bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methods for detection of Helicobacter pylori from stool sample: current options and developments
Authors: Qiu Enming , Li Zhou , Han Shuai 
Published: August 2021

AbstractAccurate detection of Helicobacter pylori infection and determination of antibiotics have significant meaning in clinical practice. The detection methods can be categorized into two types, invasive and non-invasive, but nowadays we use the urease breath test most frequently which is non-invasive. However, many developing countries cannot meet the requirements for having specialized equipment and they lack trained personnel. Also, for the children, it is difficult to make them cooperate for the test. Methods that detect Helicobacter pylori from stool sample can be a promising alternative for detection used in children and mass screening. Stool antigen tests have several advantages such as rapidity, simplicity, and cheapness, though their results may be influenced by the heterogenicity of antigens, the nature of biochemical techniques, and the amount of antigen presented in the stool. PCR-based methods can specifically detect Helicobacter pylori infection and antibiotic resistance by targeting specific gene sequence, but they also are limited by the requirements of facilities and experts, the existence of inhibitory substance, and interference from the dead bacteria. Some novel methods also deserve our attention. Here we summarized the results of researches about methods using stool sample and we hope our work can help clinicians choose the appropriate test in clinical practice.
Global Research Activity on Health System Preparedness Against Viral Infectious Disease Outbreaks
Authors: Sweileh Waleed M. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractObjective:The present study aimed to give an overview of research publications on health system preparedness against viral infectious disease outbreaks.Methods:A bibliometric method was implemented from 2001 to 2020. The studied pathogens were dengue, Ebola, influenza, Zika, Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).Results:The search query returned 501 documents. The growth of publications showed a sharp peak in 2020 for COVID-19 and 3 small peaks in 2006, 2009, and 2015 for SARS, influenza, and Ebola, respectively. Of the retrieved documents, 208 (41.5%) were on influenza, 164 (32.7%) were on COVID-19, and 83 (16.6%) were on Ebola. Countries in the region of the Americas (n = 221; 44.1%) returned the majority of the documents, while countries in Latin America and the African region returned the least. The United States (n = 197; 39.3%) had a leading role in this field. The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (n = 51; 10.2%) ranked first, followed by the Johns Hopkins University (n = 16; 3.2%). The Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness journal (n = 21; 4.2%) ranked first. International research collaboration was relatively inadequate.Conclusions:Research on preparedness against infectious diseases was episodic. Research collaboration needs to be prioritized for countries with a history of fatal outbreaks.
Spatial population structure: patterns of adaptation in populations of the water hyacinth grasshopper Cornops aquaticum (Bruner 1906)
Authors: Colombo Pablo C. , Zelarayán Mónica , Franceschini M. Celeste , Remis M. Isabel 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe water hyacinth grasshopper Cornops aquaticum (Bruner 1906) constitutes an appropriate model to assess phenotypic and karyotypic variability in the context of differentiation and adaptation of insect populations because it occurs over a wide latitudinal range. This study represents a general analysis of phenotype, karyotype and molecular variation in native populations of C. aquaticum in South America. This is also relevant because this insect is considered a promising biological control agent of water hyacinth, a native South American aquatic plant but a pest in South Africa. Along Paraná and Uruguay River Basins, body size correlated negatively with latitude, and positively so with temperature and rainfall in both sexes. To test whether the chromosomal and phenotypic patterns were adaptive, we compared them with neutral microsatellite loci variation in populations from the medium and lower course of the Paraná River. Firstly, the lack of pairwise association between karyotype and phenotype distance matrixes with that of neutral loci suggested non-neutrality. Secondly, phenotypic differentiation for all morphometric traits (PST) was significantly larger than molecular differentiation (FST), indicating a prevailing divergence selection effect on the observed phenotypic patterns. Finally, the phenotypic and genotypic spatial structures – inferred from Bayesian approaches – were discordant: neutral genetic structure clustered together most populations except for the two southernmost, downstream ones, whereas phenotypic spatial structure groups together all the deltaic populations and singles out the two northernmost ones. The results suggest directional selection leading to higher centric fusion frequencies in the downstream populations and favouring morphometric optimal differences in relation to the environment.
A review on invasions by parasites with complex life cycles: the European strain ofEchinococcus multilocularisin North America as a model
Authors: Santa Maria A. , Musiani Marco , Ruckstuhl Kathreen E. , Massolo Alessandro 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn a fast-changing and globalized world, parasites are moved across continents at an increasing pace. Co-invasion of parasites and their hosts is leading to the emergence of infectious diseases at a global scale, underlining the need for integration of biological invasions and disease ecology research. In this review, the ecological and evolutionary factors influencing the invasion process of parasites with complex life cycles were analysed, using the invasion of the European strain ofEchinococcus multilocularisin North America as a model. The aim was to propose an ecological framework for investigating the invasion of parasites that are trophically transmitted through predator–prey interactions, showing how despite the complexity of the cycles and the interactions among multiple hosts, such parasites can overcome multiple barriers and become invasive. Identifying the key ecological processes affecting the success of parasite invasions is an important step for risk assessment and development of management strategies, particularly for parasites with the potential to infect people (i.e. zoonotic).
The Chinese Communist Party's Nervous System: Affective Governance from Mao to Xi
Authors: Sorace Christian 
Published: August 2021

AbstractIn its one hundred years of existence, the Communist Party of China has experimented with how to connect its narratives of legitimacy to people's affects. In this essay, I trace the conceptualization of gratitude, from its repudiation in the Mao era as a vestige of feudalism and imperialism to its return in the reform era as a re-verticalization of Party sovereignty. The paper addresses four examples of gratitude work: Politburo Standing Committee member Wang Yang's short-lived critique of gratitude in the name of a different conception of popular sovereignty; the celebration of the tenth anniversary of the Sichuan earthquake as a day of gratitude; the detention of Uyghurs in Xinjiang who are taught to be grateful to the Communist Party in a campaign of religious de-radicalization; and the refusal of gratitude in quarantined Wuhan during the COVID-19 pandemic. In these cases, the Communist Party's sovereignty stands at the threshold between bio- and necro-politics, promising life and salvation in the midst of death and destruction.
FGF18 modulates CTGF mRNA expression in cumulus–oocyte complexes and early bovine embryos: preliminary data
Authors: Silva Elisabeth Schmidt da , Amaral Carolina , Barreta Marcos , Antoniazzi Alfredo , Andrade Leonardo Guedes de , Ferreira Rogério , Mesquita Fernando , Portela Valério Marques , Gonçalves Paulo Bayard 
Published: August 2021

SummaryThe Hippo pathway is involved in the proliferation of intrafollicular cells and in early embryonic development, mainly because effectors of this pathway are key transcription regulators of genes such as CTGF and CYR61, which are involved in cell proliferation. Recent studies by our group found that fibroblast growth factor 18 (FGF18) is present in the fallopian tube during early embryonic development, leading to the hypothesis that FGF18 may have a role during embryonic development. Therefore, the aim of the following study was to determine whether FGF18 modulates the expression of Hippo pathway target genes, CTGF and CYR61, during oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. Three experiments were carried out, with in vitro maturation (IVM) of cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) and embryo culture. In experiment one, FGF18 (100 ng/ml) induced an increase (P < 0.05) in CTGF gene expression at 12 h post-exposure. In experiment two, FGF18 (100 ng/ml) induced a reduction (P < 0.05) in CTGF expression at 3 h post-exposure. In the third experiment, day 7 embryos exposed to FGF18 during oocyte IVM expressed greater CTGF mRNA abundance, whereas FGF18 exposure during embryo in vitro embryo culture did not alter CTGF expression in comparison with untreated controls. The preliminary data presented here show that FGF18 modulates CTGF expression in critical periods of oocyte nuclear maturation, cumulus expansion and early embryonic development in cattle.
Partial Deoxygenation and Dehydration of Ferric Oxyhydroxide in Earth's Subducting Slabs
Authors: Gan Bo , Zhang Youjun , Huang Yuqian , Li Xiaohong , Wang Qiming , Li Jun , Zhuang Yukuai , Liu Yun , Jiang Gang 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe thermal stability of hydrous minerals in Earth's deep interior is key to understanding the evolution and physicochemical states of the planet. The recently discovered pyrite‐type (Py) FeO2Hx (x ≤ 1) phase, which can be transformed from α/ε‐FeOOH at ∼80 GPa, is believed to be a crucial candidate in transporting water and hydrogen to the lowermost mantle through subducting slabs. Here, we examined the stability and decomposition behavior of FeOOH through a set of shock‐recovery experiments up to ∼70 GPa and ∼2,750 K. Our results show that FeOOH partially decomposes to iron oxides Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 at 35–70 GPa and 1,150–2,750 K, which indicates that H2O and O2 are released during the decomposition of FeOOH in subducting slabs. The released H2O and O2 may have altered the physical and chemical properties of the surrounding mantle and contributed to the oxidation of surface Earth.
Weekend‐Weekday Implications and the Impact of Wildfire Smoke on Ozone and Its Precursors at Boulder Reservoir, Colorado Between 2017 and 2019
Authors: Pollack Ilana B. , Helmig Detlev , O'Dell Katelyn , Fischer Emily V. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Northern Front Range of Colorado regularly exceeds the ozone (O3) National Ambient Air Quality Standard. This region is unique because it is impacted by emissions from urban activities (i.e., traffic and light industry) as well as from oil and natural gas production. Here, we summarize three years of observations from a new O3 monitoring site at the western edge of the region, located at the Boulder Reservoir. There were 41 days at the Boulder Reservoir in 2017, 2018, and 2019 when the maximum daily 8‐hour average O3 mixing ratio (MDA8 O3) exceeded 70 ppbv. Of these 41 high O3 days, 40 occurred between May and September, two were influenced by stratospheric intrusion events, one was influenced by a local industrial fire, and 13 of the days were impacted by wildfire smoke. Within the smoke‐free subset of data, weekend‐weekday differences in O3 versus nitrogen oxides (NOx) during 2018 and 2019 suggest NOx‐limited O3 production. Enhanced nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC) to NOx ratios are also observed on weekend days and are driven by weekend reductions in NOx. An analysis of 13 NMVOCs on days that had MDA8 O3 > 70 ppb showed that NMVOC abundances and their relative source contributions are variable at this location. Finally, we compare smoke‐impacted with smoke‐free conditions. At a given temperature, smoke‐impacted days have higher expected O3 mixing ratios than smoke free‐days. On average, benzene, toluene, and hexane are also elevated during smoke‐impacted periods.
Segmentation of the Apenninic Margin of the Tyrrhenian Back‐Arc Basin Forced by the Subduction of an Inherited Transform System
Authors: Tavani S. , Cardello G. L. , Vignaroli G. , Balsamo F. , Parente M. , Sabbatino M. , Raffi I. , Billi A. , Carminati E. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe Tyrrhenian back‐arc basin developed at the rear of the E‐ward migrating Apennine fold‐and‐thrust belt, with northward decreasing rollback of the subducting Adria slab leading to northward fading of back‐arc extension. The northern portion of the Tyrrhenian basin is made of thinned continental crust, whereas in the central/southern portion extension eventually evolved to oceanic crust production. In this framework, a long‐lasting debate concerns the existence of a >200 km long transform zone along the 41st parallel, which should separate the two portions of the Tyrrhenian basin. At its eastern termination, a branch of the presumed transform zone enters the Tyrrhenian margin of the Apennine belt and occurs as an accommodation zone made of a ribbon of extensional faults and related basins. This accommodation zone, which separates areas of mutually perpendicular extension directions, is here introduced, described, and named the Ponza‐Alife accommodation zone. Interpretation of seismic lines and new structural and stratigraphic data from this accommodation zone have been used to constrain the pre‐orogenic and syn‐orogenic architecture of the subducting plate and the Plio‐Quaternary back‐arc extensional stage. Our data indicate that the studied zone retraces a deep‐seated transform fault system located in the subducting plate and inherited from an Early Jurassic rifting episode, which caused the lateral juxtaposition of different rift domains in the subducting plate. We propose that during collision and trench retreat, this lateral juxtaposition has controlled differential retreat of the subducting plate across the studied zone, forcing the development of the Ponza‐Alife accommodation zone in the overlying back‐arc basin's margin.
Large‐Scale Particle Image Velocimetry Reveals Pulsing of Incoming Flow at a Stream Confluence
Authors: Sabrina Sadia , Lewis Quinn , Rhoads Bruce 
Published: August 2021

AbstractDespite widespread recognition that confluences are characterized by complex hydrodynamic conditions, few studies have mapped in detail spatial patterns of flow at confluences and variation in these patterns over time. Recent developments in large‐scale particle image velocimetry (LSPIV) have created novel opportunities to explore the spatial and temporal dynamics of flow patterns at confluences. This study uses LSPIV to map two‐dimensional flow structure at the water surface at a confluence and to examine variation in this structure over time. Results show that flow within the confluence is characterized by a large region of flow stagnation at the junction apex, a region of low velocities at the downstream junction corner, and a region of merging of the two flows along a mixing interface within the center of the confluence. Interaction between the incoming flows varies over time in the form of episodic pulsing in which one of the two tributary flows first decelerates and then subsequently accelerates into the confluence. The cause of this pulsing remains uncertain, but it may reflect unsteadiness in the water‐surface pressure‐gradient field as the two flows compete for space within the confluence. No large‐scale vortices are evident within the mixing interface for the particular flow conditions documented in this study, but such vortices do occur along the margins of the stagnation zone where shearing action between fast‐moving and slow‐moving fluid is strong. The results of the study provide insight into the time‐dependent dynamics of the spatial structure of flow at stream confluences.
The size and culturability of patient-generated SARS-CoV-2 aerosol
Authors: Santarpia Joshua L. , Herrera Vicki L. , Rivera Danielle N. , Ratnesar-Shumate Shanna , Reid St. Patrick , Ackerman Daniel N. , Denton Paul W. , Martens Jacob W. S. , Fang Ying , Conoan Nicholas , Callahan Michael V. , Lawler James V. , Brett-Major David M. , Lowe John J. 
Published: August 2021

Abstract
Background
Aerosol transmission of COVID-19 is the subject of ongoing policy debate. Characterizing aerosol produced by people with COVID-19 is critical to understanding the role of aerosols in transmission.

Objective
We investigated the presence of virus in size-fractioned aerosols from six COVID-19 patients admitted into mixed acuity wards in April of 2020.

Methods
Size-fractionated aerosol samples and aerosol size distributions were collected from COVID-19 positive patients. Aerosol samples were analyzed for viral RNA, positive samples were cultured in Vero E6 cells. Serial RT-PCR of cells indicated samples where viral replication was likely occurring. Viral presence was also investigated by western blot and transmission electron microscopy (TEM).

Results
SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by rRT-PCR in all samples. Three samples confidently indicated the presence of viral replication, all of which were from collected sub-micron aerosol. Western blot indicated the presence of viral proteins in all but one of these samples, and intact virions were observed by TEM in one sample.

Significance
Observations of viral replication in the culture of submicron aerosol samples provides additional evidence that airborne transmission of COVID-19 is possible. These results support the use of efficient respiratory protection in both healthcare and by the public to limit transmission.
The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function
Authors: Friedman Naomi P. , Robbins Trevor W. 
Published: August 2021

AbstractConcepts of cognitive control (CC) and executive function (EF) are defined in terms of their relationships with goal-directed behavior versus habits and controlled versus automatic processing, and related to the functions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and related regions and networks. A psychometric approach shows unity and diversity in CC constructs, with 3 components in the most commonly studied constructs: general or common CC and components specific to mental set shifting and working memory updating. These constructs are considered against the cellular and systems neurobiology of PFC and what is known of its functional neuroanatomical or network organization based on lesioning, neurochemical, and neuroimaging approaches across species. CC is also considered in the context of motivation, as “cool” and “hot” forms. Its Common CC component is shown to be distinct from general intelligence (g) and closely related to response inhibition. Impairments in CC are considered as possible causes of psychiatric symptoms and consequences of disorders. The relationships of CC with the general factor of psychopathology (p) and dimensional constructs such as impulsivity in large scale developmental and adult populations are considered, as well as implications for genetic studies and RDoC approaches to psychiatric classification.
Quantitative mapping and spectroscopic characterization of particulate organic matter fractions in soil profiles with imaging VisNIR spectroscopy
Authors: Steffens Markus , Zeh Lilli , Rogge Derek M. , Buddenbaum Henning 
Published: August 2021

AbstractOrganic matter is an important constituent of soils that controls many soil functions and is of vital importance for ecosystem services like climate regulation and food security. Soil organic matter (SOM consists of a wide spectrum of different organic substances that are highly heterogeneous in terms of chemical composition, stability against microbial decomposition and turnover time. SOM is heterogeneously distributed in the soil profile impeding its fast assessment. A technique to accurately measure SOM quality and quantity with a high spatial resolution in the soil profile is presently lacking. Imaging visible light and near infrared spectroscopy (imVisIR) is a promising technique for the fast and spatially resolved assessment of SOM quality and quantity. In this study, we evaluate the potential of imVisIR to quantitatively map the labile particulate organic matter fraction in undisturbed cores from mineral soils.
A simple and fast spectroscopy-based technique for Covid-19 diagnosis
Authors: Kitane Driss Lahlou , Loukman Salma , Marchoudi Nabila , Fernandez-Galiana Alvaro , El Ansari Fatima Zahra , Jouali Farah , Badir Jamal , Gala Jean-Luc , Bertsimas Dimitris , Azami Nawfal , Lakbita Omar , Moudam Omar , Benhida Rachid , Fekkak Jamal 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe coronavirus pandemic, which appeared in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, rapidly spread all over the world in only a few weeks. Faster testing techniques requiring less resources are key in managing the pandemic, either to enable larger scale testing or even just provide developing countries with limited resources, particularly in Africa, means to perform tests to manage the crisis. Here, we report an unprecedented, rapid, reagent-free and easy-to-use screening spectroscopic method for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 on RNA extracts. This method, validated on clinical samples collected from 280 patients with quantitative predictive scores on both positive and negative samples, is based on a multivariate analysis of FTIR spectra of RNA extracts. This technique, in agreement with RT-PCR, achieves 97.8% accuracy, 97% sensitivity and 98.3% specificity while reducing the testing time post RNA extraction from hours to minutes. Furthermore, this technique can be used in several laboratories with limited resources.
Early detection of MDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutations in Pakistan
Authors: Aftab Ayma , Afzal Samia , Qamar Zahida , Idrees Muhammad 
Published: August 2021

AbstractThe result of improper treatment has led to the rise of Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. This concern still exists in Pakistan. In order to save energy, time and resources an early detection of resistant cases is imperative. Thus, a treated group of 100 isolates and a control group of 56 untreated isolates were studied. PCR and gene sequencing showed mutations at codon 531 and 513 in the rpoB gene. 12% of cases showed a double mutation in the rpoB gene. katG gene showed mutations at codon 315 and 299. 28.6% of the control group cases were positive for MDR whereas 100% of the treated group were positive for MDR. This study explores the significantly increasing ratio of MDR-TB among Pakistani population. This study provides prevalent MDR mutations among Pakistanis and suggests developing such molecular assays that are time and cost effective. Importance: Pakistan is a developing country and has fourth highest incidence rate of MDR-TB. The treatment of MDR-TB is the use of second line drugs that has severe side effects as well as it requires long time span. One of the strategies to control the spread of MDR-TB is to decipher the aberrations at molecular level in order to formulate potent drugs that can treat the patients within short span of time. Determining the mutation profile of MDR in Pakistani populations will open new horizons for the improvement of drug treatment regimens to make it more effective or for the development of novel potent drugs and vaccines to better treat the drug-resistant TB. Moreover, this study will be help in disease control program.