteristic of the intestinal microbial communities of G. maculatum is that there were large numbers of Cupriavidus, which may play an important role in the adaptation of G. maculatum to the water of the Yarlung Zangbo River with a high Cu content. This result, in turn, can guide us on breeding G. maculatum.
Tricking enzymes in living cells: a mechanism-based strategy for design of DNA topoisomerase biosensors
Authors: Ba Sai , Gao Guangpeng , Li Tianhu , Zhang Hao 
Published: December 2021

AbstractMost activity-based molecular probes are designed to target enzymes that catalyze the breaking of chemical bonds and the conversion of a unimolecular substrate into bimolecular products. However, DNA topoisomerases are a class of enzymes that alter DNA topology without producing any molecular segments during catalysis, which hinders the development of practical methods for diagnosing these key biomarkers in living cells. Here, we established a new strategy for the effective sensing of the expression levels and catalytic activities of topoisomerases in cell-free systems and human cells. Using our newly designed biosensors, we tricked DNA topoisomerases within their catalytic cycles to switch on fluorescence and resume new rounds of catalysis. Considering that human topoisomerases have been widely recognized as biomarkers for multiple cancers and identified as promising targets for several anticancer drugs, we believe that these DNA-based biosensors and our design strategy would greatly benefit the future development of clinical tools for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
Graphical Abstract
A core-shell Au@Cu2-xSe heterogeneous metal nanocomposite for photoacoustic and computed tomography dual-imaging-guided photothermal boosted chemodynamic therapy
Authors: Zhang Le , Jiang Chunjuan , Li Bing , Liu Zhengwang , Gu Bingxin , He Simin , Li Panli , Sun Yun , Song Shaoli 
Published: December 2021

AbstractChemodynamic therapy (CDT) has aroused extensive attention for conquering cancers because of its high specificity and low invasiveness. Quick generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) during CDT could induce more irreparable damage to cancer cells. The generation rate of ·OH could be magnified via the selection of suitable nanocatalysts or under the assistance of exogenous thermal energy from photothermal therapy (PTT). Here, we construct a kind of monodisperse core-shell Au@Cu2-xSe heterogeneous metal nanoparticles (NPs) for PTT boosted CDT synergistic therapy. Due to the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) coupling effect in the core-shell structure, the photothermal conversion efficiency of Au@Cu2-xSe NPs is up to 56.6%. The in situ generated heat from photothermal can then accelerate the Fenton-like reaction at Cu+ sites to produce abundant ·OH, which will induce apoptotic cell death by attacking DNA, contributing to a heat-boosted CDT. Both in vitro and in vivo results showed that after this synergistic therapy, tumors could be remarkably suppressed. Guided by photoacoustic (PA) and computed tomography (CT) imaging, the therapeutic effects were more specified. Our results revealed that PA and CT dual-imaging-guided PTT boosted CDT synergistic therapy based on core-shell Au@Cu2-xSe NPs is an effective cancer treatment strategy.
Graphical Abstract
Rhamnolipid-coated W/O/W double emulsion nanoparticles for efficient delivery of doxorubicin/erlotinib and combination chemotherapy
Authors: Lee Yeeun , Lee Donghyun , Park Eunyoung , Jang Seok-young , Cheon Seo Young , Han Seongryeong , Koo Heebeom 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Combination therapy using more than one drug can result in a synergetic effect in clinical treatment of cancer. For this, it is important to develop an efficient drug delivery system that can contain multiple drugs and provide high accumulation in tumor tissue. In particular, simultaneous and stable loading of drugs with different chemical properties into a single nanoparticle carrier is a difficult problem.

Results
We developed rhamnolipid-coated double emulsion nanoparticles containing doxorubicin and erlotinib (RL-NP-DOX-ERL) for efficient drug delivery to tumor tissue and combination chemotherapy. The double emulsion method enabled simultaneous loading of hydrophilic DOX and hydrophobic ERL in the NPs, and biosurfactant RL provided stable surface coating. The resulting NPs showed fast cellular uptake and synergetic tumor cell killing in SCC7 cells. In real-time imaging, they showed high accumulation in SCC7 tumor tissue in mice after intravenous injection. Furthermore, enhanced tumor suppression was observed by RL-NP-DOX-ERL in the same mouse model compared to control groups using free drugs and NPs containing a single drug.

Conclusions
The developed RL-NP-DOX-ERL provided efficient delivery of DOX and ERL to tumor tissue and successful tumor therapy with a synergetic effect. Importantly, this study demonstrated the promising potential of double-emulsion NPs and RL coating for combination therapy.

Graphical Abstract
Inflammation after spinal cord injury: a review of the critical timeline of signaling cues and cellular infiltration
Authors: Hellenbrand Daniel J. , Quinn Charles M. , Piper Zachariah J. , Morehouse Carolyn N. , Fixel Jordyn A. , Hanna Amgad S. 
Published: December 2021

AbstractTraumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological condition that results in a loss of motor and sensory function. Although extensive research to develop treatments for SCI has been performed, to date, none of these treatments have produced a meaningful amount of functional recovery after injury. The primary injury is caused by the initial trauma to the spinal cord and results in ischemia, oxidative damage, edema, and glutamate excitotoxicity. This process initiates a secondary injury cascade, which starts just a few hours post-injury and may continue for more than 6 months, leading to additional cell death and spinal cord damage. Inflammation after SCI is complex and driven by a diverse set of cells and signaling molecules. In this review, we utilize an extensive literature survey to develop the timeline of local immune cell and cytokine behavior after SCI in rodent models. We discuss the precise functional roles of several key cytokines and their effects on a variety of cell types involved in the secondary injury cascade. Furthermore, variations in the inflammatory response between rats and mice are highlighted. Since current SCI treatment options do not successfully initiate functional recovery or axonal regeneration, identifying the specific mechanisms attributed to secondary injury is critical. With a more thorough understanding of the complex SCI pathophysiology, effective therapeutic targets with realistic timelines for intervention may be established to successfully attenuate secondary damage.
What does early initiation and duration of breastfeeding have to do with childhood mortality? Analysis of pooled population-based data in 35 sub-Saharan African countries
Authors: Ekholuenetale Michael , Barrow Amadou 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Breastfeeding practices and their impact on infant health and survival are unquestionably of global interest. The aim of this study was to examine the link between breastfeeding initiation within one hour of birth, breastfeeding duration and childhood mortality in sub-Saharan Africa.

Methods
This study used data from the Demographic and Health Survey, which was conducted in 35 Sub-Saharan African countries between 2008 and 2017. Early initiation and duration of breastfeeding, food consumption indices, and infant mortality were all important variables. Analysis used percentage, median/interquartile range, and regression models (logistic, linear, Cox).

Results
Early initiation of breastfeeding within one hour after birth was lowest in Chad (23.0%) and highest in Burundi (85.0%). The pooled median duration of breastfeeding was 12 months. Female children had 3% significant lower odds of consuming tinned, powdered or fresh milk, compared with male children (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.94, 0.99). Conversely, female children were more likely to be put to breast within one hour after birth, compared with male children (OR 1.03; 95% CI 1.01, 1.05). Results from the pooled sample showed approximately 20% (HR 0.80; 95% CI 0.67, 0.96) and 21% (HR 0.79; 95% CI 0.77, 0.80) reduction in infant mortality for children breastfed within one hour after birth and for every unit increase in the months of breastfeeding respectively. In addition, countries with the leading infant mortality rate include; Sierra Leone (92 deaths per 1000 live births), Chad (72 deaths per 1000 live births), Nigeria (69 deaths per 1000 live births), Cote d’ Ivoire (68 deaths per 1000 live births), Guinea (67 deaths per 1000 live births), Burkina-Faso (65 deaths per 1000 live births) and Mozambique (64 deaths per 1000 live births) respectively.

Conclusions
The findings from this study underscores the need for early breastfeeding initiation and prolong breastfeeding to be considered in programmes on improving childhood survival. Efforts should be made to improve optimal breastfeeding practices as only about half of children in the pooled sample had best practices of breastfeeding.
RiboPlotR: a visualization tool for periodic Ribo-seq reads
Authors: Wu Hsin-Yen Larry , Hsu Polly Yingshan 
Published: December 2021

Abstract
Background
Ribo-seq has revolutionized the study of genome-wide mRNA translation. High-quality Ribo-seq data display strong 3-nucleotide (nt) periodicity, which corresponds to translating ribosomes deciphering three nts at a time. While 3-nt periodicity has been widely used to study novel translation events such as upstream ORFs in 5′ untranslated regions and small ORFs in presumed non-coding RNAs, tools that allow the visualization of these events remain underdeveloped.

Results
RiboPlotR is a visualization package written in R that presents both RNA-seq coverage and Ribo-seq reads in genomic coordinates for all annotated transcript isoforms of a gene. Specifically, for individual isoform models, RiboPlotR plots Ribo-seq data in the context of gene structures, including 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions and introns, and it presents the reads for all three reading frames in three different colors. The inclusion of gene structures and color-coding the reading frames facilitate observing new translation events and identifying potential regulatory mechanisms.

Conclusions
RiboPlotR is freely available (https://github.com/hsinyenwu/RiboPlotR and https://sourceforge.net/projects/riboplotr/) and allows the visualization of translated features identified in Ribo-seq data.