bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the implementation of the right to education in the digital environment of the university
Authors: Ershova I. V. , Enkova E. E. 
Published: June 2021

The article provides an overview of international documents and Russian normative legal acts that establish the right to education. The rights and obligations of educational organizations to ensure the right to education in the context of digitalization are noted. The possibilities and conditions for the implementation of educational programs with the use of e-learning and distance learning technologies are shown. Attention is drawn to the legalization of educational standards of the latest generation of the implementation of educational programs using digital technologies. In the aspect of local rulemaking, the system of acts regulating distance learning of the Kutafin University (MSLA) is demonstrated.It is concluded that in modern Russia, educational organizations have all the legal grounds to ensure the right of citizens to education through e-learning using distance learning technologies, but this subjective right is limited by the system of legal imperatives. The article presents the data of sociological studies conducted at the MSLA. Based on the analysis of their results, it was stated that the Kutafin University was ready for the digital challenges, providing students with the opportunity to realize the right to a high-quality higher education.
Institute for the defense of human rights (ombudsman) in Canada
Authors: Dudko I. G. 
Published: June 2021

The article examines the institution for the protection of human rights (ombudsman) operating in Canada, represented by a variety of bodies, officials, and the specifics of their powers. Particular attention is paid to the Canadian Human Rights Commission — a human rights state body within whose jurisdiction is exercised control over public administration and private companies at the federal level on discrimination issues, as well as the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal, which, according to the author, performs a quasi-judicial role in exercising jurisdictional control. The author comes to the conclusion about the formation of a two-stage mechanism that ensures more effective protection of human rights.The article thoroughly examines the legal and institutional features of the status and powers of human rights commissions and ombudsmen operating at the provincial and territorial levels. The study allowed the author to identify the following features of the institution for the protection of human rights (ombudsman) in Canada: the prevailing decentralization, which is expressed in the autonomy of the provinces and the Federation in the establishment and consolidation of the status of officials and bodies carrying out human rights activities; institutional plurality, characterized by a variety of structures (bodies, officials), the scope of their powers aimed at protecting human rights; development of specialization of state human rights institutions in various areas (discrimination, labor relations, housing and others); formation of a “local” model of the ombudsman in non-state corporations and institutions. The author proposes to use the experience of the Canadian Human Rights Tribunal when developing the concept of a human rights court in Russia.
Mobiliário português na colecção do museu Medeiros e Almeida
Authors: Carvalho Cristina 
Published: June 2021

Nesta apresentação, pretendemos dar a conhecer algumas peças de mobiliário português de meados e segunda metade, do século XVIII, que integram a colecção reunida por António de Medeiros e Almeida (1895-1986), empresário português, apaixonado coleccionador de artes decorativas.
Época de relevo na produção nacional de mobiliário, o grupo de peças do Museu Medeiros e Almeida é representativo da excelente qualidade estética e técnica atingida neste período, o qual tantas vezes cruza a madeira exótica chegada do Brasil, com o gosto nacional da madeira entalhada, pouco profunda e seguindo padrões estéticos rococó em que as formas se contraem, desaparecendo o excesso de volumes, as ondulações acentuadas e a ostentação dourada características do barroco.
A colecção integra tipologias variadas que permitem observar a adesão aos padrões de gosto inglês e francês, cuja simbiose se revelou no móvel português.
El escritorio y el mobiliario en la vida cotidiana limeña a finales del siglo XVII
Authors: Carrillo Thorne Juan Diego 
Published: June 2021

Dentro del mobiliario que llegó de España desde la fundación de la ciudad de los Reyes en 1535, el escritorio es parte de la vida cotidiana; este mueble se adapta a los gustos del nuevo poblador limeño, y tiene una serie de manifestaciones en el virreinato que se ven reflejadas en su estética y material. Cumple un papel importante y diverso dentro de los distintos espacios de las casas de morada limeñas; y está muy presente su uso en la vida cotidiana. A fines de siglo XVII, ya encontramos expresiones de dichos muebles en las distintas ciudades del virreinato y especialmente en la capital del virreinato del Perú, del cual vamos a escribir.
Travel-time monitoring with vibroseis
Authors: Clymer R. W. , McEvilly T. V. 
Published: June 2021

AbstractThe general failure of searches for precursory seismic travel-time variations associated with strike-slip earthquakes in California has led to this investigation into the feasibility of using a controlled-source seismic method to improve significantly the precision of travel-time measurements, and to investigate the nature of any detected travel-time changes. Travel times have been measured over a period of several years at sites south of Hollister, California, along the seismically active creeping zone of the San Andreas fault, using a single-channel VIBROSEIS system with real-time on-site data processing. At a site near Bear Valley, 7 km from the fault, no variations in the travel time of a deep crustal reflection were observed that could be associated with local earthquakes. However, significant variations (0.5 to 2.5 msec) of first arrival travel times observed near the Cienega Winery may have been associated with a series of nearby earthquakes and with a creep event. Major sources of measurement error have been identified in source variations and in rainfall-induced variations in near-surface properties. The former limits the precision of the deep reflection measurements to about 0.05 per cent of the travel time and the first arrival measurements to about 0.1 per cent of the travel time. The second effect is apparent as seasonal oscillations in travel time of as much as 15 to 20 msec, and also in wavelet amplitude and waveform, giving an implied travel-time accuracy of about 0.2 per cent for the deep reflection measurements and about 1 per cent for first arrivals. While these noise levels are disappointing, they can be reduced significantly by improved field procedures. Ongoing experiments are testing such procedures.
Consistency of teleseismic reporting since 1963
Authors: Habermann R. E. 
Published: June 2021

abstractChanges in the rate of occurrence of smaller events have been recognized in the rupture zones of upcoming large earthquakes in several postearthquake and one preearthquake study. A data set in which a constant portion of the events in any magnitude band are consistently reported through time is crucial for the recognition of seismicity rate changes which are real (related to some process change in the earth). Such a data set is termed a homogeneous data set.The consistency of reporting of earthquakes in the NOAA Hypocenter Data File (HDF) since 1963 is evaluated by examining the cumulative number of events reported as a function of time for the entire world in eight magnitude bands. It is assumed that the rate of occurrence of events in the entire world is roughly constant on the time scale examined here because of the great size of the worldwide earthquake production system.The rate of reporting of events with magnitudes above mb = 4.5 has been constant or increasing since 1963. Significant decreases in the number of events reported per month in the magnitude bands below mb = 4.4 occurred during 1968 and 1976. These decreases are interpreted as indications of decreases in detection of events for two reasons. First, they occur at times of constant rates of occurrence and reporting of larger events. Second, the decrease during the late 1960's has also been recognized in the teleseismic data reported by the International Seismological Centre (ISC). This suggests that the decrease in the number of small events reported was related to facets of the earthquake reporting system which the ISC and NOAA share. The most obvious candidate is the detection system.During 1968, detection decreased in the United States, Central and South America, and portions of the South Pacific. This decrease is probably due to the closure of the VELA arrays, BMO, TFO, CPO, UBO, and WMO. During 1976, detection decreased in most of the seismically active regions of the western hemisphere, as well as in the region between Kamchatka and Guam. The cause of this detection decrease is unclear.These detection decreases seriously affect the amount of homogeneous background period available for the study of teleseismic seismicity rate changes. If events below the minimum magnitude of homogeneity are eliminated from the teleseismic data sets the resulting small numbers of events render many regions unsuitable for study. Many authors have reported seismicity rate decreases as possible precursors to great earthquakes. Few of these authors have considered detection decreases as possible explanations for their results. This analysis indicates that such considerations cannot be avoided in studies of teleseismic data.
Earthquake activity at the Kodiak continental shelf, Alaska, determined by land and ocean bottom seismograph networks
Authors: Lawton Jeff , Frohlich Cliff , Pulpan Hans , Latham Gary V. 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe spatial pattern of earthquakes determined by a combined land and ocean bottom seismometer (OBS) network in the Kodiak Island shelf region differs systematically from the pattern determined by a land network and from locations determined by the International Seismological Centre (ISC). As a part of a larger study of seismic risk on the continental shelf near Kodiak Island, we augmented the University of Alaska land network by deploying 11 recoverable OBS units south of Kodiak Island for 2 months in the summer of 1979. Despite a relatively short operation time and various instrument malfunctions, the combined network detected 19 locatable earthquakes in the shelf region. Because of the structural heterogeneity of this area, the earthquakes were located with a scheme which allowed different velocity models to be used for travel-time calculations of phases traveling to different stations in the network. The locations of earthquakes determined using data from both land and OBS networks were displaced about 12 km from the hypocenters of the same earthquakes determined using only land network data. For these events on the continental shelf, azimuthal control of the joint land-OBS network is excellent, and thus the joint land-OBS network locations are considerably more reliable than locations determined with the land network data alone. When the locations of the combined land-OBS network are compared to 15 yr of teleseismic locations reported by the ISC, the center of teleseismic activity appears to be about 20 to 30 km north of the center of activity determined in our study. This difference between locally determined and teleseismically determined location is similar to that observed in other studies of earthquakes and nuclear explosions in the Aleutian arc.
The Sharpsburg, Kentucky, earthquake 27 July 1980: Main shock parameters and isoseismal maps
Authors: Mauk Frederick J. , Christensen Doug , Henry Steve 
Published: June 2021

abstractAn earthquake having an average body-wave magnitude of 5.1 occurred on Sunday, 27 July 1980 near Sharpsburg, Kentucky. The earthquake was widely felt throughout the Eastern United States and had a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of VII in the epicentral region. The total felt area was approximately 673,000 km2. The well-constrained focal mechanism based on 128 P-wave first motions combined with other geological and seismological evidence indicates a fault plane striking N42°E, dipping 50°E with a slip vector 184° of the strike. This is a right-lateral strike-slip event with a small component of thrust. Isoseismal data strongly suggest a northeast-directed rupture. The strike is parallel to the trend of the West Hickman Creek fault zone but 30 km to the east of any known faults.
The sirch (Kerman, Iran) earthquake of 28 July 1981—A field investigation
Authors: Adeli Hojjat 
Published: June 2021

abstractOn 28 July 1981 at 17:22 UTC, the Kerman province of southern Iran was shaken by the largest and the most destructive earthquake in its history. Its surface-wave magnitude was about 7.2. The epicenter of the earthquake was located about 45 km southeast of the city of Kerman, the capital of the Kerman province. The shock killed nearly 3,000 people, left more than 31,000 homeless, and destroyed virtually all buildings in the epicentral region within a radius of 30 km. The hardest hit place was the town of Sirch where about 2,000 people died out of a population of 3,500.Surface fractures were observed in several areas, and the earthquake was apparently associated with a fresh surface normal faulting. The maximum vertical displacement was about 1 m. The maximum width of the fracture was 0.5 m. Also, extensive landsliding and numerous rockfalls were observed within the area of maximum damage.Most houses in the epicentral area are of adobe construction, made of sundried clay brick walls, and heavy domed roofs or vaults with clay or mud mortar. Most casualties were due to the collapse of these adobe buildings. However, the performance of unreinforced or reinforced brick buildings, historical monuments, steel buildings, and other types of structures during the earthquake is also discussed in this paper.
Comparison of seismicity in the Geysers geothermal area with the surrounding region
Authors: Ludwin R. S. , Cagnetti V. , Bufe C. G. 
Published: June 2021

abstract
A comparison of seismicity at The Geysers and in the surrounding region indicates that the rate of seismicity at The Geysers is 45 times the regional rate and that clustering of events in space and time is more prevalent in the region area than at The Geysers. Temporally clustered seismic events that occurred at The Geysers from September 1975 through September 1976 appear linked to regional temporal clusters located at the southern end of Clear Lake. During this period, a characteristic 2- to 6-day time lapse separated temporal clusters at The Geysers from those at Clear Lake. The two areas where these correlated clusters occurred lie on either side of a presumed magma body. Correlation between clusters in the two areas disappears after September 1976. During the period of correlated seismic episodes, regional stress changes may have been transmitted between the two areas by aseismic creep.
A dynamic model for far-field acceleration
Authors: Boatwright John 
Published: June 2021

abstractA model for the far-field acceleration radiated by an incoherent rupture is constructed by combining Madariaga's (1977) theory for the high-frequency radiation from crack models of faulting with a simple statistical source model. By extending Madariaga's results to acceleration pulses with finite durations, the peak acceleration of a pulse radiated by a single stop or start of a crack tip is shown to depend on the dynamic stress drop of the subevent, the total change in rupture velocity, and the ratio of the subevent radius to the acceleration pulse width. An incoherent rupture is approximated by a sample from a self-similar distribution of coherent subevents. Assuming the subevents fit together without overlapping, the high-frequency level of the acceleration spectra depends linearly on the rms dynamic stress drop, the average change in rupture velocity, and the square root of the overall rupture area. The high-frequency level is independent, to first order, of the rupture complexity. Following Hanks (1979), simple approximations are derived for the relation between the rms dynamic stress drop and the rms acceleration, averaged over the pulse duration. This relation necessarily depends on the shape of the body-wave spectra.The body waves radiated by 10 small earthquakes near Monticello Dam, South Carolina, are analyzed to test these results. The average change of rupture velocity of Δv = 0.8β associated with the radiation of the acceleration pulses is estimated by comparing the rms acceleration contained in the P waves to that in the S waves. The rms dynamic stress drops of the 10 events, estimated from the rms accelerations, range from 0.4 to 1.9 bars and are strongly correlated with estimates of the apparent stress.
Worldwide distribution of group velocity of mantle Rayleigh waves as determined by spherical harmonic inversion
Authors: Nakanishi Ichiro , Anderson Don L. 
Published: June 2021

abstractWe have determined the worldwide distribution of group velocity of mantle Rayleigh waves for periods between 100 and 300 sec without assuming any regionalization. Group slowness 1/u(θ, φ) is expressed by spherical harmonics, and the coefficients, up to angular order 7, have been determined from travel times of Rayleigh waves by a least-squares method. From these, u(θ, φ) has been synthesized. Since we cannot obtain information about the odd terms of the expansion from one circuit measurements around the world, we have used group velocities of mainly R2 and R3. The overall pattern of u(θ, φ) for periods between 100 and 200 sec is consistent with results of previous pure-path and regional studies. Group velocities for tectonically active regions are low, and those of the shields and the northwestern Pacific are high.
An earthquake-explosion reversed refraction line in the Peninsular Ranges of southern California and Baja California Norte
Authors: Alejandro Nava F. , Brune James N. 
Published: June 2021

abstractAn approximate reversed refraction profile has been obtained for the center of the Peninsular Ranges of southern California and Baja California Norte using arrival times from Corona blasts to obtain the NW-SE profile, and arrival times from the well-located Pino Solo earthquake of 17 July 1975 to obtain the reversing SE-NW profile. The results indicate a relatively high-velocity crust, with P velocities of 6.57 to 6.95 km/sec, similar to the high velocities found by Hadley and Kanamori (1979). A crustal thickness of about 40 km was found for the axis of the Peninsular Ranges, significantly greater than was found by Hadley and Kanamori (1979) for the average crustal thickness of the northern part of the province. This suggests that the thick crust may be confined to a relatively narrow zone along the axis of the province. The crustal thickness found here is approximately 10 km less than found for the deeper crust of the Sierra Nevada (Bateman and Eaton, 1967; Pakiser and Brune, 1980).
A dipping Moho and crustal low-velocity zone fromPnarrivals at The Geysers-Clear Lake, California
Authors: Shearer Peter M. , Oppenheimer David H. 
Published: June 2021

abstractRelative Pn arrival times across an array of stations at The Geysers-Clear Lake region in northern California indicates that the upper mantle velocity is 8.0 km/sec, and that the Moho dips 5.3° at 57° to the northeast in this area, reflecting thickening of the crust toward the continent. These results agree with regional trends in the Bouguer gravity field. The travel-time residuals with respect to the dipping model suggest a crustal low-velocity zone beneath Mt. Hannah, consistent with reported teleseismic delays, and the low-velocity zone is interpreted as representing partial melt. No delays are observed in The Geysers, precluding the existence of an extensive magma body beneath the steam production area. Azimuthal variations in apparent velocity may reflect upper mantle azimuthal velocity anisotropy, but such an interpretation is uncertain due to the limited azimuthal distribution of earthquakes.
The 19 August 1976 Denizli, Turkey, earthquake: Evaluation of the strong motion accelerograph record
Authors: Ates Ref'an Can , Bayülke Nejat 
Published: June 2021

abstract
On 19 August 1976, Denizli city, located at the southwest of Anatolia, was shaken by an earthquake with a magnitude 4.7 (ISC determination). The earthquake destroyed 40 houses, damaged 1284 houses heavily, and caused a loss of live of four persons. Maximum intensity of MM VI+ was observed at the city of Denizli with a population of 110,000. The strong motion accelerograph (SMA-1 Kinemetrics) installed at Denizli recorded the ground motion. This is the first strong motion record obtained in Turkey at the epicentral region of the earthquake. The strong motion accelerogram, digitized on a Bendix digitizer, baseline correction was calculated, and the acceleration, velocity, and displacement spectrums were obtained. The peak acceleration values were 0.27 g eastwest, 0.34 g north-south, and 0.21 g in vertical components of the record; relatively high for a magnitude 4.7 earthquake.
Denizli is a very developed West Anatolian city with high-rise buildings with modern structural design. It was calculated that the natural period of the buildings damaged due to the earthquake of the 19 August was high. Therefore, heavy damage on the buildings of the short natural period can be attributed to the high-frequency large-amplitude ground accelerations of the Denizli earthquake.
Conversion ofmbtoMsfor estimating the recurrence time of large earthquakes
Authors: Wyss M. , Habermann R. E. 
Published: June 2021

abstractThe recurrence time (or probability of annual occurrence) of maximum credible earthquakes, Mmax, cannot be estimated directly from the mb frequency magnitude distribution because Mmax is estimated on the Ms scale. Converting Mmax to the mb scale is not an acceptable solution to this problem, primarily because the mb scale saturates for mb &gt; 6. In addition, many large ruptures are multiple events, in which case mb is independent of Ms. Less than 16 per cent of the earthquakes included in the National Geophysical and Solar-Terrestrial Data Center Hypocenter Data File are assigned Ms values. Therefore, the frequency magnitude distribution is defined on the mb scale in most parts of the world. For the purpose of recurrence time estimates, we propose that the frequency magnitude distribution has to be defined by transforming mb values to Ms by the following equationsM S = [ M S i f a v a i l a b l e M L 1.8 m b − 5.2 , f o r p r e − 1963 d a t a 1.8 m b − 4.3 , f o r P D E 1963 to 1980 d a t a .The bottom relation was obtained by straight line fits allowing for errors between 0.2 and 0.5 in both parameters. Where local networks furnish large numbers of ML values, these can be equated approximately to Ms values. Some of the procedures proposed in the literature for using the frequency-magnitude distribution for determining recurrence time of Mmax = 8 events lead to overestimates of an order of magnitude.