bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Redox Properties of Germylenes Stabilized by N‐Donor Ligands
Authors: Kozmenkova Anna Ya. , Timofeeva Vladislava A. , Mankaev Badma N. , Lalov Andrey V. , Saverina Evgeniya A. , Egorov Mikhail P. , Karlov Sergey S. , Syroeshkin Mikhail A. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractGermylenes, organic compounds of divalent germanium, are often considered as promising catalytic systems efficient in reactions of oxidative addition and reductive elimination, including SET reactions. However, the systematic studies of their redox properties, allowing for the quantitative evaluation of the levels of frontier molecular orbitals and the stability of single electron transfer products, are extremely limited in number. In this work, a series of germylenes with various types of stabilization: N−Ge−N, (N→)C−Ge−C(←N), N−Ge−N(←N), O−Ge−O(←N) и (N→)O−Ge−O(←N) (“−“ ‐a covalent bond, stabilization is achieved by p‐donation of a lone pair of electrons of N or O, “→” ‐donor‐acceptor bond) were characterized by cyclic voltammetry. The results were compared with UV/Vis spectroscopy data and DFT calculations. All germylenes studied in MeCN and THF with Bu4NPF6 as a supporting electrolyte are chemically irreversibly oxidized in the potential range of 0.5–1.4 V vs. Ag/AgCl. In all cases, as estimated by the quantum chemical calculations, the HOMO remains at the covalently unsaturated germanium center although being significantly redistributed over the molecular system. In turn, electroreduction of germylenes is possible only in the presence of a strong electron‐withdrawing substituent or a pyridine ring depleted in electron density donated to germanium. In both cases, the LUMO is localized exactly on these moieties and is absent on the germanium. Thus, the use of stabilizing groups makes it possible both to improve germylene stability and to fine‐tune their HOMO level that determines their ability to participate in oxidative addition reactions.
Electrochemical Induced Regio‐ and Stereoselective Difunctionalization of Alkynes: The Synthesis of (E)‐β‐Iodovinyl Sulfones
Authors: Zhang Xinghua , Lu Danna , Wang Zhenwei 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAn efficient, green, and oxidant‐free electrochemical method for alkyne difunctionalization was described. Using undivided electrochemical cell for iodosulfonylation of alkynes with commercially available iodide radical (NaI), arylsulfonyl radical (ArSO2NHNH2) sources, a variety of (E)‐β‐iodovinyl sulfones were obtained in one‐pot with wide substrate scope, excellent regio‐ and stereoselectivity under mild and ecofriendly conditions.
Ending One's Life in Advance
Authors: Battin Margaret Pabst , Kious Brent M. 
Published: May 2021

AbstractIf you developed Alzheimer disease, would you want to go all the way to the end of what might be a decade‐long course? Some would; some wouldn't. Options open to those who choose to die sooner are often inadequate. Do‐not‐resuscitate orders and advance directives depend on others' cooperation. Preemptive suicide may mean giving up years of life one would count as good. Do‐it‐yourself methods can fail. What we now ask of family and clinicians caring for persons with dementia, and of patients given no better option than to go on with lives they may not want, is unacceptable. To explore how one might better control one's own dying and avoid burdening others with overwhelming care and morally painful choices, we propose a thought experiment: an advance directive implant that would enable persons with early dementia, while competent, to arrange their own deaths without the subsequent intervention of anyone else.
M2 macrophage accumulation contributes to pulmonary fibrosis, vascular dilatation, and hypoxemia in rat hepatopulmonary syndrome
Authors: Chen Bing , Yang Yong , Yang Congwen , Duan Jiaxiang , Chen Lin , Lu Kaizhi , Yi Bin , Chen Yang , Xu Duo , Huang He 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) markedly increases the mortality of patients. However, its pathogenesis remains incompletely understood. Rat HPS develops in common bile duct ligation (CBDL)‐induced, but not thioacetamide (TAA)‐induced cirrhosis. We investigated the mechanisms of HPS by comparing these two models. Pulmonary histology, blood gas exchange, and the related signals regulating macrophage accumulation were assessed in CBDL and TAA rats. Anti‐polymorphonuclear leukocyte (antiPMN) and anti‐granulocyte‐macrophage colony stimulating factor (antiGM‐CSF) antibodies, clodronate liposomes (CL), and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP1) inhibitor (bindarit) were administrated in CBDL rats, GM‐CSF, and MCP1 were administrated in bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs). Pulmonary inflammatory cell recruitment, vascular dilatation, and hypoxemia were progressively developed by 1 week after CBDL, but only occurred at 4 week after TAA. Neutrophils were the primary inflammatory cells within 3 weeks after CBDL and at 4 week after TAA. M2 macrophages were the primary inflammatory cells, meantime, pulmonary fibrosis, GM‐CSFR, and CCR2 were specifically increased from 4 week after CBDL. AntiPMN antibody treatment decreased neutrophil and macrophage accumulation, CL or the combination of antiGM‐CSF antibody and bindarit treatment decreased macrophage recruitment, resulting in pulmonary fibrosis, vascular dilatation, and hypoxemia in CBDL rats alleviated. The combination treatment of GM‐CSF and MCP1 promoted cell migration, M2 macrophage differentiation, and transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) production in BMDMs. Conclusively, our results highlight neutrophil recruitment mediates pulmonary vascular dilatation and hypoxemia in the early stage of rat HPS. Further, M2 macrophage accumulation induced by GM‐CSF/GM‐CSFR and MCP1/CCR2 leads to pulmonary fibrosis and promotes vascular dilatation and hypoxemia, as a result, HPS develops.
Does the COVID‐19 seroconversion in older adults resemble the young?
Authors: Bag Soytas Rabia , Cengiz Mahir , Islamoglu Mehmet Sami , Uysal Betul Borku , Ikitimur Hande , Yavuzer Hakan , Yavuzer Serap 
Published: May 2021

AbstractHigh antibody titers have been found to correlate with the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) disease. Therefore, antibody titers may be higher in older adults, whose disease is known to have a more severe course than younger ones. This study aimed to compare the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody level in the reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) to test positive older adults with young. Patients aged ≥18 with positive RT‐PCR and checked serum IgG antibodies between November 1, 2020 and January 13, 2021 were included. The IgG antibody levels and the time between RT‐PCR positivity with the antibody levels were recorded. A total of 1071 patients were divided into two groups as Group 1 <60 years old (n = 902) and Group 2 ≥60 years old (n = 169). The SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG antibody titers were higher in Group 2 (p = 0.001). This height was present in the first 3 months after positive RT‐PCR. While the antibody titers were compared by dividing Group 2 into the three groups according to age ranges (60–69, 70–79, and ≥80 years), the antibody titer was higher in ≥80 years patients (p = 0.044). High COVID‐19 IgG antibody levels may be associated with the severity of the disease. Also, the humoral immunity advantage was seen in the first 3 months in the older patients, which suggests that older adults with COVID‐19 may develop reinfection in the long term.
Surface osteosarcoma: Predictors of outcomes
Authors: Lee Stella J. , Lans Jonathan , Cook Samuel D. , Chebib Ivan , Schwab Joseph H. , Raskin Kevin A. , Lozano‐Calderón Santiago 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesThe subtypes of surface osteosarcomas include well‐differentiated, low‐grade parosteal osteosarcoma (POS), intermediate‐grade periosteal osteosarcoma (PerOS), high‐grade surface osteosarcoma (HGSO), and high‐grade, dedifferentiated POS (dPOS). We aimed to determine disease progression, defined as local recurrence and metastatic disease, and overall (OS) and disease‐specific survival (DSS). We identify outcome predictive factors and report functional results.MethodsThis retrospective study evaluated patients with primary surface osteosarcoma at our hospital from 1992 to 2019. Fifty‐one patients had a median follow‐up of 6.1 years (range: 0.1–25.2). Histologic subtypes included 32 POS, 11 PerOS, 4 HGSO, and 3 dPOS. Bone and soft tissue margins were classified using the American Joint Committee on Cancer residual tumor classification (Rx = Not evaluable; R0 = negative margin; R1 = microscopic positive margin; and R2 = macroscopic positive margin) and the modified R classification (mRx = not evaluable; mR0 = negative margin >1 mm; mR1 = negative margin ≤1 mm; mR1‐dir: Positive microscopic margin locally; mR2a: Positive macroscopic margin locally; mR2b: positive macroscopic margin distally; and mR2C: positive macroscopic margin locally and distally). Forty‐one patients had functional outcomes.ResultsThree POS patients developed recurrence: two had R0 margins and one an intralesional resection. Five patients developed lung metastases (POS: 3, dPOS: 2). Four patients died. The only significant disease progression predictor was age. OS at 10 years was 97%. 48 patients had negative bone margins (R0 or mR0 and mR1) and 47 patients had negative soft‐tissue margins (R0 or mR0 and mR1). The average MSTS score was 88.43 (range: 34.29–100).ConclusionsWe advocate surgery for POS and believe R0 (mR0 and mR1 resections) or planned R1 (mR1‐dir) to preserve function are acceptable. We favor chemotherapy and surgery for PerOS, though a chemotherapeutic response is highly variable. High‐grade tumors are the most infrequent subtype, but HGSO and dPOS seem to portend a poorer prognosis. Good function can be obtained.
MiR‐128‐3p alleviates TNBS‐induced colitis through inactivating TRAF6/NF‐κB signaling pathway in rats
Authors: Huo Ling‐Ling , Sun Zhao‐Rui 
Published: May 2021

AbstractmiR‐128‐3p is reported to involve in pathogenesis of several autoimmune diseases, yet the role of miR‐128‐3p in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains unknown. To investigate miR‐128‐3p in IBD, experimental colitis animal model was generated by 2,4,6‐Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid solution (TNBS). miR‐128‐3p agomir was used to overexpress miR‐128‐3p in rats. Histological assessment and myeloperoxidase activity were conducted to evaluate the TNBS‐induced colitis. Effect of miR‐128‐3p overexpression on levels of TNF‐α, IL‐1β, ICAM‐1, and MCP‐1 was tested by ELISA assay. The target of miR‐128‐3p was predicted and further confirmed by dual‐luciferase reporter assay. The expressions of TRAF6, p‐NF‐κB, and NF‐κB were determined by western blot. The miR‐128‐3p level was significantly decreased in rats with TNBS‐induced colitis. miR‐128‐3p could alleviate TNBS‐induced colitis and inhibit production of inflammatory factors. We found TRAF6 was a direct target of miR‐128‐3p using bioinformatics and luciferase assay. By western blot, we discovered miR‐128‐3p activates NF‐κB by targeting TRAF6. Our data reveal a novel mechanism that a decreased miR‐128‐3p level in TNBS‐induced colitis could inhibit production of inflammatory factors, which activates NF‐κB signaling by targeting TRAF6. Our findings might provide a novel therapeutic target for drug design and development for IBD therapeutics.
A De Novo case of autosomal dominant mitochondrial membrane protein‐associated neurodegeneration
Authors: Fraser Stuart , Koenig Mary , Farach Laura , Mancias Pedro , Mowrey Kate 
Published: May 2021

AbstractBackgroundMitochondrial membrane protein‐associated neurodegeneration (MPAN) is a genetic neurodegenerative condition previously thought to be inherited only in an autosomal recessive pattern through biallelic pathogenic variants in C19orf12. Recent evidence has proposed that MPAN can also follow autosomal dominant forms of inheritance. We present a case of a de novo pathogenic variant in C19orf12 identified in a female with clinical features consistent with a diagnosis of MPAN, adding further evidence that the disease can be inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion.MethodsA 17‐year‐old Hispanic female was born to non‐consanguineous healthy parents. She developed progressive muscle weakness and dystonia beginning when she was 12 years old. Trio, whole‐exome sequencing with mitochondrial genome sequencing, and deletion/duplication analysis of both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes was performed in December 2019.ResultsWhole‐exome sequencing analysis revealed a single de novo variant in C19orf12. The specific variant is c.256C>T (p.Q86X) located in exon 3.ConclusionOur clinical report provides further clinical evidence that MPAN can be inherited in an autosomal dominant or recessive fashion. The patient's age of onset and clinical symptoms are very similar to the previous patient published with this specific variant as well as others with heterozygous pathogenic variants in C19orf12 in Gregory et al. 2019. Our case report highlights the importance of considering both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive version of MPAN with all patients demonstrating clinical features suggestive of MPAN.
Mechanical and durability properties of steel fiber‐reinforced concrete containing coarse recycled concrete aggregate
Authors: Kaplan Gokhan , Bayraktar Oguzhan Yavuz , Gholampour Aliakbar , Gencel Osman , Koksal Fuat , Ozbakkaloglu Togay 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe focus of this study is to investigate the effect of using coarse recycled concrete aggregates (RCAs) as an alternative material to natural coarse aggregate on the fresh, mechanical and durability behavior of concrete reinforced with steel fiber. Eighteen unique concrete mixes with RCA content of 0%, 50%, and 100% and steel fiber content of 0%, 1%, and 2% were prepared, and tests were performed to study slump, density, compressive and splitting tensile strengths, flexural behavior, surface hardness, surface abrasion resistance, water absorption, and sorptivity of each mix. It is shown that concrete containing RCA has a lower unit weight, compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength, flexural toughness, surface hardness, and abrasion resistance, and a higher water absorption and sorptivity in comparison with conventional concrete. An increased compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strength, flexural toughness, surface hardness, and abrasion resistance, and a decreased water absorption and sorptivity of concrete with an increased steel fiber content from 1% to 2% is less significant compared to those from 0% to 1%. The results also show that, at RCA content of 50%, incorporating 1% steel fiber develops a concrete mix with similar or even better properties compared to unreinforced conventional concrete. At 100% RCA content, incorporating 2% steel fiber develops a concrete mix with similar properties to unreinforced conventional concrete having water to cement ratio of 0.3, but inferior properties to unreinforced conventional concrete having water to cement ratio of 0.5. These findings indicate that recycled aggregate concrete with similar or even better properties compared to concrete with natural aggregate can be developed through properly designing mixes, providing a great avenue toward the production of green construction material for structural applications.
Methodological Principles for Researching Multilingually: Reflections on Linguistic Ethnography
Authors: Costley Tracey , Reilly Colin 
Published: May 2021

AbstractLinguistic ethnography provides insight into how communication occurs between individuals and institutions, while situating these local actions within wider social, political and historical contexts (Copland & Creese, 2015) and has proven to be a particularly effective tool for developing our understanding of individuals’ lived multilingual realities (see Unamuno, 2014) and societal multilingualism. Turning the ‘reflexive gaze’ that is central to ethnography (Clifford & Marcus, 1986) back onto linguistic ethnography itself, we argue that where complex multilingual interactions are the object of study, more attention must be given to how multilingualism affects each aspect of the process of actually doing linguistic ethnography. In this paper we outline the development of three principles that we put forward as being essential in developing and conducting contemporary linguistic ethnography in multilingual settings. The principles are: 1) Researching multilingually; 2) Researching collaboratively; and 3) Researching responsively.
Successful management of hypoxaemia in a mule during general anaesthesia
Authors: Hoeberg Emma , Levionnois Olivier , Andréïs Sabrina 
Published: May 2021

AbstractAn 8‐year‐old, 167 kg mule was scheduled for surgical treatment of a hip luxation in lateral recumbency. During general anaesthesia, after a short phase of spontaneous breathing followed by mechanical ventilation at standard settings, the mule developed hypoxaemia (arterial oxygen partial pressure [PaO2] 8.3 kPa). First, respiratory rate, tidal volume and fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO2) were increased; 5 cmH20 of positive end‐expiratory pressure (PEEP) and nebulized salbutamol were administered. Second, three vital capacity manoeuvres were executed (tidal volume of 20 ml kg−1). No immediate improvement in PaO2(8.0 kPa) was observed. A further recruitment manoeuvre with increased peak inspiratory pressure (up to 44 cmH2O) and PEEP (25 cmH2O) was performed. Over the following 120 minutes, PaO2increased progressively. The mule recovered without complications. This case reports that mules can develop hypoxaemia during general anaesthesia that can be treated with recruitment manoeuvres. However, the effect may not be immediate.
Maternal and fetal incidental findings on antenatal magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Story Lisa , Knight Caroline L. , Ho Alison , Arulkumaran Sophie , Matthews Jacqueline , Lovell Holly , McCabe Laura , Byrne Megan , Egloff Alexia , Jacques Audrey E. T. , Carmichael Jim , Hajnal Jo , Shennan Andrew , Rutherford Mary 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations are increasingly used in antenatal clinical practice. Incidental findings are a recognized association with imaging and although in some circumstances their identification can alter management, they are often associated with increased anxiety, for both patient and clinician, as well as increased health care costs.

Objective
This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of unexpected findings in both the mother and fetus during antenatal MRI examinations.

Materials and methods
A retrospective study was undertaken over a five-year period at St.. Thomas’ Hospital in London. Maternal incidental findings were recorded from all clinical reports of all fetal MRIs performed (for clinical reasons and in healthy volunteers) during this period. Fetal incidental findings were recorded only in cases where women with uncomplicated pregnancies were participating as healthy volunteers.

Results
A total of 2,569 MRIs were included; 17% of women had maternal incidental findings. Of these, 1,099 were women with uncomplicated pregnancies who undertook research MRIs as healthy volunteers; fetal incidental findings were identified in 12.3%.

Conclusion
Incidental findings are a common occurrence in antenatal MRI. Consideration should be given to counseling women appropriately before imaging and ensuring that robust local protocols are in place for follow-up and further management of such cases.
Cultural landscape and plant use at the Phoenician site of Motya (Western Sicily, Italy) inferred from a disposal pit
Authors: Moricca Claudia , Nigro Lorenzo , Masci Lucrezia , Pasta Salvatore , Cappella Federico , Spagnoli Federica , Sadori Laura 
Published: May 2021

AbstractThe present study concerns the Phoenician-Punic site of Motya, a small island set in Western Sicily (Italy), in the Marsala Lagoon (Stagnone di Marsala), between Trapani and Marsala. A big disposal pit, datable to between the first half of the 8th and the mid-6th centurybc, was identified in Area D. This context was sampled for plant macro-remains through bucket flotation. Palynological treatment and analysis were also performed on soil samples collected from each of the identified filling layers. The combination of the study of macro- and micro-remains has shown to be effective in answering questions concerning introduced food plants and agricultural practices, and native plants, including timber use. Here we investigate if a waste context can provide information about Phoenicians at Motya and their impact on the local plant communities. We found that human diet included cereals (mostly naked wheat), pulses and fruits. A focus was placed on weeds (includingLolium temulentumandPhalarisspp.) referable to different stages of crop processing. This aspect was enriched by the finding of cereal pollen, which suggests that threshing (if not even cultivation) was carried out on site. Palynology also indicates an open environment, with little to no forest cover, characterized by complex anthropogenic activities. Anthracology suggests the presence of typical Mediterranean plant taxa, including not only the shrubsPistacia lentiscusandErica multiflora, but also evergreen oaks. The presence of a stone pine nut and ofPinus pinea/pinasterin the pollen rain is noteworthy, suggesting the local occurrence of these Mediterranean pines outside their native distribution range. This represents the first such find in the central Mediterranean. Finally, the present study allows us to compare Motya’s past environment with the present one. The disappearance ofJuniperussp. andErica arboreafrom the present-day surroundings of the Marsala lagoon appears to be related to land-overexploitation, aridification or a combination of both processes.
Litigations in orthopedics and trauma surgery: reasons, dynamics, and profiles
Authors: Gathen Martin , Jaenisch M. , Fuchs F. , Weinhold L. , Schmid M. , Koob S. , Wirtz D. C. , Wimmer M. D. 
Published: May 2021

Abstract
Background
In recent literature, the increasing number of medical litigations, both in terms of the number of cases being filed and the substantive costs associated with lawsuits, has been described. This study aims to provide an overview of the profile of litigation for orthopedic and trauma surgery to describe the differences and the development of the number of cases over time.

Patients and Materials
A retrospective review of all litigations between 2000 and 2017 was conducted using the institutional legal database. The causes of litigation were documented and classified into seven major categories. In addition to plaintiff characteristics, the litigation outcomes and the differences between emergency and elective surgery were analyzed.

Results
A total of 230 cases were evaluated. The mean age of the plaintiffs was 44.6 ± 20.1 years, and 56.8% were female. The main reasons for litigation were claimed inappropriate management (46.1%), misdiagnosis (22.6), and poor nursing care (8.3%). Significantly more litigations were filed against surgeons of the orthopedic subspecialty compared with trauma surgeons (78%; p ≤ 0.0001). There were significantly fewer litigations per 1000 cases filed overall in 2009–2017 (65% less; p = 0.003) than in 2000–2008.

Conclusion
Our results could not confirm the often-stated trend of having more litigations against orthopedic and trauma surgeons. Although the absolute numbers increased, the number of litigations per 1000 patients treated declined. Patients who underwent elective surgery were more likely to file complaints than emergency patients.